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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of people with a double-barrelled name

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 06:54, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

List of people with a double-barrelled name
Silly, unencyclopedic, unmaintainable, listcruft. Ask yourself - 'who would look up this article and for what purpose?' --Doc (?) 12:24, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep! Obviously I have an interest here, as I created this thing, but allow me to vote nonetheless. I have asked myself this question. The answer, *I* would look up this article, to find people with a double-barreled name! You see, if you ask a silly person about a silly article, you get a silly answer. Brequinda 12:27, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Doc Glasgow. No-one is going to look this up and the names are UK-skewed anyway (two contestants from present series of Big Brother?) David | Talk 12:43, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; trivia, unmaintainable and overly broad. Radiant_ >|< 13:12, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep! (close to Strong Keep) - yes it's silly, but these people are all notable, and agree with Brequinda that this is actually an encyclopedic gem! (maybe its just a Brit thing....) - would probably recommend Rename to 'List of Celebrities with Double-Barrelled name'. - Petesmiles talk
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. Double-barrelled name appears to be a neologism based on raw number of Google hits, but if it's a UK thing, maybe that's why I've never heard it. In any case, if this article is kept, it needs to be renamed to something that non-Brits will recognize. Also, change people to notable people. (Celebrities is also good, but "List of notable x" is how these kinds of lists are usually named, IIRC.) A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  13:57, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I can confirm that double-barrelled isn't a neologism, but commonplace British-English phrase. However, I still urge delete as useless. --Doc (?) 14:05, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I'd say that Brit English should get equal footing with American English. I would suggest that the list focus only on double-barrell last names.Youngamerican 15:25, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Irrelevant list. What's next? List of people where 'xyz' is a substring of their name?. Nabla 15:22, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * further to previous - how about a Keep, but rename to 'A List of Notable People With Double-barrelled name' - is it in fact possible to have a link in an article name ('scuse ignorance)? - and a personal note - this list is of course fun, and a bit silly - but the collection of these names IMO is encyclopedic in the broad Wiki sense, and brings interesting questions of class / power relationships to mind - and could be a useful resource for related research, that's my two pennies! Petesmiles 15:48, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * But how does this bring power/class questions to mind? How is it useful for related research? I can see no use for this! What about 'list of celebrities whose surname relates to an occupation - or whose middle name begins with a vowel - or who don't have middle names - are these also encyclopedic? Stop the nonsense here! Delete --Doc (?) 15:56, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information", including "Lists or repositories of loosely associated topics". Double-barrelled names quite rightly have an article. Various examples in there (as it has for triple-barrelled names) are certainly appropriate. A list of all of them? Not a significant enough common thread, even if it gets moved to list of celebrities. Make sure the most famous examples are in Double-barrelled name, and then I'd say delete the list. I suppose you could make a category of it, though. The Literate Engineer 15:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Another pointless list. -R. fiend 16:41, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete utterly useless list, basically information-free CDC   (talk)  17:00, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Categorify, list is objectively definable but as Doc points out, sheds no additional light on any encyclopedic topic. I assume here that the claims above that "double-barrelled name" is the best way to describe this are correct. Dcarrano 17:35, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Useless, potentially huge and unmaintanable. Martg76 21:19, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete wtf, there are millions of such people!!!  Grue   21:33, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I hate most of these 'list of ...' lists but this is particularly pointless. Redlentil 21:39, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, useless, unencyclopedic, and unmaintainable list. --Angr/undefined 05:34, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unmaintainable list. JamesBurns 08:09, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - unmaintainable, irrelevant since most people with double-barrelled names have nothing else in common - Skysmith 11:11, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unencyclopedic and unmaintainable. At most, add notables to double-barrelled name.  -Sean Curtin 06:10, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 23:45, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete MakeRocketGoNow 20:29, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic. Indrian 16:04, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Zeta Leonis

Zeta Leonis (ζ Leonis, abbreviated Zeta Leo, ζ Leo), also named Adhafera, is a third-magnitude star in the constellation of Leo, the lion. It forms the second star (after Gamma Leonis) in the blade of the sickle, which is an asterism formed from the head of Leo.

Nomenclature
ζ Leonis (Latinised to Zeta Leonis) is the star's Bayer designation. It has the traditional name Adhafera (Aldhafera, Adhafara), which comes from the Arabic الضفيرة aḍ-ḍafīrah 'the braid/curl', a reference to its position in the lion's mane. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Adhafera for this star.

Properties
Adhafera is a giant star with a stellar classification of F0 III. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. Its apparent magnitude is +3.44, making it relatively faint for a star that is visible to the naked eye. Nevertheless, it shines with 85 times the luminosity of the Sun. Adhafera has about three times the Sun's mass and six times the radius of the Sun. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos satellite yield an estimated distance to Adhafera of 274 ly from the Sun.

Adhafera forms a double star with an optical companion that has an apparent magnitude of 5.90. Known as 35 Leonis, this star is separated from Adhafera by 325.9 arcseconds along a position angle of 340°. The two stars do not form a binary star system as 35 Leo is only 100 light years from Earth, thus separating the two stars by approximately 174 ly.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zeta Leonis


text: Template:Campaignbox Sixth Coalition

title: Template:Campaignbox Sixth Coalition


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Brender

Brender may refer to:

 * Nikolaus Brender (born 1949), German journalist
 * BRender, a development toolkit and graphics engine for computer software

title: Brender


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Kilakarai

Kilakarai (alternatively spelled Kilakkarai or Keelakarai) (Kirkarii in Arabic) is a municipality in Ramanathapuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. As of 2011, the town had a population of 38,355. Kilakarai is one of the Taluka in Ramanathapuram District.

History
Kilakarai is an eastern coastal town and a port, located in southern Tamil Nadu. It was a flourishing seaport and a gateway to places as far as Madurai until the early 20th century. The famous pearl belt known as the Gulf of Mannar in the Bay of Bengal is dotted with small islands Appa Tivu, Nallathanni Theevu, Shuli Tivu, Uppu Tanni Tivu, Talari Tivu and Musal Tivu. The coastal line of Kilakarai is formed by a series of small bays and coral reefs sheltering the town from the ocean. It was also called as "Quilicare", kirkari, Sembi Nadu, Korkai, Powthira Manicka Pattinam, "Kelikkarai", "Ninathaan mudithaan pattinam", "Seppi Nadu", "lebbat pattan" (pattan mentioned in voyages of Ibn Battuta & map displayed in Ibn Battuta Mall). A strong cultural connection exists between Kayalpatnam, Adirampattinam and Kilakarai.

The prime occupations of the people were pearl, conch, sea trade and transport. The mid-20th century saw a decline in the occupations of the people of Kilakarai, with the advent of surface transport the merchant shipping fleets declined and Kilakarai aka Killikare ceased to be a harbour and port. The cultured pearl industry and dragnet fishing that destroyed the coral reefs choked the once robust pearl trade, or Muthu Salabam. The conch and coral industries declined due to new regulations and restrictions.

Kilakarai is renowned for its communal harmony. The majority of the population here is Muslim with people of other faith Hindu, Christians living together. The communal harmony that always existed is best exemplified by the famous Rameswaram Ramanathaswamy Temple and Kilakarai Jumma Pallivasal (Vallal Seethakathi is interred here) at Kilakarai, while the architecture is the same the workforce was provided by the erstwhile ruler Sethupathi of Ramnad and most of the materials for both the edifice were supplied by the Kilakarai merchant navies. The town is reminiscent of Spanish Moorish architecture and is located about 60 km south west of the temple town of Rameswaram.

It has the oldest mosque in India known as the Palaiya Kuthba Palli. It has a unique pre-Islamic heritage of more than 1300 years. The Kilakarai Muslims or Kilakarai Moors form 80% of the population of Kilakarai. Ibnu Batutah once said in his travel notes "it's the place where most Arab settlers live and he was surprised to see them living as in Arab land".

The migration of the people after the decline of the marine trade and industry resulted in people exploring the other parts of the globe. Kilakarai has a large expatriate population and a high literacy rate. This has enabled the people of Kilakarai to span the globe and become active merchants in the Middle and Far East, US and European markets.

Hameedia Primary School was started as a Madrasa in the year 1870, and gradually became a Thinnai Palli and became a registered School in 1938 due to the efforts of K.T.M. Hussain Sahib, fondly known as Haajiaar. This school is completing its sesquicentennial year (150th year) in 2020. The Hameedia Primary School Alumni Association - (HPSAA) consists of great stalwarts of Kilakarai including the founders of ETA, Crescent, Sathak Group and more than 100 institutions and business enterprises worldwide.

The 1970s decline of marine trade resulted in people migrating to other countries for business and jobs. Now as per the law of nature the reverse migration is all set to happen. Post-Covid, pandemic and Lockdowns job losses have become the order of the day and disruptions are all set to happen. The Gulf mission to minimise the Indian immigrants, improved and fast-developing job and business opportunities in Tamil Nadu, the native bonding, self-content nature etc. have made many people come back home for good.

To facilitate more people find jobs, career guidance, new business opportunities, the is planned annually to organise business summits, Job Fair, Free Medical Camp, Food Counters, Seminars and Talk shows.Leading Brands, institutions, Business houses are regular participants in these events. This year- 2022 edition is being planned during December 2022 at Kilakarai.

Hameedia High School founded in 1940s beside the old Arabic Madrasa Aroosiya Thaika, was a catalyst to more graduates from Kilakarai. With the arrival of Mohamed Sathak Engineering College and then the Thassim Beevi Abdul Kader College for Women the number of graduates from this traditional town has seen a steady rise.

