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Talk:Castile (historical region)

This is very concise and helpful, but I would love a map... probably not an easy request to make, but something showing where old/new Castile was would really help.

Section on "castilians"
Hope everyone agrees with my section... We can discuss it here. Someone should add the war of the comuneros in the history section.--Burgas00 11:35, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Number of Castillians
What percentage of Spaniards is ethnic Castillian? Someone has the figures? --Burgas00 12:01, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Depending on what definition of "Castillian" you use, something between 8% and 80%. The sad truth is that, in modern Spain, when someone says I'm castillian, no matter how 'proud' of it he claims to be, what he really means is I'm from a part of Spain for which there is no better name. Jotam 01:29, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Hey ! Perhaps that can be true in some cases, PERHAPS when somebody says You're castillian he really means You're from a part of Spain for whom I find no better name, but I'm castillian (I say it not proud, but very happy), and I know CASTILLA is the best name for my land. This land has been named this way since VIII century. Here the language we called castillian was born. There is not a common agreement in Spain about what should be considered Castilla, but this is very different than you assumption.

note that the  ethnia "castilian" does not exist.

america
it may be worth mentioning of cristopher columbus here as i reckon is an importan fact in Castillian, spanish, european and world history

"Castell" is a Catalonian word meaning "Castle". Bay the way, the name "Castile" means "land of castles"... but the name "Catalonia" means the same!!

Exact Limits of Castile
The text on the article says that "The territory traditionally regarded as Castilian is now divided into the Spanish autonomous communities of Cantabria, Euskadi, Castile-Leon, Castile-La Mancha, Madrid and La Rioja", but I find this is a little incorrect since I believe that the traditional Castile includes some more territories.

In the map of Spain showing Castile in red, not even Euskadi (Basque Country) is shown as part of it.

If I could give my personal opinion, I would assert with much certainty the following:

1 - At the beginning, Castile was but a small county located where today is the confluence of the provinces of Burgos, Santander and Álava. It belonged to the Kingdom of León.

2 - It eventually expanded to occupy an area equivalent to the modern provinces of Burgos, Santander, Álava, Palencia, Valladolid and Logroño. Then it became an independent Kingdom, and expanded further to include the provinces of Biscay, Guipúzcoa, Soria, Segovia, and Ávila.

This is called "the Old Castile".

3 - Castile kept growing to the south, and added the territories of the modern provinces of Madrid, Guadalajara, Toledo, Cuenca and Ciudad Real. These five provinces are called "the New Castile".

4 - By that time Castile, who had once become independent from the Kingdom of León, was already greater in area, population and power to any other State of the Iberian Peninsula, including the Kingdom of León itself.

It was on that background that the Kingdoms of Castile and León became united (whether Castile annexed León or it was a union of both Kingdoms is a question I shall not deal with here - anyway, I believe the Court was established at Toledo, the greatest city of the Peninsula by that time).

Thus, one could consider that the eight provinces that conformed the Kingdom of León (León, Zamora, Salamanca, Oviedo, Corunna, Lugo, Orense and Pontevedra) might also be named as Castilian territories.

But the problem doesn't end here, because the United Kingdom of Castile and León kept growing southwards, conquering Extremadura, Albacete, Murcia and Andalusia. Can these annexations be considered Castilian?

Usually they are. Actually, in addition to "Catilla la Vieja" ("the Old Castile") and "Castilla la Nueva" ("the New Castile"), the realm of Andalusia is sometimes called "Castilla la Novísima" ("the Newest Castile").

5 - As the article says, the Canary Islands were added to the Crown of Castile (while the Balearic Islands belonged to the Crown of Aragón).

6 - After Queen Isabella of Castile's death, her husband King Ferdinand of Aragón conquered the realm of Navarre, but he annexed it to the Kingdom of Castile instead of his own. Some historians say this was in hommage to his beloved dead wife, others say this was because he considered Navarre more similar to Castile in traditions, laws... etc., so the Navarrese people would accept the conquest more easily if they became part of Castile, not Aragón.

CONCLUSION -

The exact limits of the territory named bay the word "Castile" are difficult to draw on a map. It depends on what you consider "Castile".

AT LEAST it includes the area occupied bay the modern Spanish provinces of:

-Burgos, Palencia, Valladolid, Soria, Segovia and Ávila (all of them part of the Community called "Castile-León")

-Santander (Community of Cantabria)

-Álava, Biscay and Guipúzcoa (the Basque Country)

-Madrid

-Toledo, Guadalajara, Cuenca and Ciudad Real (part of "Castile-La Mancha")

AT MOST it includes, in addition to the aforementioned lands:

-Albacete (part of "Castile-La Mancha")

-Murcia

-Cáceres and Badajoz (Community of Extremadura)

-Cordova, Seville, Huelva, Cádiz, Málaga, Granada, Almería and Jaén (Andalusia)

-Navarre

-León, Zamora and Salamanca (part of "Castile-León")

-Oviedo (Community of Asturias)

-Corunna, Lugo, Orense and Pontevedra (Galicia)

-Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands)

-The Northern African cities of Ceuta and Melilla, and their dependent territories.

If you add the lands of the former Kingdom of the United Crowns of Aragón and Catalonia (Aragón [Huesca, Zaragoza and Teruel], Catalonia [Barcelona, Tarragona, Lérida and Gerona], Valencia [Valencia, Castellón and Teruel] and the Balearic Islands) you will have all territories of current Spain!!

This is Rubbish... Territories acquired by Castille do not make them part of Castille. Especially if they retain a particular language, cultural heritage or identity... You can only be Spanish to be saying something so preposterous. Please do not write things like this on the English wikipedia,...It only confuses people who dont know our country. Actually it seems that you dont know our country, except the one you have created in your mind... Stick to extreme-right forums in the Spanish language...--Burgas00 09:24, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

I actualy agree that biscay and alava should be included in the concept of castile, for most of their heritage is undoubtedly castilian. You just have to stop and think about the names of villages as Valmaseda, Portugalete or Vitoria ; or the surnames of the natives (if they have not changed them as a result of the nationalistic and excluding education imparted at basque schools for 20 years), and you will soon realise how castilian (and not basque) they do sound. I think that you can be independist, if you feel like it, but you should neither try to change history nor impart that kind of propaganda at schools as if they were facts.

Hello from Castile
Hi, I'm Castilian. Flag of the entry is of Castile-La Mancha (not of Castile).

On the other hand, one thing is Kingdom of Castile and other is Castilian Crown. It is not the same! Castilian Crown included the Kingdom of Castile and other kingdoms: Kingdom of León, Toledo, Sevilla, Jaén...

I think territory of Castile is as long as the Kingdom: Cantabria, La Rioja, Burgos, Segovia, Soria, Ávila, Madrid, Guadalajara and Cuenca, and pieces of Valladolid, Palencia, Albacete and Valencia. If someone thinks it is as long as the Crown, it must be included Galicia and Asturias (they were in the Kingdom of Leon), Canarias, America...

Another thing. It is not Castile-León. The real name is Castile and León. Leoner people angry a lot if they listen to Castile-León!

Anyway, I'm happy you include this entry. Sorry for my English.

hey man the flag is ok .the color of castilla is RED not purple....(uno de Avila)

I think that the article needs a new map
And my reasons are the followings: Please, excuse my bad English.--Menah the Great 17:55, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * At least eastern part of Salamanca, Zamora and Palencia, and practically all the province of Valladolid are more probably in Castilian "sphere" than Leonese.
 * Historically, only the eastern lands of Albacete belonged to the Kingdom of Murcia. The remainder (including the city of Albacete) were located in the province of La Mancha, the direct ancestor of the province of Ciudad Real, except some territories in the north that belonged to the province of Cuenca. Both Ciudad Real and Cuenca are part of Castile.
 * Requena-Utiel, a castilian-speaking region now situated in Valencia, were part of Cuenca until XIX century reforms.
 * Molina de Aragón, a territory in the NE part of the province of Guadalajara, is in fact a historically separated region. It belonged to the Kingdom of Aragón until XIV century, when it be conquered by Pedro I of Castile, that takes the title of Señor de Molina and administrated the city and its zone as a new territory of the Castilian Crown. Even today, Juan Carlos I own this title along with King of Castile, King of Aragon and others.

The province of Albacete is not formed until 1833 with lands of the kingdom of Castile and Murcia. Some of the lands of Castile were ruled by castilians laws and lords since they were reconquered, like the city of Alcaraz, "Señorio de las cinco Villas", etc. So the main part of Albacete was always Castile under the province of La Mancha or Cuenca or as medieval castilian fiefs until the province was artificially constitued.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Albacete

Bronko —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.15.127.189 (talk) 10:20, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Some people confuse the historical region of Castile with the Crown of Castile.

Even though the latter included Andalucia, Galicia, Asturias, these are NOT Castilian. Castile is Castile. The Crown of Castile map is OFFENSIVE in this article. The maps of the provinces which identify as Castillian, Old Castile and New Castile are better and more appropriate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.148.40.87 (talk) 07:01, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

That is an opinion as valid as any other. Castile region may refer to the territories of the county, the kingdom, the crown, the first Old Castile and New Castile in the 18th century, the Old Castile and New Castile of 1833 (your maps), the autonomous communities that recognize themselves as Castilian since 1981 ... There is no consensus.--109.175.254.219 (talk) 16:05, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Yes but the Galicians and Andalusians never ever identified as Castilians, even though they were in the Crown of Castile. There is an article on that historic state, this article is about the modern regional identity of Castile which smaller. Indeed it is offensive to portray the modern Castillian identity as Crown of Castile as it is saying that Andalusians are Castilians and Galicians are Castilians. I am half Castilian and I find my regional identity insulted by some ignorant American who thinks that Andalusia is a part of Castile, which is deeply offensive to Andalusians also, not to mention the Galicians. Also, the maps are to do with the Crown of Castile. I explained in the map of Crown of Castile that Castile was only ONE of the regions in that historic state. It was a federation of different peoples, Andalusians, Galicians, Castilians, Leonese. If you find the New Castile and Old Castile maps ridiculous, go to Madrid on San Isidro and see if you can see Castilian folk dancing and the flag of Castile. Salamanca and Zamora are Leonese. Castilla-Y-Leon. So it isn't just 1833. Yes, those maps are ugly and combersome, but please do NOT equal my region in Spain with the Crown of Castile. The old map of Spain from 1770 is useless because you cannot see what is written on it. It is also in French, useless!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.148.40.87 (talk) 17:14, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

I never said to find them "ridiculous", nor "offensive", nor Madrid not to be Castile, I'm just saying that there is not consensus in the boundaries of the Castile as historical/cultural region as you can read in the text. Why a historic map in French is useless?, are two handmade blank maps based on two random divisions of 19 century more useful? If we are talking about the modern Castilian identity or culture I can tell you, unlike Madrid, that the Castilian feeling in historical regions like Leon or Cantabria is virtually inexistent and they often feel offended being included in Castile as well. Thus, without a existent precise definition of the boundaries the use maps do not make sense.--109.175.254.5 (talk) 16:59, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

Format and content of the article
From my amateur vision on Wikipedia I would like to make some comments on this article and I would highly appreciate if more experience members could decide if the problems I see on the article are objective to put it under discussion or revision.

