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List of conflicts in North America

[[File:Ongoing conflicts around the world.svg|thumb|Ongoing armed conflicts in 2018; updated July 2024.

{{legend|maroon|Major wars, 10,000 or more deaths in current or past year}} {{legend|red|Wars, 1,000–9,999 deaths in current or past year}} {{legend|orange|Minor conflicts, 100–999 deaths in current or past year}} {{legend|gold|Skirmishes and clashes, fewer than 100 deaths in current or past year}}]] This is a list of conflicts in North America. This list includes all present-day countries starting northward first from Northern America (Canada, Greenland, and the United States of America), southward to Middle America (Aridoamerica, Oasisamerica, and Mesoamerica in Mexico; and Central America over Panama, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua), and eastward to the Caribbean (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Grenada, Saint Martin, the Dominican Republic, and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago). Conflicts are also arranged chronologically starting from the Pre-Columbian era (the Lithic, Archaic, Formative, Classic, Post-Classic, and Colonial periods/stages of North America and Mesoamerica; c. 18000 BCE) up to the post-colonial period (c. 1821 CE – ). This list includes any raid, strike, skirmish, siege, sacking, and/or battle (land, naval, and air) that occurred on the territories of what may today be referred to as falling within any of the aforementioned modern nations; however, in which the conflict itself may have only been part of an operation of a campaign in a theater of a greater war (e.g. any and/or all border, undeclared, colonial, proxy, liberation, global, Indian wars, etc.). There may also be periods of violent, civil unrest listed; such as, shootouts, spree killings, massacres, terrorist attacks, coups, assassinations, regicides, riots, rebellions, revolutions, and civil wars (as well as wars of succession and/or independence). The list might also contain episodes of human sacrifice, mass suicide, and ethnic cleansing/genocide.

Bermuda
As a British Colony Bermuda served as a staging point for Great Britain during the American Revolution and War of 1812. During the Battle of the Atlantic the island served as an allied airbase for Anti-submarine warfare submarine hunters. NATO also used Bermuda as a base during the Cold War.

11th century

 * 1000s Norse colonization of the Americas
 * 1003 First Battle of Vinland
 * 1010 Second Battle of Vinland

16th century

 * 1534 Battle of Bae de Bic
 * 1540-1924 American Indian Wars
 * 1577 Skirmishes between English sailors under Martin Frobisher and Inuit on Baffin Island

17th century

 * 1600s Beaver Wars
 * 1610 Battle of Sorel
 * 1628 Action of 17 July 1628
 * 1644 Action at Ville-Marie
 * 1649 Raid on St. Ignace and St. Louis
 * 1660 Battle of Long Sault
 * 1689 Lachine massacre
 * 1691 Battle of La Prairie
 * 1692 Mohawk Valley raid
 * 1600s Anglo-French conflicts
 * 1613 Battle of Port Royal
 * 1628 Capture of Tadoussac
 * 1628 Naval action in the St. Lawrence River
 * 1629 Capture of Quebec
 * 1629 Siege of Baleine
 * 1630 Siege of Fort St. Louis
 * 1632 Raid on St. John
 * 1640 Battle of Port Royal
 * 1654 Battle of Port Royal
 * 1686 Hudson Bay expedition
 * 1688 Battle of Fort Albany
 * 1640–1701 French and Iroquois Wars
 * 1692 Battle of Fort Vercheres
 * 1643–1650 Acadian Civil War
 * 1643 Battle of Port Royal
 * 1645 Battle of Fort La Tour
 * 1674 Dutch Occupation of Acadia
 * 1677 Battle of Port La Tour
 * 1689–1697 King William's War
 * 1689 Battle of the Lake of Two Mountains
 * 1690 Battle of Coulée Grou
 * 1690 Battle of Port Royal
 * 1690 Battle at Chedabucto
 * 1690 Battle of Quebec
 * 1693 Battle of Fort Albany
 * 1694 Capture of York Factory
 * 1696 Naval action in the Bay of Fundy
 * 1696 Raid on Chignecto
 * 1696 Siege of Fort Nashwaak
 * 1696–1697 Avalon Peninsula Campaign
 * 1696 Siege of Ferryland
 * 1696 Raid on Petty Harbour
 * 1696 Siege of St. John's
 * 1697 Battle of Carbonear
 * 1697 Battle of Hudson's Bay

18th century

 * 1702–1713 Queen Anne's War
 * 1702 Raid on Newfoundland
 * 1704 Raid on Chignecto
 * 1704 Raid on Grand Pré
 * 1705 Siege of St. John's
 * 1707 Siege of Port Royal
 * 1709 Battle of St. John's
 * 1709 Battle of Fort Albany
 * 1710 Siege of Port Royal
 * 1711 Battle of Bloody Creek

 * 1722–1725 Father Rale's War
 * 1722 Battle of Winnepang
 * 1723 Raid on Canso
 * 1724 Raid on Annapolis Royal
 * 1725 Raid on Canso

 * 1744–1748 King George's War
 * 1744 Raid on Canso
 * 1744 Siege of Fort Anne
 * 1745 Siege of Port Toulouse
 * 1745 Siege of Louisbourg
 * 1746 Battle at Port-la-Joye
 * 1747 Battle of Grand Pré

 * 1749–1755 Father Le Loutre's War
 * 1749 Raid on Dartmouth
 * 1749 Siege of Grand Pre
 * 1749–1750 Battles at Chignecto
 * 1750 Battle at St. Croix
 * 1751 Raid on Dartmouth
 * 1751 Raid on Chignecto
 * 1751 Raids on Halifax
 * 1753 Attack at Country Harbour

 * 1754–1763 Seven Years' War
 * 1755 Naval Action off Newfoundland
 * 1755 Battle of Fort Beauséjour
 * 1755 Bay of Fundy Campaign
 * 1755 Battle of Petitcodiac
 * 1756 Raid on Lunenburg
 * 1757 Battle on Snowshoes
 * 1757 Battle of Bloody Creek
 * 1758 Siege of Louisbourg
 * 1758 Battle of Fort Frontenac
 * 1758 Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign
 * 1758 Île Saint-Jean Campaign
 * 1758 Petitcodiac River Campaign
 * 1758 Battle on Snowshoes – occurred in the British Province of New York and New France.
 * 1759 St. John River Campaign
 * 1759 Battle of Beauport
 * 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham
 * 1759 St. Francis Raid
 * 1760 Battle of Sainte-Foy
 * 1760 Siege of Quebec
 * 1760 Battle of Restigouche
 * 1760 Montreal Campaign
 * 1760 Battle of the Thousand Islands
 * 1762 Battle of Signal Hill

 * 1763–1766 Pontiac's War
 * 1763 Battle of Point Pelee

The Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec, December 31, 1775 by John Trumbull]]
 * 1775–1776 American Revolutionary WarThe Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec December 31 1775.jpeg where the early United States attempted to convince Quebec to join the American Revolution for independence from the British. The British victory assured that British Canada would not join the United States.
 * 1775 Invasion of Canada
 * 1775 Arnold's expedition to Quebec
 * 1775 Battle of Longue-Pointe
 * 1775 Siege of Fort St. Jean
 * 1775 Battle of Quebec
 * 1776 Battle of the Cedars
 * 1776 Battle of Saint-Pierre
 * 1776 Battle of Trois-Rivières
 * 1776 Battle of Fort Cumberland
 * 1777 Siege of Saint John
 * 1781 Naval battle off Cape Breton
 * 1782 Naval battle off Halifax
 * 1782 Raid on Lunenburg
 * 1782 Hudson Bay Expedition

 * 1789 Nootka Crisis
 * 1792 Destruction of Opitsaht
 * 1793 Raids on Pine Island Fort
 * 1792–1797 War of the First Coalition
 * 1796 Newfoundland expedition

19th century

 * 1800 United Irish Uprising
 * 1811 Tonquin incident
 * 1812 War of 1812
 * 1812 Raid on Gananoque
 * 1812 Battle of Queenston Heights
 * 1812 Naval action off Kingston
 * 1812 Battle of Lacolle Mills
 * 1813 Raid on Elizabethtown
 * 1813 Battle of York
 * 1813 Battle of Fort George
 * 1813 Battle of Stoney Creek
 * 1813 Battle of Beaver Dams
 * 1813 Capture of the Growler and the Julia
 * 1813 Battle of Chateauguay
 * 1813 The "Burlington Races"
 * 1813 Battle of River Canard
 * 1813 Battle of the Thames
 * 1813 Massequoi Village
 * 1813 Battle of Crysler's Farm
 * 1814 Battle of Longwoods
 * 1814 Battle of Lacolle Mills
 * 1814 Battle of Odelltown
 * 1814 Raid on Port Dover
 * 1814 Capture of Fort Erie
 * 1814 Battle of Chippawa
 * 1814 Battle of Lundy's Lane
 * 1814 Siege of Fort Erie
 * 1814 Engagements on Lake Huron
 * 1814 Action at Nottawasaga
 * 1814 Capture of the Tigress and the Scorpion
 * 1814 Capture of Fort Erie
 * 1814 Siege of Fort Erie
 * 1814 Battle of Cook's Mills
 * 1814 Battle of Malcolm's Mills

 * 1816 Pemmican War
 * 1816 Capture of Fort Gibraltar
 * 1816 Battle of Seven Oaks
 * 1816 Capture of Fort Douglas
 * 1816 Capture of Fort William

 * 1835–1845 Shiners' War
 * 1837–1838 Lower Canada Rebellion
 * 1837 Battle of Saint-Denis
 * 1837 Battle of Saint-Charles
 * 1837 Battle of Saint-Eustache
 * 1838 Battle of Lacolle
 * 1838 Battle of Odelltown
 * 1838 Battle of Beauharnois

 * 1837–1838 Upper Canada Rebellion
 * 1837 Battle of Montgomery's Tavern
 * 1838 Battle of Pelee Island
 * 1838 Short Hills Raid
 * 1838 Battle of the Windmill
 * 1838 Battle of Windsor

 * 1838 Aroostook War
 * 1838 Nicola's War
 * 1849 Courthouse Rebellion
 * 1849 Montreal Riots
 * 1849 Stony Monday Riot
 * 1858 Fraser Canyon Gold Rush skirmishes along the Okanagan Trail
 * 1858 Fraser Canyon War
 * 1859 McGowan's War
 * 1859 Pig War
 * 1863 Lamalcha War
 * 1864 Chilcotin War
 * 1864 Kingfisher Incident
 * 1866–1871 Fenian Raids
 * 1866 Battle of Ridgeway
 * 1866 Battle of Fort Erie
 * 1866 Battle of Pigeon Hill
 * 1870 Battle of Eccles Hill
 * 1870 Battle of Trout River

 * 1867 Grouse Creek War
 * 1869–1870 Red River Rebellion
 * 1870 Wolseley Expedition

 * 1870 Battle of the Belly River
 * 1873 Cypress Hill smoke Massacre
 * 1885 North-West Rebellion
 * 1885 Battle of Duck Lake
 * 1885 Frog Lake Massacre
 * 1885 Battle of Fort Pitt
 * 1885 Battle of Fish Creek
 * 1885 Battle of Cut Knife
 * 1885 Battle of Batoche
 * 1885 Battle of Frenchman's Butte
 * 1885 Battle of Loon Lake

 * 1886 Anti-Chinese Riots
 * 1887 Wild Horse Creek War

20th century

 * 1902 – June 22: Toronto Streetcar Strike riot
 * 1907 – Anti-Oriental Riots (Vancouver)
 * 1913 – Vancouver Island War
 * 1918 – Conscription Crisis of 1917
 * 1918 – Vancouver General Strike
 * 1919 – Winnipeg General Strike
 * 1925 – New Waterford Rebellion. See Davis Day.
 * 1926 – Regina Riots
 * 1933 – August 16: Christie Pits riot in Toronto.
 * 1935 – The On-to-Ottawa Trek and Regina Riot.
 * 1935 – The Battle of Ballantyne Pier
 * 1938 – Bloody Sunday
 * 1939–1945 – Second World War
 * 1939–1945 – Battle of the Atlantic
 * 1940 – Occupation of St. Pierre and Miquelon
 * 1942–1944 – Battle of the St. Lawrence
 * 1942 – Bombardment of Estevan Point lighthouse
 * 1944 – Terrace Mutiny
 * 1945 – Halifax Riot on Victory in Europe Day.

