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Macaranga

Macaranga is a large genus of Old World tropical trees of the family Euphorbiaceae and the only genus in the subtribe Macaranginae (tribe Acalypheae). Native to Africa, Australasia, Asia and various islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the genus comprises over 300 different species. It was first described as a genus in 1806, based on specimens collected on the Island of Mauritius.

Macaranga is noted for being recolonizers. Macaranga species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Endoclita malabaricus. Macaranga species often form symbioses with ant (Formicidae) species (particularly Crematogaster ants of the subgenus Decacrema) because they have hollow stems that can serve as nesting space and occasionally provide nectar. The trees benefit because the ants attack herbivorous insects and either drive them away or feed on them.

Use

 * Macaranga gum, a crimson resin, is obtained from Macaranga indica.
 * Macaranga tanarius leaves are used by the Rungus indigenous people in Sabah, Malaysia to pack cooked rice into bundles to preserve it and impart a pleasant aroma.

Species
Plants of the World Online currently includes:

 * Macaranga acerifolia Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga advena Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga aenigmatica Whitmore
 * Macaranga aetheadenia Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga albescens L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga alchorneifolia Baker
 * Macaranga alchorneoides Pax & Lingelsh.
 * Macaranga aleuritoides F.Muell.
 * Macaranga allorobinsonii Whitmore
 * Macaranga alnifolia Baker
 * Macaranga amentifera Whitmore
 * Macaranga amissa Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga amplifolia Merr.
 * Macaranga anceps Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga andamanica Kurz
 * Macaranga angolensis (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga angulata S.J.Davies
 * Macaranga angustifolia K.Schum. & Lauterb.
 * Macaranga ashtonii S.J.Davies
 * Macaranga assas Amougou
 * Macaranga astrolabica Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga attenuata J.W.Moore – Society Islands
 * Macaranga auctoris Whitmore
 * Macaranga baccaureifolia Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga bailloniana Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga balabacensis Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga bancana (Miq.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga barkeriana Whitmore
 * Macaranga barteri Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga beccariana Merr.
 * Macaranga beillei Prain
 * Macaranga belensis L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga bicolor Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga bifoveata J.J.Sm.
 * Macaranga boutonioides Baill.
 * Macaranga brachythyrsa Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga brachytricha Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga brevipetiolata Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga brooksii Ridl.
 * Macaranga brunneofloccosa Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga bullata Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga caesariata A.C.Sm.
 * Macaranga caladiifolia Becc.
 * Macaranga calcicola Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga capensis (Baill.) Sim
 * Macaranga carolinensis Volkens
 * Macaranga carrii L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga cassandrae Whitmore
 * Macaranga caudata Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga caudatifolia Elmer
 * Macaranga celebica Koord.
 * Macaranga chlorolepis Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga choiseuliana Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga chrysotricha K.Schum. & Lauterb.
 * Macaranga cissifolia (Zoll. & Rchb.f.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga clavata Warb.
 * Macaranga clemensiae L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga coggygria Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga congestiflora Merr.
 * Macaranga conglomerata Brenan
 * Macaranga conifera (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga constricta Whitmore & Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga cordifolia (Roxb.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga coriacea (Baill.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga corymbosa (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga costulata Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga crassistipulosa Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga cucullata J.J.Sm.
 * Macaranga cuernosensis Elmer
 * Macaranga cumingii (Baill.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga cuneifolia (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga cupularis Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga cuspidata Boivin ex Baill.
 * Macaranga dallachyana (Baill.) Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga darbyshirei Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga daviesii W.N.Takeuchi
 * Macaranga decaryana Leandri
 * Macaranga decipiens L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga densiflora Warb.
 * Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga depressa (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga dibeleensis De Wild.
 * Macaranga didymocarpa Whitmore
 * Macaranga diepenhorstii (Miq.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga digyna (Wight) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga dioica (G.Forst.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga domatiosa Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga ducis Whitmore
 * Macaranga ebolowana Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga echinocarpa Baker
 * Macaranga eloba Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga endertii Whitmore
 * Macaranga esseriana W.N.Takeuchi
 * Macaranga eymae L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga faiketo Whitmore
 * Macaranga fallacina Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga ferruginea Baker
 * Macaranga fragrans L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga fulva Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga gabunica Prain
 * Macaranga galorei Whitmore
 * Macaranga gamblei Hook.f.
 * Macaranga gigantea (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga gigantifolia Merr.
 * Macaranga glaberrima (Hassk.) Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga glabra (Juss.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga glandibracteolata S.J.Davies
 * Macaranga glandulifera L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga gracilis Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga graeffeana Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga grallata McPherson
 * Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr.
 * Macaranga grayana Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga griffithiana Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga hageniana Gilli
 * Macaranga hartleyana Whitmore
 * Macaranga harveyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga havilandii Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga hengkyana Whitmore
 * Macaranga henryi (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Rehder
 * Macaranga herculis Whitmore
 * Macaranga heterophylla (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga heudelotii Baill.
 * Macaranga hexandra (Roxb.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga heynei I.M.Johnst.
 * Macaranga hispida (Blume) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga hoffmannii L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga hosei King ex Hook.f.
 * Macaranga huahineensis J.Florence
 * Macaranga hullettii King ex Hook.f.
 * Macaranga humbertii Leandri
 * Macaranga hurifolia Beille
 * Macaranga hypoleuca (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga hystrichogyne Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga inamoena F.Muell. ex Benth.
 * Macaranga indica Wight
 * Macaranga indistincta Whitmore
 * Macaranga induta L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga inermis Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga intonsa Whitmore
 * Macaranga involucrata Baill.
 * Macaranga javanica (Blume) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga johannium Whitmore
 * Macaranga kanehirae Hosok.
 * Macaranga kilimandscharica Pax
 * Macaranga kinabaluensis Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga kingii Hook.f.
 * Macaranga klaineana Pierre ex Prain
 * Macaranga kostermansii L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga kurzii (Kuntze) Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga laciniata Whitmore & Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga lamellata Whitmore
 * Macaranga lanceolata Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga letestui Pellegr.
 * Macaranga leytensis Merr.
 * Macaranga lineata Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga loheri Elmer
 * Macaranga longicaudata L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga longipetiolata De Wild.
 * Macaranga longistipulata (Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga lophostigma Chiov.
 * Macaranga louisiadum Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga lowii King ex Hook.f.
 * Macaranga lugubris Whitmore
 * Macaranga lumiensis Whitmore
 * Macaranga lutescens (Pax & Lingelsh.) Pax
 * Macaranga macropoda Baker
 * Macaranga magna Turrill
 * Macaranga magnifolia L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga magnistipulosa Pax
 * Macaranga mappa (L.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga marikoensis A.C.Sm.
 * Macaranga mauritiana Bojer ex Baill.
 * Macaranga megacarpa Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga meiophylla S.Moore
 * Macaranga melanosticta Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga mellifera Prain
 * Macaranga membranacea Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga minahassae Whitmore
 * Macaranga misimae Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga mista S.Moore
 * Macaranga modesta Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga monandra Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga monostyla Whistler
 * Macaranga montana Merr.
 * Macaranga motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga myriantha Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga myriolepida Baker
 * Macaranga necopina Whitmore
 * Macaranga neobritannica Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga neodenticulata Whitmore
 * Macaranga nicobarica N.P.Balakr. & Chakr.
 * Macaranga noblei Elmer
 * Macaranga novoguineensis J.J.Sm.
 * Macaranga nusatenggarensis Whitmore
 * Macaranga oblongifolia Baill.
 * Macaranga obovata Boivin ex Baill.
 * Macaranga occidentalis (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga ovatifolia Merr.
 * Macaranga pachyphylla Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga palustris Whitmore
 * Macaranga papuana (J.J.Sm.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga parabicolor Whitmore
 * Macaranga parvibracteata Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga paxii Prain
 * Macaranga pearsonii Merr.
 * Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga pentaloba S.J.Davies
 * Macaranga pepysiana Whitmore
 * Macaranga petanostyla Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga pierreana Prain
 * Macaranga pilosula Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga platyclada Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga pleioneura Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga pleiostemon Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga pleytei L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga poggei Pax
 * Macaranga polyadenia Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga polyneura Gilli
 * Macaranga praestans Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga pruinosa (Miq.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga puberula Heine
 * Macaranga punctata K.Schum.
 * Macaranga puncticulata Gage
 * Macaranga quadriglandulosa Warb.
 * Macaranga racemohispida Whitmore
 * Macaranga racemosa Baker
 * Macaranga raivavaeensis H.St.John
 * Macaranga ramiflora Elmer
 * Macaranga rarispina Whitmore
 * Macaranga recurvata Gage
 * Macaranga reiteriana Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga repandodentata Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga rhizinoides (Blume) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga rhodonema Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga ribesioides Baker
 * Macaranga robinsonii Merr.
 * Macaranga rorokae Whitmore
 * Macaranga rostrata Heine
 * Macaranga rufescens S.J.Davies
 * Macaranga rufibarbis Warb.
 * Macaranga saccifera Pax
 * Macaranga salicifolia Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga salomonensis L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga sampsonii Hance
 * Macaranga sandsii Whitmore
 * Macaranga sarcocarpa Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga schweinfurthii Pax
 * Macaranga secunda Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga seemannii (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga serratifolia Whitmore
 * Macaranga setosa Gage
 * Macaranga siamensis S.J.Davies
 * Macaranga similis Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga sinensis (Baill.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga spathicalyx Whitmore & S.J.Davies
 * Macaranga sphaerophylla Baker
 * Macaranga spinosa Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga staudtii Pax
 * Macaranga stellimontium Whitmore
 * Macaranga stenophylla Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga sterrophylla L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga stipulosa Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga stonei Whitmore
 * Macaranga strigosa Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga strigosissima Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga subdentata Benth.
 * Macaranga subpeltata K.Schum. & Lauterb.
 * Macaranga suleensis Whitmore
 * Macaranga sumatrana Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga suwo Whitmore
 * Macaranga sylvatica Elmer
 * Macaranga taitensis (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga tchibangensis Pellegr.
 * Macaranga tentaculata Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga tessellata Gage
 * Macaranga teysmannii (Zoll.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga thomasii Whitmore
 * Macaranga thompsonii Merr.
 * Macaranga thorelii Gagnep.
 * Macaranga trachyphylla Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga trichanthera L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga trichocarpa (Zoll.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga triloba (Thunb.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga truncata J.Florence
 * Macaranga tsonane Whitmore
 * Macaranga umbrosa S.J.Davies
 * Macaranga uxoris Whitmore
 * Macaranga vanderystii De Wild.
 * Macaranga vedeliana (Baill.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga velutina (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga velutiniflora S.J.Davies
 * Macaranga venosa J.W.Moore
 * Macaranga vermoesenii De Wild.
 * Macaranga versteeghii L.M.Perry
 * Macaranga vieillardii (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Macaranga villosula Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga vitiensis Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga warburgiana Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga waturandangii Whitmore
 * Macaranga whitmorei Airy Shaw
 * Macaranga winkleri Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Macaranga winkleriella Whitmore
 * Macaranga yakasii Airy Shaw

