text:
Brazos Bend State Park

Brazos Bend State Park is a 4897 acre state park along the Brazos River in unincorporated Fort Bend County, Texas (with a Needville postal address), run by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The park is open year-round, with the exception of several weekends a year during which it is closed for controlled hunts to manage the white-tailed deer population.

History
Brazos Bend State Park occupies land bordering the Brazos River and includes within its boundaries low-lying areas left over from the River's previous meanderings. Pre-Columbian inhabitants included a series of Native American groups, most notably the Karankawa. The land passed through a variety of landowners' hands, resulting in some of the existing structures on the park grounds, including a brick cistern. The park's current nature center is built into a structure previously utilized as a hunting cabin. Over the years, improvements were made to the various water bodies in the park for both recreational and flood management purposes. A low-elevation levied walkway surrounds the perimeter of some of the larger water bodies (Elm Lake, 40 Acre Lake, etc.). While significant modifications were made to the land within the park in the past, the current management strategy is to allow, in balance with the recreational elements of the park's mission, the maintenance of a natural landscape. In 1984 the park was officially opened to the public, its lands having been donated to the state several years previously. In 2009, the park celebrated its 25th anniversary with a variety of special events and recognitions. Today the park is run by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, with the assistance of an active non-profit volunteer organization.

Nature
The park is a haven for a diverse mix of native wildlife and plants covering an equally diverse range of ecosystems. Brazos Bend contains areas of coastal prairie, bottomland forest, and a wide range of wetlands including open and semi-open lakes and transitional marshlands.

Animals
Highlights of the park's numerous inhabitants include over 300 species of resident and visiting migratory birds such as black-bellied whistling duck, snowy egret, great egret, American white ibis, yellow-crowned night heron, northern cardinal, American coot and great blue heron. Mammals such as the white-tailed deer, nine-banded armadillo, raccoon, and North American river otter are found in the park. The most noteworthy and popular residents of the park are the relatively large population of American alligators.

Recreational opportunities
Although it contains recreational day-use areas (including a dining hall, campground, and picnic areas) Brazos Bend is by primary character a natural park. Its recreational opportunities revolve around enjoyment of its diverse ecosystems and species. Popular activities include hiking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. Like in much of the upper Gulf Coast located along the northern vanguard areas of the Central Flyway migratory route, bird watching in Brazos Bend is a popular activity, especially during the migratory seasons. The park offers numerous Scouting programs, an orienteering course and is a popular spot for geocaching.

Educational programs
The Texas Parks and Wildlife staff and the Brazos Bend State Park Volunteer Organization put on a variety of education programs on a weekly basis at the park, and actively conduction outreach efforts in the local area. Popular programs include bird and photography hikes, alligator and snake education programs, and guided hikes of Creekfield Lake. In addition, a rotating assortment of crafts, story time and other educational programs are offered each week. Outside of scheduled programs, the Volunteer Organization also staffs and maintains a Nature Center containing live individuals representing many of the park's venomous and nonvenomous native snake species, baby alligators, and a host of educational displays and activities.

Annual events
In addition to the weekly hikes, educational programs, and other amenities offered by Park staff and volunteers, Brazos Bend plays host to a growing number of annual events and festivals. Highlights of the park's yearly offerings include the A Simple Christmas celebration, Prairie Heritage Days, and the July 4th Bike Parade. The park also hosts a variety of activities put on in conjunction with other entities, including the Christmas Bird Count and the Butterfly count, undertaken as part of the Audubon Society and North American Butterfly Association's national efforts, respectively. Brazos Bend State Park's Christmas Bird Count effort is routinely in the top 3-4% of the over 2000 Counts taking place in North America.

George Observatory
The park is also home to the George Observatory (code: 735), a satellite facility of the Houston Museum of Natural Science. This astronomical observatory contains three domed telescopes; the largest is the Gueymard Research Telescope, which has an aperture of 36 in. The facility is primarily focused on public education; it includes the Challenger Learning Center for space science education and also features an exhibit of meteorites.

title: Brazos Bend State Park


text:
Rudolf Wagner

Rudolf Friedrich Johann Heinrich Wagner (30 July 1805 – 13 May 1864) was a German anatomist and physiologist and the co-discoverer of the germinal vesicle. He made important investigations on ganglia, nerve-endings, and the sympathetic nerves.

Life
Rudolf Wagner was born at Bayreuth, where his father was a professor in the gymnasium. He began the study of medicine at Erlangen in 1822. Wagner completed his curriculum in 1826 at Würzburg, where he mainly studied under Johann Lukas Schönlein in medicine and to Karl Friedrich Heusinger in comparative anatomy. Aided by a public stipend, he spent a year or more studying in the Jardin des Plantes, under the friendly eye of Cuvier, and making zoological discoveries at Cagliari and other places on the Mediterranean.

On his return to Germany he set up a medical practice at Augsburg, where his father had been transferred. A few months later he found an opening for an academic position when he was appointed prosector at Erlangen. In 1832 he became full professor of zoology and comparative anatomy there, and held that office until 1840, when he was called to succeed JF Blumenbach at Göttingen. He remained at the Hanoverian university until his death, being much occupied with administrative work as pro-rector for a number of years, and for nearly the whole of his residence troubled by ill health from tuberculosis.

In 1860 he gave over the physiological part of his teaching to a new chair, retaining the zoological, with which his career had begun. While at Frankfurt, on his way to examine the Neanderthal skull at Bonn, he was struck with paralysis. Wagner died at Göttingen a few months later on 13 May 1864.

Contributions
Wagner's activity as a writer and worker was enormous, and his range extensive, most of his hard work having been done at Erlangen while his health was good. His graduation thesis was on the progress of the working classes. The ambitious title of The historical development of epidemic and contagious diseases all over the world, with the laws of their diffusion showed the influence of Schönlein.

His first treatise was Die Naturgeschichte des Menschen (in 2 vols, Kempten, 1831). Frequent journeys to the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and the North Sea gave him abundant materials for research on invertebrate anatomy and physiology, which he communicated first to the Munich academy of sciences, and republished in his Beiträge zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Blutes (Leipzig, 1832–33, with additions in 1838). In 1834–35, he brought out a textbook on the subject he chaired (Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie, Leipzig), which recommended itself to students by its clear and concise style. A new edition of it appeared in 1843 under the title of Lehrbuch der Zootomie, of which only the vertebrate section was corrected by himself.

The precision of his earlier work is evidenced by his Micrometric Measurements of the Elementary Parts of Man and Animals (Leipzig, 1834). His zoological labours may be said to conclude with the atlas Icones zootomicae (Leipzig, 1841). In 1835, he communicated to the Munich academy of sciences his researches on the physiology of generation and development, including the famous discovery of the germinal vesicle of the human ovum.

These were republished under the title Prodromus historiae generationis hominis atque animalium (Leipzig, 1836). As in zoology, his original researches in physiology were followed by a students' textbook, Lehrbuch der speciellen Physiologie (Leipzig, 1838), which soon reached a third edition, and was translated into French and English. This was supplemented by an atlas, Icones physiologicae (Leipzig, 1839).

To the same period belongs a very interesting (but now little-known) work on medicine proper, of a historical and synthetic scope: Grundriss der Encyklopädie und Methodologie der medicinischen Wissenschaften nach geschichtlicher Ansicht (Erlangen, 1838). It was translated into Danish. About the same time he worked at a translation of James Cowles Prichard's Natural History of Man, and edited various writings of Samuel Thomas Sommerring, with a biography of that anatomist (1844), which he himself fancied most of all his writings.

In 1843, after his removal to Göttingen, he began his great Handwörterbuch der Physiologie mit Rücksicht auf physiologische Pathologie123.13.24, and brought out the fifth (supplementary) volume in 1852. His only original contributions to this work were on the sympathetic nerve, nerve-ganglia and nerve-endings, and he modestly disclaimed all merit except as being the organizer. While resident in Italy for his health from 1845 to 1847, he occupied himself with research on the electrical organ of the torpedo genus of electric eels and on nervous organization generally; these he published in 1853–1854 (Neurologische Untersuchungen, Göttingen), and therewith his physiological period may be said to end.

Philosophy
He boldly stood against materialism and avowed himself a Christian believer. This lost him the respect of a number of his old friends and pupils, and was unfeelingly told that he was "suffering from an atrophy of the brain." His quarrel with Carl Vogt and other materialists began with his oration at the Göttingen meeting of the Naturforscher-Versammlung in 1854, on "Menschenschöpfung und Seelensubstanz." This was followed by a series of "Physiological Letters" in the Allgemeine Zeitung, by an essay on "Glauben and Wissen," and by the most important piece of this series, "Der Kampf um die Seele vom Standpunkt der Wissenschaft" (Göttingen, 1857).

Having come to the consideration of these philosophical problems late in life, he was at some disadvantage; but he endeavoured to join as he best could in the current of contemporary German thought. He had an exact knowledge of classical German writings, especially of Goethe's, and of the literature connected with him.

Paleoanthropology
In what may be called his fourth and last period, Wagner became an anthropologist and archaeologist. He occupied himself with the cabinet of skulls in the Göttingen museum collected by Blumenbach and with the excavation of prehistoric remains, corresponded actively with the anthropological societies of Paris and London, and organized, in co-operation with the veteran Karl Ernst von Baer, a successful congress of anthropologists at Göttinger in 1861. His last writings were memoirs on the convolutions of the human brain, on the weight of brains, and on the brains of idiots (1860–1862).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rudolf Wagner


text:
Dundrennan Abbey

Dundrennan Abbey, in Dundrennan, Scotland, near to Kirkcudbright, was a Cistercian monastery in the Romanesque architectural style, established in 1142 by Fergus of Galloway, King David I of Scotland (1124–53), and monks from Rievaulx Abbey. Though extensively ruined (the transepts are the main surviving parts), Dundrennan is noted for the purity and restraint of its architecture, reflecting the austere Cistercian ideal. It is also built from very hard-weathering grey sandstone, so the original architectural forms and mouldings are well preserved.

Mary, Queen of Scots, after the Battle of Langside, spent her final night in Scotland here, in 1568. From neighbouring Port Mary, she crossed the Solway Firth to Workington, and shortly after was imprisoned by the English.

In 1587, following the Scottish Reformation, the land passed to the Crown. The site fell into ruin after it was subsequently used to house livestock. Historic Environment Scotland maintains the site today as a scheduled monument.

History
In the mid 12th century, Fergus of Galloway resurrected the Bishopric of Whithorn, an ancient Galwegian See first established by the expansionary Northumbrians under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of York. The last Bishop of Whithorn, Beadwulf, had been noted in c. 803. Thereafter nothing is heard; and it is likely the Bishopric disappeared with Northumbrian power, a decline marked by the sack and subsequent occupation of York by the Danes in 867. In the following two and a half centuries, Galloway, if and where jurisdiction actually existed, seems to have been under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Man in the west, with Durham and Glasgow in the east.

