text:
Talk:Yunus Emre

= Comments =

Comment
Wouldn't it be proper to cite whose translation is given in the text? It is for sure not a "literal" translation...\

Turkish version of the poem
Putting just the English translation of the poem would be better, what do users think?

Rating
I re-rated the article as High instead of Mid. According to Wikipedia if "Subject is notable or significant within the field of Turkey, but not necessarily outside it" then it should be rated high. As it is known, Yunus Emre is one of the most important figures in Turkish literature and philosophy. This new rating appears to be suitable for the article... --Maestro 12:49, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Very poor article
This is a very poor article, please somebody expand it.--85.103.38.136 00:10, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Alevi Yunus :)
This is not fun, i never heard any poem dedicated to him mentioning Ali, and also the dates and birthplace of Yunus is against this, if he lived 3 centuries later he could be alevite due to the tide of alevite terror in anatolia(even as far as in aegea) but it is not wise to call him alevite while he was born just 100 kms away from future ottoman capital who were following Bektasi traditions ( of course not poluted with shiism yet, else even name of Osman I would be smt else). so where are you admin cant you take away the alevi sign there, just because a fanatical alevi wants to have him in his side :) thats turkish hospitality but he was something more than just a muslim... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.103.16.238 (talk) 16:29, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Admins of this vikipedia you must see more carefully articles.This article (like Greek language) so stupidly.Yunus Emre wasn't an Alevi poet he was Hanefi (Sünnî) philophoser-poet !!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.184.236.7 (talk) 22:12, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Alevi?
how come can you put him under a secterian label? he was muslim you just cannot place every historic figure under a sectarian term. a petty act to try looking more scientific i think, jut leave yunus be, he was a muslim, a human, just read his words you will understand how vain it is to try putting him under a sectarian label  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.102.178.244 (talk) 19:27, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

Taptuk Emre
Yunus Emre was a pupil of Taptuk Emre. Böri (talk) 06:16, 23 July 2013 (UTC)

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Linkt to Alevism is missed in this article
Yunus Emre had belonged to the Bektaschi-Tariqa. it is a shame that this isn't mentioned and Wikipedia is supporting turkish-islamic campagnes of the AKP party, whose agenda is to declare all progressiv derwisch as sunnis or orthodox.... I know where this strategy came from - the naqshibandi-apostates! they are so hateful and radical, they can´t find any follower, so they claim even mewlana rumi for they politics...embarrassing — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.247.243.82 (talk) 16:24, 9 September 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:11, 18 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Shrine of Abdul Qadir Jilani..jpg

Yunus Emre was an Alevi
The source that says that Yunus Emre is a Sunni comes from a Turkish social scientist. He represents the interests of the current Sunni conservatives under Recep Tayyip Erdogan. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.78.144.143 (talk) 21:08, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

Television series (Turkish)
There was a very substantial television series created about Yunus Emre. I don't see it listed so I will add a link in the external links section, to IMDB. If there's a better way the series should be cited, please improve, rather than delete. --Presearch (talk) 05:12, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yunus Emre


text:
Jacqueline Govaert

Jacqueline Govaert (born 20 April 1982) is a Dutch singer, songwriter, and pianist. She is best known as the leader of Dutch band Krezip. After Krezip disbanded in 2009, Govaert started a solo music career. She released her debut album Good Life in August 2010.

Krezip
Govaert wrote her first songs on the piano at age 12. She graduated from the Dutch Rockacademy in Tilburg. Prior to that, she had started the band Krezip in high school. The band released their first EP in 1999; it was an independent release. In 2000, the band was signed by Warner Music and played at Lowlands and Pinkpop. In the same year their first LP came out, gaining considerable success that continued until they disbanded in 2009.

Govaert was the band's main songwriter. She was also the band's pianist until guitarist Annelies Kuijsters was forced to take over this role, having lost her ability to play guitar after a severe injury. Govaert enjoyed giving up her role as pianist, noting "...now I can concentrate on my performance."

Govaert served as a featured artist on tracks of the music project Ayreon, Dutch band Relax (on the album Odeur de Clochard), Armin van Buuren and Fernando Lameirinhas.

In 2006, Govaert contributed on a theme song for the TMF Awards of 2006. For this song, she collaborated with Dutch bands The Partysquad, Extince and Caprice. They performed the song at the opening of the award ceremony.

Govaert also co-wrote, with singer Alain Clark, the song "Wherever I Go", which was used in the Dutch Senseo commercial and then released as a single.

In 2019, Krezip reunited and performed at Pinkpop. At first, Krezip reunited only with the intention to play at Pinkpop and to do a reunion concert. However, they have since kept touring and have released two albums: Sweet High (2019) and Any Day Now (2023).

Solo career
After quitting Krezip, Govaert announced that she would be pursuing a solo music career. She released her debut solo album, Good Life, in August 2010. She worked on the album with Jan Peter Hoekstra (guitar Krezip), Joost Zweegers (Novastar), Tjeerd Bomhof (frontman Voicst) and Alex Callier (bass and songwriter Hooverphonic). Musicians on Good Life were Mario Goossens (drums Hooverphonic, Triggerfinger), Simon Casier (bass Balthazar), Jan Peter Hoekstra (guitar ex-Krezip) and Remko Kühne (keys Hooverphonic, Alain Clark). The album entered the Dutch Album Charts on 3 September 2010 at number three.

Other activities
In August 2023, she was named one of the members of the selection committee for. Following this, she was chosen as the Dutch commentator for the contest alongside Cornald Maas, replacing Jan Smit.

Personal life
Govaert resides in Haarlem with her partner. On 29 October 2008, Govaert announced that she was expecting a child, and that she was taking a hiatus from the music industry. Govaert gave birth to a son, on 26 March 2009. Govaert's second child, a daughter, was born on 10 November 2010. Jacqueline is the older sister of Onno Govaert, who is a drummer mainly active in the field of improvised music.

Albums with Krezip

 * Run Around (1999)
 * Nothing Less (2000)
 * Days Like This (2002)
 * That'll Be Unplugged (2003)
 * What Are You Waiting For? (2005)
 * Plug It In (2007)
 * Best Of (2008)
 * Sweet High (2019)
 * Any Day Now (2023)

Albums

 * align="left"|Good Life||30-08-2010||04-09-2010||3||24||
 * align="left"|Songs to Soothe||24-03-2014||29-03-2014||1||19||
 * align="left"|Lighthearted Years||20-10-2017||28-10-2017||9||||
 * }
 * align="left"|Lighthearted Years||20-10-2017||28-10-2017||9||||
 * }
 * }

Singles

 * align="left"|"Abraça-Me" / "Omhels me dan"||2006||-|||||| with Fernando Lameirinhas / #35 in Single Top 100
 * align="left"|"TMF Awards Anthem 2006"||2006||16-12-2006||tip8||-|| with Partysquad, Extince, Caprice / #4 in de Single Top 100
 * align="left"|"Never Say Never"||2009||11-07-2009||21||6|| with Armin van Buuren / #32 in Single Top 100
 * align="left"|"Overrated"||12-07-2010||17-07-2010||12||11|| #28 in Single Top 100
 * align="left"|"Big World"||2010||27-11-2010||29||5||
 * align="left"|"Hold Your Fire"||2011||19-02-2011||tip11||-||
 * align="left"|"Wherever I Go"||2011||09-04-2011||tip2||-|| with Alain Clark / #33 in Single Top 100
 * }
 * align="left"|"Big World"||2010||27-11-2010||29||5||
 * align="left"|"Hold Your Fire"||2011||19-02-2011||tip11||-||
 * align="left"|"Wherever I Go"||2011||09-04-2011||tip2||-|| with Alain Clark / #33 in Single Top 100
 * }
 * align="left"|"Wherever I Go"||2011||09-04-2011||tip2||-|| with Alain Clark / #33 in Single Top 100
 * }
 * }

Guest appearances

 * Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer (Ayreon, 2000) "Temple Of The Cat"
 * 76 (Armin van Buuren, 2003) "Stay"
 * Odeur de Clochard (Relax, 2005) "Dream On"
 * Just Like You (SMD, 2008)
 * Imagine (Armin van Buuren, 2008) "Never Say Never"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jacqueline Govaert


text:
Bethel University (Indiana)

Bethel University is a private Christian university in Mishawaka, Indiana. It was established in 1947 and is affiliated with the evangelical Christian Missionary Church.

Organization and administration
Bethel is a part of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities and the Council of Independent Colleges. It is regionally accredited by The Higher Learning Commission. The institution also has specialized accreditation by The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC), the National Association of Schools of Music (NASM), the International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education (IACBE).

Currently, Bethel is organized into three academic areas: Division of Arts & Sciences; Division of Humanities & Social Sciences; School of Nursing. Additionally, there are nine graduate programs administered in conjunction with the schools through the Office of Adult and Graduate Studies.

There are approximately 1,339 students distributed across these programs. About 1,200 are traditional students pursuing bachelor's degrees right after high school. 140 are enrolled in graduate programs. The Bethel University faculty is composed of about 63 full-time members.

Bethel College changed its name to Bethel University upon the end of commencement exercises on May 5, 2019.

Academics
Bethel University offers undergraduate, graduate and adult degree programs across the spectrum of disciplines that characterizes American higher education at small colleges. The traditional academic majors include a substantial general education component, which is typical of most liberal arts institutions. With some variation by major program, these students take courses in history, literature, philosophy, fine arts, communication (oral and written), psychology, sociology, science, mathematics, physical education, and foreign language. Furthermore, because of the university's identification with Christianity, all students take courses in Bible (Old and New Testament) and an introductory theology course. These general education courses provide a broad background across the disciplines upon which more depth is pursued in a major (or majors).

Athletics
The Bethel athletic teams are called the Pilots. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Crossroads League (formerly known as the Mid-Central College Conference (MCCC) until after the 2011–12 school year) for most of its sports since the 1981–82 academic year; while its men's & women's swimming & diving teams compete in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC); and its women's lacrosse and men's volleyball teams compete in the Wolverine–Hoosier Athletic Conference (WHAC). They are also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the North Central Region of the Division I level.

Bethel competes in 25 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading and eSports.

