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User talk:Kracker

Welcome!

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AfD nomination of Geeks in Space
I have nominated Geeks in Space, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Geeks in Space. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Rtphokie (talk) 13:17, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Geeks in Space

The article Geeks in Space has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Non-notable little web cast from Slashdot's early days. No sources and there has not been any episodes in ten years. meshach (talk) 01:45, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. meshach (talk) 01:45, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Geeks in Space for deletion
The article Geeks in Space is being discussed concerning whether it is suitable for inclusion as an article according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Geeks in Space until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. meshach (talk) 18:59, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kracker


text: User talk:65.54.154.118

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:65.54.154.118


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tyler Garrett

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 08:09, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Tyler Garrett
Non-notable, vanity. Denni ☯ 03:29, 2005 July 16 (UTC)

 * Vanity-Excessive pride in one's appearance or accomplishments. I did not write this article about myself. But I do agree that you may delete it because it is not very notable. I must state this again it was not vanity.--User:Lizardking85
 * "Vanity" has a special meaning in the context of these discussions -- WP:VAIN. Xoloz 03:55, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Even the author says it's not notable. --malathion talk 04:46, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity doesn't quite have the dictionary meaning in this context; WP:VAIN. But of course, delete, no claim to notability.  Dcarrano 22:13, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Pavel Vozenilek 22:58, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity (in the Wiki context). --Etacar11 02:56, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Xoloz 03:55, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Would someone like to explain in what context Vanity is supposed to have? By the way how long does it take for an article to be deleted and as an author would I be able to delete it myself? (Unsigned comment by Lizardking85)
 * Follow the link to WP:VAIN to understand what we mean. Only admins can delete articles. Once an article goes to vfd, it is debated for at least 5 days, sometimes longer. --Etacar11 19:34, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I got what you mean now. --Lizardking85
 * Speedy, blanked by originator. Dcarrano 00:00, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 02:45, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity page.--GrandCru 04:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Quiettype

(See Wikibooks:User:Quiettype)

title: User:Quiettype


text:
Talk:Hulk (Ultimate Marvel character)

Merger
Please don't merge this...the characters are distinctly different, and the reference links make merging unnecessary.

 * I agree don't merge this.--GingerM 15:27, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * While I know nothing more than what I've read here, they seem to be different characters; or at least, different enough to merit separate pages.

I agree -- please don't merge. the point of the "Ultimate" versions of Marvel characters (like Ultimate X-Men and Ultimate Spider-Man as well) is that they have newly re-imagined the origins and histories of classic (read: old) characters. Therefore, to fold (classic) Hulk and Ultimate Hulk together would be to destroy the separate continuity that is the whole point of the Ultimate story-lines. Ayed 13:55, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

This topic is not up for discussion here, as it is following a consensus made at Wikiproject Comics. To discuss, please read and comment here at the disscussion page. --Jamdav86 15:19, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Then I'll remove the merger tag :) rst20xx 14:28, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Wolverine being ripped in half

 * (throwing the notion that his skeleton is indesstructable out the window),

wrong! that was his joints that still with enough force can be pulled out if his joints were laced with adamantium he could not move —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)

 * I agree it is ludicrous to suggest that because he was torn apart at the joints that it means the adimantium is any less strong.

There's no evidence to really suggest that Adamantium, in the Ultimate Marvel Universe, has the same durability as Adamantium in the mainstream Marvel Universe. They're two seperate realities, so the writers can pretty much do whatever they wish to do, even ignore decades of accepted canon because they have a whole new universe to tinker with. As to Adamantium's durability in the UMU, there's something that we've overlooked or forgotten about. During the first apppearance of Ultimate Sabretooth, it was revealed that one of the four Adamantium claws implanted in his left forearm was broken. In the section of the Sabretooth article devoted to the Ultimate Marvel incarnation, you can see the broken claw clearly if you click on the picture. Now, how it was broken is something that's never been revealed, or really even been brought up as far as I know, but it's broken so these incidents have to raise at least some questions reguarding the Adamantium in the UMU as being "unbreakable". Odin's Beard

I'm not trying to keep this whole debate raging, but we've got to stop adding our own personal opinions and calling them facts. We don't know the story behind Wolverine being ripped in half. I agree that it probably has something to do with his joints but that's just a guess, just speculation at this point. Until, or unless, Marvel publishes something that explains it, then we have to leave it out. Odin's Beard 23:43, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * On a separate note it should be stated that ultimate Hulk is far weaker than normal Hulk. According to wizard magazine he can only lift about 18 tons where normal Hulk lifts well over 100 tons.

According to the Marvel Handbooks, the Ultimate Hulk is capable of lifting well in excess of 100 tons and his strength does increase with rage. I remember reading the article in Wizard Magazine, but I don't agree with nor accept it. If anyone has ever seen the Ultimate Hulk in any of his comic appearances, he's demonstrated that he can certainly lift more than 18 tons. Odin's Beard

Also someone wrote "Ultimate Marvel Team-Up, written by Brian Michael Bendis and drawn by Phil Hester, it is generally considered to be out of continuity due to conflicting designs and characters."

This needs to be changed because in the second issue of the ultimates the incident that occurred in the Ultimate Marvel Team-Up issues is shown in flashbacks during Banners conversation with Nick Fury. Later the hulk is gray and his personality is different because banner mixed some of Captain Americas blood in the hulk serum. So really the conflicting characters is a result of events in the story.

Leon Evelake 06:08, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Just as a side note, in regards to Hulk pulling Wolverine apart: IMO, it has to be an issue with his joints. In the first issue of Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk, Betty Ross mentions to Wolverine that she's curious about his joints in relation to his skeleton. Also, I would think that if Wolverine's soft tissues (ligaments, tendons, etc.) had been infused with adamantium, then they would become as rigid as his bones, which would make motion impossible. Thus, it seems likely that when Wolverine was torn in two, his spine separated between two vertebrae. Just a thought. Willbyr (talk | contribs) 17:13, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Still speculation. Understandable, but speculation. --Newt ΨΦ 17:46, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Clarify Sentence
Banner transformed into a grey-skinned monster that expressed Banner's dark side, his id unleashed.
 * The last part "id unleashed" doesn't make a whole lot of sense to me, can someone at least explain this to me?Kidney Stone 03:07, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I just linked id, that should clarify it enough, no? --Rocketgoat 03:24, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Hulk and Ultimate Hulk
These are different pages, but they make almost no seperate mention of each other. Is the Ultimate Hulk stronger than the "regular" Hulk, or are they just existing in different iterations..? -ZeroTalk 14:55, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Ignore the Wizard Magazine listing on the Ultimate Hulk's strength, it's rubbish. According to the new Marvel Handbooks, the Ultimate Hulk is capable of lifting well over 100 tons just as the mainstream Marvel Universe's Hulk. His strength also increases as he becomes angrier. The Ultimate Hulk hasn't really been around long enough to really compare his strength with the mainstream Hulk. Some people tend to think the Ultimate Hulk might be more powerful due to the whole controversy surrounding Adamantium within the Ultimate Marvel Universe. Adamantium simply may not be as indestructible in the Ultimate Universe as it is in the mainstream Marvel Universe. Since it's a different universe and reality, writers can pretty much do whatever they want to with any character and any prescedent that's been accepted within the mainstream Marvel Universe, including Adamantium's durability. But, I've gone off the subject just a bit. As far as how strong Ultimate Hulk is, there's no reason to believe that he doesn't possess the same potential for practically limitless strength. Odin's Beard

Vegetarian?
I was reading up on the whole "Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk" scenario and was interested by a certain point. It claims that Banner eats tofurkey and, at one time, transforms after being insulted by a superior. It made me wonder as to whether the Banner personality is a true vegetarian, in contrast to his "cannibal" counterpart. --AWF
 * That's quite possible. It might be that when Banner learned the Hulk was a cannibal, he became a vegetarian. Have to wait until it's expaned by someone to officially add it though. JQF 00:49, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

He was a vegetarian before he became Hulk, in The Ultimates, after the Hulk kills and eats Herr Kleiser, Bruce states in disgust that he still feels the taste of blood at the back of his throat and he had been a vegetarian for 15 years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.21.173.189 (talk) 22:21, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

Huh?
"The Hulk proceeded to track down and pursue Betty Ross, the object of Bruce Banner's affection who, because of relationship problems with Banner, was courting the favor of Hollywood film star Freddie Prinze, Jr. that night..."

Source, anyone? 64.241.230.3 17:22, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I remember the names and situations. I think it's in the first arc of the Ultimates, before the Chitauri.  I cannot remember the specific issue though.  That's unnecessarily detailed anyway. --Newt ΨΦ 17:48, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Cannabalism
I removed the inclusion of the Ultimate Hulk eating Kleiser as an example of cannabalism because Kleiser wasn't a human being. Cannabalism means you eat members of your own species. --Darin Wagner 17:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hulk (Ultimate Marvel character)


text: User talk:71.65.207.105

title: User talk:71.65.207.105


text:
Talk:Dirge

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. For details, please see Votes for deletion/Dirge. -- BD2412 talk 03:31, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

"Notable" dirges
Who says they're notable? This section probably needs to be removed. I don't think Cradle of Filth should top the list even if it stays... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.131.82.38 (talk) 19:14, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Really, the notable dirges need to be fixed. Many of these are not remotely notable and some are not even dirges. The whole article could be larger. Gingermint (talk) 21:32, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Macabre by Dir en Grey was more metal than dirge. Dirges tend to be downbeat and slow, and kinda dreary. This had heavy drumbeat from the start. 208.92.225.223 (talk) 05:06, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

somber
Somber is a sad feeling in a persons body that can force them to cry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 214.3.92.114 (talk) 13:46, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

"Other"
What rubbish was that "Other" paragraph? "The words dirge and dirigible both come from the verb "to direct" -- so the Hindenburg disaster ties these two words together"??

Well, whenever a movie director dies and there's songs on his/her funeral (or alternatively, director flies in a zeppelin), then also two words with the same root appear together. Even better, start singing *directly* after s/he dies, then we have THREE.

