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Vala Mal Doran

Vala Mal Doran is a fictional character in the American military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 about a military team exploring the galaxy via a network of alien transportation devices. Played by former Farscape actress Claudia Black, Vala was created by Damian Kindler and Robert C. Cooper as a guest character for the season 8 episode "Prometheus Unbound" (2004). Because of the on-screen chemistry between Black's Vala and Michael Shanks' character Daniel Jackson and the character's popularity with the producers and the audience, Claudia Black became a recurring guest star in season 9 (2005–2006) and joined the main cast in season 10 (2006–2007).

"Prometheus Unbound" introduces Vala as a seductive and mischievous human with a Goa'uld background from an unnamed planet. In season 9, Vala and Daniel set off the arc of the show's new villain race, the Ori. After giving birth to the Ori's new leader in season 10, Vala joins the SG-1 team to stop the enemy, eventually becoming a permanent member of both SG-1 and Stargate Command. Claudia Black resumed her role in the 2008 direct-to-DVD film Stargate: The Ark of Truth, which finishes the Ori arc. Black also appeared as Vala and her Goa'uld alter ego Qetesh in the 2008 film Stargate: Continuum. However, she was not supposed to return for the announced third Stargate SG-1 direct-to-DVD film that was scheduled to be filmed in spring 2009, but was abandoned. For her portrayal of Vala, Claudia Black was nominated for a 2006 Saturn Award in the category "Best Supporting Actress on Television", and won a Constellation Award in the category "Best Female Performance in a 2006 Science Fiction Television" in 2007.

Character arc
Information about Vala's past is revealed over the course of several episodes of seasons 8 through 10 of Stargate SG-1. "Family Ties" gives insight into Vala's background with her father Jacek, a con artist who had left her and her mother to pursue his scams. As mentioned in "Flesh and Blood", Vala also had a stepmother named Adria, whom she held in little regard. Vala became an involuntary host to a Goa'uld named Qetesh in her adult life, but the Tok'ra were able to remove the symbiote. At the time of Vala's first encounter with SG-1 team member Daniel Jackson in the season 8 episode "Prometheus Unbound", she has become a thief and a con artist. She attempts to steal the Earth ship Prometheus for her own purposes, but when Daniel evades her sexual advances and thwarts her plans, she escapes.

In the season 9 opener "Avalon", Vala seeks out Daniel at Stargate Command. Needing his linguistic skills, she uses a Kor mak bracelet to bind them together for a treasure hunt on Earth. The discovery of an Ancient communication device transports Vala's and Daniel's minds to a village in a distant galaxy where the local villagers kill Vala in a trial by fire, but a Prior, a servant of a race named the Ori, resurrects her. After Vala's and Daniel's safe return to Earth, the removed bracelets cause temporary after-effects that prolong Vala's stay at Stargate Command. In an attempt to stop the Ori from invading the galaxy in "Beachhead", Vala goes missing and appears to have died. Vala re-appears in the late season 9 episode "Crusade" and informs SG-1 via the communication device that she is in the Ori galaxy. The Ori have impregnated her against her will many months before, and Vala saw herself forced to marry a local villager named Tomin to make the pregnancy plausible. When Vala tells SG-1 about the Ori army approaching, the communication link is severed. Vala is last seen onboard one of the invading Ori battlecruisers in the closing scene of the season 9 finale "Camelot" when she goes into labor.

Season 10 opens with Vala giving birth to a female. The Ori call the rapidly growing child Orici, but Vala gives her the name Adria after her stepmother. Attempts to turn the child away from the Ori remain unsuccessful. Having escaped the Ori, Vala is allowed sanctuary at Stargate Command and joins SG-1 on several missions, during one of which she comes face-to-face with her fully-grown daughter. Vala's provisionary acceptance on Earth is only lifted in the eighth episode of the season, "Memento Mori", in which she is finally made a full member of SG-1. Vala meets Tomin again in "Line in the Sand" and tells him the true story behind the Ancients and Ori. A final showdown in the series between Vala and Adria occurs in "Dominion", which leaves Vala with the loss of her daughter. In "Unending", the last episode of the series, SG-1 gets stuck in a time dilation field aboard the Earth ship Odyssey, and a romance between Vala and Daniel finally comes to fruition. Before the time dilation field is reversed after fifty years, erasing all linked memories in the process, Daniel and Vala express their feelings for each other. The Ori story concludes with Adria's disempowerment and Vala's and Tomin's amicable separation in the 2008 direct-to-DVD film Stargate: The Ark of Truth. Vala and her alter ego, Qetesh, appear in the alternate-timeline film Stargate: Continuum.

Characterization
Official Stargate sources advertised Vala as a "scheming, unscrupulous, thieving con artist", "feisty" and "occasionally fickle", with a "mysterious agenda" and a seemingly "amorous interest in Dr. Daniel Jackson". Genre magazine TV Zone subtitled Vala as a "thief, arms dealer, mercenary" who, when given an inch, will "take a mile, and whatever else she can get her hands on." SFX described Vala as a "mischievous minx", whereas The San Diego Union-Tribune interpreted Vala as "ethically challenged". Steven Eramo of Starburst gave Vala the attributes "sexy, smart and always resourceful". Claudia Black characterized early Vala as "sassy", "intelligent", "manipulative", and "mercurial", but found it "very hard to tell what the real core of Vala is." Black later described Vala as "a new, weird element", "irritating", "very vibrant", "sort of the hair-pulling variety", "really infuriating" and "[hopefully] funny". With Vala being a departure from Black's former Farscape role as Aeryn Sun, Black regarded Vala as a comedic and energetic character with streaks of irreverence and naughtiness who "says everything that everyone else is thinking, but doesn't dare say", although both characters share "being damaged goods [in the beginning] and on a path to becoming a better person". Robert C. Cooper thought of Vala as "a bit of a wild card" and "a very sexy character, who isn't afraid to take whatever she wants in any given situation." Cooper and Black believed the character had a moral compass to her actions.

Relationships
Claudia Black and Michael Shanks (Daniel Jackson) linked their characters' early relationship to a Spencer Tracy/Katharine Hepburn dynamic of "not so much of tension, but rather constant antagonism". Despite the concern in early season 9 that their relationship would stagnate and dumb down their characters, Shanks felt Vala brought out a side of Daniel that he had not had the chance to play before, and Black advocated the slow revelation of Vala's layers of denial. The writers continued to develop the friendship between Vala and Daniel throughout season 10, aiming not to lose their sexual chemistry. Michael Shanks stated that by "Memento Mori", "Daniel legitimately cares about Vala and has seen some sort of redemption in her and wants that process to continue". From Black's point of view, Daniel offers "an interesting window" into "Vala's external façade to be playful with people". He helps Vala grow as a person and forces her to "develop coping mechanisms that allow her to be more adult and learn that it's ok to be honest and talk how you feel". Asked about a possible romance between Vala and Daniel before the filming of the series finale, Black predicted that a consummation of the relationship would end badly in terms of both story and on-screen chemistry. When producer Robert C. Cooper presented his preliminary script for the series finale, "Unending", both Black and Shanks protested his intended story of having Vala and Daniel sleep together without a confrontation. Shanks felt that "[t]here's always been this underlining, keeping [Vala] at arms length because of the fear of getting too close". After Cooper rewrote the scene to increase Vala's vulnerability to Daniel, and have Daniel truthfully explain his feelings of a relationship, the actors decided to play the confrontation scene as genuinely as possible, with both characters being neither completely in-character nor totally out-of-character.

