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Family Happiness

Family Happiness (pre-reform Russian: Семейное счастіе; post-reform Семейное счастие) is an 1859 novella written by Leo Tolstoy, first published in The Russian Messenger.

Plot
The story concerns the love and marriage of a young girl, Mashechka (17 years old), and the much older Sergey Mikhaylych (36), an old family friend. The story is narrated by Masha. After a courtship that has the trappings of a mere family friendship, Masha's love grows and expands until she can no longer contain it. She reveals it to Sergey Mikhaylych and discovers that he also is deeply in love. If he has resisted her it was because of his fear that the age difference between them would lead the very young Masha to tire of him. He likes to be still and quiet, he tells her, while she will want to explore and discover more and more about life. Ecstatically and passionately happy, the pair immediately engages to be married. Once married they move to Sergey Mikhaylych's home. They are both members of the landed Russian upper class. Masha soon feels impatient with the quiet order of life on the estate, notwithstanding the powerful understanding and love that remains between the two. To assuage her anxiety, they decide to spend a few weeks in St. Petersburg. Sergey Mikhaylych agrees to take Masha to an aristocratic ball. He hates "society" but she is enchanted with it. They go again, and then again. She becomes a regular, the darling of the countesses and princes, with her rural charm and her beauty. Sergey Mikhaylych, at first very pleased with Petersburg society's enthusiasm for his wife, frowns on her passion for "society"; however, he does not try to influence Masha. Out of respect for her, Sergey Mikhaylych will scrupulously allow his young wife to discover the truth about the emptiness and ugliness of "society" on her own. But his trust in her is damaged as he watches how dazzled she is by this world. Finally they confront each other about their differences. They argue but do not treat their conflict as something that can be resolved through negotiation. Both are shocked and mortified that their intense love has suddenly been called into question. Something has changed. Because of pride, they both refuse to talk about it. The trust and the closeness are gone. Only courteous friendship remains. Masha yearns to return to the passionate closeness they had known before Petersburg. They go back to the country. Though she gives birth to children and the couple has a good life, she despairs. They can barely be together by themselves. Finally she asks him to explain why he did not try to guide and direct her away from the balls and the parties in Petersburg. Why did they lose their intense love? Why don't they try to bring it back? His answer is not the answer she wants to hear, but it settles her down and prepares her for a long life of comfortable "Family Happiness."

Critical reception
In Russia the initial response to Family Happiness was lukewarm. The newspaper Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti (the July 1859, No. 155 issue) and the magazine Severny Tsvetok (Northern Flower, No. 22 1859) published positive, but very brief reviews. The major pro-democracy publications failed to mention its release, much chagrined, apparently, by the fact that Tolstoy chose for the publication the right-wing Katkov-edited journal which at the time was engaged in bitter feuds with Sovremennik.

Three years later in an essay called "The Outstanding Works Overlooked by Our Critics" (Vremya, Nos. 1 and 9) Apollon Grigoriev made an attempt to "rehabilitate" the Family Happiness and called it Tolstoy's "best piece of work to date." Sovremennik (1865, No.4) retaliated by warning the "critics of the aesthetic school" against praising the backward-looking novel that was idealizing the ruling class's way of life. According to the Soviet scholar Vladimir Lakshin, "Grigoriev was right in crediting Tolstoy as a shrewd psychologist, who'd succeeded in portraying so vividly in this novella 'the way romantic passion gradually deteriorates into something completely different.'"

In popular culture
As referenced in the non-fiction book Into the Wild (as well as its film adaptation), a copy of Family Happiness was found among Chris McCandless' remains, with several passages highlighted.

The last page of the story is also quoted in full in the Philip Roth novel The Counterlife.

The novella is referenced in 4321 by Paul Auster, as the favorite Tolstoy work of the protagonist's mother.

The Mountain Goats song "Family Happiness" takes its name from the novella and includes the line "Started quoting Tolstoy into the machine/I had no idea what you meant".

The 2012 film of Julia Strachey's 1932 novel Cheerful Weather For the Wedding shows Dolly, the uncertain bride-to-be reading a copy of Family Happiness.

Pyotr Fomenko's Theater Atelier in Moscow adapted the novella to the stage. The play premiered in September 2000 and remains part of the theater's repertoire.

title: Family Happiness


text:
User:Botteville

Resources

 * Commons
 * User:Botteville/sandbox
 * User:Botteville/mysandbox page2
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 * User:Botteville/mysandbox page6

 * WP:LIBRARY
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General note
Hi. I've been on here since the mid-2000's. I am not an administrator. I think it distracting to include personal information. If you need help, I suggest beginning with a search on help:topic. If you are more advanced search the template section with template:name. Wikipedia changes a lot, including the help and the templates. A topic is usually found in multiple places, so be persistent.

You will encounter many situations on WP, many of which are entirely unfair. It wouldn't really be fair for me to state what they are or give examples. You chose to work on Wikipedia voluntarily, at least presumably. You must make these decisions for yourself.

Wikipedia is, after all, no better than the people that participate in it. The same may be said of article quality. You will find many resources. The Internet has worked a revolution in education, and Wikipedia is definitely a part of it. The experts, however, are generally to be found elsewhere. We do try to point you to them as a rule, but of course rules do not always rule.

Most people want to help. There are some participants at any level who intend the opposite or are entirely motivated by their own agenda. All I can say is, if you get discourged you are acceding to their negative intents. WP does have a guideline, which serves to some degree as a rule book if conflicts arise. Most topics are referenced by a code stated as a link. Don't think, however, that these are going to solve all your problems. You may find, I believe, that the majority of your time is spent dealing with these problems, and not in improving Wikipedia.

Wikipedia today is writing about a different world than the one I lived in 10 years ago. What we have now that we did not seem to have then is war. Ten years ago we were still gliding along on our great victories in WWII in which we held the moral high ground. Words like "United Nations" and "allies" and the taboo against genocide meant something. Now we have some leading universities supporting genocide from the high places. Are these to be our experts now?

So you can see that I'm having trouble reconciling Wikipedia, a peaceful encyclopedia of high ideals, with general war. War does not allow you to sit on the fence. Where are the multitudes willing to give objectivity their best try? Populations at war are not by definition objective. I do not think there was a joint encyclopedia between the allies and the axis in WWII. You get the idea I'm sure.

Well, I'm here for the moment. I am certainly not sure of where we are heading. I certainly will not allow myself to be used in a war against the United States and its allies and I think Wikimedia Foundation is going to have to face that problem. I haven't decided yet. The world changes. There may not always be a place for Wikipedia. If I disappear from here that will be my main reason.Botteville (talk) 23:50, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Botteville


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Thunderbrand

Thunderbrand
final (13/0/0) ending 19:17 July 30 2005 (UTC)

I've been here for almost a year, and I'm having a great time contributing to Wikipedia. So far, I have over 5300 edits Mostly, I do work that involves the WikiProject Computer and video games and I also participate in the WikiProject Stub sorting. I believe I am courteous to other members and now that I check the RC page a lot more now, I could use the admin tools to make my job easier. Thunderbrand 19:17, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here: Self-nom. I accept.

Support Hi there. In case you didn't know, when you add content to talk pages and Wikipedia pages that have open discussion, you should sign your posts by typing four tildes ( ~~~~ ) at the end of your comment. If you can't type the tilde character, you should click on the signature button located above the edit window. This will automatically insert a signature with your name and the time you posted the comment. This information is useful because other editors will be able to tell who said what, and when. Thank you!]] (t) (c) 04:45, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support 5300 edits, almost a year, good contribs. definately. Bluemoose 23:58, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. JuntungWu 08:59, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Strong support Certainly.  See my admin criteria on my userpage, which this user passes with flying colors.  I had considered nominating this user myself.  Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 17:45, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support. This user is a good, active contributor to Wikipedia, and has made important contributions to  Computer and video games article groups. Evidence of good communication and civility shown on talk pages. I do not hesitate to vote that this user should be given administrative privileges; I am sure that this user will make good use of them. --NicholasTurnbull 23:29, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support, seems to be a good editor, so why the hell not. --Sn0wflake 15:32, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support - Has the needed experience and would benefit from a mop. Sango  123  19:08, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support good history of vandalism fighting. The extra button will be a good addition to that fight.-Poli (talk • contribs) 06:00, 2005 July 28 (UTC)
 * 8) Support; lots of good edits, and does great work on video game articles. Jaxl 19:50, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support. I see a lot of solid work and dedication to the project.  Certainly has the experience for the job.  Also lots of edits to revert vandalism. Redux 02:23, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) [[User:Merovingian|
 * 1) BRIAN 0918   04:42, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support --May the Force be with you! Shreshth91  ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  16:05, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Full support. Andre ( talk ) 18:35, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Oppose

