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AS Cannes

Association Sportive de Cannes Football (commonly referred to as AS Cannes or simply Cannes) is a French association football club based in Cannes. The club was formed 1902 as a sports club and currently plays in the Championnat National 2, the fourth division of French football. Cannes plays its home matches at the Stade Pierre de Coubertin, located within the city. The team is managed by Jean-Noël Cabezas.

The club was one of the founding members of the first division of French football and finished runners-up in the league's inaugural season. The club's highest honour to date was winning the Coupe de France in 1932. Cannes last played in Ligue 1 in the 1997–98 season and are currently serving the longest stint of any club in the National division, having been in the league since the 2001–02 season. The club has most notably served as a springboard for several prominent French football players such as Zinedine Zidane, Patrick Vieira, Johan Micoud, Gaël Clichy, Sébastien Frey and Jonathan Zebina.

Cannes is known as Les Dragons (The Dragons) and incorporates the nickname into a multitude of club's fixtures, most notably its crest. On 21 May 2010, the club unveiled its new logo to its supporters. The new logo is similar to the club's previous logo, but is more dynamic with the club's city name and foundation being displayed on the badge. The dragon, which is a focal point of the club, is also given a more up-to-date design.

History

Association Sportive de Cannes was founded on 4 August 1902 by English sportsman Herbert Lowe and a group of friends. Lowe was installed as the club's president. During the infancy of the club, in addition to association football, Cannes also practised the sports of competitive swimming and athletics. The club also wore a black and blue combination kit before switching to its current red and white stripe following the club's merger with Club Sportif de Cannes in 1905. Under the leadership of Louis Grosso, a local furniture dealer, the football section developed its structures. In 1920, Cannes were playing in the Ligue du Sud-Est, a regional league under the watch of the French Football Federation (FFF). While playing in the league, Cannes developed rivalries with Nice and Marseille. Nice and Cannes contest the derby match that is known as the Derby de la Côte d'Azur. In 1921, the club inaugurated the Stade Municipal de Cannes and celebrated the opening by defeating Spanish club Espanyol 4–0. During the 1920s, Cannes successfully reached the semi-finals of the Coupe de France on two occasions. Led by French internationals such as Maurice Cottenet, Charles Bardot, and Raoul Dutheil, Cannes were regular participants in the latter rounds of the prestigious cup competition. In 1932, the club finally won the competition after defeating RC Roubaix 1–0 at the Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir in Colombes, courtesy of a goal from captain Louis Clerc.

In July 1930, the National Council of the FFF voted 128–20 in support of professionalism in French football. Cannes, along with most clubs from the south, were among the first clubs to adopt the new statute and, subsequently, became professional and were founding members of the new league. In the league's inaugural season, Cannes finished runner-up to champions Olympique Lillois after losing 4–3 in the ultimate match on 14 May 1933. Cannes had originally finished second in its group behind Antibes, but were declared champions of the group after Antibes was disqualified from the league for suspected bribery. Cannes remained in Division 1 for a decade before falling to Division 2 in the 1948–49 season after finishing last in the league table.

Cannes returned to the top division for the 1965–66 season and spent an unforgettable campaign in the league finishing second from bottom, thus returning to Division 2. It took another 20 years before the club returned to the first division for the 1987–88 season. During this time, Cannes had a young playmaker by the name of Zinedine Zidane in its ranks. In the club return to the first division, Cannes finished in 11th place. In the ensuing two seasons, Cannes remained mid-table finishing 12th and 11th, respectively. However, in the 1990–91 season, the club surprised everyone by finishing in fourth place, which gave the club qualification for the UEFA Cup. Along with Zidane, PSG loanee striker Amara Simba and the presence of experienced players like Luis Fernandez, Cannes overclassed many of their higher-rated counterparts. Unfortunately, in the following season, with the departure of Simba and Cannes having to combine its focus on both the league and Europe, the club finished in a disastrous 19th-place position. The club also suffered elimination in Round of 32 in the UEFA Cup. The resulting relegation led to the departure of Zidane and numerous others who were being courted by Division 1 clubs.

Though the departure of Zidane and others did hurt the club, Cannes still had a solid core of players, which included veterans André Amitrano, William Ayache, Franck Durix, and Adick Koot and youngsters Johan Micoud, Patrick Vieira, David Jemmali and Laurent Macquet. The group effectively lived up to club expectations by finishing second in its group in the second division. Due to having more points than the second-place finisher in the other group, Cannes were back in Division 1. In the club's return, Cannes finished in a respectable ninth-place position for the 1994–95 season under manager Safet Sušić. The next season didn't start well, with Sušić getting sacked in September 1995. Ultimately, Cannes finished 14th that season. In the off-season heading into the 1996–97, Vieira departed the club for Italy, Durix ventured to Japan, and Ayache retired. Cannes struggled to replace the departed players and, subsequently, finished in 15th place for the season. Midway through the campaign, Micoud left the club for Bordeaux. After the season, Jammeli followed suit and also joined Bordeaux. The resulting departure of all the club's youth talent ultimately led to its downfall with Cannes finishing dead last in the 1997–98 season. Since the club's relegation in 1998, Cannes have yet to return to the first division of French football.

On 1 July 2014, Cannes were officially excluded from professional football in France after a ruling from the Direction Nationale du Contrôle de Gestion relating to the club's financial situation. For the 2015–16 season, the remnants of Cannes played in the Division of Honor, in the Mediterranean Regional League of the French football system.

On June 26, 2023, it was announced that AS Cannes will become part of The Friedkin Group, which also includes AS Roma football club. The Friedkin family will purchase a majority of the club’s shares, and Ryan Friedkin will become the new president of Association Sportive Cannes Football SAS, which will manage the National 2 men’s team. The Sports Association, which is in charge of the women's section and amateurs, will hold 2% ownership and be chaired by Anny Courtade.

Notable players
Below are the notable former players who have represented Cannes in league and international competition since the club's foundation as a football club in 1909. To appear in the section below, a player must have played in at least 80 official matches for the club.

For a complete list of Cannes players, see Category:AS Cannes players • 🇫🇷 William Ayache

• 🇫🇷 Jean Baeza

• 🇫🇷 Bernard Casoni

• 🇫🇷 Sébastien Chabaud

• 🇫🇷 Gaël Clichy

• 🇫🇷 Yvon Douis

• 🇫🇷 Albert Emon

• 🇫🇷 Julien Escudé

• 🇫🇷 Luis Fernández

• 🇫🇷 Sébastien Frey

• 🇫🇷 Laurent Macquet

• 🇫🇷 Johan Micoud

• 🇫🇷 Jean-Luc Sassus

• 🇫🇷 Patrick Vieira

• 🇫🇷 Zinedine Zidane

• 🇩🇿 Abdelkader Ferhaoui

• 🇩🇿 Kamel Ghilas

• 🇨🇲 Ibrahim Aoudou

• 🇭🇷 Aljoša Asanović

• 🇭🇷 Alen Bokšić

• 🇭🇷 Ardian Kozniku

• 🇨🇿 Jan Koller

• 🇮🇩 Tonnie Cusell

• 🇳🇱 Adick Koot

• 🇳🇱 Ruud Krol

• 🇹🇳 David Jemmali

• Boro Primorac

• Dušan Savić

Management and coaching

 * Association Sportive de Cannes Football
 * President: Anny Courtade
 * General Director: Bernard Lambourde
 * Head coach: Ludovic Pollet
 * Assistant coach: Derek Decamps

Honours

 * Ligue 1
 * Runners-up (1): 1932–33
 * Coupe de France
 * Champions (1): 1931–32
 * USFSA League (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)
 * Champions (1): 1910
 * Coupe Gambardella
 * Champions (2): 1955, 1995

title: AS Cannes


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User talk:Phaleux

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Hello, Phaleux, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page. :)

 * No problem. I'm very happy that you feel welcome. :) Sango  123  15:04, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Phaleux


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User talk:Brandon Ngai

Welcome!
Hello, Brandon Ngai, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  03:25, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page. :)

title: User talk:Brandon Ngai


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External text editors can be used with Wikipedia (and other MediaWiki-powered sites). You may be interested in:

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Rudolf Wolters

Rudolf Wolters (3 August 1903 – 7 January 1983) was a German architect and government official, known for his longtime association with fellow architect and Third Reich official Albert Speer. A friend and subordinate of Speer, Wolters received the many papers which were smuggled out of Spandau Prison for Speer while he was imprisoned there, and kept them for him until Speer was released in 1966. After Speer's release, the friendship slowly collapsed, Wolters objecting strongly to Speer's blaming of Hitler and other Nazis for the Holocaust and World War II, and they saw nothing of each other in the decade before Speer's death in 1981.

Wolters, who was born to a Catholic middle-class family in the northern German town of Coesfeld, obtained his degree and doctorate in architecture from the Technical University of Berlin, forging a close friendship with Speer while a student. After receiving his doctorate, he had difficulty finding employment prior to the Nazi rise to power. From 1933 to 1937, he worked for the Reichsbahn. In 1937, Speer hired him as a department head, and Wolters soon took major responsibility for Hitler's plan for the large scale reconstruction of Berlin. When Speer became Minister of Armaments and War Production in 1942, Wolters moved to his department, remaining his close associate.

