text:
Nandrolone decanoate

Nandrolone decanoate, sold under the brand names Rolon and Deca-Durabolin, among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used primarily in the treatment of anemias and wasting syndromes, as well as osteoporosis in menopausal women. It is given by injection into muscle or fat once every one to four weeks.

Side effects of nandrolone decanoate may include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, and voice changes. The medication is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It has strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects, which give it a mild side effect profile and make it especially suitable for use in women and children. Nandrolone decanoate is a nandrolone ester and a long-lasting prodrug of nandrolone in the body.

Nandrolone decanoate was first described in 1960 and was introduced for medical use in 1962. It was the second nandrolone ester to be introduced, following nandrolone phenylpropionate (NPP) in 1959, and is one of the most widely used nandrolone esters. It is also one of the most widely used AAS worldwide. In addition to its medical use, nandrolone decanoate is used to improve physique and performance, and is said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes. The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit.

Medical uses
Nandrolone decanoate is approved in the United States specifically for the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease and in the United Kingdom specifically for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. In Australia, it is approved specifically for the treatment of kidney failure, chronic kidney disease, anemia of kidney failure, aplastic anemia, osteoporosis (in women in whom estrogens are contraindicated), inoperable breast cancer, and for patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy. In New Zealand, it is approved for osteoporosis, inoperable breast cancer, and as an adjunct to therapy for conditions characterized by a negative nitrogen balance. The drug is often used off-label to preserve lean mass in HIV/AIDS patients and in other wasting syndromes.

In the past, nandrolone decanoate has also been indicated and used for a variety of other conditions and situations including pre- and postoperative use for increasing lean mass, treating weight loss due to convalescence or disease, geriatric states (e.g., general weakness, fatigue), burns, severe trauma, ulcers, and selected cases of growth failure in children. Starting in the 1970s, the indications of nandrolone decanoate were refined and use of the drug became more selective and restricted. Its use in medicine continues to decline and has become limited, with its sale having been discontinued in many countries.

Nandrolone esters can be used as a form of androgen replacement therapy for treatment of androgen deficiency in men. However, they have not generally been used for this purpose, and have instead mostly been used only as anabolic agents. In any case, nandrolone decanoate has widely been used at low doses as a means of androgen replacement in postmenopausal women, for instance to maintain or increase bone mineral density and decrease the risk of osteoporosis. It is one of only three androgens approved for androgen replacement in postmenopausal women, the others being testosterone (and esters) and methyltestosterone. Nandrolone esters have more recently been proposed for more widespread treatment of androgen deficiency in men due to favorable properties including their high ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect and hence lower or negligible risk of scalp hair loss, prostate enlargement, and prostate cancer relative to testosterone. Nandrolone esters and related compounds such as trestolone and dimethandrolone undecanoate have also been studied as means of androgen replacement in investigational male contraceptive regimens.

It has also been proposed for masculinizing hormone therapy in some nonbinary people assigned female at birth who want the body shape effects of testosterone without androgenic hair growth.

Dosages
A dosage of nandrolone decanoate of 25 to 50 mg once every 6 to 12 weeks (working out to an average exposure of about 2 to 8 mg per week) by intramuscular injection is considered to be appropriate for general androgen replacement therapy in women. A dosage of 50 mg once every 2 to 4 weeks by intramuscular injection is used in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and in the palliative treatment of inoperative breast cancer. For children aged 2 to 13 years, the average dosage for anemia of chronic kidney disease is 25 to 50 mg every 3 to 4 weeks by intramuscular injection. Dosages in men and for other uses have also been described.

Available forms
Nandrolone decanoate has been available in 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, and 200 mg/mL formulations in oil solution for intramuscular injection.

Non-medical uses
Nandrolone decanoate is used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters. It is consumed by bodybuilders as per 8–12 weeks bulking cycles with some form of testosterone as a base because, according to the studies if consumed solo (i.e., without a base) it shuts down the natural production of testosterone by altering blood–testis barrier components. Despite this fact, nandrolone decanoate is one of the most popular injectable AAS worldwide, and nandrolone esters have been said to be the most popular AAS used by bodybuilders and in sports. This is in part due to the high ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect of nandrolone and its weak propensity for androgenic and estrogenic side effects.

Contraindications
Contraindications for nandrolone decanoate include pregnancy, breastfeeding, prostate cancer, male breast cancer, breast cancer in women with hypercalcemia, hypersensitivity (to nandrolone decanoate or excipients such as arachis (peanut) oil; includes those with peanut and soy allergies), nephrosis or nephritis, liver disease with impaired bilirubin excretion, and heart failure. High dosages may also be considered contraindicated in women due to their high potential for virilization.

Side effects
The side effects of nandrolone decanoate are dependent on dosage, duration of treatment, and individual sensitivity. A number of common, uncommon, and rare side effects have been observed with the medication at recommended dosages. While less common or severe than with many other AAS, the most common side effect of nandrolone decanoate is virilization (masculinization) in women. Uncommon side effects of nandrolone decanoate at recommended dosages include fluid retention, inhibition of spermatogenesis, testicular atrophy, erectile dysfunction, gynecomastia, increased frequency of penile erections, increased penis size in pre-pubertal boys, clitoral hypertrophy, increased pubic hair growth, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, hyperlipidemia, decreased HDL cholesterol, increased hemoglobin (to abnormal high levels), hypertension, nausea, epididymitis, bladder irritability, reduced urine flow, benign prostatic hyperplasia, priapism, premature epiphyseal closure (in children), and acne. Rare side effects include abnormal liver function, jaundice, peliosis hepatis, liver tumors, oily skin, greasy hair, rash, pruritus, exanthema, urticaria at the injection site, and furunculosis. Local injection site reactions may also occur.

Unlike 17α-alkylated AAS such as methyltestosterone, nandrolone decanoate is not associated with liver toxicity.

Virilization
Nandrolone decanoate causes virilization as a common side effect in women, including acne, hoarseness of the voice, hirsutism (excessive facial/body hair growth), and libido changes, among others. Clitoral enlargement is an uncommon symptom of virilization that can occur. Virilization is especially prevalent and marked at high dosages of nandrolone decanoate and/or with long-term treatment, and some aspects of virilization like voice deepening can be irreversible. Hoarseness is often the first sign of voice changes. Although said to be only slightly androgenic, nandrolone decanoate may still occasionally cause virilization at recommended dosages in women, especially with long-term treatment. A minor though statistically insignificant incidence of virilization has been observed in women treated with nandrolone decanoate short-term at a dosage of 100 mg every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. Conversely, long-term (>1 year) studies have shown significant virilization in women even at a dosage of 50 mg every 2 or 3 weeks.

Overdose
The acute toxicity of nandrolone esters in animals is very low and there are no reports of acute overdosage with nandrolone decanoate in humans. There are no specific recommendations for the management of nandrolone decanoate.

Interactions
Antiestrogens like aromatase inhibitors (e.g., anastrozole) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (e.g., tamoxifen, raloxifene) can interfere with and prevent the estrogenic effects of nandrolone decanoate. 5α-Reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride can prevent the inactivation of nandrolone in so-called "androgenic" tissues like the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland, and may therefore considerably increase its androgenic side effects. This is opposite to the case of most other AAS, which are either potentiated by 5α-reductase in such tissues or are not substrates of 5α-reductase. Antiandrogens like cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, and bicalutamide can block both the anabolic and androgenic effects of AAS like nandrolone decanoate.

Pharmacodynamics

Nandrolone decanoate is a nandrolone ester, or a prodrug of nandrolone. As such, it is an androgen and anabolic steroid, or an agonist of the AR, the biological target of androgens like testosterone and DHT. Relative to testosterone, nandrolone decanoate has enhanced anabolic effects and reduced androgenic effects. It is considered to have strong anabolic effects but weak androgenic effects, with respective potency ratios of 3.29–4.92 and 0.31–0.41 (index value 10.6–12.1 or about an 11:1 ratio of myotrophic to androgenic effect) relative to testosterone propionate. This is defined specifically on the basis of a rodent model in which change in the weights of the rat bulbocavernosus/levator ani muscle ("anabolic" or "myotrophic" activity) and the rat ventral prostate or seminal vesicles ("androgenic" activity) are compared with testosterone and then used to form a ratio. Along with oxandrolone (which has a ratio of about 10:1), nandrolone esters are thought to have the highest ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect of any other AAS. For this reason, they are considered to be among the most appropriate AAS for use in women and children.

Androgenic effects like virilization are relatively uncommon with nandrolone decanoate at recommended dosages, though may still occur especially at higher dosages or with extended use. The low androgenicity of nandrolone decanoate is thought to be due to the fact that whereas many other AAS like testosterone are potentiated via transformation by 5α-reductase into more potent AR agonists like DHT in specific tissues including the skin, hair follicles, prostate gland, liver, and brain, nandrolone is instead inactivated by 5α-reductase via transformation into the low-affinity AR ligand 5α-dihydronandrolone in such tissues. This is thought to result in a much lower incidence and magnitude of facial/body hair growth, scalp hair loss, and possibly prostate issues like prostate enlargement and prostate cancer with nandrolone esters relative to testosterone.

