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1984 in baseball

Major League Baseball

 * World Series: Detroit Tigers over San Diego Padres (4–1); Alan Trammell, MVP

 * American League Championship Series MVP: Kirk Gibson
 * National League Championship Series MVP: Steve Garvey
 * All-Star Game, July 10 at Candlestick Park: National League, 3–1; Gary Carter, MVP

Other champions

 * Amateur World Series: Cuba
 * Caribbean World Series: Águilas del Zulia (Venezuela)
 * College World Series: Cal State-Fullerton
 * Japan Series: Hiroshima Toyo Carp over Hankyu Braves (4–3)
 * Korean Series: Lotte Giants over Samsung Lions
 * Big League World Series: Taipei, Taiwan
 * Junior League World Series: Pearl City, Hawaii
 * Little League World Series: Seoul National, Seoul, South Korea
 * Senior League World Series: Altamonte Springs, Florida
 * Summer Olympic Games at Los Angeles (demonstration sport): Japan (1st), United States (2nd), Chinese Taipei (3rd)

Awards and honors

 * Baseball Hall of Fame
 * Luis Aparicio
 * Don Drysdale
 * Rick Ferrell
 * Harmon Killebrew
 * Pee Wee Reese
 * Most Valuable Player
 * Willie Hernández, Detroit Tigers, P (AL)
 * Ryne Sandberg, Chicago Cubs, 2B (NL)
 * Cy Young Award
 * Willie Hernández, Detroit Tigers (AL)
 * Rick Sutcliffe, Chicago Cubs (NL)
 * Rookie of the Year
 * Alvin Davis, Seattle Mariners, 1B (AL)
 * Dwight Gooden, New York Mets, P (NL)
 * Manager of the Year Award
 * Sparky Anderson, Detroit Tigers (AL)
 * Jim Frey, Chicago Cubs (NL)
 * Woman Executive of the Year (major or minor league): Mildred Boyenga, Waterloo Indians, Midwest League
 * Gold Glove Award
 * Eddie Murray (1B) (AL)
 * Lou Whitaker (2B) (AL)
 * Buddy Bell (3B) (AL)
 * Alan Trammell (SS) (AL)
 * Dwight Evans (OF) (AL)
 * Dave Winfield (OF) (AL)
 * Dwayne Murphy (OF) (AL)
 * Lance Parrish (C) (AL)
 * Ron Guidry (P) (AL)

January

 * January 5 - The New York Yankees signed Phil Niekro, who had spent the previous 25 seasons with the Atlanta Braves.
 * January 10 – Luis Aparicio, Don Drysdale and Harmon Killebrew are elected to the Hall of Fame by the Baseball Writers' Association of America.
 * January 20 – Believing that it is unnecessary to protect a 39-year-old pitcher, the New York Mets leave Tom Seaver unprotected, and he is chosen by the Chicago White Sox from the Mets as a free agent compensation pick.
 * Continuing his attempt to chase Ty Cobb's all-time hits record, Pete Rose signs with the Montreal Expos.

February

 * February 8 - The Oakland Athletics make use of an obscure loophole to select pitcher Tim Belcher from the New York Yankees as a free agent compensation pick. Belcher had just been drafted by the Yankees earlier that year in the free agent draft. Because the Yankees mistakenly thought he wasn't eligible to be drafted, they didn't need to protect him. The matter went to an arbitrator who ruled in favor of Oakland.
 * February 17 - The Houston Astros signed J.R. Richard. Richard was attempting to make a comeback after complications from a stroke ended his career years earlier. Richard was not successful in his comeback attempt.
 * February 21 - Dusty Baker is granted free agency by the Los Angeles Dodgers.

March

 * March 8 – Shortstop Pee Wee Reese and catcher Rick Ferrell are elected to the Hall of Fame by the Special Veterans Committee. Reese hit .269 in 16 seasons with the Dodgers in Brooklyn and Los Angeles, while Ferrell batted .281 with 28 home runs in 18 seasons for the Browns, Red Sox and Senators.
 * March 17 - Ferguson Jenkins is released by the Chicago Cubs.
 * March 24 - The Detroit Tigers traded outfielder Glenn Wilson and catcher John Wockenfuss to the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for relief pitcher Willie Hernandez and first baseman Dave Bergman.
 * March 29 - On the same day they released outfielder Mitchell Page, the Oakland Athletics signed Dave Kingman, who'd been released earlier by the New York Mets.

April

 * April 1 - The San Francisco Giants signed Dusty Baker.
 * The Seattle Mariners signed free agent shortstop Omar Vizquel
 * April 2 - Bucky Dent is released by the Texas Rangers.
 * April 7
 * Jack Morris of the Detroit Tigers no-hits the Chicago White Sox 4–0 at Comiskey Park, in a game televised on NBC. The no-hitter is the first no-hitter by a Tiger since Jim Bunning in 1958 and also ties Ken Forsch's in 1979 as the earliest, calendar-wise, that a no-hitter is pitched.
 * The New York Mets' Dwight Gooden strikes out five in five innings to earn his first major league win, 3–2 over the Houston Astros.
 * April 10 - Ruppert Jones signs with the Detroit Tigers as a free agent. Jones played the previous season with the San Diego Padres, whom the Tigers would go on to face in the World Series.
 * April 13 – Twenty-one years to the day that he collects his first Major League hit, Pete Rose collects the 4,000th hit of his career; he is only the second player (after Ty Cobb) to ever do so.
 * April 22 – For the second day in a row, the Philadelphia Phillies put up twelve runs against the New York Mets, assuming first place in the National League East.
 * April 27 – After nineteen innings, two Glenn Abbott errors followed by a Kirk Gibson error in right field lead to four unearned runs for the Cleveland Indians, who beat Detroit 8–4 at Tiger Stadium.
 * April 29 – Jerry Koosman steps on the mound at Shea Stadium for the first time in his career against the New York Mets. The Mets beat Koosman and the Philadelphia Phillies, 6–2.

May

 * May 2 – The Cleveland Indians' Andre Thornton ties an American League record for walks in a game with six.
 * May 4 – Dave Kingman of the Oakland Athletics pops a ball up that never comes down. Playing the Minnesota Twins at the Metrodome, Kingman's pop fly goes through the roof of the stadium.
 * May 8 – Hall of Famer Kirby Puckett makes his major league debut, going 4 for 5 as his Minnesota Twins shut out California, Puckett will collect 2,300 more hits before retiring prematurely in 1996 due to vision problems in his left eye.
 * May 8 – May 9 – The Chicago White Sox and Milwaukee Brewers face off in a game that started on the 8th, the game is suspended after a 3–3 tie and seventeen innings. When the game is resumed the next day, both teams manage to score three runs in the 21st inning, and is only ended when Harold Baines slams a home run in the bottom of the 25th inning to end the 8 hour, six minute marathon; the longest game, by time, in Major League history.  Tom Seaver, the last pitcher available for the White Sox, earns the win, and then goes on to start the regularly scheduled game that day, earning a second win on one day for a starting pitcher.
 * May 9 – After Mets pitching allows 31 runs in the previous three games, Ron Darling, Doug Sisk and Jesse Orosco combine to hold the Atlanta Braves to just one run at Shea Stadium.
 * May 11 – Dwight Gooden out duels Fernando Valenzuela as the New York Mets defeat the Los Angeles Dodgers 2–0 at Dodger Stadium. Valenzuela strikes out eight in eight innings, while Gooden strikes out eleven in a complete game.
 * May 12 – In defeating the St. Louis Cardinals 2–1 at Riverfront Stadium, Mario Soto of the Cincinnati Reds has a no-hitter broken up with two out in the ninth as George Hendrick's solo home run ties the game at 1–1. It is the only hit Soto allows. The Reds win the game for Soto in the bottom of the ninth, as Brad Gulden singles in Dave Concepción, the winning run.
 * May 16 – Mike Schmidt hit his 400th home run and Len Matuszek drove in four runs to lead The Philadelphia Phillies to a 12–1 win over The Los Angeles Dodgers. Schmidt became the 20th player to hit 400 home runs as Jerry Koosman the winning pitcher beat the Dodgers for the first time Since 1975 when Koosman was pitching for the New York Mets.
 * May 17 - Jim Palmer's major league career comes to an end, as he is released by the Baltimore Orioles.
 * May 24 – The Detroit Tigers' Jack Morris pitches a four hit complete game victory against the California Angels to improve his record to 9–1, and the team's record to 35–5, the best 40-game start in major league history.
 * May 27 – As the Cincinnati Reds played the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field, Cubs third baseman Ron Cey hit a long foul ball down the left field line, but third base umpire Steve Rippley incorrectly ruled it a home run. Reds pitcher Mario Soto shoves Rippley during an argument over the call. After conferring, the umpires change their decision and rule it a foul ball. However, for shoving Rippley, Soto is ejected, prompting him to charge the field and attack Cubs third base coach Don Zimmer, which triggers a ten-minute bench-clearing brawl. The Reds win the game, completing a three-game sweep of the Cubs. Four days later, National League president Chub Feeney suspends Soto five games for the incident.

June

 * June 7 - Bucky Dent makes his return to New York as he signs a contract with the New York Yankees.
 * June 9 – A 12–2 victory over the Cincinnati Reds coupled with an Atlanta Braves loss give the San Diego Padres their first division lead in the National League West since May 28. The Padres do not relinquish their division lead for the remainder of the season.
 * June 13 – Rick Sutcliffe, George Frazier and Ron Hassey are traded by the Cleveland Indians to the Chicago Cubs, in exchange for Joe Carter, Mel Hall, Don Schulze and Darryl Banks. Sutcliffe becomes the ace of the Cubs' staff, making 20 starts and winning 16 of 17 decisions with a 2.69 ERA.
 * June 16 – Leading off the fifth inning, Cincinnati Reds pitcher Mario Soto throws several brushback pitches at Atlanta Braves slugger Claudell Washington, who had homered in his last at-bat. Washington tosses his bat in the direction of Soto and tries to go out to retrieve it, but instead walks toward the mound. The chief umpire and Reds infielder Lenny Harris attempts to restrain Washington, but he is thrown to the ground. Soto uses the distraction to punch Washington. Several of Washington's teammates attempt to hold Washington to the ground. While they are doing that, Soto fires the baseball into the crowd of players, striking Braves coach Joe Pignatano. Soto is suspended three games for this incident while Washington receives a five-game suspension for shoving Harris.
 * June 19 – In his first start since being acquired from the Cleveland Indians, Rick Sutcliffe pitches into the ninth inning against the Pittsburgh Pirates at Three Rivers Stadium without allowing a run. Sutcliffe is lifted in the ninth after giving up one earned run and is charged with two more unearned runs after Lee Smith replaces him on the mound. Even though, the Cubs hold on for the 4–3 victory.
 * June 23 – At Wrigley Field, the Chicago Cubs and rival St. Louis Cardinals locked up in what would be a tight game. In the bottom of the ninth inning, trailing 9–8, Cubs second baseman Ryne Sandberg hit a solo-home run off reliever Bruce Sutter. The Cardinals regained the lead in the tenth inning, 11–9, but Sandberg hit another home run against Sutter in the bottom of the frame, this time with one runner on base and two outs. In a lost cause, St. Louis outfielder Willie McGee would hit for the cycle, as the Cubs went on to win the game 12–11 in the following inning and eventually won the National League East title. Sandberg earned the MVP Award this season, with this game as a key contribution.
 * June 26 - At Wrigley Field, Jason Thompson of the Pittsburgh Pirates ties Ralph Kiner's 37-year franchise record by hitting four home runs in a doubleheader against the Chicago Cubs. He hits two home runs in both games, the Pirates winning the first game 9-0, and the Cubs the nightcap 9-8.

