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Ernle

Ernle was the surname of an English gentry or landed family descended from the lords of the manor of Earnley in Sussex who derived their surname from the name of the place where their estates lay.

Onomastic
Onomasticians say that the surname's origin, in being drawn from the name of a manor, is topographical in nature, and identical with the place name's origins. As such, it is derived from an Old English compound name composed of earn meaning eagle combined with leah meaning wood. The name's meaning is interpreted as signifying a place to which eagles resort.

The earliest forms noted are Earneleach, Earnaleagh, Earnelegh found in a document dated 780 during the reign of Oslac, duke of the South Saxons. A later form, Earneleia, derives from a charter of England's King Aethelstan dated 930. Other English place names deriving from the same two words are thought to include Earley, Berkshire and Areley Kings (otherwise Areley-on-Severn), formerly called Ernley, Worcestershire. The latter place is connected with Layamon, poet and historian, one of the earliest writers in the English tongue (The Beginnings of English Literature, C.M. Lewis, 1900, p. 66):

''About the year 1205 an English 'Brut' was written. This was the work of Layamon, a parish priest of Ernley in Worcestershire. The opening lines give us the best information we have about him. Their metre should be noted. It is a relic of the Old English verse, each half-line (or each line, as here printed) containing two principal accents, and being more or less closely connected with its fellow. The poet, however, often omitted the alliteration; and the scribe, who attempted by marks of punctuation to show which half-lines belonged together, seems in consequence to have sometimes lost his way.''

''An preost wes on leoden Laȝamon wes ihoten. He wes leouenaðes sone, liðe him beo drihten. He wonede at ernleȝe, at æðelen are chirechen. vppen seuarne staÞe, sel Þar him Þuhte. on fest Radestone Þer he bock radde. Hit com him on mode, & on his mern Þonke.''

[translation into Modern English]

''A priest was among the people who was called Layamon. He was Levenath's son. Gracious to him be the Lord. He dwelt at Ernly, at a noble church upon Severn's bank. Well there to him it seemed, fast by Radestone. There he read books.''

Geographical: Parochial versus manorial extent
The parish of Earnley lies on the southern coast of England in the county of Sussex, 4 miles (6.4 km) south-west of Chichester, the local cathedral city.

It formed part of the hundred of La Manwode or Manwood, now found under the form Manhood, which in turn took its name from a locality in the parish of Earnley. The parish and hundred lie in the original pre-Conquest Saxon division of Sussex known as the Rape of Chichester. The boundaries of the manor of Earnley and the parish of the same name are not strictly coterminous, as the manor itself was not contained within the parish borders, but included part of the neighbouring parish of West Wittering. Also, the parish of Earnley was enlarged in 1524, absorbing the former parish of Almodington, now a hamlet of Earnley parish. The resulting parish, held by a rector, is formally referred to as Earnley with Almodington.

During the Civil War and Interregnum, the parish of Earnley was united with East Wittering for the purposes of officially countenanced Presbyterian worship and oversight during the official suppression of Anglicanism. At the Restoration, which saw not just the return of the monarchy, but also of the Anglican Settlement, the parishes reverted to their separate status as in pre-Commonwealth times.

Historical
Historians trace the origins of this Sussex landed family to the latter part of the twelfth century. About 1190, Bertha de Lancinges confirmed an earlier charter for lands amounting to a quarter of a knight's fee less one virgate at Earnley, Sussex granted about a generation earlier, that is, circa 1166, by her father William de Lancinges and his wife Maud to his uncle, Lucas de Ernle. This name simply means Luke of Earnley. This man, whom historians call Luke de Ernle, is the first known member of the family, and is the probable progenitor of all subsequent Ernles, though it is not known whether he was actually the first person to be known by this designation.

Since he is denominated as de Ernle in this document, it is quite likely that he or his family was already known and distinguished from others by the use of that sobriquet or surname. Since the grant of lands was given to him by a family member, it appears logical to assume that his own connexion to the place, like theirs, dated to an earlier period.

As for the de Lancinges family itself, to whom Luke de Ernle was kin: they were supporters of the Arundel earls of Sussex who were descended from Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, a major feudal baron who was granted large tracts of Sussex known as the Rape of Arundel in 1067 or 1068 from his kinsman, William I of England.

Ethnic
It is not now known whether Luke de Ernle was of Norman, Saxon, or other, origin, these events having occurred a century after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The designation de Ernle occurs very early in the history of the adoption of hereditary surnames in England, a phenomenon which began along the south-eastern coast of England among the feudal manorial lords (of the greater and lesser nobility) whose members were mostly drawn from the descendants of the Norman invaders and their allies.

Heraldic
The ancient coat of arms or heraldic shield of the Ernle family was not used pursuant to specific rights described in an extant grant of arms from one of the royal officers of arms, but appears to have been borne by the head of the family through prescriptive right having been adopted in time immemorial. The contents of the shield reflect a knowledge of the name's original meaning, resort of eagles, that is, a place where eagles congregate. As such, the coat could be said to fall into the category of canting arms. The blazon is

Argent, on a bend sable, three eagles displayed or

which means that on a heater shield coloured silver appears a wide sash-like strip of black running diagonally from the top left toward the bottom right of the escutcheon on which is placed a row of three golden eagles with their wings open and bodies showing.

According to Burke's General Armory (1884) and Burke's General Armory Two (1974), this basic coat of arms, sometimes varying in one detail or another, accompanied by various crests or none, was used over the centuries by the branches of the family, who, by the similarity of their descriptions, claim descent from a shared origin in the same Sussex locality, Earnley, from which they derive their surname.

These armigerous branches of the family, whose current fate is not always known, with their various differences or departures from the original paternal coat, taken as denoting cadency, were in alphabetical order:

(From Burke's General Armory, 1884, p. 312, col. 2)

1. Earnley (co. Cornwall). Argent, on a bend cotised sable, two (another, three) eagles displayed with two necks or.

2. Earnley (co. Kent). Argent, a bend sable cotised between three eagles displayed gules.

3. Earnley (co. Sussex). Argent, on a bend sable, three eagles displayed or. Crest: A savage's head affrontée, couped at the shoulders, wreathed about the temples, issuing therefrom a plume of three ostrich feathers all proper.

(From Burke's General Armory, 1884, p. 328, col. 2)

4. Erneley (place unspecified). Argent, on a bend sable, three eagles displayed of the field.

5. Ernelle (co. Kent). Argent, on a bend cotised sable, three eagles displayed or. Crest: A chevalier on horseback wielding a scimitar, all proper.

6. Ernelle (place unspecified). Argent, a bend sable.

7. Ernle (Ernle [i.e. Earnley], co. Sussex, and Whetham, co. Wilts.; descended from RICHARD ERNLE, of Ernle (that is, Earnley, Sussex), temp. Hen. III, the ancestor of Sir John ERNLE, Knt., of Ernle, Chief Justice, K.B., whose descendant*, Sir John Ernle, Knt., of Whetham, co. Wilts., was Chancellor of the Exchequer and a Privy Councillor, temp. Charles II and James II. The family name, EARNLEY, or ERNLE, is derived from a village in Sussex, so called from the Saxon words Earn and Lege, the place or habitation of eagles, and, in allusion, the eagles are borne in the arms). Argent, on a bend sable, three eagles displayed or. Crest -- An eagle displayed vert.. Another crest -- A man's head sidefaced, couped at the shoulders proper, on the head a long cap, barry of six or and sable, at the end two strings and tasselled gold.

* This filiation conflicts with what appears in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, which points out the confusion of centuries of genealogists over the two Ernle brothers both, according to a common mediaeval usage unfamiliar to many modern researchers, named John. The elder of these brothers was John Ernle, Esq., of Fosbury and Bishop's Cannings, Wilts., esquire. He was the progenitor of the Wiltshire line, and thus the 17th-century chancellor's direct ancestor, while the younger of them, known to history chiefly as Sir John Ernley, was the Lord Chief Justice. This latter personage was, moreover, not as the post-nominal letters K.B. denote, a Knight of the original Order of the Bath, but rather a simple knight, formerly called a banneret, or knight of the field, or what would now be termed a Knight Bachelor, or, in casual usage, a carpet knight.

8. Ernle (Etchilhampton, co. Wilts., baronet, extinct 1787; a branch of ERNLE, of Ernle). Same Arms, &c.

9. Ernley (JOHN ERNLEY, Sheriff of Wilts., temp. Henry VII). Argent, on a bend sable, three eagles displayed or.

10. Ernley (quartered by TIDERLEIGH, of Tiderleigh, co. Devon (modern, Tytherleigh). Robert TIDERLEIGH, of that place, temp. Henry VIII, m. ELIZABETH, dau. and co-heir of ANTHONY ERNLEY. Visitation of Somerset, 1620. Same Arms.

(From General Armory Two, 1974, p. 57, col. 2)

(as per 4 above) Erneley. Insert (Cos. Wilts. And Sussex). V.* W. (which abbreviations refer to the following items: V.=Glover's Ordinary. Cotton MS. Tiberius D. 10; Harleian MSS 1392 and 1459, with the asterisk referring to the note that "Coats incorrectly given in the printed Glover[']s Ordinary which may have been copied into books of reference and probably used as actual coats." W.=Withie's additions to Glover's Ordinary, in Harleian MS 1459)

(as per 5 above) Ernelle (Co. Kent). Add: V.W.

11. Ernell (place unspecified). Argent, on a bend sable, 3 eagles displayed with 2 heads or. W.

(as per 7 above) Ernley (John Ernley). Sheriff of Wilts... Add: Ernley (New Sarum co. Wilts., Baronetcy 1660). Same arms. Sir John Ernley. Chief Justice of Common Pleas. 1509 (recte, 1519, see Dictionary of National Biography). Dug. O.J. (an abbreviation denoting William Dugdale's work, Origines Juridiciales, London, 1671).

While coats of arms are often accompanied by mottoes, heraldists and other interested parties will also to note that, apparently, no motto accompanies any of these coats-of-arms.

Status
As an armorial family whose original status derives from ancient landed property, the Ernle family belonged to the class known as the gentry. As gentlemen with a coat-of-arms, or armigers, the heads of the family were hereditary esquires, and the younger sons and their cadets all gentlemen, and their daughters all gentlewomen. The family were thus all of gentle birth, and were classed as members of what has been termed the minor or lesser nobility, corresponding to what the Germans term, Uradel, which the French call noblesse de race, or ancient nobility.

Though they never achieved the ranks of the greater nobility which, in England, was confined to members of the peerage, at least one branch of the family did accede to the ranks of hereditary knighthood, created by King James I of England, and known as the baronetage. In the 20th century, a female-line descendant, Rowland Prothero, was granted an hereditary peerage as Lord Ernle, though that title only existed from 1919 to 1937, due to the early death, in action, during World War I, of his only son, who would have been heir to the peerage, had he outlived the hostilities.

