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Aluva

Aluva (also known by its former name Alwaye) is an eastern suburb of the city of Kochi in Kerala, India. It is a part of the Kochi metropolitan area and is situated around 15 km from the city centre on the banks of Periyar River. A major transportation hub, with easy access to all major forms of transportation, Aluva acts as a corridor which links the highland districts to the rest of Kerala. Cochin International Airport at Nedumbassery is 11.7 km from Aluva. Aluva is accessible through rail (Aluva railway station), air (Cochin International Airport), metro (Kochi Metro) along with major highways and roadlines. Aluva KSRTC bus station is an important transport hub in Kerala and one of the busiest stations in central part of the state.

Aluva, home to the summer residency of the Travancore royal family (the Alwaye Palace), is also known for the Sivarathri festival, which is celebrated annually on the sandbanks of Periyar. The Advaita Ashram in Aluva, which was founded in 1913 by Sree Narayana Guru, an Indian social reformer, adds to the cultural aspect of the region. Today, despite being a part of the city as well as the Kochi urban agglomeration, Aluva is still an autonomous municipality, with its civic administration conducted by the Aluva Municipal Council, since Kochi Corporation has not expanded its limits for over 53 years.

Aluva also serves as the administrative centre of the Aluva taluk. The taluks of villages including Mukundapuram, Kanayannur, Kunathunad and North Paravur were combined to form the Aluva taluk in 1956. The headquarters of the District Police Chief of Ernakulam Rural Police District, Superintending Engineer, PWD (Roads) and the District Educational Officer are also located there. It is the northern starting point of Kochi Metro rail's first phase, which began its operations in June 2017, as well as the Kochi city bus network. The Metro station is at Bypass, Aluva.

Etymology
The etymology of the name of the town of Aluva has been the subject of speculation for centuries. One of the more accepted versions of the story of its naming relates to the story of the Hindu god Shiva drinking the Kalakootam poison to save the world. It is said that Shiva with the poison (Alam) in his mouth (Vaa) was then made into a deity that rested in a temple in Aluva. The Sivarathri festival is celebrated in honour of Shiva. The city is also known as the "gateway to the east". Some leaflets and websites still refer to the town by its old name (Alwaye).

History
Archaeologists have found evidence of settlements in Aluva dating from as far back as 250 BC. Aluva was a continuous area of land spread across Kakkanad and Alangad until 1341 CE. The town, by then densely populated, became a holiday resort and a centre of commerce. Mangalappuzha, a branch of Periyar that bifurcates at Aluva, was known to be a centre of trade and commerce in its area of South India. Before Indian independence, Aluva was part of the Kingdom of Travancore and was the official summer residence of its royal family. In the twentieth century, when there was a community of Jews in Cochin, some people had holiday homes in Aluva on the banks of the River Periyar.

Politics
Aluva is a constituency in the Kerala Legislative Assembly. The Aluva constituency is also part of the Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency); Anwar Sadath is the MLA for Aluva. It is part of Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency), which Benny Behanan is a member of.

Administratively, Aluva is a municipality. The current municipal council is ruled by the Indian National Congress Party, led by M. O. John, who was elected in December 2020. Previously, it was led by Lissy Abraham (2015–2020) and M. T. Jacob (2010–2015).

Travel
Aluva is connected to other parts of India by air, road, and rail.

Air
Cochin International Airport is located 15 km away from the town centre. Domestic and international connections are available from the airport.

Train
Aluva Railway Station (IR Code: AWY) is a grade-A railway station in Kerala, and is the third busiest railway station in Kochi after Ernakulam Junction railway station and Ernakulam Town railway station. All passenger and express trains bound to southern Kerala have a stop at it. People travelling from the Idukki district must also use either the Aluva railway station or the Tripunithura railway station for all their train journeys, since the Idukki district's topography cannot accommodate a railway station. There are no trains with routes that start or end at the Aluva Railway Station. Aluva Railway Station is situated at the Railway Station Road junction near the KSRTC stand. The KSRTC stand hosts buses from Ernakulam and City Low Floor buses (with and without A/C) in order to connect the majority of the places in Kerala.

There is also a small railway station near Aluva named Chowara, which is 4 km away from the Aluva railway station.

Metro
Kochi Metro Phase 1 starts at the Aluva Bypass and operates until it reaches Pettah. The construction of the project was started in mid-2013; Phase 1 commenced its operations on 19 June 2017. Kochi Metro Rail Limited is a project of the Kerala Government undertaken by DMRC aside from Aluva Flyover. Aluva metro station is the northern terminus of Phase 1. Kochi Metro is expected to overcome the traffic problems in the Aluva-Edappally-Ernakulam road corridor, which is the second busiest road corridor in Kochi after the Kundannoor-Edappally section of NH 66. It is also expected to increase the amount of civil infrastructure in the city. Development of Kochi metro has raised the commercial value of the land, and has played a role in Aluva's assimilation into Kochi city.

The metro system's third phase is supposed to extend the line further north from Aluva to the northern suburb Angamaly in order to connect to the Cochin International Airport.

Bus
Rajiv Gandhi Central Bus Station is one of the largest private bus terminals in Kochi and Kerala. Aluva KSRTC bus station is also a bus station in central Kerala. The daily passenger buses of Karnataka RTC and Tamil Nadu's SETC have routes to places such as Mysore, Mangalore, Bangalore, Trichy, Coimbatore, Salem, Palani, and Kodaikanal.

Privately operated inter-state buses to Bangalore, Chennai, Mysore, Mumbai, and other cities have stops in points of Aluva.

Rajiv Gandhi Central acts as a node for Kochi city buses, with intra-city services to city regions such as Fort Kochi, Tripunithura, Kakkanad, etc. It is also a hub for private bus companies in the city, such as Kochi Wheels.

Kochi Metro Rail Limited also runs a bus service from Aluva metro station to Cochin International Airport named Pavan Doot. It uses an electric bus.

Ferry
Aluva is a stop for National Waterway 3; the waterway connects to Thiruvananthapuram in the south and to Kottapuram (Thrissur) in the north.

Landmarks

 * Marthanda Varma Bridge Aluva
 * Aluva Mahadeva Temple

Culture
Aluva's culture has been influenced by the people native to it and by those attracted to it due to factors such as its proximity to the Periyar River.

Several Malayalam movie songs are dedicated to the river Periyar. Poets such as Changapuzha Krishna Pillai, G. Sankara Kurup and Balachandran Chullikkadu, and critic Kuttipuzha Krishnapilla, and novelist Subash Chandran are from Aluva and lived there. Though not from the Aluva area, Vayalar Ramavarma and O.N.V Kurup wrote about Periyar; Aluva influenced their writing.

The mimicry comedy that dominated the cultural landscape of Kerala beginning in the 1980s was originated in Aluva by stand-up comedians from that area, though they got larger audiences and fans in Kochi and Malayalam movies later, which would make them fixations of Kerala's popular culture. The actor known as Dileep is from the latter part of the time in which parody was considered to be popular. With Kochi becoming the base for Mollywood, several parts of the city, including Aluva, have featured in films such as Premam (portraying the erstwhile Aluva town in the 90s and early 2000s) and Nizhal.

Several newspapers and magazines were published in Aluva during the print era. Continuing with the tradition of published writing, the first online magazine and blogging platform was started in Aluva by puzha.com, which still exists on the Internet.

Tourists can find the Manappuram as a long stretch of sand bank followed by a plain. Sivagiri Ashram has a small temple that worships Sree Narayana Guru. Tourist spots include Mahadeva Temple and Aluva Palace.

Business
Aluva is the home of multiple business headquarters. Aluva is known for its "Aluva Pukayillatha Aduppu" (smokeless stove), which was invented by the Alwaye Settlement Church. One private sector bank in India, The Federal Bank, has its headquarters in Aluva.

Aluva serves as a prominent centre for aspiring Chartered Accountants (CAs) and Company Secretaries (CS). Noteworthy chartered accountancy firms in the area encompass Balan & Co and Yesjay Associates, among others. Additionally, the Kerala State Civil Service Academy has established a branch in Aluva.

Colleges
• Union Christian College

• St.Xaviers College for Women

• Bharata Matha College of Commerce and Arts

Schools and other educational institutions
• Vidyadhiraja Vidyabhavan Higher Secondary School

• Jyothi Nivas Senior Secondary School, Aluva-2

• Jeevass CMI Central School

Aluva Mahadeva Temple
The Mahadeva Temple is 1 km away from the Marthanda Varma bridge in NH-47. Periyar river splits into two rivers near the Aluva railway bridge. After the splitting, one part of the river is known as Mangalappuzha. Aluva Mahadeva Temple is located on the sand bank between the Mangalppuzha and Periyar river.

The temple's Shiva linga is not enshrined in a sreekovil; it rises out of the sand banks of the Periyar river. The land on which the sand banks are located is called the Aluva Manal Puram (land with sand).

People from Aluva
• Dileep (film actor)

• John Abraham (Bollywood actor)

• Nivin Pauly (film actor)

• Amala Paul (film actress)

• Pearle Maaney (film actress, TV host)

• Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly

• M. K. Mackar Pillay (industrialist)

• M. M. Abdul Khader (former Advocate General of Kerala)

• M. M. Pareed Pillay (former Chief Justice of Kerala)

• Kalamandalam Haridas (musician)

• Sainuddin (actor)

• Siju Wilson (film actor)

• N. F. Varghese (film actor)

• Ajmal Ameer (film actor)

• Alphonse Puthren (film director)

• Sharaf U Dheen (film actor)

• Shabareesh Varma (film actor, poet, singer)

• Venu V. Desom (poet)

• Tini Tom (film actor, comedian)

• Sitaraman Sankaranarayana Iyer (nature activist)

• N. K. Desam (poet)

• G.N. Gopal (Chess player)

• Krishna Sankar (film actor)

• Sajin Gopu (actor)

• Shritha Sivadas (actor)

• Adv Vishnu Radhakrishnan (lawyer, politician)

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Edward P. King

Edward Postell King, Jr. (July 4, 1884 – August 31, 1958) was a major general in the United States Army who gained prominence for leading the defense of the Bataan Peninsula in the Battle of Bataan against the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in World War II.

