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Retortamonas

Retortamonas is a genus of flagellated excavates. It is one of only two genera belonging to the family Retortamonadidae along with the genus Chilomastix. The genus parasitizes a large range of hosts including humans. Species within this genus are considered harmless commensals which reside in the intestine of their host. The wide host diversity is a useful factor given that species are distinguished based on their host rather than morphology. This is because all species share similar morphology, which would present challenges when trying to make classifications based on structural anatomy. Although Retortamonas currently includes over 25 known species, it is possible that some defined species are synonymous, given that such overlapping species have been discovered in the past. Further efforts into learning about this genus must be done such as cross-transmission testing as well as biochemical and genetic studies. One of the most well-known species within this genus is Retortamonas intestinalis, a human parasite that lives in the large intestine of humans.

Etymology
Retort- is derived from the Latin re-torqueo – “to twist back” while the Greek term monas- “one unit, single” refers to its singularity. During locomotion the anterior region of the body twists in a clock-wise direction about its axis, propelling the cell to swim forward, and therefore, the body structure often appears twisted.

First discovery of the genus
The human parasite Retortamonas intestinalis was first discovered in 1917 Egypt by Wenyon and O’Connor. This case was reported by a soldier who was diagnosed to be infected with Waskia intestinalis, a species which was later renamed Embadomonas intestinalis by Chalmers and Pekkola in 1918. Afterwards, both Waskia and Embadomonas species were both revised to Retortamonas by Wenrich in 1932.

Modern research
In more recent findings, a study on the presence of parasites in the intestinal contents of ostriches conducted by a team in Spain 2001 discovered that this genus infected these birds. This was the first time in history that Retortamonas was found to be a parasite of the taxon Aves. There is a chance that the Retortamonas species discovered by this team is one that has already been identified in other hosts, and that other species of birds are also infected.

In previous studies, it was determined that Retortamonas species infect a wide range of hosts including mammals, amphibians, reptiles and insects. Since species are classified on host-type, rather than morphology, this gave rise to many species within this genus. This knowledge of the genus parasitizing a wide range of hosts was used by a team in Asia in 2018 as a tool to assess the phylogeny of Retortamonas species and determine if overlap of synonymous species exists. Through comparison of Retortamonas haplotypes of ribosomal RNA subunits and network analysis between mammal-, amphibian-, and insect-infecting species, a discovery about the species was made by the research team. Results showed that while haplotypes from vertebrate-infecting species formed a three-cluster formation, the insect species were separated, in an isolated cluster with Chilomastix. This indicated insect-infecting species are in fact closer-related to Chilomastix than they are to other Retortamonas. In addition, it was found that Retortamonas infecting humans (R. intestinalis) and other mammals are most likely the same species, and transfer between mammalian hosts likely occurs through zoonotic transmission. Strong evidence showcased this through all mammalian-infecting species grouping together in one monophyphyletic cluster. This discovery is a major piece of evidence towards promoting the reassessment of the current Retortamonas phylogeny. In addition, it addresses the issue that synonymous species are most likely present. It is possible that the three clusters recognized by the team is a telling piece of evidence that only three species of Retortamonas exists.

Geographical distribution
Retortamonas has a worldwide geographical distribution though presence of infection are commonly found in warmer environments, particularly in Retortamonas intestinalis, suggesting that this is the favourable climate for the genus. The rate of infection of Retortamonas was found to be higher during the summer months in one study conducted in Spain, supporting this idea. In another parasitological study spanning across multiple areas, Retortamonas did not show any significant variation in prevalence when tested in rural and urban areas, thus indicating it has no preference between the two environments. However, the study did show overcrowded areas and regions of poorer sanitation act as environmental factors that play a key role in the prevalence of the parasite A lack of sanitation practices often results in a higher probability of exposure to contaminated feces or other objects likely to carry infection, and paired with high-density populations, this can allow for more rapid transmission between individuals.

Microenvironment
Retortamonas is adapted to low-oxygen environments, and thus live in such habitats like the intestinal tract of organisms where oxygen levels are extremely low. Retortamonas trophozoites live within the intestinal tract of its host while cysts are more resilient and can survive in the external environment in habitats such as water, awaiting to be ingested by the next host.

Parasitic hosts
Retortamonas trophozoites have been found to feed on the intestinal bacteria of a wide variety of vertebrates including mammalian, avian, and amphibian hosts, as well as invertebrates, such as insects. Recent evidence however, suggests that species infecting insects are in fact Chilomastix.

Life cycle
Retortamonas has a direct life cycle as it infects a single host without requiring an intermediate or vector to complete its life cycle. Cysts live in the external environment and possess a thickened cyst wall which functions to protect the cell in the harsher habitats during its time away from a host. Cysts are ingested via the fecal-oral route, commonly from contaminated food, water or other materials likely to carry infection. Once in the intestine of its host, cysts undergo excystation into the trophozoite stage that feeds on intestinal bacteria. Each cyst gives rise to only one trophozoite. Retortamonas trophozoites then multiply asexually through lateral binary fission. Eventually the trophozoites encyst, and the cysts are discharged via feces. The cysts are usually found living in food and water while they wait to be taken up by the next host and continue the spread of transmission via the fecal-oral route.

Feeding mechanisms
Retortamonas feed on intestinal bacteria in the gut of the host. The trophozoites feed by endocytosis with the help of the posterior, vaned flagellum. Movement in a waving-like motion by the flagellum brings food particles inwards, towards the cell. Retortamonas is then able to engulf them into the cell and form an internal food vacuole. The cyst stage's main function is to survive in the external environment away from the host and spread transmission rather than feeding, coinciding with the fact it has no availability to a food source as it is located away from the intestine of its host.

Pathogenesis
Retortamonas is non-pathogenic. Since this genus has not been discovered to cause any disease, it has been classified as a harmless commensal.

Diagnosis
Infection is commonly detectable by the presence of cysts or trophozoites in fecal samples. The probability of finding either or both the cyst and trophozoite stage in feces is very low, and often up to thousands of samples are required before detection is achieved. Since this genus does not cause any disease-like symptoms, diagnosis usually only occurs when it is being specifically looked for, such as in studies targeting presence of Retortamonas in patients. In other cases, it is found in patients who are infected with additional pathogenic parasites and being treated for those symptoms. This is common because transmission via the fecal-oral route is the mode used by many parasites, and so individuals are often infected with multiple species at a time.

Treatment
There is no known treatment for infection of this parasite, most likely due to the fact that it is non-pathogenic and requires no intensive medical attention.

Trophozoites
The trophozoite shape varies among Retortamonas species. Pyriform, fusiform, and rounded structures have all been found. Many are described to have a blunt anterior region and a pointed posterior, ending in a needle-like tail. A notable difference in cell length among species has also been recognized. All species have an enlarged feeding groove acting as the mouth of the organism and a small nucleus located in the anterior region of the cell body. The feeding groove, located near the nucleus, is divided into two sections; an anterior and a posterior pocket positioned in the upper region and deeper within the cell respectively. Retortmonas species lack of an axostyle, kinetoplast, and parabasal body. In addition, species of this genus also lack mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and an undulating membrane, a shared characteristic with the other genus of the family Retortamonadidae. All species of Retortamonas possess two flagella; one free, anteriorly-directed flagellum, and one posteriorly-directed, vaned, trailing flagellum located in the feeding groove. While in some species the posterior flagellum is confined within the feeding groove, in others it extends far out beyond this oral pouch. The functionality of both the anterior and posterior flagella is consistent across all Retortamonas species. The anterior flagellum aids in locomotion by moving in a whip-like motion, allowing the cell body to propel forward. The trailing, recurrent flagellum extends out from the feeding groove and is most likely involved only in feeding mechanisms such as ingestion. A single, spherical nucleus is present in the anterior region of the cell body.

Cysts
Retortamonas cysts are pear-shaped, and smaller than the trophozoite. In addition, the cysts are also rounder than trophozoites, having been described as oval-shaped with a rounded posterior while the anterior end tapers only slightly, forming a cap of the cell with a thickened cyst wall. The cysts also contain a distinct anterior nucleus, but the flagella thicken and shorten during encystation, becoming indistinguishable within the cytoplasm.

title: Retortamonas


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Mauri Kunnas

Mauri Tapio Kunnas (born 11 February 1950) is a Finnish cartoonist and children's author.

Kunnas was born in Vammala. He matriculated in 1969 and graduated from the University of Art and Design in Helsinki as a graphic designer in 1975. He has worked as a political cartoonist in many Finnish newspapers. He is currently living in Espoo with his wife Tarja, children Jenna (1983) and Noora (1987) and their cat.

Kunnas is most famous for his numerous children's books, illustrated by himself and featuring anthropomorphic animals. His most famous children's book series is called Koiramäki (Dog Hill), set in historical Finland, featuring anthropomorphic dogs. His other works include Riku, Roope ja Ringo (Ricky, Rocky and Ringo), some "horror" books and books about Joulupukki.

The hordes of clothed animals present in his books by the end of the 1970s led people to compare him to Richard Scarry. But as he became more popular and produced even more work the similarities lessened. Kunnas' children's books usually feature some recurring background characters, like Herra Hakkarainen (Mr. Clutterbuck), a sleepwalking goat.

Aside of children's books, Kunnas has also drawn a rock and roll parody comic called Nyrok City for teenagers and adults. The comic parodies 1970s-1980s era rock and roll culture such as The Beatles and The Rolling Stones in a Finnish style. It is one of the few Kunnas works in which the characters are drawn as humans.

Despite his fame, he remembered his origins. Much of the scenic imagery in his work comes from his hometown of Vammala with glimpses of its churches and rustic atmosphere. He also did valuable PR work for the Finnish home of Santa Claus in Twelve Gifts for Santa Claus (USA 1988), and Santa and the Magic Drum (Otava 1996), the latter of which has also been made into an animated film of the same name in same year.

