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Talk:Hindu wedding

Untitled
Please dont merge. If the new sections require this context, they can always link back here, cant they? My argument against merging this wedding section with the religion project is that the hindu weddings are very little in religious context. They are more cultural than religious. Hence it is unfair to categorize this under Religion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.112.26.208 (talk) 01:13, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Hindi names
I don't get it, why remove the Hindi names? As long as we have the english explanation/translation, the Hindi names add authenticity. Did you remove them because we shouldn't favor Hindi over other languages that practice Hinduism? I don't know what to do about that since we can't add every languages word for each item, but since Hindi is the most common language spoken by Hindus, I think we should include them - Taxman Talk 12:36, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, the problem is that a Hindu wedding is too complicated to be simply described in two paragraphs. No tradition/ritual exists in all kinds of Hindu weddings; I'm a Hindu, and have lived in India for 20+ years, but have *never* heard of any of the terms mentioned in the article that I removed. Adding Hindi terms for rituals that only Malayalis practise is absurd; the word would probably exist only in Malayalam anyway. Adding terms like baraat in Hindi is fine though, if accompanied by a description of which communities/regions it pertains to. For rituals that exist in all Hindu traditions, Sanskrit is arguably the best choice. I'd recommend Sanskrit terms as being more traditional and authentic than Hindi terms for such terms. Ambarish 17:48, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well you're certainly a better one to improve the article than I. Yes, I know it needs a lot more to explain the variations, but I didn't want to add too much without good references, and I found very few in english (and none so far of high quality), the only language I know well. I didn't want to write much just from what I knew because that's not very verifiable which is important. The article needs good sources and to cite them. I've only been to three Hindu weddings, all in the US. One between a Panjabi and an American, one Gujarati/Panjabi and one Panjabi/Telagu (Is that an ethnic group too? The family was from AP in any case). Almost all Hindu weddings here have a program outlining the ceremonies. The three I saw were primarily in English with the names also in what I thought was Hindi. Maybe they were Sanskrit, but certainly they were romanized. I'll try to find one of them. I don't know which would be the ritual you referred to as only being practiced by Malayali's though. Certainly the article should make it clear that there is a great variety in the traditions, and I tried to do that with this small start, please make that clearer if you think I didn't. If you don't have a chance to expand the article, hopefully someone else will, to avoid me doing a hack job at it. I guess using Sanskrit does make a lot more sense for those, after thinking about it, but of course, I don't know the which words are in Sanskrit unless someone tells me. - Taxman Talk 19:20, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * I will work on it whenever I do have the time; in the meantime, I think it would be great if anyone contributes to it; after all, it's a lot easier for me (or anyone else) to correct mistakes and add incremental stuff that to write entire sections. Please feel free to add whatever it is you come across. In short, be bold, and I shall be too! P.S. I actually don't know enough about Malayalis myself; I'm not one, and I just meant it as an example. I do know though about similar customs for even particular sub-communities of people. For instance, among Brahmins from the state of Tamil Nadu, there are 3-4 sub-sects, each of whose wedding rituals is different. Complicated? Yes. Fascinating? Yes! Ambarish 10:42, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * In case it has not been noted most of the terms in Devanagari (like पाणिगृहण ) were in Sanskrit. You will find them in Sanskrit wedding manuals all over India. --Vikramsingh (talk) 00:43, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Merge
There's currently a fork of this at Indian wedding. That article should be changed to a list of pointers to Hindu wedding, Muslim wedding, Jain wedding etc, and anything in there that's relevant brought into here. Jpatokal (talk) 04:23, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think it is a good idea to merge Indian wedding article into this article. There are customs which are different in Hindu and Indian weddings. Merging that article into this will leave no differences between the two. Twin.priyanka (talk) 11:57, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Article Quality
This is another of the confusing articles in the wedding series, eg. Indian Wedding. I'd like to help edit this article but I'm not sure what's the best way to divide traditions between North/South, brahim/non brahim, Gujarati/Tamil/Punjabi, etc. This is essential a Pandora's box for Hindu weddings and like what other commenters said, several traditions don't overlap (even ones currently mentioned in the article). Should this article be a general introduction to Hindu weddings and then we branch off with articles to specific regions (e.g. Tamil Hindu Wedding)? Or something else? -- Sapphirecut 23:32, 07 November 2013 (UTC).

I just wanted to point this out: "Modern Hindu weddings are often gassy, much shorter, and do not involve all of the rituals of the traditional ceremony, which sometimes go on for five days." Gassy? I'm not sure what that word was meant to mean but it could use clarification. 65.188.250.30 (talk) 03:35, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Looks like an old bit of vandalism that didn't get picked up when it happened. I've reverted to an older version, essentially the same but without "gassy".  Thanks for the note.  Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 03:55, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Much better distinction here (and elsewhere) needs to be made between what is written in the Veda's (Vedanta) and Hinduism. Mixing up Spirituality and Religion is confusing. People adhering to the teaching of the Vedanta are not by definition Hindu's and vice-verse. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AernoudDekker (talk • contribs) 05:29, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

Change name
This article clearly describes a north indian wedding. Please dont call it a hindu wedding. It doesnt have any information related to south indian weddings or manipuri weddings. So I urge admins to rename this article. Or else hire people to change its content. Also please dont use hindi names. If possible use sanskrit names. coz this is not abt a north indian wedding. 71.90.100.176 (talk) 16:14, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Overlap/duplicate/missing information on the ritual?
Currently the following articles exist related to Hindu weddings: Could it be that some of the separate articles on rituals need to be merged in one of the overview articles, or in a new article? I don't see what belongs where, as hardly any of them is mentioned in the overviews, so it is confusing at the moment. They seem to be incomplete as well (e.g. Khasa Pada Puje is missing, and what follows after that?). Wiki-uk (talk) 13:27, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Overviews: Marriage in Hinduism· Hindu wedding· Vedic wedding ceremony· Vivāha· Yogic marriage.
 * Rituals: Thread ceremony· Gaye holud (Bengali)· Shakunamanojaya· Balle Mallarada Puje· Pade Puje· Kankana Dharane· Khasa Pada Puje· Satphere· Saptapadi· Mangal Ashtaka· Pradakshina· Parikrama.
 * Regional: Andhra Pradesh (Telegu)· Arunachal Pradesh (Panchai baja)· Bengal· Bengal (Hindu)· Kerala (Kettu Kalyanam)· Rajasthan (Rajput)· Sikkim (Limbu) Tamil (Iyer)

I have just been to a Hindu wedding. If I had read this article first I would have been confused as during the three hours long ceremony some of the rituals mentioned were not performed and others added. The article is therefore deficient in scope and context. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.30.18.150 (talk) 12:33, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

Student Edit to "Additional Rituals"
EricaJu (talk) 15:22, 7 February 2014 (UTC)

{{Course assignment |course= EDUCATION PROGRAM:Duquesne University/UCOR 143 Global and Cultural perspectives (Fall 2014)|term= 2014 Q3} — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lillyreilly (talk • contribs) 21:59, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Additions by Kithuz
User:Kithuz added to the lead -
 * Especially, there are a few rituals done during the wedding period. Firstly, it is called Dholi. It is where the bride's friends and family throw rice grains on her before she leaves her parents house to wish her parents good luck forever more. Then, the Vaaynuvi happens. It happens when the bride groom ties the auspicious string, 'Thali' on her. The people around would throw yellow rice on them as a form of respect for the 'Thali' and to also make sure it is secured on her neck. Lastly, the Chortaan Ka Tel happens. Before the bride enters her in- laws house, she would kick a pot of rice, believed that it informs the house that a new member has joined the house.''

