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Talk:2005 Atlantic hurricane season/Archive 1

Gray's prediction
I don't think that the prediction will be correct; I think it will be yet another busy hurricane season in 2005...15 tropical storms, 10 hurricanes, 5 major hurricanes, several landfalling hurricanes...

 * We make no claims on Dr. Gray's accuracy. He's just noted for making the predictions, and there really isn't anything else to say about the 2005 season at this point. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:17, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

South Atlantic
Did we make it through March without any S. Atlantic activity? Quite a difference from the last few years. --Golbez 07:03, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * I haven't heard of anything happening. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:56, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pacific
Just to let y'all know I've started the sister page, 2005 Pacific hurricane season. Need to find pre-season forecasts... not sure where. --Golbez 20:22, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know that there are any. -- Cyrius|✎ 13:31, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Well I have some for 2004, but I'm not sure where I got them from. :P --Golbez 17:57, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

New layout on NHC
Looks like www.nhc.noaa.gov has a new layout.. not sure if I like it. Have to wait for the first storm to see how it really looks. --Golbez 09:00, May 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Links! http://www.nhc.noaa.gov. Indeed, wait and see. -- tomf688 (talk) 15:24, May 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Easier to get an "at a glance" view of a storm with the thumbnails of the track forecast chart and the wind forecast chart right on the main page. -- Cyrius|✎ 18:07, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Adrian ---> Arlene?
The forecast suggests that Tropical Storm Adrian in the Eastern Pacific will cross Central America and continue on in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. If it keeps or regains tropical storm strength, will it be renamed Arlene if such happens?

 * Yes. -- Cyrius|✎ 17:00, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Right. I wonder if it ever happened, that a storm "crossed over" in that direction into the Gulf and regained storm status. Awolf002 17:32, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * For reasons that should be fairly clear, the reverse (Atlantic->Pacific) is more common than this case. There has been one instance since storm naming began, 1989's Tropical Storm Allison, which formed out of the remnants of Hurricane Cosme. The only other occurrence on record was in 1949. -- Cyrius|✎ 17:49, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Cool, thanks! Let's hope this one just fizzles! Awolf002 18:16, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Uuhhh... I read in one of the discussions on the NHC site that re-naming will depend on its tropical status. If it stays a tropical storm, it will keep its original name. If it fizzles and then some wave/remnant action create a new storm in the Carribean, it will have the Atlantic name. Does that jive with you guys? Here is the link and the quote
 * ONLY IF THE SYSTEM SHOULD MAINTAIN TROPICAL CYCLONE STATUS THROUGHOUT ITS PASSAGE OVER LAND WOULD IT RETAIN THE NAME ADRIAN IN THE ATLANTIC BASIN.

Awolf002 20:10, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * That makes sense; it's just extremely unlikely. In fact, based on what I know, it's never happened. When 2004A Earl crossed over and became 2004P Frank, (Hey, I actually like that kind of ID number), it changed names because it became a tropical depression. Central America, like Hispaniola, is death to cyclones, the mountains shred them to pieces. It's extremely unlikely that Adrian will survive the transition. I would wager a storm would have to be at least category 3 to survive the American spine. And thanks for pointing that out, Awolf :) --Golbez 20:50, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * History contradicts that quote. 1996's Hurricane Cesar and 1988's Hurricane Joan both crossed into the Pacific while still at tropical storm strength, and both were renamed (to Douglas and Miriam). The intro to the Preliminary Report on Cesar states that all such storms are renamed. This argument could obviously be rendered moot by a change in practice in the last nine years. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:27, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Isn't it also ironic that they both kept the same gender? (Cesar to Douglas, Joan to Miriam).

E. Brown, Hurricane enthusiast - Squawk Box 23:42, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * To quote Bender, "that's not ironic, it's just coincidental." -- Cyrius|✎ 06:31, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Wikinews
(crossposted from the pacific page)

OK, folks, this is a warmup for the much more important (at least as far as clicks are concerned, no one in Central America right now should take this as a slight. I mean for Wikipedia, for publicity, for getting our name out) Atlantic season. Last year, we either didn't have Wikinews, or none of us felt it up to snuff to either make articles for it, or link them if they did exist.

I'm making Wikinews for every major milestone along Adrian's course, and plan to make them for each subsequent storm, regardless of impact. (Well, I mean, I would make one about the formation of Karl, and maybe the dissipation, and that's it. And time will tell if this is necessary)

ANYWAY.

So far, I've linked every story (two so far) under Adrian. Now, this could get long for a large storm, but then again, a large storm will get its own article (Adrian will likely deserve one before the week is out) and thus have room for a long list of links.

Now imagine if we have another Hurricane Jeanne or Ivan this year, and everyone who comes to look at the article sees links to Wikinews articles.

I would daresay it's the best advertising Wikinews can get. We all know how powerful the storm articles were last year; the Hurricane Frances article was, IIRC (And I could be very wrong), for a while, the most read article on Wikipedia. If we even only get 1% of clickthroughs to Wikinews, that could be a huge boon for that site; maybe they're better off, I don't know, I've been remiss in my duties there.

My point is, let's see how this style works here, and I suggest we implement it on the Atlantic page. It couldn't hurt. Yes, the Wikinews article at present is mostly a clone of the Wikipedia article, but the differences are, the Wikinews article has the ability to expand beyond that, especially with local reports which would be just awesome. Also, the Wikinews article will still be there - so even after this article says "Adrian dissipated on this and that date", there will still be articles chronicling its formation, strengthening, strike, and effects. So while Wikipedia remains up to date, Wikinews serves as a useful archive outside of the history page.

Any comments? --Golbez 18:29, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Since Adrian is only a Category 1 storm now, and Pacific retirements are much rarer, it should be Hurricane Adrian (2005). If it reforms into Arlene, then Tropical Storm Arlene (2005) or Hurricane Arlene (2005) should redirect to that page. (Unless Arlene makes a name for herself)

 * 1) Please sign your comments with ~.
 * 2) I disagree. Until I have another Adrian article, there's no reason to quantify it with a year. Furthermore, Pacific retirements are much rarer because deadly storms are much rarer - that doesn't mean a deadly storm has less chance of being retired. As for what happens if Adrian survives to be Arlene, we should discuss that, and have a plan ready just in case. It's all moot if neither storm warrants their own article; then we can just redirect the names to the proper season, and then cross-link. If one or the other, or god forbid BOTH, warrant an article, then we have to figure out the logistics. if Adrian becomes worthy, then Arlene should redirect to the Atlantic page with a short mention that it used to be Adrian, unless Arlene is similarly notable, in which case it might be better to merge the two articles into some "Hurricane Adrian/Hurricane Arlene" amalgam - but thankfully, we don't need to cross that bridge til we reach it. --Golbez 08:08, May 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, Adrian has rendered this moot by letting itself get torn apart by the terrain. Between the shear the NHC is talking about, and the low Caribbean water temperatures, it's not looking like we'll have to deal with it this year. -- Cyrius|✎ 17:37, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

On Arlene
It's now Tropical Depression One. --Goobergunch|? 21:31, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Since 1) There are ALREADY watches up [Cuba] and 2) It is likely to become Tropical Storm Arlene, would it be premature to make a Storm section for TD1? --Golbez 22:11, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Premature, yes. While the NHC is forecasting it to strengthen, it could also do just the opposite and dissipate.  Just wait a few more days and see what happens. -- tomf688 (talk) 22:17, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Wikipedia can wait for stuff to happen. However, Golbez wanted to do the Wikinews thing this year, and first system of the season would fit well over there. -- Cyrius|✎ 22:18, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It's officially Tropical Storm Arlene now. This is the ninth time Arlene has been used, regaining the title of the most used name (which it will hold for a while)24.226.10.99 16:02, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Current subjects: Arlene, possibly bringing heavy rainfall to Cuba and the Gulf Coast, and just-tagged 91L INVEST, well northeast of Puerto Rico. As for Wikinews, I'm better at writing wire reports and headlines than at writing articles, but I think Wikinews might be able to handle itself. Hopefully. If not, I can write up a quick blurb. --Golbez 17:33, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not that familiar with Wikinews policies, but I wrote up First tropical storm of 2005 season forms in the Atlantic based on the lates advisory. --Goobergunch|? 17:54, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Heh, whoops, I just wrote Tropical Storm Arlene forms, threatens Cuba, U.S.. --Golbez 18:02, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

2400 vs 0000 day + 1
Based on experience from last year, using 0000Z instead of 2400Z is a pain in the ass, even if it is more "normal". It's harder to read, and more work to edit. Compare:

 * June 28 - 7pm CDT (0000 June 29 UTC)
 * June 28 - 7pm CDT (2400 UTC)

Zerbey changed my use of the latter, but failed to add the date, and the resulting "7pm CDT (0000 UTC)" either relied on assumption or was just plain wrong. Well-intended, yes, but factual accuracy trumps style. Use of 2400 to specifically indicate the end of the day is standard (literally, see ISO 8601), and helps reduce clutter in this case. -- Cyrius|✎ 29 June 2005 00:10 (UTC)

 * No, I'm pretty sure that 0000 UTC is correct. Midnight is technically the beginning of the new day. bob rulz June 29, 2005 01:24 (UTC)

They're both correct, that was the whole point. It's just that one encourages factual mistakes and is painful to keep properly updated, and the other looks wrong to some people. When providing "current" information, it is far more important to be factually correct than stylistically correct. -- Cyrius|✎ 29 June 2005 01:37 (UTC)

 * Okay, you lost me. You said that they're both correct, but that one encourages factual mistakes? How is that? If it's correct, then how does it encourage factual mistakes? And how would it encourage factual mistakes anyway? bob rulz June 29, 2005 01:51 (UTC)

 * 0000 is the more formal use I thought. The 24-hour clock goes from 00:00 to 23:59. -- tomf688 (talk) June 29, 2005 02:01 (UTC)

 * A 24-hour clock cannot display both 0000 and 2400 simultaneously. 0000 is more formal, but 2400 is also correct and should be used where circumstances make it more useful. -- Cyrius|✎ 29 June 2005 12:38 (UTC)

 * bob, I told you how it encourages factual mistakes in our particular situation. It was half the original message. -- Cyrius|✎ 29 June 2005 12:38 (UTC)

 * You've still lost me. What makes this any different than any other 0000/2400 usage? And how exactly is one more useful than the other? bob rulz June 29, 2005 23:05 (UTC)

 * June 28 - 7pm CDT (0000 UTC), which appeared in the actual article, is incorrect.
 * June 28 - 7pm CDT (2400 UTC) is correct, but looks weird to some people.
 * June 28 - 7pm CDT (0000 June 29 UTC) is correct, but requires the repeated addition and removal of the date. If the date is not added when necessary, it becomes the incorrect first example. It's also a bit messy.

