text:
A Long Way Down

A Long Way Down is a 2005 novel written by British author Nick Hornby. It is a dark comedy, playing off the themes of suicide, angst, depression and promiscuity.

The story is written in the first-person narrative from the points of view of the four main characters, Martin, Maureen, Jess and JJ. These four strangers happen to meet on the roof of a high building called Toppers House in London on New Year's Eve, each with the intent of committing suicide. Their plans for death in solitude are ruined when they meet. The novel recounts their misadventures as they decide to come down from the roof alive – however temporarily that may be.

Plot

 * Part One

Disgraced TV presenter Martin Sharp, lonely single mother Maureen (51 years old); unsuccessful musician JJ and rude teenager Jess (18 years old) meet at Toppers House in London on New Year's Eve. They all want to commit suicide by jumping from the roof. Their plans for death in solitude, however, are ruined when they meet. After telling their individual stories to the others, they decide to hold off on jumping and to help each other. Thus a group of four unfortunate and very individual people forms. Jess's condition not to jump is that they help her to find her ex-boyfriend Chas. So they take a taxi and drive to the party they suppose Chas to be at. After finding and talking to Chas they decide to go to Martin's place where they find Penny, who has obviously been crying. She accuses Martin of cheating on her because he had left the party they'd both attended that evening without any explanation.

 * Part Two

The next morning Jess's dad learns that the newspapers are publishing a story about Jess and Martin. Jess tells him that she slept with Martin, to avoid him finding out the truth of her attempted suicide. He takes her to task because the whole thing is very awkward for him. He is the Junior Secretary of Education and has a reputation to lose. He goes out to get an early edition of the paper and sees the story about her 'suicide pact' with Martin, so Jess's "whole sex confession bit had been a complete and utter fucking waste of time."

Jess's father asks Martin to clear up the accusations and Martin denies that he slept with Jess. After the conversation, her father asks Martin to protect Jess and gives him money. Afterwards, a reporter calls JJ wanting to know why they decided not to jump, but JJ refuses to discuss it.

Later Jess calls Maureen, and they decide to organise a meeting at Maureen's place. At the meeting, Jess suggests that they try to profit from the suicidal-report in the newspaper. Her idea is to confess to the press that they saw an angel who saved them from jumping. Martin, Maureen and JJ don't like the idea and they try to convince Jess out of talking to the press. The next morning they find out that Jess told a reporter, Linda, that they saw an angel that looked like Matt Damon. Jess also promised Linda an interview with Martin, Maureen and JJ. Although they are upset with Jess's behaviour, they decide to do the interview. Linda uses the interview to attack Martin in the press. Thus Martin is fired from his cable TV "FeetUpTV!” but he receives a second chance by promising to his boss that the other three will be guests in his show. The show is a disaster and Martin loses his job. At another TV show Jess admits that the angel story was not true.

Later, JJ decides that the four of them have to go on holiday for Maureen's benefit. Martin, Jess and JJ help Maureen to find a place for Matty, her son. One week later they're on a plane to Tenerife. On the second day, Jess sees a girl who looks very similar to her lost sister Jen. Jess bothers the girl and they have a fight. Out of frustration Jess gets drunk and the police have to take her back to the hotel. JJ meets a girl that saw his old band and they spend the night together. Martin decides to leave the hotel after a fight with Jess. During his absence from the others, he thinks about his life and decides that he has made no mistakes. He blames other people for how his life has turned out. In the taxi to the airport they talk about their holiday and plan another meeting for Valentine's Day.

They meet at 8 o'clock on the roof of Toppers House on Valentine's Day. While they have a conversation, they see a young man who is planning to jump from the roof. They try to stop him from committing suicide but he jumps. They decide to go home and to meet the following afternoon at Starbucks.

 * Part Three

Martin tells them about a newspaper article he read according to which people who want to commit suicide need 90 days to overcome their predicament. So they decide to hold their decision until 31 March.

Maureen and Jess decide to visit Martin's ex-wife Cindy to bring her back to him. Cindy Sharp lives with her kids in Torley Heath and has a new partner Paul, whom Maureen and Jess later find out is blind. Cindy explains to them that Martin made many mistakes and that he didn't take care of the children.

After that, Jess organises a meeting in the basement of Starbucks. She invites relatives of the four. All in all, seventeen people appear, but the meeting is a disaster. Jess and her parents are screaming at each other because her mother claims that she had stolen a pair of earrings from Jen's untouched room. While they are fighting Jess runs out of the Starbucks. JJ and a former member of his band are leaving the basement to have a fight and Martin has an argument with one of Maureen's nurses because he claims that he's flirting with Penny. Maureen is the only one of the four who is still present. She talks to Jess's parents and speculates that Jen may have come back to take the earrings. The nurses Sean and Stephen help Maureen to bring Matty home and on the way Sean asks her if she is interested in joining their quiz team. At the quiz, an old man from the team offers Maureen a job in a newsagent's. When Jess comes back from her trip to London Bridge, her mother apologizes for accusing her. Jess accepts the apology, seeing the hope Maureen's suggestion has given her mother.

Maureen, JJ and Martin have new jobs now. Martin is a teacher, and wants to start a new life; JJ is a busker and is happy to make music again; and Maureen has started work at the newsagent's.

The ninety days have passed and they meet in a pub near Toppers House. They decide to go on the roof again. While watching the London Eye from the roof, they realise that their lives aren't that bad. They decide to delay their final decision on killing themselves for another six months.

Characters

 * Martin Sharp – Martin Sharp is a celebrity whose age isn't revealed, but he is described as a middle-aged man. Martin's life was perfect: he had a wife and two little daughters, a well-paid job and was successful. He was host of a famous show called "Rise and Shine with Penny and Martin" but Martin made the mistake of sleeping with a girl aged 15 years and 250 days old (a 115-day gap to legality), for which he spent three months in prison. The scandal only increases his fame, as his case was stripped in the yellow press. When he is released from prison, he discovers that his marriage is ruined. From that point he works for a cable TV channel with low popularity (FeetUpTV!) and has an affair with Penny, his former colleague. He does not make an effort to see his daughters or to clarify the tense situation with his wife. He's very unhappy about his situation and feels that he has "pissed his life away" and that's why he wants to end his life.
 * Maureen – Maureen is a 51-year-old single mother of a disabled son named Matty. Her whole life revolves around Matty, to whom she is a very sacrificial mother, having had to leave her job to care for him. She has no freedom and free time except the services at church she attends every Sunday. Maureen and Matty live in a small flat, who has his own room which she decorates for him even though she can't be sure that he realises it. Maureen dreams of going on a holiday, but she is isolating herself more and more from her surrounding. She is trapped in this difficult situation. She wants to commit suicide to get rid of her problems, which seems impossible to her.
 * Jess Crichton – Jess is an eighteen-year-old girl with family problems. She does not have any real friends. Jess tends to easily irritate others as she tends to say everything that comes to her mind, without considering the feelings of others. Jess' father, Chris Chrichton, is a local politician and the family is completed by her mother. Her sister Jen, who is very important to her, left the family a few years ago and is thought to have committed suicide. The whole family, especially the mother and Jess, are still very upset about it. Jess uses a lot of slang terms, and says the word "fuck" often. She doesn't respect the feelings of the other characters, and as such is not close with any of them. She often argues with Martin because it bothers her that he is everything she dislikes: educated and rather arrogant, features that fit to her father, too. Her relationship with her parents is tense because her mother accuses her of having stolen a pair of earrings from her sister Jen which the mother had left in Jen's untouched room. She is the one who convinces the group not to jump immediately but, instead, to find her ex-boyfriend. She wants to commit suicide by jumping from the tower block because of her family problems and losing her ex-boyfriend though it's also slightly impulsive, brought on by attending a party downstairs in Toppers House.
 * JJ – JJ is a forty-eight-year-old American who came to London with his girlfriend Lizzie. He played in a band called "Big Yellow" and toured across the country. For Lizzie he gave up his dream of becoming a rock star, but the band broke up and Lizzie dumped him. But the dream of becoming successful still exists in his heart. Much to his disappointment, he now earns money by delivering pizza. He compares his own ambition for suicide with the ambitions of well-known musicians and also compares the four people on the roof with a band he calls "Toppers House Four".

Reviews
The book received mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator Metacritic reported the book had an average score of 55 out of 100, based on 32 reviews.

Adaptation
Johnny Depp bought the rights to the book before it was published and hired writer D.V. DeVincentis, who previously wrote the script for the film High Fidelity, to write the screenplay. Depp is also quoted on the back of the paperback edition as saying that the book is "Masterful … some of the finest writing, and some of the most outstanding characters I've ever had the pleasure of reading."

However, when the rights came up for renewal Hornby awarded them to his partner Amanda Posey and producer Finola Dwyer.