Neutral

Comments

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I would check the Recent Changes page for any signs of obvious vandalism, and I would look at the Newpages for anything that could be speedied. I also might check the vandalism in progress page to keep an eye on anything.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. Probably the contribution I am most proud of is fixing up all the Star Fox related articles. When I found them, they weren't up to par really with other video game articles, not to say I was the only one who fixed them up. But the article I contributed the greatest to is the Star Fox: Assault page. I've also helped with the Half-Life 2 page by adding screenshots there.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A.Really the only thing I can remember is back when I first joined, I added a lot of box art to game articles and tagged them with the tag, which caused a couple other contributors to get a little upset (see my talk page), cause they had to go and re-tag them. But that was many months ago and I've learned by my mistakes.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mafia Sentinel

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. humblefool®Deletion Reform 20:04, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Mafia Sentinel
As far as I can tell, this is the only vehicle from the Grand Theft Auto video game series with its own article. There are literally hundreds of vehicles in the GTA series of games, and for each one to have its own article is ludicrous. The vehicle is not notable on its own. Fernando Rizo 19:17, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Crash a Mr. Whoopee into this and Delete. -- Norvy (talk) 21:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopedic on its own. Consider merge with List of vehicles from Grand Theft Auto. K1Bond007 06:23, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Condense and Merge contents to List of vehicles from Grand Theft Auto, if the article stays. Otherwise, Delete. ╫ 25 ring-a-ding 09:31, 24 July 2005 (UTC) ╫
 * Delete not encyclopedic. JamesBurns 05:21, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge a condensed version and redirect per 25. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:09, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Area 51 (2005 video game)

Area 51 (stylized as Area-51) is a science fiction first-person shooter video game that was released in 2005. It was developed by Midway Studios Austin for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows. A Nintendo GameCube version was also in development but was silently canceled. It is a loose remake of the 1995 light gun video game of the same name, and was followed in 2007 by the loosely related BlackSite: Area 51. The player controls Ethan Cole, a HAZMAT operative sent to the Area 51 base to assist in the cleanup of a mutagenic virus.

Notable among the voice actors are David Duchovny as Ethan Cole, Marilyn Manson as Edgar the ancient and powerful Grey, Powers Boothe as Major Bridges, Nolan North as McCan, and Ian Abercrombie as Dr. Winston Cray.

Gameplay
Area 51 is a first-person shooter, played from the perspective of the protagonist, Ethan Cole. The game features operable machinery, including artillery turrets, besides the player's inventory of weapons.

Throughout the game, the player uses a variety of weapons, both human and alien in origin, to defeat their adversaries. Most weapons can only be wielded one handed, however the player can dual wield some weapons, such as the Shotgun and the Sub-Machine Gun. Each weapon can also be used as a melee weapon for close quarter combat. Each weapon has two modes of firing, the first being the primary method, while the second is of a much higher power level, at the cost of ammunition and accuracy to the player. The player can also use explosive grenades.

Midway through the game, Ethan Cole becomes infected with the mutagen, and the option to turn into a mutant temporarily is obtained. Mutating offers a variety of benefits, such as increased strength, stamina, as well as the initial ability to fire health-replenishing parasites as well as the later ability to contaminate enemies, both at the cost of mutation time reduction. While in a mutant form, players can easily spot enemies, which would otherwise be cloaked to the regular human eye, albeit with a slight ocular defect.

Players can replenish health and mutagen either through the use of medical syringes found throughout the game or by using parasites, and mutagen by melee combat or "using" infected corpses, or by finding mutagen syringes.

A notable aspect of gameplay is the ability to scan and analyze various objects in the game environment. This is possible by using the scanner present on the player's suit, worn throughout the game. While using a scanner, the player has no access to weapons, and must switch to an available weapon in order to fight (though they could still melee). Scanning provides detailed information on a player's surroundings, as well as combated enemies.

The scanner, when equipped, adds a translucent bar to the player's HUD, which changes in color and height from light blue, to deep red. This bar indicates how near or far a player is, to one of many scannable clues, such as file folders or personal digital assistants. The scanner can collect information from the items without it being touched. The HUD shows red when the player is very close, and blue when very far. Items which are scanned are viewable in-game, providing insight into the workings of Area 51, as well as proving necessary to unlocking secret videos made by Dr. Cray or Mr. White.

Plot
In July 1947, an alien spacecraft crashed near Roswell, New Mexico in the United States. The craft was recovered by the U.S. Air Force and taken to Area 51 in Nevada, where the lone survivor of the crash, a powerful Grey named Edgar (Marilyn Manson), was held captive by the U.S. military. Eventually, the Greys opened a dialogue with the Illuminati led by the ominous Mr. White (Phil Proctor), and struck a deal with them. The Illuminati would give the Greys a research base 3 miles below the surface of Area 51, the use of the base as a landing site, and give them human test subjects where they, along with human scientists, would research a mutagenic virus to use in a war on their homeworld. In return the Greys would give the Illuminati exclusive access to Grey technology. The Illuminati used some of this technology to spy on the population.

The Greys and the human scientists eventually developed a powerful alien being - known as the "Theta", which spread the virus. Unbeknownst to many of the scientists working on the project, the Greys and the Illuminati were also planning to use the virus against the Earth population and dominate the planet. When Dr. Winston Cray (Ian Abercrombie) found out about the plan, he let loose the "Theta" and the mutagenic virus throughout Area 51, in an effort to slow them down. This prompted the military to send in a Quick Reaction Force led by Major Bridges (Powers Boothe) to quarantine and contain the virus. HAZMAT Team Delta, the first team initially sent into Area 51 are ambushed by the "Theta" creature, sustaining casualties, before withdrawing deeper into the base. HAZMAT Team Bravo, composed of team leader Ramirez, McCan, Crispy, and mission specialist Ethan Cole (David Duchovny) is sent to find Delta.

After initially encountering the mutants, McCan is killed when a mutant decapitates him. Deeper into the base, Crispy and Ramirez are both ambushed by the Theta and killed, leaving Cole on his own. Cole manages to locate the rest of Delta, however they are attacked again by the Theta, and all but Cole and Lieutenant Chew are killed. Making their way topside, the Illuminati disables the cargo elevator, killing Chew and leaving Cole bitten by one mutant, partially mutating him. Able to switch between human and mutant form, Cole is guided deeper into the base by Edgar reanimating corpses to deliver information telepathically. Cole is guided to Dr. Cray's bio labs, where Cray claims there is time to decontaminate Cole, and rid him of the virus. Before he can be cured, the Illuminati attack, killing Cray and stopping the process.

Cole proceeds deeper underground into a cave system, where he eventually gets reacquainted with the Theta. He manages to kill the creature, avenging both his team and HazTeam Delta. He meets Edgar miles beneath the surface who reveals the scientists used his DNA to create the virus, and the nature of the experiments at the base, which killed dozens of his species to harvest it. He then tells Cole the history of the Greys and Area 51. Edgar gives Cole the cure to the mutagenic virus, and instructs him to destroy the Grey's ship, that is leaving with dozens of Theta duplicates. Cole locates the vessel and destroys it by overloading its reactor, and uses a teleporter to escape into the Nevada desert. He lands by the "White Mailbox" area and watches Area 51 being destroyed by the exploding ship in a tornado like explosion. Cole watches as a truck drives past, with a green, alien-like container on board with unknown contents inside and walks away from the site. He reflects upon his original purpose at Area 51 and recognizes that while he and Hazmat Team Bravo had failed, their sacrifices may have saved mankind.

Reception
The PlayStation 2 version received "generally favorable reviews", while the PC and Xbox versions received "average reviews", according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

Film
In 2004, ahead of the game's release, Paramount Pictures announced that they had reached an agreement concerning the film rights for the game. In March 2007, comic book author Grant Morrison was hired to adapt the game as a screenplay. This project is unrelated to the movie Area 51 by Oren Peli.

Trivia

 * A playable game demo was included in Mortal Kombat: Deception.

title: Area 51 (2005 video game)


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File:Laxaton.jpg

Summary
Cover of Cantata Laxatón, the second album of Les Luthiers, released in 1972. File available at http://www.leslu.net/web/discos/index2.htm

title: File:Laxaton.jpg


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User talk:VsevolodSipakov

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Obersachse 19:20, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Versus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Versus~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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RC Patrol-related Proposals in the 2016 Community Wishlist Survey
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This is a one-time-only message to inform you about technical proposals related to Recent Changes Patrol in the 2016 Community Wishlist Survey that I think you may be interested in reviewing and perhaps even voting for:

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title: User talk:VsevolodSipakov


text:
User talk:Cilldara

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Djegan 19:20, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
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WikiProject Gaelic Games
Hi, i have noticed that you have previously edited articles related to the subject of Gaelic Games. Several users, including my self, have start work on a WikiProject to collaborate and pool our work on the subject to create, expand and improve listings about Gaelic Games and related subjects. With your previous edits i was wondering if you would be willing to join us and help out in this project. Their is no commitment necessary, and you can assists the project as your time permits. If your interested you can check out the project at WikiProject Gaelic Games, and if you have any questions about the project feel free to drop a line on the project talk page, or you can drop me a line directly. Thank you, and i look forward to your assistance. --Boothy443 | trácht ar 07:46, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Kit_shorts_blue_stripes.png
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title: User talk:Cilldara


text:
Barston

Barston is a village and civil parish in Metropolitan Borough of Solihull in the West Midlands of England. It is approximately 4.5 miles (7 km) east of Solihull and is located inside a large meander of the River Blythe, at the western edge of the Meriden Gap, and midway between the far larger villages of Balsall Common and Hampton-in-Arden. The nearest large city is Birmingham, 11 miles away to the west. According to the 2001 UK Census, the parish had a population of 499, increasing to 533 at the 2011 Census.