As can be seen in the case of the cadet lines of its male descendants, junior members of the family sometimes ceased to live as gentry. In England, as opposed to the Continent, where one observes that the legal penalty for dérogeance resulted in the legal loss of nobiliary status due to the failure of someone of gentle or noble blood to live as a noble, this, however, led to no automatic legal denial of their ancient gentility of blood. So, even if living in reduced circumstances, and performing manual labour, such English gentlefolk did not suffer from any deprivation, withdrawal, or removal of their hereditary gentle status. It is possible, however, that some sank so far from their gentle origins and the former lifestyles of their ancestors that all memory of their family's former rank, privileges, precedence, and armigerous status was lost. On the other hand, while no one could deny their abiding gentle status, they might be subject to popular derision if they asserted it without the means of living up to it by the 'port (i.e. deportment), manner, or reputation' of a gentleman.

By the time this decline began to be observed among the junior-most cadet branches of the family, both the senior male line of the family and their surviving next principal male cadet branch in Wiltshire (see Ernle of Brembridge) had died out (in the late 18th century – in fact, within a year of one another). It is not known if anyone is now entitled to claim a male-line descent from this ancient noble family, and thereby lay claim to use the undifferenced coat-of-arms borne by the head of the Ernle family since time immemorial. The undifferenced arms are, however, quartered in the armorial bearings of the extant Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax family.

Ernle of Earnley, Sussex, and the Manor of Earnley
This family derived from Luke de Ernle who was confirmed in his de Lancinges nephew's earlier grant (1166) to him of almost a quarter of a knight's fee by his de Lancinges great-niece in about 1190.

Historians' attempts to trace this family over later centuries have met with only partial success, though the continuity of the descent of the manor of Earnley among people bearing that early surname is thought to indicate that successive manorial lords all belonged to the same family.

The evidence recited in the published account of the manor of Earnley cites a later lord of the manor living around 1260 whose name was also Luke de Ernle (in this instance, the documentary spelling is de Ernele, and that account favours this spelling of the name). Next, John de Ernle son of Luke held the manor in 1284. A man who may be this John, or his younger son, John, received a grant of free warren at Earnley in 1318.

In 1337, mention is made of John and Richard de Ernele, and of Joan daughter of John de Ernele in connexion with the recovery of the nearby manor of Almodington by Robert de Almodington.

The next two citations from the 1340s probably pertain to one or other of the two men called John de Ernele mentioned in 1337.

According to the Sussex Archaeological Collections (1865, p. 248):

''John de Ernele (Ernley), one of the Coroners for Sussex in 1343, being found inefficient, another was ordered to be elected by the County in his place. (Rot. Cl. 17th Edward III.)''

A fine dated 1347 names John de Ernele of La Manwode. The place referred to here can be either the name of the hundred in which the parish of Earnley was situate, or an actual locality within the parish of Earnley which happens to have given its name to the hundred, probably because it was the usual meeting-place for the whole hundred when it gathered to conduct business.

Thereafter, almost a century elapses before there is a mention of John Ernle conveying the manor of Earnley to John Michelgrove and his wife, Joan, in 1427. In 1428, 1431 and 1432, however, William Ernele held the manor.

A generation later, in 1467, there is record of the manor being settled on John Lunsford and Margaret his wife, who was the widow of John Ernele. The descent hereafter is paralleled by the account of the family cited in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography to be found under the heading, Sir John Ernley, Chief Justice.

At this juncture, in her proof of coming of age, Elizabeth Michelgrove, wife of John Shelley (both direct ancestors of the poet, Shelley), it is stated that she was baptised at Earnley parish church on 28 March in the 39th year of the reign of King Henry VI of England, that is, in 1461, and that her godfather was John Ernle, and her godmother, Joan Ernle (see Inq. 15 Ed. VI, no. 66), who were her kinsfolk, as the Dictionary of National Biography, under the entry for her son, Sir William Shelley, asserts.

Elizabeth was the sole child and heir of her father John Michelgrove alias Fauconer, Esq., of Michelgrove, parish of Clapham, Sussex, and his wife, Agnes or Ann, sometimes called Mary, daughter of William Sydney, of Penshurst, Kent. It would appear from her pedigree that the connexion was probably through the parties mentioned in the 1427 manorial transfer, and that there may have been a blood tie between the Michelgrove alias Fauconer family and that of Ernle, in addition to the one of spiritual kinship deriving from the Michelgrove heiress's baptism.

John Ernele, Ernle, or Ernley, Solicitor General, then Attorney General of England and, finally, Chief Justice, is mentioned in 1480 as passing the manor to others of his kinsmen, John Clerkson, the elder, and John Inglere, who were great-grandsons of his own forebear, an earlier John Ernele. This is a curious reference as this particular John Ernley was born in 1464 or 1465, and so was not of age to make a conveyance. Moreover, he had an elder brother, also called John, whom historians refer to as John Ernle, The Elder, Esq., of Fosbury and Bishop's Cannings, Wilts., to distinguish him from his younger brother of the same name. This elder brother John would normally have been the heir to their father, John Ernle, Esq., of Sidlesham, Sussex who died in 1465, unless provisions for some other disposition of these estates was made at some point for which no documentation exists, at least, publicly, at present.

Thereafter, whoever the John Ernle of the 1480 conveyance may have been, the manor passed to people of other names who may or may not be connected by blood or marriage to the Ernle family of Earnley. In 1564, the manor was once again conveyed to Richard Ernle (Erneley in the documentation in this case), indicating that it may, for a time, have been held in trust for the right Ernle heir, and then returned at an appropriate date. At any rate, the connexion between the descent of the manor of Earnley, and the family of the name Ernle, ended finally when a later Richard Erneley sold it to Richard Taylor in 1630. Thereafter, the family of Ernle, as distinct from the manor of the same name, became attached to the episcopal manor of Cackham in West Wittering, a place close to their original home at Earnley in West Sussex.

Despite their proximity to their ancestral lands, the Sussex branch of the Ernle family's close ties with the manor and parish from which they derived their surname, seem, however, to have been severed finally in the first third of the 17th century, after the space of nearly 500 years of continuous manorial tenure.

Evidence of the eclipse of the Sussex branch of the Ernle family by their Wiltshire kinsmen is seen in the lifetime of the immediate heir of the Sussex line's most successful member:

"In Sussex, William Earnley was the son of the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas; in contrast to most of his colleagues, who had at least £40 a year with an average of £100, he had only £26 produced by a medley of very small properties, in addition to which he leased Cakeham manor from the Bishop of Chichester."

One of the latest references to a member of this branch playing a prominent role in the affairs of the county dates from December 1624:

Justices warrant to apoynte a Provost Marshall and to sett Watch & Ward December 1624

After our very harty comendacons : Whereas we have lately receaved Letters from the Lords of his Ma[jesty's] most hon[ourable] Privy Councell directed to us the Justices of Peace of this County; wherein theire Lo[rdships] require for the better secureinge of high wayes and the more safety of places wh.[ich] about this season of the yeare are usually offended by idle and loose p'sons [i.e. persons] and at this tyme is more to be suspected than at other tymes in respect of the great leavyes of Souldiers lately made and to be made who are to be conducted through this County that there should be provost Marshalls stirringe and therefore we have thoughte good to apoynte you

Mr Earnely of Cr. [i.e. Chichester]

''to be provost Marshall for the Rape of Cr. [Chichester] & p'sently [i.e. presently] to take uppon you the said office And we have thought it fitt and convenient, that you should make choyse of vj (i.e. six) or viij (i.e. eight) of the substantiallest yeomen to be well armed to attend you at such tymes as yo° [i.e. you] doe apoynte to make your p'ambulacon [i.e. perambulation] W[ithin] that rape by such convenient division thereof as to yo'selves [i.e. yourselves] shall seeme best to app'hend [i.e. apprehend] all idle and loose persons and other dangereuse people or vagabonds that are to be suspected of any fellonyes or other disorders. That they may be brought to the next Justice of Peace (if Cause require) or otherwise to be committed to the constable to be justified accordinge to the Lawe, And that you do continue this course iij [i.e. three] tymes in the weeke at the leaste and afterwards as you shall hand have further directions ; and so not doubteinge of yor good care accordingly, we bid you heartely farewell.''

This reference to Mr Earnely of Chichester in 1624, appears to have been one of the last times a male Ernle was alive and active in the county. By the time of the 1634 heraldic Visitation of Sussex, the remaining Sussex Ernle heritage was represented by ''Bridget, da. [i.e. daughter] of Richard Ernley and wife of Richard Stanney''.

Reference to the records of the Archbishop of Canterbury's testamentary jurisdiction provides the final evidences of the extinction of the Sussex line:

"Abstracts of Probate Acts in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, volume 1, 1630-34", p. 146

Anno 1632 ERNLE, Richard, of Cackham (Cakeham, p. West Wittering), Sussex, Esq. ''Will [66 Audley] pr. June 16 by rel. Susan. P.r. ELIZ. RISHTON''

"Abstracts of Probate Acts in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, Supplement. Sentences and complete index nominum, 1630-1639", p. 32

ERNLE, Richard, of Cackham, Sussex, Esq. ''Extrix. v. sister BRIDGET STANNY'' ''Sent. pro. val. test., June 16, 1632 [66 Audley]'' Will [66 Audley] pr[oved] same date.

Thus we see why the 1634 Sussex Visitation showed Bridget Stanney as the representative of the Ernle family in Sussex, for her brother had died sometime before the final disposition of his worldly estate by will and sentence of 16 June 1632.

It is not surprising, then, that, when the 1662 heraldic Visitation of Sussex was made, no further pedigree was recorded for the ancient Sussex family of Ernle, and what Ernle blood remained in the county was inherited via the female line, as in the case of the Stanney or Stanny and Rishton families.

Thus was extinguished one of the ancient historic surnames of the county of Sussex. The Sussex Ernle family might have deserved some place in Sir J. Bernard Burke's chronicle of the rise and fall from prominence of old names, The Vicissitudes of Families, though he chiefly concerned himself with the demise of families comprising the greater nobility of the realm.

Rise from local to national prominence under the Tudors
The Ernle family maintained their manorial demesne at Earnley on the Sussex coast for centuries. In the early Tudor period, the original, or Sussex branch, of the Ernle family gave rise to Sir John Ernle (or Ernley), Knight, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas (1519–1520), whose career, begun during the reign of King Henry VII of England reached its height in the reign of his son and successor, King Henry VIII of England. Sir John Ernley's legal and judicial career and family connexions are detailed in the DNB and its successor, the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Sir John's descendants remained in Sussex through the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods maintaining their connexion with the manor of Earnley until its sale in 1630, during the first years of the reign of King Charles I. Thereafter, it becomes harder to trace the descent of the Sussex branch of the family, though there are traces of it in Sussex in the 17th and 18th centuries as well as in neighbouring Hampshire.

