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List of Barbershop Harmony Society quartet champions

This article lists the Barbershop Harmony Society's international quartet champions by the year in which they won. Quartets can win only once, though up to two members may appear together in another quartet and compete again. In this manner individual singers may win multiple gold medals. Twenty men have won two or more gold medals. Five men have won three or more. One man, Joe Connelly, has won four, and another, Tony DeRosa, has won five.

Connelly sang with champion quartets Interstate Rivals (1987), Keepsake (1992), PLATINUM (2000), and Old School (2011); and DeRosa with Keepsake (1992), PLATINUM (2000), Max Q (2007), Main Street (2017), and Three And A Half Men (2024). Connelly was the first to achieve both the 3- and 4-time International Quartet Champion milestone, and DeRosa followed by doing so in multiple voice parts. Gary Lewis has won three times on three different parts with PLATINUM (2000, tenor), Max Q (2007, baritone), and Quorum (2022, bass).

Though the competition is international, only two quartets from outside North America have so far won the gold medal: Ringmasters from Sweden in 2012 and Musical Island Boys from New Zealand in 2014. The Town and Country Four were the first quartet to win internationally as the contest was held in Canada for the first time in 1963. Disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in cancellation of the 2020 and 2021 international contests, the only years in the society's 86-year history without one. • 2024 – Three and a Half Men

• 2023 – Midtown

• 2022 – Quorum

• 2021 – No champion due to the COVID-19 pandemic

• 2020 – No champion due to the COVID-19 pandemic

• 2019 – Signature

• 2018 – After Hours

• 2017 – Main Street

• 2016 – Forefront

• 2015 – Instant Classic

• 2014 – Musical Island Boys

• 2013 – Masterpiece

• 2012 – Ringmasters

• 2011 – Old School

• 2010 – Storm Front

• 2009 – Crossroads

• 2008 – OC Times

• 2007 – Max Q

• 2006 – Vocal Spectrum

• 2005 – Realtime

• 2004 – Gotcha!

• 2003 – Power Play

• 2002 – Four Voices

• 2001 – Michigan Jake

• 2000 – PLATINUM

• 1999 – FRED

• 1998 – Revival

• 1997 – Yesteryear

• 1996 – Nightlife

• 1995 – Marquis

• 1994 – Joker's Wild

• 1993 – Gas House Gang

• 1992 – Keepsake

• 1991 – The Ritz

• 1990 – Acoustix

• 1989 – Second Edition

• 1988 – Chiefs of Staff

• 1987 – Interstate Rivals

• 1986 – Rural Route 4

• 1985 – The New Tradition

• 1984 – The Rapscallions

• 1983 – Side Street Ramblers

• 1982 – Classic Collection

• 1981 – Chicago News

• 1980 – Boston Common

• 1979 – Grandma's Boys

• 1978 – Bluegrass Student Union

• 1977 – Most Happy Fellows

• 1976 – Innsiders

• 1975 – Happiness Emporium

• 1974 – Regents

• 1973 – Dealer's Choice

• 1972 – Golden Staters

• 1971 – Gentlemen's Agreement

• 1970 – Oriole Four

• 1969 – Mark IV

• 1968 – Western Continentals

• 1967 – Four Statesmen

• 1966 – Auto Towners

• 1965 – Four Renegades

• 1964 – Sidewinders

• 1963 – Town and Country Four

• 1962 – Gala Lads

• 1961 – The Suntones

• 1960 – Evans Quartet

• 1959 – Four Pitchikers

• 1958 – Gay Notes

• 1957 – Lads of Enchantment

• 1956 – Confederates

• 1955 – Four Hearsemen

• 1954 – Orphans

• 1953 – The Vikings

• 1952 – Four Teens

• 1951 – Schmitt Brothers

• 1950 – Buffalo Bills

• 1949 – Mid States Four

• 1948 – Pittsburghers

• 1947 – Doctors of Harmony

• 1946 – Garden State Quartet

• 1945 – Misfits

• 1944 – Harmony Halls

• 1943 – Four Harmonizers

• 1942 – Elastic Four

• 1941 – Chord Busters

• 1940 – Flat Foot Four

• 1939 – Bartlesville Barflies


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Chief Moccanooga

Chief Moccanooga was the former athletic mascot for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, until 1996, when the university abandoned the mascot as potentially offensive at the request of the Chattanooga InterTribal Association. Chief Moccanooga was replaced with a mockingbird, the state bird of Tennessee, and the nickname for Chattanooga athletics was changed from 'Moccasins' to simply 'Mocs'.

Chattanooga's decision to remove Chief Moccanooga as mascot was similar to the actions of several other athletic franchises. In 1986, Chief Noc-A-Homa, the former drum-thumping mascot of Major League Baseball's the Atlanta Braves, was removed. The Cleveland Indians continued to employ a potentially offensive Native American mascot, Chief Wahoo until 2018.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chief Moccanooga


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KSPN (AM)

KSPN (710 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Los Angeles, California, and serving the Greater Los Angeles Area. Owned by Good Karma Brands, the station airs a sports radio format as the market's ESPN Radio affiliate. KSPN's studios are located at the ESPN Los Angeles Studios at L.A. Live in Downtown Los Angeles, while the transmitter resides in Irwindale. In addition to a standard analog transmission, KSPN is also licensed to broadcast in the HD Radio (hybrid) format, although the station is not currently broadcasting in HD.

Early years
The station first signed on as KRLO on February 19, 1927, broadcasting from Beverly Hills. It was heard on several frequencies in radio's early days, including 1170 kHz. In early 1928 the call sign were changed to KEJK. It switched to 710 kHz when it was sold to new owners in November 1929.

In March 1930, it took the call sign that it would hold for 67 years, KMPC. The station was then owned by the MacMillan Petroleum Company, for which the station's call letters were chosen. The studios and offices were on 3651 Wilshire Boulevard, now part of the property of the Wilshire Boulevard Temple. Later, George A. Richards of Detroit acquired the station. KMPC became part of the Goodwill Station group that included WJR in Detroit and WGAR in Cleveland, both also owned by Richards. KMPC soon became Southern California's destination for sports programming, as it carried Pacific Coast League baseball, UCLA Bruins sports and, beginning in 1946, the Los Angeles Rams football team.

Gene Autry
Legendary singer and actor Gene Autry bought KMPC in 1952, making it the centerpiece of his broadcasting company, Golden West Broadcasters. Autry eventually owned TV, AM and FM stations around the Western United States. During Autry's ownership, KMPC was a full service middle of the road station, featuring popular music, news and sports. Dick Whittinghill, Geoff Edwards, Wink Martindale, Gary Owens, Bob Arbogast and Roger Carroll formed a powerhouse lineup of disc jockeys during the 1960s and 70s.

During 1958 and 1959 baseball seasons, KMPC was also the flagship station for the Los Angeles Dodgers radio network. In 1961, it became the flagship of the new baseball team, the Los Angeles Angels. KMPC and the Angels were both owned by Autry. KMPC remained the Angels' radio voice until 2008 (except for 1997 to 2002). In November 1963, Autry acquired Channel 5 KTLA, LA's top independent television station. The TV station's operations were at 5800 Sunset Boulevard, while KMPC Radio had its studios at 5858 Sunset Boulevard. KTLA was sold to investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts in 1983, while KMPC remained under Autry's ownership.

In the 1980s, KMPC adopted an adult standards format which featured big bands and vocalists. During this time, the legendary DJ Robert W. Morgan began a long stint as morning host. KMPC also aired a weekday evening sports call-in show hosted by Scott St. James, who was also a TV soap opera actor on the side.

In the early 1980s, KMPC changed to talk radio and fired its DJs. Whittinghill, Owens, Johnny Magnus and Pete Smith went over to KPRZ and played standards as part of "The Music of Your Life" format. A few years later, KMPC returned to standards as "The Station of the Stars."

Sports radio
On April 27, 1992, KMPC became one of the first all sports stations on the West Coast, billing itself as "All Sports, All Hours." Jim Lampley and Todd Christensen were co-hosts of one program, Joe McDonnell and Doug Krikorian began their run as a popular local duo "McDonnell & Douglas." Jim Healy, one of the most famous voices in L.A. sports, returned to KMPC after a few years at KLAC.

Other show hosts included Brian Golden and Paola Boivin, Chris Roberts and Jack Snow, Fred Wallin and Tony Femino.

ABC/Disney ownership
In 1994, the Autry family sold KMPC to ABC, which already owned the successful talk station KABC. The price tag for KMPC was $17.5 million. On May 2 of that year, KMPC began a general talk format to complement KABC. Hosts such as Tom Leykis, Stephanie Miller, Peter Tilden, and Joe Crummey headlined this new format.

On February 24, 1997, ABC Radio changed KMPC's call sign to KTZN, and flipped to a women's talk format. The station hired multiple new hosts, including humor writer and David Letterman Show co-creator Merrill Markoe, psychologist Dr. Toni Grant and comedienne (and former KMPC host) Stephanie Miller. Under this format, the station failed to make the top 30 in Los Angeles Arbitron ratings. The women's talk format lasted less than six months.

On August 26, 1997, at 7p.m., Radio Disney was launched on the station with the KDIS callsign, becoming the network's fifth affiliate; the station carried the Disney children's radio service until 2003. (Since 1998, the KTZN call letters have been used by a Sports-formatted station in Anchorage, Alaska.)

KSPN moves to 710
As an ESPN Radio outlet, KSPN began on the former KRLA (1110 AM, later KDIS and KRDC, now KWVE) in December 2000, after ABC purchased that station from Infinity Broadcasting. On January 1, 2003, ABC swapped its Radio Disney and ESPN Radio stations in Los Angeles, with 1110 taking Radio Disney and the KDIS call sign, while 710 became L.A.'s ESPN Radio outlet. KSPN was led by the sports talk team of Joe McDonnell and Doug Krikorian.

