text:
Doug Stone

Doug Stone (born Douglas Jackson Brooks; June 19, 1956) is an American country music singer and songwriter. He debuted in 1990 with the single "I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)", the first release from his 1990 self-titled debut album for Epic Records. Both this album and its successor, 1991's I Thought It Was You, earned a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America. Two more albums for Epic, 1992's From the Heart and 1994's More Love, are each certified gold. Stone moved to Columbia Records to record Faith in Me, Faith in You, which did not produce a Top Ten among its three singles. After suffering a heart attack and stroke in the late 1990s, he exited the label and did not release another album until Make Up in Love in 1999 on Atlantic Records. The Long Way was released in 2002 on the Audium label (now part of E1 Music), followed by two albums on the independent Lofton Creek Records.

Stone has charted twenty-six singles on Hot Country Songs, with his greatest chart success coming between 1990 and 1995. In this timespan, he had eight No. 1 singles on the Hot Country Songs charts including "In a Different Light", "A Jukebox with a Country Song", "Too Busy Being in Love", and "Why Didn't I Think of That". He is known for his neotraditionalist country sound and frequent recording of ballads.

Early life
Stone was born as Douglas Jackson Brooks on June 19, 1956, in Marietta, Georgia. His mother, who was also a country music singer, taught him how to play guitar when he was 5. When he was 7, his mother placed him onstage to open for Loretta Lynn. His mother and father later divorced, and he moved to live with his father. He found additional work singing as a teenager: first at local skating rinks, and then at local bars, and later as one member of a short-lived trio; in addition, he and his father worked as mechanics to make ends meet. He also built a recording studio in his house, while performing in local clubs. By 1982, Stone was suffering from depression brought on by his musical career, when a friend introduced him to Carie Cohen, who would later become his second wife. He played various local venues, and was discovered by a record label manager while singing at a Veterans of Foreign Wars hall. The manager asked him for demos, which she then sent to Epic Records. He chose to record under the name Doug Stone, so as to avoid confusion with Garth Brooks. Record producer Doug Johnson played three tunes for Epic Records producer Bob Montgomery, who disliked the first two that he heard but enjoyed the third one. Through Montgomery's assistance, Stone signed with Epic in 1989, thus becoming the only artist that Montgomery ever signed without seeing perform live.

1990–1991: Doug Stone
Stone's self-titled debut album was released in 1990 with Johnson as producer. Mac McAnally, Mark O'Connor, Paul Franklin, Brent Rowan, and Willie Weeks were among the session musicians on it. Contributing songwriters included David Lee Murphy, Larry Boone, Randy Boudreaux, A.L. "Doodle" Owens, Johnny MacRae, and Keith Palmer, who would later chart two singles for Epic in 1991. Its first single, "I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)", spent twenty-five weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts and peaked at No. 4. In addition, the single was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Country Song, and the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for U.S. shipments of one million copies. The album's next two singles were both Top Ten singles as well: "Fourteen Minutes Old" at No. 6 and "These Lips Don't Know How to Say Goodbye" at No. 5. Following these songs was "In a Different Light", co-written by Dickey Lee, which became Stone's first number 1 on Billboard. Stone received three music award nominations in 1991: the Horizon Award (now New Artist Award) from the Country Music Association, Star of Tomorrow from Music City News, and Top New Male Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music.

Brian Mansfield gave Doug Stone a four-and-a-half star rating out of five in his review for Allmusic. His review praised "I'd Be Better Off" in particular, calling the song a "towering expression of self-pity that most singers could spend a career trying to top," also saying that Stone "came close" to matching that song's quality in the album's ballads.

1991-1992: I Thought It Was You, From the Heart, and The First Christmas
I Thought It Was You, his second album, was released in August 1991. Also certified platinum, it produced three more chart singles: the No. 4 title track, followed by the number 1 "A Jukebox with a Country Song" and "Come In Out of the Pain" at No. 3. "A Jukebox with a Country Song" spent two weeks at number 1, thus becoming his only multi-week number 1 single. Stone co-wrote the track "The Feeling Never Goes Away" with Kim Williams and Phyllis Bennett, and then-labelmate Joe Diffie co-wrote "Burning Down the Town". Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly gave the album an "A", saying that it contained "sex-and-smolder ballads" comparable to Conway Twitty. Mansfield was less favorable, saying that Stone "seems to wallow in sorrow".

In early 1992, Stone began experiencing dizziness and pain in one of his arms. He also began feeling chest pains which he initially thought were heartburn. After feeling disoriented at a concert in Oregon, he canceled an appearance at the Academy of Country Music telecast. He then underwent quadruple bypass surgery at Centennial Medical Center to alleviate four severe arterial blockages near his heart which had initially gone undiscovered by doctors. Following the surgery, Stone changed his diet and began exercising, in addition to touring in support of his third album, From the Heart, released that August. The album's title was seen by many music writers, including Irwin Stambler and Grelun Landon of Country Music: The Encyclopedia, as ironic in the wake of Stone's heart surgery.

With a gold certification for shipments of 500,000 copies, From the Heart produced two more number 1 singles in "Too Busy Being in Love" and "Why Didn't I Think of That". The other two singles were "Warning Labels" and "Made for Lovin' You", at No. 4 and No. 6 respectively. The latter had previously been recorded by both Dan Seals and Clinton Gregory. Mansfield thought that From the Heart was more consistent than Stone's previous two albums, saying that his "voice is at its pain-wracked best" on "Warning Labels" and that "The heart references take on a special meaning given the open-heart surgery that preceded this album". Nash criticized the album as "sappy, lightweight tales of infatuation and starry-eyed courtship". One month after From the Heart, Stone released a Christmas album titled The First Christmas. Although this album produced no singles, "Sailing Home for Christmas" was made into a music video. Stone was nominated in both 1992 and 1993 for Star of Tomorrow by Music City News, and Top Male Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music, winning the former award in 1993. He toured in 1992 with Patty Loveless, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Hank Williams, Jr.

1993-1995: More Love and Greatest Hits, Vol. 1
His fourth album, More Love, was released in November 1993. Unlike his previous albums, Stone co-produced with James Stroud, except on the track "Dream High", which Stroud produced with Tom Bahler and Bruce Swedien. It also included different session musicians than his previous albums, such as guitarist Dann Huff and backing vocalist Curtis Wright. Its lead-off single was "I Never Knew Love", which spent two weeks at No. 2 on the country singles charts and accounted for his only entry on the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at No. 81. The album's next two singles were the No. 4 "Addicted to a Dollar" and the title track, which Stone wrote with Gary Burr, at No. 6. Tom Roland of New Country magazine criticized the album for "continu[ing] to mine the drippy side of Stone" through "manipulative" ballads, but cited "Addicted to a Dollar" and "Love, You Took Me by Surprise" as being "tougher" than Stone's previous works.

Starting in June 1994, Stone discovered that he was having breathing problems which were affecting his singing. He consulted throat doctors at Vanderbilt University's medical center, who failed to find any problems in his throat, while a second consultation revealed a lump in his left nostril. Upon its discovery, Stone feared that it might be cancer, and that it would put an end to his career. As a result, Stone quit smoking, although the lump was later discovered not to be cancerous and was successfully removed. While Stone was undergoing treatment, his Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 compilation was released in late 1994. Also receiving a gold certification, the album comprised nine of his previous hits and the new song "Little Houses", which debuted on the charts in October 1994 and peaked at No. 7 in early 1995. After its release, Stone made his acting debut in the 1995 film Gordy, in which he starred as Luke McAllister, a struggling musician. The movie's soundtrack featured four songs from More Love: "More Love", "That's a Lie", "Wishbone", and "Dream High", as well as two other songs that Stone performed: "The Heart I Broke" and "I Could Always Count on You".

1995-1999: Faith in Me, Faith in You and Make Up in Love
Also in 1995, parent company Sony Music Entertainment chose to move Stone from the Nashville division of Epic Records to that of Columbia Records. This decision was made to give Stone a new promotional team. His only Columbia album, Faith in Me, Faith in You, was released in March of that year, with Stroud again serving as co-producer. This album's three singles were comparatively less successful than his previous singles, with none reaching Top 10: the title track peaked at No. 13, followed by "Sometimes I Forget" at No. 41 (his first single to miss the Top 40) and "Born in the Dark" at No. 12. Stone suffered a nearly-fatal heart attack in December 1995 and a mild stroke in 1996, reducing his ability to record and tour. Stone would later remark that he was "lucky" to have survived his health issues in this timespan. One of his few performances in this timespan was at a show in Dollywood, a theme park owned by Dolly Parton, in mid-1996. His last charting single for Columbia was "Gone Out of My Mind", which he recorded for the multi-artist compilation album A Tribute to Tradition in 1998.

Stone signed with Atlantic Records and released Make Up in Love in 1999 under the production of Wally Wilson. A more pop-oriented album than his previous ones, the album produced a minor Top 20 hit in its title track. Its next singles were a cover of R.B. Greaves's 1969 single "Take a Letter Maria", which Stone took to number 45, and "Surprise", which spent only one week on the country charts, at number 64. Also included on the album were a duet with Leslie Satcher titled "The Heart Holds On", and the Bobby Braddock-penned "The Difference Between a Woman and a Man", which was later recorded by Josh Turner on his 2003 debut album Long Black Train. Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album a mixed review, saying that "Since Stone's voice is pleasant, the music is often pleasant, but it's hardly memorable." Andy Turner of Country Standard Time was more favorable, saying that it "does not come off 'too country for country' yet is still engaging largely because of Stone's voice — soft with built-in teardrops." Also in 1999, Stone and Skip Ewing co-wrote "In the Name of Love" on the only album released by female country duo Redmon & Vale.

2000-present: The Long Way, In a Different Light, and My Turn
In December 1999, Stone was aboard an airplane which skidded off a snowy runway at O'Hare Airport in Chicago; there were no injuries. Stone began piloting ultra-light airplanes as a hobby in 1999 and 2000. In March 2000, he suffered a broken left ankle, cracked rib, concussion, and bruised kidney after crashing his plane in Robertson County, Tennessee, and was briefly hospitalized before he resumed touring. Stone later said that the accident made him decide to quit flying planes. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, rumors circulated that Stone had been on one of the hijacked planes; a spokeswoman for the singer confirmed that he was at home with his family that day.

