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Talk:Mike Golic

interceptions
sseriously? did someone REALLY refer to an interception as a "pick" in an encyclopedia-like article? that's a little like saying that someone was "salty that they got dissed" in a professional setting. i won't change it because when i change things here, some fool with no grasp of the english language changes it back. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.241.143.189 (talk) 14:39, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

"ventripotent" seems a bit strong of an adjective. how about "corpulent"? can there be multiple protagonists of a radio show? should this word be changed to participants?

didn't michael golic play 11 nfl seasons? this entry asserts 9. please provide source.
 * He actually played 8 seasons, according to this source. It was 1.5 seasons for the Oilers, 5.5 for the Phillies, and 1 for the Dolphins.AEMoreira042281 13:51, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Greenie never played any organized sport and hence was never drafted to the NFL as stated in this entry.

Kornheiser Feud/Controversy
Changed the wording from Feud to Controversy. I wouldn't exactly call their spat a feud. --Endlessdan 16:24, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Steroid use
Unless a reliable source reports on it, we should not assume that it was a newsworthy event. This section should not be in the article. --Onorem♠Dil 21:24, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, I no longer strongly disagree with its inclusion now that there's a secondary source. I still think it's a story that will go away quickly, and shouldn't remain here indefinitely...but I can live with keeping it in until it's no longer recent news. --Onorem♠Dil 22:05, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Steroids and Onorem
I'm not sure who Onorem is, but he acts like he's Mike Golic's agent or son. The bottom line is Golic DID make the statement on the Mike and Mike Show that he would not cooperate with a steroid investigation and that he believed it was no worse than speeding or jaywalking. A few days later he admitted to using steroids, though he claimed it was for an injury. There is no medical evidence that steroids would EVER be used for the type of injury he had. That's the bottom line. Oddibe (talk) 15:32, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Unless someone else reports about it, it's not worth being said here. We don't update the article every time he makes a statement on his show. Who cares if his opinion is that steroids are no worse than speeding or jaywalking? If someone else didn't write a story or report on it, we shouldn't mention it. Where is your reference stating that steroids would never be used to treat the type of injury he had? Without one, it would appear to be your own original research. Unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material — whether negative, positive, or just questionable — about living persons should be removed immediately and without discussion from Wikipedia articles...so that's what I'm going to do, again. --Onorem♠Dil 15:42, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Here's one story from when Ankiel was caught. There is never a reason to take steroids for a sports injury. Unlike Lyle Alzado and Bill Romanowski, Golic is not being honest about why he used them. His comments about steroid use in sports being no worse than speeding or jaywalking relate completely to this episode. In fact, he made his "steroids/speeding" statement while saying he would have never cooperated with a steroid investigation. It all ties together. Oddibe (talk) 20:11, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * That's a story about Rick Ankiel, not Mike Golic. Please see WP:SYNTH and revert yourself. I'd really rather not edit war over this, but it is not an acceptable statement IMO. --Onorem♠Dil 20:24, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Your links don't even back the statement your trying to make... --Onorem♠Dil 20:29, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, they aren't perfect links, but they do establish that there is NO MEDICAL reason to take steroids or HGH for a sports injury. I'll have to find a better, more scholarly, link for that. Steroids are used medically for people with growth issues or for AIDS patients that are battling "wasting." There has never been proof that steroids are used for sports injuries. That is simply the latest excuse people like Golic are using to make their cheating seem like a somehow noble or excusable thing. Oddibe (talk) 21:08, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * They aren't perfect? They look completely useless to me. Please quote the part of either article that states that steroids have never been taken in an attempt to speed recovery from a sports injury. --Onorem♠Dil 21:16, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * In fact, the USA Today article specifically disagrees with your statement. It says, "Promotes muscle growth by improving ability of muscle to respond to training and improving recovery". --Onorem♠Dil 21:20, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

I thought we'd settled this whole steroid issue. Why the removal yet again? Golic did admit to using steroids AND he did say just a week before on the show that he wouldn't have cooperated with any steroid investigations and that steroid usage is like speeding or jaywalking in terms of crimes. OddibeKerfeld (talk) 14:16, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I didn't remove the part where he admitted using steroids. That has been covered by reliable sources. The other comments have apparently not been discussed by reliable sources, and are therefore not notable enough to be included. --Onorem♠Dil 14:19, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

There are no references for your jaywalking comparison claim. And frankly, given your obnoxious little joke edits that I warned you about, your credibility has taken a serious hit in my view so I'm not going to take your word for anything. —Wknight94 (talk) 14:44, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mike Golic


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User talk:Mjohnsonm

Who is Bambi Zagajadoon? Any articles on this person?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mjohnsonm


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Glen Echo

Glen Echo may refer to:

Australia

 * Glen Echo, Queensland, a locality in the Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia

Canada

 * Glen Echo Park, Ontario, a former nudist park in Southern Ontario, Canada
 * Glen Echo Road, a residential road located in the Teddington Park area of North York, Ontario
 * Glen Echo Terminal, Carhouse and Loop, a former terminus for the Metropolitan radial line, Toronto

United States

 * Glen Echo, Colorado
 * Glen Echo (Ellabelle, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Bryan County, Georgia
 * Glen Echo, Maryland
 * Glen Echo Park (Maryland), former amusement park
 * Glen Echo Park, Missouri
 * Glen Echo, Columbus, Ohio, NRHP-listed
 * Glen Echo (Franklin, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP in Williamson County, Tennessee

title: Glen Echo


text:
User talk:Applepurple

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 16:38, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

P.S. You can use the Sandbox for test editing.

title: User talk:Applepurple


text:
Nonvenereal endemic syphilis

Bejel, or endemic syphilis, is a chronic skin and tissue disease caused by infection by the endemicum subspecies of the spirochete Treponema pallidum. Bejel is one of the "endemic treponematoses" (endemic infections caused by spiral-shaped bacteria called treponemes), a group that also includes yaws and pinta. Typically, endemic trepanematoses begin with localized lesions on the skin or mucous membranes. Pinta is limited to affecting the skin, whereas bejel and yaws are considered to be invasive because they can also cause disease in bone and other internal tissues.

Signs and symptoms
Bejel usually begins in childhood as a small patch on the mucosa, often on the interior of the mouth, followed by the appearance of raised, eroding lesions on the limbs and trunk. Periostitis (inflammation) of the leg bones is commonly seen, and gummas of the nose and soft palate develop in later stages.

Causes
Although the organism that causes bejel, Treponema pallidum endemicum, is morphologically and serologically indistinguishable from Treponema pallidum pallidum, which causes venereal syphilis, transmission of bejel is not venereal in nature. However, recent epidemiological evidence suggests that Treponema pallidum endemicum may also cause venereal syphilis.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of bejel is based on the geographic history of the patient as well as laboratory testing of material from the lesions (dark-field microscopy). The responsible spirochaete is readily identifiable on sight in a microscope as a treponema.

Epidemiology
Bejel has been known to be endemic in the Sahel region spanning from Mauritania and Senegal to Sudan, the other African countries of Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, and Somalia, the Kalahari Desert spanning from Namibia to Zimbabwe, West Asia spanning from Syria to Pakistan, and the Arabian Peninsula countries of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. It is unclear if it remains endemic in these countries, but a recent study suggested that the causative bacteria circulates outside of this range as venereal syphilis.

title: Nonvenereal endemic syphilis


text: Talk:Isuzu Trooper

title: Talk:Isuzu Trooper


text: Category:Finnish art

title: Category:Finnish art


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Crema, Lombardy

Crema (Cremish Lombard: Crèma) is a city and comune in the province of Cremona, in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. It is built along the river Serio at 43 km from Cremona. It is also the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Crema, who gave the title of city to Crema.

Crema's main economic activities traditionally (since the 11th century) related to agriculture, cattle breeding and making wool, but its manufactures in later centuries include cheese, iron products and cotton and wool textiles.

History
Crema's origins have been linked to the Lombard invasion of the 6th century CE, the name allegedly deriving from the Lombard term Krem meaning "little hill", though this is doubtful since it does not lie significantly above the surrounding countryside. Other linguistic roots may suggest an older origin, in particular the Indo-European root meaning a boundary (cf. Ukraine, crêt). Other authorities trace its foundation back to the 4th century CE, when Milan was capital of the Western Roman Empire. According to another version, it was instead an even more ancient Celtic or Etruscan settlement. Crema first appears in historical documents in the 11th century as a possession of the counts of Camisano. It was then ruled by Boniface, margrave of Tuscany, and his daughter Matilde. In 1098, Matilde gave the town as a gift to the Bishop of Cremona. During this period the prosperity of Crema's territory began as agriculture was boosted and the Humiliates' Order introduced the processing of wool, which was to be the area's main economic activity until the 19th century.

In 1159, after it had signed an alliance with Milan against the Ghibelline Cremona, Crema was besieged, stormed and destroyed by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The siege of Crema was marked by several episodes of brutality. The Germans hung some Cremaschi prisoners to their siege machines hoping the defenders would not fire against their fellows. However, this expedient did not work, and turned the battle into a slaughter.

After the Peace of Constance (1183) the city was allowed to be rebuilt as a castrum ("castle"). Henry VI gave it back to his allied Cremonese. A period as a free Commune followed, during which, however, the tendency to partisan struggles, typical of the northern Italian communes of that age, soon showed. In any case, the city was reinforced with new walls, ditches and gates (1199), and a network of canals further improved agriculture. In the 13th century Crema was also enriched with its famous cathedral and the Palazzo Pretorio.

The communal independence ended in 1335, when the city surrendered to Gian Galeazzo Visconti, whose family held the city until the end of the century. In 1361 Crema was touched by the Black Death. A brief period of rule by the Guelph Benzoni family followed (Bartolomeo and Paolo from 1403 to 1405, then their nephew Giorgio until 1423). The seignory passed again to the Visconti, and, from 1449 onwards, to the Republic of Venice.

