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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/History of South Carolina/archive1

History of South Carolina
Very comprehensive, more so than half the existing state history articles combined, and covering major American historical event significant to South Carolina from the first Native Americans to the Charles Town Landing to the Civil War. 26 hours over 3 days were spent writing the article, and I'm the only contributor, so pushing it to 1.0 has been an uphill battle, but I think it's there. Toothpaste 03:44, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Did nothing happen in South Carolina after February 21, 1865? --Carnildo 04:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. As per above. There is no information concerning South Carolina during Reconstruction (I am curious as to how the Union forces dealt with the state, since it was the first to secede), the late 1800s, and the 1900s. You could also mention the social and economic changes happening in South Carolina today, especially since the state is attracting many companies due to its low cost environment, notably for industrial types (e.g. foreign car companies such as BMW). Pentawing 04:47, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * (They were especially vicious to it, of course, and SC suffered more from Sherman's March than Georgia did.) Misnamed article at this point, as this is really half the story.  It's great work, but it is only half the story. (I.e. I'd object, but my objection has already been lodged.)  Geogre 18:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Content seems to be there. The only problems now are wording (e.g. grammar) and links for the periods after the Civil War. Pentawing 06:01, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikified all the links after the Civil War section. Could you please point out problems in my wording? Toothpaste 15:56, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I did some copyediting, but there are a lot of sentences that could be broken down into smaller sentences. Though the article has drastically improved since I first saw it, I would suggest that it be referred to peer review. Pentawing 00:58, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. Too long for a history of 200 years (38kb!). Better shorten the existing passage and add the things after the war. Deryck C. 09:06, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, only because we need to cover the last 140 years. This is a good start, though. Don't worry about the length; you can break off detail into subarticles if you need to. Everyking 10:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I added information all the way up to 1998, and later today I'm going to wikify the text. Aside from the above, is there anything else that could be added? Toothpaste 19:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment, it looks good to me. Could do with a few more illustrations? Phoenix2 02:47, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * I added two more. Toothpaste 03:17, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. Image:Sumter.jpg and Image:Hodges.jpg have no copyright information. --Carnildo 05:07, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You only get to object once. Add your new objections to the old one if you want, but you can't vote twice. Everyking 06:24, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * FAC isn't a vote. I'm objecting on two separate grounds, so I'm doing so in two separate places. --Carnildo 07:07, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a vote. The number of objections matter. One might not be enough to kill a nomination, but two might do it. I had a FAC where I remember at least 1, and I think 2 objects, but those weren't enough to kill it because the supports outweighed it. Everyking 07:12, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've replaced the pictures that had no notice, anyway. Toothpaste 12:37, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Mild object - Lack inline citations, overwhelming TOC, inadequately short lead section, longer than necessary overall (see Page size), and disproportionate coverage (too much on the Revolutionary and Civil wars while not enough on 20th century history). Spinning off of the more detailed sections and leaving summaries in their place per Summary style would help a great deal. --mav 16:37, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I summarized the sections on the Colonial Period and the American Revolution, then gave them a separate article. Better? Toothpaste 21:19, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, better. Some other points above are still valid. --mav 17:25, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment; Needs to mention the title of the article in the first sentence, and needs to include at least a little bit of pre-history in the lead. --Spangineer (háblame)  17:08, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. Toothpaste 17:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - A thorough, detailed and well-laided out article, I think it's now up to featured status -- Joolz 18:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. A history of South Carolina which doesn't even mention the Jackson-era nullification crisis cannot be said to be comprehensive. And it wouldn't surprise me if there were other significant events between the adoption of the Constitution and the beginning of the Civil War. Probably involving that Calhoun guy. Monicasdude 06:33, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Monicasdude -- I went to this article just a few days ago looking for a little info on the nullification crisis, and felt shocked that it was not at all available. I also agree that a failure to provide much on Senator Calhoun (an admittedly controversial, but also a mercurial and dynamic politician) is definitely something I'd expect addressed before FA status was granted.  It's a solid article in many respects, but not yet featurable.  Object. Jwrosenzweig 05:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The lack of any discussion of the Indian Removal Act and its impact on S.C. is also glaring -- I know 1787-1850 isn't the most exciting period in American history, but I think a treatment of some of this is really necessary. Jwrosenzweig 05:22, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm writing the section(s) on 1787 to 1850 on my userpage, and it will probably be given a subarticle. I've addressed a lot of the complaints about the article very quickly, usually within a day, but I think right now it would be best just to submit this again later after doing more work. Toothpaste 09:03, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Minor Object- lead section is too long (yes, I know that you expanded it after someone said it was too short, but see Lead section). Otherwise a well-written article. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 19:25, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Changed the lead. Better, or worse? Toothpaste 20:12, 24 July 2005 (UTC)


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Changing bag

A changing bag is a photographic bag specifically designed to be light-proof and therefore to protect the light sensitive (unexposed) film before intended use. A changing bag is made of light proof material, and usually is composed of synthetic fibre. They are convenient to use when a darkroom is not available, as when in the field. Many photographers do not own or have access to a darkroom, yet still need to being able to protect film from light, as when removing film from its canister to put it into a developing tank, or loading and unloading sheet film holders. They are also commonly found on the set of a film, where the clapper loader may need one if shooting on location or far away from a darkroom.

Usage
A changing bag is routinely used by amateur photographers and others when a darkroom is not available as is often the case in field shooting. It is also used in commercial photo processing labs, often to change paper.

Description
A changing bag has two sleeves at one end for both the user's arms, and a zipper (often more than one, for double layered changing bags) to insert the tools and film needed. There are several sizes available, from smaller ones for many still photography applications to larger bags used in large-format still photography or film making, which may need to hold both a magazine and a can of film stock which each have a 1000-foot capacity. Larger changing bag sizes are also available as "changing tents", where the top of the bag can be held in a dome-like configuration through the use of two curved rods.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Changing bag


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Category:OS/2 games

Video games that run on some version of the OS/2 operating system.

title: Category:OS/2 games


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Characters of the Final Fantasy IV series

Final Fantasy IV, a role-playing video game released by Square in 1991, revolves around Cecil Harvey, a knight of Baron who embarks on a quest to defeat Golbez, a man that is controlling the king of Baron. During Cecil's quest, he is joined by his childhood friends Kain Highwind and Rosa Farrell, as well as other warriors from around the world who also seek to stop Golbez. The visuals of the characters were designed by Yoshitaka Amano. After its initial release, Final Fantasy IV was later ported to multiple consoles. In 2007, Square Enix released an enhanced remake for the Nintendo DS that added voice acting to both the Japanese and English versions.

The game's 2008 sequel, Final Fantasy IV: The After Years is set seventeen years after Final Fantasy IV and includes most of the characters from the original game as well as introducing several new characters. The story of The After Years primarily revolves around Ceodore Harvey, the son of Cecil and Rosa. In 2011, a third game in the series was released. Set one year after Final Fantasy IV and sixteen years prior to The After Years, Final Fantasy IV Interlude, was released for the PlayStation Portable, and featured several of the original Final Fantasy IV protagonists.

As Final Fantasy IV was the first game in the series on the Super Famicom, character designer Yoshitaka Amano took advantage of the console's graphical capabilities, designing much more elaborate characters than prior entries. Lead designer Takashi Tokita noted how he and the staff worked in making all of the game's cast fit into the story. The characters were well received by video game publications with several of them finding the cast innovative thanks to their characterization.

Concept and creation
According to Final Fantasy IV lead designer Takashi Tokita, Final Fantasy IV was the first Japanese role-playing game to feature such "deep characters". The graphical capabilities of the Super Famicom allowed character designer Yoshitaka Amano to create more elaborate designs than he had done for previous games released for the Famicom. Tokita stated that although his inexperience may have hurt the story, the characters' personalities and roles made the story more appealing. Tokita also pointed out the variety of characters helped to appeal to a wider demographic, stating that the team worked hard to make all side characters fit into the story, something that, at the time, was difficult to do in Japanese media. For the Nintendo DS remake, the characters were handled by Airi Yoshioka. In Final Fantasy IV: The After Years, the characters were designed by Akira Oguro.

Tokita stated that the inclusion of voice actors in the DS remake was pleasing for him, claiming that the voice-overs "allowed for a much more dramatic localization". The Japanese voice actors reflected Tokita's vision of the characters, but he noted that others did not feel the same way. English translator Tom Slattery had to change various parts of the original script for the voiced scenes in order for the characters' mouth movements to match the words they were speaking.

