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111th United States Congress

The 111th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government from January 3, 2009, until January 3, 2011. It began during the last weeks of the George W. Bush administration, with the remainder spanning the first two years of Barack Obama's presidency. It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 2000 U.S. census.

In the November 2008 elections, the Democratic Party increased its majorities in both chambers (including – when factoring in the two Democratic caucusing independents – a brief filibuster-proof 60-40 supermajority in the Senate), and with Barack Obama being sworn in as president on January 20, 2009, this gave Democrats an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 103rd Congress in 1993.

However, the Senate supermajority only lasted for a period of 72 working days while the Senate was actually in session. A new delegate seat was created for the Northern Mariana Islands. The 111th Congress had the most long-serving members in history: at the start of the 111th Congress, the average member of the House had served 10.3 years, while the average Senator had served 13.4 years. The Democratic Party would not simultaneously control both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate again until more than a decade later, during the 117th Congress.

The 111th Congress was the most productive congress since the 89th Congress. It enacted numerous significant pieces of legislation, including the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the New START treaty.

Major events

 * January 2009: Two Senate seats were disputed when the Congress convened:
 * An appointment dispute over the Illinois seat vacated by President Barack Obama arose following Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich's solicitation of bribes in exchange for an appointment to the Senate. Roland Burris (D) was appointed to the seat on December 31, 2008, but his credentials were not accepted until January 12, 2009.
 * An election dispute over the Minnesota seat previously held by Norm Coleman (R), between Coleman and challenger Al Franken (D), was decided on June 30, 2009, in favor of Franken. Franken's admission briefly gave the Senate Democratic caucus 60 votes, enough to defeat a filibuster in a party-line vote.
 * January 8, 2009: Joint session counted the Electoral College votes of the 2008 presidential election.
 * January 20, 2009: Barack Obama became 44th President of the United States.
 * February 24, 2009: President Obama addressed a joint session of Congress
 * April 28, 2009: Senator Arlen Specter switched from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party.
 * September 9, 2009: President Obama addressed a joint session of Congress to promote health care reform, which Representative Joe Wilson (R) interrupted by shouting at the President.
 * January 21, 2010: Citizens United v. FEC: The U.S. Supreme Court struck down limits on campaign contributions by nonprofits, corporations, labor unions and other associations.
 * January 25, 2010: 2010 State of the Union Address
 * February 4, 2010: Republican Scott Brown's election to the Senate ended the Democratic super-majority.
 * April 20 – September 19, 2010: Deepwater Horizon oil spill
 * November 2, 2010: 2010 general elections, in which Republicans regained control of the House while the Democrats remained in control of the Senate.

Enacted

 * January 29, 2009: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009,
 * February 4, 2009: Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (SCHIP),
 * February 17, 2009: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA),
 * March 11, 2009: Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009,
 * March 30, 2009: Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009,
 * April 21, 2009: Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act,
 * May 20, 2009: Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009,
 * May 20, 2009: Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009,
 * May 22, 2009: Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009,
 * May 22, 2009: Credit CARD Act of 2009,
 * June 22, 2009: Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, as Division A of
 * June 24, 2009: Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2009 including the Car Allowance Rebate System (Cash for Clunkers),
 * October 15, 2009: Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act, Pub.L. 111-73
 * October 28, 2009: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, including the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act,
 * November 6, 2009: Worker, Homeownership, and Business Assistance Act of 2009,
 * November 11, 2009: Military Spouses Residency Relief Act of 2010, Pub.L. 111-97
 * December 16, 2009: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010,
 * January 27, 2010: Emergency Aid to American Survivors of the Haiti Earthquake Act, Pub.L. 111-127
 * February 12, 2010: Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act, as Title I of
 * March 4, 2010: Travel Promotion Act of 2009, as Section 9 of
 * March 18, 2010: Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act,
 * March 23, 2010: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,
 * March 30, 2010: Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, including the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act,
 * May 5, 2010: Caregivers and Veterans Omnibus Health Services Act of 2010,
 * May 24, 2010: Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act, Pub.L. 111-172
 * May 27, 2010: Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act (STELA), Pub.L. 111-175
 * July 1, 2010: Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010,
 * July 21, 2010: Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act,
 * July 22, 2010: Improper Payments Elimination and Recovery Act of 2010, Pub.L. 111-204
 * July 22, 2010: Unemployment Compensation Extension Act of 2010, Pub.L. 111-205
 * July 29, 2010: Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010
 * August 3, 2010: Fair Sentencing Act of 2010,
 * August 10, 2010: Securing the Preservation of Our Enduring and Established Constitutional Heritage Act,
 * September 27, 2010: Small Business Jobs and Credit Act of 2010,
 * October 5, 2010: Rosa's Law, Pub.L. 111-256
 * October 8, 2010: Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA) of 2010, Pub.L. 111-260
 * October 11, 2010: NASA Authorization Act of 2010, Pub.L. 111-267
 * October 13, 2010: Plain Writing Act of 2010, Pub.L. 111-274
 * October 15, 2010: Pre-Election Presidential Transition Act of 2010, Pub.L. 111-283
 * December 8, 2010: Claims Resolution Act of 2010,
 * December 9, 2010: Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act, Pub.L. 111-294
 * December 13, 2010: Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010,
 * December 15, 2010: Medicare and Medicaid Extenders Act of 2010, Pub.L. 111-309
 * December 15, 2010: Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation (CALM) Act, Pub.L. 111-311
 * December 17, 2010: Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, ,
 * December 18, 2010: Fur Products Labeling Act, Pub.L. 111-313
 * December 22, 2010: Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, ,
 * December 22, 2010: Truth In Caller ID Act of 2009, Pub.L. 111-331
 * January 2, 2011: James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010, ,
 * January 4, 2011: Shark Conservation Act, ,
 * January 4, 2011: GPRA Modernization Act of 2010, Pub.L. 111-352
 * January 4, 2011: Food Safety and Modernization Act, ,
 * January 4, 2011: America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010, Pub.L. 111-358
 * January 4, 2011: Local Community Radio Act, Pub.L. 111-371
 * January 4, 2011: National Alzheimer's Project Act, Pub.L. 111-375
 * January 7, 2011: Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011, Pub.L. 111-383

Health care reform
At the encouragement of the Obama administration, Congress devoted significant time considering health care reform. In March 2010, Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into law, the first comprehensive health care reform legislation in decades, along with further amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. Other major reform proposals during the health care debate included:

 * Affordable Health Care for America Act (known as the House bill)
 * America's Healthy Future Act (known as the Baucus bill)
 * Healthy Americans Act (known as the Wyden/Bennett bill)
 * United States National Health Care Act (known as the Conyers bill, a single payer proposal)
 * Physician Payments Sunshine Act

Proposed
Proposed bills include (in alphabetical order):

 * American Clean Energy and Security Act
 * District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act
 * DISCLOSE Act
 * Domestic Partnership Benefits and Obligations Act
 * DREAM Act
 * Employee Free Choice Act
 * Employment Non-Discrimination Act
 * Federal Reserve Transparency Act of 2009
 * Food Safety Enhancement Act
 * Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2009
 * Homeowner's Defense Act
 * Military Readiness Enhancement Act
 * Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act
 * Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2009
 * Public Option Act
 * Respect for Marriage Act
 * Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act
 * Uniting American Families Act
 * Universal Right to Vote by Mail Act

Vetoed

 * December 30, 2009:, a continuing appropriations resolution that became unnecessary
 * October 7, 2010:, Interstate Recognition of Notarizations Act of 2010

Treaties ratified

 * December 22, 2010: New START (111-5)

Major nomination hearings

 * January–April 2009: Senate held confirmation hearings for Barack Obama's cabinet.
 * July 13–16, 2009: Senate Committee on the Judiciary held a hearing on Sonia Sotomayor's appointment to the United States Supreme Court.
 * June 28–30, 2010: Senate Committee on the Judiciary held a hearing on Elena Kagan's appointment to the United States Supreme Court.

Impeachments

 * : Judge Samuel B. Kent: impeached June 19, 2009, resigned June 30, 2009, before trial; charges dismissed July 22, 2009.
 * : Judge Thomas Porteous: impeached March 11, 2010, convicted December 8, 2010.

Party summary

 * Resignations and new members are discussed in the "Changes in membership" section, below.

House of Representatives
[[File:111thUSHouse.svg|thumb|300px|Final House Membership

]]

Senate

 * President: Dick Cheney (R), until January 20, 2009
 * Joe Biden (D), from January 20, 2009
 * President pro tempore: Robert Byrd (D), until June 28, 2010
 * Daniel Inouye (D), from June 28, 2010

Majority (Democratic) leadership

 * Majority Leader and Conference Chairman: Harry Reid
 * Assistant Majority Leader (Majority Whip): Richard Durbin
 * Democratic Caucus Vice Chairman: Charles Schumer
 * Democratic Conference Secretary: Patty Murray
 * Senatorial Campaign Committee Chairman: Bob Menendez
 * Policy Committee Chairman: Byron Dorgan
 * Steering and Outreach Committee Chairman: Debbie Stabenow
 * Committee Outreach Chairman: Jeff Bingaman
 * Rural Outreach Chairman: Blanche Lincoln
 * Chief Deputy Whip: Barbara Boxer
 * Deputy Whips: Tom Carper, Bill Nelson, and Russ Feingold

Minority (Republican) leadership

 * Minority Leader: Mitch McConnell
 * Assistant Minority Leader (Minority Whip): Jon Kyl
 * Counselor to the Minority Leader: Bob Bennett
 * Republican Conference Chairman: Lamar Alexander
 * Republican Conference Vice Chairman: Lisa Murkowski, until September 17, 2010
 * John Barrasso, from September 22, 2010
 * Policy Committee Chairman: John Ensign, until June 17, 2009
 * John Thune, from June 25, 2009
 * National Senatorial Committee Chair: John Cornyn
 * Chief Deputy Whip: Richard Burr

House of Representatives

 * Speaker: Nancy Pelosi (D)
 * Assistant to the Speaker: Chris Van Hollen (D)

Majority (Democratic) leadership

 * Majority Leader: Steny Hoyer
 * Majority Whip: Jim Clyburn
 * Senior Chief Deputy Majority Whip: John Lewis
 * Chief Deputy Majority Whips: Maxine Waters, John S. Tanner, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Joseph Crowley, Diana DeGette, G. K. Butterfield, Debbie Wasserman Schultz
 * Democratic Caucus Chairman: John B. Larson
 * Democratic Caucus Vice-Chairman: Xavier Becerra
 * Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Chris Van Hollen
 * Steering/Policy Committee Co-Chairs: George Miller and Rosa DeLauro
 * Organization, Study, and Review Chairman: Michael Capuano

Minority (Republican) leadership

 * Minority Leader: John Boehner
 * Minority Whip: Eric Cantor
 * Chief Deputy Whip: Kevin McCarthy
 * Republican Conference Chairman: Mike Pence
 * Republican Conference Vice-Chairman: Cathy McMorris-Rodgers
 * Republican Conference Secretary: John Carter
 * Policy Committee Chairman: Thaddeus McCotter
 * Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: Pete Sessions
 * Ranking Member of the House Rules Committee: David Dreier

Members

 * Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate
In this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 2010; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 2012; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 2014.

