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Replica

A replica is an exact (usually 1:1 in scale) copy or remake of an object, made out of the same raw materials, whether a molecule, a work of art, or a commercial product. The term is also used for copies that closely resemble the original, without claiming to be identical. Copies or reproductions of documents, books, manuscripts, maps or art prints are called facsimiles.

Replicas have been sometimes sold as originals, a type of fraud. Most replicas have more innocent purposes. Fragile originals need protection, while the public can examine a replica in a museum. Replicas are often manufactured and sold as souvenirs.

Not all incorrectly attributed items are intentional forgeries. In the same way that a museum shop might sell a print of a painting or a replica of a vase, copies of statues, paintings, and other precious artifacts have been popular through the ages.

However, replicas have often been used illegally for forgery and counterfeits, especially of money and coins, but also commercial merchandise such as designer label clothing, luxury bags and accessories, and luxury watches. In arts or collectible automobiles, the term "replica" is used for discussing the non-original recreation, sometimes hiding its real identity.

In motor racing, especially motorcycling, often manufacturers will produce a street version product with the colours of the vehicle or clothing of a famous racer. This is not the actual vehicle or clothing worn during the race by the racer, but a fully officially approved brand-new street-legal product in similar looks. Typically found in helmets, race suits/clothing, and motorcycles, they are coloured in the style of racers, and often carry the highest performance and safety specifications of any street-legal products. These high-performance race-look products termed "Replica", are priced higher and are usually more sought-after than plain colours of the same product.

Because of gun ownership restrictions in some locales, gun collectors create non-functional legal replicas of illegal firearms. Such replicas are also preferred to real firearms when used as a prop in a film or stage performance, generally for safety reasons.

A prop replica is an authentic-looking duplicate of a prop from a video game, movie or television show.

Background
"Replicas represent a copy or forgery of another object and we often think of forgeries we think of paintings but, in fact, anything that is collectible and expensive is an attractive item to forge".

Replicas have been made by people to preserve a perceived link to the past. This can be linked to a historical past or specific time-period or just to commemorate an experience. Replicas and reproductions of artifacts help provide a material representation of the past for the public.

Replicas of artifacts and art

Replicas of artifacts and art have a purpose within museums and research. They are created to help with preserving of original artifacts. In many cases the original artifact may be too fragile and too much at risk of further damage to be on display, posing a risk to the artifact from light, environmental agents, and other risks greater than in secure storage.

Replicas are created for the purpose of experimental archaeology where archaeologists and material analysts try to understand the ways that an artifact was created and what technologies and skills were needed for the people to create the artifact on display.

Another reason for the creation of replica artifacts, is for museums to be able to send originals around the globe or allow other museums or events to educate people on the history of specific artifacts. Replicas are also put on display in museums when further research is being conducted on the artifact, but further display of the artifact in real or replica form is important for public access and knowledge.

Authenticity and replicas
Replicas and their original representation can be seen as fake or real depending on the viewer. Good replicas take much education related to understanding all the processes and history that go behind the culture and the original creation. To create a good and authentic replica of an object, there is to be a skilled artisan or forger to create the same authentic experience that the original object provides. This process takes time and much money to be done correctly for museum standards.

Authenticity or real feeling presented by an object can be "described as the experience of an 'aura' of an original." An aura of an object is what an object represents through its previous history and experience.

Replicas work well in museum settings because they have the ability to look so real and accurate that people can feel the authentic feelings that they are supposed to get from the originals. Through the context and experience that a replica can provide in a museum setting, people can be fooled into seeing it as "original".

The authenticity of a replica is important for the impression it gives off to tourists or observers. "According to Trilling, the original use of authenticity in tourism was in museums where experts wanted to determine 'whether objects of art are what they appear to be or are claimed to be, and therefore worth the price that is asked for them or... worth the admiration they are being given'."

These reproductions and the values of authenticity presented to the public through artifacts in museums provide "truth". However, authenticity has a way of also being represented in what the public expects in a predictable manner or based on stereotypes within museums. This idea of authenticity also relates to cultural artifacts like food, cultural activities, festivals, housing, and dress that helps to homogenize the cultures that are being represented and make them seem static.

For luxury goods, the same authentic feel has to be present for consumers to want to buy a "fake" designer bag or watch that provides them with the same feelings and desired experiences, but as well achieves the look of higher class.

Examples of replicas

Replicas and reproductions are also for purely consumption and personal value. Through souvenirs people can own their very own physical representation of their experience or passions. People can buy on-line full size replicas (museum-quality) of the Rosetta Stone or prints and museum-quality copies of the Mona Lisa and other famous pieces of art.

For example, Difference Engine No. 2, designed by Charles Babbage in the 19th century, was reconstructed from original drawings studied by Allan Bromley in the 1980s and is now on display at the Science Museum in London, England. A second example is Stephenson's Rocket where a replica was built in 1979, following the original design fairly closely, but with some adaptations.

In China the terra-cotta warriors can be recreated to be personalized for customers. The "Talented craftspeople use their hands and proper tools reproducing every masterwork precisely in the same manner as the royal craftsmen did 2200 years ago. They are made from the same local clay as the originals and constructed essentially in the same ancient method." These warriors can come in a variety of sizes and provide a very realistic and authentic experience with their own personal warrior.

The Barcelona Pavilion was built in 1929 and demolished in 1930. In 1986 a replica was built on the same site.

As the white mark prestige comes from the imitation of iPhone, the white marks are the most popular brands in the world. Knock-off brand label fashions and accessories like Louis Vuitton, Coach, Chanel, and Rolex are major labels that often are copied. Replicas can also be used for re-enactment purposes, for example replicas of steel helmets and leather equipment used in WW2.

Issues and controversies
Controversies with replicas (used in museums), are associated with who owns the past.

With works of art museums assert their intellectual property rights for replicas and reproduction of images which many museums use commercial licensing for providing access to images. Issues are arising with more images being available on the internet and it being free access.

Artists can claim copyright infringement related to displays of their work in a context they did not approve of which can be the creation of replicas of their pieces.

With replica artifacts the copies to be "museum-quality" have to reach a high standard and can cost a lot of money to be produced.

Replica artifacts (copies) can provide an authentic view but represents more of the subjectivities of what people expect and desire from their museum experiences and the cultures they learn about.

With copies of retail and other counterfeit goods there is a legal issue related to copyright and trademark ownership. An example of the discussion taking place around the reproduction of art and cultural heritage is the Victoria & Albert Museum's ReACH Initiative. Dialogues on the "first original copy" and the role of blockchain technologies in authenticating replicas, and ownership is taking shape.

title: Replica


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Courtney Peldon

Courtney Peldon is an American television and film actress.

Early life and education
Peldon was born in New York City, New York. Her younger sister Ashley is also an actress. Both she and Ashley became involved in the entertainment industry as child actors.

Peldon graduated from Skidmore College where she majored in abnormal psychology and minored in film studies.

Career
Peldon starred on Broadway at age eight in the Gershwin Theatre Meet Me in St. Louis for the show's entire run in the role of 'Tootie', originated by Margaret O'Brien in the Judy Garland film version.

Peldon is best known for her three seasons as Jonathan Taylor Thomas's on-screen girlfriend Lauren on Home Improvement, and for her three seasons on Boston Public. She has appeared in many roles on various television shows such as That '70s Show, Entourage, The Pretender, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Renegade and Nash Bridges.

She has played roles in several films including Out on a Limb, Little Giants, indie film Skin Walker, National Lampoon's Adam & Eve, Tobe Hooper's Mortuary, and the Farrelly brothers' comedy Say It Isn't So. More recent films include the science fiction thriller InAlienable, and the action-fantasy film Road to Hell.

Awards and nominations
For nine consecutive years, Peldon won, or at least was nominated for a Young Artist Award.
 * 1993 - Nominated for Best Young Actress in an Off-Primetime Series for Harry and the Hendersons and won for Best Young Actress Co-starring in a Motion Picture for Out on a Limb.
 * 1994 - Won for Best Youth Actress Guest Starring in a Television Show for Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman.
 * 1995 - Nominated for Best Performance: Young Actress in a TV Comedy Series for The Mommies.
 * 1996 - Nominated for Best Performance by a Young Actress in TV Drama Series for Renegade.
 * 1997 - Won for Best Performance in a TV Comedy by a Guest Starring Young Performer for Home Improvement; tied with Seth Adkins for Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.
 * 1998 - Nominated for Best Performance in a TV Movie/Pilot/Mini-Series by a Supporting Young Actress for Little Girls in Pretty Boxes (TV movie).
 * 1999 - Nominated for Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series by a Guest Starring Young Actress for Home Improvement.
 * 2000 - Nominated for Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series by a Supporting Young Actress for Home Improvement.
 * 2001 - Nominated for Best Performance in a TV Movie (Drama) by a Supporting Young Actress for The Princess & the Barrio Boy (TV movie).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Courtney Peldon


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Udasi

Udasis (Gurmukhi: ਉਦਾਸੀ ਸੰਪਰਦਾ; udāsī saparadā) (Devanagari: उदासी संप्रदाय), also spelt as Udasins , also known as Nanak Putras (meaning "sons of Nanak"), are a religious sect of ascetic sadhus centred in northern India who follow a tradition known as Udasipanth. Becoming custodians of Sikh shrines in the 18th century, they were notable interpreters and spreaders of the Sikh philosophy during that time. However, their religious practices border on a syncretism of Sikhism and Hinduism, and they did not conform to the Khalsa standards as ordained by Guru Gobind Singh. When the Lahore Singh Sabha reformers, dominated by Tat Khalsa Sikhs, would hold them responsible for indulging in ritual practices antithetical to Sikhism, as well as personal vices and corruption, the Udasi mahants were expelled from the Sikh shrines.

