text:
Quentin Durward

Quentin Durward is a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott, first published in 1823. The story concerns a Scottish archer in the service of the French King Louis XI (1423–1483) who plays a prominent part in the narrative.

Composition and sources
Quentin Durward was composed in a remarkably short space of time. After carrying out some preparatory research towards the end of 1822 Scott began writing in January 1823 and supplied the finishing sentences in response to a request from his coadjutor James Ballantyne on 3 May.

Scott's principal source was the Mémoires of Philippe de Commines. As usual he adapts historical facts freely in the construction of his fiction, though he generally follows Comines' balanced approach to the character of Louis XI. He was able to make substantial use of other documents and the editorial commentary in the collection in which Comines was included, the first series of the Collection complete des mémoires relatifs a l'histoire de France by [Claude Bernard] Petitot (1819‒26). Occasional details are drawn from a wide range of historians, most of whom were more hostile to Louis. It is likely that some details for Scott's descriptions of northern France were derived from manuscript material deriving from continental journeys by his friend James Skene of Rubislaw. For his gipsy material Scott relied largely on two works: 'Dissertation on the Gipseys ... from the German of H. M. G. Grellmann (1807), and A Historical Survey of the Customs, Habits, and Present State of the Gypsies by John Hoyland (1816).

Editions
The first edition was published in three volumes in London on 17 May 1823 by Hurst, Robinson, and Co., and in Edinburgh two days later by Archibald Constable and Co. As with all the Waverley novels before 1827 publication was anonymous. The print run was 10,000 and the price one and a half guineas (£1 11s 6d or £1.57½). In 1830 Scott provided Quentin Durward with an introduction and notes for the 'Magnum' edition, where it appeared in two volumes in December 1831 and January 1832.

The standard modern edition, by J. H. Alexander and G. A. M. Wood, was published as Volume 15 of the Edinburgh Edition of the Waverley Novels in 2001: this is based on the first edition; the 'Magnum' material appears in Volume 25b.

Plot introduction
The plot centres on the medieval rivalry between Louis XI of France and Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Louis incites the citizens of Liège to revolt against Charles, and they seize and murder Charles's brother-in-law, Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège, under the command of Louis's ally, William de la Marck, who was hoping to install his son in Louis de Bourbon's place (a real historical event which occurred in 1482).

At the time of the murder, Louis is present in Charles' camp at Péronne, hoping to fool him with a false display of friendship. Charles, however, sees through his mask of deceit, accuses him of instigating the uprising, and has him imprisoned. Louis's superior coolness of mind permits him to allay Charles's suspicions and to regain his liberty. In a sub-plot, the Burgundian heiress Isabelle de Croye takes refuge at Louis's court when Charles attempts to give her hand in marriage to his odious favourite Campo-Basso. Louis, in turn, resolves to give her in marriage to the bandit-captain William de la Marck, and sends her to Flanders under the pretence of placing her under the protection of the Bishop of Liège. She is guarded on her journey by Quentin Durward, an archer, who has left behind poverty in Scotland to join the Archers of Louis's Scottish Guard. Quentin prevents the intended treachery and earns Isabelle's love. Charles, though, promises her in marriage to the Duke of Orléans (heir to the French crown) but she refuses, and, in anger, the Duke promises her to whoever brings him the head of de la Marck. This Quentin does with the help of his uncle, Ludovic Lesley, and wins Isabelle's hand.

Plot summary
The story takes place in the year 1468. The age of feudalism and chivalry was passing away, and the King of France was inciting the wealthy citizens of Flanders against his own rebellious vassal the Duke of Burgundy. Quentin Durward had come to Tours, where his uncle was one of the Scottish body guard maintained by Louis XI, to seek military service, and was invited by the king, disguised as a merchant, to breakfast at the inn, and supplied by him with money. Having narrowly escaped being hanged by the provost-marshal for cutting down Zamet, whom he found suspended from a tree, he was enlisted by Lord Crawford, and learned the history of Jacqueline. In the presence-chamber he was recognised by Louis, and the royal party were preparing for a hunting excursion, when the Count of Crèvecœur arrived with a peremptory demand for the instant surrender of the duke's ward, the Countess of Croye, who had fled from Burgundy with her aunt to escape a forced marriage; and proclaimed that his master renounced his allegiance to the crown of France. In the chase which followed Durward saved the king's life from a boar, for which service Louis, after consulting with his barber, entrusted him with the duty of conducting the Countess and Lady Hameline, ostensibly to the protection of the Bishop of Liege, but really that they might fall into the hands of William de la Marck. After proceeding some distance they were overtaken by Dunois and the Duke of Orléans, who would have seized the countess, but were prevented by Lord Crawford, who arrived in pursuit and made prisoners of them. Then Hayraddin came riding after them, and under his guidance they journeyed for nearly a week, when Quentin discovered that the Bohemian was in league with De la Marck. He accordingly altered their route, and they reached the bishop's castle in safety.

A few days afterwards, however, it was assaulted by the citizens, and Hayraddin having effected Lady Hameline's escape with Marthon, Quentin rushed back to save the countess, and, at Gieslaer's suggestion, Pavilion passed them as his daughter and her sweetheart into the great hall where the outlaw, who was known as the Boar of Ardennes, was feasting with the rioters. The bishop, who was also governor of the city, was then dragged in, and, having denounced his captor, was murdered by a stroke of Nikkel Blok's cleaver. There was a shout for vengeance, but De la Marck summoned his soldiers, upon which Quentin held a dirk at the throat of his son Carl, and exhorted the citizens to return to their homes. With the syndic's help Lady Isabella and her protector reached Charleroi, where she was placed in a convent, while he carried the news to the Duke of Burgundy, at whose court Louis, with a small retinue, was a guest. Charles, in a furious rage, accused the king of being privy to the sacrilege, and caused him to be treated as a prisoner.

At a council the following day he was charged with abetting rebellion among the vassals of Burgundy, and the countess was brought as a witness against him. She admitted her fault, and Quentin Durward was being questioned respecting his escort of her, when a herald arrived with a demand from De la Marck to be acknowledged as Prince-Bishop of Liège, and for the release of his ally the King of France. Louis replied that he intended to gibbet the murderer, and the messenger, who was discovered to be Hayraddin, was sentenced to death, the quarrel between the duke and the king being at the same time adjusted, on the understanding that the Duke of Orléans should marry Lady Isabelle. Crèvecœur, however, interceded for her, and it was arranged that whoever should bring the head of the Boar of Ardennes might claim her hand. Quentin, who had learnt his plans from the Bohemian, advanced with the allied troops of France and Burgundy against his stronghold, and a desperate battle ensued. At length the young Scot was in the act of closing with De la Marck, when Pavilion's daughter implored his protection from a French soldier; and, while placing her in safety, his uncle La Balafré fought the ruffian, and carried his head to the royal presence. Lord Crawford declared him to be of gentle birth, but the old soldier having resigned his pretensions to his nephew, King Louis vouched for Quentin's services and prudence, and the duke being satisfied as to his descent, remarked that it only remained to inquire what were the fair lady's sentiments towards the young emigrant in search of honourable adventure, who, by his sense, firmness and gallantry, thus became the fortunate possessor of wealth, rank and beauty.

Characters
Principal characters in bold

 * Quentin Durward, a Scottish cadet
 * Ludovic Lesley, Le Balafré ('scarred'), his maternal uncle
 * King Louis XI of France, first seen as Maitre Pierre
 * Tristan l'Hermite, his provost-marshal
 * Petit-André, Tristan's assistant
 * Dame Perrette, hostess of 'The Fleur de Lys'
 * Isabelle, Countess of Croye, first seen as Dame Perrette's servant Jacqueline
 * Lady Hameline, her aunt
 * Lord Crawford, commander of Scottish archers
 * Count de Dunois, grand huntsman
 * Louis, Duke of Orléans, the future Louis XII of France
 * Cardinal Jean Balue
 * The Bishop of Auxerre
 * Olivier le Dain, the court barber
 * Princess Anne of Beaujeau and Princess Joan, the king's daughters
 * Philippe de Crèvecœur d'Esquerdes, Count of Burgundy
 * The Countess, his wife
 * Toison d'Or, his herald
 * William de la Marck, the freebooting 'Boar of the Ardennes'
 * Carl Eberson, his son
 * Hayraddin Maugrabin, a Bohemian
 * Zamet, his brother
 * Marthon, a gipsy woman
 * Louis of Bourbon, Prince-Bishop of Liège
 * Pavillon, a currier and syndic
 * Gertrude, his daughter
 * Peterkin Geislaer, his deputy
 * Nikkel Blok, a butcher
 * Philippe D'Argenton (Philippe de Commines)
 * Lord of Hymbercourt, governor of Liège
 * Duke Charles of Burgundy, or Charles the Bold
 * Le Glorieux, his jester
 * Martius Galeotti, or Martivalle, an astrologer

Chapter summary
Volume One

Introduction: In the course of an extended residence in France the Author is inspired by the library and family papers in the Chateau de Hautlieu to produce the narration that follows.

Ch. 1 The Contrast: The calculating Louis XI and the impulsive Charles the Bold of Burgundy are set against each other.

Ch. 2 The Wanderer: Quentin Durward, a Scottish archer in search of mercenary employment in France, encounters Maitre Pierre and a companion; after attending a hunting-mass they approach the royal castle of Plessis.

Ch. 3 The Castle: Maitre Pierre conducts Quentin past the castle to an inn.

Ch. 4 The Dejeuner: Maitre Pierre and Quentin discuss the archer's employment over breakfast. Quentin asks the innkeeper about Maitre Pierre's identity, but he is evasive. In his bedroom Quentin hears a young woman nearby singing 'County Guy' to her lute.

Ch. 5 The Man-at-Arms: Quentin and his uncle Ludovic Lesley (Le Balafré), serving in Louis's Scots Guards, catch up with family news. Quentin and Balafré debate whether it is preferable to serve Louis or Charles.

