text:
Minas, Uruguay

Minas is the capital of the Lavalleja Department in Uruguay. As of the census of 2011, it is the twelfth-most populated city in the country.

Geography
The city is located in the south of the department, on the intersection of Route 8 with Route 12.

It lies between hill ranges and the basins of the Arroyo San Francisco and Arroyo Campanero streams.

History
A town was founded here in 1783 as "Villa de la Concepción de las Minas" when a number of families from the Asturias and Galicia regions of Spain settled in the area following a frustrated attempt to populate Patagonia. The idea of a city in the area was first raised in 1753 by Jose Joaquin de Viana, the governor of Montevideo, who wanted to create a population centre in "the zones of the mines". He commissioned Rafael Perez Del Puerto to design the layout of the city, the basis of which remains in place today.

On October 8, 1830, it was declared a town, and on June 16, 1837, by decree Ley Nº 158, it became the capital of the "Department of Minas". On May 16, 1888, its status was elevated city) by decree Ley Nº 1.980. On December 26, 1927, after the renaming of the department, it became the capital of the "Department of Lavalleja" by decree Ley Nº 8.187.

Population
According to the 2011 census, the area of Minas had a population of 38,446.

The following areas are considered by some as part of the Minas urban area: As a result, the total population of the Minas area can be said to be 38,909.
 * Blanes Viale: 104
 * Barrio La Coronilla - Ancap: 301
 * San Francisco de las Sierras: 58

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Features

In the northeastern part of town, where a zoological garden was located, the main public park of the city "Parque Rodó" was developed. Its facilities include restrooms, a garden, two playgrounds for children, a swimming pool, an area for picnic, a restaurant, a walking trail, parking lots, a small farm with a few animals (peacocks, swans, llamas), several sport pitches and a small stadium, in which two yearly festivals take place, one in April "Minas & Abril" and the other in October "Semana de Lavalleja".
 * In the city

Cerro Artigas
At the east end of the city is Cerro Artigas, a hill with a park containing a statue of the 19th-century Uruguayan hero General José Artigas on horseback, a work of Stelio Belloni.

The Parque Salto del Penitente lies 16 km east of the city; 9 km to the west-southwest is Parque Salus and 6 km to the southeast is the Parque de Vacaciones UTE-ANTEL, a park for the vacation use of employees of the Uruguayan Electricity Company and the Uruguayan Telecommunications Company. Villa Serrana is a scenic village located in the hills about 25 km northeast of Minas.
 * Surrounding area

Places of worship

 * Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Roman Catholic)
 * St. Joseph Parish Church (Roman Catholic)
 * St. Thérèse of Lisieux Parish Church (Roman Catholic, Redemptorists)
 * Our Lady of Fatima Parish Church (Roman Catholic)
 * Our Lady of Verdun National Sanctuary, a popular pilgrimage shrine on top of Verdún Hill

Notable people
Minas is the birthplace of:

 * Juan Antonio Lavalleja, the revolutionary leader during Uruguayan independence, after whom the department is named.
 * Juan José Morosoli, Uruguayan writer.
 * Arturo Ardao, Uruguayan philosopher and historian.
 * Sebastián Abreu, Uruguayan professional soccer player.
 * Gustavo Trelles, Uruguayan racing driver
 * Carlos Paravís, folk musician

Twin towns

 * 🇻🇪 Coro, Venezuela
 * 🇫🇷 Amiens, France

title: Minas, Uruguay


text:
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text:
Lavalleja Department

Lavalleja is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Minas. It is located in the southeast of the country, bordered to the north by the department of Treinta y Tres to the east with Rocha, to the south with Canelones and Maldonado, and to the west to Florida.

The department is named in honor of Brigadier Juan Antonio Lavalleja, who had distinguished military and political action in the country's independence.

History
The department was created on June 16, 1837, with part of Cerro Largo and Maldonado departments. It was first named as Minas. In March 1888, it was asked that the Chamber of Deputies raised the settlement hierarchy of the village of Minas to be a town and to change the department's name to Lavalleja. The first was approved. From then, and until December 26, 1927, when the name was changed to Lavalleja, widespread debates about the matter were held. There was political will to designate a department under the name of the head of the Liberation Crusade, but not at the expense of Minas, even considering creating a new department named Lavalleja, being rejected afterwards.

Geography
Most of the north border of the department is formed by the Olimar Chico River and Olimar Grande River. Most of the middle and north part of the department is crossed by many streams, flowing from northwest and south directions towards the northeast of the department, all being tributaries of Río Cebollati, which flows to the northeast and discharges into Lake Merín, a natural border with Brazil. These streams, from north to south, are: Arroyo Gutiérrez, Arroyo de los Molles, Arroyo de los Chanchos, Arroyo Polanco, Arroyo Barriga Negra, Arroyo Tapes Grande, Arroyo Marmarajá and finally Arroyo Aiguá, which forms most of the east border of the department. In the south of the department, flowing from east to west is Santa Lucía River with its tributaries, Arroyo del Soldato, Arroyo Campanero Grande and Arroyo Verdún. Another stream in the south is Arroyo Solís Grande, which forms part of the natural border with Canelones Department and flows south discharging into the Río de la Plata near Gregorio Aznárez.

The south part of the Cuchilla Grande hillrange crosses the department from the south to northwest. In the south and near Minas, there are two important tourist attractions, the hills of Cerro Arequita and Cerro Verdún (which is also a pilgrimage sanctuary). A bit further to the north is the hill Cerro Espuelitas.

Demographics
At the 2011 census, Lavalleja Department had a population of 58,815 (28,793 male and 30,022 female) and 27,644 households.

Demographic data for Florida Department in 2010: 2010 Data Source:
 * Population growth rate: 0.085%
 * Birth Rate: 13.29 births/1,000 people
 * Death Rate: 10.23 deaths/1,000 people
 * Average age: 35.6 (34.4 male, 37.0 female)
 * Life Expectancy at Birth:
 * Total population: 77.47 years
 * Male: 73.59 years
 * Female: 81.26 years
 * Average per household income: 23,999 pesos/month
 * Urban per capita income: 9,986 pesos/month

 * Rural population

According to the 2011 census, Lavalleja department has a rural population of 6,070.

Transportation
National Route 8 joins the department with Montevideo via Canelones Department, with Minas being 118 km to its northeast. Route 8 crosses the department in a northeast direction, joining it with Treinta y Tres, capital of the homonymous department and Melo capital of Cerro Largo Department. Route 14, which crosses the country in a west-to-east direction, passes through the north of the department, joining it with Mercedes, Trinidad and Durazno to the west and the Atlantic coast to the east. Route 14 joins the town José Batlle y Ordóñez with the city José Pedro Varela in the department.

The railroad track Montevideo-Minas is active only for cargo trains of the Línea Minas. Another track, following the path of Route 14 through the department, is active for cargo trains from Montevideo of the Línea Río Branco, which continues into Brazil.

title: Lavalleja Department


text:
Paysandú

Paysandú is an Uruguayan city and the capital of Paysandú Department in western Uruguay.

History
It was founded in October 1756 and had acquired the status of "Villa" (town) before the independence of Uruguay. On 8 June 1863, its status was elevated to "Ciudad" (city) by the Act of Ley Nº 780.

General Leandro Gomez led Uruguayan forces to save the town from an invasion by Brazilian forces in 1864–1865. A battle took place on 2 December 1864.

Population
In 2011 Paysandú had a population of 76,412. It is the fourth largest city in Uruguay, after Montevideo, Salto and Ciudad de la Costa. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Paysandú is more cosmopolitan than most Uruguayan cities, with many settlers from Italy, Switzerland, Poland, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, Belgium and various African nations.

Geography
The city is located on the banks of the Uruguay River, which forms the border with Argentina. It lies 378 km northwest of Montevideo via Route 1 and Route 3, on the junction of the latter with Route 90. As of the census of 2011 it was the fourth-most populated city of the country.

A small distance north of the city is the General Artigas Bridge that links Uruguay with the Entre Ríos Province of Argentina, south of the city Colón.

Climate
Paysandú has a humid subtropical climate, described by the Köppen climate classification as Cfa. Summers are warm to hot and winters are cool, with the occurrence of frosts and fog. The precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, although winters are slightly drier, with an average of 1,181 mm (46.5 in), and the annual average temperature is around 19 °C (66 °F). On 20 January 1943, Paysandú recorded a temperature of 44.0 C, which is the joint highest (along with Florida) temperature to have ever been recorded in Uruguay. The lowest temperature to have ever been recorded in Paysandú is -7.4 C in June.

