text:
Robert Hoey

Robert Alexander Hoey (September 12, 1883—November 15, 1965) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1921 to 1925, served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1927 to 1936, and was a cabinet minister in the government of John Bracken.

Hoey was born in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Ireland, and came to Canada in 1909. He was educated at Wesley College and Manitoba College in Winnipeg and became a pioneer worker in the farmer's movement. He served as provincial director of the United Farmers of Manitoba (UFM) in 1918, and worked as the UFM's field secretary from 1919 to 1921.

He was elected to the House of Commons in Canada's federal election of 1921 as a Progressive candidate, defeating Liberal candidate Thomas Molloy by 1,397 votes in the riding of Springfield. He served on the opposition benches of parliament for the next four years, and did not seek re-election in 1925. He returned to farm organization after leaving the House of Commons in 1925, taking part in the organization of the Western Wheat Pools.

The United Farmers of Manitoba unexpectedly won a government majority in the 1922 provincial election, and formed government as the Progressive Party of Manitoba. Hoey was asked to become Premier of Manitoba but declined. John Bracken was then selected in his place.

On April 28, 1927, Hoey joined Bracken's provincial government as Minister of Education. He did not hold a seat in the legislature at the time but was a prominent campaigner for the Progressive Party in the 1927 provincial election, and defeated independent incumbent Donald A. Ross by 710 votes in the St. Clements constituency. He was easily returned in the 1932 election and served as Minister of Education until the end of his nine-year tenure in the legislature. He also served as acting Attorney General from February 22 to May 18, 1929.

In 1932, Hoey played a prominent role in negotiations between Manitoba's Progressive and Liberal parties, which resulted in a Liberal-Progressive electoral alliance. The alliance eventually became a permanent partnership, and government members became known as "Liberal-Progressives."

Hoey was defeated in the 1936 provincial election, losing to Independent Labour Party candidate Herbert Sulkers by 665 votes.

After his electoral defeat in 1936, he became Superintendent of Welfare and Training in the Indian Affairs Branch of the federal Department of Mines and Resources. He served in that position until March 1945, when he became Director of the Indian Affairs Branch, a position that he held until 1948.

Hoey was appointed to a seat on the Northwest Territories Council in 1946, and served to 1951.

title: Robert Hoey


text: User talk:81.227.24.159

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:81.227.24.159


text:
Universal Music Group Nashville

Universal Music Group Nashville is Universal Music Group's country music subsidiary. It was officially opened on New Year's Day 1945 as MCA Nashville and Mercury Nashville which on New Year's Day 1950 as Capitol Nashville. Some of the labels in this group include MCA Nashville Records, Mercury Nashville Records, Lost Highway Records, Capitol Records Nashville and EMI Records Nashville. UMG Nashville not only handles these imprints, but also manages the country music catalogues of record labels Universal Music and predecessor companies acquired over the years including ABC Records, Decca Records, Dot Records, DreamWorks Records, Kapp Records, MGM Records and Polydor Records.

Capitol Records Nashville
Capitol Records Nashville is a major United States-based record label located in Nashville Tennessee operating as part of the Capitol Music Group. Capitol Nashville was formerly known as Liberty Records from 1991 until 1995 when it was changed back to Capitol. In 1993 Liberty opened a sister label, Patriot Records, but it was closed in 1995. In 1999 EMI launched Virgin Records Nashville but by 2001 Capitol absorbed the short-lived label. Capitol Nashville remained a stand-alone label until 2010 when it launched EMI Nashville. Capitol Nashville is also home to several successful comedy artists who remain on its roster today. On March 23, 2011, Alan Jackson signed with Capitol's EMI Nashville division in conjunction with his own ACR Records label. In late 2012 Capitol Records Nashville became part of the Universal Music Group after a merger between EMI and UMG.

EMI Records Nashville

EMI Records Nashville was formed in 2010 and served as a sister label to Capitol Records Nashville. Its flagship artist was Troy Olsen. Other artists signed to EMI include Eric Church and Alan Jackson (in a shared agreement with his own ACR Records). Universal Music Group acquired EMI in 2012. EMI is currently a part of UMG along with sister label Capitol Records Nashville.

MCA Nashville

MCA Nashville started out as the country music division of Decca Records in 1945, founded by Paul Cohen in New York. In 1947, Cohen hired Owen Bradley as his assistant working in Nashville. The country music division moved to Nashville in 1955 as much of the country music recording business was locating there. Bradley succeeded Cohen as head of Decca's Nashville division in 1958 and developed Decca into a country music powerhouse. Decca Nashville was renamed MCA Nashville in 1973.

In 1979, MCA Nashville absorbed the country music roster (including Roy Clark, Barbara Mandrell and The Oak Ridge Boys) and back catalogue of ABC Records including the Dot Records catalogue. In the early 1980s, MCA Nashville signed Reba McEntire and George Strait, two of the greatest selling artists of all time and the mega stars on the record label.

In the 1990s, MCA Nashville briefly revived the Decca label for country music releases, but closed the label after Universal Music absorbed PolyGram and chose to reserve the Decca name for classical music releases. While Decca resumed issuing country music in February 2008, the current Decca country music department has no connection with UMG Nashville. However, MCA Nashville continues to reissue past country releases from Decca, as well as those on the Kapp label.

With the absorption of MCA Records into Geffen Records in 2003, and in 2021 where UMG legally changed the name for its Philippine division, MCA Nashville is now the only unit of UMG to still use the MCA name. It is now owned by Decca and Interscope Records.

Mercury Nashville

The still active Mercury Records was formed in Chicago in 1945 issuing recordings in a variety of genres including country music. The Nashville office of Mercury began as a joint venture between Mercury and "Pappy" Daily's established country music record label Starday Records in January 1957. In July 1958, the Mercury/Starday joint venture was dissolved, and Starday record producer Shelby Singleton stayed on with Mercury in Nashville, becoming head of Mercury's Nashville office by 1961. Singleton left Mercury in 1966 to form his own company which bought Sun Records in 1969.

In 1986, American country music singer and songwriter Johnny Cash, after being dropped by Columbia Nashville, signed with Mercury Nashville. His first album for the label was Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town, and Cash made several albums from 1987 to 1991 with Mercury Nashville. In 1997, PolyGram, which owned Mercury, consolidated all its Nashville operations under the Mercury name.

When PolyGram was purchased by Universal Music Group in 1998, the resulting record label consolidations left Mercury under The Island Def Jam Music Group umbrella making Mercury in the US dormant until recently, but still active internationally. The consolidations in Nashville which created UMG Nashville kept the Mercury Nashville imprint active.

Most reissues of country music recordings first issued on the MGM, Polydor, and other former PolyGram labels bear the Mercury Nashville imprint.

Lost Highway Records

Lost Highway Records was formed by Luke Lewis in 2000. Lost Highway Records operates as a country music label, based out of Nashville. The label also issues music by alternative rock and alternative country artists such as Morrissey and Ryan Adams. The company's name was inspired by a Leon Payne song. Today the label operates as an imprint of Island Records, formerly a division of The Island Def Jam Music Group. Lost Highway has distributed the soundtracks for O Brother, Where Art Thou?, Deadwood, and Open Season by Paul Westerberg. They have also acted as distributor for albums from Johnny Cash and Hank Williams.

Buena Vista Records

Formed in April 2017, Buena Vista Records is a partnership between Disney Music Group and Universal Music Group Nashville.

title: Universal Music Group Nashville


text:
Arctic Circle Air

Arctic Circle Air was an American airline based in Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. It operated scheduled commuter services and charter flights to over 16 Alaskan communities. It was established and started operations in 1973. Its main base was Fairbanks International Airport.

Acquisition Merger
In October 2009 Arctic Circle Air was acquired by the parent company of Frontier Alaska. Arctic Circle Air was merged into the Era Alaska operation. Era Alaska is the renamed operation of Frontier Alaska now that it has been blended into the operating certificate of Era Aviation. In 2011 Arctic Circle Air's certificate was obtained by Marianas Harvests in Guam to provide service throughout the island areas of Guam, with no association with Era Alaska or Frontier Alaska.

Fleet

 * 2 Britten-Norman BN-2Ts
 * Beech King Air
 * Cessna 207
 * Cessna 402 Utiliner
 * Embraer Bandeirante
 * Piper Lance
 * Short C-23 Sherpa
 * Short Skyvan
 * Short 330

Destinations
Arctic Circle Air operates services to the following domestic scheduled destinations (Ended as of November 2009).

 * 1) Allakaket (AET) - Allakaket Airport
 * 2) Anaktuvuk Pass (AKP) - Anaktuvuk Pass Airport
 * 3) Arctic Village (ARC) - Arctic Village Airport
 * 4) Bettles (BTT) - Bettles Airport
 * 5) Chalkyitsik (CIK) - Chalkyitsik Airport
 * 6) Eagle (EAA) - Eagle Airport
 * 7) Fairbanks (FAI) - Fairbanks International Airport
 * 8) Fort Yukon (FYU) - Fort Yukon Airport
 * 9) Galena (GAL) - Edward G. Pitka Sr. Airport
 * 10) Hughes (HUS) - Hughes Airport
 * 11) Huslia (HSL) - Huslia Airport
 * 12) Kaltag (KAL) - Kaltag Airport
 * 13) Nulato (NUL) - Nulato Airport
 * 14) Rampart (RMP) - Rampart Airport
 * 15) Tanana (TAL) - Ralph M. Calhoun Memorial Airport
 * 16) Venetie (VEE) - Venetie Airport

title: Arctic Circle Air


text:
Brancaccio & Aisher

Brancaccio & Aisher are a British duo of house music producers Luke Brancaccio and Bruce Aisher.

Biography
As remixers they have a large catalog of hits. They hit #1 on both the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart and the UK Dance Chart in 2002 with the track "It's Gonna Be...(A Lovely Day)", it also reached the position #40 in the United Kingdom. It's a song which featured elements of the 1978 song "Lovely Day" by Bill Withers.

Brancaccio and Aisher also formed the band Suicide Sports Club, and released the album, Electric Mistress, in 2005. The track "2.20 Boy" (an alternative version of the album track "2.20 Girl") was used in the US film, The Invisible.