After Speer's indictment and imprisonment for war crimes, Wolters stood by him. In addition to receiving and organizing Speer's clandestine notes from Spandau, which later served as the basis of his best-selling books of memoirs, Wolters quietly raised money for Speer. These funds were used to support Speer's family and for other purposes, according to directions which Wolters received from his former superior. Following Speer's release in 1966, their friendship gradually deteriorated, until the two men became so embittered that Wolters allowed papers demonstrating Speer's knowledge of the persecution of the Jews to become public in 1980.

Wolters was involved in the reconstruction of West Germany following World War II, rebuilding his hometown of Coesfeld among many other projects. Wolters wrote several architectural books during the war, as well as a biography of Speer.

Early life
Wolters was born into a Catholic family in Coesfeld, Germany on 3 August 1903, the son of an architect who had married the daughter of a master carpenter in the shipbuilding trade. In his privately published memoirs, Segments of a Life, Wolters described his father as "a serious, conscientious and diligent man, always concerned about the future". Wolters regarded his mother as "a highly practical woman, full of zest for life, who in hard times thought nothing of serving a delicious roast without letting on it was horsemeat". Wolters passed a generally happy childhood, punctuated by the chaos of the war years, and by a childhood illness that resulted in his being taught at home for a year by two priests.

After passing his Abitur, or secondary school examination, he began his architectural studies at the Technical University of Munich in 1923. Wolters noted the politicized atmosphere of his student days, stating, "My academic freedom began, one might say, to the sound of drums: the Hitler Putsch and its consequences to us students, most of whom were in agreement with it." Wolters, by his own admission, was in broad sympathy with Nazi aims, though he never saw a need to join the Party.

In 1924, Wolters met Albert Speer, who was a year behind him. Wolters transferred to the Technical University of Berlin later that year, followed by Speer in 1925. Wolters sought to study under Professor Hans Poelzig, but there was no room in the course for the transfer student. Instead, Wolters studied under Heinrich Tessenow, as did Speer. Wolters obtained his degree in 1927, and earned his doctorate at the school two years later. In class prize competition, Wolters generally finished second to Speer.

Wolters' graduation coincided with the start of the Great Depression, and he had great difficulty finding a job, eventually settling for an unpaid position at Reichsbahn headquarters in Berlin in 1930. Upon losing that position the following year, Wolters accepted a position with the Trans-Siberian Railway's urban planning division in Novosibirsk.

Nazi era
In 1933, Wolters returned to Berlin, where he briefly worked as an assistant in Speer's office before returning to the Reichsbahn, this time getting paid for his work. Speer had forged a close relationship with Hitler, and in late 1936, Speer informed Wolters that the dictator would soon appoint Speer as Generalbauinspektor (GBI) or General Building Inspector for the Reich Capital, and suggested that Wolters resign his post with the railway and come work for him again. Wolters did so, beginning work at the GBI office in January 1937 as a Head of Department in the Planning Bureau. Wolters was one of a number of young, well-paid assistants of Speer at the GBI, who were collectively nicknamed "Speer's Kindergarten". Most of the Kindergarteners were not Nazi Party members, since Speer found that Party duties interfered with working time, and the Kindergarten was expected to work long hours. Speer had Hitler's permission to hire non-Nazis, so the GBI became something of a political sanctuary.

Wolters later wrote of his views at this time:

I had viewed Hitler and his movement with some skepticism, but when the abolition of the multi-party mess removed the obscenity of unemployment, and the first 1,000 kilometers of autobahns opened up a new era of mobility, I too saw the light: this was the time when Churchill said he hoped Great Britain would have a man like Hitler in time of peril, and when high church dignitaries and distinguished academics paid the Führer homage.

Much of Wolters' work at the GBI was connected to Hitler's plan for the large scale reconstruction of Berlin. The dictator had placed Speer in charge of this plan. The centerpiece of the scheme was a grand boulevard, 4.8 km long, dubbed by Speer as the Prachtstrasse (Street of Magnificence) or "North–South Axis", for which the main design responsibility was delegated to Wolters. Wolters was also responsible for transport rings in the new Berlin, for museums, and for the GBI's press office. In 1939, Wolters became responsible for the architecture portion of the magazine, Die Kunst im Deutschen Reich (Art in the German Reich).

Wolters made several trips abroad in connection with his duties for the GBI. He visited the United States to study advanced transport systems, and Paris for the 1937 international exposition there. In 1939, Joseph Goebbels appointed him Exhibition Commissioner. Wolters took charge of organizing German architectural exhibits presented in other countries. Until 1943, Wolters traveled to other European capitals, and in addition to his duties as commissioner, gathered political intelligence. On his return, Wolters passed along his insights to Speer and some of these thoughts reached Hitler's ears.

In 1940, Wolters, a longtime diarist, suggested to Speer that he begin keeping a Chronik, or chronicle of the GBI's activities. Speer agreed, and instructed department heads to send Wolters raw material for the Chronik on a regular basis. Among other matters, the Chronik detailed the GBI's responsibility for administering a 1939 amendment to the Nuremberg Laws which allowed Aryan landlords to evict Jewish tenants with virtually no notice. For example, the entry for August 1941 included this information: "According to a Speer directive a further action for the clearing of some five thousand Jewish flats is being started." The November entry noted that "roughly 4,500 Jews were evacuated". The dispossessed Jews were sent to the occupied territories, with the newspapers reporting, as directed by Goebbels: "Over the past few days many Jews have hurriedly left Germany, leaving debts behind them."

Wolters was given the additional task in 1941 of setting up a special section of the government publishing house which specialized in works of architecture. Wolters wrote several books on the Third Reich's architectural works during the war years. He rejected the notion that Nazi architecture was an imitation of classical models: "Those who speak of neo-classicism have not understood the spirit of our buildings."

In February 1942, following the death of Fritz Todt, Hitler appointed Speer as Minister of Armaments and War Production. Wolters followed Speer to his new ministry, becoming head of the Department of Culture, Media, and Propaganda of the Organization Todt. Wolters continued his Chronik in the new position.

In December 1943, Speer put Wolters in charge of planning for the reconstruction of bombed German cities. Wolters organized a working group of about twenty architects and city planners, mostly from northern Germany. The work of this group, known as the Arbeitsstab Wiederaufbauplanung (Task Force for Reconstruction Planning), would form the basis for the actual postwar reconstruction of Germany. Speer, who authorized the group, saw an opportunity to make German cities more habitable in the age of the automobile. The group sought solutions which would use the existing street system, rather than the grand ceremonial boulevards common in Nazi city planning. In addition, the Arbeitsstab issued extensive guidelines, ranging from the width of avenues that carried streetcar lines to the ratio of theatre seats to inhabitants.

Wolters rarely met Hitler, and only in the company of other members of Speer's office. He later recorded,

Of course, from these few experiences, I cannot judge Hitler's personality, but having shared with Speer his virtually daily contacts with him, and being familiar with Hitler's ideas, for example, on town planning, I think that commentators are making it easy for themselves now when, as they frequently do, they resort in their descriptions to simplistic epitaphs such as "buck private", "wall painter", "petit-bourgeois philistine", or "history's greatest criminal".

Wolters' longtime secretary, Marion Riesser, was half-Jewish, and Wolters protected her throughout the war. In late 1944, word reached them that those with Jewish ancestry who remained free would be called up and used for cannon fodder. Wolters met with Riesser and the three other half-Jews in the Speer organizations, telling them if it became necessary (which it did not), the four would be transferred to essential war factories where they would be safe. Wolters told them, "With Albert Speer's help one can do anything."

In February 1945, as the Nazi regime collapsed, Speer instructed Wolters to take other high-ranking officials in his department, including Heinrich Lübke, and set up architectural offices in the north of Germany to work on large-scale prefabricated housing. Speer expected to join them, but not then, as he anticipated that the Allies would want to use his expertise towards the reconstruction of Germany. This did not come to pass; Speer was arrested and charged with war crimes.

Architectural work

As Speer had instructed, Wolters set up a small office in the North German town of Höxter with Lübke, who knew the town's mayor. The new office was soon commissioned to rebuild a bridge which had been destroyed, contrary to Speer's instructions to preserve infrastructure. Later in 1945, the office was dissolved, and Wolters returned to his hometown of Coesfeld where he had been commissioned to rebuild the ruined city. Lübke instead turned to politics, rising quickly through the political ranks of postwar Germany. In 1959, Lübke became President of the Federal Republic of Germany, a position in which he served almost ten years before he resigned over questions about what he may have known about forced labor while working in Speer's department.

