text:
IIPA

The abbreviation IIPA may refer to:

 * International Intellectual Property Alliance, an alliance of trade associations in the "copyright-based industries" of the United States
 * Intelligence Identities Protection Act, a 1982 United States law that makes it a crime to intentionally reveal the identity of a covert agent in a U.S. intelligence agency
 * Imperial India Pale Ale
 * Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi.

title: IIPA


text:
Wikipedia talk:NPOV violation (historical)

Support

 * 1) Uncle Ed 16:18, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Steven Rubenstein (via e-mail)
 * 3) It would go a long way to stopping a lot of edit wars, and I can't see it as creating inertia - it just forces the writer to discuss something that's already controversial, instead of reverting with other parties for two weeks first. Ambi 01:46, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Oppose

 * 1) Haukur said "would create inertia to any changes and further enshrine an imperfect status quo"
 * 2) ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ 02:42, 15 July 2005 (UTC) gives too much power to 2 users
 * 3) Exploding Boy 03:57, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Spanish North Africa

Stub categories
Picking the stub categories for this was surprisingly difficult. I chose Spanish and North African geo because it is both part of Spain, and in North Africa. I chose not to go with Morocco because it's not part of that country. I will leave it in because it's best to be in too many categories rather than not enough, but I will add North Africa again. --Apyule 01:47, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It's claimed by Morocco, so a Morocco-geo-stub is appropriate. Spain-geo-stub is also appropriate, but Category:North Africa geography stubs also notes that because they count as metropolitan Spain the standard North Africa stub is not necessary. I'll leave it though - I see your reasoning - even though three templates is more than the usual limit of two stubs. Grutness...  wha?  01:37, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have added the North Africa geo stub again. I know that there are arguments for removing it, but I think that a geo stub with North Africa in the name should be in this stub catagory. --Apyule 00:56, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Possessions in 16th thru 19th centuries
Should the territories in northern Africa held by Spain at various points from the 16th thru the 19th centuries (see European enclaves in North Africa before 1830 be included in this DAB? - Donald Albury 13:55, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish North Africa


text: User talk:84.179.244.62

title: User talk:84.179.244.62


text: User talk:82.41.59.10

title: User talk:82.41.59.10


text:
Talk:List of characters in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends

==men men men men menly men men men

(talk) 03:10, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Images
The images add interest to the descriptions of the characters, but are they available for public use? WBardwin 01:48, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I placed a copyright thing on there. NoseNuggets Aug 21 2005 2:52 PM EDT

Size of images
PLEASE do not re-size the images. They are meant to be at least 100px with a click ro a larger size image. Thanks! NoseNuggets 10:48 AM US EST Nov 20 2005.

Image deletion
I am so pissed off at having the character images deleted that I decided to protect this page from further edits until notice. I.P. Address 139.55.53.166 21:35, 11 January 2008 (EDT)

Short Green Stick Guy with One Eye
I think this guy should be on this page, but I don't know his name or where to find his picture. --Wack'd About Wiki 14:03, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, you mean this guy (right)?--성혀니talk with mesee my work 14:29, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

His name is Jackie Khones and I think he should be in too.--Rat235478683--

"Adoption" online section
Can I move "Adoption" online section to main Foster's article?--성혀니 14:38, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I am using that to explain what the promotion was all about. But thanks anyway for asking. NoseNuggets 10:49 AM US EST Nov 20 2005.

Cheese being similar to Salad Fingers
I saw Salad Fingers just a minute ago. I guess there are some similarities. Although Salad Fingers is just far far more disturbed than Cheese. I think Cheese is meant more to be cute like a 4 year old. Where uhm, Salad Fingers seems like someone who'd kidnap a neighborhood of children, really creepy.

Hi, in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends: A Room With a Feud a new minor character was introduced - Peanutbutter, if any body wants to do a rght up on him, that would be great.
 * Been done. NoseNuggets 12:51 PM US EDT July 8 2006

A new episode with Cheese? OMG. --Divya da animal lvr 21:07, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yup. Will hear about it soon. NoseNuggets 12:52 PM US EDT July 8 2006

Mac and Bloo's Ages
"Mac is a smart, square-headed, precocious, eight-year-old boy who created Blooregard Q. Kazoo eleven years before the show begins."
 * The numbers might be mixed up, since the way it's written, it sounds like Bloo was created three years before Mac was born. I'm not sure where the number came from, so any citations would be appreciated.

"Mac is a smart, square-headed, precocious, eight-year-old boy who created Blooregard Q. Kazoo when he was three years old."
 * Problem solved. – Someguy0830 (Talk | contribs) 02:52, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Clumsy?
Wait, what episode was Clumsy from? I believe it was the Trouble with Scribbles, but I'm not 100% sure --RandomOrca2 13:20, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yep. Mac said "But that's Clumsy. He can't walk two steps without stumbling over." Mr. Herriman responded to that saying that that has nothing to do with the secret door matter. --Juigi Kario (Charge! * My crusades) 07:49, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * And he was also seen in "Crime After Crime" with a hamburger friend playing a video game (the Nintendo GameCube lookalike) which has carrots that Mr. H had hidden inside it. They were sent to their rooms without any supper. NoseNuggets 1:12 PM US EDT July 6 2006.

 * And on "A Good Wilt Hunting" he was at the reunion. --72.4.52.82 21:31, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Mac and Bloo
It seems really strange to me that two main characters of the show have one to two paragraph descriptions whereas the more minor characters list plenty of things that might prove to be irrelevent to overall continuity. I'll try to expand on Mac and Bloo's bios. -Ambientlight 11:35, 14 May 2006 (UTC)cheese is the cooliest(i like ceareal)

 * I was planning to add into Mac's bio on information about his relations with Goo. But I didn't know a decent way to put it and avoid violating Wikipedia standards. Particularly since Goo has been in only 2 episodes, including "The Big Picture" for the last 5 minutes. --Juigi Kario (Charge! * My crusades) 06:26, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, she'll be in four episodes when "Make-Believe-It-Or-Not" airs. She's been a central character in "Neighbor Pains" re-arranging the was Adopt-A-Thought Saturday" was being handled. NoseNuggets 1:14 PM US EDT July 6 2006

GTV Version? What's this about?
Edits since the 2nd revert of the vandalism by Blacki last night have been mentioning a GTV version. With some changes, even. What the blazes is going on? --Juigi Kario (Charge! * My crusades) 20:57, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

"Bloo Clones"
Are we sure that the senseitive bloo's speech was based on Jerry Maguire? Bud0011 05:31, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yup. Right down to "You complete me."  After all, "You had me at hello." (HAHAHA!) NoseNuggets 1:15 PM US EDT July 6 2006

One-link per voice actor, please
When voice actors are or have been mentioned in the article, the rule of thumb is to have one link per voice actor. Please remember that the next time you are at work on a edit in this article. Thanks. NoseNuggets 1:17 PM US EDT July 6 2006.

Cheese Wanted!
I am thinking about adding cheese to the page. I have pictures and everything. I just need to know his background. Ratchet&daxter 3:14 PM EDT July 18,2006.

Yes! I was thinking of adding Cheese too. He is in many Cartoon Network commercials and he has been in 3 episodes.--Rat235478683--

me 2 n so should goo

Articles about individual IFs who had minimal appearances.
Quite a few of articles about IFs such as Piggy have been created for some time now. I suggest a vote on what should be done with the articles. I personally think that there should be a 2nd article covering all of them, so as to keep the information without having it clogging the main characters article. --Juigi Kario (Charge! * My crusades) 19:30, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect them when you see them. The single episode characters aren't notable, thus this huge list clumping them together. – Someguy0830 (Talk | contribs) 20:35, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Good point. Though Vin Moosk is a one episode character in KND, but the episode in question revolved around him a bit. Either way, the article is 65+ KB long, so a split is recommended as per Article Size. (32 KB is a preferred maximum, and anything over 50 KB is guaranteed to need to be split.)

 * Then move this page to List of main characters in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends (do not create a new article under this name) and stick all the one-shot or minor characters in List of secondary characters in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. I'd do it, but I'd rather wait for an agreed upon format. – Someguy0830 (Talk | contribs) 22:03, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Just go for it. -- Henk65 18:44, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Support. Yeah, just make the move, and we'll format afterwards if necessary (I think it's fine the way it is now, for now).  --Crisu 18:52, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

It's done. It's strictly copy/paste with the pointless sections removed. Other language names aren't notable and neiter was that adoption online thing. – Someguy0830 (Talk | contribs) 20:32, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Nice. Eh, I'll put back the omitted stuff for now, since I hate just wasting content, but I made the House Party just a "See also" link.  Also had to link to the split page.  :P  --Crisu 01:44, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Goo
Why isn't Goo in? She might have came in out of nowhere but she has been in many episodes.--Rat235478683--

I Added people in
I added in Goo, Cheese, and Jackie Khones.--Rat235478683--

Individual character articles idea.
I'm thinking sooner or later we should at least have the main and recurring characters have their own articles. That way, we don't have to contend with the article size issues, such as the number of Goo's appearances throughout season 4, which has been making the task of taking care of her section of the secondary characters page ridiculous. Bear in mind that the people handling Xiaolin Showdown 's character articles took this approach, and Xiaolin Showdown had only 3 seasons as of date if not total, and no toyline as well. --Juigi Kario (Charge! * My crusades) 02:33, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I say go for it. --(trogga) 05:12, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Restored human main characters
I don't know who did it, but I reverted back to an earlier version of the items because someone accidentally deleted them. NoseNuggets 4:35 PM US EDXT Aug 10 2006

Dead or not?
I deleted the concept art links because they appeared to be dead links, but then someone else reverted and said they weren't dead. Someone else please check them in case they are just dead to me. Dumbwhiteguy777 03:14, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

They're not, though direct linking seems to be a problem. – Someguy0830 (Talk | contribs) 03:35, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, I'm getting the same problems... Nothing but 404... 24.177.99.49 23:48, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Eduardo
Why does Eduardo have an info box and no one else does? I suggest either getting rid of it, or adding one to the other main characters.