Alabama

 * 2. Jeff Sessions (R)
 * 3. Richard Shelby (R)

Alaska

 * 2. Mark Begich (D)
 * 3. Lisa Murkowski (R)

Arizona

 * 1. Jon Kyl (R)
 * 3. John McCain (R)

Arkansas

 * 2. Mark Pryor (D)
 * 3. Blanche Lincoln (D)

California

 * 1. Dianne Feinstein (D)
 * 3. Barbara Boxer (D)

Colorado

 * 2. Mark Udall (D)
 * 3. Ken Salazar (D), until January 20, 2009
 * Michael Bennet (D), from January 21, 2009

Connecticut

 * 1. Joe Lieberman (I)
 * 3. Chris Dodd (D)

Delaware

 * 1. Tom Carper (D)
 * 2. Joe Biden (D), until January 15, 2009
 * Ted Kaufman (D), January 16, 2009 – November 15, 2010
 * Chris Coons (D), from November 15, 2010

Florida

 * 1. Bill Nelson (D)
 * 3. Mel Martinez (R), until September 9, 2009
 * George LeMieux (R), from September 10, 2009

Georgia

 * 2. Saxby Chambliss (R)
 * 3. Johnny Isakson (R)

Hawaii

 * 1. Daniel Akaka (D)
 * 3. Daniel Inouye (D)

Idaho

 * 2. Jim Risch (R)
 * 3. Mike Crapo (R)

Illinois

 * 2. Dick Durbin (D)
 * 3. Roland Burris (D), January 12, 2009 – November 29, 2010
 * Mark Kirk (R), from November 29, 2010

Indiana

 * 1. Richard Lugar (R)
 * 3. Evan Bayh (D)

Iowa

 * 2. Tom Harkin (D)
 * 3. Chuck Grassley (R)

Kansas

 * 2. Pat Roberts (R)
 * 3. Sam Brownback (R)

Kentucky

 * 2. Mitch McConnell (R)
 * 3. Jim Bunning (R)

Louisiana

 * 2. Mary Landrieu (D)
 * 3. David Vitter (R)

Maine

 * 1. Olympia Snowe (R)
 * 2. Susan Collins (R)

Maryland

 * 1. Ben Cardin (D)
 * 3. Barbara Mikulski (D)

Massachusetts

 * 1. Ted Kennedy (D), until August 25, 2009
 * Paul G. Kirk (D), September 24, 2009 – February 4, 2010
 * Scott Brown (R), from February 4, 2010
 * 2. John Kerry (D)

Michigan

 * 1. Debbie Stabenow (D)
 * 2. Carl Levin (D)

Minnesota

 * 1. Amy Klobuchar (D)
 * 2. Al Franken (D),from July 7, 2009

Mississippi

 * 1. Roger Wicker (R)
 * 2. Thad Cochran (R)

Missouri

 * 1. Claire McCaskill (D)
 * 3. Kit Bond (R)

Montana

 * 1. Jon Tester (D)
 * 2. Max Baucus (D)

Nebraska

 * 1. Ben Nelson (D)
 * 2. Mike Johanns (R)

Nevada

 * 1. John Ensign (R)
 * 3. Harry Reid (D)

New Hampshire

 * 2. Jeanne Shaheen (D)
 * 3. Judd Gregg (R)

New Jersey

 * 1. Bob Menendez (D)
 * 2. Frank Lautenberg (D)

New Mexico

 * 1. Jeff Bingaman (D)
 * 2. Tom Udall (D)

New York

 * 1. Hillary Clinton (D), until January 21, 2009
 * Kirsten Gillibrand (D), from January 26, 2009
 * 3. Chuck Schumer (D)

North Carolina

 * 2. Kay Hagan (D)
 * 3. Richard Burr (R)

North Dakota

 * 1. Kent Conrad (D-NPL)
 * 3. Byron Dorgan (D-NPL)

Ohio

 * 1. Sherrod Brown (D)
 * 3. George Voinovich (R)

Oklahoma

 * 2. Jim Inhofe (R)
 * 3. Tom Coburn (R)

Oregon

 * 2. Jeff Merkley (D)
 * 3. Ron Wyden (D)

Pennsylvania

 * 1. Bob Casey Jr. (D)
 * 3. Arlen Specter (R) until April 29, 2009, then (D)

Rhode Island

 * 1. Sheldon Whitehouse (D)
 * 2. Jack Reed (D)

South Carolina

 * 2. Lindsey Graham (R)
 * 3. Jim DeMint (R)

South Dakota

 * 2. Tim P. Johnson (D)
 * 3. John Thune (R)

Tennessee

 * 1. Bob Corker (R)
 * 2. Lamar Alexander (R)

Texas

 * 1. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R)
 * 2. John Cornyn (R)

Utah

 * 1. Orrin Hatch (R)
 * 3. Bob Bennett (R)

Vermont

 * 1. Bernie Sanders (I)
 * 3. Patrick Leahy (D)

Virginia

 * 1. Jim Webb (D)
 * 2. Mark Warner (D)

Washington

 * 1. Maria Cantwell (D)
 * 3. Patty Murray (D)

West Virginia

 * 1. Robert Byrd (D), until June 28, 2010
 * Carte Goodwin (D), July 16, 2010 – November 15, 2010
 * Joe Manchin (D), from November 15, 2010
 * 2. Jay Rockefeller (D)

Wisconsin

 * 1. Herb Kohl (D)
 * 3. Russ Feingold (D)

Wyoming

 * 1. John Barrasso (R)
 * 2. Mike Enzi (R)

[[File:111th US Congress Senate.svg|thumb|400px|Senators' party membership by state for most of 2010

]]

Alabama

 * Alabama's 1st congressional district. Jo Bonner (R)
 * Alabama's 2nd congressional district. Bobby Bright (D)
 * Alabama's 3rd congressional district. Mike Rogers (R)
 * Alabama's 4th congressional district. Robert Aderholt (R)
 * Alabama's 5th congressional district. Parker Griffith (D, then R)
 * Alabama's 6th congressional district. Spencer Bachus (R)
 * Alabama's 7th congressional district. Artur Davis (D)

Alaska

 * At-large. Don Young (R)

Arizona

 * Arizona's 1st congressional district. Ann Kirkpatrick (D)
 * Arizona's 2nd congressional district. Trent Franks (R)
 * Arizona's 3rd congressional district. John Shadegg (R)
 * Arizona's 4th congressional district. Ed Pastor (D)
 * Arizona's 5th congressional district. Harry Mitchell (D)
 * Arizona's 6th congressional district. Jeff Flake (R)
 * Arizona's 7th congressional district. Raúl Grijalva (D)
 * Arizona's 8th congressional district. Gabby Giffords (D)

Arkansas

 * Arkansas's 1st congressional district. Marion Berry (D)
 * Arkansas's 2nd congressional district. Vic Snyder (D)
 * Arkansas's 3rd congressional district. John Boozman (R)
 * Arkansas's 4th congressional district. Mike Ross (D)

California

 * California's 1st congressional district. Mike Thompson (D)
 * California's 2nd congressional district. Wally Herger (R)
 * California's 3rd congressional district. Dan Lungren (R)
 * California's 4th congressional district. Tom McClintock (R)
 * California's 5th congressional district. Doris Matsui (D)
 * California's 6th congressional district. Lynn Woolsey (D)
 * California's 7th congressional district. George Miller (D)
 * California's 8th congressional district. Nancy Pelosi (D)
 * California's 9th congressional district. Barbara Lee (D)
 * California's 10th congressional district. Ellen Tauscher (D), until June 26, 2009
 * John Garamendi (D), from November 3, 2009
 * California's 11th congressional district. Jerry McNerney (D)
 * California's 12th congressional district. Jackie Speier (D)
 * California's 13th congressional district. Pete Stark (D)
 * California's 14th congressional district. Anna Eshoo (D)
 * California's 15th congressional district. Mike Honda (D)
 * California's 16th congressional district. Zoe Lofgren (D)
 * California's 17th congressional district. Sam Farr (D)
 * California's 18th congressional district. Dennis Cardoza (D)
 * California's 19th congressional district. George Radanovich (R)
 * California's 20th congressional district. Jim Costa (D)
 * California's 21st congressional district. Devin Nunes (R)
 * California's 22nd congressional district. Kevin McCarthy (R)
 * California's 23rd congressional district. Lois Capps (D)
 * California's 24th congressional district. Elton Gallegly (R)
 * California's 25th congressional district. Howard McKeon (R)
 * California's 26th congressional district. David Dreier (R)
 * California's 27th congressional district. Brad Sherman (D)
 * California's 28th congressional district. Howard Berman (D)
 * California's 29th congressional district. Adam Schiff (D)
 * California's 30th congressional district. Henry Waxman (D)
 * California's 31st congressional district. Xavier Becerra (D)
 * California's 32nd congressional district. Hilda Solis (D), until February 24, 2009
 * Judy Chu (D), from July 14, 2009
 * California's 33rd congressional district. Diane Watson (D)
 * California's 34th congressional district. Lucille Roybal-Allard (D)
 * California's 35th congressional district. Maxine Waters (D)
 * California's 36th congressional district. Jane Harman (D)
 * California's 37th congressional district. Laura Richardson (D)
 * California's 38th congressional district. Grace Napolitano (D)
 * California's 39th congressional district. Linda Sanchez (D)
 * California's 40th congressional district. Ed Royce (R)
 * California's 41st congressional district. Jerry Lewis (R)
 * California's 42nd congressional district. Gary Miller (R)
 * California's 43rd congressional district. Joe Baca (D)
 * California's 44th congressional district. Ken Calvert (R)
 * California's 45th congressional district. Mary Bono Mack (R)
 * California's 46th congressional district. Dana Rohrabacher (R)
 * California's 47th congressional district. Loretta Sanchez (D)
 * California's 48th congressional district. John Campbell (R)
 * California's 49th congressional district. Darrell Issa (R)
 * California's 50th congressional district. Brian Bilbray (R)
 * California's 51st congressional district. Bob Filner (D)
 * California's 52nd congressional district. Duncan Hunter (R)
 * California's 53rd congressional district. Susan Davis (D)

Colorado

 * Colorado's 1st congressional district. Diana DeGette (D)
 * Colorado's 2nd congressional district. Jared Polis (D)
 * Colorado's 3rd congressional district. John Salazar (D)
 * Colorado's 4th congressional district. Betsy Markey (D)
 * Colorado's 5th congressional district. Doug Lamborn (R)
 * Colorado's 6th congressional district. Mike Coffman (R)
 * Colorado's 7th congressional district. Ed Perlmutter (D)

Connecticut

 * Connecticut's 1st congressional district. John Larson (D)
 * Connecticut's 2nd congressional district. Joe Courtney (D)
 * Connecticut's 3rd congressional district. Rosa DeLauro (D)
 * Connecticut's 4th congressional district. Jim Himes (D)
 * Connecticut's 5th congressional district. Chris Murphy (D)

Delaware

 * At-large. Mike Castle (R)

Florida

 * Florida's 1st congressional district. Jeff Miller (R)
 * Florida's 2nd congressional district. Allen Boyd (D)
 * Florida's 3rd congressional district. Corrine Brown (D)
 * Florida's 4th congressional district. Ander Crenshaw (R)
 * Florida's 5th congressional district. Ginny Brown-Waite (R)
 * Florida's 6th congressional district. Cliff Stearns (R)
 * Florida's 7th congressional district. John Mica (R)
 * Florida's 8th congressional district. Alan Grayson (D)
 * Florida's 9th congressional district. Gus Bilirakis (R)
 * Florida's 10th congressional district. Bill Young (R)
 * Florida's 11th congressional district. Kathy Castor (D)
 * Florida's 12th congressional district. Adam Putnam (R)
 * Florida's 13th congressional district. Vern Buchanan (R)
 * Florida's 14th congressional district. Connie Mack (R)
 * Florida's 15th congressional district. Bill Posey (R)
 * Florida's 16th congressional district. Tom Rooney (R)
 * Florida's 17th congressional district. Kendrick Meek (D)
 * Florida's 18th congressional district. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R)
 * Florida's 19th congressional district. Robert Wexler (D), until January 3, 2010
 * Ted Deutch (D), from April 13, 2010
 * Florida's 20th congressional district. Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D)
 * Florida's 21st congressional district. Lincoln Diaz-Balart (R)
 * Florida's 22nd congressional district. Ron Klein (D)
 * Florida's 23rd congressional district. Alcee Hastings (D)
 * Florida's 24th congressional district. Suzanne Kosmas (D)
 * Florida's 25th congressional district. Mario Diaz-Balart (R)

Georgia

 * Georgia's 1st congressional district. Jack Kingston (R)
 * Georgia's 2nd congressional district. Sanford Bishop (D)
 * Georgia's 3rd congressional district. Lynn Westmoreland (R)
 * Georgia's 4th congressional district. Hank Johnson (D)
 * Georgia's 5th congressional district. John Lewis (D)
 * Georgia's 6th congressional district. Tom Price (R)
 * Georgia's 7th congressional district. John Linder (R)
 * Georgia's 8th congressional district. Jim Marshall (D)
 * Georgia's 9th congressional district. Nathan Deal (R), until March 21, 2010
 * Tom Graves (R), from June 8, 2010
 * Georgia's 10th congressional district. Paul Broun (R)
 * Georgia's 11th congressional district. Phil Gingrey (R)
 * Georgia's 12th congressional district. John Barrow (D)
 * Georgia's 13th congressional district. David Scott (D)

