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Northern Shaolin kung fu

In its broadest sense, Northern Shaolin is the external (as opposed to internal) martial arts of Northern China, referring to those styles from the Northern Shaolin Monastery in Henan and specifically to the style practice by Gù Rǔzhāng (顧汝章 1894–1952; also known as Ku Yu-cheung), the Sōngshān Shí Lù Shàolínquán (嵩山十路少林拳) / Song Mountain Ten Road Shaolin Boxing.

In the 20th century, the style became known simply as Northern Shaolin or Northern Shaolin Boxing School.

Northern styles
Northern styles/Běi pài (北派) feature deeply extended postures—such as the horse, bow, drop, and dragon stances—connected by quick fluid transitions, able to quickly change the direction in which force is issued.

The group of Northern martial arts includes many illustrious styles such as Baguazhang, Bajiquan, Chāquán, Chuojiao, Eagle Claw, Mizongyi, Northern Praying Mantis and Taijiquan. Chángquán is often identified as the representative Northern style and forms a separate division in modern Wushu curriculum.

Northern styles exhibit a distinctively different flavor from the martial arts practiced in the South. In general, the training characteristics of northern styles put more focus on legwork, kicking and acrobatics. The influence of Northern styles can be found in traditional Korean martial arts and their emphasis on high-level kicks.

It has been suggested that the presence of high kicks and flying kicks found in Southern styles, in Okinawan martial arts, and hence in modern non-Chinese styles such as karate and taekwondo (and by extension modern kickboxing) are due to influence from northern styles during the first half of the 20th century.

Characteristics
The Northern Shaolin style of kung fu is one of the most prominent traditional northern styles of Chinese martial arts. The northern styles of kung-fu generally emphasize long range techniques, quick advances and retreats, wide stances, kicking and leaping techniques, whirling circular blocks, quickness, agility, and aggressive attacks.

The system teaches empty-hand techniques and weaponry through predetermined combinations, known as forms, routines, or movement of sets. The students learn the basics by practicing the routines until the movements in the routines can be executed naturally based on instinct. Then, two or multiple main sets are practiced to train responses and applications of techniques learned from the sets. The practice sets/routines are not only practical in applications but are also graceful and artistic in nature. The fluidness of the movements combined with acrobatic techniques are trademarks of the Northern Shaolin sets.

The Northern Shaolin style was made famous by the late Gu Yu-jeung. Many legends tell of Gu's feats; according to tales related by his close students, Gu's father was an accomplished exponent of the Tan Tui ("springing leg") form. When he was young, Gu traveled throughout Northern China to learn all the northern kung fu systems. He was renowned for his Iron Palm techniques and the application of the long spear. He organized all his learnings into what is today's Northern Shaolin style.

History
The monastery in Henan is the original Shaolin Monastery. The monks began to practice military weapons sometime around the Tang dynasty and became famous for aiding the future Emperor Li Shimin in struggles against rebellious forces. The monks were primarily known for their spear and staff techniques until the Ming–Qing transition when they began to specialize in unarmed combat. As the reputation of the Shaolin martial arts grew during the following centuries, its name became synonymous with martial arts, regardless of whether an individual art traced its origins to the Shaolin Monastery in Henan or not. As a result, the "Shaolin" moniker was applied to other Buddhist temples with strong reputations for martial arts. The characteristics of the martial arts taught at each temple were so different from each other that they became identified with their place of origin.

The Northern Shaolin Lineage – Unbroken Tradition
The Northern Shaolin (北少林 denotes the famous 河南崇山少林寺 Song Mountain Shaolin Temple, in Henan province) style associated with Gu Ruzhang was first taught to a lay disciple, the celebrated 18th century master Gan Fengchi of Jiangsu Province, by a Shaolin monk named Zhao Yuan, born Zhu Fu, a member of the Ming royal family who joined the sangha after the Ming was overthrown by the Qing in 1644. (Gan is also remembered for founding the martial art Huāquán 花拳, literally "flower fist", about which he wrote the book Introduction to Huāquán.) Gan in turn taught Wan Bangcai, who taught Yan Degong, who taught Yan Sansen, who taught Yan Jiwen, who taught his nephew Gu Ruzhang.

Generation 1–9
 * 1) 朝元 和尚 (Monk Zhāo Yuán)
 * 2) 甘鳳池 (Gān Fèngchí)
 * 3) 萬邦才 (Wàn Bāngcái)
 * 4) 嚴徳功 (Yán Dégōng)
 * 5) 嚴三省 (Yán Sānxǐng)
 * 6) 嚴機(繼)溫 (Yán Jīwēn)
 * 7) 顧汝章 (Gù Rǔzhāng), 白志祥 (Bái Zhìxiáng)
 * 8) 馬劍風 (Ma Jianfeng), 嚴尚武 (Yan Shangwu), 龍子祥 (Long Zixiang)
 * 9) 黃澤民 (Wong Jack-man / Huáng Zémín), 陳國偉 (Chan Kwok-wai), 黎雄 (Lai Hung), 鄺榮林 (Kwong Wing-lam) and 蘇炳源 (Jonny So) – Among others

Yán Jīwēn also taught Gu the skills of Iron Body and Iron Palm. On a famous occasion in 1931, Gu is said to have demonstrated the latter on a horse.

Among the martial artists who gathered at the Central National Martial Arts Institute in Nanjing in 1928, Gu placed in the top fifteen and was included— alongside Fu Zhen-song, Li Xian-wu, Wan Lai-sheng, and Wong Shao-chou in the Five Southbound Tigers aka The Five Tigers From The North (五虎下江南, Pinyin Wǔhǔ Xià Jiāngnán; literally, "five tigers heading south of the great river"), five masters of the Northern Chinese martial arts sent to Guangzhou (Canton) to organize another National Martial Arts Institute. In Guangzhou, the name "Shaolin" 南少林寺福建省(refer to South Shaolin temple in Fukian province—being sub-temple from the Northern one) was already associated with Hung Gar and other styles, so the style (嵩山十路少林拳 Sōngshān Shí Lù Shàolínquán / Song Mountain Ten Road Shaolin Boxing) practiced by Gu Ruzhang came to be known in those days in southern China by the nickname Northern Shaolin.

The Northern Shaolin curriculum of Gu Ruzhang (Ku Yu-cheung)
Note that some heirs to Gu Ruzhang's tradition teach these routines in a different order, particularly those under the lineage of Chan Kowk Wai(陳國偉).

These are the 10 forms as standardized by Gu, comprising the core of the system, sometimes known as the Ten Classical Forms. They are standard in all of Gu's Northern Shaolin Kung Fu lineages. However, as mentioned above, they are sometimes taught or learned in differing orders. As with many different martial arts, from lineage to lineage, one may find slight differences in the way the movements are expressed.

Students learning this style usually do not only learn the 10 core forms however. There are often additional teachings such as introductory material (Lienbuquan, Gongliquan, Tantui), several traditional weapons forms, two-man forms qigong [including the famous Shaolin Golden Bell Qigong System], etc.

title: Northern Shaolin kung fu


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Lois Collier

Lois Collier (born Madelyn Earle Jones; March 21, 1917 – October 27, 1999) was an American actress born in Salley, South Carolina. She was sometimes credited as Lois Collyer.

Early years
Collier's father was Ernest Jones, a pharmacist, of Salley, South Carolina. Chaperoned by her grandmother, she visited Hollywood when she was 15, later describing herself as "movie-struck" at the time. She attended Limestone College in Gaffney, South Carolina.

Film
Collier's acting career started as a model in the 1935 romance-comedy "Women Must Dress". From 1940 through 1949, her career would be active and somewhat successful, with her playing mostly heroine roles in B-movies. Her best known film is probably A Night in Casablanca (1946) starring the Marx Brothers. During the 1940s, she often starred opposite western stars Bob Steele, Tom Tyler, and Dennis Moore. In 1950, she starred in the sci-fi serial The Flying Disc Man from Mars.

Collier was sometimes called the Fourth Mesquiteer because seven of Republic Pictures' The Three Mesquiteers movies featured her as the female lead.

Radio
Collier played Carol in the soap opera Dear John, which ran on CBS in the 1930s and 1940s. Beginning December 6, 1948, she was featured in You, a program on KMGM in Los Angeles, California.

Television
In 1949, Collier co-starred in City Desk, a drama about activity in the newsroom of a newspaper. From 1950 through 1957, she starred mostly on television series episodes. She played Mary, the hero's girlfriend and sidekick, in 58 episodes of the television series Boston Blackie, which ran from 1951 to 1954. She retired from acting after 1957.

Personal life
Collier was married to bank executive Robert A. Duncan. She was granted a divorce from him on September 3, 1943. On August 4, 1945, Collier married Robert Jackson Oakley, an agent for actors. They divorced in 1956.

Film

 * Women Must Dress (1935) – Model
 * A Desperate Adventure, aka It Happened in Paris (UK) (1938) – Angela
 * Girls of the Road (1940) – Road Girl (uncredited)
 * Ice-Capades, aka Music in the Moonlight (US: reissue title) (1941) – Audition Girl (uncredited)
 * Outlaws of Cherokee Trail (1941) – Doris Sheldon
 * Sailors on Leave (1941) – Pretty Brunette (uncredited)
 * Gauchos of El Dorado (1941) – Ellen
 * West of Cimarron (1941) – Doris Conway
 * Mr. District Attorney in the Carter Case (1941) – Receptionist (uncredited)
 * Blondie Goes to College, aka The Boss Said 'No' (UK) (1942) – Coed (uncredited)
 * A Tragedy at Midnight (1942) – (uncredited)
 * The Man Who Returned to Life (1942) – Mary Tuller (uncredited)
 * Yokel Boy (1942), aka Hitting the Headlines (UK) – Stewardess (uncredited)
 * Raiders of the Range (1942) – Jean Travers
 * The Affairs of Jimmy Valentine, aka Unforgotten Crime (US: TV title) (1942) – Receptionist
 * The Courtship of Andy Hardy (1942) – Cynthia, Girl at the Dance (uncredited)
 * Westward Ho (1942) – Anne Henderson
 * The Phantom Plainsmen (1942) – Judy Barrett
 * My Son, the Hero (1943) – Nancy Cavanaugh
 * Santa Fe Scouts (1943) – Claire Robbins
 * Get Going (1943) – Doris
 * Young Ideas (1943) – Co-ed (uncredited)
 * She's for Me (1943) – Eileen Crane
 * Ladies Courageous (1944) – Jill
 * Weird Woman (1944) – Margret Mercer
 * Prices Unlimited (1944, Short)
 * Follow the Boys (1944) – Herself (uncredited)
 * Cobra Woman (1944) – Veeda
 * Jungle Woman (1944) – Joan Fletcher
 * Jungle Queen (1945, Serial) – Pamela Courtney
 * The Naughty Nineties (1945) – Miss Caroline Jackson
 * Penthouse Rhythm (1945) – Linda Reynolds, Junior's Secretary
 * The Crimson Canary (1945) – Jean Walker
 * Girl on the Spot (1946) – Kathy Lorenz
 * A Night in Casablanca (1946) – Annette
 * The Cat Creeps (1946) – Gay Elliott
 * Wild Beauty (1946) – Linda Gibson
 * Slave Girl (1947) – Aleta
 * Arthur Takes Over (1948) – Margaret Bixby
 * Out of the Storm (1948) – Ginny Powell
 * Miss Mink of 1949 (1949) – Alice Forrester
 * Joe Palooka in Humphrey Takes a Chance (1950) – Anne Howe Palooka
 * Flying Disc Man from Mars (1950, Serial) – Helen Hall
 * Rhythm Inn (1951) – Betty Parker