First of all, I think the format of the article about Castile is not correct to define the former kingdom of Castille or the historic region if Castille. I think that it should be ordered into sections about the history, geography and context of Castile, like it can be seen in the German version of this page or in the article about the crown of Aragon.

I don´t understand very well the section about Castilians as an ethnic group in the context. I think this section should be in a separate article (as the catalonians as an ethnic gruop is from Catalonia), or at least it should be moved to the end of the page. I think when someone searchs in Wikipedia Castile, the part of the ethniticity is not the main information they are looking for, but rather the history.

Appart from that, I believe the definition of Castilians should be made according to the definition of ethnic group in Wikipedia: "An ethnic group is a human population whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a common genealogy or ancestry (Smith 1986). Ethnic groups are also usually united by common cultural, behavioural, linguistic, or religious practices." I think the castilian ethnic group should be defined based on this terms. And I think it should be first fundamented if Castilians do form an ethnic group by themselves, with sources. From my point of view, the main purpose of the ethnic group section is exclusive, which means it tries to define who is not castilian, rather than define who is.

I think the information in the page may be a little subjective from someone who has some prejudices about Castilians. I don´t want to offend anybody and I say it with respect, but I understand in Spain the nacionalist sentiments are very strong and sometimes the information is biased with this sentiments. I base this on the poem which according to the author defines Castile and Castilians in Spanish history. Well, I think that is a personal view and many people won´t agree that poem defines Castile. In fact I think very few Castilians will have that opinion, and as is stated in the article, they make a big part of the Spanish population (impossible to say which part by the way, hehe, it seems a big controversy).

I think the castilians deserve an equal treatment as other nationalities in Spain do, and a review of the Catalonians or Vasqs people information will show how they are defined in a rather positive way, while Castilians are in a negative.

For all the above reasons, I think the content in this page should be discutted and considered the possibility of giving a more historical and factual view. The objectivity I think should be also under discussion. As I want to make a constructive comment, not just critisize, I would have no problem to contribute giving new contents to this page if other members agree with me (and always from my limited knowledge, since I am not a historian ...).

Sorry for possible grammar mistakes, Clara.

Poem Translation
I'm making an effort at fixing the translation of the poem in the first section. When it comes to translations of poetry this can be iffy and I want to avoid counterproductive reversions. I will be using inverted sentence structure because it is allowed in English poetry and it helps to get across the meaning of the native Spanish.

Please discuss any further translation changes here.

Thanks, --Diabolic 14:16, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Yup dominating is ok! I like this poem, and it is well known in Spain and quoted often in popular speech.--Burgas00 13:52, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

"Dios sobre la guerra"... is not "God to war" it is "God over war" or at least this is the primary translation, other would change the original and literal meaning. Sergio Alves

Yes but God over war doesnt mean anything in English and doesnt sound good. God to war captures the original meaning in Spanish.

Lo digo en castellano, porque esto lo ha tenido que escribir algun español. ¿Lo flipáis? ¿Qué es eso del grupo étnico castellano? No mintáis por favor.

Read the section properly, tío.

Completamente de acuerdo: afortunadamente los castellanos no presumimos de ser una etnia o una raza, ni de tener rh negativo o neutro.

Terrible Mess. Please, make Disambiguation Page!
I have just entried into this article and I am amazed because of the mess it is. Several problems converge: The fact that the name Castilla (Castile) has had several different meanings throughout History, and sometimes several meanings at the same time. I think that the only way to solve this is to convert this article in a disambiguation page to:

 * Castile Kingdom ( Historical kingdom from IX to XIII century).

 * Castile Crown ( Historical Kingdom formed in 1230 with the union of Castile and León.) This two articles could be one.

 * Castile (historical region) The abstract-and-non-well-defined region that says the article. the article in this point is despective, and the quote is presented as a definition, not as an opinion made in one of the most auto-criticist moments of Spanish history)

 * Old Castile (Castilla la Vieja) Political name of the region formed by Santander, Burgos, Logroño, soria, Segovia, Ávila, Valladolid and Palencia. It had some territorial changes in its History, and had this name from XVIII century to 1983. It no longer exists.

 * New Castile (Castilla la Nueva) Political name of the region formed by Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid, Toledo and part of Albacete. Took this name in XVIII century and desapeared with democracy. It no longer exists.

 * Castilla y León Autonomous Community. It was formed in february 25   of 1983. It is nowadays formed by 9 provinces: León, Zamora, Salamanca, Ávila, Burgos, Palencia, Segovia, Soria and Valladolid.

 * Castilla-La Mancha Autonomous Community. It was formed in 1982. It is nowadays formed by 5 provinces: Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo.

It is impossible to talk properly of Castilla mixing all the meanings. Anyway, it should be explained.

The second problem is more difficult to solve. And I don't think it is innocuous. I thik that the intention of defining Castilians as an ethnical group in this article is to opose it to other "ethnical groups" in Spain. That is what most of the nacionalists want to. There is not such a breed of cat: The emphasis in inventing and splitting defined ethnical groups in a mixed hybrid population, made of iberian pre-romans, romans, goths, arabs, jews and medieval european inmigrants among others can be very dangerous, and modern History proves it. Please, dont make that error. You can find anywhere that there is no ethnical castilian group. And there is no public discussion on that point. I have only seen it in this article, and I read press and watch the news everyday. There was a discussion some years ago, when Xabier Arzallus, one of the hardest representant of basc nationalism said that bascs have a distingüised RH type of blood, that made bascs ethnically different. This is not the place to discuss that, but the fact that some people think that endogamy and historical isolation of the bascs in the mountains could have made them "different", is not a point to make an "ethnical group" of every province.

I finish: I think that the problem with this article will solve automatically making that disambiguation page. unfortunately, I don`t know how to do it (I`m rather new in Wikipedia), but I ask for somebody else to do it. Thank you. --Garcilaso 11:56, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Solved the problem of disambiguation, although the Kingdom of Castile hasn´t got a specific article by now. Now, trying to solve the incorrections in this article, I confess that I am going to give up. There are too many for me and my poor English. Trying to find a template that defines better the problem, I have found that almost half of Wikipedia´s templates fit to "Castilians as an Ethnic group":

To express that ideas about a Castilian ethnical (or sub-ethnical) group, it would be desirable to quote references, because that "ethnical group" is strangely unknown in books and papers.

It mixes all the meanings of Castile (see disambiguation page Castile, and throws the reader to confusion.

So, I think that I am going to give up, because my time is limited (and my English too), to solve all these structural problems, but I thought that it was my duty to express the problem here.--Garcilaso 10:26, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Maps
I noticed that Zamora and Palencia are not included in the map. They may have been part of the kingdom of Leon at one time but people from these provinces would definitely consider themselves Castilian nowadays.--Burgas00 12:49, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello. Perhaps the solution would be the introduction of several maps: one for each historical moment or concept. It would be very useful for non-Spanish readers. Cheers!--Garcilaso 09:53, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

okk but i dont know how to make these maps:(--Burgas00 10:58, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Neither do I! :-( I haven´t learned how to upload images to Commons. I have been thinking about the "ethnical" stuff, and as both agree in the non common origin of the inhabitants, intending a clearer exposition a possible begining could be:

 * Castilians identity and cultural expansion (instead of "Castilians as an Ethnic Group")

 * Castilians are a community of inhabitants with common Culture and History. Their origin is, as well as most of other parts of the Spain, a heterogeneous mixture of Celtiberic, Roman, Visigoth, Arab, Jew, and European roots. Thus, it is not correct to establish a strict common origin, but a common cultural identity. Over time, most Castilians have mixed with other Spaniards due to their past political dominance, and present-day cultural dominance. Castilians and their cultural influence spread throughout the entire mesa of central Spain during the Reconquista, carried out principally by the Kingdom of Toledo which was renamed "New Castile". Their language, (modern day Spanish) has been adopted....
 * And so on. ¿What do you think about this change? Saludos--Garcilaso 12:58, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Estoy de acuerdo. Que cazurros somos yo tampoco se usar el commons. Se nota que somos Españoles...--Burgas00 13:38, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Bueno aquí mejor voy a hablar en inglés:

I noticed that you are right that the section is a bit chaotic and should be structured in a clearer way.

Points which are not mentioned:

 * The Castilian dialect (not only language) has become Standard Spanish.

 * Castilian "ethnicity" is the product of the conquest, by a small kingdom in northern Spain, of vast tracts of sparsely populated lands (the central mesetas). These lands were populated, during the reconquest, by peoples from all over the peninsula (even from southern Spain - see exile of Mozarabes (christians) from Al Andalus and even the dispersal of Moriscos from Granada in the 15th century). Another example, at one point 25% of surnames in the province of Albacete were Basque. Castilian ethnicity is thus not the product of any common origin nor even any sense of common origin. Its basis is simply shared culture, history and language.

What do you think? --Burgas00 13:49, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I basically agree, and add some of your sentences to the text. Only two points:

-I still find unapropiated the word "ethnicity" if it is not based in common origins.

