text:
Talk:Ford Modular engine

How do we change the valve covers in these things?

Hahah... You're funny. But in seriosuness, does anybody have any idea what separates the Triton from the MOD? Is it the application (truck vs. car)? I have been making some little additions to both pages trying to keep them separate, based on what I have read...This could be a little better if we have more info on why these are separately named. One problem I have had is with Ford of Australia. They use 5.4 MOD V8s in their cars. Are these MOD or Triton MOD? Same point with the 2000 Cobra R. 70.26.11.45 02:56, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

4.6L Main bearing caps
I can tell you from taking these out, that the 99 Cobra model has an 8 bolt main, not a 6. When you swap bottom ends out, you have to get a different clutch and everything.

 * All aluminum Modular/Coyote blocks do in fact have 6-bolt main bearing caps.
 * There are 4 vertical cap fasteners and 2 side mounted cross-bolts.
 * Early Teksid aluminum blocks used a thread in jacking screw because the main caps weren't an interference fit with the block side skirts like later blocks, but those aren't fasteners in any way. They simply allow the side bolt to clamp on to the main cap.
 * 6 bolt mains caps is accurate, 8 is not.
 * I actually think you might be referring to rear crank bolt count. Cast crank have 6 bolts, forged Cobra cranks have 8 bolts.

Clarification
Triton is just Ford's marketing term for modular V8s used in truck applications. As for Ford Australia, the way I understand it is that the 5.4 liter Modular V8 used in the Falcon are very similar to the 2000 Cobra R's engine, putting out the same power and torque. I've read that the blocks are made in North America but that heads are locally produced in Australia but I'm not sure if that is the case or not. So to break it down, if it's in a truck, it's a Triton (which is a modular engine) but if a modular engine is in a car, it's refered to as a modular engine.

 * I know. I'm logged in now. I was the one who added the Australian info from a ford press release. IOt is a source of confusion. I think the Tritons come from Windsor (predominantly), and the car engines, except the Aussies come from Romeo. The fact that Tritons are available at both or that trucks can use Romeo engines complicates matters. So better not go there just yet. Have a look on a mustang/modular "modular motors explained" or something site for clarification between Romeo and Windsor MODs. There are honestly enough differences (internal materials, wrist pins, cross bolts, cranks, cam bridges, timing covers etc. etc.) even among "Tritons" of the same year from these two plants to give one a headache. So we can more or less assume TRITON is a marketing name for customer's benefit. Evenutally I would like to discuss it on this page, once it is unravelled. -C CJ DUB 21:41, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Removed the remarks on the origin of the Barra name from the Ford of Australia section. Low relevance to the Ford Modular Engine page. CJ DUB 13:56, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

The heads on the falcons are the same cheads as the 03-04 cobras —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.197.193.249 (talk) 17:11, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Cammer Dominance
Cammer was DOMINANT in 2005. The cars using the Cammer won the manufacturer title, and had a podium finish in almost every race of the 2005 season (8 of 10 races?). That counts as dominance in any race mandate, short of winning every race, which nobody has done. The iditoic new rules they brought in resulted in making the M3 too competitive, rather than giving the mustang parity, due to the restrictors and the ridiculously low weight they now allow for the M3. What a joke. Now you see why the GTO is not competitive. They are heavily weighted and restricted. CJ DUB 15:33, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

1994 4.6L Ford Lincoln TownCar
Anyone have any idea on the HP of the 1994 4.6L DOHC ford engine in a Lincoln TownCar? Answer: 160 hp (112 kW) to 210 hp (157kw)depense on the series: Executive, Cartier, signature

2003-2004 Cobra is not an aluminum block, it's cast iron.
Hey, I'm new to this whole wikipedia thing, I just created the account actually, but I noticed that the article was wrong in stating that the 2003-04 Mustang Cobra (aka Terminator) uses the aluminum DOHC. They actually put a cast iron in to handle the extra power that was added from the supercharger. Someone who is more familiar with the system can change that. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ajerman (talk • contribs) 15:05, 13 December 2006 (UTC).
 * You're correct; fixed.  Good catch.  TheBalance 15:26, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Firing order
It would be nice if we had this data for all the Ford engines, since it is an integral part of how they dvelop power, TQ, and their characteristic Ford sound. GMs for example fire quite a bit different. As far as I know 4.6 modular, (all of them) are 1-3-7-2-6-5-4-8. 192.197.71.189 18:13, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

-CJ

 * The LSxs use the Ford 351/302HO/Modular firing order, not the old SBC firing order. The reason the LSx firing order looks different on paper is because GM numbers the cylinders differently, in reality the firing orders are identical.  TheBalance (talk) 00:19, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Some additions...
The 2-valve 4.6 iron block was also used in the F-Series from 1997-?? I would assume 2004 when they switched the 5.4 to the 3-valve. I'm unsure as to whether they still offer it.

Sorry, I don't have time to do any research right now.

-Kris --65.208.138.225 21:05, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

That engine is called the "Triton" It has its own page for pickup truck apps. They still offer it as the 4.6L 2v option for trucks. I checked the ford website and its the old 4.6L 2v iron block (Al heads). The only other 4.6 in the line-up right now is the aluminum 3v and they are NOT using that for anything but Explorers and Mustangs. 16:16, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Customers
Right now, after a brief glance at the article, it looks like the example cars are all Ford Co products. What about customer cars, such as the Panoz Roadster and the Qvale Mangusta. I know they're not high volume vehicles, but some mention of the Ford engines in non-Ford products should be made. Gentgeen 23:37, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * So far only the Koenigsegg has been mentioned. Why don't you make the additions?  TheBalance 21:57, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Restarting discussion to merge articles
Well I have read both articles and found that most of the data is duplicated and does not need to occupy 2 different articles. I'm starting a discussion as per Wikipedia code of editing and I want to know what everyone thinks before anything else is done. Please post your comments weather to keep separate (and show good reasoning) or merge together relevant information. Yours 13:16, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I vote for merging the articles. Although there is not much to "merge", since virtually all of the information covered on the Triton article has already been covered here.

TheBalance 20:05, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I think merging these articles together are a bad choice, while a lot of car or truck savvy people will know where to look for this information, Wikipedia has always been about finding information easily and a LOT faster. So a good portion of people trying to find this kind of information won't be as lucky if we merge the two articles together. I say keep them separated...