The most recent sports added were men's and women's eSports and men's volleyball. Basketball, baseball, and softball games are broadcast by the Regional Radio Sports Network.

Athletic accomplishments

 * 4 NAIA National Championships (3 Men's D-II Basketball, 1 Men's Soccer)
 * 42 NCCAA National Championships
 * 15 NAIA Individual National Champions (1 Women's Golf, 1 Men's Swim & Dive, 9 Men's Track, 4 Women's Track)
 * 136 NAIA All-Americans
 * 435 NAIA Scholar-Athletes
 * 19 NAIA National Players of the Week
 * 71 Conference Regular Season Championship

In addition to athletic competition, Bethel University encourages athletes to undertake short-term missionary work. Over 45 short-term missions trips/task force teams have been taken by teams within the athletic department.

Notable people

 * Andrew Clyde, member U.S. House of Representatives
 * Mike Lightfoot, college basketball coach
 * Justin Masterson, professional baseball player
 * Marci Miller, film and television actor
 * Yemi Mobolade, mayor of Colorado Springs, Colorado
 * Eric Stults, professional baseball player

title: Bethel University (Indiana)


text:
File:Whitlams eternalnightcap.jpg

Fair use in The Whitlams and Eternal Nightcap
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Whitlams eternalnightcap.jpg


text:
800 Bullets

800 Bullets (800 balas) is a 2002 Spanish film directed by Álex de la Iglesia and penned by the former alongside Jorge Guerricaechevarría. The cast features Sancho Gracia, Ángel de Andrés, Carmen Maura, Eusebio Poncela, Terele Pávez and Luis Castro, among others. The film, a tribute to Spanish stuntmen who worked in Spaghetti Westerns, features similarities to Spielbergian Oedipal melodramas.

Plot
Julián Torralba is a former film stuntman in Almeria, Spain. He and several of his colleagues, who once made a living in American Westerns shot in Spain, now are reduced to doing stunt shows for minuscule audiences on the decaying set built for those old Westerns. Julián wrestles with dark memories of the death of his son, also a stuntman, and with estrangement from his daughter-in-law Laura and her son Carlos.

Carlos, a young boy, becomes intrigued with his late father's life and runs away to join Julián and his band of has-beens. There Carlos is initiated into the rambunctious life of these hard-drinking faux cowboys. But when Laura, a powerful executive looking for a new site for a tourist resort, learns that Carlos has joined the hated Julián, she moves to destroy even this remnant of Julián's once-proud career. Julián and the cowboys decide to fight back the only way they know how.

Production
Produced by Pánico Films, 800 Bullets was shot in the province of Almería. Shooting locations included the Paseo de Almería, the Calle Reina Regente (both in the provincial capital, Almería), Santa María del Águila (El Ejido), Las Salinillas (Gádor-Gérgal-Rioja- Tabernas), Garganta de Alfaro (Rioja) and the Poblado estudio Fort Bravo-Texas Hollywood (Tabernas). The film had a budget of around €5 million.

Release
The film had its world premiere on 11 October 2002 at the Sitges Film Festival (FICC), making its domestic theatrical release a week later, on 18 October. The film performed bad at the box office, becoming one of the economic blunders in 2002 Spanish cinema, grossing less than €2 million.

Awards and nominations

 * align = "center" rowspan = "4" | 2003 || rowspan = "4" | 17th Goya Awards || Best Actor || Sancho Gracia || Nominated || rowspan = "4" |
 * Best Original Score || Roque Baños || Nominated
 * Best Editing || Alejandro Lázaro || Nominated
 * Best Special Effects || Juan Ramón Molina, Félix Bergés, Rafael Solórzano || Won
 * }
 * Best Editing || Alejandro Lázaro || Nominated
 * Best Special Effects || Juan Ramón Molina, Félix Bergés, Rafael Solórzano || Won
 * }
 * }

title: 800 Bullets


text:
Choristodera

Choristodera (from the Greek χωριστός chōristos + δέρη dérē, 'separated neck' ) is an extinct order of semiaquatic diapsid reptiles that ranged from the Middle Jurassic, or possibly Triassic, to the Miocene (168 to 20 or possibly 11.6 million years ago). Choristoderes are morphologically diverse, with the best known members being the crocodile-like neochoristoderes such as Champsosaurus. Other choristoderans had lizard-like or long necked morphologies. Choristoderes appear to have been confined to the Northern Hemisphere, having been found in North America, Asia, and Europe, and possibly also North Africa. Choristoderes are generally thought to be derived neodiapsids that are close relatives or members of Sauria.

History of discovery
Choristodera was erected in 1876, originally as a suborder of Rhynchocephalia by Edward Drinker Cope to contain Champsosaurus, which was described from Late Cretaceous strata of Montana by Cope in the same paper. A year later, in 1877, Simoedosaurus was described by Paul Gervais from Upper Paleocene deposits at Cernay, near Rheims, France. These remained the only recognised choristoderes for over a century, until new taxa were described in the late 20th century. Beginning in the late 1970s, additional taxa were described by Soviet-Mongolian teams from Lower Cretaceous sediments in Mongolia. In studies from 1989 to 1991, Susan E. Evans described new material of Cteniogenys from the Middle Jurassic of Britain. The genus had first been described by Charles W. Gilmore in 1928 from the Late Jurassic of the western United States, and had previously been enigmatic. The studies revealed it to be a small, lizard-like choristodere, different from the crocodile-like forms previously known.

Description
Choristoderes vary substantially in size, the smallest genera like Cteniogenys and Lazarussuchus had a length of only around 30 cm, and the largest known choristoderan, Kosmodraco dakotensis is estimated to have had a total length of around 5 m. Neochoristoderes such as Champsosaurus are the best-known group of the Choristodera. They resembled modern crocodilians, especially gharials. The skull of these animals have a long, thin snout filled with small, sharp conical teeth. Other choristoderes are referred to collectively as "non-neochoristoderes", which are mostly small lizard-like forms, though Shokawa, Khurendukhosaurus and Hyphalosaurus possess long plesiosaur like necks. The grouping of "non-neochoristoderes" is paraphyletic (not containing all descendants of a common ancestor), as the lizard-like bodyform represents the ancestral morphology of the group.

Skeletal anatomy
According to Matsumoto and colleagues (2019), choristoderes are united by the presence of 9 synapomorphies (shared traits characteristic of the group), including a median contact of the elongated prefrontal bones of the skull separating the nasal bones from the frontal bones, the dorsal flange of the maxilla is inflected medially (toward the midline of the body), the parietal foramen are absent, the squamosal bones are expanded behind (posterior to) the occipital condyle, the teeth are conical and sub-thecodont (located in shallow sockets), the dentaries are slender with elongated grooves running along the labial (outward facing) surface of the bone, additional sacral vertebrae are present, expanded "spine tables" are present on the vertebrae, and the surfaces of both ends of vertebral centra are flat (amphiplatyan). All known choristoderans possess or are inferred to possess a novel skull bone not found in other reptiles, referred to as the "neomorphic bone" or neomorph, which is a component of the dermatocranium. Ancestrally, the skull of choristoderes possess elongated upper and lower temporal fenestrae (openings of the skull behind the eye socket), these are greatly expanded in neochoristoderes, most extremely in Champsosaurus, giving the skull a cordiform (heart shaped) appearance when viewed from above. In many "non-neochoristoderes" the lower temporal fenestrae are secondarily closed. Choristoderes possessed gastralia (rib-like bones situated in the abdomen) like tuatara and crocodilians.

Internal skull anatomy
The internal skull anatomy of choristoderes is only known for Champsosaurus. The braincase of Champsosaurus is poorly ossified at the front of the skull (anterior), but is well ossified in the rear (posterior) similar to other diapsids. The cranial endocast (space occupied by the brain in the cranial vault) is proportionally narrow in both lateral and dorsoventral axes, with an enlarged pineal body and olfactory bulbs. The optic lobes and flocculi are small in size, indicating only average vision ability at best. The olfactory chambers of the nasal passages and olfactory stalks of the braincase are reasonably large, indicating that Champsosaurus probably had good olfactory capabilities (sense of smell). The nasal passages lack bony turbinates. The semicircular canals of the inner ear are most similar to those of other aquatic reptiles. The expansion of the sacculus indicates that Champsosaurus likely had an increased sensitivity to low frequency sounds and vibrations.

Dentition
Most choristoderes have rather simple undifferentiated (homodont) teeth, with striated enamel covering the tooth crown but not the base. Neochoristoderes have teeth completely enveloped in striated enamel with an enamel infolding at the base, labiolingually compressed and hooked, the exception being Ikechosaurus which has still rather simple teeth aside from the start of an enamel infolding. Teeth implantation is subthecodont, with teeth being replaced by erosion of a pit in the lingual (side of the tooth facing the tongue) surface of the tooth base. There is some tooth differentiation among neochoristoderes, with the anterior teeth being sharper and more slender than posterior teeth. Choristoderes retain palatal teeth (teeth present on the bones of the roof of the mouth). Unlike most diapsid groups, where palatal teeth are reduced or lost completely, the palatal teeth in choristoderes are extensively developed indicating food manipulation in the mouth, probably in combination with the tongue. In most choristoderes, longitudinal rows of palatal teeth are present on the pterygoid, palatine and vomer, as well as a row on the pterygoid flange. In some neochoristoderes the palatal tooth rows are modified into tooth batteries on raised platforms. The morphology of the palatal teeth is identical to that of the marginal teeth of non-neochoristoderes, and the replacement of palatal teeth is nearly identical to the replacement of marginal teeth.

Skin
An exceptionally preserved specimen of Monjurosuchus preserves pleated skin, which indicates that in life it was probably thin and soft. The preserved scales are small and overlapping, and are smaller on the ventral underside of the body than the dorsal surface. A double row of larger ovoid scales runs along the dorsum (upper midline) of the body. The fossil also preserves webbed feet. Hyphalosaurus was covered in scales of varying shape, depending on their position on the body, with at least one and possibly multiple rows of large ovoid scales running down sides of the trunk and tail. The feet display evidence of webbing, and the tail probably had additional tissue at the top and bottom, allowing it to be used as a fin to propel Hyphalosaurus through the water. Skin impressions of Champsosaurus have also been reported, they consist of small (0.6-0.1 mm) pustulate and rhomboid scales, with the largest scales being located on the lateral sides of the body, decreasing in size dorsally, no osteoderms were present. The Menat specimen of Lazarussuchus preserves some remnants of soft tissue, but no scales, which shows that the hindfoot (pes) was not webbed, and a dark stained region with a crenellated edge is present above the caudal vertebrae of the tail, suggestive of a crest similar to those found in some living reptiles, like the tuatara, lizards and crocodiles.