Economy
The main industries in the city are Norteña brewery, Azucarlito (sugar), Paylana (which is a producer of world-class woolen fabrics), and Paycuero (leather). Paysandú is also the centre of plantation forest industry in Uruguay, with many companies involved in the planting and harvesting of Eucalyptus plantations.

Transportation
The city is served by Tydeo Larre Borges International Airport.

Recreation
Paysandú has some fine recreational beaches on the Uruguay River which have lifeguards during the summer. It is also home to many sporting clubs, including a rowing club, yacht club, and numerous others for football, rugby, hockey, tennis and polo.

Education
Previously the area had a German school, Deutsche Schule Paysandú.

Also the city has a Center of the University of the Republic (Centro Universitario de Paysandú).

Places of worship

 * Parish Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and St. Benedict of Palermo (Roman Catholic)
 * St. Raymond and St. John Bosco Parish Church (Roman Catholic, Salesians of Don Bosco)
 * Sacred Heart of Jesus Parish Church (Roman Catholic)
 * St. Joseph the Worker Parish Church (Roman Catholic)

Politicians

 * Reinaldo Gargano (FA), Foreign Minister of Uruguay (2005–2008) †
 * Jorge Larrañaga (PN), current Senator
 * Raúl Sendic (FA), Vice-President of Uruguay 2015–2017

Football players

 * Sebastián Soria, Qatari football player
 * Walter Gargano, football player of Peñarol
 * Nicolás Lodeiro, football player of Seattle Sounders FC
 * Bosco Frontán, retired footballer who played mostly in Uruguay and Mexico
 * Egidio Arévalo Rios, the 10th most capped player for Uruguay with 91, currently with Correcaminos UAT
 * Maxi Gómez, football player of Trabzonspor
 * Marcelo Saracchi, football player of Levante

Musicians

 * Los Iracundos
 * Alfredo Eusebio Gobbi, tango musician

Other

 * Clotilde Luisi (1882–1969), first woman to study law at the University of the Republic
 * Ricardo Armentano, professor and researcher of international repute
 * Hiber Conteris (1933-2020), literary critic and playwright
 * Cecilia Comunales (born 1988), world champion boxer

Twinned cities

 * Hellín, Spain
 * Muscatine, Iowa, United States
 * Smara, Western Sahara

title: Paysandú


text: User talk:71.240.16.9

title: User talk:71.240.16.9


text:
Paysandú Department

Paysandú Department is a department of the northwestern region of Uruguay. It has an area of 13922 km2 and a population of 113,124. Its capital is the city of Paysandú. It borders Salto Department to its north, Tacuarembó Department to its east, Río Negro Department to its south and has the Río Uruguay flowing at its west, separating it from Argentina.

The origin of its name is debated but is likely to be of Charrúa origin.

History
The first division of the Republic in six departments happened on 27 January 1816. Two more departments were formed later that year. At that time, Paysandú Department included all the territory north of the Río Negro, which included the actual departments of Artigas, Rivera, Tacuarembó, Salto, Paysandú, and Río Negro. On 17 June 1837, a new division of Uruguay was made and this territory was divided into three parts. In the new division, Paysandú Department included also the actual department of Río Negro, until it was split from it in 1868.

Demographics
As of the census of 2011, Paysandú Department had a population of 113,124 (55,361 male and 57,759 female) and 42,849 households.

Demographic data for Paysandú Department in 2010: 2010 Data Source:
 * Population growth rate: 0.250%
 * Birth Rate: 16.84 births/1,000 people
 * Death Rate: 8.34 deaths/1,000 people
 * Average age: 30.8 (29.1 male, 32.7 female)
 * Life Expectancy at Birth:
 * Total population: 77.03 years
 * Male: 73.78 years
 * Female: 80.67 years
 * Average per household income: 24,543 pesos/month
 * Urban per capita income: 9,457 pesos/month

 * Rural population

According to the 2011 census, Paysandú Department has an additional rural population of 4,364.

Economy
The fertile soils of Paysandú have encouraged much agricultural development. Livestock raising is one of the principal agricultural activities, with cattle being raised for both the dairy and beef industries alongside sheep for wool production. Market-gardening is also prominent with the cultivation of oranges and blueberries, whilst wheat, barley, sunflowers and soya beans are also produced. There is also a small fishing industry on the Uruguay River.

Tourism too, is important for the area. Ecotourism is gaining prominence especially in the Esteros de Farrapos National Park further down the river. In addition many farms provide accommodation and facilities for tourists visiting the area.

Paysandú is home to a large brewery and hosts an annual Semana de la Cerveza (Week of the Beer), a weeklong festival of music, arts, carnival type rides, and beer.

title: Paysandú Department


text:
User:Dangdangdillio

Not much to say about me. I'm new to this whole Wikipedia thing. Until I really get used to the whole formatting thing, I'm just sticking with making minor changes that I see need doing. Hopefully I'm not screwing up too much.

title: User:Dangdangdillio


text: User talk:132.200.32.34

title: User talk:132.200.32.34


text:
Salto, Uruguay

Salto is the capital city of the Salto Department in northwestern Uruguay. As of the 2011 census it had a population of 104,028 and is the second most populated city in Uruguay, after Montevideo.

History
During the Guarani War the governor of Rio de la Plata, José de Andonaegui, and the Marquis of Valdelirios pleaded with Governor José Joaquín de Viana to move north with an army of 400 men and enforce the terms of the Treaty of Madrid. In October 1756 Viana built several barracks for his army located in the area who had to survive on hunting and fishing. The sheds he built were called San Antonio del Salto Chico. Thus, the short-lived first settlement in the present city of Salto dates from 8 November 1756, which remains as its date of foundation. Some people say it was "by chance", such as the writer Francisco Bauza in his book Dominación española en Uruguay. In 1757, Viana and the superior Governor of Buenos Aires, Pedro de Cevallos, built a strong fort called San Antonio. The fort had a chapel, which was under the patronage of San Antonio de Padua. Also in that period, Spanish troops captured the Portuguese colony at Colonia del Sacramento and used its facilities for seven years before abandoning it in 1763.

On 16 June 1768, the buildings in Salto were occupied by Francisco de Paula Bucareli with 1,500 soldiers seeking to expel the Jesuits from all Spanish territory, as ordered by Carlos III. The fort of San Antonio served as an arms depot and later as a prison for most of the priests, who were later taken to Buenos Aires or deported overseas. While the Jesuits were imprisoned Lieutenant Nicolás García took care of the fort and three boats. A big flood of the Yapeyú River caused considerable damage and the fort was rebuilt at a nearby site, this time on the western side of the Uruguay River in the current Concordia area, in order to act as a river-road junction. In early 1782 the settlement already had permanent residents.

On 12 February 1811 Francisco Javier de Elío declared war on the Board of Buenos Aires. Montevideo was besieged by José Rondeau and José Gervasio Artigas, so Elío asked for help from Portugal. Later the Spanish and the Board of Buenos Aires had to sign an agreement, because Buenos Aires was blockaded by sea. In an armistice agreement it decided to lift the siege of Montevideo and the blockade of the Rio de la Plata. However, General Artigas had to withdraw to the north in what became known at the Exodus of the Western People. Among the members of the Exodus of the Western People were a considerable number of important people in Uruguayan history, including some 6,000 military personnel and 4,500 civilians. In December 1811 they camped for one month on the Uruguay River very close to Salto. In that place the Board of Buenos Aires awarded the title of Lieutenant Governor, Chief Justice and Captain of the Department to Artigas who "guided the revolutionaries in a ten-year crusade to liberate the people from Imperial Spanish rule." After the Battle of Las Piedras on 18 May 1811, Artigas was named "Chief of the Orientales". After 1820, Artigas was forced to live in exile in Paraguay but his movement had been very successful and led to the establishment of the First Republic of Uruguay on 25 August 1825.

Before the Independence of Uruguay Salto had acquired the category of "Pueblo" (village) and on 16 May 1835, by Decree, it was recognized as being a "Villa" (town). Then, on 16 June 1837, Salto was made capital of the department by the Act of Ley Nº 158.

