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Talk:Malacañang Palace

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title: Talk:Malacañang Palace


text:
Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey!

The song "Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey", also known as "Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey! (Goin' Back to Birmingham)", was written by Little Richard and recorded on May 9, 1956 at J&M Studio, New Orleans, Louisiana, (supervised by Bumps Blackwell).

Recording and releases
In 1955, Little Richard recorded two different versions of "Kansas City" by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller: one on September 13 (supervised by Bumps Blackwell), and one on November 29 (with five vocalists, supervised by Art Rupe). The first version, which adheres closely to the original 1952 recording by Little Willie Littlefield for the first two verses, was not released until November 1970, on the compilation album Well Alright! The second version, which had been substantially re-worked by Little Richard (in particular, it featured a new refrain starting with words, "Hey, hey, hey, hey; Hey baby, hey child, hey now") was released in March 1959 on The Fabulous Little Richard and in April 1959 as single after the success of the Wilbert Harrison hit.

"Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey" was recorded six months after the second version of "Kansas City", incorporating the same refrain. However, as "Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey" was released in 1958 – with the writing credited solely to Richard Wayne Penniman (Little Richard) – the public perceived it as an earlier recording than "Kansas City".

In January 1958, Specialty Records released the song as B-side of "Good Golly, Miss Molly" and, in July 1958, on the compilation Little Richard.

Personnel

 * Little Richard – vocal, piano
 * Lee Allen – leader, tenor saxophone
 * Alvin "Red" Tyler – baritone saxophone
 * Edgar Blanchard – guitar
 * Ernest McLean – guitar
 * Frank Fields – bass
 * Earl Palmer – drums

Cover versions
The Beatles performed the song as early as September 5, 1962, at the Cavern Club in Liverpool, and in December of that year at the Star-Club in Hamburg. In 1964, the group released the albums Beatles for Sale (UK) and Beatles VI (US) featuring an arrangement of "Kansas City" based on the issued Little Richard version.

"Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey" was recorded by Bob Seger during the recording session that produced his cover of Fats Domino's "Blue Monday" for the 1989 Road House soundtrack album. Seger's take remained unreleased until 2011, when it was released as the lead single on the retrospective album Ultimate Hits: Rock and Roll Never Forgets.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey!


text:
Keir O'Donnell

Keir O'Donnell is an Australian–American actor, best known for his roles in the films Wedding Crashers, The Break-Up, Paul Blart: Mall Cop and American Sniper as well as numerous television appearances.

Early life
O'Donnell attended high school at The Bromfield School, and was involved in numerous productions both on the festival circuit and in community theater. In 1996 he was awarded a Massachusetts High School Drama Guild Acting Scholarship. Upon graduation he joined the first class of the newly created four-year classical theatre acting conservatory at The Hartt School in Hartford, Connecticut. The Hartt School of Theatre was established by Malcolm Morrison and Alan Rust (North Carolina School of the Arts). At the Hartt School he performed in numerous plays including Three Sisters, Lysistrata, Twelfth Night, Philadelphia Here I Come, and played Romeo in Romeo and Juliet opposite Hannah Mello. He graduated in 2000 and was accepted to the Hartford Stage Co. Regional Theatre, where he appeared in Macbeth and A Christmas Carol. In the fall of 2001 he was cast as a lead in the US premiere of The Man Who Never Yet Saw Woman's Nakedness by Moritz Rinke, at The Odyssey Theatre in West Los Angeles.

Feature films
After several student and independent films, O'Donnell landed the role of Todd Cleary in Wedding Crashers. The film went on to become the highest grossing R-rated comedy of all time. Not long after Crashers, Vince Vaughn invited O'Donnell to join him on the road for his Wild West Comedy Tour, a tour that hit 30 cities in 30 days across the country. O'Donnell would appear on stage with Vaughn as a special guest doing improv skits. The tour was filmed and can be seen as the documentary: Vince Vaughn's Wild West Comedy Show.

In 2002, he played the role of Todd Jarvis in the movie Splat!, a troubled teen who played paintball to help him succeed. O'Donnell re-teamed with Vaughn for The Break-Up. O'Donnell costarred in the indie comedy Flakes with Zooey Deschanel, which premiered at the 2007 South By Southwest Film Festival. O'Donnell also appeared in Henry Bean's film Noise, which was featured at the 2008 Toronto Film Festival. He appeared as the villain Veck Simms in Paul Blart: Mall Cop and appeared in the 2010 romantic comedy, When in Rome, with Kristen Bell and Josh Duhamel. The same year he had a cameo in The Mother of Invention.

O'Donnell had his directorial debut in 2024, with Marmalade.

Television work
O'Donnell made guest appearances on Lost, CSI, The Closer, and United States of Tara. He made several appearances on the first season of the FX series Sons of Anarchy. He appeared in an episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, which aired on 2 October 2008. He was part of the ensemble cast of the short-lived ABC documentary-style dramedy, My Generation (2010), developed by Noah Hawley, and later had recurring roles on Hawley's other series Fargo and Legion. In 2011, he had a recurring role on the Showtime series United States of Tara, appearing for the second half of the third season as Evan, Kate's love interest. In 2013, he made a guest appearance on NCIS playing Ramsey Boone.

title: Keir O'Donnell


text:
Rudolf von Bennigsen

Karl Wilhelm Rudolf von Bennigsen (10 July 1824, Lüneburg – 7 August 1902, Bennigsen near Springe) was a German politician descended from an old Hanoverian family.

Biography
Bennigsen was born at Lüneburg on 10 July 1824. He was descended from an old Hanoverian family, his father, Karl von Bennigsen, was an officer in the Hanoverian Army who rose to the rank of general and also held diplomatic appointments. The anthropologist Moritz von Leonhardi was his nephew.

After studying at the University of Göttingen, where he became a member of the Corps Hannovera, Bennigsen entered the Hanoverian civil service. In 1855, he was elected a member of the second chamber, and because the government refused to allow him leave of absence from his official duties, he resigned his post in the public service. He at once became the recognized leader of the Liberal opposition to the reactionary government, but should be distinguished from Alexander Levin, Count of Bennigsen, a member of the same family and son of the distinguished Russian General Bennigsen, who was also one of the parliamentary leaders at the time, serving as Hanover's minister-president between 1848 and 1850 and afterwards as president first of the first chamber, then of the second chamber of the Estates Assembly of the Kingdom of Hanover (parliament).

What gave Bennigsen his importance not only in Hanover, but throughout the whole of Germany, was the foundation of the German National Association, which was due to him, and of which he was president. This society, which arose out of the public excitement created by the Austro-Sardinian War, had for its object the formation of a national party which should strive for the unity and the constitutional liberty of the whole Fatherland. It united the moderate Liberals throughout Germany, and at once became a great political power, notwithstanding all the efforts of the governments, and especially of King George V of Hanover to suppress it. Bennigsen was also one of the founders of the Protestantenverein in 1863.

In 1866 Bennigsen, then leader of the liberal opposition in the second chamber of the Estates Assembly, used all his influence to keep Hanover neutral in the Austro-Prussian War, but in vain. He took no part in the war, but his brother, who was an officer in the Prussian Army, was killed in Bohemia. In May of this year he had an important interview with Bismarck, who wished to secure his support for the reform of the German Confederation, and after the war was over at once accepted the position of a Prussian subject, taking his seat in the diet (parliament) of the North German Confederation and in the Prussian House of Representatives. He used his influence to procure as much autonomy as possible for the province of Hanover, but was a strong opponent of the Guelph Party. He was one of the three Hanoverians, Ludwig Windthorst and Johann von Miquel being the other two, who at once won for the representatives of the conquered province the lead in both the Prussian and North German parliaments. The Nationalverein, its work being done, was now dissolved; but Bennigsen was chiefly instrumental in founding a new political party, the National Liberals, who, while they supported Bismarck's national policy, hoped to secure the constitutional development of the country.

For the next thirty years Bennigsen was president of the party, and was the most influential of the parliamentary leaders. It was chiefly owing to him that the building up of the internal institutions of the empire was carried on without the open breach between Bismarck and the parliament, which was often imminent. Many amendments suggested by him were introduced in the debates on the constitution; in 1870 he undertook a mission to Southern Germany to strengthen the national party there, and was consulted by Bismarck while at Versailles. It was he who brought about the compromise on the military bill in 1874. In 1877 he was offered the post of vice-chancellor with a seat in the Prussian ministry, but refused it because Bismarck or the king would not agree to his conditions. From this time his relations with the government were less friendly, and in 1878 he brought about the rejection of the first Socialist Bill.

