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Metro INOX Cinemas

Metro INOX Cinemas (formerly Metro Big Cinema (2008–2016), Metro Adlabs (2006–2008) and Metro Cinema (1938–2006)) is an Art Deco Heritage grade IIA multiplex Movie theatre in Mumbai, India built in 1938. It was built and originally run by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). The main architect of the cinema was Thomas W. Lamb of New York City, and D. W. Ditchburn (Senior partner of the architectural firm Ditchburn Mistry and Bhedwar) of Mumbai was the associate architect. It was one of the main sites targeted in the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

History
Metro is located in the Dhobitalao area of Mumbai. The Art Deco cinema opened on 5 June 1938, and initially exhibited movies made by MGM. The interior, floors, walls, ceilings as well as the furniture, was in shades of red and pink. Patrons were serviced by liveried ushers in the marble foyer and staircases, which led up to murals by students of the J. J. School of Art, under Charles Gerard. In 1955 Metro was the venue for the first Filmfare Awards night.

In 1970, the cinema was taken over by the Gupta family and with Indianisation came the era of screening Hindi films.

It soon became Bollywood's most famous red-carpet theatre. The Indian star presence at Metro became so prominent that riot police were often called in at film premieres.

Transformation into multiplex
Despite such achievements, Metro could not stand up to the multiplex invasion, it was becoming difficult to fill up the 1,491 seats. The promoters decided to transform the old cinema into a multiplex, while also restoring its original art-deco interiors. The cinema was acquired by Adlabs Cinemas and in the start of 2005, the cinema closed down.

The cinema re-opened after renovation in August 2006, screening the Karan Johar film “Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna”. The cinema now has six screens, which are among the largest multiplex screens in Mumbai.

title: Metro INOX Cinemas


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Category:Rhenium compounds

List of compounds containing rhenium.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Rhenium compounds


text: Template:Campaignbox Second Punic War

title: Template:Campaignbox Second Punic War


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Yavatmal

Yavatmal ( is a city and municipal council in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the administrative headquarters of Yavatmal District. Yavatmal is around 90 km away from divisional headquarters Amravati while it is 670 km away from the state capital Mumbai and 150 km south west of Nagpur.

Etymology
The name is derived from the Marathi Yavat (mountain) and mal (row). Another theory is as the city is located on a plateau, which is comparatively higher altitude than its other tehsils.

History
Formerly known as "Yeoti" or "Yeotmal", Yavatmal was the main town of the Berar Sultanate and according to old writings "the safest place in the world". The then region of Yavatmal (now Yavatmal district), was part of the dominion of Aladdin Hassan Bahman Shah who founded the Bahmani Sultanate in 1347. In 1572, Murtaza Shah, ruler of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate (current day Ahmadnagar District), annexed the Yavatmal district. In 1596, Chand Bibi, warrior queen of Ahmadnagar, ceded the district of Yavatmal to the Mughal Empire, then rulers of a large part of India. Following the death of the sixth Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, Yavatmal was passed on to the Maratha Empire. When Raghoji I Bhonsle became ruler of the Nagpur kingdom in 1783, he included the Yavatmal district in his territory. After the British East India Company created Berar Province in 1853, Yavatmal became part of East Berar District in 1863 and later part of the South East Berar district—both districts of the Central Provinces and Berar. Yavatmal remained part of Madhya Pradesh until the 1956 reorganisation of states when it was transferred to the Bombay State. With the creation of the Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960, Yavatmal district became a part of the same.

Yavatmal Municipal Council was constituted in 1869 but was dissolved shortly thereafter. It was established again in 1894 and thus forms the oldest municipal council in the district. Mr. Eliot was first mayor and Lieutenant, W. Hege was deputy mayor. Govind Punaji Bari was the first Indian president of the Yavatmal Municipal council (02-Jan-1914 to 31 May 1932). The first elections conducted for the position of president of municipal council were held on 22 December 1934. Prior to that the same was appointed.

The mini-train called Shakuntala is a historic remark built by the British government to transport cotton which is now closed.

Demographics
As of 2011 Indian Census, Yavatmal had a total population of 116,551, of which 58,549 were males and 58,002 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 11,360. The total number of literates in Yavatmal was 96,726, which constituted 82.9% of the population with male literacy of 85.1% and female literacy of 80.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Yavatmal was 91.9%, of which the male literacy rate was 94.8% and the female literacy rate was 89.1%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 19,816 and 6,543 respectively. Yavatmal had 26,173 households in 2011.

Religion
Majority of the population follow Hinduism, followed by significant Muslim and Buddhist minorities.

Language
The principal language of the Yavatmal district is Marathi however Varhadi dialect of Marathi majorly spoken by people of Yavatmal. However, since the district has numerous Scheduled and Nomadic Tribes, other languages such as Gormati or Banjari, Gondi, Beldari, Urdu, Telugu and Kolami are also spoken in parts of the district. In 1973, the Marathi Sahitya Sammelan (Marathi Literature Conference) was hosted in the city for the first time which was presided over by Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar. The second time, it was hosted on 11 January 2019 chaired by Vaishali Yende, widow of a suicide victim farmer, to highlight the issue of farmer suicides in the area.

Culture
Yavatmal is known for its unique Navratri festival celebration, the whole city is known for organising huge celebration events for Navratri. Festivals like Gudi Padwa, Diwali, Dussehra, Christmas, Easter Sunday and almost all Hindu and Christian occasions are celebrated. The district is also home to a Buddhist community, and they celebrate Ambedkar Jayanti in huge Gatherings.

Climate
This city has a tropical savannah climate. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Aw. In Yavatmal, the average annual temperature is 26.8 °C. The rainfall here averages 946 mm.

Economy
During British rule, Yavatmal city was classified as a hill station. Both cotton-ginning and pressing are carried on in Yavatmal, while the town is also the chief trading center in the district and connected by road with Dhamangaon station, 29 mi away. Major business establishments in Yavatmal include the Raymond UCO mill that produces denim fabrics for jeans. There are establishments related to the cotton, and textile industries. There is a 106 acre textile Special Economic Zone (SEZ) under construction while HLL Unilever has also decided to restart the plant they currently have in the city. Other local businesses in the town are dominated by the presence of agricultural supply facilities used by the nearby farming community.

Banking services are available in the Yavatmal, Arni, Ner, Pusad, Digras, Ghatanji and Kelapur(Pandharkawada) and Wani areas.

The major industrial centres are at: MIDC Lohara, Darwha, Digras, Pusad, Umerkhed, Wani, Umari, Kelapur, Ralegaon and Babhulgaon, Ner, and Wani-Maregaon with the main market places in: Yavatmal City, Arni, Wani, Darwha, Digras, Ghatanji, Mohada, Pusad, Umerkhed and Kelapur.

Roads

 * New Shaktipith Expressway will pass through Yavatmal city and district Nagpur-Yavatmal-Goa Express
 * The National Highway NH 44 (Varanasi–Kanyakumari) passes through the district at Vadki, Karanji, Pandharkawada, Patanbori, and Kelapur.
 * New National Highway has been proposed from Khandwa(MP)- Dharni-Amravati-Yavatmal-Karanji on NH 44.
 * The state highway (Amravati–Chandrapur) passes through Ner, Yavatmal, Jodmoha, Mohada, Umari, Karanji and Wani.
 * The (Nagpur–Tuljapur) National highway 361 passes through Kalamb, Yavatmal, Arni, and Umarkhed.
 * Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway will directly connect to Yavatmal City with feeder roads.

Railways

 * Yavatmal is the southern terminus of the 762 mm narrow gauge railway known locally as the Shakuntala Railway. This line is composed of two legs intersecting with the Broad gauge Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line at Murtijapur – the 76 km northern leg to Achalpur and the 113 km southeastern leg to Yavatmal. Darwha Station lies on this line.
 * Another line, Majri–Mudkhed line, passes through the district. Wani is a railway station on this line. The state cabinet has approved Wardha–Nanded rail link project. This railway line will connect Wardha–Yavatmal in Vidarbha with Nanded in Marathwada.
 * India's First broad-gauge Metro will run From Nagpur to Yavatmal on Nagpur-Wardha, Wardha-Yavatmal-Nanded line.
 * SURVEY REPORTS SUBMITTED TO BOARD for approval for new broad gauge line between Yavatmal-Adilabad Via Ghatanji, Pandharkawada, Chankha

International

 * Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport, Nagpur is 150 km away From Yavatmal City.

Regional

 * Yavatmal airport is located 9 km east of the city of Yavatmal and has been taken up by Reliance Airport Developers Ltd for development.

Education
Prominent educational institutes:
 * Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College
 * Technical: Government College of Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Government Residential Women's Polytechnic, Jawaharlal Darda Engineering and Technical Institute (private), Jagdamba College of Engineering,
 * Other: Amolakchand Mahavidyalaya (Science, Arts and Commerce), Babaji Datey Kala & Vanijya Mahavidyalaya (Arts and Commerce College), St. Aloysius English School

Notable people

 * Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, Founding Sarsanghachalak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
 * Aajibai Banarase, community leader and president of Maharashtra Mandal London.
 * Vijay Darda, former MP (Rajya Sabha), Chairman Lokmat media Pvt. Ltd
 * Jambuwantrao Dhote, politician and founder of Vidarbha Janata Congress
 * Nachiket Mor, banker and National Director for Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
 * Sudhakarrao Naik, former Chief Minister of Maharashtra.
 * Vasantrao Naik, former Chief Minister of Maharashtra.
 * Sanjay Rathod, former Guardian minister Yavatmal
 * Manikrao Thakare, former President Maharashtra State Congress Committee
 * Madan Madhukarrao Yerawar, former Guardian minister Yavatmal
 * Wasudev Waman Patankar, Marathi poet and advocate (1908–1997)
 * Akash Chikte, Indian field hockey player
 * Suryakanta Patil, Indian politician
 * Lalit Yadav, Vidharbha cricketer
 * Alind Naidu, Vidharbha cricketer
 * Ashok Uike, Former Minister of Tribal Development
 * Vasant Purke, Politician and former Minister of Education
 * Jawaharlal Darda, Freedom Fighter
 * Madhav Shrihari Aney (Loknayak Bapuji Aney [ Padma Vibhushan]) Ardent educationist, freedom fighter, statesman, a modern Sanskrit poet and a politician
 * Rajendra Darda, Politician
 * Shivajirao Moghe, Former Minister of Social Justice in Maharashtra Cabinet
 * Faheem Hussain, Pakistani physicist
 * Harising Nasaru Rathod, Politician

title: Yavatmal


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Blaze of Glory: The Last Ride of the Western Heroes

Blaze of Glory: The Last Ride of the Western Heroes is a four-issue comic book limited series published in 2000 by Marvel Comics. It was written by John Ostrander and drawn by Leonardo Manco.