Aisher has gone on to release solo tracks and remixes. He is completing work on an album with his new band, Go Control. Aisher also writes for Future Music and lectures at Hertfordshire University.

title: Brancaccio & Aisher


text:
Jill the Reckless

Jill The Reckless is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United States on October 8, 1920 by George H. Doran, New York, (under the title The Little Warrior), and in the United Kingdom by Herbert Jenkins, London, on 4 July 1921. It was serialised in Collier's (US) between 10 April and 28 August 1920, in Maclean's (Canada) between 1 August and 15 November 1920, in both cases as The Little Warrior, and, as Jill the Reckless, in the Grand Magazine (UK), from September 1920 to June 1921.

The heroine here, Jill Mariner, is a sweet-natured and wealthy young woman who, at the opening, is engaged to an MP, the baronet Sir Derek Underhill. We follow her through an adventure with a parrot, a policeman and the colourful proletariat; financial disaster; a broken engagement; an awkward stay with some grasping relatives; employment as a chorus girl; and the finding of true love.

Other characters include wealthy, dimwitted clubman Freddie Rooke and ruggedly attractive writer Wally Mason (both childhood friends of Jill's); her financially inept but charming uncle Major Christopher Selby; Sir Derek's domineering mother, Lady Underhill; Jill's unpleasant relatives on Long Island, New York, Elmer, Julia and Tibby Mariner; Drones Club member Algy Martyn; various chorus girls, composers and other theatrical types; and miscellaneous servants.

George Bevan, composer hero of Wodehouse's previous work A Damsel in Distress, receives a passing mention, as does an unspecified member of the Threepwood family. Algy Martyn later appears in Company for Henry.

The dust jacket of the UK first edition published by Herbert Jenkins was designed by Edmund Blampied.

title: Jill the Reckless


text:
State football leagues in Brazil

The Brazilian states football championships (Campeonatos Estaduais or simply Estaduais) are the professional adult male football competitions in Brazil that take place between January and April for the Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South regions. In some states from the North Region, however, it takes place in May or June. One such league, the Campeonato Paulista, which started in 1902, is the oldest football competition in Brazil. All professional football clubs in Brazil play in a state championship, but not all qualify for the national league.

The state championships were the first professional competitions formed in Brazil, due economic and geographic reasons and especially long distances between the country's main cities and different states, each of the federative units of Brazil created their own football championship. As such, state leagues were the main competition and even after the creation of a proper national championship in 1971 the state leagues remained prestigious and important for Brazilian fans up to the 1980s and 1990s, when national and continental competitions surpassed them in terms of relevance. Before the 1989 Campeonato Brasileiro, clubs qualified to the national league through their performances at their state's league. Currently, state championships serve as a pre-season for the Brazilian championship and main season for smaller teams that are not in any national competitions.

The state championships run as a parallel league to the main Brazilian Championships. Clubs compete in both Brazilian and state championships simultaneously, and each state league has its own format and divisions with promotion and relegation. Good standings in the tables qualify teams for the next year's Copa do Brasil, regional tournaments Copa do Nordeste and Copa Verde, and teams without a national division qualify for the next year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série D.

Overview
Historically, for economic and geographic reasons, such as long distances between the country's main cities, the state leagues were considered the most important championship for Brazilian clubs, especially before 1959, when a regular national championship (Taça Brasil) was first established. In recent years, bigger clubs have become increasingly critical of the state leagues, which are often blamed for the lack of space in Brazil's football calendar and have lost most of its old prestige. Smaller clubs, however, are dependent on the state leagues for their financial well-being and largely oppose calls to reduce the number of games or even end state leagues altogether. Because of these championships, some disputes between rivals from the same state or city have the same weight or greater than a dispute with the main clubs in other states. These games are called derbies. Some examples are the Fla-Flu and the Clássico dos Milhões, in Rio de Janeiro; Paulista Derby, Choque Rei, Majestoso and San-São, in São Paulo; Grenal, in Rio Grande do Sul; the Clássico Mineiro, in Minas Gerais; Atle-tiba, in Paraná; the Clássico dos Clássicos and Clássico das Multidões, in Pernambuco; the Ba-Vi, in Bahia; the Clássico de Florianópolis and the Clássico do Interior, in Santa Catarina; Clássico-Rei, in Ceará, between Ceará and Fortaleza, and in Rio Grande do Norte between ABC and América de Natal; the Re-Pa, in Pará; Clássico das Multidões in Alagoas; the Super Clássico, in Maranhão; Rivengo, in Piauí; the Clássico dos Maiorais, in Paraíba; Derby Sergipano, in Sergipe; the Derby do Cerrado, in Goiás; the Rio-Nal, in Amazonas; the Clássico dos Gigantes, in Espírito Santo; between others.

State champions and runners-up, and in some states, the highest placed on the state championship table, are automatically qualified to play in the next year's Copa do Brasil. In addition, the highest ranked clubs in each state that do not compete in the Brazilian Championship Serie A, Serie B or Serie C qualify for next year's Serie D. Finally, the best teams in each state league can also qualify for regional cups such as the Copa do Nordeste (for Northeastern clubs) and Copa Verde (for clubs from North and Center-West regions). To prepare for the State Championship, divisionless clubs, lacking a full-year calendar, play training games and some choose to face Municipal Selections in different regions. The only state championship that does not use the official gentile of those born in the state is the one in Rio de Janeiro, since, popularly, the tournament is called Campeonato Carioca (Carioca is the official gentile of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro), instead of Campeonato Fluminense. This occurs for three reasons: the first because of tradition, since the big clubs in the state, when Rio de Janeiro was still the capital of Brazil, disputed the Campeonato Carioca and not the Campeonato Fluminense; the second because popular and culturally Carioca is the gentile by which its inhabitants are usually known outside the state of Rio de Janeiro, and the third because there is a traditional club in the state called Fluminense, which could generate complaints from rivals if the championship were so called. Because of this, the Rio state football championship is officially called the Campeonato Estadual do Rio de Janeiro The club with the most state champions in Brazil is ABC, with 57 titles from Campeonato Potiguar, which gives it the world record for the most titles in the same competition. This team also holds the record for straight titles, ten (between 1932 and 1941), alongside América Mineiro (which won the Campeonato Mineiro successively between 1916 and 1925). Bahia is the second biggest champion and Paysandu, the third.

The players most often champions are the left midfielder Quarentinha, with 12 titles, all for Paysandu, between the 1950s and the 1970s, being the one with the most triumphs in a single state and by the same club; defender Durval, who in 2017 also won his 12th state title, in 5 FUs (each for a single team), among trophies accumulated since 2003 between the Campeonato Paraibano, Brasiliense, Paranaense, Pernambucano (6) and Paulista (3) championships; the midfielder Givanildo Oliveira, winner of 10 Pernambucanos, as well as a Paulista and a Carioca; and Jorge Henrique, who is perhaps the player who won in more states, as he was champion 12 times by 8 teams in 8 FUs (CE, DF, PE (3), PR, RJ, RS (2), SC and SP (2). As a coach, the same Givanildo won 18 state teams for 10 teams in 6 FUs, an absolute record: 7 Paraenses, 5 Pernambucanos, 2 Cearenses, 2 Alagoanos, 1 Baiano and 1 Mineiro. This adds up to 30 state commemorations for Givanildo, an isolated record holder. Another big winner is Vanderlei Luxemburgo, who won 14 times for 9 teams in 5 FUs (9 Paulistas, 2 Mineiros, 1 Carioca, 1 Capixaba and 1 Pernambucano) as a coach (already having three achievements as a player: 3 Cariocas), having nine titles this century, being tied at the top of this stat with Givanildo, who in turn is also the statewide winner for more different teams in the 21st century (8).

title: State football leagues in Brazil


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris soupios

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was already SPEEDY DELETED. Postdlf 05:17, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Chris soupios
Vanity page. (preceding unsigned comment by PhilipO 23:23, July 12, 2005 UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 01:17, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 09:48, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Warsawpack

Warsawpack was a Canadian experimental rap rock group based in Hamilton, Ontario. The band's music fuses hip hop, jazz, dub, groove and rock. The band's songs contained mostly politically charged lyrics that critiqued Western consumerism and neo-colonialism.

History
Warsawpack was formed in 1999 by Lee Raback, Scott Rankin, Jaroslav Wassman and Matt Cormier. Rankin later left the band and was replaced by guitarist Ajit Rao, and later members added to the band included tenor saxophonist and flautist Simon Oczkowski, baritone saxophonist Adam Bryant, and turntablist Aaron Sakala.

Following their debut EP Due to Long Foreseen Events, the band signed to G7 Welcoming Committee Records, which released both of the band's full-length albums. The band released Gross Domestic Product in 2003. Their second full-length album, Stocks and Bombs, appeared on the !earshot National Top 50 Chart in late 2003.

Warsawpack performed as part of Canada Music Week in 2004. In spite of some commercial success, the band broke up later that year.

Raback released his solo debut album Introductory Offer in 2009 under the stage name Lee Reed. He has since followed up with the albums Emergency Broadcast (2011) and The Butcher, the Banker, the Bitumen Tanker (2015), and the EPs Written Large (2013) and The Steal City EP (2018). In June 2019, The Steal City EP was named to the initial longlist for the 2019 Polaris Music Prize.

In 2015, the Warsawpack song "Poorboy Blues" was voted one of the top four songs by a Hamilton band in a CBC Hamilton song contest.

Discography

 * Due to Long Foreseen Events (2000)
 * Gross Domestic Product (2002)
 * Stocks and Bombs (2003)

title: Warsawpack


text:
Zopa (disambiguation)

Zopa is a British financial services company.

Zopa or ZOPA may also refer to:

 * Zone of possible agreement, a business theory term dealing with negotiations
 * Thubten Zopa Rinpoche (born 1946), Tibetan lama
 * Tenzin Zopa (born 1975), Tibetan Buddhist monk
 * Zopa, an art-rock band fronted by actor Michael Imperioli

title: Zopa (disambiguation)


text:
Yale Center for British Art

The Yale Center for British Art at Yale University in central New Haven, Connecticut, houses the largest and most comprehensive collection of British art outside the United Kingdom. The collection of paintings, sculpture, drawings, prints, rare books, and manuscripts reflects the development of British art and culture from the Elizabethan period onward.

