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New York State Route 104

New York State Route 104 (NY 104) is a 182.41 mi east–west state highway in Upstate New York in the United States. It spans six counties and enters the vicinity of four cities—Niagara Falls, Lockport, Rochester, and Oswego—as it follows a routing largely parallel to the southern shoreline of Lake Ontario, along a ridge of the old shoreline of Glacial Lake Iroquois. The western terminus of NY 104 is an intersection with NY 384 in Niagara Falls, Niagara County, while its eastern terminus is a junction with NY 13 in the town of Williamstown, Oswego County. The portion of NY 104 between Rochester and the village of Webster east of the city is a freeway known as the Keeler Street Expressway west of NY 590 and the Irondequoit–Wayne County Expressway east of NY 590; from Williamson to Oswego, NY 104 is a super two highway.

The majority of Ridge Road and modern NY 104 from the village of Red Creek to the town of Mexico were originally designated as part of Route 30, an unsigned legislative route, early in the 20th century. All of Ridge Road and its continuation through Oswego to the hamlet of Maple View gained a signed designation by 1926 and became part of U.S. Route 104 (US 104), a United States Numbered Highway extending from Niagara Falls to Maple View, c. 1935. US 104, which never connected to US 4, its implied parent route, was redesignated as NY 104 in June 1971. As part of the redesignation, NY 104 was extended east to NY 13 in Williamstown over what had been New York State Route 126.

The 104 designation, whether it be US 104 or NY 104, has shifted from surface streets to freeway and super twos, particularly from Rochester east to Oswego. The first such realignment occurred in the 1940s in Wayne County and was completed by the realignment of NY 104 onto the Irondequoit–Wayne County Expressway near Webster in the 1980s.

Niagara County
NY 104 begins at the Rainbow Bridge in Niagara Falls. The Seaway Trail crosses NY 384 and follows NY 104 north on First Street for one block to the Niagara Scenic Parkway, where the byway and NY 104 veer onto Main Street. NY 104 follows Main Street through the city's largely commercial west side and intersects the northern or eastern terminus for US 62 (Ferry Avenue and Walnut Avenue) and US 62 Business (Pine Avenue). North of US 62 Business, the area becomes more residential as NY 104 meets NY 182 southeast of the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge. To the north, NY 104's name changes to Lewiston Road as it passes the south campus of Niagara University. Near the northern extent of the campus, NY 104 intersects the western terminus of NY 31, here named College Avenue. At the city limits, NY 104 meets the northbound Robert Moses State Parkway by way of a half-interchange. The portion of NY 104 between Third Street and the Lewiston town line is maintained by the city of Niagara Falls, and is the only part of NY 104 that is not maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation.

Now in the town of Lewiston, NY 104 comes within view of the Niagara River gorge and begins to run along its eastern rim. NY 104 meets the northernmost point of NY 61 at the northern campus of Niagara University. Past NY 61, the route passes by the Niagara Power Visitors Center and over the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant. On the opposite side of the plant, NY 104 connects with Interstate 190 (I-190) at exit 25 via Upper Mountain Road and passes under the eastern approach to the Lewiston–Queenston Bridge, which links I-190 with Ontario's Highway 405. Past I-190, NY 104 begins to deviate from the Niagara River. It heads through a small neighborhood situated between the Moses Parkway and NY 104 and intersects the northern end of NY 265. North of this junction, NY 104 curves northeast to descend the Niagara Escarpment. As it heads downward in elevation, it intersects the western terminus of NY 18 by way of an interchange. As part of the same exit, NY 104 meets the parkway one more time as well as the southern terminus of NY 18F near the village of Lewiston. Here, the Seaway Trail leaves NY 104 to follow NY 18F. East of the exit, NY 104 intersects NY 18 again by way of another interchange.

East of Lewiston village, NY 104 follows Ridge Road through a sparsely populated area of Niagara County. Much of this portion of NY 104 is bordered on its southern end by the Tuscarora Indian Reservation. At the Lewiston hamlet of Dickersonville, the extents of the reservation head south, and development along NY 104 increases slightly. NY 104 meets the northern terminus of NY 429 at the Lewiston–Cambria town line and crosses over NY 425 at Streeters Corners. Just east of this location is an intersection with NY 93 in the community of Molyneaux Corners. The two routes form a concurrency east to Warrens Corners, a hamlet on the Cambria–Lockport town line, where NY 93 turns south to serve the city of Lockport.

NY 104 heads northeast through the extreme northwest corner of the town of Lockport to the town line, where it turns eastward to straddle the boundary between the towns of Lockport and Newfane. As it approaches the hamlet of Wrights Corners, the development along NY 104 increases substantially with the level peaking at the junction of NY 104 and NY 78. The two routes join for roughly 0.35 mi into the town of Newfane before splitting north of the hamlet. Ridge Road continues northeast through a residential district, which gives way to open fields once more at Ridgewood. NY 104 turns east here, passing through the town of Hartland and intersecting the southern terminus of NY 148 and the northern terminus of NY 271. The route crosses into Orleans County at a junction with the southern terminus of NY 269, which straddles the county line.

Orleans and Monroe counties
The route heads northeast through the town of Ridgeway to the hamlet of the same name, where NY 104 meets NY 63. NY 63 joins NY 104 east along Ridge Road for about 300 yd before continuing north toward Lake Ontario. NY 104, meanwhile, continues through the rural towns of Ridgeway and Gaines to a junction with NY 279 north of Albion. Not far to the east, NY 104 intersects NY 98, the primary north–south highway through Albion, in the hamlet of Childs. Just past the intersection on the north side of the road are two of the three cobblestone buildings of the Cobblestone Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.

Farther east, Ridge Road enters the town of Murray, where it meets the northern terminus of NY 387 and intersects NY 237 in the hamlet of Murray. The two routes join for just under a mile (1.6 km) before NY 237 breaks away to the south toward Holley. NY 104 exits Orleans County 2 mi later in the same fashion as it entered: by intersecting a state highway. After meeting the southern terminus of NY 272, NY 104 crosses into Monroe County and becomes West Ridge Road as it heads through the town of Clarkson. In the densely populated hamlet of Clarkson Corners, NY 104 intersects NY 19. The open fields return east of the hamlet, and largely surround Ridge Road as NY 104 intersects NY 260. NY 104 heads onward into Parma, where it widens to four lanes and has a junction with NY 259 in Parma Corners.

East of Parma Corners, development on NY 104 steadily increases as it heads toward the town of Greece. By the Parma–Greece town line, where NY 104 intersects the southern terminus of NY 261, Ridge Road is lined with commercial properties of varying size. Continuing east, NY 104 meets the northern terminus of NY 386. Here, NY 104 widens to a six-lane divided highway. Between NY 386 and NY 390 exit 24, NY 104 passes by several large shopping malls, the largest of which is The Mall at Greece Ridge at the intersection of NY 104 and Long Pond Road. At NY 390, NY 104 continues to be a six-lane divided highway as it heads toward Rochester. It enters the city limits upon meeting Mount Read Boulevard at an interchange.

In Rochester, NY 104 passes through an area known as Kodak Park, the large industrial complex owned by Eastman Kodak that occupies an entire neighborhood. In the middle of the complex, NY 104 crosses the Rochester and Southern Railroad and the CSX Transportation-owned Charlotte Running Track and intersects the eastern terminus of NY 18. Continuing east, NY 104 crosses the Genesee River gorge on the Veterans Memorial Bridge. On the opposite bank, it loses the name West Ridge Road and becomes a limited-access highway known as the Keeler Street Expressway.

