text:
Talk:Prasaṅgika

[Untitled]
This article appears to be mistaken on several counts. I refer readers to the Wisdom Chapter of the Lam Rim Chenmo for Je Tsongkhapa's examination of some of the points raised here. Of course, his views represent only one interpretation of the definitions and concerns of the Prasangika, but he argues his case well. (20040302)

Prasangika reasoning
''Prasangika reasoning is also a way of preparing the mind for meditation on emptiness (shunyata). All conceptual constructs are analysed and seen to be dependent on causes and conditions, and so empty of self-nature. In this way, the practitioner aims to rid his mind of all conceptual thought.'' This may well be a statement that belongs to e.g. the Karma Kargyu, but it something that cannot be found within the Indian school. Can the wiki-editor responsible please qualify it and provide references/source (20040302 17:35, 26 October 2005 (UTC))

Prasanga
Consequence is not merely reductio ad absurdum, and such a definition misses out the primary distinction between 'consequence' and 'autonomous syllogism'. Candrakirti says (Clear Words) ''We argue "Your (The opponent's) position is contradicted by an argument based upon what you accept". This is how an argument that is established for them refutes their position'' His point is that, unlike Bhavaviveka, it is not necessary for both parties to share a common ground for an  argument to be established, and due to the nature of emptiness being the absence of something (essence) there is no need to assert that.

Svatantrika Prasangkika distinction
Somewhere, here, on the Svatantrika article or elsewhre, we need a discussion or at least mention of the fact that the very distinction (Svatantrika vs. Prasangika) is a post-hoc construction by Tibetan doxographers and was _not attested_ in primary Indian sources. Zero sharp 21:03, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, it is the nomenclature that was used by the TIbetans, used to differentiate the scholars Buddhapalita/Candrakirti vs. Bhavaviveka. It is the defence of Buddhapalita's text by Candrakirti himself which is used to identify and name these two positions, when he states that Madhyamikas should employ prasanga arguments, not svatantra ones. So the two schools of thought are distinguished by Candrakirti's Clear Words.  As I understand, by the 11th century CE, the terms were used by Indian scholars. Moreover, there were other divisions made regarding the Madhyamika, but they were more or less dismissed by Tsongkhapa and others in later Tibetan scholarship. (I am talking about the early division into the mayopamadvayavadin and the sarvadharmapratisthanavadin ).

 * In brief, there is little doubt that Candrakirti's Clear Words demonstrates a division of views reflected by the terms Prasangika/Svatantrika, which therefore refutes the claim that these views are a Tibetan construction. (20040302 09:04, 16 March 2006 (UTC))

 * I'd be very eager to see a reference to these 11th century usages of the terms Svatantrika/Prasangika by Indian writers Zero sharp 01:10, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The Svatantrika/Prasangika debate existed in India, in the sense that there was a criticism of Buddhapalita's treatment of arising from self by Bhavaviveka, and a response to this criticism by Candrakirti in his Clear Words (Prasannapada). However, the entire scope of the argument around whether one should use autonomous inferences or consequences to demonstrate emptiness to an opponent is strictly confined to an argument about paragraph long in Buddhapalita's Madhyamakavritti concerning the refutation of sprouts arising from themselves, which is then expanded on in the Prasannapada. So these terms are indeed present in Indian texts, and they also represent a division of views. It should be noted that the tradition of using a few verses to derive a doctrine was inherited from India by the Tibetans.

 * Addendum - The Lucid Exposition of the Middle Way, Sprung ISBN 0140194118 is an excellent translation of the Prasannapada. You can find the terms and distinctions of Prasanga/Svatantra being used by Candrakirti on pp36-42. (20040302 10:31, 28 March 2006 (UTC))

 * Thank you so much, I'll check that out. Nonetheless, I still feel that we need something somewhere to indicate that the distinction is not as cut and dried as, I feel, the article currently seems. But clearly I need to read a bit more. Thanks for the ref Zero sharp 19:13, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I feel I am missing something, ZS - the terms are used, and have been used in a scholastic form for about a thousand years, with strong indications that the division of views was made in India by the aforementioned scholars (and their students). Consider Middle Platonism as a term from Western Philosophy - how is it significant as to when the term was coined?  It refers to a set of ideas and concepts that distinguished themselves clearly enough to make a differentiation from Early Platonism, or Neoplatonism.  Maybe this specific analog isn't sound - (Platonism is not something I know about). (20040302 00:04, 31 March 2006 (UTC))

 * if you're missing something it's b/c I'm not articulating it very well. Basically, I've read in a number of sources (notably Dreyfus/McClintock "The Svatantrika Prasangika Distinction") that there is a danger in misapprehending the terms Svatantrika and Prasangika as if they referred to self-consciously defined schools of Indian Buddhism, that existed at, say, the time of Buddhapalita and of Bhavaviveka -- that the term is often read back too forcefully, as if those writers said "I am a Prasangika" or "I am a Svatantrika" -- there seems to be no debate that the *distinctions* and *disagreements* existed, but that it's not 100% accurate to speak of a Prasangika or Svatantrika _school_, per se, existing at the times those authors wrote. But as I said, I clearly need to read and absorb a bit more.  Thanks for the pointer to Sprung, I've got a copy on order.  Zero sharp 01:50, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

UNDO Possibly related to previous talk
I pulled the change which limits the range of the usege of prasanga within Prasangika only to demonstrating emptiness of self, with a nod to Tsongkhapa. This is patently far too reductive, and does not include cites either. The snow lion translation of Tsongkhapa's LamRim Chenmo has two chapters devoted to the discussion of the Prasanga/Svatantrika distinction, including a reasonably comprehensive peer review of Tsonkhapa's contemporaries. In Elizabeth Napper's "Dependant Arising and Emptiness", she has devoted an updated and likewise comprehensive review of modern era (mainly Western) scholars' interpretations of the Prasangika/Svatantrika distinction. In brief, and as I understand it, Tsongkhapa asserts that the Prasangika rejects any notion of an autonomous argument. What this means is that Prasangikas reject the notion that for an argument to be efficacious, it's subject must be established as appearing in common by both parties. (LRCM, p254). More to the point is the assertion that the Svatantrika's believe that essences have conventional existence, whereas Prasangikas reject that essences exist even conventionally (LRCM p255). Of course, all these terms have a very technical meaning, and need to be read in context. (20040302 (talk) 15:32, 5 February 2010 (UTC)) i can provide unequivocal reference that napper agrees with my edit. i would prefer not to have to find it... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.134.47.143 (talk) 19:34, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

p106: "At the time of direct cognition of emptiness, all conventional phenomena - everything except emptiness - disappear. Does this mean that those conventionalities do not exist? For Dzong-ka-ba the answer is no, and he takes his cue from Nagarjuna and Chandrakirti. Both Nagarjuna and Chandrakirti deny on numerous occasions that they propound nihilism, and the reason they give to prove that they are not nihilists is their acceptance of conventional existence" Pretty unequivocal...

p43: "As Dzong-ka-pa interprets his writings, although Bhavaviveka refuted any sort of ultimate existence either ultimately or conventionally, he did accept that conventionally phenomena exist inherently... Chandrakriti's interpretation of the object of negation in Madhyamika does farther than does Bhavaviveka's, refuting any sort of ultimate or inherent existence even conventionally.". OK so it does seem that only the second half of what I edited out is acceptable...

WIKISAID: "Je Tsongkhapa's critique of the Svatantrika position was based on the belief that any Buddhist making positive assertions about the conventional world was committed to the existence of an illusion. The Svatantrika response was that there are different levels of existence, and that a conventional thing could self-exist, exist from its own side, and have inherent existence, but that it still would not exist absolutely, ultimately, or really."

p65: "difference between the Svantantrika and Prasangika schools based on whether they say that relaizing emptiness is generated through use of autonomous syllogisms". The point that I am trying ti make is that this is first about the emptiness of the self and the "force" of that realization gives the emptiness of phenomena in a separate cognition p302: "Therefore because there is this capacity (for the selflessness of the aggreagtes to be realized through the force of the realization of the selflessness of the person".

These are the best quotes I can find as yet but I will look some more if this is still disputed: I think they are convincing and that my edit should be saved, as long as you don't want to include something else on the fact that Svantrantika thought the object existed inherently just not ultimately...

OK thanks lol :-)

maybe i totally misunderstood what i actually edited out... you mean ""Je Tsongkhapa's critique of the Svatantrika position was based on the belief that any Buddhist making positive assertions about the conventional world was committed to the existence of conventionally phenomena, even-though they would ultimately be an illusion. The Svatantrika response was that because there are different levels of existence, a conventional thing could self-exist, exist from its own side, and have inherent existence, but that it still would not exist absolutely, ultimately, or really". Sorry to go so crazy about that??

RE "prasanga within Prasangika only to demonstrating emptiness of self, with a nod to Tsongkhapa.  This is patently far too reductive, and does not include cites either" there are citations here now. p301: "without relying on some other mode of realization, another awareness that is the ascertaining consciousness ascertaining that the aggregates are without inherent existence can be induced... realization through the force if that (mind)". So the negation realizes that the the self is empty, which forces a realization by a second awareness that phenomena are empty. Like how establishing permanence means there is the "capacity" to generate consciousness of the fact that impermanence is contradicted [see p301 quoting Nagarjuna].