Hawaii

 * Hawaii's 1st congressional district. Neil Abercrombie (D), until February 28, 2010
 * Charles Djou (R), from May 22, 2010
 * Hawaii's 2nd congressional district. Mazie Hirono (D)

Idaho

 * Idaho's 1st congressional district. Walt Minnick (D)
 * Idaho's 2nd congressional district. Mike Simpson (R)

Illinois

 * Illinois's 1st congressional district. Bobby Rush (D)
 * Illinois's 2nd congressional district. Jesse Jackson (D)
 * Illinois's 3rd congressional district. Dan Lipinski (D)
 * Illinois's 4th congressional district. Luis Gutiérrez (D)
 * Illinois's 5th congressional district. Mike Quigley (D), from April 7, 2009
 * Illinois's 6th congressional district. Peter Roskam (R)
 * Illinois's 7th congressional district. Danny Davis (D)
 * Illinois's 8th congressional district. Melissa Bean (D)
 * Illinois's 9th congressional district. Jan Schakowsky (D)
 * Illinois's 10th congressional district. Mark Kirk (R), until November 29, 2010
 * vacant
 * Illinois's 11th congressional district. Debbie Halvorson (D)
 * Illinois's 12th congressional district. Jerry Costello (D)
 * Illinois's 13th congressional district. Judy Biggert (R)
 * Illinois's 14th congressional district. Bill Foster (D)
 * Illinois's 15th congressional district. Tim V. Johnson (R)
 * Illinois's 16th congressional district. Donald Manzullo (R)
 * Illinois's 17th congressional district. Phil Hare (D)
 * Illinois's 18th congressional district. Aaron Schock (R)
 * Illinois's 19th congressional district. John Shimkus (R)

Indiana

 * Indiana's 1st congressional district. Pete Visclosky (D)
 * Indiana's 2nd congressional district. Joe Donnelly (D)
 * Indiana's 3rd congressional district. Mark Souder (R), until May 21, 2010
 * Marlin Stutzman (R), from November 2, 2010
 * Indiana's 4th congressional district. Steve Buyer (R)
 * Indiana's 5th congressional district. Dan Burton (R)
 * Indiana's 6th congressional district. Mike Pence (R)
 * Indiana's 7th congressional district. Andre Carson (D)
 * Indiana's 8th congressional district. Brad Ellsworth (D)
 * Indiana's 9th congressional district. Baron Hill (D)

Iowa

 * Iowa's 1st congressional district. Bruce Braley (D)
 * Iowa's 2nd congressional district. David Loebsack (D)
 * Iowa's 3rd congressional district. Leonard Boswell (D)
 * Iowa's 4th congressional district. Tom Latham (R)
 * Iowa's 5th congressional district. Steve King (R)

Kansas

 * Kansas's 1st congressional district. Jerry Moran (R)
 * Kansas's 2nd congressional district. Lynn Jenkins (R)
 * Kansas's 3rd congressional district. Dennis Moore (D)
 * Kansas's 4th congressional district. Todd Tiahrt (R)

Kentucky

 * Kentucky's 1st congressional district. Ed Whitfield (R)
 * Kentucky's 2nd congressional district. Brett Guthrie (R)
 * Kentucky's 3rd congressional district. John Yarmuth (D)
 * Kentucky's 4th congressional district. Geoff Davis (R)
 * Kentucky's 5th congressional district. Harold Rogers (R)
 * Kentucky's 6th congressional district. Ben Chandler (D)

Louisiana

 * Louisiana's 1st congressional district. Steve Scalise (R)
 * Louisiana's 2nd congressional district. Joseph Cao (R)
 * Louisiana's 3rd congressional district. Charlie Melancon (D)
 * Louisiana's 4th congressional district. John Fleming (R)
 * Louisiana's 5th congressional district. Rodney Alexander (R)
 * Louisiana's 6th congressional district. Bill Cassidy (R)
 * Louisiana's 7th congressional district. Charles Boustany (R)

Maine

 * Maine's 1st congressional district. Chellie Pingree (D)
 * Maine's 2nd congressional district. Mike Michaud (D)

Maryland

 * Maryland's 1st congressional district. Frank Kratovil (D)
 * Maryland's 2nd congressional district. Dutch Ruppersberger (D)
 * Maryland's 3rd congressional district. John Sarbanes (D)
 * Maryland's 4th congressional district. Donna Edwards (D)
 * Maryland's 5th congressional district. Steny Hoyer (D)
 * Maryland's 6th congressional district. Roscoe Bartlett (R)
 * Maryland's 7th congressional district. Elijah Cummings (D)
 * Maryland's 8th congressional district. Chris Van Hollen (D)

Massachusetts

 * Massachusetts's 1st congressional district. John Olver (D)
 * Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district. Richard Neal (D)
 * Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district. Jim McGovern (D)
 * Massachusetts's 4th congressional district. Barney Frank (D)
 * Massachusetts's 5th congressional district. Niki Tsongas (D)
 * Massachusetts's 6th congressional district. John Tierney (D)
 * Massachusetts's 7th congressional district. Ed Markey (D)
 * Massachusetts's 8th congressional district. Mike Capuano (D)
 * Massachusetts's 9th congressional district. Stephen Lynch (D)
 * Massachusetts's 10th congressional district. Bill Delahunt (D)

Michigan

 * Michigan's 1st congressional district. Bart Stupak (D)
 * Michigan's 2nd congressional district. Peter Hoekstra (R)
 * Michigan's 3rd congressional district. Vern Ehlers (R)
 * Michigan's 4th congressional district. David Camp (R)
 * Michigan's 5th congressional district. Dale Kildee (D)
 * Michigan's 6th congressional district. Fred Upton (R)
 * Michigan's 7th congressional district. Mark Schauer (D)
 * Michigan's 8th congressional district. Mike Rogers (R)
 * Michigan's 9th congressional district. Gary Peters (D)
 * Michigan's 10th congressional district. Candice Miller (R)
 * Michigan's 11th congressional district. Thaddeus McCotter (R)
 * Michigan's 12th congressional district. Sander Levin (D)
 * Michigan's 13th congressional district. Carolyn Cheeks (D)
 * Michigan's 14th congressional district. John Conyers (D)
 * Michigan's 15th congressional district. John Dingell (D)

Minnesota

 * Minnesota's 1st congressional district. Tim Walz (DFL)
 * Minnesota's 2nd congressional district. John Kline (R)
 * Minnesota's 3rd congressional district. Erik Paulsen (R)
 * Minnesota's 4th congressional district. Betty McCollum (DFL)
 * Minnesota's 5th congressional district. Keith Ellison (DFL)
 * Minnesota's 6th congressional district. Michele Bachmann (R)
 * Minnesota's 7th congressional district. Collin Peterson (DFL)
 * Minnesota's 8th congressional district. Jim Oberstar (DFL)

Mississippi

 * Mississippi's 1st congressional district. Travis Childers (D)
 * Mississippi's 2nd congressional district. Bennie Thompson (D)
 * Mississippi's 3rd congressional district. Gregg Harper (R)
 * Mississippi's 4th congressional district. Gene Taylor (D)

Missouri

 * Missouri's 1st congressional district. Lacy Clay (D)
 * Missouri's 2nd congressional district. Todd Akin (R)
 * Missouri's 3rd congressional district. Russ Carnahan (D)
 * Missouri's 4th congressional district. Ike Skelton (D)
 * Missouri's 5th congressional district. Emanuel Cleaver (D)
 * Missouri's 6th congressional district. Sam Graves (R)
 * Missouri's 7th congressional district. Roy Blunt (R)
 * Missouri's 8th congressional district. Jo Ann Emerson (R)
 * Missouri's 9th congressional district. Blaine Luetkemeyer (R)

Montana

 * At-large. Denny Rehberg (R)

Nebraska

 * Nebraska's 1st congressional district. Jeff Fortenberry (R)
 * Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. Lee Terry (R)
 * Nebraska's 3rd congressional district. Adrian Smith (R)

Nevada

 * Nevada's 1st congressional district. Shelley Berkley (D)
 * Nevada's 2nd congressional district. Dean Heller (R)
 * Nevada's 3rd congressional district. Dina Titus (D)

New Hampshire

 * New Hampshire's 1st congressional district. Carol Shea-Porter (D)
 * New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district. Paul Hodes (D)

New Jersey

 * New Jersey's 1st congressional district. Rob Andrews (D)
 * New Jersey's 2nd congressional district. Frank LoBiondo (R)
 * New Jersey's 3rd congressional district. John Adler (D)
 * New Jersey's 4th congressional district. Chris Smith (R)
 * New Jersey's 5th congressional district. Scott Garrett (R)
 * New Jersey's 6th congressional district. Frank Pallone (D)
 * New Jersey's 7th congressional district. Leonard Lance (R)
 * New Jersey's 8th congressional district. Bill Pascrell (D)
 * New Jersey's 9th congressional district. Steve Rothman (D)
 * New Jersey's 10th congressional district. Donald Payne (D)
 * New Jersey's 11th congressional district. Rodney Frelinghuysen (R)
 * New Jersey's 12th congressional district. Rush Holt (D)
 * New Jersey's 13th congressional district. Albio Sires (D)

New Mexico

 * New Mexico's 1st congressional district. Martin Heinrich (D)
 * New Mexico's 2nd congressional district. Harry Teague (D)
 * New Mexico's 3rd congressional district. Ben Lujan (D)

New York

 * New York's 1st congressional district. Tim Bishop (D)
 * New York's 2nd congressional district. Steve Israel (D)
 * New York's 3rd congressional district. Peter King (R)
 * New York's 4th congressional district. Carolyn McCarthy (D)
 * New York's 5th congressional district. Gary Ackerman (D)
 * New York's 6th congressional district. Gregory Meeks (D)
 * New York's 7th congressional district. Joseph Crowley (D)
 * New York's 8th congressional district. Jerry Nadler (D)
 * New York's 9th congressional district. Anthony Weiner (D)
 * New York's 10th congressional district. Edolphus Towns (D)
 * New York's 11th congressional district. Yvette Clarke (D)
 * New York's 12th congressional district. Nydia Velázquez (D)
 * New York's 13th congressional district. Michael McMahon (D)
 * New York's 14th congressional district. Carolyn Maloney (D)
 * New York's 15th congressional district. Charles Rangel (D)
 * New York's 16th congressional district. Jose Serrano (D)
 * New York's 17th congressional district. Eliot Engel (D)
 * New York's 18th congressional district. Nita Lowey (D)
 * New York's 19th congressional district. John Hall (D)
 * New York's 20th congressional district. Kirsten Gillibrand (D), until January 26, 2009
 * Scott Murphy (D), from April 29, 2009
 * New York's 21st congressional district. Paul Tonko (D)
 * New York's 22nd congressional district. Maurice Hinchey (D)
 * New York's 23rd congressional district. John McHugh (R), until September 21, 2009
 * Bill Owens (D), from November 6, 2009
 * New York's 24th congressional district. Mike Arcuri (D)
 * New York's 25th congressional district. Dan Maffei (D)
 * New York's 26th congressional district. Chris Lee (R)
 * New York's 27th congressional district. Brian Higgins (D)
 * New York's 28th congressional district. Louise Slaughter (D)
 * New York's 29th congressional district. Eric Massa (D), until March 8, 2010
 * Tom Reed (R), from November 2, 2010

