text:
Talk:Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act/moderated/Archive 1

Initial
The Article is copied to the Article section - i propose discussing it here Benjamin Gatti

For Starters
d-(commonly called the Price-Anderson Act) - it isn't common - doesn't need a pseudonym

d-It also makes available a pool of insurance funds to compensate people who are injured or incur damages from a nuclear or radiological incident. - Silly because this is exactly what it un-does.

d- The Atomic Energy Act, enacted in 1954, three years before Price-Anderson, was intended to spur the development of America's private nuclear power industry by allowing private industry to use atomic power for peaceful purposes, such as generating electricity. - ascribes intentions - presumes to read minds with authority.

d-But financial backers were unwilling to risk the enormous financial liability that would result from a catastrophic accident at a nuclear plant, so no-one was interested in building a plant. -negative assertions - unverifyable.

d- At the same time, lawmakers in the United States Congress began to worry that there was not adequate financial protection for the public in the event of an accident. - what they said and what they did are not the same. Perhaps the "expressed concern".

d-Price-Anderson was born from those dual concerns; the act established a mechanism for compensating the public for injury or property damage in the event of a nuclear accident, and encouraged the development of nuclear power by indemnifying the industry from fault. - summarizing negative assertion and unverifyable items doesn't fix the problem. Benjamin Gatti

Slow and steady
It might be easier to build it up slowly, bit by bit, than by starting with the whole elephant. Why not just start with the initial sentence, see if that gets consensus, and then cautiously add another sentence or paragraph?

The point is to constantly have a consensus version and never to have anything disputed in the "moderated" page. Because all disputed passages would be on the talk page - which we don't want to flood.

So let's take this in easy stages. Please? Uncle Ed 17:21, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what that means - but I think we have a consensus version on the Article side of this page - or will have when Simesa/Kate/Whoohoo weighs in with their edits.
 * As far as I am concerned - the Moderated Version is now uncontested - by me. (Others have alreay indicated dubious sections - so those must be considered excluded - though I think we should let those who actually object remove them so they can explain. Benjamin Gatti

 * Well, if the version you have posted (and which I have not yet examined) winds up not being contested by S K and W then I'll just copy it to P-A and unlock the page.

 * (Otherwise, we'll have some actual work to do :-) Uncle Ed 18:46, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Last Objections
d-The pool of money — which as of 2004 stood at about $9.5 billion — is contributed by the nuclear industry, primarly through power reactor licensees, who are required to have $200 million worth of primary insurance as of 2001. - its not clear that it is "Contributed" in any present continuing tense of the word. - maybe might possibly be contributed in the event an accident occurs and the courts uphold the application of the law after 20 years of delays and political regime change, and the plant owner is solvent at the time would be closer.

d-However, were similar circumstances to be repeated in America, the scale of the disaster likely would be less     — the Chernobyl reactors were unstable RBMKs, unlike American plants, and the Chernobyl reactors did not have containment buildings around them. ]
 * Biggest Objection - the assertion that a nuclear event in the United States would have less impact is speculative.

d-Price-Anderson covers DOE facilities.

The first sentence taken by itself is just plain inaccurate (Technically incomplete) - we just need an accurate scope for the act. Benjamin Gatti

First Paragraph
Since I object to many of the changes proposed, let's try working on the first paragraph.

It was: "The Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act (commonly called the Price-Anderson Act) limits liability for nuclear plant operators. It also makes available a pool of insurance funds to compensate people who are injured or incur damages from a nuclear or radiological incident. It indemnifies the nuclear industry for accidents by paying on a no-fault basis, and caps damages that may be rewarded as a result of a lawsuit. The act currently covers all nuclear facilities constructed in the United States before 2002.  Environmental groups, consumer groups and taxpayer watchdogs have criticized the act as a handout to the nuclear power industry to the detriment of United States citizens."

Ben proposes: "The Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act limits liability for nuclear plant operators. ... It indemnifies the nuclear industry for accidents by paying on a no-fault basis, and caps damages that may be rewarded as a result of a lawsuit. The act currently covers all nuclear facilities constructed in the United States before 2002. Environmental groups, consumer groups and taxpayer watchdogs have criticized the act as a handout to the nuclear power industry to the detriment of United States citizens."

I find that Ben's version doesn't describe most of the core of what the Act does, so I prefer the first. I also find the words "to the detriment of United States citizens" to be uncited - the Supreme Court disagreed. Simesa 22:08, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, if that's too hard, how about an opening sentence? Uncle Ed 23:51, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK. Simesa 23:56, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The final statement - which is probably Kates - is at least generally couched - and probably fully cited and couched in a later section (at least when she inserted it). While I maintain that disputed statements should be couched, the first paragraph is unique - it ought to summarize the data which is fully referenced later in the article - which will occasionally require a plurality of voices to be weakly described. "Some Government Agencies assert nuclear is safe" would be ok in the Main Par - if it were backed up later with "Bill from Agency X said Y" Benjamin Gatti

Opening sentence
From memory, that waould be:

Price-Anderson is an acte that limits liability for necular ohpl, Uncle Ed

 * On second thought, maybe I need a wiki-break.... Uncle Ed

Well - One problem ...
RE: The Price-Anderson Act is a United States law which limits liability for nuclear plant operators.

An Act and a Law are not the same thing. The Act was properly called an "Amendment" - similar to the "First Amendment" which modified - presumably - one or more Federal Statutes, and specifically empowered the NRC to propogate Rules as it sees fit consistent with the general principles set forth. - in addition to which it removed a power from the states - that is the power to hold nuclear operators accountable for damages caused by crimes they may have willingly committed which harm the people of their state. That said - I suggest that we should neither use the article as an opportunity to oversimplify the political process, nor as an opportunity to endulge in a lengthy explanation thereof. Perhaps it is enough to say, it is an Act and it has an effect ... I suggest. See above for proposal Benjamin Gatti

 * The Price-Anderson Act has been enacted into law as PL 85-256 (Public Law #256, from the 85th Congress of the US). It is now a law, though it was called, in legislative parlance, an act (as is virtually every bill that moves through congress -- the only bills that aren't called "acts" are those that merely express the sense of Congress on an issue rather than changing policy, which are called resolutions).  It is eminently correct to say that it is a law. Because it contains directives to the NRC to carry out certain provisions through rulemaking doesn't make it less of a law. · Katefan0(scribble) 18:22, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Okay, well how have other pages about acts of Congress handled this? And do we want to follow their lead or set a precedent?

Are we interested in Price-Anderson as a bill, i.e., the history of the bill? How it was initially conceived, sponsored, introduced as legislation, who voted how, which president signed it into law, etc.

Or are we interested in the results of the bill's enactment, i.e., the establishment of Price-Anderson as PL 85-256? How it has affected the nuclear power industry, etc.

I am neutral. I am just moderating here. But I would like to encourage you to come up with answers to these questions. If you can agree on the answers to enough of these questions, then agreeing on the sentence will be comparatively easy. Uncle Ed 19:35, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Personally, I think the article should treat both at least in some fashion. · Katefan0(scribble) 19:40, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Price Anderson is more than the single Act - it is called in reference a "Framework", and it has been extended by other act - and the framework continues to bear the name. I'm not opposed to covering the legislative history, but I do think it is secondary, and shouldn't be used to distract the reader from the substance. Benjamin Gatti

Ben, actually the history of the law is part of the substance, not really secondary to it. As I've said before, this isn't a position paper. It's not just pro and con. We probably need some context or description of how the law came to be. I know that I've said this before and as far as I know, you haven't done it, but look at other articles on laws or acts. They almost always have such information. Bayh-Dole_Act is a good example of what I mean. --Woohookitty 05:26, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Ben's Proposal for the Opening:
"The Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act (1957) provides Federal Indemnity for private nuclear reactor operators against catastrophic nuclear accidents in the United States. The Act releases plant operators from Federal and State liability laws under which the operators could be held financially responsible for any and all damage to the public caused by a nuclear accident or similar radiological event. Because the nascent insurance industry did not offer policies large enough to cover the costs of a nuclear event in the 1950's, and because the cost would render nuclear energy uncompetative, Congress established a pooled insurance system in which each reactor would insure all of the other reactors up to USD $88 Million per reactor with the Federal government providing up to USD $500 Million additional insurance if necessary; Congress also limited the amount of compensation permitted for people killed, poisened, or genetically disfigured by nuclear radiation, even if caused by the knowing and willful misconduct of senior staff and management. The Act is a risk subsidy which artificially reduces the cost of nuclear energy, making it nearly competative with coal and oil. Like most subsides, it has been panned by both left-wing environmentalists and right-wing fiscal conservatives as contrary to a free market, and a form of corporate welfare which takes from the poor and gives to a few comparatively wealthy energy investors.