 * The usefulness of 2400 over 0000 in certain circumstances comes from its ability to describe the midnight at the end of the day, rather than the midnight at the beginning.

 * If you want to hang around every day a storm's active at 7pm CDT/8pm EDT and add date+1 to all the UTC times, be my guest. But I'm not bothering, and will revert anyone who "fixes" it incorrectly, like in the case that caused me to bitch in the first place. -- Cyrius|✎ 30 June 2005 00:59 (UTC)

 * Oh, okay, I see what you mean now. Nevermind then. bob rulz June 30, 2005 01:32 (UTC)

 * I don't consider this nearly as big a deal as the volumes of text I've written may seem to indicate. I'm just extremely annoyed by fixes that aren't. -- Cyrius|✎ 30 June 2005 02:41 (UTC)

Category 3 / Category 4 borderline discrepancy?
While working on another research project (which I'll share here once my webpage is done), I ran into a troublesome problem regarding hurricanes on the borderline of Cat-3 and Cat-4 intensity.

According to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, and from all of my prior knowledge, 130 MPH is Cat-3, and 131 MPH is Cat-4. This can be verified as well by the 8:00 PM EDT (July 7) advisory on Hurricane Dennis, which brings the storm to 130 MPH and claims it to be of Cat-3 strength.

However, the Saffir-Simpson scale also suggests that any storm with winds equal to or greater than 113 knots are Category 4... and according to Unisys (a source I've been using very frequently), Dennis has reached 115 knots as of the aforementioned 8:00 PM EDT advisory. Unisys lists the storm as Category 4, which directly contradicts the NHC's public advisory. Indeed, the entire Unisys archive lists storms at 115 knots as Category 4.

Even more troubling is that the official re-analysis done by HURDAT (warning: large html file) lists all wind speeds by MPH, and includes all 130 MPH storms as Category 4.

So, where is the line really drawn?

The Great Zo 8 July 2005 01:51 (UTC)

--

More info: On that HURDAT data I linked above, the only storm EVER listed as having winds of 135 MPH is two data points for Helene in 1988... I looked to see the corresponding wind speed in knots for those two data points (on Unisys) and they were 117 knots and 118 knots - two very strange numbers.

So it looks like 115 knots = 130 MPH, and 120 knots = 140 MPH....

but 115 knots also = Cat-4, although 130 MPH = Cat-3...

This is darn confusing...

The Great Zo 8 July 2005 02:15 (UTC)

 * Since Dennis continues to strengthen, I'd say it is a Category 4 hurricane right now, although we need to wait for the official numbers. CrazyC83 8 July 2005 02:27 (UTC)

 * The 11:00 PM EDT is out and Dennis has reached Cat-4 as you expected, but your comment didn't really address the crux of my issue. However, Dennis is now at 135 MPH... and listed in the forecast advisory of being at 115 knots. So now, does 135 MPH = 115 knots? Obviously the NHC is having some consistency issues they may not even know about. - The Great Zo 8 July 2005 02:40 (UTC)

 * I think it's an issue of rounding. Apparently, 135 mph is 117 knots, so it could be either one of them that's in error. I might be in error, since math confuses me (not THAT simple of math, but still...I don't want to take the time to sift through these numbers...). bob rulz July 8, 2005 06:03 (UTC)

 * Also, realize that these are estimates. Until the storm makes landfall, they have no way of getting accurate windspeeds where it counts, so the hurricane hunters measure windspeeds at altitude and make a general guess (subtracting 10%) from that amount. When a storm is out at sea, I would imagine there are several factors for a category - if it's right on the cusp between 3 and 4, but pressure shows it dropping into a traditionally Cat 4 territory, they may mung the numbers to make it reach that. Likewise, if the pressure doesn't really match a Cat 4, then they may do it otherwise. I'm not saying this is how it is - but it's my guess. --Golbez July 8, 2005 06:18 (UTC)

 * Yup, there's definitely some rounding that goes on, and always have been - that's why all the wind speeds, in knots and MPH both, are always rounded to the nearest 5. Doing that creates some obvious problems since knots and MPH don't run on the same scale, and somewhere along the line, a reported 5 knot increase is going to have to become a reported 10 MPH increase. I guess my issue right now is that the Saffir-Simpson scale, and the 8PM "130 MPH" advisory on Dennis, both state that 130MPH is Category 3 - and we all know that wind speed is what determines a category. If that's true, why is the official HURDAT stuff declaring 130 MPH as Cat 4? It all goes back to those discrepancies with the rounding, how the storms were reported initially, and perhaps how they were tweaked in post-storm analysis as well. I'll look more into the historical data tomorrow and see what else I can dig up. -- Golbez, your point is certainly valid, but whatever tweaking goes on is "behind the scenes" and something eventually has to be reported as the official advisory intensity. If they wanted to tweak a storm to a certain category, they can do that, but all we see in the public advisory is the reported wind speed they've set it to - which THEN determines the category. The current forecasting crew, as seen from Dennis, seems pretty set that 130 was Cat-3, and 135 was Cat-4. The Great Zo 8 July 2005 06:33 (UTC)

 * If HURDAT and the TPC disagree, then the best option is probably to send an email to the TPC or the NHC. --Golbez July 8, 2005 06:55 (UTC)

 * Hey, I was right on the rounding! Someone agrees with me! I'm not completely stupid!
 * Anyway...yeah, I was going to suggest sending them an e-mail and informing them of the discrepancies. bob rulz July 8, 2005 09:20 (UTC)
 * Anyway...yeah, I was going to suggest sending them an e-mail and informing them of the discrepancies. bob rulz July 8, 2005 09:20 (UTC)

 * Yup, I guess I'll have to resort to that, so I'll send them an email - however, I'll be waiting until Dennis is done destroying things, as to actually stand a chance of not being ignored, heh. I can still finish most of my small project without that info and I'll probably be done with it by late tonight. The Great Zo 8 July 2005 15:14 (UTC)

Losing strength
Should we note in the timeline whenever a storm drops to TD strength? We didn't note when it lost a category last year, and I think it's kind of redundant to note when a landfalling TS drops to TD strength - are these really relevant? Though in the case of Cindy, come to think of it, that was when the NHC ceased monitoring it, so it's kind of like a "half death", the full death coming when the HPC gives up on it. So never mind. What will matter is if a storm stays out at sea and drops to a TD, that's not worth mentioning. --Golbez July 6, 2005 18:37 (UTC)
 * Come to think of it, never mind - dropping to a TD over land is somewhat relevant. The original objection with mentioning a Karl-like storm stands. =p --Golbez July 7, 2005 19:55 (UTC)
 * Yes, when things happen over land (going to TD or dissipating) we should keep track of that. Otherwise we should just mention the "track end point" when each storm is no longer named (eg. going extra-tropical). Awolf002 7 July 2005 21:26 (UTC)

CrownWeather
Personally, I don't think this should be included. It's a useful concatenation of satellite images, but every single thing there, apart from some of the paths, are NOAA products and available from the NHC website. And the paths imply more defined forecasting than I think we should endorse with a link. I didn't want to delete it before bringing it to discussion first, though. --Golbez 13:37, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Any site that inlines other sites' images just rubs me the wrong way. Toss it. -- Cyrius|✎ 16:48, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Emily page
Emily hasn't even been officially named, but someone already moved the page Hurricane Emily for the 2005 storm, assuming it will be retired! (although on that track it is a possibility) The original Emily page is at Hurricane Emily (disambiguation). Isn't it WAY too early for that? At the most, if we want to speculate, it should be at Hurricane Emily (2005). CrazyC83 03:38, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * No, that page needs to be deleted ASAP. There is no justification for creating a Hurricane Emily page yet. Yes, it's entirely possible that it could turn into a monster like Dennis, but, as Cyrius has said many times before, Wikipedia is not a crystal ball (or was that Golbez?). bob rulz 03:44, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * That page shouldn't be there yet. -- tomf688 (talk) 03:53, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Leave the amateur forecasting to the discussion pages. While Emily's likely going to merit it's own page at some point, it certainly doesn't now. Seeing especially as the article title isn't even in the correct format, I'm in support of deleting it. Thankfully, it was there long enough that I could get a chuckle out of the insinuation that it's TWC's job to "spot" depressions off of Africa :D The Great Zo 04:02, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay I've actually read the article, and it cites the Weather Channel as spotting the tropical depression. Right. -- tomf688 (talk) 04:15, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * I did a page shift; moving the disambiguation page back to the main article and moving the Emily storm page to Hurricane Emily (2005) with a merge/redirect notice. (Not a deletion notice, after all, once the process is complete, we very well may need it - it takes five days) The amateur Emily page also gave me laughs in that the creator said TD6 was forming and it would be named Floyd (ahhhh, no, it would be Franklin - Floyd was retired after 1999)...CrazyC83 04:23, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

I speedy deleted the Emily 2005 page. I don't figure anyone's going to object except possibly the creator. If I'm wrong, let me know. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:34, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That's ok. I did that move only as a placeholder since I didn't know how to speedy-delete and I wanted to have a clear Hurricane Emily page for the disambiguation. CrazyC83 04:39, 11 July 2005 (UTC)


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Uni (mythology)

Uni is the ancient goddess of marriage, fertility, family, and women in Etruscan religion and myth, and was the patron goddess of Perugia. She is identified as the Etruscan equivalent of Juno in Roman mythology, and Hera in Greek mythology. As the supreme goddess of the Etruscan pantheon, she is part of the Etruscan trinity, an original precursor to the Capitoline Triad, made up of her husband Tinia, the god of the sky, and daughter Menrva, the goddess of wisdom.

