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Lady Nijō

Lady Nijō (後深草院二条) (1258 – after 1307) was a Japanese noblewoman, poet and author. She was a concubine of Emperor Go-Fukakusa from 1271 to 1283, and later became a Buddhist nun. After years of travelling, around 1304–07 she wrote a memoir, Towazugatari ("An Unasked-For Tale", commonly translated into English as The Confessions of Lady Nijō), the work for which she is known today, and which is also the only substantial source of information on her life.

Court life
Lady Nijō was a member of the Koga family, a branch of the Minamoto clan descended from Emperor Murakami through Prince Tomohira, his seventh son. The clan's station at court was established through the allegiance made by Tomohira's son, Minamoto no Morofusa, with Emperor Go-Sanjō. Lady Nijō's father and paternal grandfather held important positions at the imperial court, and many of her relatives and ancestors had high reputations for their literary abilities. Her real name does not survive. The name "Nijō" was given to her at the court: it was common practice at the time to designate court ladies by street names, and "Nijō" ("Second Avenue") designates a high rank. It indicates proximity to the First Ward, which is where the Imperial household was located.

According to the Towazugatari, Emperor Go-Fukakusa was in love with Nijō's mother, Sukedai. However, she died shortly after Nijō was born, and Go-Fukakusa turned his affections to Nijō. She was taken to the court at the age of four, and was subsequently raised there. In 1271, Nijō, aged 14, was given by her father to Go-Fukakusa as a concubine. It is unclear whether Nijō should be considered a formal wife (seisai) or a concubine (meshudo): there is evidence in the Confessions to support both interpretations.

Nijō's life at the court was plagued by numerous troubles. Her father died when she was 15 and it hampered her circumstance because there was no influential figure to advance her cause. Additionally, she was forced to have sexual relations against her will with court men, including Takatsukasa Kanehira. Her relationship with the emperor also became strained from the beginning, because she took several other lovers over the years, including one whom she knew before becoming a concubine. Matters were complicated further by Nijō's pregnancies: the only child she bore to Go-Fukakusa died in infancy, and the other three children she had were not by the emperor. Go-Fukakusa's consort, Higashi-nijō, was greatly displeased with Nijō's behaviour and Go-Fukakusa's apparent affinity for the concubine. Ultimately, it was due to Higashi-nijō's request that Nijō was expelled from the court in 1283.

Religious life
Nijō's life after leaving the imperial court are revealed in Books 4 and 5 of Towazugatari. Like many women in Medieval Japan whose lives met with unfortunate circumstances, Nijō became a Buddhist nun. She traveled to saсred and historical places, following the footsteps of the famous poet and priest, Saigyō, returning to the capital regularly. Kimura Saeko notes that some of these visits never actually took place, meaning that sections of Nijō's travels are fictionalised. Book 4 begins in 1289, skipping several years (thus leading scholars to believe that some material may be missing); Book 5 skips some more years and describes Nijō's grief at Go-Fukakusa's death in 1304. Towazugatari ends in 1306, and nothing is known about what happened to Nijō afterwards or when she died.

Towazugatari
Towazugatari was written c. 1307 and covers events of the period from 1271 to 1306.The work is considered one of the greatest works of Japanese literature, as well being a rare account of events not typically recorded in premodern Japanese literary works, such as sexual coercion.

Nijō's autobiography did not enjoy wide circulation, potentially due to later factionalism that split the imperial family or the fact that Nijō's portrayal of Emperor Go-Fukakusa was both intimate and humanising. A single 17th-century copy was discovered among the holdings of the Imperial Household in 1940 by Yamagishi Tokuhei, with several gaps in Book 5, noted by the scribe. The book was published in 1950, with a complete annotated edition following in 1966. There are two English translations:

 * Karen Brazell. The Confessions of Lady Nijo. A Zenith book published by Arrow Books Ltd., London, 1973. ISBN 0-600-20813-3
 * Wilfrid Whitehouse and Eizo Yanagisawa. Lady Nijo's own story; Towazugatari: the candid diary of a thirteenth-century Japanese imperial concubine. Tuttle, Rutland, Vt. 1974. ISBN 0-8048-1117-2

Issue
Partners and their respective issue:
 * 1) Emperor Go-Fukakusa (後深草天皇; 28 June 1243 – 17 August 1304)
 * 2) First son (1273 – 1274)
 * 3) Saionji Sanekane (西園寺 実兼; 1249 – 21 October 1322)
 * 4) First daughter (1275 – ?)
 * 5) Prince Shojo (d. 1281)
 * 6) Second son (1281 – ?)
 * 7) Third son (1282 – ?)

In contemporary culture
Lady Nijō appears as an important character in Act I of Caryl Churchill's play Top Girls.

title: Lady Nijō


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No Sugar

No Sugar is a postcolonial play written by Indigenous Australian playwright Jack Davis, set during the Great Depression, in Northam, Western Australia, Moore River Native Settlement and Perth. The play focuses on the Millimurras, an Australian Aboriginal family, and their attempts at subsistence.

The play explores the marginalisation of Aboriginal Australians in the 1920s and 1930s in Australia under the jurisdiction of a white government. The pivotal themes in the play include racism, white empowerment and superiority, Aboriginal disempowerment, the materialistic values held by the white Australians, Aboriginal dependency on their colonisers, and the value of family held by Aboriginal people.

The play was first performed by the Playhouse Company in association with the Australian Theatre Trust, for the Festival of Perth on 18 February 1985. It also was chosen as a contribution to Expo 86 in Canada  No Sugar forms the first part of a trilogy, the First Born Trilogy, which also includes the titles The Dreamers and Barungin (Smell the Wind). The trilogy was first performed by the Melbourne Theatre Company in May 1988 at the Fitzroy Town Hall. The play won the 1987 Western Australian Premiers Award and in 1992 the Kate Challis RAKA Award for Indigenous Playwrights.

The play utilises the perambulant model, which is a technique used in drama to dislocate the audience involving multiple points of focus. Throughout No Sugar it is employed to convey a sense of displacement to the audience, representative of the isolation felt by the Aboriginal people unable and unwilling to assimilate to white culture.

Characters
Jimmy Munday, the protagonist.

Gran Munday, Jimmy's mother, a traditional Aboriginal woman.

Milly Millimurra, Jimmy's sister, who has three children.

Sam Millimurra, Milly's husband. .

Joe Millimurra, Mary's love interest and Milly's eldest son.

Cissie Millimurra, Milly's daughter.

David Millimurra - Milly's youngest son.

A. O. Neville, Chief Protector of Aborigines.

Miss Dunn, his secretary.

Mr Neal, Superintendent of Moore River Native Settlement. Abuses Indigenous people and is lecherous to Indigenous girls.

Matron Neal, his wife, Matron of the hospital.

Sister Eileen, a Catholic missionary.

Sergeant Carrol, sergeant of the Northam Police.

Constable Kerr, member of the Northam Police.

Frank Brown, an unemployed farmer who befriends Jimmy Munday.

Mary Dargurru, Joe's love interest. An outspoken girl who is mistreated by Neal, works for the Matron at the settlement.

Billy Kimberley, a Black tracker, an Aborigine working for Mr Neal.

Kundavai Pirattiyar, a princess from the Chola Dynasty who hears the story of the injustice given to both Munday and Millimurra‘s family and tries to stop the injustice being served.

Bluey, a Black tracker.

Topsy, Mary's subservient and submissive friend who also works for the Matron.

Justice of the Peace, a farmer who sentences Frank Brown, Jimmy and Sam for alcohol abuse.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: No Sugar


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Peg Kerr

Peg Kerr (born 28 April of undisclosed year) is an American fantasy author.

Biography
She was born in a suburb of Chicago and moved to Minnesota to attend St. Olaf College. She received an M.A. in English Literature in 1990, specializing in speculative fiction. She lives with her two daughters in Minneapolis; she and her daughters are students of the martial arts. Her husband, Robert F. Ihinger, died in 2018.

Kerr has been publishing short fiction since 1987 and attended the Clarion Workshop in 1988; her stories have been published in Tales of the Unanticipated, Amazing Stories, Weird Tales, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and several anthologies.

Kerr's first novel Emerald House Rising was published in 1997 by Warner Aspect, and received praise for the degree of care and detail with which it treated the subjects of jewelry crafting and gemcutting, as well as the unusual sociology she constructed around them.

Her second novel The Wild Swans, based in part on Hans Christian Andersen's classic fairy tale The Wild Swans, was published in 1999. It was praised by many notable figures in the genre, including Lois McMaster Bujold and Jane Yolen, and was nominated for a Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature as well. Charles de Lint placed it "among the very best contemporary retellings of fairy tales, those that retain the old charm and magic of the original, but use the classic material to illuminate elements of our life in the real world."

title: Peg Kerr


text:
Cauayan

Cauayan can refer to the following places in the Philippines:

 * Cauayan, Isabela, a city
 * Cauayan, Negros Occidental, a municipality

title: Cauayan


text: File:Swimming Moscow 1980.jpg

title: File:Swimming Moscow 1980.jpg


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La Castellana

La Castellana may refer to:

 * La Castellana, Negros Occidental, a municipality in the Philippines
 * La Castellana, Caracas, a district in Caracas, Venezuela
 * La Castellana (TransMilenio), a transit station in Bogotá, Colombia
 * Paseo de la Castellana, a road in Madrid, Spain

title: La Castellana


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Enrique Magalona

Enrique "Equi" Barrera Magalona Sr. (November 5, 1891 – 1960) was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as a Senator of the Philippines. Prior to being elected to the Senate, he served as the Municipal President of Saravia, Negros Occidental, which is now named in his honor, and as a Representative from Negros Occidental in the Philippine Assembly. He was the grandfather of the late Filipino rapper Francis Magalona.

Early life
Enrique B. Magalona was born in Saravia, Negros Occidental (now Enrique B. Magalona, Negros Occidental) on November 5, 1891 to Vicente Magalona y Ledesma and Augusta Barrera y Majarocan.