Benjamin Gatti

 * This proposal is so pov that I won't respond to it in detail.
 * We're on the second sentence. It currently is "It also makes available a pool of insurance funds to compensate people who are injured or incur damages from a nuclear or radiological incident." which is central to what Price-Anderson is. Simesa 22:33, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * More POV - at least I was writing for the enemy - since the act REDUCED the pool of available funds from (A.) Every last dime in GE, Westinghouse, Duke energy, and their subcontracters combined to (B.) ~ 9 Billion - which is roughly 3% of the 300 Billion dollar cost of 100 Nuclear plants. By comparison, my car cost $10K, but I'm insured for a Million which is 10,000%, so the nuclear industry has insurance which is less than typical car insurance by an order of 3,000. And that we call "Creating a pool"? good grief. Benjamin Gatti

 * Your comparison is invalid - you insure not for the replacement value of the car but for potential injuries and deaths, which with a car could easily exceed a million in insurance. Simesa 01:21, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The crack in your logic is beginning to show. Of course liability insurance is to cover potential injuries - which for a nuclear power plant could just as easily 300 Billion dollars. Out of what 200-300 nuclear plants in the world, one blows up and takes out an entire country. If 1 out of 300 cars blew up and took out nothing more than a neighborhood, how many would you want in your garage? - See this is why we're not making great progress. Your argumants are rational - but so are the arguments of the other side (long worn with use before I plaigerised them). May I suggest that you try an opening paragraph written for the enemy - i can't think of any other way out from here. Benjamin Gatti

 * You persist in believing that a Western nuclear plant could do what Chernobyl did, despite numerous cites. The NRC believes that in the direction of the wind 10 miles for exposure and 50 miles for water and food are adequate  (the mileage was based on actual atom bomb fallout data).  As for writing for the enemy, only as far as the cites will go. Simesa 07:06, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Writing for the enemy - Try Again
"The Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act (1957) provides Federal Indemnity for private nuclear reactor operators against catastrophic nuclear accidents in the United States. The Act releases plant operators from Federal and State liability laws under which the operators could be held financially responsible for uninsurable damage to the public caused by a nuclear accident or similar radiological event. Because the nascent insurance industry did not offer policies large enough to cover the costs of a nuclear event in the 1950's, and because the cost would prevent the privatisation of nuclear energy, Congress established a pooled insurance system in which each reactor would insure all of the other reactors up to USD $88 Million per reactor with the Federal government providing up to USD $500 Million additional insurance if necessary. The current size of the pool is 9.8 Billion dollars, a figure which is still considerably less than the 250 Billion dollars in damages caused by the explosion of Reactor #4 at the Chernobyl Atomic Electricity Station, outside Kiev, Ukraine which was caused by intentional violations of safety procedures.

Benjamin Gatti

 * Ben, your "writing for the enemy" really shouldn't favor your POV. It kind of defeats the purpose. The last sentence is very POV. First off, "considerably less" is POV. Secondly, we have no way of guessing if an accident here would even approach Chernobyl. Putting it like you do is pure speculation and speculation really doesn't belong on Wikipedia. I just don't see how Chernobyl is germane to this discussion. It can only lead to POV. The way the last sentence is put, people will put 2 and 2 together and go...oh...well...this wouldn't be enough to cover us if we had a real accident, so it's a scam. --Woohookitty 07:23, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Subsidy Perspective - 96.3% to Nuclear Energy
A new study by the US Renewable Energy Policy Project (REPP-CREST) has found that nuclear power harvests the lion's share of government investment in nuclear, solar and wind. According to "Federal Energy Subsidies: Not All Technologies Are Created Equal" the U.S. government has spent approximately $150 billion on energy subsidies for wind, solar and nuclear power - 96.3% of which has gone to nuclear power.

"What's really surprising is the relative start up costs for these technologies," said Robby Roberts, REPP's executive director. "Nukes received much higher levels of government support per kilowatt-hour when they first started than either wind or solar power." Roberts continued, "and subsidies heaped on nuclear power have not been cheap. Since 1947, cumulative subsidies to nuclear power had an equivalent cost of $1,411 [1998 dollars] per US household, compared to $11 for wind, for example."

 * Your reference contains only a brief summary of the real study. I suggest that the $150 billion includes everything from the Manhattan Project 1996 dollars through the DOE reactors to produce plutonium for weapons $409 billion for all bombs to the Shippingport plant, the first commercial reactor $120 million. I would have included only the Shippingport plant.  I have yet to see any cites on subsidies for mining or enrichment - which also were necessary for weapons work.  The main "subsidy" claimed for nuclear seems to be up to $22 million per reactor-year for Price-Anderson. Simesa 06:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Can we start over please?
Ed asked that we go line-by-line, in keeping with my suggestion. I'd like to get back to that discussion, please. · Katefan0(scribble) 04:00, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

The Price-Anderson Act is a United States law which limits liability for nuclear plant operators.

Benjamin, are you going to continue to disagree that PAA is a law? · Katefan0(scribble) 04:01, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Reply
"Limits Liability" is perhaps the third important item on the agenda. 1 - it provides government money as insurance up to 500 Million - and more if necessary. 2. It creates a commmunistic central command economy insurance market. 3. it caps damages and limits the power of the state to enforce their democraticaly created tort laws against criminal malfeasance by corporate management resulting in death and other damages to the people of their respective states.

To Say an Act is a Law, strikes me as either redundant or inaccurate. Beyond that the opening above is like a moped engine on a dump truck - it gets the article moving - but oh so slow.

What's wrong with: "The Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act (1957) provides Federal Indemnity for private nuclear reactor operators against catastrophic nuclear accidents in the United States.

I suggest that it's accurate, it hits the main points - establishes the scope - and is neutral. Catastrophic - is key, As its a catastrophic indemnity plan, not a nickel and dime insurance policy for hangnails at nuclear sites. The language of the act and the speaches of the time is "Reactor Operators, or just operators" - it is an interesting sidenote that the size of the reactor isn't specified - which advantages large reactors because they produce more electricity from a single "Reactor" - they are however, much more dangerous - so in that sense, the "Reactor-Orientation" of the act is a central feature. (I believe it was later ammended to be Megawatt Specific but too late to change the facts on the ground.) - Accident is technically misleading and incomplete, as it covers any event, mishap, or release without concern for the underlying cause, it may even cover war and acts of God, i'm not sure - I know it covers an airplane crashing into a reactor. The Indemnifying party must be identified. If all you remember is the first sentence - that should be useful knowledge. Benjamin Gatti

 * What's wrong with it is that it doesn't cover just catastrophic accidents, and it doesn't cover just private nuclear operators (it also covers schools, the DOE, etc.).
 * I suggest we say:
 * "The Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act (1957) makes available a pool of insurance funds to compensate people who are injured or incur damages from a nuclear or radiological incident. It covers and limits liability for nuclear power plant operators, schools, and Department of Energy facilities."  That's what the reader wants to know.
 * And Sandia National Labs tested slamming a jet fighter into a reactor containment building at 450 mph - its engine rotors left a 2.5-inch deep gouge in the outside concrete missle shield, not getting anywhere close to the containment.. Simesa 06:51, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) The Indemnity doesn't really apply to federal institutions - to say that it does is silly because one entity cannot indemnify itself. the fed was equally responsible for its institution before and after the act - over time however, the pool was increased, and so there was some fuds available FROM the private sector to cover Federal accidents and yes this should be included.
 * 2) It does not create a new pool of funds. It defines a pool of funds, and the new pool is samller than the old pool. I object to characterizing SHRINKING the pool of funds in any "expansionistic" way.
 * 3) It limits liability - that is to say it obliteriates all federal and STATE laws written to protect people from industrial carelessness by suspending them and saying regardless of the damage - the maximum amount that will be awarded is X. so if 1 million people are affected - the maximum payout is $9000. My mother was in a fender beneder in which she got a 1 inch cut and was awarded that kind of money in damages for a small scar. It's really inadequate. That's what the reader wants to know.
 * 4) As for tests that say its safe - the industry doesn't buy that its safe. I don't see the bicycle industry lobbying congress with expensive junkets for "Bicycle Industry Indemnity Act" just in case their product has an accident. Perhaps you should tell the industry its safe now - they don't need an Indemnity Act. But I don't buy the double talk. If its safe - then lets end Price Anderson - but if its not safe - then lets let the people know. Having it both ways. Priceless. Benjamin Gatti

 * ":What's wrong with it is that it doesn't cover just catastrophic accidents, and it doesn't cover just private nuclear operators (it also covers schools, the DOE, etc.). " - There's private insurance to cover anything less than catastrophy. The features of Price doen't really become important without a catastrophy I suggest. The "Indemnity" is far more that the "Funds" and thats what we need to seperate. The Fund covers small stuff - the Indemnity however is "Federal Indemnity" - it is not "Financial Indemnity" - it holds the companies "Legally Blameless" regardless of the amount. Insurance would have to be adequate to make the investors whole in the worst case - which the fund does not begin to accomplish. Benjamin Gatti

RE: "The Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act (1957) makes available a pool of insurance funds to compensate people who are injured or incur damages from a nuclear or radiological incident. It covers and limits liability for nuclear power plant operators, schools, and Department of Energy facilities."

 * 1) It destroys the main pool of funds (and creates a small one in its place) to compensate victims who are (injured?) how about poisened, killed, disfigured? "Injured" is used to describe people with tennis elbow who have to sit out the rest of the season. A Nuclear accident is a holocaust of a different proportion. The Act doesn't "cover" - it creates a system of pooled risk which may or maynot be sufficient to "cover" a nuclear accident. - Limits Liability is weak - it suspends state autonomy in protecting their citizens against Industrial crimes and negligence by holding the company fully freaking responsable for every last dime of the damage they cause plus triple in some cases - leaving victims with LIMITED recourse in the event of malicious willful knowing greedy managerial Enronesque, Bernie-Ebbers-grade misconduct. The readers want to know THAT. Benjamin Gatti

 * Your pov is noted, but it is still your uncited diatribe. What the Act does should be stated here.  Finally, Injury is defined in Wikipedia. Simesa 13:50, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

THIS is where everyone went!
I'm too busy with my vfds. I was wondering why it was so quiet. ;-) --Woohookitty 05:12, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

I left you a pointer, but it got refactored Benjamin Gatti


text:
Hydrocortisone phosphate

Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hydrocortisone phosphate


text:
1944 Great Atlantic hurricane

The 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane was a destructive and powerful tropical cyclone that swept across a large portion of the United States East Coast in September 1944. New England was most affected, though so were the Outer Banks, Mid-Atlantic states, and the Canadian Maritimes. The storm's ferocity and path drew comparisons to the 1938 Long Island Express, one of the worst storms in New England history.

