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MS Hans Hedtoft

 MS Hans Hedtoft was a Danish cargo passenger liner that struck an iceberg and sank on 30 January 1959 on her maiden voyage off the coast of Western Greenland. The only piece of the wreckage ever found was a lifebelt.

Description
Hans Hedtoft was 271 ft long, with a beam of 46 ft and a depth of 21 ft. She was assessed at,.

Hans Hedtoft was built by Frederikshavns Værft at Frederikshavn in northern Denmark. She was yard number 226, launched on 13 August 1958 and completed on 17 December. She had a double bottom and seven watertight compartments and an armoured bow and stern. She was designed to provide a year-round service between Denmark and Greenland. Hans Hedtoft had a riveted hull, a feature which was criticised by Knud Lauritzen, a shipowner. Lauritzen claimed that a riveted hull was not as resistant to ice pressure as a welded hull. Hans Hedtoft had the code letters and radio call sign OXKA. The ship was named after a former prime minister of Denmark.

The ship was armed with three 40 mm anti-aircraft guns, on the orders of the Danish Ministry of Defence (MoD). The armament was not part of the original plans, and the ship was strengthened in three places to take the guns. An ammunition room was built into the bow of the ship. The MoD provided the anti-aircraft guns free of charge. Although fitted during tests, the guns were dismounted and carried aboard Hans Hedtoft at the time of her sinking. An order had been issued that the guns were to be removed from the ship immediately after she arrived back in Copenhagen. It was claimed that the arming of Hans Hedtoft resulted in a warship being constructed without the approval of the Folketing.

Sinking
Hans Hedtoft sailed from Copenhagen on her maiden voyage on 7 January 1959. Her voyage to Julianehaab, Greenland, was made in record time. Hans Hedtoft called at Nuuk, Sisimiut and Maniitsoq before returning to Julianehaab.

On 29 January, she began her return journey. The ship had 40 crew, 55 passengers and a cargo of frozen fish on board and in addition to that 3.25 tons of archives concerning Greenlandic history. One of her passengers was the Danish parliament (Folketing) member Augo Lynge. The next day, Hans Hedtoft collided with an iceberg about 35 nmi south of Cape Farewell, the southernmost point of Greenland. A distress call was given at 13:56 (local time) stating that the ship had hit an iceberg at 59.5°N, -43°W. The call was answered by USCGC Campbell, the West German trawler Johannes Krüss of Bremerhaven and another West German trawler. Within an hour, another message was sent stating that the engine room was flooded. At 15:12, it was announced that the ship was sinking. A final message was sent at 17:41 stating the ship was slowly sinking and requesting immediate assistance. Aircraft in Newfoundland were grounded by the weather and unable to assist in the search for Hans Hedtoft. The beginning of an SOS was received by Johannes Krüss at 18:06 after which communication with Hans Hedtoft was lost.

Johannes Krüss, and U.S. Coast Guard cutter Campbell both were in the area near Hans Hedtoft and immediately turned toward Hans Hedtoft's position after the initial distress call. However, due to the high sea, floating ice, dwindling daylight and generally bad visibility they were unable to reach the position provided by Hans Hedtoft before she sank later that afternoon. Presumably Johannes Krüss (commanded by Kapitän Albert Sierck) after a gallant and dangerous voyage in the ice-filled stormy waters actually made it to the position of Hans Hedtoft only few minutes after her sinking, but was unable to find any survivors under these extremely difficult conditions.

On 31 January, USCGC Campbell reported that conditions were worse than anything the ship had seen while on transatlantic convoy duty during World War II, and there was no sign of Hans Hedtoft or her passengers and crew. The search was called off on 7 February. The only piece of wreckage ever recovered was a lifebuoy which washed ashore on Iceland and was discovered on 7 October 1959, some nine months after the ship sank. The ship sank with parish registers from parishes of Greenland, which were meant to be deposited in archives in Denmark, causing a major loss for Greenlandic genealogy.

As a result of the sinking, the airfield at Narsarsuaq, Greenland, which had closed in November 1958, was reopened. An appeal fund for the relatives of the victims was opened. Kr40,000 (then £2,000) was raised amongst ten countries in two months. Compensation for the relatives amounted to Kr1,184,936 (then £59,000). Like RMS Titanic, Hans Hedtoft was said to be the safest ship afloat, being described as "unsinkable" by some.

Legacy
On 30 January 2005, Queen Margrethe unveiled a monument at North Atlantic Wharf, Copenhagen, to the 95 people lost on Hans Hedtoft.

The shipwreck is the theme of the 2014 song "All Hope Abandon" by the Greenlandic band Small Time Giants.

title: MS Hans Hedtoft


text:
Matt Jackson (footballer)

Matthew Alan Jackson (born 19 October 1971) is an English former professional footballer who is the president of Swiss Super League side Grasshopper Club Zürich.

As a player, he was a defender from 1990 until 2007, notably in the Premier League for Everton and Wigan Athletic, as well as in the Football League for Luton Town, Preston North End, Charlton Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Birmingham City, Norwich City, Watford and Blackpool. He earned ten caps for the England U21 side.

Playing career
Jackson was born on 19 October 1971 in Leeds. He grew up in Bedford and attended Sharnbrook Upper School. After initially turning down the club to concentrate on finishing his A-Levels, he started his footballing career at Luton Town, making his professional debut in 1990. He made nine league appearances for the club before signing for Everton for a fee of £600,000 in 1991.

He featured prominently in Everton's FA Cup-winning season, scoring a memorable 20-yard volley against Bristol City in the Fourth round to secure a 1–0 victory for Everton. He also scored the opening goal in the 4–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur in the semi-final, and his initial cross ultimately set up Paul Rideout's winning goal in the final.

In 1996, he joined Norwich City for a fee of £450,000. In 1997, he became team captain, and was voted Norwich City player of the year in 1998.

On 19 October 2001, Jackson moved to Wigan Athletic on a month's loan from Norwich, making his debut a day later in a 3–2 defeat against Wrexham. He made seven appearances during his loan spell before joining the club permanently on a free transfer, signing a two-and-a-half-year contract. He would go on to form a central defensive partnership with Jason De Vos that was central to winning the Second Division Championship in the 2002–03 season.

After De Vos left Wigan for Ipswich Town, Jackson again formed another sound partnership with Ian Breckin and helped Wigan to their second promotion in three years when they finished runners-up in the Football League Championship in 2004–05.

In November 2006, Jackson scored for Wigan in a 3–2 win against Charlton Athletic, his first goal in the Premier League in over 13 years (setting a league record for time between goals – 4,935 days – which still stands as of April 2019). Jackson signed for Watford on 24 May 2007, after rejecting a new one-year contract with Wigan.

He spent a month on loan at Blackpool during late October and early November 2007. Watford recalled him on 5 November after an injury to Jay DeMerit. Jackson retired from football on 6 August 2008.

Post-playing career
After retiring, he was employed as a football consultant by IMG working in player development. In 2015 he was working for Wigan Athletic as an Operations Manager but as of 2020, he is no longer listed at the club in that role.

In May 2021, Jackson was appointed by Wolverhampton Wanderers as their first-ever strategic player marketing manager.

On 30 June 2023, he was appointed as president of Wolves' partner club Grasshopper Club Zürich.