Cecil Harvey
Cecil Harvey (セシル・ハーヴィ) is the protagonist of Final Fantasy IV and Interlude and a major character in The After Years. He was raised by the King of Baron to become a Dark Knight. Although Cecil is reluctant to master the Dark Sword, he excels as a Dark Knight and is eventually promoted to the command of Baron's airship fleet, the "Red Wings". When the King orders Cecil to rob the magical town of Mysidia of its Water Crystal at the cost of killing innocent people, Cecil begins to question the king's morality. After the King tricks him into bombing the village of Mist, Cecil openly rebels and forms an alliance of warriors to oppose Baron. His first recruit is Rydia, a child he rescues from Mist. During his quest, he becomes a Paladin by climbing Mt. Ordeals and overcoming the darkness in his heart. This represents one of the game's themes; "brute strength alone isn't power", as when he becomes a Paladin, Cecil's power actually decreases, although he gradually becomes more powerful than he ever was as a Dark Knight. Cecil reaches Baron and learns that the new leader of the Red Wings is a man named Golbez, and that Golbez's minion, Cagnazzo, had killed and impersonated the king. With his companions, Cecil is able to defeat Cagnazzo but Golbez continues to hunt for the Crystals and Cecil must continue his quest. He ultimately learns that he is the son of a Lunarian, Kluya, and that Golbez is his brother. Golbez himself is not evil, but is being controlled by Zemus, a Lunarian who wants to wipe out all life on the Blue Planet. Although Cecil initially cannot accept that Golbez is innocent, he later forgives him, acknowledging him as his brother after Zemus' defeat. Cecil then returns to Baron, marries with Rosa, and becomes the new King of Baron.

Interlude depicts Cecil investigating the unexplained appearance of multiple monsters one year after the events of Final Fantasy IV. The game ends with Cecil discovering that Rosa is pregnant. Sixteen years later, in The After Years, Cecil and Rosa have a son named Ceodore. During an invasion of Baron, Cecil is defeated and possessed by the summoner Maenad, and his friends are forced to fight him to free him from the Maenad's control, though Cecil is left weakened afterwards. After he joins them, they travel to the True Moon and encounter the incarnation of Cecil's negative emotions, the Dark Knight, who seeks to become the real Cecil and take revenge against Golbez for abandoning him when they were young. With the help of his family Golbez, Rosa, and Ceodore, Cecil is able to make peace with his dark half and regain his full strength.

Cecil has also been featured in the fighting games Dissidia Final Fantasy, Dissidia 012 and Dissidia NT where he uses both his Dark Knight and Paladin forms. He also appears in the rhythm game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy and its sequel, Curtain Call, as the main character representing Final Fantasy IV. He is voiced by Shizuma Hodoshima in Japanese and Yuri Lowenthal in English. Cecil also appears in Secret of Evermore as a weapons dealer and makes several references to Final Fantasy IV, including being king of Baron Castle, his wife Rosa, his battle with Zeromus, his being a paladin, and his adventures on the moon.

Kain Highwind
Kain Highwind (カイン・ハイウィンド) is the leader of the Dragoon Knights of Baron as well as childhood friend of both Cecil and Rosa. He claims that being a dragoon makes him feel closer to his father, who died when he was very young. Although best friends with Cecil, Kain is in love with Rosa and must deal with his jealousy throughout the story. Like Cecil, Kain notices the King of Baron's unusually harsh behavior, but he is under the mind-control of Golbez, and thus becomes Cecil's enemy. Kain eventually breaks free of Golbez's control after Tellah weakens Golbez. At this point, Kain joins Cecil's group in their efforts to defeat Golbez. However, after Cecil claims the last Dark Crystal, Golbez resumes his control of Kain. When Zemus' mind-control of Golbez breaks, Kain is released and helps Cecil's group destroy Zemus. After the final battle Kain is overcome with remorse for his actions, and decides that he must atone on Mt. Ordeals before he can rejoin his friends permanently.

At the end of Interlude, Kain, who is still living on Mt. Ordeals hears a mysterious voice calling to him. He reappears in The After Years as the "Hooded Man" (謎の男), assisting Ceodore while hiding his real identity. He is impersonated by the incarnation of his negative emotions, Dark Kain (ダークカイン), who wishes to kill Cecil and have Rosa for himself. Kain defeats his dark alter-ego and merges with him, causing Kain to become a Holy Dragoon. After helping his friends to destroy the True Moon, Kain returns to Baron to assume command of the Red Wings.

Kain has also been featured in Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy and Dissidia Final Fantasy NT as a playable character, as producer Tetsuya Nomura wished to add him to the fighting game. He is voiced by Kōichi Yamadera in Japanese and Liam O'Brien in English.

Rosa Farrell
In Final Fantasy IV, Rosa Farrell (ローザ・ファレル) is the childhood friend of and love interest for Cecil. She is a white mage and archer. Experienced in healing magic, Rosa is often busy attending to Baronian soldiers who have been wounded in battle. When Rosa learns that Cecil was sent to Mist with a bomb ring, she immediately leaves Baron in search of him, but contracts desert fever. Cecil cures her, and she joins his party. During the battle of Fabul, she attempts to save Cecil from Kain, but Golbez kidnaps her and demands the Earth Crystal for her safe return. Cecil brings the Crystal but when the party meets Golbez a fight erupts. Tellah wounds Golbez with the forbidden spell Meteor, but dies in the process and the party is left at the mercy of a wounded Golbez. He is about to slay Cecil but stops and flees. Afterwards, Cecil saves Rosa, and she helps them defeat the Lord of Wind, Barbariccia. Immediately after this, Rosa uses her magic to teleport them out of the unstable tower and she remains in the party for the rest of the game. At the end of the game, she marries Cecil and becomes the Queen of Baron.

After marrying Cecil, Rosa has a son named Ceodore; her pregnancy causes her absence from most of Interlude. In The After Years, she is kidnapped by Kain's dark self. Once back to safety, Rosa joins her old friends as they fight to save their world from the threat of the True Moon. During the encounter with the Dark Knight, Rosa intervenes when he attempts to murder Golbez, and the two of them battle the Dark Knight by themselves and later with Ceodore until Cecil is able to end the battle himself.

She is voiced by Yuhko Kaida in Japanese and Karen Strassman in English.

Rydia
Rydia of Mist (ミストのリディア) is a powerful summoner. When Cecil and Kain travel through the Mist Cave to reach Mist, they kill the Mist Dragon that was summoned to protect the village. As Eidolons are directly linked to their Summoner, Cecil and Kain inadvertently kill Rydia's mother in the process. They also set the entire village on fire by inadvertently releasing a Bomb Ring. Rydia becomes enraged when she learns of their actions, using Titan to cause an earthquake that separates them, but injuring herself in the process. Cecil takes her to Kaipo, and when she regains her senses, she initially cannot forgive him, although she does agree to join him after he defends her from some Baron soldiers. Later, Rydia is swallowed by the Eidolon Leviathan and taken to the Feymarch, the Land of the Eidolons which Leviathan rules alongside his Queen, Ashura. Due to the different flow of time in the Feymarch, she physically matures during her stay despite being gone only a short time in the real world. Having mastered summoning and black magic at the expense of white magic, she saves Cecil from Golbez's Shadow Dragon in the Dwarven Castle's Crystal Room and rejoins the party for the rest of the story. At the end of the game, she returns to the Land of Eidolons.

During Interlude, Rydia is impersonated by a mysterious summoner that attacks Cecil and his friends. The real Rydia appears near the end of the game, saving their lives. At the beginning of The After Years, Ashura teleports Rydia to the real world moments before the Maenad appears and turns Ashura and Leviathan into stone. After helping her old friends save the planet, Rydia decides to rebuild Mist with the cooperation of Cecil and others, and also becomes the adoptive mother of the child Maenad Cuore.

Rydia also appears in the rhythm game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy as a character representing Final Fantasy IV. She is voiced by Noriko Shitaya in Japanese and Caroline Macey in English.

Tellah
Tellah, known in the Japanese version of the game as Tella (テラ), was once the wisest sage in Mysidia and master of all spells. However, after a serious accident involving his magic, he retired to Kaipo, where he gave up sorcery and forgot most of his spells. He had a wife and daughter. When his wife died, and he learned of his daughter's secret engagement to Edward of Damcyan, he became furious. He left his home and traveled to Damcyan to confront Edward. Along the way, he meets and befriends Cecil and Rydia. Upon reaching Damcyan, he learns Anna, his daughter, has sacrificed her life to save Edward from Golbez. When Tellah learns how deeply Edward had cared for Anna, his anger towards him lessens and he vows to kill Golbez, leaving Cecil's group. During his quest, he realizes that his current powers are not enough to accomplish this goal, so he travels to Mt. Ordeals where his memories return and he regains his mastery over magic. He also learns the forbidden spell, Meteor. Rejoining Cecil to confront Golbez, Tellah casts Meteor. Doing so weakens Golbez, but it kills Tellah. In the final moments of his life, Tellah admits to Cecil that his thirst for vengeance had consumed him.

He briefly reappears as a spirit in The After Years, alongside Anna, advising Edward to not let his heart be weighed down by their deaths and encouraging him to come to Harley's aid.

Tellah is voiced by Gorō Naya in Japanese and Doug Lee in English.

Edward Chris von Muir
Edward Chris von Muir, known in the Japanese version of the game as Gilbart Chris von Muir (ギルバート・クリス・フォン・ミューア), is the prince of Damcyan, soon to become the seventh king of the region. Edward grew up very mild-mannered. Although expected to become an expert in business, Edward showed much more interest in music and became a bard. When Golbez's Red Wings attack Damcyan and kill his beloved Anna, Edward joins Cecil's group in their fight against Golbez. He falls overboard when Leviathan attacks Cecil's ship on the way to Baron, and is tended to in Troia. From his room, he plays the Twin Harp, sending out a melody which aids Cecil's group in defeating the Dark Elf. He joins the airship fleet against the Giant of Babel, and helps to rebuild Damcyan after Zemus' defeat, ultimately becoming its king.

