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National Heritage Fellowship

The National Heritage Fellowship is a lifetime honor presented to master folk and traditional artists by the National Endowment for the Arts. Similar to Japan's Living National Treasure award, the Fellowship is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. It is a one-time only award and fellows must be living citizens or permanent residents of the United States. Each year, fellowships are presented to between nine and fifteen artists or groups at a ceremony in Washington, D.C.

The Fellows are nominated by individual citizens, with an average of over 200 nominations per year. From that pool of candidates, recommendations are made by a rotating panel of specialists, including one layperson, as well as folklorists and others with a variety of forms of cultural expertise. The recommendations are then reviewed by the National Council on the Arts, with the final decisions made by the chairperson of the National Endowment for the Arts. As of 2024, 487 artists in a wide variety of fields have received Fellowships.

History
The program was officially founded in 1982 by Bess Lomax Hawes, the first director of the Folk and Traditional Arts Program at the NEA, following a five-year period of development. In 1982, the monetary award associated with the Fellowship was $5,000; in 1993, it was increased to $10,000 and since 2009, the award amount is $25,000, which is considered "enough to make a difference, but not enough to go to anyone's head". Each recipient receives a certificate of honor, the monetary award, and a congratulatory letter from the President of the United States.

The annual recognition events are held in the Fall and consist of an awards ceremony, a banquet, and a concert that is open to the public. Over the years, the awards ceremony has been held at different locations in the US capitol city, including the NEA headquarters, Ford's Theatre, George Washington University, the Library of Congress, and for the first time at the White House in 1995. Since 2000, the banquet has been held in the Great Hall of the Library of Congress. The concert features musical performances, craft demonstrations, and interviews with the honorees. Masters of ceremonies at the concerts have included folksinger Pete Seeger, actress Ruby Dee, author Studs Terkel, journalist Charles Kuralt, and since 1997 Nick Spitzer, the host of public radio program American Routes. Beginning in 2010, the Fellowship concerts have been streamed live on the NEA website and archived on YouTube.

In 2000, the NEA instituted the Bess Lomax Hawes Award in conjunction with the Fellowships, "given to an individual for achievements in fostering excellence, ensuring vitality, and promoting public appreciation of the folk and traditional arts". The Hawes Award has been given annually since 2000 to recognize "artists whose contributions, primarily through teaching, advocacy, and organizing and preserving important repertoires, have greatly benefited their artistic tradition. It also recognizes individuals, such as producers and activists, who have comprehensively increased opportunities for and public visibility of traditional artists."

Publications

 * A companion volume titled American Folk Masters: The National Heritage Fellows was published in 1992 to accompany a traveling exhibition (1991–1994) called "America's Living Folk Traditions" that featured the artistry of 36 Fellowship recipients.
 * A two-volume biographical dictionary of the award winners from the first 20 years was published in 2001, titled Masters of Traditional Arts.
 * A young readers book featuring five of the National Heritage Fellows entitled Extraordinary Ordinary People: Five American Masters of Traditional Arts was published in 2006.

Winners
Awardees have included Native American basket weavers, African American blues musicians, traditional fiddlers, Mexican American accordionists, and all manner of traditional artisans and performers of numerous ethnic backgrounds.

National Heritage Fellowship winners are:

1982

 * Dewey Balfa, Cajun fiddler
 * Joe Heaney, Irish sean-nós singer
 * Tommy Jarrell, Appalachian fiddler
 * Bessie Jones, singer, member of the Georgia Sea Island Singers
 * George López, Santos woodcarver
 * Brownie McGhee, blues guitarist
 * Hugh McGraw, shape note singer
 * Lydia Mendoza, Mexican American singer
 * Bill Monroe, bluegrass musician
 * Elijah Pierce, carver and painter
 * Adam Popovich, Tamburitza musician
 * Georgeann Robinson, Osage ribbonworker
 * Duff Severe, saddlemaker
 * Philip Simmons, ornamental ironworker and blacksmith
 * Sanders "Sonny" Terry, blues musician

1983

 * Sister Mildred Barker, Shaker singer
 * Rafael Cepeda, bomba dancer and musician
 * Ray Hicks, Appalachian storyteller
 * Stanley Hicks, Appalachian musician and storyteller
 * John Lee Hooker, blues guitarist and singer
 * Mike Manteo, Sicilian marionettist (Marionette maker)
 * Narciso Martínez, accordionist and composer
 * Lanier Meaders, potter from Georgia
 * Almeda Riddle, ballad singer
 * Simon St. Pierre, French American fiddler from Maine
 * Joe Shannon (piper), Irish piper
 * Alex Stewart, copper and woodworker
 * Ada Thomas, Chitimacha basketmaker
 * Lucinda Toomer, African American quilter
 * Lem Ward, duck decoy maker and painter
 * Dewey Williams, shape note singer

1984

 * Clifton Chenier, zydeco accordionist
 * Bertha Cook, knotted bedspread maker
 * Joseph Cormier, violinist
 * Elizabeth Cotten, guitarist and songwriter
 * Burlon Craig, potter
 * Albert Fahlbusch, hammered dulcimer maker and player
 * Janie Hunter, singer and storyteller
 * Mary Jane Manigault, seagrass basket maker
 * Genevieve Mougin, lace maker
 * Martin Mulvihill, fiddler
 * Howard "Sandman" Sims, tap dancer
 * Ralph Stanley, Appalachian banjo player and singer
 * Margaret Tafoya, potter
 * Dave Tarras, klezmer clarinetist
 * Paul Tiulana, Eskimo maskmaker, dancer, and singer
 * Cleofes Vigil, storyteller and singer
 * Emily Kau'i Zuttermeister, hula master

1985

 * Eppie Archuleta, weaver
 * Alice New Holy Blue Legs, Lakota Sioux quill artist
 * Periklis Halkias, clarinetist
 * Jimmy Jausoro, accordionist
 * Meali'i Kalama, quilter
 * Lily May Ledford, Appalachian musician and singer
 * Leif Melgaard, woodcarver
 * Bua Xou Mua, Hmong musician
 * Julio Negrón-Rivera, instrument maker
 * Glenn Ohrlin, cowboy singer, storyteller, and illustrator
 * Henry Townsend, blues musician and songwriter
 * Horace "Spoons" Williams, spoons and bones player and poet

1986

 * Alphonse "Bois Sec" Ardoin, Creole accordionist
 * Earnest Bennett, whittler
 * Helen Cordero, potter
 * Sonia Domsch, bobbin lace maker
 * Canray Fontenot, Creole fiddler
 * John Jackson, songster and guitarist
 * Peou Khatna, Cambodian court dancer and choreographer
 * Valerio Longoria, accordionist
 * Doc Tate Nevaquaya, Comanche flutist
 * Luis Ortega, rawhide worker
 * Ola Belle Reed, Appalachian banjo picker/singer
 * Jennie Thlunaut, Chilkat blanket weaver
 * Nimrod Workman, Appalachian ballad singer

1987

 * Juan Alindato, Carnival maskmaker
 * Louis Bashell, polka musician
 * Genoveva Castellanoz, corona maker
 * Thomas Edison Ford, cowboy singer and storyteller
 * Fujima Kansuma, Japanese classical dancer
 * Claude Joseph Johnson, religious singer and orator
 * Raymond Kane, slack key guitarist and singer
 * Wade Mainer, bluegrass banjoist
 * Sylvester McIntosh, singer and bandleader
 * Allison "Tootie" Montana, Mardi Gras Indian chief and costume maker
 * Alex Moore, Sr., blues pianist
 * Emilio and Senaida Romero, tin embroiderers
 * Newton Washburn, split ash basketmaker

1988

 * Pedro Ayala, accordionist
 * Kepka Belton, egg painter
 * Amber Densmore, quilter and needleworker
 * Michael Flatley, Irish step dancer
 * Sister Rosalia Haberl, bobbin lacemaker
 * John Dee Holeman, dancer, musician, and singer
 * Albert "Sunnyland Slim" Luandrew, blues pianist and singer
 * Yang Fang Nhu, weaver and embroiderer
 * Kenny Sidle, fiddler
 * Willie Mae Ford Smith, gospel singer
 * Clyde "Kindy" Sproat, cowboy singer and ukulele player
 * Arthel "Doc" Watson, guitarist and singer

1989

 * John Cephas, Piedmont blues guitarist and singer
 * The Fairfield Four, a capella gospel singers
 * José Gutiérrez, Jarocho musician and singer
 * Richard Avedis Hagopian, oud player
 * Christy Hengel, concertina maker
 * Ilias Kementzides, lyra player
 * Ethel Kvalheim, rosemaler
 * Vanessa Paukeigope Morgan, Kiowa regalia maker
 * Mabel E. Murphy, quilter
 * LaVaughn Robinson, tap dancer and choreographer
 * Earl Scruggs, banjo player
 * Harry V. Shourds, wildlife decoy carver
 * Chesley Goseyun Wilson, Apache fiddle maker

1990

 * Howard Armstrong, string band musician
 * Em Bun, silk weaver
 * Nati Cano, Mariachi musician, leader of Mariachi los Camperos
 * Giuseppe and Raffaela DeFranco, Southern Italian musicians and dancers
 * Maude Kegg, Ojibwe storyteller and craftswoman
 * Kevin Locke, Lakota flute player, singer, and dancer
 * Marie McDonald, lei maker
 * Wally McRae, cowboy poet
 * Art Moilanen, accordionist
 * Emilio Rosado, woodcarver
 * Robert Spicer, flatfoot dancer
 * Douglas Wallin, Appalachian ballad singer