Barston is an affluent village with many historic buildings, some of which are timber-framed. The Church of St. Swithin is a Church of England church which dates from 1721, and is built on the site of an earlier church. The village also possesses two pubs, The Bulls Head and The Malt Shovel, and about 50 residential properties. The Barston Memorial Institute, opposite the Bulls Head, hosts many village activities with a Friday night youth club and regular Art Classes as well as the Barston WI and U3A meetings. There is no bus service or any other form of public transport in the village, although an abandoned bus stop still exists at the end of the central road of Barston, Oak Lane, which is left over from an old-school service from the 1970s and 1980s. Next to the bus stop is an old-fashioned red phone box.

The footballer Robbie Keane owned a house in Barston from 1999 to 2000, whilst playing for Coventry City F.C.

title: Barston


text:
Talk:Open front unrounded vowel

Examples
I'm very certain that the Danish example is wrong here. To the best of my knowledge bade is pronounced with an [æ], not an [a].

Peter Isotalo 19:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Heger's Sprog & lyd is difficult to use due to the fact that the alternative Dania transcription system is used, but by comparing vowel charts and phoneme exampels (pg. 86, pg. 139), it is clear that this is not an [a] but an [æ].
 * Peter Isotalo 22:19, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

The Canadian line is confusing; it almost seems to be saying that stop and bat are both pronounced with [a] in Canadian English. I'm aware of the Canadian Shift leading to [a] in words like bat (in those parts of Canada which show the Shift) but surely these varieties don't also have [a] in stop; I thought they had something more like .--JHJ 16:29, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've always thought the Canadian vowel in stop was an unrounded low back vowel /ɑ/ not a rounded low back vowel /ɒ/, which is a feature of RP. I'm pretty sure CaE uses a similar, if not the same vowel used in GA. Mark 13:38, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * There's a vowel shift called the Canadian Shift - see the draft chapter 11 of Labov et al's Atlas of North American English, p128.  The symbol  for the relevant vowel is used there.  However, since it doesn't seem to be [a] (except maybe in Newfoundland, based on the red dots on Map 13.1 in the draft Chapter 13 of the ANAE), whether it's  or  isn't really relevant to whether it belongs on this page.--JHJ 16:53, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Also, is the Hungarian example right? Short  in Hungarian seems to be usually transcribed (see Hungarian phonology), while long <á> is .--JHJ 16:53, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

I added that [a] occurs in the Boston accent. I'm from Massachusetts, and it was actually the example of the Boston accent that taught me what sound [a] represented. --68.160.39.155 06:48, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Problem with example
From the article: The problem is that the diphthong in "light" is [ʌɪ], not [aɪ]. Perhaps the example should be changed to "lied" ([laɪd]) instead? Tom e rtalk 23:47, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * In GA this vowel occurs only as the first part of the diphthongs [aɪ], as in light [laɪt]; and [aʊ], as in how [haʊ]. However, in the Great Lakes region, this vowel occurs in words like stock as a result of the Northern Cities Vowel Shift.

 * GA doesn't have Canadian raising. Other than minute phonetic length differences, the vowels in GA light and lied are the same. AEuSoes1 08:39, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In the western US, these are [ʌɪ] and [aɪ]. Don't know how different this is from GA. kwami 10:13, 3 February 2006 (UTC)
 * This isn't a matter of Canadian raising, it's a matter of the fact that before unvoiced obstruents, the diphthong [aɪ] is, in GA, pronounced [ʌɪ], not [aɪ]. As made clear in paragraph two of the Canadian raising affects both /ai/ and /au/.  Regardless of what our article says about GA, if Tom Brokaw were to say [laɪt] instead of [lʌɪt], people would think he'd gone crazy, or was exhibiting some bizarre affectation.  The difference in GA is not between [lʌɪt] and [laɪd], but between [lʌɪt] and [la:ɪd].  Canadian raising actually shortens the [ʌ] to [ə].  Believe me, there's a big difference between what I'm talking about and Canadian raising—call it "American raising" if you must, but it's definitely not Canadian raising, and my point remains that the example in the article is inaccurate.  Tom e rtalk  22:26, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well then change the example to lied or lie. AEuSoes1 23:04, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I speak something close to General American, and I don't pronounce light as [lʌɪt]. Some people in the South and Philadelphia might pronounce it that way though. 208.104.45.20 (talk) 00:38, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Canadian raising of /aɪ/ (but not /aʊ/) is rampant throughout the US. Here in California, basically everyone I have recorded and measured for F1 and F2 have [ʌɪ] (but not [ʌʊ]) before voiceless consonants. I don't know if Canadian raising is more extreme for both diphthongs, but regardless, there is raising in the US, and not just near the Canadian border! --SameerKhan (talk) 01:29, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, but that's California, not the Midwest (where I'm from). I don't really care much about it though, because it's not very noticeable.208.104.45.20 (talk) 07:10, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I disagree regarding the midwest; this trait is universal in Wisconsin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6c44:237f:accb:9807:7ae3:178b:65dc (talk) 17:31, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Canadian raising of in the U.S. is an innovation, but it's increasingly common.  Jack (Lumber) 16:11, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hold on. Although since somebody last spoke, here the row of American English was removed.  However, the General American pronunciation is not .  It is either  or possibly, for in the event of Canadian raising, the sound is raised to.
 * Furthermore, in California English the true sound doesn't even exist.  The /ʌ/ class is typically pronounced as .  There are areas of the country where the  is backed.  However, that is primarily found in Staten Island, (possibly the rest of New York City as well; but I can only speak for Staten Island).  Also, it is not backed to .  It's backed to.
 * To the one, who suggested that such a sound might appear in Philadelphia or Southern English, although such a sound does not appear in either dialect, I do commend you for your manners.
 * Thank you.74.102.216.186 (talk) 23:14, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * @74.102.216.186 So if I travel to the state of California and cut off a native in traffic, the words that go along with the stiff raised middle finger would be pronounced [ˈfɛk juː]? I find this hard to believe. Bladesinger46n2 (talk) 12:35, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

#97 can't be the right entity code
There is no guarantee that &#97; will have an "umbrella" (not sure what the typographic term for the thing covering the top of the lowercase-a is called.) Isn't there an actual Unicode entity number for this "a" which doesn't depend on the default font? --James S. 17:28, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

P.S. Please see Talk:Voiced bilabial plosive. --James S. 18:39, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

ä?
What's with all the ä's? Shouldn't an IPA article contain stanrd IPA characters? 惑乱 分からん 10:30, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Granted, it's central. Sorry. 惑乱 分からん 11:20, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Distinguishing open and central low vowels
I changed "no language distinguishes" to "few languages distinguish" since my own dialect of Vietnamese actually distinguishes between these two. The absolute "no languag distinguishes" claim is uncited and, even in the absence of my counterevidence, impossible to prove.

18.238.6.5 20:32, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I think a better way of addressing the uncited nature of this information is to put after it.  Altering the wording to fit a different understanding is not removing uncited material.  Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  21:16, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The bigger issue at hand was not that it was uncited, but that it was *wrong* (as well as invited). Absolute statements usually are wrong, no matter what they are about, and making an absolute statement non-absolute IMO is *almost* ;) always warranted, in addition to whatever other remedies may be called for Firejuggler86 (talk) 18:27, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

Italian transcriptions
When Italian words are given as examples (in these entries about the vowels in the IPA etc.), long vowels are sometimes transcribed as such, sometimes are not.

In Italian, vowel length is certainly not distinctive; nevertheless, to indicate it in transcriptions aimed e.g. at speakers of Germanic languages has been judged surely useful from a pedagogical point of view by Max Mangold (who transcribes Italian words with [ː] in his Aussprachewörterbuch).

Since these transcriptions are phonetic ([...]), not phonematic (/.../), the length mark MIGHT be used.

But the point is: for the sake of consistency, either always or never.

(In Italian, only the vowels that are at the same time 1) stressed, 2) at the end of the syllable, 3) not word-final are [phonetically] long; all the other vowels are [phonetically] short. Examples: cane [ˡka:.ne], gatto [ˡgat.to], perché [per.'ke].) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tom Hope (talk • contribs)

 * Yes. Sorry for not signing.
 * Just a postscript: also John C. Wells transcribes Italian words with the length mark in his Longman pronunciation dictionary. Tom Hope 23:55, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You ought to put that information in Italian phonology, which seems to already incorporate that in its transcription. Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 03:20, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps, all right. But at any rate we should decide whether in these phonetic transcriptions – I mean, in the transcriptions of these entries about the vowels of the IPA – the length mark should be added or not.

