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Puerto Rican amazon

The Puerto Rican amazon (Amazona vittata), also known as the Puerto Rican parrot (Puerto Rican Spanish: cotorra puertorriqueña) or iguaca, is the only extant parrot endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico, and belongs to the Neotropical genus Amazona. Measuring 28 –, the bird is a predominantly green parrot with a red forehead and white rings around the eyes. Its closest relatives are believed to be the Cuban amazon (Amazona leucocephala) and the Hispaniolan amazon (Amazona ventralis).

The Puerto Rican amazon reaches sexual maturity at between three and four years of age. It reproduces once a year and is a cavity nester. Once the female lays eggs she will remain in the nest and continuously incubate them until hatching. The chicks are fed by both parents and will fledge 60 to 65 days after hatching. This parrot's diet is varied and consists of flowers, fruits, leaves, bark and nectar obtained from the forest canopy.

The species is the only remaining native parrot to Puerto Rico and has been listed as critically endangered by the World Conservation Union since 1994. Once widespread and abundant, the population declined drastically in the 19th and early 20th centuries with the removal of most of its native habitat; the species has completely vanished from Vieques and Mona Island. Conservation efforts commenced in 1968 to save the bird from extinction.

Taxonomy and evolution
The Puerto Rican amazon was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Psittacus vittatus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. Buffon mistakenly believed that his specimen had been collected in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (modern Haiti), rather than in Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rican amazon is now placed in the large Neotropical genus Amazona  that was introduced by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1830. The specific epithet vittatus is Latin for "banded".

Birds in the genus Amazona are commonly known as amazons. They have also been given the generic epithet of "parrot" by the American Ornithologists' Union, and hence "Puerto Rican parrot" is an alternative common name in North America. The indigenous Taíno people called it the iguaca, an onomatopoeic name that resembled the parrots' flight call.

There are two recognized subspecies:
 * A. v. vittata is the nominate and only extant subspecies, inhabiting Puerto Rico and formerly nearby Vieques Island and Mona Island.
 * A. v. gracilipes inhabited Culebra Island and is now extinct. It is unclear whether it was substantially different from the nominate subspecies.

Evolutionary history
The various native parrot species in the West Indies are assumed to be descended from a singular group that immigrated to the Caribbean at some point. Some small species would have encountered problems traversing large bodies of water, but parrots have flight strength and various behavioral characteristics that would facilitate "over-water" dispersion. Most Caribbean bird species originate from Central, North and South America. The Amazona species found in the Caribbean are divided in two groups: five mid-sized species found in the Greater Antilles and seven large species in the Lesser Antilles. All the Greater Antillean amazons display characteristics leading to suppositions of relatedness, including predominantly green-toned color patterns and white rings around the eyes. Russello and Amato conclude that all Greater Antillean Amazona descend from Amazona albifrons with Amazona vittata, Amazona leucocephala, and Amazona ventralis constituting a complex, a cluster of species so closely related that they intergrade.

British ornithologist David Lack considered that the Puerto Rican amazon had evolved from the Hispaniolan amazon (A. ventralis) found in Hispaniola, but it has since been argued that he omitted some elements in his analysis, including the similarities found between the black-billed amazon (A. agilis) of Jamaica and the Puerto Rican amazon. Subsequent studies showed that size and color patterns were not sufficient to assess evolutionary relationships, and that patterns changed with relative ease even within members of the same species. The research concluded that the Puerto Rican amazon may share a common ancestor with the Jamaican A. agilis. However, recent phylogenetic studies show that the Puerto Rican amazon is more closely related to the Hispaniolan amazon and the Cuban amazon than to the black-billed amazon.

Description
The Puerto Rican amazon measures 28 - 30 cm and weighs 250 - 300 g, or 275 g on average. Although small compared to amazons in general, it is similar in size to other Greater Antilles Amazona species. Sexual dimorphism is not present. Both males and females have predominantly green plumage, though their feathers have blue edges. The primary flight feathers of the wings and the main covert feathers are dark blue. The color of the feathers on the underside varies depending on the body part: the feathers on the underside of the wings, which can be seen during flight, are bright blue; those in the tail have yellow-green tone. Their underparts are paler and yellow-tinged, their foreheads are red, and they have white ovals around the eyes. The iris is brown, the bill a horn color, and the legs yellow-tan. Aside from DNA tests, males and females can only be distinguished by behavioral differences during the breeding season. Immature birds have plumage similar to adults.

Population and distribution
The precise distribution of the Puerto Rican amazon before the arrival of Spanish colonialists is uncertain, because of a lack of contemporary records and then the extermination of the indigenous Taíno people, but the species was apparently widespread and abundant. There is also evidence the species may have inhabited other nearby islands, such as Antigua, Barbuda and the Virgin Islands. Estimates of the parrot's early numbers vary greatly. Some authorities claim that there were once more than a million individuals, while others suggest a more modest population of 100,000. During the first 150 years of Spanish rule the human population was small, and in 1650, when the population of the island was 880 people, the species was still abundant throughout the archipelago. After 1650, human habitation increased exponentially, and by the 18th century the Puerto Rican amazon population started to be affected. Heinrich Moritz Gaede, a German naturalist, declared that by 1836 the parrot population had noticeably declined. Even so, as late as 1864, British ornithologist Edward Cavendish Taylor noted that the parrots were still common near the island's capital, San Juan.

At first, human activity had not posed a significant threat to the Puerto Rican amazon. The Taíno hunted the parrot but without much effect on its population. In the past 200 years, however, many factors have led to a drastic decrease in the birds' numbers: agricultural development, the construction of roads, hydroelectric development, and the adoption of young chicks as pets. Especially during the latter half of the 19th century, most of Puerto Rico's virgin forests, a historical habitat of the species, were cleared for agricultural development, primarily for the production of sugar, cotton, corn and rice. The amazon quickly came to rely on these crops as its main food source and so became seen as a pest; local farmers repelled or hunted the bird if possible. As agriculture expanded, the amazon's habitat disappeared further and its population declined. The species was historically found in mature or old-growth forests in Puerto Rico at all elevations, and in holes, cliffs, and other diverse habitats at lower elevations. The species could be found at medium elevations in the Guajataca State Forest (until 1910) and the Rio Abajo State Forest (until the 1920s), and at high elevations in the Carite State Forest (until the 1930s). Accounts from the early 1900s describe the parrots traveling away from the Luquillo forest and the Sierra de Cayey towards the main island's coast to find food. The species was extirpated from Culebra by the early 20th century. A karst-limestone region in the northwestern part of Puerto Rico was identified as a haven for the species. In particular, a region named Valle de las Cotorras (Valley of the Parrots), located between San Sebastián and Morovis, was home to a sizable population. Eventually their natural habitat was reduced to the Cordillera Central. By 1960 they were only to be found in primary forest at the Luquillo Mountains in El Yunque National Forest. The species is currently found at elevations between 396 and 823 m. Since the species requires mature forests with open-cavity trees for reproduction, it does not occur in dwarf and secondary forests.

By the 1950s, there were only 200 parrots in the wild, and in 1975 the population reached an absolute low of 13 individuals. Numbers then recovered, and in August 1989 there were an estimated minimum of 47 individuals. But on September 18, 1989, Hurricane Hugo struck the northeast coast of Puerto Rico inflicting heavy casualties on the remaining birds. In the aftermath of the hurricane the population was estimated at 23 individuals. In 2004, the wild population was 30–35 individuals, and the long-term trend appears to be stable albeit with some fluctuations. The current range of the species is 16 km², 0.2% of what it once was. In the aftermath of Hurricane María it was estimated only 3 of the 50 parrots survived in the wild, representing a loss of 90%. Recovery programs continue and as of 2021 the total population is around 500 including those in captivity and in the wild.

Behavior
The Puerto Rican amazon is diurnal, typically beginning its day half an hour after sunrise. It is generally secretive when inside its nest, using its green plumage as camouflage. In contrast, it may be vocal and noisy when outside the nest. Upon taking flight, its color pattern provides some contrast to the forest. The flight mechanism of this species is similar to the one found in other amazons, and involves strokes below the body axis, unlike most birds whose wings flow above their bodies in flight. Amazons can fly moderately fast, reaching a top speed of approximately 30 km/h, and are fairly agile when evading predators in mid-air. When in search of food, the parrots group in pairs. Couples and their fledged young display a tendency to stay together. The amazon makes two flight calls, a take-off squawk which consist of a pattern of long squawks, and a loud "bugle", commonly used in flight and which may have several meanings depending on the circumstances when it is used.