In addition to its anabolic and androgenic activity, nandrolone decanoate has low estrogenic activity (via its metabolite estradiol) and moderate progestogenic activity. This may result in side effects such as fluid retention and gynecomastia. Like other AAS, nandrolone decanoate has antigonadotropic effects. It has been found to suppress testosterone levels by 57% at a dosage of 100 mg/week and by 70% at a dosage of 300 mg/week in men following 6 weeks of treatment. Both the androgenic activity and the progestogenic activity of nandrolone decanoate may contribute to its antigonadotropic potency. Relative to testosterone, due to its lower estrogenic potency, much less of the antigonadotropic potency of nandrolone decanoate is derived from its estrogenic activity.

Pharmacokinetics
Upon intramuscular injection in oil, which results in the formation of a long-lasting depot in the muscle, nandrolone decanoate is stored unchanged and is slowly absorbed into the body. Once in the circulation, it is converted into nandrolone, which is the active form of the drug. There is a sharp spike in nandrolone levels 24 to 48 hours after an intramuscular injection of nandrolone decanoate, followed by a steady decline to baseline levels within approximately two or three weeks. The bioavailability of nandrolone decanoate is 53 to 73% with intramuscular injection and varies with the site of injection, with the highest bioavailability seen when injected into the gluteal muscle. Like testosterone, nandrolone is highly protein-bound and is present in the blood in both bound and free fractions. It has very low affinity for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 5% of that of testosterone and 1% of that of DHT.

Nandrolone decanoate is rapidly hydrolyzed in the blood by esterases into nandrolone, with a terminal half-life of one hour or less. It does not appear to be hydrolyzed in muscle or fat. The metabolism of nandrolone occurs in the liver and is very similar to that of testosterone, including reduction by 5α-reductase and 5β-reductase, dehydrogenation by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and conjugation. The metabolites of nandrolone include 5α-dihydronandrolone, 19-norandrosterone, and 19-noretiocholanolone, with 19-norandrosterone being the major metabolite. Other metabolites include 19-norandrostenedione, 19-norandrostanediols, 19-norepiandrosterone, and conjugates. Nandrolone also undergoes aromatization into estradiol similarly to testosterone, though at a rate of only about 20% of that of testosterone or possibly even less; one study found virtually no aromatization of nandrolone in men.

The elimination half-life of nandrolone decanoate administered by intramuscular injection is approximately 6 to 12 days. Studies that have assessed the duration of nandrolone decanoate via its anabolic effects, for instance on nitrogen balance, have found that a single 50 to 100 mg intramuscular injection had a duration of about 18 to 25 days. The blood half-life for the combined process of hydrolysis into nandrolone and elimination of nandrolone is 4.3 hours. Nandrolone and its metabolites are excreted in the urine, mainly in the form of conjugates.

Although nandrolone decanoate is usually administered by intramuscular injection, it has been found to be similarly effective when administered by subcutaneous injection. The pharmacokinetics of nandrolone decanoate via subcutaneous injection closely resemble those of intramuscular injection. However, subcutaneous injection is considered to be easier, more convenient, and less painful compared to intramuscular injection. In addition, research suggests that most intramuscular injections in practice are in fact subcutaneous injections.

Chemistry
Nandrolone decanoate, or nandrolone 17β-decanoate, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. It is an androgen ester; specifically, it is the C17β decylate (decanoate) ester of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone), which itself is the 19-demethylated analogue of testosterone.

History
Nandrolone decanoate was first described in the literature in 1960. It was developed by Organon and was introduced for medical use under the brand name Deca-Durabolin in 1962. Shortly thereafter it became one of the most widely used AAS in the world. Nandrolone decanoate was the second form of nandrolone to be introduced, having been preceded by nandrolone phenylpropionate in 1959.

Generic names
Nandrolone decanoate is the generic name of the drug and its USAN and BAN. It has also been referred to as nandrolone decylate.

Brand names
Nandrolone decanoate is or has been marketed under the brand names Deca-Durabolin, Deca-Durabol, Decaneurabol, Metadec, and Retabolil, among others.

Availability
Nandrolone decanoate is available widely throughout the world, including in the United Kingdom, other European countries, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America, Asia, and elsewhere in the world. It has been discontinued in United States and Canada. Its availability is becoming increasingly limited with time.

Legal status
Nandrolone decanoate, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act.

Research
Nandrolone decanoate has been studied in the treatment of bone loss in men, but in contrast to testosterone esters, was found to be ineffective. In short-term (6- to 8-week) studies in healthy male bodybuilders, nandrolone decanoate did not alter bone mineral density. However, the short duration of these studies limits conclusions on the influence of nandrolone decanoate on bone in men.

title: Nandrolone decanoate


text:
User:Superiority

Today is   of the year. The time is

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Superiority


text:
Interrupt storm

In operating systems, an interrupt storm is an event during which a processor receives an inordinate number of interrupts that consume the majority of the processor's time. Interrupt storms are typically caused by hardware devices that do not support interrupt rate limiting.

Background
Because interrupt processing is typically a non-preemptible task in time-sharing operating systems, an interrupt storm will cause sluggish response to user input, or even appear to freeze the system completely. This state is commonly known as live lock. In such a state, the system is spending most of its resources processing interrupts instead of completing other work. To the end-user, it does not appear to be processing anything at all as there is often no output. An interrupt storm is sometimes mistaken for thrashing, since they both have similar symptoms (unresponsive or sluggish response to user input, little or no output).

Common causes include: misconfigured or faulty hardware, faulty device drivers, flaws in the operating system, or metastability in one or more components. The latter condition rarely occurs outside of prototype or amateur-built hardware.

Most modern hardware and operating systems have methods for mitigating the effect of an interrupt storm. For example, most Ethernet controllers implement interrupt "rate limiting", which causes the controller to wait a programmable amount of time between each interrupt it generates. When not present within the device, similar functionality is usually written into the device driver, and/or the operating system itself.

The most common cause is when a device "behind" another signals an interrupt to an APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller). Most computer peripherals generate interrupts through an APIC as the number of interrupts is most always less (typically 15 for the modern PC) than the number of devices. The OS must then query each driver registered to that interrupt to ask if the interrupt originated from its hardware. Faulty drivers may always claim "yes", causing the OS to not query other drivers registered to that interrupt (only one interrupt can be processed at a time). The device which originally requested the interrupt therefore does not get its interrupt serviced, so a new interrupt is generated (or is not cleared) and the processor becomes swamped with continuous interrupt signals. Any operating system can live lock under an interrupt storm caused by such a fault. A kernel debugger can usually break the storm by unloading the faulty driver, allowing the driver "underneath" the faulty one to clear the interrupt, if user input is still possible.

This occurred in an older version of FreeBSD, where PCI cards that were configured to operate in ISA compatibility mode could not properly interact with the ISA interrupt routing. This would either cause interrupts to never be detected by the operating system, or the operating system would never be able to clear them, resulting in an interrupt storm.

As drivers are most often implemented by a 3rd party, most operating systems also have a polling mode that queries for pending interrupts at fixed intervals or in a round-robin fashion. This mode can be set globally, on a per-driver, per-interrupt basis, or dynamically if the OS detects a fault condition or excessive interrupt generation. A polling mode may be enabled dynamically when the number of interrupts or the resource use caused by an interrupt, passes certain thresholds. When these thresholds are no longer exceeded, an OS may then change the interrupting driver, interrupt, or interrupt handling globally, from an interrupt mode to a polling mode. Interrupt rate limiting in hardware usually negates the use of a polling mode, but can still happen during normal operation during intense I/O if the processor is unable switch contexts quickly enough to keep pace.

History
Perhaps the first interrupt storm occurred during the Apollo 11's lunar descent in 1969.

Considerations
Interrupt rate limiting must be carefully configured for optimum results. For example, an Ethernet controller with interrupt rate limiting will buffer the packets it receives from the network in between each interrupt. If the rate is set too low, the controller's buffer will overflow, and packets will be dropped. The rate must take into account how fast the buffer may fill between interrupts, and the interrupt latency between the interrupt and the transfer of the buffer to the system.

Interrupt mitigating
There are hardware-based and software-based approaches to the problem. For example, FreeBSD detects interrupt storms and masks problematic interrupts for some time in response.

The system used by NAPI is an example of the hardware-based approach: the system (driver) starts in interrupt enabled state, and the Interrupt handler then disables the interrupt and lets a thread/task handle the event(s) and then task polls the device, processing some number of events and enabling the interrupt.