Paleobiology
Choristoderes are exclusively found in freshwater deposits, often associated with turtles, fish, frogs, salamanders and crocodyliformes. They appear to have been almost exclusively found in warm temperate climates, with the range of neochoristoderes extending to the high Canadian Arctic during the Coniacian-Santonian stages of the Late Cretaceous (~89-83 Million years ago), a time of extreme warmth. Due to the morphological similarities between choristoderes and crocodyliformes, it has often been assumed that they existed in competition. However "non-neochoristoderes" were smaller than adult aquatic crocodyliformes and were more likely in competition with other taxa. For the more crocodile-like neochoristoderes, there appears to have been niche differentiation, with gharial-like neochoristoderans occurring in association with blunt snouted crocodyliformes, but not in association with narrow snouted forms.

Diet
Neochoristoderans are presumed to have been piscivorous. Champsosaurus in particular is thought to have fed like modern gharials, sweeping its head to the side to catch individual fish from shoals, while Simoedosaurus is thought to have been more generalist, being able to take both aquatic and terrestrial prey. Cteniogenys and Lazarussuchus have been suggested to have fed on invertebrates. Preserved gut contents of a Monjurosuchus specimen appear to show arthropod cuticle fragments. Another specimen of Monjurosuchus has been found with preserved skulls of seven juvenile individuals within the abdominal cavity. This has been proposed to represent evidence of cannibalism. However, this proposal has been criticised by other authors, who suggest it is more likely that they represent late-stage embryos. A specimen of Hyphalosaurus has been found with small rib bones in its abdominal cavity, suggesting that it took vertebrate prey at least on occasion.

Reproduction
A specimen of Hyphalosaurus baitaigouensis has been found with 18 fully developed embryos within the mother's body, suggesting that they were viviparous, but another specimen shows that Hyphalosaurus baitaigouensis also possessed soft-shelled eggs, similar to those of lepidosaurs. A possible explanation for this is that Hyphalosaurus was ovoviviparous, with the thin-shelled eggs hatching immediately after they were laid, presumably on land, though it has also been suggested that the species employed both viviparous and oviparous reproductive modes. An embryo of Ikechosaurus has been found preserved within a weakly mineralised parchment-shelled egg, suggesting that Ikechosaurus was oviparous, and laid their eggs on land. Monjuruosuchus has been suggested to have been viviparous. In Champsosaurus, it has been suggested that adult females could crawl ashore to lay eggs on land, with males and juveniles appearing to be incapable of doing so, based on the presumably sexually dimorphic fusion of the sacral vertebrae and possession of more robust limb bones in presumed females. A skeleton of Philydrosaurus has been found with associated post-hatchling stage juveniles, suggesting that they engaged in post-hatching parental care.

Tracks
Tracks from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) of South Korea, given the ichnotaxon name Novapes ulsanensis have been attributed to choristoderans, based on the similarity of the pentadactyl (five fingered) preserved tracks to the foot morphology of Monjurosuchus. The tracks preserve traces of webbing between the digits. The authors of the study proposed based on the spacing of the prints, that choristoderans could "high walk" like modern crocodilians. Tracks attributed to neochoristoderans dubbed Champsosaurichnus parfeti have also been reported from the Late Cretaceous Laramie Formation of the United States, though only two prints are present and it is not possible to distinguish between a manus (forefoot) or pes (hindfoot).

Internal systematics
Historically, the internal phylogenetics of Choristodera were unclear, with the neochoristoderes being recovered as a well-supported clade, but the relationships of the "non-neochoristoderes" being poorly resolved. However, during the 2010s, the "non-neochoristoderes" from the Early Cretaceous of Asia (with the exception of Heishanosaurus) alongside Lazarussuchus from the Cenozoic of Europe were recovered (with weak support) as belonging to a monophyletic clade, which were informally named the "Allochoristoderes" by Dong and colleagues in 2020, characterised by the shared trait of completely closed lower temporal fenestrae, with Cteniogenys from the Middle-Late Jurassic of Europe and North America being consistently recovered as the basalmost choristodere. The long necked "non-neochoristoderes" Shokawa and Hyphalosaurus have often been recovered as a clade, dubbed the Hyphalosauridae by Gao and Fox in 2005. The finding of more complete material of the previously fragmentary Khurendukhosaurus shows that it also has a long neck, and it has also been recovered as part of the clade.

Phylogeny from the analysis of Dong and colleagues (2020):

Relationships to other reptiles
Choristoderes are universally agreed to be members of Neodiapsida, but their exact placement in the clade is uncertain, due to their mix of primitive and derived features, and a long ghost lineage (absence of a fossil record) after their split from other reptiles. After initially being placed in Rhynchocephalia, Cope later suggested a placement in Lacertilla due to the shape of the cervical vertebrae. Louis Dollo in 1891 returned Choristodera to Rhynchocephalia, but in 1893 suggested a close relationship with Pareiasaurus. Alfred Romer in publications in 1956 and 1968 placed Choristodera within the paraphyletic or polyphyletic grouping of "Eosuchia", describing them, as “an offshoot of the basic eosuchian stock”, a classification which was widely accepted. However, the use of computer based cladistics in the 1980s demonstrated the non-monophyly of "Eosuchia", making the classification of choristoderes again uncertain. Subsequent studies either suggested placement as archosauromorphs, lepidosauromorphs or members of Diapsida incertae sedis. In a 2016 analysis of neodiapsid relationships by Martín Ezcurra they were recovered as members of the advanced neodiapsid group Sauria, in a polytomy with Lepidosauromorpha and Archosauromorpha, with being the earliest diverging members of either group also being plausible. A position as basal archosauromorphs is supported by the ossification sequence of their embryos.

Evolutionary history
Choristoderes must have diverged from all other known reptile groups prior to the end of the Permian period, over 250 million years ago, based on their primitive phylogenetic position. In 2015, Rainer R. Schoch reported a new small (~ 20 cm long) diapsid from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) Lower Keuper of Southern Germany, known from both cranial and postcranial material, which he claimed represented the oldest known choristodere. Pachystropheus from the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) of Britain was historically suggested to be a choristodere, but was later demonstrated to be a member of the marine reptile group Thalattosauria. The oldest unequivocal choristoderan is the small lizard-like Cteniogenys, the oldest known remains of which are known from the late Middle Jurassic (Bathonian ~168-166 million years ago) Forest Marble and Kilmaluag formations of Britain, with remains also known from the Upper Jurassic Alcobaça Formation of Portugal and the Morrison Formation of the United States, with broadly similar remains also known from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia, the Bathonian Itat Formation of western Siberia, as well as possibly the Bathonian aged Anoual Formation in Morocco, North Africa.

Choristoderes underwent a major evolutionary radiation in Asia during the Early Cretaceous, which represents the high point of choristoderan diversity, including the first records of the gharial-like Neochoristodera, which appear to have evolved in the regional absence of aquatic neosuchian crocodyliformes. A partial femur of an indeterminate choristodere is known from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation in North America. They appear to be absent from the well sampled European localities of the Berriasian aged Purbeck Group, Great Britain and the Barremian aged La Huérguina Formation, Spain, though there is a record of a small Cteniogenys-like taxon from the Berriasian aged Angeac-Charente bonebed in France. In the latter half of the Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), the neochoristodere Champsosaurus is found in Utah, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, Alberta and Saskatchewan, which were along the western coast of the Western Interior Seaway on the island of Laramidia. Indeterminate remains of neochoristoderes are also known from the Canadian High Arctic, dating to the early Late Cretaceous (Coniacian–Turonian) and from the Navesink Formation of New Jersey from the latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), which formed the separate island of Appalachia. Vertebrae from the Cenomanian of Germany and the Campanian aged Grünbach Formation of Austria indicate the presence of choristoderes in Europe during this time period. The only record of choristoderes from Asia in the Late Cretaceous is a single vertebra from the Turonian of Japan. Fragmentary remains found in the Campanian aged Oldman and Dinosaur Park formations in Alberta, Canada, also possibly suggest the presence of small bodied "non-neochoristoderes" in North America during the Late Cretaceous.

Champsosaurus survived the K-Pg extinction, and together with fellow neochoristodere Simoedosaurus are present in Europe, Asia and North America during the Paleocene, however they became extinct during the early Eocene. Their extinction coincides with major faunal turnover associated with elevated temperatures. Small bodied "non-neochoristoderes", which are absent from the fossil record after the Early Cretaceous (except for possible North American remains), reappear in the form of the lizard-like Lazarussuchus from the late Paleocene of France. The European endemic Lazarussuchus is the last known choristodere, surviving the extinction of neochoristoderes at the beginning of the Eocene, with the youngest known remains being those of L. dvoraki from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic and as well as possible indeterminate remains of Lazarussuchus reported from the late Miocene (~11.6 million years ago) of southern Germany.

title: Choristodera


text:
Sanders

Sanders may refer to:

Surname

 * Sanders (surname)

Given name

 * Sanders Anne Laubenthal (1943–2002), US writer
 * Sanders Shiver (born 1955), former US National Football League player

Corporations

 * Sanders Associates, part of BAE Systems
 * Sanders Aviation
 * Sanders Coaches, bus operator in England
 * Sanders Confectionery, Detroit, United States
 * Sanders & Sanders Ltd., English shoemaker

Place names

 * United States
 * Sanders, Arizona, an unincorporated community
 * Sanders, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Sanders, Kentucky, a city
 * Sanders Township, Pennington County, Minnesota
 * Sanders, Montana, an unincorporated community
 * Sanders County, Montana
 * Sanders Creek, Texas
 * Fort Sanders (Wyoming), constructed in 1866 near Laramie
 * Astronomy
 * 3029 Sanders, an asteroid

Other uses

 * Sanders of Oxford, an antique print shop in England
 * Sanders Theater, a lecture and concert hall at Harvard University
 * Sanders, a variation of Sawney, an obsolete nickname for a Scot
 * Sanders of the River, a fictional character created by Edgar Wallace
 * Greg Sanders, character on US TV series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
 * USS Sanders, the name of two US Navy ships
 * Sanders, a fictional character from The Ridonculous Race
 * Sanders portrait of William Shakespeare, painted 1603
 * Sanders, a name for Shepherd's pie
 * sanders, codename for the Motorola Moto G5s Plus

title: Sanders


text:
User talk:TSAR~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Hi, the article you created falls under the category of a vanity page and will likely be deleted by an admin soon. Please read over wikipedia guidelines for notability and article format. Although some of them are just guidelines and not rules you should check to see what the standard is in an effort to save future endeavors from deletion. gren 06:58, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called TSAR. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name TSAR~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:57, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:TSAR~enwiki


text:
Lepidosauromorpha

Lepidosauromorpha (in PhyloCode known as Pan-Lepidosauria ) is a group of reptiles comprising all diapsids closer to lizards than to archosaurs (which include crocodiles and birds). The only living sub-group is the Lepidosauria, which contains two subdivisions, Squamata, which contains lizards and snakes, and Rhynchocephalia, the only extant species of which is the tuatara.

