text:
1981 Major League Baseball strike

The 1981 Major League Baseball strike was the first work stoppage in Major League Baseball since the 1972 Major League Baseball strike that resulted in regular season games being cancelled. Overall, it was the fourth work stoppage since 1972, but actions in 1973, 1976, and 1980 did not result in any regular season games being cancelled. The strike began on June 12 and forced the cancellation of 713 games (or 38 percent of the Major League schedule) in the middle of the regular season. The two sides reached an agreement on July 31, and play resumed on August 9 with the All-Star Game, with regular season play resuming one day later.

An estimated US$146 million was lost in player salaries, ticket sales, broadcast revenues, and concession revenues. The players lost $4 million a week in salaries while the owners suffered a total loss of $72 million.

The strike deadline
The executive board of the Major League Baseball Players Association voted unanimously to strike on May 29 due to the unresolved issue of free agent compensation. The deadline was extended briefly, however, after the Players' Association's unfair labor complaint was heard by the National Labor Relations Board.

Reasons for the strike
The strike was called in response to the owners wanting to win back the prerogatives over the players. The owners had already lost at the bargaining table and in the courts on the issue of the free agency draft. At issue during the seven-week-long negotiations was the owners demanding compensation for losing a free agent player to another team. The compensation in question was a player who was selected from the signing team's roster (not including 12 "protected" players). The players maintained that any form of compensation would undermine the value of free agency.

Reaction
Although the strike was called by the players, many sportswriters and even fans placed most of the blame on the owners. Sports Illustrated reflected this particular opinion with the cover headline "Strike! The Walkout the Owners Provoked." One of the reasons the owners doled out such hefty contracts from 1978 to 1981 (43 players each negotiated contracts worth over $1 million during this period) was that they were afraid of losing disgruntled stars in the free agency reentry draft. So the owners paid their players the so-called new going rate in order to keep them from going elsewhere.

Jim Palmer observed the impact of arbitrators on the strike. "They [the owners] wanted an end to binding arbitration where the player picks a salary number (a high one) and the owners pick a number (yes, a low one) and the arbitrator has to choose one number or the other and nothing in between. So, since the owners kept paying more and more to mediocre players, the averages kept going up and the arbitrators looked at the averages and usually went with the player's number, which raised the average some more." He cited as an example of this trend Ed Farmer, an "okay player" who got his salary raised from $70,000 in 1980 to $495,000 in 1981 after an arbitrator sided with him. "The averages keep climbing."

Palmer also noted the owners' desire to save money. "They said they just didn't have any more money...fast-forward thirteen years and the highest paid players in the game, guys like Cal Ripken Jr. and Kirby Puckett, are now making $6 million a year. Ten times what I made. Where do you suppose the owners who didn't have any more money got that extra $5 million? Lotto?" He faulted both sides for the strike. "The players said it was about freedom. The owners said it was about fairness. The bottom line was it was about the bottom line."

Reporters used Strat-O-Matic to simulate the delayed 1981 All-Star game inside Cleveland Stadium, with the scoreboard displaying the game's progress; the Strat-O-Matic set went to the Baseball Hall of Fame. Some newspapers used Strat-O-Matic to simulate other canceled games during the strike.

The strike ends
On July 31, 1981, a compromise was reached. In the settlement, teams that lost a "premium" free agent could be compensated by drawing from a pool of players left unprotected from all of the clubs rather than just the signing club. Players agree to restricting free agency to players with six or more years of major league service. The settlement gave the owners a limited victory on the compensation issue.

Reportedly, the negotiations were so bitter that when a settlement was finally reached, Players Association representative Marvin Miller and the owners' negotiator Ray Grebey refused to pose with each other for the traditional "peace ceremony" photograph.

The All-Star Game
Major League Baseball resumed on August 9 with the All-Star Game in Cleveland's Municipal Stadium. The All-Star Game, which was originally scheduled to be held on July 14, now served as a prelude to play resuming on August 10. The National League beat the American League 5–4. When play resumed, attendance dropped in 17 of 24 cities and television ratings slumped sharply. Despite the disgruntled fans, the All-Star Game, which was played on a Sunday instead of the usual Tuesday, had its largest attendance (72,086), due to the large seating capacity of Municipal Stadium.

The split-season format
Due to the two-month strike, the owners tried to create an equitable solution. So on August 6, the owners decided to split the 1981 season into two halves, with the first-place teams from each half in each division (or a wild card team if the same club won both halves) meeting in a best-of-five divisional playoff series (this playoff round, known as the League Division Series was only used this season; it was not until 13 years later in 1994 that the LDS round became permanent in MLB [it was first played in 1995, as the 1994 season ended prematurely because of another strike], when the league introduced the three-division format). The four survivors then played in the best-of-five League Championship Series. It was the first time that Major League Baseball used a split-season format since 1892.

Flaws
The split-season idea as put into practice (although garnering the league more playoff revenue) seemed to cheapen the results of the regular season. As first proposed, if a team won its division in both halves of the season, then it would play the team with the second best record overall (first and second half). An Orioles fan, J. Thomas Codd, pointed out, the arrangement would give a team with a good overall record an incentive to lose games against the first-half winner to help a division rival win both halves. On August 20, Major League Baseball revised the rules so that if a team won both halves of the season, it would face the second season runner-up instead.

Facing a playoff no matter their finish in the second half, the first-half winners lacked incentive (as opposed to the minor leagues, where if the same team did win both halves it was given a bye into the next round) to repeat, and finished the second half of the season with a composite record of only three games above .500. Tommy John of the AL East–winning Yankees stated, "With the first-half divisional 'title' wrapped up, we lost our intensity." To make matters worse, the Cincinnati Reds (National League West) and St. Louis Cardinals (National League East) each failed to make the playoffs, even though they had the two best full-season records in the National League that season—and thus would have won their divisions under normal circumstances. The Cardinals received some vindication the following year when they won the World Series; the Reds did not make the postseason again until 1990, when they won the franchise's most recent World Series title.

In contrast to the Reds' and Cardinals' bad luck, the defending American League champion Kansas City Royals made the postseason despite owning the fourth-best full-season record in their division and posting a losing record overall (50–53). Notably, the format allowed the second-half National League East champion Montreal Expos to make the playoffs, the only time the Expos franchise made the postseason in its 36-year stay in Montreal and its only postseason appearance of any kind until 2012, long after the team became the Washington Nationals. Ironically, the next time there was a significant players' strike, 13 years later in 1994, the Expos were the team most hurt by the season's abrupt end.

