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Massanutten Mountain

Massanutten Mountain is a synclinal ridge in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, located in the U.S. state of Virginia.

Geography
The mountain bisects the Shenandoah Valley just east of Strasburg in Shenandoah County in the north, to its highest peak east of Harrisonburg in Rockingham County in the south.

The mountain is divided into northern and southern sections, divided by the New Market Gap. The northern section consists of 3 roughly parallel ridges, forming 2 valleys. The wider, main valley, is called Fort Valley, while the smaller one is known as Little Fort Valley. The ridges of the northern section converge at New Market Gap. The southern section consists of a series of closely gathered ridges, separated by precipitous creek gorges.

On the eastern side of the mountain range lie the Page Valley and the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the western side lie the North-Central Shenandoah Valley and the Great North Mountain of the Alleghany Mountains.

Recreation
Most of the range is part of the Lee Ranger District of the George Washington National Forest and contains the Elizabeth Furnace and Camp Roosevelt recreational areas. The Potomac Appalachian Trail Club maintains the Massanutten Trail as well as several other hiking trails in the forest. Signal Knob, a former Civil War signal station on the northern peak of the mountain, is a popular destination. The forest service also maintains several ATV trails.

In 1971, the Massanutten Mountain ski lodge and four-season resort village was established near the southern peak. The private resort has nearly doubled in size since Great Eastern Resorts bought it in 1995.

Flora and fauna
Wildlife on Massanutten includes black bear, coyotes, wild turkeys, white-tailed deer, timber rattlesnake, and luna moths. Significant flora includes mayapple, bluets, wild lupine, cardinal flower, and pinxter flower.

Geology
The geology of the Massanutten Mountains is dominated by Silurian Massanutten Sandstone, a lateral equivalent of the Tuscarora Formation in the Appalachian Mountains to the west, overlying the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation. Erosion of the Martinsburg shale in some areas of the mountain caused the sandstone to break and slide to form talus slopes. The Massanutten Sandstone is folded in a synclinorium, and it outcrops at the ridge tops.

Mountains of Massanutten

 * Massanutten Peak
 * Green Mountain
 * Three Top Mountain
 * Powell Mountain
 * Little Crease Mountain
 * Short Mountain
 * Mertins Rock
 * Bowman Mountain
 * Kerns Mountain
 * Catback Mountain
 * Waterfall Mountain
 * First Mountain
 * Second Mountain
 * Third Mountain
 * Fourth Mountain

title: Massanutten Mountain


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Timeline of Portuguese history (First County)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

9th century

 * 868 – Establishment of the 1st County of Portugal, a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Asturias, by count Vímara Peres, after the reconquest from the Moors of the region between the Minho and Douro Rivers. Count Vímara Peres founded the fortified city that bears his own name Vimaranis, later Guimaranis, present day Guimarães, considered "The Cradle City" of Portugal.
 * 871 – The city of Coimbra is reconquered from the Muslim Emirate of Córdoba. Hermenegildo Gutiérrez is appointed Count of Coimbra.
 * 873 – Vímara Peres dies and his son Lucídio Vimaranes becomes Count of Portugal.

10th century

 * 909 – Alfonso III of Asturias is deposed by his sons yet also proclaimed Emperor.
 * 910 – Alfonso III of Asturias dies and his kingdom is divided among his sons, with Ordoño becoming King of Galicia, Fruela becoming King of Asturias, and García I of León King of Leon.
 * 911 – Count Hermenegildo Gutiérrez of Coimbra, dies and his son Arias Mendes becomes Count of Coimbra.
 * 913 – An expedition commanded by King Ordoño of Galicia into Muslim territory takes Évora.
 * 914 – Ordoño becomes King of Leon, after the death of his brother García I. The capital of the kingdom is moved from Oviedo to León, from which the Kingdom would derive its name.
 * 916 – Ordoño II of León is defeated by the Emir Abd al-Rahman III in Valdejunquera.
 * 918
 * Abd al-Rahman III defeats the Christians at the Battle of Talavera.
 * Pope John X recognizes the orthodoxy and legitimacy of the Visigothic Liturgy maintained in the Mozarabic rite.
 * 922 – Diogo Fernandes succeeds Lucídio Vimaranes as Count of Portugal upon the latter's death.
 * 924 – Fruela of Asturias succeeds his brother Ordoño on the thrones of León and also Galicia.
 * 925 – Alfonso Fróilaz succeeds Fruela as king of Leon, Galicia and Asturias, but is deposed by his cousins Sancho Ordonhes who takes the throne of Galicia, and Alfonso, who takes the thrones of Asturias and Leon.
 * 926 – Mendo I Gonçalves, son of Count Gonzalo Betotez of Galicia marries Mumadona Dias (daughter of count Diogo Fernandes and Onega) and becomes Count of Portugal.
 * 928 – Gonçalo Moniz, grandson of Count Arias Mendes of Coimbra, becomes Count of Coimbra.
 * 931 – Ramiro II becomes King of León. He was the first to bear the title King of Portuguese Land.
 * 938 – First document where the word Portugal is written in its present form.
 * 950
 * Countess Mumadona Dias of Portugal divides amongst her sons her the vast domains, upon the death of her husband Count Mendo I Gonçalves. Her son Gonçalo I Mendes becomes Count of Portugal.
 * Ordoño III becomes King of León.
 * 953 – Large Muslim incursion in Galicia.
 * 955 – Ordoño III of León attacks Lisbon.
 * 956 – Sancho I becomes King of León.
 * 958 – Sancho I of León is deposed and Ordoño IV becomes King of León.
 * 959 – Countess Mumadona Dias donates vast estates to the Monastery of St. Mamede in Guimarães.
 * 960 – Sancho I of León is reinstated as King of León.
 * 966
 * Count Gonçalo Moniz of Coimbra rebels against Sancho I of León.
 * Count Gonçalo Mendes of Portugal assassinates Sancho of Leon.
 * Count Gonçalo Mendes of Portugal defeats Duke Rodrigo Velázques at the Battle of Aguioncha
 * Ramiro III becomes King of León.
 * Vikings raid Galicia and kill the bishop of Santiago de Compostela in battle, but his successor St. Rudesind rallies the local forces and kills the Viking King Gundered.
 * 971 – Another minor Viking raid in Galicia.
 * 976 – Caliph Al-Hakam II dies, and Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir takes over in the name of his protégé Hisham II, becoming a military dictator usurping caliphal powers and launching a big number of offensive campaigns against the Christians.
 * 981 – Count Gonçalo Moniz of Coimbra dies.
 * 982 – Bermudo II becomes King of León, having been acclaimed by the Counts of Galicia and anointed in Santiago de Compostela.
 * 987
 * Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir lays waste to Coimbra, seizes the castles north of the Douro River, and reaches at the city of Santiago de Compostela. The city had been evacuated and Al-Mansur burns it to the ground and destroys the Church of Santiago.
 * Count Gonçalo I Mendes takes the personal title Magnus Dux Portucalensium (Grand-Duke of Portucale) and rebels against King Bermudo II of León, being defeated.
 * 999
 * Alfonso V becomes King of León.
 * Mendo II Gonçalves, son (or grandson?) of Gonçalo I Mendes and Tuta, becomes Count of Portugal.
 * Countess Mumadona Dias dies.

11th century

 * 1003 – Muslims lay waste to the city of León.
 * 1008
 * Vikings raid Galicia, killing Count Mendo II Gonçalves of Portugal.
 * Alvito Nunes, of a collateral line but also descent of Vímara Peres, married to Countess Tudadomna, becomes Count of Portugal.
 * 1009 – Caliphate of Córdoba begins to break up. The Taifa of Badajoz becomes independent of the Caliph Sulaiman al-Mustain of Córdoba and governs the territory between Coimbra and North Alentejo.
 * 1016 – Norman invaders ascend the Minho river and destroy Tuy in Galicia.
 * 1017 – Nuno I Alvites, son of Alvito Nunes and Tudadomna, becomes Count of Portugal. He marries Ilduara Mendes, daughter of Mendo II Gonçalves and Tuta.
 * 1025 – Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad, Abbadid Emir of Seville, captures two castles at Alafões to the north-west of Viseu.
 * 1028
 * Mendo III Nunes, son of Nuno I Alvites and Ilduara Mendes, becomes Count of Portugal.
 * Alfonso V, king of Asturias and León, lays siege to Viseu but is killed by a bolt from the walls.
 * Bermudo III, becomes King of León.
 * 1031 – Sancho III of Navarre declares war on Bermudo III of León. Navarre, sometimes assisted by Galician rebels and Normans, ravages the lands around Lugo in Galicia.
 * 1034
 * The Leonese destroy a raiding force under Ismail ibn Abbad of Seville. Ismail ibn Abbad flees to Lisbon.
 * Gonçalo Trastemires – a Portuguese frontiersman – captures Montemor castle on the Mondego river.
 * By 1034, Sancho the Great of Navarre had incorporated Aragon, Sobrarbe, Barcelona, as well as Asturias, León and Castile, and he proclaims himself Rex Hispaniarum ("King of all Spains").
 * 1035
 * Sancho III of Navarre, Aragon, Leon and Castille dies and distributes his lands among his three sons; Castile and Aragon become kingdoms.
 * Bermudo III of León defeats the Moors at the Battle of Cesar, in the Aveiro region.
 * 1037 – Ferdinand of Castile defeats and kills his father-in-law, Bermudo III of León at the Battle of Tamarón, and takes the title of King of Leon.
 * 1039 – Ferdinand of Castille and León proclaims himself Emperor of all Hispania.
 * 1050 – Count Mendo III Nunes of Portugal is killed in battle sometime during this period. His son Nuno II Mendes succeeds him as Count of Portugal.
 * 1057 – Ferdinand of Castille and León conquers Lamego from the Muslims.
 * 1058 – Emir Al-Muzaffar al-Aftas pays the Christians to leave Badajoz, but not before Viseu being conquered by Ferdinand I of Castile and León.
 * 1060 – The council (Ecumenical Synod) of Santiago de Compostela begins.
 * 1064
 * Ferdinand I of León and Castile besieges Muslim Coimbra from 20 January until 9 July. The Muslim governor who surrendered is allowed to leave with his family, but 5,000 inhabitants are taken captive, and all Muslims are forced out of Portuguese territory across the Mondego river. The Mozarabic lord Sisnando Davides, who led the siege, becomes Count of Coimbra.
 * The Hispanic calendar is adopted.
 * 1065 – Death of Ferdinand of Léon and Castille. His kingdom is divided amongst his sons, with Garcia taking the throne of Galicia, while Alfonso VI takes Leon and Sancho II takes Castille.
 * 1070 – Count Nuno II Mendes of Portugal revolts against King Garcia II of Galicia.
 * 1071 – After defeating and killing Count Nuno Mendes of Portugal at the Battle of Pedroso near Braga, Garcia II of Galicia annexes Portugal to Galicia and adopts the title King of Galicia and Portugal. The County of Portugal ceases to exist as an autonomous entity for the time being.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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SIMBAD

SIMBAD (the Set of Identifications, Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) is an astronomical database of objects beyond the Solar System. It is maintained by the Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS), France.