-The "Standard Spanish" if something like this exists, I suppose that you mean the Spanish that is taught to foreigners or listened in TV and Radio, I think it is not exactly the Castilian accent and vocabulary. It probably has of it the part of non-characteristic accent, with a complete pronuntiation of all consonants, but this is not the way all Castilians talk. Some of them, mainly in La Mancha, make that strong J instead of the S, and there is the question of "laismo", and "leismo", a characteristic way of speaking of certain places of Castile that is not in the Standard. Besides that, plenty of local phrases and expressions are far away from been accepted in "Standard Spanish". Now, if Standard Spanish is the Dictionary of RAE (Royal Spanish Academy), expressions of all the parts of Spain and Spanish-speaking America are accepted, though there is more influence of American local expressions because of the existence of several Academies in that continent. So, I think that Standard Spanish is a "Coiné", in which only the accent (or aspects of it) is taken from the way Castilians speak). See you!--Garcilaso 17:34, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Castilian Dialect of Spanish
He puesto un heading para esto porque es un tema complejo.

En esto último que has dicho discrepo solo en parte.

 * Good point with the leísmo and laísmo I hadnt thought of that... But even though the leísmo isnt in standard international Spanish it can be considered to be in standard national Spanish. For example, in Andaluz "culto" (perdona el espanglish es para que nos entendamos) leísmo from Madrid has leaked into the speech. You will find, among the well-educated in Seville, many people who commit this error by cultural influence of what I call standard castilian Spanish. (I think there is an article on Andaluz speech in the Spanish wiki, échale un vistazo.) I wouldnt be surprised if this was true for Canario culto. I believe that Leismo will end up being accepted by the RAE precisely because of the cultural dominance exerted by Castilian.

 * I also agree that Spanish from Mexico and Colombia is as Standard as the Spanish of Spain. But I make the distinction in the sense that official "Spanish Spanish" (el Español de España) is Castilian.

 * En cuanto a Bono y la Mancha, in my opinion la Mancha is not Castile proper... and this is felt in the expressions and in the accent of its inhabitants. The heart of Castile is Castilla la Vieja and maybe now Madrid.

 * This unintended cultural dominance over the rest of Spain is receding with democracy and the reinforced position of the España de las Autonomías. I recently noticed that the weatherman of Cuatro was canarian and gave the weather in a strong Canarian accent. This has never been the case, the most famous weatherman in the past (I forgot his name) also being Canarian, had to speak with Standard Castilian Spanish phonetics and speech.

 * To believe in the existence of a standard Spanish separate from Castilian is a way of denigrating other dialects spoken in Spain, since they will immediately become deviant from the norm. The main focus of this denigration is Andaluz. El Andaluz es un dialecto que siempre se ha asociado a la incultura en nuestro país. Un ejemplo mas bien patetico del Franquismo. Estaba viendo en la tele un homenaje a Rocío Jurado donde mostraban extractos de una antigua peli que ella protagonizaba. Rocío tenía el papel de una Andaluza (posiblemente tambien Gitana no recuerdo). Me quedé estupefacto al constatar que a Rocío le habían doblado la voz. Su voz era aquella de una persona claramente castellana (o con acento estandar como prefieras) hablando con un falso acento folklórico-andaluz (con mucho Ozú etc)...

Por lo demas estoy de acuerdo contigo... Bueno ya he pasao del inglés completamente.

¡¡Chao!!

--Burgas00 21:15, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Well, well.... I think that this only makes clearer the importance of the presence of an expert (an historian or a sociologist) in this matter: You say that you don't find Manchegos proper Castilians. But this is in direct contradiction with the expressions "Extremadura, a poor region in western Spain is considered to be Castilian in the north and Andalusian in the south" So, you think that people from Cáceres are Castilian, but not people from Ciudad Real...interesting. Even more if you find that Madrid is the heart of Castile, while Madrid has much more to do with La Mancha, (don´t forget that La Sagra is a region that is partially in Madrid and in Toledo, and La Alcarria is another region that is mainly in Guadalajara, but also in Madrid) and don´t forget that Madrid (Magerit) was created as a moorish defence of Toledo, which was a more important city at that time. Madrid is ofter ironically referred as a "poblachón manchego" (Pío Baroja created the expression, I think), and although it is not an exact assertion,it has to do with its humble origins as a city dependant from Toledo. Its historical main way of construction, is the so-called "aparejo toledano", but it can be found in other regions, mainly to the south. So if Madrid is in "The heart of Castile",La Mancha also is. I don't have a personal preference about it: I am more interested in culture and history than in defining the limits of a region, but I think that there is a contradiction in this.

I insist that the Spanish that is spoken mainly on media is somehow the accent of certain parts of Castile (could it be Valladolid or Salamanca?) but not the "dialect", because if it exists (I think it doesn`t, only "habla castellana") it is formed by particular vocabulary and expressions. Enabujar esgorronar tieces, pucelana, pavo for tío, melgo or the different strong accents of words like Madriz (Madrid), ejque (es que) doztor (doctor), testo (texto) or the finishing -ao instead of -ado are far away from being the Standard Spanish. So, I accept that a variety of one of the accents of Castile has been taken as standard, but not "Castilian Dialect". You are right when you say that some andalucians have that complex about their accent and expressions because of that "Standard Spanish", but, as you say, nowadays more and more andalusians (and extremeños, wich are NOT andalusians, and Canarios...) are conserving their own accents when they speak in the media, proud of it as a particular way of speaking and part of their cultural heritage, and the homogeneity is given nowadays more than from a certian region, from a sociolinguistical new phenomenon: the "Journalist dialect", wose "cultural dominance" nowadays makes us accept without hesitation new invented expressions as Patera, or Cayuco for big motor boats full of inmigrants, or immediate succesful local expressions like Chapapote (galician). Or places that have been rebaptised, like "Bagdag" (former Bagdad) people like talibanes o mujaidines (Talib means student, taliban is the plural, talibanes is "studentses"). A reporter says it, other listen and like it, and the next week, a new word has been created (or and "old word" has been definitely destroyed). I think that is the actual modern "cultural dominance", the modern standard Spanish in Spain. Sigh!. See you!--Garcilaso 12:24, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Hi Garcilaso. It is a pleasure talking to you. I think we should work together on other articles related to Spain as well as this rather obscure one. Some of the things I say are imprecise and you are right to point out my mistakes. I said that Madrid was more Castilian in the sense that it is now the seat of political and mediatic power. It is however more Manchegan than Castilian historically, as you say. I do not wish to say Caceres is Castile. I just say that Extremadura is a transition zone between Castilian and Andaluz culture. I dont know if you have visited Badajoz, its white washed towns such as Zafra and ,above all, met its people. But it is Andalusia in everything except by name. One of the projects for the andalusian autonomous community in the 70s actually included Badajoz as the 9th province. As for your main point I can only agree. I was being a bit too reductionist in my approach and there is more to this centralized cultural dominance than Castile. Why Bagdag? I have heard that often and it has always really irritated me. As for Talibanes... that is more understandable considering that the word Talib is not used in the West. Enjoy your weekend!

--Burgas00 22:38, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Salamanca and Zamora are obviously not Castile. Please don't mess up things. --Salmantino 14:23, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Order of kings

 * Modern Spanish monarchs are numbered according to the system of Castile.

Really? I thought that the highest number was taken. However I found the case of the Carlist pretender Jaime I de Castilla y III de Aragón, but the Carlist valued the tradition and the regions, so they may follow different rules. Error 23:51, 7 September 2006 (UTC) -- the numbers for the kings (emperors) of Spain come from the triangle Asturias-Leon-Galicia. - the numbers in Castile are much shorter.77.231.81.87 (talk) 18:20, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

Castilian identity
The statement ''Castilian identity is now defined negatively rather than positively. The reason for this is that Castilian nationalism was the first to have been destroyed by the Spanish Crown during the revolt and war of the Castilian War of the Communities against the Spanish Monarchy, between 1520 and 1521.'' is arguable. Indeed many Spaniards who don´t have Castilian as first language regard Castilian negatively, but this is due to historic (specially in Francoist period) represion of non-Castillian languages. Holding the view of the Comuneros as a nationalist movement is also,at least, arguable.--Xareu bs (talk) 15:55, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * defined negatively means defined as a subtraction, that is, Castile is all that is not Galicia, Andalusia, Valencia, Asturias, etc. etc.. Like the negative of a photograph. --Jotamar (talk) 23:45, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks.--Xareu bs (talk) 15:02, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

the truth about Castile
the true Castile is the Kingdom of Castile. The other kingdoms are not Castile: the Kingdom of Asturias, the Kingdom of Leon, the Kingdom of Toledo (La Mancha), Kingdom of Navarre, Kingdom of Aragon... etc the Kingdom of Castile was extremely popular: the Constitutions (called Fueros in Spanish) were of a radical Democracy, according to current standards (some scholars have called them "Anarchist"). Castile is NOT the craddle for Spain; it is Leon and Galicia, -both coming from Asturias-, and not Castile; except only in language. Since I dont have the time, the best thing you can do is to read the article "Comunidad de Villa y Tierra" if you can read Wikipedia in Spanish; to know what Castile really was. There you will find much of information, and bibliography. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.37.183.2 (talk) 14:24, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Comunidad de Villa y Tierra in English is said "Community of Town and Land".213.37.183.2 (talk) 19:37, 25 September 2011 (UTC) -- the article is written as well in Catalan language.-- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.37.183.2 (talk) 19:40, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

it it important as well, if you can read the article "Behetria" in the Spanish Wikipedia.- 213.37.183.2 (talk) 15:18, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

another very interesting article is "Comunidad de Aldeas" (= Community of Hamlets or villages): "Anarchist" Castilian institutions in the kingdom of Aragon.83.60.47.78 (talk) 15:03, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

map of Castile
you can see a map of Castile (the kingdom of Castile), in the SPANISH Wikipedia, the article "Anselmo Carretero". - Thankyou - — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.37.183.2 (talk) 12:37, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

lying books
if you have read the previous articles in the Spanish Wikipedia, you dont need to be Aristotle to understand that the books of History of Spain are FILLED with lies. but you ought to be very cautious -it is important--. These informations are super- censored in Spain.-- 213.37.30.13 (talk) 14:35, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