BeaverDono 02:39, 15th of November 2007

 * That's why we have redirect pages. If the articles are merged, the Ford Triton engine page will be redirected to the Ford Modular engine page.  TheBalance 18:03, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I expanded and revamped the 5.4 L section of the Modular page today. The Ford Modular engine page covers basically everything the Ford Triton page does now.  In fact, the Modular page covers the same information with superior detail and accuracy for the most part.  TheBalance 19:59, 15 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I would say go ahead and merge. --Daniel J. Leivick 00:22, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Articles merged. TheBalance 16:34, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Intake Manifold Defect
the article states they started using th aluminum crossover in 2002, when they became standard halfway through all the 2001 year models. Most all Romeo based new edges have the aluminum cross-over on the intake manifold. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MustangAficionado (talk • contribs) 00:06, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Saleen 302
Saleen Manufactures a 302 CID (5.0L) Modular, 3-Valve SOHC V8 engine, based on the Ford 4.6l 3V modular V8, which is sold both as a crate engine, and installed in various 2008/2009 models of Saleen Mustang. The normally-aspirated version installed in the 2008 H302 is rated at 390 HP/390 lb-ft TQ, while the top end "S302E Extreme" gets a supercharged Saleen 302 rated at 620 HP/600 lb-ft TQ. Bore is 3.554”, stroke is 3.800”. (reference: http://www.saleen.com/2008_h302_3v_specs.asp, http://www.saleen.com/2008_s302_xt_specs.asp)

Chris.

Boss 6.2 as Modular successor
The Boss replaces the V10. The 6.2 is optional in the Raptor, and the base SD engine. Yes, the base engine is the current SD is the 5.4 3V, but look at it like the Expedition in which the optional 5.4 eventually became the only engine offering, they simply phased out the 4.6 in that application. Similar is happening with the SD, in which the V10 successor becomes the base engine. The Modular lives on in v2.0 as the Coyote, which is the 4.6/5.4 replacement. 6.2 fuel economy and HP goals were based on besting the V10, the 5.4 never factored into the equation because the 6.2 isn't intended as the 5.4 replacement...the Coyote fills those shoes. TheBalance (talk) 04:44, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Coyote
don't confuse "modular" with overhead cam engine design. the coyote is NOT part of the modular engine family, otherwise Ford would have just done some adjustments to the modular engine lines to build this new engine. coyote v8 needs to have its own page. --72.85.10.69 (talk) 18:25, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

 * No one is confusing "Modular" with "overhead cam engine design". The Coyote is part of the Modular engine family, and it is precisely "adjustments to the Modular engine line".  The engines share the same basic engine architecture i.e. the same bore spacing, the same deck height, and they run down the same production line with the same tooling.  The 5.0L Coyote is a bored/stroked 4.6 Modular with thoroughly revised valve-train/cylinder heads/intake manifold along with some minor block revisions (increased bulkhead width and lack of siamesed bore with the aluminum block).  Look to the GM LS engine entry, gen III and gen IV LS V8s share the same entry because they share the same basic architecture; however, the gen IV small block was thoroughly revised.  The Coyote is a thoroughly revised Modular V8 (Gen II Modular) and not a clean sheet redesign, which you would know if you read through the references given. TheBalance (talk) 19:05, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Here's another reference confirming everything I've said, |Inside Line, and I quote, "Ford began development on the new engine some two and a half years ago, and it's simply a bored-and-stroked version of the all-aluminum, overhead-cam 4.6-liter Modular V8 first built in Ford's Romeo plant in 1991 and fitted to the Mustang in 1996." TheBalance (talk) 19:22, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

 * look again at your references.the coyote is NOT being built on an existing modular assembly line.
 * the existing modular lines are at romeo and windsor engine.
 * the coyote is being built on a brand new line at essex engine plant with brand new tooling. essex engine is located in windsor but is a totally different building than windsor engine. essex engine plant was previously building v6 engines.
 * inside line discredits themselves as a reference-- clearly they are incorrect in stating that it is just "simply a bored and stroked version". the block and heads are completely new pieces as the Ford official press releases state.72.85.10.69 (talk) 19:40, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Wrong again. Essex has been building Modulars for years now: (5.4 Essex ref)  (4.6 Essex ref), Coyote utilizes existing tooling and this has been covered sufficiently.  I've been seeing Essex stickers on Modular cam covers for years.
 * Inside line made a gross oversimplification, one that probably annoyed more than a few Ford power-train engineers, but they are fundamentally correct. The Coyote is a bored and stroked 4.6, it's just been thoroughly revised in many other regards as well; however, it does utilize the basic Modular architecture.  This sharing of architecture means the Coyote entry belongs within the Modular entry, just as the gen III and IV LS V8s share the same entry.  TheBalance (talk) 19:44, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

Aftermarket parts.
The performance parts aftermarket is slowly warming up to the "modular" engine. Trick Flow Specialties now makes a splayed valve 2V replacement head for the 4.6 PI. The stock heads have both valves tilted towards the outside, resulting in a restricting kink in the intake airflow. The TFS heads tilt the intake valves towards the inside. The stock camshafts, gears, chains, cam followers- every part aside from the heads, valves, springs, guides and retainers can be re-used from the original engine. I don't know if the heads will fit both the Windows and Romeo built 4.6 PI. According to the magazine article I read on these, simply changing to these TFS heads almost doubles the horsepower. They tested the stock and TFS heads with an aftermarket intake fitted with a 4V carburetor (a carb?! in 2010?!) and an aftermarket electronic ignition controller. Bizzybody (talk) 06:26, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

No camshaft bearings
These engines don't use camshaft bearings. The shafts run directly in bare aluminum saddles machined into the heads. Have there been any issues with failures? Keeping the oil clean would be extremely vital as getting something in there which scores the bearing surface means the head is ruined, rather than being able to replace a bearing insert. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bizzybody (talk • contribs) 06:30, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

That lack of cam cap bearing inserts is not an issue as failures are virtually nonexistent barring mistreatment (i.e. being run out of oil). If the cam journals are scored they can be line honed and fitted with bearing inserts. TheBalance (talk) 23:16, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Modular.
When the "modular" engine was first announced, I had visions of an engine line assembled from V-twin sections or modules so that (in theory) they could be bolted together as anything from a V-2 to V-10, or longer if the crankshaft and camshafts could be made. Imagine such with special intermediate sections for extra timing drives to reduce twist on the longer shafts. Would've been great for pulling competitions and land speed record vehicles.

