text:
Dorudon

Dorudon ("spear-tooth") is a genus of extinct basilosaurid ancient whales that lived alongside Basilosaurus 40.4 to 33.9 million years ago in the Eocene. It was a small whale, with D. atrox measuring 5 m long and weighing 1 - 2.2 MT. Dorudon lived in warm seas around the world and fed on small fish and mollusks. Fossils have been found along the former shorelines of the Tethys Sea in present-day Egypt and Pakistan, as well as in the United States, New Zealand and Western Sahara.

Taxonomic history
described Dorudon serratus based on a fragmentary maxilla and a few teeth found in South Carolina. He concluded that the teeth must have belonged to a mammal since they were two-rooted, that they must have been teeth from a juvenile since they were hollow, and also noted their similarity to the teeth then described for Zeuglodon (Basilosaurus). When exploring the type locality, Gibbes discovered a lower jaw and twelve caudal vertebrae, which he felt obliged to assign to Zeuglodon together with his original material. Gibbes concluded that Dorudon were juvenile Zeuglodon and consequently withdrew his new genus. He did, however, allow Louis Agassiz at Harvard to examine his specimens, and the Swiss professor replied that these were neither teeth of a juvenile nor those of Zeuglodon, but of a separate genus just as Gibbes had first proposed.

described Prozeuglodon atrox (="Proto-Basilosaurus") based on a nearly complete skull, a dentary and three associated vertebrae presented to him by the Geological Museum of Cairo. , however, realized that Andrews' specimen was a juvenile, and, he assumed, the same species as Zeuglodon isis, described by Andrews 1906. Kellogg also realized that the generic name Zeuglodon was invalid and therefore recombined it Prozeuglodon isis. Since then many specimens have been referred to Prozeuglodon atrox, including virtually every part of the skeleton, and it has become obvious that it is a separate genus, not a juvenile "Proto-Zeuglodon". Kellogg placed several of the species of Zeuglodon described from Egypt in the early 20th century (including Z. osiris, Z. zitteli, Z. elliotsmithii and Z. sensitivius) in the genus Dorudon. synonymized these four species and grouped them as Saghacetus osiris.

The current taxonomic status of Dorudon is based on 's revision of Dorudon and detailed description of D. atrox. Before this, the taxonomy of Dorudon was in disarray and based on a limited set of specimens.

D. atrox is known from Egypt, D. serratus from Georgia and South Carolina in the United States. The type species D. serratus was, and still is, based solely on two partial maxillae with a few teeth, cranial fragments, and a dozen vertebrae with some additional material, collected but not described by Gibbes, and referred to the type species. Before Uhen 2004, D. atrox was based solely on Andrews holotype skull, lower jaw, and the vertebrae he referred to it, but is now the best-known archaeocete species.

The two species of Dorudon differ from other members of Dorudontinae mainly in size: they are considerably larger than Saghacetus and slightly larger than Zygorhiza, but also differ from both these genera in dental and/or cranial morphology. The limited known material for D. serratus makes it difficult to compare the two species of Dorudon. placed D. atrox in the same genus as D. serratus because of similarities in size and morphology, but kept them as separate species because of differences in dental morphology. Even though D. serratus is the type species, the description of Dorudon is largely based on D. atrox because of its completeness. The cranial morphology of D. atrox makes it distinct from all other archaeocetes.

Description

Dorudon was a medium-sized whale, with D. atrox reaching 5 m in length and 1 - 2.2 MT in body mass. Dorudontines were originally believed to be juvenile individuals of Basilosaurus as their fossils are similar but smaller. They have since been shown to be a different genus with the discovery of Dorudon juveniles. Although they look very much like modern whales, basilosaurines and dorudontines lacked the melon organ that would allow their descendants to use echolocation as effectively as modern whales. Like other basilosaurids, their nostrils were midway from the snout to the top of the head.

Dentition
The dental formula for Dorudon atrox is.

Typical for cetaceans, the upper incisors are aligned with the cheek teeth, and, except the small I1, separated by large diastemata containing pits into which the lower incisors fit. The upper incisors are simple conical teeth with a single root, lacking accessory denticles, and difficult to distinguish from lower incisors. The upper incisors are missing in most specimens and are only known from two specimens. The upper canine is a little larger than the upper incisors, and, like them, directed slightly buccally and mesially.

P1, only preserved in a single specimen, is the only single-rooted upper premolar. Apparently, P1 is conical, smaller than the remaining premolars and lacks accessory denticles. P2 is the largest upper tooth and the first in the upper row with large accessory denticles. Like the more posterior premolars, it is buccolingually compressed and double-rooted. It has a dominant central protocone flanked by denticles that decrease in size mesially and distally, resulting in a tooth with a triangular profile. P3 is similar to but slightly smaller than P2, except that it has a projection on the lingual side which is the remnant of a third root. In P4, smaller than P2–3, the larger distal root is formed by the fusion of two roots.

The upper molars extend onto the zygomatic arch and are considerably smaller than their neighbouring premolars. Like P4, their distal root is wider than the mesial and formed by the fusion of two roots. The profiles of the molars are more rounded than those of the premolars.

Similar to the upper incisors, the lower incisors are simple conical teeth curved distally and aligned with the cheek teeth. I1, the smallest tooth, is sitting on the anteriormost portion of the dentary, with its alveolus left open towards the mandibular symphysis and located as close to the alveolus of I2 as it can. I2, I3 and C1 are very similar, considerably larger than I1.

The lower premolars are double-rooted, buccolingually compressed teeth, except the deciduous P1 which is single-rooted. P3 is the second-largest cheek tooth, P4 the largest; both are very similar, dominated by the central cusp.

In the lower molars, the accessory denticles on the mesial edges are replaced by a deep groove called the reentrant groove. The apical cusp is the primitive protoconid. M2 and M3 are morphologically very similar. M3 is sitting high on the ascending mandibular ramus.

Paleoecology
Dorudon calves may have fallen prey to hungry Basilosaurus, as shown by unhealed bite marks on the skulls of some juvenile Dorudon.

title: Dorudon


text:
Political repression in the Soviet Union

Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution. It culminated during the Stalin era, then declined, but it continued to exist during the "Khrushchev Thaw", followed by increased persecution of Soviet dissidents during the Brezhnev era, and it did not cease to exist until late in Mikhail Gorbachev's rule when it was ended in keeping with his policies of glasnost and perestroika.