He recently worked on a grander scale with The Canine Kalevala, a new version of the classic Finnish epic more accessible to children as well as cultural sidestep in his version of The Knights of King Arthur featuring cats in Camelot.

He attributes a large part of his success to his good wife Tarja Kunnas who has worked for twenty years as his assistant doing the painting for her husband's drawings.

In 2014 he won the "Vittoria Samarelli Literary Award" (Castel Goffredo, Italy).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mauri Kunnas


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joseph Tany Yos Yama

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. humblefool®Deletion Reform 01:27, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Joseph Tany Yos Yama
Appears to be a vanity page of a non-notable artist —Stormie 09:19, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 10:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. 0 non-WP mirror Google hits, notability is unverifiable.  Dcarrano 16:32, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you search for "Joseph Tany" you'll find a few links, but they're basically his own web page and a listing he's added to a few other art directory type sites. —Stormie 22:41, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Stormie. StopTheFiling 22:45, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete rampant nn artist vanity. --Etacar11 00:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Perateia

Untitled
Is this the same Gabras family that established a semi-independent lordship in Trebizong in the 10th and 11th centuries? Alan 09:19, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perateia


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Portuguese Discovery of Australia

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to European exploration of Australia. Dmcdevit·t 03:32, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

Portuguese Discovery of Australia
Its useful contents have already been merged (or rewritten) to European exploration of Australia, where discussion on the supposed Portuguese discovery of Australia should take place. In the study of Australian history, the theory of Portuguese discovery is not widely believed, or, for that matter, given much credence. As such, it doesn't necessarily warrant an article of its own, or at least not one as brief and sub-standard as this (its creator has shown no intention of expanding it). This is why it has been merged (in a sense) with the abovementioned article. So, delete. Cyberjunkie | Talk 09:19, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to European exploration of Australia as all the useful information has been merged. KeithD 09:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Delete. The Ogre 12:42, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. Please don't use your POV of this topic as a reason for deletion. Kappa 13:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If this was directed towards me, I must object. My point-of-view is not the basis for my nomination. If I were truly biased, I would have circumvented community opinion rather than seek consensus (as I'm doing), wouldn't I? If the topic can be explored neutrally and extensively, I am not opposed to it having its own article. As it is, all that can be said has been at European exploration of Australia.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 13:11, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * merge with European exploration of Australia and then redirect. title is inherently non-neutral. clarkk 14:12, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to European exploration of Australia. --malathion talk 14:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to European exploration of Australia to avoid further POV forking. Dcarrano 16:34, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to European exploration of Australia. Themindset 17:10, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/delete, no redirect. Pavel Vozenilek 23:36, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect since the merge is already done.--nixie 23:38, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per nixie. --bainer (talk) 02:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand- this is a topic studied by Australian high school history students (eg my year 8 son last term), with a view to getting the students to understand and evaluate conflicting source materials. There is some compelling evidence in favour of the Portugese discovery but there are some key facts which highlight why it is very probably not the case. As at this time the merge / rewrite into European exploration of Australia does not do the topic justice, in particular missing out on the Dieppe Maps. When my son started this topic, I came to Wikipedia and was dissappointed at the paucity of material here and in particular the lack of reference to these maps.--AYArktos 02:28, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep ... I originally thought "delete/merge" but I just went and played with it a bit and I'm happier now. I think it should remain as a discussion of the theory and its various views and counter-views, while European exploration just mentions the subject among other possible early European sightings. --Skud 03:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand, as per AYArktos. JamesBurns 07:35, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. Radiant_ >|< 10:54, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research. Ambi 12:55, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - No original research (offical policy) states: "Original research refers to original research by editors of Wikipedia. It does not refer to original research that is published or available elsewhere". The topic of this article is an historical theory that is much published elsewhere - even in high school materials!--AYArktos 00:46, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as merged. Smerdis of Tlön 16:43, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Jazzercise

Jazzercise is a fitness franchise company founded by Judi Sheppard Missett in 1969 and headquartered in Carlsbad, California, United States. The franchise's name is a portmanteau of "jazz" and "exercise."

Jazzercise combines dancercise, martial arts and strength training with popular music for a full-body workout. The company currently has over 8,300 franchisees worldwide in 32 countries.

Early history

Judi Sheppard Missett created Jazzercise in Evanston, Illinois in 1969 after graduating from Northwestern University. After receiving a degree in theater and dance, she signed up to study with renowned jazz choreographer Gus Giordano at his Evanston studios. She was teaching at a dance studio and noticed her classes had high dropout rates. Realizing students were attending for physical fitness and not for performance, Shepard Missett began to hold "just for fun" classes that began with a jazz warmup. These classes, originally named "Jazz Dance for Fun and Fitness," were eventually renamed "Jazzercise."

Growth and franchising
Sheppard Missett's family moved to Carlsbad, California, where she taught classes in local rec centers. Jazzercise quickly took off in San Diego and Sheppard Missett trained new instructors herself. Many of those first instructors were in military families, so as they moved around the country, and the world, new populations were continually introduced to the program. Initially using VHS videos, Sheppard Missett was able to train franchisees from a distance and began to sell franchise rights for Jazzercise studios across the country. In addition to the franchised classes, Sheppard Missett produced recorded Jazzercise programs for home use, starting with an LP entitled Jazzercise in 1981 which was certified gold in 1982. Sheppard Missett produced a second LP in 1982 entitled More Jazzercise and released her first VHS Jazzercise workout called Let's Jazzercise a year later.

In popular culture
On A Bit of Fry & Laurie, Jazzercise is claimed to be a portmanteau of the words "jazz" and "circumcise."

In Ron Howard's live-action movie adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas, the Grinch's schedule has an hour booked for Jazzercise.

In the Taxi episode "Louie Goes Too Far," Latka Gravas (played by Andy Kaufman) suggests to Reverend Jim Ignatowski (played by Christopher Lloyd) that he take up Jazzercise as a way of meeting beautiful women.

On The Golden Girls, Dorothy Zbornak (played by Bea Arthur) admits taking up Jazzercise in the episodes "The Stan Who Came to Dinner" and "The Audit."

In Troop Beverly Hills, the lead character, Phyllis Nefler, mentions that she hasn't been to Jazzercise in three weeks after chasing one of her troop members, who suddenly runs off during a troop meeting.

In the Futurama episode "Parasite Lost," the parasitic worms are seen Jazzercising Fry's muscles.

The Flight of the Conchords season 2 episode "New Zealand Town" features the song "Fashion is Danger," which is a parody of 1980s music and style and contains a reference to Jazzercise.

"Jazzercise Instructor" is featured as a job in The Sims 2.

In the third series of The Mighty Boosh, Howard Moon goes to Jazzercise classes.

In the Glee episode "Bad Reputation," a tape is found of Sue Sylvester Jazzercising to Olivia Newton-John's "Physical." In the following season's episode "Sexy," Holly Holliday is shown teaching a Jazzercise class in which Will Schuester participates.

On The Goldbergs, Beverly Goldberg is frequently portrayed referencing or stepping to Jazzercise.

In the October 9, 2012 episode of The Daily Show, Jon Stewart referenced Jazzercise in his opening monologue.

Jazzercise was featured in both People magazine and Harper's Bazaar in 2018.

Jazzercise was featured at the fictional Starcourt Mall in season 3 of Stranger Things, where Dustin Henderson and Steve Harrington chase a suspicious-looking guy thinking he was from the Soviet Union, who turns out to be a Jazzercise instructor.

Jazzercise was mentioned in the song "Party with Your Body" (from the album All in a Night's Work) by KC and the Sunshine Band.

Jazzercise was mentioned in the Rick and Morty season 6 episode "Juricksic Mort" when the dinosaurs present a list of things humanity has accomplished.

title: Jazzercise


text:
Talk:OOCL

Speed/Fuel Request
can anyone provide a source for the ship's top speed and fuel consumption? Thanks.

Largest container ship
OOCL Shenzhen was at delivery in May 2003 the largest Containership in the world?...sorry but that's wrong. The Axel Maersk delivered March 2003 was greater in Loa, tdw, TEU. see article Containerschiff in the german wikipedia. July, 18th.2005 DEF

 * The Axel Maersk was, in fact, longer than the OOCL Shenzhen. However, officially, the OOCL Shenzhen carried 8,063 TEUs, whilst the Axel Maersk carried only 6,600 TEUs - a 1,463 difference. Container ships are measured by their capacity to carry containers. This is why the Guiness Book of World Records recognized the OOCL Shenzhen as the largest container ship ever built on its delivery in 2003. GCM 07:30, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

OOCL and OCCL ?
Why are some of the ships called OCCL and not OOCL? Nostrada (talk) 23:18, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * This was a typographic error, see OOCL vessel list on OOCL webpage. -- Gerd Fahrenhorst (talk) 18:14, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

OOCL vested companies
For example, shipping IT system/solution provider - CargoSmart - is owned by OOCL. Should such "(in)vested" and/or wholly-owned subsidiaries be listed? CargoSmart mainly provide sailing schedules search and schedule reliability analysis for NVOs, LSPs and BCOs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fishandchips (talk • contribs) 02:52, 13 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:OOCL


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Padikkal

Padikkal, alternatively known and spelled as Padikkala, is a prominent Indian surname, particularly prevalent in the geographical area of Kerala, India. It is associated with notable individuals who have made significant contributions in various fields. Notable people with this surname include:

 * Devdutt Padikkal (born 2000), Indian cricketer
 * Jayaram Padikkal (1936–1997), Indian police official

title: Padikkal


text:
Twisted Wheel Club

The Twisted Wheel was a nightclub in Manchester, England, open from 1963 to 1971. It was one of the first clubs to play the music that became known as Northern soul.