Personal life
He was married to Consuelo Lozada Gayoso with 3 children including Enrique G. Magalona, Jr.

Education
He studied in Molo Institute, Iloilo where he obtained both his primary and secondary education. He graduated at San Juan de Letran with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1907 and La Jurisprudencia where he received his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1911.

Political life
He was elected Municipal President of Saravia in 1922 and re-elected to the same post in 1925. In 1926, he was elected President of the Municipal Presidents Convention at Bacolod, Negros Occidental. Senator Magalona was elected representative to the ninth and tenth Philippine Legislature from 1931 to 1934, and then, later elected assemblyman from the first district of Negros Occidental in 1935 and re-elected in 1938. He was elected Senator for two terms from 1946 to 1949 and from 1949 to 1955. Senator Magalona was chairman of the Committees on Accounts and Civil Service; Rules; Public Health; Labor and Immigration and National Exterprises. As lawmaker he authored, among others Republic Act. 342 (Moratorium Act); R.A. 611 (cumulative computation of vacation and sick leaves) and R.A. No. 709 (instruction of Spanish in colleges and universities).

Death
Enrique Magalona, Sr. died in Manila, Philippines in 1960.

title: Enrique Magalona


text:
File:Weightlifting Moscow 1980.jpg

Source
Low-res version from:

Used in Weightlifting at the 1980 Summer Olympics to establish visual identity

title: File:Weightlifting Moscow 1980.jpg


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San Enrique

San Enrique may refer to:

 * San Enrique, Iloilo, Philippines
 * San Enrique, Negros Occidental, Philippines
 * San Enrique, Buenos Aires, a settlement in Veinticinco de Mayo Partido, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
 * San Enrique, Lo Barnechea, a neighborhood of Lo Barnechea, Chile

title: San Enrique


text: File:Wrestling Moscow 1980.jpg

title: File:Wrestling Moscow 1980.jpg


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Toboso

Toboso may refer to:

 * Toboso people, an indigenous group of Chihuahua
 * Toboso, Negros Occidental, a municipality in the Philippines
 * El Toboso, a municipality in Castile-La Mancha, Spain
 * Toboso, Ohio, unincorporated community in Licking County, Ohio, United States
 * Yana Toboso, author of Kuroshitsuji/Black Butler

title: Toboso


text:
IAR 99

The IAR 99 Șoim (Hawk) is an advanced trainer and light attack aircraft capable of performing close air support and reconnaissance missions. The IAR 99 replaced the Aero L-29 Delfin and Aero L-39 Albatros as the jet trainer of the Romanian Air Force. The aircraft is of semi-monocoque design, with tapered wings and a swept-back tail unit. A large blade-type antenna installed beneath the nose on the port side of the fuselage gives the IAR 99 trainer a distinctive appearance.

Development
The design of the aircraft started in 1975 and this would be the first jet trainer fully designed and built in Romania. In 1979 funding was approved for building the first trainer by I.Av. Craiova where the IAR 93 attack aircraft was currently built. The prototype (S-001) flew on 21 December 1985 with Lt. Col. Vagner Ștefănel at the controls. S-002 served for static (ground) testing, S-003 being the second flying prototype (later re-serialled 7003).

The aircraft entered series production in 1987, with 17 aircraft delivered to the Romanian Air Force by 1989. Two were lost in the 1990s (numbers 710 and 714).

In 1990 the fall of the Eastern Bloc created new export opportunities for the aircraft, but while the aircraft had excellent aerodynamic and handling qualities, it was left behind in its class because of its obsolete avionics, with upgrading becoming a priority.

The first upgrade attempt was made in 1990 by I.Av.Craiova together with the Texas-based Jaffe Aircraft Corporation. Aircraft 708 and 709 were modified by installing Honeywell avionics, while the canopy was changed to a two-piece design instead of the original one piece. This change would be retained for all subsequent aircraft. 708 took its first flight on August 8, 1990, followed by 709 on August 22. The aircraft were displayed at the 1990 Farnborough Airshow, being proposed for the Joint Primary Aircraft Training System program for the United States of America, although this work resulted in no orders. In 1991, aircraft number 712 was outfitted with Collins avionics and took part in a show in Ankara, Turkey.

Aircraft 708, 709 and 712 were reconfigured to Standard and delivered to the Romanian Air Force.

In 1996 the upgrade program of the IAR 99 was revived with the need for a lead-in trainer for the newly upgraded MiG-21 Lancer. The Israeli company Elbit was chosen as an integrator. The avionics package is compatible with 5th generation fighter systems and it is inspired by the MiG-21 Lancer upgrade but adapted to IAR 99 needs. The first upgraded IAR 99 was the 18th production aircraft (number 718), which performed its first flight on 22 May 1997. The upgraded IAR 99 was displayed at Paris in 1997 and Farnborough in 1998.

On 6 August 1998, the Romanian Government approved the introduction into series production of the upgrade program for 24 IAR-99 Șoim out of which 4 were supposed to be delivered by 2001. The Romanian Ministry of National Defence signs a contract for those 24 aircraft on 20 April 2000, reducing that number to 12 on 14 December 2000. Only seven of these are to be new-built (numbers 719–725), and five upgraded from existing IAR 99 (numbers 709, 711, 712, 713, 717). These were delivered between 2003 and 2008, gradually replacing the L-39 Albatros' in service with the Romanian Air Force's training school.

Thus, the Romanian Air Force will have 12 IAR 99 C Șoim (upgraded) and 11 IAR 99 Standard, with 7003 remaining with Avioane Craiova SA as demonstrator aircraft.

In 2015, a consortium composed of Avioane Craiova, INCAS and CCIZ announced that an enhanced version of the IAR 99 called IAR 99 TD is under development. A single airframe will be built with a new avionics suite, an engine and radar. The Leonardo Vixen 500E radar was chosen and requires lengthening the nose by 900mm. A new engine which supports computer control is required to replace the 1951 designed Rolls-Royce Viper. This in turn will need a twice as big air intake. A prototype is expected to be completed by 2022.

In December 2020, Elbit Systems announced they were awarded the contract to upgrade the remaining 10 IAR 99 Standard airframes in service with the Romanian Air Force. The upgrade, done by Avioane Craiova, was to be finished by 2024. However, due to several delays, the first aircraft was modernized in December 2023.

Cockpit
The aircraft has a tandem-stepped dual-control cockpit equipped with Martin-Baker Mk 10 zero-zero ejection seats. The instructor's seat at the rear position is raised by 35 cm to provide better visibility. The canopy was made as a single piece (prototypes and planes 701–707), later changed to a two-piece canopy, both opening to the starboard side.

The cockpit is equipped with HOTAS control and also LCDs (Liquid Crystal Display). Both the pilot and the instructor are equipped with a DASH Display and Sight Helmet which is currently deployed on the MiG 21 Lancer. The helmet guides the onboard weapons systems to the pilot's line of sight. The visor's display confirms when target acquisition has been achieved. The visor also displays the data from the HUD (Head-Up Display). Flight and navigation data are displayed on HUD, on the helmet DASH and MFDC (color multifunction displays).

Avionics
Elbit is supplying the aircraft's advanced avionics suite installed on a MIL-STD-1553B data bus. The advanced avionics suite, including communications, navigation, identification systems and the cockpit configuration, are similar to those of the MiG 21 LanceR and F-16 fighter aircraft. The IAR 99 is also equipped with video and debriefing systems.

The communication systems include VHF and UHF communications, voice-activated intercom and an IFF transponder. The flight systems include a VOR/ILS, linked VHF omnidirectional antenna radio ranger linked to the instrument landing system. Other navigation tools include distance measuring equipment (DME), an automatic direction finder (ADF), a Northrop Grumman inertial navigation system and a Trimble GPS system.

One of the best features of the aircraft's avionics is a virtual training system that allows, based on a data link system, inflight simulations of firing and air combat capabilities using two or more aircraft.

Countermeasures
The IAR 99's electronic warfare suite is based on the Elisra Electronic Systems radar warning receiver and electronic countermeasures pod plus a chaff and flare decoy dispenser. The systems are integrated through the 1553 data bus. The radar warning receiver detects pulse-Doppler, pulse and continuous wave radar threats and provides threat identification by comparing signal characteristics against a threat database.

Variants

 * IAR 99 "Standard": Initial variant designed as a lead-in trainer for the IAR-93.

 * IAR 109 "Swift": In 1992 an upgrade program was started in partnership with IAI Lahav of Israel, for both Romanian Air Force use and export. Aircraft number 7003 was equipped with HOTAS (Hands On Throttle and Stick) controls in both cockpits, a wide-angle HUD (Head-Up Display) with Up Front Control Panel in the front cockpit, two 3 inch displays in both cockpits, a ring laser gyro Inertial Navigation System (INS), as well as the integration of both Eastern and Western weapon systems on the aircraft. The aircraft was displayed at the 1993 Paris Air Show and flew at Asian Aerospace in 1994. A prospective sale of 10 aircraft to Botswana was blocked in parliament, ending the collaboration with IAI. The aircraft was converted back to Standard configuration and delivered to the center for flight research and testing (CCIZ). As late as 2009 it still retained its "Swift" styled paint scheme and logo.

 * IAR 99 C "Șoim": Upgraded variant using an Elbit Systems avionics package.

 * IAR 99 TD: Technical demonstrator under development.

 * IAR 99 SM "Standard Modernizat": Modernized Standard variant designed as a lead-in trainer for the F-16 and F-35.

