text:
Republican Party of India (Athawale)

The Republican Party of India (Athawale) is a political party in India. The party is a splinter group of the Republican Party of India and has its roots in the Scheduled Castes Federation led by B. R. Ambedkar. The president of the party is Ramdas Athavale.

History
Ramdas Athawale was a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council from 1990 to 1995 and a cabinet member in the Government of Maharashtra. Subsequently, he was elected to the Parliament of India, representing Mumbai North Central in the 12th Lok Sabha between 1998 and 1999 and the Pandharpur constituency from 1999 to 2004. After the 2004 election, it had a small representation in the Lok Sabha and was a constituent of the ruling United Progressive Alliance. Its presence is limited to Maharashtra.

All factions of the RPI except Prakash Ambedkar's Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh have reunited to form a Republican Party of India (United).

In 2011, the party aligned itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance.

Rakhi Sawant resigned from Rashtriya Aam Party and joined Republican Party of India (A) in June 2014 and expressed her desire to work for dalits. Rakhi serves as party's state vice-president and president of woman wing.

In September 2015, the RPI(A) was one of 16 parties in Maharashtra to lose its registration for not submitting audited balance sheets and IT return documents since 2005. Thus they have lost their official election symbols.

Athawale is only member in Member of Parliament in Upper House of the Indian parliament. He is currently Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment Department with Disability Affairs from July 2016 in Narendra Modi ministry.

In May 2019, Athawale continued his position as Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment.

title: Republican Party of India (Athawale)


text: Category:514 BC

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:514 BC


text: Category:515 BC

title: Category:515 BC


text:
Kerala Congress

Kerala Congress is an Indian political party founded in Kottayam, Kerala in October 1964, by a block of former Indian National Congress leaders led by K. M. George. The party is primarily active in central Kerala. Initially its main support came from the Syrian Christians of central Kerala and the Nair community of southern Kerala.

The establishment of the Kerala Congress could be traced to the resignation and later death of P. T. Chacko, the Home Minister in the R. Sankar-led Congress ministry (1962–64). Fifteen rebel Congress Members of the Legislative Assembly subsequently supported a successful no confidence motion on the Sankar ministry. K. M. George and R. Balakrishna Pillai, backed by the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church and the Nair Service Society leader Mannathu Padmanabhan, formed the "Kerala Congress" at Kottayam on 9 October 1964.

History

 * "Kerala Congress" was formed as a breakaway faction from Indian National Congress in 1964 (led by K. M. George and R. Balakrishna Pillai). The party won 26 seats in the 1965 Kerala Assembly election.
 * George and Pillai were arrested and imprisoned during the National Emergency.
 * Kerala Congress joined the C. Achutha Menon-led Kerala ministry in 1975 (R. Balakrishna Pillai and K. M. Mani as ministers). R. Balakrishna Pillai was later replaced by K. M. George (who died in 1976).
 * Kerala Congress (B), led by R. Balakrishna Pillai and later with the Left Alliance, was formed in 1977.
 * K. M. Mani, with the Congress alliance, served as the Home Minister in the later K. Karunakaran and A. K. Antony led ministries (replaced in between by P. J. Joseph).
 * Kerala Congress (Mani) was formed from Kerala Congress in 1979.

Kerala Congress (P. J. Joseph Era) (1979–2010)
However, Splinter fractions of R. Balakrishna Pillai and K. M. Mani merged with parent Kerala Congress led by P. J. Joseph in 1985.

But these parties again split in 1987 by K. M. Mani, after the split 1987 there was a big legal battle for the name and symbol between P. J. Joseph and K. M. Mani. The court ruled in favor of P. J. Joseph. In 1989, R. Balakrishnan Pillai also left Parent Kerala Congress.

P. J. Joseph was minister several times Until 2010 representing Kerala Congress

Merger with Kerala Congress (M) and dissolution (2010–2015)
In 2010, one of the founder's sons, P. C. Thomas, joined the Party. He was a Kerala Congress (M) member until 2001 and later formed his own party, the Indian Federal Democratic Party.

Later that year, Kerala Congress (J) and Kerala Congress (M) decide to merge into one party. P. C. Thomas did not support this merger and made his own fraction called Kerala Congress (Anti-merger Group).

Eventually, the Kerala Election Commission froze the party's name and symbol, thereby dissolving Kerala Congress.

Alliance with NDA (P. C. Thomas Era (2016–2021))
P. C. Thomas was a chairman of Kerala Congress (Anti-merger Group). In 2014, a power struggle erupted in that party and on 2015 Thomas left Kerala Congress (Anti-merger Group) and formed Kerala Congress (Thomas) but Left Democratic Front did not approve this split and kicked out Thomas from their alliance.

In August 2015, the Kerala Congress faction led by P. C. Thomas join the Kerala unit of the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA).

In 2016, after a long legal battle P. C. Thomas received approval to use the name as bracket less Kerala Congress party. So Thomas dissolved Kerala Congress (Thomas) and revived the Kerala Congress.

P. C. Thomas contested from Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency for NDA on 2019 Indian general election

In October 2020, it was reported that P. C. Thomas was leaving NDA and was likely to join the United Democratic Front (UDF). The party however decided to stay in the NDA and extended their support to NDA candidates in the 2020 Kerala local elections.

Kerala Congress (P. J. Joseph Era 2.0) (since 2021)
From 2016 to 2021 Kerala Congress was in an alliance with NDA (National Democratic Alliance).

On 17 March 2021, the party left the NDA later KEC(Joseph), which is part of the Congress-led UDF merged into bracket-less Kerala Congress. which lead to P. J. Joseph becoming the Kerala Congress Party chairman again.

2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
After the merger with Kerala Congress, P. J. Joseph, and Mons Joseph resigned from the MLA post to avoid the technicalities regarding the Anti-Defection Law as they had won the assembly election in 2016 in KEC(M) tickets However, 8 out of 10 candidates of Kerala Congress lost in elections, only P. J. Joseph and Mons Joseph were re-elected to the legislative assembly from Thodupuzha and Kaduthuruthy respectively.

Parties in UDF

 * Kerala Congress of P. J. Joseph
 * Kerala Congress (Jacob) of Anoop Jacob

Parties in LDF

 * Kerala Congress (M) of Jose K. Mani
 * Kerala Congress (B) of K. B. Ganesh Kumar
 * Kerala Congress (B) Usha of Usha Mohandas
 * Janadhipathya Kerala Congress of K. C. Joseph, Antony Raju, P. C. Joseph
 * Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas) of Binoy Joseph

Parties in NDA

 * Kerala Congress (Nationalist) of Kuruvilla Mathews
 * Kerala Congress Democratic (Saji) of Saji Manjakadambil
 * Kerala Congress (Secular) of Kallada Das
 * Kerala Vikas Congress of Prakash Kuriakose

Leadership
On April 27 a meeting convened online by the party leadership in Thodupuzha and chooses P.J Joseph as party chairman and PC Thomas as working chairman ., Mons Joseph has been elected as the executive chairman ., Francis George Johnny Nelloor and Thomas Unniyadan as deputy chairman, while Joy Abraham is the secretary-general.

Notable leaders of various factions of Kerala Congress

 * K. M. George
 * Mathachan Kuruvinakunnel
 * R. Balakrishna Pillai
 * E. John Jacob
 * K. R. Saraswathy Amma
 * Vayala Idikula
 * T. S. John
 * K. Mohandas
 * Sam Oommen
 * Thomas Kallampally
 * P. J. Joseph
 * P. C. Thomas
 * Mons Joseph
 * C. F. Thomas
 * Francis George
 * Thomas Unniyadan
 * Joy Abraham
 * Saji Manjakadambil
 * T. M Jacob
 * Oommen Mathew

title: Kerala Congress


text:
User talk:Mimi13

Thanks for your support with bosh x

Hi again
I was just wondering, where in the world you are form? and how much you use the Bosh!

Im from Washington DC and i use the Bosh when the right situation arises. I heard it once from a friend who was in england so i guess thats where it came from. who are u? a creator?

title: User talk:Mimi13


text: Category:520 BC

title: Category:520 BC


text: Category:522 BC

title: Category:522 BC


text:
Piccolomini

The House of Piccolomini (pronounced ) is the name of an Italian noble family, Patricians of Siena, who were prominent from the beginning of the 13th century until the 18th century. The family achieved the recognized titles of Pope of the Catholic Church, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Grandee of Spain, and Duke of Amalfi. The family is also featured in Florentine Histories, a book written by Niccolò Machiavelli, where he describes the reign of Pope Pius II, who had allied himself with the Venetians and Prince Vlad Dracula, to wage a war against the Sultan of the Ottoman empire.

History
In 1220, Engelberto d'Ugo Piccolomini received the fief of Montertari in Val d'Orcia from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II as a reward for the services rendered. The family acquired houses and towers in Siena as well as castles and territories in the republic, including Montone and Castiglione; the latter sold to the comune in 1321.

They obtained great wealth through trade, and established counting-houses (merchant banks) in Venice, Genoa, Trieste, Aquileia, and in various cities of France and Germany. Supporters of the Guelph cause in the civil broils by which Siena was torn, they were driven from the city during the time of King Manfred of Sicily. Their houses were demolished but they returned in triumph after the victory of the Angevin Kings. They were expelled once more during the brief reign of King Conradin, and again returned to Siena with the help of King Charles of Anjou. But through their riotous political activity, the Piccolominis lost their commercial influence, which passed into the hands of the Florentines, although they retained their palaces, castles and about twenty fiefs, some of which were in the territory of Amalfi, to a great extent.

Another branch of the family obtained great success in the Kingdom of Naples, becoming one of the "seven great houses" of the Kingdom.

Ancestry
In the 17th century, two Piccolomini brothers, from the Modanella branch, were about to make a large family tree of the family. To seal their ancient genealogy with a legal certification, they commissioned a notary, Alessandro Rocchigiani, to put in order the various sources that disserted the family's origin. Evidently the fascination of myth, mixed with the reverence due to the illustrious patrons, instead of eliminating the legendary components ended up increasing them. Horatius Cocles was indicated with certainty, by the zealous notary, as the new progenitor of the family. Undoubtedly some coincidences arouse astonishment. Indeed, in the column that adorned the Campidoglio, his enterprise, was a coat of arms identical to that of the Sienese family, stood out carved in the shield of the ancient Roman. Once attached to Horace, the Piccolomini lineage had, in ancient Rome, the name of Parenzi, and from there one of its members chose the Sienese colony as his new residence, became Podestà (chief magistrate), and abandoned his name, Chiaramontese, and changed it to Piccholuomo.

The civil discords that agitated Rome in those times favored Siena because of their previous affiliation with the members of the Horatia gens, of which Chiaramontese belonged to. Having left from his homeland in Rome and also his surname, he came to live in the jurisdiction of Siena, and just as it is customary for men from one city when they move to another to take a different name from the usage of their native country, so it happened, Rocchigiani explained, that the Roman exile named Chiaramontese, took on in his new homeland the nickname Piccoluomo (Piccholuomo) from which the surname Piccolomini was later derived. The Piccolominis also descended from a certain Iulius Piccolomini Amideis, a member of the Amidei family, who was also of Roman descent. Pope Pius II, his full name being Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini, was named in relation to his Roman ancestry and refers to Aeneas Silvius, King of Alba Longa, from which the Amideis also claimed descent through the gens Julia.

Prominent family members
Many members of the house were distinguished ecclesiastics, generals and statesmen in Siena and elsewhere.

Two of them became popes:
 * Enea Silvio Piccolomini (papal name Pope Pius II), supporter of Vlad Dracula against the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
 * Francesco Piccolomini (papal name Pope Pius III), protector of England and Germany, legate to King Charles VIII of France

Other distinguished members include:

 * Joachim Piccolomini (1258–1305), beatified Sienese
 * Antonio Piccolomini, First Duke of Amalfi (d. 1493), a nephew of Pope Pius II and brother of Pope Pius III
 * Alfonso I Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi (d. 1498), son of Antonio and duke from 1493, hapless husband of Giovanna d'Aragona, Duchess of Amalfi, granddaughter of King Ferdinand I of Naples. He was murdered in 1498. The story of his widow is dramatised in John Webster's play The Duchess of Malfi.
 * Giovanni Piccolomini (1475–1537), Archbishop of Siena (1503–1529) Cardinal Priest (1517–1524), Cardinal Bishop (1524–1537), elected by Pope Leo X of the House of Medici
 * Girolamo Piccolomini (senior), Bishop of Pienza (1498–1510) and Bishop of Montalcino (1498–1510), elected by Pope Alexander VI of the House of Borgia
 * Girolamo Piccolomini (junior), Bishop of Pienza (1510–1535) and Bishop of Montalcino (1510–1528), elected by Pope Julius II of the House of Della Rovere, patron of Michelangelo
 * Alessandro Piccolomini (1508–1579), astronomer and author, worked for Lord Cosimo de' Medici of the Medici Bank
 * Alessandro Piccolomini, Bishop of Pienza (1535–1563) and Bishop of Montalcino (1528–1554), elected by Pope Clement VII of the House of Medici
 * Ascanio I Piccolomini (d. 1597), Archbishop of Siena from 1588, served Pope Gregory XIII who commissioned the Gregorian calendar
 * Francesco Piccolomini (Jesuit) (1582–1651), 8th Superior-General of the Society of Jesus
 * Ascanio II Piccolomini (1590–1671), Archbishop of Siena from 1629, patron of the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei
 * Ottavio Piccolomini (1599–1656), Imperial general in the Thirty Years' War, prominent in the events leading to Albrecht von Wallenstein's assassination, and basis for a main character in Schiller's Wallenstein. Married to Maria Benigna Francisca of Saxe-Lauenburg, daughter of Duke Julius Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg
 * Celio Piccolomini (1609–1681), titular archbishop of Caesarea (1656), created cardinal (1664)
 * Costanza Piccolomini Bonarelli (1614–1662), merchant and art dealer, lover and muse of the sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini, one of her paintings was sold to Louis XIV and is now at the Louvre
 * Enea Silvio Piccolomini (c. 1640–1689), Imperial general in the Great Turkish War, served in the Habsburg army of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Marietta Piccolomini (1834–1899), soprano, married to Marquis Francesco Caetani della Fargna, performed for Emperor Napoleon III of the House of Bonaparte

General bibliography

 * Endnotes
 * , three articles
 * Roberta Mucciarelli, Piccolomini a Siena. XIII-XIV secolo. Ritratti possibili, Pacini editore, 2005, 552 p., available online, Academia.edu.
 * Julien Théry, Faide nobiliaire et justice inquisitoire de la papauté à Sienne au temps des Neuf : les recollectiones d’une enquête de Benoît XII contre l'évêque Donosdeo de’ Malavolti (ASV, Collectoriae 61A et 404A), in Als die Welt in die Akten kam. Prozeßschriftgut im europäischen Mittelalter, éd. Susanne Lepsius, Thomas Wetzstein, Francfort : V. Klostermann (Rechtsprechung, 27), 2008, pp. 275–345, online.
 * Julien Théry, Faide nobiliaire et justice inquisitoire de la papauté à Sienne au temps des Neuf : les recollectiones d’une enquête de Benoît XII contre l'évêque Donosdeo de’ Malavolti (ASV, Collectoriae 61A et 404A), in Als die Welt in die Akten kam. Prozeßschriftgut im europäischen Mittelalter, éd. Susanne Lepsius, Thomas Wetzstein, Francfort : V. Klostermann (Rechtsprechung, 27), 2008, pp. 275–345, online.
 * Julien Théry, Faide nobiliaire et justice inquisitoire de la papauté à Sienne au temps des Neuf : les recollectiones d’une enquête de Benoît XII contre l'évêque Donosdeo de’ Malavolti (ASV, Collectoriae 61A et 404A), in Als die Welt in die Akten kam. Prozeßschriftgut im europäischen Mittelalter, éd. Susanne Lepsius, Thomas Wetzstein, Francfort : V. Klostermann (Rechtsprechung, 27), 2008, pp. 275–345, online.

title: Piccolomini


text:
User:TommyBoy

Personal Data

 * Real Name: Thomas
 * Birthdate: September 29, 1982
 * Registered User Since: November 9, 2004
 * Areas of General Concentration: history, politics, government, law, geography, business, and popular culture
 * Birthplace: Norfolk, Virginia
 * Current Residence: Joplin, Missouri
 * Other Cities I Have Strong Ties To: Miami, Oklahoma, Virginia Beach, Virginia
 * High School Alma Mater: Broken Arrow High School, Broken Arrow, Oklahoma
 * College Alma Mater: Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College, Miami, Oklahoma

title: User:TommyBoy


text: Category:524 BC

title: Category:524 BC


text: Category:526 BC

title: Category:526 BC


text:
Forge Mill Needle Museum

The Forge Mill Needle Museum in Redditch, Worcestershire, is a historic museum depicting Redditch's Industrial Heritage. Opened in 1983 by Queen Elizabeth II, it records how in Victorian times, Redditch was the international centre of the needle and fishing tackle industry and once produced 90% of the world's needles.

Models and recreated scenes provide a vivid illustration of how needles were once made, and the museum organises exhibitions, demonstration, and workshops on how needles were used in the textile industry.

Forge Mill Museum is open to visitors all year round. It is near to the ruins of Bordesley Abbey.

title: Forge Mill Needle Museum


text:
User:Qwghlm/Arsenal FC

 ''I use this page as a kind of watchlist. If you want to change things on this page then feel free but a courtesy note on my talk page explaining why would be very welcome. :) Thank you.''

Missing players
Significant players in Arsenal's history without a WP page:

{|
 * width=50% valign=top|

Cup final players

 * 1968 League Cup:
 * David Jenkins

Internationals
NB: incomplete
 * Scotland
 * Wales
 * Ireland (IFA) & Northern Ireland

 * width=50% valign=top|

League title winners
Players that played more than ten games in a League title winning season.

 * 1933-34
 * Norman Sidey (12)

 * 1934-35
 * Bobby Davidson (11)

 * 1937-38
 * Frank Boulton (15)
 * George Drury (11)
 * John Milne (16)

 * 1952-53
 * Arthur Shaw (25)

 * }

50-99 appearances
Gus Caesar - Ralph Gaudie - David Hannah - Leslie Jones - William Linward - Colin Hill - Peter Marinello - Raphael Meade - Gordon Nutt - Jackie Chalmers - Mike Tiddy - Harold Peel - Reg Boreham - Frederick Groves - Fred Pagnam - Bob Benson - John Milne - James Tennant - Wally Hardinge - Eddie McGoldrick - Thomas Winship - John Matthews - George Grant - Andrew Neil - Ted Platt - Ian Selley - Richie Powling - Jimmy Robertson - Christopher Buckley - Brian Marwood - Denis Compton - Peter Kyle - Arthur Shaw - Jeff Blockley - Terry Mancini - James Brock - Bobby Davidson - Thomas Fitchie - Mel Charles - William Garbutt - James Boyle - John Peart - Bob Turnbull - Trevor Ross - Patrick O'Brien - Alexander Main - Paul Mariner - George Wood - Tom Whittaker - John Hartson - Andrew Young - Brian McDermott - David Howat - Bill Harper - Don Howe - Joe Lievesley - James Ramsay - Harry Woods - Jim Fotheringham - Steve Gatting - Horace Cope - Bryn Jones - Bill Seddon - Jimmy Paterson - Peter Nicholas - Alf Common - John Roberts - Frank Hill - Fergus Hunt - Bobby Gould - Arthur Milton - Ronnie Rooke - Gerry Ward - Steve Morrow - Frederick Coles - James Bigden - Pat Beasley - Tommy Docherty - Brian Kidd - Alex Wilson - Joe Wade - Adam Haywood - Joe Powell - Niall Quinn - Samson Haden - Freddie Cox - John Snedden - Matthew Thomson - Tommy Caton - Bernard Joy - Steve Walford - John Caldwell - Ray Daniel

All players
Everybody who has played a first-team match for Arsenal with a recorded first name, screenscraped from Arsenal.com's stats section and Andy Kelly's site (now defunct, but the Google cache still works), then married together. Supplemented by data from Arsenal Who's Who (ISBN 1899429034).

Note that in the below some players are referred to by their formal first names - those that are more usually known by their informal or second names may not be totally recognisable.

A
Tony Adams - Colin Addison - Emmanuel Adebayor - Jérémie Aliadière - Ian Allinson - Manuel Almunia - Charles Ambler - Kwame Ampadu - Edward Anderson - John Anderson - Terry Anderson - Viv Anderson - Walter Anderson - Nicolas Anelka - George Armstrong - Thomas Arnold - Andrei Arshavin - Jimmy Ashcroft - Jack Aston

B
Dave Bacuzzi - Alf Baker - Joe Baker - Tommy Baldwin - Alan Ball - William Bannister - Júlio Baptista - Nacer Barazite - Humphrey Barbour - John Barley - Walley Barnes - Geoff Barnett - John Barnwell - Graham Barrett - Paul Barron - Vince Bartram - Spencer Bassett - Cliff Bastin - Morris Bates - Edward Bateup - Brendon Batson - Fred Beardsley - Pat Beasley - Edward Bee - Charles Bell - James Bellamy - Nicklas Bendtner - Albert Beney - Bob Benson - David Bentley - Dennis Bergkamp - James Bigden - Anthony Biggs - Arthur Biggs - Ralph Birkett - Amaury Bischoff - Michael Black - Tommy Black - Tommy Black - John Blackwood - James Blair - Jeff Blockley - Jimmy Bloomfield - Billy Blyth - Luís Boa Morte - Micky Boot - Charles Booth - Reg Boreham - Steve Bould - Frank Boulton - Ray Bowden - Dave Bowen - Edward Bowen - Henry Boyd - Patrick Boylan - James Boyle - Frank Bradshaw - William Bradshaw - Liam Brady - Jimmy Brain - Gordon Bremner - Tommy Briercliffe - Stanley Briggs - Steve Brignall - James Brock - Laurie Brown - Thomas Bryan - Charlie Buchan - James Buchan - Robert Buchanan - Bill Buckenham - Christopher Buckley - George Buist - Robert Buist - George Burdett - Daniel Burgess - Tony Burns - George Burrell - Lycurgus Burrows - Walter Busby - Jack Butler

C
Fabián Caballero - Gus Caesar - Alexander Caie - Leslie Calder - James Caldwell - John Caldwell - Alf Calverley - Frederick Calvert - Kevin Campbell - Sol Campbell - William Campbell - Lee Canoville - Eddie Carr - Jimmy Carter - Sydney Cartwright - George Carver - Hugh Cassidy - Tommy Caton - Jackie Chalmers - Brian Chambers - Lee Chapman - Mel Charles - Stan Charlton - James Charteris - John Chenhall - Norman Chisholm - Arthur Christmas - Eddie Clamp - Danny Clapton - Dennis Clapton - Archie Clark - John Clark - James Clark - Adrian Clarke - Freddie Clarke - Gaël Clichy - Tommy Coakley - Donald Cock - Andrew Cole - Ashley Cole - Ernie Coleman - Tim Coleman - Frederick Coles - Ernie Collett - Alf Common - Denis Compton - Leslie Compton - Matthew Connolly - Peter Connolly - Maurice Connor - Joseph Cooper - Horace Cope - Wilf Copping - Francis Coquelin - David Cork - Ernest Cottrell - Walter Coupland - David Court - Francis Cownley - Freddie Cox - George Cox - Gavin Crawford - Harold Crawford - Jack Crayston - Walter Creegan - Patrick Cregg - Alex Cropley - Archie Cross - Alfred Crowe - Jason Crowe - James Crozier - Reg Cumner - William Curle - George Curtis - Pascal Cygan

D
Hugh Dailly - Ray Daniel - Tomas Danilevičius - David Danskin - Alexander Davidson - Bobby Davidson - Roger Davidson - George Davie - Paul Davies - Fred Davis - Paul Davis - Denílson - Archie Devine - Daniel Devine - John Devine - James Devlin - Abou Diaby - Lassana Diarra - Kaba Diawara - John Dick - Paul Dickov - Bill Dickson - Lee Dixon - Johan Djourou - Tommy Docherty - Bill Dodgin - Peter Dougall - Thomas Drain - Ted Drake - George Drury - Andy Ducat - Hugh Duff - David Duncan - Steven Dunn - Jimmy Dunne - Charles Dunsbee - Frederick Dwight - Frank Dyer

E
Stanley Earle - George Eastham - Emmanuel Eboué - John Edgar - Edu - Eduardo - Arthur Elliott - John Elvey - Bob Evans - Dennis Evans - Mick Everitt

F
Łukasz Fabiański - Cesc Fàbregas - William Fairclough - George Farmer - Andrew Farr - Patrick Farrell - James Ferguson - Gordon Ferry - Joseph Fidler - Alf Fields - George Fisher - Thomas Fitchie - Mathieu Flamini - Pat Flanagan - Mark Flatts - Alfred Fletcher - Rui Fonte - Alex Forbes - George Ford - R. Foster - Jim Fotheringham - Abraham Foxall - Bert Freeman - Emmanuel Frimpong - Jim Furnell - James Fyfe

G
William Gallas - William Garbutt - Rémi Garde - Ryan Garry - John Garton - Steve Gatting - Ralph Gaudie - Duncan Gemmell - Charlie George - Kieran Gibbs - Kerrea Gilbert - William Gilmer - Davis Gloak - Bill Gooing - Robert Gordon - Peter Goring - Paul Gorman - Bobby Gould - Roy Goulden - Peter Goy - Alex Graham - George Graham - John Graham - Thomas Graham - Cyril Grant - George Grant - John Grant - Archie Gray - Julian Gray - David Greenaway - Neville Grice - Thomas Grieve - Arfon Griffiths - Mal Griffiths - Gilles Grimandi - David Grondin - Frederick Groves - Perry Groves - Vic Groves - Albert Guðmundsson - Ralph Guthrie

H
Samson Haden - Dave Halliday - John Halls - Thomas Hamilton - Ray Hankin - Ernest Hanks - David Hannah - Richard Hannigan - Eddie Hapgood - Edwin Harding - Wally Hardinge - Charlie Hare - Bill Harper - Lee Harper - Abe Hartley - John Hartson - Jim Harvey - Tom Hatfield - Joe Haverty - John Hawley - Martin Hayes - Alf Haynes - Adam Haywood - Neil Heaney - Joseph Heath - Mark Heeley - Glenn Helder - Bill Henderson - Jackie Henderson - James Henderson - Les Henley - Thierry Henry - Frank Heppinstall - David Herd - Colin Hill - Frank Hill - David Hillier - Aliaksandr Hleb - Sid Hoar - Gordon Hoare - Cyril Hodges - John Hollins - Cliff Holton - James Hopkins - Brian Hornsby - Richard Horsington - Pat Howard - David Howat - Don Howe - Gavin Hoyte - Justin Hoyte - Alan Hudson - Joe Hughes - Stephen Hughes - Joe Hulme - Albert Humpish - Fergus Hunt - George Hunt - John Hunter - Arthur Hutchins - Tommy Hynds

I
Junichi Inamoto - Carlin Itonga

J
David Jack - Jimmy Jackson - George Jacques - Alex James - Francis Jeffers - William Jeffrey - David Jenkins - Caesar Jenkyns - Pat Jennings - John Jensen - George Jobey - Bob John - George Johnston - William Johnstone - Bryn Jones - Charlie Jones - Fred Jones - Leslie Jones - Siggi Jónsson - Bernard Joy - Juan - Bill Julian - Len Julians

K
Edward Kane - Peter Kane - Nwankwo Kanu - Daniel Karbassiyoon - John Kay - Gerrit Keizer - Eddie Kelly - Noel Kelly - Jack Kelsey - Frederick Kemp - Arthur Kempton - Andy Kennedy - Ray Kennedy - Martin Keown - Brian Kidd - Edward King - Harry King - Edward Kington - Alf Kirchen - Frank Kirk - Chris Kiwomya - John Kosmina - Peter Kyle

L
James Laidlaw - Jack Lambert - Henri Lansbury - Sebastian Larsson - Lauren - Everard Lawrence - Walter Lawrence - Herbert Lawson - Tommy Lawton - Daniel Le Roux - John Leather - Harold Lee - John Lee - Jens Lehmann - Charles Lewis - Dan Lewis - Reg Lewis - Ned Liddell - Joe Lievesley - Anders Limpar - Andy Linighan - William Linward - Doug Lishman - Fredrik Ljungberg - Frank Lloyd - Harry Logan - Paddy Logan - Jimmy Logie - Archibald Low - Thomas Low - John Lukic - Arturo Lupoli - Oleh Luzhny - Pål Lydersen

M
Archie Macaulay - James McAuley - Francis McAvoy - John McAvoy - John McBean - Jack McClelland - Alexander McConnell - Andrew McCowie - Billy McCullough - Brian McDermott - Duncan McDonald - Hugh McDonald - Malcolm Macdonald - Roddy McEachrane - Sandy MacFarlane - Craig McGeoch - Charlie McGibbon - Jimmy McGill - Eddie McGoldrick - Brian McGovern - Gavin McGowan - Ian McKechnie - Matthew McKellar - Alexander McKenzie - Alec Mackie - Angus McKinnon - Joseph McLaughlan - Johnny MacLeod - Frank McLintock - Bob McNab - William McNab - Duncan McNichol - John McPhee - Ian McPherson - James McQuilkie - David Madden - Eddie Magill - Alexander Main - George Male - Stefan Malz - Terry Mancini - Alex Manninger - Vito Mannone - Ben Marden - Peter Marinello - Paul Mariner - George Marks - James Marshall - Scott Marshall - Brian Marwood - John Matthews - James Maxwell - Thomas Maxwell - William Maycock - Raphael Meade - Thomas Meade - James Meggs - Alberto Mendez - Joe Mercer - Fran Mérida - Paul Merson - Alan Miller - Samuel Mills - Billy Milne - John Milne - Arthur Milton - Andrew Mitchell - James Moir - James Monteith - John Moody - Jackie Mordue - Stan Morgan - Steve Morrow - Peter Mortimer - Frank Moss - Fabrice Muamba - Jehad Muntasser - Joseph Murphy - Joe Murrell

N
Samir Nasri - David Neave - Andrew Neil - Terry Neill - Gordon Neilson - David Nelson - Sammy Nelson - Charlie Nicholas - Peter Nicholas - James Norman - Joe North - Gordon Nutt

O
Patrick O'Brien - Kevin O'Flanagan - David O'Leary - Frank O'Neill - Danny O'Shea - Don Oakes - Harry Offer - Harold Oliver - Roger Ord - Marc Overmars - Isaac Owens - Quincy Owusu-Abeyie

P
Roy Pack - Fred Pagnam - Michal Papadopulos - Tom Parker - Ray Parkin - Ray Parlour - Jimmy Paterson - William Paterson - Colin Pates - George Pattison - George Payne - Charles Peachey - John Peart - Harold Peel - Jermaine Pennant - Emmanuel Petit - Vladimir Petrović - Johnny Petts - Robert Pirès - Walter Place - David Platt - Ted Platt - Mart Poom - Joe Powell - Richie Powling - Thomas Pratt - Charlie Preedy - David Price - David Pryde - Sidney Pugh

Q
James Quayle - Niall Quinn

R
John Radford - James Ramsay - Aaron Ramsey - Charles Randall - Mark Randall - Andrew Rankin - Isaiah Rankin - Frank Ransom - Sam Raybould - George Reece - José Antonio Reyes - Pat Rice - Kevin Richardson - Rohan Ricketts - Jimmy Rimmer - Willis Rippon - Graham Rix - Ömer Rıza - Herbie Roberts - John Roberts - Alexander Robertson - Hope Robertson - James Robertson - Jimmy Robertson - Jock Robson - Stewart Robson - David Rocastle - James Rodger - Paul Rodgers - Archibald Roe - Arthur Roe - Ehud Rogers - Ronnie Rooke - Leigh Richmond Roose - Don Roper - Matthew Rose - Tomáš Rosický - Trevor Ross - Wilf Rostron - Thomas Rudkin - Albert Russell - John Russell - Jock Rutherford - John Rutherford

S
Bacary Sagna - Jon Sammels - Moses Sanders - Percy Sands - Kenny Sansom - Charlie Satterthwaite - Joe Satterthwaite - Stefan Schwarz - Laurie Scott - William Scott - David Seaman - Bill Seddon - Ian Selley - Philippe Senderos - Rami Shaaban - Tommy Shanks - Jimmy Sharp - Billy Sharpe - Arthur Shaw - Bernard Shaw - Herbert Shaw - James Shaw - Joe Shaw - Paul Shaw - Walter Shaw - Matthew Shortt - Thomas Shrewsbury - Norman Sidey - Gilberto Silva - Mikaël Silvestre - Silvinho - Frank Simek - Jay Simpson - Peter Simpson - Finlay Sinclair - Alan Skirton - Ólafur Ingi Skúlason - Donald Slade - Paddy Sloan - Alan Smith - Alan Smith - James Smith - Lionel Smith - Ryan Smith - Rod Smithson - John Snedden - Alexandre Song - Brian Sparrow - John Spicer (footballer) - Thomas Spicer - William Spittle - Graham Stack - Jim Standen - Frank Stapleton - Kevin Stead - Igors Stepanovs - Andrew Steven - Robert Stevens - Robert Stevenson - William Stewart - Reg Stockill - Anthony Stokes - Stephen Stonley - Harry Storer - Peter Storey - John Storrs - Geoff Strong - James Stuart - Con Sullivan - Davor Šuker - Alan Sunderland - Sebastian Svärd - Ray Swallow - Andrew Swann - George Swindin

T
Arthur Talbot - Brian Talbot - Derek Tapscott - Efstathios Tavlaridis - Brian Tawse - Stuart Taylor - Robert Templeton - James Tennant - Stephen Theobald - Jerome Thomas - Michael Thomas - Leonard Thompson - Matthew Thomson - Harold Thorpe - Mike Tiddy - Peter Tilley - Joe Toner - Kolo Touré - Frank Townrow - Armand Traoré - Reg Tricker - Reg Trim - Ernest Tuckett - Bob Turnbull - Peter Turner - Alan Tyrer

U
Matthew Upson - Ian Ure

V
Paul Vaessen - Thomas Vallance - Giovanni van Bronckhorst - Robin van Persie - John Vaughan - Carlos Vela - Paolo Vernazza - Patrick Vieira - Nelson Vivas - Moritz Volz - Clement Voysey

W
Joe Wade - Theo Walcott - Harold Walden - Steve Walford - Henry Waller - Tom Walley - Edward Wallington - Brian Walsh - Charles Walsh - Wilf Walsh - Allen Ward - Gerry Ward - William Warnes - Robert Watson - Malcolm Webster - Ronald Westcott - Rhys Weston - Henry White - William White - Job Whitfield - Tom Whittaker - Chris Whyte - Jack Wilkinson - Charlie Williams - Edward Williams - Joey Williams - Steve Williams - Walter Williams - Ernest Williamson - Len Wills - Rhys Wilmot - Jack Wilshere - Alex Wilson - Bob Wilson - Jack Wilson - Oliver Wilson - Sylvain Wiltord - Thomas Winship - Nigel Winterburn - George Wolfe - Frederick Wood - George Wood - Tony Woodcock - Harry Woods - John Woodward - Arthur Worrall - Christopher Wreh - Ian Wright - Richard Wright

Y
Allan Young - Andrew Young - Willie Young

Current youth players
Current youth players, who have not played a first-team game but are or have been out on loan or played first-team games elsewhere

Pedro Botelho - Håvard Nordtveit - Luke Freeman - Abu Ogogo - Rene Steer - Vincent van den Berg

Current youth players, who have had squad numbers but have not played a first-team game.

Kyle Bartley - Thomas Cruise - James Dunne - Jay Emmanuel-Thomas - Emmanuel Frimpong - Rhys Murphy - Wojciech Szczęsny - Sanchez Watt

Current youth/reserve players, who do not have any sort of number - these should almost certainly not have an article.

Luke Ayling - Anton Blackwood - Jonas Rasmussen - James Shea - Gilles Sunu

Minor former players
Players who were on the books of but never played a first-team game for Arsenal, but who have Wikipedia pages having played elsewhere.

Clive Allen - Jamie Ashdown - Alex Bailey - Steve Ball - John Bacon - Don Bennett - Narada Bernard - Adam Birchall - David Black - Ray Bloomfield - Jay Bothroyd - Stephen Bradley - Joe Bradshaw - Jason Brissett - Leon Britton - Harry Brophy - Jermaine Brown - Terry Burton - Paul Byrne - Fred Cheesmur - Liam Chilvers - Ben Chorley - Peter Clark - Sean Clohessy - Brian Close - Jock Davie - Jamie Day - Guy Demel - Lee Doherty - Pat Dolan - Georgios Efrem - Chris Evans - Keith Fahey - Doug Farquhar - Ross Flitney - Alex Forsyth - Neil Freeman - Niccolò Galli - Ben Gill - Stefán Gíslason - Valur Gíslason - Ty Gooden - Ian Gould - Nick Hammond - James Harper - Charlie Hartfield - Matthew Hislop - Jamie Howell - Ingi Højsted - Mark Howard - Colin Hoyle - Willie Huck - Richard Hughes - Brian Jackson - Lee Johnson - Fred Jones - Michael Jordan - Julian Kelly - Neil Kilkenny - Ryan Kirby - Jo Kuffour - Nicky Law - Jim Leighton - Greg Lincoln - David Livermore - Rik Lopez - Dean McDonald - Dave MacKinnon - Alan McNevin - Lawrie Madden - Andy Marriott - Dave Metchick - Billy Minter - TJ Moncur - Paulo Nagamura - Nicky Nicolau - David Noble - Roy O'Brien - Joe O'Cearuill - Jamie O'Hara - Sam Oji - Darren Pratley - Don Rossiter - Paul Read - John Ryan - Pat Scully - Len Shackleton - Dean Shiels - Dominic Shimmin - Steve Sidwell - Dave Simmons - Ben Smith - Roger Stanislaus - Shane Tracy - Norman Uprichard - Barrie Vassallo - Ken Veysey - Charlie Walker - Guillaume Warmuz - Luke Webb - Matthew Wicks - Chris Wright - Stuart Young - Steve Zakuani

Wartime guest players
NB incomplete

Dick Allman - Joe Bacuzzi - Robert Beale - Andy Beattie - Jimmy Chipperfield - Arthur Dominy - Maurice Edelston - Matt Gillies - Len Goulden - Billy Hibbert - Phil Joslin - Frank Knowles - Stanley Matthews - George Mills - Frank Mitchell - Stan Mortensen - Berry Nieuwenhuys - Tommy Orr - Tommy Rigg - Bill Shankly - Freddie Steele - George Tweedy - Charlie Wallace - Billy Wrigglesworth

Arsenal managers
Sam Hollis - Thomas Mitchell - George Elcoat - Harry Bradshaw - Phil Kelso - George Morrell - Leslie Knighton - Herbert Chapman - Joe Shaw - George Allison - Tom Whittaker - Jack Crayston - George Swindin - Billy Wright - Bertie Mee - Terry Neill - Don Howe - Steve Burtenshaw - George Graham - Stewart Houston - Bruce Rioch - Pat Rice - Arsène Wenger

Arsenal staff
Incomplete. Only people who did not otherwise play for or manage the club listed below.

Vic Akers - Neil Banfield - Terry Burton - Bobby Campbell - John Cartwright - Damien Comolli - Wilf Dixon - Don Givens - Ron Greenwood - Theo Foley - Gary Lewin - Roy Massey - Andrew McDermid - James McEwen - Eddie Niedzwiecki - Gerry Peyton - Boro Primorac - Tony Roberts (footballer) - Mike Salmon - Dave Sexton - Les Shannon - Dave Smith - Alec Stock

Arsenal chairmen
W Davis - WB Jackson - Jack Humble - Alfred McQueen - James Cavey - James Hodgin - George Leavey - John Clarke - Arthur Kennedy - J Radford - Albert Titlow - William Craib - Henry Norris - Samuel Hill-Wood - Hugh Lowther - Bernard Forbes - Robin Vane-Tempest-Stewart - Bracewell Smith - Denis Hill-Wood - Peter Hill-Wood

Arsenal directors
Past: Jack Humble - Roger Gibbs - John Norton-Griffiths - Robert Bellinger - Guy Bracewell-Smith et al. - J. J. Edwards - Mathew Wilson - Vere Fane - William Hall - H. Langham Reed - Frederick Wall - Harry Vanderpant - R. C. Fielder - W. M. Johnston - A. F. Bone - J. W. Joyce - Stuart C. McIntyre - N. F. Bone - Anthony Wood - Bob Wall - David Dein - Nina Bracewell-Smith

Present: Keith Edelman - Richard Carr - Danny Fiszman - Ken Friar - Chips Keswick - Philip Harris - Clive Carr - Stan Kroenke - Ivan Gazidis

Other Arsenal articles
Invicta Ground - Manor Ground - Arsenal Stadium - Emirates Stadium

Shenley Training Centre

History of Arsenal F.C.: 1886-1966 - 1966-present

List of Arsenal F.C. players - List of Arsenal F.C. managers - Arsenal F.C. seasons - Arsenal F.C. records - Arsenal F.C. squad numbers

Arsenal F.C. supporters - Ownership of Arsenal F.C.

Arsenal F.C. Reserves - Arsenal F.C. Academy

Arsenal tube station - "The Invincibles"

North London derby - Chelsea rivalry

The Arsenal Stadium Mystery - Fever Pitch (book) - Fever Pitch (film)

Arsenal TV - Arsenal Football Club Museum - Arsenal Supporters' Trust

Major matches
1927 - 1930 - 1932 - 1936 - 1950 - 1952 - 1971 - 1972 - 1978 - 1979 - 1980 - 1993 - 1998 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2005
 * FA Cup finals

1968 - 1969 - 1987 - 1988 - 1993 - 2007
 * League Cup finals

1930 - 1931 - 1933 - 1934 - 1935 - 1936 - 1938 - 1948 - 1953 - 1979 - 1989 - 1991 - 1993 - 1998 - 1999 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005
 * FA Charity/Community Shields

1970 - 2000
 * UEFA Cup finals

1980 - 1994 - 1995
 * UEFA Cup Winners Cup finals

2006
 * UEFA Champions League finals

1994
 * UEFA Super Cup finals

Battle of Old Trafford
 * Other

Seasons
NB I do not approve of these.

1893–94 - 1894–95 - 1895–96 - 1896–97 - 1897–98 - 1898–99 - 1899–00 - 1900–01 - 1901–02 - 1902–03 - 1903–04 - 1904–05 - 1905–06 - 1906–07 - 1907–08 - 1908–09 - 1909–10 - 1910–11 - 1911–12 - 1912–13 - 1913–14 - 1914–15 - 1915–16 - 1916–17 - 1917–18 - 1918–19 - 1919–20 - 1920–21 - 1921–22 - 1922–23 - 1923–24 - 1924–25 - 1925–26 - 1926–27 - 1927–28 - 1928–29 - 1929–30 - 1930–31 - 1931–32 - 1932–33 - 1933–34 - 1934–35 - 1935–36 - 1936–37 - 1937–38 - 1938–39 - 1939–40 - 1940–41 - 1941–42 - 1942–43 - 1943–44 - 1944–45 - 1945–46 - 1946–47 - 1947–48 - 1948–49 - 1949–50 - 1950–51 - 1951–52 - 1952–53 - 1953–54 - 1954–55 - 1955–56 - 1956–57 - 1957–58 - 1958–59 - 1959–60 - 1960–61 - 1961–62 - 1962–63 - 1963–64 - 1964–65 - 1965–66 - 1966–67 - 1967–68 - 1968–69 - 1969–70 - 1970–71 - 1971–72 - 1972–73 - 1973–74 - 1974–75 - 1975–76 - 1976–77 - 1977–78 - 1978–79 - 1979–80 - 1980–81 - 1981–82 - 1982–83 - 1983–84 - 1984–85 - 1985–86 - 1986–87 - 1987–88 - 1988–89 - 1989–90 - 1990–91 - 1991–92 - 1992–93 - 1993–94 - 1994–95 - 1995–96 - 1996–97 - 1997–98 - 1998–99 - 1999–00 - 2000–01 - 2001–02 - 2002–03 - 2003–04 - 2004–05 - 2005–06 - 2006–07 - 2007–08 - 2008–09

Arsenal Ladies
Arsenal L.F.C. - Meadow Park - Vic Akers - Emma Hayes

Laura Bassett - Lauren Bruton - Emma Byrne - Katie Chapman - Karen Carney - Gemma Davison - Niamh Fahey - Gilly Flaherty - Julie Fleeting - Ciara Grant - Kim Little - Jayne Ludlow - Faye Marsh - Sarah Quantrill - Natalie Ross - Alex Scott - Kelly Smith - Rebecca Spencer - Yvonne Tracy - Faye White - Rachel Yankey
 * Current players

Anita Asante - Danielle Buet - Leanne Champ - Cori Daniels - Charlotte Gurr - Hayley Kemp - Sian Larkin - Shaznay Lewis - Beth Lloyd - Rachel McArthur - Kirsty Pealling - Mary Phillip - Karen Ray - Lianne Sanderson - Stacey Sowden - Lauren Wells - Lizzie Wicks
 * Former players

title: User:Qwghlm/Arsenal FC


text:
Talk:David Fricke

Untitled
This article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:13, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on David Fricke. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061016110308/http://rockcritics.com:80/interview/jonwiederhorn.html to http://rockcritics.com/interview/jonwiederhorn.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 01:37, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Fricke


text: Category:530 BC

title: Category:530 BC


text:
Jean Leclerc

Jean Leclerc or Le Clerc may refer to:

 * Jean Le Clerc (c.1440–1510), French official who wrote two chronicles about the life of his longstanding patron Antoine de Chabannes
 * Jean LeClerc (painter) (c.1585–1633), French painter
 * Jean Le Clerc (theologian) (1657–1736), biblical scholar and encyclopaedist

 * Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc (1771–1796), radical French revolutionist and newspaperman
 * Jean LeClerc (actor) (born 1948), Québécois actor best known for appearing in the American soap opera All My Children
 * Jean Leclerc (politician) (born 1958), Canadian politician and businessman
 * Jean Leclerc (born 1961), Québécois singer better known as Jean Leloup

title: Jean Leclerc


text:
Phraseology

In linguistics, phraseology is the study of set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units (often collectively referred to as phrasemes), in which the component parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than, or otherwise not predictable from, the sum of their meanings when used independently. For example, ‘Dutch auction’ is composed of the words Dutch ‘of or pertaining to the Netherlands’ and auction ‘a public sale in which goods are sold to the highest bidder’, but its meaning is not ‘a sale in the Netherlands where goods are sold to the highest bidder’; instead, the phrase has a conventionalized meaning referring to any auction where, instead of rising, the prices fall.

History
Phraseology (from Greek φράσις phrasis, "way of speaking" and -λογία -logia, "study of") is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally's notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. From the late 1960s on it established itself in (East) German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics. The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969) within the approach of transformational grammar, Arnold (1973), and Lipka (1992 [1974]). In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology. European scholarship in phraseology is more active than in North America. Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte (1990) and specially collected in Cowie & Howarth (1996) whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field.

Phraseological units
The basic units of analysis in phraseology are often referred to as phrasemes or phraseological units. Phraseological units are (according to Prof. Kunin A.V.) stable word-groups with partially or fully transferred meanings ("to kick the bucket", “Greek gift”, “drink till all's blue”, “drunk as a fiddler (drunk as a lord, as a boiled owl)”, “as mad as a hatter (as a march hare)”). According to Rosemarie Gläser, a phraseological unit is a lexicalized, reproducible bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use, which has relative syntactic and semantic stability, may be idiomatized, may carry connotations, and may have an emphatic or intensifying function in a text.

title: Phraseology


text: Category:534 BC

title: Category:534 BC


text: Category:535 BC

title: Category:535 BC


text:
London Working Men's Association

The London Working Men's Association was an organisation established in London in 1836. It was one of the foundations of Chartism, advocating for universal male suffrage, equally-populated electoral districts, the abolition of property qualifications for MPs, annual Parliaments, the payment of MPs, and the establishment of secret ballot voting. The founders were William Lovett, Francis Place and Henry Hetherington. They appealed to skilled workers rather than the mass of unskilled factory labourers. They were associated with Owenite socialism and the movement for general education.

title: London Working Men's Association


text: Category:539 BC

title: Category:539 BC


text: Category:540 BC

title: Category:540 BC


text: Category:545 BC

title: Category:545 BC


text:
Talk:Language of the birds

at present hacked together from online sources. Needs better references. dab (ᛏ) 10:16, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

In the movie Librarian: Quest for the Spear of Destiny, the language of the birds was the language spoken by all people before god changed all thier languages after man attempted to build the tower of babel. Where does this reference spring from and should ti be included?

A little bird told me
At one time, the expression "a little bird told me" was popular in American English, usually used to refer to a situation involving an unnamed source. I'm curious if this originated from "language of the birds" folk stories. —Viriditas | Talk 01:27, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Cites
I saw a Citation Needed tag, and I hunted down a couple sources for the material. Unfortunately, this article doesn't use cite templates, or have particularly good or consistent inline cites besides, and trying to figure out how to do it nicely by hand made my head hurt. So I just stuck a reflist in the References section and called it a day. I think that as long as this article is in a nebulous state, the inline cites, as they are added/cleaned up, should be cite templates. Anyone feel passionately about that? --Pompous stranger (talk) 00:38, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Recursive links??
Hey guys - the "green language" link at the top is a recursive link to the very page it talks about! Not good - this should be either removed or retargetted to an actual other page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.22.18.83 (talk) 04:15, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Good note. I fixed it by making a link to Language of the birds#Alchemy, which explains why it is called "green language", making the link recursive with a stop condition, which is a simple way to avoid infinite recursions. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 20:05, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Language of the birds. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050829083109/http://www.innerlight.org.uk:80/journals/Vol24No4/langbird.htm to http://www.innerlight.org.uk/journals/Vol24No4/langbird.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:38, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Language of the birds. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071212114237/http://www.zanzibart.com/motus/poesie/verlan/index.htm to http://www.zanzibart.com/motus/poesie/verlan/index.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.innerlight.org.uk/journals/Vol24No4/langbird.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:39, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Language of the birds


text: Category:546 BC

title: Category:546 BC


text: Category:547 BC

title: Category:547 BC


text: Category:550 BC

title: Category:550 BC


text:
Duras

Duras may refer to:

Places

 * Albanian city of Durrës (obsolete French spelling)
 * Duras, Lot-et-Garonne, a commune of the Lot-et-Garonne département in France
 * Duras, Belgium, a constituent village of the commune of Sint-Truiden in the Belgian province of Limburg

People

 * County of Duras, a noble family in the 11th and 12th centuries whose seat was Duras, Belgium
 * Duras (Dacian king) (ruled c.69-87), king of Dacia who attacked the Roman empire
 * Marguerite Duras (1914–1996), pseudonym of Marguerite Donnadieu, a French writer and film director
 * Claire de Duras (1777–1828), a French writer
 * Oldřich Duras or Důras (1882–1957), Czech chess International Grandmaster
 * Důras, Czech surname

Other

 * Duras (grape), a red wine grape from Tarn in France
 * House of Duras, in Star Trek, a house in the Klingon Empire

title: Duras


text: Category:551 BC

title: Category:551 BC


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alex White

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 19:09, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Alex White
Non-notable (22 year old) student political groupie. Is one of several co-authors of a soon-to-be published handbook on the most recent installment of the "Ars Magica" game, apparently intentionally misspelled "Arse Magica" in the article. Some of the claims of notability seem exaggerated. Unreferenced claim that his blog that "is a frequent reference point for campaigners" in Melbourne or student government. A careful Google search excluding other "Alex Whites" brings up only about 200 unique hits, mostly from an active blogging community at his college. Nonetheless, no printed sources. So he appears to be a young political-type who may someday be notable. Delete or userfy. (if one of the several users named "Alex White" who've been editing recently wants to claim it.) Willmcw 10:17, July 19, 2005 / revised 11:54, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable student. JamesBurns 10:49, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete even if the whole thing is true (and it sounds dubious), still wouldn't be notable enough. NN, student vanity. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 11:30, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Created by a banned sockpuppeteer who couldn't write a neutral article if his life depended on it; also not notable. Ambi 12:26, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Serpentus~enwiki

I was born on December, 20th 1983 in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. My father was born in Honduras (but is a descendent of Palestinian parents) and my mother is  Chilean. I have 2 brothers (an older sister and a younger brother). We emigrated to Santiago, Chile in 1994.

I'm interested in science, conspiracies, ufology and a lot of more subjects, I like to know as much as I can about everything I can. Even though I sometimes forget about some things =P. I enjoy listening to music, a lot... But dislike the new POP like Britney Spears, N'Sync, Backstreet Boys, etc... but like some old POP, I also don`t like RAP, Hip Hop and some Electronic Music. I like Metal, Rock, Soft Rock, Industrial, Ska, Classical, Punk, etc...

I would like to contribute to this amazing community, by translating articles from English to Spanish or vice versa... If I have enough time...

I'm studying Electronics at Universidad Tecnologica de Chile, ex-I.N.A.C.A.P. (A chilean University).

title: User:Serpentus~enwiki


text: Category:555 BC

title: Category:555 BC


text: Category:556 BC

title: Category:556 BC


text: Category:558 BC

title: Category:558 BC


text: Category:560 BC

title: Category:560 BC


text: Category:562 BC

title: Category:562 BC


text:
User:Rowaasr13

ru:Участник:rowaasr13 ja:利用者:rowaasr13

title: User:Rowaasr13


text:
Talk:Webs (web hosting)

Hosting policy
As you can see, the source of this section is Freewebs abuse team. The contents are thus easily verifiable since anybody can send them an email and also get a reply. So if you doubt the accuracy, just send them a mail. Galnatuppen (talk) 11:59, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Factual Accuracy
All the things it says it only applies to the builder mode and not the HTML one. --FlareNUKE 23:46, 4 April 2006 (UTC) It says there is a maximum of 20 pages on a free site. I've used Freewebs and had much more than 20 pages. 71.198.149.190

Reads like an ad
The article reads like an ad. Wikipedia is not free web space.  Ardenn  02:43, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

I found some supposedly violations that make this page look like advertisement.

1.The example free website is kept changed by vandals(should be www.freewebs.com/example)

2.Why does this have to teach the reader how to use freewebs?Pathbinder 12:45, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

I edited the Support section to not read like so much of an ad. OSborn 19:09, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Example Free Website
Please stop changing this. I changed it back to www.freewebs.com/example.

Do not add links to your own Freewebs sites. I will do my best to delete them. --Tusserte 16:05, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

People are doing it again! removed back to exampleSheepeh 18:44, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

What???
Can you stop deleting what I'm adding? It gets annoying.

... and I don't see a single opinion here. This should be considered neutral.

--abcidefugian 15:20, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

is it good idea?
make your own website and it's FREE! that is stupid idea ever heard KanuT 13:52, 4 November 2006 (UTC) cvbvbcxvbxcvb
 * Yes, I belive it is. And even if it isn't, it sure is popular. So aparently there all doing somthing right. I like it.

I like it- free publicity for my friend and my new play!

☻wilted☻rose☻dying☻rose☻ (talk) 21:52, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Advertising. -_- right...
See any opinions? Seriously, this doesn't look like an advertisement at all.

If you don't agree, then why don't you tag piczo or .tk while you're at it?

Also, username.webs.com is a real domain. all users get this domain. Don't believe me? go here. http://abcidefugian.webs.com

Sheesh. --abcidefugian 22:23, 23 November 2006 (UTC) The first paragraph under websites sounds like an ad. It refrences "you" and sounds like nothing more than an advertisment. This neds work to sound more like an article than an ad. Sheepeh 21:38, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Freewebs example page
The www.freewebs.com/example page is not Freewebs example page. It is an example page from Brass City Web design. It is a web design company that does not exist anymore that sold web design hosted on Freewebs. I believe this does not belong here so I removed it. Also many people have been editing it to their homepage so it would be best if we just got rid of this unnecessary page. Neoddr 22:58, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

I created an example page for Wikipedia's use; http://www.freewebs.com/wikipediaexample/. I agree that the vandalism is a detriment (I wasn't expecting "Gibralter Sucks", to be honest), but with a dedicated example page, maybe the link is worth keeping. Boter 07:03, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

i think it was always unnessasairy, i mean wtf, you make your site your own no two are the same! you cant have an example site, how dumb, wikipedia is a website thats an example its not like whos coming here is some just born 0 year old that never seen the internet before!!!!! --75.37.59.25 (talk) 10:59, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Drawbacks
I have added and re-inserted the 'Drawbacks' article as an attempt to re-dress the balance over the suggestion that the entry reads like an advert. I have asked friends of mine to 'test' my Freewebs site on their (office based) work computers and all but one, out of six, reported that the site was blocked by their company's Firewall, even though I was paying for the site to be ad free. Obviously I cannot provide exact examples of this, but would urge anyone doubting this to test a 'Freewebs' site for themselves. (My site is no longer active).

My point regarding a software conflict between Freewebs and I.E.7 is easily demonstrated. All one has to do is visit Freewebs, log into your account, and you will see that the opening page displays a warning regarding the confilct. I have visited the opening page using Firefox and the message does not appear.

My 'Drawbacks' article not meant as a criticism of Freewebs, merely a presentation of certain limitations. 80.42.198.151 18:58, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Downloads
I heard of a download called "Joke Shake" or something like that that was considered a trojan horse by some.Could someone add some information on that? CommonEditor2345 06:45, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

ErrorSafe
When browsing with FireFox 2, I can hardly access a site on freewebs.com because I always get ErrorSafe popup in my face. Other having the same problem? It seems to be no problem with IE 6. / Fred-Chess 11:33, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

"TOS Affairs"
This section reads like a user complaint massaged into 'neutral' language to get around WP:NPOV, WP:VERIFY, and WP:OR standards. If I don't hear any objections, I will delete it. Pipnosis 12:35, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Re: "Freewebs' Most Popular Organizations"
This was just re-added, so I'd like to get some feedback rather than remove it again. The section simply looks like Spam. Is there some specific reason we have it? OSbornarf 23:58, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Was removed: so nevermind. OSbornarf 04:51, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Example Page
Woah, I didn't know what I did created such a mess. Sorry. If you don't know what I'm referring to, I was the so-called "vandal" that put up the "Freewebs Example Site" link. The link never originally directed to www.freewebs.com/example. I was the person who started the "Example Site" thing, and I used my own website (though it's no longer updated) www.oneworld.co.nr at the time. Then other people started to change it to their websites. I email them and told them to stop, and even said that I was the person to come up with the idea, but they still changed it. Anyway, sorry about the confusion. Wikipedia contacted me (at the time I didn't have an account) and told me to stop it, so I did. But thanks for making me feel popular, guys!

Also, Freewebs didn't start in 2001, it started in 1998. This is the original Freewebs: http://web.archive.org/web/19981212014102/http://freewebs.com/ Dreamanderson (talk) 01:42, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Disputing Neutrality
This is one large advert for Freewebs. This article needs to be cleaned up or deleted. I don't know enough about Freewebs to do so. --Tedyc03 (talk) 13:12, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Done and done. Sadly, it's hard to rewrite a lot of the crap that was inserted into the article (it was put in with intent to be an advertisement). I'll throw in expand tags for real information to be put in in the future.Doshindude (talk) 03:12, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

Founded in 2005? Wrong.
I remember first signing up to Freewebs as early as 2003, so someone needs to get their facts right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.29.212.91 (talk) 00:36, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Webs.com
It seems that this site is strongly related to freewebs: it's linked from Freewebs and webs.com says that freewebs is one of their "property". We may mention it in the article if this relation is clarified, I've already put it in the EL section.Cenarium (talk) 18:53, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * "Webs" is simply a new name for "Freewebs". Same company, new name. --72.68.193.105 (talk) 03:04, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Adding info to the Infobox
I'm trying to add the location of the Freewebs Headquarters on the first infobox and for some reason it's not saving it. --Finalproductions (talk) 02:31, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The infobox used is, the authorized entries are at the documentation page. The entries you tried to add are from . I used the infobox Template:Infobox Dotcom company, the template is designed to conciliate both. Cena rium  (talk)  00:56, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Pagii profile example
i am adding to the external links just to give wikipedia users an example of what a pagii.com personal profile looks like and can see the differences with other social-networking sites Canadian (talk) 15:01, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Freewebs Porn Ads / Spam
Please to not edit this parts unless you have new facts. Please discuss it here first then. I am extremely upset by their unethical business practices. Galnatuppen (talk) 21:01, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Doesn't matter if you're upset or not. There have not been any published facts regarding this material at all, just by what you're saying. Therefore, it is original research and has been reverted regarding Wikipedia's policy. --gsk - talk - 16:58, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It is not novel research at all, it is facts that I have got from email communications with Freewebs. The facts can easily be verified by communication with the Freewebs abuse team. I have added that information to the section. I can also post the email message from Freewebs if that improves the matter. If these easily verifiable facts are not in fact facts then what is a fact? (Galnatuppen (talk) 07:52, 26 August 2008 (UTC))

Reality needs to come have a visit.
You can tell the old huge advert for Freewebs is still here in bits and pieces.

The reality of the matter is Webs is a very poorly rated Web host around the globe, for many reasons.

I'm definitely not saying bashing it, but being more realistic.

Also, I am adding a link to the "CEO" of Webs' website.

This is his personal Webs.com site, as I used to know him personally. He welcomes visitors, and doesn't pay attention to logical suggestions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.235.36.150 (talk) 16:09, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I disagree (and reverted your edits.) I feel your addition to the Pricing and the PHP/MySQL sections were negative OR. (I moved the content in the section you created on FTP to Usage.) I also removed the link to the CEO's website as I didn't see how that would add to a reader's understanding. OSbornarfcontributionatoration 17:36, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

my webs site is down, does anyone know anything about this? Julie @ LIL hoofbeats farm. oreo3094@charter.net —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.119.216.14 (talk) 16:29, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi, and sorry, but this talk page is only really here to discuss the article itself on Wikipedia, not the subject. OSbornarfcontribs. 16:43, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Alexa Rank needs to be updated
Have noticed the Alexa rank was last updated at December,2011. But it is February now and it needs to update again.

By the way, how do I edit this part of the article--WOLfan112 (talk) 17:00, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

Copyright confusion
You should add a section saying what the webs.com copyright lets and does not let you do. Eg: Does it let you take screen shots — Preceding unsigned comment added by WOLfan112 (talk • contribs) 17:02, 6 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's standard consensus at Wikipedia to add details about website's terms of service (if I understand you correctly) unless they've been a matter of interest elsewhere. OSbornarfcontribs. 23:27, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Talk about new features
June 5, 2012 Webs offers new sitebuilder 4. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.70.230.1 (talk) 19:51, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

There has to be more than that. I will check it out. Synergee (talk) 00:29, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Archive site? Where?
In the comparison of free webhosts page of Wikipedia, it says Webs.com allows "archive site" = download a copy of your site to your hard drive. On the Webs.com wiki page though, no such feature is mentioned and I have never seen a backup tool at any free webhost other than Weebly, Wordpress and either Yola or Jimdo (not sure about that but one of these two also had it) 109.128.204.118 (talk) 13:52, 8 July 2013 (UTC)

"The Webs Mafia"
Come on, this is just a crap title for a subsection. Just because a Mafia styled game was made by a guy who worked at Freewebs/Webs, another guy made a quiz service or a another making Instacart - this does not qualify titling an entire subsection after a criminal organization. Not to sound juvenile, but it's the sort of title I'd expect of an edgy teenager, a yellow-page journalist, or Dave Maestri himself. There is absolutely no reason for this to be titled the way it is. This is supposed to be an encyclopedia, but I suppose with Webster accepting "literally" to mean figuratively, there's no hope for any sense of structure or form anywhere. I eagerly await the page for "there" on Wiktionary to say "An alternative method of spelling 'their' that came to prominence during the mid '2000s" 222.154.232.126 (talk) 13:12, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Webs (web hosting)


text:
Talk:Angela Jia Kim

Untitled
For a July 2005 deletion debate see Votes for deletion/Angela Jia Kim

Fair use rationale for Image:Angela Jia Kim.jpg
Image:Angela Jia Kim.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 20:31, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angela Jia Kim


text: Category:568 BC

title: Category:568 BC


text: Category:570 BC

title: Category:570 BC


text:
Duras, Lot-et-Garonne

Duras (Duràs) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.

The town is traversed by the Dropt river.

Notable people

 * David Hume of Godscroft (1558-1629), Scottish historian and philosopher, was the pastor in Duras 1604–1614.
 * The writer Marguerite Donnadieu (1914–1996) took the pseudonym "Marguerite Duras" in 1943, after this village, where her father's house was located.

Sister cities
Duras is twinned with the following cities:

 * 🇧🇪 Sint-Truiden, Belgium

title: Duras, Lot-et-Garonne


text: Category:572 BC

title: Category:572 BC


text:
Talk:Paz Vega

Image
The Image:PazVegaHandjob.jpg is pornographic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.53.101.195 (talk • contribs) 16:33, 13 August 2005

 * We could argue for ever about whether it represents pornography or not -- I personally don't really care, but there's no point in gratuitously using images containing nudity and/or sexual content when other images are available that will illustrate the articles just as well. I've replaced the images with the poster from Lucía y el sexo. --Ngb 16:53, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Spanglish
The movie Spanglish was not a Mel Brooks film. It was written and directed by James L. Brooks.Dcbaumgarten 02:27, 28 January 2007 (UTC)
 * That's been changed. dARTHBUNK Pkt Dft (t)  16:26, 20 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Paz Vega. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160315170943/http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/paz-vega/paz-vega-leaves-hospital-baby-lenon-400878 to http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/paz-vega/paz-vega-leaves-hospital-baby-lenon-400878

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:43, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paz Vega


text: Category:575 BC

title: Category:575 BC


text: File:Epworthduke.jpg

title: File:Epworthduke.jpg


text: Category:579 BC

title: Category:579 BC


text: Category:580 BC

title: Category:580 BC


text:
Talk:Myths of the Near Future

Untitled
The Klaxons are releasing their debut album under the name "Myths Of The Near Future" on January 19th, 2007, so this place will undoubtly get a few extra hits so we should put some more effort into sprucing it up. 80.47.228.71 14:09, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Myths of the Near Future. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071224043005/http://www.rickmcgrath.com/jgb.html to http://www.rickmcgrath.com/jgb.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:31, 10 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Myths of the Near Future


text: Category:584 BC

title: Category:584 BC


text: Category:585 BC

title: Category:585 BC


text: Category:586 BC

title: Category:586 BC


text:
Hypokinesia

Hypokinesia is one of the classifications of movement disorders, and refers to decreased bodily movement. Hypokinesia is characterized by a partial or complete loss of muscle movement due to a disruption in the basal ganglia. Hypokinesia is a symptom of Parkinson's disease shown as muscle rigidity and an inability to produce movement. It is also associated with mental health disorders and prolonged inactivity due to illness, amongst other diseases.

The other category of movement disorder is hyperkinesia that features an exaggeration of unwanted movement, such as twitching or writhing in Huntington's disease or Tourette syndrome.

Spectrum of disorders
Hypokinesia describes a variety of more specific disorders:

Causes
The most common cause of Hypokinesia is Parkinson's disease, and conditions related to Parkinson's disease.

Other conditions may also cause slowness of movements. These include hypothyroidism and severe depression. These conditions need to be carefully ruled out, before a diagnosis of Parkinsonism is made.

The remainder of this article describes Hypokinesia associated with Parkinson's disease, and conditions related to Parkinson's disease.

Associated neurotransmitters
Dopamine

The main neurotransmitter thought to be involved in hypokinesia is dopamine. Essential to the basal ganglionic-thalamocortical loop, which processes motor function, dopamine depletion is common in these areas of hypokinesic patients. Bradykinesia is correlated with lateralized dopaminergic depletion in the substantia nigra. The dopamine pathway in the substantia nigra is essential to motor function, and commonly a lesion in this area correlates with displayed hypokinesia. Tremor and rigidity, however, seem to be only partially due to dopamine deficits in the substantia nigra, suggesting other processes are involved in motor control. Treatments for hypokinesia often either attempt to prevent dopamine degradation by MAO-B or increase the amount of neurotransmitter present in the system.

GABA and glutamate

The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and the excitatory glutamate are found in many parts of the central nervous system, including in the motor pathways that involve hypokinesia. In one pathway, glutamate in the substantia nigra excites the release of GABA into the thalamus, which then inhibits the release of glutamate in the cortex and thereby reduces motor activity. If too much glutamate is initially in the substantia nigra, then through interaction with GABA in the thalamus and glutamate in the cortex, movements will be reduced or will not occur at all.

Another direct pathway from the basal ganglia sends GABA inhibitory messages to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, which then send GABA to the thalamus. In the indirect pathway, the basal ganglia send GABA to the globus pallidus which then sends it to the subthalamic nucleus, which then disinhibited sends glutamate to the output structures of the basal ganglia. Inhibition of GABA release could disrupt the feedback loop to the basal ganglia and produce hypokinesic movements.

GABA and glutamate often interact with each other and with dopamine directly. In the basal ganglia, the nigrostriatal pathway is where GABA and dopamine are housed in the same neurons and released together.

Neurobiology
Hypokinetic symptoms arise from damage to the basal ganglia, which plays a role in producing force and computing the effort necessary to make a movement. Two possible neural pathways enable the basal ganglia to produce movement. When activated, the direct pathway sends sensory and motor information from the cerebral cortex to the first structure of the basal ganglia, the putamen. That information directly inhibits the globus pallidus internal and allows free movement. The indirect pathway, traveling through the putamen, globus pallidus external, and subthalamic nucleus, activates the globus pallidus internal threshold and inhibits the thalamus from communicating with the motor cortex, producing hypokinetic symptoms.

When levels of dopamine decrease, the normal wave-firing pattern of basal ganglia neural oscillations changes and the tendency for oscillations increases, particularly in the beta wave of the basal ganglia. Recent research indicates, when oscillations fire simultaneously, processing is disrupted at the thalamus and cortex, affecting activities such as motor planning and sequence learning, as well as causing hypokinetic tremors.

Dopaminergic drugs
Dopaminergic drugs are commonly used in the early stages of the hypokinesia to treat patients. With increased intake, though, they can become ineffective because of the development of noradrenergic lesions. While initially the dopaminergic drugs may be effective, these noradrenergic lesions are associated with hypokinesic gait disorder development later on.

Some Parkinson's patients are unable to move during sleep, prompting the diagnosis of "nocturnal hypokinesia". Physicians have experienced success treating this sleep disorder with slow-release or night-time dopaminergic drugs, and in some cases, continuous stimulation by the dopamine agonist rotigotine. Despite improved mobility during sleep, many Parkinson's patients report an extremely uncomfortable sleeping experience even after dopaminergic treatments.

Deep brain stimulation
Once the reaction to dopaminergic drugs begins to fluctuate in Parkinson's patients, deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus and internal globus pallidus is often used to treat hypokinesia. DBS, like dopaminergic drugs, initially provides relief, but chronic use causes worse hypokinesia and freezing of gait. Lower-frequency DBS in irregular patterns has been shown to be more effective and less detrimental in treatment.

Posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) is a specific kind of DBS that destroys a small part of the globus pallidus by scarring the neural tissue, reducing brain activity and therefore tremors and rigidity. PVP is suspected to recalibrate basal ganglia activity in the thalamocortical pathway. PVP in the dominant hemisphere has been reported to disrupt executive function verbal processing abilities, and bilateral PVP may disturb processes of focused attention.

Many akinesia patients also form a linguistic akinesia in which their ability to produce verbal movements mirrors their physical akinesia symptoms, especially after unsuccessful PVP. Patients are usually able to maintain normal levels of fluency, but often stop midsentence, unable to remember or produce a desired word. According to a study of Parkinson's patients with articulatory hypokinesia, subjects with faster rates of speech experienced more problems trying to produce conversational language than those who normally spoke at slower rates.

Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate, commonly used to treat ADHD, has been used in conjunction with levodopa to treat hypokinesia in the short term. The two work together to increase dopamine levels in the striatum and prefrontal cortex. Methylphenidate mainly inhibits dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake by blocking presynaptic transporters, and levodopa increases the amount of dopamine, generally improving hypokinesic gait. Some patients, however, have adverse reactions of nausea and headache to the treatment and the long-term effects of the drug treatment still need to be assessed.

Stem cells
New treatments include increasing the number of dopamine cells by transplanting stem cells into the basal ganglia or stimulating endogenous stem cell production and movement to the basal ganglia. The successful integration of stem cells can relieve hypokinetic symptoms and decrease the necessary dose of dopaminergic drugs. However, a variety of complications, including possible tumor formation, inappropriate cell migration, rejection of cells by the immune system, and cerebral hemorrhage are possible, causing many physicians to believe the risks outweigh the possible benefits.

NOP receptor antagonists
Another treatment, still in an experimental stage, is the administration of nociception FQ peptide (NOP) receptor antagonists. This treatment has been shown to reduce hypokinesia in animal studies when increasing nociception FQ in the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus. Low doses can be taken with dopaminergic treatment to decrease the amount of L-dopa needed, which can reduce its long-term side effects and improve motor performance.

Dance therapy
Dance therapy has also been shown to reduce hypokinesic movements and rigidity, though targeted more at the muscular aspects of the disorder than the neural activity.

Cognitive impairment
Bradykinesia has been shown to precede impairment of executive functions, working memory, and attention. These cognitive deficiencies can be tied to nonfunction of the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex, which is also linked to the motor-dysfunction of hypokinesia. Tremor and rigidity have not had observable connections to cognitive impairments, supporting the idea that they are not as involved in the dopamine pathway in the basal ganglionic-thalamocortical loop. Dopaminergic treatments have shown improvement in cognitive functions associated with hypokinesia, suggesting they are also dependent on dopamine levels in the system.

Motor motivation
Often debated is whether the efficiency, vigor, and speed of movements in patients with hypokinesia are tied to motivation for rewarding and against punishing stimuli. The basal ganglia have been tied to the incentives behind movement, therefore suggesting a cost/benefit analysis of planned movement could be affected in hypokinesia. Rewards have not been shown to change the aspects of a hypokinesic individual's movement. In fact, the motor planning and control of a patient with hypokinesia is already as efficient as possible (as shown by slightly faster, but generally the same movement after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus). This suggests that hypokinetic individuals simply have a narrower range of movement that does not increase relative to motivation.

Other studies have come to the same conclusion about rewards and hypokinesia, but have shown that aversive stimuli can, in fact, reduce hypokinesic movement. Dopamine is either less involved or has a more complex role in the response to punishment than it does to rewards, as the hypodopaminergic striatum allows more movement in response to aversive stimuli.

Demographic differentiation
Gender

More men than women typically develop hypokinesia, which is reflected in young and middle-aged populations where females have displayed higher levels of nigrostriatal dopamine than males. In the elderly, however, this differentiation is not present. Typically, women exhibit more tremor in the beginning development of hypokinesia. In the disorder, men tend to display more rigidity and women more bradykinesic motor behavior.

Age of onset

Hypokinesia is displayed in the brain and outwardly slightly different depending on when an individual is first affected. In young-onset hypokinesia (younger than 45 years of age), typically slightly more cell loss occurs in the substantia nigra with more displayed dystonia and muscle stiffness. In old-onset hypokinesia (older than 70 years of age), typically more of a hypokinesic gait and difficulty walking and no dystonia are seen. Both onsets can display resting tremor, although more generally found in old-onset cases.

Symptoms
Stress causes alterations of cerebral circulation, increasing blood flow in the supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus of the parietal lobe, the frontal lobe, and the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere. Also, an increase in cardiac activity and change in the tonus of the heart vessels occurs, which is an elementary indication of stress development. In patients with normal stress, an adaptive fight-or-flight response is usually triggered by sympathetic nervous system activation. Hypokinesia patients experience these typical stress symptoms on a regular basis because of damage to the basal ganglia system. Therefore, when a hypokinesia victim is under stress, he or she does not display a typical fight-or-flight response, placing the patient under greater danger from potentially harmful stimuli. Low-impact exercise, elimination of drug and alcohol use, and regular meditation can help to restore normal stress responses in hypokinesia patients.