Origins and early Soviet times
Secret police had a long history in Tsarist Russia. Ivan the Terrible used the Oprichina, while more recently the Third Section and Okhrana existed.

Early on, the Leninist view of the class conflict and the resulting notion of the dictatorship of the proletariat provided the theoretical basis of the repressions. Its legal basis was formalized into the Article 58 in the code of the Russian SFSR and similar articles for other Soviet republics.

According to the Marxist historian Marcel Liebman, Lenin's wartime measures such as banning opposition parties was prompted by the fact that several political parties either took up arms against the new Soviet government, or participated in sabotage, collaborated with the deposed Tsarists, or made assassination attempts against Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders. Liebman noted that opposition parties such as the Cadets who were democratically elected to the Soviets in some areas, then proceeded to use their mandate to welcome in Tsarist and foreign capitalist military forces. In one incident in Baku, the British military, once invited in, proceeded to execute members of the Bolshevik Party who had peacefully stood down from the Soviet when they failed to win the elections. As a result, the Bolsheviks banned each opposition party when it turned against the Soviet government. In some cases, bans were lifted. This banning of parties did not have the same repressive character as later bans enforced under the Stalinist regime. Trotsky also argued that he and Lenin had intended to lift the ban on the opposition parties such as the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries as soon as the economic and social conditions of Soviet Russia had improved.

At times, the repressed were called the enemies of the people. Punishments by the state included summary executions, sending innocent people to Gulag, forced resettlement, and stripping of citizen's rights. Repression was conducted by the Cheka secret police and its successors, and other state organs. Periods of increased repression include the Red Terror, Collectivization, the Great Purges, the Doctors' Plot, and others. The secret police forces conducted massacres of prisoners on numerous occasions. Repression took place in the Soviet republics and in the territories occupied by the Soviet Army during and following World War II, including the Baltic states and Eastern Europe.

State repression led to incidents of popular resistance, such as the Tambov peasant rebellion (1920–1921), the Kronstadt rebellion (1921), and the Vorkuta Uprising (1953); the Soviet authorities suppressed such resistance with overwhelming military force and brutality. During the Tambov rebellion, Mikhail Tukhachevsky (chief Red Army commander in the area) authorized Bolshevik military forces to use chemical weapons against villages with civilian population and rebels. Publications in local Communist newspapers openly glorified liquidations of "bandits" with the poison gas. The Internal Troops of the Cheka and the Red Army practiced the terror tactics of taking and executing numerous hostages, often in connection with desertions of forcefully mobilized peasants. According to Orlando Figes, more than 1 million people deserted from the Red Army in 1918, around 2 million people deserted in 1919, and almost 4 million deserters escaped from the Red Army in 1921.

In 1919, 612 "hardcore" deserters of the total 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed following Trotsky's dracionan measures. According to Figes, "a majority of deserters (most registered as "weak-willed") were handed back to the military authorities, and formed into units for transfer to one of the rear armies or directly to the front". Even those registered as "malicious" deserters were returned to the ranks when the demand for reinforcements became desperate". Forges also noted that the Red Army instituted amnesty weeks to prohibit punitive measures against desertion which encouraged the voluntary return of 98,000-132,000 deserters to the army.

For a long time historians assumed that the destruction of the officer cadre of the Red Army happened during Stalin's Great Purge. However new data that emerged on the break of the 21st century radically changed this perception, and the information was uncovered about the so-called Vesna Case, a massive series of Soviet repressions targeting former officers and generals of the Russian Imperial Army who had served in the Red Army and Soviet Navy, a major purge of the Red Army during 1930-1931.

Red Terror
In his book, Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky, Trotsky also argued that the reign of terror began with the White Terror under the White Guard forces and the Bolsheviks responded with the Red Terror. There is no consensus among the Western historians on the number of deaths from the Red Terror in Soviet Russia. One source gives estimates of 28,000 executions per year from December 1917 to February 1922. Estimates for the number of people shot during the initial period of the Red Terror are at least 10,000. Estimates for the whole period go for a low of 50,000 to highs of 140,000 and 200,000 executed. Most estimations for the number of executions in total put the number at about 100,000. However, social scientist Nikolay Zayats from the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus has argued that the figures have been greatly exaggerated due to White Army propaganda.

According to Vadim Erlikhman's investigation, the number of the Red Terror's victims is at least 1,200,000 people. According to Robert Conquest, a total of 140,000 people were shot in 1917–1922. Candidate of Historical Sciences Nikolay Zayats states that the number of people shot by the Cheka in 1918–1922 is about 37,300 people, shot in 1918–1921 by the verdicts of the tribunals—14,200, i.e. about 50,000–55,000 people in total, although executions and atrocities were not limited to the Cheka, having been organized by the Red Army as well.

In 1924, anti-Bolshevik Popular Socialist Sergei Melgunov (1879–1956) published a detailed account on the Red Terror in Russia, where he cited Professor Charles Saroléa's estimates of 1,766,188 deaths from the Bolshevik policies. He questioned the accuracy of the figures, but endorsed Saroléa's "chracterisation of terror in Russia", stating it matches reality. Modern historian Sergei Volkov, assessing the Red Terror as the entire repressive policy of the Bolsheviks during the years of the Civil War (1917–1922), estimates the direct death toll of the Red Terror at 2 million people. Volkov's calculations, however, do not appear to have been confirmed by other major scholars.

Collectivization
Collectivization in the Soviet Union was a policy, pursued between 1928 and 1933, to consolidate individual land and labour into collective farms (колхо́з, kolkhoz, plural kolkhozy). The Soviet leaders were confident that the replacement of individual peasant farms by kolkhozy would immediately increase food supplies for the urban population, the supply of raw materials for processing industry, and agricultural exports generally. Collectivization was thus regarded as the solution to the crisis in agricultural distribution (mainly in grain deliveries) that had developed since 1927 and was becoming more acute as the Soviet Union pressed ahead with its ambitious industrialization program. As the peasantry, with the exception of the poorest part, resisted the collectivization policy, the Soviet government resorted to harsh measures to force the farmers to collectivize. In his conversation with Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin gave his estimate of the number of "kulaks" who were repressed for resisting Soviet collectivization as 10 million, including those forcibly deported. Recent historians have estimated the death toll in the range of six to 13 million.