History
The nightclub was founded by the brothers Jack, Phillip and Ivor Abadi as a blues and soul live music coffee bar/dance club. The original location of the club was on Brazennose Street, between Deansgate and Albert Square. This was the rhythm and blues mod venue, with Roger Eagle as DJ. The last all-nighter at the Brazennose St. venue was 11 September 1965 with John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (featuring Eric Clapton) headlining. The club, along with Roger Eagle as DJ, then re-located to 6 Whitworth Street opening on Saturday 18 September with The Spencer Davis Group (featuring Steve Winwood) as headliners. This venue was the mostly soul-oriented club with resident Saturday "All Niter" DJ Bob Dee compiling and supervising the playlist and utilising the newly developed slip-cueing technique to cue in vinyl records. The Whitworth Street venue was a converted warehouse, with a coffee snack bar on the ground floor and a series of rooms in the cellar. These lower rooms housed the stage, a caged disc jockey area, and the main dance room. Back-lit iron wheels decorated the simple painted brick walls. Ivor Abadi ran the club without an alcohol licence, serving only soft drinks and snacks. There was another Twisted Wheel in Blackpool under the same ownership.

Prior to the opening of the Twisted Wheel, most UK nightclubs played modern popular music, Soul and R&B. The Twisted Wheel DJs and local entrepreneurs imported large quantities of records directly from the United States. Many of the records played at the Twisted Wheel were rare even in the US; some may only have been released in one city or state. At the time, in addition to records released by larger record companies, there was a huge number of soul releases by a wide variety of artists on a multiplicity of obscure, independent labels.

All-night sessions were held each Saturday, from 11:00 pm through to Sunday 7:30 am. DJs played new records generally not played elsewhere. However, by 1969 more mainstream songs like Steam's "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" and Tony Joe White's "Polk Salad Annie" were added to the early session playlist. Allnight DJ, Brian "45" Philips introduced - Jerry Cook - "I Hurt on the Other Side"; Dobie Gray - "Out on the Floor"; The Artistics - "This Heart of Mine"; Leon Haywood - "Baby Reconsider", Earl Van Dyke - "6 by 6" and U.S releases on Ric-Tic, Brunswick, Okeh and other obscure labels.

Each week at 2:00 am Soul artists performed live at the club. Junior Walker, Edwin Starr, Oscar Toney Jr., Marv Johnson, Mary Wells, Ike and Tina Turner, Johnny Johnson and the Bandwagon, and Inez and Charlie Foxx were among the many musicians to squeeze onto the tiny stage. Soul fans travelled from all over the United Kingdom for the all-nighters; some by car, most by train, coach or bus. Singer Chris Rea on his album Deltics commemorates the club in the song "Twisted Wheel". Rea is said to have written this song because of his chagrin at being too young to go on the organised trips to the club's weekend all-nighters from his hometown of Middlesbrough in the mid-1960s.

The club gained the reputation of playing rare and uptempo soul. Following a visit to the Twisted Wheel in 1970, music journalist Dave Godin noted that the music played at the club, and in northern England in general, was quite different from the music played in London. His description "Northern soul" became the accepted term for this genre and subculture.

The club shut down in early 1971 because of a bylaw which prevented premises from staying open more than two hours into the following day. The closure of The Twisted Wheel gave the Golden Torch its opportunity to take the Northern soul crown for the next few years, until it too was shut down due to local council opposition. Today its legacy is eclipsed by that of the nearby Wigan Casino.

Later versions
The Twisted Wheel was reopened in the 1970s as a fully licensed and expanded venue by Pete Roberts. It enjoyed capacity attendance for its Sunday afternoon sessions, alongside which were all-nighters and Friday evening sessions. From 2002, nostalgia soul nights were held in the original Whitworth Street location on the final Friday of every month. These nights featured the original DJ playlists and many original members attended. Two "Goldmine" recordings, Twisted Wheel and Twisted Wheel Again, feature songs from the original DJ playlists.

The physical structure of the club was removed from the Manchester landscape in 2013 when it was demolished to make way for a hotel. This happened despite attempts to save the building on the grounds of the venue's cultural importance.

The Twisted Wheel relocated to Night People, 105-107 Princess Street, Manchester. The club had two rooms with separate sound systems, one of which was solely dedicated to the legacy of the iconic Twisted Wheel, complete with original memorabilia and bare brick arches throughout, giving it the atmosphere that Whitworth St was known for.

On 10 April 2022, the Twisted Wheel Club moved to the newly revamped Band on the Wall venue in Manchester's Northern Quarter. The Sunday afternoon / early evening sessions are held monthly. By October 2023, the Twisted Wheel Club / Basement 66 operates out of AREA on Manchester's Sackville Street.

title: Twisted Wheel Club


text:
List of archbishops of Crete

This is a list of archbishops of Crete. The Church of Crete was created by St Titus in 64 AD. Being made Bishop of Crete by St Paul himself, Titus later chose other bishops to rule the Church outside Gortyn, dividing the island into dioceses and thus becoming Archbishop of Crete. Later, the See was transferred to Heraklion, where it stands today.

First Roman period

 * Saint Titus 55/64 - 105 ?
 * Saint Artemas
 * Saint Philip (160/170 – 180/192)
 * Dioscorus
 * Cresces (fl. 256)
 * Saint Cyril (d. 304?)
 * Saint Myron (d. 350?)
 * Saint Peter
 * Paul I
 * Iconius (fl. 431)
 * Martyrius (fl. 449–457/8)
 * (Menas, 5th–8th century, known from a seal)
 * (Synesius, 5th–6th century, known from a seal)
 * Theodore (fl. 536–553)
 * John I (fl. 597–599)
 * (Ecclesiodorus, 6th–7th century, known from an inscription)
 * Paul II (fl. 655–667/8)
 * Saint Eumenius (667/8–680)
 * Basil I (fl. 680–692)
 * (Stephen, early 8th century, known from a seal)
 * Saint Andrew (711–740)
 * (George, 8th century, known from a seal)
 * Elias I (fl. 787)

Arab period

 * Basil II (before 858), transferred to Thessaloniki
 * Basil III (fl. 879), possibly successor of prec.
 * John II (fl. 961?)

Second Roman (Byzantine) period

 * (John, successor of prec.)
 * Stephen II (fl. in 1027–1030)
 * Niketas I, successor of prec.
 * Niketas II, successor of prec.
 * Basil, successor of prec.
 * Niketas III, successor of prec.
 * John III (before 1084 – at least 1089), successor of prec.
 * Leo, successor of prec.
 * Michael (late 11th century), successor of prec.
 * Constantine I (11th–12th century), successor of prec.
 * Elias III (fl. 1120?), successor of prec.
 * Basil IV, successor of prec.
 * Constantine II, successor of prec.
 * Nicholas, successor of prec.
 * John (fl. 1166–1172), successor of prec.
 * Manuel Limas, successor of prec.
 * Manuel, successor of prec.
 * Nicholas I (1195–1204)

Venetian period

 * John IV (?)
 * Manuel I (?)
 * Manuel II (?)
 * Nicholas II (?)
 * Nikephoros I Moschopoulos (1285–1322)
 * Makarios (c.1357)
 * Anthimos the Confessor (c.1371)
 * Ignatios (c.1381)
 * Prochoros (c.1410)
 * Paisios (c.1439)
 * Belisarios (c.1499)

Ottoman period

 * Neophytos Patellaros (1646–1679)
 * Nikephoros II Skotakis (1679–1683)
 * Kallinikos I (1683–1685?)
 * Arsenios I (1687–1688)
 * Athanasios Kallipolitis (1688–1697)
 * Kallinikos II (1697–1702)
 * Arsenios II (1702–1704)
 * Ioasaph (1704–1711)
 * Constantine III (1711–1716)
 * Gerasimos I (1716–1718)
 * Constantine III (7 December 1718–1722), again
 * Daniel (1722–1725)
 * Gerasimos II (1725–2 January 1756)
 * (Anthimos II 2 January 1756–6 February 1756)
 * Gerasimos III (6 February 1756–July 1769)
 * Zacharias (July 1769–May 1786)
 * Maximos (19 May 1786–4 May 1800)
 * Gerasimos IV (1800–6 July 1821)
 * Methodios (1823)
 * Kallinikos III (March/April 1823–1830)
 * Meletios I (January/February 1831–1839)
 * Porphyrios (August/September 1839–21 September 1839)
 * Kallinikos IV (September/October 1839–24 February 1842)
 * Kallinikos V (13 March 1842–1843)
 * Chrysanthos (December 1843/January 1844–5 September 1850)
 * Sophronios I (5 September 1850–December 1850/January 1851)
 * Dionysios I (December 1850/January 1851–9 September 1856)
 * Ioannikios (9 September 1856–1858)
 * Dionysios II (7 August 1858–28 November 1868)
 * Meletios II (28 November 1868–5 December 1874)
 * Sophronios II (5 December 1874–21 June 1877)
 * Meletios II (21 June 1877–25 August 1882), again
 * Timotheos I (2 October 1882–2 March 1897)

Greek period

 * Evmenios II (24 May 1898–14 April 1920)
 * Titos II (7 March 1922–25 April 1933)
 * Timotheos II (22 July 1933–January 1941)
 * Vasilios V (8 April 1941–January 1950)
 * Evgenios (23 May 1950–7 February 1978), from 28 February 1967 archbishop, no longer metropolitan
 * Timotheos III Papoutsakis (10 March 1978–26 July 2006)
 * Irinaios Athanasiadis (30 August 2006–11 January 2022)
 * Eugenios II (11 January 2022- present)

title: List of archbishops of Crete


text:
Wikipedia:Meetup/LA

This page is intended to coordinate Wikipedian gatherings in the Los Angeles area. Hope to see you at one!