Its precursor was first identified well east of the Lesser Antilles on September 4, but the disturbance only became well organized enough to be considered a tropical cyclone on September 9 northeast of the Virgin Islands. Tracking west-northwest, the storm gradually intensified, curved northward, and reached peak intensity as a Category 5 hurricane on September 13 north of the Bahamas. A day later, the storm passed the Outer Banks and later made landfall on Long Island and Rhode Island as a weaker hurricane on September 15. The storm eventually became an extratropical cyclone, moving northeast, and merged with another extratropical system off Greenland on September 16.

Meteorological history
The origins of the 1944 hurricane can be traced back to a tropical wave first identified well east of the Lesser Antilles on September 4. Over the next few days, the disturbance slowly traversed west-northwestward without producing any significant weather that would hint at tropical cyclogenesis. On September 7, an area of low pressure, albeit disorganized, formed in association with the tropical wave east of Barbados. The following day, the barometric depression became more well-defined, prompting the Weather Bureau in San Juan, Puerto Rico to issue advisories on the tropical disturbance. As a result of the sparseness of available surface observations east of the Lesser Antilles, a reconnaissance flight was dispatched to investigate the storm late on September 9; the flight reported that the disturbance had strengthened into a newly formed but fully-fledged hurricane. Due to the seemingly rapid development of the storm, the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project concluded that the storm likely began earlier and as a weaker system; thus, HURDAT—the official track database for hurricanes in the North Atlantic dating back to 1851—lists the tropical cyclone as having begun a tropical storm with winds of 50 mph at 06:00 UTC on September 9.

After formation, the tropical cyclone gradually intensified as it slowly moved west-northwestward, reaching the threshold for hurricane intensity at 06:00 UTC on September 10 while north of the Virgin Islands. Strengthening continued thereafter, and by September 12, the storm reached an intensity equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Later that day, the cyclone strengthened further into a Category 4-equivalent and was given the moniker of "Great Atlantic hurricane" by the Weather Bureau in Miami, Florida. Concurrently, the tropical cyclone began to curve and accelerate towards the north. At 06:00 UTC on September 13, the hurricane reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 160 mph,, and five hours later, a ship in the eye documented a minimum barometric pressure of 919 mbar (hPa; 27.14 inHg) alongside 15 kn winds, suggesting a central pressure of 918 mbar. The storm's pressure may have been lower during its lifespan, though the 909 mbar pressure suggested by meteorologist Ivan Ray Tannehill was considered too low.

The hurricane began to gradually weaken after reaching peak intensity on September 13. In the morning hours of September 14, the storm passed just east of Cape Hatteras and eastern Virginia as a small but powerful hurricane with winds of 125 mph. Afterwards, the cyclone curved slightly further towards the northeast and continued to accelerate; at 02:00 UTC on September 15, the hurricane made landfall near Southampton in eastern Long Island with winds of 105 mph. The storm then crossed the island and Long Island Sound before making a second landfall two hours later near Point Judith, Rhode Island as a slightly weaker storm with winds of 100 mph. After crossing Rhode Island and Massachusetts, the tropical system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone off the coast of Maine on September 15; these extratropical remnants continued to track towards the northeast and across the Canadian Maritimes before they were last noted merging with another extratropical cyclone off of Greenland at 12:00 UTC on September 16.

Preparations
Upon being designated a tropical cyclone, the Weather Bureau began advising extreme caution to shipping within the expected path of the hurricane. Precaution was also urged in the eastern Bahamas. The first hurricane warning issued by the Weather Bureau in association with the storm was for the northern Bahamas on September 12. In Miami, Florida, the American Red Cross began preparing its resources for a potential regional calamity; however, the Weather Bureau did not necessarily anticipate the storm striking Miami. Royal Air Force aircraft stationed in Nassau were flown to Miami in order to avoid the storm. Although tropical cyclone naming was not in practice at the time, the Weather Bureau in Miami, Florida, began naming the system the "Great Atlantic hurricane" in their public advisories on September 12 to better convey the life-threatening risks associated with the powerful hurricane. The following day, storm warnings were issued for areas from the United States East Coast from Savannah, Georgia to Cape Hatteras. Small craft in offshore areas further south were advised to remain in port. As Morehead City, North Carolina was forecast to be submerged under several feet of water, the city's entire population was evacuated; other resort locales along the coast of North Carolina were also evacuated. Similarly, the 3000–4000 personnel constituting Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point were evacuated inland; U.S. Army and Navy aircraft were also sent inland.

As the hurricane was passing near the Outer Banks, hurricane warnings were extended as far north as Portland, Maine, and storm warnings were issued as far north as Eastport, Maine. Precautions across New England and Mid-Atlantic states began in earnest once the storm began tracking northwards. Sixty buses were readied in Ocean City, Maryland to evacuate the seaside resort's permanent and tourist residents. The 3,000 residents of Fire Island, one of the barrier islands off of Long Island, were ordered to evacuate the islet. Nearby, the Brooklyn Red Cross Chapter began readying for possible relief work, stocking five mobile canteens with emergency rations. The United States First Naval District were directed to have personnel and rescue craft on standby to respond to emergencies. The Massachusetts State Police began relaying Weather Bureau bulletins to local public services via telecommunications. Personnel on duty were called back to barracks for later deployment in relief operations. The Massachusetts National Guard were ordered to standby and prepare for potential assistance of regional emergency services. Other Massachusetts state agencies were also allocating resources to aid in relief operations.

North Carolina
The hurricane passed east of North Carolina on the morning of September 14; while stronger winds prevailed offshore, parts of the North Carolina coast experienced Category 2 hurricane conditions according to the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project. The peak sustained winds in the state were estimated by the project to have reached approximately 105 mph (165 km/h), with the high winds punctuated by higher gusts. The highest reported wind speeds in the state occurred at Hatteras, where 5-minute sustained winds peaked at an estimated 85 mph (135 km/h). With the eye remaining mostly offshore, the resulting impacts of the hurricane in the state were limited to areas east of the 77th meridian west. The hurricane inflicted about $1 million in crop damage and $450,000 in property damage in North Carolina, with wind-related impacts accounting for most of the damage toll. More than 600 buildings were damaged in the central and northern coastal areas of the state, of which 108 were destroyed. The Weather Bureau enumerated 3,279 damaged buildings and 389 destroyed buildings across the state. Telecommunications were also disrupted throughout the North Carolina coast between Morehead City and the state border with Virginia. One person was killed and 28 were injured statewide.

The Outer Banks were particularly hard-hit by the passing storm; while the strong southeasterly winds accompanying the hurricane's approach pushed water from Pamlico Sound westward, opposing winds that followed the storm's passage caused the backed up water to surge back east, flooding villages in the Outer Banks. Storm surge along unprotected coastline destroyed hundreds of boats, damaged boardwalks, and deposited debris along the Carolina beaches. At Hatteras, the tide level crested at 7 ft above the mean low tide. The raised seas inundated coastal farmland and homes with 2 – of water. At Avon, this surge of water accumulated between sand barriers surrounding the community, separating homes from their foundations and sending them adrift; 96 homes in Avon either sustained severe damage or were washed away. Rodanthe was also hard-hit, with the storm destroying the community's cistern water systems destroyed and leaving only two of its homes standing. At Roanoke Island, the storm tides reached 1 ft higher than any previous storm on record there. Manteo was inundated under 6 ft of water while Wanchese at the southern end of the island experienced tides reaching 10 ft. The island was also subjected to wind gusts as strong as 120 mph (195 km/h), contributing to widespread damage to homes and transportation infrastructure. Many summer cottages along the beach at Nags Head were unroofed and all telecommunications and power lines along a 15 mi stretch of the beach were blown down. One person was killed at Nags Head after being electrocuted by a fallen power line. Surge and winds washed out 3000 ft of pavement along the causeway connecting Roanoke Island and the North Carolina mainland; a second bridge crossing the same stretch of water was also heavily damaged. A towed barge was set adrift during the storm and collided with another highway bridge crossing an inland waterway at Coinjock, severely damaging the bridge. Gusts at Cape Hatteras reached approximately 110 mph, with the accompanying sustained winds reaching record-high velocities at Hatteras.

Winds of around 75 mph (120 km/h) brought down power and telephone lines in the Elizabeth City area, leaving the city without power for 10 hours. The strong winds razed homes in the region and along nearby beaches, though no deaths or injuries resulted from the hurricane's forces there. The winds also broke aircraft away from their moorings at a Consolidated Vultee airbase. The Elizabeth City area incurred around $25,000 in damage while nearby Edenton incurred $10,000 in damage. Substantial crop damage occurred around the Albermarle area. Homes were unroofed as far south as Morehead City; trees and business signage in the city were also blown down by the winds. Power outages impacted New Bern, North Carolina.

Virginia
The passing hurricane brought Category 2 hurricane conditions to eastern Virginia. Five-minute sustained winds at Cape Henry topped out at 86 mph (139 km/h) while one-minute sustained winds topped out at 128 mph (206 km/h), though the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory assessed that the latter value was not in concordance with other observations or may have been "atypical of the circulation of the hurricane". A wind measurement of 134 mph at Cape Henry nonetheless set a record for the region as the strongest winds measured within both the region and for the state of Virginia overall. Gusts at Cape Henry may have reached as high as 150 mph. A $5 million damage toll inflicted upon crops and a $1 million damage toll inflicted upon property comprised the $6 million damage toll resulting from the hurricane's impacts in Virginia. The hurricane damaged 2,132 buildings and destroyed another 31 according to the Weather Bureau.