Education
King was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1884. As the grandson and nephew of Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War, King had a strong desire to join the US Army. He entered the University of Georgia, where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, graduating in 1902.

Early military career
Initially, King's family wanted him to be a lawyer, but he desired a more adventurous career. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant of infantry in the Georgia National Guard in February 1905. King applied for and received a commission as a second lieutenant of field artillery in the Army in 1908. He served with distinction during World War I, earning the Army Distinguished Service Medal. On 9 July 1918, President Wilson authorized the awarding of the Army's Distinguished Service Medal to Major King, with the citation for the medal reading as follows:

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major (Field Artillery) Edward P. King, Jr., United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Principal Assistant to the Chief of Field Artillery, from 23 March 1918 to 11 November 1918, Major King contributed largely to the successful solution of the difficult problems of expansion, organization, and training which then confronted the Field Artillery."

After the war, King was an honor graduate of the Command and General Staff School in 1923 and then graduated from the Army War College in 1930 and the Navy War College in 1937. Between World War I and World War II, he held several important assignments, including that of instructor in both the Army and Navy War Colleges. In 1940, King was sent to the Philippines, where he was promptly promoted to brigadier general; he served as General Douglas MacArthur's second highest-ranking ground officer, after General Jonathan Wainwright.

World War II
On 21 March 1942, after MacArthur was ordered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to Australia, Wainwright was given command of United States Forces in the Philippines, and King became the commanding general of the Luzon Force located on the Bataan Peninsula. King, an artilleryman, had served in the Philippines with the 2nd Field Artillery in 1915-1917.

After months of fighting the invading Japanese Army and with food and medicine exhausted, King himself, accepting sole responsibility to disobey MacArthur's and Wainwright's orders, chose to surrender his troops on 9 April 1942 (this day is commemorated in the Philippines as the Araw ng Kagitingan, or "Day of Valor"). A combined American and Filipino force of over 75,000 surrendered; this was the largest surrender of a military force in American history. Thousands of these soldiers would die under Japanese captivity during the ensuing Bataan Death March and imprisonment.

Wainwright and his men, numbering 10,000, held on to Corregidor until they too were forced to surrender on 6 May 1942.

King spent three and half years as a captive of the Japanese, who often mistreated him due to his rank. Both Wainwright and King expected to be court-martialled for disobeying orders that they should not surrender. However, they were treated as heroes when they were finally freed, with King being awarded an oak leaf cluster to his Army DSM:

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Award of the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General Edward P. King, Jr. (ASN: 0-2442), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility in the Philippine Islands from 1 December 1941 to 11 March 1942. He coordinated the employment of all field artillery units in the defense of the Bataan Peninsula, and the allocation of available munitions. The effectiveness of his planning and supervision was demonstrated by the superior performance of the artillery units throughout the operations. The singularly distinctive accomplishments of Major General King reflect the highest credit upon himself and the United States Army."

Postwar
After the war, King returned to the United States where he retired to a home in Georgia, devoting himself to many volunteer causes, such as the Red Cross. He died in 1958, and is buried at the Cemetery of St. John in the Wilderness Episcopal Church – Flat Rock, NC.

In literature
Writer John Grisham utilizes King as a character in his fictional novel The Reckoning. Part of the story takes place at Camp O'Donnell during World War II.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edward P. King


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Mary Jemison

Mary Jemison (Deh-he-wä-nis) (1743 – September 19, 1833) was a Scots-Irish colonial frontierswoman in Pennsylvania and New York, who became known as the "White Woman of the Genesee." As a young girl, she was captured and adopted into a Seneca family, assimilating to their culture, marrying two Native American men in succession, and having children with them. In 1824, she published a memoir of her life, a form of captivity narrative.

During the French and Indian War, in spring 1755, Jemison at age 12 was captured with most of her family in a Shawnee raid in what is now Adams County, Pennsylvania. The others of her family were killed. She and an unrelated young boy were adopted by Seneca families. She became fully assimilated, marrying a Delaware (Lenape), and, after his death, a Seneca man. She chose to remain a Seneca rather than return to American colonial culture.

Jemison told her story late in life to an American minister, who wrote it for her. He published it as Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison (1824). It was reprinted in the late 20th century. In 1874 her remains were reinterred near a historic Seneca council house on a private estate, in what is now Letchworth State Park.

Biography
Mary Jemison was born to Thomas and Jane Jemison aboard the ship William and Mary in the fall of 1743, while en route from British Ireland (in today's Northern Ireland) to America. They landed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and joined other Protestant Scots-Irish immigrants in heading west to settle on cheaper available lands in the backcountry, what was then the western frontier (now central Pennsylvania). They "squatted" on territory that had been purchased by the Penn family in 1736 from chiefs of the Iroquois Confederacy, six nations that were based in central and western New York.

The Jemisons had cleared land to develop their farm, and the couple had several children. By 1755, conflicts had started in the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War between France and Britain. Both sides made use of Native American allies, especially in the frontier areas where they had few regular forces. One morning in early 1755, a raiding party consisting of six Shawnee Indians and four Frenchmen captured Mary, the rest of her family (except two older brothers), and a young boy from another family. En route to French-controlled Fort Duquesne (present-day Pittsburgh), the Shawnee killed Mary's mother, father, and siblings, and ritually scalped them.

Mary later learned that it was a Seneca custom, when one of their own was killed or taken prisoner in battle, to take an enemy as prisoner or to take their scalp in a mourning ritual. Two Seneca women had lost a brother in the French and Indian War a year before Mary's capture, and in this mourning raid, the Shawnee intended to capture a prisoner or obtain an enemy's scalp to compensate them. The 12-year-old Mary and the young boy were spared, likely because they were of suitable age for adoption. Once the party reached Fort Duquesne, Mary was given to the two Seneca women, who took her downriver to their settlement. After a short ceremony, a Seneca family adopted Mary, renaming her as Deh-he-wä-nis (other romanization variants include: Dehgewanus, Dehgewanus and Degiwanus, Dickewamis). She learned this meant "a pretty girl, a handsome girl, or a pleasant, good thing."

When she came of age, Mary married a Delaware man named Sheninjee, who was living with the band. They had a son whom she named Thomas after her father. Sheninjee took her on a 700 mi journey to the Sehgahunda Valley along the Genesee River in present-day Western New York state. Although Jemison and their son reached this destination, her husband did not. While hunting one day on their journey, he was taken ill and died.

As a widow, Mary and her child were taken in by Sheninjee's clan relatives; she made her home at Little Beard's Town (where present-day Cuylerville, New York later developed). She married again, to a Seneca named Hiokatoo, and together they had seven children: Nancy, Polly, Betsey, Jane, John, Thomas, and Jesse. John had a troubled life. He killed his brother Thomas in 1811, then killed his brother Jesse in 1812, and was later also killed.

During the American Revolutionary War, the Seneca allied with the British, hoping that a British victory would enable them to expel the encroaching colonists. Jemison's account of her life includes observations of this time. She and others in the Seneca town helped supply Joseph Brant (Mohawk) and his Iroquois warriors from various nations, who fought the rebel colonists. After the war, the British ceded their holdings east of the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting their Native American allies. The Seneca were forced to give up their lands to the United States. In 1797, the Seneca sold much of their land at Little Beard's Town to Americans. At that time, during negotiations with the Holland Land Company held at Geneseo, New York, Mary Jemison proved to be an able negotiator for the Seneca tribe. She helped win more favorable terms for surrendering their rights to the land at the Treaty of Big Tree (1797).

Late in life, Jemison told her story to the minister James E. Seaver, who published it as Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison (1824; latest ed. 1967). It is considered a classic captivity narrative. Although some early readers thought that Seaver must have imposed his own beliefs, since the late 20th century, many history scholars have thought the memoir is a reasonably accurate account of Jemison's life story and attitude. When she was given her liberty, she decided to stay with the Senecas, because her eldest warrior son was not allowed to go with her and, mostly, she feared her relatives "... would despise [my Indian children] if not myself; and treat us as enemies; or, at least with a degree of cold indifference, which I thought I could not endure."

In 1823, the Seneca sold most of their remaining land in that area, except for a 2 acre tract of land reserved for Jemison's use. Known by local European-American residents as the "White Woman of the Genesee", Jemison lived on the tract for several years. In 1831 she sold it and moved to the Buffalo Creek Reservation, where some Seneca lived (others had gone to Ontario, Canada). Jemison died on September 19, 1833, aged 90. She was initially buried on the Buffalo Creek Reservation. Jemison's heirs later changed their surname to "Jimerson" and established the community of Jimersontown on the Allegany Indian Reservation.

Mary's account of her capture
"The party that took us consisted of six Indians and four Frenchmen, who immediately commenced plundering, as I just observed, and took what they considered most valuable; consisting principally of bread, meal, and meat. Having taken as much provision as they could carry, they set out with their prisoners in great haste, for fear of detection, and soon entered the woods.