Kilakarai was constituted as a panchayat in the year 1885. As per G.O. No. 1157LN, date: 3 December 1885. It has since been upgraded as a Special Town Panchayat as per Director of Town Panchayat, Madras as per G.O. No. 1481/82/J5, Dated on 25 January 1982 and then upgraded as per G.O. No. 300 and 301 Dated on 24 August 2004 as a Third Grade Municipality.

The Muslim community of Kilakarai is philanthropic in nature, with assistance given to downtrodden sections of society, such as Dalits in Tirunelveli.

Demographics
According to 2011 census, Keelakarai had a population of 38,355 with a sex-ratio of 948 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 4,391 were under the age of six, constituting 2,204 males and 2,187 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 2.83% and .% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 82.63%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of : 7448 households. There were a total of 12,033 workers, comprising 29 cultivators, 47 main agricultural labourers, 165 in house hold industries, 10,765 other workers, 1,027 marginal workers, 15 marginal cultivators, 18 marginal agricultural labourers, 38 marginal workers in household industries and 956 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Keelakarai had 79.92% Muslims, 17.6% Hindus, 1.16% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.01% Jains, and 1.31% following other religions.

Colleges

 * Mohamed Sathak Engineering College
 * Thassim Beevi Abdul Kader College for Women
 * Syed Hameedha Arts and Science College
 * Arusiyyah Arabic College
 * Mohamed Sathak Polytechnic
 * Syed Hameedha Arabic College

title: Kilakarai


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Ľudmila Cervanová

Ľudmila Cervanová (born 15 October 1979) is a former tennis player from Slovakia. She turned professional in 1997, and reached career-high rankings of world No. 58 in singles in March 2004 and No. 186 in doubles in May 1997.

Biography
Cervanová graduated from high school in 1997, the same year she turned pro. Her favourite tennis court surface is clay, and her best shot is the backhand. She was coached by Jan Kuval.

Tennis career
Cervanová did not win any title on the WTA Tour. Her closest being in Acapulco, on 27 February 2005, when she lost in the final to Flavia Pennetta in three sets. She has also reached the final of the tournament in Casablanca in 2004, where she lost to Émilie Loit of France, the semifinals of Bratislava in 2001, where she lost to eventual winner Rita Grande from Italy and the semifinals of Bogotá in 2006, losing to Lourdes Domínguez Lino in straight sets.

In her career, she won seven singles and seven doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.

Cervanová has made respectable progress in each of the four Grand Slam tournaments, her best reaching the third round of Wimbledon in 2004, and the third round of the French Open in 2002.

title: Ľudmila Cervanová


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Omicron Leonis

Omicron Leonis (ο Leonis, abbreviated Omicron Leo, ο Leo) is a multiple star system in the constellation of Leo, west of Regulus, some 130 light-years from the Sun, where it marks one of the lion's forepaws.

It consists of a binary pair, designated Omicron Leonis A and an optical companion, Omicron Leonis B. A's two components are themselves designated Omicron Leonis Aa (officially named Subra, the traditional name for the system) and Ab.

Nomenclature
ο Leonis (Latinised to Omicron Leonis) is the star's Bayer designation. The designations of the two constituents as Omicron Leonis A and B, and those of A's components—Omicron Leonis Aa and Ab—derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

It bore the traditional name Subra, from the Arabic زبرة zubra (upper part of the back), originally applied to Delta and Theta Leonis.

In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name Subra for the component Omicron Leonis Aa on 12 September 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

Properties
The two members of the spectroscopic pair have similar brightnesses, but are very different stars: the primary is given the type F8-G0III giant; and the secondary is a type A7m dwarf. Their combined apparent magnitude is +3.52.

The visible companion, component B, is a much fainter star that has increased its separation from about an arc-minute to one and a half arc-minutes in the 350 years since it was first measured. It is an 11th-magnitude star a little more massive and hotter than the Sun, but much further away than the spectroscopic pair.

title: Omicron Leonis


text:
Talk:Last Exile

List of Artbooks
- LASTEXILE 1st character filegraphy - LASTEXILE 2st character filegraphy - LASTEXILE character filegraphy plus - LASTEXILE character filegraphy pre plus plus
 * Spheres by Range Murata
 * Spheres 2 by Range Murata
 * Spheres + by Range Murata
 * Spheres Pre ++ by Range Murata
 * Aerial Log (or Aerial Logs? i think it's Log)

Mullin
I don't believe any time in the series was it said that Mullin married Dunya so I clarified that and some other things. Also I think we should have a biography on Dunya herself, which I might do if no objects. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cpuwhiz11 (talk • contribs)

The Layout of the World(s) "Prester"
I'm just wondering if there are any good sources or if anyone can clarify about the actual layout of the world in the first series. In the summary it mentions simply being two separate nations separated by the Grand Stream, but are those nations actually part of a single world? Or is that the nations are each on their own world, with the Grant Stream functioning as an atmospheric vortex between them, with the Guild fortress (and Exile) hidden away there to keep order? At the end of the series there is a shot of what appears to be Prester, which looks like two distinct spheres held within a strange lattice-work (see here).

Anyway, some clarification would be helpful. Many other anime series go to excessive lengths to explain important setting related stuff beforehand, but Last Exile seems to have taken the opposite route, and left me complete lost! =D -- Haravikk (talk) 22:22, 18 May 2013 (UTC)

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Clough Head

Clough Head ( meaning: hill-top above the ravine) is a fell, or hill, in the English Lake District. It marks the northern end of the main ridge of the Helvellyn range and is often walked as part of the ridge walk. The fell stands south of the village of Threlkeld and the A66 road, and it forms the steep eastern side of the tranquil valley of St John's in the Vale.

On its western side the fell displays a dark mass of rocky crags and a deep-set rocky ravine. On the other side it has smooth grassy slopes. Beneath the north face is the steep valley or clough from which Clough Head gets its name. Also beneath the steep northern face lies the lower hill of Threlkeld Knotts, a granite hill which has been much quarried round its margin.

A number of different types of rock are found on and around Clough Head, which were formed in very different circumstances. These include deep-sea sedimentation, effusive volcanic lava flows, explosive volcanism, an intrusion of granite, mineralisation and finally glacial sculpting. To understand the geology of Clough Head is to understand much of the geology of the Lake District.

An old route known as the Old Coach Road passes beneath Clough Head. Most of the fell is Open Access land, which walkers can enter from either end of the Old Coach Road, or from a lane south of the village of Threlkeld. Four main routes lead to the summit.

Topography
With a height of 726 m, Clough Head is the lowest summit of the Helvellyn range.

Gentle grass-covered slopes on the south and east sides of the fell drop to a broad col and to Mosedale, both of which separate Clough Head from Great Dodd, its neighbour to the south. To the north of the summit the ground drops abruptly down a steep scree-covered and craggy slope which marks the northern end of the Helvellyn range. This face is called Red Screes from the colour of the rock.

Beneath Red Screes is the lower, rounded, grassy hill of Threlkeld Knotts. This hill rises gently from the valley of the River Glenderamackin, which separates the Helvellyn range of fells from Blencathra and the northern Lakeland fells. A steep valley to the east of Threlkeld Knotts, which begins immediately below Red Screes, is the clough from which Clough Head is named. In the bottom of this valley there is a sheepfold known as Clough Fold.

Steep rocky crags guard the whole western side of the fell, rising abruptly from the green valley of St John's in the Vale. This western face of Clough Head, is steep, rough and rocky. The principal rock features are, from north to south: Buck Castle, Wanthwaite Crags and Bram Crag. South of Wanthwaite Crags is the very steep Fisher's Wife's Rake, a grassy break in the cliffs (though with scree) which allows determined fell-walkers to ascend the fell on this side. North of Bram Crag is a deep-seated rocky ravine called Sandbed Gill. This gill contains a considerable flow of water in its rocky gorge, but it often has only a dry bed by the time it gets down to valley level.

North-east of the summit of Clough Head is the lesser top of White Pike. From here the ridge descends and gradually broadens into the rough expanse of Thelkeld Common.

The western slopes of Clough Head drain into St John's Beck, which flows north into the River Greta, and which in turn joins the River Derwent at Keswick. The southern and eastern slopes drain into Mosedale and Mosedale Beck, which also joins the River Greta, via the River Glenderamackin.

Threlkeld Knotts
Threlkeld Knotts ( meaning: the knobbly hill above Threlkeld) is a lower, rounded hill, nestling against and overshadowed by the steep northern face of Clough Head. Its curving summit ridge contains three small tops, each of which is marked by a cairn. From Threlkeld Knotts there is a striking view of Red Screes just above, and a narrow path slants up through the crags to the west shoulder of Clough Head.

On the northern slope of Threlkeld Knotts, not far above the large quarry, are the remains of an Iron Age settlement. The documented remains include seven hut circles, five enclosures, two trackways, a field system, and some fifty cairns which probably represent field clearances. Remains of enclosure walls may still be seen, about 200 m north of the Old Coach Road.

Old Coach Road
An old route, marked on maps as "Old Coach Road" crosses the northern slopes of Threlkeld Knotts and skirts the eastern side of Clough Head, reaching a height of 437 m as it crosses from Wanthwaite in St John's in the Vale to High Row near Dockray. This has suffered from rain water erosion in recent years, but remains a useful track for walkers. Near the summit of the road is Hause Well, a spring issuing from a crevice in the rock. The Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 map shows the road as an "other route with public access" and as a "traffic-free cycle route;" it does not show it as either a "byway" or a "restricted byway". However, official signs present on the gates at both ends of the road clearly show that access by motorised vehicles is permitted.

