text:
User:Guettarda/My Contribs

Featured Content

 * 2005
 * Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago) :(
 * List of snakes of Trinidad and Tobago
 * 2007
 * List_of_palms_of_the_Caribbean
 * 2008
 * Ficus aurea
 * 2010
 * Aiphanes
 * 2021
 * National Union of Freedom Fighters

Good Articles

 * 2008
 * Ficus aurea
 * 2009
 * Zombia
 * 2010
 * Aiphanes
 * Roystonea regia
 * Attalea (genus)
 * 2019
 * Sabinaria
 * Main Ridge, Tobago
 * 2020
 * National Union of Freedom Fighters
 * 2021
 * Port of Spain Gazette
 * 2022
 * Cyrus Prudhomme David

WP:DYK
74 DYKs

Courtesy mention
I didn't actually edit the article, but I did track down sources. It was an unexpected, but pleasant surprise.

Peer review requests
Old Peer Review Old FAC requests

Articles and stubs initiated
Total: 616 pages in the article namespace (including disambiguation pages but not redirects)

People
A.P.T. James - Adrian Cola Rienzi - Albert Gomes - Alfred Claud Hollis - André Tanker - Arthur Andrew Cipriani - Austin "Jack" Warner - Basdeo Panday - Bhadase Sagan Maraj - Cornelius Alfred Moloney - Dansam Dhansook - Dole Chadee - Edward Beetham - Eric A. Williams - Franklin Khan - Fuad Khan - Geddes Granger - George Chambers - Gerald Yetming - Gillian Lucky - Haji Gokool Meah - Winston "Gypsy" Peters - Jean Ramjohn-Richards - Julian Kenny - Howard Nelson - Hubert Edward Henry Jerningham - José Maria Chacón - Kamla Persad-Bissessar - Karl Hudson-Phillips - Kenneth J. Grant - Khalid Hassanali - Gus Logie - Lennox "Bobby" Mohammed - Len "Boogsie" Sharpe - Mary King (economist) - Mervyn Dymally - Michel-Jean Cazabon - Mighty Bomber - Raffique Shah - Rakesh Yankaran - Ralph Maraj - Ramesh Maharaj - Rex Lassalle - Roy Joseph - Rudranath Capildeo - Samuel Herbert Wilson - Satnarayan Maharaj - Simbhoonath Capildeo - Sundar Popo - Wendell Mottley - Yasin Abu Bakr

Towns
Arima - Aripo - Arouca - Blanchisseuse - Castara - Chaguanas - Chaguaramas - Couva - Cumuto - Cunupia - Curepe - Debe - Diego Martin - East-West Corridor - Gasparillo - Guayaguayare - La Brea - Laventille - Marabella - Mayaro - Penal - Piparo - Point Fortin - Point Lisas - Pointe-à-Pierre - Piarco - Princes Town - Queen's Royal College - Regional Corporations and Municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago - St. Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago - Siparia - San Juan - Tunapuna

Other
Afro-Trinidadian - All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union - Anjuman Sunnat-ul-Jamaat Association - Arena Massacre - Asa Wright Nature Centre - Ato Boldon Stadium - Banwari Trace - Barataria - Beetham Highway - Black Power Revolution - Bocas del Dragón - Butler Party - Caribbean Development Company - Caroni (Trinidad and Tobago) - Caroni River (Trinidad and Tobago) - Caroni Swamp - Chacachacare - Churchill-Roosevelt Highway - CL Financial - Cocoa Payol - Columbus Channel - Committee for Transformation and Progress - Counties of Trinidad and Tobago - Culture of Trinidad and Tobago - Democratic Action Congress - Democratic Labour Party (West Indies Federation) - Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago) - Democratic National Assembly - Dwight Yorke Stadium - Eastern Main Road - Ecology of Trinidad and Tobago - El Cerro del Aripo - Emancipation Day - Fort San Andres - Fyzabad - Gaspar Grande - Hasely Crawford Stadium - Hillsborough Reservoir - House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago - Huevos - Independence Square (Port-of-Spain) - Indo-Trinidadian - Islands of Trinidad and Tobago - Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt - Joe Public F.C. - Larry Gomes Stadium - Legislative Council of Trinidad and Tobago - List of chutney musicians - List of Governors of Trinidad and Tobago - List of newspapers in Trinidad and Tobago - List of reservoirs in Trinidad and Tobago - List of rivers in Trinidad and Tobago - List of snakes of Trinidad and Tobago - Manny Ramjohn - Manny Ramjohn Stadium - Monos - Naparima College - Nariva Swamp - National Alliance for Reconstruction - National Awards of Trinidad and Tobago - National Joint Action Committee - National Team Unity - National Union of Freedom Fighters - Nelson Island, Trinidad and Tobago - Northern Range - Oilfields Workers' Trade Union - Organisation for National Reconstruction - Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago - People's Democratic Party (Trinidad and Tobago) - Petrotrin - Pitch Lake - Pointe-à-Pierre Wild Fowl Trust - Religion in Trinidad and Tobago - St. Augustine - Saint David, Trinidad and Tobago - Saint Patrick, Trinidad and Tobago - Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha - Saint Andrew, Trinidad and Tobago - Santa Rosa Carib Community - Senate of Trinidad and Tobago - Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway - Social unrest in Trinidad and Tobago - Solomon Hochoy - Southern Main Road - Spanish Missions in Trinidad - Tabaquite - Tamana caves - Tobagonian Creole English - Tobago House of Assembly - Trinidad Government Railway - Trinidad and Tobago dry forests - Trinidad and Tobago Express - Trinidad and Tobago Newsday - Trinidad Guardian - Trinidadian Creole English - Trinidadian English - Trinity Cross - Trinity Hills - United Labour Front - University of the West Indies - Uriah Butler Highway - Victoria, Trinidad and Tobago - West Indian Federation Labour Party - Winston Dookeran - Workers and Farmers Party

Biology
Applied ecology - Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project - Ecology (disciplines) - Ecosystem ecology - Evolutionary ecology - Jamaican dry forests - Justicia flaviflora - Justicia tobagensis - List of endemic flora of Trinidad and Tobago - List of palms of the Caribbean - Live fencing - Macroecology - Metapopulation - Puerto Rican dry forests - Resistance (ecology) - SLOSS Debate

Biologists
Andrew Henderson (botanist) - Carl David Bouché - Dwight Billings - Emery Clarence Leonard - Ernst Bessey - Frère León - Glenn Branch - Gloria Galeano - Harold E. Moore - Jan Gerard Wessels Boer - James H. Brown - Kevin Padian - Paul H. Allen - Richard A. Howard - Richard Lenski - Robert MacArthur - Rodrigo Bernal - William Carl Burger - William Fawcett (botanist) - William Gardner Smith (botanist)

Figs & Fig wasps
Ficus americana - Ficus crassipes - Ficus destruens - Ficus insipida - Ficus maxima - Ficus pleurocarpa - Ficus subpuberula - Ficus triradiata - Ficus watkinsiana - Pegoscapus - Pegoscapus mexicanus - Pharmacosycea - Pleistodontes - Pleistodontes achorus - Pleistodontes addicotti - Pleistodontes astrabocheilus - Pleistodontes athysanus - Pleistodontes cuneatus - Pleistodontes deuterus - Pleistodontes froggatti - Pleistodontes greenwoodi - Pleistodontes imperialis - Pleistodontes macrocainus - Pleistodontes nigriventris - Pleistodontes nitens - Pleistodontes proximus - Pleistodontes regalis - Pleistodontes rigasamos - Pleistodontes schizodontus - Pleistodontes xanthocephalus - Tetrapus - Tetrapus americanus

Dorstenieae
Dorstenia - Dorstenia albertii - Dorstenia appendiculata - Dorstenia arifolia - Dorstenia aristeguietae - Dorstenia bahiensis - Dorstenia belizensis - Dorstenia bonijesu - Dorstenia bowmaniana - Dorstenia brasiliensis - Dorstenia brevipetiolata - Dorstenia caimitensis - Dorstenia carautae - Dorstenia cayapia - Dorstenia choconiana - Dorstenia colombiana- Dorstenia conceptionis - Dorstenia contensis - Dorstenia contrajerva - Dorstenia crenulata - Dorstenia drakena - Dorstenia elata - Dorstenia erythranda - Dorstenia excentrica - Dorstenia fawcettii - Dorstenia flagellifera - Dorstenia grazielae - Dorstenia hildegardis - Dorstenia hirta - Dorstenia jamaicensis - Dorstenia lindeniana - Dorstenia milaneziana - Dorstenia nummularia - Dorstenia panamensis - Dorstenia peltata - Dorstenia peruviana - Dorstenia petraea - Dorstenia ramosa - Dorstenia rocana - Dorstenia roigii - Dorstenia setosa - Dorstenia tenuis - Dorstenia tuberosa - Dorstenia turnerifolia - Dorstenia umbricola - Dorstenia urceolata - Dorstenia uxpanapana - Dorstenieae

