text:
Talk:Kurmanbek Bakiyev

Titles
There's a lot of confusion in the translations, I suppose -- e.g. "head", "chief", "boss", "leader", "governor". The governance structure seems to still be the soviet leading up to municipal, then regional, then provincial supreme soviets. I'm assuming he was "elected" chairman of a supreme soviet rather than "elected" governor of a province in the Western sense. If anyone can find better information on this it would help. --Dhartung | Talk 07:14, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

What about his family... his sons? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.31.73.56 (talk) 03:44, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Bit removed pending confirmation

 * Bakiyev was charged with sexual offenses against male youths in 1972 and 1975 but all charges were dropped and Bakiyev's office today claims that they were politically motivated.

The contributor is also responsible for this and this edit, which makes me skeptical of the claim until a source is found.--Pharos 07:58, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Contested statements removed to talk

 * In February 2005 he failed to win a seat in parliamentary elections.

Please do not restore this informationnto the article without a citation.-- Birgitte SB  03:33, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Coup
It seems a bit premature to change the article to past tense, and declare his Presidency over. The coup is still ongoing, he is free, and may not have even left the country yet. I'll check back tomorrow for discussion, and then change the article back until he is officially deposed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.36.51.89 (talk) 04:41, 8 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. The whole situation in the country is in state of flux - it's impossible atm to determine fully what's going on. HonouraryMix (talk) 09:44, 8 April 2010 (UTC)
 * WTF? Why are people calling this a "Coup", when everybody refers to it as a "revolt", or an "uprising"? - ArnoldPlaton (talk) 08:42, 17 April 2010 (UTC)
 * It is outrageous to be calling this a coup, while calling the Tulip "Revolution" a revolution. People give their lives for revolutions, while coups are usually bloodless (at least for the perpatrators). I am changing it now. Causantin (talk) 15:04, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Infobox & introduction
Bakiyev refuses to resign, yet apparently isn't running the government. How should his status be shown? GoodDay (talk) 15:07, 10 April 2010 (UTC)
 * He resigned. Óðinn ☭☆ talk 16:06, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

Neutrality in section President
Anonymous editor 93.103.134.9 (talk • contribs • info • WHOIS) added a tag to the section "President", then tagged a bunch of statements there with. I changed the tag to as there seems to be no actual dispute but a request to check the section's statements.

Anyone want to check or comment on the section's POV and references (or lack thereof)? --an odd name 10:21, 17 April 2010 (UTC)
 * They've all been removed, so I guess that's a "no". :) --an odd name 22:35, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kurmanbek Bakiyev


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User talk:Chewymouse

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Malathion 07:16, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Chewymouse


text:
Talk:TED (conference)

Theranos
Why is not Theranos mentioned in the article, considering TED gave substantial legitimacy to the company by allowing Holmes speak there? TED also silently removed the Holmes' talk from their website and haven't made a single apology or retraction. Removal from site without accompanying clarifications surmounts to coverup and destruction of archival record. There's multiple articles talking about it. Please research and write a paragraph on this. It should even be in the lead. "Recently the conference has received accusations of hosting quackery and promoting pseudoscience" or such. 84.15.181.58 (talk) 15:10, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

"TED (conference" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TED_(conference&redirect=no TED (conference] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 18:10, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

English
Essay and speech expository argumentative personal Fine or download an example of 14.1.92.201 (talk) 00:58, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:TED (conference)


text:
Colossamite

Colossamite was an American math rock band based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They were one of the most prominent exponents of the genre.

Colossamite's members included Nick Sakes (vocals, electric guitar), Ed Rodriguez (electric guitar), John Dieterich (electric guitar), and Chad Popple (drum set); the group had no bass player. All except Sakes were transplanted Wisconsinites.

Like similar groups such as Zeni Geva, Craw, U.S. Maple, or Dazzling Killmen (this last group for which Sakes sang before relocating to Minnesota) Colossamite's music was almost hyperbolically brutal, chaotic, and rhythmically and formally complex. Rather than relying, as most heavy metal bands, on guitar distortion to produce an intense sound, Colossamite instead often relied on very loud "clean" (undistorted) guitars, played dissonantly, in conjunction with vocals that were screamed rather than sung. Songs featured jarring shifts in tempo and mood, with the overall sound being extremely raw, heavy and often slow.

Colossamite released three recordings on the Chicago-based Skin Graft Records and one split CD on Italy's Freeland Records. The group, however, did not last long, perhaps because the extreme and uncompromising nature of its music (as with much contemporary classical music, which incidentally Colossamite's music resembles) was appreciated mainly by a niche audience, thus proving fairly uncommercial.

The group disbanded in 1998. Three of the four members now play in the experimental rock band Gorge Trio, based in Oakland, California.

Discography

 * 1997 - All Lingo's Clamor EP (Skin Graft)
 * 1998 - Gust's of Lead split 7-inch with White Tornado (Skin Graft)
 * 1998 - Economy of Motion (Skin Graft)
 * 1998 - Frisbee EP - came with a Colossamite frisbee (aka Camera Within EP, Skin Graft)

Listening

 * Colossamite audio samples

title: Colossamite


text:
NAICS 21

NAICS 21 is the category within the North American Industry Classification System which is composed of establishments that extract naturally occurring mineral solids(i.e. as metals, coal and other industrial minerals), liquid minerals (i.e. crude petroleum) and gases (i.e. natural gas).

Definition of mining
NAICS 21 uses the term "mining" to include quarrying, well operations, beneficiating and other mineral preparation customarily performed at the mine sites, or as a part of mining activity and distinguishes two basic activities:

Mine operation
Mine operation includes companies that operate mines, quarries, or oil and gas wells for themselves, and companies which operate them on a contract or fee basis.

Mining support activities
Mining support activities include companies that perform exploration (except geophysical surveying) and other mining services, on a contract or fee basis, with the exception of mine site preparation and construction of oil/gas pipelines.

Further breakdown
Companies are grouped and classified according to the natural resource which is or will be mined. Industries include establishments that develop the mine site, extract the natural resources, and/or those that process the mineral mined.

Smelting and refining
Smelting and refining take place in both the "mineral processing" (NAICS 21) stages and the manufacturing stages (NACIS 31-31).

title: NAICS 21


text:
KELO-TV

KELO-TV (channel 11) is a television station in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States, affiliated with CBS, MyNetworkTV, and The CW Plus. The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group, and maintains studios on Phillips Avenue in downtown Sioux Falls; its transmitter is located near Rowena, South Dakota. KELO-TV is broadcast by three high-power semi-satellites—KDLO-TV in Florence (channel 3, serving Watertown), KPLO-TV in Reliance (channel 6, serving Pierre), and KCLO-TV in Rapid City (channel 15). These transmitters and others, together branded as the KELOLAND Media Group, broadcast KELO programs to all of South Dakota, southwestern Minnesota, and northwestern Iowa, an area the station calls "KELOLAND".

In the Sioux Falls media market—including central and eastern South Dakota—KELO-TV has long been the dominant television station in ratings and local news coverage. It was the first in South Dakota, beginning broadcasting in May 1953, and was built by Midcontinent Broadcasting, owner of KELO (1320 AM); originally an affiliate of NBC, it switched to CBS in 1957. KDLO-TV and KPLO-TV were built in the mid-1950s, expanding the station's geographic reach, while an expansion to Rapid City took place in the early 1980s. Young Broadcasting acquired the KELO television stations in 1996. Mergers and acquisitions in the 2010s resulted in ownership passing from Young to Media General to Nexstar.

Midcontinent ownership
In May 1950, Midcontinent Broadcasting, owner of KELO (1320 AM), filed the first application to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a television station in South Dakota. The application would not be considered for several years, as the FCC was in the midst of a four-year freeze on the grant of new TV station applications, but no opposition was received when the freeze was lifted in April 1952, and KELO-TV received a construction permit on November 20, 1952. Construction proceeded quickly, though a change in the antenna specified required a different type of tower than was originally specified. Renovations were made to the existing KELO radio studios at 8th Street and Phillips Avenue, which had been planned for future television use.

KELO-TV began broadcasting on May 20, 1953, after putting on a test pattern the day before; it was a primary affiliate of NBC, matching KELO radio, though it also carried programs from CBS, ABC, and DuMont. There were no television cameras or local studio programs because they were too expensive; it was two years before the station had its own cameras. Power was increased in 1954, extending service to many rural areas outside of Sioux Falls, and the station also became interconnected with network coaxial cable to make live broadcasts possible. Midcontinent partner Joe L. Floyd became nationally recognized for his advertising in trade publications, designed to help KELO radio and television court sponsors and their programs: the ads featured Floyd smoking a cigar with the tagline, "I'm Joe Floyd. I consider myself a helluva salesman." The ads were recognizable enough that mention of them was made in Broadcasting magazine's obituary upon his death in 1992.

Shortly after, in late 1954, Midcontinent began applying for additional full-power stations in eastern South Dakota as part of a strategy to increase the station's audience. In December 1954, it applied to build KDLO-TV at Florence to serve Watertown; that station began broadcasting on September 28, 1955. This occurred even though KELO-TV had lost its original tower in a storm and needed temporary facilities just to send its programs to Florence. KELO then filed in April 1956 to move channel 6 from Pierre to Reliance; fending off overtures from other stations in the area, the construction permit was approved in December 1956, and KPLO-TV began broadcasting on July 12, 1957. The addition of these facilities expanded the coverage area and vaulted Sioux Falls into the top 100 media markets in the United States, making the KELO stations highly profitable. KELO-TV and its satellites perfectly matched the flow of goods through South Dakota, which centered on Sioux Falls, boosting advertising revenues; this would not be the case when Midcontinent attempted to replicate the formula with WKOW-TV in Madison, Wisconsin, where Madison was not the state's primary merchandising hub. The transmitters gave KELO a coverage advantage that persisted for decades. For most of the analog broadcasting era, it was the only station that could be seen over-the-air in some form throughout the market. In contrast, as late as 2019, a third of the market—some 200,000 viewers—could not receive both KSFY-TV and KDLT-TV over-the-air.

These new transmitters brought growing audiences to KELO-TV's local programming. In 1955, Midcontinent sent Dave Dedrick to the other station it owned at the time, WMIN-TV in Minneapolis. That station, also on channel 11, had a Captain 11 children's show. Dedrick, who also served as a weatherman for KELO, shadowed the children's host in Minneapolis, then returned to Sioux Falls to start his own Captain 11. In Sioux Falls, the program ran for 41 years, enduring decades of changes in children's television and Dedrick's own struggles with alcoholism, before his retirement in December 1996, culminating a 52-year involvement with KELO radio and television. One local program was shared between two stations: The Big Bowl, a bowling program in which Sioux Falls contestants faced off against those from Sioux City, Iowa, produced by that city's KVTV/KCAU-TV.

KELO radio and television switched their primary affiliations to CBS beginning in September 1957, though they remained NBC primary affiliates through June 1958 and KELO-TV continued to provide programs from all networks. CBS had made a good offer at the same time that NBC denied Floyd an increase in network compensation fees for carrying its programming, fees that Floyd felt justified based on the station's performance. New studios were built at 13th and Phillips streets in 1959.

The station received competition when KSOO-TV (channel 13, now KSFY-TV) began in July 1960 as the new NBC affiliate. A full-time ABC affiliate was not broadcast in the region until 1967, when KCAU-TV in Sioux City switched from CBS. It did so in part because KELO-TV was building a 2000 ft broadcast tower at Rowena in collaboration with KSOO-TV. The Sioux City station advertised in the Argus Leader in Sioux Falls, staking a claim to be the ABC affiliate for both Sioux City and Sioux Falls. Local programs were telecast in color from KELO-TV for the first time in September 1968.

A guy wire on the KELO–KSOO tower at Rowena was clipped by a North Central Airlines airplane on June 24, 1968, and collapsed; the aircraft landed safely on one engine. KELO-TV reverted to its former site near Shindler, South Dakota, for 11 months while the Rowena tower was rebuilt; litigation promoted by Midcontinent against North Central Airlines related to damages from the reduced coverage area stretched into January 1975. That month, on January 11, the Rowena mast toppled again, this time in an ice storm; KSFY-TV, with no backup facility, found itself suddenly unable to air Super Bowl IX, and arrangements were made for KELO to telecast the contest. Again, KELO-TV broadcast from the Shindler tower until December, when the replacement was put into service. Ice storms have since felled other towers used by KELO-TV's satellites; KDLO-TV lost its tower in 1977 and again in December 2022, while KPLO-TV lost its tower on Medicine Butte in 2010 and did not broadcast for two months.

While Midcontinent had first received and surrendered a permit for a Rapid City TV station in 1954 and then obtained an option on a transmitter site in Rapid City in 1962, KELO-TV did not expand to western South Dakota until September 1981, when it launched KPLO-TV translator K15AC. This brought CBS programming back to the area; the last full-time CBS affiliate in that market had been KRSD-TV, which closed in February 1976. K15AC was upgraded to a full-power station as KCLO-TV in November 1988. KCLO-TV initially aired programming on an hour delay from KELO in order to timeshift it for the Mountain Time Zone, unlike the translator, but this practice was abandoned permanently in January 1991 amid the Gulf War.

Young Broadcasting ownership
On January 12, 1996, Midcontinent Media announced that it had sold KELO-TV and its satellites to Young Broadcasting for $50 million. Young assumed control on May 31, 1996; it laid off 13 employees, stating that KELO-TV was overstaffed for a station of its market size. In 1999, the station was given the National Association of Broadcasters Friend in Need Television Award for outstanding service in the face of natural disasters after helping lead efforts to rebuild tornado-ravaged Spencer, South Dakota.

KELO-TV along with KDLO-TV and KPLO-TV started a second subchannel, UTV (renamed KELOXTRA in 2021 ), with the market's UPN affiliation on March 15, 2004. UPN programs had been seen in Sioux Falls on KCPO-LP (channel 26); while the change technically increased the coverage area of UPN programming, it made it a digital-only service as opposed to analog KCPO-LP. This limited the number of viewers who could tune in at the time, as not everyone had digital-capable TVs in 2004. UTV became the MyNetworkTV affiliate in Sioux Falls in 2006; The CW went to WB affiliate KWSD-TV, owned by Rapid Broadcasting. UTV is not broadcast in Rapid City; in that market, the MyNetworkTV affiliation went to Rapid-owned KKRA-LP when the network launched in 2006.

Media General and Nexstar ownership
On June 6, 2013, Young Broadcasting announced that it would merge with Media General. The merger was approved by the FCC on November 8, after Media General shareholders approved the merger a day earlier; it was completed on November 12. Media General was in turn acquired by Nexstar Broadcasting Group in a sale announced in January 2016 and completed on January 17, 2017.

News operation
KELO-TV is the perennial local news leader in Sioux Falls, often attracting more viewers than KSFY and KDLT combined. When ruling on a merger of KSFY and KDLT, the FCC found that KELO had the majority of advertising revenue and substantial majority of news viewers in the market. With a combined footprint that covered 80 percent of the state even before the expansion to Rapid City, it long saw itself as competing with the Argus Leader newspaper, not the other local stations.

The first local newscasts on KELO-TV—before the station had its own cameras—were produced with a method Floyd called "live film". The evening news was filmed in the afternoon, developed, and then played back at the transmitter site. A simulated phone call created an opening for a live announcer on site to insert the current weather information into the program. The news department expanded over time. In addition to its 6 and 10 p.m. evening newscasts, KELO added its first morning news, the half-hour Good Morning KELO-Land, in 1977. The Early News, the station's first 5 p.m. local newscast, debuted in 1982; it would be another 40 years before the station added a newscast at 4 p.m. in 2022.

The station was the first in the market to switch from film to electronic news gathering, doing so in 1973, six years before the other stations in the market. It was also the first in the market to present closed captioning in local newscasts in 1991, and it followed close behind KSFY-TV in obtaining a satellite newsgathering truck (in 1988) and in producing its local newscasts in high definition (in 2011).

KELO-TV also had considerable stability in news personalities. Steve Hemmingsen co-anchored the station's local news from 1975 to 2000, estimating he presented some 18,000 newscasts by the time of his retirement. For much of that time, he was teamed with Doug Lund, who served 32 years from 1974 to 2006. Jim Burt, who had begun sports play-by-play at KELO radio in 1948 and crossed over to television when channel 11 went on the air, was the last remaining original employee of channel 11 when he retired in 1987.

KELO began the deployment of regional Doppler weather radar units in 1997, with two sites in Huron and Beresford. A third radar at Wall was installed in 2001.

Subchannels

The stations' signals are multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
KELO-TV began broadcasting its digital signal on March 6, 2003. This followed work at Rowena to prepare the tower to broadcast digital service for KELO-TV and KSFY-TV. KELO-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 32 to VHF channel 11 for post-transition operations. KDLO-TV and KPLO-TV did not provide digital service until the transition date.

Rebroadcasters
KELO-TV rebroadcasts programming over three full-service television station licenses, which operate as semi-satellites; two of these licenses, KDLO-TV and KPLO-TV, each operate a separately licensed translator to extend their respective signals.

Translators of KDLO-TV and KPLO-TV

 *  Aberdeen (translates KDLO-TV)
 *  Pierre (translates KPLO-TV)

title: KELO-TV


text:
Talk:Laverne & Shirley

Discussion
Needs a picture. Also, in Wayne's World didn't the two kill themselves in a car as an ending and didnt they say it was the Laverne & Shirley ending? Is this how the series ended?? Redwolf24 07:20, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Heh, sorry I was thinking of Thelma and Louise. Redwolf24 23:45, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

I'm remembering a bizarre animated spinoff of this show where Laverne and Shirley returned to the army, and their drill sergeant was a pig (an actual pig). Some mention of the spinoff ought to be included in the article. -- Heath 68.118.23.158 18:31, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It is included (I didn't put it in), but it's a bad writing. The most comprehensive info about it is probably on PlatypusComix.net, where it is hailed "The worst show of all time." PlatypusComix should be considered encyclopedic. WizardDuck 23:55, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

In one of the recent South Park episodes, Cartman says "It's simple television economics, Kyle. All it takes to kill a show forever is get one episode pulled. If we convince the network to pull this episode for the sake of Muslims, then the Catholics can demand a show they don't like get pulled. And then people with disabilities can demand another show get pulled. And so on and so on, until Family Guy is no more! It's exactly what happened to Laverne & Shirley." http://www.spscriptorium.com/Season10/E1003script.htm Is this merely a silly joke, or was L&S censored? There's no mention of it here or on the SP pages. Thanks.

Yes, I was also looking for a reference to the South Park Season 10 discussion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.39.152.2 (talk) 12:55, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

Changed a bit of supposition in the Dramatic Episodes section, re: "The Bully Show." In the show, there isn't the suggestion of rape, or a possible rape. Laverne's boyfriend imprisons her (by hanging her hooded coat on a wall hanger, with her in it) and is generally threatening, but sexual menace is entirely inferred. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.74.92.119 (talk) 00:25, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

I added the cover art for the 2 albums released by the main actors/characters. I can't believe no one did this sooner!! I HOPE TO GOD I filled in all the "copyright info" stuff completely!!! I would like to see these images stay here as I feel they are an important representation for the series/article.MJEH (talk) 01:49, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

I pulled this line out of the "Characters" section: "(The show's dialogue was always clear, however, that both Laverne and Shirley were "good girls" according to the standards of the 1950s.)"  The show always implied, though never explicitly stated, that Laverne was much less of a "good girl" than Shirley. Shirley was undoubtedly a virgin on her wedding night. I don't know that you can argue Laverne was a virgin when the series began! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.26.40.39 (talk) 19:58, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

At the bottom of the article for the Classic Hits of the '70s, none of their links work due to account suspension. 107.4.178.161 (talk) 23:26, 6 July 2012 (UTC)July 6, 2012 T.P.

Episode list
Anyone have an issue with the episode list being migrated to its own article? I think that would be a better place for it - the show was on for a long time, and that's a lot of info to include in the main article. Seems that the articles for many shows have a separate episode list.... NickBurns 21:40, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Memoriable epsiode ?

 * One scene where Laverne, Shirley, and Lenny and Squiggly are held hostage-one of the girls in a stage whisper remarks on trying to escape would be better than spending eternity alongside Lenny and Squiggy!

Fair use rationale for Image:Lsfire6.jpg
Image:Lsfire6.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:08, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Laverne and Shirley in Outer Space
is there any info on this late 70s/early 80s show? it had laverne and shirley getting jobs as astronauts and sent to mars, then when they get there they find lenny and squiggy and the big ragu and lavernes father all stowed away on the rocket! i remember in the first episode they're having problems with their life support system and they radio to special guest star fonzie who jumps his motorcycle over the moon to mars and hits it to get it working again. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.110.223 (talk) 14:45, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Bookitty.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:09, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Fosterlsc.jpg
Image:Fosterlsc.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:16, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Looking for help writing an article about the spin-offs and crossovers of this series
I am writing an article about all of the series which are in the same shared reality as this one through spin-offs and crossovers. I could use a little help expanding the article since it is currently extremely dense and a bit jumbled with some sentence structures being extremely repetitive. I would like to be able to put this article into article space soon. Any and all help in writing the article would be appreciated, even a comment or two on the talk page would help. Please give it a read through, also please do not comment here since I do not have all of the series on my watch list. - LA @ 17:01, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Laverne and Shirley episode
Hi, I am looking for a certain episode where Laverne and Shirley are fighting and BooBoo Kitty gets torn apart. Can anyone tell me how I can get this episode and whereZ? Thanks, Marian Medine iluv2antique@cox.net —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.186.172.97 (talk) 23:05, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Mistake
Series 6 is set in 1965. In the episode High Priced Dates, Laverne mentions the Star Trek TV series a few times. Star Trek did not start on TV till Sept 1966. (193.250.59.21 (talk) 20:05, 28 November 2008 (UTC))

 * Maybe that episode was set in the evil alternate reality...you know, the one where The Fonz had a beard.... 75.44.47.149 (talk) 16:39, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Laverne & Shirley CD reissue
I have this CD, and I ordered it from Collector's Choice music. How does one go about citing that this album has been issued? I have it, so it has been. 216.96.15.213 (talk) 00:56, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Scrubs mention
The nurse in scrubs called La Verne, passes away and is replaced by a nurse called Shirley (played by the same actor).

No one noticed that yet eh? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.146.238.131 (talk) 23:00, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

=  vo-dee-o-doe-doe ==

Look, I'm Canadian -- what the hell does this even mean? It seems to be in relation to "conservatism" -- but no one outside of America even has any idea what you mean by that. Could we put a parenthesis in to explain it? User:oblivionboy]] (User talk:oblivionboy) 04:10, 19 October 2010(UTC)

 * According to Penny Marshall's biography the Vo-dee-o-doe-doe supposed to be a word for sex, to make it through the censorship. Back in the 50s when I Love Lucy was on the word Pregnant was forbidden and they reused it e.g. with the word Expecting or some new creations . --87.143.196.252 (talk) 10:06, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Ok fair enough :) (User talk:oblivionboy)  02:49, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

Plot
I came here because the theme song got stuck in my head "We're gonna do it... Give us any chance we'll take it, we're gonna make our dreams come true." So I wanted to know what their dreams are? Why are they in a bottle factory in Milwaukee? Where are they dreaming of going, what's their long-term plan? And expected to find this in the section of this page titled PLOT. Yet all I got from plot is that they communicate with their upstairs neighbours using a dumbwaiter and that one of them is dating someone famous. Could someone please make the plot summary more of an actual plot summary? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.151.226.114 (talk) 00:31, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

Laverne...???
Is it Laverne De Fazio or DeFazio. There is a difference; both are used throughout the article. Which is correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.101.233.27 (talk) 00:48, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

It's DeFazio, per the first season onscreen titles (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qd9UQQEOI78) and IMDB (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074016/) Zooks527 (talk) 21:24, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

Source issue
Regarding this revision, simply stating "the source is the episode" isn't enough; see WP:CITE on how to cite the source.  Erpert  blah, blah, blah... 14:22, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laverne & Shirley


text: Talk:1888 North-West Territories general election


text:
My System

My System (Mein System) is a book on chess theory written by Aron Nimzowitsch. Originally over a series of five brochures from 1925 to 1927, the book—one of the early works on hypermodernism—introduced many new concepts to followers of the modern school of thought. It is generally considered to be one of the most important books in the history of chess.

Contents
The book is divided into three parts: "The Elements", "Positional Play", and "Illustrative Games".

The Elements
In "The Elements" (Die Elemente), Nimzowitsch writes about the basics of his "system". He regards the following as the elements of chess strategy:
 * 1) The center
 * 2) Play on the open files
 * 3) Play on the seventh and eighth ranks
 * 4) The passed pawns
 * 5) The pin
 * 6) Discovered checks
 * 7) Exchanging
 * 8) The pawn-chain

Positional Play
The next part, "Positional Play" (Das Positionsspiel), is based largely on the elements taught in the first part. In it, Nimzowitsch tells how to play for a positional advantage. In particular, he argues that the center can be effectively controlled using pieces instead of pawns. This concept, now widely accepted, is one of the fundamental principles of hypermodernism.

Illustrative Games
"Illustrative Games" contains annotated versions of fifty of Nimzowitsch's career games, which he refers to throughout the text.

Editions

 * The original German edition was published in 1925.
 * In 1929, a British English edition titled My System, translated by Philip Hereford, was published by G. Bell and Sons, Ltd. A second printing was published in 1938 and included an errata sheet. This edition is out-of-print.
 * In 1930, an American edition was published by Harcourt, Brace & Co. This edition was reprinted with an errata sheet circa 1938. This edition is out-of-print.
 * In 1947, a U.S. edition edited by Fred Reinfeld derived from Harcourt, Brace & Co. and published by David McKay Co.; reprinted 1950 (undated), 1967, 1970, 1972 under the imprimatur of Tartan Books, and in a 1975 paperback in the 'McKay Chess Library.' Translated by Philip Hereford (1929). The translator notes the addition of several games, and the removal (with author's permission) of several passages, from the German edition.
 * In 1958 Engelhardt, Berlin reprinted the 1925 edition with an additional biography by Dr. Jacques Hannak. In 1965 there was a second printing. This edition is out-of-print.
 * In 1987, B.T Batsford Ltd, London reprinted the 1929 edition by Philip Hereford, entitled My System A Chess treatise by Aron Nimzowitsch. (ISBN 0-7134-5655-8)
 * In 1991, an American English edition titled My System: 21st Century Edition (ISBN 1-880673-85-1), edited by Lou Hays, was published by Hays Publishing. In this edition, descriptive notation used in previous English editions was replaced by algebraic notation and many diagrams have been added.
 * In 2007, a British edition titled My System, newly translated by Ian Adams, published by Quality Chess (ISBN 91-976005-3-9) It includes an essay by Nimzowitsch, tables of his chess results, and other new material.
 * In 2007, the first edition in portuguese titled ' 'Meu Sistema' ', translated by Francisco Garcez Leme, published by 'Editora Solis, Brasil'.
 * In 2009, a German edition titled Mein System, published by Rattmann (ISBN 3-88086-117-X).
 * In 2009, a Spanish edition titled Mi sistema, translated by Antonio Gude. Ed. 'La Casa del Ajedrez'. Madrid (ISBN 978-84-92517-12-1).
 * In 2016, New in Chess published My System & Chess Praxis: His Landmark Classics in One Edition with a new translation by Robert Sherwood. (ISBN 9789056916602)

title: My System


text:
Talk:My System

Name change
As per the Wikipedia naming conventions that articles be named in English, I am moving this article to My System (Book). --Malathion 07:19, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * And I'm moving it to My System; I don't see any need for the disambiguating "(Book)", since I can't think of any other articles which might reasonably have that name (if I'm wrong, and it is needed, then it ought to be with a lower case initial). --Camembert 13:04, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree with the move. I feel that the article should be mainly about the book as first published, not later translations. — Bcat (talk | email) 19:52, 12 July 2005 (UTC) Never mind, I misunderstood the policy on this. — Bcat (talk | email) 15:32, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Reviving this old discussion, I suggest that the rename was wrong. It is the German edition (Mein System) of the book which is famous, more so than its English translation, so the German page title is probably to be prefered. For a precedent, consider Mein Kampf. Peter Ballard (talk) 05:24, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not so sure. This is the English Wikipedia.  In English writing Hitler's book is almost always referred to by its German title, but this book is most commonly called by its English title.  Bubba73 (talk), 04:58, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

 * See Naming conventions (books) for more information. Bubba73 (talk), 05:04, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with Bubba73. This needs research, but in my recollection, My System is almost always used in English-language chess writing.  Evidence to the contrary is welcomed.  Otherwise the page should remain at its current title. Quale (talk) 17:06, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * That's generally my experience, but I've seen the German a few times too. I just thought I'd put the question out there, but I'll take your opinions as a consensus to not change. Peter Ballard (talk) 07:44, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Needs reference to earlier/later works
Die Blockade, an earlier brochure which A.N. references frequently in My System. It was not available in an English translation for decades.

Chess Praxis: The Praxis of My System, a followup book which illustrated and expanded A.N.'s theories.

On another note, Raymond Keene's book, Aron Nimzowitsch: A Reappraisal (later retitled Aron Nimzowitsch - Master of Planning) has the transcript of an interview with Bent Larsen who repeatedly states that Nimzowitch's "system" is not a system at all. --72.70.22.170 (talk) 11:18, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:My System


text:
User talk:Poli/Language templates

Hi! these are nice. I myself would make these boxes wider, (maybe even all page width), as the currently the wrapping text is in my opinion bit difficult to use and there will be only one box per (category) page and this way they would be more easily differentiated from "real" babel boxes. (Just my opinion)

I took freedom and made here an example using your code as base (tested only in FireFox (Win)):

I also changed the code in some places: no need for DIV (settings can be in table-tag), color codes are suggested generally to define using small letters, doesn't have much difference, but more stnadard "friendly" :o), font sizes to relative sizes (user friendlier), table with wiki table syntax. Regards, --TarmoK 07:23, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Poli/Language templates


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jenoah

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 01:21, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Jenoah
Un-notable band, article written by the bands record company promotions guy, see the talk page (he also claims to be the author of said text). This king of self-promotion through Wikipedia shouldn't be encouraged. --nixie 07:23, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It looks like a copyvio from here . Copyright tag listed at bottom of article. promo for a non notable band. JamesBurns 08:47, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn band promo. --TheMidnighters 09:05, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad/fails WP:MUSIC. Dcarrano 15:28, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete blatant self-promotion. --Etacar11 00:36, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jenoah


text:
Talk:Michèle Alliot-Marie

Russia
I cannot claim similar knowledge with respect to other countries, but it's a fact that Russia (as well as USSR, for that matter) neither has, nor has ever had a female defense minister, as the text of this page claims. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Igottlieb (talk • contribs) 07:26, 12 July 2005

title: Talk:Michèle Alliot-Marie


text:
Side-striped jackal

The side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta)   is a canine native to central and southern Africa.

Unlike the smaller and related black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), which dwells in open plains, the side-striped jackal primarily dwells in woodland and scrub areas.

Taxonomy and evolution
Carl Jakob Sundevall named the species Canis adustus in 1847. Fossil remains date to the Pliocene era. A mitochondrial DNA sequence alignment for the wolf-like canids gave a phylogenetic tree with the side-striped jackal and the black-backed jackal being the most basal members of this clade, which means that this tree is indicating an African origin for the clade.

In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group recommends that because DNA evidence shows the side-striped jackal (Canis adustus) and black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) to form a monophyletic lineage that sits outside of the Canis/Cuon/Lycaon clade, that they should be placed in a distinct genus, Lupulella Hilzheimer, 1906 with the names Lupulella adusta and Lupulella mesomelas. Further investigation indicates that Lupulella is not monophyletic, and that this species should be moved to Schaeffia adusta.

Description
The side-striped jackal is a slender, medium-sized canid, which tends to be slightly larger on average than the black-backed jackal. Body mass ranges from 6.5 to 14 kg, head-and-body length from 69 to 81 cm and tail length from 30 to 41 cm. Shoulder height can range from 35 to 50 cm. Its pelt is coloured buff-grey. The back is darker grey than the underside, and the tail is black with a grey, almost silver tip. Indistinct white stripes are present on the flanks, running from elbow to hip. The boldness of the markings varies between individuals, with those of adults being better defined than those of juveniles.

The side-striped jackal's skull is similar to that of the black-backed jackal's, but is flatter, with a longer and narrower rostrum. Its sagittal crest and zygomatic arches are also lighter in build. Due to its longer rostrum, its third upper premolar lies almost in line with the others, rather than at an angle. Its dentition is well suited to an omnivorous diet. The long, curved canines have a sharp ridge on the posterior surface, and the outer incisors are canine-like. Its carnassials are smaller than those of the more carnivorous black-backed jackal. Females have four inguinal teats.

Dietary habits
The side-striped jackal tends to be less carnivorous than other jackal species, and is a highly adaptable omnivore whose dietary preferences change in accordance to seasonal and local variation. It tends to forage solitarily, though family groups of up to 12 jackals have been observed to feed together in western Zimbabwe. In the wild, it feeds largely on invertebrates during the wet season and small mammals, such as the springhare, in the dry months. It frequently scavenges from campsites and the kills of larger predators. In the wild, fruit is taken exclusively in season, while in ruralised areas, it can account for 30% of their dietary intake. The side-striped jackal tends to be comparatively less predatory when compared to other jackal species. It typically does not target prey exceeding the size of neonatal antelopes, and one specimen was recorded to have entered a duck's pen to eat their feed, whilst ignoring the birds.

A side-striped jackal from Angola was found to be a host of an intestinal acanthocephalan worm, Pachysentis angolensis.

Social behaviour and reproduction
The side-striped jackal lives both solitarily and in family groups of up to seven individuals. The family unit is dominated by a breeding pair, which remains monogamous for a number of years.

The breeding season for this species depends on where they live; in Southern Africa, breeding starts in June and ends in November. The side-striped jackal has a gestation period of 57 to 70 days, with average litter of three to six young. The young reach sexual maturity at six to eight months of age, and typically begin to leave when 11 months old. The side-striped jackal is among the few mammal species that mate for life, forming monogamous pairs.

Subspecies
There are seven recognized subspecies of the side-striped jackal:
 * L. a. adusta (West Africa to most of Angola) – Sundevall's side-striped jackal
 * L. a. bweha (East Africa; Kisumu, Kenya) – Elgon side-striped jackal
 * L. a. centralis (Central Africa; Cameroon, near the Uham River)
 * L. a. grayi (North Africa; Morocco and Tunisia)
 * L. a. kaffensis (Kaffa, southwestern Ethiopia) – Kaffa side-striped jackal
 * L. a. lateralis (East Africa; Kenya, Uasin Gishu Plateau, south of Gabon)
 * L. a. notatus (East Africa; Kenya, Loita Plains, Rift Valley Province) – Loita side-striped jackal

title: Side-striped jackal


text:
User:Tractor~enwiki/PTO/index

LIST OF PTOs:
 * 1) /Community
 * 2) /help_desk
 * 3) /Computer_science

title: User:Tractor~enwiki/PTO/index


text:
Designated driver

The terms "designated driver" and "designated driving" (commonly known as DD) refer to the selection of a person who remains sober as the responsible driver of a vehicle whilst others have been allowed to drink alcoholic beverages.

Thus, as a practical and ethical matter a designated driver is a person who abstains from alcohol on an occasion in order to drive their companions home safely as an alternative to driving under the influence. In order to encourage these arrangements, some bar, restaurant and nightclub proprietors will offer free or reduced-price soft drinks to designated drivers.

History
The designated driver concept was developed in Scandinavia over several decades beginning in the 1920s, leading to a formalized designated driver program in the 1980s. The program was introduced in Canada in 1986 by Hiram Walker and Sons as "The Canadian Club Designated Driver Program". The program was accepted readily and supported by the police, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, the hospitality industry and the public. There were few if any detractors. The program was heavily promoted by Hiram Walker's President Doug Young and the company's PR agency Marshall Fenn Limited led by David Butler. The concept swept Canada, the United States and many other countries during 1986.

The concept was imported to the United States on a large scale in 1988 through the Harvard Alcohol Project, an initiative by the Harvard School of Public Health's Center for Health Communication, led by Jay Winsten. With heavy involvement by television networks and Hollywood studios, the campaign popularized the concept through public service announcements, as well as the encouragement of drunk driving prevention messages and designated driver references in popular television programs, such as Cheers, L.A. Law, and The Cosby Show. The U.S. Department of Transportation used public affairs commercials with the phrase "friends don't let friends drive drunk".

President Bill Clinton participated in the designated driver campaign throughout his presidency, taping public service announcements each year at the request of the Harvard Alcohol Project. With the endorsement of a broad range of individuals and organizations, designated driving became a national movement, with "designated driver" becoming a common phrase. Based on several polls indicating an increase in designated driving practices since the start of the initiative, the campaign is credited as a contributing factor to the decline in alcohol-related traffic fatalities between 1988 and 1994.

Since 2005, the spirits company Diageo has used a similar concept in Brazil to discourage drunk driving. Called Piloto da Vez, the campaign was born with the sponsorship of McLaren. Juan Pablo Montoya, Mika Häkkinen and Lewis Hamilton have participated in the campaign.

Impediments
Though designated drivers are popular, groups often fail to use them properly. Often, there is a failure of those groups to designate the driver prior to making travel arrangements and arrive in separate vehicles. Even when a group does share a vehicle, it is not always the case that the designated driver remains sober. Failures to require driver abstinence or limitation of consumption is another problem. One study conducted at the Tijuana/San Diego border found that by asking groups intent on drinking to identify the designated driver prior to entering the bar district, the driver later returned with substantially lower BACs compared with the control groups.

Advocacy groups
Various college and high school organizations, such as RamRide at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, CARPOOL at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, or Drive Safe Kalamazoo, at Western Michigan University and BUSY at Gulfport High School in Gulfport, Mississippi offer to give free rides home on weekend nights to fellow students.

United States
Numerous businesses have sprouted up across the United States to help address the problem of drinking and driving. Some transport their drivers' home, as passengers, using one of three methods: car, collapsible scooter, or foldable bike. These are not necessarily true designated driver programs, but instead Safe Ride programs, as the sober driver is not designated from within the natural drinking group. Designated Drivers, Inc, was founded in 1998 and later based out of Las Vegas, NV. This company has used two person teams: one person to drive the impaired individual in their own vehicle, and the other person as the follow driver. Pittsburgh's Pear Transportation Company, aka The Pear Cares, has also become well known for using the two-person team approach. Dryver, formerly known as BeMyDD, established itself by offering designated driver services for events, car pickups for drivers who are too impaired to make it home, and personal drivers for evenings out. NightRiders, Incorporated was the first company to use collapsible, motorized scooters in the US. The drivers drove customers home using their own vehicles, stowing a scooter in the customer's trunk (or truck). Upon arrival to the customer's destination, the driver parked the vehicle, collected the fare, assembled the scooter from the vehicle, and rode off to the next customer. This company is now out of business, according to their website. Zingo Transportation has operated this kind of service in southern US cities since 2005.

South Korea
Designated driver services in South Korea are widely prevalent and in high demand, especially in major cities such as Seoul and Busan. Designated driver call centers operate as a central dispatch with some vendors providing mobile apps to request a driver. The driver arrives at the location of the customer's vehicle and will drive it to the requested location for a fee. The Korean language word for these designated drivers for hire is 'dae-ri un-jeon' (대리운전) meaning replacement driver. According to the Korea Service Driver Society, an estimated 100,000 replacement drivers handle 700,000 customers a day across the country (2007)

Australia
Designated driver services in Australia exist in many capital cities and regional towns. The service is in high demand due to highly regulated, unreliable taxi services.

New Zealand
In 2017, Coca-Cola announced a promotion to encourage people to have sober drivers by offering free Coca-Cola.

Ontario
Canada has a long history with designated driver services provided by private enterprise going back to 1996 in Ontario. One of central Ontario's largest designated driver services LUDUH Designated Drivers has transported thousands of clients home over the years with multiple offices in Ontario Canada. In the last 10 to 15 years, a number of designated driving services have cropped up all over the province with companies such as URDD (www.urddservice.com) as well as Keys To Us (www.keystous.ca). Companies like these bring technology and professionalism to industry.|url=http://www.luduh.ca/ ||url=||http://www.autos.ca/health-and-safety/feature-drinking-and-driving-alternatives |archive-date=2012-01-09 |title=Feature: Drinking and driving alternatives - Autos.ca}}

British Columbia
B.C. has a huge market of designated driver services and new ones are created monthly. Companies throughout the province work 7 days a week to drive intoxicated individuals home in their own vehicles for a fee. If you expect customer service it is not the goal. The DD industry is not regular means for travel but a lifeline service

China
In China, dàijià (代驾) apps, such as E-Daijia and Didi Daijia, allow a customer to hire a driver to drive them home in the customer's own car. This service's popularity is driven by high population density and low cost. The service is used by customers who have been drinking or who want to work on the way instead of focusing on driving. Drivers put an e-bike in the trunk of the car and ride it away after dropping off the customer and the car.

Hong Kong Designated Driver Limited (HKDD) or easydrive also helps individuals to safely get home in their own cars. HKDD provides Android and iOS mobile apps for their users.

title: Designated driver


text:
Christine Lakin

Christine Lakin (born January 25, 1979) is an American actress and director. She is best known for her role as Alicia "Al" Lambert on the 1990s ABC/CBS sitcom Step by Step. She also played Joan of Arc on Showtime's Reefer Madness, was the sidekick on Craig Kilborn's 2010 Fox talk show The Kilborn File, and provides the voice of Joyce Kinney in Family Guy.

Career
Lakin got her start acting in commercials, before landing her first major role as Young Rose in the American Civil War drama The Rose and the Jackal. That movie aired in 1990, one year before she was cast as Alicia Lambert, the tomboyish daughter, on Step by Step.

After Step by Step was cancelled in 1998, she also was in one episode of 7th Heaven, and continued to appear in television movies, such as Showtime's Reefer Madness and 2005's Who's Your Daddy?.

In 2006, she also appeared in a commercial called "But He Has Bud Light" that aired during Super Bowl XLI, in which her male companion wants to pick up a hitchhiker who has Bud Light beer in one hand and an axe in the other.

In 2008, she starred alongside Paris Hilton in the movie The Hottie and the Nottie, requiring extensive makeup to make her appear ugly. The film met dismal reviews in the United States.

In 2010, she became Craig Kilborn's sidekick (his "Huckleberry Friend" – a reference to his "favorite movie", Breakfast at Tiffany's) on The Kilborn File.

Beginning in 2013, she has narrated several audiobook adaptations. She also voiced the character Jane from The Walking Dead: Season Two video game and its sequel The Walking Dead: A New Frontier.

She is also the voice of news anchor Joyce Kinney in the animated sitcom Family Guy, debuting in the episode "Excellence in Broadcasting". She also featured as Lois's college friend Naomi, in a live table read of "Partial Terms of Endearment"; though not in the eventual episode.

She later starred in the Pop series Hollywood Darlings with fellow 1990s child stars Jodie Sweetin and Beverley Mitchell.

Lakin also has numerous television directing credits, including ten episodes (as of 2022) of ABC sitcom The Goldbergs, three episodes of 2019 Goldbergs spinoff sitcom Schooled, and three episodes of the 2021 Apple TV+ original series Puppy Place.

Radio and podcast appearances
Lakin appeared on Ken Reid's TV Guidance Counselor podcast on March 11, 2016.

Lakin appeared on With Special Guest Lauren Lapkus on May 12, 2017.

Lakin appeared on Drinkin' Bros Podcast on April 8, 2018.

Lakin appeared on " Pod Meets World" episode titled "Christine Lakin Meets World on October 3, 2022, discussing coming up in the entertainment industry. Hosted by Ryder Strong, Will Friedle, and Danielle Fishel.

Lakin appeared on "Pop Culture Phenomen: The Podcast" on March 29, 2023.

Awards and nominations
She was nominated in 1993 for a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series and in 1994 for another Young Artist Award for Outstanding Youth Ensemble in a Television Series shared with Josh Byrne, Christopher Castile, Brandon Call, Staci Keanan and Angela Watson – both for Step by Step (1991). She also won a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple with Paris Hilton in The Hottie and the Nottie.

LA Weekly Theater Awards
 * 2009: Won the award for Female Comedy Performance for the Havok Theatre Company production of Dog Sees God: Confessions of a Teenage Blockhead

Ovation Awards
 * 2012: Nominated for Featured Actress in a Musical for the role of Julia in the Troubadour Theater Company production of Two Gentlemen of Chicago

Personal life
Lakin married actor Brandon Breault in October 2014. In November 2015, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child. Their daughter was born on March 6, 2016. She gave birth to their son on September 10, 2018.

title: Christine Lakin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of scandals with "-gate" suffix

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Postdlf 01:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

List of scandals with "-gate" suffix
This article is unencyclopedic. --65.27.65.24 05:34, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

iranon
 * Delete unencyclopedic. --Benna 07:42, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep reasonable account of journalistic usage --Dave.Dunford 07:57, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. But I'd like to see someone go through the list and weed out terms not used by the press. - Mgm|(talk) 08:44, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unmaintainable list. Stick -gate on any word and you have a conspiracy, doesnt sound very encyclopedic. JamesBurns 08:54, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Explains the -gate phenomenon and then lists quite a few examples, many of which seem to have their own articles. Might well contain some phonies, but a lot of people have added to the page over 2 years.
 * Keep. This article is a good reflection of the ridiculous overuse of the "-gate" suffix.   — J I P | Talk 10:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to something like scandals, and the use of the "-gate" suffix and allow it to stand as a discussion of the phenomena with a moderate list of examples. I'm just fed up with lists, when interesting articles can be created --Doc (?) 12:58, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Move, good articles and lists are not mutually exclusive. I agree that we should weed out any that have not been widely used by the mainstream press though. I wouldn't object to a title like Scandals suffixed with "-gate" or even just -gate which is the naming convention for suffixes and currently a redirect to this article. Thryduulf 13:44, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move The first few paragraphs give the list an article to hold on to, so we can allow the list as part of a larger article.  I agree with Thryduulf that lists and good articles are not mutually exclusive, since lists are part of good articles, but a list on its own is not any sort of article, and we shouldn't allow titles that suggests lists by themselves are articles, let alone good ones.  The Literate Engineer 14:34, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Shawinigate! --Scimitar 14:56, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Encyclopedic. Kaibabsquirrel 15:20, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup; ARTICLE NEEDS CITES. It is basically useless in this form, where anyone can add anything based on no evidence.  I have never heard of the vast majority of the events listed here referred to as "-gates".  There needs to be a link for every item on this list proving that it was in fact referred to in this manner.  Dcarrano 15:32, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I strongly agree with Dcarrano here. Uncle G 17:04, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, me too, but whoever went through adding all those 'Googlenews gives nothing' HTML comments didn't do the job properly: Google itself gives easy-peasy hits for at least the handful at the top of the list that I tried. Googlenews is not nearly as authoritative as either Google-proper or a proper news site e.g. the BBC or ABC or CNN -Splash 01:37, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Google News is "Google itself", to differentiate it from "Google itself" and to say that it isn't as authoritative as the BBC, ABC, and CNN is to wholly misunderstand what it actually is. I notice that it's that very "handful at the top of the list" that you mention that don't have proper full news citations in the Wikipedia style for such things, unlike the other news citations in the article, but that instead comprise poorly labelled or even wholly unlabelled hyperlinks. I would say that doing "the job properly" is a task that that requires more thoroughness and takes longer than just slapping an unlabelled hyperlink in the article. Perhaps it is less easy-peasy than it seems. ☺ Uncle G 11:55, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I'm afraid I quite disagree. I've barely used Google news, so perhaps my comment on its authoritativeness was also non-authoritative. But that does not change the fact that Google did find easy-peasy hits for the ones I labelled, and Google News, apparently, did not. Searching BBC was pretty straightforward too. I'm not sure what you're after about hyperlinks/wikilinks. I just looked a few up quickly (and easily). I presume you're critcising my rather lazy way of incorporating the information; if you don't like it, sofixit. The "job" I referred to was checking the verifiability (which is what I presume was implied by the no-presence-on-google-news commetns) which has not been done properly, because they are easy to verify. The "job" you refer to is typing some words in the space after the hyperlink which probably even easier than searching properly. -Splash 13:23, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - article has merit including relevent content as well as the list, and many links to existing articles (albeit quite a few stubs). Agree with desirability of citations but hey, it wouldn't be the first to do without and it would certainly be possible for anyone who felt strongly enough to add these in. Naturenet | Talk 16:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- might as well call it List of political scandals since 1973, since just about everything gets a "-gate" suffix these days. --Carnildo 21:38, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * not all the scandals are political e.g. Hoovergate and Camilllagate. Thryduulf 17:28, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep but cleanup -- encyclopedic (it's obviously a widespread phenomenon, as we all well know), but needs to be improved as per Mgm's and Dcarrano's comments. Microtonal 21:45, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Another thought: I heard some of these entries used by people on the ground, but not necessarily by the media writ large ("nipplegate", in particular). I think that widespread popular usage is equally as valid as media usage is. Microtonal 21:56, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keepgate. Interesting list of notable scandals. Martg76 22:03, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - is so (encyclopedic, that is). StopTheFiling 23:04, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep a widely used suffix, and I found the first few of those dead easy to verify. -Splash 01:37, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I'm no fan of lists, but this (often annoying) journalistic simplification is widely connected to many extremely notable events. Xoloz 03:59, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep notable list. 24.60.163.16 05:14, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Encyclopedic, notable list. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:31, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rename. Radiant_ >|< 09:43, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Actually it is encyclopedic and it is an important and potentially useful list.  Moncrief 21:45, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep: Deleting this list could cause the first Wikigate. Ombudsman 04:52, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep - The article does not condone or condemn the practice of adding '-gate' to denote a scandal; and it provides a useful explanation and a fairly comprehensive directory. Garrick92 15:11, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This article is a good reflection of the ridiculous overuse of the "-gate" suffix.
 * Keep. Part of Unusual articles.  Almafeta 07:43, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Media history -- and the modern lexicon -- are certainly justifiable uses for Wiki entries.
 * Keep, lest this becomes a VfDgate. --Wwwwolf 07:22, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Whitewood (electoral district)

Whitewood, was a territorial electoral district in the Northwest Territories of Canada from 1887 to 1905. The district was created from the former district of Broadview, prior to the 1888 general election.

This district was the first to use a secret ballot. During the 1894 By-election, ballots were first used in this electoral district. The territory went to using colored pencils on paper to count ballots, except someone forgot the pencil for the Candidate William Clements at the Fairmede polling station, and one had to be sent out from the Chief electoral office in Regina. Fred Chamberlain, the local liveryman, drove his horse and carriage twenty-five miles through a raging blizzard to deliver a new pencil and arrived just before the polls opened.

After the province of Saskatchewan split from the Northwest Territories in 1905, Whitewood continued to exist as a district in Saskatchewan until 1908.

1888 – 1894
Note: Vote returns not complete for the 1894 By-election. Returns only include the polls from Whitewood and Broadview, they do not include the rural stations. As reported in the Lethbridge Herald February 22, 1894. The Broadview and Whitewood polls were announced by the returning officer on February 16, 1894, and the rural vote was announced February 17, 1894 but was not printed.

By-election reasons

 * February 16, 1894: Daniel Campbell's expulsion from the Council after he was accused of forgery and embezzlement, and fled the country.

title: Whitewood (electoral district)


text:
Consecrated virgin

In the Catholic Church, a consecrated virgin is a woman who has been consecrated by the church to a life of perpetual virginity as a bride of Christ. Consecrated virgins are consecrated by the diocesan bishop according to the approved liturgical rite.

Consecrated virgins spend their time in works of penance and mercy, in apostolic activity and in prayer, according to their state of life and spiritual gifts. A consecrated virgin may live either as a nun in some of the monastic orders or "in the world" under the authority of her bishop, to the service of the church.

The rite of consecration of virgins for women living in the world was reintroduced in 1970, under Pope Paul VI, in the wake of the Second Vatican Council. It is based on the template of the practice of the velatio virginum going back to the Apostolic era, especially the early virgin martyrs. The consecration of virgins for nuns who made their final profession of vows outlasted times in various forms and without discontinuation in bestowal.

The 1983 Code of Canon Law and the 1996 Apostolic Exhortation Vita Consecrata by Pope John Paul II speak of the reflourishing Order of Virgins (Ordo Virginum), the members of which represent an image of the church as the Bride of Christ. Estimates on the number of consecrated virgins derived from diocesan records range at around 5,000 consecrated virgins living in the world.

In view of the upcoming 50th anniversary of the reintroduction, the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life issued the instruction Ecclesia Sponsae imago in July 2018.

Origins

Chastity is one of the Seven Virtues in Christian tradition, listed by Gregory the Great at the end of the 6th century. Praise of chastity or celibacy as a religious virtue is already present in the New Testament, especially in 1 Corinthians, in which Paul the Apostle suggests a special role for virgins or unmarried women (ἡ γυνὴ καὶ ἡ παρθένος ἡ ἄγαμος) as more suitable for "the things of the Lord" (μεριμνᾷ τὰ τοῦ κυρίου). In 2 Corinthians 11:2, Paul alludes to the metaphor of the Church as Bride of Christ by addressing the congregation: "I have espoused you to one husband, that I may present you as a chaste virgin to Christ".

In Christian hagiography, there are numerous accounts of pre-Nicaean virgin martyrs, such as Margaret of Antioch, Agnes of Rome, Euphemia of Chalcedon and Lucia of Syracuse.

In the theology of the Church Fathers, the prototype of the sacred virgin is the Blessed Virgin Mary, consecrated by the Holy Spirit at Annunciation. Although not stated in the gospels, the perpetual virginity of Mary was widely upheld as a dogma by the Church Fathers from the 4th century. The tradition of a ritual form of the consecration also dates to the 4th century, but it is widely held that a more informal consecration was imparted to consecrate women by their bishops dating from the time of the Apostles.

The first known formal rite of consecration is that of Saint Marcellina, dated AD 353, mentioned in De Virginibus by her brother, Saint Ambrose. Another early consecrated virgin is Saint Genevieve (c. 422). The earliest copies of the rite are from some of the earliest sacramentaries, like the 7th-century Leonine sacramentary.

During the medieval period, the rite of consecration was maintained by nuns in monastic orders, such as the Benedictines and Carthusians. This consecration could be done either concurrently with or some time after the profession of solemn vows. Among Carthusian nuns, there was the unique practice of these virgins being entitled to hand apart from a crown a stole, and a maniple, vestments otherwise reserved to clergy.

In the High Middle Ages, the Consecratio Virginum is known for Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries, it is mentioned in the Rule of Saint Clare of Assisi and its optional bestowing is also provided for in the constitutions of the first Dominican nuns.

Modern history
The modern revival of the rite of the consecration of virgins in the Catholic Church for women living outside of religious communities is associated with Anne Leflaive (1899–1987). The consecration of virgins after the fashion of the ancient Church was supported by certain French bishops in the early 20th century. Leflaive was directed towards this vocation by François de Rovérié de Cabrières, the bishop of Montpellier. She received the consecration in the chapel of Carmel at Paray-le-Monial on 6 January 1924, on her 25th birthday, by the bishop of Autun, Hyacinthe-Jean Chassagnon.

There was an increasing demand for such consecrations in the 1920s, and bishops requested clarification from the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life. The reply given on 25 March 1927 was in the negative. The Congregation forbade the revival of this type of consecration. The 1927 decree argued that the consecration of virgins living in the world (in saeculo viventes) had long fallen out of use, and was in contradiction to the then current Canon Law of 1917. It was also argued that the official sanction of a vow of virginity in a "very imposing ceremony" might risk to lead the women so consecrated to judge their status as superior to those of nuns, whose solemn vows are not accompanied by similar ceremonies, and even to divert some women who would otherwise have chosen a monastic vocation. "Maroto ritiene che l'antico uso di conferire la Consecratio Virginum a donne in saeculo viventes sia stato o espressamente abolito da leggi ecclesiastici o caduto in disuso da molto tempo; inoltre, rileva che il Codice di diritto canonico all'epoca vigente non contiene alcuna norma a questo proposito, per cui la disciplina applicabile è solo quella desumibile dal Pontificale, anzi l'antica disciplina della Consecratio Virginum risulta essere inconciliabile con le norme giuridiche allora vigenti: innanzitutto, per il CIC/1917 solo lo stato religioso, con la professione dei tre consigli evangelici e la vita in comune, può dare un riconoscimento canonico pubblico; inoltre, solo il voto solenne di castità costituisce un impedimento matrimoniale dirimente e solo i membri di Ordini religiosi approvati possono emettere questo voto, per cui l'impegno di una vergine consacrata in saeculo viventes è equivalente a un voto semplice, privo di efficacia irritante di eventuali nozze, pur non essendo un voto privato e segreto.

Jombart, pur ammettendo il valore della scelta verginale anche fuori del contesto della vita religiosa, sostiene che essa non può procurare tutti i mezzi di perfezione che si trovano invece nella clausura, nella vita in comune, nelle costituzioni e nella paterna vigilanza dei superiori; inoltre, il ricevere la consacrazione in una cerimonia molto imponente, può indurre le consacrate che vivono nel mondo a giudicare il loro stato superiore a quello delle religiose, distogliendo anche qualche donna dall'entrare in monastero." Katiuscia Scarpone, L'Ordine Delle Vergini, Sviluppo Storico e Profilo Canonico, Pontificia Università Lateranense, Instituto Teolotico Marchigiano (2003/4), 31f., citing F. Maroto, Sacra Congregatio de religiosis. De consecratione virginum in saeculo degentibus, CRM (1927), 160f.; E. Bolchi, '' La consacrazione nell'Ordo Virginum. Forma di vita e disciplina canonica'', Pontificia Università Gregoriana (2002), 32–34.

It was significantly due to Anne Leflaive's efforts over the following decades this ban was eventually rescinded in 1970. In 1939, Leflaive founded the secular missionaries of Catholic Action, an institute of celibate women or widows living in the world, which was, however, suppressed in 1946. Beginning in the 1940s, Leflaive was in contact with Angelo Roncalli, the future Pope John XXIII, and with Giovanni Montini, the future Pope Paul VI, who were receptive to her ideas. During the 1950s, Leflaive visited Rome once a year in order to lobby at the Vatican for the re-instatement of the rite of consecration of virgins. Leflaive published Study of the Consecrations of Virgins in the Roman Pontifical in 1934, re-edited as Espouse du Christ in 1956, and as La Femme et l'Eglise in 1968. At a time where the Reformed confessions began to introduce the ordination of women, Leflaive strictly rejected such a possibility, arguing that "Christ and His Church offer to the woman a gift of great plentitude [sic]" in the form of the Consecration of Virgins, already inscribed in the Roman Pontifical.

In 1950, Pius XII issued Sponsa Christi, an apostolic constitution addressing the vocation of nuns and their role in preserving the separate patrimony of the early virgins. This revived interest in the consecration of virgins. In his apostolic constitution, Pius XII decreed that only nuns living in enclosure were permitted to receive the liturgical consecration of virgins. In 1954, Pius cited Sponsa Christi in his encyclical Sacra Virginitas as showing the importance of the office consecrated men and women fulfill in the church.

"This then is the primary purpose, this the central idea of Christian virginity: to aim only at the divine, to turn thereto the whole mind and soul; to want to please God in everything, to think of Him continually, to consecrate body and soul completely to Him."

In 1963, the Second Vatican Council requested a revision of the rite of the consecration of virgins that was found in the Roman Pontifical. The revised rite was approved by Pope Paul VI and published in 1970. This consecration could be bestowed either on women in monastic orders or on women living in the world, the form of life that had been found in the early Church.

The 1970 rite of Ordo Consecrationis Virginum states the following requirements for women living in the world to receive the consecration: "that they have never married or lived in open violation of chastity; that, by their prudence and universally approved character, they give assurance of perseverance in a life of chastity dedicated to the service of the church and of their neighbor; that they be admitted to this Consecration by the Bishop who is the local Ordinary."

Consecrated virgins belong to the consecrated life. Those living in the world are not supported financially by their bishop, but must provide for their own upkeep. However, the early Church, a portion of the tithes went to the financial support of the virgins (Apost. Const. VIII. 30). Consecrated virgins work in professions ranging from teachers and attorneys to that of firefighter.

In 1972, Elizabeth Bailey became the first virgin to be consecrated under the revised rite in England, and the first known consecrated virgin in Britain since the 3rd century.

The number of consecrated virgins under the 1970 rite of consecration has grown into the thousands over the course of four decades. , the United States Association of Consecrated Virgins (USACV) gave an "educated guess" of a total number of 3,000 consecrated virgins in 42 countries. In a 2015 survey, the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life (CICLSAL) established an estimated number of 4,000 consecrated virgins in 78 countries, with a growing tendency, with a projected increase to about 5,000 by 2018.

The 1970 decree states as a requirement that candidates "have never married or lived in open violation of chastity". While the lack of a strict requirement of virginity was only implied by omission in the 1970 document, the Vatican on 4 July 2018 released a clarifying statement, explicitly conceding that: "to have kept her body in perfect continence or to have practised the virtue of chastity in an exemplary way, while of great importance with regard to the discernment, are not essential prerequisites in the absence of which admittance to consecration is not possible." The statement was published in reaction to bishops requesting clarification due to the growing number of women showing interest in the vocation. The new clause leaves it to the "good judgement and insight" of the bishop to discern the suitability of a candidate to her vocation.João Braz de Aviz, José Rodríguez Carballo, Instruction “Ecclesiae Sponsae Imago” on the “Ordo virginum”, published 4 July 2018, dated 8 June 2018 ("Approved by the Holy Father in an audience on June 8, 2018"). Paragraph 88: "In vocational guidance and when there is need to describe the characteristics of this vocation and the requirements for admission to consecration, the condition of virginity will be presented starting with the rich symbolism of its biblical foundations, within the framework of an anthropological vision solidly based on Christian revelation. On this basis the different dimensions, physical, psychological and spiritual, are integrated and considered in their dynamic connection to the lived history of the person and in openness to the unceasing action of divine grace that directs, guides and invigorates her on the path of holiness. As a treasure of inestimable value that God pours into clay vessels (cf. 2 Cor 4:7), this vocation is truly an undeserved gift. It encounters the person in her actual humanity, always in need of redemption and yearning for the full meaning of her existence. It finds its origin and dynamic centre in the grace of God, who unceasingly acts with the tenderness and the strength of his merciful love in the often complex and sometimes contradictory events of human life, helping the person to grasp her uniqueness and the unity of her being, enabling her to make a total gift of self. In this context it should be kept in mind that the call to give witness to the Church’s virginal, spousal and fruitful love for Christ is not reducible to the symbol of physical integrity. Thus to have kept her body in perfect continence or to have practised the virtue of chastity in an exemplary way, while of great importance with regard to the discernment, are not essential prerequisites in the absence of which admittance to consecration is not possible. The discernment therefore requires good judgement and insight, and it must be carried out individually. Each aspirant and candidate is called to examine her own vocation with regard to her own personal history, in honesty and authenticity before God, and with the help of spiritual accompaniment."

The US Association of Consecrated Virgins released a statement calling the new guidance "shocking" and "deeply disappointing" as well as "intentionally convoluted and confusing":

"The entire tradition of the Church has firmly upheld that a woman must have received the gift of virginity – that is, both material and formal (physical and spiritual) – in order to receive the consecration of virgins."

The instruction Ecclesiae Sponsae Imago on the Ordo virginum was published by the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life in July, 2018. In June 2020, Pope Francis addressed a letter to the consecrated virgins on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the promulgation of the revised rite of the Consecration of Virgins, calling their vocation as "a sign of hope".

Rite of consecration
By the rite of consecration the diocesan bishop sets the virgin apart as a sacred person. The virgin who receives the consecration henceforth belongs to the consecrated life and becomes a member of the Order of Virgins. By receiving the sacramental constitutive consecration, she is "elevated to the dignity of bride of Christ, and joined by an indissoluble bond with the Son of God". This elevation into the role and reality of Bride of Christ occurs for the recipient of the consecration. The liturgical ritual contained in the Roman Pontifical has two forms, one for bestowing the consecration to women "living in the world" and the other for nuns. Thus, the Order of Virgins has members who live in the world and members who are nuns.

Both the consecration of a virgin living in the world and that of a nun are reserved to their diocesan bishop; it is for him to decide on the conditions under which a virgin living in the world is to undertake a life of perpetual virginity.

The approved liturgical rite whereby the bishop consecrates the candidate is by the solemn rite of Consecratio Virginum ('Consecration of Virgins'). The usual minister of the rite of consecration is the bishop who is the local ordinary. The consecrated virgin is committed to perpetual virginity and to leading a life of prayer and service. She is "strongly advised" to recite the Liturgy of the Hours daily, and is encouraged but not required to pray Lauds and Vespers.

The legislation outlining this, as it appears in the 1983 Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church, says:

"Canon 604

§1. Similar to these forms of consecrated life is the order of virgins, who, committed to the holy plan of following Christ more closely, are consecrated to God by the diocesan bishop according to the approved liturgical rite, are betrothed mystically to Christ, the Son of God, and are dedicated to the service of the Church.

§2. In order to observe their commitment more faithfully and to perform by mutual support service to the Church which is in harmony with their state these virgins can form themselves into associations."

title: Consecrated virgin


text:
Raffles City Singapore

Raffles City is a large complex located in the Civic District within the Downtown Core of the city-state of Singapore. Occupying an entire city block bounded by Stamford Road, Beach Road, Bras Basah Road and North Bridge Road, it houses two hotels and an office tower over a podium which contains a shopping complex and a convention centre. The mall is managed by CapitaCommercial Trust and CapitaMall Trust. It was completed in 1986.

Built on the former site of Raffles Institution, the first school in Singapore, and located beside the historic Raffles Hotel, its aluminium-finish and simple geometric designs gave a stark, modernist contrast to Victorian architecture and classical architecture which used to characterise architecture in that district.

Initial plans
The development, initially called the Raffles International Centre, was announced in 1969. It was planned to cover an area stretching from the then-site of Raffles Institution up to the Cathay Building. Due to soaring costs and a shortage of skilled workers, the plans were put on hold from 1973 to 1975 and approval for construction was not given until 1979. That same year, the development was renamed Raffles City, and the site was shrunken to only the old Raffles Institution location.

Construction
Groundbreaking on the site took place on 14 August 1980 and it officially opened to the public on 3 October 1986. The complex was designed by I. M. Pei in one of his earliest works in the city state. The complex contained The Westin Stamford Hotel, then the tallest in the world; The Westin Plaza, its smaller sister hotel; an office tower; a convention center and a shopping mall.

Renovations
In the 1990s the shopping complex went under a major renovation, with a different look. In June 2005, the management announced that the basement section of the complex will be expanded, with 30 to 50 more shops and was completed in July 2006 with MPH Bookstores, food and beverage outlets and fashion shops occupying the extension. Gloria Jean's Coffees has also made a return to the country after exiting the country a few years ago. The complex is directly connected to City Hall MRT (Exit 'A") station by escalators from the building entrance and to Esplanade MRT station (Exit 'G') from Basement 2, which leads to the Esplanade Xchange and then to Marina Square.

Hotel rebranding
At the conclusion of Westin's 15-year management contract with Raffles Holdings, the hotels were both renamed on 1 January 2002, with The Westin Stamford becoming Swissôtel The Stamford and The Westin Plaza becoming Raffles The Plaza. When Raffles Hotels was acquired by Fairmont in 2006, Raffles The Plaza was again renamed, becoming the Fairmont Singapore on 12 December 2007.

CapitaLand REITs takeover
On 19 March 2006, CapitaLand's real estate investment trust (REIT), CapitaCommercial Trust and CapitaMall Trust jointly acquired the development from Raffles Holdings for S$2.09 billion. The former will take up a 60 percent stake in the complex and the latter taking the remainder 40 percent. The trusts' shareholders approved of the purchase of the complex in July 2006. The deal has been completed in August 2006 and the complex is owned by the two trusts.

Expansion
On 20 August 2006, the new owners announced their plans to expand the retail space between 150,000 and 200000 sqft from its current 356000 sqft, by using the space on the carpark floors on basements two and three. The two CapitaLand property trusts will spend S$86 million on the expansion. An underground link linking Esplanade and City Hall MRT stations opened on 15 July 2010.

Reconfiguration works
On 20 December 2021, CapitaLand announced the reconfiguration of 111000 sqft located on levels 1 to 3 to attract more specialty shops with new escalators installed to increase accessibility for shoppers, replacing the space currently occupied by department store One Assembly and previously Robinsons & Co., which will shut on 3 January 2022. The reconfiguration will feature new shop concepts and brands as part of an asset enhancement initiative, which will be completed by the fourth quarter of 2022.

Buildings
The complex consists of the one-time world's tallest hotel and currently the world's fourteenth tallest hotel, the 73-storey Swissôtel The Stamford, a 28-storey high-end twin-tower hotel, the Fairmont Singapore and the rectangular 42-storey Raffles City Tower, an office block.

Tenants
Japanese departmental store Sogo opened in 1986 but vacated the space and the basement supermarket (now occupied by CS Fresh) in 2000 after the company ran into financial problems due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis.

Marks & Spencer has opened since 2001 alongside local favorite Robinsons (marking its return to Raffles Place) and Dairy Farm's premium supermarket brand Jason's Market Place (now known as Raffles City Market Place). Both department stores were closed down due to COVID-19 pandemic (Robinsons on 9 January 2021 with Marks & Spencer supposed to close on 31 December 2020, which did not shut eventually)    ) and replaced with One Assembly, a joint-venture between Raffles City and BHG department store. One Assembly will subsequently shut as well on 3 January 2022. Marks & Spencer eventually announced its closure again, scheduled for 31 December 2021.

Also, Melissa has opened in 2017 but it was closed down in 2021 citing financial losses over COVID-19 pandemic and rationalisation of business, with Cotton On Body took over from 2021 to 2024. Cotton On Body closed down the store on 19 May 2024 and was replaced by M&G Life, again citing lower demand and alternatives to it (Plaza Singapura and ION Orchard), with public transport alternatives to be able to shop for this store (including Service 167 which had a note - reduced to 30-min frequencies from 17 December 2023).

The embassy of Hungary is located on the 29th floor of the Raffles City Tower, which also houses the delegation office of the European Union.

117 IOC Session, Singapore
The 117th IOC Session in Singapore, was held from 2 to 9 July 2005 at the Raffles City Convention Centre on the fourth floor. Security at the complex was extremely tight during the event. At the IOC Session, London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics.

title: Raffles City Singapore


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Samuel Emerald Kaluh

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 01:33, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Samuel Emerald Kaluh
Personal message, vanity --maclean25 07:39, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 08:55, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, may or may not be vanity, but certainly non-notable. —Stormie 10:39, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 00:37, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.