text:
Talk:Sora Takenouchi

Voice-actress confusion
Can someone explains where the voice-actress references come from???

Yeah, what's the deal? what is this "Beneath My Scarlett Skin" crap? This is vandlaism, I assume? I'm putting the accuracy tag back. -R. fiend 02:03, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

I know that Japanese anime characters are often used as "singers" on cds, but this sounds ridiculous. If these are homonyms, they need to be split and disambiguated. Circeus 14:34, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think this is vandalism. Actually, quite recently, I heard that there is an actual person named Sora Takenouchi in the world, maybe the person who added this information did not know where to place it and just put it in the Digimon character's article? I say we make a disambiguation page. DrippingInk 15:27, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Before we start disambiging let's have some evidence that there is such a person and she has a legit claim to fame beyond sharing her name with an animated character. Googling "Beneath My Scarlett Skin" (using both spellings for scarlet) got me nothing. -R. fiend 15:35, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

In that weird section at the end, "sayonara" is spelt as "sayanora", which I've noticed in the past is a mistake often made by people who have no idea what they're talking about. RMG 16:44, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * According to this article, "Sora Takenouchi" is making a documentary called Beneath My Scarlett Skin. Googling won't help – the film is not even in production yet. Yes, RMG is right too, that is a frequent error. Although whomever has been adding this information (and has also made edits to my dominant sections) might be sincere. We can't really tell yet. DrippingInk 23:51, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, sounds unverifiable. And I'm still not convinced this person exists. -R. fiend 00:44, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and deleted all the odd stuff about "voice actor sora takenouchi" as patent nonsense. If whoever added it in wants to re-add it, they can do so and provide sources.  Nandesuka 12:45, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Well it seems as though someone was having a bit of fun around this article. Winnermario 12:38, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Marriage
This is one of those things that is never addressed in the show or any of the supplemental material, insofar as I am aware of. The only officially known couple in Digimon Adventure is Miyako/Yolei and Ken. Everyone else is sheer speculation.
 * Ah, it would seem it genuinely is in the Japanese version of the episode. Having recently rewatched it, I must have missed the "nee-san" part of the conversation or thought it was not literal as they do not clearly state they're married; Sora was like a big sister to the second season characters, for instance.--68.111.242.222 (talk) 23:28, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sora Takenouchi


text:
Talk:UPS

UPS
Either Uninterruptible power supply should be primary, or this disambiguation page should be primary. The package company may be big, but it isn't particularly interesting or useful as an encyclopedia entry. 65.34.186.143 01:51, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

I'll second that. Is there a generic page for suggesting a poll on this? --62.78.245.62 18:07, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

The disambiguation page should be primary, not the company, not uninterruptible power supply, nor anything else. This term is too ambiguous. --207.70.164.210 01:45, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:United Parcel Service which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 21:15, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:UPS


text:
Talk:Black Mountain (band)

Untitled
Some guy at this music store I was at told me and my friend that these guys were the "incarnation of Led Zeppelin", I have yet to get any of this stuff, so does anybody else share this sentiment?

no, your a moron, they kick ass

I first heard "black mountain" when I attended Coldplay's performance at the shoreline ampetheater courtesy of Steve "Woz" Wozniak in Mountain View, California. Ironically, Mountain View is only 10 miles away from a portion of the santa cruz mountain range that holds the san andreas fault named "Black Mountain"! I thought they were perhaps a local band due to the close proximity of our own black mountain in the bay area / silicon valley. Black mountain's base guitarist is perhaps one of the best I have heard - his performance was concentrated and well tuned to their unique sound. As an opening treat for coldplay it was exceptional.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain_%28band%29"

Steve McBean was in a band called Mission of Christ. As far as I know, they released 1 demo (Silence in Grave) and there's also a unreleased demo that came out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gr1phOTR (talk • contribs) 00:54, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Band Name Explanation
Why was the bit about McBean's day job deleted as "vandalism?" I'm going to put that back in for now.

Citation? Or something?
From the article: "The band is a psychedelic amalgamation of Neil Young and Buffalo Springfield, Led Zeppelin, Jimi Hendrix, Pink Floyd, the Velvet Underground, and Black Sabbath." Big names. Why not throw in the Beatles and Mozart while we're at it. And, oh, Segovia. But if we want to say this, we should be citing reviewers who invoke these names. - Jmabel | Talk 04:26, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Black Mountain (band)


text: File:Into the West (2005 TV miniseries poster).jpg


text:
User:Kilr0y

ima newb

thats teh problem with editing from too many different countries(using different computers). I just realized i am Tortuga 01:51, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Articles Created
I've created the following Wikipedia articles:
 * Fort Barrancas
 * Used Songs, 1973-1980

title: User:Kilr0y


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Knight Errants

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to Knight Errant. – Rich Farmbrough 13:49, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Knight Errants and Knights Errant
A comparison of Knights Errant to the really important topics in Wikipedia:

 Wikipedia topic: "Jester Dormitory"  Google hits: 252 using "Jester Dormitory" Summary: An article about a dormitory on the University of Texas Austin campus.

Notable comments: Among students, it is said that Jester East is the cleaner of the two towers as well as characteristically the 'sports' dorm, housing many of the UT athletes.

Wow. Better delete the Knights Errant  because we have to make room for the really important stuff like Jester Dormitory. . . — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.16.15.120 (talk • contribs) 17:45, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the suggestion, someone has nominated that for deletion too (though I personally voted to merge some of it with the University article). Any other similar articles you can point out will be appreciated (by me at least). I'm sure there are plenty. This, however, is irrelevent to the plight of "Knights Errant". -R. fiend 20:08, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and 252 is still more google hits than this group seems to get (see below). -R. fiend 20:09, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Google hits

"Knights Errant blog" gets almost 5000 hits on Google. Before dismissing Knights Errant, the Wiki folks should know the entire association of the bloggers is due to the buzz created in the chess world for the de la Maza approach to chess improvement. -Jadoube --72.16.15.120 22:17, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Just to be clear here, "knights errant blog" gets 0 hits on goggle when you use the quotes. without the quotes it gets close to 5000, but by no means are most of those associated with your little group. More accurate is a search for "knights errant" blog chess, which gets us down to less than 200. -R. fiend 14:28, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Non-notable chess club/blog/journal/website/llama. Also see Talk:Knight Errants, they seem to be using us as some sort of promo ad. Recommend redirecting to Knight-errant. GarrettTalk 01:54, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non notable chess club. I do not recommend a re-direct as per Master Thief Garret as the subject Knight-errant has nothing to do with the subject of chess, blogs or llamas.(excepting the title credits of Monty Python and the Holy Grail) Hamster Sandwich 02:04, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I meant a redirect since it's a valid alt spelling of Knight-errant. A user could search for that wording and thus still find the article. But deletion and recreation as a redirect would also work. GarrettTalk 02:10, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable according to Google, and this page has the wrong caps to redirect to Knight-errant. -Harmil 02:16, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah! Good point, that. Yes indeed. :) GarrettTalk 02:39, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Knight-errant - it's a valid alt spelling (despite the caps), and there's nothing to be lost by redirecting. - ulayiti (talk)  03:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * While I believe this may be an easy misconception of a legit spelling, I believe it is still wrong (even discounting the caps). The plural of knight errant should be knights errant. Nevertheless, a redirect (no merge) is fine with me, as it's a minor error that could be made. Would hopefully discourage recreation too. -R. fiend 03:51, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The title should be changed to Knights Errant. Jadoube — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.16.15.120 (talk • contribs) 06:53, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Jadoube is correct: we (the group of blogges) are the Knights Errant, and if the correct search term is entered in Google the results are significantly different. BDK — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.111.193.88 (talk • contribs) 08:36, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well "knights errant" chess blog -wikipedia gets less than 190 hits (many from different pages on the same sites). Not many for bloggers, really, who have quite a high bar to clear for inclusion in wikipedia. -R. fiend 05:42, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to Knight-errant --Angr/undefined 06:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and recreate as a redirect to Knight-errant. —Stormie 08:47, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete and recreate: Wikipedia is not a school noticeboard nor Everything2. A local club is not encyclopedic content unless it alters the world in such a dramatic way that the world talks about it (that's the world, not the people in the club).  The concept of the knight-errant itself is a bit of a mess, but that's another matter. Geogre 14:57, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * With all due respect to Geogre, the Knights Errant is not a local club but a worldwide phenomenon in the chess blogosphere -- with bloggers from the US, The Netherlands, Australia, India, Romania, Belgium, etc. They have all come together around a "revolutionary" approach to chess improvement. [DG] 192.223.226.6 18:45, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak keep- seems to be a nationwide organization that is just barely notable enough to be kept. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 22:33, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