Describing Vala's attitude towards bonding with other characters as "in a strange way quite level-headed" and "quite honest", Black interpreted Vala's behavior as a reaction to growing attached to people where the relationships never seem to work out. Cooper explained that by Vala's contacting of Stargate Command about the imminent threat at the end of season 9, she "has reached a point of honesty with [the SG-1] characters and possibly herself on a level that she's never had before". From the beginning of season 10, Claudia Black and Amanda Tapping requested a similarly positive camaraderie between their characters as male characters have. Tapping noted Carter's respect for Vala despite them being at opposite ends in their actions; Tapping also thought Carter finds Vala amusing instead of annoying. A scene in "Morpheus" that was intended to establish this relationship was cut for time; until the late season 10 episode "Family Ties" would accommodate this with a shopping scene, the actresses acknowledged their connection through looks and subtle nuances. By joining SG-1, Vala also shared a spot with stoic warrior Teal'c as the only alien members of the team, and actor Christopher Judge (Teal'c) explained that his character's amusement with Vala contributed to Teal'c's loosening up. The relationship between Vala and SG-1 team leader Colonel Cameron Mitchell (played by Ben Browder) was rarely emphasized in the series since Black and Browder were well known for formerly starring as star-crossed lovers in the cult sci-fi series Farscape.

According to Black; Vala's motivation to hide her miraculous pregnancy by marrying the local villager Tomin (played by Tim Guinee) in late season 9 stems from "genuinely car[ing] for the man. She does something wrong, but she must in order to survive". Against the audience's expectation, Vala and Tomin are shown as a seemingly functioning normal couple, and Vala makes several efforts to save him despite his deep indoctrination. Throughout season 10, Vala has to come to terms with her maternal feelings for Adria (as adult played by Morena Baccarin) well knowing from the beginning that Adria embodies a destructive entity that must be fought. Black believed Vala had to "try her best to connect with her daughter in the hope of finding ways to humanize her", despite her own lack of maturity. When Vala meets her father Jacek (Fred Willard) in "Family Ties", Vala shows "a slightly more dramatic and vulnerable side" that was new to the audience.

Creation and casting
Stargate SG-1 supervising producer Damian Kindler wrote "Prometheus Unbound" as a second-unit bottle episode for the middle of Stargate SG-1 's season 8 in 2004. The main cast's availability was limited, as Richard Dean Anderson had a reduced season schedule, and Amanda Tapping and Christopher Judge filmed "Gemini" in parallel to "Prometheus Unbound". Kindler therefore centered the episode on Michael Shanks' character Daniel Jackson and created Vala, a human character from an unnamed planet, as Daniel's one-episode adversary. Not fully content with Kindler's conservative approach, producer Robert C. Cooper amplified the character's cheeky and sexy personality in his own passes of the script. Although Cooper tried to respect Stargate SG-1 's reputation as a sex-free family show, he was aware that the character's flirtatiousness might cause a strong audience reaction.

Robert. C. Cooper suggested Australian actress Claudia Black for the role of Vala and contacted her agent two days before the filming of "Prometheus Unbound" began. The Stargate producers had approached Black several times before, but she had always been busy with other projects. At "Prometheus Unbound"'s casting stage, the actress had just finished dialogue looping sessions for Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars in Australia. She thought the script of "Prometheus Unbound" was funny and self-contained enough for creative experiments, so she accepted the role and called the episode's director, Andy Mikita, in advance. He suggested an Out of Sight-kind chemistry for Vala and Daniel, and encouraged the actress to push the character as far as possible. On set, Claudia Black and Michael Shanks decided to make one of their first scenes, a fight sequence, as funny and non-machismo as possible to mirror Daniel's non-military background. In the meantime, Black tried to transform her day-long jetlag and lack of sleep into humour. When the producers saw the on-screen chemistry between Black and Shanks, they decided to make the character a bigger part of the show.

Development
With actor Richard Dean Anderson's departure from the show in 2005, Stargate SG-1 saw cast changes at the beginning of season 9. Ben Browder and Beau Bridges joined the main cast as Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron Mitchell and Major General Hank Landry, respectively. At the same time, the producers re-introduced Vala in a six-episode story arc to cover for the maternity leave of SG-1 regular Amanda Tapping (Lieutenant-Colonel Samantha Carter). The producer intended to use Vala's unpredictability and wildcard status to break the bigger story arc and to acquaint the audience with the new characters. Claudia Black wished to broaden her horizon in comedic acting and agreed to the recurring role, but declined the producers' offer of a permanent role for personal reasons.

Because Ben Browder and Claudia Black were well known for formerly starring as star-crossed lovers in the cult sci-fi series Farscape, the Stargate producers refrained from emphasizing the pairing of Mitchell and Vala beyond in-jokes. The producers instead opted to further the comedic chemistry between Claudia Black and Michael Shanks, who linked their characters' early relationship to a Spencer Tracy/Katharine Hepburn dynamic of "not so much of tension, but rather constant antagonism". Mirroring Vala's sexiness in season 8, "The Powers That Be" writer Martin Gero chose Qetesh, the Egyptian Goddess of Love and Beauty, as a fitting former Goa'uld identity for Vala. Nevertheless, Black and the producers refrained from portraying the character as too sexually manipulative. A scene from "The Ties That Bind", which was later cut for time, originally made clear that Wallace Shawn's character greatly exaggerated the sexual relationship between him and Vala. Claudia Black was brought back into the show for the last two episodes of season 9, at which time the actress was seven months pregnant. Producer Robert C. Cooper, who wrote and directed "Crusade", used the circumstances to set the stage for Adria, Vala's future daughter and the show's new villain in season 10.

Claudia Black joined the cast full-time in season 10. Had Stargate SG-1 not been picked up for a new season, the producers would have considered the character for a spin-off series. To justify the character in a regular capacity, the producers toned her down and tried to find a suitable balance of sexual tension, fun and friendship. Claudia Black was convinced that Vala's actual stay with Stargate Command was justified despite the character's personality. Vala's renegade qualification to infiltrate the Ori served as a useful complement to the military-oriented SG teams, and Vala had already proven a degree of allegiance through her actions in "Beachhead", holding off an immediate invasion of the enemy. The writers tested this loyalty through confrontation in the story, and writer Damian Kindler later compared Vala's character growth in season 10 to smuggler Lando Calrissian from Star Wars, a "former swindler who's gone legit". Careful to never have Vala become too earnest, Kindler never saw Vala "as the type of character who should be on the show for five, six, seven years. But definitely the sort of character who could come in for a couple of seasons, spice things up and then move on and come back and forth." Evolving the relationship between Vala and the other SG-1 members, the producers also grew comfortable with pairing Browder's and Black's characters more often, and even teased (and misled) viewers about them "end[ing] up in a motel room bed together" in the episode "Memento Mori", involving underwear, "handcuffs as well as creamy Twinkies". A scene in the milestone episode "200" also parodied the show's connection to Farscape. In hindsight, Claudia Black would see season 10 as a personal challenge as her baby deprived her of sleep during the filming period. Her relocation to Vancouver and sickness in the family put her on a self-confessed personal and professional low. She nevertheless tried to stay true to her character "and not go for the cheap laugh".

After a miscarriage scare during the filming of the first direct-to-DVD SG-1 film, Stargate: The Ark of Truth, Claudia Black's work on the film Stargate: Continuum was limited on strict doctor's orders. Although Black considered Continuum "not a Vala-centric piece" as she only "makes a brief appearance", Stargate producer Joseph Mallozzi thought "she's got some great, juicy scenes". Claudia Black mentioned an interest in portraying her character in the future, but Mallozzi rated the chances of her appearing in the planned Stargate Universe spin-off series as "not so good". Producer Brad Wright announced that Vala would not be returning for the announced third Stargate SG-1 direct-to-DVD film that was scheduled to be filmed in spring 2009. Claudia Black is the only SG-1 main cast member besides Corin Nemec (playing Jonas Quinn between SG-1 's season 5 and 7) and Ben Browder (playing Cameron Mitchell from season 9 onward) who never appeared in Stargate Atlantis, although Vala is mentioned by Rodney McKay (played by David Hewlett) in the Atlantis season 5 episode "Identity".