The KMPC callsign were disused until One-on-One Sports requested them for 1540 AM in 2000. (The KMPC on 1540 kHz also had an all-sports format, using programming from the co-owned Sporting News Radio Network. On May 1, 2007, that station switched to Korean language programming.

With ESPN affiliate XEPE in Tijuana-San Diego switching from sports to another format in April 2019, KSPN served as the de facto ESPN outlet for San Diego County until XEPRS-AM added ESPN Radio programming in January 2022. ESPN Radio programming would return to the 1110 AM frequency in April 2021, when the Radio Disney service shut down; KRDC switched to a KSPN simulcast (with breaks when two live sporting events occurred at the same time) pending a station sale which would close in 2023, transforming the 1110 AM frequency into a Christian radio format.

In December 2021, Andrew Marchand of the New York Post reported that Good Karma Brands planned to acquire KSPN. The deal was filed with the FCC on December 20, and did not include KSPN's current transmitter site. The deal purchase was consummated on March 1, 2022.

Current

 * Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA, since the 2009-10 season. John Ireland and Mychal Thompson are the game announcers, preceded by the pregame show with Allen Sliwa and the postgame show with Beto Duran (starting 2023-2024 season).
 * Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League, since the return of the team to Los Angeles prior to the 2016 season. For FM listeners, games are also heard on KCBS-FM. In the Rams' original Los Angeles stint, 710 AM (in its previous KMPC incarnation) was the team's radio flagship for nearly the team's entire first tenure in Southern California. The pregame and postgame show are hosted by Travis Rodgers and Kirk Morrison.
 * Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (Major League Baseball): Sixty Angels games each season are simulcast on KSPN, which has a partnership with official flagship station KLAA for additional Angels shows and some advertising sales. KLAA's audio is usually several seconds ahead of KSPN's.
 * Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League starting with the 2024–25 NHL season. KSPN will carry approximately 25 games on-air with the remainder of the games streaming online. Previously, the Kings were heard on KSPN from 2002 to 2006 until station swapped the Kings for the Clippers with KLAC in 2006. Kings games were heard exclusively on iHeartRadio.
 * Los Angeles FC of Major League Soccer, with Dave Denholm on the call.
 * Trojans Football and Basketball programs of the University of Southern California starting with the 2024-25 academic year. Previously, the Trojans were heard on KSPN from the 2006-07 academic year until May 2019, when Southern Cal switched to KABC. The football announcing team at the time was veteran Pete Arbogast and John Jackson. The basketball announcer was Jordan Moore.  In 2010,  Chris Fisher replaced Rory Markas, who died in January of that year. In October 2018, Moore took over for Fisher, who was moving on to play-by-play for the Oklahoma City Thunder. Starting with the 2012 season, Trojan home football games were carried on ESPN Radio.
 * ESPN Radio coverage of selected NBA regular season and postseason games, including all NBA Finals contests, MLB postseason games, including the World Series, and the College Football Playoff.

Former teams on KSPN

 * The National Football League's San Diego Chargers, only for the 2007 season. The Los Angeles Chargers are now on 98.7 KYSR.
 * Los Angeles Clippers (National Basketball Association). The Clippers' radio broadcasts moved to KFWB starting with the 2009-10 season and later moved to KLAC in March 2016.

2003–2007
When the all-sports format premiered on KSPN in January 2003, the station was locally focused, bringing in popular local sports talk duo Joe McDonnell and Doug Krikorian and their "McDonnell-Douglas Show" to afternoon drive. Steve Mason & John Ireland, football player D'Marco Farr and longtime ESPN personality Gary Miller were among the hosts who rotated through the midday slot from 2004-2007.

On November 26, 2007, KSPN introduced yet another local lineup. Mason, sans Ireland, moved into the 1-4 p.m. time slot, followed in afternoon drive by a new show hosted by Dave Dameshek, a member of the Jimmy Kimmel-Adam Carolla comedy connection. Unique to Dameshek's show was a house band similar to those found on late-night television shows. New-to-Los Angeles Brian Long was hired for the evening show. In the programming shakeup, Kevin Kiley, who had served as an on-air foil to Farr, was let go, and, inexplicably, the popular Ireland also was let go. Ireland was rehired in April 2008 and reunited with Mason in the early afternoon time slot.

2008–2009
Just seven months later, on June 23, 2008, another new local lineup was introduced. Mason and Ireland went on from 1-4 while Dameshek was forced to share his show with Long and Dave Denholm, a three-man pairing. Dameshek eventually began a podcast-only show that has become among the parent network's more popular Web offerings, while Denholm and Long continued in afternoon drive.

After KSPN got the Lakers rights, the station started morphing their already Trojan- and Laker-heavy talk programming to be even more Laker-centric. On July 10, 2009, unofficially known as "710 Day," L.A. Sports Live with Andrew Siciliano and Mychal Thompson premiered from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. Mason and Ireland returned to their old drive time slot (3-7 p.m.), replacing Denholm and Long.

2010–2021
More time slot changes were made on April 5, 2010: With ESPN having reduced The Herd with Colin Cowherd to three hours (7-10 a.m. PT), L.A. Sports Live and Mason and Ireland each moved up by one hour but are still on for four hours each. Martinez and Long received a new time slot, 6 to 9 p.m. The local shows originated from ESPN studios at L.A. Live in downtown Los Angeles.

KSPN carried two other shows from the network: Mike and Mike in the Morning and All Night with Jason Smith, the latter of which originated from the KSPN studios. The Scott Van Pelt and Dan Le Batard shows moved over to secondary ESPN affiliate KLAA.

In December 2010, Mike Thompson was hired as new Programming Director. Thompson reportedly fired Joe McDonnell outside a sandwich shop in Westwood. Thompson also introduced Arnie Spanier and Karl Malone to L.A. radio. Thompson's first move at KSPN was to replace Siciliano with a new show hosted by New Yorker Max Kellerman and former NFL player Marcellus Wiley. Mychal Thompson remained as a Lakers analyst and became a morning show host with Mark Willard, who was let go from the station on August 29, 2014. Thompson continued to broadcast in late mornings with Mike Trudell on "Thompson & Trudell" in the 10 a.m. to noon time slot. Long left the station in December to become program director of KIRO, the ESPN Network affiliate in Seattle.

KSPN later added another New Yorker, Stephen A. Smith, to its weeknight lineup, followed by Martinez' "In the Zone" talk show. These shows were later dropped and KSPN began carrying ESPN Radio's “The Freddy Coleman Show” in the evenings (when live sports or a team-focused hour is not airing).

In June 2018, the morning show became "Keyshawn, Jorge, and LZ" (Keyshawn Johnson, Jorge Sedano and LZ Granderson). That was followed by the ESPN Network's Stephen A. Smith, hosting the late morning show, followed by "Mason and Ireland" in the early afternoon. From 3 to 7 p.m., Marcellus Wiley and Travis Rodgers hosted PM drive time.

2021–present
In 2021 to 2022, the most recent changes saw Keyshawn, JWill and Max (Keyshawn Johnson, Jay Williams and Max Kellerman) becoming the morning show, Travis Rodgers and Allen Sliwa host late mornings, followed by Steve Mason and John Ireland in the early afternoon, Jorge Sedano and Scott Kaplan hosting drive time, Allen Sliwa hosts Lakers Talk from 7-9pm.

Following the dismissal of Keyshawn Johnson, Max Kellerman and Jason Fitz, ESPN integrated new national morning lineup in the Fall of 2023 with Chris Canty, Evan Cohen, and Michelle Smallmon taking the reins from 6 AM to 10 AM PST. ESPNLA retains a live local LA morning show with Travis Rodgers and Allen Sliwa from 10 AM to 1 PM, Steve Mason and John Ireland from 1 PM to 4 PM and Jorge Sedano and Scott Kaplan with afternoon drive from 4 PM to 7 PM.

title: KSPN (AM)


text: User:ErezR

title: User:ErezR


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Dimension stone

Dimension stone is natural stone or rock that has been selected and finished (e.g., trimmed, cut, drilled or ground) to specific sizes or shapes. Color, texture and pattern, and surface finish of the stone are also normal requirements. Another important selection criterion is durability: the time measure of the ability of dimension stone to endure and to maintain its essential and distinctive characteristics of strength, resistance to decay, and appearance.

Quarries that produce dimension stone or crushed stone (used as construction aggregate) are interconvertible. Since most quarries can produce either one, a crushed stone quarry can be converted to dimension stone production. However, first the stone shattered by heavy and indiscriminate blasting must be removed. Dimension stone is separated by more precise and delicate techniques, such as diamond wire saws, diamond belt saws, burners (jet-piercers), or light and selective blasting with Primacord, a weak explosive.

Stone and rock types
A variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are used as structural and decorative dimension stone. These rock types are more commonly known as granite, limestone, marble, travertine, quartz-based stone (sandstone, quartzite) and slate. Other varieties of dimension stone that are normally considered to be special minor types include alabaster (massive gypsum), soapstone (massive talc), serpentine and various products fashioned from natural stone.

A variety of finishes can be applied to dimension stone to achieve diverse architectural and aesthetic effects. These finishes include, but are not limited to, the following. A polished finish gives the surface a high luster and strong reflection of incident light (almost mirror-like). A honed finish provides a smooth, satin-like ("eggshell"), nonreflective surface. More textured finishes include brush-hammered, sandblasted, and thermal. A brush-hammered finish, similar to a houndstooth pattern, creates a rough, but uniformly patterned surface with impact tools varying in coarseness. A sandblasted surface provides an irregular pitted surface by impacting sand or metal particles at high velocity against a stone surface. A thermal (or flamed) finish produces a textured, nonreflective surface with only a few reflections from cleavage faces, by applying a high-temperature flame. This finish may change the natural color of the stone depending on mineralogical composition, particularly with stones containing higher levels of iron.