Television

 * Dick Tracy – Fluff (4 episodes, 1950)
 * Joe Palooka in Humphrey Takes a Chance (1950) – Anne Howe Palooka
 * Rhythm Inn (1951) – Betty Parker
 * The Unexpected – "Beyond Belief" (1952)
 * Boston Blackie – Mary Wesley (58 episodes, 1951–1953)
 * Letter to Loretta – "600 Seconds" (1955) (as Lois Collyer) Gloria Joy
 * Cavalcade of America – "Sunrise on a Dirty Face" (1955) – Marion
 * Damon Runyon Theater – "A Job for Macarone" (1955) – Mary Peering
 * Cheyenne – "West of the River" (1956) – Ruth McKeever
 * Screen Directors Playhouse – "The Sword of Villon"'' (1956) – Elaine
 * It's a Great Life – "Operation for Earl" (1956) – Nurse
 * Strange Stories (1 episode, 1956) – "Con Game" (1956)
 * Broken Arrow (1 episode, 1957) – Johnny Flagstaff
 * The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show
 * "Ronnie Gets an Agent" (1956) – Devlin's Secretary
 * "The Plumber's Union" (1957) – Julie Ames
 * The Web (1 episode, 1957) – Easy Money (final appearance)
 * Missile Monsters (1958) re-edited feature version of the 1950 serial Flying Disc Man from Mars

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lois Collier


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Born to Be with You

"Born to Be with You" may refer to:

 * "Born to Be with You" (song), a 1956 song popularized by The Chordettes
 * Born To Be With You (song) a single released by The Silkie in June 1966
 * Born To Be With You (album), a 1975 album by Dion DiMucci

title: Born to Be with You


text: Category:Historical reenactment groups

title: Category:Historical reenactment groups


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Homicide (1991 film)

Homicide is a 1991 American crime drama film written and directed by David Mamet. The film's cast includes Joe Mantegna, William H. Macy, and Ving Rhames. It was entered in the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
Bobby Gold is a homicide detective on the trail of Robert Randolph, a drug-dealer and cop-killer on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted List. En route to nab an accomplice of Randolph, Gold and his partner Tim Sullivan happen upon a murder scene: the elderly Jewish owner of a candy store in a ghetto has been gunned down, reportedly for a fortune hidden in her basement. The deceased woman's son, a doctor, uses his clout to have Gold assigned to the case in the belief that Gold, himself Jewish, might be empathetic to his plight. Gold, however, seems to disregard his ethnicity and is irritated about being pulled off a much higher-profile case. Ultimately, though, this is offset by interactions with members of the Jewish community that play on Gold's feelings of inadequacy and inability to fit in.

A nighttime survey of the crime scene uncovers an important piece of the woman's past, and Gold's reluctance turns to curiosity, leading to the discovery of a Zionist organization operating in the city. The apparent power and sense of pride these people have is appealing to Gold, and he attempts to become a part of their group. Gold is thrust into a series of circumstances that test not only his loyalty to the badge, but also his newfound Jewish consciousness.

Gold finds the old woman at one time was running guns for a Jewish liberation group. The group is attempting to protect their people from threats within the community. When asked to steal a list of group member names from police evidence to protect the group, Gold objects and is rejected by the Jewish group leaders for denying his faith.

Asking the help of a Jewish woman in the group, Gold is led to a toy shop in the city that is a secret stronghold of Nazi sympathizers, filled with anti-Jewish propaganda - proving the Jewish group's fears of danger and antisemitism were true. Gold erupts in anger, setting off the bomb given to him by the woman, destroying the stronghold/toy shop.

He is again approached by the Jewish group to retrieve the list from police evidence. When he refuses, the group shows him photographs of his acts at the toy shop, attempting to blackmail him into assisting.

During a raid to apprehend Randolph, where Gold is late to arrive due to the meeting with the Jewish group, Sullivan dies in Gold's arms, killed by gunshot. Gold, filled with rage, charges through the building and loses his gun. He wraps a rusty chain around his arm and catches up to Randolph who is attempting to escape through the basement. Randolph shoots him and talks through his last moments. Gold informs him that it was Randolph's mother that turned him in, earning him another gunshot to the arm. Gold gives him a phony passport arranged by his mother, as a police officer turns the corner and shoots Randolph in the chest, killing him.

Gold returns to the precinct to apologetic words from his fellow police officers. He comes to find the old woman was killed by a pair of young black kids, attempting to get the “fortune” hidden in her basement.

Cast

 * Joe Mantegna as Bobby Gold
 * William H. Macy as Tim Sullivan
 * Ving Rhames as Robert Randolph
 * Natalia Nogulich as Chava
 * Vincent Guastaferro as Lt. Senna
 * J. J. Johnston as Jilly Curran
 * Lionel Mark Smith as Charlie Olcott
 * Rebecca Pidgeon as Miss Klein
 * Ricky Jay as Aaron
 * Roberta Custer as Cathy Bates
 * Charles Stransky as Doug Brown
 * Bernard Gray as James
 * Paul Butler as Commissioner Walker

Reception
, the film holds an approval rating of 88% on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 25 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Guided by David Mamet's searing dialogue and assured direction, Homicide tells its morally complex story with an immersive mood and a crackling zeal." Roger Ebert praised it, giving it four out of four stars.

Home media
The film was released on VHS in 1992 by Columbia TriStar Home Video and on DVD on October 13, 2003, by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment.

On September 8, 2009, the film was given a DVD release by The Criterion Collection. This director-approved release included an audio commentary with Mamet and Macy, as well as cast interviews and a gag reel.

title: Homicide (1991 film)


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User:Babajobu/Religious persecution by Jews

While Jews have most frequently been the victims of religious persecution, religious persecution by Jews has sometimes existed in the history of Judaism when Judaism has been the dominant religion in a particular geographical area. Contents [hide]

* 1 The Bible as evidence of religious persecution by Jews * 2 Biblical events sometimes characterized as religious persecution by Jews * 3 Forcible conversion of Idumeans by Hasmonean kings * 4 Between Judea and the nation-state * 5 The modern state of Israel o 5.1 Dislocation of Arab population during 1947-1948 * 6 See also

[edit]

The Bible as evidence of religious persecution by Jews

The Tanakh, known to Christians as The Old Testament, is disputed by scholars as a reliable source for historical events (see The Bible and history). In addition, the association between modern day Jews and the Israelites of the earlier sections of the Tanakh is not universally accepted (see Arthur Koestler for one example).

Nevertheless, Moses and the patriarchs of the Jewish religion (Abraham, Isaac and Jacob) have throughout the history of Judaism widely been regarded as Jewish, though not explicity identified as such in the Bible. Likewise, the gathering of the Israelites at the foot of Mount Sinai and their receipt of the Torah is regarded as the foundational event in the Jewish religion. The recognition of the patriarchs, Moses, and the Israelites as Jewish is universal in pre-Haskalah Jewish theology. Ironically, this claim of kinship between the Jews and the Israelites has been used by anti-Semitic authors (see Kevin MacDonald) to implicate modern day Jews in the perceived misbehavior of their alleged ancestors. Because of the commonly made association between Jews and both the Israelites of the Torah and Yehudim of the later sections of the Tanakh, this article will proceed to consider some events in the Tanakh as examples of religious persecution by Jews, although it must be noted that this characterization is not universally accepted. [edit]

Biblical events sometimes characterized as religious persecution by Jews

In various instances recorded in the Torah it is written that the Israelites emptied lands of their native inhabitants (see previous section for alleged links between biblical Israelites and Jews). For example, the Torah recounts that as Moses was leading the Israelites through the Sinai desert and toward the Promised Land, they encountered the Amorites. The Amorite King Sihon refused the Israelites' request to pass through Amorite territory (that had shortly before been seized from from Moab) on the way to Canaan. The Bible describes the Israelite request as follows:

"Israel sent emmisaries to Sihon, king of the Amorite, saying: 'Let me pass through your land; we shall not turn off to field or vineyard; we shall not drink well water; on the king's road shall we travel, until we pass through your border." Numbers 21:21,22

According to the Bible, the Amorites responded to the Israelite request as follows:

"But Sihon did not permit Israel to pass through his border, and Sihon assembled his entire nation and went out against Israel to the wilderness. And he arrived at Jahaz and waged war against Israel." ibid.:23

In response to attack by the entire Amorite nation, the Israelites fought and killed the entire nation. In the final book of the Torah, known in English as (Deuteronomy, the event is described thusly:

"And we took all his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city, we left none to remain" Deutetonomy 2.34

In the Book of Joshua of the Nevi'im section of the Tanakh, the Israelites, led by Joshua, eliminate the Kingdom of Ai. "..and they smote them until they did not leave them a remnant or survivor." (Joshua 8:.22)

* Add section here on Amalekites * Add section on efforts in Nevi'im to extirpate Canaanite religious practices from Israel and Judah

[edit]

Forcible conversion of Idumeans by Hasmonean kings [edit]

Between Judea and the nation-state

After the crushing of the Bar Kokhba rebellion, it was nearly two millenia before Judaism was once again the predominant faith in the Levant. However, in a few instances during this period Judaism temporarily became the dominant faith in fairly small regions.

* Add section on religious persecution under the Khazars. * Add section on religious persecution of apostate Jews in semi-autonomous Jewish locales in "The Pale".

[edit]

The modern state of Israel [edit]

Dislocation of Arab population during 1947-1948

During the 1947-1948 Israeli War of Independence, between 400,000 and 700,000 Arab inhabitants of Palestine were externally displaced. Many Israeli and non-Israeli academics have characterized this as part of an "exchange of populations" with the neighboring Arab countries, from which a roughly equivalent number of Arabic-speaking Jews were violently expelled. The Palestinian perambulations out of their homes and into neighboring countries has been described by some Israeli and non-Israeli scholars as having been orchestrated by Arab demogogues who hoped to "clear the battlefield" in advance of the imminent invasion of Israel by five Arab states (for a non-Israeli academic who has made this contention, see Joan Peters). Israeli academic Benny Morris, along with other Israeli "New Historians", has been controversial in alleging that in Operation Dalet of the Israeli War of Independence, the Hagannah intentionally orchestrated the flight of large numbers of Palestinian Arabs in order to alter the demographics of the new Jewish state. Regardless, the citizenry of Israel remains over 20% Arab, so, if this event is to be described as ethnic cleansing, it was a uniquely ineffective example of such. [edit]

See also

* Religious persecution by Muslims * Religious persecution by Christians


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Joe Brovia

Joseph John Brovia (February 18, 1922 – August 15, 1994) was an American professional baseball player. An outfielder, Brovia played almost 1,800 games over 15 seasons in minor league baseball but only 21 games as a pinch hitter at the Major League level with the 1955 Cincinnati Redlegs. The native of Davenport, California, threw right-handed, batted left-handed, and was listed at 6 ft tall and 195 lb.