July

 * July 4 – Phil Niekro of the New York Yankees records his 3,000th career strikeout. He is the second to do so on the Fourth of July, after Nolan Ryan in 1980.
 * July 10 – At Candlestick Park, on the 50th anniversary of Carl Hubbell's legendary five consecutive strikeouts in the 1934 All-Star Game, National League pitchers Fernando Valenzuela and Dwight Gooden combine to fan six batters in a row for a new All-Star Game record in the NL's 3–1 triumph over the American League. After Valenzuela whiffs Dave Winfield, Reggie Jackson and George Brett in the 4th inning, Gooden, the youngest All-Star ever at age 19, fans Lance Parrish, Chet Lemon and Alvin Davis in the 5th inning. Gary Carter is named the Game MVP.
 * July 21 – The New York Yankees retire Roger Maris' number 9 and Elston Howard's number 32.
 * July 26 – Pete Rose of the Montreal Expos tied Ty Cobb on the career singles list, No. 3,052, with a base hit in the eighth inning in a 5–4 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates.

August

 * August 1 – A 5–4 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies and a Mets loss to the St. Louis Cardinals pull the Chicago Cubs into first place in the National League East for the first time since July 6. They remain atop their division for the remainder of the season.
 * August 2 - Rick Cerone's bloop single drove in the tie-breaking run in the eighth inning as the New York Yankees beat the Milwaukee Brewers 6-4 and reached the .500 mark for the first time since April 20.
 * August 3 - Nolan Ryan scattered seven hits and Jerry Mumphrey homered and singled and drove in four runs as the Houston Astros beat the San Diego Padres, 6-2. Ryan is now 9-7 for the season.
 * August 9 – Tom Seaver only lasts 3.2 innings and gives up six earned runs in his first career start against the New York Yankees. Seaver is credited with the loss, as the Yankees beat the Chicago White Sox 7–6.
 * August 12 – Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium sees a series of beanings, attempted beanings, and two bench clearing fist fights, the second of which sees fans spill out onto the field. Nineteen Atlanta Braves and San Diego Padres are ejected. Dick Williams, manager of the Padres, is fined $10,000 and suspended ten days, while Braves manager Joe Torre is suspended for three games.
 * August 16 – It is announced that the Cincinnati Reds trade Tom Lawless to the Montréal Expos. Pete Rose returns to the Reds; he is also named player-manager.
 * August 24 - Rick Sutcliffe allowed just five hits in winning his 10th consecutive game and Ryan Sandberg drove in two runs as the National League East leading Chicago Cubs beat the Atlanta Braves, 3-0.
 * August 29 – Keith Hernandez hits a walk-off double to complete the New York Mets' three-game sweep of the Los Angeles Dodgers.

September

 * September 7 – In a crucial battle for first place in the National League East, Dwight Gooden strikes out eleven Chicago Cubs batters and allows only one hit (a lead-off single by Keith Moreland in the fifth inning) in the Mets' 10–0 victory at Shea.
 * September 14 – Seattle Mariners rookie Mark Langston pitches a 2–1, five-hit victory against the Kansas City Royals, to becomes the first pitcher in Mariners history to win 15 games in a regular season.
 * September 15 – San Diego Padres outfielder Tony Gwynn collects his 200th hit of the season in a 3–2 loss to the Houston Astros.
 * September 17
 * Reggie Jackson becomes the 13th player in Major League Baseball history to record 500 home runs. Jackson achieved his feat against Kansas City Royals pitcher Bud Black, as his 500th homer comes exactly 17 years after he gets his first career hit.
 * Rookie pitcher Dwight Gooden of the New York Mets strikes out 16 Philadelphia Phillies in a 2–1 loss at Philadelphia. After fanning 16 Pittsburgh Pirates five days earlier, Gooden ties a major league record with 32 strikeouts in two consecutive games.
 * September 18 – The Detroit Tigers clinch the American League Eastern Division, becoming the fourth team in history to hold first place from day one of the season (joining the 1923 New York Giants, the 1927 New York Yankees, and 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers).
 * September 19 – Pete Rose collects his 100th hit of the season, becoming the first player in Major League history to collect that many hits in 22 consecutive seasons. It happens to be his 725th career double, which establishes a new National League record.
 * September 20 – Tim Lollar's three-run home run caps a 5–4 come-from-behind win for the San Diego Padres over the San Francisco Giants, clinching the very first division title for the Padres.
 * September 23 – A 4–1 win over the New York Yankees gives the Detroit Tigers 100 wins for the season, and gives Tigers' manager Sparky Anderson the honor of being the first manager in history to guide teams to 100-win seasons in both leagues.
 * September 24 – On the fifteenth anniversary of the Chicago Cubs being eliminated from the 1969 pennant chase, the Cubs' Rick Sutcliffe pitches a 4–1 two-hit complete game over the Pittsburgh Pirates in Three Rivers Stadium to clinch the National League Eastern Division title for the Cubs; the first post-season appearance for the team since 1945.
 * September 25 – At Shea Stadium, 40-year-old Rusty Staub of the New York Mets hits a walk-off home run off Larry Andersen to defeat the Philadelphia Phillies 6–4. Staub, who had hit 6 home runs as a 19-year-old with the Houston Colt .45s in 1963, becomes the second player, after Ty Cobb, to hit home runs before his 20th birthday and after his 40th birthday.
 * September 28 – In addition to saving 29 games this season, Minnesota Twins closer Ron Davis blows his 14th save today to tie a season record. The mark was set in 1976 by future Hall-of-Famer Rollie Fingers, and subsequently tied by Bruce Sutter (1978) and Bob Stanley (1983).
 * September 30 – Mike Witt of the California Angels holds on for a 1–0 win over the Texas Rangers, the 11th perfect game since 1901.
 * September 30 – In the New York Yankees' final game of the season, the American League batting race is decided when Don Mattingly goes 4 for 5 to raise his average to .343, while teammate Dave Winfield finishes with a .340 average. The two teammates battle for the league lead in batting average for most of the year.

October

 * October 3 – Johnny Grubb delivers a two-run double in the eleventh inning to lift the Detroit Tigers to a 5–3 victory over the Kansas City Royals in game two of the 1984 American League Championship Series.
 * October 5 – The Detroit Tigers' Milt Wilcox and the Kansas City Royals' Charlie Leibrandt engage in a pitchers' duel in the third game of the American League Championship Series. A Marty Castillo ground out in the second inning that scores Chet Lemon is the deciding factor, as the Tigers win 1–0 to sweep the ALCS, 3–0.
 * October 6 – Steve Garvey hits a walk off, two-run home run off Lee Smith in game four of the 1984 National League Championship Series to even it at two games apiece. For the evening, Garvey has five RBIs in the San Diego Padres' 7–5 victory over the Chicago Cubs.
 * October 7 – A crucial error by Chicago Cubs first baseman Leon Durham leads to a four-run seventh inning for the San Diego Padres, who beat the Cubs, 6–3, in the final game of the 1984 National League Championship Series. Steve Garvey, who bats .400 with a home run and seven RBIs is named series MVP.
 * October 14 – Kirk Gibson blasts two upper-deck home runs at Tiger Stadium in Game Five of the 1984 World Series, to lead the Detroit Tigers to an 8–4 victory over the San Diego Padres and its first World Championship since 1968. Alan Trammell is selected the Series MVP.
 * October 17 - Jim Frey of the Chicago Cubs who led his team to its first National League East title was named the National League manager of the year by the BBWAA.

November

 * November 6 – Willie Hernández wins the American League MVP Award, joining Rollie Fingers as the only relief pitchers in Major League Baseball history to be named MVP and Cy Young Award winners in the same season. Boston Red Sox slugger Tony Armas finishes seventh, despite winning the home run (43) and RBI (123) titles. The last player to lead in those categories and not win is Ted Williams, twice, in the 1942 and 1947 seasons.
 * November 13 – Ryne Sandberg, whose efforts afield and at bat helped the Chicago Cubs win their first championship in 39 years was named the National League Most Valuable Player.
 * November 14 - The Montreal Expos signed outfielder Larry Walker as a free agent. Walker would go on to player for the Expos and Colorado Rockies in a career that would eventually see him elected to the hall of fame.
 * November 20 – Four days after his 20th birthday, New York Mets pitcher Dwight Gooden becomes the youngest player ever to win the National League Rookie of the Year Award. Gooden posts a 17–9 record with a 2.60 ERA and a major league-leading 276 strikeouts.
 * November 22 – Seattle Mariners first baseman Alvin Davis easily wins the American League Rookie of the Year Award over teammate pitcher Mark Langston and Minnesota Twins outfielder Kirby Puckett.
 * November 27 – The American League Gold Glove team is announced, and is made up of the same nine players as the 1983 team: Ron Guidry (P), Lance Parrish (C), Eddie Murray (1B), Lou Whitaker (2B), Buddy Bell (3B), Alan Trammell (SS), Dwight Evans (OF), Dave Winfield (OF) and Dwayne Murphy (OF).

December

 * December 5 - A blockbuster trade occurs. The Oakland Athletics trade minor league pitcher Bert Bradley and outfielder Rickey Henderson to the New York Yankees in exchange for pitchers Tim Birtsas, Eric Plunk, Jay Howell, Jose Rijo, and outfielder Stan Javier.
 * December 12 – The Montreal Expos trade future Hall of Fame catcher Gary Carter to the New York Mets for shortstop Hubie Brooks, catcher Mike Fitzgerald, outfielder Herm Winningham and pitching prospect Floyd Youmans.
 * December 14 - Rick Sutcliffe signs a contract with the Chicago Cubs.
 * December 20 - The New York Yankees acquired infielder Dale Berra, pitcher Alfonso Pulido and outfielder Jay Buhner from the Pittsburgh Pirates in exchange for outfielder Steve Kemp and infielder Tim Foli.