Great Purge
The Great Purge (Большой террор, transliterated Bolshoy terror, The Great Terror) was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin in 1937–1938. It involved the purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, repression of peasants, deportations of ethnic minorities, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and killings. Estimates of the number of deaths associated with the Great Purge run from the official figure of 681,692 to nearly 1,2 million.

LGBT persecution
On September 15, 1933, the deputy head of the OGPU, Genrikh Yagoda reported to Joseph Stalin about the disclosure of the "conspiracy of the homosexual community" in Moscow, Leningrad and Kharkiv. As Yagoda pointed out in the explanatory note, "the conspirators were engaged in the creation of a network of salons and other organized formations, with the subsequent transformation of these associations into direct spy cells".

Stalin ordered "to punish the scumbags" in a demonstrative way, and to introduce a corresponding directive into the legislation. At the first stage, about 130 people were arrested who gave the necessary confessions under torture, and on December 17, 1933, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR decided to extend criminal liability to "unnatural relationship". The article was added to the Criminal Code of the RSFSR on April 1, 1934 in the section "sexual crimes" under number 154-a. "Voluntary" sexual intercourse between two men was sentenced to three to five years in the camps, and for "cohabitation" with the use of violence - from five to eight. Nikolai Klyuev was the first known homosexual to suffer from Soviet repressions. The poet was accused of writing love lyrics that "were written from a male person to a male person." In February 1934, Klyuyev was arrested in his apartment on charges of "composing and distributing counter-revolutionary literary works", and in 1937 he was shot .

In later times, the most famous victim of the Soviet repression against the LGBT was a film director Sergei Parajanov.

Population transfers
Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be divided into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories within the population, who were often classified as "enemies of the workers"; deportations of nationalities; labor force transfer; and organised migrations in opposite directions in order to fill the ethnically cleansed territories. In most cases their destinations were underpopulated and remote areas (see Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union).

Entire nations and ethnic groups were collectively punished by the Soviet government for their alleged collaboration with the enemy during World War II. At least nine distinct ethnic-linguistic groups, including ethnic Germans, ethnic Greeks, ethnic Poles, Crimean Tatars (recognized as genocide), Balkars, Chechens, and Kalmyks, were deported to remote and unpopulated areas of Siberia (see sybirak) and Kazakhstan. Koreans and Romanians were also deported. Mass operations of the NKVD were needed to deport millions of people, many of whom died. According to various sources, more than 6 million people were deported, with the death toll ranging from 800,000 to 1,500,000 in the USSR only.

Gulag

The Gulag "was the branch of the State Security that operated the penal system of forced labour camps and associated detention and transit camps and prisons. While these camps housed criminals of all types, the Gulag system has become primarily known as a place for political prisoners and as a mechanism for repressing political opposition to the Soviet state."

Repressions in annexed territories
During the early years of World War II, the Soviet Union annexed several territories in Eastern Europe as a consequence of the German–Soviet Pact and its Secret Additional Protocol.

Baltic States
In the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, repressions and mass deportations were carried out by the Soviets. The Serov Instructions, "On the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia", contained detailed procedures and protocols to observe in the deportation of Baltic nationals. Public tribunals were also set up to punish "traitors to the people": those who had fallen short of the "political duty" of voting their countries into the USSR. In the first year of Soviet occupation, from June 1940 to June 1941, the number confirmed executed, conscripted, or deported is estimated at a minimum of 124,467: 59,732 in Estonia, 34,250 in Latvia, and 30,485 in Lithuania. This included 8 former heads of state and 38 ministers from Estonia, 3 former heads of state and 15 ministers from Latvia, and the then-president, 5 prime ministers and 24 other ministers from Lithuania.

Post-Stalin era (1953–1991)
After Stalin's death, the suppression of dissent was dramatically reduced and it also took new forms. The internal critics of the system were convicted of anti-Soviet agitation, anti-Soviet slander, or they were accused of being "social parasites". Other critics were accused of being mentally ill, they were accused of having sluggish schizophrenia and incarcerated in "psikhushkas", i.e. mental hospitals which were used as prisons by the Soviet authorities. A number of notable dissidents, including Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vladimir Bukovsky, and Andrei Sakharov, were sent to internal or external exile.

Loss of life

Estimates of the number of deaths attributable specifically to Joseph Stalin vary widely. Some scholars assert that record-keeping of the executions of political prisoners and ethnic minorities are neither reliable nor complete; others contend archival materials contain irrefutable data far superior to sources utilized prior to 1991, such as statements from emigres and other informants. Those historians working after the Soviet Union's dissolution have estimated victim totals ranging from approximately 3 million to nearly 9 million. Some scholars still assert that the death toll could be in the tens of millions.

American historian Richard Pipes noted: "Censuses revealed that between 1932 and 1939—that is, after collectivization but before World War II—the population decreased by 9 to 10 million people. In his most recent edition of The Great Terror (2007), Robert Conquest states that while exact numbers may never be known with complete certainty, at least 15 million people were killed "by the whole range of Soviet regime's terrors". Rudolph Rummel in 2006 said that the earlier higher victim total estimates are correct, although he includes those killed by the government of the Soviet Union in other Eastern European countries as well. Conversely, J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft insist that the opening of the Soviet archives has vindicated the lower estimates put forth by "revisionist" scholars. Simon Sebag Montefiore in 2003 suggested that Stalin was ultimately responsible for the deaths of at least 20 million people.

Some of these estimates rely in part on demographic losses. Conquest explained how he arrived at his estimate: "I suggest about eleven million by the beginning of 1937, and about three million over the period 1937–38, making fourteen million. The eleven-odd million is readily deduced from the undisputed population deficit shown in the suppressed census of January 1937, of fifteen to sixteen million, by making reasonable assumptions about how this was divided between birth deficit and deaths."