Lepidosauromorphs are distinguishable from archosauromorphs (reptiles closer to archosaurs) by their primitive sprawling gait (allowing for the same sinusoidal trunk and tail movement seen in fish), the sliding "joint" between the coracoids and the sternum (for a longer stride), and their pleurodont dentition. In contrast, Archosauromorphs possess a parasagittal gait, a reduction in their dermal girdle, a reduction and/or loss of the sternum, and a more thecodont dentition. Living lepidosauromorphs have retained an ectothermic ("cold blooded") metabolism, unlike the ancestral condition in archosauromorphs.

While some putative stem-lepidosauromorphs like Palaeagama are known from the Late Permian, the oldest definitive lepidosauromorphs, Sophineta and Paliguana, are known from the Early Triassic. Taytalura from the early Late Triassic of Argentina is the most complete fossil of an early lepidosauromorph and is one of the few fossils robustly inferred as an early evolving lepidosauromorph. The Kuehneosauridae, a family of reptiles with elongated ribs which allowed them to glide akin to living gliding lizards have been historically typically considered early lepidosauromorphs. However, several recent studies have been found them in other positions within Sauria, including Archosauromorpha. Almost all non-lepidosaurian lepidosauromorphs became extinct by the end of the Triassic, the with the latest non lepidosaur-lepidosauromorphs being Marmoretta from the Middle Jurassic of Britain and an indeterminate form from the Middle Jurassic Moskvoretskaya Formation of Russia, which appear to be closely related to Fraxinisaura from the Middle Triassic of Germany. Other studies have recovered Marmoretta as a stem-squamate.

Subgroups

 * Kuehneosauridae?
 * Choristodera?
 * Helveticosauridae?
 * Cargninia
 * Coartaredens?
 * Feralisaurus?
 * Fraxinisaura
 * Lacertulus?
 * Marmoretta
 * Megachirella
 * Paliguana
 * Pamelina?
 * Sophineta
 * Tamaulipasaurus
 * Taytalura
 * Vellbergia
 * Vinitasaura
 * Lepidosauria
 * Rhynchocephalia
 * Squamata

title: Lepidosauromorpha


text:
Circular symmetry

In geometry, circular symmetry is a type of continuous symmetry for a planar object that can be rotated by any arbitrary angle and map onto itself.

Rotational circular symmetry is isomorphic with the circle group in the complex plane, or the special orthogonal group SO(2), and unitary group U(1). Reflective circular symmetry is isomorphic with the orthogonal group O(2).

Two dimensions
A 2-dimensional object with circular symmetry would consist of concentric circles and annular domains.

Rotational circular symmetry has all cyclic symmetry, Zn as subgroup symmetries. Reflective circular symmetry has all dihedral symmetry, Dihn as subgroup symmetries.

Three dimensions

In 3-dimensions, a surface or solid of revolution has circular symmetry around an axis, also called cylindrical symmetry or axial symmetry. An example is a right circular cone. Circular symmetry in 3 dimensions has all pyramidal symmetry, Cnv as subgroups.

A double-cone, bicone, cylinder, toroid and spheroid have circular symmetry, and in addition have a bilateral symmetry perpendicular to the axis of system (or half cylindrical symmetry). These reflective circular symmetries have all discrete prismatic symmetries, Dnh as subgroups.

Four dimensions
In four dimensions, an object can have circular symmetry, on two orthogonal axis planes, or duocylindrical symmetry. For example, the duocylinder and Clifford torus have circular symmetry in two orthogonal axes. A spherinder has spherical symmetry in one 3-space, and circular symmetry in the orthogonal direction.

Spherical symmetry
An analogous 3-dimensional equivalent term is spherical symmetry.

Rotational spherical symmetry is isomorphic with the rotation group SO(3), and can be parametrized by the Davenport chained rotations pitch, yaw, and roll. Rotational spherical symmetry has all the discrete chiral 3D point groups as subgroups. Reflectional spherical symmetry is isomorphic with the orthogonal group O(3) and has the 3-dimensional discrete point groups as subgroups.

A scalar field has spherical symmetry if it depends on the distance to the origin only, such as the potential of a central force. A vector field has spherical symmetry if it is in radially inward or outward direction with a magnitude and orientation (inward/outward) depending on the distance to the origin only, such as a central force.

title: Circular symmetry


text:
The Catholic Catechism (Hardon)

The Catholic Catechism is a major volume on the teachings of the Catholic Church written by John Hardon and published in 1975. It was written at the request of Pope Paul VI to counter the emergence of perceived rampant liberalism after the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). By 1977, 100,000 copies had been sold.

The Catholic Catechism was a significant work in the sense that it essentially brought modern Vatican II Catholic teaching and faith into one book, unlike any other before, and was a precursor to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which is the official codified teaching of the Catholic Church, written by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI) and promulgated by Pope John Paul II in 1992.

Hardon's Catholic Catechism remains a standard work on Catholic orthodoxy even to this day.

The book is published with the nihil obstat and imprimatur.

title: The Catholic Catechism (Hardon)


text:
User talk:Randomusername331

Welcome!!
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! wikinick 07:02, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
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 * Manual of Style

Chit-chat
Fellow alumni, would you be willing to do some work on the Hillview page? Starting on the 17th I'll be gone for four weeks, and, unfortunately, far from any access to Wikipedia. I have a bunch of photos ready to go, and an outline which I'll send you. I'm trying not to do the whole article myself – I don't want to develop an "article ownership" mindset or anything. Maybe you could just do a section, like statistics or campus features. That'd be great. wikinick 07:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Oh boy.
I've just logged in to read this now. I'd be happy to help out.

yawn!
You don't have to be logged in to read a user talk page, y'know...

De quién la blusa rosa? Es de Cristóbal!

template:user fsm
I'm calling out a posse, to fight for freedom of choice, to fight all those who think that only their opinion's right, template:user fsm was speedy deleted by an administrator without any cause or even discussion, I'm therefore putting it up for undeletion since people have put a jihad out against opinions in userboxes. As you were one of many people using the template, I'm trying to rally you into the posse. If you think the template should be returned to active status, put in a vote at Deletion_review/Userbox_debates. Janizary 04:26, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Homer Simpson wins!
Joyous | Talk 18:27, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Randomusername331


text:
Talk:Symphony No. 35 (Mozart)

The other discrepancy on this page - the inclusion of K455 even though it, also, was written after March 1783 - might be explained if, as Einstein and others conjecture, Mozart wrote down variations and other piano works some time after improvising them. It is conceivably a different set of variations on the same Gluck tune, instead of an earlier set improvised on the occasion and only later written down and noted in the book he kept from K.449 on. Schissel : bowl listen 07:03, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

It is not clear where the information that the Haffner symphony was derived from the Haffner serenade came from. Can anyone clarify this as I have recently seen it asserted that one should not make the mistake of thinking that the symphony was derived from the serenade, though it is possible Mozart constructed a different "symphony" for performance purposes from the serenade. drfcb April 30, 2006

Integration of User:Professor in music's edit
His contribution is here:. After some discussion on our talk pages, I'm going to see if I can wikify it and add it to this page. Many edits will follow in the next few hours. I'll post again when I'm done. DavidRF 02:05, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * OK. That's enough editing for me tonight.  I hope all of the pertinent new information has been preserved.  Most of what I removed from the original pertained to standard descriptions of sonata form symphonic movements.  I tried to keep all that pertained specifically to this work.  DavidRF 04:42, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Reworking the serenade
"These alterations included dropping the introductory, the closing marches,..." Could somebody clarify exactly what this means? "Introductory and closing marches", Introduction and closing marches? I'm a bit puzzled because the (admittedly old) Eulenburg score I have talks, in its introduction, of only one march. Thanks. --Zeisseng 21:32, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for helping to clean this up. I bit off a little more than I could chew when I offered to help integrate a recent large edit.  allmusic.com refers to the dropping of a minuet and a concluding march.  Also, it could be that the same march was played before and after the serenade.  Hurwitz writes that the K.249 march was often played before and after the K.250 Serenade.  Feel free to clean up the wording based on the facts you've found independently.  The main point here is that the original serenade was cut and reorchestrated.  I'm curious, do you have a score for the original "Second Haffner Serenade"?  Thanks.  DavidRF 04:03, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * No, nothing so exotic I'm afraid! Just the symphony with an introduction in German dating from the 1930s so I'm reluctant to use that as a source...--Zeisseng 20:05, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

"recalling" Haydn's #104
Re the first movement, the article says, "recalling the monothematic sonata movements of Haydn (e.g. Symphony No. 104)". It's awkward to say Mozart's 35 "recalls" Haydn's 104 which was composed about 13 years later. This could be rephrased (which i could do), but i think it'd be better to use an earlier Haydn, since Haydn's influence on Mozart was of course huge. And i'm not the right person to pick a chronologically/causally appropriate example. Thanks for the good work, "alyosha" (talk) 19:38, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Symphony No. 35 (Mozart)


text:
Paper pallet

A paper pallet or ecopallet is a shipping or display pallet made from paperboard.