an interesting proof: the King of Spain.
An interesting proof of what the History of Spain has been, is the official titles of the king of Spain: he is not "king of Cantabria, king of Castile and Leon, king of Madrid, king of La Rioja nor king of Castile-La Mancha". His historical titles are king of Leon, King of Castile and king of Toledo (the name of the kingdom is Kingdom of Toledo).- nothing else. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.37.30.13 (talk) 13:13, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Move to delete section
/* Castilian identity and cultural expansion */ Is this section even necessary in an article on Castile? It appears to concern other regions almost exclusively, to contain not a single verifiable fact, and to express the opinions of its author as opposed to being a neutral distillation of reliable sources. IMO, this entire article is in danger of devolving into a forum for misplaced political and regional grudges more appropriate to a Talk section. I move to delete the entire section on "Castilian identity", and shall do so within a week if no cogent objections are expressed hereunder. "Identity" is subjective and has no place in an encyclopedia. Alphaten (talk) 09:13, 26 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The section you mention is basically an essay, I guess written mostly by an editor who is no longer active. However that's not my main concern. You have deleted the single most important statement that a reader should learn from this page, namely that Castile is today a vaguely defined region. What exactly are your sources of information about Castile? How do you know the exact limits of Castile? --Jotamar (talk) 16:23, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your input on this question. The section requires extensive cleanup, abbreviation (there are lots of redundant and repetitious sentences), improvement in the standard of English, and above all inline citations for reference. Without citations, Wikipedia policy is to delete paragraphs that lack them. What do you think is the rationalization for the existence of this section?

 * As to your other query: "vaguely defined", without strong citations for accuracy, are both weasel words and have no place in an encyclopedic article. (Maybe they would pass muster in the Spanish wikipedia, where standards are lax, but they cannot be permitted here.) The idea is perfectly well expressed in any case by the clause which I left standing - namely that Castile has no officially defined borders in modern times. As to my qualifications, I have lived in Spain, and studied its history and literature at university. What are yours? (not that such things matter: we follow sources, not our own 'expertise', and there don't seem to be any sources whatsoever for this section, nor indeed for the Castile article in general). Alphaten (talk) 16:19, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

 * PS. You very pertinently characterized this section as an "essay". Essays by their nature are comprised largely of original research and conclusions - by themselves very good reasons for deletion of the section containing them, according English Wikipedia policies. Alphaten (talk) 17:05, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

 * And a further observation: This section, beginning as it does with the words 'Castilians are...', is more about people than it is about geography or history. So do note that the article's title is 'Castile (historical region)' not 'Castilian people', for which a separate article exists. An essay on people therefore has no place in an article whose subject is the region itself. Alphaten (talk) 17:21, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * This entry is a shoddy piece of work with a severe lack of nuance and citations. I hope this does not speak volumes about the "lax" standards of English Wikipedia.--Asqueladd (talk) 19:51, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * To what are you referring precisely? I have spent many hours cleaning up an execrable article comprised of sub-standard English and copyediting to a higher level of idiomatic English, shortening as I went along. Please do not revert my edits en-masse before discussing the reasons for each change here on talk. Alphaten (talk) 20:02, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about? I haven't reverted your edits en masse. I just removed the infobox and referenced the lead. Is this a reversion of an extensive cleanup? You are full of yourself, aren't you?--Asqueladd (talk) 20:03, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * No. And please try to keep a civil tongue in your head. Alphaten (talk) 20:08, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * No? Well, perfect. If not a reversion of an "extensive cleanup" would you care to tell us what is it according to you? According to me, it is the removal of an impossible infobox and the sourcing of the first line of the entry, until then unsourced.--Asqueladd (talk) 20:12, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * There's no need whatsoever for sarcasm. We don't arbitrarily delete existing infoboxes and their graphics without replacing them with something better. ie. if the existing box was faulty, you should have replaced it with a working one. In the meantime, the existing box is just fine - the page displays no error messages that I can see. Alphaten (talk) 20:16, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Not every Wikipedia article requires an infobox. Yes, an infobox can be useful in certain articles, but many of them are just unnecessary repetitions of facts already presented in the article's lead—or worse, an oversimplified mass of disconnected facts devoid of context and nuance. The result: A Wikipedia infested with disinfoboxes that waste space and result in miscommunication, ambiguity, inaccuracy and redundancy. (Disinfoboxes) A box aggressively attracts the marginally literate eye with apparent promises to contain a reductive summary of information; not all information can be so neatly contained. Like a bulleted list, or a timeline that substitutes for genuine history, it offers a competitive counter-article, stripped of nuance. As a substitute for accuracy and complexity, a box trumps all discourse. (a courtesy of User:Wetman) A textbook case of disinfobox this one, if you ask me.--Asqueladd (talk) 20:20, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Agreed, but this page already had an infobox (with a very useful map) when I came to it. So I really don't see the point of deleting it unless you're going to replace the working box with a better one. And to answer one of your prior questions, if you would check the edit log for this article you will notice that I have worked hard copyediting and trying to get the prose into acceptable English. When I found this article it was even more sub-standard than it is now - and I'll be the first to concur that it needs a LOT more work, particularly in the area of citations and better English... Alphaten (talk) 20:27, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't think it is a "very useful map", mostly because a Wikimedia Commons user deciding "two possible interpretations of Castile" entails no more than bonafide haphazardness derived from original research. And the reason to remove the infobox (and not "replacing it with a better one") is the article not gaining the much required nuanced "accuracy and complexity" when either of them being featured in that prominent place (but the contrary).--Asqueladd (talk) 20:32, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, that's just your personal opinion. Personally, I found the map quite useful, in that it shows the historic areas well, along with what one might call the more 'contested' areas of Castile. I have no emotional investment in the subject, by the way, being British. You may well have, but you shouldn't allow strong personal opinions of your own to reflect in an ostensibly neutral encyclopedia article. Alphaten (talk) 20:39, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * PS. If it is the image's caption that you object to (ie. "two possible interpretations..."), well, we can change that easily enough. Let's discuss some possibilities... --Alphaten (talk) 20:47, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * As the above is your opinion (difference being I have less of a burden of proof in claiming that unsourced map is haphazard, than you for claiming it is not). The problem is not the caption (in some ways it portrays the arbitrarianess of choosing two interpretations of an imprecise territory as head of any entry). I don't think I have a marked "emotional investment" in the topic either. In any case, I intend to pull again soon the tentative sourcing of the first line. You can see the version in the diff. If you deem that sourced version inadequate (on a basis different than the level of English displayed), provide a working and sourced alternative. If not, in some days I will pull again the change in the lede, and we will get back to discuss the issue of getting rid of the disinfobox, or if you wish, in how to improve the level of English in that lede.--Asqueladd (talk) 20:45, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Feel free to source the lead with an inline citation, but please do not change the lead sentence, which I worked very hard on (or unless you are sure your newer English version can top mine for brevity and concision). Alphaten (talk) 20:56, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I give you time to look for sources for the unsourced first line, but not a tacit agreement to concede you the right to impose an unsourced version (featuring two unsourced weasel terms "historical"&"traditionally", and an oversimplication leading to a lack of accuracy) because of it being good English. See you around here in some days.--Asqueladd (talk) 21:41, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Sourced the lead's first two sentences with inline citations from the Encyclopedia Britannica online, and will be adding more sources as time goes on. Thank you for your input on this subject. Alphaten (talk) 21:46, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Your sourcing leaves holes. As you include "defined definitions" for Old and New Castile corresponding to current day borders (current day correspondences which are not included in the britannica source, by the way), you missed for example Albacete being in current day Castile-La Mancha, and not being in many conceptualizations of New Castile (but being in Murcia). Or the so-called "Castilla Novísima" in Andalusia, or the ruckus about Cantabria, La Rioja, Palencia or Valladolid being part or not being part of Old Castile. The source I used also divides between Old and New, but does not bluntly enters current day correspondences of those territories (I guess because of obvious reasons: it explicitly states it is an imprecise territory as it features undefined or changing borders dependent on the particular map). As said before not all information can be so neatly contained as one may wish. I get it gets back to the problem you had with the "vaguely defined region" thing posed by which you deemed weasel but that can be already attributed to the source (as "imprecise territory")--Asqueladd (talk) 22:05, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * That's something which should - and I believe already is - discussed in the body of the Article itself, under Geography, not the lead section, which ought to remain as short and concise as possible. I think we've now done as good a job as possible on the lead... Alphaten (talk) 22:22, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, but I mean everything going further than Old and New Castile in the scope of territoriality should be dealt with in a place with nuances and conflicting views (most probably that place is not the lead). And I am going to get back to the "imprecise territory" bit, which can already be sourced (it already was!). Neither you or I are going to deliver a authoritative definition apt for the lede free of contradictory views of what does enter in Castile and what doesn't. It's impossible because sources cannot agree.--Asqueladd (talk) 22:33, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The sourced I used introduced three important nuances about the concept. 1) It distinguishes the concept from the "Kingdom", 2) it establishes it is an imprecise "territory" 3) It divides it between Old and New. If you want further territorial adjectivation "covering a sizeable chunk of peninsular Spain" or smth like that (which it is somewhat mentioned in the britannica: "covering more than one-quarter of Peninsular Spain) could be used. But I stress the "imprecise territory" bit is an improvement in the lede and can be sourced.--Asqueladd (talk) 22:45, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's great, but as I said, questionable aspects should be left for the body of the Geography section. If people are interested in those, they will read further. The lead must always remain as uncluttered with uncertainties as possible, even at the expense of a slight bias (or whatever you prefer to call it -- 'imbalance'?) By all means, in a second sentence, allude briefly to any uncertainties, but really no one is interested in these at the lead level. What they want is broad strokes... Alphaten (talk) 22:48, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

"An imprecise territory"