On our march that day, an Indian went behind us with a whip, with which he frequently lashed the children, to make them keep up. In this manner, we traveled till dark, without a mouthful of food or a drop of water, although we had not eaten since the night before. Whenever the little children cried for water, the Indians would make them drink urine, or go thirsty. At night, they encamped in the woods, without fire and without shelter, where we were watched with the greatest vigilance. Extremely fatigued, and very hungry, we were compelled to lie upon the ground, without supper or a drop of water to satisfy the cravings of our appetites. As in the daytime, so the little ones were made to drink urine in the night, if they cried for water. Fatigue alone brought us a little sleep for the refreshment of our weary limbs; and at the dawn of day we were again started on our march, in the same order that we had proceeded the day before.

About sunrise we were halted, and the Indians gave us a full breakfast of provision that they had brought from my father's house. Each of us, being very hungry, partook of this bounty of the Indians, except father, who was so much overcome with his situation, so much exhausted by anxiety and grief, that silent despair seemed fastened upon his countenance, and he could not be prevailed upon to refresh his sinking nature by the use of a morsel of food. Our repast being finished, we again resumed our march; and before noon passed a small fort, that I heard my father say was called Fort Canagojigge.

That was the only time that I heard him speak from the time we were taken till we were finally separated the following night.

Toward evening, we arrived at the border of a dark and dismal swamp, which was covered with small hemlocks or some other evergreen, and various kinds of bushes, into which we were conducted; and having gone a short distance, we stopped to encamp for the night.

Here we had some bread and meat for supper; but the dreariness of our situation, together with the uncertainty under which we all labored, as to our future destiny, almost deprived us of the sense of hunger, and destroyed our relish for food.

As soon as I had finished my supper, an Indian took off my shoes and stockings, and put a pair of moccasins on my feet, which my mother observed; and believing that they would spare my life, even if they should destroy the other captives, addressed me, as near as I can remember, in the following words:

'My dear little Mary, I fear that the time has arrived when we must be parted for ever. Your life, my child, I think will be spared; but we shall probably be tomahawked here in this lonesome place by the Indians. Oh! how can I part with you, my darling? What will become of my sweet little Mary? Oh! how can I think of your being continued in captivity, without a hope of your being rescued? Oh! that death had snatched you from my embraces in your infancy: the pain of parting then would have been pleasing to what It now is; and I should have seen the end of your troubles! Alas, my dear! my heart bleeds at the thought of what awaits you; but, if you leave us, remember, my child, your own name, and the names of your father and mother. Be careful and not forget your English tongue. If you shall have an opportunity to get away from the Indians don't try to escape; for if you do they will find and destroy you. Don't forget, my little daughter, the prayers that I have learned you - say them often: be a good child, and God will bless you! May God bless you, my child, and make you comfortable and happy.'

During this time, the Indians stripped the shoes and stockings from the little boy that belonged to the woman who was taken with us, and put moccasins on his feet, as they had done before on mine. I was crying. An Indian took the little boy and myself by the hand, to lead us off from the company, when my mother exclaimed, 'Don't cry, Mary! - don't cry, my child! God will bless you! Farewell - farewell!'

The Indian led us some distance into the bushes or woods, and there lay down with us to spend the night. The recollection of parting with my tender mother kept me awake, while the tears constantly flowed from my eyes. A number of times in the night, the little boy begged of me earnestly to run away with him, and get clear of the Indians; but remembering the advice I had so lately received, and knowing the dangers to which we should be exposed, in traveling without a path and without a guide, through a wilderness unknown to us, I told him that I would not go, and persuaded him to lie still till morning.

My suspicion as to the fate of my parents proved too true; for soon after I left them they were viciously tomahawked to death and scalped, together with Robert, Matthew, Betsey, and the woman and her two children, and mangled in the most shocking manner

After a hard day's march we encamped in a thicket, where the Indians made a shelter of boughs, and then built a good fire to warm and dry our benumbed limbs and clothing; for it had rained some through the day. Here we were again fed as before. When the Indians had finished their supper, they took from their baggage a number of scalps, and went about preparing them for the market, or to keep without spoiling, by straining them over small hoops which they prepared for that purpose, and then drying and scraping them by the fire.

Having put the scalps, yet wet and bloody, upon the hoops, and stretched them to their full extent, they held them to the fire till they were partly dried, and then, with their knives, commenced scraping off the flesh; and in that way they continued to work, alternately drying and scraping them, till they were dry and clean. That being done, they combed the hair in the neatest manner, and then painted it and the edges of the scalps, yet on the hoops, red. Those scalps I knew at the time must have been taken from our poor family, by the color of the hair. My mother's hair was red; and I could easily distinguish my father's and the children's and babies from each other. That sight was most appalling and horrifying; yet I was obliged to endure it without complaining. In the course of the night, they made me to understand that they should not have killed the family, if the whites had not pursued them."

Legacy and honors

 * In 1874, at the request of her descendants, Jemison's remains were transferred and reinterred near the 1765 Seneca Council House, which had been moved from the former Caneadea Reservation. The building had been purchased by William Pryor Letchworth and relocated to his Glen Iris Estate. He had the structure restored in 1872 by John Shanks, a Seneca grandson of Jemison. Letchworth invited Seneca and state officials that year for a rededication of the Council House. In 1881, Letchworth acquired a cabin formerly belonging to Mary's daughter, Nancy Jemison. He had it moved from Gardeau Flats to near the Council House and Mary's gravesite. In 1906 he bequeathed his entire estate to New York. Near the present-day town of Castile, today the property is within the grounds of Letchworth State Park.
 * A bronze statue of Mary Jemison, created in 1910 by Henry Kirke Bush-Brown, marks her grave. Following state restoration of the grounds to Letchworth's time, in 2006 the memorial was reinstalled between the council house and cabin. Dr. George Frederick Kunz helped pay for and commission the 1910 memorial to Jemison.

In popular culture

 * Indian Captive: The Story of Mary Jemison (1941) is a fictional version of Jemison's story for all readers, written and illustrated by Lois Lenski. In this novel, Jemison is given the name: "Little Woman of Great Courage." by her willingness to give up the life of a white woman to become an Indian woman at the end of the book. Before, her name in the novel was Corn Tassel because her hair was the color of the tassels on ripe corn.
 * Rayna M. Gangi's novel, Mary Jemison: White Woman of the Seneca (1996), is a fictional version of Jemison's story.
 * Deborah Larsen's novel, The White (2002), is a fictional version of Jemison's life. It imagines her process of assimilation to the Seneca culture in which she lived.
 * Jeanne LeMonnier Gardner's book, "Mary Jemison: Indian Captive" (Original title: "Mary Jemison: Seneca Captive") 1966, is a fictionalized account for children.

title: Mary Jemison


text:
Musée des Beaux Arts (poem)

"Musée des Beaux Arts" (French for "Museum of Fine Arts") is a 23-line poem written by W. H. Auden in December 1938 while he was staying in Brussels, Belgium, with Christopher Isherwood. It was first published under the title "Palais des beaux arts" (Palace of Fine Arts) in the Spring 1939 issue of New Writing, a modernist magazine edited by John Lehmann. It next appeared in the collected volume of verse Another Time (New York: Random House, 1940), which was followed four months later by the English edition (London: Faber and Faber, 1940).

The poem's title derives from the Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, the French-language name for the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. The museum is famous for its collection of Early Netherlandish paintings. When Auden visited the museum he would have seen a number of the paintings of the "Old Masters" referred to in the second line of the poem, including the Fall of Icarus which at the time was still regarded as an original by Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The poem describes, through the use of one specific artwork, the impact of suffering on humankind.

Synopsis
Auden's free verse poem is divided into two parts, the first of which describes scenes of "suffering" and "dreadful martyrdom" which rarely break into our quotidian routines: "While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully / along." The second half of the poem refers, through the poetic device of ekphrasis, to the painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (c. 1560s), at the time thought to be by Bruegel, but now usually regarded as an early copy of a lost work. Auden's description allows us to visualize this specific moment and instance of the indifference of others to a distant individual's suffering, inconsequent to them, "how everything turns away / Quite leisurely from the disaster ... the white legs disappearing into the green." The disaster in question is the fall of Icarus, caused by his flying too close to the sun and melting his waxen wings.

Auden achieves much in the poem, not only with his long and irregular lines, rhythms, and vernacular phrasing ("dogs go on with their doggy life"), but also with this balance between what appear to be general examples "About suffering" and a specific example of a mythical boy's fall into the sea. Auden scholars and art historians have suggested that the first part of the poem also relies on at least two additional paintings by Bruegel which Auden would have seen in the same second-floor gallery of the museum. These identifications are based on a not quite exact, but nonetheless evocative, series of correspondences between details in the paintings and Auden's language. However, none show a "martyrdom" in the usual sense, suggesting that other works are also evoked. The Bruegels are presented below in the order in which they appear to relate to Auden's lines.

Bruegel's influence
lines 3–8:

Scott Horton noted that it would be a mistake to only look to the Icarus painting when explaining Auden's poem, for "The bulk of the poem is clearly about a different painting. In fact it is the museum's prize possession: Bruegel's The Census at Bethlehem of 1566, which was acquired by the museum in 1902." The painting depicts Mary and Joseph center right, she on a donkey bundled up for the snow of Bruegel's Flanders, and he leading with a red hat and long carpenter's saw over his shoulder. They are surrounded by many other people: "someone else ... eating or opening a window or just walking dully / along." And there are children "On a pond at the edge of the wood" spinning tops and lacing on their skates.

lines 9–13:

The Massacre of the Innocents is a copy by Pieter Bruegel the Younger (1565–1636) of his father's original dated to 1565–7 (illustrated). The museum acquired it in 1830. The scene depicted, again in a wintry Flemish landscape, is recounted in Matthew 2:16–18: Herod the Great, when told that a king would be born to the Jews, ordered the Magi to alert him when the king was found. The Magi, warned by an angel, did not and so, "When Herod realized that he had been outwitted by the Magi, he was furious, and he gave orders to kill all the boys in Bethlehem and its vicinity who were two years old and under." In relation to the Census painting then we can see why the children of Auden's poem "did not specially want it [the miraculous birth] to happen."