In 1883 he resigned his seat in parliament owing to the reactionary measures of the government, which made it impossible for him to continue his former co-operation with Bismarck, but returned in 1887 to support the coalition of national parties. One of the first acts of the Emperor Wilhelm II was to appoint him upper president of the Province of Hanover. In 1897 he resigned this post and retired from public life. He died on 7 August 1902.

title: Rudolf von Bennigsen


text:
Talk:Self-incrimination

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mnv14, Megallicchio, Gabs418, Jesscampos. Peer reviewers: Marwa14el, Christian Nap.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 January 2019 and 6 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): ReneeChecinski, Marinaekladious, Meganfink177, Marorzek.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Suggestion for More Content

 * Maybe include a subsection under the US law portion, that speaks on individual state laws that may offer more protection against self-incrimination.
 * It could be interesting to include a section about the issue of semantic ambiguity with law enforcement informing someone of their rights.

ReneeChecinski (talk) 18:42, 28 March 2019 (UTC) Possible Additional Article Bibliographies

 * Flumenbaum, Martin, Karp, Brad S. Court Shifts on Effect of Using Handcuffs During Police Encounters.(U.S. Court of Appeals). New York Law Journal. January 30, 2019.

 * Criminal Procedure. Fifth Amendment. Third Circuit Denies Self-Incrimination Privilege at Sentencing Hearing. United States v. Mitchell, 122 F.3d 185 (3d Cir. 1997).” Harvard Law Review, vol. 111, no. 4, 1998, pp. 1140–1145. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1342019.ReneeChecinski (talk) 18:40, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

Accuracy Disputed
This is not NPOV. It says rights are being curtailed in the name of the ambigiuous and Orwellian War against Terror.

 * You are correct. Also, this article was created by MPLX, who seems to be dedicated to making John Lilburne into some kind of major historic figure.  See also: John Lilburne Research Institute and Four Freedoms Federation.  So, I'm adding the POV and the "disputed" tag. --JW1805 01:31, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Fifth amendment has been well-written about, so we don't really need a reference to some Newsweek article, or to quote a publisher's description from the back of a book. The name of the book should be enough. I'm deleting the fluffy stuff. [Alexei]

Merge?
Shouldn't this article be merged with Right to silence? --JW1805 19:40, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * While they may serve a similar purpose, protection from self-incrimination and the right to silence are not the same thing. To "take the Fifth" is significantly different from the right not to answer questions - indeed the Fifth Amendment does not mention silence. 62.252.64.15 23:21, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Further explanation
The article explains what self-incrimination is and that it is not allowed in certain legal systems, but does not explain why. The question of why someone should not be required to incriminate themselves is not answered. Mojo-chan 15:37, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Directly or indirectly

 * Self-incrimination can occur either directly or indirectly: directly, by means of interrogation where information of a self-incriminatory nature is disclosed; indirectly, when information of a self-incriminatory nature is disclosed voluntarily without pressure from another person.

Shouldn't this be the converse? That is, directly when disclosed voluntarily, and indirectly by means of interrogation? Please explain. Dforest (talk) 05:20, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

That's what I thought. I think it's a mistake. 86.135.159.45 (talk) 18:41, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

plea bargaining
Why isn't plea bargaining considered a violation of the right against self-incrimination. Saying "if you confess, you will get one year shorter sentence" is equal to saying "if you remain silent, you will be punished by one year more". --88.113.189.17 (talk) 13:37, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Dear IP 88.113.189.17: A short, simple answer would be: A plea bargain is a deal whereby the defendant pleads guilty to at least one charge in exchange for having at least one other charge dropped. A plea bargain does not involve anyone "compelling" the defendant to be a "witness against himself". In some sense, of course, there is pressure being put on the defendant, but under the law this is not the kind of pressure that is deemed to violate the defendant's right not to be compelled to be a witness against himself. Famspear (talk) 16:34, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

A guilty plea is a recognition by the accused that the prosecution is able to prove all the essential elements of the alleged crime. It is also considered a mitigating factor in sentencing because it demonstrates remorse on the part of the offender. By pleading guilty, the accused waives the right to remain silent and, in effect, agrees to incriminate himself or herself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.150.200.95 (talk) 15:22, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

UK RIPA ACT
This act makes failure to disclose a password, key or keyphrase, or failure to decrypt data when required by a police investigation to do so a criminal offence. Given the probability that encrypted data potentially represents the self-incriminating thoughts of a defendant, should this act and similar legal provisions elsewhere (e.g. concerning border searches of computing equipment) be discussed on this page ? --Copsewood (talk) 15:52, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Maybe. Of course, the laws of both the United States and the United Kingdom are full of provisions that criminalize the intentional failure or refusal to disclose a given piece of information, or the intentional refusal to perform some act. I can't comment on the effect of such laws in the United Kingdom, as I'm not that familiar with the current legal system there. In the United States, whether such a law can withstand the provisions of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution depends on the kind of information that is being required to be provided, and the attendant circumstances. Famspear (talk) 20:22, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

Uncited sentence
OK so I don't read your rules I just common sense, and am smarter than most of the people who edit Wikipedia.

Now this sentence it makes my stomach quiver, I believe it is on the fence with a citation, although it is somewhat general knowledge as far as what can be sought after.

If it needs a citation email me before you delete it and I'll do it when I get drunk. hemiolacadence@gmail.com Burnedfaceless (talk) 20:05, 13 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Which sentence are you referring to? Gnome de plume (talk) 13:04, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

Canada Self Incrimination
Would this source work to help clarify the section: http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-c-5/latest/rsc-1985-c-c-5.html

The relevant text in question: Incriminating questions

5 (1) No witness shall be excused from answering any question on the ground that the answer to the question may tend to criminate him, or may tend to establish his liability to a civil proceeding at the instance of the Crown or of any person.

Answer not admissible against witness

(2) Where with respect to any question a witness objects to answer on the ground that his answer may tend to criminate him, or may tend to establish his liability to a civil proceeding at the instance of the Crown or of any person, and if but for this Act, or the Act of any provincial legislature, the witness would therefore have been excused from answering the question, then although the witness is by reason of this Act or the provincial Act compelled to answer, the answer so given shall not be used or admissible in evidence against him in any criminal trial or other criminal proceeding against him thereafter taking place, other than a prosecution for perjury in the giving of that evidence or for the giving of contradictory evidence.

R.S., 1985, c. C-5, s. 5; 1997, c. 18, s. 116. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.48.50.190 (talk) 05:28, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

It should probably be updated to mention that in certain situations spouses may refuse to testify even if subpoenaed.

From the most recent Canadian Evidence Act: Section 4 under Witnesses:

Accused and spouse

4 (1) Every person charged with an offence, and, except as otherwise provided in this section, the wife or husband, as the case may be, of the person so charged, is a competent witness for the defence, whether the person so charged is charged solely or jointly with any other person. Spouse of accused

(2) No person is incompetent, or uncompellable, to testify for the prosecution by reason only that they are married to the accused.

Communications during marriage

(3) No husband is compellable to disclose any communication made to him by his wife during their marriage, and no wife is compellable to disclose any communication made to her by her husband during their marriage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.101.90.174 (talk) 03:54, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Self-incrimination


text:
Words of Love

"Words of Love" is a song written by Buddy Holly and released as a single in 1957.

Original version
Holly recorded the song on April 8, 1957. Holly harmonized with himself, by combining tape recordings of each part. The song was not a notable hit for Holly, although it is regarded as one of his important recordings and is available in most standard Holly collections.

A compilation album, Words of Love, released by PolyGram in the UK in 1993, reached number 1 and was certified as a gold record.

The Diamonds version
A doo-wop version by the Diamonds, released by Mercury Records on May 20, 1957, reached number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 in July 1957, making the song Holly's first hit, though as a composer not performer. The Diamonds also performed the song live on the ABC television show Circus Time on June 27, 1957, and included it on the 1962 Mercury LP album Pop Hits (MGW 12178).

The Beatles' version
The Beatles recorded a cover version of the song on October 18, 1964 for the UK album Beatles for Sale. It first appeared in the U.S. on the album Beatles VI. It was also on a 7-inch extended play, Beatles for Sale No. 2, released by Parlophone/EMI in 1965. John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who were fans of Holly, sang in harmony with George Harrison, holding to the vocal and instrumental sound of Holly's original as well as they could. Before their big break, the group had performed the song live between 1958 and 1962, with Lennon and Harrison singing. For the official release, though, Lennon and McCartney shared vocal duties. The song only took two takes, along with a vocal overdub. The mono mix is longer than the stereo mix.

Personnel

 * John Lennon – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Paul McCartney – lead vocals, bass
 * George Harrison – lead vocals, double-tracked lead guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums, packing case
 * Personnel according to Ian MacDonald

Other recordings and Solo Recordings by the Former Beatles
A 1963 Beatles performance of "Words of Love" recorded for BBC broadcast is included on the 2013 compilation album On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2. The recording was also included on a five-song promotional EP from the album, and on a DVD or Blu-ray included with the 2015 album 1+, The Beatles also jammed a version of the song during the Get Back/Let it Be session in 1969

Paul McCartney performed the song in 1985 on acoustic guitar for the documentary The Real Buddy Holly Story.

Pete Best, a former drummer for The Beatles during August 1960 to August 1962 recorded a version of the song with his group The Pete Best Band in 1999.