SIMBAD was created by merging the Catalog of Stellar Identifications (CSI) and the Bibliographic Star Index as they existed at the Meudon Computer Centre until 1979, and then expanded by additional source data from other catalogues and the academic literature. The first on-line interactive version, known as Version 2, was made available in 1981.

Version 3, developed in the C language and running on UNIX stations at the Volgograd Observatory, was released in 1990. Fall of 2006 saw the release of Version 4 of the database, now stored in PostgreSQL, and the supporting software, now written entirely in Java.

JP11 is a star catalogue containing about 4,000 objects. Currently it exists only as a part of the SIMBAD database.

, SIMBAD contains information for 5,800,000 stars and about 5,500,000 nonstellar objects (galaxies, planetary nebulae, clusters, novae and supernovae, etc.).

The minor planet 4692 SIMBAD was named in its honour.

title: SIMBAD


text: Category:German television personalities


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Wikipedia talk:List of Caribbean Wikipedians

There's currently a vote on Montserrat's talk page that some Caribbean persons may- be interested. It has been proposed that since the island of Montserrat may have been named after a mountain named "Montserrat" in Spain -- that perhaps the island should be renamed to "Montserrat_(island)" and the mountain in Spain be renamed from "Montserrat_(mountain)" to "Montserrat".

Its been stated the namechange should be made in according to Wikipedia naming conventions. CaribDigita 19:41, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Category:Caribbean Wikipedians
Wikipedia is in the process of re-organising user lists into categories, so I've taken the liberty of setting one up: Category:Caribbean Wikipedians. I hope you don't mind!

To add yourself to this list, insert the following on your user page:

I look forward to hearing from other Caribbean Wikipedians soon!

Vivenot 16:34, 29 July 2005 (UTC)


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Jakob Frohschammer

Jakob Frohschammer (6 January 1821 – 14 June 1893) was a German theologian and philosopher.

Biography
Frohschammer was born at Illkofen, which is now in the municipality of Barbing, near Regensburg. Destined by his parents for the Roman Catholic priesthood, he studied theology at Munich, but felt an ever-growing attraction to philosophy. Nevertheless, after much hesitation, he took what he himself calls the most mistaken step of his life, and in 1847 entered the priesthood. His keenly logical intellect, and his impatience of authority where it clashed with his own convictions, quite unfitted him for that unquestioning obedience which the Church demanded. It was only after open defiance of Valentin Riedel, the bishop of Regensburg, that he obtained permission to continue his studies at Munich.

He died at Bad Kreuth in the Bavarian Highlands on 14 June 1893.

Beginnings
He at first devoted himself more especially to the study of the history of dogma, and in 1850 published his Beiträge zur Kirchengeschichte, which was placed on the Index Expurgatorius. But he felt that his real vocation was philosophy, and after holding for a short time an extraordinary professorship of theology, he became professor of philosophy in 1855. This appointment he owed chiefly to his work, Über den Ursprung der menschlichen Seelen (1854), in which he maintained that the human soul was not implanted by a special creative act in each case, but was the result of a secondary creative act on the part of the parents: that soul as well as body, therefore, was subject to the laws of heredity. This was supplemented in 1855 by the controversial Menschenseele und Physiologie ("Physiology and the Soul of Man").

Undeterred by the offence which these work gave to his ecclesiastical superiors, he published in 1858 the Einleitung in die Philosophie und Grundriss der Metaphysik in which he assailed the doctrine of Thomas Aquinas that philosophy was the handmaid of theology. In 1861 appeared Über die Aufgabe der Naturphilosophie und ihr Verhältnis zu Naturwissenschaft, which was, he declared, directed against the purely mechanical conception of the universe, and affirmed the necessity of a creative power. In the same year he published Über die Freiheit der Wissenschaft, in which he maintained the independence of science, whose goal was truth, against authority and reproached the excessive respect for the latter in the Roman Church with the insignificant part played by the German Catholic in literature and philosophy.

Denunciation and excommunication
He was denounced by the pope himself in an apostolic brief of 11 December 1862 and students of theology were forbidden to attend his lectures. Public opinion was now keenly excited; he received an ovation from the Munich students, and the king, to whom he owed his appointment, supported him warmly. A conference of Catholic savants, held in 1863 under the presidency of Döllinger, decided that authority must be supreme in the Church. When, however, Döllinger and his school in their turn started the Old Catholic movement, Frohschammer refused to associate himself with their cause, holding that they did not go far enough, and that their declaration of 1863 had cut the ground from under their feet.

Meanwhile, he had, in 1862, founded the Athenäum as the organ of Liberal Catholicism. For this he wrote the first adequate account in German of the Darwinian theory of natural selection, which drew a warm letter of appreciation from Darwin himself. Excommunicated in 1871, he replied with three articles, which were reproduced in thousands as pamphlets in the chief European languages: Der Fels Petri in Rom (1873), Der Primat Petri und des Papstes (1875), and Das Christenthum Christi und das Christenthum des Papstes (1876).

Other writings
In Das neue Wissen und der neue Glaube (1873) he showed himself as vigorous and opponent of the materialism of David Strauss as of the doctrine of papal infallibility. His later years were occupied with a series of philosophical works, of which the most important were: Die Phantasie als Grundprincip des Welt processes (1877), Ueber die Genesis der Menschheit und deren geistige Entwicklung in Religion, Sittlichkeit und Sprache (1883), and Ueber die Organisation und Cultur der menschlichen Gesellschaft (1885). His system is based on the unifying principle of imagination (Phantasie), which he extends to the objective creative force of Nature, as well as to the subjective mental phenomena to which the term is usually confined.

In addition to other treatises on theological subjects, Frohschammer was also the author of Monaden und Weltphantasie and Über die Bedeutung der Einbildungskraft in der Philosophie Kants und Spinozas (1879); Über die Principien der Aristotelischen Philosophie und die Bedeutung der Phantasie in der selben (1881); Die Philosophie als Idealwissenschaft und System (1884); Die Philosophie des Thomas von Aquino kritisch gewürdigt (1889); Über das Mysterium Magnum des Daseins (1891); System der Philosophie im Umriss, pt. i. (1892). His autobiography was published in A. Hinrichsen's Deutsche Denker (1888).

title: Jakob Frohschammer


text:
Timeline of Portuguese history (Second County)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

11th century

 * 1077 - Alfonso VI of León and Castile proclaims himself Emperor of all Spains.
 * 1080
 * Coimbra is again a diocese.
 * Count Sisnando Davides of Coimbra takes part in the invasion of Granada.
 * 1085-1096 - The Order of Cluny is established in Portugal.
 * 1086
 * Several Muslim Emirs (namely Abbad III al-Mu'tamid) ask the Almoravids leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin for help against Alfonso VI of León and Castile. In this year Yusuf ibn Tashfin passed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted a severe defeat on the Christians at the Battle of az-Zallaqah (North of Badajoz). He was debarred from following up his victory by trouble in North Africa which he had to settle in person.
 * Raymond of Burgundy, son of William I, Count of Burgundy, comes to Iberia for the 1st time to fight against the Moors, bringing with him his younger cousin Henry of Burgundy, grandson of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy.
 * 1090
 * Almoravid Yusuf ibn Tashfin return to Iberia and conquers all the Taifas.
 * Raymond of Burgundy and Henry of Burgundy come to Iberia for the 2nd time.
 * 1091
 * Count Sisnando Davides of Coimbra dies.
 * Alfonso VI of León and Castile gives his daughter Urraca of Castile in marriage to Raymond of Burgundy together with the fiefdom of Galicia.
 * The Taifa of Mértola falls to the Almoravids.
 * 1094
 * Alfonso VI of León and Castile grants Raymond of Burgundy the government of Portugal and Coimbra.
 * Henry of Burgundy marries Alfonso VI of León and Castile's illegitimate daughter Teresa of León.
 * Almoravid Sir ibn Abi Bakr takes Badajoz and Lisbon. Fall of the Taifa of Badajoz.
 * 1096
 * Raymond of Burgundy and Henry of Burgundy sign a treaty whereby Henry promises to recognize Raymond as king upon the death of Alfonso VI of Castile, receiving in exchange the Kingdom of Toledo or of Portugal.
 * 1096
 * Establishment of the 2nd County of Portugal (Condado Portucalense), by Count Henry of Burgundy.
 * The Almoravids take Santarém.
 * 1097 - Yusuf ibn Tashfin assumes the title of Amir al Muslimin (Prince of the Muslims).