Ch. 6 The Bohemians: Quentin feels disappointed by Balafré's narrow-mindedness. He is threatened with execution by Louis's provost-marshal Tristan l'Hermite (Maitre Pierre's companion) and his assistant Petit-André for cutting down a hanged gypsy, but he is rescued by a detachment of the Guards under Balafré.

Ch. 7 The Enrolment: Quentin is enlisted into the Guards by their commander Lord Crawford, who says that Isabelle of Croye and her aunt Lady Hameline have arrived to claim Louis's protection after Isabelle's rejection of her guardian Charles's proposal that she marry his favourite Campo-basso.

Ch. 8 The Envoy: At Court Louis, whom Quentin recognises as Maitre Pierre, attempts to mollify the Burgundian envoy Count Crevecœur who has demanded the return of the Croyes.

Ch. 9 The Boar-Hunt: Offended by Louis' behaviour towards himself, the Cardinal La Balue arranges to meet Crevecœur who has come to his assistance after a hunting fall. At the same hunt Quentin rescues Louis from the boar.

Ch. 10 The Sentinel: Louis arranges for Quentin to keep concealed watch as he entertains Crevecœur and Balue to dinner.

Volume Two

Ch. 1 (11) The Hall of Roland: Restored to open guard duty, Quentin witnesses a meeting between the Croyes and Princess Joan, whose destined husband the Duke of Orleans joins them and torments her by his attentions to Isabelle.

Ch. 2 (12) The Politician: Louis explains to Oliver le Dain his intention to instruct Quentin to convey the Croyes to Liège so that William de la Marck can seize and marry Isabelle.

Ch. 3 (13) The Journey: Delighted with his commission, Quentin accompanies Louis to the sage Galeotti, who says the scheme will bring success to the sender but danger to those sent. Galeotti promises to carry out an astronomical calculation relating to Louis' plan to negotiate with Charles in person, but privately determines to inform Balue.

Ch. 4 (14) The Journey: As their journey begins, Quentin defends the Croyes from two horsemen: their combat is interrupted by the arrival of Crawford.

Ch. 5 (15) The Guide: Crawford arrests the horsemen, revealed as Orleans and the Count de Dunois, and Isabelle tends Quentin's wound. Hayraddin arrives to act as guide.

Ch. 6 (16) The Vagrant: Hayraddin expounds his view of life to Quentin and identifies himself as the brother of the man whose body he had cut down in Ch. 6. He is expelled from monastic accommodation for egregious misbehaviour, arousing Quentin's suspicions.

Ch. 7 (17) The Espied Spy: Quentin overhears Hayraddin and a Lanzknecht arranging to ambush the Croyes for William, while sparing Quentin's life.

Ch. 8 (18) Palmistry: Quentin obtains the Croyes' permission to change their planned route, and they arrive at Schonwaldt, the Bishop's castle near Liège.

Ch. 9 (19) The City: After Hayraddin reveals he has continued access to the Croyes, Quentin is acclaimed as a Guard by the citizens of Liège and rescued from the embarrassing situation by the syndic (magistrate) Pavillon.

Ch. 10 (20) The Billet: Quentin receives an encouraging note dropped from a window into the castle garden. As Schonwaldt is stormed by the Liégois it becomes clear that Hayraddin has arranged to rescue Hameline, who he thinks is Quentin's intended wife, rather than Isabelle.

Ch. 11 (21) The Sack: Quentin arranges with Pavillon to rescue Isabelle by passing her off as the syndic's daughter.

Ch. 12 (22) The Revellers: During wild revelry William has the Bishop murdered. Quentin takes charge of the situation and leaves with Isabelle for the syndic's house.

Ch. 13 (23) The Flight: Escorted by Quentin, Isabelle sets out to submit to Charles again, surrendering herself to Crevecœur on the road.

Volume Three

Ch. 1 (24) The Surrender: Crevecœur treats Quentin with disdain and they press on to Péronne, leaving Isabelle at Charleroi.

Ch. 2 (25) The Unbidden Guest: After a short pause at Landrecy, Quentin is treated with more respect by Crevecoeur, who on reaching Péronne is informed by D'Hymbercourt and D'Argenton of Louis's arrival to meet Charles.

Ch. 3 (26) The Interview: Louis has an initial exploratory conversation with Charles, takes up his lodgings, and debates with Dain the wisdom of coming to Péronne.

Ch. 4 (27) The Explosion: Louis woos Charles's ministers individually, and when Crevecœur brings Charles news of the Bishop's murder skilfully limits the damage.

Ch. 5 (28) Uncertainty: Louis decides to kill Galeotti, who he believes has betrayed him. Balafré objects to killing in cold blood, but Tristan makes the necessary arrangements.

Ch. 6 (29) Recrimination: Galeotti tricks Louis into sparing his life.

Ch. 7 (30) Uncertainty: Charles consults his counsellors and plans to confront Louis to ascertain his role, if any, in the Bishop's murder. D'Argenton advises Louis how best to treat Charles.

Ch. 8 (31) The Interview: In an interview with Isabelle arranged by Crawford, Quentin asks her to tell Charles only what she knows about Louis from personal experience, to avoid inflaming the situation.

Ch. 9 (32) The Investigation: First Isabelle, and then Quentin, testify discreetly before Charles in the presence of Louis and Burgundian nobles.

Ch. 10 (33) The Herald: Hayraddin appears as William's herald: he is exposed by Charles's herald, chased by hunting dogs to the entertainment of Charles and Louis, and condemned to death.

Ch. 11 (34) The Execution: Before his execution by Tristran and Petit-André, Hayraddin tells Quentin of William's plan to disguise some of his men as French auxiliaries at Liège.

Ch. 12 (35) A Prize for Honour: Louis and Charles agree that Isabelle will be awarded to the warrior who kills William.

Ch. 13 (36) The Sally: As the Burgundian forces set out for Liège with Louis in attendance, Quentin gives Isabelle a letter from Hameline, passed on by Hayraddin before his execution, defending William whom she has married. Quentin discloses William's tactic to Louis and Charles.

Ch. 14 (37) The Sally: Quentin is diverted from encountering William in battle by the necessity of saving Pavillon's daughter from assault. Balafré kills William and surrenders his prize Isabelle to Quentin.

Reception
The reviews of Quentin Durward were mostly favourable, rating it among the best of the Waverley Novels, though there were a few dissenting voices. Particularly appreciated were the witty Introduction, the contrasting depictions of Louis and Charles, the striking incidents and descriptions, the control of the plot (though some thought it thin), and the vivid presentation of an interesting and unfamiliar period. The most common adverse criticisms were that historical analysis was too prominent, threatening to overpower the fiction, and that the female characters were weak. Sales in Britain were initially rather slow, perhaps because it came too quickly after Peveril of the Peak, but it was an immediate hit on the Continent.

Adaptations

 * 1953 comic book adaptation in Thriller Picture Library № 48
 * 1955 movie The Adventures of Quentin Durward, starring Robert Taylor
 * 1971 TV series Quentin Durward
 * 1988 Soviet movie The Adventures of Quentin Durward, The Archer of The King's Guard
 * an illustrated novel drawn by the Portuguese artist Fernando Bento and first published in the Fifties in the boy's journal Cavaleiro Andante
 * an opera by François-Auguste Gevaert (1858) on a libretto by Eugène Cormon and Michel Carré

title: Quentin Durward


text: Category:Prime ministers of Mauritius

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Prime ministers of Mauritius


text:
Talk:Close back rounded vowel

Would anyone mind if we removed the English sample? The english /u/ is extremely advanced and deviates very much from those in other languages. As a comparison it's not terribly representative and potentially confusing, while the other examples are very close to one another. I would hate to give people the impression that [u] in other languages are all pronounced like it is in English.

At the very least it should have a proper comment.

Peter Isotalo 13:25, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I would mind, do not remove English from this article until you have talked to linguists such as Angr, Nohat, etc, who know how is used in English. RP and GA insist on using  for their pronunciations and transcriptions. – AxSkov ( T ) 12:23, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm perfectly familiar with both usage and pronunciation in English. That why I'm asking for removal or clarification. That /u/ is used to describe the phoneme in English really not that relevant to the finer auditive aspects of the sound. This is very similar to the Swedish /ʉ/ (as in "ful" or "ut"), which in most dialects is very advance (see Swedish language for a more precise vowel chart) and just like the English /u/ is quite different from the "neutral" position of the cardinal vowel.
 * But I guess making a stir about this isn't really necessary; I'll just add the comment myself.
 * Peter Isotalo 18:59, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I understand why the transcriptions for the approximant [β̞] were added, but I'm unsure if they are really helpful to the average reader if the text says that there's no way to transcribe inrounded vowels. It doesn't seem all that necessary to get really narrow about transcribing sounds that aren't really relevant to the article at hand.
 * And to the anonymous editor, please stop just making stubborn reverts. There is absolutely no need for the special IPA length-sign. It makes for strange-looking text for me on my iBook, and that means others will experience it as well. A colon is fully acceptable and can't be confused with any other symbol. The actual lengthmark is only needed when having to use the half-length mark as well as the full-lrngth mark when making very narrow transcriptions and with languages that actually have over-long vowels, like Estonian (but these languages are quite rare).
 * Peter Isotalo 14:06, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Norwegian
Is the Norwegian /u/ compressed like the Swedish? kwami (talk) 13:03, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is. - Some random Swede living in Norway —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.112.68.78 (talk) 22:14, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

Usage in Japanese
I've always been rather confounded by the use of [u] to represent う, and even more so when I see i used alongside the Swedish example "oro". To my ears at least, the don't sound the least bit similiar, if you listen to the sound files provided on the page, then I'm pretty sure you'll find that the Japanese U and its Swedish counterpart won't sound the least bit alike.

 * I second that. Whatever other subtle processes are going on here, the vowel of oro is closer to that of standard English pooh while the u of kuki is closer to English duh.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:E0B5:8DBE:8D7B:53C2 (talk) 15:08, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

First time I heard Japanese and tried to pronouce names such as "Mutsumi" och "Kyushu", I found that what I pronounced ([u]) didn't sound at all like what the Japanese themselves used to say in animae, which sounded a lot more like [y]. I found it had a lot more similarities to a Hungarian and German Ü (representing [y]) than it had to a Hungarian U or a Swedish O, which represent the vowel [u].

I can't come up with any facts or sources to prove or back up my claim, but I'd still like someone to look into it, preferably somebody who speaks more that just English and Japanese. Nederbörd (talk) 16:51, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

 * No-where do we say it's the same vowel as Hungarian /u/. I can't speak for Swedish. It's a diphthong though, unlike Japanese. Listening to the sound file, it also sounds quite a bit lower--almost like an English /ou/. You're right, it doesn't sound much like Japanese. But "u" is as good as you're going to get for Japanese using the IPA, unless they introduce more vowel letters. Japanese /u/ is further forward than cardinal, in addition to being compressed. I'd think it's the Swedish we'd need to change. However, it may just be that our speaker doesn't have the accent transcribed in the IPA. kwami (talk) 00:35, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

Armenian
I don't understand why someone is constantly changing the final trill ([r]) in the example in the Armenian line. It IS a trill, not a flap/tap. See the Wiktionary example for more.--Mahtrqerin (talk) 11:21, 30 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't know. I've taken a quick look at the source, and it too seems to say it is a trill (ṙ). --JorisvS (talk) 11:29, 30 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I misread the source on page 19-20, mistakenly thinking it said that the trill never occurs word-finally. — Æµ§œš¹  [ãːɱ ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɪ̃ə̃nlɪ]  14:39, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Roundedness
There is a difference in the roundedness of "u" in some different languages. The pronounciation of "u" in Standard French is much more rounded (the lips get much more rounded) that the pronounciation of "u" in the Turkish, Bengali, Hebrew and Spanish standards. They are definitely two different sounds (though hard to percieve for many, it would be quite easy to a musician's ear). I don't know if there is another sign to distinguish them, but it should definitely be mentioned somewhere. Thank you. --Universal Life (talk) 14:38, 26 February 2013 (UTC)
 * There is a continuum of roundedness. The IPA has diacritics for "more rounded" and "less rounded". --JorisvS (talk) 14:45, 26 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Oh, thank you Joris, I saw the signs for "more rounded" and "less rounded".
 * But then how will we know, how much rounded is the standard sign for close back rounded vowel (u)? --Universal Life (talk) 02:37, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I think that will depend somewhat on who you're asking. I'd go for a moderately rounded one, so that you can meaningfully apply either diacritic to it. --JorisvS (talk) 10:34, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok. So, from what I know, the "u" in Bengali, Hebrew, Latin, Spanish and Turkish is a moderately rounded one. But in French, for example, when I need to say doucement, for making the "ou", my lips go extremely forward (like a monkey's lip, making u-u-u). So I think the French "u" can be called "more rounded". In the aforementioned languages no one does that. When someone speaks Hebrew or Turkish with such a rounded "u" (like in French), people will think; oh! s/he French. Thanks --Universal Life (talk) 12:01, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Close back rounded vowel


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Spite/archive1

Spite
Hi. In fair division, a branch of theoretical economics, there is a thing called spite where a player acts against his own interests in order to hurt someone else. So I started a page called spite.

But the concept is much broader. How about some knowledgeable wikpedian adding some examples of spite/spiteful behaviour from literature or politics or psychology?

Robinh 13:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Try to remove that self-reference in the first line. Phoenix2 17:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Someone should give some empirical examples of this, and elaborate on the psychology aspect, it can be a considerably large motive to human behavior. Raskolnikov The Penguin 02:35, 2005 July 21 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Peer review/Spite/archive1


text:
Talk:Elis

Untitled
I think this article should either be renamed "Ileia" (that's the official transliteration, Ilia is the transliteration proposed by the US Board of Geographic Names), or merged with Elis (it is the same, isn't it?). Reactions at Talk:Prefectures of Greece please. Markussep 13:26, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

I tagged this article for clean-up. It has poor English, many repetitions, confusing text, and many very unencyclopedic facts (what supermarket chains do not have stores in this region, minor forest fires and earthquakes, there are no ski resorts etc. etc.). And I wouldn't know what lines like "Two thermal springs offers beautiful blue-colored sea with the best beaches around." and "Straws and bamboo sticks are founded along the roads in the plains of the area." mean. Markussep 20:26, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

List of settlements in the Ilia prefecture, Kalo Nero?
I noticed that the list of settlements contains Kalo Nero that linked to the article about Kalo Nero, Avlona, Messenia. I changed the link to Kalo Nero (Ilia) (that article does not exist) but now I started wondering whether there's at all such a place in the Prefecture of Ilia! At least I couldn't find any in http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_1_TB_DC_01_03_Y.pdf, maybe it indeed was incorrectly meaning Kalo Nero, Avlona, Messenia and should be removed? Enlighten me, if you can! Sivullinen (talk) 16:42, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I have now deleted the Kalo Nero entry in List_of_settlements_in_the_Ilia_prefecture for reasons stated above, backed by some 'off-line' discussion, and because it does not exist in the corresponding list of Greek Wikipedia. If you think differently, please give some justification (at least the municipality where it is located!). --Sivullinen (talk) 19:27, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
I've started cleaning up this article, removing a lot of vague and unencyclopedic material and repetitions. Some of the parts I removed were quite unclear to me:
 * it said that Elis/Ilia was formerly a department. What kind of administrative unit was that (in Greek)?
 * at one point, it said that Ilia has 120 km of sandy beaches, at another it was 250-300 km. which number is correct? Markussep Talk 16:32, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

A recent tornado
On the history section and at Modern Ilia, write: "A F? tornado ravaged central Ilia and strucked the hilly areas that included Pelopio and caused minor damage in November 2009". and I am not sure to also create a new page called: History of Ilia or also known as History of the Ilia Prefecture.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Chania Prefecture which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 15:30, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Arta (peripheral unit) - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 23:00, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

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Requested move 4 July 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved to Elis. There is a reasonable proposal to reshuffle the material from this article, Ancient Elis, Medieval Elis into a WP:BROADCONCEPT article, as proposed by TSventon, but this is out of the RM scope. No such user (talk) 12:22, 22 July 2021 (UTC)

Elis (regional unit) → Elis – eponymous article with Category:Elis Gjs238 (talk) 03:40, 4 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support, looks good to me. But first, Special:WhatLinksHere/Elis needs to be reviewed, and all antiquity-related links to Elis updated to Ancient Elis or Elis (city) (piped to display just "Elis"). These are currently incorrectly redirected here, since the page move last October. – Fayenatic  L ondon 12:05, 4 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose, the |Ancient_Elis|Elis_(regional_unit)|Elis_(city) pageviews do not indicate a clear primary topic. Move Elis (disambiguation) to Elis, per WP:NOPRIMARY. 162 etc. (talk) 16:08, 4 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose per 162, move the DAB to the base name.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 16:16, 4 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Strike per below, as noted most of the highly viewed topics refer to the same place, the band is the next highest with 370[].  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 16:05, 5 July 2021 (UTC)
 * |Elis_(regional_unit)|Elis|Elis_(city)|Elis_(band) shows that when the article Ancient Elis was at the page name Elis (up to Oct 2020), it had by far the greatest number of views. Elis (regional unit) is currently getting most, but I think this is partly because Gjs238 redirected "Elis" to it. After I've finished disambiguating the incoming links, the Ancient and (city) pages will get a lot more views than they have had until now. But anyway, the primary topic is clearly the place rather than the band or the human name (etc), so it will be best to have the article about the current place Elis (including its history) at Elis, modified as proposed below by TSventon. – Fayenatic  L ondon 07:55, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support, IMO the pageviews cited above indicate that the regional unit is the primary topic, with more than twice as many views as the second topic, Ancient Elis. Markussep Talk 08:10, 5 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Generally, primary topics should have more pageviews than all other topics combined, see WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Furthermore, there could easily be confusion between these topics, as they are related to the same area. 162 etc. (talk) 15:25, 5 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Question to 162 etc. and Crouch, Swale, isn't this a case of WP:CONCEPTDAB, where several related topics can be covered in a broad-concept article? Elis (regional unit) covers almost the same area as Ancient Elis, whose capital was Elis (city) and the regional unit article includes links to the other two. TSventon (talk) 09:27, 5 July 2021 (UTC)
 * That's a discussion worth having, although I don't believe this RM is the place for it. 162 etc. (talk) 15:25, 5 July 2021 (UTC)
 * One advantage of that suggestion is that it might provide a better target for the current links to "Elis" from articles on medieval history (Principality of Achaea, Karytaina, William of Champlitte, Carlo I Tocco, Battle of Manolada, Centurione II Zaccaria), and generic references to the place name (List of Greek place names, Polish exonyms). – Fayenatic  L ondon 15:08, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Fayenatic, are you suggesting a new broad-concept article on the subject? I was thinking of adapting the regional unit article, e.g. by adding to the lead. TSventon (talk) 13:00, 8 July 2021 (UTC)
 * TSventon That will probably suffice. I have now created a redirect to the History section, Medieval Elis, and used it in several articles. I also added some more meanings to the dab page. Most links to "Elis" can be disambiguated; I think only the generic references to the place name will be left. – Fayenatic  L ondon 21:54, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support Clearly more significant than other articles in disambiguation. Dimadick (talk) 20:13, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support based on responses to my question above. TSventon (talk) 15:09, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

Updating wikilinks
Fayenatic and others, as Fayenatic pointed out above, wikilinks to Elis are a bit confused due to the history of the articles, so I would like to discuss them separately from the move.

