text:
Charlie Pace

Charlie Pace is a fictional character on ABC's Lost, a television series chronicling the lives of plane crash survivors on a mysterious tropical island. Played by Dominic Monaghan, Charlie was a regular character in the first three seasons, and continued to make occasional appearances until the final season.

Charlie is introduced as one of the main characters in the pilot episode. Flashbacks from the series show that prior to the plane crash, Charlie was a member of a rock band named Drive Shaft. Initially, Charlie battles with an addiction to heroin. He ultimately achieves sobriety, while establishing a romantic relationship with Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin), and acting as a father figure to Claire's son Aaron. In addition, Charlie also develops close friendships with Hugo "Hurley" Reyes (Jorge Garcia), and Desmond Hume (Henry Ian Cusick).

In season three of the show, Charlie begins to face his inevitable death when fellow castaway Desmond repeatedly foresees Charlie's demise. In the season three finale "Through the Looking Glass", Charlie drowns at the hands of Mikhail Bakunin (Andrew Divoff), sacrificing himself in an effort to save the other survivors. Due to Lost's non-linear presentation of events and supernatural elements, Charlie makes several appearances in seasons four and six of the series. Charlie is prominent in the series finale, "The End".

Prior to the crash
Charlie was born in 1979 to Simon and Megan Pace, and lived in Manchester, England. When Charlie was young, he was given a piano as a gift on Christmas Day, thus beginning his career in music. Charlie honed his musical talents by playing on the street for money, where he spotted a woman being mugged and saved her, prompting her to call him a hero.

Sometime later, Charlie and his brother Liam (Neil Hopkins) had formed a band called Drive Shaft, and landed a record deal. Suddenly, Drive Shaft became extremely popular for their song "You All Everybody", although they were a one-hit wonder. Liam, amidst their popularity and success, developed a drug habit and began to neglect the band. On Christmas Day, while touring Finland, Liam gave Charlie a family heirloom (a ring inscribed with the initials D.S. in reference to Dexter Stratton, Charlie and Liam's great-grandfather, after whom the band was named), saying because of his addiction he would never have a family so it should go to Charlie. Eventually, though, Charlie became addicted to heroin. As the band's fame began to decrease, Charlie sank further into his addiction. Liam sold his piano so he could enroll in a drug rehabilitation program after dropping his newborn daughter. Liam left Charlie alone in order to be with his wife, Karen, and daughter, Megan (named after the brothers' mother).

With Drive Shaft disbanded, Charlie resorted to theft in support of his heroin addiction. He charmed a wealthy woman, Lucy, in order to rob her, but she learned of his intentions and left him as he began to develop real feelings for her. Charlie then traveled to Australia to persuade a now-sober Liam to rejoin the band for a comeback tour. Liam refused, offering instead to help him enter a rehabilitation program, but Charlie angrily rebuked him and left to board a plane to Los Angeles scheduled for the next day. The night before the flight, he took heroin with a woman named Lily before fighting with her over the last of his stash until she left angrily. On the plane, he struggles without any heroin and goes to the bathroom to dispose of it after taking some, when the plane begins to crash.

After the crash
On the second day on the island, he, Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox) and Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) journey to the plane's cockpit, where he retrieves his stash of heroin. John Locke (Terry O'Quinn) later discovers his addiction to heroin and in exchange for his guitar, Charlie gives up the drugs. After Jack is trapped in a cave-in, Charlie saves him. Afterwards, Charlie burns his drugs in a fire. When Charlie tries to stop Claire from going back to the beach, both are kidnapped by Ethan Rom (William Mapother). Pursuing him, Jack and Kate find Charlie hung from a tree almost dead. When Claire returns and Ethan comes to recapture her, Charlie kills the latter with a gun.

When Claire goes into labour, Charlie, along with Jin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim), helps Kate deliver the baby. When Danielle Rousseau (Mira Furlan) abducts the baby, named Aaron, Charlie and Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews) go to rescue him. Along the way, Charlie and Sayid stop by a Beechcraft carrying several Virgin Mary statues filled with heroin. That night, Charlie and Sayid manage to reclaim Aaron, and bring him safely back to Claire.

In Season 2, Mr. Eko (Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje) reveals to Claire the contents of the Virgin Mary statue, creating a rift between her and Charlie. Charlie takes Eko to the Beechcraft where he found them, and the two decide to burn the plane and its contents. However, Charlie secretly keeps a stash hidden in the jungle. Later, he begins experiencing surreal dreams, in which Aaron is in peril. He seeks out Eko, who says Aaron may need to be baptized. Subsequently, Charlie kidnaps Aaron and attempts to baptize him. When caught, Locke violently beats him. As retribution for Locke embarrassing him, Charlie aids James "Sawyer" Ford (Josh Holloway) in conning Jack and Locke out of the Hatch's guns and heroin by assaulting Sun-Hwa Kwon (Yunjin Kim).

Later, Sayid tells Charlie about a prisoner in the Hatch, "Henry Gale" (Michael Emerson). They, along with Ana Lucia Cortez (Michelle Rodriguez), attempt to find the balloon Henry allegedly crashed in. When the three return to the Hatch, they reveal Henry to be an impostor. After this, Charlie begins helping Eko build a church, but is angered when Eko abandons its construction. He finds a box of vaccine, and gives it to Claire for herself and Aaron, beginning to renew their friendship. In Sawyer's tent, Charlie discovers the remaining Virgin Mary statues, and throws them in the ocean. Eko seeks his help in finding the dynamite from the Black Rock ship. Charlie brings him to it, and he and Eko go to the Hatch, with Eko intending to blow open the blast door. After an explosion, Charlie barely escapes the Hatch as it implodes. After the Hatch's implosion, Charlie helps Locke standing guard while Locke communes with the island and helping him rescue Eko from a polar bear's cave. After Eko's death, Desmond starts having visions in which Charlie dies.

Later, Charlie joins Desmond, Hurley and Jin on a hike into the jungle where they find a parachutist named Naomi Dorrit, who crashed on the island. When Jack announces his plan to foil the Others and contact the outside world, Charlie volunteers to swim down to the Looking Glass station and deactivate a device blocking transmissions to and from the island. Desmond accompanies him. He confronts three people, two women who maintain the station and Mikhail. During a confrontation, Mikhail is shot in the chest with a spear gun. Just as Charlie is able to make contact with Penelope Widmore (Sonya Walger) in an adjacent communication room, a mysteriously resurrected Mikhail uses a grenade to destroy the room's porthole, flooding the communication room. To spare Desmond, Charlie locks the door from the inside, and warns him of Naomi's deception by writing 'NOT PENNYS BOAT' on his hand. Charlie then drowns, sacrificing himself to save the other survivors.

After leaving the island, Hurley has visions of Charlie first at a convenience store, and then later at the asylum Hurley has been committed to. Charlie tells Hurley the people remaining on the island need him, and that he has to return, but disappears when Hurley closes his eyes. In "Something Nice Back Home", Hurley conveys to Jack a message from Charlie: "You're not supposed to raise him" (referring to Aaron, whom Kate and Jack have adopted). Hurley also tells Jack that, according to Charlie, Jack will also be visited.

Afterlife
In the episode "LA X", Charlie is seen on board Oceanic 815, in the restroom with heroin, as seen in the "Pilot" episode. However; during this "flash-sideways", flight 815 does not crash, and Charlie gets a small bag of heroin lodged in his throat, rendering him unconscious. He is revived by Jack and later arrested for possession of illegal drugs. He later claims, while he was unconscious, he had a vision of a "beautiful, rapturous" woman who is implied to be Claire. Glaring at Jack as he is restrained, he snarls "I was meant to die." In the episode "Recon", Charlie's brother, Liam, was at a police station, the same one Sawyer and Miles work at, asking about Charlie. In the episode "Happily Ever After" Charlie is released from jail and greeted by Desmond Hume. Desmond has been tasked by his boss, Charles Widmore (Alan Dale), with bringing Charlie and his band Drive Shaft to play with Charles' son, Daniel Faraday (Jeremy Davies), at a charity concert. Desmond does not succeed since Charlie runs Desmond's car into the water, which triggers Desmond's memory of Charlie's death in the original timeline. Desmond escapes and rescues Charlie from the submerged vehicle. In the episode "The End", Charlie is tranquilized by Hurley in order to carry him to the concert which he was scheduled to perform. While on stage, he sees Claire sitting in the crowd and realizes she's the one he saw when he almost died. She seems to be flattered by his attention, but then has contractions and goes backstage with Kate. Charlie follows them and while he gets water and blankets, Claire gives birth and remembers her life on the island. Charlie returns and she recognizes him. She takes his hand and he then remembers everything too, and they have an emotional reunion. They are seen in the church along with the other main characters at the series' conclusion.