Operators

 * Romanian Air Force - 20 aircraft in service
 * Romanian Air Force - 20 aircraft in service

Notable accidents and incidents

 * On 14 August 1986, aircraft number S-002 crashed. Lt. Col. Mihai Ionescu and Mj. Mitiță Stoica safely ejected.
 * On 26 June 1990, aircraft number S-001: While training for an upcoming air show, during an inverted low level flight, the left wing clipped the air strip and crashed. Lt. Col. Ștefănel Vagner and Lt. Col. Mihai Ionescu died.
 * On 24 February 1994, aircraft number 710 burned down on the ground. No injuries incurred.
 * On 30 March 1995, aircraft number 714: a fuel line rupture caused a fire. Both occupants ejected safely.
 * On 24 September 2004, aircraft number 721 (Șoim), suffered a bird strike to the cockpit with debris ingested by the engine. The crew attempted a crash landing and were badly injured upon impact, but recovered. The aircraft was written off.
 * On 23 August 2012, aircraft number 718 (Standard) crashed shortly after takeoff during a training flight. The instructor in the back seat ejected safely, suffering serious injuries. The student died.
 * On 16 July 2018, aircraft number 723 (Șoim), crashed after both occupants ejected safely. Onlookers report smoke coming from the aircraft before the crash.

title: IAR 99


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Edward Humes

Edward Humes is an American journalist and non-fiction writer.

Biography
Humes was born in Philadelphia and attended Hampshire College.

In 1989 he received the Pulitzer Prize for specialized reporting for investigative stories he wrote about the United States military for the Orange County Register.

Afterward, he began writing non-fiction books. Humes is the author of 13 nonfiction books, including the bestselling Mississippi Mud; No Matter How Loud I Shout; Baby E.R.; A Man and His Mountain; and Garbology, a popular selection for the First Year Experience program on college campuses.

In 2001, Humes spent a year teaching a writing workshop at Whitney High School in Cerritos, California, a middle-class Los Angeles suburb. His observations while at the school led to his narrative non-fiction book School of Dreams, published in 2004.

Humes is a contributing writer for Sierra Magazine, California Lawyer and Los Angeles Magazine, among other publications. He is married to journalist and author Donna Wares and lives in Southern California.

Non-fiction

 * Garbology: Our Dirty Love Affair with Trash Publisher: Avery (April 19, 2012) ISBN 978-1-58333-434-8
 * (contributor)
 * Garbology: Our Dirty Love Affair with Trash Publisher: Avery (April 19, 2012) ISBN 978-1-58333-434-8
 * (contributor)
 * (contributor)
 * (contributor)
 * (contributor)

True crime

 * Burned: A Story of Murder and the Crime That Wasn't, Dutton, ISBN 9781524742133, January 8, 2019
 * Mississippi Mud: Southern Justice and the Dixie Mafia, Pocket, ISBN 0-671-53505-6, December 1, 1995
 * Buried Secrets: A True Story of Serial Murder, New Amer Library, ISBN 0-451-17164-0
 * Murderer With a Badge: The Secret Life of a Rogue Cop, E P Dutton, ISBN 0-525-93498-7, November 1, 1992

Article

 * Talk Radio Evolution, The Huffington Post, February 23, 2007.

title: Edward Humes


text:
Zvakwana

Zvakwana is an underground movement in Zimbabwe, that came to light in 2004. Its name means "enough is enough" in the Shona language, and in Ndebele it translates to Sokwanele. (Sokwanele is also a part of the movement but appears to be more occupied with information dissemination).

Zvakwana appears to be responsible for clandestinely distributing resistance messages, graffiti, CDs of music, and condoms featuring their logo, a Z on a yellow background. They also run a website which the Zimbabwean government is trying to block from internet service providers.

Opposition party, Movement for Democratic Change, says they have no connection to Zvakwana, but share its values and support its efforts.

title: Zvakwana


text:
User talk:Bharatanatyam

=wow...Bharatanatyam what a great rewrite !=

Bharatanatyam I love the new entry you made for the devadasi, so concise, balanced and well written!

I think the idea of a complete rewrite was a great idea.

Kama 12:05, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Bharatanatyam article: Thanks for your great contributions to Wikipedia. The photos are primarily aimed towards commercial activity of 'selling dance training' and 'dance performances' by the schools owned primarily by Gurus. These gurus/schools/dancers are current. Can you use relatively older pictures so that it is not disputed? Alternately, remove advertisements on the pictures (may be provide them in the details during images upload).

8:44 AM Sept 22, 2006 (PST)

title: User talk:Bharatanatyam


text:
Talk:Municipiu

The article is wrong. Not every city is a "Municipiu". bogdan ʤjuʃkə | Talk 12:06, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * So you're saying that there are some cities which are still communes (comune)? The definition (in English and Romanian) of a city is a loose one, and sometimes communes are referred to as "cities".

 * In Romania, there is an official definition of a "city" in the administration laws. A "commune" can be proclaimed "city" (oraş) only after it satisfies some conditions (mainly about public utilities) imposed by the law. IIRC, there are also some differences on the source of the local budget: communes get money from the central budget based on criteria such as population, etc. while cities get their money from local taxes. bogdan ʤjuʃkə | Talk 13:58, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the information. Just one thing I need to make more precise - when a commune is elevated to the status of a "city" (oraş), does it not automatically become a municipality too.

 * No, it does not. Only a few cities are municipalities. bogdan ʤjuʃkə | Talk

 * The example I'm thinking of here is Voluntari, which used to be a commune but is now a municipality (and by extension a city).

 * AFAIK Voluntari is not a municipality. Do you have any source that says otherwise ? bogdan ʤjuʃkə | Talk 07:02, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there an official difference between city and municipality? As in, can a commune be declared a "city" while still being a commune (i.e. not yet a municipality)? The stuff about taxes should be included in the article, it's an important fact. Also included should be other differences between communes and municipalities (in terms of administration). Do communes receive their money from the central government or the county government (isn't the county government involved in communal infrastructural projects too)? Ronline 06:42, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * See the local administration law.
 * Communes may be formed out of one or more villages; Some cities may be declared municipalities, according to the conditions set by the law; In municipalities, may be created administrative subdivisions. bogdan ʤjuʃkə | Talk 07:02, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * But, in general, a locality can't really be a city, or town (oraş) if it has less than, say, 10,000 people and is still fairly rural in character. There are a lot of communes which aren't rural villages, but still maintain a fairly rural "feel" to them - as in, they are not urbanised enough to be considered a city. It is for these reasons that, for practical purposes, all localities with municipiu status can be regarded as "towns" or "cities" (urban localities) while all communes are rural localities (doar şi în română le spunem la comune ca "ţară" - adică "Ei stau la ţară". De multe ori şi oraşe ca Huedin, Aleşd, Beiuş sunt menţionate ca aşezări "ţărăneşti" din cauză că nu sunt destul de urbanizate.) Ronline 13:45, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Communes, Cities and Municipalities
OK, I've looked at that link to the law on this matter, and so this is a summary. There are three types of localities:

 * Communes (which are mostly rural and contain villages)
 * Cities (which are mostly urban and have a different status to communes)
 * Municipalities (larger, more urbanised cities gain this status)

So, some cities can be declared municipalities. You were right. Voluntari is a city (oraş), so it's not a commune, but neither is it a municipality. Therefore, we need a new article about "Cities in Romania" (I think this exists already). We need to leave this article and explain the difference between normal cities and municipality-status cities. As to Ilfov county, I think Buftea is the only municipality in the county. Ronline 06:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Cities or towns?
Isn't the term city abused a bit here? Wouldn't "town" be more appropiate for settelements of, say, less than 50,000? I know the term city is quite stretchy, but i haven't seen "town" used at all here.

Rename?
This title is misleading - "municipality" in English doesn't mean the same as "municipiu" appears to in Romanian. All municipiu, oras and comune would come under the meaning of the word "municipality" in English. I think the municipiu should be referred to as cities, and the oras as towns. --Kotniski (talk) 13:55, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Scope of coverage
If Gemeinde can cover two countries, Oblast several and Block (district subdivision) as well (these are just a few examples), then I see no real reason why this article cannot handle two countries with much in common, provided the distinctions are made clear. - Biruitorul Talk 13:31, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Municipiu


text:
Diocese of Leicester

The Diocese of Leicester is a Church of England diocese based in Leicester and including the current county of Leicestershire. The cathedral is Leicester Cathedral, where the Bishop of Leicester has his episcopal chair.

The diocese is divided into two archdeaconries, the Archdeaconry of Leicester in the east of the county and the Archdeaconry of Loughborough in the west. The former is divided into the rural deaneries of City of Leicester; Framland (Melton Mowbray); Gartree First and Second; and Goscote. The latter is divided into the rural deaneries of Akeley East, South and West; Guthlaxton; and Sparkenhoe East and West.

The diocese owns a retreat house at Launde Abbey near East Norton.

History
The Middle Angles first had a bishopric in 680 and the Anglo-Saxon cathedral was probably located close to (if not on the site of) the present cathedral. The original diocese fell victim to the invasion by the Danes around 870 and after the establishment of the Danelaw in 886 the diocese's seat was moved to Dorchester in Oxfordshire and, taking over the existing Diocese of Lindine (created in 678), became the Diocese of Dorchester. From Dorchester, Oxfordshire, the see was later moved to Lincoln in 1072 under King William I, the diocese then becoming the Diocese of Lincoln. Henry VIII divided the larger dioceses at the time of the English Reformation and the Diocese of Lincoln was divided in three. In 1539 a new cathedral was being erected, but it was never completed and Peterborough was chosen as the seat of the new diocese and Peterborough Abbey as the cathedral.

In the 19th century there were suffragan bishops of Leicester whilst the bishopric was still within the Diocese of Peterborough. The modern diocese was founded on 12 November 1926 from the archdeaconries of Leicester and Loughborough and part of the Archdeaconry of Northampton, all from the Diocese of Peterborough. St Martin's Church, Leicester, was elevated as the cathedral of the new see.

Leicestershire was included in the new Diocese of Peterborough in the Victorian era reforms, the archdeaconry of Leicester became part of Peterborough diocese on 1 May 1839 and, on 12 November 1926, the modern Diocese of Leicester was founded from Leicester and Loughborough archdeaconries and part of the archdeaconry of Northampton.