 * Both choices are legitimate, but, for the sake of consistency, the length mark should be either always or never present. Tom Hope 16:53, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

English
The English examples need to be revamped. At least in some of Canadian, Northern, Scottish, Jamaican, and Irish English, the "ash" may actually vary from to ; in ScotE, it's often if not usually centralized; in IrE, CanE and NorthEngE, it may also be  or ; and many (if not most) General American speakers (at least those without the cot-caught merger) realize the LOT vowel as a central.  Jack (Lumber) 16:11, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with you Jack, but it's hard to show all of that on the table. I also think that California could be added to the table although the vowel shift  there isn't near as widespread as, say, the Northern Cities Vowel Shift. 208.104.45.20 (talk) 19:44, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The California shift is also way more recent than the NCS, and it's not clear if it will become the dominant pattern or if it's just a Valley Girl thing. In Labov's ANAE (which makes no mention of the California shift), a speaker from Nevada has a Canadian-like ash (but no Canadian shift).  There's no reason why the speech of Nevada should be any different than that of California--assuming that such a thing as a California dialect exists.  And, to answer one of your earlier questions, if you find yourself fronting the cot/caught vowel at times, well, that's a good reason not to realize  as ...  Jack (Lumber) 15:33, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

I realize that I wouldn't ever merge the vowel of cat with the vowel of cot. I also realize that dialects don't care about state boundaries. Thanks anyway though. 208.104.45.20 (talk) 23:24, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Dialects don't care about state boundaries, but there are other things that separate most Californians and Nevadans from one another..mountain ranges and deserts and the like..but I am sure that residents of South Lake Tahoe CA and Stateline NV likely speak the same dialect

Firejuggler86 (talk) 01:07, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

Chicago
According to this article by Corrine McCarthy, =  is not in low-front position, but low-central position in Chicago. Thegryseone (talk) 02:37, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
 * So we should put dots above the a? — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 07:31, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Well, I don't know. It probably is in low-front position in other places. I was just trying to make the point that the region is not homogenous. Thegryseone (talk) 18:50, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Neither are Canadian, Irish, or Scottish, but I think that pointing out such differences would be beyond the scope of this page, which is supposed to demonstrate the occurrence of the vowel in particular languages/dialects, regardless of the fact that some or many speakers may actually use another vowel. In the Inland North, the LOT vowel may be anywhere between  and  (someone may even have ); IPA symbols are just reference points, like mile markers on a highway.  By the way,  =  can be considered "General American," at least if you don't have the cot-caught merger.  Jack (Lumber) 13:54, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Conflict between official standards and actual practice
Formerly, the intro did not clearly enough state the fact that many linguists ignore the official description of /a/ as a front vowel and use it to represent a central vowel, often with /æ/ representing a front vowel. In fact, I think that it's far more common for /a/ to represent a central vowel than a front vowel (esp. as, ignoring length differences, most languages have only one low vowel, which is usually central). However, I don't have any refs for this, so in the intro I merely say it's "common" to do things this way. Benwing (talk) 00:23, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

 * It seems that in the Americanist phonetic notation,  has been used for a central vowel, which may partly explain the confusion (especially among North American linguists). – Simo Kaupinmäki (talk) 12:57, 27 September 2015 (UTC)

Audio sample too central?
(In response to Benwing's comment above)
 * Thank you for pointing this out. If I'm not mistaken, the sound sample is also of a central vowel rather than a front vowel. It sounds much more like the sample of near-open central vowel than that of near-open front unrounded vowel. If this is so, the misleading sample should at least be relabeled and probably replaced. It has caused confusion in e.g. discussion about Finnish phonology (the letter ä there does not refer to a central vowel but reflects Finnish orthography and is usually regarded to stand for ). – Simo Kaupinmäki (talk) 04:00, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Note, however, that the Finnish orthographic a is usually strongly backed (i. e., [ɑ]), so much that /æ/ (i. e., orthographic ä) is often realised as a low front vowel [a] like in Standard Italian, compare the lowered (or even retracted/centralised) /æ/ in much of England, especially in the north.

 * FWIW, to me the sample sounds like a front vowel, i. e., more like the Standard Italian a, which is fronted, than the Standard German a, which is a central vowel. It's somewhere in between the (retracted) Standard German a (i. e., [ä]) and the /æ/ of Standard Finnish or RP. Therefore, the sample reflects the "theoretically correct" – Italianate – vowel quite well. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 21:58, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Sounds to be compared (if available at wiki) are here: IPA vowels chart with audio. -DePiep (talk) 22:37, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks. My impression is that (Standard) Italian (not in the north, where it is central), Hungarian (only the long low vowel), and dialectally Finnish have the front vowel. It is also present in Bavarian (a lowering of historical /æ/ just like in English and Finnish, although I believe it has happened already in the Middle High German period) and in many Low German dialects (and – to a certain extent – Standard German in Northern Germany, due to Low German influence), where the short vowel is front and the long vowel back and may even be rounded (ar may turn into a long front vowel). --Florian Blaschke (talk) 04:53, 21 July 2014 (UTC)

 * It seems that you are discussing the phonemes of various languages or dialects rather than the cardinal vowel, which serves as a phonetic reference point. Actually, I'm surprised to see that the article doesn't speak anything about being a cardinal vowel, as defined by Daniel Jones.

 * Compare Wikipedia's current audio sample to Jones's pronunciation of, which is clearly a front vowel. To me, Wikipedia's current audio sample of sounds much more central than Jones's and rather similar to  in the chart linked by DePiep, whereas Jones's  is not far from Wikipedia's . – Simo Kaupinmäki (talk) 12:57, 27 September 2015 (UTC)

 * The article has now been expanded with some basic information of being a cardinal vowel. On the other hand, I find Geoff Lindsey's acoustic analysis of vowels intriguing, especially as regards . He criticizes the traditional IPA vowel chart and describes  as a kind of extra-open vowel, for which the front/back distinction does not basically have much significance. His synthesized audio sample of  is not quite as front as Jones's, but to me it still sounds a little more front than Wikipedia's current sample. – Simo Kaupinmäki (talk) 13:00, 16 October 2015 (UTC)

I would like to recommend which I have made to replace the current. Can I get a stamp of approval? Shouai (talk) 02:52, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm not an expert in phonetics, but to me, the current audio sample sounds like [] instead of []. Your recording seems to be more accurate. --SelfishSeahorse (talk) 19:00, 2 April 2015 (UTC)

 * The new sample now seems to redirect to the older sample (which is of a central vowel). Actually, looking at the file history, I think even the new sample suggested by Shouai sounds more central than Daniel Jones's pronunciation of linked above. – Simo Kaupinmäki (talk) 12:57, 27 September 2015 (UTC)

big error
this sound doesn't exist in english besides in the long sound of i (aI), therefore this sound should be removed. Also some spanish and portuguese information would suit well to the moderator, right? 190.148.195.143 (talk) 05:23, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It depends on dialect. A number of them do have this very vowel as a monophthong, though General American and Received Pronunciation do not.  What do you mean by "moderator"? — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  12:51, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

American English
I've added "pasta" for American English. In American English, the first "a" in "pasta" is pronounced as /a/. In Canadian English and some other dialects they say the first "a" as /æ/ (such that it has the same sound as the "a" in "dad." -Helvetica (talk) 09:49, 11 February 2011 (UTC)
 * In General American, it's much more back. We already have listed examples of where it's not and we have GA listed at open back unrounded vowel. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi]  13:02, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Korean
I propose adding 나 (na) to the example table. 65.222.236.25 (talk) 17:50, 9 July 2012 (UTC) CoreyFloyd
 * According to Korean phonology, it's an open central vowel. — Æµ§œš¹  [ãːɱ ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɪ̃ə̃nlɪ]  20:25, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

French
Could French be added? It has it: http://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Annexe:Prononciation/fran%C3%A7ais Israell (talk) 03:07, 3 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Neither Wiktionary nor Wikipedia are reliable sources. Fortunately, I have one (or two, we'll see). I'll add French ASAP. Peter238 (talk) 03:10, 3 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Done. Peter238 (talk) 04:20, 3 April 2015 (UTC)

"Extra-open" unrounded vowel
In the introduction, there is an interesting reference to a blog post by Geoff Lindsey, whose depiction of deviates from the canonical IPA vowel chart and has here been characterized as an "extra-open central unrounded vowel". I can understand why you might want to call it "extra-open" in this context (though it is basically the same sound that has traditionally been classified as the open front unrounded vowel). However, I'm afraid it may be a little misleading to call it "central", as Lindsey does not actually classify it as a central vowel on the customary front/back scale. What he does say is that "a is located centrally, below schwa" on his modified vowel chart, but it is also aligned with front vowels and back vowels. Therefore, I feel that characterizing it simply as central does not do justice to Lindsey's analysis.