Another interesting approach using hardware support is one where the device generates interrupt when the event queue state changes from "empty" to "not empty". Then, if there are no free DMA descriptors at the RX FIFO tail, the device drops the event. The event is then added to the tail and the FIFO entry is marked as occupied. If at that point entry (tail−1) is free (cleared), an interrupt will be generated (level interrupt) and the tail pointer will be incremented. If the hardware requires the interrupt be acknowledged, the CPU (interrupt handler) will do that, handle the valid DMA descriptors at the head, and return from the interrupt.

title: Interrupt storm


text: Category:Valle d'Aosta

title: Category:Valle d'Aosta


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Talk:Nonsuch (album)

Reversions
Reverted some items as no reason for divergence from standard format given.
 * restored song credits to standard version
 * restore discography to include compilation in chronology

Discography Chronology - comments
My preference is for chronologies to include compilations, especially in the case of XTC, whose album output contained less than they actually recorded at the time. I would also included the The Dukes of Stratosphear album(s) as a chronology 2. --Fantailfan 17:19, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:XTC Nonsuch.jpg
Image:XTC Nonsuch.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:52, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Singles
How come "Dear Madam Barnum" has obviously charted while not being mentioned as a single release? When and where was it released? --212.202.143.154 (talk) 10:29, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Billboard's website lists it, and it appears in the 15 August 1992 edition of the printed magazine. Discogs doesn't however show a physical single release. Perhaps it reached #18 on the strength of airplay alone. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 19:17, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Nonsuch (album)


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DNA Films

Franchise Holder Limited, trading as DNA Films, is a British film production company founded by Andrew Macdonald and Duncan Kenworthy in 1997, best known for producing films directed by Alex Garland. They also have a television division with Walt Disney Television called DNA TV Limited.

Location
DNA Films has been one of the most successful production companies that is located in the United Kingdom. DNA Films is located in London.

Film productions

 * Trainspotting (1996)
 * Beautiful Creatures (2000)
 * Strictly Sinatra (2001)
 * The Parole Officer (2001)
 * Heartlands (2002)
 * The Final Curtain (2002)
 * 28 Days Later (2002)
 * Love Actually (2003)
 * Separate Lies (2005)
 * Notes on a Scandal (2006)
 * The History Boys (2006)
 * The Last King of Scotland (2006)
 * Sunshine (2007)
 * 28 Weeks Later (2007)
 * Never Let Me Go (2010)
 * Dredd (2012) (co-production with IM Global, Lionsgate, Reliance BIG Pictures, IMAX and Entertainment Film Distributors)
 * Sunshine on Leith (2013)
 * Ex Machina (2014)
 * Far from the Madding Crowd (2015)
 * T2 Trainspotting (2017)
 * Annihilation (2018)
 * Sir Alex Ferguson: Never Give In (2021)
 * Men (2022)
 * Civil War (2024)
 * 28 Years Later (2025)
 * Warfare (TBA)

Television

 * Devs (2020)
 * Black Narcissus (2020)
 * Shōgun (2024)

title: DNA Films


text:
Ballesteros

Ballesteros may refer to:

People

 * Ballesteros (surname)

Places

 * Ballesteros, Cagayan, Philippine municipality
 * Ballesteros de Calatrava, Spanish municipality
 * San Sebastián de los Ballesteros, Spanish municipality

title: Ballesteros


text:
Superbase

A superbase is a compound that has a particularly high affinity for protons. Superbases are of theoretical interest and potentially valuable in organic synthesis. Superbases have been described and used since the 1850s.

Definitions
Generically IUPAC defines a superbase as a "compound having a very high basicity, such as lithium diisopropylamide." Superbases are often defined in two broad categories, organic and organometallic.

Organic superbases are charge-neutral compounds with basicities greater than that of proton sponge (pKBH+ = 18.6 in MeCN)." In a related definition: any species with a higher absolute proton affinity (APA = 245.3 kcal/mol) and intrinsic gas phase basicity (GB = 239 kcal/mol) than proton sponge. Common superbases of this variety feature amidine, guanidine, and phosphazene functional groups. Strong superbases can be designed by utilizing various approaches  to stabilize the conjugate acid, up to the theoretical limits of basicity.

Organometallic superbases, sometimes called Lochmann–Schlosser superbases, result from the combination of alkali metal alkoxides and organolithium reagents. Caubère defines superbases as "bases resulting from a mixing of two (or more) bases leading to new basic species possessing inherent new properties. The term superbase does not mean a base is thermodynamically and/or kinetically stronger than another, instead it means that a basic reagent is created by combining the characteristics of several different bases."

Organic superbases
Organic superbases are mostly charge-neutral, nitrogen containing species, where nitrogen act as a proton acceptor. These include the phosphazenes, phosphanes, amidines, and guanidines. Other organic compounds that meet the physicochemical or structural definitions of 'superbase' include proton chelators like the aromatic proton sponges and the bispidines. Multicyclic polyamines, like DABCO might also be loosely included in this category. Phosphanes and carbodiphosphoranes are also strong organosuperbases''. ''

Despite enormous proton affinity, many organosuperbases can exhibit low nucleophilicity.

Superbases are used in organocatalysis.

Organometallic
Organometallic compounds of electropositive metals are superbases, but they are generally strong nucleophiles. Examples include organolithium and organomagnesium (Grignard reagent) compounds. Another type of organometallic superbase has a reactive metal exchanged for a hydrogen on a heteroatom, such as oxygen (unstabilized alkoxides) or nitrogen (metal amides such as lithium diisopropylamide).

The Schlosser base (or Lochmann-Schlosser base), the combination of n-butyllithium and potassium tert-butoxide, is commonly cited as a superbase. n-Butyllithium and potassium tert-butoxide form a mixed aggregate of greater reactivity than either component reagent.

Inorganic
Inorganic superbases are typically salt-like compounds with small, highly charged anions, e.g. lithium hydride, potassium hydride, and sodium hydride. Such species are insoluble, but the surfaces of these materials are highly reactive and slurries are useful in synthesis. Caesium oxide is probably the strongest base according to quantum-chemical calculations.

title: Superbase


text:
Enrile

Enrile is the surname of:

 * Arturo Enrile (1940–1998), Filipino politician, cousin of Juan
 * Jack Enrile (born 1958), Filipino politician, son of Juan
 * Joaquín Ezpeleta Enrile (1788–?), Spanish politician and army general
 * Juan Ponce Enrile (born 1924), Filipino politician and lawyer
 * Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo (1772–1836), Spanish governor-general of the Philippines
 * Ronjay Enrile (born 1982), Filipino basketball player
 * Sally Ponce Enrile, Filipino politician, wife of Jack

title: Enrile


text:
Revolutionary Road

Revolutionary Road is American author Richard Yates's debut novel about 1950s suburban life on the East Coast. It was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1962, along with Catch-22 and The Moviegoer. When published by Atlantic-Little, Brown in 1961, it received critical acclaim, and The New York Times reviewed it as "beautifully crafted ... a remarkable and deeply troubling book." In 2005, the novel was chosen by TIME as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to the present.

When DeWitt Henry and Geoffrey Clark interviewed Yates for the Winter 1972 issue of literary journal Ploughshares, Yates detailed the title's subtext:

"I think I meant it more as an indictment of American life in the 1950s. Because during the fifties there was a general lust for conformity all over this country, by no means only in the suburbs—a kind of blind, desperate clinging to safety and security at any price."

A film adaptation of the book, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Kate Winslet, and Kathy Bates, directed by Sam Mendes, and written by Justin Haythe, was released in 2008.

Plot summary
Set in 1955, the novel focuses on the hopes and aspirations of Frank and April Wheeler, self-assured Connecticut suburbanites who see themselves as very different from their neighbors in the Revolutionary Hill Estates. In the opening scene, April stars in an embarrassingly bad amateur dramatic production of The Petrified Forest. After the performance, Frank and April have a fight on the side of the highway, and Frank later begins an affair with his office colleague Maureen Grube.

Seeking to break out of their suburban rut (and consequently blaming herself for all of Frank's "problems"), April convinces Frank they should move to Paris, where she will work and support him while he realizes his vague ambition to be something other than an office worker. The promise of France brings the two together in love and excitement again, and Frank seemingly ends his relationship with Maureen. While April sees the emigration as an opportunity to escape their bland environment, Frank's plans are more driven by vanity of his own intelligence, which April panders to. When the dull and prim neighbor Mrs. Givings begins bringing her "insane" son John around to the Wheelers' house for regular lunches, John's honest and erratic condemnation of his mother's suburban lifestyle strikes a chord with the Wheelers, particularly Frank.

Their plans to leave the United States begin to crumble when April conceives their third child, and Frank begins to identify with his mundane job when the prospect of a promotion arises. After arguing over the possibility of aborting the pregnancy, Frank tries to manipulate April into seeking psychiatric help for her troubled childhood. April, overwhelmed by the situation, suffers something of an identity crisis and sleeps with her neighbor Shep Campbell, while Frank resurrects his relationship with Maureen. April attempts to self-abort her pregnancy, and in doing so is rushed to the hospital and dies from blood loss. Frank, scarred by the ordeal and feeling deep guilt over the outcome, is left a hollow shell of a man. Parenting duties are largely shifted to his brother and sister-in-law, with Frank visiting on weekends. Thus, the Wheeler children's youths begin to mirror the youth of their mother, who was primarily brought up by a slew of relatives while her parents visited infrequently.

