text:
Hybrid electric bus

A hybrid electric bus is a bus that combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. These type of buses normally use a Diesel–electric powertrain and are also known as hybrid Diesel–electric buses.

The introduction of hybrid electric vehicles and other green vehicles for purposes of public transport forms a part of sustainable transport schemes.

Types of hybrid vehicle drivetrain
A hybrid electric bus may have either a parallel powertrain (e.g., Volvo B5LH) or a series powertrain (e.g., some versions of the Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC). Since 2003, Allison Transmission has produced dual-mode hybrid drive units which take the place of a conventional transmission, mostly for transit buses in North America; as the name implies, it is able to switch between series and parallel modes.

Plug-in hybrid
A plug-in hybrid school bus effort began in 2003 in Raleigh, NC, when Advanced Energy began working between districts across the country and manufacturers to understand the needs of both. The effort demonstrated both a technical and business feasibility and as a result was able to secure funding in 2005 from NASEO to purchase up to 20 buses. The resulting RFP from Advanced Energy was won by IC Bus using a product jointly produced with Enova for a 22-mile plug-in hybrid product with a $140k premium over existing buses. The buses performed well in testing with 70% reductions in fuel usage although only in specific conditions.

The United States Department of Energy (USDOE) announced the selection of Navistar Corporation for a cost-shared award of up to $10 million to develop, test, and deploy plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) school buses. The project aims to deploy 60 vehicles for a three-year period in school bus fleets across the nation. The vehicles will be capable of running in either electric-only or hybrid modes and will be recharged from a standard electrical outlet. Because electricity will be their primary fuel, they will consume less petroleum than standard vehicles. To develop the PHEV school bus, Navistar will examine a range of hybrid architectures and evaluate advanced energy storage devices, with the goal of developing a vehicle with a 40 mi electric range. Travel beyond the 40 mi range will be facilitated by a clean Diesel engine capable of running on renewable fuels. The DOE funding will cover up to half of the project's cost and will be provided over three years, subject to annual appropriations.

Tribrid Bus

 * Tribrid buses have been developed by the University of Glamorgan in Wales. They are powered by hydrogen fuel or solar cells, batteries and ultracapacitors.

Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
A report prepared by Purdue University suggests introducing more hybrid Diesel–electric buses and a fuel containing 20% biodiesel (BD20) would further reduce greenhouse emissions and petroleum consumption.

Manufacturers
Current manufacturers of Diesel–electric hybrid buses include Alexander Dennis, Azure Dynamics Corporation, Ebus, Eletra (Brazil), New Flyer Industries, Tata (India), Gillig, Motor Coach Industries, Novabus, Orion Bus Industries, Daimler AG's Mitsubishi Fuso, MAN,  Designline, BAE Systems, Volvo Buses, VDL Bus & Coach,  Wrightbus, Castrosua, Tata Hispano and many more.

Toyota claims to have started with the Coaster Hybrid Bus in 1997 on the Japanese market. Since 1999, Hybrid electric buses with gas turbine generators have been developed by several manufacturers in the US and New Zealand, with the most successful design being the buses made by Designline of New Zealand. The first model went into commercial service in Christchurch since 1999, and later models were sold for daily service in Auckland, Hong Kong, Newcastle upon Tyne, and Tokyo. The Whispering Wheel bus is another HEV using in-wheel motors. It was tested in winter 2003–04 in Apeldoorn in the Netherlands.

In Japan, Mitsubishi Fuso have developed a diesel engine hybrid bus using lithium batteries in 2002, and this model has since seen limited service in several Japanese cities. The Blue Ribbon City Hybrid bus was presented by Hino, a Toyota affiliate, in January 2005.

For the North American transit bus market, New Flyer Industries, Gillig, and Nova Bus produce hybrid electric buses using components from either BAE Systems (series hybrid, initially branded HybriDrive and now branded Series-E), or Allison Transmission (parallel/series hybrid, branded Hybrid EP or H 40/50 EP). In May 2003 General Motors started to tour with hybrid electric buses developed together with Allison. General Electric introduced its hybrid electric gear shifters on the market in 2005. Several hundreds of those buses have entered into daily operation in the U.S. In 2006, Nova Bus, which had previously marketed the RTS hybrid before that model was discontinued, added a Diesel–electric hybrid option for its LFS series.

In the United Kingdom, Wrightbus has introduced a development of the London "Double-Decker", a new interpretation of the traditional red buses that are a feature of the extreme traffic density in London. The Wright Pulsar Gemini HEV bus uses a small Diesel engine with electric storage through a lithium ion battery pack. The use of a 1.9-litre Diesel instead of the typical 7.0-litre engine in a traditional bus demonstrates the possible advantages of serial hybrids in extremely traffic-dense environments. Based on a London test cycle, a reduction in CO2 emissions of 31% and fuel savings in the range of 40% have been demonstrated, compared with a "Euro-4" compliant bus.

Former hybrid bus manufacturers

 * ISE Corporation ThunderVolt (filed for bankruptcy in 2010)
 * Azure Dynamics (filed for bankruptcy in 2012)

Conversions
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies (HEVT) makes conversions of new and used vehicles (aftermarket and retrofit conversions), from combustion buses  and conventional hybrid electric buses into plug-in buses.

List of transit authorities using hybrid electric buses
Transit authorities that use hybrid electric buses:

United States
Federal funding generally comes from the federal Diesel Emissions Reduction Act.

 * ABQ RIDE (Albuquerque, New Mexico)
 * Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority (AAATA) (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
 * Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses (San Juan, Puerto Rico)
 * Baltimore, Maryland
 * Bee-Line Bus System (Westchester County, New York)
 * Berks Area Reading Transportation Authority (Berks County, Pennsylvania)
 * Bloomington Transit (Bloomington, Indiana)
 * Broome County Transit (Broome County, New York)
 * Broward County Transit (Broward County, Florida)
 * Capital Area Transportation Authority (Lansing, Michigan)
 * Capital District Transportation Authority (Albany, New York)
 * Central New York Regional Transportation Authority (Syracuse, New York)
 * Charlotte Area Transit System (Charlotte, North Carolina)
 * Chatham Area Transit (Savannah, Georgia)
 * Chicago Transit Authority
 * Citibus (Lubbock, Texas)
 * Central Ohio Transit Authority (Columbus, Ohio)
 * Clarksville Transit System (CTS) (Clarksville, Tennessee)
 * Community Transit (Snohomish County, Washington)
 * C-Tran (Vancouver, Washington)
 * CyRide (Ames, Iowa)
 * Citilink (Fort Wayne, Indiana)
 * Cache Valley Transit District (Logan, Utah)
 * DART First State (Delaware)
 * Des Moines Area Regional Transit (Des Moines, Iowa)
 * Durham Area Transit Authority (Durham, North Carolina)
 * Eureka Transit Service (Eureka, California)
 * GoRaleigh (formerly Capital Area Transit) (Raleigh, North Carolina)
 * Greater Lafayette Public Transportation Corporation (Lafayette, IN and West Lafayette, IN)
 * Greater Lynchburg Transit Company (Lynchburg, VA )
 * Greenville Area Transit (Greenville, North Carolina)
 * Hillsborough Area Regional Transit (Hillsborough County, Florida)
 * Howard Transit, (Howard County, Maryland)
 * IndyGo (Indianapolis, Indiana)
 * Jacksonville Transportation Authority
 * Kanawha Valley Regional Transportation Authority
 * Kansas City Area Transportation Authority
 * King County Metro Transit Authority (Seattle, Washington)
 * Lane Transit District (Lane County, Oregon)
 * Long Beach Transit (Long Beach, California)
 * LACMTA (Los Angeles, California)
 * LANta (Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania)
 * Madison Metro Transit (Wisconsin)
 * Manatee County Area Transit (Manatee County, Florida)
 * Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (Boston, MA)
 * MATA (Memphis, Tennessee)
 * MATBUS – Metro Area Transit (Fargo, ND – Moorhead, MN)
 * Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (Houston, Texas)
 * Minneapolis-Saint Paul Metro Transit
 * MTA Maryland (Baltimore, Maryland)
 * Nashville Metropolitan Transit Authority
 * New Jersey Transit
 * New York City Transit Authority
 * Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (Buffalo, New York)
 * North County Transit District (North San Diego County, California)
 * Orange County Transportation Authority (Orange County, California)
 * Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (Springfield, Massachusetts)
 * Port Authority of Allegheny County (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
 * Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada/Citizens Area Transit (Las Vegas, Nevada)
 * Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (Providence, Rhode Island). 1 gas and 1 diesel for testing use only; diesel was converted gas was hybrid from factory.
 * Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (Aspen, Colorado)
 * San Diego Metropolitan Transit System/San Diego Transit (San Diego, California)
 * San Francisco MUNI (San Francisco, California)
 * San Joaquin Regional Transit District (Stockton, California)
 * Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority - VTA (Santa Clara County, California)
 * Santa Rosa CityBus (Santa Rosa, California)
 * Sarasota County Area Transit (Sarasota County, Florida)
 * Sound Transit (Puget Sound region, Washington)
 * SEPTA (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
 * Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority (Cincinnati, Ohio)
 * Spokane Transit Authority (Spokane, Washington)
 * TCAT (Ithaca, NY)
 * TheBus (Honolulu, Hawaii)
 * The Rapid The Interurban Transit Partnership Grand Rapids, Michigan *Has 5 vehicles used in fixed route service.
 * TriMet (Portland, Oregon): two vehicles
 * University of Michigan parking and transportation services (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
 * Utah Transit Authority (Salt Lake City, Utah)
 * Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority

Canada

 * Transit Windsor (Windsor, Ontario)
 * Edmonton Transit System (Edmonton, Alberta)
 * Hamilton Street Railway (Hamilton, Ontario)
 * OC Transpo (Ottawa, Ontario)
 * RTC (Quebec City, Quebec)
 * RTL (Longueuil, Quebec)
 * Saskatoon Transit, Saskatchewan
 * STL (Laval, Quebec)
 * STL (Lévis, Quebec)
 * STM (Montreal, Quebec)
 * STO (Gatineau, Quebec)
 * STS (Sherbrooke, Quebec)
 * St. Catharines Transit Commission (St. Catharines, Ontario)
 * Toronto Transit Commission buses [673 out of 2137 regular buses are hybrid as of 2020]
 * Coast Mountain Bus Company (Vancouver, British Columbia)
 * BC Transit (Kelowna and Victoria).
 * GRT (Waterloo, Ontario) [currently 6 out of 218 buses in service are hybrid]
 * London Transit Commission (London, Ontario)
 * Strathcona County Transit (Strathcona County, Alberta) [as of 2014, 10 Nova Bus LFS HEV Diesel–electric hybrid buses remain in service]
 * Halifax Transit, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Currently owns two hybrid-electric buses.
 * Lethbridge Transit, Lethbridge, Alberta. 11 out of 42 buses are hybrid.