Or was this the start of WikiProject "order all by its root"? A bit ambitious, and difficult for words combining two or more root concepts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.99.246.115 (talk) 14:51, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dirge


text:
Rat-bite fever

Rat-bite fever (RBF) is an acute, febrile human illness caused by bacteria transmitted by rodents, in most cases, which is passed from rodent to human by the rodent's urine or mucous secretions. Alternative names for rat-bite fever include streptobacillary fever, streptobacillosis, spirillary fever, bogger, and epidemic arthritic erythema. It is a rare disease spread by infected rodents and caused by two specific types of bacteria:
 * 1) Streptobacillus moniliformis, the only reported bacteria that causes RBF in North America (streptobacillary RBF)
 * 2) Spirillum minus, common in Asia (spirillary RBF, also known as sodoku). Most cases occur in Japan, but specific strains of the disease are present in the United States, Europe, Australia, and Africa.

Some cases are diagnosed after patients were exposed to the urine or bodily secretions of an infected animal. These secretions can come from the mouth, nose, or eyes of the rodent. The majority of cases are due to the animal's bite. It can also be transmitted through food or water contaminated with rat feces or urine. Other animals can be infected with this disease, including weasels, gerbils, and squirrels. Household pets such as dogs or cats exposed to these animals can also carry the disease and infect humans. If a person is bitten by a rodent, it is important to quickly wash and cleanse the wound area thoroughly with antiseptic solution to reduce the risk of infection.

Symptoms and signs
Symptoms are different for every person depending on the type of rat-bite fever with which the person is infected. Both spirillary and streptobacillary rat-bite fever have a few individual symptoms, although most symptoms are shared. Streptobacillosis is most commonly found in the United States and spirillary rat-bite fever is generally diagnosed in Africa. Rat-bite symptoms are visually seen in most cases and include inflammation around the open sore. A rash can also spread around the area and appear red or purple. Other symptoms associated with streptobacillary rat-bite fever include chills, fever, vomiting, headaches, and muscle aches. Joints can also become painfully swollen and pain can be experienced in the back. Skin irritations such as ulcers or inflammation can develop on the hands and feet. Wounds heal slowly, so symptoms possibly come and go over the course of a few months.

Symptoms associated with spirillary rat-bite fever include issues with the lymph nodes, which often swell or become inflamed as a reaction to the infection. The most common locations of lymph node swelling are in the neck, groin, and underarm. Symptoms generally appear within two to ten days of exposure to the infected animal. It begins with the fever and progresses to the rash on the hands and feet within two to four days. The rash appears all over the body with this form but rarely causes joint pain.

Causes
Two types of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria can cause the infection.

Spirillosis
Rat-bite fever transmitted by the Gram-negative coiled rod Spirillum minus (also known as Spirillum minor) is rarer, and is found most often in Asia. In Japan, the disease is called sodoku. Symptoms do not manifest for two to four weeks after exposure to the organism, and the wound through which it entered exhibits slow healing and marked inflammation. The fever lasts longer and is recurring, for months in some cases. Rectal pain and gastrointestinal symptoms are less severe or are absent. Penicillin is the most common treatment.

Streptobacillosis
The streptobacillosis form of rat-bite fever is known by the alternative names Haverhill fever and epidemic arthritic erythema. It is a severe disease caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis, transmitted either by rat bite or ingestion of contaminated products (Haverhill fever). After an incubation period of 2–10 days, Haverhill fever begins with high prostrating fevers, rigors (shivering), headache, and polyarthralgia (joint pain). Soon, an exanthem (widespread rash) appears, either maculopapular (flat red with bumps) or petechial (red or purple spots) and arthritis of large joints can be seen. The organism can be cultivated in blood or articular fluid. The disease can be fatal if untreated in 20% of cases due to malignant endocarditis, meningoencephalitis, or septic shock. Treatment is with penicillin, tetracycline, or doxycycline.

Diagnosis
This condition is diagnosed by detecting the bacteria in skin, blood, joint fluid, or lymph nodes. Blood antibody tests may also be used. To get a proper diagnosis for rat-bite fever, different tests are run depending on the symptoms being experienced.

To diagnosis streptobacillary rat-bite fever, blood or joint fluid is extracted and the organisms living in it are cultured. Diagnosis for spirillary rat bite fever is by direct visualization or culture of spirilla from blood smears or tissue from lesions or lymph nodes.

Prevention
Eliminating exposure is very important when it comes to disease prevention. When handling rodents or cleaning areas where rodents have been, contact between hand and mouth should be avoided. Hands and face should be washed after contact and any scratches both cleaned and antiseptics applied. The effect of chemoprophylaxis following rodent bites or scratches on the disease is unknown. No vaccines are available for these diseases. Improved conditions to minimize rodent contact with humans are the best preventive measures. Animal handlers, laboratory workers, and sanitation and sewer workers must take special precautions against exposure. Wild rodents, dead or alive, should not be touched and pets must not be allowed to ingest rodents. Those living in the inner cities where overcrowding and poor sanitation cause rodent problems are at risk from the disease. Half of all cases reported are children under 12 living in these conditions.

Treatment
Treatment with antibiotics is the same for both types of infection. The condition responds to penicillin, and where allergies to it occur, erythromycin or tetracyclines are used.

Prognosis
When proper treatment is provided for patients with rat-bite fever, the prognosis is positive. Without treatment, the infection usually resolves on its own, although it may take up to a year to do so. A particular strain of rat-bite fever in the United States can progress and cause serious complications that can be potentially fatal. Before antibiotics were used, many cases resulted in death. If left untreated, streptobacillary rat-bite fever can result in infection in the lining of the heart, covering over the spinal cord and brain, or in the lungs. Any tissue or organ throughout the body may develop an abscess.

Epidemiology
Rat-bite fever (RBF) is a zoonotic disease. It can be directly transmitted by rats, gerbils, and mice (the vectors) to humans by either a bite or scratch or it can be passed from rodent to rodent. The causative bacterial agent of RBF has also been observed in squirrels, ferrets, dogs, and pigs. The most common reservoir of the disease is rats because nearly all domestic and wild rats are colonized by the causative bacterial agent, Streptobacillus moniliformis. Most notably, the Black rat (Rattus rattus) and the Norwegian rat (Rattus norvegicus) are recognized as potential reservoirs due to their common use as laboratory animals or kept as pets. The bacteria Streptobacillus moniliformis is found in the rat's upper respiratory tract. Most rats harbor the disease asymptomatically, and signs and symptoms rarely develop. It is estimated that 1 in 10 bites from a rat will result in developing RBF. A person is also at risk of acquiring the bacteria through touching contaminated surfaces with an open wound or mucous membrane or ingestion of contaminated water or food by rodent feces, though this is referred to as Haverhill Fever (epidemic arthritic erythema). RBF is not a contagious disease. That is, it cannot be transferred directly from person to person.

Researchers are challenged in understanding the prevalence of RBF. One factor that limits the known number of cases of RBF in the United States is that it is not a reportable disease there. RBF is classified as a notifiable disease, which means it is required by the state to be reported, however, the state is not mandated to provide that information to the United States Centers for Disease Control. Identification of RBF is also hindered due to the presence of two different etiological bacterial agents, Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus. RBF caused by ''Sp. minus is more commonly found in Asia and is termed Sodoku, whereas St. moniliformis'' is found more often in the United States and in the Western Hemisphere. Although cases of RBF have been reported all over the world, the majority of cases that have been documented are caused by St. moniliformis primarily in the United States, where approximately 200 cases have been identified and reported. Due to increasing population density, this illness is being seen more frequently, as humans have increased their contact with animals and the zoonotic diseases they carry. Most cases of the disease have been reported from densely populated regions, such as big cities. The populations at risk have broadened due to the fact that domestic rats have become a common household pet. In the United States it is estimated that children five years and younger are the most at risk, receiving 50% of the total exposure, followed by laboratory personnel and then pet store employees. Other groups at increased risk are people over 65 years old, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women.

Symptoms of RBF include sudden high temperature fevers with rigors, vomiting, headaches, painful joints/arthritis. A red, bumpy rash develops in about 75% of subjects. Symptoms of RBF can develop between three days and three weeks after exposure. While symptoms differ between Streptobacillary and Spirillary RBF, both types exhibit an incubation period before symptoms manifest. Due to its symptoms, RBF is often misdiagnosed by clinicians, leading to lingering symptoms and worsening conditions in patients; left untreated the mortality rate (death rate) of RBF is 13%. Even when treated, RBF can lead to migratory polyarthralgia, persistent rash, and fatigue which can persist for weeks to years after initial infection and treatment.

title: Rat-bite fever


text:
Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church

The Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church (Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche, abbreviated SELK) is a confessional Lutheran church body of Germany. It is a member of the European Lutheran Conference and of the International Lutheran Council (ILC) (of which the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod of North America is also a member). The SELK has about 33,000 members in 174 congregations. The seat of SELK is in Hanover.

History
In 1817, King Frederick William III of Prussia ordered the Lutheran and Reformed churches in his territory to unite, forming the Evangelical Church of the Prussian Union, a predecessor to today's Union of Evangelical Churches. As the uniting of Lutheran and Reformed Christians in Germany proceeded, some Lutheran groups dissented and formed independent churches, especially in Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, and Hesse. These Lutherans held that Reformed doctrine and Lutheran doctrine are contradictory on many points (especially on the nature of the Real Presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper), and that such doctrinal differences precluded altar fellowship. So in the 1820s and 1830s Lutherans in Prussia and their congregations formed a new Lutheran church, recognised by the king in 1845 as the Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Preußen (Evangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia). It was seated in Breslau and presided over by the Oberkirchenkollegium (Supreme Church Collegial Body).

The confessional Lutherans were persecuted during the first half of 19th century by the state. Many of them were not allowed to hold church services or have their children baptized or confirmed according to the liturgy of the Lutheran Church. In some areas of Germany, it took decades until the Confessional Lutherans were granted religious freedom.

In 1972, most of the Confessional Lutheran Church bodies in West Germany united to form the SELK. In 1991, the East German Evangelisch-Lutherische (altlutherische) Kirche (the Evangelical-Lutheran (Old-Lutheran) Church) joined the SELK.

Basics

The SELK bases its teaching on the Bible, consisting of the Old and New Testaments, which it confesses to be God's inerrant and infallible Word. The specific doctrines taught in the SELK are contained in the Book of Concord, to which SELK pastors profess a "quia" subscription, meaning that they subscribe to them, "quia" (because) they correspond to the Bible. These Confessions are:

 * The Apostles' Creed
 * The Nicene Creed
 * The Athanasian Creed
 * The Augsburg Confession (1530)
 * The Apology of the Augsburg Confession
 * The Smalcald Articles
 * The Small Catechism of Dr. Martin Luther
 * The Large Catechism of Dr. Martin Luther
 * The Formula of Concord

The SELK has declined to join the Lutheran World Federation, viewing that body as theologically too liberal. Nevertheless, the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany), formerly in communion with the SELK, suspended relations in 1987 over perceived doctrinal laxity within SELK.

