text:
Talk:Code Noir

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History of Quebec
Why is this in Category:Quebec history ? --Ann O'nyme 11:25, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * I was wondering the same, why? User:Jim Bart 8-2-06 3:40 PM
 * Long time with no reply, but because Quebec was a colony of France the Code Noir was also in effect there. Pinkville (talk) 01:29, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Are you sure? Check with fr:Code_noir

Requests for more info
When did the Code Noir stop being in force? I think it would be a useful addition to the topic

Wasn't this decree practically ignored? Something about its effectiveness should be included.

- -  -

What was ignored were many of the articles giving some protection to slaves. The Code still served as the legal justification for slavery in French territory.

Slavery was not definitively outlawed in France and French possessions until 1848, although it had ceased to exist in most places much earlier. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.224.103.123 (talk) 08:53, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Might be you should add some such sentence. As reference, there is this text page that stand that only 10 out of 60 articles were applied as European principle based on roman law would be useless out of Europe according to its author. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57905479/f223.image
 * But you might also take some information from the french page which is more complete. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.193.106.208 (talk) 22:51, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

end?
when did this code cease? Kingturtle (talk) 16:45, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Briefly between 1794 (slavery abolished) and 1802 (slavery reinstated) and definitely in 1848 (slavery abolished again),though moderated by case laws less unfavorable to the slave between 1815 and 1848. 78.242.229.238 (talk) 04:24, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

Code N/noir
The normal form of the work's title is "Code noir", as with "Code civil". That is how it is spelt at the beginning of this article as well as throughout WP:fr "Code noir". Would anyone object to changing to Code noir in the title of this article and throughout? Wikiain (talk) 23:28, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

 * It should be standardized in English Wikipedia, that I agree with. However, I'm not sure which way it should be.  Google's Ngram Viewer up to 2008 gives "Code Noir" as the most common occurrence in English, particularly over the past century.  Ngram viewer for Code Noir  That seems to be the treatment in the U.S.  French has a somewhat different handling of capitalization at times from what I recall.  This one is tricky since the term is used in both languages for the same thing.  I would likely leave both words capitalized in English, and the second lower case in French. Red Harvest (talk) 08:21, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you for this. Non-capitalisation of the second word would be normal in French:  e.g. "Code civil" (my specialised knowledge but also borne out by Ngram).  However, when your Ngram seach is done for French, "Code Noir" and "Code noir" are found to be trending equally.  I guess that this has to do with the politics of "N/oir":  in the same period, searching in French, "les Noirs" suddenly takes over from "les noirs" around 1940. In this light, I'm not so uncomfortable with the article as it is.  However, WP:fr has "Code noir" throughout and, while it is not a source, I'm inclined to take it as advice not to depart from normal French practice. Wikiain (talk) 23:20, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The name of a group of people normally isn't capitalized in French. One writes "noirs",not "Noirs", "français",not "Français." 78.242.229.238 (talk) 04:31, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

Subtitle
Eamnonn: thank you for adding and translating a subtitle. But I have removed it, because it appears to be a publisher's book title of 1735 - not the title of the document of 1685, which is given in that book as "Edit du Roi, touchant la Police des Isles de l'Amerique Françoise" (Royal edict, concerning governance of the islands of French America)? Yet that too may not be accurate. André Castaldo, Codes Noirs (Paris, Dalloz, 2006), gives "édit du Roi, sur les esclaves des Îles de l'Amérique" (Royal edict, concerning slaves in the islands of America). The 1723 title given there is different again. Wikiain (talk) 02:14, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

NPOV
This article is absolutely not written in a NPOV and desperately needs it. The way it is talking about this slave code being a great thing for slaves, even if it was an improvement over other conditions at the time, is creepy and apologistic. I'm flagging it for corrections. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.177.143.15 (talk) 01:07, July 21, 2015
 * I don't see see a problem with this article. It has been more than 3 weeks (nearly 4) with no input on this complaint of NPOV. Barring any objections or concrete suggestions from the IP or anyone else I will unflag this article. Meters (talk) 02:18, 16 August 2015 (UTC)
 * done Meters (talk) 03:41, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

 * For information only: The « Code Noir » is a controversial topic: some people want to forbid to see positive parts in the Code noir as they want it to be definitely seen as a monstruous/bad thing. And Jean-François Niort has just been controverted to intent to study the code noir. There were two articles on this topic in Le Monde today:
 * Le « Code Noir » est bien une monstruosité  ( Louis Sala-Molins (Philosophe et historien) )
 * Les travaux sur le Code noir ne doivent pas se plier aux dogmes ( fr:Jean-Louis Harouel, (université Panthéon-Paris-II), Jacky Dahomay, et Marcel Dorigny,  (université Paris-VIII) )
 * To summarize, those articles says that
 * In may 2015, Jean-François Niort ask the présidence de la République that Code Noir be qualified as a « monstruosité juridique » and « crime contre l’humanité » by law
 * Jean-François Niort has been criticized as « révisionniste et négationniste » for its two last books which see some not bad points in it
 * Some people think that MIR France would like to believe that Code noir history has been frozen for ever by philosophe Louis Sala Molins in its 1987 book, «Le Code noir ou le calvaire de Canaan.»
 * As such MIR France religion is to believe the Louis Sala Molins book, and so to criticize Jean-François Niort one.
 * They consider Louis Sala Molins book is good based on the Robert Badinter opinion published in june 1987 in Le Nouvel Observateur. Nonetheless, Robert Badinter also considered the author, was dominated by passion and did not take into account « l’intensité et les difficultés du combat mené par l’abbé Grégoire, Condorcet, Brissot et leurs compagnons pour la libération des Noirs ».

1738
What's about the 1738 declaration which stand that many people came to France, and which try to forbid to give freedom to those people, and which define rules to make them come back to those islands? (see gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65314428/f469.image ) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.193.106.208 (talk) 23:26, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Citations in Origin and In Pop Culture sections
There should be a citation for the information under the sections "Origin" and "In Pop Culture." NolanH (talk) 01:08, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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This is a mess
This article badly needs attention, preferably from a native Engslish peaker. There is so much uncited/unencocylopedic content, and content that is just straight up gramatically incorrect and nonsensical. Ya hemos pasao (talk) 10:23, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

Aliens link
In the line: At this time, there were still at least two common law status applicable in Martinique : French status, la Coutume de Paris, and aliens one.

Coutume de Paris is linked to something that seems in context, kind of, but aliens links to a grape. Surely some mistake? 92.26.182.215 (talk) 22:28, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Adding translations and sources from French wiki page on Code noir
Dear all, I am attempting to bring over some of the very good legal antecedent/history discussions from the French wiki page. I only envision replacing redundant and/or completely unsubstantiated parts of the English page with translations and sources from the French version. I will not be reorganizing the page, just fleshing it out and adding citations and sources where I can. Thanks. Enryonokatamarikun (talk) 22:36, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

Dear everyone, I have added a few sections that I have translated and edited from the French wiki page of Code noir. In doing so I have cut some redundant content and edited the rest for tone and citeable statements. Further, I added a number of good (sometimes slightly outdated, but hey, historical info) sources and tried to merge some choice parts of the English and French page bibliographies. For those interested in improving the English Code noir, I would really suggest translating (if it is within your capabilities) more sections of the French version as it is very well written and I have yet to find unsubstantiated information in it. I would be particularly interested in seeing the French section covering the legal history of post-First revolution Code noir translated and edited in here. There are other excellent sections over there that are slipping my mind currently. Many thanks to the very detail-oriented wikipedians Globu, Jfniort, Ambre Troizat,Jonathan.renoult, Pfvh, and Hippo75 (undoubtedly there are others I'm missing) whose collective work I had the pleasure of translating. Enryonokatamarikun (talk) 05:44, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Hello all, I have continued to translate sections of and find refs for the French wiki (written by Code Noir scholar JF Niort at the University of the French Antilles) and have incorporated them into the English Wikia. I'm sure there are little errors here and there but I am pretty confidant in the work after having spent a year off and on reading the sources and all. The one thing that I feel needs a much greater development is the antisemitic aspect of the Code. It goes pretty unremarked by most top-notch scholars but all evidence suggests that it was a main concern for the writers of the original Martinican Code who were attempting to satisfy Jesuit demands to expel Antillean Jews since more than a decade before the Code. Thank you all. TLDR I added many helpful sections and removed nothing. Enryonokatamarikun (talk) 05:22, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

Put back the Code Noir poster /image of the young black man with the sadistic contraptions forced on to his face.
Why was the aforesaid imaged taken off.. French PR? 2A00:23C7:2B1F:4801:4855:D097:9082:F72B (talk) 22:29, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Next time please provide a diff of the edit, or at least a link to the file in question. I can find no such image having been removed. There was an image replaced by user:Crawdad Blues four months ago  because the page in the image is already used elsewhere the article. I'm assuming that is the image the IP is concerned about, even though I see no "sadistic contraptions forced on to his face" and the image was actually added rather than being removed. Meters (talk) 00:14, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, unless my reading of the history is mistaken, the article never contained an image of any human being at all until I added a photo of the 1743 edition of Code noir a few months ago. That edition, unlike the 1742 edition, does have a small image of the head and shoulders of a black man on the title page. It is still in the article today, although as User:Meters says, there is no "sadistic contraption" on his face, nor is there any image with such a contraption in the Code noir category in the Commons. The IP is obviously confused, but whatever they saw and wherever they saw it, it was evidently not here. Crawdad Blues (talk) 13:23, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Code Noir


text:
Xerez CD

Xerez Club Deportivo S. A. D. is a Spanish football club based in the city of Jerez de la Frontera. It was founded in 1947 and plays in Group X of the Tercera Federación, the fifth tier of the Spanish football league system. The club gained promotion this season and will play in the Segunda Federación next season.

History
Due to the link between Jerez de la Frontera and the United Kingdom created by the exports of sherry (Jerez in Spanish), football had its beginnings in the region towards the second half of the 19th century. In the early 20th century Sir Thomas Spencer, who worked with the William & Humbert winery, founded Sociedad Jerez Foot-Ball Club – he also served as chairman, player and captain.

From 1942 to 1947 the club had several names, ending with Jerez Club Deportivo, which was changed to the current name in 1960s. Xerez first reached the second division in 1953–54, remaining there for five years; previously, in the 1940s, the team had promoted on the field but, due to the "high national interest" of the dictatorial government, left its position to España de Tánger.

The team's new stadium, Estadio Municipal de Chapín, was inaugurated on 10 July 1988, replacing the old Estadio Domecq – the first match there was a friendly against Real Madrid. After decades in that category and also in the third, it had a 2001–02 second level campaign which almost resulted in an historic La Liga promotion, only one year after doing the same thing; the club seemed certain to gain promotion all season, but ultimately failed after a dramatic loss of form towards its closure, only gaining four points in the last eight matches.