North Carolina

 * North Carolina's 1st congressional district. G. K. Butterfield (D)
 * North Carolina's 2nd congressional district. Bob Etheridge (D)
 * North Carolina's 3rd congressional district. Walter Jones (R)
 * North Carolina's 4th congressional district. David Price (D)
 * North Carolina's 5th congressional district. Virginia Foxx (R)
 * North Carolina's 6th congressional district. Howard Coble (R)
 * North Carolina's 7th congressional district. Mike McIntyre (D)
 * North Carolina's 8th congressional district. Larry Kissell (D)
 * North Carolina's 9th congressional district. Sue Myrick (R)
 * North Carolina's 10th congressional district. Patrick McHenry (R)
 * North Carolina's 11th congressional district. Heath Shuler (D)
 * North Carolina's 12th congressional district. Mel Watt (D)
 * North Carolina's 13th congressional district. Brad Miller (D)

North Dakota

 * At-large. Earl Pomeroy (D-NPL)

Ohio

 * Ohio's 1st congressional district. Steve Driehaus (D)
 * Ohio's 2nd congressional district. Jean Schmidt (R)
 * Ohio's 3rd congressional district. Mike Turner (R)
 * Ohio's 4th congressional district. Jim Jordan (R)
 * Ohio's 5th congressional district. Bob Latta (R)
 * Ohio's 6th congressional district. Charlie Wilson (D)
 * Ohio's 7th congressional district. Steve Austria (R)
 * Ohio's 8th congressional district. John Boehner (R)
 * Ohio's 9th congressional district. Marcy Kaptur (D)
 * Ohio's 10th congressional district. Dennis Kucinich (D)
 * Ohio's 11th congressional district. Marcia Fudge (D)
 * Ohio's 12th congressional district. Pat Tiberi (R)
 * Ohio's 13th congressional district. Betty Sutton (D)
 * Ohio's 14th congressional district. Steve LaTourette (R)
 * Ohio's 15th congressional district. Mary Kilroy (D)
 * Ohio's 16th congressional district. John Boccieri (D)
 * Ohio's 17th congressional district. Tim Ryan (D)
 * Ohio's 18th congressional district. Zack Space (D)

Oklahoma

 * Oklahoma's 1st congressional district. John Sullivan (R)
 * Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district. Dan Boren (D)
 * Oklahoma's 3rd congressional district. Frank Lucas (R)
 * Oklahoma's 4th congressional district. Tom Cole (R)
 * Oklahoma's 5th congressional district. Mary Fallin (R)

Oregon

 * Oregon's 1st congressional district. David Wu (D)
 * Oregon's 2nd congressional district. Greg Walden (R)
 * Oregon's 3rd congressional district. Earl Blumenauer (D)
 * Oregon's 4th congressional district. Peter DeFazio (D)
 * Oregon's 5th congressional district. Kurt Schrader (D)

Pennsylvania

 * Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district. Bob Brady (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district. Chaka Fattah (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district. Kathy Dahlkemper (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district. Jason Altmire (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district. Glenn Thompson (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district. Jim Gerlach (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district. Joe Sestak (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district. Patrick Murphy (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district. Bill Shuster (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district. Chris Carney (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district. Paul Kanjorski (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district. John Murtha (D), until February 8, 2010
 * Mark Critz (D), from May 18, 2010
 * Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district. Allyson Schwartz (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district. Michael Doyle (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district. Charlie Dent (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district. Joseph Pitts (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district. Tim Holden (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district. Tim Murphy (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district. Todd Platts (R)

Rhode Island

 * Rhode Island's 1st congressional district. Patrick Kennedy (D)
 * Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district. James Langevin (D)

South Carolina

 * South Carolina's 1st congressional district. Henry E. Brown (R)
 * South Carolina's 2nd congressional district. Joe Wilson (R)
 * South Carolina's 3rd congressional district. Gresham Barrett (R)
 * South Carolina's 4th congressional district. Bob Inglis (R)
 * South Carolina's 5th congressional district. John Spratt (D)
 * South Carolina's 6th congressional district. Jim Clyburn (D)

South Dakota

 * At-large. Stephanie Herseth Sandlin (D)

Tennessee

 * Tennessee's 1st congressional district. Phil Roe (R)
 * Tennessee's 2nd congressional district. Jimmy Duncan (R)
 * Tennessee's 3rd congressional district. Zach Wamp (R)
 * Tennessee's 4th congressional district. Lincoln Davis (D)
 * Tennessee's 5th congressional district. Jim Cooper (D)
 * Tennessee's 6th congressional district. Bart Gordon (D)
 * Tennessee's 7th congressional district. Marsha Blackburn (R)
 * Tennessee's 8th congressional district. John Tanner (D)
 * Tennessee's 9th congressional district. Steve Cohen (D)

Texas

 * Texas's 1st congressional district. Louie Gohmert (R)
 * Texas's 2nd congressional district. Ted Poe (R)
 * Texas's 3rd congressional district. Sam Johnson (R)
 * Texas's 4th congressional district. Ralph Hall (R)
 * Texas's 5th congressional district. Jeb Hensarling (R)
 * Texas's 6th congressional district. Joe Barton (R)
 * Texas's 7th congressional district. John Culberson (R)
 * Texas's 8th congressional district. Kevin Brady (R)
 * Texas's 9th congressional district. Al Green (D)
 * Texas's 10th congressional district. Michael McCaul (R)
 * Texas's 11th congressional district. Mike Conaway (R)
 * Texas's 12th congressional district. Kay Granger (R)
 * Texas's 13th congressional district. Mac Thornberry (R)
 * Texas's 14th congressional district. Ron Paul (R)
 * Texas's 15th congressional district. Ruben Hinojosa (D)
 * Texas's 16th congressional district. Silvestre Reyes (D)
 * Texas's 17th congressional district. Chet Edwards (D)
 * Texas's 18th congressional district. Sheila Jackson Lee (D)
 * Texas's 19th congressional district. Randy Neugebauer (R)
 * Texas's 20th congressional district. Charlie Gonzalez (D)
 * Texas's 21st congressional district. Lamar Smith (R)
 * Texas's 22nd congressional district. Pete Olson (R)
 * Texas's 23rd congressional district. Ciro Rodriguez (D)
 * Texas's 24th congressional district. Kenny Marchant (R)
 * Texas's 25th congressional district. Lloyd Doggett (D)
 * Texas's 26th congressional district. Michael Burgess (R)
 * Texas's 27th congressional district. Solomon Ortiz (D)
 * Texas's 28th congressional district. Henry Cuellar (D)
 * Texas's 29th congressional district. Gene Green (D)
 * Texas's 30th congressional district. Bernice Johnson (D)
 * Texas's 31st congressional district. John Carter (R)
 * Texas's 32nd congressional district. Pete Sessions (R)

Utah

 * Utah's 1st congressional district. Rob Bishop (R)
 * Utah's 2nd congressional district. Jim Matheson (D)
 * Utah's 3rd congressional district. Jason Chaffetz (R)

Vermont

 * At-large. Peter Welch (D)

Virginia

 * Virginia's 1st congressional district. Rob Wittman (R)
 * Virginia's 2nd congressional district. Glenn Nye (D)
 * Virginia's 3rd congressional district. Bobby Scott (D)
 * Virginia's 4th congressional district. Randy Forbes (R)
 * Virginia's 5th congressional district. Tom Perriello (D)
 * Virginia's 6th congressional district. Bob Goodlatte (R)
 * Virginia's 7th congressional district. Eric Cantor (R)
 * Virginia's 8th congressional district. Jim Moran (D)
 * Virginia's 9th congressional district. Rick Boucher (D)
 * Virginia's 10th congressional district. Frank Wolf (R)
 * Virginia's 11th congressional district. Gerry Connolly (D)

Washington

 * Washington's 1st congressional district. Jay Inslee (D)
 * Washington's 2nd congressional district. Rick Larsen (D)
 * Washington's 3rd congressional district. Brian Baird (D)
 * Washington's 4th congressional district. Doc Hastings (R)
 * Washington's 5th congressional district. Cathy Rodgers (R)
 * Washington's 6th congressional district. Norm Dicks (D)
 * Washington's 7th congressional district. Jim McDermott (D)
 * Washington's 8th congressional district. Dave Reichert (R)
 * Washington's 9th congressional district. Adam Smith (D)

West Virginia

 * West Virginia's 1st congressional district. Alan Mollohan (D)
 * West Virginia's 2nd congressional district. Shelley Moore Capito (R)
 * West Virginia's 3rd congressional district. Nick Rahall (D)

Wisconsin

 * Wisconsin's 1st congressional district. Paul Ryan (R)
 * Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district. Tammy Baldwin (D)
 * Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district. Ron Kind (D)
 * Wisconsin's 4th congressional district. Gwen Moore (D)
 * Wisconsin's 5th congressional district. Jim Sensenbrenner (R)
 * Wisconsin's 6th congressional district. Tom Petri (R)
 * Wisconsin's 7th congressional district. Dave Obey (D)
 * Wisconsin's 8th congressional district. Steve Kagen (D)

Wyoming

 * At-large. Cynthia Lummis (R)

Non-voting delegates

 * American Samoa's at-large congressional district. Eni Faleomavaega (D)
 * District of Columbia's at-large congressional district. Eleanor Holmes Norton (D)
 * Guam's at-large congressional district. Madeleine Bordallo (D)
 * Northern Mariana Islands's at-large congressional district. Gregorio C. Sablan (I, then D)
 * Puerto Rico's at-large congressional district. Pedro Pierluisi (Resident Commissioner) (D/NPP)
 * United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district. Donna Christian-Christensen (D)

Senate

Four of the changes are associated with the 2008 presidential election and appointments to the Obama Administration, one senator changed parties, one election was disputed, two senators died, one senator resigned, and three appointed senators served only until special elections were held during this Congress.

(2) (DFL) (3) (D) (2) (D) Successor appointed January 15, 2009, to finish the term. (D) (3) (D) Successor appointed on January 21, 2009, and later elected for a full six-year term. (D) (1) (D) Successor appointed on January 26, 2009, and later elected to finish the term. (D) (3) (R) (D) (1) (D) Successor appointed September 23, 2009, to finish the term. (D) (3) (R) Successor appointed September 9, 2009, to finish the term. (R) (1) (D) Successor elected in the special election for the remainder of the term ending January 3, 2013. (R) (1) (D) Successor appointed July 16, 2010, to finish the term. (D) (2) (D) Successor elected in the special election for the remainder of the term ending January 3, 2015. (D) (1) (D) Successor elected in the special election for the remainder of the term ending January 3, 2013. (D) (3) (D) Successor elected to finish the final weeks of the Congress, and a full six-year term. (R)
 * Minnesota
 * Minnesota
 * Disputed
 * style="font-size:80%" | Incumbent Norm Coleman (R) challenged the election of Al Franken (D). The results were disputed, and the seat remained vacant at the beginning of the Congress. Following recounts and litigation, successor elected June 30, 2009.
 * nowrap | Al Franken
 * July 7, 2009
 * Illinois
 * Illinois
 * Vacant
 * style="font-size:80%" | Barack Obama (D) resigned near the end of the previous Congress, after being elected President of the United States. Successor appointed December 31, 2008, during the last Congress, but due to a credentials challenge, his credentials were not deemed "in order" until January 12, and he was not sworn in to fill his seat until 12 days after the initiation of this Congress.
 * nowrap | Roland Burris
 * January 12, 2009
 * Delaware
 * Delaware
 * nowrap | Joe Biden
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 15, 2009, to assume the position of Vice President.
 * nowrap | Ted Kaufman
 * January 16, 2009
 * Colorado
 * Colorado
 * nowrap | Ken Salazar
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 20, 2009, to become Secretary of the Interior.
 * nowrap | Michael Bennet
 * January 21, 2009
 * New York
 * New York
 * nowrap | Hillary Clinton
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 21, 2009, to become Secretary of State.
 * nowrap | Kirsten Gillibrand
 * January 26, 2009
 * Pennsylvania
 * Pennsylvania
 * nowrap | Arlen Specter
 * style="font-size:80%" | Changed party affiliation April 30, 2009.
 * nowrap | Arlen Specter
 * April 30, 2009
 * Massachusetts
 * Massachusetts
 * nowrap | Ted Kennedy
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died August 25, 2009.
 * nowrap | Paul G. Kirk
 * September 25, 2009
 * Florida
 * Florida
 * nowrap | Mel Martinez
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned September 9, 2009, for personal reasons.
 * nowrap | George LeMieux
 * September 10, 2009
 * Massachusetts
 * Massachusetts
 * nowrap | Paul G. Kirk
 * style="font-size:80%" | Appointment ended February 4, 2010.
 * nowrap | Scott Brown
 * February 4, 2010
 * West Virginia
 * West Virginia
 * nowrap | Robert Byrd
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died June 28, 2010.
 * nowrap | Carte Goodwin
 * July 16, 2010
 * Delaware
 * Delaware
 * nowrap | Ted Kaufman
 * style="font-size:80%" | The appointment lasted only until the November 2010 special election, in which he was not a candidate.
 * nowrap | Chris Coons
 * November 15, 2010
 * West Virginia
 * West Virginia
 * nowrap | Carte Goodwin
 * style="font-size:80%" | The appointment lasted only until the November 2010 special election, in which he was not a candidate.
 * nowrap | Joe Manchin
 * November 15, 2010
 * Illinois
 * Illinois
 * nowrap | Roland Burris
 * style="font-size:80%" | The appointment lasted only until the November 2010 special election, in which he was not a candidate.
 * nowrap | Mark Kirk
 * November 29, 2010
 * }

House of Representatives
Five changes are associated with appointments to the Obama Administration, four directly and one indirectly. Two representatives changed parties, one died, and five resigned. House vacancies are only filled by elections. State laws regulate when (and if) there will be special elections.