Themes
In the October 1999 issue of the Boston Review, Yates was quoted on his central theme: "If my work has a theme, I suspect it is a simple one: that most human beings are inescapably alone, and therein lies their tragedy." For all their personal hopes and dreams, Frank and April are unable to communicate them to each other; this syndrome is also seen in the other characters, Shep and Milly Campbell, and Mr. and Mrs. Givings. The Wheelers' frustrations and yearnings for something better represent the tattered remnants of the American Dream.

Literary significance
Stewart O'Nan probed the neglect of Yates in "The Lost World of Richard Yates: How the Great Writer of the Age of Anxiety Disappeared from Print". Prominent authors, such as William Styron, Kurt Vonnegut, and Tennessee Williams, wrote blurbs that appeared on the dust jacket.

Film adaptation
Screenwriter Justin Haythe adapted the novel for filming, which was directed by Sam Mendes, stars Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio, and co-stars Kathy Bates and Michael Shannon. It opened December 26, 2008 to generally favorable reviews and grossed $76 million at the box office.

title: Revolutionary Road


text: User:Swtbernd

title: User:Swtbernd


text:
Talk:Magic: The Gathering/Archive 1

Shackles
199.182.102.21 added this bit of info:

 * _NOTE_ In the card Shackles, the ability can only be played by the card's owner.

However, I believe this does not belong in the main mage because a) It is a reference to a specific card's ability, and b) the same can be said of hundreds of other cards. I don't think we want to have an all inclusive list of card abilities here; Wizards of the Coast and other entities have published plenty of these for reference purposes. Thus, I moved the sentence here.Stormwriter

Religious criticisms
Re: Religious criticisms: I wish these folks would get their heads out of their asses. It's a game for goodness sake.

Oh, yeah, I forgot. Fundies have no sense of humor. Stormwriter

Trademark notice
Why does this article have a trademark notice next to the first appearance of the term? I've never seen any other article have one. Is not including it illegal? Tokerboy 04:20 Nov 15, 2002 (UTC)

 * There are other articles that use trademark notices, especially when talking about medicinal drugs. See Sertraline and Drug (note "Tylenol®" and "Aspirin®"). I'm not going to comment on the legality, but I find the trademark notices to be good visual cues separating brand names from common names. --Mrwojo 03:31 Nov 22, 2002 (UTC)

Travelling v. traveling
Travelling v. traveling - according to the online American heritage dictionary:
 * "Inflected forms: trav·eled or trav·elled, trav·el·ing or trav·el·ling, trav·els or trav·els."

Both spellings are actually correct. Williamv1138

Page size: links and expansion sets
There risks being too many expansions listed on this page making it unwieldy. Perhaps it would be better as a sidebar or linked to a separate page.
 * fvincent 15:43, Nov 28, 2003 (UTC)

 * I think this article in general is becoming unwieldy. It seems every topic is getting expanded sans temperance. Some summarizing and splitting up of the article is called for IMO. At least the stuff on tournament play and DCI (etc.) could be split off into Duelists' Convocation International or some such. Also, there really shouldn't be more than handful of external links -- some of them seem to be adverts. --Mrwojo 18:55, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * With the single possible exception of FindMagicCards.com, none of the external links are sites associated with selling Magic cards (well, the official sites don't count, since we definitely want those up there). The external links present are probably the largest, most linked, and most useful Magic sites on the Net; I don't think those really pose a problem. I am surprised, though, that we do not yet have an article for the DCI. --Lowellian 19:08, Dec 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * StarCityGames.com is also a site that sells Magic cards. However, it is one of the most important strategy sites on the Net, with articles contributed by many pro players, and it was even tagged by Wizards of the Coast to do the official coverage for the 2003 Type I Championships. So I think the link should stay there. --Lowellian 19:46, Dec 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * Ah, yes I agree. I was a bit cranky yesterday. I don't think there's a problem, just need to make sure that poor external links don't dilute the important ones. For a different reason, the only one I think could go at this point is that direct link to Wizards.com because there are already two official MTG links that take you to WotC and we've got our own page for WotC. Not a big deal though. --Mrwojo 15:05, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree about the WotC link, which I've removed. --Lowellian 18:55, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC)

I took the plunge and actually created new pages for the base sets and expansions. I also took the DCI, made it its own page and moved all tourney info there. I hope people find this makes the page more manageable.
 * fvincent 21:56, Mar 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for polishing the edits, Lowellian. And good idea about merging the set lists.
 * fvincent 06:52, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

Unweildy is right. I tried doing some cleaning up on this article and found it to be completely incoherently structured. Terms like "permanent" and "mana" and "colorless" come flying at the reader before they have ever been defined. I cleaned up "permanent" a bit, but I think this page lacks a clear vision. Is this a page to tell people what magic is, so they know what their 14-year-old son is asking for for X-mas? Is it supposed to teach them the rules? Is it supposed to be a history lesson for lovers of the game? Of the tournament scene?

I think the folks typing in "Magic: The Gathering" on Wikipedia search are not really interested in the different between local and global enchantments. Anyone else agree here?

 * gcb 15:45, Nov 22, 2004 (PST)

Card Photos
Just a warning: The Magic card images posted (6 magic cards from various editions) may fall under copyright. I say "may" because I don't know for sure. Mike Church 15:15, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * They do fall under copyright, but historically the copyright holders have been lenient in allowing websites to use images of cards; most of the popular strategy and vendor websites (Star City, Brainburst, Find Magic Cards, Anycraze) post full images of thousands of individual cards, and I cannot recall a single case where Hasbro or Wizards asked a site to take their images down. Six cards should be alright. Andrewlevine 17:03, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * thats interesting because I added a picture of a black lotus on this page a few months ago and some paranoid pedian complained and took it down. Vroman 19:58, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't know if I like the pictures posted, mostly because they don't show the card borders. I may come back and edit, be nice to show a selection of cards (Alpha, 8th edition, Unglued, etc.). -- Netoholic 21:46, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Mike Church
I removed this section:

''One outspoken critic of Magic, a designer named Mike Church (known for the card game Ambition), disagrees. Church, who referred to Magic in 2003 as a "money-spending contest dressed up as a fantasy game", described mana-screw as a "gaping flaw in the design of [Magic]... that should've been fixed in the first day of playtesting". As he quipped, "mana-screw makes a whole 20 minutes of play not fun, and that's just bad design. How hard is it to have two piles, one for land, and one for spells, and let the player choose which to draw from?" However, critics of Church have pointed out that, according to a blog post, he admits to not having played Magic since 1998, and therefore should be discounted as a credible voice in the contemporary Magic-playing community.''

This was written by anonymous user 137.22.4.102, who is (thought likely to be, by User: Andrewlevine)* Mike Church (see page history on Community card poker, which he edited from the same IP range). It is silly for the article to refer to "one outspoken critic of Magic" whom 99.9999% of the people who play Magic have never heard of, as if he were somebody well-known for his critiques. It should be self-evident why Church extensively quoting himself is not appropriate here. He has designed a few games which are still well under the radar of people in the gaming comunity, and I hope he does not take it the wrong way when I say that he is not (yet?) famous enough to warrant quoting himself the way he did.

If anyone should be quoted on why mana-screw is a design flaw, it should be Zvi Mowshowitz, who is a very well-known critic of Magic's fundamental design from within the game's own community, and who is very well-known and respected among Magic players. I will see if I can dig up a few quotes from him on the subject. Andrewlevine 03:45, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

(*parenthetical added by another user)

 * 137.22 is the IP range of Carleton College, actually. So, yes, there is a high probability that the modification came from someone in Carleton. Do you have any idea how many students at this school use Wikipedia??? Probably hundreds.

 * If you had actually read that paragraph when removing it, you would have seen that it, in fact, attacked me by saying that my not having played since '98 makes me not a credible voice on the subject. In fact, it was a relatively pro-Magic selection, all said. I read that piece (this page is on my watchlist) myself and was going to remove parts of it, particularly the part that called me "not a credible voice".

 * I'm going to restore at least some of that content, though I'll keep your objections in mind. Mike Church 06:54, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * The fact that the earlier edit came from your college's IP range and was not necessarily your own words has been noted.

 * I would like to request that you stop adding your own commentary to the article. I read what you wrote about self-promotion on your user page, and while I agree with it when applied to the outside world, it is not appropriate in Wikipedia.