title: Macaranga


text:
Talk:Breaker Morant (film)

Movie Facts vs In depth analysis
I found the Plot summary section of this article to be a lengthy repetition of facts about the trial that are already fully detailed on the Breaker Morant or Court martial of Breaker Morant wiki pages already. Wouldn't it be better to trim the summary to the basic details of the story (say about 1/3 its current length) and refer the reader to the other sites for further details and analysis? (unsigned comment by User:Jabberjawjapan on 24 July 2009)
 * I was also the person to add the Excessively Detailed plot tag in July 2016. JabberJawJAPAN talk 13:34, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

Factual Errors in Article
The article currently (as at 12 June 2006) states:
 * Beresford co-wrote the screenplay with Jonathan Hardy and David Stevens. Although the screen credit is given to Kenneth Ross for his 1978 play as the source material for the adaptation, the screen story also owes a great deal to the novel The Breaker by Kit Denton, first published in 1973, which was inspired by Denton's meeting and conversation with a Boer War veteran who had known Harry 'Breaker' Morant.

Firstly, it is inaccurate, most likely due to a mis-reading of the apparently equivocal English of the film credits.

Ken Ross certainly did write the play upon which the film was based; but, it is essential to understand that he also actually physically worked on the entire film script as one of the screenplay writers. Thus, it's entirely true that the script was written by Kenneth Ross (play); but that description in the film creditis was not meant to be read as if he had nothing to do with the script (but only wrote the original play from which the film was adapted).

The second and far more serious factual error is that the article perpetuates a very serious inaccuracy that was supposedly corrected by specific and successful legal action that was taken by Ken Ross against Angus & Robertson, the publisher of Denton's 1973 novel, The Breaker, in 1980.

Denton's 1973 book The Breaker: A Novel [ISBN 0207143447] had not been popular at the time it was first published.

In fact, Ross had no knowledge whatsoever of the existence of Denton's (by 1978 out of print for 4 years) book until long after the first stage perfomances of his play, Breaker Morant: A Play in Two Acts [ISBN 0726709972] had taken place in 1978.

Ross's play was a great commercial and artistic success, and almost immediately, work began to make a film based on the play. At this time, Denton's publisher Angus & Robertson suddenly re-issued Denton's 1973 novel, The Breaker with great gusto, with precisely the same front cover except that on one corner of the book's cover was the false and misleading nnouncement "Soon to be a Movie" [ISBN 0207140650].

Denton had no knowledge of, and had no input into this decision by the publisher.

This announcement, of course, was totally wrong for two reasons:
 * (a) it was not Denton's book, but Ross's play, that was being made into a movie, and
 * (b) Denton's book was never used in any fashion to create any part of the film script (as Ross was involved with the entire film script).

Ross took successful legal action against Angus & Robertson. Angus & Robertson withdrew the 1979 version of Denton's book (with the false and misleading announcement on the cover), from sale and trashed all the remaining copies; and another, "revised" version of Denton's book (minus the cover announcement) was issued by Angus & Robertson in 1980 [ISBN 0207142688].

Unfortunately, Ken Ross's emphatic legal victory did not receive a lot of publicity at the time; and many people today still labour under the misapprehension that Kit Denton's book was the source for the movie.

Given all of the above, all of which is well-established, but not widely known, I suggest three things:

(1) the text:

 * Beresford co-wrote the screenplay with Jonathan Hardy and David Stevens. Although the screen credit is given to Kenneth Ross for his 1978 play as the source material for the adaptation, the screen story also owes a great deal to the novel The Breaker by Kit Denton, first published in 1973, which was inspired by Denton's meeting and conversation with a Boer War veteran who had known Harry 'Breaker' Morant.

be altered to read:

 * Beresford co-wrote the screenplay with Jonathan Hardy, David Stevens, and Kenneth Ross. The 1978 play Breaker Morant: A Play in Two Acts [ISBN 0726709972], written by Ross, was the source material for the screen story.