Other Moraceae
Artocarpeae - Bagassa - Castilleae - Moreae - Treculia - Trophis

Palms
Acrocomia - Acrocomia hassleri - Acrocomia media - Aiphanes acaulis - Aiphanes bicornis - Aiphanes deltoidea - Aiphanes eggersii - Aiphanes horrida - Aiphanes minima - Attalea (genus) - Attalea crassispatha - Attalea osmantha - Bactris campestris - Bactris cubensis - Bactris jamaicana - Bactris major - Bactris plumeriana - Bactris setulosa - Bactris simplicifrons - Brahea edulis - Calyptronoma - Calyptronoma occidentalis - Calyptronoma plumeriana - Calyptronoma rivalis - Chelyocarpus ulei - Coccothrinax acunana - Coccothrinax alexandri - Coccothrinax alta - Coccothrinax argentata - Coccothrinax argentea - Coccothrinax baracoensis - Coccothrinax barbadensis - Coccothrinax bermudezii - Coccothrinax borhidiana - Coccothrinax boschiana - Coccothrinax camagueyana - Coccothrinax clarensis - Coccothrinax concolor - Coccothrinax crinita - Coccothrinax cupularis - Coccothrinax ekmanii - Coccothrinax elegans - Coccothrinax fagildei - Coccothrinax fragrans - Coccothrinax garciana - Coccothrinax gracilis - Coccothrinax guantanamensis - Coccothrinax gundlachii - Coccothrinax hioramii - Coccothrinax inaguensis Coccothrinax jamaicensis - Coccothrinax leonis - Coccothrinax litoralis - Coccothrinax macroglossa - Coccothrinax microphylla - Coccothrinax miraguama - Coccothrinax moaensis - Coccothrinax montana - Coccothrinax munizii - Coccothrinax muricata - Coccothrinax nipensis - Coccothrinax orientalis - Coccothrinax readii - Coccothrinax pauciramosa - Coccothrinax proctorii - Coccothrinax pseudorigida - Coccothrinax pumila - Coccothrinax rigida - Coccothrinax salvatoris - Coccothrinax savannarum - Coccothrinax saxicola - Coccothrinax scoparia - Coccothrinax spissa - Coccothrinax torrida - Coccothrinax trinitensis - Coccothrinax victorini - Coccothrinax yunquensis - Coccothrinax yuraguana - Colpothrinax - Copernicia baileyana - Copernicia berteroana - Copernicia brittonorum - Copernicia cowellii - Copernicia curbeloi - Copernicia curtissii - Copernicia ekmanii - Copernicia fallaensis - Copernicia gigas - Copernicia glabrescens - Copernicia hospita - Copernicia humicola - Copernicia longiglossa - Copernicia macroglossa - Copernicia molineti - Copernicia rigida - Copernicia roigii - Copernicia tectorum - Copernicia yarey - Cryosophileae - Desmoncus - Desmoncus orthacanthos - Desmoncus polyacanthos - Euterpe broadwayi - Euterpe precatoria - Gastrococos - Gaussia - Gaussia attenuata - Gaussia spirituana - Gaussia princeps - Geonoma - Hemithrinax - Leucothrinax - Manicaria - Mauritia - Oenocarpus - Ponapea - Prestoea - Pseudophoenix - Pseudophoenix ekmanii - Pseudophoenix lediniana - Pseudophoenix sargentii - Pseudophoenix vinifera - Reinhardtia - Roystonea borinquena - Roystonea dunlapiana - Roystonea oleracea - Roystonea lenis - Roystonea maisiana - Roystonea stellata - Roystonea violacea - Roystonea princeps - Roystonea regia - Sabal causiarum - Sabal etonia - Sabal maritima - Sabal mauritiiformis - Thrinax excelsa - Zombia

List of Aiphanes species

Other plant families
Aristolochia boosii - Dendropemon - Dicliptera aripoensis - Duguetia tobagensis - Guardiola - Odontonema brevipes - Opuntia repens - Parinari campestris - Roupala montana - Tecoma, Genus - Warszewiczia - Warszewiczia coccinea

Snakes
Anilius scytale - Atractus trilineatus - Chironius carinatus - Chironius multiventris - Chironius scurrulus - Dipsas variegata - Erythrolamprus aesculapii - Erythrolamprus bizona - Erythrolamprus ocellatus - Helicops angulatus - Hydrops triangularis - Imantodes cenchoa - Leptodeira annulata - Leptophis ahaetulla - Leptophis stimsoni - Liophis cobellus - Liophis reginae - Mastigodryas boddaerti - Ninia atrata - Oxybelis aeneus - Oxyrhopus petola - Pseudoboa neuwiedii - Pseustes poecilonotus - Pseustes sulphureus - Sibon nebulata - Siphlophis cervinus - Spilotes pullatus - Tantilla melanocephala - Tripanurgos compressus - Typhlops brongersmianus - Typhlops trinitatus

Caribbean
Galibi - George Mallet - Indo-Guyanese - List of Caribbean-related topics - Caribbean Wikipedians' notice board - Vincent Floissac

Other
Rio Claro - Arima (disambiguation)- Caroni River - Jamaat al Muslimeen (disambiguation) - Rousseau Owen Crump - John Angus Campbell

Images
Images

Categories, templates, and Wikipedia space pages
83 categories, 4 templates, 1 user category, 15 WikiProject categories, 4 WikiProject pages, 1 WikiProject template

Templates
Social unrest in Trinidad and Tobago - Infobox Trinidad and Tobago City - Local Government in Trinidad and Tobago - Infobox TT Regional Corporation - Trinidad and Tobago infobox

WikiProject Templates
Template:WikiProject intelligent design

Categories
Category:Acanthophoenix - Category:Acrocomia - Category:Arima - Category:Calyptrogyne  - Category:Calyptronoma - Category:Chamaedorea - Category:Companies of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Chaguanas - Category:Chutney music - Category:Chutney musicians - Category:Conservation in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Copernicia - Category:Cricket in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Desmoncus - Category:Economy of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Education in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Ethnic groups of the Caribbean (moved to Category:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean)- Category:Ethnic groups of Trinidad and Tobago (moved to Category:Ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago) - Category:Fauna of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Flora of Navassa Island - Category:Flora of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Football venues in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Former members of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Former members of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Geography of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Government of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Governors-General of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:History of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean - Category:Indo-Trinidadians - Category:Languages of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Malvanthera - Category:Members of the Legislative Council of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Members of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Members of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Organisations based in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:People by university in the Caribbean - Category:People of Anguilla - Category:People of Aruba - Category:People of the British Virgin Islands - Category:Politicians of Anguilla - Category:Politicians of Aruba - Category:Politicians of the British Virgin Islands - Category:Politicians of Grenada - Category:Politicians of Saint Lucia (moved to Category:Saint Lucian politicians) - Category:Politics of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Port-of-Spain (moved to Category:Port of Spain) - Category:Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Radio stations in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Religion in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Religious groups in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Rhapis - Category:Roads in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Roystonea - Category:Roystonea species by common name - Category:Saint Lucian people - Category:Saint Lucian people by occupation - Category:Saint Lucian writers - Category:Salacca - Category:San Fernando - Category:Schools in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Steelbands - Category:Steelpan musicians - Category:Towns of Trinidad and Tobago (moved to Category:Towns in Trinidad and Tobago) - Category:Trade unions in Trinidad and Tobago - Category:Transportation in Trinidad and Tobago (moved to Category:Transport in Trinidad and Tobago) - Category:Trees of the Virgin Islands - Category:Trinidad and Tobago economists - Category:Trinidad and Tobago lawyers - Category:Trinidad and Tobago media - Category:Trinidad and Tobago newspapers - Category:Trinidad and Tobago people by occupation - Category:Trinidad and Tobago politicians - Category:Trinidad and Tobago religious leaders - Category:Trinidad and Tobago scientists - Category:Trinidad and Tobago television personalities - Category:Trinidad and Tobago television stations (moved to Category:Television stations in Trinidad and Tobago) - Category:Trinidad and Tobago trade unionists - Category:Trinidad and Tobago writers - Category:University of the West Indies alumni - Category:Vincentian people by occupation - Category:Vincentian politicians - Category:West Indian literature

WikiProjects
WikiProject intelligent design/Assessment - Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Intelligent design articles by quality - Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Intelligent design articles by quality log - Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Intelligent design articles by quality statistics

WikiProject categories
Category:WikiProject Caribbean - Category:WikiProject intelligent design - Category:Intelligent design articles by quality - Category:Intelligent design articles by importance - || Category:FA-Class Intelligent design articles - Category:A-Class Intelligent design articles - Category:GA-Class Intelligent design articles - Category:B-Class Intelligent design articles - Category:Start-Class Intelligent design articles - Category:Stub-Class Intelligent design articles - Category:Non-article Intelligent design pages - Category:Unassessed Intelligent design articles - Category:Top-importance Intelligent design articles  - Category:High-importance Intelligent design articles - Category:Mid-importance Intelligent design articles

User categories
Category:Biologist Wikipedians (moved to Category:Wikipedian biologists)

Trinidad and Tobago
A.N.R. Robinson - Attila the Hun (calypsonian) - Arawak - Bharrat Jagdeo - Calypso music - Calypso tent - Caroni - Chutney music - Divali Nagar - Elections in Trinidad and Tobago - Ellis Clarke - Eric Williams - Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago - French Creole - George Maxwell Richards - George Padmore - Grande Riviere - Guaracara River - Gulf of Paria - History of Trinidad and Tobago - House of Angostura - Independence Square - Indian Arrival Day - Jamaat al Muslimeen - Jean and Dinah - John Beard - Kenneth Grant - Kenneth Ramchand - La Brea - List of cities in Trinidad and Tobago - List of Eastern Caribbean people - List of islands in the Caribbean - List of political parties in Trinidad and Tobago - Maximus Dan - Miguel Street - Nadira Naipaul - Nariva - Noor Hassanali - Piarco International Airport - Patrick Manning - People's National Movement - Port-of-Spain - Politics of the Caribbean - Politics of Trinidad and Tobago - President of Trinidad and Tobago - Rio Claro, Trinidad and Tobago - San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago - San Fernando Hill - Scarborough, Tobago - Speyside - Speyside, Trinidad and Tobago - Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day - Tobago - Trincity - Trinidad and Tobago - Trinidad - Tubal Uriah Butler - United National Congress - V. S. Naipaul - William Beebe

Biology
Biogeography - Climax community - Deforestation - Ecological succession - Ecology - Forest - Habitat destruction - Habitat fragmentation - Habitat destruction - Henry Chandler Cowles - H.T. Odum - Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis - Landscape ecology - Nebraska man - Population ecology - Population viability analysis - Robert May - Slash and burn - Stanley Temple - Tabebuia - Tecoma - Theoretical ecology - Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests - Understory - Urban ecology

Other
Commonwealth Heads of Government

I first edited Wikipedia on March 23, 2004 (as 35.8.2.96) after hearing about it on BBC's "Click Online". I registered on August 25, 2004.

1000 edits - January 27, 2005, 1500 edits - February 14, 2005. 2000 edits - March 17, 2005. 2500 edits - April 4, 2005. 3000 edits - April 22, 2005. 3500 edits - May 11, 2005. 4000 edits - June 3, 2005. 4500 edits - June 15, 2005. 5000 edits - June 24, 2005. 5500 edits - June 30, 2005. 6000 edits - July 19, 2005. 6500 edits - August 14, 2005. 7000 edits - September 7, 2005 7500 edits - September 23, 2005. 8000 edits - October 9, 2005. 8500 edits - October 27, 2005. 9000 edits - November 16, 2005. 9500 edits - December 3, 2005. 10000 edits - December 19, 2005. 10500 edits - January 8, 2006. 11000 edits - January 18, 2006. 11500 edits - January 28, 2005. 12000 edits - February 7, 2006. 12500 edits - February 26, 2006. 13000 edits - March 23, 2006. 13500 edits - April 13, 2006. 14000 edits - May 3, 2006. 14500 edits - May 30, 2006. 15000 edits - June 14, 2006. 27000 edits - May 8, 2008. 30,000 edits - February 7, 2009.