The series featured a more historically realistic update of Marvel's Western heroes. In contrast to the characters' standard looks until then, Blaze of Glory depicted them as grizzled, weather-beaten cowboys and gunfighters, wearing less stylized, more historically appropriate outfits than their classic ones. Blaze of Glory retconned some of the Marvel Western stories of years past as being dime novel fictions of the characters' actual lives.

Series' writer John Ostrander declared: "A lot of the stories that have been printed, like in old issues of Rawhide Kid and Two-Gun Kid, those are great legends, but not necessarily the truth. We're gonna tell you more of the truth. It is going to have a bit of a historical grounding to it. Look for reinterpretations of classic Marvel characters."

Publication history
Blaze of Glory was originally intended to be released as two forty-eight page issues, as writer John Ostrander revealed in a 1998 interview:

"It's called Blaze of Glory, sometimes also referred to as the "Last Ride of the Marvel Western Heroes"! There'll be two 48-page books."

Sometime between the date of this interview and the date of publication, the decision to split the two issues into four regular sized issues was made. Issues #1 and #2 were dated February 2000, while issues #3 and #4 were dated March 2000.

The series was collected in 2002 and later that year, a sequel to the Rawhide Kid's arc was released, Apache Skies, also by Ostrander and Manco.

Issue #1
The peace in Wonderment, Montana (a town founded by a group of ex-slaves freed after the American Civil War, the type of group historically known as Exodusters) is broken when a group of riders dressed like Ku Klux Klan nightriders attack. Among the townsfolk who fight back is Reno Jones, a man whose adventures have been depicted in more than a few dime novels.

The raids continue for days and the town makes a decision to hire gunfighters to protect them. A local Indian tribe agrees to ask a warrior they know to help. Reno Jones then sets off with a man named Marcel Fournier to contact others for help.

Jones locates the Rawhide Kid who is performing as a part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. Jones recruits both the Rawhide Kid and Kid Colt and the three of them leave together. Not long after this, a bounty hunter going by the name Gunhawk arrives and asks about the location of Kid Colt. Gunhawk is told where the three riders are going and rides after them.

Issue #2
In Anaconda, Montana, Marcel Fournier talks to the Two-Gun Kid. After this conversation, the Two-Gun Kid talks to a Mr. Riley, a man who was once the masked outlaw known as the Tarantula. Their conversation reveals Riley to be the man behind the attacks. He wants the land on which Wonderment sits for a smelting plant he plans to build. This conversation also makes it clear that there is no legal avenue to save Wonderment. Later that night in the hills above Wonderment, Red Wolf agrees to give his aid.

Two days later, Reno Jones recruits the Outlaw Kid. As Jones' small group is about to leave for Wonderment, they are confronted by three Pinkerton detectives, one of whom is Caleb Hammer. They are after Kid Colt. After a short confrontation, Colt shoots all three men. Jones and his allies then ride fast out of town. As the group relaxes around their campfire that night, they are joined by the Two-Gun Kid. He tells them that two of the three Pinkertons were killed, but that Caleb Hammer survived.

Seeking to get into Wonderment by a lesser-known back entrance, the group falls into an ambush. They all make it through except Jones, who falls into a deep ravine after being shot.

Issue #3
The small group rides into Wonderment while it is in the middle of another attack. After fighting off the nightriders, they introduce themselves. The next morning, both Hammer and Gunhawk attempt to pass into Wonderment and are stopped by the nightriders. As they are being questioned the, Ghost Rider appears. In the chaos, Hammer and Gunhawk escape and make their way to Wonderment.

Issue #4
Caleb Hammer and Gunhawk arrive in Wonderment. After a brief argument, they agree to help and to collect the bounty on Kid Colt's head after the Nightriders are dealt with. At the same time, Fournier is revealed to be a spy for the Nightriders. He is killed by the Two-Gun Kid.

With their eyes in town now lost to them, the Nightriders attack en masse, intending to kill everyone in town. Riley joins in, his hatred for the Ghost Rider (who was his main nemesis when he was the Tarantula) overriding his sense of preservation. In the battle, Reno Jones is revealed to be the man dressed as the Ghost Rider, Jones' ex-partner Kid Cassidy is revealed as the leader of the Nightriders and the Outlaw Kid, Gunhawk, Kid Colt, and the Two-Gun Kid are killed. Riley is shot dead and Cassidy dies in battle with Jones. The battle ends when Red Wolf leads a mass of Indian warriors into Wonderment.

The final issue ends with the Rawhide Kid and Caleb Hammer riding out of town together.

Collected editions
Blaze of Glory was collected in 2002 as a trade paperback, Blaze of Glory: The Last Ride (ISBN 0-7851-0906-4).


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Josephine Sophia White Griffing

Josephine Sophia White Griffing (December 18, 1814 – February 18, 1872) was an American reformer who campaigned against slavery and for women's rights. In Litchfield, Ohio, their home was a stop on the Underground Railroad and she worked as a lecturer for the Western Anti-Slavery Society and Ohio Women's Rights Association. At the end of the American Civil War she moved to Washington, D.C., to help work with the unemployed freedmen. Much of her work was done through the Freedmen's Bureau, where she worked as an assistant to the assistant commissioner and as an agent. Griffing was also active in several women's rights organizations, including the National Woman Suffrage Association.

Early life
Josephine White was born in Hebron, Connecticut, on December 18, 1814, into a prominent family. Her father, Joseph White Jr., was a representative in Connecticut's state legislature. While her mother Sophia Waldo was the sister of portrait painter Samuel Lovett Waldo, her mother died a year after her birth in 1815. After her mother's death, her father married Mary Waldo, the sister to Sophia Waldo. Despite the relative fame of her family, little is known of her childhood in Connecticut.

On September 16, 1835, at the age of twenty, Josephine married Charles Stockman Spooner Griffing in Stafford, Connecticut. By 1842, the couple moved to Litchfield, Ohio, where they had five daughters. Three of their children survived into adulthood, including Emma, Helen, and Josephine Cora.

Abolitionist work
While living in Litchfield, Ohio the Griffing family became involved with some of the radical organizations that were thriving in Ohio's Western Reserve. By 1849, both Charles and Josephine were active members of the Western Anti-Slavery Society, and by 1851 they were traveling agents, preaching "no union with slaveholders." Griffing also began going on lecture tours on abolitionism throughout the West, becoming one of the most prolific anti-slavery speakers in the region. She also wrote articles for The Anti-Slavery Bugle, a newspaper published out of Salem, Ohio.

The Griffings opened up their home as a stop on the Underground Railroad. During the Civil War, Griffing acted as the western agent for the Women's Loyal National League, a feminist organization that worked to outlaw slavery in every state.

Aiding the freedpeople
During the Civil War, Griffing was struck by the plight of the recently freed slaves, especially those who were fleeing to Washington, D.C. Determined to help the freedpeople establish themselves, Griffing and her three daughters moved to Washington, D.C., in 1864, while her husband remained in Ohio. Why her husband remained behind is uncertain.

Griffing became an agent for the National Freedmen's Relief Association of the District of Columbia, where she opened up two industrial schools for freedwomen in order to teach them marketable skills such as sewing. These schools were also designed to inculcate freedwomen with the values of the Northern white middle class. In Griffing's words, "the Industrial School furnishes an opportunity for instruction in social science, and domestic relations, as well as the higher forms of Industry, and a marked change is observable in personal tidiness, good manners, and in the control and government of young children - whom some of the mothers are obliged to bring with them to the Rooms." While in Washington, Griffing also used her political influence to lobby Congressmen for more direct aid for the formerly enslaved people of Washington. Through her lobbying of Radical Republican members of Congress, such as Benjamin Wade and Charles Sumner, Griffing became instrumental in establishing the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, more commonly known as the Freedmen's Bureau. In June 1865, as reward for her work in helping to create the Freedmen's Bureau, Commissioner Oliver Otis Howard appointed Griffing the assistant to the assistant commissioner for Washington, D.C.

Despite Griffing's prominence in the Freedmen's Bureau, she and the male leaders of the organization often conflicted over how best to aid the freedpeople of Washington. Griffing argued that the freedpeople required direct aid, such as food, clothes, and fuel, and that the Bureau's main goals should be to provide material aid for those living in Washington. This aid, according to Griffing, was necessary for the freedpeople to become financially stable, and once that occurred they could obtain jobs and support themselves. However, men involved in freedpeople's aid organizations disagreed with Griffing's claims. They often supported the ideals of free labor; these men encouraged self-reliance and the signing of labor contracts so that freedpeople could survive financially without assistance as quickly as possible. Griffing openly spoke out about the lack of direct aid, claiming that 20,000 freedpeople in Washington, D.C., were suffering for lack of rations and supplies and that the Bureau men would not help them. The agents of the Bureau denied her statement, despite the evidence supporting her argument. By November 1865, Commissioner Howard revoked Griffing's appointment due to these conflicts, stating that "this Bureau has not received any funds from Mrs. Griffing and does not assume responsibility of the collections she is making."

Even with this setback, Griffing continued to help better the lives of the freedpeople. She worked with her government contacts to help freedpeople find jobs in the north, and sometimes travelled with them to make sure they arrived safely. The Freedmen's Bureau worked with Griffing on this project, providing barracks in Rhode Island, offices in New York City, and fund for rent and other necessary expenses. By 1867, Griffing was working for the Freedmen's Bureau once more, this time as an agent for the Capitol Hill and Navy Yard districts. Throughout her tenure, Griffing fought for increased aid for the freedpeople, as well as continuing her efforts at finding employment for African Americans in the north. She also kept contact with her associates in the federal government and in private aid organizations in order to obtain as much aid as possible for the destitute of Washington, D.C. Griffing worked as an agent for the Freedmen's Bureau until it ran out of funding and was forced to stop providing aid in late 1869. She continued working to aid freedpeople through the National Freedmen's Aid Association of the District of Columbia until her death in 1872.