The SELK does not ordain women as pastors, and is strictly against the blessing of gay couples. This is in contrast to the German mainline Protestant churches, which do ordain women to ministry and allow the blessing of gay couples. The mainline Protestant churches (about 25 million members) are organized as the Protestant Church in Germany (Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, EKD).

Church structure
The bishop of the SELK is elected by the synod. The current bishop is Hans-Jörg Voigt. The main office of the SELK is in Hannover and is managed by the executive dean Michael Schätzel. The SELK is divided in four main districts, with a provost heading each one. These four districts are divided again in sub-districts, each in turn led by a superintendent.

 * North district: Provost Dr. Daniel Schmidt
 * Sub-districts: Lower Saxony East and Lower Saxony South
 * East district: Provost Gert Kelter
 * Sub-districts: Berlin-Brandenburg, Saxony-Thuringia, and Lausitz
 * West district: Provost Burkhard Kurz
 * Sub-districts: Rhineland-Westphalia and Lower Saxony West
 * South district: Provost Manfred Holst
 * Sub-districts: Hesse North, Hesse South, and South Germany

Bishops since 1972

 * 1972–1985: Most Reverend Bishop Dr. theol. Gerhard Rost, LL.D.
 * 1985–1997: Most Reverend Bishop Dr. theol. Jobst Schöne, D.D.
 * 1997–2006: Most Reverend Bishop Dr. theol. Diethardt Roth
 * 2006–present: Most Reverend Bishop Hans-Jörg Voigt, D.D.

Mission
The mission outreach of SELK is led by its mission society in Bleckmar in Lower Saxony near Celle, called Lutherische Kirchenmission (Bleckmarer Mission) e. V. It has missionaries and projects in South-Africa, Botswana, Germany, and Brazil.

Education
The theological seminary is in Oberursel, near Frankurt/Main. All SELK pastors take part of their studies there. The professors are pastors of SELK. The seminary is accredited by the German state.

Other church institutions
For different aspects of church life the SELK has a number of other institutions, such as an institution for youth, church music, worship service for children, a liturgy commission, and a commission for church education.

Fellowship
The SELK has full communion and fellowship with several Lutheran churches that have the same teaching and Lutheran doctrine, for example:

 * 1) Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
 * 2) Lutheran Church – Canada
 * 3) Free Evangelical-Lutheran Synod in South Africa
 * 4) Evangelical Lutheran Church of England
 * 5) Lutheran Church in Southern Africa
 * 6) The Mission province in Sweden

Partnership
The SELK has a contract about partnership relations with several Lutheran churches in Eastern Europe:

 * Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church of Lithuania

title: Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church


text:
Talk:Deadly Venoms

Untitled
i was just wondering if anyone knows wher the name comes from? i figured they probeby took it from "5 deadly venoms" a kung fu movie from the 70s. if this is the case, someone might wanna add it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.248.226.79 (talk) 18:11, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. For details, please see Votes for deletion/Deadly Venoms. -- BD2412 talk 03:33, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:09, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Deadly Venoms.jpg

title: Talk:Deadly Venoms


text:
Running with Scissors (memoir)

Running with Scissors is a 2002 memoir by American writer Augusten Burroughs. The book tells the story of Burroughs's bizarre childhood life after his mother, a chain-smoking aspiring poet, sent him to live with her psychiatrist. Running with Scissors spent eight weeks on the New York Times bestseller list.

Plot summary
Running with Scissors covers the period of Burroughs' adolescent years, beginning at age 12 after a brief overview of his life as a child. Burroughs spends his early childhood in a clean and orderly home, obsessing over his clothes, hair, accessories, and having great potential, with his parents constantly fighting in the background.

When his parents separate and his mother begins to second-guess her sexuality, Burroughs is sent to live with his mother's psychiatrist, Dr. Finch, who lives in a rundown Victorian house in Northampton, Massachusetts. Finch lives with his "legal" wife, Agnes, as well as his two biological and one adopted children and some of his own patients. Rules are practically nonexistent and children of all ages do whatever they please, such as having sex, smoking cigarettes and cannabis, and rebelling against authority figures. Finch feels that, at age 13, children should be in charge of their own lives. However, the dysfunctional issues that occur in the Finch family are outdone by the psychotic episodes frequently experienced by Burroughs' mother.

The Finch house is a parallel universe to the home Burroughs came from. It is filthy, with cockroaches roaming around the uncleaned dishes, Christmas trees left up year-round, stairs up which Burroughs is afraid to walk because he thinks that they will collapse under him, and nothing off limits. Eventually, Finch comes to believe that God is communicating with him through his feces and develops a form of divination to try and decipher these messages. When Hope, Finch's second oldest daughter, believes her cat is dying, she keeps it in a laundry basket for four days until it dies: "Hope said Freud died of kitty leukemia and old age, I thought it was because Freud was stuck under a laundry basket with no food or water for 4 days."

Burroughs' mother is shown as emotionally drained, excessive, self-centered, and ultimately incapable of being a parent. She has a sexual relationship with a local minister's wife, which is revealed to Burroughs when he accidentally walks in on them when he skips school. When this relationship ends, Burroughs' mother starts another with an affluent African-American woman. This relationship is tumultuous and unstable. At one point, they have a mental patient named Cesar live at their house after another of his mother's breakdowns as his "dad". Cesar attempts to rape Burroughs while he is sleeping, but is unsuccessful (when Cesar goes to live with the Finches later in the book, he pays one of the Finches' daughters for sex and is then forced from the home). His mother's biggest psychotic episode happens when she and Dorothy (her partner) move everything out of their house and attack Burroughs when he tries to intervene. This later ends with a "road trip" and events leading to Burroughs' mother being restrained on a bed.

Burroughs tells Dr. Finch's adopted 33-year-old son, Neil Bookman, that he is gay. From the age of 13 to 15, Burroughs has an intense and open sexual relationship with Bookman, which begins when Bookman forces the young boy to perform oral sex on him. Neither his mother nor any member of the Finch family is bothered by their relationship. Burroughs begins to enjoy exacting power over Bookman by threatening to charge him with statutory rape. Bookman is obsessed with the young boy, even though Burroughs has problems with their relationship (going in phases of needing the affection of Bookman to wanting to humiliate or get away from him) which only infatuates Bookman more. Bookman eventually leaves Northampton for New York City and is never heard from again by Burroughs or the Finches, even after they try everything in their power to find him.

Burroughs forms a close relationship with Finch's daughter, Natalie, who is one year older than he is, even though he dislikes her at the beginning of the book. They do everything together, from finding jobs to running behind a waterfall to demolishing the kitchen ceiling. They finally leave the Finch household together.

At the end of the book, when Burroughs is living in his own apartment with Natalie, he is asked to choose between his mother and Finch when she accuses the doctor of raping her in a motel to cure her of one of her psychotic episodes. He still considers Finch's family and his mother to be his family, and he cannot bring himself to choose sides, although he is fairly certain that Finch did rape his mother. Quoted from the book, Burroughs states: "So it came to this: Was I a turd-reading Finch? Or was I my crazy mother's son? In the end, I decided that I was neither."

Characters

 * Augusten Burroughs : The main character, son of Deirdre and Norman, was sent to live with his psychotic mother's psychiatrist, Dr. Finch, and his family at the age of 13 and is eventually signed off to the Finch family. He has mild obsessive compulsive tendencies. It is at the Finch house where he enters into a relationship with Neil, trying to live with the insane and dirty living conditions of the Finches while coping with his mother's mental condition. He has a close relationship with Natalie, Dr. Finch's youngest daughter. He has a passion for hair products, wanting to have his name on a line of hair products.
 * Deirdre Burroughs : Deirdre is the mother of Augusten and was married to Norman until their divorce. She is a mentally unstable poet, who, after her divorce, engages in a relationship with the local minister's wife. She allows Augusten to pretend to attempt suicide so he can be released from school. She has a relationship with a teenage girl after the minister's wife will not divorce her own husband.
 * Dr. Finch : The psychiatrist of Deirdre, father of Natalie and Hope, and "husband" of Agnes Finch. Although Agnes and Dr. Finch are technically married, Dr. Finch has multiple other relationships with various women, all of whom he calls his wife, saying that Agnes is only his "legal" wife and doesn't understand him. Dr. Finch takes Augusten in, and later legally adopts him, after Deirdre decides she cannot handle the emotional stress of mothering Augusten. Dr. Finch's psychiatric methods are highly unconventional; he unwittingly makes his patients worse instead of curing them by giving them unmarked medicines, using techniques that disturb them, and generally encouraging their unhealthy behavior.
 * Neil Bookman : The adopted son of Dr. Finch. Soon after Burroughs moves in with the Finches, Neil, who was 33, forms a sexual relationship with Burroughs, who was only 13. He becomes infatuated with and very protective of Burroughs, who rarely returns these feelings, but still maintains a relationship with him. His infatuation eventually turns to obsession and he constantly tells Burroughs he would die if Burroughs left him.
 * Natalie Finch : The youngest daughter of Dr. Finch and Agnes who is seen as wild, unruly, and promiscuous throughout the memoir, giving her first hand job at the age of 11. She is only one year older than Burroughs, with whom she eventually becomes great friends.
 * Norman Burroughs : The abusive and alcoholic husband of Deirdre and father of Augusten. His abusive, oppressive relationship with Deirdre is one of the main causes of her instability and Augusten's difficult life. When Augusten later tries to reach out to him, his phone calls are ignored, leading to further estrangement.
 * Agnes Finch : Mother of the Finch children and wife of Dr. Finch. Her role in the family is small, serving as more of a maid than a wife or mother. No one in the household shows her any respect and rarely even listen to her, telling her constantly to "shut up".
 * Hope Finch : The older sister to Natalie. She works as a receptionist in Dr. Finch's office and is the first person in the Finch family to befriend Burroughs.
 * Fern : The first female lover of Deirdre Burroughs. She is a minister's wife with children, and keeps her relationship with Deirdre a secret. The relationship ends when Fern refuses to leave her family.
 * Dorothy : A teenage, African-American former patient of Dr. Finch who becomes Deirdre's second female lover. Dorothy, who was also mentally unstable, encouraged Deirdre's erratic behavior, finding it exciting. She does everything from setting money on fire to putting broken glass in the bathtub.

