text:
Hungarian pengő

The pengő (sometimes written as pengo or pengoe in English) was the currency of Hungary between 1 January 1927, when it replaced the korona, and 31 July 1946, when it was replaced by the forint. The pengő was subdivided into 100 fillér. Although the introduction of the pengő was part of a post-World War I stabilisation program, the currency survived for only 20 years and experienced the most serious case of hyperinflation ever recorded.

Name
The Hungarian participle pengő means 'ringing' (which in turn derives from the verb peng, an onomatopoeic word equivalent to English 'ring') and was used from the 15th to the 17th century to refer to silver coins making a ringing sound when struck on a hard surface, thus indicating their precious metal content. (The onomatopoeic word used for gold coins is csengő, an equivalent of English 'clinking' meaning a sharper sound; the participle used for copper coins is kongó meaning a deep pealing sound.) After the introduction of paper money of the Austro-Hungarian gulden (forint) in Hungary, the term pengő forint was used to refer to forint coins literally meaning 'ringing forint', figuratively meaning 'silver forint' or 'hard currency'.

At the beginning of the First World War precious metal coins were recalled from circulation, and in the early 1920s all coins disappeared because of the heavy inflation of the Hungarian korona. The name pengő was probably chosen to suggest stability. However, there was some controversy when choosing the name of the new currency, though the majority agreed that a Hungarian name should be chosen. Proposals included turul (a bird from Hungarian mythology), turán (from the geographical name and ideological term Turan), libertás (the colloquial name of the poltura coins issued by Francis II Rákóczi), and máriás (the colloquial name of coins depicting Mary, patroness of Hungary).

The denomination of the banknotes was indicated in the languages of ethnicities living in the territory of Hungary. The name of the currency was translated as follows: Pengö (pl. Pengö) in German, pengő (pl. pengi) in Slovak, пенгов (pl. пенгова) in Cyrillic script Serbo-Croatian, пенгыв (pl. пенгывов, later пенге) in Rusyn, and pengő (pl. pengei, later penghei) in Romanian. Later pengov (pl. pengova), the Latin script Serbo-Croatian version was also added.

The symbol of the pengő was a capital P placed after the numerals and it was divided into 100 fillér (symbol: f.).

Introduction of the pengő
After the First World War, according to article 206 of the Treaty of Saint-Germain, the Austro-Hungarian Bank had to be liquidated and the Austro-Hungarian krone had to be replaced with a different currency, which in the case of Hungary was the Hungarian korona. This currency suffered a high rate of inflation during the early 1920s. A stabilisation program covered by a League of Nations loan helped bring down inflation, and the korona was replaced on 1 January 1927 by a new currency, the pengő, which was introduced by Act XXXV of 1925. It was valued at 12,500 korona, and defined as 3,800 to one kilogram of fine gold – which meant that the pengő was pegged to the gold standard, but was not convertible to gold. In the beginning the cover ratio (which included gold and – up to 50% – foreign exchange) was fixed at 20%, but this had to be raised to 33.3% within five years. This goal was reached quickly: the cover ratio was 51% on 31 July 1930. Later it decreased somewhat due to the economic and financial crisis caused by the Great Depression. Until then the pengő was the most stable currency of the region.

After the Great Depression
The effects of the Great Depression reached Hungary after 1930, with agriculture being affected the most. The pengő had to be devalued, and the country's debt increased. After a short period of recovery, war preparations – the most important of which was the Győr Program – had loosened the country's financial and monetary discipline, which in turn led to the depreciation of the pengő currency. The territories given back to Hungary by the First and Second Vienna Awards in 1938 and 1940 were economically less developed; this was an additional factor which aggravated the country's economic situation.

World War II
The war caused enormous costs and, later, even higher losses to the relatively small and open Hungarian economy. The national bank was practically under government control, and the issue of money was proportional to budgetary demands. By this time, silver coins disappeared from circulation, and, later, even bronze and cupro-nickel coins were replaced by coins made of cheaper metal. In one of the last acts of World War II, the Szálasi government took control of banknote printing and issued notes without any cover, first in Budapest, then in Veszprém when Budapest had to be evacuated. The occupying Soviet army issued its own military money according to the Hague Conventions.

Hyperinflation
The pengő lost value dramatically after World War II, suffering the highest rate of hyperinflation ever recorded in human history. There were several attempts to slow it down, such as a 75% capital levy in December 1945. However, this did not stop the hyperinflation, and prices continued spiraling out of control, with ever-higher denominations introduced. The denominations milpengő (one million pengő) and bilpengő (short: b.-pengő, one trillion (1 000  000  000  000) P) were used to simplify calculations, cut down the number of zeros and enable the reuse of banknote designs with only the color and denomination name changed.

The hyperinflation was so out of control that at one stage it took about 15 hours for prices to double and about four days for the pengő to lose 90% of its original value.

Adópengő
The Hungarian government introduced the adópengő (lit. 'tax pengő') on 1 January 1946, originally as an indexed unit of account for budget planning: the idea was that by setting the value of the adópengő in terms of regular pengős every day, the adópengő would try to protect the government budget from the effects of hyperinflation. The value of the adópengő in terms of regular pengős started at par, but the rate declined to 630 pengős by 1 May 1946, and then two sextillion pengős ($1,000,000$ = 1,000 billion billion) by 31 July the same year.

On 29 May 1946, Ferenc Gordon (then Minister of Finance) started issuing adópengő tax bills, and on 9 July the same year, the tax bills became legal tender. According to William Bomberger and Gail Makinen in October 1983, the issuance of the tax bills escalated the hyperinflation that eventually affected both regular pengős and adópengős—but the adópengő nevertheless forced the regular pengő into disuse as prices expressed in the latter became unbearable.

End of the pengő
On 11 July 1946, the Hungarian National Bank released the last pengő banknotes, for 100 million B-pengős ($1/100$ = 100 quintillion): the Bank also printed banknotes for one billion B-pengős ($2,900,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000$ = one sextillion), but they never entered circulation. The last adópengő banknote, for 100 000  000 adópengős, followed on 25 July, and was equal to 200 octillion pengős ($9,700,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000$ = 200 billion billion billion) on 31 July.

Ultimately, only a new currency could stabilize the country's financial situation. On 1 August 1946, Hungary reintroduced the forint at a ratio of 400 octillion pengős to 1 ($2,000,000,000,000,000,000,000$ = 400 billion billion billion), dropping 29 zeroes from the old currency, or 200 000  000 adópengős to 1.

According to Bomberger and Makinen, the circulation of regular pengő notes peaked at around 76 septillion pengős ($$ = 76 million billion billion) on 15 July 1946. The conversion rate therefore reduced the peak value of all circulating pengő notes to 0.019 filler ($$ forint), allowing the Hungarian National Bank to start over without having to redeem regular pengő notes. By contrast, the largest tax bill in circulation (100 000  000 adópengős) was worth 50 fillérs each, and remained in circulation for a short time after the reform.

The reform also attempted to reduce the risk of hyperinflation on the forint, by setting the exchange rate for gold at 13.21 forints per gram: however, nobody could convert forints at that rate.

Coins
In 1926, coins of 1, 2, 10, 20 and 50 fillér and 1 P were introduced. The 1f and 2f pieces were bronze, the 10f, 20f and 50f were cupro-nickel and the 1 P coins were 64% silver. In 1929, 2 P coins were introduced, also in 64% silver. Commemorative 2 P and 5 P coins were also issued on anniversaries, with a non-commemorative 5 P coin issued in 1939.

During the Second World War, the 1 f. coin ceased production, the 2 f. coins were issued in steel and then zinc, the 10 f. and 20 f. coins were minted in steel and the 1 P, 2 P and 5 P pieces were struck in aluminium.

In 1945, the provisional government introduced new aluminium 5 P coins, the last issued before the hyperinflation.

Paper money
The Hungarian National Bank issued the first series of 5 P, 10 P, 20 P, 50 P, 100 P banknotes in the last days of 1926. These were offset prints on watermarked paper (except for the 5 P note). The banknotes featured notable Hungarian people on the obverse and either different locations in Budapest or paintings on the reverse; the banknotes also served educational purposes.

A new series of banknotes soon had to be printed to meet higher security standards. The engravings were executed and designed by Endre Horváth, a Hungarian graphic artist. New 5 P, 10 P, 20 P, 50 P and 100 P pengő notes were printed and a 1000 P banknote was added to this series - however, the latter had such a high value that it was rarely used except for large cash transactions between businesses and banks. This new series had almost the same features as the previous ones. 5 P notes were soon replaced with silver coins.