Upcoming events

 * Manhattan Beach Edit-a-thon August 24, 2024 at the Manhattan Beach Library

Recent events

 * Meetup/Los Angeles/February 2024 February 17, 2024 at West Hollywood Library
 * Meetup/Los Angeles/April 2024 April 28, 2024 at Citizen Public Market in Culver City
 * Los Angeles Wiknic June 8, 2024 at Pan Pacific Park

Purpose
Gatherings of Wikipedia editors offer opportunities to socialize, discuss Wikipedia-related topics, and exchange knowledge and experiences from the universe that is Wikipedia. An edit-a-thon or workshop is a popular type of event that brings people together to edit Wikipedia in a shared space. These events often focus on improving coverage related to certain topics and are often organized in collaboration with a sponsoring organization or venue, such as a university, museum, or library. These events almost always offer training and support for new editors. If you are new to Wikipedia and want a little help getting started, consider joining us at a local event!

Invite list
Invites for upcoming events are sent to the list Meetup/LA/Invites. Feel free to add yourself to the list!

Past meetups

 * 2005
 * 7/05 meetup
 * 9/05 meetup

 * 2006
 * 6/06 meetup

 * 2009
 * 2/09 Wikipedia Loves Art

 * 2011
 * 6/11 Great American Wiknic
 * 10/11 Wikipedia Loves Libraries in Inglewood
 * 11/11 Reagan Presidential Library Tour and Edit-a-thon

 * 2012
 * 6/12 Great American Wiknic
 * 7/12 Queering Wikipedia Edit-a-thon
 * 10/12 FemTech Edit-a-thon (Claremont)
 * 11/12 Wikipedia Loves West Hollywood Edit-a-thon

 * 2014
 * 3/13 Wikipedia Loves West Hollywood Edit-a-thon
 * 7/13 Unforgetting L.A. Edit-a-thon @ Greene Exhibitions
 * 6/13 Great American Wiknic
 * 7/13, 8/13, and 9/13 Come Edit Wikipedia events in WeHo
 * 9/13 Wikipedia Takes America, Long Beach
 * 10/13 Wikipedia Loves Libraries @ UC Riverside
 * 12/13 Unforgetting LA Edit-a-thon @ MAK Center

 * 2014
 * 2/14 Art & Feminism Edit-a-thon
 * 2/14 Institute of Cultural Inquiry Book Artists Edit-a-thon
 * 3/14 Unforgetting L.A. edit-a-thon @ MOCA
 * 5/14 Asian Pacific American Edit-a-thon
 * 5/14 Wadewitz Memorial Edit-a-thon @ Occidental College
 * 5/14 Wadewitz Memorial Edit-a-thon @ Institute of Cultural Inquiry
 * 6/14 Unforgetting L.A. edit-a-thon @ 356 S. Mission Rd.
 * 7/14 Great American Wiknic
 * 9/14 Unforgetting L.A. edit-a-thon @ Armory Center
 * 9/14 Wik-Ed Women editing session #1
 * 9/14 meetup and edit-a-thon at Kramer Studio
 * 10/14 Wik-Ed Women editing session #2
 * 10/14 Wikipedia Loves Libraries edit-a-thon @ UCR
 * 10/14 2nd Wikipedia Loves Libraries edit-a-thon @ UCR
 * 10/14 edit-a-thon at UCLA
 * 10/14 Unforgetting L.A. edit-a-thon @ USC/Los Angeles Archives Bazaar
 * 12/14 Unforgetting L.A. edit-a-thon @ California African American Museum

 * 2015
 * 1/15 Wik-Ed Women editing session #3
 * 2/15 Redondo Loves Wikipedia
 * 2/15 Wiki-Ed Women editing session #4
 * 2/15 Unforgetting L.A. Edit-a-Thon @ Getty Research Institute
 * 3/15 Women's History & Culture Edit-a-Thon
 * 3/15 Ms. Magazine + FemBot Collective Wikipedia Edit-a-thon
 * 3/15 Art + Feminism Edit-a-Thon @ LACMA
 * 3/15 Redondo Loves Wikipedia follow-up event
 * 3/15 Adrianne Wadewitz Memorial Edit-a-thon
 * 3/15 Institute of Cultural Inquiry Edit-a-thon
 * 7/11 Redondo Loves Wikipedia #3
 * 7/25 Great American Wiknic #5
 * 8/15 Unforgetting L.A. Edit-a-Thon @ Women's Center for Creative Work
 * 9/15 WikiAPA edit-a-thon
 * 9/15 Wikipedia edit-a-thon: Artists of the Arroyo
 * 9/15 ICI Editathon #4
 * 10/15 Unforgetting L.A. Edit-a-thon @ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

 * 2016
 * 3/16 Art + Feminism @ Whittier College
 * 3/16 Art + Feminism @ LACMA
 * 4/16 Unforgetting L.A. Edit-a-Thon @ Hammer Museum
 * AWA+D 8/13/2016| AWA+D @ SCI-Arc
 * AWA+D at Woodbury 10/22/2016, Saturday, October 22, 1:00–5:00, Woodbury University's Burbank Library.
 * Unforgetting L.A. #12, Sunday, July 17, 11am–5pm, at Hauser Wirth & Schimmel (Downtown).
 * Getty Center, Friday, July 29, 6:00pm - 9:00pm at the Getty Center, part of the Friday Flights at the Getty.

 * 2017
 * Wikipedia Day 2017, Saturday, February 18, 2017, Ace Hotel (DTLA)
 * Women In Design #WikiD Writing Workshop October 15, Burbank
 * CSUDH Open Access, October 25, University Library at Cal State Univ. Dominguez Hills
 * PST LA/LA Edit-a-Thon, November 4 Beverly Hills

 * 2019
 * January 15, 2019: Closing the Gap: A Wikipedia Edit-a-thon for Diversity and Inclusion, 11am to 2pm, Doheny Memorial Library at the University of Southern California
 * February 24, 2019: Wikipedia Day LA 2019
 * March 3, Meetup/Los Angeles/March 2019
 * March 3, 2019: Art+Feminism Meetup at the ICA Los Angeles (DTLA). Focus: Women+Comedy. Noon–5pm.
 * March 9, 2019: Art+Feminism Meetup at the Vincent Price Art Museum (Monterey Park). Focus: Latinx Women + Non-Binary Artists. Noon–4pm.
 * March 10, 2019: Art+Feminism Meetup at the Hammer Museum (Westwood). Focus: Women+Film+Media. Noon–5pm.
 * March 17, 2019: Art+Feminism Meetup at LACMA (Miracle Mile). Focus: Women+Design+Craft. Noon–5pm.
 * March 25, 2019: LMU Library Edit-a-thon 2019 at Loyola Marymount University William H. Hannon Library, 9am-6pm. Focus: Women's History and the intersections of race, gender, and sexuality.
 * March 31, 2019: Art+Feminism Meetup at the California African American Museum (Exposition Park). Focus: Women artists in CAAM's collection. 1–4pm.

 * 2022
 * February 11, 2022: LA to FA 2022
 * April 22, 2022: Meetup/LA/Engineers for Earth Day 2022

title: Wikipedia:Meetup/LA


text:
User:Tyrath

> score

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-                        Tyrath, Male Human Slacker Level 1, 26 years old (227760 hours played) -       HP: 10/10     Mana: 100/100     Moves: 50/50     Cash: 0g, 0s -          STR: 10     DEX: 14     CON: 12     INT: 16     WIS: 12 -          HR: 42     DR: 42     Position: Sleeping     Align: 500 -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

>

title: User:Tyrath


text:
Grumman Ag Cat

The Grumman G-164 Ag Cat is a single-engined biplane agricultural aircraft, developed by Grumman in the 1950s.

Development
In 1955, Grumman preliminary design engineers Joe Lippert and Arthur Koch proposed the design for a "purpose-built" crop-dusting airplane as a means of fulfilling a pressing need in the agricultural community, as well as the perceived need for Grumman to diversify its product lines. The initial market survey indicated that 100 to 200 of this type could be sold each year. Lippert's initial proposal was made under the project name "Farmair 1000".

The first G-164, which was built by Grumman (N74054), was equipped with a Continental W670 Series 6A-16 powerplant. The aircraft had its maiden flight on May 27, 1957, with Grumman test pilot Hank Kurt at the controls. This initial flight test consisted of three short familiarization hops with the take-off weight set at 3122 lb and the center of gravity at 31.2%. Flight tests 2 and 3, with test pilot Victor Eble, were accomplished on May 28, 1958, to evaluate its general flight characteristics. In total, 46 test flights were completed by the end of August 1958 with a general finding that this was a well-behaved aircraft with only minor refinements needed before production.

When the decision was made to authorize production, Leroy Grumman suggested marketing the aircraft under the name "The Grasshopper"; however, Dick Reade suggested "Ag Cat" following Grumman's naming tradition using the suffix "cat" in aircraft names (e.g., F4F Wildcat and F6F Hellcat). Mr. Grumman agreed and the Grumman G-164 became the "Ag Cat". Large military orders prevented the production of the Ag Cat at Grumman's Bethpage facility. Grumman's board of directors chose to subcontract the entire program to the Schweizer Aircraft Corporation of Elmira, New York. Initial production was through a contract between Schweizer and Grumman. The first Schweizer-built Ag Cat, bearing registration number N10200, flew on October 17, 1958, under the control of Schweizer test pilot Clyde Cook. Full production began in January 1959, with Schweizer delivering 12 FAA-certified airplanes to Grumman by March 1959. The FAA granted type certification on January 20, 1959.

The ownership of the Ag Cat design has changed hands several times. Grumman transferred ownership to its commercial aircraft subsidiary, Grumman American, in 1973. A market feasibility study for a new agricultural aircraft (Ag Cat X) was completed by Grumman American in 1976. This study indicated that potential market demand existed for more than 100 aircraft each year. The study also showed that most of the concerns expressed by agricultural aircraft operators were addressed by the Ag Cat C model. The Grumman American subsidiary, which also owned the Grumman Gulfstream design series, was sold to American Jet Industries in 1978.