Since then, Xerez finished in the top 10 in division two each campaign, except in the 2007–08 season when a weak start led to a 15th-place finish. The following campaign proved excellent, as the club was always in the top positions: on 13 June 2009, after beating SD Huesca 2–1 at home, it achieved promotion to the top division for the first time in its history. In the final day of the competition, a draw at Celta de Vigo proved enough for the title, as CD Tenerife lost 1–2 home to CD Castellón in the final minute.

The first season of Xerez in the top flight would be short-lived, as it ended in relegation. After only collecting seven points from the first 19 games – which led to the sacking of coach José Ángel Ziganda – the club amassed 27 in the remaining 19 with Néstor Gorosito as boss, not good enough however to prevent the drop as last (the club, however, had chances to stay up until the final round, a 1–1 draw at CA Osasuna).

Xerez ranked eighth and 14th in the two following second level seasons, respectively. The 2012–13 campaign, however, was disastrous on all levels, as the team finished in 22nd and last position as a direct consequence of enduring serious financial difficulties for several years, and the situation culminated with the club being relegated to the fourth division on 1 August.

After the Xerez's season, a group of supporters founded a new club in the lower leagues, named Xerez Deportivo FC due to the club's institutional problems. While the latter was promoted to Primera Provincial, the former was again relegated, this time to Primera Andaluza, until May 2017, when Xerez came back to Tercera División. They managed a 16th-place finish in the 2017–18 season, avoiding relegation and managing another season in the Spanish fourth tier.

In the 2023–24 season, Xerez C.D. is fighting for promotion to the Segunda RFEF. This same season, the team has broken a record of going through the first 9 days of the league without conceding a goal. Apart from fighting for promotion, Xerez has achieved several merits of its own, such as attracting former members again or having nearly 9,000 spectators in the fifth category of Spanish football.

Crest
The crest of Xerez CD was designed during the summer of 1947 by Mariano Aricha de Vicente.

The crest is clearly inspired in the badge of the city of Jerez, as it incorporates the same colors.. The crest is divided into two parts by a diagonal stripe of white background that runs from the upper right corner to the lower left. In the upper left part is the central motif of the shield of the city of Jerez, the waves in blue on a silver (white) background. In the lower right corner the letters C and D are intertwined in white with a blue background. The crest is crowned, like the city's shield, this time with a crown of five blades.

In the diagonal stripe can read, "XEREZ" in blue. Originally was designed with the word "JEREZ". The "J" was replaced by an "X" due to the initiative of the chairman Pablo Porro Guerrero, that on August 21, 1962, decides to recover the word "XEREZ" to refer to the club from which it comes, the Xerez FC.

The crest receibed a second modification in the 2000s, where the tone of the color was changed, making it a little softer and with a lower saturation. This minor aesthetic change was made so that the crest will stand out more against the dark blue of the uniform. Occasionally the shield is shown outside the kit in the original darker tone.

On May 31, 2017, it was announced that the patent for the crest, as well as the name "Xerez Club Deportivo" became part of Afición Xerecista.

In September 2020, on occasion of a new and exciting sports project, the club's design and communication team decides to restyle the crest, eliminating the black lines of its predecessor, with a cleaner and more modern appearance. It has also been adapted to different versions, both positive and negative, to adapt perfectly to any format.

Anthems and Chants
The official anthem of the club was composed by Manuel Amezcua although the Xerez has several chants and anthems, like the "Himno del 75 Aniversario", "Himno de los Hools XCD" or the song "Mi Xerez".
 * Anthem

 * ''Xerez Deportivo
 * ''Con los colores del Xerez todos unidos
 * ''Xerez Deportivo
 * ''El corazón de la afición está contigo
 * ''Xerez Deportivo
 * ''Vamos arriba campeón
 * ''A triunfar y a ganar
 * ''Para alcanzar la gloria del mejor
 * ''Para subir y conseguir
 * ''Con el Xerez el más alto galardón.
 * ''A ti Xerez Deportivo
 * ''Por tu entrega y tu pundonor
 * ''Por tu furia y tu fuerza
 * ''Por tu coraje y ambición de gol
 * ''Por eso todos cantamos
 * ''Como si fuera una misma voz
 * ''Viva el Xerez Club Deportivo
 * ''Aupa y arriba campeón
 * ''A ti Xerez Deportivo
 * ''Por tu entrega y tu pundonor
 * ''Por tu furia y tu fuerza
 * ''Por tu coraje y ambición de gol
 * ''Por eso todos cantamos
 * ''Como si fuera una misma voz
 * ''Viva el Xerez Club Deportivo
 * ''Aupa y arriba campeón
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Xerez!

To commemorate the 75 years of the Xerez CD, the club asked its fans to create their proposals for the 75th anniversary Anthem, choosing the one composed by Manuel de Cantarote, a Jerezano and Xerecist artist.
 * Himno del 75 aniversario / 75th anniversary anthem

 * ''Un equipo, una ciudad que es de bandera
 * ''Una afición que te acompaña a donde quiera
 * ''Que por ti lucha sin importar la batalla
 * ''Y alza tu himno y tus colores donde vayas
 * ''Azul y blanco es el compás de mis latidos
 * ''Sabes que nunca nos daremos por vencido
 * ''Y aunque el olvido haya ganado a la memoria
 * ''Seguimos vivos y cantamos nuestra historia
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Gol y bulería!
 * ''¡Club del alma mía!
 * ''¡Donde moriré!
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Aunque pase el tiempo!
 * ''¡Más que un sentimiento, que no abandoné!
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Gol y bulería!
 * ''¡Club del alma mía!
 * ''¡Donde moriré!
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Aunque pase el tiempo!
 * ''¡Más que un sentimiento, que no abandoné!
 * ''Llenos de orgullo defendemos nuestro escudo
 * ''Yo sigo fiel porque Xerez tan solo hay uno
 * ''Club Deportivo, símbolo de nuestra tierra
 * ''A ti te animo aunque ganes o aunque pierdas
 * ''Xerez contigo seguiré cumpliendo años
 * ''En ti confío, siempre seguiré animando
 * ''Eres equipo que al destino desafía
 * ''Lucha con garra, no te rindas todavía
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Gol y bulería!
 * ''¡Club del alma mía!
 * ''¡Donde moriré!
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Aunque pase el tiempo!
 * ''¡Más que un sentimiento, que no abandoné!
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Gol y bulería!
 * ''¡Club del alma mía!
 * ''¡Donde moriré!
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Aunque pase el tiempo!
 * ''¡Más que un sentimiento, que no abandoné!
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Gol y bulería!
 * ''¡Club del alma mía!
 * ''¡Donde moriré!
 * ''¡Xerez!
 * ''¡Aunque pase el tiempo!
 * ''¡Más que un sentimiento, que no abandoné!

The animation group "Hools XCD", in honor of 10 years since its founding and support for the club, decided to release its own anthem in collaboration with Juan Pedro "El Pirata" Ramos
 * Himno del X Aniversario Hools Xerez CD / Anthem of the 10th Anniversary Hools Xerez CD

 * ''Después de diez años
 * ''Seguimos aquí luchando
 * ''Te juré amor eterno
 * ''En las puertas del infierno
 * ''Aquí estuvimos, aquí estamos y aquí estaremos
 * ''En las buenas, en las malas y en las peores
 * ''Mil días de borrachera
 * ''Noches enteras sin descansar
 * ''Por defender nuestro equipo
 * ''Siempre al borde del delíto
 * ''Corduras con colgaeras
 * ''El mismo escudo tatuado en la piel
 * ''Y hasta el día en que me muera
 * ''Esos colores defenderé
 * ''De Jerez de la Frontera
 * ''Puros como la Paquera
 * ''Que nunca pasa de moda
 * ''Igualito que las drogas
 * ''Nos dicen yonkis gitanos
 * ''Y pa' nosotros es un alago
 * ''En las buenas y en las malas
 * ''Como hinchada nos la maman
 * ''¡Somos los Hools el alma de este equipo!
 * ''¡Sangre azul, Xerez Club Deportivo!
 * ''Tienes que ganar
 * ''Y la vamos a liar
 * ''¡Somos los Hools el alma de este equipo!
 * ''¡Sangre azul, Xerez Club Deportivo!
 * ''Tienes que ganar
 * ''Y la vamos a liar
 * ''Mil horas de carretera
 * ''Jamás te abandonaría
 * ''Recordaré estas palabras
 * ''Que son pa' toda la vida
 * ''Toxicamente adictivos
 * ''Incansables luchadores
 * ''Levantaré tu bandera
 * ''Sin peros ni condiciones
 * ''De Jerez de la Frontera
 * ''Puros como la Paquera
 * ''Que nunca pasa de moda
 * ''Igualito que las drogas
 * ''Nos dicen yonkis gitanos
 * ''Y pa' nosotros es un alago
 * ''En las buenas y en las malas
 * ''Como hinchada nos la maman
 * ''¡Somos los Hools el alma de este equipo!
 * ''¡Sangre azul, Xerez Club Deportivo!
 * ''Tienes que ganar
 * ''Y la vamos a liar
 * ''¡Somos los Hools el alma de este equipo!
 * ''¡Sangre azul, Xerez Club Deportivo!
 * ''Tienes que ganar
 * ''Y la vamos a liar
 * ''Que escandalera cuando no llega el gol
 * ''Y los Hools te aceleran
 * ''Te empujan, te animan
 * ''Te cantan, te llevan
 * ''Rompiendo gargantas de jerezanas maneras
 * ''Hasta quemar la cartera
 * ''Vaya puta escandalera...

Tribute to the fans of Xerez C. D. A song by Los Killoque and Jose Monje with the collaboration of El Pirata and the Xerez veterans. Recorded at La Bodega studios. With the guitar of Jose Ignacio Franco, the editing and percussion production of Cristóbal leiva "lele" and the executive production of Santi Cordero and Manuel Martínez.
 * Mi Xerez

 * ''Desde niño se pone la camiseta
 * ''En el pecho va su escudo y su bandera
 * ''Por las calles de Jerez va caminando
 * ''Hasta Chapín para cumplir una promesa
 * ''Orgulloso de sentirse xerecista
 * ''Con la cabeza bien alta
 * ''Como su padre le enseñó
 * ''Desde el cielo sabe que el está mirando
 * ''Dando fuerzas y apoyando
 * ''A su equipo campeón
 * ''Mi Xerez, ole, con ole, y ole
 * ''Ole, con ole, y ole
 * ''Mi Xerez Club Deportivo
 * ''La ciudad y la afición está orgullosa
 * ''Siempre contigo en la victoria y en la derrota
 * ''Animando hasta romperse la garganta
 * ''Todos unidos alcanzaremos la gloria
 * ''Xerecista hasta el día que me muera
 * ''En segunda o en primera
 * ''Aquí siempre estaré yo
 * ''Más que un equipo mi xerez es un sentimiento
 * ''Lo digo como lo siento
 * ''Me sale del corazón
 * ''Mi Xerez, ole, con ole, y ole
 * ''Ole, con ole, y ole
 * ''Mi Xerez Club Deportivo

Stadium

Since the 2013/14 season, Xerez has had difficulties playing its matches in Jerez de la Frontera. This is due to the Regulatory Ordinance for the Carrying out of Activities in Municipal Sports Facilities that the City Council has been applying since it was put into practice by the Partido Popular government.