 * Illinois's 5th congressional district
 * Vacant
 * Rahm Emanuel (D) resigned near the end of the previous Congress after being named White House Chief of Staff. A special election was held April 7, 2009
 * | Michael Quigley (D)
 * April 7, 2009
 * April 7, 2009

 * New York's 20th congressional district
 * | Kirsten Gillibrand (D)
 * Resigned January 26, 2009, when appointed to the Senate. A special election was held March 31, 2009.
 * | Scott Murphy (D)
 * March 31, 2009
 * March 31, 2009

 * Northern Mariana Islands's at-large congressional district
 * | Gregorio Sablan (I)
 * Changed party affiliation February 23, 2009.
 * | Gregorio Sablan (D)
 * February 23, 2009
 * February 23, 2009

 * California's 32nd congressional district
 * | Hilda Solis (D)
 * Resigned February 24, 2009, to become U.S. Secretary of Labor. A special election was held July 14, 2009.
 * | Judy Chu (D)
 * July 14, 2009
 * July 14, 2009

 * California's 10th congressional district
 * | Ellen Tauscher (D)
 * Resigned June 26, 2009, to become U.S. Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security. A special election was held November 3, 2009.
 * | John Garamendi (D)
 * November 3, 2009
 * November 3, 2009

 * New York's 23rd congressional district
 * | John M. McHugh (R)
 * Resigned September 21, 2009, to become U.S. Secretary of the Army. A special election was held November 3, 2009.
 * | Bill Owens (D)
 * November 3, 2009
 * November 3, 2009

 * Alabama's 5th congressional district
 * | Parker Griffith (D)
 * Changed party affiliation December 22, 2009.
 * | Parker Griffith (R)
 * December 22, 2009
 * December 22, 2009

 * Florida's 19th congressional district
 * | Robert Wexler (D)
 * Resigned January 3, 2010, to become president of the Center for Middle East Peace & Economic Cooperation. A special election was held April 13, 2010.
 * | Ted Deutch (D)
 * April 13, 2010
 * April 13, 2010

 * Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district
 * | John Murtha (D)
 * Died February 8, 2010. A special election was held May 18, 2010.
 * | Mark Critz (D)
 * May 18, 2010
 * May 18, 2010

 * Hawaii's 1st congressional district
 * | Neil Abercrombie (D)
 * Resigned February 28, 2010, to focus on run for Governor of Hawaii. A special election was held May 22, 2010.
 * | Charles Djou (R)
 * May 22, 2010
 * May 22, 2010

 * New York's 29th congressional district
 * | Eric Massa (D)
 * Resigned March 8, 2010, due to a recurrence of his cancer, as well as an ethics investigation. A special election was held contemporaneously with the general election on November 2, 2010.
 * | Tom Reed (R)
 * November 2, 2010
 * November 2, 2010

 * Georgia's 9th congressional district
 * | Nathan Deal (R)
 * Resigned March 21, 2010, to focus on run for Governor of Georgia. A special election runoff was held June 8, 2010.
 * | Tom Graves (R)
 * June 8, 2010
 * June 8, 2010

 * Indiana's 3rd congressional district
 * | Mark Souder (R)
 * Resigned May 21, 2010, after an affair with a staff member was revealed. A special election was held contemporaneously with the general election on November 2, 2010.
 * | Marlin Stutzman (R)
 * November 2, 2010
 * November 2, 2010

 * Illinois's 10th congressional district
 * | Mark Kirk (R)
 * Resigned November 29, 2010, after being elected U.S. Senator.
 * colspan=2 | Vacant until the next Congress
 * colspan=2 | Vacant until the next Congress

 * }

Senate

 * Aging (Special) (Herb Kohl, Chair; Bob Corker, Vice Chair)
 * Agriculture (Blanche Lincoln, Chair; Saxby Chambliss, Ranking)
 * Domestic and Foreign Marketing, Inspection, and Plant and Animal Health (Kirsten Gillibrand, Chair; Mike Johanns, Ranking)
 * Energy, Science and Technology (Michael Bennet, Chair; John Thune, Ranking)
 * Hunger, Nutrition and Family Farms (Sherrod Brown, Chair; Richard Lugar, Ranking)
 * Production, Income Protection and Price Support (Bob Casey, Chair; Pat Roberts, Ranking)
 * Rural Revitalization, Conservation, Forestry and Credit (Debbie Stabenow, Chair; Mike Crapo, Ranking)
 * Appropriations (Daniel Inouye, Chair; Thad Cochran, Ranking)
 * Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies (Herb Kohl, Chair; Sam Brownback, Ranking)
 * Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (Barbara Mikulski, Chair; Richard Shelby, Ranking)
 * Defense (Daniel Inouye, Chair; Thad Cochran, Ranking)
 * Energy and Water Development (Byron Dorgan, Chair; Bob Bennett, Ranking)
 * Financial Services and General Government (Richard Durbin, Chair; Susan Collins, Ranking)
 * Homeland Security (Frank Lautenberg, Chair; George Voinovich, Ranking)
 * Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies (Dianne Feinstein, Chair; Lamar Alexander, Ranking)
 * Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies (Tom Harkin, Chair; Arlen Specter, Ranking)
 * Legislative Branch (Ben Nelson, Chair; Lisa Murkowski, Ranking)
 * Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies (Tim P. Johnson, Chair; Kay Bailey Hutchison, Ranking)
 * State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (Patrick Leahy, Chair; Judd Gregg, Ranking)
 * Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (Patty Murray, Chair; Kit Bond, Ranking)
 * Armed Services (Carl Levin, Chair; John McCain, Ranking)
 * Airland (Joe Lieberman, Chair; John Thune, Ranking)
 * Emerging Threats and Capabilities (Bill Nelson, Chair; George LeMieux, Ranking)
 * Personnel (Jim Webb, Chair; Lindsey Graham, Ranking)
 * Readiness and Management Support (Evan Bayh, Chair; Richard Burr, Ranking)
 * SeaPower (Jack Reed, Chair; Roger Wicker, Ranking)
 * Strategic Forces (Ben Nelson, Chair; David Vitter, Ranking)
 * Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs (Christopher Dodd, Chair; Richard Shelby, Ranking)
 * Economic Policy (Sherrod Brown, Chair; Jim DeMint, Ranking)
 * Financial Institutions (Tim P. Johnson, Chair; Mike Crapo, Ranking)
 * Housing, Transportation, and Community Development (Robert Menendez, Chair; David Vitter, Ranking)
 * Securities, Insurance, and Investment (Jack Reed, Chair; Jim Bunning, Ranking)
 * Security and International Trade and Finance (Evan Bayh, Chair; Bob Corker, Ranking)
 * Budget (Kent Conrad, Chair; Judd Gregg, Ranking)
 * Commerce, Science and Transportation (Jay Rockefeller, Chair; Kay Bailey Hutchison, Ranking)
 * Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security (Byron Dorgan, Chair; Jim DeMint, Ranking)
 * Communications and Technology (John Kerry, Chair; John Ensign, Ranking)
 * Competitiveness, Innovation, and Export Promotion (Amy Klobuchar, Chair; George LeMieux, Ranking)
 * Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Insurance (Mark Pryor, Chair; Roger Wicker, Ranking)
 * Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard (Maria Cantwell, Chair; Olympia Snowe, Ranking)
 * Science and Space (Bill Nelson, Chair; David Vitter, Ranking)
 * Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security (Frank Lautenberg, Chair; John Thune, Ranking)
 * Energy and Natural Resources (Jeff Bingaman, Chair; Lisa Murkowski, Ranking)
 * Energy (Maria Cantwell, Chair; Jim Risch, Ranking)
 * National Parks (Mark Udall, Chair; Richard Burr, Ranking)
 * Public Lands and Forests (Ron Wyden, Chair; John Barrasso, Ranking)
 * Water and Power (Debbie Stabenow, Chair; Sam Brownback, Ranking)
 * Environment and Public Works (Barbara Boxer, Chair; Jim Inhofe, Ranking)
 * Children's Health (Amy Klobuchar, Chair; Lamar Alexander, Ranking)
 * Clean Air and Nuclear Safety (Tom Carper, Chair; David Vitter, Ranking)
 * Green Jobs and the New Economy (Bernie Sanders, Chair; Kit Bond, Ranking)
 * Oversight (Sheldon Whitehouse, Chair; John Barrasso, Ranking)
 * Superfund, Toxics and Environmental Health (Frank Lautenberg, Chair; Jim Inhofe, Ranking)
 * Transportation and Infrastructure (Max Baucus, Chair; George Voinovich, Ranking)
 * Water and Wildlife (Ben Cardin, Chair; Mike Crapo, Ranking)
 * Select Committee on Ethics (Barbara Boxer, Chair; Johnny Isakson, Vice Chair)
 * Finance (Max Baucus, Chair; Charles Grassley, Ranking)
 * Energy, Natural Resources, and Infrastructure (Jeff Bingaman, Chair; Jim Bunning, Ranking)
 * Health Care (John D. Rockefeller IV, Chair; Orrin Hatch, Ranking)
 * International Trade and Global Competitiveness (Ron Wyden, Chair; Mike Crapo, Ranking)
 * Social Security, Pensions, and Family Policy (Blanche Lincoln, Chair; Pat Roberts, Ranking)
 * Taxation, IRS Oversight, and Long-Term Growth (Kent Conrad, Chair; Jon Kyl, Ranking)
 * Foreign Relations (John Kerry, Chair; Richard Lugar, Ranking)
 * African Affairs (Russ Feingold, Chair; Johnny Isakson, Ranking)
 * East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Jim Webb, Chair; Jim Inhofe, Ranking)
 * European Affairs (Jeanne Shaheen, Chair; Jim DeMint, Ranking)
 * International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, and International Environmental Protection (Robert Menendez, Chair; Bob Corker, Ranking)
 * International Operations and Organizations, Human Rights, Democracy and Global Women's Issues (Barbara Boxer, Chair; Roger Wicker, Ranking)
 * Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs (Bob Casey, Chair; Jim Risch, Ranking)
 * Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps and Narcotics Affairs (Chris Dodd, Chair; John Barrasso, Ranking)
 * Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (Tom Harkin, Chair; Mike Enzi, Ranking)
 * Children and Families (Chris Dodd, Chair; Lamar Alexander, Ranking)
 * Employment and Workplace Safety (Patty Murray, Chair; Johnny Isakson, Ranking)
 * Retirement and Aging (Barbara Mikulski, Chair; Richard Burr, Ranking)
 * Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs (Joe Lieberman, Chair; Susan Collins, Ranking)
 * Contracting Oversight (Ad Hoc) (Claire McCaskill, Chair; Susan Collins Ranking)
 * Disaster Recovery (Ad Hoc) (Mary Landrieu, Chair; Lindsey Graham, Ranking)
 * Federal Financial Management, Government Information and International Security (Tom Carper, Chair; John McCain, Ranking)
 * Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce and the District of Columbia (Daniel Akaka, Chair; George Voinovich, Ranking)
 * Investigations (Permanent) (Carl Levin, Chair; Tom Coburn, Ranking)
 * State, Local, and Private Sector Preparedness and Integration (Ad Hoc) (Mark Pryor, Chair; John Ensign, Ranking)
 * Impeachment Trial Committee (Kent) (Claire McCaskill, Chair; Mel Martinez, Vice Chair)
 * Impeachment Trial Committee (Porteous) (Claire McCaskill, Chair; Orrin Hatch, Vice Chair)
 * Indian Affairs (Byron Dorgan, Chair; John Barrasso, Vice Chair)
 * Intelligence (Select) (Dianne Feinstein, Chair; Kit Bond, Vice Chair)
 * International Narcotics Control (Dianne Feinstein, Chair; Chuck Grassley, Co-chairman)
 * Judiciary (Patrick Leahy, Chair; Jeff Sessions, Ranking)
 * Administrative Oversight and the Courts (Sheldon Whitehouse, Chair; Jeff Sessions, Ranking)
 * Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights (Herb Kohl, Chair; Orrin Hatch, Ranking)
 * The Constitution (Russ Feingold, Chair; Tom Coburn, Ranking)
 * Crime and Drugs (Arlen Specter, Chair; Lindsey Graham, Ranking)
 * Human Rights and the Law (Dick Durbin, Chair; Tom Coburn, Ranking)
 * Immigration, Refugees, and Border Security (Chuck Schumer, Chair; John Cornyn, Ranking)
 * Terrorism and Homeland Security (Ben Cardin, Chair; Jon Kyl, Ranking)
 * Rules and Administration (Chuck Schumer, Chair; Bob Bennett, Ranking)
 * Small Business and Entrepreneurship (Mary Landrieu, Chair; Olympia Snowe, Ranking)
 * Veterans' Affairs (Daniel Akaka, Chair; Richard Burr, Ranking)

