text:
Talk:Nerds (candy)

Rope
Since Nerds Rope redirects here, it needs information about such. — THOR 21:24, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Nerds were sold in Canada too, but I haven't looked for it recently, probably still are.

Nerds Donut
I was in the grocery store the other day and saw a new item, called the Nerds Donut, on sale with the other nerds (looks really weird- some sort of chocolate donut filled with nerds). That should probably be mentioned under spin-offs. Aerothorn 23:52, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes,I've seen them in stores and commercials.I would add it,but the moderators would probably erase them like all my other edits. Alyssacarmillo 04:08, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Where did the picture go?
Am I the only one who can't see the Rainbow Nerds picture?

Nerds in ice cream?
Nerds are my favorite candy. I'm addicted. I don't know what I'd do if they ever stopped making these, but it would probably involve killing myself somehow. Hadn't some food company thought of putting them in their ice creams? I think this was talked about at one time but the idea never got anywhere. I've got to try it sometime. ^_^ And yes, that is where I got my online name. --Nerd42 03:40, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds like something you would top on a parfait in those places you choose the toppings on. I miss all the different flavored individually packaged nerds from the '80s. I fear that it was a step toward phasing them out completely, but they're still around so far. Almost all I ever see are the Strawberry & Grape packs. Much more rarely I see the Watermelon & Wild Cherry or the large completely mixed boxes, and I never see the coated packs anymore. 67.5.147.119 18:14, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

McDonald's did it in their McFlurries about 4 years ago in Australia, my god that was nice! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.138.3.234 (talk • contribs) 7 August 2006

 * Dairy Queen had Nerds Blizzards years ago. Those were splendiferous. -Phoenixrod 03:33, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

UK
Why did they take them off the British market? I loved them!! Rusty2005 23:51, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
 * They're getting harder to find in the states too. Used to be everywhere in every conceivable flavor in the '80s. 67.5.147.119 18:14, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * In the early 90's ( or late 80's) I recall there was a scare with glass in the packets, they disappeared for a while after that before being re-introduced. I don't know it that has anything to do with it JP 14:36 BST 25/07/05 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.109.66.144 (talk) 13:38, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I miss them, they took them of in 2001 surely, because we use to have them 1999-2000 if I remember rightly, or in our local shop we did anyway. I miss them greatly, do you think it is possible to ask my local store to get them back?

Memories.

RetroToysRUs 06:16, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

I think there was a scare when foreign particles (I think glass) ended up in the product. They seemed to fizzle out a few years after that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.70.152.142 (talk) 10:52, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

I got a packet at the weekend from a small sweet shop in Chester. £1.25 a packet though. But I just had to get some. 90.240.174.231 (talk) 21:22, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

in the uk, in the late 80's or early 90's, they were taken off the shelves, my mother told me it because glass was found in the packets. however, i was later told that in fact the company who made the sweets was adding cocaine, nicotine or another addictive substance to the recipe, to get children hooked. i personally believe this, but will be buggered if i can cite it - kiwi

Dweebs
Does anyone recall the sister products? I'm sure there was at least one called Dweebs. JP 14:36 BST 25/07/05 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.109.66.144 (talk) 13:38, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah I remember them, they were bigger and a bit softer. Preferred Nerds tho :-)  Rusty2005 14:39, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Nerds... Cereal?
Someone daring enough (and, perhaps, with a better memory), should add this one in for fun...

http://www.x-entertainment.com/messages/651.html 71.244.180.131 03:24, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Limited Edition Twisted Flavors
Did anyone have these?My Saturday school teacher gave everyone a package and the flavors are "Orange Cherry" and "Kiwi Strawberry" and boy are they good.I think they should list all of the package combinations.I have the newest released Sour Nerds too.I'll post the flavor names later since I'm lazy right now. Alyssacarmillo 04:08, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Often, but not always
I dont think that it is intended for there to be one or more of the opposite color in the wrong section. It is simply a limitation of the packaging. One or two will inevitably slip by the divider in the box, or back at the factory, fall into the opposite color's container. This is nothing significant, really. Ilikefood 18:30, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Move to Nerds
Nerds (candy) → Nerds — Move this to just Nerds. Nerds already redirects here; why do we need the (candy)? C Teng [talk] 00:14, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. The dab page (Nerd (disambiguation)) should be enough for anyone that's looking for Nerd and gets here instead. Tevildo (talk) 20:57, 22 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. If Nerds didn't redirect to Nerds (candy), there might be a reason for the current article names. As things stand, this move is clearly indicated. -Phoenixrod (talk) 21:26, 22 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose the redirect should point to nerd. 76.66.197.2 (talk) 14:44, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination. Cheers,    A rbitrarily 0    ( talk ) 15:28, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Do not move. "Nerds" is ambiguous, since it could mean not only the candy, but also the plural of Nerd. Most plurals redirect to their singular, so this is quite exceptional and should therefore be disambiguated with "(candy}". Debresser (talk) 18:11, 25 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose far too close to Nerd, singular or plural. Qualifier should remain. --Labattblueboy (talk) 20:00, 26 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose. To me the first meaning of "nerds" (ignoring case of letter) is the plural of "nerd". Anthony Appleyard (talk) 10:44, 29 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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 * Nerds (candy).jpg

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 * (Nerds) candy.JPG

Vikings invented nerds!?!?
If you look in the history of nerds it says it was created by vikings in the 900's ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4450:8366:4100:212B:B296:4AD:EEC2 (talk) 03:09, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

"Nerds (candy" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Nerds (candy and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 19:33, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nerds (candy)


text:
Cyphostemma juttae

Cyphostemma juttae is a slow-growing succulent species of Cyphostemma from southern Africa, well known as an ornamental plant.

The plant is also known as wild grape, tree grape, Namibian grape, Droog-my-keel and bastard cobas. This species can reach 6 ft tall and has large shiny leaves. It is a deciduous plant. It grows in an arid region of summer-rainfall, and it loses its leaves in the dryer winter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cyphostemma juttae


text:
Fight for the Rock

Fight for the Rock is the third studio album by the American heavy metal band Savatage, released on June 30, 1986. It is their first album with new bass player Johnny Lee Middleton.

Released in 1986, it is largely regarded as the band's worst release by both fans and band members, with the band referring to it as "Fight for the Nightmare". Jon Oliva said in October 1994, "I've never really been fond of that album. WE'VE never been fond of that album". The band said that they were driven to make the record by their label, Atlantic Records; particularly Oliva began writing pop-rock songs for other artists on the label such as John Waite. However, the label eventually turned around and told the band to record the music that Oliva had written for other artists themselves. This destroyed the band's credibility in the eyes of the press, and their reviews were not kind. The negative critical reaction has also been cited as the cause of Oliva's battle with drug and alcohol addiction, which eventually drove him from the fore of the band.

Atlantic Records also wanted the band to have photographs taken, since none of their previous releases had included any. The band hired a friend to do the photography work, with one of the photos featuring the band re-recreating the famous photo Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima. The band agreed this was a good idea at the time, but look back with the same feelings on the photos taken as they do the album.

When initially released, the album featured a Parental Advisory label on the front cover, despite having no "nasty words", as Jon Oliva puts it, featured anywhere on the record. This was largely done to please the label, as they felt that putting the sticker on the record would drive up record sales. Although it did chart, the band have been extremely reluctant to perform any of the songs live, and haven't done so since the early 1990s. Even on the tour in support of the album, the band only performed "Hyde", "The Edge of Midnight" and few others.

Personnel

 * Savatage
 * Jon Oliva – lead vocals, piano
 * Criss Oliva – guitars, backing vocals
 * Johnny Lee Middleton – bass, backing vocals
 * Steve "Doc" Wacholz – drums, percussion

 * Additional musicians
 * Larry Dvoskin (credited as "Dvoskin") – keyboards
 * Brent Daniels – backing vocals

 * Production
 * Stephan Galfas – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Mario Rodriguez, Ralph Mastrangelo – assistant mixing
 * Mark Jolley – engineer
 * Dan McMillan – assistant engineer
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering at Masterdisk, New York
 * Robert Zemsky – associate producer, management
 * Steven Machat, Rick Smith – executive producers
 * Bob Defrin – art direction

title: Fight for the Rock


text:
Annie on My Mind

Annie on My Mind is a 1982 novel by Nancy Garden about the romantic relationship between two 17-year-old New York City girls, Annie and Liza.

Characters
Liza Winthrop: The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Liza is a 17-year-old girl living in the upscale neighborhood of Brooklyn Heights. She, along with her younger brother, Chad, attends Foster Academy, a private school nearby, which is facing financial trouble, and is the student council president there. She is desperate to become an architect at MIT, similar to her father, who is an engineer that studied there.

Annie Kenyon: Annie, also 17, lives "far uptown" in a shabby neighborhood. She lives with her father and grandmother, who were both Italian immigrants, and her American mother. She loves plants, is a brilliant singer, and misses her home from when she was young in San Francisco.

Ms. Isabelle Stevenson: Ms. Stevenson is Liza's art teacher at Foster Academy, who is deeply involved in the school's extracurriculars, and lives with her fellow teacher, Ms. Widmer, who it turns out is her partner.

Ms. Katherine Widmer: Ms. Widmer is Liza's English teacher, inspires and looks after her students, and lives with Ms. Stevenson (who's secretly her partner).