Since that season, Xerez has been training and playing its home games in different fields in the province, and occasionally does so in the Jerez stadiums of La Juventud, La Canaleja, La Granja, El Torno or Picadueñas.

During the 2017/18 season, Xerez played at home in seven different stadiums: Chapín, La Juventud, El Palmar (Sanlúcar de Barrameda), Antonio Fernández Marchán (Guadalcacín), Andrés Chacón (La Barca), Municipal Sánchez Portella (Torrecera) and Municipal of El Torno (El Torno). Currently, they play their home games at the Municipal de Chapín.

Chapín

However, from 1998 to 2014, the Xerez played its local matches at Municipal de Chapín. The stadium was founded in 1988, with a capacity for 20.523 people. The stadium's inaugural match was Xerez C.D. - Real Madrid. It's dimensions are 105x68 meters.

One of the stands with the most attendance was "Preferencia". This used to fill from the top, but it lacked the feel of the "Fondo Sur". The "Tribuna" was frequented by well-known people in Jerez. The presidential box, the VIP boxes and the radio broadcast booths are also located there. The area with the greatest lack of influx was "Fondo Norte". The fourth stand of the stadium is the "Fondo Norte", which was not numbered at the request of the fans, since it was this stand that had the most attendance and atmosphere. It used to be full both upstairs and downstairs in important matches, but due to promotion to the First Division, this stand was numbered, like the "Fondo Norte", to comply with the regulations.

This multi-sports stadium is blamed for a major drawback: the difficulty of vision for spectators due to the separation distance between the stands and the grass, due to the presence of the athletics tracks. Possible solutions to this problem have always been considered. In October 2006, a reform was planned that consisted of eliminating the athletics tracks, continuing the high stands of "Preferencia" and "Tribuna", and creating two new "Fondos". The exterior appearance of the stadium would not suffer any changes, but its construction was not approved. After the xerecista promotion, an extra stand was approved for the grandstand area, since it has reduced visibility due to the benches, increasing the number of seats available. Initially, the use of these stands was contemplated for the most important matches, such as the visits of Real Madrid or FC Barcelona, but finally they were maintained throughout the season, although in recent days the City Council requested their removal on the occasion of the celebration. of the school Olympics held annually in the stadium. For the 2010–11 season, the commentary area in the upper stand, which had been in the lower stand since the previous season, was left free and occupied with seats for fans.

Other Stadiums
Until 1988, when Chapín was inaugurated, the team played at the Domecq Stadium, where a residential area is now located, currently Parque Stadium, near the Plaza del Caballo.

During the 2001-02 season, while Chapín was being remodeled for the 2002 equestrian games, Xerez played in other stadiums such as the "El Palmar Stadium" in Sanlúcar de Barrameda or "Bahía Sur" in San Fernando. Finally he returned to Jerez to play first in the remodeled Estadio de la Juventud and finally in Chapín.

Uniforms

 * 1st Kit: Blue T-shirt, White pants y Blue socks.
 * 2nd Kit: White T-shirt with black stripes, Black Pants y Black socks.
 * 3rd Kit: Gradient green T-shirt, Green pants y Golden socks.
 * 4th Kit: Red T-shirt, Red pants y Red socks.

The Xerez uniform has maintained constant standards throughout its history, with the blue shirt, white shorts and blue socks. The away uniform usually has a white shirt and socks, with blue pants. The third kit is the most varied, having been black, pink, wine, green or orange.

Club information

 * Address: C/ Laguna de Gallocanta, 20. 11406
 * Colors: Blue and White
 * Sports Brand: Adidas

Members
In the 2009/10 season, the historical maximum number of subscribers was reached, with a total of 16,216 members, due to the team's promotion to the First Division of Spain for the first time. The decline that occurred that season did not prevent large numbers from being recorded in the 2010/11 season, as the club reached 11,059 subscribers, a figure much higher than that of previous campaigns, in which the club did not reach 8,000 members.

On January 1, 2024, Juan Luis Gil announced that the club had surpassed the figure of 3,000 members in the 2023-24 campaign.

Recent seasons

 * {|class="wikitable"

! Season ! Cat. ! Pos. ! Pl. ! W ! D ! L ! GS ! GA ! P !Cup !Notes
 * -bgcolor="#efefef"
 * 2002–03
 * align=right |2D
 * align=right |6
 * align=right|42||align=right|17||align=right|13||align=right|12
 * align=right|55||align=right|53||align=right|64
 * alingh=right |Round of 16
 * 2003–04
 * align=right |2D
 * align=right |9
 * align=right|42||align=right|12||align=right|18||align=right|12
 * align=right|47||align=right|49||align=right|54
 * aling=right |3rd round
 * 2004–05
 * align=right |2D
 * align=right |8
 * align=right|42||align=right|14||align=right|17||align=right|11
 * align=right|39||align=right|36||align=right|59
 * aling=right |2nd round
 * 2005–06
 * align=right |2D
 * align=right |7
 * align=right|42||align=right|18||align=right|13||align=right|11
 * align=right|60||align=right|46||align=right|67
 * aling=right |5th round
 * 2006–07
 * align=right |2D
 * align=right |8
 * align=right|42||align=right|16||align=right|10||align=right|16
 * align=right|47||align=right|42||align=right|58
 * aling=right |Round of 32
 * 2007–08
 * align=right |2D
 * align=right |15
 * align=right|42||align=right|12||align=right|16||align=right|14
 * align=right|47||align=right|56||align=right|52
 * aling=right |Round of 32
 * 2008–09
 * align=right |2D
 * align=right |1
 * align=right|42||align=right|24||align=right|10||align=right|8
 * align=right|73||align=right|42||align=right|82
 * aling=right |2nd round
 * align=right |Promoted
 * 2009–10
 * align=right |1D
 * align=right |20
 * align=right|38||align=right|8||align=right|10||align=right|20
 * align=right|38||align=right|66||align=right|34
 * aling=right |Round of 32
 * align=right |Relegated
 * 2010–11
 * align=right |2D
 * align=right |8
 * align=right|42||align=right|17||align=right|9||align=right|16
 * align=right|65||align=right|51||align=right|60
 * aling=right |Round of 32
 * align=right |
 * 2011–12
 * align=right |2D
 * align=right |14
 * align=right|42||align=right|13||align=right|11||align=right|18
 * align=right|50||align=right|66||align=right|50
 * aling=right |2nd round
 * align=right |
 * 2012–13
 * align=right |2D
 * align=right |22
 * align=right|42||align=right|7||align=right|9||align=right|26
 * align=right|38||align=right|74||align=right|30
 * aling=right |2nd round
 * align=right |Relegated
 * 2013–14
 * align=right |3D
 * align=right |19
 * align=right|38||align=right|8||align=right|8||align=right|22
 * align=right|41||align=right|65||align=right|32
 * aling=right |3rd round
 * align=right |Relegated
 * 2014–15
 * align=right |1º And
 * align=right |10
 * align=right|32||align=right|12||align=right|7||align=right|13
 * align=right|40||align=right|41||align=right|43
 * aling=right |
 * align=right |
 * 2015–16
 * align=right |1º And
 * align=right |6
 * align=right|34||align=right|16||align=right|6||align=right|12
 * align=right|49||align=right|43||align=right|54
 * aling=right |
 * align=right |
 * }
 * align=right|41||align=right|65||align=right|32
 * aling=right |3rd round
 * align=right |Relegated
 * 2014–15
 * align=right |1º And
 * align=right |10
 * align=right|32||align=right|12||align=right|7||align=right|13
 * align=right|40||align=right|41||align=right|43
 * aling=right |
 * align=right |
 * 2015–16
 * align=right |1º And
 * align=right |6
 * align=right|34||align=right|16||align=right|6||align=right|12
 * align=right|49||align=right|43||align=right|54
 * aling=right |
 * align=right |
 * }
 * align=right |
 * }

Season to season

 * 1 season in La Liga
 * 25 seasons in Segunda División
 * 17 seasons in Segunda División B
 * 26 seasons in Tercera División
 * 3 seasons in Tercera Federación/Tercera División RFEF

Honours

 * Segunda División: 2008–09
 * Segunda División B: 1981–82, 1985–86
 * Tercera División: 1951–52, 1952–53, 1959–60, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1970–71

Notable players
Note: this list includes players that have played in at least 100 league games and/or have reached international status.

Notable coaches

 * 🇦🇷 Néstor Gorosito
 * 🇩🇪 Bernd Schuster
 * 🇪🇸 Carlos Orúe
 * 🇪🇸 Manuel Ruiz
 * 🇪🇸 Esteban Vigo

Reserve team
Founded in 1975, Xerez CD B was disestablished in 2015.

Basketball section
On 16 August 2016, Xerez CD created the basketball section of the club. It currently plays in the fifth division.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Xerez CD


text:
Portal talk:Business and economics

About the banking regulation template
Had to add the Banking regulation and standards Template ({'{Basel II}})on a bunch of articles were missing, I believe it's necessary to put them on a context.

Template:Infobox economist merger proposal Comment
There is a discussion taking place about the possible merger of Template:Infobox economist with Template:Infobox academic. --The Vintage Feminist (talk) 20:41, 26 June 2016 (UTC)

Split
Unecessary.Lbertolotti (talk) 00:33, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

missing important quote
One of the most important statements on economics is missing from Wikipedia. According to an article in the German Wikipedia, Adam Smith says in the Wealth of Nations (on p. 452 of a 2003 German translation) that a market economy can only work if the government engages in some regulation, namely regulation that ensures that the market works and that competition is not stifled. I was not able to find this statement by Smith on https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations. Any idea how to find it? --Espoo (talk) 04:55, 2 April 2018 (UTC)

Status report from the Portals WikiProject
WikiProject Portals is back!

The project was rebooted and completely overhauled on April 17th, 2018.

Its goals are to revitalize the entire portal system, make building and maintaining portals easier, and design the portals of the future.

As of April 29th, membership is at 56 editors, and growing.

There are design initiatives for revitalizing the portals system as a whole, and for each component of portals.

Tools are provided for building and maintaining portals, including automated portals that update themselves in various ways.

And, if you are bored and would like something to occupy your mind, we have a wonderful task list.

From your friendly neighborhood Portals WikiProject. — The Transhumanist  03:34, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Business and economics


text:
Alginic acid

Alginic acid, also called algin, is a naturally occurring, edible polysaccharide found in brown algae. It is hydrophilic and forms a viscous gum when hydrated. With metals such as sodium and calcium, its salts are known as alginates. Its colour ranges from white to yellowish-brown. It is sold in filamentous, granular, or powdered forms.

