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Arrondissement of Saint-Lô

The arrondissement of Saint-Lô is an arrondissement of France in the Manche department in the Normandy region. It has 87 communes. Its population is 103,045 (2016), and its area is 1277.3 km2.

Composition
The communes of the arrondissement of Saint-Lô, and their INSEE codes, are:

 * 1) Agneaux (50002)
 * 2) Airel (50004)
 * 3) Amigny (50006)
 * 4) Auvers (50023)
 * 5) La Barre-de-Semilly (50032)
 * 6) Baudre (50034)
 * 7) Beaucoudray (50039)
 * 8) Bérigny (50046)
 * 9) Beslon (50048)
 * 10) Beuvrigny (50050)
 * 11) Biéville (50054)
 * 12) La Bloutière (50060)
 * 13) Bourguenolles (50069)
 * 14) Bourgvallées (50546)
 * 15) Canisy (50095)
 * 16) Carantilly (50098)
 * 17) Carentan-les-Marais (50099)
 * 18) Cavigny (50106)
 * 19) Cerisy-la-Forêt (50110)
 * 20) Champrepus (50118)
 * 21) Chérencé-le-Héron (50130)
 * 22) La Colombe (50137)
 * 23) Condé-sur-Vire (50139)
 * 24) Couvains (50148)
 * 25) Dangy (50159)
 * 26) Le Dézert (50161)
 * 27) Domjean (50164)
 * 28) Fleury (50185)
 * 29) Fourneaux (50192)
 * 30) Gouvets (50214)
 * 31) Graignes-Mesnil-Angot (50216)
 * 32) Le Guislain (50225)
 * 33) La Haye-Bellefond (50234)
 * 34) Lamberville (50261)
 * 35) La Lande-d'Airou (50262)
 * 36) Le Lorey (50279)
 * 37) La Luzerne (50283)
 * 38) Margueray (50291)
 * 39) Marigny-le-Lozon (50292)
 * 40) Maupertuis (50295)
 * 41) La Meauffe (50297)
 * 42) Méautis (50298)
 * 43) Le Mesnil-Amey (50302)
 * 44) Le Mesnil-Eury (50310)
 * 45) Le Mesnil-Rouxelin (50321)
 * 46) Le Mesnil-Véneron (50324)
 * 47) Montabot (50334)
 * 48) Montbray (50338)
 * 49) Montrabot (50351)
 * 50) Montreuil-sur-Lozon (50352)
 * 51) Moon-sur-Elle (50356)
 * 52) Morigny (50357)
 * 53) Moyon-Villages (50363)
 * 54) Percy-en-Normandie (50393)
 * 55) Le Perron (50398)
 * 56) Pont-Hébert (50409)
 * 57) Quibou (50420)
 * 58) Rampan (50423)
 * 59) Remilly-les-Marais (50431)
 * 60) Saint-Amand-Villages (50444)
 * 61) Saint-André-de-Bohon (50445)
 * 62) Saint-André-de-l'Épine (50446)
 * 63) Saint-Clair-sur-l'Elle (50455)
 * 64) Sainte-Cécile (50453)
 * 65) Sainte-Suzanne-sur-Vire (50556)
 * 66) Saint-Fromond (50468)
 * 67) Saint-Georges-d'Elle (50473)
 * 68) Saint-Georges-Montcocq (50475)
 * 69) Saint-Germain-d'Elle (50476)
 * 70) Saint-Gilles (50483)
 * 71) Saint-Jean-de-Daye (50488)
 * 72) Saint-Jean-d'Elle (50492)
 * 73) Saint-Jean-de-Savigny (50491)
 * 74) Saint-Lô (50502)
 * 75) Saint-Louet-sur-Vire (50504)
 * 76) Saint-Martin-de-Bonfossé (50512)
 * 77) Saint-Pierre-de-Semilly (50538)
 * 78) Saint-Vigor-des-Monts (50563)
 * 79) Terre-et-Marais (50564)
 * 80) Tessy-Bocage (50592)
 * 81) Thèreval (50239)
 * 82) Torigny-les-Villes (50601)
 * 83) Tribehou (50606)
 * 84) La Trinité (50607)
 * 85) Villebaudon (50637)
 * 86) Villedieu-les-Poêles-Rouffigny (50639)
 * 87) Villiers-Fossard (50641)

History
The arrondissement of Saint-Lô was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Manche, it gained one commune from the arrondissement of Coutances, and it lost two communes to the arrondissement of Coutances.

As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Saint-Lô were, as of January 2015:

 * 1) Canisy
 * 2) Carentan
 * 3) Marigny
 * 4) Percy
 * 5) Saint-Clair-sur-l'Elle
 * 6) Saint-Jean-de-Daye
 * 7) Saint-Lô-Est
 * 8) Saint-Lô-Ouest
 * 9) Tessy-sur-Vire
 * 10) Torigni-sur-Vire
 * 11) Villedieu-les-Poêles

title: Arrondissement of Saint-Lô


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Category:Ancient art

Ancient art includes many types of arts of ancient cultures, such as that of ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome. For Asia, see Category:Asian art.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Ancient art


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User:Aftermath

This initial entry should create my user page. User:Aftermath/geometry

title: User:Aftermath


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F-scale (personality test)

The California F-scale is a 1947 personality test, designed by German Theodor W. Adorno and others to measure the "authoritarian personality". The "F" stands for "fascist". The F-scale measures responses on several different components of authoritarianism, such as conventionalism, authoritarian aggression, superstition and stereotypy, power and "toughness", destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, and sex. Scores acquired from the F-scale could be directly associated with background components, educational level, and intellectual capacity. It is an indirect type of test that ensures the result would not be due to the individual's fake responses; this is possible because the purpose of the measurement and which attitude is being measured are initially concealed from the participants. The existence of this correlation could possibly affect the way in which the F-scale accurately measures the authoritarian personality syndrome. The F-scale has two principal purposes: it aims to measure prejudice and anti-democratic tendencies at the personality level.

The purpose of the F-scale is to measure an antidemocratic personality structure, usually defined by authoritarianism. A score of above 80 on the F-scale test indicates that the subject may be suffering from severe psychopathology. Patients who suffer from repeated episodes of disorders usually get a higher F-scale score than those who have acute disorders. Research has not found any correlation between F-scale scores and educational level.

The scale specifically examines the following personality dimensions:
 * Conventionalism: conformity to the traditional societal norms and values of the middle class
 * Authoritarian submission: a passive notion towards adhering to conventional norms and values
 * Authoritarian aggression: punishing and condemning individuals who don't adhere to conventional values
 * Religion and Ethics
 * Superstition and Stereotypy
 * Power and "Toughness"
 * Anti-intraception: "rejection of all inwardness, of the subjective, the imaginative, the tender-minded, and of self-criticism"
 * Destructiveness and Cynicism: generalized hostility, vilification of the human
 * Projectivity: the disposition to believe that wild and dangerous things go on in the world; the projection outwards of unconscious emotional impulses
 * Sex: exaggerated concern with sexual "goings-on"

F-scale tests measure not only the subject's overall level of stress but also their willingness to cooperate in the testing process.

Early research
Research in the late 1960s focused on police and the detection of authoritarianism.

Doubt about its indirect measure
According to data presented by Baljeet Ahmed Muhammad, a hypothesis was formed proposing that brighter people are capable of penetrating the significance of the F-scale, helping them react in a more "suitable" fashion. Hence, because the F-scale can be faked, it cannot be considered as an indirect measure. In the course of the Minnesota Adoption Study it was found that "the F-scale scores were negatively correlated with WAIS vocabulary [an IQ test] (−0.42) and showed the same pattern of family correlations".

Criticism
The scale has attracted a great deal of criticism, since it is ideological and associates societal processes with personality characteristics.

Among the criticisms of the F-scale is its sensitivity to respondents with acquiescent response styles due to being worded so that agreement always indicated an authoritarian response. A number of related scales such as the Wilson–Patterson Conservatism Scale and the Balanced F-scale have been created in an attempt to fix the shortcomings of the F-scale. Bob Altemeyer's Right-wing authoritarianism Scale is the most frequently used, contemporary descendant of the F-scale.

Another criticism of the test is the assumption that users with a high score are unsophisticated and may lack social intelligence. According to Kelman and Barclay (1963), the experience of the participant is reflected on the test score; i.e., they may not be able to see the obvious pattern and motives recurring in the test and be ignorant of it.

title: F-scale (personality test)


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Dino Ciccarelli

Dino Ciccarelli (, born February 8, 1960) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 19 seasons in the National Hockey League from 1980 to 1999, primarily with the Minnesota North Stars, but also notably with the Detroit Red Wings, with whom he had his third-highest scoring season. He scored 1,200 points in his NHL career. His 608 career NHL goals are also the most goals scored by a draft-eligible player who was not drafted by an NHL team. Ciccarelli was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2010.

Sarnia Bees
Ciccarelli grew up playing minor hockey in his hometown of Sarnia, Ontario, in the Southwestern Ontario Minor Hockey League of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association. He made Sarnia's Jr. 'B' hockey team as a 15-year-old in the fall of 1975 and ended up leading it in scoring with 45 goals and 43 assists for 88 points in just 40 games. He is one of two Sarnia Jr. 'B' graduates to go on to be elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame (the other being Phil Esposito, who led the Sarnia Legionnaires in scoring in 1961).

London Knights
Ciccarelli joined the London Knights of the OMJHL as a 16-year-old for the 1976–77 season. In his first season with the Knights, Ciccarelli had 39 goals and 82 points in 66 games, finishing fifth in team scoring. In the playoffs, Ciccarelli had 11 goals and 24 points in 20 games, as London lost to the Ottawa 67's in the J. Ross Robertson Cup finals.