Sally Jarrell: Sally attends Foster Academy, and is a close friend of Liza. She and her boyfriend, Walt, who also attends the school, become the student leaders of the drive to help Foster Academy's financial difficulties.

Mrs. Poindexter: Mrs. Poindexter is the very conservative and traditional headmistress of Foster Academy.

Plot summary
Liza Winthrop first meets Annie Kenyon at the Metropolitan Museum of Art on a rainy day. The two become fast friends, although they come from different backgrounds and have differing levels of confidence.

Liza is the student body president at her private school, Foster Academy, where she is studying hard to get into MIT and become an architect. She lives with her parents and younger brother in the upscale neighborhood of Brooklyn Heights, where most residents are professionals. While at school, Liza fails to stop a friend and classmate, Sally Jarrell, from running her amateur ear-piercing business in the school basement, causing Liza and Sally to be reprimanded by the headmistress, Mrs. Poindexter.

Annie goes to a public school and lives with her parents—a bookkeeper and a cabdriver—and grandmother in a lower-income part of Manhattan. Although Annie is not sure if she will be accepted, she hopes to attend the University of California, Berkeley to develop her talent as a singer.

While they have different histories and goals in life, the two girls do share a close friendship that quickly grows into love. Liza's school is struggling to remain open and she finds herself having to defend a student, her friend Sally, in a school trial in front of the student body. This results in a three-day school suspension for Liza and helps to bring Liza and Annie closer together as they both deal with the struggles encountered by many high school students.

The suspension and the partly concomitant Thanksgiving break give the girls time to become closer and lead to their first kiss. Annie admits that she has thought that she may be gay. Liza soon realizes that although she has always considered herself different, she has not considered her sexual orientation until falling in love with Annie.

When two of Liza's female teachers (who live together), Ms. Stevenson and Ms. Widmer, go on vacation during spring break, she volunteers for the job of taking care of their home and feeding their cats. The two girls stay at the house together, but in an unexpected turn of events a Foster Academy administrator discovers Liza and Annie together. Liza is forced to tell her family about her relationship with Annie, and the headmistress of her school, Mrs. Poindexter, organizes a meeting of the school's board of trustees in order to expel Liza. The board rules in favor of Liza staying at Foster, and she is allowed to keep her position as student president. However, the two teachers, Ms. Stevenson and Ms. Widmer, who in the process are discovered to be gay, are fired, as a result of Sally's wrongful testimony about their influence on Liza. After their initial shock at discovering the girls together, the teachers are very supportive and go out of their way to reassure Liza not to worry about their dismissal, but both her family's response and those from fellow students end up pushing Liza to leave Annie.

The girls go their separate ways to colleges on different coasts. In a happily ever after, Liza's reevaluation of her relationship while at college and her corresponding acceptance of her sexual orientation allow the two girls to reunite.

The book is framed and narrated by Liza's thoughts as she attempts to write Annie a letter, in response to the many letters Annie has sent her. This narration comes right before the winter break of both their colleges' and Liza is unable to write or mail the letter she had been working on. Instead she calls Annie, and the two reconcile and decide to meet together before going home for winter break.

Publication
The novel was originally published in 1982 by Farrar, Straus & Giroux. Since then, it has never been out of print.

Editions of the book include the following:

Cover art
Changes in cover art throughout the years has reflected the change in attitudes towards gay people, according to the author. The original cover illustration showed Annie, in a black cloak, and Liza, standing away from Annie, on the Esplanade in Brooklyn overlooking the harbor. Garden commented that "it really looks as if Annie is going to swoop down on Liza—almost like a vampire attacking". Although this cover was never used, future covers failed to show the girls relating, Garden said. Garden's preferred cover art, which came out in 1992 and has been reused in more recent publications, shows "the two girls really relating to each other equally," Garden said.

Praise
The American Library Association designated the book a "Best of the Best Books for Young Adults". The School Library Journal included the book in its list of the 100 most influential books of the 20th century. It was selected to the 1982 Booklist Reviewer's Choice, the 1982 American Library Association Best Books, and the ALA Best of the Best lists (1970–1983). The Young Adult Library Services Association, a division of the American Library Association, gave Nancy Garden its Margaret A. Edwards Award for Lifetime Achievement for Annie on My Mind in 2003.

Criticism
The book is #48 on The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books during the period 1990 to 2000, according to the American Library Association. It ranked No. 44 on the ALA's 1990 to 1999 list.

Kansas City controversy
In 1993, the LGBT organization Project 21 donated Annie on My Mind, along with Frank Mosca's All-American Boys, to 42 high schools in the Kansas City area. Because both books included homosexual themes, some parents objected that the books were made available to high school students.

During the controversy, copies of the book were burned.

Around the time the incident happened, author Nancy Garden was at a writers' conference. When asked if she had had trouble with Annie on My Mind she said no. Soon after, she learned of the burning when she received a call from Stephen Friedman, who asked, "Did you know your book has just been burned in Kansas City?"

Garden commented on the incident,

"Burned! I didn't think people burned books any more. Only Nazis burn books."

On December 13, 1993, superintendent Ron Wimmer, of the Olathe (Kansas) School District, ordered the book removed from the high school library. Wimmer said he made his decision in order to "avoid controversy", such as the public book burning.

The Olathe School District refused to accept copies of the book, removing a copy that had sat on its shelf for over ten years. In response, the American Civil Liberties Union joined several families and a teacher and sued the school district for removing the book.

Two years later in September 1995, the case went to trial. In November 1995, US District Court Justice Thomas Van Bebber ruled that while a school district is not obligated to purchase any book, it cannot remove a book from library shelves unless that book is deemed educationally unsuitable. He ruled Annie on My Mind to be educationally suitable, and called its removal an unconstitutional attempt to "prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion".

On December 29, 1999, the school district announced it would not appeal the court's decision, and restored Annie on My Mind to library shelves. The entire proceeding had cost the district over $160,000.

After the banning controversy, author Nancy Garden became a spokesperson on behalf of children's intellectual freedom as readers. This earned her the Robert B. Downs Intellectual Freedom Award in 2000.

Adaptations
In 1991, as part of BBC Radio 5's programming for gay teenagers, producer Anne Edyvean directed a dramatization of the novel, written by Sarah Daniels.

In 1994, Kim J. Smith collaborated with Nancy Garden to write a play based on her novel. The play premiered on November 4, 1994, at the Renegade Theatre in Lawrence, Kansas. Fred Phelps and some of his followers picketed the event. The play was the only production of the Renegade Youth Theatre's "Banned Book Theatre".

title: Annie on My Mind


text: Talk:Fight for the Rock

title: Talk:Fight for the Rock


text:
Wild grape

Wild grape may refer to:

 * Vitis species; specially Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris (the wild ancestor of Vitis vinifera), Vitis californica (California wild grape), Vitis girdiana (desert wild grape), and Vitis riparia
 * Ampelocissus acetosa, also known as Djabaru
 * Ampelopsis glandulosa, also known as porcelain berry
 * Cyphostemma juttae, a slow-growing ornamental plant.

title: Wild grape


text:
Gahadavala dynasty

The Gahadavala dynasty (IAST: Gāhaḍavālas) also Gahadavalas of Kannauj was a Hindu Kshatriya Rajput dynasty that ruled parts of the present-day Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, during 11th and 12th centuries. Their capital was located at Banaras (now Varanasi) in the Gangetic plains, and for a brief period, they also controlled Kannauj.

Chandradeva, the first monarch of the dynasty, established a sovereign kingdom sometime before 1090 CE, after the decline of the Kalachuri power. The kingdom reached its zenith under his grandson Govindachandra who annexed some of the Kalachuri territories, warded off Ghaznavid raids, and also fought the Palas. In 1194 CE, Govindachandra's grandson Jayachandra was defeated by the Ghurids, which effectively ended the dynasty's imperial power. The kingdom completely ceased to exist when Jayachandra's successors were defeated by the Delhi Sultanate Mamluk dynasty ruler Iltutmish (r. 1211–1236).

Origin
Chandradeva, the first monarch of the dynasty, was a son of Mahichandra and a grandson of Yashovigraha. The Gahadavala inscriptions state that Yashovigraha "seized the earth and made her fond of the king's sceptre (or justice)". He did not bear any royal titles, so it appears that he was a petty chief with some military victories to his credit. He probably served a prominent king, possibly the 11th century Kalachuri king Karna. His son Mahichandra (alias Mahitala or Mahiyala) bore the feudatory title nṛpa, and is said to have defeated several enemies. He may have been a Kalachuri vassal.

According to the 1093 CE and 1100 CE Chandrawati inscriptions, the Gahadavalas occupied Kanyakubja after the descendants of Devapala had been destroyed. This Devapala can be identified as the mid-10th century Gurjara-Pratihara king of Kanyakubja. Chandradeva probably started his career as a feudatory, but declared independence sometime before 1089 CE.

The sudden rise of the Gahadavalas has led to speculation that they descended from an earlier royal house. Rudolf Hoernlé once proposed that the Gahadavalas were an offshoot of the Pala dynasty of Gauda, but this theory has been totally rejected now. Another theory identifies the dynasty's founder Chandradeva as the Kannauj Rashtrakuta scion Chandra, but this theory is contradicted by historical evidence. For example, the Rashtrakutas of Kannauj claimed origin from the legendary solar dynasty. On the other hand, the Gahadavala inscriptions state they gained power after the destruction of the solar and the lunar dynasties. Moreover, Kumaradevi, the queen of the Gahadavala ruler Govindachandra came from a Rashtrakuta branch that ruled in Bodh Gaya. Her Sarnath inscription mentions the Gahadavalas and the Rashtrakutas as two distinct families and does not indicate that one was a branch of the other.