In late October 1845 roughly 1,000 of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Italian and Uruguayan troops advanced up the Uruguay River and took Gualeguaychú in Argentina before seizing Salto, remaining there several months as they plotted against Justo José de Urquiza, Cesar Diaz and Servando Gomez. On 8 February 1846 Garibaldi defeated Gomez's army, killing several hundred at San Antonio Chico Creek outside Salto. Garibaldi lost about a hundred men in the battle. Montevideo accepted him as General on February 16 when news of his victory reached the city.

On 8 June 1863 Salto's status was elevated to "Ciudad" (city) by the Act of Ley Nº 780, which was reaffirmed on 3 March 1869 by the Act of Ley Nº 1.000.

During the late 2010s, Salto city saw a spate in criminal activity similar to those of other border cities across Latin America like Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, with drug trafficking and femicides among the principal crimes committed. According to Nicolas SantAnna, the president of the local commerce and industry syndicate, Salto's Don Atilio has become Uruguay's most dangerous barrio.

Population
In 2011, Salto had a population of 104,028. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Geography
The city is located on Route 3 about 496 km northwest of Montevideo, and on the east bank of the Río Uruguay across from the city of Concordia in Argentina. About 12 km north of the city the Salto Grande Bridge, built on top of the Salto Grande Dam, joins the two sides.

Built on hills and bluffs, the city is situated near the Rio Uruguay's 'big jump' falls, which is also the location of the Salto Grande Dam. The land is low lying alongside the river bank, with an elevation of 48 m above sea level.

Climate
Salto has a humid subtropical climate typical of the region, with sunny and hot summers with occasional heavy rainfall combined with mild winters.

Architecture
At the entrance of the city there is a memorial to the engineer Eladio Dieste. The memorial is formally called "La Puerta de la Sabiduría" ("The Door of Wisdom") and commonly known as  "La Gaviota" ("The Seagull"). It was constructed by moving a structure built for station facilities and service by Leggiero Barbieri, a now-defunct trading firm. It is located at the intersection of Route 3 and Route 31 with Avenida Pascual Harriague, named after Pascual Harriague, who introduced grape cultivation in Uruguay. Salto is the site of a large number of works by Eladio Dieste, including an industrial warehouse/factory (Refrescos del Norte, 1978), an inn (north coast), a Municipal Bus Terminal, and a private bus company terminal (Turlit, 1980). Other prominent architects include J.P. Sanguinetti with his masterpiece "El Campo y yo".

The center of the city lies on Calle Uruguay, the heart of the business district, and many of the historic buildings in the immediate vicinity are significant. An apartment building called "El Mirador", the highest building in the city, opened in 2007. A museum of note is the Museo del Hombre y la Tecnología. There is a Plaza named after General Artigas in the central part of the city, containing a large statue of him. The largest park in the city is called the Parque Solari.

Places of worship

 * Cathedral Basilica of St. John the Baptist (Roman Catholic)
 * Holy Cross Parish Church (Roman Catholic)
 * Sacred Heart of Jesus Parish Church (Roman Catholic)
 * Parish Church of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel (Roman Catholic)

Culture
Popular activities among young people include drinking mate (an herbal beverage), going dancing at night and crossing into Argentina to go shopping in Concordia on weekends. One of the attractions are the thermal pools located close to the city. They are kept at over 38 °C (100 F) around the year. Salto is also known for its street Calle Uruguay, where locals stroll during weekend nights to socialize and drink mate with friends. Despite its many slum areas, Salto is considered one of the higher class areas of Uruguay for its various amenities that most of the country is lacking. The International Cultural Centre was founded in Salto in August 1990. The main football club is Salto Fútbol Club which plays in the Uruguayan Segunda División. Their home ground is located at the Estadio Ernesto Dickinson, which has a capacity of about 6,500.

Sports
Salto was one of the host cities of the official 1967 Basketball World Cup.

Health
The public health system in city is heavily supported by the regional national hospital Hospital Regional de Salto, which has 258 conventional beds and 30 intensive care beds.

Risks
Because of its geography, near other regions with Aedes aegypti mosquitos, Salto is one of the more vulnerable cities to mosquito-borne diseases like dengue fever.

Transportation
Salto lies at the junction of the north–south National Route 3 and east–west National Route 31 on the eastern bank at the beginning of the Lower Uruguay River, opposite the Argentine city of Concordia. The city is located 145 km by road south of Bella Union and 120 km by road north of Paysandu. It is located 225 km by road west of Tacuarembo.

Salto is connected to Montevideo by regular bus services and by the railroad track Montevideo – Salto – Artigas. The main railway station is the Salto railway station (Estacion Salto). Nueva Hesperides International Airport had scheduled connections with Montevideo until 2015, enabling easy access to the local thermal baths. There are plans to improve it and local business people are keen to see it expand, allowing freight (particularly fruit) to be shipped directly from the region.

It is served by the Nueva Hesperides International Airport.

Notable people

 * Uruguayan author Horacio Quiroga was born in Salto in 1879.
 * Enrique Amorim was born in Salto in 1900.
 * Pedro Rocha, intercontinental champion, Peñarol, was born in 1942.
 * Professional footballers Luis Suárez (Inter Miami CF), Edinson Cavani (Boca Juniors) and Bruno Fornaroli (Melbourne Victory) were born in Salto in 1987. The former two were members of the Uruguay squad that achieved a fourth-place finish at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, while the latter achieved the Golden Boot in 2015–16 A-League season.
 * Association of Tennis Professionals Uruguayan No.1 Pablo Cuevas resides in Salto, though he was born in Argentina.

title: Salto, Uruguay


text:
J. W. Henley

Joseph Warner Henley, PC, DL, JP (3 March 1793 – 8 December 1884), often known as J. W. Henley, was a British Conservative politician, best known for serving in the protectionist governments of Lord Derby in the 1850s.

Political career
Henley sat as Member of Parliament for Oxfordshire from 1841 until 1878 and served as President of the Board of Trade in Derby's first (1852) and second (1858–1859) governments. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1852. From 1874 to 1878 (year of his 84th birthday) he was the oldest member of the House of Commons.

Family
Henley married Georgiana, daughter of John Fane, in 1816. She died in June 1864. Henley survived her by 20 years and died in December 1884, aged 91.

title: J. W. Henley


text:
User:Horsten

Welcome to my page, I guess I should write a bit about myself but I haven't really got round to it yet.. Age, born in Copenhagen, Denmark, lived in Cambridge, UK for 14 years and now back in Denmark with my wife and daughter. I love Wikipedia and use it on a daily basis to satisfy my desire for knowledge, when I spot a mistake I usually correct it, and sometimes I make other contributions as well, on an on-and-off basis, especially if I notice something missing that I think should be there.

I generally don't bother logging in to make changes to wikipedia. Most of my changes are by IP number, especially minor changes. Sometimes I do log in, mostly if I have to create a page or upload something. But most of my contributions (at least 66%) are not under my account name.

Articles I've started:

 * Alpha roll
 * Avulsion fracture (stub)
 * Fenny
 * Hannelore
 * National Socialist Movement of Denmark
 * National Socialist Workers Party of Denmark

(and no, I don't sympathize with the neo-nazi's just because I have contributed to (critical) articles about them!)

Wikipediholic score 54 (as of 25 August 2005).

I dual-license my Wikipedia contributions with the CC license, see User:Horsten/Copyrights.

TH 20:24, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Horsten


text:
Salto Department

Salto Department is a department of the northwestern region of Uruguay. It has an area of 14163 km2 and a population of 124,878. Its capital is the city of Salto. It borders Artigas Department to its north, Paysandú Department to its south, the departments of Rivera and Tacuarembó to its east and has the Río Uruguay flowing at its west, separating it from Argentina.

History
The first division of the Republic in six departments happened on 27 January 1816. Two more departments were formed later in that year. At the time, Paysandú Department included all the territory north of the Río Negro, which included the actual departments of Artigas, Rivera, Tacuarembó, Salto, Paysandú and Río Negro. On 17 June 1837 a new division of Uruguay was made and the department of Salto was created including the actual Artigas Department. Its final borders were defined on 1 October 1884, when the Artigas Department was separated from Salto by the Act of Ley Nº 1854.

Demographics
At the 2011 census, Salto Department had a population of 124,878 (61,071 male and 63,807 female) and 42,486 households.