But instead Ford misused the word modular to refer to I-4, V-6 and V-8 engines all having the same bore spacing and deck height, then only made V-8 versions, completely eliminating any link to "modular" design, yet still used the word. Modular became a marketing word with no engineering reality to back it up. Bizzybody (talk) 06:37, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Actually, the V10 Triton fits your bill. As so many mfg. do, the difference between V8 & V10 is often the subtraction of or addition of an extra pair of cylinders. BMW's Motorsport Division did it as well with the S85 V10 (2006-2010 M5, M6) and the S65 (2008-2012 M3). I don't know how to sign this, so I hope the program does it for me here on 3 Sep 2011 Rtelkin (talk) 22:01, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Spark plug blowout.
The spark plug thread problem is much more serious than stated in the article. The affected engines only have four thread engagement of the spark plugs. In aluminum that is very weak. When the threads let go the plug is ejected rather violently, usually destroying the coil. Ford's authorized repair procedure for pickup trucks involves unbolting and lifting the cab off the frame so mechanics can gain easier access to the spark plug holes. Other companies have designed special repair tools and thread repair inserts which can be installed without lifting up the cab. Some "smart" person or persons at Ford @#Q#%ed up big time. What kind of brain failure ever thought four threads would hold in aluminum? Bizzybody (talk) 08:42, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

 * 4 threads aren't the issue as 4 threads held just fine in the in the NPI 2Vs and the B-series 4V heads. Ford changed the heat treating process  in 1999 resulting in a "softer" final casting.  This is one of those scenarios where intensive short-term OEM durability testing doesn't catch all issues, it doesn't truly replicate the sheer number of heat cycles, poor fuel, and/or spark knock caused by drivability concerns that they often see in the real world. Still, with proper preventative maintenance even the 4-thread heads don't have issues, I've put over 300,000 miles on 4 thread PI 2V and C-head 4Vs without a single issue.

 * Change the OEM plugs no later than 70,000 miles, remove the plugs only when the engine is completely cold which helps to prevent thread galling on removal, install the plugs at 13 lb-ft without anti-seize or 10.5 lb-ft with a nickel based anti-seize, change them every 60-70K thereafter and you won't have ejected spark plugs. TheBalance (talk) 18:56, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

5.8L Road runner.
Hey guys, wiki usually scoops everybody...where is the 5.8L information? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.240.156.209 (talk) 14:22, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

2013 GT500 5.8
I see someone listed the 5.8's bore size at 3.66 inches. What is the source of this info? I haven't seen anything definitive on the 5.8's bore diameter yet. TheBalance (talk) 18:46, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

 * MM&FF's latest issue had a big write up on the 2013 GT500 including a lot of details on the engine specifics straight from a Ford engineer involved with the car. The engine has a 3.68" bore diameter which puts the displacement at 354.4 ci/5807.5 cc (rounded to 354/5808 for the article, in line with Ford Modular entry convention).  All earlier reports of this engine being a 351 are wrong.  References will be posted when MM&FF puts the article up on their website.  TheBalance (talk) 01:08, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

BOSS Redline
I notice that the article says the redline has been verified up to 8400 RPM and has a citation, but I could not find that information anywhere within the link. Any thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.222.220.21 (talk) 04:19, 21 October 2013 (UTC)

2v 4.6 differences by year/model
I was wondering where I could find a comprehensive list of differences in 2v 4.6s by year and model. I tried googling these things and couldn't find it, I think it would make a great addition to this article. I understand some info may be difficult to source but I believe bored people on forums may have already done this work and I was hoping someone may bring it to this Wikipedia article since I read about the modular and the f150 several times and couldn't find this info. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.115.136.53 (talk) 23:08, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

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Ford Expedition
The Ford Expedition is missing from the list of models utilizing the modular engines (4.6L, 5.4L). -- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  PRAISE 14:50, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

 * It's listed twice for the 5.4 L engine (once for 2-valve and once for 3-valve). Feel free to add it for the 4.6 L engine.  Stepho  talk 14:59, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ford Modular engine


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Talk:Ten Years and Running

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title: Talk:Ten Years and Running


text: Category:Nazi propaganda films

title: Category:Nazi propaganda films


text:
Fürbringer

Fürbringer – also occurring in the German diaspora variants Fuerbringer or Furbringer – is a surname of German origin. Its literal meaning is witness or more pejoratively tinged accusator or slanderer (from Middle High German vürbringer, an agent noun derived from mhg. vürbringen, which corresponds to New High German vorbringen "to say") and originally described a person who gave oral testimony before a court. In Germany the area of highest density of this family name is located in the eastern part of the Bavarian region of Upper Franconia and in the neighboring Vogtland to the north.

Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alfred O. Fuerbringer (1903–1997), American Lutheran minister and college president
 * Ernst Fritz Fürbringer (1900–1988), German film actor
 * Ludwig E. Fuerbringer (1864–1947), American Lutheran minister
 * Matt Fuerbringer (born 1974), American beach volleyball player
 * Max Fürbringer (1846–1920), German anatomist
 * Otto Fuerbringer (1910–2008), American magazine editor
 * Paul Fürbringer (1849–1930), German physician and chemist
 * Werner Fürbringer (1888–1982), German U-boat commander and counter admiral

title: Fürbringer


text:
Heart's Content, Newfoundland and Labrador

Heart's Content is an incorporated town in Trinity Bay on the Bay de Verde Peninsula of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

Geography
The natural harbour that makes up the town is located on the east side of Trinity Bay and it is built along the northeast side and the southeast base of this harbour. It opens out to Trinity Bay in a generally southwestern direction and protected from the harsh northern and eastern winds of the North Atlantic. Heart's Content is also at the crossroads of the main highway for Trinity Bay on the western side of the Bay de Verde peninsula and the highway cutting across the Bay de Verde peninsula between Victoria on the Conception Bay side and Heart's Content. The climate of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent land areas is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as the winds blowing across the waters. Because of the oceans' great capacity for retaining heat, the climate of Heart's Content is moderate and free of extreme seasonal variations.