Both this scene and the earlier are used by Bruegel to make a political comment on the Spanish Habsburg rulers of Flanders at the time (note the Habsburg coat of arms on the right front of the main building in the Census and the Spanish troops in red in The Massacre arresting peasants and knocking down doors). With respect to Auden's language we can see here "the dreadful martyrdom must run its course" (the innocent boys of Herod's wrath are traditionally considered the first of the Christian martyrs). We can see five of those dogs of Auden's poem going about their business and an approximation of "the torturer's horse / Scratches its innocent behind on a tree." Kinney says "Only one torturer's horse stands near a tree, however, and he is unable to rub against it because another soldier, with a battering ram, is standing between the horse and the tree ... Yet this must be the horse Auden has in mind, since it is the only torturer's horse in Bruegel's work, and the only painting with horses near trees."

lines 14–21:

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus was acquired in 1912. This is the only known example of Brueghel's use of a scene from mythology. He based his figures and landscape quite closely on the myth of Daedalus and his son Icarus as told by Ovid in his Metamorphoses 8, 183–235. The painting which Auden saw was thought until recently to be an original by Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Now it is believed to be based on a lost original of the artist. The painting portrays several men and a ship peacefully performing daily activities in a charming landscape. While this occurs, Icarus is visible in the bottom right hand corner of the picture, his legs splayed at absurd angles, drowning in the water. There is also a Flemish proverb (of the sort imaged in other works by Bruegel): "And the farmer continued to plough..." ("En de boer ... hij ploegde voort") pointing out the indifference of people to fellow men's suffering.

Cultural legacy
Some years after Auden wrote this poem, William Carlos Williams wrote a poem titled "Landscape with the Fall of Icarus" about the same painting, and with a similar theme.

This poem and the painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus appear side-by-side 22 minutes into the 1976 film, The Man Who Fell to Earth, starring David Bowie.

title: Musée des Beaux Arts (poem)


text:
Zhu Chenghu

Zhu Chenghu (朱成虎, born 1952, in Dangtu, Anhui, China) was the dean of the National Defense University of the People's Liberation Army. He held the rank of Major General.

Notable comments
At an event organized by the Better Hong Kong Foundation in July 2005, Zhu told Wall Street Journal reporter Danny Gittings, in the context of a Sino-U.S. military conflict over Taiwan, "if the Americans draw their missiles and position-guided ammunition on to the target zone on China's territory, I think we will have to respond with nuclear weapons," and that "we [...] will prepare ourselves for the destruction of all of the cities east of Xi'an. Of course the Americans will have to be prepared that hundreds ... of cities will be destroyed by the Chinese."

Gittings later wrote, "Almost too stunned to respond, I offered Gen. Zhu a chance to back down—or at least qualify the circumstances under which China would unleash its nuclear missiles against 'hundreds of, or two hundreds' of American cities. Presumably, I suggested, he was only talking about the unlikely scenario of a U.S. attack on mainland Chinese soil. No, the general replied, a nuclear response would be justified even if it was just a conventional attack on a Chinese aircraft or warship—something very likely if Washington honored its commitment to help defend Taiwan against an invasion by Beijing. A fellow correspondent offered Gen. Zhu another escape route, reminding him that China had a longstanding policy of no first use of nuclear weapons. But the general brushed that aside as well, saying the policy could be changed and was only really intended to apply to conflicts with nonnuclear states in any case."

The United States Congress called for Zhu to be fired from the National Defense University. A spokesperson from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that the remarks were Zhu's personal opinion.

Background
Beijing has had atomic bombs since 1964 and has often stated ‘‘no first use’’ policy on nuclear weapons. Zhu is the first Chinese high-ranking military official in the past ten years to have said that China is likely to use nuclear weapons against the United States if the need arises. The explicitness of his remarks has gone beyond that of similar remarks made by Xiong Guangkai during the Taiwan Strait crisis of 1996.

Zhu is one of China's better-known military analysts. During the war in Kosovo in Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the more recent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, Zhang Zhaozhong, Peng Guangqian, Luo Yuan, and Zhu often publicly discussed and analyzed the war situation at China's two major military staff colleges – the NDU and the Academy of Military Sciences. The four men were also regarded in the Western world as Chinese high-ranking military officials who had taken on a hawkish shade.

title: Zhu Chenghu


text:
Talk:Northern Michigan

Map needed
we need a map of Northern michigan with cities listed. I am lazy but will do it if nobody else wants to contribute to the legacy of wikipedia by drawing and posting one. MPS 20:41, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Four year colleges
Midland is in the county directly east of Isabella County (where Central Michigan University is located). Midland County is not considered part of northern Michigan, therefore neither is Northwood University. This means there are no four-year universities in northern Michigan. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.42.132.45 (talk) 17:04, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Ferris State University in Big Rapids, Michigan (and also in Grand Rapids, Michigan) most definitely offers four year and post graduate degrees. So your statement that there are "no four-year universities in northern Michigan" would be unfounded.
 * FWIW, Northwest Michigan University and Alpena Community College offer four year degrees in partnership with other colleges.
 * However, I think the article gets this material right.
 * 7&6=thirteen (talk) 19:58, 19 December 2007 (UTC)Stan
 * 7&6=thirteen (talk) 01:30, 21 December 2007 (UTC)STan

The AM radio listing is a complete mess
DONE It should be reordered by someone based on the numbers, and create a 'dial' like the FM listing. Right now its just random. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 01:29, 21 December 2007 (UTC)Stan

7&6=thirteen (talk) 03:09, 21 December 2007 (UTC)Stan 7&6=thirteen (talk) 18:11, 23 December 2007 (UTC)Stan

Road work
Somebody needs to do a commentary on US-31, US-27 and US-131. I almost never drive those, and I'm bored with the size of putting this whole road thing together. There are probably fairly good descriptions of at least one of them in Traverse City, Michigan.

DONE. We should also add in M-115 and M-13 (needs commentary) (the latter runs north from Bay City to Standish and US-23, and is the hypotonous of a right triangle, where one might have considered using I-75 to get to US-23.

7&6=thirteen (talk) 19:29, 22 December 2007 (UTC)Stan

History
This article is completely lacking in a broader and better researched history section, which it really needs. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 16:49, 23 December 2007 (UTC)Stan

Statistics on Michigan
There are relevant statistics on Michigan, which I believe are part of the larger picture. One of our editors removed this as 'irrelevant'. My request to him for more relevant data (presumably limited to Northern Michigan) has gone unanswered. Here is the data:

- 	The geographical theme of this region is shaped by the fact that it is part of greater Michigan, which has: - 	- 	- 	- 	-
 * 58110 sqmi of land.
 * 1305 sqmi of inland water.
 * 38575 sqmi of Great Lakes water area.
 * 3288 mi of Great Lakes shoreline.
 * 11,037 inland lakes.

7&6=thirteen (talk) 16:25, 27 December 2007 (UTC)Stan

 * Those stats are in the Michigan article already. Why re-add them here? Comparative statistics (as in, "this region comprises 1/4 of the land area of the state" (I made that up)) are useful, but not stats about the state and not the region. I agree with Rmherman on this one. Also, I don't think that a complete listing of every detail is really useful -- such as every single AM radio station. It doesn't add to the encyclopedic quality of the article and just adds a lot of extra material to wade through. That may be more relevant on, say, WikiTravel. -- dcclark (talk) 05:39, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

I reworked the statistics, so it is just a simple paragraph. I think it adds something to the article. I did put in an internal link to the Michigan article, which oddly may not have been in there at all. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 12:13, 28 December 2007 (UTC)Stan

This link shows Michigan's coastline at 3224 miles. http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/mi.html Asher196 (talk) 03:55, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Here's antoher source that repeated the 3288 figure. http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/usstates/mi.htm 7&6=thirteen (talk) 12:41, 29 December 2007 (UTC)Stan

Lists of radio stations, etc.
As to the criticism on the radio stations, maybe it does belong somewhere else, and a simple link would solve the issue. However, I don't think that this information is anywhere else, and simply deleting it makes little sense, as it is potentially useful to users. On the other hand, it si at the end of this article, and doesn't really detract from the flow. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 12:13, 28 December 2007 (UTC)Stan
 * List of radio stations. The Central Michigan University NPR station has a bunch of stations ( that service northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula.  They probably should be included.  They are WCMU-FM 89.5 Mt. Pleasant; WUCX-FM 90.1 Bay City; WCML-FM 91.7 Alpena; WWCM-FM 96.9 Standish; WCMZ-FM 98.3 Sault Saint Marie; WCMB-FM 95.7 Oscoda; and WCMW-FM 103.9 Harbor Springs.  7&6=thirteen (talk) 13:00, 23 August 2008 (UTC) Stan