 * What worries me most about your suggestion, Asqueladd, is that 'imprecise territory' introduces yet another weasel-word ('imprecise') and I'm really not sure how that term can be convincingly worked in to the lead's second sentence. Any ideas? Feel free to lay them out here... You say you can source it: what is the source? A book? Alphaten (talk) 23:07, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Ok, how about: "Though imprecise [source], the area covers the modern autonomous communities of Cantabria and La Rioja with eastern Castile and León, Castile-La Mancha, and Madrid." ? Alphaten (talk) 23:17, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * And really, no one can deny that the former areas of Old and New Castile do encompass present-day Madrid geographically. So there is no imprecision there, in terms of area. Lay the shape of Castile over a modern map of Spain, and Madrid is covered by it :) Alphaten (talk) 23:28, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The Britannica article is really poor. It basically gives you the folksy information that any random Spaniard will tell you: Old and New Castile, and land of castles. The rest of the Britannica article is about history, so not really relevant here. If you read any in-depth and modern study about the subject, both ideas (the name and the extension) crumble quickly. For instance, it has been pointed out that the area originally called Castile in northern Burgos province contains hardly any castle at all! About Old and New Catile, though both names are older, their limits were established in the provincial division of 1833; once the territory of Spain was divided in provinces, those provinces were grouped in larger units for convenience, and the names were assigned by a politician in Madrid: he could have decided to use Región de Toledo instead of New Castile, for example; that name would have had at least as much historical tradition. In sum, the current lead is in my opinion a simpleton's version of what Castile is. Now you are going to ask for sources, but I don't have the time to research this properly. Asqueladd is in a better position for it, as he has written most of the Spanish WP article about Castile. Anyway, I'd like Alphaten to at least acknowledge that the Britannica article is not a good starting point. --Jotamar (talk) 18:00, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I still say pass in specific territoriality in the lede, and thus avoiding the application of a fixation of current borders missing the actual point of sourced issue of territorial imprecision (wanting to haphazardly overcome it). I know it can sound frustrating, probably an English language reader wants to know "what is Castilian and what not" because "Castile has to exist as well-defined entity" (just like England is?), because "at the very least a default version of Castile is surely well defined" but the article does not gain accuracy from trying to do it in the lede but haphazardness. Alphaten, If you are talking about Madrid because I put a citation needed in that gallery pic, although everything is weasel, in this case the "dubiousness" goes further, becase it relates to the "self-defined" bit, very much wishful thinking. AFAIK, dealing with it in es:wiki and with (the lack of) reliable sources in the matter, the self-definition bit is a wishful & veeeeery stretched interpretation of a primary source by Wikipedia editors that at some time was quite spread in several geographical articles in es:wiki probaby trying to prove differents points (tentatively, I even suspect that those irrelevant purposes include the scope of a WikiProject :S) --Asqueladd (talk) 19:29, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

Alphaten is inactive since March the 1st, and he or she was very active before that date. I hope the user's not ill. This discussion though can't wait indefinitely for that editor, so reverting part of Alphaten's editions might be a sound course of action now. --Jotamar (talk) 17:19, 20 March 2019 (UTC)

Intro very dense and difficult
In my opinion the introduction is unnecessarily academic and as someone unfamiliar with this topic I find the language very inaccessible. The fact that you can look up definitions as it is an intro section in an encyclopedia and therefore should strive to be legible to non-experts. morsontologica (talk) 08:24, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * could you suggest an alternative wording? Thanks. --Jotamar (talk) 06:06, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Castile (historical region)


text:
Linda Sharp

Linda Kay Sharp (born March 14, 1950) is an American former collegiate women's basketball coach. Her coaching career spans 31 seasons with stints on all levels from elementary, junior high and high school to the collegiate and professional ranks, and she was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2001.

Early life and education
Born in Okmulgee, Oklahoma and raised in Cypress, California, Sharp attended John F. Kennedy High School in Los Angeles and played at point guard on the basketball team. She enrolled at Fullerton Junior College in 1968 to begin her college basketball career and transferred to Cal State Fullerton in 1970. In her senior season, Cal State Fullerton finished third in the 1972 AIAW national championship.

College
After graduating from Cal State Fullerton in 1973 with a physical education degree, Sharp taught part-time at a local Catholic school and also did substitute teaching before landing a full-time teaching and coaching position at Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana. Sharp taught American literature and physical education and coached girls' basketball, volleyball, and softball in addition to launching tennis and track programs.

In 1976, the University of Southern California (USC) hired Sharp as an assistant coach for its women's basketball program; Sharp was a part-time assistant at USC while still coaching at Mater Dei. After one year, USC promoted Sharp to head coach. In twelve seasons from 1977 to 1989, Sharp accumulated a 271-99 won-loss record.

Turning around a program that won only five games in 1976–77, USC won 21 games in Sharp's second season as head coach in 1978–79. Sharp led USC to back-to-back NCAA national championships in 1983 and 1984. For USC's 1984 national title, Sharp earned WCAA, Wade Trophy, and Sporting News Coach of the Year honors. While at USC, she was selected as the Pac-10 Conference "Coach of the Year" three times. In May 1989, she resigned from the program, citing a need for a new challenge while accepting the head coach position at Southwest Texas State University.

From 1989 to 1997, Sharp compiled a 138-85 record in eight seasons at Southwest Texas State (now Texas State).

For seven years, Sharp served on the NCAA Basketball Rules Committee.

In 2001, Sharp was hired as the head coach of the women's basketball team at Concordia University Texas, a Division III school. She coached the team for seven years and to an 87–87 won-loss record. On September 10, 2008, Sharp resigned from Concordia.

Sharp's career head coach record is 496–271 after 27 years coaching NCAA women's basketball.

WNBA
In 1997, she became the first head coach of the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association. Sharp later assisted her former player at USC, Cheryl Miller, with the Phoenix Mercury in 2000. Then in 2002, Sharp became the interim head coach for the Phoenix Mercury after Cynthia Cooper resigned from the position. Sharp had a 9–24 overall record as a WNBA head coach.

USA Basketball
Sharp was chosen as the head coach of the team representing the US in 1981 at the William Jones Cup competition in Taipei, Taiwan. The team won their first four games easily, then faced the Republic of China - Blue team. Although the USA had an early ten-point lead, the Blue team came back to lead by four points at halftime. The USA opened the second half with a 9–2 run to reclaim the lead for good and went on to win the game. They then went on to win their next two games easily, and faced the defending champions South Korea in the final. The game was very close, throughout much of the game, including a tie at 49 points each with about ten minutes to go. The South Koreans then pulled out to a nine-point lead with under two minutes left. The USA team pulled the margin back to three points, but could not close the gap. The South Korean team won, and the USA team received the silver medal.

Sharp was the head coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Zagreb, Yugoslavia in July 1987. The team started out with a 35-point victory over Poland and followed that with a 41-point victory over Finland. In the third game, the USA faced the host team Yugoslavia. The USA hit a high percentage of their shots from the free throw line, 16 of 19, but the Yugoslav team earned 43 shots from the line, of which they made 34. With a home crowd behind them, the game came down to the wire, and was tied at the end of regulation. In overtime, Yugoslavia out scored the US and won the game 93–89. The USA still had a chance to make it to the medal round, but to do so had to win their next game against China, and do so by at least five points. The USA fell behind, and were down 16 points at halftime. They fell behind by 20 at one point, but made up the deficit and more in the second half. They went on to win the game, but by only a single point 84–83. They won their final game against Canada, but this left them in fifth place, the first time ever the USA team did not win a medal at the World University Games.

College
Source for USC:

Sources for Texas State:

Source for Concordia (TX):

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Linda Sharp


text:
Coronel Oviedo

Coronel Oviedo, locally simply known as Oviedo, is a city in east-central Paraguay. It is the capital of the Caaguazú Department, about 150 kilometers east of Asunción, and was founded in 1758.

The city has a population of about 52,400 (2006 Estimate) and is the hometown of former president Nicanor Duarte Frutos. Coronel Oviedo is an important transit point, as it lies halfway between Asunción and Ciudad del Este. In addition, it sits at the intersection of highways Ruta 2, Ruta 7 and Ruta 8.

The moniker for the city is the "Capital of Work" or capital de trabajo in Spanish.

The original name of the city at the time of its founding was "Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Ajos" or "Our Lady of the Rosary of Garlic", as the cultivation of garlic was a prominent local cash crop and formed a significant base for trade in the city. In 1931 the government of Paraguay changed the name of the city to Coronel Oviedo in memory of Cnel Florentin Oviedo, hero of the War of the Triple Alliance. After the war Oviedo settled in Ajos live there until his dead in 1935.

The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Coronel Oviedo.

Climate
Coronel Oviedo has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with hot summers and warm winters.

title: Coronel Oviedo


text:
User talk:Davisoppong

'''i am davis yaw oppong boateng.i am a ghanaian, who lives in the capital of ghana, accra.

i was born on 23 october 1986.'''

title: User talk:Davisoppong


text:
User:Komet

Komet's English is better than yours. So is his German.

title: User:Komet


text:
Narcotic Thrust

Narcotic Thrust are an English electronic dance music duo, consisting of producers Stuart Crichton and Andy Morris. The name Narcotic Thrust is an anagram of "Stuart Crichton".

Their song "Safe from Harm" hit No. 1 on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart in 2002, featuring the lead vocals of Yvonne John Lewis. It was also the first track released on Deep Dish's Yoshitoshi Records to top the US dance chart.

In mid-2004, Narcotic Thrust saw even greater success when their single "I Like It" reached No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart.

The band's third single in 2005, called "When the Dawn Breaks", featured Gary Clark (vocalist from the Scottish band Danny Wilson) on vocals. In 2006, Narcotic Thrust released their fourth single, "Waiting for You" again featuring the vocals of Yvonne John Lewis.

Narcotic Thrust have also made remixes of "The Sound of Violence" by Cassius, "Red Blooded Woman" by Kylie Minogue and "Suffer Well" by Depeche Mode.

Awards and nominations
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" | Award ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Nominee(s) ! scope="col" | Category ! scope="col" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref. !scope="row"|Billboard Music Awards !scope="row"|DanceStar USA Awards
 * 2005
 * Themselves
 * Top Hot Dance Airplay Artist
 * Nominated
 * 2003
 * "Safe from Harm"
 * Record of the Year
 * Nominated

title: Narcotic Thrust


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Caazapá

Caazapá is a city in Paraguay, founded in 1607, by Friar Luis de Bolaños. It is located in the Caazapá District and is the capital of the Caazapá Department. There are five neighbourhoods called "Barrios" in the city: Then main one is the Barrio San Pablo, the other 4 are: Barrio Santa Teresita, Barrio San Blás, Barrio San Antonio, and Barrio San Roque-within which is the original Chapel, built by franciscans during the famous Jesuit reductions of Paraguay. The Franciscan Reduction at Caazapá was an important event in Paraguayan cultural heritage.