From initial production through 1981, Schweizer built 2,455 aircraft under contract. In 1981 Schweizer bought the rights to the design and continued production under the name Schweizer Ag Cat. Schweizer sold the design to Ag Cat Corp. of Malden, Missouri in 1995.

Five model G-164B aircraft were produced and registered before Ag Cat Corp. entered bankruptcy. One additional aircraft, a G-164BT500, is listed in the FAA registry as having been produced by Ag-Cat Corp., but no tail number was issued. This may have been an upgrade to an existing airframe.

In February 2001, the design was sold to Allied Ag Cat Productions Inc. of Walnut Ridge, Arkansas. Allied Ag Cat is not producing new aircraft, although a related company operates a large fleet of Ag-Cats.

The basic airframe incorporates many safety innovations, including a pressurized cockpit to keep pesticides out, air conditioning, and a fuselage structure that is designed to progressively collapse in the event of a collision. Lippert and Koch were recognized for their innovation in agricultural aircraft, being awarded the Puffer Award by Delta Air Lines in 1974.

Floats were approved for the aircraft in the early 1990s in Australia.

Variants

 * Ag Cat
 * The basic model Ag Cat was certified with four different engines - the 220-225 hp (164-168 kW) Continental Motors radial engine, the 240 hp (179 kW) Gulf Coast W-670-240 radial engine, the 245 hp (183 kW) Jacobs L-4M or L-4MB radial engine, and the 275-300 hp (205-224 kW) Jacobs R-755 radial engine. A total of 400 of this model was produced.

 * Super Ag Cat A/450
 * The G-164A became the main model starting with serial number 401. This model featured a 450 hp (335 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985 radial engine along with a higher gross weight, increased fuel capacity, larger diameter wheels, and improved brakes.

 * Super Ag Cat A/600
 * The A/600 incorporated the same improvements embodied in the A/400, but was powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-1340 radial engine of 600 hp (450 kW).

 * Super Ag Cat B/450
 * The B/450 improved on the "A" model by increasing the wingspan from 35 ft 11 in (10.95 m) to 42 ft 3 in (12.88 m). The fin and rudder were enlarged and the fuselage was also lengthened. The upper wing was raised on the "B" model by 8 in (20 cm) to reduce aerodynamic interference between the wings and improve cockpit visibility.

 * Super Ag Cat B/525
 * The B/525 incorporated the design improvements of the B/450, but was powered by a Continental /Page R-975 engine.

 * Super Ag Cat C/600
 * The C/600 first flew in 1976. It is similar to the model B/450, but has its fuselage further stretched to incorporate a 500 u.s.gal agricultural hopper. The model is powered by a 600 hp (450 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 radial engine.

 * Turbo Ag Cat D/T
 * The "D" model is similar to the C/600, but replaced the radial piston engine with a Pratt & Whitney PT6A turboprop powerplant of 680 shp (507 kW).

 * Turbo Ag Cat D/ST
 * The D/ST model is identical to the Turbo Ag Cat D/T, but the engine was a Pratt & Whitney PT6A turboprop powerplant of 750 shp (559 kW).

 * Turbo Ag Cat D/SST
 * The D/SST model is identical to the Turbo Ag Cat D/T, but is powered by a Pratt & Whitney PT6A turboprop powerplant of 850 shp (634 kW).

 * Ag Cat B-Plus/600
 * Introduced in 1982 the B-Plus/600 is powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-1340 of 600 hp (450 kW). It has the larger hopper of the "C" model.

 * Ag Cat B-Plus/450
 * Also made available for the first time in 1982, the lower-powered B-Plus/450 is powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-985 of 450 hp (335 kW). This model was available only as a custom order.

 * Marsh G-164 C-T Turbo Cat
 * This aftermarket conversion was created by replacing the engine of the Super Ag Cat C/600 with a Garrett TPE331-1-101 turboprop, derated to 600 hp (450 kW).

 * Mid-Continent King Cat
 * This aftermarket conversion of the Super Ag Cat C/600 replaced the 600 hp (450 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 engine with a Wright R-1820-202A radial engine that produces 1,200 hp (895 kW).

 * Twin Cat
 * An aftermarket conversion by Twin Cat Corporation,it relaces the R-1340 with two 360 hp Avco Lycoming TIO-540-J flat-six engines, close mounted to the sides of the forward fuselage. The prototype conversion flew in 1979, with conversion kits on sale from 1980.

 * Ethiopian Airlines Eshet
 * License-built Ag Cat Super B Turbine with local content from 1986.

Aircraft on display
Mississippi Ag Museum, Jackson, MS - G-164 Ag Cat, serial X-1
 * National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center - G-164A Super Ag Cat A/600

title: Grumman Ag Cat


text: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-07-11

title: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-07-11


text:
Talk:Michael Resnik

Untitled
I happened upon the entry under my name and found the box stating that the article contains unsubstantiating claims about a living person and references are needed. Due to a conflict of interest, I cannot correct or edit the article myself. The following is given to aid future editing. I don't know who created the entry about me. I see that it has evolved. And now that there is a marker about unsupported claims. All the claims about my date of birth,education, and accademic employment can be verified by going to the UNC Philosophy Department website and looking under my name under the Emeritus Professors. There is a link to my CV there. (Of course, it is just a piece of paper supporting another piece of paper. How else can one verify my birthdate and place of birth except via a piece of paper!) Other than that there is the claim that I am a leading philosophy of mathematics and decision theory. I would delete the words "decision theory". Although I have received emails and verbal communications praising my book, Choices, it is an introduction to decision theory and logical and philosophical issues concerning it. Other than that I have not made important contributions to decision theory. As to the claim that I am a leading contemporary philosopher of mathematics, I think that this is fair. Sections of philosophy of mathematics reference books, Shapiro's Thinking About Mathematics, and his Handbook of Logic and Philosophy of Mathematics, are devoted to mathematical structuralism and my articulation of it. In any case, one could revise the claim so that is factual and less evaluative and simply says that I am a philosopher of mathematics. Finally, I am now in the land grading business and reside in Chatham County, NC. This can be verified by going to my website, www.collinsmountaingrading.com. MDResnik (talk) 00:01, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Resnik


text:
Ramus

Ramus can refer to: People:
 * A branch (botany)
 * A portion of a bone (from Latin ramus, "branch"), as in the Ramus of the mandible or Superior pubic ramus
 * A nerve ramus such as the Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve
 * A taxonomic rank ("branch" in English) intermediate between subkingdom and infrakingdom
 * Webster, Illinois, a settlement initially known as "Ramus"
 * Edmond Ramus (1822–1890), French engraver best known for his copies of paintings for art catalogues
 * Petrus Ramus (1515–1572), influential French humanist, logician, and educational reformer
 * Tetyana Ramus (born 1980) Ukrainian artist, designer, TV and radio journalist, public activist, producer, publisher, author of television projects

title: Ramus


text: Talk:Rejection of evolution by religious groups/to do


text:
Multireference configuration interaction

In quantum chemistry, the multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method consists of a configuration interaction expansion of the eigenstates of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian in a set of Slater determinants which correspond to excitations of the ground state electronic configuration but also of some excited states. The Slater determinants from which the excitations are performed are called reference determinants. The higher excited determinants (also called configuration state functions (CSFs) or shortly configurations) are then chosen either by the program according to some perturbation theoretical ansatz according to a threshold provided by the user or simply by truncating excitations from these references to singly, doubly, ... excitations resulting in MRCIS, MRCISD, etc.

For the ground state using more than one reference configuration means a better correlation and so a lower energy. The problem of size inconsistency of truncated CI-methods is not solved by taking more references.

As a result of a MRCI calculation one gets a more balanced correlation of the ground and excited states. For quantitative good energy differences (excitation energies) one has to be careful in selecting the references. Taking only the dominant configuration of an excited state into the reference space leads to a correlated (lower) energy of the excited state. The generally too-high excitation energies of CIS or CISD are lowered. But usually excited states have more than one dominant configuration and so the ground state is more correlated due to: a) now including some configurations with higher excitations (triply and quadruply in MRCISD); b) the neglect of other dominant configurations of the excited states which are still uncorrelated.

Selecting the references can be done manually ($$ \Phi_1, \Phi_2, \Phi_5, ...$$), automatically (all possible configurations within an active space of some orbitals) or semiautomatically (taking all configurations as references that have been shown to be important in a previous CI or MRCI calculation)

This method has been implemented first by Robert Buenker and Sigrid D. Peyerimhoff in the seventies under the name Multi-Reference Single and Double Configuration Interaction (MRSDCI). MRCI was further streamlined in 1988 by Hans-Joachim Werner and Peter Knowles, which made previous MRCI procedures more generalizable.

The MRCI method can also be implemented in semi-empirical methods. An example for this is the OM2/MRCI method developed by Walter Thiel's group.


text:
Beadlock

A beadlock or bead lock is a mechanical device that secures the bead of a tire to the wheel of a vehicle. Tires and wheels are designed so that when the tire is inflated, the tire pressure pushes the bead of the tire against the inside of the wheel rim so that the tire stays on the wheel and the two rotate together. In situations where tire pressure is insufficient to hold the bead of the tire in place, a beadlock is needed.

There are several styles of beadlocks. For four-wheel drive vehicles, a ring with a number of bolts around the circumference can be used to clamp the tire to the wheel. For motorcycles, a rim lock or bead stopper is a curved plate tightened by a single bolt. For both four-wheel drive vehicles and motorcycles, a different style of beadlock can be used that is similar to an inner tube which is inflated to press the tire against the wheel.

History
Dodge Military trucks had the first beadlocks, called Combat Wheels; the 'combat wheels' were a divided-rim, that used a bolted-on retaining ring replacing the normal split ring wheels. They were designed for quick and easy tire replacement during combat, hence the name.