Wolters was forced to rebuild in Coesfeld almost from scratch. With the widespread destruction, he had to lay out lots and rebuild streets, all without delay. He built a road through the grounds of the local castle, and converted the building into a hotel and conference center. The versatility he showed in the rebuilding of Coesfeld led to other commissions from German cities, including Rheine, Borken and Anholt.

In 1947 and 1949, Wolters organized meetings of the former Arbeitsstab members, many of whom were intensively involved in the postwar reconstruction efforts. In 1950, Wolters won a competition to design the new police headquarters in Dortmund. The Hotel Königshof in Bonn, rebuilt by Wolters, had previously been the leading hotel in the city. It reopened by hosting the President of Italy in 1956 on his state visit, and again became the leading hotel in the then-capital of the Federal Republic, hosting heads of states (including U.S. Presidents Kennedy, Nixon, and Reagan), state dinners, and events hosted by the Chancellor of Germany.

Wolters received so many commissions from the government of North Rhine-Westphalia that he opened an additional office in Düsseldorf. In 1955, Wolters won a competition to design the Industrie-Kreditbank building in Düsseldorf. Two years later, he was again successful in that city in a competition to design the Galarie Conzen. Wolters was awarded a prize for his design to reconstruct Düsseldorf's Altstadt (Old City). His son, Fritz Wolters, also an architect, described him as a man who fought uncompromisingly for what he saw as the "whole" in urban planning, and once ended a discussion with a local committee with the remark that they had "rented his head, not his pencil". Wolters also considered himself to be a "functionalist", designing a number of concrete, flat roofed, modern hospitals.

In the 1960s, Wolters and his son shared an office until their architectural differences separated them, Fritz Wolters being more interested in the small details rather than in what he described as "epoch-making" solutions. However, their personal relationship survived this professional separation. In 1978, Wolters published a book on the town centre of Berlin, but despite suggestions from his son, he declined to include his views about Nazi architecture, and never did set forth such views to his colleagues.

Spandau years
Wolters did not attend the Nuremberg trial (he later described it as a "victor's court" and as a "show trial") but wrote to Speer in January 1946, during the trial: "I stand by you in misfortune as in the good days. I believe as before in your lucky star." On 10 August, as the trial approached its conclusion, Speer, anticipating the likelihood of a death sentence, wrote to Wolters asking him to "collect my work together for later ages and to recount much of my life. I think it will be honored one day." Despite his forebodings, Speer did not receive the death sentence, but on 1 October 1946 was given a sentence of twenty years in prison, and on 18 July 1947 was transferred to Spandau Prison to serve it.

Wolters and longtime Speer secretary Annemarie Kempf, while not permitted direct communication with Speer in Spandau, did what they could to help his family and carry out the requests Speer put in letters to his wife—the only written communication officially allowed Speer. Beginning in 1948, Speer had the services of a sympathetic Dutch orderly to smuggle mail. In 1949, Wolters opened a special bank account for Speer, the Schulgeldkonto or "School Fund Account", and began fundraising among those architects and industrialists who had benefited from Speer's activities during the war. At first the funds were used only to support Speer's family, but as the amounts grew and Speer's family became increasingly able to support itself, the money was used for everything from vacations for Speer's Spandau conduit, Toni Proost, to bribes for those who might be able to secure Speer's release. Once Speer became aware of the existence of the fund, he would often send detailed instructions about what to do with the money. Wolters raised a total of DM158,000 for Speer over the final seventeen years of his sentence.

In 1951, with secret means of communications established, Wolters sent his first letter to Speer in five years. He suggested that Speer move ahead with his memoirs. In January 1953, Speer began work on his draft memoirs, and over the next year lengthy missives, sometimes written on tobacco wrappings or candy wrappers but most often on toilet paper, made their way to Wolters' office in Coesfeld. Marion Riesser, who had continued as Wolters' secretary as he began private architectural practice, transcribed these notes into as many as forty closely typed pages per missive, and the draft totalled 1,100 pages. Wolters objected that Speer called Hitler a criminal in the draft, and Speer presciently observed that he would likely lose a good many friends were the memoirs ever to be published. Wolters had come to believe that reports of Nazi genocide were exaggerated by a factor of at least ten, that Hitler had not been given credit for the things he did right and that Germany had been harshly treated by the Allies.

In the mid-1950s, Wolters quarrelled with Kempf who effectively dropped out of the network for a number of years, adding to the burden on Wolters and Riesser. While Speer's pleas for his former associate and his former secretary to work together eventually brought about a healing of the breach, this was to some degree superficial as Kempf was aware that Wolters, even then, disagreed with Speer's opinions. Wolters questioned Speer's readiness to accept responsibility for the Nazi regime's excesses and did not believe Speer had anything to apologise for, though the strength of his feelings on this point was kept from Speer—but not from Kempf and Riesser.

Wolters was tireless in his efforts on behalf of Speer and his family to such an extent that his son, Fritz, later expressed feelings of neglect. For Speer's fiftieth birthday in March 1955, Wolters gathered letters from many of Speer's friends and wartime associates, and saw to it that they made their way inside the walls of Spandau in time for Speer's birthday. Wolters gave Speer's son Albert a summer job in his Düsseldorf office and a place to stay—in fact, Wolters hosted all six of the Speer children at one time or another. By prior arrangement, he and Speer tried to get in touch with each other by telepathy one New Year's Eve—but both men fell asleep before midnight struck.

Wolters constantly sought Speer's early release, which required the consent of the four occupying powers. He engaged Düsseldorf attorney, and later state minister, Werner Schütz to lobby high German officials to get them to advocate Speer's release. Schütz, who refused to ask for his expenses, was unsuccessful even though Lübke, West German President for the last seven years of Speer's incarceration, had worked under Speer. Wolters had more success fending off denazification proceedings against Speer, collecting many affidavits in Speer's favor, including one from Tessenow whom Speer had shielded during the war. Those proceedings dragged on for years, and were eventually ended by order of Willy Brandt, a strong supporter of Speer's.

As early as 1956, Wolters feared the effect that disclosure of the GBI's eviction of Jewish tenants might have on Speer. Wolters wrote to Kempf concerning the denazification proceedings, "I am only anxious about the matter of the clearance of Jew-flats in Berlin. That could be a bullseye.  And this is the point to which the defense should direct itself ..." In 1964, Speer mentioned to Wolters in a letter that he would need the Chronik as a reference in revising his memoirs upon his release. Wolter's response was to have Riesser retype the entire Chronik, leaving out any mention of the GBI's involvement in the persecution of the Jews, without telling Speer what he was doing. Wolters later wrote that he did this to correct mistakes, to leave out extraneous matters, and "above all to delete certain parts on the basis of which Speer and one or another of his colleagues could still have been prosecuted. The Ludwigsburg Central office for 'war crimes' was still at work and an end of the persecution of National Socialists was not in sight."

In April 1965, with only eighteen months left of Speer's sentence, Wolters wrote to him of their prospective reunion, " [I] t will have been twenty years since I saw you last. What will there be between us old codgers, aside of course from happy memories of skiing tours in the long distant past [?] ... Will you come to me mainly to take receipt of the promised gift I have held for you in our cellar—that long cured Westphalian ham, and those patiently waiting bottles of your favorite nectar: Johannisberger 1937?  Could these things of the senses end up being all that there is between us?  I am so happy that the moment approaches, but my heart is heavy ..."

According to Riesser, she thought that Wolters "was frightened of the reality of Speer". However, Kempf thought Wolters wished Speer ill. Speer was unaware of the depth of Wolters' feelings, and later told his biographer-to-be Joachim Fest that Wolters was the closest friend he had. Speer added that during the Spandau years, Wolters performed invaluable services for him and that he did not know how he would have survived Spandau without Wolters' assistance.

Throughout the latter part of Speer's imprisonment, Wolters was a faithful correspondent, writing lengthy letters to Speer at least once a month, attempting to tell Speer everything that might interest him but nothing that might hurt him. When Speer invented the concept of his "world wide walk", imagining his daily exercise around the prison yard to be segments in a long walk from Europe through Asia to North America, Wolters supplied Speer with details of what he would "see". Speer later stated, "In a manner of speaking, Rudi Wolters accompanied me on these walks." As midnight struck and 1 October 1966 began, Speer was released from Spandau Prison. His last use of the clandestine message system was to have a telegram sent to Wolters, in which Speer jokingly asked Wolters to pick him up thirty-five kilometres south of Guadalajara, Mexico, which he had "reached" after walking 31,936 kilometres.

Deterioration of relationship

After spending two weeks with his family, Speer came to Coesfeld to visit Wolters in October 1966. Shortly before Speer's visit, Annemarie Kempf had visited Wolters in Coesfeld to ask him not to allow his differences with Speer to affect their first meeting. Wolters responded that he and Speer were "too far apart". The visit was quickly marred by Speer's insistence on inviting industrialist Ernst Wolf Mommsen to Wolters' home instead of allowing a one-on-one reunion. According to Wolters' son Fritz, his father was furious and hurt by the perceived slight. While the actual meeting was casual and cordial (in addition to the long-promised ham and wine, Wolters turned over all of the accumulated papers from Speer, the censored copy of the Chronik and the remaining balance of DM25,000 in the School Fund Account), Wolters later wrote, "I knew that day of that first still merry reunion that the Spandau friendship was over. As he stood there, in person, I saw him suddenly quite differently than I had previously."

