text:
Talk:André Boisclair

Sexuality
Vfp15 removed a reference to Boisclair's sexuality, saying it didn't needed to be mentioned more than once... but now the article never mentions it, except to imply it by talking about the polls done about that. Shouldn't we actually mention the man is gay, if it warrants being talked about? -GregoryWeir 21:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

I've tried to incoporate this in an appropriate way. Really, the only noteworthy thing is that it seems not to be an issue. Ground Zero 22:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Exactly. He is not a gay politician, he is a mainstream politician who is gay. It would be fine to mention his sexual orientation in a more developed bio section, but not when the section is as short as it is here. Many other things matter more than his being gay. For example, he attended the Collège Jean de Brébeuf, as did Pierre Trudeau and Robert Bourassa. On the other hand, his sexuality was a question at the polls which brought to light that it's pretty much a non-issue: people are more concerned with how Boisclair plans to reduce waiting time in healthcare and the militant wing of the P.Q. is more concerned with his stance on separation. Where Landry was a pragmatic man who believed separation better left aside for a while, Boisclair is a commited separatist with a pragmatic plan to move towards separation. These are the questions that matter to Boisclair and the electorate. Vincent 05:05, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks good to me. -GregoryWeir 18:49, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * So, my 2¢: I think that it is notable that Bosclair is gay, and should be reflected in the opening sentences of his biography. All of the above is true, but I'd like to point out that Bosclair is notable for being gay just as much as being a separatist.  Particularly here in English-speaking Toronto the news items about his candidacy probably would not have run if there were not something interesting about him, i.e. his sexuality.  This is in the same vein that Sandra Day O'Connor is notable as the first woman U.S. Supreme Court justice.  Despite his personal protestations, it is a characteristic that makes him notable.  Cleduc 15:45, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that his sexuality should not be buried in the article. But as far as it being in the "opening sentences", there are only six sentences in the article. I don't think that his sexuality is exactly buried at this point. In fact, it is probably over-played in taking one of those six sentences. That problem will be resolved over time as more is added. Ground Zero 15:55, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that it doesn't really deserve any more prominence that it currently receives. While I haven't exactly been following the race closely, I've been paying a reasonable amount of attention to it, and I was completely unaware Boisclair was gay.  The cocaine issue has received much more attention, especially because of Michaëlle Jean's joke. --Saforrest 03:30, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Boisclair's victory is important because he seems likely to lead Quebec into a new referendum on separation; the fact that he's gay barely rises above the level of trivia. It would matter in the identity-driven politics of the US, but in Quebec it's a non-issue.  I'm inclined to think the emphasis on his sexuality in the article is US POV. 69.70.136.130 03:05, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Really? a non-issue? Check out the comments in the article on his win in La Presse.  The "Affaire Bosclaire" was in some ways a "safe" way to talk about his "wild gay past" without appearing bigoted. Cleduc 03:27, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * From the page: "Boisclair's victory also makes him the first openly gay politician in Canada to win the leadership of a party with legislative representation (other than the Federal NDP) ." - which NDPer are they referring to? It's no secret, of course, that MP Svend Robinson is gay (the first openly gay MP if I recall), but he was never party leader ... --Canuckguy 18:26, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The mainstream media barely felt mention of his sexuality necessary, from what I recall, but this article harps on it and harps on it. I really think that Biosclair's sexuality is not central to the story and could really get by with one or two mentions, or be segregated into a single paragraph. --Steve D 22:07, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Really?!? I've found the mainstream media mentions it in every single article -- especially outside Canada. And, Canada is not the world, either. Cleduc 04:05, 19 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Granted I'm mainly a consumer of Canadian media. But, Boisclaire is a local politician. The main significance of his political career is not his gayness, certainly not in Canada. It deserves mention, but it shouldn't be the main theme. --Steve D (talk) 17:27, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Major political party

 * The article keeps saying that he is "the first openly gay person in North America to lead a major political party". What about Chris Lea of the Green Party of Canada? Iotha 02:48, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Depends on your definition of "major", perhaps. Quote from the Green Party of Canada: no Green Party candidate has ever been elected at the federal or provincial level in Canada Certainly not "successful".  Cleduc 05:13, 28 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point. However, I think it should be more specific: "major" is rather vague. Iotha 04:07, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
"Born to wolves", "took cocaine as a minister" - this has been systematically vandelised, needs a rewrite by someone who knows.