Business section
Added it. This needs a list of prominent Northern Michigan businesses. Such a list exists in Western Michigan. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 16:32, 2 January 2008 (UTC)Stan

what isw the population of northern michigan?
i need to know the population of humans in this region. i dont feel like spending hours looking at every individual county just to find out. 99.51.212.6 (talk) 17:08, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Capitalization
Is "Northern Michigan" a proper noun? Id est, should "Northern" be capitalized?   A rbitrarily 0   ( talk ) 19:05, 7 December 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Northern Michigan
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Northern Michigan's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "drury": From Ann Arbor Railroad (1895–1976):  From Pennsylvania Railroad:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 01:38, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

This is not a sentence
Although, some residents of the Upper Peninsula often say that "Northern Michigan" is not in the Lower Peninsula It is a phrase without a noun or verb. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 20:42, 19 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Residents - noun, say - verb Rmhermen (talk) 02:20, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

History
I just added a bunch of stuff to the history section in the last few days and it s getting rather long... do you think it would be ok to start a History of northern Michigan article? I have not even touched the 20th century and there is still some stuff from the Louisiana (New France) era that I think would be valuable. Peace MPS (talk) 22:51, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * MPS FWIW, I think a dedicated article would be a good addition. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 00:27, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Northern Michigan
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Northern Michigan's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "state": From St. Ignace Mission:

From Manitou Island Light Station: Manitou Island Light Station form the state of Michigan, retrieved 8/19/09

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 22:54, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://www.otsegocountymi.gov/history-10/
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List of museums
Article needs additional information on this, I think. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 12:38, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

Infobox map
While the infobox map serves its purpose, I'm not a big fan of it. Except the Upper Peninsula and Metro Detroit, no major regions in the state have any defined boundaries; the sub-articles themselves even admit that and don't provide any valuable references. While that can be a discussion for another day, my easiest concern can be why is Bois Blanc Island colored as if it is part of Northern Michigan, when it is part of the Upper Peninsula? I tried to upload a revised version of the map on Commons to change the island's color, but it said I don't have permission since it is not my original image. I don't want to upload an entirely new image if there is a way that the simple error can be fixed on the original image. —Notorious4life (talk) 00:05, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northern Michigan


text:
Talk:Classical fencing

Unreferenced
This article is nearly devoid of any citations or references (at least within the article). The whole article needs citations added. I'm adding an "Unreferenced" tag until some more are added. I'll try and find some today, if I can, but for the amount of citations needed any help would be appreciated. Saberswordsmen1 (talk) 11:25, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

The "fraction of a second" issue
The text added by the unnamed user on December 6, 2007 is misleading. Modern fencing also uses ROW for the conventional weapons (with some differences from CF), so it is NOT true to say "Olympic fencing awards touches that precede an opponent's touch by a fraction of a second". That sentence implies that the first person to hit gets the touch, and that is flatly not true. What the timing does is enforce the minimum times between double touches for the touches to be recognised as simultaneous, something done ad-hoc and subjectively in dry fencing. Jsavit 16:30, 06 December 2007 (EST)

Background info on fencing movements
Classical fencing article

The original article I came accross was very misleading. The SCA has no association whatsover with Classical Fencing and vice versa.

See these sites for further background on the various fencing movements:

SCA:

http://www.sca.org

Classical fencing:

http://www.cfssda.org/

http://www.fencingmastersprogram.com/

http://www.martinez-destreza.com/

http://www.classicalfencing.com/

http://www.scherma.org/

http://home.pacbell.net/parsec-e/

http://www.tcasfencing.com/

http://www.efn.org/~hayes/

http://www.classicalfencing.org/

http://classicalbladesociety.com/

http://www.baitedblade.com

http://www.sallegreen.com/

Jsavit 14:22, 10 August 2006 (ETD)

Explanation of dry vs. electric
I added explanation of dry foil and electric, with references to Nadi's complaints of bias and other problems with dry judging. I considered adding mention that the nature of a material touch changed also with electric, but am concerned it would be too off-topic (and besides, the flick is covered in the bottom section). Jsavit 16:14, 26 July 2006 (ETD)

ROW and balance in critiques section
I added some material today to fix some grammar and clarify (I added some run-ons, I think, but will get to them later) plus explanatory material on ROW which otherwise was unclear, and added balance to the critiques section. Also corrected the 'changed the rules' comment on sport fencing ROW; the original text was wrong Cfencer 20:43, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

I shall add those links as soon as I get a chance. I have done a number of edits to get the info to be less partisan and more accurate. I actually intend to do a complete re-edit providing info on development of CF in the 19th Century, the development of the modern CF movement, and discussion of the many groups often improperly lumped under CF. Regarding clean up, I have tried to do some clean up in the portions I worked on. Is there anything specific you would like to be addressed? Cfaustus 15:26 12 April 2006 (Central)

Pedagogy
Since my training included much informal bouting or competition to develop a sentiment de fer, I have added some text explaining that there is a spectrum of training styles within the classical fencing world. --Maestromatt 19:42, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

CF vs. SF discussion
''Note: The text in this section was moved here from the article on September 6, 2006 by Twisted86. See comments below.''

Critiques of classical and Olympic fencing
Martial wins in classical fencing are generally achieved by defensive prowess alone. In many classical fencing tournaments, points are scored based upon lack of hits received, and the fencer who received the fewest hits is the winner. Seeding and promotion from round to round may be solely determined by lack of hits received rather than by counting hits made. This contrasts with Olympic fencing, which is more offensively oriented: bouts are won when one fencer hits the other a given number of times, typically five touches in "pool" rounds, and fifteen touches in direct elimination.

There is conflicting evidence as to which is actually the more traditional means to score a bout. For example, Aldo Nadi wrote (in On Fencing, 1943, page 250) "A foil bout is won by the fencer who first reaches the score of five touches", and his famous bout with Gaudin was set to 20 touches (The Living Sword, page 87). On the other hand, until the 1960s the Amateur Fencers League of America rules (which were based upon the rules of the Fédération Internationale d'Escrime) called for touches to be counted against the fencer receiving them (with the fencer reaching five first losing the bout).

Classical and Olympic fencers sometimes criticise one another's disciplines. The main objections claimed by classical fencers against Olympic fencing are:

 * Olympic fencing has lost meaningful connections with its origin as a martial art. By de-emphasizing defense, fencing has become an electronically judged game of tag rather than the simulation of life and death sword combat. In a duel, there is no buzzer to go off to invalidate a point received a split-second after a point is given.

 * Tactics like the flick that are enabled by Olympic fencing's electrical scoring system detract from realism. A real sword is in fact not flexible enough to be "flicked" around the opponent's back.

 * The majority of Olympic fencing schools teach a few basics and immediately encourage the novice to compete. Instead, many classical fencing curricula are long and highly technical, and competition is traditionally discouraged until a solid grasp of the theory and practice is achieved.

In contrast, many in the Olympic fencing world claims these shortcomings in classical fencing:

 * Many classical fencers are unwilling to compete—even in epee, which has few conventions to favor either style—to prove the quality of their fencing. In a duel, there are no side judges to count a touch—especially if it lands in a hard-to-see target area.

 * Classical fencers' insistence on form is unrealistic and martially unsound, and in many cases is based on a period when fencing was a stylish pursuit practiced in the salon rather than proven in the street. In a real duel there is no "style requirement" to invalidate a point that would have drawn blood from a sharp blade, and visual judging systematically under-reports potentially lethal touches to hard-to-see target areas. The flick is controversial even within sport fencing, with rules adjusted to reduce its use, and only applies to one of the three weapons.
 * Classical fencing training methodology is obsolete. Novices can potentially (although it is unlikely) undergo years of training without actually fencing and thus do not acquire the essential tactical sense, tempo, and combat-oriented attitude a fencer needs. Instead, Olympic fencing uses modern athletic pedagogy and emphasizes excellent execution of a small set of effective techniques, as would be seen in duels. Training for advanced fencers is long and extremely technical with emphasis on footwork and extremely fast and efficient execution. Regular competition is an essential part of honing and proving ability. (It should be noted that pedagogy varies even within the world of classical fencing. The level of technical or athletic training, as well as the amount of instruction required before competition, can differ greatly between schools.)

Another point of dissention is the style of grip (handle) used to hold the weapon. This conflict only occurs with the thrusting weapons, foil and epee, since all sabre fencers use essentially the same grip. Classical foil and epee fencers use only the traditional French grip or Italian grip, associated with the national schools of each country, while Olympic foil and epee fencers mostly use "pistol, or "orthopedic" grips. Classical fencers say their traditional grips provide precise control (French) or strong grasp for powerful blade actions (Italian) while the modern pistol grips encourage crude fencing with poor technique. Sport fencers feel that the pistol grips provide the proper control for both strength and control. French and Italian foil have almost disappeared from sport fencing, while the French grip is often used in epee since it permits changing the hand position for extended reach. Further discussion on the various grips is available in the French grip page. Also, a perennial conflict exists for determining priority of attack. "Right of way" (often abbreviated as ROW) rules determine which fencer should solely be considered hit if both fencers land a touch at approximately the same time. Sabre and foil are called "conventional weapons" because these right of way conventions are applied to double touches. In contrast, epee rules consider both fencers touched if both are hit at the same time. In simplified form, ROW rules state that the fencer who first commences an attack has priority until the attack is parried, avoided, or misses. Both Olympic and classical fencing use ROW, but with important differences. Classical rules require a fully extended weapon arm to gain priority for the attack. Olympic fencing, by comparison, recognizes an extending arm as sufficient, on the grounds that the point of an extending thrust is a threat before the arm is fully extended. Classical fencing advocates say that fencing rules were changed to permit "extending" to gain priority. Sport fencing say this was never true, and rules were changed decades ago to replace vague wording that did not sufficiently describe long-accepted practice. For example, the 1957 Amateur Fencers League of America (AFLA) rules said an attack "consists of a forward movement of the weapon", and "the rules do not require that the attack be made with a fully extended arm" (pages 141-142). Though these differences may appear miniscule to the non-fencer, they are subjects of substantial controversy.

