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Bruce Meyer

Bruce Meyer (born April 23, 1957) is a Canadian poet, broadcaster, and educator. He has authored more than 64 books of poetry, short fiction, non-fiction, and literary journalism. He is a professor of Writing and Communications at Georgian College in Barrie and a Visiting Associate at Victoria College at the University of Toronto, where he has taught Poetry, Non-Fiction, and Comparative Literature.

He has appeared on TVO’s More to Life and Big Ideas and CBC’s This Morning with Michael Enright to discuss poetry and the classics. His CBC appearances remain the broadcaster's bestselling spoken-word CD series and inspired his 2000 bestseller The Golden Thread: A Reader’s Journey Through the Great Books.

Recent books of poetry include McLuhan’s Canary (2019), The First Taste: New and Selected Poems (2018), 1967: Centennial Year (2017), The Madness of Planets (2015), The Arrow of Time (2015), Testing the Elements (2014), A Litany of the Makers (2014), A Book of Bread (2011), and The Obsession Book of Timbuktu (2011).

From 1996 to 2003, he was Director of the Writing and Literature Program at the University of Toronto School of Continuing Studies where he created and directed the Creative Writing, Professional Writing, and Literary Studies programs. He has served as the City of Barrie's inaugural poet laureate.

He has organized dozens of literary conferences and festivals including Orillia's Leacock Summer Festival of Canadian Literature, Georgian College's International Festival of Authors and the first Indigenous Writers of Canada Conference, part of 2015's International Festival of Authors in Toronto.

He has given hundreds of talks on poetry, literature, mythology, creative writing, the works of William Shakespeare and the Homeric tradition. In 2000, he delivered the annual Whidden Lecture at McMaster University, a distinction previously bestowed on physicist Robert J. Oppenheimer and playwright Tom Stoppard.

His works have been published in Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, India, Pakistan, China, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Chile, Mexico, Yemen, Greece, Australia, Denmark, Netherlands, and have been translated into French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Danish, Hindi, Chinese, Urdu, Bangla, Greek, and Korean.

Education

 * Certificate of Post-Doctoral Studies, McMaster University, 1990
 * Ph.D., Modern British Poetry, McMaster University, 1988
 * Master of Arts, English, University of Toronto, 1982
 * Bachelor of Arts, Honour English and Renaissance Studies, Victoria College, University of Toronto, 1980

Teaching

 * Visiting Professor, Victoria College, University of Toronto, 2013-
 * Professor, University Studies, Liberal Arts, Georgian College, 2007-
 * Professor, Laurentian University at Georgian College, 2004-2015
 * Special Instructor, University of Toronto, St. Michael's College, 2003–2010
 * Professor, Seneca at York Program, 2005

Career Milestones

 * Inaugural Poet Laureate, City of Barrie, 2010-2014
 * Co-founder, Barrie Arts and Culture Council, 2007-2011
 * Artistic Director, Leacock Summer Festival of Canadian Literature, Orillia, 1998-2008
 * Founder and director, University of Toronto School of Continuing Studies, Creative Writing and Literary Studies program, 1997-2003
 * Writer-in-residence, University of Texas at Austin, 1999
 * Writer-in-residence, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, 1998
 * Researcher/developer, World War One Canadian Literature Collection, National Library of Canada, 1988-1994
 * Organizer, Indigenous Writers Conference, Georgian College, and International Festival of Authors, 2013 (a first for Ontario & Canada)
 * Broadcaster (with Michael Enright), CBC's This Morning, The Sunday Edition, Great Books, A Novel Idea, Great Poetry: Poetry is Life and Vice Versa
 * Discoverer and promoter of lost decade of Canadian Literature—Canada's World War One Trench Literature—published as We Wasn’t Pals: Canadian Poetry and Prose of the First World War (co-edited with Barry Callaghan, afterword by Margaret Atwood); Frank Prewett, The Selected Poems of Frank Prewett (Exile Editions); James Hanley, The German Prisoner (Exile Editions); W. Redvers Dent, Cry Havoc (Rocks Mills Press)

Select Awards

 * Bath Short Story Award (UK), finalist, 2019, 2020
 * Bannister Poetry Competition, Niagara Branch, Canadian Authors’ Association, runner-up, 2020
 * Libretto Chapbook Poetry Prize (NIG), second runner-up, 2020
 * Fish Publishing Short Fiction Prize (IRE), finalist, 2020
 * Dr. William Henry Drummond Poetry Prize, third place, 2019
 * Thomas Morton Fiction Prize (CAN), runner-up, 2019
 * Bath Short Story Award (UK), finalist, 2019
 * Anton Chekhov Prize for Fiction (UK), winner, 2019
 * Retreat West Fiction Prize (UK), finalist, 2019
 * Tom Gallon Fiction Prize, Society of Authors (UK), short list, 2019
 * National Poetry Prize (UK), short list, 2019
 * London Independent Short Story Prize (UK), double short list, 2018
 * Fish Publishing Poetry Prize (IRE), short list, 2018
 * The Woolf Poetry Prize (Switzerland), winner, 2018
 * Freefall Poetry Prize (CAN), third place, 2015, 2018
 * Montreal International Poetry Prize, short List, 2015, 2017
 * Simcoe Medal for services to the Arts in Barrie, 2017 & Barrie Arts Award, 2015
 * Raymond Souster Prize (CAN), finalist, 2016
 * Carter V. Cooper Short Fiction Prize (CAN), short list, 2015, 2016
 * Barrie Arts Awards, Excellence in the Arts, Lifetime Achievement Award, 2015
 * Gwendolyn MacEwen Prize for Poetry (CAN), best single poem winner, 2015, 2016
 * Fred Cogswell Prize for best book of poems in Canada, third place, 2015
 * Indie Fab Award Finalist (US), Independent Reviewers Association, 2015
 * IP Medal best book of poetry (US), Independent Booksellers Association of America, 2015
 * Inaugural Poet Laureate, City of Barrie, 2010-2014
 * Ruth Cable Memorial Prize for Poetry (US), 1996
 * E.J. Pratt Gold Medal and Prize for Poetry, 1980, 1981
 * Alta Lind Cook Award (CAN), 1981, 1982
 * TV Ontario Best Lecturer Competition, top-ten finalist, 2010
 * Lifetime Pass, Baseball Hall of Fame, Cooperstown, New York, 1998
 * Quoted on Heritage Toronto Plaque, Queen and Broadview

Poetry

 * The Hart Island Elegies, Urban Farmhouse Press, Windsor (forthcoming, May 2021)
 * Grace of Falling Stars, Black Moss Press, Windsor (forthcoming, April 7, 2021)
 * Telling the Bees, Libretto Press, Lagos, Nigeria, 2020
 * McLuhan's Canary, Guernica Editions, Oakville, 2019
 * The First Taste: New and Selected Poems, Black Moss Press, Windsor, 2018
 * 1967: Centennial Year, Black Moss Press, Windsor, 2017
 * To Linares, Accento and Universidad Technologica Linares, Linares & Guadalajara, Mexico, 2016
 * The Madness of Planets, Black Moss Press, Windsor, 2015
 * The Arrow of Time, Ronsdale Press, Vancouver, 2015
 * The Seasons, Porcupine's Quill, Erin, Ontario, 2014
 * Testing the Elements, Exile Editions, Toronto, 2014
 * The Obsession Book of Timbuktu, Black Moss Press, Windsor
 * A Litany of the Makers, Lyrical Myrical Press, Toronto, 2014
 * A Book of Bread, Exile Editions, Toronto, 2011
 * Alphabestiary: A Poetry-Emblem Book (with H. Masud Taj), Exile Editions, 2011
 * Bread: A Mass for Voices, Lyrical Myrical Press, Toronto, 2009
 * Dog Days: A Comedy of Terriers, Black Moss Press, Windsor, 2009
 * Mesopotamia, Scrivener Press, Sudbury, 2009
 * As Yet, Untitled..., Lyrical Myrical Press, Toronto, 2006
 * Oceans, Word Press, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2005
 * Oceans, Exile Editions, Toronto, 2004
 * The Spirit Bride, Exile Editions, Toronto, 2002
 * Anywhere, Exile Editions, Toronto, 2000
 * The Presence, Black Moss Press, Windsor, 1999
 * The Presence, Story Line Press, Ashland, Oregon, 1999
 * Radio Silence, Black Moss Press, Windsor, 1991
 * The Open Room, Black Moss Press, Windsor, 1989
 * The Open Room, Aquila Press, 1989
 * Steel Valley (with James Deahl), Aureole Point Press, 1984
 * The Aging of America, Aloysius Press, 1982
 * The Tongues Between Us, SWOP, 1981 (36 pages)

Fiction

 * The Hours: Stories from a Pandemic (short stories), AOS Publishing, Montreal, 2021
 * Down in the Ground (flash fiction), Guernica Editions, Oakville, 2020
 * A Feast of Brief Hopes (short stories), Guernica Editions, Oakville, 2018
 * A Chronicle of Magpies (short stories), Tightrope Books, Toronto, 2014
 * Flights (short stories), Canadian-Korean Literary Forum Press, Toronto, 2004
 * Goodbye Mr. Spalding (short stories), Black Moss Press, Windsor, 1996

Non-Fiction

 * Pressing Matters: A Story of Canadian Small Press Publishing, Black Moss Press, Windsor, 2019
 * Portraits of Canadian Writers, Porcupine's Quill, Erin, 2016
 * Time of the Last Goal: Why Hockey is Our Game, Black Moss Press, Windsor, 2014
 * Alphabet Table: Memoir of a Childhood in the Language, Black Moss Press, Windsor, 2010
 * Heroes: The Champions of Our Literary Imaginations, Harper Collins, Toronto, 2007
 * Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 282: The New Formalists, (co-edited with Jonathan Barron) Bruccoli Clarke Layman, Columbia, South Carolina, 2003
 * The Golden Thread: A Reader's Journey Through the Great Books, Harper_Collins Canada, Toronto, 2000
 * Lives and Works: Interviews with Canadian Writers (with Brian O’Riordan), Black Moss Press, Toronto, 1991
 * In Their Words: Interviews with Canadian Writers (with Brian O’Riordan), Anansi, Toronto, 1985
 * Poetry Markets for Canadians (with James Deahl), League of Canadian Poets, Toronto, 1983

Works edited

 * That Dammed Beaver: Canadian Comedy Writing, Exile Editions, 2018
 * Dent, W. Redvers. Cry Havoc, Rocks Mills Press, Oakville, 2018
 * Cli-Fi: Canadian Tales of Climate Change, Exile Editions, Toronto, 2018
 * We Wasn't Pals: Canadian Poetry and Prose of the First World War 2nd Edition (with Barry Callaghan), Exile Editions, 2014
 * The White-Collar Book: Canadian Poetry and Prose of the Professional World (with Carolyn Meyer), Black Moss Press, Windsor, 2011
 * Hanley, James. The German Prisoner. Exile Editions, 2007
 * Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 282: The New Formalists (with Jonathan Baron), Bruccoli Clarke Layman, Columbia, South Carolina, 2003
 * Bae-Sa Moh: Writing by Korean-Canadian Youth, KCLF Press, Toronto, 2002
 * We Wasn't Pals: Canadian Poetry and Prose of the First World War (with Barry Callaghan), Exile Editions, 2001
 * Separate Islands: Contemporary British and Irish Poetry (with Carolyn Meyer), Quarry Press, 1987
 * The Selected Poems of Frank Prewett (with Barry Callaghan), Exile Editions, 1987
 * Arrivals: Canadian Poetry in the Eighties, Greenfield Press, 1986
 * Poetry Markets for Canadians (with James Deahl, 1st ed.), League of Canadian Poets, 1986