Development
After appearing in The Lord of the Rings, Dominic Monaghan was offered many fantasy-based roles. He was keen to portray a different role, and wanted a contemporary part which had layers and an edge. Originally Charlie was an older rock musician who had been a big hit in the 1980s but had succumbed to heroin addiction. After the producers enjoyed Monaghan's audition for the character Sawyer, they rewrote the part to make him a younger one-hit wonder musician.

Lynnette Porter and David Lavery, authors of Lost's Buried Treasures: The Unofficial Guide to Everything Lost Fans Need to Know, saw Charlie as a combination of Larry Underwood and Harold Lauder, two characters from the Stephen King novel The Stand. Larry was a one-hit wonder guitarist and singer who had abused drugs and became a hero as he "gradually achieves redemption," similar to Charlie's arc. Charlie's relationship to Claire is mirrored in Harold, an "inveterate loser" who sees himself as a protector to a young woman in the novel. Harold's streak of violence and his clandestine reading of diaries is also reflected in Charlie's character.

Charlie (Hieronymus) Pace is named after the Austrian theologian and historian Hieronymus Pez. This is in keeping with many of the characters in Lost who are named after famous philosophers and theologians, although the name Charlie Pace is also the name of one early member of the Branch Davidian sect that was raided in Waco, Texas in 1993.

In a DVD commentary for "The Moth", Monaghan said he felt Charlie's black hoodie is some sort of "security blanket" that he hides underneath and uses when he feels "lost".

In a Season One DVD featurette, "Backstage with Driveshaft", Dominic Monaghan cites several bands as a direct influence on the fictional band:

What I think Charlie gets confused with is this idea that being on TRL a couple of times in America and maybe being in the Top 20 and having a little run of things over the summer, he thought they were turning into the new Radiohead or the new Oasis or the new Verve.

Monaghan adds:

I think Charlie thinks that his band is a little bit more important than they actually are. He's under the impression that his first album was kind of like Oasis' first album. Y'know, critically acclaimed, didn't sell big numbers, but y'know, in the industry, people gave it respect.

At the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con, Dominic Monaghan returned and confirmed that he would be back in Lost's final season as Charlie for three episodes.

Reception
Chris Carabott responded positively to the utilization of the character in "The Moth", mentioning, "Dini and Johnson use the various talents of some of the "losties" to further emphasize Charlie's uselessness," and "Charlie's development throughout the episode is striking." However, he did express dissatisfaction at how he was used in season two, believing it took away from a "gem of an episode." In "Homecoming", he commented on his "good nature" and mentioned his flashback "does a great job of contrasting the Charlie we now know on the island."

In his review of "Live Together, Die Alone", Scott Brown of Entertainment Weekly said the writers were "trying to make us hate Charlie," calling him "deeply annoying".

In a review of season three's penultimate episode, Chris Carabott said Charlie's flashbacks could "send shivers up our collective spines," and said he was "annoying at times." Nonetheless, he called the character "someone we can respect." Entertainment Weekly's Jeff Jensen said Charlie "was ready for the spotlight", and Monaghan gave his "best performance yet"." On BuddyTV, his flashbacks were described as bringing audiences "closer to Charlie's human aspect", and it was noted the episode was "wildly successful" in turning Charlie into a relatable character.

The website Television Without Pity ranked him 7th in a list of Lost's "10 Most Worthless Characters", dubbing his backstory "Oasis: Behind the Music". Contrastingly, in a list of the show's "10 Best Backstories", he was ranked 8th. A poll by E! Online named him as the character fans would most like to see return at 43.4% of the vote, more than 30 percentage points higher than his nearest rival.

The one-hit song "You All Everybody" created for Drive Shaft was made available to players of the video game series Rock Band through the Rock Band Network, shortly after the airing of the Lost series finale alongside Geronimo Jackson's "Dharma Lady".

title: Charlie Pace


text:
Talk:Kongsi

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ronyaguilar, Mtong14.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:52, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

A "Hui", "Kongsi" or "Chinese clan"?
I was writting articles for Secret societies in Singapore when I discovered that there are conflicting definition of what these terms mean. The content in this article, for example, has content largely attributed by a Singaporean book I referenced from to the concept of Hui (会), a much brother term refering to brotherhood and kinship in Chinese culture, or to the Chinese clan (Huiguan), particular when it comes to societies linked by a common surname. Kongsi, on the other hand, is a term considered more attributed to Southeast Asian usage, and has been closely related to secret societies. Are the current content in the various pages verifiable?--Huaiwei 06:55, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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Possible additions
Hello everyone,

In the coming weeks I hope to contribute a large chunk of information to this article. The idea would be to add information regarding the history of Kongsi, in particular its role during the San Francisco plague of 1900-1904. Please let know if you agree or disagree to my possible additions and I hope to hear some feedback during the following weeks.

Here are some of the references that I will be using:

1.

2.

3.

Thank you! Ronyaguilar (talk) 21:38, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

Additions and Modifications to Article
Hi All,

I'm also considering making some significant changes to this article. I think the article can be better organized by putting some of the information from the lead section into a separate section titled "History". Also, there is little mention of kongsi and its role in San Francisco, where it appeared to be an important part of society for Chinese immigrants during the late 1800s. Therefore, I intend to re-organize the article and create and expand on a "History" section, which will include information about the impact of kongsi in the development of the San Francisco Chinatown community. I will be in collaboration with Ronyaguilar to develop an accurate history of kongsi in San Francisco. My preliminary sources are below. These will be updated as I conduct further research on the subject:

 * 1) Sue Fawn, Chung (2011). In pursuit of gold : Chinese American miners and merchants in the American West. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252036286. OCLC 754326469.
 * W., Chinn, Thomas (1989). Bridging the Pacific = [Chʻiao kʻua Tʻai-pʻing yang] : San Francisco Chinatown and its people. Chinese Historical Society of America. San Francisco: Chinese Historical Society of America. ISBN 9780961419837. OCLC 19389751.
 * 1) Chang, Iris (2003). The Chinese in America : a narrative history. New York: Viking. ISBN 0670031232. OCLC 51242079.
 * 2) Risse, Guenter B. (2012). Plague, fear, and politics in San Francisco's Chinatown. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421405100. OCLC 809317536.

Any comments or feedback is appreciated.

Thanks, Mtong14 (talk) 23:52, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

 * My working draft of potential edits to this article can be found on my sandbox User:Mtong14/plague kongsi draft. As always, any comments are welcome.
 * Thanks, Mtong14 (talk) 04:34, 18 November 2017 (UTC)

 * This edit has been cancelled for reasons specified in the section "Upcoming changes to the article". Because Kongsi seems to have more to do with Southeast Asia and little to do with the San Francisco plague era, we are planning on removing information that does not appropriately reflect this relationship.
 * Mtong14 (talk) 23:56, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Modifying the article on my talk sandbox
Hello again everyone,

I recently mentioned some additions I would be making to this article. I will be working along side Marcus Tong to develop this article extensively within the next couple of weeks. I will copy and past the article into my sandbox and I will be working on it from there. If you want to know how its going, make suggestions or want to add something to the article please let me know on my sandbox.

Thank you, Ronyaguilar (talk) 02:04, 18 November 2017 (UTC)

Upcoming changes to the article
Hello everyone, After further analysis of the subject and countless hours of research me and @Mtong14 have come to the conclusion that this article needs deletions to it rather than additions. The reason for this change is because we have realized that the term Kongsi in this particular article has different meanings and in reality it is only a term previously used in southeast Asia. Therefore we need to separate this article from what it is currently linked to in hopes of clearing up much of the misunderstandings provided here. Please let me or @Mtong14 know if you disagree with any of the changes we will be making.

Thank you all. Ronyaguilar (talk) 04:54, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Final changes to the article
Hello everyone,

I have added part of the final draft of the Kongsi article up that Mtong14 and I have been working on. We have added a variety of changes to the article in hopes of clarifying some of the conflicting terminology that is used or associated with the term Kongsi. Specifically, Kongsi does not appear to be directly related to Chinese-American organizations, but rather to Southeast Asian organizations. We wanted to remove most if not all of the information that linked the word Kongsi to another such term that was incorrectly used or linked to it at the time. We have done this by removing the main articles pictures and changing it for something much more relevant. We also deleted the three pictures that were linked to the section titled "Functions of the Kongsi". We also cleaned up the sections and added removed conflicting information. We have removed all of the external links and replaced them with relevant links associated to Kongsi. We also removed some items from the See Also section and verified and updated references to articles or books to match the current citation style. We also added a section titled "Southeast Asia", which we believe is particularly important since it demonstrates that the term Kongsi was mainly used in that area and is different than other similar terms used now. Finally we removed the citations sections since it was redundant to use both that and the references sections for the same purpose. I hope that anyone that reads this can now how a better understanding of the term Kongsi in a way that does not conflict with other terms used and in particular we hope to show the roots that the term Kongsi had in Southeast Asia. Please do let us know if there is any information that you oppose we would love to hear your thoughts.

Thank you and enjoy the reading.