North of the first exit with St. Paul Street, Ridge Road resurfaces as East Ridge Road, which parallels the expressway to the north. NY 104 continues through Rochester and Irondequoit, connecting to North Clinton Avenue, Seneca Avenue, Hudson Avenue, Carter Street, Portland Avenue, North Goodman Street and Culver Road by way of interchanges. Between the Goodman Street and Culver Road exits, NY 104 passes the former Medley Centre. East of Culver, NY 104 encounters NY 590 and connects to NY 590 southbound by way of an interchange. East Ridge Road runs through the middle of this interchange, although there are no connections between Ridge and NY 104. There is also no access from NY 104 eastbound to NY 590 northbound; eastbound traffic must take Culver Road in order to go north toward Sea Breeze. Just east of the NY 590 interchange, NY 104 becomes the Irondequoit–Wayne County Expressway and crosses the Irondequoit Bay by way of the Irondequoit Bay Bridge. An access road between NY 104 just west of the bridge and NY 590 at Titus Avenue was once planned. Although entrance and exit ramps were built for the connection along NY 104, the rest of the link was never built, leaving no access from NY 104 westbound to NY 590 northbound and from NY 590 southbound to NY 104 eastbound.

On the other side of the bridge in the town of Webster, NY 104 has exits leading to Bay Road, Five Mile Line Road, Hard Road, and Holt Road prior to entering the village of Webster. Within the village, NY 104 meets NY 250 (North Avenue) and Phillips Road by way of interchanges before exiting the village. The expressway loosely parallels the southern edge of the primary Xerox campus to an exit with Salt Road, where it downgrades to a divided highway as it continues east to Basket Road and the Monroe–Wayne county line, partially delimited by NY 404.

Wayne and Cayuga counties
As Ridge Road follows to the south, NY 104 continues east through Ontario, where it meets the northern terminus of NY 350 in Ontario Center. The four-lane divided highway continues east to Williamson, where the median separating the two directions of NY 104 comes to an end west of the hamlet of Williamson. In the center of the hamlet, NY 104 intersects the northern terminus of NY 21. NY 104 narrows to two lanes east of Williamson as development along the route declines once more, giving way to open fields and thick forests.

Near the center of the county in the town of Sodus, NY 104 serves as the northern terminus of NY 88 northwest of the village of Sodus. While NY 88 heads east into the village, NY 104 bypasses Sodus to the north. East of the village, Ridge Road and NY 104 intersect as Ridge Road flips to the north side of NY 104. The two highways follow parallel routings southeast toward Alton, where NY 104 intersects NY 14. East of Alton, the gap between the two widens as Ridge Road veers north to access Sodus Bay. NY 104, meanwhile, follows a nearly linear routing into the town of Huron, where it intersects the northern terminus of NY 414.

NY 104 continues on the eastward routing to the vicinity of the village of Wolcott, where it connects to the northern terminus of NY 89 via a half-diamond interchange south of the village. Northeast of this location in the town of Wolcott, Ridge Road intersects NY 104 once again, returning to the south side of the route. The two roads follow parallel routings once more to a junction south of Red Creek. At this rural intersection, NY 104 acts as the southern and northern (western) terminus of both NY 104A and NY 370, respectively, both occupying an extension of Ridge Road. Just east of the intersection is the Wayne–Cayuga county line. Only 7 mi of the route are situated in Cayuga County, and the only junction of note within the county is with NY 38, which it meets in the Sterling hamlet of Martville. East of the junction, NY 104 turns sharply to the northeast and enters Oswego County.

Oswego County
The route continues northeast through the town of Hannibal to the village of the same name. Instead of entering the community, NY 104 bypasses it to the east. It intersects NY 3 east of Hannibal and heads north toward Lake Ontario. In the town of Oswego, NY 104 meets the northern terminus of NY 104A and assumes its northeasterly routing. It is here that the Seaway Trail rejoins NY 104. NY 104 heads along the Lake Ontario shoreline to the lake-side city of Oswego, the first location with significant development along the route since Williamson. The route intersects Sweet Road, a connector leading to the campus of SUNY Oswego, just west of the city limits.

NY 104 enters the city as the two-laned West Seneca Street. At Baylis Street, the road widens to four lanes separated by a median. After seven blocks, NY 104 veers onto West Bridge Street, a four-lane street with no median. NY 104 continues along Bridge Street into downtown, where it intersects the northern terminus of NY 48 on the west bank of the Oswego River and the northern terminus of NY 481 on the east bank. As NY 104 heads through eastern Oswego, it separates from East Bridge Street and curves east to follow a more inland routing. The route reverts to two lanes as it exits the city limits.

The high level of development along NY 104 continues to the Scriba hamlet of the same name, where it begins to become more sporadic and give way to fields and dense forests. NY 104 heads northeast to New Haven and the western terminus of NY 104B. While NY 104B heads northeast toward the lake shore as part of the Seaway Trail, NY 104 cuts southeast to serve the village of Mexico. In the village center, NY 104 briefly overlaps NY 3 and intersects the western terminus of NY 69. The route continues due east through the rural town of Mexico to the small hamlet of Maple View, centered around the junction between NY 104 and US 11. Just outside the hamlet, NY 104 meets I-81 at exit 34. Past I-81, NY 104 heads east and southeast for nine miles (14 km) through the predominantly rural towns of Albion and Williamstown to its eastern terminus at a junction with NY 13.

Early designations
In 1908, the New York State Legislature established Route 30, an unsigned legislative route extending from Niagara Falls, Niagara County in the southwest to Rouses Point, Clinton County, in the northeast. From Rochester to Red Creek, Route 30 was assigned to Ridge Road. Between Red Creek and the hamlet of Union Square (now Maple View) in the town of Mexico, it included most of modern NY 104. At the same time, the roadway alongside the Niagara River between Ridge Road in Lewiston and Pine Avenue in downtown Niagara Falls was designated, but not signed, as part of Route 18. By 1914, Route 30 was amended to also include the section of Ridge Road from Porter (modern NY 429) to Ridgeway (NY 63). In 1914, another section—from Ridgeway to the Orleans–Monroe county line—was also included in Route 30's definition as a spur route. The spur route became part of Route 30 on March 1, 1921, when the mainline route was realigned to follow Ridge Road between Ridgeway and Rochester.

When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924, the segments of Route 30 from Rochester to Red Creek and from Oswego to Maple View became part of NY 3. Between Red Creek and Oswego, NY 3 was routed on what is now NY 104A. Farther west, the portion of Route 18 from Niagara Falls to Lewiston was included as part of NY 34. By 1926, all of legislative Route 30 west of Rochester was designated as part of NY 31. In the late 1920s, however, NY 31 was realigned to follow Ridge Road west from Porter to Lewiston. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 34 became part of an extended NY 18 while New York State Route 3E was assigned to the portion of former legislative Route 30 between Red Creek and Oswego. NY 3E was renumbered to New York State Route 3F c. 1932.

Establishment of US 104
US 104 was assigned across Upstate New York in April 1935, extending from Niagara Falls to Maple View via Lewiston, Rochester, and Oswego. It overlapped NY 18 from Niagara Falls to Lewiston and replaced NY 3 and NY 31 from Lewiston to Maple View (except from Red Creek to Oswego, where US 104 followed NY 3F instead). As a result, NY 31 was shifted south onto most of its modern alignment while NY 3 was rerouted south of Watertown to follow what had been NY 3D. Although US 104 was technically a child route of US 4, it did not connect to US 4. A highway extending eastward from US 11 and US 104 at Maple View to NY 13 in Williamstown was designated as NY 126 c. 1940.