In The After Years, he is an active member of the group who attempts to maintain the peace, but is able to recognize that all is not right in the world due to the Maenad. He is still plagued by the deaths of Anna and Tellah, but is able to move on when their spirits encourage him to find someone else to love as he did Anna.

Edward is voiced by Ryō Horikawa in Japanese and Sam Riegel in English.

Yang Fang Leiden
The composed leader of the monks of Fabul, Yang Fang Leiden (ヤン・ファン・ライデン) is an undisputed expert in martial arts. When training on Mt. Hobs, he and his fellow monks are attacked by a group of monsters. Yang emerges as the only survivor, and returns to Fabul with Cecil's group, who help him to defend the city from Golbez's attack. He finds his way to Baron after Leviathan attacks the party's ship, losing his memories and attacking Cecil before coming to his senses. In the Tower of Babel's cannon room, he sacrifices himself to prevent the cannon from destroying the dwarven tanks, but resurfaces in the Sylvan cave, unconscious. He wakes up when the party strikes him with a frying pan (given to them by his wife Sheila). After the ultimate victory over Zemus, Yang becomes king of Fabul.

In Interlude, Yang investigates incidents caused by monsters one year after becoming the king of Fabul. In The After Years, he spends much of his time arguing with his daughter, Ursula, but is still a valued ally and friend.

Yang is voiced by Tesshō Genda in Japanese and Dan Woren in English.

Palom and Porom
Palom (パロム) and Porom (ポロム) are twin mages from Mysidia. Palom is a rowdy, immature and rude young boy who is a Black Mage, while Porom is his sweet, polite, and mature older sister who is a White Mage. Though the twins are only five years old, they are experts in their respective magic skills and are sent by the Elder of Mysidia to help Cecil on his journey to the top of Mt. Ordeals. However, they are really acting as spies for the Elder, who does not yet trust Cecil. Following Cecil's trial and his transformation into a Paladin, Porom and Palom decide to join his group. They turn themselves to stone to save Cecil and his friends from being crushed in Cagnazzo's trap. The Elder later releases them, and they assist the efforts against the Giant of Babel and ultimately help in the defeat of Zemus. They later resume their studies in Mysidia, with Porom working to rein in Palom, who aspires to become as great as Tellah.

Palom and Porom are major characters in Interlude: they join Cecil's party at Mount Hobs along with Cid and stay there until the end of the story. In The After Years, Palom is sent on a mission to Troia to train a replacement Epopt, Leonora. However, with Porom now helping the elders preserving Mysidia's laws, a wedge is driven between them. Over the course of the game, they come to realize that despite the fact they dislike and get on one another's nerves, they need each other, and are at their best when together.

Palom and Porom are voiced by Rie Kugimiya in Japanese. In the English remake, Palom is voiced by Megan Harvey while Porom is voiced by Hunter MacKenzie Austin.

Cid Pollendina
The chief engineer of Baron, Cid Pollendina (シド・ポレンディーナ) is friend of Cecil, Kain, and Rosa. He lives in the town of Baron with his daughter, who often scolds him for his workaholic behavior. Since the loss of his wife, Cid has treated Cecil like his own son. Having discovered the ancient skill of levitation, Cid is credited with inventing the airship. After discovering that Cecil has been relieved of his position in Baron's fleet, Cid is locked away in the dungeon by Cagnazzo. After Cagnazzo is defeated, Cid escapes and gives Cecil access to his special airship, the Enterprise. When the Enterprise crashes in the Underworld, Cid takes it back to the surface to outfit it with Mythril, which enables it to fly over magma. He rescues Cecil from the collapsing bridge to the Tower of Babel, and attempts to escape a pursuing Red Wings airship. He ultimately jumps off the ship and detonates explosives to seal the Underworld. He is thought to have been killed, but he returns to add Mythril and a drill to the newly acquired airship, the Falcon, which he deploys against the Giant of Babel.

In The After Years, Cid is still Baron's airship engineer, having refused to retire. He has taken on Luca, daughter of the King of Dwarves, as his apprentice. He eagerly joins the battle for the Blue Planet, his age not slowing down his enthusiasm.

He is voiced by Ichirō Nagai in Japanese and by John Snyder in English.

Edge
Edward Geraldine (エドワード・ジェラルダイン), primarily called by his nickname Edge (エッジ), is the royal prince of Eblan, only heir to the throne and a skilled ninja. Though often cocky, impulsive and overconfident, he is a righteous young man who is not easily manipulated or led astray. Cecil's group first meets Edge in Eblan Cave, after he has been defeated in battle by the Lord of Fire, Rubicante. Because Cecil and the rest are after Rubicante as well, Edge joins the party and leads them into the Tower of Babel. However, he is made to watch helplessly as his parents, whom Dr. Lugae has abducted and turned into demons, sacrifice themselves rather than be forced to kill him. He stays with the party throughout the game. Following Zemus' defeat, Edge returns to Eblan.

By the time of The After Years, Edge has proven to be a kind-hearted and popular king, making efforts to aid in the reconstruction of Eblan and Mist and to defend the Blue Planet from the invasion of the True Moon.

He is voiced by Hiroya Ishimaru in Japanese and Taliesin Jaffe in English.

Fusoya
Fusoya, known in the Japanese version of the game as Fusuya (フースーヤ) and FuSoYa in earlier versions of the game, is a Lunarian, and a resident of the moon. He watches over the other Lunarians in their long sleep and knows the true origins of Cecil, Golbez, the Crystals, and the real nature of the threat to the Blue Planet. Once Fusoya explains Golbez's innocence to Cecil, he joins the party to help defeat Zemus, returning to the planet just in time to fight the Giant of Babel. Inside the huge android, Fusoya dispels Zemus' mind control over Golbez, and the pair set off to fight Zemus at the core of the moon. While Fusoya and Golbez defeat Zemus' physical form easily, just as Cecil's group arrives Zemus transforms into Zeromus, a being formed from Zemus' intense hatred. Zeromus defeats Fusoya and Golbez, but is then vanquished by Cecil's group. Fusoya then returns to his sleep with Golbez and the rest of the Lunarians.

In The After Years, Fusoya works with Golbez to investigate the arrival of the Maenads, but he is forced to send Golbez away to the Blue Planet while he defends the moon from the revived Zeromus. His fate is left unrevealed.

He is voiced by Banjō Ginga in Japanese and Michael McConnohie in English.

Golbez
Golbez (ゴルベーザ) is a sorcerer who pursues the Crystals around the world using Baron's forces, attacking multiple innocent people in the process. In reality, he is Cecil's older brother Theodor (セオドール) who has been under the control of Zemus from the day his parents died; his father beaten by the people he tried to help and his mother dying after giving birth to Cecil. Taking Cecil's place as the captain of the Red Wings, Golbez is a powerful opponent who serves as the main antagonist for the majority of the game. Seemingly affiliated with King Baron, Golbez brainwashes Kain to assist him. Upon recovering his true self while fighting Fusoya, he attempts to defeat Zemus, but fails. Once Cecil's group defeats Zemus, lacking the heart to return to the Blue Planet with the others, Golbez decides to remain on the moon with the Lunarians.

Golbez returns in The After Years. In his own storyline, he and Fusoya investigate the arrival of the Maenads, who shatter the moon's crystals and in doing so revive Zeromus. Fusoya sends Golbez down to the Blue Planet as he continues to fight Zeromus alone, and Golbez, under the identity of the "Man in Black" (黒衣の男), joins Rydia to help her save her friends. Later in the True Moon, Golbez comes face-to-face with Cecil's alter ego the Dark Knight, who desires Golbez killed for both nearly destroying the world and abandoning his brother. With help from Rosa and Ceodore, Golbez stands up to his past sins and begs for forgiveness, allowing Cecil to regain his own strength and banish his dark half. Should Golbez survive, he remains with the party until the end of the game, at which point he returns to the moon in hopes that Fusoya or anybody else is still alive.

He has also been featured in all three Dissidia Final Fantasy titles as a playable character. He is voiced by Takeshi Kaga in Japanese and Peter Beckman in English. According to Takashi Tokita, one of the writers for Final Fantasy IV, Golbez was created as an homage to the Star Wars saga villain Darth Vader.

Voiced by British actor Joseph Capp in English, Golbez appears as the main antagonist of the patches storyline of Final Fantasy XIV: Endwalker, first appearing in Endwalker 6.1 patch Newfound Adventure. This version of Golbez is designed similar to Final Fantasy IV and is depicted as a resident of the Thirteenth shard, now a desolate wasteland known as the Void thanks to the machinations of the Ascians. Originally a memoriate named Durante, he and his companion Golbez hailed from the kingdom of Baron seeking to end the Contramemoria. At some point, they meet Zero who declines their offer of working towards a common goal. Golbez became corrupted by Darkness and Durante was forced to kill and seal him in a memoria crystal, with Durante taking his name and armor, promising that the denizens of his world would sing of his heroism. In his despair, the Ascian Igeyorhm approached Golbez, manipulating him into killing the Watcher on the Thirteenth's moon and unleashing the Flood of Darkness.