The Cardinals and Pittsburgh Pirates ended up playing the fewest games of any team at 102. Meanwhile, the San Francisco Giants played the most at 111. Most teams finished with anywhere between 106 and 109 games.

Palmer summed it up thusly: "The strike of 1981 lasted fifty-one days. It hurt the owners, it hurt the players, but mostly it hurt the game. Eventually, the game recovered. But it's like a player. Every time he's injured, it's harder to come back."

title: 1981 Major League Baseball strike


text: Category:Lakes of Kentucky

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Lakes of Kentucky


text:
Krypton fluoride laser

A krypton fluoride laser (KrF laser) is a particular type of excimer laser, which is sometimes (more correctly) called an exciplex laser. With its 248 nanometer wavelength, it is a deep ultraviolet laser which is commonly used in the production of semiconductor integrated circuits, industrial micromachining, and scientific research. The term excimer is short for 'excited dimer', while exciplex is short for 'excited complex'. An excimer laser typically contains a mixture of: a noble gas such as argon, krypton, or xenon; and a halogen gas such as fluorine or chlorine. Under suitably intense conditions of electromagnetic stimulation and pressure, the mixture emits a beam of coherent stimulated radiation as laser light in the ultraviolet range.

KrF and ArF excimer lasers are widely incorporated into high-resolution photolithography machines, one of the critical tools required for microelectronic chip manufacturing in nanometer dimensions. Excimer laser lithography has enabled transistor feature sizes to shrink from 800 nanometers in 1990 to 10 nanometers in 2016.

Theory
A krypton fluoride laser absorbs energy from a source, causing the krypton gas to react with the fluorine gas producing the exciplex krypton fluoride, a temporary complex in an excited energy state:

 * 2 Kr + → 2 KrF

The complex can undergo spontaneous or stimulated emission, reducing its energy state to a metastable, but highly repulsive ground state. The ground state complex quickly dissociates into unbound atoms:

 * 2 KrF → 2 Kr +

The result is an exciplex laser which radiates energy at 248 nm, near the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum, corresponding with the energy difference between the ground state and the excited state of the complex.

Example Systems
There have been several of these lasers built for ICF experiments; examples include:
 * Los Alamos built a KrF laser in 1985 to prove test firing of beam with an energy level of 1.0 × 104 joules. This was part of the larger Aurora laser research effort that looked at  lasers and other systems.
 * Nike Laser. The Laser Plasma Branch of the Naval Research Laboratory completed a KrF laser called the Nike laser that can produce about 4.5 × 103 joules of UV energy output in a 4 nanosecond pulse.  The NIKE laser was switched to an Argon fluoride laser after 2013 to show the impact of going to shorter (193 nm) wavelengths.
 * Naval Research Laboratory built the Electra laser and Nike to prove out both KrF and ArF lasers for ICF approaches. In 2013, Electra demonstrated 90,000 shots over 10 hours of operation.
 * Rutherford Appleton Laboratory built the Sprite and Titania KrF lasers
 * Japan's Electrotechnical Laboratory built the Ashura and Super Ashura KrF lasers.
 * China Institute for Atomic Energy had a laser before the middle-1990's
 * Livermore National Laboratory developed a KrF laser and amplifier known as a Raman Amplifier Pumped by Intensified Excimer Radiation (RAPIER) system system.

Applications
This laser has also been used to produce soft X-ray emission from a plasma, through irradiation by brief pulses of this laser light. Other important applications include manipulating of various materials such as plastic, glass, crystal, composite materials and living tissue. The light from this UV laser is strongly absorbed by lipids, nucleic acids and proteins, making it useful for applications in medical therapy and surgery.

Microelectronics
The most widespread industrial application of KrF excimer lasers has been in deep-ultraviolet photolithography for the manufacturing of microelectronic devices (i.e., semiconductor integrated circuits or "chips"). From the early 1960s through the mid-1980s, Hg-Xe lamps had been used for lithography at 436, 405 and 365 nm wavelengths. However, with the semiconductor industry's need for both finer resolution (for denser and faster chips) and higher production throughput (for lower costs), the lamp-based lithography tools were no longer able to meet the industry's requirements. This challenge was overcome when in a pioneering development in 1982, deep-UV excimer laser lithography was demonstrated at IBM by K. Jain. With phenomenal advances made in equipment and technology in the last two decades, modern semiconductor electronic devices fabricated using excimer laser lithography now total more than $400 billion in annual production. As a result, it is the semiconductor industry view that excimer laser lithography (with both KrF and ArF lasers) has been a crucial factor in the predictive power of Moore's law. From an even broader scientific and technological perspective: since the invention of the laser in 1960, the development of excimer laser lithography has been highlighted as one of the major milestones in the 50-year history of the laser.

Fusion Research
The KrF laser has been used in nuclear fusion energy research since the 1980s. This laser offers several advantages:
 * High rate repetition shots - because the KrF is made using gas it does not heat up, allowing for higher shot rates.
 * Higher beam uniformity
 * Relatively shorter wavelength for improved ICF compression.

Safety
The light emitted by the KrF is invisible to the human eye, so additional safety precautions are necessary when working with this laser to avoid stray beams. Gloves are needed to protect the skin from the potentially carcinogenic properties of the UV beam, and UV goggles are needed to protect the eyes.

title: Krypton fluoride laser


text:
Patent and Trademark Office

The Patent and Trademark Office may refer to any other patent office also handling trademarks, such as:

 * the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
 * the German Patent and Trademark Office (DPMA)
 * the Danish Patent and Trademark Office (DKPTO)
 * the Italian Patent and Trademark Office
 * the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office
 * the Swedish Patent and Registration Office

title: Patent and Trademark Office


text: Category:Event lists

title: Category:Event lists


text:
Jim Risch

James Elroy Risch (born May 3, 1943) is an American lawyer and politician who has served as the junior United States senator from Idaho since 2009. A member of the Republican Party, he served as lieutenant governor of Idaho under governors Dirk Kempthorne and Butch Otter. He also served from May 2006 to January 2007 as the 31st governor of Idaho.