In 1538, under Henry VIII, William Ernle, son of Sir John Ernle, Lord Chief Justice, was sent to Chichester cathedral as a royal commissioner along with Sir William Goring to take down the Shrine of St Richard of Chichester located there.

As Chichester cathedral was the chief church of the diocese where their estates lay, and St Richard was a local saint whose Shrine was decorated by pilgrims and members of the local gentry for over 250 years during the pre-Reformation period, this task was partly a test of the Sussex Ernle family head's loyalty to the new religion, the Church of England, whereof, on earth, the king had declared his royal supremacy supplanting the authority of the pope.

Local legends at West Wittering in Sussex (a place where the Ernle family also held lands at this time) which claim that the bones of St Richard were hidden in a tomb there give rise to the possibility that this William Ernle or someone closely associated with him managed to secure the saint's relics for posterity when the removal and destruction of the ornaments and relics of St Richard's Shrine took place partly under Ernle's direction. William Ernle and Elizabeth his wife's tombs with their partially destroyed inscriptions are considered by historians to lie in West Wittering parish church, so the connexion, if true, was close.

Be that as it may, later generations of Sussex Ernles appear to have conformed to the Church of England more enthusiastically. In 1564, Mr Richard Ernlie (misprinted as Crulie), of Cackham (now Cakeham), Sussex, son of William, the royal commissioner of 1538, is listed as being one of the gentlemen of Sussex who was designated as being among the "favourers of godlie procedinges", indicating that he was by then a staunch, if rather sobre, Anglican, when such a description was a mark of approval from Church and State alike.

Migration
In the 18th century, the senior Wiltshire branch of the Ernle family claimed that they had established themselves in Wiltshire and abandoned their ancestral lands in Sussex in order to avoid any further exposure to England's seafaring enemies caused by their estate's proximity to the Sussex coast. Examination of their published pedigree reveals that, in fact, the two branches of the family, seated in Sussex and Wiltshire, existed simultaneously for over a century.

By the 17th century, however, the name Ernle seems virtually to have disappeared from Sussex, while the branch established in Wiltshire by John Ernle, The Elder, Esq., of Fosbury, Wiltshire and Bishop's Cannings, Wiltshire (born 1464/5), elder brother of Sir John Ernle, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas (1519–1520), or his ancestors, continued to flourish in its new home.

Recorded in the Visitation of Wiltshire in 1565, and, again, in 1623, the main seat of the family in Wiltshire was at Bourton manorhouse, said to be a former priory in the parish of Bishop's Cannings, but the initial connexion of the family with Wiltshire seems to have stemmed not from this estate but from the marriage in the first third of the 15th century of a Sussex Ernle to the heiress of an old Wiltshire manorial family, Malwyn (or Malwain) of Etchilhampton (alias Ashlington), sometimes recorded as being of "Chilhampton" (another form of the place name, Etchilhampton).

In contrast, the following account given by Archdeacon Macdonald in the Wiltshire Archæological and Natural History Society Magazine (1860) reflects the traditional view of how the connexion of the Ernle family was forged with Wiltshire:

"Tything of Bourton and Easton (Consolidated)."

"Bourton was one of the seats of the ancient family of Ernle, who came into possession of this property in the time of Henry VIII; John son of William de Ernle having purchased the estate on the dissolution of the monasteries; the land being said to have been Priory property, but for this we have only vague traditional authority, no account of any religious house there, being to be found in any of the best works on the subject. The Ernle property at Echilhampton [Etchilhampton] belonged to the ancient family of Malwyn, came into the Ernle family with Joan Best wife of John Ernle..."

This tradition needs to be examined carefully, for it contains two sections that require separation so that its true significance is understood.

First, the acquisition of the lands at Bourton could not have occurred in the lifetime of William de Ernle's son John Ernle because he died in 1417 according to a Sussex inquisition post mortem. The period of monastic dissolution occurred over a century later in the period 1538 to 1541. As an aside, this may also be the reason why no one has been able to find a record of the sale of Bourton as a monastic property in the latter period.

Secondly, a better idea of when the Ernle link with Wiltshire was forged can, however, be gleaned from the latter half of the foregoing account. The aforementioned heiress of the Malwyn family, Joan Best (daughter of Simon Best and his wife Agnes, daughter of John Malwyn or Malwain, Esq., lord of the manor of Etchilhampton) must have married John Ernle of Sussex, not later than about 1430, for their son, another John Ernle (of Sidlesham and Earnley, Sussex), was himself already a father of young sons when he died in 1465, naming his mother Joan (born c. 1410 to 1415) and wife, Margaret (née Morley, of Glynde Place, Sussex) in his will dated that year.

The Ernle family, however, did not inherit Etchilhampton until several intervening heirs of the Malwain's property had first occupied it and then themselves died before Joan Best's senior heir, her grandson, John Ernle of Fosbury, Wiltshire, finally gained possession of the estate many years after his grandmother's death.

Before their eventual inheritance of these lands in Wiltshire, it is not surprising then that the Ernle family concentrated their activities on Sussex, while maintaining a presence in both counties.

Christopher Whittick's DNB account of Sir John Ernley's career has this to say about the Ernle family's two-county history:

The family had been lords of the manor of Earnley near Chichester since the 13th century [sic, properly since the 12th]...the acquisition by marriage of lands and a parliamentary seat in Wiltshire in the 1430s, and legal preferment in Sussex after the Yorkist victory in 1460...

culminated, in terms of the early modern period, in the career of the Lord Chief Justice Ernle under the first two Tudor monarchs.

Supportive of these statements is the following evidence that the head of the Sussex family of Ernle, William Ernle, esq., of Earnley, is named both in Sussex and in Wiltshire as holding lands by the same source, which shows him as having interests in both counties in the same year, viz.:

Inquisitions and assessments relating to feudal aids: with other analogous documents preserved in the Public Record Office, A. D. 1284-1431, vol. 5

p. 155

A.D. 1428 [page heading] [section covering the county of Sussex] Rapus Cicestrie Hundredum de Manewode WILLELMUS de ERNLE tenet iiijtam partem j.f. in ERNLE quondam JOHANNIS ERNLE, subsidium xx.d.

[translated from Latin to English as]

The Rape of Cicestrie [i.e. Chichester] The Hundred of Manwode [i.e. Manwood, now Manhood]

WILLIAM de ERNLE holds the fourth part of j.f. in EARNLEY formerly held by John ERNLE, paying a subsidy [i.e. a tax] of 20 pence

p. 164

Inquisicio capta apud Arundell die Lune proximo post festum Sancti Dunstani anno etc. (as before [i.e. 1428, on p. 163, where the section starts] ) de parochiis infra decanatus de Boxgrave, Midherst, Arundell et Storgheton in quibus decem persone inhabitantes domicilia tenentes existunt per sacramenta WILLELMI ERNLE, Johannis Wystryng, Thome Cotes, Thome Stedham, Willelmi atte Tye, Johannis Strode, Willelmi Preston, Roberti Palmer, Ricardi Danell, Johannis Michelgrove, Johannis Goringe, et Willelmi Merew, qui vero jurati dicunt super sacramentum quod:-

Sunt in parochiis supscriptis ut sequitur:-

[Englished from Latin]

Inquisition taken at Arundell on the Monday next after the feast of St Dunstan in the year etc. (1428) concerning the parishes listed as falling under the jurisdiction of the deanery of Boxgrave [modern Boxgrove], Midherst [modern Midhurst], Arundell [modern Arundel], and Storgheton in which ten persons inhabiting dwellings exist by the oath of WILLIAM ERNLE, John Wystryng, Thomas Cotes, Thomas Stedham, William atte Tye, John Strode, William Preston, Robert Palmer [likely ERNLE relation], Richard Danell, John Michelgrove [a name associated with the ERNLE family], John Goringe [another name associated with ERNLEs, though more usually found as Goring], and William Merew, who say by true oaths upon the holy sacrament that

there are in the parishes above written and which follow:-

BOXGRAVE [deanery]

[four parishes intervening]

''In parochia de ERNLE rector ibidem. WILLELMUS ERNLE, Willelmus Alfreld, Thomas Chapman, Ricardus Palmere, Johannes Bregger, Robertus Palmere.''

[That is to say]

''In the parish of ERNLE, the rector of the same. WILLIAM ERNLE, William Alfreld, Thomas Chapman, Richard Palmer(e), John Bregger, Robert Palmer(e).''

p. 247

A.D. 1428 [page heading]

''WILLELMUS ERNELEY tenet immediate de quo vel quibus ignorant, certa terras et tenementa in Yatesbury que nuper fuerunt Agnetis Burdon, per servicium un. f. m.''

[rendered into English from Latin as follows]

WILLIAM ERNELEY holds through subinfeudation, but from whom exactly is unknown, various lands in Yatesbury which were formerly held by Agnes Burdon, by the service of one f. m.

Provided, of course, that these references do indeed relate to the same William ERNLE, this seems to indicate that while based at La Manwode in the parish of Earnley in Sussex in 1428, where, by being the first named, he would appear to have been the chiefmost resident (as holder of the manor of Earnley), he also held lands formerly in the possession of Agnes Burdon (widow of Nicholas, elsewhere recorded as Durdon, apparently erroneously) at Yatesbury in Wiltshire. The significance of this connexion between EARNLEY, Sussex and Yatesbury, Wiltshire—while not as obvious as the one with Fosbury, Wiltshire with which John ERNLE, The Elder, was later associated—is not, however, to be glossed over lightly. For, whereas Fosbury, and later Bishop's Cannings in Wiltshire, became the main seat of the ERNLE family; significantly, they also held Yatesbury for centuries, perhaps starting in or before 1428 (and no earlier than 1412 when no ERNLE is recorded in an early subsidy roll for Wiltshire). For example, Francis ERNLE, third son of John ERNLE, of Burton in Bishop's Cannings (d. 1572), was described as gentleman, of Yatesbury in his will, and his children retained the connexion.

In 1412, however, we see that while the ERNLE family was present as major landholders in Sussex, they had not yet forged their connexion with Wiltshire, viz.:

Inquisitions and assessments relating to feudal aids : with other analogous documents preserved in the Public Record Office, A. D. 1284-1431, vol. 6.

p. 520

Sussex A.D. 1412

p. 522 [same county]

''WILLELMUS ERNELE habet maneria etc. cum pertinenciis, que valent xxi. li. xiij. s. videlicet terras etc. in MANWODE apud ERNELE xx. li., et terras etc. in MENESSE liij. s. iiij. d. Et que terras etc.''