 * The cocaine-as-a-minister stuff is not vandalism. Boisclair has publicly admitted it. 69.70.136.130 03:05, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Firsts
The article says that Boisclair is the "first openly gay leader of a major political party in North America". Has there in fact before every been any openly gay leader of a major political party in any part of the Americas, or indeed anywhere in the world till now except for Pim Fortuyn in the Netherlands?--Pharos 01:55, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

-You are probably right about political parties, but Glen Murray was mayor of Winnipeg, Canada for a few years.

Sexual Preference
I took the liberty of adding two sentences to the opening paragraph addressing the level of importance that should be attached to his sexual preference at this level of politics. I found it necessary, as his sexual preference is remarked in the link from the Wikipedia main page. You can't get more direct than that.

Preference? How Dated!
Preference is a misleading term used to emphasize a voracious sexuality. The preferred term today is Sexual Orientation, which allows the possibility that LGBT people may still identify as LGBT even if celibate or sexually inactive.

a semantic apology
Of course it's a dated term, my apologies. i am normally more fond of the term "sexual identity" or something equally as permanent. Consider it revised!

Biography : Leadership Campaign Stats
In terms of the poll that demonstrated what percentage of the electorate would vote for the PQ under André Boisclair, the numbers did not add to 100%(71+17+19), and so I just deleted the other two figures and kept 71%.

Family Matters
Does he have a partner/husband or children? (Alphaboi867 19:05, 20 November 2005 (UTC))

 * Good question, but if he does it should be mentioned in a low key manner. Why? Because that's how traditionally the topic of a Quebec premier's spouse is handled by the media. Vincent 01:41, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * But this is an encyclopedia--why does the local media's approach matter in discussing him?--Snowdan 21:07, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

I am a member of the Parti Québécois and I wish to correct something. Boisclair did not say that he would unilaterally declare independance. What he DID say however was that he would negociate with the federal government after a majority of YES has been obtained, but in an event of unfruitful negociations, he would THEN have no shame into unilaterally declaring independance.

Needless sentences
"If Boisclair became Premier of Quebec, he would be the first openly homosexual person to be elected as a North American head of government (former New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey was the first openly homosexual person to serve as head of government, but came out after being elected). Boisclair's victory also makes him the first openly gay politician in Canada to win the leadership of a party with legislative representation. (Previous openly homosexual Canadian political party leaders Chris Lea of the Green Party of Canada and Allison Brewer of the New Brunswick New Democratic Party led much less politically prominent parties.)"

It's already mentioned that he is homosexual, but do we really need over an hundred words to say that "He was the first.. (details).. that was homosexual and (details)". If we need to go into details to explain that he was the first 'something', I don't think it's worth adding. The above should be removed unless it's really important to note that he was the first openly homosexual person to be elected as a North American head of government.

Oh, and the first sentence about his homosexuality is wrong, as noted in my quote, Jim McGreevy was the first openly gay head of government in North America.

--67.68.24.245 00:30, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. It's an important achievement, worthy of explanation.  And the first sentence is not incorrect -- Boisclair would presumably be the first to be elected, since McGreevey was not elected to anything once he was out of the closet.  --Skeezix1000 11:28, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Of course, one does not "elect the premier of Quebec." A better wording would be "to form a government" or "to lead his party to victory." - Montréalais 21:18, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Leader of the opposition?
This article states Boisclair resigned as leader of the opposition to go to Harvard, but it doesn't seem like he was actually leader of the party at the time? was the term possibly confused with the term house leader? I'm not really sure about this but it seems to be wrong. sinblox (talk) 06:29, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * His official bio (in the "see also" links) states that he was the "Leader parlementaire de l'opposition officielle" in 2004. I think that may have been mistranslated into leader of the opposition.  Skeezix1000 11:27, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Reverting to include comments on CEGEP and Scandal
First off, I am the one who re-wrote the entire article to fix the level of English.

