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Gonna Take a Miracle

Gonna Take a Miracle is the fifth album by New York City-born singer, songwriter and pianist Laura Nyro, with assistance by vocal trio Labelle. It was released on Columbia Records in November 1971, one year after its predecessor Christmas and the Beads of Sweat. The album is Nyro's only all-covers album, and she interprets mainly 1950s and 1960s soul and R&B standards, using Labelle as a traditional back-up vocal group.

Nyro had originally had the idea to do a covers album during 1970, and on her tour to support the Christmas and the Beads of Sweat album, she introduced several of the songs that later appeared on Gonna Take a Miracle, including "Spanish Harlem" and "Dancing in the Street".

Gonna Take a Miracle remains a critics' favorite Laura Nyro record for its laidback atmosphere and impressive soul grooves and musicianship as well as classic Philadelphia soul production from Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff. It was her last commercially successful album, peaking at #46 on the Billboard 200, then known as the Pop Albums chart, as well as #41 on the Black Albums chart.

The album was Nyro's last for over four years as she turned her back on the music industry to get married and live a rural life away from the spotlight. Her work with Patti LaBelle on the album formed a lifelong friendship.

In 2005, music magazine The Word voted Gonna Take a Miracle among the 60 Best Underrated Albums of All Time.

Background
Nyro first met Patti LaBelle in 1970 when she was about to give an interview to LaBelle's manager Vicki Wickham. Wickham brought LaBelle along to the interview, where she engaged in deep conversation with Nyro. They went on the road together, with LaBelle cooking for Nyro.

Production
The album was recorded in May and June 1971 at Sigma Sound Studios. The producers were Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff. Patti LaBelle and her vocal partners in Labelle, Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash, were brought in as backing singers.

Nyro was the main selector of material for the album, and chose songs she was influenced by growing up in the Bronx of the 1950s and 1960s. The songs include The Shirelles' "I Met Him on a Sunday", The Originals' "The Bells" (written by Marvin Gaye), Smokey Robinson & the Miracles' "You've Really Got a Hold on Me", Ben E. King's "Spanish Harlem", The Charts' "Deserie/Desiree", Major Lance's "The Monkey Time" (written by Curtis Mayfield)., and The Royalettes' "It's Gonna Take a Miracle".

The album balances the grittier numbers with the more ethereal soul ballad "The Wind" and the sultry love ballad "Désiree". Nyro, Labelle and Gamble and Huff mixed genres including doo-wop, soul, R&B, pop and gospel. "Despite Gamble and Huff's presence on the project, Nyro remained fully in charge," wrote biographer Michele Kort.

Track listing

 * 1) "I Met Him on a Sunday" (Doris Jackson, Addie Harris McPherson, Beverly Lee, Shirley Alston Reeves) – 1:55
 * 2) "The Bells" (Marvin Gaye, Anna Gordy Gaye, Iris Gordy, Elgie Stover) – 2:56
 * 3) "Monkey Time/Dancing in the Street" (Curtis Mayfield, Marvin Gaye, Ivy Jo Hunter, William "Mickey" Stevenson) – 4:57
 * 4) "Désiree" (L.Z. Cooper, Danny Johnson) – 1:52
 * 5) "You've Really Got a Hold on Me" (Smokey Robinson) – 4:07
 * 6) "Spanish Harlem" (Jerry Leiber, Phil Spector) – 2:52
 * 7) "Jimmy Mack" (Holland–Dozier–Holland) – 2:56
 * 8) "The Wind" (Devora Brown, Bob Edwards, Nolan Strong) – 2:58
 * 9) "Nowhere to Run" (Holland–Dozier–Holland) – 5:08
 * 10) "It's Gonna Take a Miracle" (Teddy Randazzo, Bobby Weinstein, Lou Stallman) – 3:24

 * Live bonus tracks on 2002 CD reissue
 * 1) "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing"  (Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson) – 0:59
 * 2) "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King, Jerry Wexler) – 3:01
 * 3) "O-o-h Child" (Stan Vincent) – 1:30
 * 4) "Up on the Roof" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) – 3:11

Personnel

 * Laura Nyro – vocals, piano
 * Nona Hendryx, Patti LaBelle, Sarah Dash – vocals
 * Norman Harris, Roland Chambers – guitar
 * Ronnie Baker – bass
 * Lenny Pakula – organ
 * Jim Helmer – drums
 * Vincent Montana Jr. – percussion
 * Larry Washington – bongos,
 * Nydia “Liberty” Mata – congas
 * Bobby Martin, Lenny Pakula, Thom Bell – string and horn arrangements
 * Technical
 * Tim Geelan – engineer
 * Gary Burden – art direction, design
 * Stephen Paley – front cover photography

The 2002 remaster
During the summer of 2002, the Legacy imprint of Columbia Records reissued the album in remastered and expanded format. The additional tracks were all recorded live at New York's Fillmore East and were later issued on the live album Spread Your Wings and Fly: Live at the Fillmore East May 30, 1971. They are "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing", "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman", "Ooh Child" and "Up on the Roof", all fitting with the covers theme of the original album.

The reissue features photographs and recording details as well as new liner notes by Amy Linden and a back-cover personal recollection by Patti LaBelle. The reissue was released alongside similar versions of Eli and the Thirteenth Confession and New York Tendaberry, and were produced and directed by the same Columbia/Legacy team.

title: Gonna Take a Miracle


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Talk:Serial bus

Naw, it shouldn't be merged with serial communications. This has nothing to do with communications. In communications, the wire goes off the printed circuit board to some geographically distant machinery. To make this clear, I think I'm going to excise the serial port, which really is part of serial communications. RS-485 is a gray case. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.171.255.181 (talk • contribs)

Redirected to Serial communications
I've gone ahead and redirected this to Serial communications, because this really duplicates what's there and is less informative. (The intro sentence at SC is "In telecommunications and computer science, serial communications is the process of sending data one bit at one time, sequentially, over a communications channel or computer bus." Here, it was "A serial bus is a computer bus that sends data bit by bit down one or a few wires.") —LrdChaos 15:21, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Serial bus


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Donovan Morgan

Andrew Vassos (born January 10, 1976) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Donovan Morgan. Best known for his near five-year run as a Pro Wrestling NOAH mainstay in Japan and Ring of Honor in the United States, Morgan received TV work with World Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation in between 1997 and 2001. Morgan also received an invite to wrestle in ECW in 1999 but turned it down as Morgan had other commitments.

Professional wrestling career
Vassos graduated from Ripon Christian High School in 1994 at the age of eighteen, and attended Modesto Junior College for a year before deciding to become a professional wrestler. He left college at the age of twenty and attended the APW Boot Camp in Hayward, California where he was trained by Michael Modest and Ric Thompson for two years. He debuted in All Pro Wrestling on June 29, 1996, in Hayward, California as "Donovan Morgan", facing Dwayne Jones.

Soon after his debut, Morgan began feuding with his trainer, Michael Modest. Morgan's first title win in APW was on January 25, 1997, when he and his partner, Robert Thompson, defeated Modest and Steve Rizzono for the APW Tag Team Championships in a Two out of three falls match, winning two straight falls. They held the titles until August 1, when they lost to Tony Jones and Jay Smooth. Morgan continued his feud with Modest, and on July 7 they faced one another in a match for the vacant APW Universal Heavyweight Championship. Modest was victorious, but Morgan continued to pursue the title, eventually defeating Modest for the Universal Heavyweight Championship on September 5 in what was considered a major upset. Modest regained the title less than a month later on October 3.

In early 2000, Morgan formed a stable with Vinny Massaro and Vanilla Frost called "The New Breed". On April 15, 2000, Morgan defeated Boyce LeGrande for the APW Internet Championship in the finals of a one night tournament (the previous champion, Christopher Daniels, had been signed by World Championship Wrestling and subsequently stripped of the belt). After Morgan won the Universal Heavyweight Championship for a second time, defeating Ed Moretti on October 7, 2000, he was informed by APW Commissioner Gabe Ramirez that he was not allowed to hold two titles simultaneously, so he vacated the Internet Championship on October 28.

After Morgan lost the Universal Heavyweight Championship to Vic Capri on April 28, 2001, he immediately began pursuing the Internet Championship once more, beating Vinny Massaro on May 19. He was stripped of the title on November 27 after he left APW along with Modest and several other wrestlers following a disagreement with APW owner Roland Alexander.

Until he left APW, Morgan acted as the head camp instructor of the APW professional wrestling school. He was replaced by Spanky and The American Dragon.

Morgan formed a tag team with Modest known as "Excellence, Inc.", and the duo was signed to contracts in Japan with the NOAH promotion on July 14, 2001. Morgan and Modest became Noah regulars often facing Japanese legend Mitsuharu Misawa. Morgan and Modest formed a stable in Noah with fellow gaijins 2 Cold Scorpio and Bison Smith known as Team KAOS. After almost 5 years of wrestling in Japan full time Morgan and Modest would exit Pro Wrestling NOAH in 2006 after their contracts had expired. Morgan soon retired from Pro Wrestling in June 2006.

After leaving All Pro Wrestling, Morgan and Modest decided to open their own dojo, "The Tetsu Academy". They later opened their own promotion in conjunction with the training center, "Pro Wrestling Iron", located in Hayward, Ca which held its first show on May 31, 2002, in Ukiah, California. Morgan and Modest eventually negotiated a talent swap agreement with Pro Wrestling Noah in Japan that saw Japanese wrestlers such as Misawa, Yoshinori Ogawa, and Takao Omori appear on PWI shows. Morgan and Modest continued to team in PWI and defeated Los Maximos in a match to decide the first ever PWI Tag Team Championships on June 11, 2004. In July 2004 Modest and Morgan wrestled in front of 79,458 fans at the world famous Tokyo Dome where Donovan Morgan pinned Ricky Marvin for Pro Wrestling NoAH's largest show in its history. In addition, they continued to train wrestlers at the Tetsu Academy. August 31, 2005 marked the end of the Tetsu Academy, with a final show at the PWI dojo in Hayward, California on August 27, 2005.

On September 21, 2002, Morgan and Christopher Daniels, known collectively as The Prophecy, won a tournament to crown the first ever ROH Tag Team Champions, defeating Modest and his partner, The American Dragon aka (Daniel Bryan). They held the titles until March 15, 2003, when they were defeated by A.J. Styles and Amazing Red. Morgan and Modest left ROH soon after following disputes over accommodation and schedule clashes with their Japanese commitments.

One of the highlights of Morgan's career was an especially spicy match held at the Lathrop Community Center in Lathrop, California. Morgan and Modest clashed with Bison Smith in the ring before a packed house of raucous fans. Bison found himself accosted by a group of local animal rights activists angered by his zoological misappropriation. Morgan and Modest capitalized on his distraction and won the day. There were various reports of the trio seen scuffling after the match at the Fireside Lounge, down the street.

On the February 18, 2006 episode of TNA Impact!, Morgan teamed with Michael Modest and Ryan Drago as La Migra. The trio were defeated by The Latin American Xchange. On the March 3, 2006 episode of TNA Xplosion, Morgan and Modest were defeated by The Naturals.

Morgan became a mortgage broker in 2006. and continued into the world of financial services in 2008. Morgan is currently an advisor and financial consultant in Florida.

Championships and accomplishments

 * All Pro Wrestling
 * APW Worldwide Internet Championship (2 times)
 * APW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Robert Thompson
 * APW Universal Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Cauliflower Alley Club
 * Future Legend Award (2001)
 * East Coast Wrestling Association
 * Super 8 Tournament (2002)
 * Midwest Championship Wrestling
 * MCW Lightweight Championship (1 time)
 * North American Wrestling
 * NAW Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 73 of the 500 best singles wrestlers the PWI 500 in 2004
 * Pro Wrestling Iron
 * PWI Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Michael Modest
 * Pro Wrestling NOAH
 * 10-Man Battle Royal (2002)
 * Ring of Honor
 * ROH Tag Team Championship (1 time, inaugural) – with Christopher Daniels
 * ROH Tag Team Championship Tournament (2002) – with Christopher Daniels

title: Donovan Morgan


text:
User:Clive Power

Clive Power

London

All rights released to all text. I agree to release all rights, unless otherwise stated, to all my text contributions to the English Wikipedia, enabling anyone to use them for any purpose. Please be aware that other contributors might not do the same, so if you want to use my contributions under free use terms, please check the Multi-licensing guide.

Clive Power (talk) 17:33, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

title: User:Clive Power


text:
Wikipedia:Today's second feature/July 22, 2005

Did you know...

From Wikipedia's newest articles:

...that the poems of Richard Dehmel were set to music by composers like Richard Strauss, Max Reger, Arnold Schönberg and Kurt Weill, or inspired them to write music? ...that Clyde Tunnel in Glasgow was built rather than a bridge to not interfere with shipping, a concern which was out of date by the tunnel's completion? ... that NASA, Google, Microsoft and Yahoo! are shipping their own GIS killer applications known as the "virtual globe"? ...that the Super Buddies, a team of DC Comics superheroes, were a comedic Justice League offshoot who first appeared in the Eisner Award-winning miniseries Formerly Known as the Justice League?

Archive – Start a new article


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1946 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1946.

Explorations

 * Maria Reiche begins to map the Nazca Lines.
 * Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov investigates the burial site of Yuri Dolgorukiy (d. 1157) at the Church of the Saviour at Berestove in Ukraine but no remains are found.

Excavations

 * Ferriby Boats 1 and 2 excavated in England.
 * Three-year excavation of Eridu by Fuad Safar and Seton Lloyd of the Iraqi Directorate General of Antiquities and Heritage begins.

Publications

 * November - Agatha Christie Mallowan, Come, Tell Me How You Live.

Finds

 * Lacandon Maya lead photographer/explorer Giles Healey to Bonampak, the first time it is known to have been visited by a non-Mayan.
 * Filitosa, Corsica, discovered.

Births

 * July 1 - Mick Aston, English archaeologist best known for his work on Time Team (died 2013)
 * August 12 - Bryony Coles, née Orme, English prehistoric landscape archaeologist
 * December 29 - Ruth Shady, Peruvian archaeologist

Deaths

 * November 17 - Max von Oppenheim, German Near Eastern archaeologist (born 1860)

title: 1946 in archaeology


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WBMR

WBMR is a radio station located in Telford, Pennsylvania, United States, that broadcasts to the Philadelphia area. WBMR specializes in religious musical programming. It is an affiliate of the VCY America Radio Network. The callsign stands for BuxMont Radio as its community of license, the borough of Telford, straddles the Bucks and Montgomery county boundary.

title: WBMR


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Northern Alliance (disambiguation)

Northern Alliance can mean any of the following:

 * The Northern Alliance, a regional network of political activists that originated in the Lombardy, Lega Nord
 * The Afghan Northern Alliance, a military-political umbrella organization in Afghanistan
 * The National Resistance Front of Afghanistan also known as the Panjshir resistance, commonly considered to be the modern Northern Alliance
 * The Northern Alliance (Myanmar), a coalition of ethnic insurgent groups in Myanmar
 * The Northern Alliance Radio Network, an American radio talk show hosted by bloggers in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota
 * Northern Football Alliance, an English football competition
 * Nordallianz: a group of German towns situated between the city of Munich and Munich Airport
 * The Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei, sometimes referred to in English as the Northern Alliance, a short-lived Japanese military-political coalition during the Boshin War
 * The National Farmers' Alliance, a US Farmers' Alliance
 * The Anti-Swedish alliance, during the Great Northern War, led by Denmark–Norway, Tsardom of Russia and Electorate of Saxony

title: Northern Alliance (disambiguation)


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Barca-longa

A barca-longa (1600s, also barqua-; 1600s–1700s barco-longo) was a two- or three-masted lugger used near the coasts of Spain and Portugal, and more widely in the Mediterranean Sea. Barca-longas were used in Spain and Portugal for fishing, and were employed by the Royal Navy in Mediterranean waters for shore raids or as dispatch boats. In general, they were not in Royal Navy ownership. The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest reference is from 1681.

title: Barca-longa


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Hataz

Hataz (late 6th or early 7th century AD) was a king of the Kingdom of Aksum. He is primarily known through the coins that were minted during his reign, some of which call him Iathlia. His gold coin calls him Hethasas (Greek ΗΘΑΣΑ).

The exact date of his reign is unclear. The debased nature of his gold and silver coinage clearly place his reign after Kaleb's. However, Stuart Munro-Hay places him between Ioel and Israel, while Wolfgang Hahn argues Hataz was the last king of Axum to mint coins.

Coinage
Several types of coins were issued during Hataz's reign in gold, silver and copper. The obverse of the single gold coinage bears a crowned bust between two wheat stalks and encircled by dots; the reverse shows his profile wearing a headcloth also between two wheat stalks and encircled by dots. A cross at the top of both sides confirms his Christianity. The silver coinage, which is also "very debased" has three types: one with a crowned bust holding a hand cross on the obverse and a cross formed from four crosses dividing the legend and touching a lozenge with a cross in its middle; the other two bear the king's profile holding a hand-cross on the obverse and reverse. Three types of the copper coinage have also been identified, two also with the bust of the king on the obverse but a design incorporating one or more crosses on the reverse; the third type has profiles of the king on both sides.

title: Hataz


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Michaels cuebid

The Michaels cuebid is a conventional bid used in the card game contract bridge. First devised by Michael Michaels of Miami Beach, FL, it is an 's cuebid in opponent's opening suit and is normally used to show a two-suited hand with at least five cards in each suit and eight or more points.

After the opponents have opened at the one-level, the overcaller bids the same suit at the two-level; the two normal cases are:
 * 1) Over an opponent's minor opening, a cuebid shows both majors. For example, 1 – 2 shows hearts and spades.
 * 2) Over an opponent's major opening, a cuebid shows the other major and a minor suit. For example, 1 – 2 shows hearts and either clubs or diamonds. Partner can make a 2NT relay bid to request partner to bid his minor suit, or a 3 pass-or-correct bid.

Partnerships who have incorporated Michaels cuebids amongst their agreements usually also play the unusual notrump convention.

Requirements
Point count requirements vary and are a matter of partnership agreement. It is commonly agreed that a Michaels cuebid is constructive and should be made on hands that hold the prospect of winning the auction; hand emphasis is on trick-taking capability suggesting that the long suits contain most of the HCP and have good texture, particularly at unfavourable vulnerability.

With less than eight points, Michaels is not recommended - the chances of winning the auction are small and it gives the opponents too much information. Bidders expecting to make or sacrifice can use basic Michaels at all point ranges with eight or more. In a common variant, known as Mini-Maxi Michaels, candidate hands are classed into three ranges and Michaels is applied more selectively:
 * Weak - 8 to 12 points: use Michaels
 * Intermediate - 13 to 15 points: do not use Michaels, bid the higher suit followed by the lower
 * Strong - 16 or more points: use Michaels

Responses to Michaels
Initially, partner should assume a weak hand by the Michaels bidder; with a strong hand, the Michaels bidder will follow with a second non-forced call. Responses to the Michaels cuebid include:
 * A preference bid
 * A jump preference bid (usually preemptive)
 * A cuebid of opener's suit, which is a game or slam try
 * A new suit, non-forcing
 * 2NT. When the cuebid is in a major suit, asks partner to name his minor suit. (3, pass or correct, may also be used for this, showing a lower strength range than 2NT).
 * 3NT is to play
 * 4 serves the same purpose as 2NT in competitive auctions when 2NT is no longer available. 4NT serves the same purpose as 2NT when 2NT and 4 are not available.

Rebids by the Michaels bidder

 * With 12 or fewer, pass or raise. Raise is not invitational, it shows 6/5 or better and is optional and preemptive
 * With 16 or more, bid a new suit inviting game

Modifications
Several modifications and extensions exist, such as the Modified Michaels cuebid, Leaping Michaels and Super Michaels.

In the Netherlands, a particular modification is growing in popularity: over opponent's opening, a cuebid shows a major and a minor unbid suit. The 2NT overcall is then used to show both majors (after a minor suit opening) or both minors (after a major suit opening). This approach allows all three two suiters in the three unbid suits to be indicated. Compared to standard Michaels, the disadvantage is that after an opposing minor suit opening, one cannot introduce a two suiter in the majors at the two-level. Also, the cuebid invariably leaves one of both suits unspecified.

A variant often referred to as upper cuebid is popular in Germany. In this treatment a cuebid shows the highest unbid suit and another unspecified suit. Together with the unusual notrump convention to indicate the lowest of the two unbid suits, this approach allows all two suiters in the three unbid suits to be indicated. Compared to standard Michaels, the disadvantage is that after an opposing minor suit opening, one cannot describe a two suiter in the majors in one bid.

Also, Michaels cuebid variants exist that remove any ambiguity on what is the second suit. An example is the hi-hi cuebid that over opponent's opening invariably shows the highest unbid suits. Together with the unusual notrump convention to indicate the lowest of the two unbid suits, this hi-hi cuebid allows two out of the three possible two suiters in the unbid suits to be specified in one single bid. A drawback of this method is that the hi-hi cuebid does not cater for two-suiters in the highest and lowest unbid suits.

An alternative approach is to use three separate bids to specify each two-suited combination explicitly, as in Ghestem and its variants. This of course requires a third bid to be used for this purpose, typically 3.

Defense
The opening side may defend against a Michaels cuebid or any other conventional two-suited overcall with the Unusual vs. Unusual convention. This defense assigns conventional meanings to a double and to cuebids of the suits shown by the two-suited overcall.

Comparison to Ghestem
Ghestem is more precise in terms of uniquely defining the specific suits denoted. Another drawback compared to Ghestem is that following an opposing minor suit opening, the Michaels cuebid used in combination with the unusual notrump convention does not cater for a two-suiter in spades and the other minor. Hands like these can only be indicated by overcalling 1 and, if possible, later introducing the minor suit. However, Ghestem has the disadvantage that after a 1 of a minor opening, you cannot choose a major at the two level, as the cuebid to show both majors is 3. Another two-suited overcall system defining both suits explicitly is CRO (Colour, Rank, Other) which has similar advantages and disadvantages to Ghestem. It is also possible to use combinations of the bids that show all the two-suiters explicitly while allowing both majors to be bid at the two-level, such as RCO and SpoDo (Specific Michaels), giving a small theoretical advantage. However, all methods explicitly showing both suits in all combinations lose a natural bid, usually the 3C overcall which can otherwise be useful as a weak or pre-emptive jump overcall.

title: Michaels cuebid


text: User talk:207.34.120.71

title: User talk:207.34.120.71


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John Charles Thomas

John Charles Thomas (September 6, 1891 – December 13, 1960) was an American opera, operetta and concert baritone.

Biography
John Charles Thomas was born on September 6, 1891, in Meyersdale, Pennsylvania. He was the son of a Methodist minister of Welsh descent while his mother, of German immigrant stock, had been an amateur singer. After studying initially for a medical career, Thomas won a scholarship to the Peabody Institute in Baltimore in 1910. He remained there for two years, receiving vocal tuition from Adelin Fermin.

In 1912, Thomas left the Peabody and toured briefly with a musical troupe. He then went to live in Manhattan, New York City, where he performed with a Gilbert and Sullivan operetta company before being contracted by the Shubert brothers to perform in the show The Peasant Girl, which opened in March 1913. For the next nine years, he starred in a series of hit Broadway musicals including Her Soldier Boy, Maytime, Naughty Marietta, and Apple Blossoms (with Fred and Adele Astaire).

Operatic, recital and radio career
Thomas sang in a concert performance of Rimsky-Korsakov's opera Sadko at Manhattan's Carnegie Hall in December 1924. His debut in a fully staged opera occurred in March 1925, as Amonasro in a production of Verdi's Aida, presented by the semi-professional Washington National Opera.

Thomas was earning a great deal of money singing on Broadway but he wanted to gain more experience in opera. During the 1922-28 period, he spent part of each year in Europe, polishing his singing technique and appearing under contract at La Monnaie opera house in Brussels for the seasons of 1925-27. He would return to La Monnaie for 25 more performances in 1928, eight in 1930 and four in 1931. Even more importantly, he appeared with the famous Russian bass Feodor Chaliapin in productions of Faust at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London, in July 1928.

He continued to give recitals in the United States during this period and, in 1923, acted in a silent film, Under the Red Robe, directed by Alan Crosland. He made recordings, too, for the Vocalion label (1920–24) and Brunswick Records (1924–29), before signing with RCA Victor in 1931. Thomas also became a pioneer of radio broadcasts, in both New York and Florida. From 1929-32 he was a member of the Philadelphia Grand Opera Company, and in 1930 made one appearance with the Philadelphia Civic Opera Company.

He accepted engagements with the Washington National, San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia opera companies, and in 1934, to satisfy a public demand, he was signed by the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. He would remain at the Met until 1943, performing opposite such stars as the soprano Rosa Ponselle.

In the tough Great Depression years of the 1930s, he established himself as one of the most sought-after singers in America, with both a classical-music following and a considerable popular audience. His concerts normally offered selections from both repertoires: classical and operatic to begin, and American art songs and humorous "character" songs to close. He also appeared regularly on commercial radio programs. These included Five-Star Theater (in 1932-33 with the Joseph Bonime Orchestra), the Vince Radio Program (1934–36), the Ford, General Motors and The Magic Key of RCA shows (1937–40) and the Coca-Cola show (1940–41).

In 1938, he helped Edwin Lester launch the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera, appearing in the company's very first production in Blossom Time. This work was derived from a Viennese operetta Das Dreimäderlhaus, with music arranged from that of Schubert and adapted for American audiences by Dorothy Donnelly and Sigmund Romberg. Thomas sang regularly in operettas with the LACLO until 1942, starring in productions of The Gypsy Baron, H.M.S. Pinafore, The Chocolate Soldier and Music in the Air.

The Second World War made concert touring inconvenient, and very high taxes made it non-remunerative. Thomas was duly engaged to star on the Westinghouse Radio Program in 1943-46, accompanied by the Victor Young Orchestra. He probably reached his widest audience during this period, although his practice of performing songs exclusively in English has perhaps left him less well-remembered by today's musical "purists" than he should be. Nevertheless, many songs tailored for him to sing have gone on to become standards, such as the version of "The Lord's Prayer" by Albert Hay Malotte and the arrangement of "Home on the Range" by David W. Guion.

Thomas was among the founders of the Music Academy of the West summer conservatory in 1947.

From 1947 to 1948, Thomas undertook a long and demanding tour of Australia and New Zealand, where he played to crowded theatres. He retired bit by bit from the concert stage after 1950, and settled in Apple Valley, California, in 1955 with his wife Dorothy.

Death
He died there in December 1960 from cancer. Owing to his high-spending lifestyle, the fortune that he had earned through singing was largely dissipated at the time of his death.

His home in Apple Valley has been designated as one of the town's historic sites.

Opposition to rock-and-roll music
Thomas appeared twice as a contestant on the TV quiz program "You Bet Your Life", hosted by Groucho Marx. These episodes aired on 5 December 1957 and 12 December 1957. He was a strong vocal opponent of rock-and-roll music during the first appearance and debated the subject with advocate Roberta Rene during the second.

Recordings
John Charles Thomas left a large pool of audio recordings, many of which sold extremely well in their day and have been transferred in recent times to compact disc. Only a handful of these recordings, however, are devoted to opera arias. His operatic voice is probably best appreciated in commercial offerings such as "Nemico della patria" from Andrea Chénier, and "C’en est fait… Salomé demande" from Hérodiade. Live broadcast recordings of "Per me giunto" from Don Carlos, "Vien Leonora" from La favorite and "Il balen" from Il trovatore display his brilliant top notes and bel canto capabilities.

He sang hymns, art songs, ballads, cowboy tunes, introspective German lieder, and shanties.

Voice
Thomas belonged to a sequence of leading American operatic baritones whose overlapping careers stretched in an unbroken line from the 1920s through to the 1990s. They included Richard Bonelli, Lawrence Tibbett, Arthur Endrèze (who was based in Paris), Leonard Warren, Robert Merrill, Cornell MacNeil, Sherrill Milnes and Richard Fredricks.

His lyric voice was more notable for its free top register than for its lower range. It was particularly suited to the French operatic repertoire, in which he was seldom heard in the United States apart from his Athanael in Massenet's Thais. It had remarkable flexibility, which was enhanced by Thomas's energy and expressiveness, particularly in his repertoire of popular material. In operatic work, however, this skill could be shown to good effect in trills and runs. Notable examples of his technical expertise are displayed his versions of "Il balen" from Il trovatore, and the "Drinking Song" from Hamlet.

In common with a lot of singers of his inter-war generation, Thomas's voice was highly distinctive. In part, this may have been due to his early career on Broadway. He knew how to "sell" a song—to build a stirring aria to a climax that would bring audiences to their feet. While the voice was always unmistakably his, it changed noticeably in character over time. His early recordings display a darker tonal hue, and the voice is stiffer, as though he were imitating the stentorian Italian baritone of a previous generation, Titta Ruffo. By 1931, and certainly by 1934, he had found the more fluid, natural vocal style for which he is best remembered. From the late 1940s into the '50s, his vibrato began to widen, though it never became an unpardonable flaw in his singing technique, and the voice grew somewhat thicker and heavier in tone.

Honors

 * He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.
 * He was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on February 8, 1960.
 * His rendering of the chorus of "Open Road, Open Sky" from "The Gypsy Baron" was chosen as soundtrack to the Audi TV ad campaign, 2011.

title: John Charles Thomas


text:
Talk:Clockwise

Which way round?
"In a mathematical sense, a circle defined parametrically by the equations x = r sin t and y = r cos t, where r is the radius of the circle, is traced clockwise as t increases in value." -- isn't it the other way around? (pun not really intended) --Gutza 19:59, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it is correct. This circle starts on the upper Y-axis and moves right.  I find it a bit confusing though, as the usual parameterisation of a circle is x = r cos t, y = r sin t, which goes in the other direction.   --Zero 00:41, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Yes, that tricked me too. I thought there must have been a catch, it couldn't have escaped everybody's attention. Maybe we should post a very short notice drawing attention to this in the article? Thank you for the reply! --Gutza 05:55, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've left the usual counterclockwise parameterisation first in the text but added a quick mention of the clockwise alternative as well (as the article is 'Clockwise'). 31.49.249.182 (talk) 04:02, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

title of page is incorrect
Title of page should be anti- not counter-clockwise WE gave you the language use it properly. do not call me a nutcase im merley speaking th truth. Words have the letter u in them like coloUr and honoUr and neighboUr. the title of the pages should be the corect orgin of the word anti not counter. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 217.205.148.82 (talk • contribs).

 * Please sign your comments on talk pages. Also please read WP:MOS. Any regional variant of English is acceptable as long as the article is internally consistent. It is not consistent for the title of the article to contain "counterclockwise" but the text to use the term "anti-clockwise". In any event you should not have altered the choice of words of the first major contributor. Therefore I am changing back to "counterclockwise". --Mathew5000 13:40, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Unsigned Poster, whilst I agree that 'anti-clockwise' is better than 'counter-clockwise', I however disagree with you on the basis of your reasoning. Perhaps, next time, you would not butcher the language and instead insert some punctuation, grammar, spelling and the like so that your comments are not mocked as I am doing now. Thank you, --Colourblind 03:10, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Both right, thats why it's on CLOCKWISE! I use the language properly, you're being an annoying freak. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lunakeet (talk • contribs) 17:07, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Why on Earth does Wikipedia allow people to post anonymously? All it facilitates is nerds, twerps and basket-cases! Nuttyskin (talk) 08:53, 9 June 2018 (UTC)

Move to Clockwise
Any reason that we shouldn't just call this "Clockwise"? We should still use "counterclockwise" as the main word within the article, but it would fix some of the dialectal arguments and it is a more standard name. violet/riga (t) 13:48, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

I wholey agree this woudl resolves the above discussion will move in seven days if no comments or objecys are posted.--Lucy-marie 18:58, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

On Counter Vs. Anti
Perhaps there should be a section explaining the Etymology of the word and the diferent usages in different countries, similar to the section in Aluminium. 194.82.121.38 20:16, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * In the section marked, why is AE explicitly called "Northern American English"? Is English the official language anywhere else in America? I think not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.162.123.25 (talk) 11:19, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * British English is spoken in South America in Guyana, as well as in Caribbean countries such as Jamaica, or Trinidad and Tobago. __Just plain Bill (talk) 14:25, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Usage
What's with the odd reference citation for the common mnemonic? And why does it even need a citation? Furthermore, the two sentences following are redundant given the previous discussion of plane face selection which is generally obvious/de facto with a bolt or screw as generally one end has an accessible fastener. I'm not so sure the right-hand rule is "simple", nor is the procedure describe dparticularly helpful as you must "know" the handedness of the threads (no mention of the the general right-handedness of screws). The next "paragraph" sort of covers this last point, only it then switches back to "clockwise" without any solid linkage between handedness and -wise being established; it's made in a (doubly) parathentical clause in the "Etymology" section. --Belg4mit 19:09, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Agree that there's something peculiar about that mnemonic being cited - with nothing in the references. Why might it need a citation? I'd like to know who to blame for the mnemonic's very existance, frankly; I teach the use of tools and I've found that the mnemonic, to false beginners (tyros), is far more a viral security blanket than anything useful, and the people who do understand it reveal, on close questioning, that they are interpreting it through another system (typically better, but not typically made explicit).

The right-hand rule is an improvement (relative to the mnemonic) as it is tactile and more concrete and, therefore, teachable and relevant for being immediately applicable. There being relatively few reverse-threaded objects (there are less than 10 in bicycle-dom, for example), the handedness of threads need not be discussed exhaustively, nor is it really necessary for the practitioner to know whether a thread is reverse or conventional - it's usually sufficient for them to know that 'some cows got horns, some don't'. I'm tempted to suggest that, there being only two ways to move a nut, bolt, or screw, a faster method than either of the two referenced would be "guess" i.e. apply the tool and attempt to turn the object, in either direction... the person doing this will learn quickly whether they're having the desired effect.

However, as for fasteners... sometimes there is both a nut and a bolt. A subset of these pairs requires only one tool (consider the wide variety of methods for securing a bicycle seat-post...). For those pairs that do require only one tool, knowing which of the two objects to turn is, of course, important, but so is the matter of proper address of that object with the required tool.

In still other cases, direct address of the part (nut, bolt, screw, etc.) is not possible, and some 3-space translation must be done... it can get quite fussy to thoroughly describe all of the possibilities, and all of that quickly becomes an endless series of tangents from the main subject - CW and CCW, not nuts and bolts.

Curmudgeonistically (talk) 09:38, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

With reference to the paragraph on 'the opposite sense of threading being used for a special reason', I believe that the statements "As the vehicle moved forward, the lug nuts tend to tighten." and "For bicycle pedals, the one on the left is reverse-threaded, or the pedal will unscrew during use" are mistaken. I suggest that the opposite is the case. The pedal on the left is left hand threaded, but this would tend to make the pedal spindle become loose in use, if it wasn't tightened sufficiently. The reason is so that the spindle doesn't become over tight in use, and difficult to remove. Pedals are installed by starting the threaded spindle in the crank, and rotating the crank backwards (contrary to normal forward pedaling) while preventing the spindle from roating with a wrench (eg: an Allen key). Conversly, they are removed by holding the spindle and rotating the crank forwards. In normal forward pedalling, the pedal may be rotating anti clockwise, as viewed from the left side of the bike, but the force on the spindle (from friction in the bearings) is in a clockwise direction relative to the crank. A similar situation pertains to the right hand threaded lug nuts on the right side of an automobile or truck. These would tend to loosen as the vehicle moved forward (unless sufficiently tightened); the reason is the same: to prevent them from becoming too tight in use. Folkie XL (talk) 22:56, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

In humans
This section is nearly useless without discussion of how right-handed folks behave for comparison; presumably the opposite. Also, perhaps the bit about supination belongs here?

Also, the bit about which direction humans explore unfamiliar buildings is interesting, but I've often heard the companion statement that "death comes from the left", which has led many adventurous individuals to always take a left turn in unfamiliar circumstances. Steamboat28 (talk) 18:07, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

This all makes sense. Another data point: visitors with experience going to amusement parks often recommend that newcomers go very early, when the gates open, and circulate clockwise (turn initially to the left). Apparently this is because most visitors enter and turn right. [Marzolian, not logged in]208.185.201.194 (talk) 21:29, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

With respect to the belief that "right handed people circulate in buildings clockwise", I submit that this is really cultural and hence is a learned habit. For example, people in India, where traffic keeps left, have a tendency to circulate in buildings in clockwise direction and not anti-clockwise. Unless double-bind experiments have been done that eliminate cultural bias, this will be difficult to prove one way or another. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.204.15.13 (talk) 17:22, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

The source is dubious. It would possibly require not only a more recent source, but even more importantly more sources as this is a type of experiment that is most open to various types of bias and errors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.178.240.193 (talk) 03:43, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

I agree. Aa a right-hander, I draw circles in a clockwise direction. [Marzolian, not logged in]208.185.201.194 (talk) 21:29, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

 * As do I. This all strikes me as so much unscientific (or maybe even pseudoscientific) hogwash. Nuttyskin (talk) 08:51, 9 June 2018 (UTC)

In shipping
Very important addition to demonstrate the importance of the streams in international shipping. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zorroisback (talk • contribs) 16:34, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

abbreviations
Search for "CW" and you at least get to the disambiguation page; type "CCW" and it brings you straight here.. but there's no reference to this commonly-used abbreviation in the article. I was linking the image editing use of the term where (in image orientation or image rotation) it's in regular use. I'd be inlined to put it in the lead para here, as it warrants only a brief mention. Any objections? mikaultalk 14:40, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

widdershins
Moving counterclockwise is also called widdershins. Shouldn't this article and the one for widdershins be either linked or combined? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.204.150.101 (talk) 20:08, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

In shipping
Diff

The removed section does not cite any reliable source, and is becoming the focus of an edit war. If any editor wants to restore it, reliable sourcing must be shown. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 17:22, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

Rotation-axis direction should be clarified
The clockwise rotation is Kkddkkdd (talk) 18:07, 21 May 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) left-handed when the rotation-axis direction is from back to front,
 * 2) right-handed when the rotation-axis direction is from front to back.

clockwise is taken as negative. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 111.88.55.227 (talk) 05:13, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Counter-Clockwise Hebrew Clocks
There is an indication in the article that there are several European Hebrew clock towers that run counter-clockwise. I am only familiar with the one in Prague next to the Altneu Synagogue. Can record of a second - currently existing or historical - be found? I'm also not satisfied the reason was due to the opposite direction of the Hebrew language. Most modern timepieces use Arabic numerals, and Arabic is also right-to-left. This reasoning might make sense if back in the 16th century (when the Prague clocktower was built) the only other clocks used Roman numerals. Also, if this were the reason, one would think 'counter-clockwise' Hebrew clocks would be a lot more common than one example. And I am unaware of any other example. Gavroche42 (talk) 18:27, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * "Arabic" (Hindu-origin "Eastern Arabic" or "Arab-Indic") numbers are written left to right in Arabic, just as they are in languages using the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.

 * For an example of a clock using Arabic numbers, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock-in-cairo-with-eastern-arabic-numerals.jpg Note that it runs in the usual clockwise manner.

 * The likely reason for the hands on clocks rotating in a clockwise direction is that that was the direction that the gnomon's shadow moved on a northern hemisphere sun dial. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.152.94.226 (talk) 09:03, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

I agree...the counterclockwise Hebrew letter clock in Prague is an anomaly, not an example of a known thing. The original comment by Gavroche42 was in 2013, and now it is 2022, and nobody can show any more examples of another Hebrew clock that runs counterclockwise. Meanwhile, that sentence has no citation! So, I'm editing that sentence in the article to reflect the reality that it is surely interesting, but not an example of a genre. It is simply not possible to prove the negative, but without any proof to the positive, it doesn't belong in this article. SunshineSet (talk) 14:34, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

Bolivian clock
I do some changes about the Bolivian clock reference.

1) According to the same reference given, it was only one clock: "In the latest – and by far the most literal – sign that times are changing in Bolivia, the numerals on the clock that adorns the congress building in La Paz have been reversed and the hands set to run anticlockwise in proud affirmation of the Andean nation's 'southernness'."

2) I change the word regime because «modern usage often gives the term a negative connotation», as Oxford English Dictionary defines: "a government, especially an authoritarian one". So I replace it with "presidency" that has no connotation. Eloy (talk) 16:13, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

Change in paragraph "In humans"
Hi, I don't understand why the sentence I added was deleted? The reference seems to be allright. I found it while surfing on the internet and it relates precisely to the point of view exposed in the paragraph Rsrikanth05 Mathew5000 Hexagone59 (talk) 17:21, 15 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm extremely extremely sorry. A very serious error of judgement on my part. --Rsrikanth05 (talk) 18:30, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

'from above the South Pole'
HI, technically it should read 'from behind the SP'. Thanks in advance. --Backinstadiums (talk) 16:44, 25 March 2017 (UTC)

Anticlocks

 * See this Google search for plenty of pictures of anticlockwise clocks. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:25, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

Sentence
I need a sentence please 2600:1011:B001:99BD:0:44:9C4E:D601 (talk) 21:20, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

Title change
I think the title should be changed Clockwise and Counter-clockwise. It would be more fitting. Ilikggfriedrice123 (talk) 12:56, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

Bicycle pedals
Bicycle pedals are in fact threaded so that they tend to unscrew. I know this for a fact as I once had a set of pedals where the bearing cones tended to tighten up until the pedal unscrewed.

my theory is that when toe clips and straps came into use, the potential for serious foot injury if a pedal were to freeze up would be avoided if the pedal unscrewed.

i still use this fact to determine the correct way to unscrew a pedal, when to need to remove a pedals arises.

Wschart (talk) 15:14, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clockwise


text:
Wikipedia:Image use policy/Proposal

Proposal

 * 1) Jimbo Wales is on the record saying that fairuse should be eliminated extremely limited. I propose that fairuse be eliminated in the following manner: images claiming fairuse uploaded after a given date should be deleted on sight. Images claiming fairuse uploaded after a given date should be sent through a verification process first and a rationale decided upon. Images claiming fairuse uploaded before this date should be investigated as well. Fairuse should only be used in circumstances where an image is necessary to a particular article and cannot be replicated by a Wikipedian. The all-purpose fairuse tag should be eliminated and replaced with more spacific tags.
 * 2) In order to prevent abuse of fairuse (For example, a image might be listed on CP or PUI, but then uploader to preserve his image can simply slap on a fairuse tag and say it's not a copyvio), there should be a statement to the effect that such actions like the above example are not permissible.
 * 3) I propose that images without tags existing five days after their initial uploaded be elegible for speedy deletion. Images without tags existing before a given date should be given tags. Newly uploaded images without tags should be subject to speedy deletion if their status cannot be verified. The uploader should be informed and asked to defend their images. If they do not respond or cannot defend their image within a lag time to be decided upon, the image should be verified or speedily deleted.
 * 4) There should be a spacific statement that images from Google Maps and Google Earth (as well as other commercial satellite image sites) are not acceptable for Wikipedia; I fear that these sites have the potential to become a problem in the future. There should be a list provided of free sources for satellite and aerial photos.
 * WP:PUI and WP:CP could be merged to form one process, given that proposal 2 would dramatically reduce the number of unsourced images.
 * 1) Images using tags copyrighted, permission, noncommercial, etc. uploaded after a certain date should be elegible for speedy deletion should be dealt with in some manner. These tags should be systematically eliminated and replaced with better ones. Uploading images with this status should be discouraged.
 * 2) Image copyright tags should have these marked specifically--or even removed from the page--to indicate they are not to be used (for new uploads) under any circumstances.
 * 3) New copyright tag categories should be subject to scrutiny.
 * 4) Images not .JPG, .GIF, or .PNG should be converted or deleted. Other image formats such as SVG or XCF are allowed, but only as a source image to allow for easier editing: a version in one of the standard formats must be available.
 * 5) Unencyclopedic (nonsense) images should be elegible for speedy deletion.
 * 6) There should be restrictions on text (see Image:Cnr.jpg) that is part of non-map or non-aerial photo images.
 * 7) Ideally, as in this example, it would be cropped off.
 * 8) Failing cropping, the text involved needs to be written out in full to serve as an alternate description. This is already stipulated on some policy pages.
 * 9) Covers need a decided scale level (in pixels) at which they cannot be effectively used for bootlegging purposes but are still large and clear enough to see the details (the whole point of their fair usage here). Anything above this agreed size would be overwritten with a reduced version, and the larger version would be removed from the file history.
 * This applies primarily to CD covers, I presume, book covers don't generally have the smae kind of bootlegging issues. DES 19:01, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Whatever else you can think up.

Please note that this is a draft and as such is subject to change.

Discussion
I oppose the basic idea of trying to remove all fair-use images. Fair-use is an important right under copyright law, and it should be widely taken advantage of, lest it be effectively deprecated. Furthermore, there are many very important images we can't easily get on any other basis, and which are clearly fair use.

That said, a better image policy is IMO a good idea, and several of your siuggestions I woud agree with. Specifically eliminating untagged images, although I would favor a mandatory notification of the uploader, and a sufficient delay to make it likely that an uploader with imgaes that are in fact free but who is ignorant of ourt process can tag them. This need not be very different from the current WP:PUI in my opnion, but with some standards and policies changed and clarified. Perhaps more importantly, a project could be developed to verify the permission tags on images, ans some sort of special "verified" tag be created that could onl;y be used after a member of such a project had confirmed the status. thsi would be sued only for PD and GFDL images, as a Fair use is always a mattter of context and to some extent of opnion. DES 22:12, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * If fairuse is to be kept, I would like to see some sort of mechanism to ensure it is not abused.

Gwk 22:19, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Mandatory notfication of the uploader of untagged images is a matter of course; it is an integral part of the existing policy already.
 * I agree that there should be some sort of verification process to ensure that the tagging system remains accurate.
 * My suggestions are only a starting point for discussion of a better policy.

 * Fair use is not a right. It is a legal defense that can be used in certain cases that would otherwise be copyright violations. --Carnildo 22:44, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You are correct, it is a legal defense, and a use is only conclusively determined to be fair use if a suit is filed and fair use is invoked as a defese. But the copyright law also explicitly grants the public the right to use copyrighted content in the ways generally covered by the term "fair use", so it is also a right. Similarly "self defense" is a defese to a charge of assult or homicide. But it is also a right, within limits. May rights are pricipally asserted as defenses. indeed "free speech" is primarily legally asserted as a defense to legal attempts at censorship of various kinds. DES 22:55, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * My main concern with fairuse on Wikpedia is that it can be used as an excuse to upload images that are otherwise copyvios. For example, a image might be listed on CP or PUI, but then uploader to preserve his image can simply slap on a fairuse tag and say it's not a copyvio. Gwk 23:01, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * In theory a fairuse tag is not compelete without a rationale for why this use is a fair use. Enforce that policy. Perhaps change the template to include a rationale as a parameter. A few of the spacialized tags, like bookcover come with built-in rationales. DES 23:14, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that we should try to limit our use of fairuse, and then make sure that every image on which fairuse is claimed is actually fair use. Gwk 23:19, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

I certainly don't like this proposal, it means that all of the game/TV/movie/album/book/llama-related articles we have will be mercilessly stripped of their images--for which we can't use a free equivalent. What are you going to propose about that? Certainly I think covers should be checked over and shrunk, as I've seen several that are at suitable-for-bootlegging dimensions, but beyond that I can't see how this proposal is going to ever be agreed on, at this state of drafting or any other. GarrettTalk 23:27, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The game/TV/movie/album/book/llama-related articles aren't the issue here. Book covers, posters, CD covers, and that sort of thing aren't the problem. They will stay. The problem is the potential for abuse. Really, any fairuse image that can be recreated by a Wikipedian with a camera should go. The others should be checked over and given more spacific tags. Gwk 23:36, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * ahhhhh, so only things where there IS a free-license equivalent will be deleted, ahhhhh... I see now. That makes much more sense. :)
 * In that case yes I support this proposal... BUT how do we go about finding these "non-free but could be" images, other than trawling through the "what links here" of various templates by hand? GarrettTalk 23:55, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is any other way to do it, as far as I know. The Untagged images might be of some use. Gwk 23:59, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Create a bunch of "fair use with rationale" tags, similar to the existing albumcover and movieposter, and move all the images that are currently tagged with fairuse to one of those tags, or to IfD. A project similar to the original tagging project should be able to handle this.  --Carnildo 00:09, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I was going to propose this myself, but you got there first. We should carefully define "fair uses" that are acceptable to Wikipedia (perhaps with the help of Jimbo and the legal mailing list), and create tags only for those uses, and disallow fairuse itself.  The creation of PD sub-tags helped with those images.   I agree that another image tagging project would make relatively short work of this -- not easy, but relatively short, compared to how long we could spend arguing over individual copyvios.  — Catherine\talk 01:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

I'm wondering what we should do with Fair use. It's not policy, but, could it be, abeit with changes? Gwk 00:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, we all know how tentative "fair" use is, and how much it's being abused here with hi-res covers etc., so I think it needs a heap of rewording before it can even be a proposed policy. Right now, you'd never have the consensus to make it through. Maybe some examples to agree upon would be good, even if it comes down to us saying "covers 160px wide or smaller are OK but nothing higher" or something. GarrettTalk 01:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This proposal needs help -that's for sure. I expected to meet a lot of opposition with this, and I don't expect these ideas will even be brought to some kind of poll. It would be rather nice to at least try and solve the problems with the existing policy, though. BTW: this page isn't limited to the ideas I've come up with -we need as much input as possible. Gwk 01:13, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * A standard CD cover is 4.75 inches on a side. Standard screen resolution is 96dpi, which looks good on a screen, but absolutely awful when printed.  This gives a size of 450 pixels.  For most fair-use images, this would make a good maximum size. --Carnildo 06:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Basically a good idea. Fair use is a bit hazy at times, and thus requires some investigation on our part. I've seen people upload an image, then after seeing it deleted as copyvio simply upload it again with a fairuse tag; clearly that behavior is undesirable. Radiant_ >|< 12:14, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

A few thoughts: Phew! Good luck! As I have said elsewhere, I think the way forward is to create a WikiProject or a family of WikiProjects (one for each major type of image copyright) to do this: much of what needs to be done is simply applying current policy and best practice. Physchim62 17:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Nothing thats smacks of deletion of large numbers of fair use images will ever get consensus, at least not until the Borad of Trustees decides that were really taking too much of a risk by continuing to allow them (remember that fair use is a defense under US law, it does not exist in other jurisdictions).
 * 2) The requirement for informing the uploader and allowing a lag time make this sound much more like a listing on WP:IFD than speedy deletion. So lets just leave it at that, list on IFD and inform uploader.
 * 3) Satellite images is ready and waiting for your edits!
 * 4) Oppose. WP:PUI and WP:CP have distinct roles (and distinct sets of users who participate). I think they still serve a purpose seperately, and their trafic can only increase as a stricter line is taken on image tagging.
 * 5) See Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-05-23/Noncommercial_images for the current policy on these: the tag descriptions at WP:ICT have been changed to reflect this.
 * 6) They already are, at WP:ICT.
 * 7) Not sure there is much point in this, nor that it would get consensus.
 * 8) Oppose. "Unencyclopedic" is too subjective a term. Send them to WP:IFD if you wish.
 * 9) Support on the grounds that text in images usually looks lousy, but this ay be construed as instruction creep.
 * 10) Support idea of 500 pixel maximum width for all fair use images.

updating the list
Hope you don't mind, but I've added some (marked) comments to the list. I think you should remove your own identity from it completely so we can all pitch in and alter or stipulate or extend or whatnot without it looking like our edits are what you said. GarrettTalk 01:20, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. Gwk 01:24, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

I think your point three is both too specifc and too drastic. many of the images at Google Earth are in fact USGS images, and so are PD. These images should require a source and a proper tag as any others, but when a commercial site uses PD images (as it is perfectly free to do) we should not in effect grant them ownership of what actually belongs to everyone. DES 16:26, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Most of the images on Google Earth, including those of US territory, are from EarthSat or DigitalGlobe, although they have other copyrighted sources such as MassGIS and the State of New Jersey. They may even use some USGS data, but there is no way of telling, short of finding the equivalent image at the USGS. And once we have found the equivalent image, we can then use it with a source which everyone is confident in, and an image description which is far more detailed than Google provides. The images are pretty bad, the copyright status is more than uncertain, and they donh't want us to copy them, there is no good reason to use Google satellite images at all. Physchim62 18:09, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Image use policy/Proposal


text:
Children of the Arbat

Children of the Arbat (Дети Арбата) is a semi-autobiographical historical novel by Anatoly Rybakov set during the era of Stalin.

Premise
It recounts the era in the Soviet Union of the build-up to the Congress of the Victors, the early years of the second Five Year Plan and the (supposed) circumstances of the murder of Sergey Kirov prior to the beginning of the Great Purge. It is the first book of the trilogy, followed by the books 1935 and Other Years (Тридцать пятый и другие годы, (Book I of Fear ) 1989), Fear (Страх) and Dust and Ashes (Прах и пепел).

The novel
The story is mainly told that of the fictional Sasha Pankratov, a sincere and loyal Komsomol member who is exiled as a result of party intrigues. Rybakov too was exiled in the early 1930s. Hysteria grows as simple mistakes and humor are seen as examples of sabotage or acts of wreckers. (The Joke by Milan Kundera deals with similar topics). The book exposes how, despite the honest intentions of Pankratov and older Bolsheviks like Kirov, Stalinism is destroying all their hopes.

The novel is also notable for its portrayal of Joseph Stalin as a scheming and paranoid figure.

The book, which was written between 1966 and 1983, was suppressed until the Perestroika era (published for the first time as a feuilleton in 1987). It was a great publishing sensation of that era owing to its criticism of the Soviet system, its portrayal of Stalin and harsh in its cynical view of those who turned the Soviet Union into a "Great Power".

English translation
The English translation, by Harold Shukman, was first published in 1988 by Little, Brown & Company (ISBN 9780316763721). It was later reprinted in paperback by Dell Publishing, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell (ISBN 9780440203537).

title: Children of the Arbat


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Cosmology of Love

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was VOTE CLOSED. Fate of page tied to fate of parent page, also under VFD. No need for separate VFD discussion. See Votes_for_deletion/Matthew_Charlton By Manning 04:53, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

The Cosmology of Love
Self-published work by author who's up for vfd. No assertion of notability. Friday 20:00, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nn. Denni ☯ 00:12, 2005 July 22 (UTC)
 * Speedy nn microstub. -- Etacar11   01:03, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page..


text:
Talk:Battle of Blumenau

I left the cleanup tag on because many of the names are still spelled with Slavic spelling and I can't find any info on them as yet. --DanielCD 20:01, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup
I have added this tag because the article needs a lot of work done to it. Grammer, wikilinks (especially the ones for dates) need to be corrected. An infobox should also be added to the article to improve its over all quality. -- Underneath-it-All 03:26, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Blumenau


text: User talk:81.159.132.174

title: User talk:81.159.132.174


text:
Tollycraft

Tollycraft was an American powerboat manufacturer in business from 1936 to 1997.

History
Tollycraft was founded in 1936 as a wooden boat builder by Robert Merland Tollefson (better known as Tolly). In 1962 the company switched to building its boats from fiberglass. Tollefson sold the company in 1987, and it was bankrupt by 1993. Although it attempted to resume operations, the company went out of business in 1997.

Tollycraft was known to make high-quality boats ideally suited to the waters of its home in the Pacific Northwest.

title: Tollycraft


text:
Albert Kirvan

Albert Walmsley Kirvan (January 21, 1870 – May 6, 1951) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1927, as a member of the Manitoba Liberal Party. He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1920 provincial election, winning a close five-candidate contest in the constituency of Fairford. From 1920 to 1922, Kirvan served as a backbench supporter of Tobias Norris's government.

Norris's Liberals were defeated in the 1922 provincial election. Kirvan was one of only eight Liberals elected, defeating G.L. Marron of the United Farmers of Manitoba by a significant margin. He was defeated in the 1927 election, losing to Progressive candidate Stuart Garson. He sought re-election in the 1932 campaign, but lost to Garson again by an increased margin.

title: Albert Kirvan


text:
Saifu

Saifu (Chinese: 师傅. c. 577) was a ruler who figures in an Arab tradition preserved in a Chinese biography of Muhammad. Stuart Munro-Hay mistakenly thought that Saifu was a King of Axum.

Life
Saifu is known from a chance mention in the biographical work The Real Record of the Last Prophet of Islam (天方至聖實綠), written between 1721 and 1724 by the Muslim scholar Liu Zhi. This work uses older materials that have been traced to a biography of the Prophet written by Sa'id al-Din Mohammed bin Mas'ud bin Mohammad al-Kazarumi, who died in 1357. According to this Chinese biography, the najashi of Abyssinia was said to have sent an ambassador with gifts to Muhammad's family upon sighting a star that announced his birth. When Muhammad turned seven years old, Saifu, described as the najashi's grandson, likewise sent gifts. This source also adds that Saifu was the grandfather of the najashi who gave shelter to Muslim immigrants around 615-6 in the Kingdom of Aksum. This began the spread of Islam into Ethiopia.

In reporting the contents of this "very tentative" source, Munro-Hay speculates how this genealogical relationship around Saifu might fit the known series of rulers in the later 6th century (identifying Saifu's grandfather with Kaleb, and his grandson with the Najashi), and appears to admit that these details are plausible.

However, Wolfgang Hahn notes that "Saifu is the well-known Saif bin Dhu Yazan who was probably a grandson of Sumuyafa Ashwa, the deputy-king installed by Kaleb in the Yemen, and he was in fact brought to power there in 577 aided by the Persians. There is no connection with Aksum at all."

title: Saifu


text:
2005 World Aquatics Championships

The 2005 World Aquatics Championships (Championnats du monde de natation 2005) or the XI FINA World Championships were held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada from July 16 to July 31, 2005. They took place in Parc Jean-Drapeau on Saint Helen's Island.

Medal standings

 * ordered by gold medals

Diving

 * Men

 * Women

Open water swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Swimming

 * Men

 * Women

Water polo

 * Men

 * Women

Bidding for and organizing the event
Montreal became the first city in North America to hold the FINA World Aquatics Championships.

The venue for the games was itself controversial. The games were awarded initially to Montreal, and then taken away again in February 2005 when the city was unable to raise sufficient funding, with other cities indicating their willingness to take the games on. However following promises of funding from various levels of government, Montreal re-bid for the games and they were re-awarded to the city.

On July 16, before the start of the 2005 event, FINA selected the host city for the 2009 World Aquatics Championships — Rome, Italy.

title: 2005 World Aquatics Championships


text:
Grand Junction Regional Airport

Grand Junction Regional Airport is 3 mi northeast of Grand Junction, in Mesa County, Colorado, United States. Owned by the Grand Junction Regional Airport Authority, it is the largest airport in western Colorado and third largest in the state, behind Denver International Airport and Colorado Springs Airport.

Federal Aviation Administration records show 212,588 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 228,850 in 2009, and 219,358 in 2010. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2023–2027 categorized it as a non-hub primary commercial service facility.

History
The airport opened in 1930 as Grand Junction Municipal Airport. In 1942 it was renamed Walker Field for Walter Walker, a former publisher of The Daily Sentinel newspaper who helped obtain funds and business support for the airport. The airport and the airport authority were renamed on May 15, 2007.

Grand Junction Regional Airport is undergoing a $20 million renovation, of which $700,000 will pay for signs with the new name. The airport's terminal and fire building will continue to be named for Walker, and a new $19 million roadway under construction will be called Walter Walker Blvd. Tailwind Concessions provides food and beverages inside the terminal. A new runway will be built north of the existing one, with a target completion year of 2030. The present 10501 ft runway will become a taxiway.

Terminal
Inside the terminal, the passenger waiting area has a gift shop and TV monitors. The terminal has three gates with jet bridges for regional jets; one other gate uses outdoor airstairs. Allegiant and American Eagle flights use gate 3 while United uses gate 6.

Facilities
The airport covers 2,357 acre at an elevation of 4,861 ft. It has two asphalt runways: 11/29 is 10,503 × and 4/22 is 5,501 ×.

In 2021 the airport saw 56,343 aircraft operations, averaging 154 per day: 70% general aviation, 14% air taxi, 12% airline, and 4% military. On December 29, 2022, 171 aircraft were based at this airport: 130 single-engine, 35 multi-engine, 4 jet, and 2 helicopter.

Historical airline service
The first airline service at Grand Junction was by Western Airlines flying Douglas DC-4s on a Los Angeles - Las Vegas - Grand Junction - Denver route. Western soon sold this route to United Airlines in 1947 which continued the service using DC-4s but soon upgraded with Douglas DC-6s and, by the late 1960s, to Boeing 727-100 jets. GJT's runway was extended from 5400 ft to 7500 ft around 1965 and the airport then became the primary jet airport to serve the Aspen ski area. United started Saturday-only nonstops in the winter ski season to Los Angeles in the winter of 1969-70 and to Chicago and San Francisco in the 1970-71 ski season. GJT was the only airport in Colorado west of Denver that saw major airline jet service until Durango upgraded their runway in 1977. United's winter ski season flights ended after the 1981/82 season. Boeing 727-100 and Douglas DC-8 jet aircraft were used with some flights operating with the stretch version of the DC-8 called the DC-8-61. In mid-1980 United began a daily, year-round, nonstop flight to Los Angeles using Boeing 737-200s but dropped the flights to Denver and Las Vegas. One year later United discontinued the LAX flight which ended all service to GJT however United returned in mid-1982 with flights to Denver. Service ended once again in 1984. A new service to Denver entitled United Express began in 1987 and is noted below.

Monarch Airlines began flights in 1947 by serving Grand Junction as one of many stops on a route between Salt Lake City and Albuquerque. Flights to Denver were soon added and the carrier also used Douglas DC-3s. Successor Frontier Airlines (1950–1986) then served Grand Junction using DC-3s and upgrading with Convair 340s in the late 1950s and Convair 580s by the early 1960s. Frontier began the first jets at Grand Junction with Boeing 727-100s flying DEN-GJT-SLC and back starting in October, 1966. Some Frontier 727 flights flew direct to Kansas City and St. Louis. Boeing 737-200s later replaced Frontier's 727s by 1972 and their Convair 580s remained until 1982. Direct flights to Albuquerque ended in 1978 and to Salt Lake City ended in 1981. Frontier started ski season weekend-only 737s to Dallas beginning with the 1972/73 ski season and continuing through the 1979/80 season. Weekend ski season fights then operated to Los Angeles and Oakland for the 1981/82 and 1982/83 seasons. There was no ski service for the 1983/84 season, and the final year of ski flights was the 1984/85 season with nonstop flights to Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, and Los Angeles.

Western Airlines returned to GJT operating Saturday only ski season flights to San Francisco beginning with the 1974/75 season. Western flew Boeing 737-200s. Service ended after the 1978/79 season but returned for the 1982/83 and 1983/84 seasons with Boeing 727-200 flights to Los Angeles, Salt Lake City, and San Francisco.

Several commuter airlines also served GJT in the 1970s. These include Western Air Stages with flights to Aspen, Steamboat Springs, and Vail, as well as Salt Lake City, Moab, and Vernal in Utah. In 1976 the carrier flew a GJT-Cortez-Farmington route. Sun Valley Key flew a GJT-Moab-Price-Salt Lake City route, and Bonanza Airlines and Air Colorado flew from GJT to Aspen late in the decade.

Continental Airlines began service to Denver in 1980 flying Boeing 727-100s, 727-200s, 737-200s, Douglas DC-9-10s, and DC-9-30s. Service began transitioning to commuter airlines operating as Continental Express on behalf of Continental in 1988 and Continental mainline jets ended in 1994. Continental Express service ended in 1995 when Continental ended their hub operation at Denver.

Transwestern Airlines, a commuter airline, began nonstop flights to Salt Lake City in 1979. Transwestern merged into Horizon Air in 1984 but ended service in 1985.

Mesa Airlines operated commuter flights to Farmington and Albuquerque in 1980 and again in the early 1990s. Flights to Denver began in 1990 as United Express and flights to Phoenix began in 1991, changing to America West Express in 1992 (further noted below).

Rocky Mountain Airways and Pioneer Airlines both provided service to Denver in 1984 and 1985. Pioneer operated as Continental Commuter on behalf of Continental Airlines.

Beginning in the mid-1980s, GJT began to see a series of commuter and regional airlines operate on behalf of major airlines. These airlines operated a variety of turboprop aircraft including the Convair 580, Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner, Beechcraft 1900, Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia, De Havilland Canada Dash 7 and Dash 8, Dornier 328, and ATR 42. By the late 1990s the carriers serving GJT began upgrading with regional jets including the British Aerospace 146, Bombardier CRJ100/200 and CRJ700, and the Embraer ERJ145 and E175.

SkyWest Airlines began service to Salt Lake City in 1984 as an independent commuter airline. In 1986 SkyWest teamed up with Western Airlines to operate as Western Express and the following year Western merged into Delta Air Lines changing SkyWest's designation to Delta Connection. This service on behalf of Delta still operates as of 2021.

America West Airlines began nonstop flights to Phoenix in 1985 using Boeing 737-200 jets. Some flights later began stopping in Durango and nonstop flights to Las Vegas were briefly added in 1990. All service ended in 1991 but returned in late 1992 as America West Express operated by Mesa Airlines. In 2007 America West merged into US Airways at which time the Phoenix flights began operating as US Airways Express. In 2015 US Airways merged into American Airlines and the Phoenix flights then began operating as American Eagle. This service continues as of 2021.

United Express service to Denver on behalf of United Airlines began in 1987 and continues as of 2021. Many regional and commuter carriers have operated as United Express including Aspen Airways, Mesa Airlines, Great Lakes Airlines, Air Wisconsin, ExpressJet, Trans States Airlines, GoJet Airlines, Republic Airways, and SkyWest Airlines. By 2010 all service to Denver had been upgraded with regional jets however between 2013 and 2017, some United Express flights were operated with Dash 8 Q400 turboprops. Summer seasonal nonstop flights to Chicago's O'Hare International Airport on Saturdays only began in 2020.

Air21 flew nonstop to Colorado Springs and Las Vegas and direct to Los Angeles using Fokker F28 Fellowship jets for a brief time in 1996 and 1997.

Maverick Airways, a very short-lived carrier operating De Havilland Canada Dash 7 aircraft, provided service to Denver for a brief time in 1997.

Great Lakes Airlines started serving GJT with flights to Denver in 1998 as United Express but reverted to its own branding in 2002. The Denver flights continued until 2008.

Allegiant Air began flights on two days per week to Las Vegas in 2006 using McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jets. Flights to Los Angeles were added in 2009 also operating twice per week and now operate on a seasonal basis. Flights to the Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport began in 2019 and to Santa Ana, California in 2021. The carrier switched from MD-80s to Airbus A319 aircraft in the late 2010s.

American Eagle began nonstop flights to Dallas/Fort Worth in 2008. Flights to Phoenix were added in 2015 with the merger of US Airways (noted above). Both services continue as of 2021. Summer seasonal nonstop flights to Los Angeles on Saturdays only are planned to begin in 2021. Carriers operating as American eagle include Envoy Air, Mesa Airlines, and SkyWest Airlines.

The new Frontier Airlines began flights to Denver in 2008 by way of a subsidiary carrier called Lynx Aviation. Lynx used Dash 8 Q400 turboprop aircraft and continued service until 2010.

Continental Express began regional jet flights to the George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston in 2011. Continental merged into United Airlines in 2012 and the Houston flights then operated as United Express. Service ended in 2016.

Denver Air Connection, operated by Key Lime Air, began service in the 2012 with flights to the Centennial Airport in south Denver and to the Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport on the north side of Denver. The carrier has suspended service during the COVID-19 pandemic but is planned to resume.

After Continental Airlines discontinued their last mainline jet in 1994, GJT was only served with turboprop aircraft for most of the remaining 1990s decade. All carriers upgraded with regional jets in the 2000s and the only mainline jets at Grand Junction are now operated by Allegiant Air which began in 2006. As of 2021 Allegiant flies Airbus A319/A320s.

Accidents and Incidents
On 7 February 2024, a Hawker 900XP, N900VA, that had departed Grand Junction Regional Airport was destroyed when it impacted terrain near Loma, Colorado. Both pilots were killed.

title: Grand Junction Regional Airport


text:
Israel of Axum

Israel (vocalized ʾIsrāʾēl or ይስራኤል Yisrāʾēl, c. 590) was a king of Axum. He is primarily known through the coins minted during his reign. He is one of several Aksumite kings with a Biblical name, the others include Ioel, Kaleb, Gersem, and likely Noe; Richard Pankhurst mentions the name of this king as an early example of Judaic influence in Ethiopian culture.

The Kebra Nagast and Ethiopian historical tradition states that Kaleb had two sons, Israel and Gabra Masqal. One tradition claims that Israel was governor of Adwa during his father's reign, but otherwise the Ethiopian chronicles tell little else about him. The 1922 regnal list of Ethiopia states that Israel ruled only for one month between Kaleb and Gabra Masqal.

Skeptical that this Israel was actually the son of King Kaleb, Stuart Munro-Hay suggests that Israel may have been a better ruler than the other kings between him and Kaleb (or Gabra Masqal), and tradition compressed the succession.

Coins
Two types of coins have been dated to Israel's reign, one in gold, the other in copper. Wolfgang Hahn notes that his coinage "would be very rare were it not for the 34 pieces which made up the Adulis hoard of 1907 and which are closely die-related". This gold issue bears a profile of the king on both the obverse and reverse, holding one of the stalks of barley on either side; an inscription in Greek runs along the edge of both sides, with a Greek cross at the top. The copper issue also bears a profile of the king holding a scepter cruciger on the obverse, but the reverse differs from the gold issue by having a cross with flared arms in the middle surrounded by a circle of dots; the inscriptions on the copper issue is in Ge'ez, the obverse is translated "King Israel" while the reverse is "Peace to the people" in English.

title: Israel of Axum


text:
List of U.S. state dogs

Thirteen states of the United States have designated an official state dog breed. Maryland was the first state to name a dog breed as a state symbol, naming the Chesapeake Bay Retriever in 1964. Pennsylvania followed the year after, naming the Great Dane as its official breed. Dog breeds are mostly affiliated with the states that they originated in. North Carolina chose the Plott Hound as it was the only dog breed indigenous to the state.

Other official state dogs also are indigenous to their state, including the Boston Terrier (Massachusetts) and the Alaskan Malamute (Alaska). Pennsylvania selected the Great Dane not because of its origin, but because it was introduced by early settlers in the state to be used as a hunting and working dog; it was chosen over the Beagle, which was also proposed around the same time.

Two of the more recent successful campaigns to name a state dog have been started by schoolchildren. In 2007, Alaskan kindergarten student Paige Hill's idea created the campaign for the Alaskan Malamute which would convince Representative Berta Gardner to support the bill in 2009, with it becoming law in 2010. Elementary school students from Bedford, New Hampshire won their campaign for the Chinook to be accepted as a symbol of their state in 2010.

There have been a variety of campaigns in other states to select a state dog. Georgia was undecided about choosing a state dog in 1991, with an attempt to make the Golden Retriever the official dog failing after a vote in the Georgia State Senate; an opposing campaign promoted the Bulldog, the mascot of the University of Georgia. The campaign to make the Siberian Husky the Washington state dog failed in the Washington House of Representatives in 2004. In January 2019, Minnesota partnered with charity Pawsitivity Service Dogs to introduce a bill to make the Labrador Retriever the State Dog.

In 2006, New York State Assembly member Vincent Ignizio suggested that New York should adopt a dog as a state symbol, and during the campaign to name the western painted turtle as state reptile for Colorado in 2008, it was suggested by local press that the Labrador Retriever would be suitable as a symbol, even though it is not native to the state. While in Kansas as early as 2006, residents have suggested the Cairn Terrier as the state dog due to the breed's appearance as Toto in the film The Wizard of Oz. In 2012, Representative Ed Trimmer tabled a bill proposing the Cairn Terrier as a state symbol. In 2015, the "working dog", animals that have been trained for various service roles, was adopted.

Although South Dakota does not have a state dog breed, it does list the coyote—a canine species related to the dog—as its state wildlife animal. In Minnesota, legislation has been proposed on six occasions to adopt the eastern timber wolf as the state animal.

In 2013, Colorado listed rescue dogs and cats as the state pet,  as did Tennessee in 2014  and Delaware in 2023 replacing the Golden Retriever. California also named the shelter pet as its state pet in 2015 because of all the abandoned shelter pets each year. California's legislature hopes this will cause more adoptions of pets from shelters. In 2017, Illinois designated shelter cats and dogs as the state pet as well, while in 2018, Georgia adopted "adoptable dogs" as its state dog.

Proposed dog breeds
The table below shows the dog breeds which have been proposed to each state's relevant State Senate or House of Representatives, but either were not accepted as a state symbol or are still pending nominations.

title: List of U.S. state dogs


text: User talk:82.39.120.82

title: User talk:82.39.120.82


text:
Soriano

Soriano may refer to:

 * Soriano (surname), a Spanish-language surname

Places

 * Palma Soriano, Cuba
 * Soriano Calabro, Italy
 * Soriano nel Cimino, Italy
 * Soriano, former name of the town of Colón, Querétaro, Mexico
 * Villa Soriano, Uruguay
 * Soriano Department, Uruguay

Other

 * A Soriano Aviation, Philippine airline
 * Soriano (film), a 1999 documentary film by Eduardo Montes-Bradley

title: Soriano


text: Category:Bridges in Rhode Island

title: Category:Bridges in Rhode Island


text:
Wikipedia:Today's second feature/July 21, 2005

Did you know...

From Wikipedia's newest articles:

...that the poems of Richard Dehmel were set to music by composers like Richard Strauss, Max Reger, Arnold Schönberg and Kurt Weill, or inspired them to write music? ...that Clyde Tunnel in Glasgow was built rather than a bridge to not interfere with shipping, a concern which was out of date by the tunnel's completion? ... that NASA, Google, Microsoft and Yahoo! are shipping their own GIS killer applications known as the "virtual globe"? ...that the Super Buddies, a team of DC Comics superheroes, were a comedic Justice League offshoot who first appeared in the Eisner Award-winning miniseries Formerly Known as the Justice League?

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