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John White Alexander

John White Alexander (7 October 1856 – 31 May 1915) was an American portrait, figure, and decorative painter and illustrator.

Early life
Alexander was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, now a part of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Orphaned in infancy, he was reared by his grandparents and, at the age of 12, became a telegraph boy in Pittsburgh. Edward J. Allen became an early supporter and patron of John W. Alexander, adopting the orphaned Alexander while he worked at the Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph Co. as a young man. Allen brought Alexander to the Allen home at "Edgehill" where Alexander painted various members of the Allen family, including Colonel Allen. His talent at drawing attracted the attention of one of his employers, who assisted him to develop them.

Training
He moved to New York City at the age of 18 and worked in an office at Harper's Weekly, where he was an illustrator and political cartoonist at the same time that Abbey, Pennell, Pyle, and other celebrated illustrators labored there. After an apprenticeship of three years, he traveled to Munich for his first formal training. Owing to the lack of funds, he removed to the village of Polling, Bavaria, and worked with Frank Duveneck. They traveled to Venice, where he profited by the advice of Whistler, and then he continued his studies in Florence, Italy; the Netherlands; and Paris.

In 1881, he returned to New York City and speedily achieved great success in portraiture, numbering among his sitters Oliver Wendell Holmes, John Burroughs, Henry G. Marquand, R.A.L. Stevenson, and president McCosh of Princeton University.

Awards and honors
His first exhibition in the Paris Salon of 1893 was a brilliant success and was followed by his immediate election to the Société Nationale des Beaux Arts. Many additional honors were bestowed on him. In 1889 he painted for Mrs. Jeremiah Milbank a well-received portrait of Walt Whitman and one of her husband, Jeremiah Milbank. In 1901, he was named Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and in 1902, he became a member of the National Academy of Design, where he served as president from 1909 to 1915. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and president of the National Society of Mural Painters. Among the gold medals received by him were those of the Paris Exposition (1900) and the World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri (1904). He served as president of the National Society of Mural Painters from 1914 to 1915.

Personal life
Alexander was married to Elizabeth Alexander Alexander, to whom he was introduced in part because of their shared last name. Elizabeth was the daughter of James Waddell Alexander, president of the Equitable Life Assurance Society at the time of the Hyde Ball scandal. The Alexanders had one child, the mathematician James Waddell Alexander II.

Alexander died in New York on 31 May 1915.

Works
Many of his paintings are in museums and public places in the United States and in Europe, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Art Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Butler Institute, and the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. In addition, in the entrance hall to the Art Museum of the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a series of Alexander's murals titled "Apotheosis of Pittsburgh" (1905–1907) covers the walls of the three-story atrium area.

Alexander's artist's proof of his portrait of Whitman, signed by the artist in April 1911, is in the Walt Whitman Collection at the University of Pennsylvania.

title: John White Alexander


text:
Crimewatch (Singaporean TV series)

Crimewatch is a Singaporean television programme produced by the National Crime Prevention Council (NCPC) in collaboration with the Singapore Police Force (SPF). It is aired on Mediacorp's Channel 5, Channel 8, Suria and Vasantham.

Presented by actual serving regular police officers, it showcases the work of the Singapore Police Force including the re-enactments of major solved cases, appeals for unsolved cases, as well as general crime prevention advice in a Singaporean context.

The series first premiered on the English-language Channel 5 on 30 November 1986. Subsequent dubbings of Singapore's other official languages began with Mandarin (绳之以法) on 7 December on Channel 8 that year. The series later implemented Malay dubs for Suria (Jejak Jenayah) starting in 2000, followed by Tamil's Vasantham (Kutra Kannkaanippu) in 2001.

History
Crimewatch first premiered on 30 November 1986 with the first case located in Ang Mo Kio that features an unsolved murder of a 19-year-old national serviceman and a public appeal from the victim's parents. Less than two weeks after the episode was broadcast, police were able to identify and arrest the suspects based on information provided by viewers responding to the appeal. The episode also contained a police appeal for information regarding the case of two missing boys Toh Hong Huat and Keh Chin Ann and another murder case. The series was met with positive reception and it aired on a quarter yearly basis. However, since 1993 with six episodes, it has since aired on a monthly basis before extending to ten episodes the following year. The series aired with only Mandarin dubbing from the start of the series, but it has since been extended to Malay and Tamil in 2001.

The 2012 season was preceded by a retrospective special titled Crimewatch 25th Anniversary Special airing 19 February 2012 revisiting the series' most memorable moments and interviews by the cast. The special was hosted by television actor Tay Ping Hui, who also performed in numerous crime television series such as C.L.I.F. The 2012 season was also the first season to not feature narration which was implemented since the series' start.

Episodes in English and Mandarin after 1993 and episodes in Malay and Tamil after 2013 can be found on meWATCH, the Singapore Police Force's YouTube channel (presented in two parts) and Mediacorp's Youtube channel (only the 2010 and current 2023 version is available). However, most episodes prior to 1993 can only be viewed exclusively on demand at National Archives of Singapore (NAS).

Production for the 2020 season was postponed for two months from May to June due to the COVID-19 pandemic; reruns of selected episodes took the place of the affected episodes. Due to this postponement, the 2020 season marked the first time the show aired episodes in the months of January and February.

The 2021 season premiered on 25 April 2021, making it the first season to not premiere in March. Production for the 2021 season was also postponed for a month in July due to the COVID-19 pandemic and no new episodes were aired. The 2022 season premiered on 25 April 2022, the second season to not premiere in March.

However, airings of the 2022 season were postponed in September due to the 2022 Singapore Grand Prix. The 2023 season reverted back to its usual premiere date in March, after the 2022 season ends in February.

Format
Each season of Crimewatch consists of ten episodes (four episodes each for seasons 1987 till 1992, and six episodes for 1993) usually aired near the end of every month between March and December every year. The English version is aired on the third or fourth Sunday, and the Mandarin version is aired on the last Friday of the same month. The Malay and Tamil versions are aired on the first Monday and Thursday of the following month respectively.

Most episodes feature a reenactment of crimes that occurred in Singapore that plays for the entirety of the episode, followed by a short segment on other advisories (such as the annual Great Singapore Sale). The segment ends with the presenter narrating the sentences given to the featured criminals (until Crimewatch 2022 Episode 1 for English & Chinese versions) and offering advice to the public for their own protection and safety related to that particular segment. However starting from Crimewatch 2022 Episode 2 (English & Chinese versions), it no longer presents the sentences given to the featured criminals on digital platforms, but still shows them on TV on airdate.

Recent episodes also feature information on scams, including mechanisms, statistics and advice from various government agencies and non-governmental organisations, such as those from the Singapore Police Force's Criminal Investigation Department and the National Crime Prevention Council.

Hosts
As of 2024, the current presenters for the English version of the series include Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) James Goh (2018-), DSP Joshua Jesudason (2021-), DSP Azfer Ali Khan (2022-), DSP Benjamin Tan (2023-) and DSP Alvin Quek (2024-)

The presenters for the Mandarin version are presented by DSP Koh Chao Rong (2016-), ASP Jelene Ong Wee Suan (2022-), SUPT Ong Ruo Cheng (2019-) and DSP Tay Yuanqi (2020-).

The Malay version is presented by DSP Muhamad Omar Shariff, ASP Roslinah Rahmat, DSP Azlinda Aziz & ASP Mohd Fadzil Mohd Hisum; and the Tamil version by ASP Kalaichelvan Daniel.

Former studio hosts (SBC-Mediacorp) (Co-hosts with SPF representative)
 * Reginald Chua & Christine Lim (1986-1987)
 * Chen Yinglai (1986-1988) (Concurrent with Mo Yanlan, Mandarin version)
 * Mo Yanlan (1986-1990) (Mandarin version)
 * Viswa Sadavisan & Lyn Wee (1988)
 * Boey Wai Sie (1989)
 * Millie Phuah (1989-1993)
 * Wu Yu Jia (1989-1991) (Mandarin version)
 * Li Hui Lan (1992-1994) (Mandarin version)
 * Nooraza Ismail (1993-1998)
 * Daphne Teo (1997-?)
 * Xu Shou Ying (1995) (Mandarin version)
 * Ceng Hui Hong (1996-1997) (Mandarin version)
 * Chow Yian Ping (1998-1999) (Mandarin version)
 * Medaline Tan (1999)
 * Zhou Huimin (1999-2000) (Solo on 1999, episode 8 ) (Mandarin version)
 * Michelle Chong (2000)
 * Sherry Lee (2000, episode 10 only)
 * Steven Chia (2001-2002)
 * Gan Woan Wen (2001-2002) (Mandarin version)

Previous presenters from SPF include:

 * SUPT Jargit Singh (1986 pilot)
 * INSP M.F Pardesh (1986–87)
 * SUPT Ong Seng Chye (1986 pilot) (Mandarin version)
 * ASP Lee Nai Kong (1986–87) (Mandarin version)
 * SUPT Tan Ngoh Chew (1987 episode 3 only)
 * ASP Foo Kia Juah (1987 episode 4 only) (Mandarin version)
 * ASP Yap Sze Hon (1987 -1992) (English and Mandarin version)
 * ASP David Tan Wei-Son (1988)
 * SASP Daniel Teo (1989-1992)
 * DSP Philip Mah (1992–95, 2002, 2004)
 * ASP Loy Chye Meng (1992-93) (Mandarin version)
 * INSP Tan Chong Kuan (1994–96) (Mandarin version)
 * DSP Aubeck Kam (1995–98)
 * ASP Tan Chye Hee (1997–1999, 2000 (episode 9 only)) (Mandarin version)
 * ASP Adrian Quek (1998)
 * ASP Tristan Sim (1999)
 * ASP Lau Peet Meng (2000)
 * SUPT Koh Wei Keong (2000–06, 2008, 2020) (Mandarin version)
 * ASP Steven Liew (2000, episode 6 only) (Mandarin version)
 * DSP Audrey Ang (2000–06)
 * ASP Gail Wong (2007–09)
 * ASP Lily Lee (2007, episode 2 only)
 * ASP Lim Tung Li (2007–08) (Mandarin version)
 * DSP Justin Wong (2009–2010, 2013 (episode 5 only)) (Mandarin version)
 * ASP (2010-2012), DSP (2013-2015), SUPT (2016) Jessica Ang (2010–2016) (English and Mandarin version)
 * SUPT Rachel Soh (2010, 2011 (episode 1 only), 2012) (Mandarin version)
 * DAC Zed Teo Zi-Ming (2011–14)
 * DSP (2011-2015), SUPT (2016), DAC (2017–20) Julius Lim (2011–17, 2020 (episode 1 only))
 * INSP Nur Baizurah Abu Baker (2012–16) (Malay version)
 * DSP Madeline Low (2013-2019) (Mandarin version)
 * ASP Sergius Wat (2014, episode 2 only)
 * DSP Jonathan Au-Yong (2015-2019)
 * DSP Azlinda Aziz (2017–2019, 2024-present) (Malay version)
 * ASP Roslinah Rahmat (2017–2020, 2024-present) (Malay version)
 * DSP Zeya Lwin Tun (2017–18)
 * DSP Jonathan Lim (2020–21)