Routes
The whole of Clough Head, Threlkeld Knotts and Threlkeld Common (above the intake wall which encloses the lower agricultural land and Threlkeld Quarry) is Open Access land. Entry to this land can be had from three points: from either end of the Old Coach Road, or from the lane leading to Newsham Farm. This lane begins opposite Threlkeld village, or it can be joined from the disused railway line alongside the road to the quarry.

Walkers may approach the summit by means of four principal routes. A narrow footpath leads from the Old Coach Road (at a point 250 m east of Hause Well) to White Pike and then on to the summit.

Another narrow path leads from Threlkeld Knotts, slanting up through the crags and scree of Red Screes to emerge on the west shoulder of Clough Head. From there one may go up gentle grassy slopes to the summit, although the main path contours round to meet the track coming up from Great Dodd, which suggests that many ridge-walkers bypass the top (just as the ridge path bypasses nearly all the other tops of the range.)

From the south, the ridge track from Great Dodd leads straight up the long gentle slope to the top.

Finally, Fisher's Wife's Rake is a possible route up through the crags on the west side of Clough Head for energetic and determined walkers, but it is "very steep."

Climbers, or scramblers with some rock-climbing experience and a rope for the more difficult pitches, can ascend the hidden recesses of Sandbed Gill. Sandbed Gill was the first new route in the Lake District to be pioneered by the brothers George and Ashley Abraham in 1890. Although George was only 18 at the time, and Ashley 14, they had already gained true rock-climbing skills elsewhere in the Lakes. Walkers should leave the gill well alone.

Clough Head is often included as the first (or last) step of a traverse of the Helvellyn range. It may also be included in a longer version of the horseshoe walk around Deepdale which takes in the three "Dodds" to its south. This walk begins at High Row and takes advantage of the Old Coach Road.

Summit
The summit is marked by an Ordnance Survey triangulation column and a wind shelter. It provides a good view of Blencathra to the north, and a wide, all-round view, broken only by Great Dodd, with glimpses of both the Solway Firth to the north and Morecambe Bay to the south. To the south-west the vista of the high fells is "especially striking".

Alfred Wainwright included a drawing of himself regarding Blencathra from this viewpoint in his Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells. Mark Richards recommends White Pike as a better place for contemplating the view.

Geology
The rocks of Clough Head belong to both the Skiddaw Group and the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, both of which date from the Ordovician period.

An east-west geological fault just north of the summit has brought these two rather different rock groups side by side. To the north, including White Pike, much of Threlkeld Common and the margins of Threlkeld Knotts are rocks of the Buttermere Formation, part of the Skiddaw Group. Mudstones, siltstones and sandstones which had been deposited in deep water on the northern margin of an ancient continent (Avalonia) in the early Ordovician Period were chaotically disrupted by a huge undersea avalanche to form an olistostrome deposit in which blocks of rock are now embedded in a matrix of mudstone, and intensely deformed by minor folds, slumps and shears. This event can be dated to about 460 million years ago.

The deep sea deposits of the Skiddaw Group were raised above sea level by the subduction of ocean crust from the north beneath the continent to the south. This uplift was followed by a brief (about 5 million years) period of intense volcanic activity, up to about 450 million years ago.

To the south of the fault on Clough Head are rocks of the Birker Fell Andesite Formation. These rocks are among the earliest of the volcanic rocks of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, and are part of a thick succession of andesite sheets which now outcrop in a wide band around the western and northern sides of the Lake District. These sheets were formed by successive eruptions of mobile andesitic lava from shallow-sided volcanoes. The composition of the erupting magma varied from time to time, and the geological map shows an area of basaltic andesite along the crags on the western side of the fell, and areas of dacite higher on the fell. Individual lava flows may be separated by beds of volcaniclastic sandstone, that is, sedimentary deposits formed from the erosion of the volcanic rocks and deposited by streams, floods and possibly wind. The geological map shows a number of areas of volcaniclastic sandstone on the crags on the west side, as well as a larger area surrounding the summit, into which an andesite sill was intruded.

After the eruptions of the Birker Fell Formation, the composition of the erupting magma changed from largely andesitic to predominantly dacitic, and as a result the nature of the volcanism became more explosive.

In the area to the north of Sticks Pass the Birker Fell andesites are overlain by the Lincomb Tarns Tuff Formation. This formation is one of the most widespread of the volcanic rocks of the Lake District; it seems that the whole district was buried beneath at least 150 m of densely welded ignimbrite, a rock formed from a pyroclastic flow of very hot gas and rock. This formation must represent a series of eruptions of truly exceptional magnitude, accompanying the formation of a volcanic caldera probably in the area around what is now Helvellyn.

On Clough Head a small sheet of the Thirlmere Tuff Member covers the summit of the fell, a member of the Lincomb Tarns Formation. This rock is a rhyolitic lapilli-tuff in which the individual pieces of semi-molten lava were flattened under the weight of deposits above them.

Towards the end of, or after the cessation of the volcanic activity a large granite batholith was emplaced in stages beneath the volcanic rocks of the Lake District. Threlkeld Knotts consists largely of an intrusion of micro-granite, known as the Threlkeld Intrusion, a part of the larger batholith. The granite was intruded into rocks of the Skiddaw Group and the base of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. Uranium-lead dating has established an age of 451±1.1 million years for this intrusion.

Seven quarries around the western side of Threlkeld Knotts have worked the microgranite. In addition to the large Threlkeld Quarry there are smaller workings at Birkett Bank, Hilltop Quarries and Bramcrag Quarry. Threlkeld Quarry was opened in 1870 to supply railway ballast for the Crewe to Carlisle railway line. Production increased in the 1890s with material for Thirlmere Reservoir and for roadstone. The quarry closed in the 1980s and now houses the Threlkeld Quarry and Mining Museum.

Mineral veins have been formed in many Lake District rocks by hydrothermal circulation of groundwater though geological faults and are often associated with the granite batholith. Veins containing lead and copper ores were found on Wanthwaite Crag where there are several old mineral workings, some very old. The most recent lease was taken out in 1887 by the short-lived and unsuccessful Wanthwaite Crag Mining Company.

The lower promontory of Threlkeld Knotts north of Clough Head is scarred and flanked by 'rock slope failure' fractures and landslips, and views from the A66 and Blencathra could suggest that the whole mass of the Knotts has descended from the concavity in the north face, which is not a true glacial cirque (Lakeland combe), but this remains debatable. Rock slope failure also patterns White Pike with antiscarps (uphill-facing scarplets), which could formerly have extended across the Clough Head cavity.

Names
Clough Head was called Threlkeld Fell in Thomas West's 1778 guide book. Its present name, Clough Head, was first recorded by the Ordnance Survey in 1867. Clough is a dialect word from the Old English clōh, a ravine. This appears to be a reference to a steep valley just below Red Screes, and which contains a sheepfold called Clough Fold. Thus Clough Head is "the hill-top above the ravine."

White Pike is "the pale summit," recorded since 1774, probably named from its pale-coloured rock, and perhaps in contrast to the reddish colour of Red Screes beneath the main summit.

Threlkeld Knotts was first recorded by the Ordnance Survey in 1900. Knott is a dialect word from the Old Norse knǫttr, 'ball, hard round mass' used of compact or craggy hills. Hence Threlkeld Knotts is "the knobbly hill above Threlkeld", a place-name recorded from as early as 1197 and meaning "the slaves' spring" from the Old Norse þræla, 'thrall, slave,' and Old Norse kelda, 'a spring.' 'Thrall' may have been the word used by the Norse settlers to refer to the native Britons.

Fisher's Wife's Rake is "Mrs Fisher's Path." Rake is a dialect word of unknown origin which refers to a narrow path on a hill. Mark Richards claims that the name comes from the Fisher family of Rake How across the valley. He says the husband cut peat on the col above and his wife hauled it down by sled, but he gives no indication of the source of this information.

Notes and references
Notes

References

 * List of hills in the Lake District
 * List of fells in the Lake District

title: Clough Head


text: User talk:203.129.239.221

title: User talk:203.129.239.221


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Talk:Howard Johnson's

Product placement in "2001 - Space Odyssey"
At 27:22 minutes in the "2001 - Space Odyssey" movie, Floyd is standing by "Howard Johnson's Earthlight Room" right before he goes in the Picturephone booth. I think it is a restaurant, not a hotel (although earlier you an see a Hilton) so I can't be sure. The experts should know. It also shows how Howard Johnson's, as the largest restaurant chain of the times before the oil crisis, rubbed shoulders with giants such as IBM, Hilton, AT&T and PanAm, all present in this movie segment.

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Last Howard Johnson's restaurant (Lake George, NY)
As the article factually states, the very last Howard Johnson's restaurant located in Lake George, New York, closed for business on October 12, 2017. With the owner jailed over sexual abuse allegations and the restaurant's land up for sale (not to mention its stigma of extremely negative food reviews) it appears to be a permanent closure. As such, one would assume it is the end of the restaurant chain.

However, Cman41886 (on February 2) edited the article to state the Lake George restaurant was in operation again, along with a supposed second location in Ocala, Florida. The latter I removed as its just a generic restaurant within a HoJo motel that has no relation to the Howard Johnson's restaurant chain. However, I am curious about the validity of the Lake George restaurant being opened once again. Particularly since someone apparently submitted an edit to Google Maps that it is an active business once again, although that does not necessarily mean it is.

