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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Final Fantasy/Featued Article Drive/Vote 1

As stated in goal three, we "work on perfecting existing articles and getting them accepted as featured articles." Seancdaug recommended that we have a vote to decide on what article to make a featured artcle. For this one, we need to be extra careful in selection. A lot of editors will shoot down nominations we make because it'll be thought of as fancruft. Therefore, we need to select a higher profile article that would hopefully be met with less objections. From this we should stick with the gaming articles. Preferablly the main series articles. From this we should have a vote. Therefore, I am opening a week long election period. Ending 19 July 2005, each editor in this project gets 1 vote only, the nominated article with the most votes at the end of the week will be the one that we will then focus on becoming our first FA. If there is a tie, then a 48 hour voting period will occur, and users will get to vote once for the remaining articles. --ZeWrestler

So let the polls begin. If you do not see the game article that want to vote for, add it to the list and sign with ~ after the nomination. I've started off by nominating 3 of the more well known final fantasy games. --ZeWrestler 17:34, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Final Fantasy VI

 * 1) I believe that this is the closest article to FA status. --ZeWrestler 17:34, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) It's currently in the best shape of all the game articles, and would likely be the easiest to perfect to FA caliber. – Seancdaug 17:52, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Lots of info on the page and very well managed as well as a lot of subpages. There are so much fans of this game too, it should be easier to perfect that article to FA status. – DarkEvil 04:22, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) I'd certainly support an effort to perfect this article to FA status. It seems to have the most potential at this point. --Dalkaen 12:28, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Surely if we need to inform the world about a FF game, it is this one. --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 13:27, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Definitely the best article out of the 12 games. Character descriptions are short and to the point, no NPOV or rambling descriptions. Harp Heaven 14:41, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Final Fantasy VII

 * 1) The format of the page needs to be improved and expanded, but FFVII could be good — Cuahl [[Image:NotAfraid.gif|18px]] 7/7 [[Image:Black ribbon.png|10px]] — 17:20, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Final Fantasy X

 * no votes yet.

Comments

 * 1) Personally I'd like to see one of the minor articles put up for FA, like Triple Triad or Tetra Master (I know I created those two previous articles, and I don't mean to be vain) or Blitzball or possibly Final Fantasy magic. Maybe it's just me but Final Fantasy covers a range of topics - magic, fighting, fantasy, music, CGI, video gamimg, role playing, etc. - so articles can suit all tastes — Cuahl [[Image:NotAfraid.gif|18px]] 7/7 [[Image:Black ribbon.png|10px]] — 06:50, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) *Eventually, we can focus on one of those articles. I've look the ones you've created over, they are very good, but at the moment, lets try to stick with game articles for our first attempt at this. --ZeWrestler 12:01, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) **I don't see why my suggestion is so bad. On 19 June 2005, Link (Legend of Zelda) was a featured article (page) and looked good. I don't see why Cloud Strife couldn't follow trend, or as a change from the character business, Chocobo or Spira possibly. One of those would be nice, and introduce people to the little aspects of the Final Fantasy series. — Cuahl [[Image:NotAfraid.gif|18px]] 7/7 [[Image:Black ribbon.png|10px]] — 14:54, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) ***You bring up a good point. I created the vote page in reguards to a conversation you had with Seancdaug in your talk page.  Following what he said there, is how i set up the voting.  If Seancdaug states that he thinks its ok to open up the vote to other articles, then we can open it up for them.  So as of now, until we hear from him in reguards to this topic, nominations will stay the way they are. --ZeWrestler 15:09, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) ****Ah now I hadn't realised that was even on my talk page to be honest. I'd be happier seeing a minor article put up, but I'm still up for helping FA an article any way I can (when I'm off my wikibreak) — Cuahl [[Image:NotAfraid.gif|18px]] 7/7 [[Image:Black ribbon.png|10px]] — 16:15, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) *When I talked with ZeWrestler about this, my major concern was one of expediency. Getting a minor article through an FA vote is going to be hard, as it's almost certain to be opposed by a number of people as fancruft, even if it is well-written. By choosing a major article (a game, for instance), the FA vote will likely be easier. My concern was getting a FF article elevated to featured status relatively quickly. After that, we should by all means focus on a minor article next. – Seancdaug 16:49, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) **No worries. Like I said, I'm happy to work on any project that is chosen. I'm still determined to make every article FA status though :D — Cuahl [[Image:NotAfraid.gif|18px]] 7/7 [[Image:Black ribbon.png|10px]] — 17:13, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) ***Sounds good. I guess all thats left for you at the moment is to vote on one of the game articles. --ZeWrestler 17:15, 13 July 2005 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Savoir-faire

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. --Tony Sidaway Talk 04:02, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Upon review, the result of the debate was clearly Delete with many requesting transwiki. Transwiki has been performed and article is deleted. - Tεx  τ  urε  18:37, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Savoir-faire
This is a great idea, but I think it belongs on Wikibooks, not Wikipedia. Can it be moved over? I proposed this by tagging the article as such, but this was reverted without comment by the page's creator, and I thought I should ask the broader community. -- Beland 03:03, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki and Delete. Someone is welcome to create a Guide to Roughing It or How to Rebuild Civilization After George Bush is Done With It Wikibook. WP:WIN a how-to guide. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 18:57, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki [to Wikibooks] and Delete. Brilliant concept, but not here. Should make a fine Wikibook though. :) GarrettTalk 22:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting portal. What harm is it actually doing? Grace Note 04:04, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * None, but we are supposed to "stick to our guns" as far as upholding our established rules are concerned, even if, as you say, there's no harm in it. We can't go making exceptions or they might set a precedent. GarrettTalk 12:17, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Please note the existence of both Wikibooks:Transwiki:Savoir-faire and how-tos bookshelf. Uncle G 11:13, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as redundant with Wikibooks. Radiant_ >|< 12:08, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Radiant!. Dcarrano 13:46, July 20, 2005
 * Delete. Binadot 02:14, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Both The discriptive element (ie, what saive-faire is) should be kept, and the instuctional (how to) elements should be moved to Wikibooks. 203.79.121.31 07:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC).
 * Don't know what to do This does not really belog on Wikibooks at all. This isn't a textbook at all, and is the sort of thing that at Wikibooks we are trying to get rid of ourselves (I primarily hang out at Wikibooks).  Yes, there are "How to" books at Wikibooks, but I don't want to see Wikibooks be the dumping ground for unwanted content from Wikipedia.  In short, if you want to delete it, kill it outright, and don't transwiki.  If they want to create a new project, ask for advise on meta at Proposals for new projects --Robert Horning 08:38, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Plimsoll (shoe)

synonym
I always thought that a plimsoll was what I grew up calling a "deck shoe" but I don't see that name listed here. There is no article about "deck shoes" so I cannot confirm or disprove that they are identical. 165.91.65.54 (talk) 22:29, 12 March 2008 (UTC)rkh
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_shoe 84.71.75.44 (talk) 19:37, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It's good someone created an article on them but canvas upper + rubber sole does simply make it a dialect split from this one.

 * If there is some real distinction, the articles should both do a better job explaining it. — Llywelyn II   17:09, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

Comment by 66.102.67.76
I always thought that the origin of the word Plimsoll was earlier and comes from the sailing days when seamen sewed rope in the form of a sole and then attached canvas for the upper. The word derives from "plim" being an old word for rope hence "plim sole". Another recent reference to "plim" meaning rope derives from men who lowered themslves over a cliff face on a rope to collect sea bird eggs and they were called "plimmers" Can anyone help here ?
 * Yes. I think I can. That is (checks notes) completely wrong.

 * It's capitalized because it's from a guy's name. — Llywelyn II   17:07, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

Names
I'd quite like to add some of the wider-spread regional names for them, such as 'pumps' and 'daps'. Obviously, this means finding these terms used like this in recorded sources. If anyone here comes across these, please include them or post them in this talk page. Skittle 13:10, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

These are from the BBC's word map (go to Choose a Theme-What they wear and then Choose a concept-Child's soft shoes):
 * "daps" -South Wales, Bristol
 * "gutties" -Northern Ireland
 * "gym shoes"-Central Scotland
 * "pumps" - West Midlands, Greater London (??ikrip)
 * "sandshoes" - North East
 * "sannies" -Strathclyde
 * "plimsolls" -Surrey (Added later by an anon, not part of the original post by Greatgavini
 * "Runners" -Western Canada

Skittle 15:20, 23 March 2007 (UTC))
 * Are these words and their corresponding regions reasonably accurate or not? - THE GREAT GAVINI  {T-C} 19:12, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * (??ikrip) Never called them "pumps" in SE London. My wife (from Manchester) and brother-in-law (Stoke on Trent) call them "pumps", but I've never heard them called that darn Sarf. To us they were "plimsolls", and boy, did they stink. ikrip | talk page 12:32, 7 September 2015 (UTC)
 * They’re definitely called pumps almost exclusively in Birmingham, that’s what I call them and my dad from Staffordshire (Uttoxeter, not Stoke) says ‘pumps’ too. On the other hand I was shocked beyond belief when my sister’s ex-boyfriend HADN’T EVEN HEARD the word ‘pumps’, he was from Essex and said ‘plimsoll’. Overlordnat1 (talk) 00:22, 7 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Odd. He should've heard of pumps on the telly. We inexplicably have them at court shoe, though. Guess the Brits were first setting up the footwear articles other than sneakers. — Llywelyn II   17:05, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

Hipsters
Not sure there's any way to get this into the article, but it's possibly worth noting that this particular style of shoe is almost universally worn by hipsters (at least here in NYC). They're as ubiquitous with that group as black horn-rimmed glasses. Seanr (talk) 15:48, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Given that it's an entirely Brit style as presented, no, there's no way to talk about the Yanks. If you know what the Americans call them, maybe. The editors above think that they might cover exactly the same ground as the American deck shoe but it's unclear. — Llywelyn II   17:01, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

Overzealous markup
It's about time somebody rips out all those stupid "citation needed" marks. It's perfectly obvious that everything in the article comes from the three sources given.