Costumes and make-up
Claudia Black made her entrance in Stargate SG-1 in a full-body Kull Warrior costume, not dissimilar to her first appearance as a Peacekeeper in Farscape. For her entrance in season 9's "Avalon", however, the costume designers intended her to wear a dress that the producers later deemed too revealing. Leaving the dress for Vala's appearance as Qetesh in "The Powers That Be", Vala's outfit for "Avalon" was switched to a black fetish leather gear which a costume designer described as "a dominatrix outfit". Black admitted the wildness of her "Avalon" wardrobe was not for her liking. But since it mirrored the attention-seeking personality of the character, and because the character does not spend much time in the same outfit anyway, the actress did not mind wearing it.

Vala started wearing the normal SG team uniform in "Origin", the third episode of season 9. Claudia Black was later included in the design process and was given full control over her wardrobe for scenes that required civilian clothes. As such, Black chose Vala's underwear for the seduction scene in "The Ties That Bind" and her shopping tour outfit in "Family Ties". The latter episode also showed Vala with seven distinctly different hairstyles and outfits in total. Fearing the lack of seriousness, the producers opposed the make-up department's decision of having Vala wear curlers, but the scene could not be reshot. Similarly, a scene showing Vala unpacking her hair dryer and curling iron during an offworld mission in "The Quest" was deemed too silly and was trimmed to the basics; it would have been cut if the footage had allowed it. Due to Black's pregnancy during the filming of the films, the costume department needed to hide Black's bump with appropriate dressing.

Reception
The character of Vala was immediately popular with the Stargate writers, producers and crew. During the filming of "Prometheus Unbound", people on set responded "very well" to the chemistry between Vala and Daniel. Director Andy Mikita called executive producer Robert C. Cooper during the first lunch break and told him to "hire this gal", and Cooper thought Vala/Black "was absolutely wonderful. The character really worked out." Writer Damian Kindler "really loved" what Black brought to the show, believing that "her character, when used properly, is just absolutely wonderful grist for the mill on SG-1." Stargate writer Martin Gero called Vala "so much fun to write, almost too fun. You do kind of get carried away." Michael Shanks repeatedly stated in interviews that Claudia Black revitalized his interest in acting.

While TV Guide called Vala a "saucy [and] bodacious babe who immediately clicked with viewers", GateWorld 's Darren Sumner and TheScifiWorld's Gilles Nuytens commented on her "warm reception..by fans" and her being "an instant hit with fans of the show". 71 percent of over 8000 GateWorld readers rated Claudia Black's portrayal of Vala in season 9 as "perfect". In a later GateWorld poll among over 12000 participants, 51 percent answered that Claudia Black's joining the main cast was "about time!", while 22 percent were concerned or had no opinion. The actress was not as confident about the character's reception, and Robert C. Cooper advertised Vala's last season 9 appearance as the return of "a much loved and much hated character." Vala Mal Doran ranked second (25%) out of five behind SG-1 's Cameron Mitchell (27%) in the viewer-voted 2006 Spacey Awards for "Favourite New TV Character", and was voted third (22%) out of five places in the 2007 Spacey Awards for "Favourite Character You Love to Hate" (26% Battlestar Galactica 's Gaius Baltar, 28% Smallville 's Lex Luthor). Per popular demand, Diamond Select Toys included Vala in their third series of Stargate action figures.

The Sun Herald thought of the character as "a thoroughly charming intergalactic thief famed for using her allure to get what she wants", and Matt Roush of TV Guide called Claudia Black "great fun to watch in [seasons 8 and 9]". TV Zone 's Stephen Graves believed that Browder and Black's first post-Farscape encounter in Stargate SG-1 's "Avalon" was "somewhat underplayed – but Black makes up for this with her sparky, snarky characterization of Vala." He welcomed the producers' decision to not cast a carbon copy of Samantha Carter, and thought that Claudia Black's Vala in her six-episode arc remained "the best thing in the series". By season 10's "Memento Mori", TV Zone 's Anthony Brown felt that "Ben Browder and Claudia Black have...reached a point where they can play out an amusing take on Misery without you feeling that [their Farscape characters] have somehow starbursted onto SG-1 's Earth". Maureen Ryan of The Chicago Tribune called Browder and Black's interaction in season 10 "great fun; the rapport they developed on the stellar Farscape was still much in evidence, even though they played radically different characters on SG-1."

Maureen Ryan described the chemistry between Black and Michael Shanks as "sparky" and "one of the most diverting parts of the latter seasons of the show". According to Ultimate DVD, the scenes between Vala and Daniel as the object of her affection resulted in "some of the freshest and funniest scenes in the show for some time". In reviewing "Unending", Anthony Brown called Vala "a character who's always had a little too much of comic relief [getting] torn apart by the nice guy of the team." SyFy Portal attributed Stargate SG-1 not going stale after ten years to Black, as she "quite literally steals the show from the existing cast of heroes". For her portrayal of Vala, Claudia Black was nominated for a Saturn Award in the category "Best Supporting Actress on Television" in 2006, and won a Constellation Award in the category "Best Female Performance in a 2006 Science Fiction Television" for the episode "Memento Mori" in 2007.

title: Vala Mal Doran


text: Template:Turkish Armed Forces

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Turkish Armed Forces


text: User talk:84.59.222.240

title: User talk:84.59.222.240


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Royal Rendezvous

Royal Rendezvous is a solitaire card game which uses two decks of playing cards shuffled together. It is also known as Royal Appointment.

Rules
All eight aces and one deuce (2 cards) of each suit are separated for the shuffled deck of cards. Four aces (one for each suit) are placed in a row to form the Upper Aces. The remaining four aces are placed in a row below the Upper Aces to form the Lower Aces. Two deuces are placed at each side of the Aces. The formation of the Upper and Lower Aces and the Deuces should somewhat look like this:

Then, sixteen cards are dealt below the formation in any convenient way possible. As a suggestion, they should form two rows of eight cards. They form the reserve.

The above formation above represents the foundations. The Upper Aces are built up by suit to Kings. The Lower Aces are built up by suit in twos; same goes for the Deuces. Therefore, the building order is as follows:
 * Upper Aces: 2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-J-Q-K
 * Lower Aces: 3-5-7-9-J-K
 * Deuces: 4-6-8-10-Q

The sixteen cards in the reserve are available only to the foundations; they are not for building. Any space left behind in the reserve is filled by a card from the wastepile or, if one has not been built yet, the stock.

When no moves are possible from the reserve, the stock is dealt, one at a time to the wastepile. The top card is available to be played directly to the foundation or used to fill up gaps in the reserve. The stock can only be dealt with once.

The game ends as soon as the stock runs out. The game is considered won when all cards end up in the foundations.

Related games
Other solitaire games which are similar to Royal Rendezvous (building up foundations by suit in twos, and using a reserve) include Odd and Even and Royal Cotillion.

title: Royal Rendezvous


text: Category:Sports venues in Germany

title: Category:Sports venues in Germany


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Database Directive

The '''Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases is a directive of the European Union in the field of copyright law, made under the internal market provisions of the Treaty of Rome. It harmonises the treatment of databases under copyright law and the sui generis right for the creators of databases which do not qualify for copyright.

the directive is being reviewed as part of a proposed Data Act. Public submissions closed on 25June 2021, and a proposal for new harmonised rules on data was published on 23 February 2022.