Raised in Milwaukee, Risch moved to Idaho in the early 1960s. After graduating from the University of Idaho, he received a B.S. degree in forestry in 1965 and earned a J.D. in 1968. Afterward, he taught criminal law at Boise State University, and in 1970 was elected as Ada County prosecuting attorney. In 1974, he was elected to the Idaho Senate, where he represented the 21st legislative district from 1974 to 1988. In 1995, Governor Phil Batt appointed Risch to represent the 18th legislative district in the state Senate; he held the position until 2002.

Risch ran for lieutenant governor of Idaho in 2002, defeating incumbent Jack Riggs in the primary. He served under Governor Dirk Kempthorne from 2003 to 2006. After Kempthorne resigned to become the United States Secretary of the Interior in May 2006, Risch was sworn in as governor. He chose not to run for a full term as governor in the 2006 gubernatorial election and instead ran for reelection as lieutenant governor. After winning the nomination, he served under Governor Butch Otter from 2007 to 2009.

Risch ran for the U.S. Senate seat held by the retiring Larry Craig in the 2008 election. He won the election, defeating Democratic nominee Larry LaRocco. Risch was reelected in 2014 and 2020.

Early life and education
Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Risch is the son of Helen B. (née Levi) and Elroy A. Risch, a lineman for Wisconsin Bell. His father is of German descent and his mother is of Irish, Scottish, and English ancestry. Risch attended the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee from 1961 to 1963 and then transferred to the University of Idaho in Moscow, where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He obtained a B.S. degree in forestry in 1965, and continued his education at the university's College of Law. He served on the Law Review and the College of Law Advisory Committee before receiving a J.D. degree in 1968.

Risch entered politics in 1970 in Boise at age 27, winning election as Ada County Prosecuting Attorney. While serving in this capacity, he taught undergraduate classes in criminal justice at Boise State College and served as the president of the state's prosecuting attorneys' association. Concurrent with his service in the Idaho Senate, Risch became a millionaire as one of Idaho's most successful trial lawyers.

Idaho Senate
Risch was first elected to the Idaho Senate from Ada County in 1974. He entered the state senate leadership in 1976, serving as majority leader and later as president pro tempore.

In a dramatic upset, Risch was defeated for reelection in 1988 by Democratic political newcomer and Boise attorney Mike Burkett. As of mid-2006, it remains Idaho's most expensive legislative contest.

In the second political defeat of his career, Risch lost the 1994 primary election for a state Senate seat to Roger Madsen. Later that year Risch chaired Governor-elect Phil Batt's transition team, and after Batt took office he appointed Risch to the seat vacated by Madsen, who had been named as the director of the Department of Labor, then known as the Department of Employment. In 1996, Risch was elected Senate Majority Leader after defeating fellow Boise Republican Sheila Sorensen.

39th lieutenant governor (2003–2006)
In January 2001, Risch had his eye on the lieutenant governor's seat vacated by Butch Otter, who resigned after being elected to Congress, but Governor Dirk Kempthorne appointed state Senator Jack Riggs of Coeur d'Alene to the post instead. The next year, Risch defeated Riggs in the Republican primary and won the general election, spending $360,000 of his own money on the campaign.

31st governor of Idaho (2006–2007)
On May 26, 2006, Risch became governor of Idaho when Kempthorne resigned to become U.S. secretary of the interior. Risch appointed Mark Ricks to serve as his lieutenant governor.

Upon taking office, Risch eliminated Idaho's bureau office in Washington D.C. and replaced it with offices in Idaho Falls and Coeur d'Alene. In August 2006, he called a special session of the Idaho Legislature to consider his proposed property tax reform bill, the Property Tax Relief Act of 2006. In December, he issued an executive order that mandated state agencies to verify whether new employees are legal citizens.

Risch was initially expected to enter the 2006 Republican gubernatorial primary to succeed Kempthorne, who was completing his second term at this time of his federal appointment. But U.S. Representative Butch Otter had already announced his candidacy to replace Kempthorne and gained a significant head start in campaigning and fundraising. In November 2005, Risch announced his intention to seek election again as lieutenant governor. He served out the remaining seven months of Kempthorne's term, which ended in January 2007.

41st lieutenant governor (2007–2009)
Risch was unopposed for the 2006 Republican nomination for lieutenant governor and defeated former Democratic U.S. representative Larry LaRocco in the general election. Risch's term as governor ended in January 2007 and he returned to the role of lieutenant governor. He resigned as lieutenant governor to take his seat in the Senate on January 3, 2009. Otter named state Senator Brad Little of Emmett as Risch's successor.

Elections

 * 2008

On August 31, 2007, the Associated Press reported that Governor Otter might appoint Risch to the United States Senate to succeed the embattled Larry Craig. On September 1, the Idaho Statesman reported that Otter's spokesman denied Risch had been selected and that Otter had "made no decision and he is not leaning toward anybody." On October 9, Risch announced that he would run for the Senate seat. In May 2008, Risch was nominated as the Republican candidate for U.S. Senate. In the general election he defeated former Democratic Congressman Larry LaRocco with 58% of the vote.

 * 2014

Risch won the Republican primary with 79.9% of the vote and defeated attorney Nels Mitchell in the general election with 65.3% of the vote.

 * 2020

Risch was unopposed in the 2020 Republican primary. He defeated Democratic nominee Paulette Jordan in the general election with 62% of the vote.

2000s
Risch was one of four freshmen Republican senators in the 111th Congress of 2009, with Mike Johanns of Nebraska, George LeMieux of Florida and Scott Brown of Massachusetts. Republican Senator Mike Crapo of Idaho called Risch "results-oriented".

2010s
In 2017, Risch was one of 22 senators to sign a letter to President Donald Trump urging him to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.

On August 11, 2017, in an interview on PBS Newshour, Risch endorsed Trump's threatening North Korea with military destruction in the event that country launched missiles at Guam.

On March 22, 2018, the day before a potential federal government shutdown, Risch threatened to block a government spending bill because it included changing the name of the White Clouds Wilderness protected area to honor a deceased political rival, former Idaho Governor Cecil Andrus. Risch ultimately acquiesced.

In January 2019, Risch joined Marco Rubio, Cory Gardner, and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell in introducing legislation that would impose sanctions on the government of President of Syria Bashar al-Assad and bolster American cooperation with Israel and Jordan.