Many Olympic fencers feel that until a classsical fencer achieves a reputation by showing skill in competitive situations, their claims against sport fencing should be dismissed as "sour grapes" by fencers without proven ability. The difficulty is that the classical fencers would have to prove their ability under the Olympic fencing rules they dispute.

This conflict does not seem to be going away. Some classical fencing advocates believe the solution is to try to reclaim the sport of fencing for classical traditions. Others think that classical fencing should separate from the existing sport fencing structure to form its own world.

Comments on the above text
I have moved the complete text (above) of the CF vs. SF discussion here so that it is preserved. I think the entire discussion is not very encyclopedic. I've replaced it with a summary.

I think a lot of the text above that is specifically about CF could be reworked into additional sections that describe what CF is on its own merits (instead of describing what CF is in comparison to Olympic fencing). I have stubbed out this concept in the Today section of the article. Hopefully other editors will expand on these stubs so that readers of this article will come away understanding what classical fencing is—as opposed to what it is not. Twisted86 09:02, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not entirely keen on the above change, though I'll try to wrap my head around it. Not my original text structure, but I added quite a bit of the text. At this time, CF still has an identity crisis about what it is and is not (just today I saw conflicting posts on this very topic on fencing.net; CFML was rife with them), and much discussion does define CF in terms of how it differs from modern fencing. To that point it seemed worthwhile to balance the decidedly non-neutral POV (much of the original text in this article used to be of the form "CF rules! SF sucks!") and dissolve some of the not-historically-true myths attached to CF. This is alluded to in the current text, but all the concrete examples have been elided. If nothing else, it makes it (IMO) a less compelling read.  I also disagree that it's a "fact" that CF is nearly based on being a "serious martial art with strong ties to actual combat" - there are plenty of counter-examples in CF as more akin to the polite salle d'armes than combat, nor are they "opposite each other" in issues of ROW; the differences are often more subtle, and often based on misunderstanding. Let's discuss and see if we can gain concensus on how to best structure this (6 September 2006). Jsavit 21:25, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Go for it. State the facts about CF, or at least approximations of the facts, and edit away. If you disagree with what I wrote, edit it (and better yet, supply references to support your edit).

 * What I have attempted to do is remove a great deal of opinion and try to get to the meat of a topic that is poorly defined. Is what I wrote ideal? Heck no! That's why I tagged the whole Today section as a stub. It needs a lot of fleshing out. I acknowledge that there is some good meat in what was cut out. That's why I moved it to the talk page. So, pull out the good stuff and weave it back in and let the opinions fall to the editing floor.

 * If folks feel that the Controversy section needs to be expanded, then describe the controversies about what CF is—not the controversies about how CF or SF is "right" or "wrong" fencing philosophy. SF and CF are different forms of fencing, just as Indy cars and stock cars are different forms of automobile racing. There's no need to promote one above the other.

 * If CF is a distinct style of fencing (and I believe that it is), then it needs to be able to stand on its own two feet and say what it is. The very nature of classical fencing makes it unlikely that there will ever be complete agreement on what it is in purely quantitative terms. But I think it is possible to describe it in general, more qualitative terms—and without referring to Olympic fencing in any substantial manner. Let's see what we can do, eh? Twisted86 06:22, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Jsavit 16:59, 8 September 2006 (UTC) I think the changes of last day or so have improved this. I've added my own text where I think the material was overspecific (things that apply equally to SF and CF ought not be labeled "classical", indeed, when I lifted them from SF texts! Agree that it was good to remove the rant (I expect you would do that, but it was fun to see such a revealing post linger a short time).  Quite disagree that CF inherently "unlikely to have complete disagreement".  I think that reflects the nature of the movement (if that's the right word for it) rather than the practice of CF itself. Of course it could be codified in a formal way, and some are even trying.  The difference is that the 'movement' lacks an FIE - at this time - to demand consistency. Not that the FIE quite has that in SF, but the goal is recognised.  I'm not in agreement that SF and CF are inherently different in the first place - quite a bit of what is described as CF is misunderstood SF of 100 years ago (eg: the extending vs. extended mistake). Out of courtesy I didn't put this in the article page, prefering to either defer substantial disagreements or work them out here. jsavit.

 * I agree that wwe're making progress! Regarding the unlikelihood of agreement (you had it right thee first time ), the FIE is a 20th century organization. Nineteenth-century fencing was riddled with disagreements because the FIE did not exist and every school of fencing (often local schools, not just national ones) had differing iddeas of how fencing should be conducted. Therefore, as long as CF is trying to connect to 19th-century fencing, there cannot be agreement on the rules. Once the rules become codified, CF is connected only to one particular aspect of 19th-century fencing. So, this isn't an analysis of the personalities of CFers—just a ccase of logic.

 * Regardless of what one thinks about the extended/extending debate or any other SF-CF debate, the fact of the matter is that CF is what it is. And I don't think there are any active SF referees who accept most of the differences espoused by CFers. Therefore, the two activities are different. They didn't start out different from each other, but they certainly are now.

 * Nice work. Happy editing! Twisted86 05:46, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Jeff, this article sure has come a long way since we talked about it two years ago. I applaud you on your work. I admit that I have been far too busy to have checked back and have not been as active in SF as in the past due to my increased training under M. Martinez. In reading the current article and due to our groups increased interaction with CF Maestri and other groups, one thing I think might be added. You properly note above that the lack of a unified authority in CF both makes it difficult to describe and also opens up numerous criticisms when generalities are made by either side. In an attempt to address this, it might be useful to state that while CF has no centralized authority, several schools exist which are differentiated by their lineage. For instance, M. Gaugler and his students teaching stems from the Scuola Magistrale and lineage from Nadi. This is descended from the Southern Italian Style of Parise. M. Martinez on the other hand studied under M. Rohdes. M. Rohdes studied under both Italian and French schools. The Italian style taught by M. Martinez is descended from the Northern Italian school going back to Radaelli. The French lineage is from Grissier. M. Martinez notes that there are/were other Classical French Schools whose technique differed from that taught to M. Rohdes. As such, this form of CF is much more akin to what we see with say Japanese Martial Arts, where differing technical lineages unify thought for a particular school, yet may differ or counter the technique of another lineage or school. Due to this, while the different lineages may have similarities, their (often intended) differences will probably prevent a Unified CF. At best you might find a group that teaches several different lineages through different masters - presenting them as not better than one another but simply appreciating their differences. If you would like, I would be happy to try to track down, by weapon and pedagogy what several of the main lineages are for reference purposes. Of course, this does not cover everything that calls itself CF, but I think it is a notable information which may help people understand CF a bit more easily. What do you think?

Also, a bit late, and perhaps adding to the confusion, many of these schools who have lineages through maestri (rather than peer groups studying manuals and dvds) began talking several years ago of a unified thought of CF and HF as 'Traditional Fencing' as opposed to modern/competitive/sport fencing. As such, there is less strife between CF and HF in these groups as several of these lineages taught both CF and HF weapons and techniques. The strife only seems to appear between groups that do one or the other out of a consensus of preference. This is as opposed to groups who do it because that is what their Instructor/Master teaches and does not presume to teach what he or she does not know, yet has respect for. Not sure how to word this or even if it ought to go into the article at all... then again, perhaps the entire idea of a strife between CF and HF is a personal observation and not really that suited for a Wiki entry?

Again, well done on what you have managed to re-arrange here. CFaustus Dec 16, 2007

whose term? references?
The definition of "classical fencing" used here is clearly that of http://classicalfencing.com/ I fail to find the term so used or defined anywhere else. There is a 2003 book by the author of the website, but it seems to stop there. This appears to fall under neologism, one A. A. Crown attempting to coin a term. --dab (𒁳) 17:35, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Schools who still exist until now
hi guys! I am looking for schools who teach the classical fencing, schools who have never started to train sport fencing. Do you know some?--85.3.78.27 (talk) 20:08, 4 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The problem is that your implied dichotomy (i.e. a "classical fencing" school vs. a "sport fencing" school) is a false one. For example, Masaniello Parise's 1884 fencing treatise describes "real" fencing (i.e. a system to use with sharps), but it was the same system used for fencing as a sport. This co-existence of swordsmanship as an art for defense and as a sport is pretty constant. Rapier masters talk about about it in the 1600s, the Bolognese masters give explicit instructions about it in the 1500s, and Fiore alludes to it in the 1400s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Marozzo (talk • contribs) 13:13, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Classical fencing


text:
Talk:History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)

Quality
I don't have time to invest in fixing this article, but has a lot of issues. Same with the previous history article. Parts are repetitive, others have a causal tone that is inappropriate for a wiki article. It rambles into areas that seem irrelevant to the top at hand and area that aren't in this time period. Again, more issues than I care to fix or list, but a dedicated editor needs to go through this thing line by line. KPalicz (talk) 02:23, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Neutrality
This article's neutrality should be questioned. The first two portions are good breakdowns of the history of the People's Republic of China, but portions 3 and 4 read like a party official wrote them in order to create an "official" history of Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao's time in office. While the PRC has made some admirable, astounding economic gains in the past 20 years, this article makes little to no mention of the huge problems the government now faces as it tries to reform the economy while maintaining ultimate control. Some of the things not mentioned - the rampant corruption of local officials, particularly in rural areas; developers grabbing farm land with no compensation to the farmers - this has led to numerous riots; the flood of migrant labor into the cities; the damage China's rapid development has done to its environment - the Yellow River runs dry part of the year and smog envelops the cities; the tension between the government and the people of Hong Kong; the supression of Falun Gong. These are just the tip of the iceberg. I'm not saying this should be an anti-Communist article. I'm just saying that it should reflect both sides of the story.