When it was first assigned, US 104 dipped south to serve downtown Rochester instead of bypassing it to the north. US 104 left Ridge Road at Lake Avenue and followed Lake Avenue and State Street south to Main Street in downtown. It followed Main Street and Winton Road to Empire Boulevard, where it turned east to rejoin Ridge Road in Webster. It was rerouted c. 1937 to continue east on Ridge Road over the Veterans Memorial Bridge and through Irondequoit to Culver Road. US 104 turned here, following Culver Road south to Empire Boulevard and the latter east to Winton Road, where it reconnected to its original routing through the city. The realignment created a significant overlap with NY 18, which joined US 104 in the vicinity of Kodak Park and separated at Culver Road, where it headed north instead.

Conversion to expressways
Work began in the 1940s on new super two alignments for US 104 in Wayne, Cayuga, and Oswego counties. The new highway was built on a routing parallel to that of Ridge Road and served as a bypass of the communities along Ridge Road. The first portion of the super two, extending from the Monroe–Wayne county line at Union Hill to west of Sodus, was built in the mid-1940s and completed by 1947. An extension of the highway around Sodus to NY 414 in Huron was constructed in the mid-1960s and opened by 1968. In between the end of the super two and Ridge Road, US 104 was routed on Lake Bluff Road. The remainder of the super two between Huron and Red Creek was finished by 1974. East of the super two, a bypass was constructed around the village of Hannibal during the early 1960s and opened to traffic by 1964.

Similar conversion projects were also conducted elsewhere. In Irondequoit, the portion of the Sea Breeze Expressway (now NY 590) from Empire Boulevard to Culver Road opened in the late 1950s. US 104 and NY 18 were extended eastward along East Ridge Road to meet the expressway at what is now exit 11. Both designations entered the freeway; however, NY 18 followed the roadway north to Culver Road while US 104 progressed south to Empire Boulevard, where it rejoined its former surface alignment towards Webster. The 0.71 mi of Empire Boulevard between the Rochester city line and the Sea Breeze Expressway remains state-maintained to this day as NY 941B, an unsigned reference route.

In the mid-1960s, construction began on the Keeler Street Expressway, a limited-access highway extending across Irondequoit from the Genesee River (at the Veterans Memorial Bridge) to the Sea Breeze Expressway. The first section from North Goodman Street to the Sea Breeze Expressway was completed by 1968 while the remainder opened in late 1969. The name of the expressway was derived from Keeler Street, a small residential street that originally connected to East Ridge Road and St. Paul Street by way of a traffic circle on the east bank of the Genesee River. The street was turned into a dead-end street as a result of the expressway's construction. US 104 was moved from East Ridge Road to the expressway, which remains known, albeit infrequently, as the Keeler Street Expressway to this day. NY 18 remained on East Ridge Road, however, reducing the overlap between US 104 and NY 18 to just the portion on the Veterans Bridge. NY 18 was truncated to its current eastern terminus c. 1973, eliminating the overlap entirely.

The first segment of an eastward extension of the Keeler Street Expressway, named the Irondequoit–Wayne County Expressway, opened c. 1971 between the Sea Breeze Expressway (at this point designated as part of NY 47) and Five Mile Line Road. In between, US 104 crossed Irondequoit Bay by way of the Irondequoit Bay Bridge. US 104's former surface alignment between NY 47 and Five Mile Line Road was redesignated NY 404 while US 104 was temporarily realigned onto Five Mile Line Road between the expressway and Ridge Road to connect to its former alignment.

Redesignation and completion
The segment of I-81 through central New York was built on an alignment that closely paralleled US 11 from the Pennsylvania state line northward to the city of Watertown. The portion of I-81 near Maple View was completed in late 1961, at which time US 104 was extended 1 mi eastward over NY 126 to meet the new highway. NY 126 was truncated on its west end to the I-81 interchange as a result. US 104 was redesignated as NY 104 in June 1971, making the route the third to bear the NY 104 designation. As part of the change, NY 104 was extended east to NY 13, completely supplanting NY 126.

By 1978, the frontage roads between Five Mile Line Road and NY 250 in Webster were completed. NY 104 was rerouted eastward along the roadways while NY 404 was extended over NY 104's old alignment to NY 250 in Webster. The section from NY 250 to the existing expressway at the Wayne County line was built in the late 1970s while the main carriageway of NY 104 between Five Mile Line Road and NY 250 was completed in the early 1980s. NY 404 was extended east along the former alignment of NY 104 to the county line upon the total completion of the Five Mile Line Road–NY 250 segment.

Suffixed routes
NY 104 has two suffixed routes, both of which were assigned c. 1935.
 * NY 104A (17.38 mi) is an alternate route of NY 104 between Red Creek, Wayne County, and the town of Oswego, Oswego County.
 * NY 104B (6.07 mi) is a spur in Oswego County that extends from NY 104 in New Haven to NY 3 in Texas.

NY 104 Truck
New York State Route 104 Truck is a 1.3 mi long truck route of NY 104 through the city of Rochester and town of Irondequoit in Monroe County. The route, which exists in the eastbound direction only, extends from the ramps connecting NY 104 to St. Paul Street east along East Ridge Road to Hudson Avenue, where it turns south to access NY 104. A 0.9 mi long segment of NY 104 Truck follows the former alignment of US 104 east along East Ridge Road from St. Paul Street to Hudson Avenue.

title: New York State Route 104


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Hallitube

Transportation engineers and urban planners are participating in this, why is it "non-notable" ?

Take the concept of "Aether" a physics concept now outdated by relativity. Certain, it still merits an encyclopedia entry. With traffic congestion being perhaps the greatest urban issue of modern society, should novel ideas not be exposed to the public ? If a concept has attracted a grassroots initiative large enought to produce 100 webpages with 50 images, does that not make it "noteable' ?

Isn' the website a bit big for a hoax, 60 pages, 100+ images, many 3d renderings..20 referendum proposals..?
 * Maybe not a "hoax" in the sense that someone somewhere in the world might support this, but could still be a "hoax" in the sense of this being a significant legislative proposal. Where has this been on the ballot, and how can I find evidence of that?  Dcarrano 01:40, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Legislative proposal: "Significance" - does the fact that the signature gathering process is slow influence significance more than the content of the proposal ? Significance can hopefully be achieved by content, not only whether you have the money to pay signature gatherers at shopping malls. We are runnning out of gridspace. The California Hallitube Initiative proposes 20 separate referendum measures to ease traffic congestion, some quite radical. Significance, as a quality, has to be derived from content, not only by width of distribution. Otherwise we would do polls on physics theories. The system has become too ossified generate major structural changes from the top...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Mathematics (producer)

Ronald Maurice Bean, better known professionally as Mathematics (also known as Allah Mathematics) (born October 21, 1971), is a hip hop producer and DJ for the Wu-Tang Clan and its solo and affiliate projects. He designed the Wu-Tang Clan logo.

Biography
Born and raised in Jamaica, Queens, New York, Mathematics was introduced to hip hop by his brother who used to bring home recordings of the genre's pioneers like Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five, Treacherous Three and Cold Crush Brothers. He began his career in 1987 DJing block parties and park jams in Baisley Projects, going by the name Supreme Cut Master. In 1988, he became the full-time DJ for experienced rapper Victor C, doing countless shows in clubs and colleges in New York City.

In 1990, Mathematics linked up with GZA/Genius, who would soon become one of the Wu-Tang Clan's founding members, but at the time was struggling to build a career on the Cold Chillin' label. This partnership earned Mathematics a spot on his first official tour, The Cold Chillin Blizzard Tour (with popular acts such as Biz Markie, Big Daddy Kane, Kool G. Rap & DJ Polo and Marley Marl).