12th century

 * 1102 - Diego Gemírez, Bishop of Santiago de Compostela, uses force to carry off the relics of St. Victor and St. Fructuosus of Dumes from Braga - recently reinstated as a Metropolitan See.
 * 1103 - In the absence of Henry, Count of Portugal in Rome or Jerusalem, Theresa, Countess of Portugal, aided by Soeiro Mendes, governs Portugal.
 * 1105 - The Almohads, founded by Ibn Tumart, began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. Most specifically, the Almohades were opposed to anthropomorphisms which had slipped into Iberian Islam. Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mu'min, turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the Almohads initiate riots and persecutions of both Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians are given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
 * 1107 - Count Raymond of Burgundy dies. The Kingdom of Galicia passes on to his son Alfonso Raimúndez.
 * 1109
 * July 1 – Alfonso VI of Castile and León dies. Urraca of Castile, Count Raymond of Burgundy's widow, is his only surviving legitimate child and marries King Alfonso I of Aragon.
 * July 25 – Afonso Henriques, son of Henry, Count of Portugal, is born in the city of Guimarães.
 * 1110
 * Henry, Count of Portugal unsuccessfully besieges King Alfonso I of Aragon in Penafiel.
 * Urraca of Castile distances herself from her husband Alfonso I of Aragon accusing him of being abusive and infertile.
 * Henry, Count of Portugal makes common party with Alfonso I of Aragon against Urraca of Castile.
 * 1111
 * Almoravids led by Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém in the west . These cities were occupied by the Almoravids in 1094-95 this suggests a fluctuating border in Portugal.
 * Conference of Palencia, where Urraca of Castile divides her estates with Henry, Count of Portugal and his wife and her sister Theresa.
 * Urraca of Castile makes peace with her husband Alfonso I of Aragon, even though they remain separated.
 * Henry, Count of Portugal, believing Urraca of Castile has betrayed him, besieges her and her husband Alfonso I of Aragon in Sahagún, aided by Urraca's son Alfonso Raimúndez.
 * Henry, Count of Portugal grants city rights and privileges to Coimbra and captures Santarém from the Moors.
 * Alfonso Raimúndez, Raymond of Burgundy and Urraca of Castile's son, is proclaimed King of Castile and León as Alfonso VII. This is not recognized.
 * 1112 - Henry, Count of Portugal dies. His son Afonso Henriques inherits the County of Portugal, but, being too young, it's his mother, Theresa, Countess of Portugal, that governs the county after her husband's death with the title of Regina (Queen). Santarém recaptured by the Moors.
 * 1114
 * The marriage between Urraca of Castile and Alfonso I of Aragon is annulled.
 * The Taifa of Beja and Évora becomes independent.
 * 1116 - The armies of Theresa, Countess of Portugal battle against the armies of Urraca of Castile.
 * 1117 - Almoravids under Emir Ali ibn Yusuf himself take Coimbra, but abandon the city after a few days.
 * 1120
 * Afonso Henriques takes sides with the Bishop of Braga against his mother Theresa, Countess of Portugal and her lover, the Count Fernando Peres de Trava of Galicia
 * The armies of Theresa, Countess of Portugal battle against the armies of Urraca of Castile.
 * 1121 - Alfonso Raimúndez comes into Portugal in a mission of sovereignty with his mother Urraca of Castile. Their armies capture Theresa, Countess of Portugal at Lanhoso, that accepts to go free and hold the County of Portugal as a fief of the Kingdom of León.
 * 1122 - Afonso Henriques, aged 14, makes himself a Knight on his own account in the Cathedral of Zamora.
 * 1126 - Urraca of Castile dies. Her son Alfonso Raimúndez finally becomes King Alfonso VII of Castile and León.
 * 1127
 * Theresa, Countess of Portugal donates Vimieiro to the Order of Cluny
 * The Kingdom of León invades Portugal and besieges Guimarães. The Portuguese Knight Egas Moniz de Ribadouro manages to make King Alfonso VII of Castile and León accept promises' of Portuguese fealty.
 * 1128
 * Theresa, Countess of Portugal donates Soure to the Knights Templar.
 * July 24, Count Afonso Henriques defeats his mother, Theresa, Countess of Portugal, in the Battle of São Mamede (near Guimarães) and becomes sole ruler (Dux - Duke) after demands for independence from the county's people, church and nobles.


text:
Talk:Adrienne Bailon-Houghton

ONLY YOU feat. JAY-Z
SORRY...but "ONLY YOU" isn't going to be in Adrienne's debut album.....because that song was released like in 2008 for a Jay-Z's album.......so I think you should edit that...LOL :)

We Need New Photos
For the page infobox---LAUGH90 15:18, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Infobox image
www.mtv.com/.../3LW/sq-bailon-served-red-mtv.jpg is not a valid image and the image link format is incorrect. Find the full link and try again. Be sure to upload it to your account. --AOL Alex 15:54, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

We Need A New photo

 * We need a photo of her for this page. Someone please find one for her.LAUGH90 02:48, 28 March 2007 (UTC) --NrDg 02:04, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

HSM3
Well NrDg or whatever you freakin name is, get caught up in the news. ITS ALL OVER!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.11.190.72 (talk) 23:39, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Then you should have no problem providing a reliable source for the information as I asked for. Until then it is just rumor and speculation. --NrDg 23:46, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * OMG you are crazy, was that not proof enough! Learn to read!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.11.190.72 (talk • contribs) 19:23, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

gfgftftyrrrftferdeesesdd. I also know how to read for comprehension. Please read the related discussion in the High School Musical 3 article. That reference only says that they are CONSIDERING one of Sabrina Bryan or Adrienne Bailon, not that Adrienne Bailon had been selected. Therefore your asserted fact is not supported by your reference and that reference itself has been refuted by other sources. --NrDg 19:43, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Information
This article lacks a lot of information. There is a biography section with one sentence about who she is dating. It seems like it should be expanded. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.234.15.99 (talk) 01:06, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Should this be mentioned?
This just came out today. Should it be included?

Racy photos of Bailon stolen

WAVY 10 Fan (talk) 13:29, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Photo Scandal
Pictures of a nude Bailon surfaced on the internet. Both Bailon and her agent have stated that those pictures were for Bailon's Boyfriend only. Apparently the pictures were stolen off of Bailon's personal laptop.

I know it was sopposed to be private but still. I know people are disappointed because she's a disney star. People shouldn't judge her on that. She's a grown girl. But...Have you guys seen her outfit in 3LW's video for I Do(wanna get close to you)? It is a little much. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Acaimino (talk • contribs) 02:49, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Photo Scandal Part 2
Amazing, I added the story about the pictures one day after they where leaked. And the article gets taken out. Now the article is back in, of course not in my own words, and it is still there. WOW! I am one of one, I am the only One. (talk) 22:47, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Photo for Adrienne Bailon

 * I believe this is not Adrienne Bailon !, the picture from the right in order Kiely Williams,Sabrina Bryan,Unknown African-American girl, please explain .--Prof.Sherif (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 07:03, 15 February 2009 (UTC).

I didnt know:)
I did not know that Adrienne Bailon was the half sister of Kieey Williams and Tequan Richmond. I also didnt know that she was half african american —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.185.15.250 (talk) 19:36, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Request For More Involvement On This Page
There needs to be more involvement with editing this page on Adrienne Bailon. Personally, I would like to see more research done on Adrienne and her career so that more information is given to the fans, people and users who visit this page. For example: did you know that Adrienne is OFFICIALLY the co-host of a FOX talk show called "The Real" (something like a younger version of "The View") that premieres on July 15, 2013. No one, has even put any information about it on her Wikipedia page except for the little bit of info that I-myself put on the page. Get on your game guys. If you are an editor on Wikipedia and this is your first time making contributions to the "Adrienne Bailon" Wikipedia page then PLEASE make some contributions.

EricEgo2012 (talk) 06:43, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Uhh, I'm sorry we didn't get right on adding information about a limited-run limited-market talk show that only a few people would know about (I didn't until tonight), especially for an actor who has done limited work in the last few years. We have no deadline and most importantly, this isn't supposed to be a fan page, but a basic biography of the subject.  Nate  • ( chatter ) 02:47, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

Wrong photo?
A reader contacted Wikimedia to say that the photo on this page is not Adrienne Bailon but Alexa Vega.

I did a cursory Google image search and think they are correct, but I would prefer that someone with more knowledge of the personalities address this.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  17:06, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Requested move 12 March 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Rough consensus to move 1 support !vote and 1 weak oppose !vote. The support !vote has provided plenty of WP:RELIABLE sources, and the only oppose !vote has been "weak". The weak oppose !vote cited WP:COMNAME as the primary reason, but this has debatable relevance (considering the sources provided in the discussion), and the fact it's only one of the 5 WP:CRITERIA. (non-admin closure)  –  City Urbanism   🗩   🖉  10:02, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

Adrienne Bailon → Adrienne Bailon-Houghton – Subject has long moved to using this name professionally, so it's time to reflect that in the subject's page name; as this can only be done by an admin, consensus is required to do so.  Nate  • ( chatter ) 23:08, 12 March 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 05:19, 24 March 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. { {ping|ClydeFranklin }} (t/c) 23:55, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment: I'm not really disputing the claim, but can you provide a few sources (esp. professional credits) from the last 5 or so years that confirm the professional use of the married name? Thanks. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 19:56, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Her page on her employer's website (still under her un-hyphened name but just sensible to keep things there) featuring multiple mentions of her as Adrienne Bailon-Houghton pretty much speaks for itself, along with her identifying herself as such on her shows and The Real for multiple years. Her last five TV credits should also bear this out. We shouldn't need to 'source' a name change if this is how she primarily identifies now.  Nate  • ( chatter ) 20:06, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * We definitely need to "source" a name change, esp. if an individual doesn't switch to a married name professionally. That's why it's WP:COMMONNAME (which trumps WP:NAMECHANGES) and not WP:OFFICIALNAME... But if her last 5 credits use the married name, that should be good enough to justify a move. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 21:54, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Weak Oppose- :Should definitely go with Bailon." Yes, we have WP:Surname. But her WP:Common name is "Adrienne Bailon" and that is the title of this article. I'd prefer "Adrienne Bailon-Houghton" to redirect. Sunrise In Brooklyn ✉ 00:54, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support: I believe this one is more difficult than it may appear. While Adrienne became famous under her Bailon surname, I do think Bailon-Houghton is becoming her common name. Recent coverage uses this version of her name, such as Today, E! Online, People, USA Today, Deadline, and others, and it is used to promote her on interviews such as Sherri and Jennifer Hudson. I do still see some sources using just Bailon, but I think there's enough evidence to support a move to Bailon-Houghton.
 * Apologies for my previous edit as I had misread the move as going for "Adrienne Houghton". It is odd though as for whatever reason, I thought she had just used Houghton for her last name. She did that while on The Real, like in this clip at around the 4:50 mark, but I can understand why she would want to keep the more recognizable Bailon part of her name. I think Adrienne Bailon would work as a redirect to Adrienne Bailon-Houghton for people still using that version. Aoba47 (talk) 17:25, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Adrienne Bailon-Houghton


text:
Crupper

A crupper (occ. spelled crouper ) is a piece of tack used on horses and other equids to keep a saddle, harness or other equipment from sliding forward.

Construction
The crupper consists of a loop (the crupper itself) and an adjustable strap (crupper strap or back strap) that connects the crupper to back of a riding saddle or the other parts of a harness. The strap runs from the horse's dock, over the croup, to the saddle or to the back band (sometimes called the saddle) of a harness.