Connections to other medical conditions
Though it is often most associated with Parkinson's disease, hypokinesia can be present in a wide variety of other conditions.

title: Hypokinesia


text: Category:589 BC

title: Category:589 BC


text:
User talk:Smeghead42

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia! Please could you add copyright info to Image:Carrickfergus castle.jpg & Image:Townhallbc.jpg, as requested at time of upload. Joe D (t) 10:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Smeghead42


text:
Tactical assault group

A Tactical Assault Group (TAG) is an Australian Defence Force special forces unit tasked with responding as a counter-terrorism force to respond to terrorism incidents in Australia on land and maritime environments and also with conducting overseas special recovery operations.

At present there are two tactical assault groups based on opposite sides of the country. As such they are individually identified as being either TAG East, based in Sydney or TAG West, based in Perth. Both groups are structured to conduct offensive domestic counter-terrorist operations focusing on direct action and hostage recovery.

Each assault group maintains a short notice capability to conduct military operations beyond the scope of State and Federal Police Tactical Groups. These aims are achieved through various highly specialised skill sets, niche capabilities and supporting Australian Defence Force (ADF) units such as those from the Special Operations Engineer Regiment and 171st Special Operations Aviation Squadron.

History

The Sydney Hilton bombing on 13 February 1978 was the catalyst for the Commonwealth Government to initiate an urgent review of security procedures to combat the threat of international terrorism.

The anti-terrorist agencies (the Australian Federal Police and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation) were placed on heightened alert and a Protective Security Coordination Centre was established. The Prime Minister proposed the establishment of a Standing Advisory Committee on Commonwealth State Cooperation for Protection against Violence, which would be primarily responsible for the coordination and funding of various organisations involved. He also directed that police forces around Australia absorb the counter-terrorist role. However, a study by Sir Robert Mark, at that time recently retired from the London Metropolitan Police, concluded that this was a task for 'sophisticated soldiery' and should not be given to the police but rather to the Army. Sir Robert's advice was further strengthened by the Ironbark Report, written by Colonel John Essex-Clark, in which he advised the urgent formation of a special counter-terrorist force within the Army.

In August 1978, it was proposed to allocate the task of raising, training and sustaining the counter-terrorist force to the Special Air Service Regiment to follow similar lines from the British Army with their counter-terrorist team from within their SAS. The force was to be called the TAG and was to be commanded by the Commanding Officer SASR. On 3 May 1979, the Government approved the raising of a dedicated counter-terrorist force in the SASR, with final authorisation to raise the TAG given on 31 August 1979.

The tasks allocated to the group included:

 * The neutralisation, including capture, of terrorist groups, which might include snipers, hijackers, kidnappers, bombers or assassins, and the neutralisation of aircraft or ships;
 * The recovery of hostages and property held by terrorists; and
 * The recovery of buildings and installations held by terrorists.

The training began officially in March 1980 and the force became fully operational in the following May. In July 1980, the SASR was directed to develop an offshore (maritime) capability, concerned primarily with retaking Bass Strait oil rigs in the event of terrorist capture. These operations were to be handled by a dedicated water operations team which included 17 Clearance Divers from the RAN's Clearance Diving Branch, who were placed under operational control of the SASR from 4 August 1980 as part of the TAG.

TAG (East) was raised on 22 July 2002 in order to increase the ADF's domestic counter-terrorist capability. TAG (East) mirrors the original Tactical Assault Group, which was redesignated TAG (West). The dual basing enables the ADF to readily respond to simultaneous and geographically separate domestic incidents.

Organisation

At present there are two tactical assault groups, TAG East and TAG West. Each belongs to a different parent unit and each protect a different domestic geographical area of Australia.

TAG East draws its members from the 2nd Commando Regiment, and rotates one company through the role for a pre-determined length of time. It is also supplemented with personnel from the Royal Australian Navy's Clearance Diving Branch. The Royal Australian Navy component consists of an operations officer, a clearance diver (CD) assault platoon, and an underwater medic. Approximately 30 Clearance Divers are permanently attached to the group at any one time.

TAG West draws its members from the Special Air Service Regiment and rotates one squadron through the role for a pre-determined length of time.

Both have world-class training facilities including advanced outdoor close-quarters battle ranges, MOUT villages, urban CT complexes, full-size aircraft mock-ups, and sniper ranges.

Both participate in NATEX (national anti-terrorism exercises). Several times each year, exercises are conducted to test elements of the Australian Defence Force including the two tactical assault groups, Special Operations Command (Australia) and the Special Operations Engineer Regiment. The exercises also involve relevant components of state and territory police forces, such as police tactical groups and intelligence agencies such as ASIO. TAG-West conducts annual training courses for police tactical group members from each state and territory. Each year as part of the National Counter-Terrorist Committee Skills Enhancement Course, each state and territory sends several members of its PTG to participate in a concentrated three-week course to strengthen standards of policing in urban counter-terrorist tactics and ensure all states are training consistently to the same codes and standards of counter-terrorism.

Operations

 * 1982 Brisbane Commonwealth Games
 * 2000 Sydney Olympics Security: Joint Task Force Gold
 * 2001 South Tomi boarding
 * 2001 MV Tampa boarding: (see Tampa affair).
 * 2003 Pong Su boarding
 * 2003 Rugby World Cup: Operation Scrummage
 * 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games: Operation Acolyte
 * 2007 Sydney APEC Conference: Operation Deluge
 * 2008 World Youth Day Sydney and visit of Pope Benedict XVI: Operation Testament
 * 2014 G-20 Brisbane summit
 * 2016 Kaiyo Maru No. 8 boarding

On 12 April 2001, an SASR troop conducted a boarding of the fishing vessel South Tomi using two RHIBs launched from the South African Navy vessel SAS Protea in international waters 260 nmi south of Cape Agulhas, South Africa. The South Tomi had fled the AFMA fisheries patrol vessel Southern Supporter after being detected poaching Patagonian toothfish near Heard Island and McDonald Islands in the Southern Ocean.

On 20 April 2003, members from both Tactical Assault Group West and Tactical Assault Group East combined to board the Pong Su, a 4,000 ton North Korean ocean freighter in Australian territorial waters. The ship was flying the flag of Tuvalu at the time, known as flying a flag of convenience. The boarding of the freighter was carried whilst the ship was underway in rough seas. The reason for apprehending the ship was that it was suspected of being involved in smuggling almost 125 kg (300 pounds) of heroin into Australia.

On 12 December 2016, Tactical Assault Group members from TAG EAST conducted a boarding of the 50m former Japanese whaling vessel Kaiyo Maru No. 8 (KM8) in international waters in the Southern Ocean south east of Tasmania after it was intercepted by HMAS Adelaide. The vessel had been monitored by Maritime Border Command loitering and circling more than 200 nautical miles off the southern coast of Australia and was suspected to be involved in drug smuggling. Details of the boarding were not released by Defence but by law enforcement, however, imagery released by Defence shows TAG members in Air Drop Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat (ADRHIB) deploying from Adelaide. Tactical Assault Group members discovered 186 kilograms of cocaine worth $60 million on board KM8 with ten crew members nine from China and one from Singapore detained. Adelaide had been in the area taking part in Exercise Ocean Raider 2016.

title: Tactical assault group


text: Category:591 BC

title: Category:591 BC


text: Category:595 BC

title: Category:595 BC


text:
User:Atbk

I'm interested in technology...

title: User:Atbk


text: Category:598 BC

title: Category:598 BC


text: Category:599 BC

title: Category:599 BC


text: Category:600 BC

title: Category:600 BC


text: Category:601 BC

title: Category:601 BC


text:
Canada national rugby league team

The Canada national rugby league team represents Canada in international rugby league football tournaments.

1987–2000: Origins
Rugby league was first introduced to Canada in the 1900s but was quickly outlawed by Rugby Union officials and thus became Canadian Football. It was not until the late 1980s that rugby league was re-introduced to Canada at an amateur level, when a short-lived 4-team domestic competition, known as the Tri-Counties Rugby League, was established. Four teams competed in its first year, three in Canada and one in the U.S., the New York–based Adirondacks club.

The Canadian national team played their first game in 1987 against the USA. They then played sporadically throughout the 1990s and participated in the 1995 and '96 Rugby League World Sevens and Rugby League Emerging Nations World Cup in 2000. Following the 2000 Emerging Nations World Cup, the Canadian Rugby League Federation folded. As a result, the national team was disbanded and the sport remained dormant for 10 years.

2010 onwards: Revival
In 2010, a new governing body, Canada Rugby League, was formed. Their first comeback game was in 2010 in the War at the Shore tournament, where they played New England Immortals, a New England representative team, and the New York Knights AMNRL club team, losing both games. The team's international comeback was later in the year in September in the inaugural Colonial Cup. Later that year they competed in the Rugby League Atlantic Cup in Jacksonville, Florida.

Canada's first win since they were reformed came the following year in 2011 against Jamaica. They collected their second win in September, against the US in the second game of the Colonial Cup. However, due to an earlier loss to the US and the resulting aggregate scores, Canada was unable to win the Cup. Canada's international season finished up with a defeat against South Africa, in a warm up game before their 2013 World Cup qualifiers campaign.

In 2014, Stuart Donlan was appointed as head coach. Donlan's first game was the 2014 Colonial Cup's only fixture. He coached Canada to a famous victory which made them the Colonial Cup champions for the very first time. Aaron Zimmerle, the head coach of the Tweed Heads Seagulls, took over the main coaching role in 2015 in their 2017 World Cup qualifying campaign.

After failing to qualify for the 2017 World Cup, the Canada Rugby League Board appointed Benjamin Fleming as coach on a three-year deal. Canada Rugby League Association Vice President David Graham said "the board's decision to appoint Fleming as Head Coach was based on the hard work and passion he has shown since returning to the association last year."

Current squad
1. Andrew Giguere

2. Ethan Langs

3. Michael Mastroianni

4. Emil Borggren

5. Tony Felix

6. Ash Calvert

7. Ryley Jacks

8. Charles Curran

9. Rhys Jacks

10. Dean Parker

11. Skyler Dumas

12. Dominic Witschi

13. Antoine Blanc

14. Kyle Koivisto

15. Eric Moyer

17. James Gwatkin

18. Tyler Doran

19. Mike Gallagher

21. Travis Depasquale

22. Jordon Henry

International results
Below is the head-to-head record of the Canadian national XIII side up to date as of 25 April 2021.

The following tournaments is a list of notable international competitions that Canada has been competing in since their existence in 1987.

Caribbean Carnival Cup

 * The Caribbean Carnival Cup is annual series that has been played between Canada and Jamaica since 2011.

title: Canada national rugby league team


text: Category:605 BC

title: Category:605 BC


text: Category:607 BC

title: Category:607 BC


text:
Boxwood (disambiguation)

Boxwood may refer to:
 * Buxus, a genus of about 70 species of shrubs and trees in the family Buxaceæ, called "boxwood" in North America, but just "box" in the majority of English-speaking countries (though its wood is "boxwood").
 * Buxus sempervirens, the most common species of Buxus, and the only one called "boxwood" in United Kingdom
 * Boxwood (Murfreesboro, Tennessee), a Greek Revival house built in 1840
 * Boxwood (Talladega, Alabama), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Talladega County, Alabama
 * Boxwood, s nickname for the Boston Terrier breed.

title: Boxwood (disambiguation)