Having abducted the great wyrm Azdaja, his four archfiends were given part of her aether in exchange for serving Golbez. They agonized in the wasteland of their homeworld, as the overabundance of darkness prevents them dying and then resting in the aetherial sea. Tired of the deathless life on the Thirteenth, Golbez plotted to invade the Source with his voidsent, which would allow them to perish at the cost of triggering an Umbral Calamity, meaning the Thirteenth would be absorbed into the Source, and all life on the latter would perish.

Golbez's plans are interrupted by the emergence of the Scions of the Seventh Dawn, who had come with Azdaja's brother Vrtra to search for his sister. After the deaths of Scarmiglione and Barbariccia at the hands of the Warrior of Light, Golbez sends his remaining two archfiends after the Scions to prevent them from returning to the Thirteenth. At the cost of their lives, Rubicante and Cagnazzo succeeded destroying the Scions' route to the Thirteenth. After finding an alternate route to the Thirteenth's moon, Vrtra and the Scions confronted Golbez, who proceeded to transform her in a voidsent. The Warrior of Light battled Golbez and Azdaja, defeating them, but could not stop Golbez from fusing Azdaja with Zodiark's aether on the moon. This created an extremely powerful voidsent named "Zeromus", forcing the Scions to flee. Golbez waited for Zeromus to gather its full strength, ready to set the final stages of his plan in motion. With Light from the First to reach Golbez's domain, the Scions return and learn of his past as Durante, with Zero convincing him to help stop Zeromus and save Azdaja by rekindling his trust in others. In the aftermath, Zero remains with Golbez to help restore balance to the Thirteenth.

Zemus
Zemus (ゼムス) is the mastermind behind Golbez's actions in Final Fantasy IV. Wishing to destroy the planet, he manipulates Golbez into carrying out his will in hunting down the Crystals. Fusoya reveals that Zemus is the only Lunarian who refused to go into stasis until the time when Lunarians and Earthlings could live in harmony. Even though Golbez and Fusoya seemingly vanquish him, Zemus comes back to life as Zeromus (ゼロムス), the monstrous embodiment of his hatred and evil. Cecil and his friends use a Crystal to reveal the true shape of Zeromus, and manage to slay him.

Zeromus returns in The After Years as Zeromus' Malice, which the Maenads unleash on the Lunarian's Moon by shattering the Crystals there. Fusoya and Golbez attempt to stop Zeromus, but he proves too strong and Fusoya is forced to send Golbez to the Blue Planet alone in order to protect it from the Maenads. The final fate of Fusoya and Zeromus is left unrevealed.

A different version of Zeromus is fought in the Easytype version of Final Fantasy IV, with a different graphics and attacks. It later appears in the Game Boy Advance and PlayStation Portable versions as the final boss of the new Lunar Ruins dungeon, named Zeromus EG. Zeromus is also an optional esper in Final Fantasy XII, combining the Zeromus and Zeromus EG designs. He is voiced by Ryō Horikawa.

Another version of Zeromus appears in the patches storyline of Final Fantasy XIV: Endwalker. Golbez, seeking to break the barrier between the Thirteenth and the Source, fused the Great Wyrm Azdaja with the remnants of the primal Zodiark's aether. This created an extremely powerful voidsent that Golbez named "Zeromus", and intended to use to fulfill his plans once Zeromus had finished gathering its full strength. Fueled by Azdaja's longing for home, Zeromus nearly shatters the barrier between the worlds, but is stopped by the Scions and a repentant Golbez, with Zero separating it from Azdaja and sealing it in a memoria crystal. In the aftermath, its crystal is given to Ryne in hopes that its Darkness can be used to restore the First.

Rubicante
Rubicante (ルビカンテ) (Rubicant in the original SNES release and PlayStation re-release) is the leader and strongest member of the Four Elemental Lords. The Lord of Fire, he is working with Dr. Lugae to raise the Giant of Babel, and is the archenemy of Edge. Cecil and Edge defeat Rubicante in the Tower of Babel and the Giant of Babel. Unlike the other Lords, he is very honorable, going so far as to heal Cecil's party before fighting them. He later advises Edge not to let his anger get the best of him, as it will merely blind him. He did not authorize Lugae's transformation of Edge's parents into monsters, and he apologizes to Edge for the deed before they fight. The party faces him again within the Giant of Babel.

Rubicante also appears in Final Fantasy: Dawn of Souls, in the final level of Hellfire Chasm. In The After Years, Rubicante is revived by the True Moons, in which he once again proves his honor to Cecil and his party. He is voiced by Norio Wakamoto.

He also appears in Final Fantasy XIV: Endwalker, appearing in Endwalker 6.2 patch Buried Memory. As Golbez's archfiend, he witnesses the defeat of Scarmiglione and Barbariccia at the hands of the Warrior of Light, then promises to enact revenge alongside Cagnazzo. In patch 6.3 Gods Revel, Lands Tremble, Rubicante destroys the path the Warrior of Light had been using to enter the Void; the Warrior then battles and defeats Rubicante. His backstory in Endwalker was that he was a powerful mage who trained alongside another mage daily. One day while out hunting fiends attacking their village, a girl's mother that had become a fiend attacks the pair. The girl pleads for them not to kill her, and while distracted, the mage's partner is killed. The mage vanquishes the fiend using powerful fire magic and the girl dubs him Rubicante due to the red glow. The girl forgives him and he sets off to use his powers for good. He eventually meets and joins Golbez, vying to use his powers to restore his world, even if it means destroying the neighbouring one.

Barbariccia
Barbariccia (バルバリシア) (Valvalis in the original SNES release and PlayStation re-release) is the only female member of the Four Elemental Lords. The Lord of Wind, Barbariccia can transform herself into an almost indestructible tornado. Cecil's party first defeat Barbariccia in the Tower of Zot, and again inside the Giant of Babel.

She also appears as an optional boss in Final Fantasy: Dawn of Souls on the final level of Hellfire Chasm, and is one of the revived Lords in The After Years. She is voiced by Yūko Kaida.

She also appears in Final Fantasy XIV: Endwalker, primarily appearing in Endwalker 6.2 patch Buried Memory. She is dispatched by Golbez to defeat the Warrior of Light and their companions after he senses the death of Scarmiglione, but she too is defeated by the Warrior of Light in battle. Her backstory in Endwalker was that she was daughter to a nobleman who was kept her from seeing people she had interest in. On a night she snuck out to see those people, she instead found her father who revealed he had killed them all. Enraged, she bludgeoned him to death with a hatchet and embraced her new freedom becoming Barbariccia, where she would eventually meet and join Golbez.

Cagnazzo
Cagnazzo (カイナッツォ) (Kainazzo in the original SNES release) is the Lord of Water. He is a large turtle demon with a humanoid face, hired by Golbez and Zemus. Cagnazzo killed King Baron and impersonated him. It was in fact Cagnazzo that ordered Cecil to steal the Water Crystal from Mysidia and bomb the village of Mist. He was also responsible for imprisoning Cid after he would not divulge the location of his hidden airship. The initial battle with Cagnazzo is fought in the throne room of Baron. His battle tactics primarily consists of drawing water around him to unleash a powerful tsunami, although when struck by lightning, Cagnazzo will retreat into his shell and attempt to restore his lost health. Upon his defeat, he attempts one final attempt at killing the party by crushing them between the walls of the antechamber to the King's throne room, but this is foiled by the sacrifice of Palom and Porom. He later joins the other Lords in a final battle against Cecil and his friends in the Giant of Babel.

He also appears in Dawn of Souls on the fifth level of Hellfire Chasm. In The After Years, he is revived inside the True Moon. He is voiced by Takeshi Aono in Japanese and Michael McConnohie in English.

He also appears in Final Fantasy XIV: Endwalker, appearing in Endwalker 6.2 patch Buried Memory. As Golbez's archfiend, he witnesses the defeat of Scarmiglione and Barbariccia at the hands of the Warrior of Light, then promises to enact revenge alongside Rubicante. In patch 6.3 Gods Revel, Lands Tremble, Cagnazzo is fought at the end of the Lapis Manalis dungeon where it is revealed he was a decoy to allow Rubicante to destroy the gate to The Void. His backstory in Endwalker is that he was once a fisherman that grew bored of living a dull life and threw himself into battle so he had purpose. Realising the battle made him feel more alive, he would become a feared warrior known as Cagnazzo, where he would eventually meet and join Golbez.

Scarmiglione
Scarmiglione (スカルミリョーネ) (Milon in the original SNES release and PlayStation re-release) is the Lord of Earth who first meets Cecil's group on Mt. Ordeals. Scarmiglione first appears as a small cloaked figure. Though Cecil thinks that he has defeated Scarmiglione and his zombie minions, the Earth Lord soon transforms into a hunched, zombie-like beast, attacking the group from behind. Even though Cecil and his allies believe that Scarmiglione had been destroyed as he fell off a bridge at the summit of Mt. Ordeals, he faces the Lord once again in the Giant of Babel.