As a Venetian inland province, Crema obtained numerous privileges and was safe from the economic decline of the nearby Duchy of Milan under Spanish rule. It maintained a substantial level of autonomy, which allowed for a program of new buildings. These included a new line of walls, the rebuilding of the Palazzo Comunale (1525–1533), the Palazzo della Notaria, now Palazzo Vescovile.

The 17th century saw the beginning of the decadence of the city, caused by the decline of its industrial activities, although agriculture continued to flourish. In 1796 an Academy of Agriculture was founded. After the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797, Crema became part of the new French client Cisalpine republic (and later the Napoleonic Italian Republic and Kingdom of Italy). The French army deposed the last podestà and created a municipality. At first Crema formed part of the province of Crema-Lodi, but was later annexed to the department of Alto Po centred on Cremona. After the Napoleonic wars the Congress of Vienna awarded Crema to Austria as part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. Within Lombardy–Venetia it became part of the Province of Lodi–Crema within the sub-Kingdom of Lombardy.

By the 1859 Treaty of Zurich which ended the Austro-Sardinian War, Austria ceded Lombardy, including Crema, to France, who then immediately ceded it to Sardinia. This formed part of the Risorgimento, which saw Sardinia become the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. In 1946, the Kingdom became the modern Italian Republic.

Main sights
Crema's most famous historical sights are:

 * Cathedral, in Lombard-Gothic style, with a tall bell-tower completed in 1604;
 * Civic museum;
 * Church of Santa Maria della Croce (St. Mary of the Cross), built in 1493–1500 by Giovanni Battagio;
 * Palazzo Comunale (Town Hall);
 * Palazzo Pretorio, with the annexed medieval tower;
 * Palazzo Vescovile;
 * Palazzo Benvenuti Arrigoni Albergoni;
 * Santissima Trinità church.

Many other sights, such as minor churches and private palaces, are dislocated through the city center.

Civic Museum of Crema
The Civic Museum of Crema, established in the 1960, is located in the Renaissance convent of Sant ‘Agostino.

Cuisine
The tortelli cremaschi (dialect of Crema: turtèi cremasch) represents the main dish of the local culinary tradition. This is a kind of tortelli that doesn't exist elsewhere in Italy as the filling is sweet, consisting of parmesan cheese, Amaretti di Saronno (an Italian almond biscuit), raisins, candied citron, spices and the mostaccino (a typical spiced biscuit).

Also worth mentioning is the salva, a DOP cheese typical of the Crema area, traditionally consumed with tighe (green Lombard pepper), packaged in vinegar.

Poor dish typically consumed in winter, accompanied by cotechino (gelatinous pork sausage in a natural casing) or boiled meat, is pipèto (flan of cabbage, butter, garlic, parmesan, nutmeg).

The main sweets of the city are the treccia d'oro, the Bertolina cake (Bertulina), a popular autumn cake made with red grapes, to which a square festival is also dedicated, and the noblest Spongarda, consumed throughout the year.

Moreover, in time of Carnival, chisulì are prepared, balls filled with a mixture prepared with lemon peel, brewer's yeast, raisins, apple and lard.

People

 * Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676), composer
 * Giovanni Giacomo Barbelli (1604–1656), painter
 * Lodovico Benvenuti (1899–1966), politician
 * Giovanni Bottesini (1821–1889), composer
 * Luca Guadagnino (b. 1971), film director, lives in Crema (his movie, Call Me by Your Name, was filmed here in 2016)
 * Giovanni Battista Lucini (1639–1686), painter
 * Carlo Martini (1908–1958), painter
 * Giuseppe Doldi (b. 1950), footballer
 * Beppe Severgnini (b. 1956), writer and journalist
 * Giovanni Vailati (1815–1890), classical mandolinist
 * Cesare Alpini (b. 1956), art historian
 * Giovanni Cesare Pagazzi (b. 1965), archbishop
 * Andrea Marcolongo (b. 17 January 1987), writer

Transport
Crema is served by a railway station on the Treviglio–Cremona railway, with regional trains.

There were three national roads connecting the city: SS 415 to Milan and Cremona; SS 591 to Piacenza and Bergamo; and SS 235 to Brescia and Pavia. The nearest motorway exits are the one of Lodi-Pieve Fissiraga, on the Autostrada A1 and the one of Romano di Lombardia on the Autostrada A35 - BreBeMi, opened in July 2014.

In popular culture
The film Call Me by Your Name (2017) was shot primarily in Crema. Several historical locations in the surrounding streets in Crema and Pandino were chosen during production, including the Crema Cathedral.

Municipal Government
Since local government political reorganization in 1993, Crema has been governed by the City Council of Crema. Voters elect directly the councilors and the Mayor of Crema every five years.

The current Mayor of Crema is Fabio Bergamaschi (PD), elected on 26 June 2022 with 58% of votes.

This is a list of the mayors of Crema since 1993:

Sister cities

 * 🇫🇷 Melun, France, since 2001
 * 🇨🇳 Nanning, China, since 2015

title: Crema, Lombardy


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Talk:Egg

2006
soThis page needs a link to the page "Animal_Shell" included somewhere in the text.
 * Added it to "See also" Adrian J. Hunter 07:03, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Could someone please elaborate on how female animals develop eggs within themselves, particularly those that lay hard, calcium-rich shells?

What is the composition of an egg?
In the article, it is suggested that a nice egg is a zygote, thus a cell. Is an egg (like a chicken egg) just a cell, or is it a container that contains one cell and other material to sustain the development of the zygote? The difference between a fertilized egg and an unfertilized ovum (which is also refered to as an egg, and, btw, most chicken eggs I eat are unfertilized) is not clearly made. The egg yolk and egg white articles suggest that they are the nucleus and the cyotplasm of the cell, up until fertilization, should this be mentioned in this article? Is there a universal structure or composition of eggs, both fertilized and unfertilized? I can't find a diagram of what a (e.g.) chicken egg is made of, and what structures it contains, should such a diagram be added? Anthony Liekens 22:12, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The german chicken egg article has such a diagram, there is no such article in the Englsih wikipedia. I think such a composition/structure has its place on wikipedia, either here or in egg (food), which I don't think to be a good place for that. What are your opinions on this? Anthony Liekens 22:22, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Images and fishy section
OK, well I've cleaned up the page layout of images a little in order to avoid the use of galleries. In the process I removed a couple of the fish images that were less clearly showing eggs themselves. Although we have already got rather more images than text, as Anthony Liekens says above, it would be a good idea to add Image:Ei1.jpg shown right - assuming someone can translate the labelled features.

Of more concern, I started to write the section on fish eggs and fishy reproductive strategies — now, as Sam Cooke might have said, I "don't know much about oology, don't know much ichthyology", so it would be a good idea for someone to check over this section and improve it. In addition there are some interesting things that could be said about parental care of eggs, particularly by cichlids and seahorses. -- Solipsist 09:33, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Colors section
I don't have time to do anything with it at the moment, but the whole section on egg coloring needs to be gone over. The overall impression one gets when reading it is that several different authors with widely differing opinions tried to sound like experts on the subject. The section disagrees with itself! EthanL (talk) 12:36, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Camouflage
I've removed the following
 * In reality, the speckles of eggs provide extremely poor camouflague, summed up affectionately by ornithologist Andrew Gosler of the University of Oxford who claimed that "a blind weasel could find them." (see References §)

As it stands, it does not make sense - Gosler himself talks of the strong evolutionary pressure for ground-nesting non-passerines to lay coloured and speckled eggs as camouflage, and anyone who has seen the eggs of species like Ringed Plover will have little doubt of the effectiveness of cryptic egg colouration on the bare areas they use for nesting - white eggs would be instantly obvious to any predator in that situation, whereas the cryptic eggs are difficult to see even at close range.

I don't doubt that the quotation is accurate, but there must be something missing from the context, which needs clarification.

 * OK. it refers only to Great Tits, which are hole-nesters and don't need cryptic eggs. jimfbleak 12:51, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

jimfbleak 12:30, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Egg sizes
This image is now available on Commons that might be useful for this article. --Spangineeres (háblame)  02:09, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I added it to the gallery. Adrian J. Hunter 14:40, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Wikify
I added a wikify tag. The article seems oddly formated and somewhat incomplete. --Cody.Pope 19:29, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not quite sure what it was about the fomatting you didn't like, but I've merged the three very short sections into one, adjusted image layout, and removed an image that didn't make sense without a legend (the image with the caption "a good image to include" on this talk page). I realise including the article title in the heading names is contrary to WP:MOSHEAD but I think it works on this particular page.  So for now I'm removing the wikify tag. Adrian J. Hunter 16:25, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Also I removed the image of the cowbird eating another bird's egg, since you can't see the cowbird's face or beak from the angle the photo is taken. Adrian J. Hunter 16:25, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Oviparity
Why do Oviparity and Oviparous redirect here if they aren't mentioned in the article? — Omegatron 19:55, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Oviparous is defined in the third sentence of the lead. Adrian J. Hunter 03:59, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

A monotreme egg
I would like to ask if anyone could foward more information relating to the monotreme eggs, in what way are they different to reptile and other eggs, an image of an egg, and any other relevant information. Thanks.--Francisco Valverde 15:38, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Monotreme eggs are basically similar to reptilian eggs of the same size in internal structure. Also like most reptile eggs, they are semi-soft and easily dry out. Sex determination is genetic rather than temperature dependent. The young is very underdeveloped at hatching, similar to the young of marsupials. Petter Bøckman (talk) 07:56, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

Very dubious sentence... Hoax!?
The sentence of a feline egg-layer is a certain hoax... --Francisco Valverde 19:06, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

How does an egg develop?
I presume that before it ends up at 1.5 kg an ostrich egg starts off very much smaller inside the mama ostrich. How does it grow and develop? How does it get the necessary nutrients? And does the shell grow along with the egg, or does it form around the rest of the egg as the final stage of development?

Grendlegrutch 08:34, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

kinds of eggs
This article is mostly about bird eggs, but arthropods, mollusks, and reptiles have eggs. This article should cover all sorts of eggs, and the bird stuff should go on an "Egg (bird)" page or a "Shelled egg" page. Leadwind 03:43, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * You are quite right. See the suggested merger of ovum into this article, discussed below. arkuat (talk) 06:18, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Please Read
An egg(chicken egg, lizard egg, so on) is just a giant cell, correct? I remember that it is just a giant cell. Can someone here verify/refute this statement. If it's true, please state that an egg is a giant cell in the intro. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MrZhuKeeper (talk • contribs) 18:03, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Merge with ovum article?
I'm a little troubled that this article exists side by side with Ovum. Any thoughts on a merge? Note that human egg redirects to ovum, while egg (bird) redirects here. This is not a good situation. arkuat (talk) 06:27, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Not merged, but better clarified and differentiated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.140.160.191 (talk) 03:16, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Differentiated? But there is no difference between an egg and an ovum in the biological sense. This is just a case of two words meaning the same thing. Human egg is currently a redirect; it probably needs to have its own article. Likewise with Egg (bird) or Bird egg or Shelled egg or whatever it winds up being called; if it needs its own article, we can make one. But ovum and egg (biology), I think, ought to be merged arkuat (talk) 05:26, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Amniote needs to be kept an eye on by any editors undertaking the proposed merge. arkuat (talk) 05:02, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

I'd like to add a split tag suggesting that part of this article (based on its categorization in Aviculture) should be split to a new article Bird egg or something like that. Unfortunately, WP:Split doesn't seem to suggest an easy way to do that. arkuat (talk) 06:53, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Support, but following the merge the topic would benefit from splitting to form linked pages for "human ovum", "bird egg" to cover ornithology, and perhaps others, which might take a lot of work. Snowman (talk) 11:27, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for the support, Snowman. I'd like to mention that the editors of Eggshell probably ought to be recruited into this effort as well. --arkuat (talk) 06:13, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose: This article covers a complete multicellular structure containing a developing embryo; the ovum article covers unfertilized female megagametes. These are entirely different structures. Although the former does result from fertilization of the latter, the result of that fertilization is the presence of a new organism which was not previously present. --EncycloPetey (talk) 21:16, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Rotten eggs
I got here from Hydrogen Sulfide as that article links here via the term "rotten eggs". However this article says nothing about what causes eggs to rot, or what causes the characteristic "rotten egg" smell. If someone knowledgeable could expand the article to cover this it would be most useful Manning (talk) 10:09, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

 * That article currently implies that the smell is caused by anaerobic bacteria that invade the (otherwise sterile) egg and liberate the sulfur from the amino acids. Probably that article (or a more specific article on the kinds of bacteria) is the best place for section giving a detailed exposition of the topic. Nonetheless, it might be worth very briefly mentioning here somewhere here the degree of sterility (or absence of immune system) of eggs, in a way that directs the reader back to hydrogen sulfide if they want details about rotten eggs. Cesiumfrog (talk) 02:12, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

Cellular structure
More information on the cellular biology of eggs would be interesting. I have read claims that an unfertilized egg is a single cell, making eggs by far the largest cells in biology. 109.152.156.146 (talk) 06:53, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Probably among the most massive, sure. But maybe not the longest; the axons of individual neuron cells can reach from your toe to your head. Cesiumfrog (talk) 02:16, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

Days til hatched?
There seems to be no general range of time for eggs to hatch. I realize this varies radically, but it seems to me that some general range could be stated. Student7 (talk) 00:05, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Have you tried googling for any examples? Cesiumfrog (talk) 02:16, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

 * For starters, look up triops. Their eggs can take incredibly long periods between laying and hatching. Cesiumfrog (talk) 06:03, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Ambiguous sentence in lead about egg and ovum
The sentence reads:
 * The term "egg" is used differently outside the animal kingdom, for an egg cell (sometimes called an ovum).

Animal kingdom redirects to Animal, and humans being animals as well, this sentence seems unclear. Also, it appears that in some languages the term egg is often used for ovum, and in others ovum is almost exclusively used for mammals (e.g. in French). If the intent of this sentence is to explain that in biology egg may also be used for ovum and vice-versa, or that mammal eggs may also be referred to as ova, it should probably be reformulated. The current sentence appears to promote the unscientific idea that humans are not animals (perhaps involuntarily). 76.10.128.192 (talk) 03:19, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: move Anthony Appleyard (talk) 16:22, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

– WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. There are, effectively, two main uses for the term "egg". One of them is an egg. You know, something mother animals lay that later hatches. The other is egg (food), that is, eggs prepared as food. I believe that the biological entity is what people are mostly looking for when they type in egg (and exactly that). When people want the food item, they will almost certainly type in "eggs" and not "egg" into the search bar. And I would support "eggs" continuing to redirect to the disambiguation page. But when people type in the word "egg", they are most likely looking for that thing that a mother animal lays. (The egg cell also is a valid potential target, but apart from being only a partial title match, a cursory look at Google Books for the singular word "egg" shows only the shell-bearing eggs. Google News is less useful though far more interesting, as most are using the biological egg in a figurative sense--see this article innovatively titled Man hits sister for being an 'egg'. And I would also support EGG remaining a redirect to the disambiguation page).
 * Egg (biology) → Egg
 * Egg → Egg (disambiguation)

It certainly goes without saying that no other article has any considerable or notable claim to primary topic. Red Slash 03:53, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. This has been a disambiguation fixing target of mine for a long time, and it breaks down exactly as Red Slash suggests. "Egg" alone almost always is intended to link to the biological sense, while uses addressing the food sense refer to "eggs". Moreover, the food sense is really just a subtopic of the biological sense, because the eggs that are made into food are biological eggs to begin with. When you cook an egg, you are cooking an egg (which would be an egg biologically whether it was cooked or not). Finally, there is greater long-term significance in the biological fact of eggs existing at all and allowing animals to first evolve into land-dwelling creatures, then in the comparatively recent human use of eggs as food. bd2412  T 14:30, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose - sorry I can't see the benefit. Right now both biologists and cooks are happy with the titles as they show up when either (a) Googling (b) using RH search box. Article creators are also happy because they get helpful dab notifications if they don't know which article they are linking to.
 * What is the object of the move? - is to misdirect cooks to articles on frogs eggs, is it to make editors mislink cookery articles to the biology article? Can someone explain who exactly benefits from disguising the biology article as a cooking article? In ictu oculi (talk) 16:23, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Readers benefit, In ictu oculi, because when they type in "egg" they get an article about the topic they are probably looking for. To reducto ad absurdium your argument, would you suggest moving Turkey to Turkey (country)? I'm sure that more than a couple of culinary or avian article writers have accidentally linked to turkey thinking of the bird or its meat, and I'm certain more than a couple readers have searched for the bird and clicked on the country's article forgetting that the country shares its name! Red Slash 21:20, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * As you say, that is an absurd argument.
 * In this case your only evidence so far that more biologists than cooks use wikipedia is "I believe," you first need to have some evidence for your belief before comparing your belief to an absurd argument.
 * Still oppose - adding oppose reasons below. In ictu oculi (talk) 00:00, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Do forgive me, I saw that you asked twice "what's the point?" and so I answered the question of what the point was. Had you asked "what's the basis" instead, I would have responded using more sources. Do you see those Google Books results? And I'm not going to respond to the absolutely ridiculous suggestion that only biologists use an article on an egg. Clearly they do not. Nor are cooks the only ones who would read the article on the food - that's patently not the point. Red Slash 00:45, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Striking second !vote by same participant - this appears to be a restatement of the initial vote, but it is best to avoid the appearance of impropriety. bd2412  T 02:55, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose Sorry, I don't see anything to choose from between the biological and culinary uses. The only argument I see that really addresses this is "eggs" being more used for the latter, but I think this would just cause confusion. If not for their respective sizes, I'd question why the articles were even separate. I wish there were some way to WP:CONCEPTDAB this, because the general topic of eggs is definitely primary. --BDD (talk) 18:19, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Egg (biology) addresses the use of eggs as food - although, in a sense, Egg (food) is a bit deceptive, because it is really only about eggs as human food. Many animals eat eggs (and some humans eat eggs without cooking them), so really that article could be titled Egg (human cooked food). bd2412  T 21:26, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Nearly everything made of biological matter is food for something. Category:Foods focuses on human food. In ictu oculi (talk) 23:48, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
 * BDD, I don't think you need to apologize! But the Google Books results I gave showed to me that most people who write "egg" mean, well, the thing an oviparous animal lays. As a secondary option, I might want to CONCEPTDAB it, but like you said, these are two huge topics that both deserve extensive Wikipedia articles. Red Slash 21:20, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose zygote ("egg") would make more sense than this article, if you're arguing that the biological sense is primary, then the actual biological sense should be primary; or the alternate biological sense, the ovum, the female gamete or "egg". However, there are many more cookbooks in the world than biology books, so it hardly seems likely that the biological sense is primary over the culinary. -- 70.24.244.51 (talk) 04:37, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * In what way is a zygote commonly referred to as an "egg"? Red Slash 21:20, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * In human anatomy: a fertilised egg (or ovum) is a zygote, which transforms into a morula, by cleavage, which develops into a blastocyst (with a blastocoele), by cavitation. If an egg is not fertilised, then does not become a zygote. "Egg" and "Zygote" are not the same. 15:00, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I think I can pretty safely say that the thing a bird or a snake plops out has primary topic for the word "egg" over that. Though I thank you, sincerely, for the excellent explanation. I understand that much better now! Face-smile.svg Red Slash 00:45, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Support it's bizarre that what everyone thinks of as an "egg" is at a weird thrush (bird) type place. All the other meanings are secondary to the common sense meaning... but this is Wikipedia, so I predict a 50/50 result with no sensible outcome.  Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  07:04, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * ... But do people think of a an egg for cooking, an egg for hatching, or the gamete. Snowman (talk) 11:50, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
 * People also think of bird legs for cooking - why don't we make Leg into a disambiguation page, with subpages for Leg (biology) and Leg (food). Perhaps it is because the legs we eat for food are legs? bd2412  T 16:32, 3 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose - because I cannot decide for the life of me if the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC should be Egg (biology), Egg (food), or Egg cell. Steel1943  (talk) 08:10, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. Clearly a primary topic. This is what most people are looking for when they think of "egg". J I P  | Talk 10:33, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. There is no true primary topic here. Keeping the current setup doesn't hurt anyone. Hot Stop talk-contribs 00:18, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Apathetic but I would egg others on to consider a primary article at the root with a hatnote to a disambig page rather than a disambig page at the root node that takes me to an article with actual content. Shyamal (talk) 07:22, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Support - food and biology essentially can be covered in the same broad page and is no-brainer primary topic. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 10:30, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The article Egg (biology) does not have much detail on the small one-celled egg of humans (and many other mammals). I think "Egg cell" will always need a main page of its own. The dab at "Egg" serves the function of listing the various meanings of egg in biology and I think the dab should be kept at "Egg". Also, the Oxford English Dictionary has that "eggs" for food has been in found in writing going back to the year 805 and "eggs" that hatch going back to the year 1000. I doubt if there is a primary topic here.  Snowman (talk) 17:16, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Egg cell will always have its own article. In fact, people who get to the egg (biology) article by typing in the word "egg" will still be just one easy click away from the article on egg cells. Red Slash</b> 00:45, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * ...but "Egg (food)" gets many more hits than "Egg (biology)". Snowman (talk) 16:49, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * ...but most people are not getting there by searching egg. Red <b style="color:#460121;">Slash</b> 23:41, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Support. This seems like a very reasonable move. MeegsC (talk) 23:59, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. Agree with BDD that egg is ripe for WP:CONCEPTDABing, and I think the content currently in egg (biology) seems like an excellent base to start that from. There should be a section on ways in which eggs are exploited, ranging from ovivory (generally) to ornamental-decorations and palaeontology; the use of eggs as food by humans should be described in a subsection and a spin-out article eggs (culinary), not "egg (food)". Similarly, egg cells should be further expanded on in this page. The rest can be dealt with by way of a hatnote to egg (disambiguation). Cesiumfrog (talk) 07:00, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Support per Cesiumfrog. Obvious PrimaryTopic over decent competing topics if ever there was one. The food/culinary ingredient and the haploid cell are both derivative and lesser subjects. The article is already good at summarising many specialist sub articles, and could be improved by covering more. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 11:15, 1 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. I think the evidence (and common sense) indicates this is the primary topic. The other major challenger is the food version of this topic, and you can't have eggs as food without there being eggs in the first place. As such this article already serves as a good WP:CONCEPTDAB covering both the two major competing topics.--Cúchullain t/ c 14:40, 3 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Support as primary topic. Most other uses seem to derive from it.--Gibson Flying V (talk) 05:58, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Support vide most generic use of term. AshLin (talk) 15:35, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Strongly support moving, the biological function of the egg is without a doubt the topic of most importance, taken from the broadest view. Like others have said, everything of biological significance about the egg as food can be said in the same article.   - WPGA2345 -     ☛   20:05, 7 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Conditional support on Egg being a wp:conceptdab <sup style="color:green;">walk <i style="color:green;">victor falk</i><i style="color:green;">talk</i> 15:50, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Support, per the rationales advanced by Red Slash, bd2412, et al. ╠╣uw [ talk ]  12:03, 11 December 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

New Introduction
The introduction as I found it confused different taxonomic levels, jumping from the phylum level down to the class level. Instead I give three animal phyla. Also the original intro had paragraphs with several topics. I separated them, and grouped like topics together.

Please let me know your reasons if you feel it necessary to revert this new introduction. Thanks, Nick Beeson (talk) 20:02, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

Image key
The caption for the lead image states, "(Click on image for key)". However, clicking brings up the Media Viewer, but no key. --Lambiam 20:09, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

Aerus and Taglion
On July 27, 2011 this edit introduced the words "aerus" and "taglion" for the big and little ends of the egg, respectively.

These words came up in an English Stackexchange answer, and it seems there is no evidence that these words existed prior to their inclusion in Wikipedia. I have just removed them. If anyone can find nontrivial usage examples, please mention them. --kundor (talk) 06:53, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Sounds like someone enjoying a little joke, or just getting very OveRexcited. Chiswick Chap (talk) 09:06, 16 December 2016 (UTC)
 * And they appeared in an actual academic paper last year, still. :D Double sharp (talk) 09:46, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

21:06, 17 March 2018 Alexf (talk | contribs) . . (36,385 bytes) (-67) . . (rm irrelevant)
Alexf, what do you mean? --Neptuul (talk) 21:11, 18 March 2018 (UTC)
 * The page is about organic eggs, as a means of reproduction. Showing wooden painted eggs for a quasi-religious festival has little to do with this article. -- Alexf(talk) 21:31, 18 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Wooden? This are realy eggs, blown out. --Neptuul (talk) 21:42, 18 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Did you it misunderstand, didn't you? --Neptuul (talk) 00:05, 20 March 2018 (UTC)

Expanded "Colleting"
I expanded the section of "Collecting", added more references and citations, did some proofreading and copy editing. Hashininaru (talk) 11:12, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 February 2019
The famous Instagram egg isn't mentioned 24.224.234.161 (talk) 15:28, 8 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia articles are not collections of pop culture trivia.  G M G  <sup style="color:#000;font-family:Impact">talk  15:30, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

removed subsection from "human use " section
An article about eggs does not need a subsection regarding consumption of eggs according to Jewish law...i have removed it Firejuggler86 (talk) 22:38, 13 July 2019 (UTC)

Edit request, 29 September 2019
"Egg collecting was a popular hobby in various contexts, including among the first Australians favored this practice." -- The last three words are redundant. Also, can a civilisation be described as a "context"? 217.163.2.165 (talk) 15:22, 29 September 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅  G M G  <sup style="color:#000;font-family:Impact">talk  00:59, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Bird, reptile and dinosaur eggs
Egg structure related to nesting behaviour.

"We know that most dinosaurs, including the small relatives of birds, such as troodontids and oviraptosaurs, buried their eggs in the ground in nest mounds. ‘Troodon has elongated eggs that are sort of more vertical in the ground, and it seems like only the upper portion of the eggs are exposed. So their eggs are also kind of buried’, Varricchio says.  This is more a reptilian trait.

"One difference betweeen the brooding behaviour of modern birds and reptiles is that birds rotate their eggs to balance out heat transfer. Crocodiles and turtles, however, go through a phase of development where if the nest is disturbed and the eggs are rotated, then the embryos die because they naturally adhere to one side of the egg, and turning them over means development doesn’t proceed properly.

"‘Birds on the other hand have little cords of protein called chalazae that allow the embryo to rotate without affecting it inside the egg, so perhaps the buried condition of dinosaur eggs was a representative of a lack of this’, Varriccchio says. ‘Dinosaurs may have been prohibited from nesting in open nests until they had that key feature.  So maybe they didn’t have what we think of as a typical bird nest up in the tree – eggs just kind of lying in a cup, or a little saucer of sticks and stuff like that.  Maybe they actually had to ensure that they didn’t rotate by implanting them in the ground.’

"Working alongside Frankie Jackson, also of Montana State University, and Darla Zeletinsky of the University of Calgary in Canada, Varricchio has shown that Troodon laid its eggs vertically in mud, half-buried them, and then most likely incubated the exposed parts by sitting on top of them and perhaps fanning feathers over them. …"

Pickrell, John. Flying Dinosaurs: how fearsome reptiles became birds. NewSouth Publishing; Sydney, 2014. pp. 126–127.

—Pelagic (talk) 13:25, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Wikipedia talk:April Fools/April Foools' Day 2020 which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 08:35, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

who invented the first egg
it's not in this page. who invented the egg, was it a fish or a dinosaur or a lizard? I would like to see this info. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.6.227.173 (talk) 04:40, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

"Kwarte" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Kwarte. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 November 26 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Certes (talk) 17:02, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Hello, I think I found an inconsistency
In the picture, the yolk is marked in C. However in the page about "Yolk", the same image is used and the Yolk is marked at D. 194.90.225.101 (talk) 21:16, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Yolk has the wrong label. "D" is the oil globule, which feeds the fish larvae similar to the yolk. Recon  rabbit  15:00, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Egg


text:
Lev Vinocour

Lev Vinocour (Лев Винокур; born 3 August 1970) is a pianist from Russia.

He began his studies at the age of six. He studied at the School of Music in Saint Petersburg and continued his studies at the Moscow Conservatory under the direction of Lev Vlassenko.

He has won prizes in many competitions, such as Busoni International Competition, International Piano Competition in Epinal, France and the Gina Bachauer International Piano Competition. He has also recorded CDs, the most known being his performance of Schumann.

From the liner notes of his new album Robert Schumann: Complete Works for Piano and Orchestra (Lev Vinocour, Johannes Wildner & ORF Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra):

"The Russian pianist is a rare species: an intellectual virtuoso. His playing combines brilliant keyboard acrobatics, a highly developed 'sound culture' and a curiosity nothing short of the philosophical. The curiosity is directed at uncovering the true, deeper meaning of the music embedded in the score, deciphering its message and translating it into plausible musical discourse. The piano prodigy from St. Petersburg made his professional concert début at the age of 13 with the Leningrad Philharmonic and Yevgeny Mravinsky. He went on to conquer the concert halls of his native Russia and, later, those of the Western world in a career that has developed serenely. This highly educated, critically alert and thoroughly self-critical artist is now one of the most highly regarded pianists of his generation. He is held in particularly high esteem by piano experts, who continually praise his ability to discover new things in familiar material."

Vinocour became German citizen in 2002.

title: Lev Vinocour


text:
User:Mike Treder

Mike Treder is a professional writer, speaker, and policy advocate with a background in technology and communications company management. In 2002, Treder and Chris Phoenix co-founded the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology (CRN), a non-profit research and advocacy organization. CRN promotes public awareness and education, and the crafting of effective policy to maximize benefits and reduce dangers of advanced nanotechnology. Treder is Executive Director of CRN.

More on Mike Treder.

title: User:Mike Treder


text:
Talk:Theodoric of Freiberg

Untitled
Theodoric is not from the german town freiburg but freiberg. For further information look at Theodorich von Freiberg. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.179.151.103 (talk • contribs) 15:04, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Experimental Instrumentation
Using spherical flasks and glass globes filled with water, Freiberg was able to simulate the water droplets during rainfall. Still in its early stages, experimental instrumentation would later expand to be used primarily for making measurements, extending the human senses and creating and isolated environment for the experimenter. During his experimentation with these glass globes, Freiberg was correct in asserting that the colors formed in interaction with the water droplets. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nmishkin (talk • contribs) 7 October 2008 (UTC)

Theodoric or Dietrich?
The name Dietrich is used without warning. I guess Dietrich is his childhood name? It should be explained in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.127.207.205 (talk) 18:08, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Dietrich is just the German version of Theodoric (like Thierry, in French, or Teodorico in Italy or Spain); the English would be Theodore, or Theodoric. The sections where the name occurs were added about ten years ago with this edit, apparently copied from the German WP article, and it hasn’t been corrected in all that time.
 * I’ve standardized the name, for consistency; As the title of the article uses 'Theodoric', and the original versions of the article used that name (and this is the English language WP), I’ve gone with that. I trust everyone is OK with that. Moonraker12 (talk) 18:47, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theodoric of Freiberg


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Sulphur-breasted parakeet

The sulphur-breasted parakeet (Aratinga maculata), or sulphur-breasted conure is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Brazil and Suriname. It resembles the closely related sun parakeet (A. solstitialis).

Taxonomy and systematics
The sulphur-breasted parakeet was originally described as Psittacus maculatus. For many years the early specimens were thought to be immature sun parakeets or hybrids, and the current specific epithet maculata was thought to be invalid. A 2005 paper described what was thought to be a new species A. pintoi but in 2009 the "new" species was determined to be the previously described A. maculata. The reclassification was widely accepted but not without some dissent.

The sulphur-breasted parakeet is monotypic.

Description
The sulphur-breasted parakeet is about 30 cm long and weighs about 110 g. The sexes are alike. The adults' crown and mantle are pale greenish yellow. Their wing coverts range from yellow through green to deep blue; the flight feathers are also deep blue on their upper side. Their tail's upper side is mostly green, with blue tips on the inner feathers and progressively more blue outwards to the entirely blue outermost pair. Their head below the crown and their underparts are mostly yellow, with orange through the eye and on small areas of the belly and flanks. The undersides of their flight feathers and tail are blackish gray. Their iris is dark gray surrounded by bare bluish gray skin, their bill black, and their legs and feet dark brownish. Juveniles have a green head, mantle, and wing coverts. The species closely resembles the sun parakeet but has less orange and more green.

Distribution and habitat
The sulphur-breasted parakeet has two disjunct ranges. It is found in Brazil's Pará state north of the lower Amazon River between the Maicuru and Paru rivers, and also in Suriname's Sipaliwini Savanna. It probably also occurs in the Brazilian state of Amapá but has not been confirmed there.

The sulphur-breasted parakeet inhabits open to semi-open landscapes, typically those with sandy soils and scattered trees and bushes. It also occurs in gallery forest, and occasionally in orchards. In elevation it ranges as high as 1400 m.

Movement
The sulphur-breasted parakeet is generally a year-round resident but does make some local movements.

Feeding
The sulphur-breasted parakeet typically forages singly and also in groups of up to about 10 individuals. It feeds on fruit, seeds, and flowers.

Breeding
The sulphur-breasted parakeet nests in tree cavities. Active nests have been found in April and September; both were in dead Hymenaea trees and one of them contained a single egg. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology in the wild.

Vocalization
The sulphur-breasted parakeet's call has been described as a "high-pitched shrill screech of 2–3 notes, 'screek screek screek' ", and also as a "sharp, very high shrieking, like 'eeuwt-uht-uht' ".

Status
The IUCN has assessed the sulphur-breasted parakeet as being of Least Concern. Though it has a somewhat limited range and its population size is not known, the latter is believed to be increasing. Deforestation is a potential threat but might instead be beneficial to the species if it is not excessive or too rapid, as it may expand its range into opened areas. It does not appear to be greatly affected by capture for the pet trade. It is thought to be fairly common in both of its ranges.

Aviculture
The sulphur-breasted parakeet is almost never seen in captivity outside of Brazil, where it is sometimes kept as a pet or exhibited in zoos. Captive sulphur-breasted parakeets lay a clutch of 3-4 eggs, which are incubated for 24-25 days, with the young fledging after 7-8 weeks.

title: Sulphur-breasted parakeet


text:
Andrew Forman

Andrew Forman (c. 1465 – 11 March 1521) was a Scottish diplomat and prelate who became Bishop of Moray in 1501, Archbishop of Bourges in France, in 1513, Archbishop of St Andrews in 1514 as well as being Commendator of several monasteries.

Early life
He was probably the son of Nicholas Forman of Hutton in Berwickshire, and Jonet Blackadder. Forman had three brothers, John and Adam who were both knights – Adam was the standard-bearer to King James IV at the Battle of Flodden and John was the king's serjeant-porter who was captured at the battle – and Robert who was dean of Glasgow cathedral. He also had two known sisters—Isabel, the second wife of Sir Patrick Home of Fast Castle and an unnamed sister whose son, John Roul, became commendator of May after Forman's death. A possible third sister, Jonet Forman the Prioress of Eklis (Eccles), is the first named in a letter of protection and respite (similar to a will) dated 28 March 1513, when Forman lists a number of his kith and kin. He was educated at the University of St Andrews graduating as a Licentiate of the Arts in 1483.

Diplomat and pluralist
By 1489, he had entered the service of King James IV. King James's foreign policy was directed at bringing peace to Europe, and although Forman obtained many high offices in the church, his primary role was as a senior emissary in the service of the king; a role that saw him receive generous royal and papal gifts and required Forman to spend extended periods in Rome, Paris and London.

He represented the king in Rome in 1489/90 where he was appointed protonotary apostolic by Pope Innocent VIII. The first benefice he received was in 1489 when Pope Innocent VIII provided him to the Parsonage of Forest church (Yarrow in the Scottish borders). Then in 1492, he used his influence at Rome to obtain the guarantee of the provision to the abbacy of Culross but resigned his rights in 1493 in return for a substantial pension from the monastery's income. The possession of multiple religious appointments was common in late medieval Scotland when ecclesiastical and later, temporal lords, would be gifted commendatorships of monasteries at the discretion of the monarch—it was unlikely that the monasteries in question would have been visited by their commendators very often, if at all. He became prior of May (Pittenweem) in 1495—an office which he retained up until his death—and by 30 September 1497, he was protonotary apostolic. The king received Perkin Warbeck, the bogus Duke of York, in Stirling Castle in November 1495 and designated Forman to attend him. Warbeck's presence in Scotland may have been used by King James and some of his councillors as an excuse to wage war with England. Apart from a raid into Northumberland, war did not ensue and in July 1497, Forman watched over Warbeck's departure from the port of Ayr.

Forman and Bishop William Elphinstone of Aberdeen were the principal envoys who brokered a seven-year truce with King Henry VII of England at Aytoun in September 1497. They were assisted by the Spanish ambassador Pedro de Ayala, who recommended in May 1498 that diplomatic correspondence to Scotland should be copied to Forman, his influential friend. The search for a queen for James began in 1499 when negotiators were appointed to treat with King Henry for the marriage of his eldest daughter, Princess Margaret. Dispensation from the pope for the marriage was received as both James and Margaret were cousins, descended from John Beaufort, Marquess of Dorset. On 8 October 1501, Forman, now postulate to the see of Moray, was commissioned along with Robert Blackadder, Archbishop of Glasgow and Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell to conclude the treaty of marriage. In that same year, King Henry, in gratitude for his services required that Thomas Savage, Archbishop of York institute Forman as Rector of the parish church of Cottingham. On 26 November 1501, Pope Alexander VI provided Forman to the bishopric of Moray.

In 1502, Bishop Forman concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with England at Richmond Palace. The formal proceedings that finally concluded the marriage terms of King James and Margaret Tudor were conducted in Glasgow Cathedral on 10 December 1502 where Forman was a signatory. He was then appointed as a commissioner to oversee the exchange of the ratified marriage treaties at the courts of Henry and James. James designated Forman to conduct Margaret to Scotland but while in England, gave King Henry an undertaking that the King of Scots would not renew the league with France unless Henry was first consulted. The procession to Scotland took them to Fast Castle near Berwick where they stayed with Forman's sister Isabel and her husband Alexander Oliphant of Kellie. In July 1509, Forman was sent to London to ask for jewels left to Margaret by her father Henry VII. In that year, Forman became commendator of Dryburgh Abbey, and in 1511 he tried unsuccessfully to obtain the commendatorship of the wealthy Kelso Abbey. The lands and possessions of the parson of Boleskin, south of Inverness were given to Forman (as bishop of Moray) in 1511 and then in 1512 he became the Keeper of the castle of Darnaway, near Forres, Chamberlain of Moray and Custumar north of the River Spey.

Benefices

 * 1489—provided by Pope Innocent VIII to parsonage of Forest (Yarrow in the Borders)
 * 1498—appointed prior of May (Pittenweem)
 * 1499—papal prothonotary
 * 1501—in May, Henry VII provides him with the rectorship of Cottingham parish church
 * 1501— in November, he was bishop of Moray
 * 1503—appointed to be Keeper of Dunbar Castle
 * 1507—appointed to be Keeper of Darnaway Castle and Keeper of Dingwall Castle, Forester of Darnaway Forest, Chancellor of the Lordship of Moray and Custumer beyond the Spey
 * 1509—he became Commendator of Dryburgh
 * 1511—Pope Julius II provided him to the Commendatorship of Kelso
 * 1513—Louis XII of France ensured his election to the archbishopric of Brouges
 * 1514—he obtained the bulls from Pope Leo X to become archbishop of St. Andrews and also to be commendator of Arbroath; again opposition by Albany denied him Arbroath; became legate a latere
 * 1516—he became perpetual commendator of Dunfermline

Lands

 * 1506—along with his brother John, received the lands of Lochirmacus in Berwickshire.
 * 1506–07—received a 19-year lease of the Mains of Dunbar from King James IV.
 * 1508—received the lands of Hillhous.
 * 1508–09—with his brother John, received the lands of Rutherford and Wellis.
 * 1512—King James gave him the lands of Boleskyn (south of Inverness)

Holy League
James's father-in-law, Henry VII of England died in 1509 and his son Henry VIII came to the throne. Forman traveled to the English court on several occasions to facilitate the renewal of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace which was agreed on 29 June 1509 and ratified by Forman on King James' behalf on 29 August. In 1510, the king sent Forman to France to try to persuade King Louis XII to make peace with Pope Julius II and then in 1511 to Venice to try to construct a peace between Louis and the Venetians.

Also in 1511, Forman carried a letter to Henry in which James complained bitterly that the criminals who had murdered Sir Robert Ker, Warden of the Middle Marches in the time of his father, Henry VII, were still at large. James stated that he could not accept that his subjects were being killed and those responsible not being brought to justice. The Scottish king's letter to the pope in December 1511 showed that James regarded the treaty between Scotland and England as worthless and that he assumed that the pope had released both kings from their oaths to uphold the treaty. James was now in the complex situation where he still had the existing treaty with England and with an alliance with France on the table but each contradictory to the other. He did not rush to France's side but continued to send Forman on his shuttle diplomacy missions to try to conciliate the opposing demands of Pope Julius II and King Louis XII. Eventually, after Forman failed to bring the pontiff and the French king together, James after consultation with his General Council renewed the Franco-Scottish alliance in July 1512—only two councillors opposed the decision.

On 21 February 1513, Pope Julius, with England now in the league against France, issued a bull which was in effect a suspended sentence of excommunication on James if he broke the treaty with Henry. James then sent Andrew Forman once more to Rome on 31 March to try to get the new Pope Leo X to countermand the bull but without success. Forman did have personal success in July, however, when at the insistence of King Louis, he was made Archbishop of Bourges and paid homage to the French king on 12 September, just 3 days after the Battle of Flodden. It is unlikely that either Louis or Forman would have known of the death of James.

Flodden
On 9 September 1513, the Battle of Flodden was fought near the village of Branxton in Northumberland. Had Forman been in Scotland, then it is almost certain that he would have accompanied the King into England. Many churchmen died that afternoon, among them were the King's natural son, Alexander Stewart, archbishop of St Andrews, George Hepburn, bishop of the Isles, Lawrence Oliphant, abbot of Inchaffray and William Bunch, abbot of Kilwinning. Nine of the twenty-one Scottish earls were also killed along with fourteen of the twenty-nine lords of parliament. Thomas Ruthall, Bishop of Durham, wrote to Cardinal Wolsey on 20 September saying that King James fell near his banner and then lauded the bravery of the Scottish host: ... such large and strong men, they would not fall when four or five bills struck one of them. ... [the English] did not trouble themselves with prisoners, but slew and stripped King, bishops, lords and nobles, and left them naked on the field. ... In all, between 5,000 and 8,000 Scots were killed while approximately 1,500 of the English host died—among the few prisoners taken was Andrew Forman's brother, Sir John Forman who was the King's serjeant-porter.

The seventeen-month-old King James V was crowned in Stirling almost immediately and his mother, Queen Margaret created regent as required by the provisions of the late king's will. She had little freedom of action as a ruling council, consisting of James Beaton, archbishop of Glasgow and chancellor, Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran, were appointed to rule the country. When Queen Margaret married the Earl of Angus, the lords of the council decided that she had to give up the regency of her infant son King James V and in September, they invited John Stewart, Duke of Albany to become governor of Scotland. The arrival of Albany from France, the opposing Douglas and Hamilton factions within the council and the meddling of the pope all impinged on the outcome of the vacant archbishopric of St Andrews.

See of St Andrews
Both King Henry VIII and Pope Leo X tried to take advantage of the vacuum created by the loss of so many of the Scottish ruling class. Henry, on 12 October 1513, asked the pope to repudiate the privilege held by the Scottish kings to nominate the successor to vacant ecclesiastical positions; he also asked that the see of St. Andrews should have its metropolitan honours removed and that the unoccupied Scottish bishoprics caused by the battle of Flodden should remain unfilled until he was consulted. Pope Leo also moved quickly to take advantage and appointed his nephew Cardinal Innocenzo Cibo to St Andrews on 13 October. He instructed his ambassador John Battista to take control of the see of St Andrews on Cibo's behalf but the governing council of Scotland prevented his entry to the country. The papal datary claimed the priory of Whithorn while Pietro Accolti. Cardinal St Eusebius tried to appropriate Arbroath Abbey prompting the infant King James V via his council to write to Domenico Grimani, Cardinal St Mark stating that he "will not submit to a violation of his privileges." Pope Leo replied in November confirming the right of the Scottish king to make recommendations for religious appointments. Even so, Forman was still influential in Paris and Rome and with the help of the French king and Albany, he obtained provision to the see of St Andrews on 13 November—Leo and Albany agreed that Forman would resign Bourges in Cibo's favour. However, this didn't automatically guarantee his succession to the cathedra. On the death of Alexander, archbishop of St Andrews, John Hepburn, Prior of St Andrews and dean of St Andrews immediately assumed the vicar-generalship collecting the revenues of the cathedral and then had the chapter elect him to the archbishopric.

Despite this, King James via his general council, nominated Aberdeen's aged Bishop Elphinstone to the position. Gavin Douglas, provost of the collegiate church of St Giles in Edinburgh was recommended to the pope by both Margaret, the queen-mother and the English King Henry, and took possession of the archbishop's palace which was also St Andrews castle. John Hepburn, who still regarded himself as a contender for the vacancy, dislodged Douglas by force from the castle. The council met in St Andrews on 2 March 1514 at which Hepburn also attended and argued for the council to appeal to the pope to disregard all letters of support for Forman. Hepburn had successfully engineered the council's support as a letter dated 4 March from the king to the pope accused Forman of having a lot of blame for his father's death at Flodden – the letter also stated that Forman was now an exile and a rebel and intimated that his positions and benefices had been taken from him and called for Forman to be disregarded for the vacancy. Forman was not to be deprived as was confirmed in a letter that Leo wrote to Albany on 11 April and named the bishop of Moray for St Andrews. On 13 November, Leo formally provided Forman to St Andrews and followed up by making him legatus a latere on 11 December—the bulls were published in January 1515. In time, both Douglas and Hepburn, unable to secure the backing of Albany and the pope gave up the contest.

Albany left Paris for Scotland in May 1515 without Forman but then in June, Forman did travel to Scotland where he was placed under virtual house arrest in his own priory of Pittenweem and would remain there until the end of the year. Albany eventually managed to persuade the council to reluctantly accept Forman as archbishop and provided the temporalities of the see in February 1516.

He died in Dunfermline on 11 March 1521 and was buried in St Andrews Cathedral. Like many senior churchmen of his day, his vow of celibacy was not one that he kept and was known to have had a daughter Jane who married Sir Alexander Oliphant of Kellie.

Forman's reputation
Andrew Forman was highly regarded at the courts of Europe and this respect did not go unrewarded. From King Louis XII of France he received the archbishopric of Bourges, from King Hendry VII of England he obtained the rectorship of the parish church of Cottingham and from his own master, King James IV many headships of Scottish monasteries, the recommendation to the bishopric of Moray and large tracts of land. Rome also appreciated his efforts and provided Forman firstly with the parsonage of Forest Church from Innocent VIII, then the commendatorship of Kelso Abbey from Julius II and finally and most importantly, the archbishopric of St Andrews and the commendatorship of Dunfermline Abbey from Leo X. Forman's standing with Henry VIII was good in his early reign when the bishop was central in renewing the Treaty of Perpetual Peace and later in his attempts at mediation between the English and French kings. As King James edged ever closer to France and then with the renewal of the traditional Franco-Scottish alliance, Forman's embassies to France were distrusted and he was deprived of safe passage through England. That Andrew Forman was seen as the main instigator of the war was in early circulation in England—a contemporary document reprinted in full in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland contains the following excerpt: Dyvers prisoners are taken of the Scottes, but noe notable personne, only Sir Willm Scott knight councelour of the said king of Scottes, and as is said a gentilman well lernyd. Also Sir John Forman knight broder to the Busshop of Murrey, which Busshop as is reported, was and is mosst principall procurour of this warre;

Despite these early views, MacDougall argues that Forman's reputation was without doubt blackened by a coterie that included Gavin Douglas who was a principal competitor for the see of St Andrews and who had called Forman "yon evyll myndit Byschep of Morray". MacDougall also explains that Andrew Forman was one of the main participants in the peace treaty of 1502, its renewal in 1509 and his opposition to the renewal of the alliance with France in 1508; he goes on to say that it would have been inconceivable that the king could be manoeuvred into a position that was against his own wishes. The early chroniclers (Buchanan and Pitscottie) did nothing to revive Forman's tarnished reputation yet when King James took the advice of his General Council, only two counsellors opposed the French alliance—Bishop Elphinstone of Aberdeen and Archibald Douglas, the Earl of Angus.