My current edit count:
 * Kate's tools
 * Interiot's edit count tool
 * Interiot's edit history tool

Statistics as of July 8, 2006 from ITIS

Mainspace contribs 11Jun08
From User:Franamax

--- User: User:Guettarda (mainspace)

Total Contrib's: 13217 -  Total pages: 3305

(* denotes conflicting assessments, highest one is shown)

Service award progress
63,402 (G) + 82,750 (I)

title: User:Guettarda/My Contribs


text:
Diamond v. Diehr

Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175 (1981), was a United States Supreme Court decision which held that controlling the execution of a physical process, by running a computer program did not preclude patentability of the invention as a whole. The high court reiterated its earlier holdings that mathematical formulas in the abstract could not be patented, but it held that the mere presence of a software element did not make an otherwise patent-eligible machine or process patent ineligible. Diehr was the third member of a trilogy of Supreme Court decisions on the patent-eligibility of computer software related inventions.

The problem and its solution
The patent application in question US05/602,463 was filed on behalf of inventors Diehr and Lutton in 1975. The application claimed a "[process] for molding raw, uncured synthetic rubber into cured precision products." The process of curing synthetic rubber depends on a number of factors including time, temperature and thickness of the mold. Using the Arrhenius equation

$$ k = A e^{{-E_a}/{RT}}$$ which may be restated as ln(v) = CZ + x

it is possible to calculate when to open the press and to remove the cured, molded rubber. The problem was that there was, at the time the invention was made, no disclosed way to obtain an accurate measure of the temperature without opening the press. In the traditional method the temperature of the mold press, which was apparently set at a fixed temperature and was controlled by thermostat, fluctuated due to the opening and closing of the press.

The invention solved this problem by using embedded thermocouples to constantly check the temperature, and then feeding the measured values into a computer. The computer then used the Arrhenius equation to calculate when sufficient energy had been absorbed so that the molding machine should open the press.

The claims
Independent claim 1 of the allowed patent is representative. It provides: 1. A method of operating a rubber-molding press for precision molded compounds with the aid of a digital computer, comprising:

Proceedings before Office and CCPA
The patent examiner rejected this invention as unpatentable subject matter under 35 U.S.C. 101. He argued that the steps performed by the computer were unpatentable as a computer program under Gottschalk v. Benson. The Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences of the USPTO affirmed the rejection. The Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (CCPA), the predecessor to the current Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, reversed, noting that an otherwise patentable invention did not become unpatentable simply because a computer was involved.

The U.S. Supreme Court granted the petition for certiorari by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to resolve this question.

The Supreme Court's opinion
Source:

The Court repeated its earlier holding that mathematical formulas in the abstract are not eligible for patent protection. But it also held that a physical machine or process which makes use of a mathematical algorithm is different from an invention which claims the algorithm, as such, in the abstract. Thus, if the invention as a whole meets the requirements of patentability—that is, it involves "transforming or reducing an article to a different state or thing"—it is patent-eligible, even if it includes a software component.

The CCPA's reversal of the patent rejection was affirmed. But the Court carefully avoided overruling Benson or Flook. It did criticize the analytic methodology of Flook, however, by challenging its use of analytic dissection, which the Flook Court based on Neilson v. Harford. The Diehr Court cited the Senate Report and the CCPA Decision in In re Bergy, 596 F.2d 952, 961 (CCPA 1979) to hold that (a) claims must be considered "as a whole," just as they are for all other patentability determinations, without extracting a "gist" or "point of novelty" to be considered in isolation, and (b) section 101 governs the kind of subject matter that can be patented, while concerns for novelty and non-obviousness are considered separately under sections 102 and 103:

 * In determining the eligibility of respondents' claimed process for patent protection under § 101, their claims must be considered as a whole. It is inappropriate to dissect the claims into old and new elements and then to ignore the presence of the old elements in the analysis. This is particularly true in a process claim, because a new combination of steps in a process may be patentable even though all the constituents of the combination were well known and in common use before the combination was made. The "novelty" of any element or steps in a process, or even of the process itself, is of no relevance in determining whether the subject matter of a claim falls within the § 101 categories of possibly patentable subject matter.

 * It has been urged that novelty is an appropriate consideration under § 101. Presumably, this argument results from the language in § 101 referring to any “new and useful” process, machine, etc. Section 101, however, is a general statement of the type of subject matter that is eligible for patent protection “subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.” Specific conditions for patentability follow and § 102 covers in detail the conditions relating to novelty. The question therefore of whether a particular invention is novel is “wholly apart from whether the invention falls into a category of statutory subject matter.”

The patent
The patent that issued after the decision was U.S. Patent 4,344,142, "Direct digital control of rubber molding presses." The patent includes 11 method claims, three of which are independent. All method claims relate to molding of physical articles. The only diagrams in the patent are flowcharts. There are no diagrams of machinery. As the dissenting opinion in Diehr noted, the patent specification "teaches nothing about the chemistry of the synthetic rubber-curing process, nothing about the raw materials to be used in curing synthetic rubber, nothing about the equipment to be used in the process, and nothing about the significance or effect of any process variable such as temperature, curing time, particular compositions of material, or mold configurations."

Subsequent developments
For many years, it was believed that Diehr effectively overruled Flook, despite the majority opinion's avoiding any such statement.

In 2012, in Mayo v. Prometheus, the unanimous opinion of the Supreme Court interpreted Diehr so as to harmonize it with Flook. The Court "found the overall process patent eligible because of the way the additional steps of the process [besides the equation] integrated the equation into the process as a whole." The Court "nowhere suggested that all these steps, or at least the combination of those steps, were in context obvious, already in use, or purely conventional." "These other steps apparently added to the formula something that in terms of patent law’s objectives had significance—they transformed the process into an inventive application of the formula."

The Court interpreted Diehr slightly differently in Alice v. CLS Bank, another unanimous opinion, but without taking issue with the Mayo interpretation. The Alice Court said:

In Diehr, by contrast [with Flook], we held that a computer-implemented process for curing rubber was patent eligible, but not because it involved a computer. The claim employed a "well-known" mathematical equation, but it used that equation in a process designed to solve a technological problem in "conventional industry practice." The invention in Diehr used a "thermocouple" to record constant temperature measurements inside the rubber mold — something "the industry ha[d] not been able to obtain." The temperature measurements were then fed into a computer, which repeatedly recalculated the remaining cure time by using the mathematical equation. These additional steps, we recently explained, "transformed the process into an inventive application of the formula." Mayo, supra, at ___, 132 S.Ct., at 1299. In other words, the claims in Diehr were patent eligible because they improved an existing technological process, not because they were implemented on a computer.

These two opinions state the current Supreme Court interpretation of what the Diehr case holds.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Diamond v. Diehr


text:
Lower North Shore

Lower North Shore may refer to:
 * Lower North Shore (Sydney), a collection of suburbs of Sydney, Australia.
 * Basse-Côte-Nord, a previous equivalent territory in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada.

title: Lower North Shore


text:
User:Essexmutant

Enough is Enough
For a considerable length of time, I have been an editor (and later an administrator) of Wikipedia, and have now contributed close to 10,000 edits. In this time, I have checked Wikipedia regularly (including when I've been in foreign countries), scanning through a Watchlist of over 1,600 pages. But now is the time for me to stop - I signed up to contribute to an encyclopedia, but over time I have found that I am being hindered in my efforts. Time to call it a day - I have decided to no longer contribute here. Quite simply, Wikistress is crossing over into my personal life and I no longer get the enjoyment out of contributing here that I should.

Please note that I am not crying out for attention here. I simply do not wish to continue. For anyone who is interested, here are my reasons:
 * 1) Anonymous editing - I strongly disagree with the ability to edit under anonymous IP addresses. Creating an account is a very quick task, and if having an account was enforced in order to edit Wikipedia, vandalism would be a fraction of what it currently is. I have spent a lot of my time on Wikipedia fighting vandals, and groups like the CVU do a great job that is a benefit to all users. Unfortunately, there should be no need for this. The greatest argument I have seen to allow anonymous editing is so that random browsers of Wikipedia can make quick spelling and/or grammar fixes, however a good editor would have spotted such a mistake already. The page protection rights that administrators have are not the solution to this growing problem.
 * 2) Arrogant users - Too often I see users wording Talk page comments as if their own opinion is the opinion of the community and of Wikipedia as a whole. Typically this includes using the wording "us" when it should be "I", or "our" when it should be "my". From my observations, it is also not uncommon for such users to break the policies at WP:CIVIL, never back down from a discussion (which they have turned into an argument), and always want to get the last word in. I consider such users to be an embarrassment to the Wikipedia community, and a deterrent to new members signing up. I signed up myself to contribute to an encyclopedia, not to get annoyed by others.
 * 3) Ignoring rules - Whilst the WP:IAR policy has some benefits; the disadvantages of it often outweigh them. Far too often this is used as a catch-all to allow users to interpret other policies in the way they see fit.
 * 4) Articles put on WP:AfD with no research - On numerous occasions, I have seen articles placed on AfD without any checks made to see if the person is notable. Usually, the nominator has assumed that as he has never heard of the person, they cannot be notable. Even Bobby George has been on AfD before, and he's a household name to a lot of us. A simple bit of research is all that it takes to realise that not all poor articles are fodder for the AfD process; but in fact should be tagged for cleanup, expansion, referencing, categorization, etc. Far too often, deletionist nominators take the quick way out.
 * 5) It's no fun anymore - Wikipedia is supposed to be fun. People should be encouraged to contribute in a positive way. Ideas such as Barnstars are very good ideas, but too many valuable contributions are overlooked. In fact, if you look at the Talk page of a random person, I'd lay you 3/1 that there are more disagreements on the page than thanks for positive contributions. Far too often, we create barriers that prevent the growth of Wikipedia - there are far too many policies for someone to grasp in a short space of time, and some streamlining needs to be done.

To those users who fall into some of the categories above, I won't mention who you are (I'm sure you know anyway). You've managed to drive me away from Wikipedia, so congratulations if that was your intent. If it wasn't, then please consider both your actions and tone in the future, or you're likely to drive others away too.

On the flipside, my thanks go to hard-working, positive and confident users such as Josiah Rowe, CTOAGN and Lady Aleena (apologies to the many of you that I have missed).