1. Someone above said the Knights are "using us as some sort of promo ad". I have no idea where they got this idea from. We are not promoting anything. The Knights Errant are a friendly group of bloggers who are all trying to get better in chess by following a certain chess training program (mentioned in the entry). Look at the blogs in my sidebar (http://chessconfessions.blogspot.com): we are a bunch of schlumps trying to get better at chess. Nothing more. 2. As for how "important" we are as a group in the blogosphere, this is the key point. Ask anybody in the chess blogosphere about the "Knights Errant" and they will know who we are. The question is whether anything from the chess blogosphere is worthy of inclusion. This is a fair question. I would propose it is at least as important as, oh say, the East Branch Pecatonica River in Wisconsin. Let the Knights Errant entry stay up for a while and then see how many more hits they get than the more obscure entries.
 * A few comments:

3. When I started learning chess, and was trying the Knight's chess improvement program (without actually knowing about them), it would have been great for me if this had come up at Wikipedia. I searched the web for terms that would have come up, but they didn't come up in Google back then. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.16.225.228 (talk • contribs) 23:38, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I fully support keeping the two entries. I view their entries not as advertisements or promotion, but as a bit of information that interested parties may not find elsewhere on the internet without a difficult search. I too wish that this had been here, as it would have made my start as a blogger easier. Thanks, generalkaia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.12.154.251 (talk • contribs) 07:25, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Cape Girardeau Regional Airport

Cape Girardeau Regional Airport is a city owned public use airport in Scott County, Missouri, United States. It is located five nautical miles (6 mi, 9 km) southwest of the central business district of Cape Girardeau, a city in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, United States. The airport is used for general aviation, and has scheduled service by Contour Airlines with subsidized Essential Air Service program flights to Nashville.

It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, which categorized it as a commercial service - nonprimary airport based on passenger enplanements (the commercial service category requires at least 2,500 enplanements per year).

Facilities and aircraft
Cape Girardeau Regional Airport covers an area of 557 acres (225 ha) at an elevation of 342 feet (104 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways: 10/28 is 6,500 by 150 feet (1,981 x 46 m) with a concrete surface; 2/20 is 3,997 by 100 feet (1,218 x 30 m) with an asphalt/concrete surface.

For the 12-month period ending September 30, 2018, the airport had 29,106 aircraft operations, an average of 80 per day: 91% general aviation, 5% scheduled commercial, 3% air taxi and 1% military. In January 2019, there were 57 aircraft based at this airport: 48 single-engine, 5 multi-engine, 2 jet and 2 helicopter.

Passenger
Contour has requested to change service from Nashville to Chicago O'Hare beginning October 1st, 2024 citing O'Hare as a larger hub airport.

History
Opened in 1943, the airport was constructed by the United States Army Air Forces. Known as Harris Army Airfield, the airfield was a primary (stage 1) pilot training airfield assigned to AAF Flying Training Command, Southeast Training Center (later Eastern Flying Training Command). It was operated under contract to Cape Institute of Aeronautics, Inc., with the civil instructors under the USAAF 73d Flying Training Detachment. Fairchild PT-19s were the primary trainer at the airfield.

Contract flying training was short at the airfield, the school closing during the late summer of 1944 with the draw down of AAFTC's pilot training program. The airfield was turned over to civil control at the end of the war though the War Assets Administration (WAA).

Other sources

 * Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas
 * Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites, History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC.
 * Essential Air Service documents (Docket OST-1996-1559) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 * Order 2005-6-14: re-selecting RegionsAir, Inc. d/b/a American Connection, formerly known as Corporate Airlines, to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) at each of the above communities (Burlington, IA; Cape Girardeau, MO; Ft. Leonard Wood, MO; Jackson, TN; Marion/Herrin, IL; Owensboro, KY; Kirksville, MO) for a new two-year period from June 1, 2005, through May 31, 2007, for a combined annual subsidy of $7,306,249. Also by this order, the Department is terminating the show-cause proceeding tentatively terminating subsidy at Kirksville, Missouri, as RegionsAir's selected proposal is below the $200-per-passenger cap.
 * Order 2007-3-5: selecting Big Sky Transportation Co., d/b/a Big Sky Airlines, and Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd. to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) at the above communities (Burlington, IA; Cape Girardeau, MO; Fort Leonard Wood, MO; Jackson, TN; Marion/Herrin, IL, Owensboro, KY) for the two-year period from June 1, 2007, through May 31, 2009, using 19-seat Beech 1900D turboprop aircraft as follows: Big Sky at Cape Girardeau, Jackson, and Owensboro for a combined annual subsidy of $3,247,440; and Great Lakes at Burlington, Fort Leonard Wood, and Marion/Herrin for a combined annual subsidy of $2,590,461.
 * Order 2008-2-1: selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd. to provide subsidized essential air service at Cape Girardeau, Missouri and Jackson, Tennessee and Owensboro, Kentucky for the two-year period beginning when the carrier starts full EAS at all three communities.
 * Order 2009-10-13: selecting Hyannis Air Service, Inc. d/b/a Cape Air, to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) at Marion/Herrin, Quincy, and Cape Girardeau, for a two-year period beginning when Cape Air inaugurates full EAS at each of the three communities and ending at the close of the 24th month thereafter, at a combined annual subsidy rate of $5,469,768 ($2,053,783 for Marion/Herrin, $1,946,270 for Quincy, and $1,469,715 for Cape Girardeau). The Department is selecting Multi-Aero, Inc. d/b/a Air Choice One to provide subsidized EAS at Decatur, Illinois, and Burlington, Iowa, for a two-year period beginning when it inaugurates full EAS and ending at the close of the 24th month thereafter, at a combined annual subsidy of $5,253,644 ($3,082,403 for Decatur and $2,171,241 for Burlington). The Department is selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd. (Great Lakes) to provide subsidized EAS at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, for the two-year period from November 1, 2009, through October 31, 2011, at an annual subsidy of $1,292,906.
 * Order 2011-4-12: re-selecting Hyannis Air Service, Inc. d/b/a Cape Air, to provide essential air service (EAS) at Marion/Herrin, Illinois (Marion) and Quincy, Illinois/Hannibal, Missouri (Quincy), and Cape Girardeau/Sikeston, Missouri (Cape Girardeau), for the four-year period from December 1, 2011, through November 30, 2015, for a combined annual subsidy rate of $5,689,438 ($2,104,616 for Marion, $1,956,856 for Quincy, and $1,627,966 for Cape Girardeau). Marion and Quincy will receive 36 weekly round trips and Cape Girardeau will receive 24 weekly round trips. All service will operate nonstop to/from Lambert-St. Louis International Airport (St. Louis) using eight- or nine-passenger Cessna 402 aircraft.
 * Order 2011-4-12: re-selecting Hyannis Air Service, Inc. d/b/a Cape Air, to provide essential air service (EAS) at Marion/Herrin, Illinois (Marion) and Quincy, Illinois/Hannibal, Missouri (Quincy), and Cape Girardeau/Sikeston, Missouri (Cape Girardeau), for the four-year period from December 1, 2011, through November 30, 2015, for a combined annual subsidy rate of $5,689,438 ($2,104,616 for Marion, $1,956,856 for Quincy, and $1,627,966 for Cape Girardeau). Marion and Quincy will receive 36 weekly round trips and Cape Girardeau will receive 24 weekly round trips. All service will operate nonstop to/from Lambert-St. Louis International Airport (St. Louis) using eight- or nine-passenger Cessna 402 aircraft.

title: Cape Girardeau Regional Airport


text:
Enchytraeus

The genus Enchytraeus includes about 40 species of annelid worms. The term white worm is often used for all of the species in general, but specifically it is E. albidus which is named the white worm. This species is used as fish food by aquarium enthusiasts. E. buchholzi is known as the Grindal worm. It was named for the Swedish fish breeder that first raised the worm to feed her fish.