House of Representatives

 * Agriculture (Collin C. Peterson, Chair; Frank Lucas, Ranking)
 * Conservation, Credit, Energy, and Research (Tim Holden, Chair; Bob Goodlatte, Ranking)
 * Department Operations, Oversight, Nutrition and Forestry (Joe Baca, Chair; Jeff Fortenberry, Ranking)
 * General Farm Commodities and Risk Management (Leonard Boswell, Chair; Jerry Moran, Ranking)
 * Horticulture and Organic Agriculture (Dennis Cardoza, Chair; Jean Schmidt, Ranking)
 * Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry (David Scott, Chair; Randy Neugebauer, Ranking)
 * Specialty Crops, Rural Development and Foreign Agriculture (Mike McIntyre, Chair; Mike Conaway, Ranking)
 * Appropriations (David Obey, Chair; California Jerry Lewis, Ranking)
 * Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies (Rosa DeLauro, Chair; Jack Kingston, Ranking)
 * Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (Alan Mollohan, Chair; Frank Wolf, Ranking)
 * Defense (Norman Dicks, Chair; Bill Young, Ranking)
 * Energy and Water Development (Pete Visclosky, Chair; Rodney Frelinghuysen, Ranking)
 * Financial Services and General Government (José Serrano, Chair; Jo Ann Emerson, Ranking)
 * Homeland Security (David E. Price, Chair; Hal Rogers, Ranking)
 * Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies (Jim Moran, Chair; Mike Simpson, Ranking)
 * Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies (David Obey, Chair; Todd Tiahrt, Ranking)
 * Legislative Branch (Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Chair; Robert Aderholt, Ranking)
 * Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies (Chet Edwards, Chair; Zach Wamp, Ranking)
 * State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (Nita Lowey, Chair; Kay Granger, Ranking)
 * Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (John Olver, Chair; Tom Latham, Ranking)
 * Armed Services (Ike Skelton, Chair; Buck McKeon, Ranking)
 * Readiness (Solomon P. Ortiz, Chair; Randy Forbes, Ranking)
 * Seapower and Expeditionary Forces (Gene Taylor, Chair; Todd Akin, Ranking)
 * Air and Land Forces (Neil Abercrombie, Chair; Roscoe Bartlett, Ranking)
 * Oversight and Investigations (Vic Snyder, Chair; Rob Wittman, Ranking)
 * Military Personnel (Susan A. Davis, Chair; Joe Wilson, Ranking)
 * Terrorism and Unconventional Threats (Adam Smith, Chair; Jeff Miller, Ranking)
 * Strategic Forces (Jim Langevin, Chair; Mike Turner, Ranking)
 * Budget (John Spratt, Chair; Paul Ryan, Ranking)
 * Education and Labor (George Miller, Chair; John Kline, Ranking)
 * Early Childhood, Elementary and Secondary Education (Dale Kildee, Chair; Michael N. Castle, Ranking)
 * Healthy Families and Communities (Carolyn McCarthy, Chair; Todd Platts, Ranking)
 * Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions (Robert E. Andrews, Chair; Tom Price, Ranking)
 * Higher Education, Lifelong Learning, and Competitiveness (Rubén Hinojosa, Chair; Brett Guthrie, Ranking)
 * Workforce Protections (Lynn C. Woolsey, Chair; Cathy McMorris Rodgers, Ranking)
 * Energy and Commerce (Henry Waxman, Chair; Joe Barton, Ranking)
 * Health (Frank Pallone, Chair; Nathan Deal, Ranking)
 * Energy and Environment (Ed Markey, Chair; Fred Upton, Ranking)
 * Commerce, Trade and Consumer Protection (Bobby Rush, Chair; George Radanovich, Ranking)
 * Communications, Technology and the Internet (Rick Boucher, Chair; Cliff Stearns, Ranking)
 * Oversight and Investigations (Bart Stupak, Chair; Greg Walden, Ranking)
 * Energy Independence and Global Warming (Select) (Ed Markey, Chair; James Sensenbrenner, Ranking)
 * Financial Services (Barney Frank, Chair; Spencer Bachus, Ranking)
 * Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology (Mel Watt, Chair; Ron Paul, Ranking)
 * Oversight and Investigations (Mel Watt, Chair; Judy Biggert, Ranking)
 * International Monetary Policy and Trade (Gregory Meeks, Chair; Gary Miller, Ranking)
 * Housing and Community Opportunity (Maxine Waters, Chair; Shelley Moore Capito, Ranking)
 * Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit (Luis Gutierrez, Chair; Jeb Hensarling, Ranking)
 * Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government-Sponsored Enterprises (Paul Kanjorski, Chair; Scott Garrett, Ranking)
 * Foreign Affairs (Howard Berman, Chair; Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Ranking)
 * Africa and Global Health (Donald M. Payne, Chair; Chris Smith, Ranking)
 * Asia, the Pacific, and the Global Environment (Eni Faleomavaega, Chair; Donald A. Manzullo, Ranking)
 * Europe (Robert Wexler, Chair; Elton Gallegly, Ranking)
 * International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight (Bill Delahunt, Chair; Dana Rohrabacher, Ranking)
 * Middle East and South Asia (Gary Ackerman, Chair; Mike Pence, Ranking)
 * Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade (Brad Sherman, Chair; Ed Royce, Ranking)
 * Western Hemisphere (Eliot L. Engel, Chair; Dan Burton, Ranking)
 * Homeland Security (Bennie Thompson, Chair; Peter T. King, Ranking)
 * Border, Maritime and Global Counterterrorism (Loretta Sanchez, Chair; Mark Souder, Ranking)
 * Emergency Communications, Preparedness, and Response (Henry Cuellar, Chair; Charlie Dent, Ranking)
 * Emerging Threats, Cybersecurity, and Science and Technology (James Langevin, Chair; Michael McCaul, Ranking)
 * Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment (Jane Harman, Chair; Dave Reichert, Ranking)
 * Management, Investigations, and Oversight (Chris Carney, Chair; Mike D. Rogers, Ranking)
 * Transportation Security and Infrastructure Protection (Sheila Jackson-Lee, Chair; Dan Lungren, Ranking)
 * House Administration (Bob Brady, Chair; Dan Lungren, Ranking)
 * Capitol Security (Bob Brady, Chair; Dan Lungren, Ranking)
 * Elections (Zoe Lofgren, Chair; Kevin McCarthy, Ranking)
 * Intelligence (Permanent Select) (Silvestre Reyes, Chair; Peter Hoekstra, Ranking)
 * Terrorism/HUMINT, Analysis and Counterintelligence (Mike Thompson, Chair; Mike Rogers, Ranking)
 * Technical and Tactical Intelligence (C.A. Dutch Ruppersberger, Chair;, Ranking)
 * Intelligence Community Management (Anna Eshoo, Chair; Darrell Issa, Ranking)
 * Oversight and Investigations (Robert E. Cramer, Chair; Terry Everett, Ranking)
 * Judiciary (John Conyers, Chair; Lamar S. Smith, Ranking)
 * Commercial and Administrative Law (Linda T. Sánchez, Chair; Trent Franks, Ranking)
 * Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties (Jerrold Nadler, Chair; James Sensenbrenner, Ranking)
 * Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property (Howard Berman, Chair; Howard Coble, Ranking)
 * Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security (Robert C. Scott, Chair; Louie Gohmert, Ranking)
 * Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law (Zoe Lofgren, Chair; Steve King, Ranking)
 * Natural Resources (Nick Rahall, Chair; Doc Hastings, Ranking)
 * Energy and Mineral Resources (Jim Costa, Chair; Doug Lamborn, Ranking)
 * Insular Affairs, Oceans and Wildlife (Madeleine Bordallo, Chair; Henry E. Brown, Ranking)
 * National Parks, Forests and Public Lands (Raúl Grijalva, Chair; Rob Bishop, Ranking)
 * Water and Power (Grace Napolitano, Chair; Cathy McMorris Rodgers, Ranking)
 * Oversight and Government Reform (Edolphus Towns, Chair; Darrell Issa, Ranking)
 * Domestic Policy (Dennis Kucinich, Chair; Jason Chaffetz, Ranking)
 * Federal Workforce, Post Office, and District of Columbia (Stephen Lynch, Chair; Kenny Marchant, Ranking)
 * Government Management, Organization, and Procurement (Diane Watson, Chair; Brian Bilbray, Ranking)
 * Information Policy, Census, and National Archives (Lacy Clay, Chair; Michael Turner, Ranking)
 * National Security and Foreign Affairs (John F. Tierney, Chair;, Ranking)
 * Rules (Louise Slaughter, Chair; David Dreier, Ranking)
 * Legislative and Budget Process (Alcee Hastings, Chair; Lincoln Diaz-Balart, Ranking)
 * Rules and the Organization of the House (Jim McGovern, Chair; Doc Hastings, Ranking)
 * Science and Technology (Bart Gordon, Chair; Ralph Hall, Ranking)
 * Space and Aeronautics (Gabby Giffords, Chair; Pete Olson, Ranking)
 * Technology and Innovation (David Wu, Chair; Adrian Smith, Ranking)
 * Research and Science Education (Daniel Lipinski, Chair; Vern Ehlers, Ranking)
 * Investigations and Oversight (Brad Miller, Chair; Paul Broun, Ranking)
 * Energy and Environment (Brian Baird, Chair; Bob Inglis, Ranking)
 * Small Business (Nydia Velazquez, Chair; Sam Graves, Ranking)
 * Finance and Tax (Melissa Bean, Chair; Dean Heller, Ranking)
 * Contracting and Technology (Glenn Nye, Chair; Aaron Schock, Ranking)
 * Rural and Urban Entrepreneurship (Heath Shuler, Chair; Jeff Fortenberry, Ranking)
 * Regulations, Healthcare and Trade (Kathy Dahlkemper, Chair; Lynn Westmoreland, Ranking)
 * Investigations and Oversight (Jason Altmire, Chair; Louie Gohmert, Ranking)
 * Standards of Official Conduct (Zoe Lofgren, Chair; Jo Bonner, Ranking)
 * Transportation and Infrastructure (James Oberstar, Chair; John Mica, Ranking)
 * Aviation (Jerry Costello, Chair; Thomas Petri, Ranking)
 * Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation (Elijah Cummings, Chair; Frank LoBiondo, Ranking)
 * Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management (Eleanor Holmes Norton, Chair; Sam Graves, Ranking)
 * Highways and Transit (Peter DeFazio, Chair; Jimmy Duncan, Ranking)
 * Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials (Corrine Brown, Chair; Bill Shuster, Ranking)
 * Water Resources and Environment (Eddie Bernice Johnson, Chair; Jimmy Duncan, Ranking)
 * Veterans' Affairs (Bob Filner, Chair; Steve Buyer, Ranking)
 * Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs (John Hall, Chair; Doug Lamborn, Ranking)
 * Economic Opportunity (Stephanie Herseth Sandlin, Chair; John Boozman, Ranking)
 * Health (Michael Michaud, Chair; Jeff Miller, Ranking)
 * Oversight and Investigations (Harry Mitchell, Chair; Ginny Brown-Waite, Ranking)
 * Ways and Means (Sander Levin, from March 4, 2010 (acting; Dave Camp, Ranking)
 * Health (Pete Stark, Chair; Wally Herger, Ranking)
 * Social Security (John S. Tanner, Chair; Sam Johnson, Ranking)
 * Income Security and Family Support (Jim McDermott, Chair; John Linder, Ranking)
 * Trade (Sander Levin, Chair; Kevin Brady, Ranking)
 * Oversight (John Lewis, Chair; Charles Boustany, Ranking)
 * Select Revenue Measures (Richard Neal, Chair; Pat Tiberi, Ranking)
 * Whole