In his second season with the Knights in 1977–78, Ciccarelli scored a league high 72 goals, and added 70 assists for 142 points, which was third highest total in the OMJHL. In the post-season, Ciccarelli contributed six goals and 16 points in nine games. After the season, Ciccarelli was awarded the Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy, which is given to the highest scoring right winger in the OMJHL.

Injuries cut short Ciccarelli's 1978–79 season, as he appeared in only 30 games, scoring eight goals and 19 points. In seven playoff games, Ciccarelli scored three goals and eight points. After not being selected in the NHL Entry Draft, Ciccarelli signed a contract with the Minnesota North Stars on September 28, 1979.

The North Stars kept Ciccarelli with the Knights for the 1979–80, and Ciccarelli rebounded, scoring 50 goals and 103 points. In five games in the playoffs, Ciccarelli scored two goals, and finished with eight points.

Minnesota North Stars
Ciccarelli made his professional hockey debut with the Oklahoma City Stars of the CHL at the end of the 1979–80 season. In six games with Oklahoma City, Ciccarelli had three goals and five points.

He spent most of the 1980–81 season with Oklahoma City, playing in 48 games, scoring 32 goals and 57 points. Ciccarelli was brought up to the National Hockey League, and in 32 games with the Minnesota North Stars, Ciccarelli had 18 goals and 30 points. In the playoffs, Ciccarelli scored 14 goals and 21 points in 19 games, as the North Stars lost to the New York Islanders in the 1981 Stanley Cup Finals.

Ciccarelli spent the entire 1981–82 NHL season with the North Stars, playing in 76 games, scoring a team high 55 goals, while earning 106 points for the season. During the season, Ciccarelli played in the 1982 NHL All-Star Game, hosted by the Washington Capitals, with the Campbell Conference, where he assisted on a goal by Wayne Gretzky in a 4–2 loss to the Wales Conference. In the playoffs, Ciccarelli had three goals and four points in four games.

He saw a decrease in offensive production during the 1982–83 season, scoring 37 goals and 75 points in 77 games, which was 18 fewer goals and 31 fewer points than the previous season. Ciccarelli did appear in the 1983 NHL All-Star Game, hosted by the New York Islanders. Ciccarelli had a goal and an assist as the Campbell Conference defeated the Wales Conference 9–3. In the post-season, Ciccarelli appeared in nine games, scoring four goals and 10 points.

Ciccarelli had another solid season with Minnesota in 1983–84, scoring 38 goals and 71 points in 79 games, helping the North Stars into the playoffs once again. In 16 playoff games, Ciccarelli had four goals and nine points, as the North Stars lost to the Edmonton Oilers in the Campbell Conference finals.

Injuries cut short Ciccarelli's season in 1984–85, playing in only 51 games, Ciccarelli scored 15 goals and 32 points, his lowest point total since his rookie season in 1980–81, and the lowest goal total of his NHL career. In nine playoff games, Ciccarelli had three goals and six points.

Ciccarelli had a healthy 1985–86 season, playing in 75 games, he led the North Stars with 44 goals, while finishing second in points with 89, which were his highest totals since 1981–82. In five playoff games, Ciccarelli was held to an assist.

In 1986–87, Ciccarelli improved his offensive numbers once again, scoring 52 goals and 103 points in 80 games, which both led the club in scoring. The North Stars struggled during the season, and failed to qualify for the post season.

Ciccarelli had his third straight 40+ goal season in 1987–88, as he once again led Minnesota with 41 goals and 86 points in 67 games. It was another tough season for the team though, as they missed the playoffs for the second straight season.

In 1988–89, Ciccarelli made his first all-star game appearance in six years, as he played with the Campbell Conference in the 1989 NHL All-Star Game held in Edmonton, Alberta. In the game, Ciccarelli assisted on a goal by Steve Yzerman, as the Campbell Conference won the game over the Wales Conference by a score of 9–5. Overall with Minnesota, Ciccarelli played in 65 games, scoring 32 goals and 59 points. On March 7, 1989, the North Stars traded Ciccarelli and Bob Rouse to the Washington Capitals for Mike Gartner and Larry Murphy.

Washington Capitals
Ciccarelli finished the 1988–89 season with the Washington Capitals, playing just 11 games, Ciccarelli scored 12 goals and 15 points, helping the team into the playoffs. He played his first game as a Capital on March 8, 1989, getting no points in a 3–2 loss to the Montreal Canadiens. He scored his first goal with Washington on March 11, 1989, scoring against John Vanbiesbrouck in a 4–2 win over the New York Rangers. On March 18, 1989, Ciccarelli had a four-goal, seven point game in a huge 8–2 victory over the Hartford Whalers. Ciccarelli appeared in his first playoff game with the Capitals on April 5, 1989, getting no points in a 3–2 win over the Philadelphia Flyers. He scored his first playoff goal with Washington on April 6, 1989, scoring against Ron Hextall in a 3–2 loss. Ciccarelli played in six games, scoring three goals and six points as the Capitals were eliminated by the Flyers.

In Ciccarelli's first full season with the Capitals, he scored 41 goals in 1989–90, which marked his fifth consecutive season of 40+ goals, while finishing with a team high 79 points. Ciccarelli had a four-goal game against the Quebec Nordiques on February 6, 1990, in a 12–2 victory. In the playoffs, Ciccarelli had eight goals and 11 points in eight games before suffering an injury on April 21, 1990, against the New York Rangers that would end his season. Ciccarelli had a hat trick in the playoffs, scoring three goals and an assist against the New Jersey Devils in a 5–4 overtime win on April 5, 1990.

Ciccarelli missed 26 games during the 1990–91, in which he scored 21 goals and 39 points, his lowest totals since 1984–85. He did score a hat trick against the Edmonton Oilers on February 8, 1991, in a 6–3 win. Ciccarelli was productive in the playoffs, scoring five goals and nine points in 11 games.

He rebounded in the 1991–92, as Ciccarelli scored 38 goals, which was a team high, while earning 76 points, helping the Capitals into the playoffs once again. In the playoffs, Ciccarelli had a four-goal game on April 25, 1992, as Washington defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins 7–2. In seven games, he scored five goals and nine points. On June 20, 1992, Ciccarelli was traded from the Capitals to the Detroit Red Wings for Kevin Miller.

Detroit Red Wings
Ciccarelli made his debut with the Detroit Red Wings on October 6, 1992, getting no points in a 4–1 loss to the Winnipeg Jets. On October 8, 1992, Ciccarelli earned his first goal as a Red Wing, scoring against Kelly Hrudey of the Los Angeles Kings in a 5–3 victory. Ciccarelli finished his first season with Detroit with 41 goals and 97 points, which were both the second highest totals on the team. Ciccarelli's 97 points were his highest since 1986–87, when he recorded 103 with the Minnesota North Stars. Ciccarelli played his first Playoff game with the Red Wings on April 19, 1993, earning an assist in a 6–3 win over the Toronto Maple Leafs. Ciccarelli scored his first playoff goal as a member of the Red Wings on April 27, 1993, against Felix Potvin in a 5–4 loss to the Maple Leafs. On April 29, 1993, Ciccarelli had a hat trick for the Red Wings in a 7–3 win over Toronto. Overall, Ciccarelli appeared in seven playoff games, scoring four goals and six points.

Ciccarelli saw his point total decline by 40 in the 1993–94 season, as he scored 28 goals and 57 points in 66 games. He did have a six-point game against the Vancouver Canucks on April 5, 1994, scoring four goals and adding two assists in an 8–3 victory. In the post-season, Ciccarelli had five goals and seven points in seven games.

With a shortened 1994–95 due to the lockout, Ciccarelli appeared in 42 games, scoring 16 goals and 43 points, which placed him third in team scoring. Ciccarelli had a four assist game against the Winnipeg Jets on March 22, 1995, in a 6–3 win. In the playoffs, Ciccarelli had a hat trick against the Dallas Stars on May 11, 1995, in a 5–1 victory. He finished the playoffs with nine goals and 11 points in 16 games, as the Red Wings lost to the New Jersey Devils in the 1995 Stanley Cup Finals.

In 1995–96, Ciccarelli scored 22 goals and 43 points in 64 games, helping the Red Wings set an NHL record for wins in a season with 62. In the post-season, Ciccarelli had six goals and eight points in 17 games. In game six of the 1996 Western Conference Finals, Claude Lemieux laid a vicious hit on Kris Draper. The Red Wings lost to the Avalanche in six games and Lemieux was given suspensions in the first two games of the Stanley Cup Finals. When interviewed after the game, Ciccarelli reacted and coldly stated, "I can't believe I shook this guy's friggin' hand after the game! That pisses me right off!".

On August 27, 1996, the Red Wings traded Ciccarelli to the Tampa Bay Lightning for a fourth-round draft pick in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft.

Tampa Bay Lightning
Ciccarelli played his first game as a member of the Tampa Bay Lightning on October 5, 1996, getting a goal and two points in a 4–3 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins. On November 8, 1996, Ciccarelli had a hat trick against the Pittsburgh Penguins in a 5–5 tie. Ciccarelli played in the 1997 NHL All-Star Game held in San Jose, California, where he had an assist for the Eastern Conference in an 11–7 win over the Western Conference. He finished the 1996–97 season playing in 77 games, scoring a team high 35 goals, while earning 60 points. Notably, he scored the final goal in the last game that the Hartford Whalers played in on April 13, 1997, scoring the only goal for the Lightning in a 2–1 loss.

He began the 1997–98 season with the Lightning; he played in 34 games with Tampa Bay, scoring 11 goals and 17 points. On January 15, 1998, the Lightning traded Ciccarelli and Jeff Norton to the Florida Panthers for Mark Fitzpatrick and Jody Hull.