Diet
Like almost all amazons, the Puerto Rican amazon is a herbivore. Its diet consists of flowers, fruits, leaves, bark and nectar obtained from the forest's canopy. The species has been recorded to consume more than 60 different materials, although its diet was historically more varied due to its larger range. Among the items it consumes are the pericarp of the seeds of sierra palm (Prestoea montana), tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa), and negra lora (Matayba domingensis); the fruits of bejuco de rana (Marcgravia sintenisii), camasey (Miconia sintenisii), cupey de altura (Clusia gundlachii), and palo de cruz (Rheedia portoricensis); the flowers of bejuco de rana, achiotillo (Alchornea latifolia), and Piptocarpha tetrantha; the leaves and twigs of cupeillo (Clusia grisebachiana), laurel sabino (Magnolia splendens), caimitillo verde (Micropholis garciniaefolia), and Piptocarpha tetrantha; the bark of bejuco de rana, cupeillo, and cachimbo cumun (Psychotria berteriana); and the buds of cuaba (Inga vera). It normally selects the fruits positioned directly in front of its eyes, picking them one at a time with some rare exceptions. When feeding, it uses a foot to pick up the food. The amazon feeds in a slow, paused manner taking 8–60 seconds to consume separate items.

Breeding
The Puerto Rican amazon usually mates for life, with pairs only changing mates if one bird perishes or abandons the nest. A male may abandon the female if the latter is injured, re-mating with a more "physically perfect" subject. The pairing process is unknown; however, new pairs tend to participate in mutual mating dances characterised by coordinated bows, partial extension of the wings and full tail expansion.

The Puerto Rican amazon is a secondary cavity nester, nesting in tree trunk cavities, both naturally occurring and excavated by other species. It prefers to nest in Palo colorado trees (Cyrilla racemiflora), but uses other trees, including the laurel sabino (Magnolia splendens) and tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa), to a lesser extent. These trees are mature cavity-forming trees which provide protection against predators and the entry of water. Recently, the species has also nested in artificial wooden boxes designed as part of the recovery plan for the species. Nest height varies from 7 – above ground. The male usually leads the search for nest sites, although the final decision seems to be taken by the female. Once a site is selected, the pair will spend some time inspecting and cleaning it. No lining material is added to the nest.

The Puerto Rican amazon reaches sexual maturity at 4 years of age in the wild and at 3 years in captivity. The species usually reproduces once a year between the months of January and July (the dry season). Copulation between pairs seems to be closely related to food transfers, with this possibly serving as a trigger for intercourse. Amazons have a copulation pattern similar to that found in other parrots throughout the Americas, with the male gripping a perch with one leg while passively placing the other in the female's back. As the time for egg-laying approaches the pair spends more time in the nest, with the male providing food to the female via regurgitation. The female lays 2–4 eggs that she exclusively incubates for a period of 24 to 28 days, while the male will be present in the vicinity of the nest when providing food. Females only leave the nest on rare occasions involving repelling predators or if the male has not brought food in an extended time frame. The chicks are fed by both parents until they leave the nest, usually 60 to 65 days after they hatch. Nonetheless, they remain dependent on their parents and travel with them until the next breeding season.

Like other amazons, the Puerto Rican amazon is gregarious while performing daily activities, but territorial around its nest. The size of the territory around the nest is usually around 50 m. Pairs are extremely cautious near their nest, usually moving in a slow manner when leaving the nest to avoid the attention of predators. Although territorial defense is mostly composed of loud vocalizations there are instances of actual physical combat. Pairs will defend their nest sites against invading couples, sometimes focusing on the location's defense instead of egg-laying. Pairs nesting in areas uninhabited by other parrots will remain mostly silent unless other parrots enter the zone. Some pairs may display moderate territoriality even when not apparently intending to nest, with these tendencies beginning in the latter half of the breeding season. One hypothesis is that this would occur in young pairs that had still not reached full maturity, serving as "practice territoriality".

Threats and conservation
On March 11, 1967, the Puerto Rican amazon entered the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species. At the time of inclusion the population was estimated at 70 individuals. In 1968, recovery efforts began to increase the population in the wild. In 1972, when the estimated population was 16 individuals, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) at the Luquillo Aviary began efforts to breed parrots in captivity and yielded good results. In June 2006, it was reported by the USFWS that its birds in captivity had successfully hatched 39 chicks (the yearly average is around 16). In 2006, 22 birds were released in the Rio Abajo State Forest to initiate a second wild population, and a further 19 were released at the same site on 27 December 2008. In 2012, the total estimated population was 58–80 individuals in the wild and over 300 individuals in captivity.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) lists the Puerto Rican amazon as a critically endangered species since 1994. The species is regulated under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which prohibits commercial international trade in the species or its parts/derivatives.

Threats
Human activity is arguably the main reason for the population decline of the Puerto Rican amazon. Early settlers of Puerto Rico, such as the Taíno, hunted it for food consumption but managed to maintain a healthy ecological balance. Later, habitat destruction, capture of immature individuals for the pet industry, hunting and predation contributed to the sharp population decline. The clearing of mature forests for agricultural development is the main reason for the decline of population.

Natural predators of the Puerto Rican amazon include the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), the broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus), the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the pearly-eyed thrasher (Margarops fuscatus). The thrasher was first recorded in Puerto Rico in the mid-20th century and has been a problem for the parrot population since 1973; to combat this, specially designed deep nests were prepared for the parrots in subsequent years to prevent competition from the invaders. Introduced species are a threat: honeybees (Apis mellifera) and related Hispaniolan amazons may compete for nesting cavities, and black rats (Rattus rattus) and small Indian mongooses (Urva auropunctata) may eat eggs and chicks.

Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, were not a threat to the Puerto Rican parrot population when it was more readily self-maintaining, but as a result of the fragmentation and reduction of the population these disasters are now a threat as well. Hurricane Hugo passed through the species' range in September 1989, and reduced the population from 47 to 23 individuals.

Recovery plan
In response to the Puerto Rican amazon's low population and endangered status, a recovery plan was drafted and implemented in 1968. Its main objective was to downlist the species to threatened status by the year 2020. Other objectives included establishing two separate viable wild populations (each of which would consist of 500 or more individuals for a period of at least five years), protecting habitat for those populations, and controlling predators, parasites and competitors. A third site was planned in 2011 by the Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex. As part of the conservation efforts, a captive population was established in the Luquillo Aviary in 1973. Another was established in 1993 when some individuals were transferred from the Luquillo Aviary to the Rio Abajo State Forest under the administration of the Puerto Rican Department of Natural Resources (Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales). In 2007, expanded facilities at the Iguaca Aviary at the El Yunque National Forest were inaugurated and dedicated to the late Priscilla Stubbe, who was a major fundraiser for the new facility. Human activity once again threatened the amazon during the following years. In 2012, it was reported that the unsanctioned flight of light aircraft from adjacent islands was disrupting the reproductive and social behaviors of the species. Via Verde, a gas pipeline grid proposed by the Luis Fortuño administration, raised concerns among conservationists due to further deforestation of the regions where the birds feed. New conservation efforts have also begun during this timeframe. In 2011, a research team of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez sequenced the amazon's genome. On August 15, 2013, the discovery of non-assisted nests in the Río Abajo State Forest was announced. Experts considered this a sign of expansion, implying that the reintroduced amazon population was fully adapting to wild life and was dispersing throughout the region. This was noted as a significant advance, since El Yunque is not an ideal habitat for the bird due to its humidity, which precipitates sickness in some of the individuals. This was accompanied by a second announcement, which noted that added to the known number of amazons in the wild (fluctuating between 64 and 112 specimens) there is an unmonitored population of approximately 50 birds dispersed throughout Puerto Rico.

The creation of another aviary and captive reproduction center was considered throughout 2013, with the municipalities of Maricao and Isabela being analyzed. In November 2013, plans for the establishment of a third population in the Maricao State Forest were formally announced. The following month, ten amazons were released at Río Abajo. 2013 set a new record for the reproduction program, which produced 51 fledglings and shattered the previous record of 34 that was established in 2011. The wild population grew by 15 chicks, an improvement from the 12 born during the previous year. During this time frame, the known number of amazon specimens rounded 500 individuals. A severe drought caused by the emergence of El Niño began during the spring of 2015 and extended throughout the summer, benefitting the breeding of the amazons in El Yunque by extending their reproductive season. However, this weather pattern also increased the number of mongooses present in the forest, representing a risk for the population. On August 13, 2015, a group of 25 amazons was moved from the other aviaries to a repurposed installation in Maricao. Each member was brought individually in order to ensure their safety while being transported and later placed in an acclimation program that is expected to last a year, before they are released to create a new population in the region.