Dear Kithuz - I have removed the above because it is unsourced. Wikipedia community requires that content should be verifiable in reliable sources, and articles should follow certain style and format. Please see WP:LEAD, WP:MOS, WP:REFB and WP:V for help. Your contribution is welcome with WP:RELIABLE sources. Peace, Lisa.davis (talk) 12:36, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

Vedas and Vedic rituals manipulated and distorted by Sanatana dharma
Is there any info on Vedic rituals being manipulated and distorted by sanatana dharma ? there are several incidences of this given that many new gods were added as original source gods to hinduism by primarily sanatana dharma as they absorbed everyone into their religion which was not what the indus valley people had in mind even worshipping prabupada etc sai baba — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.97.160.122 (talk) 01:29, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

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Merge with Vivaah
Vivaah and Hindu wedding discuss the same topic. Suggest merger into this article.-- Redtigerxyz Talk 06:44, 7 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Support, but it would be better to merge Hindu wedding into Vivah. .👨🏻🎨 💠 245CMR💠 . •👥📜 08:00, 21 October 2020 (UTC)
 * A merge makes sense, but I support merging Vivaah into this article. As a reader who knows nothing about the topic, this article seems to be better written, organized, and sourced. Schazjmd   (talk)  22:35, 21 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Support They're clearly the same topic. I agree with the original proposal that Vivaah should be merged into Hindu wedding, as Hindu wedding is a more general term and that is the better article of the two. Would anyone be able to perform this merge? Lennart97 (talk) 23:35, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Yenne Saastra into Hindu wedding
Part of the Hindu wedding process. Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 21:37, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Support I can't think of any reason why anyone would oppose this. Please perform the merge if you can! Lennart97 (talk) 23:31, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:08, 28 July 2021 (UTC)
 * The traditional attire of Thiyyar (Tiyya) Bridegroom and companions who dressed as warriors and holding raised sword in their right hand ,in 1912.jpg

Proposed merge of Vedic wedding ceremony into Hindu wedding
See Talk:Vedic wedding ceremony Ost (talk) 23:33, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Support - Both are clearly the same topic. LearnIndology (talk) 11:04, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Support They should be merged. Only the references and images need to be added to the target article. The content is already present. -MPGuy2824 (talk) 10:58, 27 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support Vedic wedding is unlikely to have unique content that cannot be covered under Hindu wedding Chancemill (talk) 14:12, 14 May 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 09:34, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hindu wedding


text:
Almansa

Almansa is a Spanish town and municipality in the province of Albacete, part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. The name "Almansa" stems from the Arabic المنصف (al-manṣaf), "half way of the road". The municipality borders with Alicante, Valencia and Murcia. Almansa is famous for its Moros y cristianos festival celebrated from 1 to 6 May.

Almansa is built at the foot of a white limestone crag, which is surmounted by a Moorish castle, and rises abruptly in the midst of a fertile and irrigated plain. About 1 mi south of the town centre stands an obelisk commemorating the Battle of Almansa fought there on 25 April 1707 during the War of Spanish Succession, in which a French, Spanish and Irish army under command of the duke of Berwick, a natural son of James II, routed the allied British, Portuguese and Spanish troops. Annual reenactments of that battle have been formally listed in the Spanish cultural register.

The Sierra del Mugrón is located within the Almansa city limits.

Main sights
The main sightseeing attraction is the 14th-century Castle of Almansa.

There are other important monuments, such as:
 * Church of la Asunción (16th-19th century)
 * Palace of Los Condes de Cirat (16th century), today the Town Hall
 * Church of the Agustinas Convent (18th century)
 * The Convent of San Francisco (17th century)
 * Clock Tower (1780)

8 km from the city is the reservoir of Almansa,  built in 1584. This reservoir is the oldest one in Europe. 12 km from the city is the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Belen (17th century).

Camino de Santiago
Two pilgrim routes on the Camino de Santiago meet in Almansa. From the south comes the Camino de la Lana and from the east, the Camino de Levante. The Camino de la Lana joins Alicante with Burgos, and the Camino de Levante joins Valencia with Zamora.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Almansa


text:
AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship

The AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship was a major professional wrestling title in the Continental Wrestling Association during the 1970s and 1980s. The title is part of a long lineage that was started when the NWA Southern Junior Heavyweight Championship, in use since 1939, was renamed the NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Memphis version) in 1974. The title's name changed again in 1978, when it was renamed the AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship due to a partnership with the American Wrestling Association. It was also called the Mid-Southern Heavyweight Championship in Pro Wrestling Illustrated and its sister publications, in order for this title to not be confused with Championship Wrestling from Florida's version of the title.

The title was revived in the United States Wrestling Association from 1989 until 1997 when the USWA closed. It was known as the USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship and later simply the USWA Heavyweight Championship during that time; however, unlike the previous Southern title in Memphis, this one played a secondary role to the USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship. It was revived in Memphis Championship Wrestling as the MCW Southern Heavyweight Championship in 2000 and 2001. It was later revived and renamed in 2004 for use in Memphis Wrestling as the Memphis Wrestling Southern Heavyweight Championship, where the last recorded champion was Brian Christopher, winning the championship on November 4, 2010, but with no recorded championship matches since then. Memphis Wrestling held their last regular in 2009.