Definition of database
Article 1(2) defines a database as "a collection of independent works, data or other materials arranged in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means". Non-electronic databases are also covered (para. 14 of the preamble). Any computer program used to create the database is not included (para. 23 of the preamble). Copyright protection of software is governed by Directive 91/250/EEC.

Copyright
Under Article 3, databases which, "by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents, constitute the author's own intellectual creation" are protected by copyright as collections: no other criterion may be used by Member States. This follows from the 1994 Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), a widely adopted treaty to which all World Trade Organization members are party. TRIPS clarifies and arguably relaxes the criterion for protection of collections in the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, which covers "collections of literary and artistic works" and requires creativity in the "selection and arrangement" of the contents: in practice the difference is likely to be slight. Any copyright in the database is separate from and without prejudice to the copyright in the entries.

The acts restricted by copyright are similar to those for other types of work (Art. 5):

 * temporary or permanent reproduction by any means and in any form, in whole or in part;
 * translation, adaptation, arrangement and any other alteration;
 * any form of distribution to the public of the database or of copies thereof, subject to the exhaustion of rights;
 * any communication, display or performance to the public;
 * any reproduction, distribution, communication, display or performance to the public of a translation, adaptation, etc.

This shall not prevent the lawful use of the database by a lawful user [Art. 6(1)]: Member States may provide for any or all of the following limitations [Art. 6(2)], as well as applying any traditional limitations to copyright:

 * reproduction for private purposes of a non-electronic database;
 * use for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching or scientific research, as long as the source is indicated and to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved;
 * use for the purposes of public security or for the purposes of an administrative or judicial procedure.

Copyright protection usually lasts for seventy years after the death of the last publicly identified author. Anonymous or pseudonymous works gain protection for the later of 70 years after the work is lawfully made available to the public or 70 years from creation. If national legislation makes particular provision for collective works or for a legal person (i.e. a body corporate) to be a rights holder the term of protection of calculated in the same way as for anonymous or pseudonymous works, with the exception that if any natural persons who created the work are given credit in versions made available to the public, the term of protection is calculated according to the lives of those authors. Art. 1, Directive 93/98/EEC).

Implementation
Source:

British Horseracing Board
The British Horseracing Board (BHB) was the claimant in a notable case (C-203/02). At dispute was the re‑use of the contents of their horseracing information subscription service by other parties. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled in 2004 that the resources used for the creation of materials which make up the contents of a database are not protected and BHB duly lost their litigation.

Apis-Hristovich EOOD v Lakorda AD
A preliminary court ruling (Case C-545/07) issued in 2009 in response to a Bulgarian court referral from the Sofiyski gradski sad (Sofia City Court). Apis and Lakorda both operated legal information databases. Lakorda had been set up by former Apis employees and Apis alleged that Lakorda had extracted data from two law information modules within its database. The ruling looked at the meaning of the terms "extraction", "permanent transfer" and "temporary transfer" in relation to data, and also established that any module within a database which could be defined as a database under the Directive should be treated as a database in itself.

CV-Online Latvia
An ECJ ruling (ECLI:EU:C:2021:434) in June 2021 markedly raised the threshold for infringement to occur: a claimant now needs to establish that an alleged "substantial extraction" also caused "significant detriment" to its investment in that database. The case itself (C762/19) concerned two Latvian companies providing job seeking services: CVOnline Latvia and Melons. Husovec and Derclaye opine that the ECJ now "requires that all acts of extraction and re-utilization must lead to a risk that the database maker is not able to recoup its initial investment because of these actions [and that] while considering the risk, the national courts must balance the interests of other parties as part of the infringement test".

title: Database Directive


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Talk:Maeve Binchy

D.o.b
March or May?

I always thought she was born on 28 MARCH 1940. There are several online bios that confirm this but also several that give the May date. Which is correct?

I don't know. The Britannica site has May, while BBC.CO.UK has March. There also seems to be confusion over whether she was born in Dublin or Dalkey. DoctorMud 00:14, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Both. Dalkey is an area in Dublin. --➨♀♂ Candlewicke STundefined 00:53, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Finbar's Hotel
Binchy is listed as having contributed to this book but I don't think she did.

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. Please feel free to put any comments or ask any questions on my talk page. -- GDon4t0 (talk to me...)

A question
Bio currently reads, "She was a journalist at The Irish Times before becoming a full-time writer." But, um, isn't a journalist at the Irish Times generally considered to be a full-time writer?--68.199.33.181 18:54, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

So true! I've re-worked it to make it more clear. DoctorMud 00:16, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Husband's Name
On her books and her website, her husband is listed as Gordon Snell. Is "Tobias Austin Bird" a pseudonym? US Reader (talk) 11:10, 19 July 2009 (UTC) US Reader

 * It appears to be vandalism by in mid-July. All the non-wiki sources I can find still list Snell as the husband, but there are now various wikipedia mirrors that repeat the Bird misinformation. I've reverted to the version from May, before ciarangc edited, since there were still some other lingering changes to the article that appear to be his and I don't know which of the changes since then to trust. Someone more familiar with this material than I should check the diffs and see whether any of the changes since May are worth adding back again. See also Tobias Austin Bird, proposed for deletion as unverifiable and a likely hoax. —David Eppstein (talk) 06:47, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Dublin 4
Dublin 4 (the short story collection) directs to Dublin 4 (the postal district. Removing link. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.212.4.3 (talk) 16:33, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

Death
Vincent Browne and Alan Cantwell have just announced her death on the late news on TV3... ;( —Preceding unsigned comment added on 22:05, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Kathleen Lynch
One of those sending her condolences, she's described here as 'Minister for Special People'. I'm not very familiar with Irish politics, but is this correct? Her actual title seems to be Minister of State for Disability, Equality and Mental Health. Robofish (talk) 13:00, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

Why compare sales to literary giants?
Am I the only one who thinks that sentence comparing Binchy's sales to those of "other Irish writers," all of whom are absolutely established literary giants, is strange, out of place, and misses the point? Binchy is a BEST selling author, and this sentence comes off as petty, as if someone is trying to make up for her not having as much literary clout so they have to compare her sales to these classic authors. She's in a different game from these authors--the comparison is bunk.

Imagine, for example, the flip side: it's like saying "James Joyce has been hailed by some critics as the greatest Irish writer, and even the greatest writer of all time; Maeve Binchy never has." Does this comparison make any more sense than the one in the article? These authors are playing for different prizes, bottom line. Why not compare the sales numbers of Binchy to Agatha Christie, or JK Rowling, or other bestselling authors?

Chicopac (talk) 19:05, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

 * That sentence also struck me as odd.
 * Now I want to know about all the other competitions between Irish authors.
 * Out of Wilde, Joyce, and Beckett, who was the best high jumper?
 * 99.247.1.157 (talk) 06:46, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
Having no idea how her name is pronounced, I would like to see that information added to the first sentence.

Her name rhymes with "gave"? With "have"?

99.247.1.157 (talk) 06:54, 6 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Does anyone know?
 * 99.238.74.216 (talk) 06:37, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

It's pronounced like Mave.

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Pronunciation
Really need pronunciation guide for her first name please. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 19:23, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

Atheist or agnostic?
I can't find any source where she clearly said she was Atheist, unless anyone else found one? Would it be more appropriate to say she was an agnostic? MrHistorianDude (talk) 21:56, 10 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maeve Binchy


text:
VDL SB200

The VDL SB200 (originally the DAF SB200) is a light-weight 12m low floor single decker bus chassis that was produced from 2001 to 2014 by VDL Bus & Coach (formerly DAF Bus International). It superseded the SB220.