Both of his forms appear in Dawn of Souls on the fifth level of Hellfire Chasm and in The After Years as a revived guardian of the True Moon. He is voiced by Konishi Ōnishi in Japanese and Dameon Clarke in English.

He also appears in Final Fantasy XIV: Endwalker, primarily appearing in Endwalker 6.2 patch Buried Memory. Scarmiglione is battled by the Warrior of Light at the end of the Fell Court of Troia dungeon. Despite being seemingly vanquished, Scarmiglione later returns and again battles the Warrior of Light and their companions. This time however, using the power of their new ally Zero, Scarmiglione is vanquished for good. His backstory in Endwalker was that he once was Commander of a Garrison in the Contramemoria. But in a battle, rather than fight, he played dead and hid under rubble while his soldiers were slaughtered. Two other soldiers find him and furious at his cowardice, knock him unconscious. They bury him alive alongside the rest of the dead but during funeral rites for the fallen, the commander would rise from the ground and leave, being dubbed Scarmiglione, where he would eventually meet and join Golbez.

Dr. Lugae
Dr. Lugae is a mad scientist working for Rubicante. He is the self-proclaimed "brains behind Golbez's operation" and he turns Edge's parents into monsters even though Rubicante never gave him permission to do so. His bodyguard and master creation is Barnabas (バルナバ, Barunaba) (Balnab in the original SNES release). Should Barnabas become damaged enough to warrant the concern of Dr. Lugae, he will apply oil, and eventually mount the monster as a last resort, combining their powers. If Lugae is defeated before the player destroys Barnabas, then Barnabas will explode, damaging the party. Lugae later transforms into a cyborg-like creature with advanced weaponry.

He reappears in The After Years as a revived guardian of the True Moon.

Lugae appears in Final Fantasy XIV: Endwalker as a boss in the Tower of Babil. Like his original incarnation, Barnabas initially attacks him before warping away, and appears later as a cyborg. He later appears in the Hildibrand Manderville questline. Having survived his initial defeat, he sought to continue his work on artificial lifeforms, eventually taking interest in Hildibrand's near-invulnerability. He arranges a deal with a Hannish representative to bring the inspector's comatose body to him, but are stopped by his assistant Nashu and the player's Warrior of Light. After a dramatic awakening of Hildibrand's body, he destroys the scientist with his own shoulder-mounted missile, leaving only his head remaining.

Later, his head is stolen by a thief in Radz-at-Han. He kidnaps Nashu and demands the Warrior to come to the Tower of Babil in exchange for her freedom, only to be confronted by Hildibrand and his father Godbert in the Warrior's place. The doctor is then defeated by the father-son duo, freeing Nashu. Afterwards, his head is recovered and later taken to a secret meeting in Thavnair where he plotted with someone against the Warrior, later attacking them, but is defeated by Hildibrand and his friends and is sent flying.

Baigan
Baigan (ベイガン) is a knight of Baron. He is a good friend of Cecil — although like Kain, he joins Golbez and the King in their army of evil. When the party sneaks into the seemingly vacant castle through the Watery Passage, he is the first apparently friendly face to greet them. However, the twins Palom and Porom smell "something fishy", and Baigan reveals his true self, telling the party that he was given the gift of his alternate form by Golbez. He is subsequently killed by Cecil's group.

He reappears in The After Years as a revived guardian of the True Moon.

Anna
Anna (アンナ) is the daughter of Tellah and is engaged to Prince Edward of Damcyan. After the death of Anna's mother, Tellah became overly protective of Anna, in the hopes of never losing her. When he learns of Anna's elopement with Edward, Tellah becomes furious and sets out after her. In Baron's raid on Damcyan, Anna is killed saving Edward's life. Edward later meets Anna's spirit in Kaipo, where she assuages his fears.

She is voiced by Hitomi Akino in Japanese and Zarah Little in English.

Elder of Mysidia
The Elder of Mysidia is the trainer of Palom, Porom, and the other mages of the town. A friend of Tellah, the Elder orders Palom and Porom to spy on Cecil when he heads to Mt. Ordeals. When Cecil becomes a paladin, the Elder realizes he is trustworthy, and becomes his ally. Later, the Elder, along with Palom and Porom, directs the prayers of the world to Cecil before the final battle against Zeromus.

In The After Years, the Elder offers much advice to Porom before she leaves to join the fight for the Blue Planet.

King Baron
As both Cecil and Kain were orphaned at very young ages, King Baron took them in and raised them as his own. While he wished for both to become Dark Knights, Kain wanted to train as a Dragoon, like his father. King Baron is killed by Cagnazzo though his spirit remained trapped in a secret second throne room of Baron Castle. When it is released, he is reincarnated as the Eidolon, Odin.

King Giott
King Giott (ジオット王), or King Giotto in the Japanese version, is the King of the Dwarves. Though the Enterprise gets caught in the crossfire between the Red Wings and Giott's tanks, the dwarves soon befriend Cecil and the rest of the party. King Giott provides much of the insight on the Dark Crystals of the Underworld. In all his kingdom, Giott's most prized treasure is his only child, his daughter Luca. After his wife's death, he gave his wife's necklace to Luca. The necklace is needed to open the Sealed Cavern, so Cecil and his party can stop Golbez from obtaining the final Dark Crystal.

He is voiced by Takeshi Aono.

A character who shares the same name as Giott appears in Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers as a dwarven bounty hunter aiming to slay the sin eater Sophrosyne, who was created from the body of one of the First's Warriors of Light, Lamitt. Unlike his original appearance, this incarnation of Giott is female.

Luca
Luca is the daughter of King Giott and princess of the Dwarves. She created two mechanical dolls, Calca and Brina, which Golbez turns into a monster called Calcabrina that attacks the party. At first Luca seems untrusting of Cecil, but like the other dwarves, she learns to accept them. Under the rule of Luca and her father, the Dwarves help assist the party in their battles in the Underworld.

Luca is a playable character in The After Years. She is Cid's apprentice, mastering the skills of airship steering and maintenance, and joins the party in Rydia's chapter along with her two dolls.

She is voiced by Naomi Orikasa.

Ceodore Harvey
Ceodore Harvey (セオドア・ハーヴィ) is the protagonist of The After Years, the son of Cecil and Rosa, and the prince of Baron. He is an apprentice knight who has no confidence in himself, as he fears he will never be able to step out from the shadow of his parents. When his family disappears, Ceodore goes on a quest to find them and eventually joins forces with others to fight against the Maenad. He is trained in swords and lances, and can also tap into his inner energy to temporarily enhance his strength.

Ursula Fang Leiden
Ursula Fang Leiden is a supporting character in The After Years. She is Yang's daughter, a childhood friend of Ceodore, and his godsister. Unlike Ceodore, she takes great pride in being Yang's daughter and the princess of Fabul, and knows no better way of expressing this than by training as a monk herself, which frustrates her father greatly: the two often quarrel since Yang does not want her to be a monk. However, when he sees how she has developed, and that she understands what it means to be a monk, he gives in. Ursula continues to aid her friends as the battle for the Blue Planet leads them to the True Moon.

Leonora
Leonora is a supporting character in The After Years. She is an Epopt from the kingdom of Troia who is sent to be trained as a Sage. Palom is chosen as her teacher in Black Magic, and though Palom's brashness conflicts with Leonora's shyness, the two slowly begin to open up to each other. It is later revealed that Leonora had always looked up to Palom since she was a little girl listening to his stories about his adventures with Cecil, and their friendship grows stronger as they travel to the True Moon. Like Tellah in the previous game, Leonora can use both White and Black Magic, though she does not have the same strengths as those who specialize in one or the other.

The Eblan Four
The Eblan Four are a group of ninjas who serve under Edge: Gekkou, Izayoi, Tsukinowa, and Zangetsu. During the events of The After Years, Edge sends each of the four on a reconnaissance mission around the world before meeting up with them later in the storyline. Should any of the four die during their mission, they will not rejoin Edge and thus will not become party members during the final assault on the True Moon.

Harley
Harley is Edward's personal secretary and an aspiring scholar. In The After Years, Harley is first found investigating a meteor landing and is helped by Edward. Later, Harley is stricken by desert fever while she and Edward are traveling to Baron to meet with Cecil, and Edward is disheartened at his inability to protect anybody until the spirits of Anna and Tellah tell him to not grieve for his losses and to find what his heart truly wants. Encouraged, Edward retrieves a Sand Pearl to cure Harley, and she continues to aid Edward as they journey to the True Moon with the rest of the party.

Harley is briefly seen in Interlude as Edward's secretary-in-training.