After the Vienna Award, Hungary had to supply its recovered territories with money. Since increasing the amount of silver coins would have been too expensive, 1 P and 5 P notes were issued in 1941 and 1938, respectively. These notes were of simple design and poor quality. Meanwhile, a series of new banknotes including 2 P, 5 P, 10 P and 20 P denominations was issued. The designs represented ornaments based on Hungarian folk art and people.

At the end of the Second World War, the Szálasi government and the occupying Soviet army issued provisional notes in the territories under their power, exacerbating inflation.

In 1945 and 1946, hyperinflation caused the issuance of notes up to 100 million b.-P (100 quintillion or 1020 P). During the period of hyperinflation, note designs were reused, changing the colour and replacing the word pengő with first milpengő, then b.-pengő, to generate higher denominations. The largest denomination produced was 100 million b.-P (100 quintillion or 1020 P). The note was initially worth about US$0.20. Notes of one milliard b.-P (one sextillion or 1021 P) were printed but never issued.

The introduction of adópengő was an attempt to limit inflation. It slowed inflation somewhat, but did not stop the depreciation of the currency. Bonds were issued by the Ministry of Finance in denominations between 10 000 and 100  000  000 adópengő. These simple design notes on low-quality paper became legal currency in the last months of the hyperinflation, almost completely replacing the pengő.

The enormous amount of paper consumed during the production of adópengő notes caused a shortage of good quality security paper; this hindered the production of forint banknotes.

title: Hungarian pengő


text:
User talk:Tumorous

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Tumorous


text: User talk:218.208.20.2

title: User talk:218.208.20.2


text:
User talk:Fun Guy Fungi

Welcome
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title: User talk:Fun Guy Fungi


text: User talk:70.118.68.216

title: User talk:70.118.68.216


text:
1859 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1859.

Excavations

 * February – Excavation of Viroconium Cornoviorum (Wroxeter) under Thomas Wright begins.
 * Excavation of Nydam Mose in Denmark under Conrad Engelhardt begins (continues to early 1864).
 * Excavation of Camirus on Rhodes under Alfred Biliotti begins (continues to 1864).

Finds

 * Great Eleusinian Relief in Eleusis, Greece.
 * Vigna Randanini Jewish catacombs in Rome.

Publications

 * J. M. García publishes an account of Monte Albán.
 * Charles Roach Smith — Illustrations of Roman London.

Miscellaneous

 * 26 May & 2 June – Geologist Joseph Prestwich and amateur archaeologist John Evans report (to the Royal Society and Society of Antiquaries of London, respectively) the results of their investigations of gravel-pits in the Somme valley and elsewhere, extending human history back to what will become known as the Paleolithic Era.
 * Imperial Archaeological Commission founded in Saint Petersburg.
 * Royal Geographical Society is given a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria.

Deaths

 * 6 May: Alexander von Humboldt, explorer, writer

title: 1859 in archaeology


text: User talk:170.252.136.1

title: User talk:170.252.136.1


text:
Economic torts

Economic torts, which are also called business torts, are torts that provide the common law rules on liability which arise out of business transactions such as interference with economic or business relationships and are likely to involve pure economic loss.

Nature of economic torts
Economic torts are tortious interference actions designed to protect trade or business. The area includes the doctrine of restraint of trade and, particularly in the United Kingdom, has largely been submerged in the twentieth century by statutory interventions on collective labour law and modern competition law, and certain laws governing intellectual property, particularly unfair competition law. The "absence of any unifying principle drawing together the different heads of economic tort liability has often been remarked upon."

The principal torts are:

 * passing off,
 * injurious falsehood and trade libel (see also Food libel laws),
 * conspiracy,
 * inducement of breach of contract,
 * tortious interference (such as interference with economic relations or unlawful interference with trade),
 * negligent misrepresentation, and
 * watching and besetting.

These torts represent the common law's historical attempt to balance the need to protect claimants against those who inflict economic harm and the wider need to allow effective, even aggressive, competition (including competition between employers and their workers).

Two cases demonstrate economic torts' affinity to competition and labour law. In Mogul Steamship Co Ltd the plaintiffs argued they had been driven from the Chinese tea market by a 'shipping conference', that had acted together to underprice them. But this cartel was ruled lawful and "nothing more [than] a war of competition waged in the interest of their own trade." Nowadays, this would be considered a criminal cartel.

In English labour law the most notable case is Taff Vale Railway v. Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants. The House of Lords thought that unions should be liable in tort for helping workers to go on strike for better pay and conditions. But it riled workers so much that it led to the creation of the British Labour Party and the Trade Disputes Act 1906. Further torts used against unions include conspiracy, interference with a commercial contract or intimidation.

Recent developments
Several of the economic torts in English law, in particular inducing breach of contract and "tortious interference" (otherwise known as causing loss by unlawful means), have been reviewed and clarified by the House of Lords:

 * In OBG Ltd v Allan the majority adopted a restrictive view of the unlawful means tort, where the plaintiff has a claim only where the wrong to the third party would have been actionable at the instance of that third party, and he must have an economic interest at stake in the interference by the defendant with that third party.
 * In Total Network SL v Revenue and Customs, the House of Lords distinguished the conspiracy tort from the unlawful means tort and held that a more flexible definition of “unlawful means” was needed in the conspiracy context.

In 2014, the Supreme Court of Canada, favouring the ruling in OBG, standardized Canadian jurisprudence with respect to the "tort of unlawful interference with economic relations" (which it preferred to call "causing loss by unlawful means", or the "unlawful means tort"). In its ruling in A.I. Enterprises Ltd. v. Bram Enterprises Ltd., it declared:

 * 1) Liability to the plaintiff is based on (or parasitic upon) the defendant’s unlawful act against the third party. The two core components of the unlawful means tort are that the defendant must use unlawful means and that the defendant must intend to harm the plaintiff through the use of the unlawful means.
 * 2) In order for conduct to constitute “unlawful means” for this tort, the conduct must give rise to a civil cause of action by the third party or would do so if the third party had suffered loss as a result of that conduct. The unlawful means tort should be kept within narrow bounds, and it is not subject to principled exceptions.
 * 3) The defendant must have the intention to cause economic harm to the plaintiff as an end in itself or the intention to cause economic harm to the plaintiff because it is a necessary means of achieving an end that serves some ulterior motive.
 * 4) The focus of this tort is unlawful conduct that intentionally harms the plaintiff’s economic interests. There need be no contract or even other formal dealings between the plaintiff and the third party so long as the defendant’s conduct is unlawful and it intentionally harms the plaintiff’s economic interests.
 * 5) The tort of unlawful means is available even if there is another cause of action available to the plaintiff against the defendant in relation to the alleged misconduct.

In Indian jurisprudence, economic torts have found varying degrees of acceptance. While Indian courts have been reluctant to award damages for the economic torts of simple and unlawful conspiracy as well as inducing breach of contract due to the confused state of the law, damages are regularly awarded for torts affecting economic interests under the conspiracy to injure and courts have referred to English precedent on the matter. The courts have been more willing to adopt English precedent in areas such as the tort of deceit, unlawful interference with trade, intimidation, and malicious falsehood which constitute an intentional attempt to undermine the interests of a specific party.

title: Economic torts


text:
George Lam

George Lam Tsz-Cheung (born 12 October 1947), also known professionally by his surname Lam, is a Hong Kong-based veteran Cantopop singer, singer-songwriter, music producer and actor, with a career that has so far lasted more than four decades. Lam produces most of his own albums, writes many of his own songs, occasionally writes for other artists, and covers other people's songs. Lam has a wide vocal range and is capable of interpreting and performing many different genres of music. He is heavily involved with planning and designing his concerts and his LP/CD covers. He was the one who came up with the first Cantopop rap, "Ah Lam's Diary", and he also pioneered the stringing together of multiple hit Cantopop songs to create a 10-minute long medley which is called "10 Minutes 12 Inches". In 2019, Lam interwove his songs together to put on a musical-like concert, Lamusical.

In addition to his singing career, Lam has also acted in some TV dramas, and played lead roles in many films, making his film debut in Luckies Trio in 1978. Possibly his most memorable role was as Stephen Akutagawa, a Japanese journalist in Boat People (1982), directed by Ann Hui.