To assist in improving the understanding of the overall population health of this species and aid in captive breeding programs the genome was sequenced by researchers at University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez. As an emblematic species of Puerto Rico, this was carried out as a uniquely community-funded project. The research budget raised by student organized art and fashion shows dedicated to the effort plus small personal donations from Puerto Rican citizens who wanted to support the work. And from this data producing microsatellite marker sets to aid the captive breeding efforts and population monitoring studies by providing unique identifiers for individual birds. In early 2020, 30 parrots were released into the El Yunque rainforest.

title: Puerto Rican amazon


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EasyCar

easyCar (formerly easyRentaCar) is a British-based car brokerage firm. It was founded by Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou in 2000 and formerly undertook car rental services. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of easyGroup.

History
In April 2000 easyGroup set up the company with the only rental car available being the Mercedes-Benz A-Class.

easyCar Club was launched by easyCar in February 2014 as a peer-to-peer rental scheme that allows members to rent under-used private cars from one another. On 18 December 2018, easyCar Club informed members that it was ceasing operations to join forces with Turo, and offering incentives for easyCar Club members to join Turo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: EasyCar


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Talk:Letter of credit

What is Letter of credit?
Could somebody add some information about Letter of credit to introduction of this article? In plain English? Because "irrevocable payment undertaking to a beneficiary against complying documents as stated in the credit" just doesn't seem to fit my definition of plain English. ;-) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.131.175.214 (talk) 08:57, 2 April 2007 (UTC).

--Usercreateaacount (talk) 15:46, 9 February 2017 (UTC)Letter of credit is a document created by a bank that gives you assurance that you will be paid by that bank once you perform certain activity already contracted with a third party. In other words, is a document that indicates that you will be paid by a bank, not the third party that you contracted with. Letters of credits are not contracts, and they are not governed by the laws of contracts. end.

Agreed but I can't think of a better way of saying it. Perhaps "A letter of credit is a contract that is used as payment during the import and export of goods until they are received. They can then be exchanged for cash."- By Paul Albinson. Visit my website 20:05, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

To understand the letter of credit better, we need to go to the basics of it. In international trade, the buyer and seller, located in different countries, do not know each other, are not comfortable about the credit worthiness and business standing of the parties. Add to this, different laws and regulations in different countries make the matter more complicated. Here the letter of credit plays a role. A bank (issuing bank) issues an LC in favour of beneficiary (seller) at the request of applicant (buyer). Thus the issuing bank gives its own credit worthiness to the seller on behalf buyer. It is a conditional payment mechanism where issuing bank promises to make payment to beneficiary provided the documents stipulated in the LC are presented at the counters of the issuing bank in stipulated presentation period. It is irrevocable undertaking meaning, if the beneficiary complies to the terms of the LC, the issuing bank is bound to pay. Suppose there is a dispute between buyer and seller over quality of goods and seller has presented complying documents to issuing bank, buyer cannot stop issuing bank from making payment and the dispute needs to be resolved separately. Thus, the contract between issuing bank and beneficiary is independant of the contract between applicant and beneficiary. Now the question arrives as to why applicant cannot stop issuing bank from making payment? Remeber one thing that the issuing bank is only replacing its credit worthiness to that of applicant and not undertaking to ensure the quality, quantity etc. of the goods and hence precisely article 5 clearly states - Banks deal in documents only.

Sagar ap (talk) 10:23, 18 November 2014 (UTC)— I agree with what has been stated above in "To understand the l..". In the current form of the article, the terms 'beneficiary' and 'applicant' of L/c have not been defined prior to usage. Moreover, "... provided certain documents have been presented to the bank.[1] "Letters of Credit" are documents that prove the seller has performed the duties specified by an underlying contract ... " equates documents necessary for an L/C (Bill of Lading, Certificate of Origin etc) to the L/C itself.

Also, the article doesn't explain the mechanism by which reciept of goods or payment is confirmed. ie: Assume I am a seller of goods and I have an L/C from the buyers bank, and a clean bill of lading; Does this assure me of payment from my bank? Who will sign off on my payment? This is the most important aspect of an L/C and should be included. Sagar ap (talk) 10:23, 18 November 2014 (UTC)

Agree with "Cleanup" tag
Someone put a "Cleanup" tag on this article, and boy does it need it. It's confusing, unreadable, full of semi-promotional links, and has obscure legal citations. Help! --John Nagle (talk) 19:54, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

MansourJE (talk) 03:32, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

Gold as Payment
The government of Iran has been on sanctions by the government of United States of America. It has created many problems for the banking system of Iran. Normally, when the country's oil is sold, the money goes to the accounts of central bank of that country. By not using the bank accounts of the USA government and getting gold as payment has made Iran more defiant and it solves country's problems. It made Iran more powerful and gave more profits by not using Dollars as payment transactions.

Read more on:

http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/05/23/how-gold-helped-iran-withstand-u-s-financial-fury/

MansourJE (talk) 07.01, 02 December 2015 (UTC)

Risk situations
"Credit itself may be funded." I don't know a great deal about the financial world, but shouldn't that be "Credit itself may NOT be funded", as in the issuing bank doesn't have the funds to pay up? Concrete Cloverleaf (talk) 01:23, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

Definition
I undid a recent addition to the L/C definition - A Letter of Credit can be used to pay any amount of money up to the value of the credit, and at any time up to and after the expiry of the credit (depending on the payment terms mentioned in the credit). Tightening the definition in the way that the change did doesn't aid clarity, and in my opinion could add to a misunderstanding of this method of payment. It's important that those points are made in the article, but given that there is a lot of confusion over letters of credit in the business world I think it's important to make the opening definition as simple as possible. Davepoth (talk) 20:56, 6 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Letter of credit


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Tetraclinis

Tetraclinis (also called arar, araar or Sictus tree) is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae, containing only one species, Tetraclinis articulata, also known as Thuja articulata, sandarac, sandarac tree or Barbary thuja, endemic to the western Mediterranean region.

Distribution and habitat
It is native to northwestern Africa in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, with two small outlying populations on Malta, and near Cartagena in southeast Spain in Europe. It grows at relatively low altitudes in a hot, dry subtropical Mediterranean climate.

Taxonomy
Its closest relatives are Platycladus, Microbiota, and Calocedrus, with the closest resemblance to the latter. In older texts, it was sometimes treated in Thuja or Callitris, but it is less closely related to those genera.

Description

It is a small, slow-growing tree, to 6–15 m (rarely 20 m) tall and 0.5 m (rarely 1 m) trunk diameter, often with two or more trunks from the base. The foliage forms in open sprays with scale-like leaves 1–8 mm long and 1–1.5 mm broad; the leaves are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced, so forming apparent whorls of four. The cones are 10–15 mm long, green ripening brown in about 8 months from pollination, and have four thick scales arranged in two opposite pairs. The seeds are 5–7 mm long and 2 mm broad, with a 3–4 mm broad papery wing on each side.

It is one of only a small number of conifers able to coppice (regrow by sprouting from stumps), an adaptation to survive wildfire and moderate levels of browsing by animals. Old trees that have sprouted repeatedly over a long period form large burls at the base, known as lupias.

Uses and symbolism
It is the national tree of Malta, where it is known as għargħar (derived from the Arabic عَرْعَر ʿarʿar). It is now being used locally in afforestation projects.

The resin, known as sandarac, is used to make varnish and lacquer; it is particularly valued for preserving paintings.

The wood, known as thuya wood, citron wood, and alerce, and historically also known as thyine wood, is used for decorative woodwork, particularly wood from burls at the base of the trunk. It has been used thus since antiquity (θύον, citrus ), and was used to make valuable furniture in the time of the Roman Empire. The market in Morocco is unsustainable, focusing as it does on the burl, and has resulted in mass deforestation of the species. The species is also threatened by overgrazing, which can kill the coppice regrowth before it gets tall enough to be out of the reach of livestock.

Cultivation
The species is cultivated to be grown as an ornamental tree, valued in hot, dry climates. It is also pruned in a hedge form, for privacy and security. The plant can be trained for use as bonsai specimens.

Fossil record
A related extinct species, Tetraclinis salicornioides, has leaf and cone fossils of Messinian age (ca. 5.7 Ma) that have been uncovered in Monte Tondo and Borgo Tossignano, northern Apennines, Italy.

title: Tetraclinis


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Sandarac

Sandarac (or sandarach) is a resin obtained from the small cypress-like tree Tetraclinis articulata. The tree is native to the northwest of Africa with a notable presence in the Southern Morocco part of the Atlas Mountains. The resin exudes naturally on the stems of the tree. It is also obtained by making cuts on the bark. It solidifies when exposed to the air. It comes to commerce in the form of small solid chips, translucent, and having a delicate yellow tinge. Morocco has been the main place of origin of sandarac. A similar resin is obtained in southern Australia from some species of the Australian cypress-like trees Callitris, but the resin has not been systematically collected in Australia.