2020s
On January 21, 2020, during the first day of opening arguments in Trump's Senate impeachment trial, Risch was the first senator to fall asleep. Courtroom sketch artist Art Lien memorialized his nap.

In 2020, while Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Risch decided not to press Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to testify at the annual budget hearing. Pompeo had just successfully sought to have State Department inspector general Steve Linick fired; at the time, Linick had been conducting a watchdog investigation into the Trump administration's decision to sell arms to Saudi Arabia without congressional approval. For his tenure as chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee during the 116th Congress, the nonpartisan Lugar Center's Congressional Oversight Hearing Index gave Risch an "F" grade.

Risch was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when Trump supporters stormed the United States Capitol. He called the attack "unpatriotic and un-American in the extreme" and suggested it was spurred by "deep distrust in the integrity and veracity of our elections."

In 2021, Risch blocked the confirmation of Holocaust historian Deborah Lipstadt to the position of special envoy to monitor and combat antisemitism.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
 * Subcommittee on Energy
 * Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests
 * Subcommittee on Water and Power
 * Committee on Foreign Relations (Ranking Member)
 * As Ranking Member of the Full Committee, Risch is entitled to sit as an ex officio member on all subcommittees.
 * Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
 * Select Committee on Ethics
 * Select Committee on Intelligence

Caucuses

 * Senate Republican Conference
 * Congressional Coalition on Adoption

Saudi Arabia
In 2019, Risch sought to quell dissent among Republican senators over what they perceived as the Trump administration's weak response to the killing of Saudi journalist and U.S. permanent resident Jamal Khashoggi, and its refusal to send Congress a report on the administration's determination of who killed Khashoggi. He told his fellow Republican senators and Politico that the Trump administration was in compliance with the Magnitsky Act, but the administration had said that it refused to comply with the Act.

Israel Anti-Boycott Act
In March 2018, Risch co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act (s. 720), which would bar federal contractors from encouraging or participating in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the West Bank.

Turkey sanctions
Risch was a co-sponsor of the Promoting American National Security and Preventing the Resurgence of ISIS Act of 2019 (S.2641–116th), which was intended to punish Turkey and protect allies like the Kurds, who had suffered from recent Turkish military operations in Syria, including by resettling them in the U.S. The measure had broad support in Congress, which was concerned about the purchase of the Russian S-400 missile system Turkey was testing.

Ethiopia
On October 18, 2022, Risch criticized the Biden administration for hesitating to impose sanctions on the government of Ethiopia, where many atrocities and war crimes were committed in the Tigray War. He tweeted that Biden "must stop avoiding the use of sanctions in fear of offending and prioritize #humanrights".

NATO
In July 2024, Risch sponsored a report that advocated strengthening NATO and enhancing its planning for potential interference from the People's Republic of China.

Political positions
Risch is considered politically conservative. The American Conservative Union's Center for Legislative Accountability gives him a lifetime conservative score of 91.54. The liberal Americans for Democratic Action gave him an ideology score of zero in 2019.

Abortion
Risch is anti-abortion. He believes that Roe v. Wade was wrongly decided. In 2013, he co-sponsored the Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act, which would have made it illegal for a minor to cross state lines for an abortion. Risch supported the June 2022 overturning of Roe v. Wade and applauded the Supreme Court for recognizing "that states have an interest in protecting life at all stages of development by giving Americans the power to decide this matter at the state-level through their elected representatives."

Guns
The NRA Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF) endorsed Risch and gave him an A+ grade for his voting record on gun issues.

In 2013, along with 12 other Republican senators, Risch threatened to filibuster any bills Democrats introduced that Republicans perceived as a threat to gun rights, including expanded background checks. In an interview with National Public Radio, he said that Americans' right to keep and bear arms includes "a right to purchase one [a gun], to sell one, to trade in one, and you really have to have a robust market if indeed you're going to have a constitutional right." He also said that additional background checks would mean that gun dealers would "have to deal with the federal bureaucracy, which is very, very difficult to deal with."

In response to the Orlando nightclub shooting, Risch and Crapo said the shooting was not a reason to call for gun control legislation.

In 2016, Risch voted against the Feinstein Amendment, which would have blocked the sale of guns to people on the terrorist watch list, and Democrat Chris Murphy's proposal to expand background checks for sales at gun shows and online. Risch voted for both Republican-backed bills, John Cornyn's proposal to create a 72-hour delay for anyone on the terrorist watchlist buying a gun and Charles Grassley and Ted Cruz's proposal to alert authorities if a someone on the list tries to buy a firearm.

Criminal justice
Risch opposed the FIRST STEP Act, a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill. The bill passed 87–12 on December 18, 2018.

Health care
Risch supports repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare. He voted against the ACA in 2010.

On May 21, 2020, Risch introduced S. 3829, the Global Health Security and Diplomacy Act, but it did not receive a vote. In opening the confirmation hearings for Secretary Antony Blinken, Risch emphasized it as a legislative and foreign policy priority, given the "catastrophic failure at every level" of global health security infrastructure. The bill's supporters claim it would "improve coordination among the relevant Federal departments and agencies implementing United States foreign assistance for global health security, and more effectively enable partner countries to strengthen and sustain resilient health systems and supply chains with the resources, capacity, and personnel required to prevent, detect, mitigate, and respond to infectious disease threats before they become pandemics, and for other purposes."

2021 storming of the United States Capitol
On May 28, 2021, Risch abstained from voting on the creation of an independent commission to investigate the 2021 United States Capitol attack.

Veteran Affairs
On August 2, 2022, Risch was one of only 11 senators to vote against the Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics (PACT) Act, a bill to expand VA health care and benefits for veterans exposed to burn pits and other toxic substances.

Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023
Risch was among the 31 Senate Republicans who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023.