As far as I can see, Lindsey's point is that although has traditionally been classified as a front vowel, it is a matter of perspective whether you regard it as front or central, or even as back. As Lindsey puts it: "The front/back ambiguity of a could be enshrined explicitly by the addition of a connecting line to the 'back' series." If you classify the "extra-open unrounded vowel" as central, the implication is that there are distinct front and back variants, which according to Lindsey is not the case. – Simo Kaupinmäki (talk) 12:30, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, you're correct. However, the formants define it as central (it has the F1 value of central vowels) and if we just call it an "extra-open vowel", that would seem to be analogous to a "high vowel" or "mid vowel" -- i.e., that there may be several extra-open vowels differentiated by backness. Can you think of a wording that would capture both the fact that there is no diffentiation and that by F1, which defines backness, it is central, without actually calling it "central"? — kwami (talk) 19:13, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

Sound sample
The sound sample seems to be wrong. It sounds like /ä/, not /a/. 2A02:1205:C6A9:FC40:F0B0:A830:4F22:2EEC (talk) 20:37, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

Confusion of open front and open central vowels
With the confusion between the open front vowel and the open central vowel, I am left with two questions.

 * Which one is the a in Classical Latin?
 * In Standard English, which one is the nucleus of the long i sound?

Any insight is appreciated. Thank you in advance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.102.218.18 (talk) 00:39, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

 * 1. Nobody knows for sure, but it was probably central.
 * 2. Depends on the dialect, but it's normally more central than front, or in-between (front-central). In Southern England and Australia (and some other places), it is very often back . Mr KEBAB (talk) 00:47, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

RP /a/ vs /ae/
I just copy my edit summary here regarding the RP /a/. The source makes disctincion between Conservative RP, Mainstream RP, and Contemporary RP, classifying /ae/ as Conservative, and about /a/ says only: "Younger RP speakers generally use an  sound, a rare example of RP speech moving closer to northern English pronunciation." Therefore, we cannot say that /a/ is RP in general. I think this RP /a/ should be removed from the list for he time being unless a more specific source is found, and the distinctions between several "types" of RP are adressed. WikiHannibal (talk) 16:33, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm a native RP speaker (born and raised in a small town in Surrey in the mid 1990s). My mother (also born in Surrey, in the 1960s) and myself and virtually every single person I have ever met uses the vowel in this article /a/ (?) rather than the other vowel /ae/, which I imagine could be heard in the speech of some of the very elderly, possibly you would have to go back to old television/radio recordings. I think this sound change in RP is essentially complete, or will be very soon, and so I don't think it is a good idea for you to remove this RP /a/ as virtually every RP user who reads this article will be using /a/ and anyone who wants to learn RP or learn anything about it will be interested to know that this vowel is used in RP. 84.215.97.119 (talk) 01:26, 16 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Agreed, and it should also be noted that in the *context* of the statement quoted by the OP, "younger speakers" means younger than Lady Silvia, and was noting generally that use of /ae/ rather than /a/ has become a distinctly *Conservative* RP trait. Taken as a whole, we can logically infer that /a/ has become the vowell that "general" RP uses, and there is not really any dubiousness... Firejuggler86 (talk) 00:59, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

/a/ vs /a:/?
This article provides no help whatsoever in distinguishing /a/ vs /a:/. Seems like a real oversight! Peter G Werner (talk) 14:48, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Find yourself a teacher of phonetics for that. The vowel length symbol doesn't even mean the same in every language. In English, the alleged 'long monophthongs' are more clipped than  before fortis/voiceless consonants and in that way resemble the diphthongs (which they are in contemporary RP: ). So ⟨iː, uː⟩ are just wrong for (RP) English, and even more wrong for Australian English (I'll never understand the choice of ⟨iː⟩ for AuE). In German and Swedish, there is no such distinction and they retain their length regardless of the type of consonant that follows (at least in primarily stressed syllables). Sol505000 (talk) 07:50, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Open front unrounded vowel


text:
User talk:Helios256

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Obersachse 19:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Helios256


text:
Honoré Mercier Bridge

The Honoré Mercier Bridge (French Pont Honoré-Mercier) in Quebec, Canada, connects the Montreal borough of LaSalle on the Island of Montreal with the Mohawk reserve of Kahnawake and the suburb of Châteauguay on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River. It is the most direct southerly route from the island of Montreal toward the US border. It carries Route 138, originally Route 4. It is 1.361 km in length and contains four steel trusses on its first section. The height of the bridge varies from 12.44 m to 33.38 m with the highest sections located over the St. Lawrence Seaway. The bridge is named after former premier of Quebec Honoré Mercier.

Unique in Quebec, the bridge is managed by both the federal and provincial governments. The southwest portion of the bridge, over 1,031 metres (1128 yards) from the beginning of the arch bridge (at pier 14), is the responsibility of a Crown corporation: the Jacques Cartier and Champlain Bridges Incorporated (JCCBI). The rest of the bridge (902 metres, 986 yards) is owned by the Quebec Ministry of Transport, which is also responsible for the day-to-day operations of the complex, including the federal part.

The bridge has two lanes of traffic in each direction and a total span of nearly 2 km. At its highest point, the bridge rises 36 m above the river. There is a narrow sidewalk on the side headed to Châteauguay that was for use by foot or bicycle, but it has not been open since major repairs began in 2009. The roadway has been characterized by numerous repairs.

It is estimated that an average of 75,000 vehicles use the bridge each day. An estimated 30 million vehicles use the bridge every year.

History

Before the bridge was built there was a ferry service.

The bridge, known in the developmental stage as the "Saint-Louis Bridge" (for the nearby located Lake Saint-Louis and the parish of Saint-Louis-de-Caughnawaga, today part of the Kahnawake reserve), was designed by eleven French-Canadian engineers, all graduates of the École Polytechnique de Montréal, and was built by the Dominion Bridge Company Ltd under a government-funded work program. Construction of the bridge began in November 1932 and was completed in the early summer of 1934. It was opened to traffic on June 22, 1934 (named "Honoré-Mercier" during its inauguration by mayor Taschereau, 10 months ahead of schedule with a toll of 50 cents for an automobile and driver—later reduced to 25 cents. Today there is no toll charged for crossing the bridge.

The original east approach was on Lafleur Avenue, which ran straight into the Gauron Bridge over the Lachine Canal.

The higher section over the Saint Lawrence Seaway was added in the late 1950s. In August 1963, the Quebec Department of Public Works approved the construction of a "second" bridge downstream from the first. This increased the number of lanes from two to four.

Oka Crisis
During the Oka Crisis in July and August 1990, the bridge was closed to all traffic for over a month by Mohawks who supported their brothers from Kanesatake. This closure period led to violent tempers and clashes between Mohawks and people from Châteauguay, and the extension of Autoroute 30 bypassing the Kahnawake reserve. As a compensatory measure, the Champlain Bridge Boom was opened to motorists and a temporary rail shuttle was introduced.

Mohawks in Support of the Caledonia Group
During the Caledonia land dispute, certain individuals from Kahnawake erected Warrior and Confederacy flags on the steel trusses of the bridge to show their support.

The bridge was closed for a short period, in order to allow several men from the community to climb the structure and secure the flags. To ensure their safety, the Kahnawake Peacekeepers stopped traffic from the Kahnawake side of the bridge, while the Quebec Provincial Police blocked access on the Lasalle side. Several weeks later one of the Warrior flags was removed from the bridge and replaced with a Quebec flag (the red Warrior flag is barely visible in the above picture between the first 'V' section of the truss).

On June 29, 2007, community members of Kahnawake staged a peaceful protest on the bridge, in support of the AFN's National Day of Action. Once again men from the community placed Warrior and Confederacy flags on the structure that spans the St. Lawrence Seaway.

Maintenance
The Jacques Cartier and Champlain Bridges Incorporated (JCCBI) (in French: Ponts Jacques Cartier et Champlain Incorporée, PJCCI), a federal Crown corporation, is responsible for managing, operating and maintaining the Mercier Bridge where it crosses the Mohawk Reserve of Kahnawake. This comprises the ramps leading to the bridge on the south shore ("Ramps" Sector), the span over the St. Lawrence Seaway ("Seaway" Sector), and the stretch above "Ile Maline" ("B1 Island" Sector). The Ministry of Transport of Quebec (MTQ) is responsible for the bridge where it crosses the St. Lawrence River ("B2" Sector).

Rehabilitation Project
2009 saw the start of a complete rehabilitation of the bridge, the largest ever undertaken in Canada. For the first time since 1934, the deck of the Mercier Bridge was partially replaced. The work is expected to prolong the bridge's life for another 75 years. The bridge deck was replaced using prefabricated concrete deck panels. The new deck consists of more than 1,300 prefabricated concrete panels assembled with steel tension cables. In total, the new deck is an area of 40,684 m2 (10 acres). Numerous lane closures and redirection of traffic continued until work was completed. The project has been carried out in two parts: Phase A, replacement of the deck in the Ramps Section and Phase B, replacement of the deck in the B1, Seaway, and Mixed Sections. Phase A was handled by Kahnawake's Mohawk Bridge Consortium. Phase B was originally to be done by Pomerleau-de Mathieu Bard, but problems led to the removal of the contractor. The works were then completed by the Mohawk Bridge Consortium. The eight-year work on the federal part, led by contractor, Mohawk Bridge Consortium, was completed by the end of August 2016. A total of 982 new concrete panels were installed at a cost of $200 million.

