text:
Irvine Victoria F.C.

Irvine Victoria Football Club is a Scottish football club, based in the town of Irvine, North Ayrshire. Nicknamed The Vics  and "Westenders", it was formed in 1904 and plays at Victoria Park, in Irvine. Club colours are orange, blue and white stripes. Irvine Victoria play in the.

The club's local rival is Irvine Meadow XI.

On 24 May 2018 Brian McLuckie became Manager of the club.

On 10 June 2021 Brian McLuckie resigned as Manager of the club.

On 28 June 2021 Irvine Vics announced Dougie MacDuff as their new manager.

Ground
The club play at Victoria Park. The ground is only 300 yards away from Irvine railway station. It has two covered enclosures and some concrete terracing.

Honours won

 * Ayrshire District League Champions: 2013–14
 * Ayrshire (Ardrossan & Saltcoats Herald) Cup: 1952–53
 * Ayrshire League (Kerr & Smith) Cup: 1951–52, 1953–54, 1973–74
 * Ayrshire District (Irvine Times) Cup: 1934–35
 * Ayrshire League Cup: 1973–74
 * Cunninghame Cup: 1984–85, 1988–89
 * North Ayrshire Cup: 1998–99
 * Irvine & District League: 1919–20

Management team

 * Managers: Brian McLuckie
 * Assistant Manager: Mark McCann
 * Coach: Tam Jamieson

Committee

 * Chairman: Vacant
 * Vice Chairman: Shaw Donaldson
 * Secretary: David Loach
 * Treasurer: William Loach
 * Minute Secretary: William Loach
 * Committee Members: Aimee Loach, David Mill, Stephen Broomhall & Mike Hall

Past players

 * Hugh Arkinson (Kilmarnock)
 * John Boyd (Greenock Morton, Clydebank & Motherwell)
 * Alex Brown (Partick Thistle, Preston North End & Carlisle United)
 * George Caldwell (Arbroath)
 * Alex Elliot (Cowdenbeath & Airdrie)
 * Ian Fraser (Ayr United)
 * Billy Fulton (Ayr United, Falkirk & St.Mirren)
 * John Hollywood (Queen Of The South)
 * Iain Jardine (Kilmarnock, Partick Thistle, Anorthosis (Cyprus), Heart of Midlothian
 * Charlie Kerr (Greenock Morton, Carlisle United, Portadown & Barrow)
 * Ian Kerr (Kilmarnock)
 * Bobby Lawrie (Portsmouth)
 * Ronnie McCall (Ayr United & Stranraer)
 * John McCulloch (Queen Of The South)
 * Chris McGowan (Albion Rovers)
 * Johnny McIlwaine (Falkirk, Portsmouth and Southampton)
 * Ron McNeil (Raith Rovers & Weymouth)
 * Jim Muir (Motherwell, Dumbarton, Adelaide City & Marconi-Fairfield)
 * George O'Donnell (Ayr United & Montrose)
 * Gary Russell (Queen Of The South & Albion Rovers)
 * Joe Wark (Motherwell)
 * Kerr Whiteside (Manchester United)

title: Irvine Victoria F.C.


text:
User talk:Derek Duggan

Permanently blocked. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:16, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Derek Duggan


text:
User talk:Davis080

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Graham 12:16, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Image:CUPS-block-diagram.svg
Hello. It's not a good idea to pass off work as entirely your own when it is based on the work of others. However, that said, I do appreciate the SVG image! - Ta bu shi da yu 00:32, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

I did not intend to pass the work off as "entirely my own", because it is a derivative of the bitmap it replaced (intentionally, as it was tagged to be replaced by SVG!). The bitmap was not automatically converted to SVG. I spent time making the diagram to look like the bitmap and went to the original source to complete the diagram in SVG, because some minor elements were missing, including where "foomatic" fits into the picture. I welcome suggestions on how I can correctly represent SVGs that are designed to replace bitmaps (that are tagged as such). As far as I understand, I must relicense under the same license as the original, but what else should I do? Davis080 12:17, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

I have made additional corrections which I believe fix the issue. I apologize for the errors, which were due to my inexperience and ignorance. Please see the discussion page for the image Image_talk:CUPS-block-diagram.svg. Davis080 15:45, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It's cool... I, for one, very much appreciate your work. Sorry if I jumped down your throat, it's possible I was having one of my all-to-frequent bad days :( Ta bu shi da yu 05:29, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Davis080


text:
Talk:Munich air disaster/to do

 * Survivors going back into the plane to rescue those who were trapped

title: Talk:Munich air disaster/to do


text:
SS.11

The SS.11 is a French manual command to line of sight wire-guided anti-tank missile manufactured by Nord Aviation. It is also available in the air-to-ground version, AS.11, which featured a stabilized sighting system. The AS.11 was also known as the AGM-22 in American service. It is among the earliest guided anti-tank missiles, entering service with the French Army in 1956 and remaining in service into the 1980s. It also formed the basis for the larger and longer-ranged SS.12/AS.12 series.

The missile was guided manually by comparing the location of the target to flares on the back of the missile and using a small joystick to adjust its flight. The original manual guidance system was replaced in 1967 to produce the Harpon version, which used SACLOS guidance using an infrared homing sensor tracking the original flares. This greatly eased the operation of the system, the operator simply had to keep the sights pointed at the target and the missile would automatically fly along the line of sight.

Production of the SS.11 and later SS.12/AS.12 series missiles ceased some time in the 1980s, by which time over 170,000 had been sold. The price of the SS.11 in the late 1960s was stated at approximately $1,900 U.S. dollars.

History

The first combat use of the SS.11 was in 1956 by the French Air Force, fired from a Dassault MD 311 light twin-engine transport, as a method of attacking fortified caves located in steep mountain gorges during the Algerian war. The combat experiment proved extremely successful and became standard on other French Air Force MD 311s stationed in the Algerian war theater. From this early combat experience in Algeria with fixed wing aircraft firing the SS.11, the French Army took note and introduced the world's first specialized combat helicopter firing antitank missiles, based on the Aérospatiale Alouette II and later the Aérospatiale Alouette III that fired both the earlier surface-to-surface SS.11 and the AS.11 developed for air-to-surface firing from aircraft, both of which saw extensive combat in that conflict from 1958 to 1962.

After the cancellation of the SSM-A-23 Dart in 1958, the United States began evaluating the SS.11, and accepted it into service in 1961 as the AGM-22A. The missile was deployed from UH-1B Huey helicopters using either the XM11 or M22 armament subsystems. In U.S. Army service, the SS.11 was used mainly to develop tactics employing antitank helicopters and to train future helicopter crews. In September 1965, 12 U.S. Army UH-1B helicopters belonging to a special unit, fitted with the XM-58 stabilized sight arrived in South Vietnam. One month later, they fired AGM-22s in combat. In May 1972 in response to the North Vietnamese armor used in the Easter Offensive six UH-1s equipped with AGM-22s were deployed in Quang Tri Province. The system was rated moderately effective against tanks, but was extensively used against bunkers and fortified structures. All units were withdrawn to the U.S. by 31 October 1972.

During the Arab-Israeli Six-Day War in 1967, the Israeli Army was equipped with a large number of SS.11s supplied by France. SS.11s were used during the battle of Abu-Ageila.

In 1966, the French Navy did an evaluation of the SS.11(M) and SS.12(M) from the fast patrol boat La Combattante. In 1966, the Libyan Navy ordered three Vosper Thornycroft fast patrol boats (the Sebha, Sirte and Susa). Delivered in 1968, these were the first naval vessels to be armed with the SS.11(M) and AS.12(M) being armed with four on each side of the vessel's bridge; the Libyan fast patrol boats proved that this was a very low-cost way to give long-range heavy firepower to small naval vessels. Other navies soon followed Libya and bought the SS.12(M) and SS.11(M) for their light naval vessels; among them Brunei, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Senegal, and Tunisia. NORD also developed a ten-missile trainable launcher for either the SS.11(M) or SS.12(M), which was sold in numbers due to its extremely cost-effective firepower for both light and medium size naval craft.

During the Falklands War, both the British Army and the British Royal Marines used Westland Scout helicopters armed with the SS.11. On 14 June 1982, two Army and two Marine Scouts attacked Argentine positions on the south-west outskirts of Port Stanley. Of the ten missiles fired, nine hit their targets and one was lost due to a command wire breaking.

Development
Development of an improved version of the SS.10 (Nord-5203) began in 1953 as the Nord-5210. The missile was intended as a heavy version of the man-portable SS.10 for use from vehicles, ships and helicopters. The missile entered service with the French army as the designation SS.11. It was used as the first helicopter-mounted anti-tank missile in the world (on Alouette IIs).

From 1962, a "B" model of the missile was produced, which replaced some of the original electronics with solid state components. The transistorization improved response time and handling, which reduced the tendency to over-correct during flight. This was the version used for the development of an infantry version, in which the operator carried three warheads and had a "waist belt fire-control," and three other men carried the missile minus its warhead.

One of the most unusual uses of the SS.11 was that of probably the smallest anti-shipping missile in the world, with the Swedish Marines employing it in the anti-landing craft role for decades, until it was replaced by a specialized version of the AGM-114 Hellfire. It was also used by the Finnish coastal artillery for covering narrow channels in the archipelago, being replaced in this role by the Israeli SPIKE ER (Rannikko-Ohjus 06).

Description
A variety of warheads are available for the missile:
 * 140AC hollow-charge: 600 mm versus RHA
 * 140AP02 blast-fragmentation: 10 mm steel plate
 * 140AP59 anti personnel
 * 140CCN anti-shipping

On launch, the SNPE rocket booster, with two outlets on the side of the missile body, burns for 1.2 seconds, after which the Sophie sustainer engine, with single outlet in the rear of the missile body burns for 20 seconds.

Unlike the earlier SS.10, which steered similarly to an airplane with small flight controls called "spoilers" located on the missiles wings, the SS.11 is steered in flight by a unique system developed by NORD for France's first air-to-air missile, the AA.20, called TVC (thrust vectoring control) in which four small vanes are located around the sustainer's exhaust, which under command momentarily push into the sustainer's thrust causing the missile to move in the direction commanded. Since the missile spins slowly in flight by having the four swept wings slightly offset, a gyroscope is needed to determine the missile's relative orientation to the ground, that is, up, down and right, left. Unlike the earlier spoiler flight control, TVC is a far more precise method of controlling a missile in flight. TVC has been copied by other missile designs, including the Russians with their 9M14 Malyutka (NATO name: AT-3 Sagger) and the Euromissile HOT and MILAN developed by joint venture of the French and Germans.