It is a significant component of the biofilms produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major pathogen found in the lungs of some people who have cystic fibrosis. The biofilm and P. aeruginosa have a high resistance to antibiotics, but are susceptible to inhibition by macrophages.

Structure
Alginic acid is a linear copolymer with homopolymeric blocks of (1→4)-linked β-D-mannuronate (M) and α-L-guluronate (G) residues, respectively, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks. The monomers may appear in homopolymeric blocks of consecutive G-residues (G-blocks), consecutive M-residues (M-blocks) or alternating M and G-residues (MG-blocks). α-L-guluronate is the C-5 epimer of β-D-mannuronate.

Forms
Alginates are refined from brown seaweeds. Throughout the world, many of the Phaeophyceae class brown seaweeds are harvested to be processed and converted into sodium alginate. Sodium alginate is used in many industries including food, animal food, fertilisers, textile printing, and pharmaceuticals. Dental impression material uses alginate as its means of gelling. Food grade alginate is an approved ingredient in processed and manufactured foods.

Brown seaweeds range in size from the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera which can be 20–40 meters long, to thick, leather-like seaweeds from 2–4 m long, to smaller species 30–60 cm long. Most brown seaweed used for alginates are gathered from the wild, with the exception of Laminaria japonica, which is cultivated in China for food and its surplus material is diverted to the alginate industry in China.

Alginates from different species of brown seaweed vary in their chemical structure, resulting in different physical properties of alginates. Some species yield an alginate that gives a strong gel, another a weaker gel, some may produce a cream or white alginate, while others are difficult to gel and are best used for technical applications where color does not matter.

Commercial grade alginate is extracted from giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, Ascophyllum nodosum, and types of Laminaria. Alginates are also produced by two bacterial genera Pseudomonas and Azotobacter, which played a major role in the unravelling of its biosynthesis pathway. Bacterial alginates are useful for the production of micro- or nanostructures suitable for medical applications.

Sodium alginate (NaC6H7O6) is the sodium salt of alginic acid. Sodium alginate is a gum.

Potassium alginate (KC6H7O6) is the potassium salt of alginic acid.

Calcium alginate (CaC12H14O12) is the calcium salt of alginic acid. It is made by replacing the sodium ion in sodium alginate with a calcium ion (ion exchange).

Production
The manufacturing process used to extract sodium alginates from brown seaweed fall into two categories: 1) calcium alginate method and, 2) alginic acid method.

Chemically the process is simple, but difficulties arise from the physical separations required between the slimy residues from viscous solutions and the separation of gelatinous precipitates that hold large amounts of liquid within their structure, so they resist filtration and centrifugation.

Uses
Alginate absorbs water quickly, which makes it useful as an additive in dehydrated products such as slimming aids, and in the manufacture of paper and textiles.

Alginate is also used for waterproofing and fireproofing fabrics, in the food industry as a thickening agent for drinks, ice cream, cosmetics, as a gelling agent for jellies, known by the code E401 and sausage casing. Sodium alginate is mixed with soybean protein to make meat analogue.

Alginate is used as an ingredient in various pharmaceutical preparations, such as Gaviscon, in which it combines with bicarbonate to inhibit gastroesophageal reflux.

Sodium alginate is used as an impression-making material in dentistry, prosthetics, lifecasting, and for creating positives for small-scale casting.

Sodium alginate is used in reactive dye printing and as a thickener for reactive dyes in textile screen-printing. Alginates do not react with these dyes and wash out easily, unlike starch-based thickeners. It also serves as a material for micro-encapsulation.

Calcium alginate is used in different types of medical products, including skin wound dressings to promote healing, and may be removed with less pain than conventional dressings.

Alginate hydrogels
In research on bone reconstruction, alginate composites have favorable properties encouraging regeneration, such as improved porosity, cell proliferation, and mechanical strength. Alginate hydrogel is a common biomaterial for bio-fabrication of scaffolds and tissue regeneration.

By the covalent attachment of thiol groups to alginate high in situ gelling and mucoadhesive properties can be introduced. The thiolated polymer (thiomer) forms disulfide bonds within its polymeric network and with cysteine-rich subdomains of the mucus layer. Thiolated alginates are used as in situ gelling hydrogels, and are under preliminary research as possible mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Alginate hydrogels may be used for drug delivery, exhibiting responses to pH changes, temperature changes, redox, and the presence of enzymes.

title: Alginic acid


text:
Penultima

Penultima is a game of inductive logic, played on a chess board. It was invented by Michael Greene and Adam Chalcraft in Cambridge in 1994. The game is derived from the chess variant Ultima (otherwise known as Baroque chess), and played with a standard chess board and pieces, each piece having different movement and capture rules from standard chess. In a manner similar to the game Mao, which was a popular game in Cambridge at that time, the rules for each piece vary from game to game, and are initially kept secret from the players. Penultima is similar in style to Eleusis, Zendo and Mao. The name of the game is a pun on "penultimate" and "Ultima", the name of a different chess variant with all pieces replaced by fairy pieces with their own mechanics.

Rules
Several Spectators create secret rules which govern how the pieces move and two Players attempt to discover these rules. The game is traditionally played with chess pieces but may be played with any sufficiently distinct components, such as coins or Icehouse pieces.

Before the game starts, the Spectators decide between themselves which pieces they will write rules for. The secret rule for a piece may for example control the way that piece moves, captures, or is captured, and may cause it to affect other pieces on the board. A piece may be given an invoke command which causes it to affect other pieces on the board without moving. When the secret rule for a piece is written, the Spectator also gives it a new name for the duration of the game. These names, and the existence of any invoke commands, are announced to the players at the start of the game. During the game the spectators may privately discuss how their rules interact.

On their turn, a Player attempts to move or invoke one of their pieces, and the Spectator for that piece declares whether the action is legal or illegal. If it is legal, the movement or invocation is done, then that Player's turn ends and play passes to the other Player. If it is illegal, the piece is returned to its position at the start of the turn. In the original game, play then passes to the other Player; in other variants the original Player continues making attempts until he succeeds in making a legal move or invoke. If the player is in "check", they can repeatedly attempt moves until able to get out of check.

As in standard chess, the winning player is the one who forces his or her opponent's king (or equivalent piece) into checkmate. At the end of the game, the Spectators reveal their rules.

title: Penultima


text:
File:Shine (song).jpg

Cover of Motorhead's 12" vinyl single, "Shine". Alf 11:30, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: File:Shine (song).jpg


text: Category:Isère

title: Category:Isère


text:
Districts of Peru

The districts of Peru (distritos) are the third-level country subdivisions of Peru. They are subdivisions of the provinces, which in turn are subdivisions of the larger regions or departments. There are 1,838 districts in total.

Overview
A 1982 law requires a minimum of residents in an area for a new district to be legally established: 3,500 if it is located in the rainforest, 4,000 in the Andes highlands and 10,000 in the coastal area.

In the dry Andean area, many districts have less than 3,500 inhabitants due to low population density in the area. In some cases, their populations have decreased in comparison to the days when they were founded. Districts that are located at very high altitudes tend to be scarcely populated. These districts usually are large in area, have few available land for use. Many basic government services do not reach all residents of these districts due to their difficult geography. Many lack financial means to govern their whole jurisdictions and they often have high emigration rates.

A similar pattern can be observed in many districts located in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Once important settlements created during the era of colonization, they nowadays do not offer much space for agriculture. Deeper into the jungle, the districts of the 'selva alta' (lower jungle) have higher populations living on geographically large districts. Districts located outside the colonized area have very low populations that are entirely composed of Native Amazonian tribes.

All over the country, many districts have higher populations than the minimum required by law. This is true of the colonized areas of the rainforest, the northern Andes as well as in the southern Andes from Huancayo to the shores of Lake Titicaca, which is the historical heartland of the Peruvian highlands. These districts are old and tend to be smaller in area with high population densities since prehispanic times.

Districts in the Chala (coastal area) tend to be mid-sized except in low-density areas such as the Sechura Desert and part of the Southern coast, but all of them feature large populations due to emigration from other regions of the country that turned the Peruvian coast into the country's main economic powerhouse.

Districts with a population of more than 10,000 inhabitants should ideally be subdivided, particularly if they are also large in area, as is the case in part of the Amazon rainforest. Colonization happens quickly and boundaries of districts are often not modified, except in large urban areas. This is less of a problem in the coast where communication is easier. However, reaching to large populations remain a problem in this area.

Most populous districts
This is a list of the top twenty Peruvian districts by population, population density, area and elevation (of the district's capital).

title: Districts of Peru


text:
Grand Pavilion, Porthcawl

The Grand Pavilion is an entertainment venue in Porthcawl, Bridgend County Borough, Wales, opened on 8 August, 1932 by Councillor Russell Mabley J.P., Chairman of P.U.D.C. It has an octagonal dome and extensive frontage, and was originally intended as a Palm Court for hosting tea dances, balls and civic functions.

Construction of the Grand Pavilion commenced in the summer of 1931. The use of ferrocrete throughout - then a relatively new technology - meant that the construction was relatively quick and was completed by August 1932.

The Grand Pavilion hosts a variety of events throughout the year, including live theatre, concerts, ballroom dancing, conferences, dances, and culminating in the ever-popular Christmas pantomime. Recently, names such as Rob Brydon, Eddie Izzard, Elkie Brooks, Cerys Matthews, Hayley Westenra, Katherine Jenkins, Suzi Quatro, Ralph McTell, Joe Pasquale, and Gerry & The Pacemakers have all appeared on the Pavilion's stage. In 1957, a US Government travel ban prevented Paul Robeson from appearing in person at the Miners' Eisteddfod. However, he still performed live via a secretly arranged transatlantic telephone link up. Fifty years on, in 2007, the Grand Pavilion celebrated its golden jubilee with a concert featuring Sir Willard White.

The Grand Pavilion is also a conference venue, and hosts civil wedding ceremonies, receptions and parties.

The main hall features a fully equipped stage, and has a theatre seating capacity of 643. The hall also boasts one of the finest sprung dance floors in South Wales. The octagonal floor is regularly used for ballroom dancing classes and tea dances.

Originally named the "lesser hall" (and subsequently the "Jubilee Room") the basement of the Pavilion houses a refurbished performance space now named "The Stage Door", which plays host to regular comedy nights, folk and jazz nights, dance classes, theatre workshops, conferences and meetings. The Cafe Bar hosts its own series of events, such as Jazz, Chill-out sessions, Literary speaking and an Art Forum. Several metres to the west is the Seabank Hotel.

title: Grand Pavilion, Porthcawl


text:
User:Abj~enwiki

Andreas Björnstad, and this is my page :-)

title: User:Abj~enwiki


text:
Shine (Motörhead song)

"Shine" is a song by the British heavy metal band Motörhead taken from the Another Perfect Day album and released in 1983 on 7" and 12" vinyl. The B-side is "(I'm Your) Hoochie Coochie Man", recorded live at Sheffield University and Manchester Apollo on 9 June/10 June 1983. The 12" vinyl had a bonus track, a live version of "Don't Need Religion" from Manchester. Both B-sides appear as bonus tracks on the CD reissue of Another Perfect Day.

