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Rheometer

A rheometer is a laboratory device used to measure the way in which a viscous fluid (a liquid, suspension or slurry) flows in response to applied forces. It is used for those fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity and therefore require more parameters to be set and measured than is the case for a viscometer. It measures the rheology of the fluid.

There are two distinctively different types of rheometers. Rheometers that control the applied shear stress or shear strain are called rotational or shear rheometers, whereas rheometers that apply extensional stress or extensional strain are extensional rheometers. Rotational or shear type rheometers are usually designed as either a native strain-controlled instrument (control and apply a user-defined shear strain which can then measure the resulting shear stress) or a native stress-controlled instrument (control and apply a user-defined shear stress and measure the resulting shear strain).

Meanings and origin
The word rheometer comes from the Greek, and means a device for measuring main flow. In the 19th century it was commonly used for devices to measure electric current, until the word was supplanted by galvanometer and ammeter. It was also used for the measurement of the flow of liquids, in medical practice (flow of blood) and in civil engineering (flow of water). This latter use persisted to the second half of the 20th century in some areas. Following the coining of the term rheology the word came to be applied to instruments for measuring the character rather than quantity of flow, and the other meanings are obsolete. (Principal Source: Oxford English Dictionary) The principle and working of rheometers is described in several texts.

Shearing geometries

Four basic shearing planes can be defined according to their geometry,
 * Couette drag plate flow
 * Cylindrical flow
 * Poiseuille flow in a tube and
 * Plate-plate flow

The various types of shear rheometers then use one or a combination of these geometries.

Linear shear
One example of a linear shear rheometer is the Goodyear linear skin rheometer, which is used to test cosmetic cream formulations, and for medical research purposes to quantify the elastic properties of tissue. The device works by attaching a linear probe to the surface of the tissue under test, a controlled cyclical force is applied, and the resultant shear force measured using a load cell. Displacement is measured using an LVDT. Thus the basic stress–strain parameters are captured and analysed to derive the dynamic spring rate of the tissue under tests.

Pipe or capillary
Liquid is forced through a tube of constant cross-section and precisely known dimensions under conditions of laminar flow. Either the flow-rate or the pressure drop are fixed and the other measured. Knowing the dimensions, the flow-rate can be converted into a value for the shear rate and the pressure drop into a value for the shear stress. Varying the pressure or flow allows a flow curve to be determined. When a relatively small amount of fluid is available for rheometric characterization, a microfluidic rheometer with embedded pressure sensors can be used to measure pressure drop for a controlled flow rate.

Capillary rheometers are especially advantageous for characterization of therapeutic protein solutions since it determines the ability to be syringed. Additionally, there is an inverse relationship between the rheometry and solution stability, as well as thermodynamic interactions.

Dynamic shear rheometer
A dynamic shear rheometer, commonly known as DSR is used for research and development as well as for quality control in the manufacturing of a wide range of materials. Dynamic shear rheometers have been used since 1993 when Superpave was used for characterising and understanding high temperature rheological properties of asphalt binders in both the molten and solid state and is fundamental in order to formulate the chemistry and predict the end-use performance of these materials.

Rotational cylinder
The liquid is placed within the annulus of one cylinder inside another. One of the cylinders is rotated at a set speed. This determines the shear rate inside the annulus. The liquid tends to drag the other cylinder round, and the force it exerts on that cylinder (torque) is measured, which can be converted to a shear stress. One version of this is the Fann V-G Viscometer, which runs at two speeds, (300 and 600 rpm) and therefore only gives two points on the flow curve. This is sufficient to define a Bingham plastic model which was once widely used in the oil industry for determining the flow character of drilling fluids. In recent years rheometers that spin at 600, 300, 200, 100, 6 & 3 RPM have become more commonplace. This allows for more complex fluids models such as Herschel–Bulkley to be used. Some models allow the speed to be continuously increased and decreased in a programmed fashion, which allows the measurement of time-dependent properties.

Cone and plate
The liquid is placed on horizontal plate and a shallow cone placed into it. The angle between the surface of the cone and the plate is around 1–2 degrees but can vary depending on the types of tests being run. Typically the plate is rotated and the torque on the cone measured. A well-known version of this instrument is the Weissenberg rheogoniometer, in which the movement of the cone is resisted by a thin piece of metal which twists—known as a torsion bar. The known response of the torsion bar and the degree of twist give the shear stress, while the rotational speed and cone dimensions give the shear rate. In principle the Weissenberg rheogoniometer is an absolute method of measurement providing it is accurately set up. Other instruments operating on this principle may be easier to use but require calibration with a known fluid. Cone and plate rheometers can also be operated in an oscillating mode to measure elastic properties, or in combined rotational and oscillating modes.

== Basic concepts of shear rheometer == In the past, devices with controlled strain or strain rate (CR rheometers) were distinguished from rheometers with controlled stress (CS rheometers) depending on the measuring principle.

In a controlled strain (CR) rheometer, the sample is subjected to displacement or speed (strain or strain rate) using a DC motor, and the resulting torque (stress) is measured separately using an additional force-torque sensor (torque compensation transducer). The electric current used to generate the displacement or speed of the motor is not used as a measure of the torque acting in the sample. This mode of operation is also referred to as separate motor transducer mode (SMT).

 * Deflection angle/strain and shear rate are set by the motor based on the position control of the  optical encoder in the lower part.
 * Sample reaction  (the stress acting within the sample) is measured by an additional force-torque transducer (torque re-balance transducer)
 * The separation of drive and torque measurement has advantages in strain-controlled tests, since the motor's moment of inertia has no influence on the measured torque.
 * Limitations of the SMT mode can be found in  stress-controlled measurements (e.g. creep tests)

In a controlled-stress (CS) rheometer, the torque acting in the sample is determined directly  from the electrical torque generated in the motor. With such a design, no separate torque sensor is required. Usually, this mode of operation is described as combined motor-transducer mode (CMT).

 * The stress acting in the sample is determined directly from the torque generated in the motor, which is required  to deform the sample.
 * Deflection angle/strain and shear rate are determined by the use of an optical encoder.
 * Single-motor rheometers allow  characterization of samples in either strain/shear rate or shear stress-controlled tests
 * Since only one actor (motor) is required, the single-motor rheometer can be easily combined with additional application-specific accessories that enable the study of material properties in a variety  of different applications.
 * Limitations may occur from less precise data evaluation in the transient regime of start-up shear tests.

Nowadays, there are device concepts that allow both working modes, the combined motor transducer mode and the separate motor transducer mode, by using two motors in one device. The use of only one motor enables measurements to be made in the combined motor transducer mode. Using both motors allows working in the separate motor transducer mode, where one motor is used to deform the sample while the other motor is used to record the torque acting in the sample. Furthermore, this concept allows for additional modes of operation, such as counter-rotating mode, where both motors can rotate or oscillate in opposite directions. This mode of operation is used, for example, to increase the maximum achievable shear rate range or for advanced rheooptical characterization of samples.

Types of extensional rheometer
The development of extensional rheometers has proceeded more slowly than shear rheometers, due to the challenges associated with generating a homogeneous extensional flow. Firstly, interactions of the test fluid or melt with solid interfaces will result in a component of shear flow, which will compromise the results. Secondly, the strain history of all the material elements must be controlled and known. Thirdly, the strain rates and strain levels must be high enough to stretch the polymeric chains beyond their normal radius of gyration, requiring instrumentation with a large range of deformation rates and a large travel distance.

Commercially available extensional rheometers have been segregated according to their applicability to viscosity ranges. Materials with a viscosity range from approximately 0.01 to 1 Pa.s. (most polymer solutions) are best characterized with capillary breakup rheometers, opposed jet devices, or contraction flow systems. Materials with a viscosity range from approximately 1 to 1000 Pa.s. are used in filament stretching rheometers. Materials with a high viscosity >1000 Pa.s., such as polymer melts, are best characterized by constant-length devices.

Extensional rheometry is commonly performed on materials that are subjected to a tensile deformation. This type of deformation can occur during processing, such as injection molding, fiber spinning, extrusion, blow-molding, and coating flows. It can also occur during use, such as decohesion of adhesives, pumping of hand soaps, and handling of liquid food products.

A list of currently and previously marketed commercially available extensional rheometers is shown in the table below.

Rheotens
Rheotens is a fiber spinning rheometer, suitable for polymeric melts. The material is pumped from an upstream tube, and a set of wheels elongates the strand. A force transducer mounted on one of the wheels measures the resultant extensional force. Because of the pre-shear induced as the fluid is transported through the upstream tube, a true extensional viscosity is difficult to obtain. However, the Rheotens is useful to compare the extensional flow properties of a homologous set of materials.

CaBER
The CaBER is a capillary breakup rheometer. A small quantity of material is placed between plates, which are rapidly stretched to a fixed level of strain. The midpoint diameter is monitored as a function of time as the fluid filament necks and breaks up under the combined forces of surface tension, gravity, and viscoelasticity. The extensional viscosity can be extracted from the data as a function of strain and strain rate. This system is useful for low viscosity fluids, inks, paints, adhesives, and biological fluids.

FiSER
The FiSER (filament stretching extensional rheometer) is based on the works by Sridhar et al. and Anna et al. In this instrument, a set of linear motors drive a fluid filament apart at an exponentially increasing velocity while measuring force and diameter as a function of time and position. By deforming at an exponentially increasing rate, a constant strain rate can be achieved in the samples (barring endplate flow limitations). This system can monitor the strain-dependent extensional viscosity, as well as stress decay following flow cessation. A detailed presentation on the various uses of filament stretching rheometry can be found on the MIT web site.

Sentmanat
The Sentmanat extensional rheometer (SER) is actually a fixture that can be field installed on shear rheometers. A film of polymer is wound on two rotating drums, which apply constant or variable strain rate extensional deformation on the polymer film. The stress is determined from the torque exerted by the drums.