(2) That the page be somehow "locked off" electronically, so that the original incorrect information (i.e., relating to Denton's book)can not be restored.

(3) A footnote should also be inserted to the effect that, in recent times, "Ken Ross", who styled himself "Kenneth Ross" in order to avoid confusion with others in Australia called "Ken Ross", is now compelled to style himself "Kenneth G. Ross" so that he is not confused with the other "Kenneth Ross" -- the one who wrote the film script/screenplay for The Day of the Jackal. Thank you for your attention Lindsay658 05:14, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Paths of Glory influence?
It seems to me that not only the general tone but also some very specific details in Breaker Morant were influenced by Kubrick's film, Paths of Glory. I know of no evidence to support this, but the parallelisms might be worth a mention in the main article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.4.247.9 (talk) 02:39, 10 May 2007 (UTC).

Reception of Breaker Morant in the United States
The popularity of this film in the US owes to more than interest in the history of the British Commonwealth. Its theme of moral ambiguities in fighting a guerilla war struck a chord in many Americans who had just finishing doing the same thing in Vietnam. It would be many years before US cinema dealt with this theme, and then only obliquely. Casualties of War (1989) depicts the environment of uncertainty and dread causing soldiers to become unhinged and commit atrocities, but even it does not consider that summary executions were committed by loyal, effective soldiers doing what they thought they were supposed to do, or that reprisals seemed to be a just response to guerilla tactics.

This is quite possibly worth a section on the popular reception of the film outside of Australia.

Perhaps we in the US will one day have a film that examines what was done in our name and the state of mind of the soldiers we put there to do it. Until then, Breaker Morant is it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.8.232.161 (talk) 19:53, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Australian Army?
"Breaker Morant concerns the murder trial of three Australian Army officers of the Bushveldt Carbineers serving in South Africa during the Second Boer War"

No Australian army in the Boer War, Breaker Morant was a British officer, in the British army. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.159.114.202 (talk) 11:53, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

 * In any case, Australia as legal name of a nation state (not the continent) was then very recent, the federated Dominion of Australia having only been formed in 1901, from its component colony states, while the Boer War was still on.Cloptonson (talk) 15:39, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
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Anachronism (Satire section)
General Melchett is quoted saying, in the Captain Blackadder trial referred to: "I don't care if he's been rogering the Duke of York with a prize-winning leek. He shot my pigeon! Ahh! Ahh! Ahh!" An article link to George VI is made to the title. There was in fact no Duke of York in the First World War period in which the Blackadder series is set - the previous Duke was George V who relinquished the title in 1901 on becoming Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall when his own father became King as Edward VII, while George VI did not become the next Duke of York until 1920, after the end of the war. In any case, some of the detail with which the fictional trial is given may be criticised as not germane to the overall topic.Cloptonson (talk) 21:07, 4 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Conflicting information about the source on which the film "Breaker Morant" was based.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:George_Witton

Clairbear62 (talk) 13:34, 31 March 2017 (UTC)

Charles Leach is not an acceptable source
The over reliance on one self published partisan 'commentator' is extremely problematic and requires a complete rewrite of the sections he is cited as being the source of such information - which is a majority of this article. There are also multiple inaccuracies attributed to Leach. Nürö G'DÄŸ MÄTË 02:56, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Breaker Morant (film)


text:
Talk:Colegio César Chávez

Copyright notice
Any similarities between this page and reviews written on Amazon.com by Andrew Parodi are with the permission. Andrew Parodi 03:37, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colegio César Chávez


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hogwarts headache

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. humblefool®Deletion Reform 01:17, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Hogwarts headache
This page refers to a term that appeared once in a medical journal (in the form of a bad joke). This article has no potential to be merged with another article, and has no potential for expansion. As such, I move for article deletion. --jonasaurus 08:11, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, amusing little vignette. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 03:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep; Wikipedia does seem to be a repository for trivial but amusing bits of contemporary popular culture, which is fine with me. Antandrus  (talk) 03:55, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep interesting article. JamesBurns 07:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Even if it can't be expanded, it gives some insight into the kind of cultural phenomenon the Harry Potter books are, and the many implications and ramifications of it.
 * Redirect to Harry Potter, where a subsection can be written. This thing doesn't need its own article. Binadot 03:10, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mildly amusing rubbish. Indrian 17:37, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As above. --Oldak Quill 08:48, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per binadot Hilarious, but unencyclopedic vignette. Circeus 14:24, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Tax evasion

Tax evasion is an illegal attempt to defeat the imposition of taxes by individuals, corporations, trusts, and others. Tax evasion often entails the deliberate misrepresentation of the taxpayer's affairs to the tax authorities to reduce the taxpayer's tax liability, and it includes dishonest tax reporting, declaring less income, profits or gains than the amounts actually earned, overstating deductions, using bribes against authorities in countries with high corruption rates and hiding money in secret locations.

Tax evasion is an activity commonly associated with the informal economy. One measure of the extent of tax evasion (the "tax gap") is the amount of unreported income, which is the difference between the amount of income that the tax authority requests be reported and the actual amount reported.

In contrast, tax avoidance is the legal use of tax laws to reduce one's tax burden. Both tax evasion and tax avoidance can be viewed as forms of tax noncompliance, as they describe a range of activities that intend to subvert a state's tax system, but such classification of tax avoidance is disputable since avoidance is lawful in self-creating systems. Both tax evasion and tax avoidance can be practiced by corporations, trusts, or individuals.

Economics

In 1968, Nobel laureate economist Gary Becker first theorized the economics of crime, on the basis of which authors M.G. Allingham and A. Sandmo produced, in 1972, an economic model of tax evasion. This model deals with the evasion of income tax, the main source of tax revenue in developed countries. According to the authors, the level of evasion of income tax depends on the detection probability and the level of punishment provided by law. Later studies, however, pointed limitations of the model, highlighting that individuals are also more likely to comply with taxes when they believe that tax money is appropriately used and when they can take part on public decisions.

The literature's theoretical models are elegant in their effort to identify the variables likely to affect non-compliance. Alternative specifications, however, yield conflicting results concerning both the signs and magnitudes of variables believed to affect tax evasion. Empirical work is required to resolve the theoretical ambiguities. Income tax evasion appears to be positively influenced by the tax rate, the unemployment rate, the level of income and dissatisfaction with government. The U.S. Tax Reform Act of 1986 appears to have reduced tax evasion in the United States.

In a 2017 study Alstadsæter et al. concluded based on random stratified audits and leaked data that occurrence of tax evasion rises sharply as amount of wealth rises and that the very richest are about 10 times more likely than average people to engage in tax evasion.

Tax gap
The tax gap describes how much tax should have been raised in relation to much tax is actually raised. The IRS defines the gross tax gap as the difference between the true tax liability for a given year and the taxes actually remitted on time. It comprises the nonfiling gap, the underreporting gap, and the underpayment (or remittance) gap. Voluntary tax compliance in the U.S. is approximately 85% of taxes actually due, leaving a gross tax gap of about 15%.

The tax gap is growing mainly because of two factors, the lack of enforcement on the one hand and the lack of compliance on the other hand. The former is mainly rooted in the costly enforcement of the taxation law. The latter is based on the foundation that tax compliance is costly for individuals as well as firms (tax filling, bureaucracy), hence not paying taxes would be more economical in their opinion.