The Richmond Times-Dispatch described the storm as one of "unusual violence". Wind gusts in the Hampton Roads area exceeded 80 mph. The Norfolk and Virginia Beach areas were the hardest-hit locales in Virginia. Homes were damaged and telephone and power networks were disrupted in the two cities. The primary power line connecting Norfolk and Virginia Beach was knocked out, along with a Virginia Electric and Power Commission substation in Suffolk. The 200 ft transmission tower for the WSAP radio station in Portsmouth was blown down by the hurricane. The scale of the damage was relatively minor in Gloucester and Matthews counties, though the high tides raised by the passing storm forced coastal residents to evacuate to higher ground.

New Jersey Shore
The hurricane was infamous for the amount of damage it caused along the New Jersey coastline. The shore towns on Long Beach Island, as well as Barnegat, Atlantic City, Ocean City, and Cape May all suffered major damage. Long Beach Island, Barnegat Island and Brigantine all lost their causeways to the mainland in the storm effectively cutting them off from the rest of New Jersey. Additionally both islands lost hundreds of homes, in particular the Harvey Cedars section of Long Beach Island where many homes in the town were swept out to sea.

In Atlantic City the hurricane's storm surge forced water into the lobbies of many of the resorts' famous hotels. The Atlantic City boardwalk suffered major damage along with the Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ and the city's famous ocean piers. Both the famed Steel Pier and Heinz Pier were partially destroyed by the hurricane with only the Steel Pier getting rebuilt. Ocean City and Cape May also lost many homes in the storm with Ocean City's boardwalk suffering significant damage. Larry Savadove devotes a whole chapter in his book Great Storms of the Jersey Shore to the hurricane and the imprint and lore it left on the Jersey Shore.

New England
Rain totals of around 7 in occurred in the Hartford, Connecticut area, and the city of Bridgeport saw the greatest official total at 10.7 in. Tobacco and fruit damage in Connecticut totaled to about $2 million (1944 USD), with similar overall damage costs occurring in Rhode Island. More than $5 million (1944 USD) in damage which occurred on Cape Cod can be attributed to lost boats, as well as fallen trees and utility damage. A total of 28 people died throughout New England as a result of the storm. In Bath, Maine, a 10-year-old boy was electrocuted when he came into contact with downed wires. In Augusta, Maine, a 40-year-old woman was run over by a bicyclist who was blinded by heavy rains. 4.34 inches of rain fell during the storm at Bates College. Many tree limbs were downed by high winds during the storm, and in Androscoggin County, Maine, 40% of the apple crop was destroyed.

Hey Bonnie Hall, the mansion built by Russell Warren for the DeWolf family in Bristol, Rhode Island, was damaged beyond repair and demolished later in 1944.

USS Warrington and other ships
The storm was also responsible for sinking the Navy destroyer USS Warrington (DD-383) approximately 450 mi east of Vero Beach, Florida, with a loss of 248 sailors. The hurricane was one of the most powerful to traverse the Eastern Seaboard, reaching Category 4 when it encountered Warrington, and producing hurricane-force winds over a diameter of 600 mi. The hurricane also produced waves in excess of 70 ft in height. The hurricane and the sinking of USS Warrington are documented in the 1996 book The Dragon's Breath - Hurricane At Sea, written by Commander Robert A. Dawes, Jr. (a former Commanding Officer of Warrington), and published by Naval Institute Press.

In addition to Warrington, the Coast Guard cutters USCGC Bedloe (WSC-128) and USCGC Jackson (WSC-142) both capsized and sank off Cape Hatteras. Seventy-five men managed to escape onto life rafts from Bedloe and Jackson, but only 32 survived the rough seas and subsequent hours of exposure to be rescued two days later. The 136 ft minesweeper YMS-409 foundered and sank killing all 33 on board, while the lightship Vineyard Sound (LV-73) was sunk with the loss of all twelve aboard. YAG-17, a full sized attack transport simulator permanently moored in Lynnhaven Roads, near Little Creek, Virginia, was wrecked. Finally, the hurricane drove the SS Thomas Tracy aground in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware.

title: 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane


text:
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate

Hydrocortisone sodium succinate, sold under the brand name Solu-Cortef among others, is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester.

Hydrocortisone sodium succinate was approved for medical use in the United States in 1955.

title: Hydrocortisone sodium succinate


text: Template:Los Angeles Lakers roster

title: Template:Los Angeles Lakers roster


text:
Hydrocortisone valerate

Hydrocortisone valerate is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester. It can be used as a medicine to treat itching, swelling, and other skin conditions.

title: Hydrocortisone valerate


text:
Category:American painters

Painters from the United States of America

title: Category:American painters


text: Talk:Cinema of Denmark

title: Talk:Cinema of Denmark


text:
Christian Schools International

Christian Schools International (CSI) is a nonprofit education organization and was established in 1920. Christian Schools International provides services to Christian schools in accreditation, curriculum and instruction, employee benefits (insurance and retirement plans), and leadership development. They also have a published Bible curriculum for schools seeking Bible-based textbooks for their classrooms.

Christian Schools International's mission is to advance education and to support schools in their task of teaching students to know God and his world and to glorify him through obedient service.

The organization includes nearly 500 Christian schools in the United States, Canada, and other countries, which employ approximately 10,000 teachers and enroll 100,000 students.

title: Christian Schools International


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Robinson (Wikipedia user)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 22:35, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

John Robinson (Wikipedia user)

 * Delete, vanity. Oleg Alexandrov 20:48, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Pavel Vozenilek 22:02, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy info, then delete article. -- BD2412 talk 00:05, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. User:Hephaestos appears to have past problems with anonymous vandals/stalkers/etc., and this disclosure of personal information could very well be the work of one of them rather than the subject himself.  Remove for his safety. - Thatdog 00:52, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. He's my cousin and I know some things about him. He told me a lot about him being here. (Unsigned vote by )
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 03:33, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as a possible attack. --TheMidnighters 04:16, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy -- delete. - Longhair | Talk 07:14, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Please don't delete it! (Another unsigned vote by )
 * Delete though Hephaestos has done some great work in Wiki in the past. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 17:34, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep Yeah, but john couldn't believe someone would unban michael, i'm guessing that's the why he left this place behind. The truth about hephaestos 19:29, 17 July 2005 (UTC) (This is falsely signed and was actually posted by, an AOL proxy like the unsigned posts above)
 * Thank you for verifying my assumptions. Now, please take the drama elsewhere. - Thatdog 20:45, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, no claim to notability asserted. Dcarrano 22:37, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. 03:22, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I agree this page should be deleted, it has nothing to do with it. Well, I might think Hephaestos is a good guy, but he's not famous for anything (business, movie-maker, musician, sport) yet. -- Mike Garcia | talk 00:50, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Rochester, Minnesota

Libby Foods name
I don't think the "Libby Foods" factory is called that anymore. Not even sure if any Libby branded corn is canned there anymore. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Danhicks (talk • contribs) 20:49, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It is, and the plant has smaller "Libby's" signs next to each of the larger ones that say "Seneca Foods". I drive by there nearly every day. Jonathunder 04:42, 2005 July 31 (UTC)

hi! this is someone else and i agree! I just looked it up and it was bought out a few years ago. User:Online Helper 99 1:15, 2022 March 23 (UTC)

Best City in America
I'm suprised that this article doesn't mention the fabled "Best City in America" designation that Rochester is still so proud of.
 * Now it does, but the link is dead. Kablammo 17:51, 28 July 2006 (UTC)  I am surprised the article has no mention of Adamson.  We have over 100 years of history with major influences throughout the county and the entire Midwest for that fact.  Adamson homesteaded outside of the city.  We are in part why this place was even called the Best City in America.  Since then, that title has been revoked.  Treat us like you do, Minnesota, Olmsted, Rochester, and get what you get. - Adamson 9/11/2013

Population
Several times this article has been changed to reflect a population that cannot possibly be verified. The latest official population number from the U.S. Census Bureau for the city of Rochester is for July 1, 2007. The population listed is 99,121. It takes the census bureau a year or more to release the yearly estimate figures. Today, the article cites a population number that was taken on July 1, 2008, which is a number we won't see until sometime in 2009. --Kindofindie (talk) 22:56, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Article organization and content
This article seems to read too much like a tourist brochure rather than an encyclopedia article. Listing things such a parking hours goes way beyond the scope of Wikipedia. Also, there shouldn't be an "Overview" section. The intro paragraph is the overview. This section should be merged into the other sections.--Daveswagon 08:49, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * This article has now been reorganized to bring it in line with the Template for a U.S. City. More work needs to be done, especially on history, commerce and industry, education, and government (currently empty). Redundancies and some of the puffery have also been removed.  Kablammo 02:35, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * There's still a lot more to be done here. This reads like a fluff feature (er, excuse me, front page scoop) in the Rochester Post-Bulletin.  The "Arts" and "Media" sections take up more space than those of the Minneapolis article, while anyone in Rochester under the age of 40 will tell you the city lacks heavily in both sectors.  The "Sites of interest" and "Accolades" sections should be merged with the rest of the article.  "Notable residents" needs a lot of trimming, and I'm not sure if "People who died in Rochester" is needed (although it is an interesting aspect of the city).  I'll be making some changes here and there myself, but I'm sure somebody has more (and more specific) ideas. Phthalogreen (talk) 02:02, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