Some species are terrestrial, some semi-aquatic, and others marine. Some can be found in brackish water or on beaches. Several of these species lack sex organs and reproduce by fragmenting, notably E. fragmentosus, which gets its name from this characteristic.

Species include:
 * Enchytraeus albidus ("White worms")
 * Enchytraeus buchholzi ("Grindal worms")
 * Enchytraeus capitatus
 * Enchytraeus citrinus
 * Enchytraeus fragmentosus
 * Enchytraeus japonensis
 * Enchytraeus kincaidi
 * Enchytraeus lacteus
 * Enchytraeus liefdeensis
 * Enchytraeus minutus
 * Enchytraeus multiannulatoides
 * Enchytraeus multiannulatus
 * Enchytraeus rupus
 * Enchytraeus saxicola
 * Enchytraeus variatus

title: Enchytraeus


text:
Talk:Ripon College (Wisconsin)

Greek life
Hi @VVGameTime: most editors agree that listing Greek organisations in the main article of a higher ed article is a bad idea because Greeks are not sufficiently documented by neutral sources and usually don't have the necessary significance for an encyclopedia. However, if any of the frats or sororities at Ripon does have special significance (and you can prove it), then go ahead and add that. Thanks for your help. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 08:00, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I am going to add information about the local frat at Ripon College (Merrimen) since I think it's a historical fact about the college, but if you disagree let me know. Cmarsch (talk) 04:29, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * As I wrote above, if you can 1. find neutral sources and 2. show that the fraternity has the necessary significance for an encyclopedia, go ahead. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 18:15, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Okay - I did not go into detail but I added a small bit of info about their house since it is historically significant to the city of Ripon, Wisconsin. Cmarsch (talk) 00:38, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ripon College (Wisconsin)


text:
Talk:List of Princeton University people

Education or academics
How about a category for education / academics -- i.e. as a career path.--Rbeas 01:57, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Vanity entry
- [ ] Last free oil change by June 30

The entry may actually have been made by a student of Dartt's. From http://www.gov.state.ga.us/press/2004/press376.shtml:

"Stephen Dartt, 54, Lilburn, Teacher Seat - Dartt is currently a mathematics and chemistry teacher at Shiloh High School in Gwinnett County. Before teaching, Dartt worked for 19 years as a chemical engineer and authored over a dozen articles published in professional journals.  Dartt served as a faculty consultant for the Educational Testing Services/College Board in Princeton, NJ, as well as a member of Shiloh High School's Academic knowledge and Skills Continuous Quality Improvement task force.  He was named Shiloh High School's Star Teacher for the 2002-03 and 2003-04 school years and was also the winner of Channel 11 NBC's Class Act Award and Toyota's Most Inspiring Teacher Award given by Gwinnett County's Board of Education.  Dartt received his undergraduate degree from Princeton University and his graduate degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).  He and his wife, Phyllis, have one child."

Maybe he should be put back in.

 * 4.228.90.86 02:42, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Vanity entry #2
Removed what appears to be a vanity entry, as I cannot find any other information on the individual (no biography or web page at Columbia University). The "ecology" stuff is apparently a reference to his undergraduate thesis, but cannot find any confirmation of its  effect on academia. Removed entry is as follows:

 * Thomas Francis Diaz M.D 1999 - Won the medical spelling bee in Jackson New Jersey at the age of 13, went on to valedictorian at Jackson High School, attended princeton university where he revolutionized ideas in ecology. Dr. Diaz is now a professor of Medicine at Columbia university and has developed several cutting edge ideas behind the treatment of heart failure.

 * 4.228.213.229 02:14, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Glen Edwards (pilot)
Is a Princeton alumnus, but I am not sure what the correct style is for the degree he received, or where he should be placed. I'll let you tigers take care of adding him to the list wherever he belongs. Cornell Rockey 04:41, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Military ?
Shouldn't there be more Princeton alumni that distinguished themselves in the military? I added a Medal of Honor winner to the "Other" section --A. B. 18:07, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

I agree this needs expansion and that Medal of Honor recipients belong in the list. However, many of them don't belong under Government, law and public policy. Following List of Harvard University people, I've moved the "Military leaders" to a separate section. I've put David Petraeus in the Other subsection because of his role in public policy. Light-Horse Harry Lee is already included with State and provincial governors. Lagrange613 (talk) 04:32, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Refs
In lieu of the refs required for redlinks by WP:LISTPEOPLE, there are a few sections that have lead-ins that say that the people can be found at source x. That doesn't work; we really need refs, as the guideline calls for, after each entry to which it applies. The reason, beyond the "that is what the rule says" rationale, is that otherwise any Joe Jokester can add their name to the list. Since the person who wrote "the following entries can be found in ..." has no control over what the following entries are, that won't suffice. Tx.--Epeefleche (talk) 23:55, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

Boldface
The head says that alumni who have served as professors at Princeton are listed in bold. This standard does not seem to have been applied evenly throughout the article. In Supreme Court Justices, for example, the three currently serving justices are bolded. Maybe they taught at Princeton at some point, but where is the source? Ditto for Donald Rumsfeld in the following section.

While we're on the subject, is "this alum taught at Princeton once" the best use for boldface? Lagrange613 (talk) 19:10, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

In "Government, law and public policy", boldface now indicates a sitting official. Lagrange613 (talk) 19:04, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

I'm inclined to just take out that line, rather than not only figure out who is a current faculty member, but expect that to be kept up-to-date as time goes on.108.211.200.96 (talk) 18:46, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

Reorganization
After spending a while fiddling with this list I've come up with some ideas for reorganizing it. I'm planning to do all of this boldly, roughly in the order listed, unless someone objects. I'm entirely open to discussion and feedback on these proposals and would appreciate any suggestions for doing it better. Lagrange613 (talk) 05:33, 5 September 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) The "Notable Princeton professors" supersection should be integrated into the rest of the article, mostly into the Academia section. Faculty who are not alumni will be noted as such.
 * 2) The "Economics" section is redundant. Policy leaders should be in Government, law and public policy; professors should be in Academia; and business leaders should be in Business.
 * 3) The "Science and technology" section should be reserved for people who have made significant contributions outside academia. I'm looking mostly at the "Mathematics and physics" subsection, the vast majority of which should be integrated into Academia.
 * 4) Taken together, the above items call for a major expansion of the Academia section. Split it into subsections by field.
 * 5) Many of the Pulitzer Prize winners are journalists or historians, so the subsection's inclusion under Literature is dubious.
 * 6) The "Fictional" section makes me nervous. For an easy if crude means of comparison I looked at the corresponding lists for the other Ivies. The lists for Brown, Cornell, Dartmouth, and and Yale have fictional characters, while those for Harvard and UPenn do not. Columbia's list has three fictional characters. Dartmouth's list had only five at the time of its FL promotion. In short, there doesn't seem to be a common standard. My instinct is to severely curtail the "Fictional" section, as it lists characters rather than people.
 * 7) The size of the markup has increased more than 50% since I've started expanding and wikitablifying "Government, law and public policy". If the trend continues we should discuss splitting the list.