It is originally designed for use by Arriva (VDL dealer in the United Kingdom) in order to save fuel over heavy-weight citybuses which are designed for Continental Europe where buses carry large numbers of standing passengers, whereas in the UK they do not.

The SB200 sold very well in VDL's home market, the Netherlands mainly using VDL Berkhof type Ambassador and VDL Citea LLE bodywork. They were operated by all large transport companies in the Netherlands, Connexxion (including Hermes), Veolia Transport and Arriva. Arriva also used SB200s with Wright Commander bodywork.

Of the 831 built for United Kingdom operators, Arriva purchased 704, Tellings-Golden Miller 30 and John Fishwick & Sons 23.

Initially the SB200 built for the UK was only available with Wright Commander bodywork, but from 2006 it was available with the Plaxton Centro or Wright Pulsar bodywork, the latter being succeeded in late 2009 by the facelifted Wright Pulsar 2.

One VDL SB200 was fitted with an MCV Evolution body in 2012 as a static demonstrator for Arriva Bus & Coach, it was sold in 2014 to Richards Brothers in Wales.

title: VDL SB200


text:
Talk:Vala Mal Doran

Early comments
There's apparently some confusion as how to spell Vala's full name. I'm going with Mal Doran, as that's how it's spelt on Gateworld. I had to edit Stargate SG-1 to comply with this discision. Simple for now, I'll try and keep this updated as this new season progresses. -b 10:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

So I rewrote, added, elaborated, edited the Stargate character template added the profile, etc. Fixed a few incorrect statements. Negative Bee 08:07, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

That's a terrible terrible pic! We need a better one. — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  03:24, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Recurring or regular?
It's horrible to call her both. -b 09:06, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Regular as of season 10. Kashami 01:24, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Memory
Why isn't Vala evil or insane? (Absolute Power) Kashami 01:24, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It's totally her personality mate. -b 04:04, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

EYE COLOR?
Ok, what is up with the eye color field not being visible on the page? I checked the source code and there is an eye color variable but it's not showing up. Why is this?

Faris b 06:12, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Removed personal opinion
"in real life, the name Vala is of an old German meaning of singled out. Mal is an English prefix for bad. The name Doran is of Irish and Gaelic origin, and that means fist, stranger, or exile." This phrase represents a personal opinion and is not supported by any third party statement. Consequently i removed it. No one can prove the name Vala Mal Doren is in either way related with the Earth languages mentioned.89.32.1.82 20:31, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Its not an opinion, and it is supported by internal cites. Matthew  Fenton  ( contribs ) 20:35, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

The show does not suggest in any way that her alien name is related to several Earth languages. Therefore it is irrelevant to guess the meaning of her name by relating it to Earth languages.89.32.1.82 11:02, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Theres bo suggestion involved, more like a comparision. Matthew  Fenton  ( contribs ) 11:14, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

This a character bio and not a language lesson so there is no reason to make such comparisons especially when they imply the fact the words vala mal doran are the same with the one in the movie(the editor says "in real life" suggesting the words from the movie are the same with the one in reality). Thus, the vala mal doran name is utterly different form the vala mal doran words as explained whereas the editor suggest they are the same as in real life. This does seem to be original research and is irrelevant to the biography.89.32.1.82 13:53, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

The explanation of such terms implies the name has the same meaning (it mentions that Vala Mal Doran name MAY be alien in orgin). But as there is no mentioning in the show of such relation, this interpretation appear as a redundant and useless linguistic explanation with no firm reason to be inserted here. And let me assure you, user Fenton i too am in position to report you for abuse and preferential use of the accusation of vandalism.89.32.1.82 13:57, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Therefore, until you can provide a solid evidence of the fact that the writers of the show based on Old English or Irish the character's name, i will remove this reference. I recommand that editor Fenton should add references to prove that the Vala Mal Doran name is identically to Vala Mal Doran words from earth languages before reverting.89.32.1.82 14:20, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Why an English Accent?
One prominent detail about Vala which does not appear in this article is regarding her Accent. It is quite distinctively an English accent but there is no reference to any significance of the accent which is surely improvised by Claudia Black who is Australian. Canderra 21:19, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

It's not English it's Australian...Million_Moments 22:42, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Um, no it is English. Claudia Black may be Australian, but the accent she uses in Stargate does not sound Australian at all.

OK maybe it's a modified accent. It has been my experience that Australian accents when next to US ones do sound more British, but it's not an english accent. I'll ask around some of UK fans as I assume we know our accent best :p Million_Moments 20:04, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Her accent is apparently a mioxture of English and Australian due to her Enghlish grandmother who tried to make her speak properly as a child :p. She herself calls it to Australian to be British and to British to be Australian. Million_Moments 13:25, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Do you have proof of this? Vala M 04:56, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Well in the episode where vala meets her father, they say "what's with the accent?" and she says that she got it from her mother... Jb2005 (talk) 20:53, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Character genesis
I'd like some behind the scenes information about this character. How was she created? Did the writers create her to be recurring? How was Claudia Black chosen? What impact of casting her had on adding Ben Browder to the show? --72.202.150.92 05:28, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Adria Link
The link, Adria, mid-page, is linking to something non-relevant to SG1, instead of the character. Someone please edit.

Amoral Vandal
What does mean that? its relevant?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr.Amonra (talk • contribs) 09:39, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Further good sources
(To be expanded) – sgeureka t•c 03:11, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * http://www.gateworld.net/news/2005/01/black_talks_stargate_experience.shtml
 * http://www.gateworld.net/news/2005/05/black_vala_is_naughty_and_irreve.shtml
 * http://www.gateworld.net/news/2005/05/black_season_nine_shows_the_real.shtml
 * http://www.gateworld.net/news/2005/08/black_to_return_for_season_nine_.shtml
 * http://www.gateworld.net/news/2005/11/claudia_black_joins_isg-1i_cast.shtml
 * http://www.gateworld.net/news/2006/02/blacks_vala_returns_to_isg-1i_...shtml
 * Audio commentary Prometheus Unbound with Claudia Black
 * Other audio commentaries of Seasons 9 and 10 (without Black)
 * http://www.gateworld.net/sg1/s8/812.shtml#production (and other gateworld production pages)

"Immaculate conception" of Adria??
Vala's pregnancy with Adria, by the Ori, is referred to in this article (and others) as an "immaculate conception". AFAIK, this is a misuse of the expression, since the Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception refers to the conception of Mary, not Jesus. Can anyone come up with a better way to describe the process by which Vala became pregnant with Adria? Unfortunately, I don't think we can call it a "virgin birth", since it's quite evident that Vala wasn't a virgin either before or after being made pregnant by the Ori. Richwales (talk) 20:39, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The transcript says "You have been impregnated without copulation?", but I changed the wording from "immaculate conception" to "immaculate pregnancy". If this doesn't work, I also have the idea to just say "miraculous pregnancy" or "mysterious pregnancy". – sgeureka t•c 21:47, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I changed it to "miraculous pregnancy" just now. This should describe the situation adequately without resorting to a misnomer.  Some might quibble about describing the actions of the Ori in the language of divine intervention, but "miraculous" is sufficiently generic to encompass unusual, apparently unexplainable things even if a (true) deity is not involved.  Richwales (talk) 00:52, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Good Article review
After reviewing this article, I think that it meets all of the Good Article criteria. One note: the source Past Winners Database, used for nominated for a Saturn Award in the category "Best Supporting Actress on Television" in 2006 does not have Saturn Award information for 2006. This source can be used instead. Bláthnaid 12:47, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