Evasion of customs duty
Customs duties are an important source of revenue in developing countries. Importers attempt to evade customs duty by (a) under-invoicing and (b) misdeclaration of quantity and product-description. When there is ad valorem import duty, the tax base can be reduced through under-invoicing. Misdeclaration of quantity is more relevant for products with specific duty. Production description is changed to match a H. S. Code commensurate with a lower rate of duty.

Smuggling
Smuggling is import or export of products by illegal means. Smuggling is resorted to for total evasion of customs duties, as well as for the import and export of contraband. Smugglers do not pay duty since the transport is covert, so no customs declaration is made.

Evasion of value-added tax and sales taxes
During the second half of the 20th century, value-added tax (VAT) emerged as a modern form of consumption tax throughout the world, with the notable exception of the United States. Producers who collect VAT from consumers may evade tax by under-reporting the amount of sales. The US has no broad-based consumption tax at the federal level, and no state currently collects VAT; the overwhelming majority of states instead collect sales taxes. Canada uses both a VAT at the federal level (the Goods and Services Tax) and sales taxes at the provincial level; some provinces have a single tax combining both forms.

In addition, most jurisdictions which levy a VAT or sales tax also legally require their residents to report and pay the tax on items purchased in another jurisdiction. This means that consumers who purchase something in a lower-taxed or untaxed jurisdiction with the intention of avoiding VAT or sales tax in their home jurisdiction are technically breaking the law in most cases.

This is especially prevalent in federal countries like the United States and Canada where sub-national jurisdictions charge varying rates of VAT or sales tax.

In liberal democracies, a fundamental problem with inhibiting evasion of local sales taxes is that liberal democracies, by their very nature, have few (if any) border controls between their internal jurisdictions. Therefore, it is not generally cost-effective to enforce tax collection on low-value goods carried in private vehicles from one jurisdiction to another with a different tax rate. However, sub-national governments will normally seek to collect sales tax on high-value items such as cars.

Objectives to evade taxes
One reason for taxpayers to evade taxes is the personal benefits that come with it, thus the individual problems that lead to that decision Additionally, Wallschutzky's exchange relationship hypothesis presents as a sufficient motive for many. The exchange relationship hypothesis states that tax payers believe that the exchange between their taxes and the public good/social services as unbalanced. Furthermore, the little capability of the system to catch the tax evaders reduces associated risk. Most often, it is more economical to evade taxes, being caught and paying a fine as a consequence, than paying the accumulated tax burden over the years. Thus, evasion numbers should be even higher than they are, hence for many people there seem to be moral objective countering this practice.

Government response

The level of evasion depends on a number of factors, including the amount of money a person or a corporation possesses. Efforts to evade income tax decline when the amounts involved are lower. The level of evasion also depends on the efficiency of the tax administration. Corruption by tax officials makes it difficult to control evasion. Tax administrations use various means to reduce evasion and increase the level of enforcement: for example, privatization of tax enforcement or tax farming.

In 2011 HMRC, the UK tax collection agency stated that it would continue to crack down on tax evasion, with the goal of collecting £18 billion in revenue before 2015. In 2010, HMRC began a voluntary amnesty program that targeted middle-class professionals and raised £500 million.

Corruption by tax officials
Corrupt tax officials co-operate with the taxpayers who intend to evade taxes. When they detect an instance of evasion, they refrain from reporting it in return for bribes. Corruption by tax officials is a serious problem for the tax administration in many countries.

Level of evasion and punishment

Tax evasion is a crime in almost all developed countries, and the guilty party is liable to fines and/or imprisonment. In Switzerland, many acts that would amount to criminal tax evasion in other countries are treated as civil matters. Dishonestly misreporting income in a tax return is not necessarily considered a crime. Such matters are handled in the Swiss tax courts, not the criminal courts.

In Switzerland, however, some tax misconduct (such as the deliberate falsification of records) is criminal. Moreover, civil tax transgressions may give rise to penalties. It is often considered that the extent of evasion depends on the severity of punishment for evasion.

Privatization of tax enforcement
Professor Christopher Hood first suggested privatization of tax enforcement to control tax evasion more efficiently than a government department would, and some governments have adopted this approach. In Bangladesh, customs administration was partly privatized in 1991.

Abuse by private tax collectors (see tax farming below) has on occasion led to revolutionary overthrow of governments who have outsourced tax administration.

Tax farming
Tax farming is an historical means of collection of revenue. Governments received a lump sum in advance from a private entity, which then collects and retains the revenue and bears the risk of evasion by the taxpayers. It has been suggested that tax farming may reduce tax evasion in less developed countries.

This system may be liable to abuse by the "tax-farmers" seeking to make a profit, if they are not subject to political constraints. Abuses by tax farmers (together with a tax system that exempted the aristocracy) were a primary reason for the French Revolution that toppled Louis XVI.

PSI agencies
Pre-shipment inspection agencies like Société Générale De Surveillance S. A. and its subsidiary Cotecna are in business to prevent evasion of customs duty through under-invoicing and misdeclaration.

However, PSI agencies have cooperated with importers in evading customs duties. Bangladeshi authorities found Cotecna guilty of complicity with importers for evasion of customs duties on a huge scale. In August 2005, Bangladesh had hired four PSI companies – Cotecna Inspection SA, SGS (Bangladesh) Limited, Bureau Veritas BIVAC (Bangladesh) Limited and INtertek Testing Limited – for three years to certify price, quality and quantity of imported goods. In March 2008, the Bangladeshi National Board of Revenue cancelled Cotecna's certificate for serious irregularities, while importers' complaints about the other three PSI companies mounted. Bangladesh planned to have its customs department train its officials in "WTO valuation, trade policy, ASYCUDA system, risk management" to take over the inspections.

Cotecna was also found to have bribed Pakistan's prime minister Benazir Bhutto to secure a PSI contract by Pakistani importers. She and her husband were sentenced both in Pakistan and Switzerland.

United Arab Emirates
In early October 2021, 11.9 million leaked financial records in addition to 2.9 TB of data was released in the name of Pandora Papers by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), exposing the secret offshore accounts of around 35 world leaders in tax havens to evade taxes. One of the many leaders to be exposed was the ruler of Dubai and prime minister of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum. Sheikh Mohammed was identified as the shareholder of three firms that were registered in the tax havens of Bahamas and British Virgin Islands through an Emirati company, partially owned by an investment conglomerate, Dubai Holding and Axiom Limited, major shares of which were owned by the ruler.

As per the leaked records, the Dubai ruler owned a massive number of upmarket and luxurious real estate across Europe via the cited offshore entities registered in tax havens.

Additionally, the Pandora Papers also cites that the former Managing Director of IMF and French finance minister, Dominique Strauss-Kahn was permitted to create a consulting firm in the United Arab Emirates in 2018 after the expiry of tax exemptions of his Moroccan company, which he used for receiving millions of dollars worth of tax free consulting fees.

Germany, France, Italy, Denmark, Belgium
A network of banks, stock traders and top lawyers has obtained billions from the European treasuries through suspected fraud and speculation with dividend tax. The five hardest hit countries have lost together at least $62.9 billion. Germany is the hardest hit country, with around €31 billion withdrawn from the German treasury. Estimated losses for other countries include at least €17 billion for France, €4.5 billion in Italy, €1.7 billion in Denmark and €201 million for Belgium.