 * And of course I "actually read" every word in the pargraph that I (and Isomorphic after me) removed, including the criticism. The whole point is that, by your own admission, you have not played the game in about six years (and it shows in your edits, like the one that stated that Timetwister was necessary to compete in Type I). As an analogy, if someone adds to the article genetic engineering a paragraph that begins "Noted genetic engineering critic Jeremy Rifkin has claimed...", this attribution is valid, because everyone working in that field of study, and the related ethical debate, has heard of Rifkin. If I were to insist on adding "Rifkin's claims have been rebuffed by Andrew Levine, who has argued...", then that makes no sense, becuase I am a nobody who is relatively uninformed on the subject. Andrewlevine 08:22, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm decidedly not a nobody in the field of game design who's relatively uninformed on the subject. However, your point that I'm relatively uninformed on Magic as it is now stands and is well-taken. It seems that WotC has taken steps (for example, the expanding the mulligan) to improve their game dramatically (I still think-- no, know, because it is a fact--that the patent is a f*kin' swindle, but that's another story) and it's unfair for one like me, who is not informed on those developments, to comment except without further research. I won't reintroduce the comment if it's deleted. Mike Church 08:32, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I never said that you were "a nobody in the field of game design", as you clearly aren't; just someone uninformed about Magic. I am glad that we have gotten this issue resolved. (And I agree with you about the patent.) Andrewlevine 08:37, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Magic-League.com
Could www.Magic-League.com be added to the "Playing Magic on the Internet-section" and/or to the related links section? E-League actually hasn't got a ratings system anymore. We also run some tournaments with Magic Workstation, another online play application. But it is still in beta stages. Koen 20:29, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Question about the patent
Question about the patent: I added a graf about the WotC suit against Nintendo. The suit had the potential to determine the validity of the patent, but it was settled early. I'm not enough involved in CCG's to know whether there have been any other suits. If no other suits have been filed, or if every suit filed has been settled or is still in an early enough stage that there's been no ruling on that issue, then it would be accurate for us to add, "The validity of this controversial patent has never been ruled on by a court." If that statement is correct, it would be useful information to add to the discussion of the patent. Given my limited knowledge of the field, the best I could do was to allude to the issue by noting that patents issued by the Patent Office are subject to judicial review. JamesMLane 04:53, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Someone I know (who's big into CCGs, and recently asked me to join an open-source CCG project; since it would be open-source it wouldn't run afoul of the patent) said that Decipher Games beat them on the patent issue. However, I couldn't stir it up myself. Most companies that do CCGs just buckle and pay royalties, since it's significantly less costly than a legal fight. WotC are essentially thugs ruling by fear, on this issue.

 * There's no way the patent would stand if basic logic were applied. What they've patented essentially boils down to:

 * Modular play (i.e. there exists a large set of game components of which each player uses a subset, and players have a personal stake in which subset they choose) using collectible (physical or electronic) items.

 * The "tap" mechanic. That is, any mechanic used to indicate that an object's powers have been temporarily used, at least involving rotation of the card to a new orientation. (I'm pretty sure a mechanic such as shading the "card", in an online version, would skirt around the patent).

 * The system by which cards are partitioned into a set of randomized game components (library), a set at a player's disposal (hand), and a set that is public knowledge and affects the game (in play, graveyard).

 * Not a single one of these things did Garfield or WotC invent. Historical fact shows that much of what's now protected was low-hanging fruit that actually predated Magic by decades: LARPs use modular play with collectible items; tap-like mechanics existed in pre-Magic RPGs; finally, many traditional card games used "libraries" (not by that name) and "hands". At any rate, even the CCG genre itself was not invented by Garfield or WotC; Magic simply popularized the genre.

 * Wizards should definitely have control of their art, rules text, basic game structure, flavor text, and some of the items unequivocally of their own invention (i.e. "Weatherlight" and the name "Lhurgoyf") but not a whole genre. There's not a chance the patent could stand in any reasonable court. However, challenging WotC would be pretty damn expensive, and few companies can afford the risk. If you don't have enough HP and STR to spear the fucker, you pay the troll to cross the bridge. Mike Church 10:24, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Moved from article: The decision to patent an entire genre'' of game was highly controversial. While none would argue that the company should own the rights to Magic's particular rules, art, flavor text, game structure, and other copyrightable materials, the patent covers many game mechanics that neither Garfield nor Wizards invented, but which had not been patented before. Some of these game mechanics (modular play using collectible items, physical manipulation of objects to indicate temporary "tap"ping of their powers) predated Magic by decades in other game genres and are still therein used, unchallenged by Wizards. However, all who own collectible card games pay a royalty based upon this patent. While the patent's scope would likely be dramatically reduced if it were used in a lawsuit, the costs of such a legal challenge would by far exceed the royalty rates. In this sense, Wizards uses the patent to exact tributes, ruling by fear.''

Kai Budde
The description next to the Kai Budde link doesn't seem to follow NPOV, although I don't know (which is why I am not removing it myself). I don't follow the tournament scene. Whatever happened to Jon Finkel? - RealGrouchy 00:33, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Just about anybody who's followed Pro Magic in the last few years can confirm this is true. Kai Budde has shattered just about every record imaginable, won ridiculously far more Pro Tours than anyone else, won in every single format and in every type of tournament...the statistics are rather overwhelming.  —Lowellian (talk)   04:40, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)

Septing
"People who own more than $1000 in Magic cards are empirically more likely to get septed than those who do not, by a margin believed to be roughly 75 percent." what the hell is this about? Vroman 02:06, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know either, but I reverted it. Someone trying to be funny I suppose. -- Netoholic 04:27, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Magic: The Gathering Sets Project
How about doing an article about every Magic set? That's what I'm going to do. Some help is needed though. Want to participiate? See User:Grue/MTGSets for more information. Grue 09:07, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

From Ravnica
''Ravnica: City of Guilds, is set to be the major release for Magic the Gathering's 2005/2006 block. The release date is set to be on 7 Oct, 2005. The codename for this set is "Control", and the other 2 minor set are "Alt" and "Del".'' Can this be included here? It seems too small for its own article and I have no way to verify it's true or not. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 13:38, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, considering it was on magicthegathering.com, I'd think it'd be as true as any other information about future sets. However, it doesn't look like there's any real section for it on there. And given the size of the article, it probably isn't wise to include a list of sets on the page. -Senori 04:04, Dec 31, 2004 (UTC) Actually, looks like the important pieces of that are included in Magic: The Gathering sets, which should probably be linked in a more prominent part of the page. -Senori 04:13, Dec 31, 2004 (UTC)

Colors of Lands
The article says "Lands are colorless, and are never considered spells." (my italics)

Is it accurate that Lands are colorless? RJFJR 14:23, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yep, they are. Grue 16:19, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you for confirming this. RJFJR 16:52, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Game Infobox
If Magic has Medium rules complexity and strategy depth, what are some examples of games with High? Very few games have been infobox'd, so I have no idea what the scale we're looking at is. Also, is "Some" a consistent term when the other terms are things like High/Medium/Low? Shouldn't all three categories, in fact, be High/Medium/Low? (I noticed Monopoly (game) uses "Easy" for Rules Complexity, but I'll take it up with that Talk page :) ) 209.114.249.74 20:01, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Be aware that as of December 31st, 2004 this article is approaching or has exceeded the 32K recommended max size.

title: Talk:Magic: The Gathering/Archive 1


text:
Oleaster

 Oleaster , signifying a plant like an olive, but less valuable (cf. poetaster), may be applied to:
 * Feral olive trees that have been allowed to run wild
 * Olea oleaster, the wild olive
 * Various species of Elaeagnus, notably Elaeagnus angustifolia, the Russian olive, the dried fruits of which are eaten during Nowruz

title: Oleaster


text:
Season of Lights

Season of Lights... Laura Nyro in Concert is the first live album by American singer-songwriter Laura Nyro.

Overview
Columbia Records issued the album in the summer of 1977, taking the songs from various locations on Nyro's 1976 tour in support of her most recent studio album, Smile. Although the album had no strict producer, Nyro is credited as the "musical director." Dale Ashby was engineer and mixer, assisted by Don Pulse and Ken Robertson.

The album documents Nyro's first full-band tour, with her playing guitar, piano, and other keyboards, backed by a group of musicians including John Tropea on guitar and Richard Davis on bass. The atmosphere of the album is laidback, smooth, and jazz-inspired, musically similar to the explorations on Smile. Nyro re-arranged many songs to fit her new band's sound, such as slowing down "Sweet Blindness" or making "And When I Die" funkier.

The album was originally intended to be a double-LP set consisting of 16 songs, and this version was sent to some outlets as a promotional copy and as a Japanese import. Instead, Columbia released a single-LP set of 10 songs. Reissue imprint Iconoclassic Records released a remastered version of Season of Lights, including all sixteen songs plus a bonus solo version of "Timer," on CD in August 2008.

The album peaked at #137 on the Billboard 200 chart, then known as the Pop Albums chart. It was Nyro's penultimate US chart entry after a run of seven successive charting albums stretching back to 1968's Eli and the Thirteenth Confession, before her final chart entry in 1984.

Track listing (standard single vinyl version)
All tracks composed by Laura Nyro

Personnel

 * Laura Nyro – vocals, piano, musical director
 * John Tropea – electric guitar
 * Richard Davis – bass
 * Andy Newmark – drums
 * Carter "C.C." Collins – percussion
 * Nydia Mata – congas
 * Mike Mainieri – clavinet, marimba, vibraphone
 * Jean Fineberg, Jeff King – saxophone
 * Ellen Seeling – trumpet
 * Technical
 * Recorded by Dale Ashby
 * Mixed by Don Puluse and Ron Johnsen
 * Cover painting by Rokuro Taniuchi

title: Season of Lights


text:
Santa Teresita

Santa Teresita may refer to:

 * Santa Teresita, Buenos Aires, Atlantic coastal holiday resort in La Costa Partido, Argentina
 * Santa Teresita, a village in Cayo District, Belize
 * Santa Teresita, Batangas, Philippines
 * Santa Teresita, Cagayan, Philippines
 * Thérèse of Lisieux, a saint venerated in the Roman Catholic Church

title: Santa Teresita


text:
Talk:Golden Panther

Not enough subject detail or potential to warrant a seperate article. Changed into redirect to Florida International University

Thedatastream 12:40, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Golden Panther


text:
Rune Djurhuus

Rune Djurhuus (born 25 January 1970 in Elverum) is a Norwegian chess player, and the fourth Norwegian International Grandmaster. Djurhuus plays for the "Akademisk" chess club, which is tied to the University of Oslo. Djurhuus is also the chess columnist for Aftenposten and Adresseavisen.