Emergency closure
The Quebec Ministry of Transport (MTQ) initially planned to renovate the section of the bridge under its jurisdiction at the same time and in the same manner as the federal section. On June 14, 2011, due to the extreme deterioration of 10 gusset plates, the 1930s section of the Mercier bridge was closed until September 6 (in time for school restart). Engineers examined each gusset and designed an individual solution of either replacement or reinforcement aimed as a permanent solution, not a patch. Regular inspections found the gussets to be corroded beyond what was expected. Using all known weaknesses of the bridge structure, the engineers undertook a complete recalculation of the load bearing ability of the structure. Once they calculated that and factored in a margin for safety, they decided to close the bridge at 8:04 PM on June 14, 2011. The reinforcement of existing structures was staggered until 2013. In 2014, an in-depth study was commissioned to a consortium of BPR, Genivar and SNC-Lavalin firms to determine the optimal solution for the future of the section. Provincial Bridge: Major Rehabilitation or Reconstruction.

In April 2017, the Quebec government announced the construction of a new section towards the South Shore of Montreal. The date of the beginning of the work is not determined.

title: Honoré Mercier Bridge


text:
Talk:Comedy priest

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. Its content was merged and the article redirect to its current target. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 19:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comedy priest


text:
Ludwig Riedel

Ludwig Riedel (2 March 1790, Berlin, Germany – 6 August 1861, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) was a German botanist. Riedel described relatively few species himself, but collected hundreds of new species, many named after him. The genus Riedelia (Ericaceae) was named for him by Meisner.

Biography
Riedel came to Brazil in 1821, invited to participate in the expedition organized by the German-Russian physician, naturalist, ethnographer and explorer Baron von Langsdorff. From 1821 to 1830 and from 1831 to 1836, Riedel worked in Brazil collecting plants for the Botanical Garden of Saint Petersburg. In 1836 he accepted a permanent position in the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, being the first foreigner with a permanent post in the museum. He founded and directed the department of botany and the Botanical Garden attached to it (Horto Florestal) until 1858.

Legacy
Ludwig Riedel's name is well known in Rio de Janeiro, once he was director of the Public Park, the National Museum and head of the Botanical Garden at the time of the empire.

title: Ludwig Riedel


text:
Talk:Comedy civil servant

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. Its content was merged and the article redirect to its current target. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 19:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comedy civil servant


text:
Talk:Comedy soldier

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. Its content was merged and the article redirect to its current target. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 19:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comedy soldier


text:
Talk:Comedy police

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. Its content was merged and the article redirect to its current target. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 19:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comedy police


text:
Barrymore

Barrymore is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Barrymore family of American actors
 * Earl of Barrymore, a title in the Kingdom of Ireland dating to 1622

People with the surname Barrymore

 * Deborah Barrymore aka Deborah Moore (born 1963), English actress
 * Diana Barrymore (1921-1960), American actress
 * Drew Barrymore (born 1975), American actress and producer
 * Ethel Barrymore (1879–1959), American actress
 * John Barrymore (1882–1942), American actor
 * John Drew Barrymore (1932–2004), also known as John Barrymore Jr., actor
 * Lionel Barrymore (1878–1954), American actor
 * Maurice Barrymore (1849-1905), forefather of the Barrymore family of American actors
 * Michael Barrymore (born 1952), English comedian

Fictional people with the surname Barrymore

 * Mr. & Mrs. Barrymore, characters of the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles

title: Barrymore


text:
New York Percussion Trio

The New York Percussion Trio was a three-member musical group consisting of two percussionists and one pianist, active in the New York City area from the early 1950s until the mid-1970s.

The group was originally formed in 1954 as the Dance-Percussion Trio, to accompany performances by the modern dancer Daniel Nagrin; Nagrin was a member of the trio along with the pianist David Shapiro and the percussionist Ronald Gould. The group toured the United States in June and July 1954. Following this tour, the Dance-Percussion Trio disbanded and the musicians added a second percussionist, Arnold Goldberg, thus forming a trio of two percussionists and a pianist. Shapiro was later replaced by Rolf Barnes, though he later rejoined the group.

The trio commissioned a number of new works from contemporary composers, including Harold Farberman (Variations for Percussion With Piano, 1954), Halim El-Dabh (Hindi-Yaat no. 1 and Tabla-Tahmeel no. 1, both 1959, and Tabla-Dance, 1961), and Gitta Steiner (Trio, 1969). They were one of the first American percussion ensembles to utilize traditional percussion instruments from India (including tabla and mridangam), which Gould brought back following a 1959 tour of that nation with The Little Orchestra Society of New York.

The group's primary focus was presenting percussion music to young people (ranging in age from kindergarten to the college level), with most of their performances arranged by the Young Audiences, Inc. organization of New York. Through their performances across the United States (3,000 in all), the group did much to promote percussion music to the general public. They released an LP recording, entitled Holidays for Percussion (Vox, 1958), and a film, Percussion, the Pulse of Music (produced by Arts and Audiences, Inc., for the Educational Television and Radio Center, 1957), and appeared on the I've Got a Secret television program, hosted by Steve Allen, on January 24, 1966, as well as several other television programs, particularly those for children.

In addition to their work with the trio, Goldberg and Gould served for many years as members of the New York City Ballet Orchestra and the orchestras of the Martha Graham Dance Company and Joffrey Ballet; Gould retired from his post with the New York City Ballet Orchestra in 2005 and Goldberg remains with the orchestra as timpanist and orchestra manager. Shapiro was also active as a pianist, orchestra conductor, and opera producer in South Korea, Hong Kong, and the United States.

In the 1960s, a Boston, Massachusetts-based group called the New Boston Percussion Ensemble, also comprising two percussionists (James Latimer and Everett Beale) and a pianist (Allen Barker), was formed. This group also performed programs for the Young Audiences organization and performed some of the same repertoire as the New York Percussion Trio.

title: New York Percussion Trio


text:
Devil Kings

Devil Kings, known in Japan as Sengoku Basara (戦国BASARA), is a 2005 video game for the PlayStation 2, developed and published by Capcom. It is the first installment in the Sengoku Basara franchise. The game's theme song for the Japanese version is "Crosswise" by T.M.Revolution. The western version featured a prologue, along with an original piece, due to license restrictions. The game was followed by several sequels and an anime series, all of them using the original title and setting of Sengoku Basara only.

Story
Sengoku Basara takes place during the Sengoku period, or Warring States period, of feudal Japan during which Japan was split into many minor states battling over power and land. The game features two historical warlords as the main protagonists: Date Masamune and Sanada Yukimura.

Devil Kings' main character is Devil King (Oda Nobunaga in Sengoku Basara).

Gameplay
It is a hack and slash, action game similar in concept to Devil May Cry, Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors.

Some significant gameplay changes were made to the Western versions of the game. Four of the characters were made non-playable and various skills were removed or added. The difficulty levels were shifted to make the game more difficult (with the Japanese Normal becoming Easy and Japanese Hard becoming Normal, and Easy rewards 30% less EXP and no 3rd+ weapons while Normal keeps the Japanese Normal reward). The fighting system was also modified, adding an element called "Priming" (one of the characters special attack was made the priming attack, and used that attack to "Prime" enemies making them more susceptible to damage and allowing for higher combo chains).

Characters

 * Date Masamune (Azure Dragon): Kazuya Nakai /Kirby Morrow
 * Sanada Yukimura (Scorpio): Sōichirō Hoshi /Andrew Francis
 * Takeda Shingen (Red Minotaur): Tesshō Genda /Mark Gibbon
 * Sarutobi Sasuke (Talon): Takehito Koyasu /David Orth
 * Kasuga (Venus): Natsuko Kuwatani /Venus Terzo
 * Oda Nobunaga (Devil King): Norio Wakamoto /Garry Chalk
 * Nōhime (Lady Butterfly): Yurika Hino /Kathleen Barr
 * Mori Ranmaru (Hornet): Hiroki Shimowada /Cathy Weseluck
 * Akechi Mitsuhide (Reaper): Shō Hayami /Peter Kelamis
 * Uesugi Kenshin (Frost): Romi Park /Alessandro Juliani
 * Itsuki (Puff): Tomoko Kawakami /Janyse Jaud
 * Xavi (Q-Ball): Kōzō Shioya /Lee Tockar
 * Maeda Toshiie (Lark): Tomohiro Tsuboi /Andrew Jackson
 * Matsu (Bramble): Yūko Kaida /Tabitha St. Germain
 * Shimazu Yoshihiro (Zaan): Kenichi Ogata /Paul Dobson
 * Tokugawa Ieyasu (Irdene): Tōru Ōkawa /Jason Michas
 * Mōri Motonari (Kahz): Shigeru Nakahara /Sam Vincent
 * Chōsokabe Motochika (Arslan): Ryūzō Ishino /Ian James Corlett
 * Hōjō Ujimasa (Orwik): Tadashi Miyazawa /Louis Chirillo
 * Imagawa Yoshimoto (Muri): Kōzō Shioya /Brian Drummond
 * Honda Tadakatsu (Iron OX)

Localization
While releasing Sengoku Basara, Capcom attempted to appeal to the western audience, by removing all Sengoku and Japanese references in favor of a generic fantasy story vaguely connected with Capcom's hit franchise Devil May Cry (a DMC-type font was even used for the cover title of Devil Kings).