Etymology
Udasi and Udasin is derived from the Sanskrit word Udāsīn, which means one who is indifferent to or disregardful of worldly attachments, a stoic, or a mendicant. The word Udasi is derived from the Sanskrit word udasin, meaning 'detached, journey', reflecting an approach to spiritual and temporal life, or from udas ('detachment'), signifying indifference to or renunciation of worldly concerns.

History
According to myth, the sect was established in the Puranic age but historically speaking, the sect was founded by and based on the teachings of Guru Nanak's elder son Sri Chand (1494–1629, other sources give a death year of 1643). Sri Chand, contrary to his father's emphasis on participation in society, propagated ascetic renunciation and celibacy. Another Sikh tradition links the Udasis to Baba Gurditta, the eldest son of Guru Hargobind, and there is dispute on whether the Udasis originated with Sri Chand or Gurditta. Another viewpoint is that Sri Chand was the founder of the sect and passed the leadership to Baba Gurditta as his successor.

They maintain their own parallel line of gurus from Guru Nanak, followed by Sri Chand, followed by Gurditta. They first came to prominence in the 17th century, and gradually began to manage Sikh shrines and establishments in the 18th century, from where they espoused a model of Sikhism that diverged considerably from that of the Khalsa. They would set up establishments across North India through to Benares, where they would come to be ideologically joined with monastic asceticism. The combination of Hindu gods and the Sikh religious text indicated that the sect evolved over time under many historical influences and conditions, interpreting the message of Guru Granth Sahib in monistic Vedantic terms. They were initially largely based in urban centers where they set up their establishments, or akharas, only beginning to spread into rural areas during Sikh rule; before, they had around a dozen centres; by the end of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's reign, the number had increased to around 250. The Udasis widely propagated its form of Sikh philosophy, and during the 18th and the early 19th centuries, their teachings attracted a large number of people to the Sikh fold. According to early gur-bilas literature and some modern scholars, Guru Gobind Singh had employed a large number of armed, militant Udasi asectics prior to the construction of the forts of Anandpur Sahib. It has been posited that Guru Gobind Singh initiated the Khalsa in order to amalgamate the nirgun bhakti beliefs of the Ramanandis and the martial traditions of the growing number of armed mahants.

Before the emergence of the Singh Sabha Movement in the late 19th century, they controlled important Sikh shrines, including the Harimandir Sahib for a short while. However, during the Akali movement of the 20th century, the Tat Khalsa Sikhs expelled them from the Sikh shrines, accusing them of vices and of indulging in ritual practices that were against the teachings of the Sikh gurus. The Sikh Gurdwara Reform Act, 1925 defined the term "Sikh" in a way that excluded the syncretic groups like Udasis, Nanakpanthis, and other groups who maintained transitional identities. Subsequently, the Udasis increasingly identified themselves as Hindus rather than Sikhs.

Practices
According to 18th-century descriptions, they either cut or matted their hair under a turban, rather than knot it under a turban like Khalsas, and instead of the Khalsa emphasis on the panj kakkar garb and sporting arms, their dress code would include items such as a cap, a cotton bag, a flower rosary, a vessel made of dried pumpkin, a chain around the waist, ash to smear on their body, and a deerskin upon which to perform Hatha yoga, resulting in an extremely divergent appearance from Khalsa Sikhs in the eighteenth century. In addition to not consider the Khalsa's Rehat Maryada to be binding on them, their modes of thought and attitude towards salvation also differed significantly. The Khalsa believed that salvation could be attained while taking part in society and pursuing secular objectives like political power and accumulation of resources like agrarian land, though this had to be accomplished within a particular framework of beliefs and spiritual practices, chief among which was the societal order and structure of the Khalsa. The Udasis considered secular pursuits to be incompatible with personal salvation, which was to be achieved only through renouncing the world, espousing asceticism and a monastic traveler lifestyle. Udasis are known for their Akharas along with the Nirmala sect of Sikhism.

The Udasis also worship the panchayatana, the five Hindu deities: Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, Ganesha, and Surya.

Factions
There are various sub-sects within the Udasis, some of them being:

 * Almast dhūāṅ
 * Phūl dhūāṅ
 * Goind (or Gondā) dhūāṅ
 * Bālū Husnā dhūāṅ
 * Naga (Nāngā), followers of this sect remain naked except for a brass chain worn around the waist

Note - the word dhūāṅ means hearth

Ba kh shishāṅ sects
After the four dhūāṅs, another sub-sect of Udasis emerged known as Ba kh shishāṅ. There were six prominent groups of this type, them namely being:

 * Bhagat Bhagvanie (followers of Bhagat Bhagvan)
 * Suthrashahie (followers of Suthrashah)
 * Sangat Sahibie (followers of Sangat Sahib)
 * Mihan Shahie or Mihall Dasie, so called after Mihan, the title conferred by Guru Tegh Bahadur on Ramdev
 * Bakht Mallie (followers of Bakht Mall)
 * Jit Mallie (followers of Jit Mall)

Places of worship
Places of worship associated with Udasis are known as Akharas or Darbars. The latter term finds heavy usage in Sindh. The title of a leader of an Udasi akhara or darbar is mahant, but some groups prefer to use the term Gaddi Nashin. The term for a follower or student at an Udasi site is chela.

Akhara
The word akhara is traditionally associated with wrestling but it implies a different meaning as used by Sikh sects like the Udasis and Nirmalas. Another word used for Udasi centres of spirituality is dera. Traditionally, the Udasis claim Sri Chand as being the establisher of many akharas but historically, they first appeared in the mid-18th century when Mahant Nirvan Pritam Das established the Panchayti akhara in 1779, as per Sikh historian Kahn Singh Nabha in the Mahan Kosh. Mahant Nirvan Pritam Das also founded akhara centres in Kashi Kankhal (Haridwar) and other places of Indic pilgrimage sites.

Traditionally, there were four Udasi centres (akharas or dhuans) with each controlling a certain preaching area; Nanakmatta, Kashmir, Malwa (Punjab) and Doaba. An Udasi Akhara, named Dera Baba Bhuman Shah, dedicated the Udasi saint Bhuman Shah was formerly located in Behlolpur in Pakistan but it has since been abandoned since the 1947 partition of India.

Amritsar
At one point, there were a total of 12 Udasi akharas in the city of Amritsar. They are as follows:

 * Akhara Tehal Das, now abandoned
 * Akhara Mahant Bala Nand, founded in 1775, rebuilt in 1888 as a three-storied structure by Mahant Bhishambar Prashad. It was a centre of Sanskrit learning until 1984.
 * Akhara Kashi Wala, founded by Mahant Narain Das in 1795, located near Darwaza Sultanvind
 * Akhara Shatte Wala, originally named Akhara Parag Das
 * Akhara Brahm Buta, said to be the oldest akhara of the city. Sri Chand is said to have stayed here when he visited the city during the guruship of Guru Ram Das. Mahant Nirban Santokh Das was associated with this akhara.
 * Akhara Bibbeksar, founded by Mahant Balak Nath, later shifted to Haridwar
 * Akhara Kashi Wala of Gheo Mandi, founded by Mahant Sharan Das during the first half of the 19th century. It was founded on land gifted by Maharaja Ranjit Singh that belonged to the village of Tung. It remains active as an Udasi spiritual centre.
 * Sanglan Wala Akhara, founded by Mahant Pritam Das in 1788 in Bazaar Mai Sevan
 * Akhara Chitta, founded by Mahant Ganga Ram Viakarani in Bazaar Mai Sevan during the Sikh Misl-period
 * Akhara Ghamand Das
 * Akhara Mahant Prem Das
 * Akhara Sarigalvala
 * Akhara Karishivala, near Darwaza Ghi Mandi
 * Akhara Babeksar
 * Akhara Samadhiarivala

Structure and layout
A deori is the gateway to site. A dhuna or dhuan refers to a hearth where Udasi followers practice yogic activities and other religious practices, such as adhna and yagya. A dhuni refers to a campfire where a sacred fire occurs. Every Udasi place of worship contains a flag called a gerua, which is the colour of red-ochre and topped with wings from a peacock. A thara is a place where sacred verses are recited. A dharamshala are guesthouses where pilgrims and visitors would stay. Langar khana refers to the area where a free kitchen is carried out.

Music
The term Gawantaris refers to Udasi musicians. A commonly played instrument of the Udasis is the Narasingha horn, used to inform the public about religious processions.

Literature
An Udasi saint and direct descendant of Guru Nanak named Sukhbasi Ram Bedi (1758–1848) was responsible for authoring literary work in verse titled Guru Nanak Bans Prakash documenting the life of Guru Nanak and his descendants.

Distribution
Today's Udasi are predominantly located in northwestern India, especially around Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, and cities like Haridwar and New Delhi; they are divided into three major groups:
 * Niya (New) Udasi Panchayati Akarda
 * Bara (Big) Udasi Panchayati Akarda
 * Nirmal Udasi Panachayati Akarda

In Sindh
Sindh has a large number of people who may be best described as Udasis. The area of northern Sindh was especially influenced by Udasipanth. The Udasi temples of Sindh are known as darbars. It is said that Sri Chand himself visited Thatta in Sindh, where a darbar commemorates his stay. Sri Chand travelled to Sindh in the second half of the 16th century during the reign of the Tarkhan dynasty. He established a dhuni (campfire) at Rohri and another at Faqir Jo Goth, the latter of which is around 5 kilometres from Thatta.