Edited selected works by other authors

 * Books by Michael Mirolla, Marty Gervais, Victoria Butler, Antonia Facciponte, Kate Story, Karen Lee White, Christine Ottoni.
 * Clarke, James. Selected Poems. Exile Editions, Toronto, 2012
 * Stevens, Peter. Swimming in the Afternoon: The Selected Poems of Peter Stevens. [ed. and intro.] Black Moss Press, Windsor, 1992
 * Monteith, Lionel. And So He Went Sailing: The Collected Poems of Lionel Monteith. [ed. and intro.] Lincoln Publications, London, 1991
 * Tomlinson, Charles. Selected and New Poems. [ed.] Exile Editions, Toronto, 1989
 * Wevill, David. Figure of Eight: New Poems and Selected Translations. [ed.] Exile Editions, Toronto, 1987
 * Wevill, David. Other Names for the Heart: Selected Poems, 1964-1984. [ed.] ExileEditions, Toronto, 1985
 * Deahl, James. No Cold Ash: Selected Poems, 1966–1982. Sono Nis Press, 1984.

Cassette Tapes and CDs

 * Great Poetry: Poetry Is Life and Vice Versa (with Michael Enright), CBC Radio, 2006
 * The Great Books, Part One (with Michael Enright), CBC Radio, 1999 [The Bible, The Odyssey, The Theban Plays, The Aeneid, Metamorphoses]
 * The Great Books, Part Two (with Michael Enright) CBC Radio, 1999 [Boethius, A Consolation of Philosophy; Saint Augustine, The Confessions; The Quest of the Holy Grail and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; Dante, Inferno; Dante, La Vita Nuova; Shakespeare, The Sonnets]
 * The Great Books, Part Three (with Michael Enright) CBC Radio, 1999 [Vasari, Lives of the Artists; Machiavelli, The Prince; More, Utopia; Shakespeare, King Lear; Shakespeare, The Tempest; Milton, Paradise Lost; Joyce, Ulysses].
 * A Novel Idea (with Michael Enright) CBC Radio, 2000 [The Origins of the Novel, The Gothic Novel, The Historical Novel, The Novel of Ideas, The Prophetic Novel, The Role of the Novel].

Podcasts

 * Great Poetry (with Michael Enright and Billy Collins), Ideas, CBC Radio One and CBC Enterprises, March–May 2006

Articles on Bruce Meyer's Work

 * Benjamin Ghan. Bruce Meyer: Canadian Writers Series. Guernica Editions, Hamilton (forthcoming, 2023)
 * Juan de Dios Torralbo-Caballero. The Poetry of Bruce Meyer: The inaugural poet laureate of the city of Barrie. Granada, Comares. 2015
 * T.L. Ponick. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 282. 2003

title: Bruce Meyer


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Brittany (name)

Brittany is a feminine given name of Celtic origin. The name comes from the historical country of Brittany, which is now a part of France. This name was first used in the United States in the early 1970s, and peaked in usage during the 1990s. Brittany ranked #934 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

Notable people named Brittany, Britney, Brittney, Brittani, Brittanie or Britnee include those listed below. Brittny is a similar name.

In entertainment

 * Brittany Ashworth (born 1989), English actress
 * Brittany Broski (born 1997), American influencer and comedian
 * Brittany Byrnes (born 1987), Australian actress
 * Brittany Curran (born 1990), American actress
 * Brittany Daniel (born 1976), American actress
 * Brittany Flickinger, American reality TV personality
 * Brittany Hargest, American singer and dancer
 * Brittany Murphy (1977–2009), American actress
 * Brittany O'Grady (born 1996), American actress
 * Brittany Sheets (born 1988), better known as Mars Argo, American singer-songwriter and Internet personality
 * Brittany Snow (born 1986), American actress
 * Brittany Tiplady (born 1991), Canadian actress
 * Brittany Underwood (born 1988), American actress
 * Britney Dolonius (born 1992), Filipina actress and model
 * Britney Manson (born 1994 or 1995), Russian-Estonian model and influencer
 * Britney Spears (born 1981), American singer
 * Britney Young (born 1987/1988), American actress

In sports

 * Brittany Bock (born 1987), American soccer player
 * Brittany Bowe (born 1988), American long-track speed skater
 * Brittany Boyd (born 1993), American basketball player
 * Brittany Broben (born 1995), Australian diver
 * Brittany Brown, American professional wrestler
 * Brittney Griner (born 1990), American basketball player
 * Brittany Jackson (born 1983), American basketball player
 * Brittany Lincicome (born 1985), American golfer
 * Brittany Baxter (born 1985), Canadian soccer player
 * Brittany Viola (born 1987), American platform diver
 * Brittany Smith (born 1991), American shot put and hammer thrower
 * Brittany Spears (born 1988), American basketball player

Other

 * Britnee Timberlake (born 1986), American politician
 * Britney Gallivan (born 1985), known for determining the maximum number of times that paper or other materials can be folded in half
 * Brittanie Cecil (1988–2002), teen who died when a puck hit her in the face during an NHL hockey game
 * Brittany Hensel, sister to Abigail Hensel; the two are dicephalic conjoined twins
 * Brittani Kline, American fashion model and America's Next Top Model contestant
 * Brittany "Bre" Scullark, American fashion model and America's Next Top Model contestant
 * Brittany "McKey" Sullivan, American fashion model and America's Next Top Model contestant
 * Brittany Luse, American podcast host
 * Brittany Mahomes, American sports team owner and wife of American football quarterback Patrick Mahomes

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brittany (name)


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File:Soporinexperienced.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Sopor Aeternus & The Ensemble of Shadows album "The inexperienced Spiral Traveller".

title: File:Soporinexperienced.jpg


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The Inexperienced Spiral Traveller

The inexperienced Spiral Traveller (aus dem Schoß der Hölle ward geboren die Totensonne) (German: "from the Womb of Hell was born the Sun of the Dead") is the third album by darkwave band Sopor Aeternus & the Ensemble of Shadows, and was released in 1997. The inexperienced Spiral Traveller continued the Renaissance- and Baroque-inspired sound of "Todeswunsch - Sous le soleil de Saturne", but with tighter arrangements and the re-introduction of drum machines. A limited edition of 3,000 copies was initially available alongside the regular edition, and the album has been re-issued at least twice since.

Overview
The inexperienced Spiral Traveller was the first album to set the sound of Sopor in stone, with its tighter, more expressive arrangements and full utilization of strings and brass. The musical palette was enhanced by the edition of actual violin, cello, and lute players, where synthesizers had been previously used. Drum machines were also integrated with the live percussion on several songs, and production values were at their highest yet with full use of studio techniques, as heard on opening track "Sylla'borêal". Despite this, Anna-Varney Cantodea has publicly stated her distaste for the album, stating:

"Hmm... Well... Let's put it this way: The inexperienced Spiral Traveller, has been the worst album I have ever recorded... And after that... It slowly got better."

Similar comments were made about the accompanying remix album, "Voyager - The Jugglers of Jusa".

The subject matter of the album mainly deals with the isolation brought on by Cantodea's illnesses through life. It has been stated in interviews that one illness nearly blinded her permanently, and much of the imagery of the album comes from that episode. The identity of the "loyal friend" mentioned is unknown (although many fans now believe this reference is primarily to depression), but on the later-released "La Chambre D'Echo" - Where the dead Birds sing, Cantodea states that "this once so loyal friend ..., he's not that welcome anymore." The song "Birth - Fiendish Figuration" was re-recorded for this album, while "May I kiss your Wound ?" would be re-recorded for "Songs from the inverted Womb".

In 2004, The inexperienced Spiral Traveller was re-issued with entirely new artwork, including radically new art and liner notes. The new artwork emulates a tourism package, including a passport and the photographs from the older version encapsulated in Polaroid borders. The back cover also featured a mock advertisement for the Synchro-Box, quoted to be "the best device to travel the continuum".

She rerecorded some songs from this album on her 2018 album The Spiral Sacrifice.

Personnel

 * Una Fallada: Violin
 * Matthias Eder: Cello
 * Gerrit Fischer: Guitar
 * Constanze Spengler: Lute
 * Anna-Varney Cantodea: Vocals, all other instruments and programming

title: The Inexperienced Spiral Traveller


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Tim Stoner

Tim Stoner (born 1970 in Essex) is an English painter. Growing up in London, he attended Leyton Sixth Form College. He trained at the Norwich School of Art & Design 1989–92, the Royal College of Art, London (where in 1994 he graduated with an MA in Painting), and the Rijksakademie Van Beeldende Kunsten (Royal Academy of Visual Arts) in Amsterdam 1997–98. He won the Beck's Futures art award in 2001, and worked at the British School at Rome during the same year.

title: Tim Stoner


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Republic of Korea Navy

The Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN; ), also known as the ROK Navy or South Korean Navy, is the naval warfare service branch of the South Korean armed forces, responsible for naval and amphibious operations. The ROK Navy includes the Republic of Korea Marine Corps, which functions as a branch of the Navy. The ROK Navy has about 70,000 regular personnel including 29,000 Republic of Korea Marines. There are about 140 commissioned ships in the ROK Navy. The naval aviation force consists of about 70 fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. The ROK Marine Corps has about 300 tracked vehicles including assault amphibious vehicles.

The Republic of Korea Navy was established as the Marine Defense Group on November 11, 1945, after Korea was liberated from the Empire of Japan on August 15, 1945. Since the Korean War, the South Korean navy had concentrated its efforts on building naval forces to counteract hostilities of North Korea. As South Korea's economy grew, the ROK Navy was able to locally build larger and better equipped fleets to deter aggression, to protect the sea lines of communication, and to support the nation's foreign policy. As part of its mission, the ROK Navy has engaged in several peacekeeping operations since the turn of the 21st century. The ROK Navy aims to become a blue-water navy in the 2020s.

Duties and objectives
"The main duties of the Navy shall be operations on the sea, including landing operations, and the main duties of the Marine Corps shall be landing operations, and the Navy and Marine Corps shall be formed and equipped for that purpose and shall provide education and training necessary therefor."

The objectives of the ROK Navy as the main force for the national security and prosperity are:
 * To deter war
 * To gain victory at sea
 * To protect national interests
 * To contribute to world peace

Origins
Korea has a long history of naval activity. In the late 4th century during the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo defeated Baekje, fielding amphibious forces of 40,000 men in the process. In 732, the Balhae navy "attacked the Shandong peninsula and destroyed the biggest seaport of the Tang Empire in the east – Dengzhou." In the 9th century, Commissioner Jang Bogo of Unified Silla established a maritime base called Cheonghaejin on an island to foster trading with China and Japan, and to eradicate pirates.