Movies

 * The Natural

January

 * January 3 – Neil Wagner
 * January 4 – John Raynor
 * January 6 – Jimmy Barthmaier
 * January 7 – Carlos Corporán
 * January 7 – Jon Lester
 * January 8 – Jeff Francoeur
 * January 8 – Kevin Whelan
 * January 9 – Dustin Richardson
 * January 10 – Hunter Jones
 * January 12 – Scott Olsen
 * January 14 – Erick Aybar
 * January 14 – Mike Pelfrey
 * January 16 – Matt Maloney
 * January 18 – Justin Thomas
 * January 21 – Robert Ray
 * January 22 – Ubaldo Jiménez
 * January 24 – Scott Kazmir
 * January 25 – Tyler Graham
 * January 30 – Jeremy Hermida
 * January 31 – Josh Johnson

February

 * February 2 – Chin-Lung Hu
 * February 4 – Doug Fister
 * February 9 – Dioner Navarro
 * February 10 – Luis Cruz
 * February 10 – Alex Gordon
 * February 11 – J. R. Towles
 * February 13 – Matt Buschmann
 * February 13 – Brett Hayes
 * February 15 – Mitchell Boggs
 * February 15 – Nate Schierholtz
 * February 18 – Brian Bogusevic
 * February 20 – Brian McCann
 * February 27 – Jumbo Díaz
 * February 27 – Scott Mathieson
 * February 27 – Aníbal Sánchez
 * February 27 – Denard Span

March

 * March 2 – Will Little
 * March 8 – Yoshihisa Hirano
 * March 9 – Elliot Johnson
 * March 9 – Craig Stammen
 * March 10 – Aaron Bates
 * March 11 – Frank Mata
 * March 12 – José Arredondo
 * March 12 – Frankie de la Cruz
 * March 14 – Randor Bierd
 * March 16 – Harvey García
 * March 19 – Matt Downs
 * March 21 – Warner Madrigal
 * March 22 – Joe Smith
 * March 23 – Jon Link
 * March 29 – Kila Ka'aihue

April

 * April 3 – Kyle Phillips
 * April 8 – Diory Hernández
 * April 9 – Adam Loewen
 * April 11 – Andrés Blanco
 * April 11 – Alejandro De Aza
 * April 14 – Christopher Leroux
 * April 17 – Jed Lowrie
 * April 18 – Marcos Mateo
 * April 19 – Ambiorix Burgos
 * April 19 – Jesús Delgado
 * April 21 – Zach Kroenke
 * April 23 – Dave Davidson
 * April 25 – Robert Andino
 * April 26 – Shawn Kelley
 * April 26 – Brian Omogrosso
 * April 27 – Luis Perdomo
 * April 28 – Pedro López
 * April 28 – Rómulo Sánchez
 * April 29 – Cesar Carrillo
 * April 29 – Billy Petrick

May

 * May 4 – Sam LeCure
 * May 4 – Kevin Slowey
 * May 5 – Luis Valdez
 * May 7 – James Loney
 * May 8 – Adam Moore
 * May 9 – Prince Fielder
 * May 9 – Chase Headley
 * May 10 – Kam Mickolio
 * May 10 – Edward Mujica
 * May 12 – Chris Robinson
 * May 14 – Luke Gregerson
 * May 15 – Everett Teaford
 * May 16 – Jensen Lewis
 * May 16 – Brandon Mann
 * May 16 – Rafael Martin
 * May 18 – David Patton
 * May 18 – Joakim Soria
 * May 24 – Héctor Ambriz
 * May 25 – Graham Taylor
 * May 27 – Miguel González
 * May 30 – Frank Herrmann
 * May 31 – Andrew Bailey

June

 * June 1 – Wilkin Castillo
 * June 5 – Robinson Chirinos
 * June 6 – Emiliano Fruto
 * June 7 – Justin Berg
 * June 9 – Yuli Gurriel
 * June 10 – Travis Chick
 * June 12 – Roger Bernadina
 * June 12 – Kyle McClellan
 * June 14 – Jesús Guzmán
 * June 15 – Tim Lincecum
 * June 15 – Cliff Pennington
 * June 16 – Jonathan Broxton
 * June 18 – Fernando Rodriguez
 * June 20 – Cole Gillespie
 * June 21 – Gabe Morales
 * June 22 – Cesar Ramos
 * June 26 – Elijah Dukes
 * June 26 – Luis Hernández
 * June 28 – Clay Zavada
 * June 29 – Hernán Iribarren

July

 * July 1 – Rich Thompson
 * July 2 – Wladimir Balentien
 * July 7 – Alfredo Fígaro
 * July 8 – Kevin Russo
 * July 11 – Yorman Bazardo
 * July 11 – Jon Meloan
 * July 15 – Anthony Claggett
 * July 15 – Brandon Gomes
 * July 18 – Allen Craig
 * July 18 - Michael Collins
 * July 20 – Alexi Casilla
 * July 20 – Danny Dorn
 * July 26 – Kevin Jepsen
 * July 26 – Brandon Morrow
 * July 27 – Max Scherzer
 * July 27 – Tsuyoshi Nishioka
 * July 29 – Chad Billingsley
 * July 29 – Mark Hamilton
 * July 31 – Fernando Hernández

August

 * August 1 – Brandon Kintzler
 * August 2 – Luke Hughes
 * August 2 – Konrad Schmidt
 * August 3 – Germán Durán
 * August 3 – Sergio Escalona
 * August 3 – Matt Joyce
 * August 5 – Sean Kazmar
 * August 6 – Osiris Matos
 * August 7 – Wade LeBlanc
 * August 9 – Graham Godfrey
 * August 10 – Jeff Marquez
 * August 11 – Melky Cabrera
 * August 13 – Boone Logan
 * August 14 – Nevin Ashley
 * August 14 – Clay Buchholz
 * August 15 – Tyson Brummett
 * August 15 – Jarrod Dyson
 * August 15 – Chris Pettit
 * August 19 – Marcos Carvajal
 * August 20 – Jamie Hoffmann
 * August 21 – Dustin Molleken
 * August 21 – Melvin Upton Jr.
 * August 22 – David Huff
 * August 26 – Kyle Kendrick
 * August 28 – Will Harris
 * August 30 – Steven Wright

September

 * September 2 – Dusty Ryan
 * September 4 – Jason Donald
 * September 7 – Mauro Gómez
 * September 8 – Rob Delaney
 * September 8 – Bobby Parnell
 * September 9 – Brett Pill
 * September 10 – Andrew Brown
 * September 13 – Jesse English
 * September 14 – Robert Mosebach
 * September 14 – Josh Outman
 * September 18 – Donald Veal
 * September 19 – Danny Valencia
 * September 21 – Joaquin Arias
 * September 21 – Carlos Rosa
 * September 23 – Matt Kemp
 * September 24 – Scott Carroll
 * September 24 – Rafael Rodríguez
 * September 25 – Michael Crotta
 * September 25 – Víctor Gárate
 * September 27 – John Lannan
 * September 28 – Thad Weber
 * September 28 – Ryan Zimmerman

October

 * October 1 – Matt Cain
 * October 1 – Chris Johnson
 * October 3 – Lance Barrett
 * October 2 – Oswaldo Navarro
 * October 2 – Matt Reynolds
 * October 4 – Drew Stubbs
 * October 10 – Troy Tulowitzki
 * October 11 – Max Ramírez
 * October 13 – Steven Lerud
 * October 13 – Hayden Penn
 * October 14 – Kris Johnson
 * October 19 – James McDonald
 * October 19 – Travis Schlichting
 * October 19 – Josh Tomlin
 * October 21 – Danny Herrera
 * October 21 – José Lobatón
 * October 22 – Takuya Asao
 * October 24 – Lucas May
 * October 26 – Jesús Flores
 * October 29 – José Mijares
 * October 30 – Shane Robinson
 * October 31 – Anthony Varvaro

November

 * November 1 – Stephen Vogt
 * November 2 – Tommy Layne
 * November 3 – Brandon Dickson
 * November 3 – Jonathan Herrera
 * November 6 – Ricky Romero
 * November 6 – Atahualpa Severino
 * November 9 – Joel Zumaya
 * November 10 – Kazuhisa Makita
 * November 12 – César Jiménez
 * November 13 – Tony Abreu
 * November 20 – Jo-Jo Reyes
 * November 21 – Quintin Berry
 * November 22 – Yusmeiro Petit
 * November 23 – Robert Coello
 * November 23 – Justin Turner
 * November 23 – Casper Wells
 * November 24 – Joel Guzmán

December

 * December 3 – Tobi Stoner
 * December 4 - Takayuki Kishi
 * December 5 – Josh Lueke
 * December 7 – Mike Baxter
 * December 10 – Gregorio Petit
 * December 11 – Josh Butler
 * December 14 – Chris Heisey
 * December 15 – Cole Garner
 * December 15 – James Houser
 * December 17 – Stuart Pomeranz
 * December 18 – Josh Rodriguez
 * December 19 – Ian Kennedy
 * December 20 – Brian Abraham
 * December 21 – Eddie Gamboa
 * December 23 – Josh Satin
 * December 26 – Darin Downs
 * December 26 – Brett Sinkbeil
 * December 28 – Barret Browning

January

 * January 1 – Hazel Measner, 58, Canadian pitcher who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in its 1946 season.
 * January 6 – Billy Lee, 89, who appeared in 25 games, chiefly as an outfielder, for the 1914–1915 St. Louis Browns.
 * January 18 – Leo Kiely, 54, pitcher for the Boston Red Sox in the 1950s, who in 1957 set two PCL records with 20 wins in relief, 14 of them in consecutive games, and also became the first major leaguer to play in Japanese Baseball, for the Mainichi Orions, in 1953.
 * January 22 – Johnny Spencer, 86, outfielder who played in 1921 and 1922 for the Pittsburgh Keystones of the Negro National League and the barnstorming Homestead Grays.
 * January 28 – Ray Harrell, 71, pitcher who worked in 119 total games over six seasons spanning 1935 to 1945 for five National League clubs, principally the St. Louis Cardinals and Philadelphia Phillies.
 * January – Frank Russell, 62, second baseman, third baseman and outfielder for the Baltimore Elite Giants of the Negro National League (1943–1944, 1946, 1948).

February

 * February 10 – Johanna Hageman, 65, one of the sixty original members of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in 1943.
 * February 14 – Loren Babe, 56, third baseman who played in 120 games for the New York Yankees (1952–1953) and Philadelphia Athletics (1953); later a minor league manager and MLB coach for the Yankees (1967) and Chicago White Sox (1979–1980 and 1983).
 * February 19 – Bill Shores, 79, pitcher who worked in 96 career games for the 1928–1931 Philadelphia Athletics, 1933 New York Giants and 1937 Chicago White Sox; member of three World Series champion clubs (1929, 1930, 1933).
 * February 20 – Dale Matthewson, 60, pitcher who made 28 total appearances for wartime 1943–1944 Philadelphia Phillies.
 * February 26 – Joe Kuhel, 77, first baseman who played in 2,104 games for the Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox between 1930 and 1947; known for strong defense, batted .300 three times; manager of Senators in 1948 and 1949.

March

 * March 8 – Bruce Cunningham, 78, pitcher who appeared in 104 games for 1929–1932 Boston Braves.
 * March 9 – Ping Gardner, 69, pitcher in Negro leagues between 1923 and 1932; led Eastern Colored League in games lost (ten) in 1928.
 * March 10 – Bill McGhee, 75, first baseman and left fielder who played 170 games for wartime 1944–1945 Philadelphia Athletics.
 * March 14 – "Gentleman John" Enzmann, 94, pitcher for 1914 Brooklyn Robins and 1918–1920 Cleveland Indians, who made 67 MLB appearances; member of 1920 World Series champions.
 * March 15 – Buckshot May, 84, pitcher whose 13 years in the minor leagues were punctuated by one game and one inning pitched for the Pittsburgh Pirates on May 9, 1924.
 * March 18 – Charley Lau, 50, backup catcher and pinch-hitter for four MLB clubs between 1956 and 1967 who became a renowned hitting instructor, with the Chicago White Sox since 1982; earned fame as the Kansas City Royals' batting coach (1971–1978) where his star pupil was George Brett.
 * March 20 – Stan Coveleski, 94, Hall of Fame pitcher who had five 20-win seasons with the Indians and Senators, and led Cleveland to the 1920 World Series championship with three victories over the Brooklyn Dodgers; spitballer led AL in ERA twice and strikeouts once.
 * March 26 – Norman "Bobby" Robinson, 70, centerfielder for the Baltimore Elite Giants and Birmingham Black Barons of the Negro leagues; due to an injury, lost his centerfield job to 17-year-old Willie Mays in 1948.
 * March 27 – Oliverio "Baby" Ortíz, 64, Cuban pitcher who made two appearances as a starting hurler for the wartime 1944 Washington Senators.
 * March 28 – Jess Pike, 68, outfielder who played 14 years in the minor leagues, but in only 16 games for 1946 New York Giants as a 30-year-old rookie.
 * March 29 – Hugh Poland, 74, catcher in 83 games for four NL teams between 1943 and 1948; longtime scout for Giants in New York and San Francisco.