Reputable websites like Tripadvisor and Yelp show its status as "CLOSED". Furthermore, the last user reviews are dated from October 2017 or earlier. There is ONE review on Tripadvisor dated January 11, 2018, but it's from someone who attempted to visit the restaurant and discovered it is locked up and permanently closed. Question is, did it unexpectedly reopen just three weeks later, and without any announcements or fanfare? The number listed for the restaurant is still out of service if that says something. And I've searched and cannot find any articles or stories online about a reopening, or even the potential planning for one. If anyone can find evidence or proof the restaurant has reopened, please share that here so the article can be updated accordingly. Otherwise the article should remain unchanged with regards to the status of the restaurant chain. --Apple2gs (talk) 19:17, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Well, to my surprise, I found evidence just a few days later the restaurant has in fact reopened (at least in some sense). According to discussions on the Facebook group "HojoLand", as of at least March 31, 2018, the restaurant is still operating. It seems to be opened on random days of the week, and with no posted or fixed operating hours. For that reason many have assumed its out of business. Not even sure it has a staff, may just be John Larock running the restaurant himself at this point. I've reverted the article back for now. Will watch for any changes. --Apple2gs (talk) 01:21, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Hi! I have no idea why this keeps being removed. The Ocala location is a full fledged Howard Johnson restaurant affiliated with the Howard Johnson's chain since Howard Johnson's (the name) is, in fact, owned by Wyndham. The hotel's website even lists it as such: http://www.hotelocala.com/me/howard-johnson-inn-ocala/hotel-restaurant-room-service-7304.html?navId=230, along with Wyndham's site, which was listed as a source.
 * You could also ask the FB group hojoland, should you be inclined. While it is true that it is not an "original" location, if you were basing chains on "original" locations, you would be hard pressed to find many. Cman41886 (talk) 19:45, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, I have emailed Wyndham to get a definitive response on this. Cman41886 (talk) 19:54, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

 * While I'm not the one who removed your most recent edit (that would be TenPoundHammer), I'd tend to agree on his position about the Ocala hotel restaurant. Still, it's worthy of discussion. As you might be aware, there are several Howard Johnson hotels with in-house dinning/restaurants that have absolutely no connection whatsoever with the former Howard Johnson's restaurant chain. They're just nameless hotel restaurants. Case in point, the Ocala website you gave above refers to it as the "Hotel Restaurant". Further down it's referred to as "the on-site HoJo restaurant", which is the very same thing. There's a reason why they don't say "the on-site Howard Johnson's restaurant".

 * Technically I could cite dozens of so-called current "Howard Johnson's restaurants" as there are several other Howard Johnson by Wyndham hotel locations running on-site restaurants too. How about the Elk Lake HoJo up in Victoria, BC, Canada? Here's a photo of the inside and out (note it is clearly marked "Howard Johnson" in front of the restaurant name, and interestingly enough, a dark orange-colored roof)...

 * Interior:https://i0.bookcdn.com/data/Photos/Big/4190/419080/419080683/Howard-Johnson-Hotel-And-Suites-Victoria-Elk-Lake-photos-Exterior-Hotel-information.JPEG
 * Exterior: https://www.google.com/maps/@48.5027319,-123.3861807,3a,75y,225.05h,88.72t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sYlZ4PKFlDNC9OG3SIjSPbw!2e0!7i13312!8i6656

 * It's a restaurant within a Howard Johnson hotel, but like the Ocala location, just a generic hotel restaurant. The difference is (and an important bit to factor in here) the Ocala owners are paying nostalgic tribute to the former Howard Johnson's restaurant chain. It's a cute nod to the past, adding a miniature cupola and orange roof. Ditto for throwing in a classic menu item or two from the former restaurant chain (along side their own generic menu). Yet it's merely decorative in a sense, a kind of hollow gesture. It's almost like someone wearing a novelty black t-shirt with an image of a Tuxedo printed on front. It's just a playful facade, not the real thing. At any rate, look up HoJo Victoria Elk Lake as an example of another restaurant that could fall in the same debate (and there are several more): http://www.hojovictoria.ca/thelakes/

 * Incidentally, I don't think Wyndham had anything to do with the playful tribute at the Ocala location. The roof and menu are something the owners of that particular hotel decided to do themselves. And yes, I agree John LaRock's current envisionment of Howard Johnson's in Lake George is probably even less authentic than Ocala, but for better or worse, his restaurant falls under what is considered an official part of the chain. Now I'm not saying this is a closed matter and final, or that there cannot ever be new Howard Johnson's restaurants. I'm just giving my thoughts and opinions on whether this particular location could be considered an official Howard Johnson's restaurant. Also worth noting: the HojoLand website (http://www.hojoland.com/locations.html) doesn't list the Ocala restaurant as a current location. Personally, I tend to think of that site as the definitive listing.--Apple2gs (talk) 07:27, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Here's an update (likely) to put some closure on this debate. According to reports on the Hojoland Facebook group, the previously nameless restaurant at the Ocala site has been officially named "The Thunderbird Cafe". The hotel owners even put up an outdoor sign in front of the restaurant in recent days. Here's a website mentioning the restaurant by name: https://www.oahu.com/property/howard-johnson-by-wyndham-ocala-fl/BC-58859
 * At this point it would be quite a far stretch listing it as a Howard Johnson's Restaurant.--Apple2gs (talk) 07:52, 17 July 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:52, 14 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Howard Johnson's.svg

Areas served (infobox status)
The Infobox on this article mostly pertains (aside from a historic fact or two) to the current status of the Wyndham hotel brand. For the category of "Areas Served" it lists the number of hotels operated by Wyndham, but it also states the number of restaurants--just one. I have to ask, considering that the one restaurant in New York is not owned, operated or supported by Wyndham in any way shape or form, does it belong in the box? Wyndham has no corporate connection to this restaurant, they have not even authorized the use of their copyrighted brand, they are just tolerating its use. Most people do not even consider this restaurant an authentic Howard Johnson's for many, many reasons I won't bother to recite and repeat here. Though the question is, does it belong under the corporate umbrella of Wyndham for this page?

It is a part of Howard Johnson's restaurants history, and claims to be the last remaining one in existence, so it has that. Though it is no longer connected to Wyndham, it's almost more like an independent diner operating out of a museum of sorts. Strictly speaking, saying Wyndham serves New York state with a restaurant is false statement, they do not. John LaRock does, so I'm tempted to remove it. On the other hand, in terms of listing number of businesses still using the Howard Johnson's name, it makes sense. I'm conflicted and on the fence whether it should stay or go from the infobox. How do other feel on the issue?

--Apple2gs (talk) 18:28, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

And on a related topic, the opening sentence states: "Howard Johnson by Wyndham is an American chain of hotels and motels located primarily throughout the United States and Canada.". The majority of hotels/motels are indeed in the States, but only 19 in Canada. In contrast to Canada we have 66 in China and 48 in Latin America. Would it be more accurate to say "located primarily throughout the United States, China and Latin America." or just leave it as United States and omit Canada? --Apple2gs (talk) 05:14, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

"New chains and a changing public" section
I wish I had the time to do some editing on this section, but I'm afraid I don't. I just added 'citation needed' where the article states that Howard Johnson, Jr. " attempted to streamline company operations and cut costs, such as serving cheaper food and having fewer employees" and how this contributed to the decline of the company. Looking at that whole section, it seems well written and coherent, but doesn't seem to have a source.

I've had a little time to do some quick searches about this era, and found at least one publication of interest:

This paper talks about many of the contributing causes to the decline of HOJO's but only briefly mentions cost-cutting, and it's not clear whether the authors are talking about H.J. Senior or Junior. Mark Asread (talk) 18:28, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

Prod
Fails WP:NORG since the sources are about the restaurants not the hotels. 59.100.163.90 (talk) 04:01, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Howard Johnson's


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Dafang tea

Da Fang (pronounced ), also named Zhupu Da Fang or Zhuye Da Fang, is a Chinese green tea. It is considered one of China's top ten teas by some Chinese tea experts. Like Longjing tea, it has sharp flat shapes and a similar production process. Some Chinese tea experts believe Da Fang tea is an ancestor of Longjing tea. It is more accepted that Da Fang tea is the earliest tea with flat leaves.

Da Fang tea is produced near Lao Zhuling mountain and Fu Guanshan  mountain of She County, Anhui Province. Its dried leaves take on a yellowish green colour with sleek and flat shapes. Its buds are usually hidden and covered with golden down. When brewed, the liquor gives a durable fragrance with a sweet aftertaste. Different drying processes separate Da Fang tea into two types. Zhong Huo features a chestnut-like aroma, while Qing Huo  features a brisk and delicate taste.

title: Dafang tea


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User:Loris

So I exist, if barely.

For now I'm a post-doc at Birmingham university, UK.

title: User:Loris


text: Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Image:Pog Collection.jpg


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Mu Leonis

Mu Leonis (μ Leonis, abbreviated Mu Leo, μ Leo), also named Rasalas, is a star in the constellation of Leo. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is 3.88, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 0.02628 arc seconds as measured by the Hipparcos satellite, this system is 38.1 pc from the Sun. In 2014, an exoplanet was discovered to be orbiting the star.

Nomenclature
μ Leonis (Latinised to Mu Leonis) is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional names Rasalas and Alshemali, both abbreviations of Ras al Asad al Shamaliyy. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Rasalas for this star on 12 September 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

Properties
Mu Leonis is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K2 IIIb CN1 Ca1. The trailing notation indicates that, for a star of its type, it has stronger than normal absorption lines of cyanogen and calcium in its spectrum. It has around 1.5 times the Sun's mass, but has expanded to around 14 times the Sun's radius. Mu Leonis shines with 63 times the luminosity of the Sun from an outer atmosphere that has an effective temperature of 4,436 K. It is around 3.35 billion years old.