Precipitation falls on the area both as snow in the wintertime and moderate rainfall in summer.

The Gulf Stream and Labrador Current converge just off the coast of Newfoundland and provide for very dense fog that can linger in the area for days.

Transatlantic cable
Heart's Content was given its place in the history of international communications by Cyrus West Field who chose it as the terminus of his Transatlantic telegraph cable, leading to establishment of the Heart's Content Cable Station.

 * 1855 – Heart's Content is chosen as the location for the first transatlantic submarine telegraph cable.
 * 1858 (August 5) – The first ever transatlantic cable, connecting Valentia, Ireland, to a site at Bay Bulls Arm, directly across Trinity Bay from Heart's Content, is landed. Due to a malfunction, its operation was terminated on October 20, 1858.
 * 1866 (July 27) – A new transatlantic cable is landed at Heart's Content by the SS Great Eastern. The bay was described as "a sheltered nook, where ships may ride at anchor safe from the storms of the ocean…on the beach is a small village of sixty houses, most of them the dwelling of these hardy men who vex the northern sea with their fisheries…"
 * 1873 and 1874 – Two more cables are laid to Valentia.
 * 1880 and 1894 – Two more cables were laid to Valentia, making Heart's Content one of the most important cable stations in the world.
 * 1918 – The brick cable station is enlarged to serve the "Anglo-American Telegraph Company and its successor, Western Union, until its closure in 1965.
 * 1968 – The brick cable building closed in 1965 is bought by the Provincial Government as an historic site and soon after begins a restoration project to make the almost 100-year-old building a communications museum.
 * 1974 – (July 27) – 108 years after the landing of the transatlantic cable in the New World, the restored communications museum officially opens.

Rendell Forge
The Rendell Forge is a small, one-room, one storey wooden blacksmith shop located in Heart's Content. The Rendell family had a long history of blacksmithing in the community. The first to arrive was blacksmith Charles Rendell, who moved to Heart's Content from Trinity, Trinity Bay, in the early 1800s to craft ironwork for vessels. In 1864–65, four Rendells were listed as blacksmiths: Charles, G., James, and John. The 1904 directory lists five: Giles, Tolson, Charles Sr, John, and John T. Ted Rowe writes,"Descendants of Charles Rendell produced an unbroken line in the blacksmith trade in Heart’s Content for three generations. His four sons Charles, Giles, James and John all took up the trade.  Son Charles was also Heart’s Content’s first constable, appointed in the 1830s, and was prominent in the Loyal Orange Association.   Bela, son of Giles, operated this forge with his son Jim in the 1920s.  When business fell off during the depression years Jim moved his family to Hants Harbour.  In 1941 at the age of 60 Bela went to Scotland as a blacksmith with the Newfoundland Overseas Forestry Unit.  He returned to Heart’s Content at the end of the war and continued with the forge in the 1950s, turning out grapnels, horseshoes and custom ironwork.  Following his death his son Ray worked the operation on a part-time basis."James Rendell (son of Charles Sr) moved to East Boston, Massachusetts, where he worked as a blacksmith, machinist, and businessman, and where he married Rebecca Rendell (née Pugh) of King's Road, St. John's on December 10, 1892. Some of the Rendell blacksmiths went to Gander to work on the building of the airport and town in the 1940s. The last of the Rendells to work in the forge, Ray, used the building until circa 1990. Following Ray's death in 2005, his widow Myrtle Marion Rendell and children passed ownership of the building and the land on which it sits over to the Mizzen Heritage Society on 11 July 2006.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Heart's Content had a population of $330$ living in $168$ of its $225$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $340$. With a land area of 62.87 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Tourist attractions

 * Heart's Content Cable Station Provincial Historic Site
 * Society of United Fishermen No.1
 * Cable Staff House Registered Heritage Site
 * Heart's Content Lighthouse
 * Heart's Content Harbour Authority
 * Trinity South D'Iberville Trail (Southern Terminus)


text:
Max Fürbringer

Max Carl Anton Fürbringer (January 30, 1846 – March 6, 1920) was a German anatomist, known for his anatomical investigations of vertebrates and especially for his studies in ornithology on avian morphology and classification. He was responsible for the first major phylogenetic ordering of bird groups based on a large scale study on a combination of skeletal, morphological and anatomical characteristics.

Biography
Max was the first son of Hermine and Karl Fürbringer. Although he was born in Wittenberg, his father's government employment involved travel and he was raised by relatives in Gera. Max was taught and influenced by Karl Theodor Liebe, a bird enthusiast who kept many kinds of birds. Max spent his early childhood collecting coins, butterflies, bees, mosses and ferns. Max's brother Paul would later become an eminent physicist. Max studied at the universities of Berlin and Jena, where he was a student of Carl Gegenbaur. Fürbringer would be one of Gegenbaur's most ardent disciples and supporters. One of Fürbringer teachers was Ernst Haeckel about whom he wrote glowingly: "He stepped into the auditorium, not with the measured step of the professor, but with the triumphant charging-along of an Apollonian youth, hurrying toward the cathedral, a tall, slender, impressive form; ... golden, flying locks, large, blue, flashing eyes—probably the most beautiful man that I had ever seen, and it seemed to me as if the room, which had already been bright, became noticeably brighter..." He obtained his doctorate with a thesis on the muscles and bones of dinosaurs. He later worked as a prosector under Gegenbaur at the University of Heidelberg, followed by professorships in Amsterdam, Jena (from 1888) and Heidelberg (from 1901). In 1901 he replaced Gegenbaur at Heidelberg as professor and stayed on until 1912 when his student (and later son-in-law) Hermann Braus took over. He then served as an außerordentliche (=extraordinary) professor at the University of Marburg.

In 1888 Fürbringer published a monumental two volume work on the systematics of birds groups. The first volume was on the forelimbs and shoulder girdle of vertebrates while the second examined the characters and systematics of bird groups. One of the ideas that he used was that the connection of the nerve to a muscle tends to be conserved with evolution. He made use of 51 anatomical and morphological characters and compared every pair of bird group and deduced an evolutionary tree of all the extant and extinct bird groups. His evolutionary tree branched in three dimensions which he represented by means of side and cross-sectional views. This representation was probably influenced by the work of Adolf Engler on plants. This was a seminal work in bird systematics which underwent modifications by Hans Gadow and others to become a definitive basis for subsequent work on the avian evolutionary tree well until the arrival of molecular techniques.