7"

 * 1) "Shine" (Ian Kilmister, Phil Taylor, Brian Robertson)
 * 2) "(I'm Your) Hoochie Coochie Man" (live) (Willie Dixon)

12"

 * 1) "Shine" (Kilmister, Taylor, Robertson)
 * 2) "(I'm Your) Hoochie Coochie Man" (live) (Dixon)
 * 3) "(Don't Need) Religion" (live) (Kilmister, Eddie Clarke, Taylor)

Personnel

 * Guitars, piano – Brian "Robbo" Robertson
 * Drums – Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor
 * Bass, lead vocals – Lemmy (Ian Kilmister)
 * Sleeve Illustration and design: Polly Productions / Tony
 * Photographs: Simon Porter / Fin Costello

title: Shine (Motörhead song)


text:
User talk:Abj~enwiki

Say what you have to say...

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Abj. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Abj~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:33, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:10, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abj~enwiki


text:
Sinhala Maha Sabha

The Sinhala Maha Sabha (සිංහල මහා සභා) was a political party in colonial-era Ceylon founded by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike in the mid-1930s to promote Sinhalese Buddhist culture and community interests. In 1946, it joined the United National Party, before defecting from the coalition in 1951 to form the Sri Lanka Freedom Party.

title: Sinhala Maha Sabha


text:
User:Violetriga/Templates8

"Override"

This is a suggestion for Template standardisation/article.

The general idea is that editor notices may appear in the main article but should be subdued. Editors would be encouraged to override the plain version with their own CSS styles to make them stand out more, with instructions and guidance for this easily available.

You may use any of these designs to create your own submissions.

Disputes and warnings

 * Location: Top of article or section
 * Style: Simple text at the top of the article. The image draws attention without detracting from the article, and should default to Image:Stop_hand.png unless there is a more relevant one that can be used instead.
 * Timeframe: Temporary (until the process is over)

POV POV:

Advertisement Advertisement:

Currrent Current:

Maintenance

 * Location: Top left
 * Style: Very simple text at the top of the article
 * Timeframe: Temporary (until the problem is fixed)

Cleanup Cleanup:

Wikify Wikify:

title: User:Violetriga/Templates8


text:
Livistona

Livistona is a genus of palms, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets.

L. speciosa, locally called kho, gives its name to Khao Kho District in Thailand.

Taxonomy
The genus was established by Robert Brown in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae (1810) to accommodate his descriptions of two species collected during an expedition to Australia. The names published by Brown were Livistona humilis and L. inermis, describing material he had collected in the north of Australia, a partial taxonomic revision in 1963 nominated the first of these as the lectotype. His collaborator Ferdinand Bauer, the botanist and master illustrator, produced artworks to accompany Brown's descriptions, but these were not published until 1838.

In 1983 a species of palm from Somalia was formally transferred to the genus by John Dransfield and Natalie Whitford Uhl.

The Australian members of the genus were subjected to a taxonomic revision by Tony Rodd in 1998. Rodd added five new Australian species, increasing the size of the genus. Another species was described from Vietnam in 2000. In 2009 John Leslie Dowe published the latest monograph on the genus. Along with the Indonesian botanist Johanis P. Mogea and Anders Sánchez Barfod from Denmark, he had described five new species in the previous years, further swelling the genus.

For much of the history of the genus, the species of the genus Saribus were classified within the genus Livistona. Phylogenetic studies using DNA comparisons of numerous species in the different genera in the Trachycarpeae tribe of palms, however, found that the species from the Philippines, New Guinea and other surrounding regions were more closely related to Pholidocarpus, Licuala and Johannesteijsmannia than they were to Livistona, which advocated separating the two groups taxonomically. The genus was thus revised again by Christine D. Bacon and William J. Baker in 2011, with Saribus split off and combined with Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi, decreasing the genus again.

Etymology
Robert Brown named the genus Livistona after Patrick Murray (1634–1671), Baron of Livingston, a botanist and horticulturist, who was largely responsible for establishing the botanical gardens in Edinburgh, Scotland. Brown's praise for the early horticulturist begins, "… in memoriam viri nobilis Patricii Murray Baronis de Livistone,", and the Latinised name of the genus is evidently derived from the name of the family's seat.

Distribution
The genus has a disjunct distribution, which is split into three contiguous areas. The range of Livistona carinensis in Africa is very far away from that of the other species in the genus. In 1983 John Dransfield and Natalie Whitford Uhl first suggested that this odd pattern was due to a formerly much more extensive distribution during the warmer and moister climate of the Miocene, including areas between it and the rest, but that prehistoric climate change split them. Later DNA evidence of a mass of ancient extinctions between L. carinensis and the rest is thought to corroborate the theory. The recognition of Saribus has split the remaining distribution into a group of species found in Australia and southern New Guinea, and another group of species in East and Southeast Asia.

Species
The classification of the genus has been the subject of a number of recent revisions which have reduced the number of species since the 2009 monograph. The following is an uncritical list of species:

 * Livistona alfredii F.Muell. - Australia: Western Australia
 * Livistona australis (R.Br.) Mart. – Cabbage-tree palm - Australia: New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria
 * Livistona benthamii F.M.Bailey - Australia: Queensland, Northern Territory; New Guinea
 * Livistona boninensis (Becc.) Nakai - Bonin Islands
 * Livistona carinensis (Chiov.) J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl - Djibouti, Somalia, Yemen
 * Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. – Chinese fan palm - Japan: South and Ryukyu Islands, China: Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan; naturalized in South Africa, Java, New Caledonia, Hawaii, Micronesia, Florida, Dominican Republic, Bermuda, Puerto Rico, and various island in the Indian Ocean
 * Livistona concinna Dowe & Barfod - Australia: Queensland
 * Livistona decora (W.Bull) Dowe - Australia: Queensland
 * Livistona drudei F.Muell. ex Drude - Australia: Queensland
 * Livistona eastonii C.A.Gardner, known as darngarna on the Mitchell Plateau - Australia: Western Australia
 * Livistona endauensis J.Dransf. & K.M.Wong - Peninsular Malaysia
 * Livistona exigua J.Dransf. - Brunei
 * Livistona fulva Rodd - Australia: Queensland
 * Livistona halongensis T.H.Nguyên & Kiew - Ha Long Bay Islands in Vietnam
 * Livistona humilis R.Br. - Australia: Northern Territory
 * Livistona inermis R.Br. - Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland
 * Livistona jenkinsiana Griff. - Bhutan, India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam; Myanmar, Thailand, China: Hainan, Yunnan
 * Livistona lanuginosa Rodd - Australia: Queensland
 * Livistona lorophylla Becc. . - Australia: Northern Territory, Western Australia
 * Livistona mariae F.Muell. – three subspecies Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland
 * Livistona muelleri F.M.Bailey - Australia: Queensland; New Guinea
 * Livistona nasmophila Dowe & D.L.Jones - Australia: Western Australia
 * Livistona nitida Rodd – Carnarvon Fan Palm - Australia: Queensland
 * Livistona saribus (Lour.) Merr. ex A. Chev. - Indochina, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Philippines; naturalized in Polynesia, China: Guangdong, Yunnan
 * Livistona speciosa Kurz  - Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Bangladesh, southern China
 * Livistona tahanensis Becc. - Pahang in Malaysia
 * Livistona victoriae Rodd - Australia: Western Australia, Northern Territory
 * Formerly placed here
 * Pholidocarpus kingianus (Becc.) Ridl. (Livistona kingiana)
 * Pritchardia gaudichaudii (Mart.) H.Wendl. (Livistona gaudichaudii)
 * Pritchardia martii (Gaudich.) H.Wendl. (Livistona martii)
 * Saribus brevifolius (Dowe & Mogea) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (Livistona brevifolia)
 * Saribus chocolatinus (Dowe) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (Livistona chocolatina)
 * Saribus merrillii (Becc.) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (Livistona merrillii, L. whitfordii, L. blancoi)
 * Saribus papuanus (Becc.) Kuntze - (Livistona papuana)
 * Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Blume (Livistona rotundifolia, L. altissima, L. microcarpa, L. mindorensis)
 * Saribus surru (Dowe & Barfod) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (Livistona surru)
 * Saribus tothur (Dowe & Barfod) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (Livistona tothur)
 * Saribus woodfordii (Ridl.) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (Livistona woodfordii, L. beccariana)

Ecology
Livistona species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. In Australia, the species Cephrenes trichopepla and C. augiades sperthias have been recorded on a number of different Livistona species. In Asia, Elymnias hypermnestra and likely Gangara thyrsis feed on Livistona. A number of other Lepidoptera which do not naturally occur to the native range of the genus Livistona have been recorded feeding on these palms, including Batrachedra arenosella (recorded on L. subglobosa), Brassolis astyra astyra, Opsiphanes cassina, O. invirae and Paysandisia archon.

P. archon is a giant day-flying moth of which the caterpillars known to attack the piths of a number of these palm species, along with many other genera, at least in Europe, where neither the moth nor palms are native. It can kill the palm. It prefers genera of palm with more hairy trunks like Trachycarpus, Trithrinax or Chamaerops.

title: Livistona


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GHOVO

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 01:56, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

GHOVO
Vanity of a 16-year-old teenager. Delete. -- Marcika 11:43, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Vanity Jasoncart 12:08, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Pburka 15:05, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above.  Friday 17:30, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn teen vanity. --Etacar11 00:52, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable teen vanity. JamesBurns 08:38, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GHOVO


text:
Category:White Ensigns

The White Ensign is one of three British ensigns in use.

title: Category:White Ensigns


text:
SD Eibar

Sociedad Deportiva Eibar (in Eibar Kirol Elkartea) is a Spanish professional football club based in Eibar, Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous Basque Country.

Founded on 30 November 1940, the team currently plays in the Segunda División, the second tier of Spanish football, having been relegated from La Liga at the end of the 2020–21 season. The club played in the top tier of Spanish football for seven consecutive seasons from 2014 to 2021, and participated in 26 Segunda División seasons (a spell in the 1950s, and most of the 1990s and 2000s), spending the rest of their history competing at lower levels.

The team plays in claret and blue shirts with blue shorts (originating from the kit of FC Barcelona) and holds home games at the Ipurua Municipal Stadium. SD Eibar is a fan-owned club, with about 8,000 shareholders from 48 countries. Until SD Huesca qualified for the top flight in 2018, the club was considered the smallest to have played in Spain's top division, and its stadium had the lowest capacity of any La Liga teams. Although Eibar is the sole professional club of its town, it contests several Basque derbies with other clubs from the region.