Planetary system
In 2014 it was announced that Mu Leonis has a planetary companion that is at least 2.4 times as massive as Jupiter and orbits with a period of 358 days. This planet was detected by measuring radial velocity variations caused by gravitational displacement from the orbiting body.

title: Mu Leonis


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Talk:St. Michael's Basilica (Miramichi, New Brunswick)

the statement that this church is the largest in canada east of quebec city is not even close to being true. st. michael's seats 1200 people according to this article, and the basilican of st. john the baptist in st. john's, newfoundland seats more than double this number-it is listed here as seating 2500: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_The_Baptist

 * The statement was true before Newfoundland joined Confederation in 1949.

Correction needed....1, in reguards to above statement. Notre Dame de L'Assomtion in Moncton NB is also larger, yet the article is correct in that is uses the phrasing "one of the largest" 2. This is not part of the diosese of Bathurst. It is part of the diosese of Saint John, NB. (174.115.55.99 (talk) 08:18, 17 March 2011 (UTC))


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Talk:Metric Today

The Metric Today newsletter is double side printed on A3 sized paper, which is then bifolded to produce A4 sized (210 mm x 297 mm) pages. This is, in fact, the international standard for paper sizes, and is based on the A0 sheet of paper which is 1 square metre in area.

So, to say that the dimensions are non-metric is not correct, if not totally incorrect. Steggall 14:28, 13 Jul 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metric Today


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Extras (TV series)

Extras is a British sitcom about extras working in television, film, and theatre. The series was co-produced by the BBC and HBO, and written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, both of whom starred in it. It follows the lives of Andy Millman (Gervais), his friend Maggie Jacobs (Ashley Jensen) and Andy's substandard agent and part-time retail employee Darren Lamb (Merchant) as Millman muddles through life as an anonymous "background performer" who eventually finds success as a B-list sitcom star.

Extras has two series of six episodes each as well as a Christmas Special. The first episode aired in the UK on 21 July 2005 on BBC Two and on 25 September 2005 on HBO in the US. The second series premiered in the UK on BBC Two on 14 September 2006 and began airing in the US on HBO and in Australia on ABC on 14 February 2007. The Christmas Special aired on 27 December 2007 on BBC One and on 16 December 2007 on HBO. Both series are available on DVD and, at various times, through streaming services in the UK and the US.

The series is filmed in a more traditional sitcom style than the mockumentary style used by Gervais and Merchant in their previous series The Office. Each episode has at least one guest star: a television or film celebrity who plays what Gervais and Merchant have referred to as "twisted" versions of themselves—an exaggerated or inverted parody of their public persona. The show has been critically acclaimed, and has a Metacritic score of 81/100.

Cast and characters

 * Ricky Gervais as Andy Millman
 * Ashley Jensen as Maggie Jacobs
 * Stephen Merchant as Darren Lamb (credited as "Agent")
 * Shaun Williamson as Barry from EastEnders (himself)
 * Shaun Pye as Greg Lindley-Jones

Plot
Andy Millman (Ricky Gervais) is an aspiring actor who can only find work as an extra, which he calls being a "background artist" as a means of making the work seem more dignified. Andy is accompanied on his various projects by his platonic best friend and fellow extra, Maggie Jacobs (Ashley Jensen). Maggie is well-meaning but ditzy, often missing obvious social cues and failing to exhibit appropriate tact and subtlety in conversations. Unlike Andy, Maggie has no aspirations toward being anything more than an extra. Andy's agent, Darren Lamb (Stephen Merchant), has no real experience in the field of entertainment. He is incompetent, often taking no steps at all to find work for Andy, and even discouraging potential employers from hiring his client due to his flabby physique, age, and lack of acting experience. Darren is assisted by former soap opera star Shaun Williamson, who plays himself. Lamb frequently tries to undermine Andy by suggesting Williamson (who Lamb refers to by his former EastEnders character name, "Barry") is better suited for various acting roles that are offered to Andy.

Fed up with life as an extra who is always being cut out of scenes just as he manages to get his face on camera, Andy shamelessly kisses up to celebrities and producers in an effort to try to get screen time or a line of dialogue. Although often successful in these endeavours, circumstances always arise that prevent Andy from advancing his career. Reasons include celebrities confessing that they have no real power to help, or (more often) Andy inadvertently offending the star which results in his immediate dismissal from the set. In the conclusion of season one, Andy delivers a sitcom script he has written to Patrick Stewart, who, in turn, passes it along to the BBC through his production company. Andy gets a meeting with BBC comedy producers who greenlight his project and agree to allow him to play the starring role in the show.

Series Two largely chronicles Andy's frustrations with his sitcom—When the Whistle Blows—which is heavily rewritten by BBC producers, resulting in it being a lowest-common-denominator comedy that relies on a multitude of catchphrases, offensive stereotypes and silly costumes for cheap laughs. Although the sitcom is commercially successful, pulling six million weekly viewers, it is a flop with critics who mercilessly bash both it and Andy. Andy periodically gets a chance to expand his repertoire in film and on stage but manages to ruin every opportunity that comes his way by either refusing to take direction, or by once again offending bigger stars than himself.

In the series' 90-minute finale, the sitcom has made Andy financially successful and recognisable to many but he is increasingly frustrated with the show's quality and with his career not moving forward. Andy is convinced to fire Darren as his agent and become a client of a larger, more professional firm which he believes will accelerate his path upward. After taping a Christmas Special for When the Whistle Blows, he announces to the live studio audience that he is quitting the series effective immediately. His career falls into total stagnation and Andy is forced to take bit parts on various long-running British television series such as Doctor Who and Hotel Babylon. Eventually, his agent ceases to take his calls. Andy's relationship with Maggie sours as he frequently ignores her and spends all of the time they spend together complaining about not getting the opportunities he feels he deserves.

When he crashes his agent's lunch meeting at a posh restaurant, he is bluntly told that he will never realise his dreams of having fame, fortune, prestige and respect. Crushed, Andy reluctantly agrees to lower his expectations for the sake of remaining modestly famous and successful and is cast in Celebrity Big Brother. While staying in the Celebrity Big Brother house, Andy openly reflects upon the price of fame and grows increasingly disenchanted with the culture of celebrity worship that has manifested itself throughout Western society.

His despondency culminates in an emotional breakdown during a conversation with the other housemates. He tearfully turns to the camera and apologises to Maggie, who is watching the broadcast from her flat, for ignoring her and not heeding her advice to be grateful for the things he has managed to achieve. He voluntarily departs the house, ending his tenure on the show. Moved by the unexpected outpouring of emotion, a group of journalists eagerly awaits Andy's appearance at a press conference. Andy's agent returns and tells him that his emotional turn has instantly skyrocketed Andy's profile and that a number of A-list stars are requesting to meet him. As his agent prepares to introduce him to the throng of waiting press, Andy quietly slips out the back door of the studio where Maggie is waiting for him in her car. They drive off together with Andy seemingly turning his back on show business and accepting a life of anonymity.

Episodes
There are twelve regular episodes and a 90-minute Christmas special.

When the first series was originally broadcast in the UK, the episode featuring Ben Stiller was broadcast first, followed by the Ross Kemp and Vinnie Jones episode the following week.

When the first series was shown in North America, another order was used:

 * 1) Kate Winslet
 * 2) Ben Stiller
 * 3) Ross Kemp & Vinnie Jones
 * 4) Les Dennis
 * 5) Samuel L. Jackson
 * 6) Patrick Stewart

The DVD release however has the Ross Kemp episode first, followed by Ben Stiller

When the Whistle Blows
When the Whistle Blows is the show-within-a-show sitcom created, co-written by and starring Andy Millman. It was first mentioned in episode 1.3, as a script that Millman had written and given to Darren, who neglected to read it (in a recurring joke, he frequently forgot the show's name, often calling it When the Wind Blows and even confusing it with The Wind in the Willows). In the first-season finale, the script is turned into a sitcom on BBC One, after Millman gives the script to Patrick Stewart. Excerpts from the sitcom are featured in the second season, and many of the Extras second-season plotlines revolve around Millman's experiences on and around the show.

When the Whistle Blows is set in a Wigan factory canteen. The humour is broad and lowbrow in the manner of many catchphrase-based sitcoms. The show's main catchphrase, "Are you 'avin' a laugh?", is spoken by Millman. The show is unpopular with critics but popular with the public. It receives a BAFTA nomination, although Millman suspects it is simply to make up the numbers, and in the end it loses to an unspecified programme by Stephen Fry.

Millman is deeply unhappy with the show, feeling that too many people have interfered with his original ideas in the hunt for ratings. It appears that Millman originally set out to do a comedy similar to The Office, with true-to-life characters in a realistic work environment, without a studio audience or canned laughter. After being forced to collaborate and compromise many of his ideas with BBC producers, the show is transformed into lowest-common-denominator fare, with each character having his/her own catchphrase, repeated ad nauseam to the delight of its 6 million viewers. The show is further debased by the unexplained guest appearance of Coldplay's Chris Martin in episode 2.4, which bears no relation to the plot and which Millman openly opposes, going so far as to utter the on-camera line, "Chris Martin, what are you doing in a factory in Wigan? It's mental!"

