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U.S. Route 1A

U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) is the name of several highways found in the United States.

Wake Forest–Youngsville
U.S. Highway 1A (US 1A) is a 9.0 mi alternate route of US 1 through the towns of Wake Forest and Youngsville. While serving the downtown areas of both towns, the highway bypasses the primary commercial district of each. US 1A runs concurrently with North Carolina Highway 98 Business (NC 98 Bus.) along South Avenue in Wake Forest and NC 96 in Youngsville. US 1A was established in 1953 when US 1 was rerouted to bypass west of Wake Forest and Youngsville. The former alignment of US 1 became US 1A.

Franklinton
U.S. Highway 1A (US 1A) was established in 1953 when US 1 was rerouted to bypass west Franklinton. A two-lane urban highway, it follows the old alignment through the downtown area, via Main Street. In November 2023, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials approved a North Carolina Department of Transportation request to decommission the route.

Connecticut
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Connecticut is a short loop route within the town of Stonington that passes through Stonington. US 1 originally went along this route until 1941. US 1A is the only surviving alternate U.S. Route in Connecticut.

The route is 1.93 mi long and takes the following route: from US 1 to North Water Street, to Trumbull Avenue, to Alpha Avenue, then to Elm Street, and back to US 1.

 * Major intersections

Rhode Island
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) is a numbered U.S. Route running 15.2 mi in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It serves as a bypass of the downtown areas of Providence and Pawtucket, which US 1 goes through. US 1A is a lengthier route than the section of US 1 that it bypasses.

US 1A should not be confused with Route 1A. In Rhode Island, US 1A exists in two segments in Providence County connected by a mostly-unsigned concurrency with I-195, while Route 1A serves as a scenic alternate route of US 1 in Washington County. Not helping matters is the presence of Route 1A shields on US 1A. US 1A runs for 1.7 mi through Warwick along Post Road and Warwick Avenue. Then, in Cranston, it runs for another 1.7 mi continuing along Warwick Avenue to Norwood Avenue and Narragansett Boulevard before crossing into Providence. There, the highway continues to follow Narragansett Boulevard and turns along Allens Avenue, Eddy Street, and Point Street. US 1A is not signed at all in Providence, but, in all likelihood (judging from the mistakenly placed Route 1A road signs), from Point Street, US 1A uses Water Street to enter I-195 eastbound at exit 1D. Similarly, US 1A southbound probably exits I-195 westbound at exit 1C onto South Main Street and turns left onto Point Street. The highway continues on the East Providence Expressway (Interstate 195 [I-195]) into East Providence. US 1A uses another one-way pairing with the eastbound traffic using the expressway and Warren and Pawtucket avenues. The opposite direction is routed along Pawtucket and Newport avenues. The last city through which US 1A runs is Pawtucket where it runs for 2.3 mi to the Massachusetts state line in Attleboro, traveling concurrently with Route 1A on Newport Avenue to US 1. US 1A is not a former alignment of US 1. In Warwick, US 1A formerly ran further north along Post Road east of Route 117 instead of turning north to overlap with the state road. It stayed with Post Road through Pawtuxet Village, then traveled north into Cranston on Broad Street to rejoin the current alignment at Norwood Avenue.
 * Route description
 * History

The southernmost section of the route, which exists on Post Road, was part of the Boston Post Road, a former mail route.

Exit numbers concurrent with I-195 converted to mileage-based exit numbering in 2020.
 * Major intersections

York
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in York travels along the coast and serves the areas of York Harbor, York Beach, and Cape Neddick. The length of this segment is 7.0 mi.

Portland
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A)'s original routing in Portland, Maine's largest city, has largely been eliminated, but a short section still exists mainly along Portland's waterfront. It now begins at exit 7 on the I-295 freeway (also known as Franklin Street). It travels southeast along the Franklin Street Arterial until its intersection with Commercial Street and the Maine State Pier in the Old Port. At this point, it makes a 90-degree turn onto Commercial Street, which it will follow through the entire waterfront area, passing such landmarks as Becky's Diner and the U.S. Customs Service Portland office. It then passes under the four-lane State Route 77 (SR 77)/Casco Bay Bridge roadway and then continues along Commercial Street (and the waterfront) until its intersection with Valley Street and the Veteran's Memorial Bridge. US 1A follows neither routing but instead turns west and north following the Fore River Parkway, on which it loops back to meet I-295 again at the exit 5 interchange, which also serves Congress Street (SR 22).

Rockland
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Rockland bypasses the downtown area and begins at the intersection of Camden and Maverick streets. Traveling westbound along Maverick Street, it passes Rockland Plaza (which is Rockland's second shopping center) and is concurrent with SR 17 along this section. It then takes a 90-degree turn at a flashing yellow blinker light to turn left (south) onto Birch Street where it meets North Main Street (which was the former alignment of SR 17) at a traffic light. US 1A then continues along Broadway, passing Oceanside High School as it continues south through the residential heart of Rockland, and encounters additional traffic lights at Rankin and Limerock streets, until its end at a traffic light at Park Street where it rejoins US 1.

Bangor
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Bangor is a loop route off US 1, serving the Bangor metropolitan area. The route is 54.0 mi long and runs from Stockton Springs to Ellsworth. US 1A enters Bangor from the southwest by following the west bank of the Penobscot River through the towns of Winterport and Hampden. US 1A crosses the Joshua Chamberlain Bridge from downtown Bangor into the city of Brewer and continues southeast through Holden and Dedham to Ellsworth. This route follows the former alignment of US 1, prior to US 1's relocation after construction of the Waldo–Hancock Bridge. US 1A signage on this portion lacks directional indicators.

Milbridge
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Milbridge provides a more direct route for through travelers, as it branches off from US 1 just north of the main business section of the small town of Milbridge, and is known as Bridge Street. It then crosses the Narraguagus River and continues in a northeasterly direction whereas US 1 takes a route that is north-northwest to meet Cherryfield before turning back east while US 1A takes the more direct (and southern) route closer to the coast to rejoin its parent just east of Harrington. The length of this segment is 7.8 mi.

Whitneyville
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) runs 8.1 mi between Jonesboro and Machias via the village of Whitneyville.

Aroostook County
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Aroostook County runs 49.8 mi, from Mars Hill to Van Buren. US 1A runs parallel to the Canadian border, as US 1 goes through the cities of Presque Isle and Caribou. Major towns along US 1A include Fort Fairfield and Limestone.

The section north of Fort Fairfield to Van Buren was once SR 165 but is no longer a numbered highway in Maine.

Southern Pines, North Carolina
U.S. Highway 1A (US 1A) was established around 1957, replacing the old mainline US 1 through Southern Pines, North Carolina, via May Street. It was decommissioned by 1962.

Sanford, North Carolina
U.S. Highway 1A (US 1A) was established around 1957, replacing the old mainline US 1 through downtown Sanford, North Carolina, via Carthage Street and Hawkins Avenue. It was renumbered in 1960 as US 1 Bus.

Cary–Raleigh, North Carolina
U.S. Highway 1A (US 1A) may have appeared in 1933 as a second route between Cary and Raleigh, North Carolina; it was cosigned with US 70 on Western Boulevard. Maps cease showing the route by 1936.

Raleigh, North Carolina 1
The first U.S. Highway 1A (US 1A) in Raleigh, North Carolina, was established in 1946 as new routing along Louisburg Road (cosigned with NC 59), then along new road (today's Capital Boulevard) back to Wake Forest Road. In 1948, US 1 and US 1A switched routes.

Raleigh, North Carolina 2
The second U.S. Highway 1A (US 1A) in Raleigh, North Carolina, was established in 1948 as a route switch with mainline US 1 onto Wake Forest Boulevard. It was decommissioned by 1957.

Henderson, North Carolina
U.S. Highway 1A (US 1A) was established around 1957, replacing the old mainline US 1 through Gill and downtown Henderson, North Carolina, via Raleigh Road and Garnett Street. It was renumbered in 1960 as US 1 Bus.

Port Chester, New York
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Port Chester, New York, was routed along King Street, Willet Avenue (County Route 43), Putnam Avenue (New York State Route 982C), and Hillside Avenue.

Stamford, Connecticut
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) was an alternate route in Stamford, Connecticut. Prior to the redevelopment of Downtown Stamford in the 1960s, US 1 originally followed West Main Street across the Mill River bridge onto Main Street and along East Main Street. After the redevelopment, the Main Street portion of US 1 was routed onto the newly created Tresser Boulevard and its accompanying bridge crossing the river.

As of 1938, US 1A in Stamford was signed from West Main Street (US 1) along Richmond Hill Avenue across the river, South Street, State Street north along the railroad tracks, Elm Street under the railroad tracks, and Magee Avenue to East Main Street (US 1).

Darien, Connecticut
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Darien, Connecticut, was the current US 1 alignment. In the early 1950s, a four-lane divided highway was constructed to relieve congestion in the area. US 1 was assigned to this new highway section with the old road becoming US 1A. The highway section was later incorporated into the Connecticut Turnpike and eventually became I-95. US 1 was redesignated on the old alignment.