Moves to resurrect the See were initiated on 9 December 1125, when Pope Honorius II wrote to the Bishop-elect of Whithorn, ordering him to appear before the Archbishop of York. The would-be Bishop was a cleric called Gille Aldan, and the Archbishop was Thurstan. York had been coming under increasing pressure from the ambitions of Canterbury, and the northern English metropolitan had only two suffragans (Durham and Man). He needed three in fact to hold proper Archiepiscopal elections. It is likely that York and Fergus did a deal. The involvement of King David I can be discounted on the grounds of his anti-York policies, and his total inclination to appoint English or French clerics, and not Gaelic ones like Gille Aldan. The deal ensured the Galwegian church would not undermine Fergus’ independence of both Man or Scotland, and secured an identity for the new kingdom in the framework of northern Britain and the Isles.

Archaeology
During the 1990s Historic Scotland (now Historic Environment Scotland) funded excavations of the south-east corner of the Cistercian abbey cloister. The excavations found elements of a warming house, a novice's day room, a great drain and a latrine block undercroft. These excavations and a programme of geophysical survey and test-trenching uncovered the building sequence of the abbey:

 * Period I:c1170–1230
 * Period II:c1230–1320
 * Period III:c1320–1450
 * Period IV:c1450–1520
 * Period V:c1520–1600

Burials

 * Alan of Galloway

title: Dundrennan Abbey


text:
Smith's Prize

Smith's Prize was the name of each of two prizes awarded annually to two research students in mathematics and theoretical physics at the University of Cambridge from 1769. Following the reorganization in 1998, they are now awarded under the names Smith-Knight Prize and Rayleigh-Knight Prize.

History
The Smith Prize fund was founded by bequest of Robert Smith upon his death in 1768, having by his will left £3,500 of South Sea Company stock to the University. Every year two or more junior Bachelor of Arts students who had made the greatest progress in mathematics and natural philosophy were to be awarded a prize from the fund. The prize was awarded every year from 1769 to 1998 except 1917.

From 1769 to 1885, the prize was awarded for the best performance in a series of examinations. In 1854 George Stokes included an examination question on a particular theorem that William Thomson had written to him about, which is now known as Stokes' theorem. T. W. Körner notes Only a small number of students took the Smith's prize examination in the nineteenth century. When Karl Pearson took the examination in 1879, the examiners were Stokes, Maxwell, Cayley, and Todhunter and the examinees went on each occasion to an examiner's dwelling, did a morning paper, had lunch there and continued their work on the paper in the afternoon.

In 1885, the examination was renamed Part III, (now known as the Master of Advanced Study in Mathematics for students who studied outside of Cambridge before taking it) and the prize was awarded for the best submitted essay rather than examination performance. According to Barrow-Green By fostering an interest in the study of applied mathematics, the competition contributed towards the success in mathematical physics that was to become the hallmark of Cambridge mathematics during the second half of the nineteenth century.

In the twentieth century, the competition stimulated postgraduate research in mathematics in Cambridge and the competition has played a significant role by providing a springboard for graduates considering an academic career. The majority of prize-winners have gone on to become professional mathematicians or physicists.

The Rayleigh Prize was an additional prize, which was awarded for the first time in 1911.

The Smith's and Rayleigh prizes were only available to Cambridge graduate students who had been undergraduates at Cambridge. The J.T. Knight Prize was established in 1974 for Cambridge graduates who had been undergraduates at other universities. The prize commemorates J.T. Knight (1942–1970), who had been an undergraduate student at Glasgow and a graduate student at Cambridge. He was killed in a motor car accident in Ireland in April 1970.

Value of the prizes
Originally, in 1769, the prizes were worth £25 each and remained at that level for 100 years. In 1867, they fell to £23 and in 1915 were still reported to be worth that amount. By 1930, the value had risen to about £30, and by 1940, the value had risen by a further one pound to £31. By 1998, a Smith's Prize was worth around £250.

In 2007, the value of the three prize funds was roughly £175,000.

Reorganization of prizes
In 1998 the Smith Prize, Rayleigh Prize and J. T. Knight Prize were replaced by the Smith-Knight Prize and Rayleigh-Knight Prize, the standard for the former being higher than that required for the latter.

Smith's Prize recipients
For the period up to 1940 a complete list is given in including titles of prize essays from 1889 to 1940. The following includes a selection from this list.

Awarded for examination performance
• 1769 George Atwood, Thomas Parkinson

• 1770 William Smith, James Oldershaw

• 1771 Thomas Starkie, Roger Keddington

• 1772 George Pretyman Tomline, John Lane

• 1773 John Jelland Brundish, George Whitmore

• 1774 Isaac Milner, Humphrey Waring

• 1775 Samuel Vince, Henry William Coulthurst

• 1776 John Oldershaw, W. Wright

• 1777 David Owen, John Baynes

• 1778 William Farish, William Taylor

• 1779 Thomas Jones, Herbert Marsh

• 1780 St John Priest, William Frend

• 1781 T. Catton, Henry Ainslie

• 1782 James Wood, John Hailstone

• 1783 Francis John Hyde Wollaston, Joseph Proctor

• 1784 Robert Acklom Ingram, John Holden

• 1785 William Lax, John Dudley

• 1786 John Bell, George Hutchinson

• 1787 Joseph Littledale, Algernon Frampton

• 1788 John Brinkley, Edmund Outram

• 1789 William Millers, Joseph Bewsher

• 1790 Bewick Bridge, Francis Wrangham

• 1791 Daniel Mitford Peacock, William Gooch

• 1792 John Palmer, George Frederick Tavel

• 1793 Thomas Harrison, Thomas Strickland

• 1794 George Butler, John Singleton Copley

• 1795 Robert Woodhouse, William Atthill

• 1796 John Kempthorne, William Dealtry

• 1797 John Hudson, John Lowthian

• 1798 Thomas Sowerby, Robert Martin

• 1799 William Fuller Boteler, John Brown

• 1800 James Inman, George D’Oyley

• 1801 Henry Martyn, William Woodall

• 1802 Thomas Penny White, John Grisdale

• 1803 Thomas Starkie, Charles James Hoare

• 1804 William Albin Garratt, John Kaye

• 1805 Samuel Hunter Christie, Thomas Turton Ð

• 1806 J. F. Pollock, Henry Walter

• 1807 Henry Gipps, John Carr

• 1808 Henry Bickersteth, Miles Bland

• 1809 Edward Hall Alderson, G. C. Gorham, John Standly

• 1810 William Henry Maule, Thomas Shaw Brandreth

• 1811 Thomas Edward Dicey, William French

• 1812 Cornelius Neale, Joseph William Jordan

• 1813 John Herschel, George Peacock

• 1814 Richard Gwatkin, Henry Wilkinson

• 1815 Charles George Frederick Leicester Frederick Calvert

• 1816 Edward Jacob, William Whewell

• 1817 John Thomas Austen, Temple Chevallier

• 1818 John George Shaw-Lefevre, John Hind

• 1819 Joshua King, George Miles Cooper

• 1820 Henry Coddington, Charles Smith Bird

• 1821 Henry Melvill, Solomon Atkinson

• 1822 Hamnett Holditch, Mitford Peacock

• 1823 George Biddell Airy, Charles Jeffreys

• 1824 John Cowling, James Bowstead

• 1825 James Challis, W. Williamson

• 1826 William Law, William Henry Hanson

• 1827 Thomas Turner, Henry Percy Gordon

• 1828 Charles Perry, John Bailey

• 1829 William Cavendish, Henry Philpott

• 1830 Edward Horatio Steventon, James William Lucas Heaviside

• 1831 Samuel Earnshaw, Thomas Gaskin

• 1832 Douglas Denon Heath, Samuel Laing

• 1833 Alexander Ellice, Joseph Bowstead

• 1834 Philip Kelland, Thomas Rawson Birks

• 1835 Henry Cotterill, Henry Goulburn

• 1836 Archibald Smith, John William Colenso

• 1837 William Nathaniel Griffin Edward Brumell

• 1838 Thomas John Main James George Mould

• 1839 Percival Frost Benjamin Morgan Cowie

• 1841 George Gabriel Stokes

• 1842 Arthur Cayley

• 1843 John Couch Adams

• 1845 William Thomson and Stephen Parkinson

• 1848 Isaac Todhunter and Alfred Barry

• 1852 Peter Guthrie Tait and Steele

• 1853 Thomas Bond Sprague and Robert Braithwaite Batty

• 1854 James Clerk Maxwell and Edward John Routh

• 1860 James Stirling

• 1861 William Steadman Aldis

• 1863 Robert Romer

• 1865 John Strutt

• 1868 John Fletcher Moulton and George Howard Darwin

• 1869 John Eliot

• 1870 Alfred George Greenhill and Richard Pendlebury

• 1872 Horace Lamb

• 1874 W. W. Rouse Ball

• 1875 William Burnside (first ) and George Chrystal (second)

• 1878 John Edward Aloysius Steggall

• 1880 Joseph Larmor and J. J. Thomson

Awarded for essay
• 1886 Robert Franklin Muirhead

• 1888 Alfred Dixon

• 1889 Henry Baker

• 1891 Hector Munro Macdonald and R. A. Sampson

• 1895 George Thomas Manley

• 1896 W.S.Adie, Archibald Young Gipps Campbell and F. W. Lawrence

• 1897 E. T. Whittaker

• 1898 Ernest Barnes and Richard Cockburn Maclaurin

• 1901 G. H. Hardy and James Hopwood Jeans (equal)

• 1904 Ebenezer Cunningham

• 1905 Harry Bateman

• 1906 George Rivers Blanco White

• 1907 Arthur Stanley Eddington

• 1908 J. E. Littlewood and James Mercer

• 1909 Herbert Turnbull and George Neville Watson

• 1910 William Edward Hodgson Berwick

• 1911 George Henry Livens

• 1912 E. H. Neville, Louis Mordell

• 1913 Sydney Chapman

• 1914 Bhupati Mohan Sen

• 1915 Harold Jeffreys

• 1918 Edward Lindsay Ince and K. Ananda Rau

• 1921 Albert Ingham and William Michael Herbert Greaves

• 1922 Edward Arthur Milne

• 1923 John Charles Burkill

• 1925 Llewellyn Hilleth Thomas

• 1927 Sydney Goldstein

• 1929 John Macnaughten Whittaker

• 1930 John Arthur Todd and Raymond Paley

• 1931 H.S.M Coxeter

• 1935 Henry G. Booker and Leslie Howarth

• 1936 Alan Turing and E.A. Green

• 1937 E.R. Love and H.R. Pitt

• 1938 Fred Hoyle

• 1939 T.A. Easterfield and HNV Temperley

• 1940 I. J. Good and R. E. Macpherson

• 1949 Derek Taunt

• 1950 Abdus Salam and Brian Haselgrove

• 1952 Michael P. Drazin

• 1957 Philip Gerald Drazin, John Robert Ringrose

• 1960 Keith Moffatt and Ian Hacking

• 1962 Jayant Narlikar and John Kingman

• 1967 Stephen Watson

• 1969 C.J.S. Clarke, P.G. Dixon, C.J. Myerscough, A.R. White and J.S. Wilson

• 1970 Gordon Douglass James

• 1971 Douglas C. Heggie

• 1972 Brian L. N. Kennett and Andrew Ranicki

• 1975 Brian D. Ripley

• 1976 Roger Heath-Brown and Bernard Silverman

• 1978 James Stirling

• 1988 Andrew W Woods

• 1994 Group 1: G.J. McCaughan. Group 2: P.A. Shah and S.M. Tobias. Group 3: R.A. Battye and D.R.D. Scott.