Rather than integrating Princeton alumni who are notable academics with notable Princeton faculty members, what if we split notable Princeton faculty with no other connection to Princeton (i.e. not alumni, Trustees, etc.) off into List of Princeton University faculty? (Alums who are Princeton faculty and faculty members notable in other areas would appear in both places; Alan Blinder is an example of both.) Again, I'll do it boldly by and by if no one objects. Lagrange613 06:51, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Items 1-3 are done. Item 4 is done unless we decide to split the alumni subsection of Academia by field. When Special:LongPages is redone this article will appear in the top 200. I'm planning on splitting out List of Princeton University people (politics and government) and List of Princeton University people (academia) and condensing the corresponding sections in this article. Lagrange613 19:28, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Vsevolod4 wrote over at my talk that the rest of the list should go into wikitables, the faculty and students are separated in some places but not others, and there's lots of double-listing of Pulitzer Prize winners. I agree on wikitablification. Princeton tends to consider faculty and students both as "Princetonians", so I think faculty and students should be commingled throughout. (Many members of the list are both.) I also think we should scrap the "Pulitzer Prize winners" subsection, integrate its members into sections where they belong, and note in those listings that they have Pulitzer Prizes. More generally double-listing should be avoided unless the person is actually notable in two fields, like Woodrow Wilson and Bill Bradley. Lagrange613 23:02, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Also I'd like to introduce into this article the "affiliation codes" used in List of Princeton University people (politics and government). What do people think? Lagrange613 06:50, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

John C. Bogle
I expanded his name to "John C. Bogle" because the commonest presentations of his name are "John C. Bogle" and "Jack Bogle." In particular, "John C. Bogle" is how his name is appears in books he's authored, and how he styles it in his own block, http://johncbogle.com/. I see that the article is under "John Bogle" with a redirect from "John C. Bogle" and I think that's inappropriate, but will bring that up later.

I changed the description from "The Vanguard Group, which pioneered the retail mutual fund industry" to "The Vanguard Group, which pioneered the index fund." I would prefer not to bother with a citation for this right now, since this is a simple identifying entry. However, there were numerous other retail firms, operating at the time, including Massachusetts Investors' Trust (now known as MFS) and Fidelity. Fidelity had become a well-known mutual fund company before 1975. Gerry Tsai at Fidelity was an early "star manager." What Bogle and Vanguard did was to introduced the Vanguard Five Hundred Index Fund in 1976. It is debated whether this could be called the first index fund, because there were a couple of small experiment earlier, offered only to institutional investors, so some writers call it merely the "first retail index fund." Bogle himself bristles at that, because he thinks those earlier ones shouldn't count.Dpbsmith (talk) 22:58, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

Split long article
This article consists of multiple tables and should be split apart, starting with the split tags that I have already added.--Jax 0677 (talk) 16:11, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I can see why you would think splitting this list is a good idea, but if you think about it, the new lists would not be notable (this one is pushing things a little as it is). If the article is too long then it could be reduced by:

 * removing the mini biographies
 * making the inclusion criteria more stringent.

Boldface
The first line of the Academia section states that "Boldface indicates a current professor at Princeton." However, boldface is not actually used in the article. Should the line be taken out? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.211.200.96 (talk) 18:45, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

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John von Neumann
Is there a good reason why John von Neumann ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann) is not on the faculty list? Possibly the most prolific mathemetician of the Twentieth Century and a fixture at Princeton.

Also, I might add an external reference to Nasar's biography of John Nash, "A Beautiful Mind", not simply because of it's portrait of Nash, but because the book provides an insightful history of Princeton's evolution from liberal arts seminary to the center of the mathematical and scientific world since about 1920. The book profiles many other Princeton alum including Milnor and Godel.

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In fiction
"In fiction" is WP:trivial, and it may have to be removed from the page. Ber31 (talk) 16:22, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I have moved Fictional Princeton University alumni to Princeton University in popular culture. Ber31 (talk) 18:28, 2 January 2022 (UTC)


text:
Danielle Spencer (Australian actress)

Danielle Spencer (born 16 May 1969) is an Australian actress, singer and songwriter.

Early life
Spencer is the daughter of Australian songwriter, singer and television entertainer Don Spencer and wife Julie (née Horsfall), a caterer from Yorkshire. She has an older brother, Dean. At age four, she began piano lessons. During her teens she began acting and composing her own tunes. Until the age of twelve, she spent her childhood and youth alternately in Australia and in Yorkshire and Cambridgeshire, England, as her father worked in both countries for the BBC Play School.

Career
Spencer grew up in close contact with the world of showbusiness. Occasionally she accompanied her father on his performances on stage. She took singing and acting lessons and dance classes in classical ballet and modern dance and jazz. From 1989 to 2000 she worked as an actress, especially for Australian television, primarily as an actress in TV series. Subsequently, the focus of her artistic activity shifted to the area of singer / songwriter.

In 2001 she released her debut musical album, White Monkey. After a family break, in February 2010 she released her second album, Calling All Magicians. Under the direction of her husband, the music videos were made to the title songs and "Tickle Me" and "Wish I'd Been Here".

In August 2011 Spencer for the first time gave two live concerts alongside her husband. The pair joined the musicians and actors Alan Doyle, Kevin Durand, Scott Grimes and the group Size2Shoes to present the Crowe / Doyle Songbook Vol III at St John's, Newfoundland, Canada. Songs from this album relate, among others, to the novel Dirt Music by the Australian novelist Tim Winton. Spencer gives live concerts on a regular basis. For her live concert tour in October 2011, titled "Alone and Together", she joined Australian bass player Steve Balbi.

In March 2012, Spencer was announced as a contestant for season 12 of Dancing with the Stars on the Seven Network in which she placed second. Her professional partner was Damian Whitewood.

Spencer is a supporter of the Australian Children's Music Foundation (ACMF), an educational program for underprivileged and indigenous children in Australia. She's supporter of women's cancer programs as the Pink Ribbon Breakfast for breast cancer and The Girls Night.

In 1987 Danielle Spencer starred in Rasputin as one of the Tsar's daughters and dated Terry Serio who also starred in the same musical as Prince Felix.

Personal life
Spencer began an on-again, off-again relationship with actor Russell Crowe in 1989 when they co-starred in the film The Crossing which appeared in Australian cinemas in 1990. Crowe and Spencer married on 7 April 2003 at Crowe's farm in Nana Glen, New South Wales. They have two sons: one born in 2003 and another in 2006. In October 2012, it was reported that Crowe and Spencer had separated. The divorce was finalised in April 2018.

Albums

 * White Monkey (EMI, 1 May 2002)
 * Calling All Magicians (15 February 2010)

title: Danielle Spencer (Australian actress)


text:
Koevoet

Koevoet (, Afrikaans for crowbar, also known as Operation K or SWAPOL-COIN) was the counterinsurgency branch of the South West African Police (SWAPOL). Its formations included white South African police officers, usually seconded from the South African Security Branch or Special Task Force, and black volunteers from Ovamboland. Koevoet was patterned after the Selous Scouts, a multiracial Rhodesian military unit which specialised in counter-insurgency operations. Its title was an allusion to the metaphor of "prying" insurgents from the civilian population.

Koevoet was active during the South African Border War between 1979 and 1989, during which it carried out hundreds of search and destroy operations against the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). Koevoet's methods were controversial, and the unit was accused of committing numerous atrocities against civilians. Over the course of the war, it killed or captured 3,225 insurgents and participated in 1,615 individual engagements. Koevoet was disbanded in 1989 as part of the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 435, which effectively ended the South African Border War and ushered in South West African independence as Namibia.

Background
Following the end of World War I, the German Empire was dismantled and its African colonies granted to Allied nations as various League of Nations mandates. The mandate system was formed as a compromise between those who advocated an Allied annexation of former German and Turkish territories, and another proposition put forward by those who wished to grant them to an international trusteeship until they could govern themselves. South Africa received the former German possession of South West Africa and was permitted to administer it until that territory's inhabitants were prepared for political self-determination. However, the South African government interpreted the mandate as a veiled annexation and took steps to integrate South West Africa as a domestic province.

South Africa's attempts to absorb South West Africa became a matter of contention during the 1960s as a result of the increasingly widespread decolonisation of the African continent. Over the next decade, low intensity conflicts broke out in many of the remaining European colonies as militant African nationalist movements emerged, often with direct backing from the Soviet Union and revolutionary left-wing governments in the Middle East. The nationalists were often encouraged to take up arms by the success of indigenous anti-colonial guerrilla movements around the world, namely in French Indochina and French Algeria, as well as the rhetoric of contemporary African statesmen such as Ahmed Ben Bella, Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Julius Nyerere.