Bishops
The diocesan Bishop of Leicester is assisted by the Bishop of Loughborough (the sole suffragan bishop, Saju Muthalaly). Alternative episcopal oversight (for parishes in the diocese which reject the ministry of priests who are women) is provided by the provincial episcopal visitor, Norman Banks, Bishop suffragan of Richborough, who is licensed as an honorary assistant bishop of the diocese. There are currently two retired bishops living in the diocese who are licensed as honorary assistant bishops: Christopher Boyle, former Assistant Bishop of Leicester, and Peter Fox, former Bishop of Port Moresby.

title: Diocese of Leicester


text:
Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War

The Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement was created to reduce the danger of nuclear war between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The agreement was signed at the Washington Summit, on June 22, 1973. The United States and the U.S.S.R. agreed to reduce the threat of a nuclear war and establish a policy to restrain hostility.

In reality, the agreement had little impact, with Henry Kissinger doubting whether it was "worth the effort" and describing the outcome as only "marginally useful".

History
The agreement was initially presented to US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger on his 1972 visit to Moscow by the Soviets. Kissinger described the initial draft as "a dangerous, Soviet maneuverer to lure us into renouncing the use of nuclear weapons, on which the free world's defence after all depended ... Given the Soviet superiority in conventional weapons, such a move would demoralise our allies and deeply disquiet China, who would see it as a sign of the much dreaded U.S.-Soviet collusion ... It was strong stuff. We were being asked to dismantle the military strategy of NATO and at the same time to proclaim a virtual U.S.-Soviet military alliance designed to isolate or impose our will on China or any other country with nuclear aspirations."

With the help of British diplomat Thomas Brimelow, Kissinger presented a counterproposal which he described as "180 degrees removed from his (Brezhnev's) original design. In short, in over a year of negotiation we had transformed the original Soviet proposal of an unconditional renunciation of the use of nuclear weapons against each other into a somewhat banal statement that our objective was peace, applying as well to allies and third countries and premised on restrained international conduct, especially the avoidance of the use or the threat of force".

Unlike the original Soviet proposal, which Kissinger considered entirely unacceptable, the agreed text provided "marginally useful" accommodations to the United States, not specifically in the realm of preventing nuclear war but in Kissinger's specialist subject of geopolitical realpolitik: in his estimation it would make "it impossible for the Soviets to turn on either NATO or the Middle East without violating the agreement. And it even gave us a kind of legal framework for resisting a Soviet attack on China." Nevertheless, Kissinger doubted whether the agreement was "worth the effort."

Article
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON THE PREVENTION OF NUCLEAR WAR

Signed at Washington June 22, 1973 Entered into force June 22, 1973

The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, hereinafter referred to as the Parties,

Guided by the objectives of strengthening world peace and international security, Conscious that nuclear war would have devastating consequences for mankind, Proceeding from the desire to bring about conditions in which the danger of an outbreak of nuclear war anywhere in the world would be reduced and ultimately eliminated,

Proceeding from their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations regarding the maintenance of peace, refraining from the threat or use of force, and the avoidance of war, and in conformity with the agreements to which either Party has subscribed,

Proceeding from the Basic Principles of Relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics signed in Moscow on May 29, 1972,

Reaffirming that the development of relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is not directed against other countries and their interests,

Have agreed as follows:

Article I

The United States and the Soviet Union agree that an objective of their policies is to remove the danger of nuclear war and of the use of nuclear weapons.

Accordingly, the Parties agree that they will act in such a manner as to prevent the development of situations capable of causing a dangerous exacerbation of their relations, as to avoid military confrontations, and as to exclude the outbreak of nuclear war between them and between either of the Parties and other countries.

Article II

The Parties agree, in accordance with Article I and to realize the objective stated in that Article, to proceed from the premise that each Party will refrain from the threat or use of force against the other Party, against the allies of the other Party and against other countries, in circumstances which may endanger international peace and security. The Parties agree that they will be guided by these considerations in the formulation of their foreign policies and in their actions in the field of international relations.

Article III

The Parties undertake to develop their relations with each other and with other countries in a way consistent with the purposes of this Agreement.

Article IV

If at any time relations between the Parties or between either Party and other countries appear to involve the risk of a nuclear conflict, or if relations between countries not parties to this Agreement appear to involve the risk of nuclear war between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or between either Party and other countries, the United States and the Soviet Union, acting in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, shall immediately enter into urgent consultations with each other and make every effort to avert this risk.

Article V

Each Party shall be free to inform the Security Council of the United Nations, the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Governments of allied or other countries of the progress and outcome of consultations initiated in accordance with Article IV of this Agreement.

Article VI

Nothing in this Agreement shall affect or impair:

(a) the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense as envisaged by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations,*

(b) the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, including those relating to the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security, and

(c) the obligations undertaken by either Party towards its allies or other countries in treaties, agreements, and other appropriate documents.

Article VII

This Agreement shall be of unlimited duration.

Article VIII

This Agreement shall enter into force upon signature.

DONE at Washington on June 22, 1973, in two copies, each in the English and Russian languages, both texts being equally authentic.

FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: RICHARD NIXON President of the United States of America

FOR THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS: L.I. BREZHNEV General Secretary of the Central Committee, CPSU

____________

 * TS 993; 59 Stat. 1044.

It was viewed as a preliminary step toward preventing the outbreak of nuclear war or military conflict by adopting an attitude of international cooperation.

Together with the Basic Principles Agreement and the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), it represented an attempt to establish 'rules' for superpower competition during the Cold War. The bilateral agreement with multilateral implications outlines the general conduct of both countries and toward third world countries. The Parties agreed that in a situation which threatened to escalate into direct nuclear confrontation, whether it be directly or by proxy in the Third World, to urgently consult with each other.

The agreement basically covers two main areas:
 * 1) It outlines the general conduct of both countries toward each other and toward third countries regarding the avoidance of nuclear war. In this respect it is a bilateral agreement with multilateral implications.
 * 2) The Parties agreed that in a situation in which the two great nuclear countries find themselves in a nuclear confrontation or in which, either as a result of their policies toward each other or as the result of developments elsewhere in the world, there is a danger of a nuclear confrontation between them or any other country, they are committed to consult with each other in order to avoid this risk.

-U.S. State Department, Agreement Between The United States of America and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Prevention of Nuclear War

Breakdown of Articles
Article I

The United States and the Soviet Union agree in principle that an agreement must be reached to limit the fear and danger of nuclear war.

Article II

In regards to Article I, the United States and Soviet Union will observe and abide by current foreign policies. Additionally, both countries will refrain from using force against each other or their allies.

Article III

Another purpose of this agreement is to keep relations open between the United States, Soviet Union, and their allies.

Article IV

In the case of nuclear threats or force being escalated by any and all parties involved in this agreement, and those not, the United States and Soviet Union will immediately meet to try to resolve any issues and avoid nuclear conflict by any means necessary.

Article V

In any case of nuclear escalation, either side involved has total freedom to alert the Security Council of the United Nations, along with the Secretary General of the United Nations. As well as, any and all governments involved to the outcome of the negotiations as mentioned in Article IV.

Article VI

Anything discussed and agreed upon in this agreement will not affect or limit Article 51 of the charter of the United Nations, provisions of the charter of the United Nations, that discuss international peace and security, as well as, other treaties, agreements, and documents by either party previously with its allies.

Article VII

There is an unlimited lifetime of this agreement.

Article VIII

Once signed by both parties, the agreement will be in immediate effect.


text:
Life Insurance Corporation

Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) is an Indian multinational Central Public sector life insurance company headquartered in Mumbai. It is India's largest insurance company as well as the largest institutional investor with total assets under management worth inr 52520000000000 as of March 2024. It is under the ownership of Government of India and administrative control of the Ministry of Finance.

The Life Insurance Corporation of India was established on 1 September 1956, when the Parliament of India passed the Life Insurance of India Act, nationalising the insurance industry in India. Over 245 insurance companies and provident societies were merged.

LIC reported 290 million policyholders as of 2019, a total life fund of ₹28.3 trillion, and a total value of sold policies in the year 2018–19 of ₹21.4 million. The company also reported having settled 26 million claims in 2018–19. It ranked 98th on the 2022 Fortune Global 500 list with a revenue of inr 7752830000000 and a profit of inr 44150000000.

Founding organisations
The Oriental Life Insurance Company, the first company in India to offer life insurance coverage, was established in Kolkata in 1818 by Bipin Das Gupta. Its primary target market was India.

Surendranath Tagore had founded Hindustan Insurance Society around the same time, which later became the Life Insurance Corporation.

The Bombay Mutual Life Assurance Society was formed in 1870, almost half a century later. It was the first native insurance provider of Western India. Other insurance companies established in the pre-independence era include:
 * Postal Life Insurance (PLI) was introduced on 1 February 1884
 * Bharat Insurance Company (1896)
 * United India (1906)
 * National Indian (1906)
 * National Insurance (1906)
 * Co-operative Assurance (1906)
 * Hindustan Co-operatives (1907)
 * The New India Assurance Co Ltd (1919)
 * Indian Mercantile
 * General Assurance
 * Swadeshi Life (later Bombay Life)
 * Sahyadri Insurance (Merged into LIC, 1986)

These companies were established when India was marked mostly by turbulent economic and political conditions including the Indian rebellion of 1857, World War I and World War II. The effect of these events led to a high liquidation rate of life insurance companies in India and adversely affected the faith of the general public in the value of obtaining life insurance.

Nationalization in 1956
In 1956, parliamentarian Feroze Gandhi raised the matter of insurance fraud via owners of private insurance agencies. In the ensuing investigations, one of India's wealthiest businessmen, Times of India owner Sachin Devkekar, was sent to prison for two years.

Initial public offering
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a proposal for an Initial public offering (IPO) for the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) in the 2021 Union budget of India. The IPO was expected to occur in 2022, and the Government of India planned to remain the majority shareholder post-listing, with 10% of shares proposed to be allotted to existing LIC policyholders. In 2021, the Indian government also proposed to enhance LIC's authorized capital to ₹250 billion (US$3.1 billion) to facilitate its public listing.