Stone signed to Audium Entertainment in 2002 and recorded The Long Way. This album included seven new songs and acoustic re-recordings of "More Love", "Born in the Dark", and "I'd Be Better Off". One of the original songs on it was "POW 369", which was later recorded by Darryl Worley. Stewart Mason thought that it was "not nearly as suffocatingly slick" as Stone's previous albums, but questioned its commercial success. His next album did not come out until 2005, when he signed to the independent label Lofton Creek Records, recording the album In a Different Light. The album included a cover of "Georgia on My Mind", which was the first single, and re-recordings of "In a Different Light" and "Why Didn't I Think of That". A second album for Lofton Creek, My Turn, followed in 2007. It was led off by the single "Nice Problem". William Ruhlmann praised this album for having "a timeless country feel", also saying that "Stone sings with as much fervor and sincerity as ever." Ken Tucker of Billboard wrote that "He sounds as good as ever and his music is still relevant".

In 2013, Stone toured with Bryan White and Shenandoah as part of the "Reliving the 90s Tour". He also returned to acting, with roles in the films When the Storm God Rides and The Story of Bonnie and Clyde.

Personal life
Stone married his second wife, Carie Cohen, in 1982. The couple separated in July 1994, and Cohen filed for divorce two months later, accusing Stone of excessive drinking and infidelity. He married Beth Snyder in December 1996 after being engaged to her for a year. As of 2005, he had one daughter with Beth, and four children from his previous marriages. Stone split from Snyder in late 2006 and returned to his Georgia home.

On March 29, 2015, Stone married fiddler Jade Jack in Greenville, Texas, and both have a daughter together, born April 14, 2016.

Musical styles
Stone is known primarily for his neotraditionalist country sound, his tenor singing voice, and emphasis on ballads. In Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary, Richard Carlin describes him as "a solid country crooner whose style is reminiscent of Merle Haggard." Steve Huey of Allmusic wrote that Stone "made his name as a lonesome baritone balladeer, though he's also adept at hard uptempo country." Zell Miller, author of They Heard Georgia Singing, wrote that Stone has "established himself as a mellow country crooner who is known as 'Mr. Sensitive'" and "the Dean Martin of country music because of his unique flair for communicating the fragility of a broken heart with his delicate baritone voice and laid-back style."

Kurt Wolff of Country Music: The Rough Guide described Stone's musical style less favorably. He wrote that Stone seemed "schizophrenic. Half his reputation was established with self-deprecating downers like 'I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)', but then he'd just as easily turn around with a schmaltzy love song like 'Too Busy Being in Love'." He compared "I'd Be Better Off" and "Warning Labels" favorably to Haggard as well, and thought that the change of producers on More Love gave him a "much beefier sound".

Discography

 * Albums
 * Doug Stone (1990)
 * I Thought It Was You (1991)
 * From the Heart (1992)
 * The First Christmas (1992)
 * More Love (1993)
 * Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 (1994)
 * Faith in Me, Faith in You (1995)
 * Make Up in Love (1999)
 * The Long Way (2002)
 * In a Different Light (2005)
 * My Turn (2007)

Billboard number-one hits

 * "In a Different Light" (1 week, 1991)
 * "A Jukebox With a Country Song" (2 weeks, 1991-1992)
 * "Too Busy Being in Love" (1 week, 1992-1993)
 * "Why Didn't I Think of That" (1 week, 1993)

Grammy Awards

 * 1991
 * "I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)"
 * Best Male Country Vocal Performance
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }

TNN/Music City News Country Awards

 * 1991
 * rowspan=3| Doug Stone
 * rowspan=3| Star of Tomorrow
 * Nominated
 * 1992
 * Nominated
 * 1993
 * Won
 * }
 * 1993
 * Won
 * }

Academy of Country Music Awards

 * 1991
 * rowspan=3| Doug Stone
 * Top New Male Vocalist
 * Nominated
 * 1992
 * rowspan=2| Top Male Vocalist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 1993
 * Nominated
 * }
 * 1993
 * Nominated
 * }

Country Music Association Awards

 * 1991
 * Doug Stone
 * Horizon Award
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }

title: Doug Stone


text:
Talk:El (Canaanite god)

The number one position of El (god) among the kingdom of Israel is a cheeky omission that will amuse rather than misdirect Wikipedia's readers. At El we read --Wetman 06:52, 18 July 2005 (UTC).
 * 1) El (god), a Semitic word for 'god' and the word for God in the Tanakh.
 * 2) El (Canaanite god), a particular northwest Semitic father god who was head of many pantheons and by some identified with God in the Tanakh.

Why not merge with El (god)?

please discuss at Talk:El (god). Septentrionalis 18:29, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:El (Canaanite god)


text:
Changping, Beijing

Changping District, formerly Changping County (昌平县), is a district situated in the suburbs of north and northwest Beijing. Changping has a population of 2,269,487 as of November 2020, making it the most populous suburban district of Beijing.

History
Changping County and Jundu County which administered the area were established in the Han dynasty. Changping was incorporated into Jundu when the Northern Wei dominated; however, the condition was reversed since the Eastern Wei. The county was promoted as Changping subprefecture had jurisdiction over Miyun, Shunyi and Huairou, in the era of Zhengde during the Ming dynasty. These three counties were transferred to Shuntian Prefecture in the era of Yongzheng during the Qing dynasty. Changping became a county again after the Xinhai Revolution, and it was transferred to Beijing from Hebei in 1956.

Geography
Changping District, covering an area of 1430 km2, contains two subdistricts of the city of Changping and 15 towns (five of which are suburbs of Beijing) with total population of 1.83 million (2012), a rapid increase from the 614,821 recorded in the 2000 census. About 34 km from the city center, Changping is renowned for its numerous scenic spots and tourist facilities, like Datangshan museum. It is rich in natural resources, mineral products, and rural products.

The urban area of Changping (116,961 in subdistricts) has an area of 16 km2 and an estimated population of 130,000. Other major urban areas are Nankou (70,000) and Yangfang (40,000).

Climate
Changping District has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwa). The average annual temperature in Changping is 12.5 C. The average annual rainfall is 507.0 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 26.3 C, and lowest in January, at around -3.5 C.

Administrative divisions
There are 8 subdistricts and 14 towns with 4 towns of which carry the "area" (地区) label in the district:

Economy
In 2017, the regional GDP of the district is 83.97 billion yuan, with GDP per capita at 40.7 thousand yuan.

Features

 * Ming Dynasty Tombs
 * Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass, one of the "three great mountain passes" of the Great Wall of China
 * Triathlon Venue for the Triathlon at the 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Qincheng Prison of the Ministry of Public Security (near Xiaotangshan)
 * Wonderland Amusement Park (Beijing)

Central government
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has its headquarters in the district.

Transport
Changping District is served by four metro lines operated by Beijing Subway and one commuter line operated by Beijing Suburban Railway (BCR). Changping District is served by Beijing Subway Lines 5, 8, 13 and the Changping line.

Metro

 * - Tiantongyuan North, Tiantongyuan, Tiantongyuan South
 * - Zhuxinzhuang, Yuzhilu, Pingxifu, Huilongguan Dongdajie, Huoying
 * - Longze, Huilongguan, Huoying
 * - Life Science Park, Zhuxinzhuang, Gonghuacheng, Shahe, Shahe University Park, Nanshao, Beishaowa, Changping Dongguan, Changping, Ming Tombs, Changping Xishankou

Beijing Suburban Railway

 * - Changping railway station, Nankou railway station, Huangtudian railway station
 * - Changping North railway station

Colleges and universities

 * China University of Petroleum (Beijing)
 * Peking University Changping Campus
 * Central University of Finance and Economics
 * Beihang University
 * China Foreign Affairs University
 * China University of Political Science and Law Changping Campus

Primary and secondary schools
Public schools:
 * Changping District No. 1 High School (北京市昌平区第一中学)
 * Changping District No. 2 High School (北京市昌平区第二中学)

Private schools:
 * Beijing Huijia Private School is in Changping District.
 * Beijing Royal School
 * The Korean International School in Beijing was previously located in Changping District.

title: Changping, Beijing


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Martial arts/todo

 * Assessment Department

 * Requests:

 * Stubs, Bio Stubs

 * Peer Review: Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū

 * Good article candidate:

 * Featured article candidate:

 * Cleanup:Wong Shun Leung, Arnis Nicolas System, Chan Wah-shun

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Martial arts/todo


text: Category:User uk-4

title: Category:User uk-4


text:
El Paso (song)

"El Paso" is a western ballad written and originally recorded by Marty Robbins, and first released on Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs in September 1959. It was released as a single the following month, and became a major hit on both the country and pop music charts, becoming the first No. 1 hit of the 1960s on both. It won the Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording in 1961. It is widely considered a genre classic for its gripping narrative which ends in the death of its protagonist, its shift from past to present tense, haunting harmonies by vocalists Bobby Sykes and Jim Glaser (of the Glaser Brothers) and the eloquent and varied Spanish guitar accompaniment by Grady Martin that lends the recording a distinctive Tex-Mex feel. The name of the character Feleena was based upon a schoolmate of Robbins in the fifth grade, Fidelina Martinez.

Members of the Western Writers of America chose "El Paso" as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.

In 1998, the 1959 recording of "El Paso" on Columbia Records by Marty Robbins was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Storyline
The song is a first-person narrative told by a cowboy in El Paso, Texas, in the days of the Wild West. The singer recalls how he frequented "Rosa's Cantina", where he became smitten with a young Mexican dancer named Feleena. When the singer notices another cowboy sharing a drink with "wicked Feleena," out of jealousy he challenges the newcomer to a gunfight. The singer kills the newcomer, then flees. In the act of escaping, the singer commits the additional hanging offense of horse theft. Departing the town, the singer hides out in the "badlands of New Mexico."

The song then fast-forwards to an undisclosed time later – the lyrics at this point change from past to present tense – when the singer describes the yearning for Feleena that drives him to return, without regard for his own life, to El Paso. He states that his "love is stronger than [his] fear of death." Upon arriving, the singer races for the cantina, but is chased and fatally wounded by a posse. Feleena rushes to his side, and he dies in her arms after "one little kiss."

Versions
There have been three versions of Robbins' original recording of "El Paso": the original full-length version, the edited version, and the abbreviated version, which is an alternate take in stereo that can be found on the Gunfighter Ballads album. The original version, released on a 45 single record, is in mono and is around 4 minutes and 38 seconds in duration, far longer than most contemporary singles at the time, especially in the country genre. Robbins' longtime record company, Columbia Records, was unsure whether radio stations would play such a long song, so it released two versions of the song on a promo 45: the full-length version on one side, and an edited version on the other which was nearer to the three-minute mark. This version omitted a verse describing the cowboy's remorse over the "foul evil deed [he] had done" before his flight from El Paso. The record-buying public, as well as most disc jockeys, overwhelmingly preferred the full-length version.