She is often depicted with a goatskin cloak and sandals whilst holding a shield, similarly to Juno Sospita, wearing a bridal veil, or completely nude.

Livy states (Book V, Ab Urbe Condita) that Juno was an Etruscan goddess of the Veientes, who was adopted ceremonially into the Roman pantheon when Veii was sacked in 396 BC. This seems to refer to Uni. She also appears on the Liver of Piacenza.

Etymology
The name Uni is of uncertain etymology, however may be related to an Indo-European root iuni meaning "young", connecting to her association with fertility, love, and marriage. In relation, it has also been suggested that the Latin Iuno (Juno) originated from Etruscan, changed from a feminine -i Etruscan ending.

Mythology
As most of Etruscan literature has not survived through time, mythological stories involving the Etruscan gods have been largely interpreted through engraved scenes in bronze mirrors, and other mixed media artworks.

Uni and Hercle
A notable mirror from Volterra depicts Uni nursing an adult demigod Hercle (the Greek Heracles or Roman Hercules). Tinia, amongst other gods present at the scene, points to a tablet with the inscription indicating the significance of the event: "eca: sren: tva: iχnac hercle:unial clan: θra:sce" meaning "this picture shows how Hercle became Uni's son". In other depictions of this myth, deities such as Menrva, Turan, and Mean - the goddess of victory - are present as part of an animated crowd bearing witness to the adoption.

The motif of Hercle suckling Uni is understood as holding Greek origins, where counterpart Hera was unknowingly deceived by Zeus (Tinia) into nursing, and by that process adopting, an infant Heracles against her will.

Depiction of this myth in which the adoption process features an adult Hercle, and an obliging Uni is widely acknowledged as having developed entirely in Etruria. Most scholars view this interpretation of the myth as the Hercle's welcome initiation to godhood; it has also been suggested that the scene represents Uni and Hercle's reconciliation, where the Etruscan recount accurately represents the meaning of Hercle's Greek name "Glory of Hera".

The Judgement of Elcsntre
The Judgement of Elcsntre (equivalently known in Greek terms as the Judgement of Paris) is secondarily notable as a myth often represented on Etruscan terms through bronze mirrors. The major themes of the Greek myth remain intact; Elcsntre (Paris), as guided by Turms (Hermes), must choose who is ‘the fairest’ between Menrva, Uni, and Turan (Aphrodite) to be the recipient of a gifted egg (golden apple) which had been presented at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. Where Elcsntre could not easily choose between the three goddesses, they then resorted to bribing him. Etruscan interpretation of the specific offerings presented is not clear due to the lack of written sources, and various different representations on a number of mirrors, however there are common representations of Menrva's and Turan's gifts in alignment with their Greek counterparts. Menrva's spear and a wreath are often depicted, as representative of offered glory in battle. Turan is often depicted holding branches of flowers and displaying her body, representative of her offering to Elcsntre the most beautiful women in the world as his wife. Uniquely, Uni is depicted in a different manner which does not entirely correspond to the Greek origin of the myth. Amongst different mirrors, she has been depicted as being nude, or fully clothed but holding a pomegranate branch with three pieces of fruit, which has generally not been interpreted as the offering of political power from the Greek myth. Instead rather while there is no clear assertion of her offering, it has been argued that these depictions demonstrate her unique Etruscan characteristics where she is more greatly associated with the fruits of fertility.

Trinity
Uni, alongside Tinia and Menrva, acts as one of the three deities which make up the Etruscan Trinity, equivalent to the Roman Capitoline Triad. Most scholars agree that this triad was imported by the Romans from original Etruscan custom, where Uni and Menrva traditionally played larger roles than their counterparts Juno and Minerva. Ancient sources have described the expectation of towns to dedicate temples to Tinia, Uni, and Menrva at the end of three roads, leading to three gates, as a part of Etrusca disciplina. Further, it was suggested by Vitruvius that these such temples should have been located on the most elevated sites of the town, and spread apart from one another.

Cult
Uni was worshipped both individually at dedicated shrines, and alongside other deities as part of large public sanctuaries throughout Etruria. Established cults to Uni worshipped her status as a supreme goddess of family and reproduction.

Shrine at Pyrgi
As part of a large Tuscan style temple, the north-located shrine at Pyrgi dedicated to Uni was built in approximately 500 BC, and neighboured a smaller Greek temple. Compared to other locations, the cult of worship dedicated to Uni at Pyrgi held close resemblance to traditional Greek worship sanctuaries; at least 300 votive objects were dedicated there, alongside animal bones suggestive of sacrifice. Additionally, two bowls made by the Etruscan Spurinas designated vota to Uni alongside Tinia and Thesan.

Three gold plaques were excavated from the site in 1964, two written in Etruscan, and one in Phoenecian. The two longer Etruscan and Phoenecian inscriptions clarify the dedication of the temple was to unialastres as the genitive form of uni-astre, an amalgamated goddess of the Etruscan Uni as uni and Phoenecian Astarte as astre. The dedication came from the ruler of Caere, in gratitude for her support of his reign. The shorter of the Etruscan inscriptions outlines distinct annual rituals which took place to ensure the ongoing purity of the temple.

Sanctuary at Gravisca
At the port of Gravisca in the 6th century BC, Uni was worshipped amongst other Etruscan and pan-Hellenic deities in a large network of sanctuaries. Dedication to Uni was aggregated in a singular room at the sanctuary in the southern area of the complex. Nearby, a similar room was dedicated individually to Turan. Both rooms featured statuettes of swaddled babies, and a myriad of votive anatomical dedications such as breasts and uteri. There is little difference between type of votive offering presented to Uni and Turan, however the numbers of these votives differentiate the rooms comparatively; 145 votive uteri were excavated from Uni's dedicated sanctuary, compared to the 74 recovered from Turan's. Additionally, 22 swaddled babies were found dedicated to Uni, where two were found dedicated to Turan. Both sanctuaries featured two votive breasts. It has been suggested that this difference could represent specialisation of offerings.

Poggio Colla
An Etruscan sanctuary at Poggio Colla, located near the town of Vicchio in the Mugello region of northern Tuscany, was part of an ongoing archaeological project run from 1995 until 2015 by the Mugello Valley Archaeological Project and Poggio Colla Field School (PCFS). Excavations over the 21-season project potentially suggested Uni as the nominal deity of the area, with the uncovering of a bucchero vase depicting a, potentially sacred, birth scene, ritual behaviour at west of the sanctuary's network, and other dedications made by women. In 2015, the Vicchio Stele was excavated from a temple on site, and recovered as one of the longest recorded sacred Etruscan texts thus far. The date extrapolated from letter-forms and punctuation, and the place in which it was found link the stele to have being presented at the sanctuary in its “phase 0” of architectural history; this phase predated stone architecture, and was characterised by huts. Inscriptions on the edges of the stele were written in a form of “pseudo-boustrophedon”, and potentially have up to 200 letters. Around 120 of these are legible. Etruscan archaeologist Adriano Maggiani has dated the inscription as being from 525 to 510 BCE., right before the building of the foundations in which it was placed

Translation of the stele is incomplete, but from preliminary readings, scholars have tentatively linked a reference to Uni, based on the way the stele was placed in the foundations of the temple, and where it may mention a goddess presiding over birth, potentially connecting her as the patron divinity of the cult at Poggio Colla, along with brief mention of her consort Tinia. Part of the text which has been deciphered seems to display requirements of practice for the cult, demanding two objects of something for Tinia, “in the place of Uni”.

Archeologists have stated that "The centre of worship was an underground fissure that was ritually treated after the destruction of the temple," and that. "Underground cults of this type were often associated with female divinities." The university of Florence is currently undertaking the process of 3D documentation of the Vicchio Stele in order to create a more complete reconstruction of the entire text.

Regional placement in Heaven
In a practice that has been argued by scholars as having originated in Etruria, Etrusca disciplina divided the Heavens into sixteen different cosmological regions. Reflected in the Piacenza Liver, deities were assigned respective ‘houses’ where labels were inscribed into the sixteen sections of the bronze work. Etruscan temples held no unified orientation; temples dedicated to Uni have commonly been found to be oriented southwest, and dedications to Tinia oriented south, unlike Greek temples which have been found to all be usually directed east. It is clear that the placements of deities in the Liver of Piacenza held influence over orientation and places of worship, however there has been some debate towards interpretation of the plate. Two predominant schools of thought have largely dominated readings of the regions of the Liver, however a third theory which somewhat reconciles the two mutually exclusive views has emerged as suggested by Stevens. This theory demonstrates Uni's placement in heavenly region number four as flexible with the seasons and in alignment with the difference in sunset and sunrise positions throughout the year. Where the temple of Fontanile di Legnisina dedicated to Uni found in Vulci, is located in the fixed terrestrial region number 10, and its entrance is opposite to region number 2 rather than 4, the non-corresponding position by two regions is explained by this theory of a “rotating Etruscan heaven”. Similarly, at Pyrgi, the orientation of a temple belonging to Uni is southeast. This positioning places it in fixed terrestrial regions 10 and 11 where opposite to the entrance, Uni's heavenly region number 4 is still evident in the terrestrial region number 2 to allow for seasonal fluctuation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Uni (mythology)


text:
User talk:Tandarts~enwiki

Batch Automated Translations
I've run some Batch Automated Translations on your "Biographies of Saint Lucian politicians". Good Luck with it, hopefully it helps. --Tandarts 03:25, 13 July 2005 (UTC) []
 * I see that you are new at least to the English-language Wikipedia, and I'm sure this was well intentioned, but as it says quite clearly at Translation into English: "Never use machine translation to create an article!" Unless you plan to clean these up yourself, they should be deleted. Do you plan to clean them up? Or should I list them all on VfD? In any case, please don't do this again, especially not on a bunch of articles at once, because even if you are planning to follow through yourself, it's a lot better to do one at a time, so that it doesn't leave a significant number of junk articles lying around until you get to them. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:50, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

I don't see them as junk articles because they are still in the translation proces. With the advantage that anyone with just a slight knowledge of (in this case Spanish) can finish their translation. If not, they automatically move to the translation archive. Besides, there was a request for their translation from you, I'd guess that half a translation is allways better than none at all. If you look through the translation list there are enough other partially translated documents. Why is this any different? Because it's automated? Consider yourself lucky that I didnt translate it myself... I don't know what the result would have been.