The LIC IPO opened to the public on 4 May 2022, and concluded on 9 May 2022. The Government of India aimed to raise ₹21,000 crore through the IPO, which was significantly lower than the initially expected ₹65,000 to ₹70,000 crore by diluting a 5% equity stake. Instead, the IPO offered a 3.5% stake, valuing the company at approximately ₹6 lakh crore.

Since the IPO, LIC's market value has seen substantial growth. As of 2024, LIC's shares have reached record highs, with the company's market value increasing by $30 billion over two years.

Structure
The Central Office of LIC is based out of Mumbai. There are a total of 8 zonal offices, located in Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Kolkata, Bhopal and Patna.

Liberalisation post 2000s
In August 2000, the Indian Government embarked on a program to liberalise the insurance sector and opened it up to the private sector. The LIC benefited from this process and in 2013 reported that the first year premium compound annual growth rate (CAGR) was 24.53% while total life premium CAGR was 19.28%, matching the growth of the life insurance industry and outperforming general economic growth.

Golden Jubilee Foundation
The LIC Golden Jubilee Foundation was established in 2006 as a charity organization. The entity has the aim of promoting education, alleviating poverty, and providing better living conditions for the underprivileged. The Golden Jubilee Scholarship award is one of the best known parts of the foundation. Each year, this award is given to the meritorious students in the 12th standard who wish to continue their studies, and have a parental income less than inr 200000.

Holdings
The LIC invests in sectors such as banks, cement, chemicals and fertilizers, electricity and transmission, electrical and electronics, engineering, construction and infrastructure, fast-moving consumer goods, finance and investments, healthcare, hotels, information technology, metals and mining, motor vehicles, and ancillaries, oil and natural resources, retail, textiles, transportation, and logistics.

title: Life Insurance Corporation


text:
Retardation

Retardation is the act or result of delaying; the extent to which anything is retarded or delayed; that which retards or delays.

Retardation or retarded or similar may refer to:

Medicine and biology

 * Mental retardation, also known as intellectual disability, a disorder characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors
 * Psychomotor retardation, a slowing-down of thought and a reduction of physical movements in an individual
 * A form of heterochrony, able to cause effects such as neoteny, retention by adults of traits previously seen only in the young

Physics and engineering

 * Retardation factor, in chromatography, the fraction of an analyte in the mobile phase of a chromatographic system
 * Retarded potential, in electrodynamics, electromagnetic potentials generated by time-varying electric current or charge distributions in the past
 * Retarded time, time when an electromagnetic field began to propagate from a point in a charge distribution to an observer
 * Retardation time
 * Retardation, in telegraphy, a kind of distortion of signal pulses; see law of squares
 * Retardation, as opposed to Acceleration

Music

 * Retardation (music), a suspension that resolves upward instead of downward
 * "Retarded" (song), a 1990 single by the band The Afghan Whigs

Other uses

 * A process used in proofing (baking technique)
 * Retard (pejorative), a pejorative term for someone with a mental disability

title: Retardation


text:
Dipton

Dipton can refer to:

 * Dipton, County Durham, England
 * Dipton, New Zealand

title: Dipton


text:
Syneresis (chemistry)

Syneresis (also spelled 'synæresis' or 'synaeresis'), in chemistry, is the extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel, such as when serum drains from a contracting clot of blood. Another example of syneresis is the collection of whey on the surface of yogurt. Syneresis can also be observed when the amount of diluent in a swollen polymer exceeds the solubility limit as the temperature changes. A household example of this is the counterintuitive expulsion of water from dry gelatin when the temperature increases. Syneresis has also been proposed as the mechanism of formation for the amorphous silica composing the frustule of diatoms.

Examples
In the processing of dairy milk, for example during cheese making, syneresis is the formation of the curd due to the sudden removal of the hydrophilic macropeptides, which causes an imbalance in intermolecular forces. Bonds between hydrophobic sites start to develop and are enforced by calcium bonds, which form as the water molecules in the micelles start to leave the structure. This process is usually referred to as the phase of coagulation and syneresis. The splitting of the bond between residues 105 and 106 in the κ-casein molecule is often called the primary phase of the rennet action, while the phase of coagulation and syneresis is referred to as the secondary phase.

In cooking, syneresis is the sudden release of moisture contained within protein molecules, usually caused by excessive heat, which over-hardens the protective shell. Moisture inside expands upon heating. The hard protein shell pops, expelling the moisture.

This process is responsible for transforming juicy rare steak into dry steak when cooked thoroughly. It creates weeping in scrambled eggs, with dry protein curd swimming in the released moisture. It also causes emulsified sauces, such as hollandaise, to "break" ("split"). Additionally, it creates unsightly moisture pockets within baked custard dishes, such as flan or crème brûlée.

In dentistry, syneresis is the expulsion of water or other liquid molecules from dental impression materials (for instance, alginate) after an impression has been taken. Due to this process, the impression shrinks a little and therefore its size is no longer accurate. For this reason, many dental impression companies strongly recommend to pour the dental cast as soon as possible to prevent distortion of the dimension of the teeth and objects in the impression.

Gels formed from agarose are prone to syneresis, and the degree of syneresis is inversely proportional to the concentration of the agarose in the gels.

The opposite process of syneresis is imbibition, which is the process of a material absorbing water molecules from the surroundings. Alginate is also an example of imbibition because it will absorb water if soaked in it.

title: Syneresis (chemistry)


text:
Without a Clue

Without a Clue is a 1988 British comedy film directed by Thom Eberhardt and starring Michael Caine and Ben Kingsley. It is based on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's characters from the Sherlock Holmes stories but, in this version, the roles are reversed: Dr. John Watson is the brilliant detective, while "Sherlock Holmes" is an actor hired to pose as the detective so that Watson can protect his reputation as a physician.

Plot
Sherlock Holmes is a fictional creation, the central character in a series of short stories written by Dr John Watson and published in The Strand Magazine. Watson conceives of Holmes as a way for him to solve crimes incognito, as he views detective work as merely a hobby and does not want the attention it would bring to his medical career. However, when the reading public demand to actually see "Holmes", Watson hires a washed-up stage actor, Reginald Kincaid, to play the part. Kincaid slowly learns to memorise the doctor's exacting, detailed instructions every step of the way and manages to convince the public that he is indeed "Holmes".

After a major case, Kincaid oversteps his boundaries with Watson, who fires him. Realising that he should have been honest from the start, Watson decides to write Holmes out of his stories and replace him with a new character, "The Crime Doctor", based on himself. Unfortunately, the idea of a physician rather than a detective solving crimes is rejected by the public, and when Watson attempts to investigate a crime of arson at a paper warehouse, he quickly finds that no one is willing to share information or co-operate with his inquiries.

Soon after, the British government contacts Watson, requesting that "Holmes" solve a major theft. A government mint recently reported the disappearance of printing plates for £5 banknotes, with the printing supervisor, Peter Giles, having gone missing on the night of the robbery. The counterfeiting of these notes would cause the inevitable collapse of the economy if they were allowed to circulate. Watson is therefore forced to hunt down a drunken Kincaid and clean him up before accepting the case.

Scotland Yard's Inspector Lestrade is jealous of "Holmes" and refuses to let him or Watson participate in the official investigation. Rather than relying on the regular police, therefore, Watson turns to the twelve-year-old street urchin, Wiggins, the leader of a street gang that he calls the "Baker Street Irregulars", paying them to keep an eye on people and locate evidence. One line of enquiry leads Watson to the printer's daughter, Leslie, whom he and the womanising "Holmes" invite back to their quarters to recover from the shock of false evidence of her father's death.

Watson and "Holmes" discover that the master criminal Professor James Moriarty is behind the theft and find him on the docks while receiving a consignment of printing ink. Watson is apparently killed and "Holmes" is left to rely on himself, using everything he has learned to solve the case. The trail takes him to an abandoned theatre where the forgeries are being printed. There, he discovers that Watson is still alive after all and the two team up to defeat Moriarty for good and recover the missing plates. In the process, Leslie turns out to be an imposter in the pay of Moriarty.

When they return to 221B Baker Street, "Holmes" announces to a reception committee of reporters that he intends to retire and gives full credit to the qualities of his "partner" Watson. For his part, Watson assures the public that, far from this being the end, the team of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson will continue their detective work from now on as friends.

Writing
Written by Gary Murphy and Larry Strawther, two devoted Sherlockians, the film originally had the working titles The Imposter of Baker Street and Sherlock and Me. The script was filled with numerous Doyle references, some of which were excised from the final film to make it more accessible. A reference from the real world that survived was the character of Norman Greenhough, based on Herbert Greenhough Smith, editor of The Strand Magazine, whose faith in the Holmes/Watson characters brought fame and fortune to both writer and periodical.

Reception
The film was poorly reviewed during its initial release, while contemporary reviews have been more positive. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 62% based on 13 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F.

Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four on the grounds that the "amusing premise" that Holmes is in fact a third-rate actor hired by Watson to play the role is not enough to carry the film. This was echoed by The Monthly Film Bulletin's judgement that "If this premise were to be workable, it would require the casting of an actor who could actually pass as the genuine Holmes. As it is, we are simply given a buffoon." Dave Kehr, writing for the Chicago Tribune, agreed that a "Sherlock Holmes movie can be many things, but stupid isn't one of them. Still, there's no other way to consider Without a Clue, a mystery-comedy so klutzy that it tips one of its few surprises in the credit list."

Vincent Canby, writing for The New York Times, stated that Without A Clue was "an appallingly witless sendup of the Sherlock Holmes–Dr. Watson stories". Variety conceded that the film "generates a few laughs and smiles, but of a markedly mild nature and most of them provoked by the shrewdly judged antics of the two stars." Harvey O'Brien thought the film seemed "more like a television production", although the choice of actors for the main characters convincingly addresses "the artificiality of the Holmes mythos" and "presents a unique redemption of the Watson figure".