He graduated from Santa Cruz High School in 1940.

Brovia was a longtime star outfielder in the Pacific Coast League with the San Francisco Seals, Portland Beavers, Sacramento Solons, and the Oakland Oaks from 1941–42 and from 1946–55. He served in the United States Army during World War II and missed the 1943–45 seasons.

Known best for his batting, Brovia had a lifetime .311 average in 1,805 minor league games (.304 lifetime in the PCL) producing 1,846 hits, 1,144 RBIs and 214 home runs. As a prolific hitter, Brovia was popular with the fans, especially for his home runs over the four-story high fence at Seals Stadium, called the "Green Monster" of the Coast League.

He had a short stint at age 33 with the 1955 Redlegs, but only batted as a pinch hitter. In 21 games and plate appearances, he collected two singles and one base on balls, and drove in four runs.

After his shot with the Redlegs, he played the next season in Mexico, after which he retired.

Brovia died from cancer in Santa Cruz, California. He was inducted posthumously into the Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame in 2005.

title: Joe Brovia


text:
Vodacom

Vodacom Group Limited is a South African mobile communications company, providing voice, messaging, data and converged services to over 130 million customers across Africa. From its roots in South Africa, Vodacom has grown its operations to include networks in Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, and Lesotho, and provides business services to customers in over 32 African countries, including Nigeria, Zambia, Angola, Kenya, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, and Cameroon.

History
It was owned in a 50/50 partnership by the South African telecommunications giant Telkom and British multinational operator Vodafone. On 6 November 2008, Vodafone announced that it had agreed to increase its stake to 64.5%, and Telkom said that it would spin off its remaining holding by listing it on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). On 1 April 2011, Vodacom officially unveiled its new change in branding from blue to red, using the same style as its parent company, Vodafone.

Vodacom provides coverage to Mount Kilimanjaro, which was the highest point in the world to be covered by GSM, until Axiata (through its subsidiary Ncell) provided coverage at the top of Mount Everest, the highest point in the world. Vodacom was aided by its optimistic advertisements at the early stages of the democratic South Africa, including the yebo gogo campaign which is still in effect today in Africa. Vodacom is the leading cellular network in South Africa with a market share of over 40% and more than 45 million users. The company has an estimated market share of 58% and more than 103 million customers across Africa.

Technology
Vodacom South Africa provides 3G, 4G, and UMTS networks in South Africa, and also offers HSPA+ (21.1 Mbit/s), HSUPA (42 Mbit/s, 2100 MHz), Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and LTE services. Vodacom was the first cellular provider to introduce LTE in South Africa. On 21 October 2015, Vodacom launched its fibre product to the home user. On 7 April 2017, Vodacom's 4G+ network in Brooklyn Mall, Pretoria achieved 240 Mbit/s in a speed test. In early 2020 Vodacom also became the second network operator in Africa to launch a live 5G network, initially available in Johannesburg, Pretoria and Cape Town.

Sports sponsorships
Vodacom is a sponsor of many South African sports.

In provincial rugby union, they are the sponsors of the Pretoria-based Vodacom Blue Bulls and own the naming rights to the union's home stadium, Loftus Versfeld.

As part of their rugby union sponsorship portfolio, Vodacom has been the title sponsor of the Super Rugby tournament in South Africa since 1996.

In football, they sponsor two clubs in the Premier Soccer League: the Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates. They also sponsor the South African Football Association and the national teams Bafana Bafana (men), Amajita (under 20s), and previously Banyana Banyana (women). However, competitor MTN was one of the sponsors of the 2010 FIFA World Cup held in South Africa.

Past sponsorships include the national rugby union team, the Springboks, from 1994 to 2017, and the South African Shelby Can-Am series between 2000 and 2005.

JSE listing
On May 17, 2009, a court dismissed a joint Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and ICASA application to stop Vodacom's JSE listing. Chegoane Mabelane, the South African article writer and prominent supporter of both African National Congress (ANC) and its alliance; in one of his articles stated that the interdict to stop the listing was fair.

In January 2010, the Sunday Times alleged that Alan Knott-Craig (Senior), former Vodacom CEO, helped his son, Alan Knott-Craig with business ventures using Vodacom's resources. He also allegedly awarded a multimillion-rand contract to a marketing and advertising company run by his family members.

"Please Call Me"
In 2008, former employee Nkosana Makate took Vodacom to court, claiming that the profitable "Please Call Me" message service was originally his invention and demanding compensation. Eight years later, Makate eventually won his case in the Constitutional Court. Makate then entered negotiations with Vodacom for a 15% cut of the R70 billion ($ billion) he claims "Please Call Me" has earned for Vodacom since its inception.

A 2014 judgement in the South Gauteng High Court supported Makate's claim to having originated "Please Call Me." The court heard that, in November 2000, Makate had shared his idea (initially termed the "buzz" idea) with Philip Geissler, then board member and director of product development and management at Vodacom. Geissler had agreed to give Makate a cut should the "Please Call Me" innovation prove a success (however, there was no such agreement, written, oral, or implied – and no evidence to support it). Makate's witnesses presented emails sent by Geissler (Geissler was never called to testify by either party, raising suspicion that both parties would not have benefited from what Geissler would say under oath) and an article in Vodacom's "Talk Time" internal newsletter (such newsletter was written, edited, and printed by a third party in Cape Town) which acknowledged and praised Makate for his idea and his contribution to the product.

The court also rejected former CEO Alan Knott-Craig's claim that he had come up with the idea. Knott-Craig had published the claim in his autobiography, and later repeated in court, that he had the idea while watching two security guards trying to communicate on phones without airtime. Yet the High Court found against Makate's claim for compensation, holding Vodacom's argument that Geissler had not had the authority to promise Makate such compensation and that the debt would have expired (in legal terms, been prescribed) within three years.

Makate took the case on appeal, and then took it to the Constitutional Court. In April 2016, Justice Chris Jafta found in Makate's favour and against Vodacom, overturning both judgements by the High Court, finding that Geissler had the authority to promise compensation, and that Makate's case was not based on an unpaid debt. In Jafta's words: “In not compensating the applicant [Makate] [….] Vodacom associated itself with the dishonourable conduct of its former CEO, Mr Knott-Craig and his colleague, Mr Geissler, and this leaves a sour taste in the mouth. It is not the kind of conduct to be expected from an ethical corporate entity.”

In an open letter to Makate on Facebook, civic society non-profit Right2Know congratulated Makate. Right2Know used the letter to draw attention to the hypocrisy of multinational corporations which claim to support young black South African innovators such as Makate, but whose anti-competitive practices often strangle meaningful innovation. The letter also drew attention to the fact that South Africa's telecommunications duopoly (Vodacom–MTN) had led to the kind of unaffordable tariffs which made the "Please Call Me" service so successful with impoverished consumers in the first place.

Neotel attempted takeover
In October 2013, Vodacom announced it would be acquiring Neotel in a potential US$590 million deal. Even though regulatory approval by the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) was obtained in 2015, the deal ultimately collapsed in March 2016 after competitors successfully challenged the transfer of Neotel's licenses and spectrum to Vodacom in court.

Member companies
As at March 2023, the companies that comprised the Vodacom Group include, but are not limited to the following:

Ownership
The shares of Vodacom Group are listed and traded on the JSE, under the ticker symbol: VOD. The shareholding in the group's stock was as depicted in the table below in May 2022. Institutional investors include, in order of held stock, the Public Investment Corporation (also known as PIC, wholly owned by the South African Government), Lazard (US), Blackrock (US), The Vanguard Group (US), Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (also known as GIC, Singapore), Old Mutual (ZA), Abax (ZA), Sanlam (ZA), and State Street Global Advisors (US).

Smartphone launches
Vodacom launched iPhone 7 in South Africa on 14 October 2016. It launched the iPhone Xs and Xs Max on 28 September 2018 starting at R21,999 ($1,650) on a 24 month contract.

The Samsung Galaxy S8 was officially launched on 5 May 2017.

In 2017, TechCrunch reported that Vodacom partnered with GameMine in a $20 million deal to install subscription-based mobile games on Vodacom's smartphones.

title: Vodacom


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Robert Stanley Weir/archive1

Robert Stanley Weir
I created this article about the lyricist for O Canada. It compiles research from several sources and, if I may be immodest, is the most complete biography I have found on the man. It also corrects a common error perpetuated by and often copied from the Government of Canada's biography that he was an MLA for Quebec, which was actually his brother, William Alexander Weir. This article has already been peer reviewed but I welcome any further criticism or contributions to the article. Cheers! Double Blue (Talk) 20:11, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Mild object Change the dating format; we're not using that ISO whatever international format in main article texts yet. Daniel Case 04:02, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's your settings, dude. You can change how you see the dates on your end. They show up as "January 1, 2001" to me. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 04:41, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not everyone who reads Wikipedia has an account with settings that can be changed. That format can be used, of course, but I've noticed, when just reading, that most articles follow the (month, year) form or the (day month, year) form, not YEAR-MO-DAY. I just think it makes it easier on visitors even if it is in the manual of style.Daniel Case 23:59, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course that would be an simple change to make but I don't understand the objection. The format is approved in Manual of Style and I like the fact that it follows international standards better and is easily formatted to user preferences by MediaWiki software. If you could be more precise about what you mean by we're not using that ISO yet, I would appreciate it. Double Blue  (Talk) 22:24, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There's an ISO standard that gives that format. I can't remember what number it is. As for other comments, see above response.Daniel Case 23:59, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Update: Date format changed by User:Dbiv. Double Blue  (Talk) 16:23, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Minor object, the content is fine, but the sectioning is really distracting for such a short article. Tweak the format and it'll be fine.--nixie 04:44, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I was indeed having some trouble formulating a more reasonable sectioning format as was noted in the peer review. I strongly prefer the section formatting changes that User:Harro5 has now made. Double Blue  (Talk) 22:24, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks heaps better, from your reading on the subject, do you know the cause of death and where he was burried? The sentence on his death is lonley there on its own.--nixie 00:15, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, there is no information on his last days or burial site. Some of the best resources are the contemporary ones that are from before his death. I have e-mailed his great grand niece who is listed on a site as researching his family. Double Blue  (Talk) 04:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)


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Adrian Rawlins

Adrian John Rawlins (born 27 March 1958) is an English actor best known for playing Arthur Kidd in The Woman in Black and James Potter in the Harry Potter films. In 2019, he starred in Chernobyl as Nikolai Fomin.