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 * number = 19
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * sort number=30.5
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 * notes =Lawler retired after a match against Bill Dundee, but later returned to the ring
 * ref =
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 * location =Louisville, Kentucky
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 * notes =Defeated Mr. Wrestling in the finals of a six-man one-night tournament.
 * ref =
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
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 * location =CWA Show
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 * notes =Championship became an AWA championship in July 1978 when the CWA began working with the American Wrestling Association.
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 * number = 35
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * notes =
 * ref =
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * notes =
 * ref =
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 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 20
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * notes =
 * ref =
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * ref =
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 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
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 * champion = {{sortname|Toru|Tanaka}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|February 12, 1979}}
 * days = {{age in days|February 12, 1979|March 31, 1979 }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Won the title by forfeit. Robert Fuller won the title on March 19, 1979, but the title was returned to Tanaka.
 * ref =
 * number = 46
 * champion = {{sortname|Buzz|Sawyer}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|March 31, 1979}}
 * days = {{age in days|March 31, 1979|April 2, 1979}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * sort number = 46.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|April 2, 1979}}
 * notes =Championship vacated after a match against the Mongolian Stomper
 * ref =
 * number = 47
 * champion = {{sort|Mongolian Stomper|The Mongolian Stomper}}
 * reign = 3
 * date = {{dts|April 23, 1979}}
 * days = {{age in days|April 23, 1979|June 4, 1979}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Defeated Buzz Sawyer in a rematch.
 * ref =
 * number = 48
 * champion = {{sortname|Robert|Fuller|Robert Fuller (wrestler)}}
 * reign = 2
 * date = {{dts|June 4, 1979}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 49
 * champion = {{sortname|Ron|Bass|Ron Bass (wrestler)}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|1979|June}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =Bluefield, West Virginia
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 50
 * champion = {{sort|Taylor|Randy Taylor}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|1979|June}}
 * days = {{sort|2| }}
 * location =
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 51
 * champion = {{sortname|Ron|Bass|Ron Bass (wrestler)}}
 * reign = 2
 * date = {{dts|July 2, 1979}}
 * days = {{age in days|July 2, 1979|August 27, 1979}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 52
 * champion = {{sortname|Bill|Dundee}}
 * reign = 3
 * date = {{dts|August 27, 1979}}
 * days = {{age in days|August 27, 1979|September 11, 1979}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * sort number = 52.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|September 11, 1979}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Championship vacated after a match against Ron Bass.
 * ref =
 * number = 53
 * champion = {{sortname|Bill|Dundee}}
 * reign = 4
 * date = {{dts|September 17, 1979}}
 * days = {{age in days|September 17, 1979|September 24, 1979}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Defeated Bass in a rematch.
 * ref =
 * number = 54
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 21
 * date = {{dts|September 24, 1979}}
 * days = {{age in days|September 24, 1979|October 1, 1979}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 55
 * champion = {{sortname|Bill|Dundee}}
 * reign = 5
 * date = {{dts|October 1, 1979}}
 * days = {{age in days|October 1, 1979|October 15, 1979}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 56
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 22
 * date = {{dts|October 15, 1979}}
 * days = {{age in days|October 15, 1979|January 3, 1980}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 57
 * champion = {{sortname|Jimmy|Valiant}}
 * reign = 3
 * date = {{dts|January 3, 1980}}
 * days = {{age in days|January 3, 1980|April 7, 1980}}
 * location =Jackson, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 58
 * champion = {{sortname|Paul|Ellering}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|April 7, 1980}}
 * days = {{age in days|April 7, 1980|July 7, 1980}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 59
 * champion = {{sortname|Bill|Dundee}}
 * reign = 6
 * date = {{dts|July 7, 1980}}
 * days = {{age in days|July 7, 1980|August 4, 1980}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * sort number = 59.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|August 4, 1980}}
 * notes =Title was vacated when Dundee won the CWA World Heavyweight Championship
 * ref =
 * number = 60
 * champion = {{sortname|Bill|Irwin|Bill Irwin (wrestler)}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|August 11, 1980}}
 * days = {{age in days|August 11, 1980|August 18, 1980}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Defeated Jimmy Valiant the finals of an eight-man one-night tournament.
 * ref =
 * sort number = 60.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|August 18, 1980}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Championship vacated after a match against Jimmy Valliant
 * ref =
 * number = 61
 * champion = {{sortname|Jimmy|Valiant}}
 * reign = 4
 * date = {{dts|August 25, 1980}}
 * days = {{age in days|August 25, 1980|September 1, 1980}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Defeated Bill Irwin in a rematch.
 * ref =
 * number = 62
 * champion = {{sortname|Tommy|Rich}}
 * reign = 3
 * date = {{dts|September 1, 1980}}
 * days = {{age in days|September 1, 1980|September 9, 1980}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 63
 * champion = {{sortname|Jimmy|Valiant}}
 * reign = 5
 * date = {{dts|September 9, 1980}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 64
 * champion = {{sortname|Tommy|Rich}}
 * reign = 4
 * date = {{dts|October 6, 1980}} {{small|(NLT)}}
 * days = {{sort|{{age in days|October 6, 1980|November 1, 1976}}| }}
 * location =
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * sort number = 64.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|1980|November}}
 * notes =Championship vacated for undocumented reasons
 * ref =
 * number = 65
 * champion = {{sortname|Jimmy|Valiant}}
 * reign = 6
 * date = {{dts|January 17, 1981}}
 * days = {{age in days|January 17, 1981|February 15, 1981}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Defeated Hector Guerrero in a tournament final.
 * ref =
 * number = 66
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 23
 * date = {{dts|February 15, 1981}}
 * days = {{age in days|February 15, 1981|June 22, 1981}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 67
 * champion = {{sortname|Jimmy|Hart}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|June 22, 1981}}
 * days = {{age in days|June 22, 1981|June 27, 1981}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 68
 * champion = {{sortname|Chick|Donovan}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|June 27, 1981}}
 * days = {{sort|{{age in days|June 27, 1981|July 1, 1981}}| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Hart laid down and let Donovan win the title.
 * ref =
 * sort number = 68.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|1981|July}}
 * notes =Donovan was stripped of the championship because of the way in which he won it.
 * ref =
 * number = 69
 * champion = {{sortname|Steve|Keirn}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|July 20, 1981}}
 * days = {{age in days|July 20, 1981|August 16, 1981}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Defeated Bugsy McGraw in a tournament final.
 * ref =
 * number = 70
 * champion = {{sort|Dream Machine|The Dream Machine}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|August 16, 1981}}
 * days = {{age in days|August 16, 1981|August 24, 1981}}
 * location =Jackson, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 71
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 24
 * date = {{dts|August 24, 1981}}
 * days = {{age in days|August 24, 1981|September 7, 1981}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 72
 * champion = {{sort|Dream Machine|The Dream Machine}}
 * reign = 2
 * date = {{dts|September 7, 1981}}
 * days = {{age in days|September 7, 1981|September 14, 1981}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 73
 * champion = {{sortname|Jimmy|Valiant}}
 * reign = 7
 * date = {{dts|September 14, 1981}}
 * days = {{sort|{{age in days|September 14, 1981|October 1, 1981}}| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 74
 * champion = {{sort|Dream Machine|The Dream Machine}}
 * reign = 3
 * date = {{dts|October 1981}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =Lexington, Kentucky
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 75
 * champion = {{sortname|Dutch|Mantel}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|October 26, 1981}}
 * days = {{age in days|October 26, 1981|January 18, 1982}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 76
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 25
 * date = {{dts|January 18, 1982}}
 * days = {{age in days|January 18, 1982|February 14, 1982}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 77
 * champion = {{sortname|Dutch|Mantel}}
 * reign = 2
 * date = {{dts|February 14, 1982}}
 * days = {{age in days|February 14, 1982|March 1, 1982}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 78
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 26
 * date = {{dts|March 1, 1982}}
 * days = {{age in days|March 1, 1982|March 22, 1982}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 79
 * champion = {{sortname|Dutch|Mantel}}
 * reign = 3
 * date = {{dts|March 22, 1982}}
 * days = {{age in days|March 22, 1982|March 29, 1982}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 80
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 27
 * date = {{dts|March 29, 1982}}
 * days = {{sort|{{age in days|March 29, 1982|May 1, 1982}}| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 81
 * champion = {{sort|Nagasaki|Kendo Nagasaki}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|May 1982}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 82
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 28
 * date = {{dts|May 24, 1982}}
 * days = {{age in days|May 24, 1982|June 7, 1982}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 83
 * champion = Kamala
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|June 7, 1982}}
 * days = {{age in days|June 7, 1982|August 9, 1982}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 84
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 29
 * date = {{dts|August 9, 1982}}
 * days = {{age in days|August 9, 1982|October 11, 1982}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 85
 * champion = {{sortname|Nick|Bockwinkel}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|October 11, 1982}}
 * days = {{age in days|October 11, 1982|November 8, 1982}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 86
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 30
 * date = {{dts|November 8, 1982}}
 * days = {{age in days|November 8, 1982|November 15, 1982}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 87
 * champion = {{sort|Sabu|Sabu the Wildman}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|November 15, 1982}}
 * days = {{age in days|November 15, 1982|November 29, 1982}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Partnered with Jimmy Hart to defeat Jerry Lawler in a handicap match. Hart got the pin, but Sabu the Wildman was recognized as champion.
 * ref =
 * number = 88
 * champion = {{sortname|Terry|Taylor}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|November 29, 1982}}
 * days = {{age in days|November 29, 1982|January 30, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 89
 * champion = {{sortname|Jacques|Rougeau}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|January 30, 1983}}
 * days = {{age in days|January 30, 1983|February 14, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 90
 * champion = {{sortname|Terry|Taylor}}
 * reign = 2
 * date = {{dts|February 14, 1983}}
 * days = {{age in days|February 14, 1983|March 21, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 91
 * champion = {{sortname|Bill|Dundee}}