Demographic data for Salto Department in 2010: 2010 Data Source:
 * Population growth rate: 0.552%
 * Birth Rate: 17.32 births/1,000 people
 * Death Rate: 8.26 deaths/1,000 people
 * Average age: 29.0 (27.6 male, 30.3 female)
 * Life Expectancy at Birth:
 * Total population: 75.03 years
 * Male: 72.07 years
 * Female: 78.20 years
 * Average per household income: 23,390 pesos/month
 * Urban per capita income: 8,409 pesos/month

Government
The executive power is exercised by the Intendencia Municipal de Salto. The Intendant is elected every five years with the possibility of reelection.

The following Municipalities have been formed in Salto Department:
 * Constitución
 * Belén
 * Rincón de Valentín
 * Colonia Lavalleja
 * San Antonio
 * Mataojo

Tourism
There are Mineral spas at Termas del Daymán and Termas del Arapey. The displays in Museo del Hombre y la Tecnología demonstrate man's interaction with technology.

Notable people

 * Rafael Addiego Bruno, President of Uruguay in 1985 as an interim measure, born in Salto.
 * Edinson Cavani, Football player, playing for Manchester United in England, born in Salto.
 * Irineo Leguisamo, one of the foremost South American jockeys of the 20th century
 * Luis Suárez, Football player, playing for Atlético Madrid in Spain, born in Salto

title: Salto Department


text:
Lancaster (Forton) Services

Lancaster (Forton) services is a motorway service station, between junctions 32 and 33 of the M6 motorway in England. The nearest city is Lancaster, about 7 miles to the north. The site is operated by Moto.

Like many older service stations, it has an all-weather enclosed bridge which enables pedestrians to use both the northbound and southbound facilities. In 2005 this bridge had work carried out to strengthen it to withstand the impact of a heavy goods vehicle.

History
In September 1964, it was due to open in April 1965, when it was announced that all Rank Organisation service areas would have showers and rest rooms for truck drivers, starting with Forton. The company felt that lorry drivers were often overlooked, and that lorry drivers previously had a 'smoke and a sandwich in a lay-by'. These views came from John Davis, chairman of The Rank Organisation, at the awards ceremony of the UK Lorry Driver of the Year awards near Nuneaton on 13 September 1964, won by 32 year old John Gunn of Ottawa Road in Leicester, employed by Wolsey Ltd of Leicester; the competition had started in Coventry in 1952.

Construction
It opened in November 1965 with the name Forton services; it was the second service station to open on the motorway (Charnock Richard being the first), and is named after the nearby village of Forton. The architect was T. P. Bennett and Son and it was originally operated by The Rank Organisation (Top Rank Motor Inns). T. P. Bennett and Son's first design for service areas was Strensham services; Forton was its second. Farthing Corner (Medway services) on the M2 was the first Top Rank to open, followed by Knutsford.

It was opened on the Preston-Lancaster section of the M6. Junction 33 (A6) is to the north and junction 32 (M55) is to the south; the section opened in 1965.

Structure
The services is notable for an unusual hexagonal concrete tower on the northbound side, named  The Pennine Tower, which originally housed an up-market restaurant and a sun deck. The tower was designed to resemble an air traffic control tower and is a prominent local landmark. The tower is 74 ft across.

The tower closed to the public in 1989 due to current fire regulations (there is no means of providing an alternative exit from the restaurant deck in an emergency), and is only used for storage and occasional staff training. The tower was built to give views over Morecambe Bay to the west and the Trough of Bowland to the east. Recently, Moto has refreshed the services. The tower has been painted in a beige colour and one of the passenger lifts has been refurbished.

The tower was listed Grade II on 15 October 2012.

The site's eastern edge is the boundary between Wyre district and City of Lancaster district.

There is a Burger King, a Costa Coffee, a WHSmith, and a Greggs on each side of the service station. The services also has a Marks & Spencer Simply Food store, a Pret, and a KFC on the northbound side.

In popular culture
The services are the setting for a case file in the fiction horror podcast The Magnus Protocol, a sequel/sidequel to the award-winning podcast The Magnus Archives. In the eighth episode, "Running on Empty", the case is a dramatised reading of a rejected thesis submission. The submission proposes the establishment of a synthesis architectural concept called "Brutal Liminality", with Forton Services as the case study given its Brutalist architecture and its liminal nature as a services station. The student hypothesizes that there are negative psychological impacts of prolonged exposure to such spaces, arguing that there is a dangerous "architectural hunger" inherent to a space that "resents its own transitory nature." The thesis finishes with the description of a paranormal experience at Forton Services, culminating in escape through the window of the Pennine Tower.

title: Lancaster (Forton) Services


text:
Vavoua International School

Vavoua International School (VIS) was a boarding school operated by WEC International located east of the town of Vavoua on the road to Zuénoula. It was closed in 2002 due to political unrest in Ivory Coast.

History
Founded in 1970, the school offered excellent educational opportunities for many missionary kids (MKs) and other children from a wide variety of countries. While VIS's official language was English, students at VIS were offered correspondence classes in Dutch, German, and Korean as well as a variety of international curricula. Most VIS students were from East Asia, Africa, Europe, North America or the Pacific, and have remained in contact since the closing of the school. The VIS student body is credited with several important inventions, including Christmas bamboo trees and poultry security testing.

title: Vavoua International School


text: User talk:81.58.147.193

title: User talk:81.58.147.193


text:
Wiesbaden-Nordenstadt

Nordenstadt is one of Wiesbaden's eastern suburbs, and was incorporated into the city of Wiesbaden on 1 January 1977. Its population is 7,829 (2020). It hosted the first corporate headquarters of Daewoo Germany in the early 1990s.

title: Wiesbaden-Nordenstadt


text:
San José Department

San José Department is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is San José de Mayo. It borders Colonia Department to the west, Flores Department to the north and the departments of Florida, Canelones and Montevideo to the east. Its southern limits are described by its coastline on Rio de la Plata.

Demographics
As of the census of 2011, San José Department had a population of 108,309 (53,998 male and 54,311 female) and 43,023 households.

Demographic data for San José Department in 2010: 2010 Data Source:
 * Population growth rate: 0.941%
 * Birth Rate: 14.60 births/1,000 people
 * Death Rate: 8.44 deaths/1,000 people
 * Average age: 33.2 (32.1 male, 34.2 female)
 * Life Expectancy at Birth:
 * Total population: 77.72 years
 * Male: 73.90 years
 * Female: 81.61 years
 * Average per household income: 24,747 pesos/month
 * Urban per capita income: 9,928 pesos/month

Main Urban Centres
Population stated as per 2011 census. * Places that have been integrated into Ciudad del Plata in 2006.

Other towns and villages
Population stated as per 2011 census.

Rural population
According to the 2011 census, San José department has an additional rural population of 16,471.

title: San José Department


text:
Talk:The Tiananmen Papers

I have just posted my latest critique of the Tiananmen Papers, which in my view, are a forgery. See

http://publish.uwo.ca/~achan/ Cheers. Alfred L. Chan, PhD

Chinese-only links unhelpful
The Chinese-language external links attached to this article should be reserved for the the Chinese-language version of the article. They are not informative to the average English reader, since they do not provide an English translation. In my opinion, they only serve to support the detractors of the papers and thereby compromise the article's NPOV-ness. A link to Prof. Chan's paper would be more appropriate, since the English reader can evaluate that for himself and evaluate the arguments for himself. But just listing "Time to End the Farce of 'Tiananmen Paper'" seems like propaganda.

I'll wait a few days before I delete those links. Adam 17:10, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Too smart to be forged
Forgers mostly don't understand their subjects very well and create documents full of banalities or improbably events. Whereas the documents I've seen include high-level political discussion that shows an understanding of the actual issues China faced.

Maybe particular items were forged, dates altered or topics left out. But I think we are getting a genuine insight into the inner thinking of the Chinese leadership as it was at the time.

--GwydionM 13:53, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:The Tiananmen Papers


text:
CS Pétange

Club Sportif Pétange is a former football club, based in Pétange, in south-western Luxembourg. In 2015 it folded and merged with FC Titus Lamadelaine to form Union Titus Pétange.