Wilt size
How tall is Wilt? His size seems to vary from 8 to as much as 20 feet tall.

Please sign your posts. I'd say wilt is 7 feet tall if you compare him with Mac. Mumblebot (talk) 03:13, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

why jackie khone?
Why should he be in this page there are a bunch of friends in more than one or two episodes, but they're not really main characters.

enemies
bendy berry nemesister blake superior kip snip youngman rivers bloo(Ha Ha!) little lincoln

This page is virtually empty
What's the point of having this article if all of the character descriptions are in their own articles or on the main Foster's article? ♦TH 1 RT 3 EN talk ♦ contribs 18:39, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Minor characters
Someone deleted the "minor charaters" section of this article. I know it doesn't fit here but at least just move it to different article or something? It's important too, you know? Dylan Damien 15:21, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Notes: You can see them in the "history" part, a lot are missing from the secondary article Dylan Damien 15:27, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

One more thing, you guys really should restore Duchess back in this page Dylan Damien 15:30, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Section 4 - Opposites attract
I've tagged this section with original research tag, as there seems to be a lot of supposition. The phrase "Some fans believe" has no references or citations. Yngvarr 11:54, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Deletion of all Foster's character articles
I have noticed that all of the biographical articles on Foster's characters have been deleted and now redirect here. Both Mac and Bloo are notable enough for more than a simple description on this page. Maybe they were considered not up to Wikipedia standard, but I don't think they should have been removed. --Danjewell (talk) 00:43, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

I agree. I too think those biographical articles shouldn't have been deleted, unfortunately, there's nothing we can do for the time being.--Wardog108 (talk) 01:31, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

 * They're not deleted, just redirected. You can restore them. — Someguy0830 (T | C) 01:33, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

cameo characters
i think we should add a cameo character section.Mandy makes a cameo appearence in the big picture. btw,we also gotta do something about this guy that deletes stuff. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mariofan1000 (talk • contribs) 20:50, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Doubt it, there shouldn't be a list of everyone who has ever been in an episode as it's just redundant info. As for the "deleted" stuff, be a bit more specific over what's been deleted. -- treelo talk 21:08, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * In the episode "Mac Daddy", there is a minor imaginary friend named "Crackers". Should this be added to the list? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.213.149.121 (talk) 21:02, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Crackers did appear again once in a non-speaking role but there's minor and then there's non-existent minor, Crackers sits on that line and I think more of him is on the non-existent minor side. treelo  radda  21:19, 9 May 2009 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Jinvankorea

Welcome
Hi and welcome to wikipedia. I hope you like it and decide to stay. Here are some handy links for newcomers. Also you can sign your name on talk pages and vote pages with three tildes like this ~~~, and your name with a time stamp with four like this ~~~~. If you have any questions, ask me on my talk page. Howabout1 Talk to me! 01:49, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
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User talk:OneHungLow

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Talk:Daniel de Bourg

Untitled
This sounds like a fanpage. --Thorns Among Our Leaves 01:50, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Date of birth
According to The X Factor, he is 31 years old and was therefore not born in 1982.... — AnemoneProjectors (会話) 13:32, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Possible COI edit now claming 1984 YOB; Sun claimed 1981, while earlier Peterborough Evening Telegraph indicated age 31 in 2007 per ; definitely more 1976 than 1984 YOB. Seems like The Curious Case of Benjamin Button here. Dl2000 (talk) 23:00, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

According to The Royal Ballet School alumni he trained in principal dancer Edward Watson's year. Watson was born in 1976. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.214.41.141 (talk) 13:07, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

Sorry. This information is incorrect. I've offered paperwork to verify the correct DOB. I would rather this page be deleted than have to continually correct the misinformation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Danieldebourg (talk • contribs) 14:36, 2 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I have removed all the birthdates/birthyears from the article as there is no reliable sources in the article for any of them. Where did you send paperwork to?  GB fan 14:57, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

100% born in 1976. He is a liar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7E:4F59:1500:A115:A509:4875:84A4 (talk) 12:28, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Daniel de Bourg


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User talk:Hung0702

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Steven Williams

Steven Williams (born January 7, 1949) is an American actor in films and television. He is known for his roles as Captain Adam Fuller on 21 Jump Street, Lt. Jefferson Burnett on The Equalizer, Det. August Brooks on L.A. Heat, X on The X-Files, Russell "Linc" Lincoln in Linc's, and Rufus Turner in Supernatural.

Throughout his career, Williams has appeared in numerous films, including The Blues Brothers (1980), Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983), Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (1993), 22 Jump Street (2014), It (2017), and Birds of Prey (2020).

He has been nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award and one NAACP Image Award.

Early life
Williams was born in Memphis, Tennessee, and was predominantly reared in Chicago. His parents were divorced, and he was raised at separate times by his father in Michigan, his mother in Chicago and by his maternal grandparents in Millington, Tennessee. In Chicago, he attended Wendell Phillips High School. After graduating, he matriculated at the General Motors Institute, an automaker's engineering school. Williams later worked as a postal carrier, salesman, and model.

He was drafted into the United States Army, serving in the 2nd Armored Division, stationed in Gelnhausen, Germany and became Divisional Champion with the United States Army Boxing Team, Middleweight Division. Upon receiving an Honorable Discharge from the United States Army, Williams worked for the United States Postal Service as a mailman. After delivering the mail in subzero temperatures, he went to work in Chicago's garment district as an apparel salesman.

Career
Williams made his acting debut in the 1975 film Cooley High. He appeared in musical comedy The Blues Brothers (1980) as Trooper Mount, and played Lt. Jefferson Burnett on the CBS drama series The Equalizer in 1985. He portrayed renegade Capt. David Nester in the 1985 film Missing in Action 2: The Beginning,

He landed the role of Captain Adam Fuller, a senior police officer supervising younger cops, on Fox Network's TV series 21 Jump Street in 1987. Williams replaced Frederic Forrest, who played a similar character, early in the series. He continued playing the character until the series ended in 1991. While acting in the series, Williams played Lieutenant Gallagher in Under the Gun (1988), which featured Vanessa Williams in the cast.

Following his stint on 21 Jump Street, Williams portrayed the title character in The 100 Lives of Black Jack Savage. He played the role of Det. August Brooks on the TNT series L.A. Heat in 1996. He recurred as X on the Fox hit science fiction series The X-Files. He earned a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 1997 for his work as X.

Williams appeared as main character Russell "Linc" Lincoln, a bartender, in comedy Linc's. In 2000, he received an NAACP Image Award nomination, in the category of Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series. Concurrently, Williams portrayed Isaac in short-lived UPN series Legacy.

He portrayed Rufus Turner in fantasy series Supernatural (2008−16), and was Quentin in drama The Chi (2018−present). Williams' work on the latter has been well received, with reviewers finding him "strong" and "powerful" as Quentin. Williams garnered several recurring roles in the 2010s and 2020s, including attorney Stephen Carlisle in Ambitions (2019) and teacher Joe Ridgeway in Locke & Key (2020), both dramas.

Williams has appeared extensively in guest roles on television. He portrayed an Army friend of the protagonist in MacGyver, and was Robin Dumars' father on Hangin' with Mr. Cooper. Other guest appearances include The Dukes of Hazzard, The A-Team, Booker, Stargate SG-1, Martin, Veronica Mars, The Bernie Mac Show, Criminal Minds and iZombie.

Other film roles include a bar patron in Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983), bounty hunter Creighton Duke in horror film Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (1993) and Carlos in Adventures of Power (2009). In TV movies, Williams was a Panamanian boat captain named Mo in Dreams of Gold: The Mel Fisher Story (1986) and portrayed pitcher Satchel Paige in The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson (1990).

Personal life
He was previously married to talent agent Ann Geddes. He has two daughters and six grandchildren. His eldest granddaughter is an artist based in Chicago and Los Angeles.

title: Steven Williams


text:
Kitchen cabinet

Kitchen cabinets are the built-in furniture installed in many kitchens for storage of food, cooking equipment, and often silverware and dishes for table service. Appliances such as refrigerators, dishwashers, and ovens are often integrated into kitchen cabinetry. There are many options for cabinets available at present.

History
As commonly used today, the term kitchen cabinet denotes a built-in kitchen installation of either a floor or a wall cabinet. Typically, multiple floor cabinets are covered by a single counter, and floors and walls are not accessible behind and under the cabinets. Kitchen cabinets per se were invented in the 20th century. A precursor, not built-in, was the Hoosier cabinet of the 1910s, a single piece of furniture incorporating storage and work surfaces, of which over 2 million were sold by 1920.