Norwalk, Connecticut
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Norwalk, Connecticut, was routed along Belden Avenue, Cross Street, and North Avenue. US 1 was originally assigned to West Street, Wall Street, and East Avenue. Since the opening of the US 7 expressway, US 1 was moved to its current alignment along part of this US 1A along Riverside Avenue, Cross Street, and North Avenue. The original US 1 alignment is now town-maintained.

Bridgeport, Connecticut
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Bridgeport, Connecticut, was the current US 1 alignment along Kings Highway Cutoff, North Avenue, Boston Avenue, and Barnum Avenue. This US 1A existed until 1963. US 1 originally went along modern Route 130 on Fairfield Avenue, State Street, Stratford Avenue, and Ferry Boulevard connecting the towns of Fairfield and Stratford via downtown Bridgeport.

Milford, Connecticut
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Milford, Connecticut, was designated current US 1 (Boston Post Road). US 1 originally went along Broad, River, and Cherry streets. In 1940, the two alignments were swapped. US 1A remained on Broad Street/River Street/Cherry Street until about 1942. Broad Street is now part of Route 162 while River and Cherry streets are now town-maintained roads.

East Haven, Connecticut
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in East Haven, Connecticut, was routed along Main Street. This was the original alignment of US 1 until the opening of the Saltonstall Parkway in 1941, which was designated as US 1. This US 1A existed until the early 1950s. The eastern end of Main Street is now part of Route 100.

Branford, Connecticut
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Branford, Connecticut, from 1937 to 1940 was designated as current US 1 on North Main Street. US 1 originally went along Main and East Main streets. The routes were swapped around 1940 and US 1A remained on this alignment until 1963. Main Street is now part of Route 146 while East Main Street is a town-maintained road.

Old Saybrook, Connecticut
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, was designated on the current US 1 alignment on Boston Post Road. US 1 originally went to the town center using Old Boston Post Road then Main Street (now part of Route 154). The two routes were swapped around 1940. US 1A on Old Boston Post Road remained until the early 1970s.

Waterford, Connecticut
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Waterford, Connecticut, in late 1948 was designated on the old US 1 alignment while US 1 was assigned as an expressway section between the Raymond E. Baldwin Bridge in Old Lyme and the Gold Star Memorial Bridge in New London in late 1948. The US 1 expressway later became part of the Connecticut Turnpike and I-95. The US 1 designation was removed from the expressway in 1975 and reverted to its old surface alignment.

Groton, Connecticut
U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) in Groton, Connecticut, was routes along Long Hill Road from the I-95 exit 85 offramp to Poquonnock Road. This was a newly constructed road in 1938 which later became US 1 by 1941. The original US 1 alignment used Thames Street and Poquonnock Road going through the old borough of Groton (now the city Groton).

title: U.S. Route 1A


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User talk:Gridlock Joe

Nomination of KBPX-LD for deletion
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Nomination of KUGB-CD for deletion
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Orphaned non-free image File:KUGBCAlogo.jpg
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Gridlock Joe


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User talk:Doug Alford

Welcome!
Hello, Doug Alford, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:45, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

File:Ugkrishnamurti-0.jpg listed for deletion
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title: User talk:Doug Alford


text:
User talk:Gfcgamer

Welcome!
Hello, Gfcgamer, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:46, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Gfcgamer


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Talk:Carathéodory's theorem (conformal mapping)

Formatting
Whatever format is used, this article and Riemann mapping theorem should have the same format, since they are so closely connected. (At present, Riemann mapping theorem has its short equations inline, which I think looks better.) --David Dumas 18:46, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There isn't absolute agreement about displaying formulae. Generally a formula being in MathML is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for us to want it inline. I actually like displaying quite a few formulae, because it makes pages look less dense and forbidding. My reaction to the RMT page is to want to do some format work on it. (There are also some minor issues like having arrows →.)

 * By the way, welcome. Charles Matthews 19:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

definition
Can I say that Jordan domain is a interior of Jordan curve ? --Adam majewski (talk) 08:29, 20 December 2015 (UTC)


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Xenocentrism

Xenocentrism is the preference for the cultural practices of other cultures and societies, such as how they live and what they eat, rather than of one's own social way of life. One example is the romanticization of the noble savage in the 18th-century primitivism movement in European art, philosophy and ethnography. Xenocentrism contrasts with ethnocentrism, the perceived superiority of one's own society to others.

Etymology
The term xenocentrism was coined by American sociologists Donald P. Kent and Robert G. Burnight in the 1952 paper "Group Centrism in Complex Societies" published in the American Journal of Sociology. Kent and Burnight state that feelings of xenocentrism are caused by three possible factors; individuals who have familial ties to a foreign country, specifically 2nd or 3rd generation immigrants, those who oppose the political choices of their native country. One example of this is the Communist Party USA. The party idealized the Soviet Union and its anti-capitalist government. As well as individuals who are exposed to other cultures and grow disenchanted with their society, and then rebel against it. This word remained obscure but considered useful and occasionally used by other sociologists. The University of Florida treats it as a key term of Sociology.

The term is opposed to ethnocentrism, as coined by 19th-century American sociologist William Graham Sumner, which describes the natural tendencies of an individual to place disproportionate worth upon the values and beliefs of one's own culture relative to others.

Consumer xenocentrism
Rene Dentiste Mueller and Amanda Broderick were the first to apply the consumer xenocentrism (CX) concept to describe the preference that some consumers have for foreign goods, even when domestic goods are qualitatively and/or functionally similar or better. Although the CX phenomenon is global, the researchers cite a significant number of studies that suggests there are proportionally more consumer xenocentrics in former colonies where the locals have been conditioned to perceive ‘foreign’ as better. A consequence of consumer xenocentrism is its negative effect on local industry and on the decline in living standards as poor consumers buy the (often) more expensive foreign products. Consumer xenocentrism, especially among the local elites, reduces confidence and pride in local manufacturing which can lead to the loss of local industries, a decline in purchase choices, especially among traditional products or even a dependency on foreign ones. Mueller, Wang, Liu and Cui, applied the concept to China and showed consumer xenocentrism is not a new phenomenon. The researchers were also able to show that when consumer xenocentrism grew too much, a ‘protection of the herd’ mentality caused the pendulum to swing  back towards consumer ethnocentrism (nationalism).

In his doctoral dissertation, Steven James Lawrence suggests xenocentrism may be influential in making consumers buying decisions as they might have "favorable orientations to products from outside their membership group."

Puja Mondal cited some examples from India: "People in India often assume that British lifestyle (dress pattern, etc.), French fashion or Japanese electronic devices (TV, tape recorders, mobile set, washing machines, etc.) and Swiss watches are superior to their own."

Grace Susetyo suggests "the idea that foreign cultures and their elements are superior to the local" causes a crisis of cultural identity among Western-educated Indonesians and is a problem that needs to be eradicated.

George Balabanis and Adamantios Diamantopoulos further defined consumer xenocentrism to be a multi-dimensional construct by which to explain consumer affinities for foreign products. They define consumer xenocentrism to be rooted in two concepts, perceived inferiority of domestic goods and aggrandized perception of foreign products.

The Academy of International Business is studying "out of group favoritism and in-group derogation" as a consumer effect in the Chinese consumer market.

Measurement of consumer xenocentrism
Lawrence uses the definition of xenocentrism, conceived by Kent and Burnight, to propose a scale, CXENO, to predict how xenocentric views of non-domestic goods affects consumer behavior. The most recently proposed scale to quantity xenocentric consumer tendencies, XSCALE, includes both instances of social and consumer xenocentrism.

Economists have begun to include consumer xenocentrism, along with other consumer centrisms such as consumer ethnocentrism and consumer cosmopolitanism, in their analysis of consumer behavior. Most recent research has looked at how these three centrisms impact one another.

title: Xenocentrism


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Talk:Conan

The etymology of the name Conan is far from certain. It can be as easily equated to "lust"="conann" or proto-Celtic words relating to wolf or dog. MacBain's An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language (Scottish Gaelic)

--Kortoso 18:47, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

I'm sure I remember reading about a Conan who was an astronomer to one of the Ptolemaic Pharaohs of Egypt. Perhaps he was a Gaulish or Galatian druid. Does anybody know more about this?