Personal life
Risch is Roman Catholic.

title: Jim Risch


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Microsoft Jet Database Engine/archive1

Microsoft Jet Database Engine
This is reasonably thorough. What else should I cover? - Ta bu shi da yu 07:09, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Since Jet is discontinued (I thought it was still alive.. I guess I need to pay more attention to stuff *smiles*), perhaps some information on how it differed from the current engine and other DB-engines from other companies?
 * References in the article, as opposed to the talk-page.. but I know you know that *smiles*
 * Perhaps the differences between the various generation of Jet and other DB-engines could be set up as a table, making it easier to grasp for someone like me?
 * Pictures are always good.. I like pictures. Not entirely sure if there is any picture that can illustrate an article about a DB-engine thought.
 * Otherwise, good job. A reasonable easy read, espesially when one consider the subject. WegianWarrior 07:24, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I don't think there is actually any pictures that can describe the Jet engine... will have a look around though. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:18, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This is a very technical sounding article that doesn't make a lot of sense to me, as a layperson. For someone who doesn't understand the terminology it seems just like a lot of jargon. For example: Jet 2.0 was released as several dynamic linked libraries (DLLs) that were utilised by application software, such as Access. The three dlls that comprised Jet 2.0 were the Jet DLL, the Data Access Objects (DAO) DLL and several external ISAM DLLs. I can't tell from that sentence why any of that is significant. This article is also a little short, so maybe it could be expanded by explaining the architecture in more detail and plain language. Cheers --malathion talk 05:01, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the feedback... I have expanded this somewhat. I'm not sure what else to add to the article, however. Any more information should be added to the DAO article, and we have an ISAM article already. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:18, 19 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Beefchex

Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

You can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing ~ ; our software automatically converts it to your username and the date.

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 07:09, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Beefchex


text:
User talk:Bew

Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
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You can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing ~ ; our software automatically converts it to your username and the date.

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 07:09, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bew


text:
User talk:Shadrak

Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

You can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing ~ ; our software automatically converts it to your username and the date.

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 07:10, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Paul L. Davis
What does the L. stand for? Mike H (Talking is hot) 15:01, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shadrak


text:
User talk:Northernstar79

Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

You can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing ~ ; our software automatically converts it to your username and the date.

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 07:10, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Please do not vandalize articles by adding intentionally incorrect information, as at Margaret Cho. -Will Beback 00:19, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

I did not vandalize that page, I had fixed it from a vandalizer. Please confer with me or other users before making false assumptions. Northernstar79 17:18, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * That was over a year ago. However on reviewing the edit it does appear to have introduced incorrect information into the article, such as President "Georgia W. Bush" and kidnapped heiress "Patrick Hearst". Perhaps you were reverting to a version you thought was better without knowing it contained that material, but the end effect was to make the article much worse. Please be more careful with your future edits.  ·:·Will Beback  ·:· 18:49, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply. I've reviewed the edit once again and it still appears to me that you inserted false information into the article. Perhaps there was an error in the tracking of edits and the edits attributed to you were actually made by another editor. In any case future behavior is more important than what has past. If you want to remove or archive this disucssion when you're done that's OK too.  ·:·Will Beback  ·:· 01:35, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Northernstar79


text:
Canada Lands Company

Canada Lands Company Limited (La Société immobilière du Canada) is a self-financing federal Crown corporation reporting to the Parliament of Canada through Public Services and Procurement Canada. The company is responsible for managing property on behalf of the federal government, conducting public consultation and integrating properties back into their surrounding communities for development. Most of its assets are located in Canadian urban centres, and are sold after the CLC revalued the property by providing managerial support and subsidizing immediate costs such as decontamination. However, the company retains ownership of some of Canada's most valued properties, such as Downsview Park, the CN Tower, the Old Port of Montreal and the Montreal Science Centre, from which it draws rental and hospitality revenues.

History
The CLC was founded in 1956 as the Public Works Lands Company Limited (PWLCL). Its original function was to act as "an intermediary handling public land development, leases, permits, title transfers, etc. for other government departments". The PWLCL had little activity in the first few decades of its existence, and went dormant in the 1980s when the government's neoliberal program focused on privatization. It was renamed the Canada Lands Company Limited in 1981.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the government of Canada adopted legislation and policies that encouraged the sale of public lands and assets. Prior to this period, state ownership of land and corporations was supported by all political parties and was seen as necessary to bind colonial economies together and to assist the private sector through government intervention in the economy. Following the adoption of the Federal Real Property and Federal Immovables Act in 1991, government departments were incentivized to dispose of their holdings with no immediate benefits, with the idea that the private sector could make better use of it. The function of today's CLC originates in these policy changes.

Canada Lands was reactivated in August 1995 by the Government of Canada as a "federal nonagent commercial Crown corporation" for the disposition of physical government properties deemed superfluous. It is mandated by the government to act as its agent for the disposal of such assets, and the government is the company's only shareholder. The necessity of the disposition of land and other physical assets was the result of the privatization of Canadian National Railway in 1995, as the government had excluded non-rail real estate assets from the privatization and re-activated Canada Lands as a holding company for these assets, and to dispose of high-value assets in urban areas. Any property deemed surplus by the government must be sold to the Canada Lands Company at fair market value, which must then develop, manage, or sell the property.

In the 2010s, CLC's major projects were the operation and development of the CN Tower and surrounding areas, and the redevelopment of decommissioned Canadian Forces bases across Canada into pricey residential units.

Mandate
The goal of the corporation as determined by Cabinet since 1995 has been to ensure "the commercially oriented, orderly disposition of surplus properties with optimal value to the Canadian taxpayer".

Work
The CLC treats their holdings as financial assets. They appraise the value of their holdings exclusively from an exchange-value point of view, and recommends property management and redevelopment schemes directly aimed at increasing the land exchange value. In contrast, in UK land disposals, surplus designation is based on the land’s operational value, and exchange value is only considered once it is determined that the land has no value for the government.

The CLC also subsidizes the initial costs of developing the property, such as "the removal of debris and contaminated soil or other environmental hazards. Other preparation work may include the renovation of existing roads, the demolition of unsafe structures and the installation of new roads and other municipal services (for example: sewers, streetlights, etc.)."

Privatization
Heather Whiteside describes the CLC as an "agent of privatization, akin to PPP Canada and the Canada Infrastructure Bank". She says the "CLC provides regulatory-managerial support for privatization by collecting rent to subsidize property development, by commercializing public space, and by financializing public land."

Governance
The chair of the company and its board members are appointed by the Governor-in-Council. It is a self-financing company operated at arm's length from the government that reports to the Minister of Public Services and Procurement. It functions as a "private sector, full-service real estate company". Unlike other government agencies, it is able to borrow money from capital markets, use letters of credit, and hold cash and other short-term financial instruments.