The most easily accessible general (non-graphic) references are the latest Minerals Yearbook Chapter (production and foreign trade, with statistics), and the latest (Issue 31) Dimension Stone Advocate News (new "building green" developments and demand statistics); see below. The most comprehensive, graphic references are Natural Stone Database by Abraxas Verlag (www.natural-stone-database.com), "Dimension Stones of the World, Volumes I & II" (Marble Institute of America) and "Natural Stones Worldwide CD".

Major applications
While common colors used in some of the major applications are listed below, there is an extraordinarily wide range of colours, available in thousands of patterns. These patterns are created by geological phenomena such as mineral grains, inclusions, veins, cavity fillings, blebs, and streaks. In addition, rocks and stones not normally classed as dimension stone are sometimes selected for these applications. These can include jade, agate, and jasper.

Stone (usually granite) countertops and bathroom vanities both involve a finished slab of stone, usually polished but sometimes with another finish (such as honed or sandblasted). Industry standard thicknesses in the United States are 3/4 and 1+1/4 in. Often 19 mm slabs will be laminated at the edge to create the appearance of a thicker edge profile. The slabs are cut to fit the top of the kitchen or bathroom cabinet, by measuring, templating or digital templating. Countertop slabs are commonly sawn from rough blocks of stone by reciprocating gangsaws using steel shot as abrasive. More modern technology utilizes diamond wire saws which use less water and energy. Multi-wire saws with as many as 60 wires can slab a block in less than two hours. The slabs are finished (i.e., polished, honed), then sealed with resin to fill micro-fissures and surface imperfections typically due to the loss of poorly bonded elements such as biotite. The fabricators' shop cuts these slabs down to final size and finishes the edges with equipment such as hand-held routers, grinders, CNC equipment, or polishers. In 2008, concerns were raised regarding radon emissions from granite countertops; the National Safety Council states that the contributions of radon to inside air come from the soil and rock around the residence (69%), the outdoor air and the water supply (28%), and only 2.5% from all building materials-including granite countertops. A concerned homeowner can employ ASTM radon mitigation and removal techniques. The stone for countertops or vanities is usually granite, but often is marble (especially for vanity tops), and is sometimes limestone or slate. The majority of the stone for this application is produced in Brazil, Italy, and China.

Tile is a thin modular stone unit, commonly 12 in square and 3/8 in deep. Other popular sizes are 15 in square, 18 in square, and 24 in square; these will usually be deeper than the 12-inch square. The majority of tile has a polished finish, but other finishes such as honed are becoming more common. Almost all stone tile is mass-produced by automated tile lines to identical size, finish, and close tolerances. Exceptions include slate flooring tile and special orders: tile with odd sizes or shapes, unusual finishes, or inlay work. In summary, the automated tile line is a complicated complex of cutting and calibrating machines, honing-polishing machines, edging machines that put on flat or rounded edges, and interconnecting conveyors to move the stone from the slab input to the final tile product. The stone for tiles is most commonly marble, but often is granite, and sometimes limestone, slate, or quartz-based stone. Common colors are white and light earth colors. Much of the stone for this application is produced in Italy and China.

Stone monuments include tombstones, grave markers or as mausoleums. After being gangsawed into big deep (up to 10 ft wide and over 6 in deep) slabs, smaller saws or guillotines (they break the granite and make the rough edges commonly seen on monuments) shape the monuments. The fronts and backs are usually polished. The individual monuments are then carved, shaped, and further defined by hand tools and sandblasting equipment. At this time, the stone for monuments is most commonly granite, sometimes marble (as in military cemeteries), and rarely others. Granite and quartz both demonstrate good durability, especially because rain is naturally acidic. (This is a natural consequence of the carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere, which generates a weak solution of carbonic acid in rainfall; further acidification of rainfall arises from oxides of sulphur and nitrogen due to anthropogenic emissions). (Limestone and sandstone were commonly chosen for monuments in the nineteenth century, but they are no widely longer used because of the rapid erosion rates due to dissolution of acid-vulnerable carbonates by acidic rainfall.) The most common monument colors for granite are gray, black, and mahogany; for marble, white is most popular. Today, the majority of the stone used in North America in this application is imported from countries such as India and China. This has depressed traditional North American monument centers such as Georgia and Quebec.

There are a number of smaller applications for buildings and traffic-related uses. Building components include stone used as veneer, a non load-bearing facing of stone attached to a backing of an ornamental nature, although it also protects and insulates; and ashlar, a squared block of stone, often brick-sized, for facing of walls (primarily exterior). Other shapes include rectangular blocks used for stair treads, sills, and coping (coping is sometimes nonrectangular). The shapes subject to foot traffic will usually have an abrasive finish such as honed or sandblasted. The stone is mostly limestone, but often is quartz-based stone (sandstone), or even marble or granite. Roofing slate is a thin-split shingle-sized piece of slate, and when in place forms the most permanent kind of roof; slate is also used as countertops and flooring tile. Traffic-related stone is that which is used for curbing (vehicular) and flagstone (pedestrian). Curbing is thin stone slabs used along streets or highways to maintain the integrity of sidewalks and borders. Flagstone is a shallow naturally irregular-edged slab of stone, sometimes sawed into a rectangular shape, used as paving (almost always pedestrian). For curbing, the stone is almost always granite, and for flagstone the stone is almost always quartz-based stone (sandstone or quartzite).

There are several other applications resembling flagstone in using rough dimension (or crushed) stone, usually as quarried, sometimes made smaller (i.e. by a jackhammer), often simply put in place: dry stone and riprap.

The stone used in these applications usually has to have certain properties, or meet a standard specification. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has such specifications for granite, marble, limestone, quartz-based dimension stone (C616), slate (C629), travertine (C1527), and serpentine (C1526).

Production

The major producers of dimension stone include Brazil, China, India, Italy, and Spain, and each have annual production levels of nine to over twenty-two million tons. Portugal produces 3 million tons of dimension stone each year.

According to the USGS, 2007 U.S. dimension stone production was 1.39 million tons valued at $275 million, compared to 1.33 million tons (revised) valued at $265 million in 2006. Of these, granite production was 453,000 tons valued at $106 million in 2007 and 428,000 tons valued at $105 million in 2006, and limestone was 493,000 tons valued at $93.3 million in 2007 and 559,000 tons valued at $96.1 million in 2006. The United States is at best a mid-level dimension stone producer on the world scene; Portugal produces twice as much dimension stone annually.

World comparison for dimension stone demand: The DSAN World Demand Index for (finished) Granite was 227 in 2006, 247 in 2007, and 249 in 2008, and the World Demand Index for (finished) Marble was 200 in 2006, 248 in 2007, and 272 in 2008. The DSAN World Demand for (finished) Granite Index showed a growth of 12% annually for the 2000-2008 period, compared to 14% annually for the 2000-2007 period, and compared to 15% annually for the 2000-2006 period. The DSAN World Demand for (finished) Marble Index showed a growth of 13.5% annually for the 2000-2008 period, compared to 14.0% annually for the 2000-2007 period, and compared to 12.5% annually for the 2000-2006 period. The indexes show world demand for granite has clearly been weakening since 2006, while the world demand for marble only weakened from 2007 to 2008. Other DSAN indexes for 2008 indicate that the 2000-2008 growth was down from the 2000-2007 growth.

The DSAN U.S. Ceramic Tile Demand Index shows a drop of 4.8% annually for the 2000-2007 period, compared to growth of 5.0% annually for the 2000-2006 period. The "traditional" major ceramic tile suppliers, Italy and Spain, have been losing markets to new entrants Brazil and China. The same thing has been happening with dimension stone with increasing supplies from Brazil, China and India.

In 2008, Chinese exports of granite countertops and marble tile increased from 2007, while those of Italy and Spain did not (see above, world demand) In early 2009, the Chinese Government has a hands-off policy towards its dimension stone industry.

"Building green" with dimension stone
The concept of environmentally friendly construction with natural materials, known as green building, has had advocates since before the early 1990s. Energy price increases and the need for energy conservation when heating or cooling buildings since the 1980s have meant that associated design questions are pertinent to the architectural, construction, and civil engineering industries. This resulted in the formation in 1993 of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), which has developed the building rating system, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Educational institutions (colleges, universities, grade, and high schools) are often requiring new buildings to be green, and some jurisdictions have some rules promoting green building. When building with these goals in mind, dimension stone has an advantage over steel, concrete, glazed glass and laminated plastics, whose productions are all energy intensive and create significant air and water pollution. As an entirely natural product, dimension stone also has an advantage over synthetic/artificial stone products, as well as composite and space-age materials. One LEED requirement provides that the dimension stone used in a green building be quarried within a 500 mi radius of the building being constructed. This gives a clear advantage to domestic dimension stone.

When demolishing a structure, dimension stone is 100% reusable and can be salvaged for new construction, used as paving or crushed for use as aggregates. There are also stone cleaning methods with less environmental impact, either in development or already in use, such as removing the black gypsum crusts that form on marble and limestone by applying sulfate-reducing bacteria to the crust to gasify it, breaking up the crust for easy removal. See DSAN for updates on "building green" and dimension stone recycling.

The Natural Stone Council has a library of information on building green with dimension stone, including life-cycle inventory data for each major dimension stone, giving the amount of energy, water, other inputs, and processing emissions, plus some best practice studies. In addition, it has shown ways that dimension stone can contribute LEED points, such as using a light-colored dimension stone to reduce heat-island effects, using dimension stone's thermal mass to impact indoor ambient air temperature thereby increasing energy efficiency, and especially by reusing dimension stone rather sending it to the landfill.