Wolters was perturbed by an interview with Speer published in Der Spiegel in November 1966, in which Speer, while again taking responsibility for crimes of the Nazi era, blamed Hitler, rather than Germany, for starting World War II. Wolters wrote to Speer on 30 November, describing Speer's assignment of blame as a "dangerous oversimplification made entirely from today's perspective ... You will surely remember that in 1939 we were all of the opinion that Hitler was Germany. Although we were certainly depressed rather than enthusiastic about the war in Poland, we surely considered that the responsibility for it was to be found in the provocative conduct by the Poles, and it was the British who made of it a world war." Wolters asked Speer to "concentrate wholly on what really happened, leaving aside what the world thinks of it now".

Their relationship was further embittered by Speer's failure to mention Wolters by name in Speer's first book based on the Spandau material, Inside the Third Reich. Speer's initial draft of the book, written while in Spandau, does mention his "old university friend, Dr. Rudolf Wolters, to whom was assigned the most essential task, the Prachtstrasse" in connection with the Berlin project. However, Wolters' name appears nowhere in the published version, and no mention is made of Wolters' help, essential to the writing and preservation of the draft memoir. Speer later told his future biographer, Gitta Sereny, that he did so to protect Wolters, since it might have been risky for Wolters to have been known to have assisted an imprisoned war criminal. Sereny notes in her biography of Speer that it would not have been in Speer's interest to have publicized Wolter's assistance, given the growing disagreement between them over Speer's statements. Wolter's son, Fritz, suggested that had Speer mentioned Wolters even once, "it would have made all the difference", since it would have shown that Speer acknowledged the debt he owed Wolters for his efforts during his incarceration.

After the German edition of Inside the Third Reich was published in late 1969, Speer proposed a visit to the embittered Wolters in Coesfeld. Wolters advised against it, sarcastically suggesting that he was surprised that the author did not "walk through life in a hair shirt, distributing his fortune among the victims of National Socialism, forswear all the vanities and pleasures of life and live on locusts and wild honey". Nevertheless, Wolters expressed a willingness to meet, proposing (rather pointedly) a meeting at Wolters' house on 19 November, Buß- und Bettag, the day of penance and prayer for German Protestants. Speer duly visited, and as the two sat down to lunch, enquired, "Where are the locusts?"

With research concluded upon Inside the Third Reich, Speer had donated the edited Chronik to the German Federal Archives in Koblenz in July 1969. David Irving compared the donated Chronik with a copy of the Chronik for 1943 in the Imperial War Museum in London, and discovered discrepancies. Irving asked the Archives and Speer the reason for the differences (which were minor compared with previous years). Speer requested an explanation from Wolters, and Wolters admitted the censorship by letter in January 1970, saying, "I wouldn't have put it past the Ludwigsbergern [German war crimes prosecutors] to launch an additional prosecution against you on the pretext that this charge [of evicting the Jews] was not included in the Nuremberg Indictment." Speer suggested that the pages of the Chronik dealing with the Jews should not exist, and informed the Archives that the original of the Chronik, from which the copy given to the Archives had been made, had disappeared. Wolters did not destroy the original as Speer had hinted.

Wolters' anger towards Speer burst into the open in 1971 after Speer did a lengthy interview for Playboy, in which he again took responsibility for Nazi crimes and blamed Hitler and his associates for the war.

What is the matter with you that, that even after the unending admissions of guilt in [ Inside the Third Reich ] you cannot stop representing yourself ever more radically as a criminal for whom twenty years in prison was "too little"? ... there appears to be a vast and incomprehensible discrepancy between your humble confessions and your present way of life. For the former would lead one to expect a Speer in sackcloth and ashes; I, however, know you as a merry fellow who undertakes one lovely journey after another and who happily regales his old chums with tales of his literary and financial successes ... [Y] our accusations against your former colleagues (Göring, Goebbels, Bormann, etc.) who, being dead, cannot defend themselves are agony to me ... I hope and think that the day will come when you will no longer find it necessary to confess your guilt to all and sundry in order to persuade yourself of your virtue.

Wolters concluded his letter with a suggestion that they avoid seeing each other in future, a suggestion with which Speer concurred. In spite of this, Wolters' wife Erika remained close friends with Margarete Speer, Albert Speer's wife. The two men had Christmas presents delivered to each other every year (Wolters sent Speer a ham, while receiving a pot of honey). Speer admitted that because he had had few friends, the estrangement hurt.

In 1975, Wolters attempted a reconciliation, sending Speer a letter for his seventieth birthday in March. Speer responded emotionally, pledging to come visit Wolters at the slightest hint. Speer wrote again two months later, telling Wolters that "despite all inherent contradictions, I am very attached to you". Nevertheless, the two men never met again.

Even in Speer's second book of memoirs, Spandau: The Secret Diaries, Wolters' name is not mentioned, and his hometown is changed; the text refers to him as Speer's "Coburg friend". Speer sent Wolters a copy of the book anyway, though Speer stated that he thought it likely that Wolters would let it sit in his bookcase unread. Wolters responded sarcastically in a letter which he signed, "Duke of Coburg," "I forgive you for not 'localizing' me in the diaries after your modest restraint in [ Inside the Third Reich ] . The author of the [ Chronik ], the temporary 'best friend', and the indefatigable contact for Spandau remains nonexistent."

Later life and death
Wolters bequeathed his papers to the Federal Archives, ensuring the record would be corrected one day. However, in late 1979, Speer was approached by Matthias Schmidt, a doctoral student, who sought answers to a number of questions for use in preparing his thesis. After answering Schmidt's questions, Speer referred Schmidt to Wolters for further information. Wolters took a liking to Schmidt, and showed him both the original Chronik and the correspondence in which Wolters had informed Speer of the censoring of the record. When confronted by Schmidt with this information, Speer both denied knowledge of the censorship and stated that the correspondence was not genuine. While Speer pledged not to take legal action against Schmidt for using the disputed papers (after obtaining his doctorate, Schmidt published his thesis as a book, Albert Speer: The End of a Myth), he made no such promise regarding Wolters. Speer published a formal revocation of a power of attorney he had given Wolters while in Spandau and disputed on legal grounds Wolters' right to the Chronik and other papers. The dispute was only ended by Speer's sudden death in London in September 1981.

Wolters died in January 1983 after a long illness. According to his son Fritz, his final word was "Albert". He had donated many of his papers to the Archives in 1982; after Wolters died, Riesser, as his literary executor, donated the remainder.

Books in German

 * Spezialist in Sibirien, Berlin: Wendt & Matthes Verlag, 1933.
 * Die Neue Reichskanzlei : Architekt Albert Speer, with Heinrich Wolff. Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1940.
 * Neue deutsche Baukunst, with Albert Speer. Berlin: Volk und Reich, 1943.
 * Albert Speer, Oldenburg: Stalling, 1943.
 * Vom Beruf des Baumeisters, Berlin: Volk und Reich, 1944.
 * Coesfeld Fragen und Antworten eines Städtebauers, Coesfeld: Kreisverwaltung, 1974.
 * Stadtmitte Berlin, Tübingen: Wasmuth, 1978. ISBN 978-3-8030-0130-6

title: Rudolf Wolters


text:
Talk:Aspergillus

Untitled
this genus is important in terms of eukaryotic riboswitch examples. Needs a section on this. 68.148.12.223 (talk) 22:56, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Additional picture
A. nidulans is used as a research organism.

Today I took a very detailed picture of aspergillus and uploaded it to commons. Should it be included here? Is it of any value for the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Multimotyl (talk • contribs) 21:36, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Ooh! Yes, nice picture!  Two questions though:

 * 1) Do you know what the round structures are?  Sporangia?  Or why some are white and others black?  These might be good details to add to the caption.  Someone at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fungi could surely help.
 * 2) More importantly, are you sure the fungus is an Aspergillus?  If not, it would probably be better to have the picture on mold or sporangium or whatever instead.
 * Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 03:45, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't know what are the round structures, but I have asked my friend who studies biology at the university about the fungus and she told me that it's Aspergillus. I'm not biologist, but curious photographer :-)Multimotyl (talk) 10:15, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I think some expert's opinion is needed here. I'm no expert, but I think Aspergillus' hyphae should NOT be possible to see like that without an actual microscope, I think these are much larger molds. If these were Aspergillus, the conydia should be around 2 micrometers, so the little "spheres" seen in the picture would be around 20 micrometers. At that size the tomato's cells should be evident, and I do not think there's a camera that can actually "zoom" that much. Sorry if my vocabulary wasn't technical enough, English is not my main language.
 * Chirigami (talk) 05:58, 1 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I guess we'd need to confirm, but I assumed these photographs were taken using a microscope.  Neither photograph's focal plane passes through the surface of the tomato, so that would explain why we can't see tomato cells. Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 09:25, 1 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Hey all, this picture was taken by an improvised micro lens. Width of this picture in real life is about 1 cm. Improvised macro lens - Nikon.jpg Multimotyl (talk) 11:23, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

Out of context reference to mites removed
I can't understand why the following sentences appear in the middle of the intro:

''Mites are common associate with mold as they occur in nature. Mites are in size commonly just about at the limit of visibility by the unaided eye.''