China

 * Beijing Public Transport
 * Kunming Bus
 * Shenzhen Bus Group
 * Shenzhen Eastern Bus
 * Shenzhen Western Bus
 * Jinan Bus
 * Zhengzhou Bus Group

Hong Kong

 * Citybus
 * New World First Bus
 * Kowloon Motor Bus

India

 * Delhi Multi-Module Transit
 * Mumbai BEST CNG-Hybrid

Iran

 * Vehicle, Fuel and Environment Research Institute (VFERI)

Pakistan

 * TransPeshawar
 * Greenline, Karachi

Japan

 * Marunouchi Shuttle

etc.

Philippines

 * Green Frog Hybrid Buses

Singapore

 * SBS Transit
 * SMRT Buses
 * Tower Transit Singapore

Thailand

 * BMTA

Belarus

 * Minsk
 * Slutsk

Germany

 * Dresden
 * Hagen
 * Lübeck
 * Munich
 * Nuremberg

Hungary

 * Budapest – The fleet consists of 28 Volvo 7900A Hybrid (articulated).
 * Kecskemét – The fleet consists of 20 Mercedes-Benz Citaro G BlueTec®-Hybrid (articulated).

Norway

 * Nettbuss, Hamar
 * Ruter, Oslo
 * Nettbuss, Trondheim
 * Nettbuss, Arendal
 * Nobina, Tromsø
 * Vestviken Kollektivtrafikk, Vestfold. Scania Citywide.

Romania

 * STB, Bucharest – The fleet consists of 130 Mercedes-Benz Citaro Hybrid.
 * Transurb, Galati - using 20 hybrid buses model Solaris Urbino 12 Hybrid.
 * Transurban, Satu Mare - using 17 hybrid buses, 15 Solaris Urbino 12 Hybrid and 2 Solaris Urbino 18 Hybrid.
 * S.P.M.T., Târgoviște - using 28 Mercedes Citaro Hybrid.
 * Publitrans 2000, Pitești - using 20 Mercedes Conecto Hybrid.

UK

The Green Bus Fund is a fund which is supporting bus companies and local authorities in the UK to help them buy new electric buses.
 * London Buses, London. This is the largest fleet in the UK, with around 2,300 vehicles in use.
 * National Express West Midlands, Birmingham – 18 currently, 21 more planned
 * Stagecoach, Manchester, Oxford, Sheffield, Newcastle
 * Oxford Bus Company, Oxfordshire – 52 currently
 * FirstGroup, Bath, Somerset, Bristol, Manchester Metroshuttle, Leeds, Essex
 * Reading Buses
 * Lothian Buses
 * Cumfybus, Merseyside
 * Brighton & Hove
 * Stagecoach East Scotland, Aberdeen
 * Arriva Yorkshire, from April 2013

Spain

 * Barcelona (MAN Lion's City Hybrid)
 * Empresa Municipal de Transportes, Madrid
 * Figueres, within the electric bus Project, IDAE

Sweden

 * Jönköpings Länstrafik, Jönköping. MAN Lion's City Hybrid.
 * Göteborgs Spårvägar, Gothenburg. Volvo 7700 Hybrid.
 * Storstockholms Lokaltrafik, Stockholm. MAN Lion's City Hybrid.

Other European countries

 * Ljubljanski potniški promet (5 Kutsenits Hydra City II/III Hybrid's), Ljubljana, Slovenia
 * Paris: RATP is using a hybrid electric bus outfitted with ultracapacitors; the model used is the MAN Lion's City Hybrid.
 * Milan, Italy
 * Team Trafikk, Trondheim, Norway, with 10 Volvo B5L
 * Vienna, Austria
 * PostAuto, Switzerland: one vehicle is being tested since April 2010; the test will continue for three years.
 * Warsaw, Poland, 4 Solaris hybrid (combustion-electric) buses
 * Luxemburg (Sales-Lentz, Emile Weber and AVL)
 * Belgium / Flanders (De Lijn)
 * Belgium / Wallonia (TEC): 90 Volvo 7900H (plug-in hybrid) + 208 solaris (combustion-electric) ordered in 2016Q4

Other countries
Egypt IMUT: http://www.i-mut.net/en/about-us.
 * Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * Christchurch, New Zealand
 * Curitiba, Brazil
 * Mexico City, Mexico (Metrobús Line 4)
 * Bogotá, Colombia
 * Montevideo, Uruguay

title: Hybrid electric bus


text:
Fire It Up (Rick James album)

Fire It Up is the third studio album by American musician Rick James. It was released on October 16, 1979, on the Motown sub-label Gordy Records. The first single was "Love Gun". The album has sold more than a million copies.

Critical reception
The Bay State Banner wrote that "James' vocal style remains functional, and the punk-funk horn section average... His strength is in his torrid compositions and captivating presentation." The San Bernardino County Sun noted that James relishes "loud, rowdy hand-clapping funk straight from the street." Newsday determined that "when James sticks with unadulterated hard stuff ... he is among the most crackerjack practitioners of funk rock."

The Rolling Stone Album Guide deemed the album "secondhand Bootsy Collins."

Track listing
All tracks composed by Rick James.

Side A
 * 1) "Fire It Up" – 3:59
 * 2) "Love Gun" – 5:44
 * 3) "Lovin You Is a Pleasure" – 4:08
 * 4) "Love in the Night" – 6:22

Side B
 * 1) "Come into My Life" – 7:10
 * 2) "Stormy Love" – 2:05
 * 3) "When Love Is Gone" – 7:32

2010 Bonus Track / 2014 digital remaster bonus track / 2014 Complete Motown Albums bonus track
 * 1) "Love Gun" (Promotional 12-Inch version) – 10:46

Personnel

 * Rick James – vocals, acoustic guitar, piano, organ, Harpsichord, timbales, timpani (tympani), electronic drums [syndrums], drums, percussion
 * The Stone City Band
 * Levi Ruffin – synthesizer, synthesizer (strings ensemble), percussion, backing vocals
 * Tom McDermott – six- and twelve-string acoustic and electric guitars
 * Greg Levias – keyboards, Fender Rhodes electric piano
 * Danny LeMelle – alto and tenor saxophone, flute, harpsichord
 * Lanise Hughes – drums
 * Lorenzo Shaw — drums
 * Oscar Alston – bass guitar
 * Shondu Akiem – electronic drums (syndrums), percussion
 * Cliff Ervin – trumpet, flugelhorn
 * John Ervin – trombone
 * Julia Waters, Maxine Waters, Pat Henderson, Jackie Ruffin, Lisa Sarna – backing vocals
 * California St. Clair, Cynthia Gable, Cynthia Nettles, Danny LeMelle, Jackie Ruffin, Julia Waters, Keith "Star" Ragin, Lisa Sarna, Maxine Waters, Pat Henderson, Tom McDermott, Winston L. Allen - choir on "Love in the Night"
 * John Cabalka - art direction
 * Ron Slenzak - photography

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fire It Up (Rick James album)


text:
Hortex

Hortex is a company in Poland that produces frozen foods and branded fruit juices.

There are over 1600 employees that work for Hortex in Poland. There are many seasonal employees that are hired during the time of processing fruits and vegetables. The processing plants are located in Przysucha, near Radom, Ryki and Skierniewice. There are 90,000 retail outlets throughout Poland that sell Hortex products.

Overview
Company was established in 1958 as Przedsiębiorstwo Handlu Zagranicznego "Hortex" operating within the framework of Centrala Spółdzielnia Ogrodniczych (CSO). In the 1970s, it was one of the main suppliers of agri-food products in Poland, and in the 1980s, a producer of apple juice concentrate.

In 1989, the assets of the company were taken over by Hortex Sp. z o.o., which was to be privatized in 1994 as part of the stock and employee privatization, but remained in the hands of the State Treasury. Bad management in this period resulted in significant debt so in 1997 restructuring was carried out, during which there were irregularities identified by the Supreme Audit Office. In 1997, the company changed its name to Hortex Holding Spółka Akcyjna.

In 1999, the main shareholders of the company were BGŻ, Bank Handlowy, EBRD and Bank of America. As part of the restructuring process, 7 out of 10 factories were sold, including one to an employee-owned company. In 2003, Bank of America bought shares from other shareholders and in 2006, the European private equity fund Argan Capital terminated its cooperation with Bank of America and bought from it shares of some companies that it had so far managed on behalf of the bank, including Hortex Holding. In 2012, in place of the existing enterprise, three companies were created: the juice producer Hortex Holding SA, the freezer producer Ortika Polska Sp. z o.o. and Hortex Marketing Services Sp. z o.o., which provides marketing services for the other two companies. In 2013, the Argan Capital fund offered Hortex shares for an estimated amount of EUR 300 million, but, due to the lack of investors, it did not take place. In June 2017, the company was put up for sale again. The buyer was the private equity fund Mid-Europa Partners, and the estimated value of the transaction was EUR 200 million. The transaction was closed on January 23 of the following year.

The Hortex brand name comes from two words: hortus — garden and export.

The Hortex group also includes the company Polski Ogród Sp. z o.o.

title: Hortex


text: User talk:69.50.184.213

title: User talk:69.50.184.213


text:
Talk:Z-movie

''This article was proposed for deletion. For the record of the debate see Votes for deletion/Z-movie.''

title: Talk:Z-movie


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Garden of Love (album)

Garden of Love is a studio album by the American musician Rick James, released in 1980 on Motown sub-label Gordy.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Rick James; except where noted.

Side A
 * 1) "Big Time" (James Calloway, Leroy Burgess, Sonny T. Davenport) – 6:27
 * 2) "Don't Give up on Love" – 6:15
 * 3) "Island Lady" – 4:07

Side B
 * 1) "Gettin' It On (In the Sunshine)" – 3:03
 * 2) "Summer Love" – 6:19
 * 3) "Mary -Go- Round" – 6:59
 * 4) "Gettin' It On (In the Sunshine) Reprise" – 0:40

2010 bonus tracks / 2014 digital remaster bonus tracks / 2014 Complete Motown Albums bonus tracks
 * 1) "Gettin' It On (In the Sunshine)" [Reprise] – 1:36
 * 2) "Big Time" (Extended version – Previously unreleased) – 11:40
 * 3) "Gypsy Girl" (Unreleased demo) – 3:41

title: Garden of Love (album)


text:
List of Korean-language poets

This is a list of Korean-language poets.