Maenad
The Maenad, initially only known as the Mysterious Girl, is a strange being with summoner powers encountered in Interlude and The After Years. In the first of the two, she impersonates Rydia and causes trouble for Cecil and his friends. She is defeated by Cecil, Edge, Cid, Palom and Porom with the real Rydia's assistance but she escapes from them. In the second game, she first appears in Baron Castle where she defeats Cecil and brainwashes him. She later plays a cruel trick on Ceodore, forcing Cecil to fight him for her own amusement. She regards humans as lower life forms than herself and therefore has no qualms about hurting them physically or psychologically.

It is later revealed inside the True Moon that the Maenad is not a singular entity. There are many Maenads brought into being by the true antagonist of The After Years: The Creator. These beings were born to retrieve the Crystals for their father. It is implied that they also receive their summoning abilities from him, as their powers are not how a summoner's powers usually work: the Maenads overwrite the Code of the Eidolons by trapping them in another dimension and forcing them to serve their will, and by extension, The Creator's.

Before meeting the Creator, the party encounters a child Maenad who opens the passage to his chambers. When the Creator begins to destroy the True Moon after being defeated, the party rescues the child as they escape, and the other Maenads protect them from the Creator by stating "that child is our future". In the ending, it is revealed that Rydia has adopted the child Maenad and named her Cuore, and she is raising her with help from Edge and the Mist villagers.

The Creator
The Creator is the name given to the primary antagonist of The After Years. The driving force behind the Maenads, he is the last survivor of a mysterious race that prospered too greatly, causing them to destroy their own planet. He has embarked upon a lifetime's experimentation using the Crystals to learn where his kind went wrong, but somewhere along the way, he decided that the universe should not be overrun with inferior races, and programmed his ship, the True Moon, to consume the planets of races that do not live up to his expectations.

He has the ability to create Crystals, which he uses to record data on various races, and later on the True Moon to summon demons from Cecil's past and from other worlds (the worlds of Final Fantasy I, II, III, V, and VI) to attack the party. He ends up inadvertently showing the party what laid his kind low: as they prospered, so too did the evil within them, but while the people of the Blue Planet worked to contain the damage done by their inner demons, the Creator's race did not do anything like this. Using their planet's Crystals, the party draws out and destroys the darkness within him, causing him to become unstable and destroy the True Moon. He is then killed by the Maenads as the party flees from his lair with a child Maenad in tow, his last words being an expression of gratitude towards them for what they have done.

Reception
The cast of Final Fantasy IV has been well received by video game publications. GameTrailers stated that by the time the game was first released, the characters surpassed common RPG stereotypes, and that the relationships between the main cast would still entertain gamers a decade later. Dragon reviewer Sandy Petersen added that the cast was notable for each having their motives in the plot which attached him to the game. The diverse number of characters has been praised for their distinctive traits by RPGFan's Matt Rickert. Greg Kasavin from GameSpot had similar comments, and appreciated that unlike other RPG protagonists, Cecil was already an experienced warrior at the start of the game and had strong relationships already established. Similarly, Micky Gunn from GamePlanet stated that thanks to the characters' expertise, the player had access to a wide variety of moves from the game's beginning.

Cecil was listed as the best hero in the Final Fantasy franchise by GamesRadar as well as one of the top 10 franchise characters by GameZone, owing to his heroic traits and character arc. Both GameSpot and IGN stated that the cast was interesting and avoided common cliches. On the other hand, while RPGamer's Michael Beckett found the main characters likable, he felt that some of the most important ones "have been copied by so many other titles in the genre that they have been rendered cliche", specifically pointing to Cecil and Rosa's personalities.

The designs from the Nintendo DS remake were praised by Elisa Di Fiore from GameSpy as making the characters appealing, while Cheat Code Central complained that some were too pixelated. The inclusion of English voice actors in the Nintendo DS remake resulted in positive reactions from RPGamer's Glenn Wilson, who stated that the actors "emote well and add to the believability of the characters", while Elisa Di Fiore stated it made the characters more enjoyable. Lark Anderson from GameSpot instead said the acting was "weak", stating that it made some scenes overdramatic. Cheat Code Central enjoyed the voice acting but felt it could have been better.

Manga author Masashi Kishimoto cited the cast as likable and expressed a preference for both Palom and Porom and their scenes.


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File:Paladin's Quest box art.jpg

Summary
Box art for Paladin's Quest

Fair use rationale
Rationale for the fair use of this image in the article Paladin's Quest
 * The image has been previously published
 * This image has been used in several websites, and so use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is
 * The image is used to illustrate the game and does not detract from the game
 * The image does not limit the ability to sell the game
 * The image is of low resolution and not suitable for reproduction

title: File:Paladin's Quest box art.jpg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/An Intoduction to Connected Limited Device Configuration

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 02:42, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

An Intoduction to Connected Limited Device Configuration, An Introduction to Java Virtual Machines in MIDP, MIDlet Preverify, and An Introduction to J2ME
Marked by its only nontrivial editor, and I agree that it would fit in better there. I have already performed the transwiki. —Cryptic (talk) 03:48, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment This sure was hard to read.Hamster Sandwich 05:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, already properly transwikied.  Dcarrano 12:34, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 20:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, almost unintelligible. Xoloz 02:55, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Proposal to add An_Introduction_to_Java_Virtual_Machines_in_MIDP, MIDlet_Preverify, and An_Introduction_to_J2ME to this VfD. They were all similarly written by the same author in the same textbook/how-to style and have all been transwikied to Wikibooks. If no one objects, I'll add them to the heading. --Dmcdevit·t 23:52, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, done. Anyone can remove them if you disagree. Btw, delete. --Dmcdevit·t 07:24, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Court of Justice of the African Union

The Court of Justice of the African Union was originally intended to be the "principal judicial organ" of the African Union (Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union, Article 2.2) with authority to rule on disputes over interpretation of AU treaties. The Court has, however, never come into existence because the African Union has decided that it should be merged with the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights to form a new court: the African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR). Underlying this decision was the concern at the growing number of AU institutions, which the AU could not afford to support.

A protocol to set up the Court of Justice was adopted in 2003, and entered into force in 2009. It was, however, superseded by a protocol creating the African Court of Justice and Human Rights.

The merger protocol was adopted during the 11th African Union Summit in July 2008. The united court will be based in Arusha, Tanzania.

title: Court of Justice of the African Union


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Reconquista (Mexico)

The Reconquista ("reconquest") is a term to describe an irredentist vision by different individuals, groups, and/or nations that the Southwestern United States should be politically or culturally returned to Mexico. Known as advocating a Greater Mexico, such opinions are often formed on the basis that those territories were claimed by Spain for centuries and then by Mexico from 1821 until they were annexed by the United States during the Texas Annexation (1845) and the Mexican Cession (1848) because of the Mexican–American War.

Background
The term Reconquista means "reconquest" and is an analogy to the Christian Reconquista of Moorish Iberia. The areas of greatest Mexican immigration and cultural diffusion are the same as with the territories that were taken by the United States from Mexico during the 19th century.

Mexican writers
In a 2001 article on the Latin American web portal Terra, "Advancement of the Spanish language and Hispanics is like a Reconquista (Reconquest)," Elena Poniatowska stated:

"A US media outlet recently stated that in some places like Los Angeles, if you didn't speak Spanish, you were 'out'. It's sort of a reconquista (reconquest) of lost territories that have Spanish names and were once Mexican.

[With a cordial tone, taking pauses, and with a smile on her lips, the Mexican writer commented with satisfaction the change that is happening in the US with regards to the perception of Hispanics and the progress of the Latino community in migratory movements]

The people of the cockroach, of the flea, who come from poverty and misery, are slowly advancing towards the United States and devouring it. I do not know what is to become of all this [in reference to the supposed racism that can ostensibly still be perceived in the US and other countries], but it [racism] seems to be an innate illness in mankind."

In his keynote address at the Second International Congress of the Spanish Language in Valladolid, Spain, in 2003, "Unity and Diversity of Spanish, Language of Encounters," Carlos Fuentes said:

"Well, I've just used an English expression (a reference to having said 'brain trust' in the preceding paragraph) and that brings me back to the American continent, where 400 million men and women, from the Río Bravo to Cape Horn, speak Spanish in what were the domains of the Spanish Crown for 300 years; but in a continent, where, in the north of Mexico, in the United States, another 35 million people also speak Spanish, and not only in the territory that belonged to New Spain first and Mexico until 1848—that southwestern border that extends from Texas to California—but to the north Pacific of Oregon, to the midwest of Chicago and even to the east coast of New York City.

For that reason, one speaks of a reconquista (reconquering) of the old territories of the Spanish Empire in North America. But we must call attention to the fact that we need to go beyond the number of how many people speak Spanish to the question of whether or not Spanish is competitive in the fields of science, philosophy, computer science, and literature in the entire world, an issue brought up recently by Eduardo Subirats.

We can answer in the negative, that no, in the field of science, despite having prominent scientists, we cannot add, so says the great Colombian man of science, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo, we do not have, in Ibero-America, more than 1% of the scientists of the world."