The film won the 1989 Special Jury Prize at the Festival du Film Policier de Cognac.

title: Without a Clue


text: User talk:69.4.200.194

title: User talk:69.4.200.194


text: User talk:211.28.51.58

title: User talk:211.28.51.58


text:
File:WKHughes1.jpg

A picture of an article about Wilfrid Kent Hughes.

Summary
1933 Newspaper articles written in the Melbourne Herald by Kent Hughes explaining why he considered himself a fascist.

title: File:WKHughes1.jpg


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Pays de Bray

The Pays de Bray (, literally Land of Bray) is a small (about 750 km2) natural region of France situated to the north-east of Rouen, straddling the French departments of the Seine-Maritime and the Oise (historically divided among the Provinces of Normandy and Picardy since 911, now divided among the administrative regions of Normandy and Picardy). The landscape is of bocage, a land use which arises from its clay soil, and is suited to the development of pasture for the raising of dairy cattle. It produces famous butters and cheeses such as Neufchâtel.

Etymology
Etymologically, the name of Bray comes from the Gaulish word braco, which became the Old French bray, meaning "marsh", "swamp", or "mud". The area appears to be so named as the soil distinguishes it from the neighbouring Pays de Caux; the sticky clay is quite different from the dry, firm chalk of the Pays de Caux.

Geology
Viewed geologically, the Pays de Bray is a relatively small eroded anticline along the Bray fault, breaking through rocks on the fringe of the Parisian Basin, which forms the chalk plateaus around it. It is a smaller version of the Weald of Kent and Sussex, but reveals the beds more deeply; down to the Upper Jurassic clay.

To the north is the Upper Cretaceous plateau of Picardy with the Pays de Caux to the west and the Vexin to the south-east. The erosion has exposed clay beds in an elliptically-shaped region which is called the buttonhole of the Pays de Bray. A "boutonnière" (buttonhole), in French geological language, is an eroded anticline. This is why the Pays de Bray's outline is shaped as a buttonhole, marked as it is with surrounding escarpments of 60 to 100 metres in height, making it a distinct physical and cultural entity.

The Pays de Bray is rich in springs and several watercourses rise there; notably the Epte and the Andelle, tributaries of the Seine. The Béthune and the Eaulne flow into the Arques which enters the English Channel at Dieppe. Among the most notable springs are those of Forges-les-Eaux ("Forges-the-Waters") which gave it and its surroundings the renown of a spa. As a result of its clay-rich soil, the traditional building style of the Pays de Bray is of cob (sometimes changed to brick since the 19th) and tile throughout, showing wattle and daub structures.

The cross-Channel geological structure
The Bray Fault is part of the Lizard front which is represented also in The Lizard and Start Point, Devon. It is also part of the anticline which lies to the south of the Isle of Wight. The chalk of that island's central ridge is cognate with that of the Pays de Bray's northern escarpment. The syncline to the north of the Isle of Wight underlies the Hampshire Basin and rises in the next anticline to form Salisbury Plain and the Wealden ridge of which the territory of Boulogne-sur-Mer, the Boulonnais is the equivalent feature in France. The syncline of south Hampshire is represented by the bay and département of Somme.

Fundamentally, the Bray fault dates from the late Carboniferous and Early Permian but the effect in France and England, of its associated earth movements, has quietly continued so as to gently fold the overlying Jurassic and Cretaceous strata.

Geography
The main towns of the Pays de Bray are Neufchâtel-en-Bray, Forges-les-Eaux and Gournay-en-Bray. It is primarily an agricultural region. Its "brand" products are its three AOC, Neufchâtel cheese, the cider spirit, Calvados and Normandy pommeau. The famous local speciality of fromage frais called petit Suisse was launched from a farm near Gournay-en-Bray; Charles Gervais set up his first factory at Ferrières-en-Bray and his second one at Neufchâtel-en-Bray (closed in 2009).

Road
The Pays de Bray is served by several axial roads:
 * From south-east to northwest the "route départmentale" (D road) D 915 (former route nationale 15), the Paris-to-Dieppe.
 * From north-east to south-west, the A28 autoroute (motorway or turnpike), joining Abbeville to Rouen and Tours.
 * From east to west, the route nationale 31 which joins Reims and Rouen by Beauvais.
 * From east to west, the A29 autoroute which joins Saint-Quentin and Caen by Amiens and Le Havre.

Rail
The rail network is reduced to two lines. The main one, electrified, joins Rouen-Rive-Droite to Amiens. The second was joining between gare de Paris-Saint-Lazare and Dieppe via Pontoise but is closed between Serqueux (where it meets the first one) and Dieppe

Adjoining natural regions

 * Pays de Caux (to the west)
 * Vexin normand (to the south)
 * Pays de Thelle (to the south-east)
 * Beauvaisis (to the east)
 * Petit-Caux (to the north)

title: Pays de Bray


text:
List of tautonyms

The following is a list of tautonyms: zoological names of species consisting of two identical words (the generic name and the specific name have the same spelling). Such names are allowed in zoology, but not in botany, where the two parts of the name of a species must differ (though differences as small as one letter are permitted, as in cumin, Cuminum cyminum).

Mammals

 * Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) — Eurasian elk, moose
 * Axis axis (Erxleben, 1777) — chital, axis deer
 * Bison bison (Linnaeus, 1758) — American bison, buffalo
 * Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) — European roe deer, roe deer
 * Caracal caracal (Schreber, 1776) — caracal
 * Chinchilla chinchilla (Lichtenstein, 1829) — short-tailed chinchilla
 * Chiropotes chiropotes (Humboldt, 1811) — red-backed bearded saki
 * Cricetus cricetus (Linnaeus, 1758) — common hamster, European hamster
 * Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben, 1777) — spotted hyena
 * Dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758) — European fallow deer
 * Feroculus feroculus (Kelaart, 1850) — Kelaart's long-clawed shrew
 * Gazella gazella (Pallas, 1766) — mountain gazelle
 * Genetta genetta (Linnaeus, 1758) — common genet
 * Gerbillus gerbillus (Olivier, 1801) — lesser Egyptian gerbil
 * Giraffa giraffa (von Schreber, 1784) — southern giraffe
 * Glis glis (Linnaeus, 1766) — European edible dormouse, European fat dormouse
 * Gorilla gorilla (Savage, 1847) — western gorilla
 * Gulo gulo (Linnaeus, 1758) — wolverine
 * Hoolock hoolock (Harlan, 1834) — western hoolock gibbon
 * Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758) — striped hyena
 * Indri indri (Gmelin, 1788) — indri
 * Jaculus jaculus (Linnaeus, 1758) — lesser Egyptian jerboa
 * Lagurus lagurus (Pallas, 1773) — steppe vole, steppe lemming
 * Lemmus lemmus (Linnaeus, 1758) — Norway lemming
 * Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) — European otter
 * Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) — Eurasian lynx
 * Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Schinz, 1821) — long-legged bat
 * Marmota marmota (Linnaeus, 1758) — Alpine marmot
 * Martes martes (Linnaeus, 1758) — European pine marten, pine marten
 * Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758) — European badger, Eurasian badger
 * Mephitis mephitis (Schreber, 1776) — striped skunk
 * Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766) — Pallas's mastiff bat
 * Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779) — Mediterranean monk seal
 * Mops mops (de Blainville, 1840) — Malayan free-tailed bat
 * Myospalax myospalax (Laxmann, 1773) — Siberian zokor
 * Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797) — mouse-eared myotis, greater mouse-eared bat
 * Nasua nasua (Linnaeus, 1766) — South American coati, coatimundi
 * Niviventer niviventer (Hodgson, 1836) — Himalayan niviventer, white-bellied rat
 * Nombe nombe (Flannery et al., 1983)
 * Oreotragus oreotragus (Zimmermann, 1783) — klipspringer
 * Papio papio (Desmarest, 1820) — Guinea baboon
 * Petaurista petaurista (Pallas, 1766) — red giant flying squirrel
 * Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758) — harbor porpoise, harbour porpoise
 * Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774) — common pipistrelle
 * Pithecia pithecia (Linnaeus, 1766) — white-faced saki
 * Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) — black rat, roof rat
 * Redunca redunca (Pallas, 1767) — Bohor reedbuck
 * Rupicapra rupicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) — chamois, Alpine chamois
 * Saccolaimus saccolaimus (Temminck, 1838) — naked-rumped pouched bat
 * Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) — red fox