Alphabetical list
A

 * An Heon-mi (born 1972)

B

 * Baek Seok (1912–1996)
 * Bok Koh-il (born 1946)

C

 * Chae Ho-ki (born 1957)
 * Cheon Sang-byeong (1930–1993)
 * Cheon Yang-hee (born 1942)
 * Cheong Chi-yong (1902–1950)
 * Cho Byung-hwa (1921–2003)
 * Cho Chi-hun (1920–1968)
 * Cho Chung-kwon (born 1949)
 * Cho Mina (born 1960)
 * Cho Yongmee (born 1962)
 * Ch'oe Hae (1901–1932)
 * Choi Jeong-rye (1955–2021)
 * Choi Nam-son (1890–1957)
 * Choi Seung-ho (born 1954)
 * Choi Young-mi (born 1961)
 * Chu Yo-han (1900–1979)

D

 * Do Jong-hwan (born 1954)

G

 * Gi Hyeong-do (1960–1989)
 * Go Hyeong-ryeol (born 1954)

H

 * Ha Seung-moo (born 1963)
 * Han Yong-un (1879–1944)
 * Heo Su-gyeong (born 1964)
 * Heo Yeon (born 1966)
 * Hong Shin-seon (born 1944)
 * Hong Yun-suk (born 1925)
 * Hwang In-suk (born 1958)
 * Hwang Tong gyu (born 1938)
 * Hwang Ji-U (born 1952)

J

 * Jang Cheol-mun (born 1966)
 * Jang Jeong-il (born 1962)
 * Jang Seok Nam (1965)
 * Jeong Ho-seung (born 1950)
 * Jeong Ji-yong often romanized in literature as Cheong Chi-yong (정지용) (1902–1950)
 * Jo Ki-chon (1913–1951)
 * Jon Kyongnin (born 1962)

K

 * Kang Eun-gyo (born 1945)
 * Kim Chunsu (1922–2004)
 * Kim Eon (born 1973)
 * Kim Gi-taek (born 1957)
 * Kim Gu-yong (Kim Kku; 1922–2001)
 * Kim Haengsook (born 1970)
 * Kim Hu-ran (born 1934)
 * Kim Hyesoon (born 1955)
 * Kim Jeong-hwan (born 1954)
 * Kim Jong-chul (born 1947)
 * Kim Jonghae (born 1941)
 * Kim Jong-gil (born 1926)
 * Kim Kyungrin (1918–2006)
 * Kim Kwang-kyu (born 1941)
 * Kim Kwang-lim (born 1929)
 * Kim Kirim (1908-?)
 * Kim Kyung-ju (born 1976)
 * Kim Myeong-in (born 1946)
 * Kim Myeong-sun (1896–1951)
 * Kim Nam-jo (born 1927)
 * Kim Nyeon-gyun (born 1942)
 * Kim Sa-in (born 1956)
 * Kim Sang-ok (1920–2004)
 * Kim Sinyong (born 1945)
 * Kim Seon-wu (born 1970)
 * Kim Seung-hee (born 1952)
 * Kim Soo-young (1921–1968)
 * Kim Sowol (1902–1934)
 * Kim Su-yeong (1921–1968)
 * Kim Yeong-hyeon (born 1955)
 * Kim Young-moo (1944–2001)
 * Kim Youngtae (1936–2007)
 * Kim Yeong-nang (1903–1950)
 * Kwak Jae-gu (born 1954)
 * Ko Chang-soo (born 1934)
 * Ko Un (born 1933)
 * Ko Hyeong-ryeol (born 1954)
 * Ku Sang (1919–2004)

L

 * Lee Hae-in (born 1945)
 * Lee Hyeonggi (1933–2005)
 * Lee Hye-gyeong (born 1960)
 * Lee Jangwook (born 1968)
 * Lee Jenny (born 1972)
 * Lee Seong-bok (born 1952)
 * Lee SungBoo (1942–2012)
 * Lee Yuksa (1904–1944)
 * Lee Yuntaek (born 1952)
 * Lee Ze-ha (born 1937)

M

 * Ma Jonggi (born 1939)
 * Moon Chung-hee (born 1947)
 * Moh Yoon-sook (1910–1990)
 * Moon Deoksu (born 1928)
 * Moon Taejun (born 1970)

N

 * Noh Cheonmyeong (1912–1957)

O

 * Oh Kyu Won (1947–2007)
 * Oh Sae-Young (born 1942)
 * Oh Takbeon (born 1943)

P

 * Pak Tu-jin (1916–1998)
 * Park Hee-Jin (1931–2015)
 * Park In-hwan (1926–1956)
 * Park Jaesam (1933–1997)
 * Park Jeong-dae (born 1965)
 * Park Nam-su (1918–1994)
 * Park Mok-wol (1916–1978)
 * Ynhui Park (born 1930)
 * Park Yong-rae (1925–1980)
 * Park Young-geun (1958–2006)

R

 * Ra Hee-Duk (born 1966)

S

 * Seo Jeong-ju ("Midang") (1915–2000)
 * Seung-Moo Ha (born 1964)
 * Shin Kyeong-nim (born 1936)
 * Shin Yong-Mok (born 1974)
 * Sung Chan-gyeong (1930–2013)

W

 * Wonhyo (617–686)

Y

 * Yi Geun-hwa (born 1976)
 * Yi Ho-woo (1912–1970)
 * Yi Sang (1910–1937)
 * Yi Sang-hwa (1901–1943)
 * Yu Anjin (born 1941)
 * Yu Chi-hwan (1908–1967)
 * Yoo Yeong (1917–2002)
 * Yun Dong-ju (1917–1945)

1970s

 * Yi Geun-hwa (born 1976)
 * Kim Kyung-ju (born 1976)
 * Shin Yong-Mok (born 1974)
 * Kim Eon (born 1973)
 * Kim Seon-wu (born 1970)
 * Moon Taejun (born 1970)
 * Han Kang (born 1970)

1960s

 * Lee Jangwook (born 1968)
 * Ra Hee-Duk (born 1966)
 * Jang Cheol-mun (born 1966)
 * Park Jeong-dae (born 1965)
 * Jang Seok Nam (born 1965)
 * Seung-Moo Ha (born 1964)
 * Heo Su-gyeong (born 1964)
 * Ha Seung-moo (born 1963)
 * Jang Jeong-il (born 1962)
 * Jon Kyongnin (born 1962)
 * Choi Young-mi (born 1961)
 * Gi Hyeong-do (1960–1989)
 * Lee Hye-gyeong (born 1960)

1950s

 * Hwang In-suk (1958)
 * Park Young-geun (1958–2006)
 * Kim Gi-taek (born 1957)
 * Chae Ho-ki (born 1957)
 * Kim Sa-in (born 1956)
 * Kim Yeong-hyeon (born 1955)
 * Choi Jeong-rye (born 1955)
 * Do Jong-hwan (born 1954)
 * Kim Jeong-hwan (born 1954)
 * Kwak Jae-gu (born 1954)
 * Go Hyeong-ryeol (born 1954)
 * Lee Seong-bok (born 1952)
 * Hwang Ji-U (born 1952)
 * Kim Seung-hee (born 1952)
 * Lee Yuntaek (born 1952)
 * Jeong Ho-seung (born 1950)

1940s

 * Cho Chung-kwon (born 1949)
 * Park Hee-Jin (born 1947)
 * Kim Jong-chul (born 1947)
 * Moon Chung-hee (born 1947)
 * Oh Kyu Won (born 1947)
 * Bok Koh-il (born 1946)
 * Kim Myeong-in (born 1946)
 * Kim Sinyong (born 1945)
 * Kang Eun-gyo (born 1945)
 * Cheon Sang-byeong (born 1945)
 * Kim Young-moo (1944–2001)
 * Oh Takbeon (born 1943)
 * Lee Garim (born 1943)
 * Lee SungBoo (1942–2012)
 * Choi Seung-ho (born 1942)
 * Cheon Yang-hee (born 1942)
 * Yu Anjin (born 1941)
 * Kim Jonghae (born 1941)
 * Kim Kwang-kyu (born 1941)

1930s

 * Hwang Tong gyu (born 1938)
 * Lee Ze-ha (born 1937)
 * Shin Kyeong-nim (born 1936)
 * Kim Hu-ran (born 1934)
 * Ko Chang Soo (born 1934)
 * Park Jaesam (born 1933)
 * Ko Un (born 1933)
 * Lee Hyeonggi (born 1933)
 * Cheon Sang-byeong (1930–1993)
 * Sung Chan-gyeong (1930–2013)
 * Ynhui Park (born 1930)

1920s

 * Kim Gwangrim (born 1929)
 * Moon Deoksu (1928–2020)
 * Kim Nam-Jo (born 1927)
 * Park In-hwan (1926–1956)
 * Kim Jong-Gil (1926–1956)
 * Hong Yun-suk (1925–2015)
 * Park Yong-rae (1925–1980)
 * Kim Ch'un-su (1922–2004)
 * Kim Kyu-yong (Kim Kku) (1922–2001)
 * Kim Su-yŏng (1921–1968)
 * Kim Sang-ok (1920–2004)
 * Cho Chi-hun (1920–1968)

1910s

 * Ku Sang (1919–2004)
 * Park Nam-su (1919–1994)
 * Kim Kyungrin (1918–2006)
 * Yoo Yeong (1917–2002)
 * Yun Dong-ju (1917–1945)
 * Park Mok-wol (1916–1978)
 * Sŏ Chŏng-ju (1915–2000)
 * Baek Seok(1912–1996)
 * Yi Ho-woo (1912–1970)
 * Noh Cheonmyeong (1912–1957)
 * Yi Sang (1910–1937)

1900s

 * Kim Kirim (1908-?)
 * Yu Chi-hwan (1908–1967)
 * Lee Yuksa (1904–1944)
 * Kim Yŏng-nang (1903–1950)
 * Jeong Ji-yong, often romanized in literature as Cheong Chi-yong (정지용) (1902–1950)
 * Kim Sowol (1902–1934)
 * Yi Sang-hwa (1901–1943)
 * Chu Yo-han (1900–1979)

1890s

 * Kim Myeong-sun (1896–1951)
 * Kim Ok (1896-unknown)
 * Choi Nam-son (1890–1957)

Nineteenth-century poets

 * Han Yong-un [Manhae] (1879–1944)

Seventeenth-century poets

 * Yun Seondo (1587–1671)
 * Heo Nanseolheon (1563–1589)

Earlier poets
Note: Some or all of these poets, though Korean, wrote in Chinese.

 * Heo Nanseolheon (1563-1589)
 * Seokcheon, art name of Kim Gak (1536-1610)
 * Hwang Jin-i (1522-1565)
 * Song Deokbong (1521-1578)
 * Yi Saek (1328-1395 [1396?])
 * Ch'oe Ch'ung (984-1068)
 * Kyun Yeo (917—973)
 * Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn (857-915)
 * Wonhyo (617–686)

title: List of Korean-language poets


text:
Talk:Button accordion

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 31 March 2020 and 7 June 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): TwoThirdsBird. Peer reviewers: Koonlew, Picoides.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:28, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Merge with Accordion
The discussion regarding the merge request is at Talk:Accordion.--Theodore Kloba 19:50, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Button accordion


text:
User talk:Nobs/Magdoff

 * Venona 629 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 May 1944
 * Venona 687 KGB New York to Moscow, 13 May 1944
 * Venona 769, 771 KGB New York to Moscow, 30 May 1944
 * Venona 179, 180 KGB Moscow to New York, 25 February 1945

Elizabeth Bentley told the FBI that on a rainy Sunday in March of 1944, at a meeting with the Perlo group, Harry Magdoff had been on sick leave recovering from an operation and was not about to return to work at the War Production Board. The FBI checked and found that Magdoff had been on sick leave from January 10 to Marcy 7 1944 for a gall bladder operation, and that it had rained in New York on both Sunday February 27 and March 5, 1944. Source: Elizabeth Bentley deposition, 30 November 1945, FBI file 65-14603; Elizabeth Bentley, Out of Bondage: The Story of Elizabeth Bentley, New York: Ivy Books, 1988), pgs. 163-165; New York FBI memo, 16 January 1947, FBI Silvermaster file (FBI file 65-56402), serial 1936.