Early life
Rawlins was born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, the son of Mavis (née Leese) and Edward Rawlins, a market trader. Rawlins was educated at Stanfield Technical High School in Stoke-on-Trent and the Stoke VI Form College. He then studied art and acting at Manchester Metropolitan University.

Career
Rawlins has appeared in several films including Lars von Trier's Breaking the Waves and Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself. He has a pivotal role in the Harry Potter film series as Harry Potter's father James Potter. Onstage, he has appeared in Her Naked Skin (2008, National Theatre). He played Richard Collingsworth in the 1989 TV serial version of The Ginger Tree, opposite Samantha Bond. He also starred in The Woman in Black which was made for television and aired at Christmas 1989.

Since 2014, he has volunteered at East Riding Theatre in the East Riding of Yorkshire, becoming artistic director in 2017.

title: Adrian Rawlins


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1868 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1868.

Excavations

 * Charles Warren starts first excavations of Jericho.
 * Grime's Graves in the English county of Norfolk is excavated in 1868-1870, including Gallery III2b of Greenwell's Pit.
 * The Mammen excavation, a Viking Age site near Viborg in Jutland (Denmark) is excavated.
 * At Les Eyzies, France, a cave site is excavated containing Cro-Magnon remains, at the end of La Rue du Scez overlooking Le Havre du Scez (Saie).
 * At Nymphaeum (a Greek colony in the Crimea), a burial site is excavated, with six Scythian tombs.
 * In Greece, philologist Spyridon Findiklis and his assistant Ioannis Papadakis begin the first excavations in Thebes and Plataea.
 * Alfred Biliotti starts excavations at Ialysos on Rhodes.

Finds

 * The Mesha Stele is found.
 * At Rome, the remains of the Porta Capena are found.
 * At Les Eyzies, France, alongside the Cro-Magnon remains, numerous flint tools of Aurignacian manufacture are found.
 * Hildesheim Treasure is found.
 * The first Shapwick hoard of Roman coins is found in England.

Births

 * January 3: Franz Cumont, Belgian archaeologist and historian (died 1947)
 * March 15: Albert Lythgoe, American Egyptologist, curator of the New York Metropolitan Museum (died 1934)
 * July 14: Gertrude Bell, British archaeologist (died 1926)

Deaths

 * September 10: Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes, French archaeologist (born 1788)

title: 1868 in archaeology


text:
User talk:Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

Posting Comments
As per Wikipedia policy, and because I'm just that nice of a guy, anyone is allowed to leave comments on my talk page. However, should those comments be defaming, trolling, or vandalism, they will be removed at the discretion of the talk page of this user (me).

Block
This account has been blocked, as it's another sock-puppet of the vandal who's here only to attack a Wikipedia User. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:06, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious
hi. i want to know the lyrics for the Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious song.please tell me.i tried everything,like google it or yah... i am wondering if you know if you do plese post it for me thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.247.5.233 (talk) 01:20, 13 May 2008 (UTC)


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Michel Pagliaro

Michel Armand Guy Pagliaro (born 9 November 1948) is a Canadian rock singer, songwriter and guitarist from Montreal, Quebec. Pagliaro was nominated for a 1975 Juno Award as male vocalist of the year. Although he writes and records predominantly in French, Pagliaro has reached international success mainly with material released in English.

Career
Pagliaro was born and raised in Montreal. He began performing in 1962, at the age of 13. In 1965, he began making his first records. Pagliaro's first nationally English-charted hit was his 1970 single "Give Us One More Chance". Other significant hits in English include "Lovin' You Ain't Easy" (1971) which reached Number 31 on the UK Singles Chart in February 1972, "Rainshowers" (1972), "Some Sing Some Dance" (1972), and "What The Hell I Got" (1975). Pagliaro was the first Canadian artist to score top 40 hits on both the anglophone and francophone pop charts in Canada.

Michel Pagliaro also produced the first album of his son Roman's group, Les Fous de la Reine, which won both Musiqualité and Diapason music contests in 2014. Their first two singles, La Guillotine and La face cachée de la neige were met with positive reception and played regularly on commercial radio stations, notably CKOI-FM. He continues to perform.

Awards
At the Juno Awards of 1975, Pagliaro was nominated for the Male Vocalist of the Year award. Pagliaro received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts, in 2008. His song "J'entends frapper", a major hit in Quebec, was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2010.

In 2002, Pagliaro was the recipient of the National Achievement Award at the annual Francophone SOCAN Awards held in Montreal.

Studio albums
Although several of Pagliaro's albums have the same title, releases listed are not reissues.

Collaborations and performances as guest star

 * 1966 Les Chanceliers (Citation); Reissued partially in 1969 Le P'tit Poppy (Tradition)
 * 1968 Reels Psychadeliques, vol. 1 (with Ouba) (Revolution)
 * 1968 Reels Psychadeliques, vol. 2 (with Ouba) (Revolution)
 * 1971 Pagliaro & Martel (with Renée Martel) (Trans-World, Compilation)
 * 1972 Michel Pagliaro et les Chanceliers (Tradition, Compilation)
 * 1975 Patof – Patof Rock. Michel Pagliaro : electric guitars (uncredited) (Campus)
 * 1993 Au nom de l'amour. Héros (new recording); Au nom de l'amour (with the group). (other songs by various artists) (Au Nom de l'Amour)
 * 1994 Jacques Higelin – Aux héros de la voltige. Michel Pagliaro : electric guitars on the whole album; arrangements on Le Berceau De la Vie; music on Électrocardiogramme Plat, Hot Chaud and Aux Héros De La Voltige (EMI)
 * 2001 Freak Out Total (with Ouba) (Gear Fab, Compilation)
 * 2005 Jacques Higelin – Entre 2 gares (Compilation). Michel Pagliaro : guitars (EMI)

title: Michel Pagliaro


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Karkar Island

Karkar Island is an oval-shaped volcanic island located in the Bismarck Sea, about 30 kilometres off the north coast of mainland Papua New Guinea in Madang Province, from which it is separated by the Isumrud Strait. The island is about 25 km in length and 19 km in width. In the centre is an active volcano with two nested calderas.

Geography
The land is covered with the volcanic andesitic lava. The soil is very fertile and used for growing food crop and cash crop. The island is full of betel-nut, mustard plant and lime. The island is also known for the view from the mountain looking down to Madang town.

The latest eruptions on this island occurred in the 1970s. The 1974–1975 eruption produced a large volume of lava which covered almost 70% of the inner caldera's floor, while 1979 produced no lava flow, but killed two volcanologists, Robin Cooke and Elias Ravian. The volcano erupted as recently as February 26, 2013.

The population of approximately 70,000 is mostly Lutheran and Catholic and speaks the two languages Waskia and Takia. Most people also speak Tok Pisin, and English is taught in the schools. Neighboring islands are Bagabag (Papua New Guinea) and Manam.

A single road runs around the entire length of the island. Karkar Secondary School is the only high school. There is one hospital, Gaubin Hospital, known formally as the Edwin & Tabitha Tscharke Memorial Hospital, which is run by the Lutheran Health Service and staffed by several rotating German doctors. The hospital includes a training center for Community Health Workers.

The two main exports from the island are cacao and coconuts, which can grow in the same soil due to vast height differences. Large plantations are generally family-owned.

History
The first recorded sighting by Europeans of Karkar Island was by the Spanish navigator Iñigo Órtiz de Retes on 10 August 1545 when on board of the carrack San Juan tried to return from Tidore to New Spain.

It was later visited by Willem Schouten and Jacob le Maire and called "High island". In 1643 Abel Tasman passed the island. William Dampier visited the island, probably in 1699. The volcano erupted in 1895.

During World War II, the Imperial Japanese occupied the island. The Australian 37th/52nd Battalion landed on 2 June 1944, to find that the Japanese had evacuated the island and Australian 5th Division troops landed on the island at Biu Bay and Kavilo Bay on 6 June 1944.

An excellent account of the history of Karkar Island, from the 1920s to the present day, is provided in the autobiography of Sir John Middleton Kt, OBE, My Life on Karkar Island, Papua New Guinea.

Climate
Karkar island has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round.

title: Karkar Island


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Lois Moran

Lois Moran (born Lois Darlington Dowling; March 1, 1909 – July 13, 1990) was an American film and stage actress.

Early life
Moran was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Roger Dowling and Gladys Evans Dowling. When Moran was one year old, her father died in an automobile accident. A few years later, her mother married Dr. Timothy Moran. She suffered a second loss at age 9, when her stepfather (whom she later described as "my dearest person in the world next to mother") died from influenza.

She attended Seton Hill Academy in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. In 1921, when Lois was 12, she and her mother moved to Paris, France, with funding provided by Lois's great-aunt.

Stage
Moran's stage activities included singing and dancing at the Paris National Opera when she was 13 years old.

Her Broadway credits include Of Thee I Sing (1931) and This Is New York (1930).

Film
Moran's film career began when she made her first film in Paris at age 14. She is probably best known for her role as Laurel Dallas, daughter of the title character, in the 1925 film Stella Dallas, which was her Hollywood film debut.

She appeared in early sound movies such as Behind That Curtain (1929), and some musical movies, such as A Song of Kentucky (1929), Words and Music (1929), and Mammy (1930). She then moved to Broadway, where she appeared in the play This Is New York (1930), and the musicals Of Thee I Sing (1933) and Let 'Em Eat Cake (1934).

Television
Moran also had a co-starring role in the short-lived TV series Waterfront (1954–1955). It starred Preston Foster as Capt. John Herrick and Moran as his wife May Herrick.

Personal life
In 1927, she had a short affair with writer F. Scott Fitzgerald who had moved with his wife to Hollywood in order to write a flapper comedy for United Artists. Moran became a temporary muse for the author and he rewrote Rosemary Hoyt, one of the central characters in Tender is the Night (who had been a male in earlier drafts) to closely mirror her.

In 1935, she married Clarence M. Young, assistant secretary of commerce, temporarily retiring from her acting career. They had one son, Timothy, and remained together until Young's death in 1973.

Death
Moran died at a nursing home in Sedona, Arizona after suffering from cancer. She was cremated and her ashes were scattered in the Red Rock country in Arizona.