"2,005" estimate
The little stat table on the right side reads "Population 97,___ (2,005 est.)" but the edit page says "2005". I retyped it to remove the possible comma's specter but to no avail. Probably just a gremlin in the Net--but an annoying one.Levelistchampion 07:04, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It must be in the template. I just took it out as the line above already says 2005.  One caveat:  I believe the 2005 estimate is from the state demographer, but the density is actually from the 2000 census figures.  Kablammo 11:40, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I have made a correction to the 2005 estamate to 94,950 according to the US Census Bureau Website in whicth i beleave the previous to be incorrect according to 2 websites i have checked US Census Bureau and City-Data.com.  Mptc 04:37, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Rochester, MN Crime Information
I would like to add to the external links a website specifically built for displaying crime statistics, mapping information, and reports for the city of Rochester, MN (rochestercrime.org). This is a free community resource, built from reported crime incidents directly obtained from the Rochester Police Department. This website is aimed to keep the community informed of criminal activity in their city and neighborhoods. When I get more time, I will expand upon this sub-topic within the Rochester, MN wiki article. My link seems to fit with the acceptable criteria for external links, so if you have any questions or objections, feel free to bring them up to me. Thanks. Nebb0r 18:23, 2 June 2007 (UTC)Nebb0r
 * The site is useful, but would better be used as a source for data in the article. The article itself should be organized along the lines suggested by WikiProject_Cities/Proposed_Template, which is relatively new, and the present in-line footnotes should be converted to regular references.  That way the page would be less of a linkfarm and instead would use the external links as authority for text.  The crime statistics could easily support text in a new subsection of demographics, as suggested by the proposed template.WikiProject_Cities/Proposed_Template  The article needs a lot of work; there is little or nothing under Government and Politics, and the city's history did not end with the aftermath of the tornado.  Kablammo 19:33, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Rochester Users Subcategory
I created a subcategory for wikipedians from Rochester, MN. There is also now a userbox for is too, add and add  to your user page. Here's what the box looks like: Please join if this applies to you Mangledorf 22:43, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Arts & Entertainment in Rochester, MN
The art's & entertainment section seems a bit small for the size of the city, I know of several places that could be included in this section that are not already, is there a reason why these are not already included? Kiamori 17:33, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Flag
I added a cn tage to the new flag section and it was removed without adding a proper reference. It appears that original research was used for that paragraph. If a valid reference isn't provided, the section should be deleted.--Appraiser (talk) 00:38, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

I added the citation tags. Emailed the Post-Bulletin to see if they could provide images. The image of the City Seal appears to be incorrect at top of page, City of Rochester should provide correct image (flattened picture of globe)Lorewolf (talk) 23:07, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

I updated the image of the flag from an actual photo of the original flag. The image included for the Rochester Seal is just a logo, not the official Rochester City Seal. The image for Rochester, MN City Seal needs to be corrected.Timescholar (talk) 22:04, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Missing
Not sure how it has happened, but a whole lot of the article seems to have gone missing: sections on transportation, arts, culture, media, etc. There may have been some cruft in there, but a whole lot of good stuff was there too. Jonathunder (talk) 02:06, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Photo
I've been bumming around downtown looking for a decent skyline photo. The one I threw on there last week (Rochester2.jpg) was mostly a placeholder till I found something better. The current one is a decent shot, but lacks key details (specifically the Plummer Building, which is probably the most interesting structure in the city but is fairly obscure in the photo). I'd still like to try a few other angles. Maybe the current shot is satisfactory, though, and I'm just looking at this too hard with a photographer's eye. Thoughts, tips? Phthalogreen (talk) 02:15, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if you're still active, but I think it is time to update the skyline photo, as well as maybe reduce the prominence of the IBM building, as it no longer enjoys nearly the relevance today as it once had. I would be willing to take new pictures myself if you're not able to! 217.180.249.218 (talk) 18:43, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

List of people who died in Rochester
I've been around Wikipedia for a while, and I can't remember seeing an article for any other city which has a long list of people who died there. Is this really useful to our readers? Is there objection to just deleting the section? Jonathunder (talk) 17:15, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

What would be the point of removing accurate information? 129.42.161.36 (talk) 15:40, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. Jonathunder (talk) 15:46, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Olmsted County Journal
The Olmsted Country Journal seems to be defunct at its website blank since October 2013, I've removed mention of it from the main page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.42.161.36 (talk) 20:45, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Rochester, Minnesota
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Rochester, Minnesota's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "2014 Pop Estimate": From Saint Paul, Minnesota:  From Duluth, Minnesota:  From Mankato, Minnesota:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 13:52, 21 June 2015 (UTC)

Seneca out of date
I believe the Seneca employment numbers are out of date. Seneca closed the canning plant in Rochester, but they still have a large distribution center. SlowJog (talk) 19:54, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

Mayo Clinic
Hello! I'm Audrey. On behalf of my employer, Mayo Clinic, I offered citations to help correct several sourcing issues at Mayo Clinic. Editors interested in Rochester might care to review: Talk:Mayo_Clinic.

Thanks! Audrey at Mayo Clinic (talk) 12:45, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:23, 17 April 2020 (UTC)
 * GondaBuilding.jpg
 * RochesterSkyline.jpg

title: Talk:Rochester, Minnesota


text:
Talk:Civic Trust

I've created this article with the name containing an article, ie, The Civic Trust, instead of Civic Trust, because that's their formal name. I'm not sure that it should not be the latter however, because that's what most people would write. Imc 20:50, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Civic Trust


text: Portal:Business/Things you can do

title: Portal:Business/Things you can do


text:
1919 Florida Keys hurricane

The 1919 Florida Keys hurricane (also known as the 1919 Key West hurricane) was a massive and damaging tropical cyclone that swept across areas of the northern Caribbean Sea and the United States Gulf Coast in September 1919. Remaining an intense Atlantic hurricane throughout much of its existence, the storm's slow movement and sheer size prolonged and enlarged the scope of the hurricane's effects, making it one of the deadliest hurricanes in United States history. Impacts were largely concentrated around the Florida Keys and South Texas areas, though lesser but nonetheless significant effects were felt in Cuba and other areas of the United States Gulf Coast. The hurricane's peak strength in Dry Tortugas in the lower Florida Keys made it one of the most powerful Atlantic hurricanes to make landfall in the United States.

The hurricane developed near the Leeward Islands as a tropical depression on September 2 and gradually gained in strength as it tracked on a generally west-northwesterly path, crossing the Mona Passage and moving across the Bahamas. On September 7, the storm reached hurricane intensity over the eastern Bahamas. On September 9–10, the storm made its eponymous pass of the Florida Keys, passing over the Dry Tortugas with an intensity equivalent to that of a modern-day Category 4 hurricane. Over the next several days, the intense cyclone traversed the Gulf of Mexico, fluctuating in strength before making landfall near Texas' Baffin Bay on September 14 as a large Category 3 hurricane. As it tracked further inland, land interaction caused the storm to gradually weaken; the storm was last noted on September 16 over West Texas.

Meteorological history
Based on isolated observations east of the Lesser Antilles on September 1, the precursor to the 1919 Florida Keys hurricane may have been a disorganized tropical wave that tracked westward towards the Leeward Islands. The next day, additional observations indicated that the disturbance had acquired a cyclonic circulation; thus, the system was determined to have become a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC that day just east of Guadeloupe. Gradual strengthening occurred as the depression tracked west-northwest, attaining tropical storm intensity at 06:00 UTC on September 3. Twelve hours later, the tropical cyclone clipped the extreme-southwestern portion of Puerto Rico with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph. The cyclone maintained a low-end tropical storm intensity as it paralleled the northern coast of Hispaniola the following day. On September 6, the storm abruptly turned towards the north in the direction of the Turks and Caicos before resuming a more westerly trajectory a day later.

At 06:00 UTC on September 7, the cyclone strengthened to hurricane intensity north of Crooked Island. Traversing westward across the southern extents of the Bahamas, the newly developed hurricane steadily grew in size and intensity. September 7, the hurricane reached the equivalent of a Category 2 on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale and later reached major hurricane strength on September 8 shortly before crossing Andros Island. On September 9, the storm intensified further to Category 4 strength before passing roughly 30 - 40 mi south of Key West, Florida in the Florida Straits. At 07:00 UTC on September 10, the hurricane made landfall on the Dry Tortugas at peak intensity with winds of 150 mph extending as far as 17 mi outwards from the center and a low barometric pressure of 927 mbar (hPa; 27.37 inHg) based on a barometer observation in the eye of the storm. At the time, this made the tropical cyclone the second strongest to strike the United States since 1851, only behind the 1886 Indianola hurricane. After landfall, the storm slowly moved westward into the Gulf of Mexico.

From September 10 to September 14, the tropical cyclone traversed the Gulf of Mexico, maintaining a powerful intensity. On September 12, the hurricane briefly weakened to Category 3 intensity before restrengthening shortly thereafter. The following day, the storm reached a secondary peak intensity with winds of 145 mph and a minimum pressure of 931 mbar over the western Gulf of Mexico before weakening precipitously afterwards. At 21:00 UTC on September 14, the hurricane made its final landfall near Baffin Bay as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph and a central pressure of 950 mbar. Upon moving ashore, the storm was unusually large; its radius of maximum winds measured 40 mi compared to the average of 21 mi for storms of similar intensities. As the hurricane tracked further inland, land interaction weakened the cyclone, with winds dropping below hurricane-force on September 15 and then below tropical storm-force the next day. By 18:00 UTC on September 16, the tropical cyclone had dissipated over West Texas, near the border between Texas and Mexico.

Preparations
Due to the lack of hurricane observations at sea, the first tropical cyclone warning prompted by the United States Weather Bureau was a storm warning on September 8 issued for areas along the Florida coast from Jupiter on the east coast to Fort Myers on the peninsula's west coast with the storm already a major hurricane over the Bahamas. The first hurricane warning was issued the next day for coastal areas from Jupiter to Key West, with all vessels requested to avoid the Florida Straits and the waters off Florida's Atlantic coast. In addition, the storm's projected path into the Gulf of Mexico prompted the bureau to also direct the clearance of ships in the hurricane's trajectory. In Miami, Florida, the city's power plant cut off its electrical output as a precautionary measure, forcing an intentional power outage in the city. On the 10th at 10:30 p.m., northeast storm warnings were issued from Carrabelle, Florida to New Orleans, Louisiana. On the 11th at 4 p.m., the storm warnings for the northeast Gulf coast were changed to hurricane warnings, and extended westward along the length of the Louisiana coast. At 9 p.m., northwest storm warnings were issued for the northwest Gulf coast from Port Arthur to Velasco, Texas. At 4 p.m. on the 12th, storm warnings were in effect from Mobile, Alabama to Pensacola, Florida, with hurricane warnings in effect along the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts. On the evening of the 13th, northwest storm warnings were in effect for the entire Texas coast.