Yet another theory identifies Chandradeva as Chand Rai, a "keeper of elephants" according to the medieval Muslim historian Salman. The Diwan-i-Salman states that a Ghaznavid army led by Mahmud (c. 971-1030) invaded India and defeated one Jaipal. As a result of this victory, the feudatory chiefs from all over the country lined up to offer allegiance to Mahmud. Mahmud received so many elephants as gifts from these chiefs, that an elephant stable was set up in Kannauj, with Chand Rai as its manager. According to the theory, Chand Rai acquired the rulership of Kannauj by promising to pay a tribute to the Ghaznavids. The Ghaznavid raids of the Gahadavala kingdom resulted from the non-payment of this tribute. The Gahadavalas inscriptions mention a Turushka-danda ("Turkic punishment") tax, which according to the proponents of this theory, was collected to pay a tribute to the Ghaznavid (Turkic) overlord. This theory can be criticized on several grounds. First, no Muslim chronicles mention imposition of any tribute on Chand Rai. Secondly, the meaning of Turushka-danda is not certain. Lastly, neither Hindu nor Muslim sources indicate that the Ghaznavid invasions were as a result of non-payment of tribute.

Etymology
The etymology of the term "Gahadavala" is uncertain. This dynastic name appears only in four inscriptions of the Gahadavalas: three inscriptions issued by Chandradeva's grandson Govindachandra (as a prince), and the Sarnath inscription issued by his wife Kumaradevi who belonged to the Pithipati dynasty of Bod Gaya. No contemporary inscriptions of the neighbouring dynasties use the term "Gahadavala" to describe the rulers of Kanyakubja or Varanasi. The dynastic name does not appear in contemporary literature, including in the works authored by the Gahadavala courtiers Shriharsha and Lakshmidhara (author of Kṛtya-Kalpataru).

C. V. Vaidya and R. C. Majumdar, who connected the Gahadavalas to the Rashtrakutas, speculated that the dynastic name might have derived from "Gawarmad", a place-name mentioned in a 1076 CE Kannada language inscription. However, the term is not mentioned in the early Gahadavala inscriptions. Therefore, if the dynasty's name has any geographical significance, it points to the newly acquired territories in northern India.

According to the rulers of the Kantit feudal estate, who claimed descent from the Gahadavalas, the term "Gahadavala" derives from the Sanskrit word grahavāra ("overcomer of the evil planet"). Their fanciful legend claims that Yayati's son acquired the title grahavāra after defeating the evil planet (graha) Saturn.

Territory
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The Gahadavala power was concentrated in what is now eastern Uttar Pradesh. At times, their rule extended to the western parts of Bihar. The 1090 CE Chandrawati inscription of Chandradeva states that he protected the sacred places of Kashi (Varanasi), Kushika (Kannauj), Uttara Koshala (the area around Ayodhya) and Indrasthaniyaka.

The identity of Indrasthaniyaka is unknown, but because of its similarity to the word "Indraprastha", some scholars have identified it as modern Delhi. Based on this, historians such as Roma Niyogi have proposed that the Tomara rulers of Delhi might have been Gahadavala feudatories. If this assumption is true, then the Gahadavala kingdom extended up to Delhi in the north-west. However, historical evidence suggests that Delhi was under the control of the Chahamanas since Vigraharaja IV (r. c. 1150-1164 CE), and before that under the Tomara sovereigns. No historical records indicate that the Gahadavalas ever ruled Delhi. Rahin (or Rahan) village in Etawah district is the furthest point in the north-west where the Gahadavala inscriptions have been discovered. Some coins attributed to Madanapala are associated with Delhi, but according to numismatist P. C. Roy these coins were actually issued by a Tomara king of same name. According to Roy, Indrasthaniyaka should be identified with a place other than Delhi.

Capital
The Gahadavalas are associated with two ancient cities: Kanyakubja and Varanasi. According to the medieval legends, Kanyakubja (Kannauj) was their capital. However, according to Al-Biruni, most of the Kanyakubja city was in ruins by 1030 CE, nearly half a century before the dynasty's founder Chandradeva ascended the throne.

The vast majority of the Gahadavala inscriptions have been discovered in and around Varanasi; only one has been found in the Kanyakubja area. The majority of these inscriptions state that the king made a grant after bathing in the Ganga river at Varanasi. This suggests that the Gahadavala kings mainly lived in and around Varanasi, which was their favoured capital. They probably considered Kanyakubja as a 'capital of honour', since it had been a seat of reputed kingdoms since the Maukhari period.

A verse in the 1104 CE Basahi inscription of Madanapala states that his father Chandradeva had made Kanyakubja his capital. However, Madanapala's 1105 CE Kamauli grant omits this verse, although it repeats all the other introductory verses from the Basahi grant. Other than the 1104 CE Basahi inscription, no other inscription describes Kanyakubja as the Gahadavala capital.

Historian Roma Niyogi theorized that Chandradeva temporarily moved his seat from Varanasi to Kanyakubja, because Kanyakubja was reputed as the capital of the earlier imperial powers. However, the Gahadavalas lost Kanyakubja to Ghaznavids somewhere between 1104 CE and 1105 CE, and Madanapala's son Govindachandra had to wage a war to recover it. As a result, the Gahadavalas probably moved their capital back to Varanasi soon after Chandradeva's reign. The writings of the Muslim chroniclers such as Ali ibn al-Athir, Minhaj-i-Siraj, and Hasan Nizami consistently describe Jayachandra as the "Rai of Banaras" (ruler of Varanasi), and make no reference to Kannauj (Kanyakubja) in their description of the Gahadavalas. This further suggests that the Gahadavalas no longer controlled Kanyakaubja by Jayachandra's time.

Rise to power
By the last quarter of the 11th century, the north-central India was a troubled territory as a result of Ghaznavid raids and the lack of a strong imperial power. The Gurjara-Pratihara empire had ceased to exist. Their successors, such as the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, had declined in power. In these times of chaos, the first Gahadavala king Chandradeva brought stability to the region by establishing a strong government. The 1104 CE Bashai (or Basahi) inscription of his son Madanapala declares that he saved the distressed earth after the deaths of the Paramara Bhoja and the Kalachuri Karna.

Since the Kalachuris controlled the area around Varanasi before the Gahadavalas, it appears that Chandradeva captured this territory from them. The Kalachuri king defeated by him was probably Karna's successor Yashah-Karna. Chandradeva's inscriptions indicate that he also tried to expand his kingdom in the east, but the Pala chronicle Ramacharitam suggests that his plan was foiled by Ramapala's feudatory Bhimayashas.

Consolidation
Chandradeva was succeeded by Madanapala, who faced invasions from the Muslim Ghaznavid dynasty. He is identified with "Malhi", who was the king of Kannauj (Kanyakubja) according to the medieval Muslim chronicles. Diwan-i-Salman by the contemporary Muslim historian Salman states that Malhi was imprisoned by the Ghaznavids, and released only after the payment of a ransom. The Gahadavala inscriptions indicate that Madanapala's son Govindachandra led the military expeditions during his reign. As a result of these expeditions, the Ghaznavids were forced to conclude a peace treaty with the Gahadavalas. The Kṛtya-Kalpataru, written by his courtier Lakashidhara, suggests that he also killed a Ghaznavid general.

Govindachandra succeeded his father as the Gahadavala king sometime during 1109-1114 CE. The Gahadavalas became the most prominent power of northern India as a result of his military conquests and diplomatic relations. His adoption of the Kalachuri titles and coinage indicate that he defeated a Kalachuri king, probably Yashah-Karna or his successor Gaya-Karna.

As a prince, Govindachandra appears to have repulsed a Pala invasion, sometime before 1109 CE. The Pala-Gahadavala conflict halted for a few decades as a result of his marriage with Kumaradevi, a relative of the Pala monarch Ramapala. Epigraphic evidence suggests that there was a revival of the Pala-Gahadavala rivalry in the 1140s CE, during the reign of Govindachandra and the Pala monarch Madanapala (not to be confused with Govindachandra's father). Although the identity of the aggressor is not certain, the conflict seems to have happened over control of present-day western Bihar. Both Pala and Gahadavala inscriptions were issued in this area during this period.

Decline
The last extant inscription of Govindachandra is dated 1154 CE, and the earliest available inscription of his successor Vijayachandra is dated 1168 CE. Such a long gap is unusual for the dynasty, and may indicate troubled times arising out of an external invasion or a war of succession after Govindachandra's death. Vijayachandra faced a Ghaznavid invasion, which he seems to have repulsed sometime before 1164 CE. His focus on guarding the western frontiers against the Ghaznavids may have led to the neglect of the kingdom's eastern border, which later resulted in a Sena invasion.