[translated from Latin into English this reads]

''WILLIAM ERNELE has the manor et cetera with its appurtenances worth 21 pounds and 13 shillings, that is to say, lands etc. in MANWODE in the vicinity of ERNELE worth 20 pounds, and lands etc. in MENESSE valued at 52 shillings and 4 pence. And that these lands etc....''

According to the Wiltshire section of the book, p. 541, Yatesbury was then held by Henricus Thorp, while, John MALWAIN or MALWYN, of Etchilhampton, Wilts., a later ERNLE ancestor (see additional references earlier in this section) appears on p. 540, as:

''Johannes MALWAYN habet terras etc. qui valent etc. xxv. li., videlicet in ECHELHAMPTON, WODHAMPTON, ERCHESFONTE, et CONOK xx. li. et apud MERTON, c. s.''

[translated from Latin into English follows]

John MALWAYN has lands etc. which are valued etc. at 25 pounds, that is to say, in ECHELHAMPTON, WODHAMPTON (modern Woodhampton, Wilts.), ERCHESFONTE (modern Urchfont, Wilts.), and CONOK (modern Conock in the parish of Chirton, Wilts.), worth 20 pounds, and in and about MERTON, 50 shillings. (If not in Wiltshire, this Merton may refer to the one in Surrey, in which case it was probably acquired through the family's known London mercantile interests. The other localities are all in Wiltshire).

The dual presence of the ERNLE family in Sussex and Wiltshire seems to have been maintained for some generations as is evident from the fact that John ERNLE, The Elder, Esq., of Fosbury, was appointed as one of the four commissioners for Wiltshire in the 13 Hen. VII (1496) parliament, as

''Johes. ERNLEY (along with Christopher Tropnell, Cristoforus Tropynell, John Gawen Johes Gawen, and George Chatterton, Georgius Chaderton''),

while some 9 years later, his younger brother, the confusingly-named John ERNLE (later Sir John ERNLE, Knight, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Commons Pleas), sat as one of the ten Members of Parliament allotted to the county Sussex in the 19th year of Henry VII's reign [1505] as

John ERNLY, Gentilman [denoting the rank he held as an Esquire's younger son]

found in the circle of his Sussex kin and neighbours (Thomas Fynes [Fiennes], Knight; John Coke [Cooke], Esquyer; John Goryng [Goring], Esquyer; and Roger Leykenour [Lewknor] of Tangermer [modern Tangmere]), and significantly found listed here in the company of the ill-fated Edmond Dudley, Esquyer, recent Speaker of the House of Commons, and leading minister to the king, to whom ERNLE owed so much of his later rise to prominence, while fortunately avoiding the fate of his ill-starred patron. Indeed, after Dudley's execution in 1510, the younger John ERNLE appeared in the rolls of Parliament for 1513 as one of the 15 M.P.s for Sussex (among them a brace of Lewknors, two Fiennes, a Covert, all neighbours and kin), and, notably on the rise, as attorney to an approving master, the King, viz.:

''Joh'es ERNLEY, Attorn. Regis'' [i.e. John ERNLEY, King's Attorney]

(see Rotuli Parliamentorum : ut et petitiones et placita in parliamento, vol. 6, pp. 518 & 541; vol. 7, p. 36)

Proliferation of the Wiltshire Ernle family
Nonetheless, the fortunes of the Sussex branch of the family went into a slow decline under the heirs of Sir John Ernley (died 1520): his son William Ernle, M.P., of Cakeham, Sussex, (died 1545), and grandson Richard Ernle (died 1577). Wiltshire, however, proved to be fertile ground for the expansion of the family over successive generations.

John Ernle of Fosbury (fl. 1507) had three sons: John his heir (died 1556), Anthony, of Laverstoke, Wilts. (died 1530), and William, a Fellow of New College, Oxford, and later parish priest of Yatesbury, Wilts.

John Ernle (died 1556), in turn, had a son and heir John Ernle (died 1572) and William Ernle, founder of the Dorset branch of the family.

John Ernle (died 1572), married Mary, daughter of William Hyde, Esq., of Denchworth, Berkshire, and had three sons: Michael his heir (d. 1593/4); Thomas (died 1595), of Brembridge manor, Dilton, Westbury, Wilts., and Francis, of Yatesbury, Wilts. John and Mary also had one daughter, Anne, who married Robert Partridge (or Partrydge) (d. 1600), of Wishanger manor, Miserden, Gloucestershire, in about 1566. The proliferation of cadet branches in Wiltshire, however, arose chiefly from the two marriages of Michael Ernle (died 1593/4), first to the heiress of the Whetham House estate, Mary Finnemore, and, secondly, to Susan Hungerford, the daughter of Sir Walter Hungerford by his second wife, Anne Dormer. From these two marriages, there were ten children giving rise to a number of cadet branches of the family seated throughout the county. The chief (senior-most) of these lived at Whetham House in the parish of Calne, Wiltshire. There were also branches elsewhere in Wiltshire: at Conock, parish of Chirton; All Cannings; Etchilhampton alias Ashlington; Brimslade Park, Wootton Rivers; and Burytown, Bury Blunsdon, parish of Highworth.

Baronetcy
Of these, the most prominent was the branch descended from Edward Ernle, son of Michael Ernle, Esq., of Bourton (died 1595), by his second wife, Susan Hungerford, daughter of Sir Walter Hungerford, Kt, of Farley Castle, Somerset, a granddaughter of the executed Walter, Lord Hungerford. Baptised at Calne in 1587, Edward Ernle, and his wife Gertrude St Lowe, were progenitors of the Ernle Baronets of Etchilhampton, alias Ashlington, Wiltshire, and the 'self-styled' Ernle baronets of Brimslade Park. It was their son, Sir Walter Ernle, Knight, of Etchilhampton, who was created a baronet shortly after the Restoration by Charles II on 2 February 1660/1, as Sir Walter Ernle, 1st Baronet. Passing first through his own heirs, the baronetcy was used, with doubtful authority, according to The Complete Baronetage, by the Brimslade Park branch of the family established by his younger brother, Michael Ernle, gent., of Brimslade. That line, too, died out, and the soi-disant baronet's dignities, real or imagined, were finally extinguished with the death in 1787 of the Reverend Sir Edward Ernle, 7th Baronet, D.D., the Anglican rector of Avington, Berkshire, without issue, at the age of 75.

Cadet lines
In addition, cadet branches stemming from Michael Ernle's forebears include those derived from his father John Ernle's second son, Thomas Ernle, gent., of Brembridge manor, Dilton, Westbury, Wiltshire (died 1595), and his third and youngest son, Francis Ernle, gent., of Yatesbury, Wiltshire. Earlier still, a cadet line derived from Michael Ernle's uncle, William Ernle, had established itself at Sutton Benger, Wiltshire, and later at Chalbury in Dorset.

Brembridge or Bremeridge manor line at Dilton, an 18th-century survival
This line was established by Thomas Ernle (I), gent. (died 1595), second of the three sons, with one daughter, of John Ernle, Esq., of Bourton Priory, Bishop's Cannings, Wiltshire, by his wife, Mary, daughter of William Hyde, Esq., of Denchworth, Berkshire.

The Brembridge or Bremeridge manor branch of the family proliferated through the fourteen children – ten sons and four daughters – of Thomas Ernle (died 1595) and his wife Bridget (died 1610), daughter of Richard Franklin, of Overton, Wilts.

The eldest son, Thomas Ernle (II), gent. (died 1639), married Praxed or Praxeda Lambe, a daughter of John Lambe (d.v.p. 1615), a son of the lord of the manor of Coulston, Wiltshire. Thomas (II) became lessee of the manor of Abingdon Court, Cricklade St Sampson, Wiltshire, in succession to his father, and held the advowson of St Sampson's parish church, Cricklade.

From him was descended the Ernle family of Braydon and Purton, Wiltshire, continued by Thomas (II)'s son, Thomas (III), gent., of Braydon, Purton (1614–1694), and his wife, Jane, daughter of the Antwerp-born naturalised London merchant, Philip Jacobson, gent., King's Jeweller, to James I of England and Charles I of England, and fee-farmer of estates in Braydon Forest, Wiltshire.

Other sons of the line's founder established themselves elsewhere: Edward Ernle, gent., (1577–1655) at Bath, Somerset; Francis Ernle, gent. (born 1577) in the parish of St John Zachary in London; William Ernle, gent. (1583–1663) at Bideford in Devon.

The line at Bremeridge itself was continued by Richard Ernle, gent. (1584–1650), seventh son of the original Thomas Ernle (I) (died 1595). He married Elizabeth Cogswell, a member of the wealthy family of clothiers in Westbury parish, Wiltshire, and their line continued until the last scion of that family, another Richard Ernle, was buried at Old Dilton chapelry, Westbury, Wiltshire, in 1786, aged 84.

Distaff relatives: female lines
Today the surname Ernle only survives as an inheritance via the female line, employed by the Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax family of Charborough House, Dorset, whose head is the Westminster M.P., Richard Drax, otherwise Richard Grosvenor Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax, Esq., but there are few mentions of the Ernle women over the centuries.

Most Ernle daughters made suitable marital alliances with members of other gentry families, but it can still be difficult to trace their posterity beyond the first or second generation. Often all that is known of an Ernle wife is her name, her father's name, and his rank and the name of the place where he had his estate or resided. One slight exception is noteworthy simply due to the paucity of other material. It comes from an epitaph and extols the chief adornment that any lady of good family in times past could bring to her husband besides a dowry of money and land: physical beauty. The quotation comes from John Aubrey's Collections for Wiltshire, under the section on the parish of Calne:

''Here under liethe the body of Lady Frances Mildmay, wife to Sir Thomas Mildmay. She dyed in the faith of Christ the ninth of December, 1624. She was daughter to Sir Jno. Ernle of Whetham, and was a very rare beauty.''

New national prominence: Civil War, Anglo-Dutch Wars, and the later Stuarts
The senior line at Whetham House, near Calne, Wiltshire, gave rise to the Right Honourable Sir John Ernle (1620–1697), Knight, P.C., M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer to kings Charles II and James II from 1676 to 1689, whose biography is given in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Another member of the Whetham line, Sir Michael Ernle (1599-?1645), Knight, uncle to the Chancellor, was a royalist commander during the English Civil War. His end is unclear, as John Aubrey's Natural History of Wiltshire, points out:

Sir Michael Ernele, Knight, was second son of Sir John Ernele, of Whetham in the County of Wilts. After he had spent some time at the University of Oxford, he betooke himself to a militarie life in the Low Countries, where he became so good a proficient that at his return into England at the beginning of the Civill warres, King Charles the First gave him the commission of a Colonell in his service, and shortly after he was made Governour of Shrewsbury, and he was, or intended to bee, Major Generall. He did his Majesty good service in the warres, as doth appeare by the Mercurii Aulici. His garrison at Shrewsbury being weakened by drawing out great part of them before the battle at Marston Moore, the townesmen plotted and betrayed his garrison to the Parliament soldiers. He was slain then in the market-place, about the time of the battle of Marston Moore.*

* [It was the common belief that Sir Michael Erneley was killed, as here stated, by the Parliamentary soldiers at the time Shrewsbury was taken (Feb. 3, 1644–5); but in Owen and Blakeway's Hist, of Shrewsbury, 4to. 1825, the time and manner of his death is left uncertain. His name is included in the list of those who were made prisoners when the town surrendered.—J. B.]

Sir John Ernle, R.N. (1647–1686), Knight, of Burytown, Bury Blunsdon (otherwise Broad Blunsdon in Highworth parish), Wiltshire, eldest son of the foregoing Chancellor of the Exchequer, was an English naval officer during the Anglo-Dutch Wars, notably commanding H.M.S. Dover at the Battle of Solebay at the start of the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672. He is also mentioned in John Aubrey's Natural History of Wiltshire

"Sir John Ernele, great-grandson of Sir John Ernele above sayd, and eldest son of Sir John Ernele, late Chancellour of the Exchequer, had the command of a flagship, and was eminent in some sea services. He married the daughter and heir of Sir John Kerle [modern, Kyrle] of .... [Much Marcle] in Herefordshire."

His son, John Kyrle Ernle, Esq. (1683–1725), of Whetham, Calne, Wiltshire, and Much Marcle, Herefordshire, entertained Queen Anne at Whetham.

Devon
William Ernle (1583–1663), gent., sixth of the tens sons, with four daughters, of Thomas Ernle, gent., of Bremeridge manor, Dilton, Wiltshire, and his wife, Bridget, daughter of Richard Franklin, established himself as a merchant at Bideford, Devon. He married Philippa, a daughter of Edmund Tremayne, by his wife, Elizabeth St Ledger. He is mentioned in a work on the Bideford Witch trial, one of the last such events in England. In that text, the connexion to the Ernle at Newburgh Park, Coxwold, Yorkshire, is established from contemporary documents.

Dorset
In the 17th century, a cadet branch of the Wiltshire-based family also established itself in Dorset, a county to the south-west of Wiltshire, where it was recorded in the Visitation of Dorset of 1623. Seated first at Sutton Benger, Wiltshire, it later became associated with Chalbury in Dorset. The published registers of the University of Oxford, Foster's Alumni Oxonienses show that members of the family persisted there, and elsewhere in Dorset, until well into the 18th century.

Yorkshire
The Life of Marmaduke Rawdon notes that in the 17th century, one John Ernle (here recorded as Mr. John Earneley) was chiefe gentleman in the service of Lord Falconbridge (modern Fauconberg), whose seat was at Newburgh Park, near Coxwold, in the North Riding of Yorkshire. At that period, members of the lesser gentry often served the greater gentlefolk, which is to say, the nobility, a practice which gave rise to the expression, a gentleman's gentleman. Information about Ernle of Bideford, Devon shows that this Yorkshire gentleman belonged to the family of Ernle of Brembridge. In 1670, Mary, one of the daughters of John Earnley of Alne, gent. [Yorkshire] accused Anne Wilkinson, widow, of having used witchcraft against her and two of her sisters, allegedly causing the death of her sister, Eleanor. This anecdote serves to show the links not only between the Ernle family in Devon and Yorkshire, but also to demonstrate the shadow cast in both counties by the witchcraft hysteria then so prevalent.

LXXIX. Anne Wilkinson. York, Apr. 1, 1670. — Before Fr[ancis]. Driffield, Esq. Anne Mattson saith, that yesterday, Mary Earneley, daughter of Mr. John Earnley of Alne, fell into a very sicke fitt, in which shee continued a long time, sometimes cryinge out that Wilkinson wyfe prickt her with pins, clappinge her hands upon her thighs, intimatinge, as this informant thinketh, that she pricked her thighes. And other times shee cryed out, "That is shee," and said Wilkinson's wyfe run a spitt into her. Whereupon Mr. Earnley sent for Anne Wilkinson, widdow; and, when as the said Wilkinson came into the parlour where the said Mary Earnley lay, the said Mary Earnley shooted out and cryed, " Burne her, burne her, shee tormented two of my sisters." Shee saith further that two sisters of the said Mary Earnleye's dyed since Candlemasse last, and one of them upon the 19th of March last dyed, and, a little before her death, there was taken out of her mouth a blacke ribbond with a crooked pinne at the end of it. George Wrightson of Alne saith, that yesterday, Mary, dau. of John Earnley, gent., fell into a violent and sicke fitt and continued therein one houre and more, all that time crying out in a most sad and lamentable manner that Anne Wilkinson was cruelly prickinge and tormentinge her with pins, as the said Anne was sittinge by her owne fire upon a little chaire; and presently Mrs. Earnley sent this informant to the said Anne Wilkinson's house, whoe brought word shee was there sittinge by the fire upon a little chaire when he suddenly came into her house. Anne Wilkinson of Alne, widdow, saith that she never did Mr. Earnley, nor any that belonged to him, any harme, nor would shee doe; and, as for bewitchinge any of his children, she was sacklesse. Margaret, wife of Richard Wilson, sayth, that in her former husband John Akers' lifetime, she once lost out of her purse 50s. all but three halfe pence; and, shortly after, there happened to be a great wind, and after the wind was downe, she, this ex[aminan]t, mett with Anne Wilkinson, who fell into a great rage, bitterly cursing this ex[aminan]t., and telling her that she had been att a wise man, and had raised this wind which had put out her eyes, and that she was stout now she had gott her money againe, and wishing she might never thrive, which cursing of the said Anne did soe trouble this ex[aminan]t. that she fell a weeping, and, coming home told her mother what had happened, and her mother bad her put her trust in God, and she hoped she could doe her noe harme. And the next day she churned but could gitt noe butter; and, presently, after this ex[aminan]t. fell sicke, and so continued for neere upon two yeeres, till a Scotch phytsitian came to Tollerton, to whom this ex[aminan]t. went, and the phisitiane told her she had harme done her. And she further sayth that her said husband, John Acres, fell shortly after ill, and dy'd of a lingering disease, but, till then, he was very strong and healthfull.
 * — Depositions, pp. 176, 177

Orthographical variety and recent use as a surname, forename, and titular territorial designation
The surname has many variants, including Erneley, Ernley, Earnely, Earneley and Ernly. Though apparently extinct in the male line in the United Kingdom, its current use as an ancient English surname has been actively maintained by its inclusion as the second component of the quadruple-barrelled patronymic, Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax (see double-barrelled surname), borne by descendants of John William Plunkett, 17th Baron of Dunsany, whose wife was Ernle Elizabeth Louisa Maria Grosvenor Ernle-Erle-Drax, née Ernle Elizabeth Louisa Maria Grosvenor Burton (1855–1916), who was doubly descended, both in the female line, from members of the Wiltshire Ernle family.

As demonstrated in the foregoing passage, the name Ernle, Ernley (also Ernlé, Ernlè, Ernly, and Ernleigh) is also employed by descendants of the family and others as a given name. Examples include Ernle Bradford (1922–1986), the writer, and Alfred Ernle Montacute Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield, PC (1873–1967), and his son Ernle David Lewis Chatfield, 2nd Baron Chatfield (born 1917), (see also Baron Chatfield), and Sir Ernley Blackwell, KCB, legal assistant under-secretary of State at the Home Office (1906–1931). The British Conservative politician and writer Ernle Money was given the name at birth in 1931.

Additionally, it was also used as the name for the barony granted to Rowland Edmund Prothero (1851–1937), who was created the 1st Baron Ernle, on 4 February 1919, for whose career and family history consult L.G. Pine's New Extinct Peerage.

title: Ernle


text:
Selkup language

Selkup is the language of the Selkups, belonging to the Samoyedic group of the Uralic language family. It is spoken by some 1,570 people (1994 est.) in the region between the Ob and Yenisei Rivers (in Siberia). The language name Selkup comes from the Russian селькуп, based on the native name used in the Taz dialect, шӧльӄумыт әты šöľqumyt əty, lit. 'forest-man language'. Different dialects use different names.

Selkup is fractured in an extensive dialect continuum whose ends are no longer mutually intelligible. The three main varieties are the Taz (Northern) dialect (тазовский диалект, tazovsky dialekt), which became the basis of the Selkup written language in the 1930s, Tym (Central) dialect (тымский диалект, tymsky dialekt), and Ket dialect (кетский диалект, ketsky dialekt). It is not related to the Ket language.

Phonology
There are 25 vowel and 16 consonant phonemes in the Taz dialect.

 * Voicing is not phonemic. Stops and fricatives may be voiced between vowels or after sonorant consonants.
 * The palatalized stop and fricative, are most typically rendered as an alveolo-palatal affricate  and fricative . Depending on the speaker, the former can be also realized as the stop , the latter as a non-palatalized fricative, postalveolar  or retroflex.
 * Before front vowels, palatalized variants of other consonants are also found.
 * and are allophones of  when occurring before nasals and liquids, respectively.
 * The non-coronal stops, , have optional fricative allophones , ,  when occurring before  or.

 * Vowel length is phonemic. alone, deriving from proto-Selkup, has no short counterpart.
 * The tenseness contrast, an innovation of northern Selkup, is independent of length (e.g. all contrast).
 * The full range of vowel quality contrasts is only possible in the initial syllable of a word: in later syllables, of either length do not occur, nor does long . (Shown on a darker gray background.)
 * The non-phonemic lax central vowel only occurs in unstressed non-first syllables; it is normally treated equivalent with short tense.

Selkup has a syllable structure (C)V(C). Word-initial and word-final  or  do not occur. Various consonant clusters and geminate consonants such as may occur, though many potential combinations occurring morphologically are simplified.

Stress in Selkup is marginally phonemic. Generally the rightmost long vowel in a word is stressed, or otherwise the first syllable, but certain suffixes with short vowels may acquire stress, leading to minimal pairs such as 'to stamp down' vs. 'to stamp once'.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Selkup language


text:
Talk:Physics processing unit

VU0
Really? Is the part about the VU0 necessary? The VU0 was just a primitive form of SIMD instruction set, the low end MIPS CPU at the core of the Emotion engine wasn't even really designed with it in mind, Sony basically hacked something together by shoving two of the MIPS processors 64-bit FPU's together and creating some new instructions for processing packed SIMD instructions. If we're going to mention that though, why would we leave out the Xbox - as the Pentium 3 it came with had SSE3, which was purpose built and actually had superior SIMD capabilities to Sony's Frankenstein solution. I know that the concept of SIMD in processors may *sound* similar to what the PhysX processor is doing. But that's because the PhysX processor was pretty close to the concept of a modern GPU, which consists of like thousands of tiny cores that perform the same operation many many times. Usually floating point (GPU's have since added integer capabilities, but at the time they were all floating point).