The Bahamas and Cuba
While passing through the Bahamas on September 8, the Ward Line steamer Corydon struck land and later sank during the storm. The ship was not found until September 11, at which time it was discovered that 27 people on board had drowned while nine others managed to survive after swimming to shore. On the islands, strong winds produced by the hurricane destroyed numerous homes and sank several schooners, leaving many homeless. In the Florida Strait, a Cuban vessel carrying 45 people was stranded during the storm. However, another ship in the area managed to reach the Cuban vessel and rescue all passengers.

Although the hurricane never made landfall on Cuba, the storm's close proximity to the northern stretches of the island led to considerable impacts. A strong storm surge combined with wind-swept waves topped the Havana seawall, flooding areas of the city as far as six blocks inland and prompting the evacuation of homes at risk. The inundation also disabled some of Havana's tram systems and halted automotive traffic.

United States
A tornado, spawned by the hurricane, struck Goulds, Florida on September 10, moving inland from Biscayne Bay. It caused US$25,000 (1919 dollars) in damage. Of the approximately 600-900 people officially reported killed in the storm, roughly 500 of them were aboard ten ships lost at sea. Communication was cut off for the entirety of Florida south of Miami following the storm's passage. By comparison, South Florida outside the Florida Keys remained relatively unscathed. Winds in Tampa only reached 26 mph as the hurricane passed to the city's south. Despite otherwise minor damage in Miami, 17 houseboats and small craft sunk in Biscayne Bay as a result of rough seas. Damage and casualties on the Texas coast were also severe, in part due to false rumors that the storm had turned north into Louisiana, which warranted taking storm warnings in Corpus Christi down the day before landfall. Though warnings were posted again early the following day, the citizens were ill-prepared when the hurricane made landfall south of the city as a major hurricane; the storm surge was as high as 16 ft.

This large storm spread winds of 60 mph across Miami, Florida, Burrwood, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas. A total of 1500 cattle were driven off of Padre Island into Laguna Madre. Heavy rains were common across southern Texas, with numerous locations recording 6 to 12 in of rainfall within 24 hours, which set daily rainfall records. Storm surge and abnormally high tides resulted in extensive damage. About 23 blocks of homes were destroyed or washed away in Corpus Christi. A total of 284 bodies were recovered in the city and damage totaled at least $20 million. In Matagorda, Palacios, and Port Lavaca, wharves, pop houses, and small boats were significantly impacted. The docks and buildings in Port Aransas were swept away, while school building remained standing. Houses and crops were also flattened in Victoria. At least 310 deaths were reported in Texas, but there may have been as many as 600 fatalities. The steamer Valbanera was found sunk between Key West and the Dry Tortugas with 488 aboard whom were all missing without trace. Among eight former Navy patrol yachts lost in the hurricane was the USS Helena I (SP-24).

Aftermath
The storm surge caused by this hurricane prompted the city of Corpus Christi to construct a breakwater in 1925, and a seawall was subsequently built in 1940. Robert Simpson, a storm survivor who was 6 years old at the time, related his experience in an interview in 1989. Simpson, citing inspiration from this hurricane, pursued a career in meteorology and later served as the first director of the National Hurricane Research Project and as a director of the National Hurricane Center (NHC). Additionally, he co-developed and published the Saffir–Simpson scale with Herbert Saffir in 1973, a hurricane intensity scale implemented by The Loop Organisation in 1974.

title: 1919 Florida Keys hurricane


text:
Juan Villafuerte

Juan Villafuerte (July 19, 1945 – August 15, 1977) (Juan Antonio Villafuerte Estrada) was an artist known for his transmutated drawings and paintings. Villafuerte is among the ranks of other prominent Latin American painters such as Eduardo Kingman, Enrique Tábara, Aníbal Villacís, Félix Aráuz, Oswaldo Guayasamín, Judith Gutierrez, Hernan Zuniga and Jose Carreño.

Villafuerte was born on July 19, 1945, in Guayaquil, Ecuador to Manuel Villafuerte and Rosa Estrada. Juan was the youngest of four brothers, Manuel, and two sisters, Nila and Vilma. Nila was 13 when Juan was born. Nila later went on to marry Félix Aráuz.

In 1960, Villafuerte attended the School of Beautiful Arts in Guayaquil and was mentored by Theo Constanté, Hans Michelson and Caesar Andrade Faini. In 1964, Villafuerte and Hernan Zuniga moved to the factory of Juan Manuel Guano to work and live the Boehemian life of an artist. Villafuerte left the school in 1966 and began drawing from nature. Although Villafuerte did not follow in their footsteps he was greatly inspired by Gilberto Almeida and Enrique Tábara's Pre-Columbian inspired paintings. After graduation, Villafuerte participated in numerous Collective Exhibitions at the House of Culture, Nucleus of the Guayas, and the Museum of Colonial Art.

Villafuerte's first solo exhibit in Guayaquil was held at the North American Ecuadorian Center. The exhibit catalogue and invitations contained extremely enthusiastic commentaries of Villafuerte's work by such writers as, Bolivar Moyano and Diego Oguendo, among other pens. In the newspaper, the art critic, Manuel Esteban Mejía, spoke of Villafuerte's work at the exhibit saying, "It is not complacent, or made to please, but to trouble. It outlines deformities". Other articles spoke of the works as being at the core of the humanist philosophy. In 1967, Villafuerte presented an exhibit called Personal Muestra at the Galleria Arte de Quito that consisted of his first series of Vietnam images. The Vietnam Series lasted until 1973 when the war ended. In his Vietnam Series, Villafuerte would finish a drawing and rip it up into pieces and fix them to fine cardboard, then he would continue drawing and add in various newspaper and magazine clippings of the war. In 1968, Villafuerte exhibited with the group, VAN, at The Museum of Colonial Art in Quito. VAN was a group of modern Informalist artists that primarily consisted of Enrique Tábara, Aníbal Villacís, Estuardo Maldonado, Luis Molinari and Gilberto Almeida, who were in a constant search for a new modern aesthetic derived from Pre-Columbian art.

Villafuerte left Ecuador in 1968 to study engraving, drawing, and painting at the School of Beautiful Arts in Barcelona. During his study in Barcelona, Villafuerte became fascinated with the works of Rembrandt, Durero, and Goya, as well as the intense work of Antonio Saura. The definitive irruption of the Neo-figurativism happened at the beginning of the 1970s, where Jose Carreño and Villafuerte represented Spain and Ecuador.

The early Seventies saw the emergence of Villafuerte's, Transmutations Series of drawings, which consisted of exploding heads, monstrous creatures, figures of half women and half birds with multiple mouths and protruding veins. During this time, Villafuerte held many exhibits with the likes of Zuniga, Carreño and Yaulema all across Spain and Ecuador. Villafuerte was a very hard worker and was known to spend at least 16 hours a day drawing. He was also known to spend hours drawing satirical cartoons, often depicting the impoverished struggles of Latin Americans. One of his many important works is "Curas y Saldados" (1972), which shows the maturity of his drawing and the nerve of the color.

Villafuerte died of cancer on August 15, 1977, while living in Barcelona. He left a great deal of master works behind thanks to his hard working nature. Much of his work was left to the family in Ecuador; However, there is still a large body of work that remains in Spain with his widow, Aracelli Molina, as well as various galleries and collections throughout Spain and Ecuador.

One incident that was widely publicized in both Spain and Ecuador was the brief loss of the corpse of Villafuerte. After Villafuerte passed in Spain, his father and Nila flew to Spain to bring the body home. When they arrived back in Guayaquil there was a large crowd gathered to pay respects, but when the plane was unloaded there was no corpse. It was later discovered that the corpse had accidentally been sent to Lima, Peru. Once the body was located it was sent back to Guayaquil where it was held under guard for a short period of time at the House of Ecuadorian Culture. Villafuerte was finally laid to rest at the General Cemetery in Guayaquil.

Villafuerte took drawing to all possibilities of the imagination, with the highest level of skill. In 1979, the first retrospective to honor the work of Villafuerte was held at the Centennial Gallery of Guayaquil and since then his legacy has continued to grow and has secured his place among the great Latin American masters of the 20th Century.

title: Juan Villafuerte


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Ayesha Jalal

Ayesha Jalal (Punjabi, ) is a Pakistani-American historian who serves as the Mary Richardson Professor of History at Tufts University, and was the recipient of the 1998 MacArthur Foundation Fellowship.

Family and early life
Ayesha Jalal was born in Lahore, Pakistan in 1956, the daughter of Hamid Jalal, a senior Pakistani civil servant, and his wife Zakia Jalal. She is related in two ways to the Urdu writer Saadat Hasan Manto. Ayesha's paternal grandmother (Hamid Jalal's mother) was the sister of Manto. Secondly, Manto's wife Safia was the sister of Ayesha's mother Zakia Jalal. In other words, the uncle-nephew pair of Manto and Hamid Jalal were married to the sisters Safia and Zakia.

Jalal is married to the distinguished Indian historian Sugata Bose, who is a professor of history at Harvard. He is a grand-nephew of the Indian Bengali freedom fighter Subhash Chandra Bose.

Education
Ayesha Jalal came to New York City at the age of 14, when her father was posted at Pakistan's Mission to the United Nations She obtained her BA, majoring in History and Political Science, from Wellesley College, USA, and her doctorate in history from Trinity College at University of Cambridge, where she wrote her Ph.D. dissertation: 'Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan'.