After the passing of Gurditta, the second Udasi leader, the leadership passed to four preachers, with Bhai Almast being one of these four. Almast travelled to Sindh, where he conducted missionary activities and successfully converted many Sindhis to the Udasipanth. His place of residence was at Rohri, at the dhuni established by Sri Chand. Those newly converted appended Ram or Das to the end of their names. The mahants (who appended the prefix Bava or Bao, meaning "ascetic" at the beginning of their names and refer to their title of leadership as Gadhisar) of the Baba Sri Chand Darbar (colloquially known as Raj Ghaat) in Faqir Jo Goth, such as the first mahant, Bava Balkram Das, conducted missionary activities in the area and faraway (even as distant as Nepal) as did his successors. His two successors, Bava Pooran Das and Bava Lachman Das, were not only missionaries but also masters at hathi yoga. Sikhism became popularized in Sindh due to the missionary works of these Udasi saints. Udasi temples in Sindh typically houses both the Guru Granth Sahib as well images of various Hindu deities. There is said to be an Udasi temple dedicated to a saint in every town and city of Sindh. During the reign of the Talpur Mirs of Khairpur (1783–1955), many Udasi darbars were constructed and Udasi saints were accepted to settle in the state.

A darbar at Godhu Shah in Khairpur (known as the Godhu Shah Darbar, Nanga Darbar, or Gurpota Darbar) is believed to have been founded by a grandson of one of the Sikh gurus (Gurpota) whom became an Udasi under the guidance of a mahant, it is associated with the Nanga sect of Udasis. Another Udasi saint who spread the faith in Sindh was Rai Sahib Gokal Singh, who established a darbar in Gokalpur Kot in Garhi Yashin. Baba Wasti Ram, an Udasi saint, established a darbar in Garhi Yasin town. Baba Wasti Ram and his successors, Baba Khushi Ram Sahib (a talented mystic), Baba Agya Ram (established a darbar in Aurangabad village), and Baba Piyara Ram (established in a darbar in Maari village), spread the Udasi teachings in the Shikarpur area. One prominent Udasi saint, Bankhandi, originally from either Nepal or near Delhi, was the founder of Sadh Belo in Sukkur, Sindh in 1823.

In recent times, veneration of the folkdeity Jhulelal has crept into the practices of Udasi darbars in Sindh. The liberal attitude of Sindhi Muslims may have helped the Udasis take root in Sindh rather than being pushed out on the basis of religious intolerance and persecution.

The most well-known Udasi darbars of Sindh are:

 * Baba Bankhandi Darbar at Sadh Belo, Sukkur
 * Baba Sarup Das Darbar (alias Halani Darbar) at Naushero Feroz
 * Khushi Ram Darbar at Rohri
 * Samad Udasin at Shikarpur
 * Chhat Darbar at Shikarpur
 * Wadi Darbar at Pir Jo Goth
 * Jumna Das Darbar

title: Udasi


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title: Category:Algeria-related lists


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Idaho Republican Party

The Idaho Republican Party (IDGOP) is the Idaho state affiliate of the United States Republican Party, headquartered in Boise. It is currently the dominant party in the state, controlling both of Idaho's U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, the governorship, and has supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature.

History
the time of the 1889 Constitutional Convention, the Republican Party had become a prominent Party in Idaho, and made up the majority of the in Idaho until the 1960s when the Republican Party emerged as the dominant political Party. The Republican Party has held the governorship since 1995, both US Senate seats since 1981, and both US House seats since 2010.

As of 2022, Idaho has the second largest percentage of Republicans in a state legislature. Republicans control all constitutional offices in the state and maintain supermajorities in the House and Senate.

The party had been reported to have a growing faction of far-right political activists, with a concentration in Koontenai County. In 2021, the Koontenai County Republican Central Committee endorsed Dave Reilly, a political activist from Pennsylvania who attended the 2017 Unite the Right rally and has gained notoriety for antisemitic public statements, for candidacy in a Post Falls school board election. The KCRCC has also made public statements in support of Austrian neo-nazi activist Martin Sellner and the anti-communist John Birch Society. Outside of Koonetai County, within the Idaho Legislature, Rep. Chad Christensen identifies himself as being a member of both the far-right militia Oath Keepers and the John Birch Society.

Governing body

 * State Central Committee: The governing body of the Idaho Republican Party is the Republican State Central Committee, which is made up of elected members from each legislative district and county. It establishes the rules and functions of the Idaho Republican Party on the state level.
 * Chairman and executive committee: The current chairman of the Idaho Republican Party is Dorothy Moon. Moon was elected in July 2022, defeating incumbent Tom Luna. She is considered a far-right conservative.

The executive committee consists of a first and second vice chair, secretary, treasurer, finance chair, region chairs from each of Idaho's seven regions, and the presidents of the affiliated clubs; Young Republicans, College Republicans, and Republican Women. Members of the executive committee who are not Region Chairs are elected at the State Convention, held bi-annually.

Meetings
Meetings of both the State Central Committee and the State Executive Committee are usually held every six months, including those held in proximity to State Conventions.

The party convened in July 2022 to consider a resolution declaring that Joe Biden had not been legitimately elected president of the United States.

Regions
Regions of the IDGOP are groups of Idaho Counties defined by Article III, Section 1 of the State Rules.

Statewide offices

 * Lieutenant Governor: Scott Bedke
 * Secretary of State: Phil McGrane
 * Attorney General: Raúl Labrador
 * State Treasurer: Julie Ellsworth
 * Superintendent of Public Instruction: Debbie Critchfield

Idaho Senate
Republicans currently hold 28 out of 35 seats in the Idaho Senate.

Idaho House of Representatives
Republicans currently hold 58 out of 70 seats in the Idaho House of Representatives.

Senate

 * President Pro Tem of the Senate: Chuck Winder
 * Majority Leader of the Senate: Kelly Anthon
 * Assistant Majority Leader of the Senate: Abby Lee
 * Majority Caucus Chair of the Senate: Mark Harris

House

 * Speaker of the House: Mike Moyle
 * Majority Leader of the House: Megan Blanksma
 * Assistant Majority Leader of the House: Sage Dixon
 * Majority Caucus Chair of the House: Dustin Manwaring

title: Idaho Republican Party


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tatiana Soskin

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. - Mgm|(talk) 10:50, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Tatiana Soskin
Non-notable; possible attack page Madchester 04:42, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn --Malathion 06:24, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup, yes, the google count is low, but a search reveal 245 hits about a relevant court case and coverage by several new sources. Definitely not an attack page. - Mgm|(talk) 08:49, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, then list on requested articles. Radiant_ >|< 09:00, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Expand - seems notable/interesting enough to me. --TheMidnighters 14:07, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless re-written. --Carnildo 20:42, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the re-write. --Carnildo 21:34, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Appears to be a notable case of rough justice. JamesBurns 04:33, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Cleanup, Expand Although what is there is very bad, it is relevant, and need not be eliminated from page history. Somebody took a real, but awful, shot at starting a stub, and he/she deserves credit.  Xoloz 15:27, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. I have completely rewritten the article and sourced it. Please vote again as the content has now completely changed. carmeld1 01:37, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Dalibor Bagarić

Dalibor Bagarić (born 7 February 1980) is a Croatian former professional basketball player. He had a stint with the NBA's Chicago Bulls from 2000 to 2003.

Professional career
A 7'1" (2.17 m) center born in Munich, West Germany, Bagarić had averaged 18.3 points and 10.4 rebounds per game for the Croatian team Benston Zagreb before the Bulls selected him with the 24th pick in the 2000 NBA draft. Bagarić never averaged more than 2.6 points and 2.5 rebounds per game during his time with the Bulls.

He returned to Europe after the Bulls bought out his contract in 2003, and began playing for the Greek club Olympiacos. He played only 10 games with the Bulls during the 2002 - 2003 season, with his final NBA game ever being on 15 April 2003 in a 115 - 106 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. Bagarić played for 3 minutes and the only stat he recorded was 2 points.

In 2004, he moved to Italian club Fortitudo Bologna. In the summer of 2006, he transferred to CB Girona of the Spanish ACB league. In September 2007 he returned to Fortitudo Bologna after signing on a one-year contract. In November 2010 he signed with Maroussi. At the beginning of the 2011–12 season, Bagarić signed with CB Valladolid, but left the club in late November, returning to Croatia and signing with Cedevita. In September 2012, he signed a one-month deal with Sporting Al Riyadi Beirut in Lebanon. In December 2012, he signed with the Lebanese club Amchit. In the 2013–14 season, he played for Étoile Sportive du Sahel in Tunisia, KK Zabok in Croatia and Al-Ahli Benghazi in Libya. In 2014, he signed with Brose Baskets Bamberg of the Basketball Bundesliga where he signed, on 2 December 2014, a contract extension.

On 9 June 2016 Bagarić announced his retirement.

National team career
With the junior national teams of Croatia, Bagarić won the gold medal at the 1996 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship.