To my mind, one of the most obnoxious things about Wikipedia is how people go around tagging things with stuff like "citation needed" instead of getting their hands dirty by doing some actual work to improving them. It takes neither brains, nor talent, nor skill, nor effort to slap a "citation needed" on something. If you have the time to tag it, you have the time to improve it! So for heaven's sake DO SO! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Poihths (talk • contribs) 20:07, 7 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Nah, the most obnoxious thing is a handful of admins who abuse their power on occasion but are too useful for other reasons to rein in.

 * The next most obnoxious thing is people who don't sign their posts on talk pages. The third most is probably me on a bad day.

 * People making notes where actual citations are needed are so far down the list of problems that they spin back around and are in fact one of the things that make Wikipedia good. If you're so sure the citations cover a given point, add it. Ganbatte! — Llywelyn II   16:59, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

“Regional”…?
Surely the problem with this is that the article appears to assumes that “plimsoll” is a universal term, and that the other names for this are somehow variations, used in tandem with the “correct” name in “regions”; it doesn’t allow for the fact that plimsoll isn’t a universal term, is also “regional”, and is as likely to be not used at all in some places. Difficult I know, but there either has to be evidence given that it is used everywhere, or it should be stated in which regions it is used. Jock123 (talk) 22:39, 19 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Nah. The problem is that this article and sneaker are suffering an identity crisis.

 * This article is about plimsolls and that article is about sneakers and they should be better distinguished.

 * As for the rest, yeah, the OED at least thinks plimsoll is the universal term and the rest are regional variants. — Llywelyn II   17:13, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

Galoshes
Not a word used for these in the Liverpool area. “Plimmies” was the only nickname used. Galoshes are a kind of Wellington Boot. 2A02:C7C:2E7E:9700:E466:844D:BE4:4286 (talk) 16:38, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plimsoll (shoe)


text: User talk:69.170.160.8

title: User talk:69.170.160.8


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User:Sandman1142

I am an Oracle database administrator (OCP) working in South Africa.

The Wikipedia project is magnificent and I hope it lasts forever, as I see it contributing to the total knowledge of mankind. We can even be a collective such as the Borg of Star Trek :)

— native

Areas of Interest

 * Reference_desk
 * Cue Sports especially pool and List of world eight-ball champions
 * Tennis statistics
 * Arcade games - did a lot here but sadly cut short by some of my articles being deleted :( Pity about these exclusionists...
 * Table football and List of world table football champions
 * Darts World Champions
 * Tournament Scrabble especially World Scrabble Championship and WESPAC
 * South African articles especially South African cuisine and South African Snooker Championship
 * List of world bowling champions

Homepage

 * TGT

Archives

 * User_talk:Sandman30s/Archive1
 * User_talk:Sandman1142/Archive1
 * User_talk:Sandman1142/Archive2
 * User_talk:Xeno/Archive_33

title: User:Sandman1142


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Rhoda Penmark

Rhoda Penmark is a fictional character in William March's 1954 novel The Bad Seed and the stage play of the same name adapted from it by Maxwell Anderson. She is both the protagonist and antagonist of the story. Penmark is a child serial killer and psychopath who manipulates those around her. She was portrayed by Patty McCormack in the original rendition of the play and later in the 1956 film adaptation. She was also portrayed by Carrie Wells in the 1985 made-for-television adaptation. In the 2018 adaptation and its sequel, she is known as Emma Grossman and portrayed by Mckenna Grace.

Overview
Rhoda Penmark is an eight-year-old girl who is charming, polite, and intelligent beyond her years. Beneath her lovable facade, however, she is a sociopath (or psychopath) who is willing to harm and even kill anyone to get whatever she wants, whenever she wants it. She is also a precociously talented con artist, adept at manipulating adults. Other children, who can sense her true nature, avoid her. In the beginning of the novel, she brutally murders a classmate and a groundskeeper who suspects her. It is also revealed that she murdered an elderly neighbor and her pet dog a few years before.

March writes that Rhoda's evil is genetic: her maternal grandmother, "the incomparable Bessie Denker", was an infamous serial killer who also began killing at Rhoda's age. Rhoda's mother, Christine, was adopted at a very young age and does not remember her biological parents.

Novel
While at a school picnic, Rhoda murders her classmate, Claude Daigle, who won a special penmanship award that she feels she deserved. After killing Claude, she retrieves the medal and leaves the dead boy's body in a local lake. While no one suspects Rhoda at first, Christine notices that her daughter seems startlingly indifferent to the other child's tragic death. Christine, who has always vaguely sensed something wrong with her daughter, is troubled, but dismisses any possibility that Rhoda was actually involved in the boy's death.

Only two adults see through Rhoda's charm — Leroy, the mean-spirited janitor at the Penmarks' apartment building; and, to a lesser extent, her teacher Miss Fern, who observes that she is a poor loser and rather selfish. Once, Rhoda was even expelled from a school for repeatedly being caught lying to teachers and staff, who described her as a "cold, self-sufficient child who plays by her own rules".

Leroy sees Rhoda as a kindred spirit and enjoys teasing her. One day, he spies on Rhoda and repeatedly threatens to "tell on her". Rhoda says no one would believe him, but begins to make plans to get rid of him, just in case.

Christine tries to relieve her fears by talking abstractly about the murder with her adopted father and Mrs. Breedlove, a neighbor who dabbles in psychiatric theories about personality. During the conversation, she recovers a long-repressed memory of her real mother, "the incomparable Bessie Denker", a serial poisoner who died in the electric chair. That night, Claude's mother arrives, distraught and drunk, at Christine's home stating that there is "something funny about this whole thing" and asks Christine to ask Rhoda about her last few moments with the boy. While Christine is locating Rhoda's necklace, which Mrs. Breedlove is having engraved for the child, Christine finds the penmanship medal in Rhoda's treasure chest. She confronts Rhoda, who initially denies having done anything wrong, but confesses after Christine finds the bloodied shoes with which Rhoda had beaten Claude before drowning him. Christine is horrified, but Rhoda cannot understand what all the fuss is about; after all, she says, "It was Claude Daigle who drowned, not me".

While Christine grapples with what to do, Rhoda silences Leroy by setting his mattress on fire while he is sleeping. When she learns what her daughter has done, Christine makes a gut-wrenching decision: She must kill Rhoda to keep her from killing again. She gives her a lethal dose of sleeping pills, hoping she will die without pain, and then commits suicide by shooting herself in the head.

Rhoda survives when a neighbor hears the shot and takes her to the hospital. Nobody is the wiser as to what Rhoda has done, and she is free to kill again.

Film adaptations
Patty McCormack portrayed Rhoda in the 1956 film adaptation. The ending was revised to fit the Hays Code, which did not permit characters to get away with their crimes. In this version, Rhoda is presumably killed by a bolt of lightning, while Christine survives her suicide attempt. After this scene there is a theater-style curtain call. After Nancy Kelly’s name and character is said, she walks over to the couch where McCormack is sitting, puts McCormack over her lap, and proceeds to spank her over her dress as McCormack repeatedly screams “NO!”.

The character was played by Carrie Wells in the 1985 made for TV remake in which her name was changed from Rhoda to Rachel.

In the 2018 remake starring and directed by Rob Lowe, the character Emma Grossman, portrayed by Mckenna Grace, is based on Rhoda Penmark.

Reception
She is ranked 12th on Bloody Disgusting's list of "The Top 16 Creepiest Kids in Horror Movie History". Brian Solomon writes, "The grand-mammy of all messed-up horror movie kids, Rhoda Penmark is a pint-sized terror of biblical proportions. If you think the ADHD-addled rugrats you see roaming shopping malls nowadays are bad, you ain't seen nothin' yet". Kristian Wilson of Bustle listed her among the "19 Creepiest Kids In Fiction" and stated that she was "the bad little girl to end all bad little girls".

title: Rhoda Penmark


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Enchin

Enchin (円珍) (814–891) was a Japanese Buddhist monk who founded of the Jimon school of Tendai Buddhism and Chief Abbot of Mii-dera at the foot of Mount Hiei. After succeeding to the post of Tendai zasu (座主), in 873, a strong rivalry developed between his followers and those of Ennin's at Enryaku-ji (note: Ennin had died in 864).

The rivalry was largely geographical, and was not based much on sectarian differences over interpretations of practice or doctrine; nevertheless, the friction between the followers of the two zasu finally broke out into a violent conflict. Rivalres between the followers of different zasu were not anything new at that time. During his twelve years on Hiei, Enchin himself saw a conflict between direct disciples of Saichō (namely Enchō and Kōshō) and the disciples of his own master, the second Tendai zasu Gishin. After the death of Gishin, his main follower, Enshu, was elected as the third zasu, but Enchō and Kōshō objected and finally forced Enshu and his followers to leave Mount Hiei.

Most significantly, Enchin united the Tendai school's teachings with those of Chinese Esoteric Buddhism, and interpreted the Lotus Sutra from the point of view of esoteric teachings as well as used Tendai terminology in order to explain the esoteric Mahavairocana Tantra.