The two concepts, that of a GPU/Physics processor and an SIMD instruction set, sound similar because they are both basically the same concept, SIMD. The GPU just takes the concept to the extreme, whereas even on modern AVX you can at best hope to operate on 8 different packed values at once, with the GPU your operating on thousands. The GPU cores are also usually a lot weaker individually. And AVX sits right next to the processor so of course it's ideal for mixing with general programming. Whereas it can be difficult for the GPU and CPU to communicate effectively over their lengthy bus.2601:140:8980:106F:8576:80E0:C309:7606 (talk) 08:34, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

Untitled
Does anyone else think this comes off as an advertisment? Someone with more knowledge on the subject should probably provide a counter point...
 * I removed the advertisement and cleaned it up a bit (it was a PPU and a CPU in the previous version :P).

NovodeX/PhysX
There's a lot of confusion between NovodeX (a physics programming API, much like Direct3D is to graphics) and the actual hardware board that Ageia is developing. Despite the common origin of the hardware/API, I don't think it's really relevant that the PS3/Xbox is going to support the software NovodeX simulation pipe. As such, I don't think those facts belong in the article. The same goes for statements like: The NovodeX API can also be used to program physics for general purpose hardware, but it is specialized to run optimally on the PhysX hardware.

Thoughts, anyone? --Kyle Davis 08:11, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

It was called Novodex when they bought it. They have since renamed the API to PhysX as well. http://www.ageia.com/developers/api.html
 * I've been bold and removed the software information; it was all old information or duplicated from the PhysX article page --PdDemeter 13:18, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Useless Anandtech
Calling the link a closer look takes the expression to new depths. Quotiong: We really don’t know a great deal about the intimate details of the architecture, but a light weight parallel floating point with lots of communications is a good start. We’ve had several guesses at how the hardware works that have been confirmed wrong. But to paraphrase Edison, eliminating all incorrect paths leads to the goal. The only thing you get is a cookie storm and tons of advertising. I suggest we drop that link.
 * No objections received, link deleted.

What is a PPU really?
What the heck makes a core a "physics processing unit" different from an ordinary SIMD vector unit anyway? Is there some kind of special opcode for "calculate Laplacian" or "solve critically damped spring" or something? Collabi 10:17, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I have tried to find out but cannot find details on the internals of the PPU. The advantage PhysX has over the Cell processor, is a SDK ready for use, complete with a tutorial. It is possible a patent search can unearth something more substantial than the glossy whitepapers that are available.
 * This article states that Sony made an agreement with Ageia to port its SDK to the Cell processor.
 * An SDK I can certainly understand; physics simulation is software, you can provide a middleware package to encapsulate that software for developers. You write an API for a software package that runs on a processor. But I can't imagine what special instruction set a chip might have for physics, other than the usual linear algebra. I can find only three patent applications by AGEIA and they seem to be mostly concerned with their algorithm for solving the Linear Complementarity Problem. The chip itself is only sketchily referred to, and appears to be a vector processor essentially like the Cell: a group of parallel math units each with its own memory island. Collabi 23:22, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

 * good question!; when I met the Agiea devrel chap at an X-Fest event, they described that their chip was VERY similar to the Cell -one worry they had was a rival releasing a Cell board for PC's. Hence the Cell is very worthy of being described on this page. Parallel evolution arriving at a similar solution to the same problem - realtime simulation...
 * There was one different component: 'a processor to manage inter-processor transfers' - I can't see how this could be far off what you can do with SPU/PPU initiated DMA's on the Cell. The whole thing reminds me of the days of DSP accelerator chips. This appears to be an accelerator card marketted around one killer app. But the Devrel guy was quick to describe the cores as custom CPUs and NOT dsp's, when I mentioned that term. I mentioned how I'd always perceived game Physics more as an excercise in collision - parsing complex spatial datastructures - rather than FP, and he answered by describing how the specialized memory architecture helped this.
 * I suppose they may have analyzed physics code and got their VLIW ISA & execution unit mix tuned exactly to that, wheras desktop CPU's will be based on running a range of common benchmarks & legacy apps..
 * I don't see anything specific in the processor design of a so called "Physics processing unit". IMO, the term either refers to the special use case of a Graphics processing unit (GPU)... and then this article should make this very clear, or it is simply more marketing bullshit (see buzzword bingo). User:ScotXW t@lk 10:40, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

Distributed Computing?
How viable would a PPU be for various scientific and mathematical computation performed through distributed computing? Gaming and various 3-D modeling are likely to take only a few hours out of the day, but DC is 24/7 and can use all the speed it can get. Is this something BOINC and BOINC apps can and should support?
 * Well, for distributed computing apps to support it, they'd need to have some idea of what it actually is. At the moment there's almost no information on this, which leads me to believe that when it's released, all information about how it works, and thus how to make it do anything but game physics, will be top secret.  There are some attempts to use GPUs to help with distributed computing, but it's an uphill battle, in part for similar reasons.

Vandalism?
"It is also rumored that the Nintendo Revolution will run with a PPU chip and clock in at 4 quadrillion petaflops, but still pale in comparison to the original Xbox. (Note: PPU in Revolution Rumor was formed by Drinky Crow, a man with tons of credibility.)"

Yeah, someone want to change that?

PPU in Rev
"The Nintendo Revolution is rumored to use a PPU. [3]"

Is there actually going to be a physical piece of hardware for "physics" or is it just software for it? Because it's linked to howstuffworks.com, and while it is informative, it isn't very up to date, and it DOES say "rumored"

 * Someone put that in there and it caused a ton of vandalism so I removed it, since it is just a rumor anyways. But someone later put it back in, so I added a "source" for the rumor. If you want to modify or remove it go ahead. Qutezuce 19:59, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The link is now broken, so I'll just remove it. Chris M. 17:29, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

This is about PPUs, not PhysX
I took out the two sections that were entirely PhysX-related from it after copying some info into that article. While it's certainly appropriate to talk about the first major commercial PPU for a bit, the way the article was structured, it made it sound like the two were synonymous. Does anyone have any info about other PPUs or PPUs in general that can be used to buff up the article a bit? (I don't.) --Ted 19:08, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Right now, it's the ONLY one on the market. ATI is teaming up with Havok, and their solution will be part of their crossfire system. More info is here. Corky842 22:56, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, yes. That doesn't mean this should turn into a copy of the PhysX article, does it? --Ted 03:14, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Alas I fear this article will never expand beyond a link to the PhysX: Havok FX is still software, albeit partially running on a GPU instead of a CPU. Is the article in need of renaming/removal? (perhaps when we have 2 PPUs in the world we can recreate it!) --PdDemeter 04:03, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Intel aquired Havok !
Intel To Acquire Havok This is notable - Intel may suppress Havok FX, to favour sales of multi-processor-core PCs or defer it until its own GPU Larrabee is released ! --195.137.93.171 (talk) 11:12, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Physics processing unit


text: Category:Schools in the Philippines

title: Category:Schools in the Philippines


text:
Olib

Olib (Ulbo) is a Croatian island in northern Dalmatia, located northwest of Zadar, southwest of Pag, southeast of Lošinj and just east of Silba with an area of 26.14 km2.

History
Greek geographer Strabo mentions a settlement named Aloip, which was inhabited by the Liburnians. During the Roman rule, Aloip was rebuilt in a different location, in the island's south-west.

Croats colonized the island from mid-7th to late 8th century. Another wave of Croatian inhabitants arrived in the mid to late 15th century, from Vrlika in the Cetinska Krajina region in Split-Dalmatia County, fleeing the Ottoman invasions. The Chakavian dialect of Croatian is spoken on Olib. Residents call themselves Olibljani.

The island has many historic buildings and ruins. Among these are the Parish Church Assumption of Mary with its collection of antiquities including Glagolitic codices dating back to the 17th century (housed in the treasury of the parish rectory), the stone Tower or "Kula" built for protection from pirates, and the ruins of St. Paul's Church and Monastery which was abandoned in the 13th century.

In addition to the parish church of the Assumption of Mary, Olib has three other churches. St. Anastasia is situated inside the village cemetery, St. Nicholas is located on the cove of Porat, and St. Rocco is close to the port of Samotvorac.

Modern-day Olib
The traditional products of Olib include wine, olive oil, and cheese. Most of the food is consumed locally rather than being sold in the market.

There is no water supply network on Olib so all homes on the island are built with cisterns to capture rainwater. During the summer months, the island receives an additional supply of water carried by ships if needed.

Although the year-round population hovers around only 100, that number is much larger during the summer months, when both descendants of the island's native population as well as international tourists come to visit.

Olib is connected to the mainland by ferry to Zadar via the islands of Silba and Premuda. The journey to the mainland takes approximately two hours on a catamaran and up to three and a half hours by ferry. Cars are forbidden to be used for transport on the island, instead have to be parked in a designated area adjacent to the harbor.

Demographics
According to the first result of the 2021 census, the town of Olib has 113 residents and 64 occupied private households.

title: Olib


text:
Talk:Socialist republic

This article should be merged with the Socialist state article. Who agrees? Jareand 03:41, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Seconded. mikka (t) 22:31, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I also agree. In addition, since "socialist republic" was and is the official name, this article should hold all information and socialist state should be a redirect. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 00:13, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, see Talk:Socialist state for reasons. Cmapm 23:01, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with some objections; the many contradictory uses of the label "socialist state" or "socialist republic" can only be resolved through a disambig page, and I have chosen socialist state to be the disambig, because "state" is, after all, a more general term than "republic". -- Nikodemos 04:27, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * All in favor say, I. I, i, i, i. Just kidding. I like Nikodemoses proposal, and think we should take that route. -- Tλε Rαnδоm Eδι  τ  оr   21:53, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Someone redirected Socialist state to Socialist republic. I found no rationale for the redirect on either talk page. I have reversed this. (For the reasons listed above, among others). Jacob Haller 00:46, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Socialist republic


text:
Tellum

The tellum or reverse mullet (also referred to as a frullet ) is a hairstyle similar to the mullet. "Tellum" is "mullet" spelled backwards. While a mullet is short in the front and long in the back, the opposite is true for a tellum. The hair is longer in the front (usually straight cheek-chin length hair), and is short/buzzed in the back. The back is often spiky as well. It is not uncommon that the back layers of hair are dyed a different color than the front, or that there are drastically different colored streaks (highlights/lowlights) running through the front of the hair.

Fashion history
In the late 1970s, the first interpretation of the tellum was the devilock, made famous by The Misfits. The Misfits style has the devilock centered on the eyes and gelled in place.

In the late 1980s this style of hair was very popular among emo subculture, which later transformed into the "emo hairstyle". Thus, the tellum is often associated with the "emo style" and is frequently, but not always, worn by those who "emo".

In the early 1990s Edward Furlong's hairstyle in Terminator 2: Judgment Day gave rise to a new wave of tellums worn by teenagers.

In 2007 when Kate Gosselin emerged into the reality television world, she and her tellum, which resembles a bob hairstyle in the front and is cropped short in the back, quickly became a favorite among fans of the popular reality series, Jon and Kate Plus 8. Appropriately named, "The Kate", was a hotly debated hairstyle in 2009. Although Gosselin and the media hoped to sway the public into finding the hairstyle appealing, most rejected "The Kate" for its bold appearance and impracticality.

Cultural impact
Although "The Kate" did not make it as a mainstream hairstyle, famous R&B singer Cassie Ventura was spotted at a music event in New York flaunting this bold hairstyle in 2010.

title: Tellum


text:
One Fell Swoop

One Fell Swoop is an album by saxophonist Steve Lacy's Quartet featuring Charles Tyler which was recorded in Paris in 1986 and released on the Swedish Silkheart label.

Reception
The Penguin Guide to Jazz states: "There are signs on One Fell Swoop that he is looking back and rerunning some ideas from his own bottom drawer, reviving that Dixieland counterpoint which had tended to get unravelled and spun out at unrecognisable length in more recent years. The title track (two performances) and 'Ode to Lady Day' are splendid performances." In his review on AllMusic, Scott Yanow states: "The inside/outside music rewards repeated listenings, and the Lacy/Tyler match-up, helped by their contrasting but complementary styles, works quite well".

Track listing
All compositions by Steve Lacy except where noted.
 * 1) "One Fell Swoop" [Take 2] – 7:52
 * 2) "Ode to Lady Day" (Charles Tyler) – 7:34
 * 3) "Wickets" – 9:46
 * 4) "Keepsake" – 8:44
 * 5) "The Adventures Of" (Tyler) – 7:17
 * 6) "Friday the 13th" (Thelonious Monk) – 4:53
 * 7) "One Fell Swoop" [Take 1] – 7:07 Bonus track on CD

Personnel

 * Steve Lacy – soprano saxophone; lays out on "Ode to Lady Day"
 * Charles Tyler – baritone saxophone, alto saxophone
 * Jean-Jacques Avenel – bass
 * Oliver Johnson – drums

title: One Fell Swoop


text:
Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax

Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax is the quadruple-barrelled surname of the descendants of Admiral The Honourable Sir Reginald Aylmer Ranfurly Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax (1880–1967), who was the younger son of the 17th Baron of Dunsany by his wife Ernle Elizabeth Louisa Maria Grosvenor, née Burton, later Ernle-Erle-Drax (1855–1916). The surname of Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax was assumed in lieu of Plunkett, his name from birth, by royal licence on 4 October 1916. Ernle is pronounced earnly. The current head of the family is former MP Richard Grosvenor Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax, otherwise known as Richard Drax. The family seat is Charlborough House.

See Burke's Peerage and Baronetage under the account of the Dunsany barony for a complete listing of the Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax family.

title: Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax


text:
Scalable Linear Recording

Scalable Linear Recording is the name used by Tandberg Data for its line of QIC based tape drives.

The earliest SLR drive, the SLR1, has a capacity of 250 MB, while the latest drive, the SLR140, has a capacity of 70 GB. The term SLR is often used to refer to QIC tapes, as for many years they were the only drives that used them before Tandberg discontinued production around 2015.

Quarter inch formats
NOTE: MLR stands for Multi-channel Linear Recording.

title: Scalable Linear Recording


text:
Stemma

Stemma (plural stemmata) may refer to:

 * In stemmatics, an approach to textual criticism, a stemma or stemma codicum is a diagram showing the relationships of the various versions of a text to earlier versions or manuscripts
 * Tree-like diagrams representing sentence structure and syntax created by Lucien Tesnière
 * Coat of arms or arms in the Italian language
 * A family tree or recorded genealogy

 * Stemmata refers to a class of simple eyes in arthropods
 * Kind of imperial crown in the late Roman, the Byzantine and the Bulgarian empires
 * Ensemble of pictures of ancestors hanged in the atrium of a patrician domus in ancient Rome. These pictures ("imagines") where connected among them with painted lines

title: Stemma


text:
Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA

Universities and colleges affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA


text:
Head tube

The head tube is the part of a cycle's tubular frame within which the front fork steerer tube is mounted. On a motorcycle, the "head tube" is normally called the steering head. On bicycles the manufacturer's brand located on the head tube is known as a head badge.

Bearings
The head tube holds the bearings which allow the front fork steerer tube to pivot freely.

 * In bicycles, these bearings are collectively called the headset. These are usually ball bearings, although some headsets use needle bearings.

 * In motorcycles, these bearings are also referred to as headset, or steering head bearings or steering neck bearings. These are usually tapered roller bearings.

Caster angle
The steering axis angle, also called caster angle, is the angle that the head tube and hence the steering axis makes with the horizontal or vertical, depending on convention. The steering axis is the axis about which the steering mechanism (fork, handlebars, front wheel, etc.) pivots.

 * In bicycles, the steering axis angle is called the head angle and is measured clock-wise from the horizontal when viewed from the right side. A 90° head angle would be vertical. Some examples of caster angles are:
 * 72.5° to 74° on the track bicycle 2007 Lemond Filmore, designed for the track (angle varies depending on frame size)
 * 71.25° to 74° on the road bicycle 2006 Lemond Tete de Course, designed for road racing (angle varies depending on frame size)
 * In motorcycles, the steering axis angle is called the rake and is measured counter-clock-wise from the vertical when viewed from the right side. A 0° rake would be vertical. Some examples of caster angles are:
 * 25.5 degrees on the streetfighter 2007 Moto Guzzi Breva V 1100
 * 27.5 degrees on the cruiser 2007 Moto Guzzi Nevada Classic 750

Head tube diameters
Head tubes can use one of several size standards

The head tube of a bicycle is sometimes designated by the fork steerer column it accepts. This can lead to confusion, since head tube inside diameters are dependent on the headset standard. For example, frames that take 25.4 mm (1 in) steerer columns can have three different inside diameters for threaded and threadless headsets (not including integrated-type headsets). The wide variety of integrated and non-standard, proprietary headsets that some frame manufacturers have created (and abandoned in some cases) makes listing all current and past head tube dimensions problematic. The following table includes the most common sizes; nominal head tube diameters are assuming a 0.1-0.2 mm interference fit, which is what most head tube reaming cutters are designed to bore. Adequate press fits are typically between 0.1 and 0.25 mm of interference.
 * Bicycles

Standard motorcycle head tubes and headsets are sized for a 25.4 mm (1 in) diameter fork steerer tube.
 * Motorcycles

title: Head tube


text:
User:VLD

born & raised in Washington, D.C.
If you were fortunate enough to have been born and raised in the slums of Washington, D.C. like I was, your rat-infested public school's curriculum would have required you and your fellow classmates to go on regularly-scheduled school trips to places like: The National Galley of Art, The National Symphony, The Library of Congress, The Smithsonian Museum, etc.

You would have been required to walk with your classmates to Constitution Ave. and stand on the sidewalk so that you could witness every parade that the rest of the world had to watch on tv.

Like the parade for The Mercury 7 astronauts and their families, featuring John and Annie Glenn, riding in an open car with Vice President Johnson, who waved to all of us standing out there in the rain on that wet, chilly day in February, 1962

JFK's inaugural parade in '61, and then his untimely funeral procession in November of '63 - the caisson, the horses, the indescribable air.

And having to go to The Lincoln Memorial on that hot August day where we listened to Martin Luther King, Jr speak about having a dream.

If you were fortunate enough to have been born and raised in the slums of Washington, D.C. like I was, we would have so much to talk about.

currently being
an artist, writer, multimedia project developer for vickileedillard.com - and whatever else inspires me.

title: User:VLD


text:
Boi (slang)

Boi (plural: bois) is slang within butch and femme and gay male communities for several sexual or gender identities.

The term has also been used, independently of any meaning related to sexuality, as an alternate spelling for boy.

In the LGBT community
The term boi may be used to denote a number of other sexual orientations and possibilities that are not mutually exclusive:

 * A boyish lesbian.
 * A submissive butch in the BDSM community.
 * A young trans man, or a trans man who is in the earlier stages of transitioning.
 * A younger bisexual or gay man who may have effeminate characteristics. The term can also be used by anyone who wishes to distinguish from heterosexual or heteronormative identities.

Boi may also refer to someone assigned female at birth, who generally does not identify as, or only partially identifies as feminine, female, a girl, or a woman. Some bois are trans or intersex people. They may be gay or queer. Many trans bois are also genderqueer/nonbinary (in itself a trans/transgender group), or might identify as cis persons or trans men, and yet practice genderfuck in which they do not fit in either masculine or feminine binary gender presentation. Bois may prefer a range of pronouns, including "he", "she", or nonbinary and gender-neutral pronouns such as "they".

Usage in popular culture and meme culture
One of the earliest usages of the term boi was with the rapper Big Boi. In the early 2000s the term came into usage within skateboarding culture. The term came into popular culture again with the song "Sk8er Boi" by Avril Lavigne. The term came into meme culture with the Dat Boi meme: an animation of a frog on a unicycle usually accompanied by the caption "Here come dat boi. (O shit waddup!)"

title: Boi (slang)


text:
Talk:Goose Island Brewery

Comment
I'm not sure exactly the difference between "English bitter" (as Honker's had been described) and "Pale ale". However I know I've read Honker's described as a pale ale, and there's an article for it, so I changed it. I'm not trying to say one categorization is neccessarily better than the other. Friday 03:47, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * In general "English bitter" is a subset of "English Pale Ale", it's a more specific label. I called it an English bitter since that's what Beeradvocate called it.  Goose Island themselves call it "a pale ale" as well as a "fine English-style brew".  Sounds like a bitter, but I don't see any reason to change it back.  I'm going to see if I can sit down and look over the Wikipedia Beer stuff to see if we can get a proposed list of beer types together so we're all talking the same language and not redlinking all over the place.  -- Kaszeta 13:16, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I fixed this problem by making the link read "English-Style Bitter" while actually directing to "English Bitter". Likewise I directed "American Wheat" to "Wheat Beer".  I realize that somewhere like Beer Advocate would delineate betwen a true English Bitter and then the American interpretation of it, but Wikipedia's beer articles don't appear to split hairs that fine.  I think that changing redirects like this could fix a lot of the "redlinking" problems on many of the beer pages' infoboxes.  I've only done so here because Goose Island is one of my preferred breweries!