In 1380, naval forces of the Goryeo dynasty defeated 500 invading Japanese pirate vessels by deploying shipboard guns, devised by Ch'oe Mu-sŏn. This is reportedly the first use of shipboard guns in naval history. In 1389 and 1419, Korean naval forces invaded Tsushima Island to suppress Japanese piracy. In the early years of the Joseon dynasty, the naval force reached its peak of 50,000 personnel, in order to combat the ongoing piracy issue.

During the Japanese invasions of Korea (the Imjin War) in the 16th century, the Korean naval force commanded by Admiral Yi Sun-sin, who later became the head of the navy, cut off the invaders' naval lifeline and defeated the Japanese fleet, reversing the war in favor of Joseon. Admiral Yi is also credited with the creation of the Turtle Ship.

By the end of the 19th century, the Joseon navy had no significant naval force other than coastal defense fortresses. In 1893, the Joseon court requested the British Consul-General to dispatch a naval officer for organizing a naval school in an attempt to modernize the navy. In September 1893, the navy school was established in Ganghwa Island. Lieutenant William H. Callwell, a retired British naval officer, and John W. Curtis, a gunnery instructor, served as instructors for 160 cadets and sailor recruits. However, the Royal Naval Academy was closed in November 1894, and the Joseon navy was brought to an end in 1895 due to the First Sino-Japanese War and the Gabo Reform. In 1903, the government of the Korean Empire purchased its first modern naval ship, KIS Yangmu. Korean naval tradition was disrupted after Korea was annexed by the Empire of Japan in 1910. During the Japanese occupation of Korea, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) built a considerable naval base – Chinkai Guard District in southern Korea (at present-day Jinhae).

Founding years and Korean War
The Republic of Korea Navy was established as the Marine Defense Group on November 11, 1945. After Korea was liberated from the Empire of Japan on August 15, 1945, Sohn Won-yil, a former merchant mariner and son of the Methodist minister and independence activist Sohn Jung-do, organized the Marine Defense Group in Seoul. The Group formed the Korean Coast Guard and Coast Guard Academy at Jinhae, and the Korean Coast Guard acquired 36 patrol boats (mainly ex-IJN and USN minecraft) through the United States Army Military Government in Korea. After the South Korean government was established on August 15, 1948, the Korean Coast Guard became the Republic of Korea Navy, and Sohn was appointed as the first Chief of Naval Operations of the ROK Navy. On April 15, 1949, the Republic of Korea Marine Corps (ROKMC) was founded at Jinhae.

In October 1949, the ROK Navy purchased a 600-ton submarine chaser, the former USS PC-823 with funds raised among its personnel. She was renamed ROKS Baekdusan (PC 701) after Paektu Mountain, and became "the first significant warship of the newly independent nation".

The Korean War started with the North Korean army's surprise attack on Sunday, June 25, 1950. The ROK Navy confronted threats from the North Korean navy: "Perhaps the most aggressive and effective, if smallest, member of the South Korean armed services during the first year of the Korean War was the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN). At the outset of the conflict, the 6,956-man ROKN, with [33] naval vessels of various types, was outnumbered by the 13,700 men and 110 naval vessels of the North Korean navy." With its UN allies, dominated by U.S. forces, the ROK Navy was able to gain control in the seas surrounding the country, as a task group of the UN Blockading and Escort Force (Task Force 95). On July 27, 1953, the three-year-long war was brought to an end when an armistice agreement was signed. During the war, Australia, Canada, Colombia, Philippines, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States contributed naval vessels as UN allies; Denmark sent the hospital ship Jutlandia. During the Korean War, the ROK Navy acquired 28 ex-USN ships including five Tacoma-class frigates.

In September 1953, the ROK Navy established the Republic of Korea Fleet, which was responsible for the operation and training of the ships.

Building up the fleet

After the Korean War, the ROK Navy built up its surface fleet with World War II-era warships loaned from the U.S. Navy. From 1955 to 1960, the ROK Navy acquired 42 ex-USN warships including two Cannon-class destroyer escorts. In May 1963, the ROK Navy acquired its first destroyer, ROKS Chungmu (DD 91), a Fletcher-class destroyer. Starting from 1972, nine former USN Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer and Gearing-class destroyer s were transferred and added to the ROK Fleet inventory.

During the Vietnam War, the ROK Navy dispatched the Naval Transport Group ("Seagull"), and the Republic of Korea Marine Corps sent the 2nd Marine Brigade ("Blue Dragon") to South Vietnam. In April 1975, just before the Fall of Saigon, two ROKN LSTs evacuated about 1,300 South Vietnamese and South Koreans from South Vietnam to South Korea.

On July 30, 1960, ROKS Gangwon (DE 72), formerly USS Sutton (DE-771), sank the North Korean navy patrol craft PBS 371 off the coast of Geojin. On January 19, 1967, ROKS Dangpo (PCE 56), the former USS Marfa, was sunk by North Korean coastal artillery north of the demarcation line off the east coast of Korea. In June 1970, a Navy broadcast vessel (I 2) was captured and abducted by North Korean patrol craft in the vicinity of Yeonpyeong Islands in the West Sea (Yellow Sea).

On February 22, 1974, a Navy harbor tug (YTL 30) capsized off Tongyeong, resulting in death of 153 Navy, Coast Guard recruits and 6 sailors.

Indigenous warship building
In the 1970s, through the Park Chung Hee Administration's "Yulgok Operation", a secret effort to strengthen domestic arms production, the ROK Navy began to establish a fleet of locally built warships. The Navy acquired shipbuilding capabilities by planning and building high-speed patrol craft such as Baekgu class and Chamsuri class in the 1970s – in November 1972, the ROK Navy launched its first domestically built fast patrol craft to intercept North Korean spy boats. The lead ship (FF 951) of the 2,000-ton Ulsan-class frigates was launched in 1980. The lead ship (PCC 751) of the 1,000-ton Donghae-class corvettes and the lead ship (PCC 756) of the updated Pohang-class corvettes were launched in 1982 and 1984 respectively. With local shipbuilders, the ROK Navy continued to carry out other shipbuilding programs for such as the Dolgorae-class midget submarine, Gojunbong-class tank landing ship, mine warfare ship (Wonsan-class minelayer, Ganggyeong-class minesweeper), Cheonji-class logistics support ship, and Cheonghaejin-class submarine rescue ship in the 1980s and 1990s.

In November 1987, the Headquarters Republic of Korea Marine Corps was re-established; it was disbanded in October 1973 due to budget constraint. In June 1993, the ROK Navy Headquarters was relocated from Seoul to the Gyeryongdae complex, the tri-service headquarters in Gyeryong.

From a coastal navy to a green-water navy

Since the 1990s, the ROK Navy has been trying to build an ocean-going fleet to protect its sea lines of communication. In 1989, the Navy mentioned the "Strategic Task Fleet" (Jeollyak-gidong-hamdae) in the Joint Strategic Objectives Plan. The ROK Naval forces began to participate in RIMPAC exercises from 1990. During Admiral An Pyong-tae's tenure as CNO, President Kim Young-sam supported the Navy by approving a long-term shipbuilding plan for the ocean-going navy. In 1999, the Navy developed its strategic vision for the 2020s as "Navy Vision 2020" that outlined the Navy's future Task Fleet, which includes light aircraft carriers and ballistic missile submarines.

At the same time, the ROK Navy steadily upgraded its naval forces: In order to strengthen the surface combatants, the ROK Navy launched the lead ship (DDH 971) of the Kwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer in 1996 to replace the former USN destroyers. For building up a submarine force, the ROK Navy acquired its first submarine (other than midget submarines), ROKS Jang Bogo (SS 061), from Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Germany in 1992. In order to replace its antiquated S-2 Tracker anti-submarine warfare aircraft, the ROK Navy purchased a squadron of P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft, which were delivered starting in 1995.

In October 1998, the ROK Navy hosted its first international fleet review in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Republic of Korea and its armed forces off of the coast of Busan and Jinhae.

In June 1999, the ROK and DPRK naval forces met in the First Battle of Yeonpyeong near the Northern Limit Line (NLL) in the vicinity of Yeonpyeong Islands. On June 29, 2002, the two navies engaged again in the same vicinity, resulting in the sinking of ROKS Chamsuri 357 (PKM 357).

In 2002, the lead ship (DDH 975) of the 4,800-ton Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin-class destroyers was launched. In 2005, an 18,800-ton amphibious transport dock, ROKS Dokdo (LPH 6111) was launched. In 2006, the ROK Navy launched the lead ship (SS 072), which was named after the first Chief of Naval Operations, of the 1,800-ton Sohn Wonyil-class submarine equipped with an Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) system. In May 2007, the ROK Navy launched the lead ship (DDG 991) of the 11,000-ton Sejong the Great-class destroyers, built around the American-made AEGIS combat system and the SPY-1D(v) multi-function phased array radar. In December 2008, the ROK Navy commissioned the fast missile craft ROKS Yoon Youngha (PKG 711), which was named after the skipper of ROKS Chamsuri 357.

From 2001 to 2003, a naval transport unit called Haeseong supported Operation Enduring Freedom and the Sangnoksu Unit in East Timor. In 2005, the Navy dispatched transport unit Jejung to supply aid in humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The ROK Navy hosted its second international fleet review off coast of Busan in October 2008 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the South Korean government.

On March 26, 2010, ROKS Cheonan (PCC 772), a Pohang-class corvette was sunk by a North Korean torpedo, resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors near Baengnyeong Island, in the vicinity of the Northern Limit Line.

From green water to blue water
In preparation for an ocean-going navy, the ROK Navy established a task force called Maritime Task Flotilla Seven in February 2010.

Since 2009, a Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin-class destroyer from the task force is being deployed as the Escort Task Group (Cheonghae) in response to piracy off the coast of Somalia. On January 21, 2011, naval commandos of the task group carried out an operation, and succeeded in rescuing the crew of the hijacked MV Samho Jewelry. As a humanitarian operation, the unit was dispatched to evacuate South Koreans and foreign nationals from war-torn Libya in 2011 and 2014.

The ROK Navy completed a new naval base called Jeju Civilian-Military Complex Port in February 2016 on the southern coast of Jeju Island to protect the sea lines of communication. In order to support ocean-going operations, the ROK Navy commissioned the 10,000-ton logistics support ship, ROKS Soyang (AOE 51), and launched the first locally designed 3,000-ton submarine, Dosan Ahn Changho (SS 083) in September 2018.