In the 2007–08 season, Pétange finished fourteenth and last in the National Division and were relegated to the Division of Honour. In 2008/09 the club finished top of the Luxembourg Division of Honour and immediately returned to the National Division. They, however, were again relegated at the end of the 2012–13 season. This was their sixth relegation from the top tier in just over 25 years.

Honours

 * Luxembourg Cup
 * Winners (1): 2004–05
 * Runners-up (1): 1991–92

European Competition
Pétange have qualified for UEFA European competition once.

 * UEFA Cup
 * Qualifying round (1): 2005–06

Pétange's only tie in European competition was against AC Allianssi of Finland in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup. Despite a respectable 1–1 draw at home, Pétange was eliminated 4–1 on aggregate.

Overall, Pétange's record in European competition reads:

Managers

 * 🇫🇷 Manuel Peixoto (July 2004 – July 7)
 * 🇦🇱 Florim Alijaj (Sept 2007 – June 8)
 * 🇱🇺 Carlo Weis (July 2008 – Nov 11)
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Leflochmoan (Nov 2011 – June 12)
 * 🇧🇪 Michel Renquin (Jan 2012 – Aug 12)
 * 🇵🇹 Paulo Gomes (Oct 2012–)

title: CS Pétange


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jay Naylor

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Eugene van der Pijll 15:34, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Jay Naylor
Vanity-- BMIComp (talk) 20:27, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non-notable webcomic, vanity. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 20:27, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete  drini ☎ 06:43, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jay Naylor is a notable artist, but this is only covering his work as a webcomic artist; we gain nothing by keeping these two sentences.  Almafeta 13:11, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable self promotion. JamesBurns 08:14, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Gene Simmons (album)

Gene Simmons is the first solo album by Gene Simmons, the bassist and co-lead vocalist of the hard rock band Kiss. It is one of four solo albums released by each member of Kiss, but yet still under the Kiss label, coming out alongside Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, and Paul Stanley. It was released on September 18, 1978. Reaching number 22 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart, it was the highest-placing of all the four Kiss solo albums. Mainly a hard rock style album, it also features choirs and string arrangements on some songs, as well as incorporating various musical genres including Beatles-inspired pop, 1970s funk, and rock and roll.

Album information
Although he is the bass player in Kiss, Simmons played mainly electric and acoustic guitars on the album, leaving the bass duties to Neil Jason. The album features guest appearances from well-known musicians, including Aerosmith's Joe Perry, Bob Seger, Cheap Trick's Rick Nielsen, Donna Summer, Helen Reddy and Cher. Though an unknown at the time, backing vocalist Katey Sagal would go on to a successful television career.

Simmons re-recorded "See You in Your Dreams" because he reportedly was not happy with the way it was recorded on Rock and Roll Over. Simmons said that he covered "When You Wish Upon a Star" because he related to the song and was a fan of Disney movies. "When I first heard that song I could barely speak English but I knew the words were true. Anybody can have what they want, the world and life can give its rewards to anyone".

The songs "Burning Up with Fever", "Man of 1000 Faces" and "True Confessions" were demoed in August 1975 for the Destroyer album, but rejected by producer Bob Ezrin. They were finally released in 2021 on the bonus disc in the 2CD and Superdeluxe box set versions of Destroyer. "See You Tonite" was also demoed in 1975, and the demo versions of all four songs are on the Gene Simmons Vault box set, along with a 1976 demo of "Mr. Make Believe"

On the original CD release in 1988 the first two songs are split incorrectly. The introduction that leads into "Radioactive" is split at the 51-second mark while the rest of "Radioactive" and all of "Burning Up with Fever" are played in the second track. However, the track listing of the cover lists the two songs as two separate tracks. The rest of the CD is split correctly. The 1997 remastered edition fixes this mistake with "Radioactive" and "Burning Up with Fever" being split as two separate tracks. The introduction played before "Radioactive" is left in as part of the song.

Reception
The album reached number 22 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart, making it the highest-placing of all the four Kiss solo albums of 1978. It was certified platinum on October 2, 1978, having shipped 1,000,000 copies.

AllMusic gave the album 3 stars out of 5 and called it an "unpredictable yet ultimately enjoyable release."

Track listing
All credits adapted from the original release.

Gene Simmons

 * Gene Simmons – vocals, guitar, bass

Additional personnel

 * Neil Jason – bass
 * Elliot Randall – guitars
 * Allan Schwartzberg – drums
 * Sean Delaney – percussion, backing vocals
 * Ron Frangipane – symphonic arrangements and conductor of Members of the New York and Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestras
 * Gordon Grody, Diva Gray, Kate Sagal, Franny Eisenberg, Carolyn Ray – backing vocals
 * Eric Troyer – piano and vocals on "Radioactive" & "Living in Sin"
 * Steve Lacey – guitars on "Radioactive"
 * John Shane Howell – classical guitar, segue between "Radioactive" & "Burning Up with Fever"
 * Richard Gerstein – piano on "True Confessions" & "Always Near You / Nowhere to Hide"
 * Joe Perry – guitars on "Radioactive" & "Tunnel of Love"
 * Bob Seger – backing vocals on "Radioactive" & "Living in Sin"
 * Rick Nielsen – guitars on "See You in Your Dreams"
 * Helen Reddy – background vocals on "True Confessions"
 * Jeff "Skunk" Baxter – guitars on "Burning Up with Fever", "See You Tonite", "Tunnel of Love" & "Mr. Make Believe"
 * Donna Summer – background vocals on "Burning Up with Fever," & "Tunnel of Love"
 * Janis Ian – backing vocals on the "Prelude to Radioactive"
 * Cher – spoken word phone call on "Living in Sin"
 * Mitch Weissman & Joe Pecorino (Beatlemania) – backing vocals on "Mr. Make Believe", "See You Tonite" & "Always Near You / Nowhere to Hide"
 * Michael Des Barres – background vocals on "See You in Your Dreams"
 * Richie Ranno – guitars on "Tunnel of Love"
 * The Citrus College Singers – chorus on "True Confessions" & "Always Near You / Nowhere to Hide"

Production

 * Gene Simmons – co–producer
 * Sean Delaney – co–producer
 * George Marino – mastering
 * Eraldo Carugati – album cover

title: Gene Simmons (album)


text:
Mercedes, Uruguay

Mercedes is the capital and largest city of the department of Soriano in Uruguay. According to the census 2011, it is the tenth most populated city of the country.

Mercedes is an important centre of tourism, commerce and a commercial port. Its main industries are based on agriculture, dairy products, paper manufacturing and industrial activities. Its rambla (riverside promenade) is one of the widest in the country.

History
Mercedes was founded in 1788 by the priest Manuel Antonio de Castro y Careaga with the name of Capilla Nueva de las Mercedes. It had acquired the status of "Villa" (town) before the Independence of Uruguay. On 6 July 1857, its status was elevated to "Ciudad" (city) and it was designated as capital of Soriano, one of the nine original departments of the Republic at the time, by the Act of Law Nº 531. Previously, the capital of the department was Villa Soriano.

Population
In 2011, it had a population of about 41,974 Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Geography
The city is located on the junction of Route 2 with Route 14, and is situated on the south bank of the Río Negro. Also Route 21 from Colonia del Sacramento of Colonia Department terminates in this city.

Places of worship

 * Cathedral of Our Lady of Mercy (Roman Catholic)
 * Sacred Heart of Jesus Parish Church (Roman Catholic)
 * St. John the Baptist Parish Church (Roman Catholic, Sisters of the Divine Savior)
 * St. Pius X Parish Church (Roman Catholic)

Sports
Mercedes was one of the host cities of the official 1967 Basketball World Cup.

Notable people

 * Ricardo Paseyro (1925–2009), diplomat and poet

title: Mercedes, Uruguay


text:
Siege of Fort St. Jean

The Siege of Fort St. Jean (September 17 – November 3, 1775 Siège du Fort Saint-Jean) was conducted by American Brigadier General Richard Montgomery on the town and fort of Saint-Jean, also called St. John, St. Johns, or St. John's, in the British province of Quebec during the American Revolutionary War. The siege lasted from September 17 to November 3, 1775.