First manufactured for aftermarket racing and off-road applications by Marsh Racing Wheels at Siloam Springs, Arkansas in 1980 but conceived, designed and tested by Marsh Racing Wheels years earlier.

Purpose
Air pressure within a tire forces its beads against the wheel rim and normally ensures that the tire and rim rotate as a single unit. In general automotive situations, a tire's air pressure is sufficient to withstand dislodging and rim-slip forces experienced during, respectively, hard cornering and acceleration (including negative acceleration or "braking"). Low tire pressure therefore poses the hazard of enabling sudden loss of air, loss of control, and even a rollover during hard braking or an evasive maneuver (in addition to generally promoting excessive tire heat and future failure). Modern automotive tires have a soft rubber formulation at the beads to help maintain good rim contact, so special bead-lock means are not required.

High traction is desired for tires for automobile dirt track racing, off-road racing, off-road vehicles, and off-road motorcycles, so their tread is therefore coarse. Nevertheless, some riders will lower the tire pressure to cause the tread to spread out and create a larger contact patch. This practice can create a safety hazard, as there may not be enough pressure to adequately secure the tire beads to the wheel. Reactive ground forces push a tire to one side or the other, especially the outside rear tire of a racing vehicle when it is turning in a corner of a track. This could cause a bead of the tire to come off the rim completely, or enough to cause partial loss of air. It is also possible for the tire to have more traction on the ground than there is friction between the tire and rim. In this case the wheel would slip around the tire beads without turning the tire. Beadlocks, of one form or another including adhesive, are therefore used to keep the beads of off-road tires firmly seated and prevent slip, even when inflation pressure is low.

Standard beadlocks
A standard beadlock is designed to clamp the tire bead between an outer and an inner ring. The inner ring may be welded onto a standard wheel increasing wheel width by anywhere from 1½ to 2 inches or may be formed as part of the wheel when the wheel is made in the factory. The outer ring is then bolted onto the inner ring with the bead clamped between them. Anywhere between 16 and 32 bolts at around 10 ft·lbf are used around the circumference of the wheel to keep the clamp tight. The rings and bolts can cause problems with balancing the wheel and tire because all the added weight is on one side. This style is used exclusively for offroad use.

Most standard beadlocks clamp only the outside bead because this is the side that comes unseated most often while off-roading.

Internal beadlocks
An internal beadlock is very much like an inner tube within the tire that pushes the bead of the tire tight against the wheel. The internal beadlock is inflated via its own valve stem. The side of the beadlock closest to the tread, the "case", has a layer of thick fabric, generally polyester, which keeps the beadlock from inflating too far up into the tire. This forces the sides into the tire which compresses the bead of the tire against the wheel.

Dual beadlocks
For extreme off-road racing, dual beadlocks—one each on the inner and outer sides of the rim—can be used.

Streetlocks
Also referred to as "simulated beadlocks", streetlocks are a decorative element in which the wheel manufacturer casts or machines the appearance of bolt heads into the rim of a wheel. This provides the appearance of beadlocks, but no functional benefits beyond the internal bead seat common to automotive wheels. This may be used in countries where real beadlocks are not street-legal.

Motorcycle rim locks
Motorcycle tires use a different style of beadlock, also known as a rim lock or bead stopper. Motorcycle tire rim locks clamp both beads at once because the tire is narrow enough to do this conveniently with one device, and also because there is no such thing as an "inside bead" or "outside bead" on a motorcycle tire. A curved metal plate inside the tire presses both beads outward against the inside of the wheel rim to clamp both beads at once in one localized area. A threaded stem attached to the plate is placed through a hole in the "well" of the rim, with the plate inside the tire and the threaded stem on the outside. The rim lock is tightened using either a standard bolt that leaves the threads visible, or a special bolt that covers the threads. The threaded stem or special bolt is visible on the inner surface of the wheel and points towards the axle, just like the valve stem.

For motorcycle tires, a device similar to the internal beadlock of four-wheel drive vehicles can be used. A special inner tube is inflated via its own valve stem to high pressure to push the bead of the tire tight against the wheel. Like the rim lock, this clamps both beads at once. The regular valve stem is used to inflate the tire to the desired pressure.

title: Beadlock


text:
Talk:Epiphyte

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kat fife.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:45, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

.
And what about the use of this name in the cryptonimicon?

No soil?
The article states that epiphytes do not root in soil, but don't some use the tiny bit of soil in the 'armpits' of trees? And if so, do they really use it for nutrition or just for support? DirkvdM 09:51, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Uses of "air plants"
I have here an account of an expedition along the Bermejo river in Argentina, circa 1898 - led by Mr Walter Leach of Jujuy  - with the following passage -

"On this day [12th April 1898?] the beautiful island of "Nacarutio" was passed... The scenery here is splendid; tropical forest, overhanging the river festooned with "air plants" so called from their having no roots and apparantly requiring no soil to nourish them. It was these plants that were found so useful in clearing the muddy water, a leaf or two of which being palced in a bucket of Bermejo water quickly absorbed the mud, and rendered the water fit for use."

(Oliver Campbell mailto:wikkipedia@pepperdesign.co.uk note 05/12/0)

Photo
I just added a photo of what I assumed was an epiphyte beceause it grew on a tree. If anyone can identify it, could you please add any info to the photo's page? Thanks. DirkvdM 18:26, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think there are several different epiphytes in the photo. David Spector 13:35, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 * cool dude. 174.66.101.237 (talk) 17:20, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

Notes on epiphytes
"Following the original definitions of Martins (1842) and Grisebach (1872), epiphytes are plants that use other plants as their habitat. They are distinguishable from root and canopy parasites, which draw water or nutrients from their phorophytes. Further, unlike lianas, epiphytes are not in permanent contact with the soil.

According to Benzing (1990), epiphytes can be classified according to different criteria, for example growth-habit, climatic tolerance, relationship to the host, etc., Kress (1989) applies a broad definition of epiphyte', which includes holo-epiphytes, casual epiphytes, hemi-epiphytes, and even semi-epiphytic climbers. However, an interpretation of their evolutionary significance and mechanisms calls for a narrower definition of epiphytes. This is necessary since the continuum from terrestrials to facultative epiphytic or hemiepiphytic plants to epiphytes covers a spectrum of "functional types" (Huston 1994) which evolved different specific adaptations in response to enormously varying qualities and quantities of resources."

HOW DIVERSE ARE NEOTROPICAL EPIPHYTES? AN ANALYSIS BASED ON THE "CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND GYMNOSPERMS OF PERU" Pierre L. Ibisch, Andreas Boegner, Jürgen Nieder & Wilhelm Barthlott Botanisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, D-53115 Bonn, Germany

This article should be updated to include this information.

Bromels (talk) 03:40, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

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Marine epiphytes
There is very little mention of epiphytes in marine systems on this page. The article does say "there are many aquatic species of algae, including seaweeds, that are epiphytes on other aquatic plants (seaweeds or aquatic angiosperms)", but I think this topic may require more elaboration. Epiphytes in marine systems can also contradict some of the statements in the article. For instance, epiphytic algae that grow on seagrasses typically are harmful to the host plant. I'd like to hear the thoughts of some people that have worked on this page - just let me know! Dvonstaats (talk) 20:14, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Expand on epiphytes
There only seems to be two main paragraphs about the types of epiphytes but even these paragraphs are not focused on that singular subject. For example, in the Terrestrial epiphytes section it mentions the first literature that contributed to epiphytes which is good info to have but couldn't there be another section made called 'Literature' and that is where that could be contributed. Kat fife (talk) 13:12, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

Evaluation of epiphyte article
An evaluation of this page is as follows; The material of this article isn't very organized and/or focused, it seems to be more word vomit about epiphytes as a broad topic. The presentation of the page is understandable and easy to follow along but since the presentation only covers an overview of the topic the article is very short and there isn't a lot of room to get lost in. The references are too few and need improving for both sections and the introduction. This article could be improved by adding more information about regions the organisms grow in, habitat, what resources epiphytes need, which plants are epiphytes, and so on. In general this page needs expanding upon. The articles introduction paragraph is understandable and a good start but needs a little organizing. There are only 2 subheadings in the article about two broad types of epiphytes and the article should be expanded. There are a few pictures but more could be added for reference and example. Most of the the coverage of the subject is neutral and unbiased information. The main points about epiphytes needing no soil seems to be recurring and emphasized which is fine. Some of the citations however could not be credible and may need to be fixed or replaced. Kat fife (talk) 14:43, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

Plants growing on animals
Are plants growing on animals (this is possible, see https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/pets-and-environment/140818/farmer-in-mp-shocked-to-find-live-rat-with-soya-plant-growing-out-of-i.html ) also epiphytes or what are they called? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:DF:1F1C:D836:B4E3:4DBA:5C88:D6DB (talk) 22:46, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Epiphyte


text:
User:Alan3baker

User Page Blank at present

title: User:Alan3baker


text:
User talk:Larsobrien

Hi there!--Larsobrien 08:55, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi back at you! Larsobrien 23:03, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Wait! You're me from an early time! Is this Time Travel? Larsobrien 08:56, 12 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Possibly, have you figured out Time Travel yet, or is that next year? Larsobrien 23:04, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure that happens in 2025! Larsobrien 08:56, 12 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Dang it! Then which one of us figures out Time Travel? It certainly isn't me! Larsobrien 23:07, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * It's me from the future! Whatever you do don't eat the moldly cheese in the fridge! Larsobrien 12:05, 6 May 2030 (MTC)
 * Why? What happens? Larsobrien 08:57, 12 August 2022 (UTC)
 * You end up having weird dreams and inventing Time Travel! Larsobrien 12:07, 6 May 2030 (MTC)
 * Why? Why is that bad? Larsobrien 23:09, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * It leads to a break in the Spacetime continuum and Phil Collins ends up writing "Sussudio" 1985! Larsobrien 12:09, 6 May 2030 (MTC)
 * But that's already happened! Larsobrien 09:01, 12 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Nooooooooo! We're doomed! Larsobrien 12:10, 6 May 2030 (MTC)

title: User talk:Larsobrien


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Kpanlogo

Kpanlogo is a recreational dance and music form originating from the 1960s among urban youth in Accra, Ghana.