Other cover versions

 * Jessica Lea Mayfield recorded a cover version of the song for the Starbucks compilation Sweetheart: Our Favorite Artists Sing Their Favorite Love Songs.
 * Pat DiNizio covered the song for his tribute CD, Pat DiNizio/Buddy Holly, in 2009.
 * The power pop band Shoes covered the song for the 1989 Buddy Holly tribute album Everyday Is a Holly Day.
 * Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs released a recording of the song in 1964 on the album Buddy's Buddy.
 * Mike Berry recorded the song in 1999 for the tribute album Buddy—A Life in Music, released on the Hallmark label.
 * The Pete Best Band recorded the song in 1999.
 * Jeremy Jay recorded the song in 2009.
 * Patti Smith's cover of the song is featured on the 2011 release Rave on Buddy Holly, a tribute album featuring performances of Holly's music by various artists.
 * Jeff Lynne contributed a cover version to the tribute album Listen to Me: Buddy Holly, released in 2011.

title: Words of Love


text:
Honey Don't

"Honey Don't" is a song written by Carl Perkins, originally released on January 1, 1956 as the B-side of the "Blue Suede Shoes" single, Sun 234. Both songs became rockabilly classics. Bill Dahl of Allmusic praised the song saying, Honey Don't' actually outclasses its more celebrated platter-mate in some ways." It has been covered by more than 20 other artists, including the Beatles, Ronnie Hawkins and Johnny Rivers. The song has appeared in films such as The Prince of Tides, Diner, and Perfect Sisters.

Background
According to David McGee, author of ''Go, Cat, Go! The Life and Times of Carl Perkins, the King of Rockabilly'', Carl Perkins first brought the song to a rehearsal with his band which at the time comprised the Perkins brothers and W.S. Holland:
 * Carl Perkins – lead guitar and vocals
 * Jay Perkins – acoustic guitar and backing vocals
 * Clayton Perkins – double bass
 * W. S. Holland – drums

When Carl first played the song to Jay Perkins, Jay protested what sounded to him like an odd chord choice, going to a C7 chord after the E instead of the natural blues progression choice of A. At first, Jay refused to go along, but Carl convinced him it was something different, and today the chord choice is one of the most interesting aspects of the song.

Perkins and his band performed the song, along with "Blue Suede Shoes", during their television debut on ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee on March 17, 1956.

The Beatles version
The Beatles recorded their version on 26 October 1964 one of the last songs recorded for Beatles for Sale, which was released in the United Kingdom on 4 December 1964. The North American release was on 15 December on Beatles '65.

Although John Lennon had previously sung the song live, Ringo Starr performed it for the album, his usual one lead vocal per album. During the song, he makes self-referential remarks leading into George Harrison's guitar riffs, saying, "Rock on George, one time for me!" and then "Rock on, George, for Ringo one time!" The Monkees referenced the latter remark leading into the instrumental break of their song "No Time" from their 1967 album Headquarters.

The Beatles performed the song twice for the BBC for the From Us To You and Top Gear programs. A version sung by Lennon is available on Live at the BBC. and a version sung by Starr was released on On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2.

As part of the 1985 televised concert Blue Suede Shoes: A Rockabilly Session, Ringo Starr joined Carl Perkins to perform vocals and play drums for the song.

Starr performed a live version of the song, as a tribute to Harrison for their fondness of Perkins, at the Concert for George at London's Royal Albert Hall in 2002.

Along with "Matchbox", "Honey Don't" is one of the rare songs that all four Beatles have separately recorded or performed on stage (see section below).

Personnel

 * Ringo Starr – lead vocal, drums, percussion
 * John Lennon – acoustic rhythm guitar
 * Paul McCartney – bass guitar
 * George Harrison – lead guitar
 * Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Other covers

 * Johnzo West recorded the song for the 2014 Perfect Sisters movie soundtrack.
 * Ronnie Hawkins on Mr. Dynamo album, 1960.
 * Billy "Crash" Craddock covered the song on his 1986 album Crash Craddock.
 * Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band, 1989, Ringo Starr and His All-Starr Band 1990 live album, 1995, 2003, 2006, 2010-2011 tours, Blue Suede Shoes: A Rockabilly Session, 1985, and The Concert For George, 2003.
 * Johnny Rivers covered the song on his album Memphis Sun Recordings, released in 1991.
 * Gene Summers performed "Honey Don't", during a live concert, that was filmed and broadcast by Warner Amex Television in 1983.
 * Ben Folds Five on the collection Vault Volume II (1998-2003).
 * Raul Seixas covered the song on his 1975 album Novo Aeon.
 * T. Rex featuring Marc Bolan recorded the song in 1971; Electric Warrior Sessions album, 1997.
 * Wanda Jackson covered the song on her 1964 album Two Sides of Wanda Jackson.
 * John Lennon recorded the song in the 1970s, released on the 2010 remasters collection, John Lennon Signature Box.
 * Lee Rocker on the 2012 album Night Train to Memphis.
 * Shakin' Stevens and The Sunsets, CBS single, I'm No J.D. album, 1971
 * Glen Glenn and The Maddox Brothers live on the Squeakin' Deacon Show in 1957.
 * Vince Taylor recorded the song in 1965.
 * George Harrison performed the song live on stage in 1987 with the Silver Wilburys at the Palomino Club in Hollywood and with Carl Perkins in 1988.
 * Paul McCartney has performed the song in soundchecks during the On the Run Tour in 2011 and the One on One Tour in 2016.
 * Eugene Chadbourne, There'll Be No Tears Tonight album, 1980.
 * Skitzo, Terminal Damage, 1988
 * Johnny Devlin on the Prestige album How Would Ya Be.
 * Mac Curtis in 1970 as a 45 single on Epic Records, 5-10574.
 * Elvis Costello performed it with Ricky Skaggs, Brian Setzer, and Marty Stuart at a 1997-02-05 taping for Ricky Skaggs' TV show on TNN.
 * Joe Walsh with Steve Earle for the motion picture The Beverly Hillbillies, 1993
 * A version appears on the 2021 50th anniversary box set John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band.

title: Honey Don't


text:
Julian Sands

Julian Richard Morley Sands (4 January 1958 – c. 13 January 2023) was an English actor. His break-out role was as George Emerson in A Room with a View (1985), and he also appeared in The Killing Fields (1984), Gothic (1986), Siesta (1987), Warlock (1989), Arachnophobia (1990), Naked Lunch (1991), Boxing Helena (1993), Leaving Las Vegas (1995), The Medallion (2003), Ocean's Thirteen (2007), and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011). On television, he portrayed Nick Hardaway in Rose Red (2002), Vladimir Bierko in 24 (2006), Jor-El in Smallville (2009–2010) and voiced Valmont in Jackie Chan Adventures (2000–2002).

In January 2023, Sands went missing while hiking in the San Gabriel Mountains northeast of Los Angeles. His remains were discovered that June in the area he had been visiting.

Early life
Julian Richard Morley Sands was born in Otley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, on 4 January 1958, son of William Sands, a soil analyst, and Brenda, née Leach, a Conservative party councillor and leading figure in the local amateur dramatic society. He was educated at Lord Wandsworth College in Hampshire, and studied at the Central School of Speech and Drama.

Career
Sands began his film career appearing in supporting roles in films, including Oxford Blues (1984) and The Killing Fields (1984). He also had a cameo as a Greek soldier in the BBC adaptation of The Box of Delights in 1984. He appeared opposite John Hurt in the Swiss horror film After Darkness in 1985. He was cast as the romantic lead in the 1985 film A Room with a View. Following the success of A Room with a View and Ken Russell's Gothic (1986) Sands dropped out of Maurice and decided to move to Hollywood to pursue a career in American films, where he appeared in a range of roles.

Sands played the title role in the horror film Warlock (1989) and its sequel Warlock: The Armageddon (1993), the role of Franz Liszt in Impromptu (1991), the role of Yves Cloquet in Naked Lunch (1991), and prominent roles in Arachnophobia (1990), Boxing Helena (1993), Tale of a Vampire (1992), and Leaving Las Vegas (1995). He played Erik, aka the Phantom in the 1998 horror-film version of The Phantom of the Opera. He played Laurence Olivier in BBC Four's In Praise of Hardcore (2005), a drama about the critic and impresario Kenneth Tynan.

In television work, he voiced Valmont in seasons 1 and 2 of Jackie Chan Adventures, before being replaced by Andrew Ableson and Greg Ellis in the remaining seasons. He played the Doci of the Ori in two episodes of the ninth season of Stargate SG-1 (a role he reprised in the film, Stargate: the Ark of Truth). He played a college professor in a Season One episode of The L Word. In 2002, he starred in Stephen King's Rose Red and the Austrian ambassador Klemens von Metternich in the miniseries Napoléon. In the 2006 season of 24, he played terrorist Vladimir Bierko.

Sands played Jor-El, Superman's father, in the ninth season of Smallville, and reprised the role in the series' final (tenth) season. In 2009, he played Reg Hunt in Bollywood Hero. In 2012, he played Alistair Wesley in the seventh episode of the second season of Person of Interest.

In August 2011, he appeared onstage at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in A Celebration of Harold Pinter, directed by John Malkovich at the Pleasance Courtyard. The play transferred to the Irish Repertory Theatre, in New York. His performance in the play was nominated for "Outstanding Solo Performance" for the 58th Annual Drama Desk Awards (2013).

In 2011, Sands appeared in the mystery thriller film The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, an English-language remake of the original version, as the younger Henrik Vanger. In 2012, Sands voiced the character of DeFalco in Call of Duty: Black Ops 2. In 2013, Sands appeared as Miles Castner, a wealthy international businessman, during the eighth season of Dexter.

Personal life
Sands was married to Sarah Harvey, a British journalist and author, from 1984 until 1987. The couple had one son. On 22 September 1990, Sands married Evgenia Citkowitz – an American playwright, author, and journalist who is the daughter of Polish-American composer Israel Citkowitz and Lady Caroline Blackwood – after being introduced by John Malkovich, a friend of Sands. The couple had two daughters. Sands was fiercely protective of his family and rarely spoke about his wife or children in interviews.

Sands and his family lived in Los Angeles, California, from 1990 until his death.

Disappearance and death
On 13 January 2023, Sands, a dedicated mountaineer, went hiking in Mount San Antonio, California, in the San Gabriel Mountains northeast of Los Angeles, and was reported missing later that evening. The initial search was hampered by severe storms that occurred shortly after he went missing. His car was located on 18 January. The following day, it was reported that Sands's three adult children had joined the ground search for their father. His son Henry, along with an experienced climber, was retracing the route his dad was believed to have taken. According to reports, Sands's mobile phone was last tracked from a pinged location on 15 January, suggesting it had run out of power.

Around the time of his disappearance, Sands was believed to be traversing the Baldy Bowl Trail, "which climbs 3,900 ft over 4.5 mi to the highest summit in the San Gabriel Mountains". Reports state there was "evidence of avalanches" in the region. A representative of the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department (SBSD) confirmed that "the air search is being resumed, but we have not been able to resume a ground search yet due to icy conditions and a threat of avalanches." The Sands family put out a statement on the 11th day after Sands went missing, praising "the heroic search teams" and their efforts "on the ground and in the air to bring Julian home".

On 25 January, Nick Sands, one of Sands's four brothers, was quoted by the BBC as saying "I have come to terms with the fact he's gone and for me that's how I've dealt with it." Henry Sands told The Times on 14 April that he was "of course, realistic about the impact on the search of the weather conditions over the last three months", in light of the 40-year record snowfall in California, and that he looked forward to the resumption of the search as the weather improved and that the search for his father continues.

On 19 June, five months after Sands disappeared, the SBSD posted an update stating that more than 80 search-and-rescue members had descended into remote areas across Mount Baldy to search for Sands on 17 June. The advisory stated that since January, there had been eight official search missions to find Sands, exceeding 500 volunteer search hours. On 23 June, the Sands family released a statement, saying "We continue to hold Julian in our hearts with bright memories of him as a wonderful father, husband, explorer, lover of the natural world and the arts, and as an original and collaborative performer".

On 24 June, hikers found human remains in the area where Sands had disappeared. The remains were positively identified as Sands's on 27 June. On 24 July, the cause of death was listed as "undetermined" because of "the condition of the body ... [which is] common when dealing with cases of this type."

title: Julian Sands


text:
Every Little Thing (Beatles song)

"Every Little Thing" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their album Beatles for Sale, issued in the UK in December 1964. Credited to Lennon–McCartney, it was written by Paul McCartney. Capitol Records first issued the song in the US on Beatles VI in June 1965. The track is an early example of the Beatles' use of non-rock instrumentation on a recording, through the addition of timpani drum over the choruses.

Composition
Recalling the song's creation in his authorised biography, Many Years from Now (1997), McCartney says he wrote "Every Little Thing" in the music room at the London home of his then-girlfriend Jane Asher, where he was living at the time. Other sources, citing a 1964 interview with McCartney, place the song's origins at Atlantic City in the United States, where the Beatles stopped over in late August that same year during their US tour. In 1980, John Lennon told Playboy magazine that McCartney wrote the song, although he himself might have "[thrown] something in". Author John Winn concludes that McCartney began the composition in London and finished it with Lennon in Atlantic City.

"Every Little Thing" is a rare example of a Lennon–McCartney song in which one member of the partnership was primary composer (here McCartney) but the other sang lead vocal (here Lennon). This was done to try to reproduce the sound of A Hard Day's Night. McCartney sings in unison with Lennon on the verses, but Lennon's vocal is more prominent. McCartney sings the high harmony on the chorus.

Recording
The Beatles recorded "Every Little Thing" for their fourth studio album, Beatles for Sale, during a period when Lennon and McCartney's productivity as songwriters had suffered as a result of the band's international touring commitments. In Many Years from Now, McCartney says he had intended the song to be their next single, but it "didn't have quite what was required", and was issued as an album track instead.

The group recorded the song in four takes at EMI Studios in London on 29 September 1964, and then five more on 30 September. The recording has been the source of some confusion among commentators, based on McCartney's comments in 1964 that the electric guitar riff was played by Lennon, rather than by George Harrison, the band's lead guitarist. In their respective line-ups for the song, authors Ian MacDonald and Kenneth Womack each credit Harrison for the lead guitar part, played on a Rickenbacker 12-string, and Lennon as the acoustic rhythm guitarist. Winn also names Harrison as the lead guitarist, saying that he played Rickenbacker on the basic track and the subsequent overdubs.

The four band members enjoyed themselves on the second night; take 6 was aborted due to McCartney burping his vocals, and take 7 was finished but ended in loud laughter. "Every Little Thing" is one of the first Beatles tracks to include "exotic" instrumentation, as Ringo Starr added timpani over the choruses, punctuating the refrain with one-two flourishes. In addition, musicologist Walter Everett highlights the subtle use of piano in the musical arrangement; played as an electric guitar motif by Harrison on initial takes of the song, the piano part provides a countermelody during the verses. The timpani and piano (the latter played by McCartney) were overdubbed onto take 9, along with a guitar intro.

Critical reception
Ian MacDonald praised the "emotional depth" of "Every Little Thing" and cited this song among others as a counter-argument to the common perception of McCartney as an "emotional lightweight". Richie Unterberger of AllMusic also admires the song and its "infectious chorus". While considering the Lennon–McCartney compositions on Beatles for Sale to be relatively uninspired, author Mark Hertsgaard pairs "Every Little Thing" with "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" as tracks that demonstrate "how the band, thanks largely to John and Paul's extraordinary singing, could make unremarkable material sound richer than it really was". Tom Ewing of Pitchfork Media describes "Every Little Thing" as a "splendid" song that is "given melodramatic thrust by Shangri-Las-style piano and bass drum". While noting the Beatles' fatigue on the album in reaction to their punishing schedule in 1964, Ewing views McCartney's narrative as "distinctly melancholy, his 'yes, I know I'm a lucky guy' sounding like an attempt to convince himself of that". Far Out critic Lucy Harbron said that "the tender song still remains one of their sweetest takes on love and a feat of collaboration between Lennon and McCartney."

In 2010, "Every Little Thing" appeared at number 91 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Beatles Songs".

This song was revisited briefly during the stressful rehearsals that were recorded for the Beatles' Get Back/Let It Be project – Harrison describes it as "a good one" before starting to play the lick, McCartney joining in on vocals.

Guesting on NPR's All Songs Considered, musician Matthew Caws selected "Every Little Thing" as his pick for "perfect song". Caws said: "the lyrics are happy and simple, but the melody is sad and deceptively complex. The disconnect between these two elements is what gives the song such depth."

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald and Kenneth Womack:

 * John Lennon – double-tracked lead vocal, acoustic guitar
 * Paul McCartney – vocal harmony, bass, piano
 * George Harrison – double-tracked lead guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums, timpani

Cover versions

 * In 1969, Yes covered this song on their self-titled debut album. Their cover turned the song into a grungy wall of sound with several tempo and key changes and an extended jam opening that also references the Beatles' "Day Tripper".
 * In 1986, Lou Ann Barton did a version on her EP Forbidden Tones.
 * In 2003, Peter Lipa included this song and 15 other Lennon–McCartney songs on his album Beatles in Blue(s).
 * In 2004, Martin Gordon released a cover on The Joy of More Hogwash.
 * In 2006, Barbara Dickson included this song and eleven other Lennon–McCartney and Harrison songs on her album Nothing's Gonna Change My World.

title: Every Little Thing (Beatles song)


text:
St. Elmo Historic District (Chattanooga, Tennessee)

The St. Elmo Historic District, or St. Elmo for short, is a neighborhood in the city of Chattanooga, Tennessee. It is situated in the southernmost part of Hamilton County within the valley of Lookout Mountain below the part of the Tennessee River known as Moccasin Bend. St Elmo is at the crossroads of two ancient Indian trails, and was first occupied by Native American hunters and gatherers in the Woodland period, then agricultural Mississippians, including Euchee and Muscogee, and for a brief period between 1776 and 1786, the Cherokees in a community called Lookout Town. St. Elmo became part of the city of Chattanooga when it was annexed in September 1929.

Hundreds of properties in the neighborhood were listed on the National Register in 1982, and in 1996 St. Elmo was designated a Local Historic District. Many of the buildings from the late 19th and early 20th century have been preserved. A St. Elmo resident is an 'Elmoian'.

Settlement
In 1776, Cherokee chief Dragging Canoe and several hundred Cherokee warriors migrated to Chickamauga Creek after objecting to a treaty between other Cherokees and American land speculators and promising active resistance. They became known as the Chickamaugas, and eventually moved farther down the Tennessee River below The Suck; to the other end of the Tennessee River Gorge. There they built the "Five Lower Towns" at Running Water (now Whiteside) and further downriver. Between 1777 and 1782, the so-called "Chickamaugas" also had a town called Tsatanugi (or Chatanuga, based on the Muscogee word cvto - rock), near here along Chattanooga Creek.

Daniel Ross, a young Scottish immigrant, came to the area in 1785 and worked at a trading post with John McDonald, the area's first businessman. Ross married McDonald's daughter and the two built a house in what was to become St. Elmo after the Wars. Their youngest son, John Ross, was the leader of the Cherokee Nation who would call for passive resistance to the federal Indian removal policies that led to the Trail of Tears in 1838.

Early St. Elmo and Chattanooga
Up until 1838, the Tennessee River was the dividing line between Hamilton County and the Cherokee country. That year, the community of Ross's Landing was surveyed, and in 1839 the village of Chattanooga was established north of the mouth of Chattanooga Creek. In 1840, the state of Tennessee began to sell the property formerly owned by the Cherokees at the rate of $7.50 an acre.

James Whiteside purchased 5,000 acres of land, including most of the northern end of Lookout Mountain. To encourage tourism, Whiteside built a turnpike up the mountain and a three-story hotel for tourists, which opened in 1855. Among the visitors was young writer Augusta Jane Evans, who became friends with Whiteside's daughter, Thankful Whiteside, and her husband, Abraham Malone Johnson. Evans was said to have quipped that the view toward Chattanooga from Lookout Mountain reminded her of the view of Naples, Italy from St. Elmo Castle. After the American Civil War and in need to cash, Evans published a novel set in the vicinity about a young woman whose Christian virtue redeems a cynical lothario named Clinton St. Elmo. Titled St. Elmo, the novel appeared in 1866 to great success, selling more than a million copies within four months of its publication date. The area took its name from the novel. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin was the only American novel to sell more copies in the nineteenth century.

Yellow fever and urban development
A yellow fever epidemic in Chattanooga caused an exodus in 1878. Almost 12,000 people fled the city, many going to Lookout Mountain. At the time, the mountain was accessible on the north side only by a four-hour trip up the old Whiteside Turnpike, which was built in the 1850s and cost a toll of two dollars. Complaints about the toll led to the 1879 construction of the St. Elmo Turnpike, which had an easier grade and a lower toll (the St. Elmo turnpike was paved and renamed the Adolph S. Ochs Highway in the late 1920s).

Until the 1880s, the area at the foot of Lookout Mountain remained primarily a wooded area. The real boom in the growth of St. Elmo as a residential community coincided with the planning and development of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, which was dedicated in 1890. At the time, St. Elmo saw development resulting from both a general real estate and construction boom in the South and the 1893 expansion of an electric trolley from Chattanooga to St. Elmo.

Connecting St. Elmo to Chattanooga

The trolley was not the only transportation development to influence the history of St. Elmo. In 1887, the narrow-gauge Incline #1 ran cars from St. Elmo up to the bluffs of Lookout Mountain. Soon after, a broad-gauge line was opened for carrying regular railroad cars to the mountaintop. And finally, in 1895, Incline #2 (now known as the Incline Railway) started taking passengers up the steepest part of the mountain. Its views were popular with both residents and tourists, and by 1900 the success of this railway closed down all of its competitors. Today, "America's Most Amazing Mile" still enjoys the distinction of being the world's steepest passenger railway.

In 1905, St. Elmo was incorporated and a town commission was formed for the purpose of securing funding for a school. A bond was issued, and work on the building was completed at the end of 1906. The small brick building replaced St. Elmo's first school, established in 1891.

It wasn't until 1926 that a direct route was established between St. Elmo and Chattanooga. The city wanted to provide a thoroughfare to St. Elmo and Lookout Mountain, but Broad Street ended abruptly at Ninth Street (now Martin Luther King Boulevard), terminating at a railroad station owned by the State of Georgia. Negotiations to open a passageway for a road through the south side had failed over the years. Chattanooga Commissioner Ed Bass took matters into his own hands on the night of May 6, when he and a crew of city workers bulldozed enough of the buildings to establish a right-of-way for cars. The city got its road, and eventually Georgia sold the rest of its holdings in the area.


text: User talk:70.115.213.67

title: User talk:70.115.213.67


text:
I Don't Want to Spoil the Party

"I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. It was featured as the twelfth track on the 1964 album Beatles for Sale. "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" was also released on the Beatles for Sale (No. 2) EP. It was later released as the B-side of the US single "Eight Days a Week", and then as the fifth track on the North America-only album Beatles VI. The song reached number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Lyrics
The lyrics anticipate themes that were to become familiar in Lennon's songwriting – alienation and inner pain. In this song, the narrator is at a party, waiting for his girl to show up. When it becomes clear that she has stood him up, he decides to leave, rather than spoil the party for everyone else. Both the lyrics and melody share a melancholy sound and theme with songs that precede it on Beatles for Sale, such as "No Reply" and "I'm a Loser". Author Ian MacDonald views the song as a return to the subject matter introduced by Lennon on "I'll Cry Instead", from the Beatles' A Hard Day's Night album, and a "preview" of "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away", from Help!

Recording
The Beatles recorded "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" on 29 September 1964 in 19 takes, the last of which was released. George Harrison's guitar solo, played on his new Gretsch Tennessean in the style of Carl Perkins, was enhanced by midrange resonance boost, giving it an especially bright sound. According to The Encyclopedia of Country Music, the song is an early example of country rock, anticipating the Byrds' work in that style. MacDonald describes it as the "most overt" country track on Beatles for Sale, an album that is "dominated by the idiom".

Among the band's biographers, opinions differ on which Beatle sings the low harmony part during the verses, below Lennon's lead vocal. MacDonald lists Harrison as the second vocalist on the track, while John Winn credits McCartney, saying that he sounds "deceptively like a second Lennon". According to musicologist Walter Everett, the harmony part is Lennon "self-duetting".

Reception
Cash Box described it as "a funky, country-bluesish teen-angled tear-jerker."

Personnel
According to Walter Everett: except where noted
 * John Lennon – lead vocals (verses) and harmony vocals (chorus), acoustic rhythm guitar
 * Paul McCartney – bass, harmony vocals, lead vocals (chorus)
 * George Harrison – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine

Rosanne Cash version
Rosanne Cash covered the song for her Hits 1979-1989 compilation. Her version went to number one on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart in 1989. It was also Cash's last number one hit to date, and is the only Lennon-McCartney song to top the country chart.

title: I Don't Want to Spoil the Party


text:
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells, NG2-glia, O2A cells, or polydendrocytes, are a subtype of glia in the central nervous system named for their essential role as precursors to oligodendrocytes. They are typically identified in the human by co-expression of PDGFRA and CSPG4.

OPCs play a critical role in developmental and adult myelinogenesis. They give rise to oligodendrocytes, which then wrap around axons and provide electrical insulation by forming a myelin sheath. This enables faster action potential propagation and high fidelity transmission without a need for an increase in axonal diameter. The loss or lack of OPCs, and consequent lack of differentiated oligodendrocytes, is associated with a loss of myelination and subsequent impairment of neurological functions. In addition, OPCs express receptors for various neurotransmitters and undergo membrane depolarization when they receive synaptic inputs from neurons.

Structure
OPCs are glial cells that are typically identified by co-expression of NG2 (a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan encoded by CSPG4 in humans) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (encoded by PDGFRA). They are smaller than neurons, of comparable size to other glia, and can either have a bipolar or complex multipolar morphology with processes reaching up to ~50 μm. OPCs comprise approximately 3–4% of cells in grey matter and 8–9% in white matter, making them the fourth largest group of glia after astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes.

OPCs are present throughout the brain, including the hippocampus and in all layers of the neocortex. They distribute themselves and achieve a relatively even distribution through active self-repulsion. OPCs constantly survey their surroundings through actively extending and retracting processes that have been termed growth cone like processes. Death or differentiation of an OPC is rapidly followed by migration or local proliferation of a neighboring cell to replace it.

In white matter, OPCs are found along unmyelinated axons as well as along myelinated axons, engulfing nodes of Ranvier. Recently, OPCs have been shown to reside in close contact with NG2-expressing pericytes in cerebral white matter, as well.

OPCs receive synaptic contacts onto their processes from both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. OPCs receive preferred somatic contacts from fast-spiking GABAergic neurons, while non-fast spiking interneurons have a preference for contacting the processes. These inhibitory connections (in mice) occur mainly during a specific period in development, from postnatal day 8 till postnatal day 13.

Development
OPCs first appear during embryonic organogenesis. In the developing neural tube, Shh (Sonic hedgehog) signaling and expression of Nkx6.1/Nkx6.2 coordinate expression of Olig1 and Olig2 in neuroepithelial cells of the pMN and p3 domains of the ventral ventricular zone. Together, Nkx2.2 and Olig1/Olig2 drive OPC specification.

In the forebrain, three regionally distinct sources have been shown to generate OPCs sequentially. OPCs first originate from Nkx2.1-expressing cells in the ventricular zone of the medial ganglionic eminence. Some OPCs are also generated from multipotent progenitors in the subventricular zone (SVZ). These cells migrate into the olfactory bulb. Depending on their origin in the SVZ, these progenitors give rise to either OPCs or astrocytes. Typically, cells originating from the posterior and dorsomedial SVZ produce more oligodendrocytes owing to increased exposure to posterior Shh signaling and dorsal Wnt signaling which favors OPC specification, in contrast to ventral Bmp signaling which inhibits it.

As development progresses, second and third waves of OPCs originate from Gsh2-expressing cells in the lateral and caudal ganglionic eminences and generate the majority of adult oligodendrocytes. After the committed progenitor cells exit the germinal zones, they migrate and proliferate locally to eventually occupy the entire CNS parenchyma. OPCs are highly proliferative, migratory, and have bipolar morphology.

OPCs continue to exist in both white and grey matter in the adult brain and maintain their population through self-renewal. White matter OPCs proliferate at higher rates and are best known for their contributions to adult myelinogenesis, while grey matter OPCs are slowly proliferative or quiescent and mostly remain in an immature state. Subpopulations of OPCs have different resting membrane potentials, ion channel expression, and ability to generate action potentials.

Fate
Typically beginning in postnatal development, OPCs myelinate the entire central nervous system (CNS). They differentiate into the less mobile premyelinating oligodendrocytes that further differentiate into oligodendrocytes, a process characterized by the emergence of the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), or myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). Following terminal differentiation in vivo, mature oligodendrocytes wrap around and myelinate axons. In vitro, oligodendrocytes create an extensive network of myelin-like sheets. The process of differentiation can be observed both through morphological changes and cell surface markers specific to the discrete stage of differentiation, though the signals for differentiation are unknown. The various waves of OPCs could myelinate distinct regions of the brain, which suggests that distinct functional subpopulations of OPCs perform different functions.

Differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes involves massive reorganization of cytoskeleton proteins ultimately resulting in increased cell branching and lamella extension, allowing oligodendrocytes to myelinate multiple axons. Multiple pathways contribute to oligodendrocyte branching, but the exact molecular process by which oligodendrocytes extend and wrap around multiple axons remains incompletely understood. Laminin, a component of the extracellular matrix, plays an important role in regulating oligodendrocyte production. Mice lacking laminin alpha2-subunit produced fewer OPCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Deletion of Dicer1 disrupts normal brain myelination. However, miR-7a, and miRNA in OPCs, promotes OPC production during brain development.

Controversy
The possibility and in vivo relevance of OPC differentiation into astrocytes or neurons are highly debated. Using Cre-Lox recombination-mediated genetic fate mapping, several labs have reported the fate of OPCs using different Cre driver and reporter mouse lines. It is generally held that OPCs predominantly generate oligodendrocytes, and the rate at which they generate oligodendrocytes declines with age and is greater in white matter than in grey matter. Up to 30% of the oligodendrocytes that exist in the adult corpus callosum are generated de novo from OPCs over a period of 2 months. It is not known whether all OPCs eventually generate oligodendrocytes while self-renewing the population, or whether some remain as OPCs throughout the life of the animal and never differentiate into oligodendrocytes.

OPCs may retain the ability to differentiate into astrocytes into adulthood. Using NG2-Cre mice, it was shown that OPCs in the prenatal and perinatal grey matter of the ventral forebrain and spinal cord generate protoplasmic type II astrocytes in addition to oligodendrocytes. However, contrary to the prediction from optic nerve cultures, OPCs in white matter do not generate astrocytes. When the oligodendrocyte transcription factor Olig2 is deleted specifically in OPCs, there is a region- and age-dependent switch in the fate of OPCs from oligodendrocytes to astrocytes.

Whereas some studies suggested that OPCs can generate cortical neurons, other studies rejected these findings. The question is unresolved, as studies continue to find that certain populations of OPCs can form neurons. In conclusion, these studies suggest that OPCs do not generate a significant number of neurons under normal conditions, and that they are distinct from neural stem cells that reside in the subventricular zone.

Function
As implied by their name, OPCs were long held to function purely as progenitors to oligodendrocytes. Their role as a progenitor cell type has since expanded to include both oligodendrocytes and some protoplasmic type II astrocytes in grey matter. Later, additional functions were suggested.

Remyelination
Spontaneous myelin repair was first observed in cat models. It was later discovered to occur in the human CNS as well, specifically in cases of multiple sclerosis (MS). Spontaneous myelin repair does not result in morphologically normal oligodendrocytes and is associated with thinner myelin compared to axonal diameter than normal myelin. Despite morphological abnormalities, however, remyelination does restore normal conduction. In addition, spontaneous remyelination does not appear to be rare, at least in the case of MS. Studies of MS lesions reported the average extent of remyelination as high as 47%. Comparative studies of cortical lesions reported a greater proportion of remyelination in the cortex as opposed to white matter lesions.

OPCs retain the ability to proliferate in adulthood and comprise 70–90% of the proliferating cell population in the mature CNS. Under conditions in the developing and mature CNS where a reduction in the normal number of oligodendrocytes or myelin occurs, OPCs react promptly by undergoing increased proliferation. Rodent OPCs proliferate in response to demyelination in acute or chronic lesions created by chemical agents such as lysolecithin, and newborn cells differentiate into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. A chelating agent cuprizone is also used in these demyelination studies in rats. Similarly, OPC proliferation occurs in other types of injury that are accompanied by loss of myelin, such as spinal cord injury.

Despite OPCs' potential to give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes, complete myelin regeneration is rarely observed clinically or in chronic experimental models. Possible explanations for remyelination failure include depletion of OPCs over time, failure to recruit OPCs to the demyelinated lesion, and failure of recruited OPCs to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes (reviewed in  ). In fresh MS lesions, clusters of HNK-1+ oligodendrocytes have been observed, which suggests that under favorable conditions OPCs expand around demyelinated lesions and generate new oligodendrocytes. In chronic MS lesions where remyelination is incomplete, there is evidence that there are oligodendrocytes with processes extending toward demyelinated axons, but they do not seem to be able to generate new myelin. The mechanisms that regulate differentiation of OPCs into myelinating oligodendrocytes are an active area of research.

Another unanswered question is whether the OPC pool eventually becomes depleted after it is used to generate remyelinating cells. Clonal analysis of isolated OPCs in the normal mouse forebrain suggests that in the adult, most clones originating from single OPCs consist of either a heterogeneous population containing both oligodendrocytes and OPCs or a homogeneous population consisting exclusively of OPCs, suggesting that OPCs in the adult CNS are able to self-renew and are not depleted under normal conditions. However, it is not known whether this dynamic is altered in response to demyelinating lesions.

Node of Ranvier
OPCs extend their processes to the nodes of Ranvier and together with astrocyte processes make up the nodal glial complex. Since the nodes of Ranvier contain a high density of voltage-dependent sodium channels and allow regenerative action potentials to be generated, it is speculated that this location allows OPCs to sense and possibly respond to neuronal activity.

Neuromodulation
OPCs synthesize the neuromodulatory factors prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) and neuronal pentraxin 2 (NPTX2). This is regulated by NG2, whose intracellular domain can be cleaved by γ-secretase and translocated to the nucleus. The NG2 ectodomain can also modulate AMPA and NMDA receptor-dependent LTP. Constitutive and activity-dependent cleavage of NG2 by ADAM10 releases the ectodomain, which contains two N-terminal LNS domains that act on neuronal synapses.

Neuron–OPC synapse
OPCs express numerous voltage-gated ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Structural studies have shown that neurons form synapses with OPCs in both grey matter and white matter. Electron microscopy revealed OPC membranes apposed to neuronal presynaptic terminals filled with synaptic vesicles. OPCs express AMPA receptors and GABAA receptors and undergo small membrane depolarizations in response to presynaptic vesicular glutamate or GABA release.

OPCs can undergo cell division while maintaining synaptic inputs from neurons. These observations suggest that cells that receive neuronal synaptic inputs and those that differentiate into oligodendrocytes are not mutually exclusive cell populations but that the same population of OPCs can receive synaptic inputs and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. However, OPCs appear to lose their ability to respond to synaptic inputs from neurons as they differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes. The functional significance of the neuron-OPC synapses remains to be elucidated.

Immunomodulation
OPCs have been increasingly recognized for their pivotal role in modulating immune responses, particularly in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). They may participate in both initiation and resolution of immune responses to disease or injury. They are highly responsive to injury, undergo a morphological activation similar to that of astrocytes and microglia, and may contribute to glial scar formation. Conversely, OPCs have been shown to downregulate microglia activation and protect against neuronal death. They also express and secrete many immune-related molecules, such as chemokines, cytokines, interleukins, and other related ligands or receptors. OPCs can internalize myelin debris via phagocytosis, a process mediated through the LRP-1 pathway. Furthermore, recent works have illustrated that OPCs can act as antigen presenting cells via both MHC class I and class II and can modulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

Clinical significance
Transplantation of OPCs has been considered as a possible treatment for neurological diseases which cause demyelination. However, it is difficult to generate a suitable number of quality cells for clinical use. Finding a source for these cells remains impractical as of 2016. Should adult cells be used for transplantation, a brain biopsy would be required for each patient, adding to the risk of immune rejection. Embryonically derived stem cells have been demonstrated to carry out remyelination under laboratory conditions, but some religious groups are opposed to their use. Adult central nervous system stem cells have also been shown to generate myelinating oligodendrocytes, but are not readily accessible.

Even if a viable source of OPCs were found, identifying and monitoring the outcome of remyelination remains difficult, though multimodal measures of conduction velocity and emerging magnetic resonance imaging techniques offer improved sensitivity versus other imaging methods. In addition, the interaction between transplanted cells and immune cells and the effect of inflammatory immune cells on remyelination have yet to be fully characterized. If the failure of endogenous remyelination is due to an unfavorable differentiation environment, then this will have to be addressed prior to transplantation.

History
It had been known since the early 1900s that astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia make up the major glial cell populations in the mammalian CNS. The presence of another glial cell population had escaped recognition because of the lack of a suitable marker to identify them in tissue sections. The notion that there exists a population of glial progenitor cells in the developing and mature CNS began to be entertained in the late 1980s by several independent groups. In one series of studies on the development and origin of oligodendrocytes in the rodent CNS, a population of immature cells that appeared to be precursors to oligodendrocytes was identified by the expression of the GD3 ganglioside.

In a separate series of studies, cells from perinatal rat optic nerves that expressed the A2B5 ganglioside were shown to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in culture. Subsequently, A2B5+ cells from other CNS regions and from adult CNS were also shown to generate oligodendrocytes. Based on the observation that these cells require PDGF for their proliferation and expansion, the expression of the alpha receptor for platelet-derived growth factor (Pdgfra) was used to search for the in vivo correlates of the A2B5+ cells, which led to the discovery of a unique population of Pdgfra+ cells in the CNS whose appearance and distribution were consistent with those of developing oligodendrocytes.

Independently, Stallcup and colleagues generated an antiserum that recognized a group of rat brain tumor cell lines, which exhibited properties that were intermediate between those of typical neurons and glial cells. Biochemical studies showed that the antiserum recognized a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan with a core glycoprotein of 300 kDa, and the antigen was named NG2 (nerve/glial antigen 2). NG2 was found to be expressed on A2B5+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells isolated from the perinatal rat CNS tissues and on process-bearing cells in the CNS in vivo. Comparison of NG2 and Pdgfra expression revealed that NG2 and PDGFRA are expressed on the same population of cells in the CNS. These cells represent 2–9% of all the cells and remain proliferative in the mature CNS.

title: Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell


text:
User talk:John Titor

How is it going john, are you gonna answer our questions again?

Sorry to be so whiny, but on http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedians_by_age, you listed your year of birth as 2036. However, you also came back in time from this year, so that doesn't make much sense. I recall your posts defining your year of birth as 1998, so it should be changed to that. Hugh Jass 08:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

It's rather strange that someone would forget something like their own date of birth, isn't it? "I'm 38 years old. Or maybe I'm two.  I'm not sure which."

title: User talk:John Titor


text:
User:John Titor

Hi, I am John Titor. I come from the year 2036, and decided to come back.

title: User:John Titor


text:
What You're Doing

"What You're Doing" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their album Beatles for Sale, released in December 1964. It was written by Paul McCartney, although credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song was one of eight original compositions on Beatles for Sale. In North America, where Capitol Records typically altered the content of the band's albums, "What You're Doing" instead appeared on the 1965 US release Beatles VI.

Composition
"What You're Doing" was written by McCartney in Atlantic City on 30 August 1964, shortly following the end of the Beatles' 1964 world tour. Throughout the song, McCartney adds to the rhyme scheme by combining a single, two-syllable word with two one-syllable words (i.e. "Look what you're doing, I'm feeling blue and lonely... You got me runnin', and there's no fun in it"). He used the same technique on "She's a Woman", which was also recorded during the sessions for Beatles for Sale. Inspired by his often turbulent relationship with girlfriend Jane Asher, McCartney has gone on record as not liking "What You're Doing", regarding it as "a bit of filler" for the album. Neither The Beatles, nor McCartney as a solo artist, ever performed the song live.

The track features a unique four-bar drum intro by Ringo Starr, which is repeated just before the song's coda. The guitar riff is played by George Harrison on his Rickenbacker 12-string electric guitar. The sound was influential on the Byrds, who crafted their sound partly on the Beatles' use of the Rickenbacker (and used a similar riff on their version of Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man"). Harrison in turn adopted influences from the Byrds in his 1965 song "If I Needed Someone".

Recording
The Beatles first attempted to record "What You're Doing" on 29 September 1964, but only the basic rhythm track was taped over seven takes (with take seven being deemed the best). The following day, after finishing the recording of "Every Little Thing", the group recorded five more takes, with take 11 being deemed the "best;" Lewisohn notes that at this point, the song differed from the final version in that "its breaks between choruses were less tight, the middle eight instrumental break was performed an octave above the vocals and it had a 1 & 1/2 second pause preceding a reprise instrumental coda." The group rejected the 29-30 September takes and re-recorded the song in its final form on 26 October, immediately after finishing work on the Carl Perkins-cover "Honey Don't". "What You're Doing" was the last song to be recorded for the Beatles for Sale album.

Love remix
The song was sampled to create a medley, along with "Drive My Car" and "The Word", on the band's 2006 remix album Love. "What You're Doing" shares a number of characteristics with (the also predominantly McCartney-written) "Drive My Car", particularly the home key (D major), meter (4/4), and chord progression (alternating between B minor and G major).

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald:

 * Paul McCartney – lead vocal, bass
 * John Lennon – harmony vocal, acoustic rhythm guitar
 * George Harrison – harmony vocal, twelve-string lead guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums
 * George Martin – piano

title: What You're Doing


text:
Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby

"Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" is a rockabilly song often credited to Carl Perkins. Based on a 1936 song written by singer/songwriter Rex Griffin, it achieved widespread popularity when it was released in 1957 by Perkins and covered by the Beatles in 1964.

Composition and controversy
"Everybody's Tryin' to Be My Baby" was written and recorded in 1936 by Decca artist Rex Griffin. On March 2, 1936 at the Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana, it was among ten self-penned tracks recorded that day by the recently-signed artist, accompanied only by his guitar. It was released on Decca 5294 in November 1936 to little notice. Although the song was never published, it was covered by Johnny Barfield and Roy Newman in 1939, and Griffin copyrighted it on January 22, 1944.

In March 1956, Carl Lee  Perkins, who had released "Blue Suede Shoes" the previous December, was working on follow up material at Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, and brought in a song called "Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby", that he had written. Shortly after it was recorded, Perkins and his brother were in a serious auto accident, and the song and album were not released until May 1957. Perkins was listed as the sole writer when Knox Music, Inc. published it on November 12, 1957. It is unknown, but doubtful, that Griffin ever confronted Perkins, or even learned of the matter, since he died two years later, while the 1950s non-album oriented radio environment prevailed. In retrospect, Perkins contributed a modern arrangement, along with some minor lyric changes.

The recording was later re-released on the 1961 Sun Records album, 'Teen Beat: The Best of Carl Perkins', 'Carl Perkins' Original Golden Hits' (Sun International, 1969), 'Original Sun Greatest Hits' by Rhino Records in 1986, and further compilations.

The Beatles' version
The Beatles recorded "Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" on October 18, 1964, at EMI Studios, London, with George Harrison (a lifelong fan of Perkins) on vocals. Harrison's vocals were heavily processed with the STEED effect. It was first released as the final track on Beatles for Sale in the United Kingdom later that year, and likewise as the concluding track on the North American album Beatles '65.

The Beatles' recording finishes with a false ending, with the final phrase repeating itself after the song seems to have stopped. A version recorded live at the Star-Club in Hamburg in December 1962 contained four of these musical phrases.

Live performances of the Beatles' "Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" were recorded in June 1963 for the BBC radio program Pop Go the Beatles, and in November 1964 for Saturday Club. The latter recording can be heard on Live at the BBC.

The Beatles continued to perform the song after their studio recording was released. It was included in the on stage set list in their 1965 European tour of France, Italy and Spain and their ten city August tour of the United States. The performance from the Paris concert was videotaped and broadcast on French television later that year. Audio from the performance recorded at New York's Shea Stadium on August 15, 1965, edited from the 1966 documentary film, was later included in Anthology 2.

In 1976, Capitol released the song on the compilation album Rock 'n' Roll Music.

George Harrison performed the song with Carl Perkins on the Cinemax cable special Blue Suede Shoes: A Rockabilly Session in 1985. Bruce Springsteen performed the song live in concert in 1998 as a tribute to Carl Perkins on news of his death. Johnny Cash’s mid-90s version of the song backed by Carl Perkins and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers was included on his 2003 concept-compilation album ''Unearthed'.

In 2016, the song was featured as a bonus track on the remastered Live at the Hollywood Bowl album in a live performance from August 30, 1965 in conjunction with the release of the Ron Howard concert film The Beatles: Eight Days a Week.

Personnel

 * George Harrison – double-tracked lead vocals, lead guitar
 * John Lennon – acoustic rhythm guitar, tambourine
 * Paul McCartney – bass guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums

title: Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby


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Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Thetruth/Evidence

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Be aware that the Arbitrators may at times rework this page to try to make it more coherent. If you are a participant in the case or a third party, please don't try to refactor the page, let the Arbitrators do it. If you object to evidence which is inserted by other participants or third parties please cite the evidence and voice your objections within your own section of the page. It is especially important to not remove evidence presented by others. If something is put in the wrong place, please leave it for the arbitrators to move.

Khalistan article

 * 1) 06:05, June 15, 2005 - Removes NPOV template from Khalistan article without discussing it on the Talk page
 * 2) 08:47, June 15, 2005 - Deletes information from the article and doesn't discuss it on the Talk page.
 * 3) 10:24, June 15, 2005 - Adds POV information to the article.
 * 4) 11:37, June 15, 2005 - Continues to add POV information.
 * 5) 12:08, June 15, 2005 - Reverts a complete rewrite of the article to his own version (claims "pro-Indian bias") and adds a link to a POV reference. From this point on, he continually reverts to his own version.
 * 6) 12:36, June 15, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.
 * 7) 08:04, June 16, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.
 * 8) 17:55, June 17, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.
 * 9) 10:41, June 26, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.
 * 10) 04:09, July 4, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.
 * 11) 12:24, July 11, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.
 * 12) 13:05, July 11, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.
 * 13) 18:19, July 15, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.
 * 14) 16:58, July 16, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.

KPS Gill article

 * 1) 08:11, June 16, 2005 - Starts a POV article on KPS Gill.
 * 2) 04:26, July 4, 2005 - Reverts my complete rewrite, claiming it to be "out of date". Doesn't explain why in the Talk page. From this point on, he continually reverts to his POV version.
 * 3) 13:06, July 11, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.
 * 4) 18:45, July 15, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.
 * 5) 17:00, July 16, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.

Operation Blue Star article

 * 1) 05:53, June 12, 2005 - Removes text and adds POV information.
 * 2) 06:18, June 14, 2005 - Removes NPOV and Cleanup templates without discussing on the talk page.
 * 3) 12:54, June 15, 2005 - Adds POV text to the article.
 * 4) 10:46, June 26, 2005 - Reverts article to his POV version. From this point on, he keep reverting to this version.
 * 5) 04:13, July 4, 2005 - Reverrts article to POV version.
 * 6) 12:26, July 11, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.
 * 7) 07:59, July 14, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version. Removes NPOV template.
 * 8) 18:39, July 15, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version. Removes NPOV template.
 * 9) 18:39, July 15, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale article

 * 1) 19:36, June 13, 2005 - Removes TotallyDisputed sign. Adds POV information.
 * 2) 12:53, July 11, 2005 - Claims a minor edit, but deletes large amount of text and adds his POV.
 * 3) 18:41, July 15, 2005 - Reverts article to POV version.

Gatka article

 * 1) 08:08, July 14, 2005 - Removes POV warning without discussing it on the talk page.
 * 2) 17:03, July 16, 2005 - Removes POV warning again, without discussing it on the talk page.

Air India Flight 182 article

 * 1) 11:45, June 15, 2005 - Deletes text, and adds links to POV sites indiasucks.netfirms.com and airindiabombing.com.

Bajrang Dal article

 * 1) 12:28, June 15, 2005 - Adds POV text.

Pakistan article

 * 1) 12:40, June 15, 2005 - Adds overhyped claims to article.

Indira Gandhi article

 * 1) 08:57, November 7, 2004 - Claims "minor" changes, but adds POV image and POV text to article.

Vandalism by Thetruth

 * 1) 18:30, July 15, 2005 - Vandalizes the Nair page. Probably because I wrote it, but that's speculation.
 * 2) 18:36, July 15, 2005 - Vandalizes the Namboothiri page by deleting text. Probably the same reason as above.


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Matfors

Matfors is a locality situated in Sundsvall Municipality, Västernorrland County, Sweden with 3,201 inhabitants in 2010.

The river Ljungan runs through Matfors. It is situated about 15 kilometers west of Sundsvall, a city with about 45,000 inhabitants. In Matfors there used to be two schools: Sköle Skola and Matfors Skola, both sharing the same school yard; they later rejoined to form Matfors Skola in 2009 after being split up in 2002.

Matfors is said to have got its name from the rich supply of salmon (Swedish: lax) in the river Ljungan, by which the town was built. The name Matfors consists of two parts: mat (food) and fors (river stream).

Matfors was for some time its own community/municipality (Swedish: kommun) but then first merged with Attmar and later Sundsvall (beginning of the 1970s). The town of Matfors was for a long time of less importance than the town of Lucksta in the two adjacent parishes of Attmar and Tuna, until the Matfors-bridge was built across the river Ljungan. Later on a sawmill and a papermill were built together with several other minor industries which increased the town's importance towards dominating the area.

The papermill was closed in 1990, at the time owned by SCA, and the original main building now hosts about 20 small businesses. The Matfors area as a whole is home to many small businesses, but many residents also commute to the neighbouring town of Sundsvall. A mid-sized business located in Matfors is SBL Vaccin, a subsidiary of Active Biotech.

Matfors has the following urban districts:

 * Vattjom
 * Ängom
 * Runsvik
 * Solhöjden
 * Tallskogen
 * Ljungan, both a district and a river Ljungan, running through Matfors.
 * Centrum,
 * Sköle
 * Kvällsjön
 * Storjorden
 * Bällsta
 * Åsta
 * Fors
 * Lunde
 * Rännö

Reliable communications are provided by the European route E14.

Some organizations in Matfors with their own web-sites:
 * Tuna Hembygsförening - native district org. with photo of E14 exit towards Matfors
 * Matfors Idrottsförening - soccer
 * Matfors Badmintonklubb - badminton
 * Matfors Vattenskidklubb - waterski
 * Matfors Modellflygklubb - model airplane
 * Matfors Skoterklubb - snow mobile
 * Matfors Brukshundklubb - dogs
 * Matfors Sportfiske Klubb - fishing
 * Matfors Jaktskytteklubb - hunting/shooting
 * Matfors Ryttarförening - horseriding

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Matfors:

 * Matfors IF
 * Matfors SK

title: Matfors


text:
Vue

Vue or VUE may refer to:

Places

 * Vue, Loire-Atlantique, a commune in France
 * The Vue, a skyscraper in Charlotte, North Carolina

Arts, entertainment and media

 * Vue (band), a rock and roll band from San Francisco, California
 * Vue International, a cinema company in the United Kingdom
 * Vue Weekly, an alternative newspaper in Edmonton, Canada
 * PlayStation Vue, a former American streaming service from Sony

Television stations

 * KVUE, the ABC TV affiliate for Austin, Texas, US
 * WVUE (Wilmington, Delaware), a defunct TV station in Wilmington, Delaware, US
 * WVUE-DT, the Fox TV affiliate for New Orleans, Louisiana, US

Brands and enterprises

 * Pearson VUE, an electronic testing company
 * Saturn Vue, a sport utility vehicle
 * Vue International, a multinational cinema holding company based in the UK
 * Vue Pack, single-serve coffee system by Keurig
 * Vue.ai, A Madstreetden brand based in the USA

Science and technology

 * Villitis of unknown etiology, a placental injury

Software

 * E-on Vue, 3D landscape generation software from e-on software
 * Visual Understanding Environment, a concept mapping tool
 * Visual User Environment, Hewlett-Packard's graphical interface for the X Window System
 * Vue.js, open-source reactive web application framework

Other uses

 * Vue, a clan name of the Hmong people related to the name Wu

title: Vue