 * 1955 – Richard Riot
 * 1967 – Yorkville, Toronto summer street sit-ins and "riots".
 * 1969 – Murray-Hill riot
 * 1970 – FLQ – October Crisis
 * 1971 – Gastown Riots
 * 1982 – October 14: The Squamish Five, bombs a Litton Industries factory.
 * 1983 – Solidarity Crisis
 * 1990 – July 11 to September 26: Oka Crisis
 * 1990–1992 – Strike, strike-breaking, and bombing at Royal Oak Mines in Yellowknife, NWT
 * 1993 – June 9: Montreal Stanley Cup Riot
 * 1994 – June 14: Vancouver Stanley Cup Riot
 * 1995 – Gustafsen Lake Standoff
 * 1995 – Ipperwash Crisis
 * 1997–2000 – Wiebo Ludwig and his followers bomb wellheads in Alberta's oil country

21st century

 * February 28, 2006 – July 2011 Caledonia land dispute
 * 2009 Vancouver gang war
 * January 22 — February 23, 2022 Canada convoy protest

Greenland

 * Early 1400s Possible Thule-Norse Greenlander Conflict
 * 1939-1945 Greenland in World War II

United States
This includes all conflicts that have taken place within the modern territory of the United States. See also
 * List of conflicts in the United States
 * List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
 * List of rampage killers in the Americas
 * List of wars involving the United States
 * United States military casualties of war

Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico is geographically located within the Caribbean; however, because Puerto Rico territory of the United States the island's conflicts are listed here.
 * 1511 Taino rebellion
 * 1568–1648 Eighty Years' War
 * September 24, 1625 Battle of San Juan
 * 1868 Grito de Lares
 * April 25 – August 12, 1898 Spanish–American War
 * May 12, 1898 Bombardment of San Juan
 * June 22, 1898 Second Battle of San Juan
 * June 28, 1898 Third Battle of San Juan
 * 1898 U.S. invasion of Puerto Rico through Guanica in the south of the island

Precolonial
This includes all known conflicts that occurred within the territory of the United States of America prior to European exploration.
 * 1140-1150 Collapse of Early Pueblo culture in Chaco Canyon
 * 1200–1650 Chiefly Warfare Cult
 * 1300 Fall of Cahokia
 * 1325 Crow Creek massacre

American Indian Wars
This list covers all wars regarding Native Americans and First Nations within the 49 continental states of the United States (does not include territories) and the 10 provinces and 3 territories of Canada. This includes conflicts fought between American Indian and First Nation tribes and wars against encroachment from European Colonial Powers or the United States and Canada. Generally American Indian Wars classifies all conflicts for Native Americans and First Nations between 1540 and 1924 however this list also includes 20th century incidents on Indian Reservations.

 * 1540-1542 Herando de Soto's Expedition
 * 1609–1701 Beaver Wars
 * February 1692 Mohawk Valley raid
 * 1610–1646 Anglo-Powhatan Wars
 * 1610–1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War
 * 1622–1632 Second Anglo-Powhatan War
 * 1644–1646 Third Anglo-Powhatan War
 * 1634–1638 Pequot War
 * 1640 French and Iroquois Wars
 * 1643 Kieft's War
 * 1659 First Esopus War
 * 1663 Second Esopus War
 * 1675–1678 King Philip's War
 * 1680 Pueblo Revolt
 * 1689–1697 King William's War
 * 1702–1713 Queen Anne's War
 * 1706–1877 Comanche Wars
 * 1711-1715 Tuscarora War
 * 1715–1717 Yamasee War
 * 1744–1748 King George's War
 * 1760-1850 Russian Colonization of the Americas
 * 1784 Awa'uq Massacre
 * 1804 Battle of Sitka
 * 1763 Pontiac's Rebellion
 * 1774 Dunmore's War
 * 1776-1795 Cherokee-American wars
 * 1785–1795 Northwest Indian War
 * Tecumseh's War 1811-1813Battle of Tippecanoe LCCN2003656861.jpg in Battle Ground Indiana where the U.S Army defeated warriors of Tecumseh's Confederacy. Part of Tecumseh's War against the United States. ]]
 * 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe
 * 1813–1814 Creek War
 * 1816–1858 Seminole Wars
 * 1820–1875 Texas–Indian wars
 * August 1823 Arikara War
 * 1832 Black Hawk War
 * 1835–1842 Second Seminole War
 * 1842 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation
 * 1846–1866 Navajo Wars
 * 1849–1924 Apache Wars
 * Victorio's War
 * Renegade period of the Apache Wars 1881-1924
 * Geronimo's War 1881-1886
 * 1849–1923 Ute Wars
 * 1849–1855 Jicarilla War
 * 1850-1880 California Indian Wars
 * 1850–1851 Mariposa War

 * Sioux Wars 1854–1891
 * August 19, 1854 Grattan massacre
 * 1862 Dakota War
 * 1863–1865 Colorado War::*August 1 – September 24, 1865
 * Powder River Expedition
 * 1866–1868 Red Cloud's War
 * 1876-1877 Great Sioux War
 * December 29, 1890 – January 15, 1891 Ghost Dance War
 * December 29, 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre
 * 1855–1856 Yakima War
 * February 1856 Tintic War
 * 1857–1858 Utah War
 * 1859–1860 Mendocino War
 * 1860 Paiute War
 * 1862 Dakota War
 * 1865–1872 Black Hawk War
 * 1872–1873 Modoc War
 * 1879 White River War
 * 1898 Battle of Sugar Point
 * March 1914 – March 11, 1915 Bluff War
 * March 20–23, 1923 Posey War
 * February 27 – May 8, 1973 Wounded Knee incident
 * June 26, 1975 Pine Ridge Shootout

17th century
This covers all conflicts in the 1600s that occurred between rival European Colonial Powers, or between Colonists and their Colonial Administration. This section does not include conflicts regarding Native Americans.
 * August 27, 1664 The annexation of New Netherland by the English
 * English conquest of New Amsterdam (New York City)
 * 1665–1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War
 * June 1667, a Dutch warship attacked Old Point Comfort
 * 1672–1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War
 * August 1673 The Dutch recaptured New Netherland
 * November 1674 The Treaty of Westminster concluded the war and ceded New Netherland to the English
 * 1676 Bacon's Rebellion
 * September 1688 – September 1697 King William's War
 * June 27, 1689 Raid on Dover
 * August 2–3, 1689 Siege of Pemaquid
 * March 27, 1690 Raid on Salmon Falls
 * May 20–21, 1690 Battle of Fort Loyal
 * January 24, 1692 Raid on York
 * June 10–13, 1692 Raid on Wells
 * July 18, 1694 Raid on Oyster River
 * August 14–15, 1696 Siege of Pemaquid
 * March 15, 1697 Raid on Haverhill

18th century
This covers all conflicts in the 1700s that occurred between rival European Colonial Powers, or between the early United States against European Colonial Powers. Many of the wars in this period were extensions of wars from continental Europe. This section does not include conflicts regarding Native Americans.
 * 1701–1714 Queen Anne's War
 * October 7–18, 1702 Battle of Flint River
 * November 10 – December 30, 1702 Siege of St. Augustine
 * August 10 – October 6, 1703 Northeast Coast Campaign
 * February 29, 1704 Raid on Deerfield
 * January 25–26, 1704 Apalachee massacre
 * September 1706 Charles Town expedition
 * August 12 – November 30, 1707 Siege of Pensacola
 * August 29, 1708 Raid on Haverhill

 * Slave Revolts in Colonial English America
 * 1712 New York Slave Revolt of 1712
 * 1739 Stono Rebellion

*1754–1763 The French and Indian War Was fought within both Canada and the United States
 * December 16, 1740 – October 18, 1748 King George's War
 * July 19 – September 5, 1745 Northeast Coast Campaign
 * November 28, 1745 Raid on Saratoga
 * August 19–20, 1746 Siege of Fort Massachusetts
 * April 7–9, 1747 Siege of Fort at Number 4
 * May 28, 1754 Battle of Jumonville Glen
 * July 3, 1754 Battle of Fort Necessity
 * June 16, 1755 Battle of Fort Beauséjour
 * July 9, 1755 Braddock Expedition
 * 1755 Battle of Lake George
 * April 18, 1756 Battle of Great Cacapon
 * August, 1756 Battle of Fort Oswego
 * September 8, 1756 Kittanning Expedition
 * January 21, 1757 Battle on Snowshoes
 * July 26, 1757 Battle of Sabbath Day Point
 * August 9, 1757 Battle of Fort William Henry
 * March 23, 1758 Battle on Snowshoes
 * July 27, 1758 Battle of Louisburg
 * August, 1758 Battle of Fort Frontenac
 * July 8, 1758 Battle of Carillon
 * September 14, 1758 Battle of Fort Duquesne
 * October 12, 1758 Battle of Fort Ligonier
 * November 25, 1758 Forbes Expedition
 * 1759 Battle of Ticonderoga
 * 1759 Battle of Fort Niagara
 * July 31, 1759 Battle of Beauport
 * 1762 Battle of Signal Hill

 * 1764–1771 War of the Regulation
 * 1774–1776 Boston campaign
 * 1775–1776 Invasion of Canada
 * 1776 New York Campaign
 * 1777 Saratoga Campaign
 * 1779 Sullivan Expedition