Etymology
The city gets its name from the Jesuit reduction originally located in it. The latter was called Caaçapá in Classical Guarani, meaning "[the place] after the forest." This was due to the natives' belief that somewhere beyond the forest God, through Friar Luis de Bolaños, had made water spring out.

Climate
Caazapá has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with hot summers and warm winters.

title: Caazapá


text: File:Crasshopper.jpg

title: File:Crasshopper.jpg


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Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polkadot Bikini

"Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" is a novelty song telling the story of a shy girl wearing a revealing polka dot bikini at the beach. It was written by Paul Vance and Lee Pockriss and first released in June 1960 by Brian Hyland, with an orchestra conducted by John Dixon. The Hyland version reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, selling a million copies in the US, and was a worldwide hit. The song has been adapted into French as "Itsy bitsy petit bikini" and into German as "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Honolulu-Strand-Bikini", reaching number one on national charts in both languages. Several versions of the song have proved successful in various European countries. In 1990 a version by British pop band Bombalurina, titled "Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini", reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and in Ireland.

History and lyrics
The story told through the three verses of the song is as follows: (1) the young lady is too afraid to leave the locker where she has changed into her bikini; (2) she has made it to the beach but sits on the sand wrapped in a blanket; (3) she has finally gone into the ocean, but is too afraid to come out, and stays immersed in the water – despite the fact she's "turning blue" – to hide herself from view.

Trudy Packer recited the phrases "...two, three, four / Tell the people what she wore", heard at the end of each verse before the chorus; and "Stick around, we'll tell you more", heard after the first chorus and before the start of the second verse.

In an interview and article by Greg Ehrbar in The Cartoon Music Book, edited by Daniel Goldmark and Yuval Taylor, Rankin-Bass musical director Maury Laws said he 'ghosted' the arrangement of the song for John Dixon, as Dixon had taken on more work than he could handle at that time.

At a time when bikini bathing suits were still seen as too risqué to be mainstream, the song prompted a sudden takeoff in bikini sales. It is credited as being one of the earliest contributors to the acceptance of the bikini in society. The early 1960s saw a slew of surf movies and other film and television productions that rapidly built on the song's momentum.

Hyland's version hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on August 8, 1960, and sold over a million copies in the US. It also made the top 10 in other countries, including #8 on the UK Singles Chart. It also reached #1 in New Zealand.

Ownership controversy
In September 2006, Paul Vance, the song's co-writer, saw his own mistaken obituary on TV, as a consequence of the death of another man, Paul Van Valkenburgh, who claimed to have written "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polkadot Bikini" under the name Paul Vance. The impostor had explained his lack of royalty payments for the song by claiming that he had sold the rights as a teenager. Vance, the song's true co-author, earned several million dollars from the song from 1960 until his own death in 2022, describing it as "a money machine."

In other media
The song was featured in the 1961 Billy Wilder film comedy One, Two, Three – in a key scene, the character Otto (Horst Buchholz), suspected of being a spy, is being tortured by the East German police playing the song to him repetitively, eventually with the record off-center to create a weird howling variation of pitch. The actual recording was re-released in 1962 to capitalize on the film's success, but it did not rechart. The song also spawned an answer record by Connecticut singer Jeri Lynn Fraser titled 'Poor Begonia (Got Pnuemonia)'

The song is also used in the films Aparna Sen film 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981), Sister Act 2 and Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise.

In early 2005, the song was used in a TV ad for Yoplait Light in the United States.

It was going to be one of the tracks for Just Dance 2017, but was removed for an unknown reason. However, it has made an appearance in its sequel Just Dance 2018, performed by The Sunlight Shakers.

The Bombalurina version of the song features in the 2024 Doctor Who episode "Dot and Bubble".

Italian versions
The song was adapted into Italian under the title "Pezzettini di Bikini" by Giancarlo Testoni and recorded by Dalida in 1960. Then was recorded by Marino Marini

French versions
The song was adapted into French under the title "Itsy bitsy petit bikini" by André Salvet and Lucien Morisse. The French version was recorded in 1960 first by Dalida and then by Johnny Hallyday and Richard Anthony. Sales of all three French versions, as well as Brian Hyland's English version, were combined and reached number one in Wallonia (French-speaking Belgium), charting for nine months from September 1, 1960, to May 1, 1961.

A version by the animated character Funny Bear also reached the top 30 in France in 2007.

Richard Anthony's version of "Itsy bitsy petit bikini" appears in the 2006 film A Good Year.

Track listings
Dalida version 7-inch single Barclay 70345 (1960)
 * 1) "Itsi bitsi petit bikini" (2:13)
 * 2) "O sole mio" (2:51)

Johnny Hallyday version 7-inch single Vogue V. 45-775 (1960)
 * 1) "Itsy bitsy petit bikini" (2:15)
 * 2) "Depuis qu'ma môme" (2:25)

German versions
In Germany, the song was renamed "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Honolulu-Strand-Bikini" and with German lyrics written by Rudolf Günter Loose. It was recorded by Club Honolulu, an alias for French-born Italian singer Caterina Valente and her brother Silvio Francesco, and reached number one on the West German charts.

The teenage Danish brothers Jan & Kjeld also recorded a version in German, but although the duo were popular in West Germany, having already had several hits there, their version failed to chart in that country, and its only chart appearance was in the Netherlands.

Albert West versions
Dutch singer Albert West collaborated with original singer Hyland on an updated version in 1988, which reached number 43 on the Dutch singles chart. In 2003 West recorded another version of the song with Band Zonder Banaan which reached number 36.

Bombalurina version
In July 1990, a version was released by Bombalurina, titled "Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini", which featured Timmy Mallett, star of Wacaday, a popular UK children's television show of the time, along with two dancers, Dawn Andrews and Annie Dunkley. Andrews later married Gary Barlow of the group Take That. Mallett told the British pop magazine Smash Hits that the composer of popular theatre musicals Andrew Lloyd Webber had come up with the idea for making the single, and had asked Mallett to sing on it. The day after recording the song, Mallett took a copy of it on a tour of European clubs where he was making personal appearances, and asked the clubs' DJs to play the song, raising public awareness of the record. In November 2008, schoolteacher and former singer Everton Barnes claimed that he was the real singer on the record, as Mallett had been unable to hit the right notes and sang flat.

The song was released on Carpet Records, a subsidiary of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Really Useful Group. Lloyd Webber later admitted that he had produced the song because his wife had bet him that as a composer of musical theatre, he would not be able to make a pop song that was a big hit. The band name "Bombalurina" was taken from the name of one of the characters in Lloyd Webber's musical Cats.

The song reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on August 19, 1990, and was certified silver for sales of 200,000 copies. The single also reached number one in Ireland and the top ten in Austria, Finland, Germany, New Zealand, and Norway.

Other cover versions and parodies
There have been cover versions in many languages.
 * Teenage singer Jeri Lynne Fraser released "Poor Begonia (Caught Pneumonia)" in 1960 as an answer to what happened next.
 * Comedian Buddy Hackett released a cover version of this song soon after the original was released.
 * German version with Club Honolulu (Caterina Valente and her brother Silvio Francesco) in 1960.
 * The country comedy duo Homer and Jethro did a parody version on their 1966 album "Songs To Tickle Your Funny Bone".
 * Connie Francis included a version of the song on her 1966 album Connie Francis and The Kids Next Door.
 * Jimi Hendrix played a brief cover of the song on the live recording Mr. Pitiful, released in 1981 in Germany only.
 * German punk band Die Toten Hosen covered the Club Honolulu version (in German) on their 1987 cover album Never Mind the Hosen, Here's Die Roten Rosen. It was released as a promo single under the alias Die Roten Rosen. Also, on the 2007 re-release, the English version was added as a bonus track.
 * Hungarian pop star Szandi covered the song as the title track of her 1989 album Kicsi lány (English translation: Little Girl). The chorus in Hungarian is the following: "Egy csöppnyi, ici-pici, csuda-buli, Honolulu fürdőruci", meaning "A teenie-weenie, itsy-bitsy, super-dooper Honolulu swimming suit".
 * A cover version was made by Devo on the CD Pioneers Who Got Scalped. This version of the song had appeared in the film Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise, but was unavailable on CD until the release of the Pioneers album.
 * Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy covered the song for the 1993 album Muppet Beach Party.
 * Ray Stevens, in 2012, covered the song on his 9-CD Encyclopedia of Recorded Comedy Music project.
 * Mud recorded a cover version in 1982.
 * A Brazil version, a little faithful to the original, "Biquíni de Bolinha Amarelinha Tão Pequenininho", (LP Ronnie Cord, Copacabana CLP 11.164, October 1960) was a hit in 1960 when it was sung by Ronnie Cord, and had some re-recordings, by artists like Celly Campello and Blitz's 1983 version.
 * A Spanish version "Bikini Amarillo" (very faithful to the original) was an enormous hit for Mexican singer Manolo Muñoz in the 1960s.
 * A Finnish version "Pikku pikku bikinissä" was sung by Pirkko Mannola in 1961.
 * A Danish version "En mægtig smart men meget sart bikini" was sung by Dirch Passer and Lily Broberg in 1960.
 * A Serbian version "Bikini sa žutim tačkicama" was sung by Ljiljana Petrović in 1962.
 * In 1983, the British group Echo & the Bunnymen composed and recorded the song "Do It Clean", released on Porcupine album, which lyric lines were inspired by the Hyland's hit: "Iszy bitzy witzy itzy everywhere / I've been here and I've been there".
 * In 1984, Dutch singer John Spencer made a Dutch version called 'Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Rood Wit Blauwe Monokini' (meaning 'Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Red White and Blue Monokini')
 * George Wright covered the song in his 1984 album Red Hot and Blue.
 * In 1987, it was sung in Greek by Polina (Πωλίνα), with the title "Το ροζ μπικίνι" (English: "The Pink Bikini"), in her album Πάμε για τρέλλες στις Σεϋχέλλες (Pame gia trelles stis Seychelles).
 * Argentinian pop groups Viuda e hijas de Roque Enroll and The Sacados recorded successful versions in 1984 and 1990 respectively, under the name "Bikini a lunares amarillo". The lyrics were translated into local slang, and update the source of shame to lack of waxing.
 * A Portuguese version "Bikini Pequenino às Bolinhas Amarelas" was sung by group Onda Choc in 1990. It was a hit and would later be re-recorded by Docemania in 2008.
 * Another cover version was "El Cohete Americano", a Cuban propaganda song sung by Las D'Aida in Album de la Revolucion Cubana (2000).
 * A Bulgarian version "Бански на лалета" ("Tulip Themed Bathing Suit") sung by the children group Sparrows (Врабчета) contains kids-friendly comic lyrics. In the lyrics, a girl falls in love with a boy impressed by his tulip themed swimming suit among other things.
 * In Croatian, there is a cover by the group Trio Tividi, titled simply "Bikini".
 * With lyrics in Swedish by Karl-Lennart, Lill-Babs recorded the song.
 * At the beginning of 2006, a parody of the song was used for a TV Easy magazine advert, "I need an Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie TV Easy Magaziney".
 * Günther recorded a version, "Teeny Weeny String Bikini".
 * The singing character Gummibär recorded original English, Spanish and French versions.
 * A snippet is the last song covered on the 12" version of the "Stars on 45 Medley".
 * In 1960, it was sung in Japanese by Danny Iida & The Paradise King with Kyu Sakamoto as a member. (Toshiba Records JP-5051)
 * In 2021, the German pirate folk metal band, Storm Seeker, covered "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Honolulu Strand-Bikini" in German on their second studio album.
 * Swedish-American group The Mamas released a cover version in 2021 with new arrangement and some changes in the lyrics.