Due to the manual nature of the guidance, called MCLOS, where the operator had to first gain control of the missile and bring it into his line of sight with the target, engagements of targets at short range were poor, but beyond 500 meters accuracy was good to excellent for a well trained operator. In 1967 (by which time NORD had been merged with Aerospatiale), a version of the SS.11, called Harpon, was developed with a much improved guidance system called SACLOS in which the missile is automatically tracked in flight and brought to the gunner's line of sight. This guidance system drastically increases the SS.11 accuracy, especially at engagement ranges of less than 500 meters.

Models

 * SS.11/AGM-22: Surface-to-surface wire-guided anti-tank missile.
 * SS.11A1 XAGM-22A
 * SS.11B1 XAGM-22B: Much improved with transistors
 * SS.11B1 (training) XATM-22B
 * AS.11: Air-to-surface missile.
 * SS.11M: Maritime surface-to-surface wire-guided anti-ship missile.
 * HARPON: SS.11 version with SACLOS guidance replacing MCLOS. Entered production in 1967

title: SS.11


text:
Talk:Program counter

"program counter" is a non-standard misnomer
This thing doesn't count programs. It counts instructions.

Wait, it doesn't count either. It jumps around in response to various events and instructions. IA-32 examples: call, ret, int, syscall, sysenter, sysret, iret...

So it's not a counter. It's a pointer.

Well gee. That must be why Intel called it the instruction pointer in their documentation.

OK, never mind the most popular CPU architecture. What about the Mac or Xbox/360? There we have the next instruction pointer register, and current instruction pointer as a concept in the documentation.

24.110.60.225 00:46, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, it counts :-)
 * The vast majority of instruction fetches are from the next memory location after the previously fetched instruction.
 * Random-access jumps or branches to other locations are relatively infrequent by comparison.
 * The PC is a pointer, true, and also a counter
 * TheAMmollusc (talk) 11:47, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Von Neumann himself used the term "Program Counter." I think "Instruction Pointer" is a non-standard misnomer. Whenever I see "IP" in a computer-related context I think of "Internet Protocol" (specifically the "IP address") or "Intellectual Property" before I think of Intel's non-standard misnomer. When I see "PC" in a computer-related context I think of "Personal Computer" and then "Program Counter." "EIP" looks like a sound someone makes when they step on something sharp or slimy, and "RIP" means I'll soon be able to say "RIP" to the x86 that only exists today because of the Datapoint 2200, IBM and Microsoft. I just can't wait for Ivy Bridge: I'd be able to boot DOS twice as fast! — "Windows n. (Win-doze): A 64 bit tweak of a 32 bit extension to a 16 bit user interface for an 8 bit operating system based on a 4 bit architecture from a 2 bit company that can't stand 1 bit of competition." 69.54.60.34 (talk) 05:26, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Hey, there's a lot of truth to that. You got me laughing as hard as I have at any joke told on TV at 11:30pm in a long time, thanks.  Seems like a perfect example of Not Invented Here syndrome.  Trouble is, oftentimes the we set the standards crowd uses superior business strategy to make their version better known and more widely adopted than the inventor's, leaving it up to neutral Wikipedia editors to sort through the confusion.   I'll update the article to provide some references and clarify things for people like the student below.  Wbm1058 (talk) 20:25, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Page 1-5 (PDF page 16) of the Intel iAPX88 Book] says Figure 1-9 shows two 16-bit control registers. First is the IP or instruction pointer which points to the next instruction the bus interface unit will fetch. (The instruction pointer is similar to a Program Counter used in other microprocessors, except that the IP points to the next instruction being fetched, whereas the traditional program counter points to the next instruction to be executed). Intel themselves used the term Program Counter in their 8008 and 8080 processors. BTW, PowerPC calls it a Next Instruction Address Register which is a much better term because "Instruction Pointer" can refer to anything holding an instruction address! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.54.62.196 (talk) 05:10, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

 * It would be more intuitive (imo) if it were called instruction pointer, because it points to the fact that we are talking about an address in memory which holds the next or current instruction (depending on the architecture) and is not counting the amount of instructions that have been executed. The value can also be overwritten by (conditional) jump instruction which makes it even more confusing when we talk about a counter that doesn't really count at all. — Kavuldra (talk) 15:08, 21 July 2019 (UTC)

instruction pointer disambiguation
I have been reading a bit in my course book about computer hardware and found the following information:

8086/8088 processors have a 16 bit data bus and a 20 bit address bus, so two registers are needed to contain an address: a segment register and an offset register. The memory address can be obtained by bit-shifting the segment register by four bits to the left and performing a summation with the offset register. The memory a program used is seperated into segments. The segment containing the code is called the code segment, and it's segment register is named CS. It's offset register is named IP or instruction pointer.

This information should be added in a page on instruction pointer and a disambiguation page should be made.

--Bernard François 11:39, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No, no, please don't. We don't need a content fork.  PC and IP are truly two different terms for the same fundamental concept.  If you understand this you should LOL at the joke in the above section.  This is a related discussion so I'm making it a subtopic under the above.  Wbm1058 (talk) 20:25, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

POV section: "All-pervasive nature of the program counter"
This is horribly unencyclopaedic in its tone, somewhere in-between OR and a POV diatribe. I'm tempted to get rid of it, because it's not particularly informative. Any thoughts? Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 01:08, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I thought my version was a vast improvement in terms of this exact problem. In particular, it went from exploring the state-of-mind of the programmer, to merely discussing the implications of the sequential-execution model.  I do not see why you reverted to the previous version to attach POV.  Spike-from-NH (talk) 01:43, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Oh, that was completely unintentional, I have no idea how that occurred. Reverted now.  Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 13:17, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Whew! Thank you for the clarification. Spike-from-NH (talk) 17:39, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

integrated development environment
The article currently says

 * "In an integrated development environment, the programmer may write sequences of instructions to respond to events without specifying an overall sequence for the program."

That description sounds more like the description of event-driven programming to me. How the IDE is relevant here?

It seems as irrelevant to me as pointing out that
 * "While wearing shoes, the programmer may write sequences of instructions to respond to events without specifying an overall sequence for the program."

It's technically true that people often use an IDE (and wear shoes) while doing event-driven programming, but my understanding is that people find an IDE (and shoes) just as useful for programming purely sequential paradigms, and both purely sequential and event-driven software can be written without an IDE (and without shoes). I deleted the phrase "integrated development environment", but now I wonder: Is there a special connection between IDEs and non-sequential programming that I've missed? --DavidCary (talk) 20:28, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

 * There is not. The two concepts go together in my limited experience programming after text editors, but your edit makes it more precise.
 * Regarding the paragraph you added afterward, you need an initial "In" at least for parallelism. And your three links seem inter-related.  As your text says they go from the specific to the general, you should pick the one whose generality aligns most closely with "writ[ing] each section of the pipeline without specifying the timing relative to other sections." Spike-from-NH (talk) 02:25, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

IBM 650-style "next instruction field" as a PC equivalent
This page said

 * Use of a PC that normally increments assumes that what a computer does is execute a usually linear sequence of instructions. Such a PC (or equivalent hardware that serves the same purpose[8]) is central to the von Neumann architecture. Thus programmers write a sequential control flow even for algorithms that do not have to be sequential.

 * with reference 8 pointing to The story of Mel - an entertaining story, but really not much of a reference.

If the intent was to refer to the RPC 4000's "next instruction" field in all instructions, with branches having a "branch to" instruction if the branch test succeeds and a "next instruction" field if the test fails, or similar mechanisms in other machines such as the IBM 650, it would be best to do so explicitly, so I changed it to do so.

That mechanism isn't "equivalent" in the sense of sequentially stepping through memory locations containing instructions (except when a branch occurs), but it is "equivalent" in the sense that machines with a PC (and an implied "next instruction" address of "first memory location after the current instruction") both sequentially execute a sequence of instructions. For machines with a PC, that sequence can be thought of as an array; for machines with a "next instruction" field, it could be thought of as a linked list.

As the paragraph in question was discussing sequential execution, the "next instruction" address is "equivalent" in that it doesn't provide any escape from sequential execution; if the intent is to speak only of program counters requiring sequential execution, without anything being said one way or the other about next instruction addresses, then the entire parenthetical note (whether the version before or after my edit) should be removed.

I'm not sure it's best described as "having a PC implies sequential execution"; it's perhaps better described as "sequential execution allows the use of a PC" - it's not as if removing the transistors that store the PC value is sufficient to allow the machine to run code in parallel; it's more like dataflow etc. machines have no place for a PC. Guy Harris (talk) 07:09, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes; I had challenged your edit on your talk page. Your point is made that PCs don't "imply sequential execution" (and the article goes on to describe alternative concepts in the following section).  And I too found "A story of Mel" interesting but not relevant to this discussion.

 * The section in question discusses what computers "typically" do and how that led to problems, more research, and different architectures. Atypical examples did not lead to any of the above.  The word "typically" implies there are counterexamples; regarding listing them, it's unlikely that a reader would come to Program counter to read about computers that didn't use program counters, but if you think so, that should be a separate discussion in the article.  At least, the parenthetical remark should be removed.  Spike-from-NH (talk) 12:47, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Hearing no objection, I removed the remark. Spike-from-NH (talk) 12:50, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

PC/IP pointing past the current instruction
, :

A recent edit added the claim that "In some architectures, the PC points to the current instruction plus a processor-dependent constant."; that edit was reverted.

The claim was presumably derived from the "Saving from r15" section of this part of the ARM Developer Suite Assembler Guide, which said:

 * In general, avoid saving from r15 if possible.

 * If you do save from r15, the value saved is the address of the current instruction, plus an implementation-defined constant. The constant is always the same for a particular processor.

In manuals describing an instruction set, the PC/IP is probably mostly used in a description of the behavior of the idealized processor that all implementations of the instruction set provide. For example, it would be used in descriptions of instructions, e.g.:

 * JMP [EA] - Jump unconditionally

 * PC <- [EA]

 * JSR [R], [EA] - Jump to Subroutine

 * [R] <- PC
 * PC <- [EA]

In some instruction sets, including the one whose instructions are described there, when an instruction is executed, the PC/IP points to the instruction following the one being executed, so that 1) the address of that instruction is saved as the return address and 2) when the instruction finishes, the next instruction is fetched from the PC/IP, meaning that the jump instructions cause the next instruction to be fetched from the effective address of the jump instruction. The current x86 manuals seem to show the IP/EIP/RIP working that way, as, with RIP-relative addressing, "An effective address is formed by adding displacement to the 64-bit RIP of the next instruction.", and in the description of the CALL instruction, one step is "Push(IP);", "Push(EIP);", or "Push(RIP);", pushing the address of the next instruction onto the stack.