GZA left Cold Chillin after his first album, Words from the Genius, did not achieve the sales target that was anticipated. He and Mathematics took to the road again, but this time with the help of GZA's cousins, RZA and Ol' Dirty Bastard. These three soon became the founding members of Wu-Tang Clan, then known as All In Together Now. The group soon dissolved, however, and the trio set their minds on creating the Wu group. During the group's inception, Mathematics used his experience as a graffiti artist to design a logo for the up-and-coming crew, as well as various other logos and designs the Wu-Tang's artists would use. In the years to come, he became a Wu-Element under the guidance of RZA.

Mathematics' first real exposure to production came late one night when he attended a session where he assisted RZA, his mentor, in constructing a beat from nothing. The track eventually developed into "Ice Cream" on Raekwon's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx album. RZA inspired Mathematics to follow the Wu-Tang, giving him advice on the nuances of hip hop production over the coming years. In 1996, Mathematics began record producing, in Staten Island, New York (Shaolin) and at home, in the P-Funk City, Plainfield, New Jersey, between heavily scheduled tour dates and rigorous road travelling with his father's gospel group, The Soul Seekers.

His first track, "Fast Life" featuring Ghostface Killah and the American football star Andre Rison, was included in the NFL Jams compilation album. Though this track faded into obscurity somewhat, it led to several more collaborations between Mathematics and Ghostface; Mathematics also began to produce for many other Wu-Tang members and affiliates, including several tracks on GZA's second album Beneath The Surface as well as Method Man's Tical 2000: Judgement Day, Inspectah Deck's Uncontrolled Substance and Method Man & Redman's Blackout!. Eventually, he produced for the Clan as a group, with "Do You Really (Thang, Thang)", "Careful (Click, Click)".

In 2003, Mathematics moved into TV work, as he produced the main theme and all original music for the short lived show Wanda At Large, which starred Wanda Sykes and was broadcast by the Fox Network. During this time and between continuous touring, Mathematics started work on his first solo full length project, Love, Hell Or Right. Completely mixed, arranged and produced by himself, Love Hell or Right was released fall 2003 on his own Quewisha Records label in conjunction with High Times Records, and it went on to sell 30,000 units.

As well as using rappers from Mathematics' home borough of Queens, Eyes-Low and Buddah Bless, Love Hell Or Right had appearances from all the Wu-Tang Clan members except GZA and the then-imprisoned Ol' Dirty Bastard. Mathematics soon signed to the popular independent hip hop label Nature Sounds (home to Wu-Tang colleague Masta Killa as well as MF DOOM) and released his second album The Problem in 2005. On this album the entire Wu-Tang Clan appeared, including a posthumous appearance from Ol' Dirty Bastard. As well as working on his solo albums, Mathematics has continued to contribute beats to many Wu-Tang releases, including the first albums by Masta Killa and Streetlife. In January 2012 he was to release a sequel to The Problem entitled The Answer, entirely produced by him with Wu-Tang members such as Raekwon, GZA, Method Man, Cappadonna, Masta Killa, Ol' Dirty Bastard, Ghostface Killah. Other artists include Redman and artists he is developing such as Ali Vegas, Eyeslow and Bad Luck.

In August 2017, it was confirmed that Wu-Tang Clan will release a new album, Wu-Tang: The Saga Continues, which was entirely produced by Mathematics and was released on October 13, 2017. The first track off the album is titled "People Say" and features Redman.

Production credits

 * America Is Dying Slowly - Red Hot AIDS Benefit Series, Red Hot Organization, Smoke One Productions
 * NFL Jams - "Fast Life"
 * The Pillage - "Oh Donna"
 * Wu-Tang Killa Bees: The Swarm - "Cobra Clutch", "Punishment", "Fatal Sting"
 * Dirty Weaponry - "Galactics", "Bastard Swordsman"
 * Slam (soundtrack) - "I Can See"
 * Tical 2000 Judgement Day - "Snuffed Out"
 * Wu-Syndicate - "Pointin' Fingers", "Muzzle Toe"
 * Beneath the Surface - "Amplified Sample", "High Price Small Reward", "Publicity", "Feel Like an Enemy", "Mic Trippin’"
 * Uncontrolled Substance - "Uncontrolled Substance"
 * Blackout! - "Dat's Dat Shit", "Fire Ina Hole"
 * Next Friday (soundtrack) - "Shaolin Worldwide"
 * Black Knights - "Street War"
 * The W - "Do You Really (Thang Thang)"
 * Supreme Clientele - "Mighty Healthy", "Wu-Banga 101"
 * Digital Bullet - "Must Be Bobby", "Cousins"
 * How High (soundtrack) - "Who Wanna Rap"
 * Iron Flag - "Rules"
 * Bulletproof Wallets - "Theodore", "Strawberry"
 *  Legend of the Liquid Sword - "Fam (Members Only)"
 * Tera Iz Him - "Roll with the Rush"
 * Northstar - "Duckie", "We Got It"
 * No Said Date - "Last Drink", "Do That Dance", "Whatever"
 * Street Education - "FANZ", "Who Want to Rap?", "Sweetest Pain"
 * Wu-Tang Meets the Indie Culture - "Cars on the Interstate"
 * 4:21...The Day After - "Dirty Mef", "Everything"
 * I - "Two Missed Calls"
 * 8 Diagrams - "Stick Me for My Riches"
 * Pro Tools - "Pencil"
 * Blackout! 2 - "BO2 (Intro)"
 * Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II - "Mean Streets"
 * Wu-Massacre - "Meth vs. Chef Part II", "Miranda", "Dangerous"
 * Heaven Razah - "Raised In Hell"
 * Shaolin vs. Wu-Tang - "Dart School"
 * Gold Cobra - "Middle Finger", "Combat Jazz"
 * Selling My Soul - "Intro", "Part 2", "All Natural", "Wisdom"
 * The Saga Continues - entire album

title: Mathematics (producer)


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Talk:Incantation (band)

Comment
I am rick boast played with incantation and Necrotomie as well as do drums and vocals for Mausoleum Thanx

Genre
I suggest adding death/doom to the genres. Conservoman (talk) 17:51, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

This group formed in New Jersey not Pennsylvania.
Proof. https://www.facebook.com/IncantationOfficial/ they formed in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. They are currently located in Pennsylvania though and most of their career was spent there though.

title: Talk:Incantation (band)


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Talk:Directorate-General for External Security

Untitled
Thanks for corrections Lapsed Pacificst and Rama. May need to keep an eye on this entry in case anyone else tries to edit Operation Satanic out of the history books. Though in all fairness to the DGSE it would be good if some history of their other operations which were not murderous blunders made its way on to this page - unfortunately I don't really have the expertise to help :-).

 * Well, chances are that the "famous operations" of any service which attempts to keep them secret will be blunders :p
 * By the way, an interesting photograph here: . Too bad that the French government does not put its works in the Public Domain like the c US :( Rama 20:35, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Didn't want to stir too much controversy by pedantincally cahnging unbiased alterations, but for anyone doing a future correction, technically Greenpeace weren't tresspassing (and English common law term, for which people are sued in a civil jurisdiction), it would possibly be more accurate to say they were illegally entering French territorial waters.

Also the French did not admit American radiation caused cancer in American test sites, and I believe that was known before 1985 anyhow, (after all that was why Rainbow Warrior had been shifting them immediately before visiting NZ) - While true that American testing caused problems I think this is a little out of place.