Usually made of leather, the crupper loop is stuffed, traditionally with linseed to keep it supple in use, and molded into a tube that is shaped into a loop. The crupper may be sewn to its strap, or attached to the strap by one or two buckles. If the crupper has no buckle, then the skirt of the horse's tail is folded up onto the tailbone and the tailbone is slipped through the crupper. If it has buckles, the crupper is unbuckled and passed under the dock.

Use and safety
A crupper is used to keep the equipment placed on a horse's back from slipping forward. Cruppers are seen most often on horse harnesses. They are also used on the surcingles of bitting rigs, riding saddles, and, occasionally, pack saddles.

A crupper needs to be snug enough to keep the saddle or harness in place, but not so tight that the horse is irritated or the skin of the tail is damaged. Cruppers are adjusted to engage only when needed; pressure is not meant to be constantly applied. If a crupper is too tight, it can cause severe chafing, discomfort and sores. If it is too loose, the saddle or harness may not stay in the proper position. If used in an improper manner for too long a period of time, the horse may even become disabled in the hindquarters. The loop of a crupper is kept very clean.

Driving
For driving, a crupper is used to prevent the parts of a harness that fit around the barrel of the horse (the girth, bellyband, back band and saddle ) from slipping forward. The crupper is adjusted to allow about an inch of play between the crupper and the dock. Some harnesses with breeching use this as an anchor instead of a crupper.

Riding
A crupper is used on riding saddles when riding a horse or mule with low withers in steep terrain. Cruppers are most often used in activities such as endurance riding, mounted orienteering, competitive trail riding, and for recreational trail riding in mountains.

When riding, cruppers are particularly useful on animals with low withers, because this conformation allows the saddle to slip forward as the animal travels downhill. Though not a substitute for a correctly fitted saddle, they are often used on mules, as many saddles, particularly those made for horses, are more likely to slide forward on a flatter-backed mule.

The crupper strap may be single or double (forked). It usually attaches via a snap or buckle to a crupper ring at the center of the cantle of the saddle, or to a pair of rings (dees) on either side of the cantle. Many riding saddles today are manufactured without properly placed rings, though rings can be added. Or, in lieu of rings, a design used on English saddles utilizes a t-shaped brace that is inserted under the saddle between the rear panels and the tree.

Cruppers are not common on western saddles, but some English saddles are designed with crupper rings, particularly those designed to fit mules.

Cruppers are seen on the saddles of some horses used to work cattle with a lance (such as horses of the buttero in Europe), but not on horses used to work cattle with a lasso.

Packing
On pack horses, saddle breeching alone is quite common. However, sometimes a crupper is used in addition to breeching.

History
A crupper has been a standard part of mule saddles for centuries. In the 1614 spurious Avellaneda Segunda Parte to Don Quixote, a mule crupper is mentioned several times, and it is translated as "crupper" in two 18th-century English translations.

Cruppers were once part of the standard design of cavalry saddles. The McClellan saddle used by the United States Army utilized an optional crupper into the early 20th century, though difficulties with proper fitting eventually led the army to discontinue its use. Cruppers continue to be part of the ceremonial tack for some cavalry regiments and tent pegging teams.

title: Crupper


text:
Timeline of Portuguese history (First Dynasty)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

12th century

 * 1128, July 24 – Count Afonso Henriques defeats his mother, Theresa, Countess of Portugal, in the Battle of São Mamede and becomes sole ruler (Dux - Duke) after demands for independence from the county's people, church and nobles.
 * 1129 - April 6, Afonso Henriques proclaims himself Prince of Portugal.
 * 1130
 * Prince Afonso Henriques invades Galicia.
 * Prince Afonso Henriques' mother, Theresa, Countess of Portugal, dies in Galicia.
 * The Knights Hospitaller settle in Portugal.
 * 1135
 * Prince Afonso Henriques conquers Leiria from the Moors.
 * King Alfonso VII of Castile and León is proclaimed Imperator totius Hispaniae. Afonso Henriques doesn't recognise King Alfonso VII new title of Emperor.
 * 1137
 * Battle of Arcos de Valdevez
 * Peace treaty of Tui, whereby Prince Afonso Henriques acknowledges himself as vassal to King Alfonso VII of Castile and León, through the possession of Astorga. Prince Afonso Henriques would never keep his acknowledgement of vassal to King Alfonso VII.
 * The Moors retake Leiria.
 * 1139
 * July 25, Independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León declared after the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids led by Ali ibn Yusuf: Prince Afonso Henriques becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal.
 * King Afonso I of Portugal retakes Leiria from the Moors.
 * 1140
 * The Knights Hospitaller receive lands and privileges from King Afonso I of Portugal.
 * Portuguese victory in Arcos de Valdevez against Leonese and Castilian forces.
 * King Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to conquer Lisbon from the Moors.
 * The Moors retake Leiria.
 * 1142
 * King Afonso I of Portugal retakes Leiria from the Moors and the town receives its foral (compilation of feudal rights) to stimulate the colonisation of the area.
 * Siege of Lisbon (1142): A group of Anglo-Norman crusaders aid King Afonso I Henriques attempt to conquer Lisbon. However, the combined forces are insufficient and the siege failed.
 * 1143
 * Treaty of Zamora: Alfonso VII of León and Castille recognizes the Kingdom of Portugal in the presence of King Afonso I of Portugal, witnessed by the papal representative, the Cardinal Guido de Vico, at the Cathedral of Zamora. Both kings promise durable peace between their kingdoms.
 * King Afonso I of Portugal declares himself vassal to Pope Innocent II, placing the Kingdom of Portugal and himself under the protection of Saint Peter and the Holy See.
 * 1144
 * The Muridun ("Disciples") under Abul-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Qasi rebel in the Algarve. Ibn al-Mundhir takes Silves in his name and the governor of Beja, Sidray ibn Wazir, also supports him. Ibn al-Mundhir and Sidray ibn Wazir kill the garrison of Monchique castle, and 70 men take Mértola by surprise (12 Aug). Soon after the Andalusian governor of Niebla, Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Bitruji declares for the Muridun. The Almoravid Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya drives the Muridun back from Seville, and subsequently Sidray ibn Wazir splits off from the other Muridun.
 * The Taifas of Mértola and of Silves again become independent.
 * The Order of Cistercians installs itself in Portugal, at Tarouca
 * 1145 - The Taifa of Badajoz again becomes independent and conquers the Taifa of Mértola.
 * 1146
 * The Taifa of Mértola gains independence from Badajoz.
 * King Afonso I of Portugal marries Maud of Savoy, daughter of Amadeus III, Count of Savoy and Maurienne.
 * 1147
 * March, King Afonso I of Portugal takes the Taifa of Santarém in a surprise attack.
 * May 19, A fleet of almost 200 ships of crusaders (Second Crusade) leaves from Dartmouth in England, consisting of Flemish, Frisian, Norman, English, Scottish, and some German crusaders. The fleet was commanded by Arnold III of Aerschot (nephew of Godfrey of Louvain) Christian of Ghistelles, Henry Glanville (constable of Suffolk), Simon of Dover, Andrew of London, and Saher of Archelle.
 * June 16, The crusaders fleet arrives at the northern city of Porto, and are convinced by the bishop, Pedro II Pitões, to continue to Lisbon.
 * July 1, The Siege of Lisbon begins, after the armies of King Afonso I of Portugal were joined by the crusaders.
 * October 21, The Moorish rulers of Lisbon agree to surrender to King Afonso I of Portugal, basically due to the hunger that was felt inside the city walls. The terms of surrender indicated that the Muslim garrison of the city would be allowed to flee.
 * October 25, The city of Lisbon opens its doors to the Christian armies. As soon as the Christians enter the city the terms of surrender were broken. Many Muslims were killed, and the city was thoroughly plundered before King Afonso I of Portugal finally was able to stop the onslaught.
 * The towns of Almada and Palmela, just south of Lisbon, are taken from the Moors.
 * King Afonso I of Portugal orders the construction of the church and monastery of Church of São Vicente de Fora (St. Vincent outside the Walls), in Lisbon, in honour of St. Vincent the Deacon.
 * 1148
 * 11 January 1148 - Gonçalo Mendes da Maia captures Óbidos.
 * Some of the crusaders that had helped King Afonso I of Portugal conquer Lisbon settle in the newly captured city, and Gilbert of Hastings is elected bishop of the renovated Diocese of Lisbon, but most of the crusaders' fleet continues to the east.
 * 1149 - A new Berber dynasty, the Almohad, led by Emir Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi conquers North Africa to the Almoravids and soon invades the Iberian Peninsula.
 * 1150 - The Taifas of Badajoz and of Beja and Évora are taken by the Almohads.
 * 1151
 * King Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to take Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
 * The Taifa of Mértola is taken by the Almohads.
 * 1152 - The Cistercians build the Monastery of St. John in Tarouca
 * 1153 - The Cistercians build the Monastery of Alcobaça.
 * 1155 - The Taifa of Silves is taken by the Almohads.
 * 1154
 * King Afonso tries to take Alcácer do Sal a second time, unsucessfuly.
 * Sancho, son of King Afonso I of Portugal and future King of Portugal is born.
 * 1157
 * Third attack on Alcácer do Sal with the support of a crusader fleet commanded by the count of Flanders Thierry of Alsace
 * 1158 - King Afonso I of Portugal conquers Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
 * 1159
 * The Castle of Cera (in Tomar) is donated to the Knights Templar.
 * Évora and Beja, in the southern province of Alentejo, are taken from the Moors.
 * 1160
 * April - Beja was abandoned.
 * The city of Tomar is founded by Gualdim Pais.
 * 1161 - Évora, Beja and Alcácer do Sal are retaken by the Moors.
 * 1162 - King Afonso I of Portugal retakes Beja from the Moors.
 * 1163 - The Almohad Caliph Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi dies and is succeeded by Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I.
 * 1165
 * Sesimbra and Palmela were taken.
 * The Portuguese armies, led by Geraldo the Fearless, retake Évora from the Moors.
 * Negotiations between Portugal and León result in the marriage of Princess Urraca of Portugal, King Afonso I's daughter, with King Ferdinand II of León.
 * 1166
 * The Order of Calatrava settles in Portugal, at Évora.
 * The Portuguese armies take Serpa and Moura (in Alentejo) from the Moors.
 * 1168 - Portuguese frontiersman Geraldo the Fearless goes into the territory of Badajoz.
 * 1169
 * King Afonso I of Portugal grants the Knights Templar one third of all they conquer to the Moors in Alentejo.
 * Geraldo the Fearless attacks Badajoz.
 * King Afonso I of Portugal is wounded by a fall from his horse in Badajoz, and is captured by the competing forces of King Ferdinand II of León. As ransom King Afonso I was obliged to surrender almost all the conquests he had made in Galicia in the previous years as well as Badajoz, that the Leonese gave back to the Almohads as a vassal territory.
 * 1170
 * The Almohads transfer their capital to Seville.
 * April - Almohad attack on Beja.
 * 15 August - Prince Sancho is knighted at Santa Cruz in Coimbra.
 * September - Second siege of Badajoz.
 * 1172
 * The Order of Santiago settles in Portugal.
 * 1174 – The kingdom of Aragon recognizes Portugal as independent.
 * 1175 - Beja recaptured by Almohads.
 * 1176 - Coruche is granted to the Order of Calatrava.
 * 1178 - Prince Sancho leads a great raid into Muslim territory that reaches Seville.
 * 1179
 * Pope Alexander III, in the Papal bull Manifestis Probatum, recognizes Afonso I as King and Portugal as an independent country with the right to conquer lands from the Moors. With this papal blessing, Portugal was at last secured as a country and safe from any Leonese or Castilian attempts of annexation.
 * King Ferdinand II of León repudiates his wife, Urraca of Portugal, King Afonso I's daughter.
 * The Almohads attack Abrantes.
 * An Almohad fleet attacks Lisbon.
 * 1180
 * July 15 - An Almohad fleet is defeated by Fuas Roupinho at the Battle of Cape Espichel.
 * The Almohads siege Évora.
 * 1181
 * The Almohads raise the siege of Évora.
 * A Portuguese fleet commanded by Fuas Roupinho is defeated by an Almohad fleet of 51 galleys.
 * 1184
 * The Portuguese defeat the Almohads at Santarém.
 * Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph, dies and is succeeded by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur.
 * 1185
 * December 6, King Afonso I of Portugal dies.
 * Sancho I of Portugal becomes King of Portugal.
 * 1185-1212 - Sancho I of Portugal founds several new towns and villages and takes great care in populating remote areas in the northern Christian regions of Portugal, notably with Flemings and Burgundians.
 * 1189 - Sancho captures Silves.
 * 1190 - The Almohads siege Tomar.
 * 1191 - The Almohads recapture Silves, Beja, Alcácer do Sal, Palmela, Coina, Almada and all territory south of the Tagus.
 * 1193 - Mafra was granted to the Order of Calatrava.
 * 1194 - King Sancho grants the Hospitallers the lands of Guidintesta, where the Castle of Belver was later built.
 * 1195 - Battle of Alarcos, in which the Portuguese participated.
 * 1199
 * The Almohad Caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur dies and is succeeded by Muhammad an-Nasir.
 * Guarda was founded.
 * King Sancho donated to the Templars the lands of Açafa, where Castelo Branco was later founded.