Creation
The center was established by a gift from Paul Mellon (Yale College Class of 1929) of his British art collection to Yale in 1966, together with an endowment for operations of the center, and funds for a building to house the artworks. The building was designed by Louis I. Kahn and constructed at the corner of York and Chapel Streets in New Haven, across the street from one of Kahn's earliest buildings, the Yale University Art Gallery, built in 1953.

The Yale Center for British Art was completed after Kahn's death in 1974, and opened to the public on April 15, 1977. The exterior is made of matte steel and reflective glass; the interior is made of travertine marble, white oak, and Belgian linen. Kahn succeeded in creating intimate galleries where one can view objects in diffused natural light. He wanted to allow in as much daylight as possible, with artificial illumination used only on dark days or in the evening. The building's design, materials, and sky-lit rooms combine to provide an environment for the works of art that is simple and dignified.

The center is affiliated with the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art in London, which awards grants and fellowships, publishes academic titles, and sponsors Yale's first credit-granting undergraduate study abroad program, Yale-in-London.

Collection
The collection consists of nearly 2,000 paintings and 200 sculptures, with an emphasis on the period between William Hogarth's birth (1697) to J. M. W. Turner's death (1851). Other artists represented include Thomas Gainsborough, George Stubbs, Joseph Wright, John Constable, Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Lawrence, Francis Danby, Robert Polhill Bevan, Stanley Spencer, Barbara Hepworth, and Ben Nicholson.

The collection also has works by artists from Europe and North America who lived and worked in Britain. These include Hans Holbein, Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Canaletto, Johann Zoffany, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and James McNeill Whistler.

Some areas of emphasis of the collection are small group portraits, known as "conversation pieces", including those by Hogarth, Gainsborough, Johan Zoffany and Arthur Devis; landscape paintings by Gainsborough, Richard Wilson, Constable, Richard Parkes Bonington and Turner; and British sporting and animal paintings, featuring George Stubbs, John Wootton, Benjamin Marshall, and Alfred Munnings. Other genres include marine paintings, represented by Samuel Scott and Charles Brooking; London cityscapes; travel art from India, scenes of Shakespearean plays, and portraits of actors.

Sculptors represented include Louis-Francois Roubiliac, Joseph Nollekens, Francis Chantrey, Jacob Epstein, and Henry Moore.

The collection of 20,000 drawings and watercolors and 31,000 prints features British sporting art and figure drawings. It includes works by Hogarth, Paul Sandby, Thomas Rowlandson, William Blake, John Constable, Samuel Palmer, Richard Parkes Bonington, John Ruskin, J. M. W. Turner, Walter Sickert, Duncan Grant, Paul Nash, Edward Burra, Stanley Spencer, Augustus John, Gwen John, and the Pre-Raphaelites.

The center's collection of rare books and manuscripts comprises 35,000 volumes, including maps, atlases, sporting books, and archival material of British artists. It also has some 1,300 leaves originating in illustrated incunabula. The collection also includes a complete set of William Morris's Kelmscott Press publications as well as a growing collection of contemporary artists' books. The core of the collection of illustrated books is the material amassed by Major J. R. Abbey‚ one of the first collectors of British color-plate books, and includes more than 2‚000 volumes describing British life‚ customs‚ scenery‚ and travel during the period 1770–1860. The center's collection also contains a significant number of early maps and atlases.

The four-floor center offers a year-round schedule of exhibitions and educational programs, including films, concerts, lectures, tours, symposia, and family programs. It also provides numerous opportunities for scholarly research, including residential fellowships. Academic resources of the center include the reference library (40,000 volumes) and photo archive, conservation laboratories, and a study room for examining works on paper from the collection.

The center is open to the public free of charge six days a week, and is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program.

title: Yale Center for British Art


text:
John Doe (disambiguation)

John Doe is a placeholder name for a party whose true identity is unknown or must be otherwise withheld.

John Doe may also refer to:

Film, television, and radio

 * John Doe (Neighbours), fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours
 * John Doe (Seven), a character from the film Seven
 * John Doe (TV series), an American television show
 * "John Doe" (Prison Break), an episode of the American television series Prison Break
 * "John Doe" (The X-Files), an episode of the American television series The X-Files
 * Meet John Doe, a 1941 comedy drama film
 * John Doe, a character on the "Allen's Alley" segments of The Fred Allen Show
 * John Doe: Vigilante, a 2014 Australian film

Music

 * "John Doe" (song), a 2013 song by American rapper B.o.B
 * John Doe (musician) (born 1953), American singer, songwriter, actor, and poet
 * Johndoe, Norwegian punk, rock and powerpop band
 * "John Doe", a song by the American thrash metal band Testament on their album Demonic
 * Songs for John Doe, the 1941 debut album of the Almanac Singers

Other uses

 * American Homebuilts John Doe, an American aircraft design
 * John Doe (comics), an Italian comic book
 * John Doe (whistleblower), pseudonym of the anonymous whistleblower in the Panama Papers leak
 * John Doe, a character in the video game Batman: The Enemy Within

title: John Doe (disambiguation)


text:
Greek pizza

In the cuisine of the United States, Greek pizza is a style of pizza crust and preparation where the pizza is proofed and cooked in a metal pan rather than stretched to order and baked on the floor of the pizza oven. A shallow pan is used, unlike the deep pans used in Sicilian, Chicago, or Detroit-styled pizzas. Its crust is typically spongy, airy, and light, like focaccia but not as thick. The crust is also rather oily, due to the coating of oil applied to the pan during preparation.

In the United States, Greek-style pizza is common in New England and parts of eastern New York State.

History
Greek pizza was invented by Costas Kitsatis, aka Constantinos Kombouzis, aka "Charlie", a Greek from Albania, at his restaurant Pizza House that was located at 86 Truman St. New London, Connecticut, in 1955. His system consisted of preparing a full day's supply of crusts in 10-inch pans in the morning rather than tossing and stretching the dough to order.

title: Greek pizza


text: User talk:83.100.200.172

title: User talk:83.100.200.172


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nazarenes (artists)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECTED to Nazarene movement. Postdlf 04:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Nazarenes (artists)
Same group as Nazarene movement, which I discovered after creating the article. After I made a speedy delete request, a vfd was recommended. >>sparkit| TALK << 23:27, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy redirect. But request by original author is a legitimate speedy deletion criterion. Pburka 00:58, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:24.131.63.39

title: User talk:24.131.63.39


text:
File:WoT00 NewSpring.jpg

Summary
Book cover for New Spring by Robert Jordan.

Rationale of fair use for New Spring

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:WoT00 NewSpring.jpg


text:
Grim Reaper (disambiguation)

The Grim Reaper is a personification of death.

Grim Reaper(s) may also refer to:

Military

 * 493rd Fighter Squadron, USAF F-15 Eagle squadron
 * VF-10, aviation unit of the US Navy from 1942 to 1945
 * VFA-101, US Navy Fleet Replacement Squadron active 1952–2005 and 2012–19

People

 * Gregory Scarpa, mafia hitman for the Colombo crime family
 * Stu Grimson, Canadian ice hockey player active in the NHL from 1989 to 2002
 * Patrick Mahomes, American quarterback for the Kansas City Chiefs
 * Mitch McConnell, American politician and Senate Republican leader since 2007

Art and entertainment

 * Grim Reaper (band), a British heavy metal band
 * "Grim Reaper of Love", a 1966 single by the American rock band The Turtles
 * "The Grim Reaper", a song by King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard from Omnium Gatherum

Films and television

 * Grim Reaper (film), a 2007 horror film
 * The Grim Reaper, episode 37 of Thriller (American TV series)
 * La commare secca, typically titled in English as The Grim Reaper, a 1962 Italian mystery film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci
 * Antropophagus, distributed in the US as The Grim Reaper, a 1980 Italian horror film directed by Joe D'Amato

Characters

 * Grim Reaper (comics), a Marvel Comics supervillain
 * Grim Reaper (Nedor Comics), a Nedor Comics hero
 * Grim Reaper aka Grim, a character in the animated TV series The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy; see List of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy characters

Other

 * Grim Reaper (advertisement), a 1987 Australian AIDS awareness campaign
 * Grim Reapers Motorcycle Club (Canada), a Canadian outlaw motorcycle club (MC) established in 1967
 * Grim Reapers Motorcycle Club (USA), an American outlaw motorcycle club (MC) established in 1965
 * The Grim Reaper, an error alert that replaced the Guru Meditation in later versions of AmigaOS

title: Grim Reaper (disambiguation)


text: File:WoT01 TheEyeOfTheWorld.jpg

title: File:WoT01 TheEyeOfTheWorld.jpg


text:
File:WoT02 TheGreatHunt.jpg

Summary
Book cover for The Great Hunt by Robert Jordan.

Rationale of fair use for The Great Hunt

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:WoT02 TheGreatHunt.jpg


text:
File:WoT03 TheDragonReborn.jpg

Summary
Book cover for The Dragon Reborn by Robert Jordan, source http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi?38753

Rationale of fair use for The Dragon Reborn

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:WoT03 TheDragonReborn.jpg


text:
Kṛttikā

The star cluster  Sanskrit: कृत्तिका, pronounced, popularly transliterated Krittika), sometimes known as Kārtikā, corresponds to the open star cluster called Pleiades in western astronomy; it is one of the clusters which makes up the constellation Taurus. In Indian astronomy and (Hindu astrology) the name literally translates to "the cutters".  It is also the name of its goddess-personification, who is a daughter of Daksha and Panchajani, and thus a half-sister to Khyati. Spouse of Kṛttikā is Chandra ("moon"). The six Krittikas who raised the Hindu God Kartikeya are Śiva, Sambhūti, Prīti, Sannati, Anasūya and Kṣamā.