Ayesha Jalal studied at Wellesley College before moving to Trinity College, Cambridge where she received her doctorate in 1983. She stayed at Cambridge until 1987, working as a fellow of Trinity College and later as a Leverhulme Fellow. She moved to Washington, D.C. in 1985, to work as a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center and later as Academy Scholar at the Harvard University's Academy for International and Area Studies. She was hired by Columbia University as an associate professor in 1991 but her tenureship was declined after review in 1995. In 1999, she joined Tufts University as a tenured professor.

The bulk of her work deals with the creation of Muslim identities in modern South Asia.

Career
Ayesha Jalal has been Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge (1980–1984), Leverhulme Fellow at the Center of South Asian Studies, Cambridge (1984–1987), Fellow of the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars in Washington, DC (1985–1986), Academy Scholar at Harvard University's Academy for International and Area Studies (1988–1990), associate professor at Columbia University's Department of History (1991–1995). She has taught at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Tufts University, Columbia University, Harvard University and Lahore University of Management Sciences.

Jalal sued Columbia University alleging bias after her tenure review for a professorship was declined in 1995.

Ayesha Jalal is among the most prominent American academics who write on the history of South Asia. In her book, The Sole Spokesman (Cambridge University Press, 1985 and 1994), Jalal gives her perspective of what happened in the years between the 1937 elections in British India and the Partition of the Indian subcontinent, identifying the factors which led to the creation of Pakistan and provides new insights into the nature of the British transfer of power in India. In particular, she focuses on the role of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of All-India Muslim League, and the main proponent of the Two Nation Theory on which the demand for Pakistan was based. Jinnah claimed to be the sole spokesman of all the Indian Muslims, not only in provinces where they were in a majority but also in the provinces where they were in a minority. Yet given the political geography of the subcontinent, it was clear that there would always be as many Muslims outside a specifically Muslim state as inside it. This book investigates how Jinnah proposed to resolve the contradiction between assertions of a "separate Muslim nation" and the need for a strategy which could safeguard the interests of all Indian Muslims. It does so by identifying Jinnah's real political aims, the reasons why he was reluctant to bring them into the open, and his success or failure in achieving them.

Awards
A leading historian of Pakistan as well as South Asia, Ayesha Jalal has received numerous awards and acknowledgements:
 * Trinity College, Cambridge Fellowship (1980–84)
 * MacArthur Foundation Fellowship (1998–2003)
 * Sitara-i-Imtiaz (Star of Distinction) by the President of Pakistan in 2009.

Praise
The Hindu, a newspaper of record in India, calls her, "...one of Pakistan's most acclaimed historians..." The Express Tribune, a Pakistani newspaper states, "...Jalal is revered globally as a historian of meticulous methods."

On April 16, 2016, Maleeha Lodhi, Pakistani ambassador to the UN, said that she was “the greatest historian Pakistan has produced.”

Books

 * First published 1985.
 * First published 1985.

title: Ayesha Jalal


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User talk:Efortier

Welcome!
Hello, Efortier, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:51, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Efortier


text:
Portal:Business/Business news

Wikinews Economy and business portal [[Image:Wikinews-logo.png|27px|Wikinews logo]]
...2024 in economic history Read more…

title: Portal:Business/Business news


text:
Choucroute garnie

Choucroute garnie (French for dressed sauerkraut) is an Alsatian recipe for preparing sauerkraut with sausages and other salted meats and charcuterie, and often potatoes.

Although sauerkraut/cabbage is a traditionally German and Eastern European dish, when Alsace and Lorraine became part of France following the Westphalia peace treaties in 1648, it brought this dish to the attention of French chefs and it has since been widely adopted in France.

Background
In principle, there is no fixed recipe for this dish – any preparation of hot sauerkraut with meat and potatoes could qualify – but in practice there are certain traditions, favourite recipes, and stereotypical garnishes that are more easily called choucroute garnie than others. Traditional recipes call for three types of sausage: Morteau sausage or Montbéliard sausage, Strasbourg sausage and Frankfurt sausage. Fatty, inexpensive or salted cuts of pork also often form a part of choucroute garnie, including ham hocks, pork knuckles and shoulders, back bacon and slices of salt pork. Other recipes call for pieces of fish or goose meat, but this is far less typical.

The cabbage itself is usually heated with a glass of Riesling or other dry white wines or stock, and goose or pork fat. In some recipes, it may also be cooked with chopped onion and sliced apples. Food writer Jeffrey Steingarten attempted to catalogue the composition of an authentic recipe in 1989. He writes that every traditional recipe includes black peppercorns, cloves, garlic, juniper berries, onions, and potatoes; most include bay leaves and wine.

Like cassoulet, pot-au-feu, and many other examples of France's regional cuisine, its origin is in a traditional, inexpensive dish, but grand versions (such as Choucroute royale, made with Champagne instead of Riesling), and grand ingredients (such as foie gras and wild game) are mentioned both in traditional sources (e.g. Ali-Bab ) and in recipes from contemporary chefs and restaurants.

Choucroute garnie is available throughout France in canned or microwavable ready-to-eat form. A Hungarian version includes stuffed cabbage leaves in addition to the other ingredients. Shredded cabbage can also be added along with the sauerkraut to produce a somewhat less acidic version.

title: Choucroute garnie


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Willie Williams (set designer)

William Peter Charles Williams (born 1959) is an English show director, stage and lighting designer and video director for concerts, theatre and multimedia projects. He is best known for his work with the rock band U2, and is recognised as one of the leading artists in this field. William Gibson, writing in Wired magazine, said "Willie Williams combines a passionate delight in technology with an infectious low-tech joy. His innovations have become industry standards."

He was born in 1959 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne and raised on Ecclesall Road, Sheffield, the son of Robert Woodman Williams, a singer and medical practitioner; he sang with South Yorkshire Opera. Williams excelled at mathematics and science in school and planned to study physics at University College, London. Punk rock encouraged him to enter the music industry instead: he began doing lights for various bands such as Deaf School and Stiff Little Fingers.

Williams has been responsible for the design of U2's tours from 1983 onward, most famously the Zoo TV Tour (1992–1993), and most recently U2:UV Achtung Baby Live at Sphere (2023–2024). The residency, which opened the Sphere, was met with universal acclaim, with The Daily Telegraph stating that U2 and Williams had "changed live entertainment forever". He has also worked with musical artists such as R.E.M., David Bowie, The Rolling Stones, Robbie Williams, Darren Hayes, George Michael and Self Esteem.

Williams has designed for the Montreal-based dance company La La La Human Steps. Other collaborations have been with Laurie Anderson, Marianne Faithfull and the Kronos Quartet, most notably on Sun Rings, a joint effort with NASA that combines the string quartet's music with video and audio material collected by the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft.

Gallery and architectural installations
In 2015, Williams designed the giant kinetic chandelier installed at Omnia nightclub at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. He has exhibited his own kinetic light sculptures in several art galleries. The sculptures, entitled "Lumia Domestica", create kaleidoscopic projections in the tradition of Nicolas Schöffer and Thomas Wilfred by refracting light through household glassware. Other public works include the creation of lighting installations at London's Southbank Centre and within Canterbury Cathedral; "SkyChurch", a multimedia performance space at the Experience Music Project in Seattle, Washington, and a permanent exhibit at Cleveland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum.

Theatre works
Theatre shows Williams has worked on include Prima Facie, starring Jodie Comer, at the Harold Pinter Theatre, London and John Golden Theatre on Broadway, for which he won a New York Drama Desk Award; We Will Rock You, Little Britain Live, French and Saunders Still Alive, Steve Coogan is Alan Partridge and Other Less Successful Characters, The Fast Show Live, Barbarella and Pam Ann.

Awards

 * 1987: Lighting Director of the Year, Performance Magazine, United States
 * 1992: Lighting Designer of the Year, Performance Magazine, United States
 * 1992: Lighting Designer of the Year, Lighting Dimensions International, United States
 * 2000: Top 25 Visionaries in Entertainment, Wired Magazine, United States
 * 2001: Eddy Award for Excellence in Design, New York
 * 2002: Lighting Designer of the Year, Live Magazine Awards, London
 * 2003: Lighting Designer of the Year, Total Production Awards, London
 * 2006: Lighting Designer of the Year, Total Production Awards, London
 * 2006; Metropolitan Home, Design 100
 * 2007: Best in Book, Creative Review Annual (George Michael, 25 Live Tour)
 * 2008: Excellence in Design Award (George Michael, 25 Live Tour), Live Design, New York
 * 2009: Redden Award for Excellence in Design, United States
 * 2010: Live Production of the Year (U2 360° Tour), Lighting Designer of the Year and Video Visionary, Total Production Awards, London
 * 2016: Most Creative Stage Production (U2, Innocence + Experience Tour), Pollstar Concert Industry Awards
 * 2019: Honorary Fellowship, Rose Bruford College of Theatre & Performance
 * 2023: New York Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Lighting Design of a Play (Prima Facie). Shared with Natasha Chivers.

title: Willie Williams (set designer)


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Rogers Cadenhead

Rogers Cadenhead (born April 13, 1967) is an American computer book author and web publisher who served from 2006 to 2008 as chairman of the RSS Advisory Board, a group that publishes the RSS 2.0 specification. He graduated from Lloyd V. Berkner High School in Richardson, Texas in 1985 and the University of North Texas in 1991.

Background
Cadenhead is the author of several editions of the Java in 21 Days and Java in 24 Hours series from SAMS Publishing and has written other books on Radio UserLand, Microsoft FrontPage and the Internet. From 1982 to 1986, Cadenhead operated the Parallax BBS in Dallas, Texas, which was possibly the first BBS to offer BBS door games.