Jayachandra, the last powerful king of the dynasty, faced a Ghurid invasion under Muhammad of Ghor and his slave commander Qutbuddin Aibak. He was defeated and killed at the Battle of Chandawar in 1194. According to the contemporary Muslim historian Hasan Nizami, the Ghurids then sacked Varanasi, where they destroyed a large number of temples. After Jayachandra's death, several local feudatory chiefs offered their allegiance to the Ghurids. A legendary account in Prithviraj Raso states that Jayachandra allied with the Ghurids against Prithviraj Chauhan, who had eloped with his daughter Samyukta. However, such legends are not supported by historical evidence.

Jayachandra's son Harishchandra succeeded him on the Gahadavala throne. According to one theory, he was a Ghurid vassal. However, in an 1197 CE Kotwa inscription, he assumes the titles of a sovereign. According to historian Roma Niyogi, it is possible that he controlled Kanyakubja, as no contemporary Muslim historians mention that the Ghurids captured the city at that time. Firishta (16th century) was the earliest writer to claim that the Muslims captured Kannauj in the 1190s, but his account can be ignored as inaccurate because he flourished around four centuries later, in the 16th century. Harishchandra may have also retained Varanasi.

Meanwhile, the control of the region around Etawah appears to have been usurped by Jayachandra nephew Ajayasimha. The 13th century chronicler Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani refers to a victory achieved by the Delhi Sultanate ruler Iltutmish (r. 1211-1236) at Chandawar; Ajayasimha was probably Iltutmish's enemy in this battle.

The ultimate fate of Harishchandra is not known, but he was probably defeated by the Delhi Sultanate under Iltutmish. A 1237 inscription issued during the reign of one Adakkamalla of Gahadavala family was found in Nagod State (present-day Satna district of Madhya Pradesh). Adakkamalla may have been the successor of Harishchandra. Another possibility is that Adakkamalla was from a different branch of the family that ruled a small fief. Nothing is known about Adakkamalla's successors.

Claimed descendants
The bardic chronicles of Rajputana claim that the Rathore rulers of Jodhpur State descended from the family of the Gahadavala ruler Jayachandra. For example, according to Prithviraj Raso, Rathore was an epithet of Jayachandra (Jaichand). The rulers of the Manda feudal estate, who described themselves as Rathore, traced their ancestry to Jayachandra's alleged brother Manikyachandra (Manik Chand). These claims are of later origin, and their historical veracity is doubtful. The Bundelas, another prominent Rajput clan are descendants of Gahadavalas .Raja Hemkaran or Pancham Singh, a Gaharwar Rajput from Benaras who had the title of Vindhyela which he acquired from regularly visiting a shrine which later got corrupted into "Bundela". He and his other clansmen will later conquer parts of central India and that area would came to be known as Bundelkhand The rulers of Bijaipur-Kantit feudal estate near Mirzapur also described themselves as Gahrwars, and claimed descent from the Gahadavalas

Administration
The Gahadavalas controlled their territory through semi-independent feudatory chiefs, whose various titles included Rāṇaka, Mahānāyaka, Mahārāja and Rāja.

The king's officials were known as amātyas. Their duties are described in Lakshmidhara's Kṛtya-Kalpataru. The most important court positions included:

• mantrin (minister)

• purohita (royal priest)

• pratīhāra (chamberlain or palace mayor)

• senapati (commander-in-chief)

• bhāṇḍāgārika (treasurer or chief revenue-collector)

• akṣapatalika (accountant general)

• bhiṣak (chief physician)

• naimittika (astrologer)

• antaḥpurika (incharge of queens' quarters)

• dūta (envoy or political agent).

The yuvaraja (heir apparent) and other princes announced grants in their own name, while the grants made by the queens were announced by the king.

The territory directly ruled by the Gahadavala monarch was sub-divided into several administrative divisions:
 * viṣaya: provinces
 * pathaka: sub-provinces
 * pattalā: group of villages
 * grāma: villages
 * pāṭaka: outlying hamlets associated with some villages

Cultural activities
According to the Gahadavala inscriptions, Govindachandra appreciated and patronized different branches of learning (as indicated by his title Vividha-vidya-vichara-vachaspati). His courtier Lakshmidhara composed Kṛtya-Kalpataru at the king's request.

Vijayachandra also patronized scholars and poets including Shriharsha, whose works include Naishadha Charita and the now-lost Shri-Vijaya-Prashasti. Jayachandra's court poet Bhatta Kedar wrote a eulogy titled Jaichand Prakash (c. 1168) on his life, but the work is now lost. Another lost eulogy on his life is the poet Madhukar's Jaya-Mayank-Jasha-Chandrika (c. 1183).

Religion
The Gahadavala kings worshipped Vishnu. For example, according to the 1167 CE Kamauli inscription, Jayachandra was initiated as a worshipper of Krishna (an incarnation of Vishnu) as a prince. The kings also offered homage to other Hindu gods, including Shiva and Surya. The Gahadvala inscriptions describe the kings as Parama-Maheshvara ("devotees of Shiva").

The Gahadavalas were also tolerant towards Buddhism. Two of Govindachandra's queens — Kumaradevi and Vasantadevi — were Buddhists. An inscription discovered at Bodh Gaya suggests that Jayachandra also showed interest in Buddhism. This inscription begins with an invocation to Gautam Buddha, the Bodhisattavas, and one Shrimitra (Śrimītra). Shrimitra is named as a perceptor (diksha-guru) of Kashisha Jayachchandra, identified with the king Jayachandra. The inscription records the construction of a guha (cave monastery) at Jayapura. Archaeologist Federica Barba theorizes that the Gahadavalas built large Hindu temples in traditional Buddhist cities such as Sarnath, and converted Buddhist shrines into Brahmanical ones.

The Gahadavala inscriptions mention a tax called Turushka-danda ("Turkic punishment"). Scholars interpret it as a contribution towards a tribute to be paid to the Turushkas (Ghaznavids), or a tax towards potential war expenses involving Turushka enemies. Some scholars, such as Sten Konow, had theorized this to be a tax imposed on Turushkas (Muslim Turkic people), implying that the Gahadavalas persecuted Muslim subjects — this has fallen out of favor with modern scholars.

List of rulers

 * Chandradeva (c. 1089-1103 CE)
 * Madanapala (c. 1104-1113 CE)
 * Govindachandra (c. 1114-1155 CE)
 * Vijayachandra (c. 1155-1169 CE), alias Vijayapala or Malladeva
 * Jayachandra (c. 1170-1194 CE), called Jaichand in vernacular legends
 * Harishchandra (c. 1194-1197 CE)

Adakkamalla, attested by a 1237 CE inscription, may have been the successor of Harishchandra. But this cannot be said with certainty.

title: Gahadavala dynasty


text: User talk:81.134.14.236

title: User talk:81.134.14.236


text:
Talk:Target Books

Non-novelised serials
I assume that Resurrection and Revelation were never novelised because of rights issues with Terry Nation, any one know for sure?Tim! (talk) 21:30, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This was indeed the reason - I've added details to the article. Angmering 18:46, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Listing of novelisations
Would a listing of novelisations be appropriate or just plain redundant to the episodes they were based upon? DrWho42 04:05, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * In this case, probably redundant. Any significant differences can (and have been, in some cases) noted within the story article itself. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 04:28, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Douglas Adams
I clearly remember seeing a reference in either Doctor Who magazine or some other publication that Douglas Adams was on record as wanting to novelise his episodes, but that his commitments to Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy prevented this from occurring. I have added this to the article, but have also included a citation request in hopes someone can provide a source. I think I also read that due to the success of Hitchhiker's, Adams' asking price became too high for Target's budget. I did NOT include this in the article as it might be more speculation than fact. 68.146.41.232 (talk) 15:06, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The reason that I heard was that his contract with Pan Books forbade him from being published by any other publisher. --Redrose64 (talk) 18:18, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

BBC Books reprints of Target DrWho novelisations
It would appear BBC Books have begun reprinting Target DrWho novels, starting with the earliest of them, as of July 2011. Would that be something to mention here? Bookmark and Share BBC Books: Classic Novelisation reprints Nomad Of Norad (talk) 19:07, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

Past or current tense?
seems active enough as an imprint, publishing new books not just reprints, even if it's just books from Doctor Who.

MarkiPoli (talk) 21:03, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Target Books


text:
Negligence in employment

Negligence in employment encompasses several causes of action in tort law that arise where an employer is held liable for the tortious acts of an employee because that employer was negligent in providing the employee with the ability to engage in a particular act. Four basic causes of action may arise from such a scenario: negligent hiring, negligent retention, negligent supervision and negligent training. While negligence in employment may overlap with negligent entrustment and vicarious liability, the concepts are distinct grounds of liability. The doctrine that an employer is liable for torts committed by employees within the scope of their employment is called respondeat superior.

Negligence
As with all negligence claims, the claimant must prove four elements:
 * That the defendant (in this case, the employer) owed them a duty of care;
 * That this duty was breached;
 * That the claimant was injured as a result of the breach; (see Causation (law); Causation in English law) and
 * The injury to the plaintiff was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the breach.

In order for such a duty to exist, the injury to the claimant must be "reasonably foreseeable", meaning, for example, that the type of employment must be one in which an unfit employee could cause harm of the type which occurred, and the claimant is the type of person to whom such harm would be a "reasonably foreseeable consequence".

Negligent hiring
Negligent hiring may be found where the employee (the tortfeasor) had a reputation or record that showed his/her propensity to misuse the kind of authority given by the employer, and this record would have been easily discoverable by the employer, had the employer exercised 'due diligence'. For example, a victim of sexual harassment in the workplace may have a cause of action for negligent hiring on the part of her employer if she can show that the employer was aware of the harasser's termination from a previous position for the same behaviour.