1775–1783 American Revolutionary War
 * April 19, 1775 Battle of Lexington and Concord
 * April 20, 1775 – March 17, 1776 Siege of Boston
 * May 10, 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
 * June 11–12, 1775 Battle of Machias
 * June 17, 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill
 * August 8, 1775 Battle of Gloucester
 * August 23 – November 3, 1775 Siege of Fort St. Jean
 * September 24, 1775 Battle of Longue-Pointe
 * November 14, 1775 Battle of Kemp's Landing
 * November 28 – December 9, 1775 Battle of Great Bridge
 * February 27, 1776 Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge
 * March 2–4, 1776 Fortification of Dorchester Heights
 * March 2–3, 1776 Battle of the Rice Boats
 * May 15–26, 1776 Battle of the Cedars
 * June 8, 1776 Battle of Trois-Rivières
 * August 27, 1776 Battle of Long Island
 * September 15, 1776 Landing at Kip's Bay
 * September 16, 1776 Battle of Harlem Heights
 * October 11, 1776 Battle of Valcour Bay
 * October 28, 1776 Battle of White Plains
 * December 26, 1776 Battle of Trenton
 * January 3, 1777 Battle of Princeton
 * July 5–6, 1777 Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
 * August 6, 1777 Battle of Oriskany
 * August 16, 1777 Battle of Bennington
 * September 11, 1777 Battle of Brandywine
 * September 19, 1777 Battle of Freeman's Farm
 * October 2, 1777 Battle of Germantown
 * October 7, 1777 Battle of Bemis Heights
 * October 17, 1777 Battle of Saratoga
 * May 25, 1778 Battle of Freetown
 * June 28, 1778 Battle of Monmouth
 * June 30, 1778 Battle of Alligator Bridge
 * July 27, 1778 First Battle of Ushant
 * August 29, 1778 Battle of Rhode Island
 * February 23–25, 1779 Battle of Vincennes
 * July 16, 1779 Battle of Stony Point
 * July 24 – August 12, 1779 Penobscot Expedition
 * August 29, 1779 Battle of Newtown
 * October 9, 1779 Siege of Savannah
 * January 16, 1780 Battle of Cape St. Vincent
 * March 29, 1780 Siege of Charleston
 * August 8, 1780 Battle of Piqua
 * August 16, 1780 Battle of Camden
 * October 7, 1780 Battle of King's Mountain
 * January 17, 1781 Battle of Cowpens
 * March 15, 1781 Battle of Guilford Court House

 * September 6, 1781 Battle of Groton Heights
 * September 8, 1781 Battle of Eutaw Springs
 * September 28 – October 19, 1781 Siege of Yorktown*
 * December 12, 1781 Second Battle of Ushant
 * February 17, 1782 Battle of Sadras
 * April 9–12, 1782 Battle of the Saintes
 * August 19, 1782 Battle of Blue Licks

 * 1794 Whiskey Rebellion
 * Slave Revolts in Spanish Louisiana
 * 1791 Mina's Conspiracy
 * 1795 Pointe Coupee Conspiracy

19th century
This covers all conflicts in the 1800s that occurred between the governments of North America that took place within the modern territory of the United States of America and conflicts between North American and European states. This does not include conflicts regarding Native Americans. *1812–1814 War of 1812
 * December 1812,Siege of Detroit
 * 1813 Battle of Lake Erie
 * 1813 – August 1814 Creek War
 * August 24, 1814 Battle of Bladensburg
 * August 24, 1814 Burning of Washington
 * November 7–9, 1814 Battle of Pensacola
 * December 13, 1814 Action of 13 December 1814 (Louisiana Campaign)
 * December 14, 1814 Battle of Lake Borgne
 * January 9–18, 1815 Siege of Fort St. Philip
 * January 13–14, 1815 Battle of Fort Peter
 * Battle of New Orleans - August, 1815
 * August 21–23, 1831 Nat Turner's Slave Rebellion

*1835–1836 Texas Revolution
 * October 2, 1835 Battle of Gonzales
 * October 10, 1835 Battle of Goliad
 * November 4, 1835 Battle of Lipantitlán
 * October 28, 1835 Battle of Concepción
 * November 26, 1835 Grass Fight
 * October 12 – December 11, 1835 Siege of Béxar
 * February 27, 1836 Battle of San Patricio
 * March 2, 1836 Battle of Agua Dulce
 * February 23 – March 6, 1836 Battle of the Alamo
 * March 12–15, 1836 Battle of Refugio
 * March 19–20, 1836 Battle of Coleto
 * April 21, 1836 Battle of San Jacinto

*1846–1848 Mexican–American War
 * 1838 Missouri Mormon War
 * 1844–1846 Illinois Mormon War
 * August 13 – September 30, 1846 Siege of Los Angeles

*1861–1865 American Civil War
 * 1854–1858 Bleeding Kansas
 * 1856 Sacking of Lawrence
 * 1856 Pottawatomie Massacre
 * October 29, 1859 John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry
 * February 11–16, 1862 Battle of Fort Donelson
 * April 6–7, 1862 Battle of Shiloh
 * August 28–30, 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run
 * September 17, 1862 Battle of Antietam
 * December 31, 1862 – January 2, 1863 Battle of Stones River
 * April 30 – May 6, 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville
 * July 1–3, 1863 Battle of Gettysburg
 * July 13–16, 1863 New York City draft riots
 * September 19–20, 1863 Battle of Chickamauga
 * May 5–7, 1864 Battle of the Wilderness
 * May 8–21, 1864 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House
 * April 7, 1864 Battle of Appomattox Court House
 * November 15, 1864 - December 21, 1865 Sherman's March to the Sea
 * June 9, 1864 - March 25, 1865 Siege of Petersburg
 * 1865–1866 Fenian Raids
 * 1878 Lincoln County War
 * 1881 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
 * 1887-1894 Hatfield-McCoy Feud
 * 1892 Homestead Strike

20th Century
This covers all conflicts and terrorist attacks in the 1900s that occurred within the modern territory of the United States of America. This also includes attacks upon the United States from Eurasian powers.
 * 1910–1919 Border War
 * April 20, 1914 Ludlow Massacre
 * 1914–1918 World War I
 * April 21, 1914 Ypiranga incident
 * July 30, 1916 2:08:00 AM (AST; GMT−4) Black Tom explosion
 * January 11, 1917 Kingsland Explosion
 * August 2–3, 1917 Green Corn Rebellion
 * July 21, 1918 Attack on Orleans
 * August 7, 1918 Battle of Ambos Nogales
 * May 31 – June 1, 1921Tulsa race riot
 * 1912–1921 West Virginia coal wars
 * September 10–21, 1921 Battle of Blair Mountain
 * 1939–1945 World War II
 * October 16, 1940 – May 21, 1941 Machita Incident
 * December 7, 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor (Not in North America)
 * February 23, 1942 Bombardment of Ellwood
 * February 24–25, 1942 Battle of Los Angeles
 * June 3, 1942 – August 15, 1943 Battle of the Aleutian Islands
 * June 21, 1942 Bombardment of Fort Stevens
 * July 27, 1942 Lordsburg Killings
 * September 9–29, 1942 Lookout Air Raids
 * May 30, 1943 Zoot Suit Riots
 * August 14, 1944 Fort Lawton Riot
 * March 12, 1945 Santa Fe Riot
 * April 16, – September 17, 1945 Project Hula
 * July 8, 1945 Midnight Massacre
 * May 2–4, 1946 Battle of Alcatraz
 * August 1–3 Battle of Athens (1946)
 * August 11–17, 1965 Watts Rebellion
 * July 23–27, 1967 1967 Detroit riot
 * May 4, 1970 Kent State shootings
 * September 9, 1971 Attica Prison riot
 * May 13, 1985 MOVE bombing in Philadelphia
 * April 29, 1992 Los Angeles riots
 * August 21–31, 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff
 * February 28 – April 19, 1993 Waco siege
 * April 11–21, 1993 Lucasville Prison Riot
 * April 19, 1995 Oklahoma City bombing
 * February 28, 1997 North Hollywood shootout
 * March 19 – 20, 1997 Heaven's Gate mass suicide

21st century
This includes domestic conflicts and terrorist attacks that took place within the United States. Note that actions of terrorism and domestic conflict are distinguished from one another.
 * 2001–2021 War on Terrorism
 * September 11, 2001 September 11 attacks
 * May 8, 2007 Fort Dix attack plot
 * November 5, 2009 Fort Hood shooting
 * April 15, 2013 Boston Marathon bombing
 * April 2, 2014 Fort Hood shootings

 * April 5, 2014 - May 2014 Bundy standoff
 * January, 1 - February 16, 2016 Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
 * June 8, 2020 - July 1, 2020 Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone

Pre-Columbian

 * 537 – 838 Tikal-Calakmul wars
 * 537 – 572 First Tikal-Calakmul War
 * 650 – 695 Second Tikal-Calakmul War
 * 720 – 744 Third Tikal-Calakmul War
 * circa 1250–1325 Conflict between the city-states of Tizaapan and Culhuacán ending with the Mexica driven away from Tizaapan to form Tenochtitlan in Lake Texcoco in 1325
 * circa 1325–1426 Conflict between the alliance of Tenochtitlan and Azcapotzalco against the city-state of Texcoco, ending in victory for the Tepanec empire
 * 1376–1395 Acamapichtli, the first tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, sent expeditions to fight for Azcapotzalco against various city states, notably Chalco, Cuahnahuac, Xochimilco
 * 1396–1417 Huitzilihuitl, the second tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, assisted in the conquest and sacking of the cities of Tultitlan, Cuauhtitlan, Chalco, Tollantzingo, Xaltocan, Otompa and Acolman
 * 1418 Tezozomoc's war with Ixtlilxochitl I of Texcoco
 * 1426 Tepanec Civil War
 * 1427 Maxtla, ruler of Coyoacán incited a rebellion among the nobles of Azcapotzalco and usurped the throne
 * 1427–1440 Allying with Nezahualcoyotl of Texcoco, Itzcoatl went on to defeat Maxtla and end the Tepanec domination of central Mexico
 * 1480 – 1510 Saltpeter War
 * 1428–1521 Formation and expansion of the Aztec Triple Alliance.
 * 1430–1440 Successful campaigns against Xochimilco, Mixquic, Cuitlahuac, and Tezompa would secure agricultural resources for Tenochtitlan and, along with the conquest of Culhuacan and Coyoacán, would cement the Triple Alliance's control over the southern half of the Valley of Mexico.
 * 1454-1519 Flower war
 * 1440–1458 Reign of Moctezuma I
 * Subjugated the Huastec people and Totonac peoples
 * 1458 Moctezuma I led an expedition into Mixtec territory against the city-state of Coixtlahuaca
 * Campaigns conducted against Cosamaloapan, Ahuilizapan, and Cuetlachtlan
 * 1455 - 1516 Aztec-Tarascan Border Conflict
 * 1473 Axayacatl subjugated Tlatelolco
 * 1481–1486 Tizoc, the seventh tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, put down a rebellion of the Matlatzincan peoples of the Toluca Valley
 * 1486–1502 Ahuizotl began his reign by suppressing a Huastec rebellion, and then conquered the Mixtec and the Zapotec

16th century

 * 1502–1520 Through warfare Moctezuma II expanded the territory of the Aztec Empire as far south as Xoconosco in Chiapas and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and incorporated the Zapotec and Yopi people into the empire
 * 1516 Texcoco Civil War
 * 1519–1521 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
 * The Cholula Massacre of 1519
 * Siege of Tenochtitlan (May 26 – August 13, 1521)

 * 1527–1546 Spanish conquest of Yucatán
 * 1533–1933 Mexican Indian Wars
 * 1533 Yaqui Wars
 * 1540 Conquest of Cíbola
 * 1540 Tiguex War
 * 1540–1542 Mixtón War
 * 1550–1590 Chichimeca War
 * 1599 Acoma Massacre

17th century

 * 1601 Acaxee Rebellion
 * 1616 Tepehuán Revolt
 * 1641–1924 Apache–Mexico Wars
 * 1641–1864 Navajo Wars
 * 1680 Pueblo Revolt

18th century

 * 1751 Pima Revolt
 * 1757 First Magdalena Massacre

19th century

 * 1821–1870 Comanche–Mexico Wars
 * 1847–1901 Caste War of Yucatán

 * 1810–1821 Mexican War of Independence
 * 1835–1836 Texas Revolution
 * 1861–1867 French intervention in Mexico