In Hindu astrology,  is the third of the 27 s. It is ruled by Sun. Under the traditional Hindu principle of naming individuals according to their Ascendant/Lagna, the following Sanskrit syllables correspond with this , and would belong at the beginning of the first name of an individual born under it: A (अ), I (ई), U (उ) and E (ए).

title: Kṛttikā


text:
File:WoT04 TheShadowRising.jpg

Summary
Book cover for The Shadow Rising by Robert Jordan.

Rationale of fair use for The Shadow Rising

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:WoT04 TheShadowRising.jpg


text:
File:WoT05 TheFiresOfHeaven.jpg

Summary
Book cover for The Fires of Heaven by Robert Jordan.

Rationale of fair use for The Fires of Heaven

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:WoT05 TheFiresOfHeaven.jpg


text:
File:WoT06 LordOfChaos.jpg

Summary
Book cover for Lord of Chaos by Robert Jordan.

Rationale of fair use for Lord of Chaos

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:WoT06 LordOfChaos.jpg


text:
Society for Cryobiology

The Society for Cryobiology is an international scientific society that was founded in 1964. Its objectives are to promote research in low temperature biology, to improve scientific understanding in this field, and to disseminate and aid in the application of this knowledge. The Society also publishes a journal called Cryobiology.

The society has hosted 60 annual meetings to date, with the 2024 annual meeting being held in Washington. The three-day event will host over 350 delegates from more than 35 countries.

Presidents of the society
A list of past presidents of the society is in the following

 * 1964 – 1965 Basile J. Luyet
 * 1966 – 1967 Ronald I. N. Greaves
 * 1967 – 1968 Donald Greiff
 * 1968 – 1969 Charles E. Huggins
 * 1969 – 1970 Arthur P. Rinfret
 * 1970 – 1971 George W. Hyatt
 * 1971 – 1973 Jacob Levitt
 * 1973 – 1974 Peter Mazur
 * 1975 – 1976 David E. Pegg
 * 1977 – 1978 Alan P. MacKenzie
 * 1979 – 1980 Michael J. Ashwood-Smith
 * 1981 – 1982 Harold T. Meryman
 * 1983 – 1985 Arthur W. Rowe
 * 1985 – 1987 Stanley P. Leibo
 * 1987 – 1989 John G. Baust
 * 1989 – 1991 S. Randolph May
 * 1992 – 1993 James H. Southard
 * 1994 – 1995 Kenneth R. Diller
 * 1996 – 1997 Peter L. Steponkus
 * 1998 – 1999 Locksley E. McGann
 * 2000 – 2001 John J. McGrath
 * 2002 – 2003 Mehmet Toner
 * 2004 – 2005 John C. Bischof
 * 2006 – 2007 Andreas Sputtek
 * 2008 – 2009 John K. Critser
 * 2010 – 2011 Barry J. Fuller
 * 2012 – 2013 John H. Crowe
 * 2014 – 2015 Erik J. Woods
 * 2016 – 2017 Jason P. Acker
 * 2018 – 2019 Dayong Gao
 * 2020 – 2021 Adam Higgins
 * 2022 – 2023 Gregory M. Fahy
 * 2023 – 2024 Allison Hubel
 * 2024 – 2025 John M. Baust

title: Society for Cryobiology


text:
File:WoT07 ACrownOfSwords.jpg

Summary
Book cover for A Crown of Swords by Robert Jordan.

Rationale of fair use for A Crown of Swords

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:WoT07 ACrownOfSwords.jpg


text: User talk:80.42.61.191

title: User talk:80.42.61.191


text:
Talk:Bernard Blier

Jules Blier
Jules Blier never worked for the Pasteur Institute. He did follow a course in microbiology there (http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/archives/f_elv1.html).

title: Talk:Bernard Blier


text:
File:WoT08 ThePathOfDaggers.jpg

Summary
Book cover for The Path of Daggers by Robert Jordan.

Rationale of fair use for The Path of Daggers

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:WoT08 ThePathOfDaggers.jpg


text:
File:WoT09 WintersHeart.jpg

Summary
Book cover for Winter's Heart by Robert Jordan.

Rationale of fair use for Winter's Heart

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:WoT09 WintersHeart.jpg


text:
Kadayanallur

Kadayanallur is a Municipality in Tenkasi district, Tamil Nadu, India. Kadayanallur is approximately 16 km from the town of Tenkasi, the district headquarters. With an area of 52 square kilometres and a population of 90,364, Kadayanallur is classified as a First Grade Municipality under Tamil Nadu's municipal code.

Etymology
The name Kadaiyanallur comes from "Kadaikaaleeswara", the name of the presiding deity of Kadayaleeswarar kovil, a Hindu temple in Kadayanallur.

Location
The city is located on the foot of the Western Ghats in the east and slope from west to east it lies at 9.08°N, 77.35°W. The Town is situated about 18 km on north of Courtallam. Surrounded by the Western Ghats, Kadayanallur has scenic surroundings with paddy fields and ponds.

Geography
Kadayanallur is at 9.08°N, 77.35°W. The town is on the foot of the Western Ghat and has an average elevation of 191 m.The town is surrounded by the western ghats in three sides and is situated on the way from Madurai to Kollam highway

The City is surrounded by paddy fields, coconut farms, and many ponds. A small river flows in the middle of the city. There are some rocky regions on the western end of the city called locally as 'parumbu'. Attakulam, Paloorani, Thamaraikulam, Annamalai peri and paatiyuthukulam and last and largest of those is Periyakulam are the ponds found in this city.

The City has an area of 52.25 sq.km. It is about 16 km to the north of Tenkasi and 47 km to the south of Rajapalayam. The N.H. 208 Quilon – Thirumangalam passes through this City. It in general has a dry climate except during the monsoon.

Climate
Kadaiyanallur's climate is classified as tropical. The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Aw. The average annual temperature is 27.3 °C in Kadaiyanallur. The average annual rainfall is 1206 mm. The South West Monsoon brings in the cold breeze with mild temperature. From October to December North East Monsoon sets over in Tamil Nadu and the climate is cold and the rains are very heavy sometimes.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Kadayanallur Municipality had a population of 90,364 with 45,449 males and 44,915 females. This yields a sex-ratio of 988 females for every 1,000 males. This sex-ratio is higher than the state of Tamil Nadu (917), and the Indian average (907) as a whole.

The population by religious community table indicates that Kadayanallur has 50,586 Hindus, 39,235 Muslims, 437 Christians, 13 following other religions, and 93 persons with "religion not stated." This yields a percentage distribution of approximately 55.98% Hindus, 43.41% Muslims, 0.48% Christians, 0.01% following other religions, and 0.1% with "religion not stated."

A total of 9,810 were under the age of six, constituting 4,889 males and 4,921 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 13.64% and 0.42% of the population respectively. The average literacy was 71.8%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.

The town had 21076 households. There were 34,039 workers, comprising 927 cultivators, 6,839 main agricultural labourers, 3,176 in household industries, 20,095 other workers, 3,002 marginal workers, 34 marginal cultivators, 390 marginal agricultural labourers, 569 marginal workers in household industries, and 2,009 other marginal workers.

Amenities
The Indian Postal Service Pincode is 627751 (Bazaar), 627759 (Krishnapuram). The Telecom Code (BSNL) is 04633.

Economy
Make the textile industry of the last generation of people and send it to neighboring countries, It is famous for saaral (drizzling), which occurs from May to August. It is known for its vast paddy and coconut fields.

Most of the last generation of residents were farmers and weavers; however, many are now employed around India and in countries such as the Middle East, Singapore, Malaysia.

Most recently Kadayanallur got people attraction for the gold business. You can find full street with jewel shops with affordable prices.

People regularly visit around the town such as Dam, Water Falls and Agricultural area.

Tourism
The main tourist attractions of the city are the Karuppanadhi dam, the Kallaru river, Periyaru river, Periya Pallivasal, Pettai Pallivasal, Arulmigu Abhayagastha Anjaneyar Temple, Kookaruvi falls at the top of hills, Kannimariyamman Temple Krishnan Kovil, and the Bathrakaliamman Kovil.

By Rail
Kadayanallur Railway station is situated in Kadayanallur, Tamil Nadu. Station code of Kadayanallur is KDNL. Here are some trains that are passing through Kadayanallur railway station like Ms-sct Pothigai Exp, Pothigai Exp, Ms-sct Silambu Bi-wkly, Sct-ms Silambu Bi-wkly, Tbm-sct Special Fare, Sct-mdu Pass., Mdu-sct Pass., and many more.

By Bus
SETC Bus Service is available from the Kadayanallur New Bus Stand to all major locations in Tamil Nadu. All Major Private Omni Bus have daily services connecting kadayanallur and Chennai,Bangalore.

By Air
The nearest airports are as follows:-

 * 1) Tuticorin Airport (101 km or 66 miles)
 * 2) Trivandrum International Airport (123 km or 76 miles)
 * 3) Madurai Airport (141 km or 87 miles)
 * 4) Cochin International Airport (258 Km)

title: Kadayanallur


text:
File:WoT10 CrossroadsOfTwilight.jpg

Summary
Book cover for Crossroads of Twilight by Robert Jordan.

Rationale of fair use for Crossroads of Twilight

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:WoT10 CrossroadsOfTwilight.jpg


text:
File:WoT11 KnifeOfDreams.jpg

Summary
Book cover for Knife of Dreams by Robert Jordan.

Rationale of fair use for Knife of Dreams

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this novel.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the novel in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a novel, the cover artwork is often a crucial source of critical commentary about the novel, and as such the artwork adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:WoT11 KnifeOfDreams.jpg


text:
Talk:Rivet

Fashion
Some articles link here trying to refer to a culture or fashion alongside punk, goth and steampunk.

Size
How are rivets measured? Does a 1/8" rivet have a 1/8" radius, diameter, or circumference?