The presence of studio audiences, canned laughter, and the reliance on funny wigs, costumes and catchphrases for humour is a comment on British comedy hits such as Little Britain and The League of Gentlemen. Many people that Millman sees at the recording of the pilot wear T-shirts displaying comedy catchphrases such as "Wassup", "It's Chico Time", "I'm a lady!", "Am I bovvered?" and "Garlic bread?" (These shirts are not shown in the version screened in the US). Some of the show's reviews refer to it as a "time warp comedy", and Millman's character talks about 1970s catchphrases such as Mr Humphreys' "I'm Free" (from Are You Being Served?) and Frank Spencer's "Ooh Betty" (from Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em), suggesting that it is also partly sending up 1970s British comedy. In episode 2.5, Germaine Greer suggests that When the Whistle Blows is "sub Carry On".

In recent years, the spoof has been compared to real-life sitcom Mrs Brown's Boys, in respect to its animated opening and that it was critically panned yet a ratings winner.

Music
The closing title track is "Tea for the Tillerman", written and performed by Cat Stevens, the title track of his album Tea for the Tillerman. The fourth episode of the second series of Extras features a cover of the song performed by Chris Martin of Coldplay. The same episode also uses the song "Oh, Pretty Woman" by Roy Orbison.

The song in the Christmas Special, highlighting Maggie's depression after she hits bottom and quits acting, is "This Woman's Work" by Kate Bush. When Andy is having a bad time at The Ivy restaurant and leaves Maggie on her own, The Smiths' song "Please, Please, Please, Let Me Get What I Want" can be heard.

Guest star cancellations and replacements
According to a segment in the extras section of the Series 1 DVD, Jude Law was scheduled to appear in one of the episodes, after meeting Gervais backstage on the Late Show with David Letterman, but had to pull out due to film commitments. Gervais and Merchant had to scramble to find a replacement, with Leonardo DiCaprio being considered and doggedly pursued. A featurette on the first series DVD release, "Finding Leo", consists of late-night video camera footage (shot mostly by Merchant) chronicling Gervais' desperate but ultimately unsuccessful attempts to contact DiCaprio's representatives. Law was ultimately replaced by Patrick Stewart in the series 1 finale, although a poster for the Jude Law film Alfie appeared at the end. Other actors who did not appear in Extras, despite initial reports from Gervais that they would, include Madonna, Brad Pitt and Tom Cruise. Keith Harris turned down the part after reading the script, subsequently telling The Independent, "This isn't clever writing, it's pure filth". Keith Chegwin performed in his place.

Awards and nominations
Extras has been received very well by most UK critics. IT received 3 BAFTA TV Award nominations in 2006, including Best Comedy Performance for Ashley Jensen, Best Writer for Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, and Best Situation Comedy. In 2007, Gervais and Merchant were separately nominated for Best Comedy Performance (Gervais won).

The show has also received accolades in the US. In 2006, it received four nominations at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards. Ben Stiller and Patrick Stewart received nominations for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, Kate Winslet received a nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series. Gervais and Merchant were also nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the episode with Kate Winslet.

In 2007's 59th Primetime Emmy Awards, Gervais was nominated for and won Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, and Ian McKellen was nominated for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series. Gervais and Merchant were also nominated for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for the "Daniel Radcliffe" episode, and Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series for the "Orlando Bloom" episode. Extras made the Top 10 list of Outstanding Comedy Series but was not nominated in the Top 5.

In 2008, the finale earned five nominations at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards, and the special was nominated for Outstanding Made for Television Movie. Gervais was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie, and Jensen received her first Emmy nomination with a nod in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie category. Gervais and Merchant received nominations for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special, as well as in the Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special category.

title: Extras (TV series)


text:
User:Super Sam/monobook.css

/***********This is rounders from User Style. ******************/

/* make a few corners round, only supported by moz/firefox/other gecko browsers for now */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; } -moz-border-radius-topleft: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 1em; } div.pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright: 1em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 1em; }
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 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
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/************** This is a tweak from the intro section ********************/ /*******************THIS_LINE_TESTS_THAT_TWEAK******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************/

/* put scrollbar on pre sections instead of ugly cutoff/overlap in firefox */ pre { overflow: auto; }

/**********************This is where my part starts***********************/

/* Gets rid of the border on the left of the nav boxes in rounders. Doesn't look so good in non-roundness. */ div.pBody { border-left:none; }

/* Make the personal toolbar have roundness */ /* ooooh transparency */ opacity:.6; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft:1em; border-color:rgb(250, 189, 35); border-width:1px; border-style:solid; background:#F8FCFF; /* if it weren't for this, that tool bar would stretch itself across the entire screen. */  float:right; padding:0; padding-bottom:.3em; padding-right:3px; border-top:none; border-right:none; margin:0; /* my background code - use your own if you want (16*16px) */ background-image:url("http://fanstuff.hrwiki.org/images/4/41/homsartiny.png"); background-repeat:no-repeat; /* overrides 3px p-r that's above */ padding-right:20px; background-position:right center; }
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background:#FFF; }
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padding:.5em; margin:0; }
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margin:0; border-right:1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); }
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title: User:Super Sam/monobook.css


text:
Lambda Leonis

Lambda Leonis (λ Leonis, abbreviated Lam Leo, λ Leo), formally named Alterf, is a star in the constellation of Leo. The star is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 4.32 Based upon an annual parallax shift of 0.00991 arcseconds, it is located about 329 light-years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is reduced by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.06 because of extinction.

Nomenclature
λ Leonis (Latinised to Lambda Leonis) is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional name Alterf, from the Arabic الطرف aṭ-ṭarf "the view (of the lion)". In 2016, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Alterf for this star on February 1, 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

This star, along with Xi Cancri, were the Persian Nahn, "the Nose", and the Coptic Piautos, "the Eye", both lunar asterisms.

Properties
This is a K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4.5 III. It is a suspected variable star with a reported magnitude range of 4.28−4.34. The interferometry-measured angular diameter of this star, after correcting for limb darkening, is $24.27$, which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of nearly 45 times the radius of the Sun. It shines with around 472 times the luminosity of the Sun, from an outer atmosphere that has an effective temperature of 3,900 K.

title: Lambda Leonis


text:
Talk:Chatham, New Brunswick

the statement that st. michaels is the largest church in canada east of quebec city is not even close to being true. st. michael's seats 1200 people according to this article, and the basilican of st. john the baptist in st. john's, newfoundland seats more than double this number-it is listed here as seating 2500: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_The_Baptist

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:St._Michael%27s_Basilica"

title: Talk:Chatham, New Brunswick


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Progress of true science

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:35, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Progress of true science
Looks like either original research, or some tidbit better merged elsewhere --Bletch 12:36, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Bletch 12:36, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article itself admits neologism ("unknown.")  Nothing to merge because the article really says nothing... Franklin believed that science would continue to progress and make our lives better... good for him.  Dcarrano 17:02, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete User:Mark Dingemanse/Roylee Wizzy…  ☎   17:51, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 19:06, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above royblumy 21:36, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per User:Mark Dingemanse/Roylee. — mark ✎ 21:40, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete more original research from Roylee. If the Franklin quote is legitimate, though, make sure Wikiquote has a copy.   — Gwalla | Talk 01:01, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:70.68.23.69

title: User talk:70.68.23.69


text:
Projection clock

A  projection clock (also called ceiling clock) is an analogue or digital clock equipped with a projector that creates an enlarged image of the clock face or display on any surface usable as a projection screen, most often the ceiling.

The clock can be placed almost anywhere if only the projected image must be seen. The image generated by most projection clocks is large enough that a nearsighted person can see it from a distance without glasses or contact lenses. Clocks usually have a conventional display on their body, in addition to the projector,

Projection clocks are also used in advertising and merchandising. High-brightness analogue projection clocks can superimpose a business' logo on top of the clock face, while there are low-brightness projection clocks designed for home use that project, for example, a logo in addition to the time.

Some projection clocks are radio-controlled, synchronising with a broadcast time standard and always displaying the right time without the need to set them. They may also display other information such as temperature and humidity.

History
Projection clocks were patented at least twice: once in 1909, and another time in 1940. Both patents have expired.

Early projection clocks were universally analogue but with the widespread adoption of digital clocks, digital projection clocks became the standard.

Technology
A projection clock usually needs a backlight like an incandescent bulb or LED.

There are low-brightness and high-brightness clocks. While the projection created by low-brightness clocks can be viewed only in a darkened room, high-brightness ones can also be viewed in bright light or daylight.

Low-brightness projection clocks
Most modern projection clocks have a red LED-based projector. Additional optional features not specific to projection clocks are the inclusion of an LED or LCD display in addition to the projector, an alarm function, and synchronisation to a broadcast time standard.

High-brightness projection clocks
Modern high-brightness projection clocks are in most cases analogue and have a halogen bulb backlight. In most cases, they use a set of rotating and fixed transparent discs with hands and a face. An LCD is integrated into some clocks to combine analogue and digital information on the projected image.

Projectors used in projection clocks are similar to other projectors and use the same optical principles. They usually use lenses although some projectors use the principle of shadow theatre, vector or raster scanning.

title: Projection clock


text:
User talk:Oooooooo~enwiki

I have listed Image:Boom.jpg for deletion because 1) It is not used 2) It has been used on the graffiti page but only to advertise the webpage 3) It is computer generated (i.e. fake)graffiti and a better image allready exists to illistrate computer generated graffiti. 4) Also it may cause offence given the recent attacks on London (causeing offence is some times nessisary but given points one to three this image is not needed)

You can commment on the deletion here Images and media for deletion.--JK the unwise 12:37, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Oooooooo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Oooooooo~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:56, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:13, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oooooooo~enwiki


text:
AMOLF

AMOLF is a research institute and part of the institutes organization of the Dutch Research Council (NWO). AMOLF carries out fundamental research on the physics and design principles of natural and man-made complex matter. AMOLF uses these insights to create novel functional materials and find new solutions to societal challenges in renewable energy, green ICT and healthcare. AMOLF is located at the Amsterdam Science Park.