Mon Vier 13th April 2006

Detective Conan
Shouldn't the Japanese anime series Detective Conan (and its eponymous lead character) be included? ''ok, they are, but it's not obvious; the publicity that I have seen all calls the series 'Detective Conan' not 'Case Closed'. '' m.e. (talk) 16:29, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Arthur Conan Doyle
I have removed a link to Arthur Conan Doyle because, to my knowledge, he is never called simply "Conan". His birth name was Doyle and he is often referred to as Conan Doyle. The linked page calls him Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, Conan Doyle, and Doyle, and his obituary called him Sir Arthur, but I know of no sources calling him Conan without the Doyle. Cnilep (talk) 07:05, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conan


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User talk:Sir Louis

Welcome!
Hello, Sir Louis, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
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 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:47, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Redirect
Thanks for being a part of Wikipedia! I noticed you created a few articles about PowerAnimator. Instead of creating the same article several times with the same text, try creating redirect pages so that you only have to change one article when updates are needed. I've made PowerAnimator the main page and turned some other into redirects. Check out Alias PowerAnimator to see what I mean. --Pagrashtak 20:34, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

-- BEGIN ---

Thanks!

- Louis

-- END ---

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title: User talk:Sir Louis


text:
Talk:Crepitus

Medical advice
If someone has more detailed information on "crepitus" relating to the knees, I would very much appreciate you sharing what you know. For example, what supplements to take, the best brands, exercises that will not have a heavy impact on the knees, etc. Thanks!

 * Crepitus is a sign of any one of several conditions. Before treating a condition, you need to first identify it.  The first step would be to have a physician examine your knees in person.  --Una Smith (talk) 05:34, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

No mention of insect parasites
Insect parasites exploding de to hitting high temperature/blood pressure/mechanical pressure areas in the body also produce audible pops. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.150.166 (talk) 15:12, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

Sound file
This article would benefit hugely from a sound file so we can know what it actually sounds like. EditorPerson53 (talk) 00:06, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crepitus


text:
Noel Thompson

Noel Thompson is a Northern Irish news journalist with BBC Northern Ireland. He was part of the presenting team for BBC Radio Ulster's flagship morning programme Good Morning Ulster.

Journalism career
Thompson began his broadcasting career at the BBC in 1979 as a researcher for Nationwide in Belfast. He progressed through the corporation's internal training scheme, working on Multi-Coloured Swap Shop and Newsround.

In addition to his broadcasting career at BBC Northern Ireland, Thompson has presented Newsnight and BBC Breakfast and, for a period, occasionally guest presented on BBC News Channel and BBC News' politics and arts interview programme HARDtalk.

Thompson was awarded Royal Television Society Regional TV Presenter of the Year for two consecutive years: 1997 and 1998. He was also nominated in the same category in 1999. In 2007, Thompson received an Award of Distinction from Belfast Metropolitan College for his services to journalism. It was announced in 2019 that Thompson would retire from the corporation in 2020 along with three other BBC presenters.

Personal life
Thompson studied at Campbell College in Belfast and St Catharine's College, Cambridge, reading MML (French and German), then Social and Political Sciences.

Prior to joining the BBC, Thompson worked in a bar at the Europa Hotel in Belfast, and he also managed his brother's restaurant in the West Indies.

He sings baritone with the Belfast Philharmonic and has regularly performed at many classical concerts with the august choir alongside the Ulster Orchestra. He is a committed and highly experienced wildlife photographer and mountain walker.

Thompson is married to Sharon and has two children, Patrick and Matthew, the latter a reporter for LBC.

title: Noel Thompson


text: Template:Echo class submarine

title: Template:Echo class submarine


text:
User talk:KyLii3kins

Welcome!
Hello, KyLii3kins, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:48, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:KyLii3kins


text:
Mark Carruthers

Mark Carruthers OBE (born 1965) is a Northern Irish journalist. He currently presents a number of television and radio programmes for BBC Northern Ireland.

Broadcasting work
Carruthers first joined BBC Northern Ireland in 1989 contributing to Good Morning Ulster and PM Ulster on BBC Radio Ulster.

In addition to having presented BBC Newsline, he has also presented Spotlight and Let's Talk for television and Evening Extra on BBC Radio Ulster.

In August 2009, Carruthers became part of the presenting team of Good Morning Ulster as part of a series of presenter changes at BBC Radio Ulster.

He is now the presenter of The View and Sunday Politics on BBC One Northern Ireland. He also presents the weekly politics podcast Red Lines on BBC Sounds.

He has been nominated for four Royal Television Society awards for his work – in 2022, 2020, 2018 and 2003. In 2005 he and his BBC Newsline co-presenter, Donna Traynor, lifted a prestigious IFTA (Irish Film and Television Award) for Best News Programme.

Personal life
Carruthers was born in Derry, grew up in Limavady, County Londonderry, studied at Coleraine Academical Institution and went on to study for degrees in Political Science and Irish Politics at Queen's University Belfast.

Carruthers has an interest in the theatre. He was one of the founders of Tinderbox Theatre Company in 1988 and took part in drama groups at college and university, including a stage appearance in a Riverside Theatre, Coleraine, production of Oliver! alongside James Nesbitt. He was Chairman of the Lyric Theatre Board until 2015 and was at the forefront of the campaign to rebuild the theatre on its south Belfast site for almost ten years.

He was appointed an OBE for services to drama in Northern Ireland in the 2011 New Year Honours list.

He is co-editor of Stepping Stones - The Arts in Ulster 1971-2001 which was published by Blackstaff Press in 2001. In 2013 Alternative Ulsters – Conversations on Identity was published by Liberties Press, a series of interviews by Carruthers with leading writers, actors, journalists and politicians. The book was a success and was re-issued in paperback in December 2014. The following year Alternative Ulsters was shortlisted for the prestigious Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize.

In July 2019 Carruthers was awarded an honorary doctorate (Doctor of Literature) from Queen's University Belfast for distinction in broadcasting. In November 2023 he was awarded a Visiting Professorship in Media at Ulster University. He is married with three children and lives in south Belfast.

title: Mark Carruthers


text:
Punggol Park

Punggol Park (Chinese: 榜鹅公园) is a park located in Hougang, in the north-eastern part of Singapore. The park is 16 hectare in size, with a 5 hectare lake. Kite flying is not allowed here due to the proximity of Paya Lebar Air Base.

The park has two distinctive zones: the "Southern Active Zone" where the features for major activities are provided, and the densely forested area in the north of the lake which forms the "Passive Zone".

The plan for a park at Hougang was announced in November 1992. The park was named Punggol Park, and the junction of Hougang Avenue 8 and Hougang Avenue 10 was chosen as the location. The park is known for its pond and used frequently by schools for their 1.6 km runs. The pond was once quarried for sand to reclaim the many swamps in Hougang, thus resulting in the pond we have today.

title: Punggol Park


text:
Makyla Smith

Makyla Smith (born 1982) is a Canadian actress who is well-known for playing as Daphne on Showtime's Queer as Folk.

Career
Smith is best known for her supporting role as Justin's (Randy Harrison) best friend Daphne on Queer as Folk. She also appeared in the films The Matthew Shepard Story, Sex, Lies & Obsession, Owning Mahowny, Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story and Prom Queen: The Marc Hall Story.

Personal life
Smith is the daughter of the Barbados-born actress Alison Sealy-Smith and an English-Canadian man.

title: Makyla Smith


text:
User talk:Tvynr

Welcome!
Hello, Tvynr, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:51, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Tvynr


text:
Stephen Nolan

Stephen Raymond Nolan (born 20 August 1973) is a Northern Irish radio and television presenter for BBC Northern Ireland and BBC Radio 5 Live. Nolan is the highest earning BBC broadcaster in Northern Ireland.

Early life
Born in the Shankill Road area of Belfast, Nolan was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution and the Queen's University of Belfast, where he studied French and Business Studies, graduating with a BA in 1995.

Radio
In 2002, Nolan joined Belfast CityBeat, where he won a Sony Radio Academy Award. The following year, he was hired by BBC Northern Ireland, where he has worked since 2003, presenting The Nolan Show on BBC Radio Ulster.

Since 16 July 2005, Nolan has presented his own weekend phone-in show for BBC Radio Five Live, airing from 10 pm to 1 am every Friday and Sunday, and from 9pm to 12am every Saturday. Until 2017, he also hosted Question Time Extra Time, a simulcast of BBC One's Question Time, followed by a continuation of debates on Five Live.

In 2006, Nolan was involved in a mock boxing match with Gerry Anderson in aid of the BBC's Children in Need appeal.

On 13 October 2021, he launched a podcast, Nolan Investigates.

Nationalist boycott
Following coverage of the Bobby Storey funeral during the COVID pandemic, Sinn Fein – the largest nationalist political party – began boycotting the show. The SDLP also began boycotting the show following the abrupt removal from the air of the SDLP's Stormont leader, Matthew O'Toole, in March over comments about the spokesman for the Loyalist Communities Council – an umbrella group which issues statements on behalf of some loyalist paramilitary groups. This has resulted in no major nationalist party taking part in the show.

The Irish Times reported that a "heated" meeting took place between the SDLP and BBC Northern Ireland director Adam Smyth in April, with party leaders raising concerns about the balance of the programme's contributors and editorial accountability. Smyth sent the party an email in late June 2023, confirming that an assessment of "content" on the program over a "typical one month period" had been performed to address the issues mentioned in the meeting. The BBC's Executive Complaints Unit concluded that Nolan was justified in stopping O'Toole's participation during the 3 March. The SDLP described the BBC's handling of the situation as "extremely poor", and has not set a date to meet Smyth and other BBC executives until it has a copy of the review into The Nolan Show.