 * Diameter (of the shank). --Simian, 2005-10-27, 05:06 Z

 * In the aircraft industry (at least in the United States) rivet size is specified by a number that is a multiple of 1/32 of an inch. The common sizes are 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8. These would be rivets that are 3/32, 1/8, 5/32, 3/16, and 1/4 inches in diameter. For example, a NASM20470AD6 rivet would be a solid rivet with a universal head and a 3/16-inch diameter shank. "NASM20470" indicates the standard that defines the rivet which was known as MS20470 before it was adopted by NAS. "AD" indicates the rivet material which is one of the weaker but easier to drive aluminum alloys. On a drawing, this rivet would be called out as a "BJ6" which is a fastener encoding defined by NAS523.--Jebix (talk) 01:20, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

I have seen in some older patents that "rivet" seems to be used as a term to describe the bending-down of metal by hammering, more than a particular type of fastener. -- User:axh, 2006-09-20, 11:32 EST

I have a friend who is building a headlamp, and at several points, he needs to rivet together two pieces of aluminum. What rivets would be best for that, and how would he use them?

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.133.196.235 (talk) 07:14, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

Picture
Has anybody a picture of a pneumatic rivet hammer looks similar to a Jackhammer.--134.76.234.75 (talk) 12:33, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Many articles lack images totally, but this one has a profusion. The following image, recently added, I believe is not very helpful:

The legend is 'Manual hand-operated riveter.' We are grateful to those who go to the trouble to create images, but they don't work everywhere. For this article I suggest that we are better off with diagrams of how the rivets work, or how they are attached, than more plain photos of the tools used, which typically are puzzling, unless marked up with detailed legends. (Is there a rivet in this picture anywhere?). The naked link to http://www.rivet.com which was added by the same editor is problematic, since the site appears to be a product catalog. It is better to link to a textbook or didactic information. If a commercial site that sells rivets has to be used, then link to a single page that can serve as a reference for a specific claim made in the article. EdJohnston (talk) 16:45, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It would be helpful to have some images people have seen before. I like the images at Niet because they show more familiar images of rivets in action, such as:
 * [[Image:Berlin nietverbindung 20050209 p1000411.jpg|100px]]
 * --77.4.232.211 (talk) 20:37, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Semi-protection needed?
Nine IP vandal edits in four days suggests a need for this. When editors have to correct multiple vandal edits at one time, content can be lost. (See recent history). Comments? EdJohnston (talk) 15:21, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Self Pierce Riveting
Self Pierce Rivets (often shortened to SPR) are designed to join two or more sheets of material together (usually metal) without the need to have a pre-existing hole - hence the name. As the rivet is driven into the materials it gradually flares within the sheet materials (with the assistance of an upsetting die) locking the material together without piercing the lower material. Typical riveting cycle time ranges from 1 to 4 seconds.

While in use in a number of industries, it is most widely known in the Automobile industry. As more automobile manufacturers look towards weight-saving, self pierce rivets are being used more due to the move towards lighter materials such as Aluminium. Unfortunately Aluminium is more difficult to spot weld than Steel, necessitating the use of self pierce rivets. The most widely publicised example is the Mark 3 Jaguar XJ8 (also known as the X350).

http://www.emhart.com/products/spr.asp http://www.henrob.co.uk/languages/english/history.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by Co fragment (talk • contribs) 09:40, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The above is a small piece on Self Pierce Rivets, based on experience and the following websites to make it 'cite-able' I'm just not that experienced with WP so if someone could add it to the main page correctly with citations I'd appreciate it. Sorry but couldn't find any non-CP images.

Names for blind rivets
"pop rivets" redirects here. but without any explination as to what a pop rivet is in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.17.149.242 (talk) 04:48, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

In Australia, I've only ever heard of these being referred to as "pop rivets". Obviously referring to how the mandrel pops out of the assembly. Is it worth mentioning this? 59.154.17.6 (talk) 01:47, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Also a common name in the USA - Leonard G. (talk) 03:33, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * P.S. Now properly noted in the blind rivet section (note that pop rivet redirects here).

 * The designer of the Zenith line of kit aircraft and owner of the Zenith Aircraft Company has this to say about pop rivets in his article about aircraft design.

 * Just google "pop rivet" and you find that it is a brand name now owned by Emhart Teknologies a Black & Decker company.--Jebix (talk) 00:57, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

"POP" is a brand of blind rivets (http://www.emhart.com/) and is a registered trademark (#72415924).

Pop is the noise they make when the head breaks from the mandril. If the head pulls out without snapping off, then the rivet diameter is too small for the hole. Bye nature pop rivets are blind. Blind simply means only one operator is needed on one side.202.125.31.66 (talk) 10:29, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Note also that United Shoe Machinery didn't make shoes, they made shoe-making machinery. And at times, all sorts of heavy engineering, including tanks. Pop rivets certainly aren't "shoe rivets". Andy Dingley (talk) 10:41, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

Q. Are high-strength bolts are a better choice than rivets for many uses?
A. That question can be answered in two ways, in terms of economics and performance. High strength bolts are "A better choice" considering the cost of labor and construction. While they are much more expensive to manufacture, the installed cost is much lower due to the increased safety and reduced efforts required by workers to install bolts. Rivets are a low cost product, but expensive to install. Bolts are a high priced product, but very cost effective to install. Obviously, the cost to install is higher then the cost to produce. As far as performance, there are few products that can match the installed strength, key features, and added benefits of a rivet. On the otherhand, newer technologies are becoming more accepted as a cost effective alternative.

The Older Method - Hot Riveting - The old riveting method required a low cost rivet, to be heated to a mallable temperature at the point of use. This required an oven running at all times during the installtion process (expensive). In addition, these hot rivets would need to be passed to the installers via a throw and catch method, which is dangerous at high heights. During installation, the hot rivet would be pneumatically hammered into place. This action caused the rivet to swell or radially expand within the hole. In addition a mushroomed headform is created on both sides. After it is applied and as the rivet cools, the steel rivet "shrinks" and the two heads squeeze together. This dramatically increases the tension force and the swelling of the rivet in the hole dramatically increases shear load.

The Newer Method - High Strength Bolts - Recently the development of new steels allowed for the use of high strength bolts. The are pre heat treated to a hardness that is capable of supporting the load and they are easy to remove if neccessary. The are easy to transport and easy to install buy using a pneumatic torque control driver. As far as economy the total installed cost is less, however, there are some direct comparisons that cannot be made to rivets. High strength bolts do not swell in the hole and do not shrink as rivets do. Additionally, the torque of the installation tool is very important and if over torqued can damage the threads reducing strength. Bolts and nuts can be removed easily and can also vibrate loose over time. The space between the bolt and the hole wall is a crevace and as a result is difficult to prevent oxidation or rust. As a general rule, high strength bolts can be used as long as they have a tension control feature and is widely accepted as an alternative to riveting.

Only the true test of time will tell its effectiveness. The brooklyn bridge is still standading and is one of the strongest bridges in the world. Rivetpro (talk) 05:05, 29 January 2009 (UTC)RIVETPRO —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rivetpro (talk • contribs) 04:56, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

For steel building skeletons HT bolts need not be an interference fit in the hole. The threads of both nut and bolt must be cleaned before assembly. They are usually tightened with pneumatic tools and threads are easily stripped if not clean. An infamous example is the car park at U Texas. After four stories were completed then entire structure collapsed. Many stripped threads were the cause.

For high stress applications such as truck chassis, bolt shanks must be an interference fit in the hole. This is recommended by manufacturers when a cold rivet is replaced. (Govt regulation often overrides this and only permits cold rivets for auto applications.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.244.72.236 (talk) 23:39, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

Diagrams
size should be explain by digram

This page could use some good diagrams showing the various rivet types in cross-section.--Hooperbloob 04:00, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree that diagrams (especially detailing how blind rivets work) would go a long way towards improving this article. I am NOT suggesting that the following image by used, but it is an excellent example of the kind of simple animated GIF that is needed:  68.8.202.217 (talk) 00:04, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Explosive rivets
The article does not mention them. Google knows them. Were they a German invention?--SilasW (talk) 20:56, 13 Jun

These are actually studs or nails. They are fired into concrete without any pre-drilling. The exposed end may have a thread or hook. They are not rivets.220.244.72.236 (talk) 23:41, 17 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Explosive rivets were also used for blind riveting (rather than pop rivets). Compared to pop rivets they gave better expansion of the head. Yes, they were German. They were set off by touching them with somthing like a hot soldering iron. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:37, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

Friction-lock rivets
The article does not descibe them--SilasW (talk) 20:57, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Health and Safety Fail...
People THROWING red-hot rivets fresh from a furnace around building sites? This is either a joke or needs explaining... 137.205.138.179 (talk) 17:14, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

 * See: http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675054482_Tennessee-Valley-Authority_construction-of-dam_power-generation_United-States-flag and http://www.fotosearch.com/CRT706/18www/ Wizard191 (talk) 18:09, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

I stand corrected! Never encountered this before. 137.205.138.179 (talk) 23:44, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

The table describing Al. Al. rivets
I was wondering why the table describing aluminium alloy rivets, their alphabetical letter, driven condition and markings is in the friction type rivet section. These codes are use by the aerospace industry to describe plain rivets, not friction type rivets. 173.177.247.69 (talk) 23:39, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

Basic idea not explained for the layman
"On installation the rivet is placed in a punched or drilled hole, and the tail is upset, or bucked (i.e., deformed), so that it expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in place. In other words, pounding creates a new "head" on the other end by smashing the "tail" material flatter, resulting in a rivet that is roughly a dumbbell shape". Can somebody please convert this gibberish to something meaningful to the layman. Means nothing to me. Seems to me it needs somebody exerting force on both ends. How is it held in place ? Rcbutcher (talk) 14:47, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Advantages are not covered very well. Cold rivets are normally used in the most demanding applications, such as truck chassis. High stress vibrations occur in all directions. The shank of the rivet must be a very tight fit in the hole. Any movement will soon cause the hole to 'flog out' and the rivet will break. When a cold rivet is hammered the shank expands sufficiently to squash tightly against the hole walls. Cold riveting by hand is very limited in size. Roll pins are a type of cold rivet that can be hammered easily by hand. They are a hollow shank of spring steel with a narrow slot cut lengthwise. When hammered the slot closes and deforms slightly. Should any flogging occur the pin expands with the hole. These are used in high-vibration applications. Cold squeezing is nearly always done in a factory with large hydraulic tools. Hot riveting can easily be done by hand onsite. When the rivet cools the shank shrinks in length and in diameter. The shrinkage in length helps draw the two plates together. The shrinkage in diameter means flogging is possible. Thus, hot rivets are used in less demanding applications, not where vibration occurs, and are used in higher densities than cold rivets.220.244.72.236 (talk) 23:56, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

Double Head Rivets
I was looking for information about Double Head Rivets (also known as Double Cap Rivets) and found none. Can we have someone add a section about leatherworking with rivets?

Thanks

WesT (talk) 18:08, 9 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Rivet. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020913180956/http%3A//www.industrial%2Dfasteners.org/ to http://www.industrial-fasteners.org/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:27, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rivet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Guy person

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 04:19, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Guy person
Vanity page. Andrew pmk 23:33, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Dcarrano 02:08, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, webcomiccruft. Gazpacho 03:59, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 09:45, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Palaeoloxodon recki

Palaeoloxodon recki, often known by the synonym Elephas recki is an extinct species of elephant native to Africa and West Asia from the Pliocene or Early Pleistocene to the Middle Pleistocene. During most of its existence, the species (in its broad sense) represented the dominant elephant species in East Africa. The species is divided into five roughly chronologically successive subspecies. While the type and latest subspecies P. recki recki as well as the preceding P. recki ileretensis are widely accepted to be closely related to Eurasian Palaeoloxodon, the relationships of the other, chronologically earlier subspecies to P. recki recki and P. recki ileretensis are uncertain, with it being suggested they are unrelated and should be elevated to separate species.

Taxonomy
The species was initially named from specimens found at Bed IV in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania by Wilhelm Otto Dietrich in 1915, originally as a subspecies of the European straight-tusked elephant, what is now called Palaeoloxodon antiquus, as Elephas antiquus recki. It was named after Hans Reck, a German paleontologist and geologist who had done the initial surveying of the gorge in 1913, and had collected a considerable number of fossils from the locality.  Camille Arambourg in 1942 described additional specimens of the species from Omo Valley in Ethiopia, and suggested that they were distinctive enough that they warranted being placed as the distinct species E. recki. The two deposits are not contemporaneous and the specimens from each locality are morphologically distinctive from each other, which has led to confusion about which locality represents the "typical" morphology of the species. The placement of Elepas recki in the genus Elephas was contested as early as 1942, when in a publication by Douglas Gordon MacInnes and Henry Fairfield Osborn's posthumous monograph on fossil proboscideans it was suggested that Elephas recki should instead be placed in Palaeoloxodon, though many later authors continued to place the species in the genus Elephas, treating Palaeoloxodon as a subgenus of Elephas.

Michel Beden's publications during the 1980s on Elephas recki primarily focusing on molar morphology  identified five successive subspecies, from oldest to youngest with ages according to Sanders (2023) :
 * E. r. brumpti Beden, 1980 Early Pliocene-~3.2 million years ago (mya)
 * E. r. shungurensis Beden, 1980 ~3.2-2.3 mya
 * E. r. atavus Arambourg, 1947 ~2.3-1.8 mya
 * E. r. ileretensis Beden, 1987 ~1.8-1.4/1.6 mya
 * E. r. recki (Dietrich, 1916) 1.6/1.4 mya-late Middle Pleistocene

For decades after Beden's publications, his view of "Elephas recki" as a succession of subspecies was accepted as orthodoxy. However, Beden's views of Elephas recki evolution were challenged by the work of Nancy Todd published in 2001 and 2005. Todd found that the different subspecies exhibited high variability in molar dimensions within subspecies, but low variability between the subspecies, and that not all of the subspecies clustered together with each other in cladistic analysis, as would be expected if they formed a single species, with E. r. brumpti E. r. shungurensis and E. r. atavus being placed separately from E. r. ileretensis and E. r. recki, and that the supposed subspecies substantially chronologically overlapped, though later work suggested that this chronological overlap was likely overstated.

A 2020 PhD thesis by Steven Zhang, focusing primarily on skull morphology again challenged the monophyly of Elephas recki as a whole, finding that while E. r. ileretensis and E. recki recki has a close relationship with Eurasian Palaeoloxodon. which genetic data shows is closely related to African elephants (Loxodonta), the other named E. recki subspecies were likely unrelated, and more closely related to true members of the genus Elephas (which contains the living Asian elephant). Zhang suggested that E. r. brumpti was synonymous with "Elephas" planifrons, primarily known from the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of the Indian subcontinent, and that this species should be placed into Phanagoroloxodon, while E. r. atavus should be elevated to full species status as a true member of the genus Elephas. However, while Sanders (2023) accepted that E. r. brumpti was unlikely to be closely related to E. recki recki, he rejected the synonymity of E. r. brumpti with "Elephas" planifrons (though he suggested that the two may be sister species), and questioned their placement in Phanagoroloxodon, while he considered the relationship of E. r. atavus to E. recki recki to be uncertain.

Outside its core East African distribution. It has also been suggested that material from West Asia, including that from the earliest Middle Pleistocene (c. 780,000 years ago) Paleolithic archaeological site Gesher Bnot Ya'akov (otherwise attributed to P. antiquus) in northern Israel, the Middle Pleistocene (c. 500,000 years ago) Ti's al Ghadah site in northern Saudi Arabia, and the late Middle Pleistocene Shishan Marsh site in Jordan, belongs to P. recki recki.

Description
Members of the species were larger than any living elephant. A large mostly complete male specimen of P. recki atavus from Koobi Fora, Kenya, suggested to have been approximately 40 years old when it died, was estimated in a 2016 study to have measured 4.27 m tall at the shoulder and weighed 12.3 t, with the tusks of some P. recki individuals reaching 4 m in length, and masses likely considerably in excess of 100 kg. In 2024, Biswas, Chang and Tsai estimated its maximum shoulder height over 4.23 m, with the estimated body masses of 7 measured specimens ranging from 4.5 - 15.3 tonne. In comparison to most Eurasian species of Palaeoloxodon, the parieto-occipital crest of P. recki recki at the top of the skull is only weakly developed. The frons (forehead) is tall and biconvex. Like Eurasian Palaeoloxodon species, the premaxillary bones of P. recki recki containing the tusks flare laterally outwards. Over time the molar teeth of P. recki show an increasing number of lamellae, and taller crown height (hypsodonty).

Ecology
All named subspecies of ''P/E. recki,'' regardless of true evolutionary relationships, are thought to have been dedicated grazers, with the molar teeth of later subspecies showing greater adaption to grazing than earlier subspecies.

Evolutionary history
Following the emergence of P. recki in Africa, at the end of the Early Pleistocene, around 800,000 years ago, a population of P. recki recki migrated out of Africa, giving rise to the Eurasian radiation of Palaeoloxodon. Its descendant taxon or last evolutionary stage, Palaeoloxodon iolensis, is known from remains found across Africa of late Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene age. Following the extinction of P. iolensis it was replaced by the modern African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana).

Relationship with humans
At several sites across Africa, remains of P. recki have been found associated with stone tools. In some cases like Olduvai FLK, these are likely coincidental, but in others which bears cut marks, these likely represent evidence of butchery by archaic humans. Sites containing P. recki remains with cut marks and/or stone tools include Upper Bed II at the Bell's Korongo site in Olduvai Gorge, dating to around 1.35 million years ago, which has been suggested to be the oldest site in the world with reliable evidence of elephant butchery, associated with Oldowan-type stone tools, and the Olorgesailie Basin Member 1 Site 15 in Kenya, dated to 992–974,000 years ago, and the Nadung’a 4 site near Lake Turkana, Kenya, dating to approximately 700,000 years ago. The Barogali site in Djibouti, dating to 1.6-1.3 million years ago, where a disassociated specimen of P. recki (suggested to be E. recki atavus ) was found with numerous stone tools (probably Oldowan) created onsite, has also been suggested to be a butchery site. The ''P. antiquus/P. recki'' specimen from Gesher Bnot Ya'akov is associated with an Acheulean stone handaxe and other bifaced tools, and displays cut marks and fracture marks indicative of butchery, though the fracturing of the skull, which has been suggested to be the result of an attempt to extract the brain, may alternatively be the result of postmortem trampling.

title: Palaeoloxodon recki


text:
User talk:192.206.180.200

A Penny For Jane
Hi. I've removed where you put references in the A Penny for Jane article. Wikipedia cannot be used as a source for cites within itself. Thanks. -- Escape Orbit (Talk) 21:46, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:192.206.180.200


text:
House of Burgundy

The House of Burgundy was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, descending from Robert I, Duke of Burgundy, a younger son of King Robert II of France. The House ruled the Duchy of Burgundy from 1032 to 1361 and achieved the recognized title of King of Portugal.

The last member of the House was Philip of Rouvres, who succeeded his grandfather in 1349. Philip died childless in 1361 and the duchy reverted to his liege, who two years later created his son the new duke of Burgundy, thus beginning the Younger House of Burgundy.

Notable members of the main line of the House of Burgundy include:
 * Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
 * Henry, Count of Portugal, father of the first Portuguese King Afonso Henriques
 * Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy
 * Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy
 * Margaret of Burgundy, the first wife and Queen of Louis X of France
 * Joan the Lame, the first wife and Queen of Philip VI of France
 * Philip I, Duke of Burgundy

The Portuguese Branch
The Portuguese House of Burgundy was the Portuguese cadet house of the House of Burgundy, founded by Henry, Count of Portugal in 1093. The senior legitimate line went extinct with the death of King Ferdinand I of Portugal in 1383, but two illegitimate lines, the Houses of Aviz and Braganza, continued to rule in Portugal, with interruptions, until 1910 and later Brazil until 1889.

House of Burgundy

 * Robert II of France (972–1031)
 * Hugh Magnus (1007–1025)
 * Henry I of France (1008–1060)
 * House of Capet
 * Robert I, Duke of Burgundy (1011–1076)
 * Hugh (1034–1060)
 * Henry of Burgundy (1035–1066)
 * Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy (1057–1093)
 * Odo I, Duke of Burgundy (1058–1103)
 * Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy (1084–1143)
 * Odo II, Duke of Burgundy (1118–1162)
 * Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (1148–1192)
 * Odo III, Duke of Burgundy (1166–1218)
 * Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy (1213–1272)
 * Odo, Count of Nevers (1230–1269)
 * John, Count of Charolais, Lord of Bourbon (1231–1268)
 * Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (1248–1306)
 * Jean (1279–1283)
 * Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy (1294–1315)
 * Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy (1295–1349)
 * Philip II, Count of Auvergne (1323–1346)
 * Philip I, Duke of Burgundy (1346–1361)
 * John (1325–1328)
 * Louis, King of Thessalonica (1297–1316)
 * Robert, Count of Tonnerre (1302–1334)
 * Hugh, Lord of Montréal and Viscount of Avallon (1260–1288)
 * Alexandre, Lord of Montagu (1170 † 1205)
 * Lords of Montagu
 * Guigues VI of Viennois (1184 † 1237)
 * Guigues VII of Viennois (1225–1270)
 * John I, Dauphin of Viennois (1264–1282)
 * Andrew (1267-aft.1270)
 * John (1227–1239)
 * Gauthier, Archbishop of Besançon (1120–1180)
 * Hugh le Roux, Lord of Navilly (1121–1171)
 * Guillaume
 * Robert, Bishop of Autun (1122–1140)
 * Henry, Lord of Flavigny, Bishop of Autun (1124–1170)
 * Raymond, Lord of Grignon and Montpensier (1125–1156)
 * Hugues (1147–1156)
 * Henry (1087–1131)
 * Robert, Bishop of Langres (1059–1111)
 * Reginald, Abbot of Saint-Pierre de Flavigny (1065–1092)
 * Henry, Count of Portugal (1066–1112)
 * Portuguese House of Burgundy
 * Robert (1040–1113)
 * Simon (1044–1088)
 * Odo (1013–c.1056)

Montagu branch

 * Alexandre, Lord of Montagu (1170 † 1205)
 * Eudes I, Lord of Montagu (1196–1245)
 * Alexandre II, Lord of Bussy (1221–1249)
 * Guillaume I, Lord of Montagu (1222–1300)
 * Alexandre III, Lord of Sombernon (1250–1296)
 * Etienne I, Lord of Sombernon (1273–1315)
 * Etienne II, Lord of Sombernon (1296–1339)
 * Guillaume II, Lord of Sombernon (1320–1350)
 * Jean, Lord of Sombernon (1341–1410)
 * Catherine, Lady of Sombernon and Malain (1365-aft. 1431)
 * Pierre, Lord of Malain (1343–1419)
 * Pierre I, Lord of Malain (1322-)
 * Etienne, priest (1345–1367)
 * Hugues, monk (1324-aft. 1359)
 * Philibert I, Lord of Couches (1300-aft. 1362)
 * Hugues de Montagu, Lord of Couches (1325-)
 * Jean de Montagu, (1346–1382)
 * Philibert II, Lord of Couches (1348–1406)
 * Jean II, Lord of Couches (1380-aft. 1435)
 * Claude, Lord of Couches (1404–1471)
 * Odot (−1406)
 * Hugues (1351-aft. 1380)
 * Alexandre, abbot of Flavigny (−1417)
 * Guillaume (1276-aft. 1313)
 * Eudes, Lord of Marigny-le-Cahouet (1290–1349)
 * Girard, Lord of Montoillot (1332-aft. 1367)
 * Jean, Lord of Montoillot (1363-aft. 1410)
 * Oudot (1365–1400)
 * Guillaume, Lord of Marigny (1335-aft. 1380)
 * Oudard, Lord of Montagu (1264-aft. 1333)
 * Henri, Lord of Montagu (1306–1349)
 * Oudard, monk at Reims (1312–1340)
 * Philippe, Lord of Chagny (1227-aft. 1277)
 * Gaucher, Lord of Jambles (1230-aft. 1255)
 * Eudes, Lord of Cortiambles (1231-aft. 1255)
 * Alexandre, Bishop of Chalon-sur-Saône (1201–1261)
 * Girard, Lord of Gergy (1203-aft.1222)

title: House of Burgundy


text:
Grégory Vignal

Grégory Vignal (born 19 July 1981) is a French football coach and former professional player.

A left back, Vignal played in the top division in five countries – England, France, Spain, Scotland and Greece – and in the second tier in a sixth, Germany. At international level, he was a member of the France under-18 team that won the 2000 European Championships, represented France at under-20 level in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship, and was capped four times at under-21 level.

He was head coach of Scottish Women's Premier League club Rangers from 2019 to 2020, and worked in Marseille's academy before returning to Scotland as a youth coach at Dundee. After completing his UEFA Pro Licence, he spent three months as manager of Championnat National club Versailles.

Early life
Grégory Vignal was born on 19 July 1981 in Montpellier, Hérault.

Liverpool and loans
Vignal began his career in the youth system of his home-town club, Montpellier. He soon established a reputation as a promising young player, and was signed by Liverpool in September 2000 for £500,000. He immediately impressed in his first reserve team outings and made his first team debut against Rotherham United in the FA Cup. He made a further six appearances during the 2000–01 season.

Vignal returned for the following season having featured in the World Youth Championship with the France Under-18 squad, and staked his claim for the left-back spot with some impressive performances at the start of the 2001–02 season. However, he found it hard to displace the reliable and experienced John Arne Riise. He made nine appearances that season.

He made just four appearances during the first half of the 2002–03 season and was loaned to Bastia for the remainder of the campaign on 11 January 2003.

During the 2003–04 campaign Vignal was again loaned out to Rennes for the first half of the season, and to Espanyol for the latter half.

Vignal had a season in Scotland at Rangers as the club regained the Scottish Premier League title, playing 42 games in all competitions and picking up a Scottish League Cup winner's medal as well as the league title.

Portsmouth
At the end of the 2004–05 season Vignal's Liverpool contract expired, and with him available on a free transfer Rangers wanted him to sign a permanent contract with them; however, he failed to agree terms, instead opting to move to Portsmouth. He was then released from Portsmouth after failing to impress Harry Redknapp on his return in the 2005–06 season.

RC Lens and loans
Vignal then moved to Lens on a free transfer and was loaned out to 1. FC Kaiserslautern for the second half of the season in January 2007.

After a trial, Vignal joined Southampton on a season-long loan on 27 July 2007. He scored his first goal for Southampton with a free kick in a 2–0 win over Leicester City in the FA Cup, and scored a penalty against Scunthorpe United in the Championship while playing with a broken arm in a cast. He scored another penalty in a 2–2 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers before being sent off for an off-the-ball incident; the red card was rescinded on appeal. He scored four goals from 23 appearances in the 2007–08 season.

Birmingham City and later career
A trial with another Championship club, Queens Park Rangers, in the summer of 2009 did not result in a contract, but a strong performance for Birmingham City – newly promoted to the Premier League under the management of Alex McLeish, who had remained in contact with Vignal since they worked together at Rangers – earned him a one-year contract with an option for a further year. However, injuries and the return to fitness and form of Liam Ridgewell at left-back restricted Vignal to just nine first-team appearances, and Birmingham chose not to take up the option of a second year.

In July 2010, Vignal had trials with Sheffield United and Cardiff City. In September, he joined Greek Super League club Atromitos, but left again after three months and four appearances.

In January 2011, while on trial with AC Arles-Avignon, Vignal injured a knee. It still gave him trouble years later after three operations, and despite a two-month spell with Scottish Premier League club Dundee United in late 2012 and a season with CFA (fourth-tier) club AS Béziers, he never played again at professional level.

Later career
In June 2013, Vignal took over the presidency of amateur club CE Palavas, based in the seaside commune of Palavas-les-Flots where his parents lived. Under his presidency, the team achieved three consecutive promotions and reached the seventh round of the Coupe de France for the first time. He stood down as president in favour of his father in 2017 to concentrate on the role of technical director.

Having spent the 2016–17 season as an assistant reserve coach at Montpellier, Vignal returned to Rangers in January 2018 as an academy coach, initially working with the under-14s and under-17s, and then with the under-18 team that won the 2018–19 SPFL Reserve League and Scottish Youth Cup. He also formed part of new first-team manager Steven Gerrard's support staff, and eventually left his academy role to scout for the first team.

In July 2019, following Rangers' decision to aim for a fully professional women's team as part of a women's and girls' football programme integrated into a restructured club, Amy McDonald became women's section manager and Vignal took her place as head coach of Rangers women. Malky Thomson came in to work alongside Vignal as joint head coach in January 2020, and Vignal left Rangers when his contract expired in June, having, according to the club, "played a pivotal role in the creation of the new full-time women's professional team ... [and] ensured a smooth transition for the Women's programme".

Vignal spent seven months with Olympique Marseille's academy, before returning to Scotland in 2021, initially as an assistant under-18s coach with Dundee under Gordon Strachan's management. He went on to take charge of the under-18s, and also worked with the reserves. He left Dundee in June 2023.

Already a holder of the UEFA A Licence, Vignal successfully completed the UEFA Pro Licence programme run by the French Football Federation from their Clairefontaine Football Training Institute in the 2022–23 season. He was appointed assistant to Laurent Peyrelade, manager of Championnat National club Versailles, ahead of the 2023–24 season, and took over the senior role after Peyrelade's dismissal in November, but lasted only ten matches before he himself was dismissed.

Honours
Liverpool
 * FA Cup: 2000–01
 * UEFA Cup: 2000–01
 * UEFA Super Cup: 2001

Rangers
 * Scottish League Cup: 2004–05
 * Scottish Premier League: 2004–05

Lens
 * Ligue 2: 2008–09

France U18
 * UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 2000

title: Grégory Vignal


text:
OTR-21 Tochka

OTR-21 Tochka (оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс (ОТР) «Точка») is a Soviet tactical ballistic missile. Its GRAU designation is 9K79. Its NATO reporting name is the SS-21 Scarab. One missile is transported per 9P129 vehicle and raised prior to launch. It uses an inertial guidance system.