 * reign = 7
 * date = {{dts|March 21, 1983}}
 * days = {{age in days|March 21, 1983|May 9, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 92
 * champion = {{sortname|Dutch|Mantel}}
 * reign = 4
 * date = {{dts|May 9, 1983}}
 * days = {{age in days|May 9, 1983|May 16, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 93
 * champion = {{sortname|Bill|Dundee}}
 * reign = 8
 * date = {{dts|May 16, 1983}}
 * days = {{age in days|May 16, 1983|May 30, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 94
 * champion = {{sortname|Dutch|Mantel}}
 * reign = 5
 * date = {{dts|May 30, 1983}}
 * days = {{age in days|May 30, 1983|May 30, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 95
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 31
 * date = {{dts|May 30, 1983}}
 * days = {{age in days|May 30, 1983|May 30, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 96
 * champion = {{sortname|Bill|Dundee}}
 * reign = 9
 * date = {{dts|May 30, 1983}}
 * days = {{age in days|May 30, 1983|June 6, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 97
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 32
 * date = {{dts|June 6, 1983}}
 * days = {{age in days|June 6, 1983|June 20, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 98
 * champion = {{sort|Man Mountain|Man Mountain Link}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|June 20, 1983}}
 * days = {{age in days|June 20, 1983|June 20, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 99
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 33
 * date = {{dts|June 20, 1983}}
 * days = {{sort|{{age in days|June 20, 1983|July 1, 1983}}| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 100
 * champion = {{sort|Man Mountain|Man Mountain Link}}
 * reign = 2
 * date = {{dts|July 1983}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 101
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 34
 * date = {{dts|July 4, 1983}}
 * days = {{sort|{{age in days|July 4, 1983|September 1, 1983}}| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * sort number=101.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|1983|September}}
 * notes =Lawler was stripped of the championship for failing to defend within 30 days.
 * ref =
 * number = 102
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 35
 * date = {{dts|September 10, 1983}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Defeated Bill Dundee in a tournament final.
 * ref =
 * number = 103
 * champion = {{sortname|Jesse|Ventura}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|September 1983}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 104
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 36
 * date = {{dts|October 3, 1983}}
 * days = {{age in days|October 3, 1983|October 10, 1983}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 105
 * champion = {{sortname|Jesse|Ventura}}
 * reign = 2
 * date = {{dts|October 10, 1983}}
 * days = {{sort|{{age in days|October 10, 1983|November 1, 1983}}| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 106
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 37
 * date = {{dts|1983|November}}
 * days = {{sort|{{age in days|November 30, 1983|April 30, 1984}}| }}
 * location =Chicago, Illinois
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 107
 * champion = Lord Humongous
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|April 30, 1984}}
 * days = {{age in days|April 30, 1984|May 21, 1984}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Mike Stark was portraying Lord Humongous at this point in time
 * ref =
 * number = 108
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 38
 * date = {{dts|May 21, 1984}}
 * days = {{age in days|May 21, 1984|June 11, 1984}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 109
 * champion = {{sortname|Rick|Rude}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|June 11, 1984}}
 * days = {{age in days|June 11, 1984|July 16, 1984}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 110
 * champion = {{sortname|Tommy|Rich}}
 * reign = 5
 * date = {{dts|July 16, 1984}}
 * days = {{age in days|July 16, 1984|July 30, 1984}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 111
 * champion = {{sortname|King Kong|Bundy}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|July 30, 1984}}
 * days = {{age in days|July 30, 1984|November 12, 1984}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Special guest referee Eddie Gilbert
 * ref =
 * number = 112
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 39
 * date = {{dts|November 12, 1984}}
 * days = {{age in days|November 12, 1984|January 28, 1985}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * sort number=112.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|January 28, 1985}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Championship vacated after a match against Eddie Gilbert
 * ref =
 * number = 113
 * champion = {{sortname|Eddie|Gilbert|Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|1985|February}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Defeated Jerry Lawler in a rematch.
 * ref =
 * number = 114
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 40
 * date = {{dts|February 12, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|February 12, 1985|March 17, 1985}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 115
 * champion = {{sortname|Randy|Savage}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|March 17, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|March 17, 1985|May 7, 1985}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 116
 * champion = {{sort|Oske|Jerry Oske}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|May 7, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|May 7, 1985|May 13, 1985}}
 * location =Louisville, Kentucky
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 117
 * champion = {{sortname|Randy|Savage}}
 * reign = 2
 * date = {{dts|May 13, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|May 13, 1985|June 3, 1985}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 118
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 41
 * date = {{dts|June 3, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|June 3, 1985|June 24, 1985}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 119
 * champion = Bota the Witch Doctor
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|June 24, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|June 24, 1985|July 29, 1985}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 120
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 42
 * date = {{dts|July 29, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|July 29, 1985|August 16, 1985}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 121
 * champion = {{sortname|Taras|Bulba|Ion Croitoru}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|August 16, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|August 16, 1985|September 6, 1985}}
 * location =Selmer, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 122
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 43
 * date = {{dts|September 6, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|September 6, 1985|October 19, 1985}}
 * location =Martin, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 123
 * champion = {{sortname|Bill|Dundee}}
 * reign = 10
 * date = {{dts|October 19, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|October 19, 1985|December 21, 1985}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 124
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 44
 * date = {{dts|December 21, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|December 21, 1985|December 30, 1985}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 125
 * champion = {{sortname|Bill|Dundee}}
 * reign = 11
 * date = {{dts|December 30, 1985}}
 * days = {{age in days|December 30, 1985|April 8, 1986}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 126
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 45
 * date = {{dts|April 8, 1986}}
 * days = {{age in days|April 8, 1986|May 2, 1986}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 127
 * champion = {{sortname|Bill|Dundee}}
 * reign = 12
 * date = {{dts|May 2, 1986}}
 * days = {{age in days|May 2, 1986|June 2, 1986}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 128
 * champion = {{sortname|Buddy|Landel}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|June 2, 1986}}
 * days = {{age in days|June 2, 1986|June 2, 1986}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * sort number=128.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|June 2, 1986}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Championship vacated immediately after the match
 * ref =
 * number = 129
 * champion = {{sortname|Buddy|Landel}}
 * reign = 2
 * date = {{dts|June 16, 1986}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Defeated The Flame in a tournament final.
 * ref =
 * sort number=129.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|1986|June}}
 * notes =Vacated when Buddy Landel left the CWA
 * ref =
 * number = 130
 * champion = {{sortname|Bam Bam|Bigelow}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|July 28, 1986}}
 * days = {{age in days|July 28, 1986|September 8, 1986}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Won a battle royal.
 * ref =
 * number = 131
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 46
 * date = {{dts|September 8, 1986}}
 * days = {{age in days|September 8, 1986|January 11, 1987}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * sort number=131.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|January 11, 1987}}
 * notes =Vacated when Lawler suffered an injury
 * ref =
 * number = 132
 * champion = {{sortname|Austin|Idol}}
 * reign = 2
 * date = {{dts|February 2, 1987}}
 * days = {{age in days|February 2, 1987|April 20, 1987}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Defeated Soul Train Jones in a tournament final.
 * ref =
 * number = 133
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 47
 * date = {{dts|April 20, 1987}}
 * days = {{age in days|April 20, 1987|April 27, 1987}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 134
 * champion = {{sortname|Austin|Idol}}
 * reign = 3
 * date = {{dts|April 27, 1987}}
 * days = {{age in days|April 27, 1987|June 8, 1987}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 135
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 48
 * date = {{dts|June 8, 1987}}
 * days = {{age in days|June 8, 1987|July 6, 1987}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 136
 * champion = Brickhouse Brown
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|July 6, 1987}}
 * days = {{age in days|July 6, 1987|July 13, 1987}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 137
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 49
 * date = {{dts|July 13, 1987}}
 * days = {{age in days|July 13, 1987|August 3, 1987}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * sort number=137.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|August 3, 1987}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Vacated after a match against Don Bass
 * ref =
 * number = 138
 * champion = {{sortname|Don|Bass|Don Bass (wrestler)}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|August 3, 1987}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Partnered with Brickhouse Brown, Bass pinned Lawler, who was partnered with Rocky Johnson, in a tag team match where the title was on the line.
 * ref =
 * number = 139
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 50
 * date = {{dts|August 1987}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 140
 * champion = {{sortname|Don|Bass|Don Bass (wrestler)}}
 * reign = 2
 * date = {{dts|August 24, 1987}}
 * days = {{age in days|August 24, 1987|August 31, 1987}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * number = 141
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 51
 * date = {{dts|August 31, 1987}}
 * days = {{sort|1| }}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * sort number=141.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|1987|September}}
 * notes =Lawler vacated the championship to concentrate on the AWA World Tag Team Championship.
 * ref =
 * number = 142
 * champion = {{sortname|Bobby|Jaggers}}
 * reign = 1
 * date = {{dts|October 19, 1987}}
 * days = {{age in days|October 19, 1987|November 21, 1987}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =Defeated Billy Travis in a tournament final.
 * ref =
 * number = 143
 * champion = {{sortname|Jerry|Lawler}}
 * reign = 52
 * date = {{dts|November 21, 1987}}
 * days = {{age in days|November 21, 1987|December 7, 1987}}
 * location =Memphis, Tennessee
 * event = CWA Show
 * notes =
 * ref =
 * sort number=143.5
 * type=vacated
 * date = {{dts|December 7, 1987}}
 * notes =The title was unified with the AWA International Heavyweight Championship and the NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship to create the CWA Heavyweight Championship
 * ref =