Cover versions
"El Paso" frequently was performed by the Grateful Dead in concert. The song entered the band's repertoire in 1969, and remained there until the band parted ways after Garcia's passing in 1995; in total, it was performed 389 times. It was sung by rhythm guitarist Bob Weir, with Jerry Garcia contributing harmony vocals. On the album Ladies and Gentlemen... the Grateful Dead, Bob Weir introduces the song as the Dead's "most requested number". Later post-Garcia groups such as Furthur, The Other Ones, and Dead & Company also performed the song, though not as often.

Grady Martin released an instrumental version in 1965 on his Instrumentally Yours album.

After Lolita and her Western Trio had a hit in the US with Seemann (Deine Heimat ist das Meer) she recorded a German version of El Paso which contributed to a long series of bi-national songs such as Wenn der Sommer Kommt and two songs which would top the U.S. country charts thirteen years later as performed by Marie Osmond Lieber Jonny, Komm doch Wieder and Das einsame Haus in Waikiki.

A parody version, "El Pizza" by H.B. Barnum (under the pseudonym "Dudley") was issued in February 1960. It moved the action to Azusa, California, where Rosa's Cantina became a pizza place where Feleena worked as a waitress.

Homer and Jethro also parodied the song in their "El Paso - Numero Dos". When the singer asks for directions to Rosa's Cantina, a cab driver tells him to "ask Marty Robbins, 'cause he's the hombre who made up the song". The singer encounters a woman named "Velveeta" and asks her where she had been all his life; "she answered, 'Most of it I wasn't born'".

In the late 1980s a version for marching band (called  "El Paso" (Miners Fight)) became the official fight song of the University of Texas at El Paso Miners.

Old 97's did a cover on the King of the Hill (soundtrack).

Sequels
Robbins wrote two songs that are explicit sequels to "El Paso", one in 1966, one in 1976.

Feleena (From El Paso)
In 1966, Robbins recorded "Feleena (From El Paso)", telling the life story of Feleena, the "Mexican girl" from "El Paso", in a third-person narrative. This track was over eight minutes long. Robbins wrote most of it in Phoenix, Arizona, but went to El Paso seeking inspiration for the conclusion.

Born in a desert shack in New Mexico during a thunderstorm, Feleena runs away from home at 17, living off her charms for a year in Santa Fe, New Mexico, before moving to the brighter lights of El Paso to become a paid dancer. After another year, the narrator of "El Paso" arrives, the first man she did not have contempt for. He spends six weeks romancing her and then, in a retelling of the key moment in the original song, beset by "insane jealousy", he shoots another man with whom she was flirting.

Her lover's return to El Paso comes only a day after his flight (the original song suggests a longer time frame before his return) and as she goes to run to him, the cowboy motions to her to stay out of the line of fire and is shot; immediately after his dying kiss, Feleena shoots herself with his gun. Their ghosts are heard to this day in the wind blowing around El Paso: "It's only the young cowboy showing Feleena the town".

El Paso City
In 1976 Robbins released another reworking, "El Paso City", in which the present-day singer is a passenger on a flight over El Paso, which reminds him of a song he had heard "long ago", proceeding to summarize the original "El Paso" story. "I don't recall who sang the song," he sings, but he feels a supernatural connection to the story: "Could it be that I could be the cowboy in this mystery...," he asks, suggesting a past life. This song reached No. 1 on the country charts. The arrangement includes riffs and themes from the previous two El Paso songs. Robbins wrote it while flying over El Paso in, he reported, the same amount of time it takes to sing—four minutes and 14 seconds. It was only the second time that ever happened to him; the first time was when he composed the original "El Paso" as fast as he could write it down. Robbins intended to do one more sequel, “The Mystery of Old El Paso", but he died in late 1982 before he could finish the final song.

title: El Paso (song)


text:
August Philipp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck

August Philipp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (11 November 1612 – 6 May 1675) was a Danish-German prince and member of the House of Oldenburg. After acquiring the estate of Beck in Westfalen in 1646, he took the title of Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck.

Biography
August Philipp was born on 11 November 1612 in Sønderborg on the island of Als in the Duchy of Schleswig, (then a Danish fief). He was the fifth son of Alexander, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg and Dorothea of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.

Duke Alexander died in 1627 in Sønderborg and left his tiny duchy heavily indebted. In his will, he had stipulated that his wife should keep unaltered estate to pay the debt, and that the eldest son, John Christian, should inherit the entire duchy but remain unmarried for the time being. The widowed Duchess Dorothea was in charge of the duchy during the ensuing war years, but was unable to pay off the debt, which, on the contrary, was still growing. As a consequence, she agreed that the brothers concluded an inheritance agreement on 17 December 1633, according to which John Christian inherited the duchy in exchange for paying a significant annual amount to his mother and siblings.

After the inheritance agreement in 1633, August Philipp severed his ties with Denmark and emigrated to Germany at the age of 21, where he made a career as an officer. In 1646 he bought the estate Haus Beck neat the city of Ulenburg, Prince-Bishopric of Minden, from 1648 in the Duchy of Westphalia within the Margraviate of Brandenburg, from his sister Sophie Katharina, which she had received in dowry from her brother John Christian, upon her marriage to Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg. Haus Beck was August Philipp's childhood home, and here he lived for the last 29 years of his life, where he called himself Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck. He died 6 May 1675 at Haus Beck, then Margraviate of Brandenburg, and was succeeded as duke first by his oldest son, August, and later by his second son, Frederick Louis.

Marriages and issue
August Philipp married three times. In 1645, he married Clara of Oldenburg, daughter of Anthony II, Count of Oldenburg at Delmenhorst. In 1647, he married Sidonie of Oldenburg, another daughter of Anthony II, Count of Oldenburg at Haus Beck. On 12 April 1651, he married Marie Sibylle of Nassau-Saarbrücken, daughter of William Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken at Haus Beck.

His daughter Sophie Louise married Frederick (1638-1684), son of Otto, Count of Lippe-Brake. His other daughter Dorothea Amalia married Count Philipp Ernest (1659–1753), son of Philip I, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe.

Legacy
August Philipp founded the ducal line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck. His sons and their descendance went into Prussian, Polish and Russian service until his grandson's great-grandson took over Glücksburg Castle and the line changed its name to Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg in 1825. August Philip is thus a male-line ancestor of the British, Danish, Greek and Norwegian royal families.


text:
Noname Jane

Noname Jane is an American pornographic actress.

In the majority of the pornographic films in which she appeared, she used the stage name Violet Blue. In October 2007, a lawsuit brought by the author Violet Blue charged that Jane had adopted the author's name and persona, prompting Jane to change her stage name to Violetta Blue, and then to Noname Jane, in response to an injunction in the case.

Early life
She stated that she began "messing around with boys" at around age seven and that she had sexual intercourse for the first time at age 13 while her parents were out playing bingo. She began studying magick and witchcraft at the age of 16 and was initiated into Ordo Templi Orientis, a Thelemic religious organization, at age 21.

Career
Prior to making pornographic films, she claimed, in an interview, to have worked as a stripper in Salt Lake City, Utah, and she only started acting in pornographic movies in Los Angeles after pornographic magazines were not interested in her. She appeared in over 300 pornographic films under the name "Violet Blue".

Retirement
In April 2005, Noname Jane announced that in May, she would return to her home state of Washington and that her husband would stay in Los Angeles to continue working for pornographer Stoney Curtis. Her mother had bought a house for her to live in.

In August 2006, Noname Jane announced by email that she would no longer perform in pornographic scenes with men, stating her reasons as a desire to be monogamous with her boyfriend, Dick Danger. She gave birth to her second child, a girl whom she named "Clover", in May 2007. She also hosts an Internet radio show called Recipes for Sex on KSEX. In July 2007, she announced a "memorabilia sale", offering the clothing she had worn and sex toys that she had used in photo shoots and films.

In January 2009, Noname Jane announced on her Myspace blog that she would resume working with male talent. In August 2010, Noname Jane announced on her MySpace blog that she would only be performing with one male actor, Dick Danger, and that, in spite of her earlier announcement, she had not subsequently worked with any other male talent.

Trademark infringement issue
In October 2007, author Violet Blue filed suit in federal court alleging trademark violation and dilution, as well as unfair business practices with author Blue's persona and belatedly-trademarked name being used. The pornographic actress had used the name since 2000 and was financially unable to properly defend herself. The court issued a preliminary injunction that forced her to stop using the name "Violet Blue" or anything confusingly similar; the stage name Noname Jane was adopted instead.

Awards and nominations

 * 2002 AVN Award winner - Best New Starlet

title: Noname Jane


text:
Safe-life design

In safe-life design, products are intended to be removed from service at a specific design life.

Safe-life is particularly relevant to simple metal aircraft, where airframe components are subjected to alternating loads over the lifetime of the aircraft which makes them susceptible to metal fatigue. In certain areas such as in wing or tail components, structural failure in flight would be catastrophic.

The safe-life design technique is employed in critical systems which are either very difficult to repair or whose failure may cause severe damage to life and property. These systems are designed to work for years without requirement of any repairs.

The disadvantage of the safe-life design philosophy is that serious assumptions must be made regarding the alternating loads imposed on the aircraft, so if those assumptions prove to be inaccurate, cracks may commence prior to the component being removed from service. To counter this disadvantage, alternative design philosophies like fail-safe design and fault-tolerant design were developed.

The automotive industry
One way the safe-life approach is planning and envisaging the toughness of the mechanisms in the automotive industry. When the repetitive loading on mechanical structures intensified with the advent of the steam engine, back in the mid-1800s, this approach was established (Oja 2013). According to Michael Oja, “Engineers and academics began to understand the effect that cyclic stress (or strain) has on the life of a component; a curve was developed relating the magnitude of the cyclic stress (S) to the logarithm of the number of cycles to failure (N)” (Oja 2013). The S-N curve because the fundamental relation is in safe life designs. The curve is reliant on many conditions, including the ratio of maximum load to minimum load (R-ratio), the type of material being inspected, and the regularity at which the cyclic stresses (or strains) are applied. Today, the curve is still consequential by experimentally testing laboratory specimens at many continuous cyclic load levels, and detecting the number of cycles to failure (Oja 2013). Michael Oja states that, “Unsurprisingly, as the load decreases, the life of the specimen increases” (Oja 2013). The practical limit of experimental challenges has been due to frequency confines of hydraulic-powered test machines. The load at which this high-cycle life happens has come to be recognized as the fatigue asset of the material (Oja 2013).