Florida Panthers
Ciccarelli played his first game with the Florida Panthers on January 21, 1998. He scored his first goal with Florida on January 24, 1998, against Kelly Hrudey of the San Jose Sharks in a 1–1 tie. He finished the season with five goals and 16 points in 28 games with the Panthers.

Ciccarelli had an injury plagued 1998–99 season, as he missed the majority of the season after suffering a back injury against the Chicago Blackhawks on November 4, 1998. He played in only 14 games, scoring six goals and seven points. On August 31, 1999, Ciccarelli announced his retirement.

International career
Ciccarelli played with Canada at various international events during his career. At the 1980 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships held in Helsinki, Finland, Ciccarelli had five goals and six points in five games, as Canada finished in fifth place. At the 1982 IIHF World Hockey Championship held in Finland, Ciccarelli had two goals and three points in nine games, as the Canadians won the Bronze Medal. Ciccarelli also played in the 1987 IIHF World Hockey Championship in Austria, getting four goals and six points in 10 games as Canada finished in fourth place.

Assaults
Ciccarelli's career featured some controversial moments, both on and off the ice. In 1987, he pleaded guilty to indecent exposure and received probation. Then on January 6, 1988, in a game played at Maple Leaf Gardens, Ciccarelli attacked then-Maple Leafs rookie defenceman Luke Richardson with his stick. As a result of this incident, Ciccarelli was convicted of assault, fined $1,000, and sentenced to one day in jail.

In May 1990, while playing for the Capitals, Ciccarelli was accused of raping a 17-year-old girl outside a bar, alongside teammates Geoff Courtnall, Scott Stevens, and Neil Sheehy. The court case fell apart, though a spokesperson for the Metropolitan police at the time stated that the police “have sufficient grounds to believe that a criminal offense did occur.”

Hall of Fame
Ciccarelli was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2010, eight years after he first became eligible. Press reports speculated that his criminal activity was the reason it took him years to gain entrance.

His junior team, the London Knights, retired Ciccarelli's number 8.

Ciccarelli owned the nightclub Club 22 in Shelby Charter Township, named for the jersey number he wore with the Capitals, Red Wings, Lightning and Panthers. It was closed in 2011. Shortly after closing, Ciccarelli opened a sports bar in the same location. The name of the establishment is Ciccarelli's Sports Bar Theater, named after the "theater" style atmosphere. He has since opened two additional sports bars, one across from the Palace of Auburn Hills; and the other at the site of the former Post Bar in downtown Detroit, near Cobo Center. The Detroit location is only open for Red Wings home games and other special events.

Awards and achievements

 * OMJHL Second All-Star Team (1978)
 * NHL All-Star Game (1982, 1983, 1989, 1997)
 * World Ice Hockey Championships bronze medalist 1982

NHL records

 * Most Points by a rookie, One playoff season (21) "1981 Playoffs"
 * Most Goals by a rookie, One playoff season (14) "1981 Playoffs"
 * Fastest Player to Score 20 Goals (15 Games) "1986–87 Regular Season" – 11/11/1986

title: Dino Ciccarelli


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Cumberland (territorial electoral district)

Cumberland was an electoral district in the Northwest Territories from 1891–1894, the riding was in the rural area to the northeast of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Cumberland disappeared in 1894 when it merged with the newly created Prince Albert East.

A new incarnation of the cumberland district has existed in Saskatchewan from 1912 to present.


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Can I Borrow a Dollar?

Can I Borrow a Dollar? is the debut studio album by American rapper Common Sense. It was released on October 6, 1992, by Relativity Records. The album was produced by No I.D. (then called Immenslope) and the Twilite Tone, with additional production by the Beatnuts, and includes guest vocals from Immenslope, Miss Jones and Common's then-girlfriend Rayshel.

Background
In 1991, a feature was written about Common in the Unsigned Hype section of The Source. Relativity Records soon signed Common, and prepared to release three singles for his debut album. The first and best-charting single was 1992's "Take It EZ". It reached #5 on the Hot Rap Singles chart while his next two singles, "Breaker 1/9" and "Soul by the Pound," reached #10 and #7 respectively. All of these singles combined to give Common a strong underground reputation prior to the album's release.

Content
Can I Borrow A Dollar? shows Common's early style of rapping; namely a sing-songy and inflection-heavy vocal delivery, as well as lyrics packed with word play and popular culture allusions. The album's production, utilizing samples, keyboards, and drum breaks prominently, tends to be minimalistic, jazzy and laid back.

Critical reception
The Source called the production top notch. The Chicago Tribune deemed the album "playfully clever".

Entertainment Weekly's Neil Drumming described Can I Borrow a Dollar? as "a clever but little-noticed first album". Stanton Swihart of AllMusic considers it to have put Chicago hip hop on the map and to be an underrated debut album.

Track listing

 * All tracks produced by Immenslope & the Twilite Tone, except track 4 produced by the Beatnuts

title: Can I Borrow a Dollar?


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David Howe

David Howe may refer to:

 * David J. Howe (born 1961), British writer, journalist, publisher, and media historian
 * David Howe (speedway rider) (born 1982), British motorcycle speedway rider
 * David Howe (athlete), Paralympic athlete from Canada

title: David Howe


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Chuck Quackenbush

Charles Quackenbush (born April 20, 1954) is an American former politician and Florida law enforcement officer. A Republican, he served as Insurance Commissioner of California from 1995 to 2000 and as a California State Assemblyman representing the 22nd District, from 1986 to 1994.

Background and political career
Quackenbush was born on April 20, 1954, in Tacoma, Washington. As a child, he grew up in a military family and after graduating University of Notre Dame on a full ROTC scholarship, he joined the United States Army and rose to the rank of Captain as a helicopter pilot. In 1982, he left the military to join the family business in Silicon Valley. He was elected as a Republican to the California Assembly in 1986.

In 1994 he was elected insurance commissioner, effectively applying considerable campaign contributions from various insurance companies. He won re-election in 1998.

Resignation

 * ''Note: For a timeline of the events associated with this section see

In early 2000, Cindy Ossias, then a senior lawyer for the California Department of Insurance (CDI), charged the Department with corruption. According to testimony by CDI employees, including Ossias and staff attorney Robert Hagedorn, Commissioner Quackenbush and his top aides abused their positions for personal gain and acted against consumers' interests for many years.

After the 1994 Northridge earthquake, it was alleged that Quackenbush allowed insurance companies to compensate their clients much less than the actual damages. In exchange, the insurance companies set up special "educational funds". Those funds were used to create television commercials in which Quackenbush appeared as a basketball referee with Shaquille O'Neal in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform. While couched as public service announcements, suspicions rose that main idea behind the commercials was to increase Quackenbush's name identification, which is critical for electoral success in California statewide races. In addition to the educational funds, those same insurance companies contributed to his wife's unsuccessful 1998 assembly campaign, as well as his children's football camps.

Initially, Ossias blew the whistle as an anonymous source. When her identity was revealed, Quackenbush put her on an administrative leave for violation of attorney client privilege. On June 28, 2000, he announced his resignation (to become effective on July 10).

In February 2002, an 18-month investigation conducted by federal, state and Sacramento County prosecutors ended with prosecutors declining to press charges against Quackenbush, as they felt the evidence was not strong enough.

Life after insurance commissioner
After resigning as California's insurance commissioner, Quackenbush moved to Hawaii, where he was "doing political and military intelligence consulting". Quackenbush then moved to Florida and in 2005 became a sheriff's deputy in Lee County, Florida.

In 2007 he was suspended for accepting free food.

While working as a sheriff's deputy in February 2008, Quackenbush shot and critically wounded a suspect who was reported as resisting arrest. He was placed on paid leave during the investigation of the shooting, a standard practice for the agency.

In September 2016, he resigned, after making several racially controversial Facebook postings. At the time of his resignation from the Sheriff's Department, he also served as the vice-chair of the Lee County Republican Executive Committee and his wife was running for the Lee County school board.

title: Chuck Quackenbush


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1time

1time Airline (Pty) Ltd commonly called 1time was a South African low-cost airline that operated between 2004 and 2012. Based in the Isando Industrial Park in Kempton Park, Ekurhuleni, Gauteng, 1time operated scheduled domestic and regional services. Its main base was OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg. The name of the company, "one time!", is a South African expression meaning "for real!".

In November 2012 the airline went into liquidation, and ceased operations. Despite various initiatives, including those of the liquidator, operations remain suspended.

Early history
The founders owned an aviation holding company, Afrisource Holdings, through which they owned Aeronexus, an aviation company that offered various aircraft services (and performed maintenance for 1time).

1time itself commenced ticket sales in January 2004, and started flying on 25 February 2004, with three daily return flights between OR Tambo International Airport and Cape Town International Airport.

The Avstar Group acquired a 15% shareholding in 1time Holdings, and under the deal the airline leased two additional 157-seat McDonnell Douglas MD-83 aircraft from the Group. In 2006 1time carried over a million passengers on services to eight destinations.

The airline was owned by Afrisource Holdings (50%), MKJH Trust (30%) and Mogwele Investments (20%) and had 420 employees (at March 2007).

1time Holdings made an IPO on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) on 14 August 2007.

Provisional liquidation
On 22 August 2012, it was reported that 1time had filed for business rescue to give it protection from its creditors because it was "financially distressed".

1time ceased operations and filed for liquidation on 2 November 2012, cancelling all flights and stranding hundreds of passengers, after a final meeting with shareholders. The airline's final flight was at 15:00 on the day it was liquidated. The airline later issued the following statement on its website:

"1time Airline has applied for business liquidation (02.11.2012) and that all of its operations have been grounded with immediate effect."

The business rescue practitioner has advised that there are no reasonable prospects of survival as a potential financier notified us this afternoon that they are no longer able to invest in our airline. It is therefore with the utmost regret, disappointment and heartfelt disbelief that we have to file for liquidation, which means the end of a dream and an era for all of us.