During the early 1960s, new nationalist parties such as the South West African National Union (SWANU) and South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) made determined attempts to establish indigenous political structures for an independent South West Africa. In 1962, SWAPO formed a militant wing, known as the South West African Liberation Army (SWALA), and began sending recruits to Egypt and the Soviet Union for guerrilla training. In 1966 SWALA initiated an insurgency against the South African government, sparking what would later evolve into a wider regional conflict known as the South African Border War.

As the war intensified, so did international sympathy for SWAPO's cause. The United Nations declared that South Africa had failed in its obligations to ensure the moral and material well-being of the indigenous inhabitants of South West Africa, and had thus disavowed its own mandate. On 12 June 1968, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution which proclaimed that, in accordance with the desires of its people, South West Africa be renamed Namibia. United Nations Security Council Resolution 269, adopted in August 1969, declared South Africa's continued occupation of Namibia illegal. In recognition of this landmark decision, SWALA was renamed the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN).

Formation of Koevoet
From the early to late 1970s, the brunt of counter-insurgency operations was borne by the South African Defence Force (SADF). The SADF's primary source of manpower were white national servicemen fulfilling their terms of compulsory military service under the leadership of professional career officers. The initial commitment of South African troops to the South West African theatre in 1974 was about 15,000 men. Beginning the same year, however, there was also increasingly widespread enlistment of local armed auxiliaries and semi-official militias. The most powerful armed group outside the direct command structure of the SADF emerged in Ovamboland, SWAPO's traditional political stronghold and the source of its support base. The Ovamboland civil administration employed a local militia known as the Ovambo Home Guard, established to protect local officials who were often the target of PLAN assassination attempts.

The Ovambo Home Guard was assembled, as time passed, into larger numbered units or attached to regular SADF battalions. By late 1978, the number of Ovambo Home Guard personnel stood at about 3,000. Their relative effectiveness compared to national servicemen sent out from South Africa, who were unfamiliar with the terrain and environment and had more difficulty adapting to Ovamboland, was noted by the government. This and other developments resulted in a deliberate policy of "Namibianisation", a reference to the Vietnamization programme the United States had pursued during the Vietnam War. The war effort became less likely to entail clear-cut confrontations between foreign South African troops and local PLAN insurgents, but significant numbers of Namibians fighting under South African command. The main objectives of Namibianisation were to establish a self-sufficient military infrastructure in South West Africa, reinforce the perception of a domestic civil conflict rather than an independence struggle, and reduce casualty rates among South Africa's national servicemen, to which the government was especially sensitive. Furthermore, the SADF was overstretched and if efficient local forces could be raised to take over the bulk of the defensive and local security tasks, it would be more free to pursue conventional offensive operations.

Both the SADF and South African Police (SAP) launched parallel initiatives to create Ovambo counter-insurgency units between 1976 and 1980. The SADF's programme resulted in 101 Battalion, while the SAP formed Koevoet. A senior officer with the SAP's Security Branch, Hans Dreyer, was appointed to lead the latter. Dreyer had served with the SAP in Rhodesia during the Rhodesian Bush War and drew heavily on his operational experiences there while shaping Koevoet's mandate and organisational structure. Koevoet was to be patterned directly after the Selous Scouts, a Rhodesian special forces unit which included large numbers of former insurgents. The SAP especially appreciated the small unit tactics of the Selous Scouts, which had demonstrated how a few operators, disguised as insurgents and trained to high levels of subterfuge, could have an effect utterly disproportionate to their size.

Koevoet was established in June 1979, at which time the unit consisted of six white South African policemen and 60 of the most skilled trackers from the Ovambo Home Guard. The trackers received three months of additional reconnaissance training from SADF special forces before being deployed into Ovamboland. They were also instructed in criminal investigation techniques and police procedure by the SAP. In May 1979, they captured their first insurgent.

Koevoet was formally known as "Operation K" of the SAP Security Branch's special operations division, but that title was almost never used. Its existence remained a closely guarded secret until June 1980, when church newspapers in Ovamboland began circulating rumours of a new special forces group linked to assassination of SWAPO sympathisers. The rumours had their basis in a "death list" of prominent Ovambo political figures and businessmen who were covert sympathisers of SWAPO, which was allegedly recovered from the body of a local politician killed in a motor accident. A number of individuals on the list were subsequently assassinated. While South Africa denied the report, officials did name Koevoet and praise it for its efficiency.

Koevoet's initial role was to engage in intelligence gathering for the SADF, but it soon adopted its own counter-insurgency campaign of infiltration and raids. Being a police unit, Koevoet also investigated politically motivated murders and property destruction. The unit rapidly expanded to about 3,000 personnel, about the size of the Ovambo Home Guard. At first the numbers of recruits were modest, due in part to limited training facilities and the time it would take to provide them with officers. This problem was partly solved by training Koevoet recruits at the Police Counter-Insurgency School in Maleoskop, South Africa. There, the recruits received instruction on a unique hybrid syllabus which combined specialist police skills such as anti-riot tactics, road security, and conventional counter-terrorism with basic infantry training resembling that of the SADF and counter-insurgency theory. The disbandment of the Selous Scouts in 1980 provided Koevoet with an influx of Rhodesian officers from that unit who were recruited by the SAP. White Namibians were also recruited in modest numbers as Koevoet officers, although the SAP faced stiff competition in this regard from the SADF. Most white South African policemen were transferred to Koevoet as a result of personal referrals.

The overwhelming majority of black Koevoet operators were applicants from the Ovambo Home Guard, who wanted regular employment and better pay. The only prerequisite was that they had to speak Afrikaans or English, in order to communicate with their white officers. The SAP occasionally recruited Ovambos from Angola, including unemployed former soldiers of the Portuguese colonial army and insurgents from the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), who met these qualifications. Competition for employment with Koevoet was fierce due to the relatively high pay and benefits, including life insurance, offered by the SAP.

Operational service
PLAN units operating in Ovamboland were kept supplied by a constant flow of insurgents and war materiel along external infiltration routes through Angola. Koevoet monitored an area adjacent to the Angolan border with screening patrols coordinated between three permanent base strongpoints at Opuwo, Rundu, and Oshakati. It was also permitted to establish its own internment facility for captured PLAN prisoners just north of Windhoek. Patrols were carried out in Casspir mine-protected vehicles and sometimes lasted for weeks on end. Koevoet operators spent most of their time following suspicious tracks in search of insurgents, sometimes for over a hundred kilometres. PLAN was forced to alter its tactics accordingly. Following raids and attacks, PLAN cadres would scatter. Many ceased wearing military boots with readily identifiable sole patterns and walked barefoot or in civilian shoes. They camouflaged their tracks, retraced their steps, and changed footwear to throw off Koevoet trackers. More commonly, the insurgents would withdraw until they had reached appropriate terrain, then ambush the Koevoet response team. In April 1980, Administrator-General Gerrit Viljoen announced that transfer of some control over local military and police forces to Namibians would occur once the necessary structures were implemented. This marked a new step in South Africa's Namibianisation campaign, and in 1985 Koevoet was formally integrated with the South West African Police (SWAPOL). At the time, 80% of Koevoet's manpower consisted of locals from Ovamboland, with the remaining 20% being white officers and Ovambos from elsewhere, namely Angola. Off-duty Koevoet operators were prime targets for PLAN assassination attempts; between 1979 and 1982, for example, at least 198 were killed by insurgents at home. By 1982, about 40 Koevoet operators were being killed in targeted assassinations per year. Their families were also subject to intimidation. Thereafter, the South African government permitted Koevoet personnel to retain their weapons at home.