For others, such as MIPS32, it points to the instruction being executed, so that, to quote the MIPS32 manual:

 * The address of the instruction that occurs during the next instruction time is determined by assigning a value to PC during an instruction time. If no value is assigned to PC during an instruction time by any pseudocode statement, it is automatically incremented by either 2 (in the case of a 16-bit MIPS16e instruction) or 4 before the next instruction time. A taken branch assigns the target address to the PC during the instruction time of the instruction in the branch delay slot.

and, in the description of the Jump and Link instruction, the first step of the sequence of steps is

 * GPR[31] <- PC + 8

(+8 = +4+4, with the first +4 skipping over the JAL instruction and the second +4 skipping over the instruction in the delay slot).

The instruction set might make it visible as a general-purpose register; A32 (32-bit ARM), for example makes it visible as r15. What the ARMv7 A-profile manual says is:

 * PC, the program counter
 * When executing an ARM instruction, PC reads as the address of the current instruction plus 8.
 * When executing a Thumb instruction, PC reads as the address of the current instruction plus 4.
 * Writing an address to PC causes a branch to that address.

So, for 32-bit ARM (the 32-bit instruction set containing ARM instructions), the PC points to the instruction following the next instruction, as instructions are all 4 bytes long. I'm not sure what the case is for Thumb/Thumb-2, as there are both 16-bit and 32-bit instructions. The Branch and Link instruction sets the link register (r14) to PC - 4, backing it up to point to the instruction following the BL instruction.

So, at the instruction set architecture level, while an instruction is being executed, the PC/IP might point to the instruction being executed, to the instruction following the instruction being executed, or somewhere else following the instruction being executed.

At the microarchitecture level, there might not be a set of N transistors that make up "the program counter register" or "the instruction pointer register"; each instruction being executed might, for example, have, associated with it, a PC/IP value appropriate to that instruction, following the rules of the instruction set architecture, and the instruction fetch hardware might have its own register holding the PC/IP value, which it copies into the stuff it hands to the execution hardware.

So the page should perhaps distinguish between "PC/IP as a concept in the description of the instruction set architecture" and its implementation in various microarchitectures. The "Hardware implementation" should discuss only the latter of the two - and not make any claims without reliable sources. That might reduce the contents of that section substantially if the references can't be found, and expand the contents substantially if they can be found. :-) The rest of the article should probably focus on the instruction set architecture PC/IP, and just indicate that it might, during the execution of an instruction, point to the instruction being executed, the next instruction that would be executed if the instruction doesn't cause a transfer of control (or even if it does cause a transfer of control if there's a branch delay slot), or some arbitrary instruction set architecture-defined or implementation-defined place past the instruction being executed.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Guy Harris (talk • contribs)

 * Thanks; I did not grasp this from the cited page. I've restored a version of the new sentence but moved it (and the other sentence with an exception to the rule) out of the Intro and into Notes.  On a further reorganization of the article, I have no opinion.  Spike-from-NH (talk) 13:22, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree; most people reading the article will be thinking of PC in the context of an instruction set. Mildsunrise (talk) 11:30, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

I removed the Symbol section as not being very relevant here
The Symbol section mostly described symbols used in expressions evaluated by the assembler at assembly time to refer to the address of the current instruction, i.e. the value the program counter would have when the fetch of the instruction in question begins. That strikes me as more relevant to assembly language than to this page. One term used for the address of the current instruction is the "location counter"; see, for example, page 3 of the PDP-7 assembler manual, page 3-8 of the PAL III Symbolic Assembler Programming Manual for the PDP-8, page 3-13 of the PDP-11 MACRO-11 Language Reference Manual, page 3-18 of the VAX-11 MACRO Language Reference Manual, and pages 18-19 of the IBM Operating System/360 Assembler Language manual. It's called the "location assignment counter" for the 1130; see pages 7-8 of the IBM 1130 Assembler Language manual.

The bit about DEC describes, instead, a symbol used to refer to the program counter as an operand fetched (or stored into) by an instruction at run time, for those instruction sets that support this such as the PDP-11 and VAX instruction sets. DEC generally uses. as the symbol for the address of the instruction; see, for example, page 10 of the PDP-7 assembler manual, page 3-8 of the PAL III manual, page 3-13 of the MACRO-11 manual, and page 3-18 of the VAX MACRO manual. The use of. is more relevant to assembly language, juast as for other symbols; the use of PC in operands may be relevant to this page, with a discussion of those instruction sets where the PC can be used in operand specifiers.

IBM tended to use "*" as the symbol. See, for example, pages 4-5 of the IBM 7090/7094 Programming Systems FORTRAN II Assembly Program (FAP) manual (where they don't seem to have a phrase such as "location counter", although, according to page 25, the pseudo-operation to set the counter is LOC), pages 18-19 of the OS/360 assembler manual, and pages 9-10 of the 1130 assembler manual.

As for *-*, that's a convention used by programmers in various IBM assembler languages to indicate to human readers of the code a value that would be set at run time; see, for example, page 5 of the IBM FAP manual. The two *s in the expression refer to the "location counter" value; it may just be that it's a visually-notable pre-defined symbol such that subtracting it from itself 1) produces a result of 0 to use as a placeholder and 2) looks visually distinct - it may not be significant that what you're subtracting from itself is the location counter. That's a convention possibly worthy of note, but more relevant either to the assembly language page or to the pages about the computers where that convention was used. Guy Harris (talk) 23:30, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

Uses other than control flow?
Has the PC got other uses than direct control flow? Theoretically it could: Musaran (talk) 06:23, 25 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Statistics about code execution.
 * Code block ID partitioning to imply some attribute(s). With memory mapping the same code data could then have alternative meaning.
 * Provide a magic number just once, by locating the code just right.
 * One very common such use is memory references in position-independent code, such as relative branches (the target displacement of which does not have to change if the code is moved to a different address) and data references through the Global Offset Table in position-independent code in a dynamic shared library on most UN*xes.
 * The first example you give is used in code profiling; one form of code profiling is done by software sampling the PC and keeping a histogram of its value.
 * In principle the other two examples could be used, but I don't know of any cases where the PC is used in that fashion. Guy Harris (talk) 08:19, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Program counter


text:
George Furnas

George William Furnas (born 1954) is an American academic, Professor and Associate Dean for Academic Strategy at the School of Information of the University of Michigan, known for his work on semantic analysis and on human-system communication.

Biography
Furnas obtained his AB in Psychology in 1974 from Harvard University, and his PhD in Psychology in 1980 from Stanford University.

Furnas started his academic career as graduate student teaching assistant at Stanford University in 1975. After his graduation in 1980 he started at Bell Labs, where he was a distinguished member of technical staff for 15 years. In the last two years he was Director of Computer Graphics and Interactive Media research. In 1995 he moved to the University of Michigan, where he was appointed Professor of Psychology, Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, and Professor at the School of Information. From 2002 to 2008 he was also Associate Dean for Academic Strategy, School of Information.

Furnas was elected into the CHI Academy, an honorary group of individuals who have made substantial contributions to the field of human-computer interaction, in 2004 for his work in the field. In 2011 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

Work
During his time at Bell Labs he earned the moniker "Fisheye Furnas" while working with fisheye visualizations. A pioneer of latent semantic analysis, Furnas is also considered a pioneer in the concept of MoRAS (Mosaic of Responsive Adaptive Systems).

The body of Furnas' research, and its primacy in the field, is aptly précised by the delineation of his work in his SIGCHI bio: A principal focus of his research is in advanced information access and visualization. His early role in the analysis of the "Vocabulary Disagreement" problem lead to his co-invention of Latent Semantic Analysis for indexing and text processing. His classic "Generalized Fisheye Views" paper inspired a sea of focus+context research in information visualization.

And furthermore "George's BITPICT graphical rewrite system is well known novel contribution to diagrammatic reasoning, visual languages and visual programming communities. George was also an early researcher in the areas of collaborative filtering and graph visualization. His 'Space-Scale Diagrams in the Pad++ Zooming User Interface' advanced the analysis of zoomable user interfaces, and View Navigation theory has helped motivate much subsequent research in Information Scent. Recently he has been working on consolidating theories of design and use at multiple levels of aggregation."

Selected publications

 * Furnas, George W. Objects and their features, 1980

Articles, a selection:
 * Furnas, George W. "Generalized fisheye views." in Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI ‘86 Conference Proceedings, 16-23. 1986.
 * Furnas, George W., et al. "The vocabulary problem in human-system communication." Communications of the ACM 30.11 (1987): 964-971.
 * Deerwester, Scott C., et al. "Indexing by latent semantic analysis." JAsIs 41.6 (1990): 391-407.

title: George Furnas


text:
Talk:George Cohen

DOB
Is the date of birth, 23 October 1937, correct? and says 22 October 1939. --83.227.2.49 12:22, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So does (which is pretty reliable when it comes to birthdates and things. I've changed the date in the article accordingly. Qwghlm 13:50, August 17, 2005 (UTC)

George Cohen (artist [imagist])
The Chicago Imagists is the name of a group of representational artists associated with the School of the Art Institute of Chicago who exhibited at the Hyde Park Art Center in the late 1960s. Their work was known for grotesquerie, surrealism, and complete uninvolvement with New York art world trends. One remarkable thing about them was the high proportion of female artists among them.

There are three distinct groups which outside of Chicago are indiscriminately bundled together as Imagists: The Monster Roster, the Hairy Who, and the Chicago Imagists.

Contents [hide] 1 The Monster Roster 2 The Hairy Who 3 The Chicago Imagists 4 Artists Who Are Not Imagists 5 References 6 External links

[edit] The Monster Roster The Monster Roster was a group of Chicago artists, several of whom served in World War II and were able to go to art school thanks to the G.I. Bill. They were given their name in 1959 by critic Franz Schulze, based on their existential, sometimes gruesome, semi-mystical figurative work. The Monster Roster included:

Don Baum Carlo Campoli George Cohen Dominic Di Meo Leon Golub Theodore Halkin June Leaf Seymour Rosofsky Nancy Spero H. C. Westermann Karl Wirsum

[edit] The Hairy Who The Hairy Who were a subgroup of the Imagists (see below). Don Baum curated three "Hairy Who" exhibitions at the Hyde Park Art Center in 1966, 1967, and 1968. The name is meant to sound like a rock group. The Hairy Who included:

Don Baum James Falconer Art Green Gladys Nilsson Jim Nutt Suellen Rocca Karl Wirsum.