Early life
Lam was born in British Hong Kong to a family of physicians, with both his father (a Yuen Long obstetrician) and paternal grandfather (former hospital chief executive of Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital) being doctors. He attended Tak Sun Primary School, then Diocesan Boys' School, a predominantly English-language boys school, where he was a boarder. At the latter school, he chose to study French rather than Chinese as a second language.

Lam started to pick up music at a young age. His grandfather often took him to movies, both Chinese and Western ones, which exposed him to film music. In addition, his mom loved to sing and dance while his dad loved listening to music and playing piano. All this constant music around him kindled his interest in this art form. He started to love listening to music on the radio when he was a teenager and taught himself to play guitar. In 1965, Lam left Hong Kong to further his studies in the United Kingdom. During this time and his subsequent stay in the United States, his musical horizon was further broadened by exposure to a great variety of musical genres in those countries.

When he first went to the United Kingdom in 1965, he attended Dover College (he was a Leamingtonian there) under the headship of Timothy Cobb. His long time pal Ching Y. Wong, S.C., also from Diocesan Boys' School. attended there as well. After about a year, he transferred to Barcote School of Coaching to join his brother, Tony. There he formed a folk song group, the Midnighters, with two friends. Lam paid a return visit to both colleges in January 2019.

Career
After his studies in the UK, Lam remained for a few years for work before moving to California, where he coached tennis and worked in a stock brokerage firm. It was during this time that Lam started writing his own songs. Not long thereafter, he returned to Hong Kong to launch his music career. Lam started as one of the lead singers in the band "Jade". In 1976, he went solo with the release of his first English album, "Lam". His first Cantonese album came out in 1978. In 1980, two of his compositions ("In The Middle of The Water"《在水中央》and "Need You Every Minute"《分分鐘需要你》) won Top Ten Chinese Gold Songs Awards. Throughout the 1980s, 23 of Lam's songs topped the RTHK Chinese Pop Chart, making him second only to Alan Tam, who had 28.

Over the years, he has introduced a wide variety of song styles to the Hong Kong pop music scene, with many originals and covers becoming Cantopop classics. He taps into a wide variety of sources to choose which songs to do covers of, including songs from the United Kingdom, United States, Western Europe, Russia, Middle East, Latin America, Japan, South Korea, etc. The pieces he selects to cover range in genre from folk songs, classical music, and jazz musicals, to funk and rock and roll. His work encompasses a wide stylistic range, from country rock, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, funk, jazz, rap, traditional Chinese songs, to tango and bossa nova. Lam has also hosted television music programs, acted in tele-dramas, and played lead roles on film.

During a May 2003 performance at the Hong Kong Coliseum, Lam accidentally fell 2.5 metres through a stage floor opening while performing as a guest of Liza Wang. The accident injured his right ear, resulting in partial hearing loss, particularly in high frequencies, and tinnitus. Thereafter, he could essentially only hear sounds in mono. A few months after his injury, he gave a series of concerts across southern China for the purpose of acclimating himself to performing with his altered hearing. During this short period, he readily adapted to this new reality and was able to perform "like normal" on stage, thereby resuming his career in full.

Lam has remained active for more than four decades. Over this timespan, he has gained not only the recognition and respect of peers such as Anita Mui, Leslie Cheung, and Paula Tsui, but he has also played a significant role in shaping the Hong Kong music scene. Many of today's top singers such as Eason Chan, Hacken Lee, and Andy Lau have been influenced by his music.

In recognition of his contribution to music, Lam was given numerous awards, including the Golden Needle Award in 1994, the CASH Hall of Fame Award in 2003, the J.S.G. Lifetime Achievement Award in 2015, and the RTHK Hall of Fame Award in 2016.

Personal life
Lam married Ng Ching Yuen in 1980. Together, they have a son, Alex Lam Tak Shun, who is also a singer and actor, and a daughter April. Lam and Ng divorced in 1994. On 17 July 1996, he married singer and actress Sally Yeh. As April and Alex were raised abroad, neither Alex nor April can read Chinese, so he writes pronunciation guides for them.

In sports, Lam used to love playing tennis, and now he loves playing golf. Besides composing songs, his creativity also gets him into drawing, and he has a particular fondness for drawing mazes. In 2013, an intricate maze artwork drawn by Lam was depicted and engraved onto the cassock of a Lalique crystal Buddha. This was the very first collaboration project that the French brand Lalique had worked with a Chinese artist. Lam also likes tailoring, often modifying clothes to his own taste.

Voice and timbre
Lam has a very wide tenor range. His highest notes could reach F5, D#6 in full voice and volume rather than soft falsetto. His lowest note is G2, ten notes below middle C (C4).

Concerts

 * 1976 《Teresa Carpio & George Lam Concert》
 * 1981 《林子祥Show》
 * 1983 《林子祥演唱會》
 * 1985 《林子祥85演唱會》
 * 1987 《林子祥演唱會》
 * 1988-1989 《LAM 88-89 LIVE》
 * 1990-1991 《特醇星徽林子祥90演唱會》
 * 1992-1993 《白花油林子祥有情演唱會》
 * 1995 《林子祥寄廿載情演唱會95》95 Lam in Live
 * 1998 《林子祥葉蒨文好氣連場98'》
 * 2001《最愛接觸林子祥演唱會》 Live Contact Lam 2001
 * 2001 《01年拉闊壓軸 林子祥&陳奕迅音樂會》
 * 2002 《港樂·林子祥HKPO & Lam Live》
 * 2005 《子有祥情林子祥演唱會》  " Always" Lam in Concert
 * 2007 《仍然最愛林子祥杜麗莎演唱會》Teresa & Lam Live at the HK Coliseum 2007
 * 2009 《十分十二子祥演唱會》Lam@Coliseum
 * 2010 《Lam Made in Love 音樂會》
 * 2011-2012 《Vintage Lamusic Concert 》
 * 2011 《Music is Love George Lam X Hacken Lee》 《林子祥x李克勤 拉闊音樂會2011》
 * 2013 《絕對熹祥- A Mix & Match Concert with 林子祥 & 趙增熹》
 * 2016 《林子祥佐治地球四十年演唱會》George Lam 40th Anniversary Concert – Hong Kong
 * 2016, 2018《越唱越響40年演唱會》
 * 2019 《林子祥 Lamusical 2019 演唱會》Lamusical2019
 * 2019 《林子祥開心演唱會 The Smiling Concert》
 * 2020 《林子祥開心演唱會 The Smiling Concert》
 * 2022《林子祥開心演唱會 香港站》
 * 2023 《林子祥開心賀歲演唱會》
 * 2023-2024 《林子祥50堅演唱會》

Filmography
(actor unless otherwise noted)

title: George Lam


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Talk:Domain/OS

Have updated this page with extra details dredged from memory. Will keep doing so from time to time. It may be that I have documentation still stashed away somewhere which would help.

Two comments:

- There really should be two separate pages, one for Aegis and one for Domain/OS, but there isn't enough info for that right now.

- Proper info really requires input from several people, especially from the US (I'm from the UK, so my perspective may not be a typical one)

User:AlexSwanson 21 July 2005

A stand alone station could be operated provided it had a system disk and a tape drive. I used mine for 6 months before connecting to a Token Ring. Diskless ones needed an admin machine on a Domain Token Ring. The Aegis/Domain OS did not run over ethernet, but only used ether to connect to the outside world. All hardware was based on the M68K, except for the DN10k. The user and admin manuals were written by illiterate imbeciles who had discovered how to cut-and-paste from randomly selected Unix man pages. TR speeds were claimed to be 1MB/s, the same as thin-wire. I tested several rings and got no better than 50kB/s.203.213.114.48 (talk) 23:48, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

-

Yes Domain/OS is a dinosaur, but it's not quite extinct.

I'm tempted to add some information about the Domain/OS system I still use at work every day. An HP/Apollo 433 running Domain/OS 10.4 is the workstation controlling an LTX/Trillium VLSI tester.

It fits the description given in the article - basically, one application is run to control the test equipment. It's programmed in Pascal and the disk space is pretty limited Pavium 12:22, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

The COBRA and DCE submissions were made prior to the HP acquisition and were a joint submission of DEC and Apollo. The joke my DEC salesman told at the time of the HP acquisition was that when HP bought Apollo, they set network computing back a decade. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.131.214.225 (talk) 01:31, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

NCS survives as ncacn_http
The article makes a point about nc surviving, but does not define it.