April

 * April 2 – Ike Davis, 88, shortstop for the 1919 Washington Senators and 1924–1925 Chicago White Sox, appearing in 164 career games.
 * April 5 – Chet Kehn, 62, pitcher for the 1942 Brooklyn Dodgers, and one of many players who only appeared in the majors during World War II.
 * April 6 – Glenn Wright, 83, shortstop for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Brooklyn Robins/Dodgers, and Chicago White Sox between 1924 and 1935; batted .294 lifetime with 94 home runs in 1,119 games; member of 1925 World Series champion Pirates; later, a minor-league manager and longtime scout.
 * April 10 – Karl Spooner, 52, Brooklyn Dodgers southpaw who threw complete-game shutouts in his first two MLB appearances in September 1954 — striking out 27 and allowing only seven hits in 18 innings pitched; however, his pitching career was ultimately ruined by a shoulder injury sustained the following spring; appeared in 31 total National League games (1954–1955) and two World Series contests (1955, for the champion Dodgers).
 * April 11 – Leo Dixon, 89, catcher for 1925 to 1927 St. Louis Browns and 1929 Cincinnati Reds, appearing in 159 career games.
 * April 17 – Sanford Jackson, 84, centerfielder/shortstop/third baseman in the Negro leagues between 1924 and 1932, chiefly for the Chicago American Giants and Memphis Red Sox; two-time Negro World Series champion.
 * April 26 – Alonza Bailey, 80, pitcher for the Newark Dodgers of the Negro National League in 1933 and 1934.
 * April 29 – Howie Gorman, 70, outfielder who played in 14 games for the Philadelphia Phillies during 1937 and 1938.

May

 * May 11 – Earl Reid, 70, pitcher who appeared in two games (winning his only decision) for the Boston Braves in May 1946.
 * May 13 – Walter French, 84, reserve outfielder who hit .303 lifetime in 397 career games for the Philadelphia Athletics (1923 and 1925–1929); member of 1929 World Series champions.
 * May 13 – Russ Young, 81, switch-hitting catcher who got into 16 games for the 1931 St. Louis Browns.
 * May 14 – Elmer Riddle, 69, standout pitcher for early 1940s Cincinnati Reds, posting a 19–4 mark in 1941 and leading NL in earned run average (2.24), then, two years later, leading his circuit in wins (21); member of 1940 World Series champions; brother of Johnny Riddle.
 * May 15 – Nick Goulish, 67, outfielder and pinch hitter who got into 14 games for wartime 1944–1945 Philadelphia Phillies.
 * May 16 – Andrew "Pat" Patterson, 72, six-time All-Star second baseman in the Negro leagues who played between 1934 and 1947; member, 1946 Negro World Series champion Newark Eagles.
 * May – Leroy Sutton, 63, pitcher for six years (1940 to 1945) in the Negro American League for the St. Louis–New Orleans Stars, Chicago American Giants and Cincinnati–Indianapolis Clowns.

June

 * June 7 – Rabbit Benton, 82, second baseman who played five games for the 1922 Philadelphia Phillies.
 * June 9 – Bobby Rhawn, 65, infielder who played in 90 games for the New York Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates and Chicago White Sox from 1947 to 1949.
 * June 17 – Jim Hegan, 63, five-time All-Star catcher for the Cleveland Indians (and member of 1948 World Series champions) and four other teams between 1941 and 1960, known for outstanding defense; later a longtime New York Yankees coach; son Mike had a long career as first baseman and broadcaster.
 * June 24 – Jim Roberts, 88, pitcher who appeared in a dozen games for 1924–1925 Brooklyn Robins.

July

 * July 4 – Doyt Morris, 67, outfielder who appeared in six games with the Philadelphia Athletics in 1937.
 * July 8 – Ralph Coles, 71, outfielder for the Cleveland Bears and Jacksonville Red Caps of the Negro American League from 1939 to 1941.
 * July 9 – Charlie Uhlir, 71, outfielder for Chicago White Sox in 1934.
 * July 11 – Moose Clabaugh, 82, outfielder who had an 11-game trial with 1926 Brooklyn Robins, the same season he slugged 62 home runs to lead the Class D East Texas League in round-trippers.
 * July 11 – Lyle Luttrell, 54, shortstop who appeared in 57 games for the 1956–1957 Washington Senators.
 * July 14 – Al Schacht, 91, pitcher (1919–1921) and coach (1924–1934) for Washington Senators famous for his on-field comedy routines with fellow coach Nick Altrock; also coached for Boston Red Sox (1935–1936); known as "The Clown Prince of Baseball", he continued to entertain fans at major and minor league parks thereafter.
 * July 16 – Bernell Longest, 66, second baseman for the Chicago American Giants and Cleveland Buckeyes of the Negro American League between 1946 and 1948.
 * July 16 – Ed Short, 64, Chicago White Sox front office executive from 1950 through 1970, and general manager from August 26, 1961 to September 2, 1970.
 * July 22 – Johnny Washington, 68, three-time All-Star first baseman and 1940 Negro National League batting champion who played for the Pittsburgh Crawfords, New York Black Yankees and Baltimore Elite Giants between 1936 and 1948.
 * July 24 – Jake Dunn, 74, played every position but catcher (though primarily a shortstop and right fielder) during his Negro leagues career from 1930 to 1943.
 * July 31 – Beans Reardon, 86, National League umpire from 1926 to 1949 who worked in five World Series; known for his colorful arguments and continued use of the outside ("balloon") chest protector within the NL.

August

 * August 3 – Elmer Smith, 91, outfielder in 1,012 games for five clubs, principally the Cleveland Naps/Indians, for ten seasons spanning 1914 to 1925; member of 1920 World Series champions.
 * August 6 – Johnnie Dawson, 69, catcher who played for four Negro American League teams, notably the Kansas City Monarchs, between 1938 and 1942.
 * August 8 – Bert Hamric, 56, outfielder by trade who appeared in ten MLB games as a pinch hitter for the 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers and 1958 Baltimore Orioles.
 * August 14 – Spud Davis, 79, good-hitting catcher (.308 career average and 1,312 hits) who played in 1,458 games over 16 seasons (1928–1941 and 1944–1945) for four National League clubs; member of world-champion 1934 St. Louis Cardinals; later, a coach who managed 1946 Pittsburgh Pirates for three end-of-season games.
 * August 14 – Lynn McGlothen, 34, pitcher for six MLB clubs between 1972 and 1982 who had his best years with the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs; 1974 National League All-Star.
 * August 15 – Tom Gee, 84, catcher for the 1925–1926 New York Lincoln Giants and 1926 Newark Eagles of the Eastern Colored League.
 * August 16 – Tommie Aaron, 45, first baseman and left fielder who played for the Braves in Milwaukee and Atlanta, and Braves coach since 1978; younger brother of Hank Aaron.
 * August 22 – Roy Tyler, 84, outfielder who played for three Negro National League clubs between 1925 and 1933.
 * August 23 – Charlie Robertson, 88, pitcher who spent most of his career with the Chicago White Sox; pitched a perfect game in 1923 against the Tigers in his fourth major league start; last survivor of the 1919 White Sox team.
 * August 25 – Waite Hoyt, 84, Hall of Fame pitcher whose 237 victories included 20-win seasons for the Yankees in 1927–1928; won six World Series games, giving up only two unearned runs in three complete games in the 1921 Series; Cincinnati Reds' play-by-play broadcaster from 1942 to 1965.
 * August 24 – Roy Easterwood, 69, catcher and pinch hitter who played in 17 games for the wartime 1944 Chicago Cubs.
 * August 25 – Skeeter Scalzi, 71, infielder and pinch runner who appeared in 11 games for 1939 New York Giants; longtime minor-league manager.
 * August 26 – Bill Trotter, 74, pitcher who worked in 163 games for the St. Louis Browns (1937–1942), Washington Senators (1942) and St. Louis Cardinals (1944).
 * August 31 – Audrey Wagner, 56, All-Star outfielder in the AAGPBL who won three home run titles, a batting crown, and the 1948 Player of the Year Award.

September

 * September 7 – Joe Cronin, 77, Hall of Fame shortstop and manager, and AL president from 1959 to 1973, who batted .301 lifetime and had eight 100-RBI seasons; managed Washington Senators to 1933 pennant at age 26, won 1946 flag with Boston Red Sox, and was general manager of the Red Sox from 1948 to January 1959.
 * September 10 – Johnny Marcum, 75, good-hitting pitcher (141 hits, .265 lifetime) who appeared in 299 American League games (including 195 mound appearances and 113 pinch-hitting assignments) for Philadelphia (1933–1935), Boston (1936–1938), St. Louis (1939) and Chicago (1939).
 * September 11 – Paul Carter, 90, right-hander who pitched in 127 games for the 1914–1915 Cleveland Naps/Indians and 1916–1920 Chicago Cubs.
 * September 14 – Edgar Barnhart, 79, St. Louis Browns pitcher who hurled one scoreless inning in his only MLB game, on September 23, 1924.
 * September 14 – Jimmy Pofahl, 67, shortstop-second baseman for Washington who got into 225 career games between 1940 and 1942.
 * September 26 – Walt Bashore, 74, outfielder and pinch hitter in ten games for the 1936 Philadelphia Phillies.

October

 * October 1 – Walter Alston, 72, Hall of Fame manager who guided Dodgers teams in Brooklyn and Los Angeles to seven National League pennants and four World Series championships between 1954 and 1976; his 2,040 wins ranked behind only John McGraw in NL history upon retirement.
 * October 1 – Billy Goodman, 58, All-Star infielder, principally for the Boston Red Sox and Chicago White Sox, who won the 1950 AL batting title; later a coach for the Atlanta Braves.
 * October 4 – Joe Marty, 71, center fielder who played 538 games for the 1937–1939 Chicago Cubs and 1939–1941 Philadelphia Phillies.
 * October 7 – Art Butler, 96, shortstop/second baseman who appeared in 454 games for Boston, Pittsburgh and St. Louis of the National League from 1911 to 1916.
 * October 13 – Dixie Carroll, 93, speedy outfielder who played in 15 games for the 1919 Boston Braves.
 * October 13 – Ed Carroll, 77, pitcher for the 1929 Boston Red Sox.
 * October 13 – George Kelly, 89, Hall of Fame first baseman, nicknamed "High Pockets", who batted over .300 six straight years with the New York Giants from 1921 to 1926; led NL in RBI (1920, 1924) and home runs (1921); later a coach and scout.
 * October 15 – Red Cox, 89, pitched three games for the 1920 Detroit Tigers.
 * October 19 – Del Lundgren, 85, pitched from 1924 through 1927 for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Boston Red Sox.
 * October 21 – Johnny Rigney, 69, one of the Chicago White Sox' top pitchers in the years prior to World War II, who later became the club's farm system director and, from 1956 to 1958, co-general manager; husband of Dorothy Comiskey.
 * October 22 – Babe Pinelli, 89, National League umpire from 1935 to 1956, previously a Reds third baseman; he worked in six World Series, last calling balls and strikes on Don Larsen's perfect game in 1956.
 * October 25 – Joe Wiggins, 78, infielder who played in the Negro leagues between 1930 and 1934.
 * October 26 – Gus Mancuso, 78, catcher who appeared in 1,460 games for five National League clubs between 1928 and 1945; played on five pennant winners and two World Series champions with the St. Louis Cardinals and New York Giants; two-time NL All-Star.
 * October 27 – Hank Helf, 71, backup catcher who played for Cleveland Indians (seven total games in 1938 and 1940) and St. Louis Browns (71 games in 1946) who, in a 1938 publicity stunt, caught baseballs dropped from the top of the 708 ft Cleveland Terminal Tower.