13th century

 * 1200
 * The Order of Calatrava founds Benavente.
 * 1202 - Severe hunger afflicted Portugal as most of Europe.
 * 1205 - Idanha-a-Nova was founded by the Templars.
 * 1211 - King Sancho granted Avis to the Order of Calatrava.
 * 1212
 * Afonso II of Portugal becomes king.
 * Culmination of the Reconquista. Christians, amongst them King Afonso II of Portugal, defeat Almohads (Caliph Muhammad an-Nasir) at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Christians had 60-100,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry, and had troops from Western Europe, Castile, Navarre, Aragon, León and Portugal, Military Orders (Knights Templar, Knights Hospitaller, Santiago, Cavatrava), and urban Militias.
 * 1213 - Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II becomes Almohad Caliph.
 * 1217 - Siege of Alcácer do Sal: The town of Alcácer do Sal is conquered from the Almohads.
 * 1226 - Unsuccessful Portuguese attack on Elvas.
 * 1229 - Elvas and Juromenha were captured.
 * 1232
 * Moura and Serpa were recaptured by the Hospitallers.
 * Castelo de Vide and Crato were founded by the Hospitallers.
 * 1233 – Sancho II of Portugal becomes king.
 * 1234 - Aljustrel was captured by the Knights of Santiago.
 * 1238 - Portugal captures most of the Algarve.
 * 1246 – Pope Innocent IV declares Sancho II an heretic and orders his removal of the throne.
 * 1247 – Afonso III of Portugal becomes king; Sancho II is exiled to Toledo.
 * 1249 – Afonso III conquers Faro, Loulé, Albufeira, Porches and Aljezur from the Moors, thus removing all Muslim communities from Portuguese soil and ending the Portuguese Reconquista.
 * 1254 – First official reunion of the Cortes, the kingdom's general assembly.
 * 1255 - The city of Lisbon becomes the capital-city of Portugal.
 * 1267 - The Treaty of Badajoz was signed.
 * 1276 – John XXI becomes the first and only Portuguese Pope (died 1277).
 * 1279 – Dinis of Portugal becomes king.
 * 1297 – Dinis signs a treaty with Ferdinand IV of Castile to define the borders between Portugal and Castile.

14th century

 * 1308 – First Portuguese commercial treaty, signed with England.
 * 1325 – Afonso IV of Portugal becomes king.
 * 1341 - Portugal raids the Canary Islands.
 * 1355 – Inês de Castro is killed by royal order; begins civil war between Afonso IV and his heir Pedro.
 * 1357 – Pedro I of Portugal becomes king; Inês de Castro is removed from her grave and crowned Queen of Portugal.
 * 1367 – Fernando I of Portugal becomes king.
 * 1383/1385 – Civil war and political anarchy: 1383-1385 Crisis.


text:
Connie Russell

Connie Russell (May 9, 1923 – December 18, 1990) was an American singer and movie actress. Born in New York City, she appeared in seven films from the 1930s through the 1950s. She was far better known as a singer than as an actress, as her singing career was quite extensive.

Early years
Russell was the daughter of Tommy and Nina Russell, a vaudeville team. Her grandparents were also entertainers, performing as Glenroy and Russell. She attended Lawrence High School in Cedarhurst, Long Island, and the Professional Children's School in New York City.

Personal appearances
While she was still a teenager, Russell performed at venues such as the Starlight Club at New York's Waldorf-Astoria, the 500 Club in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the Famous Door, and the Paramount Theater in New York City. In late December, 1952, she appeared, along with Danny Thomas, Lou Wills, Jr., and Ray Sinatra and his orchestra, at the opening night gala of the Copa Room at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

Film
By the time she was 16, Russell had signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Her film debut came in Cruisin' Down the River (1953). (Another source says that her "first socko movie appearance was in Lady Be Good" in 1941.) She played a lead role in the 1956 movie Nightmare.

Radio
On radio, Russell was the featured female singer on Let Yourself Go on CBS (1944–1945). She also appeared frequently on the syndicated Naval Air Reserve Show. In 1947, she became a network staff singer on NBC, joining Manor House Summer Party for an eight-week stint as the program's featured singer.

Television
On television, she was a regular singer on Club Embassy, Garroway at Large (1949–1951) and on The Buick-Berle Show on NBC (1953–1955). She also had success on Eddie Cantor's TV program when he liked her so well in a guest appearance that he signed her to a contract.

Probably her best known role was uncredited. She played the singing voice for the sexy Red Riding Hood on the Tex Avery directed 1943 "Red Hot Riding Hood" cartoon playing opposite the Big Bad Wolf in a 1940s nightclub. The cartoon became Avery's most well known and was voted as number 7 of The 50 Greatest Cartoons of all time.

In the cartoon, she sings a rendition of "Daddy" by Bobby Troup. The speaking voice for the character was played by Sara Berner.

Russell appeared on an April 5, 1959, episode of the popular NBC variety show, The Steve Allen Show, singing her song “You’ve Changed” off her new album “Don’t Smoke in Bed”. She also did a short live cigarette commercial parody and appeared alongside Don Knotts, Lenny Bruce and The Three Stooges in the closing musical segment.[10]

Selected filmography

 * This Is My Love (1954)

title: Connie Russell


text:
National-anarchism

National-anarchism is a radical right-wing   nationalist ideology which advocates racial separatism, racial nationalism, ethnic nationalism, and racial purity. National-anarchists syncretize ethnic nationalism with philosophical anarchism, mainly in their support for a stateless society, while rejecting anarchist social philosophy. The main ideological innovation of national-anarchism is its anti-state palingenetic ultranationalism. National-anarchists advocate homogeneous communities in place of the nation state. National-anarchists claim that those of different ethnic or racial groups would be free to develop separately in their own tribal communes while striving to be politically horizontal, economically non-capitalist, ecologically sustainable, and socially and culturally traditional.

Although the term national-anarchism dates back as far as the 1920s, the contemporary national-anarchist movement has been put forward since the late 1990s by British neo-Nazi Troy Southgate, who positions it as being "beyond left and right". Scholars who have studied national-anarchism conclude that it represents a further evolution in the thinking of the radical right rather than an entirely new dimension on the political spectrum. National-anarchism is considered by other anarchists as being a rebranding of fascism and an oxymoron.

National-anarchism has elicited skepticism and outright hostility from both left-wing and far-right critics. Critics accuse national-anarchists of being ethnonationalists who promote a communitarian and racialist form of ethnic and racial separatism while "wanting" the militant chic of calling themselves anarchists without historical and philosophical baggage that would be said to have to accompany such a claim, including the anti-racist egalitarian anarchist philosophy and the contributions of Jewish anarchists. Most scholars agree that implementing national-anarchism would not result in an expansion of freedom and describe it as an authoritarian anti-statism that would result in authoritarianism and oppression, only on a smaller scale.

Origins and Troy Southgate
The term national-anarchist dates back as far as the 1920s, when Helmut Franke, a German conservative writer, used it to describe his political stance. However, it would be the writings of other members of the conservative revolutionary movement such as Ernst Jünger which would later provide the philosophical foundation of the contemporary national-anarchist movement. Keith Preston, an influence on the American national-anarchist movement, "blends U.S-based influences" such as "libertarian, Christian rightist, neonazi, and Patriot movements in the United States" with ideas drawn from the European tradition of the New Right, a "right-wing decentralist" offshoot of "classical fascism" and from the German conservative revolutionary movement of the 1920s and 1930s, whose figures "influenced but mostly stood outside of the Nazi movement".