20th century

 * 1910–1921 Mexican Revolution
 * 1926–1929 Cristero War
 * 1958–1959 Mexico–Guatemala conflict
 * 1964–1982 Mexican Dirty War
 * 1968 Mexican Movement of 1968
 * 1968 Tlatelolco massacre
 * 1971 El Halconazo
 * 1994–late 2010s Chiapas conflict
 * 1994 Zapatista uprising
 * 1995 1995 Zapatista Crisis
 * 2005–2006 The Other Campaign

21st century

 * 1992– War on Drugs
 * December 11, 2006– Mexican Drug War
 * December 11, 2006– Operation Michoacán
 * January 2, 2007– Operation Baja California
 * 2008– Operation Sinaloa
 * 2007– Joint Operation Nuevo León-Tamaulipas
 * November 5, 2010 Shootout at Matamoros, 50–100 killed
 * August 24, 2010 San Fernando massacre
 * April 6, 2011 – June 7, 2011 San Fernando massacre
 * August 25, 2011 Monterrey casino attack
 * June 25, 2010 Nuevo León mass graves
 * 2008– Operation Chihuahua
 * February 2009 – Operation Quintana Roo
 * July 16, 2011 – August 4, 2011 Operación Lince Norte
 * June 25, 2010 Nuevo León mass graves
 * August 24, 2010 San Fernando massacre
 * November 5, 2010 Shootout at Matamoros, 50–100 killed
 * April 6, 2011 – June 7, 2011 San Fernando massacre
 * June 3, 2011 Coahuila mass graves
 * August 25, 2011 Monterrey casino attack
 * August 28, 2011 – October 31, 2011 Operación Escorpión
 * June 25, 2010 Nuevo León mass graves
 * August 24, 2010 San Fernando massacre
 * November 5, 2010 Shootout at Matamoros, 50–100 killed
 * April 6, 2011 – June 7, 2011 San Fernando massacre
 * August 25, 2011 Monterrey casino attack
 * June 3, 2011 Coahuila mass graves

 * 2011 – present Mexican Indignados Movement
 * 2017 2017 Mexican protests

Guatemala

 * 378 A war of conquest: Tikal against Uaxactun
 * 1524–1697 Spanish conquest of Guatemala
 * 1530 Alvarado enslaves the Mayan kingdoms of Cakchiquel, Mam, and Ixil.
 * 1533–1933 Mexican Indian Wars
 * 1811 1811 Independence Movement
 * 1823–1838 Federal Republic of Central America Independence and annexation by the Mexican Empire
 * 1896–1898 Greater Republic of Central America
 * 1954 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
 * 1958–1959 Mexico–Guatemala conflict
 * 1960–1996 Central American crisis
 * 1960–1996 Guatemalan Civil War
 * 1993 1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis
 * 2015 2015 Guatemalan protests
 * 2020 2020 Guatemalan protests

Nicaragua

 * 1898–1934 Banana Wars
 * September 19, 1912 Battle of Masaya
 * October 3–4, 1912 Battle of Coyotepe Hill
 * May 16, 1927 Battle of La Paz Centro
 * July 16, 1927 Battle of Ocotal
 * July 25, 1927 Battle of San Fernando
 * July 27, 1927 Battle of Santa Clara
 * September 19, 1927 Battle of Telpaneca
 * October 9, 1927 Battle of Sapotillal
 * January 1, 1928 Battle of Las Cruces
 * February 27–28, 1928 Battle of El Bramadero
 * May 13–14, 1928 Battle of La Flor
 * December 31, 1930 Battle of Achuapa
 * September 16, 1932 Battle of Agua Carta
 * December 26, 1932 Battle of El Sauce
 * 1926–1927 Nicaraguan civil war
 * 1960–1996 Central American crisis
 * 1961–1990 Nicaraguan Revolution
 * 1988 Operation Golden Pheasant
 * 2014–present 2014–2020 Nicaraguan protests
 * 2018–present 2018–2021 Nicaraguan protests
 * 2018 April 19 University Movement

Costa Rica

 * March 12 – April 24, 1948 Costa Rican Civil War
 * January 1958 Calderonista invasion of Costa Rica
 * 2018 2018 Costa Rican protests

El Salvador

 * 1533–1933 Mexican Indian Wars
 * 1969 Football War
 * 1960–1996 Central American crisis
 * 1972 1972 Salvadoran coup d'état attempt
 * 1979–1992 Salvadoran Civil War
 * October 15, 1979 1979 Salvadoran coup d'état
 * January 10–26, 1981 Final offensive of 1981 (El Salvador)
 * January 1981 Battle of Ilopango Airport
 * November 11–12, 1989 Final offensive of 1989
 * 2020 2020 Salvadoran political crisis
 * 2021 2021 Salvadoran political crisis

Honduras

 * 1533–1933 Mexican Indian Wars
 * 1963 1963 Honduran coup d'état
 * 1960–1996 Central American crisis
 * 1969 Football War
 * 1988 Operation Golden Pheasant
 * 2009 2009 Honduran coup d'état
 * 2017–2018 2017–2018 Honduran protests
 * 2019 2019 Honduran protests

Panama

 * 1960 — 1996 Central American crisis
 * 1968 — 1971 Insurgency in Chiriquí
 * 1989 — 1990 United States invasion of Panama
 * December 20, 1989 Capture of Torrijos Airport
 * December 20, 1989 Operation Acid Gambit
 * December 20, 1989 Raid at Renacer Prison
 * December 20, 1989 Battle of Rio Hato Airfield
 * December 20, 1989 Battle of Paitilla Airport
 * December 20–23, 1989 Operation Nifty Package

Belize

 * 1533–1933 Mexican Indian Wars
 * 1981 Heads of Agreement Crisis

Caribbean
All conflicts which occurred on the islands in the Caribbean Sea are listed here. US Territories such as Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands are exceptions to this rule as they included in the United States' Section.

Dominican Republic

 * 1519–1533 Enriquillo rebelled against the Spaniards
 * December 25, 1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt
 * 1532–1547 Maroon rebellion of Sebastian Lemba
 * 1585–1604 Anglo-Spanish War
 * January 1, 1586 Battle of Santo Domingo
 * 1808–1809 Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo
 * December 1, 1821 Independence of Republic of Spanish Haiti
 * 1822–1844 Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo
 * 1844–1856 Dominican War of Independence
 * 1857–1858 Cibaeño Revolution
 * 1861–1865 Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic
 * 1863–1865 Dominican Restoration War
 * 1868–1874 Six Years' War
 * 1869–1871 Annexation of Santo Domingo
 * February 1–11, 1904 Santo Domingo Affair
 * 1916–1924 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic
 * 1965–1966 Dominican Civil War
 * 1965 Battle of Duarte Bridge

Cuba

 * 1524–1530 Guamá led a rebellion against Spanish rule in Cuba
 * 1568–1648 Eighty Years' War
 * September 7–8, 1628 Battle in the Bay of Matanzas
 * October 10, 1868 – 1878 Ten Years' War
 * April 25 – August 12, 1898 Spanish–American War
 * April 25, 1898 Action of 25 April 1898
 * May 8, 1898 First Battle of Cárdenas
 * May 11, 1898 Battle of Cárdenas
 * May 11, 1898 Battle of Cienfuegos
 * June 6–10, 1898 Battle of Guantánamo Bay
 * June 13, 1898 Action of 13 June 1898
 * June 24, 1898 Battle of Las Guasimas
 * June 30, 1898 First Battle of Manzanillo
 * June 30, 1898 Battle of Tayacoba
 * July 1, 1898 Battle of the Aguadores
 * July 1, 1898 Battle of El Caney
 * July 1, 1898 Battle of San Juan Hill
 * July 1, 1898 Second Battle of Manzanillo
 * July 3, 1898 Battle of Santiago de Cuba
 * July 3–17, 1898 Siege of Santiago
 * July 18, 1898 Third Battle of Manzanillo
 * July 21, 1898 Battle of Nipe Bay
 * July 23, 1898 Battle of Rio Manimani
 * 1898–1934 Banana Wars
 * 1906–1909 United States occupation of Cuba
 * 1912 Negro Rebellion
 * 1917–1922 Sugar Intervention
 * 1953 1952 Cuban coup d'état
 * 1953–1959 Cuban Revolutionary War
 * July 26, 1953 Attack on Moncada Barracks
 * March 13, 1957 Havana Presidential Palace attack (1957)
 * May 28, 1957 Attack on El Uvero
 * June 28 – August 8, 1958 Operation Verano
 * July 11–21, 1958 Battle of La Plata
 * July 29 – August 8, 1958 Battle of Las Mercedes
 * November 20, 1958 Battle of Guisa
 * December 19–30, 1958 Battle of Yaguajay
 * December 28, 1958 – January 1, 1959 Battle of Santa Clara
 * 1959-1965 Escambray Rebellion
 * April 17–19, 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion
 * October 16–29, 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
 * 1994 Maleconazo
 * 2021 – present 2021 Cuban protests

Saint Martin

 * 1568–1648 Eighty Years' War
 * June 1633 Capture of Saint Martin
 * 1644 Attack on Saint Martin

Tobago

 * 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War
 * March 1677 Action of March 1677
 * 1970 Black Power Revolution
 * 1990 Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt

Haiti

 * April 20, 1792 – March 25, 1802 French Revolutionary Wars
 * 1791–1804 Haitian Revolution
 * 1798 War of Knives
 * 1801 Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres
 * 4–24 March 1802 Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot
 * November 18, 1803 Battle of Vertières
 * July 28, 1915 – August 1, 1934 United States occupation of Haiti
 * October 24–25, 1915 Battle of Fort Dipitie
 * November 17, 1915 Battle of Fort Rivière
 * October 6 or 7, 1919 Battle of Port-au-Prince (1919)
 * January 15, 1920 Battle of Port-au-Prince (1920)

 * October 1937 Parsley Massacre
 * 1991 1991 Haitian coup d'etat
 * 1994–1995 Operation Uphold Democracy
 * 2004 2004 Haitian coup d'état
 * 2018 – present 2018–2021 Haitian protests

Jamaica

 * 1654–1660 Anglo-Spanish War
 * May 19–27, 1655 Invasion of Jamaica
 * 1934–1939 British West Indian labour unrest
 * 1943–present Jamaican political conflict
 * 2010 2010 Kingston unrest

Grenada

 * 1973–1983 New Jewel Movement
 * 1983 Invasion of Grenada

Anguilla

 * 1969 Operation Sheepskin

title: List of conflicts in North America


text:
Scotus

Scotus or SCOTUS may refer to:
 * Supreme Court of the United States
 * Scotus Academy, Edinburgh, Scotland
 * SCOTUSblog
 * Scotus Central Catholic High School, Nebraska
 * Scotus College, Glasgow, Scotland

People named Scotus or Scottus

 * Aaron Scotus (died 1052), Irish abbot
 * Marianus Scotus of Regensburg (died c. 1088), Irish saint
 * David the Scot (died c. 1138), Bishop of Bangor
 * David Scotus (died 1139), Irish historian
 * John Duns Scotus (died 1308), Scottish theologian and philosopher
 * Haddingtonus Scotus (1467–1550), Scottish philosopher, see John Major (philosopher)
 * Joseph Scottus (died near 800), Irish deacon, scholar, diplomat, poet, and ecclesiastic
 * John Scotus Eriugena (c. 815–877), Irish theologian
 * John Scotus (bishop of Dunkeld) (12th century), Bishop of St Andrews and Dunkeld
 * John Scotus (bishop of Mecklenburg) (c. 990 – 1066), Bishop of Mecklenburg and Glasgow
 * Marianus Scotus of Mainz (1028 – c. 1082), Irish monk
 * Marianus Scotus of Regensburg (died about 1088), Irish abbot of St Peter's at Ratisbon (Regensburg)
 * Marius Scotus (8th–9th century), a Scottish paladin of Charlemagne, see Ruspoli family
 * Michael Scot (Latin: Michael Scotus; 1175 – c. 1232), mathematician and scholar
 * Sedulius Scottus (9th century), Irish teacher, grammarian and Scriptural commentator

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Scotus


text:
The Great Root Bear

The Great Root Bear, known since at least early 2012 as Rooty, is an anthropomorphic brown bear used as the mascot (or "spokesbear" ) of both A&W Restaurants in the USA and its operations in Asia, while the Canadian operations use its own version. The mascot was introduced to the public in 1973. The mascot went out of use in the USA in the 2000s but saw a resurge after 2011.