[edit] The Chicago Imagists The Imagists were not a formal group, but rather a description of artists involved in shows curated by Don Baum in the mid-1960s and early 1970s. In addition to the Hairy Who, above, they included:

Roger Brown Eleanor Dube Phil Hanson Ed Paschke Christina Ramberg Barbara Rossi

[edit] Artists Who Are Not Imagists Outside of Chicago, any Chicago artist whose work is figurative and quirky is often called an Imagist. Chicago artists who paint strange and figurative works, but are not Imagists, include:

Robert Lostutter Hollis Sigler Eleanor Spiess-Ferris

[edit] References Richard Vine, "Where the Wild Things Were", Art in America, May 1997, pp. 98-111. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bunkbids (talk • contribs) 09:49, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Jewish?
Is he really Jewish? Because his nephew, Ben Cohen isn't Jewish, neither are his family (at least for some generations), so probably George isn't Jewish. --Ario ManUtd (talk) 04:12, 30 October 2008 (UTC) 30 October 2008 11:12 UTC
 * He is. He stated it a few times and his surname Cohen is Jewish. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.181.115.202 (talk) 22:14, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Good Player?
Was he really a good player who deserved the 1966 win? Imadethis123 (talk) 10:20, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

 * The article doesn't say he did, it merely notes that the BBC's obituary of him said so. It's not for Wikipedia to take a view. Alarics (talk) 20:04, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Cohen


text:
Prehistory and protohistory of Poland

The prehistory and protohistory of Poland can be traced from the first appearance of Homo species on the territory of modern-day Poland, to the establishment of the Polish state in the 10th century AD, a span of roughly 500,000 years.

The area of present-day Poland went through the stages of socio-technical development known as the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages after experiencing the climatic shifts of the glacial periods. The best known archeological discovery from the prehistoric period is the Lusatian-culture Biskupin fortified settlement. As ancient civilizations began to appear in southern and western Europe, the cultures of the area of present-day Poland were influenced by them to various degrees.

Among the peoples that inhabited various parts of Poland up to the Iron Age stage of development were Scythian, Celtic, Germanic, Sarmatian, Roman, Avar, Vlach and Baltic tribes. In the Early Middle Ages, the area came to be dominated by West Slavic tribes and finally became home to a number of Lechitic Polish tribes that formed small states in the region beginning in the 8th century.

Historiography
As with other early periods areas of human history, knowledge of these times is limited, since few written ancient and medieval sources are available; research therefore relies primarily on archeology. Written language came to the Poles only after 966 AD, when the ruler of the Polish lands, Duke Mieszko I, converted to Christianity and educated foreign clerics arrived.

Stone Age
Poland's Stone Age is divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic eras.

The Paleolithic era extended from c. 500,000 BC to 8,000 BC and is subdivided into four periods: the Lower Paleolithic, c. 500,000 to 350,000 BC; the Middle Paleolithic, c. 350,000 to 40,000 BC; the Upper Paleolithic, c. 40,000 to 10,000 BC; and the Final Paleolithic, c. 10,000 to 8000 BC.

The Mesolithic era lasted from c. 8000 to 5500 BC and the Neolithic from c. 5500 to 2300 BC.

The Neolithic is subdivided into the Neolithic proper, c. 5500 – 2900 BC, and the Copper Age, c. 2900 – 2300 BC.

Poland's Stone Age lasted approximately 500,000 years and saw the appearance of three distinct Homo species: Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens (humans). The Stone Age cultures ranged from early human groups with primitive tools to advanced agricultural and stratified societies that used sophisticated stone tools, built fortified settlements and developed copper metallurgy.

As elsewhere in Central Europe, the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic stages of Poland's Stone Age were each characterized by refinements in stone-tool-making techniques. Paleolithic human activities (whose earliest sites are 500,000 years old) were intermittent because of recurring glaciations. A general climate warming and a resulting increase in ecologic diversity were characteristic of the Mesolithic era (9000–8000 BC).

The Neolithic era ushered in the first settled agricultural communities, whose founders had migrated from the Danube River area beginning about 5500 BC. Later, the native post-Mesolithic populations would also adopt and further develop the agricultural way of life (between 4400 and about 2000 BC).

Bronze and Iron Ages
Poland's Bronze Age comprised Period I, c. 2300–1600 BC; Period II, c. 1600–1350 BC; Period III, c. 1350–1100 BC; Period IV, c. 1100–900 BC; and Period V, c. 900–700 BC. The Early Iron Age included Hallstatt Period C, c. 700–600 BC, and Hallstatt Period D, c. 600–450 BC.

Poland's Bronze- and Iron-Age cultures are known mainly from archeological research. Poland's Early Bronze Age cultures began around 2300-2400 BC, whereas the Iron Age commenced c. 700-750 BC. By the beginning of the Common Era, the Iron Age archeological cultures described in the main article no longer existed. Given the absence of written records, the ethnicities and linguistic affiliations of the groups living in Central and Eastern Europe at that time are speculative; there is considerable disagreement about their identities. In Poland, the Lusatian culture, which spanned the Bronze and Iron Ages, became particularly prominent. The most famous archeological discovery from that period is the Biskupin fortified settlement (gród) that represented early-Iron-Age Lusatian culture.

Bronze objects were brought to Poland around 2300 BC from the Carpathian Basin. The native Early Bronze Age that followed was dominated by the innovative Unetice culture in western Poland and the conservative Mierzanowice culture in eastern Poland. These were replaced in their respective territories for the duration of the subsequent Older Bronze Period by the (pre-Lusatian) Tumulus culture and the Trzciniec culture.

Characteristic of the remaining bronze periods were the Urnfield cultures, in which skeletal burials were replaced by cremation throughout much of Europe. In Poland, the Lusatian culture settlements dominated the landscape for nearly a thousand years, continuing into the Early Iron Age. A series of Scythian invasions beginning in the 6th century BC, precipitated their demise. The Hallstatt Period D was a time of expansion for the Pomeranian culture, while the Western Baltic Kurgan culture dominated Poland's Masuria-Warmia region.

Antiquity
The period of the La Tène culture is subdivided into La Tène A, c. 450–400 BC; La Tène B, c. 400–250 BC; La Tène C, c. 250–150 BC; and La Tène D, c. 150–0 BC. The period from 200 to 0 BC may also be considered a younger pre-Roman period. It was followed by a period of Roman influence whose early stage lasted from c. 0 to 150 AD and its later stage from c. 150 to 375 AD. The period from 375 to 500 AD constitutes the (pre-Slavic) Migration Period.

Peoples belonging to numerous archeological cultures identified with Celtic, Germanic, Baltic, and in some regions Slavic tribes inhabited parts of Poland during the era of classical antiquity, from about 400 BC to 450-500 AD. Other groups, difficult to identify, were most likely also present, as the ethnic composition of archeological cultures is often poorly recognized. Short of using a written language to any appreciable degree, many of them developed a relatively advanced material culture and social organization, as evidenced by the archeological record, for example by richly furnished, dynastic "princely" graves. Characteristic of this period were high rates of migration, often involving large groups of people.

Celtic peoples established settlements beginning in the early 4th century BC, mostly in southern Poland, the outer limit of their expansion, as representatives of the La Tène culture. With their developed economy and crafts, they exerted a lasting cultural influence disproportionate to their small numbers in the region.

Germanic peoples lived in what is now Poland for several centuries, during which many of their tribes also migrated southward and eastward (see Wielbark culture). With the expansion of the Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes came under Roman cultural influence. Some written remarks by Roman authors that are relevant to developments on Polish lands have been preserved; they provide additional insights in conjunction with the archeological record. In the end, as the Roman Empire was nearing its collapse and the nomadic peoples invading from the east destroyed, damaged or destabilized the various Germanic cultures and societies, the Germanic peoples left Eastern and Central Europe for the safer and wealthier southern and western parts of the European continent. According to Tacitus and Ptolemy, the Goths left the lower Vistula region in the mid-2nd century AD.

The northeast corner of what is now Poland remained populated by Baltic tribes. They were at the outer limits of any substantial cultural influence from the Roman Empire.

Slavic peoples may have lived in the southern and southeastern regions, some perhaps associated with the ancient Przeworsk and Zarubintsy cultures of the 3rd century BC (with the Przeworsk culture being considered likely of Slavic or of mixed Slavic and Germanic origin   ). It has been suggested that the early Slavic peoples and languages may have originated in the region of Polesia, which includes the area around the Belarus–Ukraine border, parts of Western Russia, and parts of far Eastern Poland. More of Poland would be settled by Slavic tribes in later periods, in the early centuries of the common era.

title: Prehistory and protohistory of Poland


text:
Kello Rovers F.C.

Kello Rovers Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in the town of Kirkconnel, Dumfries and Galloway. Nicknamed Super K, they were formed in 1903, and they play at Nithside Park. Currently playing in the, they wear black and white striped strips (uniforms).

The team have been managed since June 2017 by John Quinn.

Greg Gallagher is the new manager for the 2022/23 season.

Notable former players

 * Davie Irons - Ayr United, Clydebank, Partick Thistle, Dunfermline Athletic, Gretna
 * Kris Doolan - Partick Thistle
 * George Cloy - Queen of the South
 * Martyn Campbell - Ayr United
 * Alex Parker - Everton
 * Willie Ferguson - Queen of the South
 * Quinton Young - Ayr United, Coventry City, Rangers, East Fife
 * Andy Paton - Motherwell

title: Kello Rovers F.C.


text:
User:Donald Ian Rankin

I am Jacob Steel, a 22 year old maths student from Cambridge, in the UK.

Besides maths, my principle interests are folk dancing and music, and roleplaying.