November

 * November 7 – George Bennette, 83, outfielder for multiple clubs in the Negro National League between 1921 and 1932.
 * November 17 – Dewey Creacy, 84, third- and second baseman who played 15 seasons (1924–1938) in the Negro leagues, mainly for the St. Louis Stars and Philadelphia Stars.
 * November 18 – Guido Rugo, 86, construction executive and one of the "Three Little Steam Shovels" as co-owner of the Boston Braves between 1944 and 1951.
 * November 20 – Leon Williams, 78, pitcher, outfielder and pinch hitter who got into a dozen contests for the 1926 Brooklyn Robins.
 * November 25 – Ival Goodman, 76, All-Star right fielder for the 1935–1944 Cincinnati Reds who led NL in triples twice.
 * November 28 – Maurice Young, 79, pitcher for the 1927 Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League in 1927.
 * November 30 – Chris Pelekoudas, 66, NL umpire from 1960 to 1975 who worked in two World Series and two NLCS.

December

 * December 1 – Ted Page, 81, outfielder for the Newark Eagles of the Eastern Colored League and Pittsburgh Crawfords of the Negro National League between 1926 and 1937; named an All-Star in 1933.
 * December 7 – Howie Reed, 47, pitcher for five teams from 1958 to 1971, including the 1965 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers.
 * December 16 – Debs Garms, 77, outfielder and third baseman who won the 1940 NL batting title with the Pittsburgh Pirates.
 * December 19 – Bill Warwick, 87, catcher who appeared sparingly (23 career appearances) for 1921 Pirates and 1925–1926 St. Louis Cardinals; member of 1926 World Series champions.
 * December 20 – Walt "Cuckoo" Christensen, 85, longtime minor-league outfielder who hit .315 lifetime in 171 MLB games as a member of the 1926–1927 Cincinnati Reds.
 * December 20 – Gonzalo Márquez, 38, Venezuelan first baseman who batted .625 in the 1972 postseason as an Oakland Athletics rookie.
 * December 20 – Art McLarney, 76, shortstop who appeared in nine games for the 1932 New York Giants.
 * December 20 – Steve Slayton, 82, pitcher who played for the 1928 Boston Red Sox.
 * December 26 – Johnny Gill, 79, outfielder who played 118 career MLB games over six seasons between 1927 and 1936, most notably for the Chicago Cubs.
 * December 27 – Shirley Petway, 76, 1932 catcher/outfielder who played in the Negro leagues between 1932 and 1944.

title: 1984 in baseball


text: Category:Chilean Wikipedians

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Chilean Wikipedians


text:
Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean

Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean (10 August 1780 – 17 March 1845), was a French soldier and entomologist. Dejean described a large number of beetles in a series of catalogues.

A soldier of fortune during the Napoleonic Wars, he rose to the rank of lieutenant general and aide de campe to Napoleon. He amassed vast collections of Coleoptera, some even collected on the battlefield at Waterloo. At the battle of Alcanizas he took time out of battle to pick up a beetle that he pinned on to cork on the inside of his helmet. After victory, he was pleased to find the beetle intact. He listed 22,399 species in his cabinets in 1837—at the time, the greatest collection of Coleoptera in the world. In 1802, he began publishing a catalogue of his vast collection, including 22,000 species names. Dejean was an opponent of the Principle of Priority in nomenclature. "I have made it a rule always to preserve the name most generally used, and not the oldest one; because it seems to me that general usage should always be followed and that it is harmful to change what has already been established". Dejean acted accordingly and often introduced in litteris names, given by himself to replace those already published by other authors. They became invalid. Dejean was president of the Société entomologique de France for the year 1840. In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He died on 17 March 1845.

Works

 * Catalogue des Coléoptères de la collection d'Auguste Dejean (1802)
 * Catalogue de la collection de Coléoptères de M. le Baron Dejean (1821)
 * Catalogue des Coléoptères de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean (1833–1836)
 * Catalogue des Coléoptères de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean. Troisième édition, revue, corrigée et augmentée. (1836–1837)
 * with Pierre André Latreille Histoire naturelle et iconographie des insectes coléoptères d'Europe Paris : Crevot, 1822. digitised at Gallica.
 * Spécies Général des Coléoptères, de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean (1825–1838)

Beetles

 * Carabus sylvestris transsylvanicus, described in 1826

title: Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean


text:
Downpicking

Downpicking, sometimes referred to as down-stroke picking, is a technique used by musicians on plucked string instruments in which the player moves the plectrum, or pick in a downward motion, relative to the position of the instrument, against one or more of the strings to make them vibrate. If down-strokes are played without the addition of upstrokes (as in alternate picking), the tip of the pick never comes in contact with the strings as the hand moves back up to repeat the down-stroke.

Uses
Guitarists in hard rock and metal genres, especially thrash metal will often use downpicking to create a "heavier" and tighter sound than what can be achieved with alternate picking, which generally produces more cleanly melded strumming sounds. Downpicking also effectively doubles the effort one would need to alternate pick at the same tempo, however this is hardly noticeable at medium to low tempos. Downpicking can also be used in a technique called sweep picking, or 'raking'.

Extremely fast eighth-note downstroke picking was used in the mid 70s and beyond by famous punk guitarist Johnny Ramone, who used the technique to play full live shows in high tempos (usually around 180 to 200 bpm). This required extreme levels of stamina, but produced a very high-energy, aggressive sound. This extremely demanding, then uncommon and somewhat innovative style contributed to Johnny Ramone's reputation as a guitar player, and it influenced many now-famous rock guitarists. Downstroke picking has become a common technique in metal and thrash rhythm playing, notably exemplified by James Hetfield of Metallica (who has been regarded as 'the King of Downpicking' ), as well as Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein of The Misfits, Dave Mustaine of Megadeth, Kerry King of Slayer, Bobby Gustafson of Overkill, and Scott Ian of Anthrax among others. The guitar work of Metallica's "Master of Puppets" is almost entirely played using downstroked eighth-notes at a tempo of 212 BPM (about 7 downstrokes per second).

Up-tempo down-stroke picking requires a strong wrist to keep muscle movements as tension-free as possible. For long or extended passages, endurance becomes the focus, as fast down-picking can quickly cause a burn in the wrist, sometimes extending up into the arm and causing the muscles to seize up. If the guitarist has a difficult time keeping the strokes smooth, the quality of the music can suffer, often sounding sloppy or strained. While down-picking in general is sometimes considered a good beginner's technique for learning at low tempos, it requires skill to perfect in faster applications.

title: Downpicking


text:
Cairde na hÉireann

Cairde na hÉireann (CNE)(Irish: Friends of Ireland) is a republican organisation in Scotland.

Aims and principles
Membership of Cairde na hÉireann is open to anyone regardless of faith, race, sex, sexuality, or nationality. The stated aims of Cairde na hÉireann are to:
 * campaign for a united Ireland;
 * support sister organisations in Ireland;
 * promote a new Ireland based on the principles of justice and equality;
 * support initiatives aimed at improving the material conditions of the Irish community in Scotland
 * campaign against racism and sectarianism.

The group in a submission to the Scottish Executive estimated in 2005 that it represents around 2,000 people, including 300 from the James Connolly society and a number of flute bands with between 55 and 70 members each. 3,000 people had attended their recent marches in Coatbridge.

History
Cairde na hÉireann was formed as a split from the West of Scotland Band Alliance (WoSBA) in 2004. The WoSBA are considered supporters of dissident Republicans and are not recognised by Sinn Féin.

Marches and controversy
The organisation has been involved in discussions with the Scottish Executive over proposals to restrict and regulate marches in Scotland. The group's national organiser at the time, Jim Slavin, said: "I think vetoes and banning marches is not the solution, I think dialogue is a solution and coming to an understanding".

A Cairde na hÉireann march in Glasgow on 21 January 2006 attracted police criticism. The parade was delayed for 30 minutes "as, contrary to permission conditions, there were groups dressed in paramilitary-style clothing". In addition, concerning protests during the parade, Strathclyde Police stated: "Many of those taking part in the procession clearly antagonised the protesters".

In October 2006, a Cairde na hÉireann march was banned from going through Ayr by South Ayrshire Council after police complaints. It was reported the march was banned after the previous year's procession when marchers produced banners declaring "Justice for Peter McBride", in reference to a man killed in Northern Ireland by Ayr soldier James Fisher. They also distributed posters informing the people of Ayr they should be ashamed to have a murderer living among them. South Scotland MSP Phil Gallie, the region which Ayr is part of, who opposed the march, said: "I feel that justice has been done here because this group basically lied to the police last year and therefore cannot be trusted. We simply can’t have people slating our own servicemen and women on their own doorstep."

title: Cairde na hÉireann


text:
American Battlefield Trust

The American Battlefield Trust is a charitable organization (501(c)(3)) whose primary focus is in the preservation of battlefields of the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the American Civil War, through the acquisition of battlefield land. The American Battlefield Trust was formerly known as the Civil War Trust. On May 8, 2018, the organization announced the creation of the American Battlefield Trust as the umbrella organization for two divisions, the Civil War Trust and the Revolutionary War Trust, which was formerly known as "Campaign 1776".

The American Battlefield Trust also promotes educational programs and heritage tourism initiatives to inform the public about these three conflicts and their significance in American history. On May 31, 2018, the Trust announced that with the acquisition of 13 acre at the Cedar Creek battlefield in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, it had reached the milestone of 50,000 acre of battlefield land acquired and preserved. Since 1987, the Trust and its federal, state, and local partners have preserved land in 24 states at more than 145 battlefields of the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the American Civil War. More than 10,000 acre were acquired and preserved from 2014 to 2018. the total land saved exceeded 53,000 acre.

History
The organization was originally founded in 1987 as the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites (APCWS), to save Civil War battlefield land. APCWS acquired thousands of acres of battlefield land as well as offering educational tours and seminars with prominent historians.

The original Civil War Trust, a second non-profit focused on preserving Civil War battlefields, was formed in 1991. The Civil War Trust helped acquire and preserve 6700 acre of land in the eight years of its existence and conducted education and heritage tourism programs to educate the public about the significance of the war and of battlefield preservation.

The current organization was created on November 19, 1999, through the merger of the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites (APCWS) and the Civil War Trust. The merged organization was originally named the Civil War Preservation Trust. The merger, unanimously approved by the boards of both predecessor groups, streamlined efforts to protect America's most endangered parcels of Civil War history by acquisition of battlefield lands. On January 11, 2011, the Civil War Preservation Trust shortened its name to the Civil War Trust, and added a new logo.