Film adaptation
The film adaptation of Running with Scissors, directed by Ryan Murphy, released in 2006, stars Alec Baldwin, Annette Bening, Brian Cox, Joseph Fiennes, Evan Rachel Wood, Jill Clayburgh, Gwyneth Paltrow and Joseph Cross as Burroughs. The plot of the film is focused on the relationship between the mother and the son.

Legal case
In 2005, the family of Dr. Rodolph H. Turcotte (1919–2000) of Massachusetts filed suit against Burroughs and his publisher, alleging defamation of character and invasion of privacy. They stated that they were the basis for the Finch family portrayed in the book but that Burroughs had fabricated or exaggerated various descriptions of their activities.

The case was later settled with Sony Pictures Entertainment in October 2006, prior to the release of the film adaptation. Burroughs and his publisher, St. Martin's Press, settled with the Turcotte family in August 2007. The Turcottes were reportedly seeking damages of $2 million for invasion of privacy, defamation, and emotional distress; the Turcottes alleged Running with Scissors was largely fictional and written in a sensational manner. Burroughs defended his work as "entirely accurate", but agreed to call the work a "book" (instead of a "memoir") in the author's note, to alter the acknowledgments page in future editions to recognize the Turcotte family's conflicting memories of described events, and express regret for "any unintentional harm" to the Turcotte family. Burroughs felt vindicated by the settlement. "I'm not at all sorry that I wrote [the book]. And you know, the suit settled—it settled in my favor. I didn't change a word of the memoir, not one word of it. It's still a memoir, it's marketed as a memoir, they've agreed one hundred percent that it is a memoir."

Future printings of Running with Scissors will contain modified language in the Author's Note and Acknowledgments pages. Where the Acknowledgments page had read: "Additionally, I would like to thank each and every member of a certain Massachusetts family for taking me into their home and accepting me as one of their own," the following was substituted: "Additionally, I would like to thank the real-life members of the family portrayed in this book for taking me into their home and accepting me as one of their own. I recognize that their memories of the events described in this book are different than my own.  They are each fine, decent, and hard-working people.  The book was not intended to hurt the family.  Both my publisher and I regret any unintentional harm resulting from the publishing and marketing of Running with Scissors."

In addition, on the Author's Note page—but, as the family agreed, nowhere else—the word "book" replaced the word "memoir." The work is still described as a memoir on the cover, title page and elsewhere.

title: Running with Scissors (memoir)


text:
Peak meter

A peak meter is a type of measuring instrument that visually indicates the instantaneous level of an audio signal that is passing through it (a sound level meter). In sound reproduction, the meter, whether peak or not, is usually meant to correspond to the perceived loudness of a particular signal. The term peak is used to denote the meter's ability, regardless of the type of visual display, to indicate the highest output level at any instant.

A peak-reading electrical instrument or meter is one which measures the peak value of a waveform, rather than its mean value or RMS value.

As an example, when making audio recordings it is desirable to use a recording level that is just sufficient to reach the maximum capability of the recorder at the loudest sounds, regardless of the average sound level. A peak-reading meter is typically used to set the recording level.

Implementation
In modern audio equipment, peak meters are usually made up of a series of LEDs (small lights) that are placed in a vertical or horizontal bar and lit up sequentially as the signal increases. They typically have ranges of green, yellow, and red, to indicate when a signal is starting to overload.

A meter can be implemented with a classic moving needle device such as those on older analog equipment (similar in appearance in some ways to a pressure gauge on a bicycle pump), or by other means. Older equipment used actual moving parts instead of lights to indicate the audio level. Because of the mass of the moving parts and mechanics, the response time of these older meters could have been anywhere from a few milliseconds to a second or more. Thus, the meter might not ever accurately reflect the signal at every instant of time, but the constantly changing level, combined with the slower response time, led to more of an average indication.

By comparison, a peak meter is designed to respond so quickly that the meter display reacts in exact proportion to the voltage of the audio signal. This can be useful in many applications, but the human ear works much more like an average meter than a peak meter. The analog VU meters are actually closer to the human ear's perception of sound level because the response time was intentionally slow - around 300 milliseconds, and thus, many audio engineers and sound professionals prefer to use older analog style metering because it more accurately relates to what a human listener will experience in terms of relative loudness.

title: Peak meter


text:
Celebrity doll

A celebrity doll is a doll modeled after a celebrity.

Celebrity dolls have been in production for a very long time. In the 1840s, several famous ballerinas were featured as paper dolls. Also in the 19th century, various military heroes were portrayed as dolls or figures. With the advent of silent films, dolls of film stars were created. The John Bunny doll (a silent film star) was one of the first produced in 1914 by Louis Amberg & Sons. The first Charlie Chaplin doll was produced in 1915. The composition Baby Peggy doll was a huge success in 1923, also produced by the Amberg company. The Shirley Temple doll by Ideal was a phenomenon in the 1930s, and would go on to be one of the most successful celebrity dolls. First produced in 1934, millions of the composition Shirley dolls were produced (and, variations of the Shirley doll are being produced to this day, generally in porcelain or vinyl). After Shirley, companies like Alexander Doll Company and Ideal produced many different celebrity dolls, including Sonja Henie, Jane Withers and Deanna Durbin. Celebrity dolls still remain popular today, especially given the cult of celebrity that has developed in the 1980s-first decade of the 21st century. Because of the wide collecting audience for these dolls and their appeal as a cross-over collectible in many instances, some collectors also believe that the dolls have the possibility of appreciating in value in the future.

The best-selling celebrity dolls in history are the Spice Girls dolls, made in 1997, selling over 11 million. Other million selling dolls of recent years include the Britney Spears doll, made in 1999, the New Kids on the Block dolls (selling over 2 million) and the Christina Aguilera doll (selling over 3 million). Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen dolls were also popular from 1999 to 2004. Dolls of Lindsay Lohan, Hilary Duff and Destiny's Child were being made from 2005 to 2006. From 2007 to 2009, dolls based on characters in Disney Channel movies and TV series, such as High School Musical, Hannah Montana, The Cheetah Girls, Camp Rock and Wizards of Waverly Place were released. In the 2010s, dolls of Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj and Lady Gaga were made for charitable efforts.

