text:
Talk:Glasgow Airport

Rivalry between GLA and EDI
Please note that there is a significant rivalry between the cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and aviation fans on the internet have taken this to a new and bitter level.

Please be very suspicious of any blatantly pro- or anti- Edinburgh changes made here. To keep a NPOV, this article should not discuss Edinburgh at all except in passing.

Those who would disparage Glasgow airport in a partisan way often talk up Prestwick airport as an alternative, so much the same applies there.

There is real political debate about the future of Scotland's airports but any statement that airport X will get future investment instead of airport Y, or that airport D is better than airport C because it has B is basically an opinion and does not belong in an encyclopedia page. Please don't let this article turn into (yet another) edinburgh/glasgow bickering ground (see: alt.airports.uk.edinburgh).

I have to say it but I can see this article (and the Edinburgh one) having to be locked at some point in the future now that its existence has been mentioned on alt.airports.uk.edinburgh

 * The rivalry between GLA and PIK would appear to be a more relevant concern as evidenced by this dubious claim:

"The other international airport branded as a Glasgow destination is Glasgow Prestwick Airport, situated 29 miles (46 km) from the city centre, serving low cost airlines, which currently handles the equivalent of around a quarter of Glasgow Airport's traffic (2.4 million passengers in 2006)."

Surely Prestwick handles its own traffic and not "Glasgow Airport's traffic" - unless there is some business agreement between BAA and GPIA which we are unaware of? I am going to delete this unfounded assertion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.192.19.212 (talk) 10:52, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

The second line of this page is false, Glasgow had less passengers than Edinburgh in 2007 and so was not the busiest in Scotland. If you look at the source cited it quite clearly shows Glasgow did have 8,795,727, but Edinburgh had 9,047,558. So I don't know if this was deliberate by someone being pro-Glasgow, or someone forgot to include Edinburgh when checking the list for other Scottish Airports. Dbblain (talk) 03:21, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The article formerly stated "second busiest in Scotland"; an anonymous IP changed it on October 4th. My guess would be subtle vandalism.  Some children get a kick out of introducing subtle changes like this; I don't understand why.
 * Cheers, This flag once was red propagandadeeds 04:54, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Meddled Up
Somebody has totally messed up this page. All of the information about the airport is meddled into the template information. I just assume it would be a mistak — why leave it?
 * Sorry, but you've lost me! I added the infobox (or did I convert it from the previous non-template version?) Anyway, I understand the information is correct and if it isn't then please edit it. From where I'm looking there's not much duplicated information either - the infobox is intended as a quick source of info. Please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Airports/infobox Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aviation/Infobox Airport and WikiProject Airports for more information on the standard infoboxes. Wangi 14:35, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi there, I am terribly sorry to confuse you. I think it must have been me and my Internet text size. But from what I could see, all of the atricle text was merged into the InfoBox. And I also saw it on another airport page (I think is was Frankfurt Mahn Airport) but anyway, sorry for the misunderstanding. It is all a-OK :-) 18:37, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Image
I've added an image, found on http://www.geograph.co.uk/ with a suitable licence. Wangi 06:55, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Historical Information
Glasgow - and probably other airports - has a rich history of destinations that have been previously served. Right up to date we have the withdrawal of the Southampton service by BA Connect, but previously there is the JFK/BOS service by BA; YYZ by AC; CDG direct by Jersey European (now flyBe.). Going further into the past there is the AirUK service to STN (the AMS service is the legacy service to the now KLM Cityhopper service).

The historical information is as important and the current information and should be moved to an appropriate location when ceases to be current. For example a section on past destinations served could be added.

Pencefn 07:23, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * A wider discussion probably makes sense: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Airports /wangi 07:41, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

US Airways service to SFO in Summer 2006
This is one stop service via PHL (US 563 / US 564) with US Customs/Immigration (and security clearance) taking place. Keeping the same flight number to my mind indicates a through service.

Just checking out the LHR page lists Air New Zealand service Auckland - NZ001/NZ002 are one-stop services with US Customs/Immigration (and security clearance) taking place at LAX. Pencefn 09:04, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * NZ1 is the same aeroplane LHR-LAX and LAX-AKL, with transit passengers not going through the whole normal US procedures (they are kept separate from normal transit passengers). On the otherhand I understand the only thing common GLA-PHL-SFO is the flight number - the two legs use different planes (575 & A321). Current practise is to not list these as direct destinations - for example the same is true for the CO services out of EDI (flight code goes on to MCO) and GLA (LAS I think). For other examples consider the BA flights from EDI and GLA via the "EuroHub" at BHX to European destinations - these are not listed.
 * Although reading the guidelines at WP:AIRPORTS says:
 * List non-stop and direct flights only. That means the flight number, but not always the plane, starts at this airport and continues to one or more airports. Avoid using the description via since that is more correctly listed as another destination. If passengers can not disembark at a stop on a direct flight, then do not list it as a destination or as via. Direct flights are not always non-stop flights. However, avoid listing most domestic United States direct flights, as virtually all of these are simply flights from one "spoke city" to a hub, with the plane continuing from the hub to a second spoke city. Including these flights dramatically increases the length of destination listings, artificially inflates the airline's presence at a location and requires constant updating, as these "timetable direct" destinations have little rhyme or reason and may change as often as every week or two.
 * Which is different to how I'm remembering things, and different from edits I've noticed a lot of other people making! Thanks/wangi 10:22, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh dear I have opened a can of worms here. Could the decision factor being whether all the PAX have to leave the aircraft (with possibly an aircraft change). Another thought is that when I flew on BA 4102 from BRS to GLA earlier in the week, the incoming aircraft was from FRA on the same flight number. The luggage of the transit passengers remained on the aircraft whilst they we bussed to the terminal to be processed through International arrivals to landside, through security to join the bus that already had the domestic PAX on-board, to then rejoin the same aircraft with the same crew.

 * Maybe we should consider thwe decision point when bags are off-loaded from an aircraft, even when they could then be re-loaded back onto the same aircraft.

 * Food for thought perhaps Pencefn 11:14, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * There have been similar edits / issue re direct flights from Newark Liberty International Airport this week:, Talk:Newark Liberty International Airport. /wangi 11:24, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

American Airlines Service GLA to/from ORD
This concludes for the summer season of 2006 on 30 September 2006. This can be verified by referring the American Airlines timetable.

There has been an edit suggesting that it will not return for 2007, however no reference to any official source has been given. If the source of the ceasing of this summer service can be cited, then it can join the list of past destinations (with AC to/from YYZ; SN to/from BRU; BA to/from JFK/BOS; BA to/from SOU; ...etc) as historical information - Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Airports

Pencefn 11:07, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Found a reference in the on-line Scotsman to the ceasation of GLA-ORD route at the end of the 2006 seaon - now added. The American Airlines site is remarkable quiet on the routes it is dropping, but shouts from the roof-tops when it starts up a new route. Pencefn 12:13, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Reykjavik-Keflavik
I notice that my change of Keflavík to Reykjavík has been reverted. The reason that I chose to change to Reykjavík is that the list is of the cities that the airlines fly to, not the airport. Since there are two airports in Reykjavík (one domestic (Reykjavík Airport, RKV), and one international, (Keflavík International Airport, KEF) it should be specified as Reykjavík-Keflavík in the list (just like Glasgow should be specified as Glasgow-International to distinguish it from Prestwick. I am sorry I was not fully aware of this at the time, I now understand that i should have specified that it was the Keflavík airport in addition to that the route served Reykjavík.

Furthermore it should be noted that Keflavík Airport serves Reykjavík. It is located about 50 km from Reykjavík, wich is well within the limit for what is considered close enough to serve a capital city, see for instance Oslo Airport, Gardermoen or London Stansted Airport where there is no doubt as to which city they serve. This is the way airport destinations are named, both outside and within Wikipedia, whether or not the city name is part of the offical name of the airport, see for instance Leonardo da Vinci International Airport. Both Icelandair and the airport authorities call the destination "Reykjavik", see Glasgow Internationa Airport web site and Icelandair web site.