On November 11, 2014 (Veterans Day), the Trust partnered with the Society of the Cincinnati to launch "Campaign 1776", a subsidiary project designed to protect endangered battlefields from the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 by acquiring battlefield lands. Federal matching grants for this program were enacted by Congress in December 2014. On May 8, 2018, the organization's name was changed to the American Battlefield Trust to reflect its expanded mission to include land preservation not only of Civil War battlefields, but also the battlefields of the American Revolution and the War of 1812.

The president of the American Battlefield Trust is David N. Duncan, the organization's longtime former Chief Development Officer, who was appointed to the top position by the Board of Trustees effective October 1, 2020, upon the retirement of O. James Lighthizer. Duncan became the Trust's chief fundraiser after his hiring in March 2000 and helped raise more than $240 million during his two decades in that position. A native of Virginia, Duncan is a graduate of James Madison University and was a political fund raiser for a direct mail company before joining the Trust. Lighthizer served as president of the Trust for more than 20 years, taking charge upon the merger of the two predecessor organizations in November 1999. A former member of the Maryland General Assembly and former county executive of Anne Arundel County, Maryland, Lighthizer also served as Maryland Secretary of Transportation from 1991 to 1995, where he pioneered the concept of using Transportation Enhancement highway funds to protect thousands of acres of Civil War battlefield land in Maryland through acquisitions or easements. On January 13, 2021, Lighthizer was awarded the National Humanities Medal by President Donald J. Trump in a ceremony at the White House for his work in battlefield preservation.

Since its formation, the Trust has grown to nearly 200,000 members and supporters and has permanently preserved more than 53,000 acres of American battlefield land from the Civil War, the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

Preservation methods
The American Battlefield Trust is a membership-driven organization that uses donated funds to protect battlefield land from the Civil War, the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Land is acquired by the American Battlefield Trust from private sector parties at fair market value or by donation. Once land is acquired, the Trust is responsible for land stewardship and interpretation, often with assistance from local governments and other preservation groups.

In cases where a landowner wants to retain ownership the Trust can arrange a conservation easement to protect their property. Conservation easements prohibit development of property, conserving it in its present state.

In its effort to protect American battlefields, the American Battlefield Trust attempts to leverage federal and state programs designed to foster preservation of historic and natural resources. The primary source of federal support for the preservation of Civil War battlefields is the Civil War Battlefield Preservation Program (CWBPP), administered by the American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP), an office of the National Park Service. CWBPP is designed to promote the preservation of significant Civil War battlefields by offering competitive matching grants for qualifying preservation opportunities. Other federal sources include the Transportation Enhancement program and the Farm and Ranch Protection Program. The American Battlefield Trust has also leveraged funds made available by state and local governments.

Battlefield preservation
The Civil War Trust has preserved more than 53,000 acre of battlefield land from the Civil War, the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 at more than 145 battlefields in 24 states within the United States.

Key battlefield preservation initiatives and acquisitions include:

 * 259 acre at Fredericksburg, Virginia
 * The campaign to preserve the 208 acre Slaughter Pen Farm is the most expensive private battlefield preservation effort in American history. The Trust, working in partnership with Tricord, Inc., SunTrust Bank, and the Central Virginia Battlefield Trust, was able to purchase the property for $12 million in 2006. To support the preservation efforts at the Slaughter Pen Farm the Department of the Interior awarded a $2 million CWBPP grant based on the significance of the land and the availability of non-federal matching funds. The Slaughter Pen Farm was the largest remaining unprotected part of the Fredericksburg Battlefield. It is also the only place on the battlefield where a visitor can still follow the Union assault from beginning to end.

 * 259 acre at The Wilderness, Virginia
 * In October 2010, the Trust announced a new campaign to acquire 49 acre of the Wilderness Battlefield in Orange County, Virginia. This Middlebrook Tract includes the eastern edge of Saunders Field and land associated with the May 6, 1864, flank attack by Confederate forces under John B. Gordon. Historian and author Gordon Rhea stated that this land "witnessed some of the Wilderness' most brutal combat". After reaching its $1,085,000 fundraising goal in under three months, the Trust acted as a steward for the land until May 2014, when it was transferred to Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park. Building on this acquisition, the Trust in 2011 was also able to secure a 49 acre parcel that was the site of Union commander Ulysses S. Grant's daytime headquarters during the fighting.

 * 654 acre at The Liberty Trail, South Carolina
 * In October 2019, the Trust joined with its South Carolina partners and the National Park Service to announce a new initiative to create and promote the Liberty Trail, a heritage tourism and preservation initiative to promote South Carolina's crucial role in winning the Revolutionary War. The trail will link more than 70 Revolutionary War battlefields and sites in South Carolina on a driving tour that will stretch from the Appalachian Mountains to the Low Country. The program also aims to acquire and preserve more than 2,500 acres at the state's many battlefields. By mid-2021, the Trust and its partners had already saved 654 acre at seven South Carolina battlefields: Waxhaws, Hanging Rock, Camden, Eutaw Springs, Fort Fair Lawn, Parker's Ferry and Port Royal Island.

 * 726 acre at Glendale, Virginia
 * While the Richmond, Virginia, suburbs remain a prime area for development, the Trust has made significant acquisitions at the Glendale battlefield, preserving 319 acre in 2007 and 675 acre overall. Over 80 percent of the battlefield is now preserved. When combined with previous efforts at nearby Malvern Hill, the Trust has now created a three-mile-long (5 km) continuous corridor of protected battlefield.

 * 87 acre at New Market Heights, Virginia
 * Although often overshadowed by the many other Civil War battlefields in the Richmond area, the Battle of New Market Heights or Chaffin's Farm on September 29, 1864, inflicted more than 5,000 casualties and featured furious assaults on Confederate lines by Union soldiers in the ranks of the United States Colored Troops. The bravery and sacrifice of the black troops earned them respect on both sides and led to 14 black soldiers being awarded the Medal of Honor. As of mid-2021, the Trust had preserved 87 acre.

 * 868 acre at Champion Hill, Mississippi
 * Using an easement rather than acquiring the land, the Trust protected 144 acre at the heart of the Champion Hill battlefield in 2007. This key portion of the field is still owned by the Champion family, for whom the area and the battle were named, but now is under conservation easement. The Champion family will maintain ownership of their historic land while realizing their intention of seeing it protected in perpetuity.

 * 1,400 acre at Shiloh, Tennessee
 * As the United States marked the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Shiloh, the Trust announced it had the opportunity to purchase a 504 acre property on and around Shiloh Hill, including significant frontage on the Tennessee River. After completing a $1.25 million fundraising campaign, the Trust deeded the land to Shiloh National Military Park, the largest addition to the park since it was founded in 1894. Cumulatively, the Trust has protected 1160 acre at Shiloh, much of which has been integrated into the national park.

 * 1,322 acre at Chancellorsville, Virginia

 * The Trust has a record of working with preservation-friendly developers to protect battlefield land. In 2004, the Trust worked with Spotsylvania County officials and family-owned Tricord, Inc., to protect 134 acre of land associated with the First Day at Chancellorsville Battlefield. Two years later, a similar deal was worked out with Spotsylvania County and Toll Brothers, Inc. to protect another 74 acre of this historic battleground. Because of these efforts, more than 2 mi of contiguous battlefield land along the historic Orange Turnpike have been preserved. In addition to its efforts at the First Day at Chancellorsville site, the Trust has helped protect more than 1,000 acre at other places of the battlefield, including more than 85 acre on the site of Stonewall Jackson's famous flank attack.

 * 1231 acre at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
 * The Trust has been an active participant in a variety of projects at the Gettysburg Battlefield, leading to the protection of 943 acre. Most recently, in July 2014, the Trust announced one of the most ambitious projects in its history: a $5.5 million national fundraising campaign to acquire a 4.14 acre site that witnessed some of the heaviest fighting of July 1, 1863, and includes the Mary Thompson house, where Gen. Robert E. Lee made his headquarters during the battle. Previous high-profile projects at Gettysburg in which the Trust was involved include the purchase of the 145 acre Daniel Lady Farm and the former Gettysburg Country Club, 95 acre. The organization has also saved land associated with strategic cavalry actions: 283 acre at East Cavalry Field and 114 acre at Fairfield. A number of other transactions, while small individually, have made a visible difference in the status of preservation at the park, as they have allowed for landscape restoration at critical vistas.

 * 876 acre at North Anna, Virginia
 * 1867 acre at Bentonville, North Carolina
 * 369 acre at Fort Donelson, Tennessee
 * 1441 acre at Malvern Hill, Virginia
 * 542 acre at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
 * 2159 acre at Brandy Station, Virginia
 * 2443 acre at Trevilian Station, Virginia
 * 116 acre at Brandywine (Revolutionary War), Pennsylvania
 * 49 acre at Yorktown (Revolutionary War and Civil War), Virginia
 * 25 acre at Sackets Harbor, (War of 1812) New York

As of mid-2021, the American Battlefield Trust has preserved over 53,000 acre at more than 145 battlefields in 24 states at the following sites:

 * Alabama: Fort Blakely, Hog Mountain, Magee Farm, Day's Gap
 * Arkansas: Devil's Backbone, Elkin's Ferry, Helena, Prairie Grove, Prairie D'Ane
 * Colorado: Sand Creek
 * Florida: Natural Bridge
 * Georgia: Chickamauga, Dallas, Griswoldville, Kennesaw Mountain, New Hope Church, Resaca, Rocky Face Ridge, Kettle Creek (Revolutionary War)
 * Kansas: Mine Creek
 * Kentucky: Camp Wildcat, Mill Springs, Munfordville, Perryville, Richmond, Camp Nelson
 * Louisiana: Fort DeRussy, Mansfield, Port Hudson
 * Maryland: Antietam, Falling Waters, Monocacy, South Mountain
 * Massachusetts: Lexington and Concord (Revolutionary War), Boston.
 * Minnesota: Wood Lake
 * Mississippi: Big Black River Bridge, Brice's Cross Roads, Champion Hill, Corinth, Iuka, Okolona, Port Gibson, Raymond, Tupelo, Vicksburg
 * Missouri: Byram's Ford, Fort Davidson, Newtonia, Wilson's Creek, Carthage
 * New Jersey: Princeton (Revolutionary War)
 * New Mexico: Glorieta Pass
 * New York: Bennington (Revolutionary War), Fort Ann (Revolutionary War), Newtown (Revolutionary War), Sackets Harbor (War of 1812), Saratoga (Revolutionary War)
 * North Carolina: Averasboro, Bentonville, New Bern, Wyse Fork
 * Oklahoma: Cabin Creek, Honey Springs
 * Pennsylvania: Gettysburg, Brandywine (Revolutionary War)
 * South Carolina: Camden (Revolutionary War), Charleston (Revolutionary War), Eutaw Springs (Revolutionary War), Hanging Rock (Revolutionary War), Morris Island, Parker's Ferry (Revolutionary War), Port Royal Island (Revolutionary War), Waxhaws (Revolutionary War)
 * Tennessee: Chattanooga, Davis Bridge, Fort Donelson, Fort Sanders, Franklin, Jackson, Johnsonville, Parker's Cross Roads, Shiloh/Fallen Timbers, Spring Hill, Stones River
 * Texas: Palmito Ranch
 * Virginia: Aldie, Appomattox Courthouse, Appomattox Station, Ball's Bluff, Brandy Station, Bristoe Station, Buckland Mills, Cedar Creek, Cedar Mountain, Chancellorsville, Cold Harbor, Cool Spring, Cross Keys, First Deep Bottom, Second Deep Bottom, First Kernstown, Fisher's Hill, Five Forks, Fort Harrison, Fredericksburg, Gaines's Mill, Glendale, Hatcher's Run, High Bridge, J.E.B. Stuart's Birthplace, Kelly's Ford, Lee's Mill, Malvern Hill, Manassas, McDowell, Middleburg, Mine Run, New Market, New Market Heights, North Anna, Petersburg (A.P. Hill death site), Petersburg (Peebles' Farm), Petersburg (The Breakthrough), Port Republic, Rappahannock Station, Ream's Station, Sailor's Creek, Saltville, Second Winchester, Spotsylvania Courthouse, Stafford Civil War Park, Third Winchester, Thoroughfare Gap, Tom's Brook, Totopotomoy Creek, Trevilian Station, Upperville, Ware Bottom Church, White Oak Road, Wilderness, Williamsburg
 * West Virginia: Corrick's Ford, Fort Mulligan, Greenbrier, Harpers Ferry, Rich Mountain, Shepherdstown, Summit Point

Preservation initiatives
To further its aim of preserving American Civil War battlefields, the Trust has engaged in grassroots and community outreach efforts and had conducted campaigns against development projects that have threatened battlefields.