• 1996 Gordon Ian Ogilvie and Stephen Hewson

• 1998 S. M. Blanchflower and J. A. Dee

Rayleigh Prize recipients
A more complete list of Rayleigh prize recipients is given in Appendix 1 ("List of Prize Winners and their Essays 1885–1940") of
 * 1913 Ralph H. Fowler
 * 1923 Edward Collingwood
 * 1927 William McCrea
 * 1930 Harold Davenport
 * 1937 David Stanley Evans
 * 1951 Gabriel Andrew Dirac
 * 1980 David Benson
 * 1982 Susan Stepney
 * 1994 Group 4: J.D. King, A.P. Martin. Group 5: K.M. Croudace, J.R. Elliot.
 * 1998 P. Bolchover, O. T. Johnson, R. W. Verrill, R. Bhattacharyya, U. A. Salam, S. A. Wright and T. J. Hunt

J. T. Knight Prize recipients

 * 1974 Cameron Leigh Stewart Allan J. Clarke
 * 1975 Frank Kelly and Ian Sobey
 * 1976 Trevor McDougall
 * 1977 Gerard Murphy
 * 1981 Bruce Allen and Philip K. Pollett
 * 1983 Ya-xiang Yuan
 * 1985 Reinhard Diestel
 * 1987 Qin Sheng (mathematician)
 * 1988 Somak Raychaudhury
 * 1990 Darryn W. Waugh
 * 1991 Renzo L. Ricca
 * 1992 Grant Lythe, Christophe Pichon, Henrik O. Rasmussen
 * 1993 Anastasios Christou Petkou
 * 1994 Group 1: M. Gaberdiel, Y. Liu. Group 3: H.A. Chamblin. Group 4: P.P. Avelino, S.G. Lack, A.L. Sydenham. Group 5: S. Keras, U. Meyer, G.M. Pritchard, H. Ramanathan, K. Strobl. Group 6: A.O. Bender, V. Toledano Laredo.
 * 1996 Conor Houghton, Thomas Manke
 * 1997 Arno Schindlmayr
 * 1998 A. Bejancu, G. M. Keith, J. Sawon, D. R. Brecher, T. S. H. Leinster, S. Slijepcevic, K. K. Damodaran, A. R. Mohebalhojeh, C. T. Snydal, F. De Rooij, O. Pikhurko, David K. H. Tan, P. R. Hiemer, T. Prestidge, F. Wagner, Viet Ha Hoàng, A. W. Rempel and Jium-Huei Proty Wu

Smith–Knight Prize recipients

 * 1999 D. W. Essex, H. S. Reall, A. Saikia, A. C. Faul, Duncan C. Richer, M. J. Vartiainen, T. A. Fisher, J. Rosenzweig, J. Wierzba and J. B. Gutowski
 * 2001 B. J. Green, T A. Mennim, A. Mijatovic, F. A. Dolan, Paul D. Metcalfe and S. R. Tod
 * 2002 Konstantin Ardakov, Edward Crane and Simon Wadsley
 * 2004 Neil Roxburgh
 * 2005 David Conlon
 * 2008 Miguel Paulos
 * 2009 Olga Goulko
 * 2010 Miguel Custódio
 * 2011 Ioan Manolescu
 * 2014 Bhargav P. Narayanan
 * 2018 Theodor Bjorkmo, Muntazir Abidi, Amelia Drew, Leong Khim Wong
 * 2020 Jef Laga, Kasia Warburton, Daniel Zhang, Shayan Iranipour
 * 2021 David Gwilym Baker, Hannah Banks, Jason Joykutty, Andreas Schachner, Mohammed Rifath Khan Shafi

Rayleigh–Knight Prize recipients

 * 1999 C. D. Bloor, R. Oeckl, J. Y. Whiston, Y-C. Chen, P. L. Rendon, C. Wunderer, J. H. P. Dawes, D. M. Rodgers, H-M. Gutmann and A. N. Ross
 * 2001 A. F. R. Bain, S. Khan, S. Schafer-Nameki, N. R. Farr, J. Niesen, J. H. Siggers, M. Fayers, D. Oriti, M. J. Tildesley, J. R. Gair, M. R. E. H. Pickles, A. J. Tolley, S. R. Hodges, R. Portugues, C. Voll, M. Kampp, P. J. P. Roche and B. M. J. B. Walker
 * 2004 Oliver Rinne
 * 2005 Guillaume Pierre Bascoul and Giuseppe Di Graziano
 * 2007 Anders Hansen and Vladimir Lazić

title: Smith's Prize


text: File:Road To Rouen cover.jpg

title: File:Road To Rouen cover.jpg


text:
Talk:Blue Beetle

Untitled
Could it be added that Ted Kord added all the upgrades to Oracles (Babara Gorden) jet in Birds Of Prey Issue 75?

Blue Beetle (film) redirect
Can we move the redirect from DC Extended Universe#Other films in development to DC Extended Universe#Blue Beetle (2023) for when we redirect Blue Beetle (film) as the film is currently in pre-production. -- Yxvngdon 12:41, 27 December 2021 (AEST)

RE: Citations and speculation
Please, all: Wiki standards and just basic encyclopedic standards require citations for quotes. Things have to have attributions both for our own benefits as users and the Wikipedia's benefit for its credbility.

I have comment-out (but not deleted) instances in this article of unattributed quotes, an uninformative public-relations "teaser" quote (as they're called in the PR industry), and a contributor's educated guesses -- e.g., speculation of future events. As it says somewhere in the Wiki standards (or maybe by one of the administrators), Wiki's not a crystal ball.

This is a great article overall, very authoritative and factual, with usefull footnotes and lot of References. -- Tenebrae 16:39, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Spelling
I'm sorry if I'm doing this wrong, but I wasn't sure where else to put this. Nearly the entire Wiki article refers to the golden age Beetle as "Dan Garrett" with 2 t's. This is incorrect. The correct spelling should be "Garret" with 1 t. I can verify the 1 t spelling in the GA series in various issues, and EVEN in the Ted Kord issues from 1967. When, if ever, did this change?--Sommermatt 01:51, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Not having had anything to do with it myself, I say impartially: Damn good catch! If I might suggest, you might want to send scans of a couple of appropriate pages with the right spelling to Toonpedia's terrific Don Markstein at don@toonopedia.com, and to the International Catalogue of Superheroes (go here for e-mailing info). I say that since many Wiki editors use their voluminous sites (which do contain small errors here and there, as any reference site does), and those editors may change your spelling back based on the not-unreasonable assumption that it was spelled differently at Toonpedia and Internationl C of S.

 * AND-OR: Add a scan of the properly spelled name to the Blue Beetle page itself. That way, anybody can see the right spelling right from the horse's mouth. Or the beetle's mandibles. Or something.

 * Good luck. I admire your encyclopedic wherewithal! - Tenebrae 10:38, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Some of the later golden age stories use the "Garrett" spelling, but the different spellings are still usefull in diferentiating the two characters, kind of like Kal-L/Kal-El. DrVanThorp March 7 2006 10pm Eastern

 * None of the golden age stories I read ever used the GARRETT spelling (only GARRET). If you have any scans or information on when and where you saw the TT, I'd appreciate it. The thing is, this isn't really a "golden age" vs "silver age" thing, because I also have looked through every issue of the DITKO run with Ted Kord... the spelling is also GARRET with one "T" in those issues.  Did this change only when he became a DC character?  This isn't a huge deal, but I find it interesting. --Sommermatt 22:46, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've been through the article and adjusted this again - not sure what happened but the extra T had crept in all the way through. (Emperor (talk) 17:40, 21 November 2008 (UTC))

Keith Giffen
Can we get an update on the Keith Giffen page that talks a bit more about Blue Beetle, and not have it overlap too much with the information presented here? Right now the Keith page doesnt even mention thats he's writting the new Beetle series....

Page split proposal
I think we should split this page. We should almost definitely break Jaime Reyes into a new article, since more information will keep coming about him and his section will grow a lot, but also because certain categories (Hispanic superheroes, for example) only apply to him. The same goes for Ted Kord (the page is redirect right now); he should be in the Extreme Justice category but Dan and Jaime shouldn't. Does anyone agree or disagree? --Rocketgoat 08:50, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that makes sense. Dan Garrett's unlikely to have much more written about him, Ted had the longest and most significant career among the Beetles(D) so far, and Jaime's is ongoing for the foreseeable future. Are we then making a disambig page for the three characters? I don't think the legacy of Blue Beetle needs an entire page itself like Green Lantern. Cybertooth85 16:09, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I was about to suggest we have the following articles, Blue Beetle, Ted Kord, Jaime Reyes. Keep all the info about Dan Garrett in the Blue Beetle. It sounds a lot like Green Lantern, but it works. --waffle iron 17:24, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * i agree. Ted definately deserves his own page and jaime looks like he will eventually.Exvicious 22:04, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Definitely. I'm on board with this as well, if my opinion counts. Ace Class Shadow 22:13, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Extreme Justice? Shouldn't Ted be under something that wasn't terrible (It is exactly as much mid-90s suck as the title "Extreme Justice" promises and barely anyone remembers it) that he was actually famous for?  Giffen/DeMatteis/Maguire Justice League or FKATJL?  Splitting the article into seperate articles for Dan, Ted, and Jaime would be good though.  Lots of new stuff cropping up for Jaime and Ted's article can be fleshed out some more. the pineapple 04:04, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I support the split as well. Keep Dan on this page and split off for Ted and Jaime. -- Ipstenu 20:44, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I made a Jaime Reyes (comics) page. The Ted stuff is so wrapped into the mutliple sections, I wasn't sure how to start it. Oy. -- Ipstenu 19:11, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't be surprised if there's a lot of new information about Dan Garrett and his relationship to the scarab in the near future. CovenantD 19:17, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

And there's Ted Kord. Whew. It's a start at least. Go Ted! If we get more about Dan, we can move him off as well, but I think he's okay as is. -- Ipstenu 21:39, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

The new pages look great, everyone. Should be a good foundation for future additions where necessary. Cybertooth85 18:37, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Powers of the Scarab
This section seems to be in the wrong article, since it deals with how Jaime and the scarab interact. Anybody feel like moving it to his article? CovenantD 14:54, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

JLU
So, did he or did he not appear in the JLU animated series? Luis Dantas 12:03, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Didn't. Read the article. This is not a forum. ACS (Wikipedian); Talk to the Ace. See what I've edited. 06:16, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Blue Beetle (Dan Garret)
I'd like to have the character split off into his own article, in keeping with other multi-character code names (Robin, Green Lantern, Flash, etc.), and leaving this to focus on the publication history of the various characters. This would have the side effect of moving the SHB, leaving the series box (which is really more appropriate anyway) and reducing the clutter at the top of the article. CovenantD 06:32, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. I originally proposed the split to be like the Green Lantern article, but leaving the Dan Garret stuff here is obviously inconsistent. --waffle iron talk 19:43, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I also agree. It feels like there is enough info to support a separation. — J Greb 23:36, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Further confusing things is Garrett or Garret. The one with two t's was the archaeologist and then one with one t was the cop. Do we then need Blue Beetle (Dan Garrett) and Blue Beetle (Dan Garret)? I am sure we need the former (2ts) but not sure about the later. --waffle iron talk 04:10, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd be tempted to use 1 "t" for the main article as it was originally used, and returned to at Charlton. Beyond that, the 2 "t" should be a redirect. But that's personal preference, either route will do the job. In either case, the note presently in the article definitely needs to be included. — J Greb 04:26, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Oy, I hadn't even thought about the spelling conundrum - I just took the spelling from the SHB for this section header. I'll take the easy way out and leave it for others to debate which way the new article should go :) CovenantD 05:00, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

No, the character doesn't have enough of a presence that isn't covered by this article as it is.~ZytheTalk to me! 00:01, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Was there ever any consensus on this? (Emperor (talk) 17:40, 21 November 2008 (UTC))

Wrong image
In the section Dan Garrett/Charlton Comics, there appears to be an image of a music album where there should be a comic book cover. Can anyone here correct this?