The OTR-21 forward deployment to East Germany began in 1981, replacing the earlier Luna-M series of unguided artillery rockets. The system was scheduled to be decommissioned by the Russian Armed Forces in 2020 in favour of the 9K720 Iskander, but they have been observed in use against Ukrainian targets during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Description
The OTR-21 is a mobile missile launch system, designed to be deployed along with other land combat units on the battlefield. While the 9K52 Luna-M is large and relatively inaccurate, the OTR-21 is much smaller. The missile itself can be used for precise strikes on enemy tactical targets, such as control posts, bridges, storage facilities, troop concentrations and airfields. The fragmentation warhead can be replaced with a nuclear, biological or chemical warhead. The solid propellant makes the missile easy to maintain and deploy.

OTR-21 units are usually managed in a brigade structure. There are 18 launchers in a brigade. Each launcher is provided with two or three missiles.

The vehicle is amphibious, with a maximum road speed of 60 km/h and 8 km/h in water. The vehicle is NBC-protected. The system began development in 1968. Three variants were developed.

Tochka
The initial version, Tochka, NATO reporting name Scarab A, entered service with the Soviet Army in 1975. It carried one of four types of warhead:
 * 9M123F unitary High explosive warhead. Weight 420 kg.
 * 9M123K submunitions warhead. Anti-personnel, anti-armour and anti-runway submunitions available.
 * 9M79B nuclear. Selectable yield of 10 or 100 kT.
 * 9N123R EMP warhead.

The minimum range was about 15 km, maximum range was 70 km. Its circular error probable (CEP) is estimated to be about 150 m.

Tochka-U
The improved Tochka-U, NATO reporting name Scarab B, passed state tests from 1986 to 1988, and was introduced in 1989.

A new motor propellant increased the range to 120 km. The CEP significantly improved, to 95 m. Six warhead options have been reported, a unitary high explosive warhead, an anti-personnel submunition dispenser, an anti-radar warhead, an EMP warhead and two nuclear warheads.

Scarab C
An unconfirmed third variant, designated Scarab C by NATO, may have been developed in the 1990s, but was likely never operational. Range increased to 185 km, and the CEP decreased to less than 70 m (229 ft). Scarab C weighed 1800 kg.

Configuration
Educational means:
 * 9M79 missiles with various types of warheads (-9M79-1 for Tochka U Complex).
 * Launcher 9P129 or 9P129-1M (SPU);
 * Transport and loading machine 9T218 or 9T128-1 (TZM);
 * Transport vehicle 9T222 or 9T238 (TM);
 * Automatic testing machine 9V819 or 9V819-1 (AKIM);
 * Technical service vehicle 9V844 or 9V844M (MTO).
 * Set of weapon equipment 9F370-1 (KAO);
 * Simulator 9F625M;
 * Missile overall weight model (such as 9M79K-GVM).
 * 9M79-UT training missile and 9N123F (K) -UT, 9N39-UT warhead. 9H123F-R UT;
 * 9M79-RM missile and 9N123K-RM missile split training model.

Operational history

 * During the 1994 Yemen civil war, the Yemeni government used Tochka missiles against southern forces.
 * In 1999, Russia used the missiles in the Second Chechen War.
 * In August 2008, at least 15 Tochka missiles were deployed by Russian forces during the 2008 South Ossetia war.
 * In 2014, CNN reported that at least one was used near Donetsk during the War in Donbass, by either the Ukrainian Army or the Russian-backed separatist forces. The Ukrainian army issued a statement denying the use of the ballistic missile.

Syrian civil war (2011–present)

 * In early December 2014, the Syrian Army fired at least one Tochka against Syrian rebels during the Siege of Wadi al-Deif (near Maarat al-Numan, in Idlib province).
 * On 26 April 2016, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka at Syrian rebels in the Syrian Civil Defense Center in west Aleppo
 * On 14 June 2016, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka at Syrian rebel groups Al-Rahman Legion and Jaysh Al-Fustat in Eastern Ghouta, killing several fighters.
 * On 20 March 2018, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka towards the Turkish Hatay province, which fell in the border district of Yayladağı without causing any casualties or damage.
 * On 23 July 2018, the Syrian Army fired two Tochka missiles near the Israeli border. Initially thought to be inbound to Israel near the Sea of Galilee, two David's Sling interceptors were fired by Israel. A few moments later it became clear they were going to strike within Syria, as such one interceptor was detonated over Israel while the other one fell inside Syria. One Tochka missile landed 1 kilometer inside Syria.
 * On 5 March 2021, the Syrian Army reportedly fired a KN-02 Toksa, a North Korean copy, solid fuelled short ranged missile against a major oil facility in the country’s Idlib governorate, which is currently under the control of Turkish-backed insurgents. The strike near oil facilities ignited major blazes and killed one and wounded 11 people.

Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

 * On 4 September 2015, Houthi forces fired a Tochka missile at Safir base in Marib killing over 100 Saudi-led coalition personnel.
 * On 14 December 2015, Houthi forces fired another Tochka missile at Bab Al Mandab base killing over 150 Saudi-led coalition personnel stationed there.
 * On 16 January 2016, Houthi forces fired a Tochka at Al Bairaq base in Marib killing dozens of Saudi-led coalition personnel
 * On 31 January 2016, Houthi forces fired a Tochka at Al Anad base in Lahj killing and wounding over 200 Saudi-led coalition personnel

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

 * Azerbaijan claimed Armenia fired Tochka-U rockets at its territory during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Armenia denied this, stating that Azerbaijan is making "disinformation to justify the use of a similar system or a system of a higher caliber."

Russo-Ukrainian War

 * On 24 February 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a missile attack on Russian Millerovo Airbase in Rostov Oblast, using two Tochka-U ballistic missiles in response for the Russian invasion of Ukraine and to prevent further air strikes by the Russian air force against Ukraine. The attack left one Su-30SM destroyed on the ground.
 * On 24 February 2022, a 9M79 Tochka missile fired by Russian forces struck near a hospital building in Vuhledar, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, killing 4 civilians and wounding 10. An Amnesty International investigation confirmed that the hospital was not a military target.
 * On 14 March 2022, the Russian Federation and the government of the separatist Donetsk People Republic blamed Ukrainian forces of launching a Tochka-U missile which killed 23 civilians and wounded 28 in Donetsk. The housing facility was supposedly used as a barracks for separatists forces.
 * On 19 March 2022, Russian forces claimed that they shot down a Ukrainian-fired missile near the Port of Berdiansk.
 * On 24 March 2022, the Russian Navy landing ship Saratov, docked in Berdyansk port in Ukraine, caught fire and sunk. On 3 July, a Russian official confirmed the sinking of the Saratov, a Soviet era Tapir-class landing ship. The ship was hit by a Tochka-U missile. Russia claims that the ship was scuttled by its crew to prevent its munitions from exploding and that the ship has been salvaged since.
 * On 8 April 2022, the railway station in Kramatorsk under Ukrainian control was hit by two Russian Tochka-U ballistic missiles. The attack killed at least 52 civilians and injured at least 87 more. Later, Russia falsely blamed Ukraine for the strike. The message in Russian "Za detei", meaning on behalf of the children, had been daubed on the missile in white.
 * On 16 June 2022, a Russian ammunition warehouse in the occupied Ukrainian city of Khrustalnyi was report to have been hit by a Ukrainian Tochka-U missile.
 * On 13 January 2023, Ukraine claims to have killed over 100 Russian soldiers in the Soledar area using various special forces, artillery and a Tochka-U missile.
 * On 12 May 2024, according to Russian government and state media reports, a Ukrainian missile attack reportedly containing Tochka-U's allegedly damaged a 10-story residential building in Belgorod, with a reported death toll of 15 people.

Current operators

 * 3+
 * 4
 * 36 (operated by 465th Missile Brigade)
 * 18
 * 12
 * Unknown numbers of KN-02 Toksa variant.
 * In 2010, the Russian Army had more than 200 surface-to-surface missiles (SSMs) of various types in service. These included the Tochka, which underwent a modernization program in 2004, with the installation of a new automatic control system. As of 2019, Russia possessed 24 launchers. Russian missile systems have been upgraded since 2004, replacing the onboard automated control systems, and were scheduled to be replaced by the 9K720 Iskander missiles.  It was reported that in late 2019, the 448th Rocket Brigade, the last rocket brigade operating the Tochka ballistic missiles, was rearmed with the 9K720 Iskander missiles, marking the end of operation of the type with the Russian Armed Forces. Some systems are expected to remain in use at the Kapustin Yar missile test range.  Despite these claims, Russian news reports and social media footage show the Russian army still displaying Tochkas at public events in 2021, including at the Victory Day parade in Krasnodar.
 * According to the Russian Ministry of Defense, as of April 2022, Ukraine possessed 38–90 Tochka missile launchers and several hundred missiles. The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) states that Ukraine had 500 Tochka-U missiles in its arsenal in 2022.
 * Received unknown numbers of KN-02 Toksa variant from North Korea. In February 2017, US officials claimed Russia supplied 50 Tochka-U missiles to Syria. Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov claimed that Russia has no such information, and the Russian Ministry of Defense denied it.
 * Inherited from North Yemen. Used during the 1994 civil war and the ongoing civil war.

Former operators

 * Passed on to successor states.
 * Inherited from Czechoslovakia, retired.
 * Passed on to Germany.
 * Retired; was never operational.
 * Ordered 12 launchers and around 100 missiles. Declared operational in 1988. They were used during the 1994 civil war, and were passed on to unified Yemen after.
 * 4 retired in 2005, because of lack of rockets and service parts.
 * Inherited a small number from Czechoslovakia, all retired.
 * Passed on to successor states.

title: OTR-21 Tochka


text:
SS21

SS21 or variation, may refer to:

 * OTR-21 Tochka, a Soviet short-range ballistic missile with the NATO designation "SS-21 Scarab"
 * USS F-2, a United States Navy submarine which served during World War I
 * CHILEAN SUBMARINE Simpson, several submarines of the navy of Chile
 * Higashi-Murayama Station (station code ), Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan; a train station
 * SS21, a district of Damansara Utama, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
 * SS21 The Healing, a LOVERBOY fashion label fashion collection by Charles Jeffrey (fashion designer)
 * 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (21st SS division; S.S. 21) of Albanian partisans serving Germany in WWII

title: SS21