I will change the entry to Reykjavík-Keflavík. Arsenikk 22:09, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

What is the IATA definition of the airport that carries the KEF code? Maybe for consistency in Wikipedia, we shoud use the terminology that Wikipedia itself uses - see Keflavík International Airport. Hence is should be Keflavik. Pencefn 17:23, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe we could use the convention being used in the Buenos Aires airports. Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (EZE) for the international flights, and Buenos Aires-Aeroparque for the domestic flights. The reason marking KEF as merely Keflavik is because people would not know where the international airport for Reykjavik is. Besides, Icelandair itself markets its flights as going to Reykjavik. Reykjavik after all is the most known city in the country. Elektrik Blue 82 19:25, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * We should be consistent across Wikipedia. If KEF is called Keflavík International Airport on its own page, then either this is how it should be refered on the Glasgow Page, or the Keflavík International Airport entry should be re-titled to reflect this. Pencefn 22:00, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, the status quo is the best course. After all, the actual name of the airport is Keflavík International Airport, but the ultimate destination (and the city it serves) is Reykjavík. It shouldn't be confusing, as KEF is the international airport of Reykjavík (and of Iceland, I believe, except for a few to Akureyri Airport). --physicq210 22:30, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * If you go through the list of destinations from Glasgow, you will quickly discover that a lot of airports have a different name than the city they serve. This is because this list on the Glasgow Airport page shows the *city* the airline flies to, not the airport. The airport name is added in addition to those cities that have more than one airport to specify which airport is flown through. This way of describing destinations is used throughout the aviation world, by airlines and airports, like it or not, and is the format used throughout the rest of Wikipedia. See Wikipedia Airport Project for the established standard for airport articles. Arsenikk 22:48, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm repeating my comment from the project page here. Hope it helps. From  the name for RKV is 'Reykjavik Domestic' in Reykjavik. KEF maps to 'Keflavik International' in Reykjavik. Vegaswikian 23:00, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

New International Stands
Stands 37, 38 and 39 were brought into use in August 2006 (or was it late July 2006). There are various combinations of aircraft that are permitted. However I can not find a source that details this. I understand it is one B777-300 or B747-400; or a B767-300 with a B757-300; and how many B737 (three?) The CAA (AIP) website does not give the new stands yet - however it took over a year after stands 81 and 82 were opened for the new ramp chart to be published.

Pencefn 14:03, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

bmi to Jersey
I can not find any reference in the bmi or Star Alliance timetables to a bmi service to Jersey. A search via expedia.co.uk gives services via BA and flyBe. involving changes enroute. As with services to Venice and Dalaman are these seasonal charters that do not appear on the timetable sold as part of IT packages? A source for this data would be of use. Pencefn 11:15, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Gaelic
I have put the Gaelic translation for Glasgow International Airport as: Port-adhair Eadar-nàiseanail Glaschu. As having limited gaelic skills i am not sure wether the translation is correct. Could someone could comment. Cstephen 11:32, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

should gaelic even be on here?
as gaelic is a minority lanuage spoken by just 1% of scotland, and basically no one in glasgow should the name even be on here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.65.67.239 (talk) 00:55, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The vast majority of landmarks in Scotland have name translations into Gaelic, so yes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.211.110.119 (talk) 13:14, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Gaelic is the Scottish language and must be included in any Scottish airport article. It is also a growing language that was deliberately marginalised by racism and discriminatory legislation and is spoken by many visitors to Scotand who arrive via Glasgow Airport. Should this question even be here? Seamusalba (talk) 16:57, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Hm, let's look at this shall we, of the 60,000 speakers in Scotland, over 10,000 - that's right, over a 1/6 - live in the Greater Glasgow area. So much for "no one in Glasgow". So my apologies if I'm going to ignore such an ill-informed suggestion. Akerbeltz (talk) 17:34, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

I'm not sure where some of the assertions above come from, however there is no trace of Gaelic on any of the airport website or marketing materials. I am removing the Gaelic reference based purely on the Airport's own materials. Anecdotally, after 40 years of living in the area, I have never heard Gaelic spoken in general conversation, nor met anyone who can speak the language. Endeleus (talk) 21:40, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

Deletion of Emirates taxiway incident in Septmeber 2007
For some reason this perfectly valid entry has been removed from the Incidents section, and has therefore been restored. This may be an issue of pride and embarrassment for people associated with the airport, however it was a serious and noteworthy incident which does not deserve to be deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.192.19.212 (talk) 08:57, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

I see the note on the Emirates incident has been deleted yet again. I wil re-instate it a second time. Please could the site moderators monitor this, or at least justify why it should be acceptable for the content to be repeatedly removed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.192.19.212 (talk) 12:36, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry, this incident does not meet the criteria for inclusion stated at WP:AIRPORTS. In summary, the accident / incident has to have been fatal to occupants or the aircraft, involve a hull loss or invoke a change in procedures, regulations or processes that had a wide effect on other airports or airlines or the aircraft industry. It's nothing to do with pride or embarrassment, simply to avoid clogging up airport and airline pages with minor, non-notable incidents which happen around the world fairly reguarly. I have therefore removed the incident from the page. Thanks. SempreVolando (talk) 13:54, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Support SempreVolando reversion - not a notable incident. MilborneOne (talk) 14:42, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, not enough dead people. Only really important stuff gets into Wikipedia. 79.69.219.97 (talk) 14:56, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Turkish Airlines
Someone has added a Turkish Airlines route to Istanbul in the destinations list, commencing 6th August 2009. This is pure speculation and has not been confirmed by the airline. Until confirmed by the airline any references to a Turkish Airlines service from Glasgow Airport should be kept out of the list of current destinations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.192.18.220 (talk) 15:34, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Dubious claim
"By 1996, Glasgow Airport was handling 5.47 million passengers per annum, placing it fourth in the UK."

Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Manchester would all have been larger then this at the time, I'm sure, so that makes at atleast fifth, If it can not be substantiated soon, I will remove it. Mtaylor848 (talk) 18:16, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

Glasgow Flying Club
Is there any interest in adding a sentence or two about the flying club which operates from the airport(e.g. Glasgow Flying Club provides training for various licences and ratings. The club operates from the north side of the airport etc.)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Flyingontheg5 (talk • contribs) 20:55, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Head offices
Okay, The Glasgow Airport Business Centre has the head office of BAA Glasgow

The Loganair HQ is separate

WhisperToMe (talk) 05:26, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

Geograph photos
These could be useful: WhisperToMe (talk) 05:50, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/746328 - Business Park
 * http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/560611 - BA Hangar
 * http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2188884 - Business Park
 * http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2517026 - Skypark Building
 * http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2565733 - BA Hangar
 * http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2691582 - Airtours Memorial
 * http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2691586
 * http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2691589
 * http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2691593

First Glasgow Wiki Meetup
You are invited to the first Glasgow Wiki Meetup which will take place at The Sir John Moore, 260-292 Argyle Street, City of Glasgow G2 8QW on Sunday 12 May 2013 from 1.00 pm. If you have never been to one, this is an opportunity to meet other Wikipedians in an informal atmosphere for Wiki and non-Wiki related chat and for beer or food if you like. Experienced and new contributors are all welcome. This event is definitely not restricted just to discussion of Scottish topics. Bring your laptop if you like and use the free Wifi or just bring yourself. Even better, bring a friend! Click the link for full details. Looking forward to seeing you. Philafrenzy (talk) 21:08, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Korean Air
Should this charter flight be seasonal? The source states that the airline will operate 3 flights only on 5 August, 12 August, and 19 August but it did mention on possibly introducing future flights further into 2017 but I must be reading it wrong. Any suggestions? If it's only operates on those 3 days only then it is not a regular charter flight. 166.177.187.145 (talk) 08:24, 9 February 2016 (UTC)
 * If it only operates on those three dates then it is an irregular / ad-hoc charter, and these are rarely notable for inclusion on Wikipedia. SempreVolando (talk) 08:30, 9 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Protected edit request on 24 March 2017
Eastern airways service to isle of man starts on the 2 may 2017 2A02:C7D:1214:F800:49CD:63B1:70D5:4E1D (talk) 14:58, 24 March 2017 (UTC)
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External links modified
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New TUI service to Salzburg removed
I though it was perfectly reasonable to add the new TUI Airways service to Salzburg Airport that was operated by BA CityFlyer but it has been removed in the past few days. Is there any reason as to why this should not have been on the page in the first place?

Easyjet Milan Route
A few months ago, the Milan route was changed on this page to seasonal and now it's been edited to say it ends in October. However, the source quoted for this change also states that the routes it lists as ending in October may reappear for Summer 2019. I noticed that an edit removing the ending date was reverted but surely removing that end date was correct, at least until EasyJet release their Summer schedule later this month? 81.108.131.191 (talk) 23:10, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

Westjet
Why does Toronto keep being removed as a Westjet destination? Glasgow airport's own website, as cited on the page, clearly lists Toronto as a Westjet destination and during the summer when the flight operates, it shows both Halifax & Toronto as the destination on the airport's flight information page. Since day 1, the flight has always operated Glasgow - Halifax - Toronto as a single flight using the same flight number and aircraft throughout. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.108.131.191 (talk) 23:10, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Probably because its not summer now. MilborneOne (talk) 23:12, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Both are listed as seasonal destinations, not sure why Toronto keeps getting removed as it is a direct flight with a stopover in Halifax 81.108.131.191 (talk) 23:16, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

Passesnger numbers
these haven't been updated since 2016. dose anyone know how to get the 2017 or 2018 passenger numbers.--Slindsell15 (talk) 23:48, 30 January 2019 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Glasgow Airport


text:
Realms of Arkania: Star Trail

Realms of Arkania: Star Trail is a computer role-playing game by Attic Entertainment Software based on the German RPG system Das Schwarze Auge. The original German version of the game (German title: Das Schwarze Auge: Sternenschweif) was released in 1994. Due to the success of its predecessor Realms of Arkania: Blade of Destiny, it was translated to English and released by Sir-Tech in the same year. An expansion, Speech Pack, was released in 1994 for the floppy disk version.