Wrightaway (talk) 20:10, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Fixed... - J Greb (talk) 23:55, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 15:50, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Done - needs more references. (Emperor (talk) 17:40, 21 November 2008 (UTC))

Scarlet Scarab
I've always thought there were intentional simularities between the Dan Garrett Blue Beetle and Marvel Comics' own Scarlet Scarab, created for their Invaders WWII-era superhero team. I'd like to add this, but don't have a source for verification. Does anyone know more about this?Rickremember (talk) 04:18, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It seems the kind of thing Roy Thomas would do, especially given that the scarab's creator was called Garret.Nickpheas (talk) 22:41, 4 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Virtually certain it was intentional. I will try to locate my Blue Beetle Companion this week, it would probably be mentioned in it. Khajidha (talk) 16:54, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Alternate versions
I've added Nite Owl from Watchmen to the Alternate Version. --217.233.103.81 (talk) 21:48, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Arkham Asylum
Did anyone know that BB the Jamie Reyes version has been noted to appear in batman Arkham asylum —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.21.106.232 (talk) 03:37, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Why is he a beetle
Why is he a beetle? What is his motivation/inspiration for being a beetle? i.e. he's got a blue chain mail suit, why's that make him a beetle?Feldercarb (talk) 20:33, 16 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Blue Beetle. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/63gvZkVo0?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toonopedia.com%2Fbeetle3.htm to http://www.toonopedia.com/beetle3.htm
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6cg6bOW7V?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toonopedia.com%2Fcharlton.htm to http://www.toonopedia.com/charlton.htm
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/63gvVx8h0?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toonopedia.com%2Fbeetle2.htm to http://www.toonopedia.com/beetle2.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:10, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blue Beetle


text:
Talk:United States Air Force Pararescue

Link needs changing
Sorry for posting this here but I'm a real newb to wikis. I noticed that in the WWII section, there is a link to headhunter. The page that it links to talks about headhunters in the bounty hunter sense, while the context seems to indicate the headhunter in the tribal sense: headhunting. I'm not sure how to make this internal link while maintaining the current link heading, headhunter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.23.66.70 (talk) 19:25, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Style/Second Person
I noticed under the "Pararescue teams and structure" section that it is predominantly in the second person, but stylistically shouldn't it be in the third person for an encyclopedic article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tonytnnt (talk • contribs) 10:19, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Great page!!!
Wonderful page. Has a coupla errors, and needs some more info. Now that I know about it, I'll help.

PJs
I've also heard PJ being short for 'Pararescue Journeyman'. Anybody else? -Lordraydens 20:00, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

-I've never run across that in my research or in my conversations with the PJs I know. NetSerfer 00:28, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

ah, i must be thinking of a 5-level PJ -Lordraydens 07:31, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

pjcountry.blogspot.com
I would like to initiate comms with the chief editor of this page.. Are you a PJ? I am currently assigned to the 306th RQS in Tucson... I would like to discuss the addition of a link to your PJ page. I am new to this. Forgive me for placing my link prematurely on the site... Lets chat.. Out..Checky

pjcountry@gmail.com —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.231.143.22 (talk) 02:38, 5 January 2007 (UTC).

 * I added a link to your blog under External links. It appears to provide a unique resource and I contacted the previous editors who had removed it recommending that it remain.  No guarantees but I think it adds value to this article.  This is the correct method for posting a link to your own website - place an entry in the talk page and let another editor add it.  Good luck to you guys! Calltech 00:59, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The only thing the link 'adds' is the notion that the authors are both Pararescuers. I don't think there is anyway to confirm this and it doesn't make this link any more appealing anyhow. You notice the Aviator article's external links is not littered with blog links from pilots. Blogs are not reliable sources (WP:RS) and unless there is a specific post that reveals some specific, encyclopedic, and verifiable information that can't be found anywhere else, it shouldn't be in the externals links section. Please, read WP:EL, WP:NOT, and WP:RS for policies on all of this before adding or re-adding blogs to articles as external links. JoeSmack Talk 01:36, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Well Joe Smack... If you knew anything about Pararescue you would know that we are a very small/elite community and those who claim to be but arent actually PJ's are quickly identified and shunned buy the community. I am a PJ, look me up if you would like, the site might give it away though.. all of the pictures...maybe... I have recieved hundreds of emails thanking me for my site and what it offers to those who want accurate information about Pararescue.. That is what people come to wikipedia for; accurate information. I am providing a significant service to those seeking information regarding Pararescue.... Calltech..thanks..

Checky..Pjcountry...

 * this seems to be in violation of WP:OR also it is a blog so see also WP:NOT under "Wikipedia is not a publisher of original thought", it doesnt matter if it's accurate as we can't tell that by any objective means, hope this helps DanielT5 05:02, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

FWIW: I'm the originator and primary contributor to this article. While I don't see any particular value in adding the PJCountry blog link, I don't see any harm in it either. There are plenty of articles that have referential links to the communities the article is reporting on. This article has several like that as well (i.e.: The links to the Pararescue Organization and SpecialTactics.com). My vote is to allow inclusion. No, I'm not a PJ, but I did stay at a Holiday Inn Express last night. NetSerfer 00:18, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks very much.. I appreciate it and so do my viewers... One thing though.. The label for the link you have says PJ blog by a PJ and a former PJ.. I wonder of you might change it.. Both myslef and the other contributor are current PJ's. I got out of the military in 1998 but returned in 2003.. We are both currently assigned to the 306th RQS in Tucson.. If you could make that update to the label "link" I would owe you!! .. Those holiday inns are great.... Oh one last thing.. If you wanted to confirm any of the info about me or the other contributor let me know. I can get access to records if you need them.. Thank you again and Hoo Yah!! Checky
 * Checky, you want to help out? Why not add some info to the organization and structure section. I can barely keep up with how my unit is organized; I have no hope of understanding Pararescue! I gather you're not too familiar with Wikipedia, so don't worry too much about the formatting; just click the 'Edit' tab on the section and put some stuff in. Someone will make it pretty later. NetSerfer 02:31, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Hey you got it brother.. Give me a little while and I'll take care of you.. I will get with some of the old school veterans from the careerr field and have them help out with some good history as well.. Ill be in touch
 * Appreciated! And if you talk to George Miller or Bill Preble, tell them "Hi from CadetStuff". NetSerfer 23:44, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Are you kidding me.. Bill Prebel.. You know that guy? He and I just hung out a few weeks ago... I will be sure to let him know.. Also.. I wanted to apologize for not entering any info on the site. I am a bit overwhelmed with school right now. I’m studying for the MCAT. When I get time I will jump on the site and start typing..

Question
Are Pararescuemen also pilots?

Absolutely not.. Your're kidding right?

PJ's are not pilots, although there have been a few old-timers who may have unofficial stick time. Also several PJ's have gotten their pilot rating, but on their own, or after they received a commission and became military pilots. Heavydpj (talk) 16:31, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

Men?
Pararescuemen? Seems a bit sexist to me. If that's what they're really called, fine, but aren't there any women at all? Seems like that's not NPOV.

There are no women PJs so i don't see how pararescuemen could be considered sexist.

It isn't sexist.

Pararescuemen are trained in first aid and rescue but are also elite soliders as well. Sence the US Millitary doesn't have female soilders it is not sexiest

The term "Pararescuemen" is not sexist, as there are currently no females permitted in the career field at this time. Heavydpj (talk) 16:30, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

No. While the word man or men can be used to distinguish a male human being, it also refers to a humans in general. Manpower, Airman, mankind, these words have nothing to do with sex or gender unless contextually specified as such. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.60.231.114 (talk) 05:43, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Adding material
Net Surfer or whoever it may concern

I have added some material which was researched and written by a veteran PJ as well as our unofficial PJ historian.. Let me know if you want the references and how I should get them to you.. Checky —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.211.146.110 (talk) 22:51, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Dont know if this the way to do it but here are the references...

Historical Report: Air Rescue Service, 1 January 1947 to 30 June 1947, pp. 30-34. Historical Report: Air Rescue Service, 1 July 1947 to 31 December 1947, pp. 10, 15, 20, 22, 25, 26, 28. MAC/CSEH (ARRS). War: The Concept of Aerial Rescue, pp. 134-136. Francis M. Dawdy, SMSgt Ret., Pararescue Superintendent; Service Period, 1942-69; Interview with author, 1 Jan 94. B-29 Overdue at Ladd Field, all available planes alerted; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner; 24 Dec 47, p. 1. Hope Dwindle for lost B-29 pair, Paratroopers; Superfortress rescue told by Nome man; Search Suspended; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner; 31 Dec 47. Five lost airman still hunted; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner; 2 Jan 48, p. 1. Fantastically inaccurate aerial maps partially blamed for superfort crackup; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner; 3 Jan 48, p. 1.  Missing 'chutist named; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner; 6 Jan 48, p. 2.  Squadron sends $1,000 to widow of paratroop hero; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner; 10 Jan 48, p. 2.  Dog Driver in Nome after rescue effort; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner; 10 Jan 48, p. 6. 'Where did you guys come from?' greets rescuers of airman; Flyer spots paratrooper; Anchorage Daily Times; 31 Dec 47, p. 1.  Dog teams to be sent out to bring back survivors; Anchorage Daily Times; 29 Dec 47, p. 1. Paratrooper's body is found; Anchorage Daily Times; 6 Jan 48, p. 1.   Funeral services held for rescue paratrooper; Anchorage Daily Times; 7 Jan 48, p. 3.  Find traces of paratrooper; Anchorage Daily Times; 10 Jan 48, p. 1.  Bodies of airmen recovered; Fairbanks Daily News-Miner; 13 Jan 48, p. 1.  Saga of the “clobbered turkey” ended; The Nome Nugget; 5 Jul 48, p. 1, 2. Bush pilot locates paramedic killed in rescue attempt; Anchorage Daily Times; 3 Jul 48, p. 8. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.211.146.110 (talk) 22:55, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Shugart & Gordon reference
I removed this becuase thy were not PJ's they were Delta Force

Two pararescuemen took part in the rescue of Army Rangers and aircrewmen wounded and killed in a helicopter crash during the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia, with their actions depicted in the movie Black Hawk Down.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Feickus (talk • contribs) 07:41, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Those two were Delta operators, however, the USAF 24th Special Tactics Squadron is listed as having Combat Controllers and Pararescuemen (as well as ST6 citing 4 Navy SEALs) involved in the 1st Battle of Mog.