Ronyaguilar (talk) 18:45, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Mtong14 (talk) 19:21, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Kongsi


text:
Van Ceulen

Van Ceulen is a Dutch toponymic surname meaning "from Cologne". Van Keulen is a modern spelling variant. People with this name include

 * Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen (I) (1593–1661), Dutch/English portrait painter
 * Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen (II) (1634–1715), Dutch/English painter
 * Ludolph van Ceulen (1540–1610), German-Dutch mathematician

title: Van Ceulen


text:
Talk:Object Pascal

Please see
- Please see the apple specific compilers (e.g. from http://pascal-central.com/ppl/chapter5.html#Compilers)

(this because the original object pascal (the standards draft, from which Apple's dialect is derived, and even Delphi was inspired by) is nearly absent from this article. FPC has some modifiers that make it more Apple like in $mode macpascal btw). The pascal article iirc has more data. A clear reference to pre Delphi origines should be made for histories sake in the basic summary of the first paragraph. 88.159.72.36 10:34, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

- Can TP be seen as object pascal? I mean, while it is Pascal-with-objects, it has a static object model.

- In Borland Object Pascal, the keyword 'object' is supported for compatibility with the object model of Turbo Pascal. (can auto alloc and use new and dispose). I think it should be referenced somewhere in the article.

Diego --15.227.137.70 15:25, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Afaik Chrome is more an Oberon than an Object Pascal? 88.159.73.216 14:11, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * No, that is not so. Chrome is definitely not derived from Oberon. It is an extended subset of Borland's Object Pascal dialect. Chris Burrows 01:48, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Dangling "others"
"The open source Free Pascal project allows the language to be compiled for Linux, Mac OS X, Win64, Windows CE, and others." These are operating systems, aren't they? If I'm right, perhaps "others" should be changed to "other operating systems." D021317c 00:01, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Is win64 a target (arch-OS combination) or an OS ? Since win64 also comes in multiple flavours (AMD64, IA64, Alpha). Same with WinCE (afaik there are MIPS CE's, though the majority is ARM). So in short, the precise explanation is a matrix of OS (windows, linux), OS subtype (win64,win32,wince), architecture (ARM, x86) and architecture subtypes (LE vs BE memory system, instruction set etc).

I suggest to leave it as it is, but more clearly hint on multi architecture support. Then it is clear enough for a short hint. 88.159.72.36 10:32, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Description of GNU compiler
"It is the most prolific compiler in terms of operating systems and processors though, and therefore deserves mentioning as a last resort." What does "prolific" mean in this context? That its output is very bulky, or that it has resulted in the greatest number of useful programs? "As a last resort" seems to refer to the decision to mention it, though I suspect the intention was to say that one should only use it as a last resort. D021317c 01:05, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

As a last resort if your platform isn't supported indeed. Another remotely imaginable reason is if your workload is mostly numerical in nature and you need the best optimizer, and possible OpenMP and Fortran access, and are willing to put up with grave limitations and a less friendly environment in exchange (which is an understatement, even compared with FPC. Getting GPC to run is already nontrivial) 88.159.72.36 08:47, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

"Object Pascal in the Software Market" Section
This was added by an anonymous, and doesn't cite references. Is it even accurate?

Afaik yes. At least in the paid for development tools, VB (and now VS) dominate, and Delphi is second. Problem is that a lot of tools, specially scripting languages are hard to compare to e.g. sold development tools. E.g. is sb deploying phpbb or some PHP CMS a PHP programmer?

-- If its hard to compare, then we shouldn't be making broad statements about how great its market share is. Also, the current note has a citation to a completely irrelevant article that has nothing to do with market share -> Fail. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.59.130.32 (talk) 00:07, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Will the real Object Pascal please stand up?
After reading this article, I am still confused about which "Object Pascal" is which. It sounds like there have been multiple conflicting standards for Object Pascal over the years (Apple, Turbo Pascal, Delphi at least), and various implementations which provide support for the different object models. The code snippets are a good start, but it might be clearer to have a table comparing the various dialects to each other, and specifying which implementations support which dialects (and how they support them). If the differences are large enough, maybe even split them into different articles. --IanOsgood 19:11, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Whoever edited this is an . The article of the Delphi programming language links here, to an article that claims in its lede, prominently, that this is about some Apple language ("The language was originally developed by Apple Computer"… is CLEARLY wrong).  Only in the fifth paragraph is Delphi/Object Pascal mentioned.  TurboPascal's OOP extensions have nothing to do with anything Apple did. Bad WP editor!  --jae (talk) 09:56, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Borland Delphi 3.jpg
Image:Borland Delphi 3.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:43, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Weasel Words
I’m noticing some weasel words (and phrases, I guess) throughout the article such as “many people”. I rephrased some of them but was afraid I might alter the meaning for others; I know little about Object Pascal. I just wanted to bring attention to this issue. Dmyersturnbull (talk) 12:03, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Delphi Vs. Object Pascal
I'm guessing Object Pascal was first of the two articles to be created, but why title it Object Pascal if (even according to the top of the article itself) everyone tends toward the Delphi side of the coin? I'm not familiar with Wikipedia rules regarding such things.

"Borland used the name "Object Pascal" for the programming language in the first versions of Delphi, but later renamed it to the "Delphi programming language". However, compilers that claim to be Object Pascal compatible are often trying to be compatible with Delphi source code."

INULL (talk) 21:47, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

.. And the compatibles call their dialect still "Object Pascal", not anything with Delphi in it. They use the term Delphi exclusively to refer to the Delphi product.

To my best knowledge the term "Delphi" is trademarked, which is probably the reason behind all this, together with the fact that old Delphi users kept calling the language "Object Pascal". 88.159.74.100 (talk) 10:57, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

delphi users calls language Opject Pascal because it is OBJECT PASCAL ! Delphi language do not exist, only Delphi tool and Delphi dialect of Object Pascal !!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.253.228.217 (talk) 11:22, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

FWIW, Embarcadero's Delphi compiler, dcc, compiles a language it calls Delphi, not Object Pascal. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.41.252 (talk) 17:35, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Link Farm
Moving some of the excessive external links from the article.

Embarcadero
 * Embarcadero Delphi
 * Embarcadero Delphi Prism for .NET
 * New Language Features In Delphi 2006 and Delphi 2007
 * Delphi Basics - Free Source Code
 * About Delphi Community
 * Delphi Wiki
 * Torry's Delphi Pages
 * Delphi Tutorials
 * Russian Delphi Club
 * Object Pascal Style Guide

RemObjects Software
 * RemObjects Oxygene Homepage
 * RemObjects Oxygene Official Wiki
 * RemObjects Oxygene Developer Resources, Articles and Videos

Delphi communities
 * DelphiBasics Forum, Tutorials and Examples
 * Delphi Pages
 * Torry's Delphi Pages
 * Free Delphi Source Code for Beginners
 * About.com Delphi Programming
 * Merlin's Delphi Forge

Tools For Object Pascal
 * MSEide+MSEgui
 * Lazarus IDE
 * Powtils Web Kit
 * ExtPascal - Ext JS wrapper for Object Pascal
 * WOL GUI for Free Pascal Compiler

GNU Pascal
 * GNU Pascal (GPC) information
 * GPC differences to Mac Pascal page

paxCompiler
 * Embeddable Pascal compiler

WDSybil
 * WDSybil Homepage

-- GateKeeper (talk) @ 21:28, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Hello world
It strikes me that the code used for hello world is a bit long compared to what I found elsewhere: {$APPTYPE CONSOLE} begin WriteLn ('Hello, World!'); end.

I am sure there is a problem with this but can someone please explain? Testrider (talk) 22:00, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, the problem is BASICA -- uh, sorry, basically -- that your code is Pascal, not Object Pascal. Sure, it is actually valid OP code, since Object Pascal is a superset of Standard Pascal... But an example that uses only the Standard Pascal subset is rather meaningless as an illustration of the Object Pascal superset. It's like illustrating C++ with C code: Like C, Standard Pascal has its own page with its own example code. When you read the page on C++ or on Object Pascal, what you want to see is what separates the object-oriented language from its procedural forebear, not exactly the same thing again. HTH!--CRConrad (talk) 23:01, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

Hello world examples
This is not the easiest way. (Maybe that section was written by a C++ programmer to promote C++)

Hello world examples should be simplest possible.

I have written several complete programs (sold too) in Delphi and the language is both simple and powerful. Hello world examples should show its simplicity, not a specific advanced feature.