Appearance
Rooty's appearance is identical between the two branches.

Common to both versions is the appearance. Rooty is a bipedal brown bear with a tan muzzle, orange hat and an orange sweater with the A&W logo printed on it. The Canadian version has a modified face and a brown muzzle.

Rooty also lacks opposable thumbs in his paws. Some have compared his appearance to Yogi Bear.

Creation and early development
While often incorrectly understood as being created in Canada, the concept of the mascot was first conceived in the United States. Up until the early 1970s, the primary mascot of A&W in both the USA and Canada was The Burger Family. A prototype of what would become The Great Root Bear appeared in bags of kids' meals of the American chain in the early 1970s, which would be similar to the later design. Bears were already popular at the time of its creation, with examples including Baloo as portrayed by Disney's then-recent adaptation of The Jungle Book, Disney acquiring the licensing rights to Winnie-the-Pooh and the success of the Hanna-Barbera character Yogi Bear. In 1971, an A&W franchise in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, had used a completely different costume for the character, tentatively named "Root Bear", who in late April that year had awoken from hibernation and washed the windows of the cars of the customers. Another possible theory behind the creation of the mascot was a panda-like bear for Canada Dry's brand of root beer, Rooti (with a name similar to Rooty) in the 1960s.

By the early 1970s, A&W was losing ground to McDonald's and KFC in both sides. The Canadian operations were sold to Unilever in an attempt to let the chain stay afloat. In 1972, A&W's newly-independent Canadian branch appointed Ron Woodall for a television commercial and a new mascot. The goal was to create a new commercial campaign for A&W without showing food or specific eating habits. If the campaign failed, Unilever would let go of the chain.

Woodall sketched some drawings and headed to Smuggler's Cove, north of Vancouver, to film the first commercial and pitch the concept of the new mascot. This infuriated staff working at A&W, as it had nothing to do with the inner workings of the restaurants, something Woodall preferred to avoid. A focus group was set up in Toronto to gather public opinion, discarding the results of the prior test in Vancouver. A prototype version of what would become the first commercial was played in front of a test audience and worked well enough for Unilever to pitch the commercial. With limited budget, a commercial was shot in Alberta. Edmonton was initially considered, but the rapid development of the city caused a rejection of the filming. The nearby rural areas were full of trafic. Eventually Pincher Creek was selected as the recording location. For the filming, hotels were booked past their closing season, the bear was performed by a ballerina (Katherine) and characters similar to the Marx Brothers, Hulk Hogan and Evel Knievel were selected, following the bear.

International adoption
Before long, The Great Root Bear was adopted by the American A&W chain, as well as the restaurants it operated in Asia. In the United States alone, the previous A&W mascots, the Burger Family, were phased out beginning in 1973. While canonically according to A&W, Rooty was "born" on June 19, 1974, older press material given to franchisees claim that he was actually "born" in September 1973. The costume for the character, with an animated-type appearance, was designed by the same company that did costumes for Disneyland. The design cost $US25,000.

The Great Root Bear was now making widespread public appearances in places such as television performances, hospitals, schools and in the chain's own restaurants, especially starting in the summer season of 1974. He was also taking part in activities related to the Easter Seals Telethon in 1976 and 1977. Restaurants also handed out Great Root Bear-branded Hocus-Pocus Magic Kits during the campaign.

By 1976 the mascot had become successful, with merchandise such as straws featuring the bear were made available. A hand puppet of the bear was introduced in the Christmas season of 1977. In 1978, the company's newsletter, the A&W News Dispenser, was renamed A&W News Bearer. Balloons in birthday parties hosted at its restaurants were given the name "bearloons" and the straws, "bearstraws". Moreover, from 1975, A&W started printing coupons known as "The Great Root Bear Buck" (currently just Bear Bucks), modelled after US dollar notes with Rooty's face in the center.

Until 2012, the mascot had no given name. In its first year of usage in the United States, a franchisee in Walla Walla named him "Rudy", sounding close to the current Rooty, in a newspaper advertisement for take-home gallons of root beer.

The bear also lent its name to a playground at its restaurants in Malaysia starting in 1990, Bearland. By early 2004, the Bearland playground had lost most of its attractions.

In Canada
The Great Root Bear, with its own design, continued appearing in television commercials for the separate chain in Canada. Only in 1978 did the Canadian chain successfully set up its own trademark for the mascot.

The bear and the tuba jingle that accompanied him became a long-running campaign, created by Griffiths-Gibson of Vancouver (the tune, entitled "Ba-Dum, Ba-Dum", was released as a single in April 1977 by Attic Records, credited to "Major Ursus", a play on Ursa Major or "great bear"). The famous Canadian composer and B.C. Hall of Fame winner Miles Ramsay helped compose the song. The famous tuba jingle was played by famed Vancouver jazz, classical and session trombonist Sharman King.

During 1997 and 1998, Drew Carey served as a spokesperson for the chain, appearing in TV ads alongside the bear; he was dismissed (with legal action ensuing) after a November 1998 episode of The Drew Carey Show featured Carey eating at a McDonald's location in China. Following the reintroduction of The Burger Family, the bear was phased out from advertising.

Decline and rebound
In 2009, when the bear was downsized from the chain at a national level, the Lodi restaurant registered the awrestaurants Twitter username, which was later used by the national chain within a couple of years. Some posts in the spring of 2009 were "written" by the bear himself (who at the time had no name). The mascot opened a new restaurant in Garden City, Kansas in early 2009.

New administration took over A&W in the USA in 2011. Liz Bazner touted the chain as being "criminal" that they weren't using the mascot anymore, while putting him in charge of the Twitter account. A bronze statue of the bear holding a mug was erected at lobby of the new headquarters in Lexington. In March 2012, A&W produced a video showing the bear working at the building at the time of its construction, with disastrous results. Around this time the name Rooty appeared and became official. The following year, in June 2012 (the de facto 93rd anniversary of A&W), Lexington media house uHAPS Media made a video of a faux news item depicting Rooty being taken away from hibernation.

The earliest known usage of Rooty as the name of the mascot, up until then just The Great Root Bear, was on a Facebook post on January 30, 2012, where, in an early instance of A&W using tongue-in-cheek humor related to its resurging mascot, he was signed up for Skype.

Sarah Blasi, director of marketing at A&W, relied on the inter-generational appeal of the mascot and its relation with the chain, and its resurgence was part of a wider plan for a fresh start under the new owners. Liz Bazner, who was in charge of the tweets, created a joke where Rooty was "hibernating" before 2012. In January 2013, A&W launched a new website following a new creative marketing agreement with Cornett Integrated Marketing. Executives were working with franchisees in Asia, where the mascot was still prominent, to use the mascot as a part of birthday parties held at restaurants in the United States. Rooty also got a Vine account and a smartphone app, Burping Rooty. Also included was a "bear cam" function on the website that "streamed" Rooty's daily activities. The footage used for the stream was later recycled in 2018 for a video on social media, Day in the Life. Rooty was also the central figure of the first product release on Vine.

In 2013-2014, four episodes of a fictional reality series involving Rooty, The Bear is Back, were released on A&W's YouTube channel, shot in the A&W headquarters.

A CGI version of Rooty was created in 2022 with the aim of being easily rigged for animation and motion capture.

Personality and role at A&W
From the outset, Rooty was meant to be A&W's "ambassador of fun" or "goodwill ambassador" and is, depending on sources, either 6 or 7 feet tall. The chain suggests that Rooty embodies "fun and nostalgia" related to the brand. Rooty is "funny" and "goofy", and was seen as "not polarizing, but loveable". In 1992, a franchisee owner described Rooty as "very fuzzy, very friendly and plump".

In two books published in 1990, Rooty was "a fun-loving adventurer" and "a friend to children everywhere", which shows the opposite of his true personality. In the construction of the new headquarters in Lexington, Rooty was unable to do some basic tasks

When Rooty came out of hibernation, he had difficulty adapting to newer technologies, but had adapted quickly. Suspicions were also raised that Rooty might have had an addiction to root beer, which is in the contract. Rooty doesn't seem to speak, meaning that he has to rely on writing to communicate, though this contradicts some sources within the chain.

Rooty's family status is not clear, and was heavily retconned. At the entrance of the former A&W restaurant in Petaling Jaya, an illustration of Rooty (seen with a pentagonal hat, akin to the design used by the costume in Malaysia) appears with his supposed wife and two cubs. A 1987 print advertisement for the American branch's lunch boxes in that year's back-to-school season depicted Rooty and his wife behind a cub.

2013 LinkedIn scandal
In early February, 2013, Rooty became the first mascot to have a LinkedIn profile. Users who connected with the mascot received customized, tongue-in-cheek recommendations. Within a week, Rooty's profile received a total of 22 recommendations. The profile wasn't directly promoted, instead it was spread in by word of mouth.

The profile didn't last long, and on February 13, LinkedIn removed the profile, under the grounds that the Rooty wasn't real. A&W released a video protesting the decision.

Reaction to M&Ms' stunt
On January 24, 2023, A&W Restaurants published a parody tweet referencing the M&M's controversy on its social media profiles, showing Rooty wearing pants, claiming that the mascot's lack of pants was "polarizing". Outrage started emerging from conservative sectors, including Fox News (the report also aired on sister network Fox Business), claiming it to be real. In a follow-up tweet, A&W said that the announcement was a joke. Spokesperson Liz Bazner said that the initial post was "purely in jest", and that A&W has no plans to change Rooty's outfit. Fox Business later rectified the report, but didn't return its calls to A&W.

title: The Great Root Bear


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Perverted-Justice.com

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Dmcdevit·t 00:54, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

Perverted-Justice.com
VFD isn't a court of opinion, but it's up to law enforcement to "bust" predators, not pejorative idiots. However, an article shouldn't just go on vfd because I don't like it... I just thought I'd state my opinion.