Joint committees

 * Economic (Rep. Carolyn Maloney, Chair; Sen. Sam Brownback, Ranking)
 * The Library (Rep. Zoe Lofgren, Chair; Sen. Bob Bennett, Ranking)
 * Printing, (Rep. Bob Brady, Chair; Rep. Dan Lungren, Ranking)
 * Joint Committee on Taxation (Sen. Max Baucus, Chair; Sen. Chuck Grassley, Ranking)

Legislative branch agency directors

 * Architect of the Capitol: Stephen T. Ayers (acting until May 12, 2010, and starting May 12, 2010)
 * Attending Physician of the United States Congress: Brian Monahan
 * Comptroller General of the United States: Eugene Louis Dodaro (acting until December 22, 2010, and starting December 22, 2010)
 * Director of the Congressional Budget Office: Robert A. Sunshine (acting), until January 22, 2009
 * Douglas W. Elmendorf, from January 22, 2009
 * Librarian of Congress: James H. Billington
 * Public Printer of the United States: Robert C. Tapella, until December 29, 2010
 * William J. Boarman, from December 29, 2010

Senate

 * Chaplain: Barry C. Black (Seventh-day Adventist)
 * Curator: Diane K. Skvarla
 * Historian: Richard A. Baker, until 2009
 * Donald A. Ritchie, from 2009
 * Parliamentarian: Alan Frumin
 * Secretary: Nancy Erickson
 * Librarian: Leona I. Faust
 * Sergeant at Arms: Terrance W. Gainer
 * Secretary for the Majority: Lula J. Davis
 * Secretary for the Minority: David J. Schiappa

House of Representatives
Employees include:
 * Chaplain: Daniel P. Coughlin (Roman Catholic)
 * Chief Administrative Officer: Daniel P. Beard, until July 1, 2010
 * Daniel Strodel, from July 18, 2010
 * Clerk: Lorraine Miller
 * Historian: Robert Remini, until 2010
 * Matthew Wasniewski, from October 20, 2010
 * Parliamentarian: John V. Sullivan
 * Reading Clerks: Jaime Zapata, Susan Cole
 * Sergeant at Arms: Wilson "Bill" Livingood
 * Inspector General: James J. Cornell, until January 2, 2010
 * Theresa M. Grafenstine, from July 30, 2010

Elections

 * 2008 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
 * 2008 United States presidential election
 * 2008 United States Senate elections
 * 2008 United States House of Representatives elections
 * 2010 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
 * 2010 United States Senate elections
 * 2010 United States House of Representatives elections

Membership lists

 * Members of the 111th United States Congress
 * List of new members of the 111th United States Congress
 * Caucuses of the United States Congress

title: 111th United States Congress


text:
Sampan (newspaper)

Sampan is a newspaper based in Chinatown in Boston, Massachusetts. It is New England's only bilingual Chinese and English newspaper. The newspaper was founded in 1972 by volunteers of the Asian American Civic Association, then known as the Chinese American Civic Association; its slogan is "the only bilingual Chinese-English newspaper in New England." It is distributed throughout Greater Boston and covers news of Boston's Chinatown as well as the Greater Boston Asian American community.

A sampan is a flat-bottomed wooden boat, still used today in parts of Southeast Asia for fishing, transportation or even habitation. It is a metaphor, which symbolizes that this newspaper would bring news of the Chinese community, in both Chinese and English, around the city of Boston, providing a means to acquire information about the community to non-English speakers as well as non-Chinese speakers.

Sampan primarily reports on the news of Chinatown and Asian Americans of Greater Boston. As a free, nonprofit newspaper, Sampan makes its revenue almost entirely by advertisements.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sampan (newspaper)


text:
Golden rule (law)

The golden rule in English law is one of the rules of statutory construction traditionally applied by the English courts. The rule can be used to avoid the consequences of a literal interpretation of the wording of a statute when such an interpretation would lead to a manifest absurdity or to a result that is contrary to principles of public policy. The rule can be applied in two different ways, named respectively the narrow approach and the broad approach.

Meaning
The golden rule arises out of two fundamental principles: that courts must interpret statute "according to the intent of them that made it", and that "the words of the statute speak the intention of the Legislature". As a result, the text of the statute as a whole provides the context in which a given provision should be interpreted when resolving textual difficulties. This was first articulated by Burton J in the Irish case of Warburton v Loveland in 1828:

"I understand that this is a rule in the construction of methods, in the first case, the grammatical meaning of the words must be followed. If it contradicts or is inconsistent with the stated purpose, or contradicts the stated purpose of the statute, or contains any negligence, retaliation, or inconsistency, the grammatical meaning should be modified, expanded, or abbreviated. This kind of discomfort, but not anymore."

This was affirmed by the House of Lords in 1832. Citing Warburton in the 1836 English case of Becke v Smith, James Parke (1st Baron Wensleydale, later Lord Wensleydale) stated:

"It is a very useful rule, in the construction of a statute, to adhere to the ordinary meaning of the words used, and to the grammatical construction, unless that is at variance with the intention of the legislature, to be collected from the statute itself, or leads to any manifest absurdity or repugnance, in which case the language may be varied or modified, so as to avoid such inconvenience, but no further."

Twenty-one years later, in 1857, Lord Wensleydale again restated the rule in different words in the House of Lords case Grey v Pearson:

"I have been long and deeply impressed with the wisdom of the rule, now, I believe, universally adopted, at least in the Courts of Law in Westminster Hall, that in construing wills and indeed statutes, and all written instruments, the grammatical and ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to, unless that would lead to some absurdity, or some repugnance or inconsistency with the rest of the instrument, in which case the grammatical and ordinary sense of the words may be modified, so as to avoid that absurdity and inconsistency, but no farther."

Narrow approach
The rule may be applied in the narrow sense where there is some ambiguity or absurdity in the words themselves.

In the leading case of R v Allen from 1872, the defendant was charged with bigamy under section 57 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 which made it an offence to marry while one's spouse is still alive and not divorced. The court held that the word "marry" could not in that context mean "become legally married" since that could never apply to someone who is already married to someone else. To make sense of the provision, the word should be interpreted as meaning to "go through a second ceremony of marriage".

Broad approach
In its broad sense, the rule may be used to avoid a result that is contrary to principles of public policy, even where words may prima facie carry only one meaning.

The rule was applied in this sense in Re Sigsworth in 1935, in the context of the Administration of Estates Act 1925. A man had murdered his mother and then committed suicide. Under the plain terms of section 46, as the woman had died intestate her murderer stood to inherit substantially her entire estate, which would then have passed to his descendants. This was challenged by other members of the woman's family. The court used the golden rule to find in favour of the family members, preventing the son's descendants as a matter of public policy from profiting from his crime. The rule as applied in that particular case has subsequently been put onto a statutory footing in the Forfeiture Act 1982 and the Estates of Deceased Persons (Forfeiture Rule and Law of Succession) Act 2011.

The leading case on the broad approach is Adler v George from 1964, in which the defendant was charged with obstructing a military guard in the execution of his duty. To succeed, the prosecution had to show that the act took place "in the vicinity of" a military establishment. The defendant argued that "in the vicinity" meant "outside or in the proximity or area" of the establishment, whereas he was inside the establishment, specifically RAF Marham. The court decided that such an interpretation would lead to an absurd result, and interpreted "in the vicinity of" to cover a person already on the premises.

title: Golden rule (law)


text:
CRAT

CRAT or Crat may refer to :
 * CRAT (gene), a human gene
 * Bureaucrat
 * Charitable Remainder Annuity Trust

title: CRAT


text:
Wazeba of Axum

WZB (early 4th century), vocalized by historians as Wazeba, was a Negus of the Kingdom of Aksum, centered in the highlands of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea. He succeeded Aphilas. Wazeba is known only from the coins that he minted during his reign. He was the first Aksumite ruler to engrave the legends of his coins in Ge'ez, and the only King of Aksum to use that language on his gold currency. Stuart Munro-Hay suggests that the scarcity of Wazeba's coins may hint at a short reign.

The Geta Lion near Kombolcha is a stone statue with a very eroded short inscription surrounding a cross. French archaeologist Francis Anfray states Wazeba's coinage has a similar monogram. However it was Ezana who is known for converting to Christianity, not Wazeba. None of Wazeba's coins feature a Christian cross like this inscription.

Coinage
Wazeba's coins were the first Aksumite coins to use the script and language (Ge'ez), with some variations on the regalia on gold coins. The standard design was restored by Ousanas.

There is one coin issue that combines a die from Wazeba on the obverse and a die from Ousanas on the reverse. Munro-Hay suggests that these two kings may have been co-rulers. Wolfgang Hahn and Vincent West instead suggested that Wazeba was an usurper who interrupted the reign of Ousanas.

title: Wazeba of Axum


text:
Hyperoxia

Hyperoxia occurs when cells, tissues and organs are exposed to an excess supply of oxygen (O2) or higher than normal partial pressure of oxygen.

In medicine, it refers to excessive oxygen in the lungs or other body tissues, and results from raised alveolar oxygen partial pressure - that is, alveolar oxygen partial pressure greater than that due to breathing air at normal (sea level) atmospheric pressure. This can be caused by breathing air at pressure above normal or by breathing other gas mixtures with a high oxygen fraction, high ambient pressure or both.

The body is tolerant of some deviation from normal inspired oxygen partial pressure, but a sufficiently elevated level of hyperoxia can lead to oxygen toxicity over time, with the mechanism related to the partial pressure, and the severity related to the dose. Hyperoxia is the opposite of hypoxia; hyperoxia refers to a state in which oxygen supply to the tissues is excessive, and hypoxia refers to a state in which oxygen supply is insufficient.

Supplementary oxygen administration is widely used in emergency and intensive care medicine and can be life-saving in critical conditions, but too much can be harmful and affects a variety of pathophysiological processes. Reactive oxygen species are known problematic by-products of hyperoxia which have an important role in cell signaling pathways. There are a wide range of effects, but when the homeostatic balance is disturbed, reactive oxygen species tend to cause a cycle of tissue injury, with inflammation, cell damage, and cell death.

In the environment, hyperoxia refers to an abnormally high oxygen concentration in a body of water or other habitat.

Signs and symptoms
Associated with hyperoxia is an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen. These oxygen containing molecules can damage lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and react with surrounding biological tissues. The human body has naturally occurring antioxidants to combat reactive molecules, but the protective antioxidant defenses can become depleted by abundant reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidation of the tissues and organs.

The symptoms produced from breathing high concentrations of oxygen for extended periods have been studied in a variety of animals, such as frogs, turtles, pigeons, mice, rats, guinea pigs, cats, dogs and monkeys. The majority of these studies reported the occurrence of irritation, congestion and edema of the lungs, and even death following prolonged exposures.