"I sincerely thank our employees who worked so hard over the years to drive 1time's business, the travel trade who have been steadfast in their support, and our passengers who carried and maintained 1time during our most difficult and trying financial times, your loyalty is appreciated. Although 1time ceases to exist, the airline that we've built up through blood, sweat, tears and undeniable passion, will live on in the hearts of our passengers and also our competitors, who know that they have lost a formidable and world-class player in the low cost market." Blacky Komani (1time Group CEO)

On 6 November 2012, Dr Gerhard Holtzhauzen, 1time's business rescue practitioner, filed an application for the termination of the Business Rescue proceedings, and for the airline to be placed under provisional liquidation. The North Gauteng High Court issued a provisional liquidation order on 7 November 2012, and decreed that the return date for the order would be 11 December 2012, at which time the court will rule on the final closure of the business. On the same date, the Master of the High Court appointed Aviwe Ndyamara as the provisional liquidator.

On 19 December 2012 Fastjet announced that it had entered into an option agreement to buy the entire issued share capital of 1time Airline, and planned to take over up to three of the aircraft that were in the 1time fleet, and operate services on domestic South African routes. However, negotiations with the liquidator appear to have lapsed.

Destinations
At the time operations ceased, 1time flew to the following destinations:
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * Cape Town – Cape Town International Airport Focus City
 * Durban – King Shaka International Airport Focus City
 * East London – East London Airport
 * George – George Airport
 * Johannesburg – OR Tambo International Airport Hub
 * Port Elizabeth – Port Elizabeth Airport
 * 🇹🇿 Tanzania
 * Zanzibar – Zanzibar International Airport
 * 🇿🇲 Zambia
 * Livingstone – Livingstone Airport
 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
 * Victoria Falls – Victoria Falls Airport

Fleet

At the time operations were suspended, the 1time fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

Additionally, the airline previously operated at least x1 Boeing 737-200 and x5 Douglas DC-9s.

title: 1time


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Alexander Bay, South Africa

Alexander Bay (Alexanderbaai) is a town in the extreme north-west of South Africa. It is located on the southern bank of the Orange River mouth. It was named for Sir James Alexander, who was the first person to map the area whilst on a Royal Geographical Society expedition into Namibia in 1836. (It is mistakenly believed by many locals that it was he who first established commercial copper mining in the area.) With diamonds being discovered along the West Coast in 1925, Alexander Bay was established to service the mining industry.

The town of Oranjemund lies on the northern bank of the river, which forms the international border with Namibia. The two towns are linked by the Ernest Oppenheimer Bridge, named for Ernest Oppenheimer in 1951.

The town is served by Alexander Bay Airport.

Diamonds
After diamonds were discovered along this coast in 1925 by Dr Hans Merensky, Alexander Bay became known for its mining activities. The resulting diamond rush led to the Diamond Coast rebellion of 1928.

Copper
Copper ore was shipped through the Richtersveld in barges down the Orange River for export from this bay. The town was a high security area and permits were needed when entered. It is no longer a high security area and no permits are needed.

Geography and climate
Alexander Bay is the most northerly situated town along the west coastline of South Africa. The Orange River enters the Atlantic Ocean at Alexander Bay. The Orange River wetland forms the border between South Africa and Namibia. The Orange River wetland is a declared Ramsar site. Fields of green and orange lichen grow on a hill near the turnoff to Alexander Bay town.

It is 150 mi north-west of Springbok, the administrative centre of Namaqualand. Being near the southern end of the Namib desert, it is officially also the driest town in South Africa with an average annual rainfall of less than 2 inch. The cold Benguela Current in the Atlantic Ocean has a moderating influence on the coastal climate with only small variations in diurnal and seasonal temperatures.

title: Alexander Bay, South Africa


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User:Aftermath/geometry

Geometry (Greek geo = earth, metro = measure) {put in greek letters here, check accuracy} arose as the field of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. It was one of the two fields of pre-modern mathematics, the other being the study of numbers. In modern times, geometric concepts have been generalized to a high level of abstraction and complexity, and have been subjected to the methods of calculus and abstract algebra, so that many modern branches of the field are barely recognizable as the descendants of early geometry. (See Areas of mathematics and Algebraic geometry.)

The Earliest Geometry
The earliest recorded beginnings of geometry may be traced to Ancient Egypt (see Egyptian mathematics: Geometry) and Ancient Babylon (see Babylonian mathematics) around 3000 B.C. Early geometry was a collection of empirically discovered principles concerning lengths, angles, areas, and volumes, which were developed to meet some practical need in surveying, construction, astromony, and various crafts. Among these were some surprisingly sophisticated principles, and a modern mathematician might be hard put to derive some of them without the use of calculus. For example, both the Egyptians and the Babylonians were aware of versions of the Pythagorean Theorem about 1500 years before Pythagoras.

Chinese culture at this same time period was equally advanced, so it is likely that they had an equally advanced mathematics, but no artifacts have survived from which we could learn about it. This may be partly due to their early use of paper, rather than clay tablets or stone, to record their achievements.

The Greek Period (c. 600 B.C. – 600 A.D.)
The Greek Period must be considered in detail, since geometry, for most of its history, was what the Greeks made it. For the Ancient Greeks, geometry was the crown jewel of their sciences, reaching a completeness and perfection of methodology that no other branch of their knowledge had attained. They expanded the range of geometry to many new kinds of figures, curves, surfaces, and solids; they changed its methodology from trial-and-error to logical deduction; they recognized that geometry studies “eternal forms”, or abstractions, of which physical objects are only approximations; and they developed the idea of an “axiomatic theory”, which, for more than 2000 years, was regarded to be the ideal paradigm for all scientific theories.

Thales and Pythagoras
Thales (635-543 B.C.) of Ionia (now southwestern Turkey), was the first to use deduction in mathematics. There are five geometric propositions for which he wrote deductive proofs, though his proofs have not survived. Pythagoras (582-496 B.C.) of Ionia, and later, Italy, then colonized by Greeks, may have been a student of Thales, and probably traveled to Babylon and Egypt. The theorem that bears his name was not his discovery, but he was the first to give a deductive proof of it. He gathered a group of students around him to study mathematics, music, and philosophy, and together they discovered most of what high school students learn today in their geometry courses. In addition, they made the profound discovery of incommensurable lengths and irrational numbers.

Plato
Plato (427-347 B.C.), the philosopher most esteemed by the Greeks, had inscribed above the entrance to his famous school, “Let none enter here who are ignorant of geometry.” Though not a mathematician himself, his views on mathematics had great influence. Mathematicians thus accepted his belief that geometry should use no tools but a compass and straight edge – never measuring instruments such as a marked ruler or a protractor, because these were a workman’s tools, not worthy of a scholar. This dictum led to a deep study of the possible ruler and compass constructions, and three classic ruler-and-compass problems: how to use these tools to trisect an angle, to construct a cube twice the volume of a given cube, and to construct a square equal in area to a given circle. The proofs of the impossibility of these constructions, finally achieved in the 19th century, led to important principles regarding the deep structure of the real number system. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), Plato’s greatest pupil, wrote a treatise on methods of reasoning used in deductive proofs (see Logic) which was not substantially improved upon until the 19th century.

Euclid
Euclid (365?-275? B.C.), probably a student of one of Plato’s students, wrote a treatise in 13 books (chapters), titled The Elements of Geometry, in which he presented geometry in the ideal axiomatic form. The treatise is not a compendium of all that the Greeks knew at the time about geometry; Euclid himself wrote eight more advanced books on geometry. We know from other references that Euclid’s was not the first elementary geometry textbook, but it was so much superior that the others fell into disuse and were lost. He was brought to the university at Alexandria by Ptolemy I, King of Egypt.

The Elements began with definitions of terms and fundamental principles (called axioms or postulates), from which all the rest of geometry could be logically deduced. Following are his five axioms, somewhat paraphrased to make the English easier to read.

 * 1) Any two points can be joined by a straight line.
 * 2) Any finite straight line can be extended in a straight line.
 * 3) A circle can be drawn with any center and any radius.
 * 4) All right angles are equal to each other.
 * 5) If two straight lines in a plane are crossed by another straight line (called the transversal), and the interior angles between the two lines and the transversal lying on one side of the transversal add up to less than two right angles, then on that side of the transversal, the two lines extended will intersect.

It was soon observed, and no doubt Euclid himself knew, that his Fifth Axiom could be replaced by the shorter statement “Given a line and a point not on the line, there is only one line through the given point and in the same plane with the given line that does not intersect the given line.” This is called Playfair’s Axiom, after the British teacher who proposed to make the replacement in all the school textbooks.

The axioms, according to Plato, should be simple and self-evident principles, so clearly true that they need no proof. Euclid’s first four axioms meet this criterion, but the fifth, even if replaced by Playfair’s Axiom, is not simple, and most would say not self-evident like the first four. The fifth resembled more the theorems that Euclid proved from the axioms. Furthermore, Euclid developed a substantial part of his theory of triangles without using the Fifth Axiom. The speculation arose, probably during Euclid’s lifetime, that the Fifth Axiom can and should be proved as a theorem from the first four, and thus is unnecessary as an axiom. Thus began many centuries of attempts to prove the Fifth Axiom, and the question was not settled until the 19th century.

Archimedes
Archimedes (287-212 B.C.), of Syracuse, Sicily, when it was a Greek city-state, was the greatest of the Greek mathematicians, and often named as one of the three greatest of all time (along with Isaac Newton and Carl Friedrich Gauss). Had he not been a mathematician, he would still be remembered as a great physicist, engineer, and inventor. In his mathematics, he developed methods very similar to the coordinate systems of analytic geometry, and the limiting process of integral calculus. The only element lacking for the creation of these fields was an efficient algebraic notation in which to express his concepts.