Alexa ranking of 153,797. Not doing anything original (besides ruining people's lives, of course); feds entrap predators all the time. I don't think we should have articles on websites, with exceptions like Google, Slashdot, and Wikipedia. Not-notable. However, the writers have done a pretty good job writing the article, but that's not enough to save it from my delete vote... 24 at 00:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. This is an inappropriate VfD. The website is clearly notable. It gets lots of press coverage, and has had national network coverage too. The article's well sourced with lots of credible, third-party references. No grounds for deletion. SlimVirgin (talk) 00:51, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Grounds for deletion are that it's a non-notable website. Most websites don't deserve a place on Wikipedia, and I have a special black spot on my heart just for this one. The only reason it gets alot of coverage is to hype pedophilic fear. They entrapped 20-some predators? So what. That's really a pathetic number... they haven't done anything notable. 24 at 01:00, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Entrap? Excuse me?  I think you're a little confused at the definition of entrapment.  First of all, only police officers can entrap anyone, by definition.  Second of all, if they were law enforcement, they wouldn't be guilty of entrapment, as they never initiate anything... all "busts" are initiated by the pervert in question.  Additionally, what on earth does whether or not you LIKE them have anything to do with NOTABILITY?  Press attention, positive recognition from police officers, a nationwide network, what more do you want?  Fieari 01:04, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Then they are guilty of vigilantism. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:18, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Very notable.  Not just a website, they do things.  I mean, members actively testify in convicting the people they catch doing this stuff, they get press attention, they were instrumental in the rescue of a girl... how much more notable do you want?  Just because they operate online doesn't mean that it's "just a website".  I can't believe this is even here... Fieari 01:02, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep very notable. Have done notable things. Have been reported on by the media. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:17, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good article on verifiable notable organisation. Capitalistroadster 01:35, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, passes WP:WEB with flying colors. humblefool®Have you voted in the CSD poll yet? 02:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Why don't most websites "deserve" a spot in Wikipedia? What a bizarre thing to say! Grace Note 02:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a good example of where the Alexa rankings fail us, (and it is going to make me rethink the use of Alexa as an indicator of encyclopedic content). The media coverage is extensive, as the article shows. func (talk) 03:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The website has had major press coverage and also has caught the attention of law enforcement as well. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 03:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, clearly. WP:POINT. · Katefan0(scribble) 03:44, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable, verifiable, NPOV, sourced, etc. -Willmcw 05:30, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am glad the article is NPOV now after all of those edit wars and RFC's. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 05:31, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The fact that this article is now NPOV and stable is directly attributable to the hard work, patience, and time of user:SlimVirgin and user:Katefan0. It was once among the most contentious articles in Wikipedia. Those two editors (SV in particular) brought together the (almost literally) warring sides, scrupulously researched and sourced the material, and achieved the goals of the project. Our feelings about the subject of the article are irrelevant, we are only adressing the quality of the article. This article is among our better efforts - odd though that may seem. -Willmcw 07:30, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep of course. Rhobite 05:45, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. For the reasons stated above, site is very notable. I don't even know why this article has to go through a VfD to begin with! --Gramaic | Talk 05:47, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep although I too dislike them. I support the nominator, however; Alexa ranking makes a non-frivilous VfD case, and he was upfront about his position. Xoloz 06:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable website although their brand of "justice" is perverted indeed. --Angr/undefined 06:19, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Subject of this entry is notable. El_C 07:21, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, seems to have had a good bit of coverage. -- Lochaber 14:30, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I recently discovered this site and found the wikipedia article to be extremely informative. The argument that there shouldn't be a wikipedia article for sites we don't like is exceedingly strange.  I see no reason to differentiate wikipedia articles about websites we don't like from subject materials we don't like.  (It's also worth nothing there is a wikipedia article for rotten.com and goatse.cx)
 * Keep, extremely notable. Shem(talk) 18:30, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, noteworthy. They took an especial dislike to me personally in one particular edit/revert war a couple of months ago, and I'll still support the existence of this article. :)  --Modemac 23:22, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable troll organization.  Almafeta 03:17, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Molle~enwiki

See my main discussion Page at: de:Benutzer_Diskussion:Molle

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title: User talk:Molle~enwiki


text:
Chief Financial Officer of Florida

The chief financial officer of Florida is an elected statewide constitutional officer of Florida. The office was created in 2002 following the 1998 reforms of the Florida Cabinet. The CFO is a combination of the former offices of comptroller and treasurer/insurance commissioner/fire marshal. The office heads the Florida Department of Financial Services and is responsible for overseeing the state's finances, collecting revenue, paying state bills, auditing state agencies, regulating cemeteries and funerals, and handling fires and arsons. In addition, the CFO has administrative oversight over the offices which handles banking and insurance regulation. The CFO is a member of the Cabinet, and is third (behind the lieutenant governor and attorney general, respectively) in the line of succession to the office of Governor of Florida.

History
Tom Gallagher was the first state CFO and a former treasurer/insurance commissioner/fire marshal. Gallagher retired from the position in 2006 and Alex Sink (D), a Florida business executive and the wife of former Florida gubernatorial candidate Bill McBride, was elected on November 7, 2006. Alex Sink launched an unsuccessful campaign for governor in 2010, and was succeeded by Jeff Atwater. Atwater resigned and then-governor Rick Scott appointed Jimmy Patronis to the post. Patronis won a statewide election and retained the post in 2018.

Florida Insurance Guaranty Association
The Florida Insurance Guaranty Association (FIGA) was created by the Florida Legislature in 1970 as a nonprofit corporation to process covered claims of insolvent members by or against Florida policyholders with a limit of $300,000 per residence or non-residence commercial; $200,000 per condominium unit. Association members are all Florida-licensed direct writers of property and/or casualty insurance. FIGA's authority is codified in the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association Act, Florida Statutes 631.50 through 631.70. FIGA has the power to levy assessments against the insurer's direct written premiums, not to exceed 2% in any calendar year. The commissioner in the Office of Insurance Regulation retains oversight over FIGA.

Office of Insurance Regulation
The Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (FOIR) is responsible for all activities concerning insurers and other risk bearing entities, including licensing, rates, policy forms, market conduct, claims, issuance of certificates of authority, solvency, viatical settlements, premium financing, and administrative supervision, as provided under the Florida Insurance Code or Chapter 636, Florida Statutes. The head of the OIR is the Florida Insurance Commissioner, appointed by the Financial Services Commission (FSC). Michael Yaworsky is the current Florida insurance commissioner.

Financial Services Commission
The Financial Services Commission (FSC) is composed of the Florida governor, chief financial officer, attorney general, and commissioner of agriculture. The FSC serves as agency head for purposes of rulemaking pursuant to sections 120.536-120.565, Florida Statutes. FSC action is taken by majority vote. In case of a tie, the governor's side prevails.

title: Chief Financial Officer of Florida


text:
Episcopal conference

An episcopal conference, often also called a bishops’ conference or conference of bishops, is an official assembly of the bishops of the Catholic Church in a given territory. Episcopal conferences have long existed as informal entities. The first assembly of bishops to meet regularly, with its own legal structure and ecclesial leadership function, is the Swiss Bishops' Conference, which was founded in 1863. More than forty episcopal conferences existed before the Second Vatican Council. Their status was confirmed by the Second Vatican Council and further defined by Pope Paul VI's 1966 motu proprio, Ecclesiae sanctae.

Episcopal conferences are generally defined by geographic borders, often national ones, with all the bishops in a given country belonging to the same conference, although they may also include neighboring countries. Certain authority and tasks are assigned to episcopal conferences, particularly with regard to setting the liturgical norms for the Mass. Episcopal conferences receive their authority under universal law or particular mandates. In certain circumstances, as defined by canon law, the decisions of an episcopal conference are subject to ratification from the Holy See. Individual bishops do not relinquish their immediate authority for the governance of their respective dioceses to the conference.

Theological and juridical status
The operation, authority, and responsibilities of episcopal conferences are currently governed by the 1983 Code of Canon Law (see especially canons 447–459) In addition, there are assemblies of bishops which include the bishops of different rites in a nation, both Eastern Catholic and Latin Catholic; these are described in canon 322 §2 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.

The nature of episcopal conferences, and their magisterial authority in particular, was subsequently clarified by Pope John Paul II in his 1998 motu proprio, Apostolos suos, which stated that the declarations of such conferences "constitute authentic magisterium" when approved unanimously by the conference; otherwise the conference must achieve a two-thirds majority and seek the recognitio, that is, recognition of approval, of the Holy See, which they will not receive if the majority "is not substantial".

In the 2013 apostolic exhortation, Evangelii Gaudium, Pope Francis expressed his concern that the intent of the Second Vatican Council, which would give episcopal conferences "genuine doctrinal authority, has not yet been sufficiently elaborated." On September 9, 2017, Pope Francis modified canon law, granting episcopal conferences specific authority "to faithfully prepare … approve and publish the liturgical books for the regions for which they are responsible after the confirmation of the Apostolic See." The Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, which formerly had primary responsibility for translations, was ordered to "help the Episcopal Conferences to fulfil their task." On October 22, 2017, the Holy See released a letter that Pope Francis had sent to the Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Cardinal Robert Sarah, clarifying that the Holy See and its departments would have only limited authority to confirm liturgical translations recognized by a local episcopal conference. In late February, 2018, the Council of Cardinals and Pope Francis undertook a consideration of the theological status of episcopal conferences, re-reading Pope John Paul II's Apostolos Suos in the light of Pope Francis's Evangelii Gaudium.

List of episcopal conferences
Source:

Africa

 * 1) Episcopal Conference of Angola and São Tomé
 * 2) Episcopal Conference of Benin
 * 3) Conference of Bishops of Burkina Faso and of Niger
 * 4) Conference of Catholic Bishops of Burundi
 * 5) National Episcopal Conference of Cameroon
 * 6) Central African Episcopal Conference
 * 7) Episcopal Conference of Chad
 * 8) Episcopal Conference of the Congo
 * 9) Episcopal Conference of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * 10) Episcopal Conference of the Côte d'Ivoire
 * 11) Episcopal Conference of Equatorial Guinea
 * 12) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Ethiopia and Eritrea
 * 13) Episcopal Conference of Gabon
 * 14) Inter-territorial Catholic Bishops' Conference of The Gambia and Sierra Leone
 * 15) Ghana Bishops' Conference
 * 16) Episcopal Conference of Guinea
 * 17) Episcopal Conference of the Indian Ocean
 * 18) Kenya Conference of Catholic Bishops
 * 19) Lesotho Catholic Bishops' Conference
 * 20) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Liberia
 * 21) Episcopal Conference of Madagascar
 * 22) Episcopal Conference of Malawi
 * 23) Episcopal Conference of Mali
 * 24) Episcopal Conference of Mozambique
 * 25) Namibian Catholic Bishops' Conference
 * 26) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Nigeria
 * 27) Regional Episcopal Conference of North Africa
 * 28) Conference of Catholic Bishops of Rwanda
 * 29) Conference of Bishops of Senegal, Mauritania, Cape Verde, and Guinea Bissau
 * 30) Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference (SACBC)
 * 31) Sudan Catholic Bishops' Conference
 * 32) Tanzania Episcopal Conference
 * 33) Episcopal Conference of Togo
 * 34) Uganda Episcopal Conference
 * 35) Zambia Episcopal Conference
 * 36) Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops' Conference