Enchin is said to have supported the worship of native gods (kami) and certain elements of Confucianism. In a memorial speech in 887, he noted the respect the court of Tang China had for Japan because of Japan's encouragement and welcoming of the ideals of li and yi. He warned that though Enryaku-ji was founded with the native gods in mind, "no such officiating monks are provided for the main deities of the mountain. This is certainly a breach of Li. There ought to be two monks to worship the two gods."

title: Enchin


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Cooper River Bridge Run

The Cooper River Bridge Run is a 10 km one-way road running event across the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge held in the cities of Mount Pleasant and Charleston in South Carolina, on the first Saturday in April (had been first Sunday of April in 1978, first Saturday in April from 1979 to its last running in 2019, unless that Saturday is Holy Week). The Bridge Run is the only competition in South Carolina sanctioned by USA Track and Field as an elite event. Based on number of race finishers, the event is the third largest 10K and the fifth largest road race in the United States.

The 42nd annual Bridge Run held in April 2019 was the last annual race. Two Bridge Runs were held within six months of each other, the 43rd on September 25, 2021, and the 44th on April 2, 2022. There was no race in 2020 as scheduling logistics precluded an attempt at a summer race even though road races had resumed in the state by June.

History
In the mid-1970s, Medical University of South Carolina employee Dr. Marcus Newberry had visited his Ohio hometown and noticed Bonne Bell had built a running track around their offices to encourage employees' physical fitness. Dr. Newberry wanted a way to encourage fitness in the Charleston Metropolitan region, and believed the best way was to feature an event running through the bridges crossing the Cooper River. The event organisers featured officials from the Charleston Running Club, The Citadel, the Medical University of South Carolina, and the College of Charleston.

South Carolina state senator Dewey Wise introduced legislation to permit the event to be held over the reversible lane on the three-lane Silas Pearman Bridge.

On April 2, 1978, the initial race began from Patriots Point in Mount Pleasant to the White Point Gardens in Charleston's Battery region. Police shortened the initial event to 9,850 meters after the gun had sounded to start the initial Bridge Run. Officials expected 500 runners for the event (with 340 pre-registered), but on race day an additional 600 to 700 runners registered. 766 runners finished. Many dropped out of the race and some were hospitalized for effects from the heat, as there were no water stops on the course. In the tradition of historic Charleston's Civil War and Revolutionary War heritage, a cannon is fired to start the event. The first Kenyan runners to participate were a pair of Baptist College teammates in 1978. Runners from that country have dominated the run since 1993.

Following complaints from heat exhaustion and also from area churches (While Charleston County has some Blue Laws exceptions in Charleston County in deference to the Jewish community, churches on the course complained about the Bridge Run taking place while church services took place), the 1979 event was moved to the last Saturday in March, where it would be held until 1985. One water stop at the terminus of the bridge was added. (Four water stops were on the 2005 course.) The finish line moved to the campus of the College of Charleston. Over 1,350 were entered, with over 1,000 finishing. The 1979 event, the first at 10,000 meters, was the first South Carolina running event with over 1,000 participants. The 1980 finish ended in a tie.

Two consecutive Bridge Runs (1986 and 1987) were marred by illegal runners. In 1986, between 300 and 500 runners did not make the start, which had been delayed 30 minutes because of a vehicular collision on the Pearman Bridge (the only access to the start line) between two shuttle buses carrying runners to the start and an automobile 70 minutes before the scheduled start. They ran down the Pearman, through the cut between the two bridges, and started their run midway through the course, on the Grace.

In 1987, with unusually cold temperatures (start temperature was 39 degrees Fahrenheit (4c) with wind gusts from 20-35 MPH (32–55 km/h), runners kept their warmups instead of displaying their bibs. Officials estimated about 10% of the nearly 7,000 runners who crossed the finish lines were illegal, or "bandit", runners.  The bandits were allowed to cross the finish line because officials could not distinguish who was legitimate and who was not.

In 1989, elite runners were warming up ahead of the start line on SC 703 when the cannon fired. Grete Waitz's record time was disallowed, but she was allowed to keep the win, when she was caught ahead of the start line at the cannon.

The 1995 event was the first time over 10,000 runners participated, and women made up over 3,000 of the runners, the first time in North or South Carolina where over 3,000 women finished in a running event.

Transponder timing was instituted in 1997. The 2005-2008 races featured a permanent transponder which the runner could keep was implemented. A D-Tag timing system was used from 2009–10, and from 2011, transponder tags were affixed to competitors' bibs.

The total Bridge Run and Walk participants in 2004 was 29,930. Females accounted for 45.1% of finishers.

In 2012, logistical problems (only one shuttle bus entry point) led to over 10,000 runners being stuck on the shuttle buses on the Ravenel's northbound lanes (which the course uses) where officials could not close the bridge until 7:45 AM, 15 minutes before the scheduled start. The race was delayed to an 8:19 start time for the wheelchair division and an 8:59 start for the elite runners as result.

The last run on the Pearman in 2005 had a 42,000 runner and walker cap (25,000 runners, 17,000 walkers) for 2005, but many did not appear because of inclement weather which marred the start. The current limit is 44,000. The 2012 race featured 36,652 finishers, women dominated with 59.45% (21,789 F vs 14,917 M) of runners.

Course and event changes
The scheduled start time was 10 AM in 1978, 9 AM from 1979 until 1982, 8:30 AM in 1983 until 1986, and 8 AM until 2019. Two unusual start delays caused by the unfamiliar course moved the 1984 start to 9 AM.

The John P. Grace Memorial Bridge had been declared unsafe for heavy trucks over ten tons in 1979, and the South Carolina Department of Transportation eliminated the reversible lane on the Silas N. Pearman Bridge which had been used for the Bridge Run course, as trucks on US Highway 17 South were now required to use that lane, instead of using the Grace. State Senator Wise was able to push for legislation to use the Grace bridge for the Bridge Run, SC Statue 56-5-3880.

In 1983, the Grace Bridge run added a second uphill climb on the Crosstown Overpass connecting the Grace Bridge to US Highway 17 and Interstate 26, and the race finished in front of the United States Federal Building in Marion Square at Meeting Street. With the number of entrants exceeding 2,000, the start moved from Patriots Point in 1984 to SC Highway 703 (Coleman Boulevard) at Shem Creek. This course became the first Bridge Run course to be certified by The Athletics Congress.

Road construction near Market Street in Charleston forced a slight rerouting in 1986, when the Bridge Run was moved to its present date in April unless Easter fell on that weekend.

With entrants exceeding 8,500 and a new 7,000 meter walk added, totaling over 10,000 participants, and tighter restrictions on weight on the Grace Bridge, in 1995 officials returned the Bridge Run to the Pearman bridge, with all three lanes being used, as traffic to Charleston could now be diverted to the Don N. Holt Bridge near Daniel Island on Interstate 526, which had opened in 1992. A new start line on SC 703 near Live Oak Street was positioned with runners passing Coming, Line, King, Market, and Meeting at Marion Square. With congestion becoming a concern, a year later officials moved back the finish to the corner of Meeting and Calhoun in Marion Square, resulting in a corresponding move back of the start on SC 703.

In 2000, the Bridge Run course went through a complete overhaul with the start further back on SC 703 near the shopping center, giving runners a 3,000 meter run on SC 703 before joining the walkers at the foot of the first span of the Pearman, then crossing the Crosstown Overpass, King Street, Calhoun Street, and finishing at Alexander. The course eliminated the use of Meeting Street, which had been used as the primary street in the past. This course would be used until 2005, when the Pearman and Grace bridges closed.

In 2003, a youth event was held on the Friday at Hampton Park to expand the festivities.

Major alterations to the course were necessary for 2006 as USA Track and Field had to measure a new course to reflect the opening of the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and construction on the Ansonborough Fields complex resulted in the moving of the finish line away from Alexander Street, where it had been set since 2000, and a new finish line at George Street and Meeting Street, across from the Toronto Dominion Arena in Charleston, was established. The finish festival was held at Marion Square, which is located a short walk as runners made the cooldown from the finish line.

The start line was slightly moved but remains near the shopping center, and proceeds on SC 703 for 3,000 meters before approaching the northbound exit ramp to SC 703 (run southbound, towards Charleston, the opposite direction of normal vehicular traffic), with the runners proceeding on the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge southbound on the four northbound lanes (the four southbound lanes on the bridge are not used; furthermore, the bike-pedestrian lane (which is aligned with the northbound lanes, but just off to East Bay Street and is not part of the course) is reserved for use by emergency staff) for 3,200 meters before exiting the bridge using the two-lane Meeting Street entrance ramp (runners are running the opposite direction of normal vehicular traffic), turning left on Meeting for 2,000 meters before, making a right at the Visitor's Center at John Street, then a quick left at King Street, before turning left at Wentworth Street, before a final run up Meeting Street the other direction before the finish line.

Two potential forms of cheating near the finish were dealt with using fencing at Marion Square at King Street (the finish festival site), and a sponsor parking a tractor-trailer at the intersection of Meeting and John to force runners to make the turn back to King. Furthermore, the live bands which play at the finish festival will be heard twice, as runners pass through Marion Square the first time on King Street, and after crossing the finish line and cooling down.

Concerns over bottlenecking by walkers on course who entered the bridge walk at the 3,000 meter mark on Coleman Boulevard at Patriots Point (the original start line) and the WCBD studios eliminated the 7,000 meter walk, and required walkers to proceed through the entire 10,000 meter run starting in 2006. However, the rule was not as enforced as some had thought. Some walkers (and lower-seeded runners too) lined up on the sidewalks on SC 703 from Shem Creek to that studio, which is at the foot of the exit ramp from the bridge, instead of lining behind all runners at the start line, which was the instruction given to participants in the 2006 event in order to prevent incidents.

Another rule change in 2006 required runners to be seeded by time; elite and invited runners were ahead, then runners in the under 40 minute category, then 40-50, 50-60, past one hour, and walkers. The main goal was to prevent certain bottlenecking, although some bottlenecking did take place at the start line because of the transponder timing system.