The game was re-released in 2014 for Steam with support for Windows.

Plot
After the failed orc invasion on Thorwal, the orcs attacked another region. The player is recruited in the city Kvirasim by an elf ambassador to recover an old artifact, the Salamander Stone, that could unite the elves and the dwarfs for battle against the orcs. Immediately a mysterious third party which seems to be against the uniting of the dwarves and elves counter offers riches and bribery. The quest leads them first to the depths of a long abandoned dwarven mine in the mountains. There they must walk a fine line between taking what they need and taking out of avarice. If successful they meet a master smith, who forges an asthenil sword for them and lets them swap it for the Salamander Stone.

Leaving the mines with the Salamander Stone, they are instructed to take the stone to an orc besieged city of Lowangen. The party is allowed past the orcish blockade, only after they leave behind most of their heavy weapons and armor. Once inside the city, they are robbed of the Salamander Stone. While attempting to locate it the group runs into cultists serving an unknown god. The cult comprises humans and elves. After a bloody fight, the group finds two Salamander Stones, one fake and one genuine. There is a notice of instruction telling the cult to send the real one off to the north to their leader.

The group travels to the northernmost city on the map and finds it completely deserted. Upon entering one house they find a trap door leading below the house to an underground base of the cult. Within its first floor, they find a warrioress frozen in a solid block of ice. She joins the group after the player character thaws her out but leaves as the party moves to the third and final floor.

On the last floor is a temple to the Nameless God. At the very back the party finds the dwarven ambassador, Ingramosch, petrified in stone and the mysterious third party that first tried to offer them riches for the Salamander Stone. He is actually a powerful sorcerer. After taunting the party, he casts a spell that teleports him to the massive cave behind him. A huge dragon comes forth and starts breathing flames at the party. After battling the party for some time, the dragon finds them honorable and allows them to live. As he disappears into his cave, the player character uses the salamander stone to flesh spell upon Ingramosch. They climb out of the dungeon and find the elven ambassador waiting with a horse-drawn carriage. He takes the party to the harbor where a boat is waiting. The elf spends days healing the dwarf with magic. When Ingramosch comes to, they give him the Salamander Stone.

After arriving at the tree city of the elves, the dwarves and elves hammer out an alliance. In celebration, the group is treated to a feast in the tree city, where the rarely seen elf king shows up and thanks the group for all its success and hails them as friends forever to elves everywhere.

Reception
According to Die Zeit, all three games in the Realms of Arkania series, including Star Trail, were commercially and critically successful. The paper's Nicole Lange reported in 2011 that the three entries together had surpassed 2.4 million sales worldwide.

The game was reviewed in 1995 in Dragon #219 by Jay & Dee in the "Eye of the Monitor" column. Jay gave the game 2½ out of 5 stars, while Dee gave the game 3 stars. A reviewer for Next Generation assessed that "The return of the old-school RPG, Sir Tech's Star Trail is sure to appeal to those gamers who would lose months at a time fighting evil. Unfortunately, even with its new control system (reminiscent of New World's Might and Magic series), graphics, and sound that far outclass those of Wizardry, the game may be too complex for the beginning adventure to tackle."

Barry Brenesal of Electronic Entertainment praised it as "a first-class fantasy role-playing game that should keep you busy for a long, long time." PC Zone's Mark Burgess called Star Trail "a must" for fans of the genre, and summarized it as "slightly old-fashioned looking, but it's got what it takes." In Computer Player, Al Giovetti wrote that the game was "recommended for role-playing enthusiasts", and he praised its graphics, automap and journal features, interface, complexity and audio.

Writing for PC Gamer US, Trent C. Ward called Star Trail "a must for every diehard RPG enthusiast", and "a great title for those who're tired of adventure games masquerading as RPGs". Computer Gaming World's Petra Schlunk wrote that Star Trail was "a deep and rich game, though it can be overly so at times." She regarded it as "a game for the hardest of hard-core role players—those who will fight anything, even a frustrating game system, to finish a quest."

Star Trail received PC Gamer's 1994 "Best Role-playing Game" award, and was named the year's top "Multi-Character Role-Playing Game" by Computer Games Strategy Plus. It was also a nominee for Computer Gaming World's "Role-Playing Game of the Year" prize, which went to The Elder Scrolls: Arena. The editors of Computer Gaming World called it an improvement upon Blade of Destiny that was "well-suited for hard-core role-players", while those of PC Gamer US wrote, "Never before, nor since, has a RPG contained as much depth or player control as this one". In 1997, PC Gamer US named Star Trail the 47th best game of all time, calling it "an achievement of RPG greatness".

Sequel
Realms of Arkania: Star Trail is the second game in The Northlands Trilogy following Realms of Arkania: Blade of Destiny. The third game, Realms of Arkania: Shadows over Riva, was released in 1996. Players can save the game after beating Star Trail, which allows them to import their characters into the sequel.

Remake
A full 3D remake, developed by the Austrian developer, Crafty Studios, and published by German firm, United Independent Entertainment, was released on Steam PC on August 10, 2017; PlayStation 4 on June 26, 2018; and Xbox One on January 30, 2019.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Realms of Arkania: Star Trail


text:
Talk:List of people on the postage stamps of the United Kingdom

Assessment
Definitely not a B-class, it's basically a list with a short introduction, so Start-class and no people on stamps article warrants a Top-class rating. it is not important, so must be a low; even if it was a great article I could not see it being anything more than a mid. ww2censor (talk) 05:05, 11 May 2008 (UTC)


text:
Miss Texas USA

The Miss Texas USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state Texas in the Miss USA pageant, and the name of the title held by that winner. This pageant is part of the Miss USA Organization, owned by Texas native Crystle Stewart, herself a Miss USA for 2008.

The pageant is currently held in Houston. It has previously been hosted by El Paso, San Antonio, South Padre Island, Lubbock and Laredo. It was televised from 1971 to 2009.

The current titleholder is Aarienna Ware of Dallas, Texas, was crowned Miss Texas USA 2024 on June 22, 2024, at Hilton Houston Post Oak Hotel in Houston, Texas. She will represent Texas at Miss USA 2024.

Background
Unlike the rest of Miss and Teen state pageants in the Miss USA system have annually scheduled at the same time, this Miss and Teen pageants in Texas are held separately in different months, the Miss pageant goes first and is held on first Sunday of September every year. Those events have affected from the regular September schedule such as the 2018 pageant was held in January 2018 due to Hurricane Harvey devastated the pageant's host city, Houston; and the 2021 pageant was held in September 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, exactly a year originally planned for September 2020.

Ten Miss Texas USA titleholders have won the Miss USA title, including Chelsi Smith, has been crowned Miss Universe. In the 1980s Texas won the Miss USA title five consecutive years from 1985 to 1989, a streak known as the "Texas Aces". Prior to this no state had ever won the Miss USA pageant more than two times in succession. Past state directors have included Richard Guy and Rex Holt, "GuyRex" and Al and Gail Clark of "The Crystal Group".

Contestants enter by winning local pageants or may choose to compete "at large" with an assigned title. In 2001 a record number of former Miss Texas Teen USA winners, six, competed for the Miss Texas USA 2002 title.

Texas Aces
Prior to the 1980s, no other state had won more than two Miss USA pageants in succession (the only two states to win twice in succession were Virginia in 1969-1970 and Illinois in 1973–1974). The five Texan Miss USA winners were all coached by "GuyRex", Richard Guy and Rex Holt, who held the Texas franchise from 1975. The term was first used in 1988 after Gibbs became their fourth consecutive titleholder, with Guy referring to the four queens as "four aces in a deck of cards", with their fifth titleholder, Kim Tomes (1977) as the "wildcard". The following year Gretchen Polhemus became the fifth and final "ace". The term is still in use.

As well as directing the Texas pageant, GuyRex also acquired the Miss California USA franchise in 1986. In 1988, Diana Magaña of California placed first runner-up to Gibbs, the fourth ace. The two had both undergone extensive preparation by GuyRex, and even lived together prior to the pageant.