GA review – see WP:WIAGA for criteria

 * 1) Is it reasonably well written?
 * A. Prose quality:
 * B. MoS compliance:
 * 1) Is it factually accurate and verifiable?
 * A. References to sources:
 * B. Citation of reliable sources where necessary:
 * C. No original research:
 * 1) Is it broad in its coverage?
 * A. Major aspects:
 * B. Focused:
 * 1) Is it neutral?
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) Is it stable?
 * No edit wars, etc:
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * A. Images are copyright tagged, and non-free images have fair use rationales:
 * B. Images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * 1) Is it stable?
 * No edit wars, etc:
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * A. Images are copyright tagged, and non-free images have fair use rationales:
 * B. Images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * B. Images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * Pass or Fail:

 * Thank you very much for your review. You are right about the award (they only list the Saturn Awars of 1972–2004), and I couldn't find a better source than your suggestion, so I used your source. – sgeureka t•c 15:02, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Broken Archives
The citations linking to scifiwire appear to be broken, like this one: https://web.archive.org/web/20080202024442/http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=2

title: Talk:Vala Mal Doran


text: User talk:24.255.75.39

title: User talk:24.255.75.39


text: User talk:86.131.31.204

title: User talk:86.131.31.204


text:
John Downes (prompter)

John Downes (died c. 1712) worked as a prompter at the Duke's Company, and later the United Company, for most of the Restoration period 1660–1700. His "historical review of the stage", Roscius Anglicanus (1708), is an invaluable source for historians both of Restoration and of Stuart theater.

Downes first enters the theatrical record in 1664, when he was registered by the Lord Chamberlain as a member of William Davenant's troupe under the patronage of the Duke of York. By his own admission, stage fright kept him from an acting career, although he is known to have played Haly in The Siege of Rhodes. Later in the 1660s, he is recorded as a member of Thomas Betterton's King's Company; his main work seems to have been as prompter. He continued in this function when the two companies united in 1682; when the companies split in 1694, he remained with Betterton until the middle of the next decade. He is the subject of a number of the Tatler; in this letter from Downes (presumably written by Steele), gives a brief account of Downes's life. He retired around 1706, and may be the John Downes recorded as buried in St Paul's, Covent Garden, in June 1712.

Roscius Anglicanus
Downes wrote his history of the Restoration stage between his retirement and death. It was published in 1708, and has served as a valuable resource ever since. Unlike earlier historians of English theater, such as Gerard Langbaine and James Wright, Downes approached the topic as an experienced insider; his concerns are those of a practical person of business, and he provides information that would otherwise be lost, particularly in the details of theatrical practice. He provides cast lists for countless plays, information on the success or failure of many pieces, and incidental comments on his own preferences. His accuracy is sometimes open to question, particularly as regards casting for often-staged plays. Still, as Sidney Lee notes, his work along with two or three other memoirs, "is practically all to which we have to trust for our knowledge of the Restoration stage."

title: John Downes (prompter)


text:
Psychological punishment

Psychological punishments are punishments that aim to cause mental pain or discomfort in order to punish an individual. Psychological punishments are usually designed to cause discomfort or pain through creating negative emotions such as humiliation, shame and fear within an individual or by depriving the individual of sensory and/or social stimulation.

Some methods of corporal punishment, such as public flagellation, are designed to have the effects of psychological punishment as a secondary effect to the main punishment and as such the two methods can and are combined. Historically there has not been a distinct separation of pure psychological punishment without an element of physical harm as a formal type of punishment.

Psychological punishments that are particularly cruel and severe may be regarded as psychological torture - for example, the United Nations has stated that placing someone in solitary confinement for periods exceeding 15 consecutive days constitutes torture.

Methods of psychological punishment include:
 * Solitary confinement
 * White torture
 * Public shaming
 * Stocks
 * Corporal punishments conducted in public

Individual
Punishments aim to alter behaviour considered defective or undesirable by trying to associate the behaviour with the feelings caused by an unpleasant stimulus through a process called operant conditioning. Following a behaviour that is deemed undesirable an unpleasant stimulus will be administered to the individual who carried out the behaviour in order to try and induce a negative emotional response. Once the association between the behaviour and unpleasant stimulus is made the individual should learn that the outcome of a behaviour will result in an unpleasant set of emotions or feelings that outweigh the benefits gained by the undesirable behaviour and this should cause the punished individual to cease the behaviour. Within the context of psychological punishment the unpleasant stimulus relates to the method of punishment intended to have unpleasant psychological effects upon the punished individual.

Punishments involving public humiliation may also seek to ostracise the punished individual from society by labelling the individual as a 'deviant' or untrustworthy which would tarnish their reputation therefore making life within that society harder for them and serving as an additional long-term effect of the punishment. Recovering social status or dignity following a publicly humiliating punishment can be very difficult resulting in a lesser place within the social hierarchy if not an inability to reintegrate within the society resulting in social exclusion. In the past or in undeveloped societies where one has to rely on social support for survival or advancement in life, becoming an outcast could be an effective death sentence and it removes the 'safety-net' that a society can provide whilst potentially making the individual a target for crime or exclusion from social events. Due to changing public opinions the feature of public humiliation in punishments is now very rare.

Wider society
Punishment may be used to deter potential future offenders by showing them what the consequences of breaking the societal rules may be and encourage conformity to the norms within the society. Through vicarious learning one may see the outcome of a behaviour and decide whether or not they want to repeat the same behaviour based on the outcomes that they have observed therefore allowing them to determine whether or not the behaviour may be worthwhile without needing to carry out and incur the cost of the action themselves. Should someone observe someone that they may be modelling, or thinking about modelling, their behaviour off of being punished the desire to replicate the same behaviour may be counteracted by the suppressive effects of the potential negative outcomes of the action therefore discouraging the person from proceeding with the action. This is part of the reason why, historically, some punishments have been particularly brutal in order to have a greater deterrent effect - notable examples of this include the executions of Balthasar Gérard or Guy Fawkes. As humans can learn vicariously through observing other people punishment can make for a highly useful tool to deter undesirable behaviour and encourage following social norms.

Ensuring the vicarious effects of punishment are maximised may be done by increasing the social presence of the punishment. Punishments have historically been conducted in public places such as town squares in order to maximise the social presence of the punishment and ensure that word of the punishment could spread in a time before mass media existed. Conducting the punishment in public also helps the society in which it is occurring label the individual being punished as a 'deviant' or untrustworthy individual promoting the exclusion of the individual from society further reinforcing the need for people to conform to the societies norms in order to remain part of the society.

Solitary confinement
Defined by the United Nations as "the confinement of prisoners for 22 hours or more a day without meaningful human contact" solitary confinement is one of the most prevalent psychological punishments used in western countries with there being at least 80,000 prisoners in the United States being held in solitary confinement alone. Depending on country, prisoners may be subjected to solitary confinement at the discretion of prison guards and it is the most severe non-capital punishment one can receive.

Efficacy
Solitary confinement is a controversial punishment that some claim to be ineffective at preventing undesirable behaviour in prisoners in addition to being inhuman. Research has suggested that the efficacy of short-term exposure to solitary confinement upon violent inmates is rather limited with it appearing that no significant differences in behaviour between inmates sent to solitary confinement and those who were not. Additionally it has been a well documented that long-term exposure to solitary confinement (or similar conditions) can lead to a variety of mental health issues including self-harming, depression, anger and hypersensitivity which severely impacts the prisoners ability to reintegrate into society once their sentence is complete.

title: Psychological punishment


text:
David W. Bradley

David W. Bradley is a video game designer and programmer, most notable for the role-playing video games Wizardry V, VI, and VII.