Anyhow something for anyone elsetinkering with the page to think about in future.

I have a slide of the Rainbow Warrior the morning after it was sunk, which I should try and dig out and post.

Operation SATANIC
I moved the "Operation SATANIC" part to a spin-off article Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, because the proportion of the DGSE article devoted to this was becoming a little bit large, and I think that this will allow developping details of the sinking without concerns about taking the article off balance.

I hope that the name fits; I hesitated a little bit with "Sabotage of the Rainbow Warrior", and "Operation SATANIC" (this last name had the advantage of not required italics for the name of the ship, but was a little bit too technical... start by calling things by their codenames, and you end up having things like "Operation Just Cause", "Operation Iraqi Freedom" and stuff like that :p ). Rama 07:44, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

PS: I made the necessary modifications on Rainbow Warrior. I was wondering, did anyone consider writing to Green Peace to ask for a photograph ? Cheers ! Rama 07:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Response of Gilgames "Operation SATANIC" does not fit at all. Almost everyone in France does know this name. We say in France "The Rainbow Warrior". Or maybe "l'affaire du Rainbow Warrior" could be used in France. In the French comedy television series "H", for example, someone says : "I confess: Kennedy it was me [the murderer of JFK]. The Rainbow Warrior too."

Rainbow Warrior
I agree with the spin off article idea, though note there is a separate page for the Rainbow Warrior itself.

I have however expanded the Operation Satanic comment to 4 lines. without labelling it a crime, or terrorist act, I have also, through the technically accurate term 'murder' attempted to give some feeling of the moral revulsion those outside France feel about this unfortunate episode.

 * This event is regarded as a complete disaster and an instance of criminal incompetence in France as well. Rama 06:54, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

By some French people: if it were the case that the French en masse felt that way, the bombers would be in New Zealand jails, (well okay, they probably would have paid their debt and been released by now, but you know what I mean :-).

NPOV
"Announced the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December, 1979 (preceding the CIA)" Why is it relevant to say that DGSE announced the invasion before CIA did? Apokrif 17:55, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I assume that for a very noticeable event, it is relevant to know whether one agency manages to predict the event with a significant advance over another. Similar comparisons are usual when talking about Pearl Harbour, Barbarossa, etc. Rama 18:21, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * According to some sources, CIA did not clearly predict the invasion of Afghanistan. It shows ponctual differences of the "quality" of that service. Similarly, DGSE annonced Kippur War, whereas Mossad ans other israeli services did not at all.

 * The CIA was far more interested in Soviet operations outside of Europe than DGSE was, ditto the Mossad with Arab operations. The fact that French intelligence still beat both of them to the punch speaks volumes for the quality and global reach of the service, and should be included for that reason. 147.9.234.83 (talk) 00:48, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Infamous
Have changed on of the subheadings to Famous/Infamous Missions - I don't consider SATANIC famous. Also added the part about how New Zealanders felt about the mission.

Franglais
There is increasing variance between the English and French language versions of this article. Any one's French good enough to drag the worthwhile material from the French site, and translate some of the English language stuff about Operation Satanic for them? USER:Winstonwolfe

 * Yup, I've already started working on it ;-) --Ludvig 01:44, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The sign of the Illuminati is clearly visible in the logo of Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure. Amphitere —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 04:29, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

"British & French, ""G-2"; Relations"
We have this thing with the equity-[Acting Union]-& support-for-terror-trees; "OH"; like say, "Spooks" cast; younger types; all getting "Married", to one and another; so they can not be called against one another, in a court of law; for crimes against the state. Safety in numbers; "Insurance"; ""AXA"; Finsbury Park"; "London". When "I" tried to tell the pro terror types, young impressionable uni students; "Look, this does not help your loved ones"; "I ment; look, you know what you are doing; so stop". ""I"; did not mean, all get married to one another; so there is nothing the lawful can do but, stand by; & watch, as the "Fencers", come over, "The North Sea". The UK; is over & out; because the celebs are all 100% pro terror; & UK public, love their celebs; end of story. Just do what you can. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.158.83.246 (talk) 23:26, 18 December 2007 (UTC) What choice will the Russians have; they got blamed for the "Tuna fish" incident, when it was; "Nazi Academic; on, Nazi Academic"; & "The UK Public", treats "President Putin", like one would treat a "fighting dog". That he; a man of good "Russian-political-standing", is there to be risked; & with him, ""The cohesion", of, "The Russian Federation""; all, on a populist, UK, public jolly; to me, a proud, "North-West; English, Male"; is completely insane, especially coming directly from the supposed, UK, powers that be. The Russian leadership; should not risk a military fall-out; in order to do right by "EU" leaders, that can't control their masses. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.158.83.246 (talk) 23:38, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Page move
Hello all. I just moved the page, per WP:UE, which states that English should be used for article titles. Remember, this is the en.Wiki, not the fr.Wiki, and we are also not writing for specialists, we are writing to educate the average reader, who likely doesn't know French. Parsecboy (talk) 13:20, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Le Monde on spying

 * Follorou, Jacques and Franck Johannès. Translated by Meg Bortin. "In English : Revelations on the French Big Brother." Le Monde. 4 July 2013.
 * Original French: Follorou, Jacques and Franck Johannès. "Révélations sur le Big Brother français." Le Monde. 4 July 2013.

More sources: WhisperToMe (talk) 06:01, 5 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Chrisafis, Angelique. "France 'runs vast electronic spying operation using NSA-style methods'." The Guardian. Thursday 4 July 2013.
 * "France 'has vast data surveillance' - Le Monde report." BBC. 4 July 2013.
 * Erlanger, Steven. "France, Too, Is Sweeping Up Data, Newspaper Reveals." The New York Times. July 4, 2013.

Garbage comment ?
Isn't comment #7 "British & French, ""G-2"; Relations" complete garbage ? Should we remove it ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.104.29.1 (talk) 15:37, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

Anyone know of incidents in past where DGSE used Terrorists Lawyers as Informants ?
Anyone know of incidents in past where DGSE used Terrorists Lawyers as Informants ? Thx Dean King clarendenecom@gmail.com

anyone have any details ? Name of Lawyer ? What happened to him ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8000:1357:8700:CD0D:153D:DB00:472B (talk) 14:29, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

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text:
Voiced velar lateral tap

The voiced velar lateral tap is an allophone of the velar lateral approximant in some languages of New Guinea, such as Kanite and Melpa. The extremely short duration of the in intervocalic position (20–30 ms) warrants calling it a tap, according to.

There is no specific symbol for this sound. However, an IPA capital L with a breve for extra-short,, would capture Ladefoged and Maddieson's description.

Occurrence
It is an allophone of the velar lateral approximant in some languages of New Guinea, such as Kanite and Melpa.

title: Voiced velar lateral tap


text:
Lyle Waggoner

Lyle Wesley Waggoner (April 13, 1935 – March 17, 2020) was an American actor, sculptor, presenter, travel trailer salesman and model, known for his work on The Carol Burnett Show from 1967 to 1974 and for playing the role of Steve Trevor and Steve Trevor Jr. on Wonder Woman from 1975 to 1979. In his later career he founded a company, Star Waggons, which rented luxury trailers to studios.

Early life
Waggoner was born in Kansas City, Kansas, on April 13, 1935, the son of Marie (Isern) and Myron Waggoner, and spent part of his childhood in Excelsior Springs, Missouri. On an episode of The Carol Burnett Show, Waggoner stated he had three sisters and one brother. In 1953, he graduated from Kirkwood High School in Kirkwood, Missouri, and then studied briefly at Washington University in St. Louis. He then joined the United States Army, serving two years in West Germany as a radio operator.