Scandinavia
A paper by economists Annette Alstadsæter, Niels Johannesen and Gabriel Zucman, which used data from HSBC Switzerland ("Swiss leaks") and Mossack Fonseca ("Panama Papers"), found that "on average about 3% of personal taxes are evaded in Scandinavia, but this figure rises to about 30% in the top 0.01% of the wealth distribution... Taking tax evasion into account increases the rise in inequality seen in tax data since the 1970s markedly, highlighting the need to move beyond tax data to capture income and wealth at the top, even in countries where tax compliance is generally high. We also find that after reducing tax evasion—by using tax amnesties—tax evaders do not legally avoid taxes more. This result suggests that fighting tax evasion can be an effective way to collect more tax revenue from the ultra-wealthy."

United Kingdom
HMRC, the UK tax collection agency, estimated that in the tax year 2016–17, pure tax evasion (i.e. not including things like hidden economy or criminal activity) cost the government £5.3 billion. This compared to a wider tax gap (the difference between the amount of tax that should, in theory, be collected by HMRC, against what is actually collected) of £33 billion in the same year, an amount that represented 5.7% of liabilities. At the same time, tax avoidance was estimated at £1.7 billion (this does not include international tax arrangements that cannot be challenged under the UK law, including some forms of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS)).

In 2013, the Coalition government announced a crackdown on economic crime. It created a new criminal offence for aiding tax evasion and removed the requirement for tax investigation authorities to prove "intent to evade tax" to prosecute offenders.

In 2015, Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne promised to collect £5 billion by "waging war" on tax evaders by announcing new powers for HMRC to target people with offshore bank accounts. The number of people prosecuted for tax evasion doubled in 2014/15 from the year before to 1,258.

United States
In the United States of America, Federal tax evasion is defined as the purposeful, illegal attempt to evade the assessment or the payment of a tax imposed by federal law. Conviction of tax evasion may result in fines and imprisonment, such as five years in prison on each count of tax evasion.

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has identified small businesses and sole proprietors as the largest contributors to the tax gap between what Americans owe in federal taxes and what the federal government receives. Small businesses and sole proprietorships contribute to the tax gap because there are few ways for the government to know about skimming or non-reporting of income without mounting significant investigations.

Shell companies have historically been utilized as vehicles for tax evasion and other illicit financial activities due to their opaque ownership structures. These entities, often devoid of substantial operations or assets, allow individuals to conceal their true identities and assets, thereby evading taxes and facilitating money laundering. Recognizing the vulnerabilities posed by such practices, the United States enacted the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA). The CTA mandates that companies disclose their beneficial owners to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), aiming to dismantle the anonymity of shell corporations and increase transparency in corporate ownership. By requiring comprehensive reporting of beneficial ownership information (BOI), the CTA seeks to mitigate the misuse of shell companies for tax evasion purposes and bolster efforts to combat financial crimes within the U.S. jurisdiction.

the most common means of tax evasion was overstatement of charitable contributions, particularly church donations.

Estimates of lost government revenue
The IRS estimates that the 2001 tax gap was $345 billion and for 2006 it was $450 billion. A study of the 2008 tax gap found a range of $450–$500 billion, and unreported income to be about $2 trillion, concluding that 18 to 19 percent of total reportable income was not being properly reported to the IRS.

Tax evasion and inequality
Generally, individuals tend to evade taxes, while companies rather avoid taxes. There is a great heterogenic among people who evade people as it is a substantial issue in society, that is creating an excessive tax gap. Studies suggest that 8% of global financial wealth lies in offshore accounts. Often, offshore wealth that is stored in tax havens stays undetected in random audits. Even though there is high diversity among people who evade taxes, there is a higher probability among the highest wealth group. According to Alstadsæter, Johannesen and Zucman 2019 the extent of taxes evaded is substantially higher with higher income, and exceptionally higher among people of the top wealth group. In line with this, the probability to appear in the Panama Papers rises significantly among the top 0.01% of the wealth group, as does the probability to own an unreported account at HSBC. However, the upper wealth group is also more inclined to use tax amnesty.

title: Tax evasion


text:
Talk:Richard L. Evans

Untitled
I will try to look at my library and note the publication dates, publishers, and ISBN's for those that are missing the data.

Fair use rationale for Image:RichardLEvans.jpg
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title: Talk:Richard L. Evans


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Technology in educational administration

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. humblefool®Deletion Reform 01:21, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Technology in educational administration
This appears to be some sort of mission statement or something; it's pretty clearly not something that belongs here. 148.78.243.51 08:14, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Not remotely encyclopedic. Hamster Sandwich 09:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This contains virtually no solid information. Joyous  (talk) 15:19, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV essay, non-encyclopedic. Dcarrano 16:27, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Zophah

Zophah is one of the descendants of Issachar, one of the sons of the Patriarch Jacob, as found in First Chronicles 7:35-36, in the Hebrew Bible:

 * And the sons of his brother Helem; Zophah, and Imna, and Shelesh, and Amal.
 * The sons of Zophah; Suah, and Harnepher, and Shual, and Beri, and Imrah

A wiki list of Biblical names says it means "viol; honeycomb". While the patriarchs of ancient Israel did not have viols, but this is the word King James' translators used.

title: Zophah


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jesse Alexander Trevino

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. – Rich Farmbrough 10:50, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Jesse Alexander Trevino
Non-notable. Vanity page. KeithD 08:15, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Delete - NN JoJan 08:40, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 10:22, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedied no significant content. Rich Farmbrough 10:50, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Mikewelch7

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. You may also want to check out Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

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Other links for reference: Wikiquette, image copyright tags, Merge Hope to see you around the Wiki! Remember to be Bold! with your edits, and if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 08:16, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

You're fine
I never thought you were being snarky. Don't worry about it. I took a look and didn't see any vandalism though...glad I could help.Gator (talk) 20:15, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Grynszpan
I don't think you read my edit very carefully. I haven't suggested that he survived the war. Eichmann saw Grynszpan in 1943 or 1944 so his date of death must have been between 1944 and the end of the war (ie, 1944-45).

This is an extract from Eichmann's testimony at his trial:

Grynszpan [I was told]...in...was late in the War ...in...during the War - it must have been in 43 - or    44 - I was hardly - in 43 Grynszpan was...this is it: I     received some...some...in the line of my duty I     received an order that Grynszpan was in custody in     Prinz Albrechtstrasse 8, and he had to be further examined concerning who was likely to have been behind the scenes. Accordingly I gave instructions to bring Grynszpan no, not this way - accordingly Krischak gave orders - Krischak was dealing with the matter - to    bring Grynszpan and...either way it would have been useless, I said to myself. I still remember exactly, for I was curious to see what Grynszpan looked like. For this reason I can still remember this very well, and I still said: Will they - more or less thus - if    they had not found this out during all those years, then this will also...this examination will also be    pointless, this would be useless, but an order was an     order. Grynszpan - er - Krischak questioned him and took notes. Nothing, obviously, emerged from the whole thing and I merely said then to Krischak that if he had completed the interrogation, I wanted him to bring him to me upstairs, for I very much wanted - for once - to    look at the man Grynszpan. I wanted to talk to him. And I did then, exchange a few words with Grynszpan. He was very brief (abweisend) and brusque, was indifferent and gave short replies to all the questions. I wanted to    ask him, since I had no knowledge at all of the whole matter, where he had been and things of that kind. On    the whole he looked well, he was small - he was a     smallish lad - I have absolutely - I don't know if I am     wrong but this I remember - such a...he was such a     little man - this is still preserved in my memory; and then he was again returned to custody in Prinz Albrechtstrasse 8. What happened then I don't know.