Djurhuus became the Norwegian Junior Champion in 1985. He gained the title of International Master in 1989. In 1991 he became the European Junior Champion, ahead of Vladimir Kramnik among others. His Grandmaster title was gained after scoring a norm at the Chess Olympiad in Manila in 1992, and two norms at Gausdal, in the 1994-1995 tournament, and the 1995-1996 tournament.

Djurhuus' playing style is aggressive and sharp. With Black, Djurhuus regularly employs the King's Indian against 1.d4, and the Sicilian Defence against 1.e4. With White, Djurhuus usually opens with 1.e4.

Sample game
In an informal poll by the Norwegian Chess Federation in 1999, this game was voted to be the best Norwegian game.

White: Edvīns Ķeņģis Black: Rune Djurhuus

Opening: French Defence

Event: Gausdal International, 1991

1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Nf6 4.e5 Nfd7 5.f4 c5 6.c3 Nc6 7.Ndf3 Qb6 8.Ne2 cxd4 9.cxd4 Be7 10.a3 0-0 11.Ng3 f6 12.Bd3 fxe5 13.fxe5 (Diagram) 13...Ndxe5 14.dxe5 Nxe5 15.Be2 Bd7 16.Nxe5 Qf2+ 17.Kd2 Rac8 18.Qb3 Bg5+ 19.Kd3 Rf4 20.Nf3 Be8, White resigns.

title: Rune Djurhuus


text:
Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission

Since the Prime Minister of India happened to be the ex-officio chairperson of Planning Commission of India, the position of the deputy chairperson had great significance. From 1957 until 2014 23 persons have served as the deputy chairmans,but any woman not served in this post. The deputy chairmans Gulzarilal Nanda, P. V. Narasimha Rao and Manmohan Singh who served as Prime Minister of India. And Pranab Mukherjee who served this post in from 1991 to 1996, after served as the President of India. Many future chief ministers, former central ministers served in this post.


text:
Talk:Alfredo Astiz

Possible POV
I've commented out the qualifications "horrific and indiscriminate" referring to the violence exerted at the ESMA. While it was surely horrific, I think that's an emotional word that does not belong here (besides, descriptive words like "torture" and "concentration camp" already deliver the message). And "indiscriminate", in the strict sense, seems wrong and positively POV-pushing. I don't want to fall into the infamous pro-military justification, algo habrán hecho ("they must've done something"), known to all Argentinians, but I would not state flatly that people were kidnapped "indiscriminately", i. e. at random. This would imply that the goal was not subversion control, but simply terrorizing the general public with the idea that anybody could disappear, at any time. If there is serious research showing evidence of that, it should be referenced here (and of course everywhere else, as in Proceso de Reorganización Nacional and Dirty War). --Pablo D. Flores 12:41, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Usually "indiscriminate" is used because of the military ends-justify-measures policy of kidnapping family members or friends of presumed montoneros and keept abducted for several weeks, and also tortured, only to gain information about the location of the terrorists. Perhaps it should be better explained. -Mariano 14:31, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Needs to mention when he was born. This page has a date but (a) I don't know if its correct and (b) I would rather point out flaws in Wikipedia than help it.

Where does he live?

 * Last thing I knew, he's under arrest in the Zárate Naval Base, and some were asking that he and the rest of the military accused of Dirty War crimes be moved to regular prisons so they don't take advantage of their contacts in the Armed Forces. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Pablo-flores (talk • contribs) 20:06, 27 January 2007 (UTC).

Wasn't he locked up in the Tower of London briefly after his capture during the Falklands war? If so, well worth mentioning - its dungeons are among the world's most famous and historic.

 * I highly doubt that the Tower of London is used to house prisoners any more. I think Hess was the last one 60 years ago. Darkmind1970 09:26, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Image
Many sites have photos of this argentine.Examples: [] and [] Agre22 (talk) 00:26, 19 March 2009 (UTC)agre22

 * Image:Astiz.jpg|thumb|Astiz's military insignia displayed in the Imperial War Museum, London: is of a Petty Officer, NCO, or "SubOfficial 2ndo" (and diver) so it can't be Astiz's unless he purposely changed his Lt Commander's insignia for this Petty Officer one at surrender; but because he surrendered on behalf of his men, this seems unlikely. The one on the right is a parachutes badge which both officers and NCO's wear and is typically worn by "Buzos Tacticos" most off all so it may well have belonged to Astiz, who was a "buzo tactico" at the time. Chuckarg33 (talk) 03:01, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Brazilian newspaper
The Brazilian newspaper Gazeta de Alagoas has an article about this Argentine in this site: [Alfredo Astiz].Agre22 (talk) 13:01, 16 November 2009 (UTC)agre22

Surrender
"but Astiz insisted on signing a surrender document for himself and his small band even though they were covered by the surrender of his commanding officer. The face and name of Alfredo Astiz was, incorrectly, splashed over the world media as the commander of the garrison on South Georgia. This publicity led to an erroneous Rambo-like image, but soon caused problems for Astiz."

How does surrendering without firing a shot give him a "Rambo-like image ?" 81.157.243.82 (talk) 19:34, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Falklands War - name of damaged submarine?
It is stated: "British forces successfully attacked and disabled the Argentine submarine ARA San Luis. The photograph of the sunken submarine in Grytviken harbour became one of the iconic images of the conflict." According to the respective articles for the two Argentine submarines the San Luis was the active threat to the British and survived the war, it was the Santa Fe that met an early end at South Georgia. I have therefore edited this section. .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARA_San_Luis .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARA_Santa_Fe_%28S-21%29 94.173.207.102 (talk) 22:29, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Linking to Spanish Language Sources
Currently there is some difficulty here because many sources for Astiz are in Spanish or French due to Astiz being Argentine and tried by a French Court. Because many are, for the time being, I've added some to get by for now but they should be replaced if English language sources become available. Meanwhile I guess that people can always use Google Translator or similar to read what the Spanish Language source says. If there is a serious problem with this then I wont bother with adding Spanish language sources off course. My idea is for a temporary solution here until better sources are found.Wombat24 (talk) 21:11, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good plan - with other context, Google translator can get a reader pretty far along.Parkwells (talk) 01:09, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Better Spanish language sources than none, still are few citations in the article. Regards, DPdH (talk) 13:32, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

Needs balance
The article is unbalanced because there is such a lengthy discussion of the law journal article on what Britain could and couldnt't do (or did and didn't do) when it held Astiz as a prisoner of war. This is really out of proportion to the more important events that he was responsible for in Guatemala during the Dirty War, and needs to be trimmed down and summarized somehow.Parkwells (talk) 01:08, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

Family
Who are or were his parents? Were they native Argentinians? Did he have a wife, children? Deipnosophista (talk) 16:32, 26 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alfredo Astiz


text:
Theo Waigel

Theodor Waigel (born 22 April 1939) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). He represented Neu-Ulm in the Bundestag from 1976 to 2002.

Waigel is a lawyer, and earned a doctorate in 1967. He was a member of the Bundestag from 1972 to 2002. He served as Federal Minister of Finance of Germany in the Cabinet of Chancellor Helmut Kohl from 1989 to 1998, and as Chairman of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria from 1988 to 1999. He is known as the father of the Euro, the European currency. He played a vital role in its introduction as German Minister of Finance. He also managed to impose an austerity program on West Germans and overcome the massive deficits of German unification to meet the strict fiscal benchmarks mandated by Europe's single currency. In 2009, he was appointed Honorary Chairman of the CSU.

Early life
Waigel was born as the son of a small-time farmer from the Swabian village of Oberrohr. When he was 6, his older brother, August, was killed in France during World War 2.

Member of the Bundestag, 1972–2002
Waigel first became a Member of the German Bundestag for Neu-Ulm in the 1972 federal elections. From 1980 to 1982, he served as spokesperson of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group on economic affairs. He was the group's deputy chairman from 1982 until 1989. In this capacity, he also served as the leader of the Bundestag group of CSU parliamentarians.

Federal Minister of Finance, 1989–1998
In a 1989 cabinet reshuffle, Chancellor Helmut Kohl named Waigel as new Federal Minister of Finance, replacing Gerhard Stoltenberg. During his time in office, his state secretaries included leading economists Horst Köhler (1990–1993) and Jürgen Stark (1995–1998), among others.

German reunification
During his time in office, Waigel oversaw the early economic integration of East Germany after the fall of Communism. He not only had to impose enormous new taxes on the German public, but he also had to keep the country's budget deficit from ballooning while Germany was spending $150 billion a year to rebuild the east.

