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Word square

A word square is a type of acrostic. It consists of a set of words written out in a square grid, such that the same words can be read both horizontally and vertically. The number of words, which is equal to the number of letters in each word, is known as the "order" of the square. For example, this is an order 5 square:

A popular puzzle dating well into ancient times, the word square is sometimes compared to the numerical magic square, though apart from the fact that both use square grids there is no real connection between the two.

Sator Square

The first-century Sator Square is a Latin word square, which the Encyclopedia Britannica called "the most familiar lettered square in the Western world".

Its canonical form reads as follows: In addition to satisfying the basic properties of word squares, it is palindromic; it can be read as a 25-letter palindromic sentence (of an obscure meaning) and it is speculated that it includes several additional hidden words such as reference to the Christian Paternoster prayer, and hidden symbols such as the cross formed by the horizontal and vertical palindromic word "Tenet". The square became a powerful religious and magical symbol in medieval times, and despite over a century of considerable academic study, its origin and meaning are still a source of debate.

Abramelin the Mage
If the "words" in a word square need not be true words, arbitrarily large squares of pronounceable combinations can be constructed. The following 12×12 array of letters appears in a Hebrew manuscript of The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage of 1458, said to have been "given by God, and bequeathed by Abraham". An English edition appeared in 1898. This is square 7 of Chapter IX of the Third Book, which is full of incomplete and complete "squares". No source or explanation is given for any of the "words", so this square does not meet the standards for legitimate word squares. Modern research indicates that a 12-square would be essentially impossible to construct from indexed words and phrases, even using a large number of languages. However, equally large English-language squares consisting of arbitrary phrases containing dictionary words are relatively easy to construct; they too are not considered true word squares, but they have been published in The Enigma and other puzzle magazines as "Something Different" squares.

Modern English squares
A specimen of the order-six square (or 6-square) was first published in English in 1859; the 7-square in 1877; the 8-square in 1884; the 9-square in 1897; and the 10-square in 2023.

Here are examples of English word squares up to order eight:

The following is one of several "perfect" nine-squares in English (all words in major dictionaries, uncapitalized, and unpunctuated):

Order 10 squares
A 10-square is naturally much harder to find, and a "perfect" 10-square in English has been hunted since 1897. It has been called the Holy Grail of logology.

In 2023, Matevž Kovačič from Celje, Slovenia compiled several publicly available dictionaries and large corpora of English texts and developed an algorithm to efficiently enumerate all word squares from large vocabularies, resulting in the first perfect 10-square: The solution, which effectively eliminates the use of capitalized and punctuated words, consists of five binary nomenclature epithets of species names, a term for a type of inorganic compound, a name for a precursor form of an organic compound, as well as a rarely used word, an obsolete word and a standard English word, with the newest word having been introduced in 2011.

Additionally, various methods have produced partial results to the 10-square problem: Since 1921, 10-squares have been constructed from reduplicated words and phrases like "Alala! Alala!" (a reduplicated Greek interjection). Each such square contains five words appearing twice, which in effect constitutes four identical 5-squares. Darryl Francis and Dmitri Borgmann succeeded in using near-tautonyms (second- and third-order reduplication) to employ seven different entries by pairing "orangutang" with "urangutang" and "ranga-ranga" with "tanga-tanga", as follows:
 * Tautonyms

However, "word researchers have always regarded the tautonymic ten-square as an unsatisfactory solution to the problem."

In 1976, Frank Rubin produced an incomplete ten-square containing two nonsense phrases and eight dictionary words:
 * 80% solution

If two words could be found containing the patterns "SCENOOTL" and "HYETNNHY", this would become a complete ten-square.

Dmitri Borgmann, in his book Language on Vacation created an 11-square that contains 7 valid words and 4 nonsense phrases:
 * Fake 11-square

However, the letters in the 2-by-2 squares at the corners can be replaced with anything, since those letters don't appear in any of the actual words.