Television
Nolan has presented several television programmes. Nolan Live on BBC Northern Ireland is a weekly television debate and phone-in show. Fair Play, also on BBC Northern Ireland, was a weekly consumer watchdog programme. Mission Employable was a series focusing on helping a group of unemployed people to find their dream career. He has also presented the BBC's Children in Need Northern Ireland broadcast. Since 2008 he has presented Panic Attack, a new game airing on Friday nights in Northern Ireland. The show was repeated nationwide in a daytime slot starting in February 2010. In 2008 he stood in for Matthew Wright on Five's The Wright Stuff. In 2011, Nolan presented a documentary focusing on the Shankill Butchers. Since 2012, Nolan has hosted a weekly TV version of The Nolan Show on BBC Northern Ireland every Wednesday.

In 2013, a new series Story of a Lifetime, hosted by Nolan began with episode one focusing on the life of his Radio Ulster colleague Hugo Duncan.

In 2023, Nolan gained access to Maghaberry Prison for his 6 part documentary for BBC television, screened nationwide, "Jailed: Inside Maghaberry Prison."

His television and radio shows have been accused of having a pro-Unionist bias and have been referred for impartiality/bias by Ofcom to the BBC. Nolan has defended himself against such claims.

The BBC released details of the broadcaster's pay for 2020–21 which was up £15,000 to more than £405,000. In the last three (available) years, Nolan was paid over £1m from BBC licence fee revenues.

Misconduct allegations
In 2023, Nolan was accused by multiple employees of "bullying and harassment", fostering a "siege mentality", and sending unsolicited sexually explicit images.

Awards
In total, Nolan has won twelve Sony Radio Academy Awards. Of these, seven are Gold, giving him the record for the most Golds in the history of the awards. Five of these were awarded during his time with Belfast CityBeat radio, including: UK Speech Broadcaster of the Year 2003 and for his show, The Nolan Show, The Speech Programme Award of the Year 2006. He also won the Royal Television Society's Regional Presenter of the Year Award in 2005 and 2006, as well as being nominated for the National Presenter Award in 2008.

Personal life
Nolan often discusses starting work aged 12, in a video store while at school. Religion is a regular feature on his radio shows. In 2015, he stated he was an atheist and as a result he issued an apology for breaching BBC guidelines.

In February 2021, Nolan criticised online trolls on Twitter and said: "It's clear I have a weight problem."

Nolan lives in Mahee Island in County Down.

title: Stephen Nolan


text:
Chinese Vietnamese

Chinese Vietnamese or Vietnamese Chinese may refer to:

Language

 * Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary, Chinese-derived vocabulary in the Vietnamese language
 * Literary Chinese in Vietnam, a script for the Vietnamese language
 * Chữ Nôm, an adaptation of Chinese characters used to write the Vietnamese language directly

People
Ethnic Chinese in Vietnam:
 * Hoa, Chinese who immigrated to Vietnam during the Qing dynasty and Republic of China period
 * Ngái, rural-dwelling Hakka Chinese speakers, counted separately from the Hoa
 * Chinese Nùng, rural-dwelling Cantonese and Hakka Chinese speakers who immigrated from China, counted separately from the Hoa and the Ngái

Vietnamese people in China:
 * Gin people, one of the 55 officially recognised ethnic minorities of the People's Republic of China
 * Vietnamese people in Hong Kong

Relations between China and Vietnam
Typically in the hyphenated forms Chinese-Vietnamese or Vietnamese-Chinese:
 * Any of the periods of Chinese rule in the history of Vietnam
 * First Chinese domination (History of Vietnam), 207 BC–39 AD
 * Second Chinese domination (History of Vietnam), 43–544
 * Third Chinese domination (History of Vietnam), 602–905
 * Fourth Chinese domination (History of Vietnam), 1407–1427
 * Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979
 * People's Republic of China–Vietnam relations

title: Chinese Vietnamese


text:
KTWO-TV

KTWO-TV (channel 2) is a television station in Casper, Wyoming, United States, affiliated with ABC. It is owned by Vision Alaska LLC, which maintains a shared services agreement (SSA) with Coastal Television Broadcasting Company LLC, owner of Fox affiliate KFNB (channel 20), for the provision of certain services. Coastal also operates CBS affiliate KGWC-TV (channel 14) under a separate SSA with owner Big Horn Television LLC. The stations share studios on Skyview Drive in Casper, while KTWO-TV's transmitter is located atop Casper Mountain.

KTWO-TV is also available on a network of UHF and VHF translators across the state. It is also available on the second digital subchannel of KGWC and its satellites and translators; as well as the second digital subchannels of KFNB satellites KFNE and KFNR (but not KFNB itself). Under previous owner Equity Broadcasting, it had also been available on a free-to-air satellite uplink (as with all of Equity's stations, hubbed out of Little Rock, Arkansas, and sent to the transmitter via FTA satellite) until Equity went bankrupt and the satellite was sold.

KKTQ-LD (channel 16) in Cheyenne operates as a semi-satellite of KTWO-TV.

History
KTWO-TV signed on the air on March 1, 1957; it was owned by Harriscope Inc., and was a primary NBC affiliate with a secondary ABC affiliation. A secondary CBS affiliation was added in 1959, after the shutdown of previous CBS affiliate KSPR-TV (channel 6); KTWO's owners also purchased KSPR radio (then at 1470 AM; now at 1030 AM), a longtime CBS Radio affiliate, and changed its call sign to KTWO to match its new television sister.

In March 1978, after 21 years as a primary NBC affiliate, ABC announced that KTWO-TV would become a primary affiliate effective September 5; this was around the same time that ABC became the nation's highest rated network. The station lost CBS to KCWY-TV (channel 14, now KGWC-TV) when it signed on in 1980. In 1984, another new station, KXWY-TV (channel 20), began carrying NBC programming not cleared by KTWO. In early 1986, KTWO agreed to once again become a primary NBC affiliate effective September 1; the ABC affiliation went to KXWY (now KFNB). Later that year, Harriscope sold KTWO-TV, along with KULR-TV in Billings, Montana, to Dix Communications for $12.2 million. On August 28, 1987, Dix signed on KKTU (channel 33) as a satellite of KTWO-TV.

In 1994, Dix sold KTWO-TV and KKTU, along with KAAL-TV in Austin, Minnesota, to Eastern Broadcasting for $13 million. For a time starting in 1995, KTWO and KKTU had a secondary affiliation with The WB. Eastern sold its stations — KTWO-TV and KKTU, KAAL-TV, and KODE-TV in Joplin, Missouri — to Grapevine Communications for $40 million in 1997; Grapevine merged with GOCOM Communications to form GOCOM Holdings in 1999. Equity Broadcasting bought KTWO-TV and KKTU for $3.5 million in 2001.

Affiliation transition from NBC to ABC
On September 1, 2003, NBC moved its affiliation from KTWO to KCWY (channel 13). Equity had known at the time it acquired the station that the NBC affiliation would expire; in preparation for the move, on June 27, 2003, KTWO-TV announced that it had agreed to affiliate with ABC, and that the new affiliation would not take effect until the expiration of ABC's contract with KFNB on June 5, 2004. In the interim, KTWO operated as an independent station, but carried programming from Pax TV (now Ion Television), including Candid Camera and Miracle Pets; before the affiliation change, Pax programming had been seen on KCWY. Cheyenne satellite station KKTU was able to immediately switch from NBC to ABC, and began branding itself as "ABC 8", after its position on the Cheyenne cable system. After reaching an agreement with KTWO, KFNB agreed to end its ABC affiliation early; on March 8, 2004, KTWO officially became an ABC affiliate, KFNB obtained the Fox affiliation from K26ES (now MyNetworkTV affiliate KWYF-LD channel 29) and K26ES became an affiliate of UPN and Pax.

Coinciding with the affiliation switch, on March 1, 2004, K-TWO TV of Wyoming, controlled by Cheryl Kaupp, began operating KTWO-TV under a local marketing agreement, and that October filed to purchase the station outright from Equity Broadcasting for $1.7 million. Kaupp was the daughter of Marvin Gussman, whose Wyomedia Corporation owned KFNB; Wyomedia's general manager, Mark Nalbone, served as a consultant to KTWO and owned a thirty-percent interest in Mark III Media, which was in the process of acquiring KGWC-TV, though in December 2005 he told Television Business Report that he did not speak for KTWO in retransmission consent negotiations. In April 2004, Nalbone announced that KTWO would vacate its longtime studios on East Second Street in Casper; its present location shares operations with KFNB, KWYF, and KGWC on Skyview Drive. K-TWO TV of Wyoming assigned its right to acquire KTWO-TV to Silverton Broadcasting, headed by Barry Silverton, in May 2005; Silverton completed the purchase on May 31, 2006.