The ROK Navy continued shipbuilding programs to upgrade its fleet with local shipbuilders. In order to replace the aging Pohang-class corvettes and Ulsan-class frigates, and to take over multi-role operations such as coast patrol and anti-submarine warfare, the ROK Navy commissioned six 2,300-ton Incheon-class frigates between 2013 and 2016, and the lead ship (FFG 818) of the 2,800-ton Daegu-class frigates in March 2018. Two ex-USN Edenton-class salvage and rescue ships were replaced with two locally built 3,500-ton Tongyeong-class ships between 2014 and 2016. The Navy commissioned a 3,000-ton minelayer, ROKS Nampo (MLS 570), in June 2017. The lead ship of the PKX-B fast rocket craft, ROKS Chamsuri 211 (PKMR 211), was commissioned in November 2017 to relieve the aging fleet of Chamsuri-class patrol craft. The ROK Navy commissioned four 4,500-ton Cheonwangbong-class dock landing ships between 2014 and 2018. In May 2018, the Navy launched the Marado (LPH 6112), which was the second ship of the Dokdo-class amphibious transport dock. In June 2018, the Navy launched a 4,500-ton training ship, the Hansando (ATH 81), which was also designed as a casualty receiving and treatment ship (CRTS).

In October 2018, the Navy hosted its third international fleet review off coast of Jeju Island.

In 2019, the Navy updated its strategic vision for the 100th anniversary of the ROK Navy as "Navy Vision 2045". As part of the vision, Admiral Sim Seung-seob, the Chief of Naval Operations proposed to build an ICT-based, system-driven "Smart Navy".

Aircraft carrier ambitions
Since the 1990s, the ROK Navy has been planning to acquire an aircraft carrier force as part of its commitment to become a blue-water navy. The symbol of the ROK Navy that was introduced in 2000 depicts the Navy's aircraft carrier ambitions. In 2005 and 2018 the ROK Navy launched two 18,800-ton Dokdo-class amphibious ships (LPH), equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for operating helicopters.

In August 2020, the Ministry of National Defense formally announced its intent to begin construction of a 30,000-ton light aircraft carrier. It is expected to purchase F-35B aircraft from the United States for the carrier. It was authorized as the CVX program in February 2021.

Organization
The Republic of Korea Navy includes the Republic of Korea Navy Headquarters, Republic of Korea Fleet, Republic of Korea Marine Corps, Naval Education and Training Command, Naval Logistics Command, and Naval Academy. The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) is the highest-ranking officer of the ROK Navy.

Republic of Korea Navy Headquarters
The ROK Navy is led by the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). The Republic of Korea Navy Headquarters is located within the Gyeryongdae complex, the tri-service headquarters in Gyeryong, includes the office of the Chief of Naval Operations and various agencies and staff functions.

The CNO is a four-star admiral and a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The CNO oversees the administration of organizing, recruiting, training, equipping, supplying, and mobilizing the ROK Navy. Despite the title, the Chief of Naval Operations does not have operational command authority over combat units (i.e. Republic of Korea Fleet, Republic of Korea Marine Corps). The CNO is an administrative position based in the Gyeryongdae complex, and exercises supervision of Navy organizations as the designee of the Minister of National Defense. Operational command of combat units falls within the purview of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff who reports to the Minister of National Defense.

Republic of Korea Fleet
The Republic of Korea Fleet, the highest operational command of the ROK Navy, was established in September 1953. Headquartered at Busan Naval Base, the Commander Republic of Korea Fleet (formerly Commander-in-Chief Republic of Korea Fleet) is responsible for naval operations. COMROKFLT, a three-star admiral, also serves as the Commander Naval Component Command (CNCC) of the ROK-US Combined Forces Command (CFC).

The Republic of Korea Fleet has three numbered fleets each assigned to the seas east, west, and south of South Korea:
 * First Fleet (HQ: Donghae)
 * Maritime Battle Group One
 * Second Fleet (HQ: Pyeongtaek)
 * Maritime Battle Group Two
 * Incheon Naval Sector Defense Command (HQ: Incheon)
 * Third Fleet (HQ: Mokpo)
 * Maritime Battle Group Three

For various types of naval operations, the ROK Fleet has a submarine force, a naval aviation force, two surface flotillas, a special warfare force, and units for combat readiness and meteorology/oceanography:

 * Submarine Force Command
 * Naval Air Command
 * Mine/Amphibious Flotilla Five (Mine Squadron 52, Amphibious Squadron 53, Naval Mobile Construction Squadron 59)
 * Maritime Task Flotilla Seven (Maritime Task Squadron 71, Maritime Task Squadron 72, Mobile Logistics Squadron 77)
 * Battle Training Group Eight
 * Naval Special Warfare Flotilla (including UDT/SEAL, EOD, and Sea Salvage & Rescue Unit (SSU) )
 * Maritime Intelligence Group

 * Numbered fleets

In 1986, the ROK Navy reorganized its patrol forces into three fleets: the First Fleet, Second Fleet, and Third Fleet. The three numbered fleets, each is led by a rear admiral (upper half), are responsible for protecting the coastal water around South Korea: The First Fleet is for the eastern naval sector, the Second Fleet is for the western naval sector and the Third Fleet is for the southern naval sector including Jeju Island. Each fleet includes a Maritime Battle Group, Logistics Squadron, Base Squadron, and Training Squadron. The Maritime Battle Group comprises squadrons of patrol forces composed of Kwanggaeto the Great-class destroyers, Daegu-class and Incheon-class frigates, Ulsan-class frigates, Pohang-class corvettes, and patrol vessels (Yoon Youngha-class fast missile craft, Chamsuri 211-class fast rocket craft, Chamsuri-class fast patrol boats).
 * Submarine Force Command

Headquartered in Jinhae, the Submarine Force Command was established in February 2015. The ROK Navy's submarine unit had a humble beginning with three Dolgorae-class midget submarines in June 1990. After acquiring ROKS Jang Bogo (SS 061), a Type 209-class submarine, the Submarine Squadron 57 of the Component Flotilla Five was upgraded to the Submarine Flotilla Nine in October 1995. Since then, it has been playing the role of the ROK Navy's core strength.

The Submarine Force Command, which is led by a rear admiral (upper half), includes six Submarine Squadrons with Type 214 submarines (Sohn Wonyil class) and Type 209 submarines (Jang Bogo class). In September 2018, the ROK Navy launched the first locally designed 3,000-ton submarine, ROKS Dosan Ahn Changho (SS 083).

The Submarine Force Command offers the International Submarine Education & Training Program (ISETP) for submariners around the world.

 * Naval Air Command

Headquartered in Pohang, the Naval Air Command is responsible for the operation of naval aircraft. South Korean naval flying started in 1951, with the reconstruction of a former USAF T-6 Texan for naval duties. In 1957, the ROK Navy established the Fleet Aviation Unit, which became the Fleet Air Wing in 1977 when the Navy strengthened its naval aviation force by acquiring Grumman S-2 Tracker ASW aircraft and Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopters. In 1986, the Fleet Air Wing was renamed the Air Wing Six. In 2022, the ROK Navy upgraded the Air Wing Six to the Naval Air Command.

The Naval Air Command has naval air stations in Pohang (K-3), Mokpo (K-15), Jinhae (K-10), and a detached unit at Jeju International Airport. The Naval Air Command, which is led by a rear admiral (upper half), includes three air groups, and operates about 70 fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft such as P-3CK Orion maritime patrol aircraft and AW159 Wildcat ASW helicopters.

 * Mine/Amphibious Flotilla Five

Headquartered in Jinhae, the Mine/Amphibious Flotilla Five (formerly Component Flotilla Five) has been the matrix of various units conducting naval component operations such as anti-submarine warfare (ASW), mine warfare, amphibious warfare, salvage and special operations. As a successor to the Flotilla One and Flotilla Two, the Component Flotilla Five was founded in 1986 with the ASW Squadron 51 (later to become Maritime Task Flotilla Seven), Mine Squadron 52, Amphibious Squadron 53, Service Squadron 55 (later Sea Salvage & Rescue Unit), and Special Warfare Squadron 56 (later Naval Special Warfare Flotilla). In 1990 and 2007, the Submarine Squadron 57 (later Submarine Force Command) and Training Squadron 509 (later Battle Training Group Eight) were established respectively. As of December 2018, the Flotilla Five was composed of the Mine Squadron 52, Amphibious Squadron 53, and Naval Mobile Construction Squadron 59. The Commander Mine/Amphibious Flotilla Five is a rear admiral (lower half).

 * Maritime Task Flotilla Seven

Since the 1990s, the ROK Navy has been trying to build an ocean-going fleet to protect the sea lines of communication. In 2001, President Kim Dae-jung revealed that the Navy will have a task force called "Strategic Task Fleet" (Jeollyak-gidong-hamdae), which will "protect national interests in the five oceans and contribute to world peace."

As part of the plan, the ROK Navy established a task force called Maritime Task Flotilla Seven on February 1, 2010, which evolved from the ASW Squadron 51 of the Component Flotilla Five. It is led by a rear admiral (lower half), and headquartered at Jeju Naval Base in Jeju Island. The task force is responsible for the defense of South Korea against sea-borne threats and protection of its sea lines of communication. The Maritime Task Flotilla Seven includes three surface squadrons: The Maritime Task Squadron 71 and 72 are composed of three Sejong the Great-class AEGIS guided-missile destroyers and six Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin-class destroyers; the Mobile Logistics Squadron 77 is composed of Soyang-class and Cheonji-class fast combat support ships.

A Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin-clas s destroyer of the Maritime Task Flotilla Seven is being deployed as the Escort Task Group (Cheonghae) in response to piracy in shipping lanes off the coast of Somalia. As a humanitarian operation, ROKS Munmu the Great (DDH 976) of the task group was dispatched to evacuate South Koreans and foreign nationals from war-torn Libya in 2014.

The ROK Navy plans to upgrade the Maritime Task Flotilla Seven to a fleet with 18 destroyers.

Republic of Korea Marine Corps
The ROK Navy includes the Republic of Korea Marine Corps, which functions as a branch of the Navy. The ROK Marine Corps is responsible for conducting amphibious operations with the ROK Navy. The Marine Corps, with 29,000 personnel, is organized into two divisions and two brigades under the Headquarters ROK Marine Corps. The Commandant of the Republic of Korea Marine Corps is a three-star general. The ROK Marine Corps has about 300 tracked vehicles including assault amphibious vehicles, main battle tanks, and self-propelled artillery.

Shore establishments
Headquartered in Jinhae, the Naval Education and Training Command is one of the two major shore commands of the ROK Navy. The Command is responsible for training, education and professional development of the Navy's active duty Sailors. One of its primary roles is to conduct the initial orientation and basic training for new recruits of the Navy and the Korea Coast Guard. The Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) is under the Naval Education and Training Command. The Naval Education and Training Command is led by a vice admiral.
 * Naval Education and Training Command
 * Naval Logistics Command

The Naval Logistics Command is the other major shore command of the ROK Navy. It is located in Jinhae. The Command delivers logistics and support to the Navy, and is committed to the Navy's combat readiness. It includes the Naval Ship Yard, the Naval Supply Center, the Naval Ordnance Ammunition Center, and the Naval Technology Research Institute. The Naval Logistics Command is led by a rear admiral (upper half).
 * Republic of Korea Naval Academy

The Republic of Korea Naval Academy is a four-year coeducational service academy located in Jinhae. It was established in 1946. Graduates are commissioned as Ensigns in the Navy or Second Lieutenants in the Marine Corps. The Naval Academy also hosts the Officer Candidate School (OCS), which provides training to become commissioned officers for civilian college graduates and candidates with military experience. The Superintendent of the ROK Naval Academy is a vice admiral.