Princeton Battlefield
In May 2018, the American Battlefield Trust closed on the purchase 14.85 acres of "Maxwell's Field" on the Princeton Battlefield, where General George Washington personally led a daring counterattack against British troops on the morning of January 3, 1777, turning a losing battle into one of his greatest victories against the Redcoats in the Revolutionary War. The landmark $4 million acquisition was made with the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), which owned the land and had planned to develop the property with a mix of 15 single-family homes and town homes to increase faculty housing. To fight the proposed development, the Trust created the Save Princeton Coalition, which included the Trust's "Campaign 1776" division, the American Association for State and Local History, the American Revolution Institute of the Society of the Cincinnati, the National Coalition for History, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Princeton Battlefield Society, the New Jersey Chapter of the Sierra Club, and the National Parks Conservation Association.

The 14.85-acre parcel, which is adjacent to the current Princeton Battlefield State Park, constitutes about of two-thirds of Maxwell's Field. Although the IAS brought in heavy equipment and began to remove trees, it participated in negotiations with the coalition and in December 2016 reached a breakthrough agreement that preserved most of the site of Washington's charge while clearing the way for the IAS to build 16 town homes on its remaining acreage. The Trust and the IAS have further committed to restore the battlefield site, which will ultimately be conveyed to the State of New Jersey and added to the contiguous state park. Washington's victory at Princeton ended a 10-day campaign that began with the Crossing of the Delaware and the surprise attack on the Hessian troops at Trenton, N.J. It was a turning point in the Revolutionary War.

No Casino Gettysburg
The Gettysburg Battlefield has faced two separate threats from proposed casinos.

In 2005 a proposal was put forward to build a casino with 3,000 slot machines less than a mile from the Gettysburg Battlefield. Soon after the proposal was announced, the Civil War Trust joined forces with a local concerned citizens group called No Casino Gettysburg to advocate against the proposal. Later, the Trust formed the Stop the Slots Coalition, a collection of national and local groups opposed to the casino.

On December 20, 2006, the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board voted to reject the Gettysburg casino proposal.

In 2010, a new Gettysburg Casino application was filed and the Trust, with a broad coalition of partners, undertook a successful campaign to prevent approval of this new application. Nearly 300 prominent historians wrote to the Pennsylvania Gaming Board, urging the rejection of the application. Susan Eisenhower, Emmy award-winning filmmaker Ken Burns, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning author David McCullough, Medal of Honor recipient Paul W. Bucha, composer John Williams, and actors Matthew Broderick, Stephen Lang (actor), and Sam Waterston were all featured in a Jeff Griffiths produced video declaring their opposition to the proposed Gettysburg casino.

On April 14, 2011, the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board voted to reject this second proposal to bring casino gambling to the doorstep of Gettysburg National Military Park.

Chancellorsville rezoning
In May 2002, a regional developer announced a plan to build 2,300 houses and 2000000 sqft of commercial space on the 790 acre Mullins Farm, site of the first day of fighting at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Soon thereafter, the Civil War Trust formed the Coalition to Save Chancellorsville, a network of national and local preservation groups, that waged a vocal campaign against the development.

For nearly a year, the Coalition mobilized local citizens, held candlelight vigils and hearings, and encouraged residents to become more involved in preservation. Public opinion polling conducted by the Coalition found that more than two-thirds of local residents opposed the development. The survey also found that 90 percent of local residents believed their county has a responsibility to protect Chancellorsville and other historic resources.

As a result of these efforts, in March 2003 the Spotsylvania County Board of Supervisors denied the rezoning application that would have allowed for the development of the site. Immediately following the vote, the Civil War Trust and other Coalition members began working to acquire the battlefield. By working with county officials and developers, the Civil War Trust acquired 140 acre in 2004 and another 74 acre in 2006.

Morris Island
With the help of the Civil War Trust, the Morris Island Coalition was formed in early 2004 to oppose development on historic Morris Island outside Charleston, South Carolina. Morris Island was the scene of the charge of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry on Fort Wagner, famously depicted in the film Glory.

The Coalition, led by local resident Blake Hallman, generated local government support for preservation of Morris Island. Press reaction was favorable as well, and public opinion polls found that an overwhelming number of Charleston residents wanted to see the barrier island remain undeveloped. Hallman earned the Civil War Trust's "Preservationist of the Year" award for his efforts to save Morris Island.

At one time, development plans called for a 20-unit luxury house development on Cummings Point (the site of Fort Wagner). In early 2005, the landowner tried unsuccessfully to sell the property on eBay. At the end of 2005, a preservation-friendly developer acquired the property. He later agreed to sell it to the Trust for Public Land (TPL) for preservation purposes a few months later.

In 2008, the Trust engaged in fundraising efforts in support of the State of South Carolina, City of Charleston, and the Trust for Public Land's $3m effort that would preserve an additional 117 acre of Morris Island.

Stop the Wilderness Walmart
Together with the Friends of Wilderness Battlefield, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Piedmont Environmental Council, the National Parks Conservation Association, Preservation Virginia and a group of concerned local residents, the Civil War Trust opposed the construction of a Walmart Supercenter on the Wilderness Battlefield in Orange County, Virginia. Following a nationwide outcry from preservationists and historians alike, Walmart Stores, Inc. announced in January 2011 that it had "decided to preserve" rather than develop the historic site where local officials had given the company permission to construct its newest superstore in 2009. Pulitzer Prize-winning author and historian James McPherson had identified the site as part of "the nerve center of the Union Army during the Battle of the Wilderness."

Trust President Jim Lighthizer praised Walmart's decision, stating that founder Sam Walton, a veteran of the Second World War, would have been "proud" of his company's move to preserve the hallowed ground. "We stand ready to work with Walmart to put this controversy behind us and protect the battlefield from further encroachment," Lighthizer stated. "We firmly believe that preservation and progress need not be mutually exclusive, and welcome Walmart as a thoughtful partner in efforts to protect the Wilderness Battlefield." In November 2013, Walmart donated the historic site comprising more than 50 acre to the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Educational programs
In addition to preserving Civil War battlefield land, the American Battlefield Trust conducts programs designed to inform the public about the events and consequences of the Civil War, the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, create a personal connection to the past and foster an understanding of the need for preservation and how it benefits society.

 * battlefields.org – The American Battlefield Trust's web site provides comprehensive educational information about the Civil War, the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, including scores of battle maps, hundreds of primary sources, free downloadable curricula, photos, 360° panoramic battlefield views and thousands of articles.
 * Hallowed Ground – the Trust's quarterly magazine, includes articles on history, preservation techniques and upcoming events.
 * Video programs - On its website, on YouTube and on Facebook, the Trust hosts animated battle maps, four-minute summaries of history topics, a "BattlefieldU" section that answers simple questions and hundreds of "Battlefield Live" videos, shot at the places they help preserve.
 * American Battlefield Trust Teacher Institute Series – The Trust conducts professional development events, in-person and virtually, featuring teacher workshops and battlefield tours.
 * Public Education – The Trust maintains a two-week curriculum for use in classrooms, "Traveling Trunks," a Field Trip fund and more.
 * Civil War Battle Apps – The Trust has more than 20 GPS-enabled battlefield touring applications for smartphones and other mobile devices.
 * Battlefield Interpretation – The Trust works to interpret many of the battlefields that it saves with wayside exhibits, walking trails, and smartphone GPS-enabled battlefield touring applications.
 * Park Day – The American Battlefield Trust sponsors and promotes an annual volunteer clean-up day at battlefield sites throughout the United States.
 * Youth Leadership Team  – Since 2019, the American Battlefield Trust has annually chosen 15 high school members from around the nation to participate in a wide arrange of preservation initiatives in their hometowns, as well as learning about lobbying, social media, and communication skills to aid in their preservation.

Organization
The American Battlefield Trust is located in Washington, D.C.

The president of the American Battlefield Trust is David N. Duncan, formerly the Trust's Chief Development Officer, who served as the organization's chief fund raiser from March 2000 until taking over as president in October 2020 upon the retirement of O. James Lighthizer, who had led the non-profit since November 1999. In December 1999, Lighthizer accepted the presidency of Civil War Preservation Trust, a new organization created by the merger of two other national battlefield preservation groups, the Civil War Trust and the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites. Lighthizer had previously served as a member of the Civil War Trust's Board of Trustees.

When Lighthizer became president at CWPT in 1999, the fledgling organization had 22,000 members and its predecessor organizations had protected 7500 acre in the previous 13 years. During Lighthizer's tenure as president of the CWPT and the Civil War Trust, the group has added more than 32500 acre of protected land, and has 200,000 members and supporters nationwide. Lighthizer was also the architect of the 2006 purchase of the 208-acre Slaughter Pen Farm on the Fredericksburg Battlefield. The $12 million acquisition was the most expensive private battlefield preservation effort in American history.

Robert C. Daum is the chairman of the board of trustees of the American Battlefield Trust. A retired investment banker and financial executive, Daum also serves on executive committee and board of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, Sheltering Arms (a New York-based social services agency), the Royal Oak Foundation (the US affiliate of the UK National Trust), and the Visiting Nurse Service of New York. He is the former chair of Out2Play, which built over 100 playgrounds for New York City public schools.

To commemorate the sesquicentennial of the Civil War, in 2011 the Trust began a significant fundraising initiative. By April 2014, the organization had met the initial $40 million fundraising goal of Campaign 150: Our Time, Our Legacy more than a year early, and chose to raise its goal to an unprecedented $50 million. In June 2015, as the Civil War sesquicentennial concluded, the Trust announced that it had met its revised goal and raised a total of $52.5 million during the four-year effort.

Awards
The American Battlefield Trust, formerly The Civil War Trust, has received 11 consecutive 4-Star awards from Charity Navigator and 12 in all covering the years 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. This award is presented to those charitable organizations that exhibit strong results and financial discipline. The Trust is one of only four Arts, Culture, Humanities institutions in the entire country with 11 or more consecutive 4-star ratings. The others are the New York Public Library, the Georgia Historical Society and the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts.