This is possible in Delphi:

Program test; begin WriteLn ('Hello, World!'); end. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4643:E6E3:0:EC4B:3B1A:55A4:C5EF (talk) 15:11, 3 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Hi! I am afraid your example does not demonstrate object-oriented programming. For the "Hello, World!" program article, it is fine. But not for this article. —Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 05:51, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

Importance
I disagree with Object Pascal being of low importance. It is more important than Delphi (software), which is itself mid importance. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 02:58, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm in agreement with you. Not understanding how it's rated as low (particularly from a historical perspective) or that a re-evaluation hasn't been done. Comparatively and overall, Object Pascal (which includes Delphi) is among the most prolific and successful languages of all time. Not saying it's presently the most successful or is at the top, but referring to a wider view, and its usage is still clearly significant.Wukuendo (talk) 09:20, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Object Pascal


text: User talk:71.107.252.50

title: User talk:71.107.252.50


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Joslins

Joslins was a chain of department stores that was based in Denver, Colorado, United States.

History
Joslins Department Store began as J. Joslins Dry Goods Store, founded by John Jay Joslin in 1873; it was a direct competitor to The Denver Dry Goods Company which commenced operations in 1888. The original Joslin Dry Goods Company Building is on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, and is currently a Courtyard by Marriott property.

Around 1910, Joslin sold the business to H.B. Claflin & Company, which collapsed in 1914. Two store chains were created from the bankruptcy: Associated Dry Goods and Mercantile Stores Company, Inc. As a nameplate of Mercantile Stores, Joslins became the first Denver-based department store to build branch locations in the 1940s, later expanding the chain with larger anchor stores in malls in the 1960s and 1970s.

In 1998, the Dillard's department store chain purchased Mercantile Stores, converting most of the then-existing Joslin's stores to Dillard's stores. One former Joslin's store in Colorado Springs and the recently-opened flagship store at Park Meadows in Lone Tree were sold by Dillard's to The May Department Stores Company, which converted the Colorado Springs store to a Foley's and the Park Meadows	store to the Denver area's second Lord & Taylor store.

title: Joslins


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Snigger

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted, now a redirect Dmcdevit·t 07:46, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Snigger
Wikipedia is not a dictionary. I don't really see this article going anywhere-- BMIComp (talk) 06:58, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Already redirected. Radiant_ >|< 08:46, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Snigger


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Claire Littleton

Claire Littleton is a fictional character played by Emilie de Ravin on the ABC drama television series Lost, which chronicles the lives of the survivors of a plane crash in the South Pacific. Claire is introduced in the pilot episode as a pregnant crash survivor. She is a series regular until her disappearance in the fourth season finale. The character returned as a regular in the sixth season.

Before the Crash
Claire was raised in Sydney by her mother, Carole (Susan Duerden), who told her that her father had died. When she is a teenager, she and her mother are involved in a car accident which leaves Carole in a coma. Christian Shephard (John Terry) pays for Carole's medical care and reveals himself as Claire's father. When he suggests that Claire turn off her mother's life support, she is angry and leaves without learning his name.

Years later, Claire becomes pregnant by her then-boyfriend, Thomas (Keir O'Donnell). He convinces her to keep the baby but leaves her a few months later. Claire considers giving the child up for adoption. She then visits a psychic, Richard Malkin (Nick Jameson), who insists she raise the child herself, because "danger surrounds this baby." Scared by his vehemence, Claire says she plans to have the baby adopted. Claire begins to sign the document to finalize the adoption, but the pen runs out of ink; the lawyer hands her another and it too fails to work. Before she tries a third pen, Claire changes her mind and leaves the room. She visits Malkin a second time, and he tells her about a couple living in Los Angeles who are interested in adopting her baby. He gives Claire a ticket for Oceanic Flight 815, which is to leave the next day, insisting it has to be that flight — and that flight only — that she must take. Weeks later, Claire believes Malkin foresaw the plane crash, meaning she would have to raise her child herself.

Season 1
Claire panics as she hasn't felt the baby move after the crash and is helped by Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox). She passes out from dehydration but when Jack tells them about some caves and a freshwater stream, Claire stays on the beach, claiming the move into the caves would be accepting their fate as long-term inhabitants.

She bonds with survivor Charlie Pace (Dominic Monaghan). They grow closer and Charlie persuades her to move to the caves, where Claire has nightmares. She insists someone is trying to interfere with or hurt her unborn child, but Jack insists her nightmares are stress-related and tries to give her sedatives. Annoyed, Claire leaves the caves with Charlie but returns, wanting Jack there when she gives birth. On the way back, she and Charlie are kidnapped by Ethan Rom (William Mapother). Charlie is rescued, but Claire remained missing for nearly two weeks. John Locke (Terry O'Quinn) and Boone Carlyle (Ian Somerhalder) find Claire when she returns to the caves, suffering from amnesia. Ethan, however, demands Claire is returned to him, saying he will kill one survivor a day until he gets her back. The survivors keep this from Claire but she notices them treating her differently and eventually, Shannon Rutherford (Maggie Grace) tells her about Ethan's threats when Claire demands an explanation. Against Charlie's wishes, Claire agrees to be bait to capture Ethan and Charlie kills him, later telling Jack that he wasn't going to let Ethan anywhere near Claire again and he deserved to die.

Later, Locke seeks her help in making a cradle for her baby as a birthday gift. Days later, Claire has the baby, assisted by Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly), Jin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim) and Charlie. Claire is initially unable to calm him but James "Sawyer" Ford's (Josh Holloway) Southern accent solves the problem. Initially, she doesn't name him, but after Rousseau kidnaps him, she names him Aaron, begging Charlie and Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews) to bring him back. She waits at the caves with Sun-Hwa Kwon (Yunjin Kim) and Shannon until Charlie and Sayid return with him.

Season 2
Claire continues to struggle with her amnesia, and is annoyed by Charlie's attempts to play an almost fatherly role to Aaron. She unburdens herself to Locke, and jokes Charlie could be a religious freak with his Virgin Mary statues. The statues were found in the wreckage of a plane crash, each filled with heroin. Later, Claire is confronted by Mr. Eko (Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje), who tells her what was in the statues. Remembering Charlie mentioning his former drug addiction, she forbids him to approach her or Aaron. When Charlie steals Aaron, wanting to baptize him, Claire slaps him but later requests Eko baptize her and her son.

Later, Aaron falls ill, prompting Claire to seek Libby Smith's (Cynthia Watros) expertise to help her unblock her repressed memories in order to find a cure. Remembering where Ethan took her, she and Kate head into the jungle to search for Danielle Rousseau (Mira Furlan). They return to the Dharma station, but find it abandoned. Before leaving, Claire tells Rousseau her daughter, Alex (Tania Raymonde), helped her and is still alive. Upon returning to the beach, Aaron is well and Claire has recovered all the lost memories from after her abduction by Ethan. Charlie later approaches Claire, and gives her some vaccine for her and Aaron, which she accepts. While at Ana Lucia Cortez (Michelle Rodriguez) and Libby's funeral, Claire clasps Charlie's hand and later kisses him.

Season 3
Days later, Claire sees a flock of gulls flying overhead. She believes if she can catch one, they could send a distress message to the outside world. She asks Sun and Jin to help build a net to catch one of the birds, but Desmond Hume (Henry Ian Cusick) thwarts their attempt when he scares the birds away with gunfire. Angry with him and Charlie, she follows Desmond to a rocky cliff, where he gives her a bird and learns of Desmond's visions of Charlie's death. She comforts Charlie, and the two attach a note to the bird before releasing it. Later, Claire suddenly falls violently ill, due to the now activated implant Ethan put in her during her abduction. Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell) cures the illness as a means of earning the survivors' trust.

When Naomi Dorrit (Marsha Thomason) addresses the camp about the world's perspective of their predicament, Claire expresses outrage they are considered dead. Later, when Karl (Blake Bashoff) arrives the next day with news of the Others' impending arrival, Claire goes with the rest of the camp to the radio tower. Soon after, Claire is delighted to hear Charlie has disabled the jamming device blocking all outgoing signals, but is worried he has not returned to shore.

Season 4
Claire and Sun tend to Aaron before heading back to the beach, following Jack's success in contacting the freighter. However, upon the two groups meeting by the cockpit, Claire learns of Charlie's death and his final warning. With this in mind, Claire decides to join Locke and move into the barracks, along with Hurley, Sawyer and three other unarmed castaways. Along the way, she and the rest of Locke's group encounter Charlotte Lewis (Rebecca Mader), who had parachuted onto the island. Claire is asleep when the barracks fall under attack. One of Martin Keamy's (Kevin Durand) men shoots an RPG at Claire's house, which explodes, but she is rescued by Sawyer. Upon safely leaving the barracks and its attackers, Claire, Sawyer and Miles Straume (Ken Leung) return to the beach. Several times during the journey, Miles stares at Claire strangely, prompting Sawyer to issue an impromptu 'restraining order'. She falls asleep in their camp that night and wakes to find her father, Christian, holding Aaron, and proceeds to follow him, leaving Aaron under a tree in the process. Later, when Locke enters Jacob's cabin, he finds Claire sitting there with Christian, claiming she and Aaron are fine where they are. Before Locke leaves, Christian cautions him Claire's whereabouts should remain a secret.