He published the Internet humor site Cruel.com and is the copublisher of the community weblog SportsFilter. He has also been a contributor to Suck.com and previously authored a syndicated question-and-answer column for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram called "Ask Ed Brice."

Drudge Retort
When news aggregator Matt Drudge failed to register drudge.com for his news website Drudge Report, Cadenhead registered drudge.com in 1998 and started the Drudge Retort as a liberal alternative to what he perceived to be the right-leaning Drudge Report, and as "a send-up of Mr. Drudge's breathless style". Cadenhead edits the site with television writer Jonathan Bourne. Both conservative and liberal bloggers utilize the open forum format, encouraged by Cadenhead. The headline selections for discussion are the liberal alternative to the Drudge Report.

Some readers may be confused between the two websites because the typography and page layouts are almost identical, and this is no coincidence since the site was deliberately designed to be like Drudge's website, using "the same style of type, the same rows of links to other journalists and columnists, the same screaming, sensational headlines trumpeting world exclusives". Cadenhead uses a yellow background, which implies that Drudge is a yellow journalist.

Even Matt Drudge visits the Drudge Retort, saying "I go there when I can't get into my own Web site because mine's so popular" in a 1999 interview with the New York Times.

In the news
In 2005, Cadenhead achieved brief notoriety for registering the domain name benedictxvi.com several weeks before the name was chosen by Pope Benedict XVI, joking that he would give it to the Vatican in exchange for a mitre and "complete absolution, no questions asked, for the third week of March 1987." Those demands not being met, he donated the domain to the Internet charity Modest Needs.

In December 2005, Cadenhead again achieved blog and media coverage by highlighting that Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales had edited his own Wikipedia article repeatedly, which Wales admitted was "in poor taste."

In June 2008, the Associated Press filed seven DMCA takedown requests against Cadenhead for stories published by users on the Drudge Retort reproducing from 39 to 79 words of AP articles. The action sparked a backlash among bloggers towards the news organization and a debate about what constitutes fair use when bloggers link and excerpt articles. "If The A.P. has concerns that go all the way down to one or two sentences of quoting, they need to tell people what they think is legal and where the boundaries are," Cadenhead told the New York Times. The affair led AP to change its policy and install new technologies to protect its work.

title: Rogers Cadenhead


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Talk:The Essential Electric Light Orchestra

Fair use rationale for Image:EssentialELOalbumcover.jpg
Image:EssentialELOalbumcover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:00, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Under the Blade (song)
Why does "Under the Blade (song)" redirect here? I suddenly went from Twisted Sister to ELO... I'm bad at Wikipedia, so I can't correct it, but it seems like something went awry — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:2000:90CA:DC00:21A6:B52E:5136:E4CF (talk) 03:59, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

 * – someone redirected it here, but I can't find any mention of the song on this page. Yeepsi (talk) 10:40, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

Retitling ?
Yes, the first release of "Essential" and "Playlist" are the same album (minus all the digital bells and whistles, but why pay for those anyhow?). It really grinds my gears when bands (or the record company or management) just retitles a compilation knowing that some fans will still buy it. I almost bought both of these CDs ON THE SAME DAY until I looked at the track lists side-by-side and had to say WTF?! FiggazWithAttitude (talk) 18:45, 27 December 2018 (UTC)


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USS Gilliam

USS Gilliam (APA-57), named for Gilliam County in Oregon, was the lead ship in her class of attack transports serving in the United States Navy during World War II.

Construction and commissioning
Gilliam was launched on 28 March 1944 under a Maritime Commission contract by the Consolidated Steel Corporation at Wilmington in Los Angeles, California, sponsored by Mrs. A. O. Williams of Wilmington. The U.S. Navy acquired Gilliam on 31 July 1944 and commissioned her on 1 August 1944.

World War II
The first of a new type of attack transport, Gilliam stood out of San Francisco Bay 16 October 1944 with 750 United States Army troops for Oro Bay, New Guinea, and delivered them to that port 4 November. Embarking nearly 1000 troops of the U.S. 11th Airborne Division, she sailed a week later and off-loaded her passengers at Leyte, subsequently returning to Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, 22 November. Gilliam got underway again 29 November under orders to steam to Leyte Gulf and embark elements of the 6th Army Headquarters for passage to Lingayen Gulf.

Heavy air attacks
Gilliam was part of a 36-ship convoy heading toward the Philippines when, on 5 December 1944, the convoy came under heavy air attack while 100 mi from Leyte Gulf. At 12:18 Gilliam spotted a plane coming in low over the water at deck level, headed for the middle of the convoy. Coming under limited fire, the Japanese plane released a torpedo two minutes later which hit SS Antoine Saugrain. Just after 12:30 two more planes came in low and fast, and one got another torpedo into the stricken merchantman, which was then dead in the water.

Intense fire from the convoy drove the planes off, but later that afternoon another Japanese aircraft dove in at 15:30, and after running into heavy fire, made a suicide crash on SS Marcus Daly. The Japanese caught her on the bow at waterline and started fires and explosions. A second kamikaze tried his luck but missed and crashed into the sea after repeated hits from the convoy's gunners.

Anton Saugraine and Marcus Daly were kept afloat by quick damage control, but the former ship was attacked again the next day while under tow and finally sunk. During this engagement, Gilliam's unflinching crew stood at General Quarters for nearly 12 hours and the ship reached Leyte on 6 December without damage.

Invasion of Luzon
At Leyte Gilliam acted as receiving ship for the crews of damaged warships and undertook medical and salvage operations in spite of continued air alerts. After embarking over 500 soldiers at Tacloban, she sailed from that port 7 January 1945 bringing troops to Lingayen Gulf in support of the invasion. She returned to Leyte on 14 January to embark elements of the 32nd Infantry Division and brought them safely back to Lingayen Gulf 27 January.

Invasion of Okinawa
After loading casualties for passage to Leyte, Gilliam sailed from that port 2 February to embark Marines of the III Amphibious Corps at Guadalcanal and conducted training exercises in preparation for the coming invasion of Okinawa.

Gilliam closed Okinawa on 1 April and in the face of kamikaze attacks debarked reconnaissance parties of the 3rd Amphibious Corps and unloaded vital cargo. On 5 April she sailed for the United States via Saipan and Pearl Harbor, mooring at San Francisco 27 April for drydock repairs.

Subsequently Gilliam embarked men of the 6th Seabee Battalion a Port Hueneme, California, and sailed 28 May 1945 for Okinawa via Eniwetok and Ulithi. She off-loaded cargo and passengers at Okinawa and then headed back to San Francisco.

After hostilities
Gilliam arrived back at San Francisco on 10 August, where nearly 1,000 troops were embarked and brought to Pearl Harbor on 27 August. Men of the Headquarters and Service Battalions, 5th Amphibious Corps came on board at Hawaii, and Gilliam sailed 1 September for Sasebo, Japan, and put her occupation troops ashore 3 weeks later.

On 25 September 1945 she got underway for Manila, and after embarking more than 450 veterans of the 33rd Infantry Division at Lingayen Gulf, she carried them to Sasebo, arriving 15 October.

Operation Magic Carpet
After returning to Cebu in the Philippines 29 October, she became part of the Operation Magic Carpet fleet and sailed 2 November with 1,000 sailors and soldiers, debarking them at Portland, Oregon, 21 November 1945.

Operation Crossroads
Following a voyage to Samar, Gilliam moored at Pearl Harbor on 16 February 1946 and prepared to participate in the atomic bomb tests at Bikini atoll in the summer of 1946. On the morning of 1 July 1946, Gilliam, a target ship for Test Able, was the first ship struck by the blast and sunk quickly in Bikini lagoon, badly damaged. She was decommissioned, 5 July 1946 and struck from the Naval Register, 20 July 1946.

Decorations

 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal
 * Army of Occupation ribbon.svg Navy Occupation Service Medal (two awards)

Gilliam received three battle stars for World War II service and two Navy Occupation Service Medals for her actions during the occupation of Japan.

title: USS Gilliam


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User:Y0u/Arch-Duck

Arch-Duck Ferdinand II was quacking at the time the Serbian goose shot him to death. This brought on World War I, in which ducks and geese fought each other with propane cylinders and cheeseballs.

 * This Y0u article is a stub. You can help Y0u by expanding it.

title: User:Y0u/Arch-Duck


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User:Njs~enwiki

I'm a secondary school (high school in the US) student located in Reading, UK. Mainly, my edits are limited to simple grammar/spelling corrections, although I'd like to be able to contribute more, especially on technical articles. I think Wikipedia is an excellent resource for reading up on specific topics (the hyperlinking of articles really helps you grasp related topics much easier), and I enjoy just flicking through articles when I'm bored.

Outside of Wikipedia, I'm somewhat involved in the Free Software movements. I've contributed some code to GNOME, and plan to contribute more soon.

title: User:Njs~enwiki


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User:Seanbonner

sorry, made a mistake, should be Sean Bonner

title: User:Seanbonner


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Toodleday

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 07:54, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Toodleday
This is a non-topic. It is a minor part of a minor episode of a minor television show. I vote that it be deleted NoPetrol 20:58, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Tom Goes to the Mayor article already summarizes episode, not independently notable. Dcarrano 02:36, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it already! I made the page in the midst of a smoke-fuel'd rage, and have since seen the error of my ways. Thusly, I put a "redirect" in place of the text, which doesn't work, because there needs to be a vote. As its creator, I want it gone, so could we nicely wrap up this non-discussion and re-instate the re-direct? Or do we need more stuffy comments about how "Toodleday" is a "non-topic" or isn't "notable"? Of course it's a "non-topic", chaps, it's TOODLEDAY for Pete's sake! Thesmokingmonkey
 * Train a special dog who shall decide what to do with the article. Failing that, delete.  -- Norvy (talk) 15:23, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.