Construction
Paper shipping pallets come in corrugated fiberboard, partial wood decks or engineered with laminated paperboard. Some are made of paperboard composite honeycomb. Several designs have been developed.

title: Paper pallet


text:
Old Funeral

Old Funeral was a black/death metal band from Bergen, Norway.

History
Old Funeral was one of the first bands to form in the Norwegian extreme metal scene, formed in 1988. By 1992, the band had already dissolved. Since the breakup, many members (such as Abbath and Demonaz of Immortal, and Varg Vikernes, in Old Funeral as Kristian Vikernes, of Burzum) are now quite famous as members of the early Norwegian black metal scene. On 15 November 2015, Old Funeral reunited to perform at Blekkmetal 2015 in Bergen, Norway.

Final line-up

 * Olve Eikemo ("Abbath") – bass, vocals (1988–1990, 2015)
 * Tore Bratseth – guitar (1988–1992, 2015)
 * Jan Atle Åserød ("Padden") – drums (1988–1992, 2015), vocals (1990–1992; 2015)

Previous members

 * Harald Nævdal ("Demonaz") – guitar (1988–1989)
 * Kristian Vikernes ("Varg Vikernes") – guitar (1989–1991)
 * Jørn Inge Tunsberg – guitar (1991–1992)
 * Thorlak Sigvaldason – bass (1991–1992)

Timeline

Discography

 * The Fart that Should Not Be (demo, self-released, 1989)
 * Abduction of Limbs (demo, self-released, 1990)
 * Devoured Carcass (EP, Thrash Records, 1991)
 * The Older Ones (compilation, Hammerheart Records, 1999)
 * Join the Funeral Procession (compilation, Hammerheart Records, 1999)
 * Grim Reaping Norway (live album, Hearse Records, 2002)
 * Our Condolences 1988–1992 (compilation, Soulseller Records, 2013)
 * Old Coffin Days (compilation; A Fine Day To Die Records, 2020)

title: Old Funeral


text:
Forest Research Institute (India)

The Forest Research Institute (abbr. FRI; वन अनुसन्धान संस्थान) is a Natural Resource Service training institute of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education and is an institution in the field of forestry research in India for Indian Forest Service cadres and all State Forest Service cadres. It is located at Dehradun in Uttarakhand, and is among the oldest institutions of its kind. In 1991, it was declared a deemed university by the University Grants Commission.

The Forest Research Institute campus hosts the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), the staff college that trains officers selected for the Indian Forest Service (IFS).

History
It was founded in 1878 as "Forest School of Dehradun", after that its name changed to "Imperial Forest School" in 1884. by Dietrich Brandis.

In 1906, it was reestablished as the Imperial Forest Research Institute, under the British Imperial Forestry Service.

Architecture
Established as Imperial Forest Research Institute in 1906, the Forest Research Institute (FRI) Dehradun, was first situated at Chandhbagh (the present location of the Doon School) on the Mall Road. A much larger campus at the present location was acquired ca 1923. Construction of the new buildings commenced thereafter. Styled in Greco-Roman Architecture by C.G. Blomfield, the main building was inaugurated in 1929 by then Viceroy Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon. It is now a National Heritage site.

Forest Research Institute Dehradun is among the oldest institutions of its kind. The institute's history is virtually synonymous with the evolution and development of scientific forestry, not only in India, but over the entire sub-continent. Built over 450 hectares, with the outer Himalaya forming its backdrop, the institute's main building combines Greco-Roman and Colonial styles of architecture, with a plinth area of 2.5 hectares. The building was listed for a time, in the Guinness Book of Records, as the largest purely brick structure in the world. The institute has a developed infrastructure of all equipped laboratories, library, herbarium, arboreta, printing press and experimental field areas for conducting forestry research. It is 7 km from Clock Tower, on the Dehradun-Chakrata motorable road. It is the biggest forest-based training institute in India. Most of the forest officers are a part of this institute. The FRI's building also houses a Botanical Museum and there are many different kinds of trees from around the world.

Location
FRI and College Area campus is a census town, between Kaulagarh in the north and the Indian Military Academy to the south. The Tons River forms its Western Boundary.

Training facility
Within its campus, it hosts Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), which is a separate organization of the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF). It also hosts the Central Academy for State Forest Services (CASFOS). The Wildlife Institute of India was on campus but now has moved to Chandrabani, and is an independent organization under MoEF. IIFM is an independent autonomous organization of MoEF and has good liaisons with FRI for forestry research and related activities. Presently IIM Kashipur running its executive management course on weekends for working person in this campus. The deemed university of FRI runs four MSc courses viz. Cellulose & Paper Technology, Environment Management, Forestry Management, Wood Science Technology and two P.G.Diploma courses in Natural Resource Management and Aroma Technology. It also enrolls a large number of research scholars every year for Ph.D.

Museum
The museum is open from 9:30 am to 5:00 pm daily. There is an entry fee of ₹40 per person and a nominal entry fee for vehicles. There are six sections in the museum:

 * 1) Pathology Museum
 * 2) Social Forestry Museum
 * 3) Silviculture Museum
 * 4) Timber Museum
 * 5) Non-Wood Forest Products Museum
 * 6) Entomology Museum

In popular culture
More than a dozen movies Dulhan Ek Raat Ki, Krishna Cottage, Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein, 404, Paan Singh Tomar, Nanban, Student of the Year, Student of the Year 2, Dilli Khabar, Yaara, Genius, Dear Daddy and Maharshi were majorly shot in this campus.

A television commercial ad of Bournvita was also shot here. Punjabi song Pyaar tere naal he and Sajjan Raji by Satinder Sartaj was also shot here. Web series like Puncch Beat is also shot here.

Rash Behari Bose worked here as a head clerk, before becoming a full-time participant in the Independence movement.

title: Forest Research Institute (India)


text:
Talk:Interstate 94

I-694 (MN) redirects here to I-94
I-694 (MN) should redirect to the Interstate 694 article, not here. Although a portion of I-694 is multiplexed on I-94 in Minneapolis, a substantial portion of I-694 has its own individual identity in Minneapolis. Redirecting I-694 here implies that I-694 is merely some degenerate road identity that is completely subsumed by I-94 in Minneapolis. (optikos) 11:14 17 December 2005

Lane configurations
I think the lane configuration section is fairly superfluous. Are we really going to sum out exactly where, everywhere the route widens? It seems a bit much. --Alexwcovington (talk) 07:10, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I vote that it's not too much, but it might better belong on articles like Interstate 94 (Illinois) to nail things down to a regional perspective. --Rob 15:22, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There has already been a precedent set: Interstate 95 in New Jersey. CrazyC83 01:23, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Length
Something is fishy with the lengths;

 * 352 	566 	North Dakota
 * 260 	421 	Minnesota
 * 351 	569 	Wisconsin

In miles, North Dakota has a longer section; in kilometers, Wisconsin does. --BaronLarf 18:01, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Using 1.606344 km/mile, and taking the mile lengths as "correct" (which I'm inclined to believe come from mileposts, so I'm willing to make that assumption--I'll check Minnesota next time I'm up to the cities...I thought it was "only" 258 mi., but whatever:), the km lengths should be: ND 566.489088 MN 418.42944 and WI 564.879744.  Round them how you like.  Tomer TALK  18:40, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * I completely redid the lengths, using sourced data from the United States Department of Transportation--BaronLarf 20:41, August 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, check you sig figs on your calculations TShilo12!:)--Gephart 02:20, 3 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that was fun. Don't tell my physics profs I did that! :-p  Tom e r TALK  02:44, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

The Only One?
It's mentioned that I-94 is the only E-W interstate to touch a foreign border. Now even though it's not signed, I-A1 exists in Alaska and also touches Canada and runs east-west (border to Anchorage). Since I-A1, according to AASHTO, does exist, wouldn't that also share the distinction with I-94? EmiOfBrie-(talk) 01:29, August 3, 2005 (CDT)

 * addendum - I just remembered I-905, when completed in California, will also be an e-w Interstate that touched a foreign border, and the first E-W Interstate to touch Mexico....

 * I-69 runs (and is signed!) east-west where it ends with I-94 at Canada. --SPUI (talk) 22:31, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The above comments ALL neglect to consider the important point of the assertion, which is not that the interstate ends at a foreign border, but that it is an EAST-WEST interstate. Regardless of the direction in which the I-905, I-A1, and I-69 run, they are all, by definition, NS interstates, not EW.  If the discussion concerned I-904, I-A6 or I-70, then the issue would warrant discussion, but since that's not the case, it doesn't.  Keep in mind, according to the definitions set out in the Interstate legislation, only even-numbered interstates are EW.  Tom e r TALK  11:38, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, CA-905, which is what will eventually become I-905, is signed E-W. The 3-digit interstates do not hold to the "odd N-S, even E-W" rule.  Their numbering uses a different set of rules.  1/2-digit Interstates that run outside of the continental USA are numbered by another set of rules (the order they were accepted as Interstates) - example, I-H1 is signed East-West (as is I-H201, but that's another example of my 3di point), I-H2 and I-H3  are signed North-South  -- EmiOfBrie (talk) 17:20, 2 November 2005 (CST)

 * I thought I-69 ended in downtown Port Huron, MI. In order to touch the Canadian border, it would need to cross a bridge.  Or does it indeed multiplex with I-94 over the bridge and not use the freeway stub from I-94 to downtown PH?  -- EmiOfBrie (talk) 17:30, 2 November 2005 (CST)
 * Hmmm... I'm going to graciously as possible [at this point], bow out of the discussion...I'm clearly outside my element when it comes to discussing technicalities wrt the designation of roads. :-p Tom e r TALK  02:43, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Exit lists
I'm all for them, but the article is really long. Something should be done. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs)  01:43, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Move them to state pages, such as Interstate 94 in Montana, Interstate 94 in North Dakota, etc. Once completed, they will be EXTREMELY long. Those pages should also have the history of the Interstates within the state, lane configurations, traffic counts, etc. (For shorter Interstates, like Interstate 26 and Interstate 45, as well as for all three-digit Interstates and most non-Interstate freeways, they belong on the main page) CrazyC83 01:26, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it's not long enough. You need to ramp it up. Wahkeenah 01:45, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