My_point_is that therefore it is correct to say that the emptiness of self is what is demonstrated through prasanga whereas emptiness of phenomena is merely deduced [or something like deduction] from that. You can argue that this deduction or forcing of a second awareness is part of prasanga but that is defined as negating an object, not negating an object and the negative consequences of negating that object. The text also refers to it as like a relation between part [emptiness of phenomena] and whole [emptiness of self] which implies that whole contains part, which implies negating the whole includes the negation of the part, and that therefore "prasanga" negation includes negation of phenomena. BUT because the text says awareness of the first does not explicitly contain awareness of the second, the whole cannot literally be said to explicitly contain part here. That is very convoluted but I have good evidence here... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.153.97.122 (talk) 23:24, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Okay - this is interesting, and you have clearly done your homework! I wasn't initially clear that you were using the term 'self', as a part of the self/phenomena duplet, rather than referring to self as essence (what all phenomena are empty of). The self is an essence of things that does not depend on others; it is an intrinsic nature. The non-existence of that is selflessness. (Bodhisattvayogacaryācatuḥśatakaṭikā 256.1.7).  Also, thanks for highlighting Napper's text (p65 above) - I think we would need to be careful with that - out of context she could be read to be asserting that as a phenomena, emptiness has a distinct mode of existence to everything else, which is just not the case.  Your point made above is also fascinating - but I'm not sure that I agree.  My understanding (and I may be wrong!) of the primary purpose of distinguishing between self/phenomena was that it is the grasping of the self that is what keeps us locked into Samsara, and not that it is necessarily the emptiness of self which is realised first (for instance we often start off examining a chariot!). I am aware that colleges/schools may differ on this - my learning most closely follows Loseling- so there may be a difference of nuance there.  Personally, I think it would be better not to get into an intercollegiate/interschool debate on a general article regarding the Prasangika/Svanatrika distinction, which may mean that we possibly cannot assert the self/phenomena argument that you propose here as a general interpretation of that distinction. But I welcome your discussion and contributions! (20040302 (talk))

 * I made a couple of minor changes to your text for better reading - I hope I have not interfered with your argument. I am also 'still not sure that I agree with the your gloss regarding Je Tsongkhapa's critique. you certainly need a cite for that.  I have the Mipham book that you mention - but I confess I have not yet read it thoroughly. I have also pulled the qualifier 'of the self' in the second sentence, because we are not clear here that the self is being used as a distinguishment of the self/phenomena duplet as I refer above. (20040302 (talk) 01:22, 7 February 2010 (UTC))

OK thanks for the reply I appreciate it and that you bothered to follow my argument. You obviously know more about this than me, so whatever you want to: but I've tried to clearly show that I mean person. Also I'm not sure what you mean by my gloss of Tsongkhpa because actually the only edit I made was to change "was committed to the existence of an illusion" to "was committed to the existence of conventionally phenomena, even-though they would ultimately be an illusion", because the pervious sentence is just wrong... see p43. I'm not sure that I agree with the way that the debate is framed there, it's not my edit. just that it is at least slightly less wrong now. Thanks, I hope that's OK. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.153.97.122 (talk) 04:53, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Is there a source for the word "illusion"? Mitsube (talk) 05:54, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

I think if we're going to be that pedantic it's probably best to edit out what I have added about the "I and mine"... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.153.97.122 (talk) 12:55, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Re Mitsube's question, I think we would be safer to say illusion-like. The problem is that illusion is one of the (12?) metaphors similes, (such as like a mirror, an echo, a cloud-castle, a dream); I don't think we can definitively state that everything is ultimately an illusion, but we can state that they are illusion-like (MMK VII.34: Garfield p176).  (20040302 (talk) 15:25, 7 February 2010 (UTC))

 * Okay, I have rewritten the Tsongkhapa section somewhat. (I was not the original author) I am still not sure that it is easy for us to examine the distinction and provided lots of evidence regarding the arguments both ways within a paragraph, but I am not ready to author a new page just dealing with the Prasaṅgika/Svatantrika debate. (20040302 (talk))

Svātantrika response to Tsongkhapa
The Svātantrika response to Tsongkhapa was that because there are different levels of existence, a conventional thing could self-exist, exist from its own side, and have inherent existence, but that it still would not exist absolutely, ultimately, or really.

I remain unconvinced by this - in general there are the two truths, that of the conventional and that of the ultimate; then within the scope of the conventional there are dependant arisings, and dependant designations. I would really like to see more citation or explanation for the statement.

Also, there are several discrete Svātantrika strands - such as the Yogācārya-Svātantrika of Śāntarakṣita - and this does not appear to identify which Svātantrika scholar (most probably a Tibetan) is making this response. (20040302 (talk) 23:50, 7 February 2010 (UTC))

Mipham vs. Tsongkhapa,+additional para. in the Svatantrika debate section
I am not sure that the editor who contributed the Mipham text is still around, but I question it's placement within the Svatantrika debate section.

The reason is that I do not see how the Mipham text directly relates to the Svatantrika debate, apart from critiquing Tsongkhapa. I do not know enough about Mipham to know just where he stands on what the definitive Svatantrika Prasaṅgika divide is, which 'would be pertinent to the section.

These criticisms are key to understanding the view as only through a complete reductio ad absurdum'' of even the very subtlest forms of inherent existence (like the middle of the onion argument, there is nothing there) can the Prasangika Madhyamika view be clearly delineated. In this system when inherent existence is negated conventional or agreed upon existence isn’t negated with it. Prasangikas accept there is evidence for things existence all around so cannot be considered nihilist. For them this nominal, appearing existence has the “character” of reality, emptiness (of inherent existence). Prasangika’s argue their view is consistent with one to achieve Buddha-hood because it contradicts how all beings other than Buddha’s experience the world, i.e. contaminated by inherent existence. The Prasangika Madhyamika view claims this unique ability by positing dependent origination as directly equivalent to emptiness, (the negation or non-finding of the inherently existent object), to explain how things appear, exist and function without recourse to any type of inherently existent, independent or indeed findable object, - things exist dependently upon each other. For Prasangikas suffering is caused by our latent tendency to perceive a false inherently existent, independent or findable existent thing (equivalent to the second and first noble truths). Precisely because it is false can this tendency be permanently eliminated depending upon an appearing, existent and functioning path qualified by the Prasangika Madhyamika view (equivalent to the fourth and third noble truths).''

This text is questionable in it's content and it lacks any RS; likewise, I am not sure I understand what it issaying, and especially how it adds anything to delineating the history, boundaries or context of the Prasaṅgika-Svatantrika debate

Strange assertion -- flushed down the toilet or fleshed out by...
The text currently includes the words: "All these arguments are flushed out..." I flush acid out of my eye by holding my eye under the cold water faucet for at least fifteen minutes. "Flush out" means to get rid of something by impact and dilution using water or some other solvent. You can flush stones out of a culvert using a fire hose attached to a pumper unit. Somehow, I don't think this is the kind of thing that the person who wrote the sentence in question really meant to convey.

Also, what is: supposed to be?
 * Lam Rim Chen Mo}} A...

 * The Lam Rim Chenmo is an important text, written by Je Tsongkhapa. 20040302 (talk)

三人莫然 (talk) 17:45, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

I can't see how what you have written would fix the text of the article. If I paste it in as a replacement for the part I cited above, then the new beginning of the sentence/paragraph is unrelated to what remains of the old stuff. 三人莫然 (talk) 20:13, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Another strange pronouncement
The text currently says: "Ordinary activity here refers to the ethical choices we make under the influence of the understanding of emptiness, during our path practice as a Bodhisattva."

The ordinary well-informed reader will have no way of understanding this sentence in an acceptable way. The ordinary reader is not a practicing Bodhisattva. What is a "path practice"? Practice of the Buddhist Marga? If that's what you mean, why don't you just say it? 三人莫然 (talk) 04:25, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

Strange formatting and reference
The text currently has:

The opponents of Candrakirti's Prassana-padā (a seminal text regarding the Prasaṅgika/Svātantrika distinction) are both (a) the essentialists, who accept that things ultimately have intrinsic nature, and (b) the Svātantrikas, who refute that, but accept that things conventionally have intrinsic character or intrinsic nature. —quote

The "-quote" business is totally weird. Sometimes published works have a block of text and then below it

--Ralph Waldo Emerson

or something like that. "Quote" won't do.三人莫然 (talk) 04:31, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

criteria for conventional existence
I have qualified the second assertion. Je Rinpoche clearly wasn't expecting all conventions to be consistent, but merely that any given convention should be self-consistent. For instance, for those conventions that assert 'no ghosts exist' it would be internally inconsistent if the same convention asserted 'Hugh exists, and Hugh is a ghost'. I guess that this could be something like saying models which are not self-consistent cannot be meaningful regarding questions of assertion and negation. The relevance of multiple, non-intersecting, conventions can be seen in such areas as mathematical pluralism. (The case for mathematical pluralism rests on the observation that there are different mathematical “universes” in which different, indeed incompatible, mathematical theorems or laws hold). (20040302 (talk) 13:07, 23 September 2013 (UTC))

Emptiness preamble
The relationship between the mind and object is commonly described as "Co-dependent arising, dependent arising, and dependent origination"

This isn't right. Actually, a lot of the (very good) material needs to be sourced. But the above is just wrong. See Prajñaptir_upādāya vs. Pratītyasamutpāda. The three dependencies of Prasaṅgika are:-

 * Pratītyasamutpāda Dependent arising which arises from causality. Prasannapada 2b: All things arise in dependence on causes and conditions, and this is the meaning of dependent origination
 * Prajñaptir_upādāya Dependent designation which arises from convention. Mūlamadhyamakakārikā 24:18 That is dependent designation, and is itself the middle way
 * Dependence upon parts which arises from aggregation. Madhyamakavatara VI:161 : In everyday life, without analysis it is designated in dependence on its parts.

I have therefore removed that part of the article. (20040302 (talk) 13:37, 23 September 2013 (UTC))

Recent edits
The recent additions read more like an essay than like an encyclopedic article. Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!   05:07, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I've cleaned-up the article. The following source seems to contain a lot of useful information, and is worthwhile to delve into:
 * Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!   07:10, 1 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!   07:10, 1 August 2017 (UTC)

Merger
I've merged this page Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction, since it is the same topic. Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!   12:29, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prasaṅgika


text:
Travemünde Week

The Travemünder Woche (engl. Travemünde Week) is the second largest annual race week in sailing in Germany (after Kiel Week). It is held since 1892 by the end of July at the traditional seaside resort Travemünde located at the Bay of Lübeck of the Baltic Sea. The main organizer of this event is the Yacht Club of Lübeck.

In 2007 there will be around 3000 sailors participating in the 118. race week with more than 800 boats.

Participating classes of sailing dinghies
Contender, 420, 470, 505, 49er, Flying Dutchman, Laser, Tornado, javelin

Participating classes of keel boats and yachts
Nordic Folkboat, Dragon, J/22, J/24

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Travemünde Week


text:
User:Ludor~enwiki

Hi, I was born in France, near Paris, but I dwell in Betxí, Castelló (Valence, Spain). I don't speak well English, but I understand it very well. I speak Franch, Castilian (Spanish), and Catalan (in its Valencian variant).

I was put on an question about origin of diacritic 'Ç'. This is the link: asking about Cedilla origin

ast:Usuariu:Ludor ca:Usuari:Ludor es:Usuario:Ludor eo:Vikipediisto:Vordisto fr:Utilisateur:Ludvar gl:Usuario:Ludor pt:Usuário:Ludor

title: User:Ludor~enwiki


text:
The Peanut Butter Solution

The Peanut Butter Solution (French title: Opération beurre de pinottes) is a 1985 Canadian children's fantasy film directed by Michael Rubbo. The second installment in the Tales for All (Contes Pour Tous) series of films by Les Productions La Fête, the film stars Mathew Mackay, Siluck Saysanasy, Alison Darcy, and Michael Hogan.