After several false starts in early September, the Continental Army established a siege around Fort St. Jean. Beset by illness, bad weather, and logistical problems, they established mortar batteries that were able to penetrate into the interior of the fort, but the defenders, who were well-supplied with munitions, but not food and other supplies, persisted in their defence, believing the siege would be broken by forces from Montreal under General Guy Carleton. On October 18, the nearby Fort Chambly fell, and on October 30, an attempt at relief by Carleton was thwarted. When word of this made its way to St. Jean's defenders, combined with a new battery opening fire on the fort, the fort's defenders capitulated, surrendering on November 3.

The fall of Fort St. Jean opened the way for the American army to march on Montreal, which fell without battle on November 13. General Carleton escaped from Montreal, and made his way to Quebec City to prepare its defences against an anticipated attack.

Background
Fort Saint-Jean guarded the entry to the province of Quebec on the Richelieu River at the northern end of Lake Champlain. When Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen captured Fort Ticonderoga and raided Fort St. Jean in May 1775, Quebec was garrisoned by about 600 regular troops, some of which were widely distributed throughout Quebec's large territory.

Continental Army preparations
The invasion of Quebec began when about 1500 men, then under the command of General Philip Schuyler, arrived at the undefended Île-aux-Noix in the Richelieu River on September 4, 1775. On September 6, the Americans began making forays toward Fort St. Jean, only 10 mi away. The army was initially composed of militia forces from New York and Connecticut, with most of its operation directed by Brigadier General Richard Montgomery, who took over complete command from Schuyler on September 16, when Schuyler became too ill to continue leading the invasion.

British defensive preparations
Fort St. Jean had been under preparations for an attack from the south ever since Arnold's raid on Fort St. Jean on May 18, in which he captured its small garrison and Lake Champlain's only large military ship. When news of that raid reached Montreal, 140 men under the command of Major Charles Preston were immediately dispatched to hold the fort. Another 50 Canadian militia were raised in Montreal on May 19, and were also sent to the fort. When Moses Hazen, the messenger bearing news of Arnold's raid, reached Quebec City and notified British Governor and General Guy Carleton of the raid, Carleton immediately dispatched additional troops from there and Trois-Rivières to St. Jean. Carleton himself went to Montreal on May 26 to oversee arrangements for the defense of the province, which he decided to concentrate on St. Jean, as it was the most likely invasion route.

By the time the Americans arrived at Île-aux-Noix, Fort St. Jean was defended by about 750 men under the command of Major Charles Preston. The majority of these were regular troops from the 7th and 26th Regiments of Foot and the Royal Artillery. There were 90 locally raised militia, and 20 members of Colonel Allen Maclean's Royal Highland Emigrants, men who were veterans of the French and Indian War. A detachment of Indians (probably Caughnawaga from a nearby village) patrolled outside the fort under the direction of Claude de Lorimier and Gilbert Tice. The Richelieu River was patrolled by an armed schooner, USS Royal Savage (1775), under the command of Lieutenant William Hunter, with other boats under construction.

The fort itself, sited on the west bank of the Richelieu River, consisted of two earthen redoubts about 600 ft apart, surrounded by a ditch 7 ft wide and 8 ft deep that was lined with chevaux de frise. The southern redoubt was roughly 250 by 200 feet (80 by 65 metres), and it contained 6 buildings, including a bake house, the fort's magazine, and storage houses. The northern redoubt was slightly larger, enclosing a two-storey stone house that was used as a barracks. The defenders had cleared brush for several hundred yards around the fort to ensure a clear field of fire. They had put up a wooden palisade to the west of the redoubts, and dug a trench connecting the two redoubts, for ease of communications. The eastern side of the fort faced the river, where there was a shipyard and anchorage for Royal Savage.

Skirmish with Indians
On September 6, Generals Schuyler and Montgomery led a force of men in bateaux to a landing point about 1 mi upriver from Fort St. Jean. Schuyler remained with the boats while Montgomery led some men into the swampy lands above the fort. There they were surprised by about 100 Indians led by Tice and Lorimier. In the ensuing skirmish, the Americans suffered 8 dead and 9 wounded, while the Indians suffered 4 dead and 5 wounded, with Tice among the wounded. The American troops, which were relatively untried militia forces, retreated to the boats, where they erected a breastwork for protection. The fort's defenders, seeing this, fired their cannon at the breastwork, prompting the Americans to retreat about 1 mi upriver, where they set up a second breastwork and camped for the night. The Indians, resentful that neither the British forces in the fort nor the habitants had come to their support in the engagement, returned to their homes.

At this camp, Schuyler was visited by a local man, believed by some historians to be Moses Hazen. Hazen, a Massachusetts-born retired officer who lived near the fort, painted a bleak portrait of the American situation. He said that the fort was defended by the entire 26th regiment and 100 Indians, that it was well-stocked and ready for a siege. He also said that the habitants, while friendly to the American cause, were unlikely to help the Americans unless the prospects for victory looked good. Schuyler held a war council on September 7, in which the command decided to retreat back to Île-aux-Noix. However, on September 8, reinforcements arrived: another 800 men including Connecticut militia under David Wooster and New Yorkers with artillery, joined them. Heartened by this arrival, they decided instead to proceed with a nighttime attempt on the fort. Schuyler, whose illness was getting more severe (he was so ill "as not to be able to hold the pen"), turned command of the army over to Montgomery.

Reports of this first contact between opposing forces outside St. Jean were often wildly exaggerated, with many local reports claiming it as some kind of victory. The Quebec Gazette, for example, reported that 60 Indians had driven off 1,500 Americans, killing 30 and wounding 40. Following this news, General Carleton issued orders for all of the nearby parishes to call up ten percent of their militia. Officers of the militia reported to Montreal, but many militia men stayed home. By September 7, a troop of about 120 men was raised, which was sent to Fort St. Jean.

Propaganda and recruiting
On September 8, Schuyler sent Ethan Allen (acting as a volunteer since he had been deposed as head of the Green Mountain Boys by Seth Warner) and John Brown to circulate a proclamation announcing the Americans' arrival, and their desire to free the Canadians from the bondage of British rule. Allen and Brown traveled through the parishes between St. Jean and Montreal, where they were well-received, and even provided with local guards. James Livingston, a local grain merchant (and a relative of Montgomery's wife), began raising a local militia near Chambly, eventually gathering nearly 300 men.

Allen also visited the village of the Caughnawaga, from whom he received assurances of their neutrality. The Caughnawaga had been the subject of a propaganda war, with Guy Johnson, the British Indian agent, trying to convince them (as well as other tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy) to take up arms against the Americans. However, Schuyler had successfully negotiated an agreement in August with most of the Iroquois to remain neutral. Word of this agreement reached the Caughnawaga on September 10; when Carleton and Johnson learned of it, Johnson sent Daniel Claus and Joseph Brant in an attempt to change the minds of the Caughnawaga; their entreaties were refused.

Second approach
On the night of September 10, Montgomery led 1000 men out again, returning to the first landing site by boat. In the confusion of the darkness and the swamp, some of the troops were separated from the rest. When they encountered one another again, there was panic, as the each mistook the other for the enemy. After just 30 minutes in the swamp, they returned to the landing. Montgomery, who had stayed with the boats, sent the troops out again. This time, the vanguard encountered a few Indians and habitants, and again panicked. Two of the "enemy" were killed, but the troops again made a disorderly retreat to the landing, which their commander, Colonel Rudolphus Ritzema, was apparently unable to stop.

While the command staff met to discuss the next move, word came in that the British warship Royal Savage was approaching. This started a disorganized retreat up the river back to Île-aux-Noix, in which the command staff was nearly left behind.

A third attempt was planned for September 13; bad weather delayed attempts until September 16. However, General Schuyler was by this time so ill that he thought it necessary to withdraw to Ticonderoga. He left that day, turning full command of the invasion over to Montgomery. Schuyler was not the only one falling ill; the bad weather, and the swampy, malaria-infested terrain of Île-aux-Noix was also taking a toll on the troops, as more of them became ill as well. The bad news was tempered by good; an additional 250 troops, in the form of a company of Green Mountain Boys under Seth Warner, and another company of New Hampshire men under Colonel Timothy Bedel, arrived at Île-aux-Noix.

Siege begins
On September 17, Montgomery's army disembarked from their makeshift fleet just south of St. Jean, and sent out John Brown with a detachment to block the road going north from the fort to Montreal. A small flotilla of armed boats guarded the river against the possibility of Royal Savage attacking the army as it landed.