Aircraft structure
There are two generic types of aircraft structure, safe life and fail safe. The former is one that has low residual strength if a primary load-bearing member should fail, whereas the latter has alternative load paths so that if a primary load-bearing member cracks, residual strength remains because the loads can be assumed by adjacent members. In modern aircraft, fail-safe structures with up to three alternative load paths are provided, but back in 1947 the main load-bearing structure was safe life. This did not matter on an interim airframe designed for operations in the calm upper air, but at around 500 ft the loads and stresses were more volatile.

Helicopter structure
The safe-life design philosophy is applied to all helicopter structures. In the current generation of Army helicopters, such as the UH-60 Black Hawk, composite materials make up as great as 17 percent of the airframe and rotor weight (Reddick). Harold Reddick states that, “With the advent of major helicopter composite structures R&D projects, such as the Advanced Composite Airframe Program (ACAP), and Manufacturing Methods and Technology (MM&T) projects, such as UH-60 Low Cost Composite Blade Program, it is estimated that within a few years composite materials could be applied to as much as 80% of the airframe and rotor weight of a helicopter in a production program” (Reddick). Along with this application, it is the essential obligation that sound, definitive design criteria be industrialized in order that the composite structures have high fatigue lives for economy of ownership and good damage tolerance for flight safety. Safe-life and damage-tolerant criteria are practical to all helicopter flight critical components (Reddick).

title: Safe-life design


text:
Talk:Local government areas of Australia

A potential Wikiproject
Ideally, I'd like to see at least a stub for every Local Government Area within Australia. Basic data, even rudimentary maps showing the location of every LGA, can be found for free at the Australian Bureau of Statistics website. The thing is -- what should be included in each stub? I know that for counties and municipalities in the United States there is some sort of bot called Rambot which grabs basic US Census Bureau data and turns basic census data into a Wiki stub, complete with a map -- e.g. Polk County, Arkansas -- but I'm not sure if a bot could do this for Aussie LGA stats. So, what sort of info should be on an Aussie LGA stub? I've created a stub from free ABS data at Aurukun Shire, Queensland - Thoughts on what should be in an LGA stub would be greatly appreciated. Perhaps a WikiProject could be commenced to fill in the info for all 600-odd LGAs in Australia. --Humehwy 07:00, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ya, but this is what the Sydney and Melbourne Wikiprojects are trying to do... feel free to create one though! - Ta bu shi da yu 10:10, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I am working on making locator maps at the moment; if anyone else wants to, there are blank maps at commons:Template:Aus LGA maps --Astrokey 44 08:35, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Sydney/Melbourne <> Australia. As a Queenslander, and one time resident of Brisbane (or at least the Brisbane conurb, LGA's here are different. Brisbane is an amalgamation of a couple of dozen LGAs done in the early part of last century. Many Shires in the conurb have become Cities, and some others now style their Chairperson "Mayor" while retaining the word "Shire". Queensland has Australia's largest inland city (except Canberra), Toowoomba. We don't refer to the geographic bounds of an LGA as "The Council", by that we mean the G3 body and it's service departments and bureaucracy. Various amalgamations and other changes have taken place over the last century. I guess what I'm saying is that a template like the US one may not help much (especially as copyright unemcumbered maps will be hard to find). Unless we have different ones for each state.Alex Law 03:31, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Naming convention
What would be the best naming style to use for LGAs eg Pine Rivers/Pine Rivers, Queensland vs Pine Rivers Shire, Queensland? What about small towns which are both a town and LGA, like Clifton, Queensland? At what point do you break the LGA stuff to a sepreate article, like Toowoomba, Queensland vs. Toowoomba City Council? -Alex Law 13:12, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Constitutional status
The article says that this teir is not mentioned in the consitution. However, the Victorian Department of Infrastructure website states:

Local government is recognised in Part 2A of the Constitution Act 1975 to be a

“distinct and essential tier of government consisting of democratically elected Councils having the powers that the parliament considers necessary to ensure the peace, order and good government of each municipal district.”

Part 2 of the Constitution Act gives the Parliament the power to make laws it considers necessary for local government, including laws relating to the constitution of councils, council elections and the powers and duties of councillors and council staff. It also states that a council cannot be dismissed except by an Act of Parliament relating to that council.

Have they got it wrong or do we need to amend: "G3 is difficult to accurately place in the structure of Australian Government, it is not mentioned in the Commonwealth Constitution"?

G3 might not be mentioned as a term (a bit jargonistic anyway) but the third tier of government seems to be.--A Y  Arktos 00:12, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Local government is not mentioned in the Australian Constitution. This is why Canberra can not make direct grants to local governments without the permission of the States. Local government derives its power from state legislation, e.g. the Local Government Act 1989 in New South Wales. Local governments exist and exercise their power solely because state governments allow it. However, from what you have written, it seems as though Victorian local government is

mentioned in the Victorian state constitution. --Humehwy 04:13, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Local government is mentioned in Section 51 of the NSW Constitution and Chapter 7 of the Queensland Constitution. Referendums to include it in the federal constitution were rejected in 1974 and 1988. I am unsure about the other 3 states. Alan 05:27, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Local governments are illegal as they are unconstitional as are there revenues and bylaws implemented by local councils —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 202.6.138.34 (talk • contribs) 13:25, 24 December 2005  (UTC + 10 hours for AEST)

Merger of Local government in Australia and Local Government Area
I think this article should be merged with Local government in Australia. There is some repetition already and I don't see the point of two articles. There should be a sub-section within the Local government in Australia article dealing with the statistical concept.--Arktos talk 19:50, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Absolutely the two should be merged. This item conveys a view that the term "Local Government Area" has some legal status. That is not the case. Nor is it the case that the name of a Local Government Body (the term now used more commonly) ie "municipal Council" conveys necessarily any different legal status to "council" etc etc. There is also confusion here about constitutional status.

Local Governments are recognised now I think in all of the Constitution Acts of the States of Australia (e.g. the South Australian Constitution Act 1934). Local Government is not recognised in the Australian Constitution. This simply means its legal status currently stems from State legislation and the capacity of the Australian Government to deal exclusively with it is questioned from time to time. It's an esoteric point which doesn't help anyone but constitutional lawyers.

Chris Russell - Local Government Association of SA. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.49.151.61 (talk) 12:21, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

How many?
Thought the total number should be added. The pages themselves say there are: 152 (NSW) + 126 158 (Qld) + 144 (WA) + 63 (NT), and if my MS word wordcount works it is:  79 (Vic) + 29 (Tas) + 69 (SA), so that is atotal of 662   694--Astrokey 44 11:26, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I have now added this figure to the page with a citation needed tag.. if anyone could confirm this it would be good, I cant find the total number listed --Astrokey 44 11:55, 7 April 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Christ the Lord Is Risen Today

Jesus Christ is risen today
"Jesus Christ is risen today" is a different hymn. This article is about "Christ the Lord is risen today, Alleluia! Sons of men and angels say. Alleluia! Raise your joys and triumphs high, Alleluia! Sing, ye heavens, and earth reply, Allelulia!" The other hymn (which I at least know much better) is an anonymous translation of an anonymous Latin hymn, and it goes "Jesus Christ is risen today, Alleluia! Our triumphant holy day, Alleluia! Who did once upon the cross, Alleluia! Suffer to redeem our loss!" --Angr/undefined 07:04, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Angr is right; they are two different hymns. They sound somewhat similar, particularly because each phrase ends with Alleluia, but are definately two different hymns. -- Essjay ·  Talk 09:07, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * They don't just sound similar. They have the same words.  Note that the final and antepenultimate verses of the this hymn are in fact the first and second verses of the other one. Uncle G 10:37, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * According to my hymnals, there is some confusion. I checked the Gather hymnal (Catholic) from GIA Publications (1994) and the Chalice Hymnal (DOC) from Chalice Press (1995). Gather lists "Christ the Lord" written by Wesley and set to the tune LLANFAIR, 77 77 with alleluias by Robert Williams. Chalice Hymnal lists it written by Wesley, but set to Lyra Davidica, (EASTER HYMN) 77.77 w. alleluias by Charles H. Webb. (And I checked, the music is different, not just differnet names for the same piece.) Chalice doesn't list "Jesus Christ" but Gather does, and it has it set to Lyra Davidica, (EASTER HYMN) 77.77 w. alleluias. Seems to me that different arrangers have arranged the text over different music, thus causing the confusion. However, the two hymns do have different texts; "Christ the Lord" has the same text in both hymnals, and "Jesus Christ" has a completely different text. -- Essjay ·  Talk 11:08, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

The text in my hymnal reads:
 * Christ the Lord is ris'n today, Alleluia. All on earth with angels say, Alleluia. Raise you joys and triumphs high, Alleluia. Sing, O heav'ns and earth reply, Alleluia.

 * Lives again our glorious King, Alleluia. Where, O death, is now your sting? Alleluia. Once he died our souls to save, Alleluia. Where your victory, O grave? Alleluia.

 * Love's redeeming work is done, Alleluia. Fought the fight the battle won. Alleluia. Death in vain forbids him rise; Alleluia. Christ has openend paradise. Alleluia.

 * Soar we now where Christ has led, Alleluia. Foll'wing our exalted head; Alleluia. Made like him, like him we rise, Alleluia. Our the cross, the grave, the skies, Alleluia.

and

 * Jesus Christ is ris'n today, Alleluia. Our triumphant holy day, Alleluia. Who did once upon the cross, Alleluia. Suffer to redeem our loss, Alleluia.

 * Hymns of praise then let us sing, Alleluia. Unto Christ our heav'nly King, Alleluia. Who endured the cross and grave, Alleluia. Sinners to redeem and save, Alleluia.

 * But the pains which he endured, Alleluia. Our salvation have procured, Alleluia. Now above the sky he's King, Alleluia. Where the angels ever sing. Alleluia.

 * Sing we to our God above, Alleluia. Praise eternal as his love, Alleluia. Praise him now his might confess, Alleluia. Father, Son, and Sprirt blest, Alleluia.