Aaron is one of the rescued Oceanic Six, and the general public are told he is Kate's son, while Claire is listed as among the passengers who did not survive the plane crash. At Christian Shephard's memorial service, Carole Littleton, who has recovered from her coma, tells Jack she and Christian had a relationship which produced Claire, revealing her to be Jack's half-sister. Eventually, before departing to return to the island, Kate reveals to Carole that Aaron is Claire's son. Kate tells Carole that she is going back to try to find Claire, and leaves Aaron with his grandmother.

Season 6
On the Island, Dogen (Hiroyuki Sanada) tells Jack that Claire has been consumed by the same "infection" that threatens Sayid. At about the same time, Jin is attacked by men from the temple, and then rescued by Claire, who has adapted to an existence on the Island like Rousseau's. She tells Jin about a friend she now has on the island, the fake John Locke — of whose falsity she is aware. Claire reveals that she's been searching for Aaron and believes the people in the Temple have him. Observing Claire's erratic behavior, Jin decides not to convince her otherwise. She therefore plans to invade the temple to find her son.

The Man in Black then sends Claire to the Temple as an emissary for him to communicate with the Others' leader, Dogen. However, Dogen orders the Others to take Claire captive, so they put her in a large pit within the Temple. When Kate returns, she demands to see Claire and finds her there, singing "Catch a Falling Star". Kate reveals to Claire that she took and raised Aaron, but Claire is not happy about it. After the Monster's attack on the Temple, the pair escape and join the Man in Black and his new group of defected Others.

As the Man in Black's party continues their journey, Claire attacks Kate. Their leader intervenes, stopping Claire violently. Claire later apologizes to Kate and thanks her for saving Aaron. Claire questions the Man in Black's intentions for her, expressing her fear that he doesn't need her to be on the plane on which he plans to escape. The Man in Black reassures her that he wants her to be reunited with her child. When asked about Kate, the Man in Black reveals that she is simply a means to an end. Claire later turns against and flees from the Man in Black after he allows Jin, Sun and Sayid to die on Charles Widmore's (Alan Dale) submarine. She becomes fearful of him and is hostile towards Richard Alpert (Nestor Carbonell), Miles and Frank Lapidus (Jeff Fahey) when she believes that they have been sent to kill her. They fail to convince her to accompany them off the Island as it collapses, owing to Desmond accidentally extinguishing the light in the source of the Island. When Kate and Sawyer arrive on Hydra Island and find her, Claire admits to shame of what she has become, and believes that Aaron is better off without her. Kate assures Claire that her worries are normal, and promises to help her. The trio board the plane with Richard, Frank and Miles and fly home.

Afterlife
Claire is the passenger in a taxi Kate Austen hijacks at gunpoint in order to escape Edward Mars (Fredric Lehne). When the driver runs from the taxi and Kate takes over as driver, she forces Claire to exit the vehicle and leave her belongings behind. Kate later regrets this and gives Claire a ride to the house of the couple who are adopting her baby. Claire asks Kate to come in with her, and finds out the couple has split up and the wife does not feel she can raise Claire's child alone. She then experiences contractions and Kate brings her to the hospital where she is treated by Dr. Goodspeed (Ethan Rom) He tells her at 36 weeks, she could deliver a healthy baby; however, because she does not feel she is ready, she chooses to be treated with drugs  stabilizing her. When the baby's heartbeat momentarily cannot be found, Claire instinctively calls her child "Aaron." In thanks for her assistance, Claire covers for Kate and gives her a credit card, enabling her to escape.

Later, Desmond uses their acquaintance from the plane to send Claire to his lawyer, Ilana Verdansky, for adoption advice, knowing that Verdansky is executing Christian Shephard's last will and testament and is already looking for Claire, a named beneficiary. Jack Shephard and his mother also learn of Claire's existence through the will. When Jack and Claire meet, he immediately accepts her as family and brings her to stay with him and his son David (Dylan Minnette).

Later on, Claire attends a concert with David. Desmond has brought Kate there, and Charlie's band Driveshaft is performing that night. Claire locks eyes with Charlie, and they both feel the first stirrings of recognition. She then goes into labour and gives birth backstage, being helped by Kate, just like before on the island. This reawakens Claire and Kate's memories of the island. After this, Charlie also remembers their lives on the island, and he and Claire have an emotional reunion. They are later seen at the church with everybody else as Christian opens the doors and allows them to move on.

Development
The producers thought it was essential an Australian was cast for the part of Claire, as it was always planned to be a multi-cultural show, and the Oceanic 815 was leaving from Sydney. Emilie de Ravin was working in Edmonton, so she was unable to go to the auditions, which were being held in Los Angeles. From a video she sent to the producers, they were able to tell de Ravin had the youth and sweetness required for the role, but also looked as though she had some life experience.

Emilie de Ravin, an Australian actress, originally auditioned for the role of Shannon, speaking her dialogue with an American accent. Instead, they offered her the part of Claire; she accepted without reading the script, assuming it would just be a recurring role. While de Ravin had never been pregnant, she was able to learn of the experience from her two older sisters. She found the hot weather conditions in Hawaii difficult, later saying that "in many ways, the filming is actually like the drama. You endure the muggiest weather in the rainforest... You're really exposed to the elements." The actress admitted being "creeped out" by the premise of "Raised by Another", in which a psychic tricks Claire by sending her to the island to raise her baby.

Emilie de Ravin did not return as a series regular for the fifth season, but had a "holding contract" and returned as a regular in the sixth season.

title: Claire Littleton


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Chuck Crate

Charles Brandle Crate (January 26, 1915 – March 7, 1992) was a Canadian fascist who was the leader of the Canadian Union of Fascists.

Fascist politics
Crate became leader of the Canadian Union of Fascists while a student at York Memorial Collegiate Institute, in a working class suburb of Toronto. He had contacted the British Union of Fascists, who put him in touch with BUF supporters in Canada organised in the Winnipeg-based CUF. Crate became editor of the party's newspaper, Thunderbolt and soon became leader. By 1936, the CUF claimed a membership of 8,000 people and The Globe newspaper described the then 21-year-old Crate as "Canada's No. 1 Fascist".

The party was banned on June 4, 1940, under the Defence of Canada Regulations but Crate avoided internment by signing a declaration severing his connections with the CUF. However, by 1942, Crate had moved to Winnipeg and was editing The Thunderbolt there, blaming the conditions of the time on Jews, the Roman Catholic Church and the Masonic Order.

In response to a question in the Canadian House of Commons by MP Dorise Nielsen, Minister of Justice Louis St. Laurent told parliament on June 30, 1943, that Crate had signed a declaration at the beginning of World War II severing his connections of the Canadian Union of Fascists. He was arrested in Edmonton, Alberta on June 21, 1943, and charged with advocating the policies of an illegal organization, namely the Canadian Union of Fascists. Nielsen also expressed concerns that Crate had been given a permit to join the construction crew of the Alaska Highway, a crucial wartime project.

title: Chuck Crate


text: User talk:218.111.255.189

title: User talk:218.111.255.189


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Space Shuttle thermal protection system

The Space Shuttle thermal protection system (TPS) is the barrier that protected the Space Shuttle Orbiter during the searing 1650 °C heat of atmospheric reentry. A secondary goal was to protect from the heat and cold of space while in orbit.

Materials
The TPS covered essentially the entire orbiter surface, and consisted of seven different materials in varying locations based on amount of required heat protection:

 * Reinforced carbon–carbon (RCC), used in the nose cap, the chin area between the nose cap and nose landing gear doors, the arrowhead aft of the nose landing gear door, and the wing leading edges. Used where reentry temperature exceeded 1260 °C.
 * High-temperature reusable surface insulation (HRSI) tiles, used on the orbiter underside. Made of coated LI-900 silica ceramics. Used where reentry temperature was below 1,260 °C.
 * Fibrous refractory composite insulation (FRCI) tiles, used to provide improved strength, durability, resistance to coating cracking and weight reduction. Some HRSI tiles were replaced by this type.
 * Flexible Insulation Blankets (FIB), a quilted, flexible blanket-like surface insulation. Used where reentry temperature was below 649 °C.
 * Low-temperature Reusable Surface Insulation (LRSI) tiles, formerly used on the upper fuselage, but were mostly replaced by FIB. Used in temperature ranges roughly similar to FIB.
 * Toughened unipiece fibrous insulation (TUFI) tiles, a stronger, tougher tile which came into use in 1996. Used in high and low temperature areas.
 * Felt reusable surface insulation (FRSI). White Nomex felt blankets on the upper payload bay doors, portions of the mid fuselage and aft fuselage sides, portions of the upper wing surface and a portion of the OMS/RCS pods. Used where temperatures stayed below 371 °C.

Each type of TPS had specific heat protection, impact resistance, and weight characteristics, which determined the locations where it was used and the amount used.