I will add this to the article. Adam 23:58, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

So far as I know there is no precise information on when, where or how HG died. It's pretty clear that he was dead by the end of the war. If he had survived we would have heard something about it by now. We know that he was in Gestapo custody when Eichmann saw him in 43 or 44. Probably they killed him when it was obvious that there was no further use for him. This is different to Baeck, who was a priviliged detainee at Theresienstadt (he also saw Eichmann, in March 45 when Eichmann vistited. He said, "I see you are still alive, Dr Baeck." To which Baeck replied, "Indeed I am, Herr Eichmann, and I will outlive you," which wasn't quite an accurate prediction, but not far off.) Adam 00:39, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

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Image Tagging Image:James alison.JPG
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Frank Lorenzo
Mike, thanks a ton for cleaning up that Lorenoz page. Wikilore and his alias Redstoneranger have been rewriting history for months now. Thanks a ton for shutting that fraud down.! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.219.235.234 (talk) 01:51, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Factual edits to Lorenzo's page
Hi Mike - please refer to my post on the discussion board on Frank Lorenzo. I believe we can come to an agreement on what the bio says (and stop wasting each other's time editing back and forth) if we stick to the facts, whatever they may be. I have no interest in portraying Frank's bio in a biased way, and would like to keep it factual. I look forward to hearing from you.

Regards,

Wikilore —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikilore (talk • contribs) 18:55, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Frank Lorenzo
Hi, I understand what you are doing here but the reality is you should be treating me as just another editor who has some extra tools, not anything special as an admin. Now, if you agreed that the POV removal was appropriate, that's fine but the idea that I or User:Frank have some extra authority as admins is incorrect. Also note that any admin that attempts to tell you such or act like that is wrong. Period. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 20:19, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mikewelch7


text:
Talk:The Killer in Me

Untitled
Please help complete the Angel/Buffy episode articles. See what needs to be done on this sub-page of WikiProject Buffy:

WikiProject Buffy/Episodes

Also please help update any major changes made to episode articles on that page so that progress can be mapped.

________________________________________________________

IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ

Before any of you rewrite this page from scratch, please let's discuss it. Changes are OK and welcome, provided that they contribute to improve the article. However, subjective changes added for no good reason are very annoying for authors and discourage contribution. Please, let's work together, not against each other. Thank you.

Doppelgängland 08:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Suggestions And Stuff
New section for plot summary; much shorter then Expanded Overview, intense work on merging trivia please. I'd do it myself but I'm short on time and brainpower. Lots42 (talk) 10:57, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Continuity violation
I've removed this speculative opinion piece, and moved it here to give reasons.

 * Buffy and Spike return to the Initiative to find painkillers for Spike. However, Spike was captured by the Initiative in "Wild at Heart", then wakes up in his cell at the beginning of "The Initiative" not knowing where he is and promptly escapes - he didn't even know about the implant until he tried to bite Willow and couldn't. Thus, there were no experiments or meds for him to remember.

He didn't have to "remember" anything, he could have found out from Riley or Buffy or simply added up from the nature of the labs afterward (or anything he may have learned from Adam).

 * Furthermore, in the penultimate episode of Season 4, the government overseers rule that the former Initiative base would be filled with cement to hide evidence of its existence, but in this episode Buffy and Spike find they had not done so.

And of course no contractor in the history of the world has ever taken the money to do something and then counted on lax oversight resulting in no-one at the top finding out that it wasn't done, 'cause that never happens, right? Britmax (talk) 16:58, 26 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Either way, the second one is not a continuity error, it is a retcon. Lots42 (talk) 01:28, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:The Killer in Me


text:
List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu

The state of Ketu is located in present-day Republic of Benin.

In the Yoruba language, the word oba means king or ruler. It is also common for the rulers of the various Yoruba domains to have their own special titles. In Ketu the Oba is referred to as the Aleketu of Ketu


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Chuiyangliu

Chuiyangliu is a residential community (社区) administrated by Shuangjing subdistrict (双井街道办事处), and is located in Chaoyang District of Beijing, China.

title: Chuiyangliu


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jesse hand

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. humblefool®Deletion Reform 01:20, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Jesse hand
Notability not established. No inbound links. Possible vanity, with the Google hits pertaining to a book: Gun of Jesse Hand by one Lewis B. Patten (both red links I see) apparently coincidental. (I nominated this for VFD after reverting an instance of vandalism by blanking.) —  F REAK OF N URxTURE  ( TALK )  08:18, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agree with freakofnurture.Hamster Sandwich 09:04, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable blog. JamesBurns 10:23, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Freakofnurture. Dcarrano 16:25, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Multipath I/O

In computer storage, multipath I/O is a fault-tolerance and performance-enhancement technique that defines more than one physical path between the CPU in a computer system and its mass-storage devices through the buses, controllers, switches, and bridge devices connecting them.

As an example, a SCSI hard disk drive may connect to two SCSI controllers on the same computer, or a disk may connect to two Fibre Channel ports. Should one controller, port or switch fail, the operating system can route the I/O through the remaining controller, port or switch transparently and with no changes visible to the applications, other than perhaps resulting in increased latency.

Multipath software layers can leverage the redundant paths to provide performance-enhancing features, including dynamic load balancing, traffic shaping, automatic path management, and dynamic reconfiguration.

title: Multipath I/O


text: Category:Medical television series

title: Category:Medical television series


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Kimiko Hahn

Kimiko Hahn (born July 5, 1955) is an American poet and distinguished professor in the MFA program of Queens College, CUNY. Her works frequently deal with the reinvention of poetic forms and the intersecting of conflicting identities.

Biography
Hahn was born in Mount Kisco, New York on July 5, 1955. Her parents are both artists. Her mother, Maude Miyako Hamai, was a Japanese American from Maui, Hawaii; her father, Walter Hahn, was a German American from Wisconsin. They met in Chicago, where Walter was a friend of the notable African American author Ralph Ellison. Her sister is Tomie Hahn, a performer and ethnologist.

Hahn grew up in Pleasantville, New York, and between 1964 and 1965, the Hahns later lived in Tokyo, Japan. As a teen, she became involved in the New York City Asian American movement of the 1970s. Zhou Xiaojing has commented that her racially mixed background influenced "her profound understanding of the politics of the body" as seen in her poetry (113). In the U.S., her Asian appearance made some schoolmates "called her Chinese or Japanese, never regarding her as an American like them. Yet when she went to Japan … her schoolmates [there] called her American or 'gaijin'" (113). Hahn received a bachelor's degree in English and East Asian Studies from the University of Iowa and an M.A. in Japanese Literature from Columbia University. She is a distinguished professor at Queens College, CUNY and has also taught at New York University, Sarah Lawrence College, and University of Houston.

Hahn has two daughters, Miyako Tess (b. 1987) and Reiko Lily (b. 1990), from her second marriage to Ted Hannan. She has been married to true crime writer Harold Schechter since 2002.

Poetry works
The major themes of Hahn's poetry explores Asian American female desire and subjectivity. The judges' citation from the Pen/Voelcker Award noted: "With wild courage Kimiko Hahn's poems voyage fearlessly into explorations of love, sexuality, motherhood, violence, and grief and the way gender inscribes us."