Acoustic rheometer
Acoustic rheometers employ a piezo-electric crystal that can easily launch a successive wave of extensions and contractions into the fluid. This non-contact method applies an oscillating extensional stress. Acoustic rheometers measure the sound speed and attenuation of ultrasound for a set of frequencies in the megahertz range. Sound speed is a measure of system elasticity. It can be converted into fluid compressibility. Attenuation is a measure of viscous properties. It can be converted into viscous longitudinal modulus. In the case of a Newtonian liquid, attenuation yields information on the volume viscosity. This type of rheometer works at much higher frequencies than others. It is suitable for studying effects with much shorter relaxation times than any other rheometer.

Falling plate
A simpler version of the filament stretching rheometer, the falling plate rheometer sandwiches liquid between two solid surfaces. The top plate is fixed, and bottom plate falls under the influence of gravity, drawing out a string of the liquid.

Capillary/contraction flow
Other systems involve liquid going through an orifice, expanding from a capillary, or sucked up from a surface into a column by a vacuum. A pressurized capillary rheometer can be used to design thermal treatments of fluid food. This instrumentation could help prevent over and under-processing of fluid food because extrapolation to high temperatures would not be necessary.

title: Rheometer


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Explorers' Monument (Western Australia)

The Maitland Brown Memorial, also known as Explorers' Monument, is a monument located in Esplanade Park in Fremantle, Western Australia. Unveiled on 8 February 1913, it is approximately 6 m high, and consists of a head and shoulders statue of Maitland Brown sitting on granite pedestals on a granite base inset with five plaques, one depicting three explorers, Frederick Panter, James Harding and William Goldwyer. Brown died on 8 July 1905, 7 years prior to the unveiling of the monument, and Panter, Harding and Goldwyer 48 years prior on 13 November 1864. The monument was commissioned by George Julius Brockman who is depicted by one of the five plaques, and the statue of Brown was sculpted by Pietro Porcelli. Because the monument as originally erected is biased, such as by celebrating the colonists "as intrepid pioneers" in contrast to the Aboriginal people that "are condemned as treacherous natives", an additional plaque was added on 9 April 1994 but leaving the original offensive and biased aspects in place.

History
Panter, Harding and Goldwyer were killed by Aboriginal people while exploring in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. When the men failed to return, Brown was commissioned to lead the La Grange expedition, which searched for the whereabouts of the missing men. Brown's party found the men speared to death, two of them evidently in their sleep. Shortly afterwards, between six and twenty Aboriginal persons were killed highly controversially even at the time by Brown's party and reported by Brown as a battle brought on by an Aboriginal ambush, but which has often since been characterised as a punitive massacre of Aboriginal people by white settlers. Indeed, the monument itself has plainly called the group of people that conducted the expedition and that it memorialises the "punitive party" for the past 111 years.

One of the original plaques on the pedestal reads as follows: "This monument was erected by Brockman as a fellow bush wanderer's tribute to the memory of Panter, Harding and Goldwyer. Earliest explorers after Grey and Gregory of this 'Terra Incognita' [this 'unknown land'], attacked at night by treacherous natives, were murdered at Boole Boola near Le Grange Bay on the 13th November 1864. Also as an appreciative token of remembrance of Maitland Brown, one of the pioneer pastoralists and premier politicians of this state, intrepid leader of the government search and punitive party. His remains together with the sad relics of the ill fated three recovered at great risk and danger from the lone wilds repose under a public monument in the East Perth Cemetery 'lest we forget.'"

Additional plaque
It has long been held that the monument is a racist work that presented and continues to present a biased interpretation of the events at La Grange because, for example, it celebrates the colonists "as intrepid pioneers" in contrast to the Aboriginal people that "are condemned as treacherous natives". In 1994, an attempt was made to redress this by placing an additional plaque on the monument. The new plaque commemorates all Aboriginal people who died during the invasion of their country, and reads as follows:

"This plaque was erected by people who found the monument before you offensive. The monument described the events at La Grange from one perspective only: the viewpoint of the white 'settlers'. No mention is made of the right of Aboriginal people to defend their land or of the history of provocation which led to the explorers' deaths. The 'punitive party' mentioned here ended in the deaths of somewhere around twenty Aboriginal people. The whites were well-armed and equipped and none of their party was killed or wounded. This plaque is in memory of the Aboriginal people killed at La Grange. It also commemorates all other Aboriginal people who died during the invasion of their country."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Explorers' Monument (Western Australia)


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User:CatherineMunro/Citation

Citing Wikipedia MediaWiki:Citation bug 800

title: User:CatherineMunro/Citation


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British Official Armour Specification

The British Official Armour Specification is a set of standards for armour construction for armoured fighting vehicles, including tanks, during the late Interwar Period and into World War II.

Standards list
Standards applicable to British tanks of World War II are as follows:

 * I.T.60: Face-hardened 7 to 12 mm steel plate.
 * I.T.70: Thin homogeneous hard 3 to 30 mm plate.
 * I.T.80: Thick homogeneous-machineable 15 mm and greater plate.
 * I.T.90: Cast armour of all thicknesses.
 * I.T.100: Thin homogeneous-machineable 3 to 14 mm plate.
 * I.T.110: Carbon manganese steel backing plate.

title: British Official Armour Specification


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Quaker Gap, North Carolina

Quaker Gap is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States, approximately five miles southwest of county seat Danbury, near Hanging Rock State Park.

title: Quaker Gap, North Carolina


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Jamaican patty

A Jamaican patty is a semicircular pastry that contains various fillings and spices baked inside a flaky shell, often tinted golden yellow with an egg yolk mixture or turmeric. It is made like a turnover as it is formed by folding the circular dough cutout over the chosen filling, but is more savoury and filled with ground meat.

As its name suggests, it is commonly found in Jamaica, and is also eaten in other areas of the Caribbean including the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. It is traditionally filled with seasoned ground beef, but other fillings include chicken, pork, lamb, vegetables, shrimp, lobster, fish, soy, ackee, mixed vegetables or cheese. Jamaican patties are typically seasoned with onions, garlic, thyme, oregano and chili peppers, especially the Scotch bonnet pepper. In non-Jamaican-based restaurants, the composition may be extended to include low-fat, whole wheat crusts or the absence of chilies.

In Jamaica, the patty is often eaten as a full meal, especially when paired with coco bread. It can also be served as a snack or appetizer in bite-sized portions called cocktail patties. Among the Jamaican diaspora in the United Kingdom, the pastry is more like that of a suet crust and often made with butter or margarine, which provides the flaky pastry, and curry powder containing turmeric, which provides the yellow colour.

History

The beef patty is a product of the long history of Jamaica, mixing pasties introduced by Cornish immigrants, cumin, curry were introduced by Indian indentured labourers and cayenne pepper by the African slaves who were brought to the country. "The firecracker taste of the Scotch bonnet, a hot pepper indigenous to Jamaica, sealed the flavour."

Jamaicans brought recipes for the patties northward in the 1960s and 1970s when many immigrated to the United States as hospital orderlies, home health aides and nurses. The patties were then found in restaurants in areas of the New York metropolitan area with high West Indian populations. The patties are equally popular in British cities with large West Indian populations, such as Birmingham, Manchester and London. Their popularity is spreading in the United Kingdom and they are becoming available in many mainstream outlets. They are also popular in Toronto, Montreal, Miami, Washington, D.C., and numerous other areas throughout the American northeast and Canadian Great Lakes regions; in many of those areas, they are available in grocery stores, delis, corner stores, and convenience stores.

In recent years, the Jamaican meat patty has been pre-made and frozen for mass selling in Britain, Canada, and the United States. In many areas in the United States and Canada, Jamaican beef patties are now typically available at pizza and convenience food restaurants, as well as supermarkets.

Patty wars
In February 1985, the Canadian government attempted to ban patty vendors from using the term "beef patty" as it did not comply with the Meat Inspection Act's definition of the federally-regulated term, which was based on hamburger patties. Patty vendors refused to rename the beef patties, and the issue was covered repeatedly by media in both Canada and Jamaica. The government faced pressure to resolve the issue because of an upcoming trip to Jamaica by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. On February 19, 1985, officials from the Consumer and Corporate Affairs and representatives from the patty vendors agreed to a compromise to call the patty a "Jamaican patty", with no need to rename businesses or change signage. Colin Vaughn called it "a victory for the Jamaican community".

In a Toronto Star column on February 22, 2012, columnist Royson James unofficially declared February 23 as the Jamaican Patty Day in Toronto. The "patty wars" controversy was the subject of a 2022 CBC documentary entitled Patty vs. Patty, featuring an interview with Michael Davidson, directed by Chris Strikes.

Contemporary usage and commercialization
The popularity of the Jamaican patty has grown significantly with immigration from Jamaica, becoming a mainstream food item in some countries. From being a hand-made pastry in Jamaica's homes and bakeries, it has starting in the 1980s and 1990s become commercialised and commoditized, especially in North America. The patties are now often made in large numbers by industrial machinery and sold under brand names in supermarkets and in chain restaurants. In the United States, patties are offered by some restaurants such as pizzerias and included in public school lunches. The New York school system distributed more than three million patties in one year.

title: Jamaican patty


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Royal Dano

Royal Edward Dano Sr. (November 16, 1922 - May 15, 1994) was an American actor. In a career spanning 46 years, he was perhaps best known for playing cowboys, villains, and Abraham Lincoln. Dano also provided the voice of the Audio-Animatronic Lincoln for Walt Disney's Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln attraction at the 1964 World's Fair (brought to Disneyland in 1965), as well as Lincoln's voice at the "Hall of Presidents" attraction at Disney's Magic Kingdom in 1971.

Early life
Dano was born in New York City on November 16, 1922, the eldest of three siblings born to Mary Josephine (née O'Connor), an Irish immigrant, and Caleb Edward Dano, a printer for newspapers.

Career
Dano appeared as McSnoyd the leprechaun in the stage show Barnaby and Mr. O'Malley, based on the comic strip by Crockett Johnson. McSnoyd appears to the audience only as a blinking light on a large mushroom, so only his voice is heard. However, at the conclusion of the show Dano joined the rest of the cast, wearing a leprechaun costume.

Dano is remembered for his supporting roles in a number of 1950s western and mystery films. The chance for the breakout role of a lifetime escaped him in the theatrical release of The Red Badge of Courage. Dano, cast as The Tattered Man, delivered such a disturbing performance in his death scene, according to director John Huston, that the initial test audience left the theater in droves, e.g., "I've never seen so many people get up and leave the theater...they liked no part of it." The death scene was lent a human touch by Dano, and in 1951, war-weary Americans rejected it (Huston: "...[the audience rejection] was a pretty sickening event."). Red Badge was immediately recut, and the death scene was removed. It is long believed, and as early as Huston commenting in an interview in 1972, the scene has been lost ("I doubt very much, whether the scene still exists.").

He often worked with Anthony Mann and James Stewart. Over the years, Dano made many television appearances, often in bizarre, macabre roles. Dano was also a frequent guest star on Gunsmoke, with a total of thirteen appearances.

Dano was the voice of Abraham Lincoln for Walt Disney's Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln attraction, first presented at the 1964 World's Fair. Disney personally selected Dano, because he felt the actor came closest to the historical descriptions of Lincoln's voice. Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln was moved to Disneyland in 1965, and Dano's vocals continued to be a part of the attraction until 2001. In 1971, his voice was also used for a revised Lincoln speech in the new "Hall of Presidents" attraction at Magic Kingdom in Florida, which ran to 1993.

He died of pulmonary fibrosis on May 15, 1994, in Santa Monica, California.

In 2009, Dano's vocals were returned to Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln at Disneyland in an updated version of the show.

Selected filmography
The Rifleman Year one, Episode 16, The Sheridan Story (1958) as the  ex-Confederate soldier
 * Undercover Girl (1950) as The Moocher
 * Under the Gun (1951) as Sam Nugent
 * The Red Badge of Courage (1951) as The Tattered Soldier
 * Flame of Araby (1951) as Basra
 * Bend of the River (1952) as Long Tom
 * Carrie (1952) as Captain (uncredited)
 * Johnny Guitar (1954) as Corey
 * The Far Country (1954) as Luke
 * The Trouble with Harry (1955) as Deputy Sheriff Calvin Wiggs
 * Gunsmoke (1955-1971, TV Series) as Henry Mather / Watney / Gideon Hale / Jessup / Jefferson Dooley / Rory Luken / Lambert Haggen / Praylie / Bender / Seth Tandy / Obie Tater
 * Tribute to a Bad Man (1956) as Abe
 * Moby Dick (1956) as 'Elijah'
 * Santiago (1956) as Lobo
 * Tension at Table Rock (1956) as Harry Jameson
 * Crime of Passion (1957) as Police Captain Charlie Alidos
 * All Mine to Give (1957) as Howard Tyler
 * Father Knows Best (1957, TV Series) as Sageman
 * Trooper Hook (1957) as Mr. Trude, Stage Driver
 * Man in the Shadow (1957) as Aiken Clay
 * The Millionaire (1957, TV Series) as Hap Connolly
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1957) (Season 2 Episode 17: "My Brother, Richard") as Martin Ross
 * The Restless Gun (1957) (Episode "Cheyenne Express") as Wilbur English
 * Saddle the Wind (1958) as Clay Ellison
 * Handle with Care (1958) as Al Lees
 * Man of the West (1958) as Trout
 * Never Steal Anything Small (1959) as Words Cannon
 * These Thousand Hills (1959) as Ike Carmichael
 * The Boy and the Bridge (1959) as Evangelist
 * Face of Fire (1959) as Jake Winter
 * Wanted: Dead or Alive (1959, TV Series) as Charlie Wright
 * Hound-Dog Man (1959) as Fiddling Tom Waller
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 33: "Party Line") as Mr. Atkins
 * Route 66 (1961, TV Series, episode "Most Vanquished, Most Victorious") as Doctor
 * Wagon Train (1959-1963, TV Series) as John Bouchette / Boone Caulder
 * The Rifleman (1959-1962, TV Series) as Reverend Jamison / Able 'Abe' Lincoln / Aaron Wingate / Jonas Epps / Frank Blandon
 * The Rebel (ABC-TV, 1959–1961, TV Series) as Ben Crowe / Amos Cooper
 * The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1960) as Sheriff Harlan
 * Cimarron (1960) as Ike Howes (photographer)
 * Have Gun Will Travel (1960) as Curley Ashburne
 * Tales of Wells Fargo (1960-1962, TV Series) as Robert Mapes / Cole Younger
 * Posse from Hell (1961) as Uncle Billy
 * King of Kings (1961) as Peter
 * Mr. Magoo's Christmas Carol (animated TV special) (1962, TV Movie) as Marley's Ghost (voice)
 * Rawhide (1962-1965, TV Series) as Sam Wentworth / Mr. Teisner / Jeb Newton / Monty Fox
 * The Virginian (1962-1966, TV Series) as Uncle Dell Benton / Daniels / Faraway McPhail / Dan Molder
 * Bonanza (NBC-TV, 1962–1967, TV Series) as Matt Jeffers / Hank Penn / Jason Ganther
 * The Dakotas (ABC, 1963, TV Series) as Reverend Walter Wyman
 * Savage Sam (1963) as Pack Underwood (uncredited)
 * Mr. Novak (NBC-TV, 1963, TV Series) as Mr. Metcalfe
 * The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters (ABC-TV, 1964, TV Series) as James Weston
 * 7 Faces of Dr. Lao (1964) as Carey
 * The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1964, TV Series) (Season 3 Episode 2: "Change of Address") as Mr. Miley
 * The Fugitive (1964, TV Series, episode "When the Bough Breaks") as Preacher
 * Death Valley Days (1965-1970, TV Series) as Andrew Bonney / Hannibal McCall / Aaron Winters / Henderson Lewelling
 * Lost in Space (1966, TV Series, episode: 27, "The Lost Civilization") as Major Domo
 * Gunpoint (1966) as Ode
 * Daniel Boone (NBC-TV, 1966–1967, TV Series) as John Maddox / Matty Brenner
 * The Big Valley (1966-1969, TV Series) as Ezra / The Vet / Jesse Bleeck / Rufus Morton
 * Welcome to Hard Times (1967) as John Bear
 * The Last Challenge (1967) as Pretty Horse
 * Day of the Evil Gun (1968) as Dr. Eli Prather
 * If He Hollers, Let Him Go! (1968) as Carl Blair
 * Death of a Gunfighter (1969) as Arch Brandt
 * The Undefeated (1969) as Major Sanders, CSA (one-armed major)
 * Hawaii Five-O (1970, TV Series) as Hody Linquist
 * Run, Simon, Run (1970, TV Movie) as Sheriff Tacksberry
 * Skin Game (1971) as John Brown (abolitionist)
 * The Culpepper Cattle Co. (1972) as Cattle Rustler
 * The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid (1972) as Gustavson
 * Moon of the Wolf (1972, TV Movie) as Tom Sr.
 * Emergency! (1972-1976, TV Series) as Sam / Hallucinating Man
 * Kung Fu (1973, TV Series) as Henry Skowrin
 * Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies (1973) as Jake
 * Messiah of Evil (1973) as Joseph Lang
 * Cahill U.S. Marshal (1973) as MacDonald, Hermit who sells Cahill the mule
 * Electra Glide in Blue (1973) as Coroner
 * Planet of the Apes (1974, TV Series) as Farrow
 * Big Bad Mama (1974) as Reverend Johnson
 * Adam-12 (1975, TV Series) as Walter Covey
 * The Wild Party (1975) as Tex
 * Huckleberry Finn (1975, TV Movie) as Mark Twain
 * Capone (1975) as Anton J. Cermak
 * The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) as Ten Spot
 * Drum (1976) as Zeke Montgomery
 * The Killer Inside Me (1976) as Father
 * Hughes and Harlow: Angels in Hell (1977) as Will Hays
 * Bad Georgia Road (1977) as Arthur Pennyrich
 * Quincy, M.E. (1977, TV Series) as Dr. Williams / Holsang
 * The One Man Jury (1978) as Bartender
 * In Search of Historic Jesus (1979, Documentary) as Prophet #1
 * The Last Ride of the Dalton Gang (1979, TV Movie) as Pa Dalton
 * Little House on the Prairie (1979-1981, TV Series) as Mr. Hector Webb / Harold
 * Take This Job and Shove It (1981) as Beeber
 * Hammett (1982) as Pops
 * Something Wicked This Way Comes (1983) as Tom Fury
 * The Right Stuff (1983) as Minister
 * Teachers (1984) as Ditto Stiles
 * Cocaine Wars (1985) as Bailey
 * Amazing Stories (1986, TV Series) as Elmer Quick / Salvation Army Officer
 * Red Headed Stranger (1986) as Larn Claver
 * House II: The Second Story (1987) as Gramps
 * Date with an Angel (1987) as Treating Doctor in Hospital (uncredited)
 * Once Upon a Texas Train (1988, TV Movie) as Nitro Jones
 * Killer Klowns from Outer Space (1988) as Farmer Gene Green
 * Ghoulies II (1988) as Uncle Ned
 * Spaced Invaders (1990) – Wrenchmuller
 * Twin Peaks (1990) as Judge Clinton Sternwood
 * The Dark Half (1993) as Digger Holt (final film role)

title: Royal Dano


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User:Rajul

Rajul is an Indian Name. In India, both boys and girls have this name. There is a short story behind this name. Rajul is a name normally associated with girls due to it's association with Nemi Kumar. Rajul was the daughter of Ugrasain, who was the king of Junagarh.When Rajul became young, it was decided that she should be married with Prince Nemi Kumar, who was the son of King Shamudra Vijay of Shauripur. On the fixed day the bridegroom Nemi Kumar reached Junagarh with his baraat. At that time Rajul was very happy and she was peeping from the palace.

When the baraat was entering in the city, Nemi Kumar saw the animals in a bara. They were crying very badly. Nemi Kumar asked to his charioteer about this sorrowful scene. The charioteer replied that these animals would be killed for the food of baraat. Hearing this, Nemi Kumar became sad and said to his charioteer, "Oh charioteer! Go back I will not marry now. I will go to Girnar for self-welfare. He became Digamber saint on the Girnar Mountain. Rajul also followed him and she became a lady saint. After penace Nemi Kumar got only knowledge and went to salvation.

In sanskrit, rajul means brilliant as in to shine or illuminate. one of the several meanings of the word 'rajas' in Sanskrit is 'air'. The suffix 'ula' in Sanskrit pronounced in Northern languages as 'ul' is to make the preceding noun as adjective. Thus: 'rajul'--'rajula' = like air, airy. That's why there are some sari's brand with name Rajul which essentially means sari's which are airy and graceful.

There is also some fabric brand in Paris, France named Rajul.

title: User:Rajul


text:
KXST

KXST (1140 AM) was a commercial radio station licensed to North Las Vegas, Nevada, and broadcasting to the Las Vegas metropolitan area. The station was owned by Audacy, Inc. It aired a sports radio and sports betting format, primarily from the co-owned BetQL Network and the CBS Sports Radio Network. That programming continues on 98.5 KLUC-FM-HD2, also owned by Audacy.

KXST's transmitter was near Nellis Air Force Base and Interstate 15, on East Tropical Parkway; the sale of the site is a factor in the station's closure. It was powered at 10,000 watts by day, using a non-directional antenna. Because AM 1140 is a clear channel frequency reserved for XEMR in Monterrey, Mexico, and WRVA in Richmond, Virginia, KXST reduced its power to 2,500 watts and used a directional antenna at night.

First years on 1050 AM
In 1956, the station first signed on as KRBO. It was owned by Rainbow, Incorporated, hence the call sign. The station's original city of license was Las Vegas, and it broadcast on 1050 kHz. Because there is a Class I-A station on 1050, XEG in Monterrey, Mexico, with 150,000 watts, KRBO was limited to only 250 watts and was a daytimer, required to be off the air at sunset.

Move to 1140 AM, subsequent formats
The station was acquired by Meyer Gold, who relocated the studios to the New Frontier Hotel and Casino, changing the call sign to KLUC, for "Luck". Gold was able to get the Federal Communications Commission to allow a move to 1140 kHz in the late 1960s. That was coupled with a boost to 1,000 watts and eventual full-time broadcasting.

In the past, AM 1140 ran a variety of formats, including adult contemporary in the 1970s and mid-1980s as KMJJ, heavy metal The Crusher from 1987 to 1990, and then an AM simulcast of co-owned KLUC-FM. In 1993, the station switched to a tourist information service branded as KXNO Casino Radio, which carried a loop of advertising for shows, casinos and hotels in Las Vegas.

Sports and Hot Talk
In 1996, the station was acquired by American Radio Systems, and flipped to sports talk radio as KSFN The Fan, featuring play-by-play of UNLV Rebels college basketball, Arizona Diamondbacks baseball, and Oakland Raiders football. The station was not very popular, failing to register on Arbitron ratings. In 1999, KSFN flipped to an oldies format branded as Crusin' Oldies, with a focus on music from the late-1950s and early 1960s, primarily targeting the region's baby boomer demographic.

In 2001, KSFN flipped to a talk format as Hot Talk 1140, with a lineup featuring programs including Tom Leykis, Phil Hendrie, and Opie & Anthony. In January 2005, the station re-branded as Spike 1140 AM, a brand extension of the then co-owned, male-oriented cable channel Spike. The station added sports programming, including an affiliation with Sporting News Radio. It also began carrying Los Angeles Dodgers baseball (the team claims southern Nevada within its territory).

Back to Sports
On April 14, 2008, KSFN returned to an all-sports format. It dropped Leykis, and did not pick up the Mike O'Meara Show after the retirement of Don Geronimo from the Don and Mike Show. At the same time, the station added Dan Patrick and expanded programming from Sporting News Radio while retaining Opie & Anthony and the Dodgers. The new format also included local personalities Casey Freelove and Corey Olson hosting "Freelove and Olson" weeknights 7-9pm and Saturdays 1-4pm.

Beginning in August 2008, KSFN also gained the rights to be the official Las Vegas station for USC Trojans football in Las Vegas and began carrying the Sports USA Radio Network NFL doubleheader.

KYDZ Radio, return to Sports
On March 2, 2009, the station changed its call sign to KYDZ and flipped to a children's radio format branded as Kydz Radio, focusing on teen pop and other songs oriented towards tweens. On January 2, 2013, KYDZ returned to sports talk as an owned-and-operated outlet of the newly established CBS Sports Radio Network.

Entercom/Audacy ownership
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th.

In August 2017, a reporter from KLAS-TV obtained an internal e-mail that instructed all of CBS's radio stations in Las Vegas, including KXST, to not cover or otherwise acknowledge the city's new National Hockey League team, the Vegas Golden Knights, on any platform as retaliation for having been outbid by competitor KRLV for rights to be the team's flagship radio station. Following the reports, CBS Radio Las Vegas senior vice president Tony Perlongo apologized to the team and told The Washington Post that he had reversed the policy, stating that it was an "error in judgement on our part", and that CBS Radio would "cover the team, first and foremost on Sports Radio 1140 and on our music and news/talk stations as it makes sense for those formats and audiences."

On June 21, 2021, KXST changed its format from CBS Sports Radio to sports gambling, branded as "The Bet Las Vegas", with programming from the BetQL Network. CBS Sports Radio programming remained in non-prime timeslots. This would be the station's final format, as the sale of its transmitter site lead to the license being cancelled.

Sign off
On February 13, 2023, Audacy announced that KXST would be signing off on March 1, 2023. In November 2022, Audacy sold the land that the AM transmitter sat on for $40 million in an area currently being developed for industrial warehouse uses; KXST was diplexed with KDWN near the Las Vegas Motor Speedway. KXST's BetQL schedule was simulcast on the second HD Radio channel of KLUC-FM, and that station continues to carry the network. Both KXST and KDWN signed off at midnight on February 28, 2023; in the case of KXST, the change on-air was signaled by the station cutting off the beginning of CBS Sports Radio's "After Hours" show, abruptly switching over to "The Star-Spangled Banner" as performed by Chris Stapleton at Super Bowl LVII. The station then concluded its broadcasting activities with the hourly station ID, followed by a picture of the transmitter sites transmitted by slow scan television, and a series of Q code messages ending with "KXST QRT", the latter portion the Q code signal to end transmission.

On September 21, 2023, KXST and sister station KDWN filed applications with the FCC to relocate the two stations' towers and return to the air. No exact timeline was given. The stations did not return to the air within a year of shutting down; on March 11, 2024, Audacy submitted an application to cancel the license.

The Federal Communications Commission cancelled the station’s license on March 22, 2024 because it had been silent for more than twelve consecutive months.

title: KXST


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User talk:Muwahid

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
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Islam sites
Hello, I see you adding sites to various Islam pages... and, well, you need to talk about them individually on those articles' talk pages. Firstly that is not typically how we do references... they are normally footnotes. Secondly wikipedia runs a lot more smoothly if we don't just have people arbitrarily doing things. If you talk about it then maybe you will strike compromise instead of thinking you can always get your way. If you need anything see my talk page. gren グレン 20:56, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for the reply. I haven't seen any of this discussion (I had two books read for class.  I can't look at it now since I have class in not very long.  Also, it is helpful if you sign your talk page posts with ~ since it lets me see that you posted it and at what time.  I will try to look into this more... if you want to tell me what pages you think it should be linked to I can check their discussion pages.  It will probably be accepted or rejected on a page by page basis (I also would need to read the contents of the site).  Thanks. gren グレン 21:05, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I will give you my advice in terms of this example of your edit. You added "This verse is often misunderstood to be misogynist, however, several Muslim writers have refuted this misconceptions on this verse. ".  There are a few things wrong with that.  Muslim writers have contested the meaning, not refuted it.  Some Muslims believe they have the right to hit.  We as an encyclopedia must acknowledge that some Muslims believe that and you must take it into account.  Also, it is better to be clear.  I recommend something like "Dr. Ahmad Shafaat, a (Shia/Sunni/Salafi/Submitters or liberal) Muslim scholar graduate of (XXX school or whatever give him his authority and shows he's not just some guy writing online) has debated this claim in (XXX way, or whatever way he has debated it but very briefly).1.  The footnote part is very important. you will add that and it will link to a footnote with the website linked which will show his view in full and a brief bibliographic entry... you could do some minor annotations to the bibligraphy if you wanted.  You must make sure that this is not a complete minority view (I didn't read the whole thing to know) and if you can find someone more notable with the same view that is always preferred.  This is my recommendation... if you have any questions ask just ask and I'll try to clarify. gren グレン 00:41, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * My guidelines for how to cite that were just an example... if he doesn't call himself any Muslim sect then that is fine, it was just an example on how to better clarify things. I do agree with you that some editors (as you mentioned) do prefer to say disparaging things because of their own bias... and, well, that is a problem we are trying to deal with.  I still don't think you can use "refuted" firstly, writing from "all" perspectives as you say is talking about more than a billion -- of course, many of them are similar or fall in basic schools of thought...  but, to say refuted is mathematical.  There are proofs to refute that 1+1=3 no doubt.  Also, as you say the he takes Muslim views.... and, I don't believe many Muslims claim to by misogynist.  It will be people not too fond of Muslim teachings that say the Qur'an teaches misogynist.  This is all inductive logic, not deductive.  Refutation is deductive.  You can probably honestly say that "most Muslims agree" but you cannot say refute.  It is truly unencyclopedic and not neutral as we must be.  I understand your point of view but it cannot be put that way.  I have written a little thing... it's not so great... but, it displays a lot more neutrality and may stop the reverting wars from both sides.  gren グレン 07:47, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Muwahid


text:
Nethanel ben Isaiah

Nethanel ben Isaiah was a Yemenite Jewish rabbi, Biblical commentator and poet of the fourteenth century. He is best known as the author of a homiletic commentary on the Torah entitled Nur al-Zulm wa-Mashbah al-Hikm, translated into Hebrew as Sefer Me'or ha-Afelah (ספר מאור האפלה).

His work
The first notice of this work was given by Jacob Saphir, who saw a manuscript of it at Hirbah, a small town in Yemen, in 1863. But the beginning of the manuscript was missing, and Saphir's statement that the author's name was Isaiah and that the title was Al-Nur wal-Zulm depends only upon hearsay. Two other manuscripts, one in Berlin and one in the Bodleian Library, bear the author's name, Nethanel ben Isaiah, and the full title of the work, Nur al-Zulm wa-Mashbah al-Hikm wa-Ikhraj al-Ma'ani fi al-Wujud Ba'd al'Adm. Alexander Kohut published a monograph on this work, giving some extracts, under the title "Light of Shade and Lamp of Wisdom" (New York, 1894). This title is given by Kohut as the translation of the Arabic title, though "Light out of Darkness" would be a more fitting translation, since Nethanel's introduction shows that his object was to comment on the obscure passages so as to make sure that their meanings should not escape the student.

Nethanel began his work on the 15th of Tammuz, 1640 of the Seleucidan era (June 23, 1328). Its references to Al-Yemen, San‘a’, and Aden make it appear probable that he wrote it in Yemen, although Steinschneider doubts this. It is written in a mixture of Arabic and Hebrew, and the nature of the work is more midrashic than exegetical. Nethanel quotes both Talmudim and the Targumim, but he is chiefly influenced by the Midrash Rabbah. Of the post-Talmudic authors, he mentions (besides the Geonim and Masoretes) Ibn Janah, Nathan ben Jehiel (under the designation of "the author of the "Arukh"), and especially Maimonides, who was the paramount authority among the Yemenites and from whom he merely copied long passages. Finally, he mentions such Arabic and Greek sources as the Almagest, al-Farabi, and Plato. Nethanel's commentary comprises explanations according to the numerical value of the letters (gematria), some philological notes, and polemical flings at both Christianity and Islam: for instance, in his commentary on he designates Muhammad the "madman" ("meshugga").

Nethanel calls the five books of the Pentateuch (1) Sefer ha-Yashar, (2) Sefer Mekilta, (3) Torat Kohanim, (4) Homesh ha-Pequdim, and (5) Mishneh Torah, and he gives an Aramaic mnemonic formula for the weekly lessons; he is followed in both cases by Mansur al-Dhamari in his Siraj al-'Uqul. Nethanel illustrated his commentary with numerous figures and diagrams—e.g., of the Cave of Machpelah, the altar, the candlestick, etc. He inserted in his work three Hebrew poems, two of which were published by Kohut in his above-mentioned "Light of Shade and Lamp of Wisdom." Nethanel is often quoted under the designation of "ibn Yesha'yah" by Mansur al-Dhamari and by Daud al-Lawani in his philosophical commentary on the Pentateuch entitled al-Wajiz al-Mujna.

title: Nethanel ben Isaiah


text: User talk:70.69.111.50

title: User talk:70.69.111.50


text:
WNPT

WNPT (channel 8) is a PBS member television station in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The station is owned by Nashville Public Television, Inc., a community-funded, non-profit organization. WNPT's studios are located on Rains Avenue in southeast Nashville, and its transmitter is located in the southern suburb of Forest Hills.

Educational television in Nashville began when this station began broadcasting on September 10, 1962, as WDCN-TV on channel 2. Its activation by the school boards of Davidson County and Nashville—which merged that October—was the culmination of years of effort to start an educational station to serve the schools of Middle Tennessee and southern Kentucky. It originally operated from studios being vacated by commercial station WSM-TV. In the 1960s, WDCN-TV was a major producer of educational programming for schools.

On December 11, 1973, WDCN-TV moved to channel 8, and commercial station WSIX-TV moved from channel 8 and became WNGE-TV on channel 2. The agreement provided improved technical facilities for both stations and gave WDCN a cash infusion that allowed it to build its present studios. However, as time went on, the station became an underperformer in PBS, with a conservative approach to programming; very few programs produced for national distribution; and lagging community support. In order to solve these issues and separate the station from the Metro school board, the station was spun out in 1999 to Nashville Public Television and changed its name to WNPT on February 22, 2000. Donations and local programming rose in the early 2000s after the split was carried out.

Educational television in Nashville: Early efforts
In October 1951, Vanderbilt University and the Nashville city school system requested that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) set aside a channel for future educational television, though they had no definitive plans to construct a station at the time. Channel 2 was designated as a reserved non-commercial channel when the commission ended its four-year freeze on television station grants in 1952.

Efforts then began to raise the funds that would be necessary to construct such a station. In 1953, the Nashville Educational Television Foundation was formed as a community entity, and in June 1954, a fundraising drive was initiated with the support of more than 100 local women's organizations. Community response was poor, even though the Ford Foundation promised more time for backers to solicit money. In 1955, when the Tennessee legislature provided a $50,000 experimental grant for educational television, the money went to the better-prepared group in Memphis, though the possibility was left open for Nashville to be next in line. Even though an application remained on file with the FCC, by 1956 the foundation struggled to show progress on its efforts to build channel 2. A lack of capital kept Nashville from having its own educational station. By February 1960, just $20,000 of the original $80,000 in pledges remained in the bank, most of them having been withdrawn when the original fund drive failed.

In February 1960, the Middle Tennessee Radio and Television Council mounted a new effort to promote the establishment of channel 2. Officials visited the Memphis station, WKNO, in early May, and agencies including the school boards of Davidson County and Nashville began appropriating funds for an educational station. An expert in the field told the Nashville Educational Television Foundation, "You have enough money and equipment at your disposal to operate an educational TV station right now." The foundation hired a director and set up offices.

Construction
On January 19, 1961, the Nashville city board of education approved plans to start an educational television station and invited the Davidson County school board to join it. The board's recommendation highlighted the need for public funding to get the station off the ground and noted that ownership by school boards would bring the station closer to its educational mission. This led to some debate as to whether a public or community licensee was a more advantageous arrangement, but a larger matter soon arose when a group of attorneys in Hamilton, Alabama, petitioned the FCC to take unused educational television channel 2 assignments from Nashville and State College, Mississippi, and assign channel 2 for commercial use to their community, which would leave Nashville educational interests to build a channel on the lesser ultra high frequency (UHF) band. At the urging of Albert Gore Sr., the city superintendent of schools petitioned the Nashville city council for funding to avoid losing channel 2. City and county officials informed the FCC of their desire to build and run a station. The FCC rejected the Hamilton request in March. Another roadblock was cleared in July when the Davidson County Court authorized the county to participate in the station project with the city.

An opportunity presented itself for studio facilities. WSM-TV was planning to relocate from its existing site in Nashville's Belmont area, at 15th and Compton avenues, and the tower at the existing site was not being used by that station. Meanwhile, school officials from around the region expressed interest in utilizing the new station; channel 2 would expand the existing educational television offering, in which classes were being provided on a limited basis by the three commercial stations. After first rejecting a $150,000 offer for the WSM-TV property as too low, the station's owner, National Life and Accident Insurance Company, compromised and accepted a $175,000 bid; the two stations would be co-located for two years before the new WSM-TV facility opened. A small addition would be built to the studios.

On February 5, 1962, the two school boards jointly filed for a construction permit, which the FCC granted on March 23. Work then began to replace the disused WSM-TV antenna with one for channel 2 and to install the temporary master control room necessary while channels 2 and 4 shared the building. The station also set its first schedule of programs for schools; high school programs would be broadcast three times daily to accommodate different class schedules, and nearly all grade levels would be offered a course. By May, call letters had been selected: WDCN-TV, representing Davidson County and Nashville.

Early years
The very first program test, a 14-minute film on jet propulsion, went out on the morning of June 25. On the morning of September 10, 1962, high school teacher Jo Ann Ruhr presented the station's first regular program, a 30-minute biology class for high school sophomores; that night, channel 2 presented a preview of its programs for adults from National Educational Television. A total of 18 school systems in Middle Tennessee, including as far away as Paris, Tennessee, and Glasgow, Kentucky, began using WDCN-TV programs. On October 4, the Tennessee Supreme Court upheld the legality of city-county consolidation; with immediate effect, the city and county school systems consolidated into what was known as Metro. WDCN-TV and WSM-TV continued to share studios for a year until WSM-TV's new facility opened in September 1963; one WSM employee ripped his pants on a model of a space rocket used by channel 2, and on one occasion channel 4 broadcast a WDCN-TV station ID.

In September 1963, the station increased its effective radiated power from 16,000 to 100,000 watts utilizing state funding. By 1964, the original roster of 18 school systems utilizing the station's services had swollen to 47 systems with more than 200,000 students, including Bowling Green, Kentucky. WDCN-TV was producing nearly all of its classes in-house and distributing courses to educational stations in Memphis, Chicago, and New York. In addition to schoolchildren, parents and the elderly were also reported to be watching the educational programming.

The founding general manager of WDCN-TV, Robert C. Glazier, departed Nashville in 1965 for a similar post at KETC in St. Louis, where he would receive double the salary. He was replaced by Robert L. Shepherd, the station's production manager. Shepherd, aged 32, was among the youngest station managers in the country at the time.

Channel swap and new studios
In early 1971, WSIX-TV, the city's ABC affiliate on channel 8, approached WDCN-TV and suggested the two switch channels. The proposal had clear advantages for each station. WSIX-TV on channel 2 would be able to increase its circulation and coverage in perimeter areas on the lower VHF band, gaining parity with its competitors on channels 4 and 5, while WSIX-TV would provide space on its tower—some 600 ft higher than the site in use—for the relocated WDCN-TV on channel 8 for 99 years, improving its signal as well. WDCN-TV would also receive new equipment. There was precedent for such a change; in 1970, two stations in New Orleans had exchanged channels. While that proposal remained pending, another important event took place in station history. In 1971, the Metro school board approved the establishment of the Nashville Public Television Council, which would provide the station with fundraising and development support. One of the new board's first actions was to discuss the channel swap.

After receiving Metro school board approval, WSIX-TV and WDCN-TV jointly approached the FCC in March 1972 to petition for the proposed channel exchange. The FCC took the matter under advisement; it approved in March 1973, noting that though it did not typically approve swaps between low-VHF and high-VHF stations, "exceptional circumstances" made the change in the public interest. After accounting for delays in antenna delivery for the channel 8 facility and missing a September target, December 11 was fixed as the date for the swap.

In November, WDCN-TV switched to the new channel 2 antenna at the WSIX-TV tower on Old Hickory Road. At 9 p.m. on December 11, 1973, the two stations came together for a formal announcement of the channel swap with explanations from Robert Young and Big Bird. WSIX-TV moved to channel 2 as WNGE-TV and began showing Marcus Welby, M.D., while WDCN-TV changed to channel 8 with an installment of The Six Wives of Henry VIII.

In addition to equipment and facilities, WDCN-TV also received $755,000 in cash from WSIX-TV to make the swap. This would be a key funding source as the station sought to build new facilities using that money, federal grants, and $1.3 million in bonds to be issued by Metro. The board of education approved plans in October 1974 to build the studio on the site of the former Central High School; ground was broken in April 1975. The 43000 ft2 facility would provide two studios totaling 7675 ft2, more than seven times the size of the existing station studio, with room for a third. The station moved to the building in November 1976, though it was not formally dedicated until September 1977. One of the new studios shared its equipment with WDCN-TV's mobile production truck. The 15th Avenue and Compton site was later occupied by an emergency communications center for Metro.

The "-TV" suffix in the station's call sign was dropped in 1983.

Spin-off from Metro
Under program director Gaylord Ayers, who worked for Metro, the station adopted a generally conservative programming approach that sometimes made headlines for turning down popular programs. In 1986, the station refused to air a program on John Lennon because of bad language; similar reasoning was cited when the station turned down a show on AIDS a year later. One key PBS program, American Playhouse, was turned down as too expensive. The award-winning series South Africa Now, covering apartheid, was rejected by Ayers as "advocacy journalism at an intense level". Four years later, the station passed on Tales of the City, a series that brought some of the highest ratings in PBS history but depicted the gay community and also showed nudity and drug use. In June 1994, a feature report by Sandy Smith in The Tennessean asked, "What's Wrong With This Picture?" It found a station in need of repair. The 1973-vintage transmitting equipment obtained in the channel swap had surpassed its useful life; needed capital expenses were accumulating. The station's school board-led programming policy was constraining; risk-taking in program strategy was discouraged by the structure of the Nashville Public Television Council vis-a-vis the school board. Where once there had been 36 public television stations controlled by school boards, the figure had dwindled to eight by 1994. Live gavel-to-gavel coverage of Metro Council hearings occupied 46 hours a year and displaced PBS programs; this service only migrated to a government-access cable channel in 1997 because WDCN needed to fulfill commitments to PBS underwriters for time slots for shows such as Nova and Frontline. The station had a nearly nonexistent profile as a producer of nationally distributed programs, with only a handful of cultural series ever being picked up by PBS.

After the report, WDCN management proposed that the station be spun off from Metro and to a non-profit community licensee. It commissioned a report from a consultant that recommended the station be split from the school board, stating that doing so would increase community support based on the experiences of other PBS members (KVPT, KRMA, and KTEH) that had done so successfully. The report found that donors often shied away from giving because they assumed the station received sufficient public support from Metro. The need to increase community funding was seen as particularly pressing given projected declines in federal support for public television. Station officials also hoped increased revenues would help them bolster their meager offering of local programming.

In March 1998, the Metro Board of Education voted to permit a split of WDCN in principle as long as the station could prove its financial viability as an independent entity by June 1999. In the first pledge drive after the separation was approved, donations were up 50 percent. Amidst this process, general manager Robert Shepherd announced his intention to retire in 1999 after more than 35 years with the station. He was replaced by former WGBH-TV employee Steve Bass, who charted a strategy to improve the station's coverage of arts and local affairs. Amid this changeover, WDCN began managing two educational access channels on local cable systems; this continued through 2003.

The Board of Education officially approved the transfer of WDCN to the new entity, Nashville Public Television, on April 27, 1999. The school board would provide reduced support for five years before ceasing funding of the station altogether after 2003. In splitting from a government agency, the station followed the path of the four educational stations previously built and owned by the Tennessee state government, which were transferred to community licensees in the early 1980s.

WNPT: Nashville Public Television
On February 22, 2000, reflecting the change in ownership and strategy, WDCN became WNPT (Nashville Public Television). In the next five years, Bass was able to increase fundraising to the point where it replaced much of the lost Metro support; the station increased its membership base from 16,000 to 19,500. New programs focused on Nashville's music scene, such as a documentary on Hank Williams Sr., won national distribution from PBS, while the station launched its digital signal in 2004. Even though Bass was able to reduce the percentage of grant funding in NPT's budget from 65 percent to 30 percent, the station took longer to recover from the deficits created by the end of Metro subsidies for the station's operation and had to scale back some programming and operational functions to compensate.

When Bass left in 2005 to become the CEO of Oregon Public Broadcasting, he was replaced by his second-in-command, Beth Curley. Curley ran NPT for 12 years, retiring in 2017. During Curley's tenure, the station began multicasting with a secondary channel, NPT2, which also featured coverage of the Tennessee House of Representatives.

WNPT shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 8, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 46 to VHF channel 8 for post-transition operations. It then moved again to channel 7 in 2020 as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction.

Curley was replaced as president and CEO by Kevin Crane; Crane resigned in 2020, and the board selected Becky Magure, leader of WCTE in nearby Cookeville, Tennessee, to replace him as leader of NPT the next year.

Funding
In fiscal year 2022, NPT generated $6.5 million in operating revenue. Individual giving represented 42 percent of this revenue, with 17 percent coming in the form of restricted gifts by corporations and foundations. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting supplied 20 percent of its funding. There were 22,254 total contributors to the station.

Local programming
Among the station's local programs are two series that debuted in the WDCN era, Tennessee Crossroads (debuted 1987 ) and Volunteer Gardener (debuted 1991 ). Another long-running series was A Word with Words, literary interviews hosted by The Tennessean editor and NPT volunteer John Seigenthaler. The program ran for 42 years with Seigenthaler as host until his death in 2014. A new interstitial series with the same name began soon after and is hosted by novelists Alka Yoshi and J. T. Ellison.

Since 2012, NPT has produced and distributed Christmas at Belmont, a holiday performing arts program featuring students at Belmont University. In 2021, the tenth year that the special was produced for PBS, 91 percent of stations carried it.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

title: WNPT


text:
Software as a service

Software as a service (SaaS ) is a form of cloud computing in which the provider offers the use of application software to a client and manages all the physical and software resources used by the application. The distinguishing feature of SaaS compared to other software delivery models is that it separates "the possession and ownership of software from its use". SaaS began around the turn of the twenty-first century and became the main form of software application deployment by 2023.

SaaS is usually accessed via a web application. Unlike most self-hosted software products, only one version of the software exists and only one operating system and configuration is supported. SaaS products typically run on top of rented infrastructure as a service (IaaS) or platform as a service (PaaS) systems including hardware and sometimes operating systems and middleware to accommodate rapid increases in usage while providing the instant and continuous availability that customers expect. SaaS customers are provided with the abstraction of limitless computing resources, while economy of scale drives down the cost.

There are no specific software development practices that distinguish SaaS from other application development, although often there is a focus on frequent testing and releases. SaaS architectures are typically multi-tenant; although usually they achieve superior efficiency by sharing at least some resources between clients, it is not uncommon to offer a completely siloed environment for an additional fee. Common SaaS revenue models include freemium, subscription, and usage-based fees. Unlike traditional software, rarely is it possible to buy a perpetual license for a certain version of the software.

Cloud computing
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is the most basic form of cloud computing, where infrastructure resources—such as physical computers—are not owned by the user but instead leased from a cloud provider. As a result, infrastructure resources can be increased rapidly, instead of waiting weeks for computers to ship and set up. IaaS requires time and expertise to make use of the infrastructure in the form of operating systems and applications. Platform as a service (PaaS) includes the operating system and middleware, but not the applications. SaaS providers typically use PaaS or IaaS services to run their applications.

Without IaaS, it would be extremely difficult to make an SaaS product scalable for a variable number of users while providing the instant and continual availability that customers expect. Most end users consume only the SaaS product and do not have to worry about the technical complexity of the physical hardware and operating system. Because cloud resources can be accessed without any human interactions, SaaS customers are provided with the abstraction of limitless computing resources, while economy of scale drives down the cost. Another key feature of cloud computing is that software updates can be rolled out and made available to all customers nearly instantaneously. In 2019, SaaS was estimated to make up the plurality, 43 percent, of the cloud computing market while IaaS and PaaS combined account for approximately 25 percent.

History
In the 1960s, multitasking was invented, enabling mainframe computers to serve multiple users simultaneously. Over the next decade, timesharing became the main business model for computing, and cluster computing enabled multiple computers to work together. Cloud computing emerged in the late 1990s with companies like Amazon (1994), Salesforce (1999), and Concur (1993) offering Internet-based applications on a pay-per-use basis. All of these focused on a single product to seize a high market share. Beginning with Gmail in 2004, email services were some of the first SaaS products to be mass-marketed to consumers. The market for SaaS grew rapidly throughout the early twenty-first century. Initially viewed as a technological innovation, SaaS has come to be perceived more as a business model. By 2023, SaaS had become the primary method that companies deliver applications.