Holdings
CLCL is the parent of three subsidiary companies: Parc Downsview Park Inc. (which manages Downsview Park in Toronto), Old Port of Montreal Corporation (which manages attractions in the Old Port of Montreal historic area including the Montreal Science Centre), and Canada Lands Company CLC Limited (which manages all other holdings such as the CN Tower).

The company has a real estate portfolio totalling approximately 2,400 acres in municipalities across Canada. The initial portfolio included many properties formerly controlled by the Canadian National Railway Company, which was privatized in 1995. Most of these properties were highly hazardous, and the CLC took care of their decontamination and redevelopment. The remediation of the CN's Shop Yard in Moncton, New Brunswick is often touted as one of the CLC's success, as they recycled 4000 tons of scrap metal, removed 120 000 tons of lead contamination and 30 000 tons of wood, and installed a kilometre of pipes and drainage. This work "turned a vacant ‘eye sore’ into a place for community and business activity."

This portfolio subsequently increased in size as the Department of National Defence (DND) began closing military bases across the country after the end of the Cold War. In the 1990s, government officials floated the idea using these DND surplus lands for public services such as social housing. CLC purchased several former DND bases that were closed during this process, and it later began to redevelop them. Today, after being handled by the CLC, these ex-military bases are, for the most part, pricey residential units.

Of its original portfolio when the company was re-activated in 1995, 70% had been sold by 2006.

Current projects
Canada Lands Company's current real estate projects include:
 * Wateridge Village/Village des Riverains, Ottawa, Ontario (in development)
 * Village at Griesbach, Edmonton, Alberta (in development)
 * Currie, Calgary, Alberta (in development)
 * Shannon Park, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
 * Jericho Lands, Vancouver, British Columbia (in partnership with the Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh Nations)
 * Heather Street Lands, Vancouver, British Columbia
 * Downsview Redevelopment, Toronto, Ontario (in partnership with Northcrest of PSP Investments, planning started in 2020)

Canada Lands Company's completed major real estate developments include:

 * Les Bassins du Nouveau Havre, Montreal, Quebec
 * Benny Farm, Montreal, Quebec
 * Moncton Sportsplex, Moncton, New Brunswick
 * River's Edge, Chilliwack, British Columbia
 * Garrison Crossing, Chilliwack, British Columbia
 * Garrison Woods, Calgary, Alberta
 * Garrison Green, Calgary, Alberta

Indigenous relation
CLC land is sometimes used to resolve Indigenous specific land claims. An example of this is the 2014 transfer of the Jericho lands in urban Vancouver to three First Nations groups (the Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh nations). The land deal is worth $237 million.

As part of its joint venture with the Algonquins of Ontario, the CLC is redeveloping the site at 299 Carling Avenue. Canada Lands entered into a Participation Agreement with the Algonquins of Ontario for the redevelopment of the former CFB Rockcliffe in Ottawa, now known as Wateridge Village.

CLC is also participating in the development of Naawi-Oodena, the former Kapyong Barracks in southwest Winnipeg, and the largest urban reserve in Canada.

title: Canada Lands Company


text:
User talk:Prescott~enwiki

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Babson E-Tower
You originally nominated Babson E-Tower for deletion. I closed the debate with a result of merge to Babson College. There were no keep votes, 3 merge votes and 1 delete vote (excluding your nomination), however it was combined with a merge vote. Therefore I merged the contents into Babson College.

Now keep in mind I don't actually know that much about Babson College or its E-Tower. I take your word that the E-Tower is not a real tower and not notable enough to be mentioned in Wikipedia. I'll leave editing the Babson College article up to you and others. — J I P | Talk 06:28, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Um, ok I go to Babson College and there definitely needs to be an entry about E-Tower. I mean if you've even taken a glance at Babson College or even remotely considered it, the two things you hear are FME (Foundation Management Experience) and E-Tower, no joke. Therefore, I am reverting your edits. If you still disagree, feel free to write on my talk page but please do not start a revert war or whatever it is called. Thanks Bubbleboys 06:10, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Reynoldscampuscenter.JPG
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Notability of CryoTech
seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. --Android Mouse Bot 2 15:57, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Prescott~enwiki


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User talk:Ruralmondain

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Image Tagging Image:Capt. James Lawrence, at jameslawrence.jpg
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Proposed deletion of File:Capt. James Lawrence, at jameslawrence.jpg

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title: User talk:Ruralmondain


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User talk:Isjoyce

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Image Tagging Image:AlastairMackenzie.jpg
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Enterprise Portfolio Management
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. We appreciate your, but for legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted.

Feel free to re-submit a new version of the article. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words.

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You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here. You can also leave a message on my talk page. Grutness...wha?  11:45, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Prankery
Will be redirected to Practical joke.  B e  a  rly  541  10:19, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

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User talk:Cyfanfor

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Proposed deletion of A.S. Nagarajan

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User talk:Arukundo

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User talk:Phileo

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 * ok, I should have the correct copyright tag there. -- Phileo 01:55, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Phileo


text:
User talk:Oddible

Welcome!

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 07:12, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks Essjay -- Oddible 06:37, 2005 July 20 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oddible


text:
User:Mpah

Peri Hankey
My education went from a heavy emphasis on Latin and Greek through Psychology and Philosophy. But my career took me into computing, where my interest in language led me to projects in which I developed and applied the ideas that underpin the Language Machine. This trail began when I was working with David Hendry, who saw that the rewriting rules of a grammar can usefully be rethought as going from the sentences to the grammar and not from the grammar to the sentences.

title: User:Mpah


text:
User talk:CowDefender

Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
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You can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing ~ ; our software automatically converts it to your username and the date.