title: AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship


text:
Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann

Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann ("Republican Society of Ireland") was a political party established by the Irish Republican Army in 1936. It existed until 1937.

It was founded in Barry's Hotel, Dublin, on 7 March 1936, and decided to adopt a policy of abstentionism with regard to any seats it might win in elections to the Free State Oireachtas and the Parliament of Northern Ireland.

The party was led by prominent IRA members. Paddy McLogan served as party chairman; former IRA chief of staff Andy Cooney was another leading member. Madge Daly (sister of Ned Daly and Kathleen Clarke), Fionna Plunkett (sister of Joseph Plunkett), Seán MacBride, Joseph P. Brennan, Peadar O'Donnell and Moss Twomey were also members. General Eoin O'Duffy attended the founding meeting but never became a member.

In 1936, during the legislative period of the 8th Dáil, the party ran two candidates in by-elections:

In the Galway by-election, held in the Galway constituency on 13 August 1936, Count Plunkett ran as a joint Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann/Sinn Féin candidate. Losing his deposit, he polled 2,696 votes (a 4.09 percent share of the vote).

In the Wexford by-election, held in the Wexford constituency on 17 August 1936, Stephen Hayes polled 1,301 votes (a 2.85 percent share of the vote) and lost his deposit.

title: Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann


text: User talk:85.65.57.143

title: User talk:85.65.57.143


text:
Black Tigers

The Black Tigers (கரும்புலிகள்) was an elite suicide commando (special operations capable) unit of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a militant Tamil separatist organization in Sri Lanka.

They were specially selected and trained LTTE cadres whose missions included direct action, irregular warfare, and mounting suicide attacks primarily against military targets. Economic and political targets were also targeted at times, among them Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa and former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Civilians were also killed during certain attacks such as the bombing of the Central Bank and the Temple of the Tooth attack.

Since their formation in 1987 until the defeat of the Tamil Tigers in 2009, more than 330 Black Tigers made suicide attacks on air, land, and sea, mostly in Sri Lanka. Experts estimated that the Black Tigers had carried out the most of suicide attacks reported around the world by the time the Sri Lankan civil war ended in 2009.

History
The first Black Tiger was Vallipuram Vasanthan, who drove a small truck laden with explosives into a Sri Lanka Army (SLA) camp in Nelliady, Jaffna peninsula, on 5 July 1987 during the Battle of Nelliady, killing himself and between 39 and 100 Sri Lankan soldiers. Immediately afterwards, regular LTTE cadres followed up, overwhelming the stunned SLA soldiers. This was a hugely effective retaliatory attack using explosives from the Indian Research and Analysis Wing after the Sri Lankan Army's Operation Liberation had been halted under pressure from the Government of India and the subsequent signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord

During the earlier phase of the Tamil Tigers' military campaign, it did not possess the heavy conventional weapons required to attack large camps. To mount such an attack, costly weapons such as artillery pieces, missiles, and fighter-bombers would have been needed – weapons that the LTTE could not afford to purchase. As a result, they decided to resort to asymmetric warfare, creating a special wing to make up for their inadequate weaponry. Consequently, it is not the act itself – killing by suicide – that was the Black Tigers' original or even main aim, but rather the military impact and its strategic consequences.

After 18 May 2009, following the death of LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran, the Black Tigers ceased to exist, along with other LTTE fighting formations.

Recruitment and Training
Black Tigers were drawn from the ranks of the LTTE's elite fighting formations. Those who wanted to join wrote letters to Velupillai Prabhakaran, the founder and leader of the LTTE. According to the LTTE, Prabhakaran evaluated the applications, examining the applicant's particular combat skills, field experience, fitness level, their motivations and their family situations. All these factors were considered in deciding whether he or she could become a Black Tiger. Those who were the only living child in their family were automatically disqualified from joining.

Once a soldier was selected for the elite unit, their identity was highly secured and their family members were never informed of their status. When it was time for training, the selected cadres were taken to secret Black Tiger bases where they underwent intense training in jungle warfare and espionage. They then conducted their regular duties until they were required to launch an attack. Before the attack, Black Tigers were allowed to visit their home one last time. After spending few days with their family and close friends they returned back to their base. The night before leaving for their mission, Black Tigers had the privilege of having dinner with the LTTE leader, Velupillai Prabhakaran. After, they were allowed to take individual and group photos with the LTTE leader.

Notable attacks
The first Black Tiger attack was carried out on 5 July 1987 by Captain Miller against a Sri Lankan Army military base in Jaffna. Miller drove a bomb filled vehicle into the heart of the base. Scores of soldiers were killed and wounded.

In May 1991, a female Black Tiger blew herself up, killing former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, along with 16 civilians.

On 16 November 1992, a Black Tiger assassinated Admiral Clancy Fernando by driving an explosives laden motorbike into his staff car while he was on his way to naval headquarters at Flagstaff Street in the Galle Buck from his official residence "Navy House" at Longden Place, Colombo after he returned from India after discussing Indo-Sri Lankan naval cooperation. He is the highest ranking officer in the Sri Lankan Armed Forces to be killed by the LTTE.

On 1 May 1993, a male Black Tiger assassinated Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa and 23 others during a May Day parade.

On 11 November 1993, a Black Tiger team stormed into the Pooneryn military base in the early hours of the morning and paved the way for LTTE teams to overrun the camp and its installations. The Black Tiger team was led by Captain Sengannan who hailed from Sattur.

On 10 August 1994, the first female Sea Black Tiger, Captain Angayarkanni, single handedly destroyed a Sri Lankan Navy Surveillance Command Centre Ship off the coast of Kankesanthurai.

On 24 October 1994, the then leader of opposition and Member of Parliament Gamini Dissanayake, two former Ministers, several politicians, military and other security personnel were assassinated in a suicide attack carried by a female Black Tiger.

On 19 April 1995, four Sea Black Tiger Frogmen sank two navy gunboats in the Trincomalee Harbour, resulting in the start of Eelam War III.

On 31 January 1996, Black Tigers carried out the Colombo Central Bank bombing that killed 100 civilians and injured 1400 others.

On 4 July 1996, a Black Tiger assassinated Major General Ananda Hamangoda at Stanley Road in Jaffna Town. Hamangoda was the brigade commander of the 51-2 brigade based in Jaffna and was providing security for Housing and Construction Minister Nimal Siripala de Silva during his visit to Jaffna when the explosion occurred. De Silva escaped with minor injuries and was the intended target.

On 25 January 1998, Black Tigers carried out the 1998 Temple of the Tooth attack that killed 17 civilians and injured 25 others.

On 14 May 1998, a Black Tiger assassinated Major General Larry Wijeratne on the last day of his duty assignment in Valvettithurai, Jaffna. Wijeratne was attending a Jaffna traders' felicitation lunch just before leaving on transfer as deputy commandant of the Kotelawela Defence Academy before he was killed.