From the 1970s, Jeff Grant had a long history of producing well-built squares; concentrating on the ten-square from 1982 to 1985, he produced the first three traditional ten-squares by relying on reasonable coinages such as "Sol Springs" (various extant people named Sol Spring) and "ses tunnels" (French for "its tunnels"). His continuing work produced one of the best of this genre, making use of "impolarity" (found on the Internet) and the plural of "Tony Nader" (found in the white pages), as well as words verified in more traditional references:
 * Constructed vocabulary

By combining common first and last names and verifying the results in white-pages listings, Steve Root of Westboro, Massachusetts, was able to document the existence of all ten names below (total number of people found is listed after each line):
 * Personal names

Around 2000, Rex Gooch of Letchworth, England, analyzed available wordlists and computing requirements and compiled one or two hundred specialized dictionaries and indexes to provide a reasonably strong vocabulary. The largest source was the United States Board on Geographic Names National Imagery and Mapping Agency. In Word Ways in August and November 2002, he published several squares found in this wordlist. The square below has been held by some word square experts as essentially solving the 10-square problem (Daily Mail, The Times), while others anticipate higher-quality 10-squares in the future.
 * Geographic names

There are a few "imperfections": "Echeneidae" is capitalized, "Dioumabana" and "Adaletabat" are places (in Guinea and Turkey respectively), and "nature-name" is hyphenated.

Many new large word squares and new species have arisen recently. However, modern combinatorics has demonstrated why the 10-square has taken so long to find, and why 11-squares are extremely unlikely to be constructible using English words (even including transliterated place names). However, 11-squares are possible if words from a number of languages are allowed (Word Ways, August 2004 and May 2005).

Other languages
Word squares of various sizes have been constructed in numerous languages other than English, including perfect squares formed exclusively from uncapitalized dictionary words. The only perfect 10-squares published in any language to date have been constructed in Latin and English, and perfect 11-squares have been created in Latin as well. Perfect 9-squares have been constructed in French, while perfect squares of at least order 8 have been constructed in Italian and Spanish. Polyglot 10-squares have also been constructed, each using words from several European languages.

Vocabulary
It is possible to estimate the size of the vocabulary needed to construct word squares. For example, a 5-square can typically be constructed from as little as a 250-word vocabulary. For each step upwards, one needs roughly four times as many words. For a 9-square, one needs over 60,000 9-letter words, which is practically all of those in single very large dictionaries.

For large squares, the need for a large pool of words prevents one from limiting this set to "desirable" words (i.e. words that are unhyphenated, in common use, without contrived inflections, and uncapitalized), so any resulting word squares are expected to include some exotic words. The opposite problem occurs with small squares: a computer search produces millions of examples, most of which use at least one obscure word. In such cases finding a word square with "desirable" (as described above) words is performed by eliminating the more exotic words or by using a smaller dictionary with only common words. Smaller word squares, used for amusement, are expected to have simple solutions, especially if set as a task for children; but vocabulary in most eight-squares tests the knowledge of an educated adult.

Double word squares
Word squares that form different words across and down are known as "double word squares". Examples are:

The rows and columns of any double word square can be transposed to form another valid square. For example, the order 4 square above may also be written as:

Double word squares are somewhat more difficult to find than ordinary word squares, with the largest known fully legitimate English examples (dictionary words only) being of order 8. Puzzlers.org gives an order 8 example dating from 1953, but this contains six place names. Jeff Grant's example in the February 1992 Word Ways is an improvement, having just two proper nouns ("Aloisias", a plural of the personal name Aloisia, a feminine form of Aloysius, and "Thamnata", a Biblical place-name):

Diagonal word squares
Diagonal word squares are word squares in which the main diagonals are also words. There are four diagonals: top-left to bottom-right, bottom-right to top-left, top-right to bottom-left, and bottom-left to top-right. In a Single Diagonal Square (same words reading across and down), these last two will need to be identical and palindromic because of symmetry. The 8-square is the largest found with all diagonals: 9-squares exist with some diagonals.

These are examples of diagonal double squares of order 4:

Word rectangles
Word rectangles are based on the same idea as double word squares, but the horizontal and vertical words are of a different length. Here are 4×8 and 5×7 examples:

Again, the rows and columns can be transposed to form another valid rectangle. For example, a 4×8 rectangle can also be written as an 8×4 rectangle.

Higher dimensions
Word squares can be extended to the third and higher dimensions, such as the word cube and word tesseract below.  K  │I   │N   │G I │ D  │ E  │ A  N │  E │  T │  S   G│   A│   S│   H ────┼────┼────┼──── I  │D   │E   │A D │ E  │ A  │ L  E │  A │  R │  L   A│   L│   L│   Y ────┼────┼────┼──── N  │E   │T   │S E │ A  │ R  │ L  T │  R │  I │  O   S│   L│   O│   P ────┼────┼────┼──── G  │A   │S   │H A │ L  │ L  │ Y  S │  L │  O │  P   H│   Y│   P│   E  ALA ROB TWO AEN TEU ARN RAA ARM EYE

EAN IBA EAR SRI YAS RIE EAS OYE SAW

SON AEA TST HAE ETH OII AMP REU SLE

Other forms
Numerous other shapes have been employed for word-packing under essentially similar rules. The National Puzzlers' League maintains a full list of forms which have been attempted.

title: Word square


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Nature Reviews Immunology

Nature Reviews Immunology is a monthly review journal covering the field of immunology. The journal also publishes "Research highlight" articles, which are short summaries written by the editors that describe recent hot research papers. The editor-in-chief is Alexandra Flemming.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 100.7, ranking it 1st in the category "Immunology".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nature Reviews Immunology


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Hans Konrad von Orelli

Hans Konrad von Orelli (25 January 1846 – November 7, 1912) was a Swiss theologian.