He was also a member of the senior Croatian national basketball team. He has played at the EuroBasket 2003 and EuroBasket 2005.

title: Dalibor Bagarić


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Nintendo Revolution games

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Hedley 23:55, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

List of Nintendo Revolution games
Far too much crystal ball and reliance on rumors and speculation. "Revolution" is a code name not the actual name of the system. See Nintendo Revolution for an actual list of games that have been aknowledged or confirmed by Nintendo. This page is no where near ready and far too soon for a system that won't be released till 2006. K1Bond007 04:39, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The press is using the name Nintendo Revolution consistently, and once the actual name of the system is known, we can just move it to the correct name.  Additionally, the page is only three days old, and vandals have been blanking the page.  Almafeta 07:27, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It seems to me that a more appropriate place to put a list of rumored games at this early stage of development would be the main Nintendo Revolution article. Once the system is released, this article can be recreated. Kairos 09:12, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Kairos. --TheMidnighters 14:04, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete WP:NOT a crystal ball. -Splash 14:22, 15 July 2005 (UTC) Weak keep per dicussion on talk page. -Splash 22:47, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep We just have to make sure that only confermed games are put on the list. And what is the point of deleting an article that is just going to be recreated later? Joizashmo 16:18, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. --Carnildo 20:41, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete As previously noted, crystalballing.  Additionally, unencyclopedic list topic. The Literate Engineer 20:47, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Kairos, this does not need to be split out yet. Dcarrano 23:51, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Thunderbrand 23:58, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Is it better now, that I've altered it to only feature confirmed games? -- A Link to the Past 00:23, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It'll just be remade as soon as more info comes out, and it's nice to have a list of confirmed games. Nifboy 01:09, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, note that in regards to WarioWare and Camelot RPG, the two games were confirmed by NGCFrance, but did not have an announcement from Nintendo or Camelot. Delete them if you want, or put a notice that it is confirmed by NGCFrance, who did not list their sources on the matter. -- A Link to the Past 01:34, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Speculation - Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. JamesBurns 04:26, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Who's speculating? Nintendo? -- A Link to the Past 04:27, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, I vote Strong Keep. For one, there is NO SPECULATION IN THE ARTICLE. Hell, there are links on Nintendo Revolution's page confirming each of the games. For another, this article will be expanded upon, so why is it causing problem? If it were a larger list, it wouldn't be a problem. It's not an ideal VfD nomination, because it will, no doubt, be a noteworthy article. It wastes no bandwith because it is small, and when it begins to waste bandwith, it will be notable enough to warrant a place. There is no Crystal Ball, Hocus Pocus magic involved in this list; only the words from the horses' mouths. -- A Link to the Past 04:50, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Daikatana was confirmed as coming out in late 1997. Duke Nukem Forever was planned for release in 1998.  Half-Life 2 was scheduled for September of 2003.  The Phantom game system was scheduled for Christmas of 2004, then March of 2005.  --Carnildo 06:10, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So, what you're telling me then is if we have this article with these games confirmed and at an early development, they will forever be there. Wikipedia is written on the internet, not stone tablets. We don't need to wait until it becomes impossible for the games to be cancelled. As of now, there's little reason to believe they'll be cancelled, and even then, if they're cancelled, change it. -- A Link to the Past 06:16, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * And yet this page still breaks the rule of WP:NOT. Most of the games listed are all "Untitled" and all of them are already listed at Nintendo Revolution. There is no point to this article. It should be deleted and recreated at a later time (in the correct name) when a proper list can actually be made. Please read WP:NOT, it is policy. K1Bond007 06:35, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * That is what they are. If you say they don't exist, then you'd be a liar. They are in development, that is not even arguable. And if this applies to WP:NOT, then Twilight Princess does. AND, I fail to see the reasoning in deleting a harmless article that will return at a later date. There is no speculation on if these games exist, since they are confirmed by people with the authority to confirm it, so they are Revolution games. We should assume they're coming, like we do with Twilight Princess, Super Mario Strikers and Katamari Damacy DS. -- A Link to the Past 06:44, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * And on another note, if you're arguing this, then I dare you to go to each and every page for an unreleased game (like, Twilight Princess), and delete any mention of a release date. You're assuming that these games won't come out just because we haven't seen pictures, so logically, you must assume that game won't come out, right? -- A Link to the Past 06:19, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep confirmed info lots of issues | leave me a message 06:49, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. This list does not suggest that it is. Ambi 07:51, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ordinarily, I'm soft on "crystal ball" policy, and support keeping items that will soon be valid topics; here, though, "Revolution" isn't even the name of the system. The title is inappropriate, and the verified content exists at the system's parent article. Xoloz 15:24, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: All items mentioned here have been externally confirmed. Nintendo is notoriously tight-lipped about their projects, we need to wait a bit longer.~ Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 10:35, 2005 July 17 (UTC)
 * Keep Usefull. Can be moved to correct name when it comes out. Is anything being hurt by having this article there? (sorry forgot to login) Ravedave 20:17, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Upon further consideration, I'm changing my vote to Keep. While I would greatly prefer that game lists of this type distinguished between released games and upcoming games, that it not how they work. Given that, my biggest problem with the list is probably that the games on it don't actually have titles, and it seems to me like that's not a very good reason to vote to delete. Kairos 20:36, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I will concede that this may no longer be crystalballing; however, I still believe that this is an unencyclopedic topic and does not even constitute an article. My vote remains to delete.  The Literate Engineer 00:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

And now, it turns out that there are five more games announced. This article is no longer speculation, if it ever was. -- A Link to the Past 21:48, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
John Leland Atwood

John Leland Atwood (October 26, 1904 – March 5, 1999) was a prominent American engineer. He worked as Chief Engineer/Executive at North American Aviation for over 35 years, succeeding Dutch Kindelberger as president and CEO. He developed the P-51 Mustang during World War II, the F-100 jet fighter, the X-15 rocket plane, and oversaw the Apollo program.

Early life
Atwood was born in Walton, Kentucky, on October 26, 1904, to Reverend Dr. Elmer Bugg Atwood and Mabel Bagby Atwood. His younger brother was the linguist Elmer Bagby Atwood. He studied at Hardin-Simmons University from 1924 to 1926, earned a Bachelor of Arts degree, and then took postgraduate engineering courses at the University of Texas, to obtain his Bachelor of Science degree in 1928.

Career
Atwood worked for Douglas Aircraft Company in Southern California, and joined North American Aviation in 1934. He quickly became a vice-president and in 1938 was appointed deputy general manager of North American Aviation. In 1941, he became First Vice President.

World War II

Among the aircraft designed and built by North American during World War II: the P-51 Mustang fighter plane, which achieved particularly impressive results in the Eighth Air Force; the B-25 Mitchell medium bomber, used by Jimmy Doolittle and 79 airmen in the famous Doolittle Raid; and the T-6 Texan, which almost all American and British Commonwealth airmen of the Second World War flew in training.

Post war
Atwood later became president of North American Aviation in 1948 and oversaw the development of some of the most important aircraft produced in the United States. These included the F-86 Sabre, which has shown a 10-to-1 superiority over Soviet MiG-15s, during the Korean War. Others include the F-100 Super Sabre, X-15 rocket plane, XB-70 Valkyrie bomber, and the B-1 Lancer bomber.

After World War II, Atwood used North American's resources to make its business indispensable in new high-tech fields such as the Apollo program.

In 1960 he became CEO and in 1962 he became chairman of the board, following the death of Dutch Kindelberger in 1962. In 1967, Atwood partnered with Willard Rockwell to form North American Rockwell. He was president and CEO of the new company.

Atwood retired in 1970 and held a position on the board until 1978. He died on March 5, 1999.

Legacy
Under the leadership of Atwood, the North American Aviation and its employees won three Collier Trophy for their work on the supersonic fighter North American F-100 Super Sabre, the North American X-15 space plane, and the Rockwell B-1 Lancer bomber.

Among the many individual honors and awards given to Atwood, he had a presidential citation from Harry S. Truman for his contributions during World War II, the Air Force Association's Hap Arnold Trophy, and the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, awarded by the National Aeronautic Association. Atwood was elected to the International Air & Space Hall of Fame in 1984 and received the Howard Hughes Memorial Award in 1994.

In the HBO series From the Earth to the Moon, Atwood was portrayed by Ronny Cox. The Atwood Dorm at Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California, was named after him. In 1984, he was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame.

Atwood was on the cover of Newsweek magazine, December 21, 1964; the cover title was "Apollo and the Moon Men - North American's Lee Atwood."

In 1984, Atwood was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

title: John Leland Atwood


text: Category:Manufacturing companies by country


text:
User:MITalum

I am an alumnus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. I've contributed a great deal of content to the MIT article and other MIT-related articles, as well as numerous other articles.

title: User:MITalum


text:
Jay Drake

Jay Scott Drake (born July 5, 1969 in Santa Maria, California) is an American auto racing driver.

Racing career
Drake won the 1998 Turkey Night Grand Prix midget car race. Drake was the USAC National Sprint Car Champion in 2004. He also competed in 14 Indy Pro Series races in 2004 and 2005 with a best finish of third and finishing 9th in the 2005 point standings. Jay is currently the team manager for Keith Kunz Motorsports USAC Midget Team.

Awards

 * 2004 USAC National Sprint Car Series Champion
 * 2001 Chili Bowl winner
 * 2000 Indiana Sprintweek Champion
 * 1997 USAC National Midget Series "Most Improved Driver"
 * 1996 Western States Midget Series Champion
 * 1993 Western States Midget Series "Rookie of the Year"
 * 1991 USAC TQ Midget Champion
 * 1990 USAC TQ Midget Champion
 * 1990 USAC TQ Midget "Rookie of the Year"

American open-wheel racing
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

title: Jay Drake


text:
Hellenica

Hellenica (Ἑλληνικά) simply means writings on Greek (Hellenic) subjects. Several histories of 4th-century Greece, written in the mould of Thucydides or straying from it, have borne the conventional Latin title Hellenica. The surviving Hellenica is an important work of the Ancient Greek writer Xenophon and one of the principal sources for the last seven years of the Peloponnesian War not covered by Thucydides, as well as the war's aftermath.