Eibar is the only football club which has the quality certificate UNE-EN-ISO 9001.

Establishment
Formed by the merger of Deportivo Gallo and Unión Deportiva Eibarresa, the club was originally known as Eibar Fútbol Club, before changing to Sociedad Deportiva Eibar. During the difficult postwar years, the team played sporadically, which caused Eibar to disappear from official competitions during the 1942–43 season. Originally an irregular team, it was not until the 1943–44 season that it was reorganised into more of a full-time unit.

Tercera División
Promoted to Tercera División in 1950, Eibar achieved promotion to Segunda División three seasons later, being relegated again after a five-year stint and competing in division three for 25 of the following 28 years (in 1977 Tercera became the fourth level, after the creation of Segunda División B). In 1988, the side returned to the "silver category". That season also included a historic moment when goalkeeper José Ignacio Garmendia scored a goal in a game against Pontevedra via a kickout from his own area.

Promotion to Segunda División
After spending 18 years in a row in Segunda División, Eibar was relegated to the third division at the end of the 2005–06 campaign. However, it won its group the next season, thereby qualifying for the promotion play-offs where it won its semi-final tie against Hospitalet 2–0 and defeated Rayo Vallecano 2–1 on aggregate in the decisive round, sealing its return after just one year. Eibar finished 21st in the 2008–09 season meaning they were relegated to the Segunda Division B.

Relegation to Segunda B (2009–13)
Eibar qualified for three straight promotion play-offs but could not get promoted to the Segunda División.

In the 2012–13 edition of the Copa del Rey, Eibar ousted Basque neighbours Athletic Bilbao – who had appeared in two of the last four finals in the tournament – on the away goals rule to reach the round-of-16 following a 1–1 draw at the San Mamés Stadium. The decisive goal was scored by Mikel Arruabarrena who played youth football with the opposition, as did manager Gaizka Garitano; the same season the team managed to return to the "silver category", following a four-year absence.

Segunda División and promotion to La Liga
In 2013–14 Eibar earned, for the first time in its history, one of two direct promotion berths to La Liga, which was certified on 25 May 2014 with a 1–0 home win against Deportivo Alavés. (they celebrated their feat with confetti originally produced by Barcelona, who wear the same colours and had anticipated winning the Spanish league title a week earlier, but that did not come to pass). Simultaneously, however, the club was threatened with relegation back to division three due to the financial inability of the S.A.D. to have a share capital of at least €2,146,525.95 before 6 August 2014. The club launched a campaign named Defiende al Eibar (Defend Eibar) with the aim of reaching the required share capital through a seasoned equity offering. On 15 July 2014 the club announced it had reached the established goal.

Eibar finished its first top-flight season in 18th, ending in relegation. However, after the season ended, 13th-placed Elche were sent to the second tier as punishment for financial mismanagement, and Eibar were reinstated. On 18 July 2015, Eibar played its 75th-anniversary game against Celtic in Ipurua (1–4). This included an inaugural ceremony on the pitch with a parade of 19th-century-clothed Basque soldiers with a Saltire and bagpipes playing "Scotland the Brave", with officials from both clubs shooting a 350 kg 19th-century cannon. Eibar stated that they invited Celtic as their opponent for the game due to the strong connection between the Basque Country and Scotland, and also due to the Scottish presence in Eibar through the years (the main supporter group is named "Eskozia la Brava", meaning "Scotland the Brave").

Under its new coach José Luis Mendilibar, Eibar finished its second top-flight season in 14th. Borja Bastón finished top ten in scoring and was named La Liga Player of the Month of October 2015, making him the first Armero to receive the award. In April 2017, Dani García became the first player to reach the milestone of 100 top division appearances for the club.

The club's 10th place in 2016–17 was improved to 9th the following season, with the latter campaign marking the first time ever that Eibar had finished as the highest-ranking of the Basque teams.

On 16 May 2021, Eibar was relegated after a defeat to Valencia. This ended their seven-year stay in the top tier. The following season in Segunda, Eibar was in the top two of the league for the majority of the season, however, the team had to eventually settle for third place. In the playoffs, Eibar lost to Girona, and failed to make an immediate return to La Liga.

Vitoria
In 2015, the club signed a collaboration agreement with CD Vitoria (Tercera División) to act as an Eibar feeder team for emerging players. Eibar had previously disbanded their own B team in 2012 to cut costs while the senior side languished in Segunda División B but decided to seek a new formal arrangement for a subsidiary club after retaining their place in La Liga. Within two years of the partnership, Vitoria gained promotion to the third tier for the first time in their history; they were relegated in 2018–19 and their home matches back in the Tercera División were then moved to Eibar.

Eibar Urko
In summer 2016, the club expanded its club structure further by integrating local team Urkomendi (of the 6th level Preferente de Guipúzcoa) into the organisation as a reserve team to act as a link between the youth level and Vitoria, to be known as Eibar Urko.

Playing in the town's Unbe Sports Complex, Eibar Urko gained promotion to the provincial fifth level in 2018, but were blocked from a further promotion after Vitoria were relegated to the same due to rules preventing teams owned by the same club competing in the same division. This also meant Urko could not be promoted in the 2019–20, 2020–21 or 2022–23 seasons either, as Vitoria failed to achieve the same goal. Both teams were promoted directly as group winners in their respective divisions in 2023–24.

Logroñés
Also in 2016, Eibar made a 3-year collaboration agreement with UD Logroñés, with Eibar players going on loan to the Segunda B club for experience with the aim of achieving promotion due to the additional talent in the squad. Four players made the move that summer: goalkeeper Jon Ander, defender Amelibia, midfielder Sergio García and winger Thaylor.

Season to season
* Avoided relegation to the second tier after the 2014–15 season due to Elche's administrative relegation because of tax problems.

 * 7 seasons in La Liga
 * 30 seasons in Segunda División
 * 7 seasons in Segunda División B
 * 28 seasons in Tercera División
 * 13 seasons in Categorías Regionales

Honours

 * Segunda División
 * 2013–14

 * Segunda División B
 * 1987–88, 2006–07, 2010–11

 * Tercera División
 * 1950–51, 1952–53, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1966–67

 * Tercera División
 * 1981–82, 1985–86

Stadium
Eibar's home stadium is Estadio Municipal de Ipurua, which seats 8,164 spectators.

Famous players
Note: this list includes players that have appeared in at least 100 league games and/or have reached international status.

Board of directors
{| class="wikitable" !Office !Name
 * President
 * Amaia Gorostiza
 * Vice president
 * Joseba Unamuno
 * Secretary
 * Jon Ander Ulazia
 * rowspan=8| Directors
 * Virginia Arakistain
 * Leire Barriuso
 * J. A. Fernández
 * Javier Gurrutxaga
 * Agustín Lahidalga
 * Antón Martinena
 * Alex Martínez
 * Javier Sarrionandia
 * J. A. Fernández
 * Javier Gurrutxaga
 * Agustín Lahidalga
 * Antón Martinena
 * Alex Martínez
 * Javier Sarrionandia
 * Antón Martinena
 * Alex Martínez
 * Javier Sarrionandia
 * Javier Sarrionandia
 * Javier Sarrionandia

title: SD Eibar


text:
Talk:Dzerkalo Tyzhnia

name
Why not move Ukrainian first? Ilya K 11:44, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Z.N. is a historic name (Dz.T. was added later). Besides, Z.N. seems to be the name the paper itself uses more frequently (I am less sure, just my impression) and more frequently used by others. If I am alone feeling so, and majority feels otherwise, that's fine, and we'll move. Let's wait for what others say at this page. The topic is of not too much interest and we may need to wait longer than standard 5 days of "requested move". So, I would just wait, rather than submit a request.

 * If we find that many users find the ru name unacceptible on the "general principle", a remote but a possibility, we could than use a "compromise" Mirror Weekly for the article's mane name :). It so happends, unfortunately, that non-Ukrainianess of the name is, sometimes, less of a problem, than Russianness. Ilya, I did not mean youself personally at all, of course. Your opinions were always reasonable :) as most of the other Ukrainian contributors. Cheers, --Irpen 17:31, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Standard rule is that newpapers titles are not translated, but transliterated. Their English version gives "Zerkalo Nedeli" and we should stick to it. It may be a good idea to create redirects from "The Mirror Weekly (Ukrainian newspaper)" and "Mirror Weekly". Sashazlv 02:15, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've done it yesterday, when expanding the article. I didn't create a redirect from Dzerkalo tyzhnya only because I didn't want to touch any raw nerves and create the accusations that this was done only to complicate the reverse move. You are welcome to do that, of course. Your reputation will ensure no silly accusations will ensue. Cheers, --Irpen 02:21, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * FWIW I found it very disconcerting to go from this article to zn.ua and discover that the page had a different name and language by default than the Wikipedia article suggested. --90.110.87.211 (talk) 08:49, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dzerkalo Tyzhnia


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John Zizioulas

John Zizioulas (Ιωάννης Ζηζιούλας; 10 January 1931 – 2 February 2023) was a Greek Orthodox bishop who served as the Metropolitan of Pergamon of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople from 1986 until his death in 2023. He was one of the most influential Orthodox Christian theologians of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Early life and career
Metropolitan John was born in Katafygio, Velventos. His education began with study at the Universities of Thessaloniki and Athens in 1950, and then a year at the Ecumenical Institute of Bossey in 1955. Between 1960 and 1964 Zizioulas did doctoral research under the Eastern Orthodox theologian Georges Florovsky (1893-1979; Chair of Eastern Church History at Harvard and a member of the Russian Orthodox Church) and was a Fellow at Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. He received his doctorate in 1965 from the University of Athens.

Zizioulas took up a post at the University of Athens in 1964 as assistant professor of Church history, and then six years later, worked as professor of patristics at the New College, Edinburgh from 1970 until 1973. He moved to the University of Glasgow where he held a personal chair in systematic theology for some fourteen years. In addition, Zizioulas also was a visiting professor at the Research Institute in Systematic Theology of King's College London. In 1986, he was elected titular metropolitan of Pergamon. In the same year, he assumed a full-time academic post at Thessaloniki University's School of Theology as professor of dogmatics. In 1993 he was elected a member of the Academy of Athens, serving as its chairman in 2002.

Honors
Zizioulas held honorary doctorates from the Catholic Institute of Paris, the University of Belgrade, St. Sergius Institute in Paris, the Babeș-Bolyai University, University of Münster (2010), University of Munich (2015), New Georgian University in Poti (2019). He also was elected an Honorary Member of the Volos Academy for Theological Studies (2011).

In 2003, the President of Greece awarded him the Senior Brigadier General of the Order of the Phoenix, In 2007 he was awarded the Lambeth Cross. In 2019 President of Ukraine awarded him the Order of Merit III degree.