Following his military discharge, Waggoner studied mechanical engineering in the junior executive program at the General Motors Institute of Technology. He then sold encyclopedias as a door to door salesman. He made his acting debut as a muscle man in a Kansas City production of Li'l Abner, after which he created a sales promotion organization that enabled him to make enough money to finance a trip to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career.

Career
By the mid-1960s, Waggoner was appearing regularly in television and films, including an episode of Gunsmoke (“The Wishbone” in 1966). He was a finalist for the title role in the TV series version of Batman, but lost the role to Adam West.

In 1967, he appeared in Catalina Caper (with Tommy Kirk, a former child actor trying to restart his career as a young adult), a film which would eventually be lampooned by Mystery Science Theater 3000. He also had a minor guest-starring role in the season-three episode "Deadliest of the Species" of the TV series Lost in Space.

Also in 1967, Waggoner began a seven-year stint on The Carol Burnett Show, a comedy sketch and variety show, on which he appeared as an announcer and performer. In 1973, Waggoner posed semi-nude for a Playgirl centerfold. Waggoner left The Carol Burnett Show in 1974 in the hopes of advancing his career as a lead actor. His spot on the show was filled by frequent guest star Tim Conway (and his role as announcer by Ernie Anderson). He later appeared on some of the show's reunion specials.

In 1976, Waggoner was appointed "mayor" of Encino, California, by the local chamber of commerce. The "mayor" is not an actual government official as Encino is not an independent town but rather part of the city of Los Angeles; the post is an honorary "goodwill ambassador" position. In addition to Waggoner, other holders of the title have included Steve Allen, Mike Connors, Fred Travalena, Ronnie Schell, and Cesare Danova.

A year after leaving Carol Burnett, Waggoner landed the role of Steve Trevor for the pilot and first season of the television series Wonder Woman starring Lynda Carter. Initially set during World War II, when the subsequent two seasons advanced the timeline to the 1970s, Waggoner played Steve Trevor, Jr.

Waggoner also appeared in several TV movies and minor motion pictures during the 1970s and 1980s, often cast for "hunk" appeal. He made guest appearances on numerous television series including Charlie's Angels, The San Pedro Beach Bums, Happy Days, Mork & Mindy, The Golden Girls, Ellen, and most recently The War at Home. Waggoner also played at least three roles on The Love Boat, Fantasy Island, and Murder, She Wrote throughout their respective runs.

In 1979, while working on Wonder Woman, Waggoner discovered that the motorhome he was using during the production was rented by the studio from a nearby resident. Waggoner soon bought a fleet of motor homes at $50,000 apiece, renting them out to Hollywood productions for $400-$500 per week. Soon after he founded Star Waggons, a company that leased customized location trailers for use by the entertainment industry. He also started Zio Studio Services, the rental arm of Star Waggons. On September 1, 2021, Star Waggons and Zio Studio Services were sold to Hudson Pacific Properties for $222 million. Waggoner's sons, Jason and Beau, will continue to run these businesses for Hudson Pacific Properties. Waggoner retired from full-time acting to run Star Waggons, but made occasional appearances, often parodying his earlier image (The Naked Truth, That '70s Show, and Return to the Batcave). In 1990, Waggoner co-produced and appeared in a consumer-product show called Consumer America with co-host Shawn Bruner. The series featured novel national products from self-help to home goods and lasted for about two seasons.

In 1993, Waggoner was the host of an infomercial, "Let's Talk With Lyle Waggoner", which advertised "Y-Bron", supposedly a natural product that would cure male impotence. Scottsdale, Arizona, based Twin Star was later fined $1.5 million for unsubstantiated claims about Y-Bron.

Personal life
Waggoner was married to Sharon Kennedy, an actress, financial consultant, and realtor. They married in 1961 and had two sons. He resided near Jackson, Wyoming, where he was a sculptor. His works can be seen at galleries in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and Lander, Wyoming.

Death
Waggoner died in his home in the Los Angeles area at the age of 84 on March 17, 2020, from cancer.

title: Lyle Waggoner


text: User:Ilyanep/Vacation

title: User:Ilyanep/Vacation


text:
A Fistful of Alice

A Fistful of Alice is a live album by American hard rock singer Alice Cooper. It was released on July 29, 1997, and was recorded the previous year at Sammy Hagar's Cabo Wabo club in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Slash plays guitar for part of the album (returning the favor after Cooper guested on "The Garden" from the 1991 Guns N' Roses album Use Your Illusion I) and Cooper says before the song "Desperado" that it was written about Jim Morrison, who died in 1971, the same year Cooper wrote the song. Also featured in the album are Rob Zombie on vocals and Sammy Hagar on guitar. The only song from the show that has not been commercially released is the title track from 1991's Hey Stoopid. The last song, "Is Anyone Home?", is a studio recording recorded specifically for the album.

Live At Cabo Wabo '96 is a 2005 re-packaged release of A Fistful of Alice, using the UK track listing (see below).

Personnel

 * Alice Cooper – lead vocals
 * Reb Beach – guitar
 * Ryan Roxie – guitar
 * Todd Jensen – bass guitar
 * Paul Taylor – keyboards, guitar
 * Jimmy DeGrasso – drums
 * Additional personnel
 * Sammy Hagar – guitar
 * Slash – lead guitar
 * Rob Zombie – lead vocals

title: A Fistful of Alice


text:
Talk:Bomber Command

Split
bulk of text moved to Disadvantage of precision bombing

Bombing cities
I have removed the following text from the article, pending discussion. "Throughout the war, Bomber Command carried on attacks on German civilian morale by bombing cities, a futile policy endorsed by Air Minister Sir Charles Portal and Prime Minister Winston Churchill."

As it stands, it is one-sided and not wholly true. It seems likely that any attempt to correct the false impression it gives would lead to the sort long argument already seen where the subject of bombing has arisen.

I recommend therefore, that it should be dropped. (RJP 12:33, 1 October 2005 (UTC))

Linkspam???
Please let me know if this Weblinks are Spam or good informations about the Bomber Command?

The German view
- *Bombenkrieg at Historicum.Net Extensive site with large content, maintained by the University of Cologne. (mainly in German) - *Air Battle of the Ruhr 1939-1945 History of the most important industrial area in Germany in World War II, maintained by the Historisches Centrum Hagen. (mainly in German, with pictures) - *Hagen 1939-1945 Example for a heavy bombed German town, maintained by the Historisches Centrum Hagen. (mainly in German, with pictures) - *Mission 854, 28/2/1945 Air raid of the 8th USAAF on the railroad yards in Hagen, 28. February 1945. (in Germyn, with pictures)