Various celebrity dolls

 * A*Teens (Play Along, 2000)
 * Aaron Carter (Play Along, 2000)
 * Addison Rae (Bonkers Toys, 2022)
 * Alice Cooper (Mego, 2023)
 * Alice in Wonderland, Tim Burton (Tonner, 2010)
 * Aly & AJ (Huckleberry Toys, 2007)
 * Amelia Earhart (Mattel, 2018)
 * Anne Francis (as Honey West) (Gilbert, 1965)
 * Ashley Tisdale (Huckleberry Toys, 2008)
 * Audrey Hepburn (Mattel, 1998 and 2013)
 * Ashley Graham (Mattel, 2016)
 * Ava DuVernay (Mattel, 2018)
 * B*Witched (Yaboom Toys, 1999)
 * Baby Peggy (Louis Amberg & Sons)
 * Barbara Eden (Mattel)
 * Barbra Streisand (Mattel, 2009)
 * Bratz: The Movie (MGA Entertainment, 2007)
 * Beverly Hills, 90210 cast (Mattel, 1991)
 * Billie Eilish (Playmates Toys, 2020)
 * Bindi Irwin (Mattel, 2018)
 * Bob Hope (part of the Classic G.I. Joe line)
 * Boy George (1984)
 * Boyzone (Yaboom, 1999)
 * Brandy (Mattel, 1999)
 * Britney Spears (Yaboom Toys) (Play Along, 1999)
 * Brooke Shields (LJN Toys, 1982)
 * Bruce Lee (Mego, 2019)
 * Bryce Dallas Howard (Mattel, 2018)
 * BTS (Mattel, 2019)
 * Camp Rock cast (Play Along, 2008)
 * Captain & Tennille (Mego, 1977)
 * Carol Burnett (Mattel, 2008)
 * Cary Grant (World)
 * Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (Cache Sales, 2011 and Mattel, 2011)
 * The Cheetah Girls (Play Along, 2007)
 * Charisma Carpenter (Moore Action Collectibles)
 * Charles Lindbergh (American Character, 1927)
 * Charlie's Angels cast (Jakks Pacific, 2000)
 * Chloe Kim (Mattel, 2018)
 * Cher (Mego, 1976, 1977, 1978 and Mattel, 2000)
 * Chris Pratt, (Mattel, 2018)
 * Christie Brinkley (Matchbox, 1989)
 * Christina Aguilera (Yaboom Toys, 1999)
 * Clark Gable (Mattel)
 * Claudia Schiffer (Hasbro)
 * Cody Simpson (Wish Factory, 2011)
 * Cyndi Lauper (Mattel, 2010)
 * Daryl Dragon (Mego, 1977)
 * David Duchovny (Mattel)
 * Debbie Harry (Mattel, 2009)
 * Descendants cast (Hasbro, 2015)
 * Destiny's Child (Hasbro, 2001 and Mattel, 2005)
 * Diana Serra Cary (Louis Amberg & Sons, 1923)
 * Diana Ross (Mattel)
 * Dolly Parton (Mego, 1970s)
 * Donny Osmond (Mattel, 1976)
 * Doris Day (Mattel, 2011)
 * Dorothy Hamill (Ideal Toy Company, 1977)
 * Dream (Play Along, 2001)
 * Elizabeth Montgomery (Mattel)
 * Elizabeth Taylor (Mattel)
 * Elton John (Yaboom Toys, 1999)
 * Elvis Presley (Mattel, 1998, 2008 and 2009)
 * Evel Knievel (Ideal Toy Company, 1972)
 * Faith Hill (Mattel, 2011)
 * Farrah Fawcett (Mego, 1970s and Mattel, 2011)
 * Fay Wray (Mattel)
 * Fifth Harmony (Mattel, 2015)
 * Frank Sinatra (Mattel, 1998)
 * Fred Astaire (World Doll)
 * Frida Kahlo (Mattel, 2018)
 * Full House cast (Tiger, 1992)
 * Gabby Douglas (Mattel, 2017)
 * Gabriela Sabatini (The Great American Doll Company, 1995)
 * Gigi Hadid (Mattel, 2017)
 * Gillian Anderson (Mattel)
 * Girls Aloud (Mattel, 2005)
 * Goldie Hawn (Mattel, 2009)
 * Gone with the Wind (Mattel)
 * Guan Xiaotong (Mattel, 2018)
 * Princess Grace (Franklin Mint and Mattel)
 * Grease cast (Mattel)
 * Gwen Stefani (Huckleberry Toys, 2007)
 * H2O: Just Add Water cast (Playmates Toys, 2009)
 * Hairspray cast (Play Along, 2007)
 * Halle Berry (Mattel, 2005, 2009)
 * Hannah Montana cast (Play Along, 2007)
 * Harry Potter cast
 * Haylie Duff (Mattel, 2005)
 * Heidi Klum (Mattel, 2009)
 * Hélène Darroze (Mattel, 2018)
 * Hilary Duff (Playmates Toys, 2004 and Mattel, 2005)
 * HiHi Puffy AmiYumi (Mattel, 2004)
 * High School Musical cast (Mattel, 2007)
 * Honor Blackman (Mattel, 2009)
 * Ibtihaj Muhammad (Mattel, 2017)
 * Iris Apfel (Mattel, 2018)
 * iCarly cast (Playmates Toys, 2009)
 * Jackie Evancho (The Bridge Direct, 2011)
 * James Bond (Mattel, 2002)
 * James Dean (Mattel)
 * Jane Seymour (Mattel, 2010)
 * Jennifer Beals (Mattel)
 * Jennifer Lopez (Mattel, 2013)
 * Jimi Hendrix (Mego, 2018)
 * Jimmy Osmond (Mattel, 1978)
 * Joan Collins (Mattel, 2010)
 * Joan Jett (Mattel, 2009)
 * John Travolta (Chemtoy, 1977)
 * Johnny Depp (Mattel, 2011)
 * JoJo Siwa (Just Play, 2020)
 * Josie and the Pussycats (Jakks Pacific, 2001)
 * Julie Andrews (Mattel)
 * Justin Bieber (The Bridge Direct, 2010)
 * Karen Mulder (Hasbro)
 * Kate Middleton (Ashton Drake)
 * Kate Winslet (Mattel)
 * Katherine Johnson (Mattel, 2018)
 * Kathryn Grayson (American Character, late 1940s)
 * Katy Perry (Mattel)
 * Kimora Lee Simmons (Mattel, 2007)
 * KISS
 * Kylie Jenner, part of the Bratz line. (MGA Entertainment, 2023)
 * Kylie Minogue (Jakks Pacific, 2004)
 * Lady Gaga (as Zomby Gaga, part of the Monster High line - Mattel, 2016)
 * Laurie Hernandez (Mattel, 2018)
 * LeAnn Rimes (Mattel, 2005)
 * Linda Evans (Mattel, 2010)
 * Lindsay Lohan, part of the My Scene line. (Mattel, 2005)
 * Little Mix (Vivid, 2012)
 * Lucille Ball (American Character, 1952; Mattel)
 * Mad Men cast (Mattel, 2010)
 * Madonna
 * Mandy Moore (Play Along, 2000)
 * Marie Osmond (Mattel, 1976 and Charisma, 2010)
 * Marilyn Manson
 * Marilyn Monroe (Mattel)
 * Marlene Dietrich (The Great American Doll Company)
 * Martina McBride (Mattel, 2005)
 * Martyna Wojciechowska (Mattel, 2018)
 * Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen (Mattel, 1999)
 * Master P
 * Maud Adams (Mattel, 2010)
 * MC Hammer (Mattel, 1990)
 * Melissa Joan Hart (Hasbro)
 * Menudo (1983)
 * Michael Jackson
 * Mike Tyson (Storm Toys)
 * Misty Copeland (Mattel, 2016)
 * Muhammad Ali (Mego, 1976)
 * Naomi Campbell (Hasbro)
 * Natalia Vodianova (Mattel, 2017)
 * New Kids on the Block (Hasbro, 1990)
 * Nicki Minaj (Mattel, 2011)
 * Nicola Adams (Mattel, 2018)
 * NSYNC (Living Toyz, 2000)
 * One Direction (Hasbro, 2012)
 * Pamela Anderson (GIG and Triad Toys)
 * Paris Hilton, part of the Rainbow High line. (MGA Entertainment, 2022)
 * Patty Jenkins (Mattel, 2018)
 * Patrick Dempsey (Disney, 2007)
 * Penélope Cruz (Mattel, 2011)
 * Princess Diana (The Great American Doll Company, 2000)
 * Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (Mattel, 2011)
 * Priscilla Presley (Mattel, 2008)
 * Project Mc2 cast (MGA Entertainment, 2015)
 * RBD (Mattel, 2007)
 * Reba McEntire (Mattel, 2011)
 * Reese Witherspoon (Mattel)
 * Roberto Durán (Jakks Pacific)
 * Rock Hudson (Mattel, 2011)
 * Rosie O'Donnell (Mattel, 1998)
 * RuPaul (Integrity Toys, 2018)
 * S Club 7 (Hasbro, 2000)
 * Sara Gama (Mattel, 2018)
 * Saved By the Bell cast (Tiger, 1992)
 * Selena
 * Shakira (Mattel, 2002)
 * Shirley Temple (Ideal Toy Company, 1934)
 * Sisqo (Play Along, 2000)
 * Snoop Dogg
 * Sonny Bono and Cher (Mego, 1976)
 * Sophia Grace & Rosie (Just Play, 2014)
 * Spice Girls (Galoob, 1997, Hasbro, 1998 and Toy Maxx (Yaboom), 1999)
 * Stan Lee (Mego, 2020)
 * Steps (Hasbro)
 * Sugababes (Mattel)
 * Susan Lucci (as Erica Kane from All My Children) (Mattel, 1998)
 * Sweet Valley High (Bandai, 1993)
 * Sylvester Stallone (as part of the Rocky dolls line, Jakks Pacific)
 * Take That
 * That Girl Lay Lay (Just Play, 2022)
 * Tim McGraw (Mattel, 2011)
 * Tippi Hedren (Mattel)
 * Toni Tennille (Mego, 1977)
 * Tyra Banks (Life-Size) Eve Doll
 * Taylor Swift (Jakks Pacific, 2008)
 * The Hunger Games (Mattel, 2012)
 * The Lord of the Rings (Mattel, 2004; Toy Biz 2001/2002/2003)
 * The Munsters (KB Toy Works; Hamilton Presents, 1991; Mattel, 2001; Premiere Lmt. Edition Collector's Series, 90's)
 * The X-Files (Mattel, 1998)
 * TLC (Yaboom Toys, 1999)
 * Twiggy (Mattel, 1967)
 * Twilight cast (Mattel, 2009)
 * Ursula Andress (Mattel, 2009)
 * Vanilla Ice (THQ, 1991)
 * Vanna White (HSC, 1990)
 * Venus Williams and Serena Williams (Play Along, 1999)
 * Vitamin C (Mattel, 2000)
 * Vivian Vance (Lucy and Ethel gift set, Mattel)
 * Vivien Leigh (Mattel)
 * Victorious cast (Spin Master, 2011)
 * Xuxa (Mimo, 1987-1991, Rose Art, 1993, Estrela, 1997, Multibrink, 2000)
 * Wizards of Waverly Place (Selena Gomez) (Mattel, 2009)
 * Yvonne de Carlo (Mattel)
 * Yuanyuan Tan (Mattel, 2018)
 * Zendaya (Mattel, 2015)
 * Zombies 2 cast (Mattel, 2020)
 * Zombies 3 cast (Hasbro, 2022)