Honours
Everton
 * FA Cup: 1995
 * FA Charity Shield: 1995

Wigan Athletic
 * Football League Second Division: 2002–03
 * Football League Championship runner-up: 2004–05
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2005–06

Individual
 * Norwich City Player of the Year 1997–98

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Matt Jackson (footballer)


text:
Talk:Henry V (play)

St. Crispin's Day Speech
Is the "most quoted" speech really the "Once more unto the breach..."? Here in the USA I'd warrant that you are much more likely to hear selected bits from "This day is called the feast of Crispian..." in Act IV, scene ii (I think...) Ellsworth 16:11, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I would concur. john k 17:07, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It was a New Page today, but now new made a redirect here. Good my Lords, it were well to parse it prettily here some where. --Wetman 07:08, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not in England, I'd warrant. "Once more unto the breach..." is better known, perhaps because it is a full-bodied rallying cry that manages to stir our ever-so-reserved patriotism. "Cry god for Harry, England, and Saint George!", indeed. MJSchofield 12:50, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

I removed the link to the St Crispin's day speech, since that page now redirects here. I was somewhat surprised; the speech probably could support a whole page and it's barely touched on here. Matt Deres 20:15, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

We've got the the St. Crispin's Day speech in the article twice, once under 'Performance History' and a major exceprt under 'Synopsis'. I think one of them should be deleted. But which one? In comparison, the passage 'Once more into the breach ... or close up the wall with a bunch of dead British guys' :-) is talked about in the talk page but it absent in the article. Which St. Crispin's reference should we axe? KeithJonsn (talk) 06:43, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Where's the speech? Surely it's public domain; why does clicking on "St. Crispin's Day Speech" take me to a page that doesn't even have it? (Maybe there's a Link, but by now I'm back to Google.) Septimus.stevens (talk) 08:19, 1 February 2013 (UTC)
 * We don't have an article on the St. Crispin's Day Speech. Perhaps you could start one? Celuici (talk) 09:44, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

Branagh image
I've started to whip this puppy into shape by adding a number of images and a few internal wikilinks. Anyhow, there is a small problem with the Branagh image in this article. I've seen the film, but it was years ago, who is the man in the blue tunic on the left in that image? I can identify Branagh and Brian Blessed, but I cann't figure out the other guy. Are there any othner notable actors in the image? *Exeunt* Ganymead | Dialogue? 04:50, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've fixed that for you. AndyJones 09:48, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Mission Accomplished Speech Comparisson
I must take issue with the comparison of George W. Bush's "Mission Accomplished" speech (5/1/03) with the St. Crispian speech. The latter was given prior to the battle, while the former was a statement of a previously achieved victory. They are not similar in form, nor in their chronology in the timeline of battle.

Band of Brothers
I'd have to take another look at the scene, but I don't believe the speech given by a surrendering German general in "Points" is the St. Crispin's Day speech. One of the other characters, Liebgott, translates the speech as it is being orated. The two might be similar, but it would be a stretch to link them together. Kbrooks 22:34, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Clarence & Huntingdon
While adding the mysteriously vanished Monsieur le Fer (the French soldier who Pistol captures) to the Dramatis Personae, I also notice that the Duke of Clarence and Earl of Huntingdon are also missing. This is a more interesting question - they have no lines, but are given stage directions and referred to by name in the text. They only appear in Act V, Scene II, the peace negotiations. The stage direction is "Enter, at one door, King Henry, Exeter, Bedford, Gloucester, Clarence, Warwick, Westmoreland, Huntingdon and other lords[...]" and later, Henry says "Brother, we shall go. Go, uncle Exeter, And brother Clarence, and you, brother Gloucester, Warwick, and Huntingdon, go with the King..." and exeunt all except Henry, Katharine and Alice.

Should non-speaking parts, however high-ranking and referred to by name, go in as Dramatis Personae or not? Brickie 12:00, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't mind if they are. Maybe just say (non-speaking) next to them. Wrad 16:41, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd say include them: they appear at List of Shakespearean characters (I know, because I put them there). Interestingly Clarence isn't mute in the Quarto version of Henry V, because he has the part which we think of as Bedford's (source: Ard3 p.116). AndyJones 17:40, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

"ridiculing the Iraq invasion."
The article mentions, currently, that the 2003 National Theatre production "[ridiculed] the Iraq invasion." I saw that production. It used the backdrop of the Iraq invasion, but I don't recall it ridiculing it at all. Anyone else see it and care to comment? 88.105.12.21 22:27, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

I have never heard of that. Astrastarr 01:10, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you should feel free to remove it, if there's no source to support the statement. AndyJones 08:46, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Henry v dvd.jpg
Image:Henry v dvd.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:20, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Running time?
This needs to be included to maintain article integrity. 60.240.116.132 (talk) 11:19, 11 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't understand this question, sorry. I particularly don't understand what you mean by "article integrity". I think the play's running time can be mentioned if the reliable sources give some prominence to it: otherwise not. Besides, surely the variation in the running-time of a play from performance to performance will be quite substantial: especially a play like this one, which is sometimes played in full but is often played heavily abridged. It's not like a movie, which has a running time you can measure to the second. AndyJones (talk) 12:36, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Andy is spot on. In live theatre, running times can vary dramatically (no pun intended) based on numerous factors, and even an uncut version of the play can vary due to the pacing requirements of the director, or the idiosyncrasies of the leading actors. For example, I once saw a leading actor in the role of Romeo add almost 20 minutes to a production simply by slowing down his numerous monologues in a "Shatner-esce" attempt to make them more understandable!Smatprt (talk) 18:28, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Brothers To The King (Dramatis Personae)
I have never before had the temerity to remove something, except when I have known it to be WRONG. It is perfectly true that some versions juggle with the identities of the brothers. It's Clarence in the "Bad" Quarto and some RSC productions have made him a speaking part. But "in some versions replaced by the Duke of Clarence" seemed to me to stick out like a sore thumb. You can always find something that is done in SOME versions - Burgundy has been elided with the Constable, the Boy has been a contination of Francis from the previous plays ... It seems to me that there is no end to it, if you put notes about variants like that on the cast-list itself. I hope this seems reasonable to others who know the play and its history. Rogersansom (talk) 16:38, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Inconsistency of approach
Shakespearean char lists have a style that differs from modern expectations (in ways that go beyond their repellent reverence for syphilitic tyrants); still, i think it is desirable to present the DPs intact, if only for the sake of those reading the article's and the play's versions concurrently -- so they can choose to do it in synchrony. But we have not stuck to solely that approach, rather inserting some unannounced annotations. IMO it makes sense for both sets of info to be included, but they must be delineated. I would suggest that this be done by starting, below the secn-heading "Dramatis Personae", with an italic note starting
 * The following reflects the playwright's list of characters, and descriptions of some of them, according to ...

and specifying an authoritative modern edition. The italic note should end along the lines of
 * The material in box brackets is (like the links) additional information compiled by the authors of this article.

One example of the need for such additions is the entry where i found
 * * [ [Charles d'Albret|Constable of France]]

and replaced with
 * * Constable of France (Charles d'Albret)

since most our audience (separated from the events by at least four more -- and even more eventful -- centuries, and in many cases by wider bodies of water, than the Bard's) are unlikely to find "Constable of France" meaningful, but may not want to plow thru the individual character's bio to see what the job meant: each link needed will not always correspond to its own word or phrase of the original. Nevertheless, it should be made clear what was or not in the original: e.g. "* Constable of France [ Charles d'Albret] --Jerzy•t 05:18, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

In Popular Culture
I tried to delete the most trivial entries. Billbrock (talk) 00:12, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

"an Welshman" needs a tidy.
This untidy phrase was tidied, but has been reinstated. In full, we have: "The army also includes a Scot, an Welshman, an Englishman and Fluellen, a comically stereotyped Welsh soldier". The Welshman is in there twice — "an Welshman... and Fluellen, a comically stereotyped Welsh soldier". The first Welshman of the two seems to be the English footsoldier "Williams", who was inserted at the expense of MacMorris, the Irish sapper (which presumably explains  "an Welshman").

Williams is specifically described as "English" in my edition of the play (Bate), but generally this is not instanced. There is an interpretation, in performance, which has the nationalities of the three footsoldiers reflect the nationalities of their "comically stereotyped" officers, but at present having two Welshmen is uncited. Here they are clumsily written and one of them has ousted the Irishman MacMorris. I propose to tidy this, once again.--Old Moonraker (talk) 07:00, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * No need—User:AndyJones has beaten me to it. Thanks. --Old Moonraker (talk) 21:01, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * And yet: the OP has reinstated the material, albeit in a less blatant way, yet again. The text makes specific reference to only one Welsh and one Scottish  soldier. Is this  pattern of edits beginning to look like disruptive editing? --Old Moonraker (talk) 08:22, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

 * My edits are not disruptive, as the aim is most definitely to improve the article. Old Moonraker has also confused edits of mine with reversions by AndyJones. The section regarding the nationalities in the army is very general, so if it is supposed to be only referring to the officers then it should say so, not assumed. If it is to be more general, then it needs to mention both groups of soldiers. The group in Act 1Scene 4 is not a lesser group in terms of the plot. Now I admit that in my first edit of this line I'd forgotten about MacMorris and assumed that Williams had been misinterpreted as an Irishman, possibly because of his first name, Michael. That assumption was wrong, but it does show the weakness of the sentence. Rather than looking at one edition on your bookshelf, try taking in a performance and you'll see that Bates, Williams and Court are nearly always played as English, Welsh and Scottish, along with the appropriate accents, according to the origin of their surnames and according to the origin of the officers. It shouldn't take me long to find a source indicating this.
 * When this sentence was reverted by AndyJones it went back to incorrectly indicating only one Scot and one Welsh soldier in the whole play. As it stands now it only mentions one Englishman in the whole army. How about the more accurate 'The army also includes stereotypical Scotsmen, Englishman, an Irishman and Welshmen including Fluellen...'? Mdw0 (talk) 23:53, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

Alright. My comments on that are:
 * 1) Henry V has no Act 1 Scene 4.
 * 2) I don't think anyone commenting here just looked at one edition on a bookshelf. Speaking for myself I have copies of both major films, and the ESC and BBC versions, and the HarperCollins, Naxos and Arkangel audio versions. And while I cannot be bothered to watch/listen to them all to check, from recollection I do not think any of them plays Bates, Court and Williams as of three different nationalities.
 * 3) I think you are flatly wrong to say that taking in a performance would prove your point. But if it did, that would be original research, which we don't do here at Wikipedia.
 * 4) You say it will not take you long to find a reliable source to support the argument you are making here. If so, please do it and we can discuss. Otherwise this whole discussion is pointless, isn't it? Because that's how Wikipedia articles are built: we look at what the reliable sources say about the subject of the article and that's what we include. That's less problematic with Fluellen/Jamy/Gower/MacMorris because the text itself repeatedly refers to their nationalities. But there's no clear textual support for your reading.
 * 5) Is it seriously your view that "Bates" is an English name and "Williams" a Welsh name and "Court" a Scottish name? What is your source for that?
 * 6) Saying that an army "includes" an Englishman, an Irishman, a Scotsman and a Welshman does not imply that there is only one of each of those nationalities in the army. It merely singles out four individuals within that army.
 * 7) Your proposed change is "The army also includes stereotypical Scotsmen, Englishman, an Irishman and Welshmen..." which presumably isn't what you are really proposing. In particular, why are the nouns suffixed "-men" "-man" "-man" "-men"?

In summary, I don't think this change is necessary. Indeed I think it is not just confusing, but actually wrong. That Williams may sometimes be played as Welsh may be true. But even if so, it is hardly an important enough point to mention in this article - unless of course reliable sources see some significance in it. AndyJones (talk) 09:35, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually changing the form of the word for the nationalities makes the change even better - 'includes stereotypical English Scottish Irish and Welsh soldiers including Fluellen...' That's inclusive and accurate, and is all I'm after. Surely there's no argument with that change? I cant agree that this sentence is clearly only about the captains as it has never specified so. Mdw0 (talk) 23:06, 29 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Please cease this disruptive editing. AndyJones (talk) 20:40, 30 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I could say the same thing to you - such an arrogant reversal of a minor improvement makes you look very precious. This is editing, not disruptive editing, but you seem to want this text set in stone. You are reverting for no reason. What is disruptive about a minor improvement? You seem to like hitting that revert button rather than examining the actual edit - those parentheses are unneccessary. Above, you said you have a problem with using 'man' on the end of the nationalities, so I took on your suggestion to change the way the nationalities are worded, and can be used to refer to both groups of soldiers, or only the captains. But then you immediately reverted to a version that contains the wording you said you didn't like! Now it says the army contains 'an Englishman' without any reference to which Englishman. How is that singling out an individual? My edit performs the description of the nationalities much better. This latest reversal appears to be personal, because you disagreed with me earlier, so now you want to reject any amendment I make, no matter if its an improvement or not. My edit is not incorrect, and is more accurate than before. It reads better than before, certainly better than any of my previous edits, makes perfect sense and allows the nationalities mentioned in the text, as well as the way the other soldiers are sometimes played. This is the first time I have done a simple revert, as you have failed to present any reasoning not to. You have also failed to make an attempt at improving the text yourself. You'll struggle to show that this isnt petty and personal on your part. Revert if you like - I'm done. Mdw0 (talk) 23:15, 30 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've reverted. You say this is a "minor improvement" but actually it implied more than one stereotypical Welshman, which is clearly wrong. I assume this discussion is now closed?? AndyJones (talk) 19:24, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

Obviously the discussion can be opened again if the OP does provide a reference for his/her reading, as has been requested, but as things stand that reading remains as WP:NOR and has no place here. WP:NOR is an important WP policy and it isn't helpful to have editors acting in support of it labelled as "arrogant...petty and personal". --Old Moonraker (talk) 21:23, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

Turning stomachs
I clarified the "turning stomachs" statement by the chorus. The context is that the audience should be imagining that they are moving from Henry's castle, to Southampton, and then across the English Channel. This is therefore a humorous comment not related to the amount of gore/violence in the play; I made this clear. Although, why is this statement included at all? It seems to be a relatively minor passage. Robert 00:49, 1 September 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Robert the Devil (talk • contribs)

Bad synopsis
The synopsis is atrocious, and seems more focused on telling when "famous speeches" are delivered than what actually happens in the play. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.185.247.140 (talk) 17:33, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

 * The above was posted 2012, and recently a clean-up tag was added. Is this tag really needed? And if so, is there anyone who can do it? Rwood128 (talk) 14:26, 9 February 2021 (UTC)

Difficult to understand?
I can't imagine why an audience might have trouble understanding the Fluellen scenes. I've always thought them very straightforward and found they tend to raise a laugh. Is there any source to support the idea that Branagh thought an audience wouldn't be able to understand? --Lo2u (T • C) 19:35, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Duke of Burgundy
Shouldn't be "Duke of Burgundy" in dramatis personae section be a link to Philip III the Good instead of his father - John the Fearless? Philip III was the one who singed treaty of Troyes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.21.174.130 (talk) 11:53, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

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Who he was
Who was he? 85.210.118.147 (talk) 19:13, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

"fictional"?
"Previously, the fictional Global War Crimes Tribunal ruled that Henry's war was legal, no noncombatant was killed unlawfully, and Henry bore no criminal responsibility for the death of the POWs. The fictional French Civil Liberties Union, who had instigated the tribunal, then attempted to sue in civil court. The judge concluded that he was bound by the GWCT's conclusions of law and also ruled in favour of the English."

I can't make head or tail of this section. What are the "fictional French Civil Liberties Union" or the "fictional Global War Crimes Tribunal"? As far as I can tell, there is a French Civil Liberties Union, and there is a Global War Crimes Tribunal, so what is fictional about them? And how would a real or fictional version of either be involved in the mock trial in Washington. There is a lack of information here that is discombobulatingly confusing, unless I'm missing something very obvious. Meerta (talk) 03:27, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

Spelling of Catherine.
This article uses Catherine and Catharine. The external link to the Internet Shakespeare Editions text for the 1623 Folio versions uses Catherine (modern) and Katherine (old spelling). The external link to Standard eBooks text uses Katharine and Katherine. Which spelling should this article use? Masato.harada (talk) 17:39, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

 * OK, looks like no-one else is bothered about this. An online search shows me the spellings used in the following texts are:
 * Catherine: Internet Shakespeare Editions text for the 1623 Folio (modern); this Wikipedia article (also uses Catharine).
 * Catharine: this Wikipedia article only (also uses Catherine). Seems to be an outlier.
 * Katherine: Internet Shakespeare Editions text for the 1623 Folio (old spelling); Standard eBooks (also uses Katharine); Folger Shakespeare Library.
 * Katharine: Standard eBooks (also uses Katherine); Project Gutenberg; OpenSource Shakespeare.
 * I'm going to standardise this article's spelling as Katharine, which conforms with the use of 'Kate' in the play, and looks slightly dated, too Masato.harada (talk) 10:54, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry V (play)


text:
User talk:Elphie

I'm curious as to why you thought Image:Kc png.png was public domain—the website that you referenced as its source gave no such indication. Postdlf 16:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Image:Kc_png.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Kc_png.png, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Sherool (talk) 20:44, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elphie


text:
Matthew Kauffman

Matthew Kauffman (born October 5, 1961 in Princeton, New Jersey) is an American investigative journalist and two-time Pulitzer Prize finalist.

Education
Kauffman attended Vassar College, where he obtained a bachelor of arts degree.

Career
Kauffman worked as a legal writer for the Hartford Courant until moving to West Hartford, Connecticut, where he took a job at the business desk. In 2003, Kauffman received accolades for his series on drug company scandals. Then, he wrote a weekly column known as the “Inside Pitch” and monthly reviews on As seen on TV products. After winning Reporter of the Year at the Courant, and twice being a finalist for the Gerald Loeb Award, Kauffman was promoted to the investigative desk. He uncovered questionable ticket deals at the UConn athletic department; the highly paid basketball coaches Jim Calhoun and Geno Auriemma and others were secretly trading tickets for cars.

Kauffman has made an appearance on The O'Reilly Factor, where he talked about the legal, but sleazy, practices of charity executives and the percentage of donations that they keep.

In May 2006, Kauffman, along with colleague Lisa Chedekel, broke the story of mentally unstable soldiers in the U.S. Military being sent to and kept in Iraq. The four-part series, entitled "Mentally Unfit, Forced to Fight", gained national renown. They talked with broadcast, cable, internet, and print journalists about what they found and Kauffman was featured in an evening network newscast—ABC World News Sunday on May 14, 2006. The story won the 2006 Worth Bingham Prize, the George Polk Award, the 2007 Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting, the Dart Award for Excellence in Reporting on Victims of Violence, and the Heywood Broun Award. The story was also a finalist for the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting.

Personal life
After graduating Vassar, Kauffman married Wendy Nelson Kauffman and moved to New Haven, Connecticut.

title: Matthew Kauffman


text:
User talk:Ryver

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Seeaxid 16:13, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
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 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Ryver


text:
Fort Michilimackinac State Park

Fort Michilimackinac State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located in Mackinaw City along the Straits of Mackinac. The park contains Fort Michilimackinac, which itself is dedicated a National Historic Landmark and Old Mackinac Point Lighthouse as well as the Old Mackinac Point Lighthouse Signal Tower which contains a foghorn.

Colonial Michilimackinac
Colonial Michilimackinac is a reconstructed 1715 French fur trading village and military outpost that was later occupied by British military and traders.

Today, it features re-enactments from British 1770s occupation and the American Revolutionary era. A National Historic Landmark, Colonial Michilimackinac is accredited by American Association of Museums.

Fort Michilimackinac
Fort Michilimackinac was an 18th-century French, and later British, fort and trading post in the Great Lakes of North America. Built around 1715, it was located along the southern shore of the strategic Straits of Mackinac connecting Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, at the northern tip of the lower peninsula of the present-day state of Michigan in the United States. The site of the fort in present-day Mackinaw City, Michigan is a National Historic Landmark and is now preserved as an open-air historical museum.

History
This site housed a French fort but that was compromised by the British and became their trading post system, stretching from the Mississippi River through the Illinois Country to the St. Lawrence River. The fort served as a supply for traders in the western Great Lakes.

The French had first established a presence in the Straits of Mackinac in 1671 when Father Jacques Marquette established a Jesuit mission at present-day St. Ignace, Michigan. In 1683, they augmented the mission with Fort de Buade. In 1701, Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac moved the French garrison to Fort Detroit and closed the mission. By 1715, however, the French built Fort Michilimackinac to re-establish a presence along the Straits of Mackinac.

The French relinquished the fort, along with their territory in Canada, to the British in 1761 following their loss in the French and Indian War. Although British continued to operate the fort as a major trading post, the Ojibwe (Chippewa) in the region resented British policies as harsh. On June 2, 1763, as part of the larger movement known as Pontiac's Rebellion, a group of Ojibwe staged a game of bag'gat'tway (lacrosse) outside the fort as a ruse to gain entrance. After gaining entrance to the fort, they killed most of the British inhabitants and held the fort for a year before the British retook it.

The British eventually deemed the wooden fort on the mainland too vulnerable to attack, and in 1781 they built Fort Mackinac, a limestone fort on nearby Mackinac Island. Fort Michilimackinac was abandoned after the move.

The fort grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960. It is a popular tourist attraction as part of Colonial Michilimackinac in Mackinaw City. The site has numerous reconstructed historical wooden structures and is considered the most extensively excavated early French archaeological site in the United States, with ongoing excavations each summer. There are daily cannon and musket firing demonstrations performed by costumed interpreters. There are also accurate cooking demonstrations in which park visitors can participate.

title: Fort Michilimackinac State Park


text:
Selective catalytic reduction

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) means of converting nitrogen oxides, also referred to as with the aid of a catalyst into diatomic nitrogen, and water. A reductant, typically anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia , or a urea solution, is added to a stream of flue or exhaust gas and is reacted onto a catalyst. As the reaction drives toward completion, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide , in the case of urea use, are produced.

Selective catalytic reduction of using ammonia as the reducing agent was patented in the United States by the Engelhard Corporation in 1957. Development of SCR technology continued in Japan and the US in the early 1960s with research focusing on less expensive and more durable catalyst agents. The first large-scale SCR was installed by the IHI Corporation in 1978.

Commercial selective catalytic reduction systems are typically found on large utility boilers, industrial boilers, and municipal solid waste boilers and have been shown to reduce by 70-95%. More recent applications include diesel engines, such as those found on large ships, diesel locomotives, gas turbines, and automobiles.

SCR systems are now the preferred method for meeting Tier 4 Final and EURO 6 diesel emissions standards for heavy trucks, cars and light commercial vehicles. As a result, emissions of NOx, particulates, and hydrocarbons have been reduced by as much as 95% when compared with pre-emissions engines.

Chemistry
The reduction reaction takes place as the gases pass through the catalyst chamber. Before entering the catalyst chamber, ammonia, or other reductant (such as urea), is injected and mixed with the gases. The chemical equation for a stoichiometric reaction using either anhydrous or aqueous ammonia for a selective catalytic reduction process is:

With several secondary reactions:

With urea, the reactions are:

As with ammonia, several secondary reactions also occur in the presence of sulfur:

The ideal reaction has an optimal temperature range between 630 and 720 K (357 and 447 °C), but can operate as low as 500 K (227 °C) with longer residence times. The minimum effective temperature depends on the various fuels, gas constituents, and catalyst geometry. Other possible reductants include cyanuric acid and ammonium sulfate.

Catalysts
SCR catalysts are made from various porous ceramic materials used as a support, such as titanium oxide, and active catalytic components are usually either oxides of base metals (such as vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten), zeolites, or various precious metals. Another catalyst based on activated carbon was also developed which is applicable for the removal of NOx at low temperatures. Each catalyst component has advantages and disadvantages.

Base metal catalysts, such as vanadium and tungsten, lack high thermal durability, but are less expensive and operate very well at the temperature ranges most commonly applied in industrial and utility boiler applications. Thermal durability is particularly important for automotive SCR applications that incorporate the use of a diesel particulate filter with forced regeneration. They also have a high catalysing potential to oxidize into, which can be extremely damaging due to its acidic properties.

Zeolite catalysts have the potential to operate at substantially higher temperature than base metal catalysts; they can withstand prolonged operation at temperatures of 900 K (627 °C) and transient conditions of up to 1120 K (847 °C). Zeolites also have a lower potential for oxidation and thus decrease the related corrosion risks.

Iron- and copper-exchanged zeolite urea SCRs have been developed with approximately equal performance to that of vanadium-urea SCRs if the fraction of the is 20% to 50% of the total. The two most common catalyst geometries used today are honeycomb catalysts and plate catalysts. The honeycomb form usually consists of an extruded ceramic applied homogeneously throughout the carrier or coated on the substrate. Like the various types of catalysts, their configuration also has advantages and disadvantages. Plate-type catalysts have lower pressure drops and are less susceptible to plugging and fouling than the honeycomb types, but are much larger and more expensive. Honeycomb configurations are smaller than plate types, but have higher pressure drops and plug much more easily. A third type is corrugated, comprising only about 10% of the market in power plant applications.

Reductants
Several nitrogen-bearing reductants are currently used in SCR applications including anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia or dissolved urea. All those three reductants are widely available in large quantities.

Anhydrous ammonia can be stored as a liquid at approximately 10 bar in steel tanks. It is classified as an inhalation hazard, but it can be safely stored and handled if well-developed codes and standards are followed. Its advantage is that it needs no further conversion to operate within a SCR and is typically favoured by large industrial SCR operators. Aqueous ammonia must be first vaporized in order to be used, but it is substantially safer to store and transport than anhydrous ammonia. Urea is the safest to store, but requires conversion to ammonia through thermal decomposition. At the end of the process, the purified exhaust gasses are sent to the boiler or condenser or other equipment, or discharged into the atmosphere.

Limitations
Most catalysts are given a finite service life due to known amounts of contaminants in the untreated gas. The most notable complication is the formation of ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate from sulfur and sulfur compounds when high-sulfur fuels are used, as well as the undesirable catalyst-induced oxidation of to  and. In applications that use exhaust gas boilers, ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate can accumulate on the boiler tubes, reducing steam output and increasing exhaust back-pressure. In marine applications, this can increase fresh water requirements as the boiler must be continuously washed to remove the deposits.

Most catalysts on the market have porous structures and a geometries optimized for increasing their specific surface area (a clay planting pot is a good example of what SCR catalyst feels like). This porosity is what gives the catalyst the high surface area needed for reduction of NOx. However, soot, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, silica compounds, and other fine particulates can easily clog the pores. Ultrasonic horns and soot blowers can remove most of these contaminants while the unit is online. The unit can also be cleaned by being washed with water or by raising the exhaust temperature.

Of more concern to SCR performance are poisons, which will chemically degrade the catalyst itself or block the catalyst's active sites and render it ineffective at reduction, and in severe cases this can result in the ammonia or urea being oxidized and a subsequent increase in  emissions. These poisons are alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic, antimony, chromium, heavy metals (copper, cadmium, mercury, thallium, and lead), and many heavy metal compounds (e.g. oxides and halides).

Most SCRs require tuning to properly perform. Part of tuning involves ensuring a proper distribution of ammonia in the gas stream and uniform gas velocity through the catalyst. Without tuning, SCRs can exhibit inefficient NOx reduction along with excessive ammonia slip due to not utilizing the catalyst surface area effectively. Another facet of tuning involves determining the proper ammonia flow for all process conditions. Ammonia flow is in general controlled based on NOx measurements taken from the gas stream or preexisting performance curves from an engine manufacturer (in the case of gas turbines and reciprocating engines). Typically, all future operating conditions must be known beforehand to properly design and tune an SCR system.

Ammonia slip is an industry term for ammonia passing through the SCR unreacted. This occurs when ammonia is injected in excess, temperatures are too low for ammonia to react, or the catalyst has been poisoned. In applications using both SCR and an alkaline scrubber, the use of high-sulfur fuels also tend to significantly increase ammonia slip, since compounds such as NaOH and Ca(OH)2 will reduce ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate back into ammonia:

Temperature is SCR's largest limitation. Engines all have a period during start-up where exhaust temperatures are too low, and the catalyst must be pre-heated for the desired NOx reduction to occur when an engine is first started, especially in cold climates.

Power plants
In power stations, the same basic technology is employed for removal of from the flue gas of boilers used in power generation and industry. In general, the SCR unit is located between the furnace economizer and the air heater, and the ammonia is injected into the catalyst chamber through an ammonia injection grid. As in other SCR applications, the temperature of operation is critical. Ammonia slip (unreacted ammonia) is also an issue with SCR technology used in power plants.

A significant operational difficulty in coal-fired boilers is the binding of the catalyst by fly ash from the fuel combustion. This requires the usage of sootblowers, ultrasonic horns, and careful design of the ductwork and catalyst materials to avoid plugging by the fly ash. SCR catalysts have a typical operational lifetime of about 16,000 – 40,000 hours (1.8 – 4.5 years) in coal-fired power plants, depending on the flue gas composition, and up to 80,000 hours (9 years) in cleaner gas-fired power plants.

Poisons, sulfur compounds, and fly ash can all be removed by installing scrubbers before the SCR system to increase the life of the catalyst, though in most power plants and marine engines, scrubbers are installed after the system to maximize the SCR system's effectiveness.

History
SCR was applied to trucks by Nissan Diesel Corporation, and the first practical product "Nissan Diesel Quon" was introduced in 2004 in Japan.

In 2007, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enacted requirements to significantly reduce harmful exhaust emissions. To achieve this standard, Cummins and other diesel engine manufacturers developed an aftertreatment system that includes the use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF). As the DPF does not function with low-sulfur diesel fuel, diesel engines that conform to 2007 EPA emissions standards require ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) to prevent damage to the DPF. After a brief transition period, ULSD fuel became common at fuel pumps in the United States and Canada. The 2007 EPA regulations were meant to be an interim solution to allow manufacturers time to prepare for the more stringent 2010 EPA regulations, which reduced NOx levels even further.

2010 EPA regulations
Diesel engines manufactured after January 1, 2010 are required to meet lowered NOx standards for the US market.

All of the heavy-duty engine (Class 7-8 trucks) manufacturers except for Navistar International and Caterpillar continuing to manufacture engines after this date have chosen to use SCR. This includes Detroit Diesel (DD13, DD15, and DD16 models), Cummins (ISX, ISL9, and ISB6.7), Paccar, and Volvo/Mack. These engines require the periodic addition of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF, a urea solution) to enable the process. DEF is available in bottles and jugs from most truck stops, and a more recent development is bulk DEF dispensers near diesel fuel pumps. Caterpillar and Navistar had initially chosen to use enhanced exhaust gas recirculation (EEGR) to comply with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards, but in July 2012 Navistar announced it would be pursuing SCR technology for its engines, except on the MaxxForce 15 which was to be discontinued. Caterpillar ultimately withdrew from the on-highway engine market prior to implementation of these requirements.

BMW, Daimler AG (as BlueTEC), and Volkswagen have used SCR technology in some of their passenger diesel cars.

title: Selective catalytic reduction


text:
Battle of Frankenhausen

The Battle of Frankenhausen was fought on 14 and 15 May 1525. It was an important battle in the German Peasants' War and the final act of the war in Thuringia: joint troops of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse and Duke George of Saxony defeated the peasants under their spiritual leader Thomas Müntzer near Frankenhausen in the County of Schwarzburg.

Preparations
On April 29, 1525, the struggles in and around Frankenhausen had culminated into an open revolt. Large parts of the citizenry joined the uprising, occupied the town hall, and stormed the castle of the Counts of Schwarzburg. In the following days, a rising number of insurgents gathered around the town, and when Müntzer arrived with 300 fighters from Mühlhausen on May 11, several thousand peasants of the surrounding Thuringian and Saxon estates camped in the fields and pastures. Philip of Hesse and his father-in-law George of Saxony had originally targeted Mühlhausen as their strategic objective but, when news arrived that Müntzer left with a troop for Frankenhausen, they changed their march route and directed their Landsknecht troops toward Frankenhausen.

Initial skirmishes

The princes had great difficulties in recruiting Landsknecht mercenaries. Generally, they would have been better equipped than the insurgents, although morale and discipline were always dependent on the size of the war chest. The peasants were less well-armed, with a mix of improvised weapons from farming tools and polearms, breastplates, and handguns which many would have had by dint of their service in local militia bands (Landwehr). Indeed, on May 14 they successfully repulsed a scouting party and its reinforcements but remained in position on the outskirts of the town having taken the decision not to pursue the Princes' "forlorn hope". The main column of Hessian and Brunswick troops were still in the process of arriving after a night's march and needed to rest up. Late that day a decision was taken by the rebels to withdraw into a wagon fort on the hill overlooking the town. It is unclear who initiated a truce to enable some negotiation. This gave the princes time to meet up with George of Saxony's army approaching from the East and to encircle the wagon fort rather than lay siege on the town.

Battle

The truce was broken around midday when it had become clear that Müntzer was not going to be delivered up to the Princes. Starting with an artillery barrage followed by waves of horse and footsoldiers, the princes caught the peasants off guard and they fled in panic into the town, followed and continuously attacked by the mercenaries. Most of the insurgents were slain in what turned out to be a massacre. Casualty figures are unreliable but peasant losses have been estimated at more than 7,000 while the Landsknecht casualties were estimated to be as low as six. Müntzer himself was captured in the town, tortured, and finally executed at Mühlhausen on May 27, 1525.

Legacy
At Frankenhausen, the battle is depicted, along with many other scenes of that age, on the world's largest oil painting, Werner Tübke's Early Bourgeois Revolution in Germany (Frühbürgerliche Revolution in Deutschland), which is 400 feet (120m) long, 45 feet (14m) high, and housed in its own specially built museum. The painting was ordered by the socialist leadership of East Germany, who regarded Müntzer as a revolutionary and thus as one of their forebears; work on it went on between 1975 and 1987. However Tübke did not solely focus on the battle, contrary to the state's wishes, but placed the events at Frankenhausen in a much wider social, political and cultural context prevalent in Reformation Germany at the time.

title: Battle of Frankenhausen


text:
Talk:Reduction (complexity)

Untitled
Seems like we should merge in Reduction (recursion theory), since the method is basically the same between recursion theory and complexity theory. Thoughts? Bihzad (talk) 03:11, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

There is also a lot of overlap between this page and the pages on specific reductions: Turing reduction and many-one reduction. In an ideal world, someone would organize things better. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.172.172.171 (talk) 20:23, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

There is an error in the diagram in the top right-hand corner. In the first group of three nodes the B should be coloured rather than the A. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.78.64.102 (talk) 06:21, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

For the definition of closed can A be a member of S since A is a member and not a subset of N? --Twchui 16:15, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

The definition of closed has been updated. Pro8 22:03, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Detailed example
The "Detailed example" seems problematic. It seems S only decides whether or not M will accept or reject a given input w. This seems to imply that S will always determine M to halt, either by accepting or rejecting w. The halting problem for M asks whether M halts or not on the input w, not just whether it accepts or rejects w. How does S indicate when M does not halt on w? How is this distinguished from when M halts but rejects w? - 69.174.134.88 07:43, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Attempted a fix. N is defined by the following behavior:
 * if( input is w AND
 * (M(w) accepts OR M(w) rejects) ) then
 * accept
 * else
 * do not halt (infinite loop, for instance)
 * Then obviously N does not solve the halting problem since it never rejects w if M does not halt on input w. - 69.174.134.88 22:41, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I just spent ages trying to work out what the sentence "S creates a Turing machine N that accepts only if the input string to N is w and M halts on input w, and does not halt otherwise." means. I think I would define N by the following behaviour which I think works and is clearer:
 * if (input ≠ w) then
 * reject
 * else
 * simulate M on input w indefinitely until M halts (in either the accepting or rejecting state).
 * accept

 * I also wasted ages trying to work out what was wrong with the original text and why the fix was needed, so I thought I'd try to write an explanation here. The original text "S creates a Turing machine N that rejects all strings except w, but on input w works just like M." from the revision at 11:42, 24 May 2006 was wrong. If the input is w and M(w) rejects, then N will reject as well because it "works just like M". But clearly M has halted so N should have accepted.

 * "S creates a Turing machine N that accepts only if the input string to N is w and M halts on input w, and rejects otherwise." from the revision at 07:22, 12 June 2006 was wrong because of the "rejects otherwise" bit. It looks like N actually solves the halting problem because it somehow knows to reject when M doesn't halt. We can't assume we can solve the halting problem because that's the very thing we're trying to prove (all under the assumption that R exists). "S creates a Turing machine N that accepts only if the input string to N is w and M halts on input w, and does not halt otherwise." from the revision at 21:59, 12 June 2006 fixes this, but I don't think its meaning is very clear.

 * Egriffin 07:57, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

problem: "reducing squaring to multiplication"
first of all, shouldn't this be the other way around? by the definition at the top, what's being described is a reduction from multiplication to squaring, i.e. reducing any multiplication problem to a squaring problem (also given addition and subtraction), not the other way around. also, the reduction described requires that you be able to divide by 2, which isn't mentioned as one of the requirements, and is non-trivial (at best) to express using only addition and subtraction.

Benwing 21:41, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, the reduction is from multiplication to squaring. I'm not sure what the best way is to address the division by 2 thing - in many cases it doesn't matter, as having double the product is good enough - but for argument's sake I just added "division by 2" to the list of permitted operations. Deco 00:07, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

contradiction - usage of the term `hard'
What? Was this written by a third grader? Something being "hard" to solve is a wholly subjective phenomenon. Aside from that, the application of a new technology or idea to an old phenomenon or problem which simplifies it, does not imply that utilization of the new idea on a formerly complex problem creates a paradox, or that the new, simpler idea or technology is "hard." It simply means that the previous methodology rendering the previous action "hard" has been rendered invalid, as a sufficient new methodology has been created as to simplify the previous problem, and it becomes, an "easy" problem to solve via reduction.

 * wow. youre right. brilliant!!! 88.64.153.44 17:23, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The use of the word "hard" is pretty standard in the field and is used in a formal sense to describe problems such that every problem in a class reduces to them. Maybe you're not clear on the concept that "B is hard and there exists a reduction from A to B implies A is hard". Reductions are used both to show easiness and hardness of problems - there is no contradiction. If you think the discussion is too informal or verbose it could be made more formal. Dcoetzee 10:52, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, the use of ``hard" is appropriate here. If you do not agree then add a definition to explain what hard means in this context. Bah23 15:51, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Dcoetzee, shouldn't your statement read "...a reduction from B to A..."? --Doradus (talk) 01:24, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Image doesn't look like a vertex cover
Sorry if this is a dumb question, but the introductory diagram on the current version of the page contains an edge between two white vertices both labeled "B". This edge is not incident to a blue vertex, so I don't understand how the blue vertices form a vertex cover. --Doradus (talk) 01:20, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Sloppy lede
"reduction is an algorithm for transforming one problem into another problem." - this is a many-one reduction. The Turing reduction is using the solution of one problem to solve another one. The latter can hardly be formally described as "transforming the problem". 22:29, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reduction (complexity)


text:
Wikipedia talk:University of Würzburg survey, 2005

They really need a copyedit for language. I have no idea what "Was this aspect given in the past or currently?" means vis-a-vis editing motivations. If they don't bother to copyedit for clarity, I don't bother to finish the form. -  BanyanTree 16:15, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. I hope they will read these comments. It's a common phenomenon though, as native speakers of German tend to believe that English is easy compared to, say, French or Spanish.  17:23, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's because English is closely related to German.   ‡   Jarlaxle   19:48, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nur eine Randbemerkung: Wenn tatsächlich eine so enge Verwandtschaft zwischen den beiden Sprachen bestünde, so müssten all jene, die Wikipedia benützen, aber kein Wort deutsch sprechen diese Zeilen problemlos lesen können. Ich nehme aber an, dass die meisten lediglich "Wikipedia" verstehen. Aber es stimmt natürlich, dass es sich historisch betrachtet um zwei germanische Sprachen handelt.  20:09, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * First of all, thanks for creating this page, and for your suggestions! Although we did have several native speakers go over the questionnaire before starting the survey (who did not comment on these particular questions), we now did some additional revisions for clarity in the instructions. I'm sorry for any confusion about the questions! -- Joachim Schroer 10:04, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

I too couldn't answer all the questions, because I didn't have the foggiest idea what they were going on about. -- Francs2000 | Talk 21:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

I assume this project has ended. Is the survey data available, and has any academic publications been done using this data?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 23:42, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry I only read your comment just now. Yes, a draft paper is available (currently under review). It is, however, based on the first part of study, i.e. our survey among contributors to the German Wikipedia. Joachim Schroer 13:42, February 07, 2007 (UTC)

I have recently translated some basic results to User_survey; I have also read your paper - very interesting. It's a shame GUS is not moving :( --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 07:28, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh yes, all the cool things that could be done with GUS... But I find that the data we have already is quite valuable, and we're working hard to make the most of it. :-) JSchroer 13:58, 30 April 2007 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chilvan Kiyama

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 04:56, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Chilvan Kiyama
Non-notable. Non-notable character in non-notable game. 8 googles (6 unique, of those 2 wikipedia, 2 urban dictionary). RJFJR 16:15, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Looks very obscure. no evidence of notability presented.  Friday 18:28, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn all the way. royblumy 00:32 13 July, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable fictional character. JamesBurns 05:04, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. -Soltak 23:59, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. -Chilvan 17:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Fictional civil servants

title: Category:Fictional civil servants


text:
Damara Executive Committee

The Damara Executive Committee was a political party in Namibia, based amongst the Damara people. DEC was founded by a group of people based in the Damara Tribal Executive Committee (DTEC), which was not a political party as such. DEC soon became dormant, but was revived in 1960 by Josephat Gawanab.

In 1968 Josephat Gawanab became the president of DEC. In 1971 Gawanab, together with Justus ǁGaroëb from the Damara Council, are appointed leaders of the Dama people by the South African occupation authorities.

In 1977 DEC joined the Namibia National Front. In 1978 it left the NNF and joined the Namibia People's Liberation Front.

title: Damara Executive Committee


text:
Dongnae District

Dongnae District is a gu in central Busan, South Korea.

Administrative divisions
It has a population of about 300,000, and an area of 16.7 square kilometers. It was once a separate city, the principal port of southeastern Korea. Numerous historical relics are preserved in the area.

This district is well known for Pajeon, which is 'Green Onion Pancake'.

DongRaeGu is also the ID for the Korean StarCraft II pro gamer, Park Soo-ho. Due to his success in events such as the Global StarCraft II League and Major League Gaming, he was recognized by the town and was allowed to officially represent the town by being able to place a badge on his uniform. Dongnae-gu is divided into seven legal dong, which altogether comprise 14 administrative dong, as follows:

 * Allak-dong (2 administrative dong)
 * Boksan-dong
 * Myeongjang-dong (2 administrative dong)
 * Myeongnyun-dong (2 administrative dong)
 * Oncheon-dong (3 administrative dong)
 * Sajik-dong (3 administrative dong)
 * Sumin-dong

Places of interest
Sajik-dong is home to two major sports venues: Sajik Baseball Stadium (home of KBO team Lotte Giants) and Sajik Arena (home to various basketball teams). Both venues, alongside the nearby Sajik Swimming Pool, hosted the baseball, basketball, gymnastics, swimming and diving events of the 2002 Asian Games held in Busan.

Heosimcheong Spa, Asia's largest spa, is in Oncheon-dong.

The Bokcheon-dong Ancient Tombs Park is a tourist attraction and archeological site located in Bokcheon-dong.

Sister cities

 * 🇨🇳 Hongkou, China

Education

 * Daesung Academy

Festivals

 * Dongnae District Castle Festival opens every October since 1996.

title: Dongnae District


text:
User talk:Nader85021

License tagging for File:1999 election.png
Thanks for uploading File:1999 election.png. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information; to add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia.

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election map
glad to see you are back. good job. i dont think such lok sabha map is available in wikipedia. we will need to draw it ourselves and i have no idea how to do it. in its absence, district wise results as you have done isnt a bad idea. will be good to have district wise map for MLA elections as well. I know you are an "elections" guy. could you please also help me out with 2011 census of India? --CarTick (talk) 12:25, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Assam
up for creating an article on the Assam electionsin the next few days...were all in WB/TN euphoria at the mo ;)Lihaas (talk) 11:09, 13 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Incidentally yhere is the apage Local electoral calendar 2012 to paste election articles so there are no orphan pages.(Lihaas (talk) 20:30, 15 May 2011 (UTC)).
 * do you reckong we should link a backgroudn bit about the insurgency and claims that gogoi resolved it (completely untrue considering new years day 2009.)(Lihaas (talk) 22:07, 15 May 2011 (UTC)).

ref
please use this template for reference.  . thanks. --CarTick (talk) 05:13, 14 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Done.--Nader85021 (talk) 05:49, 14 May 2011 (UTC)
 * thanks. looks so much better. --CarTick (talk) 05:57, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

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lok sabha constituency maps
thanks for adding them. for my untrained eye, they look more like the map of the districts, but i believe they are not. --CarTick (talk) 23:13, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

Tamil nadu 2011 Assembly Election
Hi /Nader85021. I welcome your opinion suggested here. I did add those leaders pictures to add more value. But certainly I do realize that you having spend that much detail in build up of this page, I should first wish you and then give some credit and right to you for all the possible modifications that you feel here to be done. So if you feel changing the flag and replace it with the leaders image (as both images are free from commons), proceed as it is also fair and constructive change. thanks Ungal Vettu Pillai (talk) 19:11, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

Local Body Election in Tamil Nadu
Do visit this page. Let me know your wish in working for the forthcoming local body elections. We'll form a platform and work on it. வணக்கம்! --BabuOnWiki (talk) 13:51, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

Linking
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ryan Kelly

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 04:54, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Ryan Kelly
Nonsense/neology. This user just posted where's the food neology too.}}-- BMIComp (talk) 16:17, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete but amusing. royblumy 00:25 13 July, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn nonsense. --Etacar11 01:05, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 05:03, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana

Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana, commonly known as Frank Pepe's or simply Pepe's, is a popular pizza restaurant in the Wooster Square neighborhood of New Haven, Connecticut, at 163 Wooster Street. Opened in 1925, it is one of the oldest and best known pizzerias in the United States.

Frank Pepe
Frank Pepe (April 15, 1893 – September 6, 1969) was born in Maiori, Italy, and immigrated to New Haven in 1909 when he was a teenager. He worked alongside other Italian Immigrants in Wooster Square in local factories, such as Sargent & Co., a manufacturer of locks and hardware.

During World War I, Pepe returned to Italy to fight for his native country. He was honorably discharged from the Italian Army on February 25, 1919. On September 27, 1919, he married Filomena Volpi, who is also from Maiori, Italy. They left Italy for New York before Christmas 1919, and arrived in New York just after the new year in 1920.

Restaurant history
After arriving in New York in 1920, the newly married Pepe's returned to Wooster Square. Frank began working at a Wooster Street bakery. He was known for walking through the Wooster Square market selling his "tomato pies" off of a special headdress. After saving enough money, he was able to buy a wagon from which he sold his pizzas.

Pepe's continued success selling pizzas in the area convinced him and his wife to open their own restaurant. Frank and Filomena established "Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana" on June 16, 1925, at 163 Wooster Street (which is now known as "The Spot.")

Pepe's originated the New Haven-style thin-crust apizza (closely related to Neapolitan-style Italian pizza) which he baked in a coal-fired brick pizza oven.

At first, Frank Pepe only made two varieties of pizza, and only offered two sizes. The "tomato pie" (tomatoes with grated pecorino romano cheese, garlic, oregano, and olive oil) and the other with the addition of anchovy. Because refrigeration was limited in the 1920s, Pepe's did not initially offer mozzarella cheese on their pizza.