Is NCS "network card system" or something along those lines? Varlaam (talk) 20:14, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Merger Proposal
I propose to merge DM (windowing system) into Domain/OS. There is not a lot of information with proper citations on the DM article, and I feel that any information with adequate citations could be added to the main Domain/OS article without making it too long. It will mean that more information relating to the OS is in one place. Vt320 (talk) 20:15, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

Who went to Microsoft?
Part of this article reads "One of the original developers went to work for Microsoft, where he developed MSRPC as a fairly compatible clone...". The article does not state WHO went to work for Microsoft.

I have seen in other articles when this has happened that a superscript "WHO?" appears after the word (in this case the word developers?) with a link. I don't know how to add this so could someone with more edit knowledge do it so that (eventually) someone will add the name of the person? 86.30.253.182 (talk) 07:29, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Domain/OS


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1812 in archaeology

The year 1812 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Explorations

 * Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt discovers Petra.

Excavations

 * Colosseum, Rome: The arena substructure is partly excavated during 1810–1814.

Publications

 * Sir Richard Colt Hoare - The Ancient History of South Wiltshire.

Miscellaneous

 * American Antiquarian Society is founded in Massachusetts by Isaiah Thomas.

Deaths

 * July 14 - Christian Gottlob Heyne, German classicist (b. 1729)
 * December 22 - Pierre Henri Larcher, French classicist (b. 1726)

title: 1812 in archaeology


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User:Jordanmills

I write. Mostly about things local to the Houston area, or Texas. Apparently I also suffer from userbox addiction.

title: User:Jordanmills


text:
1970 Northwest Territories general election

The 1970 Northwest Territories general election took place on December 21, 1970. It took place during the centennial of the territory.

Among the festivities earlier in the year was an official visit by Queen Elizabeth II to open the first Arctic Winter games in Yellowknife. The world-famous Polar Bear licence plate was also unveiled.

The centenary election brought up a number of old issues that have been seen in many elections in the past 100 years, mainly the transfer of powers from the federal government to the territory, full self-government, and rights for natives.

This was the first election in which a woman, Lena Pedersen was elected to the Territorial Legislature. She was one of ten elected members and four appointed members who would sit on the council.

The voting age for this election was lowered from 21 to 19.

Members of the Legislative Assembly elected
For complete electoral history, see individual districts


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Talk:Mayra Verónica

plagiarism
This article has been plagiarized from the the website noted above. There are absolutely no references or citations to collaborate the information provided. I am reverting the article to a stub. --Jutland86 (talk) 17:45, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Why would you take off the Billboard magazine article citation?? 23.242.129.184 (talk) 21:35, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

Vandalism
Someone is reverting this article to the previously plagiarized content. I propose safe guarding this page from future vandalism. --Jutland86 (talk) 04:23, 6 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I have added pending changes protection. Please place a request at WP:RfPP is further protection is needed. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 11:47, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Where is the source for the (allegedly) plagiarized material? I've been editing a glut of something, but the block of text read more like a high school promotional piece from her agents.
 * In any case, the article badly needs references.
 * --UnicornTapestry (talk) 07:58, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Improvements
I see someone has worked to improve this article. This is good, it actually looks like a real article now not something that was copied from the her univision website and translated to english using google translate... I agree with Unicorn, this article needs to be cleaned up further... --Jutland86 (talk) 00:12, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Birth year 1977? 1980? 1983? 1986?
A user created an account apparently for the sole purpose of editing Mayra Verónica's birth date. S/he keeps changing Verónica's birth year from 1977 to 1980 (someone else used 1986) and removing the IMDb citations, which is considered reliable. While her birth certificate is in Cuba which makes it hard to prove, most non-blog sites show a birth year of 1977. That said, it appears someone's been fudging, because you'll also find birth years of 1980 and 1983 (and a couple of cases in which the birth year only is coyly omitted).

IMDb, which is highly reputable, lists her birth year as 1977 in English and Spanish.

The majority of celebrity sites list her birth in 1977 in English, , Spanish including AOL's Celestrellas, and even German. X17 Agency Celebs reports her being 31 years old in 2008, which means 1977.

A birth date of 1983 is also showing up on sites. One site lists both 1977 and 1983. I tried to be fair and list all 3 dates with references, but above-mentioned user purged it.

Finally, her official or semi-official fan site lists her birth year as 1977, and last, Celebrity Birthday lists her as 32 years old, born in 1977.

Is it possible those bloggers are right and the IMDb and celebrity sites are wrong? Of course. But in the absence of proof to the contrary, I suggest we go with IMDb and the celebrity sites with a date of 1977. In any case, editors mustn't strip out references and citations that dispute their preconceptions. I added internal notes not to change the birth year unless we learn something different.

--UnicornTapestry (talk) 06:33, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Edit request on 24 February 2012
The information is not correct Mayra Veronica was born in 1980..why does the person who edit this always put 1977..get your facts straight

Josephzemskova23 (talk) 04:11, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Could you please provide a reliable reference for your statement? Materialscientist (talk) 04:13, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Her correct birthday is 1980 here is link to her Itunes Bio from AEG a very reputable source.. http://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/mayra-veronica/id204324363 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Josephzemskova23 (talk • contribs) 05:43, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I believe this source is not reliable, see WP:RS. Materialscientist (talk) 06:27, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Why are you controlling this page?? This page has some new edits that need to be added and you blocking it? like new Billboard charts, new press..this is not right that this page belongs to the artist and your putting in correct info Mr. editor

Josephzemskova23 (talk) 04:49, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The article has been semiprotected because of repeated violations of wikipedia policies on biographies of living people, but you can always propose an addition here. Materialscientist (talk) 04:52, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Im with Mayra's management team...your info is not correct. How can we discuss on the phone to fix this? Josephzemskova23 (talk) 07:46, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
 * You are welcome to add/correct information, provided it is supported by reliable and verifiable sources. A minor note, please use the "edit request" template only when submitting a specific request to change a certain part of the article. Materialscientist (talk) 07:52, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

who is editing this page why are you not letting me update Mayra;s info??Im her manager I need to update new information..Please help me with this..Tis is not fare you are not letting me update current production, new music, etc — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.83.151.23 (talk) 04:20, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I will gladly help you with formatting your edits, but first, you must provide reliable reference(s) supporting your addition . This is a requirement for WP:BLP articles, especially on celebrities. Materialscientist (talk) 04:34, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * About her billboard new cover of July 2011: http://blog.music.aol.com/2011/07/26/billboard-mayra-veronica/; video featuring Antonio Sabato Jr: http://blog.music.aol.com/2011/08/18/mayra-veronica-freak-like-me-video/
 * Both are blogs. My firewall blocks the 1st one (can check it later from another PC) and the second merely supports the existence of 'Freak Like Me', and that Sabato is in it, but not the other information in your edit. Materialscientist (talk) 05:19, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

watch the video Antonio Sabatio Jr. is in it also here is the press release http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mayra-veronicas-pop-anthem-freak-like-me-brings-lyrics-to-life-in-seductive-new-music-video-128176558.html Also she was born in 1980 the IMDb is not correct: here is a link from Billboard and AMG 2 very reputable sources. Please help me edit as well. Thank You: http://www.billboard.com/artist/mayra-veronica/bio/794114#/artist/mayra-veronica/bio/794114 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Josephzemskova23 (talk • contribs) 05:54, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I've changed the birth year and added some details that you were trying to add today. It is really important to provide a reliable reference with the non-trivial facts that you add (like chart positions, work in progress, future projects, etc.). Some of such facts are still unsourced in the article, meaning they can be removed at will. Materialscientist (talk) 06:36, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 April 2024
I noticed this was on Mayra Veronica's page, it seems libelous and defamatory not to mention every time I write an edit with actual links and citations it is getting rejected with actual citations to online pages with history, yet this which has no citation to prove its authenticity remains.