Equity Broadcasting retained ownership of channel 33 in Cheyenne, which had changed its call sign to KDEV in 2005, and allowed KTWO to continue to operate it; KTWO later moved its ABC programming in Cheyenne to a low-powered repeater, KKTU-LP (channel 40), after KDEV dropped ABC in favor of programming from RTN. On June 24, 2008, KKTU-LP changed its call letters to KDEV-LP, after KDEV changed its call sign to KQCK. In September 2010, KDEV dropped all ABC programming; in 2011, KTWO-TV signed on a new low-powered satellite in Cheyenne, K16JM (channel 16), which changed its call sign to KKTQ-LD on June 5, 2013. KKTQ is simulcast on KLWY's second digital subchannel, and airs its own station identifications and commercials.

In July 2005, KTWO was added to the Dish Network line up of channels for customers in the Casper/Riverton designated market area. On January 1, 2012, KTWO, KFNB, and KGWC were dropped from Dish Network after failing to come to an agreement on a new contract. The signals were restored by Dish Network on May 1, 2012.

2018–present
Silverton Broadcasting agreed to sell KTWO-TV to Legacy Broadcasting on February 8, 2018. The deal would have created a duopoly with KFNB, which Legacy would have concurrently acquired from Wyomedia Corporation; in its filing with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Legacy stated that the duopoly was permissible because KFNB was the fifth-ranked station in the Casper–Riverton market. The sale was canceled in October 2018.

On October 8, 2019, Silverton Broadcasting announced that it would sell KTWO-TV and KKTQ-LD to Vision Wyoming, a subsidiary of Vision Alaska (run by Stephen Brissette); the sale was concurrent with Big Horn Television's purchase of KGWC-TV and Coastal Television Broadcasting Company's purchase of KFNB and KLWY. Coastal Television (run by Bill Fielder) and Vision Alaska already jointly operated stations in Alaska. The sale was completed on June 1, 2020. Shortly afterwards, the news department was significantly downsized, and weekend newscasts were replaced by programming from Michigan-based NewsNet. On July 3, KTWO radio reported that KTWO-TV's morning newscast, Good Morning Wyoming, would be replaced by a new morning show on July 6, and that the station's other newscasts would incorporate NewsNet content, with local reports primarily seen at the start of newscasts. Coastal Television's Alaska stations had moved to a NewsNet-based model the preceding April; in a June 28 interview with KTWO radio, Fielder said that the shift to NewsNet had been accelerated by the coronavirus pandemic. Coastal later blamed the cutbacks on difficulties in achieving the economies of scale needed to maintain a full newsroom in rural areas, and in July 2021 cited this as the reason it was merging with Waypoint Media, another small rural broadcaster.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Pete Williams (later with NBC News; retired)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

title: KTWO-TV


text:
Operation Sassoon

Operation Sassoon provides a basic generic framework for an emergency evacuation plan of any part of London, or Heathrow, in the case of a major terrorist attack in the British capital. It is part of an extensive anti-terror plan installed by the British Government in response to the rising threat of terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom. The plan, first drawn up in 2003, oversees the partial or complete evacuation of the inner parts of London after either a large-scale assault affecting a larger area of the city or an event having a lasting effect over a longer period of time, such as a biological, chemical or nuclear attack. Besides the actual evacuation process, Operation Sassoon covers the principles of large-scale evacuation, the installation of temporary shelters for evacuees in assigned areas outside the city, activation of the plan and the roles and responsibilities of agencies under the plan, as well as the deployment of police and military forces for maintaining civil order after a major attack has occurred.

History
According to newspaper reports, the plans were drawn up upon the instructions of John Prescott MP, the Deputy Prime Minister, and senior officers at the Metropolitan Police. The draft plans were submitted to the London Resilience Forum, which at the time was chaired by Nick Raynsford MP with Ken Livingstone as his deputy.

A plan was developed by a multi agency team made up of local authority, transport and police representatives led by a senior MPS officer working closely with colleagues in the South East and East of England Regions. The first version of the framework document was published on 31 December 2003 and the current version was last revised in April 2005.

On 25 October 2004, Paul Goodman, Conservative MP for Wycombe, tabled a Parliamentary question in the House of Commons which was answered by Nick Raynsford MP, the then Minister of State for Local and Regional Government, on plans to use High Wycombe as a care shelter as part of Operation Sassoon. The answer given by the Minister is on record at Hansard.

Operation Sassoon has specific importance as the South East has the highest number of potential targets for disruptive action in England. These include:

 * five major airports and the most congested airspace
 * the largest number of nuclear establishments
 * 11 maritime ports, four container ports and the most congested sea-lanes
 * around 700 miles of coastline
 * the most complex motorway and railway networks
 * a significant number of large-scale social and sporting events and locations

The surrounding regions of South Buckinghamshire, Hampshire and Oxfordshire would be involved in receiving evacuees.

The plan was replaced in 2009 by a less rigid set of arrangements to evacuate instead parts of London rather than the whole of London. OP Sassoon has therefore been consigned to history.

What is known about Operation Sassoon

 * It lists Canary Wharf, Heathrow, Westminster, Whitehall and the City as possible targets.
 * Public transport loading points (known as HUBS) have been pre-determined; people will be expected to walk to these locations, from where they will then be transported to unloading points (known as HEADS). Special road routes, known as High Capacity Emergency Access Routes (HCEARS) have been designated for people who self evacuate in their own private vehicles, and to allow for the expedient access of emergency services vehicles arriving from outside London. There is a specific traffic plan to deal with the use of the M25 and the radial feeding motorways. It will have a reliance on police resources as blocking vehicles.
 * Railway stations have been identified within London, which are suitable for the embarkation of evacuees (Rail Hubs). Typically, these stations are the existing Central London termini, with suitable fall-backs also identified. In the event of a large-scale evacuation being invoked, the normal advertised timetable will be suspended and replaced by an evacuation service designed to provide a safe and simple means of transporting the maximum possible number of evacuees away from the affected area in the shortest possible time.
 * An air exclusion zone will be introduced over the affected areas.
 * Local Authorities and the voluntary sector will provide for evacuees. Initial reception will provide basic accommodation, drinking water and toilet facilities for up to 48 hours after the incident.

Controversies over Operation Sassoon
On 21 September 2004, an internal Metropolitan Police inquiry was launched after detailed plans for the mass evacuation of London were found on the seat of a train in a Tesco carrier bag. The plans, discovered on one of four CD-ROMs which were in the carrier bag, were found by a warehouse worker from Essex who had been travelling on a commuter train between London and Gravesend, Kent. According to The Sun newspaper, the dossier was headed Operation Sassoon – Metropolitan Police Traffic Plan for the Mass Evacuation of London and dated 3 June 2004.

Operation Sassoon would see railway stations outside the capital receiving Londoners escaping a disaster. Local authorities in neighbouring counties were deeply concerned that the local infrastructure would not cope with the sheer volume of people fleeing the capital. They have stressed to the London Resilience Forum that evacuation should be used as a last resort and only in the most "catastrophic of circumstances".

The planning details for Operation Sassoon are being kept secret, hence no details being published by the Government or the media. As of August 2005, a Google search for the term brought up only 237 hits. Websites such as the Hampshire County Council website include some of the scarce traces of Operation Sassoon information on the internet.

There are plans to update the current Operation Sassoon have been subject to some disagreement between partners within London and the surrounding regions. It is unlikely that the new plan will be delivered for the August 2007 deadline.

Preparation for Operation Sassoon
On 7 September 2003, the emergency services in London conducted a terrorism preparation exercise for the early stages of Operation Sassoon at Bank Underground station. Since 2003, there have been six large-scale live exercises and 32 "tabletop exercises" that test the effectiveness of strategic plans.

In July 2004, the London Resilience Forum announced in its second annual report its intention to develop detailed support plans for each agency involved in Operation Sassoon, including a communications strategy and "tabletop exercises" to test more detailed overall plans.

According to The Sun's newspaper article of 21 September 2004, road signs have been built by the Highways Agency ready for use in a major alert and road routes to be used in the event of such a disaster have been laid out.

Towns such as High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire are earmarked as temporary care shelters for evacuees.

title: Operation Sassoon


text:
Barbara Forrest

Barbara Carroll Forrest is a professor of philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond, Louisiana. She is a critic of intelligent design and the Discovery Institute.

Biography
Forrest is a graduate of Hammond High School. She received her B.A. in English in 1974 from Southeastern Louisiana University, her M.A. in philosophy in 1978 from Louisiana State University, and her PhD in philosophy from Tulane University in 1988. She has taught philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University from 1988 until 2017 as a professor of philosophy in the Department of History and Political Science.