Plot
Michael Baskin is an average 11-year-old boy. His father, Billy Baskin, is a struggling artist and temporary sole caregiver of the children while his wife attends to the estate of her recently deceased father in Australia. Upon hearing the news that an abandoned mansion has recently burned down, Michael and his friend Connie decide to explore the remains. Outside the mansion, Connie dares Michael to take a look inside, leading to a frightening encounter with the ghosts of its homeless inhabitants who had died in the fire. Michael does not know this yet, but his fearsome run in with the ghosts has given him a mysterious illness simply known as "The Fright". Michael wakes up the next morning to find out that "The Fright" has made him lose all of his hair. After a failed attempt with a wig (his wig was pulled off by an older boy during a fight in a soccer game), the ghosts visit Michael in his sleep and give him the recipe of a magical formula for hair growth, the main ingredient of which is peanut butter. Michael's first attempt to make the formula is thwarted when his father and sister think he is making something to ingest (rather than use topically) and dispose of it.

The ghosts return the following night, giving themselves a second chance to pay him back for giving his money to some homeless people, and also give Michael special instruction not to add too much peanut butter, as it will end in dreadful results. Michael successfully makes the formula this time, but ignores their instructions not to overdo the peanut butter, and wakes up the next morning to find that his new hair has already begun to grow. After only a few minutes, Michael has grown a full head of hair. Suspicious of his fast growing follicles, Connie confronts Michael about his unusual ability. When Michael reveals to him his concoction, Connie decides to apply some to his pubic area, in an attempt to create the illusion that he is going through puberty. Connie soon discovers that the joke is on him. Pretty soon, Michael and Connie's hair grows to such lengths that it has become a nuisance for the school and their classmates, resulting in their suspensions. While Michael frantically searches for a solution, Connie discovers that the hair will stop growing by yelling at it.

The art teacher at Michael's school, simply called the Signor, frightens children and forbids them from using their imagination. After getting fired from the school, the Signor finds out about Michael's condition and kidnaps him (and many other neighborhood children) to make magic paint brushes from Michael's ever-growing hair, in which he subdues Michael with a knockout drug. The kidnapped children are put to work under tough conditions ("We have to make 500 brushes a day, or we don't eat!"). The paintbrushes are so powerful that they paint whatever their user imagines without need for detail or neatness. Connie, and Michael's sister, Suzie, discover the Signor's magical paintbrush factory and try to rescue Michael and the other kids. Connie tries to use force, but he is overpowered by Signor and his dog James. Instead, Connie tricks the Signor into painting a picture of the abandoned mansion. Connie then dares him to investigate inside, leading "The Fright" to be passed on from Michael to the Signor. The Signor, now bald, escapes from the haunted house and chases the children, locking them up. Just as Connie is about to escape with Michael, Susan and their dad find the factory and the Signor is arrested by the local police.

The film ends with the family reunited as the mother has returned home, and Michael's hair has stopped growing out of control.

Production

 * The original working title of the film was Michael's Fright.
 * This film features the first English-language songs performed by Céline Dion (Listen to the Magic Man and Michael's Song). The French-language version of the film features French-language versions of the same songs (Dans la main d'un magicien and La ballade de Michel).
 * Skippy peanut-butter paid for prominent product placement in the film.

Home media
The Peanut Butter Solution has been released on home video numerous times. In the United States, the film had been released only on VHS (through New World Video, Anchor Bay, and Starmaker Entertainment) until 2019. In Canada, the film was released on DVD in 2006, as part of box set with five other Tales for All films. Another box set, with every Tales for All movie, was released in 2011. In 2012, the movie was released separately. All of these DVD releases were in French only.

In 2013, the movie was transferred to high definition from the original 35mm camera negative. This transfer was used for a Blu-ray release in Canada on April 11, 2017, and includes both French and English language tracks.

On December 10, 2019, Severin Films released it for the first time on Blu-ray/DVD in the US as the first offering of their new Severin Kids label. This release includes an "extended version" with 3 minutes of extra scenes.

Reception
The How Did This Get Made? podcast released an episode on the film on July 3, 2020.

In 2020, YouTuber Coda Gardner released an hour-long documentary about the film, Michael's Fright: The Strange True Story of the Peanut Butter Solution.

title: The Peanut Butter Solution


text:
Durban Light Infantry

The Durban Light Infantry is a Motorised Infantry regiment of the South African Army. It lost its status as a Mechanised infantry regiment in 2010 in line with the rationalisation of resources. As a reserve unit, it has a status roughly equivalent to that of a British Army Reserve or United States Army National Guard unit.

History
The full history of the regiment is recounted in an exhaustive but vivid and readable two-volume history by Lt.Col A.C.Martin, M.C.,V.D.,B.A.(Cape), Hon Ph.D (Natal). The first volume (368 pages) cover the period 1854-1934, and the second (487 pages) the period 1935-1960. The volumes are illustrated with over 100 photographs and maps.

Origin
The Regiment was formed as the D’Urban Volunteer Guard, in May 1854. In 1859 the unit became the Durban Rifle Guard. In 1873 the unit became known as the Royal Durban Rifles. In 1889 the unit became known as the Natal Royal Rifles (Left half Battalion). In 1895 it became the Durban Light Infantry.

With the Union Defence Force
On the constitution of the Union Defence Force in 1912, the Unit became the Durban Light Infantry, renamed the 1st Infantry, (Durban Light Infantry). In consequence the Unit was permitted to add to its badge "Primus in Africa", the motto retained by the unit today in recognition of its foundation.

Seniority
In 1935, King George V conferred the title Royal on two Regiments being the Royal Durban Light Infantry and the Royal Natal Carbineers, as a recognition of their seniority and service.

In 1961 with the formation of the Republic, the title "Royal" was considered incompatible and the Regiment reverted to being the Durban Light Infantry.

Regimental Colours
At the centre of the 'Regimental Colour' is the badge worn by the Regiment since 1961. It consists of the recognised Infantry Silver Bugle with tassels and a shield with two wildebeest and a crown. The wildebeest are symbolic of the Province, while the crown retained as a traditional device is reminiscent of the title "Royal" bestowed upon the Regiment by King George V in 1935.

The words "Primus in Africa" are superimposed within a scroll.

The crest is composed of a lion passant guardant on three mounds – the centre mound being charged with a pyramid. The lion is symbolic of strength, courage and fortitude. The three mounds are symbolic of the battles fought in World War II – Monte Stanco, Monte Peza and Monte Sole/Caprara. The pyramid is symbolic of the 1941–1943 Egyptian Campaign.

The garland which surrounds the coloured badge comprises the Thistle of Scotland, the Tudor Rose of England and the Shamrock of Ireland – symbols taken from the old colour – and the other two flowers, the Protea, the National flower of South Africa, and the Strelitzia, the flower of Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal).

Service

 * 1) South Africa, Anglo-Zulu War 1879
 * 2) South Africa, Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902
 * 3) Relief of Ladysmith 1900
 * 4) Natal, Bambatha Rebellion 1906
 * 5) South West Africa 1914–1915
 * 6) East Africa 1916–1918
 * 7) Rand Miners' Revolt 1922
 * 8) World War II
 * 9) Western Desert 1941–1943 (See 1st SA Infantry Division)
 * 10) Bardia
 * 11) Gazala
 * 12) Alamein Defence
 * 13) Alamein Box
 * 14) El Alamein
 * 15) Italy 1944–1945
 * 16) Casino II
 * 17) Florence
 * 18) Gothic Line
 * 19) Monte Stanco
 * 20) Monte Pezza
 * 21) Sole/Caprara
 * 22) Po Valley
 * 23) South West Africa – Namibia 1976–1994, five tours.
 * 24) Internally in South Africa in support of the SAPS (SA. Police Service) in the following actions;
 * 25) 1949, 1960, 1961
 * 26) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992 (mainly rural areas)
 * 27) 1994 Elections.
 * 28) 1996 Elections.
 * 29) 1999 Elections.
 * 30) 2006 Op in Burundi. Detached members to Standing Army control structures.
 * 31) 2007–2014. Internal operations.

Regimental Headquarters
The regimental headquarters of the DLI has been declared as a National Monument.

Peacekeeping deployments and training
The Regiment is being deployed in Africa, Burundi, DRC; in support of the United Nations and African Union mandate

All members of the Regiment are volunteers, with employment in the civilian roles, they fulfil their responsibilities and duties on top of their duties and responsibilities to their Families and Employers. An enormous commitment to the safety and security of the Republic of South Africa.

Training is mandatory with the current requirements of Equality and Equity in line with the SANDF Policy. The duration of training places an enormous pressure on members to get Employers to relieve them to attend the courses and training exercises.

Regimental history
was published in 1969. It is out of print.

An illustrated history of the 150 years of the Regiment has been prepared by Prof. Brian Kearney, Mr Dave Matthews and Lieut Col "Bill" Olivier (Retd.). The book is being sold by the Headquarters Board.

Affiliations

 * 🇬🇧 – The Rifle Brigade 1920.
 * 🇬🇧 – The Royal Green Jackets RGJ 1966

title: Durban Light Infantry


text:
Ingobamakhosi Carbineers

The Ingobamakhosi Carbineers (formerly Natal Carbineers) is an infantry unit of the South African Army.

Origins
The regiment traces its roots to 1854 but it was formally raised on 15 January 1855 and gazetted on 13 March of that year, as the Natal Carbineers.

With the Union Defence Force
In 1913, the regiment’s two ‘wings’ became known as the First and Second Mounted Rifles (Natal Carbineers) and in 1934 they re-assumed the name 1st and 2nd Natal Carbineers.

The following year, they became the Royal Natal Carbineers, a title which remained in use until the country became a republic in 1961.

Present
The regiment has been active since 1994 in internal duties in support of the police as well as border protection. They have also contributed to external peace-keeping missions to inter alia MONUSCO in the DRC.

Name change
In August 2019, 52 Reserve Force units had their names changed to reflect the diverse military history of South Africa. The Natal Carbineers became the Ingobamakhosi Carbineers, and have 3 years to design and implement new regimental insignia. The new name was decided on to reflect the merging of two proud military traditions. Ingobamakhosi which was a Zulu Regiment in the 19th century and Carbineers to reflect the horse-borne, carbine bearing soldiers that formed the regiment. A loose translation of the new name could be "The King's Own Carbineers".

List of campaign and battle honours
Since its inception, the Natal Carbineers have participated in every campaign in KwaZulu-Natal. Their baptism of fire came during the Langalibalele Rebellion in 1873 where they suffered their first casualties in action in the Drakensberg. Subsequently, during the Anglo-Zulu War, the Carbineers suffered minor losses at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879.

South Africa 1879
The Natal Carbineers participated in the invasion of Zululand in January 1879, and on 22 January, 23 members of the Regiment perished in the famous battle of Isandlwana. The unit was subsequently relegated to garrison duties at Landman’s Drift on the Mzinyathi, or Buffalo River.