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Stab (Luftwaffe designation)

The German language term Stab (literal translation: "staff") was used during World War II to designate a headquarters unit of the German Luftwaffe (air force). There were Stab units at the level of a Gruppe or Geschwader – units that were equivalent to wings and groups in the air forces of the English-speaking world. Stab units directly controlled aircraft as well as controlling those belonging to subordinate units.

These command units used the mandated blue or green "staff aircraft" colour for the third character (the individual aircraft's letter) of their alphanumeric Geschwaderkennung wing code, to distinguish their aircraft from the rest of air units in the same unit. These units were divided in the following form, for the fourth and last character normally used to distinguish individual Staffeln (squadrons) from the letter "H" onwards in Luftwaffe wing codes:

 * Geschwader Stab = A (third letter blue)
 * Stab I Gruppe ("Staff Unit, I Group") = B (third letter green)
 * Stab II Gruppe = C (third letter green)
 * Stab III Gruppe = D (third letter green)
 * Stab IV Gruppe = F (third letter green)
 * Stab V Gruppe = G (third letter green)

On some occasions they also used letters Q, I, J, W and others, or numbers, but these were used less commonly. As day fighter Jagdgeschwader combat wings did not use the Geschwaderkennung four-character alphanumeric code system for aircraft identification, as one example, the all-jet Jagdgeschwader 7 Nowotny and piston-engined Jagdgeschwader 300 Wilde Sau fighter wings, these used the red-blue or blue-white-blue Reich Defense (German Reich metropolitan defense) rear fuselage bands of 90 cm total width respectively, for their Stabsschwarm units. Under the cockpit, the rank of the air commander might have been indicated via a rank sign, with or without additional letters as mentioned above.

For example:

 * An airplane codified "A", green in colour, with D/St.III/St.G.77, indicated it was a member of Stab III of Stukageschwader (Dive Bomber Wing) No. 77.
 * An airplane codified "G", green in colour, with a little white tank (Panzer) painting near the cockpit, and S.G. 1, indicated it was a member of Stab of Schlachtgeschwader (Ground Attack Wing) no. 1.

title: Stab (Luftwaffe designation)


text:
Portal:Trains/Anniversaries/November 1/More

19th century

 * 1853 – Canada West Railroad opens its first division connecting Niagara Falls to Hamilton, Ontario.
 * 1856 – Austrian Railways inaugurates passenger service over the line between Oraviţa, Transylvania (present day Romania), and Baziaş, on the Danube.
 * 1868 – Staatsspoorwegen opens Bad Nieuweschans railway station, now the easternmost station in the Netherlands, with the first train services there.
 * 1873 – Devon and Somerset Railway opens its complete line from Watchet Junction to Barnstaple.
 * 1880 – The Waldenburgerbahn opens as a steam-hauled railway.

20th century

 * 1908 – The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway inaugurates the Southern Belle passenger train between London and Brighton.
 * 1917 – Takatoku station, now known as Shin-Takatoku Station on Tobu Railway's Kinugawa Line in Nikkō, Tochigi, Japan, is opened.
 * 1918 – The Malbone Street Wreck occurs on the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) in New York City when an inexperienced motorman (pressed into service due to a strike by the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers) drives one of the system's trains into a curve too quickly and derails the train.
 * 1925 – Japan's Yamanote Line, which has since become one of Tokyo's busiest and most important commuter lines, opens.
 * 1929 – The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway celebrates the 21st "birthday" of the Southern Belle passenger train with ceremonies at each end of the train's route between London and Brighton.
 * 1952 – The Pacific Great Eastern Railway opens its branch from Quesnel, British Columbia, to a nearby junction with the Canadian National Railway.
 * 1960 – The Chicago and North Western Railway acquires the assets of the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway.
 * 1986 – Freight services are discontinued at Shiodome Freight Terminal in Tokyo, and the terminal is closed.
 * 1995 – Telecom Center Station in Kōtō, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, opens.

21st century

 * 2004 – Amtrak discontinues the Palmetto south of Savannah, Georgia, replacing rail service to several towns in western Central Florida with Thruway Motorcoach bus service. The Pennsylvanian west of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, is also discontinued, with the rest merged into the Keystone Service and Three Rivers lines.
 * 2005 – Fred Green succeeds Robert J. Ritchie as president of Canadian Pacific Railway; Ritchie continues as CEO of the railroad.

Deaths

 * 1856 – John Urpeth Rastrick, English steam locomotive builder and partner in Foster, Rastrick and Company (b. 1780).


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Salto del Guairá

Saltos del Guairá is a city in Paraguay. It is the capital of the department of Canindeyú. The city is located about 200 km north of Ciudad del Este. It borders the Brazilian municipality of Guairá, across the Paraná River which marks the border between Paraguay and Brazil.

The name "Guaíra" comes from the Tupi language and means "place difficult to access". The name "Salto del Guaira", which means "Guaira Falls" in Spanish, is named after the Guaíra Falls (just like its Brazilian twin city), which was located on the border with Brazil. The falls was submerged after the construction of the Itaipu Dam in 1982.

The Colony Salto del Guairá, was founded on March 3 of 1959, by a private company called "Colonizadora Salto del Guairá S.A" according to a note received by the firm's directory, formed by Mr. José Luís Serrati, Mr. Ibrahin Abud and Mr. Carlos Ricardo Méndez Goncalvez. Before its foundation, the place was named reserve #10, and later, by Ministerial resolution on October 17 of 1972, the Church council was created. This depended of Hernandarias District, and, at that time it was integrated by three renowned neighbors: Col (SR.) Isabelino Pimienta Medina (+) as the president, Carmelo Peralta as the treasurer, and for the secretary position, Prof. Pedro Ramón Girett.

On July 30 of 1973, the Executive power passed law 390, creating the district of Salto del Guairá and also setting a third category Municipality, separating from the district of Hernandarias. That same year, with law #426 of Territory political division, on expense of the separation of the territories of Caaguazú and Alto Paraná that loses all the north area of the Itambey river, with the district of Salto del Guairá.

The Municipal board requested to be elevated to first category on May 29 of 1974, based on the legal dispositions and for having the requirements demanded. In consequence by Decree Law 7131 dated July 2 that year, it promoted to the First Class City of Salto del Guairá, becoming capital of Canindeyú Department.

Its establishment coincides with the period of advancing agricultural frontier eastward, the construction of the Itaipu Dam and the extinction of the waterfalls in Saltos del Guairá

Geography
Salto del Guairá is in the Department of Canindeyú, the eastern of the country, its geographical location is latitude 24 º 04 'S and longitude 54 ° 20 W. This makes District boundaries to the north with the cities of Novo Mundo (MS) and Guaira (PR), Brazil as the latter taking the limit Paraná River and east, separated from this country in the mountains Amambay and Mbarakayú and the Paraná River, respectively. To the south the river divides the Itambey Department of Alto Paraná and the mountains of San Joaquin Caaguazú. To the west, the rivers Curuguaty and Corrientes separate them from the Department of San Pedro.

Canindeyú department is a predominantly rural for approximately 8 of every 10 inhabitants live in the countryside.

Climate
It has a pleasant climate for his height (200m.snm) with around 1,483 mm. For rainfall, 21 °C average annual temperature, with between 0 °C July and August as a minimum and 39 °C, the maximum. The rate of evaporation is 1,073.

Hydrography
The areas occupied by the district have two major classes of surface drainage, the water catchment area of river Piratiy and river Carapa.

Population and surface
The District of Salto del Guairá has a total population of 145841 inhabitants; density; 9.9 inhabitants/km2 and the surface is 14,667 km2.

Political Division
Capital: Salto del Guairá

It is divided into nine districts: Salto del Guairá, Itanará, Ypehú, Corpus Christi, Gen. Francisco Álvarez Caballero, Curuguaty, Ygatimi, La Paloma and Katueté.

Infrastructure
The city of Salto del Guairá, as a pole of development in the north of the country has an interesting infrastructure, as it is endowed with public buildings, government, military establishments, public and private hospitals, places of sport and recreation, commercial premises, schools, colleges, universities and religious temples.

Economy
The department's principal economical activity is tourist commerce, selling tons of products to Brazilians. Also important is agriculture, especially the cultivation of soy by its largest production volume. Next in importance crops maize sugarcane wheat and cotton.