And if someone else wants to translate it his own way, let him delete it and start over again. I won't be offended. --Tandarts 15:12, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Again, the English-language Wikipedia has a strong policy against auto-translated articles. If we didn't, we'd get a slew of badly written articles. This has been discussed before, and there was a pretty strong consensus around it.

 * I can read Spanish just fine, and even if I couldn't, I could as easily run them through auto-translation myself and get exactly as much as I get out of these pasted-in autotranslated articles. If I remember correctly, my request originated because someone on the Spanish-language Wikipedia pointed out that there were no corresponding articles in English, but didn't even know enough English to make the translation request himself. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:21, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Hi Tandarts, I just cleaned up Boswell Williams as much as I could without being able to speak Spanish. Looking at the standard of your English, I'd say you could do a much, much better job than the machine :-) and could definitely translate things like Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom instead of leaving it as Isabel II of the United Kingdom, or change "he/it" into "he" if the article is about a man. Why don't you have a go? As it is, they'll just get deleted, and you'll have wasted all that valuable time and effort you spent putting them through the machine. Saintswithin 07:26, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Tandarts! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 4 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to these articles, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:30, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Allan Louisy -
 * 2) Michael Pilgrim -
 * 3) Morella Joseph -
 * 4) Boswell Williams -

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:29, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tandarts~enwiki


text:
Battle of Longue-Pointe

The Battle of Longue-Pointe (Bataille de Longue-Pointe) was an attempt by Ethan Allen and a small force of American and Quebec militia to capture Montreal from British forces on September 25, 1775, early in the American Revolutionary War. Allen, who had been instructed only to raise militia forces among the local inhabitants, had long had thoughts of taking the lightly defended city. When he reached the southern shore of the St. Lawrence River with about 110 men, he seized the opportunity to try. Major John Brown, whom Allen claimed was supposed to provide additional forces, did not appear as they had planned, isolating Allen and his men on the north side of the river.

British General Guy Carleton sent a force composed mostly of Quebec militia in response to news of Allen's crossing of the St. Lawrence. This force cut off Allen's escape route, and eventually surrounded and captured Allen and a number of his men. Carleton eventually abandoned Montreal, which fell without battle to Continental Army forces on November 13. Allen was sent first to England and then New York City as a prisoner, and was eventually exchanged in 1778.

Background
In the 18th century, the city of Montreal occupied only a small portion of the island of Montreal, centered on what is now called Old Montreal. The eastern tip of the island was called Longue-Pointe, and there was at one time a fortification called Fort Longue Pointe on the island, across the river from Longueuil. This area, annexed to Montreal in 1910, and now the Mercier-Est neighborhood of Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, a borough of the city, is near where the action described here took place.

With the American Revolutionary War beginning, many thought it would be easy to spread the rebellion to the Province of Quebec, which had only been conquered by the British in 1759, and whose population was seen as resentful of British rule. The American invasion of Quebec began with the arrival at Île aux Noix of the Continental Army under the command of General Philip Schuyler on September 4, 1775. Schuyler, who was ill at the time, eventually turned command of the army over to General Richard Montgomery, who ordered the army to besiege Fort Saint-Jean, which they did on September 18. At this fort, south of Montreal on the Richelieu River, General Guy Carleton had concentrated the few British regulars at his disposal following the capture of Fort Ticonderoga in May.

American situation
Before turning command over to Montgomery, Schuyler drafted a proclamation addressed to the people of Quebec, encouraging them to oppose the British and assist the American cause. On September 8 Ethan Allen and Major John Brown went into the countryside between Saint-Jean and Montreal with a small detachment of Americans to circulate this proclamation, meeting with James Livingston, a Patriot sympathizer at Chambly as well as with the local Caughnawaga Mohawk. Livingston eventually raised about 300 local militia, which he encamped at Pointe-Olivier, below Fort Chambly. Allen and Brown returned to Île aux Noix following this tour.

Allen had long harboured the goal of taking Montreal. After he and Benedict Arnold captured Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775, he had taken a few hundred men north from Ticonderoga to Saint-Jean with the idea of capturing the fort there by surprise, and then taking Montreal. This effort was frustrated by the timely arrival of British troops at Saint-Jean; the exploit made Allen a well-known figure in Montreal and the Richelieu valley.

Montreal situation
Following the capture of Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775, General Carleton, with only 800 regular troops available to defend the entire province, had concentrated those troops at Fort Saint-Jean, placing about 500 troops, along with about 250 militia and natives, at the fort. The remaining forces were distributed among the frontier forts along the Great Lakes, with relatively small garrisons at Montreal, Trois-Rivières, and Quebec City. During the summer of 1775 he attempted to raise substantial additional militia forces from the population. These attempts met with limited success, in part because of successful American propaganda and agitation by Patriot sympathizers, especially Thomas Walker, James Price, and James Livingston. By July, Carleton was apparently satisfied with the level of militia support near Montreal, but he did little to stop the activities of the agitators, who also sent reports detailing British military preparations to the Americans.

Prelude
When Montgomery finally began the siege of Fort Saint-Jean, he ordered Allen and about 30 Americans to join with Livingston's Canadians to secure the south bank of the St. Lawrence River against attempts by Carleton in Montreal to relieve the siege. He also ordered a larger force under Brown's command to secure the area north of the fort, and to cover the road between Saint-Jean and Montreal.

Allen traveled along the southeastern banks of the Richelieu River, up to Sorel, where he crossed that river and continued up the southern shore of the St. Lawrence to Longueuil. According to Allen's account, he met Brown there, and the two of them then hatched a plan to attack Montreal. Brown would cross the river with 200 men at La Prairie, upriver from Montreal, and Allen, with his Americans and 80 Canadians under the command of Loiseau and Duggan, two of Livingston's captains, would cross the river at Longueuil, below the city, and the two forces would, after a prearranged signal, converge on the city itself.

Action
Allen and his men crossed the St. Lawrence on the night of the 24th, landing at Longue-Pointe. The inhabitants he met there were friendly, but he posted guards on the road to Montreal to prevent news of their crossing from reaching the city. However, one man they detained managed to escape to the city and inform Carleton of Allen's presence on the island. Brown did not cross the river. While no sources indicate why Brown failed to act, historian Justin Smith suggests that Allen in fact acted alone, and only later sought to blame Brown for the endeavour's failure. This left Allen's force alone and vulnerable, as it had taken three round trips with the available boats to ferry his men across the river.

Realizing he would not be able ferry everyone back across the river before troops arrived from the city, Allen chose a wooded area near the Ruisseau-des-Sœurs (labelled on the map above as Ruisseau de la Gde Prairie), between Longue-Pointe and Montreal, to make a stand. He also sent word to Thomas Walker, a British merchant and known Patriot sympathizer with a house in nearby L'Assomption, for assistance. Walker was able to muster some men, but Allen was captured before they could lend any assistance.

When General Carleton received word that the notorious Ethan Allen was at the gates of the city, he raised the alarm. As the news spread, large numbers of people turned out. Captain John Campbell assembled a force of 34 regulars from the 26th Foot (the entire garrison in Montreal), 120 Canadien and 80 English militia, 20 British Indian agents, and a few Indians, and led them out to face Allen's force. As Campbell's force approached, Allen instructed 10 Canadians to cover his left flank, while Duggan and another 50 Canadians were placed on the right flank. Both of these detachments fled instead of holding their positions, leaving Allen with about 50 men. Over the course of the next 90 minutes, fire was exchanged between the forces. Allen's remaining forces were eventually broken, and, after trying to outrun the enemy, he surrendered.

Aftermath
The abortive attack on Montreal led to the full mobilization of local militia in Montreal, raising nearly 1,000 men, but they soon began to drift away. Carleton refused to organize an expedition in relief of Fort Saint-Jean, and the militia members from rural parishes eventually disbanded to attend to their harvests and the defense of their own homes. In November, the besieged fort's commander capitulated, opening the Americans' way to Montreal. Carleton fled the city, making his way to Quebec City, and Montgomery occupied Montreal without firing a shot on November 13.

Allen and the other captives were brought to the city. Allen, in his account of the encounter, claims that Colonel Richard Prescott was intent on killing the captured Canadiens, but Allen interceded on their behalf, saying "I am the sole cause of their taking up arms." Allen was imprisoned in a ship's hold, and eventually sent to England. He spent about a year, mostly on prison ships, before he was released on parole in British-occupied New York City in November 1776, as the British authorities feared hanging him would create a martyr. He was eventually exchanged in May 1778 for Archibald Campbell, a British officer, and resumed military and political service for the nascent Republic of Vermont in 1778.

Thomas Walker, the merchant to whom Allen had applied for assistance, was arrested in early October 1775 when twenty regulars and a dozen militia came from Montreal to his house in L'Assomption. Walker's house was destroyed, and he was imprisoned with the intent of sending him to England for trial. Walker was eventually freed when the Americans captured Montreal and most of the British fleet trying to escape the city.

Legacy
Ethan Allen wrote a memoir recounting his version of the circumstances of his capture, and the time of his imprisonment. This work, along with Allen's other memoirs, were quite popular in the 19th century, going through numerous printings. A city park in the Montreal borough of Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, where the action took place, is called Parc de la Capture-d'Ethan-Allen.

title: Battle of Longue-Pointe


text:
Boris Piotrovsky

Boris Borisovich Piotrovsky, also Piotrovskii (Бори́с Бори́сович Пиотро́вский; February 14 1908 – October 15, 1990) was a Soviet Russian academician, historian-orientalist and archaeologist who studied the ancient civilizations of Urartu, Scythia, and Nubia. He is best known as a key figure in the study of the Urartian civilization of the southern Caucasus. From 1964 until his death, Piotrovsky was also Director of the Hermitage Museum in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg).