The film stars Pierce Brosnan as Martin Sharp, Imogen Poots as Jess Crichton, Toni Collette as Maureen, Aaron Paul as J.J. Sam Neill plays Jess's father.

title: A Long Way Down


text:
The South (novel)

The South is a 1990 novel by Irish writer Colm Tóibín.

Plot summary
Katherine Proctor, a Protestant woman of 32 from Ireland, arrives in Barcelona in 1950 having left her husband Tom, their 10-year-old son Richard, the large landed property they own, and Ireland. She repeats what her own mother did, leave her husband and child. She leaves the home her father built after a mob set fire to their home, because her husband was too harsh with their Catholic neighbors.

She starts discovering the city of Barcelona and gets to meet local painters. The Francoist State and the still recent civil war define life in Spain. She meets the artist Miguel, a man who fought in that Civil War. She meets Michael Graves, an Irishman from her same town, also in Barcelona. He loved Katherine. Acquainted with a group of painters, Katherine begins to paint, taking lessons and trying her hand. She is a passionate painter, similar to Miguel, and unlike Michael, who paints what will sell.

After becoming lovers with Miguel, the two move to a remote village in the Pyrenees, where Miguel fought in the Civil War.

Edition changes
The endings of the hardback and paperback editions differ. Tóibín altered two sentences of the book's ending because he thought it was too soft. He said in 2021: "There was one moment where it looked like they were going to be happy forever. What I had was slightly too sugary".

Development
The idea for The South came to Tóibín in 1982 whilst on a train from Dublin to his native town of Enniscorthy. He observed a fellow passenger, a well-dressed woman "rich—not gaudy rich, but old rich", whom he took to be a Protestant. She continued to figure in his mind.

He spent three years working on the novel, by night and at the weekend.

Publication
The novel was first published by Serpent's Tail in 1990 and a revised edition was published by Picador Press. ISBN 0-330-33985-0

Viking Penguin secured the U.S. publication rights.

Reception
Tóibín showed the completed manuscript to Fintan O'Toole, who was a colleague at the time, as Tóibín was a journalist in Dublin when he wrote this novel. O'Toole later said he was "just staggered": "It was obvious from the first twenty pages Colm was an artist".

Tóibín's view on The South decades later was: "If you look at it, you see that the sentence structure is more or less taken from Didion".

Thomas O’Dwyer writing in The Jerusalem Post drew comparisons with the work of Milan Kundera the Czech-French author, remarking that “the power of emotion and events is so piercing” in this first novel by Tóibín.

“Spare, grave and finely articulated” is how Richard Eder described this novel, adding that it is “terribly abstract.” The story interweaves the Spanish Civil War and the Irish Troubles, two harsh events in the past of Katherine and her lover, perhaps suggesting reconciliation by the end of the novel.

The Washington Post's Barbara Probst Solomon referred to "the tremendous amount Tóibín leaves unsaid".

Kirkus Reviews noted the spare prose in this first novel by the author, a promising debut.

Awards and nominations
The South won the Aer Lingus Literature Prize in 1991.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The South (novel)


text:
Dave Hall (record producer)

David "Jam" Hall is an American record producer. He first became known for his production work on Mariah Carey's 1993 single "Dreamlover", which peaked the Billboard Hot 100. The year prior, he was credited on Mary J. Blige's debut album What's the 411? (1992), namely on its singles "You Remind Me", "Reminisce" and "Love No Limit".

He was further credited with similar roles on releases including Madonna's album Bedtime Stories (1994), Brownstone's 1994 single "If You Love Me", and Carey's 1995 single "Fantasy"—his second Billboard Hot 100-number one production. Hall has also produced for Usher, Donell Jones, CeCe Peniston, and Joe early in their respective careers.

He was also a remixer for "Scream" (1995) by Michael and Janet Jackson, and "Goldeneye" for Tina Turner that same year. He was married to comedienne Wanda Sykes from 1991 to 1998.

Production discography
Brand Nubian – One For All (1990)
 * Try To Do Me

Heavy D. & the Boyz – Peaceful Journey (1991)
 * Body and Mind (produced with Nevelle Hodge)

Strictly Business- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1991)
 * Stephanie Mills – I Just Want Love
 * Jeff Redd – You Called and Told Me
 * Mary J. Blige – You Remind Me

Stephanie Mills – Something Real (1992)
 * I Just Want Love

Shinehead – Sidewalk University (1992)
 * Try My Love

Father MC – Close to You (1992)
 * All I Want

Mary J. Blige – What's the 411? (1992)
 * Reminisce
 * You Remind Me
 * Love No Limit
 * My Love

Intro – Intro (1993)
 * Let Me Be the One
 * It's All About You
 * So Many Reasons

Joe – Everything (1993)
 * Baby Don't Stop

Mariah Carey – Music Box (1993)
 * Dreamlover

Jomanda – Nubia Soul (1993)
 * Back to You
 * Tonight's the Night

Eddie F. and the Untouchables – Let's Get It On (1994)
 * Intro- Never Again
 * Porche (band) – Make You Feel Real Good

Changing Faces – Changing Faces (1994)
 * Am I Wasting My Time

Jade – Mind, Body & Song (1994)
 * If the Mood Is Right
 * If the Lovin' Ain't Good

Usher – Usher (1994)
 * The Many Ways
 * Final Goodbye

Brownstone – From the Bottom Up (1994)
 * Grapevyne
 * If You Love Me

Madonna – Bedtime Stories (1994)
 * I'd Rather Be Your Lover
 * Human Nature
 * Love Tried to Welcome Me

Intro – New Life (1995)
 * Funny How Time Flies
 * My Love's on the Way

Silk – Silk (1995)
 * Now That I've Lost You

Phyllis Hyman – I Refuse to Be Lonely (1995)
 * It's Not About You (It's About Me)

Mariah Carey – Daydream (1995)
 * Fantasy
 * Slipping Away (B-side to the single "Always Be My Baby")

Horace Brown – Horace Brown (1996)
 * Taste Your Love
 * I Like
 * Gotta Find a Way

Kenny Lattimore – Kenny Lattimore (1996)
 * Never Too Busy
 * I Won't Let You Down

Assorted Phlavors – Assorted Phlavors (1996)
 * Tell Me
 * Hiding Place
 * Trust
 * What Ya Gonna Do (Interlude)
 * Patience
 * Don't Let Go
 * Tonight (Interlude)
 * Can't Get You Off My Mind
 * Love So Real (Interlude)
 * Don't Stop (Interlude)
 * Patience (Remix)

CeCe Peniston – I'm Movin' On (1996)
 * Movin' On

Brownstone – Still Climbing (1997)
 * In the Game of Love

Kurupt – Kuruption! (Disc Two) (1998)
 * Who Do U Be (Produced by RJ Rice, additional production and remix by Dave "Jam" Hall)

title: Dave Hall (record producer)


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1965 in Singapore

The following lists events that happened during 1965 in Singapore.
 * Singapore was a part of the Federation of Malaysia until 9 August 1965.

Incumbents

 * President: Yusof Ishak (starting 9 August)
 * Prime Minister: Lee Kuan Yew (starting 9 August)

January

 * 6 January – The Orchard Theatre (present-day Cathay Cineleisure Orchard) was opened.

March

 * 10 March – Indonesian saboteurs carry out the MacDonald House bombing, killing 3 people.

May

 * 9 May – Lee Kuan Yew begins campaigning for a Malaysian Malaysia. It began with the formation of the Malaysian Solidarity Convention.

July

 * 10 July – A by-election was held in Hong Lim after Ong Eng Guan of the United People's Party resigned. After the vote, Lee Khoon Choy from the People's Action Party was elected into Hong Lim constituency, defeating Ong Chang Sam of the Barisan Sosialis.

August

 * 9 August –
 * The Malaysian Parliament votes to expel Singapore from the Federation; Singapore becomes independent after separating from Malaysia.
 * On the same day, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established, as well as the Ministry of Interior and Defence.
 * TV Singapura merges with Radio Singapura to form Radio and Television Singapore (RTS).

September

 * 21 September – Singapore is admitted into the United Nations as the 117th member.

October

 * 15 October –
 * Singapore becomes the 22nd member of the Commonwealth.
 * The Singapore Conference Hall is officially opened.

November

 * 27 November – Singapore's first underground carpark is officially opened in Raffles Place, with a public garden built on top.

December

 * 8 December – The first sitting of Parliament commenced. However, MPs from Barisan Sosialis boycotted the first session.
 * 14–21 December – Singapore took part in the 3rd South East Asian Peninsular Games. It clinched the third place, accumulating a total of 76 medals.
 * 22 December – Constitutional Amendment Act is passed and Yusof bin Ishak becomes the first President of Singapore.
 * 23 December – The Singapore Army Act is passed, leading to the formation of the Singapore Army.
 * 30 December – The People's Defence Force Act was passed, leading to the formation of the People's Defence Force. This was done to build up the Singapore Army before the introduction of National Service.