Brown and his men made their first interdiction that day, capturing a wagon-train of supplies destined for the fort. Preston, seeing that this had happened, sent out a sortie to recover the goods. Brown's men, who had had time to hide the supplies in the woods, retreated until the sounds of the conflict reached the main body of the army. Montgomery, along with Bedel and his company, rushed to Brown's aid, and succeeded in driving the British back into the fort without recovering the supplies. During this encounter, Moses Hazen was first captured and questioned by Brown, and then arrested again by the British, and brought into the fort. That night, Hazen and Lorimier, the Indian agent, sneaked out of the fort and went to Montreal, to report the situation to Carleton.

Montgomery began entrenching his troops around the fort on September 18, and constructing a mortar battery south of the fort. He ordered Brown to establish a position at La Prairie, one of the sites where there was a crossing of the Saint Lawrence River to Montreal. Ethan Allen went with a small company of Americans to collect Canadiens that Livingston had been recruiting, and take them to monitor Longueuil, the other major crossing point. Livingston had established a base at Point-Olivier, below Fort Chambly, another aging fort at the base of some rapids in the Richelieu River, and was urging his compatriots to join him there. Some Loyalists attempted to dissuade others from joining with Livingston; Livingston's supporters sometimes violently opposed attempts by Loyalists to organize, and Carleton did nothing at the time to assist the Loyalists outside the city.

Allen, who was already renowned for his bravado in the action at Fort Ticonderoga, decided, when he reached Longueuil on September 24, to attempt the capture of Montreal. In the Battle of Longue-Pointe, this effort failed on the next day, with Allen and a number of men captured by the British. The alarm raised by Allen's proximity to Montreal resulted in the mustering of about 1,200 men from rural districts outside Montreal. Carleton failed to capitalize on this upwelling of Loyalist support by using them for a relief expedition against the besieging Americans. After several weeks of inaction by Carleton, the rural men drifted away, called by the demands of home and harvest. (Carleton did take advantage of the moment to order the arrest of Thomas Walker, a Montreal merchant who was openly pro-American and had been reporting to the Americans.)

The conditions for the Americans constructing the siege works were difficult. The ground was swampy, and the trenches quickly became filled knee-deep in water. Montgomery described his army as "half-drowned rats crawling through a swamp". To make matters even worse, food and ammunition supplies were running out, and the British showed no sign of giving in despite the American bombardment. Disease also worked to reduce the effectiveness of the Americans; by mid-October, more than 900 men had been sent back to Ticonderoga due to illness. In the early days of the siege, the fort's defenders took advantage of the land they had cleared around the fort to make life as difficult as possible for the besiegers erecting batteries. Major Preston wrote in his journal on September 23 that "a deserter [tells us where] the enemy are erecting their battery and we distress them as much as we can with shells." Until large guns arrived from Ticonderoga, the fort's defenders enjoyed a significant advantage in firepower.

Large cannon arrive
On October 6, a cannon that was dubbed the "Old Sow" arrived from Ticonderoga. Put in position the next day, it started lobbing shells at the fort. Montgomery then began planning the placement of a second battery. While he first wanted to place one to the northwest of the fort, his staff convinced him instead to place on the eastern shore of the Richelieu, where it would command the shipyard and Royal Savage. This battery, whose construction was complicated by an armed row galley sent from the fort to oppose the works, was completed on October 13, and opened fire the next day. One day after that, Royal Savage lay in ruins before the fort. Its commander had, in anticipation of her destruction, ordered her to be anchored where her supplies and armaments might be recovered.

Fort Chambly taken
James Livingston had advanced to Montgomery the idea of taking Fort Chambly, near where his militia was encamped. One of Livingston's captains, Jeremy Duggan, had, on September 13, floated two nine-pound guns past St. Jean, and these guns were put to use to that end. Chambly, which was garrisoned by only 82 men, mostly from the 7th Foot, was surrendered on October 18 by its commander, Major Joseph Stopford, after two days of bombardment. Most seriously, Stopford failed to destroy supplies that were vitally useful to the Americans, primarily gunpowder, but also winter provisions. Six tons of powder, 6,500 musket cartridges, 125 muskets, 80 barrels of flour and 272 barrels of foodstuff were captured.

Timothy Bedel negotiated a cease-fire with Major Preston so that the prisoners captured at Chambly could be floated up the river past St. Jean. The loss of Chambly had a dispiriting effect at St. Jean; some of the militia wanted to surrender, but Preston would not allow it. Following Chambly's capitulation, Montgomery renewed his intention to construct a battery northwest of St. Jean. This time, his staff raised no objections, and by the end of October guns that were emplaced there opened fire on the fort.

Carleton tries to help
In Montreal, Carleton was finally prodded to move. Under constant criticism for failure to act sooner, and mistrustful of his militia forces, he developed a plan of attack. He sent word to Colonel Allan Maclean at Quebec to bring more of his Royal Highland Emigrants and some militia forces to Sorel, from where they would move up the Richelieu toward St. Jean, while Carleton would lead a force across the Saint Lawrence at Longueuil.

Maclean raised a force of about 180 Emigrants, and a number of militia. By the time he reached Sorel on October 14, he had raised, in addition to the Emigrants, about 400 militia men, sometimes using threatening tactics to gain recruits. His and Carleton's hopes were dashed on October 30, when Carleton's attempted landing at Longueuil of a force numbering about 1,000 (mostly militia, with some Emigrants and Indian support) was repulsed by the Americans. A few of his boats were landed, but most were driven off by Seth Warner's use of field artillery that had been captured at Chambly.

Maclean attempted to press forward, but his militia forces began to desert him, and the forces under Brown and Livingston were growing in number. He retreated back to Sorel, and made his way back to Quebec.

Surrender
In late October, the American troop strength surged again with the arrival of 500 men from New York and Connecticut, including Brigadier General David Wooster. This news, combined with the new battery trained on the fort, news of the failed relief expedition, and dwindling supplies, made the situation in the fort quite grim.

On November 1, Montgomery sent a truce flag, carried by a prisoner captured during Carleton's aborted relief attempt, into the fort. The man delivered a letter, in which Montgomery, pointing out that relief was unlikely to come, offered to negotiate a surrender. Preston, not entirely trusting the man's report, sent out one of his captains to confer with Montgomery. The counteroffer, which Montgomery rejected, owing to the lateness of the season, was to hold a truce for four days, after which the garrison would surrender if no relief came. Montgomery let the captain examine another prisoner from Carleton's expedition, who confirmed what the first one had reported. Montgomery then repeated his demand for an immediate surrender, terms for which were drawn up the next day.

Preston's troops marched out of the fort and surrendered their weapons on November 3, with the regulars in full dress uniform. He surrendered 536 officers and soldiers, 79 Canadien, and eight English volunteers. The Americans were able to raise Royal Savage and return her to service.

Aftermath
Following the news of St. Jean's surrender, Carleton immediately began preparing to leave Montreal. He left Montreal on November 11, two days before American troops entered the city without opposition. Narrowly escaping capture when his fleet was forced to surrender after being threatened by batteries at Sorel, he made his way to Quebec to prepare that city's defenses.

Casualties on both sides during the siege were relatively light, but the Continental Army suffered a significant reduction in force due to illness throughout the siege. Furthermore, the long siege meant that the Continental Army had to move on Quebec City with winter setting in, and with many enlistments nearing expiration at year's end. Richard Montgomery was promoted to Major General on December 9, 1775, as a result of his successful capture of Saint Jean and Montreal. He never found out; the news did not reach the American camp outside Quebec before he died in the December 31 Battle of Quebec.

In 1776, the British reoccupied the fort following the Continental Army's abandonment of it during its retreat to Fort Ticonderoga.

Legacy
The British (and then Canadian) military occupied the Fort Saint-Jean site until 1995, using it since 1952 as the campus of the Royal Military College, which still occupies part of the site. The site now includes a museum devoted to the 350-year military history of Fort Saint-Jean. Siege of Fort St. Jean is mentioned in a Fort Saint-Jean plaque erected in 1926 by Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada at the Royal Military College Saint-Jean. "Constructed in 1743 by M. de Léry under orders from Governor la Galissonnière. This post was for all the military expeditions towards Lake Champlain. In August 31, 1760, Commandant de Roquemaure had it blown up in accordance with orders from the Governor de Vaudreuil in order to prevent its falling into the hands of the English. Rebuilt by Governor Carleton, in 1773. During the same year, under the command of Major Charles Preston of the 26th Regiment, it succumbed to a 45 day siege by the American troops commanded by General Montgomery."

title: Siege of Fort St. Jean


text:
Soriano Department

Soriano is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Mercedes. It is located on the west of the country, south of Río Negro Department, north of Colonia Department and west of Flores Department. Its western border is the Río Uruguay, separating it from Argentina.