Asia

 * 1) Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions
 * 2) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Bangladesh
 * 3) Bishops' Conference of Central Asia
 * 4) Chinese Regional Bishops' Conference
 * 5) Conference of Catholic Bishops of India (CCBI)
 * 6) Bishops' Conference of Indonesia (KWI)
 * 7) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Japan
 * 8) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea
 * 9) Episcopal Conference of Laos and Cambodia
 * 10) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei (CBCMSB)
 * 11) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Myanmar
 * 12) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Pakistan
 * 13) Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines
 * 14) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Thailand
 * 15) Episcopal Conference of Turkey
 * 16) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Sri Lanka
 * 17) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam

Europe

 * 1) Episcopal Conference of Albania
 * 2) Austrian Bishops' Conference
 * 3) Conference of Catholic Bishops of Belarus
 * 4) Episcopal Conference of Belgium
 * 5) Bishops' Conference of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 6) Episcopal Conference of Bulgaria
 * 7) Croatian Bishops' Conference
 * 8) Czech Bishops' Conference
 * 9) Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales
 * 10) Bishops' Conference of France (CEF)
 * 11) German Bishops' Conference
 * 12) Holy Synod of Catholic Bishops of Greece
 * 13) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Hungary
 * 14) Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference
 * 15) Italian Episcopal Conference (CEI)
 * 16) Latvian Bishops' Conference
 * 17) Lithuanian Bishops' Conference
 * 18) Maltese Episcopal Conference
 * 19) Bishops' Conference of the Netherlands
 * 20) Polish Episcopal Conference
 * 21) Portuguese Episcopal Conference
 * 22) Romanian Episcopal Conference
 * 23) Conference of Catholic Bishops of the Russian Federation
 * 24) International Bishops' Conference of Saints Cyril and Methodius
 * 25) Scandinavian Bishops Conference
 * 26) Bishops' Conference of Scotland
 * 27) Conference of Slovak Bishops
 * 28) Slovenian Bishops' Conference
 * 29) Spanish Episcopal Conference
 * 30) Swiss Bishops Conference
 * 31) Ukrainian Episcopal Conference

Oceania

 * 1) Australian Catholic Bishops Conference
 * 2) New Zealand Catholic Bishops' Conference
 * 3) Episcopal Conference of the Pacific (C.E. PAC.)
 * 4) Catholic Bishops' Conference of Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands

North America

 * 1) Antilles Episcopal Conference
 * 2) Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB)
 * 3) Episcopal Conference of Costa Rica
 * 4) Conference of Catholic Bishops of Cuba
 * 5) Conference of the Dominican Episcopate (CED)
 * 6) Episcopal Conference of El Salvador
 * 7) Episcopal Conference of Guatemala
 * 8) Episcopal Conference of Haiti
 * 9) Episcopal Conference of Honduras
 * 10) Conference of the Mexican Episcopate (CEM)
 * 11) Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua
 * 12) Episcopal Conference of Panama
 * 13) Puerto Rican Episcopal Conference (CEP)
 * 14) United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB)

South America

 * 1) Argentine Episcopal Conference (CEA)
 * 2) Bolivian Episcopal Conference
 * 3) National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (CNBB)
 * 4) Episcopal Conference of Chile (CECh)
 * 5) Episcopal Conference of Colombia
 * 6) Ecuadorian Episcopal Conference
 * 7) Paraguayan Episcopal Conference
 * 8) Peruvian Episcopal Conference
 * 9) Episcopal Conference of Uruguay
 * 10) Venezuelan Episcopal Conference

Notes

Other episcopal bodies
In addition to the episcopal conferences as defined by the Holy See, there are a number of other regional groupings of bishops:

Synods of eastern rite churches
Synods of Bishops of the Patriarchal and Major Archiepiscopal Churches

 * Synod of the Armenian Catholic Church
 * Synod of the Chaldean Church
 * Synod of the Catholic Coptic Church
 * Synod of the Greek-Catholic Ukrainian Church
 * Synod of the Greek-Melkite Catholic Church
 * Synod of the Romanian Church
 * Synod of the Syrian Catholic Church
 * Synod of the Syro-Malabarese Church
 * Synod of the Syro-Malankarese Church
 * Council of the Ethiopian Church
 * Council of the Ruthenian Church, U.S.A.
 * Council of the Slovakian Church

Assemblies of bishops
National assemblies of Hierarchs of Churches Sui Iuris (including eastern Catholic as well as Latin ordinaries)

 * Assembly of the Catholic Hierarchy of Egypt
 * Assembly of the Catholic Bishops of Iraq
 * Assembly of the Patriarchs and Bishops of Lebanon
 * Assembly of the Catholic Hierarchs of Syria
 * Assembly of the Catholic Ordinaries of the Holy Land
 * Iranian Episcopal Conference
 * Catholic Bishops' Conference of India (CBCI)

International Meetings of Episcopal Conferences

 * Council of Catholic Patriarchs of the East
 * Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar
 * Regional Episcopal Conference of Francophone West Africa
 * Association of Episcopal Conferences of Central Africa
 * Association of Episcopal Conferences of the Region of Central Africa
 * Association of Member Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa
 * Inter-Regional Meeting of Bishops of Southern Africa
 * Reunion of Episcopal Conferences of West Africa
 * Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences
 * Federation of Catholic Bishops' Conferences of Oceania (FCBCO)
 * Council of European Bishops' Conferences (CCEE)
 * Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Community (COMECE)
 * Latin American Episcopal Council (CELAM)
 * Episcopal Secretariate of Central America and Panama

title: Episcopal conference


text:
Royal Tomb of Akhenaten

The Royal Tomb of Akhenaten, located in the Royal Wadi at Amarna, is the burial place of the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten.

Layout
A flight of twenty steps, with a central inclined plane leads to the door and a long straight descending corridor. Halfway down this corridor a suite of unfinished rooms (perhaps intended for Nefertiti). The main corridor continues to descend, and to the right again a second suite of rooms branches off.

The corridor then descends via steps into an ante-room, and then to the pillared burial chamber where his granite sarcophagus sat in a slight dip in the floor. It was decorated by carvings of Nefertiti acting as a protective goddess, and by the ever-present sun-disks of the Aten.

Decoration
It is believed that the second suite of three chambers (referred to as Alpha, Beta and Gamma) was used for the burial of Meketaten, Akhenaten's second daughter. Two of the chambers (Alpha and Gamma) are decorated and depict very similar scenes: in the Alpha chamber, Akhenaten and Nefertiti bend over the inert body of a woman, weeping and gripping each other's arms for support. Nearby, a nurse stands with a baby in her arms, accompanied by a fan-bearer, which indicates the baby's royal status. The names in the scene have been hacked out. In the Gamma chamber, a very similar scene is shown; here the hieroglyphs identify the dead young woman as Meketaten. In the same chamber, another scene shows Meketaten standing under a canopy, which is usually associated with childbirth, but can also interpreted as representing the rebirth of the princess. In front of her, amongst courtiers, stand Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their three remaining daughters, Meritaten, Ankhesenpaaten and Neferneferuaten Tasherit. The presence of a royal baby has led many to believe that the young princess died in childbirth (in this case, the father is most likely to have been Akhenaten himself, marrying his daughter), but this cannot be proven.

Large amounts of the decoration have been destroyed by flooding.

After burial
His body was probably removed after the court returned to Thebes, and reburied somewhere in the Valley of the Kings, possibly in KV55. His sarcophagus was destroyed, but has since been reconstructed and now sits in the garden of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

Excavation and preservation
The tomb was excavated by Alessandro Barsanti, in 1893–1894.

title: Royal Tomb of Akhenaten


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Elliott Valenstein

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:05, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Elliott Valenstein
At first I thought this article just needed severe NPOVing to correct rampant POVisms like "The eminent neuroscientist ... rejecting the simpleminded 'chemical imbalance' theories used by drug companies in marketing their products" and "biochemical theories are an entirely "unproven hypothesis" - and probably a false one - used to excuse the often unconscionable marketing practices of the drug industry". Then I thought to Google, and this "eminent neuroscientist" gets just 138 hits that don't loop back to Wikipedia. Delete seems more appropriate. -- Antaeus Feldspar 00:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment He does seem to be real, but apparently not well known. I'd like it if he were notable, but I can't see that he really is. Friday 02:56, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep He's published. He teaches at an acredited university. I'd say thats notable. Hamster Sandwich 05:01, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There are a lot of accredited universities. Are all their faculty members automatically notable? -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:25, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * weak keep, it needs a rewrite as at the moment it reads like the short introduction in a booklet to acompany a conference or lecture tour. Additional evidence of notability and passing the average professor test would be nice as well. Thryduulf 11:46, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Authors with a long history of being published in their fields. Rx StrangeLove 02:22, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Documented & provides an alternative viewpoint that can be cited. | Cwolfsheep 15:20, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bayswater, Queens

Bayswater is a small neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens, on the eastern end of the Rockaway Peninsula. The community is located to the northwest of Far Rockaway, along the southeastern shore of Jamaica Bay.

One of Bayswater's early developers was William Trist Bailey, who had purchased the property and laid out the community around 1878, hence the street names Bailey Court and Trist Place. Once the location of a number of summer hotels such as the Elstone Park and the Sunset Lodge, Bayswater is now a year-round residential neighborhood. Bayswater has a diverse population with large numbers of Black and Orthodox Jewish residents. The Bayswater Civic Association represents the area.

Bayswater is located in Queens Community District 14 and its ZIP Code is 11691. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 101st Precinct.

title: Bayswater, Queens


text:
Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroad

The Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroad, originally the Quakake Railroad (pronounced quake-ache), was a rail line connecting Black Creek Junction in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania with Quakake, Delano, and Mount Carmel. Opened from Black Creek Junction to Quakake in 1858 and to Mount Carmel in 1860, it allowed anthracite coal mined along the line and bridge traffic to be transported east tos New York City. After 1866, it was merged into the Lehigh Valley Railroad and named Mahanoy Branch.

History
The Quakake Railroad was chartered on April 25, 1857 to build a connection between the Beaver Meadow Railroad, later the Lehigh Valley Railroad's Hazleton Branch, at Black Creek Junction, where Quakake Creek empties into Black Creek and the Catawissa, Williamsport and Erie Railroad between its two summit tunnels in Rush Township, Pennsylvania at Lofty Tunnel and Ryan's Tunnel. The CW&E's predecessor, the Little Schuylkill and Susquehanna Railroad, graded this route as its Quakake or Lehigh Branch and opened most of it for traffic in 1840. It was the only part of the LS&S to operate, but was abandoned it after a flood devastated the Beaver Meadow Railroad in January 1841. The Quakake Railroad's charter allowed it to occupy that grade with the consent of the CW&E.

Quakake Railroad's construction was supported by the CW&E, the Beaver Meadow, and the Lehigh Valley Railroads. Its completion allowed coal to be transported from the CW&E to travel over the latter two railroads to New York City. The original LS&S grading used an inclined plane to connect the later CW&E main line, on the mountainside between the two tunnels, with the Quakake Branch in the valley below. However, that plan and the inclined plane were abandoned prior to completion of the Quakake Railroad, and instead the junction was moved to the south to Quakake Junction, near Tamanend. The full line opened on August 25, 1858 from Black Creek Junction on the Beaver Meadow Railroad west to Quakake Junction on the CW&E, and was at first operated by that railroad.