I dance with (among others) Gog Magog Molly dancers: http://www.cam.ac.uk/societies/molly/

I am a founding member of http://www.treasure-trap.ath.cx/Contents.html

You can see photos of me in LARP costume at http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~rjw76/TT/may05/sirwilliam.JPG and http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~rjw76/TT/may05/aellin.JPG

title: User:Donald Ian Rankin


text:
Talk:Prehistory and protohistory of Poland

Earliest Ethnicities
"Given the absence of written records, the ethnicities and linguistic affiliations of the groups living in Central and Eastern Europe at that time are speculative—there is considerable disagreement." < That makes zero sense. There is this thing called paleontology. Are there no paleotologists in the Baltic Sea region to actually examine skeletons of the earliest found inhabitants of the Baltic region? And, no one smart enough to try to extract DNA? How exactly could it be impossible to know about the oldest found peoples in these areas when science has given us various ways to know this? Frankly, I think either this stuff is known and someone is lying on wikipedia, or the qualified peoples are avoiding the subject because the Nazis would get ticked if someone would point out their propagandas about race were all wrong (they are in fact wrong). Even just for someone to describe skull differences, like they do about Amerindians, Asians, Africans, etc. would be nice. Is there really no effort going into this highly important subject, or is there an information cover up going on to protect non-natives of the Baltic regions self-delussions of being as native as the true natives? Frankly, I am tired of all my efforts to learn about where my matriline comes from being halted with blatant ignorance and a lack of care to research archeology or paleontology before feigning expertise in the subject. Frankly, I think people are keeping this information lost on purpose to protect Nazis. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.98.14.86 (talk) 03:10, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

It's about time "experts" stop obsessing over language, written claims of how things were, etc. and start actually using science. It's also time to stop obsessing over modern inhabitants (many of which not of the original inhabiting groups), and start actually examining the ancient remains, like archeologists are supposed to. Archeology and paleontology are being tossed aside in favor of mythology, and that is not okay. We are not creatures of mythology, we are real life human beings. We have gone through various languages, cultures, etc, but blood does not magically shift just from changing language... All this pro-Nazi, pro-Slav, pro-Christian propaganda needs to stop. Real science is all that matters, not propaganda. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.98.14.86 (talk) 03:15, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

To do
See WikiProject History of Poland/Pre-history of Polish lands and its to do list. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 12:24, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

-The legend about founding town of Gniezno is not related with the legend of three Slavic brothers. Futhermore town Gniezno was not any major centre until the end of the legendary dynasty of Popielids, who ruled over Greater Poland and were from the tribe of Goplans, which was neighbour of the tribe of Polans from which Piast dynasty originates. Dynasty of Popiel is an earlier legendary dynasty then dynasty of Piast, which is not legendary, but historical. Many believe Kruszwica (burned and rebulded couple times in changing locations) which suppose to be the legendary place for Popiel's tower and located near lake of Goplo was the primary power centrum of Greater Poland in prehistoric times. Also not Gniezno until dynasty of Popielids died out and dynasty of Piast took over. Pan Piotr Glownia 19:49, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

The entire sections are singulary referenced by qoutes form "U źródeł Polski" new - not academic German capital publisher Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie; perhaps representing traditionaly puched by Germans allochtonic view.
 * Nasz 02:30, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Archeological cultures and ethnic afiliatio hiphothesis
the sections should be separated.

Evident archeological cultures should be described as archeological cultures.

The speculative, we do not have writen sources in earth, ethnic afiliation scould be in the separated sections.

Othervise is imposible to give the presentation of conflicting argumentation betwen diferent views linking elements of archeological cultures with proposed ethnic afiliaion.

Scholarly archeology do not speculte on ethnic afiliation, the archeological culture may be absorbed by any ethnic group of people as we can observe today by trade atrefacts or migrating material culture.

Nasz 04:05, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Survey of archeology and early history of Polish lands
This (unfinished, as of the last May 13 version) article attempts a to give a semi-historical presentation, not to technically follow scholarly archeology. Although partially differently organized, it follows its main source, a popular book written by prominent Polish archeologists and historians. The Slavic section hopefully will be worked on further, but it already correctly identifies the majority scientific point of view. Wikipedia is not a place for ideological or nationalistic considerations or sloppy, semi-coherent and disruptive writing.

Orczar 01:00, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Comments before a GA review
This article is certainly improving and approaching a WP:GA level, but 1) there are many unreferenced statements that need attribution per WP:V and 2) with over 150kb it is too long, and some parts should be split to subarticles, per WP:SUMMARY. Below I paste some bot suggestions, some may be worth considering.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:02, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:02, 20 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Please expand the lead to conform with guidelines at Lead. The article should have an appropriate number of paragraphs as is shown on WP:LEAD, and should adequately summarize the article.[?]
 * Per Wikipedia:Context and Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates), months and days of the week generally should not be linked. Years, decades, and centuries can be linked if they provide context for the article.[?]
 * If there is not a free use image in the top right corner of the article, please try to find and include one.[?]
 * There may be an applicable infobox for this article. For example, see Template:Infobox Person, Template:Infobox School, or Template:Infobox City.[?] (Note that there might not be an applicable infobox; remember that these suggestions are not generated manually)
 * Per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (numbers), there should be a non-breaking space -  between a number and the unit of measurement. For example, instead of 50 meters, use 50 meters, which when you are editing the page, should look like: 50&nbsp;meters.[?]
 * Per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (numbers), when doing conversions, please use standard abbreviations: for example, miles -> mi, kilometers squared -> km2, and pounds -> lb.[?]
 * Per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (numbers), please spell out source units of measurements in text; for example, the Moon is 380,000 kilometres (240,000 mi) from Earth.[?] Specifically, an example is 200 kg.
 * Please reorder/rename the last few sections to follow guidelines at Guide to layout.[?]
 * Per WP:WIAFA, this article's table of contents (ToC) may be too long- consider shrinking it down by merging short sections or using a proper system of daughter pages as per Summary style.[?]
 * This article may need to undergo summary style, where a series of appropriate subpages are used. For example, if the article is United States, then an appropriate subpage would be History of the United States, such that a summary of the subpage exists on the mother article, while the subpage goes into more detail.[?]
 * There are a few occurrences of weasel words in this article- please observe WP:AWT. Certain phrases should specify exactly who supports, considers, believes, etc., such a view.
 * apparently
 * might be weasel words, and should be provided with proper citations (if they already do, or are not weasel terms, please strike this comment).[?]
 * Please make the spelling of English words consistent with either American or British spelling, depending upon the subject of the article. Examples include: armor (A) (British: armour), neighbor (A) (British: neighbour), favorite (A) (British: favourite), meter (A) (British: metre), fiber (A) (British: fibre), saber (A) (British: sabre), defense (A) (British: defence), organize (A) (British: organise), recognize (A) (British: recognise), ization (A) (British: isation), isation (B) (American: ization), catalyze (A) (British: catalyse), traveled (A) (British: travelled), cosy (B) (American: cozy), jewelry (A) (British: jewellery), mold (A) (British: mould).
 * Watch for redundancies that make the article too wordy instead of being crisp and concise. (You may wish to try Tony1's redundancy exercises.)
 * Vague terms of size often are unnecessary and redundant - “some”, “a variety/number/majority of”, “several”, “a few”, “many”, “any”, and “all”. For example, “ All pigs are pink, so we thought of a number of ways to turn them green.”
 * The script has spotted the following contractions: wasn't, didn't, didn't, didn't, didn't, didn't, if these are outside of quotations, they should be expanded.
 * As done in WP:FOOTNOTE, footnotes usually are located right after a punctuation mark (as recommended by the CMS, but not mandatory), such that there is no space in between. For example, the sun is larger than the moon [2]. is usually written as the sun is larger than the moon.[2][?]
 * Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a.[?]

Improving the article
I didn't mean to suggest that the article is ready for review, the last section has no references yet etc. Other sections are reasonably referenced as I see it (not every sentence can or should be referenced), but I could provide additional references as needed. Several issues need attention indeed and I intend to work on it. Obviously I decided to sacrifice brevity for a comprehensive treatment of the subject not treated in depth in the English language so far. The reform should start I believe from splitting the article into two parts, e.g. Prehistory of Poland through late Antiquity and Poland in early Middle Ages. Then, gradually as I have time, I could work on further restructuring and bringing the article in line with Wikipedia standards and practices.

(Orczar 17:15, 21 October 2007 (UTC))

 * The above review is not final, it's just something I hope will help you keep on track with our Manual of Style. Do note, however, that per WP:V every sentence should be referenced, otherwise - unless its really obvious knowledge - it may be challenged as OR/false and removed.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:17, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Prehistory of Poland
This series of articles on Poland's prehistory is for an encyclopedia purpose basically complete.

Orczar (talk) 18:46, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Clarification - justification
As there is no logical bases for attaching the "Polish" designation to the lands of present day Poland throughout most of the prehistory of the area, the practice of doing so may seem wholly artificial. Such an approach however is favored by the following practical considerations:

1. The territory of Poland is the principal area of interest and investigations of Polish archeology, and is described by Polish archeologists and historians in various monographs, research publications and books, most often in the Polish language, with Polish place-names and terminology. It is therefore practical and convenient to deal with the subject as a "prehistory of Poland".

2. The area of the modern Polish state is of natural historic interest to the Poles and others with related interests, who are curious to know what happened in the past in what is now Poland, and how the Polish nation and state came into being.

Such considerations, which may apply equally well to other countries and areas, would seem to justify summarizing efforts such as this one. They should be seen (and make sense only) as a part of the historically and geographically larger context, as described in works appropriate to that more general level, and in works dealing with various historic phenomena in their more fundamental sense, that is without regard to the present day borders or situation.

Orczar (talk) 20:30, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Poland has formed relatively early for other eastern european states
Is this so? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Frank Russian (talk • contribs) 08:38, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes. Zazaban (talk) 05:03, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

No. Russian statehood was formed early than polish statehood. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.205.125.110 (talk) 13:32, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

name
the article's name is somehow wrong. Use something like Poland before/until the Middle Ages. Nergaal (talk) 06:13, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree the name is not right. I think may be "Prehistory and early history of Polish lands" would do. Orczar (talk) 03:39, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

 * prehistory implies before there are written sources at all for the area, not just until the Poles used writing themselves. Is thedate given accurate forthat (there is also a term: protohistory, for a transitional period.). DGG (talk) 18:21, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The article has been moved to Prehistory and protohistory of Poland to address this concern.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 18:27, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Jan. 7, 2010 addition
The large Jan. 7 edit does not fit well into the subject of this article, as it invokes various extraneous notions. I've ordered David Anthony's book, to investigate its possible relevance to this article's subject matter. Orczar (talk) 00:31, 13 January 2010 (UTC)


text:
Thomas Landauer

Dr. Thomas K. Landauer (April 25, 1932 – March 26, 2014) was a Professor Emeritus at the Department of Psychology of the University of Colorado. He received his doctorate in 1960 from Harvard University, and also held academic appointments at Harvard, Dartmouth College, Stanford University and Princeton University. During his 25-year tenure as Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Bell Labs and its successors, where he was the manager of an information science and human-computer interaction research group, he was one of the pioneers of Latent semantic analysis. His publications include:

 * The Trouble with Computers, a controversial analysis of the productivity paradox of information technology.
 * Psychology: A Brief Overview published in 1972.
 * Handbook of Latent Semantic Analysis, co-edited with Danielle S. McNamara, Simon Dennis and Walter Kintsch in 2013.