This is Essexmutant, signing off. Essexmutant 17:35, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

About Me

Articles I've Started

Poker players
Mickey Appleman - Jac Arama - Bruce Atkinson - Joe Awada - Eli Balas - Joe Bartholdi Jr - Joe Beevers - David Benyamine - Gary Berland - Chris Bigler - Chris Bjorin - Tony Bloom -  Barny Boatman -  Ross Boatman - Noah Boeken - John Bonetti - Farzad Bonyadi - Roy Brindley - Chad Brown - Todd Brunson - Vince Burgio - Garry Bush - Brent Carter - John Cernuto - Neil Channing - David Chiu - Carlo Citrone - Paul "Eskimo" Clark - Artie Cobb - Dave Colclough - Victoria Coren - Hoyt Corkins - Peter Costa - Steve Dannenmann - Paul Darden - Martin De Knijff - Harry Demetriou - Roland De Wolfe - Ivo Donev - John Duthie - Eli Elezra - Barbara Enright - Peter Evans -  John Falconer - Bruno Fitoussi - Layne Flack - Ken Flaton - Liam Flood - Eric Froehlich - Tony G - John Gale - Kirill Gerasimov - Chau Giang - Alan Goehring - Howard Goldfarb - Michael Gracz - David Grey - Hasan Habib - Keith Hawkins - Jay Heimowitz - Juha Helppi - Frank Henderson - John Hennigan - Matthew Hilger - Bobby Hoff - Rob Hollink - Susie Isaacs - Paul Jackson - Kenna James - Chip Jett - Christer Johansson - Gary Jones - Theo Jørgensen - Cliff Josephy - Mel Judah - John Kabbaj - Chris Karagulleyan - Thomas Keller - Kathy Kolberg - Al Krux - Ken Lennaárd - Jennifer Leigh - Jeff Lisandro - O'Neil Longson - Hans "Tuna" Lund - Minh Ly - Tony Ma - Paul "X-22" Magriel - James McManus - Jim Meehan - Isabelle Mercier - Michael Mizrachi - John Myung - Korosh Nejad - Lee Nelson - Minh Nguyen - Donnacha O'Dea - Padraig Parkinson - Pascal Perrault - Max Pescatori - Xuyen Pham - Bon "John" Phan - Ben Roberts - Blair Rodman - Lucy Rokach - Ron Rose - Erik Sagström - Nick Schulman - Mark Seif - Hemish Shah - John Shipley - Barry Shulman - Jeff Shulman - Gavin Smith - John Spadavecchia - Jan Sørensen - Surinder Sunar - Nic Szeremeta - Willie Tann - Mark Teltscher - Julian Thew - Dewey Tomko - An Tran - J. C. Tran - Marco Traniello - Simon Trumper - Chris Tsiprailidis - Robert Turner - James Van Alstyne -  Ram Vaswani - Steve Vladar - Tommy Wang - Dave Welch - Mickey Wernick - Robert Williamson III - Brian "Rookie" Wilson - Marty Wilson - Paul Wolfe - Ian Woodley - Charalambos Xanthos - Steve Zolotow

Poker Tournaments
Celebrity Poker Club - National Heads-Up Poker Championship - PartyPoker.com Football & Poker Legends Cup - Poker Million - Poker Superstars Invitational Tournament - The Gaming Club World Poker Championship - Ultimate Poker Challenge - Victor Chandler Poker Cup - William Hill Poker Grand Prix - World Heads-Up Poker Championship - World Series of Poker circuit events - World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions - World Speed Poker Open

Poker Tournament Results
1971 World Series of Poker - 1972 World Series of Poker - 1973 World Series of Poker - 1974 World Series of Poker - 1975 World Series of Poker - 1976 World Series of Poker - 1977 World Series of Poker - 1978 World Series of Poker - 1979 World Series of Poker - 1980 World Series of Poker - 1981 World Series of Poker - 1982 World Series of Poker - 1983 World Series of Poker - 1984 World Series of Poker - 1985 World Series of Poker - 1986 World Series of Poker - 1987 World Series of Poker - 1988 World Series of Poker - 1989 World Series of Poker - 1990 World Series of Poker - 1991 World Series of Poker - 1992 World Series of Poker - 1993 World Series of Poker - 1994 World Series of Poker - 1995 World Series of Poker - 1996 World Series of Poker - 1997 World Series of Poker - 1998 World Series of Poker - 1999 World Series of Poker - 2000 World Series of Poker - 2001 World Series of Poker - 2002 World Series of Poker - 2003 World Series of Poker - European Poker Tour season 1 results - European Poker Tour season 2 results - Late Night Poker season 1 results - Late Night Poker season 2 results - Late Night Poker season 3 results - Late Night Poker season 4 results - Late Night Poker season 5 results - Late Night Poker season 6 results - Poker Superstars season 1 results - Poker Superstars season 2 results - Poker Superstars season 3 results - Ultimate Poker Challenge season 1 results - Ultimate Poker Challenge season 2 results - Ultimate Poker Challenge season 3 results - World Poker Tour season 1 results - World Poker Tour season 2 results - World Poker Tour season 3 results - World Poker Tour season 4 results - World Poker Tour season 5 results

Images
Jac Arama - Bruce Atkinson - Joe Bartholdi Jr - Joe Beevers (1) - Joe Beevers (2) - Barny Boatman (1) - Barny Boatman (2) - Barny Boatman (3) - Ross Boatman (1) - Ross Boatman (2) - Jean-Robert Bellande - Chris Bigler - Chris Bjorin - Andy Bloch - Tony Bloom - Noah Boeken - Farzad Bonyadi - Humberto Brenes - Roy Brindley - Todd Brunson - Vince Burgio - Garry Bush - Mike Caro - John Cernuto - Jimmy Cha - Neil Channing - David Chiu - Paul "Eskimo" Clark - T. J. Cloutier - Dave Colclough - Victoria Coren - Hoyt Corkins - Peter Costa - Allen Cunningham - John D'Agostino - Paul Darden - Freddy Deeb - Martin De Knijff - Harry Demetriou - Roland De Wolfe - Annie Duke - Eli Elezra - Antonio Esfandiari - Brian Fidler - Peter Evans - Liam Flood - Ted Forrest - Prahlad Friedman - Eric Froehlich - Noel Furlong - Tony G - Julian Gardner - Kirill Gerasimov - Chau Giang - Alan Goehring - Jamie Gold - Phil Gordon - Michael Gracz - Barry Greenstein - David Grey - Hasan Habib - Gus Hansen - Jennifer Harman - Juha Helppi - John Hennigan - Bobby Hoff - Randy Holland - Rob Hollink - Phil Ivey - Kenna James - Chip Jett - Gary Jones - Theo Jørgensen - Mel Judah - John Kabbaj - Chris Karagulleyan - Kathy Kolberg - Phil Laak - Nam Le - Tuan Le - Howard Lederer - Kathy Liebert - Erick Lindgren - Jeff Lisandro - O'Neil Longson - Minh Ly - Tony Ma - Jeff Madsen - Paul Magriel - Mike Matusow (2) - Jesse May - Tom McEvoy - James McManus - Jim Meehan - Carlos Mortensen - John Myung - Yosh Nakano - Korosh Nejad - Evelyn Ng - Donnacha O'Dea - Padraig Parkinson - Pascal Perrault - Ralph Perry - Max Pescatori - David Pham - Xuyen Pham - Bon Phan - Paul Phillips - Ben Roberts - Blair Rodman - Lucy Rokach - Ron Rose - Nick Schulman - Huck Seed - Erik Seidel - Mark Seif - Mike Sexton - Hemish Shah - John Shipley - Barry Shulman - Gavin Smith - Jani Sointula - Jan Sørensen - Bob Stupak - Surinder Sunar - Swimming With The Devilfish - Willie Tann - Julian Thew - Dewey Tomko - Mimi Tran - Marco Traniello - Simon Trumper - Dave Ulliott - Dave Ulliott (2) - Dave Ulliott (3) - Dave Ulliott (4) - Amir Vahedi - James Van Alstyne - Ram Vaswani (1) - Ram Vaswani (2) - Ram Vaswani (3) - Steve Vladar - Tommy Wang - Dave Welch - Robert Williamson III - Tiffany Williamson - Charalambos "Bambos" Xanthos - Steve Zolotow

Other
European Poker Players Hall of Fame - Record-Breaking World Poker Tour First Prizes - Template:European Poker Awards Outstanding Tournament Performance of the Year Winners - Template:European Poker Awards Player of the Year - Template:European Poker Awards Rookie of the Year - Template:European Poker Lifetime Achievement Award Winners - Template:Late Night Poker Winners - Template:Major Poker Tournaments - Template:National Heads-Up Poker Championship Winners - Template:Poker Player of the Year Award Winners - Template:Poker Superstars Winners - Template:Ultimate Poker Challenge Winners - Template:VC Cup Winners - Template:World Series of Poker Winners - Template:World Poker Tour Player of the Year Award Winners - World Series of Poker multiple bracelet winners - Template:World Series of Poker Player of the Year Award Winners

Other People
Gary Albright - Sam Anderson - Atlantis - Adrian Bower - Tony Caunter - John Challis - Ben Chaplin - Jan Chappell - Navin Chowdhry - George A. Cooper - Matthew Corbett - Judy Cornwell - David Crockett - Ronald Fraser - Michael Gover - Dolores Gray - Malcolm Hebden - Geoffrey Hinsliff - Kyoko Inoue - David Jackson - Kenneth Johnson - Koji Kanemoto - Dynamite Kansai - Michael Keating - Kenneth Kendall - Killer Khan - Kuniaki Kobayashi - Joseph Marcell - Lee Marshall - Naomichi Marufuji - Hugo Myatt - David Neilson - Octagón - Mayumi Ozaki - Ian Reddington - Jay Ross (Blitzkrieg) - Naoki Sano - Leslie Schofield - Carolyn Seymour - Alan Stubbs - Shingo Takagi - Tatsuhito Takaiwa - George Takano - Toshiyo Yamada

Films & TV
Bring Me the Head of Mavis Davis - Celebrity appearances in Doctor Who - Template:Celebrity Big Brother (UK) Winners - Etheria - The Life and Times of David Lloyd George - Hard Men - He-Man Character Guide - He-Man Episode Guide

Userboxes
Template:User ITFC - Template:User Pokerlegend

AWWDMBJAWGCAWAIFDSPBATDMTD

Barnstars

You can find out more about what Barnstars are, and how to award them here.

Countries I've Been To

America, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Egypt, England, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Italy, Jersey, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Portugal, Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Wales

Did You Know?

Edit Count

 * Edit #1: 22 July 2005
 * Edit #10: 22 July 2005
 * Edit #50: 26 July 2005
 * Edit #100: 26 July 2005
 * Edit #500: 2 September 2005
 * Edit #1000: 10 October 2005
 * Edit #5000: 12 February 2006

Good Articles I Have Worked On

Passed: Joe Beevers -  Barny Boatman -  Ross Boatman -  Mike Matusow -  Poker Candidates (2nd attempt): Ram Vaswani

See here for further information.