U.S. naval units in South Korea
South Korea has a joint military partnership with the United States as outlined by the Mutual Defense Treaty signed in October 1953. The ROK Navy has worked closely with the U.S. Navy to promote regional stability.

Headquartered at Busan Naval Base, the Commander U.S. Naval Forces Korea (CNFK) is a shore command of the United States Navy that serves as the shore support agency for all U.S. naval activity in South Korea. The U.S. Naval Forces Korea was established in July 1957, with headquarters in Seoul.

Originally established as the U.S. Naval Advisory Group Chinhae Detachment, the Commander Fleet Activities Chinhae (CFAC) is a U.S. Navy installation in Jinhae.

Bases
The ROK Navy operates several naval bases in South Korea: Jinhae, Busan, Donghae, Pyeongtaek, Mokpo, Incheon, Pohang, Jeju Island, Baengnyeong Island. Naval air stations are in Pohang, Mokpo, and Jinhae.

Situated in the southeastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, Jinhae has been the major naval port in Korea since the Imperial Japanese Navy built a naval base during the Japanese occupation period. After Korea was liberated from the Empire of Japan, the Korean Coast Guard (later the ROK Navy) was formed in Jinhae. Jinhae Naval Base is the principal homeport of the Republic of Korea Fleet, and hosts vital naval facilities including the Naval Shipyard. The Jinhae Naval Base Command is responsible for protecting the area.

Located in South Korea's second most-populous city after Seoul, Busan Naval Base has become another major naval base for the ROK Fleet since its headquarters moved from Jinhae in 2007. The base can accommodate up to 30 naval ships as big as the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier.

Donghae, Pyeongtaek, and Mokpo hosts the headquarters of the First, Second and the Third Fleet respectively. Incheon hosts the Incheon Naval Sector Defense Command under a one-star admiral responsible for protecting littoral waters close to Seoul, the nation's capital. Pohang has a naval base for amphibious forces such as the 1st Marine Division ("Sea Dragon") located nearby.

Jeju Naval Base
In February 2016, the ROK Navy completed a new naval base on the southern coast of South Korea's largest island - Jeju, which lies in the Korea Strait. Jeju Naval Base was established to protect the sea lines of communication and to strengthen the Navy's control over the seas around South Korea. It is home of the Maritime Task Flotilla Seven and the Submarine Squadron 93. The base is also known as Jeju Civilian-Military Complex Port because it was designed to be jointly used by military and civilians; there is a pier and terminal for cruise ships. The base can host up to 20 naval vessels and two 150,000-ton cruise ships at the same time.

Jeju Naval Base was the venue for the international fleet review 2018 in October 2018.

Personnel
The ROK Navy has about 70,000 personnel, including the 29,000 members of the ROK Marine Corps.

Military service is mandatory for all South Korean men. In the ROK Navy, all members are volunteers, with enlisted seamen serving for 20-month periods; commissioned officers, warrant officers, and petty officers serving longer terms than those of enlisted seamen, or as career. Women can volunteer as officers, warrant officers, or petty officers. In 2001, six female ensigns, who had become commissioned officers through the Officer Candidate School, were assigned to serve on surface ships of the ROK Navy, for the first time. There are several paths to becoming a commissioned officer in the ROK Navy, including the Naval Academy, Officer Candidate School (OCS), and Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC). Officer Candidate School, located at the Naval Academy, Jinhae, provides training for candidates with current or prior enlisted experience in the military and civilian college graduates, which take majority in OCS.
 * Commissioned officers
 * Warrant officers

The warrant officer rank in the South Korean armed forces falls in between that of non-commissioned and commissioned officers. In the ROK Navy, warrant officers are mostly former non-commissioned officers who had earned the rating of Sangsa (Chief petty officer) or Wonsa (Master chief petty officer) and who had been selected for and completed the warrant officer candidate program. Other routes include the naval aviation program and Air Intercept Controller (AIC) program; a small number of warrant officers serve as language officers who specialize in English translation and interpretation.

Warrant officers mess in the wardroom with commissioned officers. Petty officers originate from a petty officer candidate program, which trains military personnel and civilians who take majority - seamen experience is not required to become petty officers. In the ROK Navy, personnel with ranks of Hasa (Petty officer) through Wonsa are considered petty officers (i.e. non-commissioned officers). Those at Sangsa and Wonsa are further referred to as "CPO" (chief petty officer) collectively and considered a separate community within the Navy. "CPO"s have privileges such as separate dining and living areas.
 * Petty officers

There are the appointments of Juim-wonsa and Juim-sangsa equivalent to that of the U.S. Navy's command master chief petty officer (CMDCM). The positions are filled by senior Wonsa and Sangsa respectively and unlike their U.S. Navy counterparts, the ROK Navy Juim-wonsa and Juim-sangsa wear the same standard rate insignia of Wonsa or Sangsa with an identification badge. In the ROK Navy, seamen are referred to as "Subyeong" (수병; Hanja: 水兵). Normally the enlisted seamen serve in the Navy for 20 months; civilian recruits get initial trainings at the basic military training center in Jinhae as Ideungbyeong (Seaman 2nd class). After completing their military services as Byeongjang (Leading seaman), most of them are transferred from active duty to the naval reserve. Others continue the military service as Hasa (Petty officer) and may become career petty officers.
 * Seamen

Uniforms
ROK Navy uniforms were influenced by US Navy uniforms with some notable differences. Petty officers, not just chief petty officers, wear uniforms identical to that of a commissioned officer's uniform except with different insignia, and petty officers wear a combination cap with a white cover and a gold chinstrap. Seamen wear dungaree trousers, chambray shirts and "dixie cup" hats as their work uniforms. Honor guards and musicians of the navy bands of seaman rates wear sailor caps bearing "Republic of Korea Navy" in Hangul with the dress uniforms.

A new shipboard working uniform similar to the NWU Type I has been issued since 2021.

Ranks and rates
In the ROK Navy, as in the rest of the ROK Armed Forces, ranks fall into one of four categories: commissioned officer, warrant officer, petty officer (non-commissioned officer), and seaman, in decreasing order of authority. Commissioned officer ranks are subdivided into flag officers, senior officers (lieutenant commander through captain), and junior officers (ensign through lieutenant).

ROK Navy commissioned officer ranks have two distinct sets of rank insignia: On dress uniform a series of stripes similar to Commonwealth naval ranks are worn; on service uniforms, working uniforms, and special uniform situations (combat utilities and flight suits), the rank insignia are the same as the equivalent rank in the Army or the Air Force. The warrant officer rank insignia is denoted by a gold-colored Sowi insignia, and a single broken stripe.

All three branches – the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force of the ROK Armed Forces share the same rank insignia and the same names of ranks in Korean.

 * Commissioned officer

 * Warrant officer

 * Enlisted

International activities
The ROK Navy frequently participates in multinational exercises and international activities. Also it has engaged in several peacekeeping operations since the turn of the 21st century.
 * Cruise Training: since 1954, the ROK Navy has conducted the annual ocean-going training with the fourth year midshipmen (naval cadets) of the Naval Academy to provide on the job training before commissioning them and to foster relations with other navies around the world. In 1992, the ROK Navy ships - ROKS Chungnam (FF 953) and ROKS Masan (FF 955) of the Cruise Training Unit circumnavigated the world for the first time.
 * Navy to Navy Talks: the ROK Navy holds regular naval conferences with its counterparts of Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and United States.
 * Pacific Reach: the ROK Navy has participated in the biannual submarine rescue exercise since 2000. In 2004, the ROK Navy hosted the exercise, which was the first multinational naval exercise the ROK Navy ever hosted.
 * RIMPAC: the ROK Naval forces have participated in the biannual multilateral naval exercise since 1990.
 * ROKN-JMSDF SAREX: the ROK Navy and Japan Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) conducted the search and rescue exercise biannually since 1999.
 * WP MCMEX/DIVEX: the mine warfare forces of the ROK Navy have participated in the Western Pacific Mine Counter Measure Exercise/Diving Exercise since 2004.
 * Cobra Gold: together with the ROK Marines, the ROK Navy has participated in Cobra Gold since 2010.
 * ROK-US combined amphibious landing exercise: The ROK Navy and ROKMC together with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps conduct the exercise annually in Korea.

Counter-piracy operations
Since March 2009, the ROK Navy has deployed the Escort Task Group (Cheonghae) in response to piracy in shipping lanes off the coast of Somalia. The task group is composed of a Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin-class destroyer and about 30 naval special warfare personnel. The group operates as part of the multinational task force, Combined Task Force 151 of Combined Maritime Forces (CMF). ROKS Munmu the Great was the first ship to be deployed as part of the unit to Somali waters. On January 21, 2011, South Korean naval commandos of the task group carried out Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden, an operation to rescue the crew of the hijacked MV Samho Jewelry and succeed in rescuing the crew and killing or capturing all of the pirates on board.

As of March 2019, about 8,500 sailors were deployed to the Gulf of Aden in 28 Escort Task Groups, which had escorted about 22,000 ships since the first deployment.

International fleet review
In October 1998, the ROK Navy hosted its first international fleet review in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Republic of Korea and its armed forces off coast of Busan and Jinhae. 21 ships from 11 countries (Australia, Bangladesh, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, United Kingdom, United States) participated in the fleet review as well as 34 ships and 15 aircraft from South Korea. The ROK Navy hosted its second international fleet review off coast of Busan in October 2008 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the South Korean government. 22 ships from 11 countries (Australia, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States) participated in the fleet review as well as 33 ships and 27 aircraft from South Korea.

The Cruise Training Unit – ROKS Gwanggaeto the Great (DDH 971), ROKS Jeju (FF 958) and ROKS Cheonji (AOE 57) participated in International Fleet Review 2002 commemorating the 50th anniversary of JMSDF in Tokyo Bay. The Cruise Training Fleet – ROKS Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin (DDH 975) and ROKS Cheonji (AOE 57) – visited the United Kingdom in order to take part in the International Fleet Review for Trafalgar 200 in 2005. In April 2009, ROKS Dokdo (LPH 6111) and ROKS Gang Gam-chan (DDH-979) attended an international fleet review to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Navy in Qingdao. In August 2009, the Cruise Training Flotilla – ROKS Choi Young (DDH 981) and ROKS Daecheong (AOE 58) participated in the Indonesian International Fleet Review, which commemorates the 64th anniversary of Indonesian independence.

The ROK Navy hosted its third international fleet review off coast of Jeju Island in October 2018. 15 ships from 9 countries (Australia, Brunei, Canada, India, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, United States, Vietnam) participated in the pass-in-review as well as 24 ships and 24 aircraft from South Korea. In April 2019, ROKS Gyeonggi (FFG 812) attended an international fleet review to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the PLA Navy in Qingdao.

Equipment
There are about 160 commissioned ships with the ROK Navy (a total displacement of about 350,000 tonnes ). The naval aviation force consists of about 70 fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft.