Biography
He was born in Zürich and educated at Lausanne, Zürich and Erlangen. He also visited Tübingen for theology and Leipzig for oriental languages. In 1869 he was appointed preacher at the orphan house, Zürich, and in 1871 Privatdozent at the university. In 1873 he went to Basel as professor extraordinarius of theology, becoming ordinary professor in 1881. His chief work is on the Old Testament. He wrote a journal of Palestinian travel, Durchs Heilige Land (Basel, 1878); Die alttestamentliche Weissagung wn der Vollendung des Goltesreiches (Vienna, 1882; Eng. trans. Edinburgh, 1885), commentaries on Isaiah, Jeremiah (1886); Ezekiel and the Twelve Prophets (1888); and Die himmlischen Heerschaaren (Basel, 1889).

Under the anglicised name Conrad von Orelli, he presented a lecture on The General Belief in the Need of Vicarious Sacrifices at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1894.

He died in Basel on 7 November 1912.

title: Hans Konrad von Orelli


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User talk:Fancydance

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Scott Sellars, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from web sites. For more information, take a look at our policy library. Happy editing! Blu Aardvark | (talk) 09:01, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fancydance


text: User talk:217.30.96.127

title: User talk:217.30.96.127


text:
Picenum

Picenum was a region of ancient Italy. The name was assigned by the Romans, who conquered and incorporated it into the Roman Republic. Picenum became Regio V in the Augustan territorial organisation of Roman Italy. It is now in Marche and the northern part of Abruzzo.

The Piceni or Picentes were the native population of Picenum, but they were not of uniform ethnicity. They maintained a sanctuary to the Sabine goddess Cupra in Cupra Marittima.

Picenum was also the birthplace of such Roman notables as Pompey the Great and his father, Pompeius Strabo.

Historical geography
Picenum and the Picentes were described in some detail by the Roman geographers:

Strabo
Strabo places Picenum between the Apennines and the Adriatic Sea from the mouth of the Aesis River southward to Castrum at the mouth of the Truentinus River, some 800 stadia, which is 148 km using 185 m/stadion. For coastal cities he includes from north to south Ancona, Auxumum, Septempeda (San Severino Marche), Pneuentia, Potentia, Firmum Picenum with port at Castellum (Porto di Fermo), Cupra Maritima (Cupra Marittima and Grottammare), Truentum on the Truentinus (Tronto) and finally Castrum Novum and Matrinum on the Matrinus (Piomba), south of Silvi in Abruzzo. Strabo also mentions Adria (Atri, Italy) and Asculum Picenum (Ascoli Piceno) in the interior. The width of Picenum inland varies irregularly, he says.

History
Picenum was first settled at the beginning of the Iron Age (1200BC).

The Liburnians had colonies on the western Adriatic coast in Picenum from the beginning of the Iron Age and until the 6th century BC Liburninan naval supremacy meant both political and economical authority in the Adriatic.

In 390 BC the Senoni Gauls invaded Italy from the north and occupied Picenum north of the Esino river. The archaeological evidence shows groups of Senones settled much further south of this river, in the Macerata area and even in the Ascoli area, in sites such as Filottrano, San Genesio, Matelica, Offida. In 283 BC the Romans expelled the Senones and annexed Picenum down to Ancona when it became the Ager Gallicus, part of the Ager publicus (Roman state land).

In 268 BC the Romans defeated the Picentes after they had rebelled. Part of the population was deported and others were given Roman citizenship without the right to vote. Thus, Picenum was annexed, except for the city of Asculum, which was considered an allied city. To keep it under control, the colony of Firmum was established nearby in 264 BC.

According to Polybius, during the consulship of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (232BC), "the Romans divided among their citizens the territory in Gaul known as Picenum, from which they had ejected the Senones when they conquered them".

Picenum sided with Rome against Hannibal during the Punic Wars. It also became a Roman base during the Social War. Some Picentes remained loyal to Rome in the war, while others fought against them for the right of Roman citizenship. All Picentes were granted full Roman citizenship after the war.

In the Edict of Diocletian, it was mentioned that the wine from Picenum was considered the most expensive wine, together with Falerno. Vinum Hadrianum was produced in Picenum, in the city of Hatria or Hadria, the old name of Atri. This is also the same wine that Pliny considered one of the highly-rated wines, along with a few others.

Culture
Excavations in Picenum have given much insight into the region during the Iron Age. Excavated tombs in Novilara of the Molaroni and Servici cemeteries show that the Piceni laid bodies in the ground wrapped in garments they had worn in life.

Warriors were buried with a helmet, weapons and vessels for food and drinks. Buried beads, bone, fibulae and amber seem to demonstrate that there was an active trade in the ninth and perhaps tenth centuries on the Adriatic coast, especially in the fields of amber and beads of glass paste. In women’s graves there is a large abundance of ornaments made of bronze and iron.

Origins of these items may also show that the Piceni may have looked to the south and east for development.

The warrior tombs seem to show that the Piceni were a war-like people. Every man’s grave contained more or less a complete outfit of a warrior, with the most frequent weapon being a spear. Piceni swords appear to be imported from the Balkans.

Languages
South Picene, written in an unusual version of the Italic alphabet, has been identified as a Sabellic language that is neither Oscan nor Umbrian.

The undeciphered North Picene, also written in a form of the Old Italic alphabet, is probably not closely unrelated to South Picene. At present, it is generally assumed not to be an Italic language (although it may have belonged to another branch of the Indo-European languages).

Cities of the Regio V
As reported by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia, 24 cities were placed in Regio V:

title: Picenum


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Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church

The Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church (or Russian Orthodox Oldritualist Church, Russian Orthodox Old-Ritualist Church, Русская Православная Старообрядческая Церковь) is an Eastern Orthodox Church of the Old Believers tradition, which rejected the liturgical and canonical reforms of Patriarch Nikon in the second half of 17th century. It is one of the two Old Believers churches that belong to the Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy - together with the Orthodox Old-Rite Church, sometimes also called Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church. Drevlepravoslavie ("Old/Ancient Orthodoxy") was the common self-designation of the Old Believers and their cause since the 17th century.

The head of the Church carries the title of Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia (since 1988), with residence at the Rogozhskoye cemetery in Moscow. The current head of the Church, Metropolitan Cornelius (Titov) was elected by the Most Holy Council on October 18, 2005. He was installed as Metropolitan on October 23, 2005. The only pre-Petrine monastery still held by the Old Believers is the Uleima Convent near Uglich.

History (Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy in Russia, end of 19th century–present)
The conversion of metropolitan Ambrose (Papageorgopolos) of Belaya Krinitsa caused a bitter reaction of Russian Imperial authorities and he was soon pressed to leave his see, but not before he consecrated another bishop for his new Church - archbishop Суril (Timofeyev). The activity of the Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy on the territory of the Russian Empire met with numerous obstructions from Russian imperial authorities, as well as with an internal schism (see Okruzhniki, Neokruzhniki) caused by an Encyclical of 1862. The situation was radically changed with the publication in 1905 of the Emperor's Ukaz "On Religious Tolerance", soon followed by the "unsealing" of the altars at the important religious and cultural center of Old Believers, the Rogozhskoye cemetery.

After the coming of the Bolsheviks to power in 1917 and the Civil war, the Old-Rite Church was subjected to innumerable sufferings and persecutions, just as its former rival, the "Nikonian" Russian Orthodox Church. In 1940, the only bishop who was not imprisoned by the Soviet atheistic authorities was Bishop Sabbas (Ananyev) of Kaluga who, in the same year, single-handedly elevated another bishop - Irenarch (Parfyonov) - to the see of the Archbishop of Moscow. The period of persecution was followed by the period of relative stability, under a tight control from the Soviet secret services. However, the time of perestroika and subsequent changes in the country's political, cultural and economic life had a little effect on the position of the Old-Rite Church in the Russian society - the 17-year tenure of Metropolitan Alimpius (Gusev) is by some considered a time of "recollection".

His follower, Metropolitan Andrian (Chetvergov) in the February 2004, showed himself as a charismatic and talented leader, concerned with formulating and propagating the cultural and religious "message" of the Old Believers for the modern Russian society. While declaring himself as traditionalist and conservative in his public statements, Andrian took a significant step forward in initiating some form of a dialogue with the Russian Orthodox Church and Russian political establishment. Unfortunately, many such plans were cut short with the unexpected death of Metropolitan Andrian on August 10, 2005 during pilgrimage in one of the remote regions of Russia (he had a chronic heart condition). Many questioned the willingness of the church leadership to continue on the "new course" chosen by Andrian. However, the new Metropolitan Cornelius, elected on October 18, 2005, confirmed that he will continue on the policy of openness to the Russian society, started by his predecessor.

As of October 17, 2017, the Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church has re-entered communion with the Russian Old-Orthodox Church.

Organization
The head of the Church is the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia (archbishop in 1846–1988), residing at the Rogozhskoye cemetery in Moscow. He is elected by the highest representative body of the Church - the Holy Council (Освященный Собор). The Council also appoints the members of the Council of the Metropolitanate.

The Church has five local bishops and more than 250 parishes in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Since several years ago, there have been attempts to restore theological schools for training priests for the Old-Rite Church.

The Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church belong to the Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy and was until the 16/29 May 2008 in full ecclesiastical and canonical communion with the Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church.

title: Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church


text: User talk:69.208.72.12

title: User talk:69.208.72.12


text:
De Kring

Artists Society De Kring was founded on September 23, 1922, by artists and intellectuals who looked for a home away from home in Amsterdam.

De Kring is a private club and becoming a member takes place by means of ballot.

title: De Kring


text:
Template talk:User en

Babel
I believe Babel mentions that if you have a rather outstanding vocabulary then to just say Native. But this doesn't make sense if the user isn't a native speaker. So we should address "or has language abilities comparable to that of a native speaker" I believe. Please leave a message on this talk page and if its too big of a deal we can vote on it. Redwolf24 09:04, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't believe there is anything comparable to native-speaker competence in a language. Either you have it, or you don't, and if you don't, the best you can have is what it says at Template:User en-3. --Angr/undefined 14:02, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There used to be Template:User en-4, which served the purpose of indicating that an user is able to speak the language fluently, despite not having it as his or hers mother-tongue. That template still exists for other languages, but for some reason it was turned into a redirect on the template for the English language. In answer to Angr: you can have the same competence level as a native speaker of any language. It's not even hard, it just takes pratice. I don't understand on what basis you are stating that. --Sn0wflake 20:48, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * In theoretical linguistics, the concept of native speaker is extremely important. Only a native speaker has the competence in a language to give grammaticality judgments, for one thing. If you start learning a language once you're over the age of about eight to ten, you're never going to have true native speaker competence, no matter how well you speak the language. My German is very good; if Germans don't already know I'm American, they usually think I'm German from the way I talk. But sooner or later they'll hear the trace of an accent, or I'll slip up and get a gender or a case ending wrong, and then the game is up. I wasn't aware of the -4 templates, or I would have called myself de-4. (In fact, there is no Template:User de-4.) But I'd never call myself de-N, because I'm not a native speaker, and I'll never have the same competence as one no matter how much I practice. --Angr/undefined 05:09, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, indeed. I had not noticed that you are a specialist. To me, such differences are merely cosmetical, but for somebody who studies languages in depth they must be of relevance. According to the original project, all languages were supposed to have a fourth level (see Template:User es-4 for an example), however, the implementation of the Babel project was... not well orchestrated, to say the least. Level four was indeed part of the original specification, but somewhere along the way said level must have been deprecated - I myself didn't know that had happened. But back to the main topic: I believe that, leaving technical issues aside, a mention should be made about users who have a comparable vocabulary and understanding of the language. Why? Simple, the Wikipedia is composed of written words. Do you agree that if you wrote for the German Wikipedia, a native would not notice the difference? The same applies to en. Do you agree? --Sn0wflake 06:38, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I do write for the German Wikipedia, and I don't know whether natives notice the difference or not. Probably not, because when I write I can take the time to double-check the grammatical points I'm unsure of. But there is a stylistic difference... the level of German that most articles at de: have is extremely formal, and I'm not really familiar with that style. So if German users notice anything about my German, it's not that it sounds foreign, just that it sounds more colloquial than what most other editors use. As for Template:User en-4, I think it got redirected because it said "This user is a native speaker of English" rather than "This user speaks English at a native-like (or "near-native" to use the usual term in linguistics) level". But for me, it might definitely be convenient to keep the top-level tags for true native speakers only, because what if I as a linguist am looking for someone who is a true native speaker of an uncommon language like Irish or Yiddish? As it is, I can go to Category:User ga-N or Category:User yi-N and see if anyone's there. But if nonnative speakers are there too, then I get false positives in my search for native speakers! --Angr/undefined 08:24, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