Australian historian Stephen G. Wheatcroft claims that prior to the opening of the archives for historical research, "our understanding of the scale and the nature of Soviet repression has been extremely poor" and that some specialists who wish to maintain earlier high estimates of the Stalinist death toll are "finding it difficult to adapt to the new circumstances when the archives are open and when there are plenty of irrefutable data" and instead "hang on to their old Sovietological methods with round-about calculations based on odd statements from emigres and other informants who are supposed to have superior knowledge." Conversely, some historians believe that the official archival figures of the categories that were recorded by Soviet authorities are unreliable and incomplete. In addition to failures regarding comprehensive recordings, as one additional example, Canadian historian Robert Gellately and British historian Simon Sebag Montefiore argue that the many suspects beaten and tortured to death while in "investigative custody" were likely not to have been counted amongst the executed.

Remembering the victims

A Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Political Repression (День памяти жертв политических репрессий) has been officially held on 30 October in Russia since 1991. It is also marked in other former Soviet republics except Ukraine, which has its own annual Day of Remembrance for the victims of political repressions by the Soviet regime, held each year on the third Sunday of May.

Members of the Memorial society took an active part in such commemorative meetings. Since 2007, Memorial had also organised the day-long "Restoring the Names" ceremony at the Solovetsky Stone in Moscow every 29 October. The organization was banned by the Russian government in 2022. Some of Memorial's human rights activities have continued in Russia.

The Wall of Grief in Moscow, inaugurated in October 2017, is Russia's first monument ordered by presidential decree for people killed during the Stalinist repressions in the Soviet Union.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Soltak

 * Member Since: 10 January 2005

 * My Contributions

 * Edit Count

My Wikipedia Philosophy
For anyone interested, I am a deletionist. That doesn't mean that I want Wikipedia to consist of very few articles, it means that I want Wikipedia to consist of many, many well written and informative articles. Wikipedia is not paper, but it is also not a receptacle for any useless garbage that pops into someone's head. More specific views on individual topics can be found here.

title: User:Soltak


text:
Gilly

Gilly is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

History
Gilly is first mentioned in 1179 as de Iusliaco. In 1278 it was mentioned as Gillie.

Geography
Gilly has an area,, of 7.8 km2. Of this area, 4.27 km2 or 55.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.69 km2 or 34.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.75 km2 or 9.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.4%. Out of the forested land, 33.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 26.2% is used for growing crops and 5.7% is pastures, while 23.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was part of the Rolle District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Gilly became part of the new district of Nyon.

It consists of the village of Gilly and the hamlet of Vincy.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Paly of six Argent and Gules, overall a Chevron Or; in chief Gules three Escallops Or.

Demographics
Gilly has a population of. , 22.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 28.5%. It has changed at a rate of 26.1% due to migration and at a rate of 2.9% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (638 or 83.1%), with German being second most common (47 or 6.1%) and English being third (30 or 3.9%). There are 7 people who speak Italian.

The age distribution,, in Gilly is; 121 children or 13.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 139 teenagers or 14.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 62 people or 6.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 133 people or 14.2% are between 30 and 39, 183 people or 19.6% are between 40 and 49, and 126 people or 13.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 77 people or 8.2% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 58 people or 6.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 30 people or 3.2% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 5 people or 0.5% who are 90 and older.

, there were 305 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 389 married individuals, 38 widows or widowers and 36 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 314 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 95 households that consist of only one person and 15 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 322 households that answered this question, 29.5% were households made up of just one person and there were 3 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 92 married couples without children, 109 married couples with children There were 9 single parents with a child or children. There were 6 households that were made up of unrelated people and 8 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 122 single family homes (or 54.2% of the total) out of a total of 225 inhabited buildings. There were 48 multi-family buildings (21.3%), along with 40 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (17.8%) and 15 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.7%).

, a total of 303 apartments (84.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 42 apartments (11.7%) were seasonally occupied and 14 apartments (3.9%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.7%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Campagne De Beaulieu, Vincy Castle and Farm House ECA 148 are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 31.23% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (17.22%), the SP (16.26%) and the Green Party (12.61%). In the federal election, a total of 259 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 49.0%.

Economy
, Gilly had an unemployment rate of 3.7%. , there were 101 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 20 businesses involved in this sector. 32 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 9 businesses in this sector. 161 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 22 businesses in this sector. There were 389 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.6% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 227. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 72, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 32 of which 23 or (71.9%) were in manufacturing and 9 (28.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 123. In the tertiary sector; 29 or 23.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 13 or 10.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 9 or 7.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 2 or 1.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 7 or 5.7% were in education and 54 or 43.9% were in health care.

, there were 126 workers who commuted into the municipality and 279 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 8.7% of the workforce coming into Gilly are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 9.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 64% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 196 or 25.5% were Roman Catholic, while 363 or 47.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.39% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 75 individuals (or about 9.77% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 16 (or about 2.08% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 3 individuals who were Buddhist and 4 individuals who belonged to another church. 117 (or about 15.23% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 24 individuals (or about 3.13% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Gilly about 259 or (33.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 127 or (16.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 127 who completed tertiary schooling, 54.3% were Swiss men, 28.3% were Swiss women, 9.4% were non-Swiss men and 7.9% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 114 students in the Gilly school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 1,249 children of which 563 children (45.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 59 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 54 students in those schools. There was also 1 student who was home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 4 students in Gilly who came from another municipality, while 87 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Gilly


text:
Calamagrostis purpurascens

Calamagrostis purpurascens, is a perennial grass commonly known as purple reedgrass, purple pinegrass, or alpine reedgrass.

Description
Calamagrostis purpurascens is a large, clump forming, perennial grass; growing 30-80 cm (12-31 in.) tall. It grows from short rhizomes and has dense, often purpled tinted flower heads that are 4 to 13 cm (1.6 to 5.1 in.) long. It has one flowered spikelets, two subequal glumes, and lemma with a dorsal awn. The awn is longer than the glum and sharply bent, and longer than the tip of the spikelet. Flowering stems have typically one or two leaves.

Distribution
Calamagrostis purpurascens is native from arctic Greenland, to much of Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon Territory) and the western and northern U.S. (Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming). It is rare and scattered in the southern U.S. states, such as Louisiana, where it is a post-glacial relict.