She was also an exotic dancer at Pure Platinum in Ft. Lauderdale for a few years as well as at Scores in New York.[7] 23.242.129.184 (talk) 18:40, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

 * For context, you made this edit yesterday as the California IP 23.242.129.184, followed a few minutes later by this edit as User:MVAENT. To me, the edits looked like they were connected because they both removed negative information and added positive information along with puffery such as "renowned" and putting her next to "other celebrities". To me, the MVAENT username looks like someone who is retained to promote Verónica. I gathered that the recent edits were a violation of Wikipedia's conflict of interest guideline.
 * Regarding your request about the "exotic dancer" bit, I'm removing it. It was added in 2020 by someone from Atlanta who did not cite a source. They also changed her birth year to 1970, so you know it was an unmerited attack. Binksternet (talk) 19:23, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for that. I am actually somewhat new to the forum and had been looking at other Cuban celebrities like Ana de Armas. I remembered her from Univision and looked up this one, after looking through the page I began googling a lot of the information and realized there are a lot of valid citations that are not included on the page. Like her ringing the Nasdaq Bell with its article on the Nasdaq Website, or the signing with BMG and their announcement of it on their website. Are you able to help me validate most of the information on the page with citations if I provide them? 23.242.129.184 (talk) 22:40, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Also I didn't see her filmography or Television appearances and those are verified on IMDB, if you can help guide me towards making verified changes with proper citations that would be great. 23.242.129.184 (talk) 22:47, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 April 2024
I am actually somewhat new to the forum and had been looking at other Cuban celebrities like Ana de Armas. I remembered her from Univision and looked up this one, after looking through the page I began googling a lot of the information and realized there are a lot of valid citations that are not included on the page. Like her ringing the Nasdaq Bell with its article on the Nasdaq Website, or the signing with BMG and their announcement of it on their website. Are you able to help me validate most of the information on the page with citations if I provide them? 23.242.129.184 (talk) 22:40, 26 April 2024 (UTC)[reply] Also I didn't see her filmography or Television appearances and those are verified on IMDB, if you can help guide me towards making verified changes with proper citations that would be great. 23.242.129.184 (talk) 22:47, 26 April 2024 (UTC)[reply] 23.242.129.184 (talk) 05:53, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Semi-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. RudolfRed (talk) 21:19, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mayra Verónica


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1820 in archaeology

The year 1820 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Excavations

 * First excavations of the Gallo-Roman site at Grand, Vosges.

Publications

 *  Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries Within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs, and Excavations in Egypt and Nubia by Giovanni Battista Belzoni.
 * First volume of the American Antiquarian Society's Transactions. Includes map and descriptions of Mound Builders remains in Ohio by Caleb Atwater.

Finds

 * April 8 - Venus de Milo (Aphrodite of Milos, c.150 BC-125 BC) is discovered on the island of Milos by a peasant named Yorgos Kentrotas.
 * Statue of Ramesses II is discovered at the Great Temple of Ptah of Mit-Rahina near Memphis, Egypt by Giovanni Battista Caviglia.

Births

 * March 23 - Canon William Greenwell, English archaeologist notable for his Grimes Graves excavations (died 1918).

title: 1820 in archaeology


text:
Talk:Gytha of Wessex

Old talk
I reverted this page to include the information about her sons -- like most royal women of her day, Gytha is best known in terms of her father, her husband, and her sons. Missi 07:26, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

More old talk
Why is it assumed that she followed Godfrey on crusade? That's very interesting, since there wasn't much English involvement in the First Crusade, and as far as I know, zero involvement from Kiev etc. Was she related to Godfrey? Adam Bishop 01:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Gytha is not mentioned by early Russian chroniclers, who generally had little interest for their princes' wives. But St Panteleon Cloister in Cologne, whose pateric contains the date of Gytha's date, preserves the story of St Panteleon's miracle with king Harald of Russia (i.e., Mstislav the Great). The story is contained in two 12th-century books: Liber Bibliothecae s. Pantaleonis and Cod. Wallraf.

 * The Cologne story recounts how Harald-Mstislav was saved by St Panteleon from sure death after a hunting accident. Indeed, Mstislav the Great was the first Russian prince to venerate that saint: he built the first church to St Panteleon in Russia and christened his eldest son Izyaslav Mstislavich as Panteleon. The story is concluded by info that Harald's pious mother went to Jerusalem to glorify God for her son's recovery. /"Et mater fidelis peregrinationis votum gaudens adinplevit"/.

 * The hunting accident is generally dated to 1097, and Mstislav's recovery - to 1098. Hence, Gytha should have went to Jerusalem later that year and most probably died on her perilous way, as Vladimir Monomakh married another woman a year later. It could be speculated that it is the news of the Crusade that inspired her to make a pilgrimage. As you know, Gotfried and most of his Crusaders came from Flanders. Gytha spent her youth in Flanders, both her mother and sister being buried there, so there is nothing improbable that she could have met either Gotfried or his relatives.

 * Several years later, Gotfried's brother Baldwin I entertained at his court with great ceremonies the Russian hegumen Daniel, whose notes about the Holy Land and Baldwin's court are considered a major monument of Old Russian literature.--Ghirlandajo 18:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Neat, thanks. I see also that Godfrey's mother was English as well. Adam Bishop 01:36, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Whaat. How was Godfrey of Bouillon's mother Englishwoman? She is usually said to have been Ida of Lorraine... 217.140.193.123 21:10, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I meant grandmother. Adam Bishop 21:33, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Ahm. I thought his father's first wife was (but WHO was grandmother?) - I had a nightmarish thought that there are now claims that Godfrey was born already during 1st marrioage and was NOT a blood relation to Lorraines from whom his lands however were inherited. 217.140.193.123 23:00, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Wait, I don't mean that either...I keep misreading the Eustace II of Boulogne article. Eustace's first wife, as you said, was English. Whatever, it's not that important anyway! Adam Bishop 03:18, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Births of her children
In reponse to the edit by Ghirlandajo, I did not consider the birthdates to be pure speculation at all. There exists some good evidence as to the approximate birthdates of Gytha's children, as detailed below. Gytha and Vladimir were married sometime around 1075, maybe a year or two earlier or later.

Mstislav was their eldest son, and the heir of his father.

Izyaslav was the godson of Oleg of Chernigov (see letter quoted in the Lavrentievsky chronicle sent to Oleg by Vladimir after Izyaslav's death, describing Izyaslav as "my child and yours"). Oleg lived in Chernigov with Vladimir in 1077 and 1078 before rebelling against his uncle Vsevolod in spring 1078. Therefore, for Oleg to be his godfather, Izyaslav was probably born in 1077 or 1078.

Svyatoslav was probably the second eldest surviving child of Vladimir in 1113, when he was made prince of Smolensk and Pereyaslavl. Izyaslav was already dead then.

Yaropolk was made prince of Pereyaslavl in 1114, and was probably the next in order of birth down from Sviatoslav.

Vyacheslav was the longest lived of Gytha's sons, as he did not die until 1154. He was active from 1097 when he brought reinforcements to Mstislav in Suzdal. Assuming he was as young as twelve then, that would still place his birth around 1085.

Missi 00:52, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Madonna link
TBH, the information about Madonna being a descendant via Valdemar II seems to me extremely fishy. The sources quoted are a blogpost on myheritage.com and a Russian entertainment site, which actually links to that post on MyHeritage. I don't even know enough about DNA tests, but can these confirm your being related to somebody across 20 generations, with no paper trail to confirm that?

Tatiana.larina (talk) 01:01, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gytha of Wessex


text:
1848 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1838.

Explorations

 * First scientific expedition visits Tikal, Guatemala

Publications

 * Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley by Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis
 * First volume of Austen H. Layard's Nineveh and its Remains
 * Final volume of Lord Kingsborough's 9 volume Antiquities of Mexico

Finds

 * By March 3 - Gibraltar 1, a female skull from Forbes' Quarry in Gibraltar, later identified as Neanderthal, is found by Capt. Edmund Flint RN
 * May 3 - The Benty Grange hanging bowl and Benty Grange helmet from a tumulus on Benty Grange farm in the Peak District of England
 * Neolithic hoard at East Ayton in England

title: 1848 in archaeology


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Talk:Alex Fong (singer)

Copyright violation
Page as originally written was almost identical to http://www.lovehkfilm.com/people/fong_lik_sun.htm Author has since edited page in an effort to differentiate the content, but I'm going to recommend a more substantial rewrite or change of format. --Alan Au 07:26, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Rewrite at temp page. Page should be renamed to avoid confusing with Alex Fong Chung-Sun

I don't know if I have the name order correct. Zeimusu | (Talk page) 08:02, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

Additional Sections
This artist will be performing in Melbourne Australia, where can the info be added and how? Sources: http://www.eastlandentertainment.com/ and http://www.greentix.com.au/evinfo.php?eventid=33197 114.76.85.139 (talk) 08:16, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Alex Fong (singer)


text:
User:Roadrunner/OldStuff

Seen the revert? That's what happens when you admit you're a layman; your opinion, even about laymen!, is completely dismissed. Physicists are the most arrogant sons of bitches imaginable. -- Ark

When talking about laypeople, you're projecting your own ignorance and beliefs onto them. That's what happens when you can't see a group (laypeople) as individual human beings with their own particular thoughts. Instead, they're just projections of you. So you get the situation where I'm not allowed to have any thoughts except the ones that you yourself believe, or once believed, or still secretly believe.