Births

 * 12 January – Rayson Tan – Actor.
 * 24 March –
 * Gurmit Singh – Actor.
 * Yee Jenn Jong – Politician.
 * 27 March – Eric Khoo – Filmmaker.
 * 28 March – Sylvia Lim – Politician.
 * 19 July – Maliki Osman – Politician.
 * 22 August – Chen Liping – Actress.
 * 10 October – Chen Xiuhuan – Actress.
 * 22 October – Ang Hin Kee – Former politician.
 * Boey Kim Cheng – Poet.
 * Elim Chew – Founder of 77th Street.
 * Felix Cheong – Poet.
 * Lily Kong - Academic.
 * Haresh Sharma – Resident playwright of The Necessary Stage.
 * Joash Moo – Novelist, poet, illustrator.
 * Yang Libing – Actress.

title: 1965 in Singapore


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Kashirskaya

Kashirskaya (Каширская) is a cross-platform station complex on the Moscow Metro. It was opened on 11 August 1969 as part of the Kakhovsky radius extension, and from 1984 was an interchange between the Kakhovskaya and the Orekhovskaya branches of the Zamoskvoretskaya line. Since 2022 it is officially classed as three stations after the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line's separation, and also is the terminus of it.

The stations was closed from 12 November 2022 to 1 March 2023 due to the reconstruction works.

Layout and design
The station consists of two parallel halls of identical pillar-trispan (centipede) design typical of the 1960s stations. Decoratively the halls differ from each other no more than from any other centipede stations built at the time. The eastern hall work of architects Nikolay Demchinsky and Yuliya Kolesnikova, features a grey marble coat on the rectangular pillars, white ceramic tiles on the walls (with a black socle on the tracks) and red granite floor with an asphalt on the platform edge.

The western hall is identical except the pillars are faced with brown marble, the floor is laid with grey granite instead of red and the ceramic wall has a slightly indigo shade instead of pale white. (work of architects Nina Alyoshina and Nataliya Samoylova). The station's design focus comes from its name which is ultimately derived from the Kashira Hydroelectric Station located in Kashira and for the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute located nearby. Both halls feature large metallic artworks by Z.Vetrova based on the theme of electrification.

Since October 26, 2019 due to the abolition of the Kakhovskaya line, the station serves only the Zamoskvoretskaya line, the third and fourth routes do not work for passengers. In 2019, as part of the reconstruction of the Kakhovskaya line and its future inclusion in the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line, it is planned to replace the entire decoration of the two halls of the station. Their opening is planned as part of the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line in 2022.

From September 12, 2020, to January 25, 2021, trains on the Zamoskvoretskaya line do not stop at the platform from the center in connection with the construction of the Big Circle Line. Exits 1 and 2 are also closed. After finishing work, the platform will be closed to the center.

Location
The station is located on a major transport artery in the south of Moscow, the intersection of the Andropova Avenue and the Kashirskoye Highway, both roads later become the M4 and M6 (European routes E115 and E119) respectively and continue to the Russian south. The station is also situated on a point where two Moscow's districts meet up: Nagatino-Sadovniki and Moskvorechye-Saburovo.

As a result, from its opening it was prone to a large passenger traffic, particularly prior to the opening of the Orekhovo branch. To deal with this the station's entrance designs were altered from the usual underground vestibules to two surface ones (architect M.Fainshteina) which also double as a transfer point between the halls. For a more direct transfer there is also a central passage with a staircase out of the middle of the platform directly linking the two halls.

One of the main reasons why the Kakhovskaya line was split off from the Zamoskovoretskaya was the track layout. In 1969 both platforms were opened with one track used on each one. In 1983 the extension to Orekhovo only continued the unused tracks without making provisions for a comfortable branch service. The result was that only the northbound platform offered cross-platform interchange, which was unnecessary as the tracks would join anyway (see [[Media:Kasxirskaja.png|diagram]]). The southbound tracks branched only after the station, and the passengers wishing to change the direction of the travel had to wait for the correct train on one side of the platform. (The ratio was 1:1 initially and 2:1 after the Orekhovo branch expanded to Krasnogvardeyskaya in 1985).

There were varying proposals to solve the problem, including building a second junction prior to the southbound platform, but this would have been impossible without any disruption to the service, an alternative scenario including switching the whole line from right to left-hand side travel, but this was also dropped out of practical reasons, one of which was that all of the Russian Metro trains had driver doors on the left only.

The solution was to separate the Kakhovskaya branch into a separate line which took place on 20 November 1995 a reversal (turnback) siding was built north of the station allowing for the Kakhovskaya Line to separate. However, as the siding was built next to the Kolomenskoye Nature Reserve, environmental groups insisted it does not extend into it. This forced the siding to be slightly shorter, enough to accommodate the six car train of the Kakhovskaya Line but not long enough for the eight car train of the Zamoskvoretskaya Line.

Bolshaya Koltsevaya line
The tracks of the Kakhovskaya line were extended as part of the future ring project Bolshaya Koltsevaya line. The actual path was disputed and the variation was either eastwards to Bratislavskaya and then to follow the path of the Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line to Pechatniki or directly to Pechatniki via a more northeast path (both featuring at least one interim station). Bratislavskaya had already a provision for the future transfer set in its ensemble, but Pechatniki was chosen.

title: Kashirskaya


text:
Unmanned ground vehicle

An unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) is a vehicle that operates while in contact with the ground without an onboard human presence. UGVs can be used for many applications where it is inconvenient, dangerous, expensive, or impossible to use an onboard human operator. Typically, the vehicle has sensors to observe the environment, and autonomously controls its behavior or uses a remote human operator to control the vehicle via teleoperation.

The UGV is the land-based counterpart to unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned underwater vehicles and unmanned surface vehicles. Unmanned robotics are being actively developed for both civilian and military use.

History

In 1904, Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo was developing a radio-based control system he named Telekino. He chose to conduct an initial test in the form of a three-wheeled land vehicle (tricycle), which had an effective range of 20 to 30 meters, the first known example of an unmanned ground vehicle.

The first prototypes of explosive robotic drones were Aubriot-Gabet 'land torpedoes' invented in France in 1915 and the Crocodile Schneider-Creusot, 20 examples were put into service with the 2nd French Army in July 1915.

A working remote-controlled car was reported in the October 1921 issue of RCA's World Wide Wireless magazine. The car was controlled wirelessly via radio; it was thought the technology could be adapted to tanks. In the 1930s, the USSR developed the Teletank, a small tank, armed with a machine gun. It was remotely controlled by radio from another tank. Teletanks operated in the Winter War (1939–1940) between Finland and the USSR and at the start of the German-Soviet War after Germany invaded the USSR in 1941. During World War II, the British developed a radio-controlled version of their Matilda II infantry tank in 1941. Known as "Black Prince", it would have been used for drawing the fire of concealed anti-tank guns, or for demolition missions. Due to the costs of converting the transmission system of the tank to Wilson-type gearboxes, an order for 60 tanks was cancelled.

From 1942, the German Wehrmacht used the Goliath tracked mine for remote-controlled demolition work. The Goliath was a tracked vehicle carrying 60 kg of explosive charge, directed through a control cable. It modeled a miniature French tracked vehicle found after the German defeat of France in 1940. The combination of cost, low speed, reliance on a cable for control, and poor protection against weapons, meant that the Goliath was not considered a success.

The first major mobile robot development effort, named "Shakey", took place during the 1960s as a research study for the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Shakey was a wheeled platform that had a TV camera, sensors, and a computer to help guide its tasks of picking up wooden blocks and placing them in certain areas based on commands. DARPA subsequently developed a series of autonomous and semi-autonomous ground robots, often in conjunction with the U.S. Army. As part of the Strategic Computing Initiative of 1983-1993, DARPA c. 1985 demonstrated the Autonomous Land Vehicle, (ALV), the first UGV that could navigate completely autonomously on and off roads at useful speeds.

On March 29 2024 as part of the Eastern Ukraine Campaign in the Ukraine War, a platoon of Russian UGV's equipped with AGS-17 automatic grenade launchers was deployed for an assault near the town of Berdychi in ukraine, marking the first ever use of UGV's for direct frontline assaults.

Design
UGVs generally include: a vehicle platform, sensors, control systems, guidance interface, communication links, and systems integration features.

Platform
The platform can be a car, truck, all-terrain vehicle, etc., and includes the locomotive apparatus, sensors, and power source. Tracks, wheels, and legs are common forms of locomotion. The platform may include an articulated body and may join with other units. Power sources can be internal combustion engines, batteries, or hydrogen.

Sensors
Sensors create a model of the environment, showing other vehicles, pedestrians, and obstacles. They also locate the vehicle on the navigation path. Sensors can include compasses, odometers, inclinometers, gyroscopes, cameras, laser and ultrasound rangefinders, GPS radios, and infrared technology.

Control systems
Unmanned ground vehicles are generally considered Remote-Operated or Autonomous, although Supervisory Control is a combination of autonomous and remote operation.