Negligent hiring preventive measures
In the sexual harassment example described above, the employer may be held liable for negligent hiring if the harasser had a previous history of harassment. This is because an employer has an obligation to its employees and others who will come in contact with them to provide a safe and productive working environment.

One preventive measure for negligent hiring is to perform a reasonable investigation on potential employees. This may include conducting interviews, verifying work and educational histories, checking references and conducting a background check on all applicants who have accepted an offer of conditional hire, and if an adverse assessment is found, to deny employment to such an applicant.

Note that simply conducting a criminal background check on an applicant may not be a sufficient investigation. In Minnesota, for example, such a check was determined to be insufficient by the court in Ponticas v. K.M.S. Investments, 331 N.W.2d 907 (Minn. 1983). This will not guarantee the employer will not be held liable, but it will show that the employer used a diligent search to screen potential harassers from the workplace, and will assist the employer in demonstrating that it took reasonable care in hiring. It is important to also note that, in the United States, background checks for job applicants are subject to the Fair Credit Reporting Act (2003). If an adverse assessment is found in an employment screen, the applicant has the right to dispute the report.

The majority of credible empirical research indicates that, likely due to employer concerns regarding negligent hiring liability, a criminal record has a significant negative effect on the hiring outcomes of ex-offenders.

Negligent retention, supervision, and training
Negligent retention occurs where a party failed to remove an employee from a position of authority or responsibility after it became apparent that the employee was in fact misusing that authority or responsibility in a way that posed a danger to others.

Negligent supervision is closely related, as it occurs where a party fails to reasonably monitor or control the actions of an employee. A variation of negligent retention or supervision is negligent training, which arises where the employer's training of the employee fails to prevent the employee from engaging in the acts that injure the claimant, or fails to remediate a pattern of behaviour which leads to an injury. Suits for negligent retention often plead negligent supervision or training as an alternate theory, as the employer who knows of an employee's improper conduct should either terminate that employee, or take steps to penalise that conduct and/or train the employee not to engage in that conduct.

Negligent entrustment
Negligent entrustment arises where the entrustor is held liable for negligence because they negligently provided the entrustee with a dangerous instrument, and the entrusted party caused injury to a third party with that instrument. Where such a claim is brought against an employer, the employer will be held liable if the entrustee's record was known, or would have been easily discoverable, to the employer. For example, if a bus company hires a driver who has a record of reckless driving, of which the company could have learned through a search of publicly available records, the company would be liable for the negligent entrustment of the bus to that driver, should the driver cause an accident.

Negligent entrustment differs from negligent hiring, retention, supervision, and training in two key respects.
 * First, negligent hiring and the related torts require the employment itself of the tortfeasor causing the injury, whereas a party can be held liable for negligent entrustment to any person.
 * Second, an employer can be found liable for negligent hiring even without provision of any dangerous instrument to the employee. However, where an employer hires an unqualified person to engage in the use of a dangerous instrumentality, as in the above example with the bus driver, the employer may be liable for both negligent entrustment and hiring.

Vicarious liability
Vicarious liability is a separate theory of liability, which provides that an employer is liable for the torts of an employee under an agency theory, even if the employer did nothing wrong. The principle is that the acts of an agent of the company are assumed, by law, to be the acts of the company itself, provided the tortfeasor was acting within the course of his employment.

By contrast, each of the above negligence theories requires proof of actual negligence on part of the employer before the injury occurred, for example when the employee was first hired.

title: Negligence in employment


text:
User:Jdorje

Projects

 * /Timeline - my own little pretty picture
 * /Energy - my own little set of calculations
 * /Tracks - my own track map generator

Sandboxes

 * /Sandbox
 * /Sandbox2
 * /Sandbox3
 * /Template
 * /Infobox hurricane
 * /Infobox hurricane test
 * /Seasons
 * /2005 Atlantic hurricane season

Todo

 * crossover storms

title: User:Jdorje


text: User talk:68.53.90.91

title: User talk:68.53.90.91


text:
User talk:Cοwsman

Please do not vandalize cows. --Slac 21:32, 16 July 2057 (UTC)

 * Please stop adding cows to Wikipedia. It is considered bovine.  If you want to experiment, please use the pasture.  Thank you. -Willmcow 22:03, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * Given your bovine editing style, I have put you out to pasture. Please ruminate on our policies. You are welcome back in the barn when you can contribute something besides manure. Moo. -Willmcw 22:11, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cοwsman


text:
User:Dzzl/ishy vonn mick

like/syn: Ish vonn mick dzzl
breakdowns:

ishy vonn mick (Irish)
crazy stuff/an unbelievable outcome, Irish

title: User:Dzzl/ishy vonn mick


text: User talk:84.13.63.77

title: User talk:84.13.63.77


text:
Arauz

Arauz or Araúz is a surname of Basque origin. Notable persons with that name include:
 * Blanca Aráuz (1909–1933), first National Heroine of Nicaragua
 * Félix Aráuz (born 1935), Ecuadorian painter
 * Hansell Arauz (born 1989), Costa Rican football player
 * Gardenia Arauz (born 1972), Bolivian politician
 * Jonathan Araúz (born 1998), Panamanian professional baseball player
 * José María Araúz de Robles Estremera (1898–1977), Spanish politician, businessman and bull breeder
 * Marcelo Araúz Lavadenz (born 1934), Bolivian festival director, culture promoter, choir leader, and music educator
 * Oscar Araúz (born 1980), Bolivian football player
 * Randall Arauz, Costa Rican environmentalist specialist in shark conservation
 * Reina Torres de Araúz (1932–1982), Panamanian anthropologist, ethnographer and professor
 * Vanessa Arauz (born 1989), Ecuadorian football manager

title: Arauz


text:
User:Leotohill

I'm retired from a long career as a programmer, developer, analyst, software architect. Now I read a lot and write a little about energy issues: wind, solar, batteries, EVs, power grids.

My Contributions

title: User:Leotohill


text:
Airwork

Airwork is an aviation business based in Auckland, New Zealand. The Airwork Group is New Zealand's largest general aviation company. It focuses on fixed wing maintenance, leasing, and operations working with private and public entities on aviation operations, with a fleet of 737 freighters.

It operates freight services in Australia for Toll Priority, Qantas and FedEx. It operates night postal services for New Zealand Post and Freightways through a joint venture agreement. Its main fixed wing base is Auckland Airport in New Zealand. The Australian freighter fleet has its headquarters at Brisbane Airport, with operational bases in Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, and Darwin.

History
The Airwork group is one of New Zealand's oldest aviation companies. Airwork was first established in 1936 by aircraft engineers Charles and Arthur (Bill) Brazier as an aircraft maintenance company originally assembling Tiger Moth biplanes at Rongatai Airfield. As the industry developed, Airwork moved into the engine overhaul business and in the 1970s became a listed company in which Brierley Investments built up a substantial shareholding. The business was purchased in 1984 by Hugh Jones and Alan Hubbard, and in 1988 Hugh Jones took control of the whole business.

Airwork Holdings Limited was listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX) in 2013 with the code AWK at an IPO price of $2.60 per share. Airwork's profit has increased 52% in the year ending 30 June 2014. In October 2016, Chinese Zhejiang Rifa Holding Group offered $5.40 per share for 75 percent of the business. The offer closed in early March 2017 with 94.7 percent shareholder acceptance. On 27 September 2017, Rifa Jair Company, a unit of Zhejian Rifa Holding group Co, made a full takeover offer for all fully paid ordinary shares of Airwork Holdings at a 21 percent premium to the closing price on 26 September 2017.

In January 2020 Airwork began services across the Tasman with the start of Auckland to Sydney flying in conjunction with Fedex. In December 2022 Airwork sold its helicopter business to Salus Aviation.

Fleet
As of January 2020 the Airwork fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Incidents and accidents

 * On 26 November 1993, two aircraft operated by Airwork, under contract to the New Zealand Police, collided in mid-air over central Auckland. The collision of the Aérospatiale TwinStar helicopter and Piper Archer fixed wing aeroplane resulted in the deaths of all four occupants.
 * On 2 May 2005 a Fairchild SA227-AC Metro III registration ZK-POA broke up in flight 6 km East of Stratford. The flight was a NZ Post service from Auckland to Blenheim. The crash killed the two occupants.
 * On 26 January 2014 a Boeing 737-300F ZK-TLC conducting a Toll freight service from Brisbane was involved in an incident while landing at Henderson field, Honiara in the Solomons Islands. The right landing gear collapsed during the roll out. None of the three crew were hurt in the incident.

title: Airwork


text:
Talk:Turgut Özal

= Comments =

Added Citations / Suggest switching to English version in other Citations
I added missing citations relating to his tenure at the World Bank from the Biography on the web page of the office of the Turkish presidency. The relevant paragraph actually seems to be lifted directly from that source. I would like to suggest a bit of rewording and also that Turkish versions of the same source be switched to English. I would do it myself but I'm a bit of a newb. Took me 6 edits to get it the way it is now. The way I managed to do it adds redundant link to the same page in the references links. If someone fixes the paragraph (second in early life an carreer) to remove redundancy I'm perfectly willing to replace the Turkish sources myself. There were also New York Times and a Book on World Bank history that mentions it, but they don't specify dates. Sorry for the superflous multi edits. Kaanatakan (talk) 20:07, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