Career
Bradley was originally a music studies student when he learned about music composition software. He learned how to program to write his own software on the university mainframe and eventually began writing games. This translated into a job in the computer industry as a game designer and programmer. His early work includes Parthian Kings for Avalon Hill. After Robert Woodhead left the Wizardry video game series, Bradley co-designed Wizardry V: Heart of the Maelstrom (1988) with Andrew C. Greenberg. The design was based on a game that Bradley had already written several years prior, but it was rebranded and rewritten as a Wizardry sequel. Though recommended by contemporary game reviewers, Matt Barton wrote in Dungeons and Desktops that the game was not a significant departure from the previous titles, which were still using game design based on the 1981 original title. This was followed by Wizardry VI: Bane of the Cosmic Forge (1990) and Wizardry VII: Crusaders of the Dark Savant (1992), which formed the beginning of a new trilogy and were solely designed by Bradley. Both games were well received by critics, and the latter was praised for its design. During the development of the seventh game, Bradley was named in a lawsuit filed by Woodhead and Greenberg against Sir-Tech over royalties. Bradley said that he was uninvolved in the dispute, and, following a falling-out with Sir-Tech, left the company. He subsequently designed the action game CyberMage (1995) for Origin Systems. After founding Heuristic Park in 1995, he designed Wizards & Warriors (2000) and Dungeon Lords (2005).

title: David W. Bradley


text:
Set screw

In American English, a set screw is a screw that is used to secure an object, by pressure and/or friction, within or against another object, such as fixing a pulley or gear to a shaft. A set screw is normally used without a nut (which distinguishes it from a bolt), being screwed instead in a threaded hole drilled in only one of the two objects to be secured. A set screw is often headless and threaded along its entire length, so that it will sit entirely inside that hole; in which case it may be called a grub screw or blind screw.

Once fully and firmly screwed into the first object, the projecting tip of the set screw presses hard against the second object, acting like a clamp. The second object may have a machined detent (recess) to ensure that it cannot slide under the tip of the screw. On a shaft, this may be simply a flattened area. A set screw may have any type of drive, such as hex or square head, slot, or recessed --- cross (Phillips), hex (Allen), star (Torx), or square (Robertson).

In the UK, the term "set screw" or "setscrew" refers simply to a bolt which is fully threaded, with no smooth shank; called cap screw in the US.

Torque resistance or transmission
Set screws are not always the best way to resist the torque of driven shafts. To reduce the chance of slipping and to increase load capacity, a detent (often called a "flat") may be milled or ground at the part of the shaft where the set screw's point contacts. The detent, however, must be closely aligned with the threaded hole prior to fastening. The operator can often feel the screw push the flat into final alignment as they make the last half- or quarter-turn that tightens the screw. Set screws can successfully hold against heavy-torque applications if the details are right. For example, endmill holders of the solid type typically use large set screws holding against flats to fasten the endmill, and heavy loads are resisted. However, small set screws without flats are prone to spinning and galling if overloaded. The use of keys and keyways instead of, or in combination with, set screws is common for applications requiring high torque resistance or transmission. Splines offer yet more strength.

For longer life, set screws are usually made of alloy steel and case hardened. Hardened set screws often leave a plastic deformation, in the form of a circular or semicircular mark, in the shaft that the screw sets against. This has both pros and cons. On the pro side, such deformation increases the holding power (torque resistance) of the joint, as the screw is essentially "making its own detent" on a small but effective scale. On the con side, if one is aiming to have a blemish-free cosmetic finish on the part being set against, one must take actions to prevent the circular marks. In most set screw applications, this consideration is irrelevant. Another con is that this plastic deformation can cause corresponding high points in the shaft surrounding the circular mark. This can result in difficulties during dis-assembly if a bearing or other tightly toleranced part needs to slide past this area. Use of a flat mitigates this problem.

Point types
Set screws appear with a variety of tip (point) types. The different shaped tips have different properties that engineers can utilize. If an engineer were to use a detent to ensure proper nesting of the screw, they might choose to use a cone point type of screw. One might often need to use a flat point when the screw must press perfectly flat against a surface. The most common type is the cup point. This type works well because the surface is rounded so that a small surface area is in contact, but it does not have extremely high stress at one point like that of a cone point. Durability studies show that the cup point offers superior resistance to wear while maintaining a strong grip. Knurled cup points offer the added advantage of a locking action (similar to that of a serrated lock washer) that prevents the screws from working loose in high-vibration applications.

Common points include the following:
 * Flat point
 * Domed point
 * Cone point
 * Cup point
 * Extended point (pilot point, dog point)
 * Knurled cup point

Knurled cup point
Knurl point screws are generally used to secure one object within another. The serrated ridge on the knurl cup set screw helps reduce loosening due to vibration. The knurled point combines digging action of the cup point with counter-clockwise locking knurls that have a ratchet-locking action which helps resist loosening, even under the most severe vibrations.

Knurl point set screws should not be reused because the cutting edges of the knurls are deflected when tightened. During removal, the cutting edges are torn and no longer have full strength to resist unscrewing. ISO standard for Knurled cup point set screw is ISO 4029.

Drive types
Set screws are made with a variety of drive styles, including the following:
 * Straight slot
 * Hex socket
 * Square socket
 * External hex
 * External square
 * Bristol spline

History
The concept of set screws is centuries old, predating the metal screw by at least several hundred years. Early materials included wood, bone, horn, antler and ivory.

Headless set screws have been around for a long time, with the straight slot being the oldest drive type (due to its ease of machining), but the demand for headless set screws experienced a marked increase in the first and second decades of the 20th century, when a penchant for better industrial safety, a campaign with the slogan "safety first", swept the industrialized nations of North America and Europe as a part of the larger Progressive Movement. This surge in safety consciousness was a backlash against the often-atrocious industrial safety standards of the era. H.T. Hallowell, Sr., a U.S. industrialist whose corporation was one of several that pioneered the commercialization of the hex socket drive, noted in his memoir that line shafting, which was ubiquitous in the industrial practice of the time, often had headed set screws (with external-wrenching square drive) holding the many pulleys to the line shafts, and collars holding the shafts from axial movement. Gear trains of exposed gears were also common at the time, and those, too, often used headed set screws, holding the gears to the shafts. His company's chief products at the time were shaft hangers and shaft collars of pressed-steel construction. The "safety craze" created a burgeoning demand for headless set screws on pulleys, gears, and collars to replace the headed ones, so that workers' clothing and fingers were less likely to catch on the exposed rotating screw head. It was this heightened demand that prompted Hallowell's firm to get into the screw-making business and to explore socket-head drive designs. With P.L. Robertson holding fresh patent rights on a practical-to-make square-socket drive, the firm soon pursued the hex socket drive.

title: Set screw


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User:Xsist10

xsist10 is a new-comer to the big wide world of the WikiPedia and brings with him no actual knowledge but a vast collection of opinions, disillusions and biases which he plans to liberally spash around various articles thereby hoping to incent violence.

title: User:Xsist10


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Lee Ryan

Lee Ryan (born 17 June 1983) is an English singer, songwriter, and voice actor. He is best known as a member of the boy band Blue.

Early life
Lee Ryan was born in Chatham, Kent. His parents split up when he was six years old. Ryan mostly lived with his mother, sister Gemma and his grandmother. Ryan went to Bedonwell School before attending performing arts schools, including Welling School and the Independent Performing Arts School Belcanto London Academy (BLA), where he first developed his talent, then independent fee-paying theatre schools Sylvia Young Theatre School and Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts.

2000–2005: Career with Blue
Ryan is a member of boy band Blue along with Simon Webbe, Duncan James and Antony Costa. The group has sold over 14 million records worldwide. In August 2005, Blue split up to pursue solo careers under the advice of Sir Elton John. Blue reformed on 28 April 2009.