Considering that North Americans spend a large proportion of their lives indoors, it’s clear why this is a key issue in designing healthy spaces. Additionally, air quality is not a stand-alone problem; rather, every other component of the home can affect air quality. Air quality can be compromised by off-gassing from cabinetry, countertops, flooring, wall coverings or fabrics; by cooking by-products released into the air, and by mold caused by excess moisture or poor ventilation.
 * Pre-WW-I cabinet design. Typical kitchens before World War I used freestanding work tables and a pantry for dry storage. Cupboards were sometimes used in kitchens, though in larger houses dishes were more typically stored in the dining room or butler's pantry. Perishable foods such as milk, meat, and vegetables were purchased daily.
 * Post-WW-I industrial era. Increasing interest in household efficiency led to pioneering motion studies of housework in the 1920s by industrial psychologist Lillian Moller Gilbreth. Subsequent improvements in kitchen design set the stage for the familiar built-in cabinetry of the present day. At the time, work surfaces were typically made of linoleum or stainless steel. Improvements in technology eventually made industrial-scale cabinet production possible.
 * Post-WW-II cabinet design. In the U.S., countertops of high-pressure laminates such as Formica became popular. Laminates led to the adoption of the seamless flush-surface kitchen design that is common today, though laminates themselves began to be supplanted by solid surface materials, such as stone and quartz. In Europe, built-in cabinets had also been pioneered in the 1920s. With improved materials, the frameless cabinet style, notable for its architectural minimalism reminiscent of Bauhaus design, emerged in European kitchen design and was soon adopted worldwide.
 * Post-modern cabinet design trends. Other elements of kitchen design affect the choice of cabinetry. For example, post-modern kitchens tend to be characterized by hardwood floors, earth tones, and bare walls in place of wallpaper which, in turn, affect cabinetry choices. Various trends include the introduction of more expensive options, space-saving measures, a larger number of ovens, thicker countertops [2 - 3 in], taller base cabinets, honed finishes, taller countertop appliances, undercounter and task lighting, and higher [e.g., 9 ft] ceilings. While these are general kitchen design trends, they have also influenced cabinetry.
 * Kitchens today. Modern kitchen design has improved partly as a result of ergonomic research. Functionality is important; one research study had "anthropological scientists" observing homeowners "interact" with their kitchen cabinets. Kitchens are larger and have more cabinets; some kitchens may have as many as fifty drawers and cabinet doors. New features today include deep drawers for cookware, pull-out shelves to avoid excess bending, sponge trays on the front of sink cabinets, pullout hideaway garbage/recycling containers, pull-out spice cabinets, lazy susans in corner cabinets, vertical storage for cookie sheets, full-extension drawer slides, and drawers and doors with so-called soft-close/positive-close mechanisms enabling drawers to shut quietly, or which shut fully after being pushed only partially. As housing stocks get older, many homeowners face problems with visually unappealing older kitchen cabinets; in such situations, there is a choice to buy new (most expensive), reface existing (less expensive), or to strip and refinish existing (least expensive if done by the homeowner) cabinets. By 2009, there was more emphasis on cabinets designed with environmental factors in mind. So-called "green cabinets" were becoming more popular. As homes in Western countries became more airtight to save on heating and cooling costs, air quality has sometimes suffered as gases which are released from resins as they cure. Resins, organic materials which convert from liquid to solid form, are used to manufacture engineered wood (e.g., particleboard) frequently used to build kitchen cabinet carcases can be a factor. According to a recent report:
 * Universal design Some designers have begun to build houses and cabinetry to address the needs of users throughout the human life cycle and among all user capabilities, under a concept called universal design. The United States requires universal design for federally-funded housing, under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Universal design features include easily manipulated handles, low switches, and numerous other innovations.

Cabinet wood choices
Cabinets consist of six-sided wooden boxes or "carcass" closed on five sides with a door or drawers on the sixth.
 * Cabinet faces. Solid wood remains a popular choice for many cabinet parts, including bases, frames and doors. However, most commercial cabinets have sides, backs and bottoms made of plywood or particle board. Traditional-style solid-wood cabinetry is more expensive and many consumers opt for cabinets that incorporate many particle board or plywood components to reduce costs. Pricing for solid wood cabinet doors depends on the wood species used. For example, teak is more expensive than cherry, which is more expensive than maple, which is more expensive than oak. Similarly, solid wood is more expensive than plywood which, in turn, is more expensive than particle board or similar sheet goods.

 * Cabinet body. The cabinet carcase is usually made from plywood or high-quality particle board, particularly for flat sections that do not need to be shaped, such as shelves, cabinet sides, or drawer bottoms. Typical plywood thickness in these applications varies from 3/8 in to 3/4 in [with 1/4 in used often for drawer bottoms]. Stiffness and strength are important factors since cabinets are expected to retain their shape over time and avoid bend or sag while continuing to support a heavy load. The best choices for strength are plywood and higher-quality particle board; they also have the benefit of being less susceptible to warping from moisture. Stiffness increases rapidly with shelf thickness; regardless of material choice, a 3/4 in shelf is 73% stiffer than a 5/8 in  shelf, even though it is only 20% thicker. Shelves made of some particle board formulations, especially where not reinforced, may sag or deform. Particle board strength and rigidity varies by formulation and is determined by the resin used. Plywood carcases are usually assembled with screws and nails, while particle board carcases do not hold screws or nails as well and therefore are typically joined with glue, groove joints, or mechanical fasteners such as confirmat-cam assemblies. Generally, plywood-carcase cabinets are more expensive than particle-board-carcase cabinets.
 * Cabinet frames and doors may be fashioned from solid wood (typically a species of hardwood), medium density fiberboard (MDF), particle board, plywood, or a combination, and may include lamination or a surface coating over these core materials. A floating panel in a door can be hardwood-veneer plywood captured within a solid wood or MDF frame. Solid wood and MDF can be edge-shaped, e.g., to round or pattern the edges of doors, drawer fronts, or face frames. Particle board, once manufactured, cannot be edge-shaped suitably. Plywood cannot be shaped without revealing its veneer core, often considered unsightly, though edge-shaped furniture-grade plywood with thin plies [ca. 1/16 in ] is considered attractive for limited uses. MDF, once shaped, can be coated conformally with flexible veneers such as thermofoil or can be painted. It can also be covered with wood veneer or high-pressure laminate but only if the edge profile is square or approximately so (to within the veneer thickness). Today many cabinet doors and drawer fronts utilize an MDF core. Doors and drawer fronts may also be fashioned of particle board surfaced with high-pressure laminate. Natural wood offers its subtle combination of color, grain, pore pattern, variable absorption and smoothness of finish, and variation with viewing angle and lighting condition. The appearance of natural wood can only be achieved with solid wood components (wherever edges are shaped) or possibly veneer (where they are not); as already pointed out, the two approaches can be combined in a single cabinet. Various transparent grain-revealing finishes including shellac, lacquer, varnish, or polyurethane have been devised. A built-up finish may optionally utilize diverse pigments, dyes, bleaches, glazes, or wood fillers that may highlight contrasting colorants. Finishes can be applied by brush or spray and may comprise many separately applied layers. Accordingly, finishes formulated by differing manufacturers do not, in general, exactly match. Distressing the wood cabinets is another finish application and is often done in conjunction with glazes, stains, paints or dyes. This process consists of adding manufactured imperfections to cabinet doors to give the wood cabinets an aged, distressed, old-world rustic appearance. Common techniques include creating wormholes, rasping, dings and dents and sanding through the wood and layers of finish unevenly.
 * Trade-off: solid wood versus particle board. Solid wood and plywood are durable and strong, but are more costly and offer less dimensional stability at manufacture than particle board. For cabinets and surface finishes that may sustain damage during long use, serviceability is a consideration. In case of damage, solid wood can be repaired by a qualified furniture refinisher, other than the manufacturer, to achieve a perfect match to the surrounding finish. Veneered MDF and particle board components, if damaged, must be replaced by the manufacturer. If water reaches the core, particleboard especially will swell irreversibly (therefore it is never used in home sheathing applications, where oriented strand board OSB is used instead).  Tolerances for the use of screw fasteners in particleboard are tighter than for solid wood or plywood, and screws often loosen over time if over-torqued.  However, MDF and particle board are good choices where cabinets are well-constructed, will be cared-for, where service life is projected as intermediate, e.g., where the kitchen will be remodeled approximately every 15 years, or where the manufacturer can be relied upon to supply replacement components if needed.

Cabinet carcass
Cabinets may be either face-frame or frameless in construction. Each option provides features and drawbacks. In Europe, there is a DIN standard dimension where the height of a base unit is 720mm + 150mm for the bottom plinth and 40mm for worktop thickness, providing a working surface height of 910mm with an area of 600mm x 600 mm. This "60cm square" horizontal area (or its multiples) accommodates many standard floor-standing electrical appliances.

 * Face-frame cabinets. Traditional cabinets are constructed using face frames which typically consist of narrow strips of hardwood framing the cabinet box opening. Cabinet carcasses were traditionally constructed with a separate face frame until the introduction of modern engineered wood such as particle board and medium-density fiberboard along with glues, hinges and fasteners required to join them. A face frame ensures squareness of the cabinet front. It also increases rigidity and provides a mounting point for hinges. Face-frame cabinets retain popularity in the U.S. An important distinction between modern (manufactured) and traditional custom-built face-frame cabinets relates to the catalog-selection of cabinet components entailed by mass production. Original custom face-frame cabinets accommodated multiple sections (cavities) in a single carcass. But stock (or semi-custom) face-frame cabinets are constructed individually and joined during installation.  As a result, modern face-frame cabinets differ in having significantly wider (double-width) stile materials overall after installation. Two 1+1/2 in  stiles joined as adjacent cabinets result in, effectively, a 3 in stile. Wide stiles can interfere with access to the cabinet interior. When base cabinets were typically shelved, this was not much of a drawback. But with base cabinets increasingly being fitted with trays and drawers (using modern hardware), the extra stile width results in significantly less access to the cabinet cavity space. This drawback does not pertain to custom face-frame cabinets.

 * Custom. Custom face-frame cabinets offer more efficient use of space because double width stiles (see above) can be avoided. They also provide far greater flexibility with regard to materials and design, since kitchen cabinet heights, widths and depths can be designed and produced according to the client's specifications. Every aspect of custom cabinetry can be made to specifications, which makes it both the most desirable and the most expensive choice in the majority of kitchen installations.