Origins
I believe his mother was of Kurdish descent (cf. Hasan Cemal, "Kürtler"), but my memory might be fooling me.--Adoniscik 21:34, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

His grandmother was of Kurdish descent. So, he is moved from category of Kurdish People to the Turkish People. He never told something about being Kurdish or Turkish. 10.01.2006

Yet he tried to unite the Kurdish political parties PUK,PDK,PKK and reach an accommodation with the Kurds, but he didn't succeed as he died..strangely enough...(hmmm i wonder how)

 * Of course, he won't say he's a Kurd because of all the pressures from the Turkish army. Some Turks (even in Wikipedia) try using his situation to proof that Kurds have freedom in Turkey to even be elected. See, this is strange now. Ozgur Gerilla 13:21, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Ofcourse a president wont say that he is Kurdish. I dont see any problem with that in America where people are mostly of English or German descent but they say that they are Americans. Turkey is a country that is made up hundreds of ethnic backgrounds but unfortunately Kurds are the only group that are brainwashed by the Americans for their interest in the strategically important south-eastern regions. Also, the second president of Turkey, İsmet İnönü was of Kurdish descent and he is the one that did not request any land for the Kurdish people saying "Kurds and Turks are religiously, culturally the same and a seperate state is not necessary" 88.254.172.35 00:43, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * This really isn't the place to be having these kinds of discussions.Kaanatakan (talk) 20:07, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

Connections with religious groups
Mr Ozal has been linked in wikipedia to the Naqshbandi order. While it is a pretty much established fact that members of his family were closely connected to the Naqshbandi order (That of Sheikh Zahid Korkut not Sheikh Nazim) I have not come across any substantial proof that he was a Naqshbandi. If he indeed was can someone please provide proof or otherwise remove his link to the order. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.48.153.25 (talk) 13:55, 13 March 2007 (UTC).

Corruption
While many Turks praise Mr Ozal for his work in economics and helping Turkey advance many other Turks see the rule of Mr Ozal as being that of the beginnings of the enormous state corruption that has crippled the country ever since. It would be useful if the writer of the article provided a more ballanced view with regards to this topic.

Badly written article
The whole article says almost nothing about Turgut Özals politics in general. Half of it is about Armenia, the other half about the PKK, only some few words about his ultra-neoliberal politics. It sums up pretty well about anything wrong with articles relating to turkish politics in Wikipedia in general.

Özal is mainly known for his extreme fiscal conservatism and the Turkish-Islamic Synthesis which he introduced. Thus his politics can be consired as precursor of Erdogan's politics. -- 91.113.38.135 (talk) 16:16, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Turgut Özal


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Hanford Reach

The Hanford Reach is a free-flowing section of the Columbia River, around 51 mi long, in eastern Washington state. It is named after a large northward bend in the river's otherwise southbound course.

Hanford Reach is the only section of the Columbia in the United States that is not tidal nor part of a reservoir, excluding a short reach between the Canada–United States border and the upper end of Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, the reservoir of Grand Coulee Dam. Much of the Hanford Reach flows through the Hanford Site, a nuclear production facility established during World War II. It is also the site of the Hanford Reach National Monument, created from the original protection area around the Hanford Site. Upstream of the Hanford Reach is Priest Rapids Dam and downstream is the McNary Dam, which also impounds the last stretch of the Snake River, the largest tributary of the Columbia.

The Hanford Reach includes the still extant Coyote Rapids and supports over forty species of fish including significant numbers of spawning fall chinook salmon

title: Hanford Reach


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User:Gsf

Hello!

title: User:Gsf


text:
Tire bead

Tire bead is the term for the edge of a tire that sits on the rim. Wheels for automobiles, bicycles, etc. are made with a small slot or groove into which the tire bead sits. When the tire is properly inflated, the air pressure within the tire keeps the bead in this groove.

Reducing tire air pressure is a frequent practice among off-road vehicle drivers. This action widens the tire tread, enhancing the contact surface with the terrain for better traction. However, excessively low pressure can lead to inadequate bead-to-rim pressure, resulting in the bead dislodging from the rim, commonly known as "losing a bead." To address this issue, beadlocks are frequently employed to securely clamp the bead onto the rim.

Often, the bead can become frozen to the rim after rusting occurs, requiring the use of a bead breaker.

Materials Used for Tire Bead
Tire beads are made of high-tensile steel cable coated with rubber and are responsible for creating and maintaining a seal between the tire and the wheel. The steel wire used to make tire beads is often plated with copper, brass, or bronze to increase its strength. Here are some other materials used in tire manufacturing that are suitable for the tire application:

 * 1) Cotton
 * 2) Rayon
 * 3) Polyester
 * 4) Steel
 * 5) Fiberglass
 * 6) Aramid

While these materials are used in different parts of the tire, the tire bead is primarily made of steel wire coated with rubber.

title: Tire bead


text: Template:Royal palaces in the United Kingdom


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User:Slacklover

Hello I am Slacklover.

title: User:Slacklover


text: Template:Football in Sweden

title: Template:Football in Sweden


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Talk:Tire bead

Tires and under-inflation for offroading
Actually tires are usually under-inflated for off roading because it allows the tire tread to "conform" more easily around objects such as rocks, etc, allowing a better grab to the object to get over it.Short circutz 17:05, 22 August 2007 (UTC)Short_circutz

title: Talk:Tire bead


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Talk:MacArthur Maze

Where are the archives?
Where are the archives of this talk page? Tmangray (talk) 04:30, 9 February 2018 (UTC)
 * They were hidden. FWIW, you can always make them more accessible by adding . Cheers! DonIago (talk) 20:41, 9 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:MacArthur Maze


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Nouvel Catholic Central High School

Nouvel Catholic Central High School is a private, Catholic high school located in Saginaw Charter Township, Michigan and serving the Saginaw region. Nouvel is a high school that enrolls approximately 150 students. The school was formed in 1984 as a consolidation of the three then-remaining Saginaw area Catholic high schools, Saints Peter and Paul, Saint Stephen's, and Saint Mary's Cathedral High Schools.

Prior to the existence of Nouvel Catholic Central High School and Saints Peter and Paul Area High School, the school building, which also houses the offices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saginaw, was the Saint Paul Seminary. That name is still inscribed in marble above the front door of Nouvel High School.

The school is named for Father Henri Nouvel, a 17th-century French Jesuit missionary who is locally recognized as the first European to have visited the Saginaw River Valley region. A monument recognizing Fr. Nouvel and his contributions sits on Ojibway Island in the City of Saginaw, and a local council of the Knights of Columbus established in Father Nouvel's honor has their main hall located near the school.

Sports
The Nouvel Panthers compete as members of the Tri-Valley Conference West Division during the regular season. Although the school has enjoyed a fair amount of athletic success, the 2006–2007 school year was arguably the school's most notable in athletic achievement. The Nouvel Football and Girls Basketball teams won State Championships, and in doing so became the first school in MHSAA history to have both teams go undefeated in the same season. The same year, Nouvel finished as State Runner-Up in Boys Basketball and a State Semifinalist in Baseball.

In the record-breaking 2007-2008 year:

The Nouvel Varsity Pom Pon team won their very first Class C State Title. The Nouvel boys won a second straight MHSAA Division 6 state championship in football. The Nouvel Girls Varsity Basketball team also won back to back state championships in Class C. This marks the first time in Michigan High School sports history that a school's boys football team and girls basketball team have won state titles in consecutive years.

In 2009, Jenny Ryan was named Miss Basketball, this marks the first time in MHSAA history that two people from the same school were named Miss Basketball. Danielle Kamm was named Miss Basketball in 2002 - 2003 season.

In 2011, the Nouvel Boys Varsity football team repeated as State Champions for a third time, winning the Division 7 title in a 56–26 victory. The Panthers set a state record for most points scored in a state finals football game. Running back Bennett Lewis tied the state record for scoring, with five touchdowns to his credit in the game.

In 2013, the Nouvel Varsity Pom Pon team won their second Class C State Title.

Blair White, a stand-out wide receiver for the Panthers from 2000 to 2004, signed with the Indianapolis Colts following the 2010 NFL Draft. White was a walk-on at Michigan State University and was named the Big Ten Wide Receiver of the Year in 2010.

title: Nouvel Catholic Central High School


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Effluent

Effluent is wastewater from sewers or industrial outfalls that flows directly into surface waters, either untreated or after being treated at a facility. The term has slightly different meanings in certain contexts, and may contain various pollutants depending on the source.

Definition
Effluent is defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as "wastewater–treated or untreated–that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes discharged into surface waters". The Compact Oxford English Dictionary defines effluent as "liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea". Wastewater is not usually described as effluent while being recycled, re-used, or treated until it is released to surface water. Wastewater percolated or injected into groundwater may not be described as effluent if soil is assumed to perform treatment by filtration or ion exchange; although concealed flow through fractured bedrock, lava tubes, limestone caves, or gravel in ancient stream channels may allow relatively untreated wastewater to emerge as springs.

Description
Effluent in the artificial sense is in general considered to be water pollution, such as the outflow from a sewage treatment facility or an industrial wastewater discharge. An effluent sump pump, for instance, pumps waste from toilets installed below a main sewage line. In the context of waste water treatment plants, effluent that has been treated is sometimes called secondary effluent, or treated effluent. This cleaner effluent is then used to feed the bacteria in biofilters.