Death
Zizioulas died from COVID-19 in Athens, on 2 February 2023, at the age of 92.

Theology
The theological work of Metropolitan John has focused upon the twin themes of ecclesiology and theological ontology. The theology of Metropolitan John reflects the influence of Russian émigré theologians such as Nikolai Afanassieff, Vladimir Lossky and his teacher Georges Florovsky. Zizioulas has also been significantly influenced by the ascetical theology of Archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov), founder of the Stavropegic Monastery of St John the Baptist in Essex, England.

Ecclesiology
Zizioulas' ecclesiology was first developed in his doctoral dissertation, subsequently published in English as Eucharist, Bishop, Church. Here Metropolitan John develops critically the eucharistic ecclesiology of Nikolai Afanassieff. He accepts Afanassieff's principal contention that the Church is to be understood in terms of the Eucharist. However, he criticises Afanassief's understanding as overly congregational and insufficiently episcopal in its emphasis. Finally, Zizioulas advocates an episcopocentric understanding of Church structure, understanding the Bishop primarily as the president of the Divine Liturgy and the Eucharistic community.

Theological ontology
Zizioulas worked on the theology of the person, appealing to the work of Irenaeus and Maximus the Confessor. The primary focus of his work was to develop his own ontology of personhood derived from an extensive investigation of Greek philosophy, patristic era writings and modern rationalist philosophy.

He argues that full humanity is achieved only as person so that they may participate (koinonia) in the Trinitarian life of God. However, an essential component of the ontology of personhood is the freedom to self-affirm the participation in relationship. He continues that man initially exists as a biological hypostasis, constrained as to the types of relationships one can have (biological) and to the eventual end of this type of being - death.

He makes use of existentialist philosophers and novelists, notably the French absurdist writer Albert Camus, to show that the only type of ontological freedom in the biological hypostasis is the choice to commit suicide. He claims that Baptism constitutes an ontological change in the human, making them an ecclesial hypostasis, or a person. This rebirth 'from above' gives new ontological freedom as it is not constrained by the limits of biological existence. Such ecclesial being is eschatological, meaning it is a paradoxical 'now,' but 'not yet.' The completion of this rebirth from above is the day of resurrection when the body will no longer be subject to death.

Primary

 * 'Ἡ ἑνότης τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ἐν τῇ Θείᾳ Εὐχαριστίᾳ καί τῷ Ἐπισκόπῳ κατά τούς τρεῖς πρώτους αἰώνας." (En Athi̲nais, 1965). Doctoral Dissertation. Published in French translation as "L' Eucharistie, L'évêque Et L'eglise Durant Les Trois Premiers Siècles." 2nd ed. Translated by Jean-Louis Palierne. (Paris: Desclée De Brouwer, 1994). Published in English translation as "Eucharist, Bishop, Church" (see below).''
 * L'Être ecclésial (Paris: Labor et Fides, 1981). ISBN 978-2-8309-0180-1. Published in English translation as "Being as Communion" (see below).
 * H κτίση ως Eυχαριστία, Θεολογική προσέγγιση στο πρόβλημα της οικολογίας [Creation as Eucharist: a Theological approach to a problem of ecology] (Athens: Akritas, 1992). ISBN 978-960-7006-98-1. This work is based on lectures previously delivered in English. Available in three parts: King's Theological Review vol. 12, no. 1 (1989): 1-5, no. 2 (1989): 41-45, vol. 13, no. 1 (1990): 1-5.
 * Being as Communion: Studies in Personhood and the Church (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997). ISBN 978-0-88141-029-7.
 * Eucharist, Bishop, Church: The Unity of the Church in the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop During the First Three Centuries (Brookline, MA: Holy Cross, 2001). ISBN 978-1-885652-51-5.
 * Eλληνισμός και Xριστιανισμός, η συνάντηση των δύο κόσμων [Hellenism and Christianity: The meeting of two worlds] (Athens: ApostolikeDiakonia, 2003).
 * Communion & Otherness: Further Studies in Personhood and the Church (London: T & T Clark, 2007). ISBN 978-0-567-03148-8; translated into Dutch by Hildegard C. Koetsveld OSB (Middelburg: Skandalon, 2019). ISBN 978-94-92183-82-8.
 * Lectures in Christian Dogmatics (London: T&T Clark, 2009). ISBN 978-0-567-03315-4.
 * The One and The Many: Studies on God, Man, the Church, and the World Today (Sebastian Press, 2010) ISBN 978-0-9719505-4-2.
 * Remembering the Future: An Eschatological Ontology (London: T&T Clark, 2012). ISBN 978-0-567-03235-5.

There are extensive bibliographies devoted to Zizioulas’ published works in various languages in:

 * McPartlan, Paul. The Eucharist Makes the Church: Henri De Lubac and John Zizioulas in Dialogue. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1993.
 * Papanikolaou, Aristotle. Being with God: Trinity, Apophaticism, and Divine-Human Communion. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006.
 * Malecki, Roman. Kosciol jako wspolnota. Dogmatyczno-ekumeniczne studium eklezjologii Johna Zizioulasa (In English: The Church as Communion. A Dogmatic and Ecumenical Study of Ecclesiology of John Zizioulas). Lublin: RW KUL, 2000.

Secondary

 * Alan Brown, "On the Criticism of 'Being as Communion' in Anglophone Orthodox Theology", in Douglas Knight (ed.) The Theology of John Zizioulas: Personhood and the Church (Ashgate, 2006) defends Zizioulas against several of the polemical rejections of his theological ontology.
 * Aristotle Papanikolaou. Being with God: Trinity, Apophaticism, and Divine-Human Communion (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006).
 * Lucian Turcescu, "Person versus Individual and Other Modern Misreadings of Gregory of Nyssa", Modern Theology 18, no. 4 (October 2002): 527-539, is a polemic against Zizioulas' use of the Cappadocian Fathers, especially St Gregory of Nyssa.

title: John Zizioulas


text:
Wuhu

Wuhu is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Anhui province, China. Sitting on the southeast bank of the Yangtze River, Wuhu borders Xuancheng to the southeast, Chizhou and Tongling to the southwest, Hefei City to the northwest, Ma'anshan city to the northeast, Jiangsu to the east, and is approximately 90 km southwest of Nanjing. With the urbanization trend in the southern part of Nanjing, a conurbation between Nanjing, Maanshan and Wuhu is in building with more than 10,660,000 inhabitants.

History
Wuhu is known to have been inhabited since at least 570 BCE. Present-day Wuhu evolved out of a settlement known as Jiuzi, located on the southern bank of the Shuiyang River, about 20 km southeast of Wuhu's contemporary urban core. Jiuzi was a site of conflict prior to 670 BCE between the Chu and the Wu during the Spring and Autumn period. In 473 BCE, the Yue took Jiuzi from the Wu. In 306 BCE, the Chu took Jiuzi from the Yue.

During the time of the Qin dynasty, Jiuzi was placed under the jurisdiction of the Zhang Commandery. In 109 BCE, Zhang Commandery was renamed to. During this time, the area of Juizi was reorganized as Wuhu County. In 223 CE, under the reign of Sun Quan of the Eastern Wu, the county seat was moved from the site of Jiuzi to the highlands along the north banks of the Qingyi River, to the southeast of contemporary Wuhu's urban core.

was carved-out of Danyang Commandery in 281 CE, with the headquarters of Danyang Commandery moved to Nanjing. The area of contemporary Wuhu remained under the jurisdiction of Danyang Commandery. During the Eastern Jin period, the area saw an influx of people migrate to the area from the Central Plains. The area was placed under the jurisdiction of Xuancheng Commandery in 363 CE, and the commandery's headquarters were moved to the area. During the late 4th Century, the area underwent a number of other administrative changes. Part of the area would fall under the jurisdiction of.

Both Xuancheng Commandery and Huainan Commandery were abolished early on during the Sui dynasty, in 589 CE.

In 627 CE, under the Tang dynasty, the area was re-organized as Xuan Prefecture, and placed under the jurisdiction of Jiangnan Circuit. In 733 CE, it became part of the newly-created Jiangnanxi Circuit. In 758 CE, it was transferred to be part of, in. Three years later, it would return to Xuan Prefecture in Jiangnanxi Circuit. In 787 CE, Xuan Prefecture was transferred to Jiangnandong Circuit.

In 937 CE, upon the creation of the Southern Tang during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Wuhu County was established, and placed under. Since then, Wuhu went uninterrupted as an administrative unit throughout the remainder of dynastic China.

During the Song dynasty, Wuhu County belonged to Jiangnan Circuit, and later Jiangnandong Circuit.

In 1277, during the Yuan dynasty, Wuhu County was placed under the jurisdiction of. In 1355, Taiping Circuit was replaced by Taiping Fu, and Wuhu County was placed under its jurisdiction.

Taiping Fu was under the jurisdiction of until its abolition in 1380, during the Ming dynasty. Throughout the Ming dynasty, Wuhu County remained under the jurisdiction of Taiping Fu. Under the Ming dynasty, Wuhu developed into a major commercial center and river port and since that time has been known as a center of the rice trade.

In 1644, the Hongguang Emperor (better known as the Prince of Fu), one of the last emperors of the Ming dynasty, was captured by forces of the new Qing dynasty in Wuhu County. During the Taiping Rebellion, Wuhu County exchanged hands more than five times between Taiping and Imperial forces. Wuhu County was placed under the jurisdiction of during the Taiping Rebellion. The city became a treaty port in 1876 and has remained a commercial center since that time. The city's Roman Catholic cathedral, St. Joseph's Cathedral (圣若瑟主教座堂), dates from this time. Most of the downtown area alongside the Yangtze River was ceded in the British concession.

Upon the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912, Fu, Prefectures, and Ting were established, and counties were placed under direct provincial jurisdiction. Wuhu County was directly governed by Anhui province from 1912 until 1914, when was established to govern 23 counties in the area, including Wuhu County, until 1928. Trade in rice, wood, and tea flourished at Wuhu until the Warlord Era of the 1920s and 1930s, when bandits were active in the area. In 1932, Wuhu County was placed under the jurisdiction of the Second Administrative Division of Anhui province. At the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War, part of the Second World War, Wuhu was occupied by Japan on December 10, 1937. This was a prelude to the Battle of Nanjing, ending in the Nanjing massacre. Under Japanese occupation, Chinese resistance fighters hid in the lakes around Wuhu by submerging themselves and breathing through reeds. In early 1938, Japan moved Wuhu County from the Second Administrative Division to the Fifth Administrative Division. On October 25, 1938, they transferred Wuhu County to the Ninth Administrative Division. Japan had again changed the region's divisions in August 1941, and placed Wuhu County under the Sixth Administrative Division.

Japanese forces had been expelled from the area by August 1945, and Kuomintang forces placed Wuhu County under the, and remained part of the Sixth Administrative Division.