title: Celebrity doll


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Moral compass

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:00, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Moral compass
"Moral compass" is simply a figure of speech that concretizes our moral principles. This article is just an excuse for personal-essay observations ("In some cases, failure to comply with one's own moral compass may leave emotional scars which could take years to heal, if they ever do."), a soapbox-full of quotes, and linkspamming for Holonomic brain theory(!) Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 03:37, 16 July 2005 (UTC) and redirect to Morality. -- Antaeus Feldspar 11:44, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, the genesis of the article was a statement, in a May 31 e-mail, from a UK physician expressing concern about another MD promoting software that filters out the comments of vaccine policy critics from BMJ 'rapid responses': "I have no way of knowing how his mind works or what motivates him - though he does seem to take the medical establishment line on vaccines. It seems to me that the only sensible line to take is an open one, because no one can say for certain whether MMR and/or thiomersal is implicated or not in the cause of autism.  It seems quite plausible to me that mercury may play a role in ASDs.  The few doctors who bother to contribute to the debates on vaccines at the BMJ tend to be patronisingly certain about their safety."  Thoughts along the lines of how rose colored glasses may often be used by doctors, to shield themselves from common sense, came to mind.  Initially he article's content was largely limited to relevant quotes, rather than "essay observation," due to the relative dearth of available material defining 'moral compass'.  An article on the topic is quite necessary to fill the void.  Wikipedia, as an institutional memory resource, is well suited to helping rectify this glaring blind spot.  Ombudsman 04:39, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for that digression on thimersol and vaccines and autism. Responding to the portion of your statement relating to the VfD, "the dearth of available material defining 'moral compass'" would seem to be an argument not to have an article on "moral compass", not to fill up the article with personal essay, quotations and links.  Perhaps the reason there is a dearth of material defining "moral compass" is because the simple dictionary definition says all that needs to be said. -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:35, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Without the POV and irrelevant bits it's a dicdef. — mendel ☎ 04:28, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep: An interesting observation, Antaeus, but not one that justifies deletion.  The concept is inherently thought provoking, quite useful as an anchor for Socratic discourse, and one that has been around a long time.  The divergence between relativistic and absolutist morality strikes to the heart of POV issues, a matter that the complementary article could not fully address, and would have to treat as an aside.  Please feel free to discuss your concerns on talk pages, improve upon content, or contribute salient material, rather than using reverts, edit summaries and deletion proposals to fork discussion by inappropriate means.  Ombudsman 04:33, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Please explain exactly what it means to "fork discussion", since you are tossing that accusation. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:28, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The passage that disconcerted you has been revised. A request for discussion, preferably sans stemwinding, is not an accusation.  There are no entries yet on the article's discussion page, where your concerns might have been worked out collegially in lieu of a premature VfD.  Ombudsman 22:47, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * And then again they might just have gotten patronized with responses heavy in words like "collegially" and "stemwinding", and accusations of "fork[ing] discussion by inappropriate means". I ask you once again, what is "forking discussion"?  Please don't pretend that you wrote everything after "rather than" in that sentence in a purely hypothetical spirit and had no idea it could possibly be interpreted as an accusation; that's insultingly false and uncivil. -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:27, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Deleteper Antaeus Feldspar. Howabout1 Talk to me! 04:37, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as material well covered in Morality. And a bit of WP:CIV would not go astray. brenneman (t) (c)  06:00, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Colloquial and un-encyclopedic. This has no philosophical relevance. --malathion talk 10:25, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV essay. Kaibabsquirrel 20:06, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research. Dcarrano 22:15, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research. Pavel Vozenilek 22:58, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and Redirect to Morality. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 23:00, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rewrite. Notable term, gets 209,000 Google hits, and I've heard of it often on the radio (mainly conservatively oriented stations). --Idont Havaname 05:35, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV essay, no citations. Stephenhumphry 07:01, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete/redirect per BluAardvark. Radiant_ >|< 13:04, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep usefull information. Ravedave 21:10, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What's useful about it? -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:27, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the information will be useful for anthropological analysis as to whether or not editors of the Wikipedia, collectively, have any semblance of a moral compass. Ombudsman 04:44, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Guilt and merge anything useful there that isn't already covered. — RJH 23:13, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV essay. JamesBurns 02:46, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The term is real in the sense that it is often used rhetorical devise. It is often used in accusations that the opposing faction or person lacks the moral compass (presumably similar to that of the speaker) for whatever reason. In this form this is POV musings, referring to moral compass as something more absolute. It would require an extensive rewrite to include the rhetorical use. - Skysmith"
 * Delete, per the dicta of my moral compass--original research, for one thing. Iralith 22:16, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep or merge into Morality. Add a definition to Wiktionary as well. Thryduulf 11:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per JamesBurns, it's a POV essay. Willmcw 01:08, 23 July 2005
 * So, are you saying the Wikipedia doesn't have room for articles about the moral bearings of POV? With so much discussion on the Wiki about POV, and tens of thousands of goofle hits providing secondary evidence of the significance of the concept, such a conclusion seems odd.  Ombudsman 05:03, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for adding my signature. A NPOV, sourced article about a POV is perfectly acceptable. Article like Conservatism, Liberalism, Antidisestablishmentarianism, you name it. But we don't have room for POV, unsourced essays.
 * Delete / salvage to Morality: I went through an NPOV battle myself; not worth the time to defend. Take whats encyclopedic and merge it before it gets deleted. Cwolfsheep 15:35, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but slap a complete rewrite notice on it and copy this debate to the talk page. A moral compass is a thing, maybe distinguishable from morality proper.  Decide whether to merge after it's been rewritten.  I couldn't resist a bit of copyediting cleanup on it, although I'm aware typos pale to nothing in the list of objections to the article as it stands. ~ Veledan | Talk | c . 18:33, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
William Robinson (painter, born 1936)

William Francis Robinson AO (born 16 April 1936) is an Australian painter and lithographer.

Early life
William Robinson was born in Brisbane in 1936. He attended Brisbane State High School and Ballarat High School. After graduating from secondary education, he began working as an art instructor.

Robinson commenced national service on 4 January 1955 with the Royal Australian Air Force serving as an Aircraftsman, service number: A115716.

In his teaching career, Robinson eventually became head of the Painting Department at the Brisbane College of Advanced Education in 1982. In 1989 he retired to work full-time on his paintings.

Artistic Career
Robinson held his first solo exhibition at the Design Arts Centre, Brisbane in 1967. He rose to international prominence as a part of the exhibitions Australian Perspecta in 1983 and The Sixth Bienniale of Sydney in 1986.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art has several of his works in their collection, as does the National Gallery of Australia and several smaller Australian galleries.

He has won the Archibald Prize for portraiture twice: first in 1987 for Equestrian self portrait, then in 1995 for Self-portrait with stunned mullet. He has also won the Wynne Prize for landscape painting in 1990 (The rainforest) and 1996 (Creation landscape – earth and sea).

Robinson released a solo exhibition, Landscapes, which consisted of oil paintings showing fragments of the Australian bush in various perspectives.

In 2009 Robinson was the subject of a documentary by filmmaker Catherine Hunter. "William Robinson: A Painter’s Journey" traces the places that have inspired the artist, from his early farmyard paintings to the 'Creation Landscape' series and, most recently, the quiet still life paintings inspired by the intimate surroundings of his Brisbane house and garden.

In 2011, The Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Art Museum curated a major retrospective exhibition William Robinson: The Transfigured Landscape which was opened by the Australian Governor General Quentin Bryce. There is an art gallery within Old Government House on the QUT's Garden Point campus devoted to Robinson's art, featuring many of his artworks, including some of his very first.

In 2016 William Robinson was interviewed in a digital story and oral history for State Library of Queensland's James C Sourris AM Collection. In the interview Robinson talks to Vanessa Van Ooyen, Director QUT Art Museum about his art, his success at winning the Archibald Prize and his busy life as both a teacher and an artist.

title: William Robinson (painter, born 1936)


text:
User:Dpakoha

Feel free to leave me a message.

More comments on my discussion page.

Contact info

 * Jabber ID: DpakoH@jabber.spbu.ru

&

title: User:Dpakoha


text:
User:RaSten

I am Swedish.

Please write to me at sv:Användardiskussion:RaSten.

cy:Defnyddiwr:RaSten sv:Användare:RaSten

title: User:RaSten


text:
Authenticated encryption

Authenticated Encryption (AE) is an encryption scheme which simultaneously assures the data confidentiality (also known as privacy: the encrypted message is impossible to understand without the knowledge of a secret key) and authenticity (in other words, it is unforgeable: the encrypted message includes an authentication tag that the sender can calculate only while possessing the secret key). Examples of encryption modes that provide AE are GCM, CCM.

Many (but not all) AE schemes allow the message to contain "associated data" (AD) which is not made confidential, but its integrity is protected (i.e., it is readable, but tampering with it will be detected). A typical example is the header of a network packet that contains its destination address. To properly route the packet, all intermediate nodes in the message path need to know the destination, but for security reasons they cannot possess the secret key. Schemes that allow associated data provide authenticated encryption with associated data, or AEAD.

Programming interface
A typical programming interface for an AE implementation provides the following functions:

 * Encryption
 * Input: plaintext, key, and optionally a header (also known as additional authenticated data, AAD, or associated data, AD) in plaintext that will not be encrypted, but will be covered by authenticity protection.
 * Output: ciphertext and authentication tag (message authentication code or MAC).
 * Decryption
 * Input: ciphertext, key, authentication tag, and optionally a header (if used during the encryption).
 * Output: plaintext, or an error if the authentication tag does not match the supplied ciphertext or header.

The header part is intended to provide authenticity and integrity protection for networking or storage metadata for which confidentiality is unnecessary, but authenticity is desired.

History
The need for authenticated encryption emerged from the observation that securely combining separate confidentiality and authentication block cipher operation modes could be error prone and difficult. This was confirmed by a number of practical attacks introduced into production protocols and applications by incorrect implementation, or lack of authentication.

Around the year 2000, a number of efforts evolved around the notion of standardizing modes that ensured correct implementation. In particular, strong interest in possibly secure modes was sparked by the publication of Charanjit Jutla's integrity-aware CBC and integrity-aware parallelizable, IAPM, modes in 2000 (see OCB and chronology ). Six different authenticated encryption modes (namely offset codebook mode 2.0, OCB2.0; Key Wrap; counter with CBC-MAC, CCM; encrypt then authenticate then translate, EAX; encrypt-then-MAC, EtM; and Galois/counter mode, GCM) have been standardized in ISO/IEC 19772:2009. More authenticated encryption methods were developed in response to NIST solicitation. Sponge functions can be used in duplex mode to provide authenticated encryption.

Bellare and Namprempre (2000) analyzed three compositions of encryption and MAC primitives, and demonstrated that encrypting a message and subsequently applying a MAC to the ciphertext (the Encrypt-then-MAC approach) implies security against an adaptive chosen ciphertext attack, provided that both functions meet minimum required properties. Katz and Yung investigated the notion under the name "unforgeable encryption" and proved it implies security against chosen ciphertext attacks.

In 2013, the CAESAR competition was announced to encourage design of authenticated encryption modes.

In 2015, ChaCha20-Poly1305 is added as an alternative AE construction to GCM in IETF protocols.

Authenticated encryption with associated data
Authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) is a variant of AE that allows the message to include "associated data" (AD, additional non-confidential information, a.k.a. "additional authenticated data", AAD). A recipient can check the integrity of both the associated data and the confidential information in a message. AD is useful, for example, in network packets where the header should be visible for routing, but the payload needs to be confidential, and both need integrity and authenticity. The notion of AEAD was formalized by Rogaway (2002).

Key-committing AEAD
AE was originally designed primarily to provide the ciphertext integrity: successful validation of an authentication tag by Alice using her symmetric key KA indicates that the message was not tampered with by an adversary Mallory that does not possess the KA. The AE schemes usually do not provide the key commitment, a guarantee that the decryption would fail for any other key. As of 2021, most existing AE schemes (including the very popular GCM) allow some messages to be decoded without an error using more than just the (correct) KA; while their plaintext decoded using a second (wrong) key KM will be incorrect, the authentication tag would still match. Since crafting a message with such property requires Mallory to already possess both KA and KM, the issue might appear to be one of a purely academic interest. However, under special circumstances, practical attacks can be mounted against vulnerable implementations. For example, if an identity authentication protocol is based on successful decryption of a message that uses a password-based key, Mallory's ability to craft a single message that would be successfully decrypted using 1000 different keys associated with weak, and thus known to her, potential passwords, can speed up her search for passwords by a factor of almost 1000. For this dictionary attack to succeed, Mallory also needs an ability to distinguish successful decryption by Alice from an unsuccessful one, due, for example, to a poor protocol design or implementation turning Alice's side into an oracle. Naturally, this attack cannot be mounted at all when the keys are generated randomly.

Key commitment was originally studied in the 2010s by Abdalla et al. and Farshim et al. under the name "robust encryption".