Ryan has had three number one hits while with Blue. He had previously co-directed the video for Blue's single "Breathe Easy", which he also wrote and which was shot in Prague. In 2001 the group were in New York during the September 11 attacks after which Ryan commented that "This New York thing is being blown out of proportion" and asked "What about whales? They are ignoring animals that are more important. Animals need saving and that's more important." The other members of the group tried to silence Ryan, but he went on. This caused a huge media backlash that resulted in Blue losing a record deal in the United States and campaigns to sack Ryan from the line up. Lee was gunged during an episode of Live and Kicking in August 2001 as part of the Stop The Snot segment.

2005–2008: Lee Ryan and stage
Ryan released his first single "Army of Lovers" in July 2005. It debuted at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart and hit No. 1 in Italy. In August 2005, Ryan released his debut album, Lee Ryan, to mixed reviews. The album reached No. 6 in the UK Albums Chart and No. 3 in Italy. "Turn Your Car Around" was the second single lifted from the album which had moderate success. In January 2006, Ryan released his third and final single in the UK "When I Think of You". The song reached No. 15 in the UK. "Real Love" was used for the end credits of the film Ice Age: The Meltdown which later led to Ryan voicing the part of an elk in the UK version of the film and Eddie in the Italian version. In late 2005, Dolce & Gabbana signed Ryan up to be the UK face of their new line of clothing.

After the relative success of his first solo album, Ryan started planning his second solo album. The single "Reinforce Love" was released in December 2007. The single was being released for Great Ormond Street Hospital and CLIC Sargent, which were the two charities that Ryan was touring for in November and December 2007, with young voices. The album was then postponed, and finally cancelled. He appeared in the video for the single "Red Light" by a British girlband named Fe-Nix. In September 2007, he appeared as one of the contestants in Hell's Kitchen. However he rowed with Marco Pierre White about White's use of the term "pikey", and subsequently left the show. In August and September 2008, Ryan acted alongside Natalie Casey in The Pretender Agenda at The New Players Theatre in London. In June 2008 Ryan was found guilty of assaulting a taxi driver in Oxted and ordered to pay compensation to the victim.

2009–2010: Film and cancelled second album
In March 2010, Ryan confirmed that he had signed a new record deal with Geffen Records, due to last until 2013. Later that month, it was announced that Ryan's first album on his new record label, Confessions, was due to be released in October 2010. The first single from the album, "Secret Love", was released as a double A-Side with "I Am Who I Am" on 4 July 2010. The single peaked at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart. Following this, it was announced that Geffen were set to drop Ryan from the label, before work on his album had been completed. Ryan announced in January 2011 that there was no deal to release his album.

The track listing for Ryan's aborted album was as follows: "Secret Love", "I Am Who I Am", "Guardian Angel", "Perfect Strangers", "I Don't Wanna Let You Down", "I Love Your Smile", "It's Not Me", "Confessions", "Light of Your Soul", "Peaches", "Reinforce Love", "Suffice to Say", "To See the Stars", "Stop the Rain", "Why Me" and "Stand Up as People".

2011–2019: Blue return, EastEnders and Rip it Up
Ryan stated in January 2011 that he was working on an album with Blue to be released later in the year. Blue represented the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf, Germany with the song "I Can", placing 11th overall.

In 2013, Blue released "Hurt Lovers" the first single from their fourth album Roulette.

In August 2013, Ryan and Duncan James appeared in an episode of comedy panel show Through the Keyhole in which the host showed around their home in London.

Ryan appeared in Celebrity Big Brother 13 in 2014. Following the show he entered a relationship with fellow Big Brother participant Jasmine Waltz. Waltz split with Ryan a few weeks later claiming on Twitter that Ryan had cheated on her with a man. Ryan came out as bisexual during his time on Big Brother, later stating in an interview, "I'm very open about what I've done in the past but that was the easiest way to come out. I did so much other stuff that people didn't even notice." During his time on Big Brother Ryan admitted he sleeps with his Blue bandmate Duncan James stating, "I work with Duncan, I go on holiday with Duncan, I live with Duncan." Asked: "Do you have sex with Duncan?", he replied: "Yeah all the time".

In November 2014, Blue announced they had signed a two-album record deal with Sony Music. The band released their fifth studio album Colours on 9 March 2015. He was in Strictly Come Dancing 2018, but went out in the third round.

On 15 February 2017, it was confirmed that Ryan had landed a role in the BBC soap opera, EastEnders. He was cast as Woody Woodward, initially for a short stint between 18 April and 19 May. It was later announced that Woody would be promoted to a regular role and that Ryan had signed a one-year contract with the show. He later received 2017 Inside Soap Award nomination for Best Newcomer. Unsure his contract would be extended, Ryan signed to play Aladdin opposite Paul Merton's Widow Twanky in panto in Wimbledon, and was hence written out of EastEnders.

In 2019, he was a candidate in the seventh season of the British reality TV-show Celebs Go Dating. From September to November 2019 Lee Ryan went on a UK-Tour with the musical "Rip it Up the 70s".

2021–present: Blue 20th anniversary
On 30 November 2021, the group confirmed they would be going on an arena tour to celebrate their 20th anniversary, it was also confirmed that Atomic Kitten would be supporting them on the tour. When interviewed on This Morning the group also confirmed that they were back in the studio recording, a new album is expected to follow along with the tour.

On 11 April 2022, the group announced that their sixth studio album Heart & Soul would be released on 9 September 2022. On 20 May, the group unveiled the track listing for the album on their social media accounts, following with first single "Haven't Found You Yet". On 29 June 2022, the group released the single "Dance with Me", a cover of the 2001 112 single.

Personal life
Since starting his career on Blue, Ryan has been in relationships with some famous female celebrities. Between 2003 and 2004 he was engaged to English singer Liz McClarnon. He also been in short-lived relationships with his fellow Celebrity Big Brother contestants Casey Batchelor and Jasmine Waltz, and has also been linked to Stephanie Saunders, Emily Oldfield and Alicia Douvall.

In 2023, Ryan revealed he is going to be a dad for the fifth time with his wife Verity Paris. He already shares a two-year-old and a one-year-old daughter with Paris. He is also a father to daughter Bluebell, with ex Jessica Keevil, and shares son Rayn with former partner Samantha Miller, who was born in 2008.

In 2014 Ryan revealed that he had a regular sexual relationship with his bandmate Duncan James during Blue's early years. Ryan defined himself as bisexual in an interview on Good Morning Britain in August 2019: "For people to have some kind of prejudice against these kinds of things is just ignorant".

Ryan has been diagnosed with dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Asperger syndrome.

Alcohol abuse and legal issues
In August 2003, Ryan was arrested and charged with driving with excess alcohol in central London. In May 2014, Ryan pleaded guilty to criminal damage and failing to provide a specimen after being caught driving erratically in April. On two occasions in 2020, Ryan was charged with driving a Mercedes at 70 mph in a 60 mph limit in Peterborough, but the charges were dismissed as the prosecution offered no evidence, due to there being no means of proving who was driving. However, Ryan was later charged and found guilty at trial of two counts of failing to provide information about the driver. At a subsequent hearing, Magistrate Alison Marsh gave Ryan two lots of six points against his driving licence, resulting in a disqualification from driving for 12 months.

In January 2023, Ryan was convicted of four charges at Ealing Magistrates court. He had been found guilty of being drunk on an aircraft, assaulting a police officer and behaving in an abusive way towards a crew member, as well as a racially aggravated assault of a flight cabin crew member, which happened at London City Airport on 31 July 2022. In September 2023, Ryan was given a 12-month suspended sentence and ordered to pay £2,500 compensation to one party, £750 to another, plus £510 in court costs.

title: Lee Ryan


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title: User talk:84.142.136.204


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User talk:Spietros

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 11:05, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!
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User talk:Ultra78

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 11:06, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

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