I-94 North/South in Port Huron
I deleted this reference to North I-94 in Port Huron. I've been on this road many times and have never heard of it before. I've even attached picture counterevidence in the description. I refer you to http://www.state-ends.com/michigan/i94/ for picture evidence that it is still called West I-94/I-69. KelleyCook 15:26, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Justifying adding JCT with I-29
Note: Only major junctions go into the Interstate routebox... these would be other Interstates, and weird things (turnpikes, etc). For primary interstates with several junctions you may need to have 2di junctions only (plus the terminii of course) and delete the 3di junctions. Otherwise the routebox becomes way too big. If any routebox has over 10 or so junctions, then some of the junctions need to be removed. (Interstate Hwy WikiProject) Uh, where does it say only major interstates? just wondering. -- master_son  Lets talk 22:57, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Granted I-69 could go in as well, use your judgement on that one. -- master_son  Lets talk 23:03, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Cleaning up
I see that this article is being cleaned up a lot, but if I could make a suggestion. The state-by-state sections are a little slim. I suggest doing something like was done on Interstate 95. There aren't as many states, but it would create larger sections. Also, integrating the notes and news into the sections would add more "beef" to them, if you will, and create a better-flowing article, IMO. -- M PD T / C 19:26, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Northernmost?
Article claims, "Interstate 94...is the northernmost east-west interstate highway..." Looks to me like the northernmost point of I-94 in Glendive, Montana, see here: Google Map, reaching a latitude of +47.1250. I-90 reaches its northernmost point in Post Falls, Idaho, see here: Google Map, reaching a latitude of +47.7150.

State WikiProjects
I just deleted all the state projects. There is an Interstate 94 in (statename) that they are already members. The main article shouldn't fall under their scopes as the other interstates don't due that. -- KelleyCook 16:56, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

I-905 and purely east-west interstates
I think this statement is confusing and I know I'm picking nits here, but I think accuracy is important:

''Interstate 94 is the only purely east–west interstate to form a direct connection into a foreign country (Canada). No such interstate currently ends at the U.S.-Mexico border, although I-905 in California will become such when upgrades are completed.''

I-905 may be mostly east-west, but because its in the category of a bypass, its not quite the same as a one or two digit east-west road that ends in an even number. Its really just the word purely that I have a problem with. If you're going to say purely, then you should take out the I-905 exception, otherwise you should probably change purely to mostly or something else. And if you change purely to mostly, then you have to reconsider roads like I-190 in Buffalo and even I-95, which obviously is north south, but several portions are more east-west than north-south. -- Suso (talk) 12:19, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

comment about mileposts in Indiana
I find:

"mile markers 0.0-15.5 are also posted with I-80, mile markers 15.6-19.0 are posted as I-94 alone"

OK, I-80 and I-94 eastbound are the same road when they enter Indiana from Illionis, and milepost 15.5 is about where I-80 leaves I-94 to enter the eastbound Indiana Toll Road. But what is the meaning of the "19.0" mile marker remark here? It seems to me that the road would have I-94 by itself on the mile markers all the way to the Michigan border, which is much beyond the 19.0 mile mark. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.94.52.3 (talk) 21:07, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

Lengths table
Unfortunately, the template to this table places it at an awkward position. The template needs to be tweaked a little bit. KyuuA4 (Talk:キュウ) 09:59, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Interstate 94


text: User talk:81.224.138.122

title: User talk:81.224.138.122


text:
Eternal Nightcap

Eternal Nightcap is the third studio album by Australian rock band The Whitlams, first released by Black Yak Phantom in September 1997. The album peaked at number 14 on the ARIA charts and was certified gold, and then triple platinum.

Single No Aphrodisiac was voted number 1 on the Triple J Hottest 100 in January 1997 and won Song of the Year at the 12th Annual ARIA Music Awards in 1998. Eternal Nightcap won Best Independent Release, and The Whitlams won Best Group. The band toured in support of the album and played 150 dates on the Learning Your ABC's National Tour presented by Triple J, Recovery and Rage.

A limited edition vinyl LP of Eternal Nightcap was released in 2006, with only 500 copies being pressed. Notably, "Love is Everywhere" and "Tangled Up in Blue" were left off this version of the album.

On 6 August 2009, The Whitlams played Eternal Nightcap in its entirety for the first time, with the exclusion of "Tangled Up in Blue", at the Karova Lounge in Ballarat. In August 2009, they played the entire album in full before moving on to various other hits, first at The Corner Hotel in Victoria and then at the Tivoli in Brisbane.

In September 2022 the band embarked on the Eternal Nightcap 25 Years tour across Australia and released a remastered version of the album. The 2022 re-release was baked and extracted from original half-inch tapes. The 2022 vinyl release of the album included all tracks except "Life's a Beach".

Critical reception
Critics praised the band's unique pop – rock style as an impressive step up from their last album, Undeniably The Whitlams. The album not only achieved critical acclaim but also commercial success as it became the biggest selling independent album in Australian history. On 3 December 2006, it was announced that Eternal Nightcap was voted number 27 in ABC's list, Australia's Favourite Album. Eternal Nightcap was also placed at number 17 in the Triple J Hottest 100 Australian Albums of All Time, 2011.

New Zealand
Eternal Nightcap – New Zealand Release was the first album released by The Whitlams specifically for a country other than Australia. Eternal Nightcap – New Zealand Release contained 17 tracks selected from the band's first three studio albums: Introducing The Whitlams, Undeniably The Whitlams and Eternal Nightcap. The album was released by Black Yak Phantom in 1999, and includes many former singles and B-sides from the first three albums including "You Sound Like Louis Burdett", "No Aphrodisiac", "Charlie" Nos. 1–3, "Melbourne" and "Following My Own Tracks".

Canadian
Eternal Nightcap – Canadian Release was the second album released by The Whitlams specifically for a country other than Australia. Eternal Nightcap – Canadian Release contains 13 tracks selected from two of their studio albums, Eternal Nightcap and Undeniably The Whitlams – Reworked. This album was released by Black Yak Phantom/Warner Music Canada in 2000, coinciding with The Whitlams Canadian tour supporting Blue Rodeo.

It consists mostly of tracks from the Australian release of Eternal Nightcap, along with some 4-tracks from Undeniably The Whitlams - Reworked, and the track "1999", a remix of the track "1995" which was first released on Undeniably The Whitlams. "1999" was also released on the FOW Exclusive CD, available only to members of the Friends of The Whitlams, the band's official fanclub.

Track listing
All tracks written by Tim Freedman, unless otherwise noted.

 * 1) "No Aphrodisiac" (Freedman, G. Dormand, M. Ford) – 4:19
 * 2) "Buy Now Pay Later (Charlie No.2)" – 3:46
 * 3) "Love Is Everywhere" – 4:01
 * 4) "You Sound Like Louis Burdett" (Freedman, M. Wells) – 4:01
 * 5) "Melbourne" – 4:50
 * 6) "Where's the Enemy?" (Tim Hall) – 4:09
 * 7) "Charlie No.3" (Freedman, G. Gertler) – 4:23
 * 8) "Life's a Beach" – 3:39
 * 9) "Tangled Up in Blue" (Bob Dylan) – 5:39
 * 10) "Laugh in Their Faces" – 4:13
 * 11) "Charlie No.1" – 3:10
 * 12) "Up Against the Wall" – 5:28
 * 13) "Band on Every Corner" – 2:53

Personnel

 * Tim Freedman – piano, vocals, backing vocals
 * Tim Hall – guitar, vocals, backing vocals, trebley wah guitar
 * Andy Lewis – bass, double bass
 * Oscar Briz
 * Bernie Hayes
 * Matt Galvin
 * Nick Freedman
 * Ian Hildebrand
 * Chris Abrahams
 * Larry Muhoberac
 * Cottco Lovett
 * Michael Vidale
 * Mike Richards
 * Stuart Eadie
 * Scott Johnson
 * Steph Miller
 * Greta Gertler
 * Robert Hindley
 * Fourplay
 * Paul Jensen
 * Andy Kell
 * Daniel Barnett
 * Bill Heckenberg

Awards

 * 1997 Triple J Hottest 100 Winner, for No Aphrodisiac
 * 1998 ARIA Awards, Song of the Year for "No Aphrodisiac"
 * 1998 ARIA Awards, Best Independent Release
 * 1998 ARIA Awards, Best Group
 * This award was personally presented to the band by the man they named themselves after, Gough Whitlam.

Nominations

 * 1998 ARIA Awards, Album of the Year
 * 1998 ARIA Awards, Single of the Year for "No Aphrodisiac"
 * 1998 ARIA Awards, Best Pop Release
 * 1998 ARIA Awards, Producer of the Year
 * 1998 ARIA Awards, Engineer of the Year

title: Eternal Nightcap


text:
Talk:Development communication

Risk communicating in a familiar tongue: the Roxas City AIDS/HIV Council experience
Deleted the last part; RISK COMMUNICATING IN A FAMILIAR TONGUE:The Roxas City AIDS/HIV Council Experience, which was actually a copy+paste article or blog post :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.85.21.251 (talk) 01:31, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

The writer placed back the section. I deleted it again because it is written in the first person, which is not in line with encyclopedia standards. Additionally, the references were not written using the Wikipedia style. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.5.65.7 (talk) 10:24, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

The deleted part may now be added to the new subsection "Examples". However, I request the contributor to recast the content to make it encyclopedic and please use the appropriate reference citation style. 125.5.65.7 (talk) 05:34, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

Class project
This article apparently is or was the focus of a class project ('COMM 330'). Please add documentation on this page regarding the class, instructor, etc., using the template provided at the top of this talk page. And before adding new material to the article, please develop first & wikify in your sandbox... Thanks, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 16:57, 15 October 2012 (UTC)

Unreliable and confusing
The opening paragraph is almost complete nonsense. This article does not accord with standard textbooks such as Colin Sparks, Globalization, Development and the Media (SAGE, 2007). There seem to have been major rewrites from the Phillipines with conflict of interest issues. As it exists this article is confusing and almost useless. User beware! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.197.152.149 (talk) 15:29, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

Copyedit ++
Copyedited this. Feedback encouraged. Comments:
 * Broad claims such as "The general spirit of the time " doesn't belong in WP without supporting detail. Consider:
 * Despite the Cold War climate,[what climate?] the spirit of democracy [what spirit is that?] and the wish for international solidarity [whose wish?] were able to influence media policy. Neither the lessons [what lessons?] of the misuse of mass media for propaganda nor the dangers of monopoly control of the mass press were forgotten [by policymakers?]. Even the once sacred print media [it was sacred?] could legitimately [how legitimate?] be brought within the scope of policy. The general spirit of the time [!!??%^&] was favourably disposed to progressive change and to social planning in all spheres of life.[what does that have to do with comm policy?]