The 2006 event also debuted the wheelchair category as a competitive event; twelve wheelchair and crankchair athletes competed in the event, which started at 7:30 AM.

For 2010 the turn from Meeting to King was changed from John Street to Wolfe Street, and to allow the bars to have bands perform.

Starting with the 2011 event, a wave start system is utilized to better handle crowding in the Mount Pleasant.

Competitors
Initially, the race attracted national-level runners. Benji Durden, whose opportunity to make the Olympic team was denied by President Jimmy Carter in 1980, won the first run. Frank Shorter and Ruth Wysocki ran in the early 1980s and Olympians Mark Conover and Janis Klecker were participants in the early 1990s. The race has featured top level international competitors, including Olympic medalists Grete Waitz, Catherine Ndereba, and Elana Meyer.

Outside of elite runners, the run has also featured people prominent in other cultural spheres. Television personality Oprah Winfrey, running under a pseudonym, finished the 1994 race (3,839th with a time of 55:48 min). Actor Bill Murray fired the cannon for the 1997 Bridge Run and ran the event. In 2011, then-NASCAR Nationwide Series driver Aric Almirola, his wife Janice, and two members of the JR Motorsports #88 team from the 2011 season participated during an off-week in that series, and former state Governor Mark Sanford and two of his children also participated. Irish Olympic runner Sean Dollman, who retired after taking a job at the College of Charleston, came out of retirement at the Bridge Run and won the Dr. Marcus Newberry Award for best runner residing in the Charleston metropolitan region (Charleston, Berkeley, Dorchester counties) in 2002. In 2012, Zeddie Little became an internet meme known as the "ridiculously photogenic guy" after having a photo of him taken by Will King while running the race.

Past winners
Key:

No race in 2020. 43rd Bridge Run run in September 2021 because of pandemic.

title: Cooper River Bridge Run


text:
Laad Bazaar

Laad Bazaar or Choodi Bazaar is a market located in Hyderabad, India on one of the four main roads that branch out from the Charminar.

The bazaar's name, Laad means lacquer, which is used to stud artificial diamonds onto bangles. This is fitting as in this 1 km-long shopping strip, most of the shops sell bangles, saris, wedding related items, and imitation jewelry.

History
This market has been in operation since the time of the Qutb Shahis and the Nizams. It is close to landmarks such as Charminar and Makkah Masjid. Additionally, towards the southeast of the bazaar lie the palaces built by different Nizams, including the Chowmahalla Palace.

Shopping

Choodi Bazaar is the main market for bangles, semi-precious stones, pearls, jewelry, silverware, Nirmal, Kalamkari paintings, bidriware, lacquer bangles studded with stones, saris and handwoven materials of silk, cotton, brocade, velvet and gold embroidered fabrics, traditional Khara Dupattas, and perfumes.

title: Laad Bazaar


text:
Horace Heidt

Horace Heidt (May 21, 1901 – December 1, 1986) was an American pianist, big band leader, and radio and television personality. His band, Horace Heidt and his Musical Knights, toured vaudeville and performed on radio and television during the 1930s and 1940s.

Early years
Born in Alameda, California, Heidt attended Culver Academies. At the University of California, Berkeley, he was a guard on the football team. A broken back suffered in a practice session caused him to give up football, leading him to turn his attention to music. He and some classmates formed a band, The Californians.

Career
From 1932 to 1953, he was one of the more popular radio bandleaders, heard on both NBC and CBS in a variety of different formats over the years. He began on the NBC Blue Network in 1932 with Shell Oil's Ship of Joy and Answers by the Dancers. During the late 1930s on CBS he did Captain Dobbsie's Ship of Joy and Horace Heidt's Alemite Brigadiers before returning to NBC for 1937–39 broadcasts. It was at this time that the band featured guitarist Alvino Rey and The King Sisters.

In 1936, Horace Heidt conducted an ensemble of eight musicians all of whom played harmonica on Saturday evenings at the Drake Hotel in Chicago.

Singer Matt Dennis got his start with Heidt's band, and Art Carney was the band's singing comedian. The Heidt band's recordings were highly successful, with "Gone with the Wind" going to No. 1 in 1937 and "Ti-Pi-Tin" to No. 1 in 1938. In 1939, "The Man with the Mandolin" ranked No. 2 on the chart.

He and his band played on the NBC Pot o' Gold radio show (1939–41). The 1941 film of the same title, produced by James Roosevelt (son of the U.S. president) and directed by George Marshall, starred James Stewart and Paulette Goddard, and it featured Heidt portraying himself with his band. Carney can be glimpsed in some of the film's musical numbers. The movie gives a fairly accurate depiction of Heidt's radio show but features staged sequences, such as a scene in which a Minnesota farmer (allegedly phoned at random by Heidt during his radio show) is played by well-known character actor John Qualen.

From 1940 to 1944 he did Tums Treasure Chest, followed by 1943–45 shows on the Blue Network. Lucky Strike sponsored The American Way on CBS in 1953.

On December 7, 1947, Heidt shortly came out of his retirement and founded a talent show. The talent show was sponsored by Phillip Morris Cigarettes, and lasted several years. The show was called "The Original Youth Opportunity Program", the first televised, traveling talent show in America. The first winner of this show was famous accordion player Dick Contino. Other discoveries of note include, Dean Jones (actor), Johnny Carson, Marlene Willis, Florence Henderson, Al Hirt, Dominic Frontiere, Richard Keith (actor), Johnny Standley, Ralph Sigwald, Conley Graves, Dick Kerr, and Doodles Weaver.

Heidt died in 1986, aged 85, and was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles.

Legacy
For his contribution to radio, Heidt has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1631 Vine Street; and a second star for his contribution to television at 6628 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2001, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.

Heidt developed an early apartment complex in the San Fernando Valley community of Sherman Oaks, in Los Angeles, so that his band members would have a place to live when they were in town for gigs, and many of the band members eventually retired there together. Known as Horace Heidt's Magnolia Estates, the complex is a 10 acre community of apartments, swimming pools, a clubhouse, and a golf course.

Billboard hits
The songs are listed with the most widely successful first.

Friendly Tavern Polka" was re-released on 3-25-44. It was US Billboard 24-1944 (1 week). "Pound Your Table Polka" sung by Mary Martin was US Billboard 22-1942 (1 week). "It's in the Book" sung by Johnny Standley was US Billboard 1-1952 (2 weeks) million seller.

title: Horace Heidt


text:
WPXX-TV

WPXX-TV (channel 50) is a television station in Memphis, Tennessee, United States, affiliated with Ion Television. Owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings, WPXX-TV maintains studios and transmitter facilities on Brother Boulevard in Bartlett, Tennessee. The station also serves as the de facto Ion outlet for the Jackson, Tennessee, and Jonesboro, Arkansas, markets.

History
The station first signed on the air on December 31, 1994, under the call letters WFBI; it was owned by Flinn Broadcasting, a company owned by Memphis businessman, radiologist (and later Shelby County commissioner) George Flinn. The station initially aired programming from the Home Shopping Network (sharing the affiliation with Holly Springs, Mississippi–based WBUY-TV channel 40, now a TBN owned-and-operated station), until Paxson Communications (now Ion Media) began operating the station under a local marketing agreement in 1998, when the station became a charter affiliate of the upstart Pax TV network (now Ion Television). During this time, the station also carried rebroadcasts of some WMC-TV newscasts. The station also carried a selected slate of Memphis Grizzlies games produced by Fox Sports Southeast from the team's inception until sometime in the late 2000s.

On February 22, 2006, News Corporation announced the launch of a new "sixth" network called MyNetworkTV, which would be operated by Fox Television Stations and its syndication division Twentieth Television. MyNetworkTV was created to compete against another upstart network that would launch at the same time that September, The CW (an amalgamated network that originally consisted primarily of UPN and The WB's higher-rated programs) as well as to give UPN and WB stations that were not mentioned as becoming CW affiliates another option besides converting to independent stations. Although WLMT (channel 30) had served as the market's UPN and WB affiliates, the MyNetworkTV affiliation instead went to WPXX, which officially joined the network (as a secondary affiliation) on September 5, 2006, branding itself as "My50 Memphis".

In mid-August 2007, Ion Media announced that it would purchase WPXX and sister station WPXL-TV in New Orleans outright from Flinn Broadcasting for $18 million. The sale was approved by the Federal Communications Commission and was completed on January 2, 2008.

On September 28, 2009, WPXX dropped MyNetworkTV programming as the network converted to a syndicated programming service. CW affiliate WLMT chose to pick up the MyNetworkTV affiliation, but only for the purposes of carrying WWE SmackDown (which it aired on Saturday evenings, rather than on its recommended Friday night timeslot), declining to run the remainder of the network's schedule. That lasted until SmackDown moved to the Syfy cable channel in October 2010, at which point WLMT's second digital subchannel picked up the full MyNetworkTV lineup while Retro Television Network programming (which would be dropped in November 2011 in favor of MeTV) outside of prime time.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WPXX-TV ended regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 50, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 51, using virtual channel 50.

As part of the SAFER Act, WPXX kept its analog signal on the air until June 26 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.

title: WPXX-TV


text:
Software package metrics

Various software package metrics are used in modular programming. They have been mentioned by Robert Cecil Martin in his 2002 book Agile software development: principles, patterns, and practices.

The term software package here refers to a group of related classes in object-oriented programming.