History
In 1624, a Franciscan Mission established a reduction for the indigenous tribes of the area named Santo Domingo Soriano. In spite of interruptions in its existence, it is considered the earliest populated centre of the actual Uruguay. Eventually, in its place Villa Soriano was founded.

The first division of Uruguay in departments happened on 27 January 1816. At the time, eight departments were formed, with Soriano being one of them. When the first constitution was signed in 1830, Soriano Department was one of the nine original departments of the Republic.

Demographics
As of the census of 2011, Soriano Department had a population of 82,592 (40.853 male and 41.742 female) and 32,075 households.

Demographic data for Soriano Department in 2010: 2010 Data Source:
 * Population growth rate: 0.558%
 * Birth rate: 16.60 births/1,000 people
 * Death rate: 9.41 deaths/1,000 people
 * Average age: 31.7 (30.8 male, 32.6 female)
 * Life expectancy at birth:
 * Total population: 76.32 years
 * Male: 73.47 years
 * Female: 79.26 years
 * Average per household income: 25,198 pesos/month
 * Urban per capita income: 9,648 pesos/month

Noted locality

 * Agraciada Beach, a historically important location in Uruguay's past, associated with the Thirty-Three Orientals.

Notable people

 * Juan Idiarte Borda, from Soriano, was President of Uruguay from 1894 to 1897
 * Tomás Gomensoro Albín, from Soriano, was President of Uruguay (interim) from 1872 to 1873
 * Jesús Posse, rower
 * Santiago Ostolaza, from Dolores, football player

title: Soriano Department


text:
User talk:Frenyea5

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 20:28, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
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How I got on the welcome committee
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I remember when the welcome template was put on my talk page, I liked it, so now I go and welcome others in. Let me know if you have any other questions. RJFJR 21:24, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Frenyea5


text:
Bartha Knoppers

Bartha Maria Knoppers, OC OQ (born May 26, 1951) is a Canadian law Professor and an expert on the ethical aspects of genetics, genomics and biotechnology.

Born in Hilversum, Netherlands, she received a Bachelor of Arts (French and English Literature) from McMaster University (1972), a Master of Arts degree in comparative literature from the University of Alberta (1974), Bachelor of Common Law (1978) and Civil Law (1981) degrees from McGill University, where she was selected as an Executive Editor for the McGill Law Journal, a Diploma of Advanced Studies from the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne (1979), a Diploma of Legal Studies from University of Cambridge (1981), and a Doctorate of Laws from the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne (1985). In addition, she became a member of the Quebec Bar (1985).

She was a professor at the Faculty of Law, Université de Montréal (1985-2009), a Full Professor at the Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University (2009-2024), and is an Associate Member of the Faculty of Law (2011) and the Biomedical Ethics Unit (2013). She retired in 2024 and was named Distinguished James McGill Professor Emerita. She is also the Founding Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University (2009-2024), and the Founder and Chair of Public Population Project in Genomics (P3G) Consortium and CARTaGENE, Quebec (2007-2019).

Prof. Knoppers held the Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine from 2001-2024. This involved analyzing and developing national and international policies, laws and guidelines in the field of genomics. She is Co-Founder and a Board Member of the Board of Directors of the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) (2022-) and Co-Chair of the Governance Ethics Working Group for the Human Cell Atlas (HCA) (2018-2024). Previously, Prof. Knoppers was the Chair of the Ethics and Policy Committee of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) (2009-2017), the Chair of the International Ethics Committee of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) (2012-2016), and the Chair of the Ethics Working Group of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) (2016-2021). She was also a member of the Drafting Group for the Recommendation of the OECD Council on Health and Data Governance (2015-2016). During the COVID-19 pandemic, she participated as a member of the COVID-19 Vaccine Task Force convened by the National Research Council Canada and Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. In 2020, she was appointed to the International Commission on the Clinical Use of Human Germline Genome Editing.

Prof. Knoppers has published over 565 peer-reviewed articles, over 117 book chapters and 38 books. She is the lead author of the Stem Cell Charter (2010) and co-edited the Routledge Handbook of Medical Law and Ethics (2014). Her work has been featured in various peer-reviewed academic journals, such as SCIENCE, Nature, BMJ Open, Frontiers in Genetics, to name a few.

Honours
In 2002, Prof. Knoppers was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in recognition for being "a world authority on the ethical aspects of genetics, genomics and biotechnology". She was also made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec (2012), and a Commander of the Order of Montréal (2016). She holds five Doctorate Honoris Causa: Doctor of Laws from the University of Waterloo (2001); Doctor of Medicine from the University of Paris V – René Descartes (2002); Doctor of Laws from McMaster University (2007); Doctor of Laws from the University of Alberta (2008); and Doctor of Laws from the University of British Columbia (2024).

She was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2002), and is a Fellow of the Hastings Center (2000-2002), an independent bioethics research institution. In addition, Prof. Knoppers is a member of the AAAS' Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility since 2019, and is a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences (CAHS) (2005), the Royal Society of Canada’s Academy of Social Sciences (2017), and the Galton Institute (2017). She is a Senior Fellow for the PHG Foundation, University of Cambridge, UK (2019), and gave the Baron de Lancey Lecture in 2022.

Prof. Knoppers has received numerous awards for her academic achievements. Her most recent recognitions include the Henry G. Friesen International Prize in Health Research (2019), the Till and McCulloch Award for international policy (2020), and the Canadian Bioethics Society Lifetime Achievement award (2021) in recognition of her significant contributions to healthcare ethics through her scholarship and leadership.

title: Bartha Knoppers


text:
Trinidad, Uruguay

Trinidad is the capital city of Flores in southern Uruguay. It has a population of 21,429 (National Census 2011). Formerly it was called Santísima Trinidad de los Porongos, or simply Porongos. Its inhabitants are known as trinitarios or also as porongueros because the city is located near the Porongos stream.

Geography
Trinidad is located in the central area of Flores department, on Cuchilla Porongos, between the Sarandí and Porongos streams and on the intersection of Route 3 with Route 14.

The stream Arroyo Sarandí, flows 4 km west of the city, while the stream Arroyo Porongos flows 8 km east of the city, both tributaries of the river Río Yí.

Trinidad occupies an area of 5.5 sqkm on an altitude of 134 m above sea level.

History
Initially it was called "Porongos". Even to this day, the inhabitants of the city are referred to as either 'trinitarios' or 'porongueros'.

Porongos was founded on 18 July 1805 by General José Gervasio Artigas, the Uruguayan independence leader. It had acquired the status of "Pueblo" (village) before the Independence of Uruguay. It reached the status of "Villa" (town) under the name "Villa de Porongos". It was renamed to "Villa de la Santísima Trinidad" (Most Holy Trinity) and became capital of the newly created Department of Flores on 30 December 1885 by the Act of Ley Nº 1.854. Its naming reflects a less secular period in the country's history.

In July 1903 it was renamed "Trinidad" and its status was elevated to "Ciudad" (city) by the Act of Ley Nº 2.829.

Population
In 2011, Trinidad had a population of 21,429. This makes Trinidad the largest city by far in the department of Flores. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Tourism
A nature reserve with a variety of flora and fauna is situated 3.5 km west of the city, on Route 3.

Nearby there are interesting prehistoric sites to visit: the Palace Cave and the rock paintings at Chamangá.

Places of worship

 * Most Holy Trinity Parish Church (Roman Catholic)
 * Our Lady of Luján Parish Church (Roman Catholic)

Politics
Following a sizeable meeting in Trinidad in 2007, the 'Vamos Uruguay' grouping within the Colorado Party was founded by Pedro Bordaberry Herrán, the front-running presidential candidate of the Colorados for 2009. Following these beginnings in Trinidad, local chapters of the organization were subsequently established in many departments of Uruguay.

Notable people

 * Chory Castro (born 1984), football player
 * Noelia Etcheverry (born 1986), television presenter

title: Trinidad, Uruguay