Biography
Piotrovsky was born in Saint Petersburg in 1908. He specialized in the history and archaeology of the Caucasus region and beginning in the 1930s, he began to acquaint himself with Urartian civilization. He was the head of 1939 excavations that uncovered the Urartian fortress of Teishebaini in Armenia (known in Armenian as Karmir Blur, or Red Hill). Evidence found there has been key in understanding the Urartian civilization. Piotrovsky lead further excavations in Armenia in the ancient settlements of Tsovinar, Redkig-lager, Kirovakan (now Vanadzor) and Aygevan until 1971.

These were not Piotrovsky's sole contributions in the archaeological field, however. Piotrovsky worked elsewhere in the Caucasus, especially on the Scythian culture. In 1961, he was placed at the head of an expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union to study Nubian monuments in Egypt. He also spent 26 years as Director of the Hermitage Museum, which has been run by his son Mikhail thereafter. He was also the supervisor of the renowned Armenian archaeologist Gregory Areshian. The Hermitage holds an annual conference in his honor. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Leningrad in 1990 at the age of 82.

He was married to Hripsime Djanpoladjian, who was an archaeologist and epigrapher.

Works
In his lifetime, he published more than 200 works in the fields of archaeology, history and art. One of Piotrovsky's most important works is The History of Urartu and its Culture, published in 1944 and which went on to receive the Stalin Prize in 1946. Other notable works include:

 * Urartu: The Kingdom of Van and Its Art (1967)
 * The Ancient Civilization of Urartu (1969)
 * The Hermitage: Its History and Collections (1982)

Honours and awards

 * Hero of Socialist Labour (1983)
 * Three Orders of Lenin
 * Order of the October Revolution
 * Three Orders of the Red Banner of Labour
 * Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad"
 * Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 * Medal "In Commemoration of the 250th Anniversary of Leningrad"
 * Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 * Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 * Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 * Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France)

title: Boris Piotrovsky


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/July 21, 2005


text:
West Kootenay Regional Airport

The West Kootenay Regional Airport (Castlegar Airport) is a small regional airport located 2 NM south southeast of Castlegar, British Columbia, Canada. It serves the West Kootenay region, including Castlegar, Nelson and Trail. It is owned and operated by the City of Castlegar, and has a 15317 sqft passenger terminal.

Due to the mountainous terrain impinging on both runway approaches, there is no possibility of a straight-in approach. The airport is therefore certified for day operations only, and the glideslope on approach is set to a steep 5.0° rather than the standard 3.0°. The instrument approaches to Castlegar are considered among the most challenging of any in use at a commercial airport in North America.

In 2006, Castlegar airport was developing departure procedures for night time operation, but as of 2010 the airport was certified for daytime operation only. A $1 million programme installed six beacons on the hills of the Columbia Valley that allow night-time take offs from the airport. It is expected that this will only be used by air ambulances and medical traffic.

Central Mountain Air began service to the airport in October 2020 using Beechcraft 1900D aircraft. On June 14, 2021, Central Mountain Air announced they would suspend service on July 5, 2021.

In May 2021, Air Canada announced they will be using 78 passenger De Havilland Dash-8-400s when they resume service following route suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). The customs at CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.

title: West Kootenay Regional Airport


text: Wikipedia:POTD/July 21, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/July 21, 2005


text:
Colin Edwards

Colin Edwards II (born February 27, 1974), nicknamed the "Texas Tornado", is an American former professional motorcycle racer who retired half-way through the 2014 season. He is a two-time World Superbike champion and competed in the MotoGP class from 2003 to 2014.

Early years
Edwards was born in Conroe, Texas. At the age of three, his Australian father, Colin Edwards Sr. (an amateur motorcycle racer himself), introduced him to a minibike, and Edwards entered his first motocross race at the age of four. Over the next ten years, Edwards became one of the top-ranked junior motocross competitors in the US, winning dozens of races in the 50cc to 80cc categories in local, regional and national events.

In 1988 at the age of 14, Edwards stopped competing in motocross races, having become distracted by the normal demands of being a teenager. However, in 1990, Edwards and his father attended a motorcycle road race event in north Texas, and this inspired him to attempt road racing.

In 1991 Edwards began competing in amateur road-racing events locally, but rapidly progressed to national events. He was undefeated in every amateur event he entered that year, and won numerous national amateur titles. His performance was sufficiently impressive for him to be offered a sponsored ride with South West Motorsports, and Edwards turned professional just before the commencement of the 1992 season.

Career
In his first professional season (1992), Edwards entered the AMA 250cc National Series. He won five of the nine races and the national title over second-place earner Kenny Roberts, Jr. In 1993 and 1994 Edwards rode for Vance & Hines on a Yamaha in the AMA Superbike Championship, earning 6th and 5th place overall in those years.

Superbike World Championship
In Edwards was offered a factory position with Yamaha in the Superbike World Championship. His results in were disappointing as Edwards struggled to adjust to the demands of competing in a global competition, and he missed the last two meetings after teammate Yasutomo Nagai perished in a crash at Assen. In he achieved a greatly improved sixth overall in the Superbike World championship.

was a disappointing year for Edwards as he was forced to withdraw from competing due to injuries sustained in the fifth round of the Superbike World Championship. He was replaced in the Yamaha World Superbike Team and was unable to negotiate a position in the 500cc Grand Prix competition. Fortunately Edwards was able to conclude a deal with Honda to ride the RC45 motorcycle in the Superbike World Championship. Edwards finished fifth overall that year, and earned his first solo international victories with a double win at Monza followed by his 3rd win of the season at Brands Hatch.

In, Edwards managed several more victories for Honda (including leading teammate Aaron Slight home twice at Brands Hatch, giving Honda a rare Double-1-2) and ended the season in second overall position, behind champion Carl Fogarty. In, Edwards rode the new Honda VTR-1000 SP1/RC51 twin cylinder motorcycle to overall victory in the Superbike World Championship after Yamaha rider and points leader, Noriyuki Haga was disqualified for testing positive for a banned substance. Edwards came second to Ducati rider, Troy Bayliss in but reclaimed the title from Bayliss in  in a dramatic fashion, clinching the championship in the final race of the season in Imola (Italy). Edwards also holds the record for the most points in a single season with 552 points in 2002 breaking the previous record of 489 points set by Carl Fogarty in 1999. Runner-up Troy Bayliss also broke the previous record with 541 points.

MotoGP World Championship
After winning his 2nd Superbike World Championship Edwards moved to MotoGP in 2003. He rode for the greatly troubled Aprilia team on the RS Cube, and his only notable accomplishment in that otherwise dismal year was avoiding serious injury when his machine caught fire due to an incorrectly fitted fuel cap at Sachsenring. Yet Edwards, known in all motorcycle paddocks as a great bike tester, tried to no avail to help lift the struggling team.

2004 saw Edwards riding for Telefonica Movistar Honda, and he achieved his first MotoGP podium position at Donington. Edwards finished the season in fifth overall position.

In 2005, Edwards moved to Gauloises Yamaha factory team as the teammate to the world champion Valentino Rossi. His best result for 2005 was a second position at Laguna Seca, behind compatriot Nicky Hayden. He finished the season fourth overall.

2006
For 2006 Colin Edwards continued riding for the Camel Yamaha factory team on board the YZR-M1 with teammate and good friend Valentino Rossi in the MotoGP championship. The factory Yamaha team had a troubling start to their racing year with "chatter" problems and tire wear issues.

The factory team built a new chassis for the 2006 spec YZR-M1 to combat the aforementioned problems. Rossi took to the new chassis quickly and rode to victory at his home race of Mugello for the fifth consecutive time since 2001. Edwards did not have the time to "gel" with the new chassis early in the season, which resulted in him sticking with the older version for the Mugello race. He finished 12th.

At Assen he took the lead at the start, and led until Nicky Hayden passed him on the penultimate lap. He caught back up to his countryman on the last lap, and managed to pass him a few corners from the end. When Hayden attempted to pass him again in the final chicane, Edwards ran across the AstroTurf and lost control of his bike, which briefly continued on without him. He remounted to finish 13th. Hayden, who ran across the gravel on the final chicane himself, managed to keep control of his bike and won the race. At his home race, the Red Bull U.S. Grand Prix, Edwards finished ninth suffering tire problems in the scorching heat like his teammate Valentino Rossi. At Estoril he qualified second and finished fourth in one of his most competitive showings of the season.

2007
2007 brought great prospects early on. Colin entered his second of a two-year deal with Yamaha factory team, now known as Fiat Yamaha riding the new Yamaha YZR-M1 800cc. Yet after starting second on the grid in Istanbul, a first lap crash caused by Olivier Jacque took him out. At Le Mans Colin took pole position, but made a slow start and gambled on switching to wet tyres in damp conditions. He did this too early, and by the time it was wet enough his tyres had shredded, forcing him to pit again and finish at the back of the field.

Fiat Yamaha was having problems with the M1 and the Michelin tires, Edwards along with teammate Valentino Rossi both struggled to find competitive set up nearly the entire season to run up front. Edwards best result of the season was 2nd (equaling his career best in MotoGP) at the wet British Grand Prix at Donington Park.

2008

For the 2008 season, Colin Edwards continued in MotoGP, this time for the satellite Tech3 Yamaha team alongside fellow Superbike World Champion James Toseland. A series of solid performances left him 5th in the overall standings after nine rounds, never qualifying lower than 6th on the grid and finishing on the podium twice. After qualifying 6th for round 9 at Assen, he was delayed by Rossi's early crash and was in next to last place at the end of the first lap (in front of only Rossi, who was able to rejoin the race), however he then fought back to snatch 3rd from Nicky Hayden at the final corner after Hayden ran out of fuel, gaining a measure of revenge for the 2006 race at the track. Colin Edwards results started to suffer after a crash in Germany. In the next four races Edwards failed to break the top ten and his best result since the podium at Assen was a sixth place at the final round of the season at Valencia.