In the context of a thermal power station and other industrial facilities, the output of the cooling system may be referred to as the effluent cooling water, which is noticeably warmer than the environment and is called thermal pollution. In chemical engineering practice, effluent is the stream exiting a chemical reactor.

Effluent may carry pollutants such as fats, oils and greases; solvents, detergents and other chemicals; heavy metal; other solids; and food waste. Possible sources include a wide range of manufacturing industries, mining industries, oil and gas extraction, and service industries.

Treatment
There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at the appropriate type of treatment plant. Domestic wastewater (also called municipal wastewater or sewage) is processed at a sewage treatment plant. For industrial wastewater, treatment either takes place in a separate industrial wastewater treatment facility, or in a sewage treatment plant (usually after some form of pre-treatment). Other types of wastewater treatment plants include agricultural wastewater treatment and leachate treatment plants.

Treating wastewater efficiently is challenging, but improved technology allows for enhanced removal of specific materials, increased re-use of water, and energy production from waste.

United States effluent guidelines
In the United States, the Clean Water Act requires all direct effluent discharges to surface waters to be regulated with permits under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Indirect dischargers–facilities which send their wastewater to municipal sewage treatment plants–may be subject to pretreatment requirements. NPDES permits require discharging facilities to limit or treat effluent to the levels that result from using the most effective treatment technologies possible at a practical cost to mitigate the effects of discharges on the receiving waters. EPA has published technology-based regulations, called "effluent guidelines", for 59 industrial categories. The agency reviews the standards annually, conducts research on various categories, and makes revisions as appropriate. Noncompliance with these standards and all other conditions in the permits is punishable by law. Each year, effluent guidelines regulations prevent billions of pounds of contaminants from being released into bodies of water.

EPA regulations require effluent limitations to be expressed as mass-based limits (rather than concentration-based limits) in the permits, so that discharging facilities will not use dilution as a substitute for treatment. In cases where setting mass-based limits are infeasible, the permit authority must set conditions in the permit that prohibit dilution.

United States sewage treatment standards
The U.S. "Secondary Treatment Regulation" is the national standard for municipal sewage treatment plants.

title: Effluent


text:
User talk:Slacklover

This is my talk page

2005 USA-Race
DNS stands for when a car does not take a a race start. Makes sense. By having Ret listed that mean the driver has actually started in that race and will count a race starts towards the driver race start tally.. The formation lap does not count as a lap at all as it is not added towards the race classification. For when does a driver 'start' a Grand Prix? To my mind he does so only if he is on the grid when the flag drops or light goes green at the final start. Should a driver have failed to compete the formation lap, for instance (as was the case with Prost at Imola in 1991), he cannot truly be said to have started the race. In the case of restarted events such as the British GP in 1986, poor Jacques Laffite certainly did start the race, but this was declared null and void and he was not presented to take the restart, which is the only one that counts. For true official race results is best to get them off www.forix.com as they receive their race results from the officials. Yes I know formula1.com is official but not 100% official in statistics. If you decide to leave it as Ret then you must give all the drivers a race start count!

I have spend hours in researching and asking many F1 statistician who are famous and know more on Grand Prix. All the statisian I have contacted and got back told me it is actually DNS not Ret, they also have mention the formula1.com is not very accurate with their race results. The formula1.com is incorrect as listing as ret instead of DNS for 2005-USA. This were the responses from the following people. Renowned F1 statistians, like David Hayhoe or Autosport's Peter Higham agree that all Michelin drivers were DNS in 2005-USA, but consider a RET if a driver didn't made a re-start, for example. That was the common view in the past - no contemporary source listed Lauda as a DNS in 1976-Germany - and they simply ignore the current "null and void" FIA rule. I totally agree to change it as DNS not Ret as they didn't take part on the first lap.

Here is a intersting fact. Button will start his 100th race start in the 2005-China race. But according to wikipedia when doing the math by adding all Button race starts it would be his 101st race start in China as Button has been listed as Ret instead of DNS for this year 2005-USA race. Does this make sense to you. That means wikipedia will have an extra race start for all the drivers who have no started in the 2005 USA race have an extra race start which wouldn't be official to the drivers stats.

I am trying to help you all to have accurate data on Formula 1 on wikipedia. I DO beleive the formula1.com site doesn't not give out accurate race classifications. As I have been involved with FORIX and autosport.com for many years as my job is to look for incorrect data on their server. Andreas 04 October 09:36

F1 portal featured article
The F1 portal (in which I assume you have some degree of interest, as your name is listed on WikiProject_Formula_One) is intended to have a regular rotation of a 'featured article'. I've swapped a few in and out over the last couple of months, but I think it would be better if there were more of a community attempt at deciding this, proposals, votes, that kind of thing. So - why not pop over to Portal_talk:Formula_One and make a suggestion. Ta. 4u1e 00:36, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Selected articles on Portal:F1
Hello again.

I dropped notes round a while back to those who have listed themselves at WikiProject_Formula_One to ask for suggestions for selected articles on portal:Formula One. There was a pretty good response, both in terms of how it might work and of articles suggested. Damon Hill came out with the most support and was brought up to Good Article standard after a lot of work by Skully Collins and others before going on as the F1 portal selected article a couple of weeks ago. It is now at Featured Article Candidates as a Featured Article candidate (why not drop by and see if you can help polish it further?).

Several people who responded to the original request suggested that a monthly or bi-weekly 'Selected Article' could act as a catalyst for an improvement drive to get more articles up to a higher standard. Although it wasn't quite what I had in mind when I started, this seemed to work pretty well for the Damon Hill article, so I've drafted up a process for doing this more regularly. See Portal_talk:Formula_One/Management_of_selected_articles for details. Essentially the suggestion is that we vote for an article to improve every couple of weeks and at the end of the improvement process the article goes on the portal as the new 'Selected Article'. I'd be grateful for any comments on how this might work - I'm sure some of you are more familiar with things 'Wiki' than me - as well as your votes for the next candidate (by 16 July).

You may also want to help with the article Gilles Villeneuve, which was the next most popular after Damon Hill. The idea is to try and get it up to GA standard by 16 July and then put it on the portal as the 'Selected Article'. I hope you can help! 4u1e 18:24, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slacklover


text:
File:ArauzFlowers2.jpg

Painting by Félix Arauz (born 1935) (ecuador), Florero, oil & sand on canvas, 2001.

Copyright lies with Felix Arauz.

www.pictorica.com

This image qualifies as fair use under US law in that it is a low resolution image of an artwork that is intended for educational purposes only, not for profit.

title: File:ArauzFlowers2.jpg


text:
Salomon de Caus

Salomon de Caus (1576, Dieppe – 1626, Paris) was a French Huguenot engineer, once (falsely) credited with the development of the steam engine.

Biography
Caus was the elder brother of Isaac de Caus. Being a Huguenot, Caus spent his life moving across Europe.

He worked as a hydraulic engineer and architect under Louis XIII. Caus also designed gardens in England, that of Somerset House among them; also, the Hortus Palatinus, or Garden of the Palatinate, in Heidelberg, Germany.

Caus arrived in England late in 1610 or in the first months of 1611. His first royal patron was Anne of Denmark or her son, Prince Henry who granted him a pension of £100 in 1610. Anne of Denmark made him a groom of her chamber, with the authors Samuel Daniel and John Florio.

In November 1611 Caus was advising the Earl of Salisbury at Hatfield House. He is described in the exchequer records beginning in 1611 or 1612 (the date is uncertain) as "Gardener to the Queen". He designed a fountain for the east garden of Hatfield House, and a receipt of May 1612 describes him as the Prince's engineer.

He worked at Greenwich Palace and Denmark House where he made a fountain with an artificial "rock". An engineer Richard Barnwell made a pump for the fountain. The "rock" represented Mount Parnassus and featured shells and a cavern inhabited by the nine Muses. On top was a figure of Pegasus and nearby a female personification of the River Thames in black marble. At Greenwich, Caus may have designed a grotto which served as an aviary. He revamped the gardens at Richmond Palace for Prince Henry, and worked at Heidelberg for Elizabeth of Bohemia. King James gave him a gift of £50 in 1614.

Salomon de Caus carried letters from Viscount Lisle, the Chamberlain of the Queen's Household, to his wife at Penshurst Place. His name in letters and other court records was often spelled "Solomon Cole".

In 1615, he published Les Raisons des forces mouvantes which showed a steam-driven pump similar to one developed by Giovanni Battista della Porta fourteen years earlier. Nevertheless, François Arago called him the inventor of the steam engine as a result. Caus also describes a just-intonation scale, now known as the Ellis Duodene, after Alexander John Ellis who reinvented it. Caus was one of the first to employ the term work in the sense that it is used in the modern field of mechanics.

Works

 * Hortus Palatinus (1620) at the University of Heidelberg
 * La Perspective avec la raison des ombres et miroirs (1611)
 * Les Raisons des forces mouvantes (1615)

In popular culture

 * Malcolm Pryce's 2015 novel "The Case of the 'Hail Mary' Celeste refers to de Caus as the originator of the idea of using steam to power wheeled transport.