On 29 May 1999, a Black Tiger wearing a suicide vest assassinated the leader of the military wing of the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front P. Ganeshmoorthy by riding a bicycle into his garage and jumping on him as he was selling a motorcycle to a paramilitary operative.

On 18 December 1999, a Black Tiger wearing a suicide vest assassinated retired Major General Lakshman Algama at a UNP election rally at Ja-Ela, Colombo. In 1994, he was appointed Chief of Staff of Army and served till his resignation on 2 June 1995

In April 2000, the Black Tigers stormed into the Iyakkachchi military base in the early hours of the morning in a multi-pronged assault and overran the well-fortified camp after several hours of intense fighting. The commandos penetrated the central base, destroying several artillery pieces, tanks, armored vehicles and ammunition dumps. The capture of Iyakachchi proved to be a major tactical move, since located at Iyakachchi were the only freshwater wells that supplied Elephant Pass and Paranthan

On 7 June 2000, a Black Tiger assassinated Minister of Industries Development C. V. Gunaratne by embracing the cabinet minister as he was collecting donations for the army in his constituency in Colombo.

On 24 July 2001, an elite unit of 14 Black Tigers attacked Bandaranaike International Airport, causing an estimated of US$350 million worth of damage to military and civilian aircraft. Tourism in Sri Lanka sharply dropped after the incident.

On 26 June 2006, a Black Tiger assassinated Lieutenant General Parami Kulatunga by driving an explosives-laden motorbike into his Peugeot 406 staff car at Panipitiya as he was on his way to army headquarters from his official quarters at the Panagoda Cantonment. He is the highest ranking army officer to be assassinated by the LTTE.

On 16 October 2006, a Black Tiger drove an explosive laden truck into a convoy of 15 military buses, killing over 100 sailors. The attack was in retaliation to the Chencholai bombing.

On 18 October 2006, a 15-member Sea Black Tiger team raided Galle Harbour in five vessels and attacked four Sri Lankan naval vessels and installations. At least three explosive-laden attack vessels attacked naval crafts, including a tsunami damaged sub chaser, SLNS Parakramabahu, and destroyed a fast attack craft and two water jet inshore patrol vessels anchored in the port base.

On 22 October 2007, an elite unit of 21 Black Tigers raided the country's second largest airbase in the heart of the Sinhala cultural capital, Anuradhapura. The government suffered an estimate of $40 million USD worth of damages to military aircraft.

On 6 April 2008, Minister of Highways & Road Development Jeyaraj Fernandopulle was assassinated by a Black Tiger who exploded himself at the start of a marathon race which was part of the Sinhala and Tamil New Year celebration in Weliveriya town. Fernandopulle was the chief government whip for the ruling SLFP party and was infamous for his ardent nationalistic stance favouring the Sinhala Buddhist majority. A very close associate of President Mahinda Rajapaksa, he strongly justified the forced eviction of Tamils from Colombo lodges in June 2007. Addressing the media the minister said there was no need for the Prime Minister to express regret over the move and insisted that all 300 Tamils were sent to Vavuniya after getting their 'verbal consent' in Colombo and subsequently written consent in Vavuniya.

On 9 September 2008, an elite unit of 10 Black Tigers raided the joint headquarters of the Sri Lankan Armed Forces in Vanni, situated in Vavuniyaa town. According to the casualty figures released by the Sri Lankan military sources, 9 Sri Lanka Army (SLA) soldiers, 2 Sri Lanka Air Force (SLAF) personnel and 1 policemen were killed and 26 wounded. The Black Tigers also destroyed the communication facility with its tower, engineering facility, and the anti-aircraft weapon and ammunition stores.

On 6 October 2008, retired Major General Janaka Perera was killed by a Black Tiger who exploded his suicide vest after embracing the minister during a political rally in Anuradhapura. He served as the Chief of Staff of the Sri Lanka Army and is considered one of the most distinguished generals in Sri Lankan history.

Modus operandi

Up to the defeat of the LTTE, the Black Tigers carried out over 300 missions, most of them at sea.

The Black Tigers operated in three distinct ways: conventional combat on land and at sea, guerrilla attacks, and assassinations or bombings.

Most of these attacks involved military objectives in the north and east of the country.

Relatively, there were fewer operations in the south, where most of the Sinhalese live, especially in the capital city, Colombo, although such attacks often engaged high-profile targets and attracted much international publicity as a result. The last such attack was on government politicians during a Muslim festival.

title: Black Tigers


text: File:Newgarplarge.jpeg

title: File:Newgarplarge.jpeg


text: User talk:134.134.136.4

title: User talk:134.134.136.4


text:
African Independence Party

African Independence Party (in French: Parti Africain de l'Indépendance) was a communist party in French West Africa (AOF). PAI was founded in Thiès, Senegal in 1957. Later as AOF was dissolved into independent countries the local PAI sections became independent parties, often keeping the name PAI.

PAI was the first party in AOF to unequivocally demand independence from French rule.

In Senegal PAI was banned on August 1, 1960.

In Senegal the following parties trace/traced their origin back to PAI:
 * Party of Independence and Work (PIT, technically the original PAI)
 * African Independence Party-Renewal (legally registered as PAI)
 * Democratic League - Movement for the Labour Party
 * Senegalese Communist Party (short-lived pro-Chinese faction)

In Upper Volta/Burkina Faso PAI was established in 1963. PAI attained importance through its mass front Patriotic League for Development (LIPAD). Today LIPAD is dissolved, and PAI has split in two factions:
 * African Independence Party (Ouédraogo). Technically the original PAI
 * African Independence Party (Touré), legally recognized as PAI

List of founders of PAI

 * Madame Basse
 * M. Basse
 * Coupet Camara
 * Seydou Cissokho
 * Adama Diagne
 * Oumar Diallo
 * Birahim Diawara Birahim
 * Majhemout Diop
 * Bouna Fall
 * Abdou Ka
 * Alioune Kamara
 * Malick Kamara
 * Basile Khaly
 * Tidiane Baïdy Ly
 * Abdou Moumouni
 * Abdoulaye Ndiaye
 * Samba Ndiaye
 * Samba
 * Khalilou Sall
 * Ousmane Santara
 * Bacirou Sarr
 * Moussé Guèye Seck
 * Sékou Touré

title: African Independence Party


text:
Talk:Immigration Restriction Act 1901

Kanaka and South Sea Islander repatriation
Where does the repatriation of the Kanaka/South Sea Islander people fit. I guess it is under this Act Paul foord 12:39, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That was under the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901, a separate act which was actually granted Royal Assent on the same day as this one. --bainer (talk) 04:55, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks Paul foord 07:44, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Contradiction
The article says that Kisch arrived in 1934 and passed the dictation several times before failing in Scottish Gaelic. It then goes on to say that no one passed the test after 1909. Unless I'm missing something, it would appear that these two statements are contradictory. Ambi 12:53, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I should change that wording... he passed several pieces of dictation, but failed "the test" as a whole. Someone could be required to do a passage as many times as the tester liked. Thanks for picking that up. --bainer (talk) 04:56, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, that makes much more sense - thanks for clearing it up. Ambi 05:10, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Something that isn't making sense to me
It is stated that after 1905 the languages used to perform the dictation test were not just limited to European languages, but any language. If this is the case, then why is it that in 1934 a court found that Scotts Gaelic was not a European language, and thus Kish was treated unfairly. This is a contradiction. Now I read that piece of information at http://www.law.mq.edu.au/html/MqLJ/volume5/vol5_robertson.pdf. Although I can't find where in the article at this point. Perhaps though that what I read is wrong. But I am writing a paper on this subject, and the inconsistencies in research make for a real long research methodology. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 60.240.192.210 (talk • contribs).

 * The 1905 amendment allowed the government to make regulations specifying a particular language that the test should be given in, with the old position (any European language) as the default position if no regulations had yet been made. I'm not sure if any regulations were made at some other time, but there had certainly been none made by 1934, and as such the old position still applied. --bainer (talk) 06:57, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

what is the definition of the act? i couldnt quite understand.