Ships
The vessels are categorized into four levels. A first-rate ship (Sohn Wonyil–class SS, DDG, DDH, LPH, MLS, and AOE) is commanded by a captain; a second-rate ship (SS, FFG, FF, PCC, LST, ATS, and ASR) by a commander; a third-rate ship (PKG, MSH, and MHC) by a lieutenant commander; and a fourth-rate craft (PKMR, PKM, and LSF) is commanded by a lieutenant or a warrant officer.

The ROK Navy employs the U.S. Navy–style letter based hull classification symbols to designate the types of its ships and hull numbers to uniquely identify its vessels (e.g. DDH 975). The names are that of the historical figures, Navy heroes, provinces, cities, counties, peaks, lakes, islands, and birds. The Chief of Naval Operations selects the names of ships.

The ship prefix for all the commissioned ROK Navy ship is ROKS (Republic of Korea Ship) when the names of ships are written in English.

Aircraft
The Air Wing Six operates about 70 fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft including P-3CK Orion maritime patrol aircraft and AW159 Wildcat ASW helicopters. These aircraft operate from bases throughout South Korea, as well as from the ROK Navy's ships.

The ROK Navy had operated about 30 S-2 anti-submarine warfare aircraft from 1976 to 2001. From 1977 to 1979, the Navy had acquired 12 Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopters for shipboard helicopter operations with ex-USN Gearing-class destroyers. The ROK Navy had acquired eight P-3C aircraft by 1996, and eight more P-3CK maritime patrol aircraft (ex-USN P-3B) were delivered to the ROK Navy by 2010 after undergoing extensive refurbishment and modernization. The Navy took delivery of the first batch of 12 Mk.99 Lynx helicopters in 1991; a second batch of 13 Mk.99A Super Lynx helicopters began delivery in 1999. In 2016, the Navy took delivery of eight AW159 Wildcats helicopters.

Weaponry
The ROK Navy, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA), and the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) have been developing naval weaponry with local defense companies.

Ships

 * Korean Submarine (KSS)

The KSS program was a three-phased program to build up the ROK Navy's submarine forces. Before the KSS program, the submarine fleet of the ROK Navy consisted of Dolgorae-class midget submarines, which had limited capabilities for inshore operations.

Through the first phase, KSS-I, the ROK Navy acquired nine 1,200-ton Jang Bogo-class submarine. For the second phase, KSS-II, the ROK Navy planned to acquire nine 1,800-ton Sohn Wonyil-class submarines with Air-Independent propulsion (AIP) system; the lead boat of her class, ROKS Sohn Wonyil (SS 072) was launched at a shipyard of Hyundai Heavy Industries on June 9, 2006. The Type 214 submarine is expected to play a key role in safeguarding the country's maritime interests. For the third phase of the program, the lead boat of KSS-III, the Dosan Ahn Changho (SS 083) was launched in 2018. A total of nine 3,000-ton KSS-III submarines are expected to be built in South Korea with indigenous technologies (i.e. not going under license as the previous KSS-I and KSS-II submarines).

The KSS-III submarines will be able to fire submarine launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs): Prompted by North Korea's development of the KN-11 SLBM, a vertical launching pad will be installed on the submarines for a missile expected to be developed by 2020. KSS-III submarines will have six vertical missile launch tubes that could house Hyunmoo-2B short-range ballistic missile with a range of 500 km.

South Korea has long sought the acquisition of nuclear-powered submarines, and the 2021 AUKUS announcement to supply them to Australia has renewed this desire.

 * Aircraft Carrier Experimental (CVX)

The ROK Navy initially planned to build an amphibious assault ships capable of operating the F-35B as the LPX-II program. In August 2020, the Ministry of National Defense formally announced its intent to begin construction of a 30,000-ton light aircraft carrier, and it was authorized as the CVX program in February 2021. The ROK Navy plans to acquire an aircraft carrier by 2033.

 * Korea Destroyer Experimental (KDX)

The KDX program was a three-phased program to modernize the surface fleet by developing and constructing new destroyers for the ROK Navy with advanced combat systems and weaponry. The outcomes of this program include the Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer destroyers, which are the first ROK destroyers to be armed with surface-to-air missiles; the Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin-class destroyers; and the powerful Sejong the Great-class destroyer, which are equipped with the sophisticated AEGIS combat system for air-defense and anti-missile operations. These new destroyers replaced antiquated destroyers that had been transferred from the U.S. Navy decades ago.

As follow up programs, the ROK Navy plans to build three additional AEGIS destroyers (KDX-III Batch-II) by 2028, and six 8,000-ton destroyers (KDDX) by 2030 as successors of the Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin-class destroyers.
 * Frigate Experimental (FFX)

The FFX program aims to replace the Ulsan-class frigates and Donghae/Pohang-class corvettes with new frigates. The total number of the ships to be built is 26 (FFX batch-I batch-II batch-III batch-IV). These frigates will be armed with the American-made Phalanx CIWS system and the rolling airframe missile system, and they will each carry an anti-submarine warfare helicopter.

Six Incheon-class frigates (FFX Batch-I) were commissioned by 2016. The lead ship (FFG 818) in a class of eight in the Daegu-class frigate (FFX Batch-II) was commissioned in 2018. As follow-up, six Chungnam-class frigate (FFX Batch-III) are planned, and the lead ship is to be delivered in 2024.

 * Patrol Killer Experimental (PKX)

Through the PKX program, the ROK Navy plans to build a fleet of a next generation patrol craft with Cooperative Engagement Capability and enhanced weaponry such as 76 mm guns and the KSSM anti-ship missiles. There are two variations: PKX-A and PKX-B. The PKX-A is a 570-ton patrol craft with anti-ship missiles; PKX-B is a 200-ton patrol craft. 18 PKX-As and 34 PKX-Bs are planned.

On 28 June 2007, the lead ship of PKX-A, PKG 711 named, ROKS Yoon Youngha, captain of PKM 357 at the Second Battle of Yeonpyeong was launched at the shipyard of Hanjin Heavy Industries in Busan. All 18 PKGs were commissioned by 2018 to replace the aging Chamsuri-class patrol craft. The lead ship of PKX-B, ROKS Chamsuri 211 (PKMR 211), was commissioned in 2017.

 * Landing Transport Experimental (LPX)

The LPX program was the ROK Navy's new amphibious warfare ship program for which Hanjin Heavy Industries has provided the general design package. The ROK Navy's requirements for the new amphibious warfare ships were to enhance Korea's current amphibious operation capability, both in terms of assault and military operations other than war (MOOTW) type operations.

On 12 July 2005, the lead ship (LPH 6111) of the 14,500-ton Dokdo-class amphibious transport dock was launched at the shipyard of Hanjin Heavy Industries in Busan. The first air-cushion landing craft of LSF-II (ROKS Solgae 631) was delivered for ROKS Dokdo in April 2007. In October 2009, the ROK Navy revealed a plan to commission another LPX around 2018. The Marado (LPH 6112) was launched in May 2018.

The ROKN plans to build and commission three more Yangyang class mine warfare ships. The lead ship, Namhae was launched in April 2020.
 * MSH phase II

The ROK Navy plans to commission a new submarine rescue ship around 2022. Daewoo S&ME (DSME) will build the ship, and UK-based underwater systems developer JFD will deliver a deep-submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV) for the ROK Navy in 2021.
 * ASR-II

Aircraft
The ROK Navy had acquired eight P-3C aircraft by 1996 through the Maritime Patrol Aircraft-I phase I. Through the phase II, eight more P-3CK maritime patrol aircraft, modified from retired USN P-3B had been delivered to the ROK Navy by 2010 after undergoing extensive refurbishment and modernization.
 * Maritime Patrol Aircraft-II

In May 2013, it was announced that the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) was commencing a procurement program to acquire up to 20 new anti-submarine warfare aircraft to replace the existing fleet of 16 P-3Cs. While possible candidates include the C-295 MPA, P-8 Poseidon and the SC-130J Sea Hercules, DAPA was considering a plan to procure 12 to 20 ex-USN S-3 Vikings for the ROKN. In 2017, the ROK Navy canceled plans to purchase refurbished and upgraded S-3 Viking aircraft. In March 2019, the South Korean government ordered six P-8A aircraft from Boeing.

Through Maritime Helicopter-I, the ROK Navy took delivery of the first batch of 12 Mk.99 Lynx helicopters in 1991; a second batch of 13 Mk.99A Super Lynx helicopters began delivery in 1999. The first Lynx batch was later upgraded to the same standard as the second batch; the changes included the adoption of a new radar, FLIR, and ESM systems.
 * Maritime Helicopter-II

On 15 January 2013, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration announced the selection of the AW159 Wildcat to fulfill a requirement of the ROK Navy for a maritime helicopter, winning out against the MH-60R Seahawk. The batch of eight aircraft were chosen to perform search-and-rescue missions, anti-submarine warfare and surveillance. On 13 June 2016, the Navy took delivery of four Wildcats. The helicopters operate from the Navy's Incheon-class guided missile/coastal defense frigates. The remaining four were delivered in late November 2016.

In December 2020, the South Korean government ordered 12 MH-60 Seahawk helicopters to further strengthen the Navy's anti-submarine capabilities.

The ROK Navy had planned to acquire new mine countermeasure helicopters by 2012 with a budget of 480 billion won. AgustaWestland EH-101, NHIndustries NH-90, and Sikorsky MH-60S were considered as possible candidates for the acquisition program before it decided to hold the program due to the global financial crisis that hit the world in 2008.
 * Mine Countermeasure Helicopter

On 17 May 2022, Defense Acquisition Program Administration orders 40 Bell 505 helicopters cost of 170 billion won (US$133.75 million). It will be used as basic training, delivery will start from 2025. These helicopters will be used by both ROK Navy and ROK Army.
 * Basic Training Helicopter

Explanatory notes
Romanization is according to Revised Romanization of Korean (adopted in 2000), with exceptions of personal names. Names of ships commissioned before 2000 might have been romanized according to McCune–Reischauer. Examples of changes (M-R → RR): Chinhae → Jinhae; Inchon → Incheon; Kangnung → Gangneung; Kimpo → Gimpo; Pusan → Busan; Taegu → Daegu.

title: Republic of Korea Navy


text:
Asbury, Stokes County, North Carolina

Asbury is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States.

Asbury is a rural community about 10 miles north of Pilot Mountain and 11 miles east of Mount Airy, 1.5 miles south of the Virginia border.

title: Asbury, Stokes County, North Carolina


text: File:Soporinexperienced limited.jpg

title: File:Soporinexperienced limited.jpg


title: File:Soporinexperienced2004.jpg


text:
Talk:Tønningen

Shouldn't this rather bare article be removed for now with a mention of the castle instead in the Tönning article? Olessi 02:46, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tønningen


text:
Dillard, North Carolina

Dillard is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina. The center of Dillard is where Highway 772 and Dillard Road cross. Nearby communities include Pine Hall, Walnut Cove, Madison, Prestonville, and Danbury.

title: Dillard, North Carolina


text:
East Grand Bahama

East Grand Bahama is a district of the Bahamas, situated on the eastern part of the island of Grand Bahama, with a population collectively of 11,411 people.