According to the chronicle writer Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, Forman was the deviser of court theatre and spectacle for James IV and at the tournament of the Wild Knight and the Black Lady contrived a cloud that descended from the ceiling of the hall and swept the Lady away.

title: Andrew Forman


text:
List of Nova Scotia senators

This is a list of past and present members of the Senate of Canada representing the province of Nova Scotia. There are ten senators currently appointed with no vacancies.

During the Quebec Conference of 1864, Nova Scotia was guaranteed ten Senate seats, but because Prince Edward Island stalled for equal representation in the upper house, Nova Scotia was awarded two of Prince Edward Island's Senate seats, until 1873 when Prince Edward Island gave in and joined confederation Nova Scotia dropped to 10 seats. The province kept its extra seats until the first two senators ended their term after 1873, they were not replaced.

Current senators
Notes:

1 Senators are appointed to represent Nova Scotia. Each senator may choose to designate a geographic area within the province as his or her division. 2 Senators are appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister. 3 Division designated as Chester from 1996 to 1999 and as Stanhope St. / South Shore since 1999.

Historical
Notes:

1 Senators are appointed to represent Nova Scotia. Each senator may choose to designate a geographic area within Nova Scotia as his or her division. 2 Senators are appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister. Senators appointed by royal proclamation were appointed at the Senate's founding directly by Queen Victoria.

Maritimes regional senators
Senators listed were appointed to represent the Maritimes under section 26 of the Constitution Act. This clause has only been used once before to appoint two extra senators to represent four regional Senate divisions: Ontario, Quebec, the Maritimes and the Western Provinces.

As vacancies open up among the normal members of the Senate, they are automatically filled by the regional senators. Regional senators may also designate themselves to a senate division in any province of their choosing in their region.

Notes:

1 Party listed was the last party of which the senator was a member. 2 Senators are appointed to represent their region. Each senator may choose to designate a geographic area within their region as his or her division. 3 Senators are appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister.

title: List of Nova Scotia senators


text:
Talk:Sterling Professor

[Untitled]
As of the present time, the names presented in the final paragraph does not match the list of "Current Sterling Professors"; Benoit Mandelbrot, for example, appears in the former but not in the latter.-Ashley Pomeroy 15:06, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

It says "Traditionally, there are only 27 at any one time, though there are currently 39". And yet, the list shows 47. What's going on? And, Ashley, I would agree with you but Mr Mandelbrot just died... I mourn him. Arisa sama (talk) 16:19, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

Table of Sterling Professors
I've attempted to catalog all past and present Sterling Professors and entable them. This also improve the referencing issues with the article. A small number of deceased professors may be missing, and I am still looking for authoritative references for several. I could also use help elaborating on "notability" for many entries. Nickknack00 (talk) 02:23, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sterling Professor


text:
Royal stars

In astrology, the royal stars of Persia are Aldebaran, Regulus, Antares and Fomalhaut. They were regarded as the guardians of the sky during the time of the Persian Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE) in the area of modern-day Iran. The Persians believed that the sky was divided into four districts with each district being guarded by one of the four Royal Stars. The stars were believed to hold both good and evil power and the Persians looked upon them for guidance in scientific calculations of the sky, such as the calendar and lunar/solar cycles, and for predictions.

The royal stars are mentioned in the Bundahishn, a collection of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology.

History
The four stars with their modern names, and their ancient Persian names (in brackets) were:
 * Aldebaran (Tascheter) — vernal equinox (Watcher of the East)
 * Regulus (Venant) — summer solstice (Watcher of the North)
 * Antares (Satevis) — autumnal equinox (Watcher of the West)
 * Fomalhaut (Haftorang/Hastorang) — winter solstice (Watcher of the South)

In Babylonian and Assyrian times
In 747 BCE the Babylonian King Nabu-nasir adopted a calendar derived from the motions of the moon relative to these four stars, one following an eight-year cycle, and one a nineteen-year cycle (later adopting the nineteen-year calendar as standard).

By 700 BCE the Assyrians had essentially mapped the ecliptic cycle and used the positions of these four stars to identify the zodiacal constellations, distinguishing the fixed stars from the planets.

In Persia
By the time of the Persian Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE), Aldebaran watched the Eastern sky and was the dominant star in the Taurus constellation, Regulus watched the North and was the dominant star in the Leo constellation, Antares watched the West and was the alpha star in Scorpio, and Fomalhaut watched the Southern sky and was the brightest star in Piscis Austrinus (sharing the same longitude with the star Sadalmelik which is the predominant star in Aquarius).

Aldebaran marked the vernal equinox and Antares marked the autumnal equinox, while Regulus marked the Summer Solstice and Fomalhaut the Winter Solstice. While watching the sky, the dominant star would appear in its season, each having a time of the year when most noticeable. Regulus was seen as the main star because it was in the constellation of Leo, giving it the power of the lion, signifying the strength of kings with large implications.

The constellations of the royal stars were said to be fixed because their positions were close to the four fixed points of the sun's path. The sun was then surrounded by four bright stars at the beginning of every season. From this observation individuals began to denote them the royal stars.

Uses
The royal stars were used primarily for navigation. They were also believed to govern events in the world. Major disasters, breakthroughs, and historical phenomenons were seen as caused by the stars and their alignment in the sky during the time in which the event occurred. When the stars were aligned accordingly, favourable conditions followed, and when they were negatively aligned, disaster was predicted. Because Regulus was the most influential of the royal stars, events that took place while Regulus was in dominance were amplified and grave, foreshadowing destruction, depending on what planet or planets might be in conjunction with the star.

Criticism
The idea there existed four royal stars of Persia was analysed in a 1945 article in Popular Astronomy, where the idea was criticized as largely a relatively modern invention, and/or a misunderstanding of the original source texts.

title: Royal stars


text:
Talk:Race Across America

Comparison
Introduction, paragraph referring to Tour de France: "... making it a transcontinental event.": doesn't appear to be a sober factual statement in a serious comparison. The "Tour" also links two ends of a continent, technically. If the juxtaposition refers to the distance, that's already been mentioned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Levi B. Than (talk • contribs) 16:15, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Contradiction
"Records" paragraph says:

 * The shortest elapsed time ever was Michael Secrest's in 1987, when he finished in 7 days 23 hours.

but in the list of overall winners (paragraph below), Secrest's 1987 winning time is listed as 9 days 11 h 35 min. I suppose both cannot be true... Could someone check this? GregorB 15:08, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

This page has the answer http://www.raceacrossamerica.org/files/raaminformation/RAAMrecords.html. Michael Secrest's record time was in 1990 and was not a part of the RAAM. --Moyet 06:38, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for looking it up... It seems that there's no contradiction after all, so I'm removing the notice and adding the records page to the external links. GregorB 21:00, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

Really true?
John Howard, the Prime Minister of Australia, is linked as the 2nd winner of 1982 of the Race Across America. Somehow I doubt that this is true. He sure doesn't look like a marathon cyclist, but you never know.

 * I noticed that as well... maybe it was some one with the identical name? 202.51.31.190 —The preceding  signed but undated.

 * John Howard (cyclist is now the John Howard in the article. Someone else fixed it. --DThomsen8 (talk) 00:43, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Enough Biography Data for Lon Haldeman article?
Currently Lon Haldeman does not exist. Does anyone have enough verified information to start a page?--SportWagon 17:30, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Enduro Winners
I think that Enduro Class winners should not be included in the main table of overall winners. There is only one true winner of the RAAM and that's Traditional class winner. There are many other classes every year and I don't see any reason, why Enduro winners should be more important than Teams, 50+ years, Women or any other. They are all clearly inferior to Traditional class anyway.

Take RAAM 2007 for instance, after 3 days of riding... Only 1 (one!) cyclist started (!) the race in Enduro Class. How can anyone say that he should be in the main table with all legends? That's an insult for all of them. After all, let's compare this one and only "competitor" with "tradionalists", 24 of them. Only one of the 24 competitors in traditional class is slower overall than the Enduro champ. That's to be expected, you say, the Enduro class requests 8 hours of sleep, they have higher average speed... No, they don't. This Enduro RAAM 07 champ has currently slower average speed than 9 fastest competitors in Traditional Class. This guy has nothing to do in a table with all real RAAM champs...--JTrdi 17:22, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

RAAM currently redirects somewhere else, not here
I'm not currently very active at wikipedia. so wouldn't have time to followup on possible repercussions of trying to fix the problem I observe/perceive. It would seem to me that RAAM should be a disambiguation page, with the current redirect to Global_Country_of_World_Peace as one of two initial alternatives.--The other initial alternative, of course, being Race Across America.

--SportWagon (talk) 22:07, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Race Across America


text:
Ayiroor, Pathanamthitta

Ayroor (also spelled Ayiroor) is a village near Thiruvalla, located in the western part of Ranni taluk, in the Pathanamthitta district in Kerala state, India. It is bordered by hills and located near the Western Ghats. Ayroor was previously part of Thiruvalla taluk in Alappuzha district and is considered part of the Edanadu region in Kerala. The Pamba River flows on the southern side of the village.

Tourism
The Pamba River and the surrounding hills make Ayiroor a picturesque location in central Travancore. Residents of Ayiroor cultivate coconut, rubber, cocoa, tapioca, plantains, cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg, vanilla, rambutan and other crops, making the per capita income of the residents higher than the state average. The nearest airports are the Cochin International Airport, located 127 kilometers away, and Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, 120 kilometers away.

One of the highlights of Ayroor is the Cherukolpuzha Hindu Parishad, a religious festival that is held for a week in February. Every year since 1912, the festival is held on the dry bed of the Pamba River. Snake boat races also attract people to the village.

Religion
Hinduism and Christianity are the only religions in the region, with a similar number of followers. Ayroor village used to be a part of the erstwhile Kingdom of Travancore. It is believed that the Kovilans ruled Ayroor in the past.

Notable people

 * K. Surendranatha Thilakan (1935–2012), actor and playwright
 * Most Rev. Dr. Juhanon Mar Thoma Metropolitan (1894–1976)
 * Rt. Rev. Dr. Mathews Mar Athanasius Episcopa (1907–1973)
 * T. K. A. Nair (born 1939), former civil servant

Main attractions

 * Ayroor Chathayam Boat Race
 * Cherukolpuzha Hindu Matha Maha Mandalam (Convention)

title: Ayiroor, Pathanamthitta


text:
Mount Wellington Tin Mine

Mount Wellington Tin mine, two miles east of the village of St Day in Cornwall, in the United Kingdom, opened in 1976 and was the first new mine in the region in many years.

With the fall of tin prices and the withdrawal of pumping subsidies, the mine finally closed in 1991. An attempt to revive the mine occurred when an individual tried to transform it into a visitor attraction, but his endeavour failed.

The site was bought by Mount Wellington Mine Ltd in early 2007, who removed the remaining headgear stump, and have proceeded to renovate the site and turned it into a private, gated, business park. There are a number of tenants who operate exclusively in the renewable energy sector including Kensa Heat Pumps.

1920s-30s
During the 1920s, three brothers called Wellington worked the old Wheal Andrew lodes close to surface.

The brothers were mining in a small way, working with primitive plant and operations, taking ore to a Cornish stamps down the valley to be treated for its tin content. Captain Josiah Paull, of the Mines and Metallurgical Club in London, reported that the ore the Wellingtons were breaking was yielding an average of 30 lb. of black tin per ton. The workings around the shaft they were working were crushed at a later date, putting the shaft out of action, and “being only ordinary Cornish miners”, the Wellingtons did not have the money to either open up the adit or put down another shaft.

In 1935 Mount Wellington Ltd, backed by the British Non-ferrous Mining Corp Ltd, acquired the rights on United and Consolidated Mines, Wheal Clifford and Wheal Andrew. On 5 February shares in Mount Wellington Mine Ltd were advertised for sale.

During the 1930s further shafts and mining buildings were built at Mount Wellington the mine acquired mining rights to the adjacent mines. However, by the end of the decade, milling was being suspended due to low tin prices, and it faced difficulties extracting the ore at sufficient quantities to show a profit.

On 16 December 1939 work stopped at Mount Wellington Mine due to lack of finance.

1960s-70s
In 1963 International Mine Services Ltd of Toronto became interested in the mineral potential of Cornwall. By 1967 exploratory drilling began at Mount Wellington Mine and by 1969 a contract to sink No.1 Wellington Shaft and erect buildings was awarded to Thyssen (Great Britain Ltd) by Cornwall Tin & Mining Ltd.

In 1974 Mount Wellington mine, controlled by the Cornwall Tin and Mining Corporation, and situated a few miles to the west of Truro on the opposite side of the Bissoe Valley, to the neighbouring Wheal Jane mine, was to go ahead with the proposed tin mining operation. It was the third new tin mine in Cornwall in three years.

The erection of the concentrating plant commenced in preparation for receiving its first ore from underground in January 1976. The operation will cost initially some £4-25 million to finance and qualified for a 20% grant from the U.K. Government.

The initial throughput was forecast to be 0'2 million tonnes/annum in an all-gravity plant to provide about 1,600 tonnes of tin metal and some copper, zinc and silver. The shaft was to be deepened from 210m to 310m. The mine was planned to have a life of some 25 years, and the workforce planned was up to 300.

However, on 20 April 1978 Mount Wellington Mine closed. No more ore ever came up Wellington's No.1 shaft after this date. No.1 shaft was retained for man and machinery access. The Wellington site was sold by the Administrators of Cornwall Tin & Mining Ltd to a Falmouth-based scrap dealer.

In August 1979 Carnon Consolidated, a subsidiary of Rio Tinto Zinc, acquired Wheal Jane from Consolidated Gold Fields Ltd. RTZ used Thyssens to redevelop Wheal Jane and used William Press to renovate Wheal Jane's mill. Carnon also bought the freehold of Wellington's No.1 shaft area, together with Wellington's Engineering Building from the scrap dealer. £10m was allocated to renovate both mines.

Also in 1979, Billiton Minerals (UK) Ltd, a Shell subsidiary, bought Hydraulic Tin of Bissoe, who worked alluvial tin and mine waste tailings. Billiton bought the rest of the land and buildings, including the Mill at Mount Wellington Mine. They also bought the Wheal Maid valley and the tailings dam and lagoon. Wellington's offices, and some land for storage of plant, were leased from Billiton by Thyssens. Thyssens used Wellington as a base for their work at Wheal Jane, South Crofty and Geevor mine.

1980s-90s
In June 1980 production at Jane recommenced, some ore coming from Mount Wellington. The following year, a new 7” MDPE pipeline was laid between Wellington and the Tailings Dam at Wheal Maid. Old mine waste was sluffified and pumped into Wellington's Mill, where it was re-processed to obtain minerals.

In 1982 Carnon Consolidated (RTZ) purchased Billiton's freehold interest in the Mount Wellington, Wheal Maid and Hydraulic Tin sites.

By 1984 100% of South Crofty had been purchased by Carnon Consolidated, a subsidiary of Rio Tinto Zinc, and the three mines of Crofty, Mount Wellington and Wheal Jane operated as one unit.

Production at Wheal Jane had already restarted in 1980 reaching 1499 tonnes of tin in 1981 and 1863 tonnes in 1984. The Wheal Maid Decline was started, on land originally owned by Mount Wellington Mine. 1984 operations produced an estimated 35,000 tons of ore. The length of the Decline is 655 meters, and reached over towards Cornwall County Council's waste dump at United Downs. The Decline suffered from ingress of Methane gas from the dump, which gave rise to safety concerns over possible underground fires or explosion.

In March 1991 Wheal Jane, incorporating Mount Wellington Mine, the Wheal Maid Decline and the Wheal Maid Tailings Lagoons, were finally closed for the last time.

On 16 January 1992 the UK's most infamous mine water outburst disaster occurred when 320 million litres of untreated acidic mine water and sludge burst from the Nangiles adit at the Wheal Jane Mine site in Cornwall into the Carnon River. This resulted in a major pollution plume that discoloured the estuary and deposited high concentrations of Cd and Zn. Cadmium levels reached 600 mg 1-1, relative to UK water quality standards of 1 mg 1-1

In 1998 Mount Wellington Mine was bought by David Shrigley of DRS Demolition from South Crofty PLC. DRS submitted multiple planning applications for change of use for the Mount Wellington Mine site, however all were rejected.

2000s-Present
Carrick District Council gave planning consent for retention of the Mount Wellington Mine buildings in 2003.

By 15 April 2004, Carrick District Council was reviewing the future of Mount Wellington Mine at Twelveheads, Bissoe. Councillors discussed what could be done with the former mine so future possible developers could have a clear idea of its potential.

In his report to the committee, Carrick's head of development, Karl Roberts, said the site was clearly unsuitable for a residential development. The committee's comments and the report's findings were to be looked at by Carrick's full cabinet. Mount Wellington Mine had not operated for more than 10 years, and at one point, looked set to be turned into a nature reserve.

In 2005 the top of headgear at Mount Wellington were demolished.

On 15 January 2007 Mount Wellington Mine was purchased by Richard Freeborn of Mount Wellington Mine Ltd. Mount Wellington Mine was officially re-opened by Tim Smit from The Eden Project on 22 January.

On 30 May 2012 a celebration was held to commemorate the 5th anniversary of the move of Kensa Heat Pumps to the Mount Wellington Mine site as its first tenant. The gathering included – for the first time in some decades - the combined Management Teams of all four modern Cornish tin mines – Geevor, South Crofty, Wheal Jane and Mount Wellington Mine.

In 2013, international offshore engineering company Geoquip bought the assets of Ocean Fabrications and took over the leases on the site. The old offices in The Dry were renovated, and substantial new investment was placed in the Mill Building and its associated plant yard.

On St Piran's day, Saturday 5 March 2016, the Cornish Radio Amateur Club (CRAC) made a special one-time-only broadcast at Mount Wellington Mine. The club obtained a Special Events Station Licence to activate the use of the Cornish Mine as an amateur radio station.

Also in 2016 Eagle Plant opened an accommodation hire business on the site followed in February 2017 by a Plant Hire operation.

In 2017, new tenants Metal Surgery and Building With Frames replaced Geoquip in the Mill and Concentrator buildings respectively.

In February 2020 a new specialist manufacturing facility, with offices above was built at Mount Wellington Mine, designed to meet the specific needs of Kensa Heat Pumps. This is the first new building at Mount Wellington Mine since the 1970s.

Mineral Statistics
From Robert Hunt's Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom .

title: Mount Wellington Tin Mine