Sustainability
Dimension stone is one of the most sustainable of the industrial minerals since it is created by separating it from the natural bedrock underlying all land on every continent. Dimension stone rates very well in terms of the criteria on the ASTM checklist for sustainability of building products: there are no toxic materials used in its processing, there are no direct greenhouse gas emissions during processing, the dust created is controlled, the water used is almost completely recycled (per OSHA/MSHA regulation), and it is a perpetual resource (virtually inexhaustible in a human time scale). Dimension stone in use can last many generations, even centuries, so the dimension stone manufacturers have not needed a product recycling program. However, there are practical qualifications to and constraints on that sustainability. The dimension stone color and pattern can be changed by weathering when it is very near the surface. The color and pattern can also be changed by proximity to an igneous rock body or by the presence of circulating groundwater charged with carbon dioxide (i.e., limestone, travertine, marble). On the other hand, changes in color and/or pattern can be positive. For example, there are at least 14 separately trade-named varieties of Carrara Marble with many patterns (or no patterns) ranging in shade from white to gray. The presence of faults or closely spaced joints can render the stone unusable. These faults and joints do not have to be at odd angles in the stone mass. Closely spaced, wrongly spaced, or nonparallel bedding planes can make the stone unusable, particularly if the bedding planes are planes of weakness. If part of the stone in one area is unusable, there will be another usable part of the stone elsewhere in the formation. A quarry is not a short-term project unless it encounters one of these constraints. Examples of big, old quarries operating for more than a century include the Barre (VT) granite quarry, the Georgia Marble quarry at Tate, several of the Carrara (Italy) marble quarries, and the Penrhyn (Wales) slate quarry. A quarry will produce dust, noise, and some water pollution, but these can be remedied without too much trouble. The landscape may also have to be restored if quarry waste is temporarily or permanently placed on adjacent land.

Recycling and reuse
Recycling dimension stone can occur when structures are demolished, along with recycling timber and recycling construction aggregate in the form of concrete. The material most likely to be recycled is concrete, and this represents the largest volume of recycled construction material. Not too many structures incorporate dimension stone, and even fewer of them have dimension stone worth saving. Stone recycling is usually done by specialists that monitor local demolition activity, looking for stone-containing houses, buildings, bridge abutments, and other dimension stone structures scheduled for demolition. Particularly treasured are old hand-carved stone pieces with the chisel marks still on them, local stones no longer quarried or that are quarried in a different shade of color or appearance. There is no national or regional trade in reclaimed stone, so a large storage yard is required, since the recovered stone may not be quickly sold and reused. The recycled dimension stone is used in old stone buildings being renovated (to replace deteriorated stone pieces), in fireplace mantels, benches, veneer, or for landscaping (like for retaining walls).

Related to stone recycling and stone reuse is the deconstruction and reconstruction of a stone building. The building is taken apart stone block by stone block and the location and orientation of each block is carefully noted. Any roofing slate and interior stone in place is catalogued and moved in the same fashion. After the blocks, slate, and other stone used have been transported to the new location, they are put back in place where and how they were originally, thus reassembling the building. This is typically very expensive and rare but valuable in terms of historic preservation.

Dimension stone is also reused. Buildings immediately spring to mind, but such things as the ornate stone walls, arches, stairways and balustrades alongside a boulevard can also be renovated and reused. Sometimes the old interior of the building is kept as is, after repair. Sometimes the old building is gutted, leaving only a shell or facade and the space inside reconfigured and modernized. The stone work will usually need attention too.

The old stone work may only need cleaning or sandblasting, but it may need more. Firstly, the building exterior (facade) needs to be inspected for unsafe conditions. Next, the building walls need to be inspected for water leakages. The most likely needs are mortar restoration (repointing), applying consolidants to the old stone, or replacing pieces of stone that are deteriorated (damaged) beyond the point of any repair. The repointing is the removal of existing damaged mortar from the outer portion of the joint between stone units and its replacement by new mortar matching the appearance of the old. The consolidants re-establish the original natural bonding between the stone particles that weathering has removed. Deteriorated pieces of stone work are replaced with pieces of stone that match the original as much as possible. Exterior dimension stone will often change color after exposure to weather over time. For example, Indiana Limestone will weather from a tan to an attractive light yellow. Interior dimension stone can sometimes change its shade a little over time too. For both, it may not be possible to find an exact match, even from the original quarry. Stone will often change its appearance from location to location in the same quarry. If the dimension stone renovationist is truly fortunate, the original builder put aside some spare pieces of the stone for future need.

Life-cycle assessment and best practices
As in every economic sector, the construction industry's purchases of materials and services creates a whole chain of processes from raw material selecting in situ, removal from the earth, usually proceeding to cutting, finishing, or processing/manufacturing, then transport, and retailing. All of these activities have significant upstream (off-site) environmental impacts, whether in terms of energy and raw resource use or emissions to air, land, or water impacting living organisms or the Earth's surface (non-organic). Life cycle assessment is a method for estimating and comparing a range of environmental performance measures (e.g. global warming, acidification potential, toxicity, ozone depletion potentials) over the full life cycle of a product, a building assembly, or a whole building. As such, it provides a comprehensive means for evaluating and comparing products rather than prescriptive measures of individual product characteristics.

The ASTM has some relevant standards, particularly a guide on environmental life cycle assessment of building materials/products (E1991) that shows how to minimize the subjectivity that commonly mars and confuses environmental decision making. In particular, this guide describes the inventory analysis phase that requires data that is suitable for its intended purpose, thus covering data quality (such as completeness, reliability, accuracy, and credibility) as well as the allocation of the data (for multiple inputs and outputs), among other things. Results have to be on a common basis to allow a statistically significant comparison of alternative building product differences in the interpretation.

The Natural Stone Council (NSC) has commissioned some life-cycle inventory data for use in life cycle assessments. Almost 90% of the effort in doing a life cycle assessment involves getting reliable data. For example, the NSC has data that the Global warming potential for granite quarrying is 100 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents and for granite processing is 500 (same units); and the Global Warming Potential for limestone quarrying is 20 kg carbon dioxide equivalents while for limestone processing it is 80 (same units). The data on energy and water use include everything back to removal of overburden in the dimension stone quarry and upstream production of energy and fuels, and forward to packaging of finished dimension stone product or slabs for shipment and transport, or to moving scrap stone to storage or reclamation and to capturing and treatment of dust and waste water. The data is then placed in an impact category (i.e. changes to air, changes to water), characterized as to the contribution of the item to the impact compared to other items, and then the impact categories are assigned weights among themselves to show their relative importance.

The Natural Stone Council has also commissioned four Best Practices. One is on water consumption, treatment, and reuse while extracting and processing dimension stone, including dust mitigation, sludge management, and maximizing water recycling. Another is on site maintenance and quarry closure, including minimizing dust, noise, vibration and keeping the operation clean and tidy, both of which help in restoring the surface upon quarry closure. A third one is on solid waste management, including overburden, damaged stone unsaleable as product, sludge deposited from waste water, spent or spilled petroleum products, or metal scrap. The fourth one is on efficiently transporting stone to be finished as products, then transporting the products to consumers by centralizing freight management, consolidating small loads, choosing appropriate trucks, balancing and securing the load, and packaging with sustainable materials.

Selection and cleaning
The selector of dimension stone begins by considering stone color and appearance, and how the stone will match its surroundings. In addition to many hundreds of different stones with different colors and patterns, each stone can change radically in color and appearance when a different finish is put on it. A polished finish accentuates the color and makes any pattern more vivid, and the rougher finishes (i.e. honed, thermal) lighten the color and make the patterns more subdued.

In addition to selecting a stone color and pattern, the suitability of its properties for the intended use must be considered. Stone being chosen for countertops or vanities should be nonabsorptive, resist stains, and be heat and impact resistant. Stone being used in tiles should be sealed in order to resist staining by spilled liquids. Stone being used for flooring, paving, or surfaces subject to foot or vehicular traffic ought to have a semiabrasive finish for slip resistance, such as bush-hammered or thermal. A glossy polished finish will be slick. Most flagstone surfaces are rough enough to be naturally slip-resistant.

Dimension stone requires some specialized methods for cleaning and maintenance. Abrasive cleaners should not be used on a polished stone finish because it will wear the polish off. Acidic cleaners can not be used on marble or limestone because it will remove (i.e. dissolve) the finish. Textured finishes (thermal, bush-hammered) can be treated with some mildly abrasive cleaners but not bleach or an acidic cleaner (if marble or limestone). Stains are another consideration; stains can be organic (food, grease, or oil) or metallic (iron, copper). Stains require some special removal techniques, such as the poultice method. A new method of cleaning stone on ancient buildings (medieval and renaissance) has been developed in Europe: sulfur-reducing bacteria are used on the black gypsum-containing crusts that form on such buildings to convert the sulfur to a gas that dissipates, thus destroying the crust while leaving the patina produced by aging on the underlying stone. This method is still in development and not yet commercially available.

Finishes
The surface of a stone may be finished in a variety of ways. Below are some typical terms:
 * Polished finish - a glossy surface which brings out the full color and character of the stone.
 * Honed finish - a satin smooth surface finish with little or no gloss, frequently used for commercial floors.
 * Brushed finish - a smooth, undulating finish achieved by applying stiff metal or plastic brushes on spinning heads.
 * Thermal finish - a surface treatment applied by intense heat flaming.
 * Diamond sawn - finish produced by sawing with a diamond toothed saw.
 * Rough sawn - a surface finish resulting from the gang sawing (or frame saw) process.
 * Bush-hammered - a mechanical process which produces a textured surface by hammering the stone surface with a textured metal or composite head. Texture varies from subtle to rough.

title: Dimension stone


text:
Lama (river)

The Lama (Ла́ма) is a river in the Moscow and Tver Oblasts in Russia, a tributary of the Shosha. The river is 139 km long. The area of its drainage basin is 2330 km2. The Lama River freezes up in November and stays under the ice until late March or early April. Historically, the river was a part of the important waterway from the Volga to the Moskva. The city of Volokolamsk that has been standing on the Lama since the 12th century was previously known as Volok Lamsky (literally - Drag of Lama) after the process of a watercraft portage.

title: Lama (river)


text:
GoTo Foods

GoTo Foods (formerly Focus Brands) is an American company that currently owns the Schlotzsky's, Carvel, Cinnabon, Moe's Southwest Grill, McAlister's Deli, Auntie Anne's and Jamba brands. It is located in Sandy Springs, Georgia, and operates over 5,000 stores.