Selected filmography

 * La Galerie des monstres (1924)
 * Stella Dallas (1925)
 * Feu Mathias Pascal (1925)
 * Just Suppose (1926)
 * The Road to Mandalay (1926)
 * Padlocked (1926)
 * Prince of Tempters (1926)
 * God Gave Me Twenty Cents (1926)
 * The Whirlwind of Youth (1927)
 * The Music Master (1927)
 * Publicity Madness (1927)
 * Don't Marry (1928)
 * Love Hungry (1928)
 * Blindfold (1928)
 * Words and Music (1929)
 * Joy Street (1929)
 * Making the Grade (1929)
 * True Heaven (1929)
 * The Dancers (1930)
 * Not Damaged (1930)
 * Under Suspicion (1930)
 * Men in Her Life (1931)
 * The Spider (1931)
 * West of Broadway (1931)
 * Alice in the Cities (1974)

title: Lois Moran


text:
Carbidopa/levodopa

Carbidopa/levodopa, also known as levocarb and co-careldopa, is the combination of the two medications carbidopa and levodopa. It is primarily used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but it does not slow down the disease or stop it from getting worse. It is taken by mouth. It can take two to three weeks of treatment before benefits are seen. Each dose then begins working in about ten minutes to two hours with a duration of effect of about five hours.

Common side effects include movement problems and nausea. More serious side effects include depression, low blood pressure with standing, sudden onset of sleepiness, psychosis, and increased risk-taking behavior. Carbidopa prevents the breakdown of levodopa outside the brain. In the brain, levodopa is broken down into dopamine, its active form. Carbidopa also helps prevent some of the nausea which levodopa causes.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 252nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.

Parkinson's disease
It is primarily used to improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease but does not change the course of the disease. It can take two to three weeks of treatment before benefits are seen. Each dose then begins working in about ten minutes to two hours depending on the formulation, with a duration of effect of about five hours.

A formulation that can be given in an intra-intestinal pump, known as Duodopa, is being developed.

Other
Other uses include for dopamine-responsive dystonia (DRD) and restless legs syndrome. Using carbidopa/levodopa may lead to augmentation syndrome, with increasing persistence of restless legs syndrome, and increasing severity.

There is tentative evidence that it is useful in amblyopia when used with other treatments.

Side effects
Common side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, blurred vision, vomiting, nausea, dry mouth, low appetite, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, frequent sneezing, stuffiness of the nose, any of the symptoms of ordinary common cold, cough, muscle pain, hallucinations, numbness or a tingling sensation, disturbances of sleep, skin rash, itching, and/or headache.

Less common, but more serious, side effects can include very frequent blinking or twitching of the eyes, fainting, mood changes such as confusion, depression, hallucinations, thoughts of suicide, or unusual strong urges (such as increased gambling), increases in the sex-drive, delusions (strongly-felt belief in something which is obviously not true), worsening of involuntary movements or spasms, and/or other movement problems.

Mechanism of action
Levodopa is converted to dopamine via the action of a naturally occurring enzyme called DOPA decarboxylase. This occurs both in the peripheral circulation and in the central nervous system after levodopa has crossed the blood brain barrier. Activation of central dopamine receptors improves the symptoms of Parkinson's disease; however, activation of peripheral dopamine receptors causes nausea and vomiting. For this reason levodopa is usually administered in combination with a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor (DDCI), in this case carbidopa, which is very polar (and charged at physiologic pH) and cannot cross the blood brain barrier, however prevents peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine and thereby reduces the unwanted peripheral side effects of levodopa. Use of carbidopa also increases the quantity of levodopa in the bloodstream that is available to enter the brain.

History
In 1960 the Austrian biochemist Oleh Hornykiewicz, while at the University of Vienna, examined results of autopsies of patients who had died with Parkinson's disease. He suggested that the disease was associated with, or caused by, a reduction in the levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia of the brain. Since dopamine itself did not enter the brain, he tried treating twenty patients with a racemic mixture of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), which could enter the brain and be converted there to dopamine by the action of DOPA decarboxylase. His results were positive, as were those of another trial in Montreal run by André Barbeau. Unfortunately, other investigators were unable to replicate these early results, and the use of DOPA remained in question until 1967, when George Cotzias at the Brookhaven National Laboratories in Upton, New York, used megadoses of DOPA, up to 16 grams per day. Not long after these results became known, Curt Porter at Merck showed that L-DOPA was the active stereoisomer, thus reducing the effective dose to half.

With L-DOPA identified as the active form, Alfred Pletscher and his colleagues at Hoffman-LaRoche synthesized benserazide, an inhibitor of DOPA decarboxylase, which further reduced the required dose. A drug combining L-DOPA with benserazide was marketed under the brand name of Madopar. Independent work was carried out by Victor Lotti at Merck in West Point, Pennsylvania. Merck had already synthesized and patented carbidopa, another dopa decarboxylase inhibitor in 1962, and in 1971 Lotti showed that the use of the L-form of carbidopa, further reduced the therapeutic dose of L-DOPA. The combination of L-carbidopa and L-DOPA was marketed under the brand name of Sinemet.

Economics
It is available as a generic medication and is moderately expensive.

Names
The generic name under the BAN system is Co-careldopa.

It is sold under several brand names, including Sinemet (Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited), Pharmacopa, Atamet, Apo-Levocarb, Duodopa, Kinson, and Pharmacopa, among others.

Extended-release formulations are sold as Rytary and Sinemet-CR. An extended-release enteral solution is sold as Duopa.

Shortages
In 1991, Merck licensed the rights to the manufacture and sale of Sinemet to a newly created joint venture, DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company. That same year, approvals for a sustained release formulation (Sinemet CR) which could be taken less frequently were also obtained. DuPont purchased Merck's share in the joint venture in 1998 and began operating the company as DuPont Pharmaceuticals (DuPont Pharma), but Merck continued to manufacture the drug for DuPont. Starting in late 2009 and continuing into 2011 Merck stopped manufacturing the drug while awaiting regulatory approvals due to a change in the supplier of the active ingredient. This resulted in shortages of the brand name products Sinemet and Sinemet CR, although alternative generic versions were still available.

title: Carbidopa/levodopa


text:
User:CodeMonkBot

This is an account for the bot, a kind of special program.

This bot is not registered and not functioning yet.

The owner is User:CodeMonk.

title: User:CodeMonkBot


text:
Dejan Stanković

Dejan Stanković (Дејан Станковић,, born 11 September 1978) is a Serbian professional football manager and former player. He captained the Serbia national team from 2007 until 2011, when he announced his retirement from international football. He is the manager of Russian team Spartak Moscow.

Stanković began his career at Red Star Belgrade before joining Lazio in 1998. He spent more than five years with the latter club before joining Inter Milan, where he remained until his retirement in 2013. Stanković is renowned for being the only man to represent three differently named nations at FIFA World Cups – Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro and Serbia.

Red Star Belgrade
Stanković grew up in Zemun, a municipality of Belgrade. Both of his parents, Borislav and Dragica, have strong football backgrounds. Stanković began playing football for FK Teleoptik, based in his neighbourhood of Zemun. When spotted by Red Star cadet squad coach Branko Radović, however, 14-year-old Dejan transferred to Red Star Belgrade's youth system. Stanković then passed every age category at his hometown club. In the youth teams, he was coached by Vladimir Petrović, playing alongside future professionals Nikola Lazetić and Nenad Lalatović.

During the 1994–95 season, Stanković's debut opportunity for first-team action came under head coach Ljupko Petrović against crosstown rivals OFK Beograd on 11 February 1995, becoming the youngest player to debut with Red Star at senior level. Fighting for a spot on the team led by, among others, Rambo Petković, Darko Kovačević, and Nebojša Krupniković, 16-year-old Stanković made seven league appearances that season as the team won the league title. He scored his first goal against Budućnost Podgorica, becoming the youngest goalscorer in Red Star history as well as a first-team regular and a fan favourite.

During the early 1990s, Red Star was under an international ban because of a United Nations sanction imposed on FR Yugoslavia, meaning that the team could not compete in any European competition. The ban was lifted ahead of the 1995–96 season, and just a year later Stanković debuted in a European competition in two-leg victory over 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the Cup Winners' Cup.

Before the start of the 1997–98 season, he was made squad captain at the age of 19, the youngest ever in the club's history. Despite not winning the league, he captained the team to two domestic cup victories.

Lazio
In the summer of 1998, Stanković transferred for ₤24 million to Lazio, where he scored on his Serie A debut versus Piacenza on 13 September 1998. In those years, Lazio had an all-star squad with world class players at almost every position, but Stanković quickly secured a regular first-team place despite competition from Pavel Nedvěd, Juan Sebastián Verón and Roberto Mancini. He formed a formidable midfield combination with Argentinian Verón and Diego Simeone and were an integral part of the successful Lazio side at the turn of the decade. His work rate and impressive performances earned him the nickname "Il Dragone" ("The Dragon"). He had five-and-a-half successful seasons in the Biancoceleste part of Rome – winning 1999–2000 Serie A, 1999–2000 Coppa Italia, 1998 and 2000 Supercoppa Italiana, 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and 1999 UEFA Super Cup – before earning a high-profile move to Inter Milan in February 2004.

2004–2008
Although Lazio had suffered from financial issues since 2001 and had been forced to sell some of its best players,  Stanković began the 2003–04 season at Lazio. In January 2004, Juventus were favorites in the chase for the Serb's signature, with even some preliminary paperwork reportedly signed between the two parties in early January 2004, but the player eventually chose Inter. He was signed as part of a deal worth €4 million, that also sent Macedonian international Goran Pandev in the opposite direction.

In early February 2004, Stanković played his debut for Inter under head coach Alberto Zaccheroni, a Serie A clash at home against Siena that ended 4–0. On 21 February 2004, he scored a spectacular goal directly from a corner kick to put Inter 1–0 up in the Derby della Madonnina versus fierce rivals Milan. Inter finished the league season in fourth place, thus qualifying for Champions League. Still, Inter president Massimo Moratti was not convinced with Zaccheroni, who quit at the end of the season because of a feeling of distrust; Mancini was then brought in by Moratti from the financial shipwreck at Lazio. In the summer of 2004, Stanković reunited with another familiar face from Lazio: Siniša Mihajlović.

On 7 May 2006, Stanković played his 100th match for Inter. Coming off the summer appearance at the 2006 World Cup, he carried excellent form right from the start of the 2006–07 Serie A campaign, scoring some decisive goals. His double against Catania and his memorable goal against city rivals Milan only further enhanced his central role in a team that will win the league in a record-breaking season. He renewed his contract on 2 February 2007, with Inter securing his services until at least 2010.

2008–09 season
With the June 2008 arrival of José Mourinho to replace Mancini as Inter's head coach, there was much press speculation about Stanković's exit from the Nerazzuri (along with Adriano, David Suazo and Nicolás Burdisso) being imminent, due to reportedly not being held in high regard by the newly arrived Portuguese coach as well as the strong connection the Serbian midfielder had with the previous coach. Then in late June, after reports that Stanković was told by Mourinho that he would not be allowed to show up for the pre-season training in South Tyrol, and more reports on the interest of Juventus, it seemed that Stanković was definitely on his way out. The press reports of Stanković's pending arrival to Juventus, sparked the club's fans into protests and online petitions, as they would neither forgive his turning down the club back in January 2004, nor his exuberant public celebrations after the 2005–06 Serie A title that was stripped from Juventus and handed to Inter following the Calciopoli scandal. The Juve deal fell through within days for a variety of other reasons, and Stanković was suddenly reported to be happy to stay at Inter. However, the transfer talk was temporarily reignited again by Mourinho's suggestion in mid-July 2008 that "Stanković was not the same player that he was at Lazio".