1991

 * Etta Baker, guitarist
 * George Blake, Hupa-Yurok craftsman
 * Jack Coen, flautist
 * Rose Frank, cornhusk weaver
 * Eduardo "Lalo" Guerrero, singer, guitarist, and composer
 * Khamvong Insixiengmai, singer
 * Don King, western saddlemaker
 * Riley "B.B." King, bluesman
 * Esther Littlefield, Tlingit regalia maker
 * Seisho "Harry" Nakasone, musician
 * Irvan Perez, Isleño décima singer and woodcarver
 * Morgan Sexton, Appalachian banjo player and singer
 * Nikitas Tsimouris, bagpipe player
 * Gussie Wells, quilter
 * Arbie Williams, quilter
 * Melvin Wine, Appalachian fiddler

1992

 * Francisco Aguabella, drummer
 * Jerry Brown, stoneware potter
 * Walker Calhoun, Cherokee musician, dancer and teacher
 * Clyde Davenport, Appalachian fiddler
 * Belle Deacon, basketmaker
 * Nora Ezell, quilter
 * Gerald R. Hawpetoss, Menominee/Potawatomi regalia maker
 * Fatima Kuinova, Bukharan Jewish singer
 * John Naka, bonsai sculptor
 * Marc Savoy, accordion maker/musician
 * Ng Sheung-Chi, muk'yu folk singer
 * Othar Turner, fife player
 * T. Viswanathan, flutist and vocalist

1993

 * Santiago Almeida, conjunto musician
 * Kenny Baker, bluegrass fiddler
 * Inez Catalon, French Creole singer
 * Nicholas & Elena Charles, Yupik woodcarvers, maskmakers, and skinsewers
 * Charles Hankins, boatbuilder
 * Nalani Kanaka'ole & Pualani Kanaka'ole Kanahel, hula masters
 * Everett Kapayou, Meskwaki singer
 * McIntosh County Shouters, spiritual/shout performers
 * Elmer Miller, bit & spur maker/silversmith
 * Jack Owens, blues singer and guitarist
 * Mone & Vanxay Saenphimmachak, weavers, needleworkers, and loommakers
 * Liang-xing Tang, pipa player

1994

 * Clarence Fountain & The Blind Boys, gospel singers
 * Liz Carroll, fiddler
 * Mary Mitchell Gabriel, Passamaquoddy basketmaker
 * Johnny Gimble, Western swing fiddler
 * Frances Varos Graves, colcha embroiderer
 * Violet Hilbert, Skagit storyteller
 * Sosei Shizuye Matsumoto, Chado tea ceremony master
 * D. L. Menard, Cajun songwriter and musician
 * Simon Shaheen, oud player
 * Lily Vorperian, Marash-style embroiderer
 * Elder Roma Wilson, gospel blues harmonica player

1995

 * Mary Holiday Black, Navajo basketweaver
 * Lyman Enloe, fiddler
 * Donny Golden, Irish step dancer
 * Wayne Henderson, luthier
 * Bea Ellis Hensley, blacksmith
 * Nathan Jackson, Tlingit woodcarver, metalsmith, dancer
 * Danongan Kalanduyan, kulintang musician
 * Robert Jr. Lockwood, Delta blues guitarist
 * Israel López, bassist, composer, and bandleader
 * Nellie Star Boy Menard, Lakota Sioux quiltmaker
 * Bao Mo-Li, jing erhu player
 * Buck Ramsey, cowboy poet and singer

1996

 * Obo Addy, drummer
 * Betty Pisio Christenson, egg decorator
 * Paul Dahlin, fiddler
 * Juan Gutiérrez, drummer
 * Solomon & Richard Ho'opi'I, Hawaiian singers
 * Will Keys, banjo player
 * Joaquin Flores Lujan, blacksmith
 * Eva McAdams, Shoshone regalia maker
 * John Mealing & Cornelius Wright, Jr., railroad worksong singers
 * Vernon Owens, stoneware potter
 * Dolly Spencer, Inupiat dollmaker

1997

 * Edward Babb, shout band leader
 * Charles Brown, blues pianist, singer and composer
 * Gladys Clark, spinner and weaver
 * Georgia Harris, Catawba potter
 * Hua Wenyi, Kunqu opera singer
 * Ali Akbar Khan, classical sarod player
 * Ramón José López, santero and metalsmith
 * Jim & Jesse McReynolds, bluegrass musicians
 * Phong Nguyen (Nguyễn Thuyết Phong), musician and ethnomusicologist
 * Hystercine Rankin, quilter
 * Francis Whitaker, blacksmith and ornamental ironworker

1998

 * Apsara Ensemble, Cambodian traditional dancers and musicians
 * Eddie Blazonczyk, musician and bandleader
 * Dale Calhoun, boat builder
 * Bruce Caesar, Sac and Fox-Pawnee, German silversmith
 * Antonio De La Rosa, conjunto accordionist
 * Epstein Brothers, Klezmer musicians
 * Sophia George, Yakama – Colville beadworker
 * Nadjeschda Overgaard, hardanger embroidery needleworker
 * Harilaos Papapostolou, Greek Byzantine chanter
 * Claude "Fiddler" Williams, jazz and swing fiddler
 * Pops Staples, gospel and blues musician

1999

 * Frisner Augustin, Haitian drummer
 * Lila Greengrass Blackdeer, Ho-Chunk Black Ash basketmaker and needleworker
 * Shirley Caesar, gospel singer
 * Alfredo Campos, horse hair hitcher
 * Mary Louise Defender Wilson, Dakotah-Hidatsa traditionalist and storyteller
 * Jimmy "Slyde" Godbolt, tapdancer
 * Ulysses Goode, Western Mono basketmaker
 * Bob Holt, Ozark fiddler
 * Zakir Hussain, tabla player
 * Elliott "Ellie" Mannette, steel pan builder, tuner and player
 * Mick Moloney, Irish musician
 * Eudokia Sorochaniuk, Ukrainian American weaver and textile artist
 * Ralph W. Stanley, boatbuilder

2000

 * Bounxou Chanthraphone, weaver
 * The Dixie Hummingbirds, gospel quartet
 * José González, hammock weaver
 * Nettie Jackson, Klickitat basketmaker
 * Santiago Jiménez Jr., accordionist
 * Genoa Keawe, singer and ukulele player
 * Frankie Manning, Lindy Hop dancer and choreographer
 * Joe Willie "Pinetop" Perkins, blues piano player
 * Konstantinos Pilarinos, Orthodox Byzantine icon woodcarver
 * Chris Strachwitz, record producer and label founder
 * Dorothy Thompson, weaver
 * Felipe García Villamil, drummer and santero
 * Don Walser, singer and guitarist

2001

 * Celestino Avilés, santero
 * Mozell Benson, quilter
 * Wilson "Boozoo" Chavis, Creole zydeco accordionist
 * Hazel Dickens, Appalachian singer and songwriter
 * João Oliveira dos Santos (Mestre João Grande), Capoeira Angola master
 * Evalena Henry, Apache basketweaver
 * Peter Kyvelos, oud maker
 * Eddie Pennington, thumbpicking-style guitarist
 * Qi Shu Fang, Beijing Opera performer
 * Seiichi Tanaka, Taiko drummer and dojo founder
 * Dorothy Trumpold, rug weaver
 * Fred Tsoodle, Kiowa sacred song leader
 * Joseph Wilson, folklorist

2002

 * Ralph Blizard, fiddler
 * Loren Bommelyn, Tolowa tradition bearer
 * Kevin Burke, fiddler
 * Rose Cree and Francis Cree, Ojibwe basketmakers and storytellers
 * Luderin Darbone and Edwin Duhon, Cajun fiddler and accordionist
 * Nadim Dlaikan, nye (reed flute) player
 * David "Honeyboy" Edwards, blues guitarist and singer
 * Flory Jagoda, singer, songwriter, and guitarist
 * Clara Neptune Keezer, Passamaquoddy basketmaker
 * Bob McQuillen, contra dance musician and composer
 * Jean Ritchie, Appalachian musician and songwriter
 * Domingo Saldivar, Conjunto accordionist
 * Losang Samten, Tibetan monk and creator of sandpaintings

2003

 * Jesus Arriada, Johnny Curutchet, Martin Goicoechea and Jesus Goni, Basque (Bertsolari) poets
 * Rosa Elena Egipciaco, mundillo (Puerto Rican bobbin lace) maker
 * Agnes "Oshanee" Kenmille, Salish beadworker and regalia maker
 * Norman Kennedy, weaver, singer, storyteller
 * Roberto Martinez and Lorenzo Martinez, father and son musicians
 * Norma Miller, swing dancer and choreographer
 * Carmencristina Moreno, singer, composer, teacher
 * Ron Poast, Hardanger fiddle maker
 * Felipe I. Ruak and Joseph K. Ruak, father and son Carolinian stick dancers
 * Manoochehr Sadeghi, santur player
 * Nicholas Toth, diving helmet builder

2004

 * Anjani Ambegaokar, Kathak dancer
 * Charles "Chuck" T. Campbell, Gospel steel guitarist
 * Joe Derrane, Irish-American button accordionist
 * Jerry Douglas, Dobro player
 * Gerald "Subiyay" Miller, Skokomish tradition bearer, carver, basket maker
 * Chum Ngek, Cambodian musician and teacher
 * Milan Opacich, Tamburitza instrument maker
 * Eliseo Rodriguez and Paula Rodriguez, husband and wife straw appliqué artists
 * Koko Taylor, blues musician
 * Yuqin Wang and Zhengli Xu, Chinese rod puppeteers