Her poetry draws from feminist works of Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray, and Adrienne Rich, more canonical American poets such as T.S. Eliot and William Carlos Williams poetic experimentations, as well as Japanese culture and literature. The title of The Narrow Road to the Interior (W.W. Norton, 2006), for instance, is drawn from Bashō's Oku no Hosomichi. In an interview with Laurie Sheck for Bomb, Hahn discussed how she combines a variety of genres in her work, including Japanese forms, such as zuihitsu  in her poetry collection, The Narrow Road to the Interior: "The Japanese view it [zuihitsu]as a distinct genre, although its elements are difficult to pin down. There's no Western equivalent, though some people might wish to categorize it as a prose poem or an essay. You mentioned some of its characteristics: a kind of randomness that is not really random, but a feeling of randomness; a pointed subjectivity that we don't normally associate with the essay. The zuihitsu can also resemble other Western forms: lists, journals. I've added emails to the mix. Fake emails....The technique of collage is really compelling to me. Letter writing, diary form—real and invented—I like to use within the zuihitsu itself."

Her poems were first published in We Stand Our Ground: Three Women, Their Vision, Their Poems, which she co-created with Gale Jackson and Susan Sherman. Since then, she has authored multiple collections of poetry, including Toxic Flora (2010), The Narrow Road to the Interior (2006), The Artist's Daughter (2002), Mosquito and Ant (1999), Volatile (1998), The Unbearable Heart (1995), and Earshot (1992).

The latter, Earshot, received the Theodore Roethke Memorial Poetry Prize and an Association of Asian American Studies Literature Award. In 1996, her poem "Possession: A Zuihitsu" (originally published in Another Chicago Magazine) was included in the anthology the Best American Poetry, and The Unbearable Heart received an American Book Award. Other honors for her work include the Lila Wallace–Reader's Digest Writer's Award, the Shelley Memorial Prize, and the PEN/Voelcker Award. She has received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, Guggenheim Foundation, and the New York Foundation for the Arts.

Aside from poetry, Hahn has written for film such as the 1995 two-hour HBO special, "Ain't Nuthin' But a She-Thing" (for which she also recorded the voice-overs); and most recently, a text for "Everywhere at Once," Holly Fisher's film based on Peter Lindbergh's still photos and narrated by Jeanne Moreau. The latter premiered at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival and presented at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival.

Poetry

 * Air Pocket. Hanging Loose Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0914610526
 * Earshot. Hanging Loose Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0914610847
 * The Unbearable Heart. Kaya Press, 1995. ISBN 978-1885030016
 * Volatile. Hanging Loose Press, 1999. ISBN 978-1882413577
 * Pine. 1999
 * Mosquito and Ant: Poems. W.W. Norton, 1999. ISBN 978-0393047325
 * The Artist's Daughter: Poems W.W. Norton, 2002. ISBN 978-0393051025
 * The Narrow Road to the Interior: Poems. W.W. Norton, 2006. ISBN 978-0393061895
 * "A Field Guide to the Intractable: Zuihitsu." Small Anchor Press chapbook, 2009.
 * Toxic Flora: Poems. W.W. Norton, 2010. ISBN 0-393-07662-8 ISBN 978-0393076622
 * Brain Fever. W.W. Norton, 2014. ISBN 978-0-393-24335-2
 * (Write It!) Wells College Press, 2019.
 * Foreign Bodies. W. W. Norton, 2020. ISBN 978-1-324-00521-6
 * Brain Fever. W.W. Norton, 2014. ISBN 978-0-393-24335-2
 * (Write It!) Wells College Press, 2019.
 * Foreign Bodies. W. W. Norton, 2020. ISBN 978-1-324-00521-6

Selected broadsides With Gale Jackson and Susan Sherman
 * Walt Whitman Circle. 2015.
 * 3/3: Volume 1, Issue 1. with Lauren Henken. 2013.
 * We Stand Our Ground: Three Women, Their Vision, Their Poems. Ikon, Inc., 1988. ISBN 978-0945368014

Prose

 * "Memory, Language, and Desire." Asian Americans: Collages of Identities: Proceedings of Cornell Symposium of Asian America, Issues of Identity. Ed. Lee C. Lee. Cornell University Press, 1992. 64-69. OCLC 34909762
 * "Afterbirth." Charlie Chan Is Dead: An Anthology of Contemporary Asian America Fiction. Ed. and intro. Jessica Hagedorn. Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 9780140231113

Interviews

 * "Kimiko Hahn: Expressing Self and Desire, Even If One Must Writhe." By Eileen Tabios. Black Lightning: Poetry-In-Progress. New York: Asian American Writers' Workshop. 1998. ISBN 9781889876061
 * "Kimiko Hahn." By Laurie Sheck. Bomb 96 (Summer 2006)

Awards

 * 2008 PEN/Voelcker Award for Poetry.
 * 2008 American Book Award
 * Association of Asian America Studies Literature Award
 * Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Award
 * Theodore Roethke Memorial Poetry Prize
 * Shelley Memorial Award from the Poetry Society of America
 * The National Endowment for the Arts fellowships
 * N.Y. Foundation for the Arts fellowships
 * 2010 Guggenheim Fellow

Critical studies

 * 1) Kimiko Hahn's 'Interlingual Poetics' in Mosquito and Ant By: Grotjohn, Robert. pp. 219–34 IN: Lim, Shirley Geok-lin (ed.); Gamber, John Blair (ed.); Sohn, Stephen Hong (ed.); Valentino, Gina (ed.); Transnational Asian American Literature: Sites and Transits. Philadelphia, PA: Temple UP; 2006. viii, 306 pp. (book article)
 * 2) Two Hat Softeners 'In the Trade Confession': John Yau and Kimiko Hahn By: Zhou, Xiaojing. pp. 168–89 IN: Zhou, Xiaojing (ed. and introd.); Najmi, Samina (ed.); Form and Transformation in Asian American Literature. Seattle, WA: U of Washington P; 2005. 296 pp. (book article)
 * 3) 'I Cannot Find Her': The Oriental Feminine, Racial Melancholia, and Kimiko Hahn's The Unbearable Heart By: Chang, Juliana; Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism, 2004; 4 (2): 239-60. (journal article)
 * 4) Mixing Aesthetics. A Poet's Cityscape: Kimiko Hahn By: Schlote, Christiane. pp. 541–59 IN: Alonso Gallo, Laura P. (ed. and introd.); Voces de América/American Voices: Entrevistas a escritores americanos/Interviews with American Writers. Cádiz, Spain: Aduana Vieja; 2004. 730 pp. (book article)
 * 5) Pulse and Impulse: The Zuihitsu By: Hahn, Kimiko. pp. 75–82 IN: Dienstfrey, Patricia (ed.); Hillman, Brenda (ed.); DuPlessis, Rachel Blau (foreword); The Grand Permission: New Writings on Poetics and Motherhood. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan UP; 2003. xxvi, 278 pp. (book article)
 * 6) Luce Irigaray's Choreography with Sex and Race By: Mori, Kaori; Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 2002 July; 63 (1): 189. State U of New York, Buffalo, 2002. (dissertation abstract)
 * 7) To Adore a Fragment: An Interview with Kimiko Hahn By: Kalamaras, George; Bloomsbury Review, 1999 Mar-Apr; 19 (2): 13-14. (journal article)
 * 8) Breaking from Tradition: Experimental Poems by Four Contemporary Asian American Women Poets By: Xiaojing, Zhou; Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, 1998 Nov; 37: 199-218. (journal article)
 * 9) Huang, Guiyou and Emmanuel Sampath Nelson, eds. Asian-American Poets: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2002. 113-9. ISBN 9780313318092
 * 10) Hara, Marie and Nora Okja Keller, eds. Intersecting Circles: The Voices of Hapa Women in Poetry and Prose. Baboo Ridge Press, 1999 ISBN 978-0910043595
 * 11) Wallinger-Schorn, Brigitte."Appendix: Interviews: Interviews with Kimiko Hahn." "So There it Is": An Exploration of Cultural Hybridity in Contemporary Asian American Poetry. Rodopi, 2011. 249-291. ISBN 978-9042034143