The five Aces were:
 * 1985 - Laura Martinez-Herring (Miss USA, Top 10 at Miss Universe 1985)
 * 1986 - Christy Fichtner (Miss USA, 1st runner-up at Miss Universe 1986)
 * 1987 - Michelle Royer (Miss USA, 2nd runner-up at Miss Universe 1987)
 * 1988 - Courtney Gibbs (Miss USA, Top 10 at Miss Universe 1988)
 * 1989 - Gretchen Polhemus (Miss USA, 2nd runner-up at Miss Universe 1989)

Placements

 * Miss USAs: Kimberly Tomes (1977), Laura Martinez Herring (1985), Christy Fichtner (1986), Michelle Royer (1987), Courtney Gibbs (1988), Gretchen Polhemus (1989), Chelsi Smith (1995), Kandace Krueger (2001), Crystle Stewart (2008), R'Bonney Gabriel (2022)
 * 1st runners-up: Carelgean Douglas (1959), Diane Balloun (1964), Brenda Box (1971), Luann Caughey (1982), Lisa Allred (1983), Ylianna Guerra (2015)
 * 2nd runners-up: Barbara Horan (1978), Nicole O'Brian (2003)
 * 3rd runners-up: Betty Lee (1954), Ana Rodriguez (2011)
 * 4th runners-up: Jo Dodson (1956), Aundie Evers (1975), Alexandria Nugent (2013), Lluvia Alzate (2023)
 * Top 5/6/8: Christine Friedel (1994), Amanda Little (1997), Holly Mills (1998), Victoria Hinojosa (2021)
 * Top 10/11/12: Lavonne McConnell (1973), Candace Gray (1976), Anne Hinnant (1979), Barbara Buckley (1980), Diana Durnford (1981), Laura Shaw (1984), Stephanie Kuehne (1990), Katie Young (1992), Angie Sisk (1993), Kara Williams (1996), Kasi Kelly (2002), Lauren Lanning (2006), Magen Ellis (2007), Brooke Daniels (2009), Brittany Booker (2012)
 * Top 15: Joan Bradshaw (1953), Mary Daughters (1955), Gloria Hunt (1957), Linda Daugherty (1958), Jackie Williams (1962), Phillis Johnson (1965), Dorothy Pickens (1966), Bonnie Robinson (1967), Sandy Drewes (1969), Diane Swendeman (1970), Stephanie Guerrero (2004), Tyler Willis (2005), Logan Lester (2018)

Texas holds a record of 56 placements at Miss USA, being placed first overall.

Awards

 * Miss Congeniality: Diane Swendeman (1970), Chelsi Smith (1995)
 * Miss Photogenic: Susan Peters (1972), Lisa Allred (1983), Laura Shaw (1984), Tyler Willis (2005)
 * Best State Costume: Lavonne McConnell (1973), Kimberly Tomes (1977), Barbara Horan (1978), R'Bonney Gabriel (2022)
 * Best in Swimsuit: Chelsi Smith (1995), Lluvia Alzate (2023)

Winners
Declared as Winner
 * Color key

Ended as runner-up

Ended as finalist or semifinalist

title: Miss Texas USA


text:
Secret World Live (film)

Secret World Live is a film filmed in two Peter Gabriel concerts in 1993, as part of his Secret World Tour to support his sixth solo album, Us. The show is performed across two stages: a square and a circular stage, bridged by a conveyor belt. It was released on VHS, LaserDisc and DVD. An album of the same title with a similar track listing was also released.

The film received the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video, honouring video director Francois Girard and video producer Robert Warr.

The film has been remastered and became available on DVD and Blu-ray on 2 July 2012 in the UK and 24 July 2012 in North America. The new release also contains the song "Red Rain" that was not present on the original releases.

Track listing

 * 1) "Come Talk to Me" – 6:39
 * 2) "Steam" – 7:53
 * 3) "Across the River" – 5:57
 * 4) "Slow Marimbas" – 1:45
 * 5) "Shaking the Tree" – 7:12
 * 6) "Blood of Eden" – 7:02
 * 7) "San Jacinto" – 7:34
 * 8) "Kiss That Frog" – 6:21
 * 9) "Washing of the Water" – 3:55
 * 10) "Solsbury Hill" – 4:27
 * 11) "Digging in the Dirt" – 6:55
 * 12) "Sledgehammer" – 6:05
 * 13) "Secret World" – 10:16
 * 14) "Don't Give Up" – 7:34
 * 15) "In Your Eyes" – 12:48

Bonus tracks
 * 1) "Red Rain"
 * 2) "Steam" (remixed "quiet" version)
 * 3) "The Rhythm of the Heat"

Personnel

 * Peter Gabriel — lead vocals, keyboards, harmonica ("Kiss That Frog"), rainstick ("Slow Marimbas")
 * Tony Levin – bass, Chapman stick, synthesizer, backing vocals
 * David Rhodes – guitar, backing vocals
 * Manu Katche – drums, backing vocals
 * Jean-Claude Naimro – keyboards, backing vocals
 * L. Shankar – violin, backing vocals
 * Levon Minassian – doudouk
 * Paula Cole – backing vocals, duet vocals
 * Job "Ayub Ogada" Seda – backing vocals
 * Papa Wemba – guest vocals ("In Your Eyes")
 * Reddy Mela Amissi – backing vocals
 * Styno Mubi Matadi – backing vocals

title: Secret World Live (film)


text: User talk:193.34.231.225

title: User talk:193.34.231.225


text:
User:Yondir

Intro
I joined Wikipedia in July 2005 and am fascinated by the concept of NPOV and how it works here. Wikiusers with an obvious personal POV manage to compromise and I hope to contribute in the near future.

title: User:Yondir


text:
Talk:Edinburgh Airport

History
I am not quite sure what "which is has since become 06/24" means in this section.--C. Trifle 21:47, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Rivalry
Please note that there is a significant rivalry between the cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and aviation fans on the internet have taken this to a new and bitter level.

Please be very suspicious of any blatantly pro- or anti- Glasgow changes made here. To keep a NPOV, this article should not discuss Glasgow at all except in passing.

There is real political debate about the future of Scotland's airports but any statement that airport X will get future investment instead of airport Y, or that airport D is better than airport C because it has B is basically an opinion and does not belong in an encyclopedia page. Please don't let this article turn into (yet another) edinburgh/glasgow bickering ground (see: alt.airports.uk.edinburgh).

I have to say it but I can see this article (and the Glasgow one) having to be locked at some point in the future now that its existence has been mentioned on alt.airports.uk.edinburgh

Thparkth 12:04, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

The history of the airport is wrong in several respects. The orignal terminal, now the cargo terminal, was sited on the East side of the airport on the old runway. This was designed by Robert Matthew. The new terminal and runway were built in the late 70's a mile to the West. The airport was running passenger services to the continent way before the 'official' opening of the airport - I know because I flew to Paris from Edinburgh in the mid 70's.

Connected with the rivalry theory, I note that someone made a statement that Edinburgh Airport was the second busiest airport in Scotland in 2007. I have corrected this to say 2006, as 2007 is not over yet, and Edinburgh has, since July 2007, overtaken Glasgow on a yearly basis as the busiest airport in Scotland. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.97.238.110 (talk) 17:05, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Cancun and Orlando Sanford. I note that some misguided soul insists on removing reference to the fact that Thomson Airways in commencing seasonal service from Edinburgh to these airports. Again, I suspect this is due entirely to the EDI/GLA rivalry angle. This is a perfectly valid entry, no matter how upsetting some people may find this, having been confirmed both by Thomson and BAA Edinburgh. If the 'editor's' problem is the short nature of the season operational I wonder why he/she hasn't also felt the need to remove Las Vegas from the list of destinations from Glasgow Airport, as this too is a short season charter? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.25.251.220 (talk) 22:33, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

Future Services
I've added a section under the main destination section - please add future destinations there, and not into the main list itself. Thanks/wangi 16:54, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Former destinations
Is there any interest in creating a a list of former destinations sub topic for this article? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Current destinations
Whoever deleted the separate route tables for domestic and international routes in 2010 from Edinburgh owes me an apology. I spent considerable time cross-checking that data to make sure this was accurate. Why did someone feel the need to remove valid and interesting data in order to combine the domestic and international rankings? I can only assume to make Edinburgh Airport seem less international than it is, in which case that is extremely sad. I'll be re-instating the original tables when I have the time, and would be grateful if people would not vandalise my efforts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.3.40.112 (talk) 21:23, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

RAF Turnhouse
The article seems to suggest that the RAF withdrew entirely from Turnhouse when the site was handed over to the Ministry of Aviation / later to BAA. But I remember there being a Spitfire gate guardian, and RAF personnel, well into the 1980s. Can anybody source any information about the lingering RAF presence, and when they finally withdrew? Perhaps the time of the creation of the cargo centre? – Kieran T  (' talk ') 02:04, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Dug up some extra info, although sadly it looks like it's on a commercial site I wouldn't be 100% happy about citing as a reference, here: http://www.edinburgh-airport-uk.info/edinburgh-airport-news-100705.htm
 * Anyway, dated July 2005, it says: The former RAF Turnhouse is still within the modern airport, but was closed almost 10 years ago, when defence chiefs decided the base was surplus to requirements. There were brief plans in 2002 for the site to be transformed into an accommodation centre for up to 1000 asylum seekers, but this is now no longer planned. Instead, BAA has unveiled plans to develop 7 large industrial warehouses on the site, as part of a business park aimed at delivery and air-freight companies. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 19:31, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

== Demolition is in now progress of RAF Turnhouse, its very noisy at my house (former raf officer's family house) it is wobbling as the demolition team try to rid the site of the blast proof buildings and bunkers - once the glory of Edinburgh's RAF Turnhouse and soon to be just another aluminum clad distribution center,

I find the whole article rather superficial, especially given that no mention is made of various based civil and military units. For example, no mention is made of the Ferranti Flying Unit or the 207 squadron Devon detachment or even 151 squadron flying Javelins which were based at Turnhouse in the mid 1950s — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kylie Ramone (talk • contribs) 12:25, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

Destinations in the 1980s and before
I don't have any definite information to offer here but perhaps someone else can help. I flew from Edinburgh to Paris Le Bourget, from the old terminal, in the early 70s which calls into question the lack of international links in the 80s. My recollection is that there were a wider variety of them and charter flights as well. I remember flying to Milan in the late 70s, as a flight-only pasenger on a charter plane.