South Africa 1899–1902
In September 1899, the Natal Carbineers were mobilised for active service in the British campaign to subdue the Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State. The Regiment served until October 1900, when the Natal Volunteer Forces were demobilized. Some men continued their service in the Volunteer Composite Regiment until the end of the war in May 1902.
 * Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal: From 2 November 1899 until 28 February 1900, the bulk of the Natal Carbineers was besieged in Ladysmith, and played a prominent part in that famous engagement. The most prominent military action was the attack by Colonial Forces on the Boer artillery emplacement at Gun Hill on the night of 7–8 December 1899. The Regiment lost heavily from the diseases that ravaged the garrison. A solitary squadron of the Natal Carbineers, the Estcourt-Weenen Squadron, avoided the siege of Ladysmith, and instead participated in the relief operations of Sir Redvers Buller as part of Hubert Gough's Composite Regiment. This squadron’s most notable military action of this period was the disastrous battle of Colenso on 15 December 1899, when four men were killed. These were their most serious losses for any one action during the Anglo-Boer War.

Natal 1906
The Natal Carbineers saw extensive service in the Natal (or Bambatha) Uprising of 1906. From February to July 1906, the Regiment participated in the numerous sweeps and drives through the mountainous terrain of Zululand, as the Natal Colonial forces sought to trap and destroy the elusive ‘rebel’ warriors. The Carbineers were present at the decisive battle at Mhome Gorge on 10 June, where the back of the uprising was broken.

South-West Africa 1914–1915
The Natal Carbineers, then known as the 1st and 2nd Mounted Rifles, were mobilized on 23 August 1914. Both wings saw service in German South-West Africa, while the 2nd Battalion was also involved in the suppression of the short-lived Afrikaner Rebellion of 1914.
 * Gibeon: The climactic battle of the South African campaign in German South-West Africa was fought at Gibeon Station on 25 April 1915. The Carbineers lost two men killed in the engagement.

East Africa 1940–1941
On 17 July 1940 the 1st (Royal) Natal Carbineers sailed for Kenya as part of the 1st South African Brigade. Their destination was the Italian colonial empire in East Africa. For the next 10 months the Regiment participated in the South African advance through Italian Somaliland and Abyssinia (now Ethiopia), until Italian resistance was broken at Amba Alagi in May 1941.
 * El Wak: The first major engagement of the East African campaign for the Carbineers was fought on 16 December 1940 at the Italian border post of El Wak, on the northern Kenyan frontier with Italian Somaliland. The Regiment lost its first World War II casualty, Sergeant Athol Paton, in this otherwise successful clash.
 * The Juba: The Juba River was the Italian Army’s major defensive line in Somaliland. Several actions were fought during January and February 1941, at Gobwen and Giumbo, but the period is best remembered for the disastrous ambush on 22 February of a Carbineer patrol at Gelib. Twelve men lost their lives.
 * Kombolcha: The engagement at Kombolcha in Ethiopia on 22 April 1941 followed the occupation of the capital city, Addis Ababa in March. The fighting at Kombolcha was distinguished by a daring nocturnal route march to successfully outflank Italian mountain-top positions. The battle honour awards refer to the general period 17 to 25 April.
 * Amba Alagi: Italian resistance in East Africa was finally crushed when the mountain fortress of Amba Alagi, between Dessie and Asmara, was successfully stormed by British and Commonwealth forces that included the 1st Royal Natal Carbineers. The Italians surrendered on 17 May 1941, and this battle honour refers to the period from 11 to 19 April.

Western Desert 1941–1943
Following the fall of Italian East Africa in May 1941, the 1st South African Brigade was dispatched to North Africa to confront the joint Italian-German forces in the see-saw offensives across Egypt and Libya. The Carbineers earned numerous individual battle honours between June 1941 and January 1943 when it sailed home for a well-earned leave.
 * Sidi Rezegh: The 1st Royal Natal Carbineers played a small part in the disastrous battles in the vicinity of Sidi Rezegh in Libya during late November 1941, between the 19th and 23rd. These actions formed part of Operation Crusader, the British forces of November–December 1941, intended to relieve the first siege of Tobruk.
 * Taieb el Essem: The Carbineers were a component of the 1st Brigade force that held a defensive box south of Sidi Rezegh. On 24–25 November 1941 this force repelled a heavy German armoured assault.
 * Bir Sciafsciuf: This minor engagement in November 1941 pitted a small Carbineer component against an enemy convoy in the vicinity of Sidi Rezegh.
 * Gazala: The Gazala Line, to the west of Tobruk, established in early 1942, was a series of connected strong-points intended to blunt a German thrust towards Egypt. Carbineers formed part of the garrison of this line from March to June 1942, when they were forced to retreat after a German breakthrough and the fall of Tobruk. The major highlight of the Gazala sojourn was the patrol on 5 June where Sergeant Quentin Smythe was awarded the Victoria Cross.
 * Point 204: This little-known clash occurred in the Alem Hamza area of the Gazala Line on 5 June 1942. The single company involved suffered heavy casualties in an engagement with Italian troops. Among the six killed was H.P. Masterton-Smith, the 1931 Comrades Marathon winner.
 * El Alamein defence: Following the breaching of the Gazala Line and the fall of Tobruk, British and Commonwealth forces retired to El Alamein, not far from Alexandria. Here a comprehensive series of defences were prepared. In July 1942 the Carbineers played its part in denying the Germans the breakthrough that they needed to attain victory in this theatre.
 * Qattara: On 26–27 July 1942 a detachment of the Carbineers was involved in this subsidiary action in the Alamein defensive battles of July 1942.
 * El Alamein  (2nd battle): The Carbineers played a small but eventful part in the huge and decisive Second Battle of El Alamein in October–November 1942. The Carbineer participation was confined mainly to the initial phase launched on 23 October.

Italy 1944–1945
The 1st Royal Natal Carbineers landed at Taranto, Italy, on 20 April 1944, just in time for the latter phases of the battles for Cassino. From there the Regiment fought its way up the Italian boot, through Rome, until final victory in May 1945.
 * Cassino: The task of breaching the German Gustav Line, straddling southern Italy, was dominated by the mountain position of Cassino, under assault since January 1944. The Carbineers entered the fray in May, and it was on the night of the 9th–10th of that month that the Regiment’s first casualty in Italy, Corporal J.S.P. Airey, was killed. The Carbineers were active on the Cassino line for several weeks until 21 May. This battle honour refers to the general period of 11 to 18 May 1944.
 * Paliano: Two companies of the Carbineers were involved in this action along Route 6 during the advance from Cassino to Rome, as German forces fought several rearguard actions.
 * Bagno Regio: Bagno Regio was a hilltop village north of Rome, and on the night of 12 – 13 June 1944, elements of the Carbineers scaled a precipitous rock face to effect its capture.
 * Città della Pieve: This action occurred during the period 16 – 19 June 1944 on the Allied advance north of Rome. Two companies of the Carbineers lost eight men killed.
 * Florence: Following the fall of Rome on 5 June 1944, German resistance stiffened in the vicinity of Florence, and during June there were several sharp actions, such as those at Bagno Regio and Chiusi. The battle honour covers the period from 17 July to 10 August. This activity was followed by a period of rest during August.
 * The Greve: The action at the Greve, a river north of Rome, was fought over the period 24 July to 2 August.
 * Gothic Line was another of the German defensive lines that straddled the boot of Italy as the Allied armies pushed northwards from Rome in mid-to late-1944. The Gothic Line Carbineer battles fought in the effort to breach it, and thereafter, have entered the Regiment’s hall-of-fame: Monte Vigese, Monte Stanco, Monte Pezza and others.
 * Monte Vigese: Monte Vigese was a seemingly impregnable rocky eminence occupied by entrenched German forces. On 6 October, however, in driving rain and poor visibility, ‘A’ Company, under Major Peter Francis, performed the virtually impossible and drove the defenders off.
 * Monte Stanco: On 10 October, at Monte Stanco, the Carbineers suffered one of their few reverses of the Italian campaign, when they were compelled to abandon this hard-won feature. Captain Jacko Edmonds earned the American Silver Star for gallantry for his part in this action.
 * Monte Pezza: Monte Pezza was the next peak in the Gothic Line to be tackled by the 1st Royal Natal Carbineers, on 17 October.
 * Po Valley: Following a long and hard winter in the snow-bound Apennine Mountains, the campaign to drive the Germans out of the rest of Italy, the fighting entered the Po Valley, and the Carbineers once again played a significant part in operations from 19 to 30 April 1945.

South-West Africa/Angola 1976–1989
The Natal Carbineers saw service in a counter-insurgency capacity in northern Namibia (South-West Africa) for three months from August 1976, and thereafter in numerous modular deployments over the next decade.

Alliances

 * 🇬🇧 – The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys)

title: Ingobamakhosi Carbineers


text:
Talk:Electrostatic force

Is it Coulomb's Law or the Electrostatic Law?
Should mention that the equation is Coulomb's Law. Additionally, the electrostatic force is also known as the Coulomb force. --Originally unsigned comment by User:Scorpiuss

This is a play on words. It serves no purpose to argue over terminology. I have studied physics for many years and have been teaching intro college physics for almost as long. The term "electrostatic" was used in my classes once back in the 80's and never again.

The solution is to setup a link for "electrostatic force" which points to the page "Coulomb's Law." The fact that the force is electrostatic in nature is subordinate to learning that it is the Coulomb law which is true in general.