Further south, C. purpurascens is also known in Chile, where it was recorded by Rodolfo Amando Philippi in 1860. Philippi gave it the name Deyeuxia robusta, now relegated to synonymy.

It is also found in Asia (in eastern Siberia).

Habitat
Calamagrostis purpurascens grows in dry mountainous zones, from high up on the foothills to close to the snow-line, often taking root in gaps in the talus, where few other plants can grow. It is an arctic-alpine species with disjunct boreal populations in eastern North America. In Minnesota it is an endangered species found growing in the north eastern part of the state in the coniferous region in Cook county where it is found on tall north facing cliffs composed of slate and diabase; these locations are cool, moist, and lack heavy competition from other plant species.

Ecology
Carterocephalus palaemon (arctic skipper) butterflies eat the nectar from C. purpurascens flowers, and their caterpillars feed on the shoots. Ovis canadensis (bighorn sheep) are known to graze this grass.

title: Calamagrostis purpurascens


text:
Sean McKeever

Sean Kelley McKeever (born 1972) is an American comic book writer. Born in Appleton, Wisconsin he grew up in Eagle River.

Career
Since the end of his creator-owned teen drama series The Waiting Place, which was published from 1997 to 2002, McKeever has written several series for Marvel Comics, including The Incredible Hulk, Sentinel, Mary Jane, Inhumans and Gravity.

In 2005, he won an Eisner Award for Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition.

He has written for the monthly comic books Gravity, Marvel Adventures Spider-Man, Sentinel and Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane, all for Marvel Comics, and on January 9, 2007, DC Comics announced that McKeever had signed an exclusive contract with the publisher. He was a part of the writing team working on DC's weekly series Countdown, and took over for Gail Simone as the writer of Birds of Prey after issue #112, however, his last issue was #117 due to time constraints with deadlines. Sean also took up writing duties on Teen Titans with the double sized August issue #50 and also wrote the Terror Titans limited series that spun off from this. His run on Teen Titans has ended with issue #71, although he has continued with a Ravager back-up story starting in #72.

It was announced at Wizard World Philadelphia 2009 that McKeever, no longer under exclusive contract to DC, would write the limited series Nomad: Girl Without a World for Marvel Comics and this led into Young Allies a new series and team formed after the Heroic Age line-wide reboot, all with artist David Baldeon.

McKeever also wrote a new story for The Waiting Place illustrated by Mike Norton. The story was printed in The Waiting Place: The Definitive Edition from IDW Publishing.

Self-published

 * Counter 24-hour comic
 * Looking at the Front Door
 * The Meredith Club

Anarchy

 * Vampi: Vicious #1-3

Caliber

 * Negative Burn #30, 38, 44

DC Comics

 * Birds of Prey #113-117
 * Countdown Presents: The Search for Ray Palmer: Crime Society #1
 * Countdown to Final Crisis #47, 42, 39, 35, 31, 27, 18, 4, 3 & 2
 * Teen Titans #50-71, Annual 2009 #1 (Ravager co-feature from #72-80)
 * Terror Titans #1-6 (Limited Series)
 * Titans #11-13

Devil's Due

 * G.I. Joe: Frontline #9-10

Marvel Comics

 * Amazing Fantasy vol. 2 #15
 * Captain America #602-615 (backup stories)
 * Elektra: The Official Movie Adaptation
 * Firestar #1-
 * Gravity #1-5 (limited series)
 * Incredible Hulk #26, 30-32
 * Inhumans vol. 6 #1-12
 * Marvel Age Fantastic Four #1-4
 * Marvel Double Shot #3
 * Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #5-12
 * Mary Jane #1-4 (limited series)
 * Mary Jane: Homecoming #1-4 (limited series)
 * Mega Morphs toy insert mini-comics (6 total)
 * Mega Morphs #1-4 (limited series)
 * Mystique #14-24
 * Nomad: Girl Without a World (with David Baldeon, 4-issue limited series, 2008)
 * Sentinel #1-12
 * Sentinel vol. 2 #1-5 (limited series)
 * Spider-Girl #51
 * Spider-Man Family #1-2
 * Spider-Man Family Featuring Spider-Man's Amazing Friends
 * Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane #1-20
 * Ultimate X-Men #75 (backup story)
 * Young Allies #1-6
 * X-Men Origins: Jean Grey

Sirius

 * Tower (2002)

SLG

 * Waiting Place, The #1-6
 * Waiting Place, The vol. 2 #1-12

About Comics

 * 24 Hour Comics All-Stars (Softcover) (ISBN 0-9753958-4-X)

DC Comics

 * Birds of Prey: Metropolis or Dust (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-1962-8)
 * Countdown to Final Crisis vol. 1 (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-1789-1); vol. 2 (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-1824-9); vol. 3 (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-1911-6); vol. 4 (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-1912-3)
 * Countdown Presents: The Search for Ray Palmer (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-1798-3)
 * Teen Titans vol. 8: Titans of Tomorrow (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-1807-2)
 * Teen Titans vol. 9: On the Clock (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-1971-0)
 * Teen Titans vol. 10: Changing of the Guard (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-2309-0)
 * Teen Titans: Deathtrap (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-2509-4)
 * Terror Titans (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-2294-9)
 * Titans: Lockdown (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-4012-2476-9)

Devil's Due

 * G.I. Joe: Frontline vol 4 - One-Shots (Softcover) (ISBN 1-932796-21-5)
 * Lloyd Kaufman Presents: The Toxic Avenger And Other Tromatic Tales (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-932796-90-2)

IDW Publishing

 * Waiting Place: The Definitive Edition, The (Softcover) (ISBN 978-1-60010-526-5)