It would be nice to have a photo of the old terminal which was designed, I think, by Sir Basil Spence or Sir Robert Matthew. Sadly, it seems to have been demolished. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.53.3.153 (talk) 17:36, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

As well as the regular charter flights to Scandanavia in the 1960s and 70s, Iberia ran a Saturday night scheduled service to Barcelona using a Caravelle for a number of months before the service was abandoned during the fuel crisis of 1974. In addition, Channel Airways operated a Trident on charter flights to Ibiza/Palma. The outgoing flight had to be routed through Newcastle for a fuel top up as the 13/31 runway length precluded operation of a fully laden and fully fuelled Trident. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.36.93.176 (talk) 16:31, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

Images
The addition by User:Futurepilot1999 of a couple of there own images has been challenged and they need to get a consensus to add them. The easyjet and cityflyer are not straight and could have been taken anywhere and again the Qatar 787 could be anywhere. This is an article on the airport so the images should really relate to the airport. If you dont get any support for adding these then they will be removed again, thanks. MilborneOne (talk) 08:56, 17 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree with MilborneOne, these images do not add anything to the article and could have been taken anywhere. The article is about the airport and not a plane spotters guide. Regards, David J Johnson (talk) 10:30, 17 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree with the above, this is a encyclopedia. There are plenty of websites like airliners.net, Planespotters, Flickr etc. where photos can be uploaded.  Best regards, Vg31-irl (talk) 13:11, 17 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I disagree completely, these pictures (I took myself) are of the airport and the aircraft that land and take-off there everyday. Instead of just the words providing the information, the pictures add more variety, and show things that cannot be described well by words. E.g. the aircraft at the gate etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Futurepilot1999 (talk • contribs) 20:49, 17 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Please accept the fact that editors have not agreed with your stance and if you continue to revert and insert your pics, you will be blocked from editing. Thank you, David J Johnson (talk) 21:15, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110605052125/http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=607 to http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=607&id=1546642007

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External links modified
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focus city/base
There has been a dispute on whether or not low-cost carriers like Jet2.com, Ryanair, etc. should be listed as a focus city since these airlines have a "base" here meaning that they either base flight crew, maintenance, or aircraft at this airport but some people are treating this as the same as "focus city". We need suggestions on whether or not that we should list them as focus cities. 97.85.118.142 (talk) 06:14, 9 June 2017 (UTC)
 * A focus-city is more like a mini-hub (e.g. SWISS at Geneva). If every airline that has a base at airports is listed some large airports will have ridiculously long lists. VG31 18:34, 9 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Location
I think the location in the infobox should include the airports specific location within Edinburgh (Ingliston) e.g. Ingliston, Edinburgh, Scotland, rather than just Edinburgh, Scotland. 86.142.97.40 (talk) 16:49, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Dont think it is needed in the infobox, it is already mentioned in the article lead, which is sufficient. MilborneOne (talk) 22:28, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

Accidents and Incidents
I see that my input about the G-APEE fatal accident on a Turnhouse to Heathrow flight and the fatal accident involving G-OHOT on a Edinburgh-Coventry freight flight have both been deleted as "not being at the airport, on approach or on departure". I would dispute this deletion as certainly the G-APEE accident involving considerable loss of life was a very significant event in the Turnhouse airport's history. I remember that BEA brought the bodies back in a cargo Argosy, the only time that BEA operated an Argosy into Turnhouse. It could be argues that the Short 360 accident could equally be deleted as not being at, on approach or on departure

Kylie Ramone (talk) 13:53, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

 * No - you would need to come up with a very good argument and evidence to support the inclusion of these accidents here, simply being a point of departure is far from being significant enough. Andrewgprout (talk) 02:15, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

The accident involving G-APEE was extremely significant at that time as it was the total loss of an aircraft with the deaths of 36 passengers and crew "It was also the first crash involving a Vickers Vanguard - a plane with a good safety record - and the first major incident involving Edinburgh's Turnhouse Airport. It made headlines around the world."

Remember, at that time wide bodied passenger aircraft were still some years away from being in service so an aircraft capable of carrying some 130 passengers was at that time deemed to be a relatively "large" aircraft and the total loss of one was significant, it being some years before G-APEC crashed in Belgium due to corrosion around the rear toilet and the crash of the Invicta Vanguard in Switzerland.

The passenger list included many people from Edinburgh flying south on the late night flight, so again, it was a significant event to Edinburgh and Turnhouse Airport

Kylie Ramone (talk) 12:27, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

2022 route changes
To avoid edit conflicts of cancelled routes, they can be added to the talk page.

Virgin Atlantic have cancelled Barbados. Source: https://travelweekly.co.uk/news/air/virgin-atlantic-axes-plans-for-edinburgh-barbados-winter-service

Hub for Delta?
Anyone if this is true? Jz0610 (talk) 16:18, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 July 2023
easyjet

Hurghada (Begins 6th November 2023)

“”Seasonal”” Rovaniemi (Begins 3rd December 2023) 92.40.194.39 (talk) 00:00, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Xan747 (talk) 00:20, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edinburgh Airport


text:
Sherbro

Sherbro may refer to:
 * Sherbro people, a people of Sierra Leone
 * Sherbro language, a language of Sierra Leone
 * Sherbro Island, an island off the coast of Sierra Leone
 * Sherbro River, a river in Sierra Leone

title: Sherbro


text:
User:Aldux

 * Nom de plume: Aldux
 * Wikpedian birth: Tuesday July 12th, 2005
 * Home: Florence, Italy
 * Areas of interest: History, Western philosophy, Literature

User subpages: Chad - African articles missing - A stupid idea - Hitlist - Draft

Classical antiquity
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fr:User:Aldux it:Utente:Aldux

title: User:Aldux


text:
QF 3.7-inch AA gun

The QF 3.7-inch AA was Britain's primary heavy anti-aircraft gun during World War II. It was roughly the equivalent of the German Flak 8.8 cm and American 90 mm, but with a slightly larger calibre of 3.7 inches, approximately 94 mm. Production began in 1937 and it was used throughout World War II in all theatres except the Eastern Front. It remained in use after the war until AA guns were replaced by guided missiles beginning in 1957.

The gun was produced in two versions, one mobile and another fixed. The fixed mounting allowed more powerful ammunition, Mk. VI, which gave vastly increased performance. Six variants of the two designs were introduced. The gun was also used as the basis for the Ordnance QF 32-pounder anti-tank gun variant used on the Tortoise heavy assault tank.

Background
During World War I, anti-aircraft guns and anti-aircraft gunnery developed rapidly. The British Army eventually adopted the QF 3-inch 20 cwt as the most commonly used type. Shortly before the end of the war, a new QF 3.6 inch gun was accepted for service but the end of the war meant it did not enter production. After the war, all anti-aircraft guns except the three-inch gun were scrapped.

However, the war had shown the possibilities and potential for air attack and lessons had been learned. The British had used AA guns in most theatres in daylight, as well as against night attacks at home. They had also formed an AA Experimental Section during the war and accumulated much data that was subjected to extensive analysis. After an immediate post-war hiatus, the army re-established peacetime anti-aircraft units in 1922. In 1925, the RAF established a new command, Air Defence of Great Britain, and the Royal Artillery's anti-aircraft units were placed under its command.

In 1924–5, the war office published the two-volume Textbook of Anti-Aircraft Gunnery. It included five key recommendations for heavy anti-aircraft (HAA) guns:
 * Shells of improved ballistic shape with HE fillings and mechanical time fuses
 * Higher rates of fire assisted by automation
 * Height finding by long-base optical rangefinders
 * Centralised control of fire on each gun position, directed by tachymetric instruments, which incorporated the facility to apply corrections of the moment for meteorological and wear factors
 * More accurate sound-location for the direction of searchlights and to provide plots for barrage fire

Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire. First, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target with continuous height and range input. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. Heavy anti-aircraft units were to engage targets up to 24000 ft. Mechanical, as opposed to igniferous, time fuses were required because the speed of powder burning varied with height so fuse length was not a simple function of time of flight. Automated fire ensured a constant rate of fire that made it easier to predict where each shell should be individually aimed.

During the 1920s, Vickers developed the Vickers range clock (Predictor No 1), an electro-mechanical computer that took height and range data from an optical rangefinder, applied corrections for non-standard conditions and was used by its operators to visually track a target, its output predicted firing data and fuse setting via the "mag-slip" electrical induction system to dials on each gun in a battery, the gun layers moved the gun to match pointers on the dials. The three-inch AA guns were modified accordingly.