Oxygen toxicity
The supplementation of oxygen can lead to oxygen toxicity, also known as oxygen toxicity syndrome, oxygen intoxication, and oxygen poisoning. There are two main types of oxygen toxicity: central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, and pulmonary and ocular toxicity.

Temporary exposure to high partial pressures of oxygen at greater than atmospheric pressure can lead to central nervous system toxicity (CNS). An early but serious sign of CNS oxygen toxicity is a grand-mal seizure, also known as a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. This type of seizure consists of a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. Signs and symptoms of oxygen toxicity are usually prevalent, but there are no standard warning signs that a seizure is about to ensue. The convulsion caused by oxygen toxicity does not lead to hypoxia, a side effect common to most seizures, because the body has an excess amount of oxygen when the convulsion begins. The seizures can lead to drowning, however, if the convulsion is suffered by a diver still in the water.

Prolonged exposure to higher oxygen levels at atmospheric pressure can lead to pulmonary and ocular toxicity. Symptoms of oxygen toxicity may include disorientation, respiratory problems, myopia, or accelerated development of cataracts. Prolonged exposure to higher than normal partial pressures of oxygen can result in oxidative damage to cell membranes. Signs of pulmonary (lung) oxygen toxicity begin with slight irritation in the trachea. A mild cough usually ensues, followed by greater irritation and a worse cough until breathing becomes quite painful and the cough becomes uncontrollable. If supplementation of oxygen is continued, the individual will notice tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and if exposure is continued, fatality due to lack of oxygen.

Cause
Evidence indicates that hyperoxia may be harmful, but robust data from interventional studies is limited.

The supplementation of oxygen has been a common procedure of pre-hospital treatment for many years. Guidelines include cautions about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Long-term use of supplemental oxygen improves survival in patients with COPD, but can lead to lung injury.

An additional cause of hyperoxia is related to underwater diving with breathing apparatus. Divers breath a mixture of gasses which must include oxygen, and the partial pressure of oxygen in any given gas mixture will increase with depth. Atmospheric air becomes hyperoxic during the dive, and a hyperoxic gas mixture known as nitrox is used to reduce the risk of decompression sickness by substituting oxygen for part of the nitrogen content. Breathing nitrox can lead to oxygen toxicity due to the high partial pressure of oxygen if used too deep or for too long. Protocols for the safe use of raised oxygen partial pressure in diving are well established and used routinely by recreational scuba divers, military combat divers and professional saturation divers alike. The highest risk of hyperoxia is in hyperbaric oxygen therapy, where it is a high probability side effect of the treatment for more serious conditions, and is considered an acceptable risk as it can be managed effectively without apparent long term effects.

Oxygen rebreathers are also used for normobaric routine work and emergency response in non-breatheable atmospheres, or in circumstances where the suitability of the ambient gas for breathing is unknown or may change without warning, such as firefighting, underground rescue, and work in confined spaces. Supplemental oxygen is also used for high altitude exposures in aviation and mountaineering. In all these cases, the maximum concentration is naturally limited by the ambient pressure, but the lower limit is usually more difficult to control, and the immediate consequences of hypoxia are generally more serious that the immediate consequences of hyperoxia, so there is a tendency to provide a larger margin for error for hypoxia, and the user is exposed to hyperoxic conditions for much of the time.

Mechanism
Supplementary oxygen is an effective and widely available treatment for hypoxemia and hypoxia associated with many pathological processes, but other pathophysiological processes are associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by hyperoxia. These ROS react with biological tissues, and may damage proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Antioxidants normally protecting the tissues can be overwhelmed by higher levels of ROS, thereby causing oxidative stress.

Alveolar and alveolar capillary epithelial cells are vulnerable to injuries caused by oxygen free radicals due to hyperoxia. In acute lung injuries of this type, hyperpermeability of the pulmonary microvasculature allows plasma leakage, causing pulmonary edema and abnormalities in coagulation and fibrin deposition. Surfactant production can be impaired. Maximum benefit of oxygen availability is a balance between necessity and toxicity along a continuum.

Cumulative oxygen dose is determined by a combination of exposure time, ambient pressure and oxygen fraction of the inhaled gas. The latter two factors can be combined as the partial pressure of inhaled oxygen in the alveoli. Partial pressures of inhaled oxygen exceeding 0.6 bar (FIO2 >0.6 at normal atmospheric pressure), administered for extended periods in the order of days, are toxic to the lungs, which is known as low pressure oxygen poisoning, pulmonary toxicity, or the Lorraine Smith effect. This form of exposure leads to lung airway congestion, pulmonary edema and atelectasis caused by damage to the linings of the bronchi and alveoli. Fluid accumulation in the lungs causes a feeling of shortness of breath, a burning sensation is felt in the throat and chest, and breathing is painful. At normal atmospheric pressures the effect is mainly confined to the lungs as they are directly exposed to the high concentration of oxygen, which is not distributed throughout the body as transport is limited by the hemoglobin-oxygen buffer system, and relatively little oxygen is carried in solution in the plasma. At higher ambient pressures, and higher oxygen partial pressures, where a larger amount of oxygen is carried in solution, toxic effects on the central nervous system manifest over a much shorter exposure time. This is known as high pressure oxygen poisoning, or the Paul Bert effect.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is generally simplified by a known history of exposure to intentionally raised concentrations of oxygen. There are few circumstances where a person would be unaware of exposure to higher than normal oxygen dosage.

The primary method to diagnose hyperoxia is through measuring the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood samples. The use of non-invasive measures like the Oxygen Reserve Index (ORI) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) have shown limited diagnostic accuracy for detecting hyperoxia in critically ill patients.

Treatment
Oxygen supplementation is used to treat tissue hypoxia and to relieve arterial hypoxemia. High concentrations of oxygen are often given to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute lung injury (ALI). Supplementing oxygen is known to cause tissue damage, with toxicity increasing with the increase of oxygen concentrations and exposure pressures. Unfortunately, the supplementation of oxygen is necessary if an individual is not able to obtain sufficient oxygen through respiration and perfusion. To decrease the chances of hyperoxia, the therapist should use the lowest concentration of oxygen required by an individual. There are no known alternatives to oxygen supplementation.

Diving
Divers can be at risk from both central nervous system and pulmonary oxygen toxicity, and the risks have been well researched. Protocols have been developed which impose limits on oxygen partial pressure in the breathing gas which expose the diver to acceptable overall risks, bearing in mind that convulsions and loss of consciousness underwater on scuba equipment often lead to death by drowning. Diving with surface supplied gas using a helmet or full-face mask protects the airway much more than a demand valve held by the teeth, and in some circumstances slightly higher partial pressures and a slightly higher risk of oxygen toxicity may be acceptable. There is a trade-off between risk from longer decompression obligations which keep the diver in the water longer, versus oxygen toxicity.

In the exposure time is usually insufficient to develop symptoms of pulmonary toxicity, and the intervals between dives are usually long enough for recovery, so oxygen partial pressure (PO 2 ) is commonly selected to maximise no-stop time or minimise decompression time as in-water decompression in cold water tends to be stressful to the diver. In saturation diving, where the diver will be breathing the gas mixture under pressure for periods in the order of weeks to a month, the PO 2 must be kept low enough to avoid pulmonary toxicity, and allow downward excursions from storage pressure, while being high enough to allow for possible contingencies involving temporary reduction of pressure, during which it is highly desirable that the affected divers remain conscious and are able to perform necessary tasks to minimise the consequences, and to allow for upwards excursions without requiring a gas switch. A partial pressure of around 0.4 bar has been found to satisfy these conditions.

Critical care and emergency medicine
Supplemental oxygen is one of the most commonly used treatments for critical illness and is routinely used in treatment in acute shock and other emergency medicine, but the optimum dosage is seldom obvious, and during mechanical ventilation, anesthesia, and resuscitation supply usually exceeds physiological requirements, to avoid a deficit. The resulting excess to requirements can be detrimental, but usually less so than an overall hypoxic state. Careful titration of the oxygen supply while monitoring oxygenation can allow sufficient tissue oxygenation without hyperoxic harm.

Long term oxygen therapy
At atmospheric pressure there is no risk of acute oxygen toxicity, but the possibility of pulmonary toxicity exists, and hyperoxia can exacerbate some of the conditions for which supplementary oxygen provision is otherwise beneficial.

title: Hyperoxia


text:
Lhaviyani Atoll

Lhaviyani Atoll (also known as Faadhippolhu Atoll) is an administrative division of the Maldives. Its abbreviation is Lh.

Lhaviyani Atoll is located between 5° 15" and 5° 35" N and between 73° 20" and 74° 40" E. The capital of the atoll is Naifaru. There are a total of 54 islands in the atoll of which only 4 are inhabited: namely Naifaru, Hinnavaru, Kurendhoo and Olhuvelifushi.

The island of Maafilaafushi was resettled in the 1980s in order to relieve the lack of land availability in Malé. The island once served as the capital of the separatist Kingdom of Boduthiladhunmathi. In Mohamed Rannabadeyri Thakuru with the help of Adhi Raja of Cannanore attacked Male' and tried to overthrow the kingdom of Ibrahim Kalaafaanu (Sultan Ibrahim III 1585–1609) in However being unable to take control of the capital Male' they fled to Faadhippolhu where Mohamed Rannabadeyri controlled the northern atolls of the Maldives until he was overthrown by Sultan Muhammad Imaduddin I (1620–1648).

There are eight resorts in the atoll, namely Thilamaafushi, Kuredhu, Komandoo, Kanuhuraa Palmbeach, Kanifushi, Innahura and Hudhuranfushi. The only canning factory in the country is in Felivaru located between Naifaru and Hinnavaru.

Traditionally, Maldivians call this atoll simply 'Faadhippolhu', without adding the word 'Atholhu' at the end. This is done only with the names of some atolls. In the early 12th century, during the reign of King Koimala Siri Mahaabarana Mahaa Radun- the first king to rule over all the Maldive islands- this atoll was called Faadu Bur.

Haa Alifu, Haa Dhaalu, Shaviyani, Noonu, Raa, Baa, Kaafu, etc. (including Lhaviyani) are code letters assigned to the present administrative divisions of the Maldives. They are not the proper names of the natural atolls that make up these divisions. Some atolls are divided into two administrative divisions while other divisions are made up of two or more natural atolls. The order followed by the code letters is from North to South, beginning with the first letters of the Thaana alphabet used in Dhivehi. These code letters are not accurate from the geographical and cultural point of view. However, they have become popular among tourists and foreigners in the Maldives who find them easier to pronounce than the true atoll names in Dhivehi, (save a few exceptions, like Ari Atoll).

Lhaviyani Atoll is known for its abundant marine life. A vast amount of seagrass supplies especially green sea turtles with necessary nutricians. The Stingray population is a bove average as well. Hard coral life is throughout very healthy. Hence Lhaviyani Atoll hosts some of the best housereefs in the Maldives like at Kuredu or Le Meridien Maldives.

The airport is Madivaru Airport on Madivaru.

title: Lhaviyani Atoll


text:
Talk:Edmonton Journal

Untitled
I think the Bulletin was acquired by the Journal and then immediately closed, but I'm not 100% sure about that. -- Barnabypage
 * According the the Edmonton Journal History link I used as a source, they responded to the Bulletin's closing with an editorial stating "The Journal will miss the energetic competition of The Bulletin. That competition was always helpful to both papers -- so much so that The Journal has always declined offers to buy The Bulletin or take it in amalgamation." Silly Dan 21:40, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Edmonton Journal.jpeg
Image:Edmonton Journal.jpeg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 05:16, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Tried to fix it. —Silly Dan (talk) 15:29, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Fixed. —Silly Dan (talk) 19:58, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

No longer a daily paper
the journal recently announced that it will cease publishing on sunday, as well as eliminating all rural delivery. The article should be changed to reflect this, ex: daily -> 6 day/week  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.179.230.242 (talk) 06:49, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

Pulizer Prize
The Pulitzer Prize was not issued to only the Edmonton Journal but also to all the other daily and weekly newspapers in the province. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.52.98.215 (talk) 03:36, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edmonton Journal