On Earl Browders instructions Elizabeth Bentley contacted through John Abt a new group in Washington, D.C: [53 groups unrecoverable] MAGDOFF - BENTLEY’s  impressions: They are reliable members of the CPUSA, politically highly mature; they want to help with information. They said that they had been neglected and no one had taken any interest in their potentialities [29 groups unrecoverable] "STORM {unidentified cover name but not Petr Dmitreich Golovin or J. Peters}", Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer, Edward Joseph Fitzgerald, and Harry Magdoff will go New York City once every two weeks in turn. Kramer and Fitzgerald know Nathan Gregory Silvermaster. We shall let you have identifying particulars later.

''Document 90, reproduced from Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, The Secret World of American Communism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), (Document 90) Fitin to Dimitrov memo (RTsKhIDNI 495-74-485), pgs. 312 - 313; a photocopy of the original document in Russian is on page 315.

TOP SECRET.

TO COM. D I M I T R O V

Please provide any information at your disposal on the following members of the Comparty of America:

 * 1. Charles Floto / Flato /, in 1943 worked in the US Office of Economic Warfare
 * 2. Donald Wheeler / Veeler /, works in the Office of Strategic Services.
 * 3. Kramer / Kreimer, works in a government institution in Washington.
 * 4. Edawrd Fitzgerlad, works on the WPB [War Production Board].
 * 5. Magdoff, works on the WPB.
 * 6. Harold Glas[s]er, currently on assignment outside the US.
 * 7. P[e]rlo, works on the WPB.
 * 1/3/16796

F I T I N ''P. Fitin

28/29 September 1944

To Comrade Guliaev 29 September 1944 GD

Magdoff was called before Senate Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act, Interlocking Subversion in Government Derpartments (SISS) on 1 May 1953, pt. 5:286-326

 TOP SECRET BRIDE

USSR

Ref No: S/NBF/T409

Issued: [XXX]/4/12/1953

Copy: 205

”FRED” AND “MARTIN”.

From: NEW YORK

TO: Moscow

No.: 629

5 May 19 44

Further to our No. 139. “S. BORDEAUX[“]

[59 groups unrecoverable]

that FRED should introduce him to Aleksandr Semenovich FOMIN and enable him to inform us what the Americans are planning in respect to Austria. MARTIN has been transferred to the job of [B%head] of Austrian Section of the Office of War Information (OWI). Recently FRED passed to us a memorandum on Austrian affairs drawn up jointly with MARTIN; the material [0% is of wide]] interest. Urgently telegraph a reply to No. 139 and advise about the possibility of a meeting with Harry Magdoff.

No. 345

Paval Ivanovich FEDOSIMOV

S/NBF/T409 [1 page]  TOP SECRET BRIDE

title: User talk:Nobs/Magdoff


text:
Throwin' Down

Throwin' Down is the 6th studio album by Rick James, released in 1982 via the Gordy imprint of Motown Records. It peaked at No. 13 on the Billboard 200. Although not as popular as Street Songs, Throwin' Down is certified gold by the RIAA. It was nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Album.

Production
Michael Walden, Roy Ayers, and Grace Slick appear on the album.

Critical reception
Robert Christgau wrote: "Stealing his licks from G. Clinton & Co. (or maybe himself, who cares anymore?), he's the nearest thing to a pop musician in the rock and roll sense that today's black charts—not to mention today's white charts—can offer." The Washington Post wrote that "the musical settings are clumsy reworkings of Parliament's funk and the Temptations' psychedelic soul."

Track listing
All tracks composed by Rick James, except where noted.

Side A
 * 1) "Dance Wit' Me" 7:16
 * 2) "Money Talks" 4:50
 * 3) "Teardrops" 4:49
 * 4) "Throwdown" 3:17

Side B
 * 1) "Standing on the Top" (with The Temptations) 3:51
 * 2) "Hard to Get" 4:07
 * 3) "Happy" (with Teena Marie) 5:29
 * 4) "She Blew My Mind (69 Times)" 4:11
 * 5) "My Love" (James, Le Roi Johnson) 2:53

2014 digital remaster bonus tracks / 2014 Complete Motown Albums bonus tracks
 * 1) "Standing on the Top" (Long Version) - 9:50
 * 2) "Hard to Get" (12" Instrumental) - 4:12
 * 3) "She Blew My Mind (69 Times)" (12" Extended Mix) - 6:30
 * 4) "She Blew My Mind (69 Times)" (12" Instrumental) - 7:28

Personnel

 * Rick James - vocals, guitars, bass guitar, harmonica, keyboards, synthesizers, Linn Drum programming, percussion
 * Daniel LeMelle - flute, saxophone, trumpet, string synthesizers, backing vocals
 * Levi Ruffin, Jr. - electric and acoustic piano, synthesizers, backing vocals
 * John McFee, Tom McDermott - guitars
 * Erskine Williams - piano
 * Oscar Alston - bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Lanise Hughes, Narada Michael Walden, Paul Hines - drums, percussion
 * Nate Hughes - percussion, handclaps, backing vocals
 * Roy Ayers, Donny Keider - vibraphone
 * Teena Marie - Duet Lead vocals on Happy.
 * Grace Slick, Jean Carn, Julia Tillman Waters, Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs, Maxine Willard Waters, Patti Brooks, Tabby Johnson, Diane Nixon, Jeri Fields - backing vocals
 * Moses Johnson, JoAnne McDuffe, Lisa Sarna - handclaps, backing vocals
 * Aaron Dublin, "Bi"g John Main, "Jennifer", Ronald Byrd - handclaps
 * Karat Faye - Engineer @ Record Plant L.A.

title: Throwin' Down


text:
Vietnam People's Navy

The Vietnam People's Navy (VPN; Hải quân nhân dân Việt Nam), internally the Naval Service (Quân chủng Hải quân (QCHQ)), also known as the Vietnamese People's Navy or simply Vietnam/Vietnamese Navy (Hải quân Việt Nam), is the naval branch of the Vietnam People's Army and is responsible for the protection of the country's national waters, islands, and interests of the maritime economy, as well as for the co-ordination of maritime police, customs service and the border defence force.

Vietnam War

On 19 July 1946, Acting President of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) Huỳnh Thúc Kháng signed into law a decree establishing the modern Vietnamese navy. Then, on 10 September of that year, General Võ Nguyên Giáp started to build a flotilla as the core of the new navy. On 8 March 1949, Vietnam established the Department of Naval Research under the General Staff. This department has performed both research and training to prepare for combat missions.

Following the Geneva Conference in 1954, the DRV went about creating its own naval forces. On 7 May 1955 the Vietnam People's Navy was created with the establishment of the General Directorate of Coastal Defence, it formed the basis for the Navy Operational Command (based on the Vietnamese Ministry of Defence decree No. 284/ND signed by General Võ Nguyên Giáp to established Naval Research Board, under the General Staff, on 8 March 1949). The primary mission of the Navy was to patrol the coastal areas and the inland waterways.

Throughout the Vietnam War the role played by the Vietnam People's Navy (or North Vietnamese Navy) was largely unknown to the public. However, on 2 August 1964, three North Vietnamese Swatow-class patrol boats attacked the destroyer USS Maddox (DD-731) in what became known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. The second attack, which the United States claimed to have occurred on 4 August, was dismissed by the North Vietnamese as a fabrication.

The North Vietnamese, however, had maintained their own version of the events which took place. According to official VPN accounts Maddox penetrated North Vietnamese waters on 31 July 1964, and provoked a battle with the North Vietnamese. In response to American provocation, three 123K-class torpedo boats from the 135th Torpedo Boat Battalion were dispatched to intercept the American destroyer. The resulting clash became known as the 'Battle of Thanh Hóa' in which North Vietnamese "torpedo boats succeeded in driving the Maddox out of Vietnam's territorial waters, shooting down a U.S. aircraft and damaging another".

Apart from patrolling territorial waters, the Navy also had the mission of transporting military supplies to support the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Vietcong during the Vietnam War. On 31 October 1961, a sea route version of the Ho Chi Minh trail was established by the Navy, with the 759th Transport Unit responsible for carrying military supplies and other goods for the Communist ground forces in South Vietnam. To avoid detection by the South Vietnamese and U.S navies, North Vietnamese transport ships were often disguised as fishing trawlers. On 16 February 1965, a 100-ton North Vietnamese trawler from the Transportation Group 125 was discovered at Vung Ro Bay. This led to the creation of Operation Market Time by the US Navy to intercept disguised enemy ships.

On 19 April 1972, the Navy and Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) participated in the Battle of Đồng Hới off the coast of North Vietnam. During this battle it was believed that the U.S Navy destroyed a Soviet-made cruise missile for the first time. The destroyer USS Higbee (DD-806) was damaged after a VPAF MiG-17 dropped a 250 lb bomb, destroying a 5 in aft gun mount.

In the years following the complete withdrawal of U.S and other allied forces, the North Vietnamese went back on the offensive. As part of the Ho Chi Minh Campaign, the Navy increased the transportation of military supplies, food and uniform to the Communist forces in the South. When the PAVN occupied the northern provinces of South Vietnam in 1975, captured Republic of Vietnam Navy (RVNN) vessels were pressed into service with the Navy. In April 1975, ex-RVNN vessels carried North Vietnamese troops to capture the Spratly Islands. Opening battle in the island Southwest Cay (Vietnamese: Song Tử tây) on 4 April 1975, amphibious raid by sea of the Naval Marine corps number 1 (precursor of the 126th Brigade Naval Marine corps) and three vessels of the 125 corps coordinated with the commandos of the 5th Military Region, after 30 minutes, the Navy controlled the main battle area, facilitating the capture of the other islands. The Navy gained control of Sand Cay island (26 April), Namyit Island (27 April), Sin Cowe Island (28 April) and Spratly Island (29 April). The Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) had captured the Paracel Islands from the South Vietnamese in January 1974. These islands are also claimed by Vietnam, however they have no current presence there.

Prior to 1975, the Navy operated fewer than forty patrol boats along with the coastal junk force. With the collapse of South Vietnam on 30 April 1975, the Navy was expanded with ships from the defunct RVNN. Captured vessels included two patrol frigates, over one hundred patrol craft, and about fifty amphibious warfare ships. Consequently, the navy ballooned in size to become the largest Southeast Asian navy by the mid-1980s, with 1,300 out of its 1,500 vessels captured from the South Vietnamese Navy or US Navy.

In the late 1970s the naval infantry (or marines) was formed to be stationed on the areas claimed by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the Spratly Islands. The naval infantry is equipped with PT-76 light tanks, BTR-60 personnel carriers and naval infantrymen are armed with AK-74 rifle, AKM-47 assault rifles, Makarov PM pistol (Officers), and PKM machinegun infantry weapons, and more.