Title
This is surely a bad title. Even if we take the view that RAF Bomber command is the primary meaning (could be controversial) this is more than a disambiguation page. PatGallacher (talk) 14:03, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. No significant history at the target pages, consensus is to move, source names are contrary to guidelines, and this is just reversing a previous and undiscussed move. Andrewa (talk) 04:07, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Bomber Command (disambiguation) → — This is not a disambiguation page, we need a better title. At present the primary meaning is RAF Bomber Command, it may be the best known but not necessarily by a huge margin. PatGallacher (talk) 19:45, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Support and expand generic coverage. 76.66.194.106 (talk) 05:16, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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USAAF Air Forces Not Known as "Bomber Commands"
This entire article is strange in its construct. An article already exists on RAF Bomber Command and the USAAF Air Forces have articles. And, they were not known as Bomber Commands as the various Bomber Commands were subordinate elements of the numbered Air Forces. The Bomber Commands were eliminated in the 1944 reorganization. For example, the personnel of the 20th Bomber Command were used to reconstitute the Eighth Air Force on Okinawa in 1945 after it, 20th Bomber Command, was eliminated from 20th Air Force's structure. To keep this article parallel, it's necessary to identify, for example, that Eighth Air Forces (with its subordinate Eighth Bomber Command) was, in 1942, the U.S. peer to RAF's Bomber Command. I think any additional facts found here should be consolidated in the existing articles and this one purged.--Bemcfarland (talk) 14:20, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bomber Command


text:
File:Fistful of Alice (Alice Cooper album - cover art).jpg

Fair use for Fistful of Alice
This image is being linked here; though the picture is subject to copyright, I (gren グレン) feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * It is a low resolution image of an album cover
 * It does not limit the copyright owners rights to sell the film in any way
 * It allows for identification of the album Fistful of Alice
 * No free alternatives are possible
 * It illustrates the album in question


text:
Ice spike

An ice spike is an ice formation, often in the shape of an inverted icicle, that projects upwards from the surface of a body of frozen water. Ice spikes created by natural processes on the surface of small bodies of frozen water have been reported for many decades, although their occurrence is quite rare. A mechanism for their formation, now known as the Bally–Dorsey model, was proposed in the early 20th century but this was not tested in the laboratory for many years. In recent years a number of photographs of natural ice spikes have appeared on the Internet as well as methods of producing them artificially by freezing distilled water in domestic refrigerators or freezers. This has allowed a small number of scientists to test the hypothesis in a laboratory setting and, although the experiments appear to confirm the validity of the Bally–Dorsey model, they have raised further questions about how natural ice spikes form, and more work remains to be done before the phenomenon is fully understood. Natural ice spikes can grow into shapes other than a classic spike shape, and have been variously reported as ice candles, ice towers or ice vases as there is no standard nomenclature for these other forms. One particularly unusual form takes the shape of an inverted pyramid.

Although natural ice spikes are usually measured in inches or centimeters, a report that appeared in the Harbor Creek Historical Society Newsletter by Canadian Gene Heuser, who hiked across frozen Lake Erie in 1963, spoke of "small pinholes in the ice through which the water below was periodically forced under pressure to spout up into the air and freeze" producing 5 ft "frozen spurts that looked to him like telephone poles standing straight up all over the lake".

Background
Ice spikes have been reported as a rare natural phenomenon for decades. A model of the mechanism of formation was put forth independently by O. Bally and H.E. Dorsey in the early 20th century and this is still the most widely accepted explanation of the phenomenon today. Spikes tend to form in containers such as bird baths and pet drinking bowls, where the water freezes quickly, rather than in large bodies of water such as lakes and ponds. A number of web pages displaying photographs of unusual ice formations and discussing the phenomenon have been published, and a number of cases of ice spikes being formed on ice cubes in domestic refrigerators have been reported. The ability to grow ice spikes in a controlled environment has prompted a small number of investigations by the researchers in the Physics Department of the California Institute of Technology under the direction of Kenneth G. Libbrecht into the conditions needed for the spikes to form.

Mechanism of formation
Naturally occurring ice spikes, often in the form of circular ice candles or polyhedral ice towers (usually triangular), are occasionally found in containers of frozen rainwater or tapwater. Water expands by 9% as it freezes into ice and the simplest shape of an ice crystal that reflects its internal structure is a hexagonal prism. The top and bottom faces of the crystal are hexagonal planes called basal planes and the direction that is perpendicular to the basal planes is called the c-axis.

The process begins when surface water nucleates around irregularities where it meets the container wall. If the c-axis of the first crystal to form is not vertical, the basal plane intersects the surface along a line perpendicular to the c-axis and ice needles tend to propagate across the surface along this line. Simply put, the surface freezes from the edges inward, so that only a small surface hole remains unfrozen. The crystallite curtains tend to join at an angle of 60 degrees and so the hole is often triangular. The continuing freezing of water that is below the surface ice then slowly pushes the remaining water up through the hole. Reaching very cold air, the edge of the extruded water freezes while remaining liquid in the center. more freezing below pushes more water up, the edge freezes, and so on. If the rate of extrusion of water is the same as the rate of freezing at the lip of the hole, then this process is continually repeated and successive layers form an upward-growing tube of ice. The formation of ice spikes is related to the shape of the water body, the concentration of dissolved impurities, air temperature and circulation above the water. Spikes that grow from a crystallite formed below the surface of the water may project from the ice sheet at a steep angle, rather than perpendicular to it. The ice spike process is rare - more commonly the surface freezes over entirely, and as water under the surface freezes it pushes all of the surface ice upward.

Small ice spikes can be formed artificially on ice cubes produced in domestic refrigerators; using distilled water in plastic ice cube trays. The formation of the spike is similar to that of the naturally occurring spike in that the expansion of interior water and, the reduction of volume in the interior of the cube, increase the pressure on the water pushing it upward through the hole. The growth of the tube ceases when the drop at the top of the tube freezes entirely, which is substantially before the rest of the water in the cube is frozen. This method produces small spikes which are usually round or triangular in cross section with sharp tips. Experiments using this method have been carried out in laboratory settings but it has been found that spikes are less likely to form in ice cubes made from non-distilled water as impurities in the water inhibit spike formation. This poses the question of how naturally occurring ice spikes form in tapwater or rainwater and, Libbrecht and Lui have suggested that, in the case of the small spikes grown in a refrigerator, impurities will become increasingly concentrated in the small unfrozen droplet at the top of the tube reducing the freezing rate and so the growth of the tube. However, they believe that on the rare occasions when exceptionally large spikes grow in natural, outdoor ice formations, some other mechanism must remove the impurities that build up at the top of the growing tube. Either impurities are forced into pockets that freeze more slowly, or perhaps a convective flow, which would be insignificant in the smaller, artificially grown spikes, replaces the water at the top of the tube with fresh water from below.

The results of the work carried out at Caltech have suggested experiments that might further elucidate this phenomenon.

title: Ice spike


text:
Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)

Mayakovskaya (Маяковская), is a Moscow Metro station on the Zamoskvoretskaya Line, in the Tverskoy District of central Moscow.

The name as well as the design is a reference to Futurism and its prominent Russian exponent Vladimir Mayakovsky. Considered to be one of the most beautiful in the system, it is a fine example of pre-World War II Stalinist Architecture and one of the most famous Metro stations in the world. It is best known for its 34 ceiling mosaics depicting "24 Hours in the Land of the Soviets." During World War II, it was used as a command post for Moscow's anti-aircraft regiment.

History
The station was built as part of the second stage of the Moscow Metro expansion, opening on 11 September 1938. If the first stage was more focused on the building of the system itself, both architecturally and in terms of the engineering, the stations appear modest in comparison to those that the second stage brought to the system. For the first time in the world, instead of having the traditional three-neath pylon station layout, the engineers were able to overlap the vault space and support it with two colonnades, one on each side. This gave birth to a new Deep column station type design, and Mayakovskaya was the first station to show this.

Located 33 meters beneath the surface, the station became famous during World War II when an air raid shelter was located in the station. On the anniversary of the October Revolution, on 7 November 1941, Joseph Stalin addressed a mass assembly of party leaders and ordinary Muscovites in the central hall of the station. During World War II, Stalin took residence in this place.

At the 1939 New York World's Fair the Soviet Pavilion included a life-size showcase copy of this station, whose designer Alexey Dushkin was awarded Grand Prize of the 1939 World's Fair.