The Boccamiello family initially owned the building at 163 Wooster Street. In the mid-1930s, they forced Frank Pepe out of the building. Soon after, they renamed the building "The Spot" and began selling their own pizzas out of the establishment.

Frank Pepe purchased the building next door to "The Spot" at 157 Wooster Street, He moved his restaurant to its current location next door in 1936. At that time, Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana had the largest number of seats of any restaurant in the United States.

Pepe and his family lived in the apartments above the building and made the pizzeria the center of their entire lives. Frank (who was illiterate) was responsible for starting the fire for the coal-fired oven every morning, while Filomena handled the accounting and the business. Other family members were involved in the business, including Pepe's younger sister Rachel Colonna, daughters Elizabeth and Serafina, and son-in-law Ralph Rosselli.

Frank Pepe passed away in 1969. His two daughters took over the ownership and operation of the pizzeria. Like their parents, Elizabeth and Serafina made running the restaurant the center of their lives. They often brought their children to work with them, who would often take up the necessary tasks of operating a restaurant, such as dishwashing or cleaning the metal trays the pizzas are served on.

Elizabeth and Serafina bought back The Spot from the Boccamiello family in 1977. After renovating the building, the Pepe family re-opened "The Spot" back up to the public in 1981. "The Spot" serves the same menu as the location next door, and contains the original 1925 oven that Frank Pepe established his pizzeria with.

Pepe's daughters ran the daily operations of the pizzeria for decades before transferring ownership to their seven children, all of whom had experience working in various roles at the restaurant. Frank and Filomena's grandchildren are the current co-owners of restaurant, which began expanding in the 21st century.

Since opening a Fairfield, Connecticut location in 2006, Pepe's has expanded to sixteen locations in Connecticut, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maryland, Virginia, and Florida. A seventeenth location is slated to open in Stamford, Connecticut during Summer 2024.

Pepe's is a major tourist attraction in New Haven.

Ovens
All Pepe's ovens are coal-fired and built in exactly the same manner from brick, based on the original. They measure 14 ft by 14 ft and cook pizzas in approximately 8 to 10 minutes. The oven bakes pizzas at 650 F, but the temperature of the coals can exceed 1000 F.

Those who "work" the oven at Frank Pepe's are extensively trained. According to Ralph Rosselli, husband of Elizabeth Pepe and pizzaiolo at the restaurant, “There are hot and cold spots in the oven. The heat isn’t uniform. You need experienced workers to rotate the pizzas so they cook properly."

Menu
All of Pepe's locations feature the same menu.

Since 1925, Pepe's has exclusively served Foxon Park bottled sodas from East Haven, Connecticut. The restaurant also offers fountain soda, beer, and wine. Since Pepe's established itself with a two-product menu (using ingredients that did not require refrigeration in 1925), mozzarella is considered a topping.

Salads and desserts are offered on the menu, but Pepe's does not serve appetizers.

Boccamiello's nephew, Bear, would open clams and sell them on the half shell to passersby in the alleyway between The Spot and Pepe's.

Pepe's restaurant began serving littleneck clams on the half shell at the bar. It was only a matter of time before he decided to put the clams on the pizza. The white clam pie is olive oil, oregano, grated cheese, chopped garlic, and fresh littleneck clams. The restaurant will serve the pizza with or without mozzarella cheese, but they try to discourage customers from ordering it with mozzarella because they feel that it makes the pizza too heavy and rich.

Pizzamakers at Pepe's are adamant on using freshly shucked clams instead of canned clams; if fresh clams are not available, they will not serve the white clam pie. As of 2024, there is one worker who shucks all clams at the original location. He has been doing so since the 1990s.

Since its invention, the white clam pie has become the signature pizza of pizzerias in New Haven.

Locations
Pepe's has expanded outside of New Haven as a small family-owned chain. Frank Pepe's grandchildren are co-owners of the chain, including Gary Bimonte (1959–2021) and Francis Rosselli.

All locations feature the same green and white design of their building and fixtures, a replica of the coal-fired oven, serve on the square pizza pans, and use the same suppliers for their ingredients.

 * Fairfield, CT (Opened March 2006)
 * Manchester, CT (Opened September 2007)
 * Uncasville, CT (Opened June 2009) inside Mohegan Sun
 * Yonkers, NY (Opened in November 2009)
 * Danbury, CT (Opened January 2011)
 * West Hartford, CT (Opened September 2013)
 * Chestnut Hill, MA (Opened December 2015)
 * Waterbury, CT (Opened April 2017)
 * Warwick, RI (Opened April 2018)
 * Burlington, MA (Opened June 2019) at Burlington Mall
 * Watertown, MA (Opened August 2020) at Arsenal Yards
 * Bethesda, MD (Opened March 2022) at Westfield Montgomery
 * Alexandria, VA (Opened July 2022)
 * Plantation, FL (Opened October 2022)
 * Delray Beach, FL (Opened June 2023)
 * Stamford, CT (Opened June 2024)

Additionally, Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana serves slices out of the Mohegan Sun Arena when there are events.

The Spot
Also known as 163 Wooster Street, The Spot is where Frank Pepe's original 1925 oven is. The Spot operates on limited hours with the same menu as 157 Wooster Street. Often, The Spot has shorter lines than the main Frank Pepe building.

Competition
Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana is also well known for its friendly rivalry with another Wooster Street pizza restaurant, Sally's Apizza. Sally's was founded by Pepe's nephew Sal Consiglio in 1938. The rivalry dates back decades and pizza fans are divided over which serves the better pizza. Frank Sinatra, for example, was a fan of Sally's, while Ronald Reagan preferred Pepe's.

Several other celebrities that have declared their loyalty to Pepe's include: Paul Giamatti, Henry Winkler, Lyle Lovett, Steve Schirripa, Alex Guarnaschelli, David Chang, Bobby Flay, and others.

Pepe's is a popular destination for celebrities, who often stop by to dine when visiting or passing through New Haven including Paul McCartney, Ray Allen, Vince Vaughn, Tobey McGuire, Ron Howard, Bill Murray, Caroline Kennedy, Danny DeVito, Robert Duvall and Meryl Streep.

Awards and Accolades

 * 1999: Pepe's was named to the James Beard Foundation's list of "America's Classics".
 * 2006: Pepe's is acknowledged on the History Channel's American Eats show as the originator of New Haven-style pizza in 1925.
 * 2009: Pepe's was named the "Best Pizza on Earth" by The Guardian.
 * 2009: Alan Richman, food correspondent for GQ magazine, names the tomato pizza at Pepe's the twelfth best pizza in the country in the May issue.
 * 2009: Connecticut Magazine named Pepe's the best in the state.
 * 2010: Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana was inducted into that Connecticut Hospitality Hall of Fame on December 7, 2010.
 * 2013: Zagat said that the white clam pizza at Pepe's was the best pizza in the state, in an article naming the best pizza in each state.
 * 2013: The website The Daily Meal named the white clam pizza at Pepe's the best pizza in the country.
 * 2014: The Daily Meal named the white clam pizza at Pepe's the best pizza in the country for the second year in a row.
 * 2015: "America's Best Pizzas" by Food & Wine Magazine
 * 2017: "Best Pizzerias in America" by Food Network
 * 2018: "Best Pizza in the Northeast" by USA Today
 * 2019: "The 101 Best Pizzas in America" by The Daily Meal
 * 2020: "America's 25 Best Pizzerias" by The Daily Meal
 * 2021: "America's 25 Best Pizzas" by The Daily Meal
 * 2023: "Best Pizza Restaurants in the USA" by Gayot
 * 2023: "28 Best Pizzas in the United States" by Food & Wine
 * 2023: Yonkers, NY location added to the New York Michelin Guide

Documentary
Pepe's is one of three pizza restaurants featured in the documentary film Pizza A Love Story, directed by Gorman Bechard. The film had its world premiere at IFFBoston in April 2019. The film was released on DVD and pay-per-view on September 29, 2020.

title: Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana


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