An extract from IGN interview with the game's producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi:

 * Kobayashi: In Japan, Devil Kings is called Sengoku Basara, and it focuses on Japanese history but with a Capcom style, a Capcom flair to it. When we were making the game, we told ourselves, "What can we do to differentiate this to make this different from other hack and slash games?" And we decided the secret maybe lay in some other games Capcom has done. We said, "Let's give the characters a kind of Devil May Cry flair -- some really cool moves, like the kind of things you might see in Devil May Cry. Let's make the characters all vastly and distinctly different from one another, like in Street Fighter II." That's the Japanese version. Then, we said, "Okay, let's release it in North America and Europe -- what can we do to make it different again? What can we do to make it appeal to North American and European audiences?" After a few discussions, we decided not to have a game with samurais and ninjas in feudal Japan, but instead a game that was dark, slightly devilish, and had a fantasy setting to it, a game with a huge Devil May Cry feel to it. So then we said, "Okay, we'll make it dark." Call it Devil Kings. The main character will be a villain. We'll darken up the background, give more moves, more ability to power your character up, and things like that for the North American and European markets.

 * IGN: Plus it's not historically accurate?

 * Kobayashi: The Japanese version of the game is based on Japanese history. There are some fantasy elements that didn't actually happen, of course, but enough of it is there. With the North American and European versions, we've taken that element out entirely. Some of the backgrounds may retain that Japanese flair. Many of them don't and are brand new; many of the enemies are brand new; and it's no longer based around the idea of feudal Japan at all. That part of the game has now been changed to be darker.

These alterations were regarded as unpopular, as the Devil Kings version was a critical and commercial failure, and no more Sengoku Basara games were brought to North America and Europe until the release of Sengoku Basara: Samurai Heroes in the fall of 2010.

Reception
The westernized version (Devil Kings) received "mixed or average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

The Japanese version was met with "generally favorable" reviews from fans, critics, and consumers. Fans of the franchise seem to have given the Japanese version positive reviews and the westernized version negative reviews with one stating, "While Sengoku Basara was considered a cult classic among fans and gamers, Devil Kings was considered a terrible localization of a good game that should've been left unchanged for its western releases." The game received an 8/8/7/8 for a total of 31/40 from weekly Japanese video game magazine, Famitsu. The game was later re-released under the PlayStation 2 the Best label (which means it is a best-seller in Japan). The game sold a total of 88,711 units during its first week on sale in Japan and was the top-selling game of the week. The game has sold a total of 232,589 units in Japan.

Sequels
The first two sequels, Sengoku Basara 2 and Sengoku Basara 2 Heroes, were released in Japan for the PS2 in 2006–2007, followed by two spin-off games. The next main game in the series, Sengoku Basara 3, was announced for the PlayStation 3 and Wii and released on July 29, 2010 in Japan. It was released in North America and Europe as Sengoku Basara Samurai Heroes in October 2010.

title: Devil Kings


text:
User:CodeMonk

Iaroslav Vassiliev

I'm from Moscow, Russia. I'm a software developer. I write mostly in Russian Wikipedia and I'm an admin there.

ru:Участник:CodeMonk

title: User:CodeMonk


text:
User:Sotoberg

Sotoberg is the allis for Jake Pearson.

This allis is used many games and forums.

title: User:Sotoberg


text: Template:Milwaukee Bucks roster

title: Template:Milwaukee Bucks roster


text:
Belinda City, Tennessee

Belinda City is a colloquial name given to a community in the city of Mount Juliet, Wilson County, Tennessee.

The community was originally an unincorporated area in west-central Wilson County running along Belinda parkway, just southeast of the city of Mt. Juliet. The community was annexed by the city of Mount Juliet in 1990, under city ordinance 1990–10.

Mount Juliet Annexation Map

title: Belinda City, Tennessee


text:
Talk:Drake & Josh (soundtrack)

Untitled
For the record I believe this page should be merged with Drake and Josh as I do not believe this CD is notable enough to warrant its own page.Barkeep49 19:25, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

What is your fave song?
Mine would be any with Drake Bell in them (hehehehe Drake is so fine lol)

title: Talk:Drake & Josh (soundtrack)


text:
Lasko

Lasko may refer to:

Places

 * Laško, a town in Slovenia
 * Łasko, a village in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
 * Łąsko, two villages in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
 * Łąsko Małe
 * Łąsko Wielkie

People

 * Lasko Andonovski (born 1991), Macedonian handball player
 * Lech Łasko (born 1956), Polish volleyball player
 * Léo Lasko (1885–1949), German screenwriter and film director
 * Michał Łasko (born 1981), Italian volleyball player
 * Miss Lasko-Gross (born 1977), American comics creator
 * Peter Lasko (1924–2003), British art historian

Other uses

 * Laško subdialect of Slovenian
 * Lasko – Die Faust Gottes, a German television series
 * Laško Brewery, Slovenian brewing company

title: Lasko


text:
1978 in archaeology

The year 1978 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Excavations

 * New excavations at Brahmagiri by Amalananda Ghosh.
 * Excavations begin at Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site in Wales.
 * New excavations begin at Holyhead Mountain Hut Circles on Holy Island, Anglesey, off the coast of Wales.
 * Comprehensive excavations at Alepotrypa cave in Greece begin.
 * Excavation of Proto-Elamite levels of Susa in Iran.

Finds

 * February 21 - The remains of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan.
 * March - Pictish stone depicting a bearded figure at Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
 * Bactrian Gold hoard.
 * A new Shapwick hoard of Roman copper coins in England.
 * Cherchen Man in China.
 * A fossilized partial human cranium is among hominid remains found in Apidima Cave in southern Greece; in 2019 it is announced as dating to more than 210,000 years BP, making it the earliest example of Homo sapiens outside Africa.
 * First discovery of European lion remains at Tiryns in Mycenaean Greece.
 * Wreck of a Basque whaling galleon, probably the San Juan, off Saddle Island, Labrador.

Publications

 * Lewis R. Binford - Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology.
 * Mounir Bouchenaki - Cités antiques d'Algérie.
 * Kenneth Dover - Greek Homosexuality.
 * Richard A. Gould (ed.) - Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology.
 * Keith Muckelroy - Maritime Archaeology.
 * Paleontologist Björn Kurtén's short novel Dance of the Tiger, dealing with the interaction between Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals, is published in Sweden as Den Svarta Tigern.

Events

 * Theban Mapping Project is established.
 * September - Thousands march through Dublin to Wood Quay to protest against the building of civic offices on the Viking site.

Deaths

 * August 19 - Sir Max Mallowan, English archaeologist (born 1904).
 * August 24 - Dame Kathleen Kenyon, English archaeologist of the Neolithic Fertile Crescent and college principal (born 1906).
 * October 8 - Bertha Cody, Native American archaeologist (born 1907).
 * November 8 - Terence Mitford, British archaeologist of the Near East (born 1905).

title: 1978 in archaeology


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New York Percussion Trio

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. humblefool®Deletion Reform 20:07, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

New York Percussion Trio
Non-notable group, 26 matches on Google, all of them tiny notations in databases. Chairboy 19:26, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Please see conversation in progress in the discussion page

 * delete does not meet WP:MUSIC criteria. —Tokek 23:10, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Discussion on this point in discussion

 * keep - the article certainly does meet WP:MUSIC criteria (keep in mind, however, that an article on a musical artist or group must meet at least one criterion, not criteria). The reasons are summarized here: Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion/New York Percussion Trio  Badagnani 20:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 05:20, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * JamesBurns, Wikipedia operates by regulation, not opinion (particularly as regards serious matters such as attempting to have others' pages removed). I have, on the discussion page, shown how this group meets at least one of the "notability" criteria; if you have a dispute with this please state such on the discussion page.  Badagnani 19:22, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

keep - The author makes strong points on the discussion page. The accomplishments of this group are many and the members of the group were, and are, active in major performance organizations. The group commissioned works from many innovative composers. Since I was an undergrauate music student I have seen their name on the scores of works which they commissioned. I don't understand how this entry could possibly be deleted. The group is important, their innovations paved the way for others (both performers and composers), and they worked closely with many great composers of the 20th century. Keep this article! 24.144.12.91 01:52, 27 July 2005 (UTC)Blake Tyson, DMA (Doctor of Musical Arts) in percussion and literature from Eastman School of Music, currently on the faculty of the University of Central Arkansas.