In March 1988, the Navy fought against the PLAN at Johnson Reef, causing the losses to the Vietnamese of several transport ships and up to 64 deaths. The battle was won by the PLAN who outgunned and outnumbered them, using a fleet of frigates against Vietnamese lightly armed transport ships. This prompted the Navy to modernise its weapons and its overall naval capabilities.

Modernization
The VPN began modernizing with its contract purchasing two Gepard-class frigates from Russia in 2006. From that point until 2016, a series of changes were implemented to transform the VPN from a purely brown-water navy to one capable of safeguarding its territorial interests in the South China Sea. Its most modern ships in 2011 were its 5 Petya-class frigates (2 Petya-III's from the late 70s, and 3 Petya-III's from the 80s) and a KBO-2000 fast attack craft. The navy attempted a KBO-2000 project with Russia in which the Severnoye Design Bureau designed a KBO-2000 which was constructed in Ba Son Shipyard in Ho Chi Minh City. Only one ship of this class was built by Vietnam, designated HQ-381, but it did not meet the Navy's expectations and so the project was canceled.

Organisational structure
Organisational levels of Vietnam People's Navy, from highest to lowest are:
 * Naval Headquarters (Bộ tư lệnh Hải quân) takes command of the entire Navy
 * Naval Regions (Vùng Hải quân) 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th
 * Naval Brigade (Lữ đoàn Hải quân)
 * Naval Regiment (Trung đoàn Hải quân)
 * Naval Battalion (Hải đoàn)
 * Squadron (Hải đội)

Naval Regions
On 26 October 1975, the Ministry of Defence issued Decision No.141/QD-QP which established five Coastal Areas of Naval Command and jurisdiction provisions of the five regions. In 1978, they were renamed as the following naval regions:
 * 1st Regional Command (A Regional Command): Gulf of Tonkin, north coast from Quảng Ninh to Hà Tĩnh and the islands in Gulf of Tonkin. Command Headquarters: Haiphong.
 * Commander: Rear Admiral Phạm Văn Điển.
 * Political Commissar: Rear Admiral Phạm Văn Vững.
 * 2nd Regional Command (B Regional Command): South China Sea and south coast from Bình Thuận to Bạc Liêu, southern continental shelf, including the key areas are economic science service areas (called are DK1, DK2). Command Headquarters: Nhơn Trạch, Đồng Nai.
 * Commander: Rear Admiral Phạm Khắc Lượng.
 * Political Commissar: Rear Admiral Nguyễn Phong Cảnh.
 * 3rd Regional Command (C Regional Command): North central coast, from Quảng Bình to Bình Định, including the islands of Cồn Cỏ, Lý Sơn,... and Paracel Islands. Command Headquarters: Da Nang.
 * Commander: Rear Admiral Đỗ Quốc Việt
 * Political Commissar: Rear Admiral Nguyễn Tiến Dũng
 * 4th Regional Command (D Regional Command): South China Sea, south central coast including Spratly Islands, Phú Quý island and the south central coast, from Phú Yên to Bình Thuận. Command Headquarters: Cam Ranh Bay military port, Khánh Hòa Province.
 * Commander: Rear Admiral Phạm Văn Hoành.
 * Political Commissar: Rear Admiral Phạm Thanh Hóa.
 * 5th Regional Command (E Regional Command): South China Sea and coast in Gulf of Thailand from Cà Mau to Kiên Giang. Command Headquarters: Phú Quốc, Kiên Giang.
 * Commander: Rear Admiral Nguyễn Duy Tỷ.
 * Political Commissar: Rear Admiral Ngô Văn Phát.
 * Naval Infantry

Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Naval Academy
The Vietnamese naval academy, with its headquarters in Nha Trang, is the main institute for training naval commanding officers for the divisional level, and commanding staffs at tactical/campaign levels. Students include both undergraduates and postgraduates serving in the military.

The forerunner of the Vietnam Naval Academy, the Coastal Training School, was established on 26 April 1955 by the General Staff. The school has changed name several times, such as the Naval Training School in 1959, the Naval School of Vietnam in 1961, the Naval Officers School in 1967, and the School of Naval Engineering Command in 1980. The school renamed itself the Naval Academy in 1993.

After 55 years of development, combat and growth, the academy has trained thousands of officers and technical staff for major specialised fields such as vessel control, mining and anti-mine operations, anti-submarine missiles, gunships, information, radar, sonar, coastal radar, shipyard work, the Coast Guard, and Border Defence Force.

In addition, the naval academy has trained officers for both the Royal Cambodian Navy and the Lao People's Navy.

Manpower
The current total manpower of the navy is around 50,000 officers and enlisted personnel, including naval infantry and other specialised units.

title: Vietnam People's Navy


text:
Category talk:Irish sculptors

Byrne
Needs to go in an article, not on category page... Brendan Byrne (Sculptor) Brendan Byrne - A leading figurative sculptor based in Cork Ireland - specialising in Bronze. An in depth look at this fascinating figurative bronze artist. Includes a gallery of his work. -->>sparkit| TALK << 19:53, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Irish sculptors


text: User talk:71.1.197.188

title: User talk:71.1.197.188


text:
Reiji Oyama

Reiji Oyama may refer to:
 * Reiji Oyama (pastor)
 * Reiji Oyama, a character of the game Power Instinct

title: Reiji Oyama


text:
User talk:Sippel2707

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Pavel Vozenilek 19:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Sippel2707


text:
Art Sanders

Art Sanders is a news anchor for KNX (AM) in Los Angeles, California.

He previously spent 22 years with KNWN (AM) in Seattle, Washington (state) working primarily as the weekday evening anchor. His tenure with the station pre-dated the switch to the All-News Radio format in September 2002.

In 2004, he auditioned for the announcer's spot on television's longest running game show, The Price Is Right, after the death of Rod Roddy.

title: Art Sanders


text:
User:Polpo

I'm polpo, also known as zsazs, or zsazsa on MetaFilter. My real name is Ian Scott. My webpage is at polpo.org.

My main interest in editing Wikipedia pages is simple typo and grammatical fixes.

title: User:Polpo


text:
Talk:Historical European martial arts

Renaissance
Wait a second, the Italian Renaissance started around 1400. And yet Fiore is listed as as a medieval fight master. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MarquisCthulhu (talk • contribs) 19:56, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Another Late-Renaissance or Early-Modern fencing instructor would be Joseph Swetnam, who published Schoole of the Noble and Worthy Science of Defence in 1617. Swetnam was an advocate of the long rapier, and makes a few derogatory remarks about George Silver in his book. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.91.33.254 (talk) 19:56, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Some call Silver "The Last Medieval Swordsman" with good reason. The mechanics of Silver's system are much closer to I.33 or Fiore than to Swetnam, despite the shared English heritage and proximity in time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.213.212.91 (talk) 05:55, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * December 5. 2005 - Changed the time periods to centuries to remove any questions about the timing of the Renaissance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.233.102.4 (talk) 22:40, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

That's a difficulty, isn't it? Defining time periods and the significance of such (often arbitrary) labels is a problem in history. Clearly, there was not an abrupt change in life in Italy overnight in 1400. What we can quantify is whether Fiore exhibited characteristics more Medieval or more Renaissance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.213.212.91 (talk) 05:55, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

stub template
I created hema-stub to be added to stubby articles. dab (ᛏ) 11:54, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 07:35, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Historical European Martial Arts → Historical European martial arts – Not a proper noun as such (though the term appears in some proper names, like those of organisations), no reason for caps. See also thius related CFR nom. Alai Alai 09:11, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Voting

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support - if that's the way it's done, then go for it. Megalophias —Preceding undated comment added 16:54, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Some issues
This article desperately needs some TLC. Bits and pieces from older versions are floating around. The later centuries are skimped on, and there is nothing at all after 1700. I've removed some dubious bits:

 * Only two 15th century English treatises are known, they are rather obscure and *probably also dependent on the German school*.

What is the source for this assertion (which is AFAIK completely unfounded?) No one even knows what most of the terms mean, and none of them are German.

 * Jakob Sutor... The long sword having been completely replaced by the rapier and the sabre.

This is wrong, makes no sense in context, and isn't even a sentence.

 * After Fiore, his successors in the southern Holy Roman Empire formed what some consider a semi-independent school of swordsmanship from that of the north

This is really unclear. What is meant by semi-independent? Megalophias —Preceding undated comment added 16:54, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Of the Middle Ages and Renaissance? Where does this come from? 17th-19th c arts certainly apply; even some 20th c stuff has been considered HEMA. Megalophias —Preceding undated comment added 17:17, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

SCA
I disagree with the emphasis placed on the SCA in the history of HEMA. I think that it could be argued that the recreation of HEMA started with Alfred Hutton, and more recently from scholars like Sidney Anglo and martial artists like John Clements. What are other's views on this? Sethwoodworth 21:00, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The SCA started doing this kind of thing about 30 years before ARMA was founded. I agree that the research they did was spotty, but I think the text of the article reflects that.  Their role in providing a large body of practitioners has had an influence on the study of period fighting arts and many of the HEMA field's leading researchers and teachers came from this organization: Bob Charron, William Wilson, and Brian Price are just a few.  I don't think John Clements would be a good representation of the current trend in HEMA.  ARMA is a largely insular organization and you only need to read the John's books to discover that he has an axe to grind. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.233.102.4 (talk) 01:10, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. I'm not a particular fan of ARMA but I still believe that they had a larger affect on HEMA than the SCA.  The only thing that the SCA started for historical medieval manuscript research is perhaps a subsection of the population that is prone to medievalism.  Maybe someone else started reading manuscripts before JC and interpreting them (somewhat) correctly.  I don't know who.  I agree that JC isn't a representation of current trends in HEMA, but neither is the SCA. Since 90% of the research and HEMA practice isn't legal in the SCA and the three names you mentioned have their own salle's and indipendent groups I would disupute that Charron, Wilson and Price are *in* the SCA, but do not practice or interpret HEMA through it primarily. It's more a question of emphasis than anything else, not an attempt to completely rewrite. Sethwoodworth 17:43, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

I have asked for verification on the statement that the SCA is a "a historical re-enactment organization." The SCA makes no such statement and it also does not fit the definition of a "a historical re-enactment organization".Midiman Alex (talk) 06:49, 10 March 2008 (UTC) The article on Historical re-enactment on Wikipedia also does not consider the SCA a historical re-enactment group.  The issue is mainly one of authenticity and consistency of time periods in study.Midiman Alex (talk) 07:01, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Fencing
This is a pretty neat article over all. I've added some information about this to the discussion at Talk:Rapier, but shouldn't there be more mention of fencing manuals and teachers here? This rather large area of European fighting arts seems largely skipped over. --- Markspace 04:36, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Western Martial Arts
I disagree with the opening statement that HEMA refers to the modern reconstruction. The fact that the term has the word "Historical" in it obviates this. I suggest that that line be modified to point to the Western Martial Arts article since WMA is the modern outgrowth of HEMA, and that the "Modern Reconstruction" and "What is available today" sections be moved into the WMA article, and those two sections be directed to the WMA article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Master at Arms (talk • contribs) 04:59, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * That's not what the opening statement says. But in practice when you are discussing a HEMA in any but the most general terms, you have to talk about the reconstruction, because the arts themselves are gone. I disagree about WMA. Though WMA is often used to refer to reconstructed HEMA, it is also often used in the much wider sense of all martial arts of western origin, including modern arts, and arts from the Americas as well as from Europe. Megalophias 06:19, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Please reread the opening statement for it clearly ends with: "The term most often refers to reconstructed forms of these arts." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.19.174.107 (talk) 02:49, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I wrote it, actually, so I know what it says :). You are correct that it could be explained better. Megalophias 02:10, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