Stanković, however, remained with the club to fight for a spot on Mourinho's team. On 19 October 2008, Stanković scored a superb goal in Inter's 4–0 hammering of Luciano Spalletti's Roma away at the Stadio Olimpico. After receiving a pass from Sulley Muntari, he drove the ball past the Roma goalkeeper into the net, his 24th goal in all competitions for the Nerazzuri, thus ending a year-long goal drought. In the interviews after the match, Stanković talked of his joy to be fully back on form following the injury-prone previous season, also thanking Mourinho for giving him an opportunity, even after the two did not get off on the right foot during the summer pre-season. In December 2008, Stanković, by now an irreplaceable part of Mourinho's midfield, gave another display of his rediscovered form versus Chievo at home: first with a through-pass to Maxwell for the game's opening goal, followed by a goal of his own for 2–0 with a first time shot from the edge of the penalty area, and finally an assist from the right wing to Zlatan Ibrahimović as Inter recorded a 4–2 win.

On 7 February 2009, Stanković celebrated his 200th appearance for Inter in all competitions at the away game versus Lecce. Inter hammered the newly promoted team 3–0, with Stanković heading in the third goal, following a slick free-kick cross from Maicon. Stanković's season-long good form continued, as he scored Inter's second goal against Milan in the 270th Milan Derby on 15 February. This turned out to be the winning goal, after Alexandre Pato had pulled one back. Inter went on to win a fourth consecutive title.

In the Champions League, Inter limped into the second round, after losing their final two group stage matches against Panathinaikos and Werder Bremen. In the first elimination round (round of 16), they lost to Manchester United in a hard-fought tie. Stanković played the full 90 minutes in the first leg at San Siro, putting in a very active display. In the return at Old Trafford, Stanković started the match and had a lively first half, with two missed opportunities to score. In the 58th minute, with United leading 2–0, and Inter forced to chase the result, Mourinho took Stanković off and inserted striker Adriano.

2009–10: Triplete season

The 2009–10 season began well for Stanković. In the Milan derby on 29 August, he played in a deeper role to replace the injured Esteban Cambiasso. Nevertheless, he scored Inter's fourth goal and his second in consecutive Milan derbies in a 4–0 thrashing, a spectacular 30-yard strike after quickly collecting Sulley Muntari's pass. He subsequently scored against Rubin Kazan and Udinese to continue his rich vein of form under José Mourinho.

He also scored a wonder goal from 54 metres out in a 5–0 thrashing against Genoa, volleying the ball straight in from Marco Amelia's clearance. At the end of the season, Stanković won an historical treble with Inter, conquering the 2009–10 Serie A, Coppa Italia and Champions League.

2010–11 season
Playing under new head coach Rafael Benítez, Stanković continued his usual midfield role. On 28 November 2010, Stanković netted a hat-trick in an emphatic 5–2 victory over Parma at the San Siro.

At the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup in Abu Dhabi in mid-December, Stanković played an excellent semi-final against Seongnam, scoring the opening goal and performing well. Despite this, however, Benítez decided to bench the midfielder for the final versus TP Mazembe, only bringing him on for Christian Chivu in the 54th minute. Benítez was soon sacked despite winning the trophy, and a couple of weeks later, Stanković expressed his dismay at Spaniard's decision to leave him on the bench for the final. On the same occasion, despite publicly backing the beleaguered coach months earlier, Stanković stated that Benítez simply "didn't work" at Inter.

Under newly arrived head coach Leonardo, Stanković continued his role in midfield. Stanković scored his first goal under the new coach at home versus Bologna in mid-January, and then continued with the same form away at Udinese, scoring the opening goal in a match that Inter lost 3–1. In Coppa Italia quarter-final at Napoli on 26 January, Stanković injured his thigh muscle. He returned for a Serie A match at Sampdoria on 27 February, as Inter won 2–0. Inter made good recovery chasing the league-leaders Milan, getting within two points of them ahead of Milan derby, but lost disastrously 0–3. Stanković scored a spectacular volley from the halfway line against Schalke 04 in the Champions League quarter-final first leg on 5 April 2011, as goalkeeper Manuel Neuer ran out of the box to make a daring header clearance that made it up to the halfway line, leaving an open goal as a target for Stanković's firm first-time volley. Inter, however, would lose that match 2–5 at home. On 19 April, in the Coppa Italia semi-final first leg, Stanković scored the winning goal with another spectacular long-range effort, hitting a sweet outside foot volley past the despairing dive of the goalkeeper. Stanković played the full 90 in the 2011 Coppa Italia Final, winning his last trophy with Inter.

Retirement
Stanković played two additional seasons at Inter without reaching the same heights. On 6 July 2013, he announced his goodbye to Inter fans via a letter published on the club's official website. He made a total of 326 appearances with Inter, scoring 42 goals. In 2019, he was inducted into Inter Milan Hall of Fame.

International career
Stanković made his international debut for the FR Yugoslavia team against South Korea on 22 April 1998, scoring two goals in a 6–1 victory. He represented the FR Yugoslavia national team at the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2000, soon establishing himself as an important player.

The Yugoslav team was renamed Serbia and Montenegro by the time 2006 World Cup qualifying started. Stanković played all games but last one, scoring two goals. At the 2006 FIFA World Cup, he was given the number 10 shirt and Savo Milošević captained the new Serbia and Montenegro team in their first World Cup, but they failed to progress to the knock-out rounds after losing all their group matches to the Ivory Coast, Argentina and the Netherlands. After Milošević retired, the midfielder took over as captain of the re-formed Serbia national team, following the breakup of Serbia and Montenegro.

He was silver medalist at the 2009 Cyprus International Football Tournament. In the 2010 World Cup qualifying, Stanković started in and captained all but two of Serbia's matches. They qualified for their first World Cup as an independent nation.

In June 2010, he was selected in Serbia's squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, where he played every minute in group stage. He was instrumental in their shock 1–0 win over favorites Germany, but they were not able to progress to the next round due to narrow losses against Ghana and Australia.

After captaining the team in a 1–0 loss in the final game of the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying phase against Slovenia, Stanković announced his retirement from international football after 13 years since his debut against South Korea in 1998. He played a testimonial match two years later, becoming the most capped player in the history of Serbia (103), playing one more match than Savo Milošević. The match was played against Japan, in which he played until the tenth minute, making room for Ivan Radovanović. He received a standing ovation as he said his final goodbye to football. Serbia went on to win the match 2–0.

Style of play
A talented player, A former defender, Stanković usually played as an attacking midfielder; however, he was a versatile and well-rounded player who was capable of operating in many different positions, and made a name for himself as a player who could also play out wide on the wings or track back in a defensive midfield role. He was also capable of playing in the centre of the pitch in a box-to-box role. A tenacious and hard-working player, "Deki", as he is nicknamed, was best known for his efficient, accurate passing, versatility and creativity, as well as his ability to score goals, in particular from long distance, courtesy of his striking ability with his right foot; he was also effective in the air,  and was capable making late runs into the box. He was also known for his pace, skill, and influence on the pitch, as well as his composure. In his prime, he was considered to be one of the best players in European football. Despite his ability, however, he was occasionally criticised in the media for being inconsistent.

Red Star Belgrade
On 21 December 2019, Stanković was appointed as the manager of Serbian SuperLiga club Red Star Belgrade on a two-and-a-half-year contract. The club won the 2019–20 Serbian SuperLiga, Stankovic's first trophy as a manager, 14 points clear of city rivals Partizan.

In 2020–21, Red Star Belgrade went unbeaten through the whole league season, winning 35 of 38 fixtures, while scoring a record-breaking 114 goals. On 25 May, the club also won the Serbian Cup through a 4–3 win on penalties (0–0 after full time) against Partizan in the final. Together with Hoffenheim, they advanced through the group stage of the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League, eliminating Slovan Liberec and Gent in the process. The club was knocked out in the round of 32 by Italian club Milan on away goals after the tie ended 3–3 on aggregate.

On 26 August 2022, Stanković resigned as Red Star manager after being eliminated by Maccabi Haifa in the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League qualification playoff round.

Sampdoria
On 6 October 2022, Stanković signed a contract until the end of the season with struggling Serie A club Sampdoria. He left Sampdoria by the end of season, after failing to save the team from relegation in a situation aggravated by financial struggles.

Ferencváros
On 4 September 2023, he was appointed as the coach of Nemzeti Bajnokság I club Ferencvárosi TC. On 14 December 2023, Ferencváros drew with ACF Fiorentina at the Groupama Arena on the last match day of the 2023–24 UEFA Europa Conference League group stage. Ferencváros finished in the second place and qualified for the knockout stage.

In an interview with La Gazzetta dello Sport, it was a big achievement to draw twice with ACF Fiorentina and being the coach of Ferencváros teaches him to handle stress as a football manager.

On 15 May 2024, Ferencváros were defeated by Paks 2–0 in the 2024 Magyar Kupa Final at the Puskás Aréna.

On 16 May 2024, he resigned from his position.

Spartak Moscow
On 16 May 2024, Russian Premier League club Spartak Moscow announced they signed a two-year contract with Stanković, beginning in the 2024–25 season, he would not be coaching the remaining 2023–24 games.

Personal life
Stanković was born in Belgrade, present day Serbia, to Borislav and Dragica and has a brother Siniša. He is married to Ana Ačimovič, whom he met at the age of 19, and who is a sister of former professional footballer Milenko Ačimovič, Stanković's former teammate at Red Star. The pair has three sons; Stefan (b. 2000), Filip (b. 2002) and Aleksandar (b. 2005), and the family resides in Milan. All of his three sons were members of Inter Milan football academy.

Stanković and his family spend much of their free time in the Slovenian capital Ljubljana, the birthplace of his wife and residence of his brother-in-law Milenko. As of February 2014, Stanković played amateur football for veteran's club KMN Olimpija Ljubljana, where he played alongside his brother in law and a number of former professional footballers (e.g. Sebastjan Cimirotič, Ermin Rakovič, and Igor Lazič).

International

 * Scores and results list FR Yugoslavia/Serbia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Stanković goal.

Player
Red Star Belgrade
 * Yugoslav First League: 1994–95
 * Yugoslav Cup: 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97

Lazio
 * Serie A: 1999–2000
 * Coppa Italia: 1999–2000
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 1998, 2000
 * Cup Winners' Cup: 1998–99
 * UEFA Super Cup: 1999

Inter Milan
 * Serie A: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10
 * Coppa Italia: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2010–11
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010
 * UEFA Champions League: 2009–10
 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2010

Individual

 * ESM Team of the Season: 2006–07
 * Serbian Player of the Year: 2006, 2010
 * Inter Milan Hall of Fame: 2019

Manager
Red Star Belgrade
 * Serbian SuperLiga: 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22
 * Serbian Cup: 2020–21, 2021–22

Ferencváros
 * Nemzeti Bajnokság I: 2023–24

title: Dejan Stanković


text:
Logbasis

Logbasis (in Greek Λογβασις; killed in 218 BC), a citizen of Selge in Pisidia (today part of Turkey). When Selge was attacked by Garsyeris, the general of Achaeus, in 218 BC, Logbasis, as having been guardian to Achaeus' wife Laodice, was deputed by his countrymen to treat with the enemy, and used the opportunity to make a treacherous agreement for the surrender of the city. His design, however, was detected on the very eve of its completion, and his fellow-citizens burst into his house, and slew him, together with his sons and the enemy's soldiers who were secreted there.

title: Logbasis


text:
Sir Edward Knatchbull, 9th Baronet

Sir Edward Knatchbull, 9th Baronet, (20 December 1781 – 24 May 1849) was a British Tory politician. He held office under Sir Robert Peel as Paymaster of the Forces between 1834 and 1835 and as Paymaster General between 1841 and 1845.

Background and education
Knatchbull was the son of Sir Edward Knatchbull, 8th Baronet, and Mary, daughter and heiress of William Western Hugessen, of Provender House in Norton, Kent, and was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and matriculated in 1800.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1802 and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1803. In 1819 he succeeded in the baronetcy on the death of his father.

Political career
Knatchbull was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Kent at a by-election in November 1819, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his father. He held the seat until the 1831 general election, which he did not contest. The Reform Act 1832 split the Kent county constituency into Eastern and Western divisions, and at the 1832 general election Knatchbull and John Pemberton Plumptre were elected as Members for the new Eastern division of Kent. Knatchbull held that seat until his resignation in early 1845 by taking the Chiltern Hundreds.

In 1829 he became one of the leaders of the "Ultra-Tories" who were opposed to Catholic emancipation in Ireland. Sworn of the Privy Council in 1834, he served under Sir Robert Peel as Paymaster of the Forces between 1834 and 1835 and as Paymaster General between 1841 and 1845.

Family
Knatchbull married twice. His first wife was Annabella Christiana Honywood, daughter of Sir John Honywood, 4th Baronet. They married on 25 August 1806 and had six children:

 * Mary Louisa Knatchbull (b. 1808)
 * Mary Dorothea Knatchbull (d. 1838), who married in 1826 Edward Knight
 * Sir Norton Joseph Knatchbull, 10th Baronet (1808–1868), who married in 1831 Mary Watts-Russell. They were parents of the 11th and the 12th Baronets.
 * (child, d. 1818)

Annabella died in childbirth in 1814 and on 24 October 1820, Knatchbull married secondly Fanny Catherine Knight, daughter of Edward Knight (né Edward Austen, the brother of English novelist Jane Austen). They had nine children, including:

 * Edward Hugessen Knatchbull-Hugessen, 1st Baron Brabourne (1829–1893)
 * Reverend Reginald Bridges Knatchbull-Hugessen (1831–1911), who married firstly in 1866 Mary Brockman and secondly in 1885 Hon. Rachel Montgomery and had issues by both wives
 * Herbert Thomas Knatchbull-Hugessen (1835–1922)
 * William Western Knatchbull-Hugessen (1837–1864)
 * Eleanor Grace Knatchbull (d. 1913), who married in 1857 Robert John O'Reilly

Knatchbull died in May 1849, aged 67, at the family's Mersham Hatch estate in Kent, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son from his first marriage, Norton. Lady Knatchbull died in December 1882.

title: Sir Edward Knatchbull, 9th Baronet


text: User talk:69.157.72.237

title: User talk:69.157.72.237


text:
Mary Morris

Mary Lilian Agnes Morris (13 December 1915 – 14 October 1988) was a Fijian born British actress.

Life and career
Morris was the daughter of Australian-born Herbert Stanley Morris, a botanist, and his wife, Sylvia Ena de Creft-Harford. She trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

Morris made her debut in Lysistrata at the Gate Theatre, London in 1936. She performed with Leslie Howard in "Pimpernel" Smith (1941) and Anna Petrovitch in the Ealing war movie Undercover (1943) as the wife of a Serbian guerrilla leader. On television, she played Professor Madeleine Dawnay in the science-fiction television drama A for Andromeda (and its sequel, The Andromeda Breakthrough), Queen Margaret in the BBC's An Age of Kings (a version of Shakespeare's History Plays), Lady Macbeth in the 1960 radio production of Macbeth, and Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra (as part of the BBC's adaptation of Shakespeare's Roman plays, The Spread of the Eagle) in 1963.

She played Number Two in The Prisoner's episode "Dance of the Dead". After an absence of many years, she reappeared in diverse film roles such as Madame Fidolia the Russian ballerina and theatre school director in the BBC television serial Ballet Shoes (1975), and the mother of the murdered boy in the 1977 horror film Full Circle. She also appeared on television in Doctor Who in the story Kinda (1982), playing the role of the shaman Panna opposite Peter Davison.

Her other television appearances included the Countess Vronsky in the BBC's Anna Karenina (1977); the macabre, ancient relative in the Walter de la Mare story Seaton's Aunt (1983) in Granada Television's Shades of Darkness series; a recently deceased woman attempting to cheat death in a 1988 episode of HBO's Ray Bradbury Theater; Mrs Browning-Browning in Stephen Wyatt's Claws (BBC 1 1987); and the formidable matriarch in Police at the Funeral, an adaptation of one of Margery Allingham's Albert Campion stories for the BBC's Campion (1989).

In addition to her film role, she played Elizabeth the First on a 'Makers of History' LP record, using the queen's spoken and written words and contemporary music, issued by EMI in 1964.

Death
Morris died from heart failure, aged 72, on 14 October 1988 in Aigle, Switzerland.

Feature films

 * Victoria the Great (1937) – Duchess of Kent
 * Prison Without Bars (1938) – Renee
 * The Spy in Black (1939) – Chauffeuse
 * The Thief of Bagdad (1940) – Halima/the Silver Maiden
 * Who Killed Jack Robins? (1940)
 * Major Barbara (1941) – A Girl
 * "Pimpernel" Smith (1941) – Ludmilla Koslowski
 * Undercover (1943) – Anna Petrovitch
 * The Man from Morocco (1945) – Sarah Duboste
 * The Agitator (1945) – Lettie Shackleton
 * Train of Events (1949) – Louise (segment "The Actor")
 * High Treason (1951) – Anna Braun
 * The Pythoness (1951) – Narrator (voice)
 * Full Circle (1977) – Greta Braden

Television
• The Trial of Madeleine Smith (1949, BBC Television) – Madeleine Smith

• The Young Elizabeth (1953, BBC Television) – Elizabeth Tudor

• The Philco Television Playhouse (1953)

• Six Characters in Search of an Author (1954, BBC Television) – The Step-Daughter

• The Face of Love (1954, BBC Television) – Cressida

• Uncle Harry (1958, BBC Television) – Lettie Quincey

• Under Western Eyes (1962, TV Movie) – Tekla

• An Age of Kings (1960) – Queen Margaret, widow to Henry VI

• Interpol Calling (1960) – Ingrid Hoffman

• A for Andromeda (1961) – Professor Madeleine Dawnay

• The Andromeda Breakthrough (1962) – Madeleine Dawnay

• Ghost Squad (1963) – Dr. Ibanez

• Theatre 625 (1965–1968) – Sister Leonora / Agatha / Doktor von Zahnd

• Thirty-Minute Theatre (1967) – The woman

• The Prisoner (1967) – Number Two

• Plays of Today: Men of Iron (1969) – "Scotch Ellen

• An Unofficial Rose (1974–1975) – Emma Sands

• Ballet Shoes (1975) – Madame Fidolia

• Play for Today (1976) – Bernarda

• Anna Karenina (1977) – Countess Vronsky

• King Richard II (1978, BBC Television Shakespeare) – Duchess of Gloucester

• Doctor Who (1982) – Panna

• Diana (1984) – Miss Westcott

• The Life and Death of King John (1984, BBC Television Shakespeare) – Queen Elinor

• The Moon Over Soho (1985, TV play) – Frieda King

• Claws (1986)

• The Ray Bradbury Theater (1988) – Matilda Hanks

• Campion (1989; posthumous) – Caroline Faraday

title: Mary Morris


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ABC (computer virus)

ABC, discovered in October 1992, is a memory-resident, file-infecting computer virus which infects EXE files and may alter both COM and EXE files. ABC activates on the 13th day of every month.

Upon infection, ABC becomes memory-resident at the top of system memory but below the 640K DOS boundary and hooks interrupts 16 and 1C. The copy of command.com pointed to by the COMSPEC environment variable may also be altered. ABC infects/alters COM and EXE files as they are executed.

After infection, total system memory, as measured by the DOS CHKDSK program, will not be altered, but available free memory will have decreased by approximately 8,960 bytes. Altered, but not infected, COM or EXE files will have 4 to 30 bytes added to their length. Infected EXE files (COM files are never infected) have a file length increase of 2,952 to 2,972 bytes, and ABC is located at the end of the infected EXE. An altered/infected file's date and time in the DOS disk directory listing may have been updated to the current system date and time when the file was altered/infected.

No text strings are visible within the viral code in infected EXE files, but the following text strings are encrypted within the initial copy of the ABC virus:

 * ABC_FFEA
 * Minsk 8.01.92
 * ABC

ABC causes keystrokes on the compromised machine to be repeated. It seems double-letter combinations trigger this behavior, e.g. "book" becomes "boook [sic]". System hangs may also occur when some programs are executed, a likely side effect of ABC-induced corruption.

The ABC virus is not to be confused with the ABC keylogger trojan, written in 2004 by Jan ten Hove.

title: ABC (computer virus)


text:
User talk:Solgen

Image copyright problem with Image:Eu bg.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Eu bg.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Longhair 10:41, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Solgen


text:
10-meter band

The 10-meter band is a portion of the shortwave radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use on a primary basis. The band consists of frequencies stretching from 28.000 to 29.700 MHz.

History
The 10-meter band was allocated on a worldwide basis by the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Washington, D.C., on October 4, 1927. Its frequency allocation was then 28-30 MHz.

A 300 kHz segment, from 29.700 MHz to 30.000 MHz, was removed from the amateur radio allocation by the 1947 International Radio Conference of Atlantic City.

In the late 1970s, the impending ban by the FCC of the sale of older 23-channel CB equipment that did not meet more stringent restrictions on newer, 40-channel units, meant that a surplus of 23-channel CB gear was on the market. This was a windfall for amateur radio enthusiasts, allowing access to fairly inexpensive radios which could easily be modified for use in the 10-meter band.

American Novice- and Technician-class licensees were granted CW and SSB segments on the 10-meter band as of 00:01 UTC March 21, 1987.