As a defender of Gegenbaur, Fürbringer went against Carl Rabl in 1901. This long drawn conflict relating to the archipterygium or how the fin and the limb were related based on conflicting evidence from anatomy and embryology descended into polemical attacks on each other.

Selected writings

 * Die Knochen und Muskeln der Extremitäten bei den schlangenähnlichen Saurien ("The bones and muscles of the extremities in the snake-like lizards"), 1870.
 * Zur Entwickelung der Amphibienniere ("The development of amphibian kidneys"), 1877.
 * Vergleichende Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Excretionsorgane der Vertebraten ("Comparative anatomy and history of development of the excretion organs of the vertebrates"), 1878.
 * Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel ("Researches on the morphology and systematics of the bird"), 1888. (in two volumes)
 * Über die spino-occipitalen Nerven der Salachier und Holocephalen und ihre vergleichende Morphologie, 1897.
 * Beitrag zur Systematik und Genealogie der Reptilien ("Contribution to the systematics and genealogy of the reptiles"), 1900.
 * Zur vergleichenden Anatomie des Brustschulterapparates und der Schultermuskeln ("Comparative anatomy of the breast-shoulder apparatus and the shoulder muscles"), volumes 4 and 5, 1900–1902.
 * Morphologische Streitfragen ("Controversial questions in morphology"), 1902.
 * Abstammung der Säugetiere ("Mammal ancestry"), 1905.

title: Max Fürbringer


text:
User talk:Mirv/archive 12

Administrator powers
If I have misused my magic powers in any way, this is the place to tell me.

Protection
Every page I protect is on the wrong version, of course, so to conserve valuable electrons, just leave a link to the page and a number from the list. Thanks.

If I accidentally protected a page to which I have made substantive edits, tell me here. I will unprotect it immediately.

Deletion
Did I speedy-delete something that wasn't a candidate? Did I delete something for which there was no consensus to delete? Tell me here.

Blocking
This is jgb trying to write to the MBone article. I'm behind a transparent proxy which I share with a bunch of customers of Telefonica's ADSL network (Spain). I would like to contribute a bit to wikipedia, but I cannot avoid being behind that proxy when at home. The address of the proxy is 80.58.0.107 (my current address is 80.24.39.212, but could change). Is it possible to find some solution?

 * You could contact your ISP and ask them to please not run open proxies :). Seriously though, I checked the address in question and it appears not to be an open proxy anymore, so it's safe to unblock now, I think. —Charles P. (Mirv) 21:19, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for your prompt answer. WRT the proxies, we have had complete campaigns about hidden proxies, which are a problem for many reasons. Of course, having them also as open proxies is even worse :-(

Rollback
Did I use the admin "rollback" feature on one of your edits without warning or explanation? Then I probably thought you were vandalizing, spamming, or otherwise editing in malice, and chances are good that you were: most of my rollbacks are of such edits. If you want to know why I reverted your edit, append your question to the end of this talk page.

Slave trade
This is a similar situation to the one you dealt with in Sexual Slavery. People keep wanting to put the "Islamic" descriptors in the headlines but don't want the Christian or Jewish descriptors put in. I tried to make it NPOV by making the headlines for each section neutral and only related to geography but a couple of POV warriors keep reverting me.Heraclius 00:55, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Mezmerize
As someone who voted for Mike Garcia's adminship, you may wish to check out his behavior on Mezmerize to see how he is progressing. I'm wondering how much longer we have to keep putting up with this :( 66.36.138.147 14:55, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Ralph Woodrow
This is up for deletion. I would like to have it kept as he is a significant critic of The Two Babylons. Would you care to vote on the VfD? - Ta bu shi da yu 04:12, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Admin out of control
Under exactly what authority does UninvitedCompany think he can unilaterally permanently ban users, and destroy their user pages, and protect their talk pages so that they can't respond? -

It should be noted that the alleged images were listed at User:Evil Monkey/Nudity as well as being considered entirely appropriate for articles, having, as far as I can tell, already survived IFD, and have been on Wikipedia for over a month.

Note that an arbcom case has only just opened and has by no means come down with even remotely any penalty such as a ban. UninvitedCompany seems to think he has greater authority than ArbCom, and can completely act outside it.

Does UninvitedCompany has infinite power and permission to unilaterally with impunity?

Particularly when the user/victim in question has challanged a prior abuse of adminship by UninvitedCompany in an RfC, and has diametrically opposed political opinions?

This seems to be a case of right wing evangelical Christian admins thinking they have the right to dictate to everyone else.

It also seems in contempt of the arbitration committee's right to make the decision.

SomeAccountThatIWillListOn-Ril-'sUserPageWhenOrIfIEverGetItBack (-Ril-) 11:46, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

VFD
Hi Charles. Your vote in Articles for deletion/The Nazi Connection to Islamic Terrorism was to delete or to redirect? Or you meant delete and redirect? Svest 23:45, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete and redirect. I've cleared this up now, I think. —Charles P. (Mirv) 23:47, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. I think you have to clean your first vote. Cheers -- Svest 23:49, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * There are other vfd for Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Infiltration:_How_Muslim_Spies_and_Subversives_have_Penetrated_Washington and Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Islam_and_the_Jews:_The_Unfinished_Battle. Svest 23:52, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

NAFTA
I'm happy to have this as a redirect since you've put a link to New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement at the top of North American Free Trade Agreement. Good call.-gadfium 02:08, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Android79's RfA
Thank you for your support on my RfA and for your kind comments. Handling the SamuraiClinton situation certainly wasn't pleasant, and there are some things I wish I would have done differently, but it was a worthwhile experience – I've learned to be more patient, that's for sure. android 79  15:32, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