History
Focus Brands began as a holding company for Carvel Corporation. It purchased Cinnabon and the international operations of Seattle's Best Coffee from AFC Enterprises in November 2004, combining the three brands under its Focus Brands affiliate. Focus Brands purchased Schlotzsky's from Bobby Cox Companies in 2006, less than two years after Bobby Cox had purchased the brand from bankruptcy.

On August 11, 2007, Focus Brands announced that it purchased the Moe's Southwest Grill brand from Raving Brands.

In October 2010, Focus Brands acquired the mostly mall-based franchiser Auntie Anne's, a maker of pretzels.

In June 2017, Kat Cole was named Chief Operating Officer.

On August 2, 2018, Focus Brands announced that it would acquire Frisco, Texas based smoothie-maker Jamba, formerly known as Jamba Juice. The acquisition was completed on September 14, 2018.

In February 2020, Jim Holthouser was named Chief Executive Officer.

In February 2024, the company announced it was rebranding under the new name GoTo Foods.

title: GoTo Foods


text:
Adaptive Public License

The Adaptive Public License (APL) is an open-source license from the University of Victoria. It is a weak copyleft, adaptable template license that has been approved by the Open Source Initiative.

The Initial Contributor for a project sets up the license conditions for that project by choosing their specific options from the license template. Choices include:

 * whether or not to grant patent rights
 * governing jurisdiction
 * limited attribution and branding clauses
 * the scope of how widely the source can be distributed before being obliged to contribute code changes
 * the extent to which changes need to be documented

Selected programs licensed under the APL

 * MusicDNS
 * SwisTrack

title: Adaptive Public License


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/List of biomedical terms

This is bad
I don't know why this VfD went ahead like this. The articles deleted were unique and should not ever be deleted. I've restored them. Don't try to delete them again. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:45, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * On reading the various deletion policies, I don't see a provision whereby unique articles can be unilaterally undeleted. Please list them on WP:VFU before undeleting again. — Dan | Talk 01:18, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * No, I don't see any sense in arguing over it. I undeleted.  You deleted again.  That is enough for me. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 01:21, 14 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Christian Evidence Society

The Christian Evidence Society is a British Christian apologetics organisation that was founded in 1870. At its financial peak in 1883, it had slightly over 400 paying members, but that it had declined to below 300 by 1897. After 1900, its focus shifted from defending against external attacks to addressing doubts from within Christianity.

Formation
The society was founded to counter atheism in Victorian society. Its original purpose was described by a contemporaneous source as "meeting, in fair argument, the current scepticism". Its original methods were, in the words of this source:
 * 1) Lectures for the educated
 * 2) Classes aimed at the "lower grades of society, to save them from infidelity"
 * 3) Circulation of tracts, and offering prizes for engaging in private study followed by competitive examination.

Its membership consisted of evangelical and moderate churchmen, including Richard Whately, Archbishop of Dublin and Charles Dickison, Bishop of Meath, as well as prominent scientists, including John Hall Gladstone and William Henry Dallinger.

title: Christian Evidence Society


text:
Talk:MTV2 (Canadian TV channel)

CTV bringing back MTV
I think that MTV Canada should have its own article again, due to this this news.

--- this channel is awful

they play assorted content but they constantly display text message from the users all of the time ! this channel isn't worth the bits it's made of ! 216.113.96.172 03:42, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mtv canada.gif
Image:Mtv canada.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:08, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

MTV2 logo
Regarding the debate over whether or not Razer, when it becomes MTV2 on August 1, 2008, will use the current MTV2 USA logo displayed here ; the source for this claim is found here at the new website for MTV2 Canada: http://www.mtv2.ca/ musimax. (talk) 21:48, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:MTV2 (Canadian TV channel)


text:
Talk:Anonymous publication

Cleanup tag
This article doesn't give much useful content. The sections in italics are odd—are they intended to be bullet points, and what do they mean? Also, although the title is "anonymous publication" the article seems to place more emphasis on irrepressible publication. One-dimensional Tangent (Talk) 23:47, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Redirect
Since everything that was here was already covered at anonymity in plenty more detail, I've gone ahead and redirected this there. (redirect is necessary to preserve edit history) Peyna 17:57, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anonymous publication


text:
Talk:Michel Virlogeux

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was no consensus. For details, please see Votes for deletion/Michel Virlogeux. -- BD2412 talk 23:49, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Michel Virlogeux


text:
Talk:Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny

I would like to comment on this book, in particular, the issue of directionality and how to fix it up. I don't think Wright has it quite right the way it stands in the book. Is this an appropriate issue to add to the article about the book? Montalvo 23:52, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not really. you can't insert your own thoughts into the article. That's Original Research. Now, if you found a book review that cited concerns that are similar to yours, or if someone else has made a similar criticism, then you can certainly cite those authors' words in this article. Or write your criticism on your own website and link to it in the "external links" section. --goethean ॐ 15:56, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Goethean. The issue of directionality, especially, is disputed perhaps more than any other topic in the book, and a substantial number of people have written about the subject, so you probably wouldn't need to look hard to find published work in alignment with your views. Personally, I found Steven Pinker's criticism to be the most succinct response I had encountered, and that's why I included it when writing the article--and because several of the major opponents to directionality (or at least Wright's view of it) are dead (i.e. Stephen Jay Gould) and are not available to counter Wright. Unfortunately, and this is my biggest problem with the article, I don't find Pinker's opposition of Wright to be entirely genuine, and I wonder if he's really just playing devil's advocate. Pinker is a leader in the field and his criticism powerful, but I think the article would benefit if additional quotes were included from other noted academics who more severely dispute Wright's thesis, or offer a more elaborate interpretation. -A AlexRowland 02:35, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

The Moral Animal
Any Wright fans that can start an article on The Moral Animal?

--1000Faces 02:37, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Horrible Article
I think this is a horrible article. I came here wanting to know, "What's in the book, Non-zero?" Who is it, who wrote it, what are the ideas in it, what has it's role been in society?

Instead, I see what appears to be an argument between N faceless people, masquerading as an encyclopedia article about a book.

Worse, the first comment on this page is someone saying, "Hey, I want to argue against the ideas in the book; Is this a good place to do it?" Of course it's not!

Can someone just write an article about the book Non-Zero?

Do you all know that this isn't a place for fans or opposition, but rather, to collaboratively make encyclopedia articles?

Irritated, LionKimbro —Preceding unsigned comment added by LionKimbro (talk • contribs) 20:26, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Indeed. Lots of WP:POV here, and WP:OR. ★NealMcB★ (talk) 20:22, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

International Relations
While reading the article, I wondered whether International Relations theory should be mentioned in this article, since the whole idea of the nonzero sum game has been researched and discussed extensively in International Relations. There are whole schools of theories stemming from this idea, so why not alert the average user that Mr. Wright wasn't the first one? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.62.107.134 (talk) 18:41, 11 June 2009 (UTC)


text:
Talk:The Bridges of Madison County

Incorrect?
The Bridges of Madison County is the largest selling novel in history with more than 60 million copies sold. I think this is incorrect. The Lord of the Rings has had considerably higher sales. In any case it is unsourced. DES 23:53, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe that, among novels, the record is still held by Gone With the Wind. Many other novels have sold larger numbers of books than Bridges. In any case, no novel has ever sold sixty million copies. The best selling book of all time is, of course, the Bible. 207.237.240.221 03:09, 16 February 2007 (UTC) Allen Roth
 * I think that page for The Bridges of Madison County incorrectly states that the book has been sold in 50 milions copies, although it's correct in that it became a bestseller. A source: Bestselling books places the book among books sold in 10 to 20 milions copies stating that the book sold in 12 milions copies. So I have the temptation to correct the article. 77.79.222.138 (talk) 15:25, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

Creative nonfiction
Literary Genre : Reason : 49.144.39.169 (talk) 05:33, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Bridges of Madison County


text:
User talk:MeatyPlant

I just wanted to let you know that the picture you're trying to add to the article Penis is unlikely to pass muster with most of the editors who've contributed there. Much discussion has gone into trying to find pictures that are informative, but clinical in nature. I'm afraid you'll probably find the picture removed. Joyous (talk) 23:53, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Schweisser

The article Schweisser has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Searches found no obvious better coverage for which this article would need as there's nothing to suggest even minimal general notability.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. SwisterTwister  talk  06:33, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MeatyPlant


text: User talk:68.223.198.122

title: User talk:68.223.198.122


text:
Talk:Scrabble letter distributions

Table
Might it be better to arrange this into a table, showing the frequency and value of each tile in different languages? I find it quite interesting to compare them which is impossible in the current format. Nevertheless it would be quite a bit of work and I don't want to spend time doing it only for it to get reverted. Your thoughts please. Agentsoo 23:54, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually this was a stupid idea so thanks to everyone who ignored it. Soo 01:42, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've had such a table online for a while Poslfit (talk) 10:19, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Duplication
Information on the English-version point values is duplicated in Scrabble letter values, so I'm thinking that that article is not actually needed separately? --Zidane2k1 08:06, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Total number of points
Have added to English section: The total number of points is 187, as this is useful. If this is OK'd, I can add similar totals to each section. Glenn.mar.oz (talk) 14:24, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

Trademark violation
The image of English tiles are of a set manufactured for professional use by SamTimer.com, as identified by the ST in the bottom right corner of the "blanks". Identifying these as SCRABBLE tiles is a violation of the SCRABBLE trademark. Poslfit (talk) 10:19, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Attempting to add Hebrew
I tried to add this section but the HTML escape sequences don't exist and the biDi complication of inserting the characters as literals confused me. If someone with more experience could have a go then I'd be most grateful. Soo 01:45, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Hebrew
This distribution is for the official Spears/Mattel game. However in the United States Selchow & Righter/Hasbro released a set for American use with a slightly different distribution, which also completely omitted כ.