 * Ancient Elis article was started in 2002 (as Elis). It was moved to Ancient Elis in 2020.
 * Elis (regional unit) article was started in 2003 (as Ilia Prefecture).
 * Elis (city) article was started in 2018.

I understand that the state of Elis was larger than the city of Elis, e.g. J. Roy says (via Google books) "The town of Elis may well however have been developed in 471 as the political centre of the Elean state." I therefore believe that the best link for most links relating to Elis in antiquity is Ancient Elis rather than Elis (city). The content of "Ancient Elis" is also more relevant as "Elis (city)" mainly covers the location and buildings of the town and is out of date as it is largely copied from William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: Abacaenum-Hytanis of 1854. TSventon (talk) 20:37, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I have been linking to them as follows:
 * to Ancient Elis for: the district containing Pisa, Olympia, etc; the tribe or language of the Eleans (sometimes using the redirect Eleans)
 * to Elis (city), i.e. the polis city-state, for: a specific location, e.g. on a route; archaeology; birthplace/place of origin of an ancient person who is stated to be "from Elis"; kings of Elis; Elis as a political/military ally
 * Of these, it is probably just the last two types (kings and military) that call for discussion. E.g. History of Sparta. – Fayenatic  L ondon 21:39, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Fayenatic Thank you for updating most of the links to Elis and creating the Medieval Elis redirect. I think the question is what do or what should the articles cover and the wikilinks should follow from that. I would distinguish between
 * 1 The urban settlement of Elis
 * 2 The state (polis) of Elis: Roy refers to "the kernel of the Elean state in Koile Elis-Pisatis"
 * 3 The symmachy of Elis (the polis plus dependent areas)
 * 4 The region of Elis (Hollow Elis, Pisatis, Triphylia and possibly Acroreia)
 * Of these, I believe Elis (city) covers 1 and Ancient Elis covers 2-4. However the lead of Elis (city) says it was a "polis (city-state)", which suggests it covers 2. For comparison the city and state of Athens are covered by Classical Athens, the Athenian Empire by the Delian league and the region of Athens by Attica. I would reword the lead of Elis (city) to clarify that it covers the capital city, rather than the entire polis, what do you think? TSventon (talk) 15:04, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I think that sounds helpful. If this is done then I'd be happy to change incoming links in articles about kings or military topics, from the city to Ancient Elis. – Fayenatic  L ondon 16:37, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Can I move this discussion to Talk:Ancient Elis? I have updated the leads, any feedback is welcome. I will probably post a link to this discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Classical Greece and Rome for their feedback. I would also like to discuss how to clarify that the Elis (city) is mostly quoted from William Smith's Dictionary, perhaps by formatting the article as a quotation. TSventon (talk) 17:06, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * No objection to moving this discussion. A link should also be posted at Talk:Elis (city). As for the quotation, I don't think anything more than the existing source template is necessary. – Fayenatic  L ondon 12:22, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I have placed a link at Talk:Elis (city). I know that public domain text can be included in Wikipedia articles, but Elis (city) incorporates a lot of nineteenth century text with minimal updating, so I thought it was worth starting a discussion about how or whether the article could be improved. I will leave this discussion where it is for the moment in case WP:CGR members want to contribute. TSventon (talk) 12:52, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I have now updated incoming links about kings & alliances to Ancient Elis rather than the city. – Fayenatic  L ondon 08:44, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Elis (city) should be merged into Ancient Elis. The user who created the first article in 2018 used exclusively Smith, who wrote about the city-state of Elis (eg. the polis=urban area+depending territories). There may be enough ground to create an article about the region in antiquity, but most of the academic literature on the whole area deals with Olympia and the games, which was for most of their history within the polis of Elis, of which I don't think there is that much to say. The articles on Classical Athens and Sparta cover the city-state (or polis), the region in antiquity (Attica and Laconia), and the urban center. T8612  (talk) 18:21, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree that they should be merged - there is a distinction between Elis the town and Elis the political entity, but it's a very fine one and it seems difficult to improve the quality of the article(s) while keeping the two topics separate. Nor is either topic currently large enough to require separation for length reasons. And as T8612 says, dealing with both together is wiki's normal practice; cf. Ancient Corinth, Argos, Peloponnese, Thebes, Greece, Sicyon. Furius (talk) 19:50, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * T8612, Furius, I have copied your posts to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject_Classical Greece and Rome to keep discussion about Elis (city) in one place. TSventon (talk) 16:56, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * No objection to merger, but there should be a separate section for the capital city, and Elis (city) should redirect to that section, to make sense of incoming links about Elis as a birthplace / place on a route / archaeological site. – Fayenatic  L ondon 08:44, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Fayenatic, I have copied your post to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject_Classical Greece and Rome to keep discussion about Elis (city) in one place. TSventon (talk) 08:51, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

 * For info, new redirects Medieval Elis and Ottoman Elis both point to the History section, while several redirects using "prefecture" just point to the page. I have inserted a mention of Elis Prefecture in the lede. – Fayenatic  L ondon 09:11, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elis


text:
Talk:My Dad the Rock Star

Minor Characters
I removed the red links for the minor characters, and their voice actors as well. I looked to WP:FICT for guidance. brenneman (t) (c) 13:28, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Episode Links
None of the episode links go where they should...one even led to a SpongeBob episode...
 * --Wack'd About Wiki 23:58, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * That's because they shouldn't be linked in the first place. Unless someone feels it necessary to create episode summaries of sufficient length, I think it's best to leave them unwikified. •• \\/\//esleyPinkha//\/\\ •• 19:28, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Speaking of episode summaries, the current ones are down right appalling. Robrecht 15:11, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

nicktoons network
Is This show returning to nicktoons network in 2009? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cyclone39 (talk • contribs) 04:35, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:My Dad the Rock Star


text:
User talk:TheSpottedDogsOrganisation

Oh, yeah. Like, right. For future "projects" may I suggest two things?

1. Learn how to spell. (it's "piece", not "peice", among the legions of your inimitable Sconisms)

2. Learn how to write grammatically correct sentences that involve more than just one noun and one verb.

Mothperson cocoon 13:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * ........and furthermore to the wise advice given above, try to remember there is a whole world outside of North America, with quite a few of us living in it. Giano | talk 13:57, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for your participation
You have all been unwitting participants in a peice of performance art entitled "Wikipedia Project: Spring-Summer 2005". All of this has been a big giant peice of art involving several people throughout North America. Thanks for unwittingly playing your roles to a tee. TheSpottedDogsOrganisation 13:06, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think your work here has really been quite innovative. In the first act you vandalized yourself, in the second you actually impersonated yourself (quite ground-breaking), and you topped it all off in the third act by making legal threats against yourself.  I must say, though, I didn't find the last two acts as believable as the tragic and self-destructive first.--Pharos 18:02, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:TheSpottedDogsOrganisation


text:
Saint Oda

Saint Oda of Scotland (c. 680 – c. 726) was a woman, supposedly of Scottish origin, who became a holy recluse in the Netherlands. Her feast day is 23 October.

Life
Oda was born blind and her father sent her on pilgrimage to Liège to visit the relics of Saint Lambert. While praying at his grave she was miraculously cured of her blindness, as recorded in the saint's 8th century vitae. Vowing to dedicate her life to God, she returned to Scotland.

According to records written in the 13th century by members of the noble Van Rode family, her father wanted to arrange a marriage for her. Because of her vow she and her maid fled across the North Sea. After a pilgrimage to Rome and Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano, Oda prayed in various villages in the Netherlands and Belgium and finally settled in Venray, only to be repeatedly disturbed by magpies. Seeking solitude, she fled from the magpies and the birds led her to an open space in the forest. There the villagers built a hut for her.

In order to protect her humble shelter from the wind, hail, rain and snow and to hide it from the view of the world, Oda planted some bushes. The following day they had already grown into a thick hedge. Her father sought for her, and as in the story of St. Dymphna, her location was disclosed by her use of coins from her homeland. However, when he attempted to approach her hut, magpies repeatedly drove him off. Eventually he gave up and returned to Scotland without her. She remained there as a hermitess.

Iconography
Saint Oda is usually depicted wearing a long blue gown with one shoulder bare and carying a staff or a book (symbolic of her cured blindness). She is always shown with a magpie on her hand and a crown under her feet (symbolic of her rejection of her earthly father's kingdom).

Veneration
After Oda's death, her humble hut became a place of pilgrimage. "Saint Oda's place in the woods" became the town of Sint-Oedenrode, Netherlands (in Dutch, a small manmade open space in the woods is called a rode). Like the flag of Scotland, the flag of Sint-Oedenrode is a white saltire on a blue field. Pieces of Saint Oda's skull and teeth are kept in the Saint Martin Church of Sint-Oedenrode. Various statues and paintings are kept in a chapel dedicated to Oda in the church's garden. Pilgrims visited Saint Oda for relief of sore eyes and other illnesses related to the head.

title: Saint Oda


text:
Absalon Pederssøn Beyer

Absalon Pederssøn Beyer (c. 1528 – 9 April 1575) was a Norwegian author, lecturer and Lutheran clergyman. Beyer contributed greatly to the spiritual Reformation in Norway. He is best known today for his diary or annal of contemporary events. Absalon Pederssøns dagbok 1552–1572, his diary from the years between 1552 and 1572 is one of the most important source of the information of the cultural and social history of Bergen during this period.

Absalon Pederssøn Beyer was born at Aurland in the county of Vestland, Norway. He received his education in Copenhagen. In 1549, he went to Wittenberg, where he studied for 2 years with Philip Melanchthon, one of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation. In 1553, Beyer was appointed lecturer in theology at the Bergen Cathedral School. Between 1557 and 1564 he was also the school's head teacher or reading teacher. From 1566 he was also a priest at Bergenhus.

Beyer had a working knowledge of both the Greek and Latin languages. In 1566, he let his students perform The Fall of Adam in church. This is thought to be the first public theatrical performance in Norway. Beyer wrote historic-topographic works including Om Norigs Rige and Bergens kapitelsbok. He died in 1575. His widow, Anne Pedersdotter, was accused of witchcraft and was burned in 1590 even though loyal clergymen asserted her innocence.

Other sources

 * Bang, Anton Christian (1883) Den norske kirkes historie (Oslo: Cammermeyer)
 * Bang, Anton Christian (1884) Gjengangere Fra Hedenskabet Og Katholicismen Blandt Vort Folk Efter Reformationen (Oslo: Cammermeyer)
 * Wiers-Jenssen, Hans (1917) Anne Pedersdotter; a drama in four acts (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co.)

title: Absalon Pederssøn Beyer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andy Squires

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 19:10, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Andy Squires
Vanity. Most of 's entries have been vandalism. Dunc|☺ 13:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity. KeithD 15:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Himmla

Search user languages

title: User:Himmla


text: Template:Tulare County, California

title: Template:Tulare County, California


text: Talk:David M. Miner

title: Talk:David M. Miner


text:
64 Zoo Lane

64 Zoo Lane (French: 64, rue du Zoo) is a children's animated series created by Belgian-born English author An Vrombaut. The series is co-produced by French animation studio Millimages and British-based Zoo Lane Productions in association with ZDF and ZDF Enterprises (Series 1-2). La Cinquième, The Itsy Bitsy Entertainment Co. (Series 2), Sofica Cofanim and CBeebies (Series 3-4), with the participation of France 5 (Series 3)/France Televisions (Series 4).

The first two seasons aired from 1999 to 2003. After a seven-year hiatus, the series returned in 2010 for another two seasons, ending in 2013. A total of 104 episodes were produced.

Synopsis
The series follows a 7-year-old girl named Lucy who lives next door to a zoo at 64 Zoo Lane. Each night, she is told a story by the animals. Characters include Georgina the Giraffe, Nelson the Elephant, Tickles and Giggles the Monkeys, Boris the Bear, and Molly the Hippopotamus. The programme emphasizes friendship and responsibility. At the story's end, friendly morals are discussed, then bedtime is declared. Georgina deposits Lucy into bed via the bedroom window (later episodes show Lucy yawning and then sleeping soundly in bed; in the original episodes she would be lulled to sleep by the storytelling itself). Opportunities for learning: exploring language and vocabulary are enhanced by the use of intonation and expression in the character's voices and the themes of the animals' stories support social and emotional issues, including friendships and helping and caring for others. The creator of the TV series, An Vrombaut, also wrote and illustrated six 64 Zoo Lane picture books based on stories from the TV series.

Main characters

 * Lucy (voiced by Ciara Janson, later Alice Hearing, later Lara Wollington) – A 7-year-old human girl.
 * Georgina the Giraffe (voiced by Adrienne Posta) – A giraffe with blue-coloured dots.
 * Nelson the Elephant (voiced by Keith Wickham) – A green-coloured elephant, who has a nephew named Nigel.
 * Molly the Hippopotamus (voiced by Anna Bentinck) – A blue-coloured hippopotamus.
 * Monkeys Giggles and Tickles (voiced by Adrienne Posta and Anna Bentinck) – two playful prankster monkeys though their practical jokes can sometimes cause trouble.
 * Boris the Bear (voiced by Lewis McLeod)

African characters

 * Nathalie the Antelope (voiced by Adrienne Posta) – An antelope who loves to dance and jump around.
 * Audrey the Ostrich (voiced by Anna Bentinck) – An ostrich who is very wise and often gives advice to other animals.
 * Reginald the Lion (voiced by Lewis McLeod) – A lion whose naps would often get disturbed. While not napping, he is often seen licking a bone.
 * The Snip Snip Bird (voiced by Bob Saker) – A green-coloured bird, who lives at the top of the mountain. He resembles peacock because of his big, beautiful tail.
 * King Snake (voiced by Keith Wickham)
 * Victor the Crocodile (voiced by Keith Wickham) – An grumpy crocodile who acts cruel but deep down he cares about others.
 * Kevin the Crocodile (voiced by Anna Bentinck) – A young crocodile who is friends with Toby and Doris.
 * Doris the Duck (voiced by Adrienne Posta) – A young duck who is friend with Kevin and Toby. She is very helpful but she can also be a little bossy.
 * Toby the Tortoise (voiced by Bob Saker) – A blue-coloured tortoise who is a little self-conscious because of being slow.
 * Isabel the Flamingo (voiced by Adrienne Posta)
 * Mirabelle the Flamingo (voiced by Anna Bentinck)
 * Annabelle the Flamingo (voiced by Anna Bentinck)
 * Herbert the Warthog (voiced by Keith Wickham) – A warthog who has a fond of watermelons. He is a great musician and loves bathing in mud.
 * Zed the Zebra (voiced by Lewis McLeod) – A zebra who runs very fast.
 * Alan the Aardvark (voiced by Keith Wickham) – An aardvark who is usually seen eating ants.
 * Ronald the Rhinoceros (voiced by Keith Wickham) – A rhinoceros who likes breaking rocks into pieces.
 * The Tic Tic Bird (voiced by Bob Saker) – A colourful bird (possibly oxpecker), who is Ronald's best friend.
 * William the Weaverbird (voiced by Bob Saker) – A bird who is often seen building a nest.
 * Pauline the Pelican (voiced by Adrienne Posta) – A pelican who is fond of fish. She is a little clumsy but also very nice and friendly.
 * Nigel the Elephant Calf (voiced by Anna Bentinck)
 * Harry the Hyena (voiced by Lewis McLeod)
 * Edna the Hyena (voiced by Adrienne Posta)
 * Hyena Pups Holly and Johnnie (voiced by Anna Bentinck and Bob Saker)
 * Seamus the Stork (voiced by Jonathan Guy Lewis) – A stork who flies very fast.
 * Eddie the Hippopotamus (voiced by Lewis McLeod) – A young and mischievous hippopotamus.
 * Henrietta the Hairy Hippopotamus (voiced by Anna Bentinck) – A furry hippotamus who is one of Molly's relatives.
 * Cleopatra "Patsy" the Porcupine (voiced by Anna Bentinck)
 * Casper the Chameleon – (voiced by Matt Wilkinson) – Casper is a cheeky chameleon who likes to camouflage. Ignoring Granddad Chameleon's warning, he gets into trouble.
 * Granddad Chameleon (voiced by Keith Wickham)
 * Dennis the Dromedary (voiced by Keith Wickham) – A curious young dromedary.
 * Gary the Dromedary (voiced by Lewis McLeod) – An uncle of Dennis.
 * Dr. Gordon Gorilla (voiced by Keith Wickham) – Dr. Gordon Gorilla is Africa's physician and the uncle of Giggles and Tickles.
 * Esmerelda the Snake (voiced by Adrienne Posta) – A snake who collects shells and likes having everything clean.
 * Cousin Chuckles the Monkey (voiced by Lewis McLeod)
 * Lily the Ostrich (voiced by Adrienne Posta) – A young ostrich, daughter of Audrey.
 * Doogal the Ostrich (voiced by Anna Bentinck) – A young ostrich, son of Audrey.
 * Rosie the Rhinoceros (voiced by Anna Bentinck)
 * Petula the Parrot (voiced by Adrienne Posta)

North American characters

 * Melanie the Moose (voiced by Adrienne Posta) – A female moose with antlers. She is clumsy, but kind.
 * Beverley the Beaver (voiced by Anna Bentinck) – A beaver that is often trying to perfect her dam. She speaks with a US accent.
 * Randolph the Raccoon (voiced by Dan Russell) – A raccoon who grows a yield of mushrooms. He speaks with an Gain Southern Drawl accent.
 * Barbara the Bison (voiced by Anna Bentinck) – A baby bison is a found her family.
 * Chipmunks Alfie and Charlie (voiced by Bob Saker and Matt Wilkinson)
 * Mr. and Mrs. Bison (voiced by Anna Bentinck and Dan Russell) – The parents of Barbara.

South American characters

 * Adam the Armadillo (voiced by Keith Wickham) – An armadillo who likes to roll.
 * Jazz the Jaguar (voiced by Dan Russell)
 * Leopoldo the Llama (voiced by Lewis McLeod)
 * Taco the Toucan (voiced by unknown)
 * Annie the Anaconda (voiced by unknown)
 * Duddley the Sloth (voiced by Bob Saker)
 * Itchy Quatzel the Mysterious Mountain (voiced by unknown)
 * Tallulah the Toucan (voiced by unknown)

Australian characters

 * Joey the Kangaroo (voiced by Keith Wickham) – A young kangaroo who had trouble in learning to jump but finally learnt to do so.
 * Jimmy the Kangaroo (voiced by Lewis McLeod and Matt Wilkinson) – A young kangaroo who used to bully Joey, but later they became friends.
 * Kangaroos Janet and Elvis (voiced by unknown)
 * Janice the Kangaroo (voiced by Adrienne Posta)
 * Wally the Wombat (voiced by Keith Wickham)
 * Mr. Platypus (voiced by Lewis McLeod)
 * Julie the Kangaroo (voiced by unknown)
 * Ribbit the Frog (voiced by unknown)
 * Phoebe the Koala (voiced by Adrienne Posta) – A young koala who is friends with Jimmy and Joey. She is very shy and self-conscious.
 * Carrie the Cockatoo (voiced by Adrienne Posta)

North Pole characters

 * Snowbert the Polar Bear (voiced by Dan Russell) – A polar bear who is Boris' northern cousin. He used to live alone until he met Sidney the Seal. He likes making ice sculptures.
 * Sidney the Seal (voiced by Keith Wickham) – A seal that befriended Snowbert.

Overseas characters

 * Jamie the Baby Puffin (voiced by Anna Bentinck)
 * Puffins Thomas, Sharon and Lewis (voiced by Lewis McLeod (as Thomas), Bob Saker (as Lewis), and Anna Bentinck (as Sharon))
 * Hercule Moustache the Walrus (voiced by unknown)
 * Thelma the Whale (voiced by Anna Bentinck)
 * Gunnar the Seagull (voiced by Dan Russell)
 * Jack Big Claw the Crab (voiced by unknown)

Asiatic characters

 * Bao Bao the Giant Panda (voiced by unknown)
 * Gertie the Goat (voiced by Adrienne Posta)
 * Cassandra the Crane (voiced by Anna Bentinck)
 * Horace the Hare (voiced by Keith Wickham)
 * Confuse-us the Carp (voiced by unknown)

Broadcast
The series has aired on CBBC, Disney Channel, CBeebies and Sky Kids in the UK. Internationally, the series was aired on Fox Family (now Freeform), Noggin and Sprout in the United States, ABC for Kids in Australia, and France 5 in France. In Canada, TFO still airs it. It is part of the Club Junior lineup.

On April 26, 2012, BBC Worldwide acquired the worldwide licensing rights to the series outside France from Millimages.

France
DVDs of the series have been released by companies like France Télévisions Distribution (through Warner Home Video) and Millimages themselves (through Paramount Home Entertainment).

United Kingdom
A VHS release from Buena Vista Home Entertainment was planned for release in 2001, but was cancelled for unknown reasons.

In 2004, Maverick Entertainment signed a UK home video agreement with Millimages, and released three VHS/DVDs of the series.

On August 26, 2013, Abbey Home Media released a DVD called "The Story of the Jungle Ball", containing nine episodes from the fourth season.

United States
From 2008-2009, PorchLight Home Entertainment released three DVDs of the series, each containing 8 episodes.

title: 64 Zoo Lane


text:
Godiva (disambiguation)

Godiva or Lady Godiva was an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman who, according to legend, rode naked through the streets of Coventry, in England, in order to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation imposed by her husband on his tenants.

Godiva or Lady Godiva may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment
Films and television
 * Lady Godiva (1911 film), an American silent historical drama film
 * Lady Godiva (1921 film), a German silent historical drama film
 * Lady Godiva (2008 film), a British romantic comedy film
 * Godiva's, a Canadian television series depicting a small restaurant in Vancouver

Music
 * Godiva's Hymn, traditional drinking song for engineers
 * Godiva Festival, an annual festival of pop music held in July in the War Memorial Park, Coventry, England
 * Godiva (album), a 2003 album by Godiva
 * "Lady Godiva" (song), a 1966 song by Peter and Gordon, notably covered by Alex Day
 * "Godiva", a song by Heaven Shall Burn from the 2013 album Veto

Other arts
 * Godiva (comics), the name of three DC Comics characters
 * "Godiva" (poem), an 1842 poem by Alfred Tennyson
 * Lady Godiva (painting), an 1898 painting by John Collier

Others

 * Godiva (gastropod), a genus of nudibranchs (sea slugs)
 * Godiva (horse), a racehorse
 * 3018 Godiva, an asteroid
 * Godiva Chocolatier, a chocolate maker
 * Godiva device, an experimental nuclear reactor at the Los Alamos National Laboratory that caused a criticality accident in 1954
 * Kohm Lady Godiva, a 1980s United States human-powered aircraft

title: Godiva (disambiguation)


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Virtual globe

A virtual globe is a three-dimensional (3D) software model or representation of Earth or another world. A virtual globe provides the user with the ability to freely move around in the virtual environment by changing the viewing angle and position. Compared to a conventional globe, virtual globes have the additional capability of representing many different views of the surface of Earth. These views may be of geographical features, man-made features such as roads and buildings, or abstract representations of demographic quantities such as population.

On November 20, 1997, Microsoft released an offline virtual globe in the form of Encarta Virtual Globe 98, followed by Cosmi's 3D World Atlas in 1999. The first widely publicized online virtual globes were NASA WorldWind (released in mid-2004) and Google Earth (mid-2005).

Types
Virtual globes may be used for study or navigation (by connecting to a GPS device) and their design varies considerably according to their purpose. Those wishing to portray a visually accurate representation of the Earth often use satellite image servers and are capable not only of rotation but also zooming and sometimes horizon tilting. Very often such virtual globes aim to provide as true a representation of the world as is possible, with worldwide coverage up to a very detailed level. When this is the case, the interface often has the option of providing simplified graphical overlays to highlight man-made features, since these are not necessarily obvious from a photographic aerial view. The other issue raised by such detail available is that of security, with some governments having raised concerns about the ease of access to detailed views of sensitive locations such as airports and military bases.

Another type of virtual globe exists whose aim is not the accurate representation of the planet, but instead a simplified graphical depiction. Most early computerized atlases were of this type and, while displaying less detail, these simplified interfaces are still widespread since they are faster to use because of the reduced graphics content and the speed with which the user can understand the display.

List of virtual globe software
As more and more high-resolution satellite imagery and aerial photography become accessible for free, many of the latest online virtual globes are built to fetch and display these images. They include:

 * ArcGIS Explorer, a lightweight client for ArcGIS Server, supports WMS and many other GIS file formats. Retired as of Oct 1, 2017.
 * ArcGIS Earth, a 3D application for viewing, editing and sharing GIS data. Supports WMS, KML, Shapefile, and other GIS file formats.
 * Bing Maps, 3D interface runs inside Internet Explorer and Firefox, and uses NASA Blue Marble: Next Generation.
 * Bhuvan is an India-specific virtual globe.
 * Earth3D, a program that visualizes the Earth in a real-time 3D view. It uses data from NASA, USGS, the CIA and the city of Osnabrück. Earth3D is free software (GPL).
 * EarthBrowser, an Adobe Flash/AIR-based virtual globe with real-time weather forecasts, earthquakes, volcanoes, and webcams.
 * Google Earth, satellite and aerial photos dataset (including commercial DigitalGlobe images) with international road dataset, the first popular virtual globe along with NASA World Wind.
 * MapJack is a flash based map covering areas in Canada, France, Latvia, Macau, Malaysia, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States.
 * Marble, part of KDE, with data provided by OpenStreetMap, as well as NASA Blue Marble: Next Generation and others. Marble is free and open-source software (LGPL).
 * NASA World Wind, USGS topographic maps and several satellite and aerial image datasets, the first popular virtual globe along with Google Earth. World Wind is open-source software (NOSA).
 * NORC is a street view web service for Central and Eastern Europe.
 * OpenWebGlobe, a virtual globe SDK written in JavaScript using WebGL. OpenWebGlobe is free and open-source software (MIT).
 * WorldWide Telescope features an Earth mode with emphasis on data import/export, time-series support and a powerful tour authoring environment.

As well as the availability of satellite imagery, online public domain factual databases such as the CIA World Factbook have been incorporated into virtual globes.

History

In 1993 the German company ART+COM developed a first interactive Virtual globe, the project Terravision; supported by the Deutsche Post as a "networked virtual representation of the Earth based on satellite images, aerial shots, altitude data and architectural data".

The use of virtual globe software was widely popularized by (and may have been first described in) Neal Stephenson's famous science fiction novel Snow Crash. In the metaverse in Snow Crash, there is a piece of software called Earth made by the Central Intelligence Corporation (CIC). The CIC uses their virtual globe as a user interface for keeping track of all their geospatial data, including maps, architectural plans, weather data, and data from real-time satellite surveillance.

Virtual globes (along with all hypermedia and virtual reality software) are distant descendants of the Aspen Movie Map project, which pioneered the concept of using computers to simulate distant physical environments (though the Movie Map's scope was limited to the city of Aspen, Colorado).

Many of the functions of virtual globes were envisioned by Buckminster Fuller who in 1962 envisioned the creation of a Geoscope that would be a giant globe connected by computers to various databases. This would be used as an educational tool to display large scale global patterns related to topics such as economics, geology, natural resource use, etc.

title: Virtual globe


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Wikipedia talk:Category names

ENGVAR
I don't think we have ever had anything here explicitly referencing WP:ENGVAR (see also Wikipedia talk:Category names/Archive 10). If I were to add something, it would probably these couple of points:

The national varieties of English guidelines apply to each individual category, independent of the way they are connected to other categories. In particular: Zzyzx11 (talk) 05:19, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
 * If a category has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation, then its name should use that nation's variety of English. This includes each individual subcategory by country and subcategory by nationality (for example, compare Category:Footballers in the United Kingdom with Category:Soccer players in the United States).
 * Eponymous categories and topic categories should use the same variety of English as their respective main articles.

Populated places
Some folks have required a decade old decision to be affirmed.

Category:Settlements was renamed to Category:Populated places:
 * Categories for discussion/Log/2010 April 17

United States Geological Survey: Cities, towns and other entities with human habitation are classified as populated places in the context of the BGN and GNIS.