 * Frameless (full-access) cabinets. Frameless (a.k.a. "full-access") cabinets utilize the carcase side, top, and bottom panels to serve same functions as do face-frames in traditional cabinets. In general, frameless cabinets provide better utilization of space than face-frame cabinets. A preference for frameless cabinet design developed in Europe in the 1950s and 1960s following the devastation of World War II and the increasing cost of lumber. A burgeoning market for reconstructed housing in Central Europe offered a fertile environment for developments in efficient hinge and cabinet designs. Frameless cabinets rely on manufacturing methods that permit the production of modern cabinet hardware (hinges and slides) and engineered wood products (for strength, dimensional tolerance, and stability).  The intent of the frameless design is to achieve a more streamlined appearance and a more efficient use of space, with ergonomically designed moving components such as drawers, trays, and pull-out cabinets providing better access to interior components. A number of benefits stemming from frameless cabinet design have been successfully applied to face-frame cabinets, such as multiple drawers in base cabinets, full-overlay doors, and cup hinges. With the rise in popularity of European style frameless cabinetry, a significant proportion of the hardware used by U.S. cabinet manufacturers is imported from Europe.

Cabinet details

 * Door Mounting. For both face-frame and frameless kitchen cabinets, it is conventional for cabinet doors to overlay the cabinet carcase. Face-frame cabinets allow for various door mounting options.  Traditional overlay doors do not abut, allowing a partial view of the face frames when the doors are closed.  Full overlay cabinet doors fit closely so that they obscure the face frame when closed.  A third and less conventional option for face-frame cabinets is to inset doors into, and flush with, the face frame (see below). Since frameless (see below) cabinet doors also fully overlay their carcases, the two types (frameless and full-overlay face-frame cabinets) have a similar installed appearance (when doors are closed), both may use European cup hinges, and both tend to use decorative door and drawer pulls (since there is no room for fingers at the door or drawer edge when installed).
 * Space-utilization. Since typical face-frames are 1+1/2 in wide and frameless side panels 3/4 in, access to the cabinet interior is 1+1/2 in wider for a typical frameless cabinet relative to a face-frame cabinet. A 12 in cabinet accommodates a 10 in drawer in frameless construction or a 8+1/2 in drawer in framed construction.  The 1+1/2 in    difference is most significant for narrower face-frame cabinets.  Hence, the nomenclature "full-access."  Custom (higher-cost) face-frame cabinets, which use one 1+1/2 in stile to frame two cabinet openings, can also accommodate wider drawers comparable to frameless cabinets. Frameless wall-oven cabinetry further saves 3 in of wall space as compared to the same wall-oven installed in a face-frame cabinet,  Many, if not most, contemporary ovens (and other cabinet-front-mounted major appliances) have been designed with the space-utilization advantage of frameless cabinets installation in mind.  The oven is dimensioned, and thermally insulated, to fit within an industry-standard external width [e.g., 27 or] cabinet cavity, less two standard 3/4 in cabinet side-wall thicknesses while providing for a small space between the oven box and the internal cabinet wall.  In ovens, the bezel is sized to fit the full external cavity width and overlay the cabinet side wall.  Such an installation avoids any unused lateral space around the oven.  (While, hypothetically, ovens can be installed similarly in face-frame cabinets, such an installation may requires cutting away all but 3/4 in of each 1+1/2 in  face-frame – specifically not recommended by vendors as it may weaken the joint between side-wall and face-frame – and buttressing face-frame cabinet side walls accordingly.)
 * Wood options. Frameless cabinets, which exhibit a modern appearance in keeping with the design movement of "minimalism," are typically constructed of particle board, which features a high degree of dimensional stability, adherence to dimensional standards, absence of warping, uniformity, and a lower cost than solid wood and is very strong. Accordingly, the so-called European hinge includes a 35-mm-diameter cup press-fit to a bored recess particularly well-suited to particle board construction.  By virtue of the 35-mm "European" cup design, European hinges avoided reliance on screws as a primary mechanism holding the cabinet door to the hinge. Nearly all non-custom framed and frameless cabinetry now use this 35-mm cup design. Plywood and/or solid wood can also be used in frameless cabinet construction, generally at a higher cost.
 * Hinge design features. Those European hinges intended for use with frameless cabinets afford a quick-release mechanism enabling a door to be removed and replaced without the use of tools. Such hinges typically afford six-way (three-axis) positional adjustment by screwdriver for door alignment.  Some accommodate complex motions to avoid interfering with interior cabinet components while fully overlaying the carcases (e.g., permitting the full-interior-cabinet-width dimensions for pull-out trays).  Scissors-type articulating hinges support wide-angle non-interfering adjacent doors.
 * Inset door face-frame cabinetry. A special, and unconventional, category of framed cabinets is represented by those with inset doors. An inset-mounted cabinet door is fitted to the frame in the same way as a typical room door is fitted to the doorway; such doors fit into a frame when closed.  (Full-size doors do not simply cover the opening between rooms or at an entrance to a building.) Inset doors require more precise alignment of each door to the containing frame. Further, this alignment must be maintained with use.  Upon opening or closing, inset doors are gently braked by the air cushion trapped between the door and frame.  This desirable feature is one hallmark of high-quality inset door construction. Frameless or full-overlay face-frame construction can superficially resemble inset construction when doors are designed to fit closely within a cavity formed by surrounding doors, drawers, and/or an adjacent counter top.

Cabinet doors
Cabinet doors may feature a variety of materials such as wood, metal or glass. Wood may be solid wood ("breadboard" construction) or engineered wood or may be mixed (e.g. engineered wood panel in a solid wood frame)

 * Frames. In the U.S. solid wood frame and panel construction, using either mortise and tenon or cope and stick jointed frames, is traditional, with maple, cherry, oak, birch, and hickory among the most commonly used species. Mortise-and-tenon frames, with their greater strength and permanence, are more costly to produce and less commonly used as compared to cope-and-stick frames. As an alternative, miter joint frames, which may be identifiable by face-surface relief that follows continuously around the frame, have become popular.  Miter-jointed frames typically employ embedded metal fasteners to secure frames elements (stiles and rails) cut at a 45° angle. Captured within frames, panels may be either solid or veneered engineered wood (either particle board or medium density fiberboard).  Laminates, including those designed to resemble hardwood, can typically be identified by a more rounded appearance associated with the minimum bending radii necessarily entailed by the manufacturing process of applying laminate to an underlying substrate.  By comparison, solid surfaces, and solid hardwoods in particular, can be milled with more sharply defined corners, edges, or grooves on either a panel or frame.
 * Panels. Panels used in frame-and-panel kitchen cabinet doors may be fashioned either of solid wood or covered by paint, veneer, or laminate in which case they are fashioned of engineered wood. The panels are typically not fastened with glue or nails but rather "float" within the frame to accommodate seasonal expansion or contraction of the wood frame.
 * Solid-door construction. Doors may be fabricated of solid material, either engineered wood (particle board or medium-density fiberboard, but not typically plywood) or solid wood. Engineered wood panels may either be used as slabs or may be shaped to resemble frame-and-panel construction.  In either case, engineered wood panels are generally painted, veneered, or laminated.  Solid wood panels are typically formed of multiple boards of the selected wood species, jointed together using glue and may either be painted or finished.  Solid wood construction offers the possibility of refinishing in case of damage or wear.
 * Decorative panels. Cabinet doors panels can be used decoratively on cabinet sides, where exposed, for a more finished appearance.
 * Glass door construction options. Doors may have glass windows constructed of muntins and mullions holding glass panels (as in exterior windows). Other designs either mimic the divided-light look of muntins and mullions with overlays, or may dispense with them altogether. Cabinets using glass doors sometimes use glass shelves and interior lighting from the top of a cabinet. A glass shelf allows light to reach throughout a cabinet.  For a special display effect, the interior rear of a cabinet may be covered with a mirrors to further distribute light.

Drawers and trays
A functional design objective for cabinet interiors involves maximization of useful space and utility in the context of the kitchen workflow. Drawers and trays in lower cabinets permit access from above and avoid uncomfortable or painful crouching.

In face-frame construction, a drawer or tray must clear the face-frame stile and is 2 in narrower than the available cabinet interior space. The loss of 2 inches is particularly noticeable and significant for kitchens including multiple narrow [15 in or less] cabinets.

In frameless construction, drawer boxes may be sized nearly to the interior opening of the cabinet providing better use of the available space.

However, the same is not true for trays. Even in the case of frameless construction doors and their hinges when open block a portion of the interior cabinet width. Since trays are mounted behind the door, trays are typically significantly narrower than drawers. Special hinges are available that can permit trays of similar width as drawers but they have not come into wide use.

Shelves provide in all cases more storage space than drawers or trays, but are less accessible.

Wall oven cabinets
Stock wall-oven cabinets may be adapted to built-in ovens, coffee-makers, or other appliances by removing portions of the cabinet and adding trim panels to achieve a flush installation.

Frameless cabinets provide for wall oven front panel widths equal to the cabinet width (see above). In such an installation the oven front panel occupies a similar profile as a cabinet door. Accordingly, frameless installations for wall-oven make most efficient use of the available wall space in a kitchen.

This effect is difficult to achieve in typical face-frame cabinet installations, as it requires modification to the face-frame (essentially eliminating the face-frame at the oven cut-out).

Cabinet finishes
Cabinets may be finished with opaque paint, opaque lacquer and transparent finishes such as lacquer or varnish. Decorative finishes include distressing, glazing, and toning. The choice of finish can affect the cabinet's color, sheen (from flat to high gloss), and feel.