 * Number of classes and interfaces: The number of concrete and abstract classes (and interfaces) in the package is an indicator of the extensibility of the package.
 * Afferent couplings (Ca): The number of classes in other packages that depend upon classes within the package is an indicator of the package's responsibility. Afferent couplings signal inward.
 * Efferent couplings (Ce): The number of classes in other packages that the classes in a package depend upon is an indicator of the package's dependence on externalities. Efferent couplings signal outward.
 * Abstractness (A): The ratio of the number of abstract classes (and interfaces) in the analyzed package to the total number of classes in the analyzed package. The range for this metric is 0 to 1, with A=0 indicating a completely concrete package and A=1 indicating a completely abstract package.
 * Instability (I): The ratio of efferent coupling (Ce) to total coupling (Ce + Ca) such that I = Ce / (Ce + Ca). This metric is an indicator of the package's resilience to change. The range for this metric is 0 to 1, with I=0 indicating a completely stable package and I=1 indicating a completely unstable package.
 * Distance from the main sequence (D): The perpendicular distance of a package from the idealized line A + I = 1. D is calculated as D = | A + I - 1 |. This metric is an indicator of the package's balance between abstractness and stability. A package squarely on the main sequence is optimally balanced with respect to its abstractness and stability. Ideal packages are either completely abstract and stable (I=0, A=1) or completely concrete and unstable (I=1, A=0).  The range for this metric is 0 to 1, with D=0 indicating a package that is coincident with the main sequence and D=1 indicating a package that is as far from the main sequence as possible.
 * Package dependency cycles: Package dependency cycles are reported along with the hierarchical paths of packages participating in package dependency cycles.

title: Software package metrics


text:
Cook Islands national rugby league team

The Cook Islands national rugby league team have represented the Cook Islands in international rugby league football since 1986. Administered by the Cook Islands Rugby League Association (CIRLA), the team has competed at three Rugby League World Cups, in 2000, 2013 and 2021, and are coached by Karmichael Hunt.

1990s
Before 1995, the Cooks' international experience was limited to participation in the Pacific Cup, and hosting the touring British Amateur Rugby League Association Great Britain Amateur teams. Nonetheless, the sizeable number of expatriate Cook Islanders living and playing in New Zealand has ensured that they have never been short of players with rugby league experience.

They won the 1995 Emerging Nations tournament, defeating United States, Russia and Scotland before beating Ireland in the final.

In 1996 and 1997 the Cook Islands competed in the Super League World Nines. They also played several full internationals against other South Pacific nations, most notably as part of the Papua New Guinea 50th Anniversary Tournament in October 1998. 2000 saw the Cook Islands competing in the World Cup for the first time. They finished third in their pool after losing to Wales and the Kiwis and only managing a draw against Lebanon.

2000s
The Cook Islands successfully toured New Zealand in 2005 with a three test series against the New Zealand Māori ending in a draw after the first test was drawn 26–26 and the second and third tests were split between both sides.

The Cook Islands played Fiji, Tonga and Samoa in the Pacific pool of Qualifying for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. Fiji and Tonga qualified, and Samoa earned a second chance in the repecharge round. The Cook Islands, having lost to all three teams, were eliminated.

The Cook Islands participated in the 2009 Pacific Cup. Having beaten Samoa to earn a place in the tournament, they went on to defeat favourites Fiji and earn a place in the final of the competition.

2010s
The Cook Islands were given automatic entry into the 2013 Rugby League World Cup they were placed in Pool D alongside Wales and the United States before playing an Inter-Group match against Tonga. Going into the Tournament, 'the Kukis' had never won a World Cup match. The team lost to the USA and to Tonga, but they won their last match against the Tournament co-hosts Wales, making history for the sport of rugby league in the Cook Islands. This is the Cook Islands' best Rugby League World Cup result to date.

In October 2015 the Cook Islands took on Tonga in the Asia-Pacific elimination play-off to determine which of the two Asia-Pacific nations would qualify for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. After a tight first half, the Tongans would go on win the match scoring 16 points within the last 20 minutes of the game.

In June 2019, Cook Islands took on South Africa at Ringrose Park in Wentworthville, winning 66–6. They then went on to play the United States at Hodges Stadium in Jacksonville in November. They won 38–16, qualifying them into the 2021 Rugby League World Cup. At the 2021 Rugby League World Cup, the Cook Islands narrowly beat part timers Wales 18-12 before losing their second group stage match against Papua New Guinea. In their final group stage match, the Cook Islands suffered their worst ever defeat as they were beaten 92-10 by Tonga at the Riverside Stadium.

Current squad
The Cook Islands squad for the 2023 Pacific Rugby League Championships. The squad was announced on 10 October 2023. Statistics in this table are compiled from the website, Rugby League Project. Notes
 * Clubs outside the NRL and Super League are shaded in the above table.
 * Esan Marsters, Brad Takairangi, and Zane Tetevano had previously played for New Zealand and the Māori All Stars.

Competitive record
Below is table of the representative rugby matches played by a Cook Islands national XIII at test level up until 6 November 2023.

Other competitions
The Cook Islands have also participated in:
 * Pacific Cup (since 1986)
 * Super League World Nines (1996, 1997)
 * Super League Oceania Tournament (1997)
 * Papua New Guinea 50th Anniversary Tournament (1998)
 * Pacific Rim Competition (2004)

title: Cook Islands national rugby league team


text:
Felician Sisters

The Felician Sisters, in full Congregation of Sisters of St. Felix of Cantalice Third Order Regular of St. Francis of Assisi (abbreviated CSSF), is a religious institute of pontifical right whose members profess public vows of and live in common. This religious institute was founded in Warsaw, Poland, in 1855, by Angela Truszkowska, and named for a shrine of Saint Felix of Cantalice, a 16th-century Capuchin especially devoted to children.

Foundation
On the Feast of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, November 21, 1855, while praying before an icon of Our Lady of Czestochowa, Angela Truszkowska and her cousin sdedicated themselves to do the will of Jesus Christ in all things. Hereafter this was recorded as the official founding day of the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Felix of Cantalice.

People began calling them "Sisters of St. Felix", in reference to the shrine of St. Felix of Cantalice at a nearby Capuchin church. They were popularly referred to as Felician sisters. In 1857, she and several associates took the Franciscan habit. In 1869 health problems caused her to withdraw from administration of the Congregation. She spent the next thirty years on assignments in the garden and greenhouse, tending flowers for the chapel and in the liturgical vestment sewing room, embroidering altar cloths and chasubles. She died at the provincial house in Kraków on October 10, 1899. Mother Mary Angela Truszkowska was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1993.

Expansion
The Felician sisters came to the United States in 1874, at the invitation of Rev. Joseph Dabrowski, pastor of St. Joseph Parish in Polonia, Wisconsin. There they taught in the parish school. Eventually some relocated to Detroit, MI, where they taught school starting in 1880 at St. Albertus's school. By 1900, they were responsible for the teaching of two-thirds of all Polish Catholic children in Poletown as they staffed St. Albertus, St. Casimir, St. Josaphat, and St. Stanislav.

In 1947 Felician Sisters of Our Lady of the Angels Province, Enfield, Connecticut, accepted an offer to purchase the Paine Private Hospital located in Bangor, Maine; the name of the facility was changed to St. Joseph Hospital. Eventually, their work spread to Canada and Haiti.

Religious habit
Most Felician sisters maintain the religious habit of their foundress, Blessed Mary Angela Truszkowska, consisting of a brown tunic (beige during summer months), scapular, headdress, black veil, collar, Felician wooden crucifix suspended on tape or cord, and simple ring received at the perpetual vows. This remains a discipline in the Kraków, Przemyśl and Warsaw provinces in Poland, and a treasured tradition in the former Livonia and Enfield provinces in North America. At the 1994 General Chapter, a proposal passed allowing the sisters to wear an alternate habit consisting of a brown, black, beige or white skirt, blazer, suit or jumper along with a white blouse. Sisters wearing the alternate habit wear the Felician Crucifix along with the ring received at final profession and may wear it with our without a veil.

Ministry
The Felician Sisters have always sought to harmonize a deep spiritual and community life with dedication to diverse acts of mercy. As of 2014, there were 1,800 professed members of the Felician Sisters, with about 700 in the North American Province.

They remain active in education, operating, among other facilities, the St. Mary Child Care Center in Livonia, Michigan; Immaculate Conception High School, founded in 1915 in Lodi, New Jersey; and Villa Maria College in Buffalo, New York. Madonna University in Livonia, Michigan was originally founded as the "Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Junior College" in 1937.

Built on the site of a former Felician orphanage, Our Lady of Grace Village in Newark, Delaware is a 60-unit affordable housing community. The St. Felix Centre in Toronto, Canada offers Respite services. In Holly, Michigan, they run the Maryville Retreat Center.

Volunteers in Mission Program
As part of the Catholic Volunteer Network, the North American Province has a Felician Volunteers in Mission (VIM) program which offers both short and long-term service opportunities to lay men and women interested in partnering with the Felician Sisters to serve, with compassion, mercy and joy, the disadvantaged and underserved.

Provinces

 * Immaculate Heart of Mary, Kraków, Poland (1861)
 * Our Lady of Czestochowa, Przemyśl, Poland (1910)
 * Our Lady Queen of Poland, Warsaw, Poland (1922)
 * Nossa Senhora Aparecida, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil (1950)
 * Our Lady Mediatrix of Graces, Rome, Italy (1953) (Generalate)

In North America, the Felician Sisters have ministered primarily to Polish Americans since their arrival from Poland in 1874. The sisters provided social mobility for young Polish women. Although the congregation was involved in the care of orphans, the aged, and the sick, teaching remained its primary concern.