Xenophon's Hellenica
Many consider this a very personal work, written by Xenophon in retirement on his Spartan estate, intended primarily for circulation among his friends, for people who knew the main protagonists and events, often because they had participated in them. Xenophon's account starts in 411 BC, the year where Thucydides breaks off, and ends in 362 BC, the year of the Battle of Mantineia. There is virtually no transition between the two works, to the extent that the opening words of Hellenica, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα, are translated as After this, or sometimes Following these events.

Summary
Xenophon's Hellenica is a Classical Greek historical narrative divided into seven books that describe Greco-Persian history in the years 411–362 BC. The first two books narrate the final years of the Peloponnesian War from the moment at which Thucydides' history ends. The remaining books, three to seven, focus primarily on Sparta as the dominant city-state in Greece after the Peloponnesian War; continuing into the period known as the Theban hegemony following Sparta's defeat at the battle of Leuctra. Scholars believe the first two books were written at a much earlier time when Xenophon was still living in Athens; while books three to seven were written after Xenophon was banished from Athens and lived in Sparta. The work ends with a summation by Xenophon that his history has ended but another historian may continue it. The Hellenica is the only primary source for the period from the end of the Peloponnesian War until the time of Alexander. Xenophon was familiar with the leading political figures in Sparta and witnessed many battles and expeditions described in the Hellenica. The work is noteworthy as the only major primary historical source between the golden age of Athens and the rise of Macedon.The Hellenica narrative begins as a continuation of Thucydides' unfinished History of the Peloponnesian War. It is alleged Xenophon was the editor of Thucydides' works after his death. This allowed Xenophon directly to continue the narration. Book 1 covers the "Decelian War" period of the Peloponnesian War in the years 411–406 BC. The rival navies of Sparta and Athens fight campaigns in the Hellespont region. Initially, the Athenian navy saw several major sea victories. Book one also narrates restoration of Alcibiades to the Athenian military and his return to Athens in 407 BC.

Book 2 narrates the years 406–402 BC and the end of the Peloponnesian War with the surrender of Athens in 404 BC. The Spartan commander Lysander ordered the long walls of Athens torn down, and Athens became formally allied with the Spartan hegemony. The Spartans also installed a new government. Book 2 focuses primarily on the internal politics of Athens following the war. The Spartan-instituted oligarch regime, known as the Thirty Tyrants' regime, was overthrown and there was a resumption of democracy in Athens.

Book 3 shifts viewpoint from Athenian to Spartan politics, covering the years 401–395 BC. Book 3 starts with a brief account of the expedition of the Ten-thousand against the Persian king Artaxerxes II. For a further description of this, see Xenophon's Anabasis. Book 3 narrates the Spartan expedition led by King Agesilaus in Asia Minor against the Persians. The satraps of Ionia, Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes, are prominent characters with shifting allegiances throughout the Hellenica.

Book 4 narrates events of 395–388 BC, and is primarily concerned with the Corinthian War. Book 4 recalls King Agesilaus' Ionian campaign against Persia of 396–395 BC. During this time, the satrap Pharnabazus bribed Greek states into revolting against Sparta. This eventually led to the Corinthian War, with the states of Athens, Corinth, Argos and Thebes united against Sparta. Agesilaus and his army were recalled in 394 BC from his campaign against Persia. This period saw the beginning of the Corinthian War, with the Persian Empire siding with Athens against Sparta. The Persian satrap Pharnabazus let the exiled Athenian general Conon lead the Persian navy in a number of battles, including the Battle of Cnidus in 394 BC. Conon then convinced Pharnabazus to allow Athens to keep the Persian fleet and to fund the rebuilding of the long walls at Athens.

Book 5 covers the years 388–374 BC. There is a peace conference at the end of the Corinthian War in 387 BC that results in a treaty called the "King's Peace". The acropolis in Thebes is seized by the supposed renegade Spartan Phoebidas, enabling Sparta to control the city until 378 BC, when a group of Thebans expelled the Spartans and reclaimed the city. This later led to the Boeotian War from 378–372 BC.

Book 6 describes events during the years 374–370 BC. The Athenian general Iphicrates stealthily travels around the Peloponnesus. The Battle of Leuctra results in a major loss for Sparta against Thebes, ending the Boeotian War and Spartan hegemony in Greece, although Sparta would remain influential over the next decade. Theban hegemony begins under the leadership of Theban general Epaminondas.

Book 7 narrates the years 370–362 BC. During this period Thebes was the ascendant power in Greece. The old power structures fluctuated as new ones came into being. There was briefly an alliance between Athens and Sparta against Thebes. Sparta faced increasing harassment from internal rebellions and outside resistance. The Spartan homeland saw the first invasion in centuries. The Theban hegemony ended in 362 BC with the second battle of Mantinea.

Other works titled Hellenica
Among competing works under this title, now lost, two stand out, that written by Ephorus of Cyme and that by Theopompus of Chios. Ephorus attempted a universal history, and though he attempted to set apart history from myth, he began his work with the legendary "Return of the sons of Heracles", which modern readers understand as wholly mythic aitia. As a pupil of the rhetorician Isocrates he was not above embroidering his narrative with believable circumstantial detail. Oswyn Murray remarked, "His style and completeness, unfortunately, made him rather popular, but at least he stands out as one who had thought about the purposes that history should serve, and got them wrong." The Hellenica of Theopompus, another pupil of Isocrates, was a continuation of Thucydides.

There is evidence that Anaximenes of Lampsacus wrote a Hellenica.

Yet another, fragmentary Hellenica found in papyrus at Oxyrhynchus, is known as Hellenica Oxyrhynchia; it covered events from 411 to the year of the Battle of Cnidus, 395/4 BC. It has been tentatively attributed to several historians.

title: Hellenica


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Tracy Hines

Tracy Lee Hines (born May 1, 1972) is an American professional stunt driver. He was the 2000 USAC Silver Crown Champion and 2002 USAC National Sprint Car Champion. He currently does not have a full-time ride in NASCAR as he competes for Tony Stewart Racing in three USAC series.

NASCAR
Hines made his first attempt at a Busch race in 2000, when he attempted to qualify for the Cheez-It 200 in a car owned by Jimmy Spencer. He did not make the field.

2003
Hines broke into NASCAR career in 2003, when he and NASCAR Craftsman Truck owner Jimb came to an agreement with Hines to run 5 truck races for him in the later portions of 2003.

His career started at Indianapolis Raceway Park (IRP). Hines qualified 30th in the No. 27 Dodge Motorsports Dodge Ram and had just made it into the top-10 when he wrecked and crashed into the wall, finishing 32nd. At the next race at Texas Motor Speedway, he qualified 4th, and ran in the top-15 all day, coming home with an eleventh-place finish. Hines ran his last two races that season at Martinsville Speedway and Phoenix International Raceway. At both races, Hines qualified the No. 7 in 22nd place, and finished 13th.

2004
In 2004, Tommy Baldwin signed Hines to drive three races for the Hungry Drivers program, a Busch Series competition to see who would drive his No. 6 Ragú Dodge Intrepid that season. In his debut at Texas, he started 14th and finished 20th despite a late spin. After a 25th at Talladega Superspeedway, Hines had his best finish of the year, a 17th at Michigan International Speedway.

Hines continued to run in the Truck Series, replacing Matt Crafton in the No. 88 Menards Chevrolet Silverado for ThorSport Racing, competing for NASCAR Rookie of the Year. He finished 20th, 16th and 29th in the first three races, before posting a 5th-place finish at Mansfield Motorsports Speedway. Starting at Texas, Tracy Hines had a streak of 8 straight top-17 finishes, capped off by a 9th at IRP. He also led 2 laps at Gateway. Hines finished off the 2004 season, with a pair of 13ths and earned an 18th-place points finish.

2005
In 2005, the No. 88 had gone back to Crafton, and Paul Wolfe was in the No. 6 Hellmann's Dodge for 2005. Despite a lack of sponsorship, ThorSport fielded a second truck for Hines, the No. 13. In 23 races he finished in the top-20 only 7 times. He was released with two races to go in the season.

Hines drove one race in 2005 the No. 43 Channellock Dodge for The Curb Agajanian Performance Group at California, where he started 26th and finishing 36th after a late crash. After Wolfe was released from the No. 6, Evernham Motorsports, who now owned the car, hired Hines to drive at The Milwaukee Mile, where he started ninth and finished nineteenth. He also ran at IRP in the No. 6, starting fifth and finishing 24th. Later in the season at Texas, he attempted a Busch race for Glynn Motorsports, however the No. 92 Ultra Comp Trailers Dodge crashed in practice and withdrew.

2006
Tracy Hines was to have signed to drive the No. 92 Glynn Motorsports Dodge in the Busch series, but the team dissolved. Instead, he signed to drive the No. 14 Dodge Charger for FitzBradshaw Racing, with sponsorship from TakeMeOn Vacation, Bluegrass, and JaniKing. Hines was teamed with fellow hoosier Joel Kauffman. After an aborted attempt at Rookie of the Year, Hines resigned from Fitz Bradshaw Racing. Hines plans to spend the rest of this season racing sprint cars.

2007
Hines raced USAC sprint, midget, and Silver Crown cars for Tony Stewart Racing. He sustained a fractured pelvis and left femur, and dislocated right knee in an off-road motorcycle wreck on April 30, 2007.