Work
She co-authored Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design (Oxford University Press, 2004), with biologist Paul R. Gross. The book examines the goals and strategies of the intelligent design movement and its attempts to undermine established science. The authors analyze the absence of a scientific intelligent design hypothesis, identify religious foundations, and the political ambitions of intelligent design proponents. They examine the movement's Wedge strategy which has advanced and is succeeding through public relations rather than through scientific research. They also highlight intelligent design creationism's relationship to public education and to the separation of church and state.

Forrest serves on the board of directors of the National Center for Science Education (NCSE), the Board of Trustees of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, and the New Orleans Secular Humanist Association (NOSHA).

Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
Forrest was a key expert witness for the plaintiffs in the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial. The defendants were represented by the Thomas More Law Center (TMLC), a conservative Christian, not-for-profit law center whose motto is "The Sword and the Shield for People of Faith". After Forrest had been deposed, the TMLC tried but failed to have her stopped from testifying. In a motion to have her removed as a witness, they described her as "little more than a conspiracy theorist and a web-surfing, 'cyber-stalker' of the Discovery Institute ... ." Judge Jones denied the motion and Forrest's testimony began on October 5.

According to Forrest, after the TMLC's attempt to exclude her as a witness had failed, and only a few days before she would be testifying, the Discovery Institute attempted to publicly ridicule her on their website. She wrote: "On September 29, I noticed that DI had posted a transcript of an interview I had done—except that I hadn't done it. The transcript was fake. Apparently meant (though not marked) as a parody, the organization whose self-described goal is 'to support high-quality scholarship [...] relevant to the question of evidence for intelligent design in nature' ridiculed me by, among other things, having a fictitious radio host 'Marvin Waldburger' refer to me as 'Dr. Barking Forrest Ph.D.' If DI thought this would unsettle me, they were ignoring the fact that I had just been through two killer hurricanes. I could only shake my head at their doing something so jaw-droppingly stupid. If they were hoping Judge Jones would see and be influenced by this silliness, it was just another sign of the disrespect for his intelligence and integrity that began before the trial and continues today."

During her testimony, the defense lawyers again asked the court to exclude Forrest from testifying as an expert witness. Judge Jones allowed them to present their case for dismissing her and then denied their request. Forrest would go on to testify on the religious origins and nature of the intelligent design movement, the wedge document, and also demonstrated that the drafts of the textbook at the center of the court case, Of Pandas and People, substituted terms such as "intelligent design" and "intelligent designer" in place of "creationism" and "creator" in an attempt to circumvent the ruling in Edwards v. Aguillard which determined that teaching creationism in public schools violated the Establishment Clause of the United States constitution. Her testimony had a significant impact on Judge Jones's decision.

A year after the ruling, Forrest commented in a telephone interview "It was very clear to everyone who followed the case that intelligent design is not science. The Discovery Institute has been trying for years to foment a court case. And they finally got one dropped in their laps and what was ironic is they didn't want it. They knew what this case would do to them."

Synthese essay
An essay by Forrest, "The non-epistemology of intelligent design: its implications for public policy", was published online in March 2009 as part of a special issue of the journal Synthese. The issue was titled "Evolution and Its Rivals" and was guest edited by Glenn Branch and James H. Fetzer, the latter a former editor of Synthese. Forrest's essay strongly criticized philosopher Francis J. Beckwith, noting that he had "no formal credentials as a constitutional scholar" to justify his stances on issues regarding the separation of church and state and connected Beckwith and other advocates of intelligent design to Christian Reconstructionism. Following complaints from Beckwith and others mentioned in the issue, the regular editors of Synthese, Johan van Benthem, Vincent F. Hendricks, and John F. Symons, included an editorial statement in the print version of the special issue, published in January 2011, which criticized the tone of some of the papers in that issue. The note was perceived as directed at Forrest's essay and drew angry denunciations from the guest editors, who were not consulted about the statement, and other critics. At least one philosopher has withdrawn a paper from Synthese as a result.

Louisiana Science Education Act
Forrest worked with Zack Kopplin and helped begin the campaign to repeal the Louisiana Science Education Act law that allowed the promotion of creationism in biology science classes. The repeal effort, SB70 of 2011, failed in the Senate Education Committee by a 5–1 vote. The repeal effort, SB374 of 2012, also failed in the Senate Education Committee by a 2–1 effort.

Public speaking
Forrest has appeared in the media, including PBS. She was the featured speaker for Southeastern Louisiana University's Linus A. Sims Memorial Library commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species on April 23, 2009.

title: Barbara Forrest


text:
Confessions from a Holiday Camp

Confessions from a Holiday Camp is a 1977 British comedy film directed by Norman Cohen and starring Robin Askwith. The film was released in North America in 1978 under the title Confessions of a Summer Camp Counsellor. It is the last film in the series which began with Confessions of a Window Cleaner (1974).

Plot
Timmy Lea and his brother-in-law Sidney Noggett are working as entertainment officers at Funfrall, a typical British holiday camp. The staff are lazy and inefficient, preferring to laze by the pool rather than organise activities for the holiday campers. A new owner, Mr. Whitemonk, an ex-prison officer, takes over the camp and is determined to install discipline into the staff. He is on the verge of dismissing Timmy and Sidney; however, Sidney's suggestion of organising a beauty contest changes his mind.

Cast

 * Robin Askwith as Timmy Lea
 * Antony Booth as Sidney Noggett
 * Bill Maynard as Mr. Lea
 * Doris Hare as Mrs. Lea
 * Sheila White as Rosie Noggett
 * Linda Hayden as Brigitte
 * Lance Percival as Lionel
 * John Junkin as Mr. Whitemonk
 * Liz Fraser as Mrs. Antonia Whitemonk
 * Colin Crompton as Roughage
 * Nicola Blackman as Blackbird
 * Nicholas Bond-Owen as Kevin (as Nicholas Owen)
 * Caroline Ellis as Gladys
 * Sue Upton as Renee
 * Penny Meredith as married woman
 * Mike Savage as Kevin's dad
 * Janet Edis as Kevin's mum
 * Deborah Brayshaw as go-cart girl
 * Kim Hardy as announcer
 * David Auker as Alberto Smarmi
 * John Bryant as young man
 * Charlie Stewart as Piper
 * Carrie Jones as bikini girl
 * Julia Bond as bikini girl
 * Betty Hare as mourner
 * Winifred Braemar as mourner
 * Margo Field as Mrs. Dimwiddy
 * Marianne Stone as waitress
 * Leonard Woodrow as chaplain
 * Lauri Lupino Lane as mayor
 * Ingrid Bower as holiday maker
 * Robert Booth as holiday maker
 * Michael Segal as holiday maker
 * Matt Kilroy as chauffeur

Production
Producer Michael Klinger was not happy with the script, noting a number of problems that he felt detracted from the quality that set the series apart from its imitators.

The holiday camp used in the film was Mill Rythe Holiday Village on Hayling Island in Hampshire. The railway station scene was filmed at Radlett. The water skiing scene was filmed at Ruislip Lido.

Soundtrack
The title track to the film was called "Give Me England" and was performed by scrumpy and western band The Wurzels, arranged and conducted by Ed Welch and produced by Bob Barratt. It was released as a 45rpm single by EMI records Ltd (EMI 2677). The Wurzels released an album of the same name in 1977, which featured the track along with its B-Side "Speedy Gonzales".

Critical reception
Monthly Film Bulletin said "A holiday camp provides an all too appropriate backdrop for the strained and patronising low comedy of the relentlessly proliferating Confessions series. This latest addition is as styleless as any Carry On movie, but lacks even the flashes of genial spontaneity which sometimes redeemed that series. The smirking hero's amorous exploits are interspersed with tedious attempts at slapstick and egregious cracks about gays and foreigners. "Give me England every time", blares the xenophobic theme song, yet the film-makers’ essentially contemptuous view of home-grown mores is summed up in the presentation of Lea's father, who wears a cloth cap at all times, and when told to use his table napkin, promptly blows his nose on it."

The Radio Times Guide to Films gave the film 1/5 stars, writing: "The Confessions films relied on a blend of saucy humour and "What the Butler Saw"-style smut. This was the fourth and last of these cheap comedies, with Robin Askwith as an over-sexed entertainments officer at a camp run by an ex-prison officer."

Variety wrote: "[The] Confessions series has more than proved its worth at U.K. and assorted Commonwealth boxoffices. Yet understandably none of those working class masquerades (as a window cleaner, a pop performer, a driving instructor) received favorable reviews or were able to easily sell their sniggering, distinctly British humor to foreign markets. Confessions From a Holiday Camp, the series latest ... is no better, no worse, nor any different than its predecessors. Excepting the new profession, the film reprises virtually the same plot, cast, and production team as the former three. That means that Robin Askwith as the innocent Lea and Anthony Booth as his lecherous brother in law Sid go through their usual sex-addled Laurel & Hardy act, but this time in the guise of incompetent entertainment officers at Funfurall Holiday Camp. It also means that Linda Hayden, once again, strips off at every available opportunity. And that the talents of Doris Hare and Bill Maynard as Lea's parents are wasted another time around. Norman Cohen directs with his usual numbing dosage of slapstick, vulgarity, and innuendo."