In the mid-1990s, Troy Southgate, a former member of the British far-right National Front and founder of the International Third Position, began to move away from Strasserism and Catholic distributism towards post-left anarchy and the primitivist green anarchism articulated in Richard Hunt's 1997 book To End Poverty: The Starvation of the Periphery by the Core. However, Southgate fused his ideology with the radical traditionalist conservatism of Italian esotericist Julius Evola and the ethnopluralism and pan-European nationalism of French Nouvelle Droite philosopher Alain de Benoist to create a newer form of revolutionary nationalism called "national-anarchism".

Graham D. Macklin writes that although "[a]t first glance the 'total insanity’ of this incongruous ideological syncretism might be dismissed as little more than a quixotic attempt to hammer a square peg into a round hole or a mischievous act of fascist Dadaism'", national-anarchism "appears as one of many groupuscular responses to globalization, popular antipathy towards which Southgate sought to harness by aligning the NRF with the resurgence of anarchism whose heroes and slogans it arrogated, and whose sophisticated critiques of global capitalist institutions and state power it absorbed and, in the case of anarchist artist Clifford Harper, whose evocative imagery it misappropriated".

Southgate claimed that his desire for a "mono-racial England" was not "racist" and that he sought "ethno-pluralism (i.e. racial apartheid) to defend "indigenous" white culture from the 'death' of multiracial society". In claiming to defend "human diversity", Southgate "advocated 'humane' repatriation and the reordering of the globe according to racially segregated colour blocs" and "a radical policy of economic and political decentralization" in which the regions of the United Kingdom "were to be governed according to the economic principles of Catholic distributism and a wealth redistribution scheme modelled on the mediaeval guild system. The ensuing growth of private enterprise and common ownership of the means of production would end 'class war' and, ergo, the raison d'être for Marxism, and would also encourage an organic nationalist economy insulated from 'foreign' intervention". Politically, "the regions would be governed by the concept of 'popular rule' extolled by Gaddafi. The resulting restoration of economic and political freedom would re-establish the link between 'blood and soil' enabling the people to overcome the 'tidal wave of evil and liberal filth now sweeping over our entire continent'. 'Natural law' would be upheld and abortion, race mixing and homosexuality forbidden".

About Southgate's vision of Western culture, Graham D. Macklin writes that it is "saturated with a profound pessimism tempered by the optimistic belief that only by 'complete and utter defeat' can tepid materialism be expunged and replaced by the 'golden age' of Evolian Tradition: a return of the Ghibbelines of the Middle Ages or the 'medieval imperium' of the Holy Roman Empire before it collapsed into the 'internecine struggle' and 'imperialistic shenanigans' of the nation-state". Southgate's desire "to create a decentralized völkisch identity has its roots in the ideological ferment gripping National Front News and Nationalism Today in the 1980s".

In 1998, inspired by the concepts of the political soldier and leaderless resistance, Southgate formed the National Revolutionary Faction (NRF) as a clandestine cell system of professional revolutionaries conspiring to overthrow the British state. The NRF stressed this was a "highly militant strategy" and advised that some members may only fund the organization. Southgate claims that the NRF took part in anti-vivisection protests in August 2000 alongside hunt saboteurs and the Animal Liberation Front by following a strategy of entryism, but its only known public action under the national-anarchist name was to hold an anarchist heretics fair in October 2000 in which a number of fringe groups participated. After a coalition of anti-fascists and green anarchists blocked three further events from being held in 2001, Southgate and the NRF abandoned this strategy and retreated to purely disseminating their ideas in Internet forums. The NRF had long been aware of the bridging power of the Internet which provided it with a reach and influence hitherto not available to the groupuscular right. Although Southgate disbanded the group in 2003, the NRF became part of the Euro-American radical right, a virtual community of European and American right-wing extremists seeking to establish a new pan-national and ethnoreligious identity for all people they believe belong to the "Aryan race".

Shortly after, Southgate and other NRF associates became involved with Synthesis, the online journal of a forum called Cercle de la Rose Noire which sought a fusion of anti-statism, metapolitics and occultism with the contemporary concerns of the environmental and global justice movements. Through the medium of musical subcultures (black metal and neofolk music scenes) and the creation of permanent autonomous zones for neo-völkisch communes, national-anarchists hope to disseminate their subversive ideas throughout society in order to achieve cultural hegemony. The national-anarchist idea has spread around the world over the Internet, assisted by groups such as the Thule-Seminar which set up websites in the 1990s. In the United States, only a few websites have been established, but there has been a trend towards a steady increase.

BANA
National-anarchism in the United States began as a relatively obscure movement made up of probably fewer than 200 individuals led by Andrew Yeoman of the Bay Area National Anarchists (BANA) based in the San Francisco Bay Area and a couple of other groups in Northern California and Idaho. Organizations based on national-anarchist ideology have gained a foothold in Russia and have been accused of sowing turmoil in the environmental movement in Germany. There are adherents in Australia, England and Spain, among other nations. In the San Francisco Bay Area, BANA began appearing in public only in late 2007. Since then, BANA members protested alongside the Christian right with "Keep Our Children Safe" signs and began forming "a fleeting alliance" with the American Front, a white supremacist skinhead group based in California.

On 8 September 2007, the anti-globalization movement mobilized in Sydney against neoliberal economic policies by opposing the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. During the street protests, national-anarchists infiltrated the anarchist black bloc, but the police had to protect them from being expelled by irate activists. Since then, national-anarchists have joined other marches in Australia and in the United States. In April 2008, national-anarchists protested on behalf of the Tibetan independence movement against the Chinese government during the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay in both Canberra and San Francisco. National-anarchists are carefully studying the successes and failures of their more prominent international counterparts whilst attempting to similarly win converts from the radical environmentalist and white nationalist movements in the United States.

A December 2008 report by the Political Research Associates, described as "a Massachusetts-based progressive think tank", stated that "[t]he danger National Anarchists represent is not in their marginal political strength, but in their potential to show an innovative way that fascist groups can re-brand themselves and reset their project on a new footing. They have abandoned many traditional fascist practices — including the use of overt neo-Nazi references. In [their] place they offer a more toned down, sophisticated approach [...] often claiming not to be 'fascist' at all". Similarly, anarchists, who are anti-racists, have been aware of national-anarchists "attempting to infiltrate and exploit their scene" since at least 2005. Entryism, defined as "the name given to the process of entering or infiltrating bona fide organizations, institutions and political parties with the intention of gaining control of them for our own ends", is one of national anarchists' principal tactics. In The Case for National-Anarchist Entryism, Southgate called for national-anarchists to join political groups and then "misdirect or disrupt them for our own purposes or convert sections of their memberships to our cause".

On December 28, 2008, BANA members, dressed with hoodies emblazoned with "Smash All Dogmas" on the back and "New Right" on both sleeves, joined "a protest of several thousand against Israel's bombing of the Gaza Strip. Practicing full-blown entryism, they marched between groups carrying the Palestinian flag and the gay-pride flag, while shouting, "F---, F---, F--- Zionism!" BANA members later started carrying "a black flag with the letter Q in one corner" in reference to "Yeoman's claim that his ancestors rode with Quantrill's Raiders, a notoriously violent pro-Confederate guerrilla outfit that battled for control of the border state of Missouri during the Civil War". BANA members follow Julius Evola, described as "an esoteric Italian writer and 'spiritual racist' lionized by modern-day fascists", in believing themselves to be "in revolt against the modern world". BANA's website includes "long-winded blog posts predicting the imminent collapse of multicultural liberalism" and "carries notes of high praise for neo-Confederate secessionist groups like the League of the South and the Republic of South Carolina. Some of the site's content is unintentionally comical. For example, BANA exalts the lily-white town of Mayberry in the 1960s TV sitcom The Andy Griffith Show as 'a realized anarchist society'".

Writing for the Southern Poverty Law Center, Casey Sanchez argues that national-anarchism "is really just another white nationalist project". According to Sanchez, national anarchists advocates "racial separatism and white racial purity. They're also fiercely anti-gay and anti-Israel". BANA envisions "a future race war leading to neo-tribal, whites-only enclaves to be called 'National Autonomous Zones'". BANA co-founder Andrew Yeoman told the Intelligence Report that "[w]e are racial separatists for a number of reasons, such as our desire to maintain our cultural continuity, the principle of voluntary association, and as a self-defensive measure to protect each other from being victimized by crime from other races". Sanchez describes BANA members "and other likeminded national anarchists" as cloaking "their bigotry in the language of radical environmentalism and mystical tribalism, pulling recruits from both the extreme right and the far left". Sanchez quotes Yeoman as saying that BANA is "an extremely diverse group. We have ex-liberals, ex-neo-cons, we have Ron Paul supporters, we have ex-skinheads, we have apolitical people that have been turned on to our causes".

On May Day 2010, BANA participated in the Golden Gate Minuteman Project's march in front of San Francisco City Hall in support of Arizona SB 1070, an anti-immigration Senate bill. The march took place during International Workers' Day demonstrations as an attempt to counter mass protest against the bill in Mission District, San Francisco. Local news media reported that Yeoman and four other national-anarchists were physically assaulted by about ten protesters as they left the march.

According to Matthew N. Lyons, "[f]reedom from government tyranny has always been a central theme of right-wing politics in the United States". Lyons cites "the original Ku Klux Klan that denounced 'northern military despotism'" and the Tea party movement, "who vilify Barack Obama as a combination of Hitler and Stalin", as examples of the radical right, of which national-anarchism is part of, that has invoked "the evil of big government to both attract popular support and justify their own oppressive policies". Lyons describes "the rise of so-called National-Anarchism (NA), an offshoot of British neonazism that has recently gained a small but fast-growing foothold in the United States", writing that national-anarchists advocate "a decentralized system of 'tribal' enclaves based on 'the right of all races, ethnicities and cultural groups to organize and live separately'". While criticizing "statism of both the left and the right, including classical fascism", national-anarchists "participate in neonazi networks such as Stormfront.org and promote anti-Jewish conspiracy theories worthy of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion". According to Lyons, anti-statism is "a key part of National-Anarchism's appeal and helps it to deflect the charge of fascism".