Popular consumer SaaS products include all social media websites, email services like Gmail and its associated Google Docs Editors, Skype, Dropbox, and entertainment products like Netflix and Spotify. Enterprise SaaS products include Salesforce's customer relationship management (CRM) software, SAP Cloud Platform, and Oracle Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning.

Revenue models
Some SaaS providers offer free services to consumers that are funded by means such as advertising, affiliate marketing, or selling consumer data. One of the most popular models for Internet start-ups and mobile apps is freemium, where the company charges for continued use or a higher level of service. Even if the user never upgrades to the paid version, it helps the company capture a higher market share and displace customers from a rival. However, the company's hosting cost increases with the number of users, regardless of whether it is successful at enticing them to use the paid version. Another common model is where the free version only provides demonstration (crippleware). Online marketplaces may charge a fee on transactions to cover the SaaS provider costs. It used to be more common for SaaS products to be offered for a one-time cost, but this model is declining in popularity. A few SaaS products have open source code, called open SaaS. This model can provide advantages such as reduced deployment cost, less vendor commitment, and more portable applications.

The most common SaaS revenue models involve subscription and pay for usage. For customers, the advantages include reduced upfront cost, increased flexibility, and lower overall cost compared to traditional software with perpetual software licenses. In some cases, the steep one-time cost demanded by sellers of traditional software were out of the reach of smaller businesses, but pay-per-use SaaS models makes the software affordable. Usage may be charged based on the number of users, transactions, amount of storage spaced used, or other metrics. Many buyers prefer pay-per-usage because they believe that they are relatively light users of the software, and the seller benefits by reaching occasional users who would otherwise not buy the software. However, it can cause revenue uncertainty for the seller and increases the overhead for billing.

The subscription model of SaaS offers a continuing and renewable revenue stream to the provider, although vulnerable to cancellation. If a significant number are cancelled, the viability of the business can be placed in jeopardy. The ease of canceling a subscription and switching to a competitor leave customers with the leverage to get concessions from the seller. While recurring revenues can help the business and attract investors, the need for customer service skills in convincing the customer to renew their subscription is a challenge for providers switching to subscription from other revenue models.

Adoption
SaaS products are typically accessed via a web browser as a publicly available web application. This means that customers can access the application anywhere from any device without needing to install or update it. SaaS providers often try to minimize the difficulty of signing up for the product. Many capitalize on the service-oriented structure to respond to customer feedback and evolve their product quickly to meet demands. This can enable customers to believe in the continued improvement of the product and help the SaaS provider get customers from an established traditional software company that likely can offer a deeper feature set.

Although on-premises software is often less secure than SaaS alternatives, security and privacy are among the main reasons cited by companies that do not adopt SaaS products. SaaS companies have to protect their publicly available offerings from abuse, including denial-of-service attacks and hacking. They often use technologies such as access control, authentication, and encryption to protect data confidentiality. Nevertheless, not all companies trust SaaS providers to keep sensitive data secured. The vendor is responsible for software updates, including security patches, and for protecting the customers' data. SaaS systems inherently have a greater latency than software run on-premises due to the time for network packets to be delivered to the cloud facility. This can be prohibitive for some uses, such as time-sensitive industrial processes or warehousing.

The rise of SaaS products is one factor leading many companies switched from budgeting for IT as a capital expenditure to an operating expenditure. The process of migration to SaaS and supporting it can also be a significant cost that must be accounted for.

Development
A challenge for SaaS providers is that demand is not known in advance. Their system must have enough slack to be able to handle all users without turning any away, but without paying for too many resources that will be unnecessary. If resources are static, they are guaranteed to be wasted during non-peak time. Sometimes cheaper off-peak rates are offered to balance the load and reduce waste. The expectation for continuous service is so high that outages in SaaS software are often reported in the news.

There are not specific software development practices that differentiate SaaS from other application development. SaaS products are often released early and often to take advantage of the flexibility of the SaaS delivery model. Agile software development is commonly used to support this release schedule. Many SaaS developers use test-driven development, or otherwise emphasize frequent software testing, because of the need to ensure availability of their service and rapid deployment. Domain-driven design, in which business goals drive development, is popular because SaaS products must sell themselves to the customer by being useful. SaaS developers do not know in advance which devices customers will try to access the product from—such as a desktop computer, tablet, or smartphone—and supporting a wide range of devices is often an important concern for the front-end development team. Progressive web applications allow some functionality to be available even if the device is offline.

SaaS applications predominantly offer integration protocols and application programming interfaces (APIs) that operate over a wide area network.

Architecture
SaaS architecture varies significantly from product to product. Nevertheless, most SaaS providers offer a multi-tenant architecture. With this model, a single version of the application, with a single configuration (hardware, network, operating system), is used for all customers ("tenants"). This means that the company does not need to support multiple versions and configurations. The architectural shift from each customer running their own version of the software on their own hardware affects many aspects of the application's design and security features. In a multi-tenant architecture, many resources can be used by different tenants or shared between multiple tenants.

The structure of a typical SaaS application can be separated into application and control planes. SaaS products differ in how these planes are separated, which might be closely integrated or loosely coupled in an event- or message-driven model. The control plane is in charge of directing the system and covers functionality such as tenant onboarding, billing, and metrics, as well as the system used by the SaaS provider to configure, manage, and operate the service. Many SaaS products are offered at different levels of service for different prices, called tiering. This can also affect the architecture for both planes, although it is commonly placed in the control plane. Unlike the application plane, the services in the control plane are not designed for multitenancy.

The application plane—which varies a great deal depending on the nature of the product—implements the core functionality of the SaaS product. Key design issues include separating different tenants so they cannot view or change other tenants' data or resources. Except for the simplest SaaS applications, some microservices and other resources are allocated on a per-tenant basis, rather than shared between all tenants. Routing functionality is necessary to direct tenant requests to the appropriate services.

Some SaaS products do not share any resources between tenants—called siloing. Although this negates many of the efficiency benefits of SaaS, it makes it easier to migrate legacy software to SaaS and is sometimes offered as a premium offering at a higher price. Pooling all resources might make it possible to achieve higher efficiency, but an outage affects all customers so availability must be prioritized to a greater extent. Many systems use a combination of both approaches, pooling some resources and siloing others. Other companies group multiple tenants into pods and share resources between them.

Legal issues
In the United States, constitutional search warrant laws do not protect all forms of SaaS dynamically stored data. The result is that governments may be able to request data from SaaS providers without the owner's consent.

Certain open-source licenses such as GPL-2.0 do not explicitly grant rights permitting distribution as a SaaS product in Germany.

title: Software as a service


text:
Signalman

A signalman is a person who historically made signals using flags and light. In modern times, the role of signalmen has evolved and now usually uses electronic communication equipment. Signalmen usually work in rail transport networks, armed forces, or construction (to direct heavy equipment such as cranes). Many armed forces now use the rank of signaller instead.

title: Signalman


text: User:JPPINTO

title: User:JPPINTO


text:
Bacillus safensis

Bacillus safensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, and rod bacterium, originally isolated from a spacecraft in Florida and California. B. safensis could have possibly been transported to the planet Mars on spacecraft Opportunity and Spirit in 2004. There are several known strains of this bacterium, all of which belong to the Bacillota phylum of Bacteria. This bacterium also belongs to the large, pervasive genus Bacillus. B. safensis is an aerobic chemoheterotroph and is highly resistant to salt and UV radiation. B. safensis affects plant growth, since it is a powerful plant hormone producer, and it also acts as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, enhancing plant growth after root colonization. Strain B. safensis JPL-MERTA-8-2 is (so far) the only bacterial strain shown to grow noticeably faster in micro-gravity environments than on the Earth surface.

Discovery and importance
Thirteen strains of the novel bacterium Bacillus safensis were first isolated from spacecraft surfaces and assembly-facility surfaces at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida as well as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. The bacterium gets its name from the JPL Spacecraft Assembly Facility (SAF). Researchers used customary swabbing techniques to detect and collect the bacteria from cleanrooms where the spacecraft were put together in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The bacterium was accidentally brought to Mars during space missions due to contamination of clean rooms. Contamination of clean rooms during space travel is an area of concern for planetary protection as it can threaten microbial experimentation and give false positives of other microbial life forms on other planets.

V.V. Kothari and his colleagues from Saurashtra University in Gujarat, India, first isolated another strain, B. safensis VK. Strain VK was collected from Cuminum cyminum, a cumin plant in the desert area of Gujarat, India. Specifically, the bacteria were collected from the rhizosphere of the cumin plant.

Ram S. Singh and colleagues discovered one of the strains, AS-08, in soil samples of root tubers of asparagus plants in a botanical garden at Punjabi University in India. B. safensis AS-08 was found to have inulase activity, which is used for the production of fructooligosaccharides and high-fructose corn syrup. Fructooligosaccharides are used as artificial sweeteners and can be found in many commercial food products. Corn syrup is also found in many processed foods.

Davender Kumar and colleagues from Kurukshetra University in India isolated strain DVL-43 from soil samples. This strain was found to possess lipase, which is an important enzyme for fat digestion. Lipases are a class of chemicals that are abundant in nature amongst plants, animals and microorganisms that are widely used in industry for production of food, paper products, detergents and biodiesel fuel.

P. Ravikumar of the Government Arts College at Bharathiar University in India isolated strain PR-2 from explosive-laden soil samples. This strain was identified by its 16S rDNA sequence by Sanger dideoxy sequencing method and deposited in the GenBank in Maryland, U.S. It carries the accession number KP261381 with 885 base pairs of linear DNA and the base count 175 a 295 c 199 g 216 t.

Physical characteristics and metabolism
Bacillus safensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming rod bacterium. B. safensis is also an aerobic chemoheterotroph. Cell size ranges from 0.5 to 0.7 μm in diameter and 1.0–1.2 μm in length. This species is motile, and use polar flagella for locomotion. Cells are considered mesophilic, as they can grow in temperatures of 10 - 50 C. B. safensis FO-036b has an optimal temperature range of 30 - 37 C, and cannot grow at 4 or. B. safensis FO-036b prefers 0–10% salt, and a pH of 5.6. This strain was also found to produce spores that are resistant to hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation.