In 1983, Koevoet attracted considerable controversy when an Angolan citizen serving with the unit, Jonas Paulus, was convicted of murder, attempted rape, and armed robbery by the South West African Supreme Court in Windhoek. Paulus and an accomplice went on a crime spree with a captured PLAN rifle, and had identified themselves as insurgents. The duo killed an elderly farmer and abducted several young girls, after which they were captured by other members of Koevoet and turned over to the civil police. Paulus was sentenced to death and hanged in Windhoek on 4 June 1985. Around the same time, a white Koevoet non-commissioned officer, Norman Abrahams, appeared in court on charges of having murdered a suspected SWAPO sympathiser in his custody. The charges were dropped after the prosecution failed to establish whether Abrahams or one of several other Koevoet personnel present had actually committed the murder; the South African government reached an out of court settlement with the victim's family. These cases were notable because they generated considerable publicity about Koevoet in South Africa itself, and forced the unit to disclose details of its operations previously kept secret. For example, the use of a PLAN weapon by Paulus was explained by the fact that Koevoet possessed an inventory of captured uniforms and arms, which members often used to impersonate insurgents. An Atrocities Liaison Committee was also established in Ovamboland to review excesses committed by members of the security forces while on duty.

The Paulus and Abrahams trials caused a public outcry, compelling SWAPOL to issue a statement that it would not condone any atrocities committed by Koevoet and would not hesitate to prosecute members of that unit. For the first time SWAPOL's civil police and Criminal Investigation Department (CID) began internal investigations of Koevoet operations.

In 1977, South West Africa's administrator-general had issued AG Proclamation 9, which empowered any non-commissioned officer of the SAP (and subsequently, SWAPOL) to arrest and detain anybody in designated "security districts", including Ovamboland, without a warrant. Koevoet evoked this proclamation to detain suspects for up to thirty days without trial, and simply evoked it again once the thirty days had expired, in effect giving itself the power of indefinite detention. Its transition of jurisdiction to SWAPOL, however, opened the unit to more scrutiny in the local judicial system, and in 1986 the Windhoek Supreme Court ruled that Koevoet could not hold suspects for more than thirty days without legal representation. This was because captured insurgents were not held as prisoners of war, but rather apprehended by a police unit for trial in open courts as common law criminals.

The 1988 ceasefire and final PLAN offensive
As a result of the Brazzaville Protocol and subsequent Tripartite Accord, South Africa agreed to grant Namibia independence in exchange for a parallel Cuban withdrawal from Angola and a commitment by the Angolan government to cease all assistance to PLAN. Under the terms of the agreement, both the Cuban withdrawal and the independence process in Namibia would be monitored by two multinational peacekeeping forces known as the United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM) and the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG), respectively. UNTAG planned to confine both PLAN and the SADF to their respective bases, demobilise all paramilitary forces that belonged to neither the SADF nor to the civil police, and supervise the return of refugees via designated entry points to participate in new elections.

PLAN and the South African security forces began observing an informal truce which went into effect on 10 August 1988. This was scheduled to become a permanent ceasefire on 1 April 1989, at which time UNTAG was supposed to arrive in force and monitor the belligerent parties. However, UNTAG's deployment was beset with delays, and PLAN was able to begin covertly moving its forces in Angola to the border. UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar declared that Koevoet was considered a paramilitary force not part of the SADF or the civil police, and should therefore be disbanded. The continued existence of that unit, he claimed, contravened the spirit of the independence process and their use of heavy weapons violated specific provisions concerning what equipment SWAPOL was permitted to carry to maintain basic law and order. South Africa bowed to pressure and effectively deactivated Koevoet in December 1988, although the unit could still be remobilised as needed.

PLAN had consistently maintained that a precondition of any settlement was that it be permitted to establish base camps inside Namibia. The South African government consistently rejected PLAN's demands, likely because it feared the insurgents would interfere with the political process. The strategy of taking advantage of a ceasefire to establish an armed presence inside the country had previously been employed by other militant groups in the region, namely the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA).

PLAN interpreted a general directive by the UN for all Namibian exiles to return home as de facto approval for it to begin its deployment. The insurgent commanders assured their troops that sympathetic UN personnel would provide them secure passage once inside Namibia. On the morning of 1 April, the first PLAN cadres crossed into Ovamboland, unhindered by UNTAG, which had failed to monitor their activity in Angola due to the delays in its arrival. South Africa accused PLAN of violating the ceasefire. With tensions rising, de Cuéllar immediately contacted SWAPO's delegation at New York and ordered it to rein in PLAN.

At the end of the day, with no signs of the PLAN advance abating, the UN Special Representative in Namibia, Martti Ahtisaari, lifted all restrictions confining the SADF to its bases. The responsibility of stopping the incursion fell to SWAPOL until six battalions of South African army regulars could be mobilised and deployed to Ovamboland. In light of this situation, Ahtisaari granted the South African government's request to remobilise Koevoet. The decision was made after joint consultations with South African Foreign Minister Pik Botha and UNTAG commander Dewan Prem Chand. The number of Koevoet operators authorised for remobilisation was approximately the size of two battalions.

Koevoet and other SWAPOL units were able to fight off PLAN in a series of chaotic delaying actions until the SADF's arrival. Combined SADF and SWAPOL forces proceeded to drive PLAN back across the border in a counteroffensive known as Operation Merlyn. Koevoet's key role in containing the initial PLAN advance had the effect of persuading many South African officials that it was the only force capable of keeping the peace in Ovamboland during the political transition. Louis Pienaar, the territory's Administrator-General, refused to withdraw Koevoet from Ovamboland after Operation Merlyn was concluded. According to Pienaar, UNTAG's failure to stop the incursion demonstrated it was impotent to ensure PLAN maintained the ceasefire. Koevoet was needed to prevent further infiltration attempts by insurgents in the future. Lieutenant General Dolf Gouws, commissioner of SWAPOL, also released statements in which he declared that "if Koevoet were removed, the way would be open to lawless government". As a compromise, the UN permitted Koevoet to continue operating in Ovamboland, albeit in an ostensibly civil role; operators were prohibited from carrying any weapons other than handguns and were restricted to the mundane duties of maintaining public order. In practice, Koevoet disregarded the UN's directives and continued carrying out counter-insurgency patrols with automatic weapons. The fact that the individual operators were allowed to keep their personal weapons at home made efforts to disarm them largely impractical.

Disbandment
Koevoet's continued presence in Ovamboland became a matter of serious contention as UNTAG began supervising the return of Namibian refugees to participate in the territory's upcoming elections, many of whom were SWAPO supporters. Koevoet operators, who continued to perceive SWAPO as their enemy, responded by breaking up political rallies held by the returnees. Within a few weeks of its deployment, UNTAG had received over fifty formal complaints from Ovamboland residents, alleging misconduct on the part of the security forces and Koevoet in particular. Koevoet was accused of assaulting SWAPO supporters and firing into crowds at rallies with live ammunition. Namibian refugees being repatriated from Angola were intimidated by Koevoet's presence due to its controversial reputation among exiles in general and SWAPO supporters in particular.

On 3 April, de Cuéllar had notified the UN Security Council that Koevoet had been reactivated. The decision to remobilise Koevoet, while not in accord with the agreements which the belligerent parties and the UN had concluded, was credited with defusing a potential crisis. Nevertheless, the Security Council demanded that South Africa disband Koevoet permanently. Pienaar refused to do so, citing the April incursion. De Cuéllar approached SWAPO officials and insisted they refrain from undertaking further military operations, which South Africa could use as a pretext to justify the continued deployment of Koevoet. He also flew to Pretoria to meet with Pik Botha and South African Minister of Law and Order Adriaan Vlok. During the meeting, the South African officials offered to take steps towards demobilising Koevoet in exchange for UNTAG sharing intelligence it possessed on PLAN movements and activities, as well as taking steps to demobilise PLAN. De Cuéllar agreed to work with the Angolan government and SWAPO president Sam Nujoma to ensure PLAN was properly demobilised.

In late April, UNTAG again lifted all restrictions confining the SADF to its bases, allowing the security forces to remove arms caches from Ovamboland and verify the absence of any remaining insurgents. By the end of May, nearly all the PLAN insurgents were accounted for, and were confined to their bases in Angola above the 16th parallel south under close UNTAG and UNHCR supervision. Likewise, the SADF returned to its bases. UNTAG systematically disarmed the insurgents and repatriated them to Namibia as civilian refugees without differentiating between members of PLAN and SWAPO's political wing. In all, 43,400 SWAPO members were repatriated to Namibia, at least 32,000 of whom were former insurgents.