Birds

 * Alle alle (Linnaeus, 1758) — little auk, dovekie
 * Amandava amandava (Linnaeus, 1758) — red avadavat
 * Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus, 1766) — anhinga
 * Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758) — greylag goose
 * Antigone antigone (Linnaeus, 1758) — sarus crane
 * Apus apus (Linnaeus, 1758) — common swift
 * Bubo bubo (Linnaeus, 1758) — Eurasian eagle-owl
 * Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) — common buzzard
 * Calliope calliope (Pallas, 1776) — Siberian rubythroat
 * Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) — northern cardinal
 * Carduelis carduelis (Linnaeus, 1758) — European goldfinch
 * Casuarius casuarius (Linnaeus, 1758) — southern cassowary
 * Chloris chloris (Linnaeus, 1758) — European greenfinch
 * Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758) — white stork
 * Cinclus cinclus (Linnaeus, 1758) — white-throated dipper
 * Clanga clanga (Pallas, 1811) — greater spotted eagle
 * Coccothraustes coccothraustes (Linnaeus, 1758) — hawfinch
 * Cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus, 1766) — boat-billed heron
 * Coeligena coeligena (Lesson, 1833) — bronzy inca
 * Colius colius (Linnaeus, 1766) — white-backed mousebird
 * Coscoroba coscoroba (Molina, 1782) — coscoroba swan
 * Cotinga cotinga (Linnaeus, 1766) — purple-breasted cotinga
 * Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758) — common quail
 * Crex crex (Linnaeus, 1758) — corn crake, corncrake
 * Crossoptilon crossoptilon (Hodgson, 1838) — white eared pheasant
 * Curaeus curaeus (Molina, 1782) — austral blackbird
 * Curruca curruca (Linnaeus, 1758) — lesser whitethroat
 * Cyanicterus cyanicterus (Vieillot, 1819) — blue-backed tanager
 * Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758) — whooper swan
 * Diuca diuca (Molina, 1782) — diuca finch
 * Dives dives (Deppe, 1830) — melodious blackbird
 * Ensifera ensifera (Boissonneau, 1840) — sword-billed hummingbird
 * Erythrogenys erythrogenys (Vigors, 1831) — rusty-cheeked scimitar babbler
 * Falcipennis falcipennis (Hartlaub, 1855) — Siberian grouse
 * Francolinus francolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) — black francolin
 * Galbula galbula (Linnaeus, 1766) — green-tailed jacamar
 * Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758) — common snipe
 * Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) — red junglefowl
 * Granatina granatina (Linnaeus, 1766) — violet-eared waxbill
 * Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758) — common crane
 * Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788) — guira cuckoo
 * Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758) — black-winged stilt
 * Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus, 1758) — harlequin duck
 * Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus (Pallas, 1773) — Pallas's gull
 * Icterus icterus (Linnaeus, 1766) — Venezuelan troupial
 * Incana incana (Sclater & Hartlaub, 1881) — Socotra warbler
 * Indicator indicator (Sparrman, 1777) — greater honeyguide
 * Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766) — wattled jacana
 * Lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus, 1758) — willow ptarmigan
 * Lerwa lerwa (Hodgson, 1833) — snow partridge
 * Leucogeranus leucogeranus (Pallas, 1773) — Siberian crane
 * Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) — black-tailed godwit
 * Luscinia luscinia (Linnaeus, 1758) — thrush nightingale
 * Manacus manacus (Linnaeus, 1766) — white-bearded manakin
 * Mascarinus mascarinus (Linnaeus, 1771) — Mascarene parrot or mascarin
 * Melanodera melanodera (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) — white-bridled finch
 * Milvus milvus (Linnaeus, 1758) — red kite
 * Mitu mitu (Linnaeus, 1766) — Alagoas curassow
 * Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) — black-crowned night heron
 * Oenanthe oenanthe (Linnaeus, 1758) — northern wheatear
 * Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758) — Eurasian golden oriole
 * Pampa pampa (Lesson, 1832) — wedge-tailed sabrewing
 * Pauxi pauxi (Linnaeus, 1766) — helmeted curassow
 * Perdix perdix (Linnaeus, 1758) — grey partridge
 * Petronia petronia (Linnaeus, 1766) — rock sparrow
 * Phoenicurus phoenicurus (Linnaeus, 1758) — common redstart
 * Pica pica (Linnaeus, 1758) — Eurasian magpie
 * Pipile pipile (Jacquin, 1784) — Trinidad piping guan
 * Poliocephalus poliocephalus (Jardine & Selby, 1827) — hoary-headed grebe
 * Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) — western swamphen
 * Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema (Deville & Sclater, 1852) — purple-throated cotinga
 * Porzana porzana (Linnaeus, 1766) — spotted crake
 * Puffinus puffinus (Brünnich, 1764) — Manx shearwater
 * Pyrilia pyrilia (Bonaparte, 1853) — saffron-headed parrot
 * Pyrope pyrope (von Kittlitz, 1830) — fire-eyed diucon
 * Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Linnaeus, 1758) — red-billed chough
 * Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linnaeus, 1758) — Eurasian bullfinch
 * Quelea quelea (Linnaeus, 1758) — red-billed quelea
 * Radjah radjah (Garnot & Lesson, 1828) — radjah shelduck
 * Regulus regulus (Linnaeus, 1758) — goldcrest
 * Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758) — sand martin, bank swallow
 * Rupicola rupicola (Linnaeus, 1766) — Guianan cock-of-the-rock
 * Serinus serinus (Linnaeus, 1766) — European serin
 * Spinus spinus (Linnaeus, 1758) — Eurasian siskin
 * Suiriri suiriri (Vieillot, 1818) — suiriri flycatcher
 * Sula sula (Linnaeus, 1766) — red-footed booby
 * Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus, 1758) — common shelduck
 * Tchagra tchagra (Vieillot, 1816) — southern tchagra
 * Temnurus temnurus (Temminck, 1825) — ratchet-tailed treepie
 * Tetrax tetrax (Linnaeus, 1758) — little bustard
 * Todus todus (Linnaeus, 1758) — Jamaican tody
 * Troglodytes troglodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) — Eurasian wren
 * Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus, 1758) — eastern kingbird
 * Urile urile (Gmelin, 1789) — red-faced cormorant
 * Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus, 1758) — northern lapwing
 * Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte, 1826) — yellow-headed blackbird
 * Xenopirostris xenopirostris (Lafresnaye, 1850) — Lafresnaye's vanga

Reptiles

 * Agama agama (Linnaeus, 1758) — rainbow agama
 * Ameiva ameiva (Linnaeus, 1758) — giant ameiva
 * Basiliscus basiliscus (Linnaeus, 1758) — common basilisk
 * Calotes calotes (Linnaeus, 1758) — common green forest lizard
 * Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) — loggerhead sea turtle
 * Cerastes cerastes (Linnaeus, 1758) — desert horned viper
 * Chalcides chalcides (Linnaeus, 1758) — Italian three-toed skink
 * Clelia clelia (Daudin, 1803) — mussurana
 * Cordylus cordylus (Linnaeus, 1758) — Cape girdled lizard
 * Enhydris enhydris (Schneider, 1799) — rainbow water snake
 * Hypnale hypnale (Merrem, 1820) — hump-nosed viper
 * Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) — green iguana, common iguana
 * Naja naja (Linnaeus, 1758) — Indian cobra
 * Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758) — grass snake
 * Ophioscincus ophioscincus (Boulenger, 1887) — yolk-bellied snake-skink
 * Plica plica (Linnaeus, 1758) — collared treerunner
 * Scincus scincus (Linnaeus, 1758) — sandfish
 * Suta suta (Peters, 1863) — curl snake
 * Tetradactylus tetradactylus (Daudin, 1802) — long-toed seps

Amphibians

 * Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) — European fire-bellied toad
 * Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) — common toad
 * Pipa pipa (Linnaeus, 1758) — Suriname toad
 * Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758) — fire salamander

Fish

 * Alburnus alburnus — bleak
 * Alosa alosa — allis shad
 * Anableps anableps — largescale foureyes
 * Anguilla anguilla — European eel
 * Anostomus anostomus — striped headstander
 * Anthias anthias — swallowtail seaperch
 * Aspredo aspredo — a species of banjo catfish
 * Badis badis — blue perch, blue badis
 * Bagarius bagarius — devil catfish, goonch
 * Bagre bagre — coco sea catfish
 * Banjos banjos — banjofish
 * Barbatula barbatula — stone loach
 * Barbus barbus — barbel
 * Batasio batasio — a species of naked catfish
 * Belobranchus belobranchus — throat-spine gudgeon
 * Belone belone — garfish
 * Bidyanus bidyanus — silver perch
 * Boops boops — bogue
 * Brama brama — Atlantic pomfret
 * Brosme brosme — cusk
 * Butis butis — duckbill sleeper, crazy fish
 * Calamus calamus — saucereye porgy
 * Callichthys callichthys — cascarudo, armoured catfish
 * Capoeta capoeta — Caucasian scraper, Sevan khramulya
 * Carassius carassius — crucian carp
 * Catla catla — catla
 * Catostomus catostomus — longnose sucker
 * Chaca chaca — frogmouth catfish
 * Chandramara chandramara — a species of naked catfish
 * Chanos chanos — milkfish
 * Chitala chitala — Indian featherback
 * Chromis chromis — Mediterranean damselfish, Mediterranean chromis
 * Conger conger — European conger
 * Conta conta — conta catfish
 * Cynoglossus cynoglossus — Bengal tonguesole
 * Dactylopus dactylopus — Fingered dragonet
 * Dario dario — scarlet badis, scarlet dario
 * Dentex dentex — common dentex
 * Devario devario — Bengal danio
 * Erythrinus erythrinus — red wolffish
 * Gagata gagata — a species of sisorid catfish
 * Glyphis glyphis — speartooth shark
 * Gobio gobio — gudgeon
 * Gonorynchus gonorynchus — mousefish, beaked sandfish, beaked salmon
 * Hara hara — a species of South Asian river catfish
 * Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus — red Irish lord
 * Hippocampus hippocampus — short-snouted seahorse
 * Hippoglossus hippoglossus — Atlantic halibut
 * Histrio histrio — sargassum fish
 * Hucho hucho — Danube salmon, huchen
 * Huso huso — beluga sturgeon
 * Lactarius lactarius — false trevally
 * Lagocephalus lagocephalus — oceanic puffer
 * Lepadogaster lepadogaster — shore clingfish
 * Leuciscus leuciscus — common dace
 * Limanda limanda — common dab
 * Liparis liparis — common seasnail
 * Lithognathus lithognathus — white steenbras
 * Lota lota — burbot
 * Lutjanus lutjanus — bigeye snapper
 * Menidia menidia — Atlantic silverside
 * Merluccius merluccius — European hake
 * Microstoma microstoma — slender argentine
 * Mola mola — ocean sunfish
 * Molva molva — common ling
 * Mustelus mustelus — common smooth-hound
 * Myaka myaka — myaka
 * Nangra nangra — a species of sisorid catfish
 * Notopterus notopterus — bronze featherback
 * Oplopomus oplopomus — spinecheek goby
 * Pagrus pagrus — red porgy
 * Pangasius pangasius — pangas catfish
 * Phoxinus phoxinus — Eurasian minnow
 * Phycis phycis — forkbeard
 * Pinjalo pinjalo — pinjalo
 * Pollachius pollachius — pollack
 * Pristis pristis — largetooth sawfish
 * Pseudobagarius pseudobagarius — a species of stream catfish
 * Pungitius pungitius — ninespine stickleback
 * Rama rama — a species of naked catfish
 * Rasbora rasbora — Gangetic scissortail rasbora
 * Remora remora — common remora
 * Retropinna retropinna — New Zealand smelt
 * Rhinobatos rhinobatos — common guitarfish
 * Rita rita — rita
 * Rubicundus rubicundus — a species of hagfish
 * Rutilus rutilus — common roach
 * Sarda sarda — Atlantic bonito
 * Solea solea — common sole
 * Sphyraena sphyraena — European barracuda
 * Spinachia spinachia — sea stickleback
 * Sprattus sprattus — European sprat
 * Squatina squatina — angelshark
 * Synodus synodus — diamond lizardfish
 * Tandanus tandanus — eel-tailed catfish
 * Thymallus thymallus — grayling
 * Tinca tinca — tench
 * Torpedo torpedo — common torpedo
 * Trachurus trachurus — Atlantic horse mackerel
 * Trachycorystes trachycorystes — black catfish
 * Tropheops tropheops — golden tropheops
 * Vimba vimba — vimba bream
 * Zebrus zebrus — zebra goby
 * Zingel zingel — zingel
 * Zungaro zungaro — gilded catfish