This comment doesn't add anything to the topic and looks as if someone just popped it in for no good reason. It is also very ungrammatical. I am removing it because of those reasons.

If it actually can be cleaned up and made relevant, it might be able to be used elsewhere in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.130.204.82 (talk) 18:01, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Mechanism of sake fermentation
Koji mold is not used to ferment sake, as stated in the article, but rather to break down the starches into sugars that the yeasts can process into alcohol. Sake is brewed using a process called "multiple parallel fermentation," in which the koji and yeast are active simultaneously. 67.40.184.142 (talk) 22:51, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:26, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Common Name
Does anyone know a common name for this family? 2600:387:F:812:0:0:0:9 (talk) 01:17, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aspergillus


text:
File:Who Came First.jpg

Summary
Who Came First Album, 1972, Pete Townshend.

title: File:Who Came First.jpg


text:
Talk:1926 in television

Untitled
In August 18 event description, what does NAA (as in "NAA Arlington") stand for? Can it be linked to something (like Arlington County, Virginia, may be)? I tried searching for it, but I was unable to find a definite answer. Help would be appreciated. Thanks.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus amurensis) 03:28, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have added a link to NAA (defunct) for information on the U.S. Navy radio station located at Arlignton, Virginia. Thomas H. White (talk) 12:14, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:1926 in television


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User:Jnet

Shouldn't you be contributing?

or at least trolling in [|Recent] changes?

title: User:Jnet


text:
National Quartet Convention

The National Quartet Convention (NQC) is an annual gathering of Southern Gospel quartets and musicians. It is held at the Leconte Center in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, United States.

History
The first National Quartet Convention was held in 1957. J. D. Sumner, Cecil Blackwood and James Blackwood of The Blackwood Brothers were the founders of the famous National Quartet Convention formerly held in Memphis, Tennessee. The National Quartet Convention featured all the major gospel groups at a three-day event at the Ellis Auditorium in Memphis. After the first couple of years, the NQC was moved to Birmingham, Alabama in 1959 and Atlanta, Georgia in 1960. It returned to Memphis in 1961 and was drawing annual crowds of 20,000 by the mid-1960s. Sumner bought the convention in 1971 and moved it to Nashville, Tennessee in 1972, where it remained until 1993. After 1993, it was moved to a new home, Louisville, Kentucky. In 2014 the convention moved to Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, which is the home of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame.

Events
Over the years, the National Quartet Convention grew from three days of concerts to a six-day multi-purpose event. A main attraction is the exhibit hall with approximately 500 booths where artists, record labels, CD duplication plants, media entities, booking agents, Christian bookstores, and other industry related organizations display their products and offer their services. The week is largely attended by the older generation but lately due to the popularity of groups such as the Booth Brothers, Ernie Haase & Signature Sound, Legacy Five, The Collingsworth Family and the Gaither Vocal Band, the fans are becoming younger. Fans meet their favorite artists in the exhibit area.

A concert is held each evening in the Leconte Center at Pigeon Forge, typically approaches sellout numbers for the concerts. These concerts years past ran for approximately six hours but in 2009 they have shortened the evening to five hours, 6 p.m. to 11 p.m. and feature non-stop music from the major Southern Gospel artists spaced at 10-20 minute intervals. The Singing News used to present the Fan Award on the Thursday night of the week but it was changed to Saturday night in 2009. Afternoons are devoted to showcases, some for new talent and others for conceptual events. For example, a couple of popular showcases have been Mike Speck's "Choral Music Extravaganza." and "Glorious Piano Extravaganza" featuring the best in southern gospel music piano players. These are usually the highlights of the afternoons. There is a talent competition during the week as well.

In addition to the events for the fans, industry members routinely schedule meetings and even recording sessions to coincide with the convention. Groups needing to replace a member make new contacts at NQC and sometimes conduct auditions during the week. Various business deals are made or renegotiated. Hoping to gain exposure, up and coming artists schedule showcases at nearby hotels. Record labels court radio and media by feeding them meals, taking them on riverboat cruises and facilitating access for interviews with the artists.

In the late 1990s, the convention added three additional events designed to take the Southern Gospel convention experience to regions distant from Louisville. These new events were the Great Western Convention in Fresno, California; the Canadian Quartet Convention in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada; and the Central Canada Gospel Quartet Convention in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Within a few years, though, they had sold or abandoned those events in favor of focusing on the main event in Louisville.

Noteworthy events at National Quartet Conventions
1999: Glen Payne made his final public performance via telephone from his hospital room at Vanderbilt Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee. He performed "I Won't Have to Cross Jordan Alone" at the request of George Younce, his singing partner from The Cathedral Quartet. Glen died one month later.

2005: Lauren Talley, Jason Crabb, and several other young Southern Gospel vocalists joined to record an album called "The Torch". "The Race", a song from the album, was voted #1 on some local charts in late 2005.

2007: Ivan Parker became the first soloist to take the Convention stage in 25 years.

2013: Tracy Stuffle of The Perrys joined his wife Libbi Perry-Stuffle on stage via FaceTime on her iPhone. Tracey had been unable to attend in person following a stroke suffered January 21, 2013. In a pre-recorded video message he stated he planned to attend the 2014 NQC in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee.

2013: Brazilian Christian group Quarteto Gileade, based in Rio Verde, Goiás, sang Handel's Hallelujah Chorus in Portuguese, becoming the first non-American group to perform at the main stage of the NQC. Many foreign groups have attended the convention over the years, some also sang in the showcase afternoons, but none had made it to the main stage until then. In the following year, they performed again at the main stage, singing Gold City's "I Get Down" in English with some verses in Portuguese, being joined after by Gold City themselves.

title: National Quartet Convention


text: Category:Kart manufacturers

title: Category:Kart manufacturers


text:
Krackel

Krackel is a chocolate bar with crisped rice pieces made by The Hershey Company and first introduced on September 14, 1938.

Overview
Krackel contains milk chocolate and crisped rice. Krackel originally sold as an individual chocolate bar product until 1997, and for 17 years it was available only as one of the four varieties of Hershey's Miniatures until it was reintroduced as an individual candy bar in 2014. The full-sized version has since been discontinued again, and it is now available only in the miniature version.

Ingredients
Introduced in 1938, Krackel used to have almonds in its formula, until peanuts were then added in the recipe in 1939, but both the almonds and peanuts were removed in 1941 to be replaced with the new crisped rice balls that measure about 2 mm in diameter. The full-sized 4.5-ounce Krackel chocolate bar reintroduced in 2014 contained roughly the same ingredients. Although its ingredients typically do not contain gluten, Hershey does not list Krackel as gluten free, in part because grains can be contaminated with other, gluten-containing ones accidentally.

Packaging
The product's packaging can be identified by its distinctive red background, white lettering, and yellow fine print. In 2014, as part of a company-wide sustainability program, Krackel wrappers, as well as the other Hershey chocolate miniatures, underwent a makeover said to save an estimated 270,000 pounds of paper per year or an estimated 1,950 trees annually.

title: Krackel


text:
Chad Bradford

Chadwick Lee Bradford (born September 14, 1974) is a former American professional relief pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) on the Chicago White Sox, Oakland Athletics, Boston Red Sox, New York Mets, Baltimore Orioles, and Tampa Bay Rays between 1998 to 2009.

Bradford was a submarine-style pitcher and his fastball was only in the mid 80-mph range. He figured prominently in the Michael Lewis book Moneyball, which in 2011 was made into the film of the same title. Bradford is played by actor Casey Bond in the film.

Early life
Bradford was born in Byram, Mississippi. His father had suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed, so that he could only throw underhand when playing catch with his son. Author Michael Lewis speculates that memories of his father's throwing motion may have contributed to the development of Bradford's pitching style.

Bradford went to Byram High School. Unlike most players who become major leaguers, he had not exhibited outstanding athletic talent through the early years of high school. But his high school coach suggested he try sidearm pitching after learning some tips about the approach from a professional player. This technique brought him enough success to get a spot on the teams of Hinds Community College and the University of Southern Mississippi.

Chicago White Sox
The Chicago White Sox selected Bradford in the 34th round (957th overall) of the 1994 MLB draft, but he elected to stay in college through 1996. The White Sox—the only major league team that had even scouted him —re-drafted him in the 13th round (377th overall) of the 1996 MLB draft. He made his MLB debut on August 1, 1998 at the age of 23. In 29 games, Bradford was 2–1 with a 3.23 ERA and 11 strikeouts in 30.2 innings.