Actor

Various actors/actresses, especially police officers, who are chronologically involved in reenactments of many cases:

Non SPF (TV Actors)
 * Fadhlur Rahman (as various IOs/SIOs in 2015 Episode 1, 2016 Episode 1, 2021 Episode 3 & 2022 Episode 7)
 * Alaric Tay (as SIO Lim Min Siang, Crimewatch 2023 Episode 2: E-Commerce Scams)
 * Jeffry Catz (as Anwar, Crimewatch 2013 Episode 8: Drug Abandoned Car)
 * Awad Salim Ramli
 * Ernest Seow (as various IOs/SIOs between 2011 - 2016)
 * Jernelle Oh
 * Najib Aziz
 * Faizal Rahman (as SIO Mahathir, Crimewatch 2017 Episode 1: Gang Robbery | SIO Yus, Crimnewatch 2019 Episode 3: Hit & Run Accident | IO Faizal, Crimewatch 2023 Episode 9: Cybercime)
 * Benjamin Heng (as SIO Sean Tan, Crimewatch 2022 Episode 3: Assault from Unlicensed Moneylender & SIO Jason Tan, Crimewatch 2023 Episode 9: Cybercime)
 * Alfred Sim (as SIO Aaron, Crimewatch 2021 Episode 2: Housebreaking by Theft at Night)
 * Aaron Charles Mossadeg (as IO/SIOs in 2015 Episode 5, 2020 Episode 10 & 2023 Episode 5)
 * Richie Koh (as Darryl Cheong, Crimewatch 2020 Episode 10: Cheating Scam & Eric Yong, Crimewatch 2022 Episode 4: Hotel Booking Scam)
 * Regina Lim (as Various IOs/SIOs between 2016 - 2019 & 2022 - present)
 * Darren Lim
 * Chua En Lai
 * Hanrey Low
 * Wayne Lee
 * Ho Cheng Yi
 * Vincent Tee
 * Wang Yu Qing (as Lee Kah Yeow, Crimewatch 2020 Episode 8: Armed Robbery)
 * Stella Tan (as various IOs/SIOs in 2020 Episode 4, 2021 Episode 3, 2022 Episode 9 & 2023 Episode 3)
 * Nicholas Lee (as Leslie Khoo, Crimewatch 2020 Episode 5, Missing & Murdered)
 * Vanessa Vanderstraaten (as SIO Ann Goh, Crimewatch 2022 Episode 8: Cybercrime)
 * Aden Tan (as Chua Yi An, Crimewatch 2020 Episode 4: E-Commerce Scam | Ryan Wong, Crimewatch 2021 Episode 7: Rideshare Scam | Charlie Heng, Crimewatch 2023 Episode 1: Loanshark Network)
 * Alvin Yeo
 * Regene Lim (as various IOs in 2020 Episode 6, 2021 Episode 4 & 2023 Episode 1)
 * Michael Kwah (as various IOs/SIOs in 2015, 2017 - 2019 & 2022 - present)
 * Keith Lee (as various SIOs in 2019 Episode 10 & 2022 Episode 5)
 * Chia De Zhong
 * Daren Tan (as SIO Gap Law, Crimewatch 2022 Episode 6: Geylang Stabbing & SIO Lionel Wong, Crimewatch 2024 Episode 1: Theft from Money Changer)
 * Loh Ling Ying (as IO Jia Ler, Crimewatch 2024 Episode 1: Theft from Money Changer)
 * Brendon Kuah (as Liew Wei Bin, Crimewatch 2016 Episode 7: Harbouring Overstayers | Jack, Crimewatch 2019 Episode 6: Transnational Cheating Case | Wong Ket Kok, Crimewatch 2024 Episode 3: Child Abuse Materials)
 * KP Sadhnu (as Harvinder Singh, Crimewatch 2016 Episode 4: Kallang Body Parts Murder & Victim of Police Impersonators, Crimewatch 2017 Episode 1: Gang Robbery)
 * Jae Liew (as IO Jazreel, Crimewatch 2023 Episode 4: Moneylender Robbery)
 * Charlie Goh (as Ah Chye, Crimewatch 2013 Episode 3: Gang Clash)
 * Belle Chua (as Joanne Yap Siew Ting, Crimewatch 2013 Episode 4: Extortion | Rong Xuehua, Crimewatch 2020 Episode 7: Vice Activities | Li Xiaohua, Crimewatch 2022 Episode 1: Murder After Miscontinued Relationship)
 * Shabir Sulthan (as various SIOs in 2013 Episode 2, 2015 Episode 1 & 2017 Episode 5)
 * Marc Valentine (as Roderic Chen, Crimewatch 2019 Episode 8: Online Prostitution)
 * Das DD (as Sheikh Md Razan, Crimewatch 2020 Episode 1: Attempted Armed Robbery | Veeramani, Crimewatch 2021 Episode 6: Robbery Of Stolen Jewellery | Maruf Al Mamum, Crimewatch 2022 Episode 5: Illegal Departure)
 * Hayden Roy (as Raj Krishnan, Crimewatch 2014 Episode 9: Gang Clash | Rubenkumar, Crimewatch 2016 Episode 1: Armed Robbery | Miah Shorif, Crimewatch 2022 Episode 5: Illegal Departure | Karrtik S/O Stalniraj, Crimewatch 2023 Episode 4: Moneylender Robbery)
 * Fish Chaar
 * Derrick Ee
 * Maguire Z Jian
 * Adam Chen (as various SIOs in 2020 Episode 9, 2022 Episode 9 & 2023 Episode 8)
 * Fidhro Adhross (as various SIOs in 2015 Episode 6, 2020 Episode 2, 2021 Episode 1 & 2023 Episode 8)
 * Aric Hidir Amin (as various SIOs in 2013 Episode 8, 2015 Episode 3 & 2021 Episode 10)
 * Ky Tan Xing Hua (as various IOs/SIOs in 2018 Episode 10, 2019 Episode 8, 2022 Episode 6 & 2023 Episode 3)
 * Gary Lee (as various SIOs between 2011 - 2013 & 2015 - 2019)
 * Adlina Adil (as SIO Baizurah, Crimewatch 2023 Episode 7 - Scam Thwarted By Joint Police-Bank Efforts & Crimewatch 2023 Episode 10, Internet Love Scam)
 * Fatin Amira (as Siti Binti Ibrahim, Crimewatch 2021 Episode 3: Drug Trafficking into Toddler & Suhaili Binte Suparjo, Crimewatch 2023 Episode 10: Internet Love Scam)
 * JJ Neo (as IO Michelle, Crimewatch 2021 Episode 10: 8 Men Rioting & IO Kelly, Crimewatch 2024 Episode 4: Cheating)
 * Jo Tan (as Jocelyn Kwek, Crimewatch 2024 Episode 4: Cheating)
 * Silver Ang (as SIO Jane Chen, Crimewatch 2024 Episode 3: Child Abuse Materials)
 * Fandy Ahmed (as IO Irman, Crimewatch 2024 Episode 3: Child Abuse Materials)

SPF
 * ASP Richard Lim Beng Gee (1995-2002)
 * ASP Mark Liew, Officer Property Offender Squad of Ang Mo Kio Police Division
 * Inspector,DSP/DAC Roy Lim (involve for Kallang River body parts murder 2005, Crimewatch 2020 Episode Attempt Armed Robbery)
 * DSP Ang Bee Chin (involve for Murder of Nonoi 2006)
 * Senior Inspector(now SUPT) Yip Soon Seng (Crimewatch 2009 Episode 1:Kidnapped scam)
 * ASP Ang Leong Peng (Crimewatch 2011: Episode Murder of Radika Devi Thayagarajah 2008)
 * Insp Ng Poh Lai (Crimewatch 1993,1994 1999,2000,2001,2002)
 * Insp Deep Singh (Crimewatch 1994: Involve for Murder of Lee Kok Cheong 1993)
 * ASP Pierra (Crimewatch 1992:Involve for Toa Payoh ritual murders)
 * SIO Mahathir Mohammad, Investigation officer of Central Police Division (Crimewatch 2011 Episode The Theft $500,000 worth gold)
 * ASP Steven Wee (Crimewatch 2011 Episode Ho Kien 'Jayson' Leong murder)
 * DSP Goh Boon Tat
 * SIO Kelvin Leong, Unlicensed Moneylending Strike Force,CID (Crimewatch 2012 Episode 5: Unlicensed Money)
 * Supt P.Avadiar, Investigation Officer for Inquiry Pang Koi Fa vs Dr.Lim Djoe Phing 1988 (Crimewatch 2010: Episode Dead Man Tells No Tale)

Health Sciences Authority
 * Dr Chao Tzee Cheng (Crimewatch 1989-1993)
 * Dr George Paul (Crimewatch 2011,2017,2018)

In popular culture
Crimewatch has been seen by most Singaporeans as one of the best shows on local television, mainly due to its entertainment value and often unintentional "meme-worthy scenes". Subsequently, many clips from the show had also gone viral outside of Singapore, leading to international interest in the show.

In 2021, a clip from Episode 10 of Season 12, that first aired in 1998, went viral on TikTok as well as on other parts of the internet, becoming an internet meme. It consisted of quick fast cuts of a middle-aged woman looking distressed in various camera angles after being robbed of her necklace. Subsequently, the clip had a serious voice-over saying: "The woman was too stunned to speak." The voice-over itself also became used in a variety of different contexts as an internet meme.

In 2022, a clip from Episode 3 of Season 27, that first aired in 2013, went viral on Twitter. It consisted of two Ah Lians having an argument at a playground after one of them became offended by a remark made by the other. One of the women, played by Jernelle Oh, had stated, "Why not? You're nothing but a prostitute." and the other, played by Shanice Koh, replied "How dare you call me a prostitute?!" and added "But you are!  the other one (Koh) replies  You better say sorry," but Oh retaliates, "Why should I? Go to hell." They both subsequently agreed to "settle tomorrow, 4pm at Pioneer Mall", leading to a "gang fight" between their group of two "gang groups": 'Black Spider' and 'Scorpion Gang'. It also went viral on TikTok with both Singaporeans and international artists creating their own spin-offs. The two local artists from the original clip, Shanice Koh and Jernelle Oh, would also re-enact the scene and uploaded a TikTok duet in response to the clip resurfacing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Crimewatch (Singaporean TV series)


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Personality Assessment Inventory

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), developed by Leslie Morey (1991, 2007), is a self-report 344-item personality test that assesses a respondent's personality and psychopathology. Each item is a statement about the respondent that the respondent rates with a 4-point scale (1-"Not true at all, False", 2-"Slightly true", 3-"Mainly true", and 4-"Very true"). It is used in various contexts, including psychotherapy, crisis/evaluation, forensic, personnel selection, pain/medical, and child custody assessment. The test construction strategy for the PAI was primarily deductive and rational. It shows good convergent validity with other personality tests, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory.

Scales
The PAI has 22 non-overlapping scales of four varieties: 1) validity scales, 2) clinical scales, 3) treatment consideration scales, and 4) interpersonal scales.

Validity scales
The validity scales measure the respondent's overall approach to the test, including faking good or bad, exaggeration, defensiveness, carelessness, or random responding. There are also four supplementary validity scales:
 * Inconsistency (ICN) is the degree to which respondents answer similar questions in different ways.
 * Infrequency (INF) is the degree to which respondents rate extremely bizarre or unusual statements as true.
 * Positive Impression (PIM) is the degree to which respondents describe themselves in a positive or overly positive light.
 * Negative Impression (NIM) is the degree to which respondents describe themselves in a negative or overly negative light; though this scale may also indicate severe levels of distress.
 * Defensiveness Index; to assist in identifying defensive responding.
 * Cashel Discriminant Function; to assist in identifying falsified profiles with a positive bias.
 * Malingering Index; to assist in identifying feigned mental illness.
 * Rogers Discriminant Function; to assist in identifying simulated profiles with a negative bias.

Further identification of exaggeration and/or negative bias can be calculated used the NIM Predicted Profile

Additionally, one can also apply the use of the Negative Distortion Scale

Clinical scales
The clinical scales measure the respondent's psychopathology using diagnostic categories that were judged by the developers to be relevant based on their historical and contemporary popularity among psychologists. Each clinical scale (except Alcohol Problems and Drug Problems) represents a particular trait, and each scale has sub-scales that represent more specific aspects of that trait.
 * Somatic concerns (SOM) measures a respondent's physical concerns and complaints.
 * Anxiety (ANX) measures a respondent's general feelings of tension, worry, and nervousness.
 * Anxiety Related Disorders (ARD) measures more specific anxiety symptoms that relate to different categories of anxiety disorders.
 * Depression (DEP) measures a respondent's general feelings of worthlessness, sadness, and lethargy.
 * Mania (MAN) measures a respondent's level of high energy and excitability.
 * Paranoia (PAR) measures a respondent's suspiciousness and concern about others harming them.
 * Schizophrenia (SCZ) measures a respondent's unusual sensory experiences, bizarre thoughts, and social detachment.
 * Borderline features (BOR) measures a respondent's problems with identity, emotional instability, and problems with friendships.
 * Antisocial features (ANT) measures a respondent's level of cruel/criminal behavior and selfishness.
 * Alcohol Problems (ALC) measures a respondent's problems with excessive drinking.
 * Drug Problems (DRG) measures a respondent's problems with excessive recreational drug use.

Treatment consideration scales
The treatment consideration scales measure factors that may relate to treatment of clinical disorders or other risk factors but which are not captured in psychiatric diagnoses.
 * Aggression (AGG) measures the respondent's different kinds of aggressive behaviors toward others.
 * Suicidal ideation (SUI) measures a respondent's frequency and severity of suicidal thoughts and plans.
 * Nonsupport (NON) measures how socially isolated a respondent feels, and how little support the respondent reports having.
 * Stress (STR) measures the controllable and uncontrollable hassles and stressors reported by the respondent.
 * Treatment rejection (RXR) measures certain attributes of the respondent that are known to be related to psychological treatment adherence, including motivation, willingness to accept responsibility, and openness to change and new ideas.

Interpersonal scales
The interpersonal scales measure two factors that affect interpersonal functioning for the respondent. They are based on the circumplex model of emotion classification.
 * Dominance (DOM) measures the degree to which a respondent acts dominant, assertive, and in control in social situations.
 * Warmth (WRM) measures the degree to which a respondent acts kind, empathic, and engaging in social situations.

Development
The rationale behind the development of the PAI was to create an assessment tool that would enable the measurement of psychological concepts while maintaining statistical strength. The development methodology was based on several advances that the field of personality assessment was witnessing at the time. Due to the fuzzy nature of constructs (concepts) in psychology, it is very difficult to use criterion-referenced approaches, such as those used in some parts of medicine (e.g. pregnancy tests). This is why construct validation is very important to personality test development. It is usually described as being involved when tests intend to measure some construct that is not "operationally defined". The PAI was developed because the authors of the instrument felt that there were a limited number of self-report questionnaires that were using this type of construct validation method to assess areas relevant to diagnoses and treatment planning.

The developers of the PAI examined various literary sources to come up with the five areas assessed by the PAI (validity of responses, clinical symptoms, interpersonal styles, complications for treatment, and characteristics of one's environment). Constructs were included if they had been relatively stable in their importance of diagnosing mental disorders over time, and if they were important in contemporary clinical practice. The construct validation approach that was used to construct the PAI was used to maximize two types of validity: content validity and discriminant validity. To ensure that the PAI maximized content validity, each scale had a balanced sample of items that represented a range of important items for each construct. For example, the Depression scale has items involving physical, emotional, and cognitive content (as opposed to only questions about mood or interests). Each scale also assesses a range of severity for that scale; for example, the Suicidal Ideation scale has items that range from vague ideas about suicide to distinct plans for self-harm. To ensure that the PAI maximized discriminant validity, each of the scales should be relatively distinct from one another. For example, if the depression and anxiety scales had many of the same items on them, it would be difficult to tell if elevations on these scales meant that the person was experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, or both. As such, the developers of the PAI stressed the fact that their measure has no overlapping items to ensure better interpretation of the scales.

The PAI focuses on the content of psychological concepts. The initial items were written so that the content would be directly relevant to the different constructs measured by the test. These items were rated for their quality, appropriateness, and bias. For example, a bias review panel identified items that could seem to be pathological but are actually normal within a subculture. After ensuring that the PAI addressed certain concepts in psychopathology, the developers proceeded to a second stage in the process. This stage involved the "empirical evaluation" of the items. The research team administered two versions of the test, first to a sample of college students and later to a normative sample. These versions were evaluated using several criteria, such as internal consistency of the scales (or how much the items in one scale correlate with each other). The ability to fake good or bad while taking the test was also evaluated using a sample of college students that were given different instructions on how to answer the test.

title: Personality Assessment Inventory


text:
User talk:Crypteia

talk

World Citizen userbox,
Hi, I noticed the message saying you're a World Citizen, I would like to invite you to add to your user page if you wish to proclaim it in a more effective way, and this template will also add you automatically to the Wikipedians with World Citizenship category. :)

Sample: {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #ffff99;"
 * style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #ffff00; text-align: center; font-size: pt; color: ;" | [[Image:World_citizen_badge.png|43px]]
 * style="font-size: pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: ;" | This user is a Citizen of Earth (Terra).

title: User talk:Crypteia


text:
File:Faith No More-We Care A Lot.jpg

Licensing
he:תמונה:Faith No More-We Care A Lot.jpg

title: File:Faith No More-We Care A Lot.jpg


text:
Talk:Flag of Greenland

Template removed
Please note the nationalflags template has been removed from this article by User:Huaiwei. Please go to template talk:nationalflags for discussion on the where the template should be used. — Instantnood 16:18, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

RGB Green
Ovbiously the Aachen design doesn't use the annoyingly bright and irreproduceable RGB green that's in the image. I'm making a new image that's toned down to a more probable pale green, but I'm not sure if that's more correct than a straight Crayola green. If anybody knows better please let me know. Dyfsunctional 13:57, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Done. Please feel free to correct me. Dyfsunctional 14:29, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Only nordic flag without a cross?
The article states: "It is also the only Nordic flag without a Nordic Cross". There are, of course, probably thousands of flags in the nordic countries without a cross, but if we assume that the article means that is a flag that represents a notable geographic/cultural entity that has significant official recognition, this statement is still false. The flag of the Sami (Lapps) is officially recognized in at least Norway and it does not contain a cross: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_flag. 92.231.107.234 (talk) 15:30, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Could be good to clarify the meaning of the sentence, or remove it if it can't be clarified... AnonMoos (talk) 17:13, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

Idea
this would look nice Czechia2016 (talk) 23:09, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

 * It's similar to the design that lost in 1984... AnonMoos (talk) 14:27, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

"Greenlandic Dannebrog" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Greenlandic Dannebrog and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 March 31 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. ev iolite  (talk)  00:51, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

Construction sheet

The current image is not complete

The entire flag measures 18 by 12 parts; each stripe measures 6 parts; the disk is 8 parts in diameter, horizontally offset by 7 parts from the hoist to the centre of the circle, and vertically centered.

The image above is better. 87.2.163.187 (talk) 06:12, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Greenland


text:
Ampatuan

Ampatuan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Andal Ampatuan Sr., former Governor of Maguindanao province, the Philippines, and co-suspect in the Maguindanao massacre
 * Andal Ampatuan Jr., former Mayor of Datu Unsay, Maguindanao province, and primary suspect in the Maguindanao Massacre
 * Zaldy Ampatuan (b. 1967), former Governor of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) in the Philippines

title: Ampatuan


text:
ABC Unified School District

The ABC Unified School District is a school district that is based in Cerritos, California, United States.

ABCUSD serves the cities of Artesia, most of Cerritos, Hawaiian Gardens, the portion of Lakewood east of the San Gabriel River, as well as tiny portions of Long Beach, Norwalk, La Mirada, and Santa Fe Springs

"ABC" stands for Artesia (founded in 1875), Bloomfield (founded in 1885), and Carmenita (founded in 1902), three districts which were unified in 1965.

Adult schools
ABC Adult School is a public local adult school, established by the ABC Unified School District and headquartered in Cerritos, California.