 * I also changed the Christmas Ale to be a Winter Warmer, as that article now exists! (Though someone can correct me if I'm wrong - is it malty enough to be a Warmer?)  I deleted the "varies" after the name due to size constraints, but I am aware of the fact that the brewery tweaks their recipe each winter.  This should probably be notated somewhere in the article.--JD79 18:20, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 09:38, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

New Commentator
Hi, my name is Ben Zientara. I am a student at Minneapolis Community and Technical College, where I am currently enrolled in an English class, the objective of which is to teach students how to research, verify sources, write, and build consensus for edits to a Wikipedia article, with the goal of helping that article become one of Wikipedia's Featured Articles. I, along with two others, have chosen to change the structure of and add information to this article. Working within Wikipedia's guidelines for Featured Articles, we will be using several new sources of information in order to make the article more comprehensive and better-researched. The proposed new structure will consist of the following subject headings:

--History --Brewpubs --Products --Beers --year round --seasonal --special release --Sodas --Awards

Under this new structure, we intend to make the article better, and we hope we can do it with the help and support of the Wikipedia community. Look for our user names, benzientara, jacobvon, and markell_hayes, in future edits. I am sure i speak for all of us when I say we would appreciate and help and suggestions that you wish to make, and we look forward to partnering with the community to improve the quality of an article about the beer company we all love. We will endeavor to ensure that our editing, reorganization, and addition of information is appropriately neutral, professional, and intellectually sound, and that our ideas are welcomed by the group of users who have been involved in the beginnings of this article.

Thank you, Ben Zientara 11/4/2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Benzientara (talk • contribs) 19:13, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Expanded outsourcing
I recently bought a case of Goose Island brewed in Baldwinsville, New York. From that article, I notice there's an A-B brewery there, so I assume the purchase of Goose Island means that there's more outsourced brewing going on than just New Hampshire on the East Coast. I live in Idaho, though I got this beer from a Grocery Outlet, so I don't think it was intended for a Western market. I don't know if A-B is brewing them everywhere, but they have a plant in Boise. --BDD (talk) 21:50, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

They now sell it in Canada. Based on the locations listed on the can (London, Creston, Edmonton, Montreal, Halifax, St. John's, Canada), I suspects Labatt is brewing it, which makes sense since Labatt is owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev.24.78.212.147 (talk) 04:26, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

Outdated
Hello. Could you please describe how the article is outdated? Thanks. — Mudwater (Talk) 23:44, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

 * The intro section of the article is written as if the sale of the company to AB InBev has not yet occurred when it was finalized in 2011. Examples include "Goose Island announced that it would be selling" and "Greg Hall will step down as brewmaster"

 * In my judgement, the following info should be added:

 * Finalized details about the sale to AB InBev
 * Information on current brewmaster(s)
 * Details on which facilities Goose Island is brewed in US outside of Chicago (I believe I've seen NY and CO, but unsure)
 * Goose Island being available in all 50 states Tribune before it occurred and Tribune after it ocured
 * Former brewers who have left to start their own craft beer companies such as Bell's Brewery, Firestone Walker Brewing Company, Revolution Brewing, etc.Tribune reference
 * Information about the fall 2014 closing and spring 2015 re-opening of the Wrigelyville Brewpub, given the wide ranging media coverage Closing reference Re-opening reference
 * Information about the Near West Side tasting room that opened in spring 2015 in their brewery location at 1800 W. Fulton Crain's Chicago Business reference
 * Any new beers made available on national level such as Four Star Pils Tribune
 * Clarification regarding timeline for Goose Island soda given the clause "For several years, the WIT Beverage Company licensed..." Possible citation

 * Cubbie15fan (talk) 15:02, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Very good. Thanks. — Mudwater (Talk) 23:18, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Here are some more recent developments:
 * February 2016: Goose Island sells original brewpub to Anheuser-Busch
 * December 2016: Goose Island going global with pubs, brewhouses in 6 countries
 * January 2017: Goose Island's Clybourn brewpub closing for 5-month renovation
 * — Mudwater (Talk)

I updated the article, how does it look? Robcuiper (talk) 12:59, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Awards, promotion, and notability
Hello. About this recent edit, where you removed the list of awards: I'm all for Wikipedia articles being neutral in tone and following WP:NOTPROMOTION. But, three things. (1) In an article about a brewery, it's appropriate to mention the major awards that they've won. (If you go to https://www.greatamericanbeerfestival.com/the-competition/winners/ and change the first drop-down to "all years" and search for "goose island", you'll see that they've won quite a few awards at the Great American Beer Festival.) (2) You also removed the list of their beers. I'm thinking that that could be put back, either as-is or in a different form. (3) As far as WP:NOTABILITY, please don't overlook the WP:NNC section, which says that notability guidelines do not apply to content within an article. They're just to determine if the subject itself (in this case the Goose Island Brewery) should have its own article. It says, "Content coverage within a given article or list (i.e. whether something is noteworthy enough to be mentioned in the article or list) is governed by the principle of due weight and other content policies." Thanks. — Mudwater (Talk) 00:35, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi! To address your points
 * 1) This is true. But listing every award for every beer is not only excessive, it's blatant advertising. Part of determining which content we should include is also what stuff is most relevant to an encyclopedic format, and listing every single beer by a beer company is not appropriate.
 * 2) The list of beers uses the company's site exclusively for reference, and also serves no encyclopedic purpose. It is advertising for this company's beers. It's a pretty clear violation of WP:SOAP and WP:TRIVIA, as it A) does not use third-party sources that are independently verifiable and B) that information is all visible on the company's page. The rule of thumb is: if it's better suited for a company's page, don't put it here. We are here to do our due diligence as encyclopedia editors, and that means keeping the information contained her accurate, notable, verifiable, and non-advertising.
 * 3) Notability guidelines apply to all of Wikipedia. They apply to references, to content, and to the article itself. It is the core of what Wikipedia is. While the taxonomy of Wikipedia editing guidelines may specify this differently, it's really quite simple: content in an article should adhere to encyclopedic norms. A list of beers and locations are not notable for an encyclopedia to include, especially when all the references point to the same site and give roughly the same information (see WP:OVERCITE).
 * Dragonmaw (talk) 18:18, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

 * , thanks for catching this case of content blanking. I agree with your assessment above so I just reverted the page back. Listing awards from either Great American Beer Festival or from World Beer Cup is not a case of WP:SOAP. It is also notable as its no different than listing an athlete's award on their page. Definitely not a case of advertising in listing something that has occurred. Cubbie15fan (talk) 16:12, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

 * It is a violation of WP:SOAP if you list every single award in a massive table that takes up half this page, because it is implicitly advertising each of those beers. An appropriate awards section condenses that information into the most relevant and appropriate awards, and leaves the rest in references.
 * Again, I can't stress enough that this is an encyclopedia. We have to make tough decisions about what to trim. I'm sorry that my edits hurt, but it's ultimately for the health of this page.
 * I do plan on going through the list of awards and beers later to find bits worthy of inclusion, but again: if it's information primarily found on a single outside site, especially if it's the company's website, it's a violation of WP:SOAP. Referencing different sub-pages of the same site forty times in a row is not appropriate; see WP:OVERCITE.
 * Dragonmaw (talk) 18:18, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree with you that better, third party sources can and should be used for some of the content on this page. However, removal of content is not the way to go about this. This is not a case of WP:TRIVIA, nor of WP:SOAP. Likewise, the concept of WP:NCC must be considered here. Readers of the article may be interested in the styles of beer Goose Island produces. Each is a distinct style, that some readers care about. Additionally, with each of your three page edits, content with third part sources was blatantly removed w/o explanation. Based upon your contributions to WP, it seems as though you have a history of removing massive amounts of content. Perhaps the content isn't important to you, but other readers do care about this information. Same goes for the awards, its not advertisement its simply stating significant facts that have occurred. Cubbie15fan (talk) 20:58, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Removal of content is absolutely the correct way to do this. We are not an advertising platform. I also provided general reasoning as to those edits (removal of content which is inappropriate or otherwise not notable enough for Wikipedia). You are ignoring the broader context of the article to focus on blind addition of information, which is short-sighted and damaging to Wikipedia and this article.
 * If readers are interested in the items that Goose Island Brewery produces, they are welcome to visit the company page, as there is a list of them there (http://www.gooseisland.com/our-beers#calendar). Same for the full list of awards which Goose Island has received (http://www.gooseisland.com/our-beers#awards). But listing all of them here makes this page unreadable at best, implicit advertising at worst, as it is replicating the advertising information from the company's page. Condense that information when you add it back, or leave it out, but I will keep removing the full list.
 * I'm calling here, as his input on the Barcade talk page was what convinced me I should do edits like this to other articles. Dragonmaw (talk) 21:05, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

 * I've invited the members of WikiProject Beer to contribute to this discussion. — Mudwater (Talk) 21:43, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

 * By all means! More input is better. Dragonmaw (talk) 22:55, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Goose Island Brewery


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title: Wikipedia:Uncategorized categories


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X2 (record label)

x2 (pronounced "times two") is a British record label set up in 2013 by Pet Shop Boys for the release of their own music.

x2 history
On 14 March 2013, the Pet Shop Boys officially left Parlophone after 28 years and entered into a new arrangement with Kobalt Label Services for the release of their 12th album, their first release on their own music label. Tennant said at the time, "We'd like to thank everyone we've worked with at Parlophone over the last 28 years both in the UK and abroad. When we signed to the label in 1985 we had no idea how long and successful a relationship we were embarking on. However it is also exciting now to commence a new phase working with a new team in a new business structure and we look forward to a creative and equally fulfilling relationship with Kobalt." On 31 January 2024, the Pet Shop Boys were "delighted to confirm their return to Parlophone". Music will continue to be released though x2 with Parlophone handling distribution.

Previous record labels
In addition to their time signed to Parlophone, Pet Shop Boys had previously created several smaller record labels for the release of side projects and collaborations.

Spaghetti Records was launched in September 1991. The label's first single to be released was by a 21-year-old Scottish singer, synthesizer player and songwriter David Cicero. The single was called "Heaven Must Have Sent You Back to Me". Cicero released four more singles and an album on Spaghetti. Other artists to release material on Spaghetti include Masterboy, Boy George and Ignorants. The label's logo is the word SPAGHETTI laid out vertically in extremely tall extra-thin type, to mimic a strand of spaghetti.

Olde English Vinyl and Lucky Kunst were launched by the Pet Shop Boys in May 2003. These labels had releases by Atomizer, Pete Burns and Sam Taylor-Wood.

title: X2 (record label)