In 1999, Bradford made only three appearances in the majors while spending most of the season with the Triple-A Charlotte Knights. He was successful as a September call-up in 2000, going 1–0 with a 1.98 ERA in 12 relief appearances. He also pitched one game in the American League Division Series against the Seattle Mariners, pitching $0 2/3$ scoreless innings as the White Sox lost the series.

Oakland Athletics
On December 7, 2000, the White Sox traded Bradford to the Oakland Athletics for catcher Miguel Olivo. From 2001 to 2004, Bradford was a specialty reliever for the Athletics, having success against right-handed hitters. Bradford was a part of the A's 20 consecutive game winning streak in 2002. His ERA stayed around 3.00 for his career until 2004, when mounting back pain forced him on to the disabled list.

Boston Red Sox
On July 13, 2005, the Boston Red Sox acquired Bradford from Oakland in a trade for outfielder Jay Payton. Bradford, on the disabled list since undergoing lower back surgery March 7, was activated after the All-Star break. In 31 appearances with Boston, Bradford went 2–1 and had a 3.86 ERA with a 1.414 WHIP in $23 1/3$ innings. After the season, he became a free agent.

New York Mets
On December 27, 2005, Bradford signed a one-year, $1.4 million contract with the New York Mets, where he was reunited with Rick Peterson, his pitching coach from the Athletics. He had a very solid year in 2006 as a right-handed specialist out of the bullpen, going 4–2 with a 2.90 ERA in 70 games.

Baltimore Orioles
On November 28, 2006, Bradford signed a three-year, $10.5 million deal with the Baltimore Orioles. On May 31, 2008, Manny Ramirez hit his 500th career home run off of Bradford.

Tampa Bay Rays
On August 7, 2008, Bradford was traded to the Tampa Bay Rays for a player to be named later. With a lot of postseason experience under his belt, Bradford shone in the 2008 playoffs and played a big part in Tampa Bay's World Series run. Bradford pitched in the 2008 World Series, allowing only one hit in two innings for Tampa Bay.

Bradford remained with the Rays into 2009; however, he began the season on the disabled list after injuring his elbow in spring training. Bradford returned in June but shortly thereafter returned to the disabled list, this time after injuring his back while warming up. Bradford was sidelined again at the end of the season with various pains. When on the mound, he was of questionable effectiveness, allowing 22 hits in 10 innings. Largely because of recurring injuries, Bradford told the St. Petersburg Times after the season that he was considering retirement. With no media attention and no interest from MLB clubs, Bradford retired and went to work as a coach in Mississippi.

In 24 career postseason games, Bradford posted a 0.39 ERA, allowing just one run.

Pitching style
Bradford was a finesse pitcher who specialized in pitching to contact, posting low strikeout and walk rates. Bradford's fastball, never faster than 85 mph, averaged a relatively low 80 mph in the later parts of his career. Bradford threw it more than half the time. Bradford's second pitch was a curveball that averaged just below 70 mph, while his third was a changeup.

Bradford held right-handed batters to just .588 OPS; however, left-handed hitters had .843 OPS and .408 on-base percentage against him. Bradford was used more against right-handed hitters, with left-handed hitters accounting for less than a third of Bradford's career total batters faced.

Personal life
, Bradford identified as an evangelical Christian.

title: Chad Bradford


text: User talk:59.57.143.71

title: User talk:59.57.143.71


text:
Neuron (journal)

Neuron is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cell Press, an imprint of Elsevier. Established in 1988, it covers neuroscience and related biological processes.

The current editor-in-chief is Mariela Zirlinger. The founding editors were Lily Jan, A. James Hudspeth, Louis Reichardt, Roger Nicoll, and Zach Hall. A past editor-in-chief was Katja Brose.

title: Neuron (journal)


text:
Mr. Goodbar

Mr. Goodbar is a candy bar containing peanuts and chocolate, whose packaging is identifiable by its yellow background and red text. It is manufactured by The Hershey Company and was introduced in 1925.

History
Although the Hershey Milk Chocolate Bar with Almonds had been produced since 1908, Milton Hershey initially did not want the Hershey brand name associated with a chocolate bar that contained peanuts, so it was introduced as being produced by the "Chocolate Sales Corporation" (a fictitious company name created by William Murrie). It is currently available both as an individual product and as one of the varieties of Hershey's Miniatures.

During the Great Depression, sales of Hershey's products dropped by fifty percent. Milton Hershey, determined not to let it affect his employees and the town he created for them, refused advice to lay off workers. Instead, he directed the company to find an alternate means of bolstering revenue. The company began a marketing campaign promoting the candy bar as a protein-rich meal due to the peanuts it contained. Coupled with a new price of two bars for a nickel, reduced work hours and cancelled bonuses, The Hershey Company came out of the Depression in a strong position, and by 1936, profits had reached a level ten times that of the company payroll.

Ingredient changes to reduce production costs
The formula was modified in 1995 to add more peanuts.

In 2008, Hershey replaced cocoa butter with cheaper oil substitutes. Hershey changed the description of the product and altered the packaging slightly along with the ingredients. Though the formula contained chocolate, according to United States Food and Drug Administration food labeling laws, these modified recipes that do not contain cocoa butter cannot be legally described as milk chocolate.

title: Mr. Goodbar


text:
J. G. Whitfield

Jesse Gillis Whitfield (1915–2006), also known as J.G. or Whit, was a gospel musician, music promoter, and a member of the Southern Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame.

Biography
After serving in the Air Force, Whitfield worked in the grocery business in Florida. In 1947, as a bass singer, he founded and managed the Southern gospel group, Gospel Melody Quartet, composed of his friends. Several personnel changes followed including the additions Glen Allred in 1952 and Les Beasley in 1953. Whitfield was eventually persuaded to change the group's name to the Florida Boys in 1954. He continued to manage and sing bass until he left the group in 1958 in order to avoid traveling away from his family.

Whitfield formed the Dixie Echoes, another Florida-based group. Whitfield worked as a concert promoter across the South, helping to launch the Gospel Singing Jubilee television program. In 1969, he began publishing the Singing News to promote his concerts.

Mr. Whitfield also sang bass in a little-known northwest Florida Southern Gospel Group called "The Workmen Quartet." This was the last group he sang with. Note: He did not start this quartet.

He was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1990. The Southern Gospel Music Association inducted Whitfield into the Hall of Fame in 1997.

title: J. G. Whitfield


title: File:Earth2160box.JPG


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Division No. 6, Alberta

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep --Allen3 talk 00:39, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

Division No. 6, Alberta
Delete Not notable. Created only by Statistics Canada for census purposes, little to no local knowledge of census divisions. List of attractions, etc, can easily be integrated into the Calgary or surrounding towns articles. Kirjtc2 03:33, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Keep. Not too interesting, but nonetheless it exists, it's probably going to be around for a long time, it's probably going to be referred to now and again, and it's something somebody may need to look up. Might be a candidate for a merge, though. Gzuckier 05:32, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Keep. Is still being worked on and is part of lager a series. (template:alberta)Series does not yet contain other articles, but I bet it soon will. May be up for a merge, but Alberta and Calgary are large enough already that they don't need to be filled with a bunch of statistical data. Zhatt 05:37, July 15, 2005

Keep. Equivelant to a county in the U.S. Please do not waste our times! -- Earl Andrew - talk 06:03, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You can cut out the attitude, it isn't very becoming. This article should be renamed Greater Calgary Area, and merged with the Calgary Regional Partnership article.  Nuff said. Snickerdo 06:10, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Comment Actually not equivalent to counties. Alberta has counties that StatsCan counts as CSDs. This would be like an article on a school district. Kirjtc2 06:10, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes it is like a U.S. county, in terms of it being the level below the province. It has no governance however, but is a statistical region. -- Earl Andrew - talk 06:14, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That's exactly the point. Statistical regions aren't really all that notable. Nobody's going to go to wikipedia to look up what attractions or protected areas are in "Division No. 6". At most I can see a small article with the population and some other stats, but this page is made out to look like a major well-known government district. Kirjtc2 06:17, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, it's only fair that Alberta's Census divisions get the same treatment as Quebec's or Ontario's -- Earl Andrew - talk 06:43, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Why? People in Ontario and Quebec know their counties/MRCs/etc. They have a cultural meaning there. People in Alberta do not know their census divisions. There is NO cultural meaning. Please stop creating useless articles on things only census nuts know about. Kirjtc2 17:53, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know very many people familiar with either system really. It just is us census nuts who do. Again, I point you to my Alaska Boroughs example. Clearly census entities are worthy of articles, like it or not. Even the Province of Alberta Statistics Division uses CD's. The Manitoba federation of Municipalities even gave their census divisions names for organizing purposes. -- Earl Andrew - talk 18:11, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Province of Alberta *Statistics* Division. Basically a provincial version of StatsCan. And seeing your updates to the Census division article, does this mean all the health regions, school districts, etc are going to get articles on here? Kirjtc2 22:09, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Some school districts have articles, check out Ottawa-Carleton District School Board. -- Earl Andrew - talk 23:04, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, unless there is evidence that census divisions have significant cultural meaning to the average Canadian who is not a census administrator. After looking over the census division article, it does seem like this is a logical way to break Canadian provinces down locally, so I'm changing to keep.  Dcarrano 08:28, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Why? We have articles on the Census Boroughs of Alaska, and they pretty much serve the same purpose! -- Earl Andrew - talk 08:54, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Keep per above Youngamerican 13:02, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Keep logical way of breaking down articles that would otherwise probably become too massive Sam Vimes 16:43, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please it seems notable to me Yuckfoo!~