I feel that the comments on the level of Boisclair's education and the scandal he was involved in warrant a place on this page. First, it is important that English Canadians and that members of the English speaking world understand that CEGEP is in fact an extension of the secondary school system in Quebec. All too often I have seen Quebec politicans (and Quebecers from ordinary walks of life) who did not obtain a post secondary degree claim that their CEGEP qualifications count as "degree". By English standards, this is at best a distortion and at worst and intentional misrepresentation. Ontario used to have the similar system as Quebec, changed about 4 years ago. In Ontario, grade 12 (Ontario Secondary School Diploma) did not qualify a student for university. A student's university entrance was contigent on completing a 13th year (like CEGEP) - the Ontario Academic Credit program. In this system, students had to study 6 semester-long courses - ususally in a specialize program of study - as a prerequisite for university placement. This system was similar to the CEGEP program currently in place in Quebec. However, under no circumstances would someone from Ontario be able to claim that his/her OAC diploma could stand in for an actual degree of any kind. In this sense, both the former OAC program and CEGEP are secondary school qualifications - even though in French the CEGEP diploma uses the title Bacc in CEGEP diploma. This is simply a (and in most cases an honest) translation issue, but the fact remains CEGEP qualifications are not degrees.

 * Why have you deleted the name of the student organization? Why do you claim that I have done a "intentional misrepresentation"? What kind of paranoia is that? You should get some information about the Cégep system before butchering what other people write. Under the Quebec system, Cegep is post-Secondary school. This is the REALITY in our education system, and this is how it works. End of the argument. -- Hugo Dufort 23:20, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Post secondary school in any system apart from Quebec would mean something you can get a degree or work school. I think its important to specify it as it could lead to misinterpretation from people outside Quebec -xgr

 * And by the way, your claim that "in French the CEGEP diploma uses the title Bacc in CEGEP diploma" is absolutely false. The Cégep diploma is called a DEC (Diplôme d'études collégiales). The Bacc is the university-level undergraduate diploma. Check your references. -- Hugo Dufort 01:20, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Second, the scandal the Boisclair was involved in is relevant for this page. It is the responsibility of the public to carefully examine breeches of the public trust in which elected officials become involved. The cocaine and embezzlement scandal surrounding his office would, under normal circumstances, finish a politician's career. That Boisclair has rebounded in such spectacular fashion may point to the underlying values of the PQ itself - secession at all costs.

 * You clearly display a STRONG ANTI-PQ BIAS, which doesn't make you suitable for writing NPOV articles on the matter. Hugo Dufort 23:21, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Diploma
Someone has written in the article that "Boisclair has never obtained an undergraduate diploma". This is derogarory, and it is of no relevance. Later in the article we learn that Boisclair has received a Master's Degree. So there is no reason for insisting about his undergraduate diplomas (or their alleged absence). Unless you hate Boisclair and want to smear him, of course. Oh, and I have removed the link to the Globe and Mail article because it requires a subscription. Parts of the "cocaine scandal" claims go far beyond what I've read in the news. Please provide a serious reference, otherwise this part of the text will be removed as well. -- Hugo Dufort 23:36, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Scandal etc
Mr Dufort, this has become a bit silly. I would like to stress that as this article about Boisclair appears on the English wikipedia site, it becomes confusing to claim that CEGEP constitutes a post secondary degree. The truth is simple - CEGEP fills a similar role to the former OAC program in Ontario. From the English point of view, post secondary education implies at least and undergraduate degree or a technical college diploma. We must bear in mind that CEGEP QUALIFIES students for university undergraduate programs in Quebec, thus making it part of the SECONDARY SCHOOL TRAINING process. While Quebecers are well aware of the nuances, most outside Quebec are not. This distinction must be made clear for English readers. I also believe that readers should be able to readily learn about all the levels of education (or lack thereof) their political leaders have obtained. I for one want to know how well educated my political candidates are before I go to the polls.

 * Half the students in Cégep are taking technical courses (3 years / 6 semesters), and are NOT preparing for university. They are learning a profession. Do you become a Technician in Civil Engineering with only a high school diploma? Nope. -- Hugo Dufort

Finally, my citations on the cocaine-Doray affair are accurate claim exactly what I have written. The Globe and mail article can be viewed without a subscription (just a user name a password are required). Wikipedia must be a fair source of information and the sordid dealings of Boisclair and his chief of staff should be held up to the same level of scrutiny as the Liberal sponsorship scandal. Furthermore, this information should appear in the early career section - not the party leadership area.

In my revised version I do make it clear that Boisclair did not resign from the NA as a result of the scandal. In my earlier post, I did not mean to imply that he had and I apologize it this caused any confusion.