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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 07:11, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CowDefender


text:
User talk:Waffenbaum

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Seeaxid 07:11, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Waffenbaum


text:
User talk:Voidxor

Citation param language=en
Hi, Voidxor, and thanks for your contribution to Zhurong (rover). Please note that you shouldn't remove parameter en when you find it in a citation template. Saying it is only necessary for non-English sources is not quite right, because it isn't necessary for non-English sources either; in fact, no parameters are necessary and you can code the whole thing in plain text without a citation template at all, and still meet the WP:Verifiability standard. However, the citation template offers multiple benefits, one of which is providing structured metadata that is easily machine-readable; adding en takes it one step further, and is helpful, not hurtful. That doesn't mean you have to have it, and I wouldn't normally bother adding it if it's not already there (although I sometimes do, when an English book has a foreign-sounding title, like, let's say, Mein Kampfen). But if it's already there, or if you feel like adding it, it has metadata benefits, and also improves verifiability for translators who pick up our English article and translate it into French, or whatever. So, if you see the en params, please just leave them in place. Thanks again for your improvements to the encyclopedia! Mathglot (talk) 01:43, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Wow. The whole "If XYZ isn't necessary, then ABC must not be necessary either!!" argument is one of the silliest red herrings I sometimes see around here. Grow up. And no, I'm not formatting citations as plain text.
 * Red herrings aside, see Template:Cite web for my reasoning. In the template list near the bottom, it says, "The language in which the source is written, if not English." After all, this is the English Wikipedia; English is the default. Furthermore, MOS:MARKUP says to omit unnecessary markup because it impedes editing and stands to confuse and discourage new editors. —  void  xor  13:04, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I must've been unclear. I never said, nor meant to imply, that "If XYZ isn't necessary, then ABC must not be necessary"; I was trying to show a parallelism of user choice where multiple valid options are available. It is a fact of Wikipedia policy that the use of citation templates is in no way required to uphold WP:Verifiablity of content (plain text citations are just as valid); however, they may be used if desired. It is also a fact that when a citation template is used by choice, there is no requirement to use the language parameter;  however, the parameter may be used if desired regardless of the source language. I hope that is clearer.
 * You're right about cite web, somebody added that to the TemplateData section, likely for the benefit of VE users, and that's their opinion, but just like anything on a Template doc page, it's just a bunch of helpful opinions by volunteer editors, neither a policy, nor a guideline. Follow it, if you find it helpful. (I wrote bits of it; hopefully they are both accurate, and helpful.) Cite book happens not to include that same wording that you quoted, probably because somebody else wrote that part of the /doc there; doesn't mean the language param should be handled any differently for books vs. web resources.
 * Personally, I don't find anything at MOS:MARKUP germane to the question of what citation parameters should or shouldn't be used, for two reasons: if you look at Template:Cite web, you'll see that the "Most commonly used parameters" example has nine params, and right under that, the full set has several dozen. Does MOS:MARKUP restrict using those additional parameters? I don't think so, otherwise, why have them? But there's a more important reason: the citation templates are neither HTML nor CSS markup, they are part of MediaWiki-designed software that augments HTML/CSS to provide transcludability, so MOS:MARKUP doesn't apply to templates.
 * I'm sure you noticed I didn't revert your removal of the en because it's valid both ways. Something to keep in mind, is that MOS:VAR does say you shouldn't flip from one valid format to another valid one just because you prefer it, and that may apply here. I won't revert you if you flip them, because MOS:VAR still applies just as much after you remove them, as before; it's just that there's no advantage to removing it in the first place. Hope this clarifies what I meant to say. Happy editing! Mathglot (talk) 11:45, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

CS1 error on Career development
Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Career development, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows: Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:Qwerfjkl/Botpreload&editintro=User:Qwerfjkl/boteditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:Qwerfjkl&preloadtitle=Qwerfjkl%20(bot)%20–%20Voidxor&section=new&preloadparams%5b%5d=&preloadparams%5b%5d=1208520795 report it to my operator]. Thanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 21:40, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
 * A "missing title" error. References show this error when they do not have a title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. ([//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Career_development&action=edit&minor=minor&summary=Fixing+reference+error+raised+by+%5B%5BUser%3AQwerfjkl%20(bot)%7CQwerfjkl%20(bot)%5D%5D Fix] | [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&preload=User:Qwerfjkl%20(bot)/helpform&preloadtitle=Referencing%20errors%20on%20%5B%5BSpecial%3ADiff%2F1208520795%7CCareer%20development%5D%5D Ask for help])

Bicolour laser harp in laser harp page
Hi, thank you for advicing me about COI, but I just added a reference on a topic written almost 12 years ago (not by me but speaking of my person of course since I am the inventor) about the invention of the bicolour laser harp. Since the invention changed the way to play laser harps around the world (you can find the same description in many languages verions on wikipedia) and since someone else adviced the a reference was needed in the description >I undid and added that reference. I had the bicoulour idea in 2008 and I called the machine Kromalaser. I am not interested after 14 years in advertising the Kromalaser (as other people is doing with their brand in the same wikipedia page lying on informations...), but I think that it is not fair to delete the paragraph about the invention and the improvement I made on the original instrument. since then all laser harps made in the world use my idea to distinguish tomic and diatonic by colour. So please I promis not to edit by myself the page again, but please put back the paragraph that was there since 12 years or suggest me what is the most correct thing to do to put it back. Best wishes.As you can understand I am an inventor, not a wikipedia expert at all. MaurizioCarelli (talk) 13:01, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C

 * You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.

Dear Wikimedian,

You are receiving this message because you previously participated in the UCoC process.

This is a reminder that the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ends on May 9, 2024. Read the information on the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the U4C Charter.

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

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RamzyM (WMF) 23:10, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

Hi
Hello, I'd like to say thanks for 'thanking' my proposed deleted message for the article. GoodHue291 (talk) 00:38, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

A barnstar for you! (June 2024 backlog drive)
Adam Black talk •  contribs 12:45, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Adam! That was a lot of fun. I only wish I'd had more time to throw at it. —  void  xor  23:09, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Voidxor


text:
User talk:Ikusawa

Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

You can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing ~ ; our software automatically converts it to your username and the date.

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 07:12, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

re: Wedding Crashers
Yeah, the site looks like crap, but that was done on purpose by the studio to make it look like a website the character would run. I found it in an odd place with other related Wedding Crasher sites, either buried on the WeddingCrashers site itself, or on the http://www.budweiser.com/weddingcrashers/landing.html official Budweiser "Wedding Crashers" site]. Can't dig up that page now, of course, but I'm sure the links will turn up eventually. No worries.

New confusion regarding Ship

 * A new level of confusion has been added recently, as Ship has been seen to be in two completely different places at once, talking to both Katie and Laurie.