Keep notable --Simon.Pole 00:59, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Revolución 02:07, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep real place, real community of interest, real trees, real things. Really. Grutness...  wha?  04:01, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Do people in Calgary even know what Division No. 6 is, let alone people outside of the city? Rename the article Greater Calgary or something, as that would make a lot more sense. Snickerdo 06:06, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * We already have an article on the Greater Calgary Area- which has entirely different boundaries. Besides, how many Torontonians can say what census division they live in? They would give you a blank stare, but that is no reason to delete our article on Toronto. -- Earl Andrew - talk 07:25, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Um, the average person in the Greater Toronto Area knows what county/region they live in, and the names are used on a day-to-day basis. 'York Region' 'Durham Region' 'Peel Region' etc are as much a norm in day-to-day conversation as they are a part of Ontario Culture.  Police forces, school boards, municipal services, etc are named after these census divisions.   The same cannot be said for people in Alberta - Do the Division No. 6 Regional Police exist?  How about the Division No. 6 District School board?  Or the Division No. 6 Transit Comission?  The content of the article itself are fine, but this article needs a different name and/or to be merged with one of the other Calgary articles.  The only people with blank stares are the people reading this article and wondering what the hell it is talking about, and I think your zealous attitude towards this article needs to be adjusted.  Rational comments are acceptable, but going on a tagent and making wild and false claims to justify your cause is, well, rather stupid. Snickerdo 08:20, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Those things you listed off don't exist because, well, Div. 6 is not as dense as other census divisions. So what's your point? -Tyson2k
 * What justifies notablity is not whether everyone knows about it anyways. The fact is, it's a place, and places exist- and therefore should have an article. It's not an insignifigant place either- it has over 1,000,000 people. Whether or not people have heard of it is not the issue. Wikipedia is not a polling firm. The fact is, StatsCan says it exists- so it does. Why dont we just delete all the Census Boroughs in Alaska while we're at it? They aren't notable either by your definition. -- Earl Andrew - talk 09:17, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not a place as much as an entity created by StatsCan. Here in New Brunswick the province draws its school district boundaries irrespective to anything else, and they're numbered too. Are you going to say we should have articles for all 18 school districts, with a list of attractions and parks? If you're going to list attractions, MPs, highways in this article, then I suggest you add a complete list of them nationwide to Demographics of Canada. It would serve the same purpose. Kirjtc2 16:59, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Alaskan Census Borough pages don't contain any information beyond the simple census data. You are trying to make this article into some grand central source for everything around Calgary.  You could argue about keeping this page about simple census data, but having information such as highways, MPs, MLAs, attractions, etc goes well beyond the whole point of the census area to begin with.  This page MUST be altered and/or moved to a page more fitting for the data it contains.  End of story. Snickerdo 10:14, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not just a statistical division, it's a geographical division as well. The Alaskan boroughs all have information on their geography. There may not be lists of highways and parks, but I guaruntee if someone were to add them, no one would fight over it. -- Earl Andrew - talk 19:04, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How is it a geographical division? Who outside of stats bureaus uses this? As I've been trying to say, it might be gread for disseminating data, but it has zero cultural significance. Kirjtc2 05:39, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I never said it was a cultural division, but how is not a geographic division? It has borders, and is shown on various maps of geography. Again, look at the Alaskan boroughs. They all have geography sections. -- Earl Andrew - talk 06:21, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per Zhatt's reasoning. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 10:17, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment Also, before anyone makes any sudden judgements, I would first take a look at the various Alaskan Census Borough articles. A list of them is available in the List of Alaska borough and census area name etymologies article.  Earl seems quick to point out the notability of these articles, but at the same time these articles contain nothing more than simple census data.  Listing attractions, MPs, MLAs, highways, etc is beyond the scope of a simple 'census' article, regardless of what Earl would have you believe.  What's next, a Wikipedia article for every single census tract that StatsCan has created for every single CMA?  If this article is kept in its current form, I propose that Earl be forced to create an article for every single census tract within the Calgary CMA, and update it and defend it with the same zeal as he does this particular article - after all, if we're making articles for un-named census areas that serve no purpose other than gathering statistical data, we may as well do the same for individual community tracts!  Otherwise, I think it's time for a merger and a move. Snickerdo 10:22, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I am sorry if information is such a bad thing for an encyclopedia. Heaven forbid there be information in an encylopedia! And, it is not wiki convention to force its users to do anything. Census Tracts aren't something I think would pass the notablity test. (I have no American examples to justify ;-) ) -- Earl Andrew - talk 10:38, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Information is great, but information that can't be used for practical purposes is almost as bad as no information at all. This is the whole reason why we're having this debate.  As for census tracts, I'm sure the census tract containing Queen's Park or Parliament Hill would pass the notability test - but is it practical?  I'd just as equally argue the deletion of those articles just as much as this one. Snickerdo 10:50, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewrite: Since Alberta census divisions are not based on real-world municipal organization, the article is definitely needed, but it should be confined to things related to the census. A section like "Attractions", for example, should appear under counties or whatever that people in Alberta would actually know (unless there's an actual "Division No. 6 Tourism Association"). Peter Grey 22:22, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep obviously. Fawcett5 23:40, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Peter Grey's reasoning. Stick to the raison d'etre of "Division No. 6" (eg. emphasize census data) plus a little info to help a reader understand where/what is being discussed. - maclean25 06:57, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep These divisions are not all relevant, but some such as this one (see also, the Greater Vancouver Regional District) are actually more important. In the case of Div. 6, it essentially represents an area that corresponds to Calgary's metropolitan area, but is distinct from its censused CMA. This is not unlike the GVRD. Alberta just happens to number these divisions instead of name them as is the case in BC. -Tyson2k
 * Actually, that's not quite the case. There's a difference between the Calgary Regional Partnership and the numbered census divison.  It's also interesting to note that the Greater Toronto Area is spread out over at least five seperate census divisions, and the Golden Horseshoe is spread out over even more. Snickerdo 06:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well... you're right, the CRP is completely different. It is also a corporation and not a census boundary. However, even though they do not complettely match, Div. 6 is the basis for Calgary's StatsCan CMA (same as the GTA and the GVRD). It is also the basis for the boudaries of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor and the Calgary Health Region, which are also StatsCan divisions. So, you're right, Div. 6 does not equal Calgary's metropolitan area, however, as a boundary, it is no less relevant that any of the other afformentioned regions. -Tyson2k
 * The Greater Toronto Area and the Toronto CMA are entirly different things. For example, Oshawa is in its own CMA, while still considered part of the GTA.  Just the same, Orangeville is part of the CMA, but not considered part of the GTA, as it is not within Halton, Peel, York, Durham or the city of Toronto itself.  The difference here is that each one of those regions is its own census division, has a cultural tie to the region around it, and each one serves more of a purpose than simply keeping track of StatsCan data.
 * OK, how's this: the article stays, but only census statistics and other relevant data is included. No lists of MLAs, parks or museums. Good enough? :) Kirjtc2 05:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think everyone here can agree on that. The MPs/MLAs/parks/etc should be put into the individual regional and municipal articles. Snickerdo 06:16, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If you remove those from the Div. 6 article then you MUST be consistent and remove them from the other census division articles where they exist (such as Division No. 11, Alberta). Then perhaps some of them should be added to the Calgary Regional Partnership article. -Tyson2k
 * You seem to forget that in other provinces, a census division is used for more than book-keeping purposes. In Ontario, they follow the same boundries as the counties, regions and districts, which are actual legal entities on their own. Snickerdo 19:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I dont agree on that at all. -- Earl Andrew - talk 08:04, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * We already know you don't agree. Your attitude during the course of this entire debate has shown that you aren't open to any discussion on this matter.  That is unfortunate. Snickerdo 19:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Earl, even the Ontario census division articles don't generally list politicians and attractions and such; they simply list the cities and towns within those divisions. A few do have "attractions" lists, but those should really be listed mainly in the individual towns and cities. The articles for Toronto, Ottawa, Hamilton and Greater Sudbury are a different matter entirely from most census division articles, because those census divisions are actually single united cities, and thus their articles simultaneously function as city articles; most Ontario census divisions don't work that way. So the Alberta census divisions, which also don't work that way, have to be treated less like Toronto and more like Frontenac County. Bearcat 17:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven't gotten to them all you know. I'm starting with the more populated ones, like this one, and Peel, and York, etc and working my way down the list :) -- Earl Andrew - talk 19:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