-sweet

Being the devil's advocate for a moment. Why is Coulomb's Law a better name for this equation? I think electrostatic law is a better name, as it is somewhat descriptive. Coulomb is just some guy's name. Maybe it's my aversion to naming things after people, rather than what they actually are. Ed Sanville 19:42, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I am sorry that you have an aversion to naming scientific laws after people rather than what they actually are. Unfortunately for you, it is a very common, although not universal, convention to name scientific laws after the person who first discovered (or popularized) a new physical principle.  There are dozens of examples:  Faraday's law, Gauss' law, Ampere's law, Ohm's law, Newton's first law, Newton's second law, Newton's third law, Wien's law, Kirchoff's current law, Kirchoff's voltage law, Hubble's law, Fermat's principle, Huygens' principle, Pauli exclusion principle, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Claussius inequality,  Maxwell's equations, etc. etc.  And yes -- Coulomb's law.  I am sorry to say, but the correct name of the law in question is in fact Coulomb's law and not the Electrostatic law.  You may not like it, but that does not change it.  It is not even a question of whether it is a good name, or not a good name.  It is the name that the scientific community has chosen.  Facts are stubborn things.  -- Metacomet 05:03, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I am sorry for you that you didn't recognize that I'm aware of everything you said. In case you didn't read my devil's advocacy question here it is again:  "Why is Coulomb's Law a better name for this equation?"  I didn't ask what the accepted scientific name for the law is, because I'm aware it's called Coulomb's Law in the literature.  In any case, I support a redirect of electrostatic force to Coulomb's Law, and always have.  I'm sorry that your cute little attempt to seem superior has failed!  Whatever happened to simple courtesy and civility?  Oh well, I guess this is the internet.  Ed Sanville 16:24, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry. I guess I misunderstood your comment.  My fault.  I didn't mean to be harsh, but I didn't understand why it matters whether the Electrostatic Law is a better name for this equation than Coulomb's Law.  Wikipedia is an Encyclopedia, and the name of this law is already established. So while it might make sense to debate the best way to present the law, it doesn't make much sense to me why we should be discussing the relative (subjective) merits of different names for a law that already has a name.  -- Metacomet 23:15, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm sorry you were offended by such an innocent, random thought I had one day. I accept your apology.  But, if everybody accepted the "standard" names and notation for everything without ever considering reorganization and change, the vocabulary of science would have become hopelessly jumbled by now, IMHO.  Consider IUPAC standardization for salts in chemistry, for example, or Dirac notation instead of longhand integrals all the time in quantum physics.  Or Einstein notation to cut down on writing indices in summations.  All I'm saying is that sometimes it pays to stand back and ask, "why do we call this that and write this that way?"  If nothing comes of it, then so be it.  This is just a "talk" page, it's not the end of the world.  Ed Sanville 01:24, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Point well taken. In many cases, it does make sense to challenge the conventional wisdom.  Most of the time, I think what passes for conventional wisdom is what Eli Goldratt calls common nonesense.  Anyway, I am sorry for flying off the handle.  As you indicated, it is easy to abandom common courtesy and civility when posting anonymous messages to people you don't know and can't see.  I will try to do better in the future.  -- Metacomet 02:43, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Very true, I've done it myself, so I know. One of the reasons I post with my real name these days.  Ed Sanville 03:54, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Wording of the Definition
should not the definition of coulomb's law state that it is directly proportional to THE PRODUCT OF the magnitudes of the charges and inversely prop. to the square of the distance between them? 'the product of'is missing from the definition.

To merge or not to merge?
I think we should merge the two pages. I like Coulomb's Law, since that's what I've known it by before. Alternatively we could sit on the fence and called it "Coulomb's Law of Electrostatics" or something that uses both words. Peter

 * I disagree, this page should continue to describe the Electrostatic forces in full, and the Coulomb's Law page should describe the law in depth, as well as its applications and similar formulae. --tonsofpcs (Talk) 04:34, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, there is no information in the Electrostatic Force article that is not already contained in the Coulomb's Law article, but the converse is not true. In other words, the Electrostatic Force article is superfluous and unnecessary (not to be redundant and repetitive).  You could simply delete the Electrostatic Force article completely and replace it with a REDIRECT to Coulomb's Law and I don't think it would create any problems whatsoever.  -- Metacomet 12:16, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * As a person with a University physics exam tomorrow morning, I'd prefer to read about this in the general sense of Electrostatic Force. I know that it is Coulomb's law and all, but its nice to have. That's my angle as a reader (desperately preparing) and not a writer. Which begs the question, who are you writing for? --Hampton 22:32, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electrostatic force


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arfa Karim Randhawa

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was. No consensus. As usual I leave it up to the editors to arrive at a consensus on how to proceed. --Tony Sidaway Talk 07:57, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Arfa Karim Randhawa
"[T]he youngest person ever to successfully pass the MCP exam". Not notable enough. Uppland 11:46, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move, merge, rename and redirect as per Jerzy below. Uppland 21:05, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete too trivial. There are tons of MCP's--I've known a few dozen myself, and their magazine claims readership of 996,000.  Being the youngest/oldest/fattest/tallest/shortest/etc among them is no big deal. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:02, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Microsoft Certified Professional. Would make a useful little addition to that page, however this page has little hope of being extended. Zeimusu | (Talk page) 14:35, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Talk:Microsoft Certified Professional/Arfa Karim Randhawa, overwrite the resulting rdr into rdr to Microsoft Certified Professional, lk to the talk subpage from the talk page, and use the text as a source for a line or 'graph in MCP -- basically agreeing with Zeimusu. (Being the y'gest MCP at 9 is far different from being the y'gest MCP.) Keeping rdr is crucial. I got here after reading her new (and misplaced) entry on List of people by name: Ar, saying "not another damn bright kid", and coming to the article and then VfD to do my due diligence before trashing the entry. (I think i'm still going to do that, since LoPbN is for those who do or should have WP bios.) But she's getting press notice that IMO is substantial enuf for a footnote, and (besides helping a few users soon) the rdr to MCP will facilitate in various ways our becoming aware of any need to reconsider: assuming she doesn't burn out, and if & when she accomplishes something that manages to overcomes the inevitable suspicion that she got her MCP the way at least one South Asian grad student must have gotten their score on the TOEFL and their resulting North American graduate assistantship. IMO there's reason to hope she'll deserve a WP bio in 10-15 years, maybe sooner, and preservation of the text of this premature bio should both help us judge when it's time & give us a head start on writing the ready-for-prime-time bio. --Jerzy·t 20:33, 2005 July 21 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Microsoft Certified Professional per Zeimusu; little chance of expansion. - Mgm|(talk) 21:08, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per Starblind. There are nearly a million of them! -Splash 18:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 03:02, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN/Vanity. Trivial "achievement". --Ragib 23:31, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Movement of Young Marxist–Leninists

Movement of Young Marxist–Leninists (Mouvement des Jeunes marxistes-léninistes) was a radical Marxist-Leninist group in Senegal, founded by Landing Savané in 1970. MJML was the continuation of Democratic Youth.

MJML was short-lived. The brothers Blondin Diop split from it and created the Committee for the Initiative for Permanent Revolutionary Action. Landing would later form the group Reenu-Rew in 1973.

title: Movement of Young Marxist–Leninists


text:
Pielinen

Pielinen (Pielisjärvi) is the fourth largest lake of Finland, with a drainage basin area of 12823 km2 equally distributed between eastern Finland and Russia. The creation of the lake and its outlet is attributed to a post-glacial isostatic rebound, which resulted in uplift of the land. As is common in Finnish lakes, the lake's color is dark, due to the high proportion of bogs present in the catchment of the drainage basin that drains humic substances.

Pielinen Lake is in the northernmost part of Finnish Karelia in the region of North Karelia. It is adjacent to Koli National Park, known for its scenic beauty in summer, and winter skiing; and is near the whitewater rafting centres at Ruunaa Hiking Center, Lieksa and Nurmes.

Geography
The lake is located at an elevation of 93.7 m in the North Karelia region in eastern Finland. It has a water spread area of 894.21 km2 and a shore length of 1700 km, and is bound within geographical coordinates of 62°54–63°33N and 29°07–30°14E. The maximum length is 120 km and the width varies from 1 to 40 km. The lake's drainage area of 12823 km2 is equally distributed between Finland and Russia. The maximum depth of water in the lake is 60 m with a reported mean depth of 9.9 m. The water courses that drain into the lake are the Haapajarvi-Valtimojarvi and Saramojoki from its north-west direction, Viekinjoki River and Lieksanjoki River from the north-east side, and flows from the small drainage basin of the Juvanjoki River into the west. The lake has many islands such the Paalasmaa (27.2 km2), Kynsisaari (13.7 km2), Porosaari (10.4 km2), Toinensaari (8.2 km2), Hattusaari (6.3 km2), Koveronsaari (6.1 km2) and Retusaari (5.6 km2). The lake drains, unregulated, southward through the Pielis River into the larger Saimaa Lake of the large Vuoksi watercourse, which is used for timber floating. The variation in water level is limited to 1.2 m; water transport on the lake is thus substantial. The catchment of the lake is densely forested, particularly on its rugged western shore, which is capped by Koli hill. At (347 m), the point is the highest mountain in the catchment.

The shores have a diverse landscape including barren lands, rock faces, exposed soils and beaches. Land use within the Finnish part of the catchment of the lake consists of mostly of forest, which takes up 56.6% of the total area of 7063 km2; swamp accounts for another 27.2%; agricultural land takes 6.1%; with residential area and others using up 5.5%. The basin area is inhabited by 83,400 people (41,700 rural and 41,700 urban population). The two towns in the basin are Nurmes, at the northern tip of the lake, and Lieksa on the eastern shore, which have a population of 18,700 and 11,500 respectively. The Koli National Park forms the western shore of the lake. The wooded vegetation is mainly made up of coniferous forests (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies), partly deciduous forests (Betula sp.) with the drainage basin categorized as belonging to the northern zone of conifers. The herbaceous vegetation in marsh areas consists of various grasses (Poaceae), sedge (Carex sp.) and moss (Sphagnum sp.). The agricultural crops grown in the area are barley, oat, grass and potato, which are mainly used for feeding domestic animals. It is, however, reported that agricultural use is on the decline. The primary industries in the basin are related to milk, meat and wood. The secondary industries in the basin consist of cardboard, sawed goods, milk products and rubber products.

The periphery of the lake has a large network of roads and, during winter when the lake freezes, an ice road is the short route from one bank to the other.

Road 73 passes through the Uimaharju on the southern side of the lake and goes through very scenic spots to the east end. The south end of the lake has a lock system at Pielisjoki, which connects to the Saimaa Lake.

Climate
The climatic data has been recorded at the two major towns in the lake basin, namely the Lieksa and Juuka during the period between 1931 and 1960. At Lieksa, the average annual rainfall was 583 mm with mean minimum and maximum temperatures recorded as -7.1 C (December) and 16.4 C (July). During the same period, the average rainfall at Juuka was 544 mm and the minimum and maximum temperatures recorded were -7.1 C (December) and 16.1 C (July) respectively. The lake freezes, on average, during the period from 21 November to 14 May, according to records from the years 1960 to 1980.

Flora
The phytoplankton species recorded in the lake are Chlamydomonas spp., Monoraphidium confortum, M. dykowskii, Scenedesmus spp., Tabellaria flocculosa, T. fenestrata, Melosira sp., Mallomonas sp., Synura sp., Dinobryon sp., Merismopedia warmingiana, Anabaena flos-aquae and Aphanizomenon gracile.

Fauna
The fauna in the lake consists of eight types of benthos and ten types of fish species, out of which nine are economically important.

The benthos recorded in the lake are: Insecta – Dicrotenipeds pulsus, Glyptotendipens spp., Polypedilum pullum, Chaoborus flavicans, Stictochironomus spp., Tanytarsus spp. and Oligochaeta – Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri.

Salmon, which was previously endemic in the lake, is now extinct. Other fish species still found are: Perca fluviatilis, Esox lucius, Rutilus rutilus, Coregonus albula, C. mulesum, C. lavaretus, Lota lota, Abramis brama, Stizostedion lucioperca and Salmo trutta lacustris.