In 1998, Landauer became the founding President of Knowledge Analysis Technologies (KAT), founded to commercialize his work in automated essay scoring and related technologies, based on latent semantic analysis. KAT was acquired in 2004 by Pearson Education, where Landauer continued to serve as Executive Vice President until his death.

title: Thomas Landauer


text:
Battle of Kauhajoki

The Battle of Kauhajoki was fought between Swedish and Russian troops on August 10, 1808.

History
After the important Swedish victory at the Battle of Lapua the force under the command of Georg Carl von Döbeln defeated a Russian force near Kauhajoki, South Ostrobothnia, Finland.

title: Battle of Kauhajoki


text:
Richard A. Harshman

Richard A. Harshman  was a member of the Department of Psychology of the University of Western Ontario since 1976, rising in the ranks to the level of Full Professor. He died suddenly on Thursday, January 10, 2008.

He was one of the pioneers of Latent semantic analysis. He made important contributions in psychometrics including the analysis of asymmetric square tables and the analysis of multiway tables. His work on parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) is used in biomedical applications, Chemometrics, and Wireless communications.

Harshman also invented three-way chess rules.

title: Richard A. Harshman


text:
Largs Thistle F.C.

Largs Thistle Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in the town of Largs, North Ayrshire. Nicknamed The Theesel, they were formed in 1889 and play at Barrfields Park. Currently playing in the, they wear gold and black strips. Their main rivals are Beith Juniors and Kilbirnie Ladeside.

The team are managed since October 2016 by Stuart Davidson, who stepped up from his assistants role following the resignation of previous manager Bryan Slavin.

History
In the 1993–94 season, Largs Thistle lifted the Scottish Junior Cup beating Glenafton Athletic 1–0 in the final at Ibrox Stadium on 15 May 1994. Largs won the match in front of 8,000 spectators and claimed their first Scottish Junior Cup.

In the 2009–10 season, Largs again reached the final of the Scottish Junior Cup, however this time losing 1–0 to Linlithgow Rose at Rugby Park on 23 May 2010. The following season Largs achieved their highest position in the West Premier Division by finishing fifth place. Largs' third appearance in the Scottish Junior Cup final came in 2018–19, when they lost 0–2 to Auchinleck Talbot at New Douglas Park on 2 June 2019.

Stadium
Barrfields Park has been the home of Largs Thistle F.C. since 1930. The stadium first opened on 21 July 1930, with crowds of over 9,000 attending the first scheduled events. The surface was upgraded to an all-weather 3G pitch in August 2012.

Notable former players

 * Gordon McQueen - Scotland, Leeds United, Manchester United, St Mirren
 * Tommy Turner - St Mirren, Partick Thistle, St Johnstone, Greenock Morton, Gretna
 * Jimmy Frizzell - Greenock Morton, Oldham Athletic
 * Phil Bonnyman - Rangers, Hamilton Academical, Carlisle United, Chesterfield, Grimsby Town
 * Crawford Boyd - Queen of the South, Hearts
 * Derek Grierson - Queen's Park, Rangers, Falkirk, Arbroath
 * Tommy Halliday - Dumbarton, Cardiff City, Stranraer
 * William Kinniburgh - Motherwell, Ayr United, Partick Thistle, Clyde
 * Phil Cannie - Greenock Morton, Clyde
 * Davie Elliott - Ayr United, Dumbarton, East Fife
 * Jackie Rafferty - Dumbarton, Partick Thistle
 * Dougie McCracken - Ayr United, Dumbarton, East Fife
 * Johnny McIntyre - Clydebank
 * Ryan McWilliams - Greenock Morton, East Stirlingshire
 * Steve Morrison - Dunfermline Athletic, Dumbarton, Clyde, Alloa Athletic, Clydebank, East Stirling
 * Rashid Sarwar - Kilmarnock
 * Kenny Meechan - Dumbarton
 * Andrew Kean
 * Craig Brown - Greenock Morton, Port Glasgow
 * 🇦🇺 Joe Knowles - Perth Glory
 * Joel Kasubandi - Greenock Morton

Notable former managers and coaches

 * Phil Bonnyman - Rangers, Hamilton Academical, Carlisle United, Chesterfield, Grimsby Town
 * Erik Sørensen - Denmark, Rangers, Greenock Morton
 * Jim George - Dumbarton, St Johnstone, East Fife
 * Bobby Lawrie - Partick Thistle, Stranraer
 * David McKellar - Derby County, Carlisle United, Hamilton Academical, Rangers
 * Bryan Slavin - Greenock Morton
 * Stephen Swift - Cowdenbeath, Linlithgow Rose, Stranraer, Irvine Meadow, BSC Glasgow
 * Tom Spence - Stirling Albion, East Fife, Albion Rovers

Honours

 * Scottish Junior Cup
 * Winners: 1993–94
 * Runners-up: 2009–10, 2018–19
 * SJFA West Super League First Division
 * Winners: 2008–09
 * Runners-up: 2015–16
 * West Region Ayrshire League
 * Winners: 2004–05
 * West of Scotland Cup
 * Winners: 1990–91
 * Ayrshire Weekly Press Cup
 * Winners: 2012–13

Other honours

 * Ayrshire Second Division winners: 1983–84, 1993–94, 2001–02
 * North Ayrshire Cup: 2005–06
 * Ardrossan & Saltcoats Herald Cup: 1922–23, 1956–57, 1958–59
 * Western League North Division: 1955–56
 * Ayrshire League (Kerr & Smith) Cup: 1924–25, 1957–58
 * Ayrshire District (Irvine Times) Cup: 1895–96, 1956–57

title: Largs Thistle F.C.


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Cashman Field

Cashman Field is a stadium in Downtown Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. It is primarily used for soccer as the home field of Las Vegas Lights FC of the USL Championship. Originally built as a baseball stadium, it was the home of the Triple-A Las Vegas Stars/51s Minor League Baseball from 1983 to 2018, and home to the Vegas Vipers of the XFL in 2023. The stadium is connected to Cashman Center, an exhibit hall and theater operated by the City of Las Vegas. The complex, built on the site of a former stadium of the same name, is named for James "Big Jim" Cashman and his family, who have been Las Vegas entrepreneurs for several generations.

Original Cashman Field
The original Cashman Field was built in 1947 on the same property as the modern stadium, with the grandstand on the hillside between the modern parking lots A and B and the field itself on the site of the modern parking lot B and the Cashman Theatre. The stadium was used for football and rodeos before the first baseball game was held on May 21, 1948. The stadium was designed primarily for football, rodeo, concerts and boxing with one large grandstand. For baseball this meant all the seats were along first base line. The stadium was home to the Las Vegas Wranglers from 1947 to 1952 and again from 1957 to 1958. Boxing matches were also held at the facility. The first professional football game in Las Vegas was held at the stadium in 1964 when the American Football League then-Oakland Raiders played the then-Houston Oilers.

Baseball beginnings
The modern Cashman Field opened in 1983 as the home field of the new Las Vegas Stars, the relocated Spokane Indians of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League, who had moved to Las Vegas following the 1982 season. The symmetrical field boasted dimensions of 328 ft down the left and right field foul lines, 433 ft feet to center field, and 364 ft feet to the power alleys in right-center and left-center fields. The ballpark opened with a maximum seating capacity of 9,334. Its first professional baseball game was a Major League Baseball (MLB) exhibition held on April 1, 1983, in which the San Diego Padres faced the Seattle Mariners in front of 13,878 fans. The Cashman Field attendance record of 15,025 was set on April 3, 1993, for an exhibition game between the Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs.

The ballpark played host to the 1990 Triple-A All-Star Game which saw the team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeat the team of American League-affiliated All-Stars, 8–5. Las Vegas' Eddie Williams was selected as the PCL MVP. In further interleague play, Cashman Field hosted the Triple-A World Series from 1998 until 2000.

Its final professional baseball game was played on September 3, 2018. With the 51s trailing 3–2 in the bottom of the ninth inning and a runner on base, first baseman Pete Alonso hit a walk-off home run to left field giving Las Vegas a 4–3 win over the Sacramento River Cats. The 51s (later renamed the Aviators) moved to Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin in 2019.

Soccer
In July 2017, Las Vegas Lights FC, a team in the league then known as the United Soccer League and now as the USL Championship, was announced to begin playing at Cashman Field in 2018. Lights FC played their first game on February 10, 2018, an exhibition match against the Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer (MLS) in front of a crowd of 10,383 people. Cashman Field previously hosted MLS exhibition games between the LA Galaxy and San Jose Earthquakes, dubbed the California Clasico in 2016 and 2017.

The original configuration of Cashman Field is more suited for soccer than other former baseball parks. With center field at a right angle and all the foul territory behind first and third base at equal distance, the field is in a square shape and seats are close to the field for soccer. The Lights intended to renovate Cashman Field into a soccer-specific stadium after the Aviators baseball team formally terminated their lease at the stadium in 2019. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and cancellation of the 2020 season left the organization struggling to find the cashflow needed to properly renovate the aging facility. As of May 2023, the only renovations that the team has completed are fresh coats of paint throughout the walkways leading to the seating area.

American football
Though the original Cashman Field hosted several American football teams in the 1960s (including the UNLV Rebels football team, the Las Vegas Cowboys of the Continental Football League in 1969 and at least one American Football League exhibition), it ceased doing so around 1971 with the opening of Sam Boyd Stadium, which was designed for football. In 1964, the field was re-organized for an AFL charity game where the Oakland Raiders had played the Houston Oilers, in a game that the Raiders won 53 to 49. The Raiders would eventually move to Las Vegas full-time in 2020 and began playing at Allegiant Stadium in the unincorporated town of Paradise.

The stadium was also considered for use as the home stadium for the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League of 2009 starting in 2011; however, the team remained at Sam Boyd Stadium in Whitney for that season's home games. The team again announced negotiations with Cashman for the 2012 season but decided again to remain at Sam Boyd for at least the first two games of the season. The league ceased operations before the season's other two home games, which Sam Boyd had not yet agreed to host, could take place.