In another part of his speech, Fuentes briefly returned to his idea of "reconquista:"

"It is interesting to note the appearance of a new linguistic phenomenon that Doris Sommer of Harvard University, calls with grace and precision, 'the continental mixture,' spanglish or espanglés, since, sometimes, the English expression is used, and, at other times, the Spanish expression, is a fascinating frontier phenomenon, dangerous, at times, always creative, necessary or fatal like the old encounters with Náhuatl (Aztec language), for example, thanks to the Spanish language and some other languages, we can today say chocolate, tomato, avocado, and if one does not say wild turkey (guajolote), one can say turkey (pavo), that is why the French converted our word of American turkey (guajolote) into fowl of the Indies, oiseaux des Indes o dindon, while the English people, completely disoriented with regards to geography, give it the strange name of Turkey (name of the country), turkey (bird), but, perhaps due to some ambitions that are not confessable in the Mediterranean, and from Gibraltar to the Bosforus strait.

In summary, reconquista today, but, pre-factum, re-conquest - will take us to factum. The Conquest and Colonization of the Americas by way of Spain's military and its humanities was a multiple paradox. It was a catastrophe for the indigenous communities, notable for the great Indian civilizations of Mexico and Peru.

But a catastrophe, cautions María Zambrano, is only catastrophic if nothing redeeming comes of it.

From the catastrophe of the Conquest, all of us were born, the indigenous-iberian-americans. Immediately, we were mestizos, women and men of Indian blood, Spanish, and, later, African. We were Catholics, but our Christianity was in the syncretic refuge of the indigenous and African cultures. And we speak Spanish, but we gave it an American, Peruvian, Mexican inflection to the language.... the Spanish language stopped being the language of Empire, and it turned into something much more... [it became] the universal language of recognition between the European and indigenous cultures...."

Nationalist Front of Mexico

The fringe group Nationalist Front of Mexico opposes what it sees as Anglo-American cultural influences and rejects the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, as well as what its members consider the "American occupation" of territory formerly belonging to Mexico and now form the southwestern United States.

On its website, the front states:

We reject the occupation of our nation in its northern territories, an important cause of poverty and emigration. We demand that our claim to all the territories occupied by force by the United States be recognized in our Constitution, and we will bravely defend, according to the principle of self-determination to all peoples, the right of the Mexican people to live in the whole of our territory within its historical borders, as they existed and were recognized at the moment of our independence.

Charles Truxillo
A prominent advocate of Reconquista was the Chicano activist and adjunct professor Charles Truxillo (1953–2015) of the University of New Mexico (UNM). He envisioned a sovereign Hispanic nation, the República del Norte (Republic of the North), which would encompass Northern Mexico, Baja California, California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. He supported the secession of US Southwest to form an independent Chicano nation and argued that the Articles of Confederation gave individual states full sovereignty, including the legal right to secede. Truxillo, who taught at UNM's Chicano Studies Program on a yearly contract, suggested in an interview, "Native-born American Hispanics feel like strangers in their own land." He said, "We remain subordinated. We have a negative image of our own culture, created by the media. Self-loathing is a terrible form of oppression. The long history of oppression and subordination has to end" and that on both sides of the US–Mexico border "there is a growing fusion, a reviving of connections.... Southwest Chicanos and Norteno Mexicanos are becoming one people again." Truxillo stated that Hispanics who achieved positions of power or otherwise were "enjoying the benefits of assimilation" are most likely to oppose a new nation and explained: "There will be the negative reaction, the tortured response of someone who thinks, 'Give me a break. I just want to go to Wal-Mart.' But the idea will seep into their consciousness, and cause an internal crisis, a pain of conscience, an internal dialogue as they ask themselves: 'Who am I in this system?'" Truxillo believed that the República del Norte would be brought into existence by "any means necessary" but that it would be formed by probably not civil war but the electoral pressure of the region's future majority Hispanic population. Truxillo added that he believed it was his duty to help develop a "cadre of intellectuals" to think about how the new state could become a reality. In 2007, the UNM reportedly decided to stop renewing Truxillo's yearly contract. Truxillo claimed that his "firing" was because of his radical beliefs and argued, "Tenure is based on a vote from my colleagues. Few are in favor of a Chicano professor advocating a Chicano nation state."

José Ángel Gutiérrez
In an interview with In Search of Aztlán on 8 August 1999, José Ángel Gutiérrez, a political science professor at the University of Texas at Arlington, stated: "We're the only ethnic group in America that has been dismembered. We didn't migrate here or immigrate here voluntarily. The United States came to us in succeeding waves of invasions. We are a captive people, in a sense, a hostage people. It is our political destiny and our right to self-determination to want to have our homeland [back]. Whether they like it or not is immaterial. If they call us radicals or subversives or separatists, that's their problem. This is our home, and this is our homeland, and we are entitled to it. We are the host. Everyone else is a guest....

It is not our fault that whites don't make babies, and blacks are not growing in sufficient numbers, and there's no other groups with such a goal to put their homeland back together again. We do. Those numbers will make it possible. I believe that in the next few years, we will see an irredentists movement, beyond assimilation, beyond integration, beyond separatism, to putting Mexico back together as one. That's irridentism [sic]. One Mexico, one nation."

In an interview with the Star-Telegram in October 2000, Gutiérrez stated that many recent Mexican immigrants "want to recreate all of Mexico and join all of Mexico into one. And they are going to do that, even if it's just demographically.... They are going to have political sovereignty over the Southwest and many parts of the Midwest." In a videotape made by the Immigration Watchdog website, as cited in The Washington Times, Gutiérrez was quoted as saying, "We are millions. We just have to survive. We have an aging white America. They are not making babies. They are dying. It's a matter of time. The explosion is in our population." In a subsequent interview with The Washington Times in 2006, Gutiérrez backtracked and said that there was "no viable" Reconquista movement, and he blamed interest in the issue on closed-border groups and "right-wing blogs."

Other views
Felipe Gonzáles, a professor at the University of New Mexico (UNM), who is director of UNM's Southwest Hispanic Research Institute, has stated that there was a "certain homeland undercurrent" among New Mexico Hispanics, but the "educated elites are going to have to pick up on this idea [of a new nation] and run with it and use it as a point of confrontation if it is to succeed." Juan José Peña of the Hispano Round Table of New Mexico believed that Mexicans and Mexican Americans lack the political consciousness to form a separate nation: "Right now, there's no movement capable of undertaking it."

Illegal immigration to the Southwest is sometimes viewed as a form of Reconquista in light of the fact that Texas statehood was preceded by an influx of US settlers into that Mexican province until US citizens outnumbered Mexicans ten–to-one and took over the area's governance. The theory is that the reverse will happen when Mexicans eventually become so numerous in the region that they wield substantial influence, including political power. Even if it is not intended, some analysts say the significant demographic shift in the Southwest may result in "a de facto reconquista." Political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, a proponent of the widespread popularity of Reconquista, stated in 2004:

"Demographically, socially and culturally, the reconquista (re-conquest) of the Southwest United States by Mexican immigrants is well under way. [However, a] meaningful move to reunite these territories with Mexico seems unlikely....

No other immigrant group in U.S. history has asserted or could assert a historical claim to U.S. territory. Mexicans and Mexican-Americans can and do make that claim."

The neoliberal political writer Mickey Kaus remarked: "Reconquista is a little—a little extreme. If you talk to people in Mexico, I'm told, if you get them drunk in a bar, they'll say we're taking it back, sorry. That's not an uncommon sentiment in Mexico, so why can't we take it seriously here?... This is like a Quebec problem if France was next door to Canada."

Other Hispanic rights leaders say that Reconquista is nothing more than a fringe movement. Nativo Lopez, president of the Mexican American Political Association in Los Angeles, when asked about the concept of Reconquista by a reporter, responded, "I can't believe you're bothering me with questions about this. You're not serious. I can't believe you're bothering with such a minuscule, fringe element that has no resonance with this populace."

Reconquista sentiments are often jocularly referred to by media for Mexicans, including a recent Absolut Vodka ad that generated significant controversy in the United States for printing of a map of prewar Mexico. Reconquista is a recurring theme in contemporary fiction and nonfiction, particularly among far-right authors.

The National Council of La Raza, the largest national Hispanic civil rights and advocacy organization in the United States, stated on its website that it "has never supported and does not endorse the notion of a Reconquista (the right of Mexico to reclaim land in the southwestern United States) or Aztlán."

A 2002 Zogby poll reported that 58% of Mexicans in Mexico believed that the southwestern United States rightfully belongs to Mexico.

Early 20th century
In 1915, the capture of Basilio Ramos, an alleged supporter of the Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta, in Brownsville, Texas, revealed the existence of the Plan of San Diego, whose goal is often interpreted to be reconquering the Southwestern United States to gain domestic support in Mexico for Huerta. However, other theories are that the plan, which included killing all white males at least 16 years old, had been created to push the US, eventually successfully, to support the rule of Venustiano Carranza, a major leader of the Mexican Revolution. Most evidence supports that the Plan of San Diego was by anarchists and intended for independence of only South Texas, not all of the Southwestern United States, for an anarchist political system.

In 1917, according to the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram, Germany, in exchange for Mexico joining it as an ally against the United States during World War I, was ready to assist Mexico to "reconquer" its lost territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. There is no evidence that the Mexican government ever seriously considered it. The telegram's disclosure promoted anti-Mexican sentiment and was a major factor in the US declaring war on Germany.