Work for women’s rights
In addition to her work for the freedpeople of Washington, D.C., Griffing was also a women's rights activist. In the 1850s, Griffing became involved with women's rights organizations, making contact with women like Susan B. Anthony who would inspire her to fight for the rights of women as well as African Americans. Throughout the 1850s, Griffing joined various feminist organizations, such as the Ohio Women's Rights Association, which she became the president of in 1853. Shortly after President Abraham Lincoln gave the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, Griffing joined the Women's Loyal National League as a lecturing agent, where she helped collect thousands of signatures for a women's antislavery petition that was eventually presented to the United States Congress by Charles Sumner. Griffing was also active in the temperance movement that was popular amongst many feminist activists during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

While in Washington, D.C., Griffing maintained her dedication to women's rights and the cause of suffrage. In 1866 she helped found the American Equal Rights Association, whose purpose was to promote equality and suffrage for all people no matter their race or sex; she also served as its first vice-president. Griffing became the president of District of Columbia woman suffrage association in 1867, where she helped monitor guide suffrage activities in Washington, D.C. In 1869, along with Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and other prominent reformers, Griffing joined the National Woman Suffrage Association and acted as its corresponding secretary.

Josephine Griffing died in 1872 in Washington, D.C., with her cause of death listed as "consumption" (tuberculosis). She was 57 at the time, and was survived by her husband and her three daughters.

Remembrance
The first volume of History of Woman Suffrage, published in 1881, states, “THESE VOLUMES ARE AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED TO THE Memory of Mary Wollstonecraft, Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, Harriet Martineau, Lydia Maria Child, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimké, Josephine S. Griffing, Martha C. Wright, Harriot K. Hunt, M.D., Mariana W. Johnson, Alice and Phebe Carey, Ann Preston, M.D., Lydia Mott, Eliza W. Farnham, Lydia F. Fowler, M.D., Paulina Wright Davis, Whose Earnest Lives and Fearless Words, in Demanding Political Rights for Women, have been, in the Preparation of these Pages, a Constant Inspiration TO The Editors”.

title: Josephine Sophia White Griffing


text:
Austrfararvísur

Austrfararvísur (‘verses of an eastern journey’) is a skaldic poem composed by the Icelandic skald Sigvatr Þórðarson c. 1019. It is written in the meter dróttkvætt (‘courtly spoken’).

Historical context
Sigvat was a court poet and trusted advisor of King Olaf Haraldson of Norway. He was sent with a diplomatic delegation to the court of King Olof of Sweden. The delegation was successful. Reconciliation was achieved between the two kings, sealed with engagement between Olaf II and the Swedish princess Astrid Olofsdotter of Sweden.

Content
Austrfararvísur contains a humorous and sarcastic description of Sigvat's arduous journey to Svíþjóð, modern eastern Sweden. In one particularly memorable sequence, he describes how the men passed though Eidskogen into Västergötland, and reached a farm named Hof (for its identity see Fulk 2012, p. 589). The door was barred, and the people inside hostile; due to being Christian, Sigvat and his retinue were not welcome. According to the prose context and alluded to in the poem, Sigvat went on to ask for lodging at two other homesteads, but were likewise refused at each. The relevant verses (4-6) from the poem in Fulk's edition (pp. 589-592):

 * I resolved to aim for Hof; the door was barred, but I made enquiries from outside; resolute, I stuck my down-bent nose in. I got very little response from the people, but they said [it was] holy; the heathen men drove me off; I bade the ogresses bandy words with them.

 * ‘Do not come any farther in, wretched fellow’, said the woman; ‘I fear the wrath of Óðinn; we are heathen.’ The disagreeable female, who drove me away like a wolf without hesitation, said they were holding a sacrifice to the elves inside her farmhouse.

 * Now three namesakes have driven [me] away, they who turned their backs on me; not at all do the firs of the whetstone-platform [SWORD > MEN] display praiseworthiness. However, I fear this above all, that every loader of the ocean-ski [SHIP > SEAFARER] who is named Ǫlvir will henceforth chase strangers away.

Editions and translations

 * Om skalden Sighvat Thordsson och tolkning af hans Austrfararvísur, Vestrfararvísur och Knútsdrápa (author: Sighvatr Þórðarson; editor: Sven Alfred Ternström, publisher:Lund, H. Ohlssons boktryckeri, 1871. text in Old Norse with Swedish introduction, translation and notes )
 * Om skalden Sighvat Thordsson och tolkning af hans Austrfararvísur, Vestrfararvísur och Knútsdrápa (author: Sighvatr Þórðarson; editor: Sven Alfred Ternström, publisher:Lund, H. Ohlssons boktryckeri, 1871. text in Old Norse with Swedish introduction, translation and notes )

Other sources

 * Jonsson, Finnur (1907) Den islandske litteraturs historie tilligemed den old norske (University of California Libraries)
 * Lagerqvist,Lars O. (1982) Sverige och dess regenter under 1.000 år (Albert Bonniers Förlag AB) ISBN 91-0-075007-7
 * Thunberg, Carl L. (2012) Att tolka Svitjod [To interpret Svitjod] (Göteborgs universitet CLTS) ISBN 978-91-981859-4-2, ISBN 978-91-637-5725-9

title: Austrfararvísur


text:
Talk:Kuressaare

Untitled
How can Kuressaare be the capital of an island? I think it's only the capital of Saare County. PeepP 12:15, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Russian name Kingissepa
I find it weird that the article states town has a Russian name Kingissepa. This was the name of the town both in Estonian and Russian during Soviet era, but there is no Russian-language related etymology of this name. This is no more than a surname of an Estonian communist, afther whom the town was renamed. I would suggest the Russian name removed at all.Avellano (talk) 06:45, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * On a similar subject, why is the Finnish name of the city in the opening sentence? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.191.197.232 (talk) 11:15, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kuressaare


text:
User talk:Sekhar rkp

MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM Permanent magnets Centuries ago, it was discovered that certain types of mineral rock possessed unusual properties of attraction to the metal iron. One particular mineral, called lodestone, or magnetite, is found mentioned in very old historical records (about 2500 years ago in Europe, and much earlier in the Far East) as a subject of curiosity. Later, it was employed in the aid of navigation, as it was found that a piece of this unusual rock would tend to orient itself in a north-south direction if left free to rotate (suspended on a string or on a float in water). A scientific study undertaken in 1269 by Peter Peregrinus revealed that steel could be similarly "charged" with this unusual property after being rubbed against one of the "poles" of a piece of lodestone. Unlike electric charges (such as those observed when amber is rubbed against cloth), magnetic objects possessed two poles of opposite effect, denoted "north" and "south" after their self-orientation to the earth. As Peregrinus found, it was impossible to isolate one of these poles by itself by cutting a piece of lodestone in half: each resulting piece possessed its own pair of poles: Like electric charges, there were only two types of poles to be found: north and south (by analogy, positive and negative). Just as with electric charges, same poles repel one another, while opposite poles attract. This force, like that caused by static electricity, extended itself invisibly over space, and could even pass through objects such as paper and wood with little effect upon strength. The philosopher-scientist Rene Descartes noted that this invisible "field" could be mapped by placing a magnet underneath a flat piece of cloth or wood and sprinkling iron filings on top. The filings will align themselves with the magnetic field, "mapping" its shape. The result shows how the field continues unbroken from one pole of a magnet to the other:

title: User talk:Sekhar rkp


text:
Talk:Ossett

Savile & Shawcross colliery
I am responsible for altering this page a lot with regard to the collieries. The problem began from looking at the BBC's website and carried on with Colin Jackson's "A-Z of colliery names". Both think that the Savile & Shawcross colliery between Ossett and Dewsbury closed in 1985. They had become confused with the Savile colliery at Methley, which did indeed shut in that year. Ossett's Savile had closed years and years earlier. I may write to Colin Jackson shortly to inform him of this.

Population
Population 32,000 sounds a big high. Where did that figure come from?
 * I agree, I think the current 20,988 is far more plausible. Behind The Wall Of Sleep 10:37, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Location between Cities
Someone added that Ossett is exactly half-way between Dewsbury and Wake. I reversed that addition, as it is slightly closer to Dewsbury town centre.
 * The claim about being exactly half-way between the coasts also would benefit from a source. I know it's roughly half-way from looking at a map, but exactly is more specific.  Also, if this claim is correct, is it related to the Halfway House pub in the town? Behind The Wall Of Sleep 10:37, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that the Halfway House was originally half-way between Ossett and Horbury before they built a lot of modern housing in that area. Epa101 12:51, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * OK this has been hanging around for ages so I've changed it to "roughly", which I think is pretty clear from a map. We can change it back to "exactly" if someone finds a source that has measured it (and specified how they defined nearest bit of coast). Behind The Wall Of Sleep 15:18, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

South Ossett
You didn't say much about South Ossett, Why? I made my own South Ossett page and added a link at the bottom of the article. Chris as I am Chris 18:04, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Trivia
I realise trivia sections are inherently discouraged, but before we delete it wholesale maybe we could check some of the claims. Specifically: Otherwise we can stick them on the talk page if/until something turns up. Finally, the "ossett there and back again" thing sounds like a pun, I've never heard it used in the town. Anyone want to stand up for this one? Behind The Wall Of Sleep 15:18, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
 * the thing about largest town without a station. Whether it's England, Yorkshire or the UK, this is in danger of being like "largest village in England" contests where it could be true about any number of places.  If correct it could go under "Transport".
 * The numerous claims about being spelt Osset. Some of these could be quite controversial (not least the one about Ed Balls) and it should be easy to find sources if they are accurate (Wakey Express, Balls' press releases etc.).