The shuttle TPS had three key characteristics that distinguished it from the TPS used on previous spacecraft:

 * Reusable: Previous spacecraft generally used ablative heat shields which burned off during reentry and so could not be reused. This insulation was robust and reliable, and the single-use nature was appropriate for a single-use vehicle. By contrast, the reusable shuttle required a reusable thermal protection system.
 * Lightweight: Previous ablative heat shields were very heavy. For example, the ablative heat shield on the Apollo Command Module comprised about 15% of the vehicle weight. The winged shuttle had much more surface area than previous spacecraft, so a lightweight TPS was crucial.
 * Fragile: The only known technology in the early 1970s with the required thermal and weight characteristics was also so fragile, due to the very low density, that one could easily crush a TPS tile by hand.

Purpose
The orbiter's aluminum structure could not withstand temperatures over 175 °C without structural failure. Aerodynamic heating during reentry would push the temperature well above this level in areas, so an effective insulator was needed.

Reentry heating
Reentry heating differs from the normal atmospheric heating associated with jet aircraft, and this governed TPS design and characteristics. The skin of high-speed jet aircraft can also become hot, but this is from frictional heating due to atmospheric friction, similar to warming one's hands by rubbing them together. The orbiter reentered the atmosphere as a blunt body by having a very high (40°) angle of attack, with its broad lower surface facing the direction of flight. Over 80% of the heating the orbiter experiences during reentry is caused by compression of the air ahead of the hypersonic vehicle, in accordance with the basic thermodynamic relation between pressure and temperature. A hot shock wave was created in front of the vehicle, which deflected most of the heat and prevented the orbiter's surface from directly contacting the peak heat. Therefore, reentry heating was largely convective heat transfer between the shock wave and the orbiter's skin through superheated plasma. The key to a reusable shield against this type of heating is very low-density material, similar to how a thermos bottle inhibits convective heat transfer.

Some high-temperature metal alloys can withstand reentry heat; they simply get hot and re-radiate the absorbed heat. This technique, called heat sink thermal protection, was planned for the X-20 Dyna-Soar winged space vehicle. However, the amount of high-temperature metal required to protect a large vehicle like the Space Shuttle Orbiter would have been very heavy and entailed a severe penalty to the vehicle's performance. Similarly, ablative TPS would be heavy, possibly disturb vehicle aerodynamics as it burned off during reentry, and require significant maintenance to reapply after each mission. (Unfortunately, TPS tile, which was originally specified never to take debris strikes during launch, in practice also needed to be closely inspected and repaired after each landing, due to damage invariably incurred during ascent, even before new on-orbit inspection policies were established following the loss of Space Shuttle Columbia.)

Detailed description

The TPS was a system of different protection types, not just silica tiles. They are in two basic categories: tile TPS and non-tile TPS. The main selection criteria used the lightest weight protection capable of handling the heat in a given area. However, in some cases a heavier type was used if additional impact resistance was needed. The FIB blankets were primarily adopted for reduced maintenance, not for thermal or weight reasons.

Much of the shuttle was covered with LI-900 silica tiles, made from essentially very pure quartz sand. The insulation prevented heat transfer to the underlying orbiter aluminium skin and structure. These tiles were such poor heat conductors that one could hold one by the edges while it was still red hot. There were about 24,300 unique tiles individually fitted on the vehicle, for which the orbiter has been called "the flying brickyard". Researchers at University of Minnesota and Pennsylvania State University are performing the atomistic simulations to obtain accurate description of interactions between atomic and molecular oxygen with silica surfaces to develop better high-temperature oxidation-protection systems for leading edges on hypersonic vehicles.

The tiles were not mechanically fastened to the vehicle, but glued. Since the brittle tiles could not flex with the underlying vehicle skin, they were glued to Nomex felt Strain Isolation Pads (SIPs) with room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone adhesive, which were in turn glued to the orbiter skin. These isolated the tiles from the orbiter's structural deflections and expansions. Gluing on the 24,300 tiles required nearly two man-years of work for every flight, partly due to the fact that the glue dried quickly and new batches needed to be produced after every couple of tiles. An ad-hoc remedy that involved technicians spitting in the glue to slow down the drying process was common practice until 1988, when a tile-hazard study revealed that spit weakened the adhesive's bonding strength.

High-temperature reusable surface insulation (HRSI)
The black HRSI tiles provided protection against temperatures up to 1260 °C. There were 20,548 HRSI tiles which covered the landing gear doors, external tank umbilical connection doors, and the rest of the orbiter's under surfaces. They were also used in areas on the upper forward fuselage, parts of the orbital maneuvering system pods, vertical stabilizer leading edge, elevon trailing edges, and upper body flap surface. They varied in thickness from 1 to 5 in, depending upon the heat load encountered during reentry. Except for closeout areas, these tiles were normally 6 by square. The HRSI tile was composed of high purity silica fibers. Ninety percent of the volume of the tile was empty space, giving it a very low density (9 lb/ft3) making it light enough for spaceflight. The uncoated tiles were bright white in appearance and looked more like a solid ceramic than the foam-like material that they were.

The black coating on the tiles was Reaction Cured Glass (RCG) of which tetraboron silicide and borosilicate glass were some of several ingredients. RCG was applied to all but one side of the tile to protect the porous silica and to increase the heat sink properties. The coating was absent from a small margin of the sides adjacent to the uncoated (bottom) side. To waterproof the tile, dimethylethoxysilane was injected into the tiles by syringe. Densifying the tile with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) also helped to protect the silica and added additional waterproofing.

An uncoated HRSI tile held in the hand feels like a very light foam, less dense than styrofoam, and the delicate, friable material must be handled with extreme care to prevent damage. The coating feels like a thin, hard shell and encapsulates the white insulating ceramic to resolve its friability, except on the uncoated side. Even a coated tile feels very light, lighter than a same-sized block of styrofoam. As expected for silica, they are odorless and inert.

HRSI was primarily designed to withstand transition from areas of extremely low temperature (the void of space, about -270 °C) to the high temperatures of re-entry (caused by interaction, mostly compression at the hypersonic shock, between the gases of the upper atmosphere & the hull of the Space Shuttle, typically around 1600 °C).

Fibrous Refractory Composite Insulation Tiles (FRCI)
The black FRCI tiles provided improved durability, resistance to coating cracking and weight reduction. Some HRSI tiles were replaced by this type.

Toughened unipiece fibrous insulation (TUFI)
A stronger, tougher tile which came into use in 1996. TUFI tiles came in high temperature black versions for use in the orbiter's underside, and lower temperature white versions for use on the upper body. While more impact resistant than other tiles, white versions conducted more heat which limited their use to the orbiter's upper body flap and main engine area. Black versions had sufficient heat insulation for the orbiter underside but had greater weight. These factors restricted their use to specific areas.

Low-temperature reusable surface insulation (LRSI)
White in color, these covered the upper wing near the leading edge. They were also used in selected areas of the forward, mid, and aft fuselage, vertical tail, and the OMS/RCS pods. These tiles protected areas where reentry temperatures are below 1200 °F. The LRSI tiles were manufactured in the same manner as the HRSI tiles, except that the tiles were 8 by square and had a white RCG coating made of silica compounds with shiny aluminium oxide. The white color was by design and helped to manage heat on orbit when the orbiter was exposed to direct sunlight.

These tiles were reusable for up to 100 missions with refurbishment (100 missions was also the design lifetime of each orbiter). They were carefully inspected in the Orbiter Processing Facility after each mission, and damaged or worn tiles were immediately replaced before the next mission. Fabric sheets known as gap fillers were also inserted between tiles where necessary. These allowed for a snug fit between tiles, preventing excess plasma from penetrating between them, yet allowing for thermal expansion and flexing of the underlying vehicle skin.

Prior to the introduction of FIB blankets, LRSI tiles occupied all of the areas now covered by the blankets, including the upper fuselage and the whole surface of the OMS pods. This TPS configuration was only used on Columbia and Challenger.

Flexible Insulation Blankets/Advanced Flexible Reusable Insulation (FIB/AFRSI)
Developed after the initial delivery of Columbia and first used on the OMS pods of Challenger. This white low-density fibrous silica batting material had a quilt-like appearance, and replaced the vast majority of the LRSI tiles. They required much less maintenance than LRSI tiles yet had about the same thermal properties. After their limited use on Challenger, they were used much more extensively beginning with Discovery and replaced many of the LRSI tiles on Columbia after the loss of Challenger.

Reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC)
The light gray material which withstood reentry temperatures up to 1510 °C protected the wing leading edges and nose cap. Each of the orbiters' wings had 22 RCC panels about 1/4 to 1/2 in thick. T-seals between each panel allowed for thermal expansion and lateral movement between these panels and the wing.

RCC was a laminated composite material made from carbon fibres impregnated with a phenolic resin. After curing at high temperature in an autoclave, the laminate was pyrolized to convert the resin to pure carbon. This was then impregnated with furfural alcohol in a vacuum chamber, then cured and pyrolized again to convert the furfural alcohol to carbon. This process was repeated three times until the desired carbon-carbon properties were achieved.