 * FWIW, according to (the admittedly simplified Discovery show) Surviving the Cut, they were mainly Pararescumen. Autocorrelation (talk) 19:57, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

indoc length
Indoc length is 9 Weeks (1 admin/8 training) as of the last fiscal year my source is: http://www.specialtactics.com/pjclassdates.shtmlAaron mcd (talk) 00:04, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Some facts you may consider
PJs are now part of an Air Force Weapon System called Guardian Angel (GA). GA includes CROs and SERE.

GA are primilarly owned by Air Combat Command and chopped over to AFSOC. Therefore your text should put ACC first and then AFSOC.

The "That Others May Live" motto is an Air Force motto not just AFRCC. There is also a charity called That Others May Live Foundation (TOML) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.14.178.125 (talk) 06:21, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

Notable Pararescuemen.
Two things.

1. Why is a CCT listed here? Not to lesten Chapmans heroism, but he was a Combat Controler, not a Pararescueman, and as such does not belong on this page. 2. Why was Tim Wilkinsen removed from the list?

It's been fixed Heavydpj (talk) 20:17, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

Missing 56RQS
Missing the 56th Rescue Squadron, Previously stationed at NAS Keflavik, and currently at RAF Lakenheath as per this Wiki Entry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_Rescue_Squadron 68.229.4.37 (talk) 02:37, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Usage of the word "comical"
Paragraph five under "World War Two" states: "Early operations were comical, but in early 1943 May sent two volunteers..."

It seems that using the word comical to describe the initial efforts of those men is somewhat disrespectful. One could describe their work as crude or ineffective but comical implies laughable, laughing at their attempts to perform the dangerous work required to save others. 138.32.11.245 (talk) 16:02, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Poser keeps putting in his fake stuff
Someone keeps adding the following text under "notable PJ's"

 * Senior Airman Joseph R. Weeks was awarded the Silver Star for his heroic actions under fire during Classified Operation in Nicaraguan when the Sandinista National Liberation Front took power in 1979 and Anastasio Somoza Debayle fled the country and eventually ended up in Paraguay . The details of this operation are still Classified to this day.

There is not, and never has been a PJ named Joseph R. Weeks, let alone one who was awarded a Silver Star for a purported mission in Nicaragua."

If anyone happens to see that reappear before I do, please assume that you have the blessings of the PJ community and the PJ Association to remove the reference in it's entirety.

Heavydpj (talk) 20:22, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

UPDATE: One contributor, However, there is still no record of Mr. Weeks on the PJ roster. Further, a FOIA request has not been able to find anyone named Joseph R. Weeks who was a ever a Pararescueman. Heavydpj (talk) 21:09, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

Is it possible to compile a list of the IPs this guy has been editing under? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.68.142.48 (talk) 23:12, 6 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on United States Air Force Pararescue. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090124031231/http://members.gocivilairpatrol.com:80/cadet_programs/activities/national_special_activities/af_pararescue_orientation.cfm to http://members.gocivilairpatrol.com/cadet_programs/activities/national_special_activities/af_pararescue_orientation.cfm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:42, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 9 external links on United States Air Force Pararescue. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081119235236/http://www.wopmay.com/adventures/rcafRescue.htm to http://www.wopmay.com/adventures/rcafRescue.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090113153225/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1126 to http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1126
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212022/http://www.pacaf.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090908-052.pdf to http://www.pacaf.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090908-052.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090113153219/http://www.moody.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3442 to http://www.moody.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3442
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081205130307/http://www.dm.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4339 to http://www.dm.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4339
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090113153446/http://www.nellis.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4102 to http://www.nellis.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4102
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181331/http://www.kadena.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9581 to http://www.kadena.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9581
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090104103424/http://www.129rqw.ang.af.mil/resources/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=12168 to http://www.129rqw.ang.af.mil/resources/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=12168
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090114034743/http://www.176wg.ang.af.mil/resources/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=11810 to http://www.176wg.ang.af.mil/resources/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=11810

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:47, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:United States Air Force Pararescue


text: User talk:69.168.188.92

title: User talk:69.168.188.92


text:
La Vie Claire

La Vie Claire was a professional road bicycle racing team named after its chief sponsor La Vie Claire, a chain of health food stores.

History
The La Vie Claire team was created in 1984 by Bernard Tapie and directed by Paul Köchli. The team included five-time Tour de France winner Bernard Hinault, and three-time winner, Greg LeMond, as well as Andrew Hampsten and the Canadian Steve Bauer. With Hinault winning the Tour in 1985, and LeMond winning in 1986, plus winning the team trophy both years, La Vie Claire cemented their place in cycling team history. The team formed after Bernard Hinault had a dispute with his former directeur sportif Cyrille Guimard of Renault–Elf–Gitane with whom Hinault had won four editions of the Tour de France. After Hinault's teammate Laurent Fignon won the 1983 Tour de France while Hinault was injured, Fignon became the designated leader of the team. Hinault formed the La Vie Claire team with Tapie and Köchli and steadily built up his form. During the 1984 Tour de France, Renault–Elf–Gitane dominated the race with 8 stage wins including the Team time trial as well as wearing the yellow jersey from the 5th stage onward with Vincent Barteau and Laurent Fignon. Fignon won the Tour by over ten minutes from Hinault. In addition with World Champion Greg LeMond the Renault team also finished third overall in that Tour and LeMond won the Young rider's jersey. After this dominance by the Renault–Elf–Gitane team, Tapie and Hinault approached Greg LeMond after the 1984 Tour with a one-million dollar contract offer – the first in cycling history – to leave Renault–Elf–Gitane and join Hinault at La Vie Claire. LeMond accepted and forever changed the salary structure in bicycle racing. With Hinault and LeMond the team won the 1985 and the 1986 Tour de France. At the end of 1986, Hinault retired and in the spring of 1987 LeMond was injured in a hunting accident. Hampsten who had finished fourth in the 1986 Tour de France and as best young rider left the team at the end of 1986. Jean-François Bernard was seen by some as a successor to Hinault in stage races and became the leader of the team. Bernard led the general classification during the 1987 Tour de France and finished third overall, and led the general classification during the 1988 Giro d'Italia but then never regained the form to perform in the grand tours for the team. The team itself was undergoing further changes – LeMond and Bauer left the team at the end of 1987 and Köchli and Tapie stopped directing the team in 1988 and 1989. During the latter years of the team Laurent Jalabert and Tony Rominger were team leaders and earned success for the team.

Jersey
The La Vie Claire colors (red, yellow, blue and gray) were based on the artwork of Piet Mondrian, giving them a unique appearance in the peloton during the 80s Tours de France. The La Vie Claire jersey, originally designed by Benetton, went through at least five major revisions between 1984 and 1988 as the team partnered different sponsors (Radar, Wonder, Toshiba, LOOK (and Red Zinger and Celestial Seasonings when racing on American soil)). The design (sleeves: yellow and grey; chest: pattern of rectangles in different sizes and colors) is considered one of the most memorable jersey designs in cycling. Manufactured by Santini of Italy, it is still very popular with cycling fans, topping a cyclingnews.com poll in 2018. From 1987, Toshiba became the main sponsor of the team and from 1988 onwards La Vie Claire withdrew their sponsorship. The jersey was redesigned in 1990. The Toshiba team continued until the end of the 1991 season.

Technology
Also strongly associated with La Vie Claire was the French company LOOK, which made the first clipless pedals, and which was owned by Tapie at that time. La Vie Claire was among the first to use carbon fiber frames in the Tour de France. The team switched in 1986 from their previous supplier, Hinault, to carbon fiber frames and forks by TVT. In 1989 the team rode a carbon-fiber frame/fork manufactured by LOOK and fitted with titanium components. In the same year, the team began to use heart rate monitors in training and racing, a technology that the traditional training culture in cycling at first resisted.

Intra-team rivalry
In the 1985 Tour de France, Hinault was considered the leader of the team, which would work for him to win the Tour for a record-tying fifth time. But after dominating the first two-thirds of the race, on stage 14 Hinault crashed in Saint-Étienne and broke his nose. Though he continued, his injury and subsequent bronchitis caused him to be weakened thereafter. On stage 17 LeMond and a rival rider, Stephen Roche, were far ahead of the pack when the team boss Bernard Tapie and coach Paul Köchli asked him to slow down, saying that Hinault was 45 seconds behind. LeMond refrained from attacking and waited at the stage's finish where he realized he'd been misled; Hinault was in fact more than three minutes behind. Hinault went on to win that year's Tour by 1 minute 42 seconds; in return for his assistance, LeMond was assured by Hinault that he would support LeMond the following year.

In the following year's Tour, Hinault surprised LeMond by riding an aggressive race, going on individual attacks, which he insisted was to deter and demoralize their mutual rivals. He claimed his tactics were to wear down LeMond's (and his) opponents and that he knew that LeMond would win because of time losses earlier in the race. However, LeMond saw this as a betrayal and accused Hinault of reneging on his promise. In LeMond's words, "He totally tried screwing me. But I don't blame him." As the 1986 Tour wore on, loyalties among LeMond and Hinault's teammates split along national lines, with the Americans and British supporting LeMond and the French and Belgians backing Hinault. Andrew Hampsten said of the 1986 Tour: "It was rotten being on the team... Steve Bauer and I had to chase down Hinault on the stage into Saint-Étienne. That really sucked." The competition, abandoned promises, and high stakes in the LeMond-Hinault controversy makes it one of the most public and bitter rivalries between teammates in cycling history. Their story was chronicled in the book Slaying the Badger by Richard Moore.