QF 3.7
In 1928, the general characteristics for a new HAA gun were agreed, a bore of 3.7 in firing 25 lb shells with a ceiling of 28000 ft. Financial stringency led to no action being taken until the 1930s, when the specification was enhanced to a 28 lb shell, 3000 ft/s muzzle velocity, a 35000 ft ceiling, a towed road speed of 25 mph, maximum weight of eight tons and an into action time of 15 minutes.

In 1934, Vickers-Armstrongs produced a mock-up and proceeded to develop prototypes of the weapon, which was selected over a competitor by the state Design Department and passed acceptance tests in 1936. The weight specification was exceeded, the muzzle velocity not achieved and the mechanical time fuse, No. 206, was still some years from production. The igniferous No. 199 had to be used and its lesser running time limited the effective ceiling. The gun passed the trials by April of the following year, and the gun production started later in the year.

On 1 January 1938, the British air defences had only 180 anti-aircraft guns larger than 50 mm and most of these were the older 3-inch guns. This number increased to 341 by the September 1938 (Munich Crisis), to 540 in September 1939 (declaration of war), and to 1,140 during the Battle of Britain. Production continued until 1945, averaging 228 guns per month throughout the period. Guns were also manufactured in Australia.

Being a high-velocity gun, with a single charge and firing substantial quantities of ammunition, meant that barrel life could be short and by the end of 1940 there was a barrel shortage. Some of the substantial numbers of spare barrels required were produced in Canada.

In British service, the gun replaced the 3-inch AA gun in HAA batteries and regiments of the Royal Artillery (RA), usually grouped into specialist AA brigades of Anti-Aircraft Command or the field armies. Each regiment usually had three batteries, each of eight guns in two troops. Over 160 of these HAA regiments, RA, plus five of the West African Artillery and two each for the Royal Marines, Hong Kong-Singapore Artillery, Royal Malta Artillery and East African Artillery were eventually formed. Other World War II users were India (about 14 regiments), Canada (two or three regiments) and Australia (equivalent of about 13 regiments).

Gun
Two versions of the gun were produced. One used a travelling carriage, for use by batteries in the field army. This consisted of a wheeled carriage (Carriage Mk I or Mk III) with four folding outrigger trails and levelling jacks. The wheels were lifted off the ground or removed when the gun was brought into action.

The other used a travelling platform (Mounting Mk II) with detachable wheels for guns to be used in static positions but which could be re-positioned. The mounting had a pedestal that was fixed to a solidly constructed, preferably concrete, platform on the ground. In 1944, it was found that a temporary platform built from railway sleepers and rails was adequate for the static guns, making them considerably easier to re-deploy without the cost and delay of constructing new concrete platforms. These were known as Pile platforms, after the head of Anti-Aircraft Command, General Frederick Alfred Pile.

In both cases, the saddle rotated 360° on the carriage or pedestal and provided elevation up to 80°. An AEC Matador was the normal gun tractor. There were six marks of ordnance (the barrel and breech assembly) and a few marks of carriage of both versions, some using letter suffixes. The carriage included the recoil system, laying arrangements, fuse setting and loading machinery. The Mk IIC mounting enabled fully automatic engagements, apart from putting shells into the feed to the machine fuze setter.

Ammunition
Initially, there were HE and shrapnel shells, both fitted with a time fuse. Fuse No.199 was igniferous (i.e. powder-burning) with a maximum running time of 30 seconds. Fuses No. 106 and 107 were mechanical time fuses; both proved unsatisfactory. Fuse No. 208, with a maximum running time of 43 seconds, became the standard fuse. A great improvement in 1942 was the introduction of Machine Fuse Setter No. 11, on Mounting Mk. IIC and Carriage Mk. IIIA, which raised the rate of fire to 20 rounds per minute. The introduction of the VT fuse later in the war further increased the gun's effectiveness, and was particularly useful against the V-1 flying bomb.

Mk I
Monobloc barrel.

Mk II
Barrel changed to loose liner.

Mk III
The Mk III started as a combination of the Mk I breech with the Mk II barrel.

Mk IV
A prototype development of the 3.7-inch gun using the QF 4.5-inch naval gun Mk V barrel with a liner to give a gun using a 4.45 in size cartridge case to drive the 3.7 in shell. The barrel wear proved excessive and it was dropped in favour of the Mk VI.

Mk V
Similar to the Mk IV. Also dropped in favour of the Mk VI.

Mk VI
Like the Mk IV this was based on the 4.5 inch barrel design lined down to 3.7 inches, and using the 4.5 inch size cartridge. However, Colonel Probert changed the barrel to have gradual rifling: the rifling groove depth decreased to zero over the last five calibres of the barrel before the muzzle. This smoothed the two driving bands of a new design shell giving reduced air resistance and hence better ballistic performance, and causing far less barrel wear. The maximum ceiling for the gun was about 15240 m. It was mounted on the Mounting Mk IIA and therefore deployed in static emplacements only. In service from 1944 to 1959.

As of 1949, erosive cordite propellant was not used with Mk 6 guns, but instead 17 lb and 2-6 oz of different single-base nitrocellulose propellant (as opposed to slightly over 7 lb 1 oz of cordite or around 8.5-9 lbs of single-base for Marks 1-3 guns).

Performance
The gun's effective ceiling varied depending on the predictor and fuse. The Mk VI ordnance significantly increased the potential effective ceiling. The British definition of effective ceiling at the start of World War II was "that height at which a directly approaching target at 400 mph can be engaged for 20 seconds before the gun reaches 70° elevation"

From 1943, radar direction of mechanically slaved 3.7" AA batteries was deployed in Kent. This was to address V1 bombs, which at that time flew from permanent launch sites. Batteries were sited to cover those routes and had good success.

Like other British guns, the 3.7 had a secondary direct fire role for defending its position against tank attack. During the North African Campaign, the 3.7 was considered for use explicitly as an anti-tank weapon due to the shortage of suitable anti-tank guns. Sighting arrangements were improved for the anti-tank role, but the weapon was far from ideal. Its size and weight - two tons heavier than the German Flak 8.8 cm - made it tactically unsuitable for use in forward areas. The mounting and recuperating gear were also not designed to handle the strain of prolonged firing at low elevations.

The 3.7 found little use as a dedicated anti-tank gun except in emergencies. There were few 3.7-equipped heavy anti-aircraft regiments in the field army and most were not subordinate to divisions where the anti-tank capability was required. The arrival of the smaller 76 mm (3-inch) calibre 17-pdr anti-tank gun finally obviated the need.

Like the rival Flak 8.8, the 3.7-inch also proved to be a useful high-velocity medium artillery piece. With the declining threat from the Luftwaffe in the later stages of the war, under-employed 3.7 units were called upon to supplement the field artillery in both the North West Europe and Italian theatres, where the accuracy and effectiveness of the 3.7 with mechanical Fuse 207 at ranges up to 20000 yd and all-round traverse was valued by artillery commanders. Using the 207 or VT fuse allowed the gunners to deliver precise airbursts above targets such as enemy batteries or mortar positions. However, repeated firing at low angles increased the wear on the gun and mounting. HAA units sometimes operated with the Army Groups Royal Artillery of medium and heavy guns, and were employed as siege artillery at the siege of Dunkirk. By the time of Operations Veritable and Plunder (the Rhine crossing) in early 1945, HAA regiments were fully integrated into corps-level fire plans.

The Ordnance QF 32 pounder was developed from the 3.7-inch gun and armed the Tortoise self-propelled gun. Canada also experimented with mounting the 3.7-inch gun on the Ram tank chassis. Neither vehicle saw service.

Operators

 * 🇧🇪: 12
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 24
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland
 * Nazi Germany: Unspecified number captured from British forces, as 94mm Flak Vickers M.39(e)
 * : 45 still in service
 * 🇳🇿: Royal New Zealand Artillery
 * 🇵🇰 Including 5th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment after Partition.
 * Union of South Africa
 * Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 * 🇵🇱 as part of the Polish II Corps within the British 8th Army
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * 🇵🇰 Including 5th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment after Partition.
 * Union of South Africa
 * Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 * 🇵🇱 as part of the Polish II Corps within the British 8th Army
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

 * 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41 : contemporary German anti-aircraft gun, firing a lighter (20 pound) shell
 * 90 mm Gun M1 : contemporary US anti-aircraft gun, firing a lighter (22 pound) shell
 * Cannone da 90/53 : contemporary Italian anti-aircraft gun, firing a lighter (23 pound) shell
 * 85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K) : contemporary Soviet anti-aircraft gun, firing a lighter (20 pound) shell

title: QF 3.7-inch AA gun


text:
Goldcrest Films

Goldcrest Films is an independent British distribution, production, post production, and finance company. Operating from London and New York, Goldcrest is a privately owned integrated filmed entertainment company.

Goldcrest Films oversees the production, distribution and marketing of films produced by Goldcrest and third-party acquisition in addition to monetising Goldcrest's library of over 100 titles. Goldcrest Films recent slate includes Slumber, Come and Find Me, Stonewall (directed by Roland Emmerich), BBC's EARTH: One Amazing Day (directed by Peter Webber), and Joe Dante's Labirintus.