Historically, especially in the Late Medieval and Renaissance era, sandarac was used to make varnish. When "varnish" was spoken of in Renaissance Italy (Italian vernice) it usually meant sandarac. Copal and other resins displaced it as equally good, less expensive varnishing materials. Nevertheless the sandarac varnish is still valued today for use as a protective coating on paintings and antiques. It gives a coat which is hard, lustrous and durable. The varnish is made by melting the resin and mixing it with (e.g.) linseed oil. Sandarac resin melts at about 150°C to a colourless or slightly yellow liquid. Its specific gravity is about 1.04.

In mid-to-late 19th century photography, a varnish was applied as a preservative to photographic negatives and positives. Sandarac resin was preferred by some photographers for this purpose. Although it is not very strongly aromatic, sandarac resin was and is also used as an incense. The aroma has been compared to balsam.

Besides the resin and the varnish, the word sandarac may refer to the tree that produces the resin. Entirely separately from that, the ancient Greeks and Romans used the word sandarac to refer to arsenic sulfide particularly red arsenic sulfide. In Medieval Latin, the term sandaraca meant red lead as well as red arsenic sulfide. The word's resin/varnish meaning came to Europe from Arabic in the early 16th century. To distinguish this meaning from the Greek and medieval Latin meaning, it was occasionally called "Arabian sandarac" or "sandaracha Arabum" in Neo-Latin writings. The name in Pakistan and India is چندرس and, in Arabic, was and is سندروس sandarūs.

In Mandaeism
In Mandaean texts, the Mandaic term sindirka, which is typically translated as 'date palm' by E. S. Drower and others, is instead identified by Carlos Gelbert (2023) as a cognate of sandarac and thus with Tetraclinis articulata.

title: Sandarac


text:
Talk:Waterloo to Basingstoke railway service

Untitled
Actually pretty sure this doesn't go via Weybridge, but someone's hyperlinked it from Weybridge railway station. Ojw 23:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

I hope it goes via Weybridge... especially given that it's how I get to and from work. Sorry - that was unneccessarily sarcastic, but the point remains. CJW 18:19 BST, 3/5/06

VfD
This page was considered for deletion; the outcome was no consensus. The debate can be found here.

So I'm removing the VfD message. Sliggy 16:27, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

Replication
This article is a duplicate of the South Western Main Line article. Our Phellap 22:10, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Have suggested a merge. Hut 8.5 15:12, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Merge or delete. Simply south 15:25, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

As all the content seems to be included in the other article, I think it would be better to simply replace this page with a redirect. Hut 8.5 19:47, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge and delete. It's just a list of stations. It doesn't do anything. Emeraude 20:52, 27 October 2006 (UTC)


text:
Esquires

Esquires also known as Esquires Coffee, or Esquires Coffee Houses is an international coffeehouse chain comprising more than 130-plus stores in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Portugal, the Middle East, China and Australasia.

Founded by Doug Williamson and Gary Buckland in Canada in 1993, the intellectual property and trademark rights for the business are now owned by New Zealand-based Cooks Global Foods Limited globally and by Retail Food Group in Australia.

History
The first Esquires Coffee House opened in the suburb of Sunshine Hills, a residential district of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1993. The business was started by Doug Williamson and Gary Buckland, 24 year old entrepreneurs and local business graduates. Doug Williamson was an accomplished television and film actor at the time, appearing in several films and starring in numerous television shows, and he credits the early success of Esquires to running the coffee house like a theatre production, casting the cafe with an ensemble whose primary purpose was to deliver a special experience to Esquires' guests. As he puts it, “We had a really cool culture because we didn’t know any better; we didn’t behave like we were running a business. We were giving a performance and hoping people enjoyed themselves. Coffee was the conduit, mostly."

In 1994 Doug and Gary on-boarded Peter E. Wudy, one of Canada's leading franchise consultants, to assist with expansion. With Peter's help and guidance, the chain expanded rapidly and 37 branches were opened across Canada, primarily on the west coast of British Columbia, before the company went international on a franchise basis.

Esquires expanded to the United Kingdom in 2000, followed by Ireland in 2001. Peter Kirton purchased the master license rights for Esquires Coffee U.K. Limited, which he held until purchased by Cooks Global Foods in 2013. Tony McVerry purchased the master license rights for Esquires Coffee Ireland, which he held until purchased by Cooks Global Foods in 2013.

In 2002, brothers Stuart and Lewis Deeks established the Esquires brand in Australasia through a master franchise agreement with the Canadian parent. Under the name Franchise Development Ltd, they grew the business to become the leading branded chain in New Zealand by store numbers.

In 2011, the Deeks sold the Australia and New Zealand franchise rights to Retail Food Group while retaining the rights to the Middle East, China and a number of other jurisdictions.

In 2013, the Deeks merged their business into NZX-listed Cooks Global Foods. In April 2013, Cooks acquired the intellectual property and master franchising rights to Esquires Coffee Houses worldwide - excluding New Zealand and Australia. The company also owns wholesale businesses in related industries. Cooks immediately hired Doug Williamson, one of the original founders, to re-join the organisation and run the United Kingdom business. Under Doug's leadership, Esquires Coffee U.K. rebranded their 23 store estate, re-modelled the business and re-introduced Esquires Coffee as a franchise investment opportunity. As of 2019, Esquires have expanded from 23 stores to 53 stores, with regional development commitments which will see the chain expand to 125 U.K. stores by 2028.

Today there are more than 40 Esquires stores in Australia and New Zealand operated by Retail Food Group including two drive-thru outlets.

In April 2014, Cooks Global Foods acquired the Esquires Canadian intellectual property rights, the original Esquires franchisor founded in 1993.

Franchising
Cooks Global Foods owns the Esquires Coffee Houses brand and system in Canada, the United Kingdom and Ireland - where it also directly franchises stores - and the Middle East and China where stores are franchised through master franchise holders.

In October 2013, the parent company presented its plans to consolidate and grow the business, with a minimum objective of 580 Esquires stores globally by 2020.

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Esquires owns the master franchises covering 38 stores and a refurbishment programme is underway to ensure that the branding is aligned with the global design and to upgrade stores and to ensure that service consistency is enhanced.

In the Middle East, the company has commitments for the development of more than 80 Esquires Coffee Houses in the world's most influential Arab economic alliance. Master Franchisees currently operate stores in all Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) countries Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and the UAE. Oman and Qatar have recently signed master franchise agreements and will have stores operating during 2014.

In China, Esquires is currently looking for investors who may be experienced franchisees, experienced hospitality retailers, investors - wanting to open territories and commit to opening a specific number of stores.

In North America, Esquires now licenses back to Esquires Canada the right to use the IP to the existing 14 Esquires Coffee Houses stores in British Columbia and for a Master Franchise Agreement for Alberta. Esquires plans to focus on aggressive growth nationwide which will include the construction of a number of new corporate flagships this year and expansion into other Canadian provinces.

In 2018 Esquires Coffee Open its first store in Pakistan and Jordan.

title: Esquires


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kelowna International Airport Flight Schedule

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 10:12, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Kelowna International Airport Flight Schedule
Should the flight schedule of an airport be included? An entry on the airport is fine, but... Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 23:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An old discussion. Should WP be a bus timetable? More seriously should WP deal with such a volatile information? Guess what: last time the conclusion of the vfd was "if we don't leave such an article, it's is gonna be re-created over and over by all the ___ on the planet". Nontheless, I would say delete. Gtabary 23:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - unmanageable. There should be rule to automatically delete such things from Wikipedia. Pavel Vozenilek 01:07, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiNews — Ambush Commander (Talk) 02:20, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * What is Wikinews expected to do with it, apart from flag it as not a news article and list it for deletion? There is nothing in this article resembling news content. Uncle G 12:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - As the creator of the article, I suppose I have to play a biased role and propose to keep the article. I'm a heavy contributer to the Kelowna International Airport page as it is my local airport, so I thought I would create the schedule as an aid to those wanting to learn a bit more about the airport. However, in retrospect, I can see how this article might be promoting the airport to too much of an extent, something against Wikipedia policy. For that I appologize to anyone I might have offended. I'm fairly new to the site, so I suppose this article will end up being my first big "mistake" on Wikipedia. In the end, it's up to the administrators to decide on the future of this page. Either way they decide, this is just a learning process in what will hopefully be a long and contributing stay on Wikipedia. If it is deleted, you need not worry about me re-creating it. Knest 02:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Welcome to Wikipedia, Knest! Don't worry about this "mistake"; remember that Wikipedia policy is to be bold. There is no damage done at all. Just a note: VfD is not just for administrators; anyone can vote and nominate articles. It is, however, administrators who "close" VfDs once they have reached consensus. We appreciate all your contributions, and we do hope you will stay. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page or at the help desk. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 18:04, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Transwiki: Unless kept up to date, Wikipedia is worse off with information with this kind of detail. But it might be highly valuable for Wikinews or Wikitravel. Peter Grey 02:35, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or use an external link to the airport page which should really provide this type of data and already happens to be a link on the airport page. Too difficult to maintain since the airlines make minor adjustments to their schedules all of the time without much notice.  Vegaswikian 06:34, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Let the Kelowna Airport website handlle this kind of information. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:18, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this is trivia, not even news. Radiant_ >|< 12:25, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-encyclopedic. Dcarrano 16:35, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete useless. FunkyChicken! 23:17, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. •Zhatt•  16:12, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's an article made in good faith, but it's not notable enough. --Deathphoenix 17:51, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
NorthernTel

NorthernTel LP (formerly Northern Telephone Limited or NTL) is a telephone company in Ontario, Canada.