AMOLF used to be part of the Dutch Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM). On 31 December 2016 FOM integrated in NWO.

History
The institute was established in 1949 by the government as the FOM Laboratory for Mass Spectrography. In 1960, it was renamed to Laboratory for Mass Separation, and in 1966 it was reorganized into a research institute and renamed FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF).

The original research goal was to demonstrate the separation of uranium isotopes by electromagnetic separation methods, a topic of great strategic importance after World War II. To reach this goal, a number of novel analytical instruments were developed, starting with the development of mass-spectrometric tools. In 1953 AMOLF was the first European institute to successfully enrich Uranium. Soon after, research on thermal diffusion in gases followed, as did ultracentrifuge concepts, cathode dispersion, excitation of gases by using energetic ions and research on molecular beams. The gas-ultracentrifuge developed at AMOLF (under Jacob Kistemaker) provided a base for the commercial enrichment of Uranium at the today well-known company of URENCO in Almelo.

Structure and organization
AMOLF functions as an incubator for Dutch science, both in terms of launching new research themes and in terms of training talented scientists. AMOLF is headed by its director Huib Bakker, who succeeded Vinod Subramaniam on 1 February 2016. The organization has 19 research groups headed by tenured or tenure-track group leaders. AMOLF employs about 130 researchers and 70 employees for technical and administrative support.

Research
AMOLF’s research program consists of four intertwined themes.

 * Nanophotonics: controlling and manipulating light with structures at the nanometer scale
 * Nanophotovoltaics: improving solar cells with nanomaterials
 * Designer Matter: research and design of new smart materials
 * Living Matter: research of biomaterials and multi-cellular systems

AMOLF publishes each year on average 15 PhD theses and over 120 papers.

Notable researchers

 * Huib Bakker
 * Marileen Dogterom (worked at AMOLF from 1997 to 2013)
 * Daan Frenkel
 * Ad Lagendijk
 * Albert Polman

title: AMOLF


text:
August Fick

Friedrich Conrad August Fick (May 5, 1833, in Petershagen, Germany – March 24, 1916, in Hildesheim or Breslau) was a German philologist.

He spent his life chiefly at Göttingen, where he first studied philology under Theodor Benfey; became a teacher in the Gymnasium, and eventually in 1876 professor of comparative philology at the university; in 1887 accepted a professorship in Breslau, but retired four years later; author of a variety of learned works on philology.

Works

 * "Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Grundsprache, 1868 – His "dictionary of Indo-European parent language" is considered to be the first work of its kind.
 * "Die ehemalige Spracheinheit der Indogermanen Europas : Eine sprachgeschichtliche Untersuchung", 1873 – The former speech unit of the Indo-European: A linguistic historical investigation.
 * "Die griechischen Personennamen : nach ihrer Bildung erklärt und systematisch geordnet", 1874 – Greek personal names; according to formation and systematic order.
 * "Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen" Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1890-1909 (4th edition). OCLC: 63812989. – Comparative dictionary of the Indo-European languages.
 * "Vorgriechische Ortsnamen als Quelle für die Vorgeschichte Griechenlands verwertet", 1905 – Former Greek place names as a source for the history of Greece.

title: August Fick


text:
User:Tau'ri Commander

UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES

2005 PSME SET OF OFFICERS

PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS STUDENT CHAPTER

PRESIDENT: JOEL V. BUENA JR.

VICE-PRESIDENT, INTERNAL: YOUNIS JON F. ALANO

VICE-PRESIDENT EXTERNAL: LORENZO DERIS

SECRETARY: SONNY NOGOT

TREASURER: LAURO T. TANTEO

AUDITOR: ERVIN MONTAŇES

PIO: DENNIS N. VERDEFLOR

BUS. MANAGERS: RICHARD I. ONG

MARLO S. ABALA JEROME SANTIAGO

REPRESENTATIVES:

5TH YEAR: MARLON P. RESURRECCION

ALVHIN BALLECER ARLYN R. ABLAN

4TH YEAR: LOUNEL BITABARA

ERWIN FERNANDEZ ALVIN MORANDARTE

title: User:Tau'ri Commander


text:
Talk:Threaded code

subroutine call techniques: All code is threaded code?
The article currently claims
 * Threaded code is used in the Forth and early versions of the B programming languages, as well as many implementations of FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL and other languages for small minicomputers.

then later

 * Early compilers for ALGOL, Fortran, Cobol and some Forth systems often produced subroutine-threaded code.

It sounds like someone was confused by the people who call native machine language, "subroutine threaded code", which most people would say is the .opposite of threaded code. If "subroutine threaded code" is a kind of threaded code, then practically all code is threaded code of one kind or another. (The only exception is code that doesn't have *any* subroutines, right?).

I think Chuck Moore developed the term "threaded code" to describe Forth, meaning indirect threaded code or direct threaded code.

Did any of these other compiler/interpreters really generate indirect threaded code or direct threaded code ? I know some BASIC and PASCAL compilers generate "p-code" ...

--DavidCary 12:37, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

I am very interested in the variety of subroutine call techniques (what some people call the kinds of "threading model").

There's a nice discussion developing here, but it's starting to drown out what most people think of as "threaded code" (indirect-threaded code and direct-threaded code).

Is there a better article somewhere else (or a good name for an article, if one doesn't exist yet) to talk about subroutine call techniques in general, leaving this article to focus on ITC and DTC ?

--DavidCary 12:37, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Subroutine threaded code is different from native code in that everything is a call; including to constructs like IF. Take this code in Forth;

etc

 * An STC potentially generates (numbers are there to discuss in text)

(1) CALL  (2) CALL IF  (3)  CALL  (4) CALL ."  (5) :    (6)  CALL THEN       ... etc

 * (1) "tucks" the address of the label on the return stack by popping the caller's return address, pushing address of and returning. (2) IF pops and checks the top of the data stack; if it's zero, then jump to label, else return. And so on. (6) is in fact a no-op, but it's sometimes generated so that the code can be decompiled easily by printing off the labels in the symbol table (called a dictionary in Forth) associated with the CALLed address.

 * There are very few Forths that use STC in this extreme form, and a blend between STC and NCC (native code compilation) is normally used. An ITC is the same code, but with addresses only and no CALL opcode; a small VM interpreter does the call/return management. Alex 12:00, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * ITC above should refer to DTC; sorry Alex 20:23, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

types of subroutine-call instructions supported by hardware
I removed ''In some computers there are different types of subroutine-call instructions using different lengths of addresses. In these, the programmers could often arrange to use a shorter form by using threaded code.'' because I don't see how it is relevant -- a threaded call is always shorter than even the shortest subroutine-call instruction.

I removed ''Threading is ... processed by ... the CPU (B)'', because the CPUs I am familiar with cannot directly process threaded code (except for so-called "subroutine threaded code"). But it is theoretically possible that some CPU has special hardware to directly process threaded code -- does such a CPU really exist ? --DavidCary 12:37, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes; see Stack machine and hardware specifically designed to run threaded code. Alex 12:03, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Can anyone give me a direct link to "hardware specifically designed to run threaded code"?
 * I looked at stack machine, and I see "threaded code" mentioned twice.
 * Once in a section describing interpreters for virtual stack machines running on pre-existing register-machine hardware, which is clearly *not* "special hardware to directly process threaded code".
 * Once in a section describing hybrid machines that combine register-machine architecture with an additional "memory address mode which emulates the push or pop operations of stack machines", which I admit is *helpful* in an interpreter that processes threaded code, but as far as I can tell still *indirectly*.
 * Is there some other section that *alludes* to "threaded code" without specifically mentioning that phrase?
 * Did perhaps the stack machine article once described hardware specifically designed to directly run threaded code, but that information somehow got lost in the 14 years (!) since the above comments?
 * --DavidCary (talk) 22:22, 1 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, the "PC=(A)" and "PC=(C)" instructions on the HP Saturn microprocessors are specifically designed to run RPL ( specifically, see eg. the threaded code RPL section ), which is a combination of direct and indirect threaded code. Jdbtwo (talk) 19:46, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

Brad Rodriquez's articles
Could someone add a link to Brad Rodriquez's "Moving Forth" articles?

https://www.bradrodriguez.com/papers/moving1.htm

Also, I think 'w' is 'working register' not 'word pointer'.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.60.59.250 (talk • contribs) 13:17, 20 April 2006 (UTC2)

modern CPU call
Did I hear someone claim that "not all modern cpus have call instructions" ?

Certainly many recent homebrew CPU designs ( Microprocessor Design/Wire Wrap ) don't have a call instruction -- but most people call them "retro" rather than "modern".

Which CPU would that be? I can't think of *any* CPU built after the 1976 RCA 1802 that didn't have a call instruction.

--68.0.124.33 (talk) 18:33, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

The Parallax_Propeller has a 'CALL' assembler instruction (which shares the instruction bits with the op-code of 'JMP'), but no stack pointer (that instruction cannot be used for re-entrant code), so I think it qualifies ;-} — Preceding unsigned comment added by Guenthert (talk • contribs) 20:41, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

some redundancies cannot be eliminated by subroutines
Recently, someone changed the last sentence of
 * Some early computers such as the RCA 1802 required several instructions to call a subroutine. In the top-level application and in many subroutines, that sequence is repeated over and over again, only the subroutine address changing from one call to the next. Using expensive memory to store the same thing over and over again seems wasteful -- is there any way to store this information exactly once?

to

 * Using expensive memory to store the same thing over and over again seemed wasteful; using subroutines allowed the code to be stored once, and called from many different locations.