In March 1990, Waigel publicly announced that his Government's policy was considering a proposal by its central bank, the Bundesbank, for conversion at a rate of one Deutsche mark for every two East marks, with an exception for a small portion of personal savings. In response, hundreds of thousands of East Germans to protest the plan, including about 10,000 in East Berlin, who took to the Palace of the Republic, where the newly elected Parliament was holding its inaugural meeting. Chancellor Helmut Kohl said that was not the policy after all.

On 19 May 1990, Waigel and his East German counterpart Walter Romberg signed a state treaty to merge their economies and make the West German mark the sole legal currency in both nations by 2 July 1990.

In July 1990, Waigel joined Kohl and Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher on a trip to Moscow for meeting President Mikhail S. Gorbachev, where both worked to convince the Soviet leader to drop his remaining objections to German unification within NATO.

On 9 August 1990, Waigel announced that West Germany's 1990 budget would be its last and that he was withdrawing the Cabinet draft for the 1991 budget to make way for an all-German budget consonant with unification. Later that year, he said that borrowing by Government, state and local authorities would total up to $95 billion the following year, nearly five times the equivalent figure for West Germany in 1989. Between 1989 and 1991 alone, the central government's budget deficit soared from 0.5 percent of national income to 5 percent.

Following a proposal developed by Waigel, the Kohl government agreed in February 1991 to an unexpectedly large package of tax increases – including a 7.5 percent surcharge on personal income and corporate tax payments – to help pay for reunification, as well as the government's contribution to the allied forces during the Gulf War and aid to Eastern Europe's fledgling democracies. In March 1992, Germany paid its final installment of $1.68 billion in Gulf War aid to the United States, fulfilling its overall pledge of $5.5 billion.

In the national debate on whether the federal Government should remain in Bonn or move to Berlin, Waigel argued Germany had assumed enough major financial obligations over the preceding years and could not afford to build a new capital.

In early 1996, Waigel and his French counterpart Jean Arthuis launched a French-German economic stimulus package aimed at encouraging spending, increasing growth, cutting taxes on business and reducing unemployment. In the subsequent years, however, both CDU and CSU favored increasing taxes, fearing the consequences of further budgetary cuts; by 1997, the government was already in danger of breaking a Constitutional Court ruling that spending on public investment must exceed the budget deficit. At the time, Germany had a record 2.2 trillion marks in public debt, much of it amassed during Waigel's tenure because of the costs of reunification.

During the period of Reunification in the 1990s, Waigel, as Minister of Finance, refused to return eight buildings in East Germany belonging to six Austrian Jewish citizens.

International economic policies
Soon after taking office, Waigel negotiated with his counterparts of the G7 on the difficult question of rankings in the voting hierarchy of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Under the agreement, Japan and West Germany shared the No. 2 ranking at the agency, ahead of France and the United Kingdom. By 1991, Waigel was the driving force within the G7 to agree in principle that the Soviet Union should be offered a role in the IMF.

In 1991, Waigel became the first chairman of the board of the newly established European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).

Energy and climate policy
On initiative of Waigel, the Bundestag establied the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) in 1990, using the amount of €1.3 billion from privatizing the former steel group Salzgitter AG.

After Germany and France failed to get the 18th G7 summit to agree on ways to assure the safety of deteriorating nuclear power plants in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, Waigel pledged that public funds from the West would nonetheless be mobilized not simply to repair dangerous plants but "to change the whole energy policy in these states so they can conserve energy, develop alternative energy sources and thereby create more leeway for shutting down plants that are unsafe."

Introduction of the Euro
Under the leadership of Kohl and Waigel, the adoption of a common currency became central to Germany's goals of political and economic integration in Europe.

At the height of speculative attacks on the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) in 1992–93, acting closely with his then counterpart Michel Sapin of France, Waigel repulsed speculators trying to break the French franc's parity with the Deutsche Mark by selling marks en masse until the bank traders gave up.

Throughout the 1990s, Waigel was seeking to assure a skeptical German public as well as small companies and banks that the new currency would be as stable as the Deutsche Mark, which had become a symbol of Germany's economic hegemony in Europe at the time. In September 1995, Waigel first proposed that countries adopting a single currency agree to reinforce rules on budget deficits and impose financial sanctions against deficit violators that go beyond the penalties included in the Maastricht Treaty. Also in September 1995, Waigel first floated Euro as the name of the new single currency. He later overruled the French government with his proposal; France had favored want the name ECU, the European Currency Unit which was used in many accounts and the issuance of some debt at the time. The name "Euro" was later chosen for the new currency at the European Council in Madrid.

In a move to reduce government spending, Waigel led the call for a reduction in Germany's contributions to the budget of the European Union in 1996. He wrote to Kohl pointing out that contributions from Germany made up about 60 percent of the EU's regional and structural funds and urging him to push for a cut in Germany's burden. In 1998, he joined fellow finance ministers Gerrit Zalm of the Netherlands, Rudolf Edlinger of Austria and Erik Åsbrink of Sweden urging President of the European Commission Jacques Santer to cap the proportion of a country's income which goes to the EU as part of his Agenda 2000 spending review.

After his failed attempt to pressure Bundesbank president Hans Tietmeyer into a quick revaluation of the country's gold reserves in order to bring Germany's budget deficit into line with the criteria for the single currency, Waigel had to confront a parliamentary motion against him on 4 June 1997. He won the vote by just 328 votes to 311.

In November 1997, Waigel imposed the strictest budget freeze in the country's history, in a last-ditch effort to fulfill the Euro convergence criteria. The freeze, which lasted until the end of that year, was imposed to save the government a further one billion marks ($578.2 million).

On 30 June 1998, Waigel attended the inauguration ceremony of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt, Germany, alongside Kohl, ECB President Wim Duisenberg, President of the European Commission Jacques Santer, President of the European Parliament José María Gil-Robles, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, and Chancellor of Austria Viktor Klima.

In 2011, a commentator seeing Germany forced perhaps to choose between monetary stability, on the one hand, and the EMU, recalled by way of contrast Waigel's statement at the founding, "We are bringing the D-Mark into Europe."

Role in Bavarian politics
In May 1993, Waigel announced that we would leave national politics and run for the state premiership of Bavaria against his rival, Edmund Stoiber. During what turned into a bitter struggle, it was revealed that he was estranged from his wife and had been in a long-standing relationship with former Olympic skier Irene Epple. In the end, he failed to win the premiership but stayed on as party leader. In late 1995, Waigel was re-elected to the CSU leadership with 95 percent of the vote.

Following the 1998 elections, Waigel was succeeded by Oskar Lafontaine. At the time, he was Germany's longest-serving postwar Finance Minister.

By the end of the 1990s, Waigel and Minister-President Stoiber of Bavaria were locked in a bitter rivalry for control of the state and its ruling party, the CSU. Stoiber had been a vociferous critic of the creation of a single European currency and he has also infuriated both Kohl and Waigel by proposing that wealthy states like Bavaria be freed from having to underwrite social security costs for poorer states. In late 1998, Stoiber succeeded Waigel as chairman of the CSU.

Life after politics
Since his retirement from German and European politics, Waigel has held paid and unpaid positions, including:
 * Liechtenstein, Honorary Consul
 * AachenMünchener Lebensversicherung AG, Member of the Supervisory Board
 * Accor, Member of the Board of Directors
 * Alcatel, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Bayerische Gewerbebau AG, Deputy Chairman of the Supervisory Board
 * Bayerische HypoVereinsbank, Member of the European Advisory Board
 * Deutsche Vermögensberatung (DVAG), Chairman of the Advisory Board
 * Eli Lilly Holdings Ltd., Member of the European Advisory Board
 * Emerson Electric, Member of the European Advisory Board
 * EnBW, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Fendt, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2007)
 * Swissair, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism, Co-Chairman of the Board of Trustees (alongside Hans-Jochen Vogel)
 * University of Augsburg, Chairman of the Board of Trustees
 * Institute for Bavarian History at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Institute of the Regions of Europe, Member of the Board of Patrons
 * Kissinger Sommer, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Eugen Biser Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Hanns Seidel Foundation, Member of the Board of Executives
 * German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP), Member of the Board of Executives

After serving as Of counsel with the Munich office of law firm GSK Stockmann + Kollegen for many years, Waigel – alongside Alexander Radwan, among others – joined Waigel Rechtsanwälte in 2016.

In 2008, following revelations about violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the German industrial conglomerate Siemens agreed to install Waigel as an outside corporate monitor for four years. Waigel was the first compliance monitor who is not a U.S. national. He served in this position between January 2009 and October 2012.

In 2011, Waigel served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Munich bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics.

In 2012, Waigel joined a newly established external advisory panel under the leadership of Jürgen Hambrecht at Deutsche Bank, which was to review compensation and governance at the company.

Even after the end of his political career, Waigel was a CSU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2009, 2010, 2017 and 2022.

In 2013, Waigel was offered the role of president of TSV 1860 Munich but decided against it. Amid the 2015 FIFA corruption case, he declined offers to join an advisory board to the 2016 FIFA Reform Committee.