IMHO, it would be so much better if we would bring back the en-4 template. I, for one, feel somewhat dishonest using the en-N template in my user page. I'm not a native speaker, but I do believe that I'm able to contribute in a near-native level (yeah, I know, what modesty...). It would be more accurate to have a template that states exactly that, with no possible misunderstandings about anyone being a native or a very, very good speaker of the language. I'm inclined to agree with Angr in the sense that there's always a je-ne-sais-pas-quoi about a native. Sometimes it's not about fluency, but rather about how "naturally" one is able to use the language. Maybe that's not that important given that in Wikipedia we all communicate through written language. But if the problem was what it stated, why not bring it back correcting the wording, as suggested above by Angr? Regards, Redux 19:33, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I've brought back the tag, now using the wording suggested by Angr. Accordingly, I will be removing the "comparable grasp" note on the en-N tag.  I hope this is to everyone's satisfaction.  Regards, Redux 21:50, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Seems good. Now go educate users in the en category who you see aren't native. :) Redwolf24 21:52, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That is indeed problematic. Correct use of the Babel tags is, after all, a matter of good faith: if I'm not a native, I will not use the en-N tag (or any other language), regardless of how well I may think I speak it.  A step towards reducing those would perhaps be including the level 4 tag in the Babel templates.  Currently, we only have levels 1 through 3, and then Native on display there (it could be because not all languages have level 4 tags ready to add; it would be a logistic hurdle to get who-knows-how-many of those tags ready).  Maybe if people see that there is a level representing "the next best thing" to a native, they might decide to use it instead of the native tag.  Then again, if you see people who clearly don't master the language sporting a en-N tag in their user page... it all goes back to good faith and the degree of "ownership" that a user may have over his own user page, especially when using it to lie blatantly.  Regards, Redux 03:57, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think we should assume good faith that people won't blatantly lie about their English-speaking abilities on their user page. (And if they do, we will pretend to ignore it, as trying to do anything about it would be pointless.) What we need is some effective but nonintrusive way to advertise the fact that there is now an en-4 template, because most people probably don't know about it. If you see someone who clearly isn't a native language sporting the en-N label, leave a message on their talk page telling them that there is now the en-4 label for nonnative speakers with near-native competence, and then let them decide whether to use it. --Angr/undefined 05:27, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * But what about adding the link to the level 4 tag to the Babel project page? That could be quite helpful in letting people know that the en-4 tag exists.  It would also work for the level 4 tags of other languages, such as the fr-4, the es-4 and the it-4 tags, which I don't believe many even know exist.  As I said, I don't think all languages have an existing level 4 tag, but this could be an opportunity to resolve that.  Regards, Redux 15:19, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