 * Well, the first one can be solved quite easily. It's Yorkshire.  I think that Corby is quite significantly larger than Ossett, and that has no train station.  There is a controversy about which is the largest town in Britain without a station, but Ossett is definitely not that holder, as it is clearly smaller than Corby.
 * Corby announced they are building a new train station last year . It has a provisional opening date of December 2008 according to Corby_railway_station. Katsp8 (talk) 22:04, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

"Osset"
I receieved that Ed Balls letter, but did not save it. I can give a reference for two of the claims now, so I shall o and do it. Epa101 12:38, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Good Stuff! I've just deleted the station claim from the trivia section as it turns out it was already in the transport section. Behind The Wall Of Sleep 09:33, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I got rid of the Ed Balls bit due to no reference. I left the bus station bit in, as everyone knows that one is true; we just cannot prove it unless a newspaper runs an article on it or something like that.  I also added the misspelling of our Ossett in "On Early English Pronunciation".  That book is to linguistics what Newton to physics, so that is quite a special place for our name to be defiled.  Epa101 (talk) 17:35, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

 * That's a pretty good reference, I have to say. I tried to source the bus station bit, but the closest I could get was this (amusing, but not useful) press release from the company which made the sign proudly proclaiming that their sign is installed in "Osset".  So then I thought "I know, next time I'm waiting for a bus there, I'll take a picture of it".  Don't know whether this is prohibited as O/R or whatever but it can't hurt (I did not make a special trip to Ossett Bus Station for this purpose, honest).  However the whole time I was there, it never said "Osset" - in fact I don't think it said "Ossett" either - it shows where you can go to (eg Wakefield, Dewsbury etc).  I'm quite prepared to be told that I was being dense and looking in the wrong place (perhaps there's another departure board, or a big sign saying "Osset").  So maybe while we wait for a citation to turn up, we could add a footnote saying "in a large sign saying 'Welcome To Osset'" or whatever - this way we can declare it easily verifiable.  And since it's hardly a big issue, I think this would be adequate. Behind The Wall Of Sleep (talk) 10:05, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Once all the buses are finished, it just says "Osset bus station". I must have seen it somewhere other than just then, but cannot remember offhand. That bus company link is quite funny. Epa101 (talk) 00:18, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Nightlife/list of pubs
We've got a long, rambling discussion of pubs in the town, including discussion of several which are now closed (of which some 20+ years ago), and some which apparently don't count as actually being in Ossett. Can anyone give a good reason as to why this should be such a prominent feature of the encyclopaedia page on the town? Maybe we should go with "Ossett has several pubs and a small nightclub in the town centre". Opinions? Behind The Wall Of Sleep (talk) 11:20, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I would agree. I think that the whole page needs a clean-up soon.  There are not enough references for things.  It is quite an interesting read at the moment, but it does not meet Wikipedia standards.
 * With regards to the pub that is in Ossett but not really, it is on the Roundwood industrial estate. That used to be the old Roundwood colliery, which counted as Ossett.  Since the pithead has been demolished and replaced by the industrial estate, the area is continuous with Wakefield and completely separated from the rest of Ossett, so I can see why the author wrote what s/he did.  Epa101 (talk) 12:22, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Long tag
An anon IP has tagged the article as long after deleting some material from the article. I do not think the long tag is really justified and probably should be removed. Someone who known the place needs to review the changes to see if they are reasonable. Keith D (talk) 10:16, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I think that there definitely needs to be more references for this article. At present, the majority of the article could just be hearsay.  However, if it is all true, then I do not think that the article is too long.  The only request for a citation that I would question is for saying that the Salvation Army is the only Christian church in Gawthorpe.  How are we supposed to provide an appropriate source for that?  Epa101 (talk) 16:13, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for comment, I have removed the long tag. Keith D (talk) 21:48, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Osset derives from 'R Orsedd meaning "a throne"
There's another Rossett, and it is known that the word came from the Welsh for throne (Orsedd or Gorsedd); as we're in the old Brythonic kingdom of Elmet here, I have NO doubt that Ossett also came from this Welsh word. It's still used today. The double "t" is very interesting, and comes from the original double "d". The Welsh / Brythonic "yr" is equivalent to the Eng,lish "the". Llywelyn2000 (talk) 03:03, 7 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Have you any reliable sources for this? Keith D (talk) 11:20, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 10 one external links on Ossett. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120214231046/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=021MMC900S08553U00001C01 to http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=021MMC900S08553U00001C01
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120222025703/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/AboutWakefield/History/1900-2000.htm?wbc_purpose=basicdefauefdefault.htm+Type_B to http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/AboutWakefield/History/1900-2000.htm?wbc_purpose=basicdefauefdefault.htm+Type_B
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120224072037/http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?ReleaseID=129620&NewsAreaID=169&NavigatedFromSearch=True to http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?ReleaseID=129620&NewsAreaID=169&NavigatedFromSearch=True
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20141006093358/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D8271.xls to http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D8271.xls
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140222211726/http://www.beatcrime.info/beat.asp?beat=DA14 to http://www.beatcrime.info/beat.asp?beat=DA14
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081004202107/http://www.ossett-brewery.co.uk:80/ourbeers.html to http://www.ossett-brewery.co.uk/ourbeers.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100409024746/http://www.ossett-brewery.co.uk:80/history.html to http://www.ossett-brewery.co.uk/history.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090907034543/http://www.ossettcivictrust.co.uk:80/OCTTown%20Hall.htm to http://www.ossettcivictrust.co.uk/OCTTown%20Hall.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20141222115042/http://www.ryallspublishing.com/ to http://www.ryallspublishing.com
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140531225846/http://www.gawthorpe.ndo.co.uk/coal.htm to http://www.gawthorpe.ndo.co.uk/coal.htm

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Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:00, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Climate table (especially "rainy days")
I thought that the figures for Ossett's rainfall seemed very high: if true, it would mean that Ossett gets more rain than Manchester, which seems unlikely.

On checking the link, I discovered that the data for Ossett are taken from the nearest weather station, which is Birchencliffe (west side of Huddersfield). Is this an accurate proxy? Although it's only about 10 miles away, Birchencliffe is 210m above sea level whereas Ossett is only 102m, so Birchencliffe is bound to get a lot more rain. I would question whether it's appropriate to use Birchencliffe's data for Ossett. Epa101 (talk) 16:55, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121108043548/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/bob.wallis/redlion.html to http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/bob.wallis/redlion.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120304025038/http://www.ossettcivictrust.co.uk/history_romans.html to http://www.ossettcivictrust.co.uk/history_romans.html

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Black Lace
I have heard that Black Lace came from Ossett but I'm not sure if this is true. I am not a fan of the band. The article for Alan Barton says that he was from Barnsley. The article for Terry Dobson says that he worked in Ossett, but was from the Flanshaw estate in Wakefield. Is there any reliable source to give the band a meaningful link to Ossett? Epa101 (talk) 16:27, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

Notable people
I tidied up this section a little, but I think those people without a Wikipedia article (for themselves or their main claim to fame) should be removed. TrottieTrue (talk) 14:28, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

IS OSSETT IN WAKEFIELD
HOW CAN A TOWN BE IN A CITY?? 77.99.38.129 (talk) 22:55, 31 May 2022 (UTC)
 * A peculiarity of the way government districts are named. City of Wakefield is the name of the district that the town of Ossett is in. Keith D (talk) 20:40, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ossett


text:
WTJR

WTJR (channel 16) is a religious television station in Quincy, Illinois, United States, owned and operated by the Christian Television Network (CTN). The station's studios are located on North Sixth Street in downtown Quincy, and its transmitter is located on Cannonball Road northeast of the city. WTJR offers 24-hour religious programming, much of which is produced either locally or at the CTN home base in Clearwater, Florida.

CTN acquired WTJR from another religious broadcaster, locally based Believers Broadcasting Corporation, in May 2006.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WTJR shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 16, on January 20, 2009. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 32, using virtual channel 16.

title: WTJR


text: Talk:The Windfall Varietal

title: Talk:The Windfall Varietal


text:
Dương Thu Hương

Dương Thu Hương (born 1947) is a Vietnamese author and political dissident.

Early life
Born in 1947 in Thái Bình a province in northern Vietnam, Hương came of age just as the Vietnam War was turning violent. At the age of twenty, when she was a student at Vietnamese Ministry of Culture’s Arts College, Dương Thu Hương volunteered to serve in a women’s youth brigade on the front lines of "The War Against the Americans". Hương spent the next seven years of the war in the jungles and tunnels of Bình Trị Thiên, the most heavily bombarded region of the war. Her mission was to "sing louder than the bombs" and to give theatrical performances for the North Vietnamese troops, but also to tend to the wounded, bury the dead, and accompany the soldiers along. She was one of three survivors out of the forty volunteers in that group. She was also at the front during China’s attacks on Vietnam in 1979 during the short-lived Sino-Vietnamese War. However, in the period after Vietnam’s reunification in 1975, Hương became increasingly outspoken and critical of the repressive atmosphere created by the Communist government. Upon seeing the conditions in the South – compared with the North – she began speaking out against the communist government. She was expelled from the party in 1989, was denied the right to travel abroad, and was temporarily imprisoned for her writings and outspoken criticism of corruption in the Vietnamese government.

Writings
Her first novels, Journey in Childhood (Hành trình ngày thơ ấu, 1985), Beyond Illusions (Bên kia bờ ảo vọng, 1987), Paradise of the Blind (Những thiên đường mù, 1988) and The Lost Life (Quãng đời đánh mất, 1989) were published in her native Vietnam and soon became bestsellers in Vietnam before they were banned. The third one was also the first Vietnamese novel ever published in the United States in English. Of her next three books — Novel Without a Name (Tiểu thuyết vô đề, 1991), Memories of a Pure Spring (2000), and No Man's Land (Chốn vắng, 2002) — only the last remains unpublished in the United States. She was made a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government (1994). She earlier wrote a number of short stories and screenplays. One story, "Reflections of Spring," was translated by Linh Dinh and included in the anthology, Night, Again: Contemporary Fiction from Vietnam (Seven Stories Press 2006). Her novel No Man's Land (Terre des oublis in French, which won the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle (2007)), was perhaps her most successful, it was in the final list of the prize Femina 2006 and received the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle in 2007.