Remote operated
A remote-operated UGV is controlled by a human operator. The operator makes decisions based upon either direct visual observation or sensors such as cameras. A basic example of remote operation would be a remote-controlled toy car.

Examples:
 * Autonomous Solutions
 * BTR-90 "Krymsk" APC
 * Clearpath Robotics
 * DOK-ING mine clearing, firefighting, and underground mining UGV's
 * DRDO Daksh
 * Foster-Miller TALON
 * Frontline Robotics Teleoperated UGV (TUGV)
 * Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle (used by the United States Marine Corps)
 * G-NIUS Autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicles (Israel Aerospace Industries/Elbit Systems joint venture) Guardium
 * Goddard Remotely Operated Vehicle for Exploration and Research
 * Uran-9
 * iRobot PackBot
 * MacroUSA Armadillo V2 Micro UGV (MUGV) and Scorpion SUGV
 * Mesa Associates Tactical Integrated Light-Force Deployment Assembly (MATILDA)
 * Nerekhta UGV, appeared at Zapad 2021 during Belarus-Russia exercise
 * Nova 5
 * Remotec ANDROS F6A
 * Ripsaw MS1
 * Robowatch ASENDRO
 * Unmanned Snatch Land Rover.
 * THeMIS used by the Royal Netherlands Army and developed by Milrem Robotics
 * Unmanned ground vehicle Miloš used by Serbian Armed Forces
 * Vecna Robotics Battlefield Extraction-Assist Robot (BEAR)
 * VIPeR

Autonomous

An autonomous UGV (AGV) is an autonomous robot that replaces the human controller with artificial intelligence technologies. The vehicle uses sensors to feed a model of the environment, which supports a control system that determines the next action. This eliminates the need for humans to watch over the vehicle.

An autonomous vehicle must have the ability to:
 * Navigate based on maps that allow the vehicle to pick a route from origin to destination.
 * Detect objects such as people and vehicles.
 * Travel between waypoints without human assistance.
 * Avoid harming people, property or itself, unless those are part of its mission.

A robot may also be able to learn autonomously. Autonomous learning includes the ability to:
 * Gain capabilities.
 * Adjust strategies based on the surroundings.
 * Adapt to surroundings.
 * Behave ethically in pursuit of mission goals.

Armed autonomous machines must distinguish between combatants and civilians. This is particularly true in conflicts where combatants intentionally disguise themselves as civilians to avoid detection. Even highly accurate but imperfect systems can pose unacceptable civilian losses.

Guidance interface
The interface between the machine and the human operator can include a joystick, autonomous software, or voice commands.

Communication links
Communication between UGV and control station can be done via radio or fiber optics. It may include communication with other machines and robots.

Systems integration
The various hardware and software elements must work together to produce desired results.

Uses
A wide variety of UGVs were in use as of 2024. They typically replace humans in hazardous situations, such as handling explosives and in bomb disabling vehicles, where additional strength or smaller size is needed, or where humans cannot safely go. Military applications include surveillance, reconnaissance, and target acquisition. They are used in industries such as agriculture, mining, and construction. UGVs are effective in naval operations, and for the Marine Corps in combat; they can help in logistics operations on land and sea.

UGVs are under development for peacekeeping operations, ground surveillance, gatekeeper/checkpoint operations, urban street presence and to enhance police and military raids in urban settings. UGVs can "draw first fire" from adversaries—reducing military and police casualties. Furthermore, UGVs are used in rescue and recovery mission and were used to find survivors following 9/11 at Ground Zero.

Space
NASA's Mars Exploration Rover project included two UGVs, Spirit and Opportunity. Both performed beyond design parameters. This is attributed to redundant systems, careful handling, and long-term interface decision-making. Opportunity and its twin, Spirit, are six-wheeled, solar-powered ground vehicles. They were launched in July 2003 and landed on opposite sides of Mars in January 2004. Spirit operated nominally until it became trapped in deep sand in April 2009, lasting more than 20 times longer than expected. Opportunity was operational for more than 14 years beyond its intended lifespan of three months. Curiosity landed on Mars in September 2011, and its original two-year mission has since been extended indefinitely.

Civilian and commercial
Civilian applications are automating processes in manufacturing environments. They work as autonomous tour guides for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History and the Swiss National Exhibition Expo.

Agriculture

UGVs are one type of agricultural robot. Unmanned tractors can operate around the clock, to meet short windows for harvesting. UGVs are used for spraying and thinning. They can be used to monitor crop and livestock health.

Manufacturing
In the manufacturing environment, UGVs are used for transporting materials. Aerospace companies use these vehicles for precision positioning and transporting heavy, bulky components between manufacturing stations, which is faster than using large cranes and can keep people out of dangerous areas.

Mining
UGVs can be used to traverse and map mine tunnels. Combining radar, laser, and visual sensors, UGVs are in development to map 3D rock surfaces in open pit mines.

Supply chain
In the warehouse management system, UGVs have multiple uses from transferring goods with autonomous forklifts and conveyors to stock scanning and taking inventory. Automated Guided Vehicles are extensively used in warehouses to deal with goods that are dangerous to humans (e.g. corrosive and flammable goods) or need special handling such as passing through freezers.

Emergency response
UGVs are used in many emergency situations including urban search and rescue, firefighting, and nuclear response. Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, UGVs were used in Japan for mapping and structural assessment in areas with too much radiation to allow a human presence.

Military

UGV use by the military has saved many lives. Applications include explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) such as landmines, loading heavy items, and repairing ground conditions under enemy fire. The number of robots used in Iraq increased from 150 in 2004 to 5000 in 2005 where they disarmed over 1000 roadside bombs in Iraq at the end of 2005. By 2013, the U.S. Army had purchased 7,000 such machines and 750 had been destroyed. The U.S. military is building UGVs to act as armed robots outfitted with machine guns and grenade launchers that may replace soldiers in combat. Such uses potentially pose ethical concerns by removing humans from the OODA loop.

SARGE
SARGE is a 4-wheel drive all-terrain vehicle that uses the frame of the Yamaha Breeze. The objective is to provide each infantry battalion with up to eight SARGE units. SARGE is primarily used for remote surveillance; sent ahead of the infantry to investigate potential ambushes.

Multi-Utility Tactical Transport
Built by General Dynamics Land Systems, the Mult-Utility Tactical Transport ("MUTT") comes in 4-, 6- and 8-wheeled variants. As of 2013 it was in trials.

X-2
X-2 is a medium-sized tracked UGV built by Digital Concepts Engineering. It is based on a previous autonomous robotic system designed for use in EOD, search and rescue (SAR), perimeter patrol, communications relay, mine detection and clearing, and as a light weapons platform. It measures 1.31 m in length, weighs 300 kg and can reach speeds of 5 km/h. It traverses slopes up to 45' steep and crosses deep mud. The vehicle is controlled using the Marionette system which is also used on Wheelbarrow EOD robots.

The Warrior
The Warrior is a new model of the PackBot, but over five times its size. It can travel at speeds of up to 15 mph, and is the first PackBot capable of carrying a weapon. Like the Packbot, it plays a key role in checking for explosives. They are capable of carrying 68 kilograms and travelling at 8 mph. The Warrior is priced at nearly 400,000. More than 5000 units have already been delivered worldwide.

TerraMax
TerraMax is designed to be integrated into any tactical wheeled vehicle and is fully incorporated into the brakes, steering, engine, and transmission. Fitted vehicles retain the ability to be driver-operated. Vehicles manufactured by Oshkosh Defense and fitted with the package competed in the DARPA Grand Challenges of 2004 and 2005, and the DARPA Urban Challenge of 2007. The Marine Corps Warfighting Lab selected TerraMax-equipped MTVRs for the Cargo UGV project initiated in 2010, culminating in a technology concept demonstration for the Office of Naval Research in 2015. Demonstrated uses for the upgraded vehicles include unmanned route clearance (with a mine roller) and reducing personnel required for transportation convoys.

THeMIS
THeMIS (Tracked Hybrid Modular Infantry System) is a ground-based armed drone vehicle designed largely for military applications. It is built by Milrem Robotics in Estonia. The vehicle’s open architecture gives it multi-mission capability. Its main purpose is to increase situational awareness, provide improved intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance over wide areas, support on-base logistics, provide last-mile resupply for frontline units, and aid battle damage assessment. The vehicle serves as a transport platform, remote weapon station, IED detection and disposal unit, etc. It reduces physical and cognitive load, increases standoff distance, force protection, and survivability.

THeMIS Combat UGV includes an integrated self-stabilizing remote-controlled weapon system that provides direct fire support for manoeuvre forces. The weapons system provides high precision over wide areas, day and night, increasing standoff distance, force protection, and survivability. They can be equipped with light or heavy machine guns, 40 mm grenade launchers, 30 mm autocannons, and Anti-Tank Missile Systems.