Keith Preston
American Keith Preston, a fellow traveller of the national-anarchist movement who promotes an authoritarian anti-statist "ecletic synthesis" called "anarcho-pluralism" and advocating "a revolutionary alliance of leftist and rightist libertarians against U.S. imperialism and the state", argues that despite the anti-Americanism of European national-anarchists and the patriotism of American paleoconservatives, classical American ideals of Jeffersonian democracy are reconcilable with national-anarchism because of their common values, namely agrarianism, localism, regionalism and traditional values. Preston's opposition to oppression is linked only to the state, arguing that "the state is a unique force for destruction". In The Thoughts That Guide Me: A Personal Reflection (2005), Preston wrote that "what I champion is not so much the anarchist as much as the 'anarch,' the superior individual who, out of sheer strength of will, rises above the herd in defiance and contempt of both the sheep and their masters". Preston is described as "the moving force behind" the anti-state website Attack the System and the American Revolutionary Vanguard, its affiliate organization".

According to Matthew N. Lyons, "Preston's own relationship with fascism is much closer than he acknowledges. While he lacks fascism's drive to impose a single ideological vision on all spheres of society, he offers a closely related form of revolutionary right-wing populism. Above all, Preston and his rightist allies embody the main danger associated with fascism — to preempt the radical left as the main revolutionary opposition force". Lyons describes Preston as "[a]n intelligent, prolific writer" who has "established himself over the past decade as a respected voice in libertarian, paleoconservative, and 'Alternative Right' circles", hence "in some ways even more dangerous" because it "represents a sophisticated reworking of far right politics that is flexible, inclusive, and appeals to widely held values such as 'live and let live'", having the potential to create a bridge that is unlike most far-right ideologies between national-anarchists and "a wide variety of rightist currents such as white nationalists, Patriot/militia groups, Christian rightists, [...] and even some left-wing anarchists, liberal bioregionalists/environmentalists, and nationalist people of color groups".

Although claiming "many leftist ideas in his political philosophy and apparently is still in touch with some actual leftists", unlike other far-rightists who advocate Third Position, Lyons describes Preston as a "former left-wing anarchist", arguing that his politics "are fundamentally right wing with a leftist gloss". While defending his choice to "collaborate with racialists and theocrats", Preston has nonetheless called for "a purge, if not an outright pogrom" in an effort "to drive anti-racist whites, feminists, and queer activists from the anarchist movement" in order to "attract more young rebels into our ranks", although Preston later claimed that critics had taken this statement "way too seriously". Lyons describes Preston as "an individualist who does not directly advocate the racial determinism and separatism of his friends the National-Anarchists". Lyons describes Preston's call for a "pan-secessionist" strategy as being based on "a coalition of those across the political spectrum who want to carve out separate, self-governing political enclaves free" of American government and imperialist control. Lyons includes "Marxist-Leninists, white separatists, libertarians, neo-Confederates, indigenous rights activists, Christian rightists, Islamic rightists, militant environmentalists, and anti-Zionist Orthodox Jews" as "a broad array of potential partners" for Preston's "pan-secessionist" strategy.

Preston embraces a conservative view of regarding human nature and society, whose tenets include "natural inequality of persons at both the individual and collective levels, [and] the inevitability and legitimacy of otherness". Preston is described as being "harshly critical of the left's egalitarianism and universalism. Instead, he offers an elitist, anti-humanist philosophy that echoes Friedrich Nietzsche, Ernst Jünger, and Ayn Rand". While stating that it would be a mistake "to see Preston's elitism as a mask for bigotry against any specific group of people", Lyons argues that "standard right-wing prejudices periodically creep into his prose". Lyons states that "Preston only acknowledges oppression along lines of race, gender, sexuality, or other factors to the extent that these are directly promoted by the state, particularly through formal, legal discrimination against specific groups of people", ignoring or trivializing "the dense network of oppressive institutions and relationships that exist outside of, and sometimes in opposition to, the state".

According to Lyons, "[i]t is these societally based systems of oppression, not state intervention, that perpetuate dramatic wealth disparities between whites and people of color, widespread domestic violence that overwhelmingly target women, and suicide rates much higher among LGBT teens than heterosexual teens, among many other examples". Lyons further argues that merely "[d]ismantling the central state won't abolish other systems of oppression. It will simply create a power vacuum where they can function in a more fragmented, unregulated way. This is a recipe for warlordism, a chaotic society where anyone with enough physical force can make the rules". In contrast to Preston, Lyons concludes that "[a]uthoritarianism doesn't require a large centralized state, but can operate on any scale, such as a region, a neighborhood, or a family. With no program for liberation except ending big government, pan-secessionism", as advocated by national-anarchists such as Preston, "would foster many smaller-scale authoritarian societies".

Ideology
The conservative revolutionary concept of the anarch as articulated by German philosopher Ernst Jünger is central to national-anarchism. National-anarchists stress that the "artificial nationalism" of the nation state which they claim to oppose must be distinguished from the primordial "natural nationalism" of the people (volk) which they believe in its more consistent expressions is a legitimate rejection of both foreign domination (imperialism) and internal domination (statism). National-anarchists see "American global capitalism", consumerism, globalization, immigration, liberalism, materialism, modernity, multiculturalism, multiracialism and neoliberalism as the primary causes of the social decline of nations and cultural identity. They propose a strategic and ideological alliance of ethnic and racial nationalists and separatists around the world (especially in the Global South), neo-Eurasianists in Russia, Islamists in Muslim-majority countries and anti-Zionists everywhere to resist the New World Order—globalization viewed as an instrument of American imperialism and the antisemitic canard of Jewish-dominated international banking—that is inevitably leading to global economic collapse and ecological collapse.

National-anarchism expresses a desire to reorganize human relationships with an emphasis on replacing the hierarchical structures of the state and capitalism with local community decision-making. However, national-anarchists stress the restoration of the "natural order" and aim towards a decentralized social order where each new tribe builds and maintains a permanent autonomous zone for a self-sufficient commune which is economically mutualist, ecologically sustainable and socially and culturally traditional. Politically, national-anarchists believe in something of a meritocratic system, wherein leaders would rise to their positions based on their talents. These leaders, however, would not have any sort of vested authority, and would be more akin to big men than rulers. Asserting the right to difference, national-anarchists publicly advocate a model of society in which communities that wish to practice racial, ethnic, religious and/or sexual separatism are able to peacefully coexist alongside mixed or integrated communities without requiring force. National-anarchists claim that "national autonomous zones" (NAZs) could exist with their own rules for permanent residence without the strict ethnic divisions and violence advocated by other forms of "blood and soil" ethnic nationalism. National-anarchist Andrew Yeoman has stated that this racial segregation is actually a belief adopted from anarchists of color, who sometimes refuse to allow those of white descent into their spaces.

Some leading national-anarchists have stated in the past as having originally conceived the idea of establishing whites-only NAZs which have seceded from the state's economy as no-go areas for unwelcomed ethnic groups and state authorities. In their view, this was an insurrectionary strategy to foment civil disorder and racial tensions as an essential prelude to racial civil war and the collapse of the global capitalist system. National-anarchists such as Keith Preston advocate "a vision of revolutionary change that centers on replacing centralized nation-states with a diverse array of small-scale political entities". According to Preston, "anarcho-pluralism" is "anti-universalist" because "it rejects the view that there is one 'correct' system of politics, economics, or culture that is applicable much less obligatory for all people at all times and in all places". According to this view, "any group of people could organize and govern themselves as they wished, as long as they leave other groups free to do the same. These self-governing units could be based on ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, political philosophy, or cultural practice". For those national-anarchists, this is "the best possible method of avoiding the tyrannies and abuses of overarching Leviathan states, and accommodating the irreconcilable differences concerning any number of matters that all societies inevitably contain".

In terms of cultural and religious views, national-anarchists are influenced by the radical traditionalism and spiritual racism of Julius Evola, who called for a "revolt against the modern world". National-anarchists have a pessimistic vision of modern Western culture yet optimistically believe that "the decline of the West" will pave the way for its materialism to be expunged and replaced by the idealism of the primordial tradition. Although some adhere to a form of Christian Identity, most of its members within the national-anarchist movement reject Christianity because those national-anarchists believe it to be a Semitic religion that usurped the "Aryan" racial legacy of Mithraism as the historically dominant religion and moral system of the West. National-anarchists embrace a spiritual anarchism based on different forms of neopaganism, occultism and the ethnic religion of national mysticism, especially Nordic racial paganism which they view as genuine expressions of Western spirituality, culture and identity that can also serve as an antidote to the socially alienating effects of consumer culture. National-anarchists hold racial separatism and cultural revitalization through the establishment of confederations of autonomous neo-völkisch communes as the ultimate barrier against globalized racial mixing and cultural homogenization.

Position on the political spectrum
Scholars who have examined national-anarchism consider it to be on the radical right.

In his 2003 essay "From Slime Mould to Rhizome: An Introduction to the Groupuscular Right", Roger Griffin argued that national-anarchism is a segment of the groupuscular right which has evolved towards a "mazeway resynthesis" between "classic fascism, third positionism, neo-anarchism and new types of anti-systemic politics born of the anti-globalization movement", whose main ideological innovation is a stateless palingenetic ultranationalism.

In his 2005 essay "Co-opting the Counter Culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction", described as a "case study of the National Revolutionary Faction (NRF)" which "provides a salutary example of fascism's cogent syncretic core and its ability to produce novel and pragmatic syntheses", Graham D. Macklin argued that the conservative revolutionary concept of the anarch provides sanction for the ideological shapeshifting and unrestrained syncretism of national-anarchism, allowing its adherents to assert they have transcended the dichotomy of conventional politics to embrace higher political forms that are "beyond left and right". While stating that national-anarchists claim to promote "a radical anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist 'anarchist' agenda of autonomous rural communities within a decentralized, pan-European framework", Macklin further argued that despite a protean capacity for change, far-right groupuscules retain some principles which he calls core fascist values (anti-communism, anti-liberalism, anti-Marxism, violent direct action, palingenesis, Third Positionism and ultranationalism), describing national-anarchism as "racist anti-capitalism" and "communitarian racism". Macklin concludes that national-anarchism is a synthesis of anarcho-primitivism and the radical traditionalist conservatism of Julius Evola in a "revolt against the modern world". Macklin concludes that "[a]lthough Southgate's impact on left-wing counter-cultural concerns has been completely negligible, this case study of the NRF's wanton intellectual cannibalism shows that groupuscular fascism poses a clear danger, particularly for ecological subcultures whose values are profoundly different from the ecological agenda mooted by the far right. [...] If this article is anything to go by, then anarchist, ecological and global justice movements need to remain on their guard in order to ensure that the revolution will not be national-Bolshevized".