Design
Alexey Dushkin's Art Deco architecture was based on a Soviet future as envisioned by the poet Mayakovsky. The station features streamlined columns faced with stainless steel and pink rhodonite, white Ufaley and grey Diorite marble walls, a flooring pattern of white and pink marble, and 35 niches, one for each vault. Surrounded by filament lights there are a total of 34 ceiling mosaics by Alexander Deyneka with the theme "24-Hour Soviet Sky."

In 2005 a new second north exit was built, along with a new vestibule. Passengers leaving the station first descend on a short escalator ride into an underground vestibule, and then ascend the long way to the surface. The new exit also allows access to the 35th mosaic, which was previously hidden behind the service section. Other mosaic works were designed from scratch, accompanied by ample use of marble and stainless steel sculpturing. The bust of the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky was moved to the new surface vestibule, whose ceiling was also decorated with a mosaic composition from Mayakovsky's poem "Moscow Sky".

title: Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)


text:
Camelot 30K

Camelot 30K is a hard science fiction novel written by the United States physicist Robert L. Forward. It was published in 1993 by Tor Books. The story mainly deals with the concept of human contact and interaction with a kingdom of intelligent alien life that dwells on a frozen world where the ambient temperature is only 30 K or −240 °C (hence the title of the book). In Camelot 30K, Forward uses exotic low-temperature chemistry to explain the aliens' unique biology and anatomy.

Plot summary
In 2009, humans make contact with their first extraterrestrials. The signal comes from beyond Neptune and even Pluto, on 1999 ZX, a celestial body between comet and planet in size, out in the Kuiper belt at 35 AU from the Sun. Twenty years later they send a scientific team to this small, ice-bound planetoid in the farthest reaches of the Solar System in the Oort cloud.

This cold, dark planetoid ends up being a strange world indeed. There is only a thin hydrogen atmosphere, almost vacuum, and the average temperature is some 30 K where only hydrogen, helium, and neon are gaseous in state and nearly everything else is a solid. Yet on this icy, frozen world, life manages to thrive: the keracks, which are no bigger than a few centimeters in length resemble "large one-eyed prawns dressed in elaborate clothing". The keracks, despite their small size, have built rather small cities and developed a complex society on their planetoid which they dubbed "Ice". They have a collectivistic hive-like society with a rich culture suggesting that of England in the time of King Arthur.

The human visitors' first contact is the female kerack Merlene, wizard of the kerack city of Camalor. The humans themselves, being too hot and large, are unsuited for direct contact with the natives on this chilly world. So, instead, they have built "telebots" through which they can communicate with Merlene and the other keracks.

Merlene develops a fondness for conversing with the humans and eventually the humans and the keracks get to learn much about each other's worlds and cultures. The humans also teach Merlene more about science and technology which would hopefully advance the kerack race. The human scientists also uncover mysteries about the energy source of the keracks, who secrete an internal pellet of uranium and moderate its decay with a boron-rich carapace to provide internal warmth. Whenever a kerack dies its pellet is taken to be stockpiled by the colony's queen. The scientists discover the tragic conclusion of the kerack life cycle almost too late to save Merlene; when a kerack colony accumulated a large enough stockpile the queen would instinctively arrange it in such a way as to trigger a nuclear explosion, blasting kerack spores off of the Kuiper belt object to colonize other objects in the belt.

Since the kerack colony is exploded in the process no living kerack had known of their fate. The book concludes with Merlene going traveling to warn other colonies of the consequences of their expanding stockpiles.

1999 ZX naming
Forward created an impossible name in naming his minor planet. As minor planet provisional designations shows, a name of the form "1999 ZX" is not possible.

title: Camelot 30K


text:
Gary McCord

Gary Dennis McCord (born May 23, 1948) is an American professional golfer, commentator and author.

Early life and amateur career
McCord was born in San Gabriel, California, and raised in southern California, graduating from Ramona High School in Riverside. He was a two-time Division II All-American for the UC Riverside Highlanders of the University of California, Riverside. He won the NCAA Division II individual championship in 1970

Professional career
In 1971, McCord turned professional. He played in over 400 PGA Tour events but never won. His best two finishes on the PGA Tour were at the Greater Milwaukee Open, placing second in both 1975 and 1977. During his years on tour, he had two dozen top-10 finishes.

One year in his career won the PGA Tour category of "Fewest Putts." He helped reach this benchmark by, late in the season, deliberately missing the green and then chipping close to ensure few putts.

McCord was involved in an embarrassing episode during the 1984 FedEx St. Jude Classic in Memphis. When lining up a putt on the 15th green, McCord's pants split open, exposing his backside as he was not wearing any underwear. McCord wrapped a towel around his midriff and went off to find a replacement pair of pants. Eventually Peter Jacobsen offered McCord his rain pants for a "fee" of $20.

Broadcasting career
At age 37 in 1986, McCord joined CBS Sports as a golf analyst. He was noted for his outspokenness and irreverence, traits that got him banished from the CBS commentary team for the Masters Tournament.

During the network's Masters coverage in 1994, McCord remarked that the 17th green was so fast it seemed to be "bikini-waxed", and that "body bags" were located behind the green for players who missed their approach shots. Several months later, Augusta National Golf Club used its influence with CBS to have him removed from the Masters commentary team. While McCord continued to cover every other golf event aired by CBS, he did not return to Augusta with the network. He was not the first CBS commentator to be banned: Jack Whitaker referred to the gallery at the end of the 18-hole playoff in 1966 as a "mob" rather than "patrons" and was banned for the next five Masters; he was allowed to return in 1972.

After 33 years, McCord was not brought back for CBS’s 2020 golf broadcast team.

McCord also plays a limited schedule on the Champions Tour. After turning 50 in May 1998, he won his first title at the Toshiba Senior Classic in March 1999, and also won that year's Ingersoll-Rand Senior Tour Championship. Back in 1991, he won the Gateway Open on the Ben Hogan Tour, the second-tier golf tour in the U.S., now called the Korn Ferry Tour.

McCord has also written two books, Just a Range Ball in a Box of Titleists and Golf for Dummies. In 1996, he appeared as himself in the Kevin Costner movie Tin Cup, a movie he says is based on his life. He and fellow former CBS commentator Peter Kostis are partners in the Kostis/McCord Learning Center in Scottsdale, Arizona. McCord formerly served as a co-announcer on the EA Sports' Tiger Woods PGA Tour series along with David Feherty.

Personal life
McCord lives with his wife, Diane, in Paradise Valley, Arizona, and Edwards, Colorado.

Amateur wins

 * 1970 NCAA Division II Championship

Senior PGA Tour wins (2)
Senior PGA Tour playoff record (1–2)

Results in major championships
Note: McCord only played in the PGA Championship. {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied

U.S. national team appearances
Professional
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Senior PGA Tour): 2002

title: Gary McCord


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Talk:A Fistful of Alice

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title: Talk:A Fistful of Alice


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Highway electrification

Highway electrification
What is being advertised here ? It discusses highway electrification, with link to an external reource. Neither the article nor the external resource present anything for sale.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sally Brabyn

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:55, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Sally Brabyn
Exquisitely non-notable. Denni ☯ 03:00, 2005 July 16 (UTC)
 * Delete ... Unless you're at Halifax College, but I agree. JGorton 03:32, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable college administrator. Dcarrano 22:11, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Pavel Vozenilek 22:58, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per above. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 22:59, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 02:52, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Halifax College. This page is redundant with content already on the Halifax College page. — RJH 23:14, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Halifax College, nothing to merge. JamesBurns 02:44, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--GrandCru 04:18, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.