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Minister of Communications (Canada)

The Minister of Communications of Canada was a cabinet post which existed from 1969 to 1996, when it was abolished. Its telecommunications policy functions were transferred to the Minister of Industry and its cultural role was assumed by the Minister of Canadian Heritage.

The post was established by the Department of Communications Act, and abolished by the repeal of that act in 1995. During its existence, the department was authorized to oversee radio, television, and telephone communications in Canada, and supervised the CRTC.

Ministers of Communications
Key:

{{legend||Liberal Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

On July 12, 1996, office of the Minister of Communications and the office of the Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship were abolished and replaced with the office of Minister of Canadian Heritage (list).

title: Minister of Communications (Canada)


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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User:Khushwantjhaj

Khushwant Jhaj is a Financial Engineer and he is presently working in Investment Banking catagory. In his spare time he likes to educate people about basic Financial Foundation knowldge. He follows very simple thinking that you don't have to be car mechanic to know how to drive a car. What you need is a key and some direction how to handle the car.

He calls beautiful city of San Francisco his home.

He believes that every body should know the basics of the Mortgage, Investment and Insurance. Because these are the three basic building block for every bodys financial building. And you cannot build one without a good blueprint. Financial Foundation is the building block of every family. If your foundation is right then you and your family will enjoy all the fruits of this life. There are some very basic things which every body should know and one of them is the Rule of 72

He presently holds MS in Financial Math from Stanford University.

What are different kinds of protection available for your assets and you?

 * Term life insurance
 * Permanent life insurance
 * Whole life insurance
 * Universal life insurance
 * Variable universal life insurance
 * Corporate owned life insurance
 * Annuity
 * Estate planning
 * Retirement planning

Some reading for Mortgage

 * Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM)
 * Amortization (business)
 * Fixed-Rate Mortgage (FRM)
 * Fannie Mae - Federal National Mortgage Association.
 * Fair Isaac (FICO) - One of the three main credit bureaus. A FICO score of 600 would be similar to a "C" in public school grading or a "C-" in private school grading.
 * FHLB Advances - Funding provided by Federal Home Loan Banks.
 * Freddie Mac - Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.
 * Government Sponsored Entity (GSE) - Private organizations with government charters whose function is to provide liquidity for the residential loan market. GSEs purchase loans from lenders and assume risk for the asset, thereby protecting the investors in the MBS.
 * Home Equity Loan (HEL)
 * Homeowners Insurance - Package policy that combines (1) coverage against the insured’s property being destroyed or damaged and (2) coverage for liability exposure of the insured.
 * Loan to value (LTV) - Loan Amount / Value of property.
 * Combined loan to value (CLTV). All loans outstanding (i.e. 1st & 2nd) / Value of property.
 * No Income No Asset (NINA)
 * No Income Verification (NIV) Income is not verified but many times is "Stated" by the applicant borrower.
 * No Documentation (No Doc) Income or assets are not stated. Typically requires a low LTV and higher credit scores.
 * Manufactured housing (MH)
 * Mortgage Insurance (MI)
 * Mortgage Servicing Rights Mortgage Service Rights (MSR) - The capitalized asset that represents the value of the servicing fees to be realized over the life of the loan. (See also yield to maturity)
 * Pooling — The process of grouping together mortgage loans with similar characteristics.
 * Quitclaim deed (QCD)
 * Real estate appraisal
 * Second mortgage Additional loan that is subordinate to the primary mortgage
 * Secondary mortgage market — The market where lenders and investors buy and sell existing mortgages and MBS securities.
 * Securitization — The process of pooling loans into mortgage-backed securities for sale into the secondary mortgage market.
 * Verification of employment (VOE)

Islamic mortgages
Islamic Sharia law prohibits the payment or receipt of interest, which means that practising Muslims cannot use conventional mortgages. However, real estate is far too expensive for most people to buy outright using cash: Islamic mortgages solve this problem by having the property change hands twice. In one variation, the bank will buy the house outright and then act as a landlord. The homebuyer, in addition to paying rent, will pay a contribution towards the purchase of the property. When the last payment is made, the property changes hands.

An alternative scheme involves the bank reselling the property according to an installment plan, at a price higher than the original price.

In the United Kingdom, HSBC was the first major bank to offer Islamic mortgages.

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Faye Emerson

Faye Margaret Emerson (July 8, 1917 – March 9, 1983) was an American film and stage actress and television interviewer who gained fame as a film actress in the 1940s before transitioning to television in the 1950s and hosting her own talk show.

Born in Louisiana, Emerson spent the majority of her early life in San Diego, California. She became interested in theater while attending San Diego State College and then pursued an acting career, appearing in stock theater in California. She signed a contract with Warner Bros. and began appearing in its films in 1941. She starred in several films noir, including Lady Gangster (1942), and Howard Hawks's war film Air Force (1943). In 1944, she played one of her more memorable roles as Zachary Scott's former lover in The Mask of Dimitrios. From 1944 to 1950, she was married to Elliott Roosevelt, son of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

In 1949, Emerson began hosting The Faye Emerson Show, a late-night talk show series. Her prolific appearances on many talk shows and game shows throughout the 1950s earned her the nickname "The First Lady of Television". During the decade, she also appeared in numerous Broadway stage productions. Emerson formally retired from show business in 1963 and retired to Europe. She lived there until 1983, when she died of stomach cancer in Deià, Spain, aged 65. For her contributions to the motion picture industry, Emerson received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960. Her star is located at 6529 Hollywood Blvd.

Early life
Faye Margaret Emerson was born July 8, 1917, in Elizabeth, Louisiana, the fifth child of Lawrence L. and Jean Emerson. The family moved frequently during her early years, including El Paso, Texas, and New Mexico, when she was an infant. Her parents separated when Emerson was three years old, and she went to Chicago in 1924 to live with her father and stepmother. At age 10, she moved to San Diego, California, to live with her mother, where she spent the remainder of her formative years.

She became interested in dramatics during her two years attending the Academy of San Luis Rey, a Roman Catholic convent and boarding school in Oceanside, California. She attended Point Loma High School, and for one year, San Diego State College. Emerson joined the San Diego Community Theatre, and the St. James Repertory Theater, performing in summer stock productions in California. Emerson married her first husband, William Wallace Crawford, Jr., a naval aviator, on October 29, 1938. The couple had a son, William Wallace "Scoop" Crawford, III, in 1940.

Film career
In 1941, while appearing in a stage production of Here Today at the San Diego Municipal Theater, Emerson was spotted by a talent agent from Warner Bros. studios. She subsequently signed a contract with the studio, appearing in bit parts before having supporting roles in Bad Men of Missouri and Nine Lives Are Not Enough (both released in 1941). She had her first starring role, as a female gangster, in the Lady Gangster (1942).

In 1943, Emerson met President Franklin D. Roosevelt's son Colonel Elliott Roosevelt. Howard Hughes was instrumental in bringing the two together when Colonel Roosevelt visited the Hughes Aircraft Company to evaluate the proposed Hughes XF-11. Though Roosevelt was married, Emerson and he linked up, strongly urged on by the generous efforts of Hughes and his social facilitator, Johnny Meyer. Emerson later asserted that despite her doubts, Hughes urged her to advance the relationship, and she could not defy him. Emerson and Roosevelt married on December 3, 1944, at the rim of Grand Canyon, where she was filming Hotel Berlin. Hughes and Meyer provided the funding and airplanes for the wedding. When Roosevelt went back to Europe, he named his reconnaissance aircraft "My Faye". After some months in Beverly Hills in 1945, the couple resided with Eleanor Roosevelt at Hyde Park, New York.

Emerson continued to appear in a number of crime dramas, co-starring with Zachary Scott in three: The Mask of Dimitrios (1944), Danger Signal (1945), and Guilty Bystander (1950). She co-starred with John Garfield in the film noir Nobody Lives Forever and opposite Jane Wyman in Crime by Night. Murder in the Big House, made in 1942, was re-released under a new title later in the decade after Emerson began to make a name for herself in television.

By 1947, Emerson's marriage to Roosevelt had begun to disintegrate. In late 1948, after having made her Broadway debut in The Play's the Thing, Emerson attempted suicide on Christmas Day 1948 by slitting her wrists, and was hospitalized. On January 12, 1950, she obtained a divorce from Roosevelt in Cuernavaca, Mexico.

Television and theater
In 1948, Emerson had transitioned to television and had begun acting in various anthology series, including The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre, The Philco Television Playhouse, and Goodyear Television Playhouse. She served as host for several short-lived talk shows and musical/variety shows, including Paris Cavalcade of Fashions (1948) and The Faye Emerson Show (CBS, 1950). "She was hostess and narrator of NBC's Cavalcade of Fashion from August 13 to December 16, 1948...The Faye Emerson Show (CBS) debuted on October 24, 1949 and ended, April 12, 1952. During that time, she was also a member of the glamor panel on NBC's Leave It To The Girls and a frequent guest on Who Said That. She was working steadily at both the networks. In addition to her CBS show, she starred in another Faye Emerson Show for NBC from April 15 to May 20, 1950. When it ended, she appeared on another for NBC: Fifteen With Faye."