Further proposed films in the series
Although Holiday Camp would turn out to be the last film in the series, a fifth and a sixth film, Confessions of a Plumber's Mate and Confessions of a Private Soldier, had been planned in 1977. Filming was set to begin on Plumber's Mate at the end of February 1978. Robin Askwith even expressed a desire to direct Private Soldier, but neither film materialised. In November 1977 the studio cancelled plans for future films. Columbia Pictures president David Begelman, who had been very supportive of the British film industry and who had green-lighted the first Confessions film, had been implicated in a cheque-forging scandal and either quit or was fired. His successor had no interest in financing low-budget, profitable British films.

Producer Michael Klinger rejected a script based on Confessions from a Haunted House. Plans to shoot a made-for-video Confessions film in the 1980s also came to nothing, as did a proposed 1992 film, "Confessions of a Squaddie", which was proposed with action due to take place in post-Gulf War Kuwait.

title: Confessions from a Holiday Camp


text:
Video Mods

Video Mods is an animated television series that aired on MTV2 which made music videos for existing songs featuring video game characters and assets. It was created by Tony Shiff of Big Bear Entertainment in 2003. A pilot aired in December 2003, having been underwritten by Electronic Arts. It was a form of branded entertainment, as the pilot featured characters from their games SSX 3, The Sims 2 and Need for Speed: Most Wanted.

In 2004, MTV2 Head of Programming Alex Coletti commissioned four new episodes which aired that fall. The pilot and all 2004 episodes were produced and directed by Shiff, with Animation Director Kris Renkewitz. In 2005, additional episodes were animated by IBC Digital and Elektrashock.

MTV never cleared the music rights for any purposes beyond their television airings, and for several years, a majority of the episodes have become lost media. In 2022, all of the episodes were unofficially available to view on YouTube, as well as various other sites.

title: Video Mods


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GForge

GForge is a commercial service originally based on the Alexandria software behind SourceForge, a web-based project management and collaboration system which was licensed under the GPL. Open source versions of the GForge code were released from 2002 to 2009, at which point the company behind GForge focused on their proprietary service offering which provides project hosting, version control (CVS, Subversion, Git), code reviews, ticketing (issues, support), release management, continuous integration and messaging. The FusionForge project emerged in 2009 to pull together open-source development efforts from the variety of software forks which had sprung up.

History
In 1999, VA Linux hired four developers, including Tim Perdue (1974-2011), to develop the SourceForge.net service to encourage open-source development and support the Open Source developer community. SourceForge.net services were offered free of charge to any Open Source project team. Following the SourceForge launch on November 17, 1999, the free software community rapidly took advantage of SourceForge.net, and traffic and users grew very quickly.

As another competitive web service, "Server 51", was being readied for launch, VA Linux released the source code for the sourceforge.net web site on January 14, 2000, as a marketing ploy to show that SourceForge was 'more open source'. Many companies began installing and using it themselves and contacting VA Linux for professional services to set up and use the software. However, their pricing was so unrealistic, they had few customers. By 2001, the company's Linux hardware business had collapsed in the dotcom bust. The company was renamed to VA Software and called the closed codebase SourceForge Enterprise Edition to try to force some of the large companies to purchase licenses. This prompted objections from open source community members. VA Software continued to say that a new source code release would be made at some point, but it never was.

Some time later, 2002, Tim Perdue left VA and started GForge LLC which released both an open source and commercial version of GForge. Both codebases were forked from the last publicly released version, 2.6, and merged the debian-sf fork, previously maintained by Roland Mas and Christian Bayle, into the project.

In February 2009 there was a break-up of the original open source (GPL) version of GForge with some of the developers of GForge releasing the continued development of the old open source code under the new name of FusionForge while Perdue and his new company focused on a commercial offering (GForge Advanced Server and later GForgeNext).

GForge and GForge Advanced Server
Tim Perdue and his company begin focusing on a commercial version of GForge originally called GForge Advanced Server (also called GForge AS). It saw first public release on June 21, 2006. While it was offered commercially it could be used freely (with some restrictions on project limits and number of users.). GForge AS was written in PHP and continued to use PostgreSQL. Plug-ins for Eclipse IDE as well as Microsoft Visual Studio (only for customers and with no trial available) and other related tools were added to increase developer functionality. Workflow process management to handle making use of the full software life cycle from inception, bug tracking to new release enhancement citation.

In 2011 GForge came under new ownership under GForge Group, Inc and while work on the GForge AS 6.x series continued the company began working on a partial rewrite dubbed GForgeNext. GForgeNext, later rebranded back to GForge, was released on October 1, 2018, which included a revamped user interface, REST API, support for Agile/Scrum disciplines and the GForge Group, Inc expanded to support SaaS. While not open source, the source is available* and the downloadable version can be used for free for up to five users.

* the source code that does the license enforcement is encrypted.

FusionForge
In 2007, Bull announced the first public release of Novaforge which is based on the GForge open source branch.

In February 2009 some of the developers of GForge continued development of the old open source code under the new name of FusionForge after GForge Group focused on GForge Advanced Server. One objective is to merge GForge forks into a single project, hence the prefix Fusion.

In 2011, FusionForge is selected as part of the Coclico project. It aims to fusion three existing trees of forked forges: FusionForge, Codendi & Novaforge.

End 2013, main Savane maintainer Sylvain Beucler joins FusionForge as INRIA contractor for 2 years. Main contributors to FusionForge include individual contributors such as Roland Mas, small companies such as TrivialDev

In 2017, FusionForge software is the first forge software to contribute to the Software Heritage initiative, providing a connector to retrieve any information from old FusionForge installations.

title: GForge


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White Nancy

White Nancy is a structure at the top of Kerridge Hill, overlooking Bollington, Cheshire, England. Since 1966 it has been recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. Its profile forms the logo for the town of Bollington.

History
White Nancy was built in 1817 by John Gaskell junior of North End Farm to commemorate the victory at the Battle of Waterloo. John Gaskell was a member of the Gaskell family who lived nearby at Ingersley Hall. It originally had an entrance to a single room which was furnished with stone benches and a central round stone table, but the entrance is now blocked. It has been described as a summer house or a folly. Locals supposedly told 1940s Army signallers working on Kerridge Hill that the landmark was named after the lead horse that had transported all materials for the building of White Nancy.

Description
The structure is circular in plan with its shape described as that of a sugar loaf, and is surmounted with a ball finial. It is built in sandstone rubble which has been rendered and painted. It is about 18 ft high. Stone paving has been laid around its base which is inscribed with the points of the compass.

Painting
Until at least 1925 the structure was unpainted. It has been painted in a number of different colours over the years, most commonly in white. In 2005 vandals painted it partly in pink. In March 2009 it was repainted in white with the ball finial in black. In 2012 a Jubilee crown and the dates 1952–2012 were added to the north-west face and Olympic rings added to the south-east face. The green ring is in the form of a laurel wreath encircling a gold medal and the number 29 which was added later to mark Team GB's 29 gold medals. It has also been painted with a large red remembrance poppy and during the 1980s it was commonly painted at Christmas, decorated as a Christmas pudding or Father Christmas.

In 2015, in recognition of the reason for its construction, the structure was painted with a '200th Anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo' motif, and the silhouettes of soldiers in traditional military uniform from the time. In May 2016 it was returned to its traditional all white with a black finial.

In May 2017, by request of the mayor of Bollington, a bee symbol was painted onto the monument to express solidarity with the people of Manchester after the Manchester Arena bombing.

In March 2018 the face of Mark E. Smith of post-punk band the Fall was painted on White Nancy, together with the text “This Nation’s Saving Grace”. A Facebook group claimed responsibility.

Visitor attraction
White Nancy provides a focus on the ridge of Kerridge Hill and from it there are extensive views across the Cheshire Plain towards the mountains of North Wales to the west, the hills of Shropshire to the south and the Pennines to the north and east. White Nancy and the Kerridge ridge are part of the Gritstone Trail. The Peak District Boundary Walk also runs past the monument.

White Nancy has been acclaimed and has featured in countdowns of the best British follies identified by The Telegraph and by Alan Titchmarsh.

title: White Nancy


text:
User talk:ThatDevopsGuy

Welcome!
Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:52, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

WP Philly
Philly jawn (talk) 15:03, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Photo request
I saw your note over at the Philly portal. We have a new request there (Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philadelphia) for a photo. I have difficulty getting around Old City myself and, as a result, tend to stick to UCity and South Philly. Any chance you get over that way? - Mdsummermsw (talk) 14:51, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Photo requests
Posted at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philadelphia. Thank you, --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 13:52, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

You're invited!
 You're invited to the

Seventh Philadelphia-area Wikipedia Meetup

March 15, 2009

Time: 3:00 PM

RSVP (view/edit this template) This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 22:12, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

You're invited!
 You're invited to the

Philadelphia-area Wikipedia Meetup

March 15, 2009

Time: 3pm

Location: Drexel University 'RSVP (view/edit this template'') In the afternoon, we will hold a session at Drexel dedicated to discussing Wikimedia Pennsylvania activity and cooperation with the regional Wikimedia New York City chapter.