Is it different in yours? -- Essjay ·  Talk 12:28, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Your hymnal, like the original version of this article, is completely missing 6 of the stanzas from the former hymn, including the stanzas taken from the latter, so it is no wonder that you don't see them to be the same. Read the text on Wikisource for all ten stanzas. Your hymnal has also, ironically, added a 4th stanza to the latter hymn.  The irony, given the claim that these two are wholly different hymns, is the author of that stanza, and the fact that your hymnal's "Jesus Christ is risen today" is just as much a derivative of the original as "Christ the Lord Is Risen Today" is.  Several of the hymnals that add a 4th stanza, such as  this one, credit that 4th stanza to Wesley, whilst crediting the first 3 to Lyra Davidica (via The Compleat Psalmodist).  Does yours? Uncle G 13:01, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The "chief text" for this page is Wesley's hymn. I have noticed that in some modern "inclusive language" hymnals (notably the latest from the PCUSA), the hymn is retitled "Jesus Christ Is Risen Today"...presumably because there was some apprehension about the word "Lord" (as well there should be...but not by Christians...but I digress).  Other than the title change & first line change, the text remains Wesley's. There may well be another hymn entitled "Jesus Christ Is Risen Today", but I think that this page centers on Wesley's majestic text, and not the more obscure text.  KHM03 12:57, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no "chief text for this page"; "Jesus Christ Is Risen Today" is the title from 1749, not a modern re-titling; the original Latin was "Surrexit Christus hodie", with no mention of "Jesus" or "Lord"; and "Wesley's majestic text" is in fact some additional verses for a hymn whose evolution can be traced back as far as the 14th century, and which appears to have split in twain in the 18th. Uncle G 13:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Holy Christ. I'm wading out of this one; the article has changed significantly from the way it was when I nominated it for deletion, and I've changed my vote to keep in light of that. I don't know what the heck the hymnal writers are doing, but they've managed to confuse the hell out of me. I'm going back to singing them, and I'll leave the music scholarship to the music scholars. -- Essjay ·  Talk 13:10, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

The second line of the first verse of "Christ the Lord" above also seems to be gender-neutral language: my 1940 Episcopal hymnal has "Sons of men and angels say" rather than "All on earth with angels say". It also has a slightly different ending for the last verse of "Jesus Christ": "Praise him, all ye heav'nly host, Alleluia! / Father, Son and Holy Ghost. Alleluia!", which is hardly original enough for Wesley to really claim credit for it, though the hymnal does credit Wesley as the author of the fourth verse. --Angr/undefined 13:27, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

I have added the original Latin text and the older Lyra Davidica translation to Jesus Christ Is Risen Today. --Angr/undefined 13:44, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 21:05, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Processional hymn
I redlinked the term Processional hymn, and it was replaced with a Wictionary link to the word processional. While I appreciate the effort, I don't think it solves the problem. I (and presumably most Wikipedia readers) know what a "procession" is and I know what "processional" means. That is not the problem. The problem is that "Processional hymn" appears to be a special term in some churches, but I have no idea what. So it needs to be explained - either in this article, or in a yet-to-be-written Processional hymn article. So I intend to revert the edit. Peter Ballard (talk) 10:43, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

 * It turns out there is a pretty good article Procession, so I've linked to that. Peter Ballard (talk) 12:37, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Christ the Lord Is Risen Today. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050910041820/http://www.oremus.org/hymnal/c/c101.html to http://www.oremus.org/hymnal/c/c101.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050619074306/http://www.oremus.org/hymnal/j/j038.html to http://www.oremus.org/hymnal/j/j038.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:06, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

Image
The article, at a glance, looks like about a painting. I suggest:
 * Make the image part of an infobox, to show it's a hymn, not a painting
 * Give the correct title of that painting, Ascension
 * Explain in the caption the relation of the painting to the hymn.

My view: the painting has nothing to do with Easter, but Ascension. Better don't use it at all. Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:27, 14 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree Gerda. It was already in there when I made the initial expansion, I don't mind if we change it.  The C of E God Save the Queen!  ( talk ) 08:30, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

Tunes
It would be good if the actual music could be pointed to (in addition to citing names and authors of tunes) MargaretRDonald (talk) 23:47, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christ the Lord Is Risen Today


text:
User talk:Ptsbrasil~enwiki

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. You may also want to check out Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Finally, here are some open tasks:

Other links for reference: Wikiquette, image copyright tags, Merge Hope to see you around the Wiki! Remember to be Bold! with your edits, and if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 07:04, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Image:Pierre Thomé de Souza - Small.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Pierre Thomé de Souza - Small.jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. See Image copyright tags, for a list of copyright tags, that you can use. If you created this/these image(s) yourself, you can use the tag. Thank you. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 07:04, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ptsbrasil. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ptsbrasil~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:14, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:47, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ptsbrasil~enwiki


text: User:PioM/Kwiecien

title: User:PioM/Kwiecien


text:
World Press Photo

World Press Photo Foundation is an independent, non-profit organization based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Founded in 1955, the organization holds the annual World Press Photo Contest for press photography. Since 2011, World Press Photo has organized a separate annual contest for journalistic multimedia productions, and, in association with Human Rights Watch, the annual Tim Hetherington Grant.

Objectives
A primary objective of the organization is to support professional photojournalism on a wide international scale through the World Press Photo Academy. It aims to stimulate developments in photojournalism, encourage the transfer of knowledge, help develop high professional standards in visual journalism and promote a free and unrestricted exchange of information. It organizes a number of educational projects throughout the world: seminars, workshops and the annual Joop Swart Masterclass.

Award ceremony
An annual awards ceremony is held in the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam. After the contest, the prizewinning photographs are assembled into a travelling exhibition. A yearbook presenting all prizewinning entries is published annually in six languages.

In addition to selecting the World Press Photo of the Year, the contest determines winners in the following other categories: Spot News, General News, People, Sports, Contemporary Issues, Daily Life, Portraits and Nature.

Recent winners
New York-based photographer Spencer Platt of Getty Images won in 2006. His picture showed a group of young Lebanese driving through a South Beirut neighborhood devastated by Israeli bombings. The picture was taken on 15 August 2006, the first day of the ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah when thousands of Lebanese started returning to their homes.

In 2007, a total of 4,460 professional photographers from 124 countries entered 78,083 images in the competition. The winner was the British photographer Tim Hetherington.

In 2008, Anthony Suau, of USA, won the World Press Photo of the Year for the second time (the first was in 1987).

Amit Sha'al of Israel won third prize in 2011 in the category of Arts and Entertainment: Stories. During an exhibit in Lebanon that year, World Press Photo was asked to remove Sha'al's photos because, according to the General Security Directorate, Lebanon and Israel were "in a state of war." WPP refused to censor the Israeli artist and shut down the exhibit ten days ahead of schedule.

Exhibitions
In November 2017, the World Press Photo Foundation held its largest US exhibition ever, in Washington, DC's Dupont Circle's Dupont Underground art space.

Joop Swart Masterclass
Since 1994 World Press Photo has organised the Joop Swart Masterclass, where photojournalists who are considered notable are selected to mentor a group of young photographers.

title: World Press Photo


text:
Warship Support Agency

The Warship Support Agency (WSA) was a non-executive agency within the Defence Logistics Organisation (DLO) of the UK Ministry of Defence from 2001 to 2005.

History
It was created on 1 April 2001 from the amalgamation of the Naval Bases and Supply Agency and the Ship Support Agency and had its headquarters initially in Bath, England, but later moved to the MoD Abbey Wood site in Bristol. As well as project teams the WSA operated the three naval bases in Portsmouth, Plymouth and on the Clyde. In 2003 the department was placed under the superintendence of the Deputy Chief of Defence Logistics. The WSA was amalgamated in 2005 as part of a major restructuring exercise and became part of the Defence Logistics Organisation.

Chief Executive Warship Support Agency
Included:
 * 1) John C. Coles: CB. FR Eng. 2001-2005 (held joint title of Director General Equipment Support (Sea)

Deputy Chief Executive of Warship Support Agency
Included:
 * 1) Rear-Admiral Jonathon Reeve 2004-2005

Organisations and Offices under the Warship Support Agency
At various times included:
 * 1) Defence Helicopter Support Authority
 * 2) Director (Defence Munitions)
 * 3) Director Naval Aviation Support
 * 4) Director Operations Rotary Wing
 * 5) Director-General Aircraft (Navy)
 * 6) Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England and Northern Ireland
 * 7) Naval Base Commander (Clyde)
 * 8) Naval Base Commander (Devonport)
 * 9) HMNB Portsmouth
 * 10) Naval Bases and Supply Agency

title: Warship Support Agency


text:
User:The Tom/scratch/HA! HA! guy

"HA! HA! guy" (also known as the Ha! Ha! Quaker) is an internet meme that first gained prominence in July 2005. HA! HA! guy is an engraving of an 18th-century Quaker or Anglican minister used in an advertisement in an unknown 19th-century newspaper (with the words "HA! HA!"). The website hetemeel.com enabled would-be wags to automatically generate two subsequent lines of text below the image for humourous effect. The relative ease by which new iterations of HA! HA! guy could be generated prompted an incredibly rapid spread and penetration of the meme, especially on the website Fark.com.

Within a week of circulation on Fark it had become perhaps the most ubitiquous cliché in the site's history, with assorted iterations appearing on virtually all discussion threads. Unlike other Fark clichés such as Admiral Akbar, HA! HA! guy has thus far been fairly broadly lauded for remaining funny even after reaching a ludicrous degree of overexposure.

The precise source of HA! HA! guy's humour, like most memes, remains hard to peg. The custom portion of the text generally appears formatted as two lines, the first in a slightly smaller font than the second, which allows jokes to be phrased in a natural leadup-punchline manner. Snippets of rap lyrics have proven to be particularly well-suited to appropriate for usage below HA! HA! guy. Many HA! HA! guy iterations make liberal use of leet.

In September 2008, Goodwill sold a painting entitled "Midland Man 1874" which is identical to the popular HA! HA! guy. This link will expire, so this sentence can be removed after Wikipedia has sourced this tidbit of extra information.
 * HA! HA! guy painted original image

In the Goodwill link there is an image on the back of the painting with the written cursive text: "This man who resigned a Midland position in 1874 and got his pay."

title: User:The Tom/scratch/HA! HA! guy


text:
New Politics (magazine)

New Politics is an independent socialist journal founded in 1961 and still published in the United States today. While it is inclusive of articles from a variety of left-of-center positions, the publication is historically associated with a "Neither Washington Nor Moscow!" Third Camp, democratic Marxist perspective, placing it typically to the left of the social democratic views in the journal Dissent.

Overview
Julius and Phyllis Jacobson were the founders and longtime co-editors of the journal, which had a political center of gravity reflective of their youthful formative experience in the Independent Socialist League of the 1940s and 1950s. During the Cold War, New Politics espoused the idea that socialism is indissoluble from democracy and freedom and argued strongly against totalitarian Communist states and authoritarian visions of socialism as corruptions of and departures from the socialist ideal. The journal is perhaps best known for having published the seminal article by Hal Draper, "The Two Souls of Socialism," in 1966. It was also the first English-language publication to publish articles by the dissident Polish socialists Jacek Kuroń and Karol Modzelewski.