SWAPOL responded to these overtures by reducing the size of Koevoet to about 1,600 personnel; the remaining operators were reassigned to other divisions. Prior to September 1989 between 1,200 and 2,000 Koevoet operators received new assignments and postings within SWAPOL. UNTAG continued receiving complaints of violence and political intimidation being committed by ex-Koevoet elements in the civil police. UNTAG had initially included a small civil police contingent of 500, but this was increased to 1,000 in May 1989 and subsequently to 1,500 by September. The UNTAG police contingent, known as CIVPOL, was tasked with monitoring SWAPOL's activities and discouraging the further integration of Koevoet operators with the civil police. As part of its mandate, CIVPOL performed joint patrols with Koevoet and other SWAPOL units. This proved nearly impossible because Ovamboland was still inundated with land mines planted by PLAN insurgents and CIVPOL lacked mine-protected vehicles like the Koevoet Casspirs. The CIVPOL vehicles also possessed inferior off-road performance compared to the Casspirs and would often be left behind during the joint patrols. UNTAG initially rejected CIVPOL's requests for its own Casspirs due to the claims touted by PLAN that these vehicles were associated with repression of the Namibian people. This reasoning was later abandoned due to the practical difficulties of the joint patrols, and CIVPOL was finally permitted to acquire several Casspirs from South Africa. Acts of political intimidation witnessed by CIVPOL monitors could be reported to their local headquarters, which in turn lodged complaints with the local SWAPOL precinct.

On 16 August, South Africa's acting state president F.W. de Klerk ordered Koevoet confined to its bases, and the unit effectively ceased operations. Almost two weeks later, United Nations Security Council Resolution 640 was passed, condemning Koevoet for its apparent "intimidation and harassment of the civilian population" and calling for its immediate disbandment, as well as the dismantling of its command structure. In late September, the South African government demobilised 1,200 Koevoet operators. The remaining 400 operators continued to remain on standby until 31 October, when the unit was formally disbanded. SWAPOL also took steps to demobilise ex-Koevoet operators integrated into the civil police, but this proved to be a more gradual process.

Postwar status
Due to concerns that unemployed and poorly educated Koevoet veterans would use their paramilitary skills for criminal purposes, the South African government announced it would permit any discharged member of Koevoet to continue drawing pay indefinitely until Namibian independence. Koevoet officers benefited from a pension fund and pension payment system established for them some years prior to independence. Their pensions were paid by the South African government until 1990, after which the Namibian government assumed responsibility for the pension system. No pension deductions were made from the schemes of constables or non-commissioned officers. The Namibian government also assumed responsibility for severance pay following independence; in 1990 each unemployed Koevoet veteran received lump sums ranging from $500 to $1,500 in Namibian currency. These benefits were only awarded to members of Koevoet who had served with the unit between 1988 and 1990; those with earlier service records were excluded. Most reintegration programmes devoted to Namibian veterans have explicitly excluded ex-Koevoet operators, who became the object of national stigma due to their service with such a controversial unit.

Following Namibian independence, all paramilitary elements of the Namibian police were consolidated into a new unit, the Special Field Force. Conventional counter-terrorism became the responsibility of the unrelated Special Reserve Force.

Structure and organisation
Koevoet's jurisdiction spanned three regions in northern Namibia: Kaokoland, Ovamboland, and Kavangoland. Operations were coordinated by a single headquarters at Oshakati, with two smaller regional headquarters being established in Opuwo and Rundu. Basic training for Koevoet operators was carried out at a training school at Ondangwa, although more specialised instruction could later be provided in South Africa. Koevoet also operated a detention facility just north of Windhoek, where it interned captured PLAN insurgents. Temporary Koevoet encampments and bases were strung along the border, and in some cases the unit shared a partitioned base with the civil police or the SADF.

Koevoet was organised with a disproportionate emphasis on small unit tactics and most of its engagements were fought at the platoon or section level. The unit was structured into 24 platoon-sized fighting groups, which each received the prefix Zulu. The Zulu teams were designated alphabetically from A to Y and an individual team was identified by its letter's corresponding code in the NATO phonetic alphabet (i.e. Zulu Alpha). A team was usually composed of 40 black Ovambo constables and no more than 4 white officers. The team was led by a warrant officer and further divided into sections led by sergeants, which were capable of operating autonomously. While in the field, the sections were accompanied by a support element which handled logistics and intelligence. Each team had four Casspir mine-protected armoured vehicles, all of which carried ten passengers. Most of the Koevoet operators in a section remained mounted in the vehicles, but others proceeded ahead on foot and watched the ground for insurgent tracks. Operators were paid a bounty (known informally as a kopgeld) for every insurgent they killed or captured. Smaller bounties were also awarded for captured PLAN weapons, based on their condition and lethality. The bounty for a captured insurgent varied anywhere from 2,000 to 20,000 rand.

In 1985, Koevoet had about 1,000 personnel under arms. Between 700 and 800 of the Koevoet operators serving in 1985 were black Namibians drawn from the local population in Ovamboland. The remainder were black recruits from other regions and white officers, predominantly South Africans. Relatively few local whites were recruited into Koevoet because the SAP and later SWAPOL faced stiff competition from the military for suitable white Namibian officer candidates. A handful of white Rhodesian exiles were recruited as officers during the early 1980s as well as some Angolans of Ovambo origin who joined the enlisted ranks. Koevoet did not have dedicated operational medics, and all of those serving with the unit were from the South African Medical Service, a branch of the SADF.

By early 1989, Koevoet had almost tripled in size to about 3,000 personnel. Over the course of that year, it was reduced in size to about 1,600 personnel, a figure which remained more or less consistent between April and September 1989. Most of the Koevoet operators removed from the unit were given new assignments or demobilised. At the time of its disbandment in October 1989, Koevoet numbered only about 400 men.

Uniforms and equipment
Each Koevoet fighting team adopted stylised shoulder patches and T-shirts depicting a mascot animal. Some of the patches also included an illustration of a broken insurgent AK-47 rifle. While on operations, Koevoet personnel dressed light and informally. Individual operators wore a wide variety of uniforms with little consistency, including SAP camouflage, SWAPOL camouflage, and brown SADF fatigues. Late in the war, Koevoet adopted an olive green uniform and green canvas boots to distinguish itself from other police units and the SADF.

Like the insurgents, Koevoet operators carried their ammunition in chest webbing rigs; this load-carrying tactic was favoured as it was less likely to restrict movement when moving through thick vegetation. The standard issue weapon in the unit was the Vektor R4 and Vektor R5 rifles, although some operators also carried captured PLAN Kalashnikov-pattern rifles. Koevoet sections were also issued support weapons during operations, namely the FN MAG general-purpose machine gun and the M79 grenade launcher. A few sections had access to Milkor MGLs or captured PLAN RPG-7s.

Koevoet initially possessed no vehicles aside from three Hippo armoured personnel carriers, which were designed to be blastproof and mine-resistant. As Koevoet was accustomed to fighting on foot, there was a distinct lack of enthusiasm for vehicle-borne operations. However, in time the unit's leadership opted to modify the Hippos essentially as infantry fighting vehicles and integrate them into Koevoet teams to increase their mobility. Koevoet Hippos were open-topped, as the hull roofs made the vehicles too hot for the extreme temperatures in Ovamboland and degraded situational awareness. Interior water tanks were also fitted, as well as additional rifle racks and turrets for heavy weapons. The Hippos were initially mounted with general-purpose machine guns, such as FN MAGs, captured PLAN PKMs, and Browning M1919s. In time, some were fitted with ZPU-2 anti-aircraft guns and even a French variant of the 20mm MG 151 cannon.