History
Goldcrest was founded as Goldcrest Films International by Jake Eberts in January 1977 as a feature film enterprise. As of 1981, the UK National Coal Board Pension Fund was a major stakeholder in this company.

It enjoyed success in the 1980s and the 1990s with films such as Chariots of Fire (1981), Gandhi (1982), Local Hero (1983), The Killing Fields (1984), Hope and Glory (1987), All Dogs Go To Heaven (1989), A Room With a View (1985), the cult television series Robin of Sherwood (1984–86) and the live-action/animated musical comedy film Rock-a-Doodle (1991). The company also benefited from the new investment of Channel 4 in film production. The company won two Academy Awards for Best Picture, for Chariots of Fire in 1981, and Gandhi in 1982.

After these initial successes the company backed more expensive productions with established Hollywood stars that often ran over schedule and budget culminating in Revolution (1985), The Mission (1986) and Absolute Beginners (1986) that all disappointed at the box office, despite The Mission winning the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.

On June 11, 1985, Goldcrest Films had set up a deal with Japanese financer Nippon Herald to finance pictures for up to $2 million. The company ran into financial difficulties, and eventually seeking bids from UK firms in 1987, which included George Walker, and Hemdale, who had a successful film reputation, were offering bids from the studio, but they turned down each time. After attempted takers, Masterman, which was jointly owned by Brent Walker and Ensign Trust would be shown as a possible buyer for the Goldcrest holdings, of which they outbid various offers from other companies, which included a joint bid of Granada Television, the ITV franchisee, and home video and feature film distributor Virgin Vision, which has been touted among other firms.

Subsidiaries
Pearson Longman established Goldcrest Films and Television in 1981, led by the founder of Goldcrest Films, John Eberts, and chaired by James Lee, chief executive of Pearson Longman. At inception, the new concern owned 40% of Goldcrest Films.

Goldcrest Post Production opened in Soho, London in 1982 and in West Village, New York in 2000. Recent expansion and investment has culminated in the opening of central London's largest purpose built Dolby ATMOS Premier sound mixing theatre at Goldcrest's Dean Street, Soho premises. Offering full picture and sound post production services to both the Film and Television industry, Goldcrest Post Production credits include Jason Bourne, Carol, American Honey, Morgan, The Danish Girl.

Financing arm
Goldcrest Films' financing arms, Goldcrest Pictures and Goldcrest Capital Partners, structure transactions in the media sector. From 2006 to 2008 — the first two years of operation — the companies provided services on 18 films, including Twilight, Tropic Thunder, Knowing, Eagle Eye, Revolutionary Road and Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging. Goldcrest Capital also raises funds and provides services on UK independent feature films. The first two films of this new initiative were Andrea Arnold's Wuthering Heights - produced by Douglas Rae and Robert Bernstein of Ecosse Films and Kevin Loader and co-financed with the UK Film Council, Film4 and Screen Yorkshire - and Phyllida Lloyd’s biopic of Margaret Thatcher, The Iron Lady. This starred Meryl Streep and was produced by Damian Jones for Pathé, Film4 and the UK Film Council with the participation of Canal+ and Cine Cinema.

title: Goldcrest Films


text:
Secret World Live

Secret World Live is the second live album and tenth album overall by the English rock musician Peter Gabriel, released on 30 August 1994 in the UK. The album documents the concert experience of the Secret World Tour. A concert film of the same name was released simultaneously. Its track listing omits "Red Rain" and adds "San Jacinto" after "Blood of Eden".

Recording
The album was recorded over the two nights of 16 and 17 November 1993 at the Palassport Nuovo in Modena, Italy. A companion release, SW Live EP, recorded over the same two nights, included the live tracks "Red Rain", "Digging in the Dirt" and "Come Talk to Me" from this release, as well as "San Jacinto" and "Mercy Street", though the specific track listing varies by release by country.

Cover artwork
The artwork for the album cover was directed by Michael Colson and co-ordinated by Martha Ladly (formerly of Martha and the Muffins) who was working for Gabriel at the time, with cover images by Fab 4 and Danny Jenkins. It received a nomination for the 1994 Grammy Award for Best Record Sleeve Packaging Design. Danny Jenkins said of his photograph: "I have always been interested in making images and had amassed an extensive collection of 80s office detritus for my digital montages [...] The core photograph of the album was shot in my studio back yard with my Pentax K1000 camera [...] The receiver was randomly picked from a pile of phones and the hand actually belongs to my long-suffering studio assistant Becky Jemmett. It was pure luck and chance that the phone and hand were a convincing enough match for Peter's on-stage version."

Personnel

 * Peter Gabriel – lead vocals, harmonica, keyboards, rainstick
 * Paula Cole – additional vocals; co-lead vocals on "Shaking The Tree", "Blood Of Eden" and "Don't Give Up".
 * L. Shankar – violins, additional vocals
 * David Rhodes – guitar, backing vocals
 * Jean-Claude Naimro – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Tony Levin – bass, Chapman Stick, backing vocals
 * Manu Katché – drums
 * Levon Minassian – doudouk

 * Guest artists
 * Papa Wemba and his band Molokai
 * Papa Wemba – vocals
 * Patrick Marie Magdelaine – guitar
 * Dominique Berose – keyboards
 * Herve Rakotofiringa – keyboards
 * Noel Ekwabi – bass
 * Joseph Kuo – drums
 * Xavier Jouvelet – percussion
 * "Reddy" Mela Amissi – backing vocals
 * "Styno Mubi Matadi" – backing vocals
 * Ayub Ogada – backing vocals

title: Secret World Live


text:
G12

G12 may refer to:

Vehicles

 * EMD G12, an American diesel locomotive
 * Fiat G.12, an Italian transport aircraft
 * HMS G12, a Royal Navy G-class submarine
 * HMS Saumarez (G12), a Royal Navy S-class destroyer
 * Matchless G12, a British motorcycle
 * Prussian G 12, a Prussian steam locomotive
 * SMS G12, a German V1-class torpedo boat

People

 * "G12", a nickname for basketball player Ja Morant

Other uses

 * G12 (postcode), covering most of the West End of Glasgow
 * G-12 (Brazilian football), a group of Brazilian football clubs
 * G12 Hunchun–Ulanhot Expressway in China
 * G12 Vision, a Colombian Christian movement
 * Canon PowerShot G12, a digital camera
 * County Route G12 (California)
 * Group of Twelve, an intergovernmental organization

title: G12


text:
Iotrolan

Iotrolan (trade name Isovist) is an iodine-containing radiocontrast agent, a substance used to improve the visibility of body structures on images obtained by X-ray techniques.

, it is unknown whether it is still marketed anywhere in the world.

Medical uses
It is particularly used to image spaces surrounding the central nervous system, such as the ventricles, after injection into the cerebrospinal fluid; and also for angiography (imaging of blood vessels), urography (imaging of the urinary tract) and hysterosalpingography (imaging of uterus and fallopian tubes). It can also be used to image joint spaces and in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

Contraindications
Hysterosalpingography is contraindicated during pregnancy and during acute inflammation in the pelvic region.

Adverse effects
The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting. Redness and a hot feeling of the skin is relatively common when the medication is injected into a vein. When injected into the cerebrospinal fluid, headache is among the most common adverse effects, and sometimes confusion or hallucinations can occur. Allergy-like reactions such as fever, hypotension (low blood pressure) and shock have also been observed.

Interactions
Drug interactions are similar to other iodine-containing contrast agents. Iodine-131, a radioactive isotope used for thyroid imaging (scintigraphy) and therapy of thyroid cancers, can be less effective when used within two to six weeks after application of iotrolan because of residual iodine in the body. Iotrolan can slow down the excretion of the diabetes drug metformin, potentially resulting in lactic acidosis.

Chemistry and mechanism of action
Chemically, the substance is a dimer of a triiodinated isophthalic acid derivative. The iodine atoms readily absorb X-rays, improving the contrast in X-ray images of the body. It is non-ionic but water soluble.

title: Iotrolan


text:
Isovist

In geometry, an isovist is the volume of space visible from a given point in space, together with a specification of the location of that point. It is a geometric concept coined by Clifford Tandy in 1967 and further refined by the architect Michael Benedikt.

Isovists are naturally three-dimensional, but they may also be studied in two dimensions: either in horizontal section ("plan") or in other vertical sections through the three-dimensional isovist. Every point in physical space has an isovist associated with it.

Concept
The isovist is one of the two representations of the structure of space, along with the spatial-envelope representation. It is an approach in describing space from the point of view of a person within an environment. It refers to the drawn polygon that covers an area that can be seen or reached when he walks in a straight line from a particular position.

The boundary-shape of an isovist may or may not vary with location in, say, a room. If the room is convex (for example, a rectangle or circle), then the boundary-shape of every isovist in that room is the same; and so is its volume (or area, if we are thinking in plan). But the location of the viewpoint relative to the boundary would or could be different. However, if the room were non-convex (for example, an L-shaped or partitioned room), then there would be many isovists whose volume (area) would be less than that of the whole room, and perhaps some that were the whole room; and many would have different, perhaps unique shapes: large and small, narrow and wide, centric and eccentric, whole and shredded.