To mitigate the attack described above without removing the "oracle", a key-committing AEAD that does not allow this type of crafted messages to exist can be used. AEGIS is an example fast (if the AES instruction set is present), key-committing AEAD. It is possible to add key-commitment to an existing AEAD scheme.

Encrypt-then-MAC (EtM)
The plaintext is first encrypted, then a MAC is produced based on the resulting ciphertext. The ciphertext and its MAC are sent together. ETM is the standard method according to ISO/IEC 19772:2009. It is the only method which can reach the highest definition of security in AE, but this can only be achieved when the MAC used is "strongly unforgeable".

IPSec adopted EtM in 2005. In November 2014, TLS and DTLS received extensions for EtM with. Various EtM ciphersuites exist for SSHv2 as well (e.g., hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com).

Encrypt-and-MAC (E&M)
A MAC is produced based on the plaintext, and the plaintext is encrypted without the MAC. The plaintext's MAC and the ciphertext are sent together. Used in, e.g., SSH. Even though the E&M approach has not been proved to be strongly unforgeable in itself, it is possible to apply some minor modifications to SSH to make it strongly unforgeable despite the approach.

MAC-then-Encrypt (MtE)
A MAC is produced based on the plaintext, then the plaintext and MAC are together encrypted to produce a ciphertext based on both. The ciphertext (containing an encrypted MAC) is sent. Until TLS 1.2, all available SSL/TLS cipher suites were MtE.

MtE has not been proven to be strongly unforgeable in itself. The SSL/TLS implementation has been proven to be strongly unforgeable by Krawczyk who showed that SSL/TLS was, in fact, secure because of the encoding used alongside the MtE mechanism. However, Krawczyk's proof contains flawed assumptions about the randomness of the initialization vector (IV). The 2011 BEAST attack exploited the non-random chained IV and broke all CBC algorithms in TLS 1.0 and under.

In addition, deeper analysis of SSL/TLS modeled the protection as MAC-then-pad-then-encrypt, i.e. the plaintext is first padded to the block size of the encryption function. Padding errors often result in the detectable errors on the recipient's side, which in turn lead to padding oracle attacks, such as Lucky Thirteen.

title: Authenticated encryption


text:
Talk:Larry Rosenstock

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. For details, please see Votes for deletion/Larry Rosenstock. -- BD2412 talk 03:43, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Larry Rosenstock


text:
Talk:Compilation of Final Fantasy VII/List of Final Fantasy VII locations/Talk page

Note
The corresponding page history for this page is at Talk:Compilation of Final Fantasy VII/List of Final Fantasy VII locations. Graham 87 12:57, 2 November 2018 (UTC)

Untitled
Hey, uh, Midgar redirects here, so why is it a link in the first paragraph? I'm going to take that out since it doesn't do anything, unless someone wants to write Brilliant Prose more than already exists...

--JD 03:43, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Corel Prison used to be Barret's village?
I dispute the claim in this article that Barret's village turned into Corel Prision. I have replayed the flashback of how Barret lost his arm - and lost Dyne - and the view of the burning village had it surrounded by woods.
 * That's just a continuity error. It's stated explicitly in the game that Corel Prison is indeed Barret's old village, which was called Corel Village. Phoenix1304 05:42, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Seems safe to assume from the debris that the woods were burned down too? 86.29.39.116 11:34, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Fire doesn't turn woods into desert. It was just a slip-up. Phoenix1304 12:41, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Picture Overlay
The word Midgar is actually cut off in the article because the top left hand picture covers it up. Any idea how to fix it without messing up the whole layout? --Vanguard 14:57, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Junon is also the same. I've noticied that the pictures move to fit all the words in properly from western continent and onwards. Since the whole layout scheme changes there, maybe it should be the same for eastern continent to? --Vanguard 15:00, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * To be honest I think it may be best to get rid of all those small pictures, what purpose do they actually serve other than messing up the whole formatting? --Vanguard 15:04, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems like a butterfly ballot to me. I think that perhaps making them inline instead of left/right aligned would be better. The pictures do, well, picture the locations. I think they should stay, but with better formatting. JD 02:40, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * I tried a few formats, and putting them all inline creates a lot of space on the page. How about the way it looks now? (Compare: before, after) — Cua HL   03:25, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I like it. I was working on it and stuff, but I left to go do other things, ... I was going to put in a gallery at the end. I think I like your idea better, though. JD 08:36, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Damn nice work guys, it's looking much better. Thanks for taking the time to do that, I probably couldn't have done it myself until days of fiddling with it. --Vanguard 12:26, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Costa Del Sol cottage?
I've never heard of this... can someone elaborate? -JD 23:01, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it means the house you can buy off Dio in Costa Del Sol, Villa would probably be more appropriate though --Vanguard 13:57, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

It is. I don't recall what they call it in-game, but I would think it was villa. Ereinion  18:04, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Fairuse
As part of the fairuse law, it is stated that no more than 15 images from a collaborative work (such as a single game like FFVII) can be used in a work (this article). Currently, the article is using 39 images, if we follow the rules, we should cut 24 images from the article. I suggest we keep the 15 most important as 39 is really pushing the limit. It should be discussed here which ones are to keep and which ones are to go, but 15 is not that bad I think.--DarkEvil 04:39, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

"Daikuudou", not "Ookuudou"
That is the proper Japanese reading for The Northern Cave.

Forgotten Capital=/="Ajit"
It's had to be said over on the Advent Children page, and, thankfully, people are finally getting it. "Ajito" is not the name of the Forgotten Capital of the Ancients. "Ajito" means "Hideout." Rude was not identifying the Forgotten Capital as "Ajit" or "Ajito." He was identifying it as Kadaj's hideout.

Ryu Kaze February 9, 2006

...Okay, would whoever's reversing this please stop? Seriously. "Ajit" is not the city's name. "Ajito" means hideout. Period. Ryu Kaze 03:16, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Nibelheim
It's been proposed that Nibelheim be merged into this page. I can't see what there is to be discussed. There's more info on Nibelheim over here as it is. I'm doing it. Ryu Kaze 20:37, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Merging has to be done by an administrator, hence the discussion. Adding the template just makes the proposition known to them. Whether they do it or not is usually based on the discussion points, or the obviousness of the related articles.  Eluchil  01:42, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

"Merging has to be done by an administrator..."

What? I think you might be mistaken. There's a page on describing to users how to merge pages and it says nothing of an administrator being required for that. For that matter, I've merged several pages in the past and no one's brought this up before. Ryu Kaze 02:13, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Merging certainly does not have to be done by an administrator. The only reason an administrator would need to enter the picture at all is to delete an article that has already been merged, and generally it makes more sense to handle such situations with a #REDIRECT instead. The template is intended to help gauge consensus and to facilitate discussion. – Seancdaug 02:17, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Mm. I meant that in cases like this one where you're moving information from one place to another you can bypass putting the old article up for deletion by having an administrator do it. Redirecting is fine, but in some cases it can cause confusion if there are more than one reprisentation of the subject mentioned. Eluchil  04:41, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

In this particular case, it's doubtful that there would be confusion. The only way someone's probably going to wind up at the Nibelheim disambiguation page is if they've put in a search for "Nibelheim." In other words, they either know which Nibelheim they want (Norse Mythology's Nilfheim or the town from this game), or they'll be able to very easily determine which one they want based on the rather clear descriptions.

In any event, I'm not even going to worry about getting the old page deleted. A redirect is fine, and since I'm not redirecting the disambiguation page itself, it's probably more useful on the whole. Ryu Kaze 04:58, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

New layout
Aaargh! What happenned here!? >Gamemaker 00:38, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Heh.. Ryu Kaze happened. — Cua HL 01:50, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Slight correction: Ryu Kaze and whoever-the-owner-of-IP-address-218.111.209.127-is happened. I added additional material to the sections, but the changes in the images were conducted by whoever that is. Personally, I think they look better than they were before, but I was taken aback at the sudden change, as well. I changed one of the Midgar images to show the full city in FMV instead of just the Shin-Ra building, but that was after 218's overhaul of the layout. Ryu Kaze 10:36, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Having had a little more time to look at the page in more detail, I have to strongly disagree with the recent changes. As I said on the Midgar talk page, this locations list was the recommended sample Locations article and was in fact the unofficial template for a standardisation drive (the FFVIII locations list had already been reformatted though unfortunately we didn't get much further). I'm afraid I find the new layout pretty messy, given the random image sizes and placement. I also think it's a mistake to bulk out a locations list article with character and story information that is better suited elsewhere, if needed at all. To be honest I suggest reverting this page back to this version. >Gamemaker 11:27, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Alright, then. I'm still not too keen on Midgar -- or any one Final Fantasy location for that matter -- having its own page, but majority rules, and there's been enough opposition to either the idea of merging its page out of existance or to the measures that would need to be taken to accomodate a merge. Despite my vehement disapproval for the Midgar page's presence, I do agree with a previously proclaimed sentiment on Sencdaug's part that if any Final Fantasy city warranted its own page, it would be Midgar.

Well, sorry for the headaches and the wasted time. At least we got the Materia and Mako issue settled for good, though. Oh, and I'm keeping the FMV screenshot of Midgar as the one I changed it to. XD I think if you're going to show Midgar in FMV, then you should show the whole city. It's far more impressive as a whole than the building sitting in the middle is on its own. Ryu Kaze 12:54, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for addressing my concerns; and the new image is indeed better. >Gamemaker 23:42, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

featured list
i suggest submission to featured lists. this page is awesome. --  Alfakim  --  talk   11:00, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Other → Islands
Cactus Island (サボテンアイランド): A tiny desert island southwest of Mideel. This island does not appear on the radar and is one of only two places in which Cactuar can be encountered in random battles, the other being the Corel desert (but the Cactuars encountered in the desert are a much weaker version giving more gil but Morphing into a much more common Hi-Potion).

First off, the last part of this, about the "Cactuars in the desert" seems much too in-depth to me, like on a "tips and hints" page. Also, according to this page, you only fight the Cactuar in Corel Desert, while the identical-looking enemies fought around North Corel and on Cactus Island (it's not called Cactuar Island) is called Cactuer.

Also, I'd like to question the inclusion of this island, plus the Round Island and the Goblin Island. They might be interesting to gamers but hardly to a general public. The only of those places that can be "entered" is Round Island (or rather, the cave on it), and that was already mentioned amongst the Materia Caves.Rantzien 20:18, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Lucrecia's Cave
Where is Lucrecia's Cave in this article?