Major wins

 * 1984
 * Overall Vuelta Ciclista a la Communidad Valenciana, Bruno Cornillet
 * Stage 1, Bruno Cornillet
 * Stage 5, Bernard Hinault
 * Stage 3 Tour de Romandie, Bernard Vallet
 * Prologue Tour de France, Bernard Hinault
 * Callac criterium, Bernard Hinault
 * Lamballe criterium, Bernard Hinault
 * 's-Heerenhoek criterium, Bernard Hinault
 * Clásica San Sebastián, Niki Rüttimann
 * Tour de l'Avenir
 * Stages 4 & 5, Benno Wiss
 * Stage 12, Marc Gomez
 * Grand Prix des Nations, Bernard Hinault
 * Trofeo Baracchi, Bernard Hinault
 * Giro del Piemonte, Christian Jourdan
 * Giro di Lombardia, Bernard Hinault

 * 1985
 * Aix-en-Provence, Steve Bauer
 * Stage 2 Critérium International, Charly Berard
 * Overall Giro d'Italia, Bernard Hinault
 * Stage 12, Bernard Hinault
 * Tour de Suisse
 * Stage 1, Guido Winterberg
 * Stage 2, Charly Berard
 * Stage 5a, Jean-François Bernard
 * Overall Tour de France, Bernard Hinault
 * Combination classification, Greg LeMond
 * Prologue & Stage 8, Bernard Hinault
 * Stage 3 TTT
 * Stage 21, Greg LeMond
 * Post Danmark Rundt
 * Stage 2, Kim Andersen
 * Stage 4, Benno Wiss
 * Stage 2 Paris–Bourges, Bruno Cornillet
 * Tour de l'Avenir
 * Stage 4 TTT
 * Stage 13, Benno Wiss

 * 1986
 * Overall Étoile de Bessèges, Niki Rüttimann
 * Overall Tour Méditerranéen, Jean-François Bernard
 * Stage 5a, Jean-François Bernard
 * Overall Vuelta Ciclista a la Communidad Valenciana, Bernard Hinault
 * Stage 4a, Greg LeMond
 * Prologue & Stage 5b Tour de Romandie, Jean-François Bernard
 * Stage 5 Giro d'Italia, Greg LeMond
 * Stage 7 Clásico RCN, Bernard Hinault
 * Prologue Critérium du Dauphiné, Jean-François Bernard
 * Overall Tour de Suisse, Andrew Hampsten
 * Prologue, Andrew Hampsten
 * Stage 8, Guido Winterberg
 * Overall Tour de France, Greg LeMond
 * Mountains classification, Bernard Hinault
 * Young rider classification, Andrew Hampsten
 * Stages 9, 18 & 20, Bernard Hinault
 * Stage 13, Greg LeMond
 * Stage 14, Niki Rüttimann
 * Stage 16, Jean-François Bernard
 * Stage 2 Tour of Ireland, Steve Bauer

 * 1987
 * Stage 5 Vuelta a Andalucía, Andreas Kappes
 * Stage 4 Paris–Nice, Jean-François Bernard
 * Stage 1 Critérium International, Steve Bauer
 * La Flèche Wallonne Jean-Claude Leclercq
 * Stage 5 Circuit Cycliste Sarthe: Othmar Häfliger
 * Stage 1 Tour de Romandie, Niki Rüttimann
 * Stage 19 Giro d'Italia, Jean-François Bernard
 * Stage 8 Tour de Suisse, Roy Knickman
 * Stages 18 & 24 Tour de France Jean-François Bernard
 * Overall Post Danmark Rundt Kim Andersen
 * Overall GP Tell, Guido Winterberg
 * Stage 1 Pascal Richard
 * Stages 2 & 3, Kim Andersen
 * Overall Paris–Bourges, Kim Andersen
 * Stage 3, Kim Andersen

 * 1988
 * Paris–Nice
 * TTT Prologue
 * Stage 6a, Andreas Kappes
 * Giro d'Italia
 * Stages 1, 8 & 15, Jean-François Bernard
 * Stage 7, Andreas Kappes
 * Tour du Lyonais, Fabrice Philipot
 * GP Plouay, Luc Leblanc
 * Stage 6b Volta Ciclista a Catalunya, Jacques Hanegraaf

 * 1989
 * Stage 1 Vuelta Ciclista a la Communidad Valenciana, Andreas Kappes
 * Stage 1 Critérium International: Marc Madiot
 * Stages 1b & 2 Route du Sud, Philippe Leleu
 * Tour de Suisse
 * Stage 5a, Remig Stumpf
 * Stages 7 & 8, Andreas Kappes
 * Young rider classification Tour de France, Fabrice Philipot

 * 1990
 * Stage 3 Vuelta a Andalucía, Pascal Lance
 * Stage 1b Vuelta Ciclista a la Communidad Valenciana, Remig Stumpf
 * Stage 8b Paris–Nice, Jean-François Bernard
 * Stage 2 Tour du Vaucluse, Thierry Bourguignon
 * Vuelta a España
 * Stage 15, Jean-François Bernard
 * Stage 21, Denis Roux
 * National Road Race Championships, Philippe Louviot
 * Overall Paris–Bourges, Laurent Jalabert
 * Stage 1, Laurent Jalabert
 * Overall Tour du Limousin, Martial Gayant
 * Stage 1, Christian Chaubet
 * Stage 8 Tour de la Communauté Europeènne, Martial Gayant
 * Stage 7 Herald Sun Tour, Jean-François Bernard

 * 1991
 * Overall Paris–Nice, Tony Rominger
 * Stages 6 & 8, Tony Rominger
 * Overall Tour de Romandie, Tony Rominger
 * Stages 2 & 4, Tony Rominger
 * Overall Cronostaffetta, Pascal Lance, Hans Kindberg, Sébastien Flicher, Laurent Bezault, Tony Rominger
 * Stage 1b (TTT), Pascal Lance, Hans Kindberg, Sébastien Flicher, Laurent Bezault, Tony Rominger
 * Grand Prix des Nations, Tony Rominger

Supplementary statistics
Sources

title: La Vie Claire


text:
Deutsche Bank Building

The Deutsche Bank Building (formerly Bankers Trust Plaza) was a 39-story office building located at 130 Liberty Street in Manhattan, New York City, adjacent to the World Trade Center site. The building opened in 1974 and closed following the September 11 attacks in 2001, due to contamination that spread from the collapse of the South Tower. The structure was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, which also designed the Empire State Building.

The building was purchased by Deutsche Bank when it acquired Bankers Trust in 1998. It was part of the skyline of Lower Manhattan, and was demolished between 2007 and 2011. 5 World Trade Center will eventually replace the building, expanding the ground space on which the World Trade Center stands, as this land was not part of the original World Trade Center.

Plans
The collapse of the South Tower during the September 11 attacks tore a 24-story gash into the facade of the building. An elevated plaza that was located at the base of the building was destroyed by the collapse. Steel and concrete protruded from the building for months afterward, which was eventually cleaned up. However, due to extensive contamination, Deutsche Bank decided that the 39-story ruin was to be taken down. During the cleanup and recovery period, netting was placed inside gashes and holes to prevent collapse. The owner maintained that the building could not be restored to habitable condition, while its insurers sought to treat the incident as recoverable damage rather than a total loss. Work on the building was deferred for over two years during which the condition of the building deteriorated.

In September 2005, human remains were found on the roof, and in March 2006, construction workers found more bone fragments and remains. This prompted calls from victims' family members for another search of the building by forensic experts. Between April 7 and 14, 2006, more than 700 human bone fragments were discovered in the ballast gravel on the roof.

The cost of demolition had steadily increased to $75 million by Bovis Lend Lease, as large amounts of asbestos, dioxin, lead, silica, quartz, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chromium, and manganese had been found within the building.

Demolition
In 2004, an agreement was announced to settle the disposition of the building and insurance claims. As part of this agreement, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation acquired the land and commenced demolition work. On December 7, 2006, the Associated Press reported that the building would be dismantled. The report indicated that nearby residents were fearful of possible toxic dust associated with the Twin Towers within the building.

Deconstruction began in March 2007, but on May 17, 2007, work was halted after a 22-foot section of pipe fell 35 stories and landed on the roof of "The Ten House", home to Engine 10 and Ladder 10 of the New York City Fire Department. Two firefighters were injured by falling debris, although they were not struck by the pipe itself.

On August 18, 2007, at approximately 3:40 pm, a seven-alarm fire broke out on the 17th floor of the building, caused by workers smoking in violation of the building's safety rules. Around this time, crews were removing one floor per week, and the building had only 26 more. At the time of the fire, crews were removing asbestos. The fire spread in both directions, affecting a total of 10 floors. The floors were also filled with a maze of protective polyethylene sheets, which were designed to prevent the spread of asbestos, and also trapped smoke. The building lacked a standpipe due to workers cutting the pipes needed to supply water to the building, making it extremely difficult to put out the fire. The building had not been inspected since March, when it should have been inspected every 15 days. The fire burned into the night before being extinguished, and numerous special and support units responded from the New York City Fire Department to combat the fire. The fire killed two FDNY firefighters, Robert Beddia of Engine Company 24, and Joseph Graffagnino of Ladder Company 5, who succumbed on the 14th floor to smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning. The fire also injured 115 other firefighters, 46 of which were seriously injured enough to require medical leave. Plans to demolish the building continued as quickly as possible. In 2008, the Manhattan District Attorney indicted three construction supervisors and the demolition subcontractor, John Galt Corporation. A city stop-work order was lifted in April 2008 and decontamination work began again in May of the same year. The fire emergency plan filed with the city, had various chapters sending the reader in circles ending up on a page that said call 911, and had no other plan for fire evacuation.

Dismantling was originally scheduled to be completed by the end of 2008, and later by the end of 2010. In October 2009, it was announced that dismantling of the building would finally resume.

Demolition was completed on January 20, 2011, with the removal of the crane. Demolition of the first floor and foundation was finished on February 28, 2011. It was the last part of the building to be removed.

Future
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey took over the site as its developer. The site is occupied by the Vehicular Security Center and Liberty Park, while the 5 World Trade Center is in the planning stages.

5 World Trade Center
Negotiations over the World Trade Center site concluded in April 2006 with private developer Larry Silverstein yielding his right to develop on the site designated for One World Trade Center and Tower Five to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in exchange for assistance in financing Towers Two, Three, and Four. Mayor Michael Bloomberg claimed there wasn't enough demand for office space to fill the five skyscrapers included in the World Trade Center's master plan, and called for a major revision of the plan to include housing or hotels. However, the demand for Manhattan office space, including downtown, has been booming since 2006, and on January 16, 2007, the investment bank JPMorgan Chase was in talks with the Port Authority about developing a 42-story skyscraper, which would prevent Mayor Bloomberg's push to use the site for housing.

Several sources familiar with JPMorgan Chase's talks with Port Authority officials said the firm's bid to develop a proposed 42-story tower for major corporate tenants is being taken seriously by the bistate agency. To make the commercial deal work, the Port Authority would have to agree to expand the size of Tower 5's base to accommodate the large, lower-level floors needed for trading rooms, a requirement for most large financial-services firms. The Port Authority hired Kohn Pedersen Fox to design a 42-story skyscraper with a cantilevered section starting at the 14th floor to accommodate the large trading floors.