Affirmed: William Allen Simpson (talk) 17:40, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Categories for discussion/Log/2023 January 15

We need to update this and maybe look at further revision
I noticed that this says to use "Austro-Hungarian foos". There was a decision to actually start using people from Austria-Hungary. I am wondering at the same time if all the current ones are justified. I think we have to aim for clarity. With Austro-Hungarian I have seen that term used to describe someone who was a national or descendant of nationals of Austria who was resident in Hungary, either as an immigrant or by ethnic descent, like the term Irish-American or German-American is used. I have to also wonder if some current terms are so obscure or conflicted that it makes sense to use them. For example we use New Zealand foo, because their is no easily accepted actual demonym. I am wondering if some other places is the demonym form actually common enough to justify its use in category names. Seychelles is one place I have to admit that I am not convinced that it is commonly used enough for us to reasonable expect readers to recognize it, and so I think Seycehlles people/People from Seychelles is better. With Nigeria and Niger, I also think a much clear solution would be to use Nigeria People and Niger People or people from Nigeria/People from Niger. The current usage is really imposing on those from Niger a demonym derived from French which is not at all what would be used as the demonym in English, and I have seen writers say this is a case of imposing a French word on English because the names are so similar in English. I think a better solution would be to chose names for those categories that are more clear.John Pack Lambert (talk) 12:28, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

Voter education
Request "Voter education" be added to list of available categories. This could be used to identify a function or activity as well as organizations or individuals that perform the function. Gumballhead1of2 (talk) 17:19, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

Discussion at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2023 September 18 § Category:WikiProject X members
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2023 September 18 § Category:WikiProject X members. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 22:34, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

Discussion at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2023 December 4 § Category:Fair use images
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2023 December 4 § Category:Fair use images. -- Marchjuly (talk) 05:14, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

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Alfalfa Club

The Alfalfa Club is a social club that exists only to hold an annual black tie banquet on the last Saturday of January at the Capital Hilton in Washington D.C., with an after-party at a local restaurant. The banquet, which lasts 4 hours, features music by the United States Marine Band as well as a political roast. There are approximately 200 members of the club, all of them influential politicians and business executives. The club has an invitation system; members are required to be invited to join. Invitations are extended to prospective members annually to fill the spots of recently deceased members. Several Presidents of the United States have been members of the club. The press is not allowed to attend the banquet.

The club was named in reference to the alfalfa plant's supposed willingness to "do anything for a drink."

If in attendance, the President of the United States is usually asked to deliver remarks at the banquet. President George W. Bush spoke at the banquet each year of his presidency; the Alfalfa Club was one of only three clubs that his father, George H. W. Bush, was a member of as president. President Obama attended and spoke at the banquet in 2009 and in 2012.

Annual club president nomination
One of the evening's activities includes the playful nomination of a presidential candidate by the Club's leadership. The candidate is then required to make a speech. Several such candidates became President of the United States after being nominated, including Richard Nixon in 1965 (elected in 1968), Ronald Reagan in 1974 (elected in 1980), and George W. Bush in 1998 (elected in 2000). In 1969, it nominated Harold Stassen. In 2004, the Club nominated Jack Valenti, the former president of the Motion Picture Association of America. Its 2000 nomination was Australian-born James Wolfensohn, constitutionally ineligible for election to the U.S. presidency. In 2001, the presidential nomination went to John McCain. In 2011, Sandra Day O’Connor became the first female president of the club. In 2017, Michael Bloomberg was elected president of the club. In 2018, John Kerry was elected president. In 2019, Mitt Romney was elected. In 2020, David Rubenstein was elected.

History
The club was formed by four southerners in the Willard Hotel to celebrate the birthday of Confederate Civil War General Robert E. Lee. It began admitting Black people in 1974 and women in 1994. In 2009, President Barack Obama spoke at the club's annual dinner, saying, "This dinner began almost one hundred years ago as a way to celebrate the birthday of General Robert E. Lee. If he were here with us tonight, the General would be 202 years old. And very confused."

In addition to its January banquet in Washington, the club previously held an annual summer picnic.

In 1986, William H. Rehnquist's membership in the club became the subject of discussion in a Senate Judiciary hearing after Rehnquist was nominated to be Chief Justice of the United States. He described the club as one that "met once a year to listen to patriotic music and 'hear some funny political speeches and said "he did not think his membership in such a once-a-year group violated the canons of judicial ethics."

In 1994, after a boycott by President Bill Clinton over a lack of women in the club, the club admitted its first women members, Sandra Day O'Connor, Elizabeth Dole, and Katharine Graham, whose father, Eugene Meyer, had also been a member. Clinton's boycott had been the first by a U.S. president since Jimmy Carter.

During the 2012 dinner, Occupy D.C. protested the banquet.

title: Alfalfa Club


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Alaksandu

Alaksandu (Hittite: 𒀀𒆷𒀝𒊭𒀭𒁺𒍑 Alâkšândûš), alternatively called Alakasandu or Alaksandus, was a king of Wilusa who sealed a treaty with Hittite king Muwatalli II ca. 1280 BC. This treaty implies that Alaksandu had previously secured a treaty with Muwatalli's father, Mursili II, as well. His name appears to be of Ancient Greek origin (see ).

Biography
Alaksandu was a successor of one Kukkunni, although it is not known if he was his immediate successor. Muwatalli recalls the friendship of Kukkunni with his own grandfather, Suppiluliuma I, and further evokes over three centuries of friendship between the Hittites and Wilusa dating back to the reign of Hattusili I.

Muwatalli in his letter downplays the importance of royal ancestry, suggesting that Alaksandu had come to power by other means than regular succession, so that Alaksandu is not necessarily a blood-relation of Kukkunni's. This has been taken as a hint that he may have been an early Greek ruler called Alexander, and he has been associated with Homer's Alexandros of Ilios, who is better known by the name Paris of Troy. However this is uncertain, since Alaksandu lived at least half a century before the historical period sometimes associated with the Trojan War. The name Alaksandus, which does not conform to the Anatolian onomastic tradition, is probably a transcription of the Greek name Alexandros and if so would be the most early evidence of this name, still current in present-day Western culture. One of three gods guaranteeing the terms of the treaty on the side of Alaksandu is the "Stormgod of the Army", Apaliunas (DA-ap-pa-li-u-na-aš), who is usually equated to Apollo. Apollo is portrayed in the Iliad as the foremost champion of the Trojans and the one who helped Paris kill Achilles.

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No Name, Colorado

No Name is a census-designated place (CDP) in and governed by Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Glenwood Springs, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population of the No Name CDP was 117 at the United States Census 2020. The Glenwood Springs post office (Zip Code 81601) serves the area.

Geography
No Name is located east of Glenwood Springs, off exit 119 of Interstate 70/U.S. Route 6 (I-70/US 6) in Glenwood Canyon. It is named for No Name Creek and No Name Canyon. The No-Name was one of the boats on John Wesley Powell's expedition in 1869 to map out the Colorado River along with the other boats including the Emma Dean, Kitty Clyde's sister, and Maid of the Canyon. The No Name Tunnel of I-70/US 6 is nearby. It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names.

The exit sign for No Name is visible in passing in the 1971 film Vanishing Point.

The No Name CDP has an area of 0.463 km2, all land.

Demographics
The United States Census Bureau initially defined the No Name CDP for the United States Census 2010.

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Regions of Singapore

The regions of Singapore are urban planning subdivisions demarcated by the Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapore to aid in its planning efforts. Over time, other governmental organisations have also adopted the five regions in their administrative work, as for example the Department of Statistics in the census of 2000. The regions are further subdivided into 55 planning areas, which include two water-catchment areas. The largest region in terms of area is the West Region with 218.4 km2, while the Central Region is the most populous with an estimated population of 922,980 inhabitants in the area in 2019.

Singapore is governed as a unitary state without provinces or states. While used by some governmental organizations, these regions are not administrative subdivisions in a conventional sense. For administrative purposes, Singapore is divided into five districts and further divided into divisions governed by councils and headed by mayors. These subdivisions are incompatible with the regional subdivisions. The regions are fixed over time while the districts fluctuate with electoral redistricting.

Regional centres
Prior to 1991, urban planners in Singapore preferred to have a strong commercial zone in the centre of the metropolitan area. Coupled with a disjointed residential developments in the northern and eastern areas, and industrial developments in the western areas of Singapore, this resulted in citizens having to travel across the island to their work or retail destinations. To address such issues and further improve city planning, the concept of regional centres was introduced in 1991 with the 1991 Master Plan.

Internationally, regional centres are typically new urban places or self-contained independent cities with their own mix of urban functions. However, as the land mass of Singapore is small, the term, regional centre, takes on a localised meaning: a functional node that is designed to serve as a smaller-scale downtown area between town centres in new residential towns and the main central business district in the Central Area. These centres are planned to offer a variety of commercial, retail, entertainment, and other amenities to residents in the surrounding areas. They are strategically located in areas that are well-served by the Mass Rapid Transit system, an efficient bus system, and an extensive road network. These regional centres are aimed to decentralised the amenities that's previously concentrated in the city's core.

There are four regional centres in Singapore, which were identified in the 1991 Master Plan. There is no regional centre for the Central Region as the city-centre itself de facto serves as one. The first regional centre to be developed was Tampines Regional Centre, located in the East Region, Singapore, along with the introduction of the 1991 Master Plan. Subsequently, Jurong East Regional Centre (West Region, Singapore), also known as the Jurong Lake District, was being developed next in 2008, with renewed plans unveiled in 2023. Woodlands Regional Centre (North Region, Singapore) was mooted in 2014. Lastly, plans for Seletar Regional Centre (North-East Region, Singapore) has yet to be unveiled; as such Punggol de facto currently serves as the regional centre of the North-East, which includes the Punggol Digital District.

List of regions
Population figures are as of 30 June 2020. They include citizens and permanent residents but do not include the approximately 1.6 million non-permanent residents of Singapore.

title: Regions of Singapore


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Blake Lively

Blake Ellender Lively (born August 25, 1987) is an American actress. Born in Los Angeles, Lively is the daughter of actor Ernie Lively, and made her professional debut in his directorial project Sandman (1998). She had her breakthrough playing Bridget Vreeland in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2005) and its 2008 sequel, to commercial success. After starring in the comedy Accepted (2006), Lively achieved international recognition for her portrayal of Serena van der Woodsen in the CW teen drama television series Gossip Girl (2007–2012). During this period, she also starred in the romantic comedies New York, I Love You (2008) and The Private Lives of Pippa Lee (2009), the thrillers The Town (2010) and Savages (2012), and the superhero film Green Lantern (2011).

