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Ron Frenz

Ronald Wade Frenz (born February 1, 1960) is an American comics artist known for his work for Marvel Comics. He is well known for his 1980s work on The Amazing Spider-Man, particularly introducing the hero's black costume, and later for his work on Spider-Girl whom he co-created with writer Tom DeFalco. Frenz and DeFalco had earlier co-created the New Warriors in the pages of Thor.

Career
Frenz began working for Marvel Comics in the early 1980s. Frenz's early work includes such titles as Ka-Zar the Savage, Star Wars, The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones, and Marvel Saga. His first credited story for Marvel was published in Ka-Zar the Savage #16 (July 1982).

Frenz has a history of working on comic book series in which the characters were not in their original costumes/identities. Spider-Man wore his black costume, Thor took on a new secret identity and look, and Superman changed costumes and powers while Frenz was the regular artist on their titles.

Frenz became the regular artist on The Amazing Spider-Man in 1984 and the stories he pencilled included "The Kid Who Collects Spider-Man" in issue #248 (Jan. 1984) and the first appearance of Spider-Man's black costume in issue #252 (May 1984). Among the new characters introduced during his run were the Puma in issue #256 (Sept. 1984) and Silver Sable in #265 (June 1985). Frenz and Tom DeFalco revealed that the "black suit" was an alien creature in issue #258 (Nov. 1984). Frenz drew The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #18 (1984), a story written by Stan Lee, which featured the wedding of Spider-Man supporting characters J. Jonah Jameson and Marla Madison. Frenz had originally been brought onto the series as a short-term substitute for John Romita Jr., but was retained when it became apparent that he meshed well with series writer DeFalco. Frenz recounted: "Initially, I was hired to only do six issues, while Romita, Jr. went off to get X-Men up and running. And he was supposed to come back and do both X-Men and The Amazing Spider-Man. And six issues in, I found out from [editor] Danny Fingeroth that JR had come into the office and said he'd seen the stuff that Tom and I were doing, and Danny said, 'Yeah, I'm really happy with what they're doing.' And JR said, 'You are, aren't you?' And Danny said, 'Yeah, I think they're really gelling as a team.' And JR said, 'If you're really happy with these guys, give it to them.' And the first time I met JR, I thanked him for my run on Spider-Man."

Jim Owsley, editor of the Spider-Man titles at the time, has noted that "Frenz was passionate about Spider-Man, verging on fanatical." In 1986, Frenz and DeFalco were removed from The Amazing Spider-Man by Owsley. Frenz and DeFalco became the creative team on Thor in 1987 and introduced the Eric Masterson character in Thor #391 (May 1988). Eric Masterson later became the superhero known as Thunderstrike and received his own series by DeFalco and Frenz in 1993.

In 1995, Frenz moved to DC Comics and became the artist on Superman. The following year, he was one of the many creators who contributed to the Superman: The Wedding Album one-shot wherein the title character married Lois Lane. Superman received a new costume, designed by Frenz himself, and new superpowers in Superman vol. 2 #123 (May 1997). Frenz drew part of the Superman Red/Superman Blue one-shot which launched the storyline of the same name which ran through the various Superman titles.

Frenz returned to Marvel with the Spider-Man: Hobgoblin Lives limited series, written by Roger Stern, in 1997. DeFalco and Frenz reunited and introduced Spider-Girl in What If ...? vol. 2 #105 (Feb. 1998). Spider-Girl became an ongoing series in October 1998 and ran until issue #100 (Sept. 2006). A new series, The Amazing Spider-Girl, was launched the following December, Frenz drew all 30 issues until the series' cancellation in 2009.

On June 4, 2009, Ron Frenz was the recipient of the 2009 Nemo Award for Excellence in the Cartoon Arts.

In 2017, Ron Frenz and long-time inking collaborator Sal Buscema began working on The Blue Baron, written by Darin Henry and published by Sitcomics. In 2021, Frenz also started to pencil another Sitcomics title: The Heroes Union.

He rejoined Tom DeFalco to co-create and pencil The R.I.G.H.T. Project for Apex Comic Group, again inked by Sal Buscema. The one-shot comicbook was crowdfunded via Indiegogo and sent to its backers in February 2022.

Apex Comics Group

 * The R.I.G.H.T. Project #1 (2022)

Archie Comics

 * Archie & Friends #153 (2011)
 * Jughead's Double Digest #175–177 (2012)
 * The Mighty Crusaders: The Lost Crusade oneshot (2015)

Capstone Publishers

 * John Sutter and the California Gold Rush (2006)
 * Winter at Valley Forge (2006)

DC Comics

 * Action Comics #759 (1999)
 * The Adventures of Superman #556, 572 (1998–1999)
 * Booster Gold: Futures End #1 (2014)
 * The Flash Annual #3 (2014)
 * Green Lantern: Emerald Warriors #13 (2011)
 * Legion Lost #9–12, #0 (2011–2012)
 * The Ravagers #8 (2013)
 * Superboy vol. 5 #15–16 (2013)
 * Superman vol. 2 #106–113, 115–120, 122–128, 131–135, 149,  Annual #1–2 (1987–1988, 1995–1999)
 * Superman Beyond #0 (2011)
 * Superman Red/Superman Blue #1 (1998)
 * Superman: Secret Files #1 (1998)
 * Superman: The Man of Steel #94 (1999)
 * Superman: The Wedding Album #1 (1996)
 * Team 7 #1–2 (2012–2013)
 * Who's Who in Star Trek #1–2 (1987)
 * Who's Who in the Legion of Super-Heroes #2, 5–6 (1988)
 * Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe #20, 24 (1986–1987)
 * Who's Who: Update '87 #5 (1987)

Future Comics

 * Freemind #6 (2003)

IDW Publishing

 * G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #177, 182, Annual 2012 (2012)

Image Comics

 * Randy O'Donnell is the M@n #1 (flipside comic Mr. Right #0) (2001)
 * Savage Dragon #200 (2014)

Marvel Comics

 * A-Next #1–12 (1998–1999)
 * Amazing Spider-Girl #1–30 (2006–2009)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man #248, 251–252, 255–261, 263, 265, 268–271, 273, 275–277, 280, 283, Annual #18, Annual '96 (1984–1986, 1996)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man Family #1–2, 5–8 (2008–2009)
 * The Avengers Annual #16 (1987)
 * Black Knight oneshot (2010)
 * Buzz #1–3 (2000)
 * Captain America #290, 383, Annual #9 (1984–1991)
 * Captain America vol. 3 #24 (1999)
 * Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty #6–7 (1999)
 * The Clone Conspiracy #1 (2016)
 * D.P. 7 #21 (1988)
 * Darkdevil #1–3 (2000)
 * Defenders vol. 2 #4, 8–9 (2001)
 * Fantastic Four #296 (1986)
 * Further Adventures of Indiana Jones #4–5 (1983)
 * Hercules and the Heart of Chaos #1–3 (1997)
 * Hulk #10 (2000)
 * Hulk Smash Avengers #1 (2012)
 * Iron Age #2 (2011)
 * Iron Man #257 (1990)
 * Ka-Zar the Savage #16–17, 20–22, 25–26, 29 (1982–1983)
 * Kickers, Inc. #1–3 (1986–1987)
 * King Conan #12 (1982)
 * Magik #3 (1984)
 * Many Loves of the Amazing Spider-Man #1 (2010)
 * Marvel Comics #1000 (2019)
 * Marvels Comics: Captain America #1 (2000)
 * Marvel Knights 4 #21 (2005)
 * Marvel Saga #1, 3 (1985–1986)
 * Marvel Team-Up #134–136, 140, Annual #6 (1983–1984)
 * The Saga of Crystar #3 (1983)
 * The Sensational Spider-Man: Self-Improvement #1 (2019)
 * She-Hulk #9 (2006)
 * Silver Surfer #32 (1989)
 * The Spectacular Spider-Man #80 (1983)
 * The Spectacular Spider-Girl #1–4 (2010)
 * Spider-Girl #½, 18, 32, 42, 47, 52, 57–70, 72–73, 75–79, 81–100 (1999–2006)
 *  Spider-Girl: The End #1 (2010)
 * Spider-Island #1–5 (MC2 feature) (2015)
 * Spider-Man #26 (1992)
 * Spider-Man: Hobgoblin Lives #1–3 (1997)
 * Spider-Man: Revenge of the Green Goblin #1–3 (2000)
 * Spider-Verse Team-Up #3 (2015)
 * Superior Spider-Man Team-Up #11–12 (2014)
 * Star Wars #67, 71–77, 79–82, 99 (1983–1985)
 * Thor (vol. 1) #383–384, 386–400, 402–414, 416–430, 432–444, 447–450, 453–454, 456–459, 490, Annual #16 (1987–1995)
 * Thor (vol. 6) #25 (2022)
 * Thor: The Worthy #1 (Thunderstrike) (2020)
 * Thunderstrike #1–10, 12–24 (1993–1995)
 * Thunderstrike vol. 2 #1–5 (2011)
 * Untold Tales of Spider-Man #9, 25 (1996–1997)
 * Web of Spider-Man vol. 2 #1–7 (Spider-Girl feature) (2009–2010)
 * Webspinners: Tales of Spider-Man #17–18 (2000)
 * What If...? #42, 46 (1983–1984)
 * What If vol. 2 #105, 107 (1998)
 * Wild Thing #0 (1999)

Moonstone Books

 * Kolchak: Tales of the Night Stalker #3 (2003)
 * Kolchak Tales: Ghost Stories #1 (2006)

Sitcomics

 * Blue Baron #1–3 (2017–2020)
 * Heroes Union #1 (2021)
 * Unbeatable Blue Baron #1 (2022)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ron Frenz


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Signal to Snow Ratio

Signal to Snow Ratio is an EP by American indie rock band Grandaddy. It was released in 1999 by record label V2.

Musical style
In the describing the EP's music, AllMusic's Nitsuh Abebe writes "the band takes a large step away from its more straightforward pop and rock constructions, choosing instead to toy with the vintage electronics which added texture to [Under the Western Freeway], and to work with more roundabout and inventive pop structures which come off perfectly. Far from the typical Pavement and Weezer references which hovered around the LP, the best aesthetic reference for Signal to Snow Ratio would be more along the lines of Mercury Rev – the sounds might be completely different, but the intelligent and imaginative approach to rethinking pop music is very much the same."

Release
Signal to Snow Ratio was released in 1999 and is also included in the special edition of the album The Sophtware Slump.

Reception
Brent DiCrescenzo of Pitchfork described it as "A brief burst of infectious ideas, while sometimes specious, the EP packs as many subtle effects and pleasurable references that seem possible before bursting the po-mo bubble in its 13 minutes." Nitsuh Abebe of AllMusic described it as "a beautiful progression from Under the Western Freeway, Grandaddy's last full-length release" and "a very promising note from an ever-more-promising band."

Track listing
All music written by Jason Lytle.

 * 1) "Hand Crank Transmitter"
 * 2) "Jeddy 3's Poem"
 * 3) "MGM Grand"
 * 4) "Protected from the Rain"

title: Signal to Snow Ratio


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Island Games

The Island Games (currently known as the NatWest International Island Games for sponsorship reasons) are biennial international multi-sports events organised by the International Island Games Association (IIGA). Competitor teams each represent different island communities (with one team from the peninsula of Gibraltar) which are IIGA members. Currently all competitor teams represent non-sovereign territories of European nations—some within European waters and some further overseas.

The most recent edition was the 2023, which took place in Guernsey with around 2,200 competitors from 24 islands or island groups participating in 14 sports. The next games will be hosted by Orkney in 2025.

History
The Island Games began in 1985 as the Inter-Island Games, as part of the Isle of Man International Year of Sport, and were intended to be a one-off sporting celebration only. Geoffrey Corlett, who became the first Games Director, not only contacted the islands surrounding the United Kingdom, but also encouraged the countries of Iceland and Malta, the territories of Faroe Islands, Greenland, Saint Helena, the Channel Islands and others to participate.

Initially, fifteen islands with 600 competitors and officials took part in seven sports, with the total cost of staging the Games being put at £70,000. The track and field events were held on an eight-lane grass track, a far cry from the current games, which now use synthetic tracks in stadiums capable of holding thousands of spectators. The Games of 1985 were so successful that organisers decided to hold a similar event two years later. The Games have grown from strength to strength, with limits now in place for the number of teams, currently, and the number of sports at each Games, currently 12 to 14. Sark could be considered the most successful island, their population of 600 having acquired 20 medals by 2015, one for every 30 people.

NatWest International has been the main sponsor of the Games since 1999. In April 2018, they signed a deal extending their sponsorship until at least 2021. In 2020 Natwest International confirmed the Guernsey games, originally scheduled for 2021, but delayed to 2023, due to the COVID-19 Pandemic would be the last tournament they would be sponsoring. At the time the replacement sponsor had not been confirmed.

A traditional symbol of the games was started in 1991 when Åland asked all teams to bring some water from their islands, which was then mixed in a fountain. All future games has water from the previous fountain added to water from each island competing in the new games, creating a symbol of "mixing together".

Games venues

Guernsey put in a bid for the 2021 Games following the Faroe Islands' withdrawal from hosting. The bid was approved in July 2016. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021 Games were cancelled and rescheduled for 2023 with Guernsey still as hosts, with future hosts pushed out by two years as well.

Orkney will host the 2025 Games. They were awarded the right to host on 7 July 2018 at the AGM in Gibraltar.

The Isle of Man made an official bid to host the Island Games in 2029 in July 2023.

In May 2018, the Parliament of the Faroe Islands guaranteed €1,500,000 towards hosting the Games in or before 2029. The Faroe Islands is seen as the preferred bidder for the 2031 games.

In August 2018 it was reported that the Falkland Islands are considering hosting the Games in 2033.

In December 2023 it was announced that the Faroe Islands would replace Ynys Môn as the hosts of the 2027 games due to funding having been directed to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Faroe Islands, who had submitted a bid for the 2031 games, expressed a desire to host the games early and were selected as a replacement for Ynys Môn.

Participation
A total of 28 islands, island groups or territories have participated in the Island Games; eleven of these have participated in every Island Games.

Medals
Every island has won at least 4 medals with Alderney the only island awaiting their first Gold.

Islands marked in grey are no longer members of the IIGA and so cannot compete at the Island Games.

Participation in other games
Of the 24 current IIGA members, two (Bermuda and the Cayman Islands) have competed in their own right at the Olympic Games.

Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, Jersey and St. Helena have each sent teams to the Commonwealth Games.

Olympic athletes
Islanders who have gone on to participate in Olympic Games events include:
 * Mark Cavendish (Isle of Man) — cycling (Olympic silver medal winner)
 * Cameron Chalmers (Guernsey) - 4 × 400m - Tokyo 2020
 * Dale Garland (Guernsey) - 4 × 400m - Beijing 2008
 * Rebecca Heyliger (Bermuda) - swimming
 * Pál Joensen (Faroe Islands) — swimming (World Championship bronze medal winner)
 * Lee Merrien (Guernsey) - Marathon - London 2012
 * Cydonie Mothersille (Cayman Islands) — 200m (World Championship bronze medal winner)
 * Kelly Sotherton (Isle of Wight) — heptathlon and 400m (Olympic bronze medal winner)
 * Mattias Sunneborn (Gotland) — long jump and 200m (World Indoor Championship silver medal winner)
 * Albert Torres (Menorca) — cycling (World Championship gold medal winner)
 * Andres Lauk (Saaremaa) − cycling − Atlanta 1996

Sports
The host country chooses between 12 and 14 different sports for their games from this list:

Notably, the Island Games' football tournament is one of the most well-established tournaments of non-FIFA international football.

title: Island Games


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Through a Frosty Plate Glass E.P.

Through a Frosty Plate Glass E.P. is an EP by the indie rock band Grandaddy. It was released in 2001 on V2 Records. All of the songs had previously appeared as B-sides to the band's European singles.

Release
Through a Frosty Plate Glass E.P. was released in 2001.

It was later included in some two-disc editions of The Sophtware Slump.

Reception
Through a Frosty Plate Glass E.P. reached number 21 in the "Top 75" of CMJ New Music Monthly ' s August 2001 edition. Upon the 2011 release of the deluxe edition of The Sophtware Slump, BBC Music reviewer Mike Diver notes that "fans will be pleased to get their ears around material" from Through a Frosty Plate Glass E.P..

Personnel

 * Jason Lytle – performer, production
 * Gary Young – recording (track 7)

title: Through a Frosty Plate Glass E.P.


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Vessel element

A vessel element or vessel member (also called a xylem vessel) is one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants. Vessel elements are found in most angiosperms (flowering plants) but absent from most gymnosperms such as conifers. Vessel elements are the main feature distinguishing the "hardwood" of angiosperms from the "softwood" of conifers.

Anatomy
Xylem is the tissue in vascular plants that conducts water (and substances dissolved in it) upwards from the roots to the shoots. Two kinds of cell are involved in xylem transport: tracheids and vessel elements. Vessel elements are the building blocks of vessels, the conducting pathways that constitute the major part of the water transporting system in flowering plants. Vessels form an efficient system for transporting water (including necessary minerals) from the root to the leaves and other parts of the plant.

In secondary xylem – the xylem that is produced as a stem thickens rather than when it first appears – a vessel element originates from the vascular cambium. A long cell, oriented along the axis of the stem, called a "fusiform initial", divides along its length forming new vessel elements. The cell wall of a vessel element becomes strongly "lignified", i.e. it develops reinforcing material made of lignin. The side walls of a vessel element have pits: more or less circular regions in contact with neighbouring cells. Tracheids also have pits, but only vessel elements have openings at both ends that connect individual vessel elements to form a continuous tubular vessel. These end openings are called perforations or perforation plates. They have a variety of shapes: the most common are the simple perforation (a simple opening) and the scalariform perforation (several elongated openings in a ladder-like design). Other types include the foraminate perforation plate (several round openings) and the reticulate perforation plate (a net-like pattern, with many openings).

At maturity, the protoplast – the living material of the cell – dies and disappears, but the lignified cell walls persist. A vessel element is then a dead cell, but one that still has a function, and is still being protected by surrounding living cells.

Evolutionary significance
The presence of vessels in xylem has been considered to be one of the key innovations that led to the success of the flowering plants. It was once thought that vessel elements were an evolutionary innovation of flowering plants, but their absence from some basal angiosperms and their presence in some members of the Gnetales suggest that this hypothesis must be re-examined; vessel elements in Gnetales may not be homologous with those of angiosperms, or vessel elements that originated in a precursor to the angiosperms may have been subsequently lost in some basal lineages (e.g., Amborellaceae, Trochodendraceae, and Winteraceae), described by Arthur Cronquist as "primitively vesselless". Cronquist considered the vessels of Gnetum to be convergent with those of angiosperms.

Vessel-like cells have also been found in the xylem of Equisetum (horsetails), Selaginella (spike-mosses), Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern), Marsilea and Regnellidium (aquatic ferns), and the enigmatic fossil group Gigantopteridales. In these cases, it is generally agreed that the vessels evolved independently. It is possible that vessels may have appeared more than once among the angiosperms as well.

Further references

 * Niklas, Karl J. (1997) The Evolutionary Biology of Plants. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-58082-2.
 * Schweingruber, F. H. (1990) Anatomie europäischer Hölzer - Anatomy of European woods. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landscaft, Birmensdorf (Hrsg.) Haupt, Bern und Stuttgart.
 * Timonen, Tuuli (2002). Introduction to Microscopic Wood Identification. Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki.

title: Vessel element


text:
Talk:Eendracht (1615)

Note on entry in VOC database
This ship's record in the VOC database has the following entry as one of its voyages: reis vertrek op van  naar    aankomst   op kamer  schipper 1   14/06/1615 Texel Ternate 17/09/1616           Willem Kornelisz. Schouten This entry would seem to be belong to another ship of the same name, since the dates of this voyage overlap with that of Hartog's 1st voyage to the East Indies. It appears that Willem Schouten did have a vessel of that same name (if this is the same Willem K Schouten who rounded Cape Horn), although this was earlier. It therefore seems likely to me that this particular entry in the database is confused, and this mention belongs to some other ship, not the one in question here. --cjllw | TALK  10:09, 2005 July 12 (UTC)

There are some errors in the information in the various databases. There were many ships with the name Eendracht. According to the journal of Jacob le Maire the ship Eendracht that was captained by Schouten was "180 lasten", which is 225 ton. The information in says that Schouten sailed on a ship of 700 ton. So this can not be correct. lists all the ships used by the VOC, and the details of each ship show that the Eendracht used by Hartog was very much bigger than the Eendracht used by Schouten. I therefore corrected this information in the article 86.84.4.3 09:29, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Transliteration from Dutch sources
As an addendum, note that my translation from the Dutch sources is not exactly an expert one; therefore, there may be some errors or variance in the interpretation- buyer beware! --cjllw | TALK  00:22, 2005 July 13 (UTC)

 * Am I correct in assuming that "upper steersman" is the translation of opperstuurman? A steersman is however in Dutch a roerganger and the  opperstuurman would be equivalent to the first mate or chief mate.--MWAK 15:40, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Wrong drawing
The account of the voyage of Schouten and Le Maire says they left Holland in 1615 and travelled to Batavia via Cape Horn, arriving at Batavia late in 1616.

Meanwhile Dirk Hartog left Holland in the same year 1615 and travelled to Batavia via Western Australia in 1616.

These were 2 different Eendracht ships. Why the shipping companies were so bereft of alternative distinct names, I don't know.

Anyhow, this wikipedia article is about Hartog's ship. Yet the illustration is by Schouten and is obviously the 'other' ship. This same illustration appears in the article and Schouten and his voyage via Cape Horn.Eregli bob (talk) 02:35, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

The vessel shown in the painting is not of either Eeendracht, as outlined below.

HISTORY of PAINTING Painted in 1618 (probably August as indicated by 'Verso' below) Purchased from S. B. Bos by Rijksmuseum, February 1888

ARTIST: Aert Anthoniszoon

ORIGIN Verso: passeren van 't Staten Yacht voorbij Iselmonde Augustus MD & CXVIII

RIJKSMUSEUM ACCESSION No.: SK-A-1446

RIJKSMUSEUM CATALOGUE ENTRY: Het schip 'De Eendraght' voor IJsselmonde in het jaar 1618 tijdens de treugreis [sic -terugreis] na de ontdekking door Schouten en Le Maire van Kaap Hoorn en de Straat van Le Maire. Links het dorp IJsselmonde met een kerk en kasteel, rond het schip zeilen het Statenjacht en andere schuiten. ["The ship 'The Eendraght' before IJsselmonde in the year 1618 returning after the discovery by Schouten and Le Maire of Cape Horn and the Strait of Le Maire. Left is the village of IJsselmonde with a church and castle, around the ship the States Yacht and other barges are sailing."]

RIJKSMUSEUM CATALOGUE DATING: 1617

RIJKSBUREAU VOOR KUNTHISTORISCHE DOCUMENTATIE TITLE: IJsselmonde, de thuiskomst van het schip 'De Eendraght', na de ontdekkingstocht naar Kaap Hoorn" [IJsselmonde, the arrival of the ship The Eendracht, after the discovery of Cape Horn"]

RIJKSBUREAU VOOR KUNTHISTORISCHE DOCUMENTATIE DATING: 1618

RIJKSBUREAU VOOR KUNTHISTORISCHE DOCUMENTATIE ART-WORK No.: 9597

Issue

The Wiki Commons file linked the painting with Dirk Hartog and the Eendracht which encountered the west coast of Australia in 1616.

The catalogue entry associates the painting with the Eendracht that Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten sailed in around Cape Horn and through the Straits of Le Maire.

Chronology of Hartog's voyage in his Eendracht

Departed from Texel on 23 January 1616 Encountered west coast of Australia 25 October 1616 Reached Batavia 14 December 1616 Departed from Banda 17 December 1617 bound for Zeeland Letter - Supercargo Buysero to Managers of Manager of VOC - 31 August 1617 reporting Eendracht had 'come upon' west coast of Australia Arrived back in Holland 16 October 1618 Departs for East Indies again from Texel on 13 May 1619, wrecked off west coast of Ambon in 1622

Chronology of Le Maire and Schouten's voyage in their Eendracht

Departs from Texel on 14 June 1615 in company with the Hoorn Hoorn lost to fire at Porto Desire 19 December 1615 Round Cape Horn 29 January 1616 Reached Ternate on 12 September 1616 Reach Batavia on 28 October 1616 Eendracht confiscated in Batavia for contravening the VOC monopoly as per its charter Le Maire, Schouten and remaining crew return to Netherlands in Amsterdam Le Maire dies en route 22 December 1616 Schouten in Amsterdam arrives back in Zeeland 1 July 1617 Court rules in 1619 that seizure of Eendracht was unlawful

CONCLUSION The painting is not of either Eeendracht

According to "S. P. L." in 1864, the painting could depict something else, Johan van Duivenvoorde and Hugo Grotius on their way to Dordrecht in August 1617 to negotiate with the City Council regarding a national synod. It is noted the yacht on the left carries the flag of Amsterdam. Rupert Gerritsen (talk) 16:56, 25 September 2012 (UTC)Rupert Gerritsen

title: Talk:Eendracht (1615)


text:
Isaac Commelin

Isaac Commelin (19 October 1598, in Amsterdam – 13 January 1676, in Amsterdam) was a Dutch historian, a member of the vroedschap and a manager of a charity hospital, providing help to the sick and poor.

Life
Isaac Commelijn was the son of a bookseller Jan Commelin and Catherina Valckenier. His father came from Brussels and had settled in Amsterdam around 1582. Through his mother he was closely related to the powerful Valckeniers family. Isaac married into the rich Bouwer family and became the brother-in-law of nl:Syvert P. Sem, a former investor of the East India Company, involved in charity. The couple had five children, two sons Jan and Caspar. He lived at Gelderse kade en Oudezijds Achterburgwal, near Oude Kerk. His wife died in 1641.

Commelin wrote Lives of the Stadtholders William I and Maurice and Origin and Progress of the Dutch East India Company, as well as other basic works in the fields of geography, cosmography, astronomy, discovery, plague (disease) and travel.

From 1647-1655 he served as regent of the NZ Huiszitten House (charity (practice) for the poor). From 1655-1675 he served as regent of a hospital for victims of the plague (Pesthuis). It was his brother Caspar who served together with the painter Ferdinand Bol as regent of OZ Huiszitten House.

In 1665 he cooperated with Tobias van Domselaer and Arnoldus Montanus on a book about the history of Amsterdam. He was the father of the botanist Jan Commelin and the grandfather of Caspar Commelin.

Works

 * Hollandsch Placcaatboek. Amsterdam, 1644
 * Begin ende voortgangh van de Vereenighde Nederlantsche Geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische Compagnie : Vervatende de voornaemste reysen, by de inwoonderen der selver provincien derwaerts gedaen..., Amsterdam: Johannes Janssonius, 1646 via archive.org
 *  Wilhelm En Maurits van Nassau, Princen van Orangien, Haer Leven en Bedrijf, Of 't Begin en Voortgang der Nederlandsche Oorlogen : Vervatende een Vaerachtigh Verhael Aller Belegheringen ende Victorien, Daer de Ho. Mog. Heeren Staten der Vereenighde Nederlanden, onder hun wijse Regeeringe te Water en te Lande, door Godes zegen mede verrijckt zijn ; Met verscheyde Koopere Figueren verciert ; En door een Lief-hebber der Historien uyt verscheyde Schriften te samen ghestelt, Amsterdam, 1651
 * Beschrijvinge van Amsterdam, haar eerste oorspronk uyt den huyze der Heeren van Aemstel en Aemstellant; met en verhaal van haar leven en dappere krijgsdaden. Uyt verscheyde oude en nieuwe Hollandtsche kronijcken, beschrijvingen, brieven, willekeuren, etc. by een vergadert, Amsterdam, M. Wz. Doornick, 1665.

title: Isaac Commelin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Golf spain

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 02:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Golf spain
Delete as advertising. — J I P | Talk 10:09, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. --Atratus 10:51, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. JamesBurns 04:39, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Dry sex

Proposed merge with Non-penetrative sex

 * Bad Idea - nothing to do with dry humping or frottage. 76.186.118.246 (talk) 07:02, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Strongly oppose As defined in the article this is clearly penetrative and it's not safe sex unless you use a condom.  The only link with non-penetrative sex is the latter includes the similarly named but unrelated "dry humping" (rubbing together without penetration). --Simon Speed (talk) 18:39, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose - There is not much overlap or redundancy. Also, a merge like the one proposed tends to cause confusion to people who are not Wikipedia writers (in my opinion). APatcher (talk) 00:27, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

More
More things I don't understand. This should be pretty painful. How can men enjoy it?

Same if you try to rape girl that isn't quite "ready". Can it be done, at all? 217.25.194.150 10:09, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

what an incredibly *stupid* thing to say. in your opinion, when is a girl (as opposed to a woman) isready for rape (sic.) By ready I mean wet down there, if you insist. 217.25.194.150

This is not meant as a discussion of the topic but a discussion of improving the article. Discussion pages are not the place to preach your man hating feminist bullshit. (Stickethstickley (talk) 11:04, 27 June 2011 (UTC))
 * Please do not attack other users, this is unacceptable.  Nik the  stoned  11:21, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

Proposed move
although might be originated from africa, today it is becoming popular in the US so using the african culture for the title is wrong and i suggest to remove it. true

 * Support wholeheartedly. And make the existing dry sex a dab page. –Hajor 18:15, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. Dragons flight 03:41, September 13, 2005 (UTC)

Primary/Secondary Definition
I would suggest that the "alternative" definition of "dry sex" as "outercourse" be made the primary definition, and the African practice of drying the vagina be made secondary. This is the way I always hear it. Foxxygirltamara 18:32, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree, the term "dry sex" as the African practice has become a rather international political terminology & concern regarding the AIDS epidemic. It's a word you hear in this context on CNN and such. 67.5.156.37 04:32, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Male sources
Most focus seems to be on the problem being a dry vagina and resulting vaginal pain. Do some references also discuss dry penises (perhaps due to lack of foreskin) and penis pain? Not sure if the focus here is unbiased. Ranze (talk) 19:38, 28 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Like you stated, most sources focus on females with regard to this matter. The significant majority of sources, in fact. Therefore, WP:Due weight is given to the female aspect; nothing biased about that. Like WP:Due weight makes clear (when scrolling down to the Balancing aspects and Giving "equal validity" subsections), there should not be an attempt to give "equal validity" to things that are not on equal footing with regard to coverage among sources. As for this addition you made to the article (while male pain should be mentioned), the focus should stay on female pain, as pain from dry sex is significantly more prominent among females; I'll take care of that at a later date. Flyer22 (talk) 20:03, 28 October 2013 (UTC)
 * The reason is obvious; males penis does not matter, and is irrelevant in dry sex. Vagina is naturally moist, and dry sex always involves a female vaginal sexual intercourse. Therefor the article focuses on the female aspect, because that is the only way. "dry sex" MEANS the vagina is manually de-mostifed of its moisture, and then have sex. In this respect, penis has nothing to do with it, as it the only requirement is the vagina, and the penis cannot be dry or moist.-- Pretty les♀, Dark Mistress,   talk,  00:15, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dry sex


text:
Talk:Semantic differential

Untitled
I'm having an Alan Sokal deja-vu. Unless this article is made intelligible, it sounds like faux postmodernist waffle. JFW | T@lk  10:10, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Wolff, I wrote this article and I erased it. Please keep it this way. I do not want to associate myself with a project dominated by editors who resort to personal attacks like you do. Cruise

It's Jfdwolff for you. I am not saying anything about you but about the article, so my response was not a personal attack by any standard. JFW | T@lk  22:56, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Oh, and if you are dissociating yourself from Wikipedia will you also leave kosher alone? JFW | T@lk  23:00, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

In the movie version of Michael Crichton's book Congo, one of the protagonists is interrogated by the local police chief. During the interrogation he remarks - this is like in Kafka. The police chiefs starts beating him and screams: "Who is Kafka? Tell me who is Kafka!" The question "Who is Osgood?" appended by one of the "expert Wikipedia editors," is like the question of the police chief "Who is Kafka?" Anyway, Osgood's book is referenced at the bottom of the article.

Theoretical background
Hi there. This is my first attempt on editing an article, so please inform me if I have breached some established standards. I didn't want to start deleting the existing text, so instead I tried to organize it in an order I think makes the article somewhat easier to follow. Rasputinous (talk) 11:11, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

I don't quite see how the section on the realism/idealism relates to the scale, so I'm thinking of finding the original paper to see if it is made more relevant there. If not, I think that segment should be deleted.Rasputinous (talk) 11:11, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

GFDL permission
I've just received an email from support@vstat.net (in response to a mail I sent them) that verifies they agree to licence the content of http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantic_differential&oldid=21436886 under the GFDL. Thanks for your patience everyone. --fvw *  01:15, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

Japonese figure
Is there any sources, that prove real usage of such figures in research. not in illustration of results? --Владимир Волохонский (talk) 18:31, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Omission in USAGE section
I noticed an omission under the Usage section. The sentence in question states: "For example, the nouns corresponding to the listed 7 factors would be: Beauty, Power, Motion, Life, Work, Chaos". Notice there are supposed to be 7 factors, however, only six are listed. I'm uncertain of what the correct 7th factor noun would be so I am attempting to bring this to your attention. I'm so incredibly grateful for the work you do and for sharing knowledge with the world. OneHungryGhost (talk) 02:21, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Semantic differential


text:
Talk:Ostrów Lednicki

Untitled
I removed the deletion tag because a brief google search shows that the subject of this article is significant and worthy of an article. I understand that the original article was too brief and didn't contain enough information so I expanded it a little. I hope someone else can add more information here. PeterLean 10:10, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Not a castle
I rewrote the stub. Pl wiki does not call it a castle, more like an old palace/gród. And in any case, those are objects on the island of Ostrów Lednicki... --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 17:17, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ostrów Lednicki


text: User:Celestianpower/Live

title: User:Celestianpower/Live


text:
Oloron-Sainte-Marie

Oloron-Sainte-Marie (Auloron e Senta Maria; Oloroe-Donamaria) is a commune in the southwestern French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

History
The town was founded by the Romans in the 1st century, then known as Illoronensium. Situated on the Roman way between the important towns of Dax and Saragossa, its position was strategic. Today known as Saint-Grat, Gratus of Oloron became in 506 the first known archbishop of the Ancient Diocese of Oloron then known as "Iluro".

The history of the town during the Migration Period is little known. In 1080, the viscount Centule V, Viscount of Béarn built the new city of "Oloron" (medieval version of the Roman name Iluro) on the opposite side of the river from the diocese center. Centule V restored the Roman walls and founded the strong city of Oloron that was to be used as a base to retake Aragon held by the Moors. The Oloron Cathedral was built at the beginning of the 12th century. The viscountal town of Oloron and the episcopal town of Sainte-Marie were then rivals, but Oloron strove on its textile industry and commerce with neighbouring Spain. Sainte-Marie became economically dependent upon Oloron.

The 18th century was the beginning of revival for Sainte-Marie as the end of French Wars of Religion allowed for restorations and new religious constructions in the town : cathedral, seminary, church Saint-Pierre. Moreover, the continued boom of commerce with Spain accelerated the construction of better communication and transportation routes to Oloron and Sainte-Marie.

With the French Revolution, Oloron lost its diocese to Bayonne but gained administrative importance by becoming one of the sous-préfectures of the new Republic. In 1858, the regent Impress Eugénie imposed the reunification of the towns of Oloron and Sainte-Marie.

Location
Situated at the feet of the Pyrénées, 50 km from the Spanish border and 100 km from the Atlantic ocean, Oloron-Sainte-Marie is at the confluence of two torrents (gaves), the Gave d'Aspe and the Gave d'Ossau, that merge to form the Gave d'Oloron. Capital of the Haut-Béarn, Oloron-Sainte-Marie is also at the point of origin of the three Haut-Béarn valleys : the Aspe Valley, the Ossau Valley and the Barétous Valley.

Neighboring communes: Esquiule, Moumour, Ledeuix, Estos, Cardesse, Monein, Goès, Précilhon, Escout, Herrère, Ogeu-les-Bains, Buziet, Arudy, Escot, Asasp-Arros, Lurbe-Saint-Christau, Eysus, Gurmençon, Bidos, Agnos, Ance and Féas.

Climate
The town has an oceanic climate, with mild and humid winters and cool or moderately warm summers. Rain is quite abundant (above 900 mm per year) and is mostly concentrated during cold season.

Economy
The Oloron economy is dominated by two well known manufacturing businesses:
 * * Lindt & Sprüngli have a chocolate factory in Oloron.
 * * Safran Landing Systems have a plant in the adjacent commune of Bidos which manufactures landing gear for aircraft.

Oloron is also famous, among hat enthusiasts, as the capital of the basque beret, although the beret business has fallen victim to the widespread collapse of the European textile business as well as changing fashions. Today only one beret business survives in Oloron. This is the Béatex company which employs approximately 80 people.

The area also benefits from an active agriculture sector, involving animal rearing and general agriculture as well as maize production. It is also part of the AOC defined districts entitled to produce the ewes' cheese, Ossau-Iraty.

Transport
The Pau–Canfranc railway passes through Oloron. Oloron railway station is served by TER Aquitaine, which operate eight trains per day to Pau and six to Bedous.

Public transport in the town is provided by a company called La Navette, which operate three bus routes.

Oloron - Herrère Aérodrome is an aerodrome five kilometers southeast of Oloron. It is predominantly used for light aviation and leisure.

Language
The local vernacular language is the Béarnese dialect, a dialect of Gascon language. One of the eight primary schools of Oloron is a Calandreta, a French/ Béarnese bilingual school.

The demonym corresponding to Oloron-Sainte-Marie is Oloronais.

Architectural and historical landmarks
The town received the label French Towns and Lands of Art and History in November 2006.

Oloron's architectural and historical landmarks :
 * the 13th-century Tour de Grède
 * the former town hall and prison, classified in 1987 among as Monument historique
 * the fortified walls
 * the 16th-century Legugnon castle
 * the 17th-century building in the rue Pomone, classified in 1943 as Monument historique
 * the Parc Pommé
 * the "Maison du Patrimoine"
 * the Médiathèque public library that was awarded the Équerre d'Argent architectural award in 2010 (architect : Pascale Guédot).
 * the Oloron Cathedral
 * the Sainte Marie church

Cultural life
Oloron is home to a number of festivals :
 * the jazz festival Des Rives & Notes on the first weekend of July,
 * the "Amateur web film festival", organised every spring season to showcase the best short films published on the internet,
 * the "Book without borders" fair held on the second weekend of June.

Oloron-Sainte-Marie has a theatre and concert venue (espace Pierre Jéliote).

Gastronomy
The town is renowned for its hearty vegetables, beans and meat soup, the garbure, for the Ossau-Iraty cheese, and for a delicacy invented by a local baker in 1925, the pastry "le Russe".

Notable people
Oloron-Sainte-Marie was the birthplace of:
 * Louis Barthou (1862–1934), politician of the Third Republic
 * Jean-Jacques Caux (Cataline) (1830–1922), explorer of the Canadian West
 * Suzanne Honoré (1909-2000), archivist at the National Library of France
 * Ketty Lapeyrette (1884–1960), opera singer
 * Camille Lopez (born 1989), rugby player

title: Oloron-Sainte-Marie


text:
Norris Forest School Arboretum

The Norris Forest School Arboretum is an 160 acre arboretum located four miles (6 km) south of Hickman, Nebraska, and extends all around the grade school, middle school and high school buildings of the Norris School District.

The Arboretum contains a collection of approximately 400 trees and shrubs representing over 90 species, as well as a display of native grasses and plants, annual and perennial flowers, and a learning center (gazebo).

title: Norris Forest School Arboretum


text:
Mysore division

Mysore division, officially Mysuru division, is an administrative division in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. It is one of four administrative divisions in Karnataka, the others being Bangalore division, Belagavi division, and Kalaburagi division. Mysore division comprises eight districts of Karnataka, namely, Chamarajanagar, Chikmagalur, Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, Kodagu, Mandya, Mysore and Udupi district. The city of Mysore is the administrative headquarters of the division. Mysore division covers parts of historical Old Mysore region and southern part of Coastal Karnataka.The total area of the division is 43,503 sq.km. The total population as of 2011 census is 12,563,598.

Administration
A Regional Commissioner, is head of every administrative division. G. C. Prakash (IAS), is the regional commissioner of Mysore division. The role of the regional commissioner includes maintaining staff and human resources for revenue department, maintaining revenue records, inspection of subordinate offices, natural disaster and drought relief, release grants to District offices, Sub-divisions and Taluk offices, preparation of Annual Budget, periodic review of government programs and more. High View building in Vinoba Road, Mysore houses the office of the regional commissioner. The division consists of 8 districts covering 55 taluks with more taluks to be formed, as of 2020.

Cities
Important cities in the division include:
 * Mysuru
 * Mangaluru
 * Hassan
 * Udupi
 * Mandya
 * Chikkamagaluru
 * Kadur
 * Chamarajanagar
 * Kundapura
 * Madikeri

Mysore is the largest city in the region followed by Mangalore.

Regions
The Mysore division can be divided into 3 unofficial regions. The districts of Mysore, Chamarajanagar, Mandya, Hassan and Chikmagalur are part of Old Mysore region, districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi are part of Tulu language speaking Coastal Karnataka region and Kodagu district was part of the erstwhile Part-C state of Coorg. Part of the region falls under the Malnad area of Karnataka while the other part falls under the Kaveri river basin.

Economy
Mysore and Mangalore are the major economic hubs of the region. Tourism and IT is the major industry in Mysore. The city attracted about 3.15 million tourists in 2010. Mysore has traditionally been home to industries such as weaving, sandalwood carving, bronze work and the production of lime and salt. It has many other big IT Companies the city like Infosys and Wipro.Nanjangud industrial area hosts a number of industries like AT&S India Pvt Ltd, Nestle India ltd, Reid and Taylor, Jubiliant, TVS, Asian Paints. Nanjangud Industrial area also boasts being 2nd highest VAT / Sales Taxpayer which is more than inr 4000000000 after Peenya which is in state capital Bangalore. JK Tyre has its manufacturing facility in Mysore. The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh-largest container port. It handles 75 per cent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts. Mangalore's major chemical industries include BASF, Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers (MCF), Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), Total Oil India Limited and Hindustan Unilever. Other important economic hubs include Mandya and Hassan.

Road
The division of Mysore contains some important national highways passing through it such as National Highway 275 which includes Bangalore-Mysore Expressway which is under construction., National Highway 766 (India), National Highway 150A (India), National Highway 73 (India) and National Highway 66 (India) are some major National Highways passing through the division. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) provides bus transport for the region.

Railway
Majority of the division is under Mysore railway division of South Western Railway zone. The parts of Coastal Karnataka comes under Konkan Railway zone. Major railway stations are Mysore Junction, Mangalore Junction, Mangalore Central, Arsikere Junction, Hassan Junction, Kadur Junction railway station, Birur Junction, Mandya, Chamrajnagar, and Chikkamagaluru.

Air
Mangalore International Airport is the only international airport located in the division. Shivamogga Airport & Mysore Airport are major domestic airport. Hassan Airport is under construction.

Sea
New Mangalore Port is the main and only port of the division.

title: Mysore division


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Prejudice (islam)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 02:19, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Prejudice (islam) and Prejudices (islam)
Apart from this being one of the worst formatted articles I've come across, it is basically a list of things someone sees as how others see Islam, and how wrong they are. No references, no proof, sweeping generalisations. This is the POV equivalent of walking through a minefield and deliberately jumping up and down to make a point. Harro5 10:14, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per above. Benna 10:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete an attempt to create a biased article whilst Islamophobia remains protected. Germen did something similar when he attempted to create the Islamophilia article. This sort of attempt to disrupt Wikipedia to make a point should not really be tolerated. Axon 10:32, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per above. I just started to write the article. It is just a stub now. --Germen 10:34, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Islamophilia all over again -- or something like it. gren 11:37, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. 216.209.18.78 12:06, 12 July 2005 (UTC) 8:04, 12 July 2005 (Canada)
 * Redirect to Islamophobia altough I doubt many people would type in that title, Delete, or Total Rewrite to be in any way shape or form encyclopedic. --Irishpunktom\talk 13:08, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: POV-pushing junk. —Charles P. (Mirv) 13:14, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Friday 14:59, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV fork of Islamophobia as discussion there should make clear. User should be sanctioned.  Dcarrano 15:36, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it is worth saying that the article creator has just been blocked for 24 hours for vandalism by either removing the VfD tag or moving it to the bottom of the article, in contravention of deletion policy. David | Talk 15:39, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both, needless POV fork, and nothing but a subheader farm to boot (how odd!). -- BD2412 talk 17:59, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Absolutely nothing salvageable. Just lists of alleged prejudices held by unspecified people regarding Islam. Both consist almost entirely of headers; no content.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:08, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Is there a Prejudice (christian)? No? Interesting.  As currently written, borders nonsense, certainly inherently POV.  Xoloz 04:07, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete an inherently POV fork devoid of encyclopedic content. JamesBurns 04:40, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect Over to Islamophobia or else create a new article on the subject of Islamic prejudice starting with the whole issue of the Kuffar and Dhimmi in Islam. 24.60.163.16 05:19, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I especially love this line "Muslims are homosexuals".  This person didn't even TRY to make it encyclopedic.Heraclius 13:01, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, of course. - Mustafaa 13:17, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Ang mo

Ang mo or ang moh is a descriptor used to refer to white people. It is used mainly in Malaysia and Singapore, and sometimes in Thailand and Taiwan. It literally means "red-haired" and originates from Hokkien, a variety of Southern Min.

Other similar terms include ang mo kow, ang mo kui , ang mo lang. Although the term has historically had some derogatory connotations, it has entered common parlance as a neutral term in Singapore and Malaysia, where it refers to a white person or, when used as an adjective, Western culture in general.

Etymology and history
The earliest origin for the term ang mo could be traced to the contact between Hokkien (Southern Min) speakers in southern Fujian with the Portuguese Empire and Dutch East India Company during the Haijin ("Sea Ban") period in the 16th and 17th century. One of the earliest known uses of the term in writing is found in the early 1600s Selden Map, which labels the Maluku Islands of Indonesia with ang mo, likely referring to the Dutch presence there.

During the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company failed in its attempt to force their way into Fujian to trade in the 1620s during the Sino-Dutch conflicts and were called ang mo by the locals. The Dutch East India Company and then the Spanish Empire had colonized Taiwan and the Spanish built Fort San Domingo in Tamsui, Taiwan. The Dutch later drove the Spanish out and seized the Fort which also became known as "City of the Red-Haired" in Taiwanese Hokkien. Dutch people were known in Taiwan as ang mo lang ("red-haired people") in Taiwanese Hokkien. This is most likely because red hair is a relatively common trait among the Dutch. This historical term ang mo lang continues to be used in the context of Taiwanese history to refer to Dutch people.

The Chinese characters for ang mo are the same as those in the historical Japanese term kōmō (紅毛), which was used during the Edo period (1603–1868) as an epithet for (Northwestern Europeans) white people. It primarily referred to Dutch traders who were the only Europeans allowed to trade with Japan during the Sakoku, its 200-year period of isolation. See, for example, ; ; ; ; ; Portuguese and Spanish traders were in contrast referred to as, which is in turn cognate to the Chinese nanman and means "southern barbarians".

During the 19th century, Walter Henry Medhurst made a reference in his academic work A Dictionary of the Hok-Këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language that âng mô ("red haired"), generally applied to the English people. With the large migration of the Hoklo to Southeast Asia, predominantly Malaysia and Singapore, the term ang moh became more widespread and was used to refer to white people in general.

Racial controversy
The term ang mo is usually viewed as racist and derogatory by white people. Others, however, maintain it is acceptable, making it in some contexts a reclaimed word. Despite this, it is a widely used term, at least among non-Westerners. It appears, for instance, in Singaporean newspapers such as The Straits Times, and in television programs and films.

Derogatory context
In Singapore and Malaysia, the term ang mo sai is a derogatory term used within the Chinese community for mocking other Chinese who are not able to read Chinese.

title: Ang mo


text:
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy

Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy (born Pieter Gerbrandij; 13 April 1885 – 7 September 1961) was a Dutch politician and jurist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 3 September 1940 until 25 June 1945. He oversaw the government-in-exile based in London under Queen Wilhelmina during the German occupation of the Netherlands. He was a member of the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP).

Early life
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy was born on 13 April 1885 in the village of Goënga, near Sneek, in the province of Friesland. He was an ethnic Frisian, and his name is styled in the traditional Frisian way: first name ("Pieter"), patronymic ("Sjoerds", meaning "son of Sjoerd"), family name (Gerbrandy). Incidentally, the name Gerbrandy is also a patronymic since his great-great-grandfather Jouke Gerbrens (1769–1840) took "Gerbrandy" as a family name on 30 December 1811.

Pieter applied to Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in June 1904 and majored in law. He would obtain a doctorate in law in January 1911 and proceeded to work as a lawyer and prosecutor from 1911 to 1920.

Early political career
Gerbrandy was a member of the Municipal Council of Sneek from April 1916 to January 1930, the Provincial Council of Friesland from July 1919 to August 1920 and the Provincial Executive of Friesland from August 1920 to January 1930.

From 1920 to 1930, he was a member of the Provincial Council of Friesland for the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP). He also served as Minister of Justice in 1939 against his party's wishes.

World War II
The German victory at the Battle of the Netherlands in 1940 made the Dutch royal family and many leading politicians flee to London and form a government-in-exile. With Dirk Jan de Geer's resignation the same year, Queen Wilhelmia appointed Gerbrandy as prime minister of the Dutch government-in-exile. He also served as Minister of Justice and Minister of Colonial Affairs.

Postwar
After the liberation of the southern Netherlands in 1945, Gerbrandy formed a new cabinet, but he resigned after the total liberation of the country. He opposed the government's Indonesian policy and from 1946 to 1950 chaired the National Committee for the Maintenance of the Kingdom's Unity, which opposed Indonesian independence and advocated for the Republic of South Maluku.

In 1950, Gerbrandy published Indonesia, which offered an explanation of the history of the relationship between the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) from the 1600s to 1948, which included "The Indies under Dutch rule", "The Rule of Law", "The Japanese Occupation", and "Chaos", with each section outlining Gerbrandy's observations.

In 1948, Gerbrandy returned as a member of the Dutch Parliament, but his hot temper alienated members of his party. In 1956, he was made member of a commission that investigated the affair surrounding Greet Hofmans. Three years later, Gerbrandy resigned as a Member of Parliament.

Personal life
On 18 May 1911, Gerbrandy married Hendrina Elisabeth Sikkel (26 February 1886 – 4 May 1980). Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy died on 7 September 1961 in The Hague, at the age of 76.

title: Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy


text: User talk:82.154.116.70

title: User talk:82.154.116.70


text:
User talk:Krackpipe

Welcome
Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 10:19, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Guru jazzmatazz.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Guru jazzmatazz.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Jkelly 02:31, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Aladdin4D
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Aladdin4D, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add  to the top of Aladdin4D. TheRingess (talk) 20:17, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

London Meetup - January 12, 2008
Hi! There's going to be a London Wikipedia Meetup coming Saturday January 12, 2008. If you are interested in coming along take part in the discussion over at Meetup/London7. The discussion is going on until tomorrow evening and the official location and time will be published at the same page late Thursday or early Friday. Hope to see you Saturday, Poeloq (talk) 02:53, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Invitation to Wikipedia meetup in London

Date: 13:00 onwards, Sunday 10 August 2008

Venue: Penderel's Oak pub, Holborn WC1 map

More information: Meetup/London 12

Hello,

I noticed that you have listed yourself as a Wikipedian in London, so I thought you might like to come to one of our monthly social meetups. The next one is going to be on Sunday 10 August, which might well be rather short notice, but if you can't come this time, we try to have one every second Sunday of the month.

If you haven't been before, these meetups are mainly casual social events for Wikipedia enthusiasts in which we chat about Wikipedia and any other topics we fancy. It's a great way to meet some very keen Wikipedians, but we'd also love for you to come along if you're interested in finding out more about Wikipedia, other Wikimedia projects, or other collaborative wiki projects too.

The location is a pub that is quite quiet and family friendly on a Sunday lunchtime, so hopefully younger Wikipedians will also feel welcome and safe. Alcohol consumption is certainly not required!

Although the meetups are popular, many UK-based editors still don't know about them. It would be great to welcome some fresh faces, so I hope you can come along.

Yours,

James F. (talk) 09:27, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Please forgive the slightly impersonal mass-invite!

London Wikimedia Fundraiser
Good evening! This is a friendly message from Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, inviting you to the London Wikimedia Fundraising party on 19th December 2010, in approximately one week. This party is being held at an artistic London venue with room for approximately 300 people, and is being funded by Ed Saperia, a non-Wikipedian who has a reputation for holding exclusive events all over London. This year, he wants to help Wikipedia, and is subsidising a charity event for us. We're keen to get as many Wikimedians coming as possible, and we already have approximately 200 guests, including members of the press, and some mystery guests! More details can be found at http://ten.wikipedia.org/wiki/London - expect an Eigenharp, a mulled wine hot tub, a free hog roast, a haybale amphitheatre and more. If you're interested in coming - and we'd love to have you - please go to the ten.wikipedia page and follow the link to the Facebook event. Signing up on Facebook will add you to the party guestlist. Entry fee is a heavily subsidised £5 and entry is restricted to over 18s. It promises to be a 10th birthday party to remember! If you have any questions, please email me at chasemewiki at gmail.com.

Hope we'll see you there, (and apologies for the talk page spam) - Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry (talk) 23:13, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

The Contribution Team cordially invites you to Imperial College London All Hail The Muffin Nor does it taste nice... 20:16, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Krackpipe. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Krackpipe~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Electric field strength listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Electric field strength. Since you had some involvement with the Electric field strength redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Fgnievinski (talk) 02:17, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Krackpipe


text:
User talk:Apeman

Welcome
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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 10:20, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Ney Ho Ma
List of Chinese Poets

In keeping with some of the cleanups being done with the Poetry Projects, I will be removing the Red Dead Links but not the names of the poets. There is an assumption that someone will come by at some time and create the articles for each of the poets. It is not good to have dead links, this is an encyclopedea. Cheer and keep up the good work. WayneRay 17:37, 15 April 2006 (UTC)WayneRay

Thanks Wayne! I didn't know dead links were a problem. I'll be making articles for some, and will revive the links as the artcles appear.Apeman 18:33, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Apeman


text:
Alice Abel Arboretum

The Alice Abel Arboretum is a 25 acres (10 hectares) arboretum located at 5000 St. Paul Street on the campus of Nebraska Wesleyan University in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Exhibits
The Arboretum includes over 100 species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. Its woody plants include:

 * Abies concolor
 * Acer campestre
 * Acer ginnala
 * Acer rubrum
 * Acer saccharinum
 * Acer saccharum
 * Aesculus hippocastanum
 * Betula papyrifera
 * Catalpa speciosa
 * Celtis occidentalis
 * Cercis canadensis
 * Cornus alba 'Argenteomarginata'
 * Crataegus crus-galli
 * Euonymus alatus 'Compactus'
 * Fraxinus americana 'Autumn Purple'
 * Fraxinus pennsylvanica
 * Ginkgo biloba
 * Gymnocladus dioicus
 * Juniperus virginiana
 * Juniperus virginiana 'Taylor'
 * Magnolia soulangiana
 * Malus spp.
 * Phellodendron amurense
 * Picea abies
 * Picea pungens 'Glauca'
 * Pinus mugo
 * Pinus nigra
 * Pinus ponderosa
 * Pinus strobus
 * Pinus sylvestris
 * Platanus occidentalis
 * Populus deltoides
 * Prunus padus
 * Pseudotsuga menziesii
 * Quercus bicolor
 * Quercus macrocarpa
 * Quercus palustris
 * Quercus robur
 * Quercus rubra
 * Rhus spp.
 * Spiraea spp.
 * Syringa spp.
 * Taxodium distichum
 * Taxus cuspidata
 * Tilia euchlora
 * Ulmus americana
 * Viburnum lentago

title: Alice Abel Arboretum


text:
Category:Suburbs of Newcastle, New South Wales

Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, is Australia's sixth largest city 160 km north of Sydney, on the mouth of the Hunter River.


text:
Polymersome

In biotechnology, polymersomes are a class of artificial vesicles, tiny hollow spheres that enclose a solution. Polymersomes are made using amphiphilic synthetic block copolymers to form the vesicle membrane, and have radii ranging from 50 nm to 5 μm or more. Most reported polymersomes contain an aqueous solution in their core and are useful for encapsulating and protecting sensitive molecules, such as drugs, enzymes, other proteins and peptides, and DNA and RNA fragments. The polymersome membrane provides a physical barrier that isolates the encapsulated material from external materials, such as those found in biological systems.

Synthosomes are polymersomes engineered to contain channels (transmembrane proteins) that allow certain chemicals to pass through the membrane, into or out of the vesicle. This allows for the collection or enzymatic modification of these substances.

The term "polymersome" for vesicles made from block copolymers was coined in 1999. Polymersomes are similar to liposomes, which are vesicles formed from naturally occurring lipids. While having many of the properties of natural liposomes, polymersomes exhibit increased stability and reduced permeability. Furthermore, the use of synthetic polymers enables designers to manipulate the characteristics of the membrane and thus control permeability, release rates, stability and other properties of the polymersome.

Preparation
Several different morphologies of the block copolymer used to create the polymersome have been used. The most frequently used are the linear diblock or triblock copolymers. In these cases, the block copolymer has one block that is hydrophobic; the other block or blocks are hydrophilic. Other morphologies used include comb copolymers, where the backbone block is hydrophilic and the comb branches are hydrophobic, and dendronized block copolymers, where the dendrimer portion is hydrophilic.

In the case of diblock, comb and dendronized copolymers the polymersome membrane has the same bilayer morphology of a liposome, with the hydrophobic blocks of the two layers facing each other in the interior of the membrane. In the case of triblock copolymers the membrane is a monolayer that mimics a bilayer, the central block filling the role of the two facing hydrophobic blocks of a bilayer.

In general they can be prepared by the methods used in the preparation of liposomes. Film rehydration, direct injection method or dissolution method.

Uses
Polymersomes that contain active enzymes and that provide a way to selectively transport substrates for conversion by those enzymes have been described as nanoreactors.

Polymersomes have been used to create controlled release drug delivery systems. Similar to coating liposomes with polyethylene glycol, polymersomes can be made invisible to the immune system if the hydrophilic block consists of polyethylene glycol. Thus, polymersomes are useful carriers for targeted medication.

For in vivo applications, polymersomes are de facto limited to the use of FDA-approved polymers, as most pharmaceutical firms are unlikely to develop novel polymers due to cost issues. Fortunately, there are a number of such polymers available, with varying properties, including:

Hydrophilic blocks
 * Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG/PEO)
 * Poly(2-methyloxazoline)

Hydrophobic blocks
 * Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
 * Poly(caprolactone (PCL)
 * Poly(lactide) (PLA)
 * Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)

If enough of the block copolymer molecules that make up a polymersome are cross-linked, the polymersome can be made into a transportable powder.

Polymersomes can be used to make an artificial cell if hemoglobin and other components are added. The first artificial cell was made by Thomas Chang.

title: Polymersome


text:
User talk:Panth0r

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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 10:22, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Missing Essjay
Essjay, I've been contributing to Wikipedia minimally over the past four years and once a week or there about I still read your welcoming message. I hope you have returned as another user or plan on returning in the future, as I'm sure I don't speak for just myself when I say I miss you. panth0r (talk) 10:08, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Panth0r


text:
User talk:Umbra-dweller

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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 10:21, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Soonchunhyanguniversity.gif)
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title: User talk:Umbra-dweller


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User talk:Roger pearse

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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 10:21, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

A quick note to let you know I've restored the LGBTProject tag to the Christian Voice talk page. These banners are added by members of the projects in question identifying articles that are of interest to their projects and their members: it is not really the place of non-project members to determine what is of interest to particular project groups. If you do not believe the article to be of interest to the LGBTProject, their page is the place to make that argument, not the talk page to which the tag is attached.FrFintonStack (talk) 04:45, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Roger pearse


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User talk:Patientone

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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 10:21, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Plantlifelogo.jpg
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York meetup
Hi Patientone. Just to let you know there is a Wikimedia meetup being planned in York for Tuesday. —Tom Morris (talk) 16:50, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:AlastairMcIntosh.jpg
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Leeds meetup
Hello! I don't know if you're aware but there is a wikimedia meet up in Leeds this Saturday (14 June) if you're interested. Hopefully you can make it. Regards IJA (talk) 17:58, 11 June 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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title: User talk:Patientone


text:
Frank Sherwin Bridge

Frank Sherwin Bridge is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland. It joins St. John's Road and the south quays from Heuston Station to Wolfe Tone Quay and Parkgate Street on the Northside.

Designed within Dublin Corporation's "Road Design Division", the bridge is a three-span reinforced concrete structure.

The bridge was opened in 1982 to remove traffic from the much older and narrower Sean Heuston Bridge as part of an extended traffic management project on Dublin's quays. This resulted in reversing the direction of the one-way system on the quays to north quays eastbound/south quays westbound. Prior to the bridge's opening, the south quays carried all eastbound traffic. Traffic coming eastbound from Parkgate Street ran via Benburb Street and Mellowes Bridge. Westbound traffic heading towards St. John's Road West would cross from the north quays via Rory O'Moore Bridge onto Victoria Quay, which had two-way traffic until the Sherwin Bridge opened. Sean Heuston Bridge had weight restrictions that prohibited truck and/or bus traffic.

The bridge was named for Dublin politician Frank Sherwin (1905–1981).

title: Frank Sherwin Bridge


text:
User talk:Akfan4life

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title: User talk:Akfan4life


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User talk:Yonker~enwiki

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Yonker. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Yonker~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:30, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:46, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yonker~enwiki


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User talk:Cophew

Welcome
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title: User talk:Cophew


text:
User talk:Mattisgoo

Welcome
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Your changes to Indian English...
...are greatly appreciated. Cleaning up that article has been on my to-do list, but I haven't found the time. Thank you. - Cribananda 23:08, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for fighting vandalism
Thanks for reporting that  is a vandalism-only account to WP:AIV. I went ahead and indefinitely blocked the editor. Thanks for your help, and keep up the good work! --Kralizec! (talk) 03:44, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

please go to link to support page nominated for deletion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Pit_Bull

Evereadyo2 (talk) 13:42, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Mattisgoo


text:
Talk:Basin

It is my impression that as a disambiguation page Basin includes excessive detail: it is not a quick-read index of other articles which should include the detail. Laurel Bush 10:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Wash Basin Introduction
Wash basin Introduction 2409:4089:2E16:D144:C001:5E6E:10BD:62B1 (talk) 16:47, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Basin