Poems online

 * "The Waiting Room," "Residue of God," atlengthmag
 * "Alba", "Allure", "Awareness", and "My Very Exciting Magic Carpet Just Sailed Under Nine Palace Elephants," Cerise Press 1.3 (Spring 2010)
 * “Raptor,” “The Apiculturalist," Kenyon Review
 * “Just Walk Away Renee,” “A Meditation on Magnetic Fields,” Clementine Magazine
 * ”Phantosmia,” “Sedna,” “The Soul,” Storyscape Online Journal 4 October 2009
 * "Cope's Rule," "Nepenthe," "Magpie Lark," PEN 2008
 * “Bumble Bees,” On Earth + podcast
 * “The Fever,” New Yorker 27 August 2007
 * “The Light,” New Yorker 06 May 2002
 * “The Dilemma of Closure (August 8–10)” Storyscape Online Journal
 * “Design,” Storyscape Online Journal
 * "Like Lavrinia," Verse Daily
 * "The Line," "The Breast's Syllabics," and "Becoming the Mother,"  Cross X Connect 9.3.3 (March 1998)
 * "The Line," Kimiko Hahn Poetry
 * "Reckless Sonnet #7," "Things That Make Me Cry Instantly," and "Gowanus, Late Summer (2000)," Poetry Center at Smith College
 * "In Childhood" Poem Hunter
 * "Wellfleet, Midsummer (2000") and Excerpt from "Sparrow," Reading Between A&B

title: Kimiko Hahn


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Whittier, North Carolina

Whittier is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jackson and Swain counties in the western part of the U.S. state of North Carolina. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 25.

Whittier is located on the Tuckasegee River, between Bryson City downstream to the west, and Dillsboro upstream to the southeast. The town of Whittier has its own Post Office, located at 22 Main Street.

History
Founded in 1881 by Dr. Clarke Whittier when he purchased 60000 acre of land in the area, it was incorporated as a town from 1887 to 1933. The town declined following the collapse of the lumber industry during the Great Depression.

title: Whittier, North Carolina


text:
Talk:History of juggling

References needed
This article is an overview of historical juggling information which has presumably been taken from a number of sources. It would benefit from a bibliography or list of references. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.22.144.198 (talk • contribs) 08:22, 18 July 2005

It is my intention to make this article a proper history of juggling rather than just a list of unreferenced dates. It will be an edit over time. Please discuss my changes here before reverting. Thanks Robynthehode (talk) 16:01, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Old chinese reliefs depicting ball jugglers
http://www.sdmuseum.com/show.aspx?id=2285&cid=59 (juggler middle, left, 6 balls or more) and http://www.sdmuseum.com/show.aspx?id=2325&cid=59 (juggler 7 balls + I think 2 balls in his hands = 9 balls).   Please also follow link to date inquiry on chinese help-desk: https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%A9%A2%E5%95%8F%E8%99%95#History_of_juggling_-_old_chinese_excavated_reliefs --217.84.65.219 (talk) 13:28, 16 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Without yet having gotten an answer on chinese helpdesk, I have found the corresponding article for the museum here on WP:EN : Shandong_Museum. That articles' introduction mentions stone carvings from the Han_dynasty dating 206 BC – 220 AD. - Now if I didn't fall for some double-notion or didn't make some mistake on that clickpath from the reliefs' pics on the chinese site (www.sdmuseum.com), past "stone carvings" in general, onto the english article for Han-dynasty, .. then these would be among the earliest depictions of toss-juggling, we have at all. --217.84.79.196 (talk) 02:08, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

Wow, neat find! This is something I have never seen before. Keep digging! -Fortpinepitch (talk) 17:15, 1 December 2015 (UTC)
 * yeh thx .. found more of it:
 * https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8a/Han_Dynasty_Juggling.jpeg on
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling_in_ancient_China Also from Han dynasty and looks pretty similar.
 * And yet more, found with "nangwan" 弄丸, on baidu.com (http://image.baidu.com/search/index?tn=baiduimage&ipn=r&ct=201326592&cl=2&fm=&lm=-1&st=-1&sf=2&fmq=1448561853996_D&pv=&ic=0&nc=1&z=&se=&showtab=0&fb=0&width=&height=&face=0&istype=2&ie=utf-8&word=%E5%BC%84%E4%B8%B8) :
 * http://img4.imgtn.bdimg.com/it/u=2582181573,2455808693&fm=21&gp=0.jpg
 * http://greatcourse.cnu.edu.cn/mss/wlkc/kcxx/chap04/03/tpl_course_0524e970.files/10450214642_image026.jpg
 * http://greatcourse.cnu.edu.cn/mss/wlkc/kcxx/chap04/03/tpl_course_0524e970.files/10450214651_image027.jpg
 * http://greatcourse.cnu.edu.cn/mss/wlkc/kcxx/chap04/03/tpl_course_0524e970.files/1045021479_image029.jpg
 * http://img0.imgtn.bdimg.com/it/u=3766010278,2258978754&fm=21&gp=0.jpg
 * alas, there is a language barrier to find out on details and sources and the reliefs' find circumstances. --217.84.70.156 (talk) 22:59, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

 * These are all very interesting. Good idea to search on Baidu. Unfortunately, you are right that we will have to get translations of the sources for these pictures if we are going to add them to the article. No luck with the Chinese helpdesk? - Fortpinepitch (talk) 00:03, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Alas, no! .. I also mailed the links to the café of an ancient chinese history museum in Cologne, germany - with no answer. (A lot of history and knowledge will need to be rewritten with China having opened its political and cultural wall - yet the speech barrier remains) --217.84.95.220 (talk) 12:44, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

wayback-snapshot of merged article "Juggling in ancient China"
As that article seems to be bound for deletion, I made a snapshot: http://web.archive.org/web/20151222231656/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling_in_ancient_China I'm afraid, the references will be lost ( I'm not also retrieving these from the text. Are you? :o) ). --217.84.70.156 (talk) 23:23, 22 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Ok, good. I was careful to copy over all the references when I merged the China article, so we shouldn't lose anything. Are you ok with deleting Juggling in ancient China? It just seemed better to bring everything together in one place here. - Fortpinepitch (talk) 00:09, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, "okay with deleting" .. sure! I'm just a passerby ;o) --217.84.70.139 (talk) 23:50, 11 March 2016 (UTC)

Sources for ancient juggling history research
After reading the chapter on juggling in ancient times from Karl-Heinz Ziethen's 4000 Years of Juggling, I decided to dig deeper and find primary source references for Ziethen's many juggling artifacts and quotes. Another source, which appears to have also been one of Ziethen's main sources, is a 1907 article by Arthur Watson published in The Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist. The information I have added to this wiki page attempts to expand on the foundation laid by Watson and Ziethen. Unfortunately, the information on modern juggling history is still very minimal, so I hope that someone can step up and help flesh out that section. -Fortpinepitch (talk) 23:51, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120217090129/https://www2.bc.edu/~lewbel/jugweb/history-1.html to http://www2.bc.edu/~lewbel/jugweb/history-1.html

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title: Talk:History of juggling