 * Yes, I agree a lot more stuff has to be added, provided there is NPOV. Colipon+(T) 07:13, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

No citation is used, the whole page can be consider original research, in my opinion. --Chinatravel 06:26, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

I find it odd that only the Falun Gong section uses citation. Why is it that the Falun Gong section being the longest? --Chinatravel 06:31, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Removing Falun Gong section
The Falun Gong issue does not qualify to be included on this article. These topics Deng's Legacy and Tiananmen Square protests etc have profound impacts on China’s development. China has been criticized for banning Falun Gong in the West, but this issue has no impact on the country’s development and therefore does not qualified to be here. What is even more absurd is that this section is longer than the Tiananmen Square protests section.

I was going to move this Falun Gong section to Human rights in the People's Republic of China page where it really belongs. But since this issue is already included on that page, I am removing it from this page. --Chinatravel 22:05, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Why don't you just shorten it or something? This is not something I want to really get involved with, but I am just a bit confused as to why you would delete the whole section like that. If you thought it was too long, why not just take out some especially extraneous parts? It surely is a relevant issue, and the persecution is a pretty big deal. Such a huge amount of resources have been expended to persecute Falun Gong, and it has penetrated throughout the whole society, so it is not such a minor thing. Let me know what you think.--Asdfg12345 22:25, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes, it may not have a whole lot to do with China's long term development, but it is a significant part of Chinese history during those years. Whichever theory you may believe in, Falun Gong's suppression was not only representative of the attitude of the Chinese government but reflects the transformation of Chinese culture. The deletion of the section is unjustifiable. I do agree, however, that the parts about human rights abuses is overblown and does not deserve a place in this article dealing with Chinese history. Thus my edits. Colipon+(T) 23:56, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Just out of interest, are you able to expand on what you mean when you say that it reflects the transformation of Chinese culture. I am asking because I am actually interested in what you have to say. Anyway, just if you have the inclination. The other thing is, I don't know why you want to remove the stuff about the actual persecution. If Falun Gong were not persecuted everything would be rather different, and this section would be rather different. The reason the entry is appearing in this way is because of the persecution, and much of the article already there is related and about the persecution - but when it comes to the paragraph that actually explains what the persecution is and the actions taken by the CCP against Falun Gong practitioners, you remove it. Maybe I should not say "I don't know why", but I'm not into accusations right now, so I would only request more elaboration, please. I am saying that the way Falun Gong is being dealt with seems a pretty crucial element in all this. --Asdfg12345 01:33, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

two more things: why do you keep adding in that word "controversial" about the "A Brief Statement of Mine" - did you read WP:Weasel? Check it out. This admin, BIlygen or whoever also deleted it from an article with the appendage "weasel words". It is a perfect weasel word. Anyway, I won't do anything about it right now. The other thing is, actuallly never mind it, because I don't have time, I just wanted to know why there are nearly no sources in this whole article. Maybe you don't know anyway. --Asdfg12345 01:37, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Colipon, I am not saying that the Falun Gong ban is not significant, but its significance does not match other subjects on this page. Falun gong is not the only religious group banned in china, should this page include all of them?  The falun gong ban (or persecution) is deemed as a human rights violation in the west, therefore it should be included in the Human rights in the People's Republic of China page.  --Chinatravel 07:16, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * You have to be careful when you say it has no effects on China's development. Let me ask you, had something like Falun Gong not been banned, would China be different today? I would say so, and so would most sinologists. Colipon+(T) 07:04, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

The logic of your argument is wrong, should there be a section for Mao’s son? One can argue that if he had not been killed in the Korean war, he would have had an important impact on the develop of China. The falun gong is somewhat important, but it’s importance is definitely much lower than other issues on this article. It belongs to the human right of china page. --Chinatravel 17:16, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * That's ridiculous. By that logic the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989 was but another human rights violation. No other organized group in the PRC's history has so vehemently denounced the Communist Party of China as much as Falun Gong, and its pseudo-religious background and cultural underpinnings makes it ample material for PRC history in the coming years (actually, go check Encyclopedia Britannica or the World Book, both have sections on Falun Gong in the history section). Perhaps the section requires remodeling, but deleting it as a whole is rather ignorant. Colipon+(T) 08:42, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Can you please expand on that comment, Colipon? That paragraph is the only one which actually explains the persecution itself. The rest is leading up to what it actually is. In fact, it is necessary to explain it. I did not revert your edit because I would prefer to discuss it first in the wikipedia spirit. It is highly relevant and sourced material, so I am having a difficult time understanding its removal.--Asdfg12345 22:38, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

The same way the article does not deal with the human rights abuses after the Tiananmen Protests of 1989, the persecution of Falun Gong itself has no relevance on the article itself. It is being described extensively in other relevant articles, such as Human rights in the People's Republic of China. Falun Gong's emergence exemplified many of China's historical and cultural dynamics, its suppression should be mentioned but not described in detail as the details themselves have no relevance in China's historical context (same design used for things such as Taiping Rebellion and Cultural Revolution, both included probably a lot of worse human rights abuses than what we see today with FLG, but are not mentioned in their respective Chinese history articles). Enough is mentioned on the article about the suppression, and any more details would be superfluous on this article. If you wish to show the alleged brutality behind the CPC's actions please go do it somewhere else. Therefore it is with prudence that I ask you to not revert these edits.

Let me also remind you that I am doing you a big favour by simply putting the FLG section here. Many others on Wikipedia would like to delete it outright. Colipon+(T) 06:32, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Can you please expand on what Chinese cultural and historical dynamics the emergence of Falun Gong exemplified? I will get back to you about the other matters soon. I need to look at the section more closely.--Asdfg12345 21:54, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

I sent you an e-mail about it a few weeks ago. Just read that again. My explanations there are very in-depth and it took about two hours to write. Please don't make me do it again. Colipon+(T) 00:50, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

I read it two or three times. I will read it again before the next time I respond here. To have a whole section about Falun Gong, a longish one like this, and then not even mention the extreme abuses they are being subjected to seems a little out of place. The shameless and cruel methods of the persecution are what has brought it to the attention of the world, and how probably most people outside of China know about Falun Gong or have heard of Falun Gong. Maybe we can shorten it or something and cut some of the other things. There is so much unsourced stuff in that section, and most of this whole article has zero sources cited. According to wikipedia policies all unsourced content can be deleted. This last section we are talking about here is actually sourced, and it is really relevant. I will read your email again, and get back to you about these items. I do have difficulty understanding your stance on this. Anyway, talk more soon.--Asdfg12345 02:51, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Colipon, the Tiananmen Square incident was a human rights violation commited by the Chinese government. Because of its impact on China’s development and foreign relations with western countries it has the weight to be included in this article.  The ban of Falun Gong is another human rights violation, however, its impact on China is far less than that of the Tiananmen Square incident.  This issue should be mentioned, not here, but on the human rights of the Chinese government page.

 * I see serious disputes on Falun Gong pages. It looks like anything relates to the Falun Gong becomes problematic.  Just curious, are you a falun gong practitioner?  Are you trying to bring as much exposture to the group as possible?  --Chinatravel 08:18, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Check my userpage to see if I am a FLG practitioner. Colipon+(T) 01:52, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Falun Gong section is inappropriate
It seems like that EVERY article relating to FLG has links to Clearwisdom/Epoch Times about the alleged persecution. Since this is about HISTORY of the PRC, not human rights nor FLG itself, the excessive detail such as alleged torture methods really don't belong here. It certainly seems like agenda pushing to me.--PCPP 06:06, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree to some of this. I think some aspects of this section might be revised, and I certainly agree that different sources ought to be used. Removing it, I think may be going too far, since this is quite a notable thing; the biggest persecution in Chinese history, it has cost billions of dollars and involved the whole population, they are now involved in live organ harvesting, and basically this thing is the biggest unresolved issue, and it is the biggest threat to the regime. The Olympics are coming up, and if everyone finds out they are involved in live organ harvesting, really, that might become a bit of a problem. So it is a rather notable feature of contemporary China. Even Colipon, who for some reason really has it in for Falun Gong, agrees with this. Over the next 8 hours I will put my energy into some of these worthwhile changes you are suggesting, and hopefully we could work together to improve these problems you are pointing out.--Asdfg12345 07:07, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:06, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

OR, POV, plus poor refs
Frankly this article SUCKS. Enormous unreferenced content is clearly criticizing China government. Plus, the Falun Gong section surely need to be reassessed to check if it matches Wikipedia's criteria. Personally I figure it doesn't. How could we have a whole section describing an anti-science organization, which is very likely to be the promotion of those Falun Gong member? All these my assumptions can be confirmed by the previous IP edits that apparently added these POV content. Whaterss (talk) 02:07, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree that this article needs more citations to reliable sources. However, judging by your most recent edit (which I have just reverted), I am doubtful of your grasp on Wikipedia's policies on neutrality. Citobun (talk) 12:46, 6 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, does neutrality mean we should simply support those so-called neutral content that is clearly criticizing the Chinese government? Neutrality is mutual. Btw, please stop saying "judging by … I am doubtful", haven't you heard of "Don't judge"? One more thing: If you feel like promoting your political opinions, then Wikipedia is not an appropriate option, per WP:NOTOPINION. Whaterss (talk) 08:22, 7 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm not promoting my political opinions... I haven't even edited here. You're the one enforcing your political opinion by blanking things that you feel reflect poorly on China. Wikipedia is not censored. Citobun (talk) 16:05, 7 May 2017 (UTC)
 * You reverted my edit which you personally claimed I " feel reflect poorly on China". Still, you got to re-evaluate WP:AGF. Whaterss (talk) 03:16, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 23:02, 16 June 2024 (UTC)


text:
Virtual retinal display

A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display (RSD) or retinal projector (RP), is a display technology that draws a raster display (like a television) directly onto the retina of the eye.