Lively garnered acclaim for portraying the title character in the romantic fantasy The Age of Adaline (2015), a Hollywood secretary in the romantic comedy-drama Café Society (2016), and the antagonist of the black comedy thriller A Simple Favor (2018). She also headlined the survival horror film The Shallows (2016), the psychological drama All I See Is You (2016) and the thriller The Rhythm Section (2020), and directed Taylor Swift's music video "I Bet You Think About Me" (2021).

Early life
Blake Ellender Brown was born on August 25, 1987, in the Tarzana neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. Her mother, Elaine, worked as a talent scout, and her father, Ernie Lively, was an actor. Lively was named after her grandmother's brother. She has an older brother, Eric, and three half-siblings from her mother's previous marriage, Lori, Robyn, and Jason. Her parents and siblings have all worked in the entertainment industry.

During her childhood, Lively accompanied her parents to the acting classes they taught, as they did not want to leave her with a babysitter. She said that watching her parents teach helped her learn the "drills" and gain confidence as she got older and began working in the industry. She made her professional debut at age 10, when she appeared in the 1998 film Sandman, directed by Lively's father. She describes her role as a "bit part". She was initially not particularly interested in acting and wanted to attend Stanford University.

She attended Burbank High School and graduated in 2005, where she was a cheerleader, a member of the championship choir, and class president. Her elder brother asked his talent agent to send her to several auditions in the summer months. She was subsequently cast as Bridget in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2005) and filmed her scenes between her junior and senior years of high school.

2005–2006: Career beginnings
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants was released in 2005. Lively's performance earned her a nomination for a Teen Choice Award for "Choice Movie Breakout – Female". In 2006, Lively co-starred with Justin Long in Accepted, and she had minor roles in the horror film, Simon Says. Accepted was not well received by critics, but Lively's performance was, earning her a 'Breakthrough Award' from Hollywood Life. Lively starred in Elvis and Anabelle (2007) as Anabelle, a bulimic girl who hoped to win a beauty pageant. She said of getting into character for the role that she had "shed serious weight" for her height. She stated that that process was difficult for her because food is "the No. 1 love of my life." MovieLine.com praised her performance in the film and credited it as having been her "breakthrough role".

2007–2012: Gossip Girl
Lively was cast in The CW's series Gossip Girl, based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar, which premiered in September 2007. Already having deferred college for a year, Lively intended to turn the role down and become a student, but was told that she could attend college part-time while filming the show (she later said "This is advice to anyone: when they say, 'We promise, but we can't put it in writing,' there's a reason they can't put it in writing"). She played the role of Serena van der Woodsen in the teen drama until 2012 when the show ended. Her first magazine cover was the November 2007 issue of CosmoGirl, where she discussed her time in high school and her career prior to Gossip Girl. In 2008, Lively reprised her role as Bridget in the sequel The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2. Similarly to the first film, Lively's performance was positively received by critics. As of November 2008, the film had earned over $44 million at the box office. In 2009, she appeared as Gabrielle DiMarco in the romantic comedy New York, I Love You, a sequel to the 2006 film Paris, je t'aime. Despite positive critical reception, the film failed at the box office.

Lively portrayed the younger version of the titlular character in The Private Lives of Pippa Lee (2009) to critical acclaim. Paul Byrnes, of the Brisbane Times, described her performance in the film as "sensational". In October 2009, she began filming her scenes for her role as Kristina "Kris" Coughlin in the 2010 film The Town, based on Chuck Hogan's novel Prince of Thieves. The film, which was directed by and starred Ben Affleck, was released in the United States on September 17, 2010. On her performance, Variety wrote that Lively was "almost unrecognizable [and] has fierce, pained moments as the moll and single mother .. tossed aside." In December of that year, she appeared in the music video for The Lonely Island's "I Just Had Sex" together with Jessica Alba. Lively played Carol Ferris, the female lead and love interest of Hal Jordan in the superhero film Green Lantern, which was released in June 2011. The film grossed a worldwide total of $219,851,172. In 2011 she was featured in the annual Time magazine 100 influential people. Additionally, AskMen.com named her the most desirable woman of 2011 and People magazine named her one of 2012's Most Beautiful at Every Age.

In 2012, Lively starred in Oliver Stone's Savages alongside Taylor Kitsch, Aaron Johnson, Salma Hayek, and John Travolta. She replaced Jennifer Lawrence as Ophelia, after the latter dropped out to do The Hunger Games. HitFix film critic Drew McWeeny said Lively's performance was "smart and sad precisely because she plays O as such a broken, needy little soul". Also that year, she was selected as the face of the new Gucci fragrance, Gucci Premiere. She appeared in a short film ad directed by Nicolas Winding Refn for the fragrance.

2013–present: Film career
In October 2013, Lively was named the new face of L'Oreal, marking her first major makeup campaign. She starred in the film The Age of Adaline (2015), opposite Michiel Huisman and Harrison Ford, playing a woman who "stops aging after recovering from a near-fatal accident." The film was a modest commercial success, grossing $65.7 million from a production budget of $25 million. The Atlantic stated that she showed her "potential as a leading lady" primarily in the second half of the film, citing her "clipped delivery and coy restraint" as well as her "capable perform[ance]" within the emotional intensity of the film. In 2016, Lively starred in the survival horror film The Shallows. It received positive reviews and her performance was praised by critics. That year, she also starred in Woody Allen's romantic comedy film, Café Society which premiered at the 69th Cannes Film Festival and received critical acclaim. Lively enjoyed her experience working with Allen stating, "It's really cool to work with a director who's done so much, because he knows exactly what he wants", adding that he was "very empowering".

Lively starred opposite Jason Clarke in psychological drama All I See Is You (2016), which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival to mixed reviews. In 2018, she starred in the mystery-thriller A Simple Favor, alongside Anna Kendrick and Henry Golding, and directed by Paul Feig. The film was released on September 14 and Lively's performance was acclaimed. Variety wrote that "She has her moments .. many of them physical .. Lively's Emily is both repellent and irresistible." Many critics believed Lively could achieve her first Academy Award nomination for the role, however a nomination never eventuated.

Lively next played the lead, a drug-addicted prostitute turned assassin, in The Rhythm Section, the film adaptation of the Mark Burnell novel of the same name, produced by Barbara Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson, and directed by Reed Morano. The film was released by Paramount Pictures on January 31, 2020. Variety noted Lively's performance as "display[ing] a realistic near-incompetence in the face of danger [that] makes her relatable in ways very few cinematic assassins have ever been."

In May 2021, it was announced that Lively will star in Lady Killer as the lead character, Josie Schuller. She made her directorial debut as the co-writer and director of the music video for Taylor Swift's song "I Bet You Think About Me" featuring American singer-songwriter Chris Stapleton, released on November 15, 2021, from Swift's re-recorded album Red (Taylor's Version) (2021). In April 2022, it was announced Lively would make her feature directing debut with an adaptation of the graphic novel Seconds by Bryan Lee O'Malley, with Edgar Wright writing the screenplay and producing. In January 2023, it was announced that she will star in the film adaptation of Colleen Hoover's novel It Ends with Us as the lead character, Lily Bloom.

Other ventures
Lively describes herself as a "foodie and cook", and has said Martha Stewart is her "idol". She is also a fan of Nigella Lawson's work. In 2008, Lively baked a cake with Stewart during an episode of The Martha Stewart Show. In 2009, Lively stated that she "hoped one day to have an interior decorating company", citing her love for antiques and fascination with "colors and textures and layering things". In 2010, she attended a tailor-made workshop at Le Cordon Bleu in Paris, and has spoken of her desire to return to the culinary school for further instruction.

She has remarked that, when travelling, she always takes cookery classes to immerse herself in the local culture. In 2010 and again in 2011, Lively spoke publicly of her desire to become a restaurateur. In 2011, she created a s'mores cupcake to be sold at Sprinkles bakeries. In 2012, Lively's wedding reception was featured in Martha Stewart Weddings; food photography was the focal point of the picture spread. In 2013, she appeared in Elle Decor to recount her experiences designing a custom La Cornue oven for her newly purchased Bedford home. In 2013, she filmed a cooking segment for Vogue website, demonstrating how to make a brie pastry. In 2014, she launched Preserve, a digital magazine and e-commerce website with hand-made one-of-a-kind items all selected by Lively; on October 9, 2015, Lively closed the site, stating that it had been launched before it was ready, and that she plans to rebuild and relaunch it properly.

In 2021, Lively launched Betty Buzz, a line of non-alcoholic drink mixers. In 2023, Lively launched Betty Booze, a line of alcoholic canned cocktails.

Personal life
From 2007 to 2010, Lively was in a relationship with her Gossip Girl co-star Penn Badgley.

Lively first met Ryan Reynolds in early 2010 while filming Green Lantern, in which they co-starred. They began dating in October 2011 and married on September 9, 2012, at Boone Hall Plantation in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. They have four children: born December 2014, September 2016, October 2019, and February 2023. The family resides in Pound Ridge, New York. Lively and Reynolds are close friends with singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, who named the characters in her song "Betty" after their daughters.

In a 2012 conversation with Allure, Lively said that she does not drink and has never tried drugs.

Advocacy
During the 2008 United States presidential election, Lively expressed her support for Barack Obama. Lively and Penn Badgley appeared in a pro-Obama commercial, as part of MoveOn.org's Youth Vote program. The commercial, directed by Doug Liman, aired during Gossip Girl on the CW, MTV and Comedy Central. In 2013, she appeared in a video clip for Gucci's "Chime for Change" campaign that aims to raise funds and awareness of women's issues in the areas of education, health, and justice. In addition, Lively has worked to heighten public awareness of missing and exploited children and on-going efforts of law enforcement on their behalf.

title: Blake Lively