People I Have Met Or Seen Live

Buffy & Angel
Amber Benson - Nicholas Brendon - Andy Hallett - George Hertzberg - James Marsters - J. August Richards - Joss Whedon

Comedy
8 Out of 10 Cats (Jimmy Carr, Dave Spikey, Sean Lock, Johnny Vegas, Christian Slater, Rob Rouse, Lauren Laverne, Ulrika Jonsson, David Baddiel, Ruth Badger, Alan Carr) - Richard Ayoade - Bill Bailey - Al Murray - Robert Newman - Ross Noble - Shooting Stars (Vic Reeves, Bob Mortimer, George Dawes, Ulrika Jonsson and Mark Lamarr)

Musicians and Bands
Tori Amos - Ash - Athlete - Beautiful South - Catatonia - Coldplay - The Coral - Elvis Costello - Counting Crows - Eels - Samantha Fox - Garbage - Gina G - Christy Hennessy - The Infidels - Keane - The Killers - The Levellers - Manic Street Preachers - Meat Loaf - Danii Minogue - Van Morrison - Alanis Morissette - Muse - Jimmy Nail - New Order - Nine Black Alps - No-Way-Sis - Oasis - Pet Shop Boys - Placebo - Pulp - The Thrills - The Undertones - The Verve - The White Stripes - Brian Wilson (The Beach Boys) - The Zutons

Poker Players
Jac Arama - Mark Banin - Barny Boatman - Noah Boeken - Roy Brindley - Neil Channing - Dave Colclough - Roland De Wolfe - Liam Flood - Tony G - Marc Goodwin - Joe Hachem - Gary Jones - John Kabbaj - Marcel Lüske - Mike Matusow - Chris Moneymaker - Greg Raymer - Adam Richardson - Sir Clive Sinclair - Willie Tann - Dave Ulliott - Tiffany Williamson

Star Trek
Avery Brooks - Rick Berman - LeVar Burton - James Doohan - Michael Dorn - Lolita Fatjo - Jonathan Frakes - Walter Koenig - Jennifer Lien - Gates McFadden - Larry Nemechek - Ethan Phillips - Robert Picardo - William Shatner - Marina Sirtis - Patrick Stewart - Eric A. Stillwell - Brent Spiner - George Takei - Wil Wheaton

Star Wars
Kenny Baker - Jeremy Bulloch - Anthony Daniels - Peter Mayhew - Michael Sheard

Wrestlers
American Dragon - Steve Austin - Buff Bagwell - Flash Barker - Mark Belton - Booker T. - Robbie Brookside - Paul Burchill - Colt Cabana - Steve Corino - Justin Credible - Christopher Daniels - Disco Inferno - Spike Dudley - Ric Flair - Jody Fleisch - Gangrel - Goldust - Eddie Guerrero - Juventud Guerrera - Chris Hamrick - Jeff Hardy - Matt Hardy - Bret Hart - Curt Hennig (Mr. Perfect) - Ulf Herman - Paul Heyman - Homicide - Crash Holly - B G James (Road Dogg) - Nathan Jones - Konnan - Brian Lawler - Brock Lesnar - Lodi - Paul London - Low Ki - Jerry Lynn - Balls Mahoney - Drew McDonald - Mick McManus - E Z Money - Nikita - Scott Parker - Psicosis - CM Punk - Raven - Stevie Ray - William Regal - Justin Richards - Steven Richards - Pat Roach - Samoa Joe - Alex Shane - Andrew Simmons - Mark Sloan - Spud - Shawn Stasiak - Scott Steiner - Devon Storm - Jonny Storm - A.J. Styles - Super Crazy - Paul Travell - Triple H - The Undertaker - Rob Van Dam - Hade Vansen - Mikey Whipwreck - Doug Williams - Jack Xavier - X-Pac - The Zebra Kid

Other
Keith Allen - Tadanobu Asano - Derren Brown - Saffron Burrows - Neve Campbell - Ben Chaplin - Navin Chowdhry - Claudia Christian - Christopher Eccleston - Jennifer Ehle - Andy Fordham - James Fox - Alex Kingston - Bruno Langley - Mary Stuart Masterson - Sally Ann Matthews - Peter McDonald - Ian McShane - Matthew Modine - Maximilian Schell - Dwight Schultz - David Schwimmer - Christian Slater - Kevin Spacey - David Warner - Steven Weber

Vandalism

;

WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Doctor Who
 * WikiProject Good articles
 * Wikiproject Las Vegas
 * WikiProject Poker
 * WikiProject Professional wrestling

title: User:Essexmutant


text:
National Parliament of Papua New Guinea

The National Parliament of Papua New Guinea is the unicameral national legislature in Papua New Guinea. It was created in 1964 as the House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea but gained its current name after the nation was granted independence in 1975.

Composition and electoral system
The 111 members of parliament serve five-year terms, 89 of whom are chosen from single-member "open" electorates, which are sometimes referred to as "seats" but are officially known as constituencies. The remaining 22 are chosen from single-member provincial electorates: the 20 provinces, the autonomous province of Bougainville, and the National Capital District. Each provincial member becomes governor of their province unless they take a ministerial position, in which case the governorship passes to an open member of the province.

From 1964 until 1977 an Optional Preferential Voting System was used. The first past the post system was used from 1977 until 2002. Electoral reforms introduced by former Prime Minister Mekere Morauta introduced Limited Preferential Voting, in which voters numbered three preferred candidates. LPV was first used nationally in the 2007 election.

As in other Commonwealth realms, the party or coalition with the most seats in the parliament is invited by the Governor-General to form a government, and its leader subsequently becomes Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea. The Prime Minister then appoints his cabinet from fellow parliament members. Members of parliament are seated in a similar manner to other Westminster system parliaments, but use chairs instead of benches.

Papua New Guinea has a fractious political culture, and no party in the history of parliament has yet won a majority. Therefore, negotiations between parties have always been necessary to form governments. New governments are protected from votes of no confidence during their first 18 months and during the last 12 months before a national election. More recently, in a move aimed at further minimizing no-confidence motions, then-Prime Minister Mekere Morauta introduced changes that prevented members of the government from voting in favour of such a motion.

All citizens over the age of 18 may vote, although voting is not compulsory.

title: National Parliament of Papua New Guinea


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tori Thompson

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 18:06, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Tori Thompson
Vanity. smoddy 13:20, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity, non-notable singer. delete. jglc | t | c 13:21, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * A couple of TV appearances but neither she or her sister are notable enough yet for an article. Delete. Capitalistroadster 13:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete admittedly, 2 TV appearances is a bit better than most of our kiddie-vanity articles can claim, but being on American Juniors (an American Idol spinoff) is little better than being a game-show contestant, notabiliy-wise. If she keeps auditioning maybe she'll have a legit article someday, but not yet. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:05, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Starblind. Dcarrano 17:23, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I prefer a low bar on notability.  She won American Juniors (a reality show that averaged nearly 12m viewers) and formed a group, that is enough for me. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:45, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Meanings of minor planet names: 96001–97000

96001–96100

 * -id=086
 * 96086 Toscanos || 1006 T-2 || Toscanos, Spain, where the ruins of a Phoenician colony are found || ·
 * }

96101–96200

 * -id=178
 * 96178 Rochambeau || || Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1725–1807), a commander of the French Expeditionary Force supporting the American revolution. French and American troops marched from Newport, Rhode Island to Yorktown, Virginia for the decisive battle, a route now designated as a National Historic Trail. || ·
 * -id=189
 * 96189 Pygmalion || || Pygmalion, god of ancient Greek mythology and name of the Greek sculptor who fell in love with his statue, Galatea. The mythical character of Pygmalion has inspired many musicians and writers, notably George Bernard Shaw, and "pygmalionism" is a well-known psychological concept. || ·
 * -id=192
 * 96192 Calgary || || Calgary, is the largest city in the province of Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1875 as a post of the North West Mounted Police and was incorporated as a city in 1894. Calgary's rapid economic growth is due largely to the petroleum industry, agriculture and tourism. || ·
 * -id=193
 * 96193 Edmonton || || Edmonton is the capital city of the province of Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1795 as a trading post and celebrated the centennial of its incorporation as a city in 2004. Edmonton is well known as a cultural, government and educational center. || ·
 * -id=200
 * 96200 Oschin || || Samuel Oschin (1914–2003), an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. The 48-inch Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory in California was used to discover this minor planet. || ·
 * }

96201–96300

 * -id=205
 * 96205 Ararat || || Mount Ararat, an extinct volcano with double cone-shaped peaks (altitudes 5165 and 3925 m), located in the extreme east of Turkey and near the border to Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran. It has been sung by poets from ancient times to our days. The name was proposed by Freimut Börngen who co-discovered this minor planet. || ·
 * -id=206
 * 96206 Eschenberg || || The Eschenberg Observatory, near Winterthur in Switzerland, was founded in 1979 and attracts 3000 visitors a year. Since 1998 the public observatory has undertaken scientific tasks, especially observations of asteroids. || ·
 * -id=217
 * 96217 Gronchi || || Giovanni-Federico Gronchi (born 1970), an Italian astronomer who carries out research at the University of Pisa on celestial mechanics, secular evolution and proper orbital elements of near-Earth asteroids, the mutual geometry of Keplerian orbit determination and collision singularities. || ·
 * -id=254
 * 96254 Hoyo || || Hōyo Kaikyō (Hōyo Strait), is a 14-kilometer wide strait between Kyushu and Shikoku, two of the four main islands of Japan. The strait is known as a good fishing ground for chub mackerel and horse mackerel. || ·
 * -id=257
 * 96257 Roberto || ||  Roberto Mottola (b. 1990), an Italian-German physicist.  || ·
 * -id=263
 * 96263 Lorettacavicchi || || Loretta Cavicchi (born 1954) an Italian painter and sculptor who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts (Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna) in Italy (Src). || ·
 * -id=268
 * 96268 Tomcarr || || Thomas D. Carr (1917–2011), an American astronomer and contributor to the U.S. efforts in applied science during World War II and a creator of the astronomy program at the University of Florida, is here honored especially for his pioneering work on the radio properties of Jupiter (Src). || ·
 * }