It's been done. ABCD took care of it. Thanks to him. Redux 05:16, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Uhm, I can't help pointing out that this is really the wrong discussion to apply theoretical linguistic arguments and terminology to. These templates are intended to help Wikipedians get a rough estimate of one anothers language skills, not to learn everyone to use proper linguistic terms. And I seriously question that any linguists would turn to Wikipedia to find native speakers (for whatever purpose). At the very least, they would try to find out background info rather than taking a Babel template for granted.
 * It's not really a major issue, but this "near-native" wording is not necessary if we actually have a proper native-template. Furthermore, if taking Angr's definition of native-level command of language literally, I should use the native English template, because I *did* learn the basics of English when I was around 8-9. I can today without any trouble pass as a native speaker of American English in almost all situations and have done so on numerous occasions with a wide veriety of people. I think the wording "this user speaks English at a native level" is fairly unambiguous if people know there's a proper "this user is a native speaker of English"-template as well.
 * Peter Isotalo 18:37, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Protected
I have protected this page due to the large number of pornographic images that were placed here over the last hour. Obviously I cannot place the protected template at the head of the article, so I am just making a mention here. I will unprotect some time tomorrow. Rje 01:08, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no reason for the template to be unprotected. Let's leave it protected indefinitely. --Sn0wflake 17:29, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I was a bit shocked (is that the right term when adrenalin and heart rate go up? ;-) to find vandalism on my user page! Took me a while to find the reason; the en-4 template. --Janke | Talk 20:36:01, 2005-09-02 (UTC)
 * Let's not. There isn't any reason to have the template protected indefintely either, it stifles useful changes to the template.  If people vandalise it, revert it, and if they vandalise it a lot, protect it temporarily.  JYolkowski // talk 20:37, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Any "useful changes" could be handled by consensus, with an administrator doing any agreed change to a template. The potential for simultaneous vandalism on hundreds of user pages is mind-boggling! --Janke | Talk 20:43:51, 2005-09-02 (UTC)
 * I concur with Janke. If there were any useful changes to be made, I would agree with unprotecting the template, but there aren't. The only situation in which this template would need to be changed would be in the case that the Babel project standards change. Otherwise, all discussion can be done on the Talk page, and any new "feature" can be implemented by an involved admin (I volunteer). --Sn0wflake 21:12, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. It's quite obvious that they're being targeted for maximum vandalism efficiency. The changes needed to these templates are very minor and can easily be done through admin proxies, granted that Sn0w doesn't start showing editing ambitions of hiw own. :-)
 * Peter Isotalo 21:40, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Ideally that's what would happen. In the real world, what usually happens is that admins go ahead and make changes to the template unchecked (I know I've done this to other templates on more than one occasion), while non-admins wait weeks for their proposed changes to get on the template, if ever.  A generally unhealthy state of affairs.  JYolkowski // talk 22:17, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I am myself, and prefer to be thought of as such, not as part of some admin cabal. I am assuring you that I will see to implementing changes - if there are any, which I find unlikely - as soon as it is made possible to me (usually within a day or two) and in case I am not avaliable, there are other reliable admins to be contacted, such as Grutness or Rje. --Sn0wflake 22:26, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I too offer to keep an eye and implement any agreed upon changes. On one hand, it's ridiculous that we have to lock out a Babel template because some....people can't get over themselves.  On the other hand, the Babel templates have come to fall into the "highly visible" category, thus forcing a preventive protection.  Problem is: there are hundreds of templates, and it may become too big a task if all of them need to be protected and Admins need to be on call to implement any needed change in any of them — granted, many of them are not as visible as some others, because they aren't on hundreds of user pages.  Regards, Redux 05:23, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, if a few admins volunteer, and protect just the major languages, then the incentive for template vandalism diminishes due to lesser visibility, right? English, Spanish, French, German, Japanese, Chinese and maybe some vandal-prone languages (Jiddish, Arabic) ought to be permanently protected. Then, any user of a less common template can apply for protection if it is vandalized. (For instance: fi-3 is used by only one, fi-4 by three users.) To me, template vandalism implies a user who has been on Wiki for quite some time, knowing his/her way around, and is using proxies and changing IPs to vandalize. (Maybe a case of WP:POINT?) --Janke | Talk 07:55:16, 2005-09-03 (UTC)

Time are changing, that's all I can say. If we don't adapt, we are going to be overwhelmed by vandals. However, all I support at the moment is the protection of the EN Babel tags, as they are the most visible user tags on the Wikipedia. I will not directly oppose to broader actions, though. --Sn0wflake 13:38, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that the EN tags are by far the most visible, and thus more likely to be attacked. They should be protected (if they havent't been already) immediately.  As for the others, we shouldn't protect until they've been attacked at least once.  Regards, Redux 22:55, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I have protected them yesterday. --Sn0wflake 09:31, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, good work. I was going to do it myself, but found that they were all already protected – except for the en-0 tag, which I then protected (maybe it wasn't all that necessary for this one, but better safe than sorry).  Maybe we should add notes to the talk pages though, explaining why they are protected indefinitely and asking that any desired change be proposed on the talk page so that an Admin can implement them.  This template is the only one where the eventual user can find out why it is protected and know to propose changes for implementation.  Regards, Redux 19:32, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Following an attack by a vandal, I have now protected the entire series of templates for the German language. Just thought I should announce this here. Redux 20:28, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Full series for the Spanish language also protected following attacks. Redux 20:43, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

I have downgraded the protection from full to semi. Angr/ talk 13:53, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