2008
Hines recorded the fastest ever midget car lap on an asphalt quarter mile at Slinger Super Speedway when he ran a 10.845 second qualifying lap on May 17, 2008.

2009–2013
Hines continued his career in the USAC ranks for several years before returning to NASCAR competition in 2013, driving in the Camping World Truck Series for ThorSport Racing in the inaugural Mudsummer Classic on the dirt at Eldora Speedway. Hines finished 13th in the event after starting in 16th.

Awards and honors
Hines was inducted into the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 2022.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

Camping World Truck Series
$$ Season still in progress $1$ Ineligible for series points

title: Tracy Hines


text:
Dave Darland

David Lee Darland (born September 4, 1966) is an American auto racing driver from Kokomo, Indiana. He was the 1997 USAC Silver Crown Champion, 1999 USAC National Sprint Car Champion, and 2001 and 2002 USAC National Midget Champion, making him the third driver to claim all three USAC National Championships. He is nicknamed "The People's Champ".

Background
Darland was born and raised in Lincoln, Indiana. His father was a steelworker and his mother was a housewife.

Racing career
Darland began racing quarter midgets when he was four years old. His father Bob Darland helped build his first sprint car when he was 16 years old. Darland's first sprint car win happened at Kokomo Speedway when he beat Steve Kinser's father Bob in 1986. Darland won over 100 features in his own sprint car.

Darland's first USAC feature win came in 1993 when he was 26 years old. Darland won the 2001 and 2002 USAC National Midget championships. Race wins include the 2007 & 2013 Turkey Night Grand Prix, a Southern California traditional race held on Thanksgiving Day for many years, and three wins at the Oval Nationals, held at Perris Auto Speedway in Perris, California.

As of July 25, 2020, his 20 Indiana Sprint Week race wins are the most in the series history (since 1988). As of September 26, 2020, he is the winningest driver in USAC Sprint Car history. Darland took over as the winningest USAC overall driver (in either midgets, sprint cars, and Silver Crown cars) when he passed Tom Bigelow's 52 total wins in 2014.

Darland retired from racing in 2023.

Personal life
Darland and his wife Brenda have three children. He suffered a mild stroke on April 23, 2021, and was hospitalized with some confusion.

Awards

 * 2017 National Sprint Car Hall of Fame inductee
 * 2015 Thomas J. Schmeh Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Sport
 * 2015 Mike Curb Super License Award
 * 2011 Won the King of Indiana Sprint Series title
 * 2008 Won The Bob Darland Memorial Race in honor of his father.
 * 2007 Indiana Sprintweek Champion
 * 2002 USAC National Midget Series Champion
 * 2001 USAC National Midget Series Champion
 * 2001 Indiana Sprintweek Champion
 * 1999 USAC National Sprint Car Series Champion
 * 1999 HARF "Driver of the Year"
 * 1997 USAC Silver Crown Series Champion
 * 1997 HARF Co-"Driver of the Year" with Tony Stewart
 * 1995 USAC Silver Crown Series "Most Improved Driver"
 * 1994 HARF "Driver of the Year"

title: Dave Darland


text:
Brian Tyler (racing driver)

Brian Tyler (born October 27, 1967, in Albion, Michigan) is an American auto racing driver.

He was a back-to-back USAC National Sprint car Champion for Larry Contos Racing in 1996 and 1997. He made 10 starts in the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series in 1998 and 1999 for 3 different teams with a best finish of 6th at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway. He attempted, but failed to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 both those years.

Tyler has 9 NASCAR Busch Series starts, and one NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series start, all made between 2001 and 2005. He also has 11 ARCA stock car starts to his credit.

Tyler continues to race in the USAC Silver Crown Series and make occasional ARCA appearances. He finished 7th in the USAC Silver Crown National Championship in 2010

Awards

 * 1997 USAC Sprint Car Series Champion
 * 1997 USAC Silver Crown Series Most Improved Driver
 * 1996 USAC Sprint Car Series Champion
 * 2006 USAC Payless Little 500, Anderson, IN. Winner.
 * Inducted into the Michigan Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2007

Indy Racing League
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

ARCA Racing Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

title: Brian Tyler (racing driver)


text:
Doug Kalitta

Doug Kalitta (born August 20, 1964) is an American auto racing driver from Ypsilanti, Michigan, and owner of airline Kalitta Charters. He started racing in open-wheel cars on an oval. Kalitta won the 1994 USAC Midget rookie of the year title and the 1994 USAC Sprint car championship. He moved to drag racing in 1998 and, as of 2023, has been NHRA Top Fuel Championship runner-up a total of six times. Kalitta won his first NHRA Top Fuel Championship on November 12, 2023 at the In-N-Out Burger NHRA Finals in Pomona, CA. Doug threw the first pitch of the Tigers game on 6/12/24 and was “Just a bit outside!”

Open wheel oval racing
Kalitta formerly raced in USAC events. He was the 1991 USAC rookie of the year in the midget series, and won the 1994 championship in the sprint car category. Kalitta won 21 USAC events: 14 in midget races and 7 in sprint competitions.

Drag racing
In 1998 he joined the NHRA, becoming a top fuel drag racer. Kalitta finished second in the top fuel points race in 2003, 2004, 2006, 2016 and 2019. He is fifth on the all-time top fuel wins list; the most recent of his 52 victories (Kalitta also has 113 career final round appearances) came in winning at the In-N-Out Burger NHRA Finals in Pomona, CA, on November 12, 2023.

Personal life
Kalitta has a wife, Josie Kalitta, a son Mitchell Kalitta, and a daughter Avery Kalitta. Kalitta's father is the now-deceased Doug Kalitta Sr., and he is the nephew of Connie Kalitta, a member of the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Scott Kalitta, an NHRA driver who died on June 21, 2008, in a racing accident, was his cousin. He owns the airline Kalitta Charters.

title: Doug Kalitta


text:
Baba Gurditta

Baba Gurditta (5 November 1613–15 March 1638, Gurmukhi:  ਗੁਰਦਿੱਤਾ) was the son of Guru Hargobind (sixth Sikh guru), and the father of Guru Har Rai (seventh Sikh guru) of Sikhism. There is a gurudwara in Kiratpur Sahib, Punjab which is in remembrance of Baba Gurditta.

Biography
Baba Gurditta was born on the full moon of the month of Katak in 1613 to Mata Damodri and Guru Hargobind. He is said to have resembled Guru Nanak in his youth. According to Bhai Mani Singh Baba Gurditta got name from the fact that he looked like Guru Nanank (Gur) and from the fact that it seemed look Guru Nanak has given himself a physical form (ditta). Gurditta got engaged in 1619 in the month of Katak to Ananti known as Netti. He and his wife were both six years old at the time. They got married on 17 April 1621. A big wedding celebration occurred. Guru Hargobind gifts Gurditta a horse that is worth 100,000 rupees.

During the years 1626–1627, he lived in Kartarpur in the Jalandhar district as per directions by his father. He was the founder of Kiratpur near the Shivalik foothills, also according to commands by his father. He took part in the Battle of Kartarpur (1635) against Painde Khan. In the battle he killed a Mughal general named Asman Khan. Asman Khan and Gurditta were previously childhood friends. Gurditta shot Asman Khan with an arrow. Gurditta rushed by him and cried as Asman Khan died. When asked by his father, Guru Hargobind, why he is crying Gurditta remarked that he was just yesterday playing with Asman and now he is dead.

When a Sikh, named Nakhora, offered his daughter to be wed to Baba Gurditta, Mata Ananti protested against this idea and complained to Guru Hargobind. Afterwards, the Guru disapproved of the match and the daughter of Nakhora returned home unwed to Gurditta.

Baba Gurditta died around 1638, while his father was still alive. His brother Guru Tegh Bahadur would later become the ninth Sikh guru when Baba Gurdita's line of succession dried up. After the Battle of Kartarpur, he took rest under a Banyan tree which is still there in Kartarpur near Sukka Talab he tied his horses under the tree. The sacred Banyan tree has great significance for the Sikhs of Kartarpur. The site is maintained by the Toor clan.

Then Baba Gurditta followed the path 5 km north of Kartarpur and conducted the funeral of martyred Nihangs and where now stands a gurdwara called Killi Sahib.

Head of Udasi sect
He was appointed by the aged Sri Chand to succeed him as the head of the Udasi sect that he had established. He is remembered for giving new strength and energy towards the missionary activities of the sect, such as by establishing four Udasi preaching centres known as ''dhūāṅs. ''

Death
According to legend, on the earlier part of the day of 15 March 1638 in Kiratpur, Baba Gurditta performed a miracle reluctantly under duress where he revived a cow which he, or another member of his hunting party, had accidentally shot and killed after mistaking it for a deer while he was out hunting. Guru Hargobind later admonished him for performing a miracle. Baba Gurditta was deeply affected by this reprimand by his father and silently retired himself to a secluded place outside of Kiratpur, near the shrine of Budhan Shah, where he died later the same day. The Guru searched for him and discovered his dead body, which brought upon much sadness to Hargobind and the Sikh congregation. These events may have had a strong impression on the young Tyag Mal (later Guru Tegh Bahadur), teaching him a lesson on the transience and impermanence of life. On the spot of his death now stands a dehrā (mausoleum).  Another account of his death states that he died while wearing bridge-groom robes after his requested marriage to the daughter of Nakhora was rejected by his father. He was succeeded as head of the Udasi sect by four of his disciples, them namely being Almast, Balu Hasne, Phul, and Goinde.

title: Baba Gurditta


text:
Robbie Stanley

Robert William Stanley (November 16, 1967, in Brownsburg, Indiana – May 26, 1994, in Winchester, Indiana) was an American auto racing driver.

He competed in NASCAR Busch Series between 1992 and 1994, he attempted 3 races, failed to qualify in one of them and ran the other two. His best finish was 15th at Indianapolis Raceway Park in 1993 season.

After winning the All-Star Circuit of Champions championship in 1989, he began racing in USAC. It was there that he collected three straight USAC National sprint car championships in 1991, 1992, and 1993 and was on his way to a fourth when his career was cut short in a fatal accident in a USAC sprint car event in Winchester, Indiana, on May 26, 1994.

The family's quarter midget construction operation is named in his memory.

Awards

 * 2005 - Inducted into the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame
 * 1994 - Inducted into Hoosier Auto Racing Fans (HARF) "Hall of Fame"
 * 1993 - USAC National Sprint Car Series "Champion"
 * 1992 - USAC National Sprint Car Series "Champion"
 * 1991 - USAC National Sprint Car Series "Champion"
 * 1989 - All-Star Circuit of Champions "Champion"
 * 1989 - Hoosier Auto Racing Fans (HARF) "Most Improved Driver"
 * 1984 - Paragon, (IN) Speedway "Rookie of the Year"
 * 1980 - Quarter Midget "National Champion"

title: Robbie Stanley


text: File:Skycity1000 01.jpg

title: File:Skycity1000 01.jpg


text:
File:Swat3box.jpg

Box art for SWAT 3: Close Quarters Battle.

Fair Use Rationales

 * A free equivalent is not available.
 * The image or a similar one appears on many other websites.
 * The image does not inhibit Sierra Entertainment's ability to market or sell the game.
 * This image is of a lower quality than in real life.
 * The image is being used to illustrate the appearance of the game's box art in the SWAT 3: Close Quarters Battle and SWAT series articles.

title: File:Swat3box.jpg


text:
File:Dixon Edward Hoste and fellow China Inland Mission missionaries in native dress.jpg

Dixon Edward Hoste and fellow China Inland Mission missionaries in native dress.


text:
P400-class patrol vessel

The P400-class patrol vessels were small patrol boats of the French Navy. They were designed to accomplish police operations in the French exclusive economic zone (EEZ). They were built by the Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie, which specialise in small military craft. Two similar ships are in service in Gabon, the similar Macaé-class operates with the Brazilian Navy, and two ships were transferred from the French Navy to Kenyan and Gabon navies. The P400 class were originally designed in two versions: one armed with Exocet MM38 missiles, and another public service version with a smaller 16-man complement; eventually neither of these versions were commissioned as the French Navy chose an intermediate version.

All of these craft were based in overseas territories (DOM/TOM) where they conducted sea monitoring missions and secured the EEZ. They also executed missions in the context of French agreements with other nations, typically supporting foreign armies or carrying out humanitarian missions. Since late 2008, ships of the D'Estienne d'Orves-class aviso, with their heavy armament removed, were planned to replace the P400 in the high sea patrol role, a task for which the P400 class have proved to be underweight.

Design
The P400 class are fitted with a hydraulic crane capable of lifting 2.5 t. This allows to use them for anti-pollution operations, by embarking and debarking equipment and anti-pollution chemicals, and to lift out small craft whilst at sea. An unusual feature for ships of this size, the Operational Centre allows a complete monitoring of close surface situations, using radar indicators and tracking tables. The engine can now be monitored remotely, which allows for a smaller crew. The maintenance of the ship was simplified notably by choosing those solutions which allow to clean the ship whilst in populated areas. The P400 class can stay 15 days at sea, and have 20 days of food supplies for 28 adults.

The engines of the P400 have been a constant source of technical problems since the maiden voyage of the lead ship L'Audacieuse to Dakar.

The first problem that occurred related to the carter reductor, then with the transmission, and eventually with a piston - this last item being the most worrying, since it was probably a symptom of a conception problem. This shed a bad light on Alstom who were trying to compete against German motors by MTU. French humourist Coluche came up with the witty remark Après l'Audacieuse, la Boudeuse, la Capricieuse,… voici venu le temps de la Dépanneuse ! (After the Audacieuse, the Boudeuse, the Capricieuse, time has come for the Tow-Truck!). After these problems were solved, larger exhaust pipes had to be fixed (originally, exhaust was vented underwater to minimise infra-red signature, but it turned out that the ship was taking water from these openings).

After further studies, it became possible to gain the space of one propulsion compartment, which is now used for cargo and personnel. The ships can ferry 20 people, and up to 60 for short travel with a calm sea.

Service history
In May 2009, La Fougueuse arrived in Brest to be decommissioned, the first of the P400 class to be taken out of service.

The ships were initially equipped with two Wartsila SACM UD30 V16 M3 diesel engines. New engines were delivered to France's Mother Boda and installed by Piriou Naval Services in a 10-year contract worth €30 million (US$39 million). The first of the modernised ships were to be returned to the French Navy by March 2011. PNS also undertakes restoration of these ships.

By 2020, all vessels in French service, except La Glorieuse, had been retired from French service. La Glorieuse remained in service in New Caledonia until May 2023.

One of the decommissioned vessels, La Tapageuse, was offered to the Philippine Coast Guard, and was estimated to cost about €6 million including the refurbishing works. The deal did not push through, and French shipbuilder Piriou took control of the ship, which was later sold to Gabon as part of a larger deal.

Replacements
In December 2019 six 80 m Patrouilleur Outre-mer (POM-type) patrol vessels were ordered as replacements for the P400s as well as for other French coast guard vessels. These were to be delivered between 2022 and 2025 to protect the exclusive economic zone of French overseas territories in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. In May 2021, it was reported that the delivery of the first of these vessels would be delayed, from an originally planned in-service date of 2022, until 2023.

Ships

 * P682 L'Audacieuse (Degrad des Cannes), decommissioned in 2011.
 * P683 La Boudeuse (La Réunion), decommissioned in 2011.
 * P684 La Capricieuse (Degrad des Cannes), decommissioned in 2017.
 * P685 La Fougueuse (Fort-de-France), decommissioned in 2009.
 * P686 La Glorieuse (Nouméa), decommissioned in 2023
 * P687 La Gracieuse (Fort-de-France), decommissioned in 2017.
 * P688 La Moqueuse (Nouméa) decommissioned in 2020.
 * P689 La Railleuse (Papeete), decommissioned in 2011.
 * P690 La Rieuse (La Réunion), donated to the Kenya Navy in 2011, renamed KNS Harambee II.
 * P691 La Tapageuse (Papeete), decommissioned in 2012, sold to Gabonese Navy in 2014, renamed CV Bivigou Nziengui

title: P400-class patrol vessel


text:
Leonie Brinkema

Leonie Helen Milhomme Brinkema (born June 26, 1944) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.

Early life and education
She was born as Leonie Milhomme in Teaneck, New Jersey. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rutgers University in 1966 and a Master of Library and Information Science from the same institution in 1970. She earned a Juris Doctor from Cornell Law School in 1976.

Career
She worked in the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division's Public Integrity Section 1976–1977, and then the United States Attorney's office in the Eastern District of Virginia, Criminal Division from 1977 to 1983. From 1983 to 1984, she returned to the Criminal Division and worked as a sole practitioner from 1984 to 1985.

Federal judicial service
Brinkema was a United States Magistrate Judge in the Eastern District of Virginia from 1985 to 1993.

On August 6, 1993, President Bill Clinton nominated Brinkema to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia vacated by Judge Albert Vickers Bryan Jr. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 18, 1993, and received her commission on October 20, 1993. She took up her post on October 23, 1993.

Notable rulings

 * Brinkema presided over RTC v. Lerma et al. (1995), a case that involved the reproduction of materials owned by the Church of Scientology. Brinkema found for the defendants in most of the claims, and awarded minimum damages of $2,500 for copyright infringement, citing the "increasingly vitriolic rhetoric" of Religious Technology Center (RTC)'s legal filings.

 * On October 28, 2003, she sentenced al-Qaeda operative Iyman Faris to twenty years imprisonment for providing material support to the group.

 * In 2006, Brinkema presided over the case of 9/11 conspirator Zacarias Moussaoui. When she asked about the videotapes showing the interrogation of Abu Zubaydah, the government denied their existence. As she sentenced Moussaoui to life in a supermax prison, she told him: "You came here to be a martyr and to die in a great big bang of glory, but to paraphrase the poet T. S. Eliot, instead, you will die with a whimper. The rest of your life you will spend in prison." Mr. Moussaoui began to respond, but Judge Brinkema continued. "You will never again get a chance to speak," she said, "and that is an appropriate and fair ending."

 * On April 2, 2009, Brinkema weighed in on the question of whether terrorist detainees at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp could be prosecuted in the civilian justice system.

 * In 2011, she presided over the fraud trial of Lee Farkas, CEO of Taylor, Bean & Whitaker. During his sentencing hearing on June 30, 2011, she said that she did not observe any genuine remorse, and sentenced the 58-year-old Farkas to 30 years in federal prison. She ordered Farkas and six others to pay a total of about $US3.5 billion in restitution.