The rugged topography, with broad valleys and flat and undulating terrain encourage farming department, which places it in third place on the production of cattle, at the national level. It also has a large stock of pigs and cattle on a smaller scale produce horses and goats.

Among the main branches of industrial activities developed, we can mention because of its importance as follows: manufacture of parts and pieces of carpentry for buildings and transportation activities, storage and warehousing and timber, bakery developing, manufacturing ceramic not refractory to use in the structural development of dairy products among others.

Education
Canindeyú has a low educational level and a significant proportion of the population does not have any instructions.

Salto del Guairá has three schools and fourteen associated primary schools for basic education, six schools of secondary level, a Faculty of Law and Social Sciences and one of Economics, a subsidiary of the National University of Ciudad del Este. It also has the U. T C. D and U. P. A. P

Health
The health infrastructure, measured in terms of number of centers, health posts, hospitals and beds available, although it has been increasing, remains in deficit in relation with the population size. Currently, the department has 38 health facilities.

Communications
The city has the communications network TELECEL, Copaco, Personal and CTI with a central machine, through which subscribers can communicate directly with the capital, other cities in the country and the world.

The media and television network Canindeyú 95.5, 90.3 Radio Salto del Guairá, Radio Tricolor 103.9 Mbaracayu and cable TV. Besides the representatives of Ultima Hora, ABC Color and Semanario Regional Paranazâo River.

Roads
The Paraná River and the Itaipu Lake, with its strong potential waterway, have a reduced impact, becoming international channels of communication with Brazilian surrounding populations, such as the Mundo Novo and Guaira, with which there is a rafts system connection. Its main lines of communication are the land, although still unpaved for the most part, as the route 10 "La Residenta", which crosses the department from east to west and arrives at Salto del Guairá, with a branch until Ypehú And one that goes to Corpus Christi and it also joins to the superhighway that links with the department of Alto Paraná and other departments and major centers in the country.

Canindeyú has 1.056,2 km. of departmental roads and no paved neighborhoods. It also has airstrips for small-size airplanes.

Consular representation
Brazil has a Consulate in Salto del Guairá.

title: Salto del Guairá


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Dolphin Lighthouse

Dolphin Lighthouse (or Dolphin Rock Light) is one of the three lighthouses in the Mumbai harbour off the coast of Mumbai, India. It is near the Gateway of India and is controlled by the Indian Navy.

To honour military personnel, a 21 gun salute is held every time a warship sails out of the Mumbai harbour with The Admiral of The Fleet.

This lighthouse is also illuminated during Navy Day celebrations which happen during the first week of December every year.

title: Dolphin Lighthouse


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Ferdinand, Count of Flanders

Ferdinand (Portuguese: Fernando, French and Dutch: Ferrand; 24 March 1188 – 27 July 1233) reigned as jure uxoris Count of Flanders and Hainaut from his marriage to Countess Joan, celebrated in Paris in 1212, until his death. He was born in Coimbra, and he was an Infante of Portugal as the fourth son of King Sancho I of Portugal and Dulce of Aragon.

While on their way to Flanders, Ferdinand and Joan were captured by Joan's first cousin Louis, eldest son of Philip II of France and Joan's aunt Isabella. Louis' aim was to acquire his dead mother's dowry, a large piece of Flemish territory including Artois, which Joan's father had taken back by force after Isabella's death.

Released after this concession, Joan and Ferdinand soon joined the old allies of her father, King John of England and Emperor Otto IV, in an alliance against France. They were decisively defeated at Bouvines in July 1214, where Ferdinand was taken prisoner. Ferdinand was to remain in French hands for the next 12 years, while Joan ruled alone. He was released in 1226, by the French regent, Blanche of Castile, after the accession of her son Louis IX of France.

Ferdinand died in Noyon on 27 July 1233. His and Joan's only child, a daughter named Maria, died childless, and their counties eventually passed to Joan's younger sister, Margaret II.

title: Ferdinand, Count of Flanders


text:
Areguá

Areguá is a creative city and the capital of Central Department in Paraguay. It is known for its production of strawberry products, pottery, colonial architecture and historic cobblestone streets.

The district lies between the Ypacaraí Lake and the basin it forms with the Salado River to the East and hills to the West.

Etymology
Areguá is thought to come from Classical Guarani ariguâ·r ("[person/people] from above, from up there"), refererring to the area's high altitude and its first inhabitants from the Mbya Guarani tribes.

History
Areguá was founded by Domingo Martínez de Irala in 1538. Early settlers, numbering about 200, lived close to the church. They were Mercedarians who arrived with the Spanish to raise cattle. African slaves were put to work on these farms.

By the end of the 19th century, Areguá had become a tourist destination to which many writers, artists and intellectuals from nearby areas retreated in the summer.

It was promoted to district status on November 12, 1862 by Francisco Solano López.

In 2019, it was designed as a city of crafts and folk arts by the UNESCO as part of its Creative Cities Network.

Geography
Areguá is divided in twenty-four companies:

Climate
Areguá's climate is temperate. Maximum summer temperatures reach 40°C. Average winter temperatures are 0°C. The average annual rainfall is 1377mm distributed throughout the year.

Demography
Areguá's population is about 67,847. Of these residents, 33,870 are female and 33,977 are male.

Culture
Areguá's economy is based on strawberry farming. The town is also known for its pottery, which is an emergent industry in the region.

Every year, the Strawberry Expo takes place in Areguá. It consists of a month-long strawberry festival where farmers and producers sell strawberries and strawberry products (from juice, cakes and liquors to ice cream, empanadas and pastafrolas).

The district's patronal festival is February 2 (Virgin of Candelaria). Celebrations last around ten days, these include: a novena, a folk festival, serenatas and a procession that takes the image of the Virgin of Candelaria to schools, businesses and chapels, among other places.

Places of interest
Areguá has a historic area centred on Avenida del Lago (Lake Avenue) which runs from a hilltop church to the Ypacaraí Lake. In 1997, the Paraguayan parliament declared it a National Heritage Area.

Isla Valle, the local ecological organization, regulates fishing in the lake.

Another attraction is the Centro Artesanal de la Cuenca. At the Center, craftsmen from the region display locally made pottery and crafts. Aregua also has art galleries, including Guggiari Arte, Luis Cogliolo Galería de Arte, Paseo La Candelaria, Areguá pesebres, El Cántaro, and Museo las Margaritas.

The Koi and Chorori hills are a geologic attraction. Koi Hill is known for its formations of hexagonal sandstone. The formations are a protected heritage site and the hill was declared a Natural Monument in 1993.

Notable people
The Paraguayan writer Gabriel Casaccia was born in Areguá.

title: Areguá


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Lamya

Lamya Al-Mugheiry (30 October 1963 – 8 January 2009), better known as her mononym Lamya, was a Kenyan-born English singer-songwriter and record producer. She rose to fame in the early 1990s as one of the lead singers of R&B group Soul II Soul, and later as a backing singer for Duran Duran. In 2002, she released her debut album Learning from Falling, which spawned the number 1 Dance chart single "Empires (Bring Me Men)".

On 8 January 2009, she died from a sudden heart attack. She was recording on her second album Hiding in Plain Sight, which was scheduled to be released later that year.

Early life
Lamya Hafidh Sultan Al-Mugheiry was born in Mombasa, Kenya to Omani parents. Along with her parents, she lived in several cities around the world including Cairo and London. She was ultimately raised in Oman, then entered the American University in Cairo, Egypt, and later in Sheffield, United Kingdom. Her mother enrolled her in vocal lessons, training with a voice coach of the Metropolitan Opera. At the age of sixteen, she ran away from home to New York City to pursue her musical career, after watching a Madonna interview.

Career
In 1989, she recorded the single "Break 4 Love" with DJ Vaughn Mason, originally by Raze. The single peaked at number 77 on the UK Singles Chart in August 1989. The song also garnered the attention of Soul II Soul's lead musician Jazzie B who asked her to join the group. In 1990, Lamya performed lead vocals on the songs "Love Come Through" and "In the Heat of the Night", which appeared on Soul II Soul's second album Vol. II: 1990 - A New Decade. Following the release of the album, she toured with the group throughout the year. One of their concerts at Brixton Academy was recorded live, titled A New Decade: Live from Brixton Academy, and released in September 1990. Despite leaving the group at the end of 1990, she still maintained a close relationship with the members.

In 1993, she teamed up with Duran Duran and performed background vocals on the song "Love Voodoo" for their second self-titled album Duran Duran. Lamya also joined them for their two-year Wedding Album tour, and related television appearances, including MTV Unplugged. During each concert, she was given centre stage to finish her solo on the song "Come Undone". In 1994, Lamya contributed background vocals for Charlotte Kelly's single "Queen of Hearts", which was produced by friend and her former group Soul II Soul member Jazzie B. In 1995, she contributed background vocals for Soul II Soul's album Volume V: Believe. She also sang background vocals "White Lines", "I Wanna Take You Higher", and "Drive By" for Duran Duran's album Thank You. Throughout the years, she also performed with David Bowie, Prince, and James Brown. In 2001, Lamya contributed background vocals on fellow Soul II Soul colleague Kym Mazelle's song "I Wanna Go Dancing (Dance With Me)".

In July 2002, Lamya released her debut album, Learning from Falling, which reached number 16 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart. She produced and composed the songs, using poems she had written since the age of eleven. It included the singles "Empires (Bring Me Men)" and "Black Mona Lisa". In its review of the album, Blender described her as "the Kenyan Björk". In 2003, she toured with Macy Gray, as the opening act. She was among the many singers scheduled to perform at Nelson Mandela's South African AIDS awareness concert before it was cancelled due to problems over broadcast rights and sponsorship.

Death
Lamya was scheduled to release her second album, Hiding in Plain Sight in 2009, but died of a sudden and unexpected heart attack on 8 January 2009, while in Oman. She was 45 years old.

Vocal style
Lamya was a classically-trained soprano who had a five-octave vocal range with ability to reach the whistle register.

Personal life
She was briefly in a relationship with Chic musician Nile Rodgers.

title: Lamya