The first series of New Politics ran from 1961 through 1976, after which it ceased publication for a decade. The journal was restarted in 1986 and has been in print ever since, publishing two issues per year.

The current co-editors are Saulo Colón, Dan La Botz, Nancy Holmstrom, Jason Schulman, and Julia Wrigley, and its editorial board members are Barry Finger, Thomas Harrison, Michael Hirsch, Micah Landau, Scott McLemee, Stephen R. Shalom, Bhaskar Sunkara, Lois Weiner, and Reginald Wilson. For many years Joanne Landy was a member of the editorial board until her death in 2017.

Contributors have included Michael Albert, Bettina Aptheker, Stanley Aronowitz, Elaine Bernard, Janet Biehl, Ian Birchall, Murray Bookchin, Johanna Brenner, Stephen Eric Bronner, Paul Buhle, Eric Chester, Tony Cliff, Noam Chomsky, Bogdan Denitch, Hal Draper, Martin Duberman, Martin Glaberman, Robin Hahnel, Herbert Hill, Doug Ireland, Staughton Lynd, Sidney Lens, Nelson Lichtenstein, Michael Löwy, Manning Marable, Sean Matgamna, Paul Mattick, Kim Moody, Christopher Phelps, Adolph Reed, David Roediger, Saskia Sassen, Jane Slaughter, Immanuel Wallerstein, Stan Weir, Cornel West, B. J. Widick, Ashley Dawson, Ellen Willis, Kevin B. Anderson, Dan Georgakas, Patrick Bond, Sharon Smith, Christian Parenti, David Bacon, Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, Gilbert Achcar and Howard Zinn.

title: New Politics (magazine)


text:
Bharat Rakshak

Bharat Rakshak ("Defenders of India") is a website devoted to discussing the Military of India. It was started and is run by military enthusiasts.

History
Bharat Rakshak was started in April 1997 by bringing together the individual websites of Indian Defence enthusiasts. The website was officially launched on 1 July 1997 by Seetal Patel and Rupak Chattopadhyay. While the concept of Open Source intelligence, as defined by the United States intelligence community, is still evolving in India, Bharat Rakshak has been cited as a website that could be held in the same category as its western counterparts. The forum has many members with experience in Indian Armed Forces and defence technology firms.

The site gained some notoriety in December 2007, when it was cited for leaking the Official War Histories written by the Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD) that had remained classified for sometime.

Features

 * An active discussion forum, which has been referred to in the press as a think-tank of Indian military issues.
 * Discussion forums have threads in the following categories:
 * Military Issues & History Forum
 * Strategic Issues & International Relations Forum
 * Technology & Economic Forum
 * General Discussion Forums (Accessible only to registered members)
 * The first three forum thread categories were available to public and the last general discussion forums was only available to registered members and was not visible for non-members.
 * Discussions in first three forums focused on current military, strategic and technical/economic affairs of the day. With threads, highly active dedicated to Tejas, Arjun among others it remains a credible place to form viewpoint.
 * The site also has detailed history on conflicts e.g. Siachen, and Kargil War
 * An online bookstore, which specialises in the sourcing of books related to the Indian Military.
 * A multimedia section, with a considerable number of video clippings and audio recordings of Military marches played by the bands of Indian Army, the Navy and Air Force. It also includes a significant collection of books devoted to various topics like Military History, Security Issues and Nuclear Issues. Their articles on nuclear issues have received press coverage.

Related sites
On 15 August 2000, Bharat Rakshak launched a sister website called Amar Jawan. The Amar Jawan website is dedicated to the personnel of India's Armed Forces; it means "Immortal Soldier" in Hindi.

title: Bharat Rakshak


text:
Baldwin S-12

The Baldwin S-12 or BLH S12 was a 1,200 hp diesel-electric switcher locomotive. Utilizing a turbocharged 6-cylinder version of the powerful 606A diesel prime mover, S12s were known for their "lugging" power, despite being temperamental. Like most BLH switchers, the S12 had AAR Type-A switcher trucks in a B-B wheel arrangement. 451 units were built between 1951 and 1956, when BLH left the locomotive market.

Previous models
Baldwin made a number of switchers with similar dimensions and body styles. The first body style, used in VO models, had a slightly pointed nose with a round radiator opening. The second and third body style, almost indistinguishable and used interchangeably, had a flat nose and rectangular radiator opening. Various exhaust stacks were used, and are not an effective spotting feature, except that turbocharged models always had one large stack offset to the side.

The VO-660 was built between April 1939 and May 1946. It was powered by a naturally aspirated six cylinder engine rated at 600 hp. 142 were built. Baldwin replaced the VO-660 with the model DS-4-4-660 in 1946.

The VO-1000 was built between January 1939 and December 1946. It was powered by a naturally aspirated eight cylinder engine rated at 1000 hp. Some had the Batz truck originally developed by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway as a leading truck for steam locomotives. 548 VO-1000s were built.

The DS-4-4-660 was built between 1946 and 1949. It replaced the 600 hp VO-660 as the low power companion to the DS-4-4-1000 models. 139 were built.

The DS-4-4-1000 was a 1000 hp model built between 1946 and 1951. The first units (56 locomotives) were powered by an 8-cylinder normally aspirated prime mover, but from 1948 a change was made to a 6-cylinder turbocharged engine. A total of 502 were built.

Surviving units
At least 9 intact examples (as well as 1 conversion) of the S12 are known to survive at railroad museums and freight operations. SMS Lines owns 9 S12's and operates #301 at the Penn Warner industrial park in Morrisville, Pennsylvania, as well as #304 on the Woodstown Central in Salem County, New Jersey with 7 others in storage or awaiting restoration. One unit that was converted from a Baldwin DS-4-4-1000 is in service on the Whitewater Valley Railroad.

title: Baldwin S-12


text:
The Wire (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)

"The Wire" is the 42nd episode of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the 22nd episode of the second season.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures on Deep Space Nine, a space station near the planet Bajor, as Bajor recovers from a recently-ended 50-year occupation by the hostile Cardassians. This episode is the first to explore the backstory of recurring character Garak, a disgraced Cardassian former spy living in exile as a tailor on Deep Space Nine.

"The Wire" was written by Robert Hewitt Wolfe and directed by Kim Friedman, and it aired May 8, 1994 in syndication. Guest stars include Andrew J. Robinson as Garak, Ann Gillespie as Nurse Jabara, Jimmie F. Skaggs as Boheeka and Paul Dooley as Tain.

Plot
At his weekly lunch date with Dr. Julian Bashir, Garak appears to be having severe headaches, but refuses to allow Bashir to help. He later hears Garak discussing a deal with the bartender and small-time criminal Quark. The next day, Garak collapses in pain after drinking heavily, and Bashir takes him to the infirmary.

Bashir finds that Garak has an implant of some sort in his brain. He and Constable Odo observe Quark trying to order a piece of Cardassian biotechnology, which turns out to be classified by the Obsidian Order, the feared Cardassian intelligence agency.

Garak eventually reveals to Bashir that the implant was given to him by the former head of the Obsidian Order, Enabran Tain. It was designed to make him resistant to torture, but he has been using it to cope with the pain of living in exile, becoming addicted to it; and it is now breaking down from overuse. Garak claims he deserves his punishment and tells how he once destroyed a ship containing 98 Cardassians, including his aide, Elim.

Bashir turns the implant off, and Garak becomes extremely agitated. He explains that rather than killing Elim, he was exiled for releasing a group of Bajoran children he was supposed to interrogate. After expressing disdain for his friendship with Bashir, Garak again loses consciousness.

Even with the implant off, Garak is still dying. Bashir considers turning the implant back on to save him. Garak refuses, and decides to tell Bashir the "truth": Elim was not Garak's aide but his childhood friend. The two were both powerful men in the Obsidian Order until Garak tried to frame Elim for releasing Bajoran prisoners, but Elim beat Garak to the punch and Garak was exiled.

Bashir seeks out Enabran Tain to ask for his help. Tain tells Bashir that if he were truly Garak's friend he would allow Garak to die; however, he agrees to give Bashir the information needed to counteract the effects of the implant. Before departing, Bashir asks Tain what truly became of Elim. Tain laughs and explains that Elim is Garak's first name.

After recovering, Garak resumes his weekly lunches with Bashir. He says he has heard a strange rumor: Odo thinks Garak was once a member of the Obsidian Order. Pressed for "real answers", Garak tells the doctor that all his stories have been true - especially the lies.

Reception
Michelle Erica Green, reviewing the episode for TrekNation, felt the episode "worked" thanks to the actors, despite some misgivings about the pace and story, and described the relationship between Bashir and Garak as "flirting". Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club praised the episode for its complexity, and how it manages to change perspective on Garak without it seeming like the characters motives shifted merely because of the whims of the writers. He was also pleased that the episode gave Bashir a challenge worthy of his talents. Keith R.A. DeCandido, reviewing the episode for Tor.com in 2013, gave it a rating of eight out ten, noting it as a showcase for Garak and Bashir.

In 2014, Gizmodo ranked "The Wire" as the 49th best episode of the Star Trek franchise, out of over 700 episodes made by that time.

Releases
On April 1, 2003 Season 2 of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine was released on DVD video discs, with 26 episodes on seven discs.

This episode was released in 2017 on DVD with the complete series box set, which had 176 episodes on 48 discs.

title: The Wire (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)


text:
Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (12 October 1537 – 14 July 1551), known as Lord Charles Brandon until shortly before his death, was the son of the 1st Duke of Suffolk and the suo jure 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby.

His father had previously been married to Mary Tudor, sister of King Henry VIII. Following Mary's death, he had married Lady Willoughby de Eresby, who had been originally intended as the bride of his son Henry.

In 1541, Lord Charles Brandon and his older brother Lord Henry Brandon had their miniatures painted by Hans Holbein the Younger.

He died of the sweating sickness one hour after the same disease claimed his elder brother Henry (who had succeeded their father as 2nd Duke of Suffolk in 1545), and because of this holds the record for the shortest tenure of a British peerage. (The 2nd Baron Stamp may claim a shorter tenure, but merely through a legal fiction.) Suffolk died without issue and his title became extinct. They died at the Bishop of Lincoln's Palace, Buckden, in the village of Buckden near Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire, where they had fled in an attempt to escape the epidemic.