THeMIS ISR UGVs have multi-sensor intelligence gathering capabilities. The system can aid dismounted infantry units, border guard, and law enforcement agencies to collect and process raw information and decrease the reaction time for commanders.

Type-X
The Type-X is a 12-tonne tracked and armored robotic combat vehicle designed and produced by Milrem Robotics in Estonia. Measuring 600 cm long, 290 cm wide, and 220 cm tall, this heavy-duty vehicle weighs in at 12,000 kg and can carry a maximum payload of 4,100 kg. It can be fitted with either autocannon turrets up to 50 mm or various other weapons systems, such as ATGMs, SAMs, radars, mortars, etc.

Talon
The Talon is primarily used for bomb disposal, and is waterproof at 100 ft depth so that it can search for explosives underwater. The Talon was first used in 2000, and over 3,000 units have been distributed worldwide. By 2004, The Talon had been used in over 20,000 separate missions. These missions largely consisted of situations that were considered to be too dangerous for humans. These can include entering booby-trapped caves, searching for IEDs, or scouting a combat zone. The Talon can keep pace with a running soldier. It can operate for 7 days off of one battery charge and is capable of climbing stairs. It was used at Ground Zero during the recovery mission. Talon's durability is attested by one unit that fell off a bridge into a river; the operators turned the control unit back on and drove it out of the river.

SWORDS
SWORDS is a Talon robot with an attached weapon system. Shortly after the release of the Warrior, the SWORDS robot was designed and deployed. SWORDS is capable of mounting any weapon system weighing less than 300 pounds. In a matter of seconds, the user can fit weapons such as a grenade launcher, rocket launcher, or 50 caliber machine gun. SWORDS fire with high precision, hitting the bullseye of a target 70/70 times in one test. They are capable of withstanding damage such as multiple 50 caliber rounds, or a fall from a helicopter onto concrete. In addition, the SWORDS robot is capable of making its way through difficult terrain, including underwater. In 2004, only four SWORDS units were in existence. It was named as one of the world's most amazing inventions by Time Magazine in 2004. The US Army deployed three to Iraq in 2007 but then cancelled support of the project.

Small Unit Mobility Enhancement Technology (SUMET)
The SUMET system is a platform and hardware independent, low-cost electro-optical perception, localization, and autonomy package developed to convert a traditional vehicle into a UGV. It performs various autonomous maneuvers in austere/harsh off-road environments, without dependence on a human operator or on GPS. The SUMET system has been deployed on various tactical and commercial platforms and is open, modular, scalable and extensible.

Autonomous Small Scale Construction Machine (ASSCM)
The ASSCM is a civilian unmanned ground vehicle developed in Yuzuncu Yil University via a grant from TUBITAK (Project code 110M396). The vehicle is a low-cost small scale construction machine that can grade soft soil. The machine is capable of autonomous grading within a polygon once the polygon border is defined. The machine determines its position by CP-DGPS and direction by consecutive position measurements.

Taifun-M
In April 2014, the Russian Army unveiled Taifun-M UGV as a remote sentry to guard RS-24 Yars and RT-2PM2 Topol-M missile sites. The Taifun-M features laser targeting and a cannon to carry out reconnaissance and patrol, detect and destroy stationary or moving targets, and provide fire support for security personnel. They are remotely operated.

UKAP
Turkey's unmanned ground vehicle Weapon Platform (UKAP) was developed by defense contractors Katmerciler and ASELSAN. The vehicle is equipped with the 12.7 mm SARP remote-controlled, stabilized weapon systems.

Ripsaw
The Ripsaw is a developmental unmanned ground combat vehicle designed and built by Howe & Howe Technologies for evaluation by the United States Army.

Riderless bike
The coModule electric bicycle is remotely operated via smartphone, with users able to accelerate, turn and brake the bike by tilting their device. The bike can drive autonomously in a closed environment.

title: Unmanned ground vehicle


text:
1964 in Singapore

The following lists events that happened during 1964 in Singapore.
 * Singapore was still part of the Federation of Malaysia

Incumbents

 * Yang di-Pertuan Negara – Yusof Ishak
 * Prime Minister – Lee Kuan Yew

January

 * 1 January – The Singapore Tourism Promotion Board (present day Singapore Tourism Board) is formed to promote Singapore as a destination for visitors.
 * 20 January – Cold Storage's new carbon dioxide factory is officially opened, which is required for dry ice and carbonated drinks.

February

 * 12 February – The Housing and Development Board launches a new scheme known as the Home Ownership for the People Scheme. This enabled Singaporeans to buy flats for a lease of 99 years.

March

 * 1 March – The People's Action Party decides to send in candidates for the 1964 Malaysian general election, which is held on 25 April. The decision caused an outroar in Kuala Lumpur. It only won the Bangsar seat.
 * 31 March – The Khong Guan Flour Milling factory is officially opened, making it the first flour mill in Singapore. This will allow biscuit companies and bakeries to rely on locally produced flour instead of imported flour.

April

 * 1 April – The Port of Singapore Authority is formed, taking over the previous Singapore Harbour Board and the Master Attendant.
 * 24 April – The Singapore Tourism Promotion Board adopts the Merlion as its new emblem.

May

 * 20 May – The Singapore Tourism Promotion Board's new office is officially opened.

July

 * 21 July – The 1964 racial riots occurred between Malays and Chinese, during a birthday celebration procession of Muhammad. By the end of the riots, 23 people are killed, with 454 others injured.

August

 * 13 August – After a series of blasts caused by the Confrontation, a sea curfew is imposed so as to prevent saboteurs from setting into Singapore, resulting in fishermen not being able to fish at night.

September

 * 2 September – The second racial riot occurred between Malays and Chinese after the murder of a Malay Trishaw rider. By the time the riots ended, 13 people are killed, with 106 injured.

October

 * 31 October – Malaysia Dairy Industries new factory is officially opened to produce condensed milk locally. It has since branched into fruit juices and other dairy products.

November

 * 28 November – The Singapore Institute of Management is registered as Singapore's first management institute. It aims to create a pool of industrial managers for the newly built factories, which are important for Singapore's economy.

December

 * December – Work starts on Toa Payoh, which will house 250,000 people when completed.
 * 4–21 December – The first sports festival, Pesta Sukan, is held in Singapore.

Births

 * 29 March – Grace Fu, Minister of Sustainability and the Environment
 * 26 April – Nicky Moey, writer.
 * 6 June – Junie Sng, Olympic swimmer
 * 22 August – Kelvin Tan, musician, writer and lecturer.
 * 20 November – Ong Keng Sen, artistic director of TheatreWorks.
 * 24 December – Tan See Leng, Minister for Manpower and Second Minister for Trade and Industry.
 * Sabri Buang, writer, theatre director.
 * Philip Jeyaretnam, counsel, writer.
 * Liang Wern Fook, Chinese literature pioneer.

Deaths

 * 24 January – Lee Wee Nam – Entrepreneur, community leader (b. 1881).
 * 20 June – Loke Wan Tho – Cathay Organisation founder (b. 1915).
 * 1 July – Awang Bakar – Footballer (b. 1930/1936).

title: 1964 in Singapore


text:
Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment

The Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment (German: Wachregiment "Feliks E. Dzierzynski") was the paramilitary wing of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi), the security service of the German Democratic Republic (GDR).

The Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment was called a regiment, however the elite formation gradually grew to the size of a motorized infantry division with its constituent Kommandos made up of battalions. Its role in the Stasi was the protection of buildings and high-ranking officials of the GDR government and the Socialist Unity Party of Germany.

It was composed of experienced and ideologically reliable men separate from the National People's Army that could be deployed to suppress rebellion and unrest.

History
The Guards Battalion A at the MfS (Wachbataillon A beim MfS) was founded on January 1, 1951 as an armed force to complement the Ministry for State Security (MfS or Stasi), the security service of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The GDR was a de facto communist state established in 1949 from the Soviet occupation zone and was ruled by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) with significant Soviet influence. Despite authoritarian measures to suppress political opposition, the threat of instability remained. The SED followed the Soviet model of creating a dedicated elite and politically loyal armed force to protect itself.

The Guards Battalion A participated in the suppression of the Uprising of 1953 against the SED's Stalinist policies. In November 1954, the Guards Battalion A was set up as the official paramilitary wing of the Stasi and its staff headquartered in Adlershof, East Berlin. In August 1961, units of the Guards Battalion A participated in the construction of the Berlin Wall. In 1967, the Guards Battalion A was officially renamed the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment (Wachregiment "Feliks E. Dzierzynski") in honor of Felix Dzerzhinsky, founder of the Cheka.

The Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment's major task was the protection of the SED, especially its buildings in the capital of East Berlin, and from 1960 providing security for the party leaders' private residential compound, Waldsiedlung, located 24 km north of Berlin near Wandlitz.