It is my contention that that statement is outdated and today, WMA is the term that is most often used to refer to the reconstruction of the historical European/Western martial arts. Europe is part of the western world, thus Western Martial Arts is the common usage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.19.174.107 (talk) 02:49, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * WMA is frequently used as a synonym for HEMA. We should add that. Why do you say that HEMA is outdated? It is used frequently. There is much more to the western world than Europe. Megalophias 02:10, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

I would refute your contentions by citing the Western Martial Arts Workshops, which do not include any of the vaguely eluded to "...arts from the Americas.." that you cite,as well as the refernce materials listed on The Chivalry Bookshelf (http://www.chivalrybookshelf.com/), and other well respected sites such as The Chicago Swordplay Guild's homepage (http://chicagoswordplayguild.com/), and the ARMA site even uses the term: "...the HACA was thus reinvented as a club for historical Western martial arts research and practice.", as well as on the AEMMA site, http://www.aemma.org/aboutAEMMA_top.htm "...a common goal of establishing a viable European/Western martial arts." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.19.174.107 (talk) 02:49, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * See the links below:
 * http://www.ejmas.com/jwma/jwmaframe.htm
 * http://www.geocities.com/athens/acropolis/4933/westernarts.html
 * http://sports.groups.yahoo.com/group/western-arts/
 * http://www.fightingarts.com/reading/article.php?id=228
 * http://stickgrappler.tripod.com/wma/wma.html
 * -Megalophias 02:10, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Your claim that "...in practice when you are discussing a HEMA in any but the most general terms, you have to talk about the reconstruction, because the arts themselves are gone." is falacy as much as saying that one can not discuss anything in history without having to talk about a reconstruction of history. When discusssing the American Civil War, must one discuss the the reenactors who recontruct it simply because the Civil War is no longer active? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.19.174.107 (talk) 02:49, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think we are talking past each other here. :) I would say history is all about reconstruction - when you study the Civil War, trying to figure out who did what to when why, you are essentially reconstructing it (not the same as reenacting, though obviously reenactors tend to reconstruct as well). Now granted you can (and should) study in an academic sense without reconstruction - you can say "In 1599 George Silver claimed that Italian rapier fencing was crap" - but if you want to know *how* George Silver would fight an Italian with a rapier, you have to reconstruct his method. Megalophias 02:10, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

If you could cite where WMA is "...often used in the much wider sense..." then I would recommend that the WMA article be expanded to include such, but I can find no such usage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.19.174.107 (talk) 02:49, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It's quite common. Though historical reconstruction tends to predominate in discussion of western martial arts, modern arts are certainly included. Megalophias 02:10, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I concede that the term HEMA is not "outdated", but rather is increasingly less often used to refer to the modern reconstructions, whereas WMA is used primarily in reference to the reconstructed arts. As for there being much more to the western world than Europe, that is a matter of debate ;-)  I would also like to draw attention to the stub of an article Historical martial arts reconstruction which contains some very good information, but lacks the substance to stand as an article on it's own, and would ask that folks reading this check it out and discuss the merger suggestion.  As for WMA referring to such things as boxing or wrestling and such, I would say that those are more sports than martial arts, but I do concede that the WMA article should have a section on any true martial art that has it's roots outside of Asia, however I am not well versed enough in any of them to do so, and heartily invite those that are, to discuss such additions on the WMA talk page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.19.174.107 (talk) 03:52, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think this is just a matter of disambiguation. WMA is used synonymously with HEMA, so obviously there shouldn't be two separate articles, but HEMA is more unambiguous, thus WMA should be a disambiguation page. dab (𒁳) 15:06, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Notability concerns
listing HEMA groups and societies, naturally the notability question arises. I'd say that any school founded prior to 1998 or so qualifies as notable for historical reasons, but the flurry of 2000s establishments makes clear that a school needs to meet some notability to be included. I do think all groups listed at present are arguably notable enough to be listed, but we'll have to be careful with future additions. dab (𒁳) 15:06, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh good lord, here we ago again. That is, since this post, there's been another mad scramble for every group with a website to add themselves to the schools section. Shouldn't the schools be a separate page? User:Marozzo —Preceding undated comment added 02:29, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

I began the list as a part of tracing the history of the discipline. Any group active for more than 10 years should meet sufficient notability for inclusion. But for groups that were founded after 2000 or so, I agree that some sort of notability will have to be established. Wikipedia is not a linkfarm. The Gothenborg group organises a major annual event, and in may book may be listed, but germanlongsword.com or swarta.be as far as I am aware have no claim to fame. Obviously, it is difficult to draw a line. WP:ORG applies. That is, an editor arguing for the inclusion of a group should be expected to show that the group has been the subject of review or discussion at an unaffiliated WMA source. dab (𒁳) 18:25, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

the removal of the list was not discussed. I have restored it. I agree we need to be strict in terms of notability. We would need to require that a school has been going strong for at least five years, and can be shown to be mentioned by independent sources. dab (𒁳) 14:09, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

ok, here's a suggestion: as a first rule of thumb, any school started before 2000 and still in existence is fair game. Any school established after 2000 will need additional evidence of notability (third party references). 12:07, 2 February 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dbachmann (talk • contribs)

there's this map, maintained by a single group arsgladii.at, so that strictly speaking, the groups listed there are attested by an independent third party (but the source is far from notable, merely being listed there isn't proof of notability, it is just a better reference than a website operated by the respective groups themselves). dab (𒁳) 15:04, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Hello all, any objection to adding the Academy of Arms to the list of schools in this article? They have been featured in the LA Times and the LA Daily News, as well as several other news and information sites. They are listed in Western Martial Arts Illustrated magazine, and are an official California non-profit organization with an indoor facility. They train four times a week and have 35 students. Also, some of the biggest names in US WMA, such as Christian Tobler and Greg Mele know the founder of this school and can vouch for him. Maybe all this is overkill, but I just want to be respectful of the notability requirement. Thank you. Lazfin (talk) 23:58, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Don't worry, this has pretty much become an open bulletin board for whomever knows how to edit a Wiki page.Marozzo (talk) 14:58, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

I removed the link to The Diamond Rose Academie D'Armes. It is completely clear that this just another renn-fair re-enactment group started well after 2000 with no real notability within the HEMA field. As they say on their main web page, their interest is primarily on "clothing, acting, faire speech, names and on garb, persona creation and etiquette" rather than on actual martial arts.Ranp (talk) 19:26, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

I removed the complete link farm since it had become completely silly. Anyone who could put up a web page and play knight had added a link. All organizations, groups, and individuals were treated fairly.Ranp (talk) 21:36, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

RanP, your decision to arbitrarily remove references to assorted HEMA groups around the world would seem less biased if all references to ARMA had also been purged from this article. There is a clear suggestion of bias here, as you are an ARMA member and you have edited this article to remove references to diverse, unaligned HEMA groups and replaced them with a significant section of text that can be construed as promoting your organisation, the ARMA. Logic suggests there are only two fair ways for this article to proceed in order to avoid this bias and conflict of interest. 1) All reference to ALL modern HEMA re-constructionist groups should be removed and not re-instated; or 2) Links to ALL modern HEMA groups, that meet whatever notability criteria can be agreed upon, should be allowed in an appropriate format. Until then, I propose the entire “Reconstruction” section be removed. (HEMA Gaukler (talk) 03:55, 6 March 2009 (UTC))

 * If you have looked closer you might have noticed that I removed all of the link farm, including the ARMA link. I left the actual text talking about the role of John Clements and ARMA because they have play an extremely significant role in the reconstruction of our lost arts.Ranp (talk) 02:18, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Reconstruction
As I suggested and foreshadowed in the Notability section here, I have pursued option 1) above and cleaned up the "Reconstruction" portion of the HEMA article to: a) incorporate a good deal more specific, factual data and details about early research and researchers in the revival of HEMA (which is very heavily indebted to and reliant on the work of researchers such as Wassmannsdorf, Hergsell, Novati, Matthey, Jackson, Wierschin and Hils), and: b) remove references to specific modern schools of HEMA.

I think reference to multi-group, pan-country/region organizations and events is fine and meets sensible notions of non-partisanship and notability and to that end, I have included a reference to the Australian Federation which has been active (2003) almost as long as HEMAC, and the Australian Conventions which have been running since 1999, placing them alongside WMAW in terms of seniority.

I would ask that before anyone edits this version, they please foreshadow the proposed edits here on the talk page and refrain from incorporating references to a) specific, contemporary HEMA schools/groups or b) specific, contemporary personalities in HEMA or c) specific, contemporary approaches to HEMA (i.e. interpretive philosophies or assumptions). This article is about the *historical* systems and should remain that way. There is already a wiki page on modern Historical martial arts reconstruction (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_martial_arts_reconstruction) which covers contemporary, reconstructionism. (HEMA Gaukler (talk) 04:58, 8 March 2009 (UTC)).

Flaw in the timeline
I have a bit of a problem with the section "Development of modern sports (1789 to 1914)". There still existed martial arts then, but the title ignores this, and it is hardly mentioned at all. Admittedly there was a trend towards more "combat" sport, and less martial art, but still. There is one mention of this: "In the course of the long 19th century, Western martial arts become divided into modern sports on one hand and applications that retain military significance on the other. In the latter category are the methods of close-quarter combat with the bayonet besides use of the sabre and the lance by cavalrists." This is the only, brief, mention. Why isn't there more written on the arts, that had significance outside of sport?--213.113.53.13 (talk) 15:59, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Why isn't there more written? Because nobody had the necessary information so far. If you have quotable references on this, you are welcome to indicate them here and I will be happy to try and incorporate them. --dab (𒁳) 13:49, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

Major HEMA events
What about adding some information on recent major European HEMA events: Dijon HEMAC Gathering (France), Dreynevent (Austria), FightCamp (UK), SWASH (UK), Swordfish (Sweden)? Ulrich von Lichtenstein (talk) 18:29, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

Large HEMA databases
It seems to me that in addition to Wiktenauer it might be appropriate to mention several other HEMA-related databases: Schola Gladiatoria's database, Hroarr's, Hungarian one at middleages.hu site etc. Ulrich von Lichtenstein (talk) 11:51, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Use/mention error in article introduction
This article is not about Historical European martial arts, but is about historical European martial arts. The former does indeed "refer" to something, the latter do not.