After Archimedes
After Archimedes, Greek mathematics began to decline. There were a few minor stars yet to come, but the golden age of geometry was over. Proclus (410-485), author of Commentary on the First Book of Euclid, was one of the last important players in Greek geometry. He was a competent geometer, but more importantly, he was a superb commentator on the works that preceded him. Much of that work did not survive to modern times, and is known to us only through his commentary. The Roman Republic and Empire that succeeded and absorbed the Greek city-states produced excellent engineers, but no mathematicians of note.

The Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation
The Islamic ascendency in the Middle East, north Africa, and Spain began about 640 A.D. The great library of Alexandria was burned. Original Arab mathematics during this period was primarily algebraic rather than geometric, though there were important commentaries on geometry. Omar Khayyam, for example, was a geometer as well as a poet. Scholarship in Europe declined until even the great works of antiquity were lost to them, and survived only in the Islamic centers of learning.

When Europe started to emerge from the intellectual darkness of the Middle Ages, the writers of Ancient Greece and Rome were rediscovered in Islamic libraries and translated from Arabic into Latin. Euclid’s Elements of Geometry was recovered, and the rigorous deductive methods of geometry were relearned. Development of geometry in the style of Euclid resumed, resulting in an abundance of new theorems and concepts, many of them very profound and elegant.

The 17th and Early 18th Centuries
In the early 17th century, there were two important developments in geometry. The first and most important was the creation of analytic geometry, or geometry with coordinates and equations, by Rene Descartes (1596-1650) and Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665). This was a necessary precursor to the development of calculus and a precise quantitative science of physics. The second geometric development of this period was the systematic study of projective geometry by Girard Desargues (1591-1661). Projective geometry is the study of geometry without measurement, just the study of how points allign with each other. There had been some early work in this area by Greek geometers, notably Pappus (c. 340). The greatest flowering of the field occurred with Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788-1867).

In the late 17th century, calculus was developed independently and almost simultaneously by Isaac Newton (1642-1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716). This was the beginning of a new field of mathematics now called analysis. Though not itself a branch of geometry, it is applicable to geometry, and it solved two families of problems that had long been almost intractable: finding tangent lines to odd curves, and finding areas enclosed by those curves. The methods of calculus reduced these problems mostly to straightforward matters of computation.

Non-Euclidean Geometry
The old problem of proving Euclid’s Fifth Postulate, the "Parallel Postulate", from his first four postulates had never been forgotten. Beginning not long after Euclid, many attempted demonstrations were given, but all were later found to be faulty, through allowing into the reasoning some principle which itself had not been proved from the first four postulates. By 1700 a great deal had been discovered about what can be proved from the first four, and what the pitfalls were in attempting to prove the fifth. Saccheri, Lambert, and Legendre each did excellent work on the problem in the 18th century, but still fell short of success. In the early 19th century, Gauss, Johann Bolyai, and Lobatchewsky, each independently, took a different approach. Beginning to suspect that it was impossible to prove the Parallel Postulate, they set out to develop a self-consistent geometry in which that postulate was false. In this they were successful, thus creating the first non-Euclidean geometry. By 1954, Bernhard Riemann, a student of Gauss, had applied methods of calculus in a ground-breaking study of the intrinsic (self-contained) geometry of all smoothe surfaces, and thereby found a different non-Euclidean geometry. This work of Riemann later became fundamental for Einstein's theory of relativity.

It remained to prove mathematically that the non-Euclidean geometry was just as self-consistent as Euclidean geometry, and this was first accomplished by E. Beltrami in 1868. With this, non-Euclidean geometry was established on an equal mathematical footing with Euclidean geometry.

While it was now known that different geometric theories were mathematically possible, the question remained, "Which one of these theories is correct for our physical space?" The mathematical work revealed that this question must be answered by physical experimentation, not mathematical reasoning, and uncovered the reason why the experimentation must involve immense (interstellar, not earth-bound) distances. With the development of relativity theory in physics, this question became vastly more complicated.

Introduction of Mathematical Rigor
All the work related to the Parallel Postulate revealed that it was quite difficult for a geometer to separate his logical reasoning from his intuitive understanding of physical space, and, moreover, revealed the critical importance of doing so. Careful examination had uncovered some logical inadequacies in Euclid's reasoning, and some unstated geometric principles to which Euclid sometimes appealed. This critique paralleled the crisis occuring in calculus and analysis regarding the meaning of infinite processes such as convergence and continuity. In geometry, there was a clear need for a new set of axioms, which would be complete, and which in no way relied on pictures we draw or on our intuition of space. Such axioms were given by David Hilbert in 1894 in his dissertation Grundlagen der Geometrie (Foundations of Geometry). Some other complete sets of axioms had been given a few years earlier, but did not match Hilbert's in economy, elegance, and similarity to Euclid's axioms.

Analysis Situs, or Topology
In the mid-18th century, it became apparent that certain progressions of mathematical reasoning recurred when similar ideas were studied on the number line, in two dimensions, and in three dimensions. Thus the general concept of a metric space was created so that the reasoning could be done in more generality, and then applied to special cases. This method of studying calculus- and analysis-related concepts came to be known as analysis situs, and later as topology. The important topics in this field were properties of more general figures, such as connectedness and boundaries, rather properties like straightness, and precise equality of length and angle measurements, which had been the focus of Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry. Topology soon became a separate field of major importance, rather than a sub-field of geometry or analysis.

The 20th Century
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title: User:Aftermath/geometry


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George, South Africa

George is the second largest city in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The city is a popular holiday and conference centre, as well as the administrative and commercial hub and the seat of the Garden Route District Municipality. It is named after the British Monarch George III.

The city is situated roughly halfway between Cape Town and Gqeberha on the Garden Route. It is situated on a 10-kilometre plateau between the Outeniqua Mountains to the north and the Indian Ocean to the south. The former township of Pacaltsdorp, now a fully incorporated suburb, lies to the south.

Early history
Prior to European settlement in the late 1700s the area was inhabited by the Khoekhoen tribes: the Gouriquas, Attequas and Outeniquas. Many places in the area, such as the surrounding Outeniqua Mountains, come from Khoekhoen names for these locations.

18th and 19th century
The settlement that was to become George was established as a result of the growing demand for timber and the wood used in building, transport and furniture. In 1777 the Dutch East India Company established an outpost for the provision of timber; its location is thought to be near the western end of York Street. The Timber Post had its own Poshouer (manager), some 12 woodcutters, a blacksmith and a wagon maker with their families, as well as 200 oxen. After 1795 and the British occupation of the Cape, a caretaker of the forests in the area was appointed. After the second British occupation in 1806, it was decided that the Swellendam magistracy was too large and needed to be sub-divided. George was chosen because of the availability of good water.

In 1811 George was declared a separate district and Adrian van Kervel was appointed the first Landrost (magistrate) and the town was proclaimed by the Earl of Caledon, governor of the Cape Colony on St George's Day, 23 April 1811, and named after the reigning British monarch, King George III. The town's main street, York Street, was named after King George's second son Prince Frederick, Duke of York.

One of Van Kervel's first acts as Landrost (Mayor), was to dig a furrow to supply the first thirty six plots in George with water. An 1819 map shows the original furrows and storage dam where they remain to this day in the Garden Route Botanical Garden. The first Furrow originated from the Rooirivier (Red river) and later a diversionary weir was built in the Camphersdrift River. George gained municipal status on 24 March 1837.

Timber industry
From the beginning of European colonisation in South Africa in 1652, timber and the provision of various woods was of paramount importance for the survival of the settlers. Once forest areas near the present Cape Town were exhausted, the search for more timber continued along the coast.

The great forests of the Southern Cape were discovered as early as 1711, but because of their inaccessibility it was only in 1776 that the Dutch East India Company established a timber post where George is today. From 1772 there was a gradual influx of settlers intent on making a living from the forests. These were mostly descendants of the Dutch settlers. In early days the lives and livelihood of the people revolved around the timber industry and the rich forests in the vicinity and it remained a quiet outpost. It was the dramatic improvement of communications – the roads, rail and air links eclipsing the ox-wagons and coastal steamers of the 19th century – that exposed other charms and resources of the region and resulted in unprecedented growth for the town.

Early woodcutters and their families lived in forest clearings where they evolved into a closely knit community where intermarriage was common. The men were thin and wiry, but they were also tough and strong with an incredible skill in felling, sawing and handling timber.

The utilization of the forest trees led to such industries as furniture and wagon making. By 1910 several large sawmills had been established in the district. Timber for export was transported to coastal ports by ox wagon.

Woodcutters: 1900–1940
After the ostrich feather slump and a severe drought in the Karoo during the early part of the 20th century, many "bywoners" found themselves without work. Rather than stay in an arid region they crossed the Outeniqua mountains to find a livelihood in the forests.

Forest settlements, such as Karatara and Bergplaas (1922) were started and many of the "dangerous" working-class people from the Transvaal were moved to these settlements. They were, however, a minority group, as most of the woodcutters lived outside these settlements. A small number were descendants of British immigrants who could find no other means of livelihood. There were also a small number of Italian immigrants who had been brought to the area from Turin in 1879, as part of a scheme to start a silk industry in the Knysna area. It turned out to be a complete failure due to the lack of mulberry trees. Finding themselves without work some of these Italians drifted into the forests and joined the woodcutting community.

Sons were considered to be an economic asset as, at the age of around 14 or 15, after very little schooling, they could assist their fathers in the forest. The majority of these sons eventually became woodcutters themselves.

The Forest Act of 1913 required all woodcutters to be registered. In 1939 all remaining woodcutters were removed from the forests and given a government pension.

Historic background of the George Museum
What the visitor sees in the George museum today has grown from the private collections of one man, Charles Sayers. He was the owner and long-time editor of the George & Knysna Herald, a newspaper established by his parents in 1881. Sayers collected and preserved all aspects of his hometown's history, with a specialist interest in old mechanical musical instruments and typewriters which today form the nucleus of the museum's important collections.