Continuation schools

 * Tracy High Continuation School (Cerritos)

7-12 schools

 * Whitney High School (Cerritos)

High schools

 * Artesia High School (Lakewood)
 * Cerritos High School (Cerritos)
 * Gahr High School (Cerritos)

Middle schools

 * Carmenita Middle School (Cerritos)
 * Fedde Middle School (Hawaiian Gardens)
 * Haskell Middle School (Cerritos)
 * Ross Middle School (Artesia)
 * Tetzlaff Middle School (Cerritos)
 * Bloomfield Middle School (Cerritos) is proposed.

Elementary schools

 * Aloha Health Medical Academy (Lakewood) -
 * Bloomfield Elementary School (Hawaiian Gardens) (closed in the 1980s)
 * Bragg Elementary School (Cerritos)
 * Burbank Elementary School (Artesia)
 * Cabrillo Lane Elementary School (Cerritos) (Closed)
 * Carver Elementary School (Cerritos)
 * Cerritos Elementary School (Cerritos)
 * Elliott Elementary School (Artesia)
 * Furgeson Elementary School (Hawaiian Gardens)
 * Gonsalves Elementary School (Cerritos)
 * Hawaiian Elementary School (Hawaiian Gardens)
 * Juarez Elementary School (Cerritos)
 * Kennedy Elementary School (Artesia)
 * Leal Elementary School (Cerritos)
 * Melbourne Elementary School (Lakewood) (Cerritos)
 * Niemes Elementary School (Artesia)
 * Nixon Elementary School (Cerritos)
 * Palms Elementary School (Lakewood)
 * Stowers Elementary School (Cerritos)
 * Willow Elementary School (Lakewood)
 * Wittmann Elementary School (Cerritos)

Nixon Elementary

The Patricia Nixon Elementary School is located in Cerritos. It was built in 1973 and has grades kindergarten through sixth. The school is named after the late First Lady of the United States Pat Nixon. Patricia Nixon Elementary School was recognized as a California Distinguished School in 2004 and 2008. It was also the site where one of the planes involved in the Cerritos Mid Air Collision of 1986.

Board of education
ABC Unified School District's Board of Education members are elected by geographical district, to a four-year term. The elections were held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of odd-numbered years until the 2017 election. Effective with the November 2020 US General election, elections are held in even-numbered years.

title: ABC Unified School District


text:
Talk:Technology roadmap

Suggest the author looks at http://www.ams.mod.uk/aofcontent/tactical/techman/content/rm_intro.htm  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.120.209.248 (talk) 16:57, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Context
Only talking about a software product context is wrong. Technology roadmapping is done in other sectors (IC technology) and at different levels (programme of projects, e.g. ITEA, MEDEA, PROGRESS)

--Stephan Eggermont ,83.80.64.130 10:44, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Two questions
I have two bits I'd like to discuss and ultimately clarify: --Jwthornton 16:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Do roadmaps really emphasize the uncertainty of the forecast, or do they merely allow for it?
 * 2) How do roadmaps relate to strategies?

== 1) Technology roadmapping does differ from project planning : the object is a "domain" and there is no dated objective. In both cases uncertainty has to be dealt with. The roadmap is one of the products of a roadmapping effort. Its purpose is efficient communication to inform and align stakeholders. To communicate efficiently the roadmapping leader has to simplify and often hide the complexity generated by uncertainties. The roadmapping process will address the uncertainties but the resulting roadmap(s) may or may not reflect the uncertainties. If one wants to deal explicitely with uncertainty it is recommanded to use complementary methods such as scenario planning.

2) Allocating resources to develop a roadmap on a specific domain is sometimes a strategy decision but more often, the roadmap will feed the strategy process i.e., a vision will be translated into strategies (resources allocated against goals) or vague strategies will be translated in operational terms.

igart 13:15, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

The page "Technology roadmap" is just a spoof of techno-babble.

Is it just me, or is the definition missing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.188.4.10 (talk) 09:22, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Five years after the above comments, nothing seems to have changed.

It still treads like a spoof. it still lacks a clear definition.

The first sentence is impenetrable: "a plan that matches short-term and long-term goals with specific technology solutions to help meet those goals".

What is technology roadmapping?

Why do we need it?

How does it work?

MK (talk) 09:34, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Original Research?
This article appears to be opinion backed up by opinion. Wikipedia is not the place to describe ideas that have not been published elsewhere. I'm sorely tempted to delete the entire article! Someone please give me a reason not to! Nickmalik (talk) 19:11, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a how-to
Returning to this article and not much has changed in the past couple of years. It is still a long discussion of how to create a technology roadmap, with almost no references. Wikipedia is not a how-to. And it is not a place for original research. In the coming months, I will return to the page and delete unsourced content, so if you don't want stuff deleted, refer to verifiable sources. Nickmalik (talk) 16:30, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Allowing for roadmap changes
On a very quick scan of this article I see no allowance for the need to adapt the roadmap to change circumstances. In particular if a roadmap is published externally the publisher may need to indemnify for the possibility of roadmap changes. for example: [disappearance of Oracle Solaris 12 in January]

Note: I've actually come here from a roadmap (well lifecycle plan) discussion of Spacewalk (Software) and wouldn't like to link here due to depth of the this article.

Djm-leighpark (talk) 12:42, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

Batter name for this?
I really hate the term 'roadmap' as it doesn't make sense in this context. I know the term is quite widely used but a roadmap shows you all the possible roads you could take to reach whatever destination you could possibly choose from whatever point you're starting from. What we are talking about here is a plan to take a particular route to a particular (technology) destination from a particular starting point (more like a route planner than a roadmap). Are there any other terms used synonymously that could be incorporated into the article? --Michig (talk) 08:50, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Technology roadmap


text:
Whitney High School

Whitney High School can refer to:

 * Whitney High School (Cerritos, California)
 * Whitney High School (Rocklin, California)
 * Whitney High School (Texas) in Whitney, Texas
 * Whitney High School (Toledo, Ohio), closed in 1991

title: Whitney High School


text:
Tau, Norway

Tau is a village in Strand municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located on the shore of the Horgefjorden, a branch of the main Boknafjorden. Strand Church is located in the village. The 2.14 km2 village has a population (2019) of 3,212 and a population density of 1501 PD/km2.

The village lies along the Norwegian National Road 13 highway, southwest of the small villages of Fiskå and Holta and northwest of the town of Jørpeland. The Ryfylke Tunnel connects Tau to the city of Stavanger nearly 20 km away on the other side of a wide fjord.

Name
The name might come from the Old Norse word taufr which means 'witchcraft', since there was an ancient sacrificial field here in the Iron Age.

Economy
Comrod Communications is the largest employer in Tau, mainly manufacturing antennas for military use. Electrocompaniet is also based here. The factory Tau Mølle AS is located in Tau, producing puffed oats. The factory is located in a white mill that was used to brew the Norwegian beer known as "Tou".

title: Tau, Norway


text:
Datu Piang

Piang Tan (1846–1933) a Maguindanaon-Chinese ruler, popularly known as Datu Piang, is often referred to as the Grand Old Man of Cotabato. He was one of the most powerful rulers in Maguindanao from the end of Spanish rule to the arrival of American forces in late 1899.

Sometimes referred to as Amai Mingka, he was recognized as the undisputed Moro leader in Central Mindanao when the United States Army occupied and administered what was then referred to as "Moroland".

Minister of Lands in Buayan
Datu Piang was the appointed Minister of Lands by Datu Uto of the Sultanate of Buayan. However, according to oral tradition, many of Datu Uto's followers defected him for Piang, as Datu Uto refused to open his granaries to his people during a time of famine. This apparent blunder by Datu Utto helped Piang gain a large following in the Buayan mainland, which eventually culminated into his usurpation of power.

Coup d'etat and the end of Spanish rule
In January 1899, Datu Piang, accompanied by a thousand warriors betrayed Datu Uto and established his headquarters on the old Buayan capital, now renamed Dulawan, as well as capturing another Buayanen capital of Bacat, forcing Datu Uto to transfer back to Sapakan. On the 6th day of the same month, Piang overthrew the Spanish garrison in Cotabato and Tamontaka and granted himself the title of 'Sultan of Mindanao'. It was after this event that the Spaniards finalized their evacuation from the entirety of Mindanao except for Zamboanga and Jolo. This left Datu Uto frustrated as Datu Piang became a rival of Buayan.

American colonial period
American forces landed on Cotabato in December 1899. Piang greeted American rule and saw it as a means to maintain his power in the Cotabato region. However, in spite of this, the Moro resistance would be organized by Datu Ali of Buayan, but would be fully suppressed by American expeditionary forces in 1905. With Datu Ali gone, Piang has lost any potential local rival that could threaten his authority and would continue to collaborate with the American civil government.

Personal life
Born of a Hokkien Sangley Chinese merchant named Tuya Tan (陳名頓) from Amoy, China and a Maguindanaon woman identified as "Tiko" (Philippine Hokkien ). He was a Chinese mestizo due to his Maguindanaon and Hokkien Sangley Chinese admixture.

Datu Piang's son by his sixth wife, Polindao, was Datu Gumbay Piang, who led the Moro-Bolo Battalion to fight against the Japanese during their occupation of Mindanao in World War II.

title: Datu Piang


text:
Problem solving environment

A problem solving environment (PSE) is a completed, integrated and specialised computer software for solving one class of problems, combining automated problem-solving methods with human-oriented tools for guiding the problem resolution. A PSE may also assist users in formulating problem resolution. A PSE may also assist users in formulating problems, selecting algorithm, simulating numerical value and viewing and analysing results.

Purpose of PSE
Many PSEs were introduced in the 1990s. They use the language of the respective field and often employ modern graphical user interfaces. The goal is to make the software easy to use for specialists in fields other than computer science. PSEs are available for generic problems like data visualization or large systems of equations and for narrow fields of science or engineering like gas turbine design.

History
The Problem Solving Environment (PSE) released a few years after the release of Fortran and Algol 60. People thought that this system with high-level language would cause elimination of professional programmers. However, surprisingly, PSE has been accepted and even though scientists used it to write programs.

The Problem Solving Environment for Parallel Scientific Computation was introduced in 1960, where this was the first Organised Collections with minor standardisation. In 1970, PSE was initially researched for providing high-class programming language rather than Fortran, also Libraries Plotting Packages advent. Development of Libraries were continued, and there were introduction of Emergence of Computational Packages and Graphical systems which is data visualisation. By 1990s, hypertext, point-and-click had moved towards inter-operability. Moving on, a "Software Parts" Industry finally existed.