 * On January 28, 2017, she was the second to order a stay of an executive order by President Donald Trump, which restricted immigration into the United States and prevented the return of green-card holders and others. Although the order issued was a temporary restraining order, it blocked the removal of any green-card holders being detained at Dulles International Airport for seven days. Brinkema's action also ordered that lawyers have access to those held there because of the president's ban.

title: Leonie Brinkema


text:
Peterborough Musicfest

The Peterborough Summer Festival of Lights, later renamed Peterborough Musicfest, is a non-profit, charitable organization in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, which hosts a series of free outdoor concerts. In 2015, Peterborough Musicfest was recognized as a Top 100 Festival and Event in Ontario. The concerts are held at Del Crary Park, located in the downtown on George Street, adjacent to Little Lake.

History
Founded in 1986 by Fred Anderson, these concerts were followed by a choreographed illuminated boat show and a fireworks display.

Beginning in 2005, the festival chose to forgo the aging boat show in favour of hiring more well-known performers and improving the fireworks display. Then in 2009, the fireworks were sacrificed due to cuts to the festival's budget. The festival board is proposing a name change to "Little Lake MusicFest" by 2010. Board members want the new name to focus on the music, seeing as the lights are no longer part of the festival.

The festival was later rebranded as "Peterborough Musicfest" .

In 2023, the music festival attracted an estimated 110,000 people and generated $4.3 million annually for the region.

Past performers

 * Serena Ryder
 * Kiefer Sutherland
 * I Mother Earth
 * Gowan
 * Hey Rosetta!
 * The Box
 * The Spoons
 * Platinum Blonde
 * High Valley
 * Buffy Sainte-Marie
 * Tegan and Sara
 * Tebey
 * Sloan
 * Hanson
 * Colin James
 * 54 40
 * Carly Rae Jepsen
 * Monkeyjunk
 * The Proclaimers
 * Tom Cochrane & Red Rider
 * April Wine
 * I Mother Earth
 * Kalan Porter
 * Gordon Lightfoot
 * Natalie MacMaster
 * Arrogant Worms
 * Lighthouse (band)
 * Cowboy Junkies
 * Beatlemania
 * Blue Rodeo
 * Wide Mouth Mason
 * Emerson Drive
 * John McDermott
 * The Trews
 * Davy Jones
 * Thousand Foot Krutch
 * The Stampeders
 * The Spades
 * Tommy Hunter
 * The Leahys
 * Glass Tiger
 * Sweet
 * Lights

title: Peterborough Musicfest


text:
José María Vargas

José María Vargas Ponce (10 March 1786, in La Guaira – 13 April 1854, in New York City) was the president of Venezuela from 1835 to 1836. Vargas was Venezuela's first civilian president.

He graduated with a degree in philosophy from the Seminario Tridentino, and obtained in 1809 his medical degree from the Real y Pontificia Universidad de Caracas. Vargas was imprisoned in 1813 for revolutionary activities. Upon his release in 1813, he travelled to Europe for medical training. Vargas performed cataract surgery. He was one of the earliest oculists (eye surgeons) in Puerto Rico after his arrival there in 1817. He returned to Venezuela to practice medicine and surgery in 1825. He resigned from his presidency in 1836.

Personal life
José María Vargas was married to Encarnación Maitín, who served as First Lady of Venezuela from 1835 to 1836. In 1877, his ashes were brought to Caracas and buried in the National Pantheon on 27 April of that same year.

Honors
The Venezuelan state of Vargas is named after him.

title: José María Vargas


text:
Andrés Narvarte

Andrés Narvarte Pimentel (1781–March 31, 1853) was the president of Venezuela as interim caretaker (1836–1837).

First Period (1835)
As Vice President of the Republic, Andrés Navarte assumed executive power between 20 January 1835 (when the new Legislative Assembly was finalised) and 9 February 1835 (when José María Vargas was elected as president).

Second Period (1836–1837)
The 55-year-old jurist returned to power after the resignation of Jose Maria Vargas, and as the vice president of Venezuela he was left with executive authority between 24 April 1836 and 20 January 1837 (nine months in total).

title: Andrés Narvarte


text:
José María Carreño

Jose Maria Carreño Blanco (19 March 1792 in Cúa – 18 May 1849 in Caracas) was a Venezuelan politician and military person. He was vice-president in the government of José María Vargas, and provisional president of Venezuela as interim caretaker in 1837.

Biography
Jose Maria Carreño lent his shirt to Simón Bolívar, right after his death. There is little information about Carreño Blanco.

On 20 January 1837, in agreement with the constitution, concluded the period of Andrés Narvarte, being designated as president of Venezuela. Jose Maria Carreño, in his position of vice-president of the Government Council, exerted his functions with the collaboration of Felipe Fermín Paul, the Minister of the Interior, José Felix Blanco in the War and Navy Ministry, and Manuel Maria Echeandía in Outer Relations.

On 11 March 1837, Carlos Soublette was designated vice-president of Venezuela, and on 10 April, of that year, assumed the presidency of the Republic, a position that Soublette carried out until concluding the constitutional period that Vargas initiated in 1835.

José María Carreño was a Mason in the 3rd degree. Carreño died on 18 May 1849 in Caracas, Venezuela.

title: José María Carreño


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/T W G

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mgm|(talk) 12:06, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

T W G
Verging on nonsense. I'm not sure if this is a band or a fan group, but there's hardly enough information in here to make a stab at judging verifiability. Joyous (talk) 05:00, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax/unverifiable. Googling "TWG Wilmington" turned up nothing relevant.  Dcarrano 05:53, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable.- Mgm|(talk) 08:50, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete rubbish. Friday 16:59, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete some kind of vanity, I don't know which. --Etacar11 22:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 04:34, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/T W G


text:
Carlos Soublette

Carlos Valentín José de la Soledad Antonio del Sacramento de Soublette y Jerez de Aristeguieta (15 December 1789 – 11 February 1870) was the president of Venezuela from 1837 to 1839 and 1843 to 1847 and a hero of the Venezuelan War of Independence.

Personal life
Soublette was married to Olalla Buroz y Tovar, who served as First Lady of Venezuela from 1837 to 1839 and 1843 to 1847.

title: Carlos Soublette


text:
José Tadeo Monagas

José Tadeo Monagas Burgos (28 October 1784 – 18 November 1868) was the president of Venezuela 1847–1851 and 1855–1858, and a hero of the Venezuelan War of Independence.

Presidency
In 1846, to head off the challenge from the Liberal Party, ex-President and kingmaker José Antonio Páez selected Monagas as Conservative candidate. Páez thought Monagas could be controlled but he gravitated toward the Liberals, and eventually dispersed the Congress. In 1848 Páez led a rebellion against Monagas but was defeated by General Santiago Mariño in the 'Battle of the Araguatos', imprisoned, and eventually exiled.

As a member of the Liberal Party, he abolished capital punishment for political crimes. The Liberal Party also passed laws that abolished slavery, extended suffrage, and limited interest rates. José Tadeo Monagas also supported his brother José Gregorio for the presidency.

José Tadeo Monagas and his brother José Gregorio Monagas combined rule 1847–1858 is commonly referred to as the Monagas Dynasty or "Monagato". During José Tadeo's second term, the Monagas brothers attempted to end term limits and extend presidential terms to six-years, which instead ended with the overthrow of José Tadeo at the hands of Julián Castro and his Liberal and Conservative allies.

Personal life
Monagas was married to Luisa Oriach Ladrón de Guevara, who served as First Lady of Venezuela from 1847 until 1851. She was then First Lady again from 1855 until 1858.

title: José Tadeo Monagas


text:
José Gregorio Monagas

José Gregorio Monagas (4 May 1795 – 15 July 1858) was the president of Venezuela 1851–1855 and brother of José Tadeo Monagas.

Early life and education
General José Gregorio Monagas was born in Aragua de Barcelona, Venezuela, in 1795. His parents were Francisco José Monagas, a merchant from the Canary Islands, and Perfecta Burgos, a native of Cojedes. Monagas started his military career at an early age, in 1813, along with his brother José Tadeo.

Military campaigns
During Venezuela's emancipation war, Monagas participated in several important campaigns against Spanish royalists Juan Domingo de Monteverde and José Tomás Boves. Because of his brave participation in the Battle of Carabobo, Venezuelan independence hero Simón Bolívar dubbed him the First Spear of the East.

1851–1855: Presidency
In 1851, José Gregorio Monagas succeeded his brother José Tadeo Monagas as President of Venezuela. During his presidency, Monagas proclaimed Venezuela to be a nation free of slavery, in an edict signed on 24 March 1854. This decision was one of the main causes of the Federal War.

The combined rule of Jose Tadeo and Jose Gregorio Monagas (1847–1858) is commonly referred to as the Monagas Dynasty, or Monagato. It ended with the overthrow of José Tadeo at the hands of Julián Castro and his allies during José Tadeo's second term.

Personal life
José Gregorio Monagas was married to Clara Marrero de Monagas, who served as First Lady of Venezuela from 1851 until 1855.

Death
Monagas is reported to have known he was dying on the day before, finding it hard to breathe and with his tongue lead-coloured. He wished to return to Maracaibo, where three local doctors (Tomás Troconis, Francisco Valbuena, and Joaquín Esteva) were instructed to meet him at the dock by Governor Serrano. A great number of other people also went to the ports to watch the arrival. Monagas arrived at 5 pm on the boat Céfiro, lifted by his sons and other people because he was unconscious. The doctors believed he was just faint and had him sat in a chair that had been placed on the dock. However, he did not recover at died at 5:15 pm without having come round. An autopsy and the statements from his sons and personal doctor determined the cause of death as acute enteritis. On the day after his death he was buried in a service with full military honours, with son Julio giving the eulogy. :257–259

title: José Gregorio Monagas