I think that refers to this comic. Can we really assume that those panels happen at the same time? Laurie and Katie are in separate panels. I think a more interesting observation from that comic, is that Katie apparently went out the window and her (/their) scarf went through a Post Office Box, although not wikipedia material. 131.155.229.224 16:07, 19 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I wrote the above on Talk:Count Your Sheep. Since you seemed to have some interest in Count Your Sheep, would you like to comment? I'd sooner see that comic as evidence for Ships speed being near the speed of thought (or even speed of light). 131.155.229.224 15:58, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ikusawa


text:
Laird

A laird is the owner of a large, long-established Scottish estate. In the traditional Scottish order of precedence, a laird ranked below a baron and above a gentleman. This rank was held only by those lairds holding official recognition in a territorial designation by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. They are usually styled [name] [surname] of [lairdship]. However, since "laird" is a courtesy title, it has no formal status in law.

Historically, the term bonnet laird was applied to rural, petty landowners, as they wore a bonnet like the non-landowning classes. Bonnet lairds filled a position in society below lairds and above husbandmen (farmers), similar to the yeomen of England.

An Internet fad is the selling of tiny souvenir plots of Scottish land and a claim of a "laird" title to go along with it, but the Lord Lyon has decreed these meaningless for several reasons.

Etymology
Laird (earlier lard) is the now-standard Scots pronunciation (and phonetic spelling) of the word that is pronounced and spelled in standard English as lord. As can be seen in the Middle English version of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, specifically in the Reeve's Tale, Northern Middle English had a where Southern Middle English had o, a difference still found in standard English two and Scots twa.

The Scots and Northern English dialectal variant laird has been recorded in writing since the 13th century, as a surname, and in its modern context since the middle of the 15th century. It is derived from the Northern Middle English laverd, itself derived from the Old English word hlafweard meaning "warden of loaves". The Standard English variant, lord, is of the same origin, and would have formerly been interchangeable with laird; however, in modern usage the term lord is associated with a peerage title, and thus the terms have come to have separate meanings. (In Scotland, the title baron is not a peerage; the equivalent of an English baron is a Lord of Parliament, e.g. Lord Lovat.)

History and definition
In the 15th and 16th centuries, the designation was used for land owners holding directly of the Crown, and therefore were entitled to attend Parliament. Lairds reigned over their estates like princes, their castles forming a small court. Originally in the 16th and 17th centuries, the designation was applied to the head chief of a highland clan and therefore was not personal property and had obligations towards the community.

The laird may possess certain local or feudal rights. A lairdship carried voting rights in the ancient pre-Union Parliament of Scotland, although such voting rights were expressed via two representatives from each county who were known as Commissioners of the Shires, who came from the laird class and were chosen by their peers to represent them. A certain level of landownership was a necessary qualification (40 shillings of old extent). A laird is said to hold a lairdship. A woman who holds a lairdship in her own right has been styled with the honorific "Lady".

Although "laird" is sometimes translated as lord and historically signifies the same, like the English term lord of the manor, laird is not a title of nobility. The designation is a "corporeal hereditament" (an inheritable property that has an explicit tie to the physical land), i.e. the designation cannot be held in gross, and cannot be bought and sold without selling the physical land. The designation does not entitle the owner to sit in the House of Lords, and is the Scottish equivalent to an English squire, in that it is not a noble title, more a courtesy designation meaning landowner with no other rights assigned to it. A laird possessing a coat of arms registered in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland is a member of Scotland's minor nobility. Such a person can be recognised as a laird, if not a chief or chieftain, or descendant of one of these, by the formal recognition of a territorial designation as a part of their name by the Lord Lyon. The Lord Lyon is the ultimate arbiter as to determining entitlement to a territorial designation, and his right of discretion in recognising these, and their status as a name, dignity or title, have been confirmed in the Scottish courts.

Today
A study in 2003 by academics at the Universities of Edinburgh and Aberdeen concluded that: "The modern Scottish Highland sporting estate continues to be a place owned by an absentee landowner who uses its 15-20,000 acres for hunting and family holidays. While tolerating public access, he (82% of lairds are male) feels threatened by new legislation, and believes that canoeing and mountain-biking should not take place on his estate at all."

Traditional and current forms of address
The use of the honorific "The Much Honoured" by lairds is archaic, although technically correct.

The wife of a laird is traditionally accorded the courtesy title Lady; in the UK television series Monarch of the Glen (based on the 1941 novel by Compton Mackenzie), the wife of "Hector Naismith MacDonald, Laird of Glenbogle" is referenced as "Lady of Glenbogle".

King George V and his wife Queen Mary were reported as being "The Laird and Lady of Balmoral" by the Scottish press in the 1920s and 1930s.

Souvenir plots and false titles
A contemporary popular view of lairdship titles has taken a unique twist in the 21st century with sales of souvenir plots from sellers who obtain no legal right to the title. A souvenir plot is defined in the Land Registration (Scotland) Act 2012 as "a piece of land ... of inconsiderable size or no practical utility". Several websites, and Internet vendors on websites like eBay, sell Scottish lairdships along with minuscule "plots of land" – usually one square foot. The Court of the Lord Lyon considers these particular titles to be meaningless because it is impossible to have numerous "lairds" of a single estate at the same time, as has been advertised by these companies.

However, despite the law and guidance by the Court of the Lord Lyon, the sellers view the contract purporting to sell a plot of Scottish souvenir land as bestowing the buyer with the informal right to the title of Laird. This is despite the fact that the buyer does not acquire ownership of the plot because registration of the plot is prohibited by Land Registration (Scotland) Act 2012, s 22 (1)(b). As ownership of land in Scotland requires registration of a valid disposition under Land Registration (Scotland) Act 2012, s 50 (2), the prohibition on registration of a souvenir plot means the buyer does not acquire ownership, and accordingly has no entitlement to a descriptive title premised on landownership.

The Lord Lyon, Scotland's authority on titles and heraldry, has produced the following guidance regarding the current concept of a "souvenir plot" and the use of the term "laird" as a courtesy title: "The term "laird" has generally been applied to the owner of an estate, sometimes by the owner himself or, more commonly, by those living and working on the estate. It is a description rather than a title, and is not appropriate for the owner of a normal residential property, far less the owner of a small souvenir plot of land. The term "laird" is not synonymous with that of "lord" or "lady". Ownership of a souvenir plot of land is not sufficient to bring a person otherwise ineligible within the jurisdiction of the Lord Lyon for the purpose of seeking a grant of arms."

title: Laird