With the elimination of Morse code testing requirements for U.S. amateurs in February 2007, Technician-class licensees who have not passed a code test may operate with up to 200 watts PEP using CW and SSB modes in a portion of the 10-meter band.

Operating
Being a very wide band in HF terms, many different transmission modes can be found on 10 meters. Morse code and other narrowband modes are found toward the bottom portion of the band, SSB from 28.300 MHz up, and wideband modes (AM and FM) are found near the upper part of the bottom portion of the band. Digital modes, such as PSK-31, are also allowed in the upper portion of the band, with 28.120 being a popular PSK-31 frequency.

Propagation characteristics
Due to its unique spot in the spectrum, 10 meters can occasionally be challenging to work. At peak times of the solar cycle when many sunspots appear on the Sun's surface, 10 meters can be alive with extremely long-distance signals, refracting from the F2 layer in the ionosphere. Generally speaking, the most effective and efficient propagation of 10-meter radio waves takes place during local daylight hours. During periods of increased sunspot activity, band openings may begin well before sunrise and continue into the night.

Long-distance opportunities via F2 seem to follow the sun across the globe. In North America, for instance, F2 might bring Europe and western Asia in the morning, the Americas during midday, and the Pacific and East Asia in late afternoon and early evening.

Even in times of solar minimum, when F2 is rarely available, 10 meters still has some long distance possibilities. Sporadic E propagation can bring in signals from a hundred to many thousands of miles away. Sporadic E on 10 meters is mainly a seasonal event, with late spring and early summer being prime time for the mode. A shorter, less-intense period occurs during mid-winter, often between Christmas and the new year. Other, off-peak openings may be seen almost anytime. Even during solar minimum, F2 openings often occur on transequatorial paths, for example between Europe and Southern Africa or between Pacific North America and the Eastern Pacific islands.

In tropical latitudes 10 meters is open throughout the sunspot cycle, although propagation is often confined to other areas lying along the equator. For example, a good path from West Africa to the Caribbean exists on 10 meters even at solar minimum.

10-meter sub-bands
Although 10 meters has a worldwide amateur radio allocation, in some countries the use of portions of 10 meters is allocated by the government by license class, by signal mode or signal bandwidth. Beyond these regulations there is also a general voluntary band plan adhered to by amateurs throughout the world.

Worldwide frequency allocations
Worldwide 10-meter frequency allocations are specified by the ITU. The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union allow amateur radio operations in the frequency range from 28.000 to 29.700 MHz.

Canadian 10-meter band plan
Canada is part of region 2 and as such is subject to the IARU band plan. Radio Amateurs of Canada offers the bandplan below as a recommendation for use by radio amateurs in that country but it does not have the force of law and should only be considered a suggestion or guideline.

Japan
Refer to the following URL. https://www.jarl.org/English/6_Band_Plan/JARL%20Band%20Plan20230925(E).pdf

Novice sub-bands
Named for the segment of 10 meters granted for use to American Novice Class Amateur Radio license holders. The Novice sub-bands consist of two frequency ranges; one for CW and Data operation, and the other for SSB phone operation.

Novice CW
28.000-28.300 MHz is a very active part of 10 meters for CW operation.

Novice/Technician phone
28.300-28.500 MHz is probably the most active part of the 10-meter band. Operation in this segment is almost exclusively SSB worldwide.

Beacons
Because the propagation on 10 meters can vary drastically throughout the day, propagation beacons are very important to gauge the current conditions of the band. With some differences in each ITU Regions and also from country to country, the beacon sub-bands fall between 28.100 and 28.300 MHz. ITU Region 1 is generally 28.190-28.225 MHz and ITU Region 2 is generally 28.200-28.300 MHz.

A list of 10-meter propagation beacons is available.

AM sub-band
From 29.000 to 29.200 MHz. Formerly-common practice was to use the band in 10 kHz steps: e.g. 29.010, 29.020, 29.030,... etc. This has not been the case since the 1970s, which saw an influx of surplus 23-channel CB equipment modified for use on the 10-meter amateur band. The surplus equipment would land in 10 kHz steps on the 5 kHz step such as: 29.015, 29.025, 29.035, etc. Users of the surplus equipment also inherited those radios' odd channel spacing, which on CB skipped channels that were not used there, because they were set aside for remote control operations.

Satellite sub-band
From 29.300 to 29.510 MHz the satellite sub band allows amateur radio operators to communicate with orbiting OSCARs.

Satellite operation
Many amateur radio satellites have either an uplink or a downlink in the 29 MHz range. Information about particular satellites and operational modes is available from AMSAT.

As of the current writing, only AO-7's 10m downlink is active.

FM sub-band
From 29.000 MHz to 29.700, The FM sub-band is usually channelized into repeater and simplex frequencies. The channels are commonly grouped into repeater inputs, simplex, and repeater output frequencies.

Repeater input frequencies: 29.510, 29.520, 29.530, 29.540, 29.550, 29.560, 29.570, 29.580 and 29.590 MHz.

Simplex channel, worldwide calling FM: 29.600 MHz

Secondary simplex is 29.500 Japan and others use 29.00 to 29.40 FM simplex. 10kHz steps from 29.0 to 29.1 and 20kHz steps 29.2 to 29.40 with 29.30 a national simplex channel in Japan.

Repeater output frequencies: 29.610, 29.620, 29.630, 29.640, 29.650, 29.660, 29.670, 29.680 and 29.690 MHz.

Repeater operation
Common practice for 10-meter repeaters is to use a 100 kHz negative offset for repeater operation. Due to the very few available repeater channels, "odd-splits" (offsets differing from 100 kHz) and non-standard frequencies are rare and uncommon. Since 10 meters can frequently open up to propagate globally, most 10-meter repeaters use a CTCSS sub-audible access tone. 16 kHz-wide signals with 5 kHz deviation is normal in this band. 8 kHz-wide signals with 2.5 kHz deviation can also be found. 2.5kHz deviation is mandated by FCC rules below 29.0 MHz.

FM simplex channels
29.300 MHz is a common frequency to find JA hams on. British hams commonly use the 29.400 to 29.500 MHz band for FM as well with 29.400, 29.450, and 29.500 MHz being common. USA hams can be found on FM anywhere above 29.000 MHz, commonly on the above frequencies talking to overseas hams. 29.200 to 29.300 MHz is set aside in some area band plans for FM simplex use.

Organizations and enthusiasts

 * Ten-Ten International
 * The Breeze Shooters ARC

Due to its unique nature, 10 meters has a large following of hobbyists who spend most of their time on this frequency band. The major group of enthusiasts is Ten-Ten which has been organized since the 1960s.

Analog frequency modulation (FM) radio relay stations (repeaters) are used by radio operators to contact each other around the world, while relaying through an intermediate relay site.

title: 10-meter band


text:
Household chemicals

Household chemicals are non-food chemicals that are commonly found and used in and around the average household. They are a type of consumer goods, designed particularly to assist cleaning, house and yard maintenance, cooking, pest control and general hygiene purposes, often stored in the kitchen or garage.

Food additives generally do not fall under this category, unless they have a use other than for human consumption. Additives in general (e.g. stabilizers and coloring found in washing powder and dishwasher detergents) make the classification of household chemicals more complex, especially in terms of health - some of these chemicals are irritants or potent allergens - and ecological effects.

Together with non-compostable household waste, the chemicals found in private household commodities pose a serious ecological problem. In addition to having slightly adverse up to seriously toxic effects when swallowed, chemical agents around may contain flammable or corrosive substances.

Purposes
Various household cleaning products have been developed to help remove dust and dirt, for surface maintenance, and for disinfection. Products are available in powder, liquid or spray form. The basic ingredients determine the type of cleaning tasks for which they are suitable. Some are marketed as general-purpose cleaning materials, while others are targeted at specific cleaning tasks such as drain clearing, oven cleaning, lime scale removal and polishing furniture. Household cleaning products provide aesthetic and hygiene benefits, but may cause health risks. The US Department of Health and Human Services offers the public access to the Household Products Database, with consumer information on over 4,000 products based on information provided by the manufacturer through the material safety data sheet.

Surfactants lower the surface tension of water, allowing it to flow into smaller tiny cracks and crevices in soils, making removal easier. Alkaline chemicals break down known soils such as grease and mud. Acids break down soils such as lime scale, soap scum, and stains of mustard, coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages. Some solvent-based products are flammable and some can dissolve paint and varnish. Disinfectants stop smell and stains caused by bacteria.

Health & safety impacts
When multiple chemicals are applied to the same surface without full removal of the earlier substance, the chemicals may interact. This interaction may reduce the efficiency of the chemicals applied (such as a change in pH value caused by mixing alkalis and acids) and in some cases may even emit toxic fumes. An example of this is the mixing of ammonia-based cleaners (or acid-based cleaners) and bleach. This causes the production of chloramines that volatilize (become gaseous), causing acute inflammation of the lungs (toxic pneumonia), long-term respiratory damage, and potential death.

Residue from cleaning products and cleaning activity (dusting, vacuuming, sweeping) has been shown to worsen indoor air quality (IAQ) by redistributing particulate matter (dust, dirt, human skin cells, organic matter, animal dander, particles from combustion, fibers from insulation, pollen, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) to which gaseous or liquid particles can be adsorbed. The concentration of such particulate matter and chemical residual will highest immediately after cleaning, and will decrease over time depending upon levels of contaminants, air exchange rate, and other sources of chemical residual. Of most concern are the family of chemicals called VOCs such as formaldehyde, toluene, and limonene.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from many household cleaning products such as disinfectants, polishes, floor waxes, air-freshening sprays, all-purpose cleaning sprays, and glass cleaner. These products have been shown to emit irritating vapors. VOCs tend to evaporate and then to be inhaled into the lungs or adsorbed by dust, which can also be inhaled. Aerosolized (spray) cleaning products are important risk factors and may aggravate symptoms of adult asthma, respiratory irritation, childhood asthma, wheeze, bronchitis, and allergy.

Other modes of exposure to potentially harmful household cleaning chemicals include absorption through the skin (dermis), accidental ingestion, and accidental splashing into the eyes. Products for the application and safe use of the chemicals are also available, such as nylon scrub sponges and rubber gloves. It is up to consumers to keep themselves safe while using these chemicals. Reading and understanding the labels is important.

Chemicals used for cleaning toilets, sinks, and bathtubs can find their way into sewage water and can often not be effectively removed or filtered.

There is a growing consumer and governmental interest in natural cleaning products and green cleaning methods. The use of nontoxic household chemicals is growing as consumers become more informed about the health effects of many household chemicals, and municipalities are having to deal with the expensive disposal of household hazardous waste (HHW).

Examples

 * Air freshener
 * Ammonia
 * Bleach
 * Conditioner
 * Deodorant
 * Detergent
 * Disinfectant
 * Drain cleaner
 * Hard surface cleaner
 * Insect repellent
 * Soap
 * Toilet rim block
 * Body wash

title: Household chemicals