Origin
It was first played by the Ga ethnic group, most of whom live in and around the capital city, Accra, but is now performed and enjoyed throughout the country. It began in the early 1960s as an innovative dance form, influenced by American rock and roll, and giving the younger Ga generations a point of distinction from their elders. Ghanaian master drummer C. K. Ladzekpo states that kpanlogo "is essentially an urban youth dance-drumming and a symbol of the commitment of a rapidly growing Ghanaian urban neighborhood youth in advocating their perspective in shaping the political vision of post colonial Africa" (1995: web). The kpanlogo dance is often performed low to the ground, with bent knees and bent back, and frequently features sexually suggestive motions. Accounts of police seizing musical instruments and detaining performers in its early days have been documented.

The music accompanying the kpanlogo dance is drawn from older Ga drumming traditions, such as gome, oge and kolomashie. Kpanlogo music uses three types of instruments: nono (metal bell), fao (gourd rattle), and kpanlogo drums. Nono plays the key pattern or timeline of the music, supported by the fao. It is common to have three kpanlogo drums in an ensemble, in the roles of "male voice", "female voice" and "master drum".

The main kpanlogo bell part is one of the most common and oldest key patterns found in sub-Saharan Africa. The bell pattern used in kpanlogo is the same as the son clave pattern heard in Cuban music and. It is also similar to the "Bo Diddley beat" popularized by the U.S. rhythm and blues musician Bo Diddley.

title: Kpanlogo


text:
Wikipedia:Meetup/LA1

L.A.'s first Wiki meetup was on Monday, July 25, 2005 at 7:30pm, at Philippe's restaurant. Philippe's is located at the corner of Alameda St. and Ord St., in the heart of Downtown Los Angeles.

Everyone interested in attending was welcome to come. There was no cost to attend (but buying at least a beverage or something from the establishment was considered to be polite.) The venue was very cooperative, and we had a room to ourselves upstairs. Parking was available in the restaurant's lot across the street.

Registered Attendees
LA's first Wikipedia meetup was small (6 people):

title: Wikipedia:Meetup/LA1


text: User talk:69.50.187.85

title: User talk:69.50.187.85


text:
Talk:Ranch-style house

It is not uniquely American
"is a uniquely American domestic architectural style" ? Untrue; we have millions of these things in Australia. Have a look around any 1970s/1980s city suburb e.g. Mitchelton, Brisbane.

 * Certainly you do, that's not the point however, the style was invented in the US in the early 20th century, which is what the statement means.  By the late 1940's and early 50's it was the most common style of home built in the US, and was of course copied in other nations.  However, I added a line to indicate that the style is also found in other nations as it was copied widely.  -McHeath  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mcheath (talk • contribs) 19:03, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

 * To me, "uniquely American" does not mean a "style [that] was invented in the US" - it implies that this style is present *only* in America and can be seen in no other country - hence the uniqueness. Adding a line after this that states it is also present in other nations seems contradictory.  Instead of using the term "unique", I think a better term would be something like "a style originating in America" or similar 81.174.196.107 (talk) 03:12, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

criticism of ranch style
I have left up the existing criticism of ranch style homes, though this might seem like not being NPOV. Honestly though, this is a very common criticism and seems relevent. --W.marsh 09:40, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Should this be merged with Ranch (house)?KXL 19:59, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, although I think Ranch (house) should be merged here. People don't typically say "I live in a ranch", they say "I live in ranch-style house". At least that's what I think. --W.marsh 20:01, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and merged (well, redirected, the other article was much shorter and didn't look to have anything new) --W.marsh 01:11, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Last summer, June 2006, I added quite a bit to the article, but was unsatisfied with it. Today I basically rewrote the entire thing. Added example pictures as well. -McHeath, March 21, 2007

Do we really need this many images of ranch houses?
Sorry I should have placed my comments in here, the talk page of "ranch style house" rather than where I have in one of the images. I hope nobody minds my saying this, but do we actually need this many images of Ranch houses? Surely only those with distinctive features need be included, I think this seems to be overkill to a certain extent. Dieter Simon 00:30, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Answer: A large number of pictures of the Ranch Style  House gives a good impression of what exactly the style looks like. It's easy to read the characteristics of the style and be unclear on exactly what it looks like, and indeed the defining characteristics of California Bungalow houses and Prairie School houses in their Wikipedia articles sound a lot like a Ranch House. There also seems to be some confusion as to what a Ranch House looks like as this sample web site shows:

Their sample house is most clearly not a Ranch House, it is a neo-eclectic with strong colonial influence. Search the web for Ranch House plans and you will find many sites selling plans for houses that are neo-eclectics being called Ranch. Thus the need for a good sample of pictures of what a Ranch Style house really is. -Mcheath, June 18, 2007

Removed this image today that had been placed in the article: It is not a ranch style house at all but is a Cape Cod. This is why the image section is important so that people can see clearly what a ranch style house looks like. -Mcheath, Dec 6,2010

Capitalization
Is the word "ranch" properly capitalized when referring to an architectural style? Robert K S (talk) 08:15, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

East coast/West coast?
I grew up in the west and never heard the term Ranch applied to a house. It was always Rambler. Moved to Missouri and heard "Ranch" for the first time. Moved to Jersey and it was "Rancher." Whether passage of time or passage of geography, all three terms probably belong in the intro. TheEditrix2 16:33, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Curious to know about the term 'Atomic' Ranch, which seems to be in wide spread use, but not mentioned. Due to the 'Atomic' era in which they were built? Because many were made from concrete block, which linked them to the fallout shelters that were popular at the time? I have a book called 'Atomic Ranch' which doesn't seem to bother explaining the term either. I'm a new owner of one, and would love to know. KenE — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.94.103.250 (talk) 13:42, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

Re mealy-mouthed approach to obvious vandalism, 22 January
Someone is far to kind in their approach to this. "Possible vandalism"? "False positive"? This is obvious vandalism by an anonymous editor, no doubt about it. Just revert it and say so, do it every time they do it. They'll soon pack it in. Dieter Simon (talk) 00:50, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The edit was done by an unattended bot... so occasionally it does make mistakes. Hence the wording. --W.marsh 00:54, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes I know it's a bot, but the bot should be changed somewhat, there is no harm in being a bit more positive about this, you know. I have seen this many times in relation to bots, we seem to be so fearful of calling a spade a spade. People who vandalise can be as rude and sometimes obscene as they like but we lean over backwards when we undo the damage. Dieter Simon (talk) 01:30, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Further Questions on Criticism of Ranch Style" Section
I fully agree that the criticisms documented in the criticism section merit discussion, but I wonder about some of the phrasing and presentation of counter-arguments. More passive phrases like "can be seen" are contradicted by emphatic words like "clear," and, though necessarily and rightfully included, the counter-arguments are given too much room, so that they seem biased. This could be fixed by concatenating, otherwise shortening, and re-focusing the purpose of sentences towards presentation, rather than argument. Possible edits are below.

Cultural criticisms

The ranch house phenomenon was very much centered in the blue collar lower income and white collar middle income socioeconomic groups. Almost from the very start of the ranch house era the style was criticized by the established architectural elite. Thus a cultural divide can be seen in the criticisms of the ranch house, the “masses” embracing the design for decades and most of the established architectural community deriding it. The early ranch house tracts were mocked for their treeless nature, and “soulless” was a common adjective to describe such housing, along with the term “ranchburger”. Such criticisms have been somewhat mitigated in recent years with the re-integration of trees into design, and the ranch house's general lack of decay after its decline in popularity in contrast to other styles whose popularity has since waned (see Hess).

[I removed the second reference to the cultural divide, since that had already been established and didn't add any new information. The repetition is what lends itself to bias, because it clearly shows where the author's beliefs fall. I also shortened and re-phrased the counter-arguments to similarly convey less bias].

Environmental criticisms

Since the 1970s green movements began, the ranch house has often attracted criticism for being wasteful of resources. The ranch house's large lots have been attacked as being wasteful to water in order to maintain their turf, and for creating "suburban sprawl." The long and rambling nature of the homes for a single family is seen as a waste of building materials and as increasing the energy required to heat or cool the house. The suburban nature of the homes, with their encouragement of car culture by having attached garages, is criticized as destroying community and encouraging alienation and isolation. Counter-critics argue that underlying such concerns are deeper issues regarding cities and the modern dependence on automobiles, as well as in broader questions regarding the sustainability and viability of decentralized living. Thus, counter-critics locate criticisms of the ranch house in broader societal problems.