 * When the Globe article was published, it was early, and all details about the Doray affair were not known. Thus the article contains speculation and claims that later proved to be unfounded. Call it sensationalism. All the other sources gave a different and more accurate view on the matter; however, most English-language newspapers did not bother to cover the story at this point. Boisclair was called as a witness in the inquiry about the Doray frauds; he was never accused.

 * The cocaine scandal and the Doray affair only emerged last year, and influenced recent events. So although it concerns Boisclair's early years as a minister, it deserves to be covered further down in the page. -- Hugo Dufort 01:16, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

STOP REVERTING

 * DEAR ANONYMOUS MAN WHO CAN'T SPELL WORDS CORRECTLY, PLEASE STOP REVERTING THE ARTICLE. Your version is shameful and wrong. It contains numerous factual inaccuracies, POV comments, etc. Hugo Dufort 01:22, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Careful with the CEGEP discussion. Boisclair was NOT enrolled in a ''Technician in Civil Engineering" program - he was in the university qualifying stream - i.e. secondary school anywhere else in North America. Also, the term "Engineering" is being abused here - you cannot become a P.Eng with a CEGEP diploma.

 * Boisclair was head of an association that represented ALL students at Cégep level (pre-university AND technical) Ref: http://www.aecsl.org/ . And yes, the there IS such a formation in Quebec. Reference: http://jobfutures.ca/fos/C350p3.shtml : Civil Engineering Technologists or Technician in Civil Engineering. Now will you STOP reverting the corrected article and STOP bickering about things if you don't provide any reference. Otherwise I will have to contact a Wikipedia mediation committee. -- Hugo Dufort 05:31, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Mr Dufort, I have reverted the article once again (with changes to help accommodate your wishes) to more fairly reflect the depth of the scandal Boisclair's office was involved in and to clarify his educational background. Everything is cited appropriately. I hope you can live with the changes – I am trying to be as fair as possible. I am the one who re-wrote the entire original article to strengthen the English. I have eliminated the passive voice as much as possible (please do not re-introduce   the passive voice - it's weak writing)  and, to the best of my knowledge, there are no spelling mistakes in the article. (My discussion posts are written colloquially on purpose.)

BTW "party animal" is the exact description used in the cited CBC article.

 * The term is derogatory and is not suitable for inclusion in an encyclopedia article. Your version of the article seems to follow your own personal (very negative) opinion on André Boisclair. Your choices of topics, the ordering, and the general focus give a very negative impression of Mr Boisclair. By the way, your war on Cégep is ridiculous. -- Hugo Dufort 20:45, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Mr Dufort, if you are going to change the entry, please stop using the passive voice - it sounds awful in English. I have included facts that are well cited. If you want to put a "positive spin" on his early career, try including positive legislation that he wrote or passed (of which I do not know of any) instead of leaving out the scandal centered on his office. Declaring my entry as unfair would be the same as declaring the entry on the Iran-Contra affair under Reagan's administration prejudicial (Reagan was not indicted on any crimes) - the same would go for leaving out the Chappaquiddick incident on Ted Kennedy. The truth must be known.

Also, please do not construe my posts as anti-anything. I am a proud French-Canadian and I value my French heritage. I am also proud of my how my father (an English Protestant) stood up - as the mayor of a French-Canadian pulp and paper town - for French rights in the 1960s and even married into a French Canadian family. This is how the great country of Canada was built.

I apologize for the removal of the post on the parody - it was not my intention. It appears it is being removed by someone else and I am trying to revert the site to its original form. I will included your post in further reverts. Cheers K. BTW, I have re-written your post for clarity - the content remains exactly the same. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.133.143.98 (talk • contribs).

Comparison
As an interesting side note, compare the educational background of the leaders of the separatist movement to the leaders of other major parties in Canada. The new leader of the Liberal party holds a PhD, the leader of the NDP holds a PhD, and the leader of the Conservatives holds a Master's degree (with original research). On the other hand, Duceppe holds what amounts essentially to a CEGEP diploma and Boisclair holds a one year Master's degree from a special program at Harvard that does not require candidates to hold a previous undergraduate degree (which Boisclair does not). Furthermore, unlike Harper's Master' degree, Boisclair did not contribute original research while studying. In fact, the only thing that got Boisclair into the JFK school of government was his years of service as an elected politician and $33,000 USD – hardly the exemplar of a brilliant mind.