The Stasi was dissolved on 13 January 1990 and its facilities and responsibilities taken over by the GDR's Ministry of the Interior (Ministerium des Innern), but the regiment continued to exist. The Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment was formally dissolved on 2 October 1990, the day before the GDR was dissolved in the German reunification.

Duties
While the FDGR's main duties were to ensure the safety of SED official and party members, it could also be mobilized to conduct some commando operations when required.

Scholarly research into the regiment after the end of the Cold War mentions that FDGR soldiers had trained PLO and other Middle Eastern and South American-based terrorists at a classified military base known as Objekt 74 at Briesen.

Organization
At full strength, the regiment consisted of over 11,200 personnel, including 2,500 officers, 8,735 NCOs and enlisted men, and nine civil staff. Its commander was a Major General after 1956.

Structure

 * Three combat groups with six motorized rifle battalions and three training battalions
 * Artillery Battalion
 * Engineer Battalion
 * Medical, signal, support and reconnaissance companies.
 * Helicopter Squadron with six Mi-2s and Mi-8s and Mi-24s.
 * Stasi Arbeitsgruppe des Ministers S

Reorganization
The Regiment was subdivided into the following commands from 1980 to 1989:

 * Kommando 1 – Standort Adlershof, Standorte in den Bezirken Command 1 - Location Adlershof, locations in the districts
 * Kommando 2 – Standort Erkner - Erkner
 * Kommando 3 – Standort Teupitz - Teupitz
 * Kommando 4 – Standort in Eberswalde-Finow later (mid 1980s) in Erkner, Prenden and Biesenthal
 * Kommando 5 – Standort Berlin until 1982, then Freienbrink Ahrensfelde

The sites were inherited by the Ahrensfelde guard regiment in mid-January 1989. Until then they had formed accommodation facilities for UAV units of the Ministry for State Security (e.g., backup units of VRD, BDL, HA VI, AGMS). These units were the uniformed as well as the guard and security units of the units of the Stasi (BV), not a subdivision of the guards regiment.

Part of these units were merged in January 1989 into the guard regiment, which is why the site was taken over by the Ahrensfelde guard regiment.

Until 1989, the guard regiment had no locations in the districts. The service objects there were guarded by the WSE, which were placed under the respective BV.

Senior Management
Commanders of the guards regiment were:

 * 1962 to 1972: Major-General Heinz Gronau (provisional)
 * 1972 to 1987: Colonel (Major General since 1976) Bernhard Elsner
 * 1987 to 1990: Major-General Manfred Döring

Personnel Strength
The personnel strength of the regiment:
 * 1955: 1.475
 * 1960: 4.372
 * 1965: 5,121
 * 1970: 7,924
 * 1975: 9,245
 * 1980: 10,082
 * 1985: 10,192
 * 1989: 11,426

Recruitment and training
Military service in the Guard regiment was completed as WED (abbr. Wehrersatzdienst, alternative military service). In contrast to the National People's Army, recruits were inducted in April and September / October, a month earlier.

Recruits were selected from soldiers and NCOs who served in the NVA as volunteers for three years. Sometimes, service with the FDGR could potentially lead to a career in the Stasi. Most soldiers in the regiment are known to be parachute-qualified. Several players of BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden made their military service with the regiment, such as Lutz Eigendorf and Matthias Sammer. The head of the Stasi Erich Mielke was also the president of SV Dynamo.

It became publicly known in 2011 that also the incumbent president of football club 1. FC Union Berlin Dirk Zingler was a member of the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment for three years during his military service. Dirk Zingler has explained that he had sought to spend his military service in Berlin and that he was unaware beforehand that the regiment belonged to the Stasi. It was, however, not possible to apply for the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment. The Stasi selected who it thought fit to serve with the regiment.

Weapons
The FDGR received the same training and weapons as the Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft and some of its personnel were paratroopers. It was also equipped with modern armored fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, anti-tank guns, anti-aircraft weapons and mortars.

The regiment was equipped with small arms (Makarov, Walther PP, PM-63 RAK, AKM, AK-74, LMG, RPG-7). They were also reported to be armed with the StG-943 in 1989.

Stationed in the command 3 (on military Teupitz - cones), there was also a battalion of special weapons. It consisted of a company, which was armed with heavy anti-tank recoilless gun SPG-9 (in 1987, was reorganized into a rifle company), a company which is an essential weapon, the heavy machine gun (HMG-company) and had the 70mm - anti-aircraft missile armed "Strela-2 'Company. Until 1982 there was also an artillery detachment armed with 122mm D-30 howitzer. Previously, they had 85-mm PaK D-44, and 82mm mortars and 120 mm in the stock.

Regulators company RSK was additionally can be equipped with the AKS-74 around the shoulder stock to collapse. At least in the 1970s, the former intelligence battalion, the mortar batteries and the I-battalion with Kalashnikovs in the S version were equipped. Specialized units such as the honor companies (28. and 29 MSK of the 10th MSB) were fitted in addition to the above-mentioned weapons, rifles and sabers.

The paratrooper company, located in the reconnaissance battalion, also used the small Skorpion machine pistol from Czechoslovakia.

For large events, there were as accessories batons (flexible), down from 1989 shields and helmets and chains.

Vehicles
The FDGR had access to light armored personnel carriers such as the BTR-60PB and the PSzH-IV.

The six Mi-2s and Mi-8s and Mi-24s were used for personnel transport.

Uniforms

Its uniforms were nearly identical to those of the National People's Army (NVA) and were distinguished primarily by the dark red MfS service color of its insignia and by a cuff title on the left sleeve bearing the regiment's name. Other Stasi officers wore a similar uniform, but without the cuffband.

The service or dress uniform of the regiment was an army uniform made of high quality (of officers) with claret fabric collar and brown (officer) leather belt. The left sleeve was fitted with a cuffband and the words "wachregiment F. Dzerzhinsky".

Soldiers of the MOS units typically had the following personal uniforms:

 * 1x service uniform (cap, tunic, trousers Parade (breeches), gray shirt, tie, officer boots grained, brown belt)
 * 1x semi-dress uniform (cap, tunic, output pants, gray shirt, tie, shoes, brown belt)
 * 1x summer field service uniform ( "Ein Strich - Kein Strich" ("one dash - no dash") Steel Helmet ( "eggshell") / cap, gray Gurtkoppel, officer boots grained)
 * 1x Field Service Uniform Winter ("Ein Strich - Kein Strich")
 * 1x special service uniform – tunic, parade trousers (breeches), gray shirt, tie, an officer in plain boots, belts, NCO Professional version (with at least Corporal epaulets, even if the soldier in question was only temporary soldiers and rank only a soldier) (not in the personal cabinet)
 * 1x Drillich (Arbeitsuniform) fatigues (work uniform)
 * 1x Winter Service Uniform
 * 1x sport suit "SV Dynamo" in burgundy, white sneakers

In command 4 - Eberswalde-Finow in Bernau contributed UAZ, professional officers and professional officers uniforms of the regular army with weapons Color black (pioneers) and (white Motorized Rifle) to camouflage the Wachregimentseinsatzes.

title: Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment


text: Category:Haute-Loire

title: Category:Haute-Loire


text:
1963 in Singapore

The following lists events that happened during 1963 in Singapore.
 * Singapore was a 14th State of Malaysia beginning 16 September 1963.

Incumbents

 * Yang di-Pertuan Negara – Yusof Ishak
 * Prime Minister – Lee Kuan Yew

January

 * 6 January – The OG factory is officially opened.
 * 20 January – Confrontation was announced.

February

 * 2 February – Operation Coldstore was mounted to stop communist influence, resulting in 113 people being arrested.
 * 15 February – At 6:00pm SST, Channel 5 was launched as its first pilot television service as "TV Singapura". The channel operated 1 hour and 40 minutes monochrome service on black and white during its daily test transmissions from 6:00pm to 7:40pm SGT. After the image of the state flag and the playing of the national anthem, Majulah Singapura, Minister for Culture, S. Rajaratnam, became the first person to appear on Singapore TV, announcing that "Tonight might well mark the start of a social and cultural revolution in our lives." Following his speech, the first television programme in Singapore was a 15-minute documentary produced by TV Singapura called TV Looks at Singapore. It was followed by two cartoons, a news report and newsreel, a comedy show and a local variety show. At the time, it was estimated that only one in 58 persons in Singapore owned a TV set, and the pilot service offered only 1-hour and 40-minutes of broadcasting per day on Channel 5.

March

 * 13 March – The Civilian War Memorial will be built at Beach Road.

April

 * 2 April - At 7:15pm SGT, President Yusof Ishak officially inaugurated the regular television service as "TV Singapura Channel 5" with expanded its broadcast day to four hours per-night daily broadcasts from 7:15pm until 11:15pm SGT before gradually brought forward to 6:30pm SGT in September showing programmes in Singapore's four official languages.
 * 22 April – City Hall riot.