 * Our Lady of Hope, North America (2009), an amalgamation of the following eight provinces:
 * Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Livonia, Michigan (1874)
 * Immaculate Heart of Mary, Buffalo, New York (1900)
 * Mother of Good Counsel, Chicago, Illinois (1910)
 * Immaculate Conception, Lodi, New Jersey (1913)
 * Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, Coraopolis, Pennsylvania (1920)
 * Our Lady of the Angels, Enfield, Connecticut (1932)
 * Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Rio Rancho, New Mexico (1953)
 * Holy Name of Mary Mississauga, Ontario Canada (1964)

title: Felician Sisters


text: User talk:202.182.65.201

title: User talk:202.182.65.201


text:
Cage

A cage is an enclosure often made of mesh, bars, or wires, used to confine, contain or protect something or someone. A cage can serve many purposes, including keeping an animal or person in captivity, capturing an animal or person, and displaying an animal at a zoo.

Construction
Since a cage is usually intended to hold living beings, at least some part of its structure must be such as to allow for the entry of light and air. Thus some cages may be made with bars spaced closely together for the intended captive to slip between them, or with windows covered by a mesh of some sort.

Animal cages

Cages often used to confine animals, and some are specially designed to fit a certain species of animal. One or more birds, rodents, reptiles, and even larger animals of certain breeds are sometimes confined in a cage as pets.

Animal cages have been a part of human culture since ancient times. For example, an Ancient Greek vase dated to 490 B.C. depicts a boy holding a possibly domesticated rabbit on his lap, with a cage with an open door in the background. The biblical Book of Jeremiah refers to a tribe being like "cages full of birds", and the Book of Ezekiel describes the capture of a lion in which the captors "pulled him into a cage and brought him to the king of Babylon".

The different laws governing the keeping of animals in captivity generally provide for the size of cages or minimum equipment, depending on the species, whether for transport or for breeding. Swiss legislation, for example, defines minimum absolute internal dimensions for pet cages, but the Swiss Animal Protection organization (PSA) states that even if these dimensions comply with the law, they are far from being in line with the needs of species. It is therefore necessary in practice to provide a much higher vital space to ensure the well-being of the occupants.

Animal protection associations have often argued for improving transport conditions in cages and for bans on battery cages, especially for egg-laying hens. The European legislation is constantly changing, but consumer behavior also influences breeding conditions.

Trapping
Cages also serve as a trapping tool. This is a common and illegal purpose of the cage, as poaching is illegal itself. These type of cages are used to trap an animal, or hold them for a certain period of time. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt used a cage himself to capture a bear, as the cage serves a purpose for capturing large animals.

Punishment
In history, prisoners were sometimes kept in a cage. During the Vietnam War they were referred to as "tiger cages". Captives would sometimes be chained up inside into uncomfortable positions to intensify suffering. In medieval England, King Edward punished Robert the Bruce by having two of his female supporters encaged in public.

Safety

 * Safety cage, in automobile safety
 * Roll cage, a frame built in or around the cab of a vehicle
 * Shark-proof cage, used to protect divers

Entertainment
Cages are used in various forms of entertainment to create excitement from the sense that the entertainers are trapped in the cage. For example, cage dancing "refers to a scantily-clad feminine dancer, perhaps wearing a mini-skirt or hot- pants, and (supposedly) trapped inside of a hanging bird cage". Cage fighting involves two combatants, usually engaging in mixed martial arts, inside a cage-like structure, and "conjures up the image of two combatants trapped in a cage, trading vicious blows as the audience bays for blood". In Australia, a ban on the use of "cage-like enclosures" at such events was lifted in 2014. Steel cages are also one of the oldest form of enclosures used in professional wrestling. The first "steel cage match" of any kind took place on June 25, 1937 in Atlanta, Georgia. This match took place in a ring surrounded by chicken wire, in order to keep the athletes inside, and prevent any potential interference.

Engineering

 * Rebar cages used in reinforced concrete
 * Cage (bearing) – a component of a rolling-element bearing
 * Gabion – a cage filled with coarse gravel or rock for use in civil engineering, road building, military applications and landscaping
 * Mine cage – similar to an elevator, for a shaft mine
 * Cage, a separated enclosure in a computer colocation centre
 * Faraday cage – an enclosure used to block electric fields

Other uses

 * Batting cage – an enclosure for baseball batting practice
 * Bottle cage – a bicycle bottle holder
 * Cage crinoline – a type of crinoline petticoat
 * Cage trolley - used for transporting goods
 * Fruit cage - used to protect fruit bushes from been eaten by birds

title: Cage


text:
Fiji national rugby league team

The Fiji national rugby league team, nicknamed the Bati (pronounced ), has been participating in international rugby league football since 1992. The team is controlled by the governing body for rugby league in Fiji, Fiji National Rugby League (FNRL), which is currently a member of the Asia-Pacific Rugby League Confederation (APRLC). Fiji have thrice reached the semi-finals of the Rugby League World Cup, in 2008, 2013 and 2017, and are currently ranked 6th in the International Rugby League's World Rankings. They are coached by Fijian Wise Kativerata, and their captain is Kevin Naiqama.

1990s
The game was introduced to Fiji only in 1992 but despite this there has been a long history of Fijian players making their mark in rugby league, most notably back in the 1960s when great players such as Joe Levula and Laitia Ravouvou joined Rochdale Hornets and became household names in the English competition.

Interest and participation in rugby league snowballed throughout Fiji, and as well as continued success in the Rugby League World Sevens, the Batis began playing full 13-aside games against international teams. By 1994, Fiji had hammered the Great Britain amateurs 40–8 and, captained by mighty front-rower James Pickering, beat 20–12.

They had also produced their first rugby league superstar after winger Noa Nadruku joined Canberra Raiders and in 1993 became the top try-scorer in the Australian competition.

Fiji took part in their first World Cup in 1995 where, just as the 2000 World Cup, they had the misfortune to be placed in the same group as both England and Australia. But the Batis made a massive impression in their opening World Cup game in which they ran riot against South Africa, 52–6, and had the crowd on their feet at Keighley.

During the Super League war, Fiji, like most countries other countries, aligned itself with Super League. In search of international competition, the Australian Rugby League played a match against a "National Rugby League of Fiji" team in 1996. This match has been granted Test status by the ARL, but not by the Rugby League International Federation.

2000s
Coached by Don Furner, Sr. and captained by Lote Tuqiri, Fiji competed in the 2000 World Cup but did not progress past the tournament's group stage.

The Fiji Bati qualified for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup held in Australia after finishing second in Pacific qualifying behind. Fiji's qualification campaign started with a thrilling 30–28 loss to Samoa before reversing the scoreline a few days later with a 30–28 win over the Tongans. Fiji won their final qualifying game against Cook Islands 40–4. Having qualified the Vodafone Fiji Bati team started their Rugby League World Cup 2008 campaign with 42–6 win over France followed by a 2-point defeat to Scotland, however they topped their group with a superior points difference. Beating Ireland in their quarter final they came within one match of the World Cup final, but were defeated by Australia, ending the tournament in 4th place.

2010s
Fiji automatically qualified for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup after participating in the 2008 tournament. They took on Australia, England and Ireland in the pool stage. In their first match they took on 'the Wolfhounds'. They played at the famous Spotland Stadium, in Rochdale, where Fiji have an historic affiliation with. The Fijians convincingly won by a score of 32–14. As expected Fiji lost to both Australia and England, although they surprised many, as they only conceded 34 points against the teams in each game and they led 2–0 against Australia, and were within a few minutes of taking a half-time lead against England. Fiji would take on 'fierce Pacific rivals' Samoa in the quarter-final. They won the, passionate pacific, fixture and they would celebrate with a 22–4 victory. They celebrated even more, as it meant Fiji reached their second consecutive World Cup semi-final. They took on Australia again, but this game was nothing like the group stage fixture. Fiji's errors conceded them 62 points against a classy Australian side. This defeat ended and equalled their best World Cup campaign in their history.

In May 2014, Fiji took on Samoa in the 2014 Pacific Rugby League Test at Penrith Stadium. The International was created as a qualifier for the final 2014 Four Nations spot. It was also a chance for the Four Nations team (winner of this international) to warm-up before the event kicked off later in the year. Fiji failed to qualify with their fierce pacific rivals getting the better of them by 32–16.

In May 2015, Fiji took on Papua New Guinea in the 2015 Melanesian Cup test at Cbus Super Stadium. Fiji won the match and the inaugural Melanesian Cup title. Fiji never looked like losing the match after an easy first half performance, leading 18-0 at the break. They went on to win the test match by 22–10.

In May 2016, Fiji took on Papua New Guinea in the 2016 Melanesian Cup test at Pirtek Stadium. Fiji had a similar situation in this year's Melanesian Cup with a half-time score of 16–8 but this time around they conceded too many second half points allowing the Kumuls to make a shock comeback and win the match 24–22.

In the 2017 Rugby League World Cup in New Zealand & Australia, Fiji topped Group D before recording their biggest upset victory, defeating New Zealand 4–2 in the quarter-finals. They then lost to Australia 54–6 in the semi-finals.

2020s
Fiji automatically qualified for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup having reached the semi-finals of the previous Rugby League World Cup. The 2021 tournament will take place in England.

Current squad
The squad selected for the match 2023 Pacific Championships. Statistics in the table are drawn from the website, Rugby League Project, and include the Bowl Final on 5 November 2023. Notes:
 * Age is as at the last match date, 5 November 2023.
 * Players listed in order of jumper number for the 5 November 2023 match, as given in the team list on the NRL website.
 * Waqa Blake has previously played for City Origin.
 * Penioni Tagituimua played for the Fiji Prime Minister's XIII in 2019.
 * Clubs outside the NRL and Super League are shaded in the above table.

Records

 * Bold- denotes that the player is still active.

Competitive record
The table below shows Fiji's all-time international rugby league record as of 5 November 2023. They have been participating in International fixtures since 1992.