 * High-pressure laminates or (HPL) are made from resin and paper components under high pressure; in contrast, ordinary wood does not sustain such pressures, and can be crushed to less than half its natural thickness in a hand-operated arbor press. The high pressure squeezes the HPL to such a solid density that it becomes highly resistant to damage simply because any utensil or tool striking the HPL will not have a force greater than the force used to form the HPL itself. In effect, the HPL has been dented in advance. HPL can be decorated in any pattern and is applied using contact cement and pressed in place using a "J-roller." It is cut slightly larger than the panel on which it is to be installed and trimmed using a router-like laminate trimmer along the edge. It may also be filed to obtain the final edge. While HPL became prevalent in the twentieth century, since the 1970s the trend has been away from HPL in favor of wood.
 * Melamine is a coating for furniture board panels in carcases. Its unique white-in-color chemical formulation helps prevent damage by chemicals and gives it impact resistance comparable to HPL. Melamine coated boards are widely available in home centers for purposes such as shelving.
 * Thermofoil is a plastic coating laminate applied to furniture-board. It is typically applied to boards which have been milled, shaped, or routed into a complex profile. While thermofoil can have a unique glossy sheen and have strength and impact resistance almost as much as HPL, it can't be repaired if damaged.
 * Paint is usually applied to maple cabinet doors or to MDF (Medium-density fibreboard) with a spray gun as opposed to a paint brush or roller, in order to achieve a smooth coating. Most large-scale cabinet makers apply one or two coats of primer before the paint as well as a protective coat of lacquer afterwards.
 * Stain is a water or thinner based dye that allows for the grain of the wood to show through. When it comes to application there are two main categories of staining. wiping stains and spray stains. Wiping stains are sprayed on to the Wood and then wiped off whereas the spray stain is left to dry without wiping. One thing to keep in mind when it comes to staining it would is that the color of the wood also affects the end result. For example, a stain on oak will not be the same color as the same stain on Maple.

Cabinet hardware
Hardware is the term used for metal fittings incorporated into a cabinet extraneous of the wood or engineered wood substitute and the countertop. The most basic hardware consists of hinges and drawer/door pulls, although only hinges are an absolute necessity for a cabinet since pulls can be fashioned of wood or plastic, and drawer slides were traditionally fashioned of wood. In a modern kitchen it is highly unusual to use wood for a drawer slides owing to the much superior quality of metal drawer slides/sides.

Drawers and trays
Drawers and trays make it easier to access a cabinet's contents. They are a substantial benefit because they reduce bending and squatting. The only drawback is slightly less usable space which is taken up by the slides as well as door clearances. A typical drawer is 5 in narrower than a comparable shelf. A drawer can usually hold about 75 to 100 lbs for ordinary use. Using slides, mounted on the side (reducing width slightly) or bottom (completely out of sight), a drawer or tray can be extended considerably with a smooth, linear motion using minimum effort.

Drawer extension is the exposed proportion of a fully extended drawer. Traditional drawers with wood-on-wood runners can only be extended about three-quarters; however, modern runners enable full-extension drawers. A slide's design parameters are its height, depth, extension, weight rating, durability, serviceability, and smoothness of operation.

Soft close and push to open
New varieties of hinges and slides have been developed that enhance the action and usability of doors and drawers.
 * Soft Close is one of the most widely used hardware upgrade, a system where once a door/drawer is pushed to close, a mechanism slows the momentum of the door/drawer, closing it gently and quietly. This system is beneficial in reducing slamming doors, injuries to children and wear and tear on the cupboard.

 * Push to Open is another common hardware option, this mechanism allows people to simply push the cabinet door, where a spring-loaded mechanism then opens the door without the need for handles. This option is used in high end kitchens where a clean, handle-less look is desired.

Specialty hardware
There is a large variety of specialty hardware for kitchen cabinets. Special hardware for corner and other blind cabinets makes their contents more easily accessible. They may be in the form of lazy susans with or without a wedge cut out or of tray slides which enable the hidden corner space to be occupied with trays that slide both laterally and forwards/backwards. Sponge drawers use special hinges that fit between the cabinet front and the sink.

Buying cabinets
Before buying cabinets, precise measurements are essential otherwise there may be un-utilized space, cabinets may not fit, or there may be interference between various elements of the kitchen, such as doors and drawers. Note that European cabinets typically have different sizes than ones in North America, and are typically built in multiples of 100mm, with 600mm wide being a common size.

Buyers can buy pre-built "stock" cabinets for fast delivery which usually arrive in a week or less. In contrast, custom-made cabinets can have longer delivery times, such as four weeks.

 * Base cabinets are usually 24 in deep and 34+1/2 in high to accommodate a countertop surface normally 36 in above the floor.
 * Wall cabinets are usually 12 in deep. Their heights are often 30 in, for example, if mounted to a soffit. In a kitchen with 8 ft ceilings, a 36 in wall cabinet will leave about 6 in of space above the cabinet which can be covered with a crown molding; a full 42 in wall cabinet will run straight to the top of the ceiling. Wall cabinets are sometimes called "upper cabinets." The distance from countertop to wall cabinet is usually 18 in, but this distance is sometimes less if there is undercabinet lighting. Cabinets can have an open top for displaying ornaments. Ceilings higher than 9 ft can permit another level of cabinets.

Cabinet dimensions are specified with width first, height second, depth last. The width–height–depth is a generally accepted convention. A 18x36x12 cabinet is therefore 18 in wide, 36 in tall, and 12 in deep. Sometimes upper cabinets are presumed to be 12 in deep, so only the width and height are given. For example, a "W1836" label means wall-mounted cabinet [12 in deep] is 18 in wide and 36 in high.

Custom cabinetry, while expensive, can fit the available space attractively, and can fit into walls which aren't exactly flat or straight. They can combine more than one opening and eliminate unsightly doubled stiles in face-frame installations as well as bring aesthetic appeal using unusual woods or finishes. Custom cabinets sometimes offer inset cabinet doors, and can match existing or period furniture styles. It's sometimes possible to mix custom and stock cabinetry which have identical finishes.

Cabinets can be purchased from specialty retailers, kitchen remodelers, home centers, on-line retailers, and ready-to-assemble furniture manufacturers. Some installers offer a package deal from measurement, to construction, to installation.

Cabinets are sometimes delivered in fully assembled form. Carcasses should be inspected carefully before installation, since defects are difficult to repair after installation. Ready-to-assemble furniture cabinets are lower-in-cost and are delivered in a flat box. Some courses teach homeowners how to build their own cabinets.

title: Kitchen cabinet


text:
Talk:Aécio Neves

translation
I'll help in translation from Portuguese to English. I have worked with other editors on the page in Portuguese, and I will try to help with the translations. I'll take a while to get done, because the page is too long.Pedlvasconcellos (talk) 19:56, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

Thank you Pedlvasconcellos. I'll help from the native English side. If I need help, I'll ask minha esposa brasileira. He's running for O Presidente do Brasil, after all. Therefore, this article deserves to be comprehensive and encyclopedic. American In Brazil (talk) 17:21, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

He must be the best politician ever.
This article, specially its "Governor of Minas Gerais" section, highlights many good things he's done, but there is no criticism whatsoever. He is running for president of Brazil, for Christ's sake. Many people will consult this article but it is far from neutral in its current state. Someone with more knowledge on this topic must make this article look less like a résumé and more like an encyclopedic entry. Victão Lopes Fala! 01:02, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

I agree with @Victão Lopes, we should cut off some of the projects because it's not neutral.Adriano Roberto de Lima (talk) 16:16, 8 August 2014 (UTC)

My preliminary read of the article is that he accomplished many positive things during his tenure as Governor of Minas Gerais. However, this must be balanced by his undemocratic censorship of unfavorable journalism and the most serious charges of criminal corruption, none of them proved. As a candidate for president of Brazil, he is now open to full public scrutiny. This should be reflected by a balanced, neutral POV in the article. American In Brazil (talk) 19:37, 7 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Absolutely right. Especially the notorious repeating of 'Governor of Minas Gerais' is enoying. Monart (talk) 03:26, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Yup, it's a propaganda piece. The fact that there's a section called "Main achievements" is the dead giveaway. Not even Abraham Lincoln has a "Main achievements" section in his wiki article. Zelani (talk) 04:43, 12 August 2015 (UTC)

Former president
A correction must be made in the first line of the article. Saying that he is the "former president of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB)", may be misleading. He is the actual president of PSDB, there are no need for adjectives. --179.208.158.171 (talk) 06:40, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

Partial Leftistst content added to the article
IP 189.82.3.247 has added to the article the following:

--- Aécio was a columnist at Brazilian newspaper Folha de S.Paulo until June 2014.[2] It is a notorious and contumacious cocaine[3] user and a carouser[4] in the Brazilian nights.[5]. ---

If we clearly observ the source, its from a BLOG which supports the leftist candidate Dilma Rousseff and former President Lula. I've made deep research within the blog and it obviously uses self-made media, managed under its own will, to create facts against opponents of Dilma's party. It should be removed!

--Orion Brasil (talk) 16:28, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

Cocaine consumption allegations
Nothing in the article, instead intolerable self-adulation. Monart (talk) 12:03, 6 October 2014 (UTC)♦
 * Find high-quality sources that say the subject owned the helicopter and not a company and discuss them here. You've already been reported for edit warring. --Neil N  talk to me 15:19, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

 * The article explicitly mentions that the helicopter belongs to another individual, and not to Aécio Neves. I will monitor this article from now on. If you continue acting based on a political agenda, I will report you again for edit warring and vandalism, and request a temporary ban. -- Decosw1988

Biography?
This article is looking more as a performance of personal services. Monart (talk) 03:23, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

Presidential candidate
Surely being a candidate for president of Brazil should be mentioned in the intro. This is not redundant. Wiki intros should provide a succinct summary of the more detailed information below. Unless there is a reasonable consensus objection, I am adding that important and relevant fact to the intro. Otherwise, it would be like an article on Barack Obama not mentioning in October, 2008 that he was a candidate for President of the United States, with the election to be held in November. If he lost the election, then it should be mentioned afterwards that he had been a candidate for president in the 2008 election. For example, it is mentioned in the intro to John McCain that he was the Republican nominee for U.S. President in the 2008 election. American In Brazil (talk) 01:01, 18 October 2014 (UTC)

 * ok then, do it but in good English and no gibberish. Monart (talk) 17:06, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

I am a native English speaker (American version) and teach it to Brazilians. By the way, the correct spelling of 'enoying' is 'annoying'. In addition, 'notorious' means 'widely and unfavorably known' ('He was a notorious gambler.'); you mean 'repetitious' ('The repetitious mentioning of governor is annoying.'). - (see your comment above - Best Politician). American In Brazil (talk) 18:23, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

@Monart - My change is better English. The Portuguese verb 'pegar' is not used in the same way in English in this context. Also, I very much doubt that anyone reading this article in English will be voting in Brazil. As a permanent resident of Brazil but not a citizen, I know that I will not. However, my wife will be voting but she reads the Portuguese Wiki (though she could read the English Wiki if she chose). I like that you have linked the intro to the WP article on the election. American In Brazil (talk) 19:21, 9 October 2014 (UTC) American In Brazil (talk) 19:21, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

Is this a Hagiography ?
Lest we don't remember, Wikipedia is a Encyclopedia !