Cheers. Lfstevens (talk) 00:21, 25 September 2013 (UTC)
 * This article would benefit from greater use of secondary sources instead of what appear to be biased primary sources.
 * Switched most inline refs to "real" refs.
 * Moved to conistently talk about development communication policy instead of communication policy development, etc. The article needs to decide whether it wants to discuss DCP CDP CPD or something else, and stick to that decision. They are related but discipline is necessary to avoid befuddling ordinary readers.
 * A significant part of the article is dedicated to advancing an unvarnished forom of the "UN" view of communications, which is however true, hardly uncontested. It also wanders far from the topic of develeopment communications. It is not enough to claim that all commuications issues affect development communications and that therefore everything is germane. Instead, specific connections have to be drawn and focus maintained. I killed most of it. Perhaps another home for it can be found, but this is clearly not it.
 * So-called debates present only one view
 * Merged the two definition sections
 * In definitions, "Development support communication (DSC) is development planning and implementation..." reduces to communication is planning, which is obviously wrong, and also uncited
 * Including items such as the telegraph makes the subject so broad it becomes incomprehensible. In what meaningful sense does it belong here?
 * The schools are named, but not characterized. How did they differ in their communications approaches? The piece does not say. E,g, in India, NGOs did this and government did that. What did the "school" do?
 * Many of the sources are just a name and a date, which is insufficient.
 * Restated many universal claims to claims by their authors.

Five years later
Well it's five years on. Somebody (righteously) tagged this for another ce. The article quintupled in size while I was gone. The bloat and bloviation I'm finding are truly appalling. The organization is nonexistent. E.g., definitions of DC are scattered throughout, with no attempt to reconcile them. Off-topic stuff shows up everywhere, presumably to namecheck some author. I have edited many thousands of articles. This is undoubtedly the worst of any of the non-trivial ones. Are any SMEs watching over this? If so, you are grotesquely derelict. Perhaps you have another purpose than writing WP-compliant pieces. If so, please take your benighted project elsewhere.

So far I have removed about 20%. I expect to remove much more, although whether I can get it back to 5k or so is daunting. My goal is to let the salient points survive, hopefully more understandably. The virtue signalling, aspirations, and reifications of individuals will go. I was initially willing to consider the notion of splitting this in two. But no. Jabba the Hut cannot be split. He must be slain. Editors: who are your leaders? How can they let you vomit up this garbage? Is this a contest to see who can say the least in the most number of words? This reminds of those fake pieces that people write and submit to journals to show how broken the peer review system is. Did somebody write a bot to produce this stuff? I have no specific comments to offer at this juncture. Once this thing starts looking like an article I will offer more concrete comments. Lfstevens (talk) 04:42, 10 September 2018 (UTC)

Here is one section, prior to editing:

In the context of communication policy development, the policy sciences are necessary to make more purposeful, responsive, and effective communication policies. Profoundly influenced by Freud and Marx, Lasswell emphasized the importance of the contextual orientation of policy analysts, both individually and collectively (Lasswell, 1965). When he first articulated this principle of contextuality, Lasswell indeed referred explicitly to the "exposition of the dialectical method" (1965) in Lukacs's History and Class Consciousness, adding that the insights of psychoanalysis provided a complement to the Marxian dialectic which would aid in understanding "the symbolic aspects of historical development" (Laswell, 1965, p. 19). Here Lasswell proposed a mode of contextual-configurative analysis whereby, through "an act of creative orientation" (Lasswell, 1965, p. 13), the inquirer could locate himself in an 'all-encompassing totality" (Lasswell, 1965, p. 12).

I pick this bit not because it's the worst, but because it shows so many of the problems with the piece. To wit: In closing, I strongly urge editors to stick with WP guidelines. We owe that to our readers, who are neither academics nor experts. No article needs to be a fraction of the 27k words this one use to encompass. Even now, the remnant should probably be split. Feedback again encouraged. Cheers. Lfstevens (talk) 23:10, 19 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The article is full of uninterpretable, undefined jargon. Many ordinary words/terms are doublequoted, for no obvious purpose and/or are used in ways that suggest the same. In other spots there are terms that simply mystify an ordinary reader: "contextual orientation", "exposition of the dialectical method", "insights of psychonalysis provided a complement to the Marxian dialectic", "symbolic aspects of historical development", ""contextual-configurative analysis", "creative orientation", "all-encompassing totality". Some of these are quotes, which should explained if they are actually necessary.
 * Much of the article is meta, not about, e.g., DC, but about the study of DC.
 * The article is full of exhortations about how DC or whatever must be this, is required to be that, etc. WP is supposed to be about facts, not opinion*.
 * The article is focused on the people it cites rather than on the facts they offer. One clue is that many of the cites are next to the source author's name rather than following the point(s) they make.
 * Many dup refs and many without links. Others list a name and a year but are not elsewhere expanded into a full cite.
 * Despite many reference to empiricism, the piece has little empirical content. It is/was full of proposals and recommendations, but where is the section that starts with "A systematic review of x00 development communication projects shows that those that used xyz forms (e.g., participatory) did x% better according to metric y (e.g., polling, income changes, education changes, ...) If such is not available, how is the claim to empiricism to be understood?
 * Reliance on primary sources. The closes it gets to a secondary source is one source citing another.
 * The article would be improved by a section specifically focused on the differences between 1-way and 2-way comms.
 * Some sfns have nothing to link to.

Development communication in multilingual societies
Article needs attention to communication issues in multilingual contexts. See also: Talk:Health communication.--A12n (talk) 13:31, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

Development Communication Policy Science
Section needs major revisions as to structure and content to qualify as a WP/encyclopedia article section, that is, it should provide only a comprehensive summary of information on development communication policy science and should focus only on factual and verifiable information concerning the said subject. As such, redoing the framework/outline of the section would be a good start. There is also a need to reconcile this section with WP main articles "Development Communication Policy Science" and "Development Communication and Policy Sciences". Just my thoughts!

Gajorod (talk) 05:31, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

development communciation and ancient culture of Asia
103.232.155.171 (talk) 02:25, 28 October 2016 (UTC) Iam developing the hypothesis that Nepal development communication is not effective because it neglects to focus on its cultural aspect

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Knowledge Management for Development (KM4D)
The purpose of KM4D, more than being an economic tool, is to the further the development of the society. It considers the synergy of knowledge being a free commodity to be shared openly. It rests its thrust on the external use of knowledge that is beyond the organization. Its content is used to supply the needs of the stakeholders. Its utilization can be applied in project, agency, sectoral or thematic level. Its users can group in communities of practice, communities of interests, and communities of champions. Finally, its system functionality and application involves not only messaging and collaboration, file sharing, document/content management, or search but also more importantly, online learning. Flor (2018) explained that since SDGs are categorized as sectors (agriculture, health, education, environment, natural resources and other) or themes (governance, gender, poverty, sustainability, climate change), KM4D is undoubtedly useful among international development assistance communities in achieving their goals by leveraging on knowledge. This knowledge came from the processed data that produced information. This claim is supported by Hilbert (2015) who said that Big Data are useful to “make the world a better place.” Yet, Big Data only provides a picture of the past or how the society used to be but not necessarily the future as it only locks the behavior captured in the past. He stressed that for change to happen, whether real change or change in the paradigm, there must be something that is qualitatively different from the data of the past. There must be Big Visions that would eventually bring Big Change. Visions are theories that model the future that have never been. Thus, planning for development goals must be vision-based where extreme scenarios are considered and where the assumption that the world tomorrow will be essentially the same as today is avoided (MacNulty, 1997). Undoubtedly, KM can help in Identifying these extreme scenarios and in rationalizing the differences of the past and the present world for a better vision of the future. A vision can predict and define the future. However, visioning cannot be done alone by the presence of data. This is equally important when taken as a paradigm in using knowledge management for development. The past cannot predict the future of a society especially when significant circumstances happen in between such as terrorist attacks, climate change, and political and social unrests which are all common in developing countries. However, using knowledge management can rightfully deliver an assumption that development goals are truly achievable.

References:

Flor, A. G. (2001). eDevelopment and Knowledge Management: ICT Applications for Sustainable Development. Los Baños, Laguna: SEAMEO Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture. file:///C:/Users/DELASA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/KM4D1_Manuscript.pdf Flor, A. G. (2018). Knowledge Management for Development (KM4D). Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition. USA: Mehdi Khosrow-Pour Information Resources Management Association. file:///C:/Users/DELASA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/2018%20AGFlor_Knowledge-Management-for-Development-(KM4D).pdf Flor. A. G. (2009). Developing Societies in the Information Age: A Critical Perspective. University of the Philippines Open University. file:///C:/Users/DELASA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/DevelopingSocieties.pdf Heeks, R. (2014). ICT4D 2016: New Priorities for ICT4D Policy, Practice and WSIS in a Post-2015 World. Centre for Development Informatics. http://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/subjects/idpm/research/publications/wp/di/ Hilbert, M. (2015). Big data requires big visions for big change. TEDx Talks. Youtube.com. https://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/about/en/ https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals MacNulty, C. A. R. (1997). Vision-based Planning: Theory & Practice. Effective Scenario Planning. Strategic Leadership Forum. http://www.exploit-the-future.com/paper3/paper3.htm

Is there a single passage in this article that is a well-formed coherent well cited text?
I struggle to find a single section of merit in this article. This doesn't seem like a coherent field of knowledge worthy of an article. Rarely is there a coherent meaningful idea in this article. Can we just delete the whole thing and start over? QueensanditsCrazy (talk) 22:34, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

This information was very vast, resources pulled from various areas. The information aligned with what I have learned in my communications coursework so far. I enjoyed reading the detailed information on policy and development communication as not only a business level but also globally. Awymer (talk) 18:35, 6 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Development communication


text: Category:Documents of the Catholic Church


text:
List of foreign films set in Japan

The following is a list of foreign films set in Japan. Japan has provided an exotic and cosmopolitan backdrop to many international films set mostly or entirely in Japan. A common theme of western films set in Japan is the differences between Japanese and Western culture and how the characters cope with their new surroundings.