In his 2005 book The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP, Alan Sykes argued that national-anarchism represents a further evolution in the thinking of the radical right rather than an entirely new dimension, a response to the new situation of the late 20th century in which the process of globalization (cultural, economic and political) and the apparent triumph of materialist capitalism in the form of economic materialism and neoliberalism on a global scale requires a greater assertion of the centrality of anti-materialist and idealistic ethnic nationalism.

Analysis and reception
National-anarchism has critics on both the left and right of the political spectrum as they both look upon their politics with skepticism, if not outright hostility, mainly because of the multifaceted threat they conclude it represents. Scholarly analysis asserts that national-anarchism is a "Trojan horse for white nationalism" and represents what many anti-fascists see as the potential new face of fascism. This analysis argues that it is a form of crypto-fascism which hopes to avoid the stigma of classical fascism by appropriating symbols, slogans and stances of the anarchist movement while engaging in entryism to inject some core fascist values into the anti-globalization and environmental movements. According to scholars, national-anarchists hope to draw members away from traditional white nationalist groups to their own synthesis of ideas which national-anarchists claim are "neither left nor right". Some scholars also warn that the danger national-anarchists represent is not in their marginal political strength, but in their potential to show an innovative way that neo-fascist groups can rebrand themselves and reset their project on a new footing in order to preempt the radical left as the main revolutionary opposition force. Even if the results are modest, this can disrupt left-wing social movements and their focus on egalitarianism and social justice, instead spreading separatist ideas based on antifeminism, antisemitism, heterosexism, naturalistic fallacy and racism amongst grassroots activists.

Scholars have reported how far-right critics argue that neo-Nazis joining the national-anarchist movement will lead to them losing credit for the successes of their anti-Zionist struggle if it is co-opted by anarchists. Scholars further noted how those far-right critics argue that national-anarchists want the militant chic of calling themselves anarchists without the historical and philosophical baggage that accompanies such a claim, namely the link with 19th-century Jewish anarchists. Scholars such as Graham D. Macklin use apostrophes when describing national-anarchists' "anarchism" and write that "despite its alleged 'anarchism', [it] looks favourably on the heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon England as a model of racial 'kingship'". Macklin describes national-anarchism as "a seemingly incongruous synthesis of fascism and anarchism" that owes more the "conservative revolutionary thought" of the anarcha than anarchism as it is "totally devoid of anarchism's humanistic social philosophy, which is rejected as 'infected' with feminism, homosexuality and Marxism". Macklin also argues that "[its] political organization reveals the NRF to be closer in inspiration to the Leninist 'revolutionary vanguard' than anarchism".

Scholars such as Matthew N. Lyons argue that implementing national-anarchism would not result in an expansion of freedom as its proponents claim and that "in reality it would promote oppression and authoritarianism in smaller-scale units". According to Lyons, the opposition to the state of national-anarchists such as Keith Preston is based on "a radically anti-humanistic philosophy of elitism, ruthless struggle, and contempt for most people".

title: National-anarchism


text: Category:Minor league baseball leagues

title: Category:Minor league baseball leagues


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Timeline of Portuguese history (Second Dynasty)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal's Second Dynasty.

14th century

 * 1385
 * April – João I of Portugal acclaimed king by the Portuguese; Castilians do not accept this claim.
 * August 14 – Battle of Aljubarrota: João I defeats the Castilians and secures the throne.
 * 1386 - Treaty of Windsor, an alliance between England and Portugal.
 * 1394 – Henry the Navigator, son of king João I of Portugal, is born.

15th century

 * 1415 – João I conquers the city of Ceuta in northern Africa.
 * 1419 – Madeira Islands discovered by João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira.
 * 1427 – Azores Islands discovered by Diogo Silves.
 * 1433 – Duarte of Portugal becomes king.
 * 1434 – Gil Eanes crosses the Bojador Cape: exploration of the African coast begins.
 * 1438 – Afonso V of Portugal becomes king.
 * 1444/1460 – discovery and settling of Cape Verde islands.
 * 1481 – João II of Portugal becomes king.
 * 1483 – João II executes Fernando, the third Duke of Braganza, and Diogo, the Duke of Viseu, putting an end to high nobility conspiracies.
 * 1484 – Diogo Cão discovers the Congo River.
 * 1491 – Bartolomeu Dias becomes the first European captain to cross the Cape of Good Hope.
 * 1494 – The Treaty of Tordesillas signed between Spain and Portugal, dividing the colonisable world in two halves.
 * 1495 – Manuel I of Portugal becomes king.
 * 1498 – Vasco da Gama reaches India through navigation around Africa.

16th century

 * 1500
 * Easter Day – Pedro Álvares Cabral discovers the already inhabited Brazil.
 * Diogo Dias discovered an island they named after St Lawrence after the saint on whose feast day they had first sighted the island later known as Madagascar
 * Manuel I orders expulsion or conversion of the Portuguese Jews.
 * Gaspar Corte-Real made his first voyage to Newfoundland, formerly known as Terras Corte-Real.
 * 1502 - Miguel Corte-Real set out for New England in search of his brother, Gaspar.
 * João da Nova discovered Ascension Island.
 * Fernão de Noronha discovered the island which still bears his name.
 * 1503 - On his return from the East, Estevão da Gama discovered Saint Helena Island.
 * 1506 - Tristão da Cunha discovered the island that bears his name. Portuguese sailors landed on Madagascar.
 * 1509 - The Gulf of Bengal crossed by Diogo Lopes Sequeira. On the crossing he also reached Malacca.
 * 1510 - Conquest of Goa by Afonso de Albuquerque.
 * 1511 - Conquest of Malacca by Afonso de Albuquerque.
 * 1512 - António de Abreu discovered Timor island and reached Banda Islands, Ambon Island and Seram. Francisco Serrão reached the Moluccas.
 * 1513 - The first trading ship to touch the coasts of China, under Jorge Álvares and Rafael Perestrello later in the same year.
 * 1515 - Afonso de Albuquerque captures the Kingdom of Hormuz.
 * 1517 - Fernão Pires de Andrade and Tomé Pires were chosen by Manuel I of Portugal to sail to China to formally open relations between the Portuguese Empire and the Ming Dynasty during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor.
 * 1521 – João III of Portugal becomes king.
 * António Correia captures Bahrain, which is under Portuguese rule until 1602.
 * 1526 - Jorge de Meneses reaches New Guinea for the first time.
 * 1542 – Portuguese explorers Fernão Mendes Pinto, Francisco Zeimoto and António Mota are the first Europeans to land in Japan.
 * 1557- Macau given to Portugal by the Emperor of China as a reward for services rendered against the pirates who infested the South China Sea.
 * Sebastião of Portugal becomes king.
 * 1568 – King Sebastião of Portugal comes of age and takes control of government.
 * 1569
 * Plague epidemic in Portugal. 60,000 people die in Lisbon alone.
 * Nagasaki, Japan, is open to Portuguese traders.
 * 1570
 * Luís de Camões returns to Lisbon from the Orient.
 * Goa, in Portuguese India, is attacked by a coalition of Indian forces, but these are defeated by Portuguese Vice-Roy Luís de Ataíde, Count of Atouguia.
 * 1578
 * Portuguese troops utterly defeated in Africa, in the battle of Alcácer Quibir ; king Sebastião disappears in the battle never to be seen again.
 * Cardinal Henrique I of Portugal becomes king.
 * 1579 - Cortes in Lisbon.
 * 1580
 * Cortes in Almeirim.
 * King Cardinal Henrique I of Portugal dies.


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Longe

Longe (Old Norman: le Longe or le Long) is an English and French aristocratic household, descending from the House of Bourbon-Préaux, a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, and may refer to:

 * House of Longe, a surname of Anglo-Norman origin
 * Desmond Longe, British Army Major, S.O.E Agent and High Sheriff of Norfolk
 * Francis Davy Longe, first-class cricketer and anti-classical economist
 * John Longe (1548–1589), archbishop and member of the Privy Council of Ireland
 * John Longe (priest) (1765–1834, priest and Norfolk county magistrate
 * Patricia Shontz Longe, American economist
 * Richard Longe, politician and royalist
 * Robert de Longe, artist
 * William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor of England
 * Longe family of Spixworth Park, including a list of High Sheriffs of Norfolk and Suffolk

Other uses

 * Longe line, a rope used in Longeing, a technique for training horses in equestrian vaulting
 * Longe cavesson, a halter-like headgear with rings to attach the longe line

title: Longe


text:
Unkulunkulu

Unkulunkulu (/uɲɠulun'ɠulu/), often formatted as uNkulunkulu, is a mythical ancestor, mythical predecessor group, or Supreme Creator in the language of the Zulu, Ndebele and Swati people. Originally a "first ancestor" figure, Unkulunkulu morphed into a creator god figure with the spread of Christianity.

Pre-Christian role
Unkulunkulu was a general term referring to an "old-old one", or an ancestor. In this situation, these Onkulunkulu (the plural form) could be male or female, and most tribes and families had one, regarding them with great respect. Unkulunkulu also existed in a broader role as a sole, ancient figure; this figure being male, he played a role in broader as the ancestor of humanity, but was given little attention. Scholar Ana Maria Monteiro-Ferreira asserts that before the spread of Christianity to the Zulu people, Unkulunkulu was not a Supreme Being like that of the Christian God.

Post-Christian role
With the spread of Christianity in the mid-1800s, various Zulu populations began referring to Unkulunkulu in a different light. This new form of Unkulunkulu was a creator deity rather than an ancestor archetype. This form closely resembles the Christian God and is referred to in the same context. M. R. Masubelele argues that American and European missionaries in the 1830s originally rejected the use of "Unkulunkulu" to the Christian God because of its association to ancestor worship, but eventually many European missionaries began using the name in order to better evangelize the Zulu people. Other names for this being used in similar cultures include uMdali (meaning "Creator") and uMvelinqandi (meaning "Before everything"; analogous to Umvelinqangi in the isiXhosa language).

While he still often represented the first man, he also began to represent a creator/originator of humanity and all creation. This version of Unkulunkulu originated from reeds; he then created humans and livestock from the same reeds, and created everything else afterwards from no original source. After he created all, Unkulunkulu is said to have forgotten his creations and abandoned them, and there are no myths of him beyond this point of creation. Historian William H. Worger argues that nineteenth-century indigenous Africans believed these creation myths and others pertaining to Unkulunkulu to be metaphorical rather than literal, as demonstrated through their debates with European missionaries about their similarities to the Bible and their "literal" truth.

title: Unkulunkulu