Political fallout
Hương was labeled as a "dissident writer" and was expelled by Vietnam’s Communist Party and was imprisoned for a short time in 1991 for remarks criticizing the goals and interests of the party and its members. This is not unusual in contemporary Vietnam; Linh Dinh, in his introduction to the collection Night, Again, details the government’s extreme response to certain subjects in writing – for example, in 1956, the poet Tran Dan was arrested for capitalizing "He" in a brief passage of a poem cataloging social despair, since such a designation was reserved for Ho Chi Minh. In 1991, Le Minh Khue was still criticized for having a North Vietnamese female soldier daydream about the smile of a handsome South Vietnamese prisoner of war.

Though she was one of Vietnam’s most popular writers, most of her fiction is published outside of Vietnam due to both the censorship and the government’s monopoly of the publishing industry.

Recently, she has retired and earns a pension of approximately twenty U.S. dollars per month and must earn her living working as a translator and trying to publish her novels and short stories abroad. She believes in struggling to gain democracy; while unable to run for political office or organize a competing party, she now uses writing in order to articulate that message.

In her story "The Story of an Actress," Dương combines her passionate beliefs about human freedom with her existentialist literary sensibilities. Bê and Thom live next door to one another and become best friends; while Bê is intelligent and fun-loving, Thom develops into the town's beauty. Thom ends up marrying the most famous theater director in Vietnam, a man 40 years her senior, in an attempt to become an actress; Bê visits her and watches her life disintegrate as she works toward her degree and her own life dream.

On the surface, it seems to be a relatively simple story about two girls growing up and choosing different paths in life. But her language and details betray, as with Ho Xuan Huong, a deeper level to a simple story. She is critiquing a contemporary society where beauty is prized over intellect and money over kindness, and calling attention to how the optimism of youth, when it fades, can be so devastating that it drives people to despair.

According to Dương, most writers must learn how to voice their individual concerns within a group mentality. In other words, their writing must reflect the individual and the masses at large in a way that's approved by the party; Dương finds that most writers in contemporary Vietnam get caught up in the group thinking mentality.

Dương has felt the effects of censorship perhaps more cruelly than many of her fellow writers. Her work is not contained in any Vietnamese anthologies or collections. Though she has achieved success and renown abroad for her novels through translation, the audience she is writing for in Vietnam, who would most understand the minutiae of her stories, does not often have the opportunity to read her work, except when it is smuggled into Vietnam.

Nevertheless, Dương is hopeful for the future of writing in her country. She is counting on the fact that at some point, the people will open their eyes to see what's going on in her homeland.

Dương moved to Paris in 2006. In January 2009, her latest novel, Đỉnh Cao Chói Lọi, was published; it was also translated into French as Au zénith.

Awards and honors

 * 1994: Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres
 * 2001: Prince Claus Award
 * 2005: Oxfam Novib/PEN Award
 * 2007: Grand prix des lectrices de Elle
 * 2023: Prix mondial Cino Del Duca

title: Dương Thu Hương


text:
Apache Skies

Apache Skies is a four-issue comic book limited series, published in 2002 by Marvel Comics as a part of that company's MAX imprint. The series was written by John Ostrander and drawn by Leonardo Manco.

The series was a sequel to 2000s Blaze of Glory.

Plot summary
After the death of the Apache Kid, the Rawhide Kid joins forces with the new Apache Kid to find the killer.

Collected editions
It was published in a collected trade paperback as Apache Skies (ISBN 0-7851-1086-0) in 2002.

title: Apache Skies


text: Template:Campaignbox Peloponnesian War

title: Template:Campaignbox Peloponnesian War


text:
Talk:Tap (valve)

wrong caption
The caption on the first picture is wrong but I do not know how to change it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.149.15.169 (talk) 08:32, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

mixer taps
I'm not certain of this so haven't edited, but my impression is that mixer taps are much more common in the USA than here in the UK; certainly the great majority of my friends' and family's houses still have separate taps, even on basins etc installed in the last 10 years. Loganberry (Talk) 12:25, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Aside from (obviously) the shower, for aesthetic reasons, I've only ever seen the point of mixer taps in the kitchen (to have a long spout you can move over two different sinks or whatever recepticals you want to fill). In the bath tub or wash basin one can simply fil it with the quantity of hot and cold needed whether is from one tap or two (when would you need a flow of water the same, apart from in the shower?).   I also don't understand the comment on differing water pressure in the UK whether a combi-system or hot water tank is being used, surely any differing pressure will occur whatever conutry it is in? Dainamo (talk) 21:28, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

 * It's common in many places to wash your hands under the running water. A mixing tap is essential for that purpose lest your hands freeze or be burnt. In many commercial settings that now include taps controlled by passive infrared sensors, the mix is pre-set but still present.

 * The sentence "Hands free infrared proximity sensors are replacing the standard valve." is totally wrong. The proximity sensor senses nearby motion, and then fires the electronic actuator that moves the water valve. The sensor does restrict the flow of water, a valve still impedes the flow.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.150.204.160 (talk) 01:20, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Atlant (talk) 17:16, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That's right. How can you wash your hands without a mixing tap and getting burnt? In Poland the mixing tap is the only type we use. I have been to many European countries and I have never seen separate ones, but I heard they use them in the UK and that it is very annoying :)§30

 * Trosmisiek (talk) 17:07, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * You don't burn your hands unless you have the hot tap on a ridiculously hot setting. In a home setting, there is never a need to heat the water past the point at which it burns you. And thus, you set your water heating system to heat it to a comfortable temperature. This saves on energy, and eliminates the need for a mixer tap. As mentioned above, mixer taps are not aesthetically pleasing. 86.155.190.227 (talk) 12:14, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I removed the sentence about different pressures, I think it's just nonsense. I live in the UK now (in a student house) and hot water is sometimes really hot... and there is no way to change it. What's more, I don't think that mixer taps are not aesthetically pleasing. What's the difference, mixer or non-mixer? Except that one type is convenient and the other is not...
 * BTW, I also added a photo of taps in my bathroom; don't know how to use them yet though.
 * Trosmisiek (talk) 01:20, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The UK, and I believe most of Europe, uses gravity fed systems; whereas in North America, full water mains pressure is fed right through the internal plumbing systems inside buildings. The UK (and other) building codes require a water tank (usually in the roof) which is filled at full water mains pressure and the water level is maintained by a floating ball connected to a shut-off valve (similar to the arrangement in toilet tanks).  Water is then fed from there to the internal plumbing based on gravity alone.  In fact, in most or all cases, it would be a breach of the building code to feed water at full water mains pressure to a tap (mixer or not).  This is why the water pressure is generally lower in the UK and elsewhere, compared to the USA and Canada. Enquire (talk) 02:43, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Can only speak of Germany. But there water tanks and all the resulting effects like power showers are absolutely unheard off. Water mains pressure is generally quite high (several bar) See [] (German) Tilman Baumann --209.132.186.28 (talk) 16:08, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

 * What would be interesting for the article would be an explanation for the UK's preference for separate hot & cold taps. Surely aesthetics alone can't be the reason?? They don't look any better than normal taps to me. It seems like much of British house-building is stuck somewhere in the 1940s -- by the end of WW2 separate taps had disappeared from most European homes... I initially thought that here they were just using up old stock, but it appears they still produce them? You see brand new homes with those. I guess they still expect you to fill the washbasin and soak your hands in there... saving water? I don't think so. JREL (talk) 20:32, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

 * We (the UK) do seem to be moving gradually in the direction of mixer taps; I just looked at the taps section of the B&Q website, and out of 45 types of basin taps offered, only 12 were traditional "two-hole" models. I'm not sure why we've resisted so long, though I think part of it is an "if it ain't broke, don't fix it" mentality, and part may even be cussedness: the more other countries point and laugh, the more stubborn we get about not doing what they want! Loganberry (Talk) 16:00, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * One can only use a simple mixer tap here in the UK if both hot and cold water are fed from the tank. It is illegal to use a "simple" mixer tap on the kitchen sink (where one gets the drinking water from!) - the mixer tap here has to be two hole type (thus there is no possibility of "old" hot water going down the cold water line if ever the cold pressure failed). As for too hot water - majority of new installations will use a tank thermostat (to save energy for one thing), and will set the temperature to about 55C, so you can't get a burn.  Ron h jones (Talk) 23:21, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

 * This has more to do with the fact that much of Europe was levelled during WWI and WWII, whereas the UK had much less damage (in spite of the The Nazi Blitz). As a result, there was a greater level of reconstruction on the mainland of Europe compared to the British Isles.  Kitchen and bathroom taps installed in Europe and North America are more similar that different as can easily be verified by visiting websites of plumbing suppliers in North America and Europe, including the UK.  Public washrooms everywhere are much more likely to have separate taps, probably because they are cheaper than mixer taps. Enquire (talk) 02:43, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Mixer taps have been around in the UK and elsewhere in Europe most or all of the century. However, what is different is that most homes in the UK and elsewhere in Europe (and indeed Asia and most other parts of the world) are generally much older than in North America, where it is not at all unusual to tear-down a house that is only 20 or 30 years old and rebuild from scratch.  In other parts of the world houses are often older than the people who live in them and so, unless the kitchens and bathrooms have been renovated more recently, they may well have older styles of fixtures.  Modern taps around the world are increasingly similar and, in fact, many of the high-end taps seen in North America are imported from Europe. Enquire (talk) 02:22, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I disagree. I have only seen this configuration widely used in UK. And quite frankly I don't get it. This is actually the reason why I came to this article. I hoped somebody could explain to me why even modern buildings in UK are still built with separate hot and cold taps? Is it just tradition or is there some benefit behind it that I don't understand? Sarcastically spoken the only benefit I can see is that you can quickly move your hand to the cold tap when you scalded it in the hot water to ease the pain. What is the practical side of those taps? How would they be used? Thank you. Tilman Baumann --209.132.186.28 (talk) 16:14, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