 * Keep this one; this group was quite notable in the contemporary music scene forty years ago. Antandrus (talk) 02:06, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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R. J. Reynolds Memorial Auditorium

The R. J. Reynolds Memorial Auditorium, located in Winston-Salem, NC, was built 1919–1924 under the direction of architect Charles Barton Keen (designer of the R. J. Reynolds estate, Reynolda House). Keen also designed the adjacent Richard J. Reynolds High School. Both buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Auditorium and adjacent school sit on a tract of land formerly known as "Silver Hill." The 28 acre tract of land now encompasses the Auditorium, the school, Hanes Park (named after the founder of Hanes Clothing Company and then-mayor James G. Hanes), the Calvin H. Wiley Middle School and the Winston-Salem Central YMCA.

The Auditorium is now operated jointly by the Administration of the Richard J. Reynolds High School and the Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools. An auditorium manager is hired to take care of the day-to-day operations of the building and scheduling of performances and events.

The Auditorium is one of the oldest and largest performing arts centers in the City of Winston-Salem. The building can comfortably seat 1898 people, with 857 seats on the main Orchestra level and 1,041 seats located on the Mezzanine/Balcony area.

History
In 1919, after the death of her husband R. J. Reynolds in 1918, Mrs. Katharine Smith Reynolds donated a large tract of land then known as "Silver Hill" to the City of Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Her plan was to have a grand school and auditorium built in memory of her late husband.

While the Richard J. Reynolds High School would serve the youth of the city, the Auditorium would serve the entire community and act as a gathering place in order for all citizens to participate in the arts. The building of the Auditorium only added to the City of Winston-Salem's reputation as the "City of the Arts."

The building was completed in 1924. By the time it was dedicated in a glorious ceremony on May 8, 1924, Katharine Reynolds, who had married J. Edward Johnston in 1921, was hospitalized with a difficult pregnancy. She died on May 23, never having attended a production in the auditorium she had built in her first husband's memory.

A few weeks later, the first commencement exercises for the Richard J. Reynolds High School would be held in the Auditorium. On November 24, 1924, the Auditorium would play host to the first of its many famous guests, Harry Houdini. Other guests have included Jim Croce before his untimely death and pianist Peter Nero, both in the early 1970s.

Architectural and artistic elements
The Grand Lobby of the Auditorium contains many pieces of art unique to the building itself. In the Lobby, one can find two large portraits, one of R. J. Reynolds and the other of Katharine Smith Reynolds. The portraits were made by Richard J. Reynolds High School graduate Joe King who also had the honor of creating a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II.

The Grand Lobby also contains three marble statues. The statues are duplicates of famous Italian works and were sculpted in Italy and transported to the United States, specifically for the construction of the Auditorium.

Within the main Orchestra level of the Auditorium, one can see a portrait of R. J. Reynolds III, whose family gave large amounts of money towards the renovation and restoration of the building (2000–2002).

Before the 2000-2002 renovation and restoration of the building, a large piece of custom made carpet sat just inside the Main Orchestra level at the middle doors leading from the Grand Lobby. The carpet piece featured a large tobacco leaf, in honor of R. J. Reynolds and his R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. The carpet piece was removed during the renovation and restoration and never replaced, with it being decided that the money could be better used toward upgrading the state of the art Auditorium sound system rather than buying a new custom made carpet piece.

Traditions associated with the Auditorium and School
Before every performance at the Auditorium, members of the student-run Auditorium Technical Staff and Crew place roses under the portrait of Katherine Smith Reynolds-Johnston, in honor of her gift of the Auditorium and school. It is rumored the roses also help to ward off the "ghost" of Katharine Reynolds who haunts the building.

The title of the school hymn, originally written as the school song in 1949 by Olive Thomasina ("Tommye") Ring, "Her Portals Tall and Wide," refers to the large columns of the Auditorium. The Auditorium's portico and columns stand at three stories tall and face downtown Winston-Salem.

The current school song, with its official title of "Alma Mater," is also known as "Amid the Pines". Part of the first verse reads, "Amid the pines, she proudly stands; to her our voices rise." The Auditorium and School are situated on a large hill populated with grandiose pine trees which cover the entire campus. The pine trees are also mentioned in the school hymn: "Her pleasant paths, her trees, whisper courage through the breeze." Following every assembly, PTSA meeting or school performance inside the Auditorium, at one time including commencement, "The Alma Mater" is sung. During these assemblies, semi-formal or business casual dress, usually including blazers, shirts and ties for men, is customary attire for any person gracing the Auditorium's large stage. Tradition dictates that as the Alma Mater is sung, upon the line ending with "... dear Old Reynolds High", in three short beats, in a 3/4 time, the assembly should not stomp their feet because it is considered disrespectful.

Through the years, the hill upon which the school and Auditorium stand has become known as "Society Hill." The name commemorates the donation of the land and money to build the Auditorium and school from Mrs. Reynolds. a prominent member of the community. Generations of children, including some of the Reynolds' own children and Senator Richard Burr (R-NC) (class of 1974), have attended the school.

Current operations
The auditorium is currently managed by Trevor Anderson and Robert Kratz. The auditorium serves as a venue for the Winston-Salem Forsyth County School System and private renters. It has received many off-Broadway productions and local dance companies. The drama department at Reynolds is currently taught by Teri Beadle who teaches out of the Black Box Theater. The orchestra director is currently Margaret Rehder, and the band director is Jonathan Hamiel with assistant Adrian Thompson. Caitie Reece and Amelia Hailey are the current dance teachers. All teach in the Arts building adjacent to the main Auditorium. The chorus director is Joshua Settlemyre, who teaches in the chorus room, also adjacent to the main part of the Auditorium. The Choral, Orchestra, Band and Dance Departments all use the Auditorium regularly for performances.

title: R. J. Reynolds Memorial Auditorium


text:
User talk:Alias00

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 19:27, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --khaosworks 23:46, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Erm, exactly what vandalism?

 * This one, to Davros. --khaosworks 14:03, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

That's not vandalism; if you had watched a BBC special on Doctor Who you'd know it wasn't.

 * Which BBC special was it? --khaosworks 15:01, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

One on BBC Three around the time the first episode of the new series was released.

 * The only documentary on BBC Three that I recall around that time was Doctor Who Confidential, and I assure you that no such "fact" was mentioned. Davros has never been given a first name. --khaosworks 15:10, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

It wasn't Doctor Who confidential, it was something else.

 * Be that as it may, Davros has never been given a first name in any episode. At best, you may have heard a joking reference and mistook it for a fact. --khaosworks 15:17, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alias00


text:
Laudenbach

Laudenbach is a German name originally meaning "loud stream". It may refer to:

Places

 * Laudenbach, Bavaria, a town in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany (postcode 63925)
 * Laudenbach, Karlstadt, a village in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany (postcode 97753)
 * Laudenbach (Rhein-Neckar), a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany (postcode 96514)
 * Laudenbach (Weikersheim), a subdivision of Weikersheim, a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany (postcode 97990)
 * Ober-Laudenbach, a municipality of the town of Heppenheim in the state of Hesse, Germany (postcode 64646)

Rivers

 * Laudenbach (Gelster), a river of Hesse, Germany, tributary of the Gelster
 * Kleiner Laudenbach, a river of Bavaria, Germany

People with the surname

 * Philippe Laudenbach (1936-2024), French actor
 * Pierre Jules Louis Laudenbach (1897–1975), better known as Pierre Fresnay, French stage and film actor
 * Roland Laudenbach (1921–1991), French writer, editor, journalist, literary critic and scenarist
 * Georg Karl Ignaz von Fechenbach zu Laudenbach (1749–1808), last Prince-Bishop of Würzburg, an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire

title: Laudenbach


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1934

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1934


text:
Septimer Pass

Septimer Pass (German: Septimerpass, Italian: Passo del Settimo, Romansh: Pass da Sett; elevation 2310 m) is a high mountain pass in the canton of Graubünden in the Swiss Alps between the valleys of Bregaglia (Bergell) and Surses (Oberhalbstein). It is traditionally considered the boundary between the Oberhalbstein and Albula Alps. During the Middle Ages, this, the Great St. Bernard, and the Brenner Passes were the preferred routes over the Alps for traveling emperors. The nearest inhabited localities on the approaches of the Septimer Pass are Casaccia on the south and Bivio on the north.

Already in use by the Romans, who maintained a legion camp in the pass around AD 15–16, this pass was an important trade route from Milan through Bivio to Augsburg It was easier to use than the Splügen Pass, due to the latter having the difficult gorges of the river Hinterrhein. One of the earliest mentions of a Christian hospice was the one placed at the pass itself, mentioned in 831. It was mentioned in documents for the following millennium, even though it was abandoned in the tenth century and rebuilt at the beginning of the eleventh. (The hospice was later abandoned for good in 1778.) During the Middle Ages the Septimer Pass was crucial to the temporal power of the Bishopric of Chur, whose extensive territories until the fourteenth century included Chiavenna. In 1236 the St. Gotthard Pass opened, allowing traffic from Lucerne to Milan, which diverted merchants from going through Chur. The pass further lost importance after the construction of roads over the Julier and Maloja passes.

title: Septimer Pass