96301–96400

 * -id=327
 * 96327 Ullmann || || Liv Ullmann (born 1938), a Norwegian screen actress and movie director who made the groundbreaking picture Persona with Ingmar Bergman. Ullmann will be also remembered for her performance in Höstsonaten (Autumn Sonata, 1978), a film which won the 1979 Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film. || ·
 * -id=344
 * 96344 Scottweaver || || J. Scott Weaver (1940–2009), was an American professor of geology at Alfred University in New York, where he taught geology, physics and astronomy. He was instrumental in starting the asteroid observation program in 1997 after the 32-inch telescope was computerized. Weaver is a discoverer of minor planets, credited with the co-discovery of the asteroids 31113 Stull and 152641 Fredreed. || ·
 * -id=348
 * 96348 Toshiyukimariko || || Toshiyuki Miho (born 1951) and Mariko Miho (born 1956) work as lecturers in an astronomical class room to show the wonders of the night sky to the public. || ·
 * }

96401–96500

 * -bgcolor=#f2f2f2
 * colspan=4 align=center | There are no named minor planets in this number range
 * }

96501–96600

 * -id=506
 * 96506 Oberösterreich || || Upper Austria (Oberösterreich) is one of the nine federal states of Austria and one of the most important industrial areas of Austria today. Its capital is Linz, where Johannes Kepler lived from 1612 to 1626 and discovered his third law in 1618. Since 1918 the name Oberösterreich has been official. || ·
 * -id=591
 * 96591 Emiliemartin || || Emilie Martin (b. 1977), a French science journalist. || ·
 * }

96601–96700

 * -id=612
 * 96612 Litipei || || Li Tipei (born 1939) is a leading astrophysicist and an Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He has made significant contributions to the study of highenergy astrophysics, and led Insight-HXMT (Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope), China's first X-ray astronomical satellite. || ·
 * -id=623
 * 96623 Leani || || Achille Leani (1924–2004) was an Italian astronomer and one of the founders of the International Union of Amateur Astronomers. Formerly a teacher, he was also a council member of the Società Astronomica Italiana. He founded the Cremona and Soresina observatories, as well as the Gruppo Astrofili Cremonesi. || ·
 * }

96701–96800

 * -id=747
 * 96747 Crespodasilva || || Lucy D. Crespo da Silva (1978–2000), Brazilian-American astronomer and the object's discoverer, who died in 2000 at age 22. She was a promising student in planetary sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As an observer of light curves of minor planets, she contributed data toward the discovery of spin-vector alignment in the Koronis family. The name was suggested by Richard P. Binzel. This is one of the very rare cases where a minor planet is named after its own discoverer (Src). || ·
 * -id=765
 * 96765 Poznańuni || || The Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Poland, named for the 100-year anniversary of its founding. It is now one of the three top universities in Poland, with about 40 thousand students each year. The teaching and research at UAM includes astronomy, with a strong emphasis on asteroid studies. || ·

 * }

96801–96900

 * -id=876
 * 96876 Andreamanna || || Andrea Manna (born 1964) is a Swiss journalist. He is also a guitar player and amateur astronomer. He observes variable stars and occultations by minor planets from his home town of Cugnasco. He also collaborates with the Specola Solare in Locarno. || ·
 * }

96901–97000

 * -bgcolor=#f2f2f2
 * colspan=4 align=center | There are no named minor planets in this number range
 * }


text:
Talk:Penistone

[Grammar School]]
Hi. I have a question about old Penistone Grammar School pupils. The article say that Wallace and Gromit creator, Nick Park, went to the school. I am not sure if this is true. I do remember during my art lessons at the school we were shown a video of Wallace and Gromit in 'A Grand Day Out', because of a connection from it with the school. But as I rememebr it, this was due to just one of the female animators once going to the school and nothing to do with Nick Park himself.

Nick Park did not attend Penistone Grammar School. I removed this from the main page earlier this year...

Urban Myth?
I'd heard that rookie reporters for local TV news stations were traditionally send to Penistone to see if they could keep a straight face when reading the name. Could just be an urban myth, but is very plausible...
 * Astatine 13:41, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Sadly false. The Town's name is pronounced "pennistun" so genitalia japery would not arise...

Pronunciation
The section in this article on the pronunciation of Penistone could be a lot better. Do people really need convincing that the first part of the name doesn't rhyme with penis?

- Yes —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.151.137.127 (talk) 16:02, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

i live there it is pronounced, "PENIS STONE" 68.204.89.203 (talk) 15:53, 22 March 2019 (UTC)
 * No it isn't. 'Penis' in the name rhymes with 'Dennis'. Narky Blert (talk) 12:55, 17 April 2019 (UTC)
 * no i live there too and it's pronounced penis stone Wikipedia Wonderful 698-D (talk) 02:44, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

Heh
This must be one of the most graffitti'd places in the country Lovefist233 (talk) 12:58, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Actually, residents of the town and surrounding area have the ability to control themselves in the presence of something resembaling a rude word. Bramers (talk) 20:44, 15 October 2008 (UTC) - A resident of Penistone

White Hart
When I last drove through I though the White Hart was no longer open - perhaps someone nearer could check and amend to something like 'former white Hart now a ....' if I am correct in my recollection 80.193.82.66 (talk) 14:21, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

The White Hart is still open —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.11.108.221 (talk) 23:32, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

17 miles (27 km) north east of Glossop?
Well, that really fixes it geographically doesn't it - only 17 miles from such an important and universally revered metropolis as Glossop..? Just a suggestion, but wouldn't Penistone's location in relation to, for example, Sheffield, Manchester or Leeds have more general usefulness? JohnB57 (talk) 20:28, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Etymology
The article states that the etymology of Penistone is of Cornish origin. This is not explained nor is it likely to be correct. Cornish is a language whose geographic range was quite small, and by the time the place-name of Penistone was established Cornish was spoken in a small enclave west of the River Tamar. It is, however, one of the Brythonic group of languages including also the relatively more diverse Cymraeg (Welsh) and Breton (spoken in Brittany in France). Cymraeg, although not necessarily modern Welsh, was spoken in these parts and is therefore a much more likely root source for place-names, and the word penn (meaning ‘hill’) is a popular, topographically obvious, naming element in all three languages. Locally the element appears in the range of hills upon which Penistone stands, the Pennines, and not many miles away in the dales there is the peak with a very Welsh name, Pen-Y-Ghent. Cymraeg, or an earlier version of it, was the native tongue across much of what we now call England and even up into lowland Scotland. In Yorkshire there is good evidence that it was the language of the people throughout the Romano-British period since it re-emerged as the ‘official’ language of the short-lived Kingdom of Elmet which physically stretched from around York to around Sheffield. Elmet came into being in about the fifth to sixth century AD in that period between the legions leaving and the establishment of the Anglian Kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia, later combined as Northumbria. In the Barnsley area there are two townships that bear the name Bretton (monk Bretton and West Bretton), a name almost certainly given by the incoming Angles recognising the origins of the controlling interests in those places. For authoritative support for my argument here, please refer to A Goodall,(1913) Place-names of South-West Yorkshire, being those parts of the West Riding south of the Aire from Keighley onwards; A H Smith, (1961), Place-names of Yorkshire; more recently in Ayto and Crofton (2005), Brewer’s Britain & Ireland in which their place-name adviser was Dr Paul Cavil a leading academic with the English place-names unit at the University of Nottingham.--SouthernFrog (talk) 11:20, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:35, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Penistone. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100201000000/http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/get_involved/campaigns/fairtrade_towns/towns_list.aspx to http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/get_involved/campaigns/fairtrade_towns/towns_list.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:36, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penistone


text:
Yamatogoto

The yamatogoto (大和琴 / やまとごと), also called wagon (和琴 / わごん) and azumagoto (東琴 / あずまごと), is a six- or seven-stringed plucked bridge zither which, unlike the koto and other stringed instruments, is believed to be truly native to Japan, and not imported from mainland Asia. Both names translate literally to "Japanese stringed instrument."

According to Shintō myth as written in the Kojiki, the yamatogoto played an important role in the origins of Japan itself. In the myth, Amaterasu, goddess of the sun, is insulted by her brother Susano-o no Mikoto and hides in a cave, refusing to emerge. The world is therefore plunged into darkness. Amaterasu is eventually coaxed out of her cave by the goddess Ame-no-Uzume, who performs a dance outside the cave, to music provided by the twanging of six hunting bows. Amused by the music, and by the entertained sounds of the other gods, Amaterasu leaves the cave and returns to the firmament. The six bows are lashed together to form an instrument, and the first wagon or yamatogoto is born.

The instrument's form has changed very little since the eighth century. Similar in shape to the more commonly known koto, the yamatogoto is narrower, as it has fewer strings. Bridges are made from the natural forks of tree branches, particularly maple trees, according to tradition. Unlike many instruments, the yamatogoto's strings are not arranged in a scale, from low to high pitch, but in a preset melodic sequence which is played in rhythmic patterns. Another common playing technique involves a quick glissando across all the strings, with all but the last string played immediately muted with the hand, thus allowing only the last string to resonate. Today, the instrument is used only in the Shintō ceremonial/court music called gagaku, and even then it is not common. Nevertheless, its central role in Japanese mythology allows it to retain some reverence.

title: Yamatogoto


text:
Techniscope

Techniscope or 2-perf is a 35 mm motion picture camera film format introduced by Technicolor Italia in 1960. The Techniscope format uses a two film-perforation negative pulldown per frame, instead of the standard four-perforation frame usually exposed in 35 mm film photography. Techniscope's 2.33:1 aspect ratio is easily enlarged to the 2.39:1 widescreen ratio, because it uses half the amount of 35 mm film stock and standard spherical lenses. Thus, Techniscope release prints are made by anamorphosing, enlarging each frame vertically by a factor of two.

Techniscope-photographed films
During its primary reign of 1960–1980, more than 350 films were photographed in Techniscope, the first of which was The Pharaoh's Woman, released 10 December 1960. Given its considerable savings in production cost but lower image quality, Techniscope was primarily an alternative format used for the production of lower-budgeted film, mainly those in the horror and western genres. It also is useful for films using many miniatures such as the Gerry Anderson puppet production Thunderbirds Are Go as this format gives increased depth of focus without requiring huge amounts of light required when the aperture is made very small. Since the format originated in Italy, most Techniscope format films were European productions.

In the U.S., Techniscope was used in the low-budget A.C. Lyles Westerns for Paramount Pictures, as well as in a few Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer pictures, and Universal Studios briefly used it extensively in the mid-to-late 1960's. The Sergio Leone “Dollars Trilogy” films used Techniscope, (Fistful of Dollars, For a Few Dollars More and The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly) and were released through United Artists. Producer Sid Pink recalled that unlike Europe, the American film studios were charged by the Technicolor company for using Techniscope in their film prints. George Lucas shot his first two features, THX 1138 and American Graffiti, in Techniscope in order to give them a gritty, documentary-like feel.

Regarding the diminished image quality, film reviewer Roger Ebert wrote about the film Counterpoint (1968): "The movie is shot in Techniscope, a process designed to give a wide-screen picture while saving film and avoiding payment of royalties to the patented processes like Panavision. In this film, as in Harry Frigg, Techniscope causes washed-out color and a loss of detail. Universal shouldn't be so cheap."

Films shot with 2-perf 35 mm "Techniscope" since 2010 include I'm Yours (2012), Silver Linings Playbook (2012), Argo (2012), and Too Late (2015).

Techniscope's commercial revival
Techniscope employs standard 35 mm camera films, which are suitable for 2-perf (Techniscope), 3-perf, conventional 4-perf (spherical or CinemaScope), and even 6-perf (Cinerama) and 8-perf (VistaVision), as all of those processes listed employ the same negative and intermediate films, and positive print films intended for direct projection (although 2-, 3- and 8-perfs are not distribution formats).

In 1999, in Australia, MovieLab film laboratory owner Kelvin Crumplin revived the Techniscope format renamed as MultiVision 235, attempting to commercialise it as a cinematography format alternative to the Super 16 mm format. His proposition was that it yielded a 35 mm-quality image (from which could be derived natural 2.35:1 and 1.85:1 aspect ratio images) for the same cost as Super 16 mm cinematography.

Mr Crumplin established MovieLab to provide telecine and film processing and printing services, and, with engineer Bruce McNaughton of The Aranda Group, Victoria, Australia, engineered and produced Arriflex BL1 and Arriflex IIC 35 mm cameras for the Techniscope 2-perf format.

Aaton, Panavision, and Arriflex have modern 2-perf cameras. Aranda in Australia is also currently converting cameras like Arriflex 2A/B/C Arri 3, Arri BL, Mitchell, Eclair, Moviecam. The Russian cameras, Kinor and Konvas, are also converted.

Factory-made kits for certain Mitchell and Mitchell-derived cameras are occasionally available on auction sites. In the specific case of a Mitchell, the kit includes a replacement aperture plate and cam for the film movement, a replacement gear for the camera body, and, for a reflex camera, a replacement focusing screen. As all Mitchell cameras incorporate the provision for a "hard mask" within the movement itself, it is often possible to keep the 4-perf aperture plate, and insert a 2-perf mask in the mask slot, as an economy measure.

In 2011, Lomography released a movie camera, the Lomokino, capable of making short movies on standard 35 mm still photography film which uses a frame format similar to Techniscope, with two perforations for each exposure, though with no space or capabilities for the sound track, taking 144 frames on a 36 exposure roll. The camera is erroneously labeled as being "Super 35", Super 35 having four perforations per frame. Movies made with the Lomokino may not show properly without modifications on Techniscope projectors, the Lomokino is hand cranked and the frame rate is controlled manually, usually being around 2-6 FPS.

Techniscope vs. anamorphic: advantages and disadvantages
Techniscope's advantages over anamorphic CinemaScope are:

 * More economical: half the film stock used in 4-perforation frame cinematography; half the stock, same running time, less negative to develop.
 * Cinematography uses simpler, but technically superior, spherical lenses.
 * Film stock loads last twice as long; 2-perf stock shoots at 45 feet per minute, while 4-perf stock shoots at 90 feet per minute.
 * (may be seen aesthetically as either an advantage or disadvantage:) The circle of confusion of Techniscope is circular (due to its spherical lenses), whereas that of CinemaScope is elliptical (due to its anamorphic lenses).

Techniscope's disadvantages against CinemaScope:

 * Two-perf 35 mm is a production-only format, that must be converted to other formats for distribution. For distribution prints for theatrical venues, the frame is enlarged from a 2-perf flat ratio to a 4-perf anamorphic ratio. Enlarging the image to the 35 mm print subsequently enlarges the negative's film grain. (Although some cineastes sought this visual feel for the story; e.g. westerns photographed to appear unpolished, thereby enhancing the period settings' verisimilitude.) This step is also an additional production expense. If the enlargement process is done optically, the generation loss will add even more grain and reduce the image sharpness. Alternatively, the enlargement can be done as part of the Digital Intermediate (DI) process. This involves digitally scanning the 2-perf film negative. Output to film is done with a film recorder, such as the Arrilaser.
 * Two-perforation cameras and telecine installations are rare. (Note: As of early 2008 Aaton is coming out with their newly designed 2-perf-native (3-perf user-switchable) Aaton Penelope camera. Konvas cameras have been available in 2-perf for a while, and Arri is making 2-perf gates for their Arricams soon, available only through the rental dealers though. And more and more telecine suites have 2-perf gates for their film scanners.)
 * The narrower frame line (between frames) emphasises imperfections (e.g. hairs in the gate, lens flares).

Note: When transferring a Techniscope film to a digital video format, the 2-perf negative or 2-perf interpositive A/B rolls can be used (the original film negative from the camera, or the first-generation film elements prepared for the making of the anamorphic 4-frame 35 mm release print negative), thus bypassing any blown-up 4-perf element. Many DVD editions have been transferred this way and the results have frequently been stunning, e.g. Blue Underground's The Bird with the Crystal Plumage and MGM's special editions of Sergio Leone's Westerns.

Specifications

 * Film: 35 mm film running vertically using two perforations per frame, running at 24 frames per second.
 * Film area: .868" (22 mm) × .373" (9.47 mm)
 * Film aspect ratio: 2.33:1
 * Print aspect ratio 2.39:1 (2.35:1 prior to 1970 SMPTE revision)

title: Techniscope


text:
Baháʼí Faith and auxiliary language

The Baháʼí Faith teaches that the world should adopt an international auxiliary language, which people would use in addition to their mother tongue. The aim of this teaching is to improve communication and foster unity among peoples and nations. The Baháʼí teachings state, however, that the international auxiliary language should not suppress existing natural languages, and that the concept of unity in diversity must be applied to preserve cultural distinctions. The Baha'i principle of an International Auxiliary Language (IAL) represents a paradigm for establishing peaceful and reciprocal relations between the world's primary speech communities – while shielding them from undue linguistic pressures from the dominant speech community/communities.

Baha’u’llah "Now praise be to God that Dr. Zamenhof has invented the Esperanto language. It has all the potential qualities of becoming the international means of communication. All of us must be grateful and thankful to him for this noble effort; for in this way he has served his fellowmen well. With untiring effort and self-sacrifice on the part of its devotees, Esperanto will become universal. Therefore, every one of us must study this language and spread it as far as possible." – ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, In: Dr. John Esslemont, Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era, p. 182 (2006 ed.). "Therefore I hope that you will make the utmost effort, so that this language of Esperanto may be widely spread." – Abdu’l-Bahá in Paris, France, in: Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era, p.183.

"Bahá’ís shall consider the study of this language [Esperanto] as an incumbent duty upon them and it will be to them a religious duty." – Abdu’l-Bahá, In: The Greatest Instrument,.

"All through America I have encouraged the Bahá'ís to study Esperanto; and to the extent of my ability I will strive in its spread and promotion." ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in "Star of the West", 1912

Mark Vernon in his renowned secular work "Chambers Dictionary of Beliefs and Religions" also observed the links between the Baha'i faith, Esperantism and Esperanto.

Teaching and purpose
The teachings of the Baháʼí Faith have a strong focus on the unity of humankind. The Baháʼí teachings see improved communication between peoples throughout the world as a vital part of world unity and peace. The Baháʼí teachings see the current multiplicity of languages as a major impediment to unity, since the existence of so many languages cuts the free flow of information and makes it difficult for the average individual to obtain a universal perspective on world events.

The principle of the selection and institutionalization of a Universal/International Auxiliary Language is among the Baháʼí Faith's key tenets. Baháʼuʼlláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, writing in the Tablets of Ishráqát and Maqṣúd, taught that the lack of a common language is a major barrier to world unity since the lack of communication between people of different languages undermines efforts toward world peace due to misunderstandings of language; he urged that humanity should choose an auxiliary language that would be taught in schools in addition to one's own native language, so that people could understand one another. He stated that until an auxiliary language is adopted, complete unity between the various parts of the world would continue to be unrealized. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the religion, called the promotion of the principle of the international auxiliary language "the very first service to the world of man" and its realization as "the greatest achievement of the age in conferring profit and pleasure on mankind."

Baháʼuʼlláh stressed, however, that the auxiliary language should not suppress existing natural languages, and that the concept of unity in diversity must be applied to languages. The Baháʼí teachings state that cultural heterogeneity is compatible with unity, and that the Baháʼí teaching of unity requires the embracing of cultural diversity since humanity is enriched by the various cultures throughout the world. The Baháʼí teachings state that having an international auxiliary language would remove the pressure from the natural aggrandizement of majority language groups and thus preserve minority languages, since each person would keep their own mother-tongue, and thus minority cultures.

Choice of language
Neither Baháʼí literature, nor any of the various Baháʼí authorities, have specified which language should be used as global auxiliary. The Baháʼí writings state that any natural or constructed language may be selected. The predominant language of the time is not necessarily to be used as the auxiliary language by default. The Baháʼí writings stipulate that the auxiliary language is to be selected or invented by the world's parliaments and rulers, thus placing the choice of language in the hands of language planners. Baháʼuʼlláh states that a "world language will either be invented or chosen from among existing languages" and: "It is incumbent upon all nations to appoint some men of understanding and erudition to convene a gathering and through joint consultation choose one language from among the varied existing languages, or create a new one, to be taught to the children in all the schools of the world." Various Baháʼí leaders have made various comments to certain languages and qualities. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi made occasional comments favorable to the notion that potential auxiliary languages be simple and easy to learn. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá also praised the ideal of Esperanto, a constructed language, and there was an affinity between Esperantists and Baháʼís during the late 19th century and early 20th century. While ʻAbdu'l-Bahá encouraged people to learn Esperanto, he never stated that it should become the auxiliary language.

On February 12, 1913, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá gave a talk to the Paris Esperanto Society,

"Now, praise be to God that Dr. Zamenhof has invented the Esperanto language. It has all the potential qualities of becoming the international means of communication. All of us must be grateful and thankful to him for this noble effort; for in this way he has served his fellowmen well. With untiring effort and self-sacrifice on the part of its devotees Esperanto will become universal. Therefore, every one of us must study this language and spread it as far as possible so that day by day it may receive a broader recognition, be accepted by all nations and governments of the world, and become a part of the curriculum in all the public schools. I hope that Esperanto will be adopted as the language of all the future international conferences and congresses, so that all people need acquire only two languages—one their own tongue and the other the international language. Then perfect union will be established between all the people of the world. Consider how difficult it is today to communicate with various nations. If one studies fifty languages one may yet travel through a country and not know the language. Therefore, I hope that you will make the utmost effort, so that this language of Esperanto may be widely spread."

Also both Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice, the governing body of the Baháʼís, emphasized that there is no official Baháʼí endorsement of Esperanto as the international auxiliary language. Today there exists an active sub-community of Baháʼí Esperantists; the Baháʼí Esperanto-League was founded in 1973, and Lidia Zamenhof, daughter of Esperanto creator L. L. Zamenhof, was a Baháʼí. Ehsan Yarshater, the founding editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, notes how as a child in Iran he learned Esperanto and that when his mother was visiting Haifa on a Baháʼí pilgrimage he wrote her a letter in Persian as well as Esperanto. At the request of ʻAbdu'l-Baha, Agnes Baldwin Alexander became an early advocate of Esperanto and used it to spread the Baháʼí teachings at meetings and conferences in Japan. James Ferdinand Morton, Jr., an early member of the Baháʼí Faith in Greater Boston, was vice-president of the Esperanto League for North America.

The selection of the existing language or the creation of a new one each have their advantages; the selection of an existing language allows for a certain portion of the world's population to have already learnt it, but using an invented language would presumably have the advantage of being emotionally neutral.

Mother tongue and unity in diversity
The Baháʼí teachings on an auxiliary international language does not in itself threaten living languages or cultures; they do not call for cultural uniformity. Instead, the Baháʼí teachings value and promote cultural diversity by stating that there should be unity in diversity. The term "auxiliary" in Baháʼí scripture means that the international language will be taught in addition to first languages and that it will be secondary to those. Since the auxiliary language is meant for community-external, inter-community communication, it is functionally separate from one's primary language. While secondary to the primary language of one's culture, it establishes reliable communication between members of differing primary speech communities.

The Baháʼí teachings see minority group members as full members of the broader society, and thus see the need for unique cultural rights. Language is strongly attached to culture. In Baháʼí literature, one's mother tongue is described as "the most profound characteristic of a people", "the garment of the spirit of the people", the "native air which we need for living and dying, which surrounds us from cradle to grave, which is and remains our most personal property." Whereas both cultural and linguistic change are normal and ever-greater world unity expected, the precipitous extinction of non-dominant languages and cultures is therefore undesirable. Since the Baháʼí teachings on oneness of humankind emphasize the value of both diversity and unity in the sense of harmony rather than simple sameness, minority cultural rights can be seen as a matter of cultural justice, and language rights a subset of those cultural rights.

title: Baháʼí Faith and auxiliary language


text:
User talk:Ed Poor/Nick Adams

Accurate contributions
Dear Ed, I am so sorry that the edit war is going on. May I ask you to have a further look at the Nick Adams page. I have included two additional passages in the article, but user Wyss and his alter ego Ted Wilkes have repeatedly deleted this text. Interestingly, both users again seem to take turns in doing repeated reverts in order to delete what I have written, presumably to escape violation of the three revert rule. See Nick Adams, history. To my mind, both users are identical. They seem to use different IP addresses, which is possible, as in the past, User:DW, another alias of Wyss and Ted Wilkes, had repeatedly been banned. Significantly, another user has written on the User:Elliot page (one of the many aliases of DW):
 * Isn't it amazing how much Elliot's contributions mirror DW's and Ron Davis's. Same refusal to answer questions. Same insistence that he is always right. Same vicious rudeness to anyone who dares to question his judgment. Maybe we could call them the Blessed Trinity, or maybe 'The Popes', given they seem to believe in their own infallibility.

This sounds as if it has been written against users Wyss and Ted Wilkes. See also the history of the User:Ted Wilkes page. Erroneously, Wyss has also contributed to that page. See Be that as it may, I have added these two passages to the Nick Adams page:
 * 1. At about the same time Adams was also a close friend to Elvis Presley. This is confirmed by Red West, member of the 'Memphis Mafia' (pals and employees of Elvis), and Judy Spreckels, the platonic girlfriend of Elvis in the early days of the singer's career.
 * What is wrong with this passage? It should be added that there are photographs showing Elvis together with Adams. So it is quite clear that Adams and Elvis had been close friends at that time. See and  Their friendship must be mentioned in the article. It is part of Adams's biography.
 * 2. According to several sources, Adams had homosexual leanings. In his 2004 biography Natalie Wood: A Life, Gavin Lambert undoubtedly writes, "Her first studio-arranged date with a gay or bisexual actor had been with Nick Adams..." In 1972, Sal Mineo stated that Adams told him that he had a big affair with James Dean. The book Elvis: The Hollywood Years (David Bret, 2002) even claims Elvis Presley was intimate with Adams. That the singer had an affair with Adams is also confirmed by Elvis's stepmother, Dee Presley. However there are no court records, contemporary letters or statements attributed to Adams to support the rumours that Adams was homosexual.
 * The reputed biographer Lambert, who also worked for many years as a Hollywood screenwriter, was a lifelong friend of Wood's. He was deeply involved in Hollywood's gay scene and must have known that Adams had homosexual leanings. It is also a fact that gay actor Sal Mineo was in close contact with both Adams and Dean. It should also be noted that in the Hollywood world Adams is more widely known for his contacts and affairs with other well-known stars than his acting career. So his affairs with James Dean and Elvis Presley are of much importance and should be mentioned in the article.
 * In my opinion, the last sentence, written by Wyss, is not necessary as many Hollywood homosexuals did not "out" themselves, but I am willing to make this concession to user Wyss. I have only cited what is written in independent books and articles (see Talk:Nick Adams). I think this is in line with the Wikipedia guidelines, as you also said:
 * unless an assertion is utterly uncontroversial, it's going to need some back-up. Especially, if one of more contributors challenge the assertion. Then, it's better to move the disputed passage to the article's associated talk page.
 * A good way to deal with disputed ideas is to attribute an assertion to a source. Like:
 * Nick Adams says James Dean screwed Natalie Wood while Elvis watched (note: this is a made-up example); or,
 * Nick Adams says Elvis Presley paid X to cover up his homosexual affairs with Y and Z (another made-up example)
 * Note the common theme here. Wikipedia is not saying Adams [in the made-up example] is right, it's merely passing along his claims clearly attributed to him.

I think I have accurately cited my sources. In addition, gay biographer David Ehrenstein, who has written a book on Hollywood gays, sent me an email in which he confirmed the assertion that Adams was gay (see Talk:Nick Adams). As an expert, he must have used several sources which prove that Adams had homosexual leanings. I am the person involved in this edit war who frequently cites different sources which all prove that Adams was gay, and Wyss/Ted Wilkes is the person who is constantly disparaging these sources - in lack of further evidence supporting his view. Indeed, user Wyss is unable to cite any sources which undoubtedly prove that Adams was heterosexual. I don't know what else I can do. May I again ask for mediation?

 * Can't you read?: I'm going on vacation today. Please talk to an active Mediator (see Mediation Committee). Uncle Ed 13:07, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ed Poor/Nick Adams


text:
Talk:Parisi v. Davidson

Outcome?
"freeing the District Court to consider his petition". So was he ultimately successful? Tearlach 13:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

tyewwre
ẮḺ‿þąŔíŹį — Preceding unsigned comment added by 36.81.131.3 (talk) 03:00, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parisi v. Davidson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adam poluzzi

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 18:07, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Adam poluzzi

 * Vanity. smoddy 13:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN Vanity (The only contribution from the creator of this article is this one piece) A curate's egg 13:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity Robert A West 15:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just an aspiring actor. Dcarrano 17:24, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn actor vanity. -- Etacar11   00:49, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 04:26, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Karugamo

Is this name commonly used in English? If so, it should have a redirect to Spotbill, otherwise it should be deleted. JPD 13:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karugamo


text: User talk:70.17.62.227

title: User talk:70.17.62.227


text:
File:JohnnyCashSongsOfOurSoil.jpg

Fair use in Songs of Our Soil
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:JohnnyCashSongsOfOurSoil.jpg


text:
User:Pkurpiel

Hello, my name is Piotr Kurpiel. I am partly engaged in the Wikipedia NGN site.

title: User:Pkurpiel


text:
Songs of Our Soil

Songs of Our Soil is the fourth studio album by American singer Johnny Cash. It was originally released on July 6, 1959, and later re-issued on August 27, 2002 with two additional bonus tracks.

The major theme throughout this album is death. Death concludes "The Man on the Hill", "Hank and Joe and Me", "Clementine" and "My Grandfather's Clock." "Don't Step on Mother's Roses" is about a family losing their parents to death; first Mother, then Daddy. "The Great Speckled Bird" is a spiritual about the Second Coming of Jesus. "The Caretaker" is the story of a cemetery caretaker wondering who will mourn for him when his time comes. Even "Five Feet High and Rising" ("the hives are gone; I lost my bees") and "Old Apache Squaw" ("...the next white man that sees my face is gonna be a dead white man") mention death in some way. "I Want to Go Home" is a retitled version of the nautical standard "The John B. Sails".

By his own admission, Cash was becoming fascinated by death during this time, in part due to his growing amphetamine and barbiturate dependence, and also due to the premature death of his brother.

Personnel

 * Johnny Cash - vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Luther Perkins - lead guitar
 * Marshall Grant - bass
 * Marvin Hughes - piano
 * Buddy Harman - drums
 * The Jordanaires - backing vocals

Additional personnel
 * Don Law - Original Recording Producer
 * Al Quaglieri - Reissue Producer
 * Seth Foster - Engineer
 * Mark Wilder - Mastering, Mixing
 * Billy Altman - Liner Notes
 * Don Hunstein - Photography
 * Steven Berkowitz - A&R
 * Howard Fritzson - Art Direction
 * Randall Martin - Design
 * John Christiana - Packaging Manager

Charts
Singles - Billboard (United States)

title: Songs of Our Soil


text:
Talk:Songs of Our Soil

Fair use rationale for Image:JohnnyCashSongsOfOurSoil.jpg
Image:JohnnyCashSongsOfOurSoil.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:29, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Songs of our Soil. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235017/http://www.lpdiscography.com/c/Cash/cash_songsofour.htm to http://www.lpdiscography.com/c/Cash/cash_songsofour.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:49, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Songs of Our Soil


text: User talk:81.178.200.127

title: User talk:81.178.200.127