I'm supposed to believe there are hidden variables more fundamental than waves because you're still struggling against that belief. In fact, I'm supposed to have proposed a hidden-variables theory (what the fuck?) because you'd like to propose one. I'm supposed to believe in absolute position and momentum because you still believe in it. You hardly know anything about me and you still prejudge me so badly. How badly are you going to prejudge people you know nothing about?

Here's a hypothesis for you: the belief that laypeople care about hidden-variables is a massive delusional projection shared by students of physics. -- Ark (yes, a study of psych does help you understand the human mind)

We know that you’re arrogant. Why not put something autobiographical in the profile? What’s your area of expertise, for instance?

--172

-

The only thing I care to reveal about myself is that I am a subscriber to Time Warner Roadrunner.

I've never been a believer of argument by authority and wikipedia makes this unnecessary. You can figure out my areas of expertise by the text of my postings.

-

Are the above comments the ramblings of an evil, egotistical physics student or physicist?

172-most of us can't reveal info about ourselves for fear of the IAO. Vera Cruz

 * What nonsense. -- Zoe

Interesting commentary on this page. 172 makes interesting points about what are "laymen". I have my own area of expertise and often talk about laymen. 172 has at least awakened me to possible errors in doing so. Cool comments!

But that's not why i'm here.

Roadrunner,

I abandoned the discussion of naming conventions re japanese emperors. It became too heated for me, and i realized there were many people working on both sides of the debate who were much more knowledgeable than me.

So, I'm still out of that debate. But I saw your recent long post and want to say that it was very nice. Nicely written. Thoughtful. Respectful of others.

Good job! Arthur 20:00 Mar 14, 2003 (UTC)

Hey, RR.. do us a favor and sign *each little talk entry you make, especially if you decide to keep cutting in.... A simple --RR is good enough, it doesnt have to be a sig... Be well. - &#35918 &#30505 sv

I am not trying to 'cram' anything down anyone. I must admit that I have rather enjoyed and appreciated the disection of royal prerogative, European Royal Prerogative and Divine right of kings. Given that many governments still claim these privileges, by even more modern names like the Burmese SLORC, the Castro government in Cuba, and many a dictator in Africa, it cannot be said that they are "western" ideas. When the "king" says "off with his head" it makes no difference that he appeals to a different legal system, or philosophical system, as his reason for believing that he has the right to do so for some self-perceived ideal. The reality is: the king says off with his head -- and there is no one there to stop him.

My use of the western terms stems only from my lack of knowledge about the terms used in other countries, coupled with the unweildliness of stating at each point of use "the European term xxx and the Chinese term xxx." We are here at wikipedia, after all, primarily Americans and Europeans. (Ironically, mostly because the "kings" of the East are still driven by their "prerogatives" of rule based on their idea of "divine right."

I just find that so-called differences in political cultures are not at all different, despite repeated claims to the contrary. I wholly respect the fact that China and the East are different in many areas of human cognition and beliefs than the West. However, when it comes to political theory -- of which I have spent the better part of the last thirty years looking at -- I simply am unable to find the difference -- other than in the words used -- in the concepts and effects of the theories in place. I am not dodgy, nuts or pushy about it. Hence, I separated the articles totally. I can understand those who want to continue the claim that both halves of the world are wholly different, but in years of living in New York City, working with and among Chinese immigrants and European immigrants as well as with Americans, there is an incredible uniformity of belief, however ill expressed, by one and all. And the view of royalty and its claimed privileges is the same every where.

Therefore, there is no difference in the actuality of these concepts on either side of the world, save for semantics, and perhaps some minor degree of codification.

Hlavac

Your proposal that the concept of correlation function is used primarily, and indeed only, in astronomy, is the most startling thing I have recently seen on Wikipedia. Michael Hardy 18:51, 12 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Roadrunner - have you seen Requests for adminship? Also, you have a "talk page" at User talk:Roadrunner. (This is different from your "user page" here at User:Roadrunner.)

A "You have new messages" link is supposed to appear at the top of the screen when someone edits your talk page. Also, the "Talk" in Roadrunner (Talk) should lead to your talk page.

You can sign your posts with or ~, which is automatically converted to the link Roadrunner. Κσυπ Cyp    01:05, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi, Roadrunner; I left a petition to you in Talk: Theory of Relativity. David--200.42.95.188 17:52, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi from a flying Brookie
Brookie flying by from England reviewing user pages and saying hello - no cool photo of you though - Brookie 22:32, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Roadrunner/OldStuff


text:
Chris-Craft Boats

Chris-Craft Boats was an American boats manufacturer founded by Christopher Columbus Smith (1861–1939). The company was sold by the Smith family in 1960 to NAFI Corporation, which changed its name to Chris-Craft Industries in 1962. The current successor is Chris-Craft Corporation, which produces motorboats under the Chris-Craft name.

History
Chris Smith built his first wooden boat in 1874 at the age of 13. Years later, he built a duck hunting boat. His friends liked the way he built them, and they asked him to build them one. This was technically the start of the boat company. He soon began to build more boats and joined his brother Hank in 1881 to begin producing boats full-time.

In 1910, the brothers joined with other partners to form the Smith Ryan Boat Company. The firm's name was changed in 1922 to Chris Smith & Sons Boat Company, then to Chris-Craft in 1924. The Detroit-area company became well known for its sleek racing boats in the 1910s and 1920s. Chris-Craft sold high-end powerboats to wealthy patrons such as Henry Ford and William Randolph Hearst.

In the late 1920s, Chris-Craft extended its market into the middle class when it became one of the first mass-producers of civilian pleasure boats. The company began assembly line production at their plant in Algonac, Michigan, on the St. Clair River, dramatically lowering production costs. Formerly, most powerboats had been hand-built. Engines were supplied by both Ford and Chrysler, and by the Hercules Engine Company in later models.

In 1927, the company introduced the Cadet, an affordable 22' runabout. At the time, the domain of speedboats was largely confined to the wealthy. Its innovative advertising campaign promised a piece of "the good life" to the growing American middle class. The company sold its boats on an installment plan, making them among the first powerboats available to the general population.

The Great Depression robbed many Americans of discretionary income, and Chris-Craft sales suffered. The company introduced a line of low-priced powerboats to stay solvent. By 1935, a 15.5' utility boat sold for as little as US$406 ($0 in  dollars ). During World War II, the company produced small patrol boats and launches for the U.S. Navy.

After the war, Chris-Craft introduced a new lineup of civilian pleasure boats in time for the massive American consumer expansion of the 1950s. That decade marked the height of company prestige, and the Chris-Craft brand name became virtually synonymous with pleasure boating. The company offered 159 different models, and it was the sales leader in many categories of small civilian powerboats.

The company sold high-end boats to famous customers such as Dean Martin, Katharine Hepburn, Frank Sinatra, and Elvis Presley. Their boats were often made from the finest mahogany and were considered to be among the best available. They were easy to operate, a must for their "weekend sailor" owners. In some circles, owning a Chris-Craft was expected. Even their lower-priced boats were considered to be of high quality, often featuring such luxurious items as a liberal use of mahogany, teak, and brass.

Chris-Craft manufactured its first fiberglass boat by 1955. The company added a metal boat division in 1957, designated as the Roamer Steel Boats Division (RSBD). This was founded upon its purchase of the Roamer Boat Company, and the boats became known as Chris Craft Roamers.

The company was acquired by Shields & Company's NAFI Corporation in 1960 under which the company operated independently. Chris-Craft Industries sold its boat division to Murray Industries in 1981, while retaining the Chris-Craft trademark and licensed it to Murray. Outboard Marine Corporation acquired the boat company in 1989, then went into bankruptcy in 2000 and was purchased by Genmar Holdings. Genmar sold the Chris-Craft boat division to Stellican Ltd., then Stellican purchased the Chris-Craft trademark from News Corporation, thus reuniting the two parts of the boat company.