On January 5, 2023, the XFL announced that the Vegas Vipers would play their home games at Cashman Field. When the Vipers took the field for the inaugural home game on February 25, fans and media alike lambasted the poor conditions of the playing field. Dead grass had been replaced in patches, and painted green in other areas. Tire trails from golf carts were visible on the field. A rare Las Vegas rainstorm made the bad conditions worse. On August 31, 2023, it was announced that the Vipers would not return to Cashman Field for the 2024 season, as the league would ultimately not retain Las Vegas as a market when it merged into the United Football League of 2024 (unrelated to the 2009 league).

Other baseball events
From 2001 to 2003, the field hosted the Big League Challenge, a home run derby for star major leaguers after the conclusion of the MLB season.

In most years, Cashman Field hosted at least one Major League Baseball spring training game, dubbed Big League Weekend. The Cubs appeared in the game 13 consecutive times, with their final appearance in 2018.

In 2017, the stadium hosted the Mexican Baseball Fiesta, a series of two games between the Naranjeros de Hermosillo and the Águilas de Mexicali of the Mexican Pacific League.

The Oakland Athletics played six games at the facility during the 1996 season when the renovations for the Oakland Coliseum were not yet complete.

Rugby
Cashman Field was named the temporary home of Major League Rugby's San Diego Legion for the 2021 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic and scheduling issues at their normal home venue.

Concerts
Several concerts were held at the field such as Jerry Cantrell and Metallica on September 12, 1998. Other concerts have included The Beach Boys, Earth, Wind & Fire and The Doobie Brothers

Politics
In 2008, presidential candidate Barack Obama hosted a rally for supporters at Cashman Field, prior to his election as President of the United States. Obama returned to the site in 2012 for a re-election rally inside the adjacent Cashman Center.

Vaccination site
In 2021, the stadium was used as one of the largest mass vaccination sites in the United States.

Problems and criticism
During the last years of Triple-A baseball at Cashman Field, players and staff from both the home and visiting teams criticized the facility. While it had been state-of-the-art when it opened, by the turn of the millennium it was considered far behind the times.

Players complained that the field was hard on their backs and knees. The bullpens and clubhouse were also considered second-class. The weight room was smaller when compared to other Triple-A stadiums, with infielder Ty Kelly calling it "basically just a room... not an actual weight room". The batting cage was also a point of concern for the players. It was a single lane, which was only accessible by walking out of the clubhouse to the parking lot. Johnny Monell described the cage as one likely to be found at a high school facility and not up to par for a Triple-A stadium.

During a 51s game on August 22, 2015, the stadium sewage system backed up, causing raw sewage to flow into the dugouts. The smell was so strong that players were forced to watch the rest of the game from chairs on the field. Team president and chief operating officer Don Logan said, "It's disappointing that Vegas has the worst facility in our league when we have such a great town with the greatest hotels, the greatest dining, the greatest shopping. It's not becoming of this community to have a place like this."

Pacific Coast League commissioner Branch Barrett Rickey expressed his concerns about the feasibility of the continuous usage of Cashman Field as a Triple-A ballpark. In a letter to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority which owned and operated the facility, he wrote that ensuring that the upgrades necessary to keep Cashman at something approaching Triple-A standards would require spending "many tens of millions of dollars" that would still not be enough to make the stadium "an optimal long-term solution." He also added that Cashman's days of useful life were "well behind it," and that most MLB teams opted to place their top affiliations in "far less appropriate markets" than Las Vegas rather than deal with Cashman's shortcomings. In 2019, Cashman was replaced as a baseball park by Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin.

The XFL had difficulties getting the playing surface to professional standards and maintaining it for the Vipers' use; dried, brown grass had to be painted green (causing the field to become slippery when heavy rains fell during the Vipers' home opener), divots caused by heavy equipment were noted on the field, ESPN's press box was open-air and covered by a tarp, and the boundary lines painted on the field were found to not be straight. Both the Vipers players and league president Russ Brandon noted that the field was structurally sound and held up well to the harsh conditions.

Redevelopment and the future of Cashman Field
In 2017, the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority, which had been the primary operators of Cashman Center and Cashman Field, turned over all operations to the City of Las Vegas. Since that time, the city has attempted to redevelop and revitalize the site, even soliciting ideas from the public. In 2018, the site was considered for a proposed stadium for the National Football League's Oakland Raiders during the team's relocation bid, however it was beat out by a larger site closer to the Las Vegas Strip. The city, so far, has been unsuccessful in its attempt to redevelop the site, with the convention halls and theater remaining closed, and only Cashman Field hosting events.

On June 5, 2019, the Las Vegas City Council voted to begin negotiations with the Renaissance Group to redevelop the Cashman Center and adjacent land also owned by the city to feature a new 25,000-seat soccer stadium as well as retail, hotels and residences.

title: Cashman Field


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Muirkirk Juniors F.C.

Muirkirk Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in the village of Muirkirk, East Ayrshire. Nicknamed the Kirk, they were formed in 1937, and they play at Burnside Park. Currently playing in the.

The team has been managed by Ross Cusick since 2023 who joined from Benburb FC where he was under 20s manager.

Over the club's 80-year history, many players have made the move to senior clubs. They also have ultras called the kirky boys founded in 2022 John McGuigan started as a youngster at Muirkirk before going on to play with Newcastle United, Southampton and Swansea City, Bernie Kelly went on to play with Leicester City and Middlesbrough, and Eric Caldow notched up 265 appearances for Rangers.

Current squad
As of July 2021

Honours

 * Ayrshire Second Division winners: 1984–85
 * West Region League Two Runners Up: 2019–20

title: Muirkirk Juniors F.C.


text: Category:Classical music in Australia

title: Category:Classical music in Australia


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Smith's Ballpark

Smith's Ballpark (formerly known as Franklin Quest Field, later Franklin Covey Field, and more recently Spring Mobile Ballpark) is a minor league baseball park in Salt Lake City, Utah. It is the home field of the Salt Lake Bees of the Pacific Coast League and the collegiate Utah Utes of the Pac-12 Conference.

History
Smith's Ballpark opened in 1994 with a seating capacity of 15,400, the largest in the Pacific Coast League. It is located on the site of its predecessor, Derks Field, with a similar unorthodox southeast alignment, toward the Wasatch Range.

In its first season in 1994, the Buzz set a PCL attendance record with 713,224 fans. The team led the PCL in attendance in each of its first six seasons in Salt Lake. The largest crowd at the ballpark is 16,531 in 2000; the Saturday night opponent was the Albuquerque Dukes on July 22.

Besides hosting the Salt Lake Bees, Smith's Ballpark has played host to two exhibition games featuring the Minnesota Twins, a spring training game featuring the Seattle Mariners and the Colorado Rockies, concerts, soccer matches, and high school and college baseball games, including a Mountain West Conference tournament.

The ballpark has hosted the Triple-A All-Star Game twice. In 1996, a team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeated their American League opponents, 2–1. Salt Lake's Todd Walker was selected as the PCL MVP. The game returned to the park in 2011 with the International League All-Stars beating the PCL team, 3–0.

In January 2023, the Larry H. Miller Company, owner of the Salt Lake Bees, announced that they would be building a privately-financed stadium in the Daybreak section of suburban South Jordan, Utah, with a planned opening in the spring of 2025, ending a 31-year run at Smith's Ballpark.

In April 2023, the University of Utah announced plans to explore a fundraising drive for a construction of a new ballpark for the Utah Utes baseball program on the site of their current practice facility. The move—which could be completed as early as 2025—would relocate the Utes program from Smith's Ballpark to the new facility.

On June 21, 2023, outfielder Jo Adell hit a 514-foot home run at the ballpark, the longest home run ever hit – in either minor or major league baseball – since Statcast tracking started in 2015.

Naming rights
When the ballpark opened in 1994, it was called Franklin Quest Field, for which the Franklin Quest Company paid $1.4 million in the summer of 1993 for 15 years of naming rights.

In 2009, the Bees announced on April 7 that they had reached a multi-year naming-rights deal with Spring Mobile (a Salt Lake City-based AT&T authorized retailer) to provide the ballpark's new name of Spring Mobile Ballpark which ran for five seasons.

In March 2014, it was announced that Salt Lake City-based Smith's Food and Drug had signed a six-year naming rights deal, giving the park its current name.

Features
Smith's Ballpark is noted for its views of the Wasatch Mountains over the left and center field walls.

Redevelopment
In early 2024, the Miller family foundation announced a $22 million donation to Salt Lake City’s Ballpark NEXT fund. This fund, managed by Salt Lake City, is conducting a $100-million program to improve the neighborhood, including and surrounding Smith's Ballpark.

title: Smith's Ballpark


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Final V.U. 1971–1973

Final V.U. 1971–1973 is a box set by the Velvet Underground, comprising live recordings from after founding members Lou Reed and Sterling Morrison had left the group. It was released by Japanese record company Captain Trip Records in August 2001.

About the album
After singer, guitarist and main songwriter Lou Reed quit the Velvet Underground in August 1970, the band carried on: Doug Yule assumed leadership and moved to lead vocals and guitar, and Walter Powers joined to play bass guitar. This version of the Velvet Underground, which still featured original member Sterling Morrison and longtime drummer Maureen Tucker, played around 30 dates to promote the band's fourth album, Loaded (1970).

Almost a year after Reed's departure, Morrison also left the band; he was replaced by Boston-based keyboardist Willie Alexander. The band now contained no founding members (although Tucker had been a member since before the recording of the Velvets' debut album). They then went to tour the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, still in support of Loaded, which had had a March 1971 release date in Europe. Two dates of this tour, November 5, 1971 in London and November 19 in Amsterdam, were recorded by members of the audience, and appear as discs one and two of this set, respectively. The Amsterdam concert was also recorded from the soundboard by Dutch radio station VPRO and subsequently broadcast on FM radio. A few tracks from this broadcast were recorded by a fan and appear as tracks 11–14 on disc four of this set.

Once the European tour was completed, initial plans were for the Yule–Alexander–Powers–Tucker line-up to record a new studio album in England. However, band manager Steve Sesnick sent Alexander, Powers and Tucker back to America, and Yule recorded Squeeze backed by session musicians.

Sesnick then assembled a backing band around Yule to once again tour the United Kingdom in support of Squeeze. Shortly before the tour started, however, Sesnick quit as the Velvets' manager. Yule and the band struggled through the dates, then called it quits. One date of this tour, December 6, 1972, at St David's College, Lampeter, was recorded by an audience member and appears as disc three of this set.