May

 * 1 May – The Public Utilities Board is formed to manage electricity, water and gas.
 * 25 May – The Ngee Ann College is officially opened, changing name from Ngee Ann Technical College and finally present-day Ngee Ann Polytechnic.

June

 * 16 June – The first tree in Singapore is planted in Farrer Circus by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, which is a mempat tree.

July

 * 9 July – The 20-point agreement, submitted by North Borneo, was signed by the UK government and representatives of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore in the run-up to the creation of the Federation of Malaysia.
 * 12 July - Pulau Senang prison riot.

August

 * 8 August – The National Theatre is opened.
 * 25 August – A rally was held in City Hall.
 * 28 August – A report to improve education was released.
 * 31 August – Singapore declared its independence from the United Kingdom, with Yusof bin Ishak as the head of state (Yang di-Pertuan Negara) and Lee Kuan Yew as prime minister; sixteen days later, Singapore would join the Federation of Malaysia, but would declare independence again on 9 August 1965. On the same day, the 1963 State Constitution is adopted.

September

 * 7 September – City Developments Limited is formed as a property group.
 * 16 September – Malaysia is formed from Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore.
 * 21 September – The PAP wins the 1963 State Elections, defeating the Barisan Sosialis and UMNO.

November

 * 13 November – The Singapore Association of Trade Unions (SATU) is refused registration for being prejudicial to Singapore's national security, leading to its eventual dissolution.
 * 23 November – TV Singapura Channel 8 was officially formal full launched at 7:40pm SGT as Singapore's second television channel with 1 hour and 25 minute daily broadcasts from 7:40pm until 10:05pm SGT.

Births

 * 12 April – Indranee Rajah, Minister in the Prime Minister's Office.
 * 16 April – Masagos Zulkifli, Minister for Social and Family Development and Second Minister for Health.
 * 20 September – Ivan Heng, Stage actor, director, founder of W!LD RICE.
 * Koh Buck Song – Writer, journalist.
 * Heng Siok Tian – Art educator.
 * Yang Lina - Actress (d. 2010).

Deaths

 * 14 February – Lim Hak Tai – Pioneer artist, art educator (b. 1893).
 * 18 August – Carl Alexander Gibson-Hill – Last British director of Raffles Museum (present day National Museum of Singapore) (b. 1911).
 * Haji Ambo Sooloh – Businessman of Bugis descent (b. 1891).

title: 1963 in Singapore


text:
Talk:RSPCA

Legal powers
If the RSPCA is a non-government charity organization, what gives them the right to do things like going into people's homes and removing animals, whatever the welfare issues involved? Are they exercising some kind of power akin to a citizen's arrest? --81.135.160.27 18:07, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

No, they are exercising powers granted under statute (ie laws of parliament). It should be done by governments but they are too cheap to care so they allow a charity to do thier work for them. Dankru 11:49, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

The Protection of Animals Act 1911 does not give the RSPCA the power to arrest or entry or of search. 1 2 --Neocal 20:36, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

As far as I know, in Australia at least it's actually emplyoees of the local council that enter people's property to remove animals, not the RSPCA. They then take them to the RSPCA. I could be wrong though. I am a lemon 02:33, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

The situation in the UK is that RSPCA Inspectors use powers under animal cruelty legislation, but are well trained to recognise the limitations of their authority. In situations where they are not authorised to act independently (eg gaining entry to premises) they routinely call for police assistance, and simply accompany police officers who are using their powers of entry. This works both ways, as police are often hampered in entering properties because of the presence of potentilly dangerous animals, and they call upon the assistance of RSPCA animal handlers. Sometimes a working arrangement like this is just as good as a specific power under Law.  Timothy Titus Talk To TT  02:02, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Campaigning
''Some previous supporters have challenged the RSPCA over these campaigns and, in common with many other major charities that also engage in campaigning, question whether such activities represent a proper use even of a tiny proportion of their charitable funds. Such queries come mainly from supporters of "countryside sports".''

Im not sure that putting Such queries come mainly from supporters of "countryside sports". is fair. I think a lot of people who donate to the Society are wondering whether their money is better spent on issues such as domestic animal welfare, farming practices and wildlife preservation.

 * Wildlife preservation such as stopping the badger cull or preventing hare coursing, perhaps? :-) MikeHobday 20:02, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * If there is a ref to the arguments in the media, that would be good. My little sentence, intended only to flag the controversy, was, I agree, a bit too much of a precis though campaigning consumes only a tiny proprotion (quantify??) of their budget. --farsee50 10:23, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * If it is true then its worth including, but sources etc would probably help by backing it up. Re Badger Culling - Thats mentioned in the article, and as far as Im aware thats not a countryside sport. --TFoxton 19:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think this is needed at all, if this has been challenged for many charities then it is an industry element which isn't needed on a specific charity page. Maybe this should be part of the Charity Commission for England and Wales or there should be a UK Charity Page providing details of more recent issues and changes, including the data issues etc. Prob merge with Small Charity Governance iblamedan (talk) 12:11, 24 July 2018 (UTC)

Reversion without comment
Hi Mais Oui - good to 'meet' you. I am however, concerned about the total reversion, without explanation, of a reasonable edit, that merely recorded controversy. Please let's discuss. - Ballista 18:49, 25 June 2006 (UTC) P.S. I didn't say to which article I refer - it is the RSPCA article, in case you didn't know.
 * P.S. Having received no response, I'm copying this to the relevant 'talk' page, in case you didn't see it. That way, it can become part of 'open' discussion. - Ballista 20:11, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Since no-one has felt the need to respond to this, for about four weeks, it seems appropriate to assume that it was a unilateral action by User:Mais Oui and should be reverted (see the edit of 17.49 on 25th June). I shall leave it a little while longer, to see if there is any response or opinion. - Ballista 09:43, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Can you source references for the additions you made? WP:CITE, WP:RS /wangi 09:58, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I reckon so. Please look at Freedom Food website and Select Committee on Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Report, for the information that supports the assertion that there is dangerous potential for conflict of interest on at least two counts. - Ballista 10:21, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Any feedback on this info? - Ballista 08:56, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Sure, go for it - add it back, along with the references. Ta/wangi 09:04, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Canada
There is no Canadian RSPCA.
 * The first SPCA in Canada was formed in 1869 in Montreal, three years after Henry Bergh started the first American SPCA, and only 36 years after the formation of the first SPCA in the world, the RSPCA in England. The founders of our country's earliest humane society called it the Canadian SPCA, perhaps dreaming that one day there would be branches across the country. However, the humane movement in Canada did not develop along the same lines as did the British RSPCA. It developed regionally, rather than nationally, and today the CSPCA would be more appropriately named the Montreal SPCA. Similarly in the United States, the American SPCA operates in the city of New York, not the whole country.

I have removed the sentence on there being a Canadian RSPCA. This is not grounded in fact. Ozdaren 02:42, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Article vandalized
The admin should really ban that nonerds0. just look at his contrib.Special:Contributions/Nonerds0

Controversy
The main problem that people have with the killing of Gangotri the cow is that she was killed despite the fact that she was a pet (rather than raised for slaughter) who was getting veterinary treatment. That is the main point and it is referenced. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.186.169.33 (talk) 20:27, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Species
What species of animals does the RSPCA actively support? I hear they've not taken anyone to court for over 11 years due to cruelty against pet fish which is odd considering Goldfish is the number one most kept pet in the UK. Surprising when you consider Goldfish live double the number of years than Dogs. --Quatermass (talk) 17:08, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * This isn't true, while it maybe true that most carp can live a long life, the quality of parentage and upbringing prior to import to the UK is also a major variable most places which supply them do so by bulk import. danjrose.uk | @iblamedan 15:03, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

Edits by anonymous user 94.194.101.132
Please review the history of this article before wading in! The words in question are certainly not "weasel words". They present a balance of two opposing views, and were inserted due to disagreements between different editors over the meaning of the preceding quote. These words were added to prevent POV, by presenting both sides of the argment over interpretation of the comments of the RSPCA spokesman. We leave the reader to form his own opinion, as is appropriate to an encyclopedia.  Timothy Titus Talk To TT  15:30, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

a new controversy
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/oct/09/court-rspca-will-overturn-daughter The RSPCA lost, but they state they will be appealing. Flatterworld (talk) 02:27, 11 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Interesting story, but not in any sense relevant to this article. The involvement of the RSPCA is incidental (albeit significant to them as an organisation). The story is actually about a domestic disagreement, and the question of whether or not a man coerced his wife in the writing of their wills. There is no suggestion of coercion on the part of the RSPCA, or any officer of the RSPCA.  Timothy Titus Talk To TT  03:12, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

References/'primary sources tag'
This article currently has 5 independent references and 11 from the RSPCA itself. It seems natural that information about organizational matters should come from the society itself, though obviously having additional outside refs would be welcome. User:Simple Bob evidently disagrees " sorry, but 9 out of the 15 references are RSPCA. It needs more 3rd party refs" and has twice put a 'primary sources' tag prominently at the head of the article (rather than the references section itself) with the clear inference that it is unreliable. Perhaps he'd like to explain his insistence here? -- Klein zach  23:11, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Criticism
That whole section is based on one source which is four years old, thats a bit weak isn't it? Is there any more sources out there especially recent ones about the criticism because at the moment it just seems like one mans old witch hunt.Uksam88 (talk) 22:33, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Membership
Should this article not record the RSPCA membership numbers?