In November 1948, Emerson hosted Paris Cavalcade Of Fashions, filmed for movie theaters and aired on NBC (Julie Gibson later replaced her). In 1949, Emerson began hosting The Faye Emerson Show, a 15-minute show, sometimes appearing on CBS and NBC simultaneously, which, though it lasted only one season, gave her wide exposure. According to author Gabe Essoe in The Book of TV Lists, on one of the show's segments, her low-cut gown slipped and "she exposed her ample self coast to coast." The show was broadcast from a studio CBS built on the sixth floor of the Stork Club building. The studio, a complete replica of the Stork Club's Cub Room, was built for The Stork Club, also seen on CBS beginning in 1950. The Stork Club aired 15 minutes before The Faye Emerson Show. Fifteen with Faye aired from June to August 1950 on NBC.

In 1950, Emerson married bandleader and conductor Lyle "Skitch" Henderson in Cuernavaca. After The Faye Emerson Show was cancelled, she continued in television with other talk shows, including Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town (1951–1952), Author Meets the Critics (1952), and Faye and Skitch (1953–54), appearing in the latter with her husband. She made numerous guest appearances on various variety shows and game shows. Emerson hosted or appeared on many talk shows, usually wearing elaborate evening gowns. She was such a frequent panelist on game shows like To Tell The Truth and I've Got a Secret that she was known as "The First Lady of Television" (although that title was sometimes applied to others, including Ruth Lyons and Lucille Ball). During this time, Emerson was earning up to $200,000 per year.

Emerson and Henderson divorced in 1957 in Acapulco, Mexico. Former brother-in-law James Roosevelt wrote: "After an incident involving some teen-age girls, [Skitch] was dropped from Johnny Carson's Tonight TV show, and his career went into eclipse. Emerson's marriage to Skitch hit the skids". However, the teen-age incident happened before Carson's Tonight Show, which didn't begin until 1962, and Emerson had divorced Henderson in 1957. (Henderson had been dropped from Tonight in 1957, but it was the Steve Allen incarnation.)

While appearing on television throughout the 1950s, Emerson also appeared in numerous Broadway productions, including Parisienne (1950), The Heavenly Twins (1955), Protective Custody (1956), and Back to Methuselah (1958).

Personal life
Emerson was married to auto dealer William Crawford from 1938 until 1942, and they had one son together.

She was married to writer Elliott Roosevelt, the son of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, from 1944 until 1950. By 1947, Emerson's marriage to Roosevelt had begun to disintegrate. After having made her Broadway debut in The Play's the Thing, Emerson attempted suicide on Christmas Day 1948 by slitting her wrists and was hospitalized. In January 1950, she obtained a divorce from Roosevelt in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Despite her former connection to the Roosevelts, Emerson supported Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in the presidential election of 1952.

Emerson was married to Skitch Henderson from 1950 until 1957. In 1963, Emerson made her final television appearance and formally retired from showbusiness. She moved to Europe, residing for a time in Switzerland and then settling in Spain in 1975. Emerson rarely returned to the United States and spent much of her time in seclusion. Emerson died on March 9, 1983, at age 65 from stomach cancer in Deià, Spain, where she had lived since 1975.

Radio and TV credits
Radio show host:
 * That's A Good One, NBC-BLUE (1943)
 * At Home With Faye And Elliott, NBC-BLUE (1946) (co-host: Elliott Roosevelt)

Radio show lead:
 * My Silent Partner, NBC-Radio (1949)

TV show host:
 * Paris Cavalcade Of Fashions, NBC-TV (1948) (also Narrator)
 * The Faye Emerson Show CBS-TV, (1950)
 * The Faye Emerson Show NBC-TV, (1950)
 * Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town, CBS (1951–1952)
 * Author Meets The Critics, DuMont-TV (1952) (Moderator)
 * Youth Wants To Know, NBC (1952) (Jackie Robinson was a panelist on that show)
 * Faye And Skitch, NBC-TV (1953–1954) (with Skitch Henderson)
 * Of All Things, CBS-TV (1956)

TV game show panelist:
 * I've Got A Secret, CBS (1952–1958)
 * What's My Line, CBS (1952)
 * Quick As A Flash, ABC (1953–1954)
 * What's In A Word, CBS (1954)
 * Masquerade Party (1958–1960)

title: Faye Emerson


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Chinese American enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley

The Asian American influx into the southwestern portion of the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County, California, grew rapidly when Chinese immigrants began settling in Monterey Park in the 1970s. Just east of the city of Los Angeles, the region has achieved international prominence as a hub of overseas Chinese, or hua qiao. Although Chinese immigrants were a noteworthy presence in the establishment of Southern California from the 19th century, significant Chinese migration to suburban San Gabriel Valley coincided with a trend of white out-migration from the 1970s onward. This opened an opportunity for middle-class Asian Americans to begin settling in the San Gabriel Valley.

High property values, crime, and overcrowding in Monterey Park have contributed to a secondary movement away from that city, and the Chinese community is now spread over a cluster of cities in the San Gabriel Valley. Suburban cities in the valley besides Monterey Park with large Chinese populations, also called ethnoburbs, include Alhambra, Arcadia, Rosemead, San Marino, San Gabriel, South Pasadena, and Temple City and then eastward to Chino Hills, Diamond Bar, the City of Industry, Hacienda Heights, Rowland Heights, Walnut, and West Covina. Numerous Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Teochew, Shanghainese, and Cantonese speaking businesses have been established in these suburbs to accommodate the changing population.

History
The history of the San Gabriel Valley, like much of the American West, included Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, and south Asian settlers and pioneers in the mid-19th century. These Asian settlers worked the fields of grapes, citrus fruits, and other crops. They were also involved in the construction of early infrastructure for San Gabriel Valley. Due to the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, the 1942 internment of Japanese, and racial covenant laws, Asian economic and social assimilation were halted for many years. The only Asian cultural hubs were Chinatown and Little Tokyo in Downtown Los Angeles, though populations persisted elsewhere.

In 1961, Alfred Song became the first Asian American elected to the California State Assembly, representing Monterey Park. Since the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act, there has been an influx of some 20 million Asian immigrants to the United States, many of whom settled in Monterey Park due to its close proximity to Chinatown, suburban appeal, and "superior public education" to LAUSD. This continued through the 1970s with the arrival of ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam, affluent waisheng ren Taiwanese, and Mainland Chinese.

While these San Gabriel neighborhoods contain prominent Chinese-language signage, these communities do not feature the Chinese-style gateways, or paifang, found in the original Chinatown. In 1988, Monterey Park passed an ordinance declaring a moratorium on new building, in an attempt to regulate the rapid growth the city experienced as a result of the influx of Asian immigrants. This moratorium was challenged and defeated in 1989, but it caused many Asian residents and businesses to move to the neighboring city of Alhambra, later spreading easterly to more communities.

By 1996, the population of Monterey Park was 65% Asian, primarily Chinese. Given the San Gabriel Valley's rapidly increasing population of Asian-Americans (largely Chinese-Americans), several business districts were developed to serve their needs. By 2000, many Chinatown residents and businesses had moved to the San Gabriel Valley. The creation of this major hub, which is a cultural center with many suburban cities, is an "Asian Pacific American phenomenon". Rather than solely being a significant Chinese American cultural center, the area is a hub of much more extensive "multigenerational and multiethnic Asian American diversity." In the 21st century, many of the ethnoburbs in the San Gabriel Valley have expanded and thrived, and are becoming increasingly diverse - as well as congested.

Communities
There are several suburban Chinese-oriented ethnoburbs in Southern California, including those in the San Gabriel Valley. Unlike the official Chinatown in downtown Los Angeles, these "pocket" communities are not called "Chinatown" by the Chinese community there, but generally by the name of the city. Monterey Park has been called the "First Suburban Chinatown" due to it not being located in the downtown of a large city.

The Asian communities in the San Gabriel Valley follow along a 25 mi stretch of Valley Boulevard, covering the entire length of the valley, with Alhambra on the west side and Diamond Bar on the east side. Asian communities in the valley extend as far north as San Marino and Arcadia and as far south as Hacienda Heights and Rowland Heights.

San Gabriel has become a brand-name destination for Chinese tourists, especially in the business district around the San Gabriel Mall. This tourism boom is bringing about the construction of additional hotels as many Chinese tourists prefer to rent rooms in San Gabriel, even if they plan to visit typical Southern California tourist destinations.

The first generation of Chinese Americans in the area identify with 626 — the area code of much of the San Gabriel Valley. They are fluent in English but still identify with the culture of their parents. Many feel that something new has been created, such as songs mixing bits of dialect from across China with American hip-hop. The popularity of Boba, chewy tapioca pearls served in a drink of sweet tea, is a cultural touchstone of "626." Popular food festival 626 Night Market in Arcadia, California, was also named after the area code as a "mecca for the Chinese food-obsessed."

Monterey Park
From the 1970s on, Taiwanese immigrants began settling in Monterey Park and the nearby communities of Alhambra, and Rosemead. The area was not too far from the Los Angeles Chinatown commercial area and was becoming a Chinese-influenced community. This trend included affluent Chinese professionals, mostly from Taiwan. At that time, Monterey Park was being marketed by realtors in Taiwan and Hong Kong as the "Chinese Beverly Hills," to entice future investors. The crowded downtown L.A. Chinatown did not have room for the growing numbers of Chinese leaving Taiwan and Hong Kong for economic opportunities in America. Other Mandarin Chinese-speaking immigrants of the middle and working classes, from Taiwan and Mainland China, later followed. Settlement in the city picked up the pace in the 1980s, following opportunities created by the white flight from the San Gabriel Valley. Chinese shopping centers—with supermarkets serving as anchors—were developed to serve the new residents. As this unique phenomenon became known, Monterey Park was described as the "first suburban Chinatown" in North America, and was featured in Forbes magazine, Time magazine, Los Angeles Times, and The Atlantic Monthly. Monterey Park's effect on tourism in Los Angeles was featured on the "Life and Times" show on the L.A. former-PBS affiliate KCET.

Little Taipei (Chinese: 小臺北) was an informal name given to the city of Monterey Park, California, in the late 1970s because of the large immigrant population from Taiwan. (Taipei is the capital city of Taiwan.) The city council had tried, and failed, to pass English-only sign ordinances, because of safety issues for police and fire departments. In 1985, the City Council of Monterey Park approved drafting of a proposal that would require all businesses in Monterey Park to display English language identification on business signs. According to the Monterey Park Chamber of Commerce, within the city's 7.7 sqmi limits, there are more than 60 Chinese restaurants, more than 50 realty companies, several Chinese supermarkets, scores of dental, medical, accounting and legal offices, and dozens of shopping centers.

The Chinese American population in Monterey Park and San Gabriel Valley is relatively diverse in socioeconomics and region of origin, including overseas Chinese from Vietnam and Indonesia. In Monterey Park, 61.3 percent of the population is Asian American, In Alhambra, Arcadia, and San Gabriel, the Asian population was 48.91 percent, as of the 2000 census. Montebello is also included as it has had a significant (almost 25%) Asian population for several decades after seceding from Monterey Park.

San Gabriel
The city of San Gabriel boasts a mixture of Asian, European, and North American cultures. Second- and third-generation Chinese Americans patronize its diverse array of stores and eateries. There is the 12 acre "San Gabriel Square" mall that has been mentioned in the Los Angeles Times as "the great mall of China." This stretch of Chinese shops and bold architecture, with roofs of Spanish-style tile, is the model for the new ethnoburbs recently recognized in areas like the Las Vegas Valley and Houston. The conglomeration of restaurants and cafes, shops, markets, hair and nail salons, Asian video stores, health services, department stores, plus an extensive jewelry mart, provides 'something for everyone', from purchasing an expensive diamond and shopping for designer suits, to buying soy milk or a travel package to Las Vegas or China.

Alhambra

In 1992, the city of Alhambra and its southern neighbor Monterey Park jointly held the first annual Chinese new year parade and street festival. There were several conflicts and controversies with Monterey Park, so in the next few years the city of Alhambra has held the parade with its neighbor San Gabriel. The parade and festival have corporate sponsors, and several Chinese-dominant cities in San Gabriel Valley also sponsor the parade. This parade is broadcast on LA Chinese-language radio and on TV. Chi Mui became the city's first Chinese American mayor in 2006. The new San Gabriel Chinese aggregation served as the setting for the thriller novel The Jasmine Trade, authored by Denise Hamilton.

Rowland Heights
Chinese businesses were formerly more spread out in Rowland Heights, an unincorporated area with a Chinese retail corridor on Colima Road and Nogales Street and intermixed with a Korean community. Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese, with number of ethnic Chinese from South Korea, and Vietnam, immigrant businesses, namely the eateries, banks, and offices, are gradually occupying the various strip malls across the Puente Hills Mall and in Hacienda Heights and City of Industry. The population is now 55 percent Asian.

Rowland Heights remains the Chinese commercial/cultural center in East San Gabriel.

Hacienda Heights
Nearby, in Hacienda Heights, Hsi Lai Temple, a Buddhist temple, was built in 1988. Though the proposed development was opposed at the time by some local residents, it is now a respected and accepted part of the community, with members of the United States House of Representatives and the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department often visiting during major events. The Hsi Lai Temple is the largest Buddhist temple in the Western Hemisphere.

In addition to Rowland Heights and Hacienda Heights, Eastern San Gabriel Valley areas with a high percentage of Asian residents are West Covina, Walnut, and Diamond Bar.

Temple City
As of the 2000 census, the racial makeup of Temple City was 38.89% Asian. That number is expected to be significantly higher in the 2010 census. Along Las Tunas Boulevard, the "Bridal District" of Asian businesses along the stretch of the downtown area has made Temple City a bride's "mecca" for all wedding needs including elaborate dresses, as Asian brides often wear three gowns. Also included are several florists and lavish portrait studios supporting the Asian tradition of taking studio quality photos of the bride and groom before the wedding. Asian brides come from as far away as New York City to visit this Temple City specialty sector.

L.A. County
Asian-American ethnoburbs can be found in the South Bay, Los Angeles, and San Fernando Valley, and may include South Asians. These include Sawtelle (West Los Angeles), San Pedro (due to its proximity to the Port of Los Angeles/Long Beach), and Pasadena, though Pasadena's historic Japantowns are no longer hubs of the Japanese American communities. The towns of Artesia, Cerritos, Gardena, Hawaiian Gardens, La Mirada, Lakewood, Long Beach, Carson, Lomita, Norwalk, Redondo Beach, Torrance, and Whittier have some Asian-American neighborhoods and businesses/malls.

Similar enclaves outside L.A. County
Experts said they predict more Asian-oriented supermarkets of these types to open in other Inland cities in coming years, including Corona, California, whose Asian population jumped from 8 percent to 11 percent from 2000 to 2005. The same goes for Rancho Cucamonga, whose Asian population rose from 6 percent in 2000 to 8 percent in 2005.

Other Asian ethnoburbs in Southern California are in Orange County, such as Anaheim, Buena Park, Costa Mesa, Garden Grove, Huntington Beach, Irvine, Laguna Beach, Laguna Niguel, La Palma, Orange, and Westminster.

Chinese and Asian-American ethnoburbs also can be found in Chino, Chino Hills, San Bernardino, Calico, a section of Barstow, Fontana, Riverside, Moreno Valley, San Jacinto, Desert Hot Springs north of Palm Springs, Victorville, Loma Linda, and elsewhere (i.e. the San Diego area, Bakersfield, and San Luis Obispo).

Outside the Greater Los Angeles Area, Chinese ethnoburbs are also found in the San Francisco Bay Area, where ethnic Chinese populations are largely concentrated in cities of the East Bay and Santa Clara County. The most prominent Chinese ethnoburb in the region is found in the city of Milpitas, which has a population that is over 60% Asian as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Chinese-oriented shopping centers, markets, and community centers are spread around the city. Other suburbs which have large Chinese populations and commercial activity include Fremont, Cupertino, San Leandro, and Sunnyvale, with the former two having majority Asian American populations and the latter two with plurality Asian American populations as of the 2010 U.S. Census.

Population
List of cities and CDP with Chinese American (Including Taiwanese American) population, according to the 2011-2015 American Community Survey and the 2010 United States Census.


text:
User talk:WDSkuk

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  05:42, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:WDSkuk


text:
User talk:Cirus206

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  05:42, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Some of your additions
Hi, and thank you for contributing, but can you bring your material closer to an encyclopedic standard rather than personal opinion? lots of issues | leave me a message 07:25, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Big Rigs
Good idea. Lets think about it in the chat room later.

YOU'RE WINNER! 71.237.76.33 19:45, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Substing
When using certain template tags on talk pages, don't forget to substitute with text by adding subst: to the template tag. For example, use {{subst:test}} instead of {{test}}. This reduces server load and prevents accidental blanking of the template. ST47 Talk 18:51, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

hello again
hello, do you remember the vandalism on your user page that stated user: Halo and user: christian? that was me, and im sorry. I was frustrated that you were atheist. now, i have calmed down and came here to apologise. please forgive me.

Neato--two Atheist, Utah Wikipedians. What are the odds? Actually, I could probably calculate them if I were more dedicated and had some statistics about Wikipedia. Metalrobot 19:33, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

no, it is nothing more than a personal vendetta on my part, I realize my actions, and I apologise. Adam Hill A.K.A. the guy who sent a scathing e-mail to his inbox. 71.200.98.184 21:12, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Image replacement
I replaced the You're Winner! image with a Jpeg version. I used 3% compression, resulting in little quality difference (especially at such low resolution), and a big drop in filesize (especially when scaled in the article).--Drat (Talk) 06:46, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Survey Invitation
Hi there, I am a research student from the National University of Singapore and I wish to invite you to do an online survey about Wikipedia. To compensate you for your time, I am offering a reward of USD$10, either to you or as a donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. For more information, please go to the research home page. Thank you. --WikiInquirer 17:40, 4 March 2007 (UTC)talk to me

the replacement page
hey man, was this edit really you, or was it a hacker? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.200.98.184 (talk) 01:25, 27 April 2007 (UTC).

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Shaq tv.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Shaq tv.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 04:50, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cirus206


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Life and Live

Life and Live is a live album by the American experimental band Xiu Xiu.

It was released on the Italian record label Xeng less than a month before the release of La Forêt in the United States. Life and Live consists of Xiu Xiu songs that band leader Jamie Stewart rendered live into acoustic guitar and vocal compositions. Tracks 3,4,8-13 appear on the 2003 release Fag Patrol, So in effect, this compilation contains all the tracks from Fag Patrol (except for an alternative version of "Asleep"), albeit in a different order. It is not known why the EP was interspersed with this release.

Track listing

 * 1) "20,000 Deaths for Eidelyn Gonzales, 20,000 Deaths for Jamie Peterson"  – 3:31
 * 2) "Sad Redux-O-grapher"  – 3:44
 * 3) "King Earth, King Earth"  – 5:39
 * 4) "I Broke Up"  – 3:25
 * 5) "Thanks Japan"  – 3:29
 * 6) "Sad Pony Guerilla Girl"  – 4:39
 * 7) "Asleep"  – 1:19
 * 8) "Jennifer Lopez"  – 2:02
 * 9) "20,000 Deaths for Eidelyn Gonzales, 20,000 Deaths for Jamie Peterson"  – 2:46
 * 10) "Helsabot"  – 4:50
 * 11) "Dr. Troll"  – 4:17
 * 12) "Brooklyn Dodgers"  – 3:43
 * 13) "Nieces Pieces"  – 3:24
 * 14) "Clover"  – 4:46
 * 15) "I Broke Up"  – 3:02

title: Life and Live


text:
Potamogeton

Potamogeton is a genus of aquatic, mostly freshwater, plants of the family Potamogetonaceae. Most are known by the common name pondweed, although many unrelated plants may be called pondweed, such as Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis). The genus name means "river neighbor", originating from the Greek potamos (river) and geiton (neighbor).

Morphology
Potamogeton species range from large (stems of 6 m or more) to very small (less than 10 cm). Height is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, particularly water depth. All species are technically perennial, but some species disintegrate in autumn to a large number of asexually produced resting buds called turions, which serve both as a means of overwintering and dispersal. Turions may be borne on the rhizome, on the stem, or on stolons from the rhizome. Most species, however, persist by perennial creeping rhizomes. In some cases the turions are the only means to differentiate species.

The leaves are alternate, which contrasts with the closely related genus Groenlandia, where the leaves are opposite or whorled. In many species, all the leaves are submerged, and in these cases, they are typically thin and translucent. Some species, especially in ponds and very slow-moving waters, have floating leaves which tend to be opaque with a leathery texture. Leaf shape has been found to be highly plastic, with variability due to changes in light, water chemistry, planting depth, sediment conditions, temperature, photo period, waves, and seasonality. All Potamogeton have a delicate membranous sheathing scale, the stipule, at the leaf axil. This may be wholly attached, partly attached, or free of the leaf, and it may have inrolled margins or appear as a tube. The morphology of the stipule is an important character for species identification. The stems have small scales.

The flowers, which are often overlooked, are greenish-brown and are composed of four rounded segments borne in a spike. They are 2–4 merous, with superior ovaries and anthers that turn outward. The fruits are spheroidal and green to brown, usually 1–3 mm in diameter, with a noticeable 'beak'. Their pollen is inaperturate, monad, apolar and spherical.

Most fine-leaved pondweeds are diploid, with 2n = 26 (such as P. pusillus or P. trichoides) or less commonly 28 (P. compressus, P. acutifolius). Broad-leaved taxa are mainly tetraploid, with 2n = 52 (e.g. P. alpinus, P. praelongus), but a few species are diploid (e.g. P. coloratus or octaploid (2n = 104; e.g. P. illinoensis).

Taxonomy
Potamogeton is a genus of freshwater aquatic plants in the Potamogetonaceae. Molecular analysis has identified Groenlandia as the sister group to Potamogeton, although the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group also lists Zannichellia, Althenia and Pseudoalthenia as closely related genera. Some researchers have used molecular analysis and pollen grain shape to argue for the placement of Stuckenia at the genus level, but others have argued there is not enough difference to justify the change, and have kept Stuckenia as a subgenus of Potamogeton.

The genus is generally divided into two groups: broad-leaved and linear-leaved. The broad-leaved group includes such species as P. natans, P. perfoliatus and P. alpinus. The linear-leaved group includes such species as P. rutilus, P. compressus and P. berchtoldii. Series Batrachoseris historically contained only one species, Potamogeton crispus, however more recent research has also added P. maackianus and P. robbinsii into this grouping. These general divisions have been supported by molecular analysis, except that P. crispus clusters with broad-leaved species in section Potamogeton.

In a detailed review of the genus, Wiegleb and Kaplan recognised 69 species, but the variability of many species means that there is disagreement regarding the exact number of species. Currently, the number of accepted names is 94. Hybridisation provides an added complexity to the taxonomy.

Distribution
Potamogeton species are found worldwide in many aquatic ecosystems. However, the greatest diversity of species occurs in the northern hemisphere, especially in North America, which is thought to be where the genus originated. Molecular evidence suggests that several independent colonizations of the southern hemisphere have occurred. However, due to their self-propagation from turions, Potamogeton populations show very low infrapopulation diversity, especially when living in deep, shaded or turbulent water where colonies do not expend energy on flowers. This has made it very difficult to use genetic data to find patterns of geographical differentiation.

Hybrids
Potamogeton species hybridise freely. At least 27 hybrids have been observed in the British Isles alone, and more than 50 worldwide, of which 36 have been confirmed using genetic techniques. The majority of these are sterile, but many are long-lived and may occur in the absence of one or even both parents. Most hybrids have been described between broad-leaved species, but this probably reflects the relative scarcity of characters among fine-leaved taxa, so that hybrids are much more difficult to identify. Use of genetic markers suggests that hybrid taxa are also reasonably frequent among fine-leaved species. At least one species, P. obtusifolius, is thought to have arisen via hybridisation.

Taxonomic history
Several species of European pondweeds, including P. natans, P. lucens and P. crispus, were included in Linnaeus's Species Plantarum in 1753. Much of the European Potamogeton flora was subsequently named during the late 18th and early 19th century. As botanists ventured further afield, pondweeds began to be collected and named from other parts of the world. The North America flora was largely named by the start of the 20th century. Alfred Fryer became interested in Potamogeton in the 1880s, and was a recognised authority on the genus. The first parts of his work The Potamogetons (Pond Weeds) of the British Isles were published in 1898. His death intervened, and the work was completed by Arthur Bennett (1843-1929), who named a large number of specimens sent to him from around the world. Robert Morgan (1863-1900) illustrated Fryer's contribution to the monograph, his colour plates drawing praise from later critics.

In 1916, Johan Hagström published Critical researches on the Potamogetons from detailed measurements of dozens of vegetative, anatomical and reproductive characteristics such as fruit beak, peduncle rigidity and leaf apex across hundreds of specimens. It was a pioneering work that preceded the development of cladistics by more than 30 years, and his clustering of groups into broad-leaf and linear-leaf is still considered the framework for all subsequent classification systems of Potamogeton. Hagström's work was developed further by Merritt Fernald (1873-1950) who created a detailed phylogeny for the linear-leaved species, and by Eugene Ogden who did so for the broad-leaved species.

New species continue to be described from less well-studied areas such as Asia and Africa, and it is possible that molecular analysis may reveal hitherto unknown cryptic species.

List of Potamogeton species
The following list is based on the latest listing of valid Potamogeton taxa held on The Plant List.

 * P. acutifolius Link ex Roem. & Schult. 1818
 * P. alpinus Balb. 1804
 * P. amplifolius Tuck. 1848
 * P. antaicus Hagstr. 1916
 * P. australiensis A.Benn. 1910
 * P. berchtoldii Fieber 1838
 * P. bicupulatus Fernald 1932
 * P. biformis Hagstr. 1916
 * P. brasiliensis A.Benn. 1910
 * P. chamissoi A.Benn. 1904
 * P. cheesemanii A.Benn. 1883
 * P. chongyangensis W.X.Wang 1984
 * P. coloratus Hornem. 1813
 * P. compressus L. 1753
 * P. confervoides Rchb. 1845
 * P. crispus L. 1753
 * P. cristatus Regel & Maack, 1861
 * P. delavayi A.Benn. 1892
 * P. distinctus A. Benn. 1904
 * P. diversifolius Raf. 1811
 * P. drummondii Benth. 1878
 * P. epihydrus Raf. 1811
 * P. ferrugineus Hagstr. 1916
 * P. floridanus Small 1903
 * P. foliosus Raf. 1811
 * P. fontigenus Y.H.Guo, X.Z.Sun & H.Q.Wang 1985
 * P. friesii Rupr. 1845
 * P. fryeri A.Benn. 1907
 * P. gayi A.Benn. 1892
 * P. gemmiparus Robbins
 * P. gramineus L. 1753
 * P. heterocaulis Z.S.Diao 1994
 * P. hillii Morong 1881
 * P. hoggarensis Dandy 1937
 * P. illinoensis Morong 1880
 * P. intortusifolius J.B.He, L.Y.Zhou & H.Q.Wang 1988
 * P. iriomotensis Masam. 1934
 * P. juzepczukii P.I.Dorof. & Tzvelev 1983
 * P. kashiensis Z.S.Diao 1995
 * P. lacunatifolius Papch. 2001
 * P. linguatus Hagstr. 1901
 * P. lucens L. 1753
 * P. maackianus A.Benn. 1904
 * P. mandschuriensis (A.Benn.) A.Benn. 1924
 * P. marianensis Cham. & Schltdl. 1827
 * P. montevidensis A.Benn. 1892
 * P. nanus Y.D.Chen 1987
 * P. natans L. 1753
 * P. nodosus Poir. 1816
 * P. nomotoensis Kadono & T.Nog. 1991
 * P. oakesianus J.W.Robbins 1867
 * P. obtusifolius Mert. & W.D.J.Koch 1823
 * P. ochreatus Raoul 1844
 * P. octandrus Poir. 1816
 * P. ogdenii Hellq. & R.L.Hilton 1983
 * P. oxyphyllus Miq. 1867
 * P. papuanicus G.Wiegleb 1993
 * P. paramoanus R.R.Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1982
 * P. parmatus Hagstr. 1908
 * P. perfoliatus L. 1753
 * P. polygonifolius Pourr. 1788
 * P. polygonus Cham. & Schltdl. 1827
 * P. praelongus Wulfen 1805
 * P. pulcher Tuck. 1843
 * P. punense A.Galán 1988
 * P. pusillus L. 1753
 * P. quinquenervius Hagstr. 1916
 * P. reniacoensis Sparre 1956
 * P. richardii Solms 1867
 * P. richardsonii (A.Benn.) Rydb. 1905
 * P. robbinsii Oakes 1841
 * P. rutilus Wolfg. 1827
 * P. sarmaticus Mäemets 1978 publ. 1979
 * P. schweinfurthii A.Benn. 1901
 * P. sclerocarpus K.Schum. 1894
 * P. sibiricus A.Benn. 1890
 * P. skvortsovii Klinkova 1993
 * P. solomonensis G.Wiegleb 1993
 * P. spathuliformis (J.W.Robbins) Morong 1893
 * P. spirilliformis Hagstr. 1916
 * P. spirillus Tuck. 1848
 * P. stenostachys K.Schum. 1894
 * P. strictifolius A.Benn. 1902
 * P. subnitens Hagstr. 1916
 * P. suboblongus Hagstr. 1916
 * P. sumatranus Miq. 1861
 * P. tennesseensis Fernald 1936
 * P. tepperi A.Benn. 1887
 * P. tricarinatus F.Muell. & A.Benn. 1892
 * P. trichoides Cham. & Schltdl. 1827
 * P. tubulatus Hagstr. 1922
 * P. ulei K.Schum. 1894
 * P. uruguayensis A.Benn. & Graebn.
 * P. vaseyi J.W.Robbins 1867
 * P. wrightii Morong 1886

List of Potamogeton hybrids

 * P. × anguillanus Koidz.
 * P. × angustifolius J.Presl
 * P. × apertus Miki
 * P. × argutulus Hagstr.
 * P. × attenuatus Hagstr.
 * P. × babingtonii A.Benn.
 * P. × billupsii Fryer
 * P. × cadburyae Dandy & G.Taylor
 * P. × cognatus Asch. & Graebn.
 * P. × cooperi (Fryer) Fryer
 * P. × concilius
 * P. × faurei (A.Benn.) Miki
 * P. × fluitans Roth
 * P. × franconicus G.Fisch.
 * P. × gessnacensis G.Fisch.
 * P. × griffithii A.Benn.
 * P. × grovesii Dandy & G.Taylor
 * P. × haynesii Hellq. & G.E.Crow
 * P. × inbaensis Kadono
 * P. × kamogawaensis Miki
 * P. × kyushuensis Kadono & Wiegleb
 * P. × lanceolatifolius (Tiselius) C.D.Preston
 * P. × lanceolatus Sm.
 * P. × leptocephalus Koidz.
 * P. × lintonii Fryer
 * P. × malainoides Miki
 * P. × mariensis Papch.
 * P. × mysticus Morong
 * P. × nericius Hagstr.
 * P. × nerviger Wolfg.
 * P. × nitens Weber
 * P. × olivaceus Baagøe ex G.Fisch.
 * P. × orientalis Hagstr.
 * P. × philippinensis A.Benn.
 * P. × prussicus Hagstr.
 * P. × pseudofriesii Dandy & G.Taylor
 * P. × rectifolius A.Benn.
 * P. × salicifolius Wolfg.
 * P. × schreberi G.Fisch.
 * P. × scoliophyllus Hagstr.
 * P. × sparganiifolius Laest. ex Fr.
 * P. × spathulatus Schrad. ex W.D.J.Koch & Ziz
 * P. × subsessilis Hagstr.
 * P. × sudermanicus Hagstr.
 * P. × undulatus Wolfg.
 * P. × vaginans (Bojer ex A.Benn.) Hagstr.
 * P. × varians Morong
 * P. × variifolius Thore
 * P. × vepsicus A.A.Bobrov & Chemeris

 * List source :

Ecology
Reproduction of pondweeds occurs both vegetatively and by seed, though studies suggest that in some species or situations reproduction by seed is rare. The fruits may be produced in large quantities from midsumer onwards, and are ingested by waterfowl. Germination experiments have shown that the seeds are viable after passing through the digestive tracts of birds and this mechanism is probably the only natural mechanism for long-distance dispersal between isolated water bodies. Vegetative propagation occurs by a variety of mechanisms including turions, and via growth and fragmentation of rhizomes and shoots. Vegetative reproduction is evidently an effective means of ensuring local persistence, as sterile hybrids have been recorded at some sites for over 100 years.

Although they occur in a range of environments, most species prefer standing or slow-flowing waters with some calcium and fairly low nutrient levels. In general the fine-leaved species are more tolerant of human impacts such as eutrophication. They are important as food and habitat for animals including insect larvae, water snails, ducks and other waterfowl, and aquatic mammals such as beavers.

Most species are not weedy, but a few can become troublesome, such as curly-leaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus).

In relation to the ecosystem as a whole, Potamogeton is often a common habitat for insects. For example, C. annularius and other insects from the Chironomus genera have been found to inhabit and mate around certain species of Potamogeton. The closeness to a fresh water source as well as cover from predators allows C. annularius to thrive.

title: Potamogeton


text:
Talk:Letterboxing (filming)

Untitled
the letterboxing is often careless? care to elaborate?

Added image
Added the image (a while ago), so I removed the image request Last Avenue 18:37, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Not always effective
Most 16:9 is still new and that most of the time, letterboxing is fairly effective. The notable exception is on documentaries broadcast in 16:9 which include old footage broadcast in 4:3, as the directors don't care to change the aspect ratio throughout the whole program, so that in the segments originally broadcast in 4:3(remember, up until around 2004 99% of everything was broadcast in 4:3, and still about 35% is today) are actually shown in 16:9! This means that either a) The image is stretched so that everyone appears fat, or b) the top and bottom is cropped, so that some information is sometimes missing. Why can't the producers just pillarbox these segments? I don't mind when a program switches from 4:3 to 16:9 in a current news program, so why distort the old footage?

Etymology
I just talked to a coworker who, despite being familiar with the film format, had no idea that doors in some countries were fitted with letter boxes and therefore never knew where the name came from. Do you think we should mention it? Marnanel (talk) 15:47, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I added a reference to letter box at the end of the first paragraph in the lead. --Thomprod (talk) 22:04, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * This was removed here with the comment "unsourced". Do we really need a source for this? I have re-added it with a cn template. GA-RT-22 (talk) 23:52, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

Widescreen letterboxing
Is there an explanation for why widescreen releases still sometimes get letterboxed on widescreen TV's? For example, I have a widescreen TV (which has no problem with widescreen TV shows) and the widescreen version of The Simpsons Movie, but it still displays in freaking letterbox format (resulting in me having to select "Overscan" on my TV and thus cutting off parts of the image).  TJ   Spyke   03:45, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Widescreen TV shows are normally shot at an aspect ratio of 16:9, exactly matching the 16:9 ratio of your widescreen TV and completely filling the screen. Widescreen films, however, have been shot at various ratios over the years, most of which are still somewhat wider than your TV screen.  A common current ratio is 2.35:1, resulting in some residual black bars at the top and bottom, but not as much as you would see with the same film displayed in letterbox format on a 4:3 screen. --Thomprod (talk) 22:10, 4 January 2009 (UTC).

Letterbox Use in Digital video sharing
Can somebody add a section to clarify the position of sites like youtube, divshare, revver, blip.tv, and the like to explain their policies on letterboxing uploaded videos? http://help.youtube.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py?answer=132460&topic=16612 99.163.83.193 (talk) 13:28, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * YouTube does not currently letterbox uploaded video. They display it in the same format that it was supplied to them, and can be 4:3 SD or 16:9 HD. --Thomprod (talk) 22:15, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Right, YouTube doesn't change the format of the file itself, but it uses a video player that always has the same format as your screen. If the video has the same format as your screen, it will fill the player but if it doesn't you will see black bars. Making the player the same format as the screen was in fact a very good choice because it means that when you watch YouTube videos in full screen mode, you wouldn't get double letterboxing unless the video file itself has already been letterboxed by the uploader. -- 89.204.153.78 (talk) 23:31, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

Mattes aren't always black and letterbox parodies
I added a bit about non-black & animated mattes and letterbox parodies just now at the end of the "in cinema and home video" section and I hope everyone consider it appropriate (Surely there should be a mention of both somewhere in the article.) I know of 2 instances of letterbox parodies. I mentioned the Crazy Frog one, but another was a car commercial I saw a long time ago before widescreen TV was common, or perhaps before they existed altogether - after the commercial opened in letterboxed CinemaScope footage of a car racing in the desert, the next shot was of the car sitting still and a character reached down and up and removed the mattes, which at that point in the commerical were actually cardboard or styrofoam. I'm sure there are other instances of non-black mattes (tons from music videos) and probably a few parodies as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.254.80.255 (talk) 07:37, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Sheesh! Literally one minute after the edit somebody wiped it out, citing the usual excuse of "uncited original research", as if the article would be better with a bunch of youtube links. And I'm kind of scratching my head over the comment of "giving examples that most readers will have no ready way of examining" as if youtube videos (if I did link to them) couldn't be played back by someone wishing to see for themselves. I'm not gonna bother uploading images right now, but when you do a Google video search for "Zebrahead Playmate of the Year", "Never Gonna Stop", and "Crazy Frog Axel F" you bring up thumbnails revealing what I was referring to. Even when I cite examples (as any good wikipedia edit should have), they are considered somehow insufficient or inappropriate and the whole thing is promptly deleted.

But the fact remains, letterboxing mattes are not always black as the article claims, nor are they always absolute borders. I could try to repost my edit (possibly relocated to the "fake letterbox" part and otherwise rephrased), but what would be the point? The same person or someone like them would just wipe it out again. Maybe the whole thing would be better as part of the matte (filmmaking) article. (And I can't wait to see that future edit destroyed the moment I post it!) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.254.80.255 (talk) 08:08, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

OK, despite my cynicism and gripes from last night, I've tried this again, this time improving on the original paragraph (adding info about IBM's colored mattes in their ads and noting other companies that do the same) and putting it after the "fake letterboxing" bit and I even found a decent reference. (An online Word doc with info about IBM's blue mattes) As for other references, I could include YouTube URL's for each instance I cite, but do we really want the article's references cluttered with YouTube URL's? (I don't.)  One idea I have is for a collage of thumbnails to be created. It would be of IBM ads in each of the three colors they've used, examples from other ads, some from music videos, and one or two of the letterbox parody (I can only reference one, the Crazy Frog video). The collage would include 9, 12, or 16 thumbnails and the caption might read "examples of colored, animated, and parodied letterbox mattes" though maybe the parodied letterbox part could be kept separate and the collage could be used just for colored and animated mattes. This would have the effect of showing the examples without having to link to each YouTube video. I may create such a collage in time, but not tonight. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.254.85.107 (talk) 02:31, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Anamorphic widescreen on VHS
The article stats that "[Anamorphic widescreen] image transformation generally requires digital signal processing, so letterboxing was the only way in which films were presented in widescreen on home video prior to the DVD format". This is not true, as VHS already supported WSS (widescreen signal). Sorry for not editing myself :P 87.196.128.243 (talk) 23:03, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

Reverse Letterboxing
The article doesn't say anything about the opposite case, e.g. when someone watches a 4:3 video on a 16:10 screen. Can this also be called letterboxing, or is there a different term for this? -- 89.204.153.78 (talk) 23:35, 22 May 2011 (UTC)
 * This is called "pillarboxing". Bob talk 16:23, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

"Patterned" pillarboxing
Recently on TV in Australia, I have noticed this interesting form of pillarboxing (e.g. sometimes on SBS news stories, or on the TV show "Forensic Investigators"). Rather than making the pillarbox matte black, it is some kind of semi-random, sometimes moving, pattern (a sort of busy pattern, but without sharp internal edges, internally diffuse), which is often colour-matched to the main part of the image, or to the theme colour of the show, or else is a dark grey colour. I think this is an effect designed to be less distracting to the eyes than pure black, to create less a sharp edge. What I am wondering, does this technique have a name?? 58.165.17.130 (talk) 10:52, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

In the 1960s and 1970s, a station might run a widescreen film either with the sides cropped off or in pan-and-scan for the duration of the film proper, but would show the opening titles in letterbox to avoid clipping the names. In these cases, they would sometimes used a matte that was not entirely black, but rather had obvious filigree design (I think the term was "chinagraph"). This was to reassure the viewers that the black borders were intentional, and not the result of a "brownout." (Sometimes a power shortage would cause a TV picture to shrink on the tube. The station realized that thousands of viewers might at once telephone the power company had they not taken this precaution.) This practice became less necessary once viewers came to understand what was going on. WHPratt (talk) 15:30, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

I remember that practice from when I was a kid in the '60s and '70s. Another thing which broadcasters did alternatively (at least here in the United States) was to just run the credits in their raw form, which is to say that they were left in their horizontally squeezed aspect ratio, which fit all the credits into the standard TV screen. My brothers and I, not knowing anything about widescreen techniques such as anamorphic lenses, used to wonder what the point was of making all those cowboys so strangely tall and thin at the beginnings and endings of westerns. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.223.130.60 (talk) 05:15, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

Merge discussion
The stand-alone Pillarbox article is redundant while this article has a section on the very same subject. The other page is essentially un-cited (the only reference is tagged as a dead link). Since this page's section has references, I think the other page's material should be merged here and the other article replaced with a redirect to this article. -- David Spalding ( ☎   ✉   ✍  ) 13:21, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I completely agree. Windowbox (filmmaking) as well.–Esponenziale (talk) 14:04, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

Unsourced material
Article has been tagged for needing sources for over two years. Feel free to reinsert the below material with appropriate references. DonIago (talk) 12:50, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

Gutterboxing
The term gutterboxing is used but not defined in the article. According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowbox_(filmmaking), it is a synonym for windowboxing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.138.92.98 (talk) 16:49, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

"Letterbox" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Letterbox. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 16 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 01:09, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

Pillarboxing of 9:16
There is a mention of non-black letterbox bars in the "On television" section but nothing about the very common practice of adding out-of-focus duplicate video in pillarboxed 9:16 video. In fact there is no mention of 9:16 at all. This should be briefly covered if we can find a source. GA-RT-22 (talk) 00:00, 17 February 2021 (UTC)

Privacy measure
I have added a paragraph about the use of letterboxing as a privacy measure (to resist browser fingerprinting). This specific use of letterboxing might not belong on this page as the title relates to filming, but since it does have many similarities (hence the name) I think it does fit here. If anyone disagrees feel free to remove this part. --MichielN (talk) 10:58, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I'd like to move your paragraph to Device fingerprint. And here we can leave a link to that page if you like. -Esponenziale (talk) 10:07, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * That would make more sense, I agree. Because the term letterboxing is used for this particular technique, I think it would indeed be good to keep some kind of link. Thanks. MichielN (talk) 12:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Done, but feel free to edit it if you aren't convinced..–Esponenziale (talk) 14:01, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Letterboxing (filming)


text:
Vi Subversa

Frances Sokolov (20 June 1935 – 19 February 2016), better known by her stage name Vi Subversa, was the lead singer, lyricist and rhythm guitarist of British anarcho-punk band Poison Girls.

Subversa was born of Ashkenazi Jewish parents. She spent two years in Israel in the late 1950s working in a ceramic pottery in Beersheba under Nehemia Azaz, before returning to the United Kingdom. She had two children, Pete Fender (born Daniel Sansom, 1964) and Gem Stone (born Gemma Sansom, 1967), who both became members of the punk bands Fatal Microbes and Rubella Ballet.

Subversa's first public performance was at The Body Show at Sussex University in 1975. In 1979, at 44 years old and a mother of two, she released her first single with the Poison Girls. Her lyrics were written from a radical feminist punk perspective.

She is featured in the documentary film She's a Punk Rocker.

Subversa's last musical venture was with the cabaret trio Vi Subversa's Naughty Thoughts, which she formed with Michael Coates and Judy Bayley. She played her final live performance with Naughty Thoughts at Brighton's Green Door Store on 5 December 2015, with The Cravats.

Subversa's son Pete Fender announced on Facebook on 19 February 2016 that she had died, following a short illness.

title: Vi Subversa


text:
Special right triangle

A special right triangle is a right triangle with some regular feature that makes calculations on the triangle easier, or for which simple formulas exist. For example, a right triangle may have angles that form simple relationships, such as 45°–45°–90°. This is called an "angle-based" right triangle. A "side-based" right triangle is one in which the lengths of the sides form ratios of whole numbers, such as 3 : 4 : 5, or of other special numbers such as the golden ratio. Knowing the relationships of the angles or ratios of sides of these special right triangles allows one to quickly calculate various lengths in geometric problems without resorting to more advanced methods.

Angle-based

Angle-based special right triangles are specified by the relationships of the angles of which the triangle is composed. The angles of these triangles are such that the larger (right) angle, which is 90 degrees or $\pi⁄2$ radians, is equal to the sum of the other two angles.

The side lengths are generally deduced from the basis of the unit circle or other geometric methods. This approach may be used to rapidly reproduce the values of trigonometric functions for the angles 30°, 45°, and 60°.

Special triangles are used to aid in calculating common trigonometric functions, as below:

The 45°–45°–90° triangle, the 30°–60°–90° triangle, and the equilateral/equiangular (60°–60°–60°) triangle are the three Möbius triangles in the plane, meaning that they tessellate the plane via reflections in their sides; see Triangle group.

45° - 45° - 90° triangle

In plane geometry, dividing a square along its diagonal results in two isosceles right triangles, each with one right angle (90°, $√0⁄2$ radians) and two other congruent angles each measuring half of a right angle (45°, or $√4⁄2$ radians). The sides in this triangle are in the ratio 1 : 1 : √2, which follows immediately from the Pythagorean theorem.

Of all right triangles, such 45° - 45° - 90° degree triangles have the smallest ratio of the hypotenuse to the sum of the legs, namely $\pi⁄6$. and the greatest ratio of the altitude from the hypotenuse to the sum of the legs, namely $33 1⁄3$.

Triangles with these angles are the only possible right triangles that are also isosceles triangles in Euclidean geometry. However, in spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry, there are infinitely many different shapes of right isosceles triangles.

30° - 60° - 90° triangle
This is a triangle whose three angles are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 and respectively measure 30° ($1⁄12$), 60° ($√1⁄2$), and 90° ($1⁄2$). The sides are in the ratio 1 : √3 : 2.

The proof of this fact is clear using trigonometry. The geometric proof is:

 * Draw an equilateral triangle ABC with side length 2 and with point D as the midpoint of segment BC. Draw an altitude line from A to D.  Then ABD is a 30°–60°–90° triangle with hypotenuse of length 2, and base BD of length 1.

 * The fact that the remaining leg AD has length √3 follows immediately from the Pythagorean theorem.

The 30°–60°–90° triangle is the only right triangle whose angles are in an arithmetic progression. The proof of this fact is simple and follows on from the fact that if α, α + δ, α + 2δ are the angles in the progression then the sum of the angles 3α + 3δ = 180°. After dividing by 3, the angle α + δ must be 60°. The right angle is 90°, leaving the remaining angle to be 30°.

Side-based
Right triangles whose sides are of integer lengths, with the sides collectively known as Pythagorean triples, possess angles that cannot all be rational numbers of degrees. (This follows from Niven's theorem.) They are most useful in that they may be easily remembered and any multiple of the sides produces the same relationship. Using Euclid's formula for generating Pythagorean triples, the sides must be in the ratio

 * m$√3⁄2$ − n$1⁄\sqrt{3}$ : 2mn : m$\pi⁄4$ + n$1⁄8$

where m and n are any positive integers such that m > n.

Common Pythagorean triples
There are several Pythagorean triples which are well-known, including those with sides in the ratios:

 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"

 * align="right"|3 :||align="right"| 4 :||align="right"| 5
 * align="right"|5 :||align="right"|12 :||align="right"|13
 * align="right"|8 :||align="right"|15 :||align="right"|17
 * align="right"|7 :||align="right"|24 :||align="right"|25
 * align="right"|9 :||align="right"|40 :||align="right"|41
 * }
 * align="right"|7 :||align="right"|24 :||align="right"|25
 * align="right"|9 :||align="right"|40 :||align="right"|41
 * }
 * }

The 3 : 4 : 5 triangles are the only right triangles with edges in arithmetic progression. Triangles based on Pythagorean triples are Heronian, meaning they have integer area as well as integer sides.

The possible use of the 3 : 4 : 5 triangle in Ancient Egypt, with the supposed use of a knotted rope to lay out such a triangle, and the question whether Pythagoras' theorem was known at that time, have been much debated. It was first conjectured by the historian Moritz Cantor in 1882. It is known that right angles were laid out accurately in Ancient Egypt; that their surveyors did use ropes for measurement; that Plutarch recorded in Isis and Osiris (around 100 AD) that the Egyptians admired the 3 : 4 : 5 triangle;  and that the Berlin Papyrus 6619 from the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (before 1700 BC) stated that "the area of a square of 100 is equal to that of two smaller squares. The side of one is $√2⁄2$ + $1⁄\sqrt{2}$  the side of the other." The historian of mathematics Roger L. Cooke observes that "It is hard to imagine anyone being interested in such conditions without knowing the Pythagorean theorem." Against this, Cooke notes that no Egyptian text before 300 BC actually mentions the use of the theorem to find the length of a triangle's sides, and that there are simpler ways to construct a right angle. Cooke concludes that Cantor's conjecture remains uncertain: he guesses that the Ancient Egyptians probably did know the Pythagorean theorem, but that "there is no evidence that they used it to construct right angles".

The following are all the Pythagorean triple ratios expressed in lowest form (beyond the five smallest ones in lowest form in the list above) with both non-hypotenuse sides less than 256:

 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="margin-right: 2em"

 * align="right"|11 :||align="right"| 60 :||align="right"| 61
 * align="right"|12 :||align="right"| 35 :||align="right"| 37
 * align="right"|13 :||align="right"| 84 :||align="right"| 85
 * align="right"|15 :||align="right"|112 :||align="right"|113
 * align="right"|16 :||align="right"| 63 :||align="right"| 65
 * align="right"|17 :||align="right"|144 :||align="right"|145
 * align="right"|19 :||align="right"|180 :||align="right"|181
 * align="right"|20 :||align="right"| 21 :||align="right"| 29
 * align="right"|20 :||align="right"| 99 :||align="right"|101
 * align="right"|21 :||align="right"|220 :||align="right"|:221
 * }
 * align="right"|19 :||align="right"|180 :||align="right"|181
 * align="right"|20 :||align="right"| 21 :||align="right"| 29
 * align="right"|20 :||align="right"| 99 :||align="right"|101
 * align="right"|21 :||align="right"|220 :||align="right"|:221
 * }
 * align="right"|20 :||align="right"| 99 :||align="right"|101
 * align="right"|21 :||align="right"|220 :||align="right"|:221
 * }
 * }

Almost-isosceles Pythagorean triples
Isosceles right-angled triangles cannot have sides with integer values, because the ratio of the hypotenuse to either other side is √2 and √2 cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers. However, infinitely many almost-isosceles right triangles do exist. These are right-angled triangles with integer sides for which the lengths of the non-hypotenuse edges differ by one. Such almost-isosceles right-angled triangles can be obtained recursively,

 * a0 = 1, b0 = 2
 * an = 2bn−1 + an−1
 * bn = 2an + bn−1

an is length of hypotenuse, n = 1, 2, 3, .... Equivalently,

 * $$(\tfrac{x-1}{2})^2+(\tfrac{x+1}{2})^2 = y^2$$

where {x, y} are solutions to the Pell equation x$√2⁄2$ − 2y$1⁄\sqrt{2}$ = −1, with the hypotenuse y being the odd terms of the Pell numbers 1, 2, 5, 12, 29, 70, 169, 408, 985, 2378... .. The smallest Pythagorean triples resulting are:

 * {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="margin-right: 3em"

 * align="right"|        3 :||align="right"|         4 :||align="right"|         5
 * align="right"|       20 :||align="right"|        21 :||align="right"|        29
 * align="right"|      119 :||align="right"|       120 :||align="right"|       169
 * align="right"|      696 :||align="right"|       697 :||align="right"|       985
 * }
 * align="right"|      696 :||align="right"|       697 :||align="right"|       985
 * }
 * }

Alternatively, the same triangles can be derived from the square triangular numbers.

Arithmetic and geometric progressions

The Kepler triangle is a right triangle whose sides are in geometric progression. If the sides are formed from the geometric progression a, ar, ar2 then its common ratio r is given by r = √φ where φ is the golden ratio. Its sides are therefore in the ratio 1 : √φ : φ. Thus, the shape of the Kepler triangle is uniquely determined (up to a scale factor) by the requirement that its sides be in geometric progression.

The 3–4–5 triangle is the unique right triangle (up to scaling) whose sides are in arithmetic progression.

Sides of regular polygons
Let $$a=2\sin\frac{\pi}{10}=\frac{-1+\sqrt5}{2}=\frac1\varphi\approx 0.618$$ be the side length of a regular decagon inscribed in the unit circle, where $$\varphi$$ is the golden ratio. Let $$b=2\sin\frac{\pi}{6}=1$$ be the side length of a regular hexagon in the unit circle, and let $$c=2\sin\frac{\pi}{5}=\sqrt{\frac{5-\sqrt5}{2}}\approx 1.176$$ be the side length of a regular pentagon in the unit circle. Then $$a^2+b^2=c^2$$, so these three lengths form the sides of a right triangle. The same triangle forms half of a golden rectangle. It may also be found within a regular icosahedron of side length $$c$$: the shortest line segment from any vertex $$V$$ to the plane of its five neighbors has length $$a$$, and the endpoints of this line segment together with any of the neighbors of $$V$$ form the vertices of a right triangle with sides $$a$$, $$b$$, and $$c$$.

title: Special right triangle


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chan win hon

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. 10 delete votes, 3 Keep, 1 Cleanup, even including possible sockpuppetry. khaosworks 01:16, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Chan win hon
Non-notable secondary school teacher. He may be a good teacher and his students may admire him, but that doesn't mean he deserves a Wikipedia article on his own. khaosworks 05:45, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. He seems a nice person, but this seems a vanity article.  Joyous  (talk) 05:50, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Is Userfy an option for an anon. user? -maclean25 05:54, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't believe this was created by Mr Chan himself, but by a student of his. The grammar and structure of the sentences suggests this strongly. See related Vfd at Jonathan seah. --khaosworks 05:57, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

you all suxx0rs and he r0xx0rs what related vfd at jonathan seah???? non existant thing you talking about there!
 * Delete Not Notable. The phrase "locally renowned" speaks for itself. Nice pictures though. Hamster Sandwich 05:56, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. While my mathematical expertise is not great, I suspect that if his mathematical contributions were as notable as claimed, he would be at a university not a secondary school. Capitalistroadster 06:42, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * unsigned comment by anon user --khaosworks 09:02, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 09:09, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete After a long and bitter fight the principal of this schoolOng Teck Chin got in. As predicted now the teachers are getting individual articles.--Porturology 12:38, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN! LOL, he "owns two Babies." That's classic. Thorns Among Our Leaves 17:03, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Porturology. But the "A devout Christian, he is married to a wife and owns Two Babies" sentence belongs in BJAODN! --Idont Havaname 17:58, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, high school teachercruft. -- Etacar11   00:22, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep It is quite obvious that Professor Chan's contributions to the field of Mathematics indeed are quite significant, and we should acknowledge and appreciate him and his work, despite the fact that he is a teacher. The profile, if expanded would be quite useful.User:202.156.2.50 --18:14, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep : He is a professor that has contributed something notable (the human compass). Furthermore, if I'm not wrong, Singapore is a country extremely strong in mathematics. Being locally renown must be saying something.
 * unsigned comment by anon user --khaosworks 09:28, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not notable. --*drew 10:24, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a highly biased article about someone who is not significant enough to merit a page in an international encylopaedia. Singopo 10:34, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: After reading this article, I tend to believe that this person is of notable background. I strongly recommend that this page be edited to perhaps include more information, which would render it more useful.
 * unsigned comment by anon user (note contributions). --khaosworks 10:56, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Isn't it strange that this unsigned comment stating that "After reading this article, I tend to believe that this person is of notable background..." came from 203.123.21.145 – the same IP address that started the article? Singopo 13:08, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Clean Up It would be good if it were cleaned up and reorganized (Unsigned vote by )
 * Delete not notable Hamstersanonymous 16:16, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User:True Lover

I am Burmese.But I love my country and want democracy and humanright.So I try for my country.

title: User:True Lover


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mnenta

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sasquatch ↔讲↔看 05:36, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

Mnenta
delete as unverifiable and non-notable Trovatore 05:46, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Might be a Dicdef but i can't find anything to verify this. Hamster Sandwich 06:02, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable, see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics. Jitse Niesen (talk) 12:26, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone provides a source. Paul August ☎ 14:13, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Oleg Alexandrov 20:47, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Kinser 22:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mnenta


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Har Gilo

Har Gilo (הַר גִּלֹה; هار جيلو) is an Israeli settlement in the West Bank, organized as a community settlement, located about 2 kilometers west of the Palestinian city of Bethlehem and 5 kilometers south of Jerusalem, in the northern Judean hills.

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

History
According to ARIJ, Israel confiscated land from two Palestinian villages/towns in order to construct Har Gilo:
 * 92 dunams from al-Walaja,
 * the remaining, totaling 271 dunams, from Beit Jala

Due to Har Gilo's strategic location, the Turkish, British and Jordanian armies all had bases there. An Israel Defense Forces base was established after the Six-Day War in June 1967. The civilian settlement of Har Gilo was established on Hanukkah 1968. It is named after the biblical Gilo (Joshua 15:51) in the mountains of the Tribe of Juda. It is considered part of Gush Etzion. In 2007, Har Gilo had a population of 462. According to Peace Now, Har Gilo breaks the territorial contiguity of a Palestinian state and its close proximity to Al Walaja and Beit Jala will make it difficult to include within Israel's final boundaries. The settlement lies within the Israeli West Bank barrier, constructed in the early 2000s, which passes just outside the settlement, separating it from the neighbouring villages.

Status under international law
Like all Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories, Har Gilo is considered illegal under international law, though Israeli disputes this. The international community considers Israeli settlements to violate the Fourth Geneva Convention's prohibition on the transfer of an occupying power's civilian population into occupied territory. Israel disputes that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to the Palestinian territories as they had not been legally held by a sovereign prior to Israel taking control of them. This view has been rejected by the International Court of Justice and the International Committee of the Red Cross.

Geography
Har Gilo is located between the Palestinian villages of al-Walaja and Beit Jala, south of the Jerusalem boundary and adjacent to the peak of Mount Gilo.

Archaeology
Archaeological excavations in 1998 revealed the remains of two buildings and a rock-cut winepress, both dating back to the Iron Age III (586–539 BCE). Additional pottery shards were indicative of activity at the site from the early Islamic period.

title: Har Gilo


text:
1898 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1898.

Explorations

 * Exploration of the site of Assur by German archaeologists begins.

Excavations

 * J. E. Quibell excavates the royal residences of various early Egyptian kings at Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt.
 * Excavations at Bremetennacum (Ribchester), Lancashire, England (1898–9).

Finds

 * March - Victor Loret discovers Amenhotep II's mummy in his KV35 tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Kings within the original sarcophagus, together with a mummy cache containing several New Kingdom Pharaohs including Thutmose IV, Seti II and Ramesses III, IV and VI.
 * Summer - The Bleasdale Circle, a Bronze Age timber and earthwork in Lancashire, England, is discovered by Thomas Kelsall.
 * The Withypool Stone Circle (late Neolithic/early Bronze Age) on Exmoor, England, is discovered accidentally by Archibald Hamilton.
 * The Narmer Palette is found by J. E. Quibell while excavating the royal residences of various early Egyptian kings at Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt.
 * The site of Karakorum is identified as the former Mongol capital by Nikolai Yadrintsev, who discovers the Orkhon script during the same expedition.
 * Willie Peppé, excavating a stupa at Piprahwa Kot, discovers ashes claimed to be of Gautama Buddha.
 * Purported finding of the Kensington Runestone in Minnesota.

Births

 * 22 August – Jaroslav Černý, Czech-born Egyptologist (d. 1970).
 * 14 September – Ernest Nash, born Ernst Nathan, German-born student of Roman architecture and pioneer of archaeological photography (d. 1974).
 * 31 December – J. Eric S. Thompson, English archaeologist, student of the Maya civilization (d. 1975).

Deaths

 * 21 October – Marianne Brocklehurst, English Egyptological traveller and expedition sponsor (b. 1832).

title: 1898 in archaeology


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Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Musachachado

Musachachado
[ Vote here] (1/9/0) ending 00:00 28 July 2005 (UTC) The nominee is a very scholarly elderly man I studied under at the Sorbonne. He has, in the last several months, made an invaluable contribution to Wikipedia. I am pleased to nominate my friend and mentor for this position. Brandonfarb 05:48, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Since this is clearly a joke nomination, and based on consensus in the comments section, I am de-listing this nomination early. Rhobite 20:09, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here:

Support
 * 1) Strong Support. See above.

Oppose
 * 1) No user page, less than 50 edits. —Cryptic (talk) 06:00, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Nominator has only ten edits. This nomination doesn't make much sense. Radiant_ >|< 07:44, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Pfffffffffft. See comments below. Redwolf24 14:14, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Oppose - Agree with above. Sango  123  14:47, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) This nomination is hot...like Antarctica. Mike H (Talking is hot) 15:46, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Oppose - Agree with above. Gblaz 17:38, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Oppose - nomination is presumably a joke, but I'll vote oppose anyway... edit summaries including "Why dont you get some brains and write your own article, dumbass????" (see this edit prove this user is not mature enough for adminship (despite being "elderly" according to the nominator). Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 17:49, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Oppose. I am sorry, but this candidate has not filled in the questions below, and so I am unable to determine what the candidate intends to do with administrative privileges - or, indeed, whether he is a suitable individual to receive them. Edit summaries do not demonstrate a knowledge of common civility, and I cannot see any evidence of substantial contribution from him. --NicholasTurnbull 19:04, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Oppose. No user page. Dmn / Դմն 19:40, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Oppose. Not nearly enough edits, has insulting edit summaries, and he doesn't have his own userpage!  This nomination was probably a joke. --Idont Havaname 20:08, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Neutral

Comments
 * Obviously a joke nomination. It should be taken down early. Rhobite 06:16, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Kill it with fire. --Golbez 06:39, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Lovely comment Golbez. I agree though Redwolf24 14:14, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't mean to make a bad-faith suggestion, but after looking at the edit histories of the nominator and the candidate, I would like to suggest that a sock puppet check may be in order. (Also note that the candidate has not even been here for "the last several months", his account was started 4-July.) func (talk) 16:01, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * A joke perhaps, but sadly there is no fun in it. --Bhadani 16:49, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove this candidacy from voting: it becomes more and more popular joke to create bogus candidacies. Pavel Vozenilek 17:59, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * A distinct lack of civility is present the edit summaries of this user's edits. This is clearly not acceptable behaviour for one who is aiming to be an admin. --NicholasTurnbull 19:01, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A.