The separatist movement in Quebec – in comparison to their opposition – is lead by unread, uneducated, populist leaders. That sums up the PQ's and the Bloc's values – populism over substance or intellect. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.133.143.98 (talk • contribs).

 * As I wrote on Talk:Stéphane Dion, by this logic one ought to have supported the sovereignty movement in the mid-90's because Parizeau has a doctorate while Chrétien, Manning, and Charest (to my knowledge) have at most law degrees. In all but the most stupid of political questions, one can find people of intelligence and education on each side, so comparing education levels means little.
 * This is not to say there are no interesting aspects to the apparent taste for intellectuals in Canadian politics, but using academic credentials to legitimize political positions makes no sense. --Saforrest 05:50, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Controversy regarding "Les yeux bridés"
User:Quebecpolitics and User:207.207.127.247 have deleted this material, stating "seen unequal treatment by author, hence is not neutral". I have tried to write neutrally and give sources for my own edits; please reword and give other sources if you see this as unequal treatment. Given that this matter has been in the news every day for the past week (cf. Google news), I think it deserves to be mentioned on this page. mvc 04:14, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the issue is of undue weight. The section is a sizeable portion of the article. But outside of English media, the only controversy was that there was controversy over it...--Boffob 04:25, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that the section is lengthy, but given that it really is an issue in English-speaking Canada, it deserves mention, and that means giving enough background and citing enough sources to treat it fairly. If nothing else, it would be nice if this page could inform unilingual anglophones who come looking here for further information that this is an issue only in their newspapers. If we just deleted it, one of them would just add it again. I'm not arguing for its inclusion in fr.wikipedia.org. mvc 05:02, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, it wouldn't hurt if it could be more concise. Right now it's about the same size as the 2007 election section, while the controversy was only a small bump in the campaign (granted it generated a lot of noise outside Quebec media).--Boffob 05:07, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * That controversy was small event of the current election, it shall be covered in the 2007 election section. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 207.61.162.2 (talk) 14:56, 22 March 2007 (UTC).

 * I have included the section on les yeux bridés in the 2007 election section. But the emphasis on this event is way too large. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Quebecpolitics (talk • contribs) 15:23, 22 March 2007 (UTC).

 * Quebecpolitics, thank-you for putting back a portion of the disputed text; I agree it was originally too long. Hopefully we can continue to work together toward some sort of compromise. Meanwhile, I've warned 207.61.162.2 that they've violated WP:AN/3RR. mvc 16:09, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've replaced some of the deleted material in order to give more context, background, and improve NPOV. However, I've also edited drastically for length, from 316 words down to 237, which is less than the rest of the 2007 election section (242 words), and described the affair as a "minor controversy". It's as concise as I can make it while still being fair and balanced. I hope this version is more widely acceptable; let me know what you think. mvc 16:41, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

This scandal is ridiculous. "Yeux bridés" in french simply a word used to describe eastern asians' eyes. It is in no way or shape a derogatory term in our language. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Dez26 (talk • contribs).

The above reader is right. This so-called "controversy" was invented by some in the english media. They wrongly translated "yeux bridés" as "slanted eyes". Yeux bridés is not a racist expression but a description of a physical characteristic. This is not a matter of interpretation but of fact. There is even a restaurant held by Asians in Montreal called "Les yeux bridés". I think this article is not neutral and gives undue credibility to the idea that this expression is a racist one.

Openly gay, not married, no children
I do not dispute that Mr. Boislair's sexuality merits mention in the article (there is, in fact, a whole paragraph that discusses it). However, since gay people do in fact get married and have children, his sexuality has no bearing on his marital or parental status, and it is inappropriate to mention the three issues together as if they are all related. As for his unmarried status, and whether it merits a mention in the article -- almost a third of Quebec families are common law (i.e. unmarried), which is almost three times the level in the rest of Canada. Do we know for sure that Boisclair does not have a partner? Given the Quebec statistics, his single-status should be sourced before the article suggests that he does not have a spouse -- like many Quebecers, he may have a spouse, but simply not be married. Not being officially married would not be unusual in Quebec. I don't know if he has a spouse or not. Once we have the facts, and they can be sourced, then add it to the article. As for children, I am not convinced that it is "unusual" for younger politicians not to have children, but I don't feel strongly about the issue either way. Skeezix1000 14:29, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Resignation as PQ leader
Is Boisclair's resignation, effective immediately? or only after the PQ chooses a new leader? We need the correct info added to the article. GoodDay 20:15, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Should have read the article: It's immediate, the PQ will select an 'interim leader' for now ('til the PQ leadership convention). GoodDay 20:17, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