RfA
Just to say thanks for supporting my RfA. Please let me know if you see me screw up. --Doc (?) 19:12, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Hello
I think you are a communist mirv and I hate you...I wish you could stop being a member of the communist cabal on wikipedia and start to realize the truth that adam smith is greatest things that happened to world since slice bread...so please stop being a communist and start being a person. STOP CRITIZING THE ESTABLISHMENT you punk...become a corporate lawyer and love capitalism (not Love in a hippie sort of way). I don't like Hippies by the way because they oppose the establishment I love. Bush is an american hero btw :)--Anti-Communist 06:31, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * ? —Charles P. (Mirv) 06:51, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Just to let you know, I rolled back a nasty comment left by your "friend" above, and blocked him indefinnately as a reincarnation of an indef blocked vandal. -- Essjay ·  Talk 03:01, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

My RfA!
My dear Mirv, I simply wanted to drop by, now that my RfA is closed to give you a big THANK YOU! for your kind support. You'll always have a friend in me. Hugs! Shauri Yes babe?  22:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Neoconservatism
Mirv, could you take a look at my comment at Talk:Neoconservatism_in_the_United_States? -- Jmabel | Talk 06:50, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

MediaWiki:Newuserloglog
How did you know that would fix it? --AllyUnion (talk) 02:59, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, I don't quite understand your question. How did I know that would fix what? —Charles P. (Mirv) 14:07, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I requested for this feature for the developers awhile back... I didn't realize you could just create such a page and would alter the new user log. What I'm asking is who figured out that it would change the new user log by adding the new page. --AllyUnion (talk) 18:14, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I did. I looked through Special:Allmessages for something that matched the text in Special:Log/newusers, found that the page was a redlink, and figured that creating it couldn't do any irreversible harm. —Charles P. (Mirv) 19:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

MediaWiki:Newuserloglog
Hi Mirv, a slight problem with this addition is that the block link will now show up for non-admins (which they obviously do not have access to). Talrias (t | e | c) 03:32, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * They'll just see "The action you have requested is limited to users with the "block" permission assigned. See Wikipedia:Administrators", so no harm done. The link isn't helping much good anymore, since the vandalbot operator obviously knows what we're doing, but that's a different problem. —Charles P. (Mirv) 14:14, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, this isn't a major problem. Are the other block statements done in the actual software rather than using the MediaWiki namespace then? Talrias (t | e | c) 16:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the block links in Recent Changes and watchlists are in the software; that is, the fact that they appear at all is due to a software setting, but the appearance of the link itself is set by a MediaWiki message. Check Special:Allmessages to be sure. —Charles P. (Mirv) 19:23, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Could you do me a favor?
If I asked you to delete some of my user subpages, and some of my userpage history, would you do it? Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 16:16, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Unless I thought there was some pressing need to keep them around, yes, certainly. What do you want deleted and why? —Charles P. (Mirv) 19:28, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I was hoping you could delete User:TacoDeposit/me, User:TacoDeposit/Fuck Wikipedia and User:TacoDeposit/Adult Swim, plus delete all the history on User:TacoDeposit, just leaving the current version. Thanks, Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 19:51, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * And to answer your question as to why, it is simply because it is either silly stuff that I no longer wish to have associated with me, or because it is stuff that comprimises my anonymity more than I am currently comfortable with. Thanks, Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 19:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * All deleted. —Charles P. (Mirv) 20:02, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Many thanks. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 21:00, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Hello Again
I baaack ;)

BTW is this yer car?

LMFAO I dislike Hippies like you .....--Anti-Communist 3 04:36, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello again, Eric. No, that's not my car; this (or one like it) is my car, or was: like every true communist hippie, I use public transit now. —Charles P. (Mirv)  04:50, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Zionist Terrorism
Cheers for the support on this. It is a classic case of original research and well poisoning. I thought the comments about you jumping inot a revert war (by one of the warring editors) was particularly astonishing1. Unbehagen 07:37, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Zionist terrorism - 3RR
You have now reverted 3 times in 24 hours, just a heads up.

--Sebastian Kessel Talk 22:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm aware, but thanks for the caution. —Charles P. (Mirv) 22:47, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * No big deal, just figured that a heads up was warranted. So may edits went back and forth that one may lose count... I know I do. :)
 * --Sebastian Kessel Talk 22:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

FSF RFA
Thanks for your support. freestylefrappe 22:19, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Talk:Territories under Israeli control
Holding a vote will just give the obstructionists (we all know who they are) a chance to rally the troops and prevent the move solely by numbers rather than reasoned argument.

Considering what you did in "Fatwa" (deleting material, saying you'd move it elsewhere and not doing so), I find this accusation a bit much. Andjam 14:02, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

From a new admin
I know that these kind of thank-you messages have gone out of fashion, and are always somewhat cheesy. However, thank you for your interest in candidates for RfA. I've been saying to everyone that, although these admin buttons look very shiny now, that I believe that cooperation is the greatest tool here. I would value your support and advice as I learn how to use admin status effectively, and please let me know if you need assistance in resolving a conflict. Thanks. --Gareth Hughes 10:21, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Would you consider weighing in?
Jayjg has been belligerantly restoring a statement on the Golan Heights having Israel's only ski resort at the Israeli-occupied territories article. You are probably aware of the fuss he made about how references to anything as trivial as water resources don't belong in that article. My relationship with Jay is such that there is no point in my trying to discuss anything with him, so would you leave him a message at his talk page requesting that he refrain from putting information he apparently considers "crap" back into the article? If he continues to misbehave, your action would complete a step in my formal complaint against him. Marsden 14:39, 30 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll drop you another line if it resumes. Marsden 20:15, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

WP:POINT
No, Charles, it's hardly that. Marsden has insisted that the scope of the article be expanded to include reasons why the various territories have value to Israel, against my vociferous objections. Well, it seems the consensus (or his edit warring) support his view, but now that he's opened Pandora's box, he cannot insist that only the things he thinks are important to Israel can be included in the article. Tourism is a huge industry in Israel, and has already been mentioned on the Talk: page as a reason for Israel's holding the territories - certainly the only ski resort in Israel contributes to that. As well, military uses are obviously critical to Israel, given its position, so it's difficult to understand why listing the Golan's unique capabilities as a training ground for soldiers should be deleted. Jayjg (talk) 22:46, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You make interesting arguments; I'm sure we can work this out on the Talk: page. Jayjg (talk) 17:20, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