Marvel Comics

 * Elektra: The Official Movie Adaptation (Softcover) (ISBN 0-7851-1713-X)
 * Gravity: Big-City Super Hero (Digest) (ISBN 0-7851-1798-9)
 * Inhumans vol 1: Culture Shock (Digest) (ISBN 0-7851-1755-5)
 * Marvel Age Fantastic Four vol 1: All For One (Digest) (ISBN 0-7851-1468-8)
 * Marvel Adventures Spider-Man vol 1 (Hardcover) (ISBN 978-0-7851-2432-0)
 * Marvel Adventures Spider-Man vol 2: Power Struggle (Digest) (ISBN 0-7851-1903-5)
 * Marvel Adventures Spider-Man vol 3: Doom With a View (Digest) (ISBN 978-0-7851-2000-1)
 * Mary Jane vol 1: Circle of Friends (Digest) (ISBN 0-7851-1467-X)
 * Mary Jane vol 2: Homecoming (Digest) (ISBN 0-7851-1779-2)
 * Mega Morphs (Digest) (ISBN 0-7851-1868-3)
 * Mini Marvels: Secret Invasion (Digest) (ISBN 978-0-7851-3717-7)
 * Mystique vol. 3: Unnatural (Softcover) (ISBN 0-7851-1556-0)
 * Mystique vol. 4: Quiet (Softcover) (ISBN 0-7851-1475-0)
 * Sensational Spider-Man: Back in Black (Hardcover) (ISBN 978-0-7851-2920-2); (Softcover) (ISBN 978-0-7851-2997-4)
 * Sentinel vol 1: Salvage (Digest) (ISBN 0-7851-1380-0)
 * Sentinel vol 2: No Hero (Digest) (ISBN 0-7851-1368-1)
 * Sentinel vol 3: Past Imperfect (Digest) (ISBN 0-7851-1914-0)
 * Spider-Man Family vol. 1: Back in Black (Digest) (ISBN 978-0-7851-2626-3)
 * Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane vol 1 (Hardcover) (ISBN 978-0-7851-2610-2)
 * Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane vol 2 (Hardcover) (ISBN 978-0-7851-3083-3)
 * Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane vol 1: Super Crush (Digest) (ISBN 978-0-7851-1954-8)
 * Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane vol 2: The New Girl (Digest) (ISBN 978-0-7851-2265-4)
 * Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane vol 3: My Secret Life (Digest) (ISBN 978-0-7851-2266-1)
 * Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane vol 4: Still Friends (Digest) (ISBN 978-0-7851-2564-8)
 * Spider-Man: Amazing Friends (Digest) (ISBN 978-0-7851-3764-1)
 * Ultimate X-Men vol. 8 (Hardcover) (ISBN 978-0-7851-3080-2)
 * Ultimate X-Men vol. 16: Cable (Softcover) (ISBN 978-0-7851-2548-8)
 * X-Men Origins (Hardcover) (ISBN 978-0-7851-3451-0)
 * Young Inhumans (Softcover) (ISBN 978-0-7851-3382-7)

SLG

 * Waiting Place Book One, The (Softcover) (ISBN 0-943151-36-8)
 * Waiting Place Book Two, The (Softcover) (ISBN 0-943151-53-8)
 * Waiting Place Book Three, The (Softcover) (ISBN 0-943151-76-7)

Comic strips

 * Crankshaft 5/15/2006-5/20/2006 (uncredited writer)
 * Funky Winkerbean 4/10/2006-4/15/2006; 4/17/2006-4/22/2006; 5/22/2006-5/27/2006; 5/29/2006-6/3/2006; 6/19/2006-6/24/2006; plus an additional 10 weeks, Monday-Saturday (uncredited writer)

Marvel

 * Alaris (with Matt Clark) first appeared in Inhumans vol. 6 #1
 * Aftershock (with Casey Jones) first appeared in Spider-Girl #51
 * Andy Anderson (with Patrick Scherberger) first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #7
 * Black Death (with Mike Norton) first appeared in Gravity #1
 * Brushfire (with Mike Norton) first appeared in Gravity #5
 * Helena Carlson (with Manuel Garcia) first appeared in Mystique #14
 * Gravity/Greg Willis (with Mike Norton) first appeared in Gravity #1
 * Intello (with Mike Norton) first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #11
 * Jolen (with Matt Clark) first appeared in Inhumans vol. 6 #1
 * Positron (with Kristian Donaldson) first appeared in Amazing Fantasy vol. 2 #15
 * San (with Matt Clark) first appeared in Inhumans vol. 6 #2
 * Juston Seyfert (with UDON) first appeared in Sentinel #1
 * Lauren Singh (with Mike Norton) first appeared in Gravity #1

title: Sean McKeever


text:
Category:Airlines of Tonga

See also: List of airlines and List of defunct airlines

title: Category:Airlines of Tonga


text:
Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works

This style guideline aims to create a consistent method of displaying lists of works, such as lists of texts, discographies and filmographies.

Ordering
Items should normally be listed in chronological order of production, earliest first.

Musical works by a single composer are typically listed by opus or catalogue number, or sometimes by genre.

In the case of a complex series of works, items can sometimes be split into groups, e.g. contains sub-lists for each series of novels.

List styles
Basic lists are used in the majority of articles, e.g. Henry James or The Illuminatus! Trilogy or The KLF. It's also the easiest style to add to and edit, for wikicode-newcomers. See wikicode examples further below.

If the list is part of an article about the creator then the section title "Works" or "Publications" is preferred.

 * Advanced list styles
 * Where a series grows complex, tables can be used, e.g. or.
 * When free license artwork is available, a gallery form may be more suitable (combined with any of the options above). Fair-use imagery used in such gallery form is usually unacceptable.

Basic list style – examples
Lists of published works should be included for authors, illustrators, photographers and other artists. The individual items in the list do not have to be sufficiently notable to merit their own separate articles. Complete lists of works, appropriately sourced to reliable scholarship (WP:V), are encouraged, particularly when such lists are not already freely available on the internet. If the list has a separate article, a simplified version should also be provided in the main article.

When to split out articles: If an article already exists on an author or artist, then a separate article for a list of that person's works (such as Jorge Luis Borges bibliography or Robert A. Heinlein bibliography) is warranted if the list becomes so long that its inclusion in the main article would be unsuitable. See Category:Bibliographies by writer, Category:Filmographies, and Category:Discographies for specific examples.

Even though items in a list of works are not strictly speaking citations, our various citation templates are often a good way to format a list item. The templates provide a consistent format, and their documentation is a handy way to check that all relevant information is provided.