The People's Liberation Army captured Wuhu on April 24, 1949. Three days later, it was placed under the jurisdiction of a local military committee. The civilian Wuhu Municipal People's Government was established on May 10, 1949. Two days later, a civilian government was formed for Wuhu County, which was placed under the jurisdiction of Wuhu.

From December 1, 1967, to April 1, 1968, during the tumult of the Cultural Revolution, Wuhu was placed under military rule.

Major industries began to be developed in Wuhu after the Second World War, with the development of the textile industry, shipbuilding, and paper mills. Despite this, Wuhu had been lagging behind Ma'anshan and Tongling in industrial production for decades after the establishment of the People's Republic of China and remained primarily a commercial center for trade in rice, silk, cotton, tea, wheat and eggs. However, with recent years' economic rise, Wuhu has become a hub for manufacturing.

In July 2016, the area was afflicted by the 2016 China floods.

On July 6, 2020, the Anhui provincial government approved the merger of Sanshan District into Yijiang District, the replacement of Wuhu County with Wanzhi District, and the replacement of Fanchang County with Fanchang District.

In June 2023, the area was afflicted by flooding.

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Wuhu administers 8 county-level divisions, including 5 districts, 1 county, and 1 county-level city.

 * Defunct – Sanshan District

Population
As of the 2020 Chinese census, Wuhu had a total population of 3,644,420 inhabitants whom 1,622,799 lived its built-up (or metro) area made of Jiujiang District, Jinghu District and Yijiang District. As of 2022, 13.75% of Wuhu's population is 14 years old or younger, 65.60% is 15 to 59 years old, and 20.65% is 60 years old or older. 16.89% of Wuhu's population is 65 years or older.

The city is home to 47 recognized ethnic minorities, the largest of which are the Hui, Miao, and Zhuang. Other ethnic minorities with over 500 inhabitants in the city include the Yi, the Tujia, the Miao, the Zhuang, and the Manchu.

Language
, a variety of Jiang-Huai Mandarin, itself a branch of Mandarin Chinese, is commonly spoken in urban areas. Putonghua, or Standard Mandarin, was commonly used in this area. In some areas, Wu Chinese is spoken instead.

Economy
The city is the second largest economy in Anhui, after Hefei, the provincial capital. Like elsewhere in China, Wuhu was seen rapid economic growth in the 21st Century, with its GDP nearly doubling from 2014 to 2022 alone, and its GDP per capita nearly doubling from 2012 to 2019 alone.

As of 2022, Wuhu has a gross domestic product (GDP) of 450.213 billion renminbi (RMB). Per 2022 data, the city's primary sector of the economy accounts for 17.925 billion RMB of the city's GDP (3.98% of total GDP), the secondary sector accounts for 213.558 billion RMB (47.43%), and the tertiary sector accounts for 218.730 billion RMB (48.58%).

As of 2019, Wuhu's GDP per capita was 96,154 RMB. The city's statistics bureau reported an annual per capita disposable income of 43,145 RMB in 2022 (+6.5% from 2021). The city's urban residents have a per capita disposable income of 51,481, while this stands at 29,518 among rural residents.

In 2022, Wuhu exported 9.468 billion United States dollars (USD) worth of goods and services, and imported 4.142 billion USD worth of goods and services.

Major industrial products in Wuhu include automobiles, HVAC units, plate glass, cement, steel, and copper.

Wuhu Economic & Technological Development Area in the north of the city launched in 1993 is one of the first state-level economic and technological development area in Anhui province. It has the only export processing zone in the province. Chery Automobile and Anhui Conch Cement Company are headquartered in this development area.

Wuhu is the fifth largest port alongside Yangtze River. Yuxikou Pier is the largest inland river coal harbor in China.

Bus and taxi
The city is served by Wuhu Bus, a municipal bus services and taxi services provider. Wuhu Bus runs 157 different routes, serviced by more than 1,300 vehicles. About 200,000 passengers use the service daily.

Airport
The city is served by the Wuhu Xuanzhou Airport which opened on April 30, 2021.

Bridge
Wuhu has one Yangtze River crossing—the Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge, opened in 2000, carries the G5011 Wuhu–Hefei Expressway and Huainan Railway.

Train
Wuhu is served by the Anhui–Jiangxi, Nanjing–Tongling and Huainan Railways. It only takes 2.5 hours from Shanghai to Wuhu by high-speed train.

Monorail system
Wuhu Rail Transit consists of two lines (Lines 1 and 2) which opened on November 3 and December 28, 2021.

Culture
The acclaimed poet Li Bai spent his late life in Wuhu, it is said, due to its striking landscape. Li Bai was born in Suyab, an ancient Silk Road city in Central Asian, and raised in southwestern China. Xie Tiao, one of the most distinctive Six Dynasty poets whom he greatly admired, left many poems when holding positions here.

During the Tang dynasty (619–907), the poet Du Mu wrote a famous poem Thoughts on Staying Again at Wuhu.

A factory in Wuhu carries on the local craft of making wrought iron pictures. Other local handicrafts are embossed lacquerware and rice straw pith patchwork. A famous stone tablet in Wuhu recording local events of the Song dynasty period (ca. 1000 AD) is considered to be a masterpiece of the renowned calligrapher Mi Fu.

Folklore
An itinerant blacksmith named Tang Tianchi is reputed to have invented the wrought-iron picture in Wuhu, when a painter whom he admired chided him, "You will never make pictures by beating iron."

Another blacksmith of the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC) named Gan Jiang was famous for sword making. Zhe Shan (Reddish Brown Hill) is said to get its colour from the flames of Gan Jiang's furnace. Shen Shan (Sacred Hill) is the legendary location of his sword grinding rock and tempering pool.

Cuisine
Wuhu and Anqing are noted centers of the Yanjiang cuisine. It specializes in freshwater fish and poultry, and features special techniques of chopping, shaping, and colouring. The flavour of Yanjiang dishes is often enhanced by sweetening and smoking.

Religion/Medicine
The New York Methodist Mission Society's Superintendent Virgil C. Hart arrived in Wuhu in 1881, intent on purchasing a piece of property to build the city's first Methodist Church and Western-style hospital. Hart was able to secure the Yichisan Hill before the British, who wanted the property to build a consulate and naval base. The Yichisan Hospital is Anhui's oldest/continuous western hospital. Dr. Edgerton H. Hart (V.C. Hart's eldest son) became the hospital's Director in 1895 and continued at that capacity until his death in April 1913. Caroline Maddock arrived in Wuhu in October 1904, to serve as the General Hospital's Head Nurse. Caroline Maddock married Dr. Edgerton Hart in October 1907. In 1909, Caroline and four other nurses founded the Nurses Association of China and she served as its first president; this association still represents China's Nurse profession.

Heritage and Tourism
Several sites in Wuhu have been included on the China's List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites. They include the Guangji Temple (广济寺), a Buddhist temple originally dating back to the Tang dynasty that contains the Zhe pagoda, an edifice from the Northern Song dynasty.

Other listed monuments date back to the 19th century, when Wuhu was a British treaty port. These include St. Joseph Cathedral, the site of the former British Consulate, the former Customs Building on the Yangtze River and the site of the former St. James Secondary School.

Other touristic sites in Wuhu:
 * Mirror Lake (镜湖)
 * Jiuzi Plaza (鸠兹广场)
 * Yangtze Riverside Park (滨江公园)
 * Mount Zhe, a hill park (赭山)
 * Fantawild Adventure, one of the largest theme parks in the Chinese Mainland (方特乐园-四座)
 * Sculpture Park (雕塑公园)
 * Longwo Lake (龙窝湖)
 * Phoenix Cuisine Boulevard (凤凰美食街)
 * Maren Qifeng Scenic Area (马仁奇峰风景区)
 * Jiuzi Old Town (鸠兹古镇)
 * Macrolink Beluga Ocean Park (新华联大白鲸海洋公园)
 * Wuhu Olympic Stadium (奥林匹克体育馆)
 * Yangtze River Bridge Crossing (长江大桥)

Education

 * Universities and Colleges
 * Anhui Normal University
 * Anhui Polytechnic University
 * Wannan Medical College
 * Wuhu Radio and TV University (芜湖广播电视大学)
 * Wuhu Institute of Technology (芜湖职业技术学院)
 * Anhui Business College of Vocational Technology (安徽商贸职业技术学院)
 * Anhui Technical College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (安徽机电职业技术学院)
 * Anhui college of Chinese traditional medicine (安徽中医药高等专科学校)
 * Anhui vocational college of information technology (芜湖信息职业学院)

 * High Schools
 * Wuhu City No. 1 High School (芜湖市第一中学)
 * High School Affiliated to Anhui Normal University (安徽师范大学附属中学)
 * Wuhu County No. 1 High School (芜湖县第一中学)
 * Wuhu City No. 12 High School (芜湖市第十二中学)
 * Fanchang County No. 1 High School (繁昌县第一中学)

Health care system

 * Notable hospitals
 * Yijishan Hospital (弋矶山医院, or Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院)
 * Xuancheng Area Hospital (宣城地区人民医院), or Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (皖南医学院第二附属医院)
 * Wuhu Second Hospital (芜湖市第二人民医院)
 * Wuhu First Hospital (芜湖市第一人民医院)
 * Wuhu Third Hospital (芜湖市第三人民医院)
 * Wuhu Fourth Hospital (芜湖市第四人民医院)
 * Wuhu Fifth Hospital (芜湖市第五人民医院)
 * Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (芜湖市中医院)
 * Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Wuhu City (芜湖市妇幼保健院)
 * Wuhu Red Cross Hospital (芜湖市红十字医院)

 * Related health care settings
 * Wuhu CDC (芜湖市疾病预防控制中心)
 * Wuhu Center of Blood (芜湖市中心血站)

Notable people

 * Xiao Yuncong (1596–1673), Ming Dynasty painter
 * Zhao Wei (born 1976), actress
 * Zhou Lüxin (born 1988), diver
 * Wang Ying, (1913–1974) actress and author
 * Jackie Chan (born 1954), actor and martial artist (father from Wuhu)
 * Chen Duxiu (October 8, 1879 – May 27, 1942) was a Chinese revolutionary socialist, educator, philosopher and author, who co-founded the Chinese Communist Party (with Li Dazhao) in 1921, serving from 1921 to 1927 as its first General Secretary. (teacher of Wanjiang school.)
 * Wang Chuanfu (born 1966), billionaire, founder and CEO of BYD Company.

Notable constructions

 * 229 m tall pylons of HVDC Yangtze River Crossing Wuhu, a part of HVDC Three Gorges-Changzhou, are the tallest pylons used for HVDC.

In popular culture
Nintendo added Wuhu Island to Wii Sports Resort.

Sister cities and friendly cities

 * 🇯🇵 Kōchi, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan
 * 🇮🇹 Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
 * 🇪🇸 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
 * 🇺🇸 West Covina, California, United States

title: Wuhu