The local government seat for the district is in the settlement of High Rock, a fairly small town. It is situated approximately 40 mi east of the City of Freeport, and 20 mi from the easternmost settlement of McLeans Town. Other settlements of East Grand Bahama include Rocky Creek, Pelican Point, Gambier Point and Sweeting Cay.

For many years the United States Air Force maintained a missile tracking station near High Rock, which was used mainly in connection with all launches from Cape Canaveral FL and NASA's crewed space flights. The station was used as a base of operations for a film studio, Gold Rock Creek Enterprises, where filming took place for the Disney production of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. The Bahamas Film Studios has one of the largest open water filming enclosures in the world, along with production offices and support facilities, such as property warehouses, wardrobe workshops and other covered space. The studio is still in development and will eventually add state-of-the-art sound stages, post-production facilities and a hands-on international film school.

title: East Grand Bahama


text:
Talk:Semantic models of perceptional filters

Cleanup request
needs some explanation and expansion by an expert — siro  χ  o

Explanation done. Turning this into a request for expert attenion. The stub tag marks it for expansion. -- Beland 23:27, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Expansion request

 * Sources for expansion: -- Beland 23:27, 17 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Aarons Corner, North Carolina

Aarons Corner is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States, near the Virginia border. It is named after the Aaron Family who settled the area sometime before the 1760s. The community has Aarons Corner Primitive Baptist Church, and at one time a store and post office.

title: Aarons Corner, North Carolina


text:
Category talk:Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem

Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem = Crusades?
Is putting this as a sub-category of the Crusades a good idea? The Latin Patriarchs since the office was reconstituted in the 19th century have not been Crusaders. That's a term with a lot of baggage in that neck of the woods -- probably a lot of Palestinian Catholics would be not so pleased with the comparison. --Jfruh 02:49, 22 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Delta, North Carolina

Delta is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States.

title: Delta, North Carolina


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Calculated Risk

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 16:36, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Calculated Risk
Non-notable gaming clan. Gazpacho 02:49, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete gaming clans. --nixie 06:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Bubamara 09:30, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nixie. - Mgm|(talk) 09:46, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Chlorophytum comosum

Concerning neglect
Whaaaat? "Very tolerant of neglect"? I killed my spider plant due to an extended period of neglect. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 151.202.100.230 (talk • contribs) 19:49, 21 July 2005  (UTC)
 * For what it's worth (FWIW), i only water mine about once a month, when i remember, and it never seems to die. Maybe I just have good dirt? --65.73.239.62 21:29, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Mine has survived once I decided that it needs very very very little water at least where it is now. Maybe you're over watering? That kills a lot of plants anyway. Of course there could be problems with the soil, pot size, light, air etc. blades 11:48, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Concerning chemicals
"Studies have shown it to be particularly effective in absorbing chemicals (formaldehyde, benzene, etc) and cleaning the air in homes, or offices" - Is there an official link to that "study"? I have heard the same info via word of mouth, but I've never seen anything in writing, aside from this article, which doesn't count since no source has been given. --65.73.239.62 21:29, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The original study was conducted by NASA when they were looking for more productive ways of natural air filtration for enclosed spaces. I will try to find a link to it through their web site if I can, but I encourage anyone else who would like to help.TheTomato 23:05, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

I found and added some links to information about its filtering properties; I also clarified the last paragraph. (Spider plants have only been proven to filter a few chemicals, the original wording could lead one to believe that it has been proven as an all-purpose filter.)TheTomato 23:28, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

I just checked the main source "NASA Clean Air Study" and it does not mention this exact plant. The same researcher (Wolverton B.C.) did publish a different article in which it was tested: Foliage Plants for Removing Indoor Air Pollutants from Energy-Efficient Homes Author(s): B. C. Wolverton, Rebecca C. McDonald and E. A. Watkins, Jr. Source: Economic Botany, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1984), pp. 224-228

Studies on spider plants
Some studies that mention the effects of spider plants (haven't found links for them yet):

 * Giese, M., U. Bauer-Doranth, C. Langebartels and H. Sandermann, Jr., "Detoxification of Formaldehyde by the Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum L.) and by Soybean (Glycine max L.) Cell Suspension Cultures," Plant Physiology, 1994, 104:1301-1309. (Germany).
 * Oyabu, T., T. Onodera, H. Kimura, et al. "Purification Ability of Interior Plants for Removing of Indoor Air Polluting Chemicals Using a Tin Oxide Gas Sensor," J. of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environ., 2001, Vol. 34(6):319-325. (Japan).
 * Wolverton, B. C., A. Johnson and K. Bounds, "Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution batement," NASA/ALCAFinal Report, Plants for Clean Air Council, Davidsonville, Maryland, 1989. (U.S.).
 * Fjeld, T., et al. "Effect of Indoor Foliage Plants on Health and Discomfort Symptoms Among Office Workers," Indoors + Built Environment, 1998, 7:204-206. (Norway).

--Ddro 22:06, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Loss of variegation
Just an observation as a low grade plant freak: the variagated (sp?) plant shown in the picture produces seeds that almost invariably grow into the all green version which most people don't like nearly as well. So I'm guessing the white stripe version is a hybrid or accident???Bdgriz56 (talk) 15:21, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, the variegated forms represent accidents/mutations whereby cell lineages lack chloroplasts, either those that form the centre of the leaf or those that form the edges of the leaf. The long stems are of the same colour as the centre of the leaf. Peter coxhead (talk) 14:12, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

Plastid inheritance
Because I don't know where to put it yet... Plastid inheritance in this species is weird. Unlike the majority of flowering plants, this species has a higher rate of the chance of biparental inheritance as opposed to the typical maternal inheritance. I think it's really neat and worth mentioning, but I'm not sure how to integrate that information in the article. Rkitko (talk) 03:59, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a fine extra section to me. There is quite a bit of literature about paternal plastid inheritance, for example "Strict paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA" turns up quite a list in Google, not just this article. Nadiatalent (talk) 13:17, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't suppose there's a connection, but the plastid behaviour in the variegated forms is interesting (compare 'Vittatum' and 'Variegatum'). Peter coxhead (talk) 14:16, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I'd imagine that there is no connection between paternal inheritance and the variegation behaviour, or would be surprised if there were. There could potentially be a mention of sectoral chimeras and apical meristems on this page. Nadiatalent (talk) 17:01, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Am I reading the article I posted above correctly? "The mode of plastid inheritance in Chlorophytum comosum has been studied for many years. Using sexual crosses between Chlorophytum elatum and C. comosum, Collins (1922) first observed the maternal inheritance of leaf variegation in these species. Extensive data indicated that a low rate of biparental plastid transmission occurs regularly, at about 2% to 8% (Collins, 1922)." It's not exceedingly clear, but does this mean the Collins (1922) study found biparental plastid inheritance through the data on variegation? Rkitko (talk) 18:43, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The wording here is very odd (e.g. saying "sexual crosses" implies there could be other kinds of crosses). It may be that the "extensive data" refers to data other than studies on the inheritance of leaf variegation. However, I think it would be necessary to look at the Collins paper to make sense of this. Peter coxhead (talk) 19:33, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Right, I don't have immediate access to it, but it's on order. Rkitko (talk) 19:45, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh, too late, perhaps. If you want to contact me through email (from my web page), I do have access. I think that "sexual crosses" was just unfortunate wording in the Liu et al. paper, where "outcrossing" might have worked better. The non-Mendelian, i.e., somatic (cytoplasmic), inheritance was a big deal in 1922. There is a summary of the crosses as follows: "(a) Seed carried on wholly green flowering stems produces green seedlings. (b) Seed carried on wholly white flowering stems produces seedlings devoid of chlorophyll and which subsequently die. (c) Seed borne on striped flowering stems gives green seedlings, white seedlings and seedlings showing variegation of irregular pattern." Nadiatalent (talk) 20:08, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

So this particular piece of work really doesn't have anything to do with paternal inheritance of plastids? It seems to be precisely as you would expect for maternal inheritance. Peter coxhead (talk) 13:04, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I didn't see such a thing (unless I misinterpreted some very subtle data in the counts that they made). The paper is quite long because they were concerned, for example, with how a white patch can sometimes become light green with age, and with how the cell layers grow over one another, changing the overall colour. Nadiatalent (talk) 17:01, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

More images
Hello, there are loads of images in Commons, why not add some flowers etc? A gallery, perhaps... 219.79.75.241 (talk) 04:56, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Galleries are frowned on in Wikipedia (see WP:IG). I've added some images, which now fill up the right hand side of the article. Peter coxhead (talk) 08:01, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Can We Get More Info?
I am not a Wikipedia editor, just someone who feels this entry could use more info. I came to this article specifically for information regarding this plant's toxicity regarding cats. All over the internet there are claims that it has hallucinogenic properties for cats but I can't find any hard evidence to support this claim. There are even claims that spider plants contains chemicals similar to those found in opium. These claims seem wild so it would be nice for this article to either dispel these rampant rumors, or to source these claims and verify them as they really are all over the place. (And I have anecdotally witnessed my own cats be very attracted to and subsequently ingest spider plant materials as well. It seems to have an effect on them similar to catnip.)

OK, that's all I have to say. Thank you to anyone who reads and considers this. Anxiety and lack of understanding about plants, especially houseplants, seems to be a problem for the average person and I just think this could be a tiny bit of help for that. --Basil989 (talk) 21:09, 30 January 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, have you considered that these claims seem wild because they ARE wild? If you can point to any scientific evidence, I will be happy to add some text. Seems odd that one of the most popular houseplants in the world has these properties and nobody has studied it. Particularly as it has plantlets which can grow down to floor level, so cats would be tempted to play with it! Darorcilmir (talk) 05:36, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chlorophytum comosum


text:
Feiled

Feiled is a Finnish gothic rock band. Frontman Anton Laurila formed the band in 2001. Its name is a misspelling of the word "failed". The band was first noticed in 2002, after releasing their first demo, "Feiled".

After the release of their second song, "Lost EP", a new promo was released and "Feiled" was signed to Poko Rekords. Soon after, the band started working on a full-length album. In 2005 they released the album Midnight Poems followed by a music video for the song "Lost".

Their second album, Testify, produced by Nick Triana, was released early in 2007. The single "Lycanthropy" rose to the top of the Finnish charts and remains the band's highest charted release.

Members

 * Anton Laurila – vocals. Before starting Feiled he was a drummer who played in genres such as fusion, jazz, and gospel.

2004–2006

 * Anton Laurila – vocals
 * Masi Hukari – guitars
 * Panu – bass
 * Henri – guitars
 * Hank – drums

2006–2007

 * Anton Laurila – vocals
 * Miika Partala – guitar
 * Mikko Tuliniemi – guitar
 * Jacob Alexander Grajewski – bass
 * Janne-Jussi Kontoniemi – drums

Faulty Messenger
After announcing the news of the breakup of Feiled at the end of 2007, Laurila worked with a new band called Faulty Messenger. Anton Laurila was in the process of recording a new studio album.