In the spring of 1973 at the urging of a tour manager, Yule and some friends toured New England with a new group, which included some Velvet Underground material in their set lists. The tour manager insisted on billing the band as being the Velvet Underground despite demands from Yule not to do so. Yule fired the manager after three dates and the tour dissolved shortly thereafter. One date from this tour, May 27, 1973 in Boston, was recorded by an audience member and appears as disc four of this set.

The version of "Sweet Jane" on disc 4 contains the original deleted verse, while Lou Reed Live does not.

Track listing
All songs written by Lou Reed except as noted.

 * Disc one - November 5, 1971
 * 1) "Chapel of Love" (Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich, Phil Spector)
 * 2) "I'm Waiting for the Man"
 * 3) "Spare Change" (Alexander)
 * 4) "Some Kinda Love"/"Turn On Your Love Light" (Reed/Deadric Malone, Joseph Scott)
 * 5) "White Light/White Heat"
 * 6) "Pretty Tree Climber" (Alexander)
 * 7) "Rock and Roll"
 * 8) "Back on the Farm" (Alexander)
 * 9) "Dopey Joe" (Yule)
 * 10) "Sister Ray"/"Never Going Back to Georgia" (Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker/Alexander)
 * 11) "After Hours"

 * Disc two - November 19, 1971
 * 1) "I'm Waiting for the Man"
 * 2) "Spare Change" (Alexander)
 * 3) "Some Kinda Love"
 * 4) "White Light/White Heat"
 * 5) "Hold On" (unknown)
 * 6) "What Goes On"
 * 7) "Cool It Down"
 * 8) "Back on the Farm" (Alexander)
 * 9) "Oh! Sweet Nuthin'"
 * 10) "Sister Ray"/"Never Going Back to Georgia" (Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker/Alexander)
 * 11) "After Hours"
 * 12) "Dopey Joe" (Yule)
 * 13) "Rock and Roll"

 * Disc three - December 6, 1972
 * 1) "I'm Waiting for the Man"
 * 2) "White Light/White Heat"
 * 3) "Some Kinda Love"
 * 4) "Little Jack" (Yule)
 * 5) "Sweet Jane"
 * 6) "Mean Old Man" (Yule)
 * 7) "Run Run Run"
 * 8) "Caroline" (Yule)
 * 9) "Dopey Joe" (Yule)
 * 10) "What Goes On"
 * 11) "Sister Ray"/"Train Round the Bend" (Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker/Reed)
 * 12) "Rock and Roll"
 * 13) "I'm Waiting for the Man"

 * Disc four - May 27, 1973, Boston, MA
 * 1) "I'm Waiting for the Man"
 * 2) "Little Jack" (Yule)
 * 3) "White Light/White Heat"
 * 4) "Caroline" (Yule)
 * 5) "Sweet Jane"
 * 6) "Mean Old Man" (Yule)
 * 7) "Who's That Man" (Yule)
 * 8) "Let It Shine" (unknown)
 * 9) "Mama's Little Girl" (Yule)
 * 10) "Train Round the Bend"
 * 11) "White Light/White Heat"
 * 12) "What Goes On"
 * 13) "Cool It Down"
 * 14) "Oh! Sweet Nuthin'"

Personnel

 * The Velvet Underground
 * Willie Alexander – keyboards, vocals (disc 1, disc 2, disc 4: 11-14)
 * Walter Powers – bass guitar, backing vocals (disc 1, disc 2, disc 4: 11-14)
 * Maureen Tucker – drums (disc 1, disc 2, disc 4: 11–14)
 * Doug Yule – vocals, guitar

 * Additional musicians
 * George Kay (Krzyzewski) – bass guitar (disc 3, disc 4: 1–10)
 * Mark Nauseef – drums (disc 3)
 * Rob Norris – guitar (disc 3)
 * Don Silverman (has been known as Noor Khan since going to Afghanistan in 1975) – guitar (disc 4: 1–10)
 * Billy Yule – drums (disc 4: 1–10)

title: Final V.U. 1971–1973


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Whitletts Victoria F.C.

Whitletts Victoria Football Club are a Scottish football club, historically based in the Whitletts area of Ayr, South Ayrshire. The club currently play in the.

Nicknamed The Vics, the club were formed in 1944 and currently play at Dam Park Stadium, near Ayr town centre. The club were forced to leave their traditional home of Voluntary Park in Whitletts, which doubled up as a greyhound racing track, in February 2011, after actions by the leaseholder raised major health and safety concerns, forcing the local council to close the stadium. The stadium has since been demolished and is now the site of a new social housing complex called Victoria Crescent, after the club.

History
On the park, the greatest era in the club's history was the mid- to late 1950s. In 1956 the club played in front of 20,100 people at Shawfield Stadium in the semi-final of the Scottish Junior Cup, only to lose 3–2 to eventual winners Petershill. However, in 1957-58 the Club won the Western League (South) Championship, losing out to North Champions Irvine Meadow in the play-off to determine the destination of the league championship itself.

Since then the club has had, in the main, a troubled time, with its very existence called into question on a number of occasions. However, in recent years, developments on and off the park have placed the club on a more secure foundation. In 2017–18 the Club won promotion to the newly formed West Region Championship and in 2018 formed its own charity, Vics in the Community, providing free coaching to local youngsters and starting the development of a youth player pathway.

In 2020, the club took the decision after 75 years of membership of the SJFA, to join the pyramid system in Scottish football as one of the inaugural members of the West of Scotland Football League.

On 10 October 2020, the club announced they would not be participating in the inaugural season of the West of Scotland League due to concerns relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Honours

 * Western League (South) champions 1957–58
 * Ayrshire Second Division winners: 1979–80, 1981–82, 1985–86
 * Kyle & Carrick Cup: 1988–89, 1989–90

title: Whitletts Victoria F.C.


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GWR 7200 Class

The Great Western Railway (GWR) 7200 Class is a class of 2-8-2T steam locomotive. They were the only 2-8-2Ts built and used by a British railway, and the largest tank engines to run on the Great Western Railway.

Rebuild and operation
Originally, the 4200 class and 5205 class 2-8-0T were introduced for short-haul Welsh coal traffic, but the Stock Market Crash of 1929 saw coal traffic dramatically fall. Built specifically for the short runs of heavy trains in the South Wales Coalfield, Charles Collett took the agreed decision to rebuild some of them with an extended coal carrying capacity and thus greater range and usefulness by adding 4 ft to the frames, requiring the addition of a trailing wheel set, making them 2-8-2T.

With the work carried out at Swindon Works, the first to be converted was 5275 (lot 266), which returned to traffic numbered 7200 in August 1934. An official photograph of the prototype was taken on 27 July 1934 at the usual site outside 'A Shop' for engine pictures. Nos. 5276–5294 were similarly rebuilt between August and November 1934, becoming 7201–7219, and Nos. 7220–7239 were rebuilt from 5255–5274 between August 1935 and February 1936; with both batches, the rebuilding was not in numerical order, but the new numbers were in the same sequence as the old. Nos. 7240–7253, rebuilt August 1937–December 1939, were selected at random from locomotives numbered in the 4200 series. This last batch of conversions had been authorised on Lot 318.

The final batch of the class were later fitted with newly developed 'Coal Scuttle' bunkers. These bunkers consisted of a higher rivet line increasing the water capacity up to a total of 2,700 gallons allowing the locos to travel longer distances. The bunker was also designed to facilitate the movement of the coal towards the hatch in the cab, however ‘scuttle bunkers’ would only carry 5 tonnes of coal instead of 6. No. 7200 is the only surviving loco of the class to carry one of these unique bunkers.

The 54 rebuilt locos found work in most parts of the GWR system, where their great weight was allowed, although the rebuilt chassis length did get them banned from certain goods yards. Many found work in the home counties, deployed on iron ore and stone trains from Banbury.

On 17 May 1941 No. 7238 ran into a bomb crater.

Withdrawal
The first member of the class to be withdrawn was number 7241 in November 1962, whilst the last four engines in traffic served until June 1965. Four of the class were bought by Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, and No. 7226 was scrapped there in 1965.

Preservation
Three locomotives survive, all recovered from Woodham Brothers, though none have yet been returned to operational condition. However, in November of 2020, the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre announced that a major milestone was reached with No. 7200.

Models
In 2012, Hornby released models of the 7200 class in both the original GWR green and BR black.

title: GWR 7200 Class


text:
Rainbirds

The Rainbirds are a German pop rock band established in 1986 around singer Katharina Franck. Their greatest hit is the song "Blueprint".

History
The band formed in 1986 and named themselves after an instrumental track by Tom Waits. When they won the Rock competition of the Senate of Berlin, they were contracted by Mercury Records. Their first album Rainbirds was produced in the Audio Studios of Berlin and became a success, the single "Blueprint" enjoyed attention across Europe in 1988. The band's first line-up included Katharina Franck (guitar, vocals), Michael Beckmann (bass), and Wolfgang Glum (drums). Due to a concert tour, guitarist Rodrigo González became a member of the Rainbirds. Later he joined Die Ärzte and Abwärts.

In the spring of 1989, the second album Call Me Easy, Say I'm Strong, Love Me My Way, It Ain't Wrong was released, with a video clip by director and photographer Anton Corbijn. Corbijn who was known for his photographs of bands like Depeche Mode and U2 became the Rainbird's favourite photographer in the following years.

After this album, the band separated and Katharina Franck reformed the Rainbirds as a duo with piano player Ulrike Haage. They released two albums in this line-up: Two Faces (1991) and In a Different Light (1993). Drummer Tim Lorenz joined them in 1994 as a third member. In the following years the band published two studio albums, Making Memory (1996) and Forever (1997), as well as a live album rainbirds3000.live (1999), their last release.

Solo careers
Katharina Franck continued a solo career that had already begun in 1997 with a spoken word album Hunger and published a second solo album Zeitlupenkino (lit. slow motion cinema) on Mute Records in 2002.

Also Ulrike Haage, after recording numerous audio plays and composing theatre music, presented a solo album Sélavy in 2004. Drummer Tim Lorenz operates a recording studio in Berlin.

Reformation
In 2013, the Rainbirds reformed with a new line-up. Prior to the re-release of their remastered debut album Rainbirds, it was announced in September 2013 that a new album had been recorded with Katharina Franck as singer, drummer Bela Brauckmann, and electronic musician Gunter Papperitz. This new album, Yonder, was released in May 2014.

title: Rainbirds