Section on dictation test lacks important detail
The section on the dictation test goes to some lengths demonstrating how its effects were disastrous, but it doesn't actually do the basic job of explaining what the rules of the test were. The article implies officials could just test people in any arbitrary language of their choice. How was that regulation made? Was it explicitly stated in the law in this way? How had the lawmakers come up with and justified such an obviously ridiculous rule? The article ought to be a lot more explicit on that. Fut.Perf. ☼ 07:37, 1 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Officers were not required to do so; they were just left at liberty to do so, and they knew how to do it so as to exclude non-whites.--Wikiain (talk) 23:23, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Immigration Restriction Act 1901


text:
Talk:Puta (mythology)

NOBODY SPEAKS LATIN ANYMORE! It's language derived from Latin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.111.128.91 (talk) 17:11, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
A slang term is never going to have a full article, I suggest we cut the slang out and expand the mythology bit. - Mgm|(talk) 12:39, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not really. See List of sexual slang. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.155.205.9 (talk • contribs) 20:13, 22 October 2005 UTC

I partially agree with MacGyverMagic. Keep the slang, but make the article subdevided into "slang" and "mythology". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Canis (talk • contribs) 09:25, 21 December 2005 UTC

A slang term is never going to have a full article Why not? everthing should be included in an encyclopedia, not only the so-called "good" things. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Liebenasuka (talk • contribs) 04:19, 4 September 2006 UTC

 * Having an article which is basically a dictionary definition is good grounds for deletion; see Wikipedia is not a dictionary. That said, check out Gordita for an example of how such a reference can be done - which is not too far away from what is here now.  Also, sign your posts, folks. — Wwagner 04:02, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Puta is a Portuguese word. It appears on any Portuguese dictionary. Besides of it's nominal valour the word stands for several different ideas common in the portuguese culture, eg. Filho da puta - Son of a bitch - a very common insult in Portugal - with variyng interpretations from region to region - in some regions this phrase could start a fight and in some regions this sentence is nothing more than a laugh for it's hearers. Puta de vida - This expression, transladable as "shitty life", means disgust with a current way of affairs, being it work, love or generally related. Que grande puta - transladed as "what a big piss" meaning an excesive allcoholic state or a general mad and irregular behaviour. Puta que o pariu - translated literally as "bitch that spawn him" - the range for this expression is wide, starting from analogies "knock on the wood", a very common practice, to  "the Hell with him", when reffering to a non present person. As you ALL KNOWERS see, there is more to a word than it's meaning. This is not a dictionary, I agree, but this HAS TO HAVE ALL A DICTIONARY HAVE AND MORE, AND THIS IS THE MORE YOU NEED. THAT IS AN ENCYCLOPEDYA.
 * All what you wrote belongs to dictionaries, not to encyclopedias. I guess you have never seen dictionaries, such as Webster's Dictionary. All what you wrote is about words and expressions. Encyclopedias write about things, notions, people, professions, etc. The profession of puta is described in english wikipedia article Prostitution and in Portuguese wikipedia article pt:Prostituição. There is no word "puta" in English language. `'Míkka>t 08:04, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Just as the word "sushi" is not an English word, and every time we refer to it, we should say " vinegared rice, usually topped with other ingredients including fish (cooked or uncooked) and vegetables."? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.228.83.55 (talk) 05:19, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Puta (mythology)


text:
Merowe Dam

The Merowe Dam, also known as Merowe High Dam, Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project or Hamdab Dam, is a large dam near Merowe Town in northern Sudan, about 350 km north of the capital Khartoum. Its dimensions make it the largest contemporary hydropower project in Africa. It is situated on the river Nile, close to and inundating the 4th Cataract where the river divides into multiple smaller branches with large islands in between. Merowe is a city about 40 km downstream from the construction site at Hamdab. The main purpose for building the dam was the generation of electricity.

Technical details
The dam has a length of about 9 km and a crest height of up to 67 m. It consists of concrete-faced rockfill dams on each river bank (the right bank dam is the largest part of the project, 4.3 km long and 53m high; the left bank is 1590 metres long and 50 metres high), an 883 m-long 67 m-high earth-core rockfill dam (the 'main dam') in the left river channel, and a live water section in the right river channel (sluices, spillway and a 300-metre power intake dam with turbine housings). It contains a reservoir of 12.5 km3, or about 15% of the Nile's annual flow of 84 km3; the intended reservoir level is 300 metres above sea level, with the Nile level downstream of the dam being about 265 metres. The reservoir lake is planned to extend 174 km upstream.

Powerhouse
The powerhouse is equipped with ten 125 MW Francis turbines, each one designed for a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, and each one driving a 150 MVA, 15 kV synchronous generator. The planners expect an annual electricity yield of 5.5 TWh, corresponding to an average load of 625 MW, or 50% of the rated load. To utilize the extra generation capacity, the Sudanese power grid will be upgraded and extended as part of the project, with about 500 km of new 500 kV aerial transmission line across the Bayudah Desert to Atbara, continuing to Omdurman/Khartoum, as well as about 1000 km of 220 kV lines eastwards to Port Sudan and westwards along the Nile, connecting to Merowe, Dabba and Dongola.

Planning and construction

The idea of a Nile dam at the 4th cataract is quite old. The authorities of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan proposed it several times during the first half of the 20th century. It was supposed to equalize the large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create the possibility of growing cotton and provide flood protection for the lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieved independence in 1956, Egypt decided to control the flow of Nile water that reached its own territory by building a dam and creating a reservoir —the Aswan Dam and Nasser Lake.

The Sudan military government under President Nimeiri revived the plan in 1979, now with the intention of producing hydroelectricity for Sudan's rising demand. The following decade saw international industry and planning offices busy, producing a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz & McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. However, insufficient funding and lack of investor interest effectively stalled the project at the planning stage.

This appears to have changed fundamentally since the country started exporting oil in commercial quantities in the years 1999/2000. A greatly improved creditworthiness brought an influx of foreign investment, and the contracts for the construction of what is now known as the Merowe Dam project were signed in 2002 and 2003.

The main contractors are:
 * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works)
 * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering)
 * Alstom (France - generators, turbines)
 * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission and Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension)

By the time the contracts were signed, the Merowe Dam had been the largest international project the Chinese industry ever participated in.

River diversion and work on the concrete dams began in early 2004. The left river channel was closed on 30 December 2005; the project timeline scheduled the reservoir impounding to start in mid-2006 and the first generating unit to go on-line in mid-2007. The dam was inaugurated on March 3, 2009, at which point the reservoir was full and all the hydro-electric generating capacity on-line.

Financing
The total project cost is reported to be $2.945 billion. This can be subdivided into partial amounts for the construction work on the dam itself (ca. 45%), its technical equipment (ca. 25%) and the necessary upgrade of the power transmission system (ca. 30%). The project receives funding from
 * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million
 * Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development – USD 477 million
 * Saudi Fund for Development – USD 215 million
 * Abu Dhabi Fund for Development – USD 210 million
 * Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million
 * Oman Fund for Development - USD 106 million
 * State of Qatar - USD 15 million
 * The remaining cost – $ 1.114 billion – is covered by the Sudanese government.

Benefits
The electrification level in Sudan is very low, even by the standards of the region. In 2002, the average Sudanese consumed 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of their Egyptian neighbors to the north, and less than one hundredth of the OECD average. The capital Khartoum and a few large plantations account for more than two thirds of the country's electric power demand, while most of the rural areas are not connected to the national grid. Many villages use the option of connecting small generators to the ubiquitous diesel-powered irrigation pumps. This way of generating electricity is rather inefficient and expensive.