Cloud's Psyche
I want Cloud's psyche to be added to the article! Just like, a picture and short description of the main green-type place that Tifa ends up in after Cloud and Tifa fall into the Lifestream. If nobody else does, I might add it myself. I think it should be added because you spend a very long time in this part of the game (at least a whole hour) so it is quite significant. --rjcuk 22:44, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * There, it's added now. Yay! --rjcuk 21:20, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Gaia?
I'm confused as to why it's being called Gaia on the page. As far as I know the only two pieces of evidence of this are the name 'Gaea's Cliff' and one shoddy AC pamphlet. Does that really override the fact that throughout all of the game, the Compilation (and as far as I know - all other reference material), it's only called 'the planet'? Oh, and I was wondering if maybe the parts of the world added in the Compilation should have their own section on the page, but yeah. 86.29.39.116 11:34, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Gaia is the traditional name or concept used in Final Fantasy games to refer to the planet where the story takes place. It is directly referenced in Final Fantasy IX as the planet the characters are on for the majority of the game. IdoAlphaOmega 11:36, 10 May 2007 (UTC)


text:
The Lawless State

The Lawless State was written in 1976 jointly by Morton H. Halperin, Jerry J. Berman, Robert L. Borosage, and Christine M. Marwick. It recounts abuses of power by the U.S. Government throughout the Cold War, and is concerned mostly with surveillance methods and overstepped boundaries.

Topics mentioned include:

 * The CIA and FBI using illegal intelligence and intimidation methods through wiretaps and COINTELPRO.
 * The use of dissent-limiting programs such as Operation Chaos to link dissenting anti-war organizations to the USSR, and extensive FBI investigation and sabotage of Martin Luther King Jr.
 * U.S. Government activity in South America, and its part in the Chilean coup that put dictator Augusto Pinochet in power.

title: The Lawless State


text: Category:Television shows based on books


text:
User talk:RaSten

Please write to me at sv:Användardiskussion:RaSten. RaSten 03:44, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:RaSten


text:
Norbulingka Institute

 * You may have been looking for Norbulingka Palace.

Norbulingka Institute, founded in 1995 by Kelsang and Kim Yeshi at Sidhpur, near Dharamshala, India, is dedicated to the preservation of the Tibetan culture in its literary and artistic forms.

Etymology
The institute is named after Norbulingka, the traditional summer residence of the Dalai Lamas, in Lhasa, Tibet. The ground plan is based on the proportions of Avalokitesvara, the thousand-armed god of compassion, with the temple as the head.

Overview
Norbulingka is dedicated to handing down tradition and restoring standards by providing training, education and employment for Tibetans. It supports an environment in which Tibetan community and family values can flourish. It reconciles the traditional creatively and respectfully with the modern, and seeks to create an international awareness of Tibetan values and their expression in art and literature. Norbulingka produces high quality, traditionally crafted art objects, as well as clothing and home furnishings. Free guided tours of the institute are available to visitors every day except Sunday. Workshop are also offered for those wishing to study Tibetan arts. The institute also runs two guesthouses—Norling Guesthouse and Chonor House. All proceeds from all Norbulingka's projects go directly back into the institute to further our endeavors to preserve Tibetan culture.

Norbulingka's art studios include Tibetan statue making, thangka painting, screen-printing, applique and tailoring, woodcarving, wood painting, papermaking, and wood and metal craft.

The Academy of Tibetan Culture, established in 1997, offers a three-year course of higher education in traditional Tibetan studies, as well as English, Chinese, and world history.

The Research Department of Norbulingka houses the team composing the official biography of the Dalai Lama, of which nine volumes in Tibetan have already been published. The research section is also compiling a comprehensive encyclopedia of Tibetan culture.

The institute also has the two-storeyed 'Seat of Happiness Temple' (Deden Tsuglakhang) built in 1985 and set amidst the Japanese inspired Norbulingka gardens. It is known for its 1,173 murals of Buddha, frescoes of all the Dalai Lamas and drawings chronicling the life of the 14th Dalai Lama. In the main hall stands the 4 mt high gilded copper Buddha Sakyamuni statue, made by institute's master statue-maker, the late Chenmo Pemba Dorje, and one of largest such statues outside Tibet. Around the temple are workshops of artisans and apprentices that produce various art objects, which are sold at the Norbulingka Shop, for the benefit of Tibetan refugees.

The Losel Doll Museum has diorama displays of traditional Tibetan scenes, using miniature Tibetan dolls in traditional costumes.

A short distance from the institute lies the Dolma Ling Buddhist nunnery, and the Gyato Monastery, temporary residence of the 17th Karmapa, Ogyen Trinley Dorje.

title: Norbulingka Institute


text:
Roman Catholic Diocese of Incheon

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Incheon (Dioecesis Inchonensis) is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church located in Incheon, South Korea. The diocese is suffragan to the Archdiocese of Seoul.

History
On 6 June 1961 Pope John XXIII erected as an Apostolic Vicariate of Incheon. It was elevated to a diocese the next year on 10 March. The seat is Dapdong Cathedral.

Apostolic Vicars of Inch’on

 * William John McNaughton, M.M. (1961–1962)

Bishops of Incheon

 * William John McNaughton, M.M. (1962–2002)
 * Boniface Choi Ki-San (2002–2016)
 * John Baptist Jung Shin-chul (2016–present)

Coadjutor Bishops

 * Boniface Choi Ki-San (1999–2002)

Auxiliary Bishops

 * John Baptist Jung Shin-chul (2010–2016)

title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Incheon


text:
Risk–benefit ratio

A risk–benefit ratio (or benefit-risk ratio) is the ratio of the risk of an action to its potential benefits. Risk–benefit analysis (or benefit-risk analysis) is analysis that seeks to quantify the risk and benefits and hence their ratio.

Analyzing a risk can be heavily dependent on the human factor. A certain level of risk in our lives is accepted as necessary to achieve certain benefits. For example, driving an automobile is a risk many people take daily, also since it is mitigated by the controlling factor of their perception of their individual ability to manage the risk-creating situation. When individuals are exposed to involuntary risk (a risk over which they have no control), they make risk aversion their primary goal. Under these circumstances, individuals require the probability of risk to be as much as one thousand times smaller than for the same situation under their perceived control (a notable example being the common bias in the perception of risk in flying vs. driving).

Evaluations
Evaluations of future risk can be:
 * Real future risk, as disclosed by the fully matured future circumstances when they develop.
 * Statistical risk, as determined by currently available data, as measured actuarially for insurance premiums.
 * Projected risk, as analytically based on system models structured from historical studies.
 * Perceived risk, as intuitively seen by individuals.

Medical research
For research that involves more than minimal risk of harm to the subjects, the investigator must assure that the amount of benefit clearly outweighs the amount of risk. Only if there is a favorable risk–benefit ratio may a study be considered ethical.

The Declaration of Helsinki, adopted by the World Medical Association, states that biomedical research cannot be done legitimately unless the importance of the objective is in proportion to the risk to the subject. The Helsinki Declaration and the CONSORT Statement stress a favorable risk–benefit ratio.

title: Risk–benefit ratio


text:
Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose

Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose is a 1948 children's book by Dr. Seuss.

Summary
Thidwick, a moose in a herd numbering approximately sixty who subsist mainly on moose-moss and live on the northern shore of Lake Winna-Bango, grants a small bug's request to ride on his antlers (mistakenly referred to in the book as horns) free of charge. The bug takes advantage of the moose's kindness and settles in as a permanent resident, inviting various other animals to live on and in the moose's antlers.

The kind-hearted moose acquiesces to the unexpected living arrangements, treating the animals as 'guests' even though he never told them explicitly that they were allowed to live there. His passengers however are thoughtless and selfish, and the situation quickly gets out of control. When one of the guests, a woodpecker, begins drilling holes in Thidwick's antlers, the other moose give Thidwick an ultimatum: if he doesn't get rid of his guests then he will be forced to leave the herd.

When Thidwick's sense of decency compels him to forgo the comforts of herd life in favor of indulging his guests, his herd leaves him behind. Winter comes, and the herd swims across the lake to find fresh supplies of moose-moss. Thidwick wants to do the same, but his guests object, and insist that Thidwick must not take "their home to the far distant side of the lake". Even as he faces starvation, Thidwick refuses to go against his guests' wishes, and he remains on the cold, northern shore of the lake, where his guests prefer to reside. Meanwhile, the heartless residents of Thidwick's antlers, who pay no regard to the increasing physical or psychological load that the moose is forced to endure, continue inviting other animals, including a 200 kg (440.875 lb) black bear, to live with them.

The situation comes to a head when a group of hunters spot Thidwick and pursue him, with the goal of shooting him and mounting his head on the wall of the Harvard Club of New York City, a building well known in the 1930s and 1940s for its hunting trophies. Thidwick attempts to outrun the hunters, but the heavy load, including his passengers' refusal to permit him to travel across the lake, prevents him from escaping. Just before his capture, however, Thidwick remembers that it is time for him to shed his antlers. At the last moment, he drops his antlers, makes a snide comment to his former guests, and escapes by swimming across the lake to rejoin his herd. His former guests are killed by the hunters, taxidermied and mounted on the trophy wall of the Harvard Club, still perched on his antlers.

Meaning
The story explores the limits of hospitality and sharing. Neil Reynolds has discussed it as a parable of immigration issues and the social welfare state. Aeon J. Skoble discusses Thidwick at length as an exemplification of the idea of property rights, and particularly of John Locke's formulation of property rights. Skoble argues that Thidwick is badly mistaken in viewing the other animals as "guests", and that the story demonstrates this. In a later essay in the same volume, Henry Cribbs makes a similar point, considering whether "Thidwick" is a case of squatter's rights. According to critic David Dempsey: "A man of less consistency than Seuss would have let Thidwick be rescued by the creatures he is befriending ... but Seuss' logic is rooted in principle, rather than sentiment, and the sponging animals get what they deserve. Incidentally, this is also what the child expects".

Adaptations

 * Welcome, a 1986 Soviet animated film
 * Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose, a 1992 direct-to-video short following Horton Hears a Who! (part of the “Dr. Seuss Video Classics” series by Random House Home Video.
 * Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose, an upcoming animated special set for release on Netflix.

title: Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose