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Sarim

The Sarim (sometimes known as Saarim), or "forest of scholars", was a powerful faction of literati who emerged in the Early Joseon period under Gil Jae, and would later come to dominate Middle and Late Joseon politics in Korea. After outliving the Hungu faction, the Sarim faction experienced several breakups during and after the reign of King Seonjo (1567–1608) into the Western and Eastern factions; these factions would also experience their very own splits in the coming years. By the 19th century, Joseon court politics would see a shift in control from scholarly factions towards the 'in-law families'; for most of the 19th century, the Jangdong branch of the Andong Kim clan was in control of the government.

Early beginnings
The philosophical lineage of the Sarim scholars originated from the neo-Confucian school of Gil Jae (1353–1419), a Goryeo scholar who studied under Yi Saek and Chŏng Mong-ju. After the fall of the Goryeo dynasty, he retreated to his home village refusing to serve the new Joseon dynasty despite King Taejong's request. Gil Jae concentrated on cultivating a new generation of neo-Confucian scholars including Kim Suk-ja and his son Kim Jong-jik.

When King Seongjong (1469–1495) became the ninth king of Joseon, he invited Kim Jong-jik and his disciples, who came to be called Sarim scholars, to his court and supported their political growth. They primarily served in so-called Three Offices, from which challenged the entrenched "Hungu" officials, who accumulated great power and wealth by supporting King Sejo when he usurped the throne from his nephew.

Struggle with Hungu faction
In their conflict with the established Hungu faction, the Sarim faction suffered a series of bloody purges during the reigns of Yeonsangun, Jungjong, and Myeongjong. They enjoyed a brief period of power during Jungjong's reign through Kim Gueng-pil's disciple Jo Gwang-jo, who pursued radical reforms to transform Joseon into an idealistic neo-Confucian society.

However, the Sarim faction, whose origin stems from denial of the legitimacy of Joseon dynasty, was vulnerable to Hungu's attacks because it questioned the legitimacy of King Sejo's usurpation and primarily engaged in the censorate role against the king and ministers. After four major purges that saw Jo Gwang-jo and many others executed, the Sarim scholars again retreated to rural villages where they continued to spread their philosophy through local schools called seowon and maintained their power base through the system of Hyang'yak.

While the Hungu faction declined over the years without any ideological successor to replace it, the Sarim faction maintained its identity through the "martydom" of the earlier generation and came to dominate court politics during the reign of King Seonjo in the latter half of the 16th century. By then, Sarim philosophy coalesced around the teachings of the philosophers Yi Hwang and Yi I. From that time, the Sarim faction maintained political power for much of the Joseon dynasty.

Factional struggle
After the Sarim faction replaced the Hungu faction as the predominant political force in the late 16th century, a nationwide split occurred between the Eastern faction (Dong-in) and Western faction (Seo-in). Political divisions intensified even further as the Eastern faction in turn split between the hard-line Northern faction (Buk-in) and the moderate Southern faction (Nam-in) and the Western factions split between the Old Doctrine (Noron) and the Young Doctrine (Soron).

These factional splits grew out of allegiance to different philosophical schools and regional differences. For instance, the Eastern faction was largely Yeongnam-based, and its subfaction Southerners were mainly followers of Yi Hwang while Northerners coalesced around the school of Jo Shik. Gyeonggi and the Chungcheong-based Western faction were largely followers of Yi I, of which the followers of Seong Hon then split to form the Soron faction, while Song Siyeol's followers became the Noron faction. These divisions were often further driven by questions concerning royal succession or appropriate royal conduct. The factions were often named after the location of their leader's house.

Easterners vs Westerners
In the initial split of Sarim into the Western and Eastern factions, there was a large element of generational conflict. The Westerners were largely older Sarim scholars who had entered politics during Myeongjong's (1545–1567) reign while the Easterners, led by Kim Hyo-won (김효원) were mainly a younger generation who had become officials in Seonjo's reign and saw themselves uncorrupted by excesses of Myeongjong's era, which was marred by his maternal uncle Yoon Won-hyeong's corruption.

The Westerners were led by Shim Eui-gyeom (심의겸), Myeongjong's brother-in-law whose house was on the west of the palace. Although Sarim scholars were usually hostile to royal in-laws as a corrupting influence, Shim was Yi Hwang's disciple and protected Sarim scholars by impeaching his uncle who was planning another literati purge. In addition, many Westerners were disciples of Yi I and Seong Hon and followers of Giho school while many Easterners were disciples of Yi Hwang and Jo Shik and followers of Youngnam School. Easterners emphasized moral purification of the ruling class and rooting out corruption of earlier period while Westerners emphasized reforms that would strengthen the country and improve livelihood. (Easterners blamed Shim Eui-gyeom's ill-willed opposition to Kim Hyo-won's appointment at a key position in Ministry of Personnel for split while Westerners blamed Easterner's self-righteous attack.) Yi I attempted to prevent the factional split by appointing Shim Eui-gyeom and Kim Hyo-won to provincial posts far away from the court and arranging truce between Easterner Yi Bal and Westerner Jeong Cheol. After Yi I's death, however, the conflict between two factions became more intense as the Easterners impeached Shim Eui-gyeom and Jeong Cheol, leading to their dismissal, and gained upper hand.

In 1589, Easterner Jeong Yeo-rip was accused of treason because he had formed a society with his supporters that met each month to study and receive military training. The history of the Sarim after its split is very complicated because there is a wealth of conflicting historical accounts written by each faction. This is especially true with what became known as Gichuk Treason Case of 1589 (기축옥사), the bloodiest purge in Joseon history by far. There is still a dispute about the nature and purpose of Jeong Yeo-rip's group of armed supporters and whether it was treason or frame up. His group was not a secret society as it helped the local government in the fight against the Japanese marauders. On the other hand, it appears that Jeong truly had revolutionary ideas that were close to republicanism. He believed that the world was something to be shared and therefore could not have one master. His group, called "Great Common Society"(대동계), could be joined by anyone regardless of his social status, and it spread throughout Honam province and to other regions as well. Jeong Yeo-rip committed suicide after his arrest was ordered, which was considered the admission of guilt, and letters of Easterners were discovered in his house.

Jeong Cheol, famous poet and head of the Western faction, was in charge of investigating the case and used his authority to start the widespread purge of Easterners during the Treason Case of 1589 who had slightest connection with Jeong Yeo-rip. According to Easterners' accounts, Jeong Cheol tortured even 80-year-old mother and 8-year-old son of Yi Bal, leader of Eastern faction. According to Westerners' accounts, Jeong Cheol tried heroically to save Yi Bal and Choe Yeong-gyeong from Seonjo's wrath. In any event, 1,000 Easterners were killed or exiled in the aftermath. It is also believed that Seonjo used this incident to weaken the Sarim's power.

Northerners vs. Southerners
This incident put the Westerners in power, but did not last long because of intrigue involving the appointment of the crown prince. In an Easterner plot to make it seem the Westerners were attempting to murder Prince Sinseong, Jeong Cheol was exiled in 1591. Being the head Westerner figure in government, Jeong Cheol's exile put the Easterners back in power. However the Easterners would soon split over the level of punishment of the now-exiled Jeong Cheol, into the hardline Northern faction (Buk-in) and the moderate Southern faction (Nam-in). The Northerners were largely disciples of Jo Shik and Seo Gyeong-deok and suffered more from Jeong Yeo-rip's "rebellion" while the Southerners were largely Yi Hwang's disciples and less affected.

The Southerners, led by Yu Seong-ryong, were initially in power after Japanese Invasion in 1592, and maintained the policy of coexistence with Northerners and Westerners until its effort to reach peace agreement with Japan failed. The Northerners, now in power, split again over the proper successor to Seonjo, who had no legitimate son. Greater Northern faction supported Prince Gwanghae while Lesser Northern faction supported the newly born Grand Prince Yeongchang, with the death of Grand Prince Yeongchang and the dethronement of his mother resulting in the victory of the extremist Greater Northerners. During Prince Gwanghae's reign, Greater Northern faction split further and persecuted other factions until Southerners and Westerners joined their forces in a coup d'état that deposed Prince Gwanghae and placed Injo on the throne.

With the Westerners back in power, Joseon politics entered more stable stage in which they competed with Southerners in relatively peaceful coexistence for about 100 years. But under Hyojong's reign, the Western faction was becoming more powerful.

Sukjong's reign
In the early years of Sukjong's (1674–1720) reign, the Southern faction and Western faction clashed over the Royal Funeral Dispute, a seemingly minor issue regarding the mourning period for Queen Insun. The Southern faction claimed that the mourning period should last one year while the Western faction argued for a nine-month mourning period. A one-year mourning period meant that Hyojong was considered the eldest son while a 9-month period would suggest that Hyojong was considered not the eldest son, following the rules that governed the yangban class. In other words, the Western faction viewed the royal family as the first of the yangban class rather than a separate class for which different rules applied.

The two factions were also in conflict over the issue on fighting the Qing Dynasty, which was considered a barbarian government (as opposed to Ming Dynasty) that threatened Joseon's national security. The Southern faction, led by Huh Jeok and Yoon Hyu, supported war against the Qing while the Western faction wanted to focus first on improving domestic conditions. Under Sukjong's reign the factional fight became more intense and deadly since Sukjong frequently replaced factions in power with another one to strengthen the royal authority. With each change of government, which was called hwanguk (환국 換局), literally turn of the state, the losing faction was completely driven out of politics with executions and exiles.

Westerners vs. Southerners
Sukjong at first sided with the Southern faction, but in 1680, Huh Jeok was accused of treason by Western faction, which led to execution of Huh Jeok and Yoon Hyu and purge of Southern faction. This incident is called Kyungshin hwanguk (경신환국). Now in power, Western faction split into Noron (Old Doctrine) faction, led by Song Siyeol, and Soron (New Doctrine) faction, led by Yoon Jeung. After nine years in power, Noron collapsed when Sukjong deposed Queen Inhyeon, who was supported by Western faction, and named Consort Hee of Jang clan (or Consort Jang) as the new queen. Western faction angered Sukjong when it opposed the naming of Consort Jang's son as crown prince. Southern faction, who supported Consort Jang and her son, regained power and drove out Western faction, executing Song Siyeol in revenge. This is called Gisa hwangguk (기사환국).

Five years later in 1694, Southern faction was planning another purge of Western faction, accusing them of conspiracy to reinstate deposed Queen Inhyeon, when Sukjong began to regret deposing Queen Inhyeon and favor Consort Suk of Choi clan (Consort Choi), an ally of Queen Inhyeon and Noron faction. Angry with Southern faction's attempt to purge Westerners, Sukjong abruptly turned around to purge Southerners and brought the Western faction back in power. The Southern faction would never recover from this blow, also called Gapsul hwanguk (갑술환국). Sukjong demoted Queen Jang to Consort Jang and reinstated Queen Inhyeon. Consort Jang was eventually executed (with poison) for cursing Queen Inhyeon after the latter died. Soron faction supported the crown prince, Consort Jang's son, while Noron faction supported Consort Choi's son, Yeonying-gun (later to become Yeongjo). Late Queen Inhyeon and newly installed Queen Inwon were childless.

Soron vs. Noron
In 1718, Sukjong let the crown prince, soon to be Gyeongjong, rule the country as regent. He died in 1720 supposedly after telling Yi Yi-myoung to name Yeonying-gun as Kyungjong's heir, but in the absence of a historiographer or recorder. This would lead to yet another purge which led to the execution of four Noron leaders in 1721, followed by another purge with executions of eight Noron followers in 1722.

Under the reigns of Yeongjo and Jeongjo in the 18th century, the kings pursued a strict policy of equality, favoring no faction over another. However, in Jeongjo's reign, strife re-emerged as the ruling Noron faction split further between the Byeokpa and Sipa, two groups which cut across the earlier factions and differed in their attitudes concerning Yeongjo's murder of his son, who was also Jeongjo's father.

Decline
The division and subsequent conflicts of these factions generally revolved around minor issues and reflected dogmatic and the rigid nature of their philosophical interpretations. Sarim philosophy, which was progressive in Jo Gwang-jo's time, became very conservative and fundamentalist over time. The power struggle between these factions were marked by bloody purges with each change of power and resulted in a vicious cycle of revenge. The minor issues that divided these factions distracted the officials from real problems that affected the populace. Nevertheless, factional conflicts had some positive side effects as well. Compared to the late Jungjong and Myeonjong periods, corruption was limited since any faction engaged in excessive corruption would become an easy target for impeachment by its rival faction. Sukjong's reign, which saw some of the most intense factional struggles since Seonjo and Gwanghaegun's time, was one of more prosperous periods for the populace.

In the 19th century, Joseon politics shifted as in-law families rather than scholarly factions came to dominate the throne. For most of the 19th century, the Jangdong branch of the Andong Kim clan was in control of the government, which led to rampant corruption throughout the country.

Philosophical lineage

 * Yi Saek --> Chŏng Mong-ju --> Gil Jae --> Kim Suk-ja --> Kim Jong-jik (Yeongnam Sarim) --> Kim Gueng-pil --> Jo Gwang-jo (Giho Sarim, Gimyo Sarim)
 * Yeongnam School
 * Yi Eon-jeok --> Yi Hwang
 * Yi Hwang --> Yu Seong-ryong, Kim Seong-il
 * Jo Shik --> Choe Young-gyeong, Jeong In-hong, Gwak Jaeu
 * Giho School
 * Seo Gyeong-deok --> Yi I, Heo Gyun, Hwang Jin-i
 * Yi I -> Kim Jang-seng --> Kim Jip --> Song Siyeol
 * Seong Soo-chim --> Seong Hon

Division
Sarim -->
 * Eastern (Yeongnam School) -->
 * Southern (Yi Hwang)
 * Northern (Jo Shik, Seo Gyeong-deok) -->
 * Greater Northern
 * Lesser Northern
 * Western (Giho School) -->
 * Noron (Yi I)
 * Soron (Seong Hon)

Political leaders

 * Eastern: Kim Hyo-won (his house was on eastern side)
 * Northern: Yi Bal (his house was below northern Bukak Mountain), Yi San-hae, Jeong In-hong
 * Greater Northern: Yi San-hae, Hong Yeo-sun, Heo Gyun
 * Lesser Northern: Nam Yi-gong, Kim Seon-guk
 * Southern: Woo Seong-jeon (his house was below South Mountain), Yu Seong-ryong -->
 * Heo Mok, Yoon Hyu -->
 * Jeong Yak-yong
 * Western: Shim Eui-gyeum (his house was on western side), Jeong Cheol-->
 * Yi Haang-bok, Choe Myeong-gil -->
 * Noron: Song Siyeol
 * Soron: Han Tae-dong, Yoon Jeung

title: Sarim


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White Rock, Michigan

White Rock is an unincorporated community in Huron County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The community is located within Sherman Township. As an unincorporated community, White Rock has no legal autonomy, defined boundaries, or population statistics of its own. It is located at 43.70972°N, -82.60861°W, about three miles north of Forestville and about nine miles south of Harbor Beach on M-25 at the junction with White Rock Road.

The community is named for a large white boulder offshore in Lake Huron at 43.71917°N, -82.60444°W that was used as a boundary marker to define the territory ceded by Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi with the Treaty of Detroit in 1807. The boundary definition in the treaty began with the "mouth of the Miami river of the lakes" or what is now known as the Maumee River at Toledo, Ohio. From there the boundary ran up the middle of the river to the mouth of the Auglaize River at what is now Defiance, Ohio, then due north until it intersected a parallel of latitude at the outlet of Lake Huron into the St. Clair River. This north–south line would become the Michigan Meridian used in surveying of Michigan lands. The intersecting parallel of latitude crossed the meridian at the northeast corner of what is now Sciota Township in Shiawassee County in the middle of the border with Clinton County. From this point the treaty boundary ran northeast to White Rock in Lake Huron, then due east to the international boundary with what was then Upper Canada, and then along the international boundary through the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River and then into Lake Erie to a point due east of the mouth of the Maumee River, and finally west back to the point of beginning.

Edward Petit, the first white settler in Huron County, opened a trading post on nearby Shebeon Creek and later moved the post to White Rock. It is labelled as "White Rock City" on some early maps. By the mid-1830s, it was a thriving village and gained its own post office in 1859. The community was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1871 (also known as the Port Huron Fire of 1871, which destroyed huge swaths in several portions of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, but was overshadowed by the Great Chicago Fire and Peshtigo Fire in Wisconsin which occurred on the same day). The town soon rebuilt, but never grew beyond a small community.

The Michigan Department of Transportation began construction of White Rock Roadside Park along M-25 in 2000. Completed in 2003, the small park has a parking lot, outhouses, a historical marker, picnic tables, scenic overlook and public access to the beach of Lake Huron. As of 8/12/2018 the scenic overlook stairs are closed permanently, as they have been removed for public safety.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: White Rock, Michigan


text:
User talk:Gristlefist@msn.com

Welcome!
Hello Gristlefist@msn.com, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like it here and decide to stay.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Read the tutorial and learn how to edit a page.
 * Experiment in the sandbox.
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset.
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 * Be bold in updating pages.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and learn about the Five Pillars of Wikipedia.
 * And most importantly, have fun!

If you need any help, see the help pages and glossary, add a question to the help desk, or ask me on my talk page.

I hope you will enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Good luck! — Bcat

title: User talk:Gristlefist@msn.com


text:
Crown Equerry

The Crown Equerry is the operational head of the Royal Mews of the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. As executive head of the Royal Mews Department, he is responsible for the provision of vehicular transport for the sovereign, both cars and horse-drawn carriages. Train travel is arranged by the Royal Travel Office, which also co-ordinates air transport.

The position of Crown Equerry should not be confused with that of Equerry: although both are nominally under the Master of the Horse, the equerries have a distinct role as personal assistants to the sovereign and senior members of the royal family.

History
After 1827, the Master of the Horse became a political office, its holder changing with each change of government. To provide continuity in the management of the Royal Mews, the role of Crown Equerry was created in 1854. The first incumbent was John Groves, a retired Major of the Essex Rifles; his full title was Crown Equerry, Secretary to the Master of the Horse and Superintendent of the Royal Stables. The secretarial aspect of the job led to him being seen as inferior to the other Equerries, and he was kept at one remove from the Queen and the Palace (Charles Phipps, the Keeper of the Privy Purse, was at pains to make clear in a letter to the Master of the Horse that the new office pertained 'exclusively to the Stables department'). Groves died in office five years later; his successor, Colonel George Ashley Maude, remained in post for thirty-five years. During this time he consolidated the office and worked to improve the working conditions of the Mews staff. The Queen (who esteemed him 'a kind good man') granted him direct access to her person, and it became established practice that the Crown Equerry would receive and convey the monarch's instructions directly with regard to all aspects of the Royal Mews and its operations.

The job of Superintendent of the Royal Mews was established as a separate office in 1859; the Superintendent served as assistant to the Crown Equerry until 2000 when the post was abolished. In the 21st century the Crown Equerry works closely with the Comptroller, the Lord Chamberlin's Office who oversees arrangements for ceremonial occasions and briefs the Crown Equerry accordingly.

List of Crown Equerries

 * Major John Groves 1854–1859
 * Lieutenant Colonel Sir George Ashley Maude, KCB 1859–1894
 * Major General Sir Henry Ewart 1894–1910
 * Captain Sir Charles Wentworth-FitzWilliam 1910–1924
 * Colonel Sir Arthur Erskine, GCVO DSO 1924–1941
 * Colonel Sir Dermot McMorrough Kavanagh, GCVO 1941–1955
 * Brigadier Walter Sale, CVO OBE 1955–1961
 * Lieutenant Colonel Sir John Mansel Miller, GCVO DSO MC 1961–1987
 * Lieutenant Colonel Charles Stephens, 1987
 * Lieutenant Colonel Sir Seymour Gilbart-Denham, KCVO 1987–2002
 * Major Felix Wheeler 2002–2005
 * Major Simon Robinson LVO 2005–2010
 * Colonel Toby Browne CVO 2010–present

General

 * Hoey, Brian (1992). All The Queen's Men: Inside The Royal Household. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-246-13851-3.

title: Crown Equerry


text:
Baba Budangiri

Baba Budangiri (lit. 'Baba Budan hill'), also known as Chandradrona (lit. 'Moon guide', as the range naturally forms the shape of a crescent moon), is a hill and mountain range in the Western Ghats of India, located in the Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka.

The main peaks in this range are the eponymous Baba Budangiri (height 1895 m), Mullayanagiri (1930 m) and others. Mullayanagiri is the highest peak in the range. With a height of 1930 m (6317 ft), it is the fourth highest peak between the Himalayas and the Nilgiris. There is a famous trekking trail between Mullayanagiri and Baba Budangiri.

The range is known for its extensive coffee plantations, one of the earliest and most extensive in India, said to have been started by the Sufi saint Baba Budan who is believed to be the first person to have brought coffee to the country by smuggling them out of Mocha, Yemen. His shrine located amongst three caves on the Baba Budangiri hill still serves as a pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Muslims. Dattatreya Peetha (or Datta Peetha), a Hindu religious place dedicated to the deity Dattatreya, is coextensive with the shrine.

Dargah and Dattapeeta
The Baba Budangiri shrine is  shrine named after the Sufi saint Baba Budan, who is revered by both Muslims and Hindus. Its origin appears to be a syncretization of reverence for an 11th-century Sufi, Dada Hayath (Abdul Azeez Macci); for the 17th-century Sufi Baba Budan, said to have brought coffee to India; and for Dattatreya, an incarnation of Shiva (or of Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu). It has been controversial due to political and religious tension over its status as a syncretic shrine.

Incarnation of Dattatreya
The available history says that one Dada Hayath, his real name being Abdul Azeez Macci, considered to be a direct disciple of Muhammad, was sent to India in the 11th century from Saudi Arabia to spread the message of Islam and peace, in true tradition of Sufism. In fact, Dada Hayath's religious preaching did not target Hindus as a religious community. Rather, it targeted local landlords (palegars in local parlance) who were highly oppressive against the common masses. History says that the palegars did not tolerate the intervention of Dada Hayath into their domain, as his mission was about to affect their stronghold and dominance. On many occasions, they tried to eliminate him but failed.

According to some accounts, Dattatreya is a later phenomenon and it could develop a syncretic culture by synthesizing Shaivite, Vaishnavite and Sufi culture together. The people of the region believe that Bababudan is an incarnation of Dattatreya. Having a long history in Karnataka, the Dattatreya tradition – a part of Awadhut tradition, upholds the idea of a formless god, and condemns caste and sacrificial rituals performed by Brahmin priests. Also a long tradition of the Dattatreya and Sufism going hand in hand can be witnessed by the fact that Baba Budan and Dattatreya have become interchangeable.

Cave
Dattatreya, for whom the shrine was once named, is considered by some Hindus to be God who is an incarnation of the Divine Trinity Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwara (Shiva), in the form of an ascetic in the discipline of Avadhuutha (God intoxicated monk). A Sufi saint known as Baba Budan is believed to have later been in the same cave for some time. Some Hindus have making a claim over the shrine, which is controlled by Muslims. This has led to tension between the two communities. This has become the place of communal riots on the occasion of Urs (the death anniversary of the Sufi saint) and the occasion of Datta Jayanti in the month of December. Hindu Shobha Yatras have been organized at the same time give rise to the communal conflict.

The Supreme Court of India has ruled that only religious ceremonies which were performed prior to 1975 be permitted. As Shobha Yatra was not performed prior to 1975, police have in some years denied buses permission to approach Bababudangiri on Datta Jayanti.

Baba Budan Giri represents a unique syncretic culture of Hindus and Muslims where both offer prayers in a cave-like structure. It derived its name from a Muslim Sufi saint who was in turn the disciple of another Sufi saint called Dada Hayath Meer Khalandar. Dada was one of the earliest to arrive in India (1005 AD) from west Asia to preach Sufism in India. When he came to south India, he selected the present cave for his meditation. In fact, the Puranic name of the hills was Chandra Dona, as it look like a crescent or a horse shoe. The place Dada selected was equally believed to be the seat of Dattaraya Swamy, who is said to be the last avatar of Vishnu; he is believed to have vanished from one of the caves to Kashi to be reincarnated in future. Another belief is that Dada Khalandar and Dattaraya Swamy are one and the same person. The story goes that after clearing the area Dada decided to settle down for meditation. "He needed water to perform 'wazu' for his prayers. He was a stranger in this area and did not know where water was available. He prayed and started digging the ground in front of the place he had selected as his seat of meditation and found a perennial spring. He thanked god and spent the night in prayers and meditation. Early in the next morning a Brahmin and a jangama entered the cave, as per their custom, for worship. Seeing Dada absorbed in meditation they thought that he was the incarnation of Sri Dattaraya Swamy".

Likewise the Hindus, Muslims also believe that Dada had disappeared from one of the caves to Mecca and Madina and is alive and will in due course appear before the disciples. After him, Baba Budan, one of his closest disciples who introduced coffee to this hilly region, brought from Mocha in the west Asia, carried his mission further. Baba Budan, whose history is usually traced to Bagdhad, reached Chickmagalur via Malabar and Mangalore. Baba Budan was killed in an ambush near the present cave and was buried along with two other Sufis inside the cave. He is also called Syed Meran Baba and also Jan-e-Pak Shaheed. The institution of custodian of the site although it is traced to Dada, began to centralise in a single family after the death of another Sufi saint, Syed Shah Jamaluddin. "For reasons not known Jamaluddin also became famous as Baba Budan during his lifetime.". The custodian of the site/shrine is called Sajjade Nishin. There are a few characteristics attached to him: "only Sayyads can become swami, either Husseins or Khadris, the descendents of Hussen or Hassan, sons of Ali. After initiation, a Khadri becomes Shah Khadri, and after apostolic seat, he is styled Sajjade. No unmarried man can become Sajjade".

Some of the Baba Budan (Syed Budan Sha Khadri) Descendants living in the City of Chikmagalur like Syed Ghouse Mohideen Sha Khadri, Syed Hassain Sha Khadri (Nasir Pasha), Syed Maghdoom Pasha Khadri, Syed Faqruddin Shah Khadri (Azmath Pasha), Syed Ghani Basha Khadri and many of them also living out side the City of Chikmagalur. They are the Hussaini and Khadri's. One part of Descendants of Baba Budan Swamy (Syed Budan Sha Khadri) had a trust registered in the name of Syed Budan Sha Khadri Descendants(R) and doing a legal battle and Political Battle to save the Institutions from Fascism. Some of the news link and references of Syed Budan Sha Khadri Descendants ®(Baba Budan Swamy Descendants ) struggles.

https://www.prajavani.net/amp/story/district%2Fchikkamagaluru%2Fvisit-to-baba-budan-dargah-by-baba-budan-descendants-2649776

https://x.com/bababudandargah/status/1742248649713951199?s=46&t=iNIEi3JU5_Ypkk7pKoWCOw

https://www.varthabharati.in/state/sri-ram-sena-leader-gangadhar-kulkarni-forced-to-surrender-complaint-filed-by-shakhadri-descendants-of-baba-budan-dargah-1972300

Sangh parivar organisations started Datta Jayanti celebrations in the late 2000s in the area as part of their fight to claim "Sri Guru Dattatreya Swami Dattapit".

Stories
A large number of stories have been constructed around Dada's dargah. These stories pertain to the spiritual and healing powers including the power to bestow children, relief to physical disorders, property disputes, etc. This is one of the reasons why the site has become famous. There are stories about how Dada protected a princess who later on came to be known as Sathi Samyukta by Hindus and Mama Jigni by the Muslims. Most important is the story about how the princely state of Mysore was bestowed with an heir to the throne by Dada, and how the maharaja would be able to break the stone laid before the cave. This is a typical story which has similarities with the stories surrounding the birth of Jahangir (with the blessings of Sufi saint Nazrath Shah Sali) and Tippu Sultan (with the blessings of Tippu Aulia of Arcot). This story is important for two obvious reasons: It provided legitimacy to the claims of spiritual power of the Sufi saints, secondly, it made the state liberal, moderate and secular:

Sri Krishna Raja Wadiyar had no son in his family for a long time. He was worried much about it. Once, coming out of the dargah, he saw the stone slab where devotees broke the offered coconuts. Struck with an idea, he made a vow quietly that he would split that stone with coconuts on the birth of a son in the family. Soon after that his brother had a son, Sri Jaya Chamaraja Wadiyar. He came to the dargah with cart-loads of coconuts to fulfil his vow and began breaking coconuts one by one. The stone remained solid even after many cart-loads were finished. He was in a dilemma. He had to fulfil his vow but it appeared impossible. At long last he realised that in his anxiety he made a vow which was apparently impossible. He explained the situation and requested Hazrath Peer to take him to Dada and pray for his pardon and suggest a solution. After Hazrath Peer recited the Fateha, Maharaja expressed his gratitude to Dada, repented his folly, sought out of the dargah and following the instructions, he broke the coconut on the stone slab. To his pleasant surprise the stone developed a crack"

Nearby places of interest

 * Caves: Three large caves said to have been sanctified by three siddhas contain their icons and (tombs) and an annual 'jatra' (fair) is held here in their honour. The enthralling scenery makes this a much frequented pilgrim centre.
 * Seethala contains a 'matha' and the dual shrine temple of 'Seethala-Mallikarjuna'.
 * Waterfalls: A short distance from here are the three waterfalls with epic associations, namely Gada Theertha, Nallikayi Theertha and Kamana Theertha near Attigundi
 * Gada Theertha, according to a myth was created by the pandava prince, Bheema with his 'gada', the club, to quench the thirst of his mother during their exile.
 * Pilgrims who bathe in the Nellikayi Theertha formed by Manikya Dhara waterfall, leave behind one item of their clothing as per a local belief.
 * Galikere is a lake near the temple, can be accessed by walk of 2 km
 * Manikyadhara Falls: Manikyadhara Falls is near Kemmangundi of Chikmagalur district. It is on the Baba Budangiri Hills, which is a sacred place for Hindus and Muslims who believe in dead saints. It is one of the main attractions of Baba Budan Giri. It is approximately 40 km from Chickmagalur town and about 5.5 hours from Bangalore.

Baba Budangiri Range
Baba Budangiri Range is a range of mountains in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. The range, originally known as Chandra Drona Parvatha, takes its current name from the Dattapeeta Cave and 16th century Sufi saint Baba Budan. The Baba Budan Giri Range includes the highest peaks of Karnataka. Unique mountain flowers called kurinji blooms in these hill ranges once every 12 years. The last time this spectacle happened was in 2006. The next one happened in 2018.

Peaks in the Baba Budan Giri Range include:

 * Mullayanagiri (height 1930 m)
 * Dattagiri/Baba Budan Giri (height 1895 m)
 * Bindagadammanagiri (height 1830 m)
 * Sithalaiyyanagiri (height 1810 m)

title: Baba Budangiri


text:
Talk:WinZip

Open a winzip file
how do you open a winzip file? include it in the article --66.122.241.122

 * As the article says, WinZip uses PKZIP format files. How to open these depends on the software you are using, so it's outside the scope of this article. (I assume you didn't mean how to open them in WinZip, as that should be obvious.) If you meant to ask what software to use, then 7-Zip (Windows only) and Info-ZIP work well. --Zundark 07:45, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

stub?
Why is this article a stub? What additional information is desired? -- Mikeblas 16:22, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed the stub tag. Stub mentions that stubs are 3 - 10 short sentences, more if the topic is complex enough, and this article currently has 11 average-length sentences.  That said, there's always room for expansion.  --Interiot 16:42, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

WinZip supports bz2?

 * Version 10.0 supports the bzip2 and the PPMd compression algorithms, allowing smaller archives at the cost of a potential increase in compression and extraction times (especially when using PPM).

Does this mean that WinZip can open bzip2 files? A little clarification on this matter would be nice. --Aeon17x 23:14, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

7z support?
The article 7z claims that WinZip supports 7z, but Comparison_of_file_archivers states it don't. Which one is correct? --Hhielscher 10:12, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Despite rather extensive searching on WinZip's web site, I found no evidence for this. I deleted the reference on 7z (independent of/before seeing your comment). Nysin 03:19, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Incompatability of new compression strategies
It seems that something should be mentioned about the fact that the bzip2 and the PPMd compression algorithms introduced in version 10.0 may create zip files that are unable to be opened by most other compression programs. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 74.129.228.234 (talk • contribs) 20:33, September 1, 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, those algorithms were documented in .ZIP File Format Specification around the time WinZip 10.0 was released. In the case of bzip2, it had been used by PKZIP (and subsequently published by PKWARE) for several years. - 142.150.48.203 (talk) 21:36, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

External links section
Hi,

anyone else thinking the link to "a proper review" should go? — Gennaro Prota •Talk 00:46, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

History
A short history of the development and use of winzip? Think outside the box 10:05, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Statement incorrect
"WinZip has 45-day free evaluation period. However, it continues to work even after this period of time."

This statement is incorrect as of version 11.1 (build 7466) it continues to work for awhile after 45 days, but than soon after the "Use Evaluation" button never lights up again causing you to not be able to use the software. Can someone else change this in the wiki in a better way than what I can explain it or even confirm that I am 100% correct and that my software is just not messed up?

Thanks --Matt1888 05:49, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * All I know is the version on my old computer (running Windows XP, so I guess a circa 2003 version) never ran out. You just had to wait for the days/number of archives to count up a bit. However, version 12 stopped for me after the trial period. But that might be because I hadn't opened enough archives in the 55 days it had been installed (just 5, apparently). U-Mos (talk) 14:39, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:WinZip icon.png
Image:WinZip icon.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 12:17, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Free alternatives
I've again removed the "free alternatives" section, as it's completely redundant to the "comparison of" article, which also includes commercial alternatives. -- Mikeblas 04:14, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you're right here. The article that specifically addresses alternatives is the place for discussion of alternatives.  And per WP:NPOV, we're not supposed to be advocating [F|f]ree software over commercial software.  — DragonHawk (talk|hist)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by DragonHawk (talk • contribs) 14:45, August 30, 2007 (UTC)

JZip article nominated for deletion
Please help discuss that on its AfD page. --AVRS 16:58, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Now that WinZip is not free, I disagree with deleting the Free alternatives selection. This article seems to be surprisingly clean of alternatives to Winzip. I think that producing a section on alternatives would actually be good for Winzip in the long run. I understand the issues around brand names, such as Kleenex. Speaking of cleaning - is someone scrubbing this article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.246.235.85 (talk) 02:57, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Criticism Section
There is lots of valid criticism of WinZip these days, I don't see why no one has added a criticism section, various points are: RustyBadger (talk) 14:59, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Shell integration not necessary as the primary target for this software already has in-build zip support.
 * Compared with most other archivers, low format support.
 * Doesn't support multi-archive spanning?? (Not sure about that one)
 * Free alternatives??
 * Criticism sections are inherently non-neutral, and have to be very carefully worded to avoind breaking the policy. Notice the bullet point on Unicode filename support in the article; it's baccked up with two references, and it's still valid as of v11.1, as far as I know.  Your comments on shell integration, though, seem to be more opinion than fact.  WinZip offers several shell integration features that aren't present in XP and Vista (and yes, the OSs do offer some features, like viewing a Zip file in Win Explorer, that WinZip doesn't).  See the above sections on this talk page before adding any free alternatives to this article.  We're not here to advocate for free software.  We simply present the facts of the case, link to other software packages in the genre (via the Comparison of file archivers page) and let the readers decide for themselves. — EagleOne\Talk 18:00, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

The biggsest criticism would be the "system utilities" which are simply scam (as confirmed by major security companies like Malwarebytes). However my edits were reverted because some people think that only big newspapers are a valid source... This way the article remains being advertisement for scam. Sad. --B00nish w4rs (talk) 18:41, 18 August 2019 (UTC)
 * You're responding to comments that are more than 10 years old. - MrOllie (talk) 19:13, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

Lossy or lossless?
Which one? --72.197.202.36 (talk) 20:51, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

WinZip Encryption Vulnerabilities
I remember reports of vulnerability of WinZip encryption. One I could find now is at http://eprint.iacr.org/2004/078, stating that "WinZip's latest encryption scheme, dubbed "Advanced Encryption-2" or AE-2 and shipped with WinZip 9.0, is insecure in a number of natural scenarios". I think that should be included in the history section. What is the present status, is there a current analysis? 62.178.201.201 (talk) 06:10, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

More Like Advertisement
It seems that this page is from an advertisement pamphlet rather than from an encyclopedia. Could anyone refine the language and omit unnecessary details and replace them with objective and relevant information? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.161.131.180 (talk) 19:36, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

latest release
Now build 10096 is the latest, but I don't know when it was released. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 00:43, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

There is also now a TrialPay version. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 00:53, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

Sounds Like An Advertisement
Does this article read like an ad? Family Guy Guy (talk) 15:51, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Also the program's installer has a PUP or Potentially Unwanted Program, in it's installer. It's checked by default and can be unchecked, but still.... Family Guy Guy (talk) 15:55, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Page deletion?
There is a deletion request on this wiki page, however I'm not sure if it's simply just on the talk page (if that's even possible). The actual wiki page on WinZip should definitely not be deleted. It is a fairly notable computer program. What are you trying to do here? The wiki page should simply be improved, rather than deleted imo DreamlessGlare (talk) 01:21, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

 * @DreamlessGlare: It had been previously, that's why its tagged in the talk page. I've found some better sources for the page now so its not as bad as it was before. Yeeno   (talk) 🍁 03:35, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Nice, thanks for saving the page :) DreamlessGlare (talk) 04:15, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

No mention of Zip functionality being built-in to Windows by Microsoft
The ZIP (file format) article mentions this so why not here too?

Microsoft has included built-in ZIP support (under the name "compressed folders") in versions of Microsoft Windows since 2000 (Windows Me).

Topher67 (talk) 18:13, 8 October 2021 (UTC)
 * It can certainly be included here if there is an independent reliable source that covers both WinZip and that fact, which I'm sure there is. Phil Bridger (talk) 18:40, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:WinZip


text: Talk:Post-grunge

title: Talk:Post-grunge


text:
Talk:Chern class

Untitled
The hairy ball theorem is a very bad example to give not so much because it concerns the real differentiable case (after all, the tangent bundle to the Riemann sphere is indeed a complex bundle) but because the bundle is stably trivial (in particular, its Stiefel-Whitney classes vanish) and stably trivial bundles are precisely the sort of thing Chern classes cannot detect. --Gro-Tsen 03:41, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

"where H is Poincaré-dual to the hyperplane $$\mathbb{CP}^{n - 1} \subseteq \mathbb{CP}^n$$". How can a class H be dual to the hyperplane $$\mathbb{CP}^{n - 1}$$?

 * The hyperplane H represents a homology class in $$H_{2n - 2}$$, which is Poincare-dual to $$H^2$$, which is where the cohomology $$c_1$$ lives. That is, $$c_1$$ of the bundle equals $$-PD([h])$$, where $$PD$$ stands for Poincare-dual and $$h$$ is the hyperplane. Is your complaint simply that the text does not say "... dual to the class of the hyperplane..." (which is technically correct but pedantic, I think)? Joshuardavis 16:03, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * [I don't know why this section is not a section.] But the phrase "Poincaré dual to the class of the hyperplane" is exactly what the article should say.  It is 100% irrelevant if that seems "pedantic" to a professional who is well familiar with the subject matter. Many people reading this article will be students just learning the material, and if the addition of only a few words makes the article clearer, then that's what is important here.

 * This ought to be completely obvious to anyone editing Wikipedia.Daqu (talk) 15:22, 4 October 2015 (UTC)

Revert anonymous edit
I reverted this anon edit:

 * The field strength F may be viewed as a matrix of 4-forms (or 2 2-forms), and thus the eigenvalues of F are 4-forms as well. Each Chern class is then a 4k (2x2k)form.

back to the original

 * The field strength F may be viewed as a matrix of 2-forms, and thus the eigenvalues of F are 2-forms as well. Each Chern class is then a 2k form.

I'm not sure what the anonymous editor was thinking ... perhaps they were counting the number of spinor indecies instead of vector indecies? Or were they counting two real components instead of one complex component? linas 02:26, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Grothendieck or Atiyah?
I'm not sure that it is correct to attribute the splitting principal to Grothendieck. I thought it was due to Atiyah, although I could be wrong. Can anyone provide a reference? 151.204.6.171

 * The basic Grothendieck paper is here: . 1958 - I'd thought it was a little earlier. If I recall, he has a principle about reduction to Borel subgroups; and his theory is axiomatic. It is possible Atiyah has an earlier published version. Charles Matthews 19:13, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Implications of Chern Classes
I know that the Chern classes are obstructions to finding non-vanishing vector fields. What I don't know, and hence i think it would be nice to add to this entry, is what the converse implies. I.e. if I know that the first Chern class vanishes, then what can I conclude? for exemple, if the first Stiefel-Whitney class vanishes then the bundle is orientable - but it doesn't imply that the bundle has a nowhere vanishing section (eg.: the tangent space of the 2-sphere. All of its SW classes vanishes, as it does for any n-sphere, but it doesn't have a nowhere zero section).

Different ways to define Chern Classes
There are a lot of different ways to define Chern Classes. Some of them differ by signs. I think the article should point this out. A good reference is Borel/Hirzebruch, Characteristic Classes and Homogeneous Spaces II, Amer. J. Math 81, 1959. They really figure out the different definitions in the Appendix. Spaetzle (talk) 11:39, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:52, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

various dots
A TeX oddity: Of course \dots between commas gets rendered as \ldots and \dots between plus signs and some other binary operation symbols and binary relation symbols gets rendered as \cdots, but \dots between two instances of \oplus gets rendered as \ldots, not as \cdots. (Whether it works that way in genuine TeX and LaTeX as opposed to the thing we use here I haven't checked yet. 19:10, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

Chern classes box product
This page should discuss chern classes of box products of vector bundles over a product space. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.212.185.82 (talk) 04:30, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

Buried basics
The material in "Properties of Chern classes" and "classical axiomatic definition" seems like it ought to be much higher up. I don't even think the article says that the kth Chern class lives in H^{2k} before section 6! Cyrapas (talk) 15:42, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

Chern Classes in Algebraic Geometry
This page should have a section for chern classes in algebraic geometry. This should start with basic computations but also give non-trivial examples from enumerative geometry. Some places to look are
 * http://www.numdam.org/article/BSMF_1958__86__137_0.pdf
 * https://math.boisestate.edu/~zteitler/math/expository/chern.pdf
 * https://www2.bc.edu/dawei-chen/Lecture-2014.pdf
 * https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~azinger/mat620/EGnotes.pdf
 * http://www.math.harvard.edu/theses/senior/patrick/patrick.pdf
 * Calabi-Yau Manifolds and Related Geometries

Todo:
 * dualize euler sequence and analyze
 * https://mathoverflow.net/questions/41970/how-to-resolve-a-wedge-product-of-vector-bundles to compute chern classes of k-forms.
 * give examples based on this - https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/989147/quick-question-chern-classes-of-sym-wedge-hom-and-tensor
 * explain how to use this with the grothendieck group
 * construct chern classes for coherent sheaves using resolutions by vector bundles
 * use this to compute the characteristic classes for virtual vector bundles. For example, try the cotangent complex for a smooth local complete intersection
 * give toy examples using the kernel and cokernel of morphisms of line bundles
 * https://www.math.fsu.edu/~aluffi/archive/paper348.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wundzer (talk • contribs) 22:44, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Great. Please keep in mind that on Wikipedia it is even more important that material be reliably sourced than that it be correct. So please work on the citations as you add new material. Mgnbar (talk) 02:13, 30 September 2017 (UTC)

Some serious problems
At one point the article reads:

"The observation that a Chern class is essentially an elementary symmetric polynomial can be used to "define" Chern classes. Let Gn be the infinite Grassmannian of n-dimensional complex vector spaces. It is a classifying space in the sense that, given a complex vector bundle E of rank n over X'', there is a continuous map
 * $$f_E: X \to G_n$$

unique up to homotopy. ''"

This is ridiculous. It is necessary to say that the map pulls back the universal bundle to get the given complex vector bundle (or some equivalent qualifying phrase) for this map to be "unique up to homotopy".

Later the article states:

"For example, consider the quintic threefold in $$\mathbb{P}^4$$."

The article does not bother to link this to any definition of "quintic threefold" — as though every reader knows exactly what this phrase means.

Yet there is no such thing as "the quintic threefold" because there are many different quintic threefolds.

These types of problems are the result of sloppy writing. That does not help Wikipedia.50.205.142.50 (talk) 22:42, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

The Chern classes of V can therefore be defined as the pullback of the Chern classes of the universal bundle
"The Chern classes of V can therefore be defined as the pullback of the Chern classes of the universal bundle." Such recursive statements are unhelpful to the uninitiated. 24.177.184.68

 * One just has to read the next sentence, to see how the "recursion" is terminated. But I'll think about the wording. Mgnbar (talk) 11:56, 5 April 2021 (UTC)

Serious problems in the "In algebraic geometry" section
There are a number of problems with the "In algebraic geometry" section. None of it is sourced. Axiom 5 of the axiomatic description is wrong (the total Chern class is not a ring homomorphism). There are also many grammar issues "In particular, we can find X is a spin 4-manifold if 4 - d is even..."

I'm not an expert, so there may be other mathematical errors I didn't notice.

Hasire (talk) 16:20, 23 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chern class


text:
User:Venu allipuram

Biography of Venugopal Reddy Allipuram:
Graphic designer and Analog and Mixed Signal Circuit Designer

Venugopal Allipuram, well known as Venu is a Hyderabad born, Andhraite of India. He has been on this earth for more 23 years so far and has not achieved anything to display on this geeky Wikipedia. To him, Wikipedia was introduced by one of my friend Evan (Currently at Stanford EE Dept) from Utah University, Salt Lake city. Venu Allipuram is currently at the University of arkansas, Fayetteville finishing his Masters in Electrical Engineering.

Graphic Design Invention:
He has invented a new design technique in Graphic Design in the Logo Design area. It is, using the Flash vector graphic tools to design a Logo and mould it in the way we want and projecting the document for higher resolution. The idea came initially from the Macromedia Flash Vector graphic tool. This way the designer can easily modify the text and enlarge the image in the way he want without losing the quality. With Flash's gradiant fills, and text deformation we can easily design a professional logo.

Check out his homepage: http://www.pixelheart.com : the art beat of pixels!

Main Analog and Mixed Signal Circuit Designer:
Apart from this he is a good analog and mixed signal chip designer with a MSEE degree. He has designed a 14 bit Delta Sigma modualtor based ADC (A/D Converter) for SoC Applications. He followed the complete analog and mixed signal design methodology in this design.

1 Specifications 2 Design from Specifications 3 Architectural Simulations 4 Functional Simulations 5 Transistor Level Design and Simulations 6 Layout 7 Layout verification: DRC, LVS and Xtraction 8 Chip Testing

For more information please check his website http://www.pixelheart.com --

title: User:Venu allipuram


text:
A Musical History

A Musical History is the second box set to anthologize Canadian-American rock group the Band. Released by Capitol Records on September 27, 2005, it features 111 tracks spread over five compact discs and one DVD. Roughly spanning the group's journey from 1961 to 1977, from their days behind Ronnie Hawkins and Bob Dylan through the departure of Robbie Robertson and the first disbanding of the group. The set includes highlights from each of the group's first seven studio albums and both major live recordings and nearly forty rare or previously unreleased performances.

Capitol released a single CD+DVD abridged version titled The Best of A Musical History in 2007. It included a selection of what the compilers felt were the best tracks of the five CDs, as well as a shorter version of the DVD.

Disc one
The first disc focuses on the period from 1961 through 1968, giving the first legitimate release on compact disc to four of five single sides the group recorded in 1965, the fifth previously released on 1994's Across the Great Divide. Opening with two tracks featuring an early incarnation of the group featuring Danko, Robertson and Helm (with Manuel on one track) backing Ronnie Hawkins, the disc goes into the first recordings of the group without Hawkins, with Helm assuming lead vocal duties. From there come the earliest tracks featuring the classic line-up, mostly 12-bar blues material, including the group's single sides, the earlier sides recorded as the Canadian Squires, the later sides as Levon and the Hawks. Sessions with Bob Dylan (mostly without Helm) and demo recordings close the disc. These recordings constitute one part of a larger set that will be released as From Bacon Fat to Judgement Day, chronicling the group's journey from 1957 to 1967.

Disc two
Disc two focuses on 1968, featuring all but one track either in its original or in an alternate or extended version from the group's debut album, as well as several outtakes, a few of which are new to the set. A number with Dylan recorded at a Woody Guthrie tribute concert (where the group performed as "the Crackers") and a few of the group's tracks from The Basement Tapes round out the disc.

Disc three
The third CD focuses on 1969 to 1971. Eight of twelve tracks from the group's eponymous second album and an early version of a ninth constitute the first part of the disc, with five of ten (with an early version of a sixth) from the third album, a handful of live numbers and a run-through of one track that would appear on the group's fourth album finish the disc.

Disc four
Disc four focuses on 1971 to 1973, opening with an additional four tracks from the group's fourth album. From there, nine tracks recorded during the shows that made up the group's fifth album, the live Rock of Ages, one of them previously unreleased. The disc closes with three tracks from various sessions in 1972 and 1973, two previously unreleased, and one track from the group's homage to early rock and roll, Moondog Matinee.

Disc five
The final audio disc focuses on 1973 to 1976, opening with a further three tracks and an outtake from Moondog Matinee. Three further tracks with Dylan follow, two of which were previously released on Planet Waves and Before the Flood. Three of eight tracks from the group's seventh album make up the middle of the disc. The group's last studio sessions, some of which was released on their final album for Capitol, as well as one previously unreleased live track follow. The disc closes with a handful of tracks from the live/studio hybrid The Last Waltz, recorded in 1976 and 1977 and released in 1978.

DVD
The sixth disc, a DVD, features various performances between 1970 and 1976. Among these are three of four performances the group did on their 1976 appearance on Saturday Night Live, two performances from Wembley Stadium, one performance from the sessions that produced their Rock of Ages album, two from the 1970 Festival Express tour and one from a rarely seen promotional video. All tracks are either previously unreleased in full or in total.

Track listing
All songs are written by Robbie Robertson, except where noted.

Disc one

 * 1) "Who Do You Love?" (Ellas McDaniel) – 2:40 – Ronnie Hawkins & the Hawks
 * 2) "You Know I Love You" (Jimmy Reed) – 2:44 – Ronnie Hawkins & the Hawks
 * 3) "Further on Up the Road" (Don Robey–Joe Veasey) – 3:06 – The Hawks
 * 4) "Nineteen Years Old" (McKinley Morganfield) – 4:12 – The Hawks
 * 5) "Honky Tonk" (Robey) – 3:02 – Levon & the Hawks
 * 6) "Bacon Fat" (Garth Hudson–Robbie Robertson) – 2:38 – Levon & the Hawks
 * 7) "Robbie's Blues" (The Hawks) – 3:37 – Levon & the Hawks
 * 8) "Leave Me Alone" – 2:37 – Levon & the Hawks (as the Canadian Squires)
 * 9) "Uh-Uh-Uh" – 2:21 – Levon & the Hawks (as the Canadian Squires)
 * 10) "He Don't Love You (And He'll Break Your Heart)" – 2:37 – Levon & the Hawks
 * 11) "(I Want to Be) The Rainmaker" (Sketch track) – 2:59 – Levon & the Hawks
 * 12) "The Stones I Throw" (Sketch track) – 1:07 – Levon & the Hawks
 * 13) "The Stones I Throw (Will Free All Men)" – 2:06 – Levon & the Hawks
 * 14) "Go Go Liza Jane" (Traditional, arr. Robertson) – 2:11 – Levon & the Hawks
 * 15) "Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?" (Bob Dylan) – 3:32 – Bob Dylan with Levon & the Hawks
 * 16) "Tell Me, Momma" (Live) (Dylan) – 4:05 – Bob Dylan & the Hawks
 * 17) "Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues" (Live) (Dylan) – 5:36 – Bob Dylan & the Hawks
 * 18) "Words and Numbers" (Sketch track) (Richard Manuel) – 4:09
 * 19) "You Don't Come Through" (Sketch track) – 2:03
 * 20) "Beautiful Thing" (Sketch track) (Manuel) – 1:41
 * 21) "Caledonia Mission" (Sketch track) – 2:29
 * 22) "Odds and Ends" (Dylan) – 1:46 – Bob Dylan & the Band
 * 23) "Ferdinand the Impostor" – 4:06
 * 24) "Ruben Remus" (Manuel–Robertson) – 3:13
 * 25) "Will the Circle Be Unbroken" (Traditional, arr. the Band) – 0:55
 * Tracks 1–5 and 8–9 produced by Henry Glover; tracks 6–7 produced by Duff Roman; tracks 10, 13 & 14 supervised by Eddie Heller for TRO Productions; track 15 produced by Bob Johnston; tracks 18–25 recorded by Garth Hudson. Production credits for other tracks unknown.

Disc two

 * 1) "Katie's Been Gone" (Manuel–Robertson) – 2:45
 * 2) "Ain't No More Cane on the Brazos" (Traditional by Christian Rowe, arr. the Band) – 3:58
 * 3) "Don't Ya Tell Henry" (Dylan) – 3:13 – Bob Dylan & the Band
 * 4) "Tears of Rage" (Dylan–Manuel) – 5:21
 * 5) "To Kingdom Come" (Extended version) – 3:57
 * 6) "In a Station" (Manuel) – 3:31
 * 7) "The Weight" – 4:36
 * 8) "We Can Talk" (Manuel) – 3:03
 * 9) "Long Black Veil" (Danny Dill–Marijohn J. Wilkin) – 3:03
 * 10) "Chest Fever" – 5:15
 * 11) "Lonesome Suzie" (Alternate version) (Manuel) – 2:57
 * 12) "This Wheel's on Fire" (Danko–Dylan) – 3:11
 * 13) "I Shall Be Released" (Dylan) – 3:12
 * 14) "Yazoo Street Scandal" – 3:54
 * 15) "I Ain't Got No Home" (Live) (Woody Guthrie) – 3:44 – Bob Dylan & the Band
 * 16) "Orange Juice Blues" (Manuel) – 3:18
 * 17) "Baby Lou" (J. Drew) – 3:38
 * 18) "Long Distance Operator" (Full version) (Dylan) – 4:32
 * 19) "Key to the Highway" (Big Bill Broonzy–Charlie Segar) – 2:22
 * 20) "Bessie Smith" (Rick Danko–Robertson) – 4:17
 * All tracks produced by John Simon, except 15, for which production credits are unknown.

Disc three

 * 1) "Across the Great Divide" – 2:53
 * 2) "Rag Mama Rag" – 3:05
 * 3) "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" – 3:33
 * 4) "When You Awake" (Manuel–Robertson) – 3:15
 * 5) "Up on Cripple Creek" – 4:34
 * 6) "Whispering Pines" (Manuel–Robertson) – 3:57
 * 7) "King Harvest (Has Surely Come)" – 3:37
 * 8) "Get Up Jake" – 2:16
 * 9) "Jemima Surrender" (Early version) (L. Helm–Robertson) – 3:47
 * 10) "Daniel and the Sacred Harp" (Alternate take) – 4:21
 * 11) "Time to Kill" – 3:26
 * 12) "All La Glory" (Early version) – 3:24
 * 13) "The Shape I'm In" – 4:02
 * 14) "Stage Fright" – 3:43
 * 15) "The Rumor" – 4:14
 * 16) "Slippin' and Slidin' (Live) (Eddie Bocage–Al Collins–Richard Penniman–James Smith) – 3:21
 * 17) "Don't Do It" (Eddie Holland–Lamont Dozier–Brian Holland) – 3:46
 * 18) "Strawberry Wine" (Live) (Helm–Robertson) – 3:46
 * 19) "Rockin' Chair" (Live) – 4:12
 * 20) "Look Out Cleveland" (Live) – 3:33
 * 21) "4% Pantomime" (Early version) (Van Morrison–Robertson) – 6:01 – The Band with Van Morrison
 * Tracks 1–9 produced by John Simon and tracks 10–15, 17 and 21 produced by the Band. Production credits for other tracks not known.

Disc four

 * 1) "Life Is a Carnival" (Danko–Helm–Robertson) – 3:55
 * 2) "When I Paint My Masterpiece" (Dylan) – 4:21
 * 3) "The Moon Struck One" – 4:09
 * 4) "The River Hymn" – 4:39
 * 5) "Don't Do It" (Live) (E. Holland–Dozier–B. Holland) – 4:36
 * 6) "Caledonia Mission" (Live) – 3:22
 * 7) "Smoke Signal" (Live) – 5:09
 * 8) "The Unfaithful Servant" (Live) – 4:41
 * 9) "The W.S. Walcott Medicine Show" (Live) – 4:05
 * 10) "The Genetic Method" (Live) (Hudson) – 7:31
 * 11) "Chest Fever" (Live) – 5:04
 * 12) "(I Don't Want to Hang Up My) Rock 'n' Roll Shoes" (Live) (C. Willis) – 4:30
 * 13) "Loving You (Is Sweeter Than Ever)" (Live) (Ivy Jo Hunter–Stevie Wonder) – 3:35
 * 14) "Endless Highway" – 5:07
 * 15) "Move Me" (Sketch track) (Danko) – 2:57
 * 16) "Two Piano Song" – 4:12
 * 17) "Mystery Train" (H. Parker Jr.–S. Phillips, additional lyrics by Robertson) – 5:33
 * All tracks produced by the Band

Disc five

 * 1) "Ain't Got No Home" (C. Henry) – 3:24
 * 2) "Share Your Love" (A. Braggs–D. Malone) – 2:54
 * 3) "Didn't It Rain" (Traditional, arr. the Band) – 3:18
 * 4) "Forever Young" (Dylan) – 4:56 – Bob Dylan & the Band
 * 5) "Rainy Day Women #12 & 35" (Live) (Dylan) – 3:37 – Bob Dylan & the Band
 * 6) "Highway 61 Revisited" (Live) (Dylan) – 3:55 – Bob Dylan
 * 7) "Ophelia" – 3:31
 * 8) "Acadian Driftwood" – 6:41
 * 9) "It Makes No Difference" – 6:32
 * 10) "Twilight" (Sketch track) – 3:25
 * 11) "Christmas Must Be Tonight" – 3:36
 * 12) "The Saga of Pepote Rouge" – 4:13
 * 13) "Livin' in a Dream" – 2:51
 * 14) "Forbidden Fruit" (Live) – 5:39
 * 15) "Home Cookin (Danko) – 3:44
 * 16) "Out of the Blue" – 3:20
 * 17) "Evangeline" – 3:10 – The Band with Emmylou Harris
 * 18) "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" (Live) – 4:32
 * 19) "The Weight" – 4:36 – The Band with the Staples
 * Tracks 1–3, 7–9 and 11–15 produced by the Band, track 4 produced by Bob Dylan, Robbie Robertson and Rob Fraboni, tracks 16–19 produced by Robbie Robertson. Production credits unknown for remaining tracks.

Disc six: DVD

 * 1) "Jam/King Harvest" (The Band/Robertson) – 4:22 (Early 1970; Robbie's studio, Woodstock, New York)
 * 2) "Long Black Veil" (D. Dill–M. Wilkin) – 2:46 (7/5/70; Festival Express, Calgary, Alberta, Canada)
 * 3) "Rockin' Chair" (Robertson) – 3:52 (7/5/70; Festival Express, Calgary, Alberta, Canada)
 * 4) "Don't Do It" (E. Holland–Dozier–B. Holland) – 4:33 (12/28–31/71; Academy of Music, New York City, New York)
 * 5) "Hard Times (The Slop)/Just Another Whistle Stop" (N. Watts/Manuel–Robertson) – 7:20 (9/14/74; Wembley Stadium, London, England)
 * 6) "Genetic Method/Chest Fever" (Hudson/Robertson) – 7:49 (9/14/74; Wembley Stadium, London, England)
 * 7) "Life Is a Carnival" (Danko–Helm–Robertson) – 3:14 (10/30/76; Saturday Night Live, New York City, New York)
 * 8) "Stage Fright" (Robertson) – 3:32 (10/30/76; Saturday Night Live, New York City, New York)
 * 9) "Georgia on My Mind" (Hoagy Carmichael–Stuart Gorrell) – 3:10 (10/30/76; Saturday Night Live, New York City, New York)
 * The Best Of release includes only tracks 1–5 on the DVD
 * A performance of "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" from the Saturday Night Live appearance is omitted.

Audio tracks

 * 1) "Working in the Canastas" (Instrumental outtake) (Take 4) (Manuel) (10/24/68; Capitol Studios, New York City, New York, inbetween sessions for Music from Big Pink and The Band) – Plays as audio in the main menu
 * 2) "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" (Tracking session) (3–4/69; Sammy Davis Jr.'s poolhouse, Hollywood, California during sessions for The Band) – Plays as audio in the track selection menu
 * 3) "Katie's Been Gone" (Publishing demo) (Manuel–Robertson, piano arrangement by Hudson) (Probably recorded inbetween 67–68 in some unknown studio in order to release sheet music transcriptions of piano arrangements of songs written during The Basement Tapes that was at one point or another considered for inclusion on the album) – Plays as audio during the credits menu

Download album only

 * 1) "The Weight" (2005 remix with overdubs) (Robertson) – 4:37
 * 2) "I Shall Be Released" (Live–Royal Albert Hall) (Dylan) – 4:03

Best-of CD
n.b. a separate release featuring material from the set was issued as a 'Best of ...'
 * 1) "Who Do You Love?" (Ellas McDaniel) – 2:40 – Ronnie Hawkins & the Hawks
 * 2) "He Don't Love You (And He'll Break Your Heart)" – 2:37 – Levon & the Hawks
 * 3) "Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?" (Bob Dylan) – 3:32 – Bob Dylan with Levon & the Hawks
 * 4) "Ain't No More Cane on the Brazos" (Traditional by Christian Rowe, arr. the Band) – 3:58
 * 5) "The Weight" – 4:36
 * 6) "Orange Juice Blues" (Manuel) – 3:18
 * 7) "King Harvest (Has Surely Come)" – 3:37
 * 8) "All La Glory" (Early version) – 3:24
 * 9) "Stage Fright" – 3:43
 * 10) "I Shall Be Released" (Dylan) – 3:12
 * 11) "4% Pantomime" (Early version) (Van Morrison–Robertson) – 6:01 – The Band with Van Morrison
 * 12) "Don't Do It" (Live) (E. Holland–Dozier–B. Holland) – 4:36
 * 13) "Life Is a Carnival" (Danko–Helm–Robertson) – 3:55
 * 14) "Slippin' and Slidin (Live) (Eddie Bocage–Al Collins–Richard Penniman–James Smith) – 3:21
 * 15) "Endless Highway" – 5:07
 * 16) "Share Your Love" (A. Braggs–D. Malone) – 2:54
 * 17) "Forever Young" (Dylan) – 4:56 – Bob Dylan & the Band
 * 18) "Twilight" (Sketch track) – 3:25
 * 19) "Home Cookin (Danko) – 3:44

Personnel

 * Rick Danko – bass, guitar, celli, trombone, fiddle, vocals
 * Levon Helm – drums, guitar, mandolin, bass, harmonica, percussion, vocals
 * Garth Hudson – organ, piano, clavinet, accordion, synthesizers, saxophones, horns
 * Richard Manuel – piano, drums, organ, clavinet, pianet, harmonica, percussion, vocals
 * Robbie Robertson – guitars, harmonica, piano, vocals

 * Other participants
 * Byron Berline – fiddle (Disc five, track 8)
 * Roy Buchanan – guitar, bass (Disc one, tracks 1 & 4)
 * Rich Cooper – trumpet, flugelhorn (Disc five, track 18)
 * Bob Dylan – vocals, guitars, harmonica (Disc one, tracks 15–17 & 22; disc two, track 15; disc five, tracks 4,5 & 6)
 * Joe Farrell – saxophones, English horn (Disc three, tracks 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 & 12)
 * Jim Gordon – saxophone, flute, clarinet (Disc five, track 18)
 * Emmylou Harris – guitar, vocals (Disc five, track 17)
 * Ronnie Hawkins – vocals (Disc one, tracks 1 & 2)
 * Jerry Hey – trumpet, flugelhorn (Disc five, track 18)
 * Howard Johnson – saxophones, tuba, euphonium, flugelhorn, bass clarinet, horn arrangements (Disc three, tracks 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 & 12; disc five, tracks 14 & 18)
 * Mickey Jones – drums (Disc one, tracks 16 & 17)
 * Charlie Keagle – saxophones, flute, clarinet (Disc five, track 18)
 * Tom Malone – trombone, bass trombone, euphonium, alto flute (Disc five, track 18)
 * Earl McIntyre – trombone (Disc three, tracks 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 & 12)
 * Van Morrison – vocals (Disc three, track 21)
 * Billy Mundi – drums (Disc four, track 17; disc five, track 1)
 * Larry Packer – electric violin (Disc five, track 18)
 * J. D. Parron – saxophone, E-flat clarinet (Disc three, tracks 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 & 12)
 * Jerry Penfound – saxophones, flute (Disc one, tracks 2, 3, 6 & 7)
 * John Simon – baritone horn, tuba, "peck horn", piano, percussion (Disc two, tracks 4, 9–11, 18 & 19; disc three, tracks 1, 2 & 7)
 * Mavis Staples – vocals (Disc five, track 19)
 * Roebuck "Pops" Staples – guitar, vocals (Disc five, track 19)
 * Allen Toussaint – horn arrangements (Disc three, tracks 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 & 12; disc five, track 18)
 * Snooky Young – trumpet, flugelhorn (Disc three, tracks 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 & 12)
 * Cleotha Staples and Yvonne Staples – backing vocals (Disc five, track 19)
 * Libby Titus – backing vocals (Disc four, track 4)
 * Dionne Warwick, Dee Dee Warwick and Cissy Houston – backing vocals (Disc one, track 2)
 * A. N. Other – horns (Disc three, track 1; disc five, track 14)

title: A Musical History


text:
Thomas Francis Gilroy

Thomas Francis Gilroy (June 3, 1840 – December 1, 1911) was the 89th mayor of New York City from 1893 to 1894.

Biography
Gilroy was born in Sligo, Ireland, and immigrated with his parents to New York City at age seven. His father died soon afterwards, and he left school at age 16 to begin working in the publishing business, where he eventually became a proofreader. He later served as a court clerk, and Deputy County Clerk and Undersheriff for New York County.

Active in the Democratic Party, from his early 20s he was a key member of the Tammany Hall organization, beginning as a messenger for "Boss" William Tweed, and serving as confidential secretary for Henry W. Genet, Tweed's Tammany Hall successor.

In 1889, Gilroy managed the successful mayoral campaign of Hugh J. Grant, and as a reward was appointed Commissioner of Public Works, a post he held from 1889 to 1893.

From 1890 to 1892 Gilrow was the titular head of Tammany Hall, the organization's Grand Sachem. In fact, the boss of the organization continued to be Richard Croker, who was the organization's unofficial leader from 1886 to 1902.

In 1893 Gilroy succeeded Grant as Mayor. His administration was largely defined by the 1894 Lexow Investigation, which uncovered widespread police department corruption that was directly linked to Tammany. Gilroy did not run for reelection, and was succeeded in 1895 by reform candidate William L. Strong, who ran with the backing of Republicans and anti-Tammany Democrats.

Gilroy was a Delegate to the 1896 Democratic National Convention. Afterwards, he withdrew from politics, and served as President of the Twelfth Ward Bank until retiring in 1901.

Family
He had a daughter, Frances E. Gilroy, who married Edward A. Maher Jr.

Death and burial
He died on December 1, 1911, at his home on Ocean Avenue, Far Rockaway, Long Island and he was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

title: Thomas Francis Gilroy


text:
User talk:Logman011

Welcome!
Hello Logman011, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like it here and decide to stay.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Read the tutorial and learn how to edit a page.
 * Experiment in the sandbox.
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset.
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 * Use talk pages to communicate with other editors.
 * Be bold in updating pages.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and learn about the Five Pillars of Wikipedia.
 * And most importantly, have fun!

If you need any help, see the help pages and glossary, add a question to the help desk, or ask me on my talk page.

I hope you will enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Good luck! — Bcat

title: User talk:Logman011


text:
Medical Household

The Medical Household is the medical part of the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom.

Overview
Current roles include a Personal Doctor to the King and Queen, Physician to the King, a Serjeant Surgeon, Apothecaries to the King, Occultist to the King, Dentist to the King, Orthopaedic Surgeon to the King and Surgeon Gynaecologist to the Queen.

There are also a number of appointments of physicians and surgeons to other members of the Royal Household. These include Apothecaries to all the Royal Households at Buckingham Palace, Windsor, Sandringham, Balmoral, Palace of Holyrood and Highgrove. A travelling physician accompanies Their Majesties on overseas tours.

Medical arrangements at Buckingham Palace are overseen by a Chief Nursing Officer.

Parity of respect is an important principle underlying the Household’s work, with GPs, specialists, nurses and allied professionals working as equals within an integrated team.

Honorary positions
Eminent physicians and surgeons may be appointed to honorary positions in the Medical Household from the British Armed Forces and in the Commonwealth.

With a ruling King, these titles are shared with those held by functioning Physician to the King:

 * King's Honorary Surgeon (KHS)
 * King's Honorary Dental Surgeon (KHDS)
 * King's Honorary Physician (KHP)
 * King’s Honorary Nursing Sister (KHNS)
 * King’s Honorary Physicians (Civil) (KHPC)

With a Queen-Regnant, these titles are shared with those held by functioning Physician to the Queen:

 * Queen's Honorary Surgeon (QHS)
 * Queen's Honorary Dental Surgeon (QHDS)
 * Queen's Honorary Physician (QHP)
 * Queen's Honorary Nursing Sister (QHNS)
 * Queen's Honorary Physicians (Civil) (QHPC)

List of Heads of the Medical Household
The Head of the Medical Household was first appointed in 1973.

 * 1973–1981: Sir Richard Bayliss, KCVO MD FRCP MRCS
 * 1981–1989: Sir John Batten, KCVO MD FRCP
 * 1989–1993: Sir Anthony Dawson, KCVO MD FRCP
 * 1993–2005: Sir Richard Thompson, KCVO DM PRCP
 * 2005–2014: Professor Sir John Cunningham, KCVO BM BCh MA DM FRCP
 * 2014–2022: Professor Sir Huw Thomas, KCVO MBBS MA PhD
 * Since 2022: Dr Michael Dixon, LVO, OBE, MA, FRCGP, FRCP

title: Medical Household


text:
User talk:Jlb1981

Welcome!
Hello Jlb1981, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like it here and decide to stay.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Read the tutorial and learn how to edit a page.
 * Experiment in the sandbox.
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Try to edit from a neutral point of view.
 * Use talk pages to communicate with other editors.
 * Be bold in updating pages.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and learn about the Five Pillars of Wikipedia.
 * And most importantly, have fun!

If you need any help, see the help pages and glossary, add a question to the help desk, or ask me on my talk page.

I hope you will enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Good luck! — Bcat

title: User talk:Jlb1981


text:
Vanessa Marshall

Vanessa Marshall (born October 19, 1969 ) is an American actress who is most active in films, cartoons and video games. She is the daughter of actress Joan Van Ark and reporter John Marshall.

Career
Prior to her career as a voice actor, Marshall attended Princeton University, majoring in English. She then attended graduate school at the New York University Tisch School of the Arts, attaining a masters in acting and learning different dialects, which Marshall credits for helping her in her voiceover career. She started voice acting after being discovered by a voice acting agent during a solo performance, where she was playing 15 different characters. One of her best known roles is her voice acting for the character Hera Syndulla in Star Wars Rebels. She reprised the role in Star Wars: The Bad Batch.

In July 2021, Marshall described Hera as a "strong, iconic female character", said that she brought together all the elements in her life into her voice acting as Hera, and argued that Hera became inspirational for her. Previously, she stated, in a April 2016 interview, that she brought her "convictions and...open heart" to each session in which she recorded as Hera, including her study of martial arts, and said the original Star Wars film in 1977 had a " huge impact" on her. In another interview, in March 2016, said she "secretly dedicated" her performance as Hera to her father, who is a pilot, noted her use of French language skills in the show, and joked that Sabine Wren was her "favorite character" in Rebels.

Personal life
Marshall was married to voice-over artist and rapper Andrew Kishino from 2001 to 2007. During their marriage, they founded Marsh-Kish Productions, a voice-over production company; she decided to keep the company name as the two remained friends after their divorce. Both have appeared as main characters in The Spectacular Spider-Man. Her acting in this has been compared to that of her mother in the 1970s Spider-Woman series.

title: Vanessa Marshall


text:
Rietvallei

Rietvallei may refer to:

 * Rietvallei, Gauteng
 * Rietvallei, KwaZulu-Natal
 * Rietvallei Wine Estate

title: Rietvallei


text:
Simoedosaurus

Simoedosaurus is an extinct reptile known from the Paleocene of North America, Europe and western Asia, and a member of the Choristodera, a group of aquatic reptiles that lived in the Northern Hemisphere from the Jurassic to the early Cenozoic.

A second species, S. dakotensis got its own genus, Kosmodraco, in 2022.

Taxonomy
French paleontologist Paul Gervais described Simoedosaurus in 1877.

Though similar to and contemporaneous, Simoedosaurus is not closely related to the North American Champsosaurus, instead it appears to be most closely related to Tchoiria and Ikechosaurus from the Early Cretaceous of Asia. It therefore may represent a species that immigrated into North America from Asia in the wake of the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction event, though the absence of choristoderes in the Late Cretaceous of Asia makes this merely a paleogeographical speculation.

Biology
Simoedosaurus was an aquatic predator, specialised to a fully aquatic lifestyle; though Champsosaurus might have still come ashore to lay eggs, ovovivipary is known in other choristoderes. It in particular possesses broader, stronger jaws than other longirostrine choristoderes, including its closest relatives, suggesting that it was capable of tackling larger prey.

Simoedosaurus does occur in sites where aquatic crocodilians are present, including brevirostrine forms like Borealosuchus; the extent of competition between both groups, if there was any, is still unresolved.

Like other neo-choristoderes it has nasal conchae, suggesting it could regulate its own body temperature, explaining its ability to live in cold waters.

Range
The earliest records of Simoedosaurus are from the Early Paleocene (Puercan Land Mammal Age) of Saskatchewan. It persisted until the Late Palaecene in North America, and has also been found in the Late Paleocene of France. The youngest remains seem to occur in the Eocene of Kazakhstan.

title: Simoedosaurus


text:
Rio de Janeiro Metro

The Rio de Janeiro Metro (MetrôRio, ), commonly referred to as just the Metrô is a rapid transit network that serves the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Metrô was inaugurated on 5 March 1979, and consisted of five stations operating on a single line. The system currently covers a total of 58 km, serving 41 stations, divided into three lines: Line 1 (16 km); Line 2 (30.2 km), which together travel over a shared stretch of line that covers 10 stations of an approximate distance of 5 km; and Line 4 (16 km). Metrô Rio has the second highest passenger volume of the metro systems in Brazil, after the São Paulo Metro.

Line 1 (orange line) serves downtown Rio, tourist areas in the South Zone, and several neighbourhoods in the North Zone. It is a semicircular line, and is fully underground. It runs from Uruguai Station to Ipanema/General Osório Station. Line 2 (green line) serves working-class residential neighborhoods extending toward the north. It is a northwest-to-southeast line, and almost completely above-ground (mostly at grade and partly elevated). This line started as a light rail, but due to increasing numbers of commuters, it gradually changed to rapid transit or metro. Because of its origin as light rail, it is at grade except for Estácio Station (the former connection station between lines 1 and 2), which is underground and Cidade Nova Station, which is elevated, and Line 4 (yellow line), connecting Barra da Tijuca/Jardim Oceânico Station in the West Zone to Ipanema/General Osório Station on Line 1.

The Government of the State of Rio de Janeiro remains responsible for the expansion of the metro network through Rio Trilhos. In late December 2007, the lease was renewed until 2038 and Metrô Rio assumed responsibility for the construction of Cidade Nova Station, which serves as a link between Line 2 and Line 1 ending the need to transfer stations, with the purchase of 114 cars, and construction of Uruguai Station, extending Line 1 further north.

The extension works of Line 2, called Line 1A, which ended the need for a transfer at Estácio Station and allowed the direct connection from Pavuna Station to Botafogo were started by Metrô Rio on 13 November 2008, and the tracks were completed in December 2009. With the extension, the 250 thousand passengers that circulate daily on Line 2 do not need to change trains any more in order to get to the South Zone. The interconnection of the two metro lines will reduce, by up to 13 minutes, the journey time from Pavuna station to the city's downtown, the destination of 83% of Line 2's passengers.

History
Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil and the most popular tourist attraction in the country. After 1950, the number of motor vehicles on the roads increased dramatically. Rio de Janeiro lies in a hilly region, between the mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. The landscape of the city is extremely uneven, making travelling by car or bus a very time-consuming task through the narrow streets. These conditions are ideal for trams but not for the increasing traffic of motor vehicles. By the early 1960s, traffic jams, pollution, and smog had become a serious problem in the city. To overcome these problems, local transport authorities decided to reduce the tram network and switch over to a metro network.

On 14 December 1968, the Companhia do Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro (Metro Company of Rio de Janeiro in English) was created through State Law number 1736. In March 1975, with Law–Decree number 25, the company effectively came into existence. On 23 June 1970, construction work started in Jardim da Glória. From 1971 to 1974, owing to a lack of resources, construction work stopped and was only resumed a year later. The Rio de Janeiro Metro began operating in March 1979, during the administration of governor Chagas Freitas. In the beginning, there were only five stations: Praça Onze, Central, Presidente Vargas, Cinelândia Station, and Glória Station, operating from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM.

In its initial 10 days, the system transported more than half a million people, averaging sixty thousand passengers per day. At that time, the subway worked with only four trains of four cars each, with an average interval of eight minutes. In December of the same year, the operating schedule was extended until 11:00 PM, including Saturdays. In 1980, the metro system began to be expanded with the opening of Uruguaiana Station and Estácio stations. The two new stations caused larger passenger demand, compelling an increase in the number of trains from four to six.

The Carioca station in Downtown Rio de Janeiro, the busiest station with more than eighty thousand passengers a day, was finished in January 1981. By the end of the same year, the stations Catete Station, Morro Azul (now called Flamengo Station), and Botafogo Station were completed. In November 1981, Line 2 (or Linha 2 in Portuguese) started operating with only two stations: São Cristóvão and Maracanã Station (which serves the Maracanã football stadium). In December, completing the southern section of the first Line 1, Largo do Machado Station began service. In 1982, the complementary inaugurations of the northern section of Line 1 started, with the beginning of operations of the Afonso Pena, São Francisco Xavier and Saens Peña stations. To allow the completion of the second line to Irajá, in 1983, the trains on this line began operating from 6:00 AM to 2:00 PM. After a month, this schedule was extended until 8 PM, and a free bus service was established, integrating the Estácio, São Cristóvão, and Maracanã stations. After the conclusion of the works, the Pre-Metro and Maria da Graça, Del Castilho, Inhaúma Station and Irajá Station stations were opened. In 1984 the commercial operation of the second line began with five trains on workdays with a five-and-a-half-minute interval during the week.

Following the expansion, the Triagem station was inaugurated in July 1988, the year of the creation of the subway/train integration ticket. In 1991, the Engenho da Rainha station was inaugurated. From 1991 to 1996, two stations were opened, Thomaz Coelho and Vicente de Carvalho. In this period, the time interval of the nine stations of the second line was reduced to six minutes. In July 1998, Cardeal Arcoverde Station, in the traditional neighbourhood of Copacabana, was inaugurated. Five more stations became operational in the following two months: Irajá Station, Colégio Station, Coelho Neto, Engenheiro Rubens Paiva, Acari/Fazenda Botafogo and Pavuna Station.

In 1997, the Carnival Operation (Operação de Carnaval in Portuguese) began with continuous service during the Rio Carnival festivity days. In December of that year the system was privatised and the management and operation of the company passed into the hands of the Consortium Opportrans with a concession of 20 years, leaving the responsibility for expansion of the network in the hands of the state government of Rio de Janeiro through the company Rio Trilhos. The Rio Reveillón (New Year's Eve celebrations) is highlighted by the performance of Opportrans that since 1999 has conducted a Special Operation to ensure a party for all. Tickets illustrated scheduled appointments to avoid overcrowding and provide the best service. In 2003 Siqueira Campos Station in Copacabana was inaugurated. Cantagalo Station beyond Siqueira Campos was due to be completed in March 2006 but owing to financial problems the opening date was postponed to 15 December. This was again postponed and the final opening took place in February 2007. At the same time construction began on the subway extension to General Osório station in Ipanema. This was opened in December 2009.

In late December 2007, Metro Rio renewed the concession, then defined as for another 20 years, to 2038.

Line 1A from Pavuna to Botafogo opened in December 2009 with a connection between São Cristóvão and Central. Passenger traffic at Estácio is reduced and the elimination of the need to transfer between Lines 1 and 2 saves up to 13 minutes of journey time. A new station on the new section, Cidade Nova, was opened in November 2010; the station is on Avenida Presidente Vargas and serves the City Hall.

In June 2010, the construction of Line 4 began, linking Ipanema to Barra da Tijuca, where most events of the 2016 Olympic Games occurred.

Rolling stock
The cars are of monoblock construction in stainless steel. Passenger train composition normally use six cars (four on rare occasions), but Line 2 was planned to use eight cars. Older stock driving cars can accommodate a maximum of 351 passengers (40 seated), while non-driving cars accommodate a maximum of 378 passengers (48 seated). Thus, in six-car configurations the maximum number of passengers that can be transported is 2,214.

Line 1 is served by exclusively old types of rolling stock, which are full metro. Since Line 2 was formerly a light rail line, there are some old types of stock that have been converted from light rail to metro stock. New B type stock is full metro stock. This line was initially served by old A type stock, built by La Brugeoise et Nivelles and Cobrasma.

Inside each coach, seat arrangement is both parallel and perpendicular to the windows. When the left side has parallel seats, the right side has perpendicular seats, and vice versa. Each vertical seat has a handle for easier standing. There are vertical stanchions from ceiling to floor for standing passengers, one set in front of the horizontal seats, another set at the middle of the coach. Both A and B type trains are air-conditioned.

Lines 1, 2 and 4 share EMUs built by CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co. Ltd. The 6-car trains were designed in 18 months and all 19 sets are currently operating in passenger service. The trains entered revenue service 23 months after contract award.

Lines
All stations are underground. Cinelândia and Central stations have island platforms. Carioca, Saens Peña, Botafogo and General Osório stations have both side and island platforms, although Saens Peña consists of two island platforms and three tracks. The northernmost of the three tracks appears to be disused and planned for use after the Line 1 extension. Saens Peña is a very busy station, with train turnarounds made very quickly. All other stations have side platforms, up and down tracks are divided by a low wall at stations with side platforms. Siqueira Campos, Carioca, Central, Uruguaiana are Cardeal Arcoverde have a large mezzanine floor between surface and underground tracks.
 * Line 1 (Orange): Uruguai, Saens Peña, São Francisco Xavier, Afonso Pena, Estácio, Praça Onze, Central, Presidente Vargas, Uruguaiana, Carioca, Cinelândia, Glória, Catete, Largo do Machado, Flamengo, Botafogo, Cardeal Arcoverde, Siqueira Campos, Cantagalo, General Osório.

Central, which is a major interchange point between the Metro, local and longer-distance bus lines, and the SuperVia train network, is the busiest station on the network. The Cardeal Arcoverde station was dynamited out of the base of São João Mountain and retains a cavelike structure. General Osório has some painting in the hallways to remember prehistoric attempts at communication.

Uruguai Station opened in March 2014, becoming the new terminal station of Line 1 in the North Side of Rio de Janeiro. Line 1A is actually an extension of Line 2 to Botafogo station. Line 2 is elevated from Irajá to Colégio. Many of the stations have island platforms, although Pavuna has both side and island platforms. Underground from Central to Botafogo.
 * Line 2 (Green): Pavuna, Engenheiro Rubens Paiva, Acari/Fazenda Botafogo Station, Coelho Neto, Colégio, Irajá, Vicente de Carvalho, Thomaz Coelho, Engenho da Rainha, Inhaúma, Nova América/Del Castilho, Maria da Graça, Triagem, Maracanã, São Cristóvão, Cidade Nova, Estácio (closed on working days).
 * Line 1A: São Cristóvão, Cidade Nova, Central, Presidente Vargas, Uruguaiana, Carioca, Cinelândia, Glória, Catete, Largo do Machado, Flamengo, Botafogo.

Owing to its origin as light rail, it is fully above-ground (except Estácio station, which is underground). Most stations like Irajá and others, have an island platform, whereas some stations like Triagem have side platforms. Maracanã station is directly linked by an overbridge to the Maracanã Stadium across the street.

Connections

 * Line 1 is fully underground with Cardeal Arcoverde being the deepest station. This station is under São João mountain. Non-free interchange with the Santa Teresa Tram is possible at Carioca and with the SuperVia trains at Central. Interchange to Line 2 is possible at all stations between Botafogo and Central on weekdays. There is interchange with Line 2 at Estácio on weekends and holidays. Interchange to bus is possible at Cardeal Arcoverde, Botafogo, Largo do Machado, Estácio, São Francisco Xavier and Sáenz Peña.
 * Line 2 is fully above-ground, except stations on Line 1A. It is elevated from Irajá to Colégio and the rest is at grade, except Cidade Nova and Triagem, which are elevated. Interchange with the train is possible at Triagem, Pavuna, São Cristóvão and Central. Interchange to line 1 is possible at Line 1A stations on weekdays, and at Estácio on weekends and holidays. Bus interchange is possible at Nova América/Del Castilho, Coelho Neto and Pavuna.

Fare structure

 * Single Journey (Unitário in Portuguese): This is the most popular option. When a commuter buys a ticket from the counter, they then can travel by metro from any station to any station of any line. Once the commuter leaves the station, they need another ticket for another trip. There is a flat single fare (Unitário) R$ 4.60 as of March 2020 regardless of distance.
 * Single Journey with bus extension (Metrô na Superfície in Portuguese): Metro Rio operates a bus service from some of its stations, which acts as an extension of the metro service. No additional fee is charged for this service; however, when buying the ticket the traveller must ask for a Metrô na Superfície card. Cards can be bought directly on the Metrô na Superfície bus.
 * Single Journey with express bus service: not to be confused with the bus extension, this fare allows a passenger to travel on the subway and on select bus services (Cosme Velho and Urca are served by express buses), also run by the metro company. The fare costs R$4.35 as of April 2014, and the ticket can be purchased on the subway or when boarding select buses.
 * Prepaid Card (Cartão Pré-pago): a prepaid card, valid on the metro and on the buses run by the metro company (not valid on regular city buses) can be bought at any metro station. The card is free of charge, however a minimum prepayment of R$10 is required. Tickets (a disposable contactless card) are purchased from a cashier in a booth. Prepaid tickets can be topped up at the vending booths, or at automated ticket recharging machines at select stations. Cards cannot be bought at the machines, and no change is given. Cash is the only accepted means of payment on any of the sales channels.

The Barra Expresso included a single ticket pass and the fare for a bus trip to Barra da Tijuca, a neighborhood located in the West Side of Rio. This integration ended when Line 4 was opened to the public.

Modernization
The investment of R$1.15 billion included also the purchase of 19 additional compositions; 114 new cars with a technology that allows the passengers to circulate inside the train. The first of the new compositions was scheduled to arrive in December 2010 and the others to start operating gradually before December 2011. These cars were intended for use on Line 2 and have a dimensioned air conditioning system to bear the sun and heat's direct incidence, as most part of the line is in the surface. With the increase of 63% of the fleet, the concessionaire also planned to standardize the compositions of Lines 1 and 2: all 49 trains will have six cars.

The control, signalization, ventilation and energy systems will be also expanded and modernized. The energy supply for the metro's operation will be reinforced with two new proper sub-stations, at Uruguaiana and Largo do Machado Stations, and with the remodeling of São Cristóvão and Central sub-stations. On the other hand, the signalization will be automated in the two lines. Metrô Rio will enhance the ventilation at the stations and will modernize all equipment of the Control and Operations Center, from where the complete daily operation is monitored. These actions, combined with the extension of Line 2, will allow Metrô Rio to transport more than 1.1 million passengers/day.

Expansion
Line 4 (yellow line) was completed on 30 July 2016, connecting Barra da Tijuca neighbourhood in the West Zone, passing under São Conrado and Rocinha, to Ipanema/General Osório Station. All stations are underground, but when arriving in Barra da Tijuca, trains exit a tunnel, pass briefly by an elevated bridge and go underground again.

Line 3 is proposed to run from Carioca to Visconde de Itaboraí via a 4 km tunnel underneath the Guanabara Bay, and via Araribóia, Antonina, Guaxindiba and Itambi stations.

Line 5 will run from Carioca, which interchanges with Lines 1, 2 and 3, to Gaveá interchanging for Line 4.

title: Rio de Janeiro Metro