In June 2018, Winnebago Industries Inc. acquired Chris Craft.

title: Chris-Craft Boats


text:
Ringu

Ringu (the Japanese romanization of ring) may refer to:
 * Ring (franchise)
 * Ring (novel series)
 * Ring (Suzuki novel) published in 1991
 * Ring (film) the 1998 adaptation of the above novel
 * Ringu Ringu language

title: Ringu


text:
Talk:Friedrich Adler (architect)

Untitled

 * Article: de:Friedrich Adler (Baurat)
 * Corresponding English-language article: Friedrich Adler (architect)
 * Worth doing because: no article / German architect, archaeologist
 * Originally Requested by: --Sheynhertz-Unbayg 4 July 2005 00:33 (UTC)
 * Status: done Lectonar 07:29, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Other notes: see also Friedrich Adler
 * Supported:

title: Talk:Friedrich Adler (architect)


text:
1878 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1878.

Excavations

 * Christos Stamatakis excavates the Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece (built c.1300–1200 BC).
 * Excavation of Vinovia Roman fort in the north of England begins.
 * September - Carl Humann begins excavations at Pergamon.

Publications

 * American Antiquarian founded by Rev. Stephen D. Peet.
 * Isaac Fletcher - "The Archaeology of the West Cumberland Coal Trade", Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society.

Finds

 * The Balawat Gates are discovered in Assyria by Hormuzd Rassam.
 * 31 Iguanodon skeletons are discovered in a coal mine at Bernissart, Belgium.
 * Pergamon Altar.
 * Birka female Viking warrior excavated by Hjalmar Stolpe on the Swedish island of Björkö but believed at this time to be male.
 * Bayou St. John submarine.

Other events

 * September 12 - 'Cleopatra's Needle' is erected beside the River Thames in London.

Births

 * December 29 - Félix-Marie Abel, French biblical archaeologist (d. 1953)

title: 1878 in archaeology


text: User talk:68.95.145.125

title: User talk:68.95.145.125


text:
1888 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1888.

Explorations

 * Chaco Canyon is surveyed and photographed by Victor and Cosmos Mindeleff of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
 * Heinrich Schliemann attempts to locate the tomb of Alexander the Great in Alexandria, but is denied permission to excavate.

Excavations

 * May 22 - Augustus Pitt Rivers begins excavation of Bokerly Dyke.
 * Excavations of Hawara in Egypt by Flinders Petrie, finds including papyri containing parts of Homer's Iliad (the "Hawara Homer"), and the Fayum mummy portraits.
 * Excavations of Nippur sponsored by the University of Pennsylvania begin (continues through 1900).
 * Excavations of the Cadmea (Καδμεία, citadel) in Thebes, Greece, by the German Archaeological Institute at Athens begin.
 * Carl Humann directs new excavations in Sam'al and a trial excavation in Tralles (modern Aydın).

Finds

 * December 18 - Discovery of three villages by Richard Wetherill and his brother-in-law Charlie Mason while tracking stray cattle: Cliff Palace, Spruce Tree House, and Square Tower House; now part of Mesa Verde National Park.
 * Llantwit Major Roman Villa.
 * The Mourning Athena relief is found near the Acropolis of Athens.

Publications

 * American Anthropologist journal is founded.
 * Archibald Sayce, The Hittites: The Story of a Forgotten Empire.

Miscellaneous

 * January 13 - National Geographic Society formed in the United States.

Births

 * February 1 - Gertrude Caton Thompson, English archaeologist of Africa (d. 1985)
 * August 16 - T. E. Lawrence, British archaeologist of the Middle East, military officer, diplomat and author (d. 1935)
 * October 6 - Birger Nerman, Swedish archaeologist (d. 1971)

Deaths

 * March 10 - Lucy Wright Mitchell, American archaeologist (b. 1845)

title: 1888 in archaeology


text:
User:Ryan Woodland

Filler
Howdy. I adore reading Wikipedia articles. I try to fix small mistakes whenever I see them. I am also a U2 fan and love re-reading any U2 related articles.

title: User:Ryan Woodland


text:
Battle of Chilcheollyang

The naval Battle of Chilcheollyang took place on the night of 28 August 1597. It resulted in the destruction of nearly the entire Korean fleet.

Background
Prior to the battle, the previous naval commander Yi Sun-sin had been removed from his post due to a Japanese plot. The less experienced Won Gyun was promoted in Yi's place. Won Gyun set sail for Busan on 17 August with the entire fleet, some 200 ships.

Battle
The Korean fleet arrived near Busan on 20 August in 1597. As the day was about to end, they met a force of 500 to 1,000 Japanese ships arrayed against them. Won Gyun ordered a general attack on the enemy armada, but the Japanese fell back, letting the Koreans pursue. After a few back and forth exchanges, with one chasing the other, one retreating, the Japanese turned around one last time, destroying 30 ships and scattering the Korean fleet.

Won's men docked at Gadeokdo and ran ashore to find water where they were ambushed by 3,000 enemy troops under Shimazu Yoshihiro. They lost 400 men and several vessels.

From Gadeok, Won retreated north and west into the strait between Geoje and the island of Chilchon, Chilchonnyang. Won Gyun then retired to his flagship and refused to see anyone. The entire fleet sat in the strait for an entire week.

The Japanese commanders convened on 22 August to plan a joint assault on the Koreans. Shimazu Yoshihiro ferried 2,000 of his men to Geoje, where he arrayed them on the northwest coast, overlooking the Korean fleet below.

On the night of 28 August, a Japanese fleet of 500 ships moved into the strait and attacked. By dawn, nearly all the Korean ships had been destroyed.

Won Gyun fled to the mainland but could not keep up with his men. He sat down under a pine tree until the Japanese found him. It is assumed that his head was cut off.

Yi Eokgi also died during the battle after drowning himself.

Aftermath
Prior to the destruction on 28 August, Bae Seol shifted 12 ships to an inlet farther down the strait and managed to escape. Bae Seol set fire to the camps at Hansando before the Japanese arrived. He then sailed west with the remaining 12 ships, all that was left of the Korean navy.

title: Battle of Chilcheollyang


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Darth Sion

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep (13k, 11m). Scimitar parley 17:02, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Darth Sion
Should be either merged with another page or shortened. Not notable enough to be single standing. 138.130.214.13 07:33, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

They have been merged. All three of them. Hunger, Pain & Betrayal as one. 50% plus have agreed to this, so i went through with it and merged the articles. I did not know there was a different policy in place for merging articles than deleting articles. It is done now.
 * Unsigned comment by User:138.130.215.115. jni 08:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Um, no one at all agreed to what you just did. Nor does it appear that your merging is done.  The present article doesn't even explain why the three of them have been put together in one article, nor are the "lordly" epithets you've added even explained.  All you've done is cut and paste the three complete, independent articles into one under what appears to be a wholly arbitrary and unsearchable title ("The Three Dark Lords of the Sith ~ Hunger, Pain & Betrayal").  How did that fix things?  Postdlf 08:45, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Also Wikipedia requests that you do not copy/past things from one article to another. -- Psiedit

User 138.130.214.13 - Actually, I got that advice from the Wikipedia merge page, and incase you can't see, there is a clear cut majority of users wanting the article merged rather than kept the way it is.