On June 14, 2007, Bloomberg and then-Governor Eliot Spitzer announced that JPMorgan Chase had won the bid to buy and build the new tower at 130 Liberty Street to replace the Deutsche Bank Building. However, after the acquisition of Bear Stearns by JPMorgan Chase in March 2008, the future of 130 Liberty Street has been put into question as JPMorgan Chase has announced that it intends to move into Bear Stearns' old headquarters at 383 Madison Avenue. If JPMorgan Chase does not renew their bid, the site would likely be used for a residential or hotel tower, as per Bloomberg's plan prior to JPMorgan Chase's bid. Recently, community and civic leaders met to discuss the site's future with community leaders favoring a hotel or residential development and outgoing deputy mayor Robert Lieber favoring an office tower.

Church and Vehicular Security Center
On October 14, 2011, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which controls rebuilding at Ground Zero, and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church announced an agreement that allows the church to build a 4,100-square-foot church and interfaith bereavement center at 130 Liberty Street. The original church, which was located at 155 Cedar Street and founded by Greek immigrants in 1916, was the only religious building to be completely destroyed during the 9/11 attacks. , the church had not been completed. Construction restarted after a several year pause on August 3, 2020, with an aim to be completed by the 20th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks in 2021. The church was ultimately consecrated on July 4, 2022 and was fully completed in December 2022.

Delays in taking down the Deutsche Bank at Ground Zero forced the Port Authority to delay the expected completion date of the crucial Vehicular Security Center. Repeated delays had also added roughly $100 million to the cost of rebuilding the World Trade Center. Originally projected to open in 2013, it opened in June 2016 following the completion of Liberty Park, which is on top of the garage.

title: Deutsche Bank Building


text:
User talk:Natedagreat12

Im a active member on Toonzone the biggest all anamation forum and at a msn group called cartoon orbit codes and more. my real name is nathan....... yadda yadda yadda.

Welcome
welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some helpful links:
 * Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages.
 * Wikipedia directory is also quite useful.
 * Meet other new users You may want to add yourself to the Wikipedia new user log.
 * Assign edits to your username from before you registered.
 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you
 * How to upload files and image copyright tags.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! Jtkiefer T - 04:50, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Natedagreat12


text:
Uqaylid dynasty

The Uqaylid dynasty (العقيليون) was a Shia Arab dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria and Iraq in the late tenth and eleventh centuries. The main line, centered in Mosul, ruled from 990 to 1096.

Rise
The Uqaylids were descended from the Banu Uqayl and were Shi'a. They first came to power in Diyar Bakr when they were granted land there by the Buwayhids, who hoped that they would serve as a buffer against the Kurd Bādh ibn Dustak. Soon afterwards the 'Uqaylids forged an alliance with the Hamdanids, who had been expelled from Mosul by the Buwayhids in 979. Together the two of them moved against the Buyids and Mosul and the Diyar Rabi'a was occupied in 989. The Uqaylid leader, Muhammad ibn al-Musayyab, then fought against Bādh, which eventually resulted in the death of the Kurdish rebel. Following this, Muhammad turned against the Hamdanids and defeating them as well. He also forced the Buwayhid governor of Mosul to grant him half of his dependencies.

Uqaylids of Mosul
Muhammad ibn al-Musayyab died in 996. He was succeeded by his brother al-Muqallad, who in that same year marched on Mosul, forcing its Buwayhid governor to flee. From there the Uqaylids advanced into Iraq; they succeeded in overrunning much of the country and even raiding Baghdad. Eventually the Buwayhid amir Baha' al-Dawla came to terms with al-Muqallad, whereby the Uqaylid was invested by the Abbasid caliph with the rule of Mosul, Kufa and Jami'yan. He was also given the title of "Husam al-Dawla". The treaty made al-Muqallad nominally subservient to the Buwayhids, but in effect he was independent, refusing to pay the tribute that he owed.

Despite the treaty, al-Muqallad still desired to take Baghdad, and might have done so had he not been assassinated by one of his Turkish slaves in 1001. This marked the beginning of the long reign of al-Muqallad's son, Qirwash. In 1002 Qirwash raided Buwayhid territory, prompting Baha' al-Dawla's governor of Baghdad to undertake an expedition against the Uqaylids. Defeated at first, he eventually managed gain a victory over them near Kufa, but at this point was removed from his post as governor, preventing him from following up on this success. In 1005 Qirwash was confirmed in all of his possessions by the caliph, who gave him the title "Mu'tamid al-Dawla".

Qirwash's major problem during the second half of his reign was finding a way to control the Oghuz Turks who were coming in from Iran. The Oghuz even managed to occupy and sack Mosul in 1044, although Qirwash was able to expel them with the support of the Mazyadids. In 1050 Qirwash was removed from power by his brother Baraka ("Za'im al-Dawla"), who reigned until 1052 when he died. Baraka's son Quraysh ("Alam al-Din") succeeded him and ruled for the next nine years. During his reign he acknowledged the supremacy of the Seljuk Empire, although he later came into conflict with them and was temporarily expelled from Mosul. He accompanied the Turk Basasiri when the latter took Baghdad at the end of 1058, but the Seljuks retook the city in the next year.

Quraysh died in 1061 and was followed by his son Muslim ("Sharaf al-Dawla"). Sharaf al-Dawla was a just ruler; the Uqaylid domains were relatively stable for most of his reign. He furthermore gained Aleppo from the Mirdasids in 1080 when its inhabitants offered to hand the city over to him in the hopes that he could protect from Seljuk raids, and he took Harran from the Numayrids in the following year. Soon, however, he ran into trouble with the Seljuks himself. He fought against Sultan Malik Shah's forces and was defeated, but he was pardoned and reinstated. In 1085 he was killed fighting the Seljuks of Süleyman b. Qutulmush. Following Sharaf al-Dawla's death, his brother Ibrahim, who had previously been imprisoned, was released and declared as his successor. Süleyman meanwhile had been killed in the battle of Ain Salm by Tutush, the brother of Malik Shah and ruler of Damascus, and Malik Shah himself took Aleppo in 1086 and appointed Aksungur as governor of the city.

In 1089 or 1090 Ibrahim was summoned to the court of Malik Shah. When he arrived he was imprisoned and was kept close to Malik Shah's side. Mosul during this time was managed by the Seljuk governor Fakhr al-Dawla ibn Jahir. When Malik Shah died in 1092 a fight between Sharaf al-Dawla's sons Ali and Muhammad ensued. Ali was brought by his mother Safiyya to Mosul, but Muhammad attempted to take the city for himself. In a battle at Mosul he was defeated and forced to flee. Ibrahim, meanwhile, had been released by Malik Shah's widow so he returned to Mosul, and eventually convinced Safiyya to give up the city to him.

Ibrahim managed to keep his renewed power for only a short time. The emir of Damascus, Tutush, demanded that he recognize him as sultan in the khutba and allow him passage through his territory. Ibrahim refused, prompting Tutush to move his army against him. The two sides met outside Mosul on 2 April 1093, and in the ensuing battle Ibrahim and his uncle were killed in a bloody battle. Tutush then installed Ali and his mother Safiyya as his representatives in Mosul.

Muhammad b. Sharaf al-Dawla continued to attempt gain Mosul. He recruited the Turkish commander Kerbogha and his brother Tuntash, but Kerbogha imprisoned him. He then attempted to take Mosul from Ali but failed. Kerbogha then executed Muhammad and tried again to take Mosul. As the siege continued, Ali decided to flee to the Mazyadids. Kerbogha eventually gained control of the city in late 1096 and became its amir, ending 'Uqaylid rule there.

Other Uqaylids
Several other Uqaylid lines were established in various areas, including Jazirat ibn Umar, Takrit, Hit, and Ukbara (whose ruler, Gharib ibn Muhammad once gave refuge to the Buwayhid amir Jalal al-Daula when he found it necessary to leave Baghdad). Some of these lines were still extant after the overthrow of the Uqaylids in Mosul, with one branch in Raqqa and Qal'at Ja'bar lasting until 1169 when it was ended by the Zengids.

List of Uqaylid rulers

 * Muhammad ibn al-Musayyab (c. 990–996)
 * al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab, brother of Muhammad, known as Husam al-Dawla (996–1001)
 * Qirwash ibn al-Muqallad, known as Mu'tamid al-Dawla (1001–1050)
 * Baraka ibn al-Muqallad, brother of Qirwash, known as Za'im al-Dawla (1050–1052)
 * Quraysh ibn Baraka, known as Alam al-Din (1052–1061)
 * Muslim ibn Quraysh, known as Sharaf al-Dawla (ruled 1061–1085)
 * Ibrahim ibn Quraysh, brother of Muslim (1085–1089/90 and 1092–1093)
 * Ali ibn Muslim (1089/90–1092 and 1093–1096)

title: Uqaylid dynasty


text:
User talk:12 Tenma

Hey, what are you doing? Please DO NOT move articles manually. Also, don't move articles to titles that make no sense in English. We call them "Teutonic Knights", so please leave the article there. Adam Bishop 19:09, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That's alright, I apologize for responding angrily. I have answered on the Teutonic Knights page. Adam Bishop 19:22, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:12 Tenma


text:
Reservoir Songs

Reservoir Songs is an EP recorded by the indie rock band Crooked Fingers and released in 2002. A five song EP which collects some of the band's favorite covers which they had been playing for the past couple of years on tour, it marks the first release for Crooked Fingers on the Merge Records label. It was recorded January 11–15, 2002 in Atlanta, GA and mastered by John Golden with additional production by Andy Baker.

Track listing

 * 1) "Sunday Morning Coming Down " (Kris Kristofferson)
 * 2) "Solitary Man" (Neil Diamond)
 * 3) "When You Were Mine" (Prince)
 * 4) "The River" (Bruce Springsteen)
 * 5) "Under Pressure" (Queen w/ Bowie)

title: Reservoir Songs


text:
Talk:Philadelphia Athletics (disambiguation)

Merge?
Merged with the city of Philadelphia? No. That must be a misprint.

Merged with the Oakland Athletics? That makes no sense either. These were three completely separate franchises with significant gaps between existences. The only thing tying them together is the nickname.
 * Exactly. I'm going to be WP:BOLD and remove the merge. This is a disambig page and it is definitely needed.Gateman1997 19:20, 31 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
File:TheUpsetters-SuperApe.jpg

Summary
Cover of The Upsetters album Super Ape (1976).

Licensing
Source: http://www.smokeyroom.net/albums/superape.htm

title: File:TheUpsetters-SuperApe.jpg


text:
Coca-Cola Raspberry

Coca-Cola Raspberry, Diet Coke Raspberry and Coca-Cola Zero Sugar Raspberry were variantations of Coca-Cola drink with a raspberry flavor. The drink was originally produced exclusively for New Zealand, and was later expanded.

Coca-Cola Raspberry
On 20 April 2005, Coca-Cola Amatil announced the launch of Coca-Cola Raspberry for a release on June 1 New Zealand for a limited time. It was the third Coca-Cola flavour to be released in New Zealand after Cherry Coke and Vanilla Coke, but was the first to be made for the country. It was sold until the end of the year, and was released in Fiji the following year.

The drink made its US debut as a selectable choice on the Coca-Cola Freestyle touch-screen soda fountains in 2009, although this variant of the drink, like all Coca-Cola flavours, is simply flavour syrup added into regular Coca-Cola.