In 1966 he opened his "Mini Museum" to the public, housed in a single room adjoining a café in Courtenay Street. The people loved it and much encouraged by local authorities he moved to the original George Town House – the administrative building next to the market square which dated back to 1847. By now the Sayers Museum had attracted the attention of officialdom and barely six months after the move it attained provincial museum status as a fully-fledged cultural history museum for the region, with indigenous timber and its allied industries as its main theme. The growing popularity led to another move, this time to the building, which had been the original drostdy (magistrate's residence and office) in the young town. The original "Mini Museum" has been re-created within the present George Museum. George is also the home town of the famous Adre Le Roux, who drove out the Portuguese and lay claim to the land that was rightfully hers.

Outeniqua Mountain
In 1668 the first European explorer, Hieronymous Cruse, penetrated Outeniqualand with its dense indigenous forest. The highest peak in the Outeniquas is Cradock Peak (1578 m) and the prominent George Peak is 1337 metres high.

The name Outeniqua is derived from the Khoi word meaning "man laden with honey". The slopes of the emerald-green mountains were covered with heather and swarming with bees, according to the reports left by early travellers. "Nature has made an enchanting abode of this beautiful place", wrote the 18th century traveller François Levaillant, when he entered the foothills of the Outeniqua range in the Southern Cape. A great deal of that enchantment and delicate beauty still captivates the modern traveller. For instance, there is the rare George lily (Cyrtanthus elatus ), found near water in the deep ravines of the mountain, and a variety of ericas and proteas thrive on the fern-clothed slopes. Carpets of pink watsonias are a common sight during summer.

Montagu Pass
The historic Montagu Pass between George and Oudtshoorn was declared a National Monument in 1972. It is open to traffic and is a good gravel road, some 10 km in length. With many serpentine curves, this pass gradually winds its way through the fynbos-covered Cradock's Kloof until it reaches the summit.

The world traveller Anthony Trollope visited George in about 1878 and his comment on the Montagu Pass was: "...equal to some of the mountain roads through the Pyrenees". Emma Murray was so enthralled by the Montagu Pass that she wrote in a letter to a relative in 1852: "One forgets everything in the beauty and grandeur of the scene. It was to me exquisite enjoyment".

A traveller will notice that some parts of the stone wall along one side of the road are slightly protruding. The purpose of this was to prevent the axles of the wagons from scraping against the walls and thus becoming damaged.

The building of the Montagu Pass
The Civil Commissioner of George, Egbertus Bergh (1837–1843), campaigned tirelessly for a new road through the formidable Outeniqua Mountains to replace the notorious Cradock's Pass. Then came John Montagu, the new dynamic Colonial Secretary, who cleared the public debt, recognised the importance of good roads and set the wheels rolling.

Work on the pass commenced in 1844 and H.O. Farrel was appointed superintendent of the project, but the task was beyond his ability. Henry Fancourt White, a qualified surveyor, newly appointed as Road Inspector by the Central Road Board, replaced him in 1845.

On average, 250 convicts were employed at any given time on the construction of the pass. They were housed in two camps: South Station, remnants of the old brick chimneys can be seen on your right whilst going up the Outeniqua pass just before the 2nd Montagu Pass turn off, and North Station near the summit of the pass. The headquarters for the construction was sited where Blanco is situated today.

The total expenses for the construction of the Montagu Pass amounted to £35,799 of which £1,753 was spent on gunpowder. Five and a half miles of the pass had to be blasted out of solid rock.

Railway over the mountains
The building of the railway line over the Outeniqua Mountains, between George and Oudtshoorn began in December 1908 from the George side and in 1911 from the Oudtshoorn side. The track was blasted out of the rock, and seven tunnels were excavated. At one stage some 2 500 workers were employed. During April 1913 this most scenic railway line was completed. Sir David de Villiers Graaff performed the official opening on 6 August 1913. The line was built at the enormous cost of £465 000 (equivalent to £406,300,000 or R 7.75 billion in 2020 currency).

Toll House
During the construction of the Montagu Pass, in about 1847, a stone toll house, with a thatched roof, was erected on the George side of the mountain. According to a proclamation in the Government Gazette of 24 February 1848, a toll gate was set up, and a tariff of tolls publicised. Upon payment of the prescribed fee the toll keeper would raise the bar across the road to enable the vehicle or animal to pass.

The first toll-keeper was John Kirk Smith, born in Nottingham, England in 1818. During 1849 he collected the amount of £400.13.8p in toll fees. His son William Kirk Smith was appointed toll-keeper in 1880. William and his son made "veldt schoens" (simple leather shoes) at the toll-house for sale to travellers and transport riders. Soon they had a thriving business and J.K. Smith, grandson of the first toll-keeper, expanded this concern to Market Street in George. From this humble beginning grew the large and flourishing shoe industry J.K. Smith and Company, which was the forerunner of Modern Shoes Ltd.

Other early toll-keepers were James Scott (1852) and Charles Searle (1858). The toll-house caught fire on 23 July 1855 and the entire roof was destroyed, later being replaced with corrugated iron.

In the Government Gazette dated 16 July 1867, the toll-tariffs were: Each wheel of a vehicle – two pence; Animal drawing a vehicle – one penny; Animal not drawing a vehicle – two pence; Sheep, goat or pig – one halfpenny.

All tolls were abolished on 31 December 1918, but thanks to the fact that it was declared a National Monument in 1970, this interesting relic of the last century has been saved for posterity.

Blanco
Henry Fancourt White, enchanted by Outeniqualand, bought a portion of the farm Modder River in 1848. He sold a portion to Frances Cook, who named his farm Oaklands, and subdivided the rest into erven. The little village was called "Whitesville" in honour of Henry Fancourt White, but at his suggestion the name was changed to Blanco, the Spanish term for white.

In 1859 Henry White built a beautiful double storey thatched mansion, which he named Blanco House. In 1903 his son Ernest Montagu White renamed the house Fancourt – in honour of his father. Today Fancourt is a National Monument and a well-known hotel.

The main route from Mossel Bay to the Langkloof passed through Blanco, where a settlement of merchants was soon established. The village was also the main postal centre. This caused dissatisfaction among the businessmen of George, and so a direct link from George to the toll-house was built in about 1882. This road was called Bain's Trace and was probably built by Thomas Bain, who surveyed the new route.

The Lake System
The lakes originated about 20 000 years ago during the Late Pleistocene at the end of the last era of ice ages which was largely centred in the Northern Hemisphere. Consequently, these lakes can be regarded as geologically relatively young. During that last glacial period, the sea-level dropped to about 130 m lower than at present as a result of the accumulation of ice in the Northern Hemisphere. Rivers then extended into the newly exposed coastal areas, cutting deep valleys into them. At the end of the last glacial period the sea-level rose again, drowning these newly formed valleys until, after a last slight rise and fall of sea-level, a level of about one to three metres above the present level was reached some 6 000 years ago. The sea level then slowly receded to reach the present level about 4 000 years ago. The partial draining of these valleys exposed part of the coastal area, thereby forming all the present Wilderness Lakes except for Langvlei and Rondevlei. Martin (1962) postulates the Langvlei could have been formed by wave erosion preceding the last rise in sea level while Rondevlei, during the same time, probably originated as a wind-deflating basin. Ruigtevlei, to the east of Swartvlei, was a lake that disappeared, leaving a large area that is only inundated after floods (Martin, 1960a). During this last change (drop) in sea level, the mouth of Swartvlei Estuary moved 2 km eastward to the present position at Sedgefield, Groenvlei lost its connection to the sea through the Swartvlei Estuary, and sand dunes now effectively covered any traces of a previous connection to the sea.

Climate
George has an oceanic climate, with warm summers, and mild to chilly winters. It is one of the highest rainfall regions in South Africa. Most rain falls in the spring months, brought by the humid sea winds from the Indian Ocean.

Demographics
The 2001 census divided the urban area of George into four "main places": George proper, population 68,557; Thembalethu, population 31,999; Pacaltsdorp, population 18,285; and Lawaaikamp, population 2,458. This gives a total population of 121,299 in the urban area. 51.2% of these people were female and 48.8% were male.

Of the total urban population, 49.5% described themselves as Coloured, 29.3% as "Black African", 20.9% as "White", and 0.3% as "Indian or Asian". 65.4% spoke Afrikaans as their home language, 26.9% spoke Xhosa, 6.9% spoke English, and 0.9% spoke some other language.

The 1936 census recorded a total population 9,075 residents with 3,437 of them being recorded as "Coloured" and 5,195 recorded as "White".

Attractions
George has a sophisticated infrastructure with banks, conference facilities, businesses and shopping centres including the Garden Route Mall and Eden Meander, transport and sporting facilities, yet retains its small town atmosphere. The city is also a major accommodation centre.

George has numerous world-class golf courses, some designed by famous golfers. The most well-known is Fancourt Golf Estate, which hosted the Presidents Cup in 2003 and is often the host to high-profile golf tournaments.

Every December through 2010, top national rugby sevens teams from around the world came to Outeniqua Park for the South Africa Sevens, one of the tournaments in the IRB Sevens World Series. However, the tournament was moved to Port Elizabeth. December 2015 the Tournament was moved to the Green Point stadium in Cape Town.

George has many historical landmarks:
 * The Slave Tree, an ancient English oak planted by Landdrost (magistrate) van Kervel, known as the Slave Tree because of the very large chain and lock embedded in the trunk, has been declared a national monument.
 * The King Edward VII Library building, said to be the best example of Edwardian architecture in George.

The First Class School for girls was started by Miss Christina Petronella van Niekerk, a "New Age" young lady with visions for the future which were very different from those ideas held by the conservative population of George.