#
 * 3 Ninjas: Kick Back (1994) — directed by Charles T. Ganganis, starring Victor Wong and Max Elliot Slade
 * 47 Ronin (2013) — directed by Carl Rinsch, starring Keanu Reeves and Hiroyuki Sanada

A
 * Around the World in Eighty Days (1956) — directed by Michael Anderson, starring David Niven and Cantinflas
 * Atout coeur à Tokyo pour OSS 117 (1966) — directed by Michel Boisrond, starring Frederick Stafford and Marina Vlady

B
 * Babel (2006) — directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu, starring Brad Pitt, Cate Blanchett and Gael García Bernal
 * Back at the Front (1952) — directed by George Sherman, starring Tom Ewell and Harvey Lembeck
 * The Bad News Bears Go to Japan (1978) — directed by John Berry, starring Tony Curtis and Jackie Earle Haley
 * The Barbarian and the Geisha (1958) — directed by John Huston, starring John Wayne and Eiko Ando
 * Batman Ninja (2018) — directed by Junpei Mizusaki, starring Kōichi Yamadera
 * Big Hero 6 (2014) — directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, starring Scott Adsit and Ryan Potter
 * Black Rain (1989) — directed by Ridley Scott, starring Michael Douglas and Ken Takakura
 * Blood on the Sun (1945) — directed by Frank Lloyd, starring James Cagney and Sylvia Sidney
 * Bullet Train (2022) — directed by David Leitch, starring Brad Pitt
 * Bushido Blade (1981) — directed by Shusei Kotani, starring Timothy Patrick Murphy and Frank Converse

C
 * Café Lumière (2003) – directed by Hou Hsiao-hsien
 * Cars 2 (2011) — directed by John Lasseter, starring Owen Wilson
 * The Challenge (1982) — directed by John Frankenheimer, starring Scott Glenn and Toshirō Mifune
 * Cold Fever (1995) — directed by Friðrik Þór Friðriksson, starring Masatoshi Nagase and Lili Taylor

D

E
 * Earthquake Bird (2019) — directed by Wash Westmoreland, starring Alicia Vikander and Riley Keough
 * Emperor (2012) — directed by Peter Webber, starring Matthew Fox and Tommy Lee Jones
 * Enlightenment Guaranteed (2000) — directed by Doris Dörrie, starring Uwe Ochsenknecht and Gustav-Peter Wöhler
 * Enter the Void (2009) — directed by Gaspar Noé, starring Nathaniel Brown and Paz de la Huerta
 * Escapade in Japan (1957) — directed by Arthur Lubin, starring Cameron Mitchell and Jon Provost

F
 * Fast & Furious 6 (2013) — directed by Justin Lin, starring Vin Diesel and Paul Walker
 * The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) — directed by Justin Lin, starring Lucas Black and Bow Wow
 * Fear and Trembling (2003) — directed by Alain Corneau, starring Sylvie Testud and Kaori Tsuji
 * Flags of Our Fathers (2006) — directed by Clint Eastwood, starring Ryan Phillippe and Jesse Bradford

G
 * Godzilla (2014) — directed by Gareth Edwards, starring Aaron Taylor-Johnson and Ken Watanabe
 * The Grudge (2004) — directed by Takashi Shimizu, starring Sarah Michelle Gellar and Jason Behr
 * Gung Ho (1986) — directed by Ron Howard, starring Michael Keaton

H
 * Hacksaw Ridge (2016) — directed by Mel Gibson, starring Andrew Garfield and Sam Worthington
 * The Handmaiden (2016) — directed by Park Chan-wook, starring Kim Min-hee and Kim Tae-ri
 * House of Bamboo (1955) — directed by Samuel Fuller, starring Robert Ryan and Robert Stack
 * The Hunted (1995) — directed by J.F. Lawton, starring Christopher Lambert

I
 * Into the Sun (2005) — directed by Christopher Morrison, starring Steven Seagal and Matt Davis
 * Isle of Dogs (2018) — directed by Wes Anderson, starring Bryan Cranston and Edward Norton

J
 * Jack London (1943) — directed by Alfred Santell, starring Michael O'Shea
 * Japanil Kalyanaraman (1985) — directed by S.P. Muthuraman, starring Kamal Haasan and Radha
 * John Wick: Chapter 4 (2023) — directed by Chad Stahelski, starring Keanu Reeves and Donnie Yen

K
 * The Karate Kid 2 (1986) — directed by John Avildsen, starring Ralph Macchio and Pat Morita
 * Kill Bill vol. 1 (2003) — directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring Uma Thurman and Lucy Liu

L
 * The Last Samurai (2003) — directed by Edward Zwick, starring Tom Cruise and Ken Watanabe
 * Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) — directed by Clint Eastwood, starring Ken Watanabe and Kazunari Ninomiya
 * Lost in Translation (2003) — directed by Sofia Coppola, starring Bill Murray and Scarlett Johansson

M
 * Mastermind (1976) — directed by Alex March, starring Zero Mostel and Keiko Kishi
 * The Matrix Resurrections (2021) — directed by Lana Wachowski, starring Keanu Reeves and Carrie-Anne Moss
 * Memoirs of a Geisha (2005) — directed by Rob Marshall, starring Zhang Ziyi and Gong Li
 * Minamata (2020) — directed by Andrew Levitas, starring Johnny Depp and Hiroyuki Sanada
 * Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985) — directed by Paul Schrader, starring Ken Ogata and Masayuki Shionoya
 * Mr. Baseball (1992) — directed by Fred Schepisi, starring Tom Selleck and Ken Takakura
 * Mr. Holmes (2015) — directed by Bill Condon, starring Ian McKellen and Laura Linney
 * Monster (2008) — directed by Eric Forsberg, starring Sarah Lieving and Erin Evans
 * Mortal Kombat (2021) — directed by Simon McQuoid, starring Lewis Tan and Jessica McNamee
 * My Geisha (1962) — directed by Jack Cardiff, starring Shirley MacLaine and Yves Montand

N
 * Navy Wife (1956) — directed by Edward Bernds
 * Nobody's Perfect — directed by Alan Rafkin

O
 * Okinawa Rendez-vous — directed by Gordon Chan
 * Oriental Evil — directed by George P. Breakston

P
 * The Pacific (2010), miniseries — starring James Badge Dale and Jon Seda
 * Pearl Harbor (2001) — directed by Michael Bay, starring Ben Affleck and Josh Hartnett

Q

R
 * The Ramen Girl (2009) — directed by Robert Allan Ackerman, starring Brittany Murphy and Sohee Park
 * Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010) — directed by Paul W. S. Anderson, starring Milla Jovovich
 * Rush (2013) — directed by Ron Howard, starring Chris Hemsworth and Daniel Brühl

S
 * Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) — directed by Allan Dwan, starring John Wayne and John Agar
 * Sayonara (1957) — directed by Joshua Logan, starring Marlon Brando and Miiko Taka
 * Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword — directed by Christopher Berkeley
 * The Sea of Trees (2015) — directed by Gus Van Sant, starring Matthew McConaughey and Ken Watanabe
 * The Sea Wolf (1930) — directed by Alfred Santell, starring Milton Sills
 * The Secret Game (1917) — directed by William C. de Mille, starring Sessue Hayakawa
 * Shōgun (1980), miniseries — directed by Jerry London, starring Richard Chamberlain and Toshirō Mifune
 * Shōgun (2024), miniseries — starring Hiroyuki Sanada and Cosmo Jarvis
 * Snake Eyes: G.I. Joe Origins (2021) — directed by Robert Schwentke, starring Henry Golding and Andrew Koji
 * Stopover Tokyo (1957) — directed by Richard L. Breen, starring Robert Wagner and Joan Collins
 * Stratosphere Girl (2004) — directed by Matthias X. Oberg, starring Chloé Winkel

T
 * The Teahouse of the August Moon (1956) — directed by Daniel Mann, starring Marlon Brando and Glenn Ford
 * Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006)
 * Tokyo! (2008) — directed by Michel Gondry, Leos Carax and Bong Joon-ho
 * Tokyo Eyes (1998) — directed by Jean-Pierre Limosin, starring Shinji Takeda and Hinano Yoshikawa
 * Tokyo Fiancée (2014) — Belgian film written and directed by Stefan Liberski
 * Tokyo Joe (1949) — directed by Stuart Heisler, starring Humphrey Bogart and Alexander Knox
 * Tokyo Pop (1988) — directed by Fran Rubel Kuzui, starring Carrie Hamilton and Diamond Yukai
 * Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970) — directed by Richard Fleischer and Kinji Fukasaku, starring Martin Balsam and Soh Yamamura
 * Typhon sur Nagasaki (1957) — directed by Yves Ciampi, starring Jean Marais and Danielle Darrieux

U

 * Unbroken (2014) — directed by Angelina Jolie, starring Jack O'Connell and Domhnall Gleeson

V

W
 * Walk Don't Run (1966) — directed by Charles Walters, starring Cary Grant, Samantha Eggar, Jim Hutton
 * Wasabi (2001) — directed by Gérard Krawczyk, starring Jean Reno and Ryōko Hirosue
 * The Wolverine (2013) — directed by James Mangold, starring Hugh Jackman and Hiroyuki Sanada

X

Y
 * The Yakuza (1975) — directed by Sydney Pollack, starring Robert Mitchum and Ken Takakura
 * Yoshiwara — directed by Max Ophüls
 * You Only Live Twice (1967) — directed by Lewis Gilbert, starring Sean Connery and Akiko Wakabayashi

Z

title: List of foreign films set in Japan