As many people had talked before, this article about Aécio Neves seems to be a hagiography. Only gentle words are said about Aécio, and he is presented as a perfect type of politician and of human being.

In a leaflet of propaganda it's expected, but not, definitely not, in a encyclopedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.24.61.141 (talk) 17:39, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

Note
A footnote reads "He should be called/styled Mr. Neves da Cunha, however, due to the fame of his maternal grandfather, he is best known only as Mr. Neves". According to whom? Hack (talk) 01:16, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 11 external links on Aécio Neves. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140224002608/http://www12.senado.gov.br/jornal/edicoes/2013/10/29/senadores-que-foram-constituintes to http://www12.senado.gov.br/jornal/edicoes/2013/10/29/senadores-que-foram-constituintes
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131104010436/http://pps.jusbrasil.com.br/politica/103548527/em-o-globo-a-forca-da-democracia-20-anos-do-impeachment-ao-mensalao to http://pps.jusbrasil.com.br/politica/103548527/em-o-globo-a-forca-da-democracia-20-anos-do-impeachment-ao-mensalao
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140421215941/http://www.correiodeuberlandia.com.br/pontodevista/2013/03/06/um-discurso-para-aecio/ to http://www.correiodeuberlandia.com.br/pontodevista/2013/03/06/um-discurso-para-aecio/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141011123255/http://www.mg.gov.br/governomg/portal/c/governomg/5432-aecio-neves/0/5315 to http://www.mg.gov.br/governomg/portal/c/governomg/5432-aecio-neves/0/5315
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140203003402/http://www.agenciaminas.mg.gov.br/noticias/aecio-lanca-programa-inedito-para-alunos-do-ensino-medio-2/ to http://www.agenciaminas.mg.gov.br/noticias/aecio-lanca-programa-inedito-para-alunos-do-ensino-medio-2/
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When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:38, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks Dr. Loo Talk to me 07:28, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aécio Neves


text:
User talk:Joe Beaudoin Jr./Untagged image message

Note regarding the template
The template is based off of Quadell's template, listed at WP:UI. -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. 01:53, 15 July 2005 (UTC)


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Akrobatik

Jared K. Bridgeman, (born May 3, 1974) better known by his stage name Akrobatik, is an American rapper from the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. He is also a part of the hip hop collective named The Perceptionists with Mr. Lif and DJ Fakts One, which released Black Dialogue in 2005.

Career
In 1998, Akrobatik released his first single, "Ruff Enough", on Boston's Detonator Records label. It was followed by "Internet MCs" and "Say Yes Say Word".

His music has appeared on television series such as HBO's The Wire and ESPN's Playmakers, in films such as Date Movie and Wholetrain, and in video games such as NBA Live '06, Amplitude, Frequency, EA Sports UFC, and Need for Speed: Most Wanted.

In 2003, Akrobatik released an album, Balance, on Coup D'état. It ranked at number 4 on CMJ's "Hip-Hop 2003" chart.

In December 2005, Akrobatik signed to Fat Beats Records. The Brooklyn-based label released his second studio album, Absolute Value, in 2008. It received positive reviews from AllMusic, HipHopDX, Okayplayer, and PopMatters.

In 2011, Akrobatik suffered a ruptured heart valve and was rushed to Massachusetts General Hospital, where he underwent an emergency valve replacement surgery. In 2014, he released an album, Built to Last, which was listed by Spin as one of the 40 best hip-hop albums of the year.

Studio albums

 * Balance (2003)
 * Absolute Value (2008)
 * Built to Last (2014)

Compilation albums

 * Detonator Records Vol.1 Compilation (2002) (with C-Rayz Walz, Breez Evahflowin', and Snacky Chan)
 * The Lost Adats (2003)
 * Essential Akrobatik, Vol. 1 (2007)

EPs

 * The EP (2002)

Singles

 * "Ruff Enuff" b/w "Woman" (1998)
 * "Say Yes Say Word" (1999)
 * "Internet MCs" (2000)
 * "U Got It" (2001)
 * ”Hypocrite" b/w "Strictly for the DJ's" (2002)
 * "Remind My Soul" (2003)
 * "A to the K" b/w "Beast Mode" (2006)
 * "Put Ya Stamp on It" (2008)
 * "Alive" (2012)
 * "Adapt and Prosper" (2017)
 * "Verbal Assault" (2017) (with Edo G and King T)

Guests appearances

 * Mr. Lif – "Avengers" from Enter the Colossus (2000)
 * 7L & Esoteric – "State of the Art" from The Soul Purpose (2001)
 * Mr. Lif – "Intro (Missing Person's File)" from Emergency Rations (2002)
 * Mr. Lif – "Post Mortem" from I Phantom (2002)
 * Push Button Objects – "Fly" from Ghetto Blaster (2003)
 * Raw Produce – "Rick Cerrone" from The Feeling of Now (2004)
 * Mr. Lif – "Mo' Mega" from Mo' Mega (2006)
 * The Mighty Underdogs – "Escape" from Droppin' Science Fiction (2008)
 * Effect – "Crush the Competition" from Fine Tuned Tantrum (2008)
 * Fabio Musta – "I Still Want More" from Passport (2009)
 * Virtuoso – "No Fear" from The Final Conflict (2011)
 * Mister Jason – "Mister Jason Has a Posse" (2011)
 * Snowgoons – "The Real Talk" from Black Snow 2 (2013)
 * DJ Nefarious – "Classic Mindset" from Classic Mindset (2014)
 * Golden Brown Sound – "Fight" from Great Man Theory (2014)
 * N.B.S. – "We on That" from Budavets (2014)
 * Thoughtsarizen – "Trippin (Kelly Dean Remix)" from Traveling Dragon Man (2015)
 * Reks – "Plane Gang" from The Greatest X (2016)
 * Ripshop & Reel Drama – "Real as They Come" from Regime Change (2016)
 * L'Orange & Mr. Lif – "The Scribe" and "Strange Technology" from The Life & Death of Scenery (2016)
 * The Funk Junkie – "Touch the Ground" from Moondirt (2017)
 * Ben Shorr – "Over The Bullshit" from Pyrokinesis (2017)
 * Craig G - "Wake up Dead" from The 20/20 Ep (2020)

title: Akrobatik


text:
John Jefferson Bray

John Jefferson Bray, (16 September 1912 – 26 June 1995) was an Australian lawyer, judge, academic, university administrator, Crown officer, and poet. From 1967 to 1978, he served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia.

Early life and parents
Bray was born in Adelaide, South Australia on 16 September 1912, the elder son of Harry Midwinter Bray (1879–1965), an Adelaide stockbroker, and his wife, Gertrude Eleanore Stow (members of whose family were Congregationalist missionaries in South Australia). His father's family had a history of involvement in South Australian politics and current affairs: Bray's grandfather was the Honourable Sir John Cox Bray, a former Premier of South Australia. On his mother's side, Bray claimed a collateral relationship to the third U.S. president, Thomas Jefferson.

Education
Bray was educated at the state school at Sevenhill in the Clare Valley; at St Peter's College, Adelaide; and at the University of Adelaide, where he earned a B.A. in 1932, an LL.B.(Hons.) in 1933 and an LL.D. in 1937. He was granted an Honorary Doctorate in 1983.

Legal career
Bray trained as a lawyer and was admitted to the South Australian Bar in 1933, being appointed Queen's Counsel in 1957.

He was acting lecturer in jurisprudence at the University of Adelaide for the years 1941, 1943, 1945 (due to his being medically unfit to serve in World War II owing to extremely poor eyesight ), and in 1951.

He served as a lecturer in Legal History at the University of Adelaide from 1957 to 1958, and then as a lecturer in Roman Law from 1959 until 1966. He was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia on 28 February 1967 and served until his retirement from the judiciary on 28 November 1978. Appointed by then Attorney-General of South Australia, Don Dunstan, he was appointed directly without having first served as a judge, which was an unusual occurrence.

Bray was appointed Chancellor of the University of Adelaide in 1968, and also served as Deputy to the Lieutenant-Governor of South Australia from 1968 until retirement.

Other activities
Bray was an active member of the Libraries Board of South Australia between 1944 and 1989, the longest-serving Libraries Board member until that point. After he retired, the State Library of South Australia named its reference section as the Bray Reference Library, a name given to a suite of rooms when the library was redeveloped in 2001.

He was vice-president of the South Australian branch of the Fellowship of Australian Writers, and was closely involved with the organisation of the first three Festival of Arts Writers' Weeks (1960, 1962, 1964), with his first volume of poetry launched at the second Writers' Week in 1962.

He was at the inaugural meeting of Friendly Street Poets, and remained an active member and contributor to the society's annual anthologies, the Friendly Street Reader. The Satura Prize is a poetry prize funded by a bequest from his estate and awarded by Friendly Streets.

Bray's first book of poetry was published in 1962.

Honours, recognition and legacy
Bray was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1979, and is said, by his younger brother, Dr Robert Stow Bray, to have refused a knighthood. He described his views as "æsthetic - traditional; social - emancipated; political - fluctuating" and his philosophies as "sceptical, some tendencies to Platonism".