What does he do now?
It notes his resignation, but is he just sitting at home watching TV or he stated his future plans? --70.49.52.128 (talk) 20:01, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:André Boisclair


text:
Talk:Māori Television Service

controversial???
The Television article states: The New Zealand government also funds the controversial Maori Television Service with the aim of putting Maori language and culture on New Zealand television screens

I don't see any reference to its controversy there or here. Is it really controversial and if so, why? --Colin Angus Mackay 21:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The sentence you refer to seems to have long ago been edited / moved / deleted. But as a long-term New Zealand resident let me assure any curious readers that there certainly was controversy, and still is in some quarters, despite the Service and its services being now well-established, and also highly praised in media circles. -- Bricaniwi (talk) 02:50, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Māori Television Service


text:
Elizabeth Park

Elizabeth Park may refer to:

 * Elizabeth Park (Connecticut), a city park in Hartford and West Hartford, Connecticut
 * Elizabeth Park (Newfoundland), a park in Paradise, Newfoundland
 * Elizabeth Park (Michigan), a county park in Trenton, Michigan
 * Elizabeth Park, South Australia, a northern suburb of Adelaide
 * Uplands, Ottawa, a neighbourhood in Ottawa, Canada, also known as Elizabeth Park

title: Elizabeth Park


text:
User:BellJonez

BellJonez is just some guy.

title: User:BellJonez


text:
Bronisław Huberman

Bronisław Huberman (19 December 1882 – 16 June 1947) was a Polish violinist. He was known for his individualistic interpretations and was praised for his tone color, expressiveness, and flexibility. The Gibson ex-Huberman Stradivarius violin, which bears his name, was stolen twice and recovered once during the period in which he owned the instrument. Huberman is also remembered for founding the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (then known as the Palestine Philharmonic) and thus providing refuge from the Third Reich for nearly 1,000 European Jews.

Biography
Huberman was born in Częstochowa, Poland, to a Jewish family. In his youth he was a pupil of Mieczysław Michałowicz and Maurycy Rosen at the Warsaw Conservatory, and of Isidor Lotto in Paris. In 1892 he studied under Joseph Joachim in Berlin. Despite being only ten years old, he dazzled Joachim with performances of Louis Spohr, Henri Vieuxtemps, and the transcription of a Frédéric Chopin nocturne. However, the two did not get along well, and after Huberman's fourteenth birthday he took no more lessons. In 1893 he toured the Netherlands and Belgium as a virtuoso performer. Around this time, the six-year-old Arthur Rubinstein attended one of Huberman's concerts. Rubinstein's parents invited Huberman back to their house and the two boys struck up what would become a lifetime friendship. In 1894 Adelina Patti invited Huberman to participate in her farewell gala in London, which he did, and in the following year he actually eclipsed her in appearances in Vienna. In 1896 he performed the violin concerto of Johannes Brahms in the presence of the composer, who was stunned by the quality of his playing.

He married the German actress Elza Galafrés (also described as a singer and ballerina). They had a son, Johannes, but the marriage did not last. She later met the Hungarian composer and pianist Ernő Dohnányi, but neither Huberman nor Dohnányi's then wife would consent to divorce. Elza and Dohnányi nevertheless had a child out of wedlock in 1917, and in 1919, after Huberman had granted her a divorce, she married Dohnányi, who then adopted Huberman's son Johannes.

In the 1920s and early 1930s, Huberman toured around Europe and North America with the pianist Siegfried Schultze and performed on the most famous stages (Carnegie in New York, Scala in Milan, Musikverein in Vienna, Konzerthaus in Berlin....). Over the course of many years, the duet Huberman-Schultze were regularly invited in private by European Royal Families. Countless recordings of these artists were done during that period at the "Berliner Rundfunk", but were unfortunately destroyed during the Second World War.

In 1937, a year before the Anschluss, Huberman left Vienna and took refuge in Switzerland. The following year, his career nearly ended as a result of an airplane accident in Sumatra in which his wrist and two fingers of his left hand were broken. After intensive and painful retraining he was able to resume performing. At the onset of the Second World War, Huberman was touring South Africa and was unable to return to his home in Switzerland until after the war. Shortly thereafter he fell ill from exhaustion and never regained his strength. He died in Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland, on 16 June 1947, at age 64.