Edwards confirmed that he had signed for Tech3 for yet another season. "It is no secret that I had agreed with Yamaha to finish my MotoGP career at the end of 2008 and continue my racing career with them in America, but as soon as I began working with the Tech3 team I instantly formed a great relationship with my guys." Therefore, Edwards will once again be riding for Tech3 Yamaha in 2009 as he searches for his first MotoGP victory.

2009

Edwards once again demonstrated consistent form in the 2009 MotoGP season, establishing himself as the strongest satellite rider in the championship. He secured a second-place finish in the British Grand Prix at Donington Park.

After being caught in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix, Edwards directed typically outspoken criticism towards Alex de Angelis, claiming: "We are in Italy and occasionally you have to deal with an Italian rider who wants to be a hero and today that was De Angelis. De Angelis is the guy who needed to be wearing Valentino’s donkey helmet," in reference to a special edition helmet being worn by Valentino Rossi.

2010
On October 1, 2009 Edwards announced that he had signed a one-year contract extension that would see him ride for Tech3 Yamaha in the season. His teammate will be fellow American Ben Spies.

2011

On September 19, 2010, Edwards signed a one-year contract extension to ride for Tech3 Yamaha in the season, partnering Cal Crutchlow.

At the Catalan Grand Prix, Edwards broke his right collarbone during second practice, which successfully had a plate added. Nine days later, and in his first race since injury, Edwards took a third-place finish at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, having been promoted to a podium placing after accidents for Jorge Lorenzo and Marco Simoncelli. It was his first podium finish since a second-place result at the 2009 British Grand Prix at Donington Park.

On October 23, along with Valentino Rossi, Edwards was involved in the accident that killed Marco Simoncelli at the Malaysian Grand Prix, injuring his left shoulder and ending his season. Josh Hayes replaced him for Valencia.

2012
On September 3, 2011, Edwards announced that he would leave the Tech3 team, to ride as the single entry for NGM Mobile Forward Racing in. The team was making their re-entry to the premier class under the new Claiming Rule Teams regulations with a Suter chassis powered by a BMW engine.

2013
Remaining with Forward Racing for 2013, Edwards was partnered with rookie Claudio Corti on FTR-Kawasaki machinery.

2014
Edwards again remained with Forward Racing for 2014, this time partnering Aleix Espargaró on Yamaha-based machines. At a press conference prior to the 2014 Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas, Edwards announced that the 2014 season will be his final MotoGP season, citing the struggle to adapt to a different riding style. It was stated after the Indianapolis round, that he would not compete in the second half of the season, and was replaced by Alex de Angelis. During commentary for the British MotoGP round at Silverstone on August 31, 2014, Edwards revealed he will be a test rider for Yamaha and Michelin for the next two years.

Suzuka 8 Hours
In 1996, Edwards teamed with Noriyuki Haga to claim victory in the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race riding a Yamaha, his first international victory. Edwards won the 8 Hours two more times: in 2001 with Valentino Rossi, and in 2002 with the late Daijiro Kato, both times with Honda.

Other racing activities
Edwards has twice represented the United States in the Michelin Race of Champions Nation's Cup, first in 2000 and again in 2002 when the US team won the event. The competition involves a national team that includes an automobile racer, a rally/off-road driver and a motorcycle racer. The 2002 US team included former off-road racer and NASCAR rookie Jimmie Johnson as the rally driver, and four-time NASCAR champion Jeff Gordon in the automobile category.

Broadcasting
Following the end of his racing career, Edwards joined British MotoGP broadcaster BT Sport in 2016 as a pundit in their pre- and post-race programming.

Texas Tornado Boot Camp
The Colin Edwards Texas Tornado Boot Camp or TTBC is a world class motorcycle training facility built on a 20 acre plot of land near Lake Conroe. It is a premier training facility for those new to riding, motorcycle enthusiasts, as well as professionals looking to polish up on their skills. TTBC offers a wide range of moto training and events including 1&2 day camps, private camps, Dirt Wars, racers camps and The Colin Edwards 4 day Experience. The "Colin Edwards Experience" is a 4-day camp with Edwards himself involved in the training, including time on the 500yard gun range.

Training facilities
TTBC includes a 0.125 mi dirt oval, covered TT track with lights for night riding, open TT track, 500-yard gun range, Mini Bike MX Track, and a 5000 sqft bunk house and classroom facility.

The Facilities as of August 1, 2010

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Colin Edwards


text:
Talk:Kikuko Inoue

Wikilinks to characters
Is it worth wikilinking to the characters themselves (i.e. Belldandy) if they have pages of their own? Just a thought. --Yar Kramer 19:52, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, they should be linked to justify notability, but just the first instance of it in a series. -AngusWOOF (talk) 17:30, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

Major edit
Don't worry about how the article looks right now. It will be all cleaned up and expanded in a couple days. (^_^) --nihon 04:55, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry I made an edit but though you wouldnt mind. :) -- Cool CatTalk 19:20, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I reverted the edit. Hope you don't mind. (^_^) --nihon 00:12, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I actualy do mind. Delete crazed people will now target the image your edit orphaned. -- Cool CatTalk 05:32, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

I deleted her being listed in Scrapped Princess as Raquel because Sayaka Ohara actually played that role. 11-13-2007 12:11 am CST —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.2.254.27 (talk) 06:12, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Kikuko Inoue's trademark
How about adding her trademark? -- Cool CatTalk 18:41, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. It's down with the external links. --日本穣 19:59, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Fair use images removed
I removed two of the fair use images because they are not acceptable use under the current fair use policy (which specifically disallows images of living people which could resonably be replaced with a free image). I then moved the Sakura Taisen image to the top as it is acceptable fair use because it is not repeatable (see fair use rationale on image page). It's likely the trademark fish image will be removed at some point as well. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihon joe 08:08, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think the current picture is a good example of her style. MythSearchertalk 08:00, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Onee-chan
She actually got a CD named as such, and the official webpage is filled with this title, so it is not just fans or colleages calling her that, she refer to herself as such, too. MythSearchertalk 07:54, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Not to criticize, but the ē sound is romanized "ii." You have inadvertently called her "Onii-chan" which means brother, instead of "Onee-chan" which means sister (which is her nickname.)  "Nee" is pronounced like "neigh."  Again, I don't mean to criticize but I hope people aren't confused by that.  I'm changing the section title to "Onee-chan."
 * And thanks for pointing out that it's official. -moritheil Talk 17:49, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

17 yr old meme
While this is not particularly taking the mickey on her, but it seems that she's the first one to refer her age as "17 years old + N days". (A section in the ja version explains that). Should we expand a section referring to this? (There's at least a source, but in other languages)--Blackhawk charlie2003 (talk) 12:00, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
 * There are now two references that explain this quirk. As for whether it's section-worthy, well, some formatting of that block of arbitrary facts would be nice. -moritheil Talk 17:45, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Reorganize?
The article was vandalized by an IP by sneaking a false entry in the article. I then realized the poor status of the article right now. It got a very long lead, but no article body, and huge lengthy list of what she played but not much sources and is prone to vandalism like this particular one. I propose a reorganization of the article by creating an actual body(that will be easy, move the current lead down as a body and write a short intro as the lead) and figure out a way to shorten the list to only notable verifiable titles,(thanks for SpecB's correcting me) preferably with at least one secondary source and one primary source for each entry. —Preceding signed comment added by MythSearchertalk 02:49, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Define "notable title". My personal opinion is that - basically - every role of any actor, voice actor, etc. is notable. An objective listing contains even the most minor items. Otherwise, the idea is good, and I'll try to help however I can - for example, trying to look for references of the listed roles. SpecB (talk) 20:59, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok, you are right, it is reasonable to include all titles, I might have termed it wrong. I was thinking about if the title is correct, then it would be easy to find a primary source in her profile and a secondary source in the title's own cast list. (I can accept having only the latter)  I guess I should use the word verifiable instead of notable. —Preceding signed comment added by MythSearchertalk  01:12, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes, "verifiable" sounds okay. :D SpecB (talk) 09:50, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Do we need to refer to the entries on her profile page, or is it enough if we read through it and match them with the corresponding titles/roles in this article? Same with the titles' own cast list. SpecB (talk) 19:35, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Do we consider any kind of major site that is referred to in an anime's Wiki article, but is not officially related to it (eg. Anime News Network) a legit source of verification? SpecB (talk) 20:06, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

 * This page lists at least two magazines with info about her. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 20:11, 23 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, those have article lists from the 1995/07 issue of Animage, Onee-chan's name appears in the title of an article about Osakana Pengin CD. SpecB (talk) 13:35, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I just thought about something. There could a third, reliable source when it comes to verifying these roles, that being the ending sequence of the animes themselves. I mean, even if the anime role isn't listed on her profile page, nor there is a cast listing on the anime's website (if it even has one), the ending sequence will still contain her name - see the case of DearS as an example. I propose this as a reliable source of information. Any ideas? SpecB (talk) 13:53, 24 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, the ending sequence sounds reliable and could be reasonably used here. However, it might be a good idea to also list episode number to make sure it is easy to verify. (Avoiding possible vandalism faking a source by giving some really long anime that is hard to verify each episode's ED.) —Preceding signed comment added by MythSearchertalk 02:07, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * That can work. But where would the episode numbers be listed? It would look silly in the listing itself, especially if the anime is fairly long, and she only appears irregurarly. How about starting a table here on the talk page at least for the ones that can only be verified by the endings, listing one or two episode numbers where the sequence contains her name. SpecB (talk) 11:34, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Mmmkay, I now have tried to verify all TV Anime, OVA and Movie roles. A handful of TV animes, approx. half of the listed OVAs and - this might change - three movies are without any kind of verification. I'll make a table for them here today or tomorrow. SpecB (talk) 22:25, 29 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry that I do not have any copies in hand so I cannot do the verification. —Preceding signed comment added by MythSearchertalk  02:55, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Various role verifications
The following table could and should be used for noting which roles of Ms. Kikuko are verified - and if so, what sources does the verification come from - and which ones are not. Personally, I think it would be efficient to keep the verified roles in a hidden table, because... well, there are a lot of them. The unverified ones can be kept in a visible table, since they take less space. Feel free to modify the table if you think you have a good idea.