Arthropods

 * Aniculus aniculus — a hermit crab
 * Anthrax anthrax — a bee fly
 * Appia appia — appia skipper
 * Ariadne ariadne — angled castor (a brush-footed butterfly)
 * Arita arita — arita skipper
 * Aroma aroma — aroma skipper
 * Aspitha aspitha — aspitha firetip (a skipper)
 * Astacus astacus — European crayfish
 * Avicularia avicularia — pinktoe tarantula
 * Balanus balanus — a barnacle
 * Bruna bruna — a skipper
 * Bucayana bucayana — a cranaid harvestman
 * Cactus cactus — a water flea
 * Calappa calappa — smooth box crab
 * Caleta caleta — angled Pierrot (a gossamer-winged butterfly)
 * Cephise cephise — a skipper
 * Clibanarius clibanarius — a hermit crab
 * Corticea corticea — redundant skipper
 * Cossus cossus — goat moth
 * Crangon crangon — brown shrimp
 * Cressida cressida — big greasy or clearwing swallowtail
 * Cumbre cumbre — a skipper
 * Cynea cynea — cynea skipper
 * Danis danis — large green-banded blue (a gossamer-winged butterfly)
 * Decinea decinea — decinea or Huastecan skipper
 * Ebusus ebusus — ebusus skipper
 * Ephippiger ephippiger — saddle-backed bush cricket
 * Erina erina — small dusky-blue (a gossamer-winged butterfly)
 * Flandria flandria — small flandria (a skipper)
 * Furcula furcula — sallow kitten (a notodontid moth)
 * Gesta gesta — impostor duskywing (a skipper)
 * Grapsus grapsus — red rock crab
 * Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa — European mole cricket
 * Idea idea — Linnaeus's idea (a brush-footed butterfly)
 * Joanna joanna — Joanna's skipper
 * Lamponia lamponia — a skipper
 * Lento lento — a skipper
 * Levina levina — a skipper
 * Librita librita — librita skipper
 * Ludens ludens — ludens skipper
 * Mashuna mashuna — Mashuna ringlet (a brush-footed butterfly)
 * Megacephala megacephala — big-headed tiger beetle
 * Melolontha melolontha — common cockchafer
 * Menander menander — menander metalmark
 * Meza meza — common missile (a skipper)
 * Misius misius — misius skipper
 * Moeros moeros — a skipper
 * Molla molla — a skipper
 * Mortola mortola — a solifuge
 * Narcosius narcosius — a skipper
 * Neita neita — Neita brown (a brush-footed butterfly)
 * Nyctelius nyctelius — violet-banded or nyctelius skipper
 * Orthos orthos — orthos skipper
 * Pamba pamba — a skipper
 * Passova passova — passova firetip (a skipper)
 * Pilosa pilosa — a zalmoxid harvestman
 * Plumbago plumbago — a skipper
 * Pollicipes pollicipes — a goose barnacle
 * Polyctor polyctor — polyctor tufted-skipper
 * Pompeius pompeius — pompeius skipper
 * Propertius propertius — propertius skipper
 * Protesilaus protesilaus — great kite-swallowtail
 * Punta punta — a skipper
 * Racta racta — racta skipper
 * Ranina ranina — red frog crab
 * Repens repens — a skipper
 * Ridens ridens — frosted skipper
 * Roche roche – an ochyroceratid spider
 * Sacrator sacrator — a skipper
 * Salatis salatis — variable scarlet-eye (a skipper)
 * Saturnus saturnus — a skipper
 * Scalpellum scalpellum — a goose barnacle
 * Scolytus scolytus — large elm bark beetle
 * Sodreana sodreana — a gonyleptid harvestman
 * Speculum speculum — hidden mirror skipper
 * Sucova sucova — sucova skipper
 * Tosta tosta — a skipper
 * Tromba tromba — a skipper
 * Turmada turmada — a skipper
 * Vermileo vermileo — a wormlion
 * Vidius vidius — a skipper
 * Xanthostigma xanthostigma — a snakefly
 * Zera zera — zera skipper
 * Zingha zingha — a brush-footed butterfly
 * Zoma zoma — a ray spider
 * Zonia zonia — zonia skipper
 * Zygoneura zygoneura — a dark-winged fungus gnat

Molluscs

 * Achatina achatina — African giant snail, giant tiger land snail
 * Agagus agagus
 * Arcinella arcinella — Caribbean spiny jewel box
 * Belonimorphis belonimorphis
 * Columella columella
 * Concholepas concholepas — loco or Chilean abalone
 * Cymbium cymbium — false elephant's snout volute
 * Dolabrifera dolabrifera
 * Ensis ensis — razor clam
 * Extra extra
 * Ficus ficus — paper fig shell
 * Fragum fragum — white strawberry cockle
 * Gemma gemma — amethyst gem clam
 * Gibberulus gibberulus — humpbacked conch
 * Glycymeris glycymeris — dog cockle
 * Harpa harpa — true harp
 * Haustellum haustellum
 * Hippopus hippopus — bear paw clam or horse's hoof clam
 * Janthina janthina — violet snail
 * Koilofera koilofera
 * Lambis lambis — a spider conch
 * Lima lima — spiny fileclam
 * Lithophaga lithophaga — date mussel
 * Lutraria lutraria — otter shell
 * Margaritifera margaritifera — freshwater pearl mussel
 * Melo melo — Indian volute or melon shell
 * Melongena melongena - Caribbean crown conch
 * Mercenaria mercenaria — northern quahog, hard clam
 * Meretrix meretrix
 * Mitra mitra — Episcopal miter shell
 * Modiolus modiolus — northern horse mussel
 * Modulus modulus
 * Ogasawarana ogasawarana
 * Oliva oliva — olive shell
 * Perna perna — brown mussel
 * Planorbis planorbis
 * Quadriplicata quadriplicata
 * Quadrula quadrula — mapleleaf mussel
 * Rapa rapa — bubble turnip
 * Spirula spirula — ram's horn squid
 * Staphylaea staphylaea — stippled cowry
 * Telescopium telescopium — telescope snail
 * Terebellum terebellum — terebellum conch
 * Tergipes tergipes
 * Tricornis tricornis — three-cornered conch
 * Umbraculum umbraculum — umbrella slug
 * Velutina velutina — velvet shell
 * Villosa villosa — a freshwater mussel
 * Viviparus viviparus — a European freshwater snail
 * Volva volva — shuttlecock volva

Other

 * Aaptos aaptos — a sponge
 * Acanthogyrus acanthogyrus — a parasitic worm in the family Quadrigyridae
 * Cephea cephea — crown jellyfish, cauliflower jellyfish
 * Chaos chaos — an amoeba
 * Cidaris cidaris — long-spine slate pen sea urchin
 * Convoluta convoluta — a flatworm
 * Crambe crambe — oyster sponge
 * Crassicauda crassicauda — a nematode
 * Echiurus echiurus — a spoon worm
 * Hamigera hamigera — a sponge
 * Heterophyes heterophyes — an intestinal fluke
 * Loa loa — a nematode
 * Mediocris mediocris — a foraminiferan
 * Moniliformis moniliformis — an acanthocephalan worm
 * Ophiura ophiura – serpent star (a brittle star)
 * Periphylla periphylla — helmet jellyfish
 * Porites porites — hump coral, finger coral
 * Porpita porpita — blue button (a siphonophore)
 * Spirorbis spirorbis — an annelid
 * Thalassema thalassema — a spoon worm
 * Tubifex tubifex — sludge worm
 * Turgida turgida — a nematode
 * Velella velella — by-the-wind-sailor
 * Yukonensis yukonensis — an archaeocyathan

Plant near-tautonyms

 * Abutilon abutiloides — shrubby Indian mallow
 * Araucaria araucana — monkey puzzle tree
 * Arctostaphylos uva-ursi — kinnikinnick (does not look tautonym, but Arctostaphylos is just the greek for uva-ursi)
 * Bituminaria bituminosa — Arabian pea
 * Cajanus cajan — pigeon pea
 * Canarina canariensis — Canary Island bellflower
 * Cuminum cyminum — cumin
 * Elymus elymoides — squirreltail
 * Larix laricina — tamarack
 * Luzula luzuloides — white wood-rush
 * Pinus pinea — stone pine
 * Pyrus pyrifolia — asian pear
 * Raphanus raphanistrum — wild radish
 * Sagittaria sagittifolia — arrowhead
 * Salacca zalacca — salak
 * Silaum silaus – pepper saxifrage
 * Soleirolia soleirolii – mother of thousands
 * Tetragonia tetragonioides – New Zealand spinach
 * Thalictrum thalictroides – rue-anemone
 * Zinnia zinnioides — Zinnia-like Zinnia
 * Ziziphus zizyphus — jujube (note that the currently accepted name is Ziziphus jujuba)

title: List of tautonyms