 * A few observations. It is not illegal to fit a mixer tap directly to the mains in UK, so long as the correct fitings are in place to prevent back-flow onto the public supply. Mixer taps are popular in kitchens, especially with a head that can rotate, for rinsing vegetables etc. Mixer taps are quite common now on baths, and on sinks solely used to wash one's hands. However there is still a demand for sperate taps on bathroom sinks - I expect this is partly due to inertia to change and also for teeth cleaning purposes. I've been in many houses where the cold tap on the bathroom sink is directly mains fed and thus provides dinkable water - the cold water provided by a header tank is not seen to be so drinkable. As to the temperature of the hot water supply, this is usually adjustable at the boiler to prevent scalding. Speaking personally, I prefer mixer taps with seperate controls for hot and cold - fancy mixers with fiddly settings for flow and temperature all invariable slightly different and take a lot of minute adjustments to get the desired temperature, leading to water and energy wastage. Markb (talk) 07:47, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

An interesting discussion as I had never wondered why we usually have two taps in the UK - it just seemed normal. After some research I found there are two common water systems in houses. The traditional UK system supplied water at mains pressure to the cold taps and filled an open header tank via a ballcock (vented system) that fed the hot water circuit. This tank was placed high in the building, but only produced a low pressure supply as the driving force was gravity. This difference in pressure meant the cold flow overpowered the hot in many designs of mixer taps which were intended for equal pressures in the two feeds. The use of two taps on sinks, baths etc meant there was no problem as they mixed in the receptacle. Many houses, either from new or as replacements, are now fitted with combi boilers that heat water directly from the mains and supply it to hot taps as required. With this system the header tank is no longer required and is removed from the system. 86.24.70.90 (talk) 15:23, 16 March 2011 (UTC)Moriarty

Some facts. China produces some 500,000,000 separate hot and cold valves (headworks) each year. You then add to that the output of India & Europe. Over 90% are ceramic disc cartridges rather than the 'traditional' rubber washer variety. These are used in taps with separate hot and cold handles in every single one of the 195 countries that make up planet earth today. The notion that separate hot & cold is dead simply doesn't add up. Brazil consume, from just one manufacturer we deal with, 3,000,000 each year & Argentina another 2,200,000. That's from one Chinese maker.

The original indoor plumbing, Romans not withstanding, was British. We did it using separate tanks so traditionally had low pressure systems even though the original patent was for a high pressure valve. The rest of the world started many years after the UK so learned many valuable lessons. The British Empire went low pressure but everywhere else went high pressure and circumvented the awful tanks and low flow rates. TapMedic (talk) 00:48, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

Tapping barrels
We've just had a recent addition to include the use of 'tap' as a verb, e.g. which is good. But doesn't it apply to more than metal smelting. For example does one 'tap' a keg of beer when driving the wooden tap into the end of the barrel? -- Solipsist 12:14, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * To tap a vessel containing liquid metal is to remove the liquid from the vessel...
 * If I am not mistaken, that is where the noun 'tap' comes from. In origin, the tap was the process of inserting the spigot; tapping the spigot against the bung forces the latter into the barrel and jams the former into the bung hole. This method forces the spigot and hole together so rapidly that there is very little spillage. That done, the barrel has been tapped so the valve in the spigot is called a tap.
 * However, there is room to think that the application of the word 'tap' to this process originates in the spindle shape of the spigot. (Compare 'tap root') The meanings of the German masculine noun Zapfen parallel this meaning of one form or another of short, tapered stick. (RJP 16:58, 7 January 2006 (UTC))

 * Certainly the process of knocking a tap into a cask (not a "keg", please! :-) ) is known as tapping. Although I think you might be right that the noun comes from the verb, I find it unlikely that it's from "tapping the spigot against the bung". If nothing else, it's more of a whack than a tap! Keystone (cask) and related articles have more about this including an action photo.

 * In addition, I'd be interested in what you make of the word "spigot". It's not something I've encountered in my extensive experience of the Real Ale world, or anywhere else really although I was aware of the word. I looked it up a few months ago and the OED if I remember rightly described it as a wooden peg pushed into a hole to regulate the flow - basically a primitive forerunner of a tap or valve. However, I've seen it used by Americans to mean a tap, especially one that's not over a sink (eg outside, for attaching a hose). PeteVerdon 01:25, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I was the user that added the verb section. The use of 'tap' in smelting was probably influenced by 'tapping' for beer barrels, as the method is similar: the taphole at the base of a blast furnace, for example, is sealed with a clay plug that is drilled out when tapping commences. Electric arc furnaces usually have a mechanical flap, backed up by sand, to close their tapholes. Sentinel75 05:36, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've just Googled 'to tap' and I feel that verb meanings shouldn't be in this article; why don't I modify that section to point to a Wiktionary entry on 'tap (verb)'? Sentinel75 05:38, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see a problem with verb meanings of "tap" being in Wikipedia (as opposed to Wiktionary) but you're right that they don't belong on this page. Neither, in fact, do the other "other meanings" - the number of different uses of the word is precisely why it has a disambiguation page. In fact, two of the three "other meanings" were already listed on that page; I've added your molten metal one as well. PeteVerdon 13:45, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Cone Valves
The description at the end of a cone valve is not correct. I think what he is referring to is a ball valve, which has a ball with a hole through the middle of it. A cone valve Has a cone within a larger cone shaped housing. The flow is controlled by moving the inside cone up and away from the housing.

US specifics
A note on why Americans have two multiple-syllable words for taps whilst the rest of the English speaking world just has the simple 'tap' would be welcome. :)  Anon.
 * Possibly for the same reason why we in Britain fancify a car engine cover by calling it a "bonnet" whereas in the U.S. they simply call it a "hood". I suggest you think of the proverb concerning people in glass houses..... Dainamo (talk) 21:13, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Nicely put. In case the question actually is sincere, well, in my experience a "spigot" refers to a tap that is outside (attached to a building or to a pipe from the ground), and a "faucet," to one that is inside.  But that's just my experience, which is why I'll leave it here and not in the article. GeeZee (talk) 13:04, 12 March 2011 (UTC)
 * My lifelong U.S. English experience is exactly whatGeeZee described above. At least in my region (east coast U.S.), that's definitely a reality of the language. I just looked them both up in a Merriam-Webster and it doesn't include that distinction, but that just means that it may be limited in age or regionally. Meanwhile, "tap" can refer to either. — ¾-10 01:17, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

What's the origin of the word "faucet"? It looks like French but I'm assuming it's pronounced faw-set and not faw-say as one would expect from a French word? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.211.72.73 (talk) 03:43, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

 * According to my Google skills in-depth and painstaking research:

 * Middle English, from Old French fausset, cask stopper, from fausser, to break in, from Late Latin falsāre, to falsify, from Latin falsus, false; see false -Wafulz (talk) 14:30, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Not so US-specific as you might think. Faucet was the usual word for "tap" in the West Yorkshire dialect when I was a boy there in the fifties and sixties of the last century. Still used there, I think. AdeMiami (talk) 15:45, 12 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I have a cite for UK usage of 'faucet': Mary Stewart's The Crystal Cave has 'dripped like leaking faucets' in Chap. 10 (which is in fact what drew me here). She was born in Sunderland, so perhaps it's North Country usage. Also, I query whether some of the other terms are not common in the UK as well, e.g. 'spigot', 'bib cock', which my ODE doesn't qualify as American. In any case, if the article is going to have this UK/US section, it had better be accurate. 'Chiefly US' would do; it's a weasel, but it's common in dictionaries. Good cites would help! Or is this overworking it? 'WP is not a dictionary'.

BTW, I have never heard the term "faucet water", given in the article as an e.g. of US usage. Some brief in-depth research (see above) finds the phrase only in combinations such as "faucet water filtration system". Does anyone actually say, "I'll just have a glass of faucet water, please"? In fact, just a few lines later, the article gives 'tap water' as an example of US usage of 'tap'! Perhaps the editor intended the use in a compound phrase as above? --D Anthony Patriarche, BSc (talk) 08:01, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * On yet further reflection, I think I see what is wrong. This is a semi-technical article, and this section is a list of terms (both technical & common); regional usage is secondary. So kill the country subheads & just put '(chiefly US)' &c where appropriate. I would also prefer 'Terminology'.for the section head; 'Nomenclature' gets us thinking in dictionary mode right away. The lead will also need to be changed to correspond. If no-one strenuously objects, I will make the changes. --D Anthony Patriarche, BSc (talk) 10:05, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

Faucet and Finish Comparison Video
http://www.plumbersurplus.com/videos/Faucet-and-Finish-Comparison-Buying-Guide/7 Above is a neat video describing faucet finishes and a comparison of the most common finishes. --216.70.141.161 17:39, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Bibcocks and drain cocks?
Bibcock gets routed to this page, but the only mention of bibcock is "Most U.S. jurisdictions now require bibcocks to have a vacuum breaker or backflow preventer,..." It's not clear whether a bibcock is the same as a tap/whether such US jurisdictions require this for all taps. Wakablogger2 (talk) 23:15, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I also redirected "Drain cock" here, but there's is no real information - in particular I wanted to know the difference between a "type A" and "type B". Guess I can ask at the reference desk. Rich Farmbrough, 15:58, 11 November 2011 (UTC).