In 2020, video productions created by the Trust in association with Wide Awake Films earned Silver Medal honors in major international competitions from the Society of Publication Designers and the Telly Awards, showcasing the innovative means available to bring the past alive through this medium.

The Trust received a 2012 accreditation from the Better Business Bureau's Wise Giving Alliance.

The Trust was awarded the "Partner in Conservation Award" by the United States Department of the Interior in 2010.

The Trust's membership magazine, Hallowed Ground, has been honored in the APEX Awards for Publication Excellence each year since 2009.

The Trust's Gettysburg Animated Map, produced by Wide Awake Films, received a 2014 Silver Telly Award in the Online/Historical Programs category.

title: American Battlefield Trust


text:
Cemetery Man

Cemetery Man (Dellamorte Dellamore) is a 1994 comedy horror film directed by Michele Soavi and starring Rupert Everett, François Hadji-Lazaro and Anna Falchi. It was produced by Tilde Corsi, Gianni Romoli and Soavi and based on the novel Dellamorte Dellamore by Tiziano Sclavi. Everett plays a beleaguered caretaker of a small Italian cemetery, who searches for love while defending himself from dead people who keep rising again. It is an international co-production between Italy, France, and Germany.

Plot
Francesco Dellamorte is the cemetery caretaker in the small Italian town of Buffalora. He lives in a ramshackle house on the premises, constantly surrounded by death, with only his mentally disabled assistant Gnaghi for company. Young punks in town spread gossip that Dellamorte is impotent. His hobbies are reading outdated telephone directories, in which he crosses out the names of the deceased, and trying to assemble a puzzle shaped like a human skull. Gnaghi can speak only one word: "Gna".

The Latin inscription over the Buffalora Cemetery gate reads RESURRECTURIS ("For those who will rise again"), and indeed, some people rise from their graves as aggressive zombies within seven nights following their deaths. Dellamorte destroys these creatures, which he calls "Returners", before they overrun the town. Buffalora's mayor is so fixated on his reelection campaign that he does not register Dellamorte's pleas for an investigation. Being an outcast in the village and almost illiterate, Dellamorte does not want to lose his job. He opens up to his only friend, Franco, a municipal clerk, but does not file the paperwork to get assistance. He explains, "It's easier just to shoot them."

At a funeral, Dellamorte falls in love with the young widow of a rich, elderly man. She is won over when Dellamorte tells her about the ossuary, which she adores. While consummating their relationship by her late husband's grave, the undead husband arises and bites her. She seems to die from the bite, but the coroner claims it was a heart attack. Fearing the worst, Dellamorte stays near her corpse, and shoots her when she rises.

Gnaghi becomes infatuated with the mayor's teen daughter, Valentina, but she is tragically decapitated in a motorcycle accident. Undeterred, Gnaghi digs up her reanimated head and begins an innocent romance. The relationship is cut short, however, when the mayor finds out and Valentina rips out his throat with her teeth. Dellamorte is forced to shoot her. The young widow also rises again, causing Dellamorte to believe she was not really a zombie when he first shot her, in which case it was he who killed her. He plummets into a depression and is visited by the leering figure of Death, who tells him to "Stop killing the dead" and suggests shooting the living instead.

Dellamorte encounters two more unnamed women, identical in appearance to his now-dead lover. The first is an assistant to the new mayor. She confesses to Dellamorte that she is terrified of sexual penetration, so Dellamorte demands to have his penis removed by the local doctor. Refusing to do so, the doctor instead gives him an injection to induce temporary impotence. Meanwhile, the woman has been raped by and fallen in love with her employer. Having lost her phobia, she plans to marry her rapist and discards the cemetery man.

His grip on reality slipping, Dellamorte heads into town at night and shoots the young men who have made fun of him for years. He meets a third manifestation of the woman he loves and they go to bed together, but when he later learns she is a prostitute, he kills her and two other women by setting their house on fire. Franco is accused of these murders after killing his wife and child, and attempts suicide. Dellamorte goes to visit Franco in the hospital. Sitting by the hospital bed, he casually murders a nun, a nurse, and a doctor. Franco claims to not recognize him. Distraught and confused, Dellamorte screams out a confession, but is ignored.

Gnaghi and Dellamorte pack up their car and leave Buffalora. Gnaghi's head is injured when Dellamorte slams on the brakes. They get out of the vehicle and walk to the edge of the road, where it drops into a chasm. Gnaghi begins to seize and collapses to the ground. Dellamorte realizes that the rest of the world does not exist. Fearing his assistant is dying, he loads a gun with two dumdum bullets to finish them both off. However, Dellamorte cannot bring himself to shoot his friend. Gnaghi wakes up, drops the gun off the cliff, and asks to be taken home, speaking clearly for the first time. Dellamorte replies: "Gna." As the credits roll, the camera zooms out to reveal the two men standing in a snow globe.

Cast

 * Rupert Everett as Francesco Dellamorte
 * François Hadji-Lazaro as Gnaghi
 * Anna Falchi as She
 * Mickey Knox as Marshall Straniero
 * Anton Alexander as Franco
 * Fabiana Formica as Valentina Scanarotti
 * Clive Riche as Dr. Vercesi
 * Stefano Masciarelli as Mayor Scanarotti
 * Alessandro Zamattio as Claudio
 * Katja Anton as Claudio's girlfriend
 * Barbara Cupisti as Magda
 * Patrizia Punzo as Claudio's mother
 * Renato Doris as She's husband
 * Derek Jacobi: Death

Production
The film is based on Tiziano Sclavi's novel Dellamorte Dellamore, written in 1983 but published in 1991. In 1986, Sclavi created the comic character Dylan Dog, who not only shares some characteristics with Francesco Dellamorte but was visually based on Rupert Everett (as an in-joke, the film cast Everett and costumed the character in a fashion deliberately reminiscent of Dylan Dog). Previous to the novel's publication, Sclavi had reused its plot in an issue of Dylan Dog guest-starring Francesco. The filmmakers were aware of this as well in casting Everett and alluding to the links between the two characters. In view of the above, and in terms of its plot, melancholic themes and use of Sclavi's trademark black humor, Cemetery Man is closer to an adaptation of Dylan Dog than the later 2011 film starring Brandon Routh.

Release
Cemetery Man was first released on March 25, 1994. American distributor October Films changed its title to Cemetery Man and released it on April 26, 1996.

Anchor Bay Entertainment released the film on R1 DVD in 2006 under the American title Cemetery Man. In May 2024, Cemetery Man was released on 4K-UHD and Blu-ray by boutique distributor Severin Films.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 61% of 31 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.10/10. The site's consensus reads: "Cemetery Man will frustrate viewers seeking narrative cohesion or coherence, but this surreal brand of humor and horror should satisfy B-movie fans in the mood for quirk". Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that the film is unconventional but becomes repetitive as Everett dispatches shallow metaphors for fascism. Bob Stephens of The San Francisco Examiner wrote that the film suffers from an uneven tone but "is redeemed by his uncommon visual imagination". Deborah Young of Variety wrote, "A hip, offbeat horror item floating on a bed of dark philosophy, Dellamorte Dellamore is a deceptively easy genre picture with hidden depths." Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "It aims high and misses, but it does hold interest with visual flash, wry humor and a couple of sex scenes that can make steam come out of your ears." In more modern reviews, Bloody Disgusting rated it 5/5 stars and called it "one of the greatest cult films of the last twenty years". Joshua Siebalt of Dread Central rated it 4/5 stars and wrote that Soavi's direction and film's humor make it different and memorable.

Director Martin Scorsese called Dellamorte Dellamore one of the best Italian films of the 1990s.

Sequel
In January 2011, Fangoria reported that director Michele Soavi was planning a sequel. Soavi planned to shoot the film sometime near the end of 2011 or early 2012.

title: Cemetery Man


text:
Talk:Orthogenesis

Editorial bias
This article needs to be fixed to remove the editorial bias. Scholar after scholar quoted here— Levit & Olsson, Gould, Popov, Ulett, Ruse, Guyer, Schropfer— tells us that orthogenesis includes a range of ideas and that it evolved toward fully materialistic ones with no teleology or mysticism. But the framing and tone of the article repeatedly reverts to the self-serving historiography of Synthesis partisans like Mayr and Simpson. The author makes his bias clear in the comments below, referring to "God-directed evolution towards a preplanned final goal, which is what orthogenesis is about."

No, that is not what it is about. According to historical scholars who have studied the issue and published their results in peer-reviewed venues, orthogenesis has a more general meaning and is not intrinsically mystical, teleological, or theological. Dabs (talk) 15:11, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Making ad hominem personal attacks about years-old on-the-fly comments is obviously deprecated by Wikipedia policy, but the article is certainly not about any editor's theme, nor are any editorial or uncited claims made. Instead, as you rightly comment, the article presents multiple reliably-cited definitions, and explores multiple viewpoints on orthogenesis; it indeed contains a cited section on "Sliding between meanings" and one on "Facilitated variation" which mentions specific molecular mechanisms. In the absence of a mechanism for many of the historic proposals, the topic does readily veer towards the mysticism of Teilhard de Chardin; whereas Croizat's arguments about developmental constraints do clearly have possible mechanisms behind them. Chiswick Chap (talk) 14:54, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * If you click on Dabs userpage, he claims to be Arlin Stoltzfus the author of "Mutation, Randomness, and Evolution" . Over on Extended evolutionary synthesis he has removed a source critical of his work, Erik I. Svensson . He also deleted a comment by Svensson and added his own book. As far as I can see Stoltzfus has tried to equate orthogenesis with developmental constraints, . Not many others use this type of language so I don't think we need to go into it. Psychologist Guy (talk) 23:20, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * What I say directly doesn't matter, bc I have done no historical research on orthogenesis. The issue is what scholarly sources say. Of the two most recent historical analyses on Orthogenesis that I have seen, the one by Popov and the one by Ulett, both use the term "constraints".  So, you are factually incorrect to suggest that "constraint" is not how orthogenesis is interpreted by historical scholars. Meanwhile, neither of these recent sources mentions the word "Progress" even though the editorial slant of this article is insistent on mixing up orthogenesis and progress and presenting orthogenesis as a defunct theory, per the demands of Synthesis Historiography. Dabs (talk) 23:42, 14 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I notice on the article is the line "Recent work has supported the mechanism and existence of mutation biased adaptation, meaning that limited local orthogenesis is now seen as possible" which links to three of your papers. If you believe the article is wrong and you know of other sources supporting such content you should add such material. Chiswick Chap has done good work on the article but if it needs to be updated then go ahead. I personally wouldn't support removing anything major from the article. If you know of any other good sources discussing constraints then they can be added. Psychologist Guy (talk) 00:55, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I have no problem with the modern language of constraints (already in the article), but it's obviously a perspective from the opposite end of the telescope from the more philosophical authors cited. Removing another author's comments and inserting one's own book is clearly a dubious behaviour for any editor (I hope I don't have to cite policy on that); far better would be to seek consensus first on the talk page. I do not see any reason why the historical and historiographic sources should be seen as less valid than any other reliable sources in the literature. Sniping at them on the talk page, and repeatedly asserting editorial "slant", is unhelpful at best and a direct violation of WP:NPA at worst. The article correctly spans the topic from its origins to modern times, representing many reliably-cited points of view, including but not limited to the modern one of developmental and evolutionary constraints. Chiswick Chap (talk) 11:18, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orthogenesis