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Rice v. Cayetano

Rice v. Cayetano, 528 U.S. 495 (2000), was a case filed in 1996 by Big Island rancher Harold "Freddy" Rice against the state of Hawaii and argued before the United States Supreme Court. In 2000, the Court ruled that the state could not restrict eligibility to vote in elections for the Board of Trustees of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to persons of Native Hawaiian descent.

Rice was represented by attorney John Goemans. John Roberts (who would later become the Chief Justice of the United States) argued for Ben Cayetano, the governor of Hawaii at the time.

The February 2000 court ruling in Rice v. Cayetano encouraged Hawaiian sovereignty opponents to file a similar lawsuit, Arakaki v. State of Hawai‘i, months later. As the Rice case resulted in non-Hawaiians being allowed to vote in OHA elections, the Arakaki case resulted in non-Hawaiians being allowed to stand as candidates in OHA elections.

Background
Beginning in 1978, Hawaii held statewide elections for the trustees of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), an agency charged with disbursing particular funds and benefits to those who may be classified as "Native Hawaiians" ("any descendant of not less than one-half part of the races inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands previous to 1778"), or those who may be classified simply as "Hawaiian" ("any descendant[s] of the aboriginal peoples inhabiting the Hawaiian islands ... in 1778, and which peoples thereafter have continued to reside in Hawaii"). By law, only Native Hawaiians or Hawaiians could vote for, or be elected to, this Board of Trustees. Harold F. Rice was a rancher of European descent whose family had resided in Hawaii since the mid-19th century. In March 1996, he attempted to register to vote for the OHA trustees. Where that application asked for confirmation that "I am also Hawaiian and desire to register to vote in OHA elections," Rice scratched out the words "am also Hawaiian and" and checked "Yes." Denied eligibility because he was not Hawaiian, Rice sued under the 14th and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

The District Court for the State of Hawaii ruled against Rice, due to its conclusion (as summarized by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals) that "the method of electing OHA trustees meets constitutional standards for the essential reason that the restriction on the right to vote is not based on race, but upon recognition of the unique status of native Hawaiians that bears a rational connection to Hawaii's trust obligations." The District Court held that the OHA does not sufficiently resemble a typical government bureau, with governmental powers, and that it is "carefully constrained by its overall purpose to work for the betterment of Hawaiians."

The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals also denied Rice's claim. For one thing, Rice contended that the legal status of an eligible voter is contingent solely upon race, and that Hawaii's contention that such status is a political designation, rather than a racial one, is an obvious effort to circumvent the Constitution with semantics. The Court of Appeals agreed that it might indeed be the case that the political designation is a racial designation under the state's statute, yet "the constitutionality of the racial classification that underlies the trusts and OHA is not challenged in this case. This means that we must accept the trust and their administrative structure as we find them, and assume that both are lawful." Because Rice had not challenged the OHA's very existence, which is predicated on a racial classification, the Court could assume that "the state may rationally conclude that Hawaiians, being the group to whom trust obligations run and to whom OHA trustees owe a duty of loyalty, should be the group to decide who the trustees ought to be." Thus, despite an apparent racial classification for eligibility to vote, within the context of the OHA's creation and mandate, the classification is actually "not primarily racial, but legal or political."

Furthermore, the Court of Appeals decided that the OHA trustee election was a "special purpose election" such as that upheld in Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Water District (1973). In that case, the election for directors of a certain "special purpose water district" was limited to landowners in that district. The weight of a landowners vote was proportional to the amount of land that was owned, and thus seemed to contradict the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection clause. The Court held that because these landowners were disproportionately affected by the policies of the water district directors, and that such directors existed for a "limited purpose" and exhibited a "lack of normal governmental authority," the districts did not violate the Constitution when they denied a vote to those who did not own land in the district, and granted votes proportionally to the amount of land owned. The elections for the OHA Board of Trustees is similar to that of the water district directors, in that "the vote is for the limited purpose of electing trustees who have no governmental powers and perform no governmental purposes." Also, because Hawaiians, as defined by statute, are those disproportionately affected by the OHA, the vote for its trustees may be limited to them. Thus this exception to the 14th Amendment was used to justify the Hawaiian voting scheme under objections based on the 15th Amendment.

Finally, the Court of Appeals concluded that "the voting restriction for trustees is rooted in historical concern for the Hawaiian race ... carried through statehood when Hawaii acknowledged a trust obligation toward native Hawaiians ... and on to 1993, when Congress passed a Joint Resolution 'apologiz[ing] to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii ... and the deprivation of the rights of Native Hawaiians to self-determination'." Thus the 9th circuit held that native Hawaiians were entitled to "special treatment" much like the special treatment accorded Native American Indians in Morton v. Mancari, where "preferential treatment that is grounded in the government's unique obligation toward Indians is a political rather than a racial classification, even though racial criteria may be used in defining eligibility."

Rice appealed to the Supreme Court. There, he would argue that the eligibility requirements subverted the original intended purpose of the public lands as written in the Annexation and Organic Acts, both of which granted subsequent benefits to all "inhabitants" of Hawaii, regardless of race. Therefore, he claimed, the elections do not qualify as "special purpose" under Salyer, nor does the eligibility requirement denote a political rather than racial classification. Finally, he claimed that the protection under Morton v. Mancari was inappropriate. The Petitioner would deny that there is any "special relationship" at all, for there is no "former sovereign" or "historical relationship" clause in the Constitution, and the analogy with Indian tribes thus has no legal standing.

The State of Hawaii disagreed. They claimed that native Hawaiian people have a "special relationship" with the United States, indeed a sort of semi-sovereign status, analogous to that of native Indian tribes, which affords them a large measure of self-determination. They would seek to demonstrate that this status had been legitimized repeatedly by Congress, though it had never been made explicit by treaty or codified in the U.S. Constitution.

In order to understand this extraordinary defense, some background is necessary. The Kingdom of Hawaii was an independent, sovereign nation from 1810 until 1893. Throughout this period, the increasing economic interests of American businessmen began to clash with the interests of the Hawaiian government. In 1887, under the threat of violence, the Kingdom's Prime Minister was compelled to resign, and a new Constitution was implemented. This heavily curtailed the administrative power of the monarchy. When Queen Lili'uokalani took steps in 1893 to counter this imposition, she was overthrown in a coup d'état by the Committee of Safety which was composed of white businessmen, missionaries and colonists (both Hawaiian citizens and foreign nationals). The Committee set up a provisional government led by themselves, and the next year declared the existence of the Republic of Hawaii. In 1898, the Republic accepted annexation by the United States, and when President McKinley signed the Annexation and Organic Acts soon thereafter, Hawaii became a U.S. Territory. At this time, 1800000 acre of land, formerly overseen by the crown, were ceded to the United States. The Annexation Act stipulated that all revenues and proceeds from the use of this public land would "be used solely for the benefit of the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands for educational and other purposes." The Organic Act similarly held that all "funds arising from the sale or lease or other disposal ... shall be applied such uses and purposes for the benefit of the inhabitants of the Territory of Hawaii."

Seeing the subsequent cultural and economic decline of Hawaii's native population, in 1920 the U.S. Congress passed the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act (HHCA), which placed 200,000 of those acres under the authority of said Commission, such that they could be leased by Native Hawaiians for token sums. A "Native Hawaiian" was defined as "any descendant of not less than one-half part of the blood of the races inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands previous to 1778." That date, 1778, is the year in which Captain Cook "discovered" the islands, and thus the date of the first known Western presence.

When Hawaii became a state in 1959, it was agreed that the state would include the HHCA in its own Constitution, including the specific definition of Native Hawaiian. In 1978 the state Constitution was amended to provide for the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), which would hold the lease on those lands not already under the purview of the HHCA. The OHA lands would be similarly held in a "trust" managed for the benefit of Native Hawaiians.

Petitioner's argument
For the Petitioner, the relevant history of Hawaii begins with the Annexation Resolution, not in the previous era of sovereignty. Claims of sovereignty based upon the status or political standing of Natives prior to the 1893 coup are both mistaken and irrelevant. The Petitioner's Brief notes that at the time of their transfer, "these 'public lands' were held by the Republic of Hawaii free and clear of any encumbrances or trust obligations. None of the former citizens of the Hawaiian kingdom held any cognizable interest in these lands" (3). To support this claim the Petitioner notes that only the Monarch enjoyed title to "Crown lands." When these lands were ceded by the Republic of Hawaii to the United States, the Resolution stipulated that these lands would "be used solely for the benefit of the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands for educational and other public purposes." (Emphasis added by Petitioner). The Petitioner would use population statistics up through the turn of the 20th century to show that the Kingdom of Hawaii had been "consciously multiracial," and thus the term "inhabitants" referred to numerous races, including Westerners. Furthermore, the date of 1778 had obviously been chosen for the eligibility requirements because "it marks the last days of what might be characterized as the era of relative 'racial purity' in the Hawaiian Islands." (25). Any claim of a connection between that date and sovereignty status for native Hawaiians is bogus, for the Kingdom of Hawaii did not exist until 1810. Also, during the era of the Hawaiian kingdom, many who would not qualify as Hawaiian under the OHA statute were, in fact, full citizens of the Kingdom. In particularly strong terms, the OHA is denounced for using a "blood quantum" to define eligibility status, a requirement that is "disturbingly reminiscent of the 'Blood Protection' and 'Citizenship' laws adopted as part of the infamous Nuremberg Laws". The Petitioner also denies that Salyer, with its "special limited purpose" exception to the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection clause, is appropriate in this case. First, because Salyer dealt with land ownership, and not race, it does not apply to begin with. The 9th Circuit Court thus made a grievous error when it determined that this case was "'not the sort [of election] that has previously triggered Fifteenth Amendment analysis'." (Pet. Br. 18). Such a determination would "create an infinitely elastic loophole" in which anyone could circumvent the 15th amendment by simply claiming that the purposes of any such election was "limited." The Petitioner quotes Terry v. Adams (1953), which held that the 15th Amendment's prohibition of race-based election laws "included any election in which public issues are decided or public officials selected." (19) Furthermore, Salyer is an inappropriate defense under the 15th Amendment because it was decided as an exception to the 14th Amendment, due to that amendment's "one man, one vote" rule. Thus, it cannot be applied to the 15th Amendment's explicit ban on race-based qualifications. The Petitioner quotes from Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960) to illustrate that the 15th Amendment is absolute, no matter how carefully constructed the means to a racially discriminatory end. That case concerned a district in Alabama that had been drafted such that it excluded all potential non-white voters. Though race was mentioned nowhere in the statute, it had been struck down due to the clearly racially discriminatory result. Quoting Lane v. Wilson (1939) as well, the Petitioner notes that the 15th Amendment "'nullifies sophisticated as well as simple-minded modes of discrimination'" and goes on to say that "In contrast to the purportedly race-neutral grandfather clauses, white primaries, and gerrymanders invalidated in the foregoing cases, the OHA voting restriction is startlingly 'simple-minded'. Hawaii closes its election booth to anyone who fails its racial test" (16).

The OHA cannot be justified on the grounds that enfranchisement is limited to those who are the interested parties, for the same logic could have been applied to the Gomillion gerrymander case. "Both constitute attempts to achieve a 'racially pure' voting bloc justified on the ground that the right to vote has merely been limited to those 'primarily affected' by the decisions of the elected officials." Besides, the entire concept of an exception under Salyer is inapplicable in the first place, even if it did constitute an exception to the 15th as well as the 14th amendment. This is because the "'disproportionate effect' prong requires, at a minimum, that the costs of those activities be borne disproportionately by those granted the right to vote ... the Salyer exception, therefore, cannot be applied to the OHA, a state agency that expends substantial funds drawn from taxes paid by all citizens of Hawaii without regard to race" (20). Because those state officials chosen in OHA elections "manage and spend both legislative appropriations and public lands proceeds, it is axiomatic that all Hawaiian citizens ... have a legitimate interest in the proper management of those funds" (20-21). Furthermore, the comparative wealth of those funds and the "sweeping" authority with which the OHA manages them, along with the numerous and government-like programs that it administers, render the comparison between a small water storage district and the OHA untenable.

More controversially, the Petitioner discounts the idea that there is a "compelling state interest" in limiting the OHA elections based on the history the State's relationship with native Hawaiians (i.e., in order to protect against current discrimination or offset the effects of past discrimination). "Nothing in the record demonstrates ... the existence of any past or present discrimination against racial 'Hawaiians'." (31). The Petitioner sarcastically notes that "The Respondent now takes the position that the State of Hawaii has a compelling interest in engaging in blatant discrimination today – and indefinitely into the future – in order to make up for even-handed treatment of all Hawaiian citizens, regardless of race, in the past" (32). Nor may a compelling interest be inferred from the necessity for the State to uphold its "trust" relationship with the natives, for the Supreme Court "has never held that a legislatively declared 'trust' relationship suffices to justify racial discrimination in voting" (31). Furthermore, the use of Morton v. Mancari to illustrate the nature of that implied "special relationship" has no bearing on Hawaii. For one thing, in recognizing that the Constitution's Indian Commerce and Treaty Clauses denotes such a relationship for Indian Tribes, Morton v. Mancari's outcome "was expressly predicated on the fact that the challenged preference involved a tribal, rather than racial, classification" (39). More importantly, native Hawaiians do not constitute a federally recognized Indian Tribe. The Petitioner notes that the 1867 treaty which ceded Alaska included a clause by which all inhabitants would be given U.S. citizenship "with the exception of the uncivilized native tribes." By contrast, the Organic Act of 1900, which granted territorial status to Hawaii, provided citizenship to "all persons who were citizens of the Republic of Hawaii" in 1898. This, of course, included native Hawaiians; the Petitioner then points out that, in fact, these Native Hawaiians "were the dominant political group in Hawaii for several decades after annexation, and were well represented in all forms of public office" (43). Thus the "special relationship" or "trust" based on tribal sovereignty no bearing on the situation in Hawaii.

Respondent's argument
Naturally, the Respondent did not agree. After reiterating that the voting qualifications are political rather than racial, and that the elections qualify for "limited purpose" and "disproportionate effect" exceptions, the Respondent turns quickly to the heart of the matter: the "special relationship." Though native Hawaiians are not formally recognized as an Indian tribe, Congress and the Court have "recognized a special obligation to America's first inhabitants and their descendants ... and have recognized that Congress is empowered to honor that obligation as it sees fit" (Res. Br. 2). Because Congress has explicitly noted that such an obligation pertains to Alaskan Natives, despite their distinction from traditional Indian tribes of the lower 48 states, it naturally follows that this distinction extends to Hawaiian natives as well. For the Petitioner to rely on the literal wording of treaties signed at the turn of the 20th century misses the point entirely. Indeed, by 1898, "the era of treaty-making with the indigenous people of the American continent had come to an end," and this is why there is no mention of such a distinction in the Annexation Act (6). Yet, with the creation of the HHCA in 1921, "Congress has recognized that it has a special relationship with indigenous Hawaiians, and has sought to enable them to benefit in some measure from their homelands" (6). The Respondent goes on to quote Congress' contemporary assertion that the HHCA "affirm[ed] the trust relationship between the United States and the Native Hawaiians" (42 U.S.C. § 11701 (13)) as well as the statement that "In recognition of the special relationship which exists between the United States and the Native Hawaiian people, [it] has extended to Native Hawaiians the same rights and privileges accorded to American Indian, Alaska Native, Eskimo, and Aleut communities" (20 U.S.C. § 7902(13)) (both as quoted in Respondent's Brief, 8–9).

Special attention is given to the 1993 Joint Resolution of Congress known as the "Apology Resolution," which expressed regret for the role of the United States in the 1893 coup and "the deprivation of the rights of Native Hawaiians to self-determination." The Respondent further notes that "The [apology resolution] specifically acknowledged that 'the health and well-being of the Native Hawaiian people is intrinsically tied to ... the land', that land was taken from Hawaiians without their consent or compensation, and that indigenous Hawaiians have 'never directly relinquished their claims ... over their national lands'." (8). The Respondent cites numerous other Congressional utterances that refer to "special" or "trust" relationships, or which refer to Native Hawaiians as "distinct" or "unique" indigenous peoples. In creating the OHA and the voting requirements thereof, Hawaii was simply "reaffirming the 'solemn trust obligation and responsibility to native Hawaiians'." (Res. Br. 9). The fact that Congress has consistently recognized and appropriated funds to the OHA implicitly affirms its legitimacy. So does the recognition that the "constitution and statutes of the State of Hawaii ... acknowledge the distinct land rights of the Native Hawaiian people as beneficiaries of the public lands trust ... [and] reaffirm and protect the unique right of the Native Hawaiian people to practice and perpetuate their cultural and religious customs, beliefs, practices, and language" (42 U.S.C. § 11701 (3) as quoted in Res. Br. 11). In addition, the Hawaiian Constitution was amended in 1978 to include the OHA after an affirmative vote open to all citizens of the State.

Finally, given the active role that the U.S. Legislature has taken in affirming the "special relationship," and the plenary power given to Congress in acknowledging tribal status (explicitly delegated, in this instance, to the State of Hawaii), it is not appropriate for the Court to deny its existence of that status, or to determine its terms. "Classifications based on Congress' decision to assume a special trust relationship with an indigenous people are not based on race, but rather the unique legal and political status that such a relationship entails," and, furthermore, "the Framers of the Constitution drew no distinctions among different groups of indigenous people in conferring [such] power ... on Congress, and the Framers of the Civil War Amendments never envisioned that those amendments would restrict the ability of Congress to exercise that power" (Res. Br. 14). In other words, by relying on a literal interpretation of said amendments or tribal classifications, the Petitioner was, again, missing the point.

Opinion of the Court
The Supreme Court sided with the Petitioner. In a 7–2 decision based entirely on the 15th Amendment, they reversed the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit, with Justices Stevens and Ginsburg dissenting. Justice Kennedy wrote the opinion for the Court, which was joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist, and Justices O'Connor, Scalia and Thomas. They note that the 15th Amendment is certainly not bound by the language or circumstances surrounding its enactment, and that it is "quite sufficient to invalidate a scheme which did not mention race but instead used ancestry in an attempt to confine and restrict the voting franchise" (16). After all, "ancestry can be a proxy for race. It is that proxy here" (18). The structure of the OHA elections is "neither subtle nor indirect. It is specific in granting the vote to persons of defined ancestry and to no others" (17). The Respondent's argument that "descendants ... of [the] aboriginal peoples" does not mean the same thing as "descendants ... of the races" is "undermined by its express racial purpose and by its actual effects" (20). As for Morton v. Mancari, were Hawaii's voting restrictions to be sustained under that authority, "we would be required to accept some beginning premises not yet established in our case law" (22). Regardless: "Even were we to take the substantial step of finding authority in Congress, delegated to the State, to treat Hawaiians or native Hawaiians as tribes, Congress may not authorize a State to create a voting scheme of this sort" — that is, one that uses race as an eligibility requirement (22). The 15th Amendment is absolute even under such conditions, for the election of OHA trustees is still a State election, to which the Amendment clearly applies. Nor is the restriction based on beneficiary status rather than race, for "although the bulk of the funds for which OHA is responsible appears to be earmarked for the benefit of 'native Hawaiians', the State permits both 'native Hawaiians' and 'Hawaiians' to vote" — that is, both those who qualify with a 50% blood quantum and those who qualify as descendants of residents in 1778 — and "[this] classification thus appears to create, not eliminate, a differential alignment between the identity of OHA trustees and what the State calls beneficiaries" (27). Yet, again, such details are irrelevant to the Court, for "Hawaii's argument fails on more essential grounds ... [i.e.] the demeaning premise that citizens of a particular race are somehow more qualified than others to vote on certain matters. That reasoning attacks the central meaning of the Fifteenth Amendment" (27). The Court's opinion ends with a brief lecture to the State of Hawaii, concluding with the observation that Hawaii must "seek the political consensus that begins with a sense of shared purpose. One of the necessary beginning points is this principle: The Constitution of the United States, too, has become the heritage of all the citizens of Hawaii" (28).

Breyer's concurrence
Justice Breyer, in a concurring opinion joined by Justice Souter, elaborates on the problematic analogy between the OHA and a trust for the benefit of an Indian tribe. For Breyer, such a trust does not exist for native Hawaiians under the circumstances, mainly because the OHA electorate "does not sufficiently resemble an Indian tribe" (2). The OHA's hereditary requirement of an ancestor living in Hawaii in 1778 might include persons with "1 possible ancestor out of 500, thereby creating a vast and unknowable body of potential members" (4). This, Breyer believes, goes well beyond any "reasonable" definition of tribal status.

Dissents
Justice Stevens' dissent, joined in part by Justice Ginsburg, takes a much more charitable view of the "special relationship" between Hawaii and the United States, believing that "two centuries of Indian law precedent" alone justifies the OHA's voting laws under the Constitution, for "there is simply no invidious discrimination present in this effort to see that indigenous peoples are compensated for past wrongs" (3). He agrees with the Respondent that under Morton v. Mancari preferential treatment is justified if such treatment "can be tied rationally to the fulfillment of Congress' unique obligation towards the Indians" (5). Such obligations, Stevens believes, are implicit in the Apology Resolution of 1993, in addition to the more than 150 "varied laws passed by Congress ... [which] expressly include native Hawaiians as part of the class of Native Americans benefited" (7). Like the Respondent, Stevens believes that to reject the State's claims because native Hawaiians are not technically a "tribe" is to miss the point. There is a "compelling similarity, fully supported by our precedent, between the once subjugated, indigenous peoples of the continental United States and the peoples of the Hawaiian Islands" (8). In addition, Stevens points out that tribal membership alone was not the "decisive factor" when the Court upheld preferential treatment in Morton v. Mancari. In that case, the preference "not only extended to non-tribal member Indians, it also required for eligibility ... a certain quantum of Indian blood" (9). Thus, there is no tribal limitation concerning the Federal Government's authority over considerations for native peoples. "In light of this precedent,” Stevens continues, "it is a painful irony indeed to conclude that native Hawaiians are not entitled to special benefits designed to restore a measure of native self-governance because they currently lack any vestigial native government – a possibility of which history and the actions of this Nation have deprived them." As for Breyer's concurring opinion, Stevens succinctly dismisses the objection that the OHA's definition of native is not "reasonable" by noting simply that "this suggestion does not identify a constitutional defect" (9).

title: Rice v. Cayetano


text:
North West Sydney Spirit FC

North West Sydney Spirit FC is an Australian soccer club. It was the successor of the defunct Northern Spirit FC, a professional soccer club based in North Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales. Northern Spirit entered the National Soccer League in the 1998–99 season. Its founding was inspired in part by the success Perth Glory was enjoying as a mainstream club (as opposed to the league's mainstay European migrant founded clubs), as well as an opportunity to tap into the previously unrepresented northern suburbs of Sydney.

Northern Spirit
On the field, the club had early success in the National Soccer League, reaching the finals in its first attempt, but the next two seasons were not nearly as successful, the club finishing 13th in both of them. The club recovered somewhat to finish mid-table in its last 3 seasons, but only managed to make the finals once more, in 2002/03.

During Northern Spirit's first season, then Crystal Palace owner Mark Goldberg bought a 31 per cent stake in the club and secured an option for a further 35 per cent. Beset by Palace's financial problems, he relinquished his option to a group of players and coaches including Graham Arnold, Robbie Slater and Ian Crook. The club was later owned by Rangers for a small period of time. Rangers temporarily changed the club's home colours to their own royal blue.

Northern Spirit's home games were played at North Sydney Oval and their first league home game (against Sydney Olympic) attracted a then Australian club soccer record crowd (for a non finals match) of 18,985 a record which stood until 2005 when it was broken by Queensland Roar crowd of 20,725 (a record subsequently broken by other games). In the club's final season, Chairman Antonio Gelonesi decided to move the club to Pittwater Park, on Sydney's Northern Beaches. The decision was motivated mainly by money, with North Sydney Oval not drawing enough people to make a profit. The 23,000 capacity Brookvale Oval, a rectangular rugby league venue (home of the Manly-Warringah club) which is located roughly halfway between North Sydney Oval and Pittwater Park, was considered as a possibility for the new home but was eventually overlooked by the Spirit.

After enduring financial problems for much of its existence, the club folded after the 2003/2004 NSL season.

Formation of North West Sydney Football Ltd (Gladesville Hornsby Football Association)
The former youth teams of Northern Spirit were assembled into the new Gladesville-Hornsby Football Association, nicknamed Spirit FC, in 2004. In 2019 GHFA merged with North West Sydney Women's Football Association to form North West Sydney Football Ltd. NWSF has its homeground at Christie Park in Macquarie Park, New South Wales. In 2007, won the NSW State League Division 1 premiership, but were not selected to be promoted. In 2008, they again won the State League Division 1 and this time were promoted to the Super League for 2009.

In 2013, Football NSW incorporated the National Premier Leagues structure to their competition. GHFA Spirit FC were selected along with 11 other teams to join the new second division of soccer in NSW.

The 2015 season saw Spirit FC crowned premiers of the NPL NSW 2, however due to NSW's promotion criteria, were not eligible.

Honours

 * National Premier Leagues NSW 2
 * Premiership (1): 2015
 * Waratah Cup
 * Winners (1): 2022
 * Waratah Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 2010

Former managers

 * 🏴 Lawrie McKinna
 * 🇦🇺 Graham Arnold

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: North West Sydney Spirit FC


text:
1968 in India

Events in the year 1968 in the Federal Republic of India.

Incumbents

 * President of India – Zakir Husain
 * Prime Minister of India – Indira Gandhi
 * Vice President of India – V. V. Giri
 * Chief Justice of India – Kailas Nath Wanchoo (until 24 February), Mohammad Hidayatullah (starting 24 February)

Governors

 * Andhra Pradesh – Pattom A. Thanu Pillai (until 11 April), Khandubhai Kasanji Desai (starting 11 April)
 * Assam – Vishnu Sahay (until 17 April), Braj Kumar Nehru (starting 17 April)
 * Bihar – Nityanand Kanungo
 * Gujarat – Shriman Narayan
 * Haryana – Birendra Narayan Chakraborty
 * Jammu and Kashmir – Bhagwan Sahay
 * Karnataka – Gopal Swarup Pathak
 * Kerala – Bhagwan Sahay (until 15 May), V. Viswanathan (starting 15 May)
 * Madhya Pradesh – K. Chengalaraya Reddy
 * Maharashtra – P V Cherian
 * Nagaland – Vishnu Sahay (until 17 April), B.K. Nehru (starting 17 April)
 * Odisha – Ajudhia Nath Khosla (until 30 January), Shaukatullah Shah Ansari (starting 30 January)
 * Punjab – Dadappa Chintappa Pavate
 * Rajasthan – Sardar Hukam Singh
 * Uttar Pradesh – Bezawada Gopala Reddy
 * West Bengal – Dharma Vira

Events

 * National income - ₹398,141 million
 * 10 Jan - President of India withdraws emergency declared in 1962 as part of Sino-Indian War.
 * 20 Feb – The Beatles, Mia Farrow, and several other celebrities visit the ashram of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in Rishikesh, India to study transcendental meditation.
 * 25 Feb - Rajeev Gandhi son of Indira Gandhi married an Italian named Sonia Maino.
 * 29 Feb - Auroville established in Pondicherry with presence of 124 countries.
 * 1 April - Tata Consultancy Services established as Tata Computer Systems.
 * 12 April -
 * National Textile Corporation incorporated.
 * Indira Gandhi announced in Rae Bareilly that India will not sign the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
 * 28 April - The first political murder of Kannur takes place at Thalassery resulting in death of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh worker's death.
 * 25 Dec - Kilvenmani massacre, 44 Dalits (untouchables) burnt to death in Kizhavenmani village, Tamil Nadu.
 * Three-language formula introduced through National Policy on Education

Law

 * 18 Jan - Official Language resolution passed by both houses of Parliament.
 * 16 May - Public Provident Fund introduced through an act by the Parliament of India.
 * 20 Aug - Enemy Property Act, 1968

Births

 * 10 January Atul Khatri, comedian
 * 21 January
 * Sanjay Subrahmanyan, Carnatic vocalist.
 * Sundar C., actor and film director.
 * 26 January – Ravi Teja, actor.
 * 1 March – Kunjarani Devi, weightlifter.
 * 23 March – Srikanth (Telugu actor), actor.
 * Arshad Warsi graces the special screening of ‘Poster Boys’.jpg April – [[Arshad Warsi]], actor.
 * 24 May – Raju Narayana Swamy, IAS officer.
 * 14 June – Raj Thackeray, founder and president of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.
 * 2 July – Gautami, actress and politician.
 * 6 July – Singampuli, actor and director.
 * Dhanraj Pillay02.png July – [[Dhanraj Pillay]], field hockey player.
 * 20 July – S. J. Suryah, actor and director.
 * 15 August
 * Anil Kumar Awana, politician.
 * Kailash Chandra Gahtori, politician (died 2024).
 * 16 August – Arvind Kejriwal, politician
 * 23 August – KK, playback singer (died 2022).
 * 18 September – Upendra, actor, director and politician.
 * 27 September – Rahul Dev, actor and model.
 * 29 September – Samir Soni, actor.
 * 9 November – Neelam, former actress, jewellery designer.
 * 25 December - Sampath Raj, actor.

Full date unknown

 * Abu Salem, mobster.

Deaths

 * A. R. Krishnashastry, writer, researcher and translator (born 1890).
 * 19 November – Shri Rang Avadhoot, Saint who is regarded as an incarnation of Lord Dattatreya, (born 1898 in India)

title: 1968 in India


text:
Java Pathfinder

Java Pathfinder (JPF) is a system to verify executable Java bytecode programs. JPF was developed at the NASA Ames Research Center and open sourced in 2005. The acronym JPF is not to be confused with the unrelated Java Plugin Framework project.

The core of JPF is a Java Virtual Machine. JPF executes normal Java bytecode programs and can store, match and restore program states. Its primary application has been Model checking of concurrent programs, to find defects such as data races and deadlocks. With its respective extensions, JPF can also be used for a variety of other purposes, including JPF has no fixed notion of state space branches and can handle both data and scheduling choices.
 * model checking of distributed applications
 * model checking of user interfaces
 * test case generation by means of symbolic execution
 * low level program inspection
 * program instrumentation and runtime monitoring

Example
The following system under test contains a simple race condition between two threads accessing the same variable  in statements (1) and (2), which can lead to a division by zero exception if (1) is executed before (2)

Without any additional configuration, JPF would find and report the division by zero. If JPF is configured to verify absence of race conditions (regardless of their potential downstream effects), it will produce the following output, explaining the error and showing a counter example leading to the error

Extensibility
JPF is an open system that can be extended in a variety of ways. The main extension constructs are
 * listeners - to implement complex properties (e.g. temporal properties)
 * peer classes - to execute code at the host JVM level (instead of JPF), which is mostly used to implement native methods
 * bytecode factories - to provide alternative execution semantics of bytecode instructions (e.g. to implement symbolic execution)
 * choice generators - to implement state space branches such as scheduling choices or data value sets
 * serializers - to implement program state abstractions
 * publishers - to produce different output formats
 * search policies - to use different program state space traversal algorithms

JPF includes a runtime module system to package such constructs into separate JPF extension projects. A number of such projects are available from the main JPF server, including a symbolic execution mode, numeric analysis, race condition detection for relaxed memory models, user interface model checking and many more.

Limitations

 * JPF cannot analyze Java native methods. If the system under test calls such methods, these have to be provided within peer classes, or intercepted by listeners
 * as a model checker, JPF is susceptible to Combinatorial explosion, although it performs on-the-fly Partial order reduction
 * the configuration system for JPF modules and runtime options can be complex

title: Java Pathfinder


text:
Portein

Portein (Romansh: Purtagn) was a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. On 1 January 2010 the municipalities of Portein, Präz, Sarn and Tartar merged into the municipality of Cazis.

Coat of Arms
In Silver (white) an upright, red armed black bear carrying a gold tree trunk. This golden tree trunk carrying bear is attributed to Saint Gall, the patron saint of the Reformed Portein village church.

History
Portein is first mentioned in 1378 as Purteyn.

Geography
Portein has an area,, of 3.4 km2. Of this area, 58.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 31% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (8.2%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).

The municipality is located in the Thusis sub-district, of the Hinterrhein district in the Heinzenberg. It is located on a ridge between the Porteiner Tobel and the Val da la Malanotg at an altitude of 1178 m. It consists of the hamlet-like Haufendorf (an irregular, unplanned and quite closely packed village, built around a central square) village of Portein. The municipalities of Portein, Präz, Sarn, and Tartar merged on 1 January 2010 into Cazis.

Demographics
Portein has a population of 22, of which 3 are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has stayed stable.

, the gender distribution of the population was 40.9% male and 59.1% female. The age distribution,, in Portein is; 2 people or 7.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 3 people or 11.5% are 10 to 14, and 2 people or 7.7% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 1 person or 3.8% of the population is between 20 and 29 years old. 3 people or 11.5% are 30 to 39, 5 people or 19.2% are 40 to 49, and 3 people or 11.5% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is no one is between 60 and 69 years old, 2 people or 7.7% are 70 to 79, there are 4 people or 15.4% who are 80 to 89, and there is 1 person who is 90 to 99.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 66.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (26.3%), the SPS (6.3%) and the CVP (1.3%).

In Portein about 90.9% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).

Portein has an unemployment rate of 0%. , there were 7 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 2 businesses involved in this sector. No one is employed in the secondary sector and there are no businesses in this sector. No one is employed in the tertiary sector, and there are no businesses in this sector in the village.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Population
On 31 December 2001, Portein was the smallest municipality in Switzerland in terms of population, with a population of 22. By the end of 2003, however, the population grew to 23, losing that distinction. the smallest municipality was Corippo in Canton Ticino.

Language
Even though the municipality is in a Romansh-speaking area, it is now almost completely German-speaking. the entire population speaks German.

title: Portein


text:
I Believe (Tata Young album)

I Believe is the debut English language album by Thai singer Tata Young and was debuted on 14 February 2004 in Singapore and was released on 25 February 2004 in Asia. The album was a hit throughout Asia, selling more than 1 million copies and being certified gold in India. The album's lead single, "Sexy, Naughty, Bitchy" broke the top 10 on the Oricon charts in Japan and was one of the most successful Asian singles of the year; "Sexy, Naughty, Bitchy" dominated the airwaves and charts throughout Southeast Asia and South Asia including Thailand, Indonesia, and India. The song, "I Believe", topped the charts in Hong Kong and was a major success throughout Southeast Asia whilst also reaching the top 20 throughout East Asia. Young promoted the album in Thailand and India in mid 2004.

The title track was used as the 2007 AFC Asian Cup theme song.

Track listing
Note: All tracks were produced, arranged and recorded by Hitvision for Murlyn Music AB.

Miscellaneous

 * "Sexy, Naughty, Bitchy" was changed to "Sexy, Naughty, Cheeky" in Malaysia.
 * "Sexy, Naughty, Bitchy" was covered by Lene Alexandra in her album "Welcome To Sillycone Valley". A Norwegian pop singer.
 * "Sexy, Naughty, Bitchy" was performed live by Magnus Carlsson in a Swedish language version: "Sexig, Kaxig, Bitchig Man"
 * "Sexy, Naughty, Bitchy" was covered by Baby VOX Re.V (2nd Album : Release Date: July 11, 2008), a Korean female Group. and changed to "Sexy".
 * "I Believe" is chosen as the official theme song for 2007 AFC Asian Cup which Thailand co-hosts with Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia.
 * "I Believe" was covered by Baby VOX Re.V (2nd Album : Release Date: July 11, 2008), a Korean female Group.

title: I Believe (Tata Young album)


text:
Smith v. Doe

Smith v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84 (2003), was a court case in the United States which questioned the constitutionality of the Alaska Sex Offender Registration Act's retroactive requirements. Under the Act, any sex offender must register with the Department of Corrections or local law enforcement within one business day of entering the state. This information is forwarded to the Department of Public Safety, which maintains a public database. Fingerprints, social security number, anticipated change of address, and medical treatment after the offense are kept confidential. The offender's name, aliases, address, photograph, physical description, driver's license number, motor vehicle identification numbers, place of employment, date of birth, crime, date and place of conviction, and length and conditions of sentence are part of the public record, maintained on the Internet.

Smith v. Doe questioned the constitutionality of the act's retroactive requirements. John Does I and II were convicted of aggravated assault before the act's passage and filed suit, claiming the act was punitive and violated the ex post facto clause of Article I of the U.S. Constitution. The district court ruled against the Does, ruling that the act was nonpunitive. The appeals court sided with the Does that the act was in fact punitive and violated ex post facto.

Supreme Court's ruling
Held: Because the Alaska Sex Offender Registration Act is nonpunitive, its retroactive application does not violate the ex post facto clause.

The question is if the intention was to impose a punishment or "civil proceedings". If the intention was to punish, that ends the inquiry. If the intention was to enact a regulatory scheme that is civil and nonpunitive, the Court must examine whether the scheme is so punitive as to negate the State's intention to deem it civil. Because the Court ordinarily defers to the legislature's stated intent, only the clearest proof will suffice to override that intent and transform what has been denominated a civil remedy into a criminal penalty. The Court decided 6–3 that the legislature's intent was to create a civil, nonpunitive program to protect the public and that the resulting dissemination of the registration information was not significant enough to declare as debilitating.

The dissenting justices contended that the law was punitive and imposed severe deprivations of liberty. Justice Stevens' dissenting opinion said, "It is also clear beyond peradventure that these unique consequences of conviction of a sex offense are punitive. They share three characteristics, which in the aggregate are not present in any civil sanction. The sanctions (1) constitute a severe deprivation of the offender's liberty, (2) are imposed on everyone who is convicted of a relevant criminal offense, and (3) are imposed only on those criminals. Unlike any of the cases that the Court has cited, a criminal conviction under these statutes provides both a sufficient and a necessary condition for the sanction".

title: Smith v. Doe


text:
Talk:Cultural norm

POV & Factuality Dispute
While we're working on the POV & Fact issues, we can also clean it up so it's styled/formatted properly. The text itself also leaves a lot to be desired. I'm seeing misuse of commas, auxillary verbs left out, incomplete sentences, and other such problems.

Factual Issues: 1) I'm not seeing what makes this particularly distinct from norm (sociology). Why shouldn't whatever's worthwhile in this article be merged?  Admittedly, sociology and anthropology are not fields I'm well-educated in. 2) Is it true that Ayn Rand was a pioneer in objecting to cultural norms? Is she relevant to this article? 3) This reads to me like an original research essay, not even an original research article. Could we get citations for some of this?  References?  4) Can someone who knows what this article's trying to describe put in something that will clarify what a cultural norm is? I can't tell what this article is about. 5) Bush quote needs a date at minimum, external reference (link to a transcript, for instance) would be ideal. Lots (all?) political figures have quotes attributed to them that they never said or are way out of context; Wikipedia doesn't need to add to that problem.

POV Issues: 1) Isn't in neutral language. Worst offending sentence?  "The culture norm stills exists, rampant in incessant public polling and ever-churning statistics."  The rest of it's still got sensationalizing diction, though: "seeping" and "finer points" are examples. 2) "But the tides have been turned, in the United States alone democracy, abolition and suffrage have triumphed over prior abhorrence." See point 1. Also, serious pro-U.S. bias. Article as a whole seems ethnocentric, dealing only with the cultural norm in the U.S. 3) Fourth paragraph: because I suspect Ayn Rand is not as relevant to the topic of cultural norms as this paragraph indicates, it strikes me as an NPOV violation (overemphasis of inappropriate expert). 4) The article seems to be making value judgments about cultural norms. I.E., "Still it cannot be said that culture norms are not a useful tool is assessing foreign entities, or ourselves."

Looking at this, and looking at the article again, I'm wondering why noone's nominated it to wp:vfd. I halfway think I should have, as I know I would definitely vote to delete this article if I came across it there. The Literate Engineer 08:22, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The article should be redirected to norm (sociology). In its present form it contains nothing of value. The (unsopported) reference to Rand is completely out of place, as she was never regarded as an expert in the field, besides being factually inaccurate (recorded criticism of social norms dates back to the Greek philosopher Xenophanes, at least). There is nothing in it that needs to be even merged. Taragui 07:59, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cultural norm


text:
Talk:Berkeley, Illinois

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
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title: Talk:Berkeley, Illinois


text:
Franconian Switzerland

Franconian Switzerland (Fränkische Schweiz) is an upland in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany and a popular tourist retreat. Located between the River Pegnitz in the east and the south, the River Regnitz in the west and the River Main in the north, its relief, which reaches 600 metres in height, forms the northern part of the Franconian Jura (Frankenjura). Like several other mountainous landscapes in the German-speaking lands, e.g. Holstein Switzerland, Märkische Schweiz, or Pommersche Schweiz, Franconian Switzerland was given its name by Romantic artists and poets in the 19th century who compared the landscape to Switzerland. Franconian Switzerland is famous for its high density of traditional breweries.

Name
The region was once called Muggendorfer Gebürg (Muggendorf hills). The first tourists arrived during the age of Romanticism. Two law students of Erlangen University, Ludwig Tieck and Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder have been credited as "discoverers" of the region. The "Eine Reise in die Fränkische Schweiz" issue of their joint production Franz Sternbalds Wanderungen (Berlin, 1798) enthralled many contemporaries. The 1820 book Die kleine Schweiz (Little Switzerland), written by Jakob Reiselsberger of Waischenfeld, gave the region its name. In 1829, a book by German salesman and local historian Joseph Heller, Muggendorf und seine Umgebung oder die Fränkische Schweiz (Muggendorf and its surroundings or Franconian Switzerland), was published.

The description Switzerland was common during the 19th century for landscapes with mountains, valleys and, most significantly, rocks, e.g., Saxon Switzerland, Marcher Switzerland, Mecklenburg Switzerland and Holstein Switzerland.

Geography
Franconian Switzerland is the northern part of the Franconian Jura. It is often loosely defined as the region bounded by the Main to the north, Regnitz to the west and Pegnitz to the east, or by the A 70 motorway to the north, the A 9 to the east and the A 73 to the west. However, the actual region of Franconian Switzerland is only the catchment area of the River Wiesent.

The region covers parts of the counties of Bamberg, Bayreuth and Forchheim. Its best known settlements include Pottenstein, Gößweinstein, Muggendorf, Ebermannstadt, Streitberg, Egloffstein, and Waischenfeld.

Its boundaries are Obermainland (north), Erlangen (south), Bayreuth (east), Forchheim (west), and Bamberg (northwest).

Information about Franconian Switzerland may be found in the Franconian Switzerland Museum in Tüchersfeld with its comprehensive regional collections. It is housed in the so-called Jew's Court (Judenhof), below two steep rock pinnacles.

Franconian Switzerland Trade Association
The following 18 municipalities across 2 counties belong to the Franconian Switzerland Trade Association (Wirtschaftsverband Fränkische Schweiz):
 * County of Bayreuth:
 * Ahorntal
 * Betzenstein
 * Creußen
 * Gesees
 * Haag
 * Hummeltal
 * Pegnitz
 * Plech
 * Pottenstein
 * Prebitz
 * Schnabelwaid
 * County of Forchheim:
 * Egloffstein
 * Gößweinstein
 * Gräfenberg
 * Hiltpoltstein
 * Igensdorf
 * Obertrubach
 * Weißenohe

Geology
In the White Jurassic period, about 161 million to 150 million years ago, a shallow sea lay across southern Germany. During this period, thick rock sequences were deposited on the seabed as the Earth's crust continued to sink. The limestone and dolomite rocks that formed during this time period, along with the deeply incised river valleys and dry, arid plateaus, characterize this karst landscape. Many fossils, most typically ammonites, may be found in the limestone strata.

In the late Jurassic period, the sea receded with the shifting of European continental plate, allowing larger areas of land to emerge and form at the beginning of the Cretaceous period. During this time, the region had a tropical climate, and limestone and dolomite rocks underwent intense weathering. During the Cretaceous, a sea once again covered much of the region.

In the Tertiary period, the sea receded a second time, partially exposing the Jurassic landscape.

Mountains and hills

The most prominent peak in this region is the Ehrenbürg, commonly known as Walberla, a table hill east of Forchheim. It consists of two peaks, the Rodenstein (532 m) and the Walberla (512 m). On the hilltop is its namesake, the small Walburgis Chapel, first mentioned in a 1360 manuscript. There is an annual festival on the hilltop on 30 April, the birthday of Saint Walburga, which attracts thousands of people.

Other popular peaks:
 * Leienfels (near Pottenstein), 590 m
 * Spiegelfels along with the Pfarrfelsen near Affalterthal, Markt Egloffstein, 468 m
 * Wichsenstein (near Gössweinstein), 587 m
 * Signalstein (near Wolfsberg, Obertrubach), 582 m
 * Little Kulm (near Körbeldorf), 623 m
 * Hohenmirsberger Plateau (near Pottenstein), 614 m
 * Neubürg (near Wohnsgehaig), 587 m
 * Tannenberg, 599 m
 * Graubühl (near Creussen), 569 m

The rocks of Franconian Switzerland's mountains and hills are popular for rock climbing. With more than 6,500 routes, it is one of the best developed climbing areas in the world.

Important climbing areas:
 * Trubach Valley
 * Walberla
 * Wiesent Valley
 * Leinleiter Valley
 * Püttlach Valley
 * Aufseß Valley

Caves
There are countless caves in Franconian Switzerland, of which the Devil's Cave (Teufelshöhle) near Pottenstein is the most famous. The region is an example of karst topography.

Accessible caves:
 * Binghöhle (near Streitberg)
 * Teufelshöhle (near Pottenstein)
 * Sophienhöhle (in the Ailsbach valley)
 * Oswaldhöhle (near Muggendorf)
 * Rosenmüllershöhle (near Muggendorf)
 * Quackenschloss (near Engelhardsberg), cave ruin
 * Zoolithenhöhle (near Burggailenreuth)
 * Esperhöhle (near Gössweinstein)
 * Förstershöhle (in the Zeubach valley)
 * Schönsteinhöhle (in the Long Valley)
 * Klauskirche (near Betzenstein)
 * Riesenburg (near Doos)
 * Hasenlochhöhle (near Pottenstein), known for having housed people during the Stone Age.

Castles
Franconian Switzerland is located along the so-called Castle Road (Burgenstraße), which connects more than 70 castles, palaces, and fortresses between Mannheim and Prague. Most of these castles were constructed in the Middle Ages.

The following castles and castle ruins can be visited:
 * Egloffstein Castle
 * Gössweinstein Castle
 * Schloss Greifenstein, seat of the Stauffenberg family.
 * Rabeneck Castle
 * Rabenstein Castle
 * Pottenstein Castle
 * Unteraufseß Castle
 * Waischenfeld Castle
 * Bärnfels Castle ruins
 * Hollenberg Castle ruins
 * Leienfels Castle ruins
 * Neideck Castle ruins
 * Neidenstein Castle ruins
 * Streitburg Castle ruins (Markt Wiesenttal)
 * Stierberg Castle ruins
 * Wildenfels Castle ruins
 * Wolfsberg Castle ruins

Customs
The Osterbrunnen tradition has its origins in Franconian Switzerland. Around Easter, fountains and public wells are elaborately decorated. During the early modern period, this tradition became more obscure. However, it was renewed in the 1980s, and in 1986, 169 villages resumed the Osterbrunnen tradition. Today, more than 200 villages decorate their village wells and fountains with colourful Easter eggs. This custom likely emerged as celebration of water, a precious resource in the arid high plateau of Franconian Switzerland. The Bieberbach Osterbrunnen (Egloffstein) hold the Guinness World Record for the largest Osterbrunnen.

Tourism
Franconian Switzerland is one of the oldest tourist regions in Germany. The region's numerous caves began attracting visitors at the beginning of the 19th century.

The region offers locals and visitors alike a variety of outdoors activities. Along with its countless hiking paths, the area is known for rock climbing and canoeing.

Home to the annual Franconian Switzerland Marathon, beginning in Forchheim, slowly climbing to Sachsenmühle-Wende, and then descending to Ebermannstadt, the area includes 375 km of some of the best trails for running, Nordic walking, and rambling in Germany, which are maintained by the European community-funded Running Experience Project, founded in July 2011.

The Franconian Switzerland Steam Railway (Dampfbahn Fränkische Schweiz) or DFS, is a museum railway in Ebermannstadt that operates steam and diesel specials on Sundays and on public holidays.

Literature

 * In English:
 * Milner Barry, R.: Bayreuth and Franconian Switzerland, London, S. Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co., 1887.

 * In German:
 * August Sieghardt: Fränkische Schweiz. Glock und Lutz, Nürnberg 1971, aus der Bibliothek Deutsche Landeskunde
 * MERIAN Monatshefte, 6/XXVI: Fränkische Schweiz. 1973
 * Friedrich Herrmann: Höhlen der Fränkischen und Hersbrucker Schweiz. Regensburg 1980
 * Brigitte Kaulich, Hermann Schaaf: Kleiner Führer zu Höhlen um Muggendorf. Nürnberg 1980, ISBN 3-922877-00-1
 * Fritz Krause: Großer Fränkische Schweiz Führer. Deutscher Wanderverlag Dr. Mair & Schnabel & Co, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-8134-0135-9
 * Peter Poscharsky: Die Kirchen der Fränkischen Schweiz. Palm & Enke, Erlangen 1990, ISBN 3-7896-0095-4
 * Rainer Hofmann et al.: Führer zu archäologischen Denkmälern in Deutschland: Fränkische Schweiz. Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0586-8
 * Hans-Peter Siebenhaar, Michael Müller: Fränkische Schweiz. Michael Müller, Erlangen 1991, ISBN 3-923278-15-2
 * Gustav Voit, Brigitte Kaulich, Walter Rüfer: Vom Land im Gebirg zur Fränkischen Schweiz. Eine Landschaft wird entdeckt. Palm & Enke, Erlangen 1992, ISBN 3-7896-0511-5
 * Gustav Voit, Walter Rüfer: Eine Burgenreise durch die Fränkische Schweiz. Palm & Enke, Erlangen 1993, ISBN 3-7896-0064-4
 * Rolf K. F. Meyer, Hermann Schmidt-Kaler: Wanderungen in die Erdgeschichte (5): Durch die Fränkische Schweiz. Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München 1992, ISBN 3-923871-65-1
 * Reinhard Feldrapp, Willi Feldrapp, Adolf Lang: Die Fränkische Schweiz. H. Stürtz, Würzburg 1992, ISBN 3-8003-0210-1
 * Toni Eckert, Susanne Fischer, Renate Freitag, Rainer Hofmann, Walter Tausendpfund: Die Burgen der Fränkischen Schweiz; Ein Kulturführer. Gebietsausschuss Fränkische Schweiz 1997, ISBN 3-9803276-5-5
 * Stephan Lang: Höhlen in Franken - Ein Wanderführer in die Unterwelt der Fränkischen Schweiz. Verlag Hans Carl, Nürnberg 2000
 * Hardy Schabdach: Unterirdische Welten - Höhlen der Fränkischen und Hersbrucker Schweiz. Verlag Reinhold Lippert, Ebermannstadt 2000
 * Thomas Hübner: 25 mal Fränkische Schweiz. Heinrichs-Verlag GmbH, Bamberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-89889-058-8

title: Franconian Switzerland


text:
User:Jangelo

J. Angelo Racoma is a full-time professional blogger, tech evangelist and new media consultant. His past life involved working as an economist for the Philippine Government's National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) and as an exec with domain registry and webservice company dotPH. His short stint with Government afforded him many useful insights on how the bureaucracy is managed, especially from macroeconomic and public investment points of view. His even shorter stint with dotPH opened his eyes to the vast potentials of the Internet as an empowering tool for development.

Having a passion for writing since his more youthful days, Angelo has been active in the online community from the time he operated his own Bulletin Board System (the Cyber County BBS) in the mid-1990’s, then moving on to active participation in online tech forums, and now authoring his own technology-oriented weblog (or blog), the J Spot, which he started late 2003. He also contributes to various Philippine-oriented online publications including Pinoy.Tech.Blog, Pinoy Urban Blog, Sun.Star Blog Chronicles, Pinoy Teachers Network, and the Man Blog. He also writes on miscellaneous topics on his personal, experimental site, the J Spotter.

Angelo also provides tech content for blog networks, having briefly written for BlogMedia, Inc. (MobileHerald and Gadzooki) and then the Bloggy Network with its flagship blogs the Apple Gazette, ForeverGeek.com, and Blogging Pro, and gadget/theme blogs bmonitors.com, btelevisions.com, blaptops.com, bcellphones.com, bplaystation3.com, and bdigitalcameras.com. He also served as a consultant with Enthropia, Inc. as liaison with traditional and new media outfits, and managing content-related projects.

Angelo is currently the Assistant Editor of the Blog Herald

Angelo's latest advocacy is the PayPal for the Philippines campaign, which is lobbying for full PayPal support in the Philippines, a move, he believes, will greatly benefit the country's economy.

Angelo is married to educator Caren Marie Guevara, with whom he has two daughters, Sofia Bernice and Agatha Clarisse.

Copy of Curriculum Vitae here.

title: User:Jangelo


text:
Olivier Ihl

Olivier Ihl (born 29 December 1965, in Sarreguemines) is a French professor of political science, director of the Grenoble Institute of Political Studies in Grenoble, France and member of the laboratory PACTE (acronym of Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires).

He is the head of an international program of scientific cooperation between France and Chile.

Approach
Olivier Ihl is with Yves Déloye one of the main representatives of the school of the historical sociology of politics, which consists in crossing the contributions of three disciplines (sociology, history, political science) to seize complex phenomena such vote, sciences of government, the Republic, etc.

Topics
The guiding thread of his research is the representation of politics; he notably studied the republican commemorations, the rites of commensalité (e.g. banquets), political protocol, street names, presidential travels, act of voting, democracy, populism, electoral frauds, relation between violence and politics, socio-history of rewards, distinctions and merit.

Material history
The apprehension of historic facts by people and by things which make them concretely rather than by the big ideas or the institutional narratives. For instance, Revolution is studied through the people who come down in the street to make the Revolution, or the events in polling stations during the first elections (fights, quarrels, noise, debates, and so on).

Books
A wide range of pictures related to this book is published in the author's website.
 * L'acte de vote (with Yves Déloye), Paris, Presses de Sciences Po, 2008.
 * Le mérite et la République. Essai sur la société des émules, Paris, Gallimard, 2007.
 * Les "sciences" de l’action publique (ed.), Grenoble, PUG, 2006.
 * Les sciences de gouvernement (co-ed. Martine Kaluszynski et Gilles Pollet), Paris, Economica, coll. Études Politiques, 2003.
 * La tentation populiste au cœur de l'Europe, (co-ed. Janine Chêne, Eric Vial, Ghislain Waterlot), Paris, La Découverte, 2003.
 * Un cérémonial politique : les voyages officiels des chefs d'état, Paris, L'Harmattan, (co-ed. Jean-William. Dereymez, Gérard Sabatier, dir.), 1998.
 * Le vote, Paris, Clefs-Montchrestien, 2000 (1996).
 * Le protocole ou la mise en forme de l'ordre politique, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1996 (co-ed. Yves Déloye, Claudine Haroche), 1996.
 * La fête républicaine, Paris, Gallimard, Bibliothèque des Histoires, 1996.

Selection of papers

 * "Hiérarchiser des égaux. Les distinctions honorifiques sous la Révolution française", Revue française d'histoire des idées politiques, 23, 2006, pp. 35–54.
 * "Récompenser la vertu. Sur la charité "scientifique" de l’Académie des Sciences morales et politiques", Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, t. 117, 2005, 2, pp. 871–892.
 * "Pour une histoire matérielle de la démocratie", (avec Y. Déloye), Critique, juin-juillet 2005, 697-698, pp. 484–495.
 * "Gouverner par les honneurs. Distinctions honorifiques et économie politique dans l'Europe du début du XIXe siècle", Genèses, 55, 2004, pp. 4–26.
 * "Conspirations et science du pouvoir chez François Guizot", Revue Française d'Histoire des Idées Politiques, 19, 2004, 125-150.
 * "Le pouvoir de la règle. Sur la codification de la représentation proportionnelle dans la France des XIXe et XXe siècles", Ateliers, special issue "Logiques de l'extériorité", 27, 2004, pp. 47–80.
 * "Pour une sociologie historique des sciences de gouvernement", (avec M. Kaluszynski), Revue Française d'Administration Publique, 102, April–June 2002, pp. 229–243.
 * "Une ingénierie politique. Augustin Cauchy et les élections du 23 avril 1848", Genèses, 49, December 2002, pp. 5–25.
 * "Religion civile : la carrière comparée d'un concept France États-unis", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 3, vol 7, winter 2000, pp. 595–627.
 * "Une déférence d'État. La République des titres et des honneurs", Communications, 69, January 2000, pp. 115–137.
 * "Le XIXe siècle au miroir de la sociologie historique" (avec Yves Déloye), Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle, n°13, 2, 1996, pp. 47–57.
 * "Des voix pas comme les autres. Votes blancs et votes nuls aux élections législatives de 1881" (with Yves Déloye), Revue Française de Science Politique, vol. 41, 2, avril 1991, pp. 141–170.

Publications in English

 * "The Market of Honors : On the Bicentenary of the Legion of Honor", French Politics, Culture & Society, Vol. 24 · No. 1, Spring 2006, pp. 8–24.
 * "Emulation through Decoration : A Science of Government ?", in Sudhir Hazareesingh (dir.), The Jacobin of Legacy in Modern France, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 158–182

Olivier Ihl regularly works with the Institute of French Studies at New York University.

Publications in Italian

 * "Democrazia, repubblica e radicalismo: modelli (anglosassone e francese) e dibattiti nell' Ottocento", in La democrazia radicale nell' Ottocento europeo. Forme della politica, modelli culturali, riforme sociali, Feltrinelli Editore (Ed.) (2006) 3-32.
 * "Religione civile : il concetto in prospettiva comparata", in Rituali civili. Storie nazionali e memorie pubbliche nell’Europa contemporanea, Maurizio Ridolfi (ed.), Rome, Gangemi Editore, 2006, pp. 31–46.
 * "Une territorialità repubblicana. I nomi delle vie nella Francia del XIX e XX secolo", Memoria e Ricerca. Rivista di storia contemporanea, 9, aprile 2002, pp. 17–34.

Publications in Spanish

 * "Las conspiraciones ante el espejo de una "ciencia del poder". O las lecciones liberales del ministro François Guizot", in Teorias de la Conspiracion, Juan Cristobal Cruz Revueltas et Jesus Rodriguez Zepeda, Mexico, Publicaciones Cruz O.S.A., 2006, pp. 63–104.
 * El voto, Lom Editions, Santiago (Chile), 2004 (Translated by Inès Picazo).

title: Olivier Ihl


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yed

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep rewritten article. Joyous (talk) 17:38, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Yed
It's orange! This is a neologism/hoax. A Google search only shows mirrors. I mean, even the article says "is in common usage, but is of unknown origin." Classic neologism, delete. What happened to the... Oh! Keep all Uncle Gs (do we have any more?) --Dmcdevit·t 08:31, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * It was certainly unverifiable. (It wasn't actually orange, by the way.  It was a "The driver calls the colour amber but the traffic police call it red." concept.)  I've mercilessly excised the content that cited no sources. Keep, so that those coming to Wikipedia thinking that Yed is a colour can find out what it really is. Uncle G 12:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep since User:Uncle G fixed it to be a real article. Brighterorange 18:00, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Begging the question: grue (color) and Bleen's fates? Keep, that's a good refactor by everyone's favorite Uncle. humblefool® 18:56, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well done Uncle G for the rewrite. Capitalistroadster 23:15, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite. (BTW: In Detroit, that color is known as "pink", ie. not quite red). --Carnildo 23:28, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yed


text:
Tony Bloom

Anthony Grant Bloom (born 20 March 1970) is an English sports bettor, poker player, and entrepreneur. He is the majority owner and chairman of Premier League football club Brighton & Hove Albion, and investor in and minority shareholder of Belgian First Division A team Royale Union Saint-Gilloise.

Poker and betting
Bloom is a sports bettor and poker player, nicknamed The Lizard.

Bloom appeared in the Late Night Poker television series and also has a final table appearance on the World Poker Tour. He also made back-to-back final table appearances in the first two Poker Million events. His first major win came in January 2004 when he won the Australasian Poker Championship in Melbourne, collecting a first prize of around A$420,000 ($320,000, £180,000).

Bloom won the £5,000 No Limit Hold'em VC Poker Cup Final in London on 5 August 2005 and won the £200,000 ($351,401) first prize.

He also had a fourth-place finish in the 2005 World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions. He was a member of the winning British team in the Poker Nations Cup. Bloom won A$600,000 for his second-place finish in the High Rollers Challenge, Event #8 of the Australian Poker Millions tournament held in Melbourne in Jan 2009.

Bloom fell short of the million-pound grand prize in the Poker Million IX event held in London on 10 December 2010. He finished second behind Gus Hansen.

In September 2022, Bloom won Poker Masters Event #8: $25,000 Pot-Limit Omaha for $360,000. It was Bloom's first time playing poker in three years and his first time playing a PokerGO Tour event.

As of October 2022, Bloom's total live tournament winnings exceeded $3,800,000.

Entrepreneur
Bloom's wealth has been accumulated primarily through proprietary betting on sports events. Bloom heads a private betting syndicate which is believed to have been continuously successful year on year for a sustained period of time. Bloom also holds significant property and private equity portfolios.

Football chairman and investor
Since 2009, Bloom has been the chairman of Brighton & Hove Albion, who are currently a Premier League club, having gained promotion in the 2016–17 season after 34 years out of the top flight of English football.

He succeeded Dick Knight after securing a 75% shareholding in the club and investing £93 million in the development of the club's new ground, Falmer Stadium. The stadium had extensions in spectator capacity and received funding to ensure that it is "Premier League ready" by installing floodlights, amongst other features.

Bloom is a longtime Brighton fan and his family has had a long association with the club; his uncle Ray is a director and his grandfather, Harry, was vice-chairman during the 1970s.

Bloom appointed former Uruguay international Gus Poyet as manager in November 2009, and together they led the team to promotion from Football League One as champions in 2011, the season before Brighton moved into their new home—Falmer Stadium. Poyet left the club in 2013 after losing in a play-off semi-final to Crystal Palace. In June 2013, Bloom appointed Óscar García as the new head coach of the club; Garcia resigned after losing a second successive play-off semi-final to Derby County and left the club in May 2014. The next manager was former Liverpool player Sami Hyypiä, who only lasted a few months in the managerial role after a poor start to the 2014–15 season left Brighton in the relegation zone. Chris Hughton became manager towards the end of 2014, and the club have been successful since.

Hughton steered Albion to safety in their 2014–15 campaign, and then guided the club to a 3rd-place position in the Championship in the following season, missing out on promotion to Middlesbrough on goal difference. The club would be defeated in the play-off semi final, for the third time in four years, this time to Sheffield Wednesday.

Brighton went one step further in the 2016–17 season under Hughton's management and Bloom's ownership, finishing second in the Championship and gaining promotion to the Premier League for the first time in the club's history. Bloom backed Hughton in the following transfer window, breaking several record transfer fees to improve the squad, readying Brighton's first Premier League season. On 13 May 2019, immediately after the end of the season, with the club ending at the 17th position and thus securing its top-tier status for the coming season, Bloom released a statement to the effect that "it was time for a change" and sacked Hughton, replacing him with Championship's Swansea coach Graham Potter.

In the 2021–22 Premier League season, Brighton finished with 51 points, their highest ever points tally in the Premier League. By finishing in 9th place Brighton also secured the highest ever top flight final position in its history up until that point.

Following the 9th placed finish, Brighton would complete the 2022-23 Premier League season in 6th place and by doing so, qualified for the UEFA Europa League, hosting European football for the first time in their history. The European charge was started by Graham Potter and completed by Roberto De Zerbi, after the former departed for Chelsea FC.

In 2018, Bloom completed the takeover of Belgian second division club Royale Union Saint-Gilloise, known as USG. At the end of the 2020-2021 football season USG were promoted to Belgian First Division A for the first time in 48 years. Bloom was the majority owner of USG however following the qualification by USG and Brighton for UEFA club competitions for the 2023-2024 season, Bloom made changes to his investment in USG to ensure compliance with UEFA's multi-club ownership rules. These changes resulted in Bloom becoming a minority shareholder in USG. USG and Brighton's admission to UEFA club competitions for the 2023-2024 season was confirmed by UEFA in a press release issued on 7th July, 2023.

Bloom was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2024 New Year Honours for services to association football and to the community in Brighton.

Personal life, and other ventures
Bloom is Jewish, and has contributed significantly to the development of a synagogue and community centre project in Hove. He stepped in with the Brighton and Hove Hebrew Congregation suffering financial problems, and the funding for the development will come from his Bloom Foundation, of which he is the chairman.

title: Tony Bloom


text:
Gladesville

Gladesville is a suburb in the Lower North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Gladesville is located 10 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Ryde and the Municipality of Hunter's Hill. Gladesville is part of the federal electorates of North Sydney and Bennelong.

Gladesville possesses riverside views and bush settings along the Parramatta River. The nearby Gladesville Bridge (a Sydney landmark that links the North Shore to the Inner West) takes its name from the suburb.

Aboriginal
Before European settlement, the area of Gladesville was included within the territory of the Wallumettagal people of the Eora nation. Evidence of their presence can still be found in the area; for instance, there are rock carvings and grinding grooves that can be seen in Glades Bay Park, which overlooks Glades Bay.

European
The area was first called Doody's Bay during the beginnings of European settlement, marked by a land grant being given to convict artist, John Doody (1795). Others to receive grants in the district were William House (1795), Ann Benson (1796) and Charles Raven (1799). By 1836, John Glade, an emancipist, was issued with the deeds to Doody's grant, which he had purchased in 1817. Glade expanded his property with the purchase of a number of adjoining holdings. After John Glade's death in 1848, his land was sold to a Sydney solicitor, Mr W. Billyard, who subsequently subdivided and sold the land in November 1855, naming it Gladesville.

A major milestone in the development of the suburb was the establishment of the Tarban Creek Lunatic Asylum in 1838, on the banks of the Parramatta River. It was the first purpose-built mental asylum in New South Wales. Much of the architecture was designed by Colonial Architect Mortimer Lewis and built between 1836 and 1838. In 1869 it became the Gladesville Hospital for the Insane, and in 1915 the Gladesville Mental Hospital. In 1993, it was amalgamated with Macquarie Hospital to form the Gladesville Macquarie Hospital. In 1997, inpatient services were consolidated at Macquarie Hospital at North Ryde. The Gladesville complex includes many buildings which are listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register and the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate.

One of the hospital's acquisitions was a two-storey sandstone house called The Priory, in Salter Street. It was built in the late 1840s, possibly by the Stubbs family, and featured an east-looking face in the Georgian style, and a west face with a gable and painted sundial. In the 1850s it was sold to the Marist Fathers, a French group who had an influence on the early development of Hunters Hill. The hospital acquired it in 1888; it was listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate in 1978.

Another historical landmark is the cottage Rockend, where the poet Banjo Paterson lived in the 1870s and 1880s. It was built circa 1850 and is still preserved and open to the public in Banjo Paterson Park, Punt Road. It is listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate. The site joins the Bedlam Bay walk, where remnants of the Great North Road exists and the walls of the Bedlam Bay Ferry. Banjo Paterson lived in the sandstone house (now a restaurant) whilst attending Sydney Grammar School. The house was owned by his Grandmother and was frequented by many artists and writers. Banjo Paterson recalled in a radio interview in 1935 that the river had declined and was now lined with factories. However he could still remember when; "'....the wood-boat and the fruit boats, something like 7-ton yachts in size and capacity, would hoist mainsail and jib in the early morning, and come howling down the river with the westerly wind behind them, hoping to get far enough down to meet the north-easter before the wind failed. If the wind died away and they were left in the doldrums – well, they didn’t worry. They anchored and caught themselves feeds of fish which they cooked on their little galley fires, the scent of frying re-bream mixing not unhappily with the aroma of guavas, grapes, and the big hautboy strawberries which now seem to have gone out of fashion. Then, when the tide turned, they would up with the anchor and drift down till they opened up to the harbour where there was always some sort of breeze. They would strike Sydney some time or other, and would deliver their cargo into horse-drawn carts and then point the boat’s nose up river again, back to the gardens and the spitting of fire wood with wedges and American axes.'"

Halmeg Linseed oil was manufactured on a 5 acre mill located at the end of Punt Road, overlooking Glass Bay. The linseed oil was used in the manufacturing of lead paint and varnish, as well as putties, caulking compounds, printing inks and linoleum. The production plant was established in 1923. The revolutionary extraction process did not work at first. Despite this, one hundred guests toured the new mill at its official opening. Harold Meggit, owner of the plant, increased employees wages, also advising that there would be no jobs and no wages if a new solution to distil the oil could not be found. The employees put forward hundreds of suggestions, and two were implemented. In later years, Halmeg was the first to produce Safflower Oil in Australia. It also introduced a profit sharing scheme for its employees. The site closed in 1974. In 2016 the local community crowned Madeleine Paslis as the Queen of Gladesville.

Monash Park
Monash Park is a locality recognised by Australia Post. It is centred on a sports oval of the same name, on Ryde Road.

Heritage listings
Gladesville has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Manning Road: The Priory, Gladesville
 * 144 Ryde Road: Gladesville Drill Hall
 * Victoria Road: Gladesville Bridge

Education
There are four primary schools in the suburb: Gladesville Public School, Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Primary School, Christ Church Gladesville Preschool and Boronia Park Public School. Gladesville is near to a number of prestigious private schools. Riverside Girls High School is a short distance away from Gladesville, located in the suburb of Huntleys Point. St Joseph's College (Boys) and Villa Maria Primary School are located in Hunters Hill. Holy Cross College (Boys) is located in Ryde and Marist Sisters' College Woolwich (Girls) is located near the peninsula of Woolwich. Ryde Secondary College, a public school, is located nearby in Ryde.

Demographics
At the 2016 census, there were 11,827 residents in Gladesville. The majority of people (64.9%) stated they were born in Australia, with other top responses being China 3.9%, England 3.2%, Italy 2.2%, New Zealand 1.8% and India 1.1%. 69.2% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 3.4%, Italian 3.4%, Cantonese 2.9%, Greek 2.6% and Spanish 1.3%. Catholic (33.1%) was the most common religious affiliation, followed by No Religion 27.3% and Anglican 11.7%.

Gladesville is an affluent suburb. The largest three groups of occupations were Professionals (32.8%), Managers (19.1%), and Clerical and Administrative Workers (15.1%). The median weekly incomes for Gladesville were significantly higher than that of Australia, being Personal: $934.00, Family: $2,515.00, and Household: $1,922.00.

The dwelling types in Gladesville were evenly spread between separate houses and semi-detached or units. Median monthly mortgage payments were $2,500 and this was higher than the national median of $1,755.

Economy
The main commercial district of Gladesville is centred on Victoria Road, the suburb's main thoroughfare. A small shopping centre anchored by a Coles supermarket, Gladesville Shopping Village, is located off Cowell Street. A number of restaurants and cafes are situated nearby, serving a variety of cuisines including Thai, Indian, Vietnamese, Greek, Mexican and Italian. Entertainment venues include the Bayview Hotel, The Sawdust Hotel, Gladesville "Sporties" Bowling Club, and the Gladesville Returned and Services League Club.

Plans to redevelop the site by Hunters Hill Council (including the removal of an important local heritage building) remain strongly opposed by some local residents. Despite complaints by many local residents to preserve the existing mix of boutique shopping and low density housing, the local municipal council has committed the suburb to high density residential redevelopment and strip mall shopping centres.

Points of interest

 * Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Church
 * Christ Church Gladesville, Anglican Church
 * St Andrew's Greek Orthodox Church
 * GladesHill Presbyterian Church
 * Association for the Wellbeing of Children in Healthcare, voluntary organisation that gives nonmedical attention and support to hospitalised children and their parents
 * Glades Bay Park, situated at the bottom of Linsley Street, has a sign-posted walking track that takes in Aboriginal rock carvings and grinding grooves

Transport
Victoria Road is the suburb's main thoroughfare, running through the centre of Gladesville. A number of bus routes run along this road, connecting the suburb to Sydney CBD and Ryde, with some services continuing as far as Parramatta. Bus services along Pittwater Road connect with Chatswood and Woolwich.

Access to the Sydney Ferries network is provided with the regular F3 Parramatta River service, which stops at Huntleys Point ferry wharf in the neighbouring suburb of Huntleys Point,

Notable people

 * Banjo Paterson: For a period from 1874 Paterson lived at a cottage called Rockend, while studying at Sydney Grammar School.

title: Gladesville


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wakkipedia

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 15:05, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Wakkipedia
This was marked as speedy, but is not a candidate. Instead I propose the normal, slow, lingering, deletion (think about Chinese water torture before voting) for this article about non-notable website. jni 08:32, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. - Sikon 10:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I got two relevant Google hits and the "site" is nothing more than a main page. That's why I voted speedy.  I still think it should be speedied under the new vanity rule, but delete one way or another. - Lucky 6.9 16:56, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I got 0 Google hits, but anyway, between that, no Alexa, no actual content on page, and info in article that it was recently started up... I think it's rather safe to say delete, non-notable website. Dcarrano 17:08, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Pavel Vozenilek 23:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn self promotion. JamesBurns 04:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Parodies lots of issues | leave me a message 23:59, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Elisa Bridges

Alternate pic ....

..... in the case, the current nice one might get copyright troubles. Greetings MutterErde 08:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Why?

 * 1. Who has deleted the Playboy cover and why?
 * 2. Who has deleted the Playboy Book Of Lingerie cover and why? 19:20, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Stats
When she was in Playboy, they listed her as being 5'6" and 107 lbs. Her autopsy says 5' and 90 lbs. 66.168.21.2 (talk) 03:25, 22 September 2009 (UTC)
 * There is a source for the 5'6" and 107 lbs. I don't see any source for your version. Dismas |(talk) 04:49, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

The coroner's report (seperately referenced and also part of Smoking Gun reference) and the OC article (all referenced in this article) state she was 5'0".14:20, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I see that now, thanks. I've changed the stats and changed the reference. Please don't simply remove references in the future. It's better to update them so that other editors know where you're getting your info. Thanks again, Dismas |(talk) 03:13, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elisa Bridges


text:
User talk:80.217.225.208

AfD nomination of Michael Dutton Douglas
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Michael Dutton Douglas. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Michael Dutton Douglas (3rd nomination). Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate.

Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:06, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.217.225.208


text:
User talk:DNicholls

Set this up just in case anyone needs to yell at me. Please remember to include a section heading for new threads.--DNicholls 08:35, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 02:27, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

 * Thanks. I have been reading up as fast as I can, and that's a nice launch point for me. Cheers!--DNicholls 02:34, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I replied at my talk page. Redwolf24 (Talk) 20:30, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Rape culture edit
I didn't know Christina Hoff Sommers now has an article; thanks for catching that. Last time I searched for her, there wasn't one, so I didn't bother to check while I was writing rape culture. The Literate Engineer 07:57, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not a problem. Just happened to check.--DNicholls 07:58, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Lindisfarne Castle
Hello, "D". I rolled back your change to this as it seemed likely there would be more to say about the castle in time (which was why I created the article in the first place). I know that it was duplicate text, which I assume is why you did it, but I've expanded it now. Deb 11:13, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Good to hear. Yes, that's why I redirected it. There had been about an hour since the last edit, so it looked like it was going to stay that way. Thanks!--DNicholls 11:22, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It often takes me longer than an hour to see a project through! Deb 11:25, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * PS. We normally reply to another user on their talk page, eg. I send you a note on your talk page, then you reply on my talk page, then I reply on your talk page, and so on. That's so that the other person will know you've replied to them as soon as they log in.

Lyrics - Songs about Jane
Can you please explain why you added a VfD notice to Lyrics - Songs about Jane. Thanks--May the Force be with you! Shreshth91 ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  15:37, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Sorry about the copyvio --May the Force be with you! Shreshth91  ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  15:38, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Véronique diabolique
Personally, I believe that asserting that something is a band implies asserting some degree of notability, hence it wouldn't be a CSD. VfD is probably a good way of deciding this one since "If the assertion is disputed or controversial, it should be taken to VFD". Thanks, JYolkowski // talk 20:53, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

new vfd
The prior VFD that you voted at ended with no consensus, a new VFD has been opened at Votes for deletion/Historical persecution by Muslims. 18:56, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Merging
Hi. Under the GFDL, we need to preserve the edit history of every article. Deletion removes the article and it's history (although it is still accessible to admins). So if any part of an article is to be preserved, the edit history which produced it has to be preserved as well. Merging (or turning an article into a redirect) doesn't require admin intervention - merging several articles may be technically challenging, but isn't grounds for deletion. I won't be voting on this VfD because I don't think I can make a fair assessment - politically I would vote for deletion of the whole series because they will attract POV-pushing, but that would be censorship. And, welcome to Wikipedia (since I see you are relatively new here). Glad to have you in the community. Guettarda 00:01, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Votes for undeletion
You voted in the VfD for Admira Ismić and Boško Brkić. I believe that this article was deleted without a clear consensus, and have nominated the article for undeletion. If you would like to contribute to the VfU discussion, please follow the link above. Thanks for your time! Pburka 00:20, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/Merlin Chowkwanyun
Please re-visit the discussion. Uncle G 13:07:17, 2005-08-01 (UTC)

title: User talk:DNicholls


text:
Zhai Zhigang

Zhai Zhigang (born 11 October 1966 ) is a Chinese major general of the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force (PLASSF) in active service as a People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps (PLAAC) taikonaut. During the Shenzhou 7 mission in 2008, he became the first Chinese citizen to carry out a spacewalk. He was a People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) fighter pilot.

Early life and education
Zhai was born in a rural village in Longjiang County, Heilongjiang Province, on October 11, 1966. He is the youngest of six children. He attended Longjiang County No. 2 High School. He enrolled at the PLA Air Force Aviation University and studied to be a fighter pilot and then as a squadron leader.

Air Force career
Zhai became a lieutenant colonel and pilot trainer in the PLAAF after logging 1000 hours of flying time.

Astronaut Corps career
In 1996, Zhai was selected as a candidate for the taikonaut program and was selected to be the first group of fourteen in 1998. He was one of three members of the final group to train for the Shenzhou 5 flight. Yang Liwei was picked for the flight, with Zhai Zhigang ranked second ahead of Nie Haisheng. Zhai was one of the six taikonauts in the final training for Shenzhou 6 Ta Kung Pao newspaper had reported that Zhai Zhigang and Nie Haisheng were the leading pair, after having been in the final group of three for Shenzhou 5. However, Zhai had been paired with Wu Jie during training. Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng flew the flight.

Shenzhou 7
Zhai, along with Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng was selected for prime crew on Shenzhou 7, with Zhai as commander, on 17 September 2008. On 25 September 2008, at 21:10 CST, they launched into space as the first three-man crew for China, China's third human spaceflight mission. On 27 September 2008, Zhai became the first Chinese astronaut to spacewalk, completely outside the craft. Fellow crew member Liu Boming stood by at the airlock and could be seen straddling the portal. Zhai successfully completed his spacewalk at 18:25 CST. Zhai wore the Chinese developed Feitian space suit, while Liu wore the Russian derived Orlan-M space suit.

Shenzhou 13
Zhai was selected as commander to fly on the Shenzhou 13 alongside Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu as his second spaceflight mission to the Tiangong space station. On 7 November 2021, Zhai carried out his second spacewalk alongside Wang who became China's first woman to perform a spacewalk. On 26 December 2021, Zhai carried out his third spacewalk with Ye.

Personal life
Zhai's favourite pastimes are calligraphy, dancing and gadgets. He is married to Zhang Shujing and has one son.

title: Zhai Zhigang