To provide oxidation resistance for reuse capability, the outer layers of the RCC were coated with silicon carbide. The silicon-carbide coating protected the carbon-carbon from oxidation. The RCC was highly resistant to fatigue loading that was experienced during ascent and entry. It was stronger than the tiles and was also used around the socket of the forward attach point of the orbiter to the External Tank to accommodate the shock loads of the explosive bolt detonation. RCC was the only TPS material that also served as structural support for part of the orbiter's aerodynamic shape: the wing leading edges and the nose cap. All other TPS components (tiles and blankets) were mounted onto structural materials that supported them, mainly the aluminium frame and skin of the orbiter.

Nomex Felt Reusable Surface Insulation (FRSI)
This white, flexible fabric offered protection at up to 371 °C. FRSI covered the orbiter's upper wing surfaces, upper payload bay doors, portions of the OMS/RCS pods, and aft fuselage.

Gap fillers
Gap fillers were placed at doors and moving surfaces to minimize heating by preventing the formation of vortices. Doors and moving surfaces created open gaps in the heat protection system that had to be protected from heat. Some of these gaps were safe, but there were some areas on the heat shield where surface pressure gradients caused a crossflow of boundary layer air in those gaps.

The filler materials were made of either white AB312 fibers or black AB312 cloth covers (which contain alumina fibers). These materials were used around the leading edge of the nose cap, windshields, side hatch, wing, trailing edge of elevons, vertical stabilizer, the rudder/speed brake, body flap, and heat shield of the shuttle's main engines.

On STS-114, some of this material was dislodged and determined to pose a potential safety risk. It was possible that the gap filler could cause turbulent airflow further down the fuselage, which would result in much higher heating, potentially damaging the orbiter. The cloth was removed during a spacewalk during the mission.

Weight considerations
While reinforced carbon–carbon had the best heat protection characteristics, it was also much heavier than the silica tiles and FIBs, so it was limited to relatively small areas. In general the goal was to use the lightest weight insulation consistent with the required thermal protection. Density of each TPS type:

Total area and weight of each TPS type (used on Orbiter 102, pre-1996):

Slow tile application
Tiles often fell off and caused much of the delay in the launch of STS-1, the first shuttle mission, which was originally scheduled for 1979 but did not occur until April 1981. NASA was unused to lengthy delays in its programs, and was under great pressure from the government and military to launch soon. In March 1979 it moved the incomplete Columbia, with 7,800 of the 31,000 tiles missing, from the Rockwell International plant in Palmdale, California to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Beyond creating the appearance of progress in the program, NASA hoped that the tiling could be finished while the rest of the orbiter was prepared. This was a mistake; some of the Rockwell tilers disliked Florida and soon returned to California, and the Orbiter Processing Facility was not designed for manufacturing and was too small for its 400 workers.

Each tile used cement that required 16 hours to cure. After the tile was affixed to the cement, a jack held it in place for another 16 hours. In March 1979 it took each worker 40 hours to install one tile; by using young, efficient college students during the summer the pace sped up to 1.8 tiles per worker per week. Thousands of tiles failed stress tests and had to be replaced. By fall NASA realized that the speed of tiling would determine the launch date. The tiles were so problematic that officials would have switched to any other thermal protection method, but none other existed.

Because it had to be ferried without all tiles the gaps were filled with material to maintain the Shuttle's aerodynamics while in transit.

Concern over "zipper effect"
The tile TPS was an area of concern during shuttle development, mainly concerning adhesion reliability. Some engineers thought a failure mode could exist whereby one tile could detach, and resulting aerodynamic pressure would create a "zipper effect" stripping off other tiles. Whether during ascent or reentry, the result would be disastrous.

Concern over debris strikes
Another problem was ice or other debris impacting the tiles during ascent. This had never been fully and thoroughly solved, as the debris had never been eliminated, and the tiles remained susceptible to damage from it. NASA's final strategy for mitigating this problem was to aggressively inspect for, assess, and address any damage that may occur, while on orbit and before reentry, in addition to on the ground between flights.

Early tile repair plans
These concerns were sufficiently great that NASA did significant work developing an emergency-use tile repair kit which the STS-1 crew could use before deorbiting. By December 1979, prototypes and early procedures were completed, most of which involved equipping the astronauts with a special in-space repair kit and a jet pack called the Manned Maneuvering Unit, or MMU, developed by Martin Marietta.

Another element was a maneuverable work platform which would secure an MMU-propelled spacewalking astronaut to the fragile tiles beneath the orbiter. The concept used electrically controlled adhesive cups which would lock the work platform into position on the featureless tile surface. About one year before the 1981 STS-1 launch, NASA decided the repair capability was not worth the additional risk and training, so discontinued development. There were unresolved problems with the repair tools and techniques; also further tests indicated the tiles were unlikely to come off. The first shuttle mission did suffer several tile losses, but they were in non-critical areas, and no "zipper effect" occurred.

Columbia accident and aftermath
On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed on reentry due to a failure of the TPS. The investigation team found and reported that the probable cause of the accident was that during launch, a piece of foam debris punctured an RCC panel on the left wing's leading edge and allowed hot gases from the reentry to enter the wing and disintegrate the wing from within, leading to eventual loss of control and breakup of the shuttle.

The Space Shuttle's thermal protection system received a number of controls and modifications after the disaster. They were applied to the three remaining shuttles, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour in preparation for subsequent mission launches into space.

On 2005's STS-114 mission, in which Discovery made the first flight to follow the Columbia accident, NASA took a number of steps to verify that the TPS was undamaged. The 50 ft Orbiter Boom Sensor System, a new extension to the Remote Manipulator System, was used to perform laser imaging of the TPS to inspect for damage. Prior to docking with the International Space Station, Discovery performed a Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver, simply a 360° backflip rotation, allowing all areas of the vehicle to be photographed from ISS. Two gap fillers were protruding from the orbiter's underside more than the nominally allowed distance, and the agency cautiously decided it would be best to attempt to remove the fillers or cut them flush rather than risk the increased heating they would cause. Even though each one protruded less than 3 cm, it was believed that leaving them could cause heating increases of 25% upon reentry.

Because the orbiter did not have any handholds on its underside (as they would cause much more trouble with reentry heating than the protruding gap fillers of concern), astronaut Stephen K. Robinson worked from the ISS's robotic arm, Canadarm2. Because the TPS tiles were quite fragile, there had been concern that anyone working under the vehicle could cause more damage to the vehicle than was already there, but NASA officials felt that leaving the gap fillers alone was a greater risk. In the event, Robinson was able to pull the gap fillers free by hand, and caused no damage to the TPS on Discovery.

Tile donations
, with the impending Space Shuttle retirement, NASA was donating TPS tiles to schools, universities, and museums for the cost of shipping—US$23.40 each. About 7000 tiles were available on a first-come, first-served basis, but limited to one each per institution.

title: Space Shuttle thermal protection system


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Zhaleh Kazemi

Zhaleh Kazemi (née Zahra Kazemi-Azad; 3 April 1943 – 31 March 2004) was an Iranian television producer, news anchor, and painter. She was also a voice actress for Persian-dubbed films in Iranian cinema.

Her dubbing work was done for many American films, and Kazemi was the regular voice actor for films starring Sophia Loren, Elizabeth Taylor, and Ingrid Bergman. Other actresses she dubbed for included Vivien Leigh, Eva Gardner, Jennifer Jones, Joanne Woodward, Leslie Caron, Shirley MacLaine, Vanessa Redgrave, Ali MacGraw, Julie Christie, Faye Dunaway, Barbra Streisand, and Mia Farrow. After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the film dubbing industry in Iran stopped.

title: Zhaleh Kazemi


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Totem tennis

Totem tennis (also known as tether tennis or swingball) is a game where two players use racquets to strike a tennis or sponge ball which has been attached with string to the top of a vertical pole. The pole is either driven into soft ground or anchored with a heavy base.

Tether tennis has been known since the early 1900s.

The British company Mookie Toys claims that in 1993 it acquired the global rights for the Swingball brand, the product sold since 1974. In Mookie Toys Swingball, there is a helical coil of wire at the top of the pole and the competitors hit the ball clockwise or anticlockwise around the pole to make it go up or down the coil, the winner being the person who gets the ball to their end of the coil, top or bottom.

Other commercial swingball toys have a rotating component to attach the string, so that it does not wrap around the pole.

The mother of British tennis star Andy Murray asserts that part of Andy's success may be attributed to swingball he used to play at their home in Scotland in early childhood.