History
In the past similar systems have been made by projecting a defocused image directly in front of the user's eye on a small "screen", normally in the form of large glasses. The user focused their eyes on the background, where the screen appeared to be floating. The disadvantage of these systems was the limited area covered by the "screen", the high weight of the small televisions used to project the display, and the fact that the image would appear focused only if the user was focusing at a particular "depth". Limited brightness made them useful only in indoor settings as well.

Only recently a number of developments have made a true VRD system practical. In particular the development of high-brightness LEDs have made the displays bright enough to be used during the day, and adaptive optics have allowed systems to dynamically correct for irregularities in the eye (although this is not always needed). The result is a high-resolution screenless display with excellent color gamut and brightness, far better than the best television technologies.

The VRD was invented by Kazuo Yoshinaka of Nippon Electric Co. in 1986. Later work at the University of Washington in the Human Interface Technology Lab resulted in a similar system in 1991. Most of the research into VRDs to date has been in combination with various virtual reality systems. In this role VRDs have the potential advantage of being much smaller than existing television-based systems. They share some of the same disadvantages however, requiring some sort of optics to send the image into the eye, typically similar to the sunglasses system used with previous technologies. It also can be used as part of a wearable computer system. A Washington-based startup, MicroVision, Inc., has sought to commercialize VRD. Founded in 1993, MicroVision's early development work was financed by US government defense contracts and resulted in the prototype head-mounted display called Nomad.

In 2018, Intel announced Vaunt, a set of smart glasses that are designed to appear like conventional glasses, which use retinal projection via a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser and holographic grating. Intel gave up on this project, and sold the technology to North.

In the same year, QD Laser, a Japanese laser maker spun off from Fujitsu, developed the first commercialized true VRD RETISSA Display. In the following year, the firm started to sell the successor VRD RETISSA Display II, which featured a higher resolution equivalent to 720p.

In 2023 Sony produced a compact camera with an integrated Retissa Neoviewer retinal projection device, for release in the US. The resolution of the retinal display only (not the camera) is claimed by the manufacturers to be nominally equivalent to 720P.

Although "not a medical device" it is hoped that the retinal projection viewer may be of particular value to some visually impaired users, and the adaptation was heavily subsidised by Sony. Because of the novel user experience, and limited availability, potential buyers were strongly encouraged to participate in "touch-and-try" events to see if the technology is useful to their particular circumstances before committing to a purchase.

title: Virtual retinal display


text:
Talk:Petoskey stone

needs a picture. MPS 20:44, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Sorry about the Massachusetts edit. Just saw it there on the other link, assumed whoever put it there knew what they were talking about. --Lurlock 13:49, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Petoskey Stones
There is an important piece missing in the Wikipedia information regarding Petoskey Stones. Namely that the land that is now Michigan was close to the equator during the Devonian period. This is why so much of it was covered by a shallow, warm sea. Here's more information:

We must first go back 355-415 million years ago to the Devonian Period. Devonian is one of the eleven geologic periods that divide the last 545 million years of earth's history, based on the fossil record. The Devonian Period was about 100 million years before the dinosaurs roamed the earth, and the land that is now Michigan was at that time positioned near the equator and was completely covered by a warm shallow sea that extended from the Gulf of Mexico through Michigan and into Canada. On this sea bottom were corals (Hexagonaria percarinata), mostly composed of calcium carbonate, much like the corals in seas and oceans today. About 70,000 years ago, the Wisconsin Ice Sheet, which was about 2 miles thick moved across the Lower Peninsula and carved out the basins of the Great Lakes. The glacier picked up the coral colonies and that had weathered their way to the surface, froze to them, and incorporated them within its body, and carried them south. In the northern quarter of the state it gouged out and freed billions or trillions more from the calcareous shales in which they were entombed. As the glacier moved across the state, it left tremendous numbers of coral colonies scattered across Michigan and undoubtedly carried some into Illinois, Indiana and Iowa. When the ice melted, the Petoskeys were left behind as glacial eratics - stones carried by the glacier to places they didn't originate from. Similar types of fossils are found in New York, Alaska, England and Germany, and many other parts of the world, but ours are unique because of the fine texture which lends itself to polishing. Here in Michigan the corals were invaded at some time by crude oil and it is the oil that gives the stones their soft brown color, often with spot-like concentrations of the oil at the center of the cups. It is the amount of crude oil in a stone that determines the lightness or darkness of its color. If you put a Petoskey stone under a black light, it will fluoresce blue indicating the presence of crude oil. Both the City of Petoskey and the stones owe their name to an 18th century Ottawa Indian legend. According to the legend, Chief Nea-a-tooshing was so impressed by rays of sunshine on the face of his newborn son that he named the child "Pe-tos-e-gay", which meant "Sun Beams of Promise". Petosegay lived up to his promise and became a great fur trader, merchant and chief. In the summer before his death, the city of Petoskey (the English version of Petosegay) was settled with a population of 50 - 60 people. On June 18, 1965 Governor Romney signed House Bill 2297, making the Petoskey Stone the official Michigan State Stone. Appropriately, Miss Ella Jane Petoskey, the only living relative of Ottawa Indian Chief, Petosegay, was present at the signing. The stone most likely received its name because it was first used by the Ottawa Indians as beads and ornaments during Chief Petosegay's time. Later they were found and sold as souvenirs and curios to the tourist trade around the City of Petoskey. 76.29.123.84 (talk) 21:06, 9 September 2008 (UTC) Jim

Hexagonaria percarinata
The Geological Society of America from 1987 clearly says: "Hexagonaria percarinata (Fig. 4) is more commonly known as the “Petoskey Stone.” The “Petoskey Stone” is the official stone of the state of Michigan. Hexagonaria percarinata was known by many earlier American paleontologists as Acervularia profunda and Cyathophyllum davidsoni. In the recent past it was usually identified as Prismatophyllum davidsoni." (emphasis added) Clearly this indicates that Prismatophyllum davidsoni is an incorrect earlier name. And 1987 is a more recent source than the 1981 source which it is not apparent whether it mention Petoskey stones at all. Hexagonaria percarinata was scientifically named in 1969. That same source (from 2000) indicates "At least seven different species of the genus Hexagonaria are found in Devonian rocks in Michigan. Hexagonaria corals are found in Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, New York, Canada, Germany, England and even in Asia." Rmhermen (talk) 16:00, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I just noticed there is an article for Hexagonaria, which should probably be linked instead of the redlink to Hexagonaria percarinata, but figured I'd post since the naming issue was up for discussion.  The first reference in that article is a 1970 paper from U-M which discusses this subject in detail and shows images of a bunch of those other species.  I had no idea there were so many species of Hexagonaria other than percarinata that were found in northern MI.  I'd always attributed subtle differences in appearance to different conditions during to the fossilization process.   But if this (older) paper is still to be trusted, it seems there are actually a bunch of very similar looking species found in the area...?     I think it would be helpful to have assistance from an expert on this topic...  --Dfred (talk) 17:22, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

Agate?
Is this stone an agate? The Agate article says that the fossilization process turns it into one but this article doesn't mention anything about it. Could someone who understands minerals better than I do clarify the issue? Asarelah (talk) 14:21, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petoskey stone


text:
1001 Ways to Beat the Draft

1001 Ways to Beat the Draft is a satirical Vietnam War protest pamphlet written in 1966 by Robert Bashlow and Tuli Kupferberg. It was also published in book format.

The text reels through dozens of ways that young men facing conscription during the Vietnam War could avoid service. Kupferberg leaves no societal more unscathed in this anti-war pamphlet, which is considered one of the most notable antiwar publications. Donald L. Simons, in his autobiography I Refuse: Memories of a Vietnam War Objector, wrote "It is not possible to determine how many men successfully fooled the system, but stories of attempts, and how to do it, became part of the Sixties culture. The most famous examples were Arlo Guthrie's classic folk song, "Alice's Restaurant", and the book, 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft.

The pamphlet was published originally by Oliver Layton Press, New York; Kupferberg also printed it under his publishing label, Birth Press, and an illustrated version from Grove Press came out in 1967. Kupferberg published other humorous lists in the same format, including 1001 Ways to Live Without Working and 1001 Ways to Make Love.

An excerpt was included in Viking Press' Portable Beat Reader

Excerpt

 * 1) Grope J. Edgar Hoover in the silent halls of Congress.
 * 2) Get thee to a nunnery.
 * 3) Fly to the moon and refuse to come home.
 * 4) Die.
 * 5) Become Secretary of Defense.
 * 6) Become Secretary of State.
 * 7) Become Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare.
 * 8) Show a li'l tit.
 * 9) Castrate yourself.
 * 10) Staple your eyelids shut.
 * 11) Move to Canada.
 * 12) Fake mental retardation.
 * 13) Fake a medical condition
 * 14) Fake a severe medical condition
 * 15) Dig a hole and hide...

title: 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft