text:
In Camera (band)

In Camera were an English post-punk group, comprising David Steiner (vocals, keyboards), Andrew Gray (guitar), Pete Moore (bass), and Jeff Wilmott (drums), formed in London in 1978 and signed to the 4AD label. The band split in 1981 after releasing only one single and two EPs (the final one being released posthumously).

Background
The seeds of the group were sown when youthful drummer Jeff Wilmott introduced aspiring bass guitar player Pete Moore to singer David Steiner; through this nucleus the addition of guitarist Andrew Gray became possible. After an incendiary performance at 'Billy's' in Soho, London opening for Bauhaus, In Camera were signed by that group's record label, 4AD.

In Camera released a 7" single, "Final Achievement"/"Die Laughing" in June 1980, followed six months later by the four-track EP IV Songs. Various gigs materialised throughout England, culminating at the end of 1980 in a John Peel session. This resulted in the release of the session on 12" as the EP Fin; the recording being the final vinyl document of the band before their non-acrimonious split in 1981.

Post-split
A retrospective, 13 (Lucky for Some), was released in 1992 on CD. All releases were on the 4AD label.

In March 2015, 4AD announced a pre-order for Era, an anthology of In Camera’s pre-1981 material featuring previously unheard tracks, rehearsal tapes, live recordings and demos, via direct-to-fan platform PledgeMusic. Era was released in June 2015 on digital, 2xCD and 2xLP formats.

Andrew Gray went on to join the Wolfgang Press.

Compilation albums

 * 13 (Lucky for Some) (BAD 205 CD, August 1992)
 * Era (DAD3508, June 2015)

EPs

 * IV Songs (BAD 19, December 1980)
 * Fin (BAD 205, April 1982)

Singles

 * "Final Achievement"/"Die Laughing" (AD 8, June 1980)

title: In Camera (band)


text:
Adham Shaikh

Adham Shaikh is a composer, record producer and sound designer living near Nelson, British Columbia.

Shaikh's interest in music began by exploring synthesizers in the early 1980s. In the early 1990s, he found the electronic music scene full of innovative and explorative sounds. This environment created an opportunity for him to present his compositions to an audience already embracing electronic music. Shaikh furthered his electro acoustic composition at Queen's University and has continued making music resulting in his present diverse discography.

Shaikh's music is a blend of many different styles and techniques. It is a world groove blend of fusion, dub, world beat, tech house, ambient, and jazz. From growing up listening to Indian ragas and Western classical music, he developed an ear for a fusion of sounds from around the world. This musical blend of styles and traditions inspire his compositions. The 21st-century rituals of dance and chill-out have drawn Shaikh to explore the trance phenomenon that these different expressions of music create and allow.

Over the years, Shaikh has worked with musicians playing musical instruments from India; Bali, Indonesia; Africa; Scandinavia; Turkey; the United States; and Canada. Shaikh was nominated for a 2006 Juno award in the category of World Music Album of the Year.

A remix of Shaikh's song "Water Prayer" was used as the soundtrack for the season 2 finale of the Canadian television series Orphan Black.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Adham Shaikh


text:
Fellside, Gauteng

Fellside is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is a small suburb located north-east of the city centre with Orange Grove to its north, south and east, with Houghton Estate to its west. It is located in Region E of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

History
Fellside lies on land that once made up the farm called Klipfontein, one of many large farms that make what is Johannesburg and its suburbs. The suburb was proclaimed in 1904. No houses were built before 1910 and the suburb's name possibly originates from the African City Properties Trust's founder, Sir Arthur Fell.

The houses tend mostly to be single storey houses originating from the 1920s. Unity Street is lined with mature plane trees.

title: Fellside, Gauteng


text:
Talk:Ju-On

Vague
"A year later Takashi Shimizu directed The Grudge, an American remake. It is noted that it is based on theatrical version of Ju-on, but it contains scenes re-enacted from all of the Ju-on movies"

I think it should be blatently stated that entire characters from the original are replaced with a single cop character, and this character is given scenes that don't exist in the original. -NeF (talk) 10:13, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

The Grudge 4 (2018) ???
Dear Wikipedia community,

I think the section about a TBA fourth installment of the American reboot must be just a joke. How is it that it has been planned SEVEN years in advance????!!!! If it is true, which I doubt, someone must provide a reliable source or that section should be removed. A wikilink leads to The Grudge (film_series). There, the supposed release date is 2012 which is much more plausible. So, I will change the date here to mirror that. Anyways, if someone knows for sure it is incorrect please do the necessary changes.

George Rodney Maruri Game (talk) 23:25, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I propose this be merged with the main Ju-on page. These are obscure short films that are not notable enough to warrant their own article. LF (talk) 08:00, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

ESTUPIDOS GRINGOS. UN PUTO ESTADOUNIDENSE DE MIERDA ME HIZO SEPARAR LA SERIE JU-ON DE LA SERIE THE GRUDGE DE UNA MISMA PAGINA PORQUE DECÍA QUE NO ERAN LO MISMO. YA SE QUE NO SON LO MISMO PAYASO HIJODEPUTA, LA PRIMERA ES ORIGINAL, Y LA SEGUNDA ES UNA PUTA COPIA QUE HICISTEIS LOS ASQUEROSOS AMERICANOS COMO SIEMPRE. Y AHORA LAS MEZCLAIS VOSOTROS EN UNA SOLA PAGINA?? IROS A TOMAR POR CULO POR ESO DAIS TANTO ASCO A TODO EL MUNDO

SPOILERS?
2004 The Grudge (American version) This was largely a remake of Ju-on: The Grudge, following the story of Karen Davis (Sarah Michelle Gellar), a social worker assigned to take care of Emma Williams. The movie varies slightly from the original, because Karen burns the house and survives the curse. However, the house is saved.

This is a huge spoiler! I had not seen this one yet, but now the ending has been completely ruined for me. Take it out please! — Preceding unsigned comment added by98.244.77.26 (talk) 17:48, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

The Grudge 3
I'm surprised there isn't a single reference to the third English movie. I rented it at some point, but the only information I can find on it online is a plot blurb. Can anyone track down more to get a page started? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.19.67.32 (talk) 18:20, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

The third American movie has its own page and it it thoroughly discussed on the American franchise's article. There are plenty of information about the movie online as well, so what are you saying... ? --DesignDeath (talk) 16:45, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Discussion.
Any discussion about this should take place on the talk page, not by removal of comments and putting a short comment in the WP:edit summary. This is for dicussion of the article, and nobody WP:OWNs this page.Martin 4 5 1  14:41, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

"Ju-on -video side-" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ju-on_-video_side-&redirect=no Ju-on -video side-] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 06:15, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

Manga sources

 * 1) https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2015/4/10/horror-film-series-ju-on-gets-shoujo-manga-adaptations
 * 2) https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/manga.php?id=4123

Video Side

 * 1) https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/manga.php?id=4122
 * 2) https://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/200304000319/
 * 3) https://asuka-web.jp/product/200304000319.html
 * 4) https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/releases.php?id=5832
 * 5) https://www.amazon.com/dp/1593074816

Inconsistency on Movie Chart
On the movie chart, black/white ghost was marked as blue/remake while on the page both was included in original series. Which one is correct? Mr Gabri (talk) 04:41, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ju-On


text:
User:Filx

Hobbies

 * Juggling - Balls & Clubs
 * Magic - Mainly card tricks
 * Computer games - Mainly Xbox Live
 * Anything related to humour
 * Web design & development

title: User:Filx


text:
Talk:Raise Your Voice

Untitled
film received scathing reviews by critics and flopped at the Box Office, but won over Duff's fans'' seems to have a POV?Does anyone agree?--Happycat93 15:55, 15 April 2006 (UTC)Happycat93

The Director is hotlinking to "Sean_McNamara" a fictional character from the FX tv show "Nip/Tuck." While Sean McNamara is the director this is not the person it should be linking. The Sean McNamara who directed the movie has directed numerous Nick TV shows.

hilary duff

title: Talk:Raise Your Voice


text:
Ferndale, Gauteng

Ferndale is a suburb of Randburg, South Africa. It is located in Region B of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. The area is very central and has a good mix of residential homes, shops and commercial property.

History
The suburb originates from around 1909 and the suburb's name originates from ferns in a valley.

Businesses
Ferndale is home to Multichoice with offices on either side of Bram Fischer Drive between Republic Road and Grove Street.

Ferndale on Republic is the new name of the old Randburg Waterfront and later known as the Brightwater Commons. Originally opened in 1996, the Randburg Waterfront was a wharf style entertainment venue with a large man-made lake at the centre. One of the biggest attractions at the centre was the musical fountain, with choreographed displays to many different musical favourites.

After the decline of the Randburg Waterfront, the centre underwent a major refurbishment and re-opened at The Brightwater Commons in 2008. The man-made lake was replaced with a much smaller pond and a smaller version of the musical fountain. The rest of the inside area was converted to a garden with trees, with a flea market at the centre. This enjoyed mediocre success, and was sold again, now being re-branded as Ferndale on Republic. The "Commons" in the middle was removed completely and replaced by a large parking lot. Some buildings have been demolished and an additional extension has been built in the old parking lot towards Republic Road.

Residents Associations
Ferndale is divided over two SAPS precincts and has thus been covered by two different Residents Associations.

Ferndale south of Republic Road is covered by Linden SAPS and is under the Ferndale Ridge Residents Group.

Ferndale north of Republic Road is covered by Randburg SAPS and is under the Ferndale Residents Association.

title: Ferndale, Gauteng


text:
Fontainebleau, Gauteng

Fontainebleau is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region 3.

History
Named after the famous French palace called Fontainebleau by the surveyor of the suburb called W.H. Auret Pritchard after a visit to France.

title: Fontainebleau, Gauteng


text:
Forbesdale

Forbesdale is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is a tiny northern suburb tucked between Orchards, Maryvale and Cheltondale. It is located in Region E of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

History
Prior to the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886, the suburb lay on land on one of the original farms called Klipfontein. It became a suburb on 24 July 1963 and the suburb name originates from two developers, Forbes Properties and Robert Forbes & Sons.

title: Forbesdale


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christine eckerfield

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:13, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Christine eckerfield

 * Delete Basic Vanity Page PhilipO 01:15, 13 July 2005 (UTC) PhilipO
 * Comment: took the liberty of correcting improper wikiformatting. Marblespire 01:18, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity. --Briangotts 02:15, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Vanity, NN A curate's egg 15:06, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity royblumy 22:10, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hard to tell with artists, but looks like nn vanity. --Etacar11 22:50, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not a notable, local artist. --Vizcarra 23:19, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Talk:Ring 0: Birthday

title: Talk:Ring 0: Birthday


text: Talk:Ring 2

title: Talk:Ring 2


text:
Gallo Manor

Gallo Manor is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region 3 and Region 7.

Much of the suburb is cordoned off as a gated settlement.

Gallo Manor is bounded by Wendywood and the Johannesburg Country Club. The suburb is near to Sandton and has good access to major arterial roads connecting to Fourways, Kyalami, Midrand and OR Tambo International Airport easy.

title: Gallo Manor


text:
Baltimore Gas and Electric

Baltimore Gas and Electric Company (BGE) is a subsidiary of the Exelon Corporation and Maryland’s largest gas and electric utility. BGE earlier had created the holding company Constellation Energy in 1999. Constellation Energy was acquired by Exelon in 2012.

Headquartered in Baltimore, BGE provides service to more than 1.2 million electric customers and more than 650,000 natural gas customers in central Maryland. BGE employs 3,100 people in the state of Maryland, making the company one of the 15 largest private employers in the region.

History
Artist / sculptor /museum operator Rembrandt Peale, (1778-1860), incorporated the "Gas Light Company of Baltimore" on June 17, 1816, after having exhibited gas lighting at his Holliday Street museum, designed by famed local architect Robert Cary Long, Jr. and built and opened in 1814 (between East Saratoga and East Lexington Streets - after a variety of uses including as Baltimore's City Hall, 1830–1875, in 1931 it became the Municipal Museum of the City of Baltimore, popularly known once again as the Peale Museum into 1997). This was the first gas company in the Americas. The first streetlamp installed by the Gas Light Company of Baltimore stood at the corner of North Holliday and East Baltimore streets and was lit on February 7, 1817. By February 1818, only 28 gas-lit lamps existed. The Belvidere Theatre became the first public building to be lit using gas. Over the next decades the company experimented with piping, meters, and other mechanical technology. Baltimore committed to gas for municipal use, including the installation of gas service in all public markets between by 1851. Private subscription also steadily increased; by 1870, the company had 15,301 customers in Baltimore.

In 1955, the company rebranded to become Baltimore Gas and Electric, and began to recognize the acronym BGE sometime during the 1990s.

Baltimore Gas and Electric is under common control with Maryland's second and third largest electric utilities after the Maryland Public Service Commission approved the acquisition of Pepco Holdings by Exelon in 2015. The acquisition of Pepco Holdings by Exelon was completed in 2016.

Controversies
The Public Service Commission released a report stating: "Based on the response and evidence submitted by BGE, Staff concludes that BGE failed to provide for safe operation and maintenance of the facilities" following a 2019 gas explosion in Columbia, Maryland which destroyed a 57,000 square-foot commercial building.

2020 gas explosion
On August 10, 2020 at approximately 9:54 AM (EDT) a major natural gas explosion leveled 3 homes in Reisterstown Station on the 4200 block of Labyrinth Road, trapping multiple people, killing two and injuring seven. Representatives for BGE stated the cause of the explosion is unknown.

Operations
BGE's electric service territory includes Baltimore City and all part of the Central Maryland counties including: Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Calvert, Carroll, Harford, and Howard counties

BGE is a member of two shared-crew networks in the southeast and mid-Atlantic regions, and frequently sends crews to help restore power to customers across those regions after severe weather events. The utility has dealt with major outages following meteorological events in the mid-Atlantic region, including the June 2012 derecho and Hurricane Sandy in October of the same year. In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, BGE restored power to more than 300,000 customers. The utility has proposed the construction and operation of microgrids, capable of generating and distributing electricity during larger outages to the centralized electrical grid; however, in July 2016, the Maryland Public Service Commission rejected BGE's request to construct microgrids.

In 2012, the company began replacing analog electric meters with smart meters to create a less expensive grid system. In June 2016, the Maryland Public Service Commission turned down BGE's request for a rate increase to recover the $48 million cost of installing smart meters, granting them instead an increase that was only 50% of what the utility requested. The $2.80 rate increase went into effect in June 2016 and raised BGE customers’ average electric bill to $134.33 per month.

In October 2015, BGE filed a lawsuit against the city of Baltimore over the city's attempt to increase the fee it charges the utility for the use of its underground conduit system. In November 2016, BGE and the city settled the suit, with the utility accepting an increase to $24 million a year to use the city's 741 mile long conduit system.

Community
Through its Green Grants program, BGE offers grants of up to $10,000 to environmental non-profits in central Maryland. Since 2013, the company has awarded more than $1 million through the program. Past recipients include:
 * 4-H Chesapeake Bay Stewards Program
 * Project Clean Stream and Clean Water Communities
 * Rainscape and Environmental Educational Program
 * Bio-science Educational Program and Outreach
 * Fall Free Tree Giveaway
 * Increasing Tree Canopy Projects
 * Recycling days
 * Neighborhood Beautification
 * A Green Place to Play
 * Community Wildlife Habitat
 * Fresh Fruit Farm

In 2015, BGE launched a program that allows customers to report osprey nests on or near electrical lines. The company then insulates or moves the nest to special platforms. In the program's first year, learned of 23 nests built on electrical equipment.

As part of BGE's bicentennial celebration in 2016, the company added large, decorative murals to the three large storage tanks on its Spring Gardens campus in south Baltimore. BGE also partnered with the Cal Ripken, Sr. Foundation in 2016 to construct Eddie Murray Field in west Baltimore.

title: Baltimore Gas and Electric


text:
Glenadrienne

Glenadrienne is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region 3. This wealthy residential neighborhood lies south of Lyme Park, southwest of Littlefillan, north of Riepen Park and east of Randburg.

title: Glenadrienne


text:
Talk:The Ring Two

Censored
Barney is PIMPOLICOUS with his quote "Im Rich Bitch" Id like to discuss the issue of profanity on wikipedia. I just removed "fucking" from the phrase "I'm not your fucking mommy!" in the article of the ring 2. I think, since Wikipedia is a free encycolpedia, it should cater to everyone, including, perhaps, the occasional young user. I don't know, maybe I'm being too extreme with this, but I do think "fuck" and other profanity might be too bad for the free encycopledia. Opinions?

 * Wikipedia is not censored. If we're going to include the quote, then we certainly shouldn't misquote it (it's factually incorrect to claim that the character speaks a different thing to what is actually said). Removing the word leads to an incorrect quote, and as stated at Profanity, this isn't something we should do, nor should it be replaced with asterisks. Mdwh 02:56, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Cliffhanger?
Why does the plot summary (which is preceded by a spoiler warning) end on a cliffhanger? This is an encyclopedia, not the back of a movie case. I'd change it myself, but I haven't seen the movie.

I agree. Someone should add this info, but i havent seen the film Rossheth 00:44, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

I have a question.
How come no one is adding the differences between the theater and unrated versions of The Ring Two? Both editions are out, so how come no ones filling up that subsection?

I added a small paragraph about the unrated edition, but I don't think I remembered everything that was added, and the paragraph probably needs to be cleaned up... --Wikicali00

Here's the ending
I wrote the plot summary originally and decided to add the ending. You have a good point about this being an encyclopedia and not a movie review. --Wikicali00

Im not the above user but I agree. I also added the conclusion section to the first movie -- Psi edit

Request
If there's anyone reading this who is more experienced on writing about movies in an encyclopedia-based format than I am, please help by cleaning up this article. I gave a VERY wordy description of the plot and hope somebody can use the information to fix it. --Wikicali00

Film Name
Does anyone know if the "official" name of the film is The Ring twO (as spelled)? Most of the reviews I've seen (including the article) indicated The Ring Two or variants, but the box cover, advertising and most promotional items state "twO". Anyone have an idea on that?--み使い Mitsukai 03:31, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * That is purely for aesthetic effect, I'd wager. The "O" is meant to symbolise the ring itself and doesn't have any impact on the way the title should be written. 65.145.213.126 06:38, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
 * My DVD box cover says "The Ring Two". I've never seen "twO" when written in text, and not part of that logo. Mdwh 21:37, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup?
Can someone possibly provide rationale as to why the Plot section is tagged for cleanup? I see nothing in the way of it needing such attention so I am wondering if the original tagger can provide some insight into what needs to be done, otherwise I will remove the tag. 65.145.213.126 06:37, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

I was the one who originally wrote the plot summary and requested it be cleaned up because I wasn't happy with how it flowed in an "encyplopedia" format. It appears a lot better now, and if you want to remove the tag, by all means, go ahead. Wikicali00

When will The Ring Three be released?
Does anyone know the release date of The Ring Three film? Although it had been confirmed, Dreamworks does not give us an actual date. Will it be released in 2008? -- S iva1979 Talk to me  15:40, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Why Munchausen rather than simple abuse?
Can someone indicate where the reference to Munchausen by proxy is in the movie? I have just seen the movie, and there is no such reference. There is no indication that the psychiatrist suspects Munchausen rather than plain abuse, and I see no reason to introduce this specific term where it is nowhere else stated. If I am wrong, please state, but as a psychologist, the situation presented by the protagonists in the movie looks nothing like Munchausen by proxie, far from it. mark'huss - oct 10 06

Character's name
Aiden or Aidan? Which one is the real name of the boy from the film? We should change the two into one —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr Vinx (talk • contribs) 05:00, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Question about the scene with Evelyn
Ok, this has been bugging me. In the scene where Rachel first meets Evelyn, the orderly mentions that this has happened before, that "every few years, one of you comes to see Evelyn. She's like a freakin' patron saint", and he mentions that the other cases involved a problem with their kid, and even mentions that everyone that comes to see her knows the song she's singing.

This implies that Samara has done this before, attempted to possess someone in order to come back entirely. What's up with that? I thought Samara had been trapped in the well, unable to escape, until the end of the first movie, which took place 6 months before this one... Avatarian86 (talk) 17:18, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Sequel Plot
IS this the actual plot??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.116.82.39 (talk) 20:44, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

I don't think that the information in the "Sequel" section is accurate, and even if it is, it's very badly written.
It should probably be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.105.36.24 (talk) 23:24, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Sequel plot
As of november 2008 the ring 3 has no plot. Also Naomi is not returning —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.116.82.39 (talk) 07:50, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Promo 'Cursed' Video?
I've seen a supposedly 'new' cursed video on Youtube, and I've heard that it's some kind of promotional video based on the original cursed videotape from the Ring. Is it some kind of hidden feature on the DVD, or a TV ad? Where did it come from (I'm assuming Dreamworks just slapped it together)? And would it be relevant info for this article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.163.31.198 (talk) 05:19, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Info about director in sequel section.
I previously removed Wes Craven as the director because there is no concrete proof he will be directing the sequel. Someone put it up again but I think until they have a concrete reference the director should be removed — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.116.84.215 (talk) 04:57, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

The Ring 3D
Why does "The Ring 3D" redirect here? --Yashowardhani (talk) 14:43, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Ring Two


text: Talk:The Sterling Chase

title: Talk:The Sterling Chase


text:
Glenhazel

Glenhazel is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region E, bordering Fairmount, Sandringham, Lyndhurst and Percelia Estate. The area lies on a sloping hill with a park in the valley. It is known for its large Jewish population as well as for being home to the largest Jewish kosher hub in Johannesburg, which attracts many Jewish tourists.

History
The suburb is situated on part of an old Witwatersrand farm called Rietfontein and was established in 1950. In 1992, Helen Heldenmuth, an actress and prominent figure among South African Jewry, opened up her Glenhazel home as a refuge for black children and their mothers fleeing violence in the nearby black township of Alexandra.

Jewish community
Glenhazel is well known for being a suburb with a high ethnic concentration of Jewish people. A large number of synagogues, schools and Jewish seminaries are based in and around the Glenhazel area. In the context of a religious revival in the 1960s, a group of Jews established a highly observant, Orthodox enclave in the suburb. Overseas rabbis from the Ohr Somayach movement, established themselves in Glenhazel, now the epicenter of Orthodox Jewish life in the city with Yeshiva College of South Africa, and Kosher stores, delicatessens and restaurants. In 1997, the mostly Jewish residents of Glenhazel and the adjoining Jewish suburb of Sandringham funded the establishment of their own police station. Crime in the suburb has decreased significantly since the Chief Rabbi, Warren Goldstein introduced Community Active Protection (CAP) to Glenhazel. The Orthodox Jewish character of the suburb was profiled for SABC's 'Issues of Faith' documentary series. In 2013, 2, 000 Jewish South African women converged on a street in the suburb for a mass Challah bake. The street had been closed, with permission from the city council, and the women learned to knead and shape the dough before taking it home to bake for their Shabbat. The challah bake was part of The Shabbos Project, a project of South Africa's Chief Rabbi Warren Goldstein.

Places of worship

 * Ohr Somayach, an Orthodox synagogue
 * Shaarei Chaim, an Orthodox synagogue
 * The BASE Shul, an Orthodox synagogue
 * Sunny Road Kehilla, an Orthodox synagogue
 * Adas Yeshurun Shul. an Orthodox synagogue on the border with Fairmount
 * Iliana, a Religious Society of Friends church
 * Aldergate Methodist Church, a Methodist church.
 * the Torah centre formed by Rabbi Shternbuch. Originally founded in Yoeville but moved to the greater Jewish area, Glenhazel.

Education

 * Yeshiva College of South Africa, a Modern Orthodox Jewish day school established in 1953 that serves pupils between ages 3-18
 * Mesivta Shaarei Torah Boys High School
 * Ohr Somayach, South Africa, a Yeshiva
 * Glenhazel Primary School, a public English medium co-educational primary school

title: Glenhazel


text:
Talk:WiseGirls

Removal of alternate poster image
I am not certain but the duplicate that was randomly thrown into the article looks like a fan made it, notably in the variances of the three women that look as if they were poorly photomanipulated into the background for purposes of creating a mock post image.

title: Talk:WiseGirls


text:
Category:Cycling teams

A cycling team is a group of cyclists who join a team or are acquired and train together to compete in bicycle races of any kind - whether they are recreational or professional - and the supporting personnel. Cycling teams are most important in road bicycle racing, which is a team sport, but in track cycling and cyclo-cross, collaboration between team members is also important.

title: Category:Cycling teams


text:
Talk:List of Bulgarians

Needs further treatment?
This list should be revitalized. I've never seen so much red.

Never heard of any of them
Perhaps we can include a summary of the "super-famous" at the top? -syndicate 16:47, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

As I have never heard of any of the contemporary "famous" Americans that I find on Wikipedia
And that is the purpose of Wikipedia, to find things you've never heard of. All the people in this list are well known and have great importance for their country. Problem is that too few Bulgarians write here. Me, personally, I have no time for that :( A paradox here is that showmen and petty singers that are on the front wave with their ephemeral fame have already articles about them while people with great historical value have not. -watertroll 18:47, 21 June 2006

Removal of names from the list
Hmm, having in mind that WP:LISTPEOPLE could hardly be called exhaustive, how do you gather that all these names should be removed? And o you seriously propose to add a reliable reference for every name on the list in the list itself? Cause most of the names have their own articles with the corresponding sources usually belonging there. I don't think there is a wiki policy of over-referencing mere lists. And I really wonder what a reliable source for, let's say, an Olympic Gold medallist should be provided. There are cases in which Common sense is more than welcome. -- L a v e o l  T 05:48, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I fully support the deletion of all names (including monarchs) that have neither a wp article, nor a ref. If the name has either a wp article or an appropriate (third party) ref, then I am fine with it remaining.  WP:LISTPEOPLE states that "If a person in a list does not have an article in Wikipedia about them, a citation (or link to another article) must be provided to establish their membership in the list's group and to establish their notability."  To me, that supports the either/or construct.  It is also in keeping with the state of play (I can say this, having edited a substantial percentage of such lists on wp).--Epeefleche (talk) 06:21, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it is ok to delete redlinks or unsourced articles, but an editor just wiped out practically the whole list. And some of the articles have third-party reliable sources on the origin of the respective persons.-- L a v e o l  T 07:05, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I concur that wp:listpeople only calls for the deletion of what I indicated; unless we have more editors voicing a different view, I would think the consensus on this page would support your adding back those names that have wp articles about them.--Epeefleche (talk) 07:11, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * At the same time, I do agree w/the other editor that the unreferenced redlinks should be deleted, per wp:listpeople.--Epeefleche (talk) 07:13, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I do also concur with that view. I'll go forth and remove the redlinks a tad later. Thanks for the input. -- L a v e o l  T 10:22, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * This is just one instance of a broader campaign by against lists of people by nationality.  To what end and purpose, I have no idea.  But it's contrary to every policy discussion and AFD I've ever seen on the subject: we do not delete content just because it is unsourced at present if it is verifiable, and the way to fix a list that is unsourced is to migrate sources from the articles it lists, not to blank it.  I've also never seen a discussion establishing that nationality is per se a contentious or negative fact such that BLP would require immediate blanking.  I'm not familiar with Selket, so I will presume he will bow to consensus and not persist in blanking these.  postdlf (talk) 14:38, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

It's not my campaign. The campaign was started at WP:LISTPEOPLE and WP:NLIST and WP:BLP. I am just the first person to attempt to correct some of the lists to comply with those standards. And yes, I expect every entry to have a citation as has been done at other list articles such as List of Jewish American businesspeople. -- Selket Talk 14:43, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Also, if there are sources in the original articles, then they can be copied here quite easily. -- Selket Talk 14:44, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Then do that. Blanking them or listing them for deletion to provoke that editing strikes me as WP:POINTy.  Can you point to a discussion at WP:LISTPEOPLE, WP:NLIST, or WP:BLP that expressly discusses and endorses what you've been doing here?  Because any number of recent people-list AFDs and DRVs have run exactly contrary to those methods.  postdlf (talk) 14:53, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * It's not my job to find a reference for everyone on the list. The burden of proof is on the editor who wants something included, not the editor who wants something removed.  I've been finding refernces where I can.  Also, I've only AfD'ed where there was something else wrong with the list in addition to it being empty.  Examples include: "associated" with Andorra, the British VI article that include people who just have a house there, etc. -- Selket Talk 15:07, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * "It's not my job"--that's really a crappy thing to say here. If you've chosen to edit something to fix a problem, you've taken the responsibility to fix it in the most constructive way, and in a way that reflects consensus.  Not simply the quickest or easiest way.  And consensus (not to mention policy) is against preemptive blanking of verifiable content unless it's a copyvio or a BLP violations.  Re: burden of proof, I can't tell you how many times I've seen that as a justification for blanking such as yours, and the response is always (whether at AFD, or ANI if it comes to it) is that it is disruptive to indiscriminately blank content instead of trying to source it, when you have no good reason to believe that it is incorrect (see also WP:BEFORE).  Have you started a discussion anywhere, whether on the lists' talk pages or on a policy or guideline page, aiming at identifying such lists that have unsourced entries and organizing an attempt to fix those by copying sources from articles or finding them elsewhere?  And if there's a problem with a list's criteria, then fix it yourself (e.g., change "associated" to "citizen or resident of") and/or discuss it on the talk page.  AFD is not for cleanup.  postdlf (talk) 15:23, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Here's the problem with that. It takes a lot less time for someone to drop a name onto a list than it takes to find a reference for it.  That is why the person who puts the name on the list must include the reference -- not the person who wants it removed.  This is outlined quite clearly at WP:RS], [[WP:BLP, and WP:BURDEN. -- Selket Talk 16:40, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * That's not good enough. From WP:BURDEN: "How quickly [removal of material] should happen depends on the material and the overall state of the article. Editors might object if you remove material without giving them time to provide references. It has always been good practice to make reasonable efforts to find supporting sources yourself and cite them."  And the only exception given is damaging statements contra BLP.  You're not just removing names when they are added but rather long after the fact, so it isn't like you're engaging with specific editors in an actual content dispute when the list addition is made; you're not just removing names of living people; and you're not just removing names based on good faith belief that they don't actually belong on the list.  As the text I quoted states, and as consensus has repeatedly established, WP:BURDEN does not entitle you to indiscriminately remove content for no other reason than it being presently unsourced (see comments re: WP:BURDEN in this recent ANI thread beginning with Franamax's post).  Do you think consensus would support a bot being unleashed on Wikipedia that blanked or deleted all articles without references, or that removed all sentences that did not have inline citations?  Obviously the answer is no, and nor is it tolerated for an editor to act like a bot would.  WP:FIXTHEPROBLEM is also policy; WP:DOWHATISFASTESTFORME is not.  postdlf (talk) 17:13, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I come back to my earlier point. I fully support the deletion of all names (including monarchs) that have neither a wp article, nor a ref.  If the name has either a wp article or an appropriate (third party) ref, it is fine to leave it in as-is.  WP:LISTPEOPLE states that "If a person in a list does not have an article in Wikipedia about them, a citation (or link to another article) must be provided to establish their membership in the list's group and to establish their notability."  To me, that supports the either/or construct.  It is also in keeping with the state of play on wp (I can say this, having edited a substantial percentage of such lists on wp).  Deleting blue-linked names because they do not have citations is not in keeping with how the vast majority of people lists on wp are maintained, and I would not support that approach.  I saying this, having probably deleted more names from lists than anyone in this discussion, if not on wp.--Epeefleche (talk) 04:01, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * PEr all the comments left here and especially Epeefleche's experience in the field, I have added back all the blue links. If an editor has any doubts about someone being Bulgarian (although common sense, as I put it earlier, makes it quite impossible to call something the duck a possum) could be raised in the respective article. Moreover, I have removed what I deem unnecessary refs, since they hardly serve any purpose here. Why have the same sources which could be in the article itself? This way they only burden readers and stack up on the bottom of the list. -- L a v e o l  T 06:52, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Please see:
 * List of Jewish American businesspeople
 * Line of succession to the British throne
 * List of Hutus
 * There is plenty of precedent for inline citations on lists. Per postdlf's request, the blue links that I deleted from this list were the ones that did not have sources in the articles stating they were Bulgarian.  Several of the ones I removed were links to articles of people who were clearly not Bulgarian.  "There might be a source somewhere else" is not grounds for inclusion.  It is impossible for a reader to tell which are sourced and which are not in the current setup. -- Selket Talk 14:30, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * P.S. Also, I feel it's important to note what WP:LISTPEOPLE says because of the "either or" argument made above. It clearly states "A person may be included in a list of people if all the following requirements are met:"  (emphasis added).  One of the three requirements that follows is "The person's membership in the list's group is established by reliable sources."  "Established" links to the Verifiability policy, which has also been misrepresented above.  Verifiability doesn't mean that it might be verifiable if there is a source on the internet somewhere.  It says quite plainly "whether readers can check that material in Wikipedia has already been published by a reliable source" (emphasis added again).  For something to be verifiable, there must be a way for the reader to check.  Inline citations are by far the preferred method to allow readers to check facts.  I can think of no other article on which citations were removed because they took up too much space. -- Selket Talk 14:38, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, Selket is right. --John (talk) 14:39, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm not too hung up on whether inline citations should or shouldn't be required for all lists when the linked articles support inclusion with citations. No one has pointed to a discussion establishing that it's a recognized, consensus-supported requirement, making competing interpretations of policy or guideline language no more than just that and at risk of descending into mere wikilawyering.  That Selket is trying to implement this on his own, going roughly alphabetically through the nationality lists and without having a prior discussion to point to, makes me all the more convinced that it's not a recognized standard, but rather one Selket would like implemented.  I think it should be required in lists that are per se BLP problems (such as lists of people who committed crimes), or for entries of unclear or conflicting inclusion (to annotate differing sources, or to note a caveat to the entry's inclusion).  Beyond that, I don't need it for benign things such as nationality/occupation lists, but I probably wouldn't undo it if someone else adds a source.  Ultimately there probably needs to be an RFC to resolve the matter, if this disagreement is representative of a larger dispute than just us handful of editors.  My prime concern here is instead regarding what the best process is to implement that, if it is to be implemented.  Giving Selket every benefit of the doubt, it is still a change in practice, which means that we can't treat existing lists and list entries that have not yet implemented it the same as we would a new edit contrary to current standards.  This list was started in 2003.  Think of the uproar over recent attempts to mass delete all unsourced BLPs: it was roundly rejected that we would require immediate compliance with new policy for articles that had existed for years rather than taking the time to transition them (which is why WP:BLPPROD only applies to articles created after March 18, 2010).  Neither should any list, or list entry, be automatically blanked for failure to currently comply with inline sourcing when there is not an urgent BLP issue (i.e., an unsourced negative statement).  Nor should that blanking occur unless verification has been attempted.  Per WP:BLPDELETE: "Biographical material about a living individual that is not compliant with this policy should be improved and rectified; if this is not possible, then it should be removed." (emphasis added)  I would say at a bare minimum to at least check the linked article and its references and do a quick Google search (if that doesn't turn anything up, then the article may have larger problems such as lack of notability, and needs more attention in any event).  And given that everyone (with extremely few exceptions) has had at least one nationality during their lives, I would think you'd also need a good faith reason to believe that the one asserted is incorrect.  As noted above, neither WP:BLP nor WP:BURDEN supports blanking without those conditions being met, and WP:FIXTHEPROBLEM expressly forbids it.  If you can't take that time for each entry, then leave it alone or tag it and others will address it.  postdlf (talk) 18:15, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I would certainly invite a broader discussion, but if we're going to do that, perhaps we should broaden the topic as well. What is the goal of a list like this?  Certainly it's not to list the entire population of Bulgaria, or even every notable person from Bulgaria. I would love to expand the monarchs to something like List of English monarchs.  That list is very well done.  It is thoroughly referenced and adds something that a category wouldn't by creating a timeline and narrative.  So, and I don't mean to be snarky, it's a real question, what do we see as the goal of this list?  What would it look like if it were to be improved to featured-list status?  -- Selket Talk 15:58, 25 June 2011 (UTC)
 * It doesn't look like any lists of people by nationality have become featured lists. The formatting at List of HIV-positive people might provide a good example: subheaders divided by field/occupation, birth/death dates, notes on why they are notable, and a column for reference (if desired or needed).  If there are enough notable Bulgarians, then it might become a list of lists (such as Lists of Americans), with such sublists as monarchs split off and just linked here.  But yes, I think the goal would be to index every notable person from Bulgaria, just as the category system does.  They serve a browsing function for readers interested in people of a shared background and/or shared place of occupation, and help editors identify related articles.  Nationality lists roughly target citizenship, but sources don't always comment on that explicitly, and it can be complicated, both because of citizenship laws (see, again, statelessness) or because of countries forming or dissolving.  You mentioned Rowe as being problematic, but given that she was born and raised in Bulgaria, that's actually a very easy case.  She's lived in London for decades now, and that's where she became notable, where's she's married and had kids, but absent a source we don't know that she became a British citizen, so we can't just decide she's British just because of residence.  Her place of origin remains relevant and defining (in her case, it looks like it is even commented on as an influence on her cooking), and it is common for it to be recognized that a country has produced people of certain careers even though they perform that career elsewhere (think of Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic).  I've seen a few edit wars regarding the intros to articles that get hung up on similar issues: do you call an artist born in France who moved to the U.S. a French artist, an American artist, neither, both?  (see Robert Frank, for one way it's been resolved; Swiss-born, became notable in the U.S. and is studied as part of American photography; now splits his time between NYC and Nova Scotia).  Lists are not mutually exclusive, so individuals can be listed on multiple lists if they have dual citizenship, or if they move or change citizenship, and we don't just list the most recent facts about people.  Lists can also tolerate flexible inclusion criteria so that people like Pindoff can be included even though he may not have actually been a Bulgarian citizen; just note in an annotation that he was born in "Macedonia" (which as you can see is itself ambiguous), raised in Bulgaria, and then emigrated to Canada (where he may or may not have become a citizen; and a list of people from London could note that Rowe is Bulgarian-born).  postdlf (talk) 16:55, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Just a couple of points, that address only some of the above. 1.  These lists are of notable people that are "x".  Not of all people that are "x".  Having a wp article is one indicia of notability.  But the guideline allows for people who do not have a wp article to be listed, when their appropriateness for inclusion in the list can be demonstrated by one or more refs.  2.  As to the goal of the list, it is to satisfy reader interest.  By checking views, you can see that some of these lists have a great number of views per day.  Others, a smaller number, but we aim for parity, so if we cover country x, we will also cover country y, even if viewership is low.  3.  Featured-list status lists may well have characteristics that other lists do not have, as they are not necessarily required to have them (e.g., refs for every entry, only blue-linked entries, images to enhance the list, etc.).  But that does not mean that we should delete entries or list that lack these characteristics.  4.  I do think, upon Selket having clarified it, that if there is no ref, and only a blue link, and the article fails to identify the person as being an "x", it is reasonable to delete that person from the category "x" list.  5.  The lists that really need to be addressed, IMHO, are those replete with red-links that are un-ref'd.  Such as [].  I was hoping that a bot could address them, but that time has not yet come, and I have by hand been fixing a great number of such lists over time, by deleting such entries.  (Help on that score would always be appreciated).  Best.--Epeefleche (talk) 05:24, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Kroum Pindoff
This is a key example of how classifying someone as a "Bulgarian" businessperson is going to be hard. The source never calls him "Bulgarian". It says he was born in Macedonia and raised in Bulgaria. He didn't go into business until after moving to Canada. Seems like a Canadian businessman to me. -- Selket Talk 21:42, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

What is a Bulgarian?
Given the introduction of Silvena Rowe, I feel I'm forced to ask what the inclusion criteria of this list are. Is it born in Bulgaria? Is it became famous in Bulgaria? Is it have some part of Bulgarian ancestry? If so, how much is enough? The source for Silvena Rowe's inclusion on the list says she's lived in London for 25 years. Her restaurant is in London. Her TV show is on BBC. It seems to me like she's a British chef originally from Bulgaria. The criteria need to be tightened. -- Selket Talk 21:52, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The point of these lists is to index notable people, i.e., article subjects, and nationality is one of the most basic classifications used on Wikipedia and always has been. Occupation is another. People do move around, and people take up and drop professions, and these lists (nor the parallel categories) aren't limited only to where people end up or where they are currently. Speaking as a current expat (and my wife is an expat from yet another country), I know personally that answering "where are you from?" can get complicated. I can tell you my Canadian wife would object to being known anything as other than a Canadian professor, even though she has never actually taught in Canada.  She went to school in the U.S. but was never an American student.  Is being raised in Bulgaria enough to merit inclusion in this list? Most editors would probably say so, and most editors would also say that including him thus is not the equivalent of asserting that he was a businessman in Bulgaria.  That these matters can be complicated (most are not) is certainly not reason to run amok with your blanking stick, but to take the time to discuss and research them, and then decide how best to represent the information. Complications and caveats are what annotations are for.  But these questions are larger than just this list obviously.  They come up regularly with all such lists and categories, and generally the consensus is for a broad inclusion so as to link relevant topics rather than draw a narrow classification.  postdlf (talk) 22:05, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

I have just added George Baker born in Bulgaria but growinging up and thought of as British. I think we have to settle on birth country as everything else is subjective and changeable. Mariegriffiths (talk) 12:52, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of Bulgarians


text:
Gresswold

Gresswold is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. A small suburb in northern Johannesburg, it is surrounded by Bramley, Savoy Estate, Kew and Bramley Gardens. It is located in Region E of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

History
The suburb is situated on part of an old Witwatersrand farm called Syferfontein. It would be proclaimed as suburb on 28 October 1953 and was named after the land owner, H. Dare who owned a hotel called Greswolde in Warwickshire.

title: Gresswold


text:
Hawkins Estate

Hawkins North is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region 3.

title: Hawkins Estate


text:
Highlands North, Gauteng

Highlands North is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Johannesburg Region E. It is a small suburb surrounded by the suburbs of Oaklands, Waverly, Glenhazel and Orchards.

History
The suburb was laid out in 1903. Its name may originate either from the name of the land developer called the Highlands Township Syndicate and an alternative to another suburb called Highlands or just reflects a similar name to the other Scottish named suburbs that lie around it.

title: Highlands North, Gauteng


text:
Teddington Studios

Teddington Studios was a large British television studio in Teddington, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, providing studio facilities for programmes airing on the BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, Sky1 and others. The complex also provided studio space for channel continuity. Towards the end of its history the site was run by the Pinewood Studios Group.

Originally built as film studios, the studios were the main production centres for the ITV franchisees ABC Weekend TV and Thames Television.

Pinewood Group's lease on Teddington Studios expired in 2014. The studios were demolished in February 2016 to be turned into housing, with programmes made there having moved to other facilities. The studio buildings will be replaced by three modern apartment blocks and other smaller houses, with the view towards the river from Broom Road opened up.

Film studios
The studio began in the early 20th century as film studios when stockbroker Henry Chinnery, owner of Weir House, Teddington, allowed filmmakers to use his greenhouse as a studio. Dedicated studio facilities were then built in the 1910s. The studio was greatly expanded by a partnership of filmmaker E. G. Norman and actor Henry Edwards, and renamed Teddington Film Studios Limited in 1931.

After only one production, Stranglehold (1931), the studio was acquired by Warner Bros. to turn out so-called "quota quickies" – British-made films which fulfilled a legal quota (created by the Cinematograph Films Act 1927) before American-made films could be shown. Warner Bros.-First National continued to make US/UK coproductions at Teddington until The Dark Tower (1943). One Teddington Studios production Murder at Monte Carlo (1934) with Errol Flynn in his first major film role, is considered a lost film. The studio was seriously damaged in a V-1 attack in July 1944, in which Jack L. Warner's studio manager, and family member, Doc Salomon was killed while recording the attack.

Television studios
By the 1950s the studio's fortunes had declined, but in 1958 it was bought by ABC Weekend TV for use as a television studio. Although this was outside its contract areas of the Midlands and the north of England, ABC wanted a London base, as many performers could not venture outside of the capital to record programmes because they were often committed to runs of theatre plays in the West End.

By the time ABC's contracts expired in 1968, the Teddington studios were highly desirable, as they had participated in colour experiments and were already partially converted, and as such had been sought after by both Thames Television and LWT, London's two new franchisees. ABC's parent company had a 51% stake in Thames, and so Teddington Studios became the main production centre for Thames's entertainment programming (e.g. gameshows, children's programmes, dramas and comedy), while documentary shows, news and sports programming were made at Thames's Euston Road headquarters.

After Thames lost its ITV franchise to Carlton Television in 1993, the studio became independent. Without a major broadcaster or studio group owning the studios, their future was questioned (as Carlton was going to commission most of its entertainment programming from independent producers), but it survived and stayed independent for 13 years, when in 2005, the Pinewood Studios Group bought the complex for £2.7 million. Teddington was also the home of British TV Casino show Smart Live Casino until they moved to Picadilly Studios.

The media company Haymarket owned the Teddington Studios site from 2004 and occupied some of it from 2006. Part of the site was leased to Pinewood until 2014. Haymarket announced in June 2013 that it planned to redevelop the site into homes, meaning the end of Teddington Studios. In February 2016 it was reported that the site was being demolished to make way for a 213-flat development, the land having been sold to Singaporean firm City Developers for a reputed £80 million.

TV studios and facilities
The site consisted of 8 studios in total, as well as post-production editing facilities.

Studio 1
Studio 1 was Teddington's largest studio at nearly 8900 sqft. It was a fully digital widescreen studio, with audience seating for 500, making it popular for programmes such as Harry Hill's TV Burp  for ITV and sitcoms The Green Green Grass, After You've Gone, My Family, My Hero, Reggie Perrin and Not Going Out (all for BBC One).

Other notable productions made in Studio 1 included Rainbow (Thames Television for ITV), Pop Idol (ITV), Birds of a Feather (BBC and ITV), one series of Parkinson and Black Books (Channel 4).

Historically, many classic series were recorded in Studio 1. These include The Benny Hill Show, all of Tommy Cooper's shows produced by Thames Television (1973–1980), The Sooty Show, George and Mildred, Man About the House and long-running light entertainment series such as This is Your Life and Opportunity Knocks. The final four series of The Morecambe & Wise Show were also produced at Teddington's Studio 1 by Thames Television. The first three series of The Avengers were made at Teddington between 1961 and 1964, the later episodes in Studio 1 and earlier episodes in Studio 2.

Studio 2
Studio 2 measured nearly 5700 sqft and has been the home to shows such as the early series of The Sooty Show, Today with Des and Mel for ITV, Kilroy for the BBC and the first series of Trisha after moving to Channel 5. This studio was popular for programmes which required intimate medium-sized space, like Bremner, Bird and Fortune for Channel 4.

Studio 3
Studio 3 was a much smaller studio at 2098 sqft and was home to many music shows' productions and television commercials. It was also the regular studio used for Rainbow.

Studio 4
Studio 4 was a small studio at 1475 sqft. CBeebies used the studio before moving back to BBC Television Centre in 2010 and then moving to MediaCityUK in 2011.

Studio 5
Another small studio, Studio 5 was home to The Chinese Channel.

Studio 6
Until early 2008, this was a small studio at 594 sqft.

Studio 7
Built on the site of the prop store for Studio 2, this small studio was built within weeks for participation TV channel QuizCall, whose content is produced using widescreen cameras. The studio has been used for Dick and Dom's Funny Business and sitcom Starlings for Sky1.

Studio 8
This studio, also small, was the home of High Flyer which produced the TV channel Racing UK.

Weir Cottage
At the entrance of the studio stood the early 19th-century Weir Cottage. The cottage was the original lock keeper's cottage for the Teddington Lock, and is thought to have been built between 1825 and 1850, originally separate from the large mansion that occupied the site of the Studios, Weir House. The Cottage known variously as "the Lock-keeper's Cottage" and "Weir Cottage" ceased to be used for its original function sometime before 1870, when images show the two new cabins on the opposite side of the Thames having been constructed and put to use.

With two gabled ends and a turret, the Cottage was redesigned in 1905 in the Victorian Arts and Crafts style, taking inspiration from the nearby Strawberry Hill House. A map from 1873 showed the narrow cottage plot with a long garden extending to the river. The Cottage was subsequently purchased sometime prior to the 1960s expansion of Teddington Studios, which moved the vehicular entrance to between the Cottage and Studio 3.

Upon the sale of the site in the 2010s the Cottage was in poor condition, but given its unique architecture, it was notably preserved upon demolition of the Studio site. The Cottage has been restored and once again serves as a private residence, abutting the Teddington Riverside development.

Other facilities
Like many studios, Teddington also included set and prop storage, green rooms, wardrobe and makeup and provided car parking. However, many businesses were based at Teddington, providing products/services that catered for all production needs.

An office within the facilities was used to film The Office.

title: Teddington Studios


text:
Houghton Estate

Houghton Estate, often simply called Houghton, is an affluent suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa, north-east of the city centre.

It is best known for being the home of Nelson Mandela.

History
Houghton was developed as a residential area around the turn of the 20th century, primarily by Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Company (JCI). The suburb was laid out by surveyor Gustav Arthur Troye.

Communities
Houghton Estate has traditionally been informally divided into two areas: Upper Houghton, and Lower Houghton. Upper Houghton is the southern and south-eastern portion located on a ridge, while the northern Lower Houghton is flatter, and has a grid street pattern, with parts on both sides of the M1 freeway. Upper Houghton has been declared a National Heritage Area.

Upper and Lower Houghton are separated by the East-West section of Houghton Drive and part of Louis Botha Avenue. Small sections of Upper Houghton lie east of Louis Botha Avenue (bordering Observatory), and west of the north–south section of Houghton Drive (bordering Parktown and Hillbrow). Houghton is surrounded by wealthy suburbs in all directions, except south, where Upper Houghton borders less-affluent suburbs like Yeoville and Hillbrow.

Architecture
Historically a wealthy area, it contains many mansions on big stands, blocks of flats, as well as office parks (developed on the sites of former homes) on streets close to the M1 and on Louis Botha Avenue. Houghton is architecturally varied. There are good examples of art deco buildings (particularly some of the flats), and many of the large houses in the 1930s are good examples of the Modern style inspired by the work of Le Corbusier (Chipkin 1993), including Stern House (1935) designed by Rex Distin Martienssen and partners.

The suburb, particularly Lower Houghton, is currently experiencing rapid redevelopment. Although many plots had already been subdivided in two, there is now a trend towards the development of cluster homes. This redevelopment is sanctioned by the City of Johannesburg's Regional Spatial Development Framework. The city sees many positive aspects to the redevelopment, but it is not uncontroversial and has resulted in the destruction of many traditional houses.

Religion
As with many suburbs in the North-East of Johannesburg, Houghton  has historically been known for being a Jewish area, and is home to Great Park Synagogue. Great Park was consecrated in Houghton in 2000 after its congregation closed its historic synagogue in Hillbrow in 1994, as the area declined and Jewish congregants moved towards the northern suburbs. Houghton is also home to West Street Shul.

There is also a Muslim community that has expanded in the northern suburbs since the repeal of the apartheid-era Group Areas Act. A musallah was established in the east of the suburb, and, in 2011, a mosque, Masjid ul Furqaan was built by the Houghton Muslim Association on the site of the mussalah. Another, larger mosque on West Street, visible from the M1 freeway, was, after delays, completed in 2013 by the Houghton Muslim Jamaat.

Retail
There are few shops in Houghton itself, apart from convenience stores in petrol stations, but the area is close to numerous commercial nodes in Johannesburg, including those in Oaklands, Norwood, Killarney, Rosebank and Sandton.

Parks and greenspace
Houghton has two golf courses, Houghton Golf Club (1914) and the Killarney Golf Club (1903). There is also a large public park, The Wilds (which has been described as "notorious" for muggings and crime). A large sports club, the Old Edwardian Society (known as Old Eds), which includes a separate Virgin Active gym, is in Houghton.

Education
There are a number of well known schools in Upper Houghton: King Edward VII School (1909), a public school for boys, also known as KES), along with its associated primary school, King Edward VII Preparatory School, known as KEPS, and St John's College (1907) a private Anglican school historically only for boys, while Roedean School (South Africa), a private girls school, is close by in Parktown. Houghton School (a public primary school) is in Lower Houghton.

Government
Lower Houghton, and a small part of Upper Houghton, bordering Observatory, are part of Region E of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, and are currently (as of 2014) included in Ward 73, while most of Upper Houghton is part of Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, and is part of Ward 67.

Politics
During the apartheid era, the Houghton constituency in the whites-only parliament was represented by opponent of apartheid Helen Suzman until 1989, and was, for a period in the 1960s, the sole seat of the Progressive Party in Parliament.

Crime
Lower Houghton is part of the SAPS Norwood Police Station precinct, while Upper Houghton is part of the Hillbrow Police Station's precinct.

Roads
Houghton is centrally located, straddling the M1 freeway, with interchanges at Glenhove Road (M1 N & S), Eleventh Avenue (M1 S), Riviera Road (M1 N), 1st Avenue (M1 S) and Houghton Drive (M1 N). Multiple metropolitan routes cross Houghton, including the M16, M20, M31, R25, and M11 (Louis Botha Avenue).

The grid street pattern in Lower Houghton consists mostly of numbered Streets and Avenues on both sides of the M1. Avenues run east–west, while Streets run from north to south. Avenue counting begins in the south with First Avenue (part of Metropolitan Route M16), and ends in the North with Seventeenth Avenue, while Street counting begins in the east with 1st Street, and ends in the West at 9th Street, with the numbered grid interrupted by Central, West and River Streets. North–south streets in Upper Houghton are generally named after trees, while east–west roads are named after Christian saints.

Lower Houghton and Upper Houghton are linked by Louis Botha Avenue, Houghton Drive, and the steep and winding Munro Drive, a National Monument which has a viewpoint with a view over the northern suburbs of Johannesburg.

Public transport
Louis Botha Avenue, in the east of the suburb, is an important minibus taxi route linking Hillbrow to Alexandra, and, as of 2014, construction began on the expansion of Johannesburg's Rea Vaya bus rapid transit system to Louis Botha Avenue. A Gautrain bus feeder route (numbered RB5) runs past the office parks on West Street, linking to the Rosebank Gautrain Station.

Notable people
The most famous resident of Houghton Estate was Nelson Mandela; he died in December 2013 at his Lower Houghton home, which became a site of remembrance in the immediate aftermath of his death. His residence was on the corner of 4th Street and 12th Avenue.

title: Houghton Estate


text:
Talk:Microhistory

Kurlansky, et. al.
Does this topic include the recent trend of books about single objects, ideas, etc.? They are colloquially referred to as microhistories, but this entry doesn't exactly sound like it includes that style. Examples:
 * Mark Kurlansky, Salt: A World History
 * Charles Seife, Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea
 * Larry Zuckerman, The Potato : How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World
 * Witold Rybczynski, One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw
 * Robert Friedel, Zipper: An Exploration in Novelty
 * Stephen Fenichell, Plastic: The Making of a Synthetic Century
 * Mario Livio, The Golden Ratio : The Story of PHI, the World's Most Astonishing Number
 * Arno Karlen, The Biography of a Germ

There are many others. Is there a distinction between academic studies as described in the entry, and these 'popular' books? Are these out of scope? --Metabolome 01:20, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think there is quite a difference; microhistory is the historical counterpart to an ethnology of a small community; it is not a vast history of an everyday topic. I don't know what these popular books would be called -though if I were to make something up "mundane histories" might fit- but they clearly are by now a real genre, and I bet if you talked to someone in the publishing industry, we could get a real name for them.--Pharos 08:53, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've thought of those as simply examples of topical history. As topical history generally refers to subjects as broad as transportation history however, perhaps the above examples should be thought of as microtopical histories? IanHistor 17:38, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

It seems to me that the second paragraph is unjustified for two reasons, 1- There's little evidence presented that amateur mini historical studies are more biased then professional ones, 2- Even if they were that wouldn't make them any less micro-histories.
 * I've tried to clarify the point while making it fairer to those interested in local history; the difference isn't the inherent superiority of one over the other- it's simply that the two conduct small-scale historical research with very different intentions and goals.--Pharos 08:53, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Geertz? Darnton?
I've never thought of Geertz as a microhistorian, nor have I seen him referred to as such. He is certainly a great influence on microhistory, especially the work of Robert Darnton, but one would be hard pressed to call him a historian of any stripe.

On a related note, would it be appropriate to add Robert Darnton to the list? Most of his work certainly qualifies, I would think.Stuthehistoryguy (talk) 20:03, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

Family History
Family History is a research area that distinguishes itself from mere genealogy (i.e. biological lineage and BMD events) by encompassing generalised history of a family (e.g. from newspapers, biographies, military records, judicial records, medical records, etc), and the places they lived in or worked at. From this perspective family history research is another type of microhistory. In fact, it has been suggested that including some aspect of family history research into the school curriculum would get more children interested in history, maybe in microcosm initially but for general history later. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tonyproctor (talk • contribs) 12:20, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Microhistory


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Hurl Park

Hurl Park is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region 3.

title: Hurl Park


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Australian Aboriginal English

Australian Aboriginal English (AAE or AbE) is a cover term used for the complex, rule-governed varieties of English used by a large section of the Indigenous Australian (Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander) population as a result of colonisation. It is made up of a number of varieties which developed differently in different parts of Australia, and grammar and pronunciation differs from that of standard Australian English, along a continuum. Some of its words have also been adopted into standard or colloquial Australian English.

General description
There are generally distinctive features of phonology, grammar, words and meanings, as well as language use in Australian Aboriginal English, compared with Australian English. The language is also often accompanied by a lot of non-verbal cues.

Negative attitudes that exist in Australian society towards AbE have negative effects on Aboriginal people across law, health and educational contexts. Speakers have been noted to tend to change between different forms of AAE depending on whom they are speaking to, e.g. striving to speak more like Australian English when speaking to a non-Indigenous English-speaking person. This is sometimes referred to as diglossia or codeswitching and is common among Aboriginal people living in major cities.

AAE terms, or derivative terms, are sometimes used by the broader Australian community. Australian Aboriginal English is spoken among Aboriginal people generally, but is especially evident in what are called "discrete communities", i.e. ex-government or mission reserves such as the DOGIT communities in Queensland.

Varieties
There exists a continuum of varieties of Aboriginal English, ranging from light forms, close to standard Australian English, to heavy forms, closer to Kriol. The varieties developed differently in different parts of Australia, by Aboriginal peoples of many language groups. Kriol is a totally separate language from English, spoken by over 30,000 people in Australia.

Specific features of Aboriginal English differ between regions. In Nyungar country in Perth, Western Australia, they include address terms and kinship, uninverted questions (That's your Auntie?), the utterance tag unna, and Nyungar terms such as boya, boodjar, maya-maya, and moorditji, among other features. Specific terms can be used to refer to local or regional varieties of AbE, for example Koori or Murri English, Broome lingo and Noongar English.

Nunga English is the southern South Australian dialect of Aboriginal English. It includes words from the Narungga, Ngarrindjeri, and West Coast languages, as well as local variations in pronunciation. According to Uncle Lewis O'Brien, people from the Point Pearce mission on the Yorke Peninsula have a distinct way of pronouncing "r" in words such as "girl" and "bird", somewhat akin to the accent of the Cornish miners who worked in the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Aboriginal English varieties also occur in Indigenous-authored fictional broadcast media, including kinship words like cousin brother, brother boys, sister girl and daughter girl, and other frequent words such as blackfella(s) and mob.

Auxiliary verbs
Aboriginal English does not make use of auxiliary verbs, such as to be and to have, or copulas to link things together. For example, the Aboriginal English equivalent of "We are working" would be "We workin'".

Pronouns
In Aboriginal English, particularly in northern Australia, the pronouns he and him may be used for females and inanimate objects in additional to the expected masculine case. This is also shared in standard English with the masculine pronouns possessing a neuter case, uncommonly (often historically) referring to an unspecified sex (e.g. one must brush his teeth). The distinction between he as the nominative form and him as the oblique form is not always observed, and him may be found as the subject of a verb.

Phonology
Sutton (1989) documents that some speakers of Aboriginal English in the area around Adelaide in South Australia have an uncommon degree of rhoticity, relative to both other AAE speakers and Standard Australian English speakers (which are generally non-rhotic). These speakers realise as  in the preconsonantal postvocalic position (after a vowel and before a consonant), though only within stems. For example: "board",  "church",  "Perth"; but  "flour",  "doctor". Sutton speculates that this feature may derive from the fact that many of the first settlers in coastal South Australia – including Cornish tin-miners, Scottish missionaries, and American whalers – spoke rhotic varieties. Many of his informants grew up in Point Pearce and Point McLeay.

Most Australian Aboriginal languages have three- or five-vowel systems, and these form the substrate for Aboriginal English vowel pronunciations, especially in more basilectal accents. More basilectal varieties tend to merge a number of vowels, up to the point of merging all Australian English vowels into the three or five vowels of a given speaker's native language. That said, the diphthongs, and especially the and  diphthongs, tend to be maintained in all but the heaviest accents, albeit they are frequently shortened.

Although Indigenous language and basilectal Aboriginal English vowel systems are small, there is a high degree of allophony. For example, vowels may be heavily fronted and raised in the presence of palatal consonants.

Many Aboriginal people, including those who speak acrolectal varieties of English and even those who do not speak an Indigenous language, do not nasalize vowels before nasal consonants, unlike other Australian English speakers.

Acrolectal Aboriginal accents tend to have a smaller vowel space compared to Standard Australian English. The Aboriginal English vowel space tends to share the same lower boundary as Indigenous language vowel spaces, but shares an upper boundary with Standard Australian English, thus representing an expansion upwards from the Indigenous vowel space. There are other differences between acrolectal Aboriginal English and Standard Australian English vowel qualities, which tend to represent conservatism on the part of Aboriginal speakers.

Balanda
Balanda is a word used by the Yolŋu people for European people; originally from the Makassarese language, via Malay orang belanda (Dutch person).

Blackfella
Aboriginal people (particularly those in the Outback and in the Top End) often refer to themselves and other Aboriginal people as "blackfellas". The Australian Kriol term for an Aboriginal person is "blackbala", which comes from this term.

Business
Many Aboriginal people use the word business in a distinct way, to mean "matters". Funeral and mourning practices are commonly known as "sorry business". Financial matters are referred to as "money business", and the secret-sacred rituals distinct to each sex are referred to as "women's business" and "men's business". "Secret women's business" was at the centre of the Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy.

Camp
Many Aboriginal people refer to their house as their camp, particularly in Central Australia and the Top End of the Northern Territory.

Cheeky
"Cheeky" (or "tjiki") may be used to mean "sly, cunning, malicious,  malevolent,  spiteful,  ill-disposed,  ill- natured,  mischievous, vicious,  bad,  wicked, [or] evil", so can be used to describe a person, dog, mosquito or snake, and "a cheeky bugger is a universal  substitute for just about anything or anybody on earth". It can be used to denote a dangerous or aggressive animal or person, so for instance could be used describe a dog that is likely to bite or attack.

Country
The word "country" has special meaning for Aboriginal people; it has a "spiritual and philosophical dimension" by which they relate to a certain place. This meaning is now regarded to be part of Australian English, as it has become familiar to non-Indigenous Australians, for example in Welcome to Country ceremonies and the term connection to country, signifying the deep attachment to, and obligation to care for, the traditional lands of their group.

Dardy
Dardy originates in South-western Western Australia and means "cool", or really good.

Deadly
Deadly is used by many Aboriginal people to mean excellent, or very good, in the same way that "wicked", "sick" or "awesome" is by many young English speakers. Deadly Awards (aka Deadlys) were awards for outstanding achievement by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

This usage is not exclusive to Aboriginal people. It is commonly heard in Ireland.

Fella
In some forms of Aboriginal English, "fellow" (usually spelt fella, feller, fullah, fulla, etc.) is used in combination with adjectives or numerals, e.g. "big fella business" = "important business", "one-feller girl" = "one girl". This can give it an adverbial meaning, e.g. "sing out big fella" = "call out loudly". It is also used with pronouns to indicate the plural, e.g. "me fella" = "we" or "us", "you fella" = "you all". Other words include blackfella (an Aboriginal person) and whitefella (a white person).

Gammon
In Victorian era slang used by criminals, "gammon" was to swindle someone or cheat them, used for example in the sense of creating a distraction while pickpocketing; or, more generally, nonsense, "humbug". Its origin has been variously thought to be related to leg of cured ham known as gammon or the game of backgammon.

The word is used across Australian Aboriginal communities, with its meaning given variously as inauthentic, cheap or broken; to be pretending or joking; or just pathetic or lame. Macquarie Dictionary's Australian Word Map ascribes six meanings, based on feedback from around the country, in which the word is used as several different parts of speech, mainly relating to deceit, joking, and false, but also to a lame (pathetic, bad) idea. As a verb ("gammon/gamin/gammin around") means to fool around, and may also be used as an expression equivalent to "As if!". The word is also used by non-Aboriginal people, and it has been noted that the PNG Tok Pisin word for liar is giaman or giamon.

Gubbah
Gubbah, also spelt gubba, is a term used by some Aboriginal people to refer to white people or non-Aboriginal people. The Macquarie Dictionary has it as "n. Colloq. (derog.) an Aboriginal term for a white man". Also, "gubba, n. Colloq. (derog.) 1. a white man. 2. a peeping tom. [Aboriginal: white demon]". A 1972 newspaper article suggested that the word is the "diminutive of garbage". The word "Gubba" is derived from the word "Government" and is representative of the White Men who came to take children from the missions, eg in a sentence " run from the Gubbament" nothing to do with white people as a whole, has been bastardised to blanket New South Wales. Most other states don't utilise the word.

While it can be used derogatorily, "Gubba" is also used to refer to friends, e.g. "gubba mates". Other words for white people are balanda (see above), migaloo, and wadjela.

The name of the town of Coober Pedy is thought to derive from the Kokatha-Barngarla term kupa-piti (or guba-bidi), which translates to "whitefellas' hole".

Gunyah
Used in Nunga English (South Australia) to refer to non-Aboriginal people.

Humbug
Whereas humbug in broader English (see Charles Dickens's Scrooge character) means nonsensical, or unimportant information, humbug in Aboriginal English means to pester with inane or repetitive requests. The Warumpi Band released an album entitled Too Much Humbug. In the Northern Territory, humbug is used by both black and white in this latter, Aboriginal way. The most commonly recognised definition of humbug refers to an Aboriginal person asking a relative for money. Humbugging can become a serious burden where the traditional culture is one of communal ownership and strong obligations between relatives.

Mob
Colloquially used to mean a group of Aboriginal people associated with an extended family group, clan group or wider community group, from a particular place or "Country". It is used to connect and identify the person and where they are from. "My mob" means my people, or extended family.

Mob is often used to refer to a language group, as in "that Warlpiri mob".

Mob and mobs are also used to describe a lot of people or things when an actual number is not stated, and is usually associated with "big" or "biggest". Examples include, "There was a big mob (or the biggest mob) at the football." or "There was no moon, so we could see the biggest mobs of stars" or in a health perspective, "I've got a big mob of pain".

You mob can be used instead of you as second person plural pronoun address.

Rubbish
While "rubbish" as an adjective in many dialects of English means wrong, stupid, or useless, in the north of Australia, "rubbish" is usually used to describe someone who is too old or too young to be active in the local culture. Another use is meaning something is "not dangerous"; for example, non-venomous snakes are all considered to be "rubbish", while in contrast, venomous snakes are "cheeky". In both cases, "rubbish" approximately means "inert".

Yarn
Yarn is an English word for a long story, often with incredible or unbelievable events. Originally a sailors' expression, "to spin a yarn", in reference to stories told while performing mundane tasks such as spinning yarn.

In Aboriginal English, the word is used as a verb (yarning), referring to a "conversational and storytelling style where Indigenous people share stories based on real experience and knowledge, from intimate family gatherings to formal public presentations". A "yarning circle" is a way of passing on cultural knowledge and building respectful relationships within a group. A 2021 article about Indigenous health communication says that yarning "includes repetition as a way to emphasise what is important in the message", and suggests that using the method can be useful in imparting health information. Yarning circles have been introduced in men's and women's prisons across New South Wales, starting with Broken Hill Correctional Centre, in a bid to connect Indigenous inmates with their culture, and reduce reoffending and the high rates of incarceration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

Unna
Often conjoined with the word "deadly", "unna" means "True" or "ain't it?". It is used primarily by the Nunga (including Ngarrindjeri), Noongar, and Yolngu peoples. This word is used frequently in the 1998 novel Deadly, Unna? by Phillip Gwynne.

Whichway and Wotnah
These phrases can be used to ask "What's happening?"

Whitefella
In Aboriginal communities, particularly those in the outback and the Top End, Aboriginal people often refer to white people as "whitefellas". In Australian Kriol, "waitbala" means "a white person" and comes from this word. It and its counterpart "blackfella" headline "Blackfella/Whitefella", an Aboriginal country rock anthem about the need for racial harmony.

Other words
Some other words with particular meanings in Aboriginal English, or derived from an Aboriginal language, and/or pertaining to Aboriginal culture, include:

 * Bunji ('mate, friend or "sister in-law (more common for female speakers)"
 * Bush tucker
 * Cleverman
 * Featherfoot (moving quickly from one place to another another)
 * Foot Falcon ('walk')
 * Horse ('something awesome')
 * Humpy
 * Songline
 * Tidda ('sister, female friend')
 * Tjukurrpa
 * Yabber
 * Yakka
 * Yidaki
 * Yowie

title: Australian Aboriginal English


text:
BGE

BGE may refer to:

 * Baltimore Gas and Electric
 * Basic Global English, a concept of global English initiated by German linguist Joachim Grzega
 * Battleground Europe, a video game
 * Beyond Good and Evil (disambiguation)
 * Beyond Good and Evil, a philosophical book by Friedrich Nietzsche
 * Beyond Good & Evil (video game), a 2003 video game
 * Beyond Good and Evil 2, the unreleased sequel
 * Blender Game Engine, the built-in Game Engine in Blender
 * Bord Gáis Éireann (Gas Board of Ireland), now split into
 * Bord Gáis Energy, a utility that supplies gas and electricity and boiler services to customers in the Republic of Ireland
 * Ervia, a multi-utility company distributing pipeline natural gas, water services and dark fibre services in Ireland
 * Bread Gang Entertainment, rap label in Memphis including artists like Moneybagg Yo and Finese 2Tymez.
 * Broad Green railway station, Liverpool, England (National Rail station code)
 * Basic Income Alliance (Bündnis Grundeinkommen), a German single-issue political party
 * Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung, a German federally-owned company

title: BGE


text:
Hurlingham, Gauteng

Hurlingham is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. Hurlingham has traditionally been an upmarket residential suburb. This residential suburb is located just outside the Sandton central business district. It is located in Region B of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

History
The land was proclaimed as a suburb on 25 May 1938 and is named after an English polo-field. The land is situated on a portion of an old Witwatersrand farm called Zandfontein.

title: Hurlingham, Gauteng


text:
Hurlingham Gardens

Hurlingham Gardens is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region B of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

title: Hurlingham Gardens


text:
Joel Zifkin

Joel Zifkin (born April 14, 1954) is a Canadian musician and songwriter. His primary instrument is the electric violin and he is best known as a session musician and live performer.

Career
Zifkin has performed and/or recorded with the following artists: Kate & Anna McGarrigle,     Richard Thompson,   Rufus Wainwright, Martha Wainwright, Emmylou Harris,  Buddy Guy, Big Mama Thornton, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, Philip Glass, Lou Reed,  Townes Van Zandt, Rational Youth, Joe Dassin, Roma Baran, Elvis Costello, Wade Hemsworth, Pierre Marchand, Robert Charlebois, Les Colocs, Yaya Diallo, Chaim Tannenbaum, Joe Boyd, The Chieftains, Pat Donaldson, Ravens & Chimes, Hal Willner's Harry Smith Project: Anthology of American Folk Music Revisited, among others.

He also appeared in the film Hank Williams: The Show He Never Gave (1980) and the documentary "Sing Me the Songs That Say I Love You: A Concert for Kate McGarrigle", directed by Lian Lunson (2013).

Zifkin released the self-titled solo album Joel Zifkin in 2004, Five Songs More in 2008, and the singles "When Insanity Reigns It Pours" and "The Glow" in 2013, all on iTunes.

Selected credits

 * Solo
 * Joel Zifkin (2004)
 * Five Songs More (2008)

 * With Kate & Anna McGarrigle
 * Heartbeats Accelerating (1990)
 * "Was My Brother in the Battle?", "Hard Times Come Again No More", "Better Times Are Coming", on Songs of the Civil War (1991)
 * Matapedia (1996)
 * The McGarrigle Hour (1998)
 * La vache qui pleure (2003)
 * The McGarrigle Christmas Hour (2005)
 * Before Tomorrow (French title Le jour avant le lendemain) film soundtrack (2008)
 * ODDiTTiES (2010)
 * Sing Me the Songs: Celebrating the Works of Kate McGarrigle (2013)
 * ''Tant Le Monde: Live in Bremen, Germany, 2005 (2022)

 * With World Café
 * "DJ Serenade", on Live at the World Café - Volume 9 (1999)

 * With Richard Thompson
 * Dream Attic (2010) (nominated for the Best Contemporary Folk Album award in the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards. )
 * Live at Celtic Connections – The Richard Thompson Band (2012) DVD, Blu-ray Disc

 * With Rufus Wainwright
 * Moulin Rouge! Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film (2001)
 * When Love Speaks (2002)
 * Vibrate: The Best of Rufus Wainwright (2014)

 * With The Wainwright Sisters
 * Songs in the Dark (2015)

 * With Les Colocs
 * Les Colocs (1993)
 * Suite 2116 (posthumous; 2001)
 * Il me parle de bonheur (2009)

title: Joel Zifkin


text:
Talk:Rob Zicari

Untitled
Removed this non sequitur:
 * (Production and distribution of obscenity is illegal, while mere possession is not.)

Tell us why it was there, & we'll help you figure out how to say it, if it's encyclopedic. --Jerzy·t 01:23, 2005 July 13 (UTC)

Well, over at Miller Test it talks about this case, saying that the law was found unconstitutional in the first court in part because a ban on production and distribution of what's legal to possess amounts to a ban on possession. The Literate Engineer 03:42, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

I included the statement about production and possession of obscenity. The statement is true. It was there to illuminate the fact that the pornographer, while being prosecuted for production of obscene materials, continued to sell those very materials, and thereby continued to break the law, while the buyers acted legally. I will try to rephrase. AxelBoldt 03:56, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Thumb?
That part at the end about the thumb being cut off... is that some element of a wrestling story line, or some real crime? It's not clear. Gigs 00:08, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

No it happened in real life. The wrestler is known as The Messiah, he wrestled for XPW and CZW. They attacked him in his home and cut a part of his thumb of, no its not a wrestling storyline. I dont think it was rob black who did it, but rather some of his goons. Portillo 06:14, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Request
Can we please make a seperate page for Extreme Assocaites. I have lists of the directors and contract girls ready to be posted.JB196 16:18, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Elegant Angel??? Suggestion
Didn't/Doesn't Rob Black own Elegant Angel also??? What happened there??? Doesn't that deserve at least a mention???User:JCHeverly 16:50, 7 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rob Zicari


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Reisebüro der DDR

The Reisebüro der DDR ("Travel Bureau of the GDR") was the state travel organization of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The Reisebüro had several travel-related functions, including:

 * 1)  Arranging domestic travel for GDR citizens. The Reisebüro (Travel Agency), among other things, controlled hotels located throughout the GDR.
 * 2)  Arranging travel for GDR citizens in other socialist countries, i.e., the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Cuba.
 * 3)  Arranging travel for foreigners visiting the GDR.  These services included booking hotel rooms and providing confirmation documents used to justify the issuance of a GDR visa upon arrival in the GDR.  The Reisebüro had agreements with travel agencies in other countries; travelers would book trips with a participating travel agency in their home country, which would then coordinate with the Reisebüro to reserve hotel rooms, etc.

title: Reisebüro der DDR