Leaky/dripping taps
Surely this merits some attention? Vranak (talk) 02:38, 4 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Leakage should be discussed under "Physics of taps". Ongoing leakage results in erosion of the seat and when the seat is eroded, washer replacement is not a really successful repair.
 * The rubber washer and seat are mentioned but additional details can be added. In some designs the seat is removable; in others it is integral.  In North America the rubber washers have cone and disk forms and a range of sizes with a peculiar nomenclature.  Regards, ... PeterEasthope (talk) 15:31, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Rubber washer type valves at water outlets indoors a household have been in large part relaced by one-lever-type (usually mixing cold and hot) in the last 20 years. There are even valves with extraordinary long levers to be moved by the knees or elbows e.g. for handwash tables of operation rooms in hospitals or similar situations. There are cartridges with ceramic disc technology to be screwed in as a upgrade substitition part into originally rubber washer types, they are to be open fully by a 120 degrees turn of the knob, one each for cold and hot water). Garden taps and (not to big) block valves in houses remained mainly rubber valves. to repair their leaking is not always necessary, as they are mainly used to interrupt the line to rebuild the line or tap downstream. The should be kept moveable by turning them off and on just once a year or so to avoid being encrusted by chalk from hard water. To service a rubber-fitted tap: Test it - should closeable by turning with soft momentum. Get replace parts and tools. Unscrew cartridge. Contol valve seat (a lip) to corrosion. Eventually mill this brass seat to get it channel-free. Exchange the rubber washer, simple: plane type or noble (e.g. by Grohe, less loud) conical or spherical types. Grease the actuator screw with silicon-PTFE-grease. Or replace a worn out catridge as one part. Endcontrol or leakings. - Cut off valves are situated in the streets underground, before and on a branch, where the lines enters a house, where it changes from black plastics to iron, in front and after the watering meter. At bigger lines (2 inches diameter and more) penstock valves (shut-off slides) are used, --Helium4 (talk) 10:55, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

Picture - inside a tap
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tap.png shows a (slightly too steep) left-handed crew. It should be left-right mirrored to inverse it. --Helium4 (talk) 10:58, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

Specific terms for components
I'd like to break this down further. What is the term for the part grasped and twisted by the hand? What is the part for the downward-facing opening which the water exits from? 70.51.192.235 (talk) 20:21, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

It seems that the part grasped is called a "handle" or "lever" and the downward-facing part is the "spout". There are a lot of diagrams online. Try googling "parts of a tap" and looking at the pictures that come up. But we had better wait for a plumbing expert to provide a diagram with labels.METRANGOLO1 (talk) 07:34, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tap (valve)


text:
European route E576

European route E 576 is a secondary E-road found in northwestern Romania.

Route

 * 🇷🇴 Romania (on shared signage RO Roadsign 1C.svg DN 1C)
 * Dej: [[File:AB-Kreuz-grün.svg]]
 * Cluj-Napoca: [[File:AB-Kreuz-grün.svg]] ,

title: European route E576


text: User talk:82.57.104.214

title: User talk:82.57.104.214


text:
User talk:Cungi

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 12:28, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Cungi


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Lindsay Fox

Lindsay Edward Fox (born c. 1937) is an Australian businessman. In 1956, Fox founded the Australian logistics company Linfox, where as of 2015 he serves as non-executive chairman.

Early life
Lindsay Fox was born around 1937 and brought up in Prahran, a suburb of Melbourne. He was educated at Melbourne High School, but was asked to leave during Year 10, at age 16, due to his lack of academic interest. He started working as a truck driver and was able to use this as a springboard to found Linfox.

Football career
For many of his earlier years, Fox played Australian rules football with moderate success. Recruited from the St Kilda Football Club's thirds side (which he captained), Fox was sent to Golden Point Football Club in the Ballarat Football League before he returned to make his Victorian Football League debut for St Kilda in 1960. He did not think much of his footballing abilities, but as a ruckman he went on to play 20 games (for 3 goals) from 1959 to 1961. Following his stint in the VFL, he went to the Victorian Football Association (VFA), playing firstly for Moorabbin, where he won a premiership, and then for Brighton-Caulfield, where he moved after Moorabbin's expulsion from the VFA.

He later returned in an administrative role, becoming the president of the St Kilda Football Club in 1979.

Business interests
Fox started Linfox in 1956 with one truck.

He also took ownership of Melbourne's Luna Park in late 2005. In 2006, he made an unsuccessful bid for the development of the neighboring 'Triangle Site' on St Kilda's foreshore. The property was subsequently destroyed by fire.

He has been involved with a number of high-profile disputes with the Government relating to his property development activities. In the late 1990s he attempted to claim the public beach area in front of his holiday home as a private helipad for his helicopter and to build a high security compound for himself and his family. This development was rejected by the Victorian Planning Minister. However he has also been able to use his government contacts to gain favorable treatment by being granted permission to land his helicopter near his Portsea home on crown land.

Fox has been in dispute with the local council of his mansion by attempting to have the heritage listing that applies to all homes in the street removed from his property. His son's Toorak home was destroyed by fire.

Awards and recognition
Fox was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in the Australia Day Honours' List of 1992, in recognition of service to the transport industry and to the community. In 2001, he was awarded the Centenary Medal.

In 2008, Fox was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), in recognition of his continued service to the transport and logistics industries, to business through the development and promotion of youth traineeships, and to the community through a range of philanthropic endeavours.

In April 2022, it was announced that the new gallery, part of the National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) would be named The Fox: NGV Contemporary, in recognition of a $100 million donation from the Foxes.

Personal life
Fox married Paula Grace Peele in 1959 (now Paula Fox . ), and they have six children, all born before he was 30 years old.

In 2004 on the ABC TV George Negus Tonight program, Fox's work ethic and business savviness was profiled. When asked by George Negus how he describes himself politically, Fox replied: "I guess, Labor think I'm Liberal, Liberal think I'm Labor, the Catholics think I'm Protestant, the Protestants think I'm Catholic. The local rabbi delivers me matzah. So I guess, bottom line, I'm an Australian". Fox went on to say: "I, traditionally, probably, was brought up in a working-class family where the old man would turn in his grave if he'd thought I'd have voted Liberal. But I must admit, from probably 25 up to the last election, I would have voted Liberal and supported Liberal quite strongly. But I was completely disillusioned by the lack of statesmanship with our Prime Minister with the Ansett debacle. He had an opportunity to be a statesman. Instead he took on a political role and as a result of that, the demise of Ansett came about".

Following the suicide of his son Michael in 1991, Fox advised the Federal and Victorian governments on youth suicide and is on the board of the National Advisory Council on Suicide Prevention. In 1992 he was named "Victorian Father of the Year". In an interview with George Negus in August 2004, Fox spoke of the loss of his son: "Well, life is about being up and being down and being able to get up again. And in my walks of life, I guess I thought I was invincible till one of my sons committed suicide. And at that point of time, I knew I wasn't invincible ... I'd give up everything if we could get Michael back. He's got a special place in each and every one of the hearts of our family and he'll always be there and he'll never grow old."

Net worth
In 2019, The Australian Financial Review assessed Fox's net worth at A$3.72 billion, listed on the 2020 Rich List. , Fox was one of ten Australians who have appeared in every Financial Review Rich List, or its predecessor, the BRW Rich 200, since it was first published in 1984. Meanwhile, in 2019 Forbes assessed his net worth at US$3.50 billion, on the list of Australia's 50 richest people.

title: Lindsay Fox


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Valle de Guadalupe

The Valle de Guadalupe (Guadalupe Valley) is an agricultural region in the Ensenada Municipality, Baja California, Mexico that produces an estimated 70 percent of Mexican wine. In recent years, it has become a popular tourist destination for wine and Baja Med cuisine.

The Valle de Guadalupe is located 20 km north of the City of Ensenada and 113 km southeast of the border crossing from San Diego to Tijuana. Its administrative units are Ejido El Porvenir, Francisco Zarco, San Antonio de las Minas, and Colonia Articulo 115. The valley had a population of 5,859 according to the 2010 census.

Landscape and Climate
The Valle de Guadalupe, approximately 66,353 ha, is rimmed with granite hills. The Guadalupe Arroyo (River) runs beneath a smooth valley floor, resulting in sandy but fertile soil. Water appears on the surface only during periods of heavy rain. In January 1862, the river rose so high that “it looked like an ocean,” according to one early resident.

The valley slopes gently from northeast to southwest with an average elevation of 344 m above sea level. The margins of the plain are composed of alluvial fans and colluvium of reddish soil from the surrounding hillsides. Chaparral grows along the rocky slopes and live oak trees can be found in humid narrow canyons. Agave and cactus grow throughout the region, while small groves of pine trees can be found on the highest hills.

The valley has a Mediterranean climate with cool rainy winters and dry warm summers. The temperature, moderated by ocean breezes, averages 5 C in winter and 30 C in the summer.

Economy
The Valle de Guadalupe is unusual in Mexico for its ability to grow grapes for wine making, with the result that vinifera grapes are the highest value crop. The mild climate means that vintners grow a wide range of grapes, from Malbec and Sauvignon Blanc to Tempranillo. Red Bordeaux varietals are most typical. Grapes are also grown in the San Antonio, Santo Tomás, and San Vincente valleys. Other crops include olive and orange trees, European vegetables, organic horticulture-herbs, fruit, and honey. Cattle continue to graze in the valley. Both Valle de Guadalupe and Ensenada rely on groundwater pumping from the Guadalupe Valley Aquifer for their water supply.

The number of wineries in the area expanded from 6 in 1999 to 25 in 2005, among them big volume producers like L.A. Cetto, Santo Tomás, and Domecq. By 2023, the valley boasted 150 wineries, 92 hotels and boutiques, and 12 taco stands.

Tourism focused on the theme of wine and Baja Med cuisine is a source of economic growth, bringing in an estimated US$180 million in annual revenue to Baja California. This has led to the development of festivals such as the Valle de Guadalupe Vendimia Wine Harvest Festival. There has also been significant real estate development. It is estimated that 18 percent of the agricultural and wine region in the valley was lost to urban development between 2014 and 2019.

Kumeyaay and Kiliwa
Archaeological research suggests that the valley is part of the San Dieguito complex and has been occupied for the last 7,000 to 10,000 years. The Kumeyaay (Kumiai) named the area Ojá cuñurr (painted cave) after a large, overhanging granite boulder inscribed with colored pictographs, likely the site of large ceremonial gatherings.

Kumeyaay and Kiliwa lived in rancherías in the valley, the largest of which was Rincón de los Encinos. A grove of Coast Live Oaks (Quercus agrifolia) defines the location of the settlement. In 1885, there were more than 330 indigenous people living in the valley. By the 1920s, geographer Peveril Meigs found only half a dozen Indian families at San José, Agua Escondida, Rincón de los Encinos, and San Antonio de Nicuárr. Kumeyaay continue to live at San Antonio Necua and other sites in the region.