NorthernTel began in April 1905 in New Liskeard, Ontario, as the Temiskaming Telephone Company. It grew by buying other regional telephone providers and became the Northern Telephone Company Ltd. in 1928. Over the years, the company expanded into Northwestern Ontario and Northwestern Quebec. These assets were later sold to Bell Canada (1969) and Télébec (1976), respectively.

The company changed its name to NorthernTel in 2003. Today, NorthernTel is the local telephone provider in several Northeastern Ontario communities, notably Timmins.

NorthernTel was acquired by Bell Aliant on January 30, 2007, but since 2016 it has been considered a subsidiary of BCE as Bell Aliant's operations were consolidated into those of Bell Canada. Both divisions carry the same FibreOP channel listings.

NorthernTel has a service area of 83,000 square kilometres.

title: NorthernTel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/28 Weeks Later...

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge and redirect. humblefool®Deletion Reform 20:15, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

28 Weeks Later...
Delete crystalball-gazing. IMDb has a page, it contains no information and does not confirm the info in the article. Should be recreated when there's something non-speculative. -Splash 23:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with 28 Days Later. The title is tentative at this point. — RJH 15:06, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with 28 Days Later. Most upcoming movies that have not begun filming yet, absent Harry Potter or other absolute 100% sure things, are crystal ball because of the nature of the movie biz.  Dcarrano 16:30, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or Delete, per the Wikipedia is not a crystal ball policy. jg325   *talk*  23:16, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and kill off unfounded speculation. JDoorjam 19:34, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Isais1

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Please stop adding your fancreated Star Wars characters to articles. They're not canon.--Kross 23:40, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- Phroziac (talk) 00:29, September 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I used the wrong boilerplate. That should refer to your blanking of Jehovah's Witnesses. -- Phroziac (talk) 00:31, September 11, 2005 (UTC)

All latino team
Were you trying to move the article to a new title? Please do not cut and paste the contents of articles. See our procedures at Moving pages. Gamaliel 19:28, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Gamaliel 22:10, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Bianca isais article
Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Bianca isais may not be sufficiently well-known to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. On Wikipedia, all users are entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper, a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects. --AbsolutDan (talk) 23:54, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Your edit to The Freedom Force
Your recent edit to The Freedom Force (diff) was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // AntiVandalBot 07:31, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --AbsolutDan (talk) 12:48, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Large Cities Without NFL Franchise
Hi there, an article you recently created (Large Cities Without NFL Franchise) has no verifiable content. Please add references from third party reliable sources or your article will be a candidate for speedy deletion. §hep  •   ¡Talk to me!  23:28, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Nonsense of Rijkel ten Kate
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Rijkel ten Kate, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Rijkel ten Kate provides no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Rijkel ten Kate, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 05:31, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Isais1


text:
User talk:NitPicker

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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 * Picture tutorial
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 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:NitPicker


text:
Talk:Cynopolis

Confusion between two different places
Meniet ebn Kasib is believed to be modern city of Minya which is located in Middle Egypt not Lower Egypt. --CaeserKaiser (talk) 23:18, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cynopolis


text:
User talk:Edgar Alexandre

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Image Tagging Image:Eusébio da Silva Ferreira.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Eusébio da Silva Ferreira.JPG. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 20:46, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Edgar Alexandre


text:
User talk:Lokyz

I've left Wikipedia because I've lost any hope in reaching any possible resolutions in the topics I did thought, to have at least some experience. Because of multiple insults and my character and my integrity slandering, and because unjust "ban forever" from several topics. Please, do not bother me with the issues, that I'm not capable to influence, because of a lifetime (sic!) ban. Thank you. Lokyz (talk) 16:15, 31 August 2018 (UTC)

User talk:Lokyz/last archive

Arbitration enforcement restrictions: Eastern Europe
In application and enforcement of Requests for arbitration/Digwuren, in consequence of this AE request, you are You can appeal this ban as described at Requests for arbitration/Digwuren, but if you disregard the ban before it is successfully appealed or lifted, you may be blocked without further warning.  Sandstein  07:03, 17 March 2011 (UTC)
 * banned for three months from making edits related to the topic of Eastern Europe, as described at WP:TBAN, and
 * indefinitely banned from editing articles to change, remove or add names (including translations) in a Eastern European language with respect to a subject that the same article already designates with a name in another Eastern European language. This includes names in other pages that are displayed as part of the article, such as categories, images or templates, and it also forbids moving articles that have a name in a Eastern European language to a name in another language. For the purpose of this ban, "Eastern European language" includes German.

Article notability notification
Hello. This message is to inform you that an article that you wrote, Nabeglavi, has been recently tagged with a notability notice. This means that it may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines. Please note that articles which do not meet these criteria may be merged, redirected, or deleted. Please consider adding reliable, secondary sources to the article in order to establish the topic's notability. You may find the following links useful when searching for sources:. Thank you for editing Wikipedia! VoxelBot 20:38, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Nomination of Nabeglavi for deletion
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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 16:03, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

Merge discussion for Lithuanian partisans (1941)
An article that you have been involved in editing, Lithuanian partisans (1941), has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going here, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you.  Ron h jones  (Talk) 22:17, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

Global account
Hi Lokyz! As a Steward I'm involved in the upcoming unification of all accounts organized by the Wikimedia Foundation (see m:Single User Login finalisation announcement). By looking at your account, I realized that you don't have a global account yet. In order to secure your name, I recommend you to create such account on your own by submitting your password on Special:MergeAccount and unifying your local accounts. If you have any problems with doing that or further questions, please don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Cheers, —DerHexer (Talk) 16:44, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Category:Grand Dukes of Grand Duchy of Lithuania has been nominated for discussion
Category:Grand Dukes of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to see if it abides with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Marcocapelle (talk) 10:14, 19 March 2017 (UTC)

Category:Chronicles regarding Lithuania has been nominated for discussion
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Category:Lithuanian resistance partisans has been nominated for discussion
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Nomination for deletion of Template:Lithuanian route member sign
Template:Lithuanian route member sign has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page.  Imzadi 1979  →   01:10, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

Category:Fishing in Lithuania has been nominated for deletion
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Category:Lithuanian accountants has been nominated for merging
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Category:Lithuanian xylographers has been nominated for merging
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Category:Lithuanian chronicles has been nominated for renaming
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:KK Panevėžys

A tag has been placed on Category:KK Panevėžys indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 01:02, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

Category:History of Lithuania (1569–1795) has been nominated for merging
Category:History of Lithuania (1569–1795) has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Marcocapelle (talk) 21:07, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lokyz


text:
Archibald Esplen

Archibald Esplen (January 29, 1864 – June 12, 1933 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1922 to 1927, as a member of the Manitoba Liberal Party.

He was born in Port Elgin, Canada West, the son of John Esplen and Sarah McLean, and was educated in Bruce County. Esplen came to Manitoba in 1882, working as a farmhand near Minnedosa. He served in the Minnedosa company during the North-West Rebellion of 1885. Esplen received a military grant near Dauphin, where he operated his own farm. In 1887, he married Mary Carmichael. He was a member of the council for the Rural Municipality of Dauphin, also serving as reeve.

He won elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1922 provincial election, defeating Labour incumbent George Palmer by 83 votes in the Dauphin constituency.

The Liberal Party lost this election to the United Farmers of Manitoba, and Esplen served as an opposition member of the legislature for the next five years. He was defeated in the 1927 election, finishing third against Conservative Robert Ferguson.