This is not Wiktionary. --95.34.149.128 (talk) 00:44, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

 * After rereading this remark at least twice it seems that the anonymous editor is right. Some examples:

 * "''Korean martial arts are military practices and methods which have their place in the history of Korea but have been adapted for use by both military and non-military personal as a method of personal growth or recreation";
 * "Chinese martial arts, popularly referred to as kung fu or gung fu, and also by the Mandarin Chinese term wushu, are a number of fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in China";
 * "Japanese martial arts is the enormous variety of martial arts native to Japan". -- Ulrich von Lichtenstein (talk) 07:22, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

Acta Periodica Duellatorum
This brand new HEMA publication, led by Dr. Mátyás Miskolczi aims to provide researchers willing to share their work with a publication platform. Publication Board : Brown, Scott (USA); Jaquet, Daniel (CH); Majár, János PhD (H); Miskolczi, Mátyás PhD (H); Waldmann, Szabolcs (H); Winter, Harald (A).

The first publication will be printed at the beginning of May, and it will be available during the XIIth International HEMA Gathering in Dijon (France). You can read the abstracts of the articles here: https://dl.dropbox.com/u/18927715/APD2013.pdf Source: http://hemac-dijon.com/en/?page_id=356 -- Ulrich von Lichtenstein (talk) 16:02, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

Missing "kicking and boxing" styles
I don't see mentions of And many other surviving/extinct ways of fighting using fists and/or kicks. 195.150.224.69 (talk) 17:30, 6 May 2015 (UTC)
 * english bare kncukles boxing - fist fighting martial art, ancestor of modern sport known as boxing
 * French savate - martial art from France that originated as kicking martial art, and then mixed with fist techniques around XIX century

Who gets to be listed?
For example, under «publications», who gets to be listed? I see there Rob Runacres, Reinier Van Noort or Guy Windsor, each (deservedly) among the most significant figures in the fields they study. However, I don't see Jens P. Kleinau, who is probably the most significant messer (and Kunst des Fechtens, generally) researcher out there, or Roland Warzecha, undisputedly the most well-know i.33 reference, or Ton Puey (disclaimer: he is a friend of mine) who is a world-level Verdadeira Destreza expert summoned to teach at international events several times each year... just to name a few. Mind you: I am not questioning Runacres', Noort's or Windsor's right to be listed. I am asking what the criteria is to add new people to that list? Gatonegro (talk) 14:20, 23 June 2015 (UTC)

Listing HEMA traditions by their proper names
The «See Also» section lists «Spanish School of Swordmanship», «Italian School of Swordmanship» and «German School of Swordmanship». However, these terms recall the present nation-states of the same names (the three of them, incidentally, born in the XIX century), and not the areas where the respective martial arts were practiced and/or born (that is: the Iberian Peninsula, the Italic Peninsula and/or the Holy Roman Empire). Specifically: Fiore's homeland was part of the HRE until ~1450; many of the integrants of the «Society of Liechtenauer» who promoted the Kunst des Fechtens were from present-day Poland, Croatia or Slovenia (by then too part, or associated to, the HRE), whereas on the other hand under «German» swordmanship often are included styles such as the Nuremberg group which seem to be quite restricted to a small geographic area. Finally, Verdadeira Destreza (and Destreza Comum too) was practiced in the whole Iberian Peninsula, not just present-day Spain (it actually developed independently in several aspects whenever Portugal was not under the same rule as the other kingdoms of the peninsula). I suggest we either change the names to the disciplines they refer to («Verdadeira Destreza», etc) or to more neutral geographic areas («Swords of Swordmanship of the Iberian Peninsula», «Swordmanship schools of the Holy Roman Empire» or «Kunst des Fechtens» or «Verdadeira Destreza», etc). Gatonegro (talk) 14:57, 23 June 2015 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Communication Research
— Assignment last updated by Avalon Elaine (talk) 18:33, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I added Esfinges as an Umbrella Group, as they are an ever-growing, international organization that is important to many members of the community. Avalon Elaine (talk) 20:11, 11 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm adding a reference to Ascalon Sword Festival under Events. Even without being part of the Arnold Sports Festival, it is one of the biggest tournaments in the United States. I also think there should be mention of sparring camps, which are less formal than tournaments and are growing in popularity in the HEMA community. Avalon Elaine (talk) 20:20, 11 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm going to add sources for Liechtenauer and some of the other masters. Avalon Elaine (talk) 20:58, 11 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Added citation for Mair. Avalon Elaine (talk) 21:58, 14 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Added a citation to the Ancient History section. Avalon Elaine (talk) 22:10, 14 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Added a photo to the section on the modern HEMA community. Avalon Elaine (talk) 22:36, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Historical European martial arts


text:
Hercynian Forest

The Hercynian Forest was an ancient and dense forest that stretched across Western Central Europe, from Northeastern France to the Carpathian Mountains, including most of Southern Germany, though its boundaries are a matter of debate. It formed the northern boundary of that part of Europe known to writers of Antiquity. The ancient sources are equivocal about how far east it extended. Many agree that the Black Forest, which extended east from the Rhine valley, formed the western side of the Hercynian, except, for example, Lucius of Tongeren. According to him, it included many massifs west of the Rhine.

Across the Rhine to the west extended the Silva Carbonaria, the forest of the Ardennes and the forest of the Vosges. All these old-growth forests of antiquity represented the original post-glacial temperate broadleaf forest ecosystem of Europe.

Relict tracts of this once-continuous forest exist with many local names: the Black Forest, the Ardennes, the Bavarian Forest, the Vosges, the Eifel, the Jura Mountains, the Swabian Jura, the Franconian Jura, the Polish Jura, the Palatinate Forest, the Teutoburg Forest, the Argonne Forest, the Morvan, the Langres plateau, the Odenwald, the Spessart, the Rhön, the Thuringian Forest, the Harz, the Rauhe Alb, the Steigerwald, the Fichtel Mountains, the Ore Mountains, the Giant Mountains, the Bohemian Forest and the Sudetes. In present-day Czech Republic and southern Poland, it joined the forested Carpathians. The Mittelgebirge seem to correspond more or less to a stretch of the Hercynian mountains. Many present-day smaller forests were also included like the Bienwald and the Haguenau Forest. The Hercynian Forest maybe extended northwest to the Veluwe and east to the Białowieża Forest.

Etymology
Hercynian has a Proto-Celtic derivation, from ɸerkuniā, later erkunia. Julius Pokorny lists Hercynian as being derived from * "oak" (compare quercus). He further identifies the name as Celtic. Proto-Celtic regularly loses initial  preceding a vowel, hence the earliest attestations in Greek as Ἀρκόνια (Aristotle, the e~a interchange common in Celtic names), later Ὀρκύνιος (Ptolemy, with the o unexplained) and Ἑρκύνιος δρυμός (Strabo). The latter form first appears in Latin as Hercynia in Julius Caesar, inheriting the aspiration and the letter y from a Greek source.

The Germanic forms appear with an f for *p by Grimm's Law, perhaps indicating an early borrowing from Celtic before it lost the initial consonant: Gothic faírguni = "mountain, mountain range", Old English firgen = "mountain, mountain-woodland". Still the Celtic and Germanic words could also be old relatives, or the Celtish word could be borrowed from Germanic.

The assimilated  would be regular in Italo-Celtic, and Pokorny associates the ethnonym Querquerni, found in Hispania in Galicia, which features an Italic-Venetic name. In fact, it is not directly associated to the Hercynian Forest's name. Proto-European *' explains ɸerkuniā, later erkunia, with regular shift kʷ > ku that occurred before the assimilation '.

The name of the Hercynian Forest is also considered to be etymologically related to Lithuanian thunder god Perkūnas. He is also known as Pērkons in Latvian; Perkūns or Perkunos in Old Prussian; Parkuns in Yotvingian and Pārkiuņs in Latgalian.

It is possible that the name of the Harz Mountains in Germany is derived from Hercynian, as Harz is a Middle High German word meaning "mountain forest." Also, the Old High German name Fergunna apparently refers to the Ore Mountains and Virgundia (cf. modern Virngrund forest) to a range between Ansbach and Ellwangen.

Hercyne was the classical name (modern Libadia) of a small rapid stream in Boeotia that issued from two springs near Lebadea, modern Livadeia, and emptied into Lake Copais.

Ancient references
The name is cited dozens of times in several classical authors, but most of the references are non-definitive, e.g., the Hercynian Forest is Pomponius Mela's silvis ac paludibus invia, "trackless forest and swamps" (Mela, De Chorographia, iii.29), as the author is assuming the reader would know where the forest is. The earliest reference is in Aristotle's (Meteorologica). He refers to the Arkýnia (or Orkýnios) mountains of Europe, but tells us only that, remarkably in his experience, rivers flow north from there.

During the time of Julius Caesar, this forest blocked the advance of the Roman legions into Germania. His few statements are the most definitive. In De Bello Gallico he says that the forest stretches along the Danube from the territory of the Helvetii (present-day Switzerland) to Dacia (present-day Romania). Its implied northern boundary is nine days' march, while its eastern boundary is indefinitely more than sixty days' march. The region fascinated him, even the old tales of unicorns (which may have represented reindeer). Caesar's references to moose and aurochs and of elk without joints which leaned against trees to sleep in the endless forests of Germania, were probably later interpolations in his Commentaries. Caesar's name for the forest is the one most used: Hercynia Silva.

Pliny the Elder, in Natural History, places the eastern regions of the Hercynium jugum, the "Hercynian mountain chain", in Pannonia (present-day Hungary and Croatia) and Dacia (present-day Romania). He also gives us some dramaticised description of its composition, in which the close proximity of the forest trees causes competitive struggle among them (inter se rixantes). He mentions its gigantic oaks. But even he—if the passage in question is not an interpolated marginal gloss—is subject to the legends of the gloomy forest. He mentions unusual birds, which have feathers that "shine like fires at night". Medieval bestiaries named these birds the Ercinee. The impenetrable nature of the Hercynia Silva hindered the last concerted Roman foray into the forest, by Drusus, during 12..9 BCE: Florus asserts that Drusus invisum atque inaccessum in id tempus Hercynium saltum (Hercynia saltus, the "Hercynian ravine-land")  patefecit.

The isolated modern remnants of the Hercynian Forest identify its flora as a mixed one; Oscar Drude identified its Baltic elements associated with North Alpine flora, and North Atlantic species with circumpolar representatives. Similarly, Edward Gibbon noted the presence of reindeer—pseudo-Caesar's bos cervi figura—and elk—pseudo-Caesar's alces—in the forest. The wild bull which the Romans named the urus was present also, and the European bison and the now-extinct aurochs, Bos primigenius.

In the Roman sources, the Hercynian Forest was part of ethnographic Germania. There is an indication that this circumstance was fairly recent; that is, Posidonius states that the Boii, were once there (as well as in Bohemia which is named for them). It is believed that before the Boii the Hercuniates tribe inhabited the area, later migrating to Pannonia in Illyria. By the middle of the first century BC, the Hercuniates were a minor tribe that was located along a narrow band of Celtic settlement close to the Danube, on the western side of the river a little way west of modern Budapest. Their name comes from an ancient proto-Indo-European word for an oak. The tribe is referred to by Pliny and Ptolemy as a civitas peregrina, a wandering tribe that had travelled to Pannonia from foreign parts. Little else is known of them save that they were issuing their own coins by the second century BC. By AD 40 the tribe was eventually subdued by Rome.