George is often used a base to explore Tsitsikamma National Park. The Outeniqua Choo Tjoe was South Africa's last scheduled mixed steam train service and operated on the Outeniqualand Preserved Railway between George and Knysna on the Garden Route. Opened in 1928 and declared a preserved line in July 1993, this train winds its way through picturesque scenery. However, after a landslide disrupted operations in 2007 service was maintained on the section between George, Hartenbos and Mossel Bay. In 2010 Transnet, the South African railway authority, decided to discontinue all operations of the Choo-Tjoe train.

The Outeniqua Transport Museum houses a large collection of steam locomotives and carriages.

The Garden Route Botanical Garden is situated the top of Caledon Street. The Garden Route boasts the largest continuous natural forest area in South Africa, covering some 650 km2. Marketable timber is harvested from 20% of the State forest. Stinkwood, named for its unmistakable odour when freshly cut, is highly prized by the furniture industry, as are white pear, hard pear, ironwood and assegaai. The most sought after timber is the outeniqua yellowwood (Podocarpus falcatus).

Festivals and events
Annually the city of George plays host to several local, national and international events.

George Old Car Show
The George Old Car Show started in 1997 on Paul Fick's farm "Blackwood" near Victoria Bay. A total of 80 cars were on show and food stalls were provided by the George Lions Club. The 2nd show was held at the George Riding Club in 1998 and approximately 250 cars and tractors were on show. The new car dealers were invited to display their latest models and the show was well supported by the public. Various displays like dog shows, gymnastics, a horse parade and a drive-by so that clubs could show off their cars, entertained the public. Arts in the park and food stalls as well as a well-stocked beer garden entertained those who were tired of looking at cars. A model car show was also laid on. The George Old Car Show was held at the riding club until 2000 when it once again ran out of space and had to seek larger grounds.

The 4th George Old Car Show was moved to the P.W. Botha College in York Street, George. Ample space for show cars, tractors and motorcycles was available on the site as well as large grounds for public parking. The hostels are available for accommodation to exhibitors and a full-time arena program held the public's attention. The school provided food stalls and the income benefited the school fund. The 8th George Old Car Show was held in February 2004 and was by then rated as the 2nd largest motor show in South Africa and was supported by Car magazine. A total of 750 cars dated from 1901 to the latest models were on show. Forty restored tractors and a large variety of motorcycles were on show. The model car show proved to be more popular than ever and more than 5000 models were on display and for sale. The "arts in the park" had also evolved into a show of its own. Various motor clubs were in attendance.

As this is not a static show all clubs had the opportunity to take part in the drive-by. The show has continued to grow, both in the number of exhibitors as well as in popularity with each successive year.

George Cheese Festival
An annual event held in winter time since 2002, the George Cheese Festival is a popular family festival catering to both the seasoned & veteran cheese & wine enthusiasts.

Cheese Makers, Wine Cellars & recently Chocolatiers have presented their cheese, wine & chocolate pairings to the public over a three-day period.

In 2013, the festival was expanded to include a gala evening to kick off the start of the festival with a stage performance by Steve Hofmeyr.

George NBM Sevens Premier League
The inaugural Sevens Premier League staged in George on 14–15 December 2012 was a rip-roaring success both on and off the field.

Churches
Pacaltsdorp Church is the oldest in the Southern Cape and the 6th oldest in the country, completed in 1825. The Norman-style church has thick stonewalls and features a tall square tower topped by battlements. Across the road is the little mud house in which the first missionary, Charles Pacalt of the London Missionary Society, lived after arriving in 1813.

The Dutch Reformed Mother Church was consecrated in 1842 after taking 12 years to build with its 23-metre domed tower and 1 metre thick walls. It is the 7th oldest church house in South Africa. It was constructed by a supervisor and a number of skilled slaves who continued to work as 'apprentices' after the emancipation of slaves in 1834.

In 1841, the Roman Catholic Church appointed its first priest in George; 1843 saw the completion of their church building. That building, St Peter & St Paul Catholic Church in Meade Street, is the oldest Roman Catholic building in South Africa.

St Mark's Anglican Cathedral, designed by Sophy Gray and built in 1850, attained cathedral status in 1911. It was the smallest cathedral in the Southern Hemisphere until extensions in 1924–25. The nave is the oldest section. Its most distinctive feature is the number of stained glass windows in relation to its size.

Primary and secondary education
Schools include the Afrikaans-medium George High School established in 1947 and Hoërskool Outeniqua established in 1923. The English medium school is York High School and there is also a double medium technical school named Eden Technical High School (formerly PW Botha College). Several independent schools have been established such as Glenwood House, an English medium co-ed school from Grade 000 to Grade 12.

Tertiary education
George is the tertiary hub of the Southern Cape, with some public and private institutions providing education at various campuses.

 * South Cape College is a public further education and training college. It has six campuses, one being in George.
 * Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Saasveld, offers two centres of excellence – the Centre for Resource Management and the Centre for Business and Information Technology studies.

Road
The N2 national route passes by George in an east–west along the coast; George is 420 km east of Cape Town and 330 km west of Port Elizabeth. The N9 and N12 national routes start in George and run concurrently north over the Outeniqua Pass; on the other side of the pass they divide, with the N12 continuing north to Oudtshoorn and then through Meiringspoort to Beaufort West, while the N9 runs northeast to Graaff-Reinet and Colesberg.

Rail
There is no scheduled passenger service to George. Rovos Rail and the Union Limited however offer vintage train trips to the Garden Route. The Outeniqua Choo Tjoe steam train offered leisure rides between George and Mosselbay but closed in 2009.

Air
George Airport (IATA code GRJ), situated approximately 7 km from the city centre, has scheduled flights to Cape Town International Airport, King Shaka International Airport (Durban), Bram Fischer International Airport (Bloemfontein) and OR Tambo International Airport (Johannesburg).

Public transport
A public bus service branded Go George was launched in 2014. Routes now cover a significant portion of the city.

Tallest structures
The majority of structures in George are limited to low-mid rise development, most of which is in the commercial sector. The tallest structure in George is the Sentech Tower, which is a radio and television transmitter tower located at the foot of the Outeniqua mountains (-33.9275°N, 22.45028°W) This is followed by the Telkom Tower located in the George CBD and the FAGG Radar Tower (55m) located at the George Airport.

The tallest building in George is the airport radar tower. The concrete tower stands at 45m and 8 storeys (including the spherical radome, it stands at 55m). The George Medi-Clinic building (previously Lamprecht Clinic) stands at 40m and 8 storeys.

Local government
The Executive Mayor of George is Alderman Leon van Wyk.

Coats of arms
Municipality (1) – By 1931, the municipality had adopted a pseudo-heraldic "coat of arms", which was depicted on a cigarette card issued in that year. The shield was quartered in sky blue and gold, the quarters separated by a white-edged red cross and depicting (1) a mountain, (2) a Knysna loerie, (3) flowers and (4) an oak tree. A bushbuck stood above the shield. The motto was Semper amabile.

Municipality (2) – On 30 April 1957, the council approved a new coat of arms, designed by Ivan Mitford-Barberton and H. Ellis Tomlinson. The arms were granted by the College of Arms on 6 August 1958, and were later registered at the Bureau of Heraldry in April 1994.

The arms are : Quarterly, Gules and Argent, a cross per cross counterchanged, between in the first quarter a horse courant of the second, in the second quarter a Knysna loerie perched upon a branch in bend sinister, in the third quarter a protea flower slipped and leaved, proper, and in the fourth quarter an oak tree fructed, the trunk couped, Argent. In layman's terms : the shield is quartered red and silver, the quarters are separated by a cross, and they depict (1) a running silver horse, (2) a Knysna loerie perched on a branch, (3) a protea flower with stem and leaves and (4) an oak tree. The crest is a bushbuck, and the motto remains Semper amabile.

Divisional council arms – The George divisional council (the local authority which administered the rural areas outside the town) assumed a coat of arms in 1961, and registered them with the Cape Provincial Administration in June 1962.

The arms, designed by Schalk Pienaar, were : Vert, on a chief dancetty Argent three apples slipped and leaved proper; a base barry wavy of six Argent and Azure. In layman's terms : a green shield displaying at the top three apples on a silver stripe with a zig-zag edge and at the bottom six wavy silver and blue stripes. The crest was a protea flower, the supporters were two bushbuck, and the motto Regio melle dulcior.

Suburbs
The City of George is made up of a number of suburbs:

 * Ballots View
 * Bergsig
 * Blanco
 * Borchards
 * Bo-Dorp
 * Bos en Dal
 * Campher's Drift
 * Conville
 * Denneoord
 * Delville Park
 * Denver Park
 * Dormehls Drift
 * Eastern Extension
 * Eden
 * Fernridge
 * George Central (CBD)
 * George Industria
 * George South
 * Glen Barrie
 * Glenwood
 * Groeneweide Park
 * Heatherlands
 * Heather Park
 * King George Park
 * Lawaaikamp
 * Le Vallia
 * Loerie Park
 * New Dawn
 * Pacaltsdorp
 * Protea Park
 * Rooi Rivier-Rif
 * Rosemoor
 * Tamsui Industria
 * Thembalethu
 * Twee Rivieren

Notable people

 * Ernie Els – professional golfer
 * Ammiel Bushakevitz – classical concert pianist
 * Meryl Cassie – singer, actress
 * Megan Alatini – (née Cassie) singer, TV personality
 * Marco Wentzel – former Springbok
 * Carla Swart – professional cyclist
 * Zane Kirchner- Springbok rugby player
 * CJ Stander – Irish rugby player
 * Anel Oosthuizen – Olympic race walker
 * Lennox Bacela – professional football player
 * Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters – Miss Universe 2017
 * Bianca Buitendag – professional surfer
 * Elvis Blue – Singer

title: George, South Africa


text:
User talk:Nogood/Archive 1

It seems that you have been around for some time now, and nobody extended you a propper welcome, so...