A little explanation:

- * marks entries that were verified from the list on Ms. Kikuko's profile page;

- ** marks entries that were verified from the website of the anime (or other) in question;

- *** marks entries that were verified by finding Ms. Kikuko's name in the ending sequence of the anime (or other) in question;

- **** marks entries that were verified using this site.

For ***, one or two episode numbers are provided, in case anyone wants to double-check. (In case of movies, though, this cell is just checked, for obvious reasons.) Keep in mind that any one of these four sources is enough, so I didn't check if there was a website for certain roles if they were listed on the aforementioned profile page, etc. - if you want to, feel free to add extra sources.

Listing and explanation above was edited on 12 March 2010 (UTC) by SpecB (talk)

 * Note: In the case of Kiki's Delivery Service, Miyazaki's website was used as a source, not the anime's, but I'd say it's equally reliable.

SpecB (talk) 16:57, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

 * This is very good, now we will copy this list to the article? —Preceding signed comment added by MythSearchertalk 18:28, 30 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Good question. I suppose we could mark not verified entries with something like an asterisk, or a reference number, and could explain - in these cases - on the bottom of the list or the article, respectively, that they are not verified and might be removed sooner or later (+ see details in the Talk page). And then remove the ones that hasn't been verified for, I donno, a week, or a month, or whatever sounds correct. I can do this marking, but I'd need assistance in verifying, since my resources are limited. There are several roles listed in the unverified list, which I checked, and while I'm quite sure I heard Onee-chan's voice, the video either did not have an ending sequence, or it had but that only contained the English staff. I'm sure some people could clear at least half of the unverified list. SpecB (talk) 18:50, 30 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I referenced the Steel Angel Kurumi role. -- allen四names 00:58, 22 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you. :) I'm gonna mark unverified roles soon, I have a nice idea. SpecB (talk) 22:06, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Okay, I have added footnotes to the unverified entries, people can follow the link in the explanation if they are interested. I suggest we remove the marked entries 30 days from now - plenty of time for some verifications to pop up. Also, I have two other types of footnotes in mind. With the current one, these three would be used as followed:

 * "Kikuko Inoue's role in this entry is/are not verified and it/they will be removed soon. See the talk page for more information." - This would be used if there is either only one role listed at a certain anime/game/etc. and it is not verified, or there are more than one, but none of them are verified. Should be added at the end of the line, separated by a single space. Its "designation" is "unverif1".

 * "Kikuko Inoue's role as this character is not verified and it will be removed soon. See the talk page for more information." - This would be used if there are more than one roles at a certain anime/game/etc., and some of them are verified, but one or more are not. Should be added after each unverified role, immediately after them. Its "designation" is "unverif2".

Feel free to edit these three items above if you think it has some grammatical mistakes, or such, but comment about it as well. SpecB (talk) 01:34, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * "This entry/role was removed earlier due to it being unverified. Unless verification is given this time, it will be removed shortly. See the talk page for more information." - This would be used if someone adds an entry that has been deleted earlier. I suggest that the entry is deleted in one or two weeks in this case. Should be added according the first two ones, whichever is fitting. Its "designation" is "unverif3".

I recommend using this page to verify as many as you can. It's considered a reliable source, too. :) ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 07:00, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah, I didn't know this site was considered as a reliable source. Okay, will take a look at it soon! SpecB (talk) 10:23, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Also, soon I will add a new column to the Verified Roles table for the verifications using this website. And I'll move the recently verified roles as well. SpecB (talk) 12:19, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Fabula and the narrator are the same character in Final Fantasy Unlimited, and Crux has been verified in the ending credits of episode 2 (first appearance). The Calidad Yamato role in Mobile Suit Gundam Seed Destiny has been verified in the ending credits, as has the role of Seira from Saint Tail. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 19:23, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Roles verified using Hitoshi Doi's Seiyuu Database: Queen in Miyuki-chan in Wonderland, Seira in Saint Tail, Hatsune Yamashita in Hime-chan n Ribbon, Meia no Faama in all releases of Vandread, Birman in Weiß Kreuz, Reika Ayanokōji in Battle Skipper, Ranko Takara in Cosplay Complex, Sapphire in Dangaizer 3, Misako Narusawa in Dōkyūsei 2, Arisa in Fake, Hikute in The Hakkenden, Corvette in Idol Project, Stashia in Megami Paradise, Brooke in Moldiver, Ruko Tatase in Ogenki Clinic, Claudia McCunnen in Phantom, Blue Morris in Princess Minerva, Queen in Violinist of Hameln, Haruna in Tenchi Muyo! in Love 2: Haruka Naru Omoi, Shiori in Voogie's Angel, Uranus in Tōshinden''. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 19:50, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Okay, moved some entries and such, see the history for a more detailed list. Also, would someone please remove those extra linebreaks from above the verified roles table? I have no idea how they got there. SpecB (talk) 17:03, 12 March 2010 (UTC)   And the code for the others if there are more than one new entry.   SpecB (talk) 11:04, 8 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Removed unverified entries from the article. There are three things I would like to note. One is that I have hidden the Notes section because it is empty now, but in case someone adds any kind of note, it can be unhidden of course. If anyone has better ideas, don't keep it to yourselves. The second is that please do NOT remove entries from the unverified list on this talk page, since they can be of use when someone adds any of them again to the article, or if someone finds reliable references to them. Thirdly, here's the code that's needed if someone adds an unverified entry:
 * I would consider removing the Notes section or at least adding a note within the HTML comment tags that refers to this section. There are different styles of citation. An example is provided below.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
 * Air (Uraha)
 * Air (Uraha)
 * Air (Uraha)

Onē-chan
Yup, "Onē-chan" is indeed a good solution, but is that Hepburn romanization, or what? Just curious. Also, something else that puzzles me: "Looking at the Onegai Teacher link, I think One should be closer transliteration than Onee." What correlation did you find between "Onē-chan" and the Onegai Teacher link? SpecB (talk) 10:41, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that is probably my fault then, when I made a mistake but forgot to come back and correct it. I forgot the Japanese term does have the E in it and mistakenly thought it as the same as Onegai at the time, thus the edit comment.  However, the later edit from One to Onē is a Hepburn romanization and should be correct even with the mistake I made.(and that is pretty much why Onegai does not have the ē but only a e) Sorry for not clarifying this earlier. —Preceding signed comment added by MythSearchertalk  01:15, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The most common romanization is "Oneechan" (or "Onee-chan"). In fact, WP:MOS-JA indicates that's the correct romanization. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 04:11, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

References and Notes
How about using instead of, in order to be able to separate footnotes from references, as explained here? It would be needed for my idea of marking non-verified roles - the explanation would look out-of-place among references. SpecB (talk) 11:28, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Since there were no objections (well, so far), I made the proposed changes. SpecB (talk) 01:18, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * You can use reflist to do that, too. For example,  . See the template documentation if you have any questions. ··· 日本穣 ? ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 07:05, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes, I see. I was looking for something like that, I guess I must have missed it or something. SpecB (talk) 10:22, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I didn't know about it until I looked to see if something like it was available when I suggested it here. We all learn something new every day. :) ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 10:57, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kikuko Inoue


text:
Great Bridge

Great Bridge may refer to:

England:
 * Great Barford Bridge, spanning the River Great Ouse at Great Barford, Bedfordshire
 * Great Bridge, West Midlands, an area of Sandwell, West Midlands
 * Great Bridge, the former name of Magdalene Bridge, Cambridge

United States:
 * Great Bridge (Cambridge), a bridge across the Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * Great Bridge, Virginia, a community in Chesapeake, Virginia
 * Battle of Great Bridge, Revolutionary War battle in Virginia
 * Great Bridge Bridge, drawbridge over the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway
 * Great River Bridge, an asymmetrical, one-tower cable-stayed bridge over the Mississippi River between Iowa and Illinois
 * Great Stone Bridge, or Stone Arch Bridge (Minneapolis)

Elsewhere:
 * Great Belt Bridge, part of the Great Belt Fixed Link, connecting the Danish islands of Zealand and Funen
 * Great Seto Bridge, a series of double deck bridges connecting Okayama and Kagawa prefectures in Japan across a series of five small islands in the Seto Inland Sea

Miscellaneous:
 * The Great Bridge (book), by David McCullough

title: Great Bridge


text:
1937–38 in Scottish football

The 1937–38 season was the 65th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 48th season of the Scottish Football League.

Scottish League Division One
Champions: Celtic

Relegated: Dundee, Morton

Scottish League Division Two
Promoted: Raith Rovers, Albion Rovers

Scottish Cup
East Fife were winners of the Scottish Cup after a 4–2 extra time win in a replay against Kilmarnock.

County

 * * – aggregate over two legs

Junior Cup
Cambuslang Rangers were winners of the Junior Cup after a 3–2 win over Benburb in the final.

Scotland national team
Key:
 * (H) = Home match
 * (A) = Away match
 * BHC = British Home Championship

title: 1937–38 in Scottish football


text:
George E. Danielson

George Elmore Danielson (February 20, 1915 – September 12, 1998) was an American Democratic politician and judge from California. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1982.

Early life and career
Born in Wausa, Nebraska, Danielson attended Wayne State Teachers College before earning his B.A. and J.D. from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in 1937 and 1939, respectively. He was a special agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1939 to 1944 and served in the United States Navy Reserve from 1944 to 1946.

He was an Assistant United States Attorney from 1949 to 1951 and thereafter entered private practice.

Political career
Danielson was twice elected to the California State Assembly, serving from 1963 to 1967, and to the California State Senate, serving from 1967 to 1971.

Congress
In 1970, he was elected to his first of six terms to the U.S. House of Representatives. He served on the House Judiciary Committee during the impeachment proceedings against President Richard Nixon and voted in favor of three of the articles.

