text:
Virgin Active

Virgin Active is a chain of health clubs in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Italy, Australia, Singapore, Thailand and the United Kingdom.

History
Virgin Active was founded in 1998. Their first club opened in Preston, Lancashire that year. Initially headquartered in Milton Keynes, in 2013 headquarters were moved to the Barbican in London leaving a small call centre in Milton Keynes which closed in 2018.

In South Africa the company bought the assets of the 'Health and Racquet Club' chain after the latter's parent company, Leisurenet, had been placed in liquidation in October 2000 for 319.6 million South African Rand (approximately £24.5m as at November 2011). The South African company also runs Virgin Life Care.

In 2002, by which point the company had 350,000 members, Branson sold 55 percent of the company to Bridgepoint Capital for £40 million. In 2005, Branson bought out Bridgepoint's stake in the business for £134.5 million.

It subsequently expanded its operations in 2004 to Italy. By 2005 the company had 25 clubs in the UK, 77 clubs in South Africa and 12 clubs in Continental Europe. It opened its first Australian club in Sydney in late 2008, with further clubs launched in Singapore and Thailand in 2014.

On 1 November 2006 it took over the UK-based operation of the more prestigious Holmes Place chain, thus increasing its UK chain of clubs from 24 to 72 overnight. On 26 April 2011 it announced the takeover of UK gym operator Esporta's 55 clubs increasing the UK business to 124 clubs.

In 2013, Virgin Active expanded into the South East Asian market, first opening a club in Singapore at the heart of the CBD. Located on Level 6, Tower 2, One Raffles Place. Playing a significant role in opening the first club in South East Asia was Christian Mason, the newly appointed 'Managing Director South East Asia'. Christian Mason then went on to opening 13 more clubs in both Singapore and Thailand.

The current Group CEO is founder Matthew Bucknall. In 2014 Virgin Active launched a new low-cost gym called Virgin Active RED. The RED gyms focuses on first timers who may be intimidated by training by strategically placing exercise equipment in different stages around the gym and further having touch screen computers and other technologies placed in these predefined area's teaching the user how to do the exercise correctly.

On 16 April 2015, it was reported that Virgin Group and their private equity backers had sold 80% of Virgin Active to the South African investment firm Brait, owned by the billionaire Christo Wiese. The sale price was £682 million for an 80% stake, valuing the business at £1.3 billion, including debt, and the transaction was completed in July 2015. The company will continue to operate under the Virgin Active brand.

In 2016, 35 clubs were sold to Nuffield Health, then in 2017, 15 clubs were sold to David Lloyd Leisure.

Facing the impacts of Covid-19 and the closure of clubs in all territories during the government mandated lockdowns, in 2020 Virgin Active's revenue dropped to £224.7 million. The company began working with Allen & Overy as legal counsel and Deloitte as restructuring advisors, plus their lenders began working with Hogan Lovells and Alvarez & Marsal to help them through the restructuring process.

Following further closures as of September 2023 the number of Virgin Active gyms in the UK dropped to 32, with 23 of these inside the M25. The nine Virgin Active gyms outside London are Salford Quays, Sheffield, Nottingham, Solihull, Northampton (2), Chelmsford, Hadleigh and Brentwood.

Controversy
In December 2015, the South African Competition Tribunal announced that it is investigating Virgin Active's South African operations and the Discovery Group for contravening the Competition Act. The investigation continues.

Accidents and deaths
In March 2003, 32 year old City banker Katarzyna Woja stepped out of the lift at the Virgin Active (then Holmes Place) Broadgate Health Club in central London, when its cable snapped and the hydraulic cabin plunged downwards. Woja became trapped between the cabin's mantel and the lift shaft and was dragged downwards, suffering horrific injuries. She died soon after. Although she was with seven other people in the lift, she was the only one injured in the accident, as she was the last one to step out of the lift. Following a lengthy investigation by health and safety experts Holmes Place (bought by Virgin Active) was charged with six breaches of the Health and Safety at Work Act while the lift manufacturer ThyssenKrupp was charged with four breaches.

In December 2011, Virgin's flagship club in High Street Kensington was accused of covering up the death of model and city worker Elsa Carneau, who drowned in the swimming pool at the west London club. A fire crew and paramedics tried to revive the Imperial College graduate for almost an hour before she was taken to Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, where she was pronounced dead. Westminster coroner's court heard that staff at the club administered CPR incorrectly and falsified paperwork relating to CCTV checks to pretend that they had been monitoring the pool in a “distasteful” attempt to cover their tracks. Firemen also described how a man, who said he was a member of staff, had stood by filming efforts to resuscitate Carneau on his mobile telephone. Pierre Carneau, the victim's father criticised Virgin active for not apologising for the accident. He stated "It was an accident waiting to happen. If things had been done properly, I think there’s a chance our daughter may still be alive.” Virgin Active admitted health and safety breaches and was fined £100,000 at Southwark Crown Court in December 2013. An investigation found “serious shortcomings in the management of risks connected with swimming activity at the club” going back to 2009.

In April 2014, three gym goers were injured when a suspended ceiling collapsed on to a line of rowing machines at the Virgin Active on Chiswick High Road, in West London.

title: Virgin Active


text:
Talk:Mark Kerr (fighter)

Igor Borisov
Link to Igor Borisov goes to the wrong guy. At least I assume so, it says he was born in 1925... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.226.3.48 (talk) 21:46, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Steroid Use
Why is there no mention of Kerr's steroid use? He has always been one of the more controversial figthers when it comes to steroids. I believe he has openly admitted to using steroids on more than one occassion, claiming that there's nothing wrong with using steroids so long as you don't overdo it. --JP —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.183.179.196 (talk) 15:37, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

The other Mark Kerr (footballer)
There's a fairly prominent footballer (soccer) player in the United Kingdom called Mark Kerr who has his own page here - Mark_Kerr_(footballer). I notice, however, that typing "Mark Kerr" into the search box automatically brings you here. Should there be a disambiguation page or at least some way to access the other Mark Kerr's page added here? Blankfrackis (talk) 00:22, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Whitehead loss
Deserves a mention. The Wes Sims fight that didn't happen probably doesn't. The Mike Whitehead loss is so significant because it really does pretty much signify that Kerr is no longer a dominant force, and no longer has the skills (physically or mentally) to be one anymore...really sad. The dude fucked his life up from top to bottom, I really really feel for him. --Donnie from the mean streets of Boston, KY 15:31, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It is also worth mentioning the fact that the NCAA wrestling scene at the time he was top dog at 190 was chocked full of future MMA hall of famers. Couture, Kerr, Coleman, Kurt Angle (well he's not MMA but yeah). Also an announcer on UFC (i forget which one) mentioned during one of Kerr's entrances that he only had one loss in his division I day, and that was to none other than Kurt Angle. Can anyone verify this?

Height
Mark Kerr is usually listed as 6'3" .... but he is also billed as 6'1", in smashing machine next to Mark Coleman he certianly didn't look 2 inches taller.

On his my space page he has his height listed as 187cm.
 * In the fight against Heath Herring, who is 193cm, Mark Kerr is a bit smaller. I'd assume 187 cm sounds pretty ok, perhaps even 188cm. I am not sure

whether Mark Kerr was 191cm though - that would be almost as tall as Heath. 2A02:8388:1604:F600:3AD5:47FF:FE18:CC7F (talk) 23:49, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

Openly Gay
Umm, Mark Kerr may be somewhat effeminate in manner but I have never heard he is openly gay, I believe that claim needs a citation at the least and is more likely malicious vandalism. Hexrei 19:50, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

I'ts been almost two weeks and no response, I'm going to remove this segment of the article unless someone provides a reference.
 * Two weeks? Ouch.  That was about 13 days and 1,439 minutes too long.  Of course it is vandalism.  You should definitely 'shoot first and ask questions later' when it comes to potentially harmful statements about a living person that are not referenced.  (see WP:BLP). --SubSeven 19:07, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * "Potentially harmful" or just juvenile. MisterJayEm (talk) 01:09, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Wrestling record
I just cleaned up and expanded the article somewhat, and part of that was trying to decide what to do with the list of opponents that Kerr faced during his time as a wrestler. The list was initially added by someone else a while ago, but it was done in just a text list. I put the list into a table to help keep stuff neat and tidy, so if anyone has a website/book/etc that lists dates, times, places, etc. etc. of his wrestling opponents, and the order that he fought them in, feel free to alter the table and update it, or simply place the info here and I'll attempt to get around to it when I can. As of right now I simply put the opponents in the table in the order that they were initially put in the article — I have my doubts that the original list was in any correct order due to the way it was laid out (ie, wins & losses), but I could be wrong. Anyways, if anyone has access to any of that information, it would be appreciated. Cheers, Greyman Talk 03:16, 12 January 2010 (UTC)
 * What is this list exactly? None of these are wrestling opponents.  If anything they are likely submission grappling opponents. Not only is it poorly constructed and oddly out of place within the article, it's incomplete.  I suggest it's removed until you can clarify exactly where he competed against these guys and the full details related to each match.  --User:OluckyDayO 13:05, 28 January 2010
 * Look at the history of the article or (omg, and this might be simply too incomprehensible to imagine) look at my post above your's, and you'll notice that I simply took a list that was already there and formatted it into a table. If you don't like it, remove it or put the header as "submission grappling". Again, I simply cleaned up a mess that was already there. Also, I asked for help with clarifying it (again, read my post above your's) since I admitted I was no where near 100% sure on what the correct information was -- again, if you don't agree with it, remove it from the article. Greyman Talk 15:33, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not trying to fault you for the original entry, it obviously needed cleaned up. I had more of a problem with the vagueness of the original list. I can source these results and add the needed info.  I would have checked the history had I known how to use the site, I only just created an account at wikipedia to fix this article, but then got sidetracked.  I will get it changed and add the other information ASAP.  --User:OluckyDayO 18:00, 22 February 2010

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title: Talk:Mark Kerr (fighter)


text: User talk:61.2.1.252

title: User talk:61.2.1.252


text:
Welcome to the Dollhouse

Welcome to the Dollhouse is a 1995 American coming-of-age black comedy film written and directed by Todd Solondz. An independent film, it won the Grand Jury Prize at the 1996 Sundance Film Festival and launched the careers of Solondz and Heather Matarazzo. The story follows the unpopular middle schooler Dawn as she goes to extreme lengths trying to earn the respect of her vicious fellow students and her uninterested family. Dawn reappears in two of Solondz's other films, Palindromes and Wiener-Dog while her brother and father appear in the former in addition to Life During Wartime. The film's working title was Faggots and Retards.

Plot
Twelve-year-old Dawn Wiener is a shy and unpopular seventh-grader living in a middle-class suburban community in New Jersey. Her older brother Mark is a nerdy high school student who plays clarinet in a garage band and shuns girls in order to prepare for college. Her younger sister Missy is spoiled and manipulative; she pesters Dawn and dances around the house in a tutu. Her mother Marj is a shrewish woman who dotes on Missy and sides with her in disputes with Dawn. Her father Harv is a meek man who sides with Marj over Dawn. Her only friend is an effeminate sixth-grade boy named Ralphy, with whom she shares a dilapidated clubhouse in her backyard.

At school, Dawn is ridiculed and her locker is covered in graffiti. Her teacher unfairly gives her detention after one of her bullies (Brandon McCarthy) tries to copy her answers on a test. Later, Dawn gets in trouble again after accidentally hitting another teacher in the eye with a spitball in self-defense when Brandon and his friends bully her during an assembly. Mark's classmate Steve Rodgers, a handsome and charismatic aspiring rock musician, agrees to join the band in exchange for Mark's help in school. Dawn pursues him romantically when they spend time together, though one of Steve's former girlfriends tells her that she has no chance of being with him.

After Dawn calls Brandon a "retard" during a confrontation, he threatens her with rape. His first attempt to assault her after school fails, but shortly afterward, he phones her, ordering her to meet him again the next day. When she complies, he takes her to a junkyard, where he starts an earnest conversation with her and kisses her instead. At dinner that evening, when she refuses to tear down her clubhouse to make room for her parents' 20th anniversary party, Marj tells Mark and Missy to destroy it anyway, and gives them Dawn's share of dessert.

Dawn and Brandon spend time in her clubhouse, but she confesses to him her feelings for Steve, causing him to storm out. Ralphy, who was spying on them, tries to comfort Dawn, but she angrily rejects him when he insults Brandon, leaving her with no friends. At the anniversary party, Dawn intends to proposition Steve, but gets cold feet and is rebuffed. Steve plays with Missy, who pushes Dawn into a kiddie pool. That evening, the family watches a videotape of the party, laughing when Dawn falls into the water. Later, Dawn smashes the tape and briefly brandishes her hammer over Missy as she sleeps.

A few days later, Brandon is arrested and expelled from school for suspected drug dealing. Meanwhile, Harv's car breaks down and Marj has to pick him up. She instructs Dawn to tell Missy to get a ride home with her ballet teacher, but she chooses not to after arguing with Missy, who is kidnapped as a result.

Dawn visits Brandon's home and meets his mentally challenged brother and aggressive father. She tells Brandon that she wants to be his girlfriend, but he tells her that he is running away to New York City to avoid being sent to a reformatory. After they kiss, an argument about him dealing drugs ensues, with him saying that one of his friends is the real culprit. Regardless, he asks Dawn if she will come with him, but she declines and he leaves through his bedroom window.

When Marj is informed that Missy's tutu was found in Times Square, Dawn goes to New York City to look for her. After a night of searching, she phones home and Mark tells her that Missy was found alive and unharmed by police after being abducted by a pedophilic neighbor. Dawn returns to town and her classmates ridicule her as she delivers a thank-you speech. Mark later tells her that she cannot expect school life to get any better until high school. On a bus ride to Walt Disney World for a concert tour, Dawn sits among her fellow choir members and unenthusiastically joins them in singing the school anthem.

Reception
The film was a surprise success, considering it was a relatively low budget, independently produced film. It garnered critical praise for its view of a pre-teen outcast, and won the Grand Jury Prize for best dramatic feature at the 1996 Sundance Film Festival. Critic Roger Ebert was vocal about his love for the film, giving it four stars out of four and placing it at No. 5 on his "Best of 1996" list.

The film holds a 93% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 54 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An outstanding sophomore feature, Welcome to the Dollhouse sees writer-director Todd Solondz mining suburban teen angst for black, biting comedy." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 83 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

title: Welcome to the Dollhouse


text:
Talk:Cheb Hasni

German wiki article says he was born on January 1st.. What's the story? - Eric 09:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Untitled
Note: There is a mix up with his age in the infobox, if someone could correct it please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sakimonk (talk • contribs) 01:58, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

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== اللغة تنزيل بصيغة PDF راقب عدل الشاب حسني أو حسني شقرون مطرب جزائري ذو شهرة عالمية، ولد يوم 1 فبراير 1968 بحي الصديقية (قمبيطة - التسمية الفرنسية وهران). بدأ في الغناء سنة 1986 بألبوم «البراكة»، ليتسيد الساحة الفنية عربيا وعالميا في فن الراي. حقق انتشارا سريعا ومبيعات خيالية نافس بها نجوم الغناء في العالم، ولقب بملك الأغنية العاطفية. قام مجهولان باغتياله في عز شبابه وشهرته ظهيرة الخميس 29 سبتمبر 1994. لعائلة فقيرة، إذ أن والده كان يمتهن الحدادة وقد عانى من أزمة مالية خانقة عندما كان حسني صغيرا وحلم بأن يصبح أصغر أبنائه طبيبا أو محاميا لكن حسني كان دائما يحلم بأن يصبح أحد نجوم كرة القدم بل مارسها بإحدى الفرق بمدينة وهران المنتمية للقسم الثاني من الدوري الجزائري ثم اعتزل عقب إصابته في الذقن على مستوى الفك السفلي، في إحدى المباريات مع فريقه حيث كانوا يلعبون في ملعب غير عشبي، ومكث أسابيع في المستشفى وهناك كان يستمع لأغاني فريد الأطرش، وحين خرج من المستشفى زاد وزنه كثيرا وانخفض مستواه كثيرا في مجال كرة القدم، فقرّر الاعتزال وبدأ حلم الغناء ليصبح بعد ذلك فنان الأغنية العاطفية ولقُّب بملكها بلا منازع. ==

اللغة تنزيل بصيغة PDF راقب عدل الشاب حسني أو حسني شقرون مطرب جزائري ذو شهرة عالمية، ولد يوم 1 فبراير 1968 بحي الصديقية (قمبيطة - التسمية الفرنسية وهران). بدأ في الغناء سنة 1986 بألبوم «البراكة»، ليتسيد الساحة الفنية عربيا وعالميا في فن الراي. حقق انتشارا سريعا ومبيعات خيالية نافس بها نجوم الغناء في العالم، ولقب بملك الأغنية العاطفية. قام مجهولان باغتياله في عز شبابه وشهرته ظهيرة الخميس 29 سبتمبر 1994. لعائلة فقيرة، إذ أن والده كان يمتهن الحدادة وقد عانى من أزمة مالية خانقة عندما كان حسني صغيرا وحلم بأن يصبح أصغر أبنائه طبيبا أو محاميا لكن حسني كان دائما يحلم بأن يصبح أحد نجوم كرة القدم بل مارسها بإحدى الفرق بمدينة وهران المنتمية للقسم الثاني من الدوري الجزائري ثم اعتزل عقب إصابته في الذقن على مستوى الفك السفلي، في إحدى المباريات مع فريقه حيث كانوا يلعبون في ملعب غير عشبي، ومكث أسابيع في المستشفى وهناك كان يستمع لأغاني فريد الأطرش، وحين خرج من المستشفى زاد وزنه كثيرا وانخفض مستواه كثيرا في مجال كرة القدم، فقرّر الاعتزال وبدأ حلم الغناء ليصبح بعد ذلك فنان الأغنية العاطفية ولقُّب بملكها بلا منازع. 129.45.23.90 (talk) 19:40, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

Discography section
The titles need to be separated under "Albums", "EPs" and "Singles" subheadings. Mooonswimmer 00:43, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Media and Gender
— Assignment last updated by Nothinbutsierra (talk) 01:40, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cheb Hasni


text:
Talk:Movie Maker

Oh my god this is brilliant.
 * Not anymore it isn't. Hedley 01:28, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Movie Maker


text:
Talk:Thatching

[Untitled]
---Needs to be rewritten---

Under "Thatch Material":

"There are more thatched roofs in the the hood and the slums than in any other European country"

Makes no sense. Compare what to what? When rewording this, please omit the slang phrase "the hood" which is a shortened form of "neighborhood".

Adriennes (talk) 21:16, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

a link should be added
... with :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague

"Thatched roofs (which had provided splendid places for rats to live) were also forbidden within the city, and remain forbidden under modern codes"

Seems to have been forgotten !!! But I think that if you have rats living above your head, you end up automatically having dust charged with rat's fecaes particles and much worst into your food, and you multiply the chances of interspecies diseaes transmission !!!!

How does a rat live in a densely packed mass of thatch? and don't they prefer nice holes in the ground? Mice are more your loft dwellers. GraemeLeggett 19:03, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Re: Flammability
As per dictionary.com, flammable and inflammable are considered synonyms. However, inflammable runs the risk of confusion as the latin prefix in- may be mistakenly thought to be the negating english in-. If the two are considered synonyms, then deciding between the two is an issue of style and practicality. Flammable is (imo) clearly more practical. -Kasreyn

Re Insurance
"and insurance premiums are high because few companies will insure a thatched property - and those that do realise that owners have little choice but to accept their charges."

That is a load of rubbish ! The reason people with thatched roofs pay higher premiums is because in the event of a fire, more damage is likely to occur than with a tiled or other style of roof and that it costs more to replace a thatched roof than a standard roof.

Both of these points were stated earlier in the text....

James

Propaganda
I know little about thatching but this page has become propaganda. It doesn't even really cover thatching so much as it covers thatched rooves of which there is already an article. Editing is needed. --Ryuukuro 16:58, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

"last" century?
"In the early years of the last century thatching was in decline". Is the writer really referring to the 20th century? This sounds like text lifted from some uncited 20th century document.

Flammabilty
Under the section "Flammability" it says they are at no greater risk from fire than other roofs but under "Disadvantages is says they are. Which is right? 172.188.149.60 10:45, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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Norfolk Reed
I believe that Norfolk reed is still harvested commercially from the Norfolk Broads, and what people supppose to be straw is often in fact reed. Sorry do not know the details. 78.149.201.215 (talk) 13:44, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

50 years!
I'm not an expert on thatching but as I understand it the best quality thatch is a reed thatch, and this is unlikely to last 50 years (30 years would be more realistic) so to claim a straw thatch would last this length of time seems to be stretching it a bit. Can anyone provide a reference for this part of the article?--Ykraps (talk) 16:35, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Sedge
Sedge currently appears only in the introduction, where the link is misleading. So have added the generum (Cladium mariscus) temporarily there for now. Material at this site might be usefil for improving the materials section? Martinevans123 (talk) 18:07, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

EU law
There is a reference to a law (Plant Variety and Seeds Act 1964) that supposedly prohibits the use of an old variety of wheat in the EU. This is a UK-specific law and has existed for much longer than the UK has been a member of the European Union. Maybe this needs to be reformulated? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.218.220.8 (talk) 15:41, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:54, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

The photoessay
So... this photoessay. Look, I don't want to be a jerk: it's nice, it's interesting, it's germane, it's not hurting anybody. Why not? And I'm nobody's idea of a WikiLawyer. I think clearly the whole thing's going to have to go, ultimately, but I'm not exactly here to push for its removal. I just want to get in there and edit it, and the way it's written makes me a little balky. After I post this, I'm going to go prune the most egregious typos and grammatical errors. Fine; but it needs more than that, and unlike the rest of WP, which belongs to me as much as anyone and which I never scruple to clean up so long as it's just a matter of grammar or clarity, this is very much some particular person's thing. Thoughts? Regulov (talk) 15:14, 16 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree that it does not belong in Wikipedia, but since it has been sitting there unchallenged for seven months, I will not delete without hearing what others think. - Donald Albury 18:40, 16 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Since there have been no opposing views, I took the liberty to delete it from this article. It does indeed not belong here. --Ulkomaalainen (talk) 10:48, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

"Disadvantages" / fire stats
The line "There are about 60,000 thatched roofs in the UK, of which 50–80 suffer a serious fire each year, most of these being completely destroyed. The cost to the Fire Brigade is £1.3m per annum" isn't really very useful without a comparison with other types of roofs. Iapetus (talk) 13:15, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Thatching
Hello all, shall the following be added to that section? Both pictures and descriptions come from the current and past versions of Dark_earth. -- Ktsquare (talk) 00:23, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

Contradiction in 'material' section
Surely these two paragraphs contradict each other?:

Technological change in the farming industry significantly affected the popularity of thatching. The availability of good quality thatching straw declined in England after the introduction of the combine harvester in the late 1930s and 1940s, and the release of short-stemmed wheat varieties. Increasing use of nitrogen fertiliser in the 1960s–70s also weakened straw and reduced its longevity. Since the 1980s, however, there has been a big increase in straw quality as specialist growers have returned to growing older, tall-stemmed, "heritage" varieties of wheat such as Squareheads Master (1880), N59 (1959), Rampton Rivet (1937), Victor (1910) and April Bearded (early 1800s) in low input/organic conditions.

In the UK it is illegal under the Plant Variety and Seeds Act 1964 (with many amendments) for an individual or organisation to give, trade or sell seed of an older variety of wheat (or any other agricultural crop) to a third party for growing purposes, subject to a significant fine. Because of this legislation, thatchers in the UK can no longer obtain top quality thatching straw grown from traditional, tall-stemmed varieties of wheat.

Grunners (talk) 08:14, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thatching


text:
Ulriken Elite

Ulriken Elite is a Norwegian professional basketball team. It was formed in 1970 by a group of pupils at Ulriken secondary school. Ulriken play their matches in Haukelandshallen in Bergen. The kits are red and white and the coach is Jay Anderson. The team played in the Norwegian top tier BLNO for several years, but withdrew in 2011.

Honours

 * Norwegian Championship
 * Winners (4): 1994, 1999, 2000, 2007

title: Ulriken Elite


text:
Little Ego

Little Ego is a comic strip written and drawn by Vittorio Giardino, as well as the title character of the strip. Little Ego first appeared in Glamour International Magazine #12 (January 1984).

Publication history
After its debut in Glamour International Magazine, Little Ego appeared regularly in the Italian magazine Comic Art from July 1985 to November 1989. It also appeared in the Swedish magazine Epix from 1986 to 1990 These were later reprinted in American magazines Heavy Metal between 1993 and 1994 and Penthouse. In Spain, Little Ego was published by Norma Editorial. The strips from Comic Art were later published in a 1989 trade paperback edition (ISBN 978-1561630943).

It later appeared in a 1997 encyclopedia and a 2009 Italian collection.

Story overview
Little Ego is an adult-oriented, erotic parody of the classic Little Nemo comics. The main character, called Ego, is a woman seemingly in her middle twenties. As in Little Nemo, each story is about her having a dream, and she wakes up in the last panel. Whereas Little Nemo talked to his mother after waking up, Little Ego thinks what she will tell her psychoanalyst.

Every story in the Little Ego comic book involves erotic imagery, with Ego appearing half-naked or fully naked in at least one point. She has sexual intercourse with men, with other women, and even with plants and animals.

title: Little Ego


text:
Cocked & Loaded

Cocked & Loaded is the second studio album by American glam metal band L.A. Guns. Recorded at Hollywood studios One on One, Music Grinder and Conway Recording, it was produced by Duane Baron, John Purdell and Tom Werman, and released on August 22, 1989 by Vertigo Records. The album is the first to feature drummer Steve Riley. "Rip and Tear", "Never Enough", "The Ballad of Jayne", "I Wanna Be Your Man" and "Malaria" were released as the album's singles.

Following the success of their self-titled debut album the previous year, L.A. Guns quickly set about recording the follow-up in 1989. Writing for all tracks were credited to all five members of the band, while "Never Enough" was co-written by Gregg Tripp and Phil Roy. Four tracks were re-recorded by the reunited classic lineup of the band in 1999 for the compilation Greatest Hits and Black Beauties, and the whole album was re-recorded for the release Cocked & Re-Loaded.

Upon its release, Cocked & Loaded peaked at number 38 on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1990. Both "Rip and Tear" and "The Ballad of Jayne" reached the top 50 of the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart, while the latter registered at number 33 on the Billboard Hot 100. Media response to the album was positive, with critics praising the band's development of their sound from their debut album the previous year.

Background
L.A. Guns recorded the follow-up to their 1988 self-titled debut album early the following year, working with producers Duane Baron, John Purdell and Tom Werman. Sessions took place at three Hollywood studios, One on One Studios, Music Grinder and Conway Recording. The album was the band's first to feature drummer Steve Riley, who took over from his predecessor Nickey "Beat" Alexander after the recording for L.A. Guns was completed. Five singles were released in promotion of the album, two of which charted in the US – "The Ballad of Jayne" reached number 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 25 on the Mainstream Rock chart, while "Rip and Tear" reached number 47 on the latter chart. Music videos for all five tracks were featured on the 1990 video Love, Peace & Geese.

Reception
Upon its release, Cocked & Loaded debuted at number 89 on the US Billboard 200. It spent a total of 56 weeks on the chart, peaking at number 38 in July 1990. In the same month, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, for domestic sales in excess of 500,000 certified units. Outside of the US, the album reached number 23 on the Japanese Albums Chart, and number 38 on the UK Albums Chart.

Media response to Cocked & Loaded was generally positive. Cash Box magazine claimed that the band had "grown by leaps and bounds" since the release of their self-titled debut the previous year, praising the performance of lead guitarist Tracii Guns in particular. Billboard magazine's review was more mixed, as they described the album as "a spotty affair" and added that the band "has a sound that verges on the metal generic at times, but when the members click ... they can run with the best of the pack". The opinion of Los Angeles Times writer Janiss Garza was similar, who claimed that "The L.A.-based quintet's blatant disregard for subtlety works, as long as you don't think too deeply" and praised "Magdalaine" and "Give a Little" in particular as "a few interesting turns".

Retrospectively, the album has received widespread critical acclaim. Steve Huey of music website AllMusic dubbed it "L.A. Guns' most consistent and effective album", claiming that it "manages to balance the underlying darkness of Guns N' Roses' urban outlook with Mötley Crüe's party-anthem glam metal". In particular, Huey praised the songwriting as "among [the band's] best", highlighting the tracks "Never Enough" and "The Ballad of Jayne". Rolling Stone magazine named Cocked & Loaded the 27th best "hair metal" album of all-time, praising the variety of material on the release including "bullet-belt bravado" on "Rip and Tear", "17 Crash" and "Give a Little", the "hard-living knowledge" on display on "Sleazy Come Easy Go", and the "proggier side" shown on "Magdalaine" and "Malaria". In his review for The Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal, Martin Popoff described the music of the album as rock "with a Crüe-style inebriation here, yet with a strange, almost indiscernible cloak of mystery" and remarked the "intensity applied to the basic party metal format".

Personnel
• L.A. Guns

• Phil Lewis – lead vocals

• Tracii Guns – electric, acoustic and 12-string guitars, electric Coral sitar, theremin, backing vocals

• Mick Cripps – electric and acoustic guitars, piano, backing vocals

• Kelly Nickels – bass, harmonica, backing vocals

• Steve Riley – drums, percussion

• Additional musicians

• Ted Nugent – guitar

• Robin Zander – backing vocals

• Rick Nielsen – backing vocals

• Derek St. Holmes – backing vocals

• Production personnel

• Duane Baron – production, engineering

• John Purdell – production, engineering

• Tom Werman – production

• Mike Tacci – additional engineering

• Lawrence Ethan – additional engineering

• Marnie Riley – additional engineering

• Gary Wagner – additional engineering

• Robert Hart – additional engineering

• Howie Weinberg – mastering

• Packaging personnel

• Michael Bays – art direction

• Michael Klotz – design

• Nausica Loukakos – design

• Maxine Miller – front cover artwork

• Jeff Katz – photography

title: Cocked & Loaded


text:
The Law of Ueki

The Law of Ueki (うえきの法則) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Tsubasa Fukuchi. It was serialized in Shogakukan's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday from July 2001 to October 2004, with its chapters collected in 16 tankōbon volumes. A sequel, The Law of Ueki Plus, was serialized in the same magazine from April 2005 to June 2007, with its chapters collected in five tankōbon volumes. The Law of Ueki was licensed in North America by Viz Media.

A 51-episode anime television series adaptation produced by Studio Deen was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April 2005 to March 2006. In North America, the series was first licensed by Geneon in 2005 and later by Discotek Media in 2018.

Plot
The story starts out with the Battle of the Supernatural Powers, a tournament to decide which Celestial (heavenly being in the original Japanese version) will be the next King of the Celestial World (God in the Japanese version).

Each of the 100 King Candidates (God Candidates in the Japanese version) is required to choose a junior high school student to act as their power user. The student is given a unique power and told to eliminate as many enemies as possible. The winning King Candidate will become the new King of the Celestial World and the winning student will receive the Blank Talent (Black Zai in the Japanese version), a talent that can be anything they choose.

While this leads many students to thoughts of greed and selfishness, Kosuke Ueki decides to take it upon himself to win this tournament to keep that power away from those that would abuse such a gift.

The Law of Ueki Plus
Two years after the tournament in The Law of Ueki, Kosuke Ueki is now a 3rd year student in Hinokuni Junior High School. For some reason, everyone in the real world has lost their memory of their most important person, including his friends who participated in the tournament two years ago. Ueki is the only one unaffected, and is fighting in order to restore everyone's memories. He follows a little sheep named U-lu to another world called Hangekai where he meets new companions and gains new abilities.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Tsubasa Fukuchi, The Law of Ueki was serialized in Shogakukan's Weekly Shōnen Sunday from July 25, 2001, to October 13, 2004. Shogakukan collected its 154 individual chapters in sixteen tankōbon volumes, released from December 18, 2001, to January 14, 2005.

In North America, the manga was licensed for English release by Viz Media in 2005. The sixteen volumes were published from August 8, 2006, to February 10, 2009. A sequel, The Law of Ueki Plus (うえきの法則プラス), was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Sunday from April 6, 2005, to June 20, 2007. Its 46 individual chapters were collected in five tankōbon volumes, released from August 8, 2005, to September 18, 2007.

Anime
A 51-episode anime television series adaptation by Studio Deen was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April 4, 2005, to March 27, 2006. The series is directed by Hiroshi Watanabe, with series composition by Toshifumi Kawase and music by Akifumi Tada. Avex collected the series on seventeen DVDs. Episodes 1–27 were released on nine volumes from August 10, 2005, to April 12, 2006. Episodes 28–51 were released on eight volumes from May 10 to December 13, 2006. The first opening theme for episodes 1–32 is "Falco" by Hitomi Shimatani, and the second opening theme for episodes 33–51 is "No Regret" by Kumi Koda. The first ending theme for episodes 1–15 is "Kokoro no Wakusei ~Little planets~" (こころの惑星〜Little planets〜) by Aiko Kayo. The second ending theme for episodes 16–32 is "Earthship 〜Uchūsen Chikyūgō〜" (Earthship 〜宇宙船地球号〜) by SweetS. The third ending theme for episodes 33–42 is "Kono Machi de wa Dare Mo ga Mina Jibun Igai no Nani Ka ni Narita garu" (この街では誰もがみな自分以外の何かになりたがる) by The Ivory Brothers. The fourth ending theme for episodes 43–50 is "Bokutachi ni Aru Mono" (ボクたちにあるもの) by Romi Park. The ending theme for episode 51 is "True Blue" by Hitomi Shimatani.

The anime was originally licensed by Geneon Entertainment. Geneon released the first 36 episodes of the series on nine DVDs. The first volume was released on May 16, 2006, and the last volume on September 18, 2007. ImaginAsian TV broadcast the anime series to the American audience on its Anime EnerG block, starting on January 30, 2007. On July 3, 2008, Geneon and Funimation announced an agreement to distribute select titles in North America. While Geneon would still retain the license, Funimation would assume exclusive rights to the manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution of select titles. The Law of Ueki was one of several titles involved in the deal. Funimation released the entire series on a DVD box set on June 9, 2009. The rights to the series expired in 2011. In May 2018, Discotek Media announced the acquisition of the series. It was released on Blu-ray Disc on July 31, 2018. The series was added to Crunchyroll's catalog in May 2021.

Video games
The Law of Ueki was also adapted into a PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance game released only in Japan. The PlayStation 2 game is called Ueki no Hōsoku: Taosu ze Roberuto Jūdan!! (うえきの法則: 倒ぜロベルト十団!) while the Game Boy Advance game is called Ueki no Hōsoku: Jingi Sakuretsu! Nōryokusha Battle (うえきの法則: 神器炸裂!能力者バトル). They are based on the story of the anime.

Manga
Luke Carroll of Anime News Network ranked the first volume as B−. Carroll lauded the concept of Ueki's power to turn trash into trees and the humor of the series, but called it "another run of the mill shounen title". He labeled Fukuchi's art style as "simple" and compared it to One Piece, as "there is vagueness in a lot of detail", but clarified that it is suited to the comedic tone of the story. Michael Aronson of Manga Life ranked the first volume as C+. He criticized the series for its similar premise to other action manga series and for its "overly hyperactive" characters. Aronson concluded; "fans of hyper action series like One Piece and Dragon Ball will feel at home here. Anyone else will merely glaze over and out." Patti Martinson of Sequential Tart gave a 4/10 for the fourth volume. Martinson compared the content of the volume to the anime adaptation, and wrote; "at times the manga made less sense than the DVD did. However, the characterizations seem to be slightly better, but not enough to make me see what happens in the next volume."

Anime
Carlo Santos from Anime News Network criticized the series for its "run-of-the-mill" plot and "ridiculous" characters, calling them "underdeveloped", but stated that the series is "[b]izarre and crazy enough to be entertaining at times". Santos also criticized its "sloppy" artwork, repetitive fights and the English dub, concluding: "Like its titular hero, The Law of Ueki seems energetic and full of promise, but right now lacks the necessary self-control to succeed." Chris Beveridge of AnimeOnDVD commented that the series "is a real hard sell", commenting that the characters are hard to connect with, the pacing of the first episodes is very fast and its plot is "something that we've seen in its most base form a million times now". Beveridge also criticized the series' artwork, which blends traditional and digital animation, calling it "disconnected at times" and that it makes it look like an "unfinished show". Jeremy Mullin of IGN compared the premise of the series to Zatch Bell! and commented that the powers of the characters are similar to those from Fullmetal Alchemist, "with the conversion factor involved", highlighting as well the variety of ways in which they are used. Mullin concluded: "The Law of Ueki was something I was interested in checking out, and it seems to be worth it. It's full of some good ol' fashioned anime craziness with some positive messages thrown in for good measure."

title: The Law of Ueki


text:
List of conflicts in Africa

This is a list of conflicts in Africa arranged by country, both on the continent and associated islands, including wars between African nations, civil wars, and wars involving non-African nations that took place within Africa. It encompasses colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, etc.), and global conflicts in which Africa was a theatre of war.

Burundi

 * 1972 Burundi genocide
 * October 22, 1993 – August 2005 Burundi Civil War
 * December 28, 2000 Titanic Express Massacre
 * September 9, 2002 Itaba Massacre
 * August 13, 2004 Gatumba Massacre
 * April 26, 2015 – 17 May 2018 Burundian unrest

Rwanda

 * November 1, 1959 – July 1, 1961 Rwandan Revolution

 * December 21, 1963 – December 27, 1963 Bugesera invasion

 * October 1, 1990 – July 18, 1994 Rwandan Civil War

 * April 7, 1994 – July 15, 1994 Rwandan genocide

Kenya

 * August 3, 1914 – November 1918 East African Campaign (World War I)
 * June 10, 1940 – November 27, 1941 East African Campaign (World War II)
 * 1952–1960 Mau Mau Uprising
 * 1963–1967 Shifta War
 * 1980 Garissa Massacre
 * February 10, 1984 Wagalla massacre
 * 1987–1990 Kenyan-Ugandan border conflict
 * 2005 Turbi Village Massacre
 * 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis

South Sudan

 * May 25, 2008 – ongoing Sudanese nomadic conflicts
 * January 7, 2011 – ongoing Ethnic violence in South Sudan
 * May 19, 2011 – 2020 Sudan–SRF conflict
 * March 26, 2012 – September 26, 2012 Sudan–South Sudan Border War (Heglig Crisis)
 * December 15, 2013 – February 22, 2020 South Sudanese Civil War

Tanzania

 * July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
 * 1964 Zanzibar Revolution
 * 1972 Invasion of Uganda
 * 1978–1979 Uganda–Tanzania War

Uganda

 * January 25, 1971 Coup d'état
 * 1972 Invasion of Uganda
 * July 4, 1976 Operation Entebbe
 * October 30, 1978 – April 11, 1979 Uganda-Tanzania War
 * April 11, 1979 Fall of Kampala
 * 1980–1985 Uganda National Rescue Front
 * 1982–1986 Ugandan Civil War
 * 1986–1988 Uganda People's Democratic Army
 * 1986–1987 Holy Spirit Movement
 * 1987–1990 Kenyan-Ugandan border conflict
 * 1987–ongoing Lord's Resistance Army
 * 1996–ongoing Allied Democratic Forces
 * 1996–2002 Uganda National Rescue Front II

Cameroon

 * 1804–1808 Fulani War
 * 1835–1836 Fula jihads
 * July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
 * September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 World War II
 * July 2 2006 – ongoing Bakassi conflict
 * March 2014 – ongoing Boko Haram insurgency
 * September 9 2017 – ongoing Anglophone Crisis

Central African Republic

 * 1928–1931 Kongo-Wara rebellion
 * 1987–present Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
 * 2004–2007 Central African Republic Bush War
 * 2012–present Central African Republic Civil War
 * 13 April 2013 – 10 January 2014 Central African Republic conflict under the Djotodia administration

Kanem Empire

 * c. 1203–1243 Dunama Dabbalemi, of the Sayfawa dynasty, mai of the Kanem Empire, declared jihad against the surrounding tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest
 * c. 1342 – c. 1388 Fall of Kanem
 * c. 1342 – c. 1352 Sao Resurgence
 * c. 1376 – c. 1388 Bulala Invasion

French Chad

 * 1909–1911 Ouaddai War
 * 1915 – 15 November 1917 Massacre des coupes-coupes (in Arabic: Kabkab Massacre, مجزرة كبكب)

Republic of Chad

 * 1 November 1965 Mangalmé riots
 * 1965–2010 War in Chad
 * 1965–2010 Chadian Civil War
 * 1965–1970 Civil war in Chad
 * 1979–1982 Civil war in Chad
 * 1998–2002 Civil war in Chad
 * 18 December 2005 – 15 January 2010 Civil war in Chad
 * 18 December 2005 Battle of Adré
 * 6 January 2006 Borota raid
 * 6 March 2006 Amdjereme raid
 * 13 April 2006 Battle of N'Djamena
 * 1 May 2006 Dalola raid
 * 2–4 February 2008 Battle of N'Djamena
 * 18 June 2008 Battle of Am Zoer
 * 7 May 2009 Battle of Am Dam
 * 24–28 April 2010 Battle of Tamassi
 * 1978–1987 Chadian-Libyan conflict
 * 1983–1984 Operation Manta
 * 13 February 1986–2014 Opération Épervier
 * 1986 Tibesti War
 * 16 December 1986 – 11 September 1987 Toyota War
 * 11 April 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb

Congo (Republic of)

 * 1665–1709 Kongo Civil War
 * 1993–1994 Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–94)
 * 1997–1999 Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)
 * 2016–2017 The Pool War

Congo (Democratic Republic of)

 * 1892–1894 Congo Arab war
 * 1895–1908 Batetela rebellion
 * 28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 World War I
 * 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 World War II
 * July 5, 1960 – November 25, 1965 Congo Crisis
 * 1964 Simba Rebellion
 * 1960–ongoing Katanga insurgency
 * March 8, 1977 – May 26, 1977 Shaba I
 * May 11, 1978 – June 1978 Shaba II
 * 1987–ongoing Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
 * 1996–ongoing ADF insurgency
 * October 24, 1996 – May 16, 1997 First Congo War
 * August 2, 1998 – July 18, 2003 Second Congo War
 * 1999–ongoing Ituri Conflict
 * 2004–ongoing Kivu Conflict
 * 2012–2013 M23 rebellion
 * December 2013 – c. 2018 Batwa-Luba clashes
 * 8 August 2016 – c. 2019 Kamwina Nsapu rebellion

São Tomé and Príncipe

 * February 3, 1953 Batepá Massacre

Djibouti

 * November 1991 – December 1994 Djiboutian Civil War
 * June 10, 2008 – June 13, 2008 Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict

Italian Eritrea

 * 1895–1896 First Italo-Ethiopia War
 * 13 January 1895 Battle of Coatit
 * 3 October 1935 – May 1936 Second Italo-Ethiopian War
 * 3 October 1935 – December 1935 De Bono's invasion of Abyssinia

Italian East Africa

 * 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 World War II
 * 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945 Mediterranean and Middle East theatre
 * 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 East African Campaign
 * 5 February 1941 – 1 April 1941 Battle of Keren

Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea

 * 1 September 1961 – 29 May 1991 Eritrean War of Independence
 * 24 July 1967 – 172 men killed in Hazemo
 * 1967 – 50 students suspected of being members of the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) had been hanged in the centre of Agordat.
 * 17 January 1970 – 60 village elders in Elabared had been rounded up for supporting the Eritrean Liberation Front and killed.
 * 30 November 1970 – 121 people in Basik Dera had been rounded up into the local mosque and killed.
 * 1 December 1970 – Ethiopian Army units surrounded and killed 625 people in Ona, and burned the village down
 * 28 December 1974 – 45 students in Asmara were strangled to death and their bodies dumped in alleyways and doorsteps
 * 2 February 1975 – During an engagement with the EPLF and the ELF, the Ethiopian Army attacked the church where 103 villagers in Woki Duba had taken refuge
 * 14 February 1975 – Ethiopian troops fired on and killed 300–3,000 civilians in Asmara and nearby villages
 * 9 March 1975 – Ethiopian troops killed 208 civilians in Agordat
 * August 1975 – 250 villagers in Om Hajer were machine-gunned in front of a river
 * April 1988 – Three killed by aerial attacks in Agordat
 * 5 December 1988 – 400 killed in She'eb
 * 3–4 April 1990 – Aerial attacks in Afabet killed 67 and wounded 125
 * 24 April 1990 – Aerial attacks and cluster bombs in Massawa killed 50 and wounded 110
 * 1977–1978 Battle of Massawa
 * 1977 Siege of Barentu
 * 17–20 March 1988 Battle of Afabet
 * 8–10 February 1990 Battle of Massawa

Ethiopian Empire

 * February 1972 – 13 October 1974 First Eritrean Civil War

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

 * February 1980 – 24 March 1981 Second Eritrean Civil War

Transitional Government of Ethiopia

 * 15–17 December 1995 Hanish Islands conflict

State of Eritrea

 * 6 May 1998 – 25 May 2000 Eritrean-Ethiopian War
 * 10–13 June 2008 Djiboutian-Eritrean border conflict
 * 1 January 2010 Eritrean-Ethiopian border skirmish

Axumite Empire

 * c. 300 CE Ezana of Axum is said to have launched several military campaigns and destroyed the Kingdom of Kush
 * 525 Conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom by Axum
 * 570–578 Aksumite-Persian wars
 * Battle of Hadhramaut
 * Siege of Sanaa (570)
 * c. 900 King of Aksum Degna Djan led military expeditions as far south as Ennarea
 * c. 960 Axumite Empire is said to have been destroyed by Gudit of the Kingdom of Simien

Makhzumi Dynasty

 * c. 1270 Makhzumi Sultan assisted Yekuno Amlak rebellion against Zagwe dynasty
 * c. 1285 the Conquest of Makhzumi by the Ifat Sultanate

Ethiopian Empire

 * 1314–1344 Conquests of the Emperor Amda Seyon I
 * c. 1316 Early military actions
 * c. 1316 Emperor Amda Seyon I successfully campaigned against the Muslim kingdoms of Damot and Hadiya
 * c. 1320 Rebellion of Haqq ad-Din I
 * c. 1329 Northern campaigns
 * c. 1332 Later campaigns
 * c. 1320–1415 Abyssinian wars against the Sultanate of Ifat
 * 1529–1543 Ethiopian-Adal War
 * March 1529 Battle of Shimbra Kure
 * 1531 Battle of Antukyah
 * 28 October 1531 Battle of Amba Sel
 * 24 April 1541 Battle of Sahart
 * 2 February 1542 Battle of Baçente
 * 4–16 April 1542 Battle of Jarte
 * August 1542 Battle of the Hill of the Jews
 * 28 August 1542 Battle of Wofla
 * 21 February 1543 Battle of Wayna Daga
 * 1769–1855 Zemene Mesafint
 * December 1867 – May 1868 British Expedition to Abyssinia
 * 12 January 1872 – 10 March 1889 Conquests of Yohannes IV of Ethiopia
 * 1875–1881 War with Ottoman Egypt
 * 1885 War with Sudan
 * 1886–1887 war with Emirate of Harar
 * October 1886 Battle of Hirna
 * 9 January 1887 Battle of Chelenqo
 * 1881–1899 Mahdist War
 * 14 October 1888 Battle of Guté Dili
 * 1895–1896 First Italo-Ethiopia War
 * 1 March 1896 Battle of Adwa
 * 7 December 1895 Battle of Amba Alagi
 * 13 January 1895 Battle of Coatit
 * 3 October 1935 – May 1936 Second Italo-Ethiopia War
 * 3 October – December 1935 De Bono's invasion of Abyssinia
 * 15 December 1935 – 20 January 1936 Ethiopian Christmas Offensive
 * 12–20 January 1936 Battle of Genale Doria
 * 20–24 January 1936 First Battle of Tembien
 * 1–19 February 1936 Battle of Amba Aradam
 * 27–29 February 1936 Second Battle of Tembien
 * 29 February – 2 March 1936 Battle of Shire
 * 31 March 1936 Battle of Maychew
 * 14–25 April 1936 Battle of the Ogaden
 * 26 April – 5 May 1936 March of the Iron Will
 * 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 World War II
 * 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945 Mediterranean and Middle East theatre
 * 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 East African Campaign

Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea

 * 1 September 1961 – 29 May 1991 Eritrean War of Independence

Ethiopian Empire

 * 12 September 1974 – 28 May 1991 Ethiopian Civil War

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

 * 13 July 1977 – 15 March 1978 Ethio-Somali War
 * June – August 1982 Ethiopian-Somali Border War

Transitional Government of Ethiopia

 * 1992 – ongoing Oromo conflict
 * 1994–2018 Insurgency in Ogaden

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

 * 6 May 1998 – 25 May 2000 Eritrean-Ethiopian War
 * 7 October 2002 – ongoing Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
 * 3 November 2020 – 3 November 2022 Tigray conflict

Ajuuraan State

 * 1580s Ajuran-Portuguese wars

Italian East Africa

 * 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 World War II
 * 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945 Mediterranean and Middle East theatre
 * 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 East African Campaign
 * 3–19 August 1940 Italian conquest of British Somaliland

Somali Democratic Republic

 * 13 July 1977 – 15 March 1978 Ethio-Somali War
 * 6 April 1981 – 18 May 1991 Somaliland War of Independence
 * June–August 1982 Ethiopian-Somali Border War
 * 26 January 1991 – ongoing Somali Civil War
 * 1978 – 1991 Somali Rebellion
 * 9 December 1992 – 4 May 1993 Unified Task Force
 * 22 August 1993 – 13 October 1993 Operation Gothic Serpent
 * 3–4 October 1993 Battle of Mogadishu

Transitional Federal Government

 * 26 January 1991 – ongoing Somali Civil War
 * 4 June – 20 December 2006 Advance of the Islamic Courts Union
 * 7 May – 11 July 2006 Battle of Mogadishu
 * 20 December 2006 – 30 January 2009 War in Somalia
 * 20–26 December 2006 Battle of Baidoa
 * 23–25 December 2006 Battle of Bandiradley
 * 24–25 December 2006 Battle of Beledweyne
 * 27 December 2006 Battle of Jowhar
 * 28 December 2006 Fall of Mogadishu
 * 31 December 2006 – 1 January 2007 Battle of Jilib
 * 1 January 2007 Fall of Kismayo
 * 5–12 January 2007 Battle of Ras Kamboni
 * 21 March – 26 April 2007 Battle of Mogadishu
 * 31 May – 3 June 2007 Battle of Bargal
 * 8–16 November 2007 Battle of Mogadishu
 * 19–20 April 2008 Battle of Mogadishu
 * 1–26 July 2008 Battle of Beledweyne
 * 8 July 2008 – 26 January 2009 Siege of Baidoa
 * 20–22 August 2008 Battle of Kismayo
 * Piracy in Somalia
 * 28 March 2006 Action
 * 3 June 2007 Action
 * 8 December 2008 – ongoing Operation Atalanta
 * 16 September 2008 Carré d'As IV incident
 * 9 April 2009 Raid off Somalia
 * 8–12 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking
 * 17 August 2009 – ongoing Operation Ocean Shield
 * 23 March 2010 Action
 * 30 March 2010 Action
 * 5 April 2010 Action
 * 6 May 2010 MV Moscow University hijacking
 * 18–21 January 2011 MV Beluga Nomination incident
 * 16–19 June 2011 Operation Umeed-e-Nuh
 * 12 January 2012 Attack on Spanish oiler Patiño
 * 31 January 2009 – ongoing War in Somalia
 * 22 February 2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu
 * 24–25 February 2009 Battle of South Mogadishu
 * 7 May – 1 October 2009 Battle of Mogadishu
 * 11 May – 1 October 2009 Battle for Central Somalia
 * 5 June 2009 Battle of Wabho
 * 18 June 2009 Beledweyne bombing
 * 1–7 October 2009 Battle of Kismayo
 * 10–14 January 2010 Battle of Beledweyne
 * May–July 2010 Ayn clashes
 * 1 May 2010 Mogadishu bombings
 * 20 July 2010 Kenya-Al-Shabaab border clash
 * 8 August – 17 October 2010 Galgala campaign
 * 23 August 2010 – 6 August 2011 Battle of Mogadishu
 * 27 April 2011 Battle of Gedo
 * 4 October 2011 Mogadishu bombing
 * 16 October 2011 – June 2012 Operation Linda Nchi
 * 28 September – 1 October 2012 Battle of Kismayo
 * 11 January 2013 Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt
 * June 2007 – May 2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden
 * 7 October 2001 – ongoing War on Terrorism
 * 7 October 2002 – ongoing Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa
 * 18 March 2006 Action
 * 5–12 January 2007 Battle of Ras Kamboni
 * 3 June 2007 Action
 * 31 May – 3 June 2007 Battle of Bargal
 * 3 March 2008 Dobley airstrike
 * 1 May 2008 Dhusamareb airstrike
 * 8–12 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking
 * 17 August 2009 – ongoing Operation Ocean Shield
 * 14 September 2009 Baraawe raid
 * 25 January 2012 Rescue of Jessica Buchanan and Poul Hagen Thisted

Federal Republic of Somalia

 * 7 October 2001 – ongoing War on Terrorism
 * 7 October 2002 – ongoing Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
 * 11 January 2013 Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt

Somaliland

 * c. 1700 BCE Invasion of Ancient Egypt by the Kingdom of Kush and the Land of Punt
 * 1529–1543 Ethiopian-Adal War
 * 1827 Battle of Berbera 1827
 * 1900–1920 Somaliland Campaign
 * 1922 1922 Burao Tax Revolt
 * 10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941 East African Campaign (World War II)
 * 3 August 1940 – 19 August 1940 Italian conquest of British Somaliland
 * 2–7 July 1945 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
 * 13 July 1977 – 15 March 1978 Ethio-Somali War
 * 6 April 1981 – 18 May 1991 Somaliland War of Independence
 * 1998 – ongoing Puntland-Somaliland dispute

Comoros

 * March 25, 2008 – March 27, 2008 Invasion of Anjouan

Madagascar

 * 1883–1885 First Madagascar expedition
 * 1894–1895 Second Madagascar expedition
 * 1942 Battle of Madagascar (World War II)
 * 1947–1948 Madagascar revolt

Mauritius

 * August 20, 1810 – August 27, 1810 Battle of Grand Port

Algeria

 * 264 BCE – 146 BCE Punic Wars
 * 112 BCE – 106 BCE Jugurthine War
 * 420s Vandals conquer the Roman province
 * June 533 – March 534 Vandalic War
 * 544 – Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic
 * 647 – 709 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
 * 1518 Fall of Tlemcen
 * 1529 Capture of Peñón of Algiers
 * September 14, 1769 – May 16, 1772 Danish–Algerian War
 * 1830 – 1847 French conquest of Algeria
 * 1835 – 1903 Pacification of Algeria
 * June 10, 1940 – May 13, 1943 North African Campaign (World War II)
 * May 8, 1945 Sétif and Guelma massacre
 * November 1, 1954 – March 19, 1962 Algerian War
 * October 1963 Sand War
 * 1970 – ongoing Western Sahara conflict
 * December 26, 1991 – February 2002 Algerian Civil War
 * April 11, 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb

Egypt

 * 1803–1807 Muhammad Ali's seizure of power
 * 1881–1899 Mahdist War
 * June 11, 1940 – February 4, 1943: North African Campaign, part of World War II
 * October 29 – November 7, 1956 Suez Crisis
 * June 5, 1967 – June 10, 1967 Six-Day War
 * July 1, 1967 – August 7, 1970 War of Attrition
 * October 6, 1973 – October 25, 1973 Yom Kippur War
 * July 21, 1977 – July 24, 1977 Libyan–Egyptian War
 * January 25, 2011 – ongoing 2011 Egyptian Revolution and Aftermath
 * January 25, 2011 – February 11, 2011 Egyptian Revolution
 * Egyptian crisis (2011–14)
 * February 23, 2011 – ongoing Sinai insurgency
 * November 22, 2012 – July 3, 2013 Egyptian protests
 * June 28, 2013 – July 3, 2013 June 2013 Egyptian protests
 * July 3, 2013 – ongoing Political violence in Egypt
 * 2013 – ongoing Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)

Libya

 * c. 1279 BC – 1213 BC Ramesses II's Campaigns in Libya
 * 264 BC – 146 BC Punic Wars
 * 112 BC – 106 BC Jugurthine War
 * 420s Vandals conquer the Roman province
 * June 533 – March 534 Vandalic War
 * 544 Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic
 * 647 – 709 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
 * Ottoman–Habsburg wars
 * 1551 Siege of Tripoli
 * 1793 – 1795 Tripolitanian civil war
 * 1797 Action of 16 May 1797
 * 1801 – 05 First Barbary War
 * 1825 Sardinian-Tripolitanian war of 1825
 * 1911 – 43 Libyan resistance movement
 * 1911 – 12 Italo-Turkish War
 * June 11, 1940 – February 4, 1943 Western Desert Campaign, part of World War II
 * 1977 Libyan-Egyptian War
 * 1978 – 87 Chadian-Libyan conflict
 * August, 1980 Tobruk incident
 * May 8, 1984 Bab al-Azizia siege
 * 2011 Libyan Civil War
 * 2011 – 2014 Post-civil war violence in Libya
 * 2014 – 2020 Second Libyan Civil War

Morocco

 * 264 BCE – 146 BCE Punic Wars
 * 112 BCE – 106 BCE Jugurthine War
 * 420s Vandals conquer the Roman province
 * June 533 – March 534 Vandalic War
 * 544 Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic
 * 647–709 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
 * 739–743 Berber Revolt
 * 1130–1147 Almoravid-Almohad War
 * 1215–1269 Almohad-Marinid War
 * 1125–1269 Almohad-Marinid War
 * 1299–1370 Morocco-Tlemcen conflict
 * 1415–1578 Moroccan-Portuguese conflict
 * 1465 Moroccan Revolt
 * 1527–1554 Wattassid-Saadian War
 * September 1497 Conquest of Melilla
 * 1554–1830 Moroccan-Turkish border conflict
 * 1577 A Moroccan expedition occupied Taghaza
 * 1582 A first expedition to Timbuktu was defeated
 * 1591 A Moroccan expeditionary force defeated the Songhay army at Tondibi and conquered Gao, Timbuktu and Djenné
 * 1603–1627 War of Succession
 * 1613–1666 Civil War
 * 1844 First Franco-Moroccan War
 * 1859 Spanish-Moroccan War
 * 1893 Rif War
 * 1909 Rif War
 * 1911–1912 Second Franco-Moroccan War
 * 1920–1926 Rif War
 * 1914–1921 Zaian War
 * 1942 North African Campaign
 * 1957–1958 Ifni War
 * 1963 Sand War
 * 1970–ongoing Western Sahara conflict
 * 1975–1991 Western Sahara War
 * April 11, 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb

Nubia

 * c. 3050 BCE Hor-Aha, the second pharaoh of Egypt, led a campaign against the Nubians

Kingdom of Kerma

 * c. 1506 BCE – 1493 BCE During the reign of Thutmose I, the Kingdom of Kerma rebelled against Egyptian rule and Thutmose I traveled up the Nile and fought in the battle, killing the Nubian king.

Egyptian Empire

 * c. 1282 BCE Seti's military campaigns
 * c. 1279 BCE – 1213 BCE Remesses II's campaigns in Nubia

Kingdom of Kush

 * 23 BCE The Roman prefect of Egypt invaded the Kingdom of Kush after an initial attack by the queen of Meröe, razing Napata to the ground
 * c. 300 CE Ezana of Axum launched several military campaigns, destroying the Kingdom of Kush

Kingdom of Makuria

 * 1312 Mamluk Invasion

Sultanate of Darfur

 * 1722–1786 Civil War

Egyptian Eyalet

 * February 1820 – October 1822 Invasion of Libya and Sudan

Khedivate of Egypt

 * 1899–1901 Rabih War
 * 1874 Rabih az-Zubayr conquered the Sultanate of Darfur
 * 1881–1899 The Mahdist War
 * 3–5 November 1883 Battle of El Obeid
 * 4–29 February 1884 First and Second Battles of El Teb
 * 13 March 1884 Battle of Tamai
 * 13 March 1884 – 26 January 1885 Siege of Khartoum
 * 17 January 1885 Battle of Abu Klea
 * 10 February 1885 Battle of Kirbekan
 * 22 March 1885 Battle of Tofrek
 * 30 December 1885 Battle of Ginnis
 * 20 December 1888 Battle of Suakin
 * 9–10 March 1889 Battle of Gallabat
 * 17 July 1894 Battle of Kassala
 * 7 June 1896 Battle of Ferkeh
 * 8 April 1898 Battle of Atbara
 * 2 September 1898 Battle of Omdurman
 * 25 November 1899 Battle of Umm Diwaykarat

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

 * 28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 World War I
 * 29 October 1914 – 30 October 1918 Middle Eastern theatre
 * 1914–1918 North African theatre
 * 19 November 1915 – February 1917 Senussi Campaign

 * 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 World War II
 * 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945 Mediterranean and Middle East theatre
 * 10 June 1940 – 27 November 27 1941 East African Campaign
 * 3–19 August 1940 Italian conquest of British Somaliland
 * 5 February 1941 – 1 April 1941 Battle of Keren
 * 4–19 May 1941 Battle of Amba Alagi
 * 13–27 November 1941 Battle of Gondar

Republic of the Sudan

 * 18 August 1955 – 27 March 1972 First Sudanese Civil War
 * 1969–1972 Anyanya rebellion

Democratic Republic of the Sudan

 * 1 April 1983 – January 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War

Republic of the Sudan

 * 1987 – ongoing Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
 * 2003 – ongoing War in Darfur
 * 10–12 May 2008 Attack on Omdurman and Khartoum
 * 18 December 2005 – 15 January 2010 Chad-Sudan conflict
 * 27–29 November 2006 Battle of Malakal
 * January 2009 – ongoing Sudanese nomadic conflicts
 * 23 April 2010 South Darfur clash
 * 7 January 2011 – ongoing South Sudan internal conflict
 * 19 May 2011 – 2020 Sudan–SRF conflict
 * 26 March – 26 September 2012 Sudan-South Sudan Border War
 * 26–28 March 2012 First Battle of Heglig
 * 17–18 April 2012 Abyei border clash
 * 15 December 2013 – 22 February 2020 South Sudanese Civil War

Carthaginian Empire

 * 264–146 BCE Punic Wars
 * 264–241 BCE First Punic War
 * 255 BCE Siege of Aspis
 * 255 BCE Siege of Adys
 * 255 BCE Battle of Tunis
 * 240–238 BCE Mercenary War
 * Spring 240 BCE Battle of Utica
 * Autumn 240 BCE Battle of the Bagradas River
 * Autumn 240 BCE Hamilcar's victory with Navaras
 * 238 BCE Battle of "The Saw"
 * 238 BCE Siege of Tunis
 * 218–201 BCE Second Punic War
 * 203 BCE Battle of Utica
 * 203 BCE Battle of the Great Plains
 * 19 October 202 BCE Battle of Zama
 * 149–146 BCE Third Punic War
 * 147 BCE Battle of the Port of Carthage
 * 147 BCE Battle of Nepheris
 * c. 149 BCE – Spring 146 BCE Battle of Carthage

Kingdom of Numidia

 * 112–106 BCE Jugurthine War
 * 111–104 BCE Battle of Thala
 * 110 BCE Battle of Suthul
 * 108 BCE Battle of the Muthul

Roman Province of Africa

 * 238 CE Battle of Carthage
 * 439 CE Genseric broke the treaty between the Vandals and the Romans when he invaded the province of Africa Proconsularis and laid siege to Carthage.
 * Germanic Wars
 * 468 CE Battle of Cap Bon

Vandal Kingdom

 * June 533 – Mach 534 Vandalic War
 * 13 September 533 Battle of Ad Decimum
 * 15 December 533 Battle of Tricamarum

Byzantine Praetorian Prefecture of Africa

 * The Moorish Wars
 * 534 First Moorish uprising
 * 536 Military mutiny
 * 544 Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic
 * 577 Conflict with Moorish kingdom of Garmul

Byzantine Exarchate of Africa

 * 647–709 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
 * 698 Battle of Carthage

Aghlabids

 * 824–836 Military mutiny
 * 879–880 Invasion of al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun

Fatimid Caliphate

 * 909 Fatimid conquest of Ifriqiya from the Aghlabids
 * 943–947 Rebellion of Abu Yazid

Almohad Caliphate

 * 1160 Ifriqiya conquered and annexed by the Almohads
 * 1171–1172 Conquest of North Africa and Nubia by the Ayyubid Dynasty

Ayyubid Dynasty

 * 1171–1172 Conquest of North Africa and Nubias by the Ayyubid Dynasty

Hafsid Dynasty

 * 1269 Eighth Crusade

Ottoman Tunisia

 * 1526–1791 Ottoman-Habsburg wars
 * 16 August 1534 Conquest of Tunis
 * June 1535 Conquest of Tunis
 * 12 July – 13 September 1574 Conquest of Tunis

French Protectorate of Tunisia

 * 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 World War II
 * 10 June 1940 – 2 May 1945 Mediterranean and Middle East theatre
 * 10 June 1940 – 13 May 1943 North African Campaign
 * 17 November 1942 – 13 May 1943 Tunisia Campaign
 * 10 November – 25 December 1942 Run for Tunis
 * February – May 1943 Battle of Sedjenane
 * 14–17 February 1943 Battle of Sidi Bou Zid
 * 19–25 February 1943 Battle of the Kasserine Pass
 * 6 March 1943 Battle of Medenine
 * 16–27 March 1943 Operation Pugilist
 * 23 March – 3 April 1943 Battle of El Guettar
 * 5–27 April 1943 Operation Flax
 * 6–7 April 1943 Battle of Wadi Akarit
 * 27 April – 1 May 1943 Battle of Hill 609
 * 6–12 May 1943 Operation Vulcan
 * 8–13 May 1943 Operation Retribution
 * 1952–1956 Tunisian Independence

Kingdom of Tunisia

 * 1952–1956 Tunisian Independence

Republic of Tunisia

 * 19–23 July 1961 Bizerte Crisis
 * 18 December 2010 – 14 January 2011 Tunisian Revolution
 * 26 June 2015 – 2022 ISIL insurgency in Tunisia

Angola

 * February 4, 1961 – April 25, 1974 Angolan War of Independence
 * November 11, 1975 – April 4, 2002 Angolan Civil War

Lesotho

 * 1880–1881 Gun War
 * 22 September 1998 – May 1999 South African intervention in Lesotho

Malawi

 * August 3, 1914 – November 1918 World War I

Mozambique

 * July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
 * September 25, 1964 – September 8, 1974 Mozambican War of Independence
 * May 30, 1977 – October 4, 1992 Mozambican Civil War
 * 2013–2014 Internal conflict in Mozambique
 * October 5, 2017 – ongoing Insurgency in Cabo Delgado

Namibia

 * 1904–1907 Herero Genocide
 * July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
 * September 15, 1914 – February 4, 1915 Maritz Rebellion
 * August 26, 1966 – March 21, 1990 Namibian War of Independence
 * 1994–1999 Caprivi conflict

South Africa

 * May 18, 1803 – November 20, 1815 Napoleonic Wars
 * 1817–1819 Ndwandwe–Zulu War
 * 1830s–1840s Great Trek
 * February 17, 1838 Weenen Massacre
 * January 11, 1879 – July 4, 1879 Anglo-Zulu War
 * 1779–1879 Xhosa Wars
 * December 20, 1880 – March 23, 1881 First Boer War
 * October 11, 1899 – May 31, 1902 Second Boer War
 * July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
 * September 15, 1914 – February 4, 1915 Maritz Rebellion
 * September 4, 1939 – May 7, 1945 World War II
 * March 21, 1960 Sharpeville Massacre
 * August 26, 1966 – March 21, 1990 South African Border War
 * June 16, 1976 Soweto Uprising

Eswatini

 * October 11, 1899 – May 31, 1902 Second Boer War

Zambia

 * July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918 World War I
 * September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 World War II

Zimbabwe

 * October 1893 – January 1894 First Matabele War
 * March 1896 – October 1897 Matabele and Mashona 'Revolts' Second Matabele War
 * July 4, 1964 – December 12, 1979 Second Chimurenga/Rhodesian Bush War
 * 1982 – 1987 Gukurahundi genocide

Benin

 * 1724–1727 Abomey (Dahomey) conquests
 * 1726–1730 First Oyo-Dahomey War
 * 1738–1748 Oyo Conquest of Dahomey
 * 1764 Second Ashanti-Akim War
 * 1768 Yoruba-Ashanti War
 * 1851 First Dahomean-Abeokuta War
 * 1864 Second Dahomean-Abeokuta War
 * 1889–1894 France conquers Dahomey

Burkina Faso

 * 1985 Agacher Strip War
 * 2015 – present Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso

Côte d'Ivoire

 * 1883–1898 Mandingo Wars
 * September 19, 2002 – March 4, 2007 First Ivorian Civil War
 * 28 November 2010 – 11 April 2011 Second Ivorian Civil War

Gambia

 * 2016–2017 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
 * 2017 – ECOWAS intervention in the Gambia (2017)

Ghana

 * 1620–1654 Dutch–Portuguese War
 * 1664–1665 Anglo-Dutch Wars
 * 1823–1831 Anglo-Ashanti wars
 * 1900 War of the Golden Stool
 * 1948 Accra Riots

Guinea

 * 2013 Guinea clashes

Guinea-Bissau

 * 1962–1974 Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
 * 1997–1999 Guinea-Bissau Civil War

Liberia

 * 1989–1996 First Liberian Civil War
 * 1999–2003 Second Liberian Civil War

Mali

 * 647–709 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
 * 1075 Almoravid conquest of the Ghana Empire
 * c. 1230–1250 Early imperial expansion of the Mali Empire
 * 1400 The Sandaki usurpation and second Mossi raid
 * 1433 The Tuareg invasion
 * c. 1460s Songhai conquered Mema
 * 1810–1818 Mopti Jihad
 * 1848–1864 Initial conquests of El Hadj Umar Tall Jihad
 * 1883–1886 Mandingo Wars
 * 1962–1964 First Tuareg rebellion
 * 1985 Agacher Strip War
 * 1990–1995 Azawad insurgency and Malian civil war
 * April 11, 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb
 * 2007–2009 Second Tuareg rebellion
 * 2012 – Third Tuareg Rebellion
 * 2012 – ongoing Northern Mali conflict
 * 2020 Coup d'état

Mauritania

 * 1970–ongoing Western Sahara conflict
 * April 11, 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb

Niger

 * 1516–1517 Songhai Civil War
 * 1916–1917 Kaocen Revolt
 * 1990–1995 First Azawad insurgency
 * April 11, 2002 – ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb
 * 2007–2009 Second Azawad insurgency
 * 2012 Tuareg Rebellion
 * 2023 Nigerien coup d'état

Nigeria

 * 1578–1608 Oyo-Benin War
 * 1804–1808 Fulani War
 * 1835–1836 Fula jihads
 * 1873 – Rafin Jaki Jihad
 * 1877– 1893 Kiriji War ( Ekiti–Parapo War)
 * 1897 Benin Expedition
 * 1953–ongoing Religious violence in Nigeria
 * 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War
 * 1998–ongoing Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998-present)
 * 1999–ongoing Nigerian Sharia conflict

Senegal

 * 1549 Battle of Danki
 * 1644-1677 Char Bouba war
 * 1860-1886 Franco-Cayor Wars
 * 1880-1899 Franco-Wolof Wars
 * 1860-1920 French Conquest of Casamance
 * 1886-1887 Uprising of Mahmadu Lamine
 * 1982-"ongoing" Casamance Conflict

Sierra Leone

 * February 7, 1813 Action
 * 1982 Ndogboyosoi War
 * March 23, 1991 – January 18, 2002 Sierra Leone Civil War

Western Sahara

 * October 23, 1957 – June 30, 1958 Ifni War
 * 1970–ongoing Western Sahara conflict
 * October 30, 1975 – September 6, 1991 Western Sahara War

19th century

 * 1801–1807 Temne War
 * 1801–1805 First Barbary War
 * 1803–1805 Napoleonic Wars
 * 1803–1806 War of the Third Coalition
 * 1806 Battle of Blaauwberg
 * 1807–1809 Anglo-Turkish War
 * 1807 Alexandria expedition
 * 1804–1808 Fulani War
 * 1805–1811 Muhammad Ali's seizure of power
 * 1806–1807 Ashanti–Fante War
 * 1807–1818 Mtetwa Empire Expansion
 * 1810–1818 Amadu's Jihad
 * 1811–1812 Fourth Xhosa War
 * 1811 Ga–Fante War
 * c.1812 Battle of Shela
 * 1814–1816 Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War
 * 1815 Slachter's Nek Rebellion
 * 1815 Second Barbary War
 * 1817–1819 Ndwandwe–Zulu War
 * 1818–1819 Fifth Xhosa War
 * 1818–1828 Zulu wars of conquest
 * 1st March 1896 Battle of Adwa
 * July 30, 1877– March 14, 1893 Kiriji War ( Ekiti–Parapo War)

20th century

 * 1900 War of the Golden Stool
 * 1900–1920 Somaliland Campaign
 * 1901–1901 French conquest of the Dendi Kingdom
 * 1902–1904 Kuanhama Rebellion
 * 1901–1902 Anglo-Aro War
 * 1901–1903 Mapondera Rebellion
 * 1902–1904 Bailundo revolt of 1902
 * 1903–1904 British conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate
 * 1904–1908 Herero Wars
 * 1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar
 * 1905–1907 Maji Maji Rebellion
 * 1906 Bambatha Rebellion
 * 1906 Sokoto Uprising of 1906
 * 1907–1910 Dembos War of 1907-1910
 * 1908 Battle of Marrakech
 * 1909 Second Melillan campaign
 * 1909–1911 Ouaddai War
 * 1910–1912 Portuguese conquest of the Kasanje Kingdom
 * 1911–1912 French conquest of Morocco
 * 1911–1912 Italo-Turkish War
 * 1912 Sirte revolt
 * 1914 Kolongongo War
 * 1914–1917 Kongo revolt
 * 1914–1921 Zaian War
 * 1914–1918 African theatre of World War I
 * 1914–1918 East African campaign
 * 1914–1916 Kamerun campaign
 * 1914 Togoland Campaign
 * 1914–1915 South West Africa campaign
 * 1914–1915 Maritz rebellion
 * 1915–1916 Volta-Bani War
 * 1915 Chilembwe uprising
 * 1915 The Bussa rebellion
 * 1915–1917 Senussi Campaign
 * 1916–1917 Kaocen revolt
 * 1916 Battle of Segale
 * 1918 The Adubi War
 * 1920 Misurata-Warfalla War
 * 1920–1922 Jabal al-Gharbi civil war
 * 1920–1926 Rif War
 * 1921–1922 Rand Rebellion
 * 1922 Bondelswarts Rebellion
 * 1923–1932 Pacification of Libya
 * 1928–1931 Kongo-Wara rebellion
 * 1929–1930 Women's War
 * 1930 Gugsa Wale's rebellion
 * 1935–1937 Second Italo-Ethiopian War
 * 1939–1945 World War II
 * 1940–1943 North African campaign
 * 1940–1943 East African campaign
 * 1940 Battle of Dakar
 * 1940 Battle of Gabon
 * 1942 Battle of Madagascar
 * 1943 Woyane rebellion
 * 1952–1960 Mau Mau Uprising
 * 1954–1962 Algerian War
 * 1955–1964 Bamileke War
 * 1955–1972 First Sudanese Civil War
 * 1957–1958 Ifni War
 * 1960–1965 Congo Crisis
 * 1966–1967 Stanleyville mutinies
 * 1960–present Katanga insurgency
 * 1961 Bizerte crisis
 * 1961–1991 Eritrean War of Independence
 * 1961–1974 Portuguese Colonial War
 * 1961–1974 Angolan War of Independence
 * 1963–1974 Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
 * 1964–1974 Mozambican War of Independence
 * 1962–1964 Tuareg rebellion
 * 1963 Sand War
 * 1963–1967 Shifta War
 * 1963–1970 Bale revolt
 * 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
 * 1964–1965 Simba rebellion
 * 1964–1979 Rhodesian Bush War
 * 1964 Zanzibar Revolution
 * 1965–1979 First Chadian Civil War
 * 1966–1989 South African Border War
 * 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War
 * 1970–present Western Sahara conflict
 * 1975–1991 Western Sahara War
 * 1972–1974 First Eritrean Civil War
 * 1973–2018 Oromo conflict
 * 1974–1991 Ethiopian Civil War
 * 1975–2002 Angolan Civil War
 * 1975–present Cabinda War
 * 1977–1992 Mozambican Civil War
 * 1977 Libyan–Egyptian War
 * 1977–1978 Ogaden War
 * 1977 Shaba I
 * 1978 Shaba II
 * 1978–1979 Uganda–Tanzania War
 * 1978–1987 Chadian–Libyan conflict
 * 1980–1981 Second Eritrean Civil War
 * 1980–1986 Ugandan Bush War
 * 1981 Entumbane uprising
 * 1981 Gambian coup d'état attempt
 * 1982–present Casamance conflict
 * 1982 Ndogboyosoi War
 * 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
 * 1983–2005 Second Sudanese Civil War
 * 1985 Agacher Strip War
 * 1986 United States bombing of Libya
 * 1987–present Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
 * 1989–1991 Mauritania–Senegal Border War
 * 1989–1997 First Liberian Civil War
 * 1990–1994 Rwandan Civil War
 * 1990–1995 Tuareg rebellion
 * 1991–1994 Djiboutian Civil War
 * 1991–2002 Sierra Leone Civil War
 * 1991–2002 Algerian Civil War
 * 1991–present Somali Civil War
 * 1993–2005 Burundian Civil War
 * 1993–1994 Republic of the Congo Civil War
 * 1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
 * 1994–1999 Caprivi conflict
 * 1994–2018 Insurgency in Ogaden
 * 1995–2018 Second Afar insurgency
 * 1995 Hanish Islands conflict
 * 1996–present Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
 * 1996–1997 First Congo War
 * 1997–1999 Republic of the Congo Civil War
 * 1998–2000 Eritrean–Ethiopian War
 * 1998–2003 Second Congo War
 * 2000 Six-Day War
 * 1998–1999 Guinea-Bissau Civil War
 * 1999–2003 Second Liberian Civil War
 * 1999–present Ituri conflict
 * 1999–present Ituri conflict