Strain VK of B. safensis is a salt-tolerant microorganism, and can grow beyond the 0–10% salt range of the general microbial species. This strain can grow in 14% NaCl, with a pH ranging from 4 to 8. Strain VK also contains genes that encode for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase enzyme. This enzyme is able to generate 2-oxobutanoate and ammonia by cleaving the precursor of plant hormone, ethylene 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate. This enables the plant to tolerate salt, heavy metals, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Because of these features, B. safensis VK is a powerful plant hormone producer.

Genomics
The genome of Bacillus safensis strain FO-036b shows a GC-content of 41.0-41.4 mol%.

The B. safensis VK genomic DNA was obtained from a 24-hr-old nutrient broth culture. Isolation of this strain was performed using a GenElute commercial DNA isolation kit, and whole-genome shotgun sequencing was carried out. Thirty-nine contigs, overlapping DNA fragments, greater in size than 200 base pairs were observed in strain VK. This strain displays a GC-content of 46.1% in a circular chromosome of 3.68 Mbp. 3,928 protein-coding sequences were identified, and 1,822 protein-coding sequences were appointed to one of the 457 RAST subsystems. RAST, Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology, is a server that generates bacterial and archaeal genome annotations. The genome also displays 73 tRNA genes. The B. safensis VK genome sequence can be found in GenBank under the accession number AUPF00000000. Another strain, DVL-43, can also be found in GenBank under the accession number KC156603, and strain PR-2 can be found under accession number KP261381. A detailed Whole Genome Phylogenetic Analysis of the genomes of B. safensis, B. pumilus and other Bacillota species, showed them to be separated into three distinct clusters. One of the large sub clusters includes not only strains classified/identified (in literature) as belonging to B. safensis but also some B. pumilus strains, thus suggesting how phylogenetic profiling may enable re-examining the strain designations.

Strains
Listed below are currently identified Bacillus safensis strains, including where they were discovered, and the year discovered (if available).

 * Bacillus safensis subsp. safensis FO-36B – clean room – California (1999)
 * Bacillus safensis NH21E_2 – sediment – South China Sea
 * Bacillus safensis B204-B1-5 – sediment – South China Sea
 * Bacillus safensis EMJ-O3-B1-22 – sediment – South China Sea
 * Bacillus safensis CJWT7 – sediment – South China Sea
 * Bacillus safensis SLN29 – sediment – South China Sea
 * Bacillus safensis BMO4-13 – surface water – Pacific Ocean
 * Bacillus safensis D21 – sediment – Arctic Ocean
 * Bacillus safensis HYg-9 – intestinal tract contents of fish – Xiamen Island
 * Bacillus safensis NP-4 – surface water – Arctic Ocean
 * Bacillus safensis 15-BO4 10-15-3 – Sediment – Bering Sea
 * Bacillus safensis DW3-7 – aquaculture water – shrimp farm
 * Bacillus safensis FO-33 – clean room – California (1999)
 * Bacillus safensis SAFN-001 – entrance floor of Jet Propulsion Lab (2001)
 * Bacillus safensis SAFN-027 – ante room of Jet Propulsion Lab (2001)
 * Bacillus safensis SAFN-036 – clean room of Jet Propulsion Lab (2001)
 * Bacillus safensis SAFN-037 – clean room floor of JPL (2001)
 * Bacillus safensis KL-052 – clean room cabinet top of JPL (2001)
 * Bacillus safensis 51-3C – Mars Odyssey spacecraft surface (2002)
 * Bacillus safensis 81-4C – Mars Odyssey assembly facility floor (2002)
 * Bacillus safensis A2-2C – Mars Odyssey assembly facility floor (2002)
 * Bacillus safensis 84-1C – Mars Odyssey assembly facility floor (2002)
 * Bacillus safensis 84-3C – Mars Odyssey assembly facility floor (2002)
 * Bacillus safensis 84-4C – Mars Odyssey assembly facility floor (2002)
 * Bacillus safensis JPL-MERTA-8-2 - Mars Exploration Rover clean room of JPL (2004)
 * Bacillus safensis DVL-43 – India
 * Bacillus safensis VK – Gujarat, India
 * Bacillus safensis AS08 – botanical garden - Punjabi University, India
 * Bacillus safensis PR-2 – explosive laden soil - Tamil Nadu, India (2015)
 * Bacillus safensis subsp. safensis HCM-06 – rhizospheric soil – India(2022)
 * Bacillus safensis BB2 – bee bread (fermented bee pollen) - Malaysia (2018)
 * Bacillus safensis MAE 17 - soil - Egypt (2019)
 * Bacillus safensis subsp. osmophilus BC09 - condensed milk - Spain (2019)

Differentiation between related species
Several isolates of the genus Bacillus are nearly identical to Bacillus pumilus. The group of isolates related to B. pumilus contains five related species: B. pumilus, B. safensis, B. stratosphericus, B. altitudinis, and B. aerophilus. These species are difficult to distinguish due to their 99.5% similarity in their 16S rRNA gene sequence. Recently, scientists have discovered an alternate way to differentiate between these closely related species, especially B. pumilus and B. safensis.

DNA gyrase is an important enzyme that introduces a negative supercoil to the DNA and is responsible for the biological processes in DNA replication and transcription. DNA gyrase is made of two subunits, A and B. These subunits are denoted as gyrA and gyrB. The gyrB gene, subunit B protein, is a type II topoisomerase that is essential for DNA replication. This gene is conserved among bacterial species. The rate of evolution at the molecular level deduced from gyrB-related gene sequences can be determined at a more accelerated rate compared to the 16S rRNA gene sequences. These subunits have provided a way to phylogenetically distinguish between the diversity of species related to B. pumilus, which includes B. safensis. Strain B. safensis DSM19292 shares 90.2% gyrA sequence similarity with B. pumilus strain DSM 27.

In 1952, a strain of B. pumilus was discovered in the DSMZ culture and labeled as strain DSM 354. The strain was identified before B. safensis was discovered. In 2012, a gyrA sequence similarity was tested between the B. pumilus strain DSM 354 and B. pumilus strain DSM 27, as well as against B. safensis strain DSM 19292 (type strain FO-36b). Strain DSM 354 showed a 90.4% and 98% sequence similarity with B. pumilus strain DSM 27 and B. safensis strain DSM 19292, respectively. These results indicated that DSM 354 may in fact be a B. safensis strain, instead of a B. pumilus strain. These results supported that gyrA sequences could be used to differentiate between closely related bacteria.

title: Bacillus safensis


text:
Readymoney Cove

Readymoney Cove (Porth Mundy, meaning mineral house cove) is a sandy beach to the south of the harbour town of Fowey, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is sheltered by cliffs close to the mouth of the River Fowey estuary and bounded, on one side, by the medieval part of the town of Fowey and, on the other, by St Catherine's Castle. The beach can be covered during spring tides. The beach is cleaned daily during high season, and a bathing platform is moored in the bay. There is a small shop with public toilet facilities both of which are open all year round. Dogs are banned between 10am and 6pm during July and August. Above the cove is the former coach house which was the home of author, Daphne du Maurier, for a few years during the Second World War. Comedian Dawn French used to live in a house overlooking the cove.

title: Readymoney Cove


text:
Talk:Nahor

Untitled
Nahor is more proper a name, especially if referring to Terah rather than Terach. Being renamed. --jnothman 02:23, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nahor


text:
Pure Imagination

"Pure Imagination" is a song from the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. It was written by British composers Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley specifically for the movie. It was sung by Gene Wilder who played the character of Willy Wonka. Bricusse has stated that the song was written over the phone in one day. The song has a spoken introduction.

Since its release, the song has been covered and remixed hundreds of times by a wide variety of artists. The original song was not popular when it was first released. The film itself was not a blockbuster and other songs from the soundtrack performed better. It was not until the movie began appearing on television reruns in the 1980s that the film and "Pure Imagination" became more well known. Although the original song never charted, some cover versions have done so.

In the week following Wilder's death in 2016, the song rose in streams and sales by more than 1000%. The song was featured in television, radio, and social media tributes to Wilder. While it was not at all used for the 2005 film adaptation Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, the song was featured in the 2023 prequel film Wonka, both in its promotional materials and the film itself, sung by Timothée Chalamet as Wonka.

Notable cover versions

 * In 2011, the song made its first entry into the Billboard Hot 100 when it was covered by the cast of the TV series Glee. (US No. 59)
 * In September 2013, the song was featured in a Chipotle short film, sung by Fiona Apple. (US No. 104).
 * Ruby Arias (portrayed by Emma Tremblay) sang the song for a school concert in the Supergirl episode "The Faithful".
 * An instrumental version of the song is featured in the 2017 Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok.
 * In Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (musical), every production, except the London version which has it in the Great Glass Elevator, has Willy Wonka sing it in the Chocolate Room.

title: Pure Imagination


text:
First appearance datum

First appearance datum (FAD) is a term used by geologists and paleontologists to designate the first appearance of a species in the geologic record. FADs are determined by identifying the geologically oldest fossil discovered, to date, of a particular species. A related term is last appearance datum (LAD), the last appearance of a species in the geologic record.

FADs are frequently used to designate segments in the geologic time scale. A given FAD can be used to define a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). For example, the beginning of the Tremadocian Stage of the Ordovician Period is marked by the first appearance of the conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus in the geologic record. This occurs in bed 23 of the rock formation known as the Green Point section, located in western Newfoundland, as well as in geologically correlated strata in many parts of the world. However, diachronous FADs can be problematic for correlating chronostratigraphic units, particularly over longer distances. Use of other data, such as radiometric data, may be ultimately necessary in order to establish more reliable correlations of chronostratigraphic units.

title: First appearance datum


text: User talk:65.54.155.45

title: User talk:65.54.155.45


text: Category:1909 in law

title: Category:1909 in law


text: User talk:65.54.97.189

title: User talk:65.54.97.189