I reverted that edit, even though that new last sentence is *usually* true, in isolation -- *usually* redundant sequences of instructions can be shortened by using subroutines.

However, it is not possible to "use subroutines" to eliminate the particular redundant sequences mentioned in the previous sentence. (Or am I missing something?)

The entire point of the article is that there *is* a way to "store this information exactly once" -- threaded code -- and the various kinds of threading are various ways of implementing that goal.

I suspect that lots of people skim over that last question and misunderstand it -- how can I improve the article by clarifying it? --68.0.124.33 (talk) 14:40, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree that the statement is a bit vague; I had to reread it several times to figure out what it actually meant. I think that phrasing it as a question makes it more ambiguous, and also doesn't really make sense in terms of style - which is why I changed it before. I see now, though, that what I changed it to doesn't really mean the same thing.
 * How about simply:
 * Some early computers such as the RCA 1802 required several instructions to call a subroutine. In the top-level application and in many subroutines, that sequence is repeated over and over again, only the subroutine address changing from one call to the next. Threaded code was invented to reduce this redundancy.
 * mistercow (talk) 06:37, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. But please feel free to clarify it even more. --68.0.124.33 (talk) 17:11, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

the very early days of computers
A recent edit  implies that "threaded code" is a re-invention of something used "since the very early days of computers".

I admit to not knowing much about early mainframe computers. So:
 * Did this earlier technique have a name other than "threaded code"?
 * Was this earlier technique the same as what we would now call "threaded code", or was there something different about it?
 * Was this technique so very different from threaded code that it shouldn't even be mentioned on this "threaded code" article, and instead discussed on some other more relevant article?

--68.0.124.33 (talk) 05:32, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

development of threaded code
This article could either: Which approach helps people better understand this subject?
 * (a) immediately present an example of threaded code, and try to explain how it works on its own terms, without getting sidetracked on bytecodes, or
 * (b) start with a brief detour describing an easier-to-understand "decode and dispatch interpreter". Then show a series of simple Wittgenstein's ladder steps (described using bytecode terminology) of "development" required to convert it into threaded code.

At one time, this article used approach (b).

Alas, a well-meaning edit  chopped the first step or two out of that sequence. This leaves the "Development" section Threaded_code with several confusing dangling references to "the bytecodes" and "the decode and dispatch interpreter described above" that no longer exists.

Would this article be easier to understand if we revert to approach (b), or if we delete those dangling references and try to switch to approach (a)? --DavidCary (talk) 18:23, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

I've switched to (a) but the dangling references remain in source (commented out), just in case. It might be prudent to move the text down, where a bytecode interpreter is in fact given after threaded code discussion is done. eritain (talk) 19:09, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Notation
This article uses some notation I haven't seen before, without explaining what it is or what it means, making the article difficult to understand. The notation looks a bit like C, but it's not C. Why has no-one else commented on this?--greenrd (talk) 11:21, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

Why examples in C?
Given Forth is the most common example of a threaded code implementation, why are the examples in C rather than assembly or pseudo-code?

C and Forth are at opposite ends of the spectrum on so many issues. It just seems *wrong* to give examples of threaded code using C idioms.87.68.22.118 (talk) 19:39, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

Example from register based Parrot VM
Simple example (in Parrot virtual machine source) with function base opcodes, switched opcode core and CGOTO core is examples/c/nanoparrot.c. I did some tests a long ago, see Nanoparrot. --mj41 (talk) 22:01, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

Psuedocode examples are confusing and possibly wrong
Currently, the psuedocode examples are C-like enough that people might assume they follow the rules of C. However, each one of these examples falls victim to undefined behavior, more specifically, unsequenced modification and access. In order to clarify to the readers of the article the exact behavior of what this would look like in a C-like language, I believe we should rewrite the C-like pseudocode so that it does not contain what is considered undefined behavior in C. However, to try and work towards a better article, I would like to know if anybody has potentially better ideas for what could be done. I was thinking maybe switching pseudocode styles altogether? Thanks!

Bulbazord (talk) 04:10, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

I've suggested a syntax modification below: specifically, not using the & character for every array element, and switching from a C-switch style to a C-procedure style: I specifically consider the use of named blocks syntactically beneficial. 2602:301:7764:AC00:9ED:9E40:9294:D87 (talk) 22:43, 1 June 2019 (UTC)

Threading models and example syntax
The section describing Direct Threaded code says the following:

This form is simple, but may have overheads because the thread consists only of machine addresses, so all further parameters must be loaded indirectly from memory.

before later giving an example of direct-threaded code that contains inlined constants (A and B), in direct contradiction to the quote I've provided above. I propose the following wording be used in it's place:

This form is simple, but if the thread consists only of machine addresses, then all further parameters must be loaded indirectly from memory, which may impose overheads.

Additionally, a grammar similar to C (in particular, using switches) is used, but constants appear to be referenced via address, yet used as values! I advise replacing instances of &A or &B with simple A or B, and using a C-procedure style grammar instead of a C-switch grammar, perhaps with something like "jump" or "jump to" at the start of a reference to another piece of code, to clarify the manner in which the code in question is being used.

2602:301:7764:AC00:9ED:9E40:9294:D87 (talk) 22:39, 1 June 2019 (UTC)

Definition of threaded-interpreted language / TIL
Abbr. "TIL" is not introduced (sub section RPL). It is probably for "threaded-interpreted language", but this is not defined (what is it precisely?).

Or threaded-interpretive language, not threaded-interpreted language?

--Mortense (talk) 18:25, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I have reworded this paragraph to include a definition of the term. Yes, it's threaded interpretive language, although some people erroneously use threaded-interpreted language. --Matthiaspaul (talk) 19:55, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

Does "bit" mean "little"?
The phrases "which reads the symbolic language a bit at a time" and "each bit exists in only one place" use the word "bit" which may be confused for the computing meaning, rather than e.g. "little". Just in case early machines did read single bits while interpreting, I opened this discussion rather than making the edit. 47.154.80.218 (talk) 18:49, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Threaded code


text:
EM Strasbourg Business School

EM Strasbourg Business School, formerly the Institut d'Etudes Supérieures Spécialisées (IECS) is a French business school created in 1919 in Strasbourg, Alsace.

History
In 1919, at the initiative of the Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie (CCI), the Institut d'Etudes Supérieures Spécialisées, or European Institute for Higher Business Studies, (IECS) was created.

In 1956, in accordance with the CCI, the IECS was attached to the University of Strasbourg and the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, thus becoming the only French business school tied to a traditional university.

In 1999, the IECS moved to a new building, the PEGE (European Center of Management and Economics). The building covers 26,000 m2, over four levels.

On 12 October 2007 the school underwent a strategic merger with the IAE of Strasbourg, forming a new entity, named the EM Strasbourg Business School.

The school was the first French public institution to get a four-year "diversity" label issued by AFNOR in 2012.

In 2015, the School was accredited AACSB.

there were 3300 students.

Programs
Students can focus their studies in banking and finance, entrepreneurship and management, finance, accounting and auditing, supply chain management, management of information systems, and marketing and sales. The school maintains a large undergraduate and graduate exchange program with nearly 200 partner institutions located in 55 countries all over the world, such as Trinity College, Dublin, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, and HEC Montréal.

Ranking
Since 2000 and it has been one of the elite grandes écoles in France, ranking in the top 17 business schools in the nation. It is the only French business school to operate under the umbrella of a traditional university, the University of Strasbourg. This model was inspired by U.S. and other international models. The school is the only one in France to be ranked in the Shanghai academic ranking of world Universities through its affiliation with the University of Strasbourg.

In 2022, the Financial Times ranked the Masters in Management program 71st in the world.

Notable alumni

 * Fatma Samoura, Secretary General of FIFA, 2016–2023
 * Jean-Marc Zulesi, member of the National Assembly as of 2017

title: EM Strasbourg Business School


text:
User:Denihilonihil

Gigni de nihilo nihil, in nihilo nil posse reverti
From this famous quote by the Roman poet and satirist Persius was derived my username.

 * yu. high school student from the tropical island of Singapore.

 * would like to be intellectual some day.

Personal leanings

 * Civil libertarian
 * Affirmative action opponent
 * Pro-choice on abortion
 * Gay rights advocate
 * Minarchist, i.e. small-government advocate
 * Social liberal
 * Fiscal conservative
 * Socialist (more British rather than French)
 * but against welfare states

Recommendations

 * Black Adder

Historical linguistics and languages

 * Development of the Germanic languages from Proto-Indo-European
 * Grimm's law, Verner's law, High German consonant shift
 * English as a glorified creole
 * Genealogy of Japanese
 * Relation of Japanese to Korean and the Altaic language family
 * Relation of Japanese to the Austronesian languages
 * Old and Middle Chinese

Politics and political science

 * Liberalism
 * Democratic Party
 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau, especially Du Contrat Social

History

 * European history
 * French Revolution
 * Russian history from the tsarist period to the 1917 Revolution
 * Oriental history
 * Chinese history from the Han dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period and from the Tang dynasty to the Qing dynasty
 * Japanese history up till the Heian period and from the Edo period to the modern era
 * The Korean Three Kingdoms period and Unified Silla
 * Modern world history, especially from the Enlightenment period to the end of World War II

To Do

 * 1) Translations of high-quality Wikipedia articles in other languages to English where the English version is not up-to-mark
 * 2) Spelling, punctuation and grammar: copyediting

title: User:Denihilonihil