 * Salomon de Caus is also described in Hans Andersen's story "The Thorny Path" as the discoverer of the power of steam.

title: Salomon de Caus


text:
Conímbriga

Conímbriga is one of the largest Roman settlements excavated in Portugal, and was classified as a National Monument in 1910. Located in the civil parish of Condeixa-a-Velha e Condeixa-a-Nova, in the municipality of Condeixa-a-Nova, it is situated 2 km from the municipal seat and 16 km from Coimbra (the Roman town of Aeminium).

Conímbriga is a walled urban settlement, encircled by a curtain of stone structures approximately 1500 m long. Entrance to the settlement is made from vaulted structures consisting of two doors (one on hinges), at one time defended by two towers. The walls are paralleled by two passages, channelled to excavations, that remove water infiltration from the walls. The urban settlement consists of various structures, including a forum, basilica and commercial shops, thermal spas, aqueducts, insulae, homes of various heights (including interior patios) and domus (such as the Casa dos Repuxos and Casa de Cantaber), in addition to a paleo-Christian basilica.

A visitors' centre (which includes restaurant/café and gift-shop) was constructed to display objects found by archaeologists during their excavations, including coins, surgical tools, utensils and ceramics.

Antiquity
Like many archaeological sites, Conímbriga evolved sequentially and built up by successive layers, with the primary period of occupation beginning in the 9th century BCE; during this period the area was occupied by the Castro culture. Before the Roman occupation, the indigenous Conii peoples (who would later settle in southern Portugal) lived here.

The Conímbriga designation came from conim, used by indigenous peoples to designate "the place of rocky eminence," and briga, the Celtic suffix meaning "citadel". This site had become a junction between the road that linked Olisipo to Bracara Augusta, by way of Aeminium (Coimbra).

Around 139 BC, Romans began arriving in the area, as a consequence of the expeditionary campaigns of Decimus Junius Brutus. At the time, Conímbriga was already a built-up settlement. The Romans introduced the formal organization of space to the settlement. Owing to the peaceful nature of rural Lusitania, Romanisation of the indigenous population was quick, and Conímbriga became a prosperous town.

Between 69 and 79 AD, during the reign of Vespasian, Conímbriga was elevated to the status of municipium. At that time, new urban programs were initiated. Judging by the capacity of the amphitheatre, by this time, the city had an estimated population of approximately 10,600. Many of the new colonists (such as the Lucanus, Murrius, Vitellius and Aponia families) came from the Italian peninsula and intermarried with local inhabitants (such as the Turrania, Valeria, Alios and Maelo families).

Construction of the Casa dos Repuxos began in the 2nd century, likely over a pre-existing structure. At the end of the 3rd century, the Augustian walls were replaced by the existing structures. In addition there was a remodelling of the baths and construction of a majority of the larger homes of the town, culminating in the construction of the paleo-Christian basilica in the 4th century.

Between 465 and 468, invasions by Sueves caused the destruction of the city, and its inhabitants dispersed, including some taken into slavery.

Middle Ages and Kingdom of Portugal
The bishopric of Conímbriga was established between 561 and 572, under the direction of Lucêncio, its first bishop. By 589, Conímbriga ceased to be the episcopal seat, as this was transferred to Aeminium, which later became Coimbra.

During the reign of King Manuel (1519), the king ordered the inscriptions on the facade of the Church of Condeixa-a-Nova.

In the 18th century, Conímbriga was first referred to in parochial documents, resulting in the 1869 visit by Hubner to the site. In 1873, the Instituto de Coimbra (Coimbra Institute) was created, in addition to the formation of a museum dedicated to archaeology, instigating the first formal excavations at Conímbriga in 1873. Mosaics were removed from the uncovered homes and the first excavations were made in 1899, resulting in the plan for the oppidum.

Republic
In 1911, the Coimbra Institute ceded its collection to the Machado de Castro museum, resulting in the beginning of the studies by Augusto Filipe Simões and António Augusto Gonçalves.

On the occasion of the 11th International Congress on Archaeology and Pre-History (1930) in Portugal, the state acquired the first lands and official excavations on the site. At the time of this congress the eastern gates to the city were unobstructed. The following year the DGEMN started the work of reconstructing and consolidating the ruins, which were continued in 1955.

In 1956, there were archaeological studies of Oppidum Romano, by the Serviços dos Monumentos Nacionais (National Monument Service). New excavations occurred in 1964.

In 1962, the Museu Monográfico de Conímbriga (Conímbriga Monographic Museum) was inaugurated. It was followed in 1964 by the collaboration between this museum and the archaeological mission from the University of Bordeaux: under the direction of J. Bairrão Oleiro, Robert Étienne and Jorge de Alarcão, the centre of the Roman city was unearthed.

In 1970, the work with the mosaics was consolidated, at a time when the monograph museum was expanded (with a basement, installations for a guard and interior shelter). But, throughout the transition to Portuguese democracy and beyond, the team at Conímbriga attempted to consolidate and maintain the site. The early work continued into 1974, with the consolidation, restoration and expansion of the museum and 1975, with the prospecting into other zones, the paving of walkways, landscaping and solutions to drainage issues. In 1976, the gazebo and interior of the older Monographic Museum was repaired. These repairs continued into 1977, with expansion of the museum, restoration of the facades, the old portico and the colonnade was transformed into an internal gallery, the arrangement of the principal atrium and creating a gutters to alleviate pedestrian walkways. The following year began the construction of a ticket booth in cement and glass, while in 1979 an electrical transformer and litter incineration unit were installed. The installation of electrical devices, illumination and climate control units in the museum occurred between 1981 and 1982. The first permanent public exposition was opened in April 1985. In 1986 a new awning was installed to cover the Casa dos Repuxos.

During the 1990s, there were projects to remodel the museum and upgrade the displays and various installations to support visitors, under the direction of Cruz Alarcão, Arquitectos Lda. They were re-contracted in 2004–2005 to improve the site, including the reconstruction of the Augustian forum and southern thermal spas, and construction of a small structure for spectacles (consisting of a roadway, stage and bunks molded to the terrain) alongside the aqueduct.

On 9 August 1991, the museum became part of the Instituto Português de Museus (Portuguese Institute for Museums), leading to the 1 June 1992 transfer to the Instituto Português do Património Arquitetónico (IPPAR), and then on 29 March 2007 to the Instituto dos Museus e Conservação (Institute for Museums and Conservation).

Architecture

The excavation site and visitors' centre are located on the outskirts of the rural community of Condeixa-a-Nova, based on a plateau-shaped triangular spur over two deep depressions (one occupied by the Ribeira dos Mouros).

Although Conimbriga was not the largest Roman city in Portugal, it is the best preserved, with archaeologists estimating that only 10 percent of the city had been excavated as of 2005.

The urbanized civitas includes integrated structures starting from the Iron Age and extending to the 5th century. There were specifically three phases of spatial organization: from the 1st century BC, under the reign of Augustus, a late Republican forum (which included a crypto-portico, basilica, curia and commercial shops), thermal baths, an aqueduct and pre-Roman residential buildings; a 1st-century AD group, established under Flavius, that included a reconstructed Imperial forum, Vitruvian baths and a revised urban plan; and a 3rd-century settlement that fell within revised walls.

The civil and residential buildings included numerous examples of remodeled and reused structures dating from the first century BC. Most of these homes were insulae (houses with more than one floor), with open patios or courtyards, and domus (such as the Casa dos Repuxos and Casa de Cantaber) with peristyles.

The House of Cantaber (Casa de Cantaber) has been known since the first excavations began in Conímbriga at the end of the 19th century, having been the subject of intermittent interventions throughout the 20th century. Cantaber was the city's leading aristocrat in the 5th century and was murdered in his own home by the invading Suebi. His wife and children were kidnapped and sold into slavery in distant lands. The house attributed to Cantaber is the largest known private residence in the excavated area of Conimbriga and was more than 3,260 square metres, with 40 rooms and even a hypocaust, an ingenious system in which air heated in a furnace circulated under the floor and through the perforated bricks placed inside the walls, having been built in the first century of our era. The construction of the private baths in the old garden of the house dates back a long way. These baths were also successively remodelled.

Most of the private and public buildings in Conímbriga featured abundant decorative materials, including mosaics, sculptures and painted murals.

There are three distinct baths within the walls: the Great Southern Baths, the Baths of the Wall, and the Baths of the Aqueduct. The network of stone heating ducts under the (now-missing) floors is the most distinct feature of the Roman baths.

The amphitheatre, dating from the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, takes advantage of a natural depression that surrounded the city to the north. It was identified in 1993 by Virgílio H. Correia, and excavations began in 2012–2013. Part of the amphitheatre, consisting of three entryways, was located below local homes in Condeixa-a-Nova. The 5000-person-capacity theatre was 90 x, and 4 m underground. Some rural homes on the site were built using part of the structure.

The robust, rustic construction of the 1500 m city walls suggests that they were built in a hurry. They consist of large, carved, irregular blocks, with most coming from other buildings. The height of the walls varies from 5 m to 6.5 m.

Dating from the Suebic occupation, there is a paleo-Christian basilica (5th–6th century), which was a reused and transformed domus.

The Luso-French mission (1965–1968) unearthed public structures of great dimensions, whose architecture they reconstructed. Because the city was built in successive phases, early structures that were later modified or replaced cannot be reconstructed with certainty. These Flavian monuments coincide with the location of some important elements, such as the central square.

title: Conímbriga