 * Anton Laurila – vocals, piano
 * Masi Hukari – guitar
 * Tommi Huuskonen – bass
 * Markus Malin – drums

Albums

 * Midnight Poems (2005)
 * Testify (2007)

Singles

 * "Feiled" demo (2002)
 * "Lost EP" (2003)
 * "Promo" (2004)
 * "The Great Escape" (2005)
 * "Lost" (2005)
 * "Dive" (10/5/05)
 * "Just Like Heaven" (2006)
 * "Lycanthropy" (2007)
 * "Invincible" (2007)

title: Feiled


text:
Boyles Chapel, North Carolina

Boyles Chapel is a small unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States.

title: Boyles Chapel, North Carolina


text: User talk:84.9.84.43

title: User talk:84.9.84.43


text:
Collinstown, North Carolina

Collinstown is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States.

Jessup's Mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

title: Collinstown, North Carolina


text:
Brook Cove, North Carolina

Brook Cove is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States. It is a couple of miles from the towns of Walnut Cove and Germanton.

title: Brook Cove, North Carolina


text: User talk:210.50.90.166

title: User talk:210.50.90.166


text:
Campbell, North Carolina

Campbell is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States.

title: Campbell, North Carolina


text:
Capella, North Carolina

Capella is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States.

title: Capella, North Carolina


text:
Dalton, North Carolina

Dalton is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States.

title: Dalton, North Carolina


text:
User talk:SixesAndSevens

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Ragib 02:54, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:SixesAndSevens


text:
Phi Kappa Literary Society

The Phi Kappa Literary Society is a college literary society, located at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, and is one of the few active literary societies left in America. Originally founded in 1820, the society has disbanded several times and was and most recently refounded in 1991, remaining active since. It continues to hold regular meetings at Phi Kappa Hall on the University of Georgia's North Campus. The Phi Kappa Literary Society holds formal debates and a forum for creative writings and orations as well as poetry.

Formation
The society was founded by Joseph Henry Lumpkin, William Crabbe, Homer V. Howard, Stern Simmons, John G. Rutherford, and John D. Watkins. They formed the society after splitting from the Demosthenian Literary Society, dissatisfied with their disorderly conduct.

As Phi Kappa grew larger, makeshift meeting places were no longer appropriate or useful. Through funding provided by member Alexander Stephens, the Phi Kappa Literary Society moved into its permanent residence at Phi Kappa Hall. Phi Kappa Hall was built at a cost of $5,000 and dedicated on July 5, 1836. It is the seventh-oldest building on the University of Georgia's campus, and the Phi Kappa Literary Society currently shares use of the building with the Georgia Debate Union.

Disbanding then Refounding
The Phi Kappa Literary Society has disbanded and reformed many times in its history. The first occurrence was in 1863 due to student enlistment in the American Civil War, which left only five members remaining. Meetings resumed on January 5, 1866. The society flourished in the early 1900s, participating in numerous collegiate debate competitions as well as sending members to compete in international collegiate debate contests. However, a drop in student enrollment due to World War II caused the society to disband again in 1944, and an extremely polarized atmosphere in the society and the university as a whole pulled the Phi Kappa Literary Society apart, seemingly for the final time, in 1973.

After sporadic, unsuccessful attempts to revive Phi Kappa, in 1991, Stephanie Hendricks took an interest into the society after prompting from Thomas Peter Allen and was elected as its new president on January 31, 1991. Thirteen new members were inducted shortly thereafter, and the first meeting of the newly refounded society took place on February 14, 1991, in Phi Kappa Hall.

Debates and programs
In order to become a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society, a University of Georgia student must petition the society for membership, which is a five-week process that culminates in the student delivering a petitioning speech before the society. The student must then be accepted by a vote of the society. Once a student is a full member of Phi Kappa, they must speak at least once every three weeks to maintain membership.

Weekly debates
Each academic Thursday, Phi Kappa holds a pre-planned debate centered around a resolution in the format of "Be It Hereby Resolved." Two pre-selected speakers start off the debate with one speech in affirmation of the resolution and one in the negation. These speakers have seven minutes to attempt to deliver their speech while all subsequent speakers are limited to five minutes each. The president facilitates the debate, calling on each new speaker until the society is ready to vote. A majority vote of the society decides the winner of each debate. The society abides by Robert's Rules of Order for their meeting procedures.

Creative writings and orations
The weekly main debate is followed by an open forum for creative writings and orations. In this section of the meeting, both members and guests can deliver any creative writings they may wish to share, pre-prepared speeches outside of the realms of debate, or extemporaneous speeches.

Intrasociety Debate
Each fall, Phi Kappa holds an Intrasociety Debate between active members and alumni. Active members and alumni form teams of five and prepare a debate based on a resolution, with about a month of preparation time. The resolution is chosen in alternating years by actives or alumni. One team speaks in affirmation of the resolution, and one team speaks in negation of it. The debate is separated into three parts: constructive, rebuttal, and summation. Upon conclusion of the debate, a panel of judges (also made up of active and alumni members) select the winner.

Intersociety Debate
Traditionally, each spring, a competitive debate is held between Phi Kappa and their rival society, Demosthenian. This long-standing debate has roots reaching back at least to the 1920s, when it was known as the "Champion Debate." In the modern era, this debate takes a similar form as the Intrasociety Debate, with a team of five debaters from each society arguing for or against an agreed upon resolution. Each team provides alternating constructive, rebuttal, and summation arguments, and the winning team is determined by evaluation from a panel of judges, who are usually university faculty members.

Phi Kappa Declamation
In the spring, Phi Kappa holds the Phi Kappa Declamation, wherein members aim to give their absolute best possible speech from a list of pre-selected topics. This is the most honored practice of the year, emphasizing impeccable rhetoric, writing, and floor presence of the speaker.

The Declamation was first introduced in 1994, shortly after the refounding of Phi Kappa. It was previously known as the Alexander Stephens Declamation until Phi Kappa members voted to rename the event in 2019.

Campus involvement
The Phi Kappa Literary Society often collaborates with other on-campus and off-campus groups to hold special events. In 2011, members of Phi Kappa participated in a debate versus the renowned Oxford Union, and in 2013, Phi Kappa sponsored a debate between the Communist Party USA and the Libertarian Party of Georgia. The Phi Kappa Literary Society also maintains a close relationship with The Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies at UNC-Chapel Hill. Their closest tie to another student organization is their 202-year-long rivalry with the Demosthenian Literary Society. Until 2019, each spring semester Phi Kappa would debate the rival society in the Intersociety Debate. However, in November 2019 the societies revised their intersociety agreement and eliminated the Intersociety Debate. Phi Kappa instead debated Georgetown's Philodemic Society in 2021 before renegotiating the intersociety agreement with Demosthenian and reinstituting the Intersociety Debate in 2022. Besides this competitive debate, the societies continue to meet for a non-competitive Intersociety Meeting each fall.

Notable members

 * Morris B. Abram, US Ambassador to United Nations, Founder of UN Watch
 * Augustus O. Bacon, US Senator from Georgia, President pro tempore of the United States Senate
 * Francis S. Bartow, Confederate Congressman, Confederate General
 * Henry L. Benning, Confederate General, eponym of Fort Benning
 * Eugene Robert Black, Chairman of the Federal Reserve
 * Howell Cobb, Speaker of the US House of Representatives, US Secretary of the Treasury, President of the Confederate States Provincial Congress
 * Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb, Confederate General; editor of the first Georgia Code
 * Norman S. Fletcher, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia
 * Henry W. Grady, Editor of the Atlanta Constitution; voice of the "New South" Movement
 * Phil Gramm, US Senator from Texas
 * Thomas W. Hardwick, US Senator from Georgia, Governor of Georgia, US Representative from Georgia
 * Nathaniel Harris, Governor of Georgia, founder of Georgia Institute of Technology
 * Clark Howell, Pulitzer Prize-winning editor of the Atlanta Constitution; founder of WGST 920 AM radio station
 * Herschel V. Johnson, Governor of Georgia, 1860 Democratic Party vice-presidential nominee
 * Robert Lipshutz, White House Counsel to the Jimmy Carter administration
 * Joseph Henry Lumpkin, First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, co-founder of the University of Georgia School of Law
 * Sam Massell, Mayor of Atlanta
 * Richard B. Russell Jr., US Senator from Georgia, Governor of Georgia, President pro tempore of the United States Senate
 * Richard B. Russell Sr., Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, Chief Justice of the Georgia Court of Appeals
 * Carl Sanders, Governor of Georgia
 * Alexander Stephens, vice-president of the Confederate States of America, US Representative from Georgia
 * Eugene Talmadge, Governor of Georgia
 * William Tate, Dean of Men of the University of Georgia
 * Ernest Vandiver, Governor of Georgia, Lt. Governor of Georgia, Georgia Adjutant General

Other historic societies

 * The Demosthenian Literary Society of The University of Georgia
 * The Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 * The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania
 * The Philolexian Society of Columbia University
 * The Philodemic Society of Georgetown University
 * The Washington Literary Society and Debating Union and Jefferson Literary and Debating Society of the University of Virginia
 * The Union-Philanthropic (Literary) Society of Hampden–Sydney College
 * The American Whig–Cliosophic Society of Princeton University

title: Phi Kappa Literary Society


text:
Angas

Angas may refer to:

Places

 * Angas, Iran, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
 * Division of Angas (1903–1934), in Australia
 * Division of Angas (1949–1977), in Australia
 * Electoral district of Angas, in Australia
 * River Angas, in Australia
 * Angas Downs Indigenous Protected Area, in Australia

Other uses

 * Angas, a junior synonym for the moth genus now known as Actias
 * Angas (surname)
 * Angas people, an ethnic group of Nigeria
 * Angas language, spoken in Nigeria
 * Angas, inhabitants of the ancient Indian kingdom of Anga
 * Jain Angas, subdivisions of Jain sacred texts

title: Angas


text: File:Sweetvengeance.jpg

title: File:Sweetvengeance.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ameya Velingker

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete - This should've been speedied a long time ago. Hedley 21:32, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Ameya Velingker
Vanity page. Non-notable outside the high school math competition community (if it can be called a "community"). Aerion//talk 02:57, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Could be speedied per A7. --Dmcdevit·t 05:36, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Preferably speedy. Teen nerd vanity. FunkyChicken! 06:12, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Though this is the nicest deletable vanity page I've ever seen. Bubamara 09:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I don't think it's speediable, he made a believable claim to notability, but I don't believe winning that contest is notable enough for an article. - Mgm|(talk) 09:48, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * He did make a claim to notability, and a very impressive claim at that. His notability is such that I had heard of him before seeing this article, and there is very little dispute that the USAMO is the most prestigious American high school math competition. However, I wouldn't call its fame widespread (I get questioned all the time when I wear my "I survived the USAMO" t-shirt, usually by people wanting to know what the USAMO is, immediately followed by people wanting to know why I would ever wear such a shirt). So I don't think that placing top 12 once is enough to establish the level of notability required for a Wikipedia article. Maybe four times is enough, like Tiankai Liu or Reid Barton. Aerion//talk 15:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn teen vanity. JamesBurns 03:57, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.