Medieval period
Monks sent out from Niederaltaich Abbey (founded in the eighth century) brought under cultivation for the first time great forested areas of Lower Bavaria as far as the territory of the present Czech Republic, and founded 120 settlements in the Bavarian Forest, as that stretch of the ancient forest came to be known. The forest is also mentioned in Hypnerotomachia Poliphili as the setting for the dream allegory of the work.

Modern references
The German journal Hercynia, published by the Universities and Landesbibliothek of Sachsen-Anhalt, pertains to ecology and environmental biology.

Some geographers apply the term Hercynian Forest to the complex of mountain ranges, mountain groups, and plateaus which stretch from Westphalia across Middle Germany and along the northern borders of Austria to the Carpathians.

title: Hercynian Forest


text:
El Rosario, Tenerife

El Rosario is a municipality in the northeastern part of the island of Tenerife in the Santa Cruz de Tenerife province, on the Canary Islands, Spain. The seat of the municipality is the town La Esperanza, in the mountainous interior of the island. The municipality includes the coastal town Radazul.

The population is 15,542 (2013 ), its area is 39.43 km2.

La Esperanza
The seat of the municipality, La Esperanza, sits at an elevation of 900 meters above sea level, La Esperanza’s historic architecture—whitewashed houses with wooden balconies—speaks of a simpler time when life revolved around agriculture and community.

From Llanos to Coast

 * El Rosario spans from the fertile plains of La Esperanza to the sun-kissed shores of Tabaiba and Radazul. This ecological diversity is a testament to the island’s geological past and its ever-evolving present.
 * The wetlands near La Esperanza harbor endemic flora and fauna, while the coastal areas boast palm trees, cacti, and breathtaking ocean views.

Radazul: A Coastal Town

 * Radazul, the coastal town within El Rosario, beckons with its azure waters and rocky cliffs. Residents and visitors alike find solace in its beaches, where the Atlantic waves meet the volcanic shoreline.
 * The TF-1 motorway, cutting through the southern part of the municipality, connects Radazul to the rest of Tenerife, making it accessible yet retaining its tranquil charm.

Cultural Resilience

 * El Rosario’s cultural heritage thrives through local festivals, traditional music, and culinary delights. The annual Fiestas de Mayo celebrate the town’s patron saint, San Isidro Labrador, with processions, dances, and heartfelt devotion.

Education and International Connections

 * The Deutsche Schule Santa Cruz de Tenerife, a German international school, stands proudly in the Tabaita Alta section of El Rosario. It bridges cultures, offering quality education to students from diverse backgrounds.

Education
The Deutsche Schule Santa Cruz de Tenerife, a German international school, is located in the Tabaita Alta section of El Rosario.

title: El Rosario, Tenerife


text:
Talk:Tesla/Archive 1

Remove Tesla Advanced Communications, a P2P Network
Hi all, I think "Tesla Advanced Communications, a P2P network" in the page Tesla_%28disambiguation%29 should be removed, because it`s a Spyware, and the download in Download.com is a virus called W32.Spybot (Even though if you search for it on download.com it says it doesn`t exist, what seems to be the official website (http://www.tesla.ac/) has a link to download.com that WORKS, and it downloads a file of 65KB that is a W32.spybot). I also downloaded the program from PC-World, installed it and coudn`t create a Username, so I think the project is dead. Just thought I should let you know. (July 18)

 * Since noone has answered I will remove it.--Serpentus 23:19, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Disambig or straight to Nikola Tesla
I was wondering if there had been any discussion as to whether a search for tesla should come here (as it currently does) or whether it should go to Nikola Tesla. Personally I would prefer if the search query was directed to Nikola Tesla as all of the other links in this disambiguation are somehow derivitive of him. Witt y lama 20:26, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Redirection
The page Tesla should redirect to Nikola Tesla, the the disambiguation here at Tesla (disambiguation) J. D. Redding
 * First, why is this so crucial? And second, if such a move is necessary, it should be done by actually moving the page, not switching content with copy/paste which breaks the page history.  --Minderbinder 15:36, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

See the comment above ...

It was a redirect at times and it should be a redirect. I changed this enough today, but your changing it and should be blocked for disruption if you keep changing it. J. D. Redding

title: Talk:Tesla/Archive 1


text:
User:Crypteia

I am a citizen of the whole world.

title: User:Crypteia


text:
Holcus lanatus

Holcus lanatus is a perennial flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae. The specific epithet lanatus is Latin for 'woolly' which describes the plant's hairy texture. Common names include Yorkshire fog, tufted grass, and meadow soft grass. In North America, where it is an invasive species, names include velvet grass and common velvet grass.

In parts of northern Europe the grass is a common native species and a hardy pasture grass.

Characteristics and hybrids
Holcus lanatus has velvety grey-green leaves. The stems are round. The bases of the stems are white with pink stripes or veins; this character has been called the "stripy pyjamas". The inflorescence is robust and often tinged purple. It produces a large amount of seed and is a rapid coloniser of disturbed ground. It prefers wetter ground; it is often seen around drainage ditches. The ligule is 1 - 4 mm long, blunt, and hairy.

This species can be distinguished from H. mollis by the beardless nodes on its culm, the absence of rhizomes, and the awn becoming hooked when dry and not projecting beyond the tips of the glumes. It has been known to hybridize with H. mollis, producing a male sterile hybrid with 2n = 21 chromosomes. Hybrids tend to resemble H. lanatus in their morphology.

It spreads vegetatively by developing new shoots and roots at its nodes. Plants form a blanket of runners on the soil surface. Semi-prostrate rosettes of shoots called 'mops' may form at the end of the runners. These mops root readily in contact with moist soil.

Invasive species and habitat preferences
In a European survey of weed contamination in cereal seed in 1970, Holcus lanatus seed was found in 1% of samples. H. lanatus is an indicator of poor soil, low grazing levels, and poor drainage. It is tolerant of a range of soil pH, but grows best between 5.0 and 7.5. It exhibits climatic tolerance over a wide altitude range, but severe frosts can kill it. It does not survive trampling and puddling. It can be controlled in some European locations by increasing available potassium and phosphorus, increasing stock, and improving drainage. These remedies are not as effective in North America.

Noxious weed
Holcus lanatus is a significant pest weed in Australia, as it is a winter-growing C3 grass and survives droughts and hot summers as seed. It is distasteful to stock unless it is young and little other plant material is available. The flowers are wind-pollinated and usually out-crossing. The first seeds become viable 5 to 9 days after flowering and all are viable after 20 days. Seeds are shed from in summer and early autumn. One panicle has 100 to 380 seeds, with 177,000 to 240,000 seeds per plant, depending on time of emergence.

Invasive species
In North America, Holcus lanatus is an invasive species in native grasslands and other ecosystems. In Yosemite National Park it is one of nine priority noxious weeds to control for habitat restoration and regenerating native plant balances. It forms dense stands that can exclude other plants.

It is also established in Chile and Australia.

Ecology
Holcus lanatus in its natural habitat is a food source for butterflies such as the speckled wood, the wall, and especially the small skipper. It is rarely utilized by the Essex skipper. In its native range it may occur in plant associations such as the Juncus subnodulosus–Cirsium palustre fen-meadow habitat.

title: Holcus lanatus


text:
Whissonsett

Whissonsett is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is 5.0 mi south of Fakenham, 23 mi west-north-west of Norwich and 112 mi north-north-east of London. The nearest railway station is at King's Lynn for the Fen Line which runs between King's Lynn and Cambridge. The nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. The parish had in 2001 census, a population of 483 in 206 households, increasing to a population of 488 in 209 households at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Breckland. The village lies close to the source of the River Wensum.

History
The name Whissonsett is thought to derive from Witcingkeseta as it has been known as in the past and means either the settlement of the Witcing tribe or a place of watery meadows.

Domesday Book
Whissonsett has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1085. In the great book Whissonsett is recorded by the names Witcingkeseta. The main landholders being Roger Bigod with the main tenant being Ranulf Fitz Walter. The survey also mentions seven Beehives and ¼ of a Fishery. In the Domesday survey fractions were used to indicate that the entry, in this case the fishery, was on an estate that lay within more than one parish.

Saint Mary's parish church
Saint Mary's parish church was built mainly during the Early English period (cica 1250) and is constructed from flint with freestone dressing. The church has undergone considerable restoration over the past centuries.

One of the features of Saint Mary's are the large image niches, one in the nave and two in the chancel, either side of the east window. The one in the nave contains the large head of an Anglo-Saxon cross, unearthed in the graveyard by grave diggers in 1902.

title: Whissonsett


text:
El Rosario

El Rosario may refer to:

Argentina

 * El Rosario, Catamarca, a municipality in Catamarca Province

Colombia

 * El Rosario, Nariño, a municipality in the Nariño Departmen

Costa Rica

 * El Rosario District

El Salvador

 * El Rosario, Cuscatlán, a municipality in the Cuscatlán department
 * El Rosario, La Paz, a municipality in the La Paz department
 * El Rosario, Morazán, a municipality in the Morazán department

Guatemala

 * El Rosario Lake, in El Rosario National Park

Honduras

 * El Rosario, Comayagua, a municipality in the department of Comayagua.
 * El Rosario, Olancho, a municipality in the department of Olancho.

Mexico

 * El Rosario, Baja California, a municipality in the Baja California.
 * El Rosario, Sinaloa, a municipality in the state of Sinaloa.
 * El Rosario metro station, a station of the Mexico City Metro
 * El Rosario (Mexico City Metrobús), a BRT station in Mexico City

Nicaragua

 * El Rosario, Carazo, a municipality in the Carazo department of Nicaragua

Spain

 * El Rosario, Tenerife, a municipality in the island of Tenerife in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, on the Canary Islands

Other

 * El rosario, 1944 Mexican romantic drama film directed by Juan José Ortega

title: El Rosario


text:
Talk:Metallic K.O.

Needs clean up. --68.39.102.229 19:57, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MetallicKO.jpg
Image:MetallicKO.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:10, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Metallic 2X K.O.
"A 2001 release titled Metallic 2X K.O. includes the first halves of both concerts as well." Is the 2001 version different from earlier versions? This was originally a double album. If I can remember I'll post an expanded tracklist, earlier release date etc.. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 21:22, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

No it wasn't. The original LP was a single disc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.138.199.155 (talk) 05:01, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

Song age
"It features no songs predating Raw Power" But "I Wanna Be Your Dog" is from the first album, no? Simon marchese (talk) 21:54, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Face?
Is that the right term for sides of an LP? I thought they were called "sides" as in "side A", "side B" and so on..? Vince In Milan (talk) 02:04, 20 October 2008 (UTC) Yeah, what the fuck is face?

There are so many different unofficial versions of this record around, and one of them may refer to the sides as "faces." But I'm changing it to reflect the original LP with "sides," and the Metallic 2XKO release. The track listed as "I Wanna Be Your Dog" is actually "Heavy Liquid" with some spoken verses of "Dog" at the end, so that will be fixed too. Leamanc (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 02:46, 28 May 2009 (UTC).

title: Talk:Metallic K.O.