The John Bray Poetry Award, awarded biennially since 1986 as part of the Adelaide Festival, was so named to honour his distinguished services to Australian poetry.

The John Jefferson Bray Memorial in Hurtle Square, Adelaide, was commissioned by the Adelaide City Council in 1994.

Bray died on 26 June 1995 in Adelaide.

There is a bronze bust of Bray, sculpted by local sculptor John Dowie, in the State Library.

Selected publications
Bray's publications reflected his interests, which he listed as "poetry, history, classics". As author, these included:

 * Poems (Melbourne, Cheshire Press, 1962)
 * Poems 1961-1971 (Brisbane, Jacaranda Press, 1972)
 * Poems 1972-1979 (1979)
 * Bay of Salamis and other Poems (1986)
 * Satura: Selected Poetry and Prose (1988)
 * Seventy Seven (Adelaide, Wakefield Press, 1990)

He co-edited No. 7 Friendly Street Poetry Reader (1983) with Jan Owen.

He wrote two plays:
 * Papinian (performed 1955)
 * The Women of Troy (performed 1966)

He also made contributions to:
 * Well and Truly Tried (1982), a festschrift for Sir Richard Eggleston
 * Adelaide Law School Centenary Essays (1983)
 * Australian Law Journal

title: John Jefferson Bray


text: User talk:193.126.233.58

title: User talk:193.126.233.58


text:
CVN

CVN may refer to:

 * Cohen Veterans Network, a not for profit series of mental health clinics for veterans and military families.
 * Central Venous Nutrition, in parenteral nutrition
 * Cable Value Network, a 1980s cable shopping channel, purchased in 1989 by QVC
 * Charpy V-notch Number (Charpy Energy), the output of a Charpy impact test
 * Card Verification Number for credit cards (3 or 4 digits on the back or front of the card)
 * Courtroom View Network, a media company that webcasts trials
 * The constellation Canes Venatici, CVn, standard astronomical abbreviation
 * CVN (Carrier, Volplane, Nuclear), a United States Navy hull classification symbol for nuclear aircraft carriers
 * Crime Victim Notification (computerised system)
 * Countervandalism Network, a network of volunteers dedicated to reducing vandalism on Wikimedia Foundation wikis
 * Clovis Municipal Airport, an airport located in Clovis, New Mexico with IATA code CVN
 * Chinese VLBI Network, a network of large antennas and part of European VLBI Network

title: CVN


text: User talk:71.113.137.148

title: User talk:71.113.137.148


text:
Kingsbury High School

Kingsbury High School is a large two-site high school with academy status in Kingsbury, London, England.

Kingsbury County Grammar School was established on 15 September 1925 as Kingsbury County School. Prior to the establishment of the school, the area had been served by a number of schools, which, in keeping with the future history of Kingsbury County School, had been subjected to the prevailing changes in population and politics of the area. Although there are reports of a school being kept in the area in c. 1530, by John Bishop the curate of Kingsbury, there is no more evidence until the nineteenth century of schooling in Kingsbury. Schooling is mentioned in 1819, and in 1822 a day school was opened. This school was situated near the junction of Kingsbury Road and Roe Green, which itself is looked at open by the current Kingsbury High School. This school was closed in 1876. Other schools existed in the area as well, with nearly all children in Kingsbury said to have attended one school or another in 1847. Kingsbury School Board was set up in 1875 following a damning report as to the cramped premises of the British School at the Hyde end of Kingsbury Road, itself an 1870 replacement of an infant's school that had been built in 1861 to the Congregational chapel in Edgware Road. Kingsbury Board School on Kingsbury Road, opened by the Kingsbury School Board in 1876, was to accommodate 130 pupils. In 1903 this became Kingsbury Council School. In 1922 this became the first senior mixed school in the area after its infants had been transferred to the new Kenton Lane Council School in 1922. This school operated as a junior school after 1928 until it was bombed in the Second World War.

The establishment of Kingsbury County School
When Kingsbury County School was opened in 1925, it was originally housed in a building which once belonged to the Aircraft Manufacturing Company, (or Airco as it was also known) on the Edgware Road opposite Colindale Avenue (now a Jewish school). The building had been adapted to take 380 pupils. The first headmaster was Mr Tracy, who had a staff of eight teachers, five full-time and three part-time. As the population of the surrounding area increased owing to the influx of workers to the aircraft industry, so did the roll of the school, and in 1929 a new school was built in Princes Avenue by John Laing and Co. at a cost of cost £43,638.

After the Butler Education Act of 1944
When the United Kingdom Government passed the Butler Education Act in 1944 a Tripartite System was established dividing secondary schools into three categories, grammar schools, technical schools and secondary modern schools. The grammar school was deemed the place of education for the academically gifted (as determined by the 11-plus) and Kingsbury County School was selected to become the grammar school at which point the school changed its name to Kingsbury County Grammar School. The headmaster, Dr Payling (who had succeeded Mr Tracy after his retirement in 1949), saw the beginning of extensions in 1954.

At this point in time, Kingsbury was also being served by a second mixed secondary school, which was chosen to become the area's secondary modern school after the 1944 Act was passed. The increase in the population of Kingsbury had continued unabated and building had started on a second mixed secondary school at a site in Bacon Lane in 1939 but this was not finished, mainly to do with constraints placed in the continuation of the building by the Second World War. In the meantime, Kingsbury Secondary Modern School began operating from the converted ex-Airco building, which had been vacated by Kingsbury County School in 1931. In 1952, what were to be Tyler's Croft county secondary schools, were opened as separate boys' and girls' secondary modern schools, and the pupils from the mixed Kingsbury Secondary Modern School were transferred to the new schools on Bacon Lane.

Adoption of the comprehensive system
In 1967 with the local authority Brent Borough Council having adopted the comprehensive system of education, Kingsbury County Grammar and the two Tyler's Croft schools were amalgamated to form the giant Kingsbury High School.

Mr Jones, who had succeeded Dr Payling back in 1954, faced the task of managing the school's transition from being a grammar school to a comprehensive school. The Bacon Lane site was designated by the head as the Lower School under the management of a Head of Lower School, with the buildings of the former Kingsbury County Grammar to be used for the upper years. Three years after this huge reorganisation Mr Jones retired and the governors appointed Mr C. Mitchell in 1970. Mr Mitchell served 18 years as Headmaster and was responsible for a series of important developments. In Mr Mitchell's era, the ethnic makeup of Kingsbury began to change with the growth of a large Asian community. In this time the school roll increased to 1750 and the proportion of ethnic minority children in the school increased apace. After Mr Mitchell retired in 1988, the former head of neighbouring Preston Manor High School, Philip Snell, was appointed to succeed as Headmaster.

Grant maintained status and the growth of computing
In 1993 a majority of parents voted for the school to gain grant-maintained status which meant that the school was to benefit financially with an expanding budget and was also able to take control of its own admissions. During the subsequent period the school's reputation from computing also began to grow and flourish. This has been attributed largely to Mr Snell's interest in curricular advances and new information technology and the resultant building of the first computer-based Open Learning Centre in Princes Avenue with a special link for weather forecasting. When the Queen, chose the school for her launch of the royal web site, this both enhanced and highlighted the school's reputation for computing excellence.

Mr Snell retired in 2003 and was succeeded by the previous head, Mr C. Chung, who, in common with a number of his predecessors, is a former teacher of the school. The school currently takes on more than 300 pupils a year culminating in just under 2,000 pupils (including sixth form).

Ofsted rating
In 2014, the school was determined Good, by inspecting body Ofsted. In 2018, they were again inspected and this status was reconfirmed. The full report can be found on the Ofsted website.

School motto and badge
The school's motto, Spectemur agendo (meaning Let us be Judged by Our Actions) has remained consistent from the school's foundation being that of the original Kingsbury County School in 1925. The badge has altered over time although there are still elements of consistency. Both the original and current badges have a crown in the centre of the badge. The original badge had the crown sitting atop three drawn sabres arranged horizontally on top of each other, reducing in size from top to bottom. The current badge has the crown sitting atop a triangle which has replaced the sabres but is representative of the shape the sabres formed. The current badge has also lost the top portion of the original badge which represented two turrets of a battlement.

This is the current badge, updated in 2018. The colours have been slightly adjusted with a few colour refinements to make it look more modern.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni of the school include:
 * Dhiren Barot, terrorist, convicted terrorist for the organisation known as Al-Qaeda
 * Mutya Buena, pop singer, founding member of Sugababes

 * Keisha buchanan, vocalist, founding member of Sugababes

 * Ekow Eshun, journalist and broadcaster, former Artistic Director of the Institute of Contemporary Arts
 * George Michael, Singer, member of Wham!
 * Courtney Pine, jazz saxophonist
 * Malcolm Press, Vice Chancellor of Manchester Metropolitan University

Notable alumni from the previous schools include:
 * Shirley Eaton - Actress
 * Steve Nardelli - singer and songwriter The Syn
 * Dennis H. Osborne -artist
 * Julie Rogers - singer
 * Charlie Watts, the Rolling Stones drummer
 * William Woollard - TV producer and presenter

title: Kingsbury High School


text:
Talk:Annam (French protectorate)

Untitled
Parts of this page include racial slurs, such as the use of "ugliest", probably due to the fact that the reference was from a book almost 100 years ago.

In addition, what are the differences between Annam and Vietnam, between Annamese and Vietnamese (people and language)?

4truth 01:56, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

I have looked at several discriptions of Annam, Tonkin, Cochin China and Vietnam, but none of them shows any maps, which really would clarify what there is being talked about.