Books in English
For works created and first published in English, vital information is the title and year of first publication. Provide the subtitle too, unless it is painfully longwinded. Thus within Max Beerbohm:

 * The Works of Max Beerbohm, with a Bibliography by John Lane (1896)
 * More (1899)
 * Yet Again (1909)
 * Zuleika Dobson; or, An Oxford Love Story (1911)

These should be supplemented with publication details where helpful. (The standard form is "Place: Publisher, Year.") Thus within the article on the cartoonist and illustrator John Glashan:

 * Sex and the Single Girl. By Helen Gurley Brown. London: Four Square, 1964. (This edition has "£ove $tory", an unpaginated 32-page supplement by Glashan, between pages 128 and 129.)
 * The Good Loo Guide: Where to Go in London. By Jonathan Routh with Brigid Segrave. London: Wolfe, 1965. Second (expanded) edition: Wolfe, 1968.

Other editions, perhaps all other editions, of Sex and the Single Girl lack this supplement, so the publication details are likely to be useful to the Glashan hunter. And the reader learns not just that there were two editions of The Good Loo Guide but that the second is bigger than the first. (ISBNs (see section below) are useful in examples similar to these; however, both of these Glashan editions predate ISBNs.)

ISBNs
Provide the ISBN of one or more editions when doing so seems to be helpful. ISBNs are unlikely to be helpful for books that either have had or are to have many editions: a reader looking for Zuleika Dobson can easily type "zuleika dobson" into a search engine. Given a single ISBN, a reader may instead only copy this in and thereby miss other editions.

When you provide an ISBN for an edition, complement this with the precise publication details: this will help point out exactly what the ISBN denotes, and so for example a reader in the US will not waste time searching for an edition restricted to the British market. Thus from the article on Nicholson Baker:

 * The Mezzanine: A Novel (1988, Weidenfeld & Nicolson; ISBN 1-55584-258-5 / 1990, Vintage; ISBN 0-679-72576-8)
 * Room Temperature: A Novel (1990, Grove Weidenfeld; ISBN 0-8021-1224-2 / 1990, Vintage; ISBN 0-679-73440-6 / 1990, Granta; ISBN 0-14-014212-6 / 1991, Granta; ISBN 0-14-014021-2)

– although the places of publication would be useful here, and anyway perhaps this pair would better be rendered simply as

 * The Mezzanine: A Novel (1988)
 * Room Temperature: A Novel (1990)

until a substantively different edition of either book appears (one with a corrected text, afterword, etc.).

Online books and articles
When a book or article is available online through a site such as Internet Archive, Project Gutenberg, Google Books, or an open access website, it may be useful to provide a link to the online content so readers can view it; the link should always be accompanied by the necessary information such as title and publication date. The link itself may be either a bare URL, or it can be embedded in a template. There is no requirement either to add or remove such links. A link to Google Books should only be added if the book is available for preview.

Books in languages other than English
When a book is in a language other than English, make this clear. Add an English translation of the title where helpful (and the title of the English translation where it exists), but don't substitute a translation for the original. If the original title is not in roman script, provide it in roman script and in the original. Thus within Vladimir Nabokov bibliography:

 * (1932) Podvig (Подвиг (Heroic Deed)); English translation: Glory (1971)
 * (1932) Kamera Obskura (Камера Обскура); English translations: Camera Obscura (1936), Laughter in the Dark (1938)
 * (1936) Otchayanie (Отчаяние); English translation: Despair (1937, 1966)

The reader of Russian is told, and can use, the Cyrillic script; the non-reader of Russian learns the original title and what it means.

Use Lang to mark up text in other languages than English.

Parallel texts, alternative titles
If the book has parallel texts or otherwise is directed to people reading two or more languages, provide the various titles, unless perhaps it has an English title that you are certain will show up in any search, anywhere. In the article on the photographer Kęstutis Stoškus:

 * Vilnius: Senamiesčio fotografijos / Photographs of the Old Town. Vilnius: E. Karpavičiaus leidykla, 2004. ISBN 9955-9650-3-7 (Text in Lithuanian and English.)

(However, accuracy is very important. If, say, you're confronted with a book with texts and titles in English and Chinese but are not confident of your ability to type in the Chinese correctly, skip the Chinese and say so in the article's talk page; somebody else can later add the Chinese correctly.)

Other second-language titles
In Japan and elsewhere, a title in a second language is often added to the main title of a monolingual book. Particularly if the second language is English, provide the second title, but also provide the main title. From the article on the photographer Bishin Jumonji:

 * Ran no fune (『蘭の舟』) / Orchid Boat. Tokyo: Tōjusha, 1981. The title alone is in English as well as Japanese: all the text is in Japanese only.

Template
Cite book may be used to format bibliography entries; for single-author lists, use author-mask to avoid repeating the author's name.

Discographies
These are included for musical acts (solo or group), composers and other people who have a list of contributions to music, also for important musical works such as operas. Ordered from oldest to newest. Vital information is the title and year; label and notes are optional. Items may also be divided into sub-sections, e.g. singles, albums, DVDs.

or A few examples of acceptable formatting styles, using the discography of Sloan (band):
 * Title (year), label – notes
 * Title (label, year) – notes
 * Smeared (1993)
 * Twice Removed (Geffen, 1994)
 * One Chord to Another (Murderecords, June 12, 1996) – Canadian release

Musicians who have released a significant amount of work should be given their own discography articles.

For artists without separate discography pages, relevant discographical information, such as record labels, date(s) of release, chart positions, and sales certifications, may be included in the discography section. The use of a table may be advisable to keep the information readable and organized.

The exact format chosen will depend on the discography and the amount of verifiable information available, which may vary greatly between musical acts. In all cases, the format should follow from what's best for the article, and not vice versa.

For discographies on compositions see, for example, Porgy and Bess discography and Mass in B minor discography.

Filmographies
These are included for actors, directors, producers and other people who have a list of contributions in film. Ordered from oldest to newest. Vital information is title, year and, for actors, role; notes are optional. When the person has different types of film-related jobs (e.g. acting and directing), the filmography can be split into separate subsections for each.

An example, using actor Keira Knightley's film roles:
 * Title (year), role&nbsp;– notes
 * The Hole (2001), Frances "Frankie" Almond Smith
 * Bend It Like Beckham (2002), Juliette "Jules" Paxton – Knightley's break-out performance
 * Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), Elizabeth Swann

WP:ACTOR is an example of the style of filmography endorsed by WikiProject Actors and Filmmakers.