CAIR article
Hi Mirv, were you aware of my note about the prince's denomination in the talk page? Andjam 14:11, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Zionist Terrorism
jayg up to his antics again - constant edit warring with respect to WP:POINT and Well Poisoning material. Can you have a look? Unbehagen 14:23, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Redwolf blocked for 24 hours. Feel free to re-block if they come back. I am getting tired of their reverts and spamming. Thanks -- a.n.o.n.y.m  t 05:28, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you for speaking up on the behalf of a user you did not even know. I appreciate your efforts for justice. Should you have any lingering concerns, I encourage you to come to my talk page and join the dialog there on what has occured. Discussion is the best way to calm stormy waters. The Chief ( Pow Wow ) 17:30, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

RFA
Thank you for supporting my nomination till the end. I appreciated it. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 15:02, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Nablus
The passage you removed- "as well as mismanagment by the Palestinian Authority" is not really disputed by very many people. I understand it's a touchy subject but do you seriously doubt it's validity?- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg 22:12, 5 November 2005 (UTC) (talk)
 * See Talk:Nablus. —Charles P. (Mirv) 22:23, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
I just wanted to give my thanks for your support of my RfA, it was tough but finally passed today! I greatly appreciate it! Ramallite (talk) 04:01, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Sorry
Hi Merv,

Apologies for the 'scroteunit' thing. I was messing around. I really admire wiki. Keep up the good work.

Cheers,

Mat.

Notaricon
Thanks for your helpful answer.

SONIA WEBCAM GIRL
HAS INVADED MY SPACE AND I CANT DELETE THIS FREAK. ANY HELP?

 * What are you talking about? —Charles P. (Mirv) 05:15, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey Mirv, how is everything going? 65.35.197.181 00:39, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Well enough. Have we met? —Charles P. (Mirv) 13:23, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Islamofascism
I know you were involved with this article, so can you now please look at it again? People are trying to reinstate it. Yuber(talk) 15:48, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Arbitration
Arbitration Committee Elections December 2005/Candidate statements

Please add yours. —preceding unsigned comment by 86.136.58.120 (talk • contribs) 12:54, 26 November 2005

 * I'm not running. —Charles P. (Mirv) 16:50, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I´m sorry you are not running. I hope you change your mind. Regards, Huldra 21:46, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Important AfD
Hi. If you have time please take a look at Articles for deletion/List of modern day dictators. I'm a bit worried that the main protagonist for the keep side is threatening to reverse the long-established consensus against creating historical categorization schemes on Wikipedia based on editors' original research. If you are interested, arguments against generating such a list have been stated and restated over the course of several years at Talk:List of dictators. Thanks. 172 21:05, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

question for jayg
Thanks for the clear up - I think it's a reasonable question and doesn't deserve a sarcastic dismissal. Especially by an admin who should know better. Unbehagen 23:33, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

E-mail
Mirv, would you mind e-mailing me, please? It's slimvirgin at gmail dot com. SlimVirgin (talk) 19:46, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Is there some compelling reason that we can't discuss things in public? —Charles P. (Mirv) 19:48, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

You scooped my on fixing that vandalism on Dersh's page. :)

 * Mirv, that's the second admin action of mine you've undone on the nomination page without discussing it with me. Please don't do that again. If you disagree with something I do, there or elsewhere, by all means get in touch, and I've asked you to e-mail me, but don't just override it. I don't do these things for no reason or (I hope) for bad ones, or at least I try not to. SlimVirgin (talk) 16:32, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Deleting others' questions is not an admin action. It is an editorial action, and in my opinion it is out of order—especially when that question pertains to removal of questions from that very same page. Don't do that again. —Charles P. (Mirv) 16:39, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not there as an editor, but as an admin, because there has been chaos on those pages, caused in at least two cases by trolling. I'm not the only admin or editor who has been moving and refactoring so this isn't a minority opinion. Fair enough if you disagree, but then discuss it with me, please, instead of just undoing things. Ril has already put up a few questions; they're perfectly legitimate and they're on the page. But his second questions were about other people's actions in relation to the trolls: meta-questions, nothing to do with the arbcom, and designed in my view to keep the toxicity going, which is why I first deleted them, then moved them to talk. SlimVirgin (talk) 17:08, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not there as an editor, but as an admin—When did admins get the authority to control the content and direction of discussions? I must have missed that development. On the other hand, I've been aware of Administrators, which says "Administrators are not imbued with any special authority, and are equal to everybody else in terms of editorial responsibility" quite well. —Charles P. (Mirv) 02:08, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, I just saw this. Admins have not only the authority but the responsibility to control content when users are being disruptive, which is what was happening on that page. Several editors have refactored the page, and several admins have taken admin action in relation to it, by either protecting it or blocking one of the people posting abuse. Hence my surprise that you took the opposite view. However, you're entitled to do that, and that wasn't my point in writing to you. It's simply that I've never turned up to undo your admin actions (or actions as an editor) out of respect for you. If I disagree with something, I might argue with you, but I wouldn't act as though you don't exist. All I'm requesting is the same consideration in return. That's particulary important in this case, because you have a record of opposing Jay whereas I have a record of supporting him, so given that we come from this with different views, some mutual respect eases interaction. I don't want to argue about it any further, except to say that I do respect you (as an editor and admin) and don't want to fall out with you over it, but felt I had to say something to avoid bad feeling in the future. SlimVirgin (talk) 16:30, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Unprotecting Jayjg arbcom candidacy page
Mirv, I do not mind that you unprotected the page, because I certainly did not intend to protect it indefinitely (only long enough for people to cool down). But I either do not understand or object to your reason: "sysops are editing this, others should be able to do the same)." My reading of the edit history (which of course may be mistaken) is that no one edited the page between the time I protected it and you unprotected it.  If anyone accused a sysop of editing it after I protected it, I think they were wrong. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 22:13, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * From the edit history and the protection log I see that Karmafist edited the page at 18:41, 1 December 2005 (UTC), between your protection at 23:35, 30 November 2005 and my unprotection at 19:29, 1 December 2005. So one sysop did in fact edit the page while it was protected, though I don't suspect any malice. —Charles P. (Mirv) 22:24, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