After 1980, the Casspir replaced the Hippo in Koevoet service, and weapon mounts became more standardised. Most Koevoet Casspirs were armed with a .50 calibre Browning M2 heavy machine gun on the hull roof, directly behind the driver's compartment. Ten Casspirs were fitted with 20mm cannon in lieu of the heavy machine gun, and a few section commanders replaced the single Browning with a twin mount for two general-purpose machine guns. It was not uncommon for Casspirs, like the Hippos, to be armed with M1919s or captured PKMs as auxiliary support weapons. Very late in the war, the Casspir was complemented in Koevoet service by the WMF Wolf Turbo, a similar vehicle optimised for Namibian conditions. Some Casspirs and Wolf Turbos were equipped with a mount for a 60mm mortar on the hull roof; this was used for suppressing ambushes.

Tactics
Koevoet's tactics were shaped in response to PLAN efforts to create insecurity in South West Africa's northern districts. An integral part of PLAN's strategy was to organise insurgent cells in the region, which could effectively harass the security forces and politically indoctrinate the population to undermine the South African administration and later, the South African-sponsored government of national unity. The emphasis on politicisation by PLAN insurgents was the result of their training in the Soviet Union and other socialist states, which was not confined to tactical instruction but extended to the procedures for establishing a covert political-military infrastructure within enemy-held areas. Aside from political activities, PLAN sabotaged rural infrastructure, namely power lines. The insurgents also laid land mines along known military patrol routes to hinder South African convoys.

Koevoet's response was twofold: firstly, the unit carried out patrols to intercept PLAN insurgents near the Namibian border before they could get any further into the country itself. Secondly, it carried out what were essentially counter-intelligence operations aimed at compiling intelligence about PLAN activities while breaking up that movement's own intelligence network.

Half of Koevoet's manpower was on patrol at any given time. The unit's headquarters at Oshakati identified areas where the likelihood of a PLAN presence was the greatest, and dispatched teams to patrol these districts in search of the insurgents. Koevoet operators obtained their intelligence by observing suspicious tracks or interrogating the local population. Each patrol lasted between one and two weeks. The teams either spent the night in SADF and police camps or slept in the bush. It was standard procedure to circle villages in the area and study the tracks to determine if there were any recent signs of unusual activity. After the patrol was over, the team spent a week resting, retraining, and maintaining its equipment in base while another was dispatched to take its place.

Telltale cues in the environment indicating suspicious activity, including tracks and other signs, were known as spoor, an Afrikaans hunting term. Koevoet trackers were trained to scrutinise their environment down to the smallest detail, such as observing where dust had been disturbed on fallen leaves. The trackers walked or ran ahead of the remainder of the team, which followed in the vehicles, a tactic which Koevoet adopted in 1980. Occasionally Koevoet would be able to plot the insurgents' route after following their tracks; a section would then be dispatched ahead in an attempt to cut them off or intimidate them by firing its weapons. The purpose of this tactic was to sow panic among the insurgents, who would leave more obvious tracks and discard equipment as they attempted to outdistance their pursuers. If the spoor was lost, the trackers would be joined by others who dismounted from the vehicles and walked in a staggered line while they attempted to recover the spoor. The trackers frequently shouted clues and instructions to each other as they advanced. When they became exhausted, they were permitted to ride in the vehicles, and a fresh detachment of trackers dismounted to take their place. It was not uncommon for spoor to be followed for days on end. The longest distance a Koevoet team followed a single spoor without interruption was 185 kilometres.

In many cases, the insurgents would attempt to ambush the team if they became aware of the pursuit. Koevoet trackers were usually able to discern that an ambush was imminent by studying the growing concentration of tracks, and in this event the team would circle the suspected ambush area in its vehicles, laying down suppressive fire. On other occasions, they would attempt to suppress the suspected ambush with mortars.

Koevoet's counter-intelligence activities were equally effective, largely because the unit was more in contact with the civilian population at the local grassroots level, and unlike the intelligence organs of the SADF, was organised specifically with unconventional (i.e. counter-insurgency) warfare in mind. Koevoet was able to wage a successful irregular campaign against PLAN using "pseudo guerrillas", operators attired in PLAN uniforms who carried captured Soviet weapons. This helped sow suspicion in the ranks of the real insurgents and leave their informants uncertain as to whether any insurgent was a real PLAN fighter; it thus undermined PLAN's capacity to conduct politicisation programmes within local communities. The "pseudo guerrilla" programme was a closely guarded secret until Koevoet was compelled by the Namibian courts to disclose some details during the trial of Jonas Paulus in 1983.

Allegations of war crimes
While Koevoet had an exceptional combat record in Namibia—during the final decade of the war it killed a little over 2,800 insurgents and captured another 463 while suffering 151 casualties —it also cultivated a reputation for being particularly brutal and ruthless, as well as being indifferent towards the SADF's rules of engagement.

Over the course of the South African Border War, PLAN accused Koevoet of committing numerous human rights violations, especially extrajudicial killings and assassinations. Koevoet was accused of mistreating detainees and prisoners, subjecting them to various forms of torture, including physical assault, electric shocks, and sleep, food, and water deprivation. The unit operated its own detention facility, which was not subject to oversight by the civil authorities and where prisoners could be detained indefinitely. The detainees included captured insurgents as well as any civilian suspected of possessing vital information related to PLAN activities. In 1986, the Namibian courts ruled that as all the Koevoet's detainees had been arrested by a police unit as common law criminals, they were entitled to legal representation within a period of thirty days. Koevoet later subverted this ruling by evoking the Terrorism Act.

Two especially contentious issues which emerged with regards to Koevoet was the common practice of displaying corpses of dead insurgents on the unit's Casspirs, and the use of "pseudo-guerrilla" forces. During the early 1980s, SWAPOL and the SADF issued vehement denials that the enemy dead were being publicly exhibited, and warned that members of the security forces who indulged in such behaviour would be prosecuted. In December 1986, photographs were leaked to the international press which displayed two dead insurgents draped over the hull of a Koevoet Casspir. Koevoet claimed that the insurgents were not being exhibited, but simply being carried back to base, presumably for the purpose of claiming kopgeld, stating that it was impractical to store the corpses inside the Casspirs due to the vehicles' limited internal stowage space.

PLAN insisted that Koevoet's "pseudo-guerrilla" forces were being used to carry out atrocities later attributed to insurgents. The most controversial incident allegedly involving "pseudo-guerrillas" was the murder of a family of 8 Ovambo civilians at Oshipanda. The civilians were shot with Kalashnikov rifles, and their home ransacked for valuables. A man who escaped the massacre claimed to have recognised a Koevoet constable among the assailants. Koevoet and the civil police blamed PLAN for the killings.

Perceptions of Koevoet's human rights record among the SADF's general staff were almost universally critical. General Constand Viljoen, who served as Chief of the SADF between 1980 and 1985, claimed that Koevoet operators "had a cruelty about them that certainly didn't further the hearts and minds of the people....they used cruel, cruel, methods". His successor, General Johannes Geldenhuys, was no less scathing: "[Koevoet] would, for example, go into an area, clean it up, then collect the bodies and drag them through town behind their vehicles. Obviously this kind of action upset the local population greatly and we'd find we were suddenly getting no more cooperation from the locals". General Georg Meiring, who served as chief of the South West African Territorial Force between 1983 and 1987, stated that "Koevoet was not a law unto itself, Koevoet was just unto itself...I hated working with them."

In 1996, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established to investigate human rights abuses committed in South Africa and Namibia under the apartheid system. The commission suggested that Koevoet carried out the Oshipanda murders, based on the account of the surviving eyewitness. It was favourably inclined towards PLAN's claims that Koevoet operators carried out atrocities during "pseudo-guerrilla" operations to discredit the insurgent cause. The commission alleged that rape by Koevoet operators "was common, and women and girls of all ages were victims", citing a report compiled by the Dutch faith-based organisation Kairos. It held Koevoet responsible for the summary execution of captured PLAN insurgents, including those who were wounded or otherwise incapacitated, and for the maltreatment of detainees at its internment facility.

title: Koevoet


text:
1957 Norwegian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 7 October 1957. The result was a victory for the Labour Party, which won 78 of the 150 seats in the Storting. As a result, the Gerhardsen government continued in office.

This was the last time a single party won a majority of seats on its own in a Norwegian election.

title: 1957 Norwegian parliamentary election