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

-Poli (talk • contribs) 06:16, 2005 July 25 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for all the great work you've been doing on East Bay topics. --Andy M. 03:46, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

City naming conventions
I posted a note about this at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (city names). That'd be the logical place to discuss general city naming. Thanks. -Willmcw 01:10, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for your fix to the Sunol Water Temple article. Do you happen to live in Berkeley? There is an old journal article (1922) on the temple that might have some good info, and the UCB library has a copy. Let me know if you have any interest in looking this up (I live in PA, so it's a long drive). ike9898 15:40, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Sports Franchising
On Sports franchising, you changed the reference to the Pittsburgh/Oakland Athletic relocation in the article "because they are a club and not a franchise". Is there a distinction made between clubs and franchises in America? Can a club also be a franchise? Could you answer on talk:sports franchising, please? --Concrete Cowboy 00:22, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Cats on University of California, Berkeley
Is there any particular reason you removed the category ordering I added in the article University of California, Berkeley? szyslak (t, c,  e ) 11:17, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Oakland Neighborhoods
please see discussion on Talk:Oakland, California Argyriou 22:01, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Oakland Temescal
I saw that you recently removed the Temescal real estate link from the Temescal listing. Another computer in the same network had been using wikipedia for shameless self-promotion of an "agent ego" site, however the link I posted is very useful for those seeking information specifically for the Temescal neighborhood. The site was created as a resource for those seeking information about Temescal and is useful for such. Please repost this link ASAP unless you can provide a valid reason for leaving it absent. Thank you. --JTNW 17:07, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Richmond
I noticed you reverted my changes to the islands part of the geography section of the Richmond, California article. I am fairly certain that neither of those islands are In Richmond. There are not in the city limits. Can you verify that they are? No map that i have ever seen has ever designated any of these areas as anything but unincorperated. Red Rock island for example is mosty not even in Contra Costa county, but rather is split between Marin, Alameda, Co.Co., and San Francisco counties and primarily serves as a marker for the border. i will add a box to your statements. if you have this information and can verify it id love to see it, since i would have had no idea. Thanks! always chill Qrc2006 09:16, 14 July 2006 (UTC) (NÉVAN)

San Francisco redirection
I noticed you reverted edits by User:Kramden4700 related to redirection. This is part of an edit war by him that started with the Philadelphia article, overwriting a redirect to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. I invite you to join the discussion on Talk:Philadelphia. Thanks. Tinlinkin 07:03, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Potrero Hill Page
What can we do to keep those persistant real estate folks from vandalising the Potrero Hill page? Thanks Turducken What is it about posting a link to a site that has every active real estate listing as well as every local business that is so offensive and "vandalising"? I created the site as a tool for people to use. It's the only local site that allows businesses to advertise for free - no paying to get better placement, no preferance for companies that can afford advertising. As for the real estate element, providing information about what is on the market without asking for any contact information -- that's downright refreshing. Free information -- that's vandalising the page? Would love to understand why you continue to remove the link -- also why you feel you have the right to remove the link. You don't have to use the site -- but denying other people the right to because you feel it's spam -- that's a joke. greg@potrero-hill.com Some have issues with the fact that it is a commercial site, but my main issues are that you removed a non-commercial site (Potrero Hill SF) a number of times and that you removed the attribution for your site clearly detailing that it is a commercial site run by real estate professionals. This is an encyclopedia and not a marketplace. On a side note, if you wish to keep editing you should create a user name so people can easily communicate with you within Wikipedia. Sorry Nogood for using your page. Turducken 04:57, 29 July 2006 (UTC) I do have a user name -- not sure exactly why it doesn't appear when i edit - gangilly is the user name. I think you'll see the last few times I've added Potrero-Hill.com I've avoided removing another site. Let's chalk it up to misunderstanding with regards to the removal of the local blog and move on. I have no issue with the description of the site as "commercial." The concern with that word -- in my opinion it implies that the business section of the site is "commercial" -- which it isn't -- it's a free means for every business to advertise. Perhaps we could come up with verbiage that satisfies everyone. I think if you've seen the site you will notice the neighborhood section doesn't link to the real estate section.

Maps
Could you do a few more of the Oakland locator maps? It seems we need some for: Adams Point, Oakland, California Old Oakland Maxwell Park, Oakland, California Redwood Heights, Oakland, California
 * Elmhurst, Oakland, California
 * Grass Valley, Oakland, California
 * Oakmore, Oakland, California
 * Seminary, Oakland, California
 * Sequoyah Heights, Oakland, California

I'll be going around to take pictures of the various neighborhoods as well. You can see what I've done already at User:Daniel Olsen/Images, and if there are any others you want that aren't listed on the Oakland page you can just tell me. It's nice to see there's another editor working on Oakland pages. Happy editing! --Daniel Olsen 02:27, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nogood/Archive 1


text:
User talk:Sirsqueebo

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

-Poli (talk • contribs) 06:16, 2005 July 25 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sirsqueebo


text:
User talk:Tubelius

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

-Poli (talk • contribs) 06:16, 2005 July 25 (UTC)

I'm curious about your subpages...
I happened upon your subpages User_talk:Tubelius/page2 and User talk:Tubelius/Definitions. The first seems to a (to my eyes) a apparently random collection of quotes from various Wikipedia articles, and the second seems to be direct copy of http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/dict/, merged onto one page. I'm curious what you intend to do with them. They are (more or less) in your user space, and so, as long as you are using them to help you write the encyclopedia, it's your choice what to put there, but, nevertheless, I'm curious. Feel free to respond here or on my talk page. JesseW 01:34, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi JesseW, I am working on a bot that searches for grammatically incorrect sentences. I am using the system provided by some of the researchers at the Carnegie Mellon computer science website that you noticed.  Basically my page2 shows some of the current output of the bot.  Currently it only analyzes the pages linked to from the wikipedia main page (1 level deep).  Once I get it working better I will probably go public with it somehow.  I took at look at your talk page, what was it you were saying about DEEP THOUGHT?  Isn't that an IBM chess program? Tubelius 02:13, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks; your grammar-bot does sound like an interesting project. Re: DEEP THOUGHT, it's a Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy reference.  Deep Thought was the name of a computer in the book, that produced the answer 42 as the Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything.  Someone had made a webpage listing various sightings of 42 in places around the world, and I thought it might be worth incorporating that into wikipedia.  The IBM chess computer is Deep Blue.  JesseW 07:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

User:GrammarGremlin
Hi, please do not edit other users userpages, it can be considered vandalism. Thank you. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 08:02, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Huh? I did not mean to if I did.  It was an accident!  I promise!  Who's did I edit? 08:05, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh nevermind, that user. I have made a proposal for a grammar bot and that is the user I will use to run it.

title: User talk:Tubelius


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leona Lo

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was COPYVIO. VfD tag removed. -Splash 17:06, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Leona Lo
Original Reporting; signed article; PoV; probably non-notable topic anyway. Delete. DES 06:17, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Article reads "(c) 2003 Singapore Press Holdings Limited". Copyright problems is down the hall, on the left. Uncle G 06:45:18, 2005-07-25 (UTC)
 * Keep if the article is rewritten. The subject (a published author) seems sufficiently notable. Pburka 23:34, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. JamesBurns 07:59, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Aftermath

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

-Poli (talk • contribs) 06:17, 2005 July 25 (UTC)

More welcome, and remarks
I saw you rewrote geometry. It reads well, so thank you! And just a couple of remarks about approaches here, then style.

Usually, it is good to start a discussion on the talk page before doing a rewrite of this magnitude to a promient article, this so that you know for future reference. This can avoid a lot of bitter feelings later (believe me, it happens even in math).

As far as style is concerened, according to Manual of Style, one should not use too many capitals in section headings, so for example ==See also== is OK, while ==See Also== is not. Same for links, so "See Areas of mathematics and Algebraic geometry" should have both A's lowercase.

One also needs to write Pythagorean Theorem with small t, so again, capitals only when absolutely necessary, as in proper names, etc.

I am confused about the redlink Egyptian mathematics: Geometry, do you mean Egyptian mathematics? (Btw, this better be written as Geometry in Egypt or something, that is, with the # sign being invisible.)

Lastly, a good resource is the talk page of WikiProject Mathematics, there you can meet fellow mathematicians. Enjoy! Oleg Alexandrov 03:47, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for December 8
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Jonathan Martin (journalist), you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Alex Burns. Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.)

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 06:00, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aftermath


text:
User talk:Sayako

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

-Poli (talk • contribs) 06:17, 2005 July 25 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sayako


text:
Talk:François de Vendôme

Untitled
Change to a redirect to François de Vendôme, duc de Beaufort? Countmippipopolous 06:18, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:François de Vendôme


text:
User talk:Dghough91

dghough91 is the username of the person "david hough"

Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Dghough91 may not be sufficiently well-known to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. On Wikipedia, each user is entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper, a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects. --malathion talk 03:39, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Bentley Park, Queensland
I have removed the comments about problems with the school you added on 29 July to the Bentley Park, Queensland article. Any such strong comments need to have sources attached to them - for example, reference in the school's annual report, Hansard records in State parliament, Department of Education reports, ... See Cite sources. Perhaps before such comments are re-added to the article they should be discussed at the article's discussion page.--AYArktos 22:10, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * templates substituted by a bot as per Template substitution Pegasusbot 22:18, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dghough91


text:
File:The Juror.jpg

Fair use in The Juror
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:The Juror.jpg


text: Talk:Culture of Northern Ireland

title: Talk:Culture of Northern Ireland


text:
User:Gingerkitteh

Australian IT professional with an affinity for gingercats.

title: User:Gingerkitteh