 * Strong Keep as per everything I've said in Votes for deletion/Darth Nihilus. Nufy8 16:49, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable and worth for a standalone article --Neigel von Teighen 16:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep, informing and good info.---Obi-WanKenobi-2005---
 * Strong Keep This is ridiculous. Why do both of the KOTOR II's Sith lords have to have VFDs. With out them it wouldnt be "The Sith Lords" plural. User:Psi edit
 * Please do not nominate articles for deletion, 138.130.214.13, if you do not actually want any articles deleted. If you wish to merge articles, please follow the instructions for doing so, and use the tags provided.  Deletion forms no part of the process of either article merger or article cleanup. Uncle G 01:10, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the anon user's motives are suspect, considering how listing Star Wars characters for deletion is all that he does on here, but nonetheless this should probably be merged into both the article on the game and List of minor Sith characters, and redirected to the latter. It's a character in one video game; until it appears in more Star Wars media (or more pervasive media like a cartoon or movie), it's a minor character.  That the game gave this character voluminous backstory doesn't make it more notable, and the article doesn't even establish how important this character is to the game—what role does he play in what the player experiences?  Someone should rewrite the content so that it's actually from the perspective that this is a video game character, and that every portrayal of him is derived from that game.  Any unfamiliar reader will have no idea how this character is encountered by the game player or how his "biography" is revealed to the player in the context of the game.  Articles should not be written as if this encyclopedia existed in the Star Wars universe, and simply adding the fact that he's a fictional Star Wars character isn't enough.  Postdlf 01:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * And btw, who actually created this character? Do committees write up the "biographies"?  Is it a single plotwriter per game?  This is the most important kind of information for an encyclopedia article about a fictional character.  Postdlf 01:41, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep very important character. Revolución 02:08, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. You are kidding, right? --Maru 02:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge. I don't think I have anything to add to the reasoning given by Postdlf.  I don't think anything needs to be added to it.  The Literate Engineer 02:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Just how does having excellent articles about obscure topics hurt wikipedia? Themindset 03:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Postdlf. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  03:54, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Notable major villain. - Sikon 10:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge: A "major character" and a "major villain" in a single game. It is not needed as a stand alone, as nothing can refer to it except a single game. Geogre 11:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Then merge Darth Traya, Darth Nihilus, Darth Revan, Darth Malak and the Force knows whom, they are all major villains who appear in a single game each. Many less notable characters have their own articles, and merging of this article will change nothing except set up a bad precedent. - Sikon 16:55, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Good God, those are some long articles. I'm shocked a game player has time to actually accomplish anything in the game if he's spending so much time reading backstory.  Right now, none of those articles are written with the proper presentation and context appropriate to a video game character—what do they actually do in the game?  Does the player actually encounter these characters, or just learn about them?  Postdlf 08:52, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It explains their actions in the game quite well, actually. It just doesn't always say "this is what happens in the game at this point," because frankly, that would read more like a strategy guide than an encyclopedia. I mean, don't get me wrong, I'm not saying they couldn't stand to have a little user interaction detailed in their articles, but to say that because it isn't written correctly by some people's standards then the knowledge it imparts should be limited, isn't doing it, or Wikipedia justice. Nufy8 16:55, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The article is entirely written as if Sion's story is an absolute narrative that a player passively observes and cannot affect. "He would later duel with the Exile on Korriban, and defeat him, but the Exile would escape."  I only learned from reading another article (not this one) that the "Exile" is the player character.  So does the quoted sentence mean that the player has no choice but to duel with Sion on Korriban and will inevitably escape no matter what he does?  It doesn't say "if the player survives past level 3..." or "if the player decides to go to Korriban, he will be attacked by..."  And does that sentence mean that the player is incapable of defeating him, no matter what?  Why?  It doesn't say "the game designers made Sion impossible to defeat," it just states that the player is defeated.  For all a reader of the article knows, it's just because no one who wrote the article was good enough to defeat Sion at that point in the game.  Yet somehow the player is destined to escape; does Sion always refrain from delivering a fatal blow?  What if the player decides to remain there until one of them dies?  Is the player swept away to safety against his will?  The entire article is written like this ("the Exile was forced to use his powers of persuasion to turn Sion against his own beliefs"), without any acknowledgement that a real human player interacts with this character and becomes involved with the story, which is instead described as if it were merely a self-contained narrative.  The entire article is nonencyclopedic fancruft writing, written simply to satisfy fans who want to know the complete fictional history of the fictional Star Wars universe, rather than to portray facts about how a fictional character was created, how the fictional work portrays him and his relationship to it, how he is experienced/encountered by the consumer/audience, and what that audience thinks about him.  The article needs more than just a couple style tweaks; it needs a complete rewrite.  Postdlf 18:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. The player has no choice on Korriban. He must duel, and must lose.
 * He must go to Korriban, or never finish the game. Needless to say, it is stupid to preface every statement with "And if the player decides to keep playing and completing the game, he will..."
 * Yes. Sion always refrains from a fatal blow. No dialogue option will cause Sion to kill the Exile on Korriban, as part of the story, for obvious out-of-game reasons.  The ingame player is not swept away against his will, but the player outside of the game is, as the Exile escapes in a cinema with no dialogue options which will change anything.
 * You don't seem to understand, Post. The article describes what is canonical. The canon rules for SW state that plot events for games are canon, branching plots have one specific unique singular end-branch which is canonical, and that's it.  The minutiae of the actual game implementation are not canon- including game mechanics and possible plots like you endlessly harp upon.  Sion does not need a "Rewrite", it needs expansion. Go ahead, add audience reaction, go ask the producers who wrote in Sion, what were they thinking, what early versions of Sion were there, and how did they differ, etc.  But don't call the article unencyclopedic (or, if you do, then go start several thousand vfds to cleanse Wikipedia of all SW 'fancruft'), or use fictional as an epithet.  It incorporates what is available, sourceable and reliable. --Maru 19:08, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That should be described and explained.
 * It should at least be prefaced by "When the player makes it to Korriban;" otherwise, it sounds like a player has no volition over that outcome.
 * This should be described and explained, and the parts of the game that the player in fact passively watches ("the Exile escapes in a cinema") should be distinctly separated from the parts that the player actively participates in. And what the player actually sees should be separated from that which he is merely told about.
 * What you don't understand is this is not the Official Canon Encyclopedia of Star Wars. The article needs a rewrite because it just relates a story abstracted from the source from which it is derived, without any sense of how the media actually constructed the story.  And yes, there are a lot of Star Wars articles that need similarly serious cleanup.  This particular article should focus on describing what the player sees him do in the game, what he does to the player, what the player does to him, and what the player is told about him and how.  Considering how he's a bloody video game character, one would think that these would be the most fundamental things to set forth.  Then a separate section on how this portrayal of the character fits into Star Wars canon may be appropriate, but that certainly shouldn't be the overriding perspective.  No, "fictional" is not an epithet; I've written quite a few articles about fictional subjects myself.  But the article should not itself become fiction; it should write about fiction by describing works of fiction, and write about subjects of fiction by describing exactly how the works portray them.  Postdlf 06:41, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge per Postdlf. Dcarrano 15:11, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per above.Robert A West 15:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Smerge and redirect, as has been done with many minor Star Wars characters. -R. fiend 15:56, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per above. This is doubleplusunnotable.  And yes, I would also merge Revan, Malak, and all the other little baby Darths too.  Even though I liked KOTOR.  Nandesuka 18:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above DES 18:30, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable SW character.--Kross 20:38, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep - thorough and well written article. A bit crufty, and a merge would not hurt, but there are better cases where merges are really necessary. -- BD2412 talk 21:08, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge all of these single game Darths, as per User:Postdlf. JamesBurns 03:49, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge, typical fancruft. Martg76 07:59, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep decent article and there is so much fan stuff on here already, so I don't see a good reason to single this article out for deletion. Salsb 15:31, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable character. Jon Hart 22:40, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Keep Well written, informative and a fun read. All you party poopers please don't delete. It just needs a little tweaking on the facts.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page..


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Talk:Aghora

Major Aghora Overhaul
I am planning a major overhaul of the Aghori section, I propose that the main Aghora page lead to Aghori and that a disambiguation link be added to the top of that page linking to this page. Sedusa66 05:06, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Why does Aghora redirect to Shiva?
I recently read 'The Aghora Trilogy' by Robert E. Svoboda, and they portray Aghora as a fairly particular form of practice of Tantric Yoga. It certainly means something much different from simply 'Shiva' which is where it currently redirects to.

I would be happy to write an article based on the info given in the Aghora books, but I'm not sure if it's accurate or not, since I can't find any other sources for info. I would just be trusting the author (Svboda) for correct information. I've searched the web and can't really find any info about Aghora, or Aghoris (those who believe in Aghora)... What should I do?

Individual page for Aghora, the sect
How about making an individual page for this definition of Aghora: "A particular Hindu sect of sadhu known for their left-hand tantra practices"?

I have the Aghora trilogy by Robert Svoboda and would be happy to contribute information from there. The books have a wealth of information on this Tantric/Hindu sect, such as the practices and beliefs, as well as definition of various terms. (eg: 'Aghora' translates as 'fearlessness,' according to Svoboda)

That would be great! The only thing is that we'd need to look to other sources as well. btw you can sign your comments with four ~'s. Sethie 01:51, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism to disambig page
I very much want there to be a page on the aghora sect, but the way you are going about it is vandalism. This is a disambig page, meaning there are multiple possibilities for the word aghora.

I have created a seperate page for the sect, please edit it. Sethie 03:53, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

People keep putting inaccurate rambling barely legible entries on the disambig page, claiming that the Aghori live in the woods for 12 years without speaking to anyone while eating only human flesh and drinking water only from their skull bowls. Seriously, this needs to stop. THIS is why people don't take the Wiki seriously. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.226.60.135 (talk) 20:28, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aghora