From 2016 to 2022, following an appointment by Chancellor Angela Merkel, Waigel served on a three-member panel (alongside Michael Gerhardt and Krista Sager) to oversee the implementation of a new law designed to avoid potential conflicts of interest, requiring senior German officials from the chancellor to deputy ministers to observe a cooling-off period if they want to quit the government for a job in business.

Alongside David Gold, Baron Gold and Noëlle Lenoir, Waigel was appointed by Airbus to an Independent Compliance Review Panel (ICRP) in 2017, amid investigations by the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) and the Parquet national financier (PNF) into allegations of fraud, bribery and corruption in the company's civil aviation business. In 2021, he was appointed to co-chair – alongside Brigitte Zypries – an independent expert commission established by audit firm Ernst & Young to assess its involvement in the Wirecard scandal.

Personal life
From 1966 to 1993 Waigel was married to Karin Waigel (two children). Since 1994 he has been married to the Olympic alpine skier Irene Epple; they have one child.

title: Theo Waigel


text:
Talk:Opacity (disambiguation)

Optical opacity
Opacity (Environmental) - is the attenuation of light. As a light source of intensity "Io" is transmitted through a medium, particulate within the flue gas blocks, i.e, attenuates, the energy of the transmitted beam resulting in beam of less intensity "Ir". The difference "Io - Ir" is referred to as the amount of opacity. Ddelmo (talk) 19:00, 5 January 2008 (UTC)Ddelmo (talk) 19:06, 5 January 2008 (UTC)JATT PunJAbi Manny singh

 * That should go into the article and make it more than a disambig page, certainly. Also of note, I think the under used word "Pellucid" is the opposite of "Opaque", since "translucent" is a measure of some kind of passage of light but not a tendency in that regard. 67.5.157.160 (talk) 08:42, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

 * That usage is now covered under the link for Opacity (optics). Jason Quinn (talk) 18:46, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opacity (disambiguation)


text:
Ma Jian (writer)

Ma Jian (born 18 August 1953) is a Chinese-born British writer.

Biography
Ma was born in Qingdao, a city in Shandong Province on China's Yellow Sea coast, on 18 August 1953. As a child, he was the pupil of a painter who had been persecuted as a Rightist. After his school education was cut short by the Cultural Revolution, he studied by himself, copying out a Chinese dictionary word by word. At fifteen, he joined a propaganda arts troupe, and was later assigned a job as a watchmender's apprentice. For a few years he worked in a petrochemical plant near Beijing, then in 1979, moved to the capital and became a photojournalist for a magazine published by the All China Federation of Trade Unions. During this time, he joined the 'underground' No Name art group, the Yuanmingyuan poetry group, and the April photographers' group. He held clandestine exhibitions of his paintings in his one-room shack in Nanxiao Lane, which became a meeting point for dissident artists and writers of Beijing. In 1983, his paintings were denounced during the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign, and he was placed in detention. After his release, he resigned from his job and set off on a three-year journey through China, selling his paintings and stories as he went. When he returned to Beijing in 1986, he wrote Stick Out Your Tongue, a novella inspired by his travels through Tibet. Its publication in the official journal People's Literature in February 1987 coincided with a nationwide crackdown on the arts, and the government publicly denounced the work as an example of bourgeois liberalism. All copies of the journal were confiscated and destroyed, and a blanket ban was placed on the future publications of Ma Jian's books.

Just before this event, Ma Jian had moved to Hong Kong, where speech freedoms were much higher. He wrote Bardo, a novel about two doomed lovers who are reincarnated through Chinese history, and The Nine Crossroads, about a group of sent-down youth who are sent to a remote mountain inhabited by a primitive tribe.

In 1989, Ma Jian returned to Beijing and took part in the democracy protests. After the Tiananmen massacre, he remained in the capital and wrote The Noodle Maker, a dark political satire. For the next few years, he travelled back and forth between Hong Kong and China, editing, briefly, the Hong Kong arts magazine, Wen Yi Bao, and setting up the New Era publishing company and the literary journal Trends, which published essays and novels banned in China.

After the Handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997, Ma Jian moved to Germany to take up a post teaching Chinese literature at Ruhr University, and to work on Beijing Coma, a novel about the Tiananmen massacre and the decade of political repression and economic growth that followed it. In 1999, he moved to London and wrote Red Dust, a fictionalised account of his journey through China in the 1980s, which won the 2002 Thomas Cook Travel Book Award. He returned to China regularly, and resumed work on Beijing Coma, which was finally published in 2008 and won the 2009 Index on Censorship T.R. Fyvel Book Award and the 2010 Athens Prize for Literature. In 2008–2009, he travelled extensively through the remote interior of China to research The Dark Road, a novel that explores the One Child Policy, published by Chatto & Windus and Penguin in 2013.

In 2001, he collaborated in founding the Independent Chinese PEN Centre, a branch of PEN International, became its board member in 2003–2005 and 2009–2011, a member of its Freedom to Write Committee since 2003, and director of its Press & Translation Committee since 2011.

Ma Jian is a vocal critic of China's Communist government. His works explore themes and subjects that are taboo in China. He has continually called for greater freedom of expression and the release of jailed writers and other political prisoners. As a result, his books have been banned in China for the last 25 years, and since the summer of 2011, he has been denied entry into China. Despite the restrictions placed on him, Ma Jian has become a leading Chinese writer, internationally distinguished with his works translated into a great number of languages, including English, French, Spanish, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Catalan, Japanese, Dutch, Hebrew, Romanian, Turkish, Greek, Polish, Korean, Italian and Portuguese.

In April 2012, while attending the London Book Fair, Ma used red paint to smear a cross over his face and a copy of his banned book Beijing Coma and called his Chinese publisher a "mouthpiece of the Chinese communist party" after being "manhandled" while attempting to present the book to the director of the General Administration of Press and Publication and the director of National Copyright Administration, Liu Binjie, at the fair.

In November 2018, Ma was a guest at the Hong Kong International Literary Festival. Tai Kwun, the venue for the events, initially cancelled his two talks, because it did not want to "become a platform to promote the political interests of any individual", but subsequently reversed course. The incident sparked public outcry in Hong Kong. Many related this with the recent Victor Mallet visa controversy and the cancellation of Badiucao's exhibition, complaining that China was covertly silencing critics in the autonomous territory and curbing her autonomy.

He lives in London with his partner and translator, Flora Drew, and their four children.

Work
Ma came to the attention of the English-speaking world with his story collection Stick Out Your Tongue, translated into English in 2006. The stories are set in Tibet. Their most remarked-upon feature is that traditional Tibetan culture is not idealised, but rather depicted as harsh and often inhuman; one reviewer noted that the "stories sketch multi-generational incest, routine sexual abuse and ritual rape". The book was banned in China as a "vulgar and obscene book that defames the image of our Tibetan compatriots."

Ma's travel memoir Red Dust: A Path Through China (2001) is about his wanderings through remote areas of China from 1983 to 1986 as a long-haired jobless vagabond. It won the 2002 Thomas Cook Travel Book Award.

His novel Beijing Coma (2008) tells the story of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 from the point of view of the fictional Dai Wei, a participant in the events left in a coma by the violent end of the protests. The comatose narrator functions as a metaphor for the ability to remember and the inability to act. It has received critical acclaim, with Tom Deveson of The Times describing it as "epic in scope but intimate in feeling … magnificent" and the Financial Times calling it "an epic yet intimate work that deserves to be recognised and to endure as the great Tienanmen novel.”

Awards and honours

 * 2002 Thomas Cook Travel Book Award
 * 2009 China Free Culture Prize
 * 2009 Index on Censorship TR Fyvel Book Award
 * 2010 Athens Prize for Literature

List of works
Books of short stories and novellas

 * Stick Out Your Tongue (亮出你的舌苔或空空荡荡) (1987) banned in China, English version: Chatto & Windus and Farrar, Straus & Giroux (2006)
 * A Dog's Life (你拉狗屎) (1987)
 * The Lament (怨碑) (1996)

Novels

 * Bardo (思惑) (1989)
 * The Noodle Maker (拉面者) (1991), English version: Chatto & Windus (2004) and Farrar, Straus & Giroux (2005)
 * The Nine Crossroads (九条叉路) (1993)
 * Red Dust (非法流浪) (2003), English version: Chatto & Windus and Pantheon Books (2001)
 * Beijing Coma (肉之土) (2009) banned in China, English version: Chatto & Windus and Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2008)
 * The Dark Road (阴之道), Yun chi dao (2012), Taipei: Yun Chen Publishing.  English version: Chatto & Windus and Penguin (2013)
 * China Dream (2018) English version translated by Flora Drew: Chatto & Windus, ISBN 9781784742492

Other collections

 * Ma Jian's Road (马建之路), travel notes and photographs (1987)
 * Life Companion (人生伴侣), collection of poems and essays (1996)
 * Intimately Related (发生关系), collection of essays (1997)

title: Ma Jian (writer)


text:
User:Ashish awst

this phrase is used as username in different sites by a person that is me :)

title: User:Ashish awst