Danielson resigned from Congress on March 9, 1982, after being appointed an associate justice on the California Court of Appeal in the Second District, Division Three by Governor Jerry Brown.

Retirement and death
Danielson retired from the bench in April 1992.

He died on September 12, 1998, of heart failure in Monterey Park, California.

title: George E. Danielson


text:
Amazing Blondel

Amazing Blondel are an English acoustic progressive folk band, containing Eddie Baird, John Gladwin, and Terry Wincott. They released a number of LPs for Island Records in the early 1970s. They are sometimes categorised as psychedelic folk or as medieval folk rock, but their music was much more a reinvention of Renaissance music, based around the use of period instruments such as lutes and recorders.

History
John Gladwin (guitar and vocals) and Terrance (Terry) Wincott (guitar and vocals) formed a band called The Dimples along with Stuart Smith (drums) and Johnny Jackson (bass guitar). Signed to the Decca label they recorded a single, the "A" side "Love of a Lifetime" and the "B" side written by John Gladwin titled "My Heart is Tied to You". The record did not chart, although more recently the B-side has become popular on the Northern soul scene. Following the break up of The Dimples John and Terry formed a loud "electric" band called Methuselah. However, at some point in Methuselah concerts, the duo would play an acoustic number together: they found that this went down well with the audiences and allowed them to bring out more of the subtlety of their singing and instrumental work. They left Methuselah in 1969 and began working on their own acoustic material.

Initially their material was derived from folk music, in line with many of the other performers of the time. However, they began to develop their own musical idiom, influenced, at one extreme, by the early music revivalists such as David Munrow, and the other extreme, by their childhood memories of the Robin Hood TV series, with its pseudo-mediaeval soundtrack by Elton Hayes.

The band was named after Blondel de Nesle, the musician in the court of Richard I. According to legend, when Richard was held prisoner, Blondel travelled through central Europe, singing at every castle to locate the King and assist his escape. This name for the band was suggested by a chef, Eugene McCoy, who listened to some of their songs and commented: "Oh, very Blondel!" and they began to use that name. They were then advised to add an adjective (in line, for example, with The Incredible String Band) and so they became "Amazing Blondel".

Their first album The Amazing Blondel (also called "Amazing Blondel and a Few Faces,") was recorded in 1969 and released by Bell Records. It was directed by session guitarist Big Jim Sullivan. At about this time, Eddie Baird (who had known the other members at school) joined the band. On 19 September 1970 they were one of the bands to play at the first Glastonbury Festival. Following what Baird described as "a disastrous 'showbiz' record signing", Amazing Blondel were introduced, by members of the band Free, to Chris Blackwell of Island Records and Artists. Blackwell signed them up to Island, for whom they recorded their albums Evensong, Fantasia Lindum and England.

In Baird's words (in a 2003 interview) the band "adored recording". They recorded the Island albums in the company's Basing Street Studios which, at that time, was the source of some of the most innovative independent music in Britain.

They toured widely, both in their own concerts and as a support act for bands such as Genesis, Procol Harum and Steeleye Span. On stage, they aimed at technical precision of the music and versatility of instrumentation (with most concerts involving the use of some forty instruments) interspersed with banter and bawdy humour. However, there was a conflict between their managers' desires to organise ever more demanding tour schedules and the band's own wish to spend more time writing material and working in the studio. In the end, this led to the departure of John Gladwin (who had written most of their material) from the band in 1973, and the remaining two members decided to continue as a duo. In this new format, they went on to record several more albums, with Baird now writing the bulk of the material. The first of these, Blondel, was their final release for Island. They were next signed to Dick James' DJM label, where they recorded three albums, Mulgrave Street, Inspiration and Bad Dreams. They gradually modernised and electrified their sound. These albums featured a number of guest musicians, including Steve Winwood and Paul Kossoff. There is a mistaken belief that, during this period, they shortened the band name to Blondel. This is probably caused by the title of the final Island album, and the front cover of Mulgrave Street, which gives the short version of the name. But the full name is given on the back and on the front of the next two albums. The final release in the 1970s was a live album.

By the end of the 1970s, with disco being the largest selling music genre and with folk losing popularity, Baird and Wincott stopped performing under the Amazing Blondel name. John Gladwin reinherited the name and began to tour universities with bandmates, and former session players for the original Amazing Blondel; Adrian Hopkins and Paul Empson. This line-up had originally been billed as "John David Gladwin's Englishe Musicke".

The original band reformed in 1997 and produced a new album Restoration. They have since played at venues across Europe in the period 1997–2000. As of 2005, Terry Wincott had a successful heart bypass operation, which curtailed the band's plans for future concerts.

In 2005, Eddie Baird played two concerts in a duo with acoustic guitarist and singer songwriter Julie Ellison and is currently working on a collaboration with Darryl Ebbatson, called "Ebbatson Baird".

Band membership
John David Gladwin and Edward Baird were born and brought up in Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire: Terence Alan Wincott was born in Hampshire but moved to Scunthorpe at an early age.

The members of the band were all accomplished musicians. Gladwin sang and played twelve-string guitar, lute, double bass, theorbo, cittern, tabor and tubular bells. Wincott sang and played 6 string guitar, harmonium, recorders, flute, ocarina, congas, crumhorn, pipe organ, tabor, harpsichord, piano, mellotron, bongos and assorted percussion. Baird sang and played lute, glockenspiel, cittern, dulcimer, twelve string guitar and percussion.

Style of music
The style of their music is difficult to categorise. Most of it was composed by themselves, but was based on the form and structure of Renaissance music, featuring, for example, pavanes, galliards and madrigals. It is sometimes categorised as psychedelic folk but would probably have been disowned by both the psychedelic community and the folk community, whilst being instantly recognisable to students of early music. Terry Wincott described it as "pseudo-Elizabethan/Classical acoustic music sung with British accents". Eddie Baird is quoted as saying "People used to ask us, How would you describe your music? Well, there was no point asking us, we didn't have a clue."

Their music has been compared with that of Gryphon and Pentangle: however, Amazing Blondel did not embrace the rock influences of the former nor the folk and jazz influences of the latter. They have also been likened to Jethro Tull.

Instruments
The band employed a wide range of instruments (see above) but, central to their sound was their use of the lute and recorders.

When touring, the lutes proved to be quite difficult instruments for stage performance (in terms of amplification and tuning) and, in 1971, the band commissioned the construction of two 7-string guitars, which could be played in lute tuning. The design and construction of these instruments was undertaken by David Rubio who made classical guitars, lutes, and other early instruments for classical players, including Julian Bream and John Williams.

Gladwin's instrument was designed to have slightly more of a bass sound, as it was used mainly as an accompaniment instrument, whereas Baird's had a little bit more treble emphasis, to allow his melodic playing in the higher register to predominate. The two instruments were individually successful and also blended well together. They also proved to be stable (from a tuning point of view) for stage performance. The guitars were fitted with internal microphones to simplify amplification.

Other releases

 * Live in Tokyo (1977) (actually this live album was recorded in Europe)
 * Englishe Musicke (compilation), Edsel Records, (1993)
 * A Foreign Field That Is Forever England (recorded live, 1972–1973) HTD Records (1996)
 * Evensong/Fantasia Lindum, Beat Goes On 626 (2004)
 * Going Where The Music Takes Me (Live & Studio Archive recordings From The 60's To the 80's) (2-CD-Box + DVD), Shakedown Records (2004)(Compilation with 38 unreleased songs; no Amazing Blondel recordings but songs by the individual members)
 * Harvest of gold - The English Folk Almanach (Live sampler including recordings from Steeleye Span; Fairport Convention and Magna Carta as well as five live recordings by Amazing Blondel from the early 1970s which are otherwise unreleased)

title: Amazing Blondel


text:
Talk:Blue tea

Reference
search for blue and you will find it.

title: Talk:Blue tea


text:
Nevada State Route 377

State Route 377 (SR 377) is a 6.6 mi state highway in Nye County, Nevada, United States. The route connects the town of Manhattan to State Route 376. The highway previously existed as State Route 69.

Route description
SR 377 begins at a junction with SR 376 in the center of the Big Smoky Valley in northwestern Nye County. The route heads southeasterly, passing through some mountains as it heads towards Manhattan. The highway comes to an end on Main Street in the middle of the town.

History
An unimproved road linking Manhattan westward to State Route 8A (now SR 376) existed as early as 1936. By 1942, this road was designated as State Route 69. The route was improved to a gravel surface by 1946 but would not actually be paved until 1976.

Shortly after paving, the highway was affected by the 1976 renumbering of Nevada's state highways. The SR 69 designation was eliminated and replaced by State Route 377 on July 1, 1976; maps began to reflect this change in 1978.

title: Nevada State Route 377


text:
Simon Finn (musician)

Simon Finn is an English psychedelic folk musician.

Finn was born 4 March 1951 in Godalming, Surrey. He moved to London in 1967, where his first performance was opening for Al Stewart at the Marquee Club in Soho. He released his Pass the Distance LP in 1970, which in later years attained legendary status as it was so hard to obtain. The album featured contributions from Robert Buckland, Paul Burwell, Ken Elliot, and David Toop. "Pass the Distance" was remastered and re-released on Durtro/Jnana records in 2004 and again in 2008 on vinyl by Mayfair Music. In the same year, after a thirty-five-year absence from the music scene, he began touring again. His first performance was in support of the band Current 93 at St George the Martyr Church in Toronto in June 2004. Since then, he has performed in Moscow, Athens, Glasgow, Barcelona, New York City, San Francisco, Chicago and many other cities around the world. His second album, Magic Moments, was his first new recording in 35 years and was released by Durtro/Jnana.

Finn resided in Montreal, Canada for most of the interim, and now divides his time between London and Montreal. He had been touring extensively both as a solo artist and as a member of Current 93. He is now again strictly a solo artist. His latest release, Accidental Life, appeared in July 2007 on his own label Ten-to-One.

Simon Finn has played shows with Current 93, Graham Coxon, Thurston Moore, Antony and the Johnsons, Blood on a Feather and more.

title: Simon Finn (musician)