Water quality
The lake is categorized as mesotrophic. However, there are pockets of eutrophication zones. Bogs dominate the basin area, which causes flow of humic substances into the lake water. This has resulted in the lake water attaining a dark colour. This feature is said to be a typical characteristic of the lakes in Finland. Other parameters of chemical and physical properties of the lake waters measured relate to transparency (in meters), pH value, dissolved oxygen, COD, and concentrations of chlorophyll, nitrogen and phosphorus.

Uses
The lake is used for navigation, particularly for the transportation of timber; timber floated in the Pielinen Lake is estimated at 1.2 million tonnes per year. Other uses are as a fishery resource (the fish catch in 1981 was reported at 644 tonnes), fish products of vendace and burbot, and for recreational purposes to promote tourism. Swimming, sport-fishing and yachting are common attractions. The lake provides water to the extent of 74000 m3 per day to industries and power plants.

Threats
Siltation is not an issue. However, toxic contaminants are regularly monitored including mercury, zinc, copper and DDT  to ensure that the standards prescribed under food safety standards, or tolerance limits for the safe use of water, are fully maintained. There is very limited pollution from sewage, municipal wastes and industrial uses, as adequate standards for sewage treatment and sanitary facilities are maintained.

Regulations
The basic National law that governs the lake and its basin is the Water law (1961, revised 1987) of Finland. The governmental ministries and agencies of Finland responsible for the complete upkeep of the lake are the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and the National Board of Waters and Environment.

Attractions
Two major attractions around Pielinen Lake are Koli National Park and Paalasmaa Island.

Koli National Park
The Koli National Park is studded with islands, which are glorified in the Finnish national anthem as an important Finnish symbol. It was declared a National Park in 1991, after an intense debate between the environmentalist lobby and the owners of the land property over the location of the Hotel Koli, which stands at the top of its namesake hill. This park and its environs, which spread over a width of 347 m, has inspired Finnish artists Pekka Halonen and Eero Järnefelt to create artistic paintings with its scenic beauty. It is approachable by ferry from the mainland. As a popular winter sport resort, this park provides the adventure sports of hiking and boating during summer; it has a network of walking paths, which cover nearly 90 km. A road link is also available to the hotel from the car park at the lower level. The highest point on the hill top is called the Ukko-Koli, which is linked to another peak called the Akka Koli. On the western side of Akka Koli is the "Temple of Silence," which is a place for meditation. There is stone altar here and a cross mounted on the rock. Another peak close nearby is known as the Paha-Koli and to its south is the scenic view point known as Mäkrävaara. The Koli Village, within the park premises, has the information office, Internet facility and a post office. The visitor centre at the park is called the Luontokeskus Ukko (Ukko Nature Centre), where exhibitions are held on the history, nature and geology of the park. Two ski centres, used during the winter, are established here; they are known as Ukko-Koli and Loma-Koli, both of which boast nine lifts and 60 km of cross country trails, with lighting along 24 km of the trail. It is one of the most accessible ski resorts in Finland. The hills here are covered with pine and birch trees.

The national park has nine basic huts and camping grounds. There are also a marina and swimming beach on the shores of the lake, where a Finnish dancing stage called the huvilava stands. Row boats are also available for rowing across the lake.

Paalasmaa Island
The Paalasmaa Island is the largest in the lake, with its peak rising to 225 m above mean sea level. Access to the island is through ferry services. An observatory tower stands on the island; old houses that reflect the history of the island can be seen along a trail marked tornille (to the tower).

Ice Road
Pielinen hosts an ice road, during most winters, between the villages of Koli and Vuonislahti. The ice road is 7 km long and shortens the road distance between the two villages by 60 km. The date of opening varies depending on the climatic conditions each year; the earliest the road ever opened was during the 2010-2011 winter, on the 15th day of December. Previously the winter of 1995-1996 had witnessed the earliest opening, on the 29th day of December. In the winter of 2009-2010, the road did not open until mid-January, whilst in 2008-2009 the road opened in mid-February. Helsingin Sanomat has stated that the road is probably the longest of its kind in Europe; however, this assertion is incorrect, as the Hiiumaa Ice Road in Estonia is 25 km, and is more widely believed to Europe's longest.

Popular interest
The asteroid 1536 Pielinen is named after the Pielinen Lake.

title: Pielinen


text:
Siluck Saysanasy

Siluck Saysanasy (born January 30, 1974) is a Laotian-Canadian television actor.

Saysanasy is best known for playing "Yick Yu", a character from the Degrassi series. He went to high school at Vaughan Road Academy in Toronto, Ontario, in the Interact program.

One of his real-life best friends is Pat Mastroianni, who played Joey Jeremiah on Degrassi.

Since 2002, Saysanasy has worked as an assistant director on shows such as Degrassi: The Next Generation, The Strain, Designated Survivor, and Shadowhunters.

Acting filmography

 * Cagney & Lacey: True Convictions (1996) (TV) .... Delivery Guy
 * School's Out (1992) (TV) .... Yick Yu
 * Degrassi Junior High (1986) TV Series .... Yick Yu
 * The Peanut Butter Solution (1985).... Connie
 * Degrassi Talks (1992).... Himself
 * Degrassi High (1989) TV Series.... Yick Yu
 * Degrassi: The Next Generation (2001) TV Series.... Yick Yu

title: Siluck Saysanasy


text:
Pilosella

Pilosella is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Some sources include it within the genus Hieracium.

Species
, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:

 * Pilosella abakurae (Schelk. & Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella acutifolia (Vill.) Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella adenocantabrica Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella adenogaliciana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella aiboensis (Mateo & Egido) Mateo, Egido & E.Fidalgo
 * Pilosella aletschensis (Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella alpicola (Schleich. ex Hoppe) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella alturgelliana Mateo
 * Pilosella amaurocephala (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella anchusoides Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella aneimena (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella anobrachia (Arv.-Touv. & Gaut.) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella aranii Mateo
 * Pilosella arbasiana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella argyrocoma (Zahn) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella argyrogaliciana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella argyrolegionensis Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella arida (Freyn) Soják
 * Pilosella arnoseroides (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella aurantella (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella auriculiformis (Fr.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella auriculoides (Láng) Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella balansae (Boiss.) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella basifurca (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella bauhini (Schult.) Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella biflora Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella × bifurca (M.Bieb.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella biglana (Bornm. & Zahn) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella billyana (de Retz) Mateo
 * Pilosella blaui (B.Schütt & Zahn) Gottschl.
 * Pilosella blyttiana (Fr.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella bodewigiana (Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella bonaquae (Buttler & W.Lippert) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella brachiata (Bertero ex DC.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella brachycoma (Nägeli & Peter) H.P.Fuchs
 * Pilosella breviscapa (DC.) Soják
 * Pilosella bryhnii (Blytt ex Omang) Soják
 * Pilosella brzovecensis (Horvat & Pawł.) Soják
 * Pilosella budensis (Borbás) Soják
 * Pilosella bulgarica Szeląg & Vladimir.
 * Pilosella × byzantina (Boiss.) P.D.Sell & C.West
 * Pilosella caballeroi (Mateo) Mateo
 * Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D.Sell & C.West
 * Pilosella calodon (Tausch ex Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella calomastix (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella capillata (Arv.-Touv.) Mateo
 * Pilosella castellana (Boiss. & Reut.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella caucasica (Nägeli & Peter) Sennikov
 * Pilosella cernua (Fr.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella × chaetocephala (H.Hofmann) Holub
 * Pilosella chaetophyton (Zahn) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella cinereiformis (R.Meissn. & Zahn) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella cinerosiformis (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella cochlearis Norrl.
 * Pilosella corymbulifera (Arv.-Touv.) Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella corymbuloides (Arv.-Touv.) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella crassiseta (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella cymiflora (Nägeli & Peter) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella cymosa (L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella czerepninii Tupitz.
 * Pilosella densiflora (Tausch) Soják
 * Pilosella × derubella (Gottschl. & Schuhw.) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella × deschatresii J.-M.Tison
 * Pilosella dichotoma Soják
 * Pilosella dimorphoides Norrl.
 * Pilosella dubia (L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella dublitzkii (B.Fedtsch. & Nevski) Tupitz.
 * Pilosella × dutartrei J.-M.Tison
 * Pilosella echioides (Lumn.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella eglandulosa (Sudre) Mateo
 * Pilosella eminens (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella erythrochrista (Nägeli & Peter) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella erythrodonta (Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella euchaetia (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella euchaetiiformis (Zahn.) Gottschl.
 * Pilosella fainensis Gottschl.
 * Pilosella fallacina (F.W.Schultz) F.W.Schultz
 * Pilosella fallax (Willd.) Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella faurei Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella flagellaris (Willd.) Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella floribunda (Wimm. & Grab.) Fr.
 * Pilosella fontqueri (Pau) Mateo
 * Pilosella frigidaria (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella fuernrohrii (Vollm.) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella fulviseta (Bartol.) Soják
 * Pilosella fusca (Vill.) Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella × fuscoatra (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella galliciana (Pau) M.Laínz
 * Pilosella glacialis (Reyn. ex Lachen.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella glomerata (Froel.) Fr.
 * Pilosella grossheimii (Zahn) Coșkunç. & Beyazoğlu
 * Pilosella × gudarica Mateo
 * Pilosella guthnikiana (Hegetschw. & Heer) Soják
 * Pilosella halacsyi (Heldr. ex Halácsy) Soják
 * Pilosella × heterodoxa (Tausch) Soják
 * Pilosella heterodoxiformis (Zahn) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella heterogaliciana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella heteromelana (Zahn) Mateo
 * Pilosella hirtocastellana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella hoppeana (Schult.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella hybrida (Vill.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella hyperborea (Fr.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella hypeurocinerea Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella hypeurya (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella hypeurygenes (A.W.Hill) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella hypoleuca Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella iberoatlantica Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella ilgazensis Vladimir., Coșkunç. & Kit Tan
 * Pilosella iserana (R.Uechtr.) Soják
 * Pilosella katunensis Tupitz.
 * Pilosella kebeshensis (Stepanov) Tupitz.
 * Pilosella koernickeana (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella kozlowskyana (Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella kumbelica (B.Fedtsch. & Nevski) Sennikov
 * Pilosella lactocantabrica Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella lactucella (Wallr.) P.D.Sell & C.West
 * Pilosella laggeri (Sch.Bip. ex Rchb.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella lamprocantabrica Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella lamprocoma (Nägeli & Peter) Schljakov
 * Pilosella lamprogaliciana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella lathraea (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella legiogudarica Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella legionensis Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella legiotremedalis Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella leptadeniiformis (Üksip) Tupitz.
 * Pilosella leptoclados (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella leptophyton (Nägeli & Peter) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella leucopsilon (Arv.-Touv.) Gottschl.
 * Pilosella levieri (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella litardiereana (Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella longisquama (Peter) Holub
 * Pilosella lydiae (Schischk. & Steinb.) Tupitz.
 * Pilosella macranthela (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella macranthiformis (Zahn) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella macrostolona (Gus.Schneid.) Soják
 * Pilosella macrotricha (Boiss.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella macutensis (K.Malý & Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella mampodrensis Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella maraniana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella × maschukensis (Litv. & Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella massagetovii (Gamajun. ex Kamelin & Zuckerw.) Sennikov
 * Pilosella mayeri (Vollm.) Soják
 * Pilosella medioposita (Gottschl.) Gottschl.
 * Pilosella megargyrocoma Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella megatricha (Borbás) Soják
 * Pilosella × melinomelas (Peter) Holub
 * Pilosella merxmuelleriana (S.Bräut.) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella moechiadia (Peter) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella montiberica Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella muscelii (Prodan) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella neogelmii (Gottschl.) Gottschl.
 * Pilosella neotremedalis Mateo
 * Pilosella nevadensis (Arv.-Touv.) Mateo & Greuter
 * Pilosella nigrogudarica Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella nigrolegionensis Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella niveocantabrica Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella niveocastellana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella niveogaliciana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella noguerensis Mateo
 * Pilosella norrliniiformis (Pohle & Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella notha (Huter) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella novosibirskensis Tupitz.
 * Pilosella occidentalis (Nyár.) Soják
 * Pilosella officinarum Vaill.
 * Pilosella onegensis Norrl.
 * Pilosella oroasturica Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella orogaliciana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella orolegionensis Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella pachycymigera (Gottschl.) Gottschl.
 * Pilosella pachypilon (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella pannoniciformis (Litv. & Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella panticosae Mateo
 * Pilosella paragoga (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella paragogiformis (Besse & Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella pavichii (Heuff.) Holub
 * Pilosella pavichiodes S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella × pawlowskiellum (Merxm.) Holub
 * Pilosella peleteriana (Mérat) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella permutata (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella petraea F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella pieriana Gottschl. & Dunkel
 * Pilosella piloselliflora (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella pilosellina (F.W.Schultz) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. ex Soják
 * Pilosella piloselloides (Vill.) Soják
 * Pilosella pinea (Schischk. & Serg.) Tupitz.
 * Pilosella pintodasilva (de Retz) Mateo
 * Pilosella plaicensis (Woł.) Soják
 * Pilosella polioderma (Dahlst.) Soják
 * Pilosella × polymastix (Peter) Holub
 * Pilosella portae (Willk. ex T.Durand & B.D.Jacks.) Mateo & Greuter
 * Pilosella procera (Fr.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella procerigena (Litv. & Zahn) Sennikov
 * Pilosella × promeces (Peter) Holub
 * Pilosella prussica (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella pseudofidalgoana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella pseudogalliciana Mateo
 * Pilosella pseudogudarica Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella × pseudolactucella Gottschl.
 * Pilosella pseudomaraniana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella pseudopanticosae Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella pseudopilosella (Ten.) Soják
 * Pilosella pseudosulphurea (Touton) Soják
 * Pilosella pseudotrichodes (Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella pseudovahlii (de Retz) Mateo
 * Pilosella puenteana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella rhenovulcanica (Gottschl. & Heinrichs) Bomble
 * Pilosella rhodopea (Griseb.) Szeląg
 * Pilosella ricoana Mateo
 * Pilosella rothiana (Wallr.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella × rubra (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella ruprechtii (Boiss.) P.D.Sell & C.West
 * Pilosella sabinopsis (Ganesch. & Zahn) Tupitz.
 * Pilosella salernicola (Vetter & Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella samokoviensis (T.Georgiev & Zahn) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella saussureoides Arv.-Touv.
 * Pilosella scandinavica (Dahlst.) Schljakov
 * Pilosella schelkownikovii (Zahn.) Soják
 * Pilosella × schizosciadia Gottschl.
 * Pilosella schneidii (Schack & Zahn) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella schultesii (F.W.Schultz) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. ex H.P.Fuchs
 * Pilosella × sciadogena Gottschl.
 * Pilosella sedelmeyeriana (Zahn) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella segoviensis Mateo
 * Pilosella serbica (F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.) Szeląg
 * Pilosella setifolia (Touton) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella sintenisii (Freyn) Soják
 * Pilosella solacolui S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella soleiroliana (Arv.-Touv. & Briq.) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella stenosoma (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella sterrochaetia (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella stoloniflora (Waldst. & Kit.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella subdecolorans (Norrl.) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella subgudarica Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella subrubens (Arv.-Touv.) Zahn
 * Pilosella substoloniflora (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella subtardans (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella subulatissima (Zahn) Mateo
 * Pilosella sulphurea (Döll) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella × tambovica Sennikov
 * Pilosella tardiuscula (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella tardogaliciana Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella tendina (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella tephrocephala (Vuk.) Soják
 * Pilosella tephrochlorella (Ganesch. & Zahn) Tupitz.
 * Pilosella tephrodes (Nägeli & Peter) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella tephroglauca (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella tephrophyton (Oborný & Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella tinctilingua (Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella tjumentzevii (Serg. & Üksip) Tupitz.
 * Pilosella transbotnica (Norrl.) T.Tyler
 * Pilosella × tremedalis Mateo
 * Pilosella tricholepia (Nägeli & Peter) Dostál
 * Pilosella trigenes (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella triplex (Peter) Soják
 * Pilosella tubulascens Norrl.
 * Pilosella turolensis Mateo
 * Pilosella ullepitschii (Błocki) Szeląg
 * Pilosella unamunoi (C.Vicioso) Mateo
 * Pilosella universitatis Mateo & Egido
 * Pilosella vahlii (Froel.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella vansoestii (de Retz) Mateo
 * Pilosella × variifurca (Zahn) Gottschl.
 * Pilosella velutina (Hegetschw.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella verruculata (Link) Soják
 * Pilosella × viridifolia (Peter) Holub
 * Pilosella visianii F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 * Pilosella walteri-langii (Gottschl.) S.Bräut. & Greuter
 * Pilosella willingorum Gottschl.
 * Pilosella wolgensis (Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella woronowiana (Zahn) Soják
 * Pilosella xilocae Mateo
 * Pilosella ziziana (Tausch) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.

title: Pilosella


text:
Initiative Committee for Permanent Revolutionary Action

Initiative Committee for Permanent Revolutionary Action (in French: Comité d'Initiative pour une Action Révolutionnaire Permanente) was a radical Marxist-Leninist group in Senegal. CIARP was founded by the Blondin Diop brothers following a split in the Movement of Young Marxist-Leninists.

CIARP was dismantled by Senegalese police in July 1971. Omar Blondin Diop was sentenced to three years imprisonment. He died in 1973 during torture at the prison of Gorée Island.


text:
User:Jlchan

New

title: User:Jlchan


text:
Sängerfest

Sängerfest, also Sängerbund-Fest, Sängerfeste, or Saengerfest, meaning singer festival, is a competition of Sängerbunds, or singer groups, with prizes for the best group or groups. Such public events are also known as a Liederfest, or song festival. Participants number in the hundreds and thousands, and the fest is usually accompanied by a parade and other celebratory events. The sängerfest is most associated with the Germanic culture. Its origins can be traced back to 19th century Europe. Swiss composer Hans Georg Nägeli and educator Carl Friedrich Zelter, both protégés of Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, established sängerbunds to help foster social change throughout Germany and Prussia. University students began to choose the art form as an avenue for political statements. As the sängerfest concept gained popularity and spread around the world, it was adapted by Christian churches for spiritual worship services. European immigrants brought the tradition in a non-political form to the North American continent. In the early part of the 20th century, sängerfest celebrations drew devotees in the tens of thousands, and included some United States presidents among their audiences. Sängerbunds are still active in Europe and in American communities with Germanic heritage.

Europe
Students of Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, a proponent of social reform, applied his teachings when founding some singing groups as an instrument for cultural change. One of his students was Carl Friedrich Zelter, who helped establish the sängerbund movement throughout Prussia in 1809. Pestalozzi's protégé Hans Georg Nägeli was a composer, music teacher and songbook publisher who made numerous journeys across Germany from 1819 to encourage the formation of male singing groups for social reform. Nägeli established several sängerbunds in Switzerland, which became the inspiration for the 1824 establishment of the Stuttgarter Liederkranz. Following the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees in Germany, male-only choral celebrations with hundreds or thousands of vocalists were popular with the masses and often part of political events. Composer Friedrich Silcher was directly influenced by Pestalozzi and Nägeli. He began using large choirs to express political viewpoints at least as early as 1824 when he and a group of Tübingen University students performed La Marseillaise to commemorate the storming of the Bastille. In 1827 at Plochingen, Baden-Württemberg, several male-voiced choirs combined for a regional liederfest. Sängerfests were part of the Hambach Festival of 1832.

Christian church organizations known as Christlicher sängerbunds adapted the sängerfest for religious gatherings and helped spread its popularity throughout Europe, North America and Australia. They became popular in late 19th century Russia among Mennonite congregations. On 30 May 1893, a sängerfest of seven choirs was held in Rückenau in Molotschna, Ukraine. On Sunday, 29 May 1894, the all-day Russische Saengervereinigung was held in Rückenau under the direction of Polish conductor Friedrich Schweige with assistance from Aron Gerhard Sawatsky, director of the Andreasfeld Mennonite Brethren Church. Beginning on 3 May, Schweiger traveled across Russia rehearsing choirs. On 29 May there were breakfasts for attendees, an estimated 50 vocal presentations by individual choirs, prayer services and sermons, lunch for 2,000 people and afternoon snacks.

North America
Mennonites established the northwest Philadelphia section of Germantown in 1683. The Philadelphia Männerchor founded by German immigrant Phillip Matthias Wohlseiffer in 1835 was the first German-American singing society organized in the United States where the sängerfest began to evolve as a form of civic entertainment. In 1836, Wohlseiffer founded the Baltimore Liederkranz, which became the first to accept women members (1838). In 1846, the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, group and the Baltimore, Maryland, group performed together at a public sängerfest. The "Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac" of 1891 listed numerous sängerbunds in the Brooklyn, New York area. On 21 June 1901, the Nord-Amerikanischer Sängerbund presented a sängerfest in Buffalo, New York, at the famous Pan-American Exposition (where 25th President William McKinley was shot by Leon Czolgosz in a reception line in September 1901). A group in Buffalo hoped to help pay the expenses of the fest by forming the Buffalo Sängerfest Company, selling 1,600 shares of stock at $25 each.