2005

 * Eldrid Skjold Arntzen, rosemaler
 * Earl Barthé, building artisan
 * Chuck Brown, musical innovator
 * Janette Carter, country musician
 * Michael Doucet, Cajun fiddler, composer, band leader
 * Big Joe Duskin, blues and boogie-woogie pianist
 * Jerry Grcevich, Tamburitza musician, prim player
 * Wanda Jackson, country, rockabilly and gospel singer
 * Grace Henderson Nez, Navajo weaver
 * Herminia Albarrán Romero, paper cutting artist
 * Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman, Yiddish singer, songwriter, and poet
 * Albertina Walker, gospel singer
 * James Ka'upena Wong, Hawaiian chanter

2006

 * Charles M. Carrillo, santero
 * Delores Elizabeth Churchill, Haida cedar bark weaver
 * Henry Gray, blues piano player and singer
 * Doyle Lawson, gospel and bluegrass singer, bandleader
 * Esther Martinez, Tewa linguist and storyteller
 * Diomedes Matos, master string instrument maker
 * George Na'ope, hula master
 * Wilho Saari, kantele player
 * Mavis Staples, gospel, rhythm and blues singer
 * Nancy Sweezy, folklorist and potter
 * Treme Brass Band, New Orleans brass band

2007

 * Nicholas Benson, stone letter cutter and calligrapher
 * Sidiki Conde, Guinean dancer and musician
 * Violet Kazue de Cristoforo, Haiku poet and historian
 * Roland Freeman, photo documentarian, author, and exhibit Curator
 * Pat Courtney Gold, Wasco sally bag weaver
 * Eddie Kamae, Hawaiian musician
 * Agustin Lira, Chicano singer and musician,
 * Julia Parker, Kashia Pomo basketmaker
 * Mary Jane Queen, Appalachian musician
 * Joe Thompson, string band musician
 * Irvin Trujillo, Rio Grande weaver
 * Elaine Hoffman Watts, Klezmer musician

2008

 * Horace Axtell, Nez Perce drum maker, singer, tradition-bearer
 * Dale Harwood, saddlemaker
 * Bettye Kimbrell, quilter
 * Jeronimo E. Lozano, Peruvian retablo maker
 * Oneida Hymn Singers of Wisconsin
 * Sue Yeon Park, Korean dancer and musician
 * Moges Seyoum, Ethiopian liturgical minister and scholar
 * Jelon Vieira, Capoeira master
 * Michael White, traditional jazz musician and bandleader
 * Mac Wiseman, Bluegrass musician
 * Walter Murray Chiesa, traditional arts specialist and advocate

2009

 * Birmingham Sunlights, five-man, four-part harmony a cappella gospel group
 * Edwin Colón Zayas, Puerto Rican cuatro
 * Chitresh Das, Kathak dancer and choreographer
 * LeRoy Graber, German-Russian willow basketmaker from South Dakota
 * "Queen" Ida Guillory, Zydeco musician and singer
 * Dudley Laufman, Contra and barn dance caller and musician
 * Amma D. McKen, Yoruba Orisha singer
 * Joel Nelson, Cowboy poet
 * Teri Rofkar, Tlingit weaver and basketmaker
 * Mike Seeger, folk musician, cultural scholar
 * Sophiline Cheam Shapiro, Cambodian classical dancer and choreographer

2010

 * Yacub Addy, Ghanaian drum master, preserves music of the Ga people
 * Jim "Texas Shorty" Chancellor, Texas fiddler
 * Gladys Kukana Grace, Lauhala (palm leaf) weaver
 * Mary Jackson, Gullah sweetgrass basketweaver
 * Delano Floyd "Del" McCoury, Bluegrass guitarist and singer
 * Judith McCulloh, Folklorist and editor
 * Kamala Lakshmi Narayanan, Bharatanatyam Indian dancer
 * Mike Rafferty, Irish flute player
 * Ezequiel Torres, Afro-Cuban drummer and drum-builder

2011

 * Laverne Brackens, Quilter
 * Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro, Frame drum player and percussionist
 * Bo Dollis, Mardi Gras Indian Chief
 * Jim Griffith, folklorist
 * Roy and PJ Hirabayashi, Taiko drum leaders
 * Ledward Kaapana, Ukulele and slack key guitarist
 * Frank Newsome, Old Regular Baptist singer
 * Warner Williams, Piedmont blues songster
 * Yuri Yunakov, Bulgarian saxophonist

2012

 * Mike Auldridge, dobro player
 * Paul & Darlene Bergren, dog sled and snowshoe designers and builders
 * Harold A. Burnham, master shipwright
 * Albert B. Head, traditional arts advocate
 * Leonardo "Flaco" Jiménez, accordionist
 * Lynne Yoshiko Nakasone, dancer
 * Molly Neptune Parker, Passamaquoddy basketmaker
 * The Paschall Brothers, gospel quartet
 * Andy Statman, klezmer clarinetist, mandolinist, and composer

2013

 * Sheila Kay Adams, Storyteller and musician
 * Ralph Burns, Pyramid Lake Paiute storyteller
 * Verónica Castillo, Ceramicist and clay sculptor
 * Séamus Connolly, Irish fiddler and scholar
 * Nicolae Feraru, Cimbalom player
 * Carol Fran, Swamp blues singer and pianist (both French Creole and English singer)
 * Pauline Hillaire, Lummi artist, teacher, and storyteller
 * David Ivey, Sacred Harp singer
 * Ramón "Chunky" Sánchez, Chicano musician

2014

 * Henry Arquette, Mohawk basketmaker
 * Manuel "Cowboy" Donley, Tejano musician and singer
 * Kevin Doyle, Irish step dancer
 * The Holmes Brothers, blues, gospel, and R&B band
 * Yvonne Walker Keshick, Odawa quill artist
 * Carolyn Mazloomi, quilting community advocate
 * Vera Nakonechny, Ukrainian embroiderer and bead worker
 * Singing & Praying Bands of Maryland and Delaware, African-American religious singers
 * Rufus White, Omaha traditional singer and drum group leader

2015

 * Rahim AlHaj, oud player & composer
 * Michael Alpert, Yiddish musician and tradition bearer
 * Mary Lee Bendolph, Lucy Mingo, and Loretta Pettway — quilters of Gee's Bend
 * Dolly Jacobs, circus aerialist
 * Yary Livan, Cambodian ceramicist
 * Daniel Sheehy, ethnomusicologist/folklorist
 * Drink Small, blues artist
 * Gertrude Yukie Tsutsumi, Japanese classical dancer
 * Sidonka Wadina, Slovak straw artist/egg decorator

2016

 * Bryan Akipa, Dakota flute maker and player
 * Monk Boudreaux, Mardi Gras Indian craftsman and musician
 * Billy McComiskey, Irish button accordionist
 * Artemio Posadas, Master Huastecan son musician and advocate
 * Clarissa Rizal, Tlingit ceremonial regalia maker
 * Theresa Secord, Penobscot Nation ash/sweetgrass basketmaker
 * Bounxeung Synanonh, Laotian khaen player
 * Michael Vlahovich, master shipwright
 * Leona Waddell, white oak basketmaker

2017

 * Norik Astvatsaturov, Armenian repoussé metal artist
 * Anna Brown Ehlers, Chilkat weaver
 * Modesto Cepeda, bomba and plena musician
 * Ella Jenkins, children's folk singer and musician
 * Dwight Lamb, Danish button accordionist and Missouri-style fiddler
 * Thomas Maupin, old-time buckdancer
 * Cyril Pahinui, Hawaiian slack key guitarist
 * Phil Wiggins, acoustic blues harmonica player
 * Eva Ybarra, conjunto accordionist and bandleader

2018

 * Feryal Abbasi-Ghnaim, Palestinian embroiderer
 * Eddie Bond, Appalachian fiddler
 * Kelly Church, Gun Lake Band Potawatomi black ash basket maker
 * Marion Coleman, African American quilter
 * Manuel Cuevas, Mexican-American rodeo tailor
 * Ofelia Esparza, Chicana altarista (Day of the Dead altar maker)
 * Barbara Lynn, African American R&B guitarist
 * Don and Cindy Roy, French-American musicians
 * Ethel Raim, advocate for customary music and dance

2019

 * Dan Ansotegui, Basque musician and tradition bearer
 * Grant Bulltail, Crow storyteller
 * Linda Goss, African-American storyteller
 * James F. Jackson, leatherworker
 * Balla Kouyaté, balafon player and djeli
 * Josephine Lobato, Spanish colcha embroiderer
 * Rich Smoker, decoy carver
 * Las Tesoros de San Antonio: Beatriz "La Paloma del Norte" Llamas and Blanquita "Blanca Rosa" Rodríguez, Tejano singers
 * Bob Fulcher, folklorist

2020

 * William Bell, soul singer and songwriter
 * Onnik Dinkjian, Armenian folk and liturgical singer
 * Zakarya and Naomi Diouf, West African diasporic dancers
 * Karen Ann Hoffman, Iroquois raised beadworker
 * Los Matachines de la Santa Cruz de la Ladrillera, traditional religious dancers
 * John Morris, old-time fiddler and banjo player
 * Suni Paz, Nueva Canción singer and songwriter
 * Wayne Valliere, birchbark canoe builder
 * Hugo N. Morales, radio producer and radio network builder

2021

 * Cedric Burnside, Hill Country blues musician
 * Tagumpay De Leon, Rondalla musician
 * Anita Fields, Osage ribbon worker
 * Los Lobos, Mexican-American band
 * Joanie Madden, Irish flute player
 * Reginald McLaughlin, tap dancer
 * Nellie Vera Sánchez, Mundillo master weaver
 * Winnsboro Easter Rock Ensemble, Easter Rock spiritual ensemble
 * Tom Davenport, filmmaker, documentarian, and media curator

2022

 * Michael Cleveland, bluegrass fiddler
 * Eva Enciñias, flamenco artist
 * Excelsior Band, brass band musicians
 * Stanley Jacobs, quelbe flutist and bandleader
 * The Legendary Ingramettes, gospel musicians
 * Francis Palani Sinenci, Hawaiian hale builder
 * Tsering Wangmo Satho, Tibetan opera singer and dancer
 * C. Brian Williams, step artist and producer
 * Shaka Zulu, Black masking craftsman, stilt dancer and musician
 * TahNibaa Naataanii, Navajo (Diné) textile artist and weaver

2023

 * R. L. Boyce, Hill country blues musician
 * Ed Eugene Carriere, Suquamish basket maker
 * Michael A. Cummings, African-American quilter
 * Joe DeLeon "Little Joe" Hernández, Tejano musician
 * Roen Hufford, Hawaiian kapa maker
 * Elizabeth James-Perry, Wampanoag wampum and fiber artist
 * Luis Tapia, Hispano wood sculptor
 * Wu Man, Pipa musician
 * Nick Spitzer, folklife presenter, educator and radio producer

2024

 * Bril Barrett, tap dancer
 * Fabian Debora, Chicano muralist
 * Rosie Flores, Rockabilly and Country musician
 * Trimble Gilbert, Gwich'in fiddler
 * Todd Goings, carousel carver and restorationist
 * Susan Hudson, Navajo/Diné quilter
 * Pat Johnson, community activist and organizer
 * June Kuramoto, Koto musician
 * Sochietah Ung, Cambodian costume maker and dancer
 * Zuni Olla Maidens, traditional Zuni dancers and singers

title: National Heritage Fellowship


text:
Lord Alfred Hayes

Alfred George James Hayes (8 August 1928 – 21 July 2005) was an English professional wrestler, manager and commentator, best known for his appearances in the United States with the World Wrestling Federation between 1982 and 1995 where he was known as Lord Alfred Hayes. Hayes was distinguished by his "Masterpiece Theatre diction" and "Oxford accent".

British and French Wrestling
Born in London, Hayes attended the North-Western Polytechnic, which was evacuated to Luton Modern School during World War II. He attained a black belt in judo before training as a wrestler under Sir Atholl Oakeley, Bt. Wrestling as "Judo" Al Hayes, he appeared on the British circuit from the late 1950s to the late 1960s, when he left the United Kingdom and traveled to the United States. He also wrestled in France for the FFCP and appeared on televised wrestling matches on RTF, on which commentator Roger Couderc claimed that Hayes and regular tag team partner "Rebel" Ray Hunter were Australians. He was a blue-eye who battled all of the heavyweight heels of his time, and held the Southern Area Heavyweight Championship for a number of years. He traded heavily on his judo background, and specialised with judo chops and nerve holds. His most famous period was when he fought for Paul Lincoln Promotions as The White Angel, with a massive feud against black-masked heel Dr Death. Death eventually won, and unmasked Hayes. The feud was inspired by a similar feud in France pitting L'Ange Blanc against Le Bourreau de Bethune. Hayes would later make a homecoming tour of the United Kingdom, including televised matches. During these bouts, he remained a heel and fought his way through most of his former tag partners. It was explained that Hayes had inherited the dreaded "American style" in his adopted country.

Various North American promotions (1970s–1980s)
Hayes later went to wrestle in America. In 1972, he defeated Dory Funk Jr. for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship but the decision was changed when Funk's father Dory Funk Sr. attacked the referee after the match. In a fit of anger, the official disqualified Funk Jr., thus inadvertently returning the title to the champion. Hayes also wrestled in brief stints for his future employer the WWWF, battling Bruno Sammartino for the World Heavyweight Championship on occasion.

While wrestling for Sam Muchnick in St. Louis during the mid-1970s, Hayes turned heel and adopted the gimmick of the aristocratic "Lord Alfred" Hayes. Hayes adopted the role as a manager after he had decided wrestling was taking a toll on his knees. As this character, Hayes later became a manager in the AWA, Florida and later Montreal, managing fellow Brit Billy Robinson, Baron von Raschke, Jimmy Valiant (whom he rebranded as "King James" Valiant) and the Super Destroyers. He became notorious for delivering TV interviews in a sneering aristocratic English accent, often sipping cups of tea and wearing a bow tie and frilly shirt.

Hayes reverted to babyface and began a feud with fellow manager Bobby Heenan after an incident in November 1979 where Super Destroyer II fired Hayes and replaced him with Heenan. He also had his first stint as a commentator - taking a fairly benign neutral position not dissimilar to his later WWF work - in Jim Crockett Promotions in the Mid Atlantic around 1981. In other territories however, Hayes remained a heel. In Florida in 1980, Hayes began managing Bobby Jaggers while his regular manager Oliver Humperdink was busy acting as Dusty Rhodes' servant for thirty days (after another protege of his, Ivan Koloff lost a match to Rhodes with that stipulation.) When "Rooster" Humperdink, who had become a figure of sympathy during his thirty days' servitude, returned to management and attempted to claim back Jaggers, Hayes and another protege Nikolai Volkoff brutally beat on Humperdink, thus starting a feud with Humperdink and Rhodes.

Hayes later worked again as a heel manager for Robinson in Lutte Internationale in the early 1980s during Robinson's reign with the Canadian International Heavyweight Championship. Hayes also managed Masked Superstar, around this time.

World Wrestling Federation (1982–1995)
Hayes joined the World Wrestling Federation in 1982. He started as a road agent but then started doing television for McMahon as well, starting work as an interviewer during the December 26, 1983 edition of wrestling at Madison Square Garden. He was a sidekick to Vince McMahon on Tuesday Night Titans, a WWF-style talk show from 1984 to 1986. Hayes became familiar to WWF viewers as a light-spoken Englishman (using a softer accent than during his period as a heel manager) with an uproarious laugh. On TNT, Hayes usually was the victim of several slapsticks; some instances included getting a face-full of powder, being slopped with pumpkin-innards by "Captain" Lou Albano, drinking one of Hulk Hogan's diet shakes, then promptly vomiting, being nearly bitten by one of Hillbilly Jim's goats, and getting slapped in the face by "Rowdy" Roddy Piper. He would later become the introductory announcer on Prime Time Wrestling, on which he would give rousing and complimentary introductions to the face hosts and slightly less flattering but coolly worded intros to Bobby "The Brain" Heenan. He was once "taken hostage" from the show by Sgt. Slaughter and his "Iraqi" allies.

Hayes appeared at WrestleMania in 1985 where he was the backstage commentator introducing matches and pre-recorded comments by the wrestlers. As Hayes was announcing the upcoming WWF Women's Championship match to the TV audience, he was affectionately kissed on the cheek by his real life friend The Fabulous Moolah as she and her charge, WWF Women's Champion Leilani Kai walked to the ring for Kai's title defence against Wendi Richter (Kai also kissed a visibly blushing Hayes). Moolah would also kiss Hayes full on the lips during an episode of Tuesday Night Titans. At WrestleMania 2, he served as commentator alongside Jesse "The Body" Ventura and the "Mistress of the Dark" Elvira for the Los Angeles portion of the event. This was the only WWF pay-per-view on which Hayes commentated on the main event (Hulk Hogan vs King Kong Bundy in a steel cage for Hogan's WWF World Heavyweight Championship belt). For the Coliseum Video release of WrestleMania III, Hayes briefly appeared alongside Gorilla Monsoon hyping the event. In 1986, Hayes served as ring announcer for early tapings of WWF Wrestling Challenge.

As the WWF's video library began to expand, Hayes became a mainstay in many of the releases; such as "Etiquette With Lord Alfred Hayes", a short segment on the WWF World Tour 1991 tape, where he attempted to teach table manners to Sensational Sherri and The Brooklyn Brawler. Another segment on the tape collections took place on the "Supertape" series when Lord Alfred Hayes would voice "The Call of the Action" in which a match or two would be slowed down and each manoeuvre named and explained (for instance, the audience could learn what a reverse crescent kick was, long before it became more famously known as "Sweet Chin Music"). It was also an example of how as late as 1990 or so, professional wrestling was still presented with "Kayfabe", the veneer of reality. He later appeared on the video releases of WrestleMania VII where he had a corny Love Story-like part regarding the reunion of "Macho Man" Randy Savage and his former manager Miss Elizabeth following Savage's career-ending loss to The Ultimate Warrior, WrestleMania VIII, and Royal Rumble 1993 where he famously asked to watch Sensational Sherri put on her stockings while interviewing her in her dressing room, prompting Sherri to mockingly call him a "dirty old man". He also appeared on some early episodes of Monday Night RAW). Wrestlemania VII also saw the last Wrestlemania match called by Hayes when he joined Monsoon in calling the Intercontinental Championship match between champion Mr Perfect and challenger the Big Boss Man. This was due to Monsoon's co-commentator for the event Bobby Heenan being Perfect's manager at the time and he was required to be at ringside.

Hayes was the color commentator for Bret Hart's win over Ric Flair at a house show in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan that earned him his first WWF Championship, which was released as a Coliseum Video home exclusive. Lord Alfred also appeared on many episodes of Saturday Night's Main Event, often performing silly recorded acts with fellow WWF commentator/interviewer "Mean" Gene Okerlund. One skit involved Hayes and Okerlund (referred to as "Jim" by Hayes despite Okerlund protesting his name was "Gene") taking a safari through Africa, encountering many strange sights along the way (Akeem "The African Dream" and his manager Slick, Koko B. Ware and his parrot "Frankie", The Bushwhackers, and Jake "The Snake" Roberts and his pet python "Damien").

Hayes is known for having spoken the phrase "Promotional consideration paid for by the following", which was heard at the end of Superstars of Wrestling and Wrestling Challenge syndicated shows. At WrestleMania fan access, fans would ask him to repeat his line.

As a commentator, Hayes maintained his reserved mannerisms; though not specifically a heel, he would be quicker to give praise to heelish characters, though disapproving of underhanded methods (in one match, after being told by Gorilla Monsoon that the Hart Foundation had "broken every rule in the book," he replied with a conceding "yes, they've done that"). He was jokingly referred to by Hulk Hogan as "Awful Alfred" during interviews. It was during this time that his hearty uproarious laugh would become his trademark, bursting into laughter after a witty comment by his regular broadcast partner Gorilla Monsoon. He would quietly absorb criticism and insults from heel commentators such as Heenan and The Honky Tonk Man. However, toward the end of his WWF run he quietly shifted to a more heelish style, where he would be quicker to take the sides of heels (such as Owen Hart after he turned on Bret) and quicker to insult the faces (calling Paul Bearer a "little toad"). His final famous WWF promo took place in November 1994, when The Headshrinkers did a promo for "Left Guard Sport stick (a parody of Right Guard Sport Stick)" and Fatu and Sione (The Headshrinkers) ate the deodorant causing Alfred to keep telling them to stop.

Hayes' various roles for the WWF included co-hosting All American Wrestling with Gene Okerlund and doing commentary for shows at Madison Square Garden with Gorilla Monsoon sporadically from 1984 to 1990. Hayes' most common broadcast partner was Sean Mooney, who was paired with Hayes on Prime Time Wrestling, WWF Mania, as well as most all releases for Coliseum Video starting in 1989 until 1993. Hayes and Mooney often participated in comedic skits together, including a Star Trek parody. Hayes was also the announcer for Bobby Heenan's The Bobby Heenan Show, which aired briefly in the Summer of 1989.

Hayes also spoke fluent French (he had cut promos in French back in his time in the Montreal territory) and in 1994, he did French commentary a few times alongside Raymond Rougeau as a fill-in on shows airing in French-speaking countries around the world.

American Wrestling Federation (1996)
After leaving the WWF, Hayes would later appear as a full-on heel commentator alongside Mick Karch, calling the action in 1996 for the short-lived American Wrestling Federation.

Retirement, death, and legacy
Hayes retired from the WWF in 1995 after enduring a series of pay cuts. McMahon and the rest of the office were reportedly very upset at the news as Hayes was someone that they didn't want to lose. Around this time he was also involved in a serious car accident. As a result of the accident he suffered gangrene and part of a leg had to be amputated. Hayes was a wheelchair user for the remainder of his life. He spent the last few years of his life in a retirement home, only venturing out of the home to make appearances at wrestling conventions sporadically. He later had a series of strokes and died on 21 July 2005 at his home in Texas. He was 76 years old. On the first episode of Monday Night RAW to air after his death, WWE paid tribute to Hayes with a ten-bell salute and a video memorial. On 15 November 2010 "Old School" edition of Raw, his voice-over was a part of the broadcast. Hayes was named to the WWE Hall of Fame as part of the Legacy Wing in 2018.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Big Time Wrestling
 * NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Big O
 * Central States Wrestling
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Central States version) (2 times) – with Bob Brown (1) and Roger Kirby (1)
 * Eastern Sports Association
 * ESA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mike Dubois
 * NWA Western States Sports
 * NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship (5 times)
 * NWA Western States Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Ricky Romero (1), Ricki Starr (1) and Nick Kozak (1)
 * Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2014
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1972)
 * WWE
 * WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2018)
 * Other accomplishments
 * Southern Area Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lord Alfred Hayes


text:
List of storms named Akoni

The name Akoni has been used for two tropical cyclones in the Central Pacific Ocean. The hawaiian name ʻAkoni is derived from the english name "Anthony".
 * Tropical Storm Akoni (1982) – never threatened land
 * Tropical Storm Akoni (2019) – weak tropical storm that did not threaten land

title: List of storms named Akoni


text:
Talk:United States/Archive 10

More American History to be added
I recently watched the film "The Corporation" and it repeated a little remembered story about an attempted coup in the US - I thought you might want to include it somewhere in the American History Section, and perhaps have links from Fascism section as well.

J P Morgan and a group of financiers were prepared to spent up to $300 Million in 1934 to stage a coup, using over 500,000 ex-servicemen. The plot was foiled [Smeadley D Butler] testifying in Congress.

The below quote from http://members.tripod.com/~american_almanac/morgan3.htm - I don't know how correct the whole article is regarding it's point of view, however the film repeated details from this page. FRom what I can see it's OK to quote from that site if attributed to them http://members.tripod.com/~american_almanac/intro.htm#fdr

-quote from page-- On Nov. 21, The New York Times, a paper that Heywood Broun once described as ``black with the shoepolish of Morgan, took the lead in this campaign, with a front-page two-column article under the headline: ``General Butler Bares `Fascist Plot' to Seize Government by Force. Having already put the words `fascist plot' in quotes, the paper led with:

A plot of Wall Street interests to overthrow President Roosevelt and establish a fascist dictatorship backed by a private army of 500,000 ex-soldiers and others, was charged by Major General Smedley D. Butler, retired Marine Corps officer, who appeared yesterday before the House Un-American Activities Committee, which began hearings on the charges. -end quote--

The Great Satan
While "colourful" and a joke to some degree, the addition in the names' section was not without good reason. The article needs at least a short section on foreign policy and perception of the USA by others - which is the section such a name would obviously seamlessly fit in... Refdoc 21:53, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Even as a joke, "The Great Satan" is not a "good example" of the range of responses to US foreign policy. Another example showing "uninhibited admiration" might balance the article and restore NPOV, but I really don't think that giving a couple of extreme examples helps very much.  I would strike the example. Rick 17:22, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * As it is the joke bit was putting it into the first line - to see how long it would last. The place now is meant very seriously and is in my opinion a necessary addition. There are few countries which provoke such massive reactions in all directions - well maybe Israel. The Soviet Union at its heyday - maybe. Nazi Germany - only towards the negative I would presume.

 * "The Great Satan" is not just a colourful epithet - well it is in Western Eyes/Ears, but the phrase it is part of the political discourse in the Middle East and it neeeds to be mentioned if the impact and the image of the USA foreign policies is discussed. I do not understand why you would want to balance it. It is quite a unique thing and there is probably no 'balancing' epithet around - unless you want to become all contrived. Refdoc 22:53, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think it is utterly irrelevant whether people in the USA like being called "Great Satan" or not as the paragraph is about thh image of the USA abroad, not about the impact of the image abroad. If you feel this is a necessary addition - reaction of the USA population to the perception - positive and negative - aborad,then it should be addded in a more complete manner. Refdoc 09:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * To put in my two bits on this debate: As an American, I find that epithet to be extremely offensive, inflammatory, and inappropriate, as currently used in the article, and possibly in violation of Wikipedia style. With regard to what would be the appropriate context, I believe it should be put in the Anti-Americanism article, since the term "Great Satan" is simply the most extreme example of anti-Americanism.
 * Does anti-americain sentiment not have direct bearing on international relations? I find it to be interesting, although I do not believe that america is the great satan, I believe the great satan is ignorance.
 * As another American, I don't find it offensive at all. When a mentally disturbed person walks down the street muttering things, I don't worry "oh, he might be speaking the truth". In a like manner, for people in the Middle East to use a term in their own languages that translates to "Great Satan" says more to me about those people in the Middle East than it says anything about the world's oldest democracy. All sorts of people in the Middle East say all sorts of things. So what? But really, Great Satan deserves its own article, with copious references to and from articles about the current government in Iran which not only coined the phrase, but which is also despised by many of its own oppressed people. brassrat

 * There is no need to clog up a general article on the United States with such loaded terms. To put this in perspective, UK citizens would be offended if the British English page equated Received Pronunciation with being homosexual, which is a common perception in the United States (on Saturday Night Live, one comedian once said about Tony Blair: "Is he English?" and the other responded: "No, he's gay." [uproarious laughter]).

 * Frankly, I think Refdoc is nuts. But I'm too busy---with certain personal matters and with trying to cool down an edit war with another wacko on another page---to risk getting into an edit war on this one.

 * --Coolcaesar 09:18, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think it would be a lot better if you would not use personal attacks. Apart from this - If you have a look at the history, the article was already concerned with the image of the USA abroad. So I expanded on this and used the one most (in)famous term. It certainly appears a going concern rather than a matter for the lunatic fringe. Why else are gazillions of books and articles written on "Why do they hate us?" and ? If this offends you or other Americans, than so be it. I have not said that I think so or that the term is Wikipedia endorsed or similar nonsense, but simply stated a fact - The USA arouse strong feelings abroad, positive + negative, the one most famous example is xyz" Refdoc 11:45, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * As an American, I have no problem with such an inclusion. If folks abroad really do refer to the U.S. as "The Great Satan", this should be included in the article, even if it's only to be given a brief sentence.  It isn't as though someone's trying to put an image of Uncle Sam with devil-horns at the top of the page.  And even if he/she were, I wouldn't be offended, nor would I understand how anyone else could take offense to it.  We're all just Homo sapiens after all; nationalities are incidental and meaningless.  Countries and kingdoms and nations are only lines on maps anyway.  It's not like they really mean anything.  --Corvun 05:29, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)

Deletion of talkpages
There is something profoundly wrong when people delete discussion from the talkpages, using as an explanation "leftist crap" Refdoc 00:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A 9-year old's thoughts on the President are not appropriate for this talk page, Refdoc. - Calmypal 01:04, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * That isn't your decision to make, Calmypal. Even if the comment was in poor taste, it was relevant, as were the responses and the replies to the responses.  Just as the comment itself may be "leftist crap", so is its removal "rightwing cowardice".  Those of us who saw no reason to delete it can only be left to assume that something about the comment makes you extremely uncomfortable.  Perhaps you know that the Bush administration is guilty of terrorism, and are uncomfortable with someone calling attention to this fact -- as it paints Bush's supporters as hypocrites for simultaneously supporting both this "war on terror" and the acts of terrorism commited by the Bush administration for which this "war" is a pathetically transparent guise, as well as (and more simply) supporters of terrorism.  Normally I would make no such suggestion, but these constant acts of selective censorship lead to no other plausible conclusion. --Corvun 03:54, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Legal vs. Popular Names for National Leaders
I don't want to get into an edit war, but it seems to me that the proper reference for national leaders for all countries in Wikipedia should be their actual name, not their popular name (i.e., Richard Cheney vs. Dick Cheney). I know that the actual Wikipedia article is titled "Dick Cheney" and that's probably OK since that is how people will first think of him, but his legal name is Richard Cheney. In fact, this is the citation used in other reference materials (e.g., see infoplease almanac United States entry). Earpol 10:02, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

As far as I'm aware the concept of a "legal name" is not universal. In my country, for instance, my name is whatever I want to call myself. On US government figures, everybody calls Jimmy Carter by that name and everybody knows Dick Cheney by that name. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:46, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Political Parties Vs. Political Ideologies
There is a difference between political parties and political ideologies. Ideologies compete for the same name space, but use the same words in a more technical sense. Also, ideologies occupy two dimensions, not one. Edit wars start when someone who doesn't understand these facts confuses an ideological term with a political term and decides it is "too general". --Dbabbitt 10:45, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

There is some propaganda near the top about Russia and Bush that should be deleted.

 * I've posted a message at Image talk:Political Ideologies.png outlining some of my concerns about Image:Political Ideologies.png. Figured that doesn't have much visibility, so I'm posting a note here. Rhobite 22:58, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * For the great reasons mentioned at Image talk:Political Ideologies.png, I'm moving it off the main page. --Dbabbitt 14:00, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

"United States" and "U.S."
There are specific usages for these terms. The abbreviation "U.S." should *only* be used as an adjective, such as "U.S. dollar." In noun form, the country must always be spelled out as "the United States." Never refer to the country as "the U.S.;" that may be common in slang usage, but it is considered improper in writing.

 * Abbreviations are a form of slang that can only be used as adjectives. Gotcha.  Likewise, "Aren't I?" should be used instead of "Ain't I?", because the correct answer to the question would be "Yes, I are", and not the ungrammatical "Yes, I am" ("Ain't" being a variation on "Am't", the contraction of "am not").  See, because "ain't" is non-standard.

 * Call me crazy here, but if we're going to be so linquistically pedantic, we should at least strive for sensical pedantry. -- King of the Pedants, Corvun 00:58, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC)

Corvun: The use of United States as a noun and U.S. as an adjective is standard in most style guides: NY Times, AP, Chicago Manual (used in book publishing), etc. Those of us who are professional copy editors and proofreaders like the distinction. Of course, we have a bigger bone to pick with Wikipedia: the substandard English found in many articles by contributors whose mother tongue is not English. Horrendous errors of syntax, grammar, spelling, and punctuation are ubiquitous.

 * You say that you are a copy editor and proofreader: so, edit the places where you see problems. that is the whole point about wikipedia, you contribute what you can. you don't say that you are an author, you say that you are a copy editor and proofreader. Otherwise, it is better that someone contribute even if they have some rough edges, if their contribution is otherwise an improvement. brassrat

I do that, Brassrat—I often edit one English Wiki article each day to fix punctuation, syntax, and spelling. Some people take offense and revert my edits. (I also contribute articles in English, French, and German, and don't mind if someone alters my writing, especially in French and German.)

 * ok, that's fine, but of course i misunderstood because that's not what you wrote... see any parallels? :) Peace. Brassrat 14:51, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Move page
To United_States_Of_America ?

 * Er, no. See above. older ≠ wiser 19:14, Mar 19, 2005 (UTC)

Fix needed.
" The United States country also a collection of overseas territories and possessions around the world" SOrry I'm too tired to do this, can someone else please? Manty thanks. Rich Farmbrough 19:06, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Kilometers vs. Miles in Infobox
Standardize_Spellings set a precedent that all info should have a bias toward the country that the article concerns. Shouldn't, therefore, the area of the United States be changed to miles, since this is the de facto system of the country? It's 5,984,686 sq. miles by the way.

It's stupid, since the "English System" used in America is quite costly to scientists who have to convert. But that's the precedent we've set on Wikipedia and I think we should follow our precedents.

Juppiter 20:22, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I concur that square miles should be added. A lot of the people creating infobox templates have been inserting sq. km as a default unit on the end for the area field, which is kind of insensitive to us Americans. For one clever way to get around this and squeeze in miles along with kilometers, go look at the City infobox template as implemented on the Los Angeles page.

--Coolcaesar 11:41, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I wouldn't care, except I had 40+ people tell me that articles should be regionally biased.

Juppiter 04:31, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"Bias toward the country" means we don't say "This is an awful place", or other things like that. Things like distances and areas are generally part of factual information, which does not involve bias.

The "metric system" is the worldwide standard measurement system. It is used by everyone outside the U.S., some people inside, and all scientists, pharmacists, etc. It is also the official measurement system in the U.S. The U.S. measurement system is used by some people inside the U.S. and no one outside it. So the question of units is not one of bias, but one of "Is this information ONLY for U.S. residents?"

Certainly, include U.S. units as another option, but km and the like are what the whole world has standardized on, and what Wikipedia should use.

-- Nowhither 23:34, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The vast majority of people in the US have no idea how big a kilometer is, and the vast majority of the people outside the US have no idea how big a mile is. Unless the information is intended to be read only by one group or the other, we must include both. - Nat Krause 05:30, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The U.S. measurement system is used by some people inside the U.S. and no one outside it.

 * Some people in the U.S. use the English (now better called the U.S. system, I suppose) system?? Like it or hate it, not only does nearly everyone (apart from recent immigrants) use the U.S. system, most people - certainly the great majority of native-born U.S. citizens - have no strong concept of the Metric system (they may know a km is shorter than a mile, but not by how much).  Please don't understate the case. Moncrief 05:09, May 10, 2005 (UTC)

Is there a reason we can't simply have both? Also, this little battle where people swap "500 km (300 miles)" for "300 miles (500 km)" is petty. It doesn't matter which is chosen, as long as it's consistent. Dpark 06:00, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yes, we should have both mi. and km. As of 2005, a large nation of 295 million people has not yet adopted the metric system. It's a fact, and we Americans still live in miles, degrees Fahrenheit, feet and inches. We can give both figures in U.S.-related articles. What's the problem? Mason.Jones

 * It looks unprofessional to have both. That's why I thought spellings should be standardized.  People insisted on making that about nationalism, unfortunately, so we're stuck looking like children spelling words all kinds of different ways.  If that's the official policy of wikipedia, so should be using both miles and kilometers (and I say this purely out of spite, there is no reason why measurements should be standardized in what's more commonly used, but spellings should not.  I think it's just the wikipedia aristocracy getting its way as usual. Juppiter 00:28, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd say it looks unprofessional to fail to provide the U.S. standard units in an article about the United States. I'm willing to grant that we should prefer metric in most (all?) articles.  In fact, I'd say we should present metric first in this article as well, but completely omitting the units Americans are most comfortable with in an article about America seems inappropriate.  I'm also in favor of standardizing on a single spelling style.  (I'd prefer American, of course, since I'm American, and so is Wikipedia.) -- Dpark 01:23, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, here's the Measurements Debate, for anyone who cares to look.

This article should have miles, first and foremost. As a second option it should also have kilometers. It's absolutely ridiculous for it to only have a unit of measurement nobody but a tiny minority actually use in this country. DreamGuy 02:33, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * If anything, it is more professional to have both since it serves both parties who use it. Everything in this article should use the American system and have kilometers in parentheses. -- tomf688 (talk) 03:03, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Since no one seems to have any objections, I say we add U.S. units. I'll do it within a few days if no one else does so first. -- Dpark 15:33, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yes, it's the best option. Americans rarely use metric units (and often can't convert English units to metrics). Americans also prefer U.S. spellings such as honor, capitalize, and lackluster—and would expect them in articles about New Orleans, Mariah Carey, and brownies. The Brits have long adopted metrics and are comfortable with them; the British spellings honour, capitalise and lacklustre are standard in the U.K., and would be appropriate in articles about Liverpool, Elton John or Yorkshire pudding. The point: unlike other Wiki language sites, English Wikipedia can't standardize everything. English units are indispensable in U.S.-related articles. Use consistent spelling and punctuation within an article (official Wiki style), but with two big English-language groups sharing English Wikipedia, we should accommodate and not irritate.Mason.Jones 03:21, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Isolationism and Imperialism
there seems to be a revert/unrevert going on over the phrasing about US Foreign policy wavering between isolationism and imperialism. Although I suggest it be rephrased and expanded, from a historical view this can be judged as somewhat uncontroverted. There is a period essentially in the late 1880s and early 1900s where patterns commonly refered to as "Empire" where somewhat a part of US policy and there was even an "Anti-Imperial League" at the time (included Mark Twain, William James and Andrew Carnegie) over the Philippines. Of course, like anything there are counter-points and other views on this, but it would be fair to say that the expansion and creation of "Territories" which some would say were colonial in nature was similar to what the British called an Empire.

Possible sources: http://www.politicalreviewnet.com/polrev/reviews/INTA/R_0020_5850_1117_1004595.asp

Beisner, Robert L.  Twelve Against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists, 1898-1900. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

LaFeber, Walter. The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Imperialism, 1860-1898. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1963.

Tompkins, E. Berkeley. Anti-Imperialism in the United States: The Great Debate, 1890-1920. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970.

http://www.civics-online.org/library/formatted/texts/anti-imperial.html "Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League (October 18, 1899)."

--Reboot 2005, April 14, 9:17pm EST

The map on religion needs to be removed
--I think having a map showing major religious affiliations in the U.S. is a great idea, but the one that's on here now is completely unintelligible. It really contains no useful information at all, and will likely be misunderstood by most of the people who see it. The map portrays places like West Virginia and Colorado as being far less religious than states like Massachusetts or New Jersey. Anyone not too familiar with the U.S. will be greatly misled by this map, and I believe we should have one showing majority populations of individual religions/denominations. Unless anyone can give serious reasons to leave this particular map on here, I think I'll remove it in a few days. --Jleon 15:46, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. It's just a bunch of random colors representing alleged claimed percentages of religious belifes, but not what kind or anything useful. The source of the data is highly questionable. It's also under copyright, and while the the fair use declaration is certainly arguable, it is not ideal. DreamGuy 21:54, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

Portal
Someone removed the United States portal link from the top of the page. I'm curious who's in favor of the portal and who's against it. I think the portal needs a little work (the blue is a bit harsh to my eyes), but it's promising, and could be useful. Who thinks we should add the link back? And who thinks it should stay off? -- Dpark 19:08, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I am against the portal. There are enough ways to point to other related items, like wikilinks, external links in the text and the whole separate section on links. No need to duplicate this in a newspaper style portal. Additionally this particular portal is a rather haphazard and overly decorated choice of references. It does not fit in wiki style. −Woodstone 19:23, 2005 Apr 25 (UTC)

 * The portal is ok by me, but perhaps a bit redundant. If there's a link to it in the U.S. article it really shouldn't be in the intro. --Jleon 19:27, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The portal looked rather cluttered and silly where it was put. I am getting rather sick of all the wiki-media/-source/-whatever being crammed into every article (tons of boxes everywhere). If it is put into this article, with the ugly tiny box it is in now, it should be stuffed near the bottom somewhere, not at the top. Ideally, somebody at wikimedia central should cook up some default links for all these offshoots and thingamabobs that are related but not directly relevant to the article so that they show up unobtrusively elsewhere on the page instead of crammed into the article text itself. DreamGuy 21:36, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

So basically, no one really wants it. Those of you who are neutral definitely don't want it at the top. I just asked yesterday, so others might chime in later. If it's decided that no one really wants it, we can just leave it off. If enough people chime in to say they want it, we can put it somewhere further down, I suppose. -- Dpark 12:13, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I readded the portal link before reading this. It would seem that your portal is falling into disuse, maybe the link to it will attract some more collaborators... -MarSch 15:00, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've moved the portal down to "external links" as a compromise. It doesn't really fit there, but it looks like no one really wants it at the top.  If anyone can find a more fitting place, by all means, move it there. -- Dpark 20:17, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, since it's a link into the Wikipedia namespace, I think it qualifies as an external link, so I guess it does belong there. -- Dpark 20:19, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Official Language
I noticed someone had removed "and a percentage of Spanish" from the "official language" entry of the infobox. I was going to add it back (perhaps worded differently, because it's awkward as is), but decided I should just ask what everyone else thinks. This has been discussed before (check the archives if you want). But it doesn't look like anyone really resolved it.

The facts(-ish):
 * There is no "official" language.
 * While English enjoys the widest use by far, 10% of the population speak Spanish in the home.
 * All government documents are in English. (So far as I know.)
 * All public schools are required to teach English. (I believe.)

My question is what do we want to call the "official language", since there really isn't one? Do we go with what's widely spoken? And thus put Spanish back in the box? Or do we go with what the government uses? And thus only list English?

The listing of Spanish seems to come and go arbitrarily depending on who stops by the page. It'd be nice to have an reasonable consensus. -- Dpark 13:07, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The "official language" entry should say "none", since there is no official language. Why is this so hard? --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 13:55, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, as Languages in the United States notes, in several states English, Hawaiian and Spanish are official (so really the question is does the infobox in the US page refer only to the federal govt, or to state and local govts' definitions of official too?). As this article notes, other states have declared English their official language.  The only place I know of where English isn't the de-facto official language is El Cenizo, Texas (and that's an old news story, I don't know if it's still valid). -- 14:00, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, and now that I think on it, aren't the prevailing tribal languages official on various native-american reservations? -- John Fader (talk | contribs) 14:00, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Because at the very least, the government conducts business in some written language. It makes sense to me to at least acknowldge that. -- Dpark 16:29, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

CIA World Factbook can be taken as reasonably authoritative on the US government's position as it's a US government publication. No official language is listed for United States, whereas for Philippines we have "two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense".

So I think the "official language" shouldn't be included in the infobox for United States, but the fact that government business is conducted overwhelmingly in English only, while there is a substantial minority Spanish-speaking population, should be noted. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:14, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This is the trouble with infoboxes (as with all kinds of form-filling): it really wants a one-word answer, but reality demands an complex and nuanced paragraph. The United Kingdom page (which has exactly the same problem) solves it with a footnote; I think the US should do likewise. -- John Fader (talk | contribs) 14:29, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The Factbook didn't actually skip the "Languages" section, though. It says "English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)".  It doesn't call them official, but provides the info nonetheless.  Maybe we should do the same.  How difficult would it be to modify the infobox template so that it doesn't call them official unless they actually are?  I still feel we need something there, because the government uses English to conduct business in.

 * The style used on the UK page is possible, as John Fader pointed out. In any event, the factbook does seem to give support to the idea that if we include English, we should also include Spanish. -- Dpark 16:29, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I agree, the appearance of an Official languages field in the infobox is the cause of the problem. Replace that by Languages and then each of the three-dozen articles currently using Template:Infobox Country can be edited accordingly to reflect the new semantics. But this should be discussed on WikiProject Countries, not here, and the proposed change should be publicised adequately. If substantial opposition should occur and it is not possible to resolve differences easily, perhaps we would have to list it on Current surveys. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:15, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm making a couple of attempts at a footnote; please check it and edit as necessary. --Golbez 17:26, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

While there is no official languge, the languges of English, Spanish and French are all official and/or spoken regionally in different states.These three languges are also recognized by the government and passports are issued in these languges. Perhaps we should state that english is the de facto languge of governments and business while, Spanish and French are regional. Hawaiian is also official in Hawaii. (Spanish primarily in Florida, New Mexico, Arizona Texas and California) (French spoken regionally in Louisiana) (Mac Domhnaill 18:41, 23 August 2005 (UTC))

Minor holiday problem
The table about holidays implies that government organizations observe Martin Luther King Jr Day, President's Day, and Colombus Day. Some do, but many, including schools, do not. Are there statistics on the matter that anyone knows about? President's and Colombus Days are, in my experience, extinct holidays. The table makes it seem like they are not.
 * They aren't extinct as far as the federal government is concerned. We should perhaps mention that these are holidays that the government recognizes, but private citizens and businesses are not required to observe them. It also mentions they are federal holidays. And it does say that not all schools observe them. Do you have a specific complaint? --Golbez 03:29, May 5, 2005 (UTC)

I happen ot highly disagree with them being only minor holidays, as in school i have always recieved all those holidays off, and i have never heard of anyone not getting President's day off, i can accept that MLK day and Columbus day are not recognied, but in my experience Presidents day has always been recognized. (Mac Domhnaill 18:49, 23 August 2005 (UTC))

Photographs
Any consensus for adding photographs of "typical" (as much as such a thing is possible) vistas and views and sights of the U.S. to this article? It's nice to have the Bill and Rights and George Washington, but those photos are a bit static and I like the idea of adding photos that aren't so "official" - a main street in a town, perhaps, or something along those lines. See New York City's article for an example of what I'd consider dynamic photos that enhance an article. Moncrief 05:14, May 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree; how about a picture of, perhaps, a football game? The NYSE trading floor? --Golbez 21:47, May 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Totally. Either of those would work in the appropriate section.  Moncrief 22:06, May 10, 2005 (UTC)

Culture
The section on Culture seems to be focused on exported popular culture, rather than on American culture as experienced within the country. And, it mentions Seattle several times: I like Seattle a lot, but it has not had much influence on American culture. Whereas, for example, Californian culture (and I'm not writing this as a fan) has had a huge influence and it is not really mentioned. brassrat

I agree with user:brassrat. The culture section is focused on exported culture in TV and movies. The US is a diverse place and there should be a section titled Regional Culture. Please user:Golbez stop vandalizing and deleting the Regional Culture section. Can we get a sys admin to stop Golbez?

Hey, 67.123.172.188, sorry if I called your additions "useless," but Golbez didn't vandalize anything: your additions weren't even really about "culture," you basically just mentioned different church denominations and said that Northerners are called Yankees. I agree with Brassrat too, but your stuff didn't really cover that. --Jleon 01:47, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * lol wtf --Golbez 04:23, May 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * That said, the anon's edits may well have a place, since it has been pointed out, accurately so, that the Culture section focuses too much perhaps on the export of culture. Still, it was turning into somewhat of a checklist of the different cultures in America, without giving any time to the unifying culture most Americans have. The different bits may have a use, but this is the article for the country, not for the states or the regions. --Golbez 04:30, May 14, 2005 (UTC)

Why not rename "Culture" section, "Entertainment Industry" and move it to the "Economy" section. You can read the "Culture" section and think the USA is all about "Sex and the City". The culture section has nothing about cultural traditions, traditional clothing, traditional attitudes, or traditional holidays. And yes, my input is more like a starting point for others to add on to. I have not lived in the North, so I could not add much about it's culture, but had hoped someone would add on. As far as deletion of newly entered is concerned, it is forbidden in all the guidelines I have read. Stubs are encouraged as a starting point. If somebody goes along deleting contributions, pretty soon people will stop contributing. -anon

The United States is a great center of higher education, boasting more than 4,000 universities, colleges and other institutions of higher learning, the top tier of which may be considered to be among the most prestigious and advanced in the world. Neither is mentioned that higher education in the US is one of the most expensive in the world, nor that besides few universities (Berkeley, Princeton, Harvard, Stanford) universities in America have a low level of education compared to universities around the world. This is something commonly known to many people that come from other countries, that shared with me (what I experiences as well) that getting a higher degree in the US is almost as simple as finishing regular school in other countries. User:64.175.251.190

--Well if you have anything other than anecdotal "experiences" to show as evidence, then please share it with us. --Jleon 19:50, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

The "top tier" of U.S. universities is just that: the Ivies (Harvard, Yale, etc.), the elite schools (Chicago, Johns Hopkins, etc.) and the prestigious public universities (Michigan, Virginia, Texas-Austin, etc.). They are still superior to most European and Asian universities. My "anecdotal experience" as an American in Europe: I found Euro-academics to be rather easy and the grading much more lenient than in the States. I would add that many U.S. flagship state universities (Michigan, Texas, Virginia, North Carolina, Minnesota and dozens of other PUBLIC universities) are more rigorous and require more work than do many European universities.Mason.Jones 17:02, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Previous archive page is Talk:United States/Archive 9

Next archive page is Talk:United States/Archive 11

title: Talk:United States/Archive 10


text:
List of storms named Ema

The name Ema has been used for two tropical cyclones in the Central Pacific Ocean.
 * Tropical Storm Ema (1982) – never threatened land.
 * Tropical Storm Ema (2019) – did not affect land.

title: List of storms named Ema


text:
Roger Moe

Roger Moe (born June 2, 1944) is an American politician who served as a member and majority leader of the Minnesota Senate. He was the Democratic nominee for governor in the 2002 Minnesota gubernatorial election.

Early life and education
Born in Crookston, Moe graduated from Crookston Central High School and received his college degree from Mayville State College in North Dakota. His graduate studies were completed at Moorhead State University and North Dakota State University in Fargo. In 2005, he received an Honorary LL.D from the University of Minnesota.

Career
Before running for office, he taught math and coached wrestling at Ada High School in Ada, Minnesota.

Politics
Moe was elected to the Senate in 1970, and was the second-youngest senator in state history at the time. He represented the old District 66 during the 1971–72 biennium and, after the 1972 legislative redistricting, District 2 for the remainder of his time in office. Through the years, he represented all or parts of Becker, Beltrami, Clay, Clearwater, Mahnomen, Norman, Polk and Red Lake counties in the northwestern part of the state.

Moe became the Senate's majority leader in 1981, a position he held for 22 years. He is the longest-serving state majority leader, and the longest-serving leader of either of Minnesota's legislative bodies. His brother, Donald Moe, was also a member of the legislature, serving in both the House and Senate.

Moe sponsored an initiative to transfer lottery proceeds to Minnesota environmental projects (Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources – LCMR), the creation of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities governance system, the Midwestern Higher Education Compact, and the Environmental Trust Fund.

After running for lieutenant governor with Skip Humphrey in the 1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election, Moe ran for governor against Tim Pawlenty, Tim Penny and Ken Pentel in 2002. Pawlenty won that election. Moe and his running mate, Julie Sabo, received 36% of the vote in the general election to Pawlenty's 44%.

Later career
Moe has retired from public office. He is a business consultant and lobbyist, and serves on several state and national nonprofit boards, and on the Minnesota Job Skills Partnership Board.

Electoral history

 * 2002 Race for Governor
 * Tim Pawlenty (R), 44%
 * Roger Moe (DFL), 36%
 * Tim Penny (IPM), 16%
 * Ken Pentel (Grn), 2%

title: Roger Moe


text: User talk:24.225.153.109

title: User talk:24.225.153.109


text:
Herbert Prohaska

Herbert Prohaska ( born 8 August 1955) is an Austrian former professional footballer. He ranks among Austria's greatest football players of all time. Prohaska works as a football pundit for the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation (ORF). His nickname "Schneckerl", Viennese dialect for curly hair, derives from his curly haircut in his younger years. A talented, elegant, and combative midfielder, Prohaska played as a deep-lying playmaker, and was known for his technique, intelligence, and precise passing.

Club career
Born in Vienna, Austria, Prohaska started his professional career in 1972 at the football club Austria Vienna. By 1980 he had helped his club to win four Austrian league titles and three Austrian Cup wins. In 1980, he joined Inter Milan, and won the Italian Cup in his second season with the nerazzurri. In 1982, he moved to A.S. Roma, where he won the Italian championship in his first year. He returned to Austria Vienna in 1983 to finish his playing career.

International career
Prohaska made his debut for Austria in a November 1974 friendly match against Turkey and was a participant at the 1978 and 1982 FIFA World Cups. He earned 83 caps, scoring 10 goals. His final international was a June 1989 World Cup qualification match against Iceland, but he retired before the 1990 World Cup, while Austria qualified for the tournament.

Managerial career
In 1989 Prohaska retired from playing. Shortly after his retirement he worked as a coach at Austria Vienna, where he won two Austrian League titles and two Austrian Cups.

In 1993, he became manager of the Austria national team, qualifying as group winners for the 1998 World Cup in France. In 1999, he resigned after a disastrous 9–0 defeat to Spain. From 1999 to 2000 he returned to managing Austria Vienna.

Awards
In November 2003, Prohaska was selected as the Golden Player of Austria by the Austrian Football Association as their most outstanding player of the past 50 years. In August 2004, he was voted the Austrian Footballer of the Century as the Austrian Football Association celebrated its 100th anniversary.

Media work
Working as a pundit for the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation ORF, Prohaska suggested at the 2006 World Cup that referee Graham Poll's famous yellow card blunder was a result of heavy alcohol consumption before the match.

As a player

 * Austrian Bundesliga (7): 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1986
 * Austrian Cup: 1974, 1977, 1980, 1986
 * Italian Serie A Championship: 1983
 * Italian Cup: 1982

Individual
 * Austrian Player of the Year (Krone-Fußballerwahl): 1975, 1985
 * Austrian Player of the Year (APA-Fußballerwahl): 1984, 1985, 1988
 * UEFA Jubilee Awards (Austria's Golden Player): 2004

As a manager

 * Austrian Bundesliga: 1991, 1992
 * Austrian Cup: 1990, 1992
 * Austrian Manager of the Year (Krone-Fußballerwahl): 1997

title: Herbert Prohaska


text:
User talk:Fotoman

Please do not create an article to promote yourself, a website, a product, or a business (see What Wikipedia is not). Personal information is OK on your user page which is currently blank. Just don't keep reposting material once it's been deleted from the article space as this is considered vandalism. So is adding self-promotional information to existing articles. Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 21:41, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fotoman


text:
Talk:Repository for Germinal Choice

Disposition
What happend with all that sperm and eggs after this institution was closed? --Abdull 21:41, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know, but I do know that the demand was so high that they had to start accepting donors with much lower qualifications. I don't think they ever handled eggs, it was just a sperm bank. -Willmcw 22:17, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * According to Plotz' book, it only handled sperm. The Horizon (TV series) documentary that I saw on BBC 2 last night stated that the material was burned. The founders' family had no interest in running it. Autarch 20:10, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

I think a link to the book My Uncle Oswald by Roald Dahl would be appropriate. The book is about a guy that invents a strong afrodisiac and sends his girlfriend to various celebrities and nobel prize winners for the 'sample collection'.

New source
The ever-interesting Straight Dope has recently covered this topic here. violet/riga (t) 10:06, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

The girl
What happened to her? Was she particularly bright? Would be good if we saw the results of the place.--EchetusXe (talk) 18:32, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Specific individuals
The project produced 215 children fathered by about 15 sperm donors. One person who is a result of the project has been widely covered, by name, since birth. Others have gone public more recently. Does WP:BLP prevent identifying those who have voluntarily had their names and histories published? Perhaps the rule could be that the child voluntarily goes public after reaching age 21, to head off children's privacy being impaired by their parent? A Google News Archive search for Repository for Germinal Choice shows several articles in reliable sources with coverage of some of the project participants. Edison (talk) 18:06, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

 * WP:BLP requires that the article cites a reliable news source for any identification of living individuals, but I don't believe it prohibits identifying anyone who has been identified already in the mainstream press. Whether or not the individual is a minor doesn't seem to apply. —Tim Pierce (talk) 18:14, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

 * My first, reflexive, inclination is that naming the people might be giving them undue weight/directing undue attention to them, considering their inherent notability-for-only-one-thing. But BLP is an area I am not very confident working in, so I'm hoping others are willing to weigh in here and provide more informed opinions. keɪɑtɪk flʌfi (talk) 18:16, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

 * This is a good point. There is a real risk of undue weight in the case of identifying specific people associated with the project. If one or two participants have been subject to a higher degree of attention than the others, then it probably makes sense to mention them by name, but probably not others. —Tim Pierce (talk) 18:20, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Repository for Germinal Choice