I stand corrected. In general, I think the proper course of action would have been to revert Karmafist's edit and leave a message reminding him or her that sysops have to be careful not to edit protected pages. Be that as it may, plenty of time elapsed between my protecting it and your unprotecting it, and hopefully the antagonistic parties have cooled down. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 22:44, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Roylee RfC
Hi, Mirv. Some time ago, you made several additions to User:Mark Dingemanse/Roylee. A request for comment has been opened: Requests for comment/Roylee. Your input would be appreciated. — mark ✎ 10:48, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Islamonazism
Umm, do you know if there has been any consensus on this issue? I know CltFn is going to spark controversy here... just wondering about this issue. gren グレン 21:20, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Right, you ahem-ed in my face and I didn't notice it. Pardon gren グレン 21:23, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Cosmotheism
See. PV? He's been quite persistent at removing the Cosmotheism link from the article. -Willmcw 07:21, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably not. The anon there is far too articulate and intelligent for PV, and the location is wrong. —Charles P. (Mirv) 21:26, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah. I hadn't thought anyone else cared so much about the topic. Thanks, -Willmcw 08:50, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Cairo
I have read your question about Cairo and as an Egyptian I think I can answer it, Cairo is considered a holy city because it got the rules of the three profits Mousse, Jesus and Mohammed. Mousse was born in Cairo and raised by the pharos, Jesus escaped to Egypt when he was young boy and Mohammed always said he liked Egypt that he didn’t visit but married an Egyptian lady (Maria). Also you will notice in Cairo the presence of thousands of mosques and churches beside the pharonic temples, which can be considered as holy places for ancient Egyptians. (comment by )

 * Thank you. I've copied your response to Talk:Cairo for future reference. —Charles P. (Mirv) 23:05, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

thank you
thanks for reverting the vandalism to my user page. I really appreciate it. -- malo (tlk) (cntrbtns) 03:56, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Randal L Schwartz
I feel a little left out in the discussion of some of the material on Randal's page. I wrote the entirety of the first (fairly lengthy) version of the "PROM" course (as well as much of the other material that the two of us have taught), including the references to Gilligan's island. The first version of the material wound up in my book Effective Perl Programming (which he tech edited for an attribution on the cover). I'm not whining - it's just not accurate. --Joseph N. Hall ([e-mail snipped]) -- totally new to this Wikipedia stuff so I hope I'm not marking up excessively idiotically

 * If you think it needs correcting you are welcome to make whatever changes you think necessary. Just be sure to cite your sources so others can verify your work. —Charles P. (Mirv) 20:15, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Birthday greetings
I notice from Meta that today is your birthday, and so a Happy Birthday from me seems an apropriate use of your talk page :) Thryduulf 20:44, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

User categorisation
You were listed on the Wikipedians by alma mater page. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians by alma mater for instructions. Ooh, and it's also my birthday today, as well as Ben Browder's, the yummiest guy EVER. Happy birthday. :) --Cooksey 22:01, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mirv/archive 12


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Bissandugu

Bissandugu (Bissandougou) is a city in southwestern Guinea on National Road 1. In the 19th century, it was the base for Samori Ture, a Dyula warlord who named the city in 1878 as the capital of his Wassoulou Empire (1861-1890). He was known for his resistance to French colonial forces and prevailed for years against them and smaller African states.

History
The Treaty of Bissandugu was signed there on the 25 March 1887. The treaty had France obtain major rights of navigation on the Niger River, an important prelude to the French conqueests of West Africa. The treaty also delimited the Wassoulou Empire's borders with France and made the Wassoulou Empire a French protectorate.

On April 9, 1891, the city was attacked and burned by French forces commanded by Colonel Louis Archinard during the Mandingo Wars. The French colonial administration re-established control in the area. Traces of the ancient fortifications of the city can still be found just outside the modern-day village.

After Guinea attained independence, Ture's great-grandson Ahmed Sékou Touré was elected as the country's first president.

title: Bissandugu


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Date-plum

Diospyros lotus, with common names date-plum, Caucasian persimmon, or lilac persimmon, is a widely cultivated species of the genus Diospyros, native to temperate Asia and southeast Europe. Its English name derives from the small fruit, which have a taste reminiscent of both plums and dates. It is among the oldest plants in cultivation.

Distribution and ecology
The species area extends from East Asia to the west of the Mediterranean, down to Spain. The date-plum is native to southwest Asia and southeast Europe. It was known to the ancient Greeks as "God's fruit" (, Diós pŷrós), hence the scientific name of the genus. Its English name probably derives from Persian Khormaloo خرمالو literally "date-plum", referring to the taste of this fruit which is reminiscent of both plums and dates. The fruit is called Amlok املوک in Pakistan and consumed dried. This species is one candidate for the "lotus tree" mentioned in The Odyssey: it was so delicious that those who ate it forgot about returning home and wanted to stay and eat lotus with the lotus-eaters.

The tree grows in the lower and middle mountain zones in the Caucasus. They usually grow up to 600 m above sea level. In Central Asia, it rises higher—up to 2000 m. They rarely grow in stands but often grow with hackberry, ash, maple and other deciduous species. It is not demanding on the soil and can grow on rocky slopes but requires a well lit environment.

It is cultivated at the limits of its range, as well as in the U.S. and North Africa.

Biological description
This is a tree height of 15–30 m with sloughing of aging bark.

The leaves are shiny, leathery, oval-shaped with pointed ends, 5–15 cm long and 3–6 cm in width.

The flowers are small, greenish, appearing in June to July. Plant is dioecious, and not self-fertile.

Fruits are berries with juicy flesh, yellow when ripe, 1–2 cm in diameter. Seeds with thin skin and a very hard endosperm. Fruits ripen Oct. to Nov.

Usage
Caucasian persimmon fruits are edible and contain much sugar, malic acid, and vitamins. They are used as fresh fruits or after frost, but usually dried. Drying and frost destroy their tartness.

title: Date-plum


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File:Livewirebluespower.jpg

Cover of the 1968 album "Live Wire / Blues Power" by Albert King.

Fair use in Live Wire/Blues Power
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It illustrates educational articles about the album from which the cover illustration was taken.
 * 2) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 3) The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original. In particular, copies of the image could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) It is a low resolution image.
 * 5) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 6) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

title: File:Livewirebluespower.jpg