In 1838, the Cincinnati Deutscher Gesangverein was formed in Ohio, followed by the Cincinnati Deutsch Liedertafel in 1844. The Gesang und Bildungsverein Deutscher Arbeiter formed in 1846 and was the first Cincinnati group that allowed women. Groups from Ohio, Kentucky, Maryland and Indiana created the Nord-Amerikanischer Sängerbund in 1849 for a sängerfest hosted by Cincinnati, featuring the music of German composers. By 1908, it was estimated that 250,000 German Americans belonged to musical organizations, and 50,000 of those belonged to the Nord-Amerikanischer Sängerbund. The first post-Civil War sängerfest in Columbus, Ohio, took place 29 August – 1 September 1865 at Schreiner's Hall and the Opera House. Each arriving sängerbund was escorted to the hall by the Eighteenth regiment of the United States Infantry. There were an estimated 400 singers entertaining 12,000 to 15,000 attendees. The closing day was celebrated with pomp and circumstance.

The first sängerfest in Texas was held in 1853 in New Braunfels, and was held annually until 1860 when conflicting loyalties about, and participation in, the American Civil War caused a 10-year gap in the events. The San Antonio Männergesang-Verein was formed in 1847, the New Braunfels Gesangverein Germania formed in 1850, and the Austin Männerchor formed in 1852. On 4 July 1853 in San Antonio, the San Antonio Männergesang-Verein sponsored an Independence Day celebration attended by the New Braunfels Gesangverein and the Austin Männerchor. The New Braunfels Gesangverein invited everyone to meet in New Braunfels on 16–17 October 1853 for its first Texas Sängerfest. In 1854, the aggregate sängerbunds formed the Texas State Sängerbund. The San Antonio Beethoven Männerchor was organized in 1867 by Wilhelm Thielepape, assistant conductor of the San Antonio Männergesang-Verein. After the surrender of the Confederacy in 1865, Thielepape raised the Union flag of the "Stars and Stripes" over the historic Texan battle site and former church mission, the Alamo in San Antonio and distributed wine and songbooks. The all-male Houston Sängerbund was founded on 6 October 1883 and chartered in 1890. It affiliated itself with Der Deutsch-Texanische Sängerbund. In 1887, founding member Carl C. Zeus served as principal of the organization's German-English school.

22nd and 24th President Grover Cleveland, his wife, and guests took a special train from Washington, D.C. on "Independence Day", 4 July 1888, forty miles northeast to see a Baltimore event. Cleveland had friends who were members of the sängerbunds. 27th President William Howard Taft attended the 1 July 1912 event in Philadelphia. On 15 June 1903, 26th President Theodore Roosevelt and Ambassador Herman Speck von Sternberg attended a sängerfest of 6,000 individual singers at Baltimore's Armory Hall. All 9,000 seats were sold out. President Roosevelt delivered an address praising the German culture and the sängerfest tradition. The Northeastern Sängerbund presented selections by composers Herman Spielter, David Melamet, Carl Friedrich Zöllner, E.S. Engelsberg, Felix Mendelssohn and Richard Wagner.

When Newark, New Jersey, hosted the 21st National Sängerfest, held on 1–4 July 1906 in Olympic Park, 25,000 people showed up to hear the music, many arriving on chartered trains. Only a few thousand were able to get into the hall, and 2,000 were standing. Five thousand singers from more than a hundred sängerbunds representing forty cities from New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware competed for a $20,000 prize offered by Kaiser Wilhelm II. Park vendors offered souvenirs, refreshments, games, and a carousel.

Germans began emigrating to Canada through Nova Scotia, where they helped found the town of Lunenburg in 1753. The sängerfests were first performed in Kitchener, Ontario, in 1862. The community events included the standard concerts and meals, with drama presentations and athletic entertainment sponsored by the local Turnvereine clubs. For the next 40 years, sängerbunds and sängerfests spread throughout Ontario. Pennsylvania Mennonites began settling in Ontario in the late 19th century. Alberta and Saskatchewan host annual Mennonite sängerfestes.

In 1916 at his sentencing for bigamy, Count Max Lymer Louden related another misdeed from his past. Louden claimed he had been hired by a group of wealthy German Americans with a secret fund of $16,000,000 to take 150,000 German reservists, disguised as sängerbunds, across the Canada–United States border for a coup d'état of Canada, on behalf of Kaiser Wilhelm II. If they drew suspicion, they were prepared to "sing at a moment's notice." It was his loyalty to America, he claimed, which caused him to desert the Kaiser's singing invasion force.

Current events
Although some local festivals were canceled or suspended during the two world wars owing to rising anti-German sentiment, the triennial Sängerfest tradition has largely survived and many communities in areas with a significant German-American population have Sängerfests today.

Two major German-American singing associations are the Nordöstlicher (North Eastern) Sängerbund and the much larger Nord-Amerikanischer (North American) Sängerbund.
 * Nordöstlicher Sängerbund: The 49th Sängerfest was in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 2006. The 50th Sängerfest, hosted by the Washington Sängerbund, took place on the 2009 Memorial Day Weekend in Washington, D.C. The 51st Sängerfest, hosted by the Lehigh Sängerbund, took place in June 2012 in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The Bloomfield Liedertafel hosted the 52nd Sängerfest in 2015 in Pittsburgh, PA.
 * Nord-Amerikanischer Sängerbund: The 61st Sängerfest of the Nord-Amerikanischer Sängerbund was June 2013 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin with over 1300 singers. The 62nd Sängerfest took place May 27–29, 2016 in Pittsburgh, PA.

title: Sängerfest


text: User talk:84.66.196.208

title: User talk:84.66.196.208


text:
Hare and Tortoise

Hare and Tortoise is a Eurogame designed by David Parlett in 1974 and first published by Intellect Games. In 1978 it was released by Ravensburger in Germany, and received generally positive reviews critically and won the 1979 Spiel des Jahres. It has since sold some 2 million units in at least ten languages. The current editions are published by Gibsons Games in the UK, Ravensburger in Germany and Rio Grande Games in the United States.

Theme
The game is based on Aesop's fable "The Tortoise and the Hare", in which the hare and tortoise decide to race. The tortoise wins the race by cunning while the hare fails because he overestimates himself and takes a nap during the race. The moral of the story is "slow and steady wins the race" which is incorporated in the game mechanic.

In Germany, there is another fable by a similar name, Hase und Igel (Hare and hedgehog), made popular by the Brothers Grimm, in which the hedgehog wins because his wife is at the finish line, and the hare mistakes her for his race opponent.

Gameplay
Hare and Tortoise is a strategic race game in which players pay carrots (the currency in the game) to move forward. The more squares the player wants to advance, the more carrots the player must pay. The cost to advance increases as triangle numbers:
 * 1 square = 1 carrot
 * 2 squares = price of 1 square + 2 = 3 carrots
 * 3 squares = price of 2 squares + 3 = 6 carrots
 * 4 squares = price of 3 squares + 4 = 10 carrots
 * And so on.

Players can earn carrots in various ways – most notably by moving backwards to designated squares (10 carrots per square). This game mechanic creates an interesting and dynamic race usually with no clear winner until the very end. The players start the game with 65 carrots. The game board features 65 squares. There are no generic squares; instead, the board is divided in several types of squares such as hare (draw a luck card), carrots (get extra carrots for each turn skipped), etc.

One variant of the game is the agreement between the players not to land on "hare" squares, which could eliminate the factor of luck completely from the game.

Development and release
Hare and Tortoise was released in 1974 and was designed by David Parlett. It used a relatively new game mechanic upon its publication, which is utilising resource management for movement. This was only previously found in the unrelated game Bantu published by Parker Brothers in 1955. Until then, race games typically used the roll of dice to determine movement, however, after 1974 non-dice games gradually became more abundant.

In 1978, the game was released by Ravensburger in Germany under the name of Hase und Igel and was re-themed, with the tortoise replaced by the Brothers Grimm hedgehog. Initially selling with difficulty due to being perceived as a children's game, Hare and Tortoise was later presented the first Spiel des Jahres award after a reluctant agreement by the company. The award significantly increased the game's sales, and a total of two million copies have sold in ten languages printed by numerous other publishers, including Gibsons Games in the UK and Rio Grande Games in the United States. In 2016, the game was re-themed again to Around the World in 80 Days, which utilised a money theme instead.

Reception
Hare and Tortoise received positive reviews. The Opinionated Gamers praised its accessibility, complexity, engagement and balance of luck and strategy. However, some reviewers also criticised the lack of theme, the mathematical nature and the dated gameplay. In 1979, the game became the first winner of the now widely recognized Spiel des Jahres award. The Dutch translation won the Toy of the Year award in 1981 when it was released. The game was successful commercially, selling a total of two million copies.

Reviews

 * Games #7
 * Games & Puzzles
 * Jeux & Stratégie #6 (as "Le Lièvre et la Tortue")
 * Games & Puzzles #33
 * Family Games: The 100 Best

Champions
The official world championships have been held as part of the Mind Sports Olympiad with David Parlett's endorsement 7 times.
 * 1997: 🏴 Chris Dickson
 * 2007: 🏴 David M. Pearce
 * 2008: 🏴 Tige Nnando
 * 2009: 🏴 David M. Pearce
 * 2010: 🇮🇹 Dario De Toffoli
 * 2011: 🏴 Tige Nnando
 * 2012: 🏴 Mike Dixon
 * 2013: 🇪🇪 Andres Kuusk
 * 2014: 🏴 Matthew Hathrell
 * 2015: 🏴 James Heppell

title: Hare and Tortoise


text:
Reenu-Rew

Reenu-Rew (Wolof for 'Roots of the Nation', French for "Les racines de la nation") was a radical Marxist group in Senegal, founded in 1973 by Landing Savané. It published Xarébi (Struggle). In 1974 Reenu-Rew stood behind the initiative to form And-Jëf.

title: Reenu-Rew


text: User talk:82.110.109.166

title: User talk:82.110.109.166


text:
Mahajanas

A Mahajana (महाजन) refers to one the twelve beings of spiritual authority affiliated with the Hindu deity Vishnu, who are described to teach religious ideal, and who, by his conduct, sets an example for others to follow.

Literature
The Bhagavata Purana (6.3.20-21) lists twelve Mahajanas, regarded to be the greatest devotees of Vishnu: Brahma, Narada, Shiva, the Four Kumaras, Kapila, Svayambhuva Manu, Prahlada, Janaka, Bhishma, Bali, Śuka, and Yama.

title: Mahajanas