21st century

 * 2001–2021 War on Terrorism
 * 1981–present Islamic Terrorism in Egypt
 * 2002–present Islamic insurgency in the Maghreb
 * 2002–present Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa
 * 2006 Rise of the Islamic Courts Union
 * 2006–2009 Ethiopian War in Somalia
 * 2007–present Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara
 * 2009–present Islamist civil war in Somalia
 * 2009 Nigerian sectarian violence
 * 2009–present Boko Haram insurgency
 * 2015–2022 ISIL insurgency in Tunisia
 * 2015–present Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
 * 2016–present Jihadist insurgency in Niger
 * 2017–present Islamist insurgency in Mozambique
 * 2002–2003 Conflict in the Pool Department
 * 2002–2004 First Ivorian Civil War
 * 2003–2020 War in Darfur
 * 2004 French–Ivorian clashes
 * 2004–present Conflict in the Niger Delta
 * 2016–present Niger Delta conflict
 * 2004–2007 Central African Republic Bush War
 * 2004–present Kivu conflict
 * 2005–2010 Chadian Civil War
 * 2005–2008 Mount Elgon insurgency
 * 2006–2013 Bakassi conflict
 * 2007–2009 Second Tuareg Rebellion
 * 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis
 * 2008 Invasion of Anjouan
 * 2008 Kufra conflict
 * 2008 Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
 * 2009–present Sudanese nomadic conflicts
 * 2011–present Ethnic violence in South Sudan
 * 2013–2020 South Sudanese Civil War
 * 2009 Sudan airstrikes
 * 2009 Dongo conflict
 * 2010–2011 Second Ivorian Civil War
 * 2011–2023 Sinai Insurgency
 * 2011 First Libyan Civil War
 * 2011–2020 Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
 * 2011–2014 Factional violence in Libya
 * 2012–present Mali War
 * 2012 Heglig Crisis
 * 2012–2013 M23 rebellion
 * 2012 Baragoi clashes
 * 2012–present Central African Republic Civil War
 * 2013–2018 Batwa–Luba clashes
 * 2013–2019 RENAMO insurgency
 * 2014 Aswan tribal clashes
 * 2014–2020 Second Libyan Civil War
 * 2016–2017 Pool War
 * 2016 Kasese clashes
 * 2016–2019 Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
 * 2017–present Anglophone Crisis
 * 2020–2022 Tigray War
 * 2023–present 2023 Sudan conflict
 * 2023–present 2023 Las Anod conflict

title: List of conflicts in Africa


text:
Tatsuya Yoshida

Tatsuya Yoshida (吉田達也) (born 9 January 1961) is a Japanese musician; drummer and composer who is the only consistent member of the renowned progressive rock duo Ruins, as well as of Koenji Hyakkei. He is also a member of the progressive rock trios Korekyojinn and Daimonji. Outside his own groups, Yoshida is renowned for his tenure as drummer in the indie progressive group YBO2, a band also featuring guitarist KK Null, whom he also joins in the current line-up of Zeni Geva and he has played drums in a late edition of Samla Mammas Manna. He has been cited as "[the] indisputable master drummer of the Japanese underground".

Along with his participation in bands, he has also released several solo recordings.

Discography
With Ruins
 * Solo Works '88 (1988)
 * Solo Works '89 (1989)
 * Magaibutsu '91 (1991)
 * Drums, Voices, Keyboards & Guitar (1994)
 * Pianoworks '94 (1994)
 * First Meeting (1995)
 * A Million Years (1997)
 * A Is for Accident (1997)
 * PYN - songs for children who don't want to sleep (2015)
 * PYN - L'élan créateur (2016)
 * Ruins III (1988) (reissued as Infect in 1993)
 * Stonehenge (1990)
 * Burning Stone (1992)
 * Graviyaunosch (1993)
 * Hyderomastgroningem (1995)
 * Refusal Fossil (1997/2007)
 * Vrresto (1998)
 * Symphonica (1998)
 * Pallaschtom (2000)
 * Tzomborgha (2002)
 * Alone (2011)

With Koenji Hyakkei
 * Hundred Sights of Koenji (高円寺百景) (1994, remastered and reissued in 2008)
 * Viva Koenji! (弐(II)) (1997)
 * Nivraym (2001, remastered and reissued in 2009)
 * Angherr Shisspa (2005)
 * Dhorimviskha (2018)

With Painkiller
 * The Prophecy: Live in Europe (Tzadik, 2013)

With Ron Anderson
 * RonRuins
 * NYJPN

With The Gerogerigegege
 * Instruments Disorder (1994)

title: Tatsuya Yoshida


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Gentleman (1993 film)

Gentleman is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language action heist film co-written and directed by S. Shankar in his directorial debut, and produced by K. T. Kunjumon. The film stars Arjun, Madhubala and Subhashri, with M. N. Nambiar, Manorama, Goundamani, Senthil, Charan Raj, Vineeth, and Rajan P. Dev in supporting roles. It revolves around a respected Madras-based businessman who moonlights as a thief who steals from the rich and gives to the poor for their education.

Gentleman was released on 30 July 1993, and distributed by Kunjumon himself as distributors were reluctant. Despite this, the film became a Blockbuster, running for over 175 days in theatres besides winning three South Filmfare Awards (including Best Film – Tamil and Best Director – Tamil), four Tamil Nadu State Film Awards (including Best Actor and Best Director) and five Cinema Express Awards. It was remade in Hindi as The Gentleman (1994). The film was a breakthrough for Arjun, and established him as one of the top actors in the Tamil industry.

Plot
In Ooty, Krishnamoorthy "Kicha" and his sidekick Mani perform a swashbuckling heist of money of several crores while being in disguise diverting the attention of police, and escape in Nilgiri Mountain Railway, much to the frustration of a chasing police inspector Ratnam. Kicha is a respected citizen who runs a legitimate papadam business along with Mani in Madras. Susheela, one of Kicha's many female employees, has a crush on him and is constantly demanding his attention. Another thing adding to her woes is the arrival of her jovial cousin Sugandhi, who makes the place so lively and playful with silly fights between Mani and Babloo.

Sugandhi later develops a crush on Kicha, after being saved by him from the goons who were trying to molest her. Kicha tells Sugandhi that he has no such feelings for her and wants her to find a suitable husband. Before leaving Madras, Sugandhi steals Kicha's ring as a souvenir. After several unsuccessful attempts at nabbing the thief, the disgraced police officer Azhagar Nambi shaves his head and is left with a ring mark on his face, after a scuffle with the thief. Nambi investigates the design of the mark, believing it was formed by a ceremonial ring worn by Brahmin priests, but to his vain, finds that such a design is uncommon to Brahmin priests, but rather resembles a Thaali - mangala sutra.

Meanwhile, Nambi is forced by his parents into getting married and by coincidence to Sugandhi, from whom he gets the particular ring that he was tracking and finds out that it belongs to Kicha. In an attempt to trap and arrest Kicha, Nambi plots an attempt at Kicha's house where they were invited for a wedding dinner, hosted by Kicha, where he shoots Kicha, but the latter narrowly escapes with a bullet injury in his hand, along with Mani. Susheela follows them to their hideout, where Susheela finds the duo and accuses Kicha of his deed. After Susheela threatens to commit suicide, Kicha reveals his past.

As a student, Kicha was a district-level topper along with his best friend Ramesh, but they both were denied their desired medical college seats despite scoring high marks due to reservation and bribery, which lead Kicha's mother and Ramesh to commit suicide. Due to this, Kicha became a thief to build a college of his own, with the desire to make education available to the deserved, regardless of income, caste, or religion.

In the present, Kicha shows Susheela the under-construction college. To fund the final stages of the college building, aware of the police trap, Kicha makes one last attempt to steal money from the chief minister (CM) and succeeds, but Nambi manages to arrest him. In the courtroom, Kicha demands that the CM (who was previously the education minister who demanded the bribe from him) should come to the courtroom. Though the CM is exposed to the public, he is still let off, which infuriates a youth who was triggered by Kicha's testimony, and kills the CM in a suicide bombing. Six years later, Kicha and Mani complete their prison sentence and inaugurate the college.

Development
After scoring back-to-back successes like Vasanthakala Paravai (1991) and Surieyan (1992), producer K. T. Kunjumon of A. R. S. Film International wanted to collaborate again with director Pavithran and actor R. Sarathkumar; however since they went on to do other projects, the collaboration did not happen. Photographer Stills Ravi and editor V. T. Vijayan suggested the name of S. Shankar who worked as an assistant in these two films. Shankar had prepared a story, but it was rejected by many producers. After listening to the story, an impressed Kunjumon decided to produce the film which would later be titled Gentleman, but on the condition that Shankar accept any changes he suggest, to which Shankar agreed, making his directorial debut. While Shankar also wrote the screenplay, Kunjumon selected Balakumaran to write the dialogues. Cinematography was handled by Jeeva, editing by Vijayan and B. Lenin, and art direction by Maghi, while Vikram Dharma was the action choreographer.

Casting and filming
The initial story revolved the militancy of a Brahmin youth. Shankar wanted Kamal Haasan to play the lead at this stage, but he refused because he felt the story was too similar to Guru (1980) in which he acted and did not like Shankar's take on the concept. When Arjun was approached, he was reluctant. According to him, no directors wanted to make a film with him until the success of Sevagan (1992) which was directed by Arjun himself. Therefore when Shankar approached him with the script of Gentleman, he decided to decline without listening to the script just as he did to a few other directors. But he listened to the script after much persuasion and, impressed by the story, decided to do it.

The song "Chikku Bukku Rayile" was mostly shot at Egmore railway station. The climax scene where a student kills the antagonist in a suicide bombing was inspired from the assassination of the then President of Sri Lanka, Ranasinghe Premadasa. Kunjumon insisted Shankar to rewrite the climax by adding this element, much to the dissatisfaction of Arjun, who felt that his heroism would get diluted. However, Kunjumon remained adamant and it was shot as per his wish. The filming took seven months to be completed.

Themes
Critics have noted the film's resemblance to Ore Oru Gramathiley (1987) due to caste-based reservation being a mutual theme in both and the protagonist being a Brahmin who rebels against this.

Soundtrack
The score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman. Vairamuthu wrote the lyrics for all songs except "Chikku Bukku Rayile" and "Parkathey", which were written by Vaali. The songs were recorded at Panchathan Record Inn, and the soundtrack was released under the Pyramid label. The film and soundtrack were dubbed and released in Telugu with the same name. The lyrics were penned by Rajasri for this version. The original Tamil soundtrack sold over 300,000 cassettes.

The opening of the song "Ottagathai Kattiko" is often thought to have been inspired from the 1991 Telugu song, "Eddem Ante Teddam Antav", composed by Raj–Koti and sung by Malgudi Subha from the album Chik Pak Chik Bam; in reality, Rahman, who was an arranger in Raj–Koti's team, helped them in composing the original song. Once when Rahman went to visit a friend whose house was near a railway station, the sound of trains frequently disturbed their conversation; nonetheless, the train sounds inspired Rahman to compose "Chikku Bukku Rayile". "Ottagathai Kattiko" is set in the Carnatic raga known as Dharmavati, "En Veetu Thotathil" is set in Chenchurutti, "Parkathey" is set in Mohanam,  and "Usalampatti Penkutti" is also set in Dharmavati.

The songs from Gentleman were reused in the Hindi remake The Gentleman (1994), though only Anu Malik was credited for the music. "Ottagathai Kattiko" was later remixed by the French rap group La Caution as "Pilotes Automatique".

Release
Gentleman was released on 30 July 1993. Kunjumon had to distribute the film on his own since no distributors were willing to buy this film as they felt "it looked like a dubbed film". Despite this, it became a Blockbuster, running for over 175 days in theatres.

Critical reception
Writing for The Indian Express on 6 August 1993, Malini Mannath said, "Shankar makes a promising debut infusing his script with action, sentiment, comedy and even some titillating scenes for added measure and tries to give something different within the parameters of commercial cinema. Jeeva's camera is effective in capturing the well choreographed stunt scenes (Vikram Dharma)." K. Vijiyan of New Straits Times wrote on 14 August 1993, "Sankar .. has provided thought-provoking story [..] build up the story well, making us eager to find out why the hero is committing all those robberies." On 22 August 1993, Ananda Vikatan rated the film 50 out of 100.

Legacy
In the 2019 Tamil film Hero, Arjun reprises his role as Sathyamoorthy (whose name is similar to Krishnamoorthy), a man who takes away money from the rich to build a school that is free for everyone. The 2021 film Dikkiloona was titled after the word used by Goundamani and Senthil in Gentleman. In June 2022, a sequel was announced with Kunjumon returning to produce, and Gokul Krishna directing.

title: Gentleman (1993 film)