One can also think of the isovist as the volume of space illuminated by a point source of light. It can also be viewed in the 3D digital environment as the area not in the shadow cast by a single point light source.

It is used in the field of architecture for analysis of buildings and urban areas, typically as one of a series of methods used in space syntax.

Isovist fields
An isovist field is the most common synonymous concept linked to an isovist as it encapsulates a mapping of spatio-visual properties often used for analysing buildings or built spaces and was first proposed by L S Davis and M L Benedikt in 1979. The varied shapes and sizes of isovists often have proposed numerical measures to quantify these. These measures create a set of Isovist fields which belong to a given path through a given environment (Benedikt, 1979). When applied to a building, the rigorous mapping of a complete set of spatio-visual properties produces an Isovist field. Every environment generates Isovist fields which are unique to that environment and the Isovist field is often useful when analysing a building in its entirety (Dawes and Ostwald, 2018). Obstacles may be in the way when creating the optimal isovist as the optimal viewshed of an individual from any given location (Emo, 2018). Many approaches have been taken to understand how isovists relate to each other and deliberation on overlapping isovists as the properties of isovist fields (Emo, 2018).

Visibility graphs
Isovist fields have been used to generate visibility graphs which illustrate the spatial environment into a data format (Franz and Wiener, 2005). They can be analysed to compute the intervisibility of positions in a whole environment (Turner et al., 2001) and have become useful in industry when creating floor plans for certain spaces or determining experience of architecture (Franz and Wiener, 2005). When applied to such architecture, isovists and visibility graph measurands are further analysed to predict spatial behaviour of the individual (Franz and Wiener, 2005).

Origins
Isovists and similar spatial techniques have become encouraging methods of generally describing properties of architectural space (Franz and Wiener, 2005). Benedikt (1979) originally proposed isovists to be an objectively basic element which captures spatial properties by describing the visible area from a single observation point (Franz and Wiener, 2005). Isovists describe spatial properties from a beholder-centered perspective (Franz and Wiener, 2005). From early research it was found that the Isovist properties can be used to generate a more comprehensive or “global” mapping of a space.

James Gibson
Environmental psychologist James Gibson (1966) was a pioneer in the concept of examining the relationship between a viewer and their environment when developing his first model of the geometry of visual perception (Dawes and Ostwald, 2018). Gibson proposed three key characteristics which influence this relationship; the first being “ambient” to describe how any individual's understanding of an environment is restricted, the second being “optic” as the realisation environmental information is a constituent of vision, and the third being “array” as the ordered arrangement of elements as part of a larger system (Dawes and Ostwald, 2018). Gibson identified a ray of light as a geometrically structures source of information (Dawes and Ostwald, 2018) and as such, assisted in forming the foundations of visual perception concepts.

Michael Benedikt
Urbanist Michael Benedikt's paper ‘To take hold of space: isovists and isovist fields’ published in 1979 defined the Isovist as “the set of all points visible from a single vantage point in space with respect to an environment” (Benedikt, 1979). Benedikt was influenced greatly by the ideas that were proposed by Gibson, allowing him to push theoretical boundaries to pave the way for future research (Emo, 2018). As the first official definition of the Isovist, Benedikt pioneered the conversation of isovists and their subsequent analysis over the years to understand the role they have in the interplay between human vision and behaviour (Sengke and Atmodiwirjo, 2017). From this, the definition of the Isovist evolved further, being described as a “viewshed or an area in spatial environment directly visible from a location within the space” (Turner, 2001), then as “the space that can be seen from any vantage point” (Batty, 2001).

Architecture
In architecture, an Isovist is largely represented as a polygon traced on a floor plan when represented in two dimensions (Ostwald, Dawes 2018) and utilised to analyse architectural and urban spaces. The concept of an Isovist has more frequently been used to analyse the experience of buildings and the properties of certain architectural works (Dawes and Ostwald, 2018). An experiment conducted by Franz, von der Heyde, & Bülthoff (2005), applied Isovist analysis in an architectural psychology context to predict experimental qualities of architecture from its spatial properties. The experiment concluded that isovists alongside visibility graph measurands which capture spatial properties affect the architecture experience. Further research has also determined that the largest and smallest Isovist areas in a given space have been found to be directly correlated to an individual's perception of the most exposed and most visible sections of a building.

Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Museum
In relation to the Guggenheim Museum, the shape and size of the Isovist remains almost identical as an individual makes their way around the museum's ramp (Benedikt, 1979). The architect Frank Lloyd Wright stated, “no meeting of the eye with abrupt changes of form … the new painting will be seen for itself” (Wright, 1960), where this work of architecture was designed for the individual to engage with the art instead of the visitor's spatial variety. In this building, the isovist is constructed cyclically allowing the visitor to remain more actively engaged in each individual piece of art, creating spatial variety (Benedikt, 1979). Wright himself described this effect, “in the harmonious fluid quiet … of the unbroken wave … no meeting of the eye with abrupt changes of form … the new painting will be seen for itself”, (Wright, 1960).

Urban areas
In the context of urban areas and built environments, isovists are useful in analysing street life, safety and economical attractiveness (Van Nes, 2011). The location of important urban artefacts such as towers and lighthouses need to consider their panoptical view, how the isovists’ view subsequently increases or decreases. This panoptical view is defined by walls, buildings, moving objects, and free-standing objects such as trees, bushes and statues, where the Isovist's shape and size changes as one moves about the environment (Van Nes, 2011). As such, Isovist analyses have been proven useful in urban planning and strategic design of built environments to determine human behaviour in certain environments based on spatial perception.

Isovist as variables in an experiment conducted by Gerg Weitkamp, Ron van Lammeren, and Arnold Bregt concluded a strong correlation was found between the isovist variables and their perceived equivalents in an open field. Landscape openness was outlined as “the amount of space perceivable to the viewer” (Kaplan, Kaplan, and Brown, 1989), a concept which can be manipulated by isovist variables which have been proven as good indicators for perceived landscape openness (Weitkamp, van Lammeren, and Bregt, 2014).

Human behaviour and perception
Isovists and isovist fields have been utilised in assessing social and cognitive properties of architectural plans. An isovist accommodates all light rays visible to the human eye from any direction. They cover some subsets of sources of visual information for the individual which can be used to investigate or even predict human behavioural and cognitive responses to buildings (Dawes and Ostwald, 2013). From a fixed location, an isovist is delineated by every space visible in all directions and can reflect capacities and behaviours of people in space.

Visual experience of a human has been described as “seeing as experiencing” (Trevelyan, 1977) whereby the mind and body is influenced by its surrounding environment to impact human wellbeing as a whole (Sengke and Atmodiwirjo, 2017). Therefore, isovists have proven useful in certain applications of architecture. In the mechanism of seeing, isovist analysis can be conducted to determine the visual angle at which the human field of view is included (Sengke and Atmodiwirjo, 2017). Human behaviour and perception as such is stimulated by one's environment which is perceived through the “reflection of light on the surface that humans can respond … [where] in this process, the transactions happens through information provision and information reception” (Sengke and Atmodiwirjo, 2017).

In hospitals
In the physical environment of hospital inpatient wards, the physical qualities of the environment can influence the healing process of the patient (Sengke and Atmodiwirjo, 2017). Isovist analysis can be used to represent this experience of a patient by simulating the hospital ward environment to imitate the elements which can or cannot be seen by the patient as the view of the patient can affect their health condition (Sengke and Atmodiwirjo, 2017). Elements of a patient's view in hospital, such as having “contact with nature, finishes that provide a variety of colours and texture, art to provide simulation and distraction, and interior appearance design to inspire confidence and positive atmosphere” (Sengke and Atmodiwirjo, 2017), can collectively influence their experience and hence healing process in a hospital ward.

Prospect-refuge theory
In 1975 Jay Appleton notoriously questioned environmental preference and proposed the prospect-refuge theory, a notion which employs the isovist to demonstrate how certain environments and an individual's visibility in such environment impacts emotional responses including fear and happiness. This theory analyses landscapes and their strategic evaluation as potential habitats, where the “prospect” component refers to the opportunity to see while the “refuge” refers to the opportunity to hide. When these two elements are combined, this theory allows a deeper understanding of environments and has been slowly accepted into environmental preference research (Dawes and Ostwald, 2013). Prospect and refuge can be measured individually or in combination to examine their relative sensitivities or robustness and later be applied to more complex architectures (Dawes and Ostwald, 2013).

Privacy issues
Isovists have the capacity to skew the optimal surveillance path of an individual and their perception of a particular environment. This concept impacts privacy issues when used to analyse the role of perception on crime. A report on crime in and around urban residential areas by Newman (1973, pages 30–34) demonstrated the significance of the relationship between visibility and crime. It was found the intending criminal is concerned with one's spatial characteristics, in particular the inconspicuousness of the target and their concealment from detection, attributes which are both impacted by the isovist. The isovist has therefore been found utilitarian to optimise space for a range of purposes (Desyllas, 2000; Hillier and Shu, 2000) when considering crime, spatial occupation, and rental returns.

title: Isovist