Modern
For Chicano nationalists in the 1960s, the term was not used, but many often felt that "Aztlán" should undergo cultural revival and expansion.

In the late 1990s to the early 2000s, as US census data showed that the population of Mexican Americans in the Southwestern United States had increased, and the term was popularized by contemporary intellectuals in Mexico, such as Carlos Fuentes, Elena Poniatowska, and President Vicente Fox, who spoke of Mexican immigrants maintaining their culture and Spanish language in the United States as they migrated in greater numbers to the area.

In March 2015, at the midst of the War in Ukraine, when the US was planning on supporting Ukraine to fight against Russia, Dukuvakha Abdurakhmanov, the speaker of the Chechen Parliament, threatened to arm Mexico against the United States and questioned the legal status of the territories of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming.

title: Reconquista (Mexico)


text:
Talk:The Monkey's Paw

Does Pet Sematary really belong here?
Under Notable versions it says: "A 1983 Stephen King novel, Pet Sematary, is a retelling of the story." But I'm not sure the source supports that. The source says "And then, if that family's two-year- old son were to fall victim to another passing truck. . . . The book would be a conscious retelling of W.W. Jacobs' "The Monkey's Paw," that enduring short story about parents who literally wish their son back from the dead. After King completed the first draft, the book [...] was put away." So: Having read the plot summary at Wikipedia here, it seems the novel may share some elements with, and/or have been inspired by "The Monkey's Paw", but the published result seems to stray very far from the narrative, enough that it cannot really be considered a version of the story. signed, Willondon (talk) 20:32, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) the reporting seems to be conjecture in Washington Post's voice, not King's
 * 2) it appears to refer to an initial draft, not the final novel
 * 3) it is set up as a hypothetical if, then the book would be a retelling...

What about Monkeypaw Productions?
According to https://www.avid.wiki/Monkeypaw_Productions, It was named after this tale. Chiagozie Elobuike (talk) 19:08, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Has a secondary source made note of this? DonIago (talk) 19:24, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Idk Chiagozie Elobuike (talk) 15:17, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Monkey's Paw


text:
User talk:Milfman

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title: User talk:Milfman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Berkshire Ambulance Service

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete (copyvio as well). Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:10, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Berkshire Ambulance Service
"range of services", "our area"—This is a vanity/advert. The population of the United Kingdom is approx. 60 million. Gazpacho 03:52, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Gazpacho. Hamster Sandwich 05:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I'm sure they do fine work but, nothing really encyclopedic about them. Dcarrano 12:36, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Completely agree with all above. Grpunkim 19:34, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * copyvio and so marked on article page. -Harmil 03:53, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Index of aesthetics articles

This is an alphabetical index of articles about aesthetics.

A - D
- A Mathematician's Apology - A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful - Abhinavagupta - Aesthetic atrophy - Aesthetic emotions - Aesthetic interpretation - Aesthetic Realism - Aesthetic realism (metaphysics) - Aesthetic relativism - Aestheticism - Aestheticization of politics - Aesthetics - Aesthetics of music - Affect (philosophy) - Albert Hofstadter - Aleksei Losev - Alexander Gerard - Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten - Alexander Nehamas - American Society for Aesthetics - Anandavardhana - André Malraux - Anti-art - Applied aesthetics - Architectural design values - Aristotle - Art - Art and morality - Art as Experience - Art criticism - Art for art's sake - Arthur Danto - Arthur Schopenhauer - Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics - Artistic inspiration - August Wilhelm Schlegel - Authenticity (philosophy) - Authorial intent - Avant-garde - Avant-Garde and Kitsch - Axiology - Beauty - Béla Balázs - Benedetto Croce - Bernhard Alexander - British Society of Aesthetics - Calvin Seerveld - Camp (style) - Carl Dahlhaus - Catharsis - Christopher Janaway - Classicism - Classificatory disputes about art - Clive Bell - Comedy - Communication aesthetics - Conceptual art - Creativity - Critique of Judgment - Cultural sensibility - David Hume - David Prall - The Death of the Author - Decadence - Depiction - Dewitt H. Parker - Didacticism - Disgust - Distancing effect - Ecstasy (emotion) - Ecstasy (philosophy) - Edmund Burke - Eduard Hanslick - Edward Bullough - Either/Or - Elegance - Eli Siegel - Encyclopedia of Aesthetics - Entertainment - Eroticism - Essentialism - Essentially contested concept

F - L
- Fact-value distinction - Ferdinand Gotthelf Hand - Ferruccio Busoni - Fine art - Form follows function - Formalism (art) - Formalism (philosophy) - Found object - Four Dissertations - Francesco de Sanctis - Francis Hutcheson (philosopher) - François Hemsterhuis - Frank Sibley (philosopher) - Friedrich Nietzsche - Friedrich Schiller - Friedrich Schlegel - Georg Anton Friedrich Ast - Georg Brandes - Georg Friedrich Meier - Georg Mehlis - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - George Dickie (philosopher) - George Lansing Raymond - George Santayana - Georges Bataille - Gotthold Ephraim Lessing - Gregory Currie - Grotesque body - Guy Sircello - Heinrich Gustav Hotho - Hermann Theodor Hettner - Hippias Major - Historicism - History of aesthetics - Humour - Iki (aesthetic ideal) - Immanuel Kant - Inherently funny word - International Association of Empirical Aesthetics - Irrealism (philosophy) - Jacques Derrida - Jacques Maritain - Jan Mukařovský - Japanese aesthetics - Jean-Baptiste Dubos - Jean-François Lyotard - Jerrold Levinson - Jo-ha-kyū - Johann Friedrich Herbart - Johann Gottfried Herder - John Dewey - John Hospers - José María Valverde - Joseph Margolis - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism - Józef Kremer - Judgement - Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger - Kendall Walton - Kitsch - Kunstreligion - Lectures on Aesthetics - Leo Tolstoy - Leonid Stolovich - Life imitating art - Line of beauty - List of aestheticians - List of art movements - List of culturally linked qualities of music - List of French artistic movements - List of Stuckist artists - Literary criticism - Liu Xie

M - R
- Madeleine Doran - Magnificence (History of ideas) - Martin Foss - Martin Heidegger - Marxist aesthetics - Masakazu Nakai - Mathematical beauty - Maurice Blanchot - Max Black - Metaphor in philosophy - Michael Sprinker - Mikhail Bakhtin - Milan Damnjanović (philosopher) - Mimesis - Miyabi - Modernism - Monroe Beardsley - Morris Weitz - Music - Musicology - Naivety - Nelson Goodman - Neo-romanticism - Neuroesthetics - Noël Carroll - Notes on "Camp" - Novalis - Objectivism - Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime - On the Genealogy of Morality - On the Sublime - Oscar Wilde - Outline of aesthetics - Paragone - Paul de Man - Perception - Performing arts - Philistinism - Philosophy and Literature (journal) - Philosophy and literature - Philosophy in a New Key - Philosophy of design - Philosophy of film - Philosophy of music - Phonaesthetics - Poetics - Poetics (Aristotle) - Poetry - Poshlost - Psychical distance - R. G. Collingwood - Rachida Triki - Rasa (aesthetics) - Relational Art - René Huyghe - Representation (arts) - Rhetoric (Aristotle) - Rhyme - Richard Meltzer - Richard Shusterman - Richard Wollheim - Roger de Piles - Roger North (17th century) - Roger Scruton - Roland Barthes - Roman Ingarden - Romanticism - Ronald Paulson - Rotation method - Rudolf Arnheim

S - Z
- Semiotics - Sexual attraction - Sexual selection - Sexual selection in humans - Shibui - Social realism - Socialist realism - Sociological art - Sociology of art - Sophistication - Søren Kierkegaard - Sound poetry - Sound symbolism - Stanley Cavell - Stephen Pepper - Style (visual arts) - Sublime (philosophy) - Susanne Langer - Symbolism (arts) - Symposium (Plato) - Taruho Inagaki - Tasos Zembylas - Taste (sociology) - The Aesthetic Dimension - The Analysis of Beauty - The Art Movements - The arts and politics - The Book of Tea - The Critic as Artist - The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons - The medium is the message - The Origin of the Work of Art - The Romantic Manifesto - The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction - Theodor Lipps - Theodor Mundt - Theodor W. Adorno - Theological aesthetics - Theories of humor - Thomas Munro - Thomas Reid - Tomonobu Imamichi - Tudor Vianu - Umberto Eco - Vernon Lee - Victor Cousin - Virgil Aldrich - Vissarion Belinsky - Visual literacy - Visual rhetoric - Vulgarity - Wabi-sabi - Walter Benjamin - Walter Pater - Warren Shibles - What Is Art? - Wiener Moderne - William Kurtz Wimsatt, Jr. - Władysław Tatarkiewicz - Wolfgang Fritz Haug - Work of art - Xiaozi - Yabo - Yiannis Psychopedis - Yusuf Balasaghuni - Zeami Motokiyo

title: Index of aesthetics articles