Reason for reverting and making further edits
Most of the edits I made in the last 24 hours were undone. I've silently reverted those that were silently undone. As for the two that were undone with accompanying edit summaries, the comments were helpful. I've reverted and improved them in the light of these comments. I think it could still be made better: there are a lot of controversies and maybe they could be further sub-categorised. asnac (talk) 18:57, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

Cesar Milan
Please see WP:BLPN where a campaign where this organisation was a sponsor is being discussed. Dougweller (talk) 06:51, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

Hi to whomever it may concern, I am a student at Central Lancashire and am interested in producing Free Range Eggs as am a lover of animals and in a good motive of giving quality products to people as these days we face lots of medical problems. I just wanted to know if your RSPCA is only for England and Wales or is it possible to approve to other countries...???? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.211.214.127 (talk) 14:37, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

RSPCA Article
This article is highly biased. It reports a long list of negative media stories about the RSPCA but without any attempt to offset these by referring to the many positive stories about the society. The article is unbalanced and gives an inaccurate and incomplete picture. The summary of news articles dominates the article, at the expense of an impartial and informative account of the society and its place in modern society. I am surprised and disappointed that this article has not been heavily edited. It has so obviously been prepared by people with a biased outlook that it reads as anti-RSPCA propaganda. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.30.48.6 (talk) 03:28, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Criticism section too long
I have tagged this article for neutrality. I have just calculated that the "Criticism and controversy" section accounts for just under 39% of the words in the article, and it mostly focuses on fairly recent news stories. It needs to be trimmed. If I get no replies, I will probably proceed on my own. Anywikiuser (talk) 14:35, 31 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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Requested move 28 October 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) - 🔥𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒆 (𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒌)🔥 02:41, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals → RSPCA – Per WP:COMMONNAME and MOS:ACRONYM (e.g. NAACP, NATO, etc.) 180.183.209.59 (talk) 00:58, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Support, per nom. Look at any number of UK based news stories to show that this is the WP:COMMONNAME. YorkshireExpat (talk) 19:25, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support per nom, WP:COMMONNAME and above. GT also shows an overwhemingly search preference for RSPCA. The lead can remain the same, containing the full title, like at NATO, unless the full title is legally dropped.  Dank Jae  15:33, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:RSPCA


text:
User:Hgump~enwiki

Seawas!
(Bavarian for Hi!)

Helmut from Piding in the wonderful county Berchtesgadener Land in Oberbayern.

Further information on my german Usersite.

title: User:Hgump~enwiki


text:
User talk:Cburnett/Geography

=July 17, 2005 archive start=

template:US state
A couple of comments about your recent changes. We clearly have different preferences on how compact the table should be. I strongly lean minimalist, but I suspect we both agree comprehensibility is most important. BTW - you didn't respond on Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_U.S._states about adding FIPS code or motto. What do you think? -- Rick Block 21:19, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Adding km2 to the Area label doesn't work for Kansas (which has measurements in both English and metric units).  Missouri (not using the template yet) also lists English and metric units.
 * 2) Perhaps not obvious, but the ISO 3166-2 code includes the USPS abbreviation so listing both is actually redundant.
 * 3) I don't mean to argue about it (just curious, really), but what don't you like about including the statehood order parenthetically after the date?
 * 4) The way you have the title for the population entries makes the parenthetical rank look (to me) like it is somehow related to 2000, rather than all the population data being as of the 2000 census.  Please don't fix this by reverting the ranks back to their own lines.
 * 5) Given you've changed width and length back to their own lines I'll stop trying to think of a way to combine max/mean/min elevations on one line.

Thanks for your comments Rick. :) Yes, I certainly agree. Comprehensibility is key. I'll respond to your FIPS, etc. comments when I get a chance. Cburnett 21:46, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) I think we should make them all km² or all mi² or both.  It is a template to provide unity across state data.
 * 2) I know that, but does everyone else?  Does a 5th grader know who ISO is? :)  And which really came first: USPS switching to 2-letter or ISO defining 3166-2?  The real driving reason I wanted to put USPS abbreviation in the infobox is I saw a lot of states specify it inside the article in haphazard locations, but typically in the opening paragraph.  First step to not needing it in the article.
 * 3) On a web page, width is in short supply but length is not.  (I absolutely hate side-scrolling; there's page up/down but no page left/right).  For me all the changes I made are putting things to keep them from wrapping because they're too wide.  I don't mind scrolling down to read more. My definition of "compact" is a matter of width not brevity.  Wrapped lines/data are confusing and not particularly necessary when things can easily be moved to another line
 * 4) Without making the template wider I don't think you can.

 * With the current version there are problems with Arizona and Texas (at least with NS 7, W98, and "classic" skin - seems "nowrap" fails to have any effect). Also note that with this version most entries fit in the left half of the horizontal space.  In some sense (perhaps only theoretically) I think this means the table at its current width is roughly twice as long as it could be.  I don't think we're going to shrink the US map to reduce the width of the table to less than 300px, so I'd prefer we reformatted some things to use more of the available width.  We should at least redistribute the white space so everything isn't piled up in the left half of the table. -- Rick Block 01:19, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

state elevations
Hi - I've been trying to track down where some of the state data originally came from, and mean elevation is one of numbers for which I can't find the source. You just linked the state infobox template to List of U.S. states by elevation. The source that's listed in this article does not include mean elevation figures. Do you have any idea where the mean elevation numbers came from? Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) 01:07, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * The information in the tables was originally taken from the US state info box on each of the 50 state articles (links in the topmost table). This source is also the reason the information is given in meters instead of feet, many of the state articles only give the information in meters and I did not feel like doing the conversion when the original tables were being built. --Allen3 talk 01:35, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * That was going to be my guess, but you beat me to the punch. Now, as to where the mean data came from that's in the infoboxes....not sure.  I don't find anything on the talk page.  I see Rick has asked on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. states. Cburnett 01:39, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I'm still trying to chase the mean elevation numbers back to their original (non-wikipedia) source.  The actual ultimate goal is to update the state infoboxes to have both metric and US measurements, clearly indicating the original source (which, I think, for the current measurements was US not metric).  It's currently kind of hard to validate the metric numbers we have since it's not obvious the originals were not metric.  What the list article currently says is that the source of the numbers is a USGS web page, and linking to this list from the state infoboxes sort of implies the numbers in the state infoboxes came from here.  As long as the numbers match up (and can be verified from the cited source), I don't care how we got here.  If we're going to add US measurements to the list article, they should definitely NOT be converted from the existing metric numbers since I'd be willing to bet the metric numbers were converted (at some time, by somebody) from the (non-metric) USGS originals.  So, the question remains - where did the mean elevation numbers come from? Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) 01:52, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

List of rivers by length
Thanks for fixing my hack of the legend table. The little markup (html or wiki) I've done is usually trial and error. It took me at least a good 30-40 clicks of the Preview button to make the bottom table here from the one above it, and the only difference is moving the county seal. Niteowlneils 10:12, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem. I've been doing web stuff for long enough that I'm down to a couple previews on a good day and a dozen on a bad day. :) I can't even recall how many for List of Star Trek: TNG episodes. Cburnett 19:03, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

=July 17, 2005 archive end=

title: User talk:Cburnett/Geography


text:
1962 in Singapore

The following lists events that happened during 1962 in Singapore.

Incumbents

 * Yang di-Pertuan Negara – Yusof Ishak
 * Prime Minister – Lee Kuan Yew

April

 * 10 April – The SEACOM cable is announced.

September

 * 1 September – A referendum is held in Singapore to vote on merger with Malaysia. In the end, 70 percent of votes chose merger in accordance with the terms of the 1961 White Paper.

December

 * 16 December - Trolleybus services in Singapore cease operations.

Births

 * 6 February – Eleanor Wong – Lawyer, playwright.
 * 28 March – Alvin Yeo – Lawyer and former politician (d. 2022)
 * 29 May – Fandi Ahmad – Former football player.
 * 14 June – S. Iswaran – Minister of Transport.
 * 27 October – Ang Peng Siong – Former swimmer.
 * Olivia Lum – Hyflux CEO.
 * Jennifer Tham Sow Ying – Conductor of Singapore Youth Choir.
 * K. F. Seetoh – Food personality, creator of Makansutra.
 * Madeleine Lee – Investment manager, poet.

Deaths

 * 21 August – Ahmad Ibrahim, Member of Parliament (b. 1927).

title: 1962 in Singapore