 * 2 blank tiles (scoring 0 points)
 * 1 point: &Heh; (8), &Vav; (12), &Yod; (10), &Resh; (8), &Tav; (9)
 * 2 points: &Alef; (6), &Lamed; (6), &Mem; (6), &Shin; (6)
 * 3 points: &Bet; (4), &Daled; (4), &Nun; (4)
 * 4 points: &Khet; (3), &Peh; (3), &Koof; (3)
 * 5 points: &Gimel; (2), &Kaf; (2), &Ayin; (2)
 * 8 points: &Zayin; (1), &Teth; (1), &Samekh; (1), &Tsadi; (1)

 * The above contradicts itself, the letter you mention as missing, כ, is Kaf, and the distribution you show has Kaf at 5 points. The only change from the distribution shown above and the distribution given on the main page is Bet (3 points shown above and 4 points in the main article). HumphreyW (talk) 07:33, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Questions
Why does the main Scrabble article show a Tagalog (using Latin alphabet) board example but this article does not include the Tagalog letter distribution? Or does an existing distribution suffice for Tagalog? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:569:7510:A000:2D1B:35F6:9E99:C9A (talk) 07:29, 26 July 2016 (UTC)

"Russian-language Scrabble sets, which use Cyrillic letters, used to have 124 tiles. That number was reduced in 1990 to 104": Why was this reduced?

"Spreadsheet issued by Spear's.": What is Spear's? --Chris Griswold (  ☎  ☓  ) 13:23, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It was most likely reduced to be more in line with other languages. German also used to have more letters (119). Spear's own the Scrabble trademark in Australia (hasbro does everywhere else in the world), as anybody looking at Scrabble will find. Circeus

 * Actually Spear's Games hold the copyright for most of the world except North America. Hasbro does issue some foreign-language sets but they are intended for use as a foreign language set in North America, not as a native language set in the relevant country.  Interestingly enough in the Rio Grande Valley (on the border with Mexico) you can sometimes find both sets - the official USA Hasbro one, and grey imports from across the border in Reynosa - the latter being presented in Spear's traditional green livery.
 * I think Mattel now own the rights outside North America. Either they bought them from Spears, or they just bought Spears. But if you look at the World Scrabble Championship you can see that sponsorship alternates between Mattel and Hasbro to handle this very odd state of affairs. Calr 11:47, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Alphabetised? Suggest putting English back at the top.
The page was recently edited by 96.242.156.9 without any discussion. I feel that in most cases people visiting the page would most likely be interested in the English distribution. This is on the English Wiki so it would seem natural, although I have no evidence to support that claim, it is just my opinion. If there is no objection I suggest that this be reverted to putting English first and the other languages follow in alphabetical order. HumphreyW (talk) 00:18, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I’d support that. —Wiki Wikardo 14:44, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for reminding me. I have done it. HumphreyW (talk) 14:56, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Dang, man, whatchu have a big red alarm bell that go off every time something on your watchlist is modified? —Wiki Wikardo 02:43, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Spanish
I'm removing the sentence about Spanish spelling reforms, since it's irrelevant. The reforms of 1994 did not remove the letters ch and ll from the Spanish alphabet. They only affected the way these letters are alphabetized.

Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas, 1st ed.: "[...] en el X Congreso de la Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, celebrado en 1994, se acordó adoptar el orden alfabético latino universal, en el que la ch y la ll no se consideran letras independientes. En consecuencia, las palabras que comienzan por estas dos letras, o que las contienen, pasan a alfabetizarse en los lugares que les corresponden dentro de la c y de la l, respectivamente. Esta reforma afecta únicamente al proceso de ordenación alfabética de las palabras, no a la composición del abecedario, del que los dígrafos ch y ll siguen formando parte."

The last sentence, translated, reads: "This reform affects only the process of alphabetical ordering, not the composition of the alphabet, of which the digraphs ch and ll continue to be part." --ABehrens (talk) 15:19, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

FALTA EL ESPAÑOL —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.31.3.182 (talk) 20:00, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn’t. Have you tried actually reading the page? —Wiki Wikardo 14:44, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

The article claims that there is a different tile distribution in hispanic america. I find this a little strange since the set i own has the official spanish/FISE (international spanish scrabble federation) distribution. In fact since 1997 until last year most of the world scrabble tournaments in spanish have happened in this continent (only 3 in Spain) and they are of course played with the official FISE distribution. Where does this claim come from? is there any evidence? 2800:2261:4040:12A:0:0:0:D70B (talk) 13:42, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

Welsh
The article lists 103 letters for Welsh, but when you add up the totals, there are 105 tiles lists. I'm unable to find another reference for Welsh tile distribution, so I'm unable to verify if 103 is correct and the tile distribution is wrong, or if the tile distribution is correct and the total wrong. (or both, maybe) —Preceding unsigned comment added by TheTomahawk (talk • contribs) 14:41, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Malay
Malaysian language redirects to Malay; I’d think that the letter distributions for Standard Malay and Indonesian would be the same, despite the slight differences between them. I will edit the section accordingly pending any objection. —Wiki Wikardo 14:44, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Do you have a cite for the Malaysian or Indonesian sets? It would be really good to enhance the citations in the article. I am not sure about the Indonesian distribution, if you are sure it is the same as Malaysian then put it in. But if you are just guessing that I don't think it would be a good idea to put it based upon a hunch. HumphreyW (talk) 15:00, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Swedish letter order
Why aren't the scrabble letters for Swedish in alphabetical order? Moberg (talk) 01:08, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

 * The order follows the same convention as the other languages. Within groups of letters with the same point value, arranged by descending frequency number.  Letters with identical frequency arranged alphabetically. Gr8white (talk) 00:57, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

Latin list incomplete?
The Latin letter distribution set seems to be missing some letters. Can someone update this?99.158.45.109 (talk) 21:11, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Do you have a link, or some other source material, that shows a different distribution? HumphreyW (talk) 21:20, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Here, there is one, but it's quite different from the Centre for Medieval Studies --Unjoanqualsevol (talk) 18:02, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Basque Scrabble
Hi, I own a Basque Scrabble clone, called Euskarbel. Current tiles distribution is right.So, how can prove it? Is ti enough just posting a photo somewhere and citing?--Unjoanqualsevol (talk) 09:49, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

Serbian Cyrillic Scrabble
Would a Serbian Cyrillic version of Scrabble have the same point values as Croatian (Latin) Scrabble?

Are there versions of Serbian Cyrillic Scrabble that exist out there?

It would be nice if there were a Serbian Cyrillic version of Scrabble?

Are Bosnian and Serbian words allowed in Croatian Scrabble? Are you allowed to use Serbian spellings of Croatian words such as reči? Or Lijepa as opposed to Lepa. Strojnica as opposed to Mitraljez. Are the Serbian months allowed to be used in Croatian Scrabble? Such as Februar, Mart, April, Maj, Juni, Juli, August, Septembar, Oktobar, Novembar, Decembar.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabble_letter_distributions#Croatian

Can you use Serbian words with Croatian Scrabble? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.253.104.103 (talk) 01:51, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

Esperanto-language tile distribution
Though providing this Esperanto-language tile list may not be a violation of a copyright, I feel that the information source of this list might be in violation which places a shadow over the "officialness" of this list. The website that is linked to as the source of this list [skrablo.ikso.net/regularo.php] appears to be a site that markets an unlicensed software version of Scrabble for the Esperanto language. I identify it as unlicensed as there is no reference or trade mark given identifying the owner of the brand (Hasbro or JW Spear and Sons) which usually is required to be indicated. Unlike "unauthorized" versions that are produced in countries where Hasbro and J.W. Spear and Sons have yet to produce a version of the game, this appears to be solely for a language that may not have had a tile set produced. Also absent is any indication that an official body that oversees the language of Esperanto has authorized this version. Though I can not be sure of this latter statement as I am far from qualified with the Esperanto language as the site seems to be written in. Should the current Esperanto-language tile distribution portion of the article be deleted? Stuart M Klimek (talk) 09:24, 9 December 2013 (UTC)Stuart M Klimek

Filipino
Probably this is the distribution: Can someone confirm this? Are my point values right? The letter numbers are probably right but are the point values right?
 * 2 blank tiles (scoring 0 points)
 * 1 point: E ×16, I ×11,A ×10, O ×9, R ×9, S ×8
 * 2 points: D ×5, N ×5, F ×4, L ×4, M ×4, U ×4
 * 3 points: J ×3, P ×3, T ×3, G ×2, K ×2, V ×2, Y ×2
 * 4 points: C ×2
 * 5 points: W ×2
 * 6 points: B ×1
 * 7 points: H ×1
 * 8 points: Q ×1
 * 9 points: X ×1
 * 10 points: Z ×1

This game seems to have been played using the English set, omitting the Q, X, and Z and turning one C and one V into blanks.

Pinoy Scrable seems to be a language-mixed(!) version of Scrabble, played using the English set.

There exists also a Baybayin Scrabble. Burzuchius (talk) 20:25, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

Catalan Super Scrabble
I have made corrections to the tile distribution count of the Catalan Super Scrabble variant, yet the inclusion of this distribution may have been incorrectly included in the first place. I would infer from the blog article cited ("Superscrabble...en diferido" ) that this variant is an independent and experimental set, and there might be no distribution for this set whatsoever. The creation of this variant set may exist under the "fair use" right used by educational institutions, yet it may not be valid under the same copyrights as marketed sets. Is there evidence that this variant set is authorized? If not, should this part of the article be removed? Stuart M Klimek (talk) 18:20, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Add: Gwich'in Scrabble and Dakotah (Dakota) Alexlatham96 (talk)

In regard to independent, experimental sets I question whether any should be included in the article. Some of these sets exist under the "fair use" right used by educational institutions, yet their existence is not evidence that the tile distribution any of those sets is official. Wikipedia should not be used as a vehicle to provide the officialness of these sets. Except where the license is limited to the "fair use" right, these sets are not licensed by the owner of the brand and may be a infringement or copyright violation. The language sets listed should be limited to those licensed for distribution, with an exception occurring only where such a license was unobtainable due to international politics and yet a set had historically developed, or where there is another historical reason that warrants the set's inclusion. For these exceptions, the article should address those reasons. 120.29.75.96 (talk) 15:33, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

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Alfapet - Swedish Scrabble
It is the current tile distribution and values that are important for a language-set of Scrabble, yet in many of the sections there are lists that provide other than the current or, due to the differing market-places, shared current versions for the language. If one finds the following information of import for the article, perhaps one can tackle it with more clarity. The following information was gathered principally from www.scrabbleforbundet.se. with supporting information from www.gtoal.com/scrabble/details/swedish, stp.lingfil.uu.se/~starback/scrabble/historia.html, and comments found in reviews listed in boardgamegeek.com, et alis. The first edition of Alfapet, the Swedish version of Scrabble, was produced in 1954. The tile differences compared to the current Scrabble version for the Swedish language is it had one additional T and one less Z (i.e., no Z tile). Also, the C tile had a value of 10. Produced sometime after 1956 and before 1961, the second edition of Alfapet had a different tile distribution. The distribution of the letter-tiles that were different than the current distribution were: 1B, 10E, 9N, 4O, 1P, 6S, and 2U. Compared to the first edition, the C tile had been re-valued to 5 points, the newly introduced Z tile was valued at 10 points, and there was one less T tile. With the third edition, but for the T and Z tiles, the original distribution was re-established, and the value of the C tile had reverted back to 10 points with the now extant Z tile re-valued to 8 points. Circa 2002, when Alga, the producer of the Swedish Scrabble under the name Alfapet, lost its license to Mattel the distribution and values of the set underwent one more revision, with the only change being the values of the C and Z tiles. The values were swapped -- the C is now 8 and the Z is now 10. 120.29.73.62 (talk) 18:28, 26 February 2017 (UTC)Stuart M. Klimek gtoal.com was made back when the value of the C was 10 and the value of the Z was 8.Alexlatham96 (talk) 05:48, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

Icelandic Scrabble - Krafla
In 2016, a different set of Scrabble tiles for the Icelandic language was made available under the name Krafla, an Icelandic word meaning "Scrabble". The newer version reduces the number of tiles from 104 to 100 with an adjustment to some of the letter tiles in value and quantity. The newer distribution is as follows:

2 blank tiles (scoring 0 points) 1 point: A ×11, R ×8, I ×7, N ×7, S ×7 2 points: T ×6, U ×6, L ×5, Ð ×4, K ×4, M ×3 3 points: E ×3, F ×3, G ×3, Á ×2, Ó ×2 4 points: Æ ×2, H ×1, Í ×1, Ú ×1 5 points: B ×1, D ×1, O ×1, P ×1, V ×1, Ý ×1 6 points: J ×1, Y ×1, Ö ×1 7 points: É ×1, Þ ×1 10 points: X ×1

The above information can currently be verified with the following links, with the first link providing the new distribution and values: https://malbeinid.wordpress.com/2016/11/06/ordaleikur-eda-skrafl/ https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgameversion/333276/icelandic-edition-2016 http://www.visir.is/g/2016161029563/krafla-komid-a-markad-eftir-eins-og-halfs-ars-framleidslu

As I do not read or speak Icelandic I can not be certain of the facts, yet my understanding of what I have read is the language set is made for the game of Scrabble and is indicated to have been the officially sanctioned set in the Nationals Skrafl (Scrabble) tournament in Iceland, it may not be a licensed version by Mattel.

In addition to the Krafla distribution, it is hinted that there was a different set composed for the Icelandic language prior to the one presently listed. But for the tile values and the unverified recollection of the cited article's author regarding the number of E's, the letter values given for that unverified set are as follows: 1 point: A, E, I, N, S, T, U    2 points: G, L, Ð 3 points: F, K, M                 4 points: Á, D, H, Í, O, V    5 points: Þ 6 points: B, J, Ó, Y, Æ 8 points: É, P, Ú, Ö 9 points: Ý 10 points: X

I leave it to someone who has more complete information and writing skill to edit the Wikipedia article. 120.29.75.137 (talk) 12:35, 2 April 2017 (UTC) Stuart M. Klimek

There were seven E's instead of six, meaning the old 104-tile set was actually 105 tiles. The point values shown above are for Mattel's 2016 revision. See here.Alexlatham96 (talk) 00:09, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Arabic Scrabble
Several different versions of Arabic Scrabble can be found on the internet. Not an owner of a version produced by Mattel, I am unaware if there is one or more Arabic-language sets produced by the licensing company. There are differences that exist in the letter forms in many Arabic or Arabic-based alphabets to that of the standard modern Arabic. These differences can be seen in the variety of sets that exist. I would assume that several of the versions may be bootleg variants made to accommodate the differences. A picture of a score pad provided in one set [ http://www.gtoal.com/wordgames/images/ArabicScores.jpeg] has created a question about the alif hamza. In the present article there are two 10-point alif hamza tiles and eight 1-point alif tiles. The score pad shows what appears to be eight 1-point alif hamza tiles and two 10-point tiles of the short form of the letter yeh with a hamza above. Could someone confirm the correct tiles for the Mattel-licensed version of Arabic? Is there more than one authorized Arabic language set? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stuart M Klimek (talk • contribs) 15:10, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

Anglo-Saxon
Distribution is listed as 100 (98 letters + 2 blanks), but the sum of the distributions adds to 101 (99 + 2). This inconsistency also appears in the source article, which states "[this edition uses] 100, [with the letters mapped] onto only 98 tiles – can’t leave out the blanks!", yet lists individual letter-distributions with a total of 99 (+2).

Also, the table shows "I" as having a distribution of 8, whereas the body text (and the source article) show a distribution of 4. 103.55.47.116 (talk) 00:07, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

To make it 100 tiles exactly, remove one H.Alexlatham96 (talk) 21:54, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

Basque Alphabet Ñ
On the page Scrabble letter distributions, it is stated: "C, Ç, Ñ, Q, V, W and Y are absent because they are only used in loanwords." The Ñ is not present in Basque Scrabble, but the Ñ is a native letter in Basque. Is the Ñ absent because of its rare use? Or is it ignored and considered as a variant of N? Can you please tell me why the Ñ was not present in scrabble? Thank you for your help. By the way, is the Ñ a popular letter in Basque?

Slovak words with Q and W
I cannot open Scrabble3D's slovak.dic file https://sourceforge.net/projects/scrabble/files/Dictionaries/slovak.zip. Can anyone open it to see how many words with Q and W are in it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alexlatham96 (talk • contribs) 04:22, 27 Feb 2019 (UTC)

Greek
If a Latin (Romanized) Greek set exists, it should be added as a separate set. Alexlatham96 (talk) 20:42, 7 August 2019 (UTC)

Igbo
https://twitter.com/bilkisulabaran/status/827427598955315200

Does anyone know the letter point values of the entire set?

Cherokee
I have removed this section because it is a painting. Also, more information is required (I suspect there are 200 tiles). Only source is Tentative distribution:
 * 2 blank tiles (marked as ᏂᎪᏰᎸᎾ (nigoyelvna)) scoring 0 points
 * 1 point: Ꭰ (a) ×10, Ꮝ (s) ×9, Ꮅ (li) ×6, Ꭸ (ge) ×4, Ꮖ (qua) ×3, Ꮧ (di) ×3, Ꮪ (du) ×3, Ꮹ (wa) ×3, Ꮳ (tsa) ×2, Ꭴ (u) ×1, Ꭵ (v) ×1, Ꭻ (gu) ×1, Ꮀ (ho) ×1, Ꮏ (hna) ×1, Ꮜ (sa) ×1, Ꮦ (te) ×1, Ꮯ (tli) ×1, Ꮺ (we) ×?, Ꮾ (wv) ×?, Ᏺ (yo) ×?
 * 2 points: Ꭶ (ga) ×6, Ꮎ (na) ×3, Ꮑ (ne) ×3, Ꮡ (su) ×3, Ꭿ (hi) ×2, Ꮟ (si) ×2, Ꮕ (nv) ×1, Ꮮ (tle) ×1, Ꮰ (tlo) ×1, Ꮼ (wo) ×1, Ꭺ (go) ×?, Ꮉ (ma) ×?, Ᏻ (yu) ×?
 * 3 points: Ꮃ (la) ×6, Ꮈ (lv) ×1, Ꮤ (ta) ×1, Ꮷ (tsu) ×1, Ꮿ (ya) ×1, Ꭱ (e) ×?, Ꮠ (so) ×?
 * 4 points: Ꮒ (ni) ×3, Ꮩ (do) ×2, Ꭷ (ka) ×1, Ꮄ (le) ×1, Ꮸ (tsv) ×1, Ꮻ (wi) ×1, Ꮊ (me) ×?, Ꮗ (que) ×?, Ꮭ (tla) ×?
 * 5 points: Ꭹ (gi) ×5, Ꮫ (dv) ×3, Ᏼ (yv) ×3, Ꮥ (de) ×2, Ꮞ (se) ×1? (maybe 2), Ꭳ (o) ×?, Ꮴ (tse) ×?
 * 6 points: Ᏸ (ye) ×2, Ꮁ (hu) ×1, Ꮆ (lo) ×1, Ꮋ (mi) ×1?, Ꮘ (qui) ×1?, Ꮨ (ti) ×1, Ꮲ (tlv) ×1, Ꮶ (tso) ×1?, Ᏹ (yi) ×1?
 * 7 points: Ꮣ (da) ×6, Ꭼ (gv) ×1, Ꭾ (he) ×1?, Ꮂ (hv) ×1?, Ꮌ (mo) ×1?, Ꮓ (no) ×1?, Ꮔ (nu) ×1?, Ꮬ (dla) ×1?
 * 8 points: Ꭲ (i) ×2, Ꮇ (lu) ×1, Ꮛ (quv) ×1, Ꮽ (wu) ×1?
 * 9 points: Ꭽ (ha) ×6, Ꮙ (quo) ×1?, Ꮚ (quu) ×1?, Ꮢ (sv) ×1, Ꮱ (tlu) ×1, Ꮵ (tsi) ×1?
 * 10 points: Ꮍ (mu) ×1?

Note that Ꮐ (nah) has no tile because it is used extremely infrequently in Cherokee. It is unknown if a blank can be used as a Ꮐ (nah). The letter Ᏽ (mv) also has no tile, because this letter is no longer used in Cherokee.

Alexlatham96 (talk) 06:29, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

Maori
I found something called Kuputupu. this image shows the following distribution:

 * 2 blank tiles (scoring 0 points)
 * 1 point: A ×13, E ×10, I ×10, U ×10, O ×9
 * 2 points: R ×7, T ×7, K ×5
 * 3 points: N ×7, H ×5
 * 4 points: P ×5
 * 5 points: M ×5, W ×4
 * 10 points: G ×3

Alexlatham96 (talk) 06:28, 19 November 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Key a com  (💬 | 🖊) 16:50, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

Unofficial editions
Several of the versions are given as being "not an official edition by Mattel". Does this mean they are unofficial editions by Mattel, or they are/were made by a different company? Furthermore, some are referred to as "Scrabble sets", some state that they have different names, and others make no comment on the name.

If a given version is not made by Mattel or another company licensed thereby then, surely, it is not Scrabble, any more than online variants like Words With Friends, Lexulous and Jamble are Scrabble. So while the letter values/distributions of these versions may be interesting, they are off-topic for a page called "Scrabble letter distributions". If this isn't meant to be a comparison of Scrabble editions, but a comparison of Scrabble editions and unofficial variants, then the likes of WWF, Lexulous and Jamble should be included for completeness, and the page renamed. That said, I can see that listing all the unofficial variants we can find would make the page very long. What do people think we should do? — Smjg (talk) 21:22, 5 April 2020 (UTC)
 * - I do want to split this article to include distributions not made by Mattel (or by any other company under the license of Mattel, e.g. the Icelandic version) in a separate article. -- Key a com  (💬 | 🖊) 14:07, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the definition of 'official' would be that it's produced and sold by Mattel, Hasbro, or a company licensed by them. I would also make a distinction between variants that are different purely based on language (the focus of this article), and games with fundamentally different rules (which should be listed on Scrabble variants). I would be in favour of keeping the unofficial language variants on this article, but with more consistently and clearly indicating whether a language variant is official, with a reference to either being for sale by Hasbro/Mattel, or wherever else it's from. One way of doing that would be an initial 'Summary' section, with a table indicating their official-status, as well as other stuff like number of tiles. Many other list articles do something similar. - odg (talk) 09:53, 24 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The article has grown to the point that it now encompasses games like Equate that are completely unrelated to Scrabble. In addition, the infoboxes are unnecessary. They only repeat the same information contained in the article and are now wrecking the formatting because there are so many of them. (Look at where the text for French is and where the infobox is.) - Richferrara (talk) 16:17, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

Swahili Scrabble
Image here, full distribution unknown.Alexlatham96 (talk) 07:21, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

Chipewyan Scrabble
See here, this is called "Scramble" and you use the dictionary for possible words, unlike Scrabble. Alexlatham96 (talk) 20:39, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

Tifinagh Scrabble
See [] 1 point: ⴰ x16, ⵙ x9, ⵜ x8, ⵉ x?, ⵏ x?, ⵡ x4 2 points: ⵖ x4, ⵣ x?, ⵓ x4 ? points: ⴻ x3, 4 points: ⴷ x2, ⴼ x2 ? points: ⵛ x1, ⵟ x1

The remaining distribution is unknown.Alexlatham96 (talk) 00:28, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

Czech KrisKros Klasik
See here. The complete distribution is similar to Pismenkovka's, except that it has 4 T's and 2 X's. Alexlatham96 (talk) 20:58, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Lithuanian example board is illegal
In Scrabble letter distributions, the given image depicts an illegal board position. Specifically, the top-left section, containing the words KOP, SALA, SVERS, and VEMK, is disconnected from the rest of the crossword and, therefore, could never have been played legally. Besenj (talk) 16:29, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

Italian Scabble: Clarification Needed
"Italian-language Scrabble applied a special rule that when a player exchanges tiles on his turn, he could request opponent to pass his turn." Two questions: (1) Does this mean that Italian Scrablle applied (past tense) the special rule, but no longer does? (1a) When did the rule get dropped? (2) Does "request" mean simply request, or does it mean "require"? If it means simply "request", then surely the same thing could legally be done anywhere in the world without any change to the formal rules. But if it means "require", that's a significant difference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.138.36.64 (talk) 07:45, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

Scottish Gaelic
Added new official edition to table. Only unknowns now are the point values of the Ì, P, U, and Ù. Alexlatham96 (talk) 06:01, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:WikiProject Iran

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Alvøen

Alvøen or Alvøy is a manor house located on a historic industrial site in the Laksevåg borough of the city of Bergen in Vestland county, Norway. Alvøen Manor was once one of the grander private homes in Bergen.

History
Alvøen is the site one of Norway's oldest industrial communities and one of the best preserved industrial locations. In 1626, King Christian IV of Denmark granted the right to establish a gunpowder mill on the site. The mill was destroyed by fire in 1733, but rebuilt. Didrich Jansen Fasmer (1706-1770) improved it and built another gun mill in the 1760s. Towards the end of the 1700s, Alvøen became an industrial site with working houses attached to the factories. Later it started production of saltpeter, linseed oil and paper. Hendrik Jansen Fasmer (1766-1836) founded the paper mill during 1797. In 1858, Hendrik Fasmer (1835–1930) built a new papermill in Alvøen and from the late 1800s the production was concentrated on finer grades in different blends of cloths and cellulose. Alvøens Papirfabrik A/S manufacturing paper in Alvøen until stopped production in 1981. At that time, it was the oldest paper mill in the country. The specialty was finer paper for documents and from 1908, supplier of paper for Norwegian banknotes.

Alvøen Manor was the main residence of the owners of the paper factory of Alvøen. Alvøen Manor was originally built as a countryside retreat for members of the Fasmer family in 1797. Eventually the rococo main building was surrounded by several gardens. Alvøen Manor and the factory were opened as a museum (Alvøen Hovedbygning) in 1983, as a branch of the West Norway Museum of Decorative Art. It is now managed by the Bergen City Museum. The site includes Alvøen Manor together with some forty worker cottages and production buildings dating from the 1800s.

Alvøen lies at the Vatlestraumen strait, west of Bergen, where the cargo ship Rocknes hit an underwater rock and capsized in January 2004. The wreckage was towed to Alvøen, stabilised and partly examined, before being taken to the CCB base at Ågotnes in Sotra for further examination and recovery.

title: Alvøen


text:
Sankar Chatterjee

Sankar Chatterjee (born May 28, 1943) is a paleontologist, the Paul W. Horn Professor of Geosciences at Texas Tech University and Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of Texas Tech University. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Calcutta in 1970 and was a Post-doctoral Fellow at the Smithsonian Institution from 1977-1978.

Chatterjee has focused on the origin, evolution, functional anatomy, and systematics of Mesozoic vertebrates, including basal archosaurs, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and birds. He has researched Late Triassic reptiles in India, such as phytosaurs, rhynchosaurs, and prolacertiformes. He is best known for his work on vertebrates recovered in the 1980s from the Post Quarry in the Late Triassic Cooper Canyon Formation (Dockum Group) of West Texas. The material includes the large rauisuchian Postosuchus, which was named for the nearby town of Post. It also included controversial specimens Chatterjee identified as being avian (Protoavis). The identification of these specimens as avian would push back the origin of birds by at least 75 million years.

In 2008, Chatterjee and Rick Lind designed a 30-inch unmanned aerial vehicle with a large, thin rudder inspired by the crest of Tupandactylus, to be called a Pterodrone. The large, thin rudder-like sail on its head functioned as a sensory organ that acted similarly to a flight computer in a modern-day aircraft and also helped with the animal's turning agility. “These animals take the best parts of bats and birds,” Chatterjee said. “They had the maneuverability of a bat, but could glide like an albatross. Nothing alive today compares to the performance and agility of these animals. They lived for 160 million years, so they were not stupid animals. The skies were darkened by flocks of them. They were the dominant flying animals of their time. [… W]e’ve found they could actually sail on the wind for very long periods as they flew over the oceans… By raising their wings like sails on a boat, they could use the slightest breeze in the same way a catamaran moves across water. They could take off quickly and fly long distances with little effort.”

Chatterjee authored the controversial hypothesis of the Shiva crater in the Arabian sea as a (partial) source of the K-Pg extinction event.

Genera named
The following genera were named by Chatterjee :

title: Sankar Chatterjee


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AMC Airlines

AMC Airlines is a charter airline based in Cairo, Egypt. It operates charter flights from Egypt's tourist destinations to Europe, regular charters to the Middle East as well as domestic flights. The airline also operates ad hoc VIP flights and military transport (for the United Nations). Its main base is Cairo International Airport, with hubs at Hurghada International Airport, Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport and Luxor International Airport.

History
The airline was established and started operations in 1988, after the Egyptian government approved the foundation of Aircraft Maintenance in Cairo. At that time, Elsayed Saber and his family launched AMC Airlines after obtaining a license to operate worldwide passenger charter operations. It is wholly owned by Saber and his family, and has 498 employees. The airline was initially named AMC Aviation before becoming 'AMC Airlines' in 2005 .

Destinations
The majority of the airline's operations are charter flights to Europe.

Fleet
, the AMC Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Since 2006 the airline has frequently leased Boeing 737-800s from Eurocypria. AMC historical fleet was Boeing 737-200 and Airbus A300B4.

title: AMC Airlines