A solemn celebration of the funerals of the two Dukes, called a 'Month's Mind', was held on 22 September 1551 with all the funeral equipment in duplicate. The humanist intellectuals Thomas Wilson and Walter Haddon wrote a life of Suffolk and his older brother shortly after their death.

title: Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk


text:
Proposed directive on criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights

The European Union (EU) proposal for a directive on criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights (2005/0127/COD) was a proposal from the European Commission for a directive aimed "to supplement Directive 2004/48/EC of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (Civil enforcement)" (Source: Justification for the proposal, COM(2005) 276 final, July 12, 2005). The directive was proposed on July 12, 2005 by the Commission of the European Communities.

Being the second directive on the enforcement of "intellectual property rights", it is commonly called IPRED2 (Second Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Directive). The first directive on the enforcement of Intellectual property rights, Directive 2004/48/EC deals with civil enforcement of intellectual property rights ("IPRED1"). IPRED1 was hastily passed before the Fifth Enlargement of the European Union of May 1, 2004 and did originally include criminal sanctions provisions, but this rather controversial part was omitted in order to be able to meet the deadline of May 1, 2004.

As announced in Official Journal C 252 of 18 September 2010 the European Commission decided to withdraw the proposal for a directive. Criminal sanctions for enforcement of intellectual property rights are therefore not currently formally proposed, even if it is part of the EU acquis since the Lisbon Treaty.

Subject matter
This proposed directive incriminates infringements of intellectual property rights. It deals with intentional infringements on a commercial scale or aiding, abetting or inciting to the infringements.

Community IP Rights
The proposed directive applies to "such intellectual property rights as are provided for in Community legislation and/or national legislation in the Member States". No definition is provided in the original draft and in that form, the Directive would apply to any intellectual property right. Subsequent readings of the Directive have included clarifications. Examples of such expressly included rights are sui generis rights of database makers or trademark rights.

Patents
The Directive, in its first draft, includes patent violation, traditionally a civil issue. This would possibly have far-reaching consequences for the EU economy as the risk of criminal prosecution for violating patents when new products or new functions are included is great. Moreover, traditionally, a large majority of all patent disputes are settled out of court before civil infringement disputes continue. The bill also includes a provision which would allow intellectual property holders to assist the police in an investigation, which cedes great power from the state to a patent-holder to threaten rivals with imprisonment, rather than a civil suit alone.

The Parliament has, in subsequent reading, excluded patents from the scope of the Directive.

Consumers
The Directive applies to willful, commercial or intentional violations of trademark or copyright laws. An amendment that would have limited the directive to commercial activity done with the intent to earn a profit was rejected. Instead, consumers will be criminally liable if their behavior is not for personal and not for profits purposes and was done for the purpose of obtaining an economic advantage.

Criticism
According to some, IPRED2 does not seem to be a particularly well drafted Directive. The number of amendments passed and adopted in subsequent readings is unusual, as is evident from the drafting process. The definitions, usually contained in the preamble or the beginning articles, were missing until subsequent readings. Originally about commercial piracy and counterfeit goods only, in its present form it includes any violation of Intellectual Property rights.

The criticism voiced by EFF, FFII, Law Society of England and Wales, the Dutch Parliament, and others includes:

 * The original proposal did not explain the terms it was using. The definitions section (Article 1) was only added in the subsequent readings.
 * The scope of the Directive is too wide (Article 2). The draft directive still applies to a broader range of intellectual property infringements than commercial piracy and counterfeiting. As a result, it is far broader than the current international standard for criminal IP enforcement — the 1994 TRIPs agreement. Patents have recently been taken out of the scope but many other IP rights have not. Some of the latter are poorly suited to criminal regulation (such as database rights or conditional access to pay TV regimes).
 * The inclusion of aiding, abetting or inciting (Article 3) puts businesses at unnecessary risk of criminal liability.
 * The sanctions provisions (Article 4) has been hastily put together and contains draconian measures poorly suited to intellectual property infringements.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation has pointed out that criminal law is poorly suited for regulation of intellectual property law and that IPRED2 presents a risk to industry and innovation.

According to the Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII), it is impossible not to violate software patents, and the IPRED 2 directive threatens most of Europe's software developers with imprisonment.

In July 2006, the Dutch parliament wrote a letter to EU Commissioner Frattini with a thorough legal analysis of the proposed directive, concluding that the subject-matter of the proposed directive definitely falls outside the European Community’s competence (as defined in the EU treaties).


text:
Iterative deepening A*

Iterative deepening A* (IDA*) is a graph traversal and path search algorithm that can find the shortest path between a designated start node and any member of a set of goal nodes in a weighted graph. It is a variant of iterative deepening depth-first search that borrows the idea to use a heuristic function to conservatively estimate the remaining cost to get to the goal from the A* search algorithm. Since it is a depth-first search algorithm, its memory usage is lower than in A*, but unlike ordinary iterative deepening search, it concentrates on exploring the most promising nodes and thus does not go to the same depth everywhere in the search tree. Unlike A*, IDA* does not utilize dynamic programming and therefore often ends up exploring the same nodes many times.

While the standard iterative deepening depth-first search uses search depth as the cutoff for each iteration, the IDA* uses the more informative $$f(n) = g(n) + h(n)$$, where $$g(n)$$ is the cost to travel from the root to node $$n$$ and $$h(n)$$ is a problem-specific heuristic estimate of the cost to travel from $$n$$ to the goal.

The algorithm was first described by Richard Korf in 1985.

Description
Iterative-deepening-A* works as follows: at each iteration, perform a depth-first search, cutting off a branch when its total cost $$f(n) = g(n) + h(n)$$ exceeds a given threshold. This threshold starts at the estimate of the cost at the initial state, and increases for each iteration of the algorithm. At each iteration, the threshold used for the next iteration is the minimum cost of all values that exceeded the current threshold.

As in A*, the heuristic has to have particular properties to guarantee optimality (shortest paths). See Properties below.

Pseudocode
path             current search path (acts like a stack) node             current node (last node in current path) g                the cost to reach current node f                estimated cost of the cheapest path (root..node..goal) h ( node )          estimated cost of the cheapest path (node..goal) cost ( node, succ ) step cost function is_goal ( node )    goal test successors ( node ) node expanding function, expand nodes ordered by g + h(node) ida_star ( root )   return either NOT_FOUND or a pair with the best path and its cost procedure ida_star ( root ) bound := h ( root ) path := [ root ] loop t := search ( path, 0, bound ) if t = FOUND then return (path, bound) if t = ∞ then return NOT_FOUND bound := t     end loop end procedure function search ( path, g , bound ) node := path .last f := g + h ( node ) if f > bound then return f     if is_goal ( node ) then return FOUND min := ∞ for succ in successors ( node ) do if succ not in path then path .push( succ ) t := search ( path, g + cost ( node , succ ), bound ) if t = FOUND then return FOUND if t < min then min := t             path .pop end if end for return min end function

Properties
Like A*, IDA* is guaranteed to find the shortest path leading from the given start node to any goal node in the problem graph, if the heuristic function $h$ is admissible, that is

 * $$h(n) \le h^*(n)$$

for all nodes $n$, where $h*$ is the true cost of the shortest path from $n$ to the nearest goal (the "perfect heuristic").

IDA* is beneficial when the problem is memory constrained. A* search keeps a large queue of unexplored nodes that can quickly fill up memory. By contrast, because IDA* does not remember any node except the ones on the current path, it requires an amount of memory that is only linear in the length of the solution that it constructs. Its time complexity is analyzed by Korf et al. under the assumption that the heuristic cost estimate $h$ is consistent, meaning that

 * $$h(n) \le \mathrm{cost}(n, n') + h(n')$$

for all nodes $n$ and all neighbors $n'$ of $n$; they conclude that compared to a brute-force tree search over an exponential-sized problem, IDA* achieves a smaller search depth (by a constant factor), but not a smaller branching factor.

Recursive best-first search is another memory-constrained version of A* search that can be faster in practice than IDA*, since it requires less regenerating of nodes.

Applications
Applications of IDA* are found in such problems as planning. Solving the Rubik's Cube is an example of a planning problem that is amenable to solving with IDA*.

title: Iterative deepening A*


text: Category:Lists of people by school affiliation


text:
Uttam Mohanty

Uttam Mohanty is an Indian film and television actor who has to his credit more than 135 Odia films to date and has acted in 30 Bengali films and in a Hindi film Naya Zaher.

Early life
Uttam Mohanty was born and brought up in Baripada, Odisha. His grandfather settled in Baripada 150 years ago. He completed his early education from M.K.C. High School. As a child he was very naughty which brought fresh complaints from outside. After matriculation he joined Maharaja Purnachandra College, Baripada for his intermediate and bachelor's in science. During his college days he was inclined more towards acting. He always tried to play the lead part in dramas. He was equally passionate to sports like badminton and table tennis. After completing graduation, he went to Ludhiana for chartered accountancy. Thereafter he stayed with his elder brother, the late Arun Ku. Mohanty, in Kolkata for some time, enrolled in a chartered accountancy course there. Till now he is closely associated with Baripada.

Life and career
Knowing that a film named Abhiman was being made in Baripada, he returned home with a hope of trying his luck in films. Though there were many contenders for the lead role, the director Sadhu Meher had a special interest in his capability and looks. He was selected. Co-actress Rita Chand was also debuting in that film. On the day of shooting he turned up to the set well-dressed with best possible suits available. Sadhu told him to take the make-up of a poor guy. He was sent again to come back with old and dirty clothes and without make-up. The 1977 film was a box office hit.

Uttam now opted seriously for being an actor, and slowly stabilised his position in the Odia film industry. While staying in Kolkata he got an offer from director Dhir Biswal for his upcoming film titled Gouri. Later that role was given to Prasanta Nanda. The next film he did was "Pati Patni" opposite Mahasweta Ray. Then a streak of films like "Nijhum ratira sathi", "Chinha Achhinha", "Ramayana", Tapasya, Ram Balram happened. By the time he was established as a romantic star.Uttam Mohanty was especially adored for his effortless naturalism in front of the camera and a distinctively urbane charisma that broke free from the prototypical Odia screen hero of the past. He went on to form successful screen pairs with many leading ladies like Rita Chand, Sujata Ananda, Tandra Roy, Mahasweta Ray, Deepa Sahu, Subhra Pati, Aparajeeta, Baisali, Sangeeta Das even Rachana Benerjee and other non Odia actress. Often hailed as the one-man industry, Uttam Mohanty dominated Odia cinema for three decades. The 1980s were the pinnacle of his career. Many Ollywood films of the 1980s had Uttam Mohanty in them, and he dominated the Odia film industry. He excelled in various roles: Romantic, Village Lad, Character. Abhiman, Danda Balunga, Bhakta Salabega are even remembered today for his stupendous acting. He also worked in around 30 Bengali films and one Hindi film - Naya Jahar, opposite Satabdi Roy.