He died at home near Dauphin.

title: Archibald Esplen


text:
Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration of Chulalongkorn University

Sasin School of Management (Sasin) is a graduate business school located in Bangkok, Thailand and is affiliated with Chulalongkorn University. Sasin is AACSB accredited and was the first business school in Thailand to achieve this recognition in 2010. The school is also EQUIS accredited and also achieved this status in 2010. Sasin was founded in 1982 through a collaboration among Chulalongkorn University, the Kellogg School of Management and the Wharton Business School. It was previously known as the Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration of Chulalongkorn University.

Meaning of name
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej bestowed the name on the Graduate Institute of Business Administration on his 60th birthday, 5 December 1987. The name comes from two Sanskrit words: "sasa" and "indra". Sasa, meaning "rabbit" represents the king's birth year in the Thai 12-year astrological cycle. Indra means "chief." Thus "Sasin" literally means "king of the rabbits."

Programs
Sasin pioneered the use of visiting professors complemented by full-time Sasin faculty and other experts in Southeast Asia.

Sasin programs, conducted in English, include:

 * The Flexible (MBA)
 * Dual MBA & Master of Engineering
 * Executive MBA
 * Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
 * Executive Education: Senior Executive Program (SEP), Management programs (public), Corporate programs (in-company)

Sasin faculty
The current Director (Dean) of Sasin is Professor Ian Fenwick, Ph.D.

The founder of Sasin is Professor Toemsakdi Krishnamra, who served as director (dean) from 1982 to 2014. He also served as President of Association of Asia-Pacific Business Schools in 2009.

Sasin's full-time faculty members hold doctoral degrees from internationally recognized universities such as Carnegie Mellon University, University of Cambridge, Imperial College, Kellogg School of Management (Northwestern), London School of Business (currently, London Business School), University of Oxford, University of Southern California, and University of Michigan.

Prominent alumni
Sasin has produced a number of business leaders, including:
 * Arthid Nanthawithaya, chief executive officer, Siam Commercial Bank Public Co., Ltd.
 * Suparatana Bencharongkul, Chief Operating Officer, Rakbenkerd Group.
 * Artirat Charukitpipat, chief executive officer at Bumrungrad International Hospital
 * Aung Kyaw Moe, Founder and Group CEO of 2C2P (payment gateway)
 * Banyong Pongpanich, chairman at Phatra Securities Plc & Director, chairman of the executive committee, Member of the Risk Management Committee at Kiatnakin Bank Public Company Limited
 * Bhurit Bhirombhakdi, chief executive officer, Boonrawd Trading Co., Ltd.
 * Charn Srivikorn, chairman and director of Gaysorn Property and Gaysorn Asset Land Management
 * Dr. Prasarn Bhiraj Buri, chief executive officer of BHIRAJ BURI GROUP
 * Kaveepan Eiamsakulrat, executive chairman, K.E. Group Co., Ltd.
 * Kittiratt Na-Ranong, former deputy director of Sasin, former Minister of Commerce, former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand
 * M.L. Dispanadda Diskul, chief executive officer of Mae Fah Luang Foundation
 * Pawoot Pongvitayapanu, chief executive officer & founder TARAD.com
 * Somhatai Panichewa, chief executive officer & director Amata VN PCL
 * Somjate Moosirilert, chief executive officer, Thanachart Capital Public Company Limited
 * Sudarat Keyuraphan, Chairperson of The Lumbini Development Project and Chairwoman of Pheu Thai Party's strategic committee
 * Thitinan Wattanavekin, Head of Wealth Management, Kiatnakin Bank Public Co., Ltd.
 * Vichai Bencharongkul, president, Benchachinda Holding Co., Ltd.

Sasin Japan Center (SJC)
Sasin Japan Center (SJC) offers business management consulting for Japanese companies in Thailand. It also offers management training, management seminars, and market research.

SJC has three domains:
 * research, working with Japanese top universities,
 * education, providing Japanese executives with comprehensive management education program in collaboration with Sasin Executive Education Center and Japan Management Association (JMA),
 * consulting, solving business challenges with Sasin Management Consulting and Japan Management Association Consulting (JMAC).


text:
Elliston

Elliston can refer to:

 * Places
 * Elliston, Indiana, U.S.
 * Elliston, Montana, U.S.
 * Elliston, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
 * Elliston Ridge Air Station, radar station in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
 * Elliston, South Australia
 * District Council of Elliston
 * Elliston, Virginia, U.S.
 * Elliston-Lafayette, Virginia, U.S.
 * Joseph Elliston House, a ca. 1817 house in Brentwood, Tennessee, U.S.
 * Lands of Elliston, Parish of Lochwinnoch in Scotland

 * Given name
 * Elliston Campbell (1891–1990), Australian electrical engineer and philanthropist

 * Surname
 * George Elliston (1883–1946), American journalist
 * George Sampson Elliston (1875–1954), British military officer and politician
 * Grace Elliston (died 1950), American theatre actress
 * Henry Twiselton Elliston (1801–1864), English musical composer and inventor
 * Jesse Elliston (died 1853), proprietor of Elliston & Cavell, a former department store in Oxford, England
 * Joseph Thorpe Elliston (1779 -1856), American silversmith, planter and politician
 * Robert William Elliston (1774–1831), English actor
 * Sydney Robert Elliston (1870-1943) English priest

title: Elliston


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Waterloo to Basingstoke railway service

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. humblefool®Deletion Reform 20:17, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Waterloo to Basingstoke railway service and Waterloo via Weybridge railway service
Delete non-encyclopedic. This just says that trains run between two towns — we could have articles about X to Y where X and Y are one stop apart! -Splash 23:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

To be fair, the pages are about entire routes, not just one stop between towns. My comment was Ojw 00:19, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * if we plan to do such things, it will be a massive task,
 * couldn't it be on South West Trains where a whole rail system could be done at once?
 * there ought to be some way of automating page generation for such rote tasks
 * if it can be autogenerated, it could more easily be programmed into an external site and linked to from wikipedia.

comment Waterloo via Weybridge railway service, a similar page, was created by me. The point from Splash above is a entirely valid, via reductio ad absurdum. Perhaps a more appropriate page title might provide resolution? However, information on what regular, timetabled, multi-stop railway services are available to UK railway users is encyclopedic, and useful. Sliggy 00:28, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Personally, I don't think the information is encyclopedic. There are rail lines between nearly every town, village, and city in the UK. To explicitly state so doesn't really impart information of encyclopedic note. I think the absolute most it warrants is mentioning under the operator's article, but none of the operators do so at present. I'm inclined to suggest that there is probably a reason for this: the information is not really encyclopedic. For consistency, and not out of spite, I'm going to add that other article to this VfD. I will let the editors so far know. -Splash 02:00, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * comment Agreed both pages should be considered. Sliggy 11:18, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both, nothing suggesting notability of these train. Pavel Vozenilek 01:04, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge with South West Trains. If these are stretches which are covered by frequent commuter trains, the articles are as valid as articles about individual subway lines, even though naming them is quite awkward. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As mentioned below, lines are (marginally) encyclopedic. The services that run on them at the moment are't. -Splash 14:39, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * comment There is something I don't understand. Looking at pre-existing pages, it seems it is encyclopedic to include the fact that a railway service can run between stations (for example Bexleyheath Line).  It is also encyclopedic that a railway service used to run between stations (for example Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway).  I do not see why it is not encyclopedic to include the fact that a service does run between stations?  That said, I'd be happy including many services on to a single page (although I am not sure whether a service should be linked to a particular train operating company). Sliggy 11:11, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * The difference is between line and service. Railway lines are encyclopedic - they last for a long time and even when they carry no trains they leave their mark on the countyside. Railway services are much more transitory and belong in WikiTravel not here. -- RHaworth 11:53, 2005 July 20 (UTC)

 * Merge into operating company article. See my comments above. -- RHaworth 11:53, 2005 July 20 (UTC)
 * Merge with South West Trains. Dcarrano 16:32, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both
 * Delete both as they seem to be written by Neville Shunt. FunkyChicken! 23:13, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Basingstoke service in particular is in need of cleanup because it omits a few stations which are stops on this line. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:07, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep or merge with the line(s) that it operates along. As this merge is nontrivial if it uses more than one line, I am voting keep. As for train services, see Amtrak, as well as Template:New Jersey Transit and Template:MBTA, for links to other services (the latter two deal with the lines as well, but there is a mostly one-to-one mapping here). --SPUI (talk) 20:33, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment - I've updated the Basingstoke page to rectify the faults Tony Sidaway identifies above (I did before remembering to log in; no intention of acting as a sockpuppet, just forgetfulness)
 * OK, not one of my best days. The above comment was written by me. Sliggy 15:24, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
22nd Daytime Emmy Awards

The 22nd Daytime Emmy Awards were that were held on May 19, 1995, on NBC to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from the previous year (1994). The nominees were announced on March 29, 1995. Winners are in bold.

Outstanding Drama Series

 * All My Children
 * Days of Our Lives
 * General Hospital
 * The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Lead Actor

 * Peter Bergman (Jack Abbott, The Young and the Restless)
 * David Canary (Adam Chandler/Stuart Chandler, All My Children)
 * Justin Deas (Buzz Cooper, Guiding Light)
 * Brad Maule (Tony Jones, General Hospital)
 * Michael Zaslow (Roger Thorpe, Guiding Light)

Outstanding Lead Actress

 * Leslie Charleson (Monica Quartermaine, General Hospital)
 * Marj Dusay (Alexandra Spaulding, Guiding Light)
 * Maeve Kinkead (Vanessa Chamberlain, Guiding Light)
 * Susan Lucci (Erica Kane, All My Children)
 * Erika Slezak (Victoria Lord, One Life to Live)

Outstanding Supporting Actor

 * Keith Hamilton Cobb (Noah Keefer, All My Children)
 * Ian Buchanan (James Warwick, The Bold and the Beautiful)
 * Rick Hearst (Alan-Michael Spaulding, Guiding Light)
 * Roger Howarth (Todd Manning, One Life to Live)
 * Jerry verDorn (Ross Marler, Guiding Light)

Outstanding Supporting Actress

 * Jean Carol (Nadine Corley, Guiding Light)
 * Melina Kanakaredes (Eleni Andros, Guiding Light)
 * Sydney Penny (Julia Santos, All My Children)
 * Rena Sofer (Lois Cerullo, General Hospital)
 * Jacklyn Zeman (Bobbie Spencer, General Hospital)

Outstanding Younger Actor

 * Jason Biggs (Pete Wendall, As the World Turns)
 * Bryan Buffington (Bill Lewis, Guiding Light)
 * Jonathan Jackson (Lucky Spencer, General Hospital)
 * Tommy J. Michaels (Tim Dillon, All My Children)

Outstanding Younger Actress

 * Sarah Michelle Gellar (Kendall Hart, All My Children)
 * Kimberly McCullough (Robin Scorpio, General Hospital)
 * Rachel Miner (Michelle Bauer, Guiding Light)
 * Heather Tom (Victoria Newman, The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team

 * All My Children
 * General Hospital
 * One Life to Live
 * The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team

 * All My Children
 * Another World
 * As the World Turns
 * One Life to Live
 * The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show

 * Jeopardy! (Columbia TriStar Television/KingWorld)
 * American Gladiators (Four Point Entertainment/Samuel Goldwyn TV)
 * Fourth Annual Rock N' Jock B-Ball Jam
 * The Price Is Right (Mark Goodson Productions/All American Television/Paramount Television/CBS)
 * Wheel of Fortune (Columbia TriStar Television/KingWorld)

Outstanding Game Show Host

 * Bob Barker (The Price Is Right)
 * Alex Trebek (Jeopardy!)

Outstanding Costume Design

 * Lois DeArmond (Adventures in Wonderland)
 * Ann Marie Holdgruen, Laurent Linn, Carlo Yannuzzi, Larry Jameson, Mark Ruffin, Terry Roberson, Stephen Rotondaro, Edward G. Christie, Rollin Krewson, William Kellard, Mark Zeszotek, Connie Peterson, Peter MacKennan, Fred Buchholz, Goran Sparrman, and Tom Newby (Sesame Street)
 * Danajean Cicerchi (Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?)
 * Lois DeArmond, and Betsey Potter (Beakman's World)
 * Doug Enderle (Walt Disney World Very Merry Christmas Parade)
 * Charles Chiodo, Stephen Chiodo, and Edward Chiodo (ABC Weekend Specials - "Crash the Curiousaurus")

Outstanding Children's Series

 * Linda Ellerbee, Rolfe Tessem, Murr LeBay, Bob Brienza, and Mark Lyons (Nick News with Linda Ellerbee)
 * James McKenna, Hamilton McCulloch, Erren Gottlieb, and Elizabeth Brock (Bill Nye, the Science Guy)
 * Robert Heath, and Mark Waxman (Beakman's World)
 * Ed Wiseman, Cecily Truett, Larry Lancit, Stacey Raider, Orly Berger, Twila Liggett, Tony Buttino, LeVar Burton, and Jill Gluckson (Reading Rainbow)
 * Jay Rayvid, Lynn Kestinn-Sessler, Kate Taylor, Howard Lee, Howard J. Blumenthal, and Jonathan G. Meath (Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?)

Outstanding Film Sound Mixing

 * Timothy J. Garrity, Timothy Borquez, Jim Hodson, Bill Koepnick, Melissa Ellis and Deb Adair (Aladdin)
 * Thomas Orsi and Don Summer (ABC Afterschool Specials:Boys Will Be Boys)
 * Timothy J. Borquez and Timothy J. Garrity (The Little Mermaid)
 * David John West, John Boyd and Todd Orr (The Tick)
 * John Asman, Walt Martin, David E. Fluhr and Sam Black (Trick of the Eye)
 * David John West, Kevin Patrick Burns, Todd Orr and John Boyd (Exosquad)

Outstanding Film Sound Editing

 * Alex Wilkinson, Charles Rychwalski, William Griggs, Kenneth Young, Melissa Ellis, Bill Koepnick, Greg LaPlante, Jennifer Mertens, Ray Leonard, Michael Geisler, John O. Robinson III, Marc S. Perlman Michael Gollom, Jim Hodson, Timothy J. Borquez, Phyllis Ginter, Robert Duran and Tom Jaeger (Aladdin)
 * Brian F. Mars, Charles Rychwalski, Michael Geisler, John O. Robinson III, Jennifer Mertens, Tom Jaeger and Greg LaPlante (The Little Mermaid)
 * David John West, Matthew West, Chris Fradkin, Rick Hinson, Mark Cleary and Susan Welsh (Exosquad)
 * Mark Cleary, Chris Fradkin, Rick Hinson and David John West (The Tick)
 * Matt Thorne, John Hegedes, Tom Maydeck, Robert Hargreaves, Russell Brower, Mark Keatts, J.J. George, Mike Dickeson and Daryl B. Kell (Batman: The Animated Series)

Outstanding Music Direction and Composition

 * Mark Watters, John Given, Harvey Cohen, Carl Johnson and Thomas Richard Sharp (Aladdin)
 * Jeff Moss, Christopher Cerf, Tony Geiss, Gail Sky King, Robby Merkin, Stephen Lawrence, Sarah Durkee, Dave Conner and Paul Jacobs (Sesame Street)
 * Don Sebesky (Allegra's Window)
 * Shirley Walker (Batman: The Animated Series)
 * Steven Bernstein and Richard Stone (Animaniacs)

Outstanding in Animation

 * Peter Gaffney, Jonathan Greenberg, Rachel Lipman, Paul Germain, Steve Socki, Howard E. Baker and Jim Duffy (Rugrats)
 * Robert Renzetti, Todd Frederiksen, Mark Saraceni, Tony Craig and Miles Thompson (2 Stupid Dogs)
 * Derdad Aghamalian, Ed Klautky, Craig Wilson, Sung Hwan Choi, Rae McCarson, Ted Blackman, Leonard Robledo, Rick Del Carmen, Richard Ziehler-Martin, Alex Stevens, Fedja Jovanovic, Bill Sienkiewicz, Joseph Dempsey, Kent Butterworth, Lin Zeng, Tom Nesbitt, Ray Shenusay, Sean Roche, Neil Hunter, John Schaeffer, Chuck Puntuvatana, Felipe Morell, Teri Shikasho, Doug Molitor, Eufronio R. Cruz, Keith Weesner, Moe Green, Hector Martinez, Fernando Tenedora and Junn Roca (Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?)
 * Chris Battle, Jeff W. Smith, Cathy Malkasian, Igor Kovalyov, John Holmquist, Debbie Baber, Vadim Medzhibovskiy, Rumen Petkov, Zhenia Delioussine, Stephen Lawes, Bradley J. Gake, Alex Dilts, Anita Ziobro, Peter Gaffney, Jim Duffy, Kelly James, Dan Krall, Toni Vian, Sergey Shramkosky, Marcy Rubin, Andrei Svislotski, Ron Campbell, Jerry Richardson, David Litt, David Silverman, Steve Ressel and Craig Simmons (Aaahh!!! Real Monsters)
 * Rich Arons, Barry Caldwell, Michael Gerard, Alfred Gimeno, Dave Marshall, Jon McClenahan, Rusty Mills, Audu Paden, Greg Reyna, Lenord Robinson, Andrea Romano, Peter Hastings, Nicholas Hollander, John P. McCann, Tom Minton, Deanna Oliver, Randy Rogel, Paul Rugg, Tom Ruegger and Sherri Stoner (Animaniacs)

Outstanding Performer In An Animated Program

 * Lily Tomlin (Valerie Felicity Frizzle, The Magic School Bus)
 * Tim Curry (Skullmaster, Mighty Max)
 * Roscoe Lee Browne (Kingpin, Spider-Man: The Animated Series)
 * Rita Moreno (Carmen Sandiego, Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?)
 * Ruby Dee (Grandmother, Whitewash)

Lifetime achievement award

 * Ted Corday
 * Betty Corday

title: 22nd Daytime Emmy Awards


text:
MBL

MBL may refer to:

Education

 * Marine Biological Laboratory, an international center for research and education in biology, biomedicine, and ecology
 * Master of Business and Law, a two-year master's degree credential
 * National Security College (Israel)

Politics

 * Free Bolivia Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Bolivia Libre), a political party in Bolivia
 * Free Brazil Movement (Portuguese: Movimento Brasil Livre), a libertarian Austrian-school inspired political movement in Brazil

Science

 * Mannan-binding lectin (or mannose-binding lectin), a protein capable of binding certain sugars and polysaccharides
 * Many-body localization, a state of matter in which a local set of particles cannot reach thermal equilibrium
 * Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, a condition that resembles chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Sport

 * Malaysian Basketball League, former name of the Malaysia National Basketball League, the pre-eminent men's basketball league in Malaysia
 * Midwest Basketball League, a semi-professional men's basketball league which operates in the Midwestern United States

Transportation

 * Manistee County-Blacker Airport (IATA/FAA code MBL), an airport in the US state of Michigan
 * Montclair-Boonton Line, a commuter rail line in North Jersey in the US state of New Jersey
 * Montebello Bus Lines, a local transit agency serving the San Gabriel Valley in Southern California

Other uses

 * Marie Byrd Land, region of West Antarctica
 * Macquarie Bank Limited, name of the Macquarie Group (a publicly traded Australian financial-services corporation) prior to its restructuring in 2007

title: MBL


text:
User talk:Random user name

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 23:26, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Image copyright problem with Image:Visual-cryptography-1.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Visual-cryptography-1.png. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. -- Carnildo 07:17, 3 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Random user name is the copyright holder. — Matt Crypto 08:25, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Depends.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Depends.png. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. — ξ xplicit  21:42, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Random user name


text: File:SuicidalTendenciesAlbum.jpg

title: File:SuicidalTendenciesAlbum.jpg


text:
Canine transmissible venereal tumor

A canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT), also known as a transmissible venereal tumor (TVT), canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (CTVS), sticker tumor and infectious sarcoma, is a histiocytic tumor of the external genitalia of the dog and other canines, and is transmitted from animal to animal during mating. It is one of only three known transmissible cancers in mammals; the others are devil facial tumor disease, a cancer which occurs in Tasmanian devils, and contagious reticulum cell sarcoma of the Syrian hamster.

The tumor cells are themselves the infectious agents, and the tumors that form are not genetically related to the host dog. Although the genome of a CTVT is derived from an individual canid (specifically from a population of Native American dogs with coyote contribution), it is now essentially living as a unicellular, asexually reproducing (but sexually transmitted) pathogen. Sequence analysis of the genome suggests it diverged from canids over 6,000 years ago; possibly much earlier. Estimates from 2015 date its time of origin to about 11,000 years ago. However, the most recent common ancestor of extant tumors is more recent: it probably originated 200 to 2,500 years ago.

Canine TVTs were initially described by Russian veterinarian M.A. Novinsky (1841–1914) in 1876, when he demonstrated that the tumor could be transplanted from one dog to another by infecting them with tumor cells.

Signs and symptoms
In male dogs, the tumor affects the penis and foreskin. In female dogs, it affects the vulva. Rarely, the mouth or nose are affected. The tumor often has a cauliflower-like appearance. Signs of genital TVT include a discharge from the prepuce and in some cases urinary retention caused by blockage of the urethra. Signs of a nasal TVT include nasal fistulae, nosebleeds and other nasal discharge, facial swelling, and enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes.

Pathology
Canine transmissible venereal tumors are histiocytic tumors that may be transmitted among dogs through coitus, licking, biting and sniffing tumor affected areas. The concept that the tumor is naturally transmissible as an allograft came from three important observations. First, CTVTs can only be experimentally induced by transplanting living tumor cells, and not by killed cells or cell filtrates. Second, the tumor karyotype is aneuploid but has characteristic marker chromosomes in all tumors collected in different geographic regions. Third, a long interspersed nuclear element (LINE-1) insertion near c-myc has been found in all tumors examined so far and can be used as a diagnostic marker to confirm that a tumor is a CTVT.

Canine transmissible venereal tumors are most commonly seen in sexually active dogs in tropical, subtropical and temperate climates where there are large populations of stray dogs, but little is known about the details of transmission. The disease is spread when dogs mate, and can even be transmitted to other canine species, such as foxes and coyotes. Spontaneous regression of the tumor can occur, probably due to a response from the immune system. CTVT undergoes a predictable cycle: an initial growth phase of four to six months (P phase), a stable phase, and a regression phase (R phase), although not all CTVTs will regress. The tumor does not often metastasize (occurring in about less than 5 percent of cases), except in puppies and immunocompromised dogs. Metastasis occurs to regional lymph nodes, but can also be seen in the skin, brain, eye, liver, spleen, testicle, rectum and muscle. A biopsy is necessary for diagnosis.

The success of this single cell lineage, believed to be the longest continually propagated cell lineage in the world, can be attributed to the tumor's mode of transmission in a specific host system. Although direct contact is generally not a highly efficient mode of transfer, CTVTs take advantage of the popular sire effect of domestic dogs. A single male can produce dozens of litters over his lifetime, allowing the tumor to affect many more females than it could if a monogamous species were the host. Understanding the epidemiology of CTVTs could provide insights for populations that may experience CTVT exposure and information about disease prevalence.

Genetics
The CTVT cells have fewer chromosomes than normal dog cells. Dog cells normally have 78 chromosomes, while the cancer cells contain 57–64 chromosomes that are very different in appearance from normal dog chromosomes. All dog chromosomes except X and Y are acrocentric, having a centromere very near to the end of the chromosome, while many of the CTVT chromosomes are metacentric or submetacentric, having a centromere nearer to the middle.

All tumor cells of this type of cancer share extremely similar genetic code, often if not always unrelated to the DNA of their host. In addition to the aforementioned c-myc insertion, a few other potential driver mutations have been identified.

Treatment method
The tumor, when treated with the chemotherapy drug vincristine, regresses as the host immune system is activated. CCL5 may play an important role in the immune response.

Treatment
Surgery may be difficult due to the location of these tumors. Surgery alone often leads to recurrence. Chemotherapy is very effective for TVTs. The prognosis for complete remission with chemotherapy is excellent. The most common chemotherapy agents used are vincristine, vinblastine, and doxorubicin. Use of autohaemotherapy in treatment of TVTs also showed promising results in many cases .Radiotherapy may be required if chemotherapy does not work.

title: Canine transmissible venereal tumor


text:
Dependency Walker

Dependency Walker or depends.exe is a free program for Microsoft Windows used to list the imported and exported functions of a portable executable file. It also displays a recursive tree of all the dependencies of the executable file (all the files it requires to run). Dependency Walker was included in Microsoft Visual Studio until Visual Studio 2005 (Version 8.0) and Windows XP SP2 support tools. The latest version v2.2.10011 is not available on dependencywalker.com website but is included in the Windows Driver Kit v10.

As of Windows 7, Microsoft introduced the concept of Windows API-sets, a form of DLL redirection. Dependency Walker has not been updated to handle this layer of indirection gracefully, and when used on Windows 7 and later it will likely show multiple errors. Dependency Walker can still be used for some application level debugging despite this.

As of October 2017 an Open Source C# rewrite of Dependency Walker called Dependencies.exe has been released on GitHub. It does not yet offer the full range of Dependency Walker features, but has been updated to handle Windows API-sets and WinSxS (side-by-side assemblies).

Basic features

 * Runs on Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, 2000, XP, 2003, Vista, 7, 8 and 10
 * List all dependent modules (portable executables)
 * Supports 64-bit and Windows CE executables
 * Detects if the module is programmed in C or C++
 * Detects modules not listed in the import address table
 * Color coding of the list to help highlight problems (broken dependencies are highlighted in red)
 * Traces dependencies recursively, and lists dependencies of all modules in a tree view

title: Dependency Walker