Templates

 * MOSLOW – categorizes tagged articles into Category:Wikipedia articles contravening the Manual of Style for lists of works


text:
Deshret

Deshret (𓂧𓈙𓂋𓏏𓋔) was the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. When combined with the Hedjet (White Crown) of Upper Egypt, it forms the Pschent (Double Crown), in ancient Egyptian called the sekhemti.

The Red Crown in Egyptian language hieroglyphs eventually was used as the vertical letter "n". The original "n" hieroglyph from the Predynastic Period and the Old Kingdom was the sign depicting ripples of water.

The word Deshret also referred to the desert Red Land on either side of Kemet (Black Land), the fertile Nile river basin.

Significance
In mythology, the earth deity Geb, original ruler of Egypt, invested Horus with the rule over Lower Egypt. The Egyptian pharaohs, who saw themselves as successors of Horus, wore the deshret to symbolize their authority over Lower Egypt. Other deities wore the deshret too, or were identified with it, such as the protective serpent goddess Wadjet and the creator-goddess of Sais, Neith, who often is shown wearing the Red Crown.

The Red Crown would later be combined with the White Crown of Upper Egypt to form the Double Crown, symbolizing the rule over the whole country, "The Two Lands" as the Egyptians expressed it.

Records
No Red Crown has been found. Several ancient representations indicate it was woven like a basket from plant fiber such as grass, straw, flax, palm leaf, or reed.

The Red Crown frequently is mentioned in texts and depicted in reliefs and statues. An early example is the depiction of the victorious pharaoh wearing the deshret on the Narmer Palette. A label from the reign of Djer records a royal visit to the shrine of the Deshret which may have been located at Buto in the Nile delta.

The fact that no crown has ever been found buried with any of the pharaohs, even in relatively intact tombs, might suggest that it was passed from one reign to the next, much as in present-day monarchies.

Toby Wilkinson has cited the iconography on rock art in the Eastern Desert region as depicting what he interpreted to be among the earliest representations of the royal crowns and suggested the Red Crown could have originated in the southern Nile Valley.

Phonogram
Deshret, the ancient Egyptian Red Crown, is one of the oldest Egyptian hieroglyphs. As an iconographic element, it is used on the famous palette of Pharaoh Narmer as the "Red Crown of the Delta", the Delta being Lower Egypt.

The first usage of the Red Crown was in iconography as the symbol for Lower Egypt with the Nile Delta, horizontal letter 'n', Gardiner no. 35,  Later it came to be used in the Egyptian language as an alphabetic uniliteral, vertical form for letter "n" as a phoneme or preposition. It became functional in running hieroglyphic texts, where either the horizontal or vertical form preposition satisfied space requirements.

Both the vertical and horizontal forms are prepositional equivalents, with the horizontal letter n, the N-water ripple (n hieroglyph) being more common, as well as more common to form parts of Egyptian language words requiring the phoneme 'n'.

One old use of the red crown hieroglyph is to make the word: 'in'!, (formerly an-(a-with dot)-(the "vertical feather" hieroglyph a, plus the red crown). Egyptian "in" is used at the beginning of a text and translates as: Behold!, or Lo!, and is an emphatic.

The Red Crown is also used as a determinative, most notably in the word for deshret. It is also used in other words or names of gods. In the 198 BC Rosetta Stone, the  'Red Crown'  as hieroglyph has the usage mostly of the vertical form of the preposition "n". In running text, word endings are not always at the end of hieroglyph blocks; when they are at the end, a simple transition to start the next block is a vertical separator, in this case the preposition, vertical n, (thus a space saver).
 * Use in the Rosetta Stone

Since the start of the next hieroglyphic block could also be started with a horizontal "n" at the bottom of the previous block, it should be thought that the vertical "n" is also chosen for a visual effect; in other words, it visually spreads out the running text of words, instead of piling horizontal prepositions in a more tight text. Visually it is also a hieroglyph that takes up more 'space'-(versus a straight-line type for the horizontal water ripple); so it may have a dual purpose of a less compact text, and a better segue-transition to the next words.

The Red Crown hieroglyph is used 35 times in the Rosetta Stone; only 4 times is it used as a non-preposition. It averages once per line usage in the 36 line Decree of Memphis (Ptolemy V)-(Rosetta Stone).

title: Deshret


text:
Batata

Batata may refer to:

Related to sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

 * Batata, the word for sweet potato in many languages, including Arabic, Hebrew and Spanish
 * Elsinoë batatas (sweet potato scab), a plant pathogen
 * Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. batatas, a plant pathogen
 * Phyllosticta batatas, a plant pathogen
 * Phyllosticta batatas, a plant pathogen

Related to potato (Solanum tuberosum)

 * Batata, the word for potato in some variants of Arabic and some Indian languages, including Gujarati, Konkani and Marathi, and Portuguese
 * Batata harra, a Lebanese vegetable dish
 * Batata vada, an Indian snack from the state of Maharashtra
 * Batata palha, a type of French fry in Portugal

Other uses

 * Cayo Batata, an island in Puerto Rico
 * Batata (footballer, born 1973), Wanderley Gonçalves Barbosa, Brazilian football player
 * Batata (footballer, born 2000), Baltazar Costa Rodrigues de Oliveira, Brazilian football player
 * Nílton Batata (real name Nílton Pinheiro da Silva), a Brazilian football player
 * Roberto Batata (real name Roberto Monteiro, 1949–1976), Brazilian football player
 * Sérgio Batata, a Brazilian-born Polish footballer
 * Batatá, a regional variant of the name Boi-tatá, a monster from Brazilian indigenous folklore
 * Idea Cellular, named after its parent firms
 * Batata (film), a 2022 Canadian-Lebanese documentary film

title: Batata


text:
EHT

EHT may refer to:

 * Earlington Heights station, of the Miami-Dade County Metrorail in Florida
 * Eicosanoyl-5-hydroxytryptamide, a dietary supplement
 * Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey, United States
 * Euro Hockey Tour, ice hockey tournament
 * Event Horizon Telescope, array of radio telescopes
 * Extra high tension, in electrical supply
 * Seattle head tax, a proposed tax in Seattle, United States

title: EHT