Throughout a few decades, recently, many PSEs have been developed and to solve problem and also support users from different categories, including education, general programming, CSE software learning, job executing and Grid/Cloud computing.

Grid-Based Numerical Optimisation
The shell software GOSPEL is an example of how a PSE can be designed for EHL modelling using a Grid resource. With the PSE, one can visualise the optimisation progress, as well as interact with other simulations.

The PSE parallelise and embed many individual numerical calculations in an industrial serial optimisation code. It is built in NAG's IRIS Explorer package to solve EHL and Parallelism problems and can use the gViz libraries, to run all the communication between the PSE and the simulation. It also uses MPI — part of the NAG libraries — which gives significantly quicker and better solutions by combining the maximum levels of continuation.

Moreover, the system is designed to allow users to steer simulations using visualised output. An example is utilising local minima, or layering additional details when around a local in and out of the simulation and it can imagine the information which is produced in any sharp and also still allow to steer the simulation.

Grid-based PSEs for mobile devices
PSEs are require a large amount of resources that strain even the most powerful computers of today. Translating PSEs into software that can be used for mobile devices in an important challenge that faces programmers today.

Grid computing is seen as a solution to the rescue issues of PSEs for mobile devices. This is made possible through a "Brokering Service". This service is started by an initiating device that sends the necessary information for PSE to resolve task. The brokering service then breaks this down into subtasks that distributes the information to various subordinate devices that perform these subtasks. The brokering necessitates an Active Agent Repository (AAR) and a Task Allocation Table (TAT) that both work to manage the subtasks. A Keep-Alive Server is tapped to handle communication between the brokering service and the subordinate devices. The Keep-Alive server relies on a lightweight client application installed in the participating mobile devices.

Security, transparency and dependability are issues that may arise when using the grid for mobile device-based PSEs.

Education Support
There are a revolution for network-based learning and e-learning for education but it is very difficult to collect education data and data of the student activities. TSUNA-TASTE, is developed by T. Teramoto, a PSE to support education and learning processes. This system may create a new idea of the e-learning by supporting teachers and students in computer-related education. It consists of four parts, including agents of students, an education support server, a database system and a Web server. This system makes e-learning more convenient as information is earlier to store and collect for students and teachers.

P-NCAS
A computer-assisted parallel program generation support(P-NCAS), is a PSE, creates a new way to reduce the programming hard task for the computer programming. This program can avoid or reduce the chance that huge computer software breaking down so this restrict uncertainty and major accidents in the society. Moreover, partial differential equations(PDEs) problems can be solved by parallel programs which are generated by P-NCAS supports. P-NCAS employs the Single Program Multi Data (SPMD) and uses a decomposition method for the parallelisation. These enable users of P-NCAS to input problems described by PDES, algorithm and discretisation scheme etc., and to view and edit all details through the visualisation and windows for edition. At last, parallel program will be outputted in C language by P-NCAS and also include documents which show everything has inputted in the beginning.

Future Improvement
At first it was difficult doing 2-D EHL problems because of the expense and computer power available. The development of parallel 2-D EHL codes and faster computers have now paved the way for 2-D EHL problem solving to be possible. Friction and lubricant data need a higher level of security given their sensitivity. Accounting for simulations may be difficult because these are done in rapidly and in the thousands. This can be solved by a registration system or a 'directory'. Collaborative PSEs with multiple users will encounter difficulties tracking changes, especially which specific changes were made and when those changes were made. This may also be solved with a directory of changes made.

Secondly, future improvement of the Grid-based PSEs for mobile devices, the group aims to generate new scenarios through manipulation of the control variables available. By changing those control variables, the simulation software is able to create scenarios from each other, allowing for more scrutiny of the conditions in each scenario. It is expected that manipulation of three variables will generate twelve different scenarios.

The variables that we are interested in studying are network stability and device mobility. We feel that these variables will hater the greatest impact on grid performance. Our study will measure performance using task completion time as the primary outcome.

PSE Park
As PSEs grow more complex, the need for computing resources has risen dramatically. Conversely, with PSE applications venturing into fields and environments of growing complexity, the creation of PSEs have become tedious and difficult.

Hirumichi Kobashi and his colleagues have designed a PSE meant to create other PSEs. This has been dubbed as a 'meta PSE' or a PSEs. This was how PSE Park was born.

The Framework
The architecture of PSE Park emphasises flexibility and extensibility. These characteristics make it an attractive platform for varied levels of expertise, from entry-level users to developers.

PSE Park provides these through its repository of functions. the repository contains modules required to build PSEs. Some of the most basic modules, called Cores, are used as the foundation of PSEs. More complex modules are available for use by programmers. Users access PSE Park through a console linked to the programmers. Once the user is register, he/she has assess to the repository. A PIPE server is used as the mediator between the user and PSE Park. It grants access to modules and constructs the selected functions into a PSE.

Developers can develop functions, or even whole PSEs, for inclusion into the repository. Entry-level and expert users can access these pre-made PSEs for their own purposes. Given this architecture, PSE Park requires a cloud computing environment to support the enormous data sharing that occurs during PSE use and development.

The PIPE Server
The PIPE Server differs from other servers in terms of how it handles intermediate results. Since the PIPE Server acts as a mediator in a meta-PSE, any results or variables generated by a core module are retrieved as global variables to be used by the next core. The sequence or hierarchy is defined by the user. The way, same name variables are revised to the new set of variables.

Another important characteristics of the PIPE Server is that it executes each module or core independently. This means that the language of each module does not have to be the same as the others in the PSE. Modules are implemented depending on the defined hierarchy. This feature brings enormous flexibility for developers and users who have varied backgrounds in programming. The modular format also enables that existing PSEs can be extended and modified easily.

Cores
In order be registered, a core must be fully defined. The input and output definitions allow the PIPE server to determine compatibility with other cores and modules. Any lack of definition is flagged by the PIPE server for incompatibility.

Registration Engine and Console
The registration engine keeps track of all cores that may be used in PSE Park. A history of use is also created. A core map may be developed in order to help users understand a core or module better. The console is the users' main interface with PSE Park. It is highly visual and diagrammatic, allowing users to better understand the linkages between modules and cores for the PSEs that they are working on.

title: Problem solving environment


text:
Rowland Hill

Sir Rowland Hill, KCB, FRS (3 December 1795 – 27 August 1879) was an English teacher, inventor and social reformer. He campaigned for a comprehensive reform of the postal system, based on the concept of Uniform Penny Post and his solution of pre-payment, facilitating the safe, speedy and cheap transfer of letters. Hill later served as a government postal official, and he is usually credited with originating the basic concepts of the modern postal service, including the invention of the postage stamp.

Hill made the case that if letters were cheaper to send, people, including the poorer classes, would send more of them, thus eventually profits would go up. Proposing an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage – with the first being the Penny Black – in 1840, the first year of Penny Post, the number of letters sent in the UK more than doubled. Within 10 years, it had doubled again. Within three years postage stamps were introduced in Switzerland and Brazil, a little later in the US, and by 1860, they were used in 90 countries.

Personal life
Rowland Hill was born in Blackwell Street, Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England. Rowland's father, Thomas Wright Hill, was an innovator in education and politics, including among his friends Joseph Priestley, Tom Paine and Richard Price.

Hill worked at the Assay Office in Birmingham and painted landscapes in his spare time.

In 1827, he married Caroline Pearson, originally from Wolverhampton, who died on 27 May 1881. Together they had four children: three daughters (Eleanor, Clara and Louisa), and one son (Pearson).

Educational reform
In 1819 he moved his father's school "Hill Top" from central Birmingham, establishing the Hazelwood School at Edgbaston, an affluent neighbourhood of Birmingham, as an "educational refraction of Priestley's ideas". Hazelwood was to provide a model for public education for the emerging middle classes, aiming for useful, pupil-centred education which would give sufficient knowledge, skills and understanding to allow a student to continue self-education through a life "most useful to society and most happy to himself". The school, which Hill designed, included innovations such as a science laboratory, a swimming pool, and forced air heating. In his Plans for the Government and Liberal Instruction of Boys in Large Numbers Drawn from Experience (1822, often cited as Public Education) he argued that kindness, instead of caning, and moral influence, rather than fear, should be the predominant forces in school discipline. Science was to be a compulsory subject, and students were to be self-governing.

Hazelwood gained international attention when French education leader and editor Marc Antoine Jullien, former secretary to Maximilien de Robespierre, visited and wrote about the school in the June 1823 issue of his journal Revue encyclopédique. Jullien even transferred his son there. Hazelwood so impressed Jeremy Bentham that in 1827 a branch of the school was created at Bruce Castle in Tottenham, London. In 1833, the original Hazelwood School closed and its educational system was continued at the new Bruce Castle School, of which Hill was headmaster from 1827 until 1839.

Colonisation of South Australia

The colonisation of South Australia was a project of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who believed that many of the social problems in Britain were caused by overcrowding and overpopulation. In 1832 Rowland Hill published a tract called Home colonies: sketch of a plan for the gradual extinction of pauperism, and for the diminution of crime, based on a Dutch model.

Hill then served from 1833 until 1839 as secretary of the South Australian Colonization Commission, which worked successfully to establish a settlement without convicts at what is today Adelaide. The political economist Robert Torrens was chairman of the commission. Under the South Australia Act 1834, the colony was to embody the ideals and best qualities of British society, shaped by religious freedom and a commitment to social progress and civil liberties.

Hill, like his father, was a fan of proportional representation. As a member of the Colonization Commission, Hill convinced the Commission to give Adelaide an election system that provided for minority representation. Although not STV, the system used was based on the Hare quota. This was said to be the first application of proportional representation to a public election in the world.

The Commission's annual report, written by Hill, said the novel system was to be used to "make timely provision against the arbitrary power that under popular governments the majority exercise over the minority.... [By use of the quorum], parties shall bear the same proportion to each other in the Council that they may bear in the elective body [the electorate]."

Rowland Hill's sister, Caroline Clark, her husband Francis, and their large family migrated to South Australia in 1850.

Postal reform
Rowland Hill first started to take a serious interest in postal reforms in 1835. In 1836 Robert Wallace, MP, provided Hill with numerous books and documents, which Hill described as a "half hundred weight of material". Hill commenced a detailed study of these documents and this led him to publish, in early 1837, a pamphlet called Post Office Reform its Importance and Practicability. He submitted a copy of this to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Thomas Spring Rice, on 4 January 1837. This first edition was marked "private and confidential" and was not released to the general public. The Chancellor summoned Hill to a meeting in which the Chancellor suggested improvements, asked for reconsiderations and requested a supplement, which Hill duly produced and supplied on 28 January 1837.

In the 1830s at least 12.5% of all British mail was conveyed under the personal frank of peers, dignitaries and members of parliament, while censorship and political espionage were conducted by postal officials. Fundamentally, the postal system was mismanaged, wasteful, expensive and slow. It had become inadequate for the needs of an expanding commercial and industrial nation. There is a well-known story, probably apocryphal, about how Hill gained an interest in reforming the postal system; he apparently noticed a young woman too poor to claim a letter sent to her by her fiancé. At that time, letters were normally paid for by the recipient, not the sender. The recipient could simply refuse delivery. Frauds were commonplace: for example, coded information could appear on the cover of the letter; the recipient would examine the cover to gain the information, and then refuse delivery to avoid payment. Each individual letter had to be logged. In addition, postal rates were complex, depending on the distance and the number of sheets in the letter.

Richard Cobden and John Ramsey McCulloch, both advocates of free trade, attacked the policies of privilege and protection of the Tory government. McCulloch, in 1833, advanced the view that "nothing contributes more to facilitate commerce than the safe, speedy and cheap conveyance of letters."

Hill's pamphlet, Post Office Reform: its Importance and Practicability, referred to above, was circulated privately in 1837. The report called for "low and uniform rates" according to weight, rather than distance. Hill's study reported his findings and those of Charles Babbage that most of the costs in the postal system were not for transport, but rather for laborious handling procedures at the origins and the destinations. Costs could be reduced dramatically if postage were prepaid by the sender, the prepayment to be proven by the use of prepaid letter sheets or adhesive stamps (adhesive stamps had long been used to show payment of taxes, on documents for example). Letter sheets were to be used because envelopes were not yet common; they were not yet mass-produced, and in an era when postage was calculated partly on the basis of the number of sheets of paper used, the same sheet of paper would be folded and serve for both the message and the address. In addition, Hill proposed to lower the postage rate to a penny per half ounce, without regard to distance. He first presented his proposal to the government in 1837.

In the House of Lords the Postmaster, Lord Lichfield, a Whig, denounced Hill's "wild and visionary schemes." William Leader Maberly, Secretary to the Post Office, also a Whig, denounced Hill's study: "This plan appears to be a preposterous one, utterly unsupported by facts and resting entirely on assumption". But merchants, traders and bankers viewed the existing system as corrupt and a restraint of trade. They formed a "Mercantile Committee" to advocate Hill's plan and push for its adoption. In 1839 Hill was given a two-year contract to run the new system.

From 1839 to 1842, Hill lived at 1 Orme Square, Bayswater, London, and there is an LCC plaque there in his honour.

The uniform fourpenny post rate lowered the cost to fourpence from 5 December 1839, then to the penny rate on 10 January 1840, even before stamps or letter sheets could be printed. The volume of paid internal correspondence increased dramatically, by 120%, between November 1839 and February 1840. This initial increase resulted from the elimination of "free franking" privileges and fraud.

Prepaid letter sheets, with a design by William Mulready, were distributed in early 1840. These Mulready envelopes were not popular and were widely satirised. According to a brochure distributed by the National Postal Museum (now the British Postal Museum & Archive), the Mulready envelopes threatened the livelihoods of stationery manufacturers, who encouraged the satires. They became so unpopular that the government used them on official mail and destroyed many others.

However, a niche commercial publishing industry for machine-printed illustrated envelopes subsequently developed in Britain and elsewhere. So it is likely that it was the grandiose and incomprehensible illustration printed on the envelopes that provoked the ridicule and led to their withdrawal. Indeed, in the absence of examples of machine-printed illustrated envelopes before this, the Mulready envelope may be recognised as a significant innovation in its own right. Machine-printed illustrated envelopes are a mainstay of the direct mail industry.

In May 1840 the world's first adhesive postage stamps were distributed. With an elegant engraving of the young Queen Victoria (whose 21st birthday was celebrated that month), the Penny Black was an instant success. Refinements, such as perforations to ease the separation of the stamps, were instituted with later issues.

Later life

Rowland Hill continued at the Post Office until the Conservative Party won the 1841 General Election. Sir Robert Peel returned to office on 30 August 1841 and served until 29 June 1846. Amid rancorous controversy, Hill was dismissed in July 1842. However, the London and Brighton Railway named him a director and later chairman of the board, from 1843 to 1846. He lowered the fares from London to Brighton, expanded the routes, offered special excursion trains, and made the commute comfortable for passengers. In 1844 Edwin Chadwick, Rowland Hill, John Stuart Mill, Lyon Playfair, Dr. Neil Arnott, and other friends formed a society called "Friends in Council," which met at each other's houses to discuss questions of political economy. Hill also became a member of the influential Political Economy Club, founded by David Ricardo and other classical economists, but now including many powerful businessmen and political figures. Mill and Hill were both advocates for proportional representation.

In 1846, the Conservative Party split over the repeal of the Corn Laws and was replaced by a Whig government led by Lord John Russell. Hill was made Secretary to the Postmaster General, and then Secretary to the Post Office from 1854 until 1864. For his services, Hill was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1860. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded an honorary degree from University of Oxford.

For the last 30 years of his life, and where he died in 1879, Hill lived at Bartram House on Hampstead Green. Bartram House was the largest house in a row of four Georgian mansions which were demolished at the start of the twentieth century to make way for Hampstead General Hospital, which was itself demolished in the 1970s and replaced by The Royal Free Hospital. For twenty years his next-door neighbour on Hampstead Green was the Gothic revival architect Samuel Sanders Teulon, who designed St Stephen's Church, Rosslyn Hill, facing their houses. Hill is buried in Westminster Abbey; there is a memorial to him on his family grave in Highgate Cemetery. There are streets named after him in Hampstead (off Haverstock Hill, down the side of the Royal Free Hospital) and Tottenham (off White Hart Lane). A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque, unveiled in 1893, commemorates Hill at the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead.

Family
Hill was one of eight children. Several of his siblings also achieved fame:
 * Matthew Davenport Hill (1792–1872), was Recorder of Birmingham, a campaigner on prison reform, and, from 1832, MP for Hull.
 * Edwin Hill (1793–1876), who was the first British Controller of Stamps from 1840 until 1872, and invented a mechanical system to make envelopes.
 * Frederic Hill (1803–1896) was a prison reformer.

Legacy and commemorations
Hill has two legacies. The first was his model for the education of the emerging middle classes. The second was his model for an efficient postal system to serve businesses and the public, including the postage stamp and the system of low and uniform postal rates, which is often taken for granted in the modern world. In this, he not only changed postal services around the world, but also made commerce more efficient and profitable, even though it took 30 years before the British Post Office's revenue recovered to its 1839 level. The Uniform Penny Post continued in the UK into the 20th century, and at one point, one penny (1d) paid for up to four ounces (113 g).

There are four public statues of Hill. The earliest is in Birmingham: a Carrara marble sculpture by Peter Hollins unveiled in 1870. Its location was moved in 1874, 1891 (when it was placed in the city's General Post Office) and 1934. In 1940 it was removed for safekeeping for the duration of the Second World War. It is now in the foyer of the Royal Mail sorting office in Newtown, Birmingham.

A marble statue in Kidderminster, Hill's birthplace, was sculpted by Sir Thomas Brock and unveiled in June 1881. It is at the junction of Vicar and Exchange Streets. Hill is prominent in Kidderminster's community history. There used to be a J D Wetherspoon pub called The Penny Black in the town centre until 2019 and a large shopping mall linking Vicar Street and Worcester Street is named The Rowland Hill Shopping Centre.

In London a bronze statue by Edward Onslow Ford, also made in 1881, stands outside the King Edward Building (formerly London's principal Post Office) in King Edward Street. There is a large sculpture in Dalton Square, Lancaster, The Victoria Monument, depicting eminent Victorians and Rowland Hill is included.

There are at least two marble busts of Hill, also unveiled in 1881. One, by W. D. Keyworth, Jr., is in St Paul's Chapel, Westminster Abbey. Another, by William Theed, is in Albert Square, Manchester.

In recognition of his contributions to the development of the modern postal system, Rowland Hill is commemorated at the Universal Postal Union, the UN agency charged with regulating the international postal system. His name appears on one of the two large meeting halls at the UPU headquarters in Bern, Switzerland.

At Tottenham, north London, there is a local history museum at Bruce Castle (where Hill lived during the 1840s) including some relevant exhibits.

In Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, both Hill Street, North Adelaide and Rowland Place in the city centre are named in his honour.

The Rowland Hill Awards, started by the Royal Mail and the British Philatelic Trust in 1997, are annual awards for philatelic "innovation, initiative and enterprise."

In 1882 the Post Office instituted the Rowland Hill Fund for postal workers, pensioners and dependents in need. The Rowland Hill Memorial Fund of Ireland was founded for Ireland in 1928, to help serving or retired staff and their dependents, for the former Department of Posts and Telegraphs and continues to serve the reorganised companies An Post and eircom. The fund assists more than 300 people annually.

Philatelic commemorations
For the centenary of the first stamp, Portugal issued a miniature sheet with 8 stamps mentioning his name. Later, on his death centenary, an omnibus issue of stamps commemorating Hill was produced by about 80 countries. Altogether, 147 countries have issued stamps commemorating him.

title: Rowland Hill


text:
Outer ring road

Several cities include one or more outer ring roads, including:

Australia

 * Outer Metropolitan Ring Road, Melbourne

China

 * S20 Outer Ring Expressway in Shanghai
 * Outer Ring Road (Tianjin)

India

 * Outer Ring Road, Amaravati
 * Outer Ring Road, Bangalore
 * Outer Ring Road, Chennai
 * Outer Ring Road, Chhindwara
 * Outer Ring Road, Delhi
 * Outer Ring Road, Erode
 * Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad
 * Outer Ring Road, Nagpur
 * Outer Ring Road, Trivandrum
 * Outer Ring Road, Warangal

Indonesia

 * Jakarta Outer Ring Road
 * Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2

Ireland

 * The R136 road in Dublin

Kenya

 * Outer Ring Road, Nairobi

Malaysia

 * KLIA Outer Ring Road in Sepang
 * Kuala Lumpur Outer Ring Road in Kuala Lumpur
 * Penang Outer Ring Road in George Town
 * Butterworth Outer Ring Road

Singapore

 * The Outer Ring Road System

South Africa

 * Durban Outer Ring Road

Thailand

 * Bangkok Outer Ring Road, see Thai motorway network

United Kingdom

 * The A4040 road in Birmingham
 * Leeds Outer Ring Road
 * Sheffield Outer Ring Road

title: Outer ring road


text:
Parang (disambiguation)

Parang is a form of folk music in Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago.

Parang may also refer to:
 * Parang (batik), an Indonesian batik motif
 * Parang (knife), a type of machete from the Malay archipelago region
 * locations in the Philippines:
 * Parang, Jose Panganiban
 * Parang, Maguindanao, a municipality in the province of Maguindanao, Philippines.
 * Parang, in Marikina
 * Parang, Sulu
 * Parâng Mountains group, in the Southern Carpathians, Romania

title: Parang (disambiguation)


text:
Category:Euboean colonies

Colonies in antiquity founded by Euboeans.

title: Category:Euboean colonies


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Archspace

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 12:31, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

Archspace
Non-encycolpedic. It is a definition and doesn't belong in Wikipedia. If anyplace, it should go to the Wiktionary. Epolk 16:22, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as a neologism.   — J I P | Talk 16:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Pavel Vozenilek 00:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 07:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/WikiProject Classic, international and cult cinema

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:19, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Classic, international and cult cinema
No major edits since creation in July 2004, and nothing much to archive. Hiding talk 16:22, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Pavel Vozenilek 00:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Project has petrified. Xoloz 05:30, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete inactive project. JamesBurns 07:53, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Hiding. Radiant_ >|< 12:13, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Admiral Roo/My Lyrics/You Turn My World Upside Down/Made it Whack

What exactly is this? --Several Times 16:23, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It is my lyrics. I don't know why it did not go in my main directory, and I don't know how to move it.  The song You Turn My World Upside Down is in my main directory (User:Admiral Roo/My Lyrics/You Turn My World Upside Down).  But none of my other songs are, they are Alice Abernathy, Made it Whack, Look Out Love is Coming Through, and Hollywood Girl.  I don't know how to move them to the main directory (cited above).  --Admiral Roo 17:55, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have moved all of my lyrics except Made It Whack because of the ongoing VfD. --Admiral Roo 14:26, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * It would be quite simple to move this to the user space and then speedy delete it here if it's per creator request. Just say when. --Dmcdevit·t 07:16, July 26, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Jimmy Pinchak

Jimmy Jax Pinchak (born James Justin Pinchak; February 16, 1996) is an American former actor and musician.

Life and career
Born James Justin Pinchak, he grew up in Point Pleasant, New Jersey. He acted the movements for "Know-It-All" in the animated film The Polar Express (voice was provided by Eddie Deezen) and played the lead in made-for-TV movie All I Want For Christmas, Hostage and Meteor. He also played Eddy in Over There and Mark in Let Me In, a remake of the Swedish film Let the Right One In. In 2008, he starred in the pilot episode of the family comedy Growing Up Normal about a child actor growing up in Hollywood. In 2011, Jimmy made a guest appearance on NCIS. In 2010-2011, Pinchak played a recurring role in Ray Romano's Men of a Certain Age on TNT. In 2013, Pinchak played Peter Wiggin, the older brother of Ender Wiggin, in the film Ender's Game (2013).

In addition to acting, Pinchak is a blues rock musician. In 2014, The Jimmy Jax Pinchak Band released a blues rock album titled Make It Better. In 2018, The Jimmy J Pinchak Band released Blue on Arrival.

Pinchak is a self-taught magician, and has been a member of The Magic Castle since 2007.

Pinchak earned his Juris Doctor degree from Cornell Law School in 2021 and his Bachelor of Science degree from Cornell University in 2018.

title: Jimmy Pinchak


text:
SEAT 127

The SEAT 127 is a supermini produced by the Spanish automaker SEAT between the spring of 1972 and 1982, based on the Fiat 127.

Due to SEAT design policy, a four-door variant of the car (without a hatchback lid, in spite of the fastback roofline) was added to the lineup in 1973. While usually fitted with the same 903 cc engine as in the Fiat 127, SEAT also produced a unique variant of the 127 OHV engine. This had 1010 cc instead of 903 cc and produced 52 PS rather than the 43 or of the smaller unit.

When their licence from Fiat expired, SEAT redesigned some parts of the car and renamed it the SEAT Fura. Some design parts of this model were also used in the Ibiza Mk1. SEAT produced 1,238,166 units of the 127 between 1972 and 1982.

title: SEAT 127


text:
Thunder, Lightning, Strike

Thunder, Lightning, Strike is the debut studio album by English band The Go! Team. It was initially released on label Memphis Industries on 13 September 2004, but was reworked to avoid legal issues with samples, and re-released in October 2005.

Background
The album was the project of founder member Ian Parton, who over the course of 2003 recorded demos and musical ideas after work onto many dozens of cassettes using a lo-fi 4-track recorder, and titled each tape with a potential song name idea. Each track on the album was created by combining five or six different ideas from this large assortment of tapes, trying out different chorus sections from one with the verse section of another, to give the music an overall feeling of constantly switching radio channels. 'Get It Together' was the first track Parton created where he felt he'd got the juxtaposition of differing styles within one song right, giving him the template and direction for the rest of the album.

Recording
Recording took place in both the garage and kitchen of Parton's parents' house in Swansea while they were away on holiday, with him playing all live instruments himself (as at that time there were no other members of the band). The album was co-produced by his sound engineer brother Gareth Parton, who helped Ian set up the makeshift home recording facility in Wales, and later mixed the tracks at The Fortress Studios and Bluestone in London.

'Legal' and 'Illegal' versions
The original 2004 Memphis Industries release of the album (sometimes referred to as the 'Illegal version') had none of its many samples cleared, as Parton didn't expect the album to attract much attention. However Thunder, Lightning, Strike received wide critical acclaim and was later nominated for the 2005 Mercury Music Prize. Thereupon a 'legally clean' version of the album was painstakingly recreated by the Parton brothers, containing only cleared or interpolated samples, and rewritten, resung lyrics, all under the guidance of a legal musicologist. Junior Kickstart, Bottle Rocket and Ladyflash were among the most heavily reworked tracks, whilst Get It Together was one of a few tracks that remained untouched. This revised 'legal' version of the album was re-released in the United Kingdom and the United States by Columbia Records in October 2005, with two additional bonus tracks. The album peaked at number 48 on the UK Albums Chart in February 2006, some 18 months after its original release.

Reception
Reception to Thunder, Lightning, Strike was very positive. On review aggregator site Metacritic, the album has a score of 86, indicating "universal acclaim".

Pitchfork placed Thunder, Lightning, Strike at number eight in their list of the top albums of 2004 and at number 171 on their list of the top 200 albums of the 2000s.

Concluding the review for AllMusic, Tim Sendra claimed that, "The Go! Team is widescreen in a pan-and-scan world, a sparkling rejoinder to purists and spoilsports everywhere and more fun than recess on the last day of school. Cinematic, fantastic, and essential to all who want their music larger than life and rambunctious, Thunder, Lightning, Strike is the kind of record that makes you glad to be alive. What could be better than that?"

Anniversary Release and Tour
The band announced a reissue of the record and a Fall 2024 tour in the UK and US to celebrate the LP's 20th anniversary. The new album edition, due September 13 from Memphis Industries, includes a bonus disc of Parton’s original CD-R versions of the songs.

Track listing
Sample credits
 * "Ladyflash" contains samples of "The DMX Will Rock You (Rap Mix)", written by David Reeves; "Come See About Me", written by Lamont Dozier, Brian Holland, and Eddie Holland; "I Can't Rest", written by Billy Davis, Raynard Miner, and Carl Smith; Wild Style; and "Ashley's Roachclip", written by Lloyd Pinchback.
 * "The Power Is On" contains samples of Black Magic; The Clash: Westway to the World; and Gimme an 'F'.
 * "Junior Kickstart" contains samples of "Aquarius", written by Galt MacDermot, James Rado, and Gerome Ragni.
 * "Bottle Rocket" contains samples of "Soul Time", written by Shirley Ellis.
 * "Huddle Formation" contains samples of Gimme an 'F' and Black Panther chants.
 * "Everyone's a V.I.P. to Someone" contains samples of "Everybody's Talkin'", written by Fred Neil; and "Stoned Soul Picnic", written by Laura Nyro.

Personnel
Credits for Thunder, Lightning, Strike adapted from album liner notes.

 * The Go! Team – performance, production
 * Ceri Amphlett – sleeve design
 * Mike Palmer – mastering
 * Gareth Parton – production
 * Rob Winterson – scratching on "Get It Together"

title: Thunder, Lightning, Strike


text:
Talk:Jaleel White

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Comment
He was 4 feet tall "but he has [sic] to shave himself"... ? What does one thing have to do with the other? This article definitely needs some cleaning up, but I don't even know where to begin with that sentence. HEYYYYYYYY!!!!!!!!!!!

Jaleel White deceased?
I just rec'd an email saying that Jaleel shot himself; is this true? If it is why do you not have any information on it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cute 1 4 u (talk • contribs)

 * No, it ishe is 6 Bold text true (thankfully). I don't know what people get out of spreading vicious rumors such as these! Jaleel is very much alive; in fact, he did a recent episode of 24. TamYum 15:29, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you to whomever added the citation of source to the snopes page.--Geniustwin 00:09, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

I added the "suicide" rumor to the article, because when I heard that White had killed himself, I checked Wikipedia to see if it was true. I assumed that many others would do the same. The fact that the rumor is widespread, and that there are news sites that report on the rumor itself, makes the rumor newsworthy, I believe. (Remember, Paul is Dead has its own article on Wikipedia!) I'm going to reinstate the "rumor" addition but try to make it more news-like in style. ShawnVW 19:20, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

I don't know where the Long Island, NY high school part of the rumor came from, considering I wrote the letter that appears on snopes and elsewhere. I wrote it on my myspace blog, then posted it on various message boards. Six months later it was everywhere. I did base parts of the fake obit on a rumor I read on an IMDB message board. Why did I write it? To see if it would get on snopes. S davis 03:58, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

who watches 24 any way so how would we know? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cute 1 4 u (talk • contribs)

24 Appearance
IMDB.com has no record of Jaleel in a 24 episode. And I don't remember seeing him anywhere in the 5th season. Can someone substantiate this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cute 1 4 u (talk • contribs)

Hello to everyone. I do not know if you guys and girls have found out that jaleel white is not deceased. I have a valid source. just logg on to bet.com or go to search jaleel white and choose one of the findings. sign pas_69

Automall commercial?
Over here in NJ there's a very Urkel-esque character appearing in commericials for an automall. I don't think it's him, but can anyone in NJ verify? 69.125.89.103 02:50, 21 September 2006 (UTC) (aka marikun)

Jaleel White Deceased ? (April 20, 2007)
Why does it say Jaleel White died on April 20, 2007? I have been googling for the past twenty minutes and I have found nothing on this. Cite your sources please. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.50.173.46 (talk) 04:56, 22 April 2007 (UTC).

Typical vandalism. When you see it, revert it. Novalis 23:38, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

ADD or ADHD
Do you think that he has ADHD??? I just want to know??? Thanks

Pop Star?
I remember Jaleel White having an R+b album and a short lived attempt to become a pop artist. Someone less lazy than I am should add that to the article. 72.78.163.154 20:44, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I can't find any evidence of it online. If you have some and can overcome your laziness, please add it with a source. 71.238.189.104 (talk) 04:50, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

I specifically remember watching this, possibly during high-school health class. He had a song called "Contents Under Pressure" that was pro-abstinence. It seems to be on youtube, but I'm at work now and can't watch it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.93.60.42 (talk) 12:29, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

Probs vandalism
I'm pretty sure Jaleel White did not die in 3010, so I removed that part.Shinealight 14:10, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

"The Adventures of Charizard the Dragon" 1991 series
Was this an actual show? I'm pretty sure someone put that there as a joke. I can't find any other reference to it anywhere else. I'm going to delete it (even though I got a chuckle out of it).Snackmagic 20:29, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

MMA fight?
Just lik most of the other hearsay thats been posted on this discussion page there a popular rumor going arounf that mr white is training and planning to fight in MMA I highly doubt it to be true but Secretly I kind of hope it is, Anyone else hear this one or have any links? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.169.12.125 (talk) 05:03, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Las Vegas or Pasadena?
Which city was he born in? The article lists Pasadena in the infobox, but Las Vegas in the article.Anoldtreeok (talk) 05:21, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Never mind, looked at the source for Las Vegas and realised it also said Pasadena, will edit it now. Anoldtreeok (talk) 05:21, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Comments on VH1
Unfortunately this entry is semi-protected until June, but something should be added about White's infamous comment about "putting a bullet in his head" if caught doing the Urkel character again, as it changes how the article depicts how he felt about Urkel. White's exact words recently on TV...

"There's a quote, that I wish I could take back...that says 'If you ever see me playing this character again, put a bullet in my head.' When I said that, I didn't think it would be taken out of context with the internet and the future. But I loved that character. That character honestly exists in my heart."

--Source: VH1's 100 Greatest Kid Stars "Hour 5" - 12/2/2012 — Preceding unsigned comment added by MondayNgt (talk • contribs) 01:53, 26 January 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ - But not with that specific source or quote.  Pinkadelica ♣  05:49, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120627063004/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20592130,00.html to http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20592130,00.html

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COI edit request
Hi all! I'm here on behalf of Mr. White with a small COI edit request: removing the "partner" parameter from the infobox. The Template:Infobox person documentation says this should be used for an "unmarried long-term partner" and "If particularly relevant, or if the partner is notable". I didn't find any further discussion in the template's talk archives. The examples I've found (e.g. Mary-Louise Parker, Garry Shandling, Oprah Winfrey) use the parameter in cases where the relationship was 1) much longer than three years and 2) with a person who is independently notable. Because neither is true in this case, and lacking any more specific guideline about whether the parameter is appropriate here, I'm wondering if the mention of Ms. Hardy in the "Personal life" section of the article body is sufficient.

Due to my COI, I won't be editing the article directly. I appreciate any help or feedback. Thanks! Mary Gaulke (talk) 21:46, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

Reply 28-JUL-2019
I believe that these three reasons lend weight to removing the partner(s) parameter from the infobox. Pinging for their input (and my apologies in advance for the ping if you are already watchlisted for this page). Regards, Spintendo  14:12, 28 July 2019 (UTC)
 * 1) The first item to consider is the relevance of the individual's position in the life of the subject and how the noted references refer to the individual. This individual is the mother of the subject's child; however, the subject and Ms Hardy have become estranged, and the level of prominence here was never as solid (only 3 year time span) as it is in cases where the placement is well established (Oprah Winfrey, for example). Using the partner(s) parameter is problematic in that this specific term is not uniformly used in the noted sources — which vicariously describe Ms. Hardy as White's "girlfriend" or the "mother of his child" — but not necessarily his life partner.
 * 2) The second item to consider is whether this parameter and how it is used might harm the reputation of the subject. The relevant guideline is WP:BLPCAT, which states: "Category names do not carry disclaimers or modifiers, so the case for each content category must be made clear by the article text and its reliable sources. Categories regarding religious beliefs (or lack of such) or sexual orientation should not be used unless the subject has publicly self-identified with the belief (or lack of such) or orientation in question, and the subject's beliefs or sexual orientation are relevant to their public life or notability, according to reliable published sources .... These principles apply equally to lists, navigation templates, and Infobox statements (referring to living persons within any Wikipedia page) that are based on religious beliefs (or lack of such) or sexual orientation or suggest that any living person has a poor reputation." The individual Ms. Hardy has made accusations against the subject which impugn his character and have generally described White as a person with a poor reputation. Describing the individual who has made these accusations as Mr. White's "partner", by placing them under the partner(s) parameter, might imbue those accusations with a certain level of veracity which they might not ordinarily receive.
 * 3) The third item to consider is the subject's wishes. An infobox statement of Jewish would be inappropriate in an article on an atheist, especially if the subject themself did not agree to it. Here the issue may be similar, in that the title of "partner" may not be one that the subject agrees to in hindsight as accurately describing their time together. Like the infobox's party parameter, the partner(s) parameter describes an intimate part of the subject's life and personal being to which their input should be greatly considered. Since the partner(s) parameter does not confer the same legal validity as spouse does, the subject's input on the status of this parameter should carry more weight than it would otherwise. Simply put, since Ms. Hardy doesn't have a marriage license, the subject is allowed more leeway in defining on his own terms what their relationship ultimately was, because Ms. Hardy doesn't have the legal documentation to define it for the both of them.

 * The Partner parameter, as defined by [Template:Infobox person], was "unmarried long-term partner." I thought girlfriend and mother of child, counted. But you've made a convincing case why that doesn't apply here. Delete it or not, I'll support whatever decision. Crboyer (talk) 04:19, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Regards, Spintendo  16:02, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

Second Name
Why he have a arabic name ( Ahmad) ? Are his family muslims or arabs ? Avestaboy (talk) 18:36, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Sonic
Give you a call if I 2600:1700:8960:70E0:C5E6:84D9:F01F:A8B4 (talk) 15:11, 30 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jaleel White


text:
Spider One

Michael David Cummings (born August 25, 1968), better known as Spider One, is an American singer, record producer, and director. He is the founder and only consistent member of the rock band Powerman 5000. He is the younger brother of musician and filmmaker Rob Zombie.

Early life
Spider One was born Michael David Cummings in Haverhill, Massachusetts, the second of two sons. His older brother, Robert Bartleh Cummings, is better known as the musician and film director Rob Zombie. Contrary to popular belief, Spider One has stated that there has never been a sibling rivalry between him and his brother, neither personally nor musically. In 1991, he dropped out of art school, bought a cheap four-track home studio and a drum machine, and recorded Much Evil with producer Lamar Lowder. Building on local success, Spider One's band Powerman 5000 was born.

Career
Cummings created the horror/black comedy mockumentary series Death Valley, which aired on MTV for one season in 2011. He is the owner of Megatronic Records.

Style
Spider One's influences reportedly include Kurt Cobain, Philip Anselmo, Chris Cornell, Sebastian Bach, Tom Araya, Dave Mustaine, Anthony Kiedis, Jonathan Davis, Jon Bon Jovi, Eddie Vedder, Vince Neil, James Hetfield, Joey Tempest and Axl Rose.

Spider One's vocal style is usually based in spoken word or chanting.

Discography

 * True Force (1994)
 * The Blood-Splat Rating System (1995)
 * Mega!! Kung Fu Radio (1997)
 * Tonight the Stars Revolt! (1999)
 * Anyone for Doomsday? (2001)
 * Transform (2003)
 * Destroy What You Enjoy (2006)
 * Somewhere on the Other Side of Nowhere (2009)
 * Copies, Clones & Replicants (2011)
 * Builders of the Future (2014)
 * New Wave (2017)
 * The Noble Rot (2020)
 * Abandon Ship (2024)

== Filmography ==

title: Spider One


text:
Talk:Teddy Bears' Picnic

Radiophonic Workshop?
I seem to remember that this song was written by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. This has not been mentioned, nor has the year that it was written been mentioned. In addition I dont think it explicitly notes that the song was written by the BBC Vk2tds 09:49, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Mystery Cartoon
Could find no reference to the cartoon at IMDB.com I and some friends definitely remember it though, possibly in relation to Disney. Circa 1980s. - 16:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * may also be related to FHE (family home entertainment?), producer of such cartoons as the elm-chanted forest

Banjo-Kazooie
Just curious if someone should edit the article and point out that the theme for Gruntildas Lair in Banjo-Kazooie is very similar to Teddy Bears Picnic. It's not the same song, but very similar. Composer Grant Kirkhope definetley must've listened to this song while he was composing the music for the game. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.227.157.211 (talk) 14:46, 7 December 2006 (UTC).
 * I think it's actually an intentional allusion to the song, as you hear various different variations of the Gruntilda's Lair theme as you pass from area to area within the lair (not within worlds), and they pretty much all sound like Teddy Bears' Picnic. And to be clear, it's not just similar - indeed, you can turn the first few bars of the theme into the first few bars of Teddy Bears' Picnic with just a couple of note changes. Aielyn (talk) 13:33, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

No bears in England
The article states that the song is based on a legend in a specific area in Staplegrove (in Somerset, England). What is the legend? Were bears native to that area? Bears became extinct in England about the late 1000s C.E. So how could the song be based on bears living in an area of Staplegrove, England in 1932 when the lyrics were written ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.151.10.113 (talk) 00:14, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * But there are plenty of children with teddy bears who have picnics with them, cf Winnie the Pooh.  MidlandLinda (talk) 20:55, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

Theme used in the Hunchback game for the Commodore 64.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=QrGQMQ87a9A#t=15s — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.220.54.132 (talk) 16:36, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Song about teddy bears
This is categorised as a song about children, but isn't it a song about bears?Vorbee (talk) 07:58, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

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title: Talk:Teddy Bears' Picnic