On 26 October 2017, Coca-Cola Amatil announced that the drink would return to New Zealand for the 2017-2018 summer season. This version of the drink utilized a different formula from the 2005 incarnation, containing the artificial sweeteners Sucrolose and Acesulfame-K that would allow the drink to have 25% less sugar than standard Coca-Cola. The drink was introduced into Australia as well, with the same formula.

The drink was reintroduced in Australia in 2023, retaining the 2017 formula.

A similar variant, Coca-Cola California Raspberry, is sold in the United States. It is produced as a natural product that is home-produced.

Diet Coke Raspberry
In addition to the standard variety, a Diet Coke Raspberry variant was also produced. It was sold at the same time as the standard variety in New Zealand.

Coca-Cola Zero Sugar Raspberry
In August 2018, Coca-Cola Zero Sugar Raspberry was released in Finland and Norway, this flavor was further launched in the UK in January 2019, and later expanded to Denmark (until being replaced with Lemon Zero Sugar), In 600ml bottles in Taiwan, Sweden, the Netherlands and Belgium, and in Australia in 2023.

title: Coca-Cola Raspberry


text:
XHTO-FM

XHTO-FM (104.3 MHz "104.3 HITfm") is an English-language Top 40 (CHR) radio station. The city of license is Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and it serves Mexico-U.S. border communities, including the El Paso metropolitan area.

The station is owned by Grupo Radiorama and operated by Grupo Radio Centro (GRM Communications in USA). While its transmitter is in Mexico, XHTO broadcasts in English and it maintains its studios and sales office in El Paso.

History
XHTO was originally owned by Joaquín Vargas Gómez, founder of MVS Radio. In 1977, the station was transferred to Frecuencia Modulada de Ciudad Juárez, S.A., which was later sold to Grupo Radiorama. Sometime in the 2000s, Grupo Radio México took control of XHTO-FM from Radiorama, which holds its concession. In 2015, the merger of Grupo Radio México into co-owned Grupo Radio Centro resulted in GRC taking control of XHTO.

XHTO, which originally was an English adult contemporary outlet as Stereorey under Joaquín Vargas Gómez, changed to a Spanish contemporary outlet under Radiorama, and then to an English-language top 40/contemporary hit radio (CHR) format under Grupo Radio México in 2001. By 2003, it shifted directions to rhythmic contemporary music to compete directly against KPRR. As of September 2013, the station returned to a mainstream CHR presentation, albeit still featuring a dance/rhythmic lean, and reports to Mediabase as a mainstream Top 40.

title: XHTO-FM


text: User talk:69.227.88.162

title: User talk:69.227.88.162


text:
Jacopo Caraglio

Jacopo Caraglio, Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio or Gian Giacomo Caraglio (c. 1500/1505 – 26 August 1565) known also as Jacobus Parmensis and Jacobus Veronensis was an Italian engraver, goldsmith and medallist, born at Verona or Parma. His career falls easily into two rather different halves: he worked in Rome from 1526 or earlier as an engraver in collaboration with leading artists, and then in Venice, before moving to spend the rest of his life as a court goldsmith in Poland, where he died.

In Italy, he was one of the first reproductive printmakers, rendering versions of specially made drawings (mostly) or paintings rather than creating new works for the print medium, although detailed comparison of surviving drawings with the prints made from them show he had input into the creative process. He was in Rome at the brief period when the small but flourishing printmaking industry created by Raphael working with engravers to diffuse his work had been disrupted by Raphael's sudden death in 1520, cutting off the supply of new designs, and other artists were recruited fill the gap.

A. Hyatt Mayor describes Caraglio as "the most individual member of the group", who had a particular influence on French printmaking of the First School of Fontainebleau, although unlike Rosso he never went there. His skill in engraving was available to artists developing the early style of full-blown Mannerism, and played a significant role in diffusing advanced Mannerist style around Italy and Europe.

Italy
Caraglio was probably trained as a goldsmith before learning advanced engraving techniques from Marcantonio Raimondi, in whose circle in Rome he first appears in records in 1526. Raphael's former associate il Baviera, who probably acted as his "publisher", introduced him to Rosso Fiorentino, with whom he collaborated on numerous prints, including sets of The Labours of Hercules (Bartsch 44–49), Pagan Divinities in Niches (Bartsch 24–43) and Loves of the Gods (Bartsch 9-23). He engraved gems and designed and cast medals as well as producing reproductive engravings after the works of Rosso, Parmigianino, Giulio Romano, Baccio Bandinelli, Raphael, Titian, Michelangelo, and Perino del Vaga. Bartsch records 65 prints, though missing perhaps another five. His style is summarized by Françoise Jestaz: "Numbered with Agostino dei Musi and Marco Dente in the Roman school of engravers in the circle of Raimondi, Caraglio showed a greater freedom of line. With Rosso Fiorentino and Parmigianino, he discovered new modelling effects with subtler lighting and more animated forms, for example in his engraving of Diogenes (b. 61) and in the first state of the Rape of the Sabine Women (b. 63)."

He worked from drawings created by Rosso and others for the purpose, and a proof of a print after Rosso at Chatsworth House has a landscape background in pen added to printed figures, presumably by one of the two, Rosso's initial drawing having only included the figures. He worked closely with Rosso and Parmigianino, and a number of their drawings for his prints survive, usually at the same size and in the reverse sense of the prints.

His Loves of the Gods were, with I Modi, one of the "two best-known series of Renaissance erotic prints", and altogether one of the most successful Renaissance print series. Unlike I Modi they successfully avoided censorship by avoiding depicting genitals and actual penetration in favour of "slung leg" positions, and by virtue of their ostensibly mythological subjects. This was despite one showing two males, Apollo and Hyacinthus, together, if not actually making love. Both sets were much copied, with five different copies of Caraglio's set, and in 1550 a dealer bought 250 sets of French copies, a very large number for the time. They were even used as sources for illustrations in medical textbooks later in the century, as well as one of a set of Flemish tapestries of about 1550, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The first two designs were by Rosso, but the pair then fell out, and Pierino did most of the rest, probably with an unknown weaker artist contributing some designs. Caraglio's prints were also often used as sources to be expanded into designs for maiolica.

Caraglio fled to Venice on the Sack of Rome in 1527, in which his colleague Marco Dente was killed, and the whole circle dispersed. He seems to have remained there until at least 1537, working with Titian and others.

Poland
In 1539 he is recorded at the Polish court of Sigismund I. He had probably been introduced there through Pietro Aretino, a friend in Venice, and his contacts with the circle of the Italian-born Polish Queen Bona Sforza (1494–1557), such as Allesandro Pessenti, Bona's organist. In Poland he mostly worked for the court on medals, gems and goldsmithing rather than printmaking. Vasari presents this as, in Caraglio's view, a step up the hierarchy of genres and as offering a better social position, and indeed the status of printmaking was on the decline as the merely reproductive print, commissioned by publishers, had largely driven out the original print.

The Renaissance medal was a novelty in the Polish court, but promoted by Bona, and in July 1539 Caraglio wrote to Aretino enclosing two medals, one of Pesenti and the other of Bona, the first evidence of his presence in Poland. Some copies of the former survive, but none of Bona's medal, as of some other recorded ones Caraglio made in Poland. Only one copy survives of the medal he made of Sigismund I in 1538 from the gold sent as dowry for the wedding of Elizabeth of Austria (1526–1545), the first wife of the future Sigismund II, which was handed out to wedding guests.

Caraglio was appointed royal goldsmith to Sigismund I in 1545, with a salary (probably more a retainer in modern terms) of 60 zloty, and continued serving under Sigismund II Augustus from 1548, when Sigismund I died. Having taken citizenship in Kraków, he was knighted (as equitatis aureati), with a patent of nobility, in April 1552, after which he made a brief return trip to Italy. It was presumably on this visit that the portrait now in the Wawel Castle in Kraków by Paris Bordone was made to celebrate his knighthood. The royal white eagle has the monogram of Sigismund II on its chest, and the upper background shows the Roman amphitheatre at Verona; on the bench are the tools of a goldsmith rather than a printmaker.

In 1565, he is recorded in a court action over a debt of 80 zloties owed by another Italian emigre artist, the sculptor Giammaria Mosca, known as "Padovano", which Caraglio claimed from the executors of yet another Italian, a royal doctor, whose tomb Padovano had completed. Caraglio married a Polish woman and acquired property, and died in Kraków, where he is buried in the Carmelite church. Vasari apparently did not know this, but probably knew that he was buying land near Parma in anticipation of a retirement that never arrived. He was also known as Cahalius or Jacobus Veronensis or Parmensis, the latter presumably after his estate near Parma, and these were used to sign some plates. Caraglio has never been the subject of a monograph.

Works
A small number of identifiable surviving works other than prints include signed intaglios in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris (the Annunciation to the Shepherds in rock crystal) and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (Queen Bona), and an unsigned attributed piece in the Ambrosiana in Milan (Bona in crystal), medals in Padua and elsewhere, and cameos in Munich (illustrated) and elsewhere. He also produced relief plaquettes in bronze.

About 70 prints by Caraglio are known, from 1526 to 1551. They include:

 * Set of 15 Loves of the Gods (Bartsch 9-23), 1527, 12 after Perino del Vaga, 2 after Rosso.
 * Set of 20 Pagan Divinities in Niches (Bartsch 24–43) after Rosso, one dated 1526,
 * Set of The Labours of Hercules (Bartsch 44–49), after Rosso, including Hercules piercing with his Arrows the Centaur Nessus; Hercules slaying Cacus
 * Mars and Venus after Rosso's drawing in the Louvre, c. 1530 - now mostly thought not to be by Caraglio.
 * A Battle with the Shield and Lance; The Virgin kneeling, with the Infant and St. Ann; and Holy Family after Raphael.
 * Diogenes (Bartsch 3); Alexander and Roxana; Martyrdom of SS. Peter and Paul; Portrait of Pietro Aretino; and Marriage of the Virgin'' after Parmigianino.
 * The Virgin and Infant, under an Orange Tree (to his own design).
 * The Annunciation and The Punishment of Tantalus; after Titian.
 * The Rape of Ganymede after Michelangelo.
 * Anatomical Figure holding skull; Nymphs and Young Men in Garden; and Rape of Sabines after Rosso Fiorentino.
 * The Triumph of the Muses over Pierides:
 * The Death of Meleager and The Creation; after Perino del Vaga.
 * Portrait of Aretino.

title: Jacopo Caraglio


text: File:NesActionInNewYork.PNG

title: File:NesActionInNewYork.PNG


text:
Talk:Monégasque euro coins

[Untitled]
Will the €1 and €2 coins be changed to show solely Prince Albert II's face now?
 * Yes, in late 2006 according to my sources. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 15:21, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, why aren't they there? There reads Effigy of Prince Albert II but there ain't any designs showing. There MUST be a good reason to that? 82.141.95.131 (talk) 16:59, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:2007.08.mon.jpg
Image:2007.08.mon.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 22:25, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monégasque euro coins