[The last argument about the morality of choice is certainly interesting for the purposes of discussion, but seems better suited for the classroom than an encyclopedia entry. In other words, it touches on some huge philosophical, political and social issues regarding the freedom of human choice as explored by philosophers, anthropologists, neuroscientists, sociologists and activists from Gandhi to Kierkegaard to Emma Goldman, and thus should be explored in depth and not in passing (the only way an entry on this topic can discuss it).] —Preceding unsigned comment added by SkittlesPig (talk • contribs) 19:06, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Have moved this new section to where it should be, at the end of the talk page, where the most recent items should go. Dieter Simon (talk) 00:15, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I've removed these sections. The discussion may be relevant and true but I don't think it's appropriate to present this information without any citations or references at all. Since wikipedia strives to be an encyclopedia and not a forum for synthesis of information, the arguments and perspectives should all have links to authoritative sources that are advancing the perspectives mentioned. Without those references, readers don't know if the article represents the opinions of authorities or the opinions of editors of this page.Jopo sf (talk) 06:45, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Possible WWII US Army influences
During WWII, the US Army had several design series for temporary barracks. At the start of the war, the Army had 300,000 soldiers, and rapidly expanded in size such that at one point the total of all armed forces was 12 million. As the build-up progressed, the barracks were increasingly simplified, and lessons learnt from observation of earlier barracks incorporated into the later models. Most troops were eventually placed in single-story barracks mounted on concrete slabs. Concrete saved on the use of wood in building elevated platforms. Also, concrete slabs permitted indoor toilets as opposed to separate outhouses. In northern states some slabs had clay tiles embedded in them to carry heated air from gas furnaces. Single-story construction permitted the use of a lower grade of lumber, which otherwise could not be used in a double story barracks. Wind pressure increases with height in buildings. Thus, tall timber buildings need better grades of lumber. Trained carpenters were hard to find, so unskilled workers each would learn but one task in one day, then add their input in building encampments that might support up to 30,000 soldiers. Such semi-skilled workers could work on single-story roofs with fewer serious accidents. Prominent architects helped design the barracks and used new materials, such as windows made in factories, continuous horizontal window belts, gypsum wall board, several other wallboards, and new types of paints. Workers and contractors experienced in this system used it, after the war ended, to build large numbers of single-story houses in large developments after the war. They were called Ranch Houses because the term was already in use, though most real ranch houses were built differently, using vertical siding hung from purlins mounted to four-by-four studs in the corners and on either side of windows and doors--a form of barn construction. Dictionary, Medina County, Ohio. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.137.128.43 (talk) 16:14, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ranch-style house


text:
Talk:Texas hold 'em pre-flop basic strategy

Error in table
09:41, 18 July 2005 User:Apoc2400: Something must be wrong with the table. AT unsuited is listed as group 3, while AT suited is only group 7.

Correct. That was a typo. ATs should be in group 3. Good catch. --NickKovacs 18:47, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Opinion? Consensus?
66.167.136.48 14:23, 27 July 2005 (UTC): This article looks like it violates the no original research policy. If this analysis represents the consensus of a set of experts, it should be identified as such. Since it claims to be an article on basic strategy, the content needs to be more authoritative.
 * I think this would be more acceptable if an explanation of the origins of the system were presented. The author should be given some time (a month?) to provide at least the beginnings of that. I'll contact them. Mr. Jones 09:41, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

This looks like it'd be more appropriate for Wikibooks' poker guide. They already have a pretty detailed guide to pre-flop play at b:Poker:Hold'em, though. — Gwalla | Talk 08:18, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Is this correct? combinations of 2 starting cards does not equal 2704
Is this correct? "For the two starting cards there are 2704 combinations of rank and suit."

The combination of two starting cards possible is 52 choose 2 = 52*51/2=1326.

2704=52^2... which is > than the number of permutations of starting cards.

 * Also, how can 9 10 Suited be amongst one of the weakest starting hands? 70.111.224.85 19:41, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Erm, the table doesn't claim it is. Rich  Farmbrough. 23:19, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

de-jargonification

 * Raise the blinds in late position, limp in early position, fold mid-position. Call if short stacked, or if the amount is small.

The article seems full of jargon of this sort which is familiar to poker players but a mystery to everyone else. A de-jargonizing pass would be appreciated. Thanks - Tempshill 00:41, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not even sure it belongs on Wikipedia. It looks like more of a Wikibook to me. - Motor (talk) 00:43, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Problems with this article
First, this topic isn't encyclopedic. I don't see how an "encyclopedic treatment" of this topic is even possible, as there are too many pre-flop strategies to address in an encyclopedia article. It should be taken to Wikibooks.

Second, authorship and copyright. I'm sure that taking someone's system wholesale, then tweaking it with a few mods along the way, is not legitimate article content.

Third, "recommended"???? WTF? Encyclopedias have no opinions or recommendations! This entire section is improper content. Wikibooks can express opinions or recommendations, not Wikipedia. It's not NPOV.

Finally, if this article is to stay, it must remain a general discussion of strategy, and not specific player instructions. Discussion of various detailed ranking systems could be appropriate, however, the article (if it must exist) should be an overview of the fact that a strategy is needed, then a description of what a strategy is, then perhaps general examples of such. Un focused  20:10, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, the article is totally inappropriate. I have it my list to move it to a hand groups article, which would be accurate.  There definitely should be no pre flop strategy article. I'll move it in the next day or so. 2005 20:15, 20 April 2006 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Sgrieve

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Shimgray 09:42, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Sgrieve


text:
Fabricio Oberto

Fabricio Raúl Jesús Oberto (born March 21, 1975) is an Argentine-Italian color analyst and former professional basketball player. At 6ft 10in, he played as a center and power forward. With the LNB club Atenas, in his native Argentina, Oberto began playing professionally in 1993, and later played overseas with teams in Spain and Greece. In 2005, Oberto signed with the San Antonio Spurs, a team of the American National Basketball Association (NBA), and won a championship with the Spurs in 2007. He is also a former member of the senior Argentina national basketball team, with whom he won two Olympic medals, including a gold medal in 2004.

He was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2019.

Argentina and Europe
At age 17, Oberto went to a trial at Atenas de Córdoba, one of the most important basketball clubs in Argentina, and was selected to start the following year, and started playing professionally later that year. In 1998, after being chosen MVP of the finals of the Argentine league, he transferred to the Greek League club Olympiacos, starting his EuroLeague experience that would take him to the Spanish League's TAU Cerámica a year later. After 3 seasons with TAU, he moved to Pamesa Valencia in 2002.

NBA career
In 2005, after voiding his contract with Pamesa, Oberto signed a three-year, US$7.5 million contract with the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA, where he joined fellow Argentine Manu Ginóbili. He kept with jersey number 7, the same kit number he used with the Argentina national basketball team. Oberto was the oldest rookie in Spurs history at the age of 31.

During the first year of his NBA stint, Oberto was no longer the key player he had been in Europe, playing less than nine minutes per game on average. He nonetheless was very satisfied with his role on the Spurs, a perennial championship contender.

In his second NBA season, Oberto became more of a factor in the Spurs rotation, starting in some games and getting his first double-double on November 8, 2006, when he scored 22 points and pulled down 10 rebounds. He also became a pivotal player for the Spurs during the 2006–07 Western Conference Finals, averaging 31 minutes and 14 points in the first two games of the series. Oberto won an NBA championship with the Spurs in 2007.

On June 23, 2009, Oberto was traded to the Detroit Pistons as a part of a three-team trade among Pistons, Spurs and the Milwaukee Bucks, which included Richard Jefferson. Then he was immediately waived by the Pistons.

On August 11, 2009, he was signed by the Wizards. Since jersey number 7 was already taken by Andray Blatche, he chose to wear number 21 because of his birth date (March 21) and in honor of one of his idols, former teammate Tim Duncan. After a single season in which he got limited playing time as the team struggled through the Gilbert Arenas gun incident and ultimately began to rebuild, he became a free agent once more in the summer of 2010.

Oberto was a significant contributor defending Argentina for its fifth-place finish at the 2010 FIBA World Championship. After his solid play during the World Championship in Turkey, he received multiple offers from European teams, most notably Efes Pilsen and Real Madrid. Oberto held out for an opportunity to sign with an NBA team. He reached an agreement to join the Portland Trail Blazers for the 2010–11 season. However, on November 4, 2010, after playing five games for Portland, he began experiencing palpitations related to a previous heart condition and decided to retire in order to preserve his health.

Return to activity
In January 2013, Oberto signed a contract with his former team, Atenas de Córdoba, returning to the Liga Nacional de Básquetbol after 14 years. Oberto was hired for the remainder of the season as a replacement for center Julián Aprea, who had been separated from the team by coach Alejandro Lotterio and then dismissed at the end of 2012.

National team career
Oberto started playing with the Argentina national basketball team shortly before his 20th birthday in 1995; tournament success followed, including bringing to Argentina a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics. He additionally won a bronze medal with the team in the 2008 tournament.

In July 2011, Oberto announced that he was coming out of retirement to play in the FIBA Americas Championship. He said that doctors had cleared him to participate. Personal problems prevented him from playing for Argentina in the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Clubs

 * Argentine Youth League Champion: 1993
 * South American Club Championship champion: 1994
 * Pan American Club Championship champion: 1996
 * FIBA South American League champion: 1997, 1998
 * Argentine League champion: 1998
 * Spanish King's Cup winner: 2002
 * Spanish League champion: 2002
 * ULEB Cup champion: 2003
 * NBA champion: 2007

Argentina national team

 * Summer Olympics : 2004
 * Summer Olympics : 2008
 * Pan American Games : 1995
 * FIBA World Championship : 2002
 * FIBA Americas Championship : 2001, 2011
 * FIBA Americas Championship : 1995, 2003
 * FIBA South American Championship : 1997
 * FIBA Diamond Ball : 2008
 * FIBA Diamond Ball : 2004

Post-playing career
On February 9, 2021, the Austin Spurs of the NBA G League announced that Oberto would be the team's color analyst during the 2020–21 season.

Personal life
Oberto was born in Las Varillas, Argentina. Oberto and his wife have a daughter. He also enjoys playing the guitar and his favorite bands include Pearl Jam, Nirvana, Foo Fighters, U2 and Metallica.

On June 4, 2009, Oberto underwent a successful ablation procedure to correct the electrical system of the heart that was sending Oberto into atrial fibrillation. The procedure was performed at the Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute in Austin.

title: Fabricio Oberto


text:
Talk:John Olsen (Australian artist)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on John Olsen (artist). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090928025129/http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/collection/pub/artistItemListing?artistID=6224 to http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/collection/pub/artistItemListing?artistID=6224

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:03, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Olsen (Australian artist)


text: Portal:Writing/Did you know

title: Portal:Writing/Did you know