Other competitions
Fiji have also participated in:

 * World Sevens (1992–2003)
 * Super League World Nines (1996,1997)
 * Superleague Oceania Tournament (1997)
 * Pacific Rim Competition (2004)

title: Fiji national rugby league team


text:
Mera Naam Joker

Mera Naam Joker is a 1970 Indian  romantic drama film, directed, edited and produced by Raj Kapoor under his banner R. K. Films, and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas. The film stars Raj Kapoor as the eponymous character, with his son Rishi Kapoor making his screen debut playing his younger version, along with Simi Garewal, Kseniya Ryabinkina, Padmini, Manoj Kumar and Dharmendra in supporting roles. The plot focuses on a clown who must make his audience laugh at the cost of his sorrows; three women who shaped his life view his final performance.

The film is one of the lengthiest films of Indian cinema. Mera Naam Joker is the second and to date last Indian film to have two intervals, the first being Sangam (1964). After Sangam became a blockbuster, Mera Naam Joker was highly anticipated as it had been under production for six years and heavily publicized, loosely based on Kapoor's own life. The film was partly made with the participation of Soviet actors and was partly shot in Moscow. The film's music, still very popular, was composed by Shankar Jaikishan, for which the duo got their ninth Filmfare award. In India, upon release the film was critical and commercial failure, putting Kapoor into a financial crisis, as the film was panned for its length and plot. The film has gained a cult status, and is regarded as a classic today. Both audience's and critics' response has turned highly favourable with the passage of time.

An abridged version was released in the 1980s and had a highly successful run at the box office. Kapoor termed it his favourite film and described it as having much philosophical depth and meaning. The film is now regarded as one of Kapoor's finest works, with film experts labeling it as a "misunderstood masterpiece". The film later on became a cult classic and is regarded as one of Raj Kapoor's best films and among the best Bollywood films of the 20th century. In the Soviet Union, the film also initially drew mixed reviews from critics, yet commercially became a blockbuster at the Soviet box office after it released there in 1972. Rather than being released as a single film, the film's three chapters were released separately as three parts in the Soviet Union. The three parts of the film collectively sold 73.1 million tickets at the Soviet box office.

Plot
Three women, Mary, Marina, and Meena, are each sent a toy clown and invited to the last performance of the famous clown Raj Ranbir aka Raju, in his first time on stage in 20 years. The stories of these three women and their relationships with Raju are told through a series of flashbacks during his performance.

Chapter I
As a chubby, clumsy 16 year old, Raju is known to his schoolmates as the class clown. Unlike the rest of the students at his private Christian school, Raju is poor and lives nearby with his mother and no one else. When a new teacher, Mary, comes to his school, she encourages Raju to find his ambitions and makes him more confident in himself. One day, after coming home, Raju asks his mother what his deceased father did. Despite rejecting this question in the past, she finally answers that he had worked as a clown in the circus, and died in an accident there. Raju proclaims that he will be just like his father and make everyone laugh, to the horror of his mother, who says his father had only given her tears. On a school trip to the forest, Mary accidentally falls into the river. After she comes out, Raju becomes entranced by the sight of her leg. He then follows her to a grove, where he sees her undressing. When he tries to sleep that night, Raju imagines her nude. He goes to the church to confess (Raju thinks himself a sinner for imagining his teacher nude); and after he does that Mary sees him there, and when he says he committed a sin she says that he can't have committed a sin as he is a child, Raju replies that he isn't one. When Mary and the rest of the students leave for the holidays, Raju gifts her a toy clown that his father had. Afterwards, he roams around the school, lonely and depressed. When Mary comes back, Raju is startled to discover that she has a male companion named David with her. After Raju comes to the couple's house, David starts becoming suspicious, and confronts him after he leaves but still waits outside. When Raju drops his books in shock, David discovers a paper with her picture and a heart surrounding it. Raju's mother becomes sick, and he starts dressing as a clown to sell various concoctions on the roadside to pay the school fees. However, after his classmate's mother sees him, Raju is expelled. Mary consoles him, and tells him that she will also be leaving to marry David. He attends the wedding as best man. Before the newlyweds drive off to their new life, David gifts Raju back the toy clown.

Chapter II
Raju and his ill mother move to several cities over the years before coming to Bombay. Now an adult, Raju is working as a clown at a local fair. When a group of Russian entertainers come to Gemini Circus to promote Indo-Soviet relations, he sneaks in with them and pockets their first payment. Raju claims that he is the Russian ringleader, which immediately causes Gemini's own ringleader, Sher Singh, to conspire against him. During his initial performance, Sher Singh switched off the lights, which lands Raju in a dangerous situation. After the actual ringmaster comes in, Sher Singh saves Raju and brings him to a meeting to explain himself. Raju explains that he needed a job to take care of his mother, and that he had to resort to this drama to get into the circus. Realizing his potential, circus owner Mahendra Kumar hires him. Marina, the lead trapezist, also notices him, and despite the language barrier, they become close. He comes back to his mother and tells her that he got a job, but leaves out the details. She hopes that he will be able to find a wife to "complete" the family. Soon, Raju is hired as a clown, and eventually he and Marina fall in love, with his toy clown being given away once again. However, Mahendra reminds him that the artists will be going back soon, and discourages his love. Raju and Marina meet again, and Marina realizes that his mother sees her as his future wife. She visits her again, but leaves her the toy clown departs tearfully. Raju's mother realizes through the poster that wrapped the toy that he is a clown once again, and rushes to the circus on the day of the Russians' last performance. Seeing him on the trapeze, Raju's mother dies, being reminded of the accident which caused her husband's death. Despite his sorrow, Raju performs as a clown that night. Afterwards, he decides to resign, citing his mother death. The chapter ends with Raju seeing Marina off at the airport.

Chapter III
Alone again, Raju wanders on the beach and throws his toy clown into the sea. A dog runs out to catch it and gives it back. The dog belongs to the orphan Meenu, and the three partner up to make a roadside show and live together in an abandoned house. One day, Meenu's shirt is torn and Raju, upon discovering that she is a girl, deserts her. After a while, he comes back to her home, where she explains that her real name is Meena and that she had to act like a boy to survive on her own in the city, which she had fled to, to achieve her dream of becoming a famous actress. Raju gifts her a saree, but despite the explanation, Raju is mad that their friendship was based on a lie and leaves. After Meena confesses her love for him, Raju changes his mind. Their singing gets noticed and the duo start performing at a qawwali venue. One day, the dog gets taken by the city pound, mistaken for a stray. While Raju mourns the loss of their companion, Meena says that they have no use for it anymore. Her attitude shocks Raju and he figures that she only uses love as a tool to use others. Despite his pity for the qawwali venue owner who had already pre-paid them, Meena makes them move into theatre acting. While Meena maintains that she loves him, Raju is suspicious. After a while, Meena is noticed by movie star Rajendra Kumar, who wants a new heroine for his next film. Although Raju accompanies Meena to the screen tests, Kumar tells him that in order for her to become a great actress, Raju must leave. After a farewell at their old house, Raju is left alone with his toy clown.

The film then transitions back to his last show. After a song Raju announces an intermission of indeterminate length, but then reassures the audience that the "joker" still has more to perform to keep his audience laughing. The film ends with the words "Positively Not The End".

Cast

 * Raj Kapoor as Raju
 * Rishi Kapoor as Junior Raju
 * Rajendra Kumar as Self
 * Manoj Kumar as David
 * Dharmendra as Mahendra Kumar
 * Padmini as Meena Bansal / Meenu Master
 * Simi Garewal as Mary
 * Kseniya Ryabinkina as Marina
 * Dara Singh as Sher Singh
 * Om Prakash as Circus Surgeon
 * Rajendra Nath as Circus Surgeon
 * Achala Sachdev as Raju's mother
 * Eduard Sjereda as a Member of the Soviet State Circus

Production
Mera Naam Joker was under production for six years, with Raj Kapoor investing much of his own personal fortune. All his assets were mortgaged. The film has three chapters. Originally, it was to have six chapters. Khwaja Ahmad Abbas wrote the screenplay with Kapoor on mind, and several instances in the story was based on Kapoor's own life, such as the Christian school teacher episode. Kapoor approached each chapter as it were three separate films. He shot the third chapter first as Padmini and Rajendra Kumar were available at the time. By the time he began the first chapter, he was behind schedule and over the budget. The school scenes were shot at St. Paul's School, Jalapahar, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. The film was five hours long.

The film also makes references to Raj Kapoor's career throughout. The popular title track of Awaara (1951) is used near the end of the second chapter. In the song 'Kehta Hai Joker Saara Zamana', a child looks up reels of Shree 420 (1955) in a bioscope, which featured Nargis, who formed an iconic pair with Raj Kapoor in the 40s and 50s. The poster of Kapoor's previous film Sangam is also seen.

India
Upon release in India, Mera Naam Joker was widely derided for its length and the experimental nature of its plot, and it became a critical and commercial failure. The film had two intervals. It later came to be considered a cult classic, and it is considered one of Kapoor's best films. Its reputation was revived, which happened after India was introduced to world cinema. Kapoor's mask was burned in a fire at RK Studios.

Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, the film's distribution rights were sold for inr 1500000, the highest for an Indian film up until then. Upon release, the film initially also drew a mixed reaction from Russian critics. Despite this, the film became a commercial blockbuster at the Soviet box office after it released there in 1972. Rather than being released as a single film, the film's three chapters were released separately as three parts in the Soviet Union. The first part drew 29million box office admissions, the second part drew 22.6million admissions, and the final part 21.5million admissions, adding up to a total of million admissions at the Soviet box office. This was equivalent to an estimated million Rbls (US$million, ₹crore) at the time, or US$million (₹crore) adjusted for inflation in.