The game was once sold in the United States under the name Zimm Zamm.

title: Totem tennis


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Jack Shephard

Dr. Jack Shephard is a fictional character and the protagonist of the ABC television series Lost, played by Matthew Fox. Lost follows the journey of the survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 on a mysterious island and their attempts to survive and escape, slowly uncovering more of the much broader island history they are a part of. The character was originally conceived by creator J. J. Abrams, though the direction of storylines owes more to co-creator Damon Lindelof and fellow showrunner Carlton Cuse. Abrams, the creator of Lost, once told Entertainment Weekly, "Jack Shephard may be the greatest leader in any television series." Actor Matthew Fox would have some influence on the character during the course of the series' production. For example, Fox's own tattoos were incorporated into the character's backstory. Although at an early stage in the show's development, the character was intended to die in the pilot, the writers soon changed this plan, and Jack became the show's main character from its pilot episode onwards.

The de facto leader of the crash survivors, in the show's first four seasons, Jack is very much a man of science. He serves as the antithesis of man of faith John Locke; however, his experiences in season five mold Jack into a believer, to the point of becoming John Locke's spiritual successor in the final season. His leadership role culminates in him taking briefly over as protector of the island from its immortal guardian, Jacob, and being the one to engage one of the series' villains, The Man in Black (who has ironically taken on Locke's appearance), in a climactic battle to the death. Jack's storylines have included the exploration of his relationships with various love interests: fellow survivor Kate Austen, and Juliet Burke, who is initially a member of the mysterious Others, who are the series' main antagonists for the majority of its run. Other key relationships in the show involve Claire Littleton, whom he discovers is his half-sister; Hurley and Sayid Jarrah as his right-hand men; and Sawyer, his rival for the affections of Kate, even when at some points, Sawyer calls him the nearest thing he has as a friend.

Characterization
Prior to the crash of Oceanic Flight 815, Jack was born into a successful family, with aspirations of following in his father's footsteps. He attended Columbia University and graduated from medical school a year earlier than his classmates.

Despite Jack's gifts as a physician, he is haunted by his relationship with his father, a neurosurgeon at St. Sebastian Hospital. Jack exposes his father's alcoholism, ending his career. In September 2004, Jack's mother, Margo, (Veronica Hamel) orders him to find Christian, who has exiled himself to Australia, and bring him back. Jack goes to Sydney and finds that his father has died. Once Jack identified his father's body, he made arrangements to bring him home. Jack boards Oceanic 815 bound for Los Angeles on September 22, 2004, with his father's casket in the cargo hold.

On the island, Jack plays a key role in the survival of his fellow survivors in the immediate aftermath of the crash, instructing others to help those with injuries and using his medical background to assist the wounded. The survivors look to Jack as their leader; however, he is reluctant to embrace the position and repeats his father's rationale that he does not "have what it takes". Exhausted from tending the wounded, attempts to rescue drowning survivors and sleep-deprived, Jack begins chasing (seeming) hallucinations of his father in the jungle. He drops his skepticism when he finds his father's coffin but it is empty. Struggling to cope with demands made by the castaways, he meets John Locke in the jungle, who provides some guidance for Jack's leadership. Jack returns to the beach camp and gives a speech on how they are going to live on the island and tells them about the caves; one part of his speech—"live together, die alone"—becomes a mantra amongst the survivors. Through his medical tending and visibility within the camp, Jack quickly develops many personal relationships with the castaways, most notably finding a romantic interest in Kate Austen, a right-hand man in Hurley Reyes (Jorge Garcia) and a mutual respect for former military torturer Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews).

Throughout the series, it has been stated numerous times that Jack is a natural leader. These things have been demonstrated many times by his ability to think quickly and analyze crisis situations. Jack intentionally represses fear and anxiety, usually in order to remain strong for other people, as he is the one they turn to during crises. Initially, he rejects claims of fellow survivors, such as Rose Nadler (L. Scott Caldwell) and John Locke, who believe they are on the Island for a reason and that the Island has mystic properties. He does this to not give his fellow survivors false hope. On the Island, Jack also seems to repress his feelings for Kate Austen. However, after escaping from The Island, Jack and Kate admit their love, move in together, and raise Aaron, Claire's son.

Jack's habit of repression sometimes does flare out, usually in his propensity to become violent when he is enraged. He is also prone to become highly obsessive and willing to do anything to help the survivors, even if it's to his detriment. This aspect was noted by his father when he was a child, suggesting that Jack avoid being a hero because he doesn't have "what it takes" to keep a level head when things go wrong. Jack is, deep down, a very caring person and has sacrificed himself for his crash-mates several times. After being rescued, he sinks into alcoholism and drug abuse out of severe depression. He blames himself for leaving almost all the fellow survivors behind while he was safely rescued. This leads to his delusions that his father is still alive and a suicide attempt, which indicate that Jack has not been completely able to cope with what happened on the island. Digital Spy ' s Ben Rawson-Jones marked a "difference in the characterization of Jack [who] has become known as the trustworthy, honest type since Oceanic Flight 815 crashed, so his blatant lies about the island under oath were definitely dramatic".

After being rescued and falling into depression, Jack was visited by Locke one last time, to convince him to return to the island. Though he failed, Jack's outlook underwent a fundamental change. He began to believe in fate and destiny. When Juliet asked Jack why he eventually did return to the island, Jack told her "because I was supposed to". Jack's faith leads him to sacrifice himself to prevent the island's destruction. He believed that saving the island was what he was "meant to do" and the only thing that could give him the peace he did not find when he was off-island.

Development
In the original outline of Lost, Jack was going to be killed halfway through the first episode. Lost co-creator J. J. Abrams was interested in Michael Keaton for the role, as Abrams wanted to work with him. However, scripts were never even sent to him, as the character was made into a regular, and Keaton wasn't interested in a series. The producers felt that if the audience became attached to the character during the first episode, and then he was killed, they might resent the show. His death was meant to shock the audience so they would never know what would happen next. The role ended up going to Matthew Fox, who was "very excited" about it, as it was the genre and tone he was looking for.

Tattoos
For story purposes, the tattoos on Jack's arm read: "He walks among us, but he is not one of us." However, Matthew Fox already had the tattoos when he started on Lost. The producers considered putting make-up over them but, instead, decided to keep them and just fit them in with the plot.

According to Assistant Professor Xinping Zhu of Northeastern University, the tattoo is made up of four Chinese characters ("鹰", hawk; "击", strike or attack; "长", long; "空", space or sky) from a poem written by Mao Zedong in 1925, and the Lebanese Phalangist symbol. Fox's tattoo translates to "Eagles high up, cleaving the space".

In an interview, Fox said that, for him, getting a tattoo is a "pretty intense experience" and something he would not do in the "spur of the moment". He thought it was a "really cool idea" for Jack to have tattoos. Since Fox used tattoos to represent memories or meaningful events in his life, the writers took a similar approach when dealing with Jack's tattoos.

Reception
Critical and viewer reception has been highly positive for Matthew Fox's Jack Shephard with some calling him one of the best tv show protagonists of the 2000's. BuddyTV praised Matthew Fox's lead role performance in "Through the Looking Glass" as "Emmy worthy" The San Diego Union-Tribune ' s Karla Peterson praised Fox's work in "Something Nice Back Home", The Palm Beach Post ' s Kevin Thompson "thought [that] Matthew [Fox] did a nice job conveying a wide range of emotions—scared, haunted, frustration, jealousy, just to name a few" in the same episode.

Matthew Fox won a Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Dramatic Television Series for his role as Jack in 2004. He was nominated for a Golden Globe in 2006 for Best Actor in a television series – Drama and a Television Critics Association award in 2005 for Individual Achievement in Drama. He has also won two Saturn awards, including Best Actor on Television in 2005 and Best Actor in a Television Program in 2007. In 2010, Fox received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.

title: Jack Shephard


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Levi Seacer Jr.

Levi Seacer Jr. (born April 30, 1961) is an American musician. He was an early associate of Sheila E. when he was tapped by Prince to form a new touring band after the demise of The Revolution in 1986. Seacer became the band's bassist, as well as a backing vocalist. Later, he began collaborating with Prince as a songwriter on several projects. Seacer was a founding member of Prince's The New Power Generation in 1991, switching from bass to the band's guitarist. He remained a member of the band until 1993, and also participated in the later version of Madhouse. After leaving the Prince camp in 1993, Seacer has worked as a producer and session musician on various projects, most notably the gospel music ensemble Sounds of Blackness.

In 1990, he produced the majority of Right Rhythm, a Motown-issued album recorded by the pop/R&B group The Pointer Sisters. In 1991, he performed various instruments on the album Moment of Truth by Terri Nunn.

In October 1998, Seacer (along with Tony M.) filed a lawsuit against Prince, claiming that Prince hadn't shared royalties that Levi and Tony were owed for songs they had co-written for Prince's NPG Publishing, including "Sexy MF" and "My Name Is Prince". In the end, Mosely and Seacer settled for approximately $40,000 each (apparently, not even enough to pay their legal expenses), having sued Prince for $800,000.

title: Levi Seacer Jr.