In the early eighties he played in almost 20 movies opposite leading actress Mahasweta Ray (Rasmi Ray). Though they fell in love and decided to marry, the love did not last long, and the pair separated. "Palatak" (1985) was their last film. Again the pair was hit in 1988 by Prashanta Nanda in the film of "Ja Devi Sarbavutesu". Later both came in lot of films in nineties. Over fifty of his films are opposite Aparajita Mohanty, his wife. They first appeared together in Astaraga (1982), and married on 17 May 1987 in Municipality Guest House, Bhubaneswar. Other heroines who have acted opposite him include Anita, Sujata, Tandra, Deepa, Baisali, Subhra Pati, and Rachana Bannerje.

After 1995 he got more character roles due to his age. In films like "Jashoda", "Subhadra", Kalamanika he did character roles. In the later period of his career he also took television roles. Serials like 'Je Pakhi Ude Jete Dura', 'Sara Akash', Panatakani and 'Uttaradayi' are most popular. His role as Bikhu bhai in Sara Akash is memorable. His Hindi serials include Palash and Bengali serial bideshini Bohu. His has also contributed to music albums and Bhajaans.

Uttam Mohanty now lives in Bhubaneswar. Currently, he is working for Odia tele-serials and movies, and interested in enhancing his knowledge in the area of politics. He and Aparajita Mohanty have a son named Babushan Mohanty who has established himself as one of the leading Ollywood heroes post 2010 era.

Uttam Mohanty is the only star in the Odia cinema horizon to have been at the top for nearly two decades, dominating the Odia film industry throughout the 80's and 90's. His rural fan base led him to do many films which had rustic story lines and from which intellectuals shied away. Many critics and fellow actors and seniors have often expressed in public podium that during the commercially dry days of early nineties of Odia cinema, when the Odia film industry was under heavy financial stress, it was Uttam Mohanty's efforts and charm which saved the day. He is in demand among off-mainstream filmmakers as well. He has won many Odia filmfare awards and prizes as a best actor. A number of societies and institutes have honored him as a living legend of Ollywood cinema.

Awards and accreditation

 * Odisha Living Legend Award 2012
 * Orissa State Film Award for Best Actor for Phula Chandana, Jhiati Sita Pari, Danda Balunga, Suna Chadhei
 * Orissa State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor for To Binu Anyagati Nahin
 * Jayadeb Puraskar in 1999
 * Awards from Citic Association, Chitrapuri, Banichitra, Chalachitra Jagata
 * 5th FITFAT Biscope Award, 2008

Filmography

 * 1977 – Abhimaan
 * 1978 – Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja
 * 1978 – Pati Patni
 * 1978 – Sankha Mahuri
 * 1978 – Sarapancha Babu
 * 1984 – Danda Balunga
 * 1980 – Ramayan
 * 1979 – Chinha Achinha
 * 1979 – Nijhum Ratira Sathi
 * 1980 – Ram Balaram
 * 1981 – Akshay Trutiya
 * 1981 – Arati
 * 1981 – Debajani
 * 1982 – Astaraga
 * 1982 – Dekh Khabar Rakh Najar
 * 1982 – Jwain Pua
 * 1983 – Abhilasha
 * 1983 – Jhiati Sita Pari
 * 1983 – Ram Rahim
 * 1984 – Jai Phula
 * 1984 – Janani
 * 1985 – Chaka Bhaunri
 * 1985 – Jaga Hatare Pagha
 * 1985 – Mamata Mage Mula
 * 1985 – Palatak
 * 1985 – Puja Phula
 * 1985 – Samay Bada Balaban
 * 1985 – Sankha Sindura
 * 1986 – Sahari Bagha
 * 1986 - Sata kebe Luchi rahena
 * 1986 – School Master
 * 1986 – Aei Ama Sansara
 * 1986 – Jor Jar Mulak Tar
 * 1986 – Paka Kambal Pot Chhata
 * 1987 – Badhu Nirupama
 * 1987 – Chaka Akhi Sabu Dekhuchi
 * 1987 – Aei Ta Duniya
 * 1987 – Golamgiri
 * 1987 – Anyaya Sahibi Nahi
 * 1987 – Michha Mayara Sansara
 * 1982 – Phula Chandan
 * 1987 – Suna Chadhei
 * 1987 – Tunda Baida
 * 1988 – Thili Jhia Heli Bohu
 * 1988 – Jahaku Rakhibe Ananta
 * 1988 – Bada Bhauja
 * 1988 – Kanyadana
 * 1988 – Papa Punya
 * 1988 – Pua Mora Kala Thakura
 * 1988 –Chaka Dola Karuchi Lila
 * 1989 – Daiba Daudi
 * 1989 – Hasa Luha Bhara Duniya
 * 1989 –Rajanigandha
 * 1989 – Nyaya Anyaya
 * 1989 – Paradeshi Chadhei
 * 1989 – Thakura Achhanti Chau Bahaku
 * 1990 – Topae Sindura Di Topa Luha
 * 1990 – Sasti
 * 1990 – Ja Devi Sarba Bhuteshu
 * 1990 –Gopare Badhuchi Kala Kanhei
 * 1990 – Raja Rani
 * 1990 – Kandhei
 * 1990 – Panchu Pandav
 * 1990 – Nua Bhauja
 * 1990 – Bidhira Bidhan
 * 1991 – Naya Zaher (Hindi)
 * 1991 - Aama Ghara Aama Sansara
 * 1991 – Mukti Tirtha
 * 1991 – Bastra Haran
 * 1991 – Akuha Katha
 * 1991 – Kapala Likhan
 * 1991 – To Binu Anya Gati Nahi
 * 1992 – Badshah
 * 1992 – Bhisma Pratigyan
 * 1992 – Maa
 * 1992 – Naga Panchami
 * 1992 – Sukha Sansara
 * 1993 – Sukher Swarga
 * 1993 – Bhagya Hate Dori
 * 1993 – Dadagiri
 * 1994 – Akuha Katha
 * 1994 – Naga Jyoti
 * 1994 – Pacheri Uthila Majhi Duaru
 * 1995 – Rakata Kahiba Kie Kahara
 * 1996 – Pua Mora Bhola Shankar
 * 1996 – Sakala Tirtha To Charane
 * 1997 – Lakhe Siba Puji Paichi Pua
 * 1997 – Nari Bi Pindhi Pare Rakta Sindura
 * 1997 – Raghu Arakhita
 * 1998 – Rupa Gaanra Suna Kania
 * 1998 – Sahara Jaluchi
 * 1999 – Kala Chakra
 * 1999 – Maa Pari Kie Haba
 * 2001 – Baazi
 * 2001 – Mo Kola To Jhulana
 * 2002 – Dharma Sahile Hela
 * 2002 – Samaya Kheluchi Chaka Bhaunri
 * 2002 – Sei Jhiati
 * 2005 – Agni Parikshya
 * 2005 – Om Shanti Om
 * 2005 – Bazi
 * 2007 – Ae Jugara Krushna Sudama
 * 2007 – Mu Tate Love Karuchi
 * 2007 – Tumaku Paruni Ta Bhuli
 * 2009 – Romeo – The Lover Boy
 * 2009 – Ailare Odia Pua
 * 2009 – Tu Mori Pain
 * 2009 – Pagala Karichi Paunji Tora
 * 2017 - Dil ka Raja
 * 2022 - Bidyarana

Serials

 * Katha Kahuthile Saribani
 * Panatakani
 * Sara akasha
 * Uttardai

title: Uttam Mohanty


text: Talk:Yeongseo

title: Talk:Yeongseo


text:
Talk:List of rulers of the Berba state of Gwande

For the sake of brevity, could this page be moved to List of rulers of Gwande? --Gabriel Beecham/Kwekubo 07:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This would then have repercussions on many other lists which would have to be renamed to maintain a standard.

 * The use of the ethnic label also allows a natural grouping in the Lists of office-holders which would otherwise be purely alphabetical, allowing easier navigation.

 * IMO accuracy and accessibility/searchability shouldn't be sacrificed for brevity. --JohnArmagh 10:05, 18 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:DrunkenMonkey

Hi there. I'm originally from Hawaii, where I took my share of thumping in jujitsu, enjoyed a lot of restaurant ramen, Korean barbecue, SPAM musubi, and kulolo. Since late 1999, I've been in the greater Seattle area (Yes, I got here in time for the dotcom bust).

I'm old enough to remember when there were no such things as Google and Wikipedia, both of which I now enjoy using several times a day.

Stuff I like:

Paul Krugman

Aqua Teen Hunger Force

MotoGP

World Superbike

Hip hop

Call of Duty

Cats

Stuff that worries me:

Nosocomial infection

The weakening of the separation of powers in United States government

Judicial activism

Karl Rove

Hypocrisy

Happy Wiki-ing! :) —DrunkenMonkey 07:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:DrunkenMonkey


text:
James Fox (engineer)

James Fox, (fl. 1780–1830), machine tool maker, was originally a butler in the service of the Rev. Thomas Gisborne, of Foxhall Lodge, Staffordshire. He had a strong interest in handicraft and his employer not only encouraged him, but enabled him to set up in business on his own account.

The growth and extension of the cotton, silk, lace and hosiery trades, in the district of Derby, created a great demand for skilled machine-makers and provided Fox with opportunities and he soon found ample scope for employment. His lace machinery became celebrated, and he supplied it largely to the neighbouring town of Nottingham; he also obtained considerable employment from the great firms of Arkwright and Strutt –– the founders of the modern cotton manufacture. Fox became celebrated for his lathes, which were of excellent quality, and besides making for British demand, he exported much machinery abroad, to France, Russia and Mauritius. Fox is also said at a very early period to have invented a screw-cutting machine, an engine for accurately dividing and cutting the teeth of wheels, and a self-acting lathe, but details are obscure.

Fox made one of the first planing machines, reportedly in 1814 but the priority between Fox, Matthew Murray of Leeds and Richard Roberts of Manchester has not yet been established due to the secrecy of the makers.

Fox's business at Derby was carried on by his sons and was active into the final third of the 19th century, but the later history is not known.

Fox machine tools were illustrated in contemporary literature and some survive as museum pieces in Birmingham and in Norway.  An example of a Fox lathe is on display at Wortley Top Forge, South Yorkshire. (www.topforge.co.uk)

title: James Fox (engineer)