The combined grid-connected generating capacity in Sudan was 728 MW in 2002, about 45% hydroelectricity and 55% oil-fired thermal plants. However, the effective capacity has always been a lot lower. The two main facilities, the Sennar (constructed in 1925) and Roseires (1966) dams on the Blue Nile, were originally designed for irrigation purposes rather than power production. Generating units were added during the 1960s and 1970s when the demand for electric power increased, but their power production is often heavily restricted by irrigation needs.

The government in Khartoum has announced plans to raise the country's electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% in the mid-term. Large investments into the medium and low voltage distribution grids will be necessary but not sufficient to reach this ambitious goal: First and foremost, the foreseeable increase in power consumption would require the addition of generating capacity. During the 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already been plagued by frequent blackouts and brownouts due to insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants went into operation in the Khartoum area in 2004, increasing the installed capacity to 1315 MW. The Merowe dam with its peak output of 1250 MW will almost double this capacity once it comes online.

Resettlement and compensation
Before the construction began, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 people were resident in the area covered by the reservoir lake, mainly belonging to the Manasir, Hamadab and Amri tribes. They lived in small farming villages along the banks of the Nile and on the islands in the cataract. The whole region was relatively isolated, without paved roads or other infrastructure, and the communities were largely self-sufficient. Except for beans and millet the farmers grew vegetables, both for their own consumption and for trading at the weekly regional markets. However, their main source of income—and their most valuable possession—were the groves of date palms growing in the fertile silt on the river banks. The inhabitants of the region to be flooded were forcibly displaced along a timeline corresponding to their land's proximity to the dam site: the people of Hamadab to Al-Multaga in 2003, the people of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam in 2007, and the Manasir to Al-Mokabrab and Al-Fidah in 2008. At the resettlement sites, farmers received plots of land relative in size to their former possessions, in addition to financial compensation for lost assets—houses and date palms. However, a majority preferred to stay near to their old grounds as possible and have thus built at the shores of the new lake. Many families have defied resettlement and live now on the margins of the lake. Farmers have become fishermen, but their income is less than before.

Though government officials claim there are improved living conditions at the resettlement areas, with relatively modern buildings and infrastructure, affected people reject the compensation plans. Their main objections are:
 * The soil at the resettlement areas is sandy, and its quality is extremely poor, compared to the excellent farmland beside the Nile. It would take much effort and a long time—probably decades—until it became fertile enough for growing vegetables and other marketable produce.
 * The government announced that it would provide free water, sand removal and fertilizer during the first two years after the resettlement. After this period, the farmers would have to pay the full price for these services, none of which had to be paid at the old site.
 * Compensation for a date palm amounts to about four years' harvest, while a good palm tree can bear fruit for a hundred years. Compensation for vegetable gardens is very low, and only married men will receive compensation for their houses.

About 6,000 people were resettled to the Al-Multaqah site in the Nubian desert during 2003 and 2004. Their villages were the closest to the dam construction site near Hamdab. According to a survey conducted in early 2005, the poverty rate has increased dramatically because the farmers are not able to produce anything saleable in the local markets.

Nomads
A significant fraction of the Manasir tribe inhabits the desert regions close to the Nile valley. The exact size of this nomadic population is unknown, but it is estimated to be of the same order of magnitude as that of the resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups maintain tight cultural interchanges and trade relations with each other.

Only the owners of real estate purportedly are covered under the compensation scheme, although reports are that families have been displaced without compensation or adequate provisions for relocation. Nomadic families will not receive any compensation, even though the resettlement of the farming Manasir will deprive them of their symbiotic partners. The consequences for their ability to sustain their lives in a harsh environment remains to be assessed.

Human rights concerns
UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing Miloon Kothari issued a statement August 27,[2007], calling for a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of the dam's impacts on the more than 60,000 people who stand to be displaced by the dams at Merowe and Kajbar. Kothari stated he has "received reports that the Merowe reservoir’s water levels have already risen, destroying dozens of homes in the area and putting many more at risk."

Kothari announced, "The affected people have claimed that they received no warning that water levels would be raised and that no assistance from Government authorities has been forthcoming since their houses were destroyed." According to reports, the Government of Sudan has not honored its promises to those who have been displaced. Kothari noted that, "thousands of people in the same area were relocated in similar circumstances that left many temporarily without food or shelter, and that some of those people remain homeless today." Kothari called upon the Sudanese government to ensure safety and adequate housing to all those affected by the dams and warned the projects "would lead to large-scale forced evictions and further violence."

Archaeology
The fertile Nile valley has been attracting human settlement for thousands of years. The section between the 4th and 5th cataract—a significant portion of which will be inundated by the reservoir lake—has been densely populated through nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work has ever been conducted in this particular region. Recent surveys have confirmed the richness and diversity of traceable remains, from the Stone Age to the Islamic period.

Several foreign institutions have been recently or are currently involved in salvage archaeology in the region under the umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among them are ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, the Italian Institute for Africa and the Orient (IsIAO), the University College London, the Sudan Archaeological Research Society, the Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, and the Oriental Institute Museum of the University of Chicago.

Their main problems are the shortness of the remaining time and limited funding. Unlike the large UNESCO campaign conducted in Egypt before the completion of the Aswan High Dam, when more than a thousand archaeological sites could be documented and complete buildings were moved to prevent them from drowning in Lake Nasser's floods, work at the 4th cataract is much more restricted.

Since 2006, the archaeologists working for the Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project became accused by environmental and human rights activists as well as the representatives of the affected people of facilitating the political legitimatization of the project. The archaeologists working for the dam project found themselves in an ethical dilemma since they were undertaking salvage excavations while the local people were in opposition to the building of the dam that necessitates both their resettlement and the archaeological campaign.

Historian Runoko Rashidi issued a statement in solidarity with Sudanese Nubians protesting the dams and called for a halt to their construction.

"We have never forgotten the terrible tragedy resulting from the Aswan High Dam in Egyptian Nubia. The project in Sudanese Nubia, which we call the 'damn dams', will perpetuate yet another tragedy, another atrocity, against African people. Nubia is a treasure-house of artifacts that attest to the ancient greatness of Africa. For it to be inundated will cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage.

We must organize to resist this project. One of the great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, said that 'power concedes nothing without demand. It never did, and it never will.'"

International
Usage rights to the waters of the Nile are fixed in the Nile Waters Treaty, negotiated by the British in 1959. It allots 82 percent of the water volume to Egypt, while Sudan is granted the rights to the remaining 18 percent. None of the riparian countries further upstream in the Nile basin—Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya and Tanzania—are entitled to any significant use of the water, be it for irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia and Kenya) or hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda).

As Sudan now pushes forward to make use of its water allotment, those countries have begun to call for a revision of the treaty, arguing that—with the exception of Ethiopia—they had all been under colonial rule at the time the negotiations took place, and had not been represented in their best interest. Moreover, the decision of distribution of water was made without any negotiations with Ethiopia, which had rejected the agreement and is the source of 90% of the water and 96% of transported sediment of the Nile.

Domestic
While a peace treaty seems to have stopped the fighting in Southern Sudan after almost 20 years, there is no end in sight yet for the civil war in the western Darfur province. More recently, unrest in Nubia as a direct result of the dams and the forced permanent displacement of Nubians from their homelands threatens to erupt into war. A group calling itself the Nubian Liberation Front is threatening armed resistance in order to thwart the series of dams along the Nile, and particularly at Kajbar.

Health
The resettlement area is a vast area with an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants who would be going through a transitional period for a few years before the get acclimatised and psychologically adapted to their new life. Governing by the two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects and Aswan Dam in Egypt, strategic health planning ought to start early to foresee what water born diseases and other ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, malaria) are likely to prevail and to plan how to guard against that.

Evaporation
The creation of the reservoir lake will increase the surface area of the Nile by about 700 km2. Under the climatic conditions at the site, additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m3 per year can be expected. This corresponds to about 8% of the total amount of water allocated to Sudan in the Nile Waters Treaty.

title: Merowe Dam


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