Assessment
This article consists of too many fractious sections - as if it were completely separate articles glued together. Instead of writing "The remainder of this article is largely based on the 1911 EB and is really only accurate as a description of the French colony circa 1890," remove all the material that is not relevant or not appropriate. Be bold!LordAmeth 14:34, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Material removed from mainspace
Removed this stuff as not strictly relevant to French colony of Annam but to Vietnamese history more generally (from a 1991 EB POV).

The Annamese village is self-governing. It has its council of notables, forming a sort of oligarchy which, through the medium of a mayor and two subordinates, directs the interior affairs of the community--policing, recruiting, the assignment and collection of taxes, &c.--and has judicial power in less important suits and crimes. More serious cases come within the purview of the an sat, a judicial auxiliary of the governor. An assembly of notables from villages grouped together in a canton chooses a cantonal representative, who is the mouthpiece of the people and the intermediary between the government and its subjects. The direct taxes, which go to the local budget of Annam, consist primarily of a poll-tax levied on all males over eighteen and below sixty years of age, and of a land-tax levied according to the quality and the produce of the holding.

Education was available to every person in the community. The primary school, in which the pupils learnt only Chinese writing and the precepts of Confucius, stoods at the base of this system. Next above this was the school of the district capital, where a half-yearly examination takes place, by means of which are selected those eligible for the course of higher education given at the capital of the province in a school under the direction of a doc hoc, or inspector of studies. Finally a great triennial competition decides the elections. The candidate whose work is notified as très bien is admitted to the examinations at Huế, which qualify for the title of doctor and the holding of administrative offices. The education of a mandarin includes local history, cognizance of the administrative rites, customs, laws and prescriptions of the country, the ethics of Confucius, the rules of good breeding, the ceremonial of official and social life, and the practical acquirements necessary to the conduct of public or private business. Annamese learning goes no farther. It includes no scientific idea, no knowledge of the natural sciences, and neglects even the most rudimentary instruction conveyed in a European education. The complications of Chinese writing greatly hamper education. The Annamese Mandarin must be acquainted with Chinese, since he writes in Chinese characters. But the character being ideographic, the words which express them are dissimilar in the two languages, and official text is read in Chinese by a Chinese, in Annamese by an Annamese.

The chief towns of Annam are Huế (seat both of the French and native governments), Tourane, Phan Thiết in the extreme south, Qui Nhon, and Fai Fo (a commercial centre to the south of Tourane). A road popularly known as the "Mandarin Road" follows the coast from Cochin China to Tongking, and passes through or near the chief towns of the provinces. This forms the main artery of communication in the country apart from the railways (see French Indo-China). Does anyone know how long Annam existed for? Also, my great-grandfather was educated in Tourane at a French school during this period. There must have been a few of these institutions during that time for the privilege.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.180.43.148 (talk) 14:59, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Name
Shouldn't this article be moved to "Annam (French protectorate)" as it wasn't a colony but really a protectorate. Also according to the State of Vietnam page Annam was joined with Tonkin and Cochinchina to form said state in 1949, which contradict this article which states that it remained a French colony until 1954, both can’t be right. Carl Logan (talk) 11:56, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This could be a good idea. "Colony" is loosely what Annam was under the French. "Protectorate" was the official designation. The territory known as Annam remained under French colonial rule till 1954 - again the wording is rather loose. Itsmejudith (talk) 22:45, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

"Mit"
How is the Vietnamese slang term "mit" (short for the French "Annamites") spelled? Badagnani (talk) 22:58, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Date seems wrong
I think the 1955 end date is wrong : 1948 should be used instead, as Annam was reunited with Tonkin in Cochinchina under the Central provisional government of Vietnam; it then formed the State of Vietnam the following year, as an associated state of the French Union. So it cannot be considered to have remained an independent protectorate until 1955. French colonial rule did continue until 1954 (not 1955) but in 1955 the State of Vietnam was already fully independent. Jean-Jacques Georges (talk) 08:11, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:08, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Royal Flag of Vietnam (1802–1885).svg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:55, 27 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Royal anthem of Nguyễn dynasty.ogg

House of People's Representatives as a "legislative body"
Having read the literature I would like to add that the Annamese House of People's Representatives was never a legislative body, even de jure. In Annam and Tonkin the Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty served as the legislature and all laws in Annam and Tonkin were passed either by decree of the Governor-General of French Indo-China or the Emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty. Usually a law would be enacted by the President of France by decree, then the Governor-General, and then the Emperor would decree it to enact it locally and assign their respective governments to execute the orders.

Both the Consultative Assembly and the House of People's Representatives were very explicitly advisory bodies without any legal power. --Donald Trung (talk) 07:46, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Annam (French protectorate)


text: User talk:194.78.253.174

title: User talk:194.78.253.174


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File:Caligula-bust-cropped.png

Cropped version of Image:Caligula bust.jpg

title: File:Caligula-bust-cropped.png


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Dawenkou culture

The Dawenkou culture was a Chinese Neolithic culture primarily located in the eastern province of Shandong, but also appearing in Anhui, Henan and Jiangsu. The culture existed from 4300 to 2600 BC, and co-existed with the Yangshao culture. Turquoise, jade and ivory artefacts are commonly found at Dawenkou sites. The earliest examples of alligator drums appear at Dawenkou sites. Neolithic signs, perhaps related to subsequent scripts, such as those of the Shang dynasty, have been found on Dawenkou pottery. Additionally, the Dawenkou practiced dental ablation and cranial deformation, practices that disappeared in China by the Chinese Bronze Age.

Chronology
Archaeologists commonly divide the culture into three phases: the early phase (4100–3500 BC), the middle phase (3500–3000 BC) and the late phase (3000–2600 BC). Based on the evidence from grave goods, the early phase was highly egalitarian. The phase is typified by the presence of individually designed, long-stemmed cups. Graves built with earthen ledges became increasingly common during the latter parts of the early phase. During the middle phase, grave goods began to emphasize quantity over diversity. During the late phase, wooden coffins began to appear in Dawenkou burials. The culture became increasingly stratified, as some graves contained no grave goods while others contained a large quantity of grave goods.

The type site at Dawenkou, located in Tai'an, Shandong, was excavated in 1959, 1974 and 1978. Only the middle layer at Dawenkou is associated with the Dawenkou culture, as the earliest layer corresponds to the Beixin culture and the latest layer corresponds to the early Shandong variant of the Longshan culture.

Political organization
The term "chiefdom" seems to be appropriate in describe the political organization of the Dawenkou. A dominant kin group likely held sway over Dawenkou village sites, though power was most likely manifested through religious authority rather than coercion. Unlike the Beixin culture from which they descend, the people of the Dawenkou culture were noted for being engaged in violent conflict. Scholars suspect that they may have engaged in raids for land, crops, livestock and prestige goods.

Agriculture and diet
The warm and wet climate of the Dawenkou area was suitable for a variety of crops, though they primarily farmed millet at most sites. Their production of millet was quite successful and storage containers have been found that could have contained up to 2000 kg of millet, once decomposition is accounted for, have been found. For some of the southern Dawenkou sites, rice was a more important crop however, especially during the late Dawenkou period. Analysis done on human remains at Dawenkou sites in southern Shandong revealed that the diet of upper-class Dawenkou individuals consisted mainly of rice, while ordinary individuals ate primarily millet.

The Dawenkou people successfully domesticated chicken, dogs, pigs and cattle, but no evidence of horse domestication was found. Pig remains are by far most abundant, accounting for about 85% of the total, and are thought to be the most important domesticated animal. Pig remains were also found in Dawenkou burials also highlighting their importance. Seafood was also an important staple of the Dawenkou diet. Fish and various shellfish mounds have been found in the early periods indicating that they were important food sources. Although these piles became less frequent in the later stages, seafood remained an important part of the diet.

Culture
Dawenkou's inhabitants were one of the earliest practitioners of trepanation in prehistoric China. A skull of a Dawenkou man dating to 3000 BC was found with severe head injuries which appeared to have been remedied by this primitive surgery. Alligator hide drums have also been found in Dawenkou sites.

Interactions with other cultures
The Dawenkou interacted extensively with the Yangshao culture. "For two and a half millennia of its existence the Dawenkou was, however, in a dynamic interchange with the Yangshao Culture, in which process of interaction it sometimes had the lead role, notably in generating Longshan. Scholars have also noted similarities between the Dawenkou and the Liangzhu culture as well as the related cultures of the Yantze River basin. According to some scholars, the Dawenkou culture  may have a link with a pre-Austronesian language. Other researchers also note a similarity between Dawenkou inhabitants and modern Austronesian peoples in cultural practices such as dental avulsion and architecture. However, the Dawenkou appeared to be genetically distinct from the pre-Austronesian cultures to their south.

Physical characteristics
The physical similarity of the Jiahu people to the later Dawenkou (2600 BC±4300 BC) indicates that the Dawenkou might have descended from the Jiahu, following a slow migration along the middle and lower reaches of the Huai and Hanshui. Other scholars have also speculated that the Dawenkou originate in nearby regions to the south. The Dawenkou descends from the Beixin, but is deeply influenced by the northward-expanding Longqiuzhuang culture located between the Yangtze and Huai.

The people of Dawenkou exhibited a primarily Sinodont dental pattern. They practiced body modification in the form of dental ablation and cranial deformation."Many Dawenkou burials exhibited cranial deformation and dental ablation, but both forms of modification had disappeared from mainland China by the beginning of the Bronze Age. No sex differences in the frequency of Dawenkou dental ablation were de- tected (60–90 percent). The most commonly extracted teeth were the up- per incisors and canines, followed by the lower incisors. The majority of the teeth appear to have been knocked out between the ages of 13 and 15. The frequency of individuals with dental ablation among the Dawenkou drops to 50 percent over time."

The Dawenkou were also physically dissimilar to the Neolithic inhabitants of Hemudu, South China, and Taiwan. DNA testing revealed that the neolithic inhabitants of Shandong were closer to ancient Northern East Asians.

title: Dawenkou culture