I do have to support keeping this; whether it's common knowledge or not, it is a region with definable boundaries which serves an important purpose that fits within the definition of what Wikipedia is supposed to cover. Bearcat 17:42, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Comment: I think what's unfortunate here is that Alberta has chosen to number its census divisions. Snickerdo is right that many Calgarians do not know what Div. 6 is while most Ontarians know the "Peel Region" and many Vancouverites know the "GVRD". HOWEVER, even though names like Peel Region and GVRD make much more sense than Division No. 6, they are NO different. They mean exactly the same thing to StatsCan. All census divisions in BC are "Something Regional District", most census divisions in Ontario are "Something Region" (GTA is not quite the same thing) and all census divions in Alberta are "Division No. #". It's not very descriptive, and so nobody pays much attention to it. However, since it means exactly the same thing as something like the Greater Vancouver Regional District, then it should stay in Wikipedia for exactly the same reasons. Modify the article if necessary, but I have voted to keep it. -Tyson2k
 * I agree completely, and I do believe you are an Albertan as well? -- Earl Andrew - talk 19:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I am. -Tyson2k
 * The Greater Toronto Area is not a census division. It's actually a combo of the CMA and the regions surrounding Toronto.  It doesn't even exist as a legal entity, and is rather used as a rough reference to the areas surrounding Toronto by various businesses, tourist groups and chambers of commerce.  The whole debate here is the fact that Alberta's "Census Divisions" exist for no reason beyond book-keeping purposes.  In Ontario and British Columbia, the census divisons also follow legal municipal boundries, and have a cultural link to the community.  Sorry Earl, but writing an article is not going to suddenly make "District 6" a part of the Calgary culture. Snickerdo 19:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The GTA is a lot like the CRP. Agreed... it is not a legal division. I don't believe I ever made that case. However, Div. 6 DOES follow legal municipal boundaries like true census divisions in Ontario and BC do. Why do you think they don't? Look at the northern boundary of the municipality of Rockeyview and Div.6.... they are THE SAME. Furthermore, I would say that there is very little cultural similarity between communities in the GVRD (not unlike Div. 6). I have lived in both Calgary and Vancouver and can tell you that CULTURALLY Aldergrove is no more like Vancouver than Airdrie is like Calgary. The way of life, the ethnic/racial composition, and the socioeconomics of the cities of the GVRD are very different. I am not going to list off stats, but there is plenty of information at StatsCan if you need a source. -Tyson2k
 * You totally missed my point. The individual census divisions of Ontario are actual legal entities onto themselves.  Even the Greater Vancouver Regional District is exactly that - it is a regional municipality, and even has an upper-tier government.  What government does District 6 have?  Is there a 'District 6 Health and Welfare Department' ?  Is there a 'District 6 Regional Police Service' ?  District 6 has ZERO impact on anyone in the area, nadda, zip.  GRVD and the various Regions and Counties, however, play a significant impact on a BC and Ontarian's day-to-day lives.  Hell, I live off of Niagara Regional Road 83.  Could you please show me where Alberta Census Division Number 6 Road 83 is?  It's a census article, nothing more. Snickerdo 01:47, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Internal political divisions in eastern Canada operate completely differentely than those in western Canada. The same is true for counties and municipalities in the west. They have very little political or legal power. No division in western Canada greater than that of the municipality has its own police force for example. BC's system is identical to Alberta's. The GVRD does operate a parks network and a transit system, but only by virtue of the fact that it has been incorporated and follows the StatsCan-determined boundaries of Greater Vancouver (it is the same situation that would arise if the boundaries of the CRP or the Calgary CMA were to correspond exactly to that of Div. 6, which they don't). You will not find the same in the BC division of the Caribou Regional District for instance. And the same is true everywhere in western Canada whereby provinces are governed almost exclusively by the provincial government without internal divisions. What do governance and political structure have to with whether or not this article should be kept anyway? Police forces, transit systems, etc, are a direct reflection of an area's government or lack thereof. Boundaries and divisions are no less valid in their absence. The boundaries of Div. 6 correspond exactly to the legal boundaries of the municipalities contained within it. Thus, it is a legitimate division which happens to be one unit of magnitude larger than the municipality and one unit smaller than the province itself... just like the GVRD. -Tyson2k
 * I actually have talked to Albertans. None of them had ever heard of Division 6. Kirjtc2 21:05, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I demand sources! ;-) -- Earl Andrew - talk 21:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Clear keep. Census divisions are important and encyclopedic. Talk of what belongs on such pages belong on talk pages. Double Blue  (Talk) 03:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I can't see a purpose for this article other than duplicating StatsCan data. --NormanEinstein 00:01, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I live in Calgary and have heard of and seen maps of the census divisions. --Cloveious 00:17, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as long it's kept up-to-date. A map showing the names of the member municipalities would make the article quite useful.  It's impractical to fit the names and borders of every community on a provincial map, but might be possible on a Division map.  It lets people learn about Alberta, one piece at a time.  Ideally people should be start at the Alberta page, work (drill) down to the division level (with a map showing each), then go down to an individual municipality.  Divisions give a nice middle step, even with no legal signficance.  --rob 09:39, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Pluteaceae

The Pluteaceae are a family of small to medium-sized mushrooms which have free gill attachment and pink spores. Members of Pluteaceae can be mistaken for members of Entolomataceae, but can be distinguished by the angled spores and attached gills of the Entolomataceae. The four genera in the Pluteaceae comprise the widely distributed Volvariella and Pluteus, the rare Chamaeota, and Volvopluteus, which was newly described in 2011 as a result of molecular analysis. The Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008) estimates there are 364 species in the family.

Selected species

 * Pluteus cervinus, synonym Pluteus atricapillus, or deer mushroom
 * Pluteus concentricus
 * Pluteus leoninus
 * Pluteus murinus
 * Pluteus salicinus, or the knackers crumpet (hallucinogenic)
 * Volvariella volvacea
 * Volvopluteus gloiocephalus

title: Pluteaceae


text:
Hershey's Special Dark

Hershey's Special Dark is a chocolate bar manufactured by The Hershey Company.

History
In 1894, before the introduction of the milk chocolate Hershey bar in 1900, the Hershey Chocolate Company manufactured and marketed "vanilla sweet chocolate" a semi-sweet chocolate. This bar has been described as the "first" American candy bar. The company continued to provide semi-sweet chocolate products and in the 1930s a Not-So-Sweet bar and in 1939, added the Bitter-Sweet bar to Hershey's Miniatures. The Hershey's Semi-Sweet bar was being sold in the market in the 1960s.

Miniatures
Hershey's Special Dark is a component of the traditional Hershey's Miniatures assortment first sold in 1939, when the Special Dark was called Bitter-Sweet.

In 2006, Hershey's began selling Hershey's Special Dark Miniatures, which included the plain Special Dark bar, along with dark bars with peanuts (similar to a Mr. Goodbar) and with crisped rice (similar to a Krackel).

Hershey's Extra Dark
Hershey's Extra Dark a product very similar to the Special Dark, was introduced in 2009, and discontinued in 2012. Three varieties produced were solid chocolate; chocolate with macadamia nuts and dried cranberries; and chocolate with cranberries, blueberries, pomegranate, and almonds. Hershey's marketing emphasized the antioxidant qualities of these bars' ingredients. Additionally, Hershey's Extra Dark contained 60% cocoa solids, while Hershey's Special Dark contains 45% cocoa solids.

Ingredients
Special Dark is similar to a standard Hershey bar, but is made with a dark (or semi-sweet) variety of chocolate, and contains a higher percentage (45%) of cocoa solids, chocolate liquor and cocoa butter than milk chocolate.

Full ingredients include: Sugar, Chocolate, Cocoa Butter, Cocoa Processed With Alkali, Milk Fat; Lactose (Milk), Soy Lecithin, PGPR, Natural Flavor, Milk

title: Hershey's Special Dark


text:
Nina Siemaszko

Antonina Jadwiga Siemaszko (born July 14, 1970) is an American actress, best known for her film roles in Little Noises (1991), The Saint of Fort Washington (1993), and for her role as Eleanor Bartlet in The West Wing (2001–2006).

Biography
Siemaszko was born in Chicago. Her father, Konstanty Siemaszko, was a Polish-born Roman Catholic, and a survivor of the Polish Underground and the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. He escaped to the United Kingdom where he met Nina's mother, Collette McAllister. One of her brothers is actor Casey Siemaszko. Her other brother, Corky, is a writer for the Daily News and a reporter at NBC News. She attended The Theatre School at DePaul University. She played an undercover cop in Reservoir Dogs featured in a scene that wound up on the cutting room floor ensuring that the work became a rare example of a film containing no dialogue delivered by an actress. It was released on DVD. She played Mia Farrow in the CBS miniseries Sinatra. She played the leading role in Wild Orchid II: Two Shades of Blue.

title: Nina Siemaszko