Palestine Symphony Orchestra
In 1929 Huberman first visited Palestine and developed his vision of establishing classical music in the Promised Land. In 1933, during the Nazis' rise to power, Huberman declined invitations from Wilhelm Furtwängler to return to preach a "musical peace", but wrote instead an open letter to German intellectuals inviting them to remember their essential values. In 1936 he founded the Palestine Symphony Orchestra (which upon the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 was renamed the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra). For the orchestra, Huberman recruited leading Jewish musicians from Europe, showing "the prescience to realize that far more than a new job was at stake for these artists"—for "if it hadn't been for Huberman, dozens of musicians and their families—nearly 1000 people in all—would nearly certainly have died if they had stayed in countries including Germany, Austria, Poland and Hungary." He was assisted by violinist Jacob Surowicz. Conductor William Steinberg, then known as Hans Wilhelm Steinberg, trained the orchestra. The first concert, on 26 December 1936, was conducted by Arturo Toscanini; Huberman had invited the Italian maestro when he heard of his refusing to perform in Germany to protest the Nazi takeover. The 2012 documentary film Orchestra of Exiles by writer, director and producer Josh Aronson recreates Huberman's work creating the orchestra through interviews and reenactments. Featuring interviews with Zubin Mehta, Pinchas Zukerman, Joshua Bell, and many other notable musicians, the film details how Huberman rescued nearly 1000 Jewish musicians and their families and created the Palestine Symphony Orchestra. The film also details how famous Jews and leading historical figures, such as Albert Einstein, were vital in creating the orchestra.

Stradivarius theft
Before 1936, Huberman's principal instrument for his concerts was a 1713-vintage Stradivarius "Gibson," which was named after one of its early owners, the English violinist George Alfred Gibson. It was stolen twice. In 1919, it was taken from Huberman's Vienna hotel room but recovered by the police within 3 days. The second time was in New York City. On 28 February 1936, while giving a concert at Carnegie Hall, Huberman switched the Stradivarius "Gibson" with his newly acquired Guarnerius violin, leaving the Stradivarius in his dressing room during intermission. It was stolen either by New York City nightclub musician Julian Altman or a friend of his. Altman kept the violin for the next half-century. Huberman's insurance company, Lloyd's of London, paid him US$30,000 for the loss in 1936.

Altman went on to become a violinist with the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D.C., and performed with the stolen Stradivarius for many years. In 1985, Altman made a deathbed confession to his wife, Marcelle Hall, that he had stolen the violin. Two years later, she returned it to Lloyd's and collected a finder's fee of $263,000. The instrument underwent a 9-month restoration by J & A Beare Ltd., in London. In 1988, Lloyd's sold it for $1.2 million to British violinist Norbert Brainin. In October 2001, the American violinist Joshua Bell purchased it for just under $4,000,000.

The instrument, which is now known as the Gibson-Huberman, was the focus of the 2012 documentary The Return of the Violin by the Israeli television director Haim Hecht which featured interviews with musicians such as Joshua Bell, Zubin Mehta, Holocaust-survivor Sigmund Rolat and many other musicians.

Honours
The town of Częstochowa renamed its orchestra as the Bronislaw Huberman Philharmonic in honor of its native violinist.

Recordings
Huberman made several commercial recordings of large-scale works, among which are:
 * Beethoven: Violin Concerto (w. Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, cond. George Szell) (Columbia Records, LX 509–13) (18–20 June 1934).
 * Beethoven: Kreutzer Sonata (no. 9) (w. Ignaz Friedman, piano) (Columbia Records, C-67954/7D)
 * Lalo: Symphonie Espagnole (omits 3rd mvmt.) (w. Vienna Philharmonic, cond. George Szell) (Columbia Records, C-68288/90D)
 * Tchaikovsky: Violin Concerto (w. Berlin State Opera Orchestra, cond William Steinberg) (Columbia Records, C-67726/9D) (December 1928; originally for Odeon)
 * Mendelssohn: Violin Concerto (2nd & 3rd mvmts) (w. Siegfried Schulze, piano) (Brunswick Records, PD-27242: acoustic)
 * Also Bach Concerti 1 & 2, and Mozart Concerto 3.
 * Several other large works exist in off-air broadcast recordings, including the Brahms concerto.

title: Bronisław Huberman