Misión Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Norte
The valley was the site of the last Dominican mission in Baja California, established in 1834 after the Mexican War of Independence. Misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Norte was founded by the Dominican missionary Father Félix Caballero to serve as the administrative center of the region. The mission, together with neighboring missions at El Descanso, San Miguel, and Santa Catarina, were excluded from the Mexican secularization act of 1833 until such time as the current missionaries either retired or died.

Misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe was built in a quadrangle. It had a church with a choir and two altars and a residence for the minister and provincial vicar. Colonists who accompanied Father Caballero lived in a ranch house located 2.5 mi west of the mission, a structure that still exists, albeit in poor condition. Nearly 5,000 head of cattle grazed in pasturelands along the river, and the soil supported the cultivation of wheat, vegetables, grape vines, and fruit trees.

This mission survived only until 1840, however, when Jatñil, captain of the Cañon de Nejí, who had previously provided support to the missions, led a rebellion in response to forced conversions of his people. Caballero abandoned this mission together with three others in his charge and died soon afterwards in Loreto.

La Frontera
In the 1840s, the Mexican government opened ex-mission lands to colonization by private individuals, a decision opposed by the Spanish-born Dominican priest Father Gabriel González, among others. Rancho ex-Misión de Guadalupe was granted to Juan Bandini, a Peruvian-born Californio, in a move of dubious legality.

During the U.S.-Mexico War, José Matías Moreno II, secretary of state to Alta California Governor Pío Pico, raised a company of guerrilla soldiers in the area to combat U.S. forces in Baja California. He was arrested after the Skirmish of Todos Santos along with Father Gabriel González and many other prominent Mexican leaders. All were sent to Mazatlán where they remained prisoners until the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

In 1858, in the wake of a Gold Rush in Baja California the Mexican government sold what it described as terrines baldíos or "unoccupied" lands in the Valle de Guadalupe. Ignoring the rights of indigenous people who lived in rancherías in the area, the government divided the valley into several large ranches: Ex-Misión de Guadalupe (13014 acres), San Marcos or Huecos y Baldíos (12355 acres), Santa Cruz (6177 acres), San Antonio (6177 acres), and El Tigre (8676 acres).

In 1861, José Matías Moreno II returned to the valley as subjefe político de La Frontera (deputy military chief) commissioned to protect the interests of the Mexican government. He and a garrison of troops made their headquarters at Rancho ex-Misíon de Guadalupe where they worked to undermine filibusters, or unauthorized military expeditions that aimed to capture and annex Lower California. He enforced a 1853 law prohibiting foreigners from owning land within 60 miles of the border, among them Juan Bandini who had supported the North Americans during the U.S.-Mexico War and was considered a traitor by the Mexican government.

Moreno’s loyalty to the Mexican government made it possible for him to purchase Bandini's former ranchos. In 1863, Moreno secured a clear title to Rancho ex-Misíon de Guadalupe which included a ruined adobe house, 2,000 grape vines in poor condition, an orchard, and farmland. He and his wife Prudenciana Vallejo López de Moreno proceeded to develop a working ranch. They used the adobe house formerly occupied by the ex-mission’s colonists as their home.

Land Speculation and Foreign Investment
In the 1870s and 1880s, land speculation in California reached a fevered pitch, spurred by the arrival of the transcontinental railroad. Real estate interests anticipated that railroad lines would spread across California and Baja California, bringing people, large-scale agricultural production, and industry.

The policies of Porfirio Díaz, president of Mexico from 1877 to 1911, encouraged foreign investment. North American, British, and French capitalists looked to develop the entire northern half of the peninsula, most notably the International Company of Mexico, headquartered in Hartford, Connecticut (later the London-based Mexican Land & Colonization Company). Steamships traveled between San Diego and Ensenada, making possible the development of a port and related industries.

In the Valle de Guadalupe, a pair of enterprising brothers, George A. Flower and Theron A. Flower, worked to get hold of the Rancho ex-Misión de Guadalupe after the death of Jose Matías Moreno. George, age 39, courted and married the Morenos' 16-year-old daughter Dolores in 1871. Theron A. Flower, meanwhile, loaned the estate $7,000, and tried to foreclose when the family could not meet its obligations. After a lengthy lawsuit initiated by José Matías Moreno III, Theron Flower purchased the Rancho ex-Misión de Guadalupe for $15,000 in 1887. The Morenos retained Rancho San Marcos and El Tigre, among other properties, until 1943 when the last of the ranch lands were sold. Lucina Flower Moreno de Barré was one of the last family members to live on the estate.

In the 1890s, the real estate bubble burst, causing development to stall. For a time, the valley remained an agricultural region adjacent to the city of Ensenada which had become integrated into the economy of Southern California.

Russian Colony
Rancho ex-Misión de Guadalupe changed hands several times before being sold in 1905 to a colony of Russian Molokans, religious dissenters who fled persecution in their own country. A mixture of Spiritual Christian faiths, mostly Pryguny, the colonists formed the Russian Colonizing Enterprise of Lower California Cooperative Society, and settled in four farming colonies near Ensenada. The main colony at Guadalupe occupied approximately 5266 ha. Not all were ethnic Russians, and some were of various folk-Protestant (non-Orthodox) faiths with some Molokane from Transcaucasia, South Russia.

Between 1905 and 1911, approximately 104 families moved to Guadalupe and built a village in a linear settlement. The adobe houses were whitewashed in the manner of the Mexican adobe, but the roofs were shingled and steeply pitched in the Russian style. Molokans worshipped in a simple building without icons or statues and stressed sobriety, pacifism, and communalism.

In 1928, wheat was the only market crop produced by the Russian colony, but residents had orchards, vegetable gardens, and vineyards.

The Mexican Revolution and Land Reform
The Magonista rebellion of 1911, an early uprising of the Mexican Revolution, caused the first wave of Russian emigration out of the valley. The second major exodus took place after the Mexican government began to redistribute large tracts of private property as communal land. The ejido system was presented as an important component of land reform in Mexico. In 1937, the government reapportioned 2920 ha adjoining the Molokan colony to 58 ejidatários. This settlement became known as the ejido El Porvenir (“things to come”).

In the late 1950s, the opening of Mexico Highway 3 (the Tecate-Ensenada Highway) brought squatters, or paracaidistas, who claimed portions of the valley as their own. They formed the poblado Francisco Zarco around the site of the old mission and engaged in acts of civil disobedience designed to drive both Russian and Mexican owners from their lands. By the early 1990s, there was only one family of rusus puros, or pure Russians, living in the valley. Some descendants of the original colony married into Ensenada families, however, and remain in the area.

Vineyards and Wineries
In the 1940s and 1950s, Tecate was the chief grape growing region in northern Baja. L.A. Cetto, a winery in Tijuana, produced more than 70 percent of all wines consumed in Mexico. As the border cities grew, however, vineyards became crowded out and the center of Mexican viticulture moved south to the Valle de Guadalupe.

In 1972, Casa Pedro Domecq began the modern winemaking industry in the valley. An educational program for local growers developed with the arrival of Hugo D’Acosta, one of Mexico’s most renowned winemakers, and Hans Joseph Backhoff of Monte Xanic Winery. The number of wineries in the valley grew from 6 in 1999 to 25 in 2005. Around that time, boutique wineries offering food and lodging started to appear, relying on the natural beauty of the region to sell their products. Home winemakers also came on the scene, producing small batches for the tourist market.

In 2011, the Museo de la Vid y el Vino was established to promote wine tourism. Two private museums, one with a café, celebrate the history of Russian-speaking settlers in the region.

Recent Controversy
Around 2010, the valley was a site of agricultural production and “a quaint getaway” for visitors looking for a rustic alternative to the Napa Valley. By 2023, there were 150 wineries together with boutique hotels and restaurants aimed at tourists from Mexico City and the United States.

Real estate development and the growth of tourism has led to controversy in the region. Many community members feel that the agricultural economy cannot support unfettered urbanization that could drain the water supply. In October 2021, more than 300 people successfully protested the construction of a temporary amphitheater intended to hold 25,000 people, pointing out that the valley did not have the infrastructure to support an influx of visitors. In 2022, winemakers and others launched a preservation campaign called Rescatemos el Valle in order to emphasize the importance of agricultural land use.

Wineries
The Valle de Guadalupe's elevation and microclimate make it ideally suited for winemaking. In 2023, there were 150 wineries along the Valle's Ruta del Vino (Wine Route). Collectively, they account for 70 percent of all Mexico's wines.

Since the 1990s the Association of Winemakers of Baja California holds the Fiestas de la Vendimia (Wine Harvest Festival) in the Valle of Guadalupe and the town of Ensenada every year in August. The celebration includes wine tasting sessions, concerts and soirées, and samplings of regional cuisine and Mexican wines. Since 2017, the region has also held an annual festival in October.

Wine tasting is available year-round, and several of the wineries have built up-market restaurant/tasting establishments aimed specifically at tourists from the United States. A winery tour is usually included on cruise ships that stop at Ensenada.

There are over 100 wineries in the Valle de Guadalupe, including:
 * L.A. Cetto
 * Monte Xanic
 * Adobe Guadalupe
 * Las Nubes
 * Barón Balché
 * Bodega Santo Thomás
 * El Cielo
 * Alximia Vinícola
 * Trevista
 * Vena Cava

Culinary scene
Many wineries in the Valle de Guadalupe have "campestre" restaurants on site that serve farm-to-table cuisine. Diego Hernández headed up Corazón de Tierra, rated by William Reed Business Media as one of Latin America's 50 best restaurants, before the COVID-19 pandemic caused it to close. Chef Javier Plascencia founded Finca de Altozano and Drew Deckman continues to operate Deckman's en el Mogor. The area is a center of Baja Med cuisine, but traditional eateries such as the famous La Cocina de Doña Esthela remain very popular.

Hotels
Hotels include chef Javier Plascencia's Finca la Divina, Bruma, a 200-acre eco-resort including a working winery, 2 villas, and a 8-room hotel, and Encuentro Guadalupe whose 20 eco-friendly rooms blend into the landscape.

title: Valle de Guadalupe


text:
User:Bmicomp/To Read

Articles I want to read when I get around to it:

Iran Contra Affair

title: User:Bmicomp/To Read