Themes and Analysis
The crux of the film is how Raju, the joker, entertains people and makes them laugh, but to do so hides many hardships and heartbreaks of his own life. The 'Joker' is an allegory for not just clowns, but artists and entertainers of all kinds, like Raj Kapoor himself. In the film, the audience does not concern itself with the person who is performing but accepts only the performer divorced from his personal situation, his emotions and even from his real persona. The audience embraces only the character that entertains them and does not associate with the real person playing that character. The film implies that life itself is a performance, literally turning Raju's life into chapters of a film. Therefore, to the “Joker” there is no reality outside performance, he only belongs to the stage, to his character, to the performance, and the audience.

In the end Raju gives a speech to the audience where he says that the "show" will always go on although it may have different characters, meaning that artists will go through the same across generations.

The film is also semi-autobiographical, reportedly based on the life experiences of Raj Kapoor.

Awards

 * 18th National Film Awards :

 * Best Child Artist – Rishi Kapoor
 * Best Male Playback Singer – Manna Dey for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"
 * Best Cinematography (Color) – Radhu Karmakar

 * 19th Filmfare Awards : :
 * 19th Filmfare Awards : :

Won

 * Best Director – Raj Kapoor
 * Best Music Director – Shankar–Jaikishan
 * Best Male Playback Singer – Manna Dey for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"
 * Best Cinematography – Radhu Karmakar
 * Best Sound Design – Allauddin Khan Qureshi

Nominated

 * Best Film – Raj Kapoor
 * Best Lyricist – Gopaldas Neeraj for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"

title: Mera Naam Joker


text: User:Smoth 007

title: User:Smoth 007


text:
Geh Min

Dr. Geh Min is the former President of Nature Society in Singapore. She was formerly a Nominated Member of Parliament from January 2005 to April 2006.

Early life and education
Geh studied at Methodist Girls' School and Anglo-Chinese School. She is a medicine graduate of the National University of Singapore.

Career
Geh is a consultant ophthalmologist at Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, and also a visiting consultant at the Singapore National Eye Centre and the National University Hospital.

In December 2004, Geh was appointed as a Nominated Member of Parliament.

In 2006, Geh was one of the three recipients of the inaugural President's Award for the Environment, along with Tommy Koh and the Waterways Watch Society (WWS).

Geh heads the Environment and Health Functional Committee of the South-West Community Development Council. She is a board member of the Nature Conservancy's Asia Pacific Council; the Water Network of the PUB; and the Singapore Environment Council.

Personal life
Geh is the granddaughter of philanthropist Lee Kong Chian.

title: Geh Min


text:
Talk:CFB Borden

This page needs a major edit.
CFB Borden is NOT an air base, and hasn't been for a while. It used to belong to CFTS (CF Training System) in its many incarnations; it now belongs to Canadian Forces Support Training Group (CFSTG). The organization known as 16 Wing Borden is a lodger unit -- same as the Logistics and EME schools. Check out CFB Borden's website:

http://www.borden.forces.ca/cfb_borden/index_e.asp

SigPig 03:17, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

400 (City Of Toronto) Air Reserve Squadron is based at Borden, having been moved there following the closing of CFB Toronto (Downsview) in the 1990s, and the disestablishment of sister squadron 411 (City Of North York) Air Reserve Squadron. 400 is a flying squadron with Griffon helicopters, and they fly out of Borden, so it can be said that Borden is an "air base" in that sense, even though its primary use may be for ground forces.--MarshallStack 06:31, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Canadian Forces Base Borden:

Originally founded on 11 July 1916 as Camp Borden, a training centre for the Canadian Expeditionary Force The camp's first occupants were the 157th and 177th Infantry Battalions. The Royal Flying Corps arrived the next year, establishing an aerodrome at the camp. On 2 May 1917 Canada's first military airfield officially opened, designated No. 42 Wing Camp Borden. By the time the Royal Canadian Air Force was established in 1924, RCAF Station Camp Borden would be the largest military flying station of its time.

The Depot of Royal Canadian Signals was established at Camp Borden in 1923, moving to Vimy Barracks at Camp Barriefield in August 1937. Also around this time, the RCAF established No. 2 Technical Training School.

By the 1930's the two camps, operating as separate military establishments, would become home to numerous training schools including Signals, Armour, Infantry, Service Corps, Medical, Dental, Provost, Intelligence, Nuclear-biochemical schools and the School for Army Co-operation.

Wireless training moved from Borden to RCAF Station Trenton in 1936, then to the Signal Training Centre at Camp Barriefield in 1937.

On 1 May 1938, the Canadian Tank School moved from Wolseley Barracks and was re-named the Canadian Armoured Fighting Vehicle School. The school went through several name changes before finally settling on A33 Canadian Armoured Corps Training Establishment. Two smaller schools were also established: A27 Canadian Armoured Corps Training Centre and A28 Canadian Armoured Corps Training Centre. A27 CACTC moved to Camp Dundurn in January 1942.

In 1940, No. 13 X Depot, a detachment of No. 1 Supply depot in Weston, was established in the north end of the army camp as an ammunition depot.

Also in 1940, several wartime schools opened, A10 & A11 Canadian Infantry Training Centre, A19 Canadian Army Service Corps Training Centre, A22 Canadian Army Medical Corps Training Centre, A32 Canadian Provost Corps Training Centre.

During World War II, Borden's airfield was home to No. 1 Service Flying Training School. Two Relief Landing Fields were established nearby, one at Edenvale and the other at Alliston.

Flying training at Borden ended with the closure of No. 1 Service Flying Training School in 1946, and for the next 20 years, RCAF Station Camp Borden concentrated primarily on technical training, run by No. 2 Technical Training School. RCAF Detachments Edenvale and Alliston were abandoned.

The RCAF School of Photography re-located to Borden from RCAF Station Rockcliffe in 1950.

By the late 1950's, the threat of a nuclear war had become so great that the Canadian government decided to construct a secret underground bunker to house the major elements of the government in the event of an emergency. A four story underground bunker, officially known as No. 1 Army Signals Unit, but nick-named by the press (so much for the secret) as the "Diefen-bunker", after Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, was constructed near the Village of Carp outside of Ottawa. Most Provincial Governments followed suit by building their own bunkers. The Ontario Government chose Camp Borden for the site of their bunker. All Government bunkers also doubled as a communications station, and thus had a remote communications bunker located some distance away. This second bunker, usually a single story structure, was staffed exclusively by communications personnel.

For their remote bunker, Camp Borden chose the site of the former RCAF Detachment Edenvale. In 1962, the site was re-activated as the Edenvale Transmitter Station, and a bunker was constructed beside one of the old runways. Communications personnel from Camp Borden staffed the facility.

In 1966, RCAF Station Camp Borden and Canadian Army Camp Borden merged into one large base: CFB Borden. Several new schools were added to Bordenï¿½s already large roster including Aerospace and Ordinance, Physical Education and Recreation Instructor, Instructional Techniques, CF Fire Fighting Academy, Music, Aerospace Technology, Leadership, Languages, and Chaplain Schools.

Military flying training returned in 1966 when the Primary Flying School re-located to Borden after the closure of RCAF Station Centralia, north of London. This move was short-lived however, as the school once again re-located to CFB Portage La Prairie in Manitoba in 1970.

In 1970 the Ammunition Depot became an independent unit, the Canadian Forces Ammunition Depot Angus.

In 1994, both the Borden Bunker and the Edenvale Bunker closed. Edenvale was sealed up around 1998. Borden's bunker served as a makeshift barracks for a basic recruit training course (Mustang flight 9903) made up of Air Force and Navy reservists in the summer of 1999. The Bunker also served as the Headquarters for the Regional Cadet Support Unit (Central) from 2001-2004, until they re-located to the Maple Conference Centre, a building that was once the Headquarters Building for RCAF Station Camp Borden. In January 2005, the bunker was sealed up and a part of Borden's history faded into the past.

In 1996, military flying training returned to Borden when 400 Squadron moved to Borden after the closure of CFB Toronto, marking the first time a flying unit had been stationed at Borden since the Primary Flying School vacated in 1970. The squadron currently flies the CH146 Griffin helicopter. The Squadron, a combined Regular Force - Reserve Force unit, operate from a helicopter pad and the two large, post-World War II "Arch-style" hangars at the east end of the airfield. A new control tower was constructed for their use in 1999.

The Borden Flying Club utilized the airfield from 1958 until re-locating to the Lake Simcoe Regional Airport in 2002, when Borden's crumbling airfield was officially closed.

Today, Borden's aerodrome is a shadow of its former self. Only eight of the original eighteen Royal Flying Corps hangars remain today, and the existence of this important element in Canada's military and aviation history is in serious doubt. Despite the fact that the hangars have been dedicated as historic buildings, up to four more may have to be demolished. Additionally, two hangars have been individually dedicated: Hangar #11 was dedicated to the memory of World War I Victoria Cross winner Lieutenant Alan McLeod, VC, on 3 April 2004 and Hangar #18 was named the Grant Building in memory of WWII hero Flight Lieutenant Duncan Marshall "Bitsy" Grant, DFC, in October 2002.

Today, Borden is the largest training centre for technical and support services.

I'm quite sure that actor Michael J. Fox's father was stationed at CFB Borden, and Michael attended the local school for at least one year. I can't find a source to cite this too, however. If anyone finds it, it would be good for the Trivia section. --X 0 03:51, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:CFB Borden


text:
Noonday, Georgia

Noonday (spelled Noon Day on 1860s maps) was an unincorporated community located in far north-central Cobb County, Georgia, United States. It was centered at 34°03'43"N, 84°31'16"W (34.0620437, -84.5213204), along former Georgia highway 5, around the Noonday Baptist Church. This Baptist church is still active today.

The community took its name from nearby Noonday Creek. The community of Blackwells was south of Noonday.

title: Noonday, Georgia