A charter supplement issued on March 22, 1859 allowed the Quakake Railroad to extend its line westerly into the headwaters of Mahanoy Creek and down the stream or up its branches "as far as may be expedient", and build branches of up to 10 miles to coal mines. Under this authority, the Quakake built an extension in 1860 via Delano to Mount Carmel, where it connected to the Northern Central Railway's Shamokin Valley and Pottsville Railroad. Another charter supplement on March 21, 1860 allowed it to buy its roadbed from the CW&E, which was then being foreclosed and reorganized as the Catawissa Railroad.

The Quakake Railroad went into foreclosure on September 30, 1862, and was reorganized as the Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroad on October 11. In 1865, a branch was built from Park Place to Mahanoy City. On June 30, 1866 the company was merged into the Lehigh Valley Railroad.

Under the Lehigh & Mahanoy, the line between Raven Run and Centralia was completed in 1865. In 1866 it was built to Mount Carmel and connected to the Shamokin Valley and Pottsville Railroad owned by the Northern Central Railway. In 1884 the line, which lay low in the valley, was rebuilt higher up on the mountainside by the Lehigh Valley. This avoided flooding from Mine Run. A branch extended from Centralia eastward to the LV's Continental Colliery. It was abandoned when the colliery closed in 1954. A branch was built in 1877 from Kohinoor Junction through Girardville to Ashland. A two-mile switchback was built in 1939 from Logan Junction, west of Centralia to the Germantown Colliery. It as used until 1960 when that operation was closed. Two other extensions were built. In 1890, a one-mile line was constructed from Morris Ridge Junction, east of Mt. Carmel to the Midvalley No. 1 Colliery. In 1892, a three-mile line was built from Montana junction, east of Centralia, to Midvalley Colliery No. 2. These lines were abandoned by 1965 when the fine coal plant at Midvalley closed.

The decline of coal mining brought about the piecemeal abandonment of these lines. The Ashland Branch was cut back to Girardville in 1951, and in 1953, from Girardville to Weston Colliery. One mile of the Mahanoy City Branch was abandoned in 1957, and the line from Delano to Gerhards, Pennsylvania in 1963. The line to Mt. Carmel was cut back to Aristes Junction in 1965, and from there to Raven Run in 1971. The remaining trackage was all abandoned by 1976.

title: Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroad


text: Category:Lehigh Valley Railroad

title: Category:Lehigh Valley Railroad


text:
Night on Earth

Night on Earth is a 1991 American comedy-drama anthology film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch. It is a collection of five vignettes, taking place during the same night, concerning the temporary bond formed between taxi driver and passenger in five cities: Los Angeles, New York City, Paris, Rome, and Helsinki. The action in the vignettes takes place at the same time, moving from Los Angeles in the United States to Helsinki, Finland. The scene in each city appears to occur later and later in the night due to the changing time zones. Jarmusch wrote the screenplay in about eight days, and the choice of certain cities was largely based on the actors with whom he wanted to work. The soundtrack of the same name is by Tom Waits. The Criterion Collection released the film on DVD and Blu-ray on April 9, 2019.

Los Angeles
As evening falls, tomboy cabby Corky picks up Hollywood executive Victoria Snelling from the airport, and as Corky drives, Victoria tries to conduct business on her phone. Despite their extreme differences socially, the two develop a certain connection. When Victoria suggests that cab driving is not much of a career, Corky counters that her dream in fact is to become a mechanic. During the ride, Victoria, who is a casting agent, comes to realise that Corky would be ideal for a part in a movie she is casting, but Corky rejects the offer because she intends to be a mechanic. The taxi is a 1985 Chevrolet Caprice Classic Wagon.

New York
Helmut, an immigrant from East Germany who was a clown in his home country, has found work as a taxi driver. After dark, he picks up a passenger named YoYo, a streetwise young man who wants to go to Brooklyn. Increasingly alarmed at Helmut's inability to handle an automatic transmission, ignorance of New York geography, and feeble command of the English language, YoYo takes over the wheel. During the drive, YoYo sees his sister-in-law Angela on the street and forces her into the cab to take her back home. Helmut is clearly amused by the vituperation between the two. After Angela and Yoyo depart, Helmut struggles to drive back to Manhattan, muttering "New York...New York." The taxi is a 1983 Ford LTD Crown Victoria.

Paris
At night, a cab picks up two drunk African diplomats, who mock the lowly driver and find it hilarious that he is from the Ivory Coast. In French, when he says he is ivoirien, they say il voit rien (he can't see a thing). Sick of their insults, he throws them out, forgetting to get money off them. Next he picks up an attractive young woman, who is blind. As she cannot see the colour of his skin, he asks her where she thinks he is from. After a moment's thought, she says the Ivory Coast. Prickly and sexually provocative, she rejects most of his efforts to be friendly, regarding him as beneath her, but he is genuinely fascinated by her and her predicament. So much so that, after dropping her off, he watches her walk beside a canal in the dark and he drives into another car, whose driver angrily accuses him of being blind. The taxi is a 1980 Peugeot 504.

Rome
In the early morning hours, an eccentric cabbie picks up a priest. As he drives, he starts to confess his sins. Much to the priest's discomfort, he goes into great detail about how he discovered his sexuality, first with a pumpkin and then with a sheep, then details a love affair he had with his brother's wife, miming the actions and mouthing the cries. Already ailing, overwhelmed by the barrage of unwanted information, the priest has a fatal heart attack. Unable to revive him, the cabbie leaves him on a bench to be found once it is light. The taxi is a 1976 Fiat 128.

Helsinki
After an evening spent drinking heavily, three workers, one of whom has just been fired from his job and has passed out, climb into a cab to return home. On the way, the two conscious workers talk about the terrible situation their unconscious friend is in, being out of work and having to face a divorce and a pregnant daughter. The driver, Mika, then tells them all about how he and his wife had been trying for a baby for a long time. When his wife finally got pregnant, the baby was born early and had to be placed in an incubator and the doctor told them the baby would only live a week. The baby lived a few weeks longer than expected, giving Mika and his wife hope. However, the baby eventually died. The workers are terribly moved and depressed by the story, and even become unsympathetic toward their drunken, laid-off companion. Leaving him in the cab, they stagger off to their homes. Mika wakes him, takes payment and leaves. Worker sits on the ground, passing neighbours greet him and he replies back. The taxi is a 1973 Volvo 144.

Cast

 * Los Angeles
 * Winona Ryder as Corky (taxi driver)
 * Gena Rowlands as Victoria Snelling (passenger)

 * New York
 * Giancarlo Esposito as YoYo (passenger & taxi driver)
 * Armin Mueller-Stahl as Helmut Grokenberger (taxi driver & passenger)
 * Rosie Perez as Angela (passenger)

 * Paris
 * Isaach De Bankolé as Unnamed Taxi Driver
 * Béatrice Dalle as the Blind Woman (passenger)
 * Emile Abossolo M'Bo & Pascal N'Zonzi as the African passengers

 * Rome
 * Roberto Benigni as Gino (taxi driver)
 * Paolo Bonacelli as Priest (passenger)

 * Helsinki
 * Matti Pellonpää as Mika (taxi driver)
 * Kari Väänänen, Sakari Kuosmanen, and Tomi Salmela as passengers

Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 76% based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10.

Soundtrack

 * Back in the Good Old World - Written by Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan - Arranged by Tom Waits and Francis Thumm
 * Good Old World - Written by Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan - rearranged by Tom Waits and Francis Thumm
 * Cycle-Delic - Performed by Davie Allan and The Arrows (as Davie Allan & The Arrows)- Written by Davie Allan
 * Summertime Blues - Performed by Blue Cheer - Written by Eddie Cochran and Jerry Capehart

title: Night on Earth


text:
Galactic disc

A galactic disc (or galactic disk) is a component of disc galaxies, such as spiral galaxies, lenticular galaxies, and the Milky Way. Galactic discs consist of a stellar component (composed of most of the galaxy's stars) and a gaseous component (mostly composed of cool gas and dust). The stellar population of galactic discs tend to exhibit very little random motion with most of its stars undergoing nearly circular orbits about the galactic center. Discs can be fairly thin because the disc material's motion lies predominantly on the plane of the disc (very little vertical motion). The Milky Way's disc, for example, is approximately 1 kly thick, but thickness can vary for discs in other galaxies.

Exponential surface brightness profiles
Galactic discs have surface brightness profiles that very closely follow exponential functions in both the radial and vertical directions.

Radial profile
The surface brightness radial profile of the galactic disc of a typical disc galaxy (viewed face-on) roughly follows an exponential function:

$$I(R) = I_{0} \exp \left[{-\frac{R}{h_R}}\right],$$

where $$I_0$$ is the galaxy's central brightness and $$h_R$$ is the scale length. The scale length is the radius at which the galaxy is a factor of e (≈2.7) less bright than it is at its center. Due to the diversity in the shapes and sizes of galaxies, not all galactic discs follow this simple exponential form in their brightness profiles. Some galaxies have been found to have discs with profiles that become truncated in the outermost regions.

Vertical profile
When viewed edge-on, the vertical surface brightness profiles of galactic discs follow a very similar exponential profile that is proportional to the disc's radial profile:

$$I(R,z) = I(R)\exp \left[ -\frac{\vert z \vert}{h_z} \right] = I_0\exp \left[-\left(\frac{R}{h_R}+\frac{\vert z \vert}{h_z}\right) \right],$$

where $$h_z \approx 0.1h_R $$ is the scale height. Although exponential profiles serve as a useful first approximations, vertical surface brightness profiles can also be more complicated. For example, the scale height $$h_z$$, although assumed to be a constant above, can in some cases increase with the radius.

Gaseous component
Most of a disc galaxy's gas lies within the disc. Both cool atomic hydrogen (HI) and warm molecular hydrogen (HII) make up most of the disc's gaseous component. This gas serves as the fuel for the formation of new stars in the disc. Although the distribution of gas in the disc is not as well-defined as the stellar component's distribution it is understood (from 21cm emission) that atomic hydrogen is distributed fairly uniformly throughout the disc. 21 cm emission by HI also reveals that the gaseous component can flare out at the outer regions of the galaxy. The abundance of molecular hydrogen makes it a great candidate to help trace the dynamics within the disc. Like the stars within the disc, clumps or clouds of gas follow approximately circular orbits about the galactic center. The circular velocity of the gas in the disc is strongly correlated with the luminosity of the galaxy (see Tully–Fisher relation). This relationship becomes stronger when the stellar mass is also taken into consideration.

Structure of the Milky Way disc
Three stellar components with varying scale heights can be distinguished within the disc of the Milky Way (MW): the young thin disc, the old thin disc, and the thick disc. The young thin disc is a region in which star formation is taking place and contains the MW's youngest stars and most of its gas and dust. The scale height of this component is roughly 100 pc. The old thin disc has a scale height of approximately 325 pc while the thick disc has a scale height of 1.5 kpc. Although stars move primarily within the disc, they exhibit a random enough motion in the direction perpendicular to the disc to result in various scale heights for the different disc components. Stars in the MW's thin disc tend to have higher metallicities compared to the stars in the thick disc. The metal-rich stars in the thin disc have metallicities close to that of the sun ($$Z \approx 0.02$$) and are referred to as population I (pop I) stars while the stars that populate the thick disc are more metal-poor ($$Z \approx 0.001$$) and are referred to as population II (pop II) stars (see stellar population). These distinct ages and metallicities in the different stellar components of the disc point to a strong relationship between the metallicities and ages of stars.

title: Galactic disc