Are events like a Wikipedia Takes Philadelphia in our future?

In the evening, we'll share dinner and friendly wiki-chat at a local Italian restaurant. This has been an automatic delivery by BrownBot (talk) 20:34, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

You're invited...
This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 01:03, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

You're invited!
This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 17:29, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Wikipedia Takes Philadelphia
 You're invited to the

Wiki Takes Philadelphia

October 4, 2009

Time: 12 pm

Location: Drexel Quad (33rd and Market) University City, Philadelphia 'RSVP (view/edit this template'')

Wikipedia Takes Philadelphia is a photo scavenger hunt and free content photography contest to be held all around Philadelphia aimed at illustrating Wikipedia articles.

Scheduled for Sunday, October 4, 2009, the check-in location will be at the Drexel University quad (between Chestnut and Market, 33rd and 32nd) at noon, and the ending party and photo uploading (location to be announced) will be at 6 PM. To reach the Drexel quad, walk south from Market Street at 32nd Street into the campus.

'''[http://spreadsheets.google.com/viewform?hl=en&formkey=dC1OUlVTRUJwempjREg3VkRHUEF1Z3c6MA.. Register your team here]'''

This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 22:31, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

You're invited to Wikipedia Takes Philadelphia
This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 15:09, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Photo req
Are you still doing photo requests?

There needs to be a photo representing the State Correctional Institution – Graterford - There is a sign stating the facility's presence located at the intersection of Graterford Road and Perkiomen Creek Road in Skippack Township, Montgomery County. See the Google maps view of the sign - This is not actually on the prison grounds, so it shouldn't be a problem getting a photo of the sign. WhisperToMe (talk) 16:48, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Wikiproject Philly
Hey, at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philadelphia a user is considering tagging the project as inactive

Please make sure that your fellow Philly Wikipedians look at the talk page and constantly respond to queries there

Thank you, WhisperToMe (talk) 02:36, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

You're invited to the Philadelphia Wiknic!

This message is being sent to inform you of a Wikipedia picnic that is being held in your area this Saturday, June 25. From 1 to 5 PM or any time in between, join your fellow volunteers for a get together in the Azalea Garden, just behind the Philadelphia Museum of Art 39.96801°N, -75.18316°W

Take along your friends (newbies permitted), your family and other free culture enthusiasts! You may also want to pack a blanket, some water or perhaps even a frisbee.

If you can, share what you're bringing at the discussion page.

Also, please remember that this is the picnic that anyone can edit so bring enough food to share!

Smallbones (talk) 17:52, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

Join us this Saturday (July 30) at the Philadelphia Wiknic
Join us this Saturday (July 30) at the Philadelphia Wiknic, the "picnic anyone can edit". This is an opportunity to meet other local Wikipedians, have fun, and discuss potential projects.

The event is this Saturday, between 1pm-5pm at the Picnic Grove in Penn Park.

(To unsubscribe from future messages, remove your name from WikiProject Philadelphia/Philadelphia meet-up invite list.)

--MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 23:21, 28 July 2016 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject United States/The 50,000 Challenge
--MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:41, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:ThatDevopsGuy


text:
Talk:Stig

Untitled
Ok - this needs backing up - we need a source - and which bit of northern England. Wikipedia isn't a slang dictionary.. Secretlondon 18:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stig


text:
User talk:Sl4x0r

Welcome!
Hello, Sl4x0r, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:53, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Sl4x0r


text:
Fort Kiowa

Fort Kiowa, officially Fort Lookout and also called Fort Brazeau/Brasseaux, was a 19th-century fur trading post located on the Missouri River between modern Chamberlain, South Dakota, and the Big Bend of the Missouri.

Built in 1822 by the Columbia Fur Company to serve the expanding fur trade in the American West, the square 140 by fort served as an important rest stop and trading post for trappers and explorers such as Jim Bridger and Hugh Glass. In the early 1840s, as the American fur trade moved further west, Fort Kiowa was abandoned. It was eventually flooded by the Missouri River, and today the site of the building is submerged beneath the man-made reservoir of Lake Sharpe.

Early history
Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the size of the United States nearly doubled and the fur trade quickly sought to profit from the unexplored new territory. Forts sprung up along rivers and overland trails to act as parts of a burgeoning factory system. The factory system was a nationally funded and operated trade network, in which Indigenous People would meet at certain forts and exchange furs for finished goods. The American government had hoped that nationalizing the fur trade would prevent the debauchery caused by the trading of alcohol with the natives. The factory system eventually failed for many reasons. First, the men working the factories were ex-military men and not experienced fur traders. These men often mishandled the furs resulting in major profit shifts. Second, the government failed to stop all private traders who bribed natives with alcohol. Eager to get access to liquor, the natives would break treaties with the government to get it. Lastly, the factories were not permitted to give gifts to natives or assimilate into native culture as many private fur traders could. Miscegenation was a major uniting force between private fur traders and natives that strengthened their relationship.

With the demise of the factory system, private companies emerged and made large sums of money. Included in these were Manuel Lisa of the Missouri Fur Company and John Jacob Astor of the American Fur Company. These men were two of the richest men in America during this time. These private companies established forts that acted as rest stops for trappers. Among the most well-regarded forts was Fort Kiowa, also known as Fort Lookout.

Fort Kiowa was constructed in 1822 by Joseph Brazeau Jr. of the Berthold, Chouteau, and Pratte French Company. Brazeau fortified the ~20,000-square-foot complex with a blockhouse and watchtower to guard against Crow and Sioux attacks. Fort Kiowa soon became known as the jumping-off point for the 1823 trading expedition known as "Ashley's Hundred", which included traders Hugh Glass and Jim Bridger. Several months after the journey began, Glass was brutally attacked by a grizzly bear. Glass was able to kill the bear, but suffered many serious life-threatening wounds in the process. Two of Glass’ companions were instructed to remain with Glass until he died, and then bury him before reuniting with the rest of the party. However, the pair were allegedly chased off by a group of Arikaree natives, and Glass was left alone to die.

Bridger returned to the hunting party and reported to his commander that Glass had perished. However, Glass survived and was able to set his own wounds and crawl more than 200 miles back to Fort Kiowa. This feat and others where pioneers such as Adam Helmer showed perseverance despite harsh challenges in the wild have maintained a special place in the folklore of the American West.

Late history
In 1827, Bernard Pratte purchased Fort Kiowa from Brazeau and made significant improvements. Pratte added several four room log houses, a storehouse, and a smith shop. Furthermore, Pratte encircled the fort with a wooden picket fence roughly twenty or thirty feet high to prevent Native attacks. Thus fortified, Fort Kiowa was expanded into a major trading post for Natives in the region.

Later in the same year, John Jacob Astor purchased Fort Kiowa from Pratte for his rapidly expanding American Fur Company. Astor, who was the first multi-millionaire in America, bought Fort Kiowa to establish his presence in the upper Missouri and to further his monopoly on the American fur trade. Astor found the upper Missouri river area to be extremely prosperous. However, in the late 1830s, Astor’s American Fur Company was forced to abandon Fort Kiowa as the once lucrative fur trading business was no longer profitable due to several factors. First, there was a scarcity of beaver caused by rapid overhunting by intruding trappers. Second, there was a lack of public demand in America and Europe for pelts, as a new style, silk hats, was gaining prominence. Lastly, the intrusion of American trappers on what natives perceived as their land angered native tribes who began to revolt against the trappers. As supply and demand both declined, fur trading in America faced extinction.

In 1840, Joseph LaBarge, a former steamboat captain, bought Fort Kiowa as a wintering post and Indian Agency. LaBarge housed many Indian agents whose job was to monitor and control trade between Native tribes and Euro-Americans. These agents lost popularity among the latter, who tended to view them as exploiters of the Native peoples, corrupt leaders who acted in their own interests. Popular opinion was relatively accurate as many Indian Agents were replaced during the 1840s after corruption was discovered. Under LaBarge’s ownership, Fort Kiowa was an unsuccessful venture, and as a result he abandoned it within the year. LaBarge is the last known inhabitant of Fort Kiowa.

Today
Fort Kiowa is currently underwater, possibly submerged under a dam reservoir, Lake Francis Case. The area where Fort Kiowa once stood is recognized as a National Historic Fort of South Dakota. Fort Kiowa is advertised as a tourist attraction in which adventure-seeking tourists can follow the same path Hugh Glass did in 1823.

The 2015 film The Revenant is based on the life of Hugh Glass, and features Fort Kiowa as a major location.

title: Fort Kiowa