wfy
I noticed recently that the language cody was a wikilink to the German language in the Template:User de template, and decided that it was a good idea. Especially for less common languages, which might not be recognized here on en. I've been adding it to other templates as I saw them. I've been unable to do it to this one, for reasons that you might be able to guess. -Lethe | Talk 12:40, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. --Angr/undefined 13:30, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've done about 10 languages now.  Would you like to do en-0, en-1, en-2,en-3, en-4, es, es-0, es-1, es-2, es-3, and es-4, which are also blocked? -Lethe | Talk 14:24, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I've done all the English ones. I didn't realize Spanish was also blocked. --Angr/undefined 14:39, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * that's awesome, thanks. How about one more? -Lethe | Talk 14:54, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I came across Template:User en-4 today. needs wikis too? -Lethe | Talk 17:53, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. --Angr/undefined 20:03, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Why "Category: User en"?
The language templates all seem to add a Category link that points to the "User en" category. Why not call this category "English speakers" or "Users who speak English"? Ditto for "User fr" and the rest. Tim Pierce 16:42, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I suppose what the category is called doesn't matter much, but the pattern is well established now, and I for one don't want to go through every page here and rename the category on it. --Angr (t·c) 17:05, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * If I understand the mechanics of the templates correctly, all that would have to be changed would be the user en template itself and Category:User en :-) (It would have to be changed for umpty-ump languages, but I think each language would require only two changes.)  I would be willing to do at least some of the legwork on this, but user en is protected :-) Tim Pierce 22:33, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I definitely think you should put up a request for renaming before doing anything else. Just being bold and renaming it without seeking broader consensus first will be considered disruptive. --Angr (t·c) 22:43, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It is not worth doing such extensive work for something as trivial and, by all means not meaning to be offesnsive, relatively useless as that. There are no benefits. --Sn0wflake 02:12, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

I would support such a change. -lethe talk [ +] 02:38, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Cosmetics
Is it just me or should the border be darkened a bit? Could someone who has access play around with it? Wave of Mutilation
 * New threads on the bottom of talk pages, please.

 * I think the idea is for the border to be the same color as the "en" section on the left side, so that it disappears around that part of the box. Perhaps this is not a universally appreciated design? TCC (talk) (contribs) 02:30, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry about that, not too familiar with discussion page protocol. Anyways, should I create an alternate template for users that prefer it? Considering how widespread its use is I doubt even a simple change like the border colour would go unnoticed. Wave of Mutilation

 * If you click that "+" next to "edit this page" you'll get a form asking you for a thread title and message content. The new thread will automatically be added to the bottom of the page.

 * You might wait for a bit and see if anyone agrees with you about the border color. Regardless, you don't need to live with it personally if you don't want. Reference the box using and the actual code will be included on your userpage instead of the template call once you save it. (But not when you're previewing it.) Then you can just edit the result directly. (See Help:A quick guide to templates.)

 * This is actually the preferred method (according to some) for including this kind of template since it saves cycles on the server and they theoretically don't change very much. The inconvenience to it is that if it does change, you'll have to manually update it by deleting the subst'ed code, re-inserting it, and then re-applying your customizations. TCC (talk) (contribs) 04:53, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Additions by User:Myrtone86
I've reverted the additions by User:Myrtone86:

 * Also, native language/tounge implies that it was the first language one learnt and that can be determined, if you are not a native speaker of any particular native language – this is, no one (including you and your parents) can determine which language you learnt first – use one of the following:
 * user en-m the male version.
 * user en-f the female version.

First off, there is no evidence of support for such a highly-visible change.

Secondly, the idea described in the text about the definition of a native speaker does not seem to accord with the commonly-accepted idea of "native speaker" status. Being a "native speaker of X" doesn't always mean learning X before all other languages. More importantly, if a child learns two languages simultaneously from infancy, he is a native speaker of both by the commonly-understood meaning of the term. However the text above seems to imply he is a native speaker of neither, because the "first" can't be determined!

Lastly, the intent of the templates Template:User en-m and Template:User en-f is unclear. It's not explained, but my guess is that this is to express the idea that, for example, a bilingual French-English speaker has an French-speaking mother and an English-speaking father: this would be "en-f" and "fr-m".

I object to this plan because it's seriously non-scaleable. Not everybody grows up in a household with exactly two parents, a mother and father. People learn languages from grandparents, siblings, nannies, etc., etc. Clearly we wouldn't want this level of detail in templates. I think the current system, describing anyone who learns two or more languages in childhood as simply a native speaker of all, is the most workable one.

I'll hold off a bit on nominating the en-m and en-f templates for deletion, to let User:Myrtone86 explain his/her opinion on this. --Saforrest 23:10, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The way I interpret user en-m and user en-f is that it's for people who do not feel that they have native-speaker competence in any language; such people certainly exist. I have at least two acquaintances who would say that this applies to them: both of them grew up speaking one language at home and a different language at school (and in one fellow's case, neither was the language spoken by the larger community where he lived), but then did their advanced education in still another language and as adults speak the home language of their childhood rarely or not at all. They don't feel completely at home in any language; there's no language in which they don't have a foreign accent or make "foreigner's errors" in grammar. User:Angr 14:38, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, but I think my objection that the en-m and en-f templates are non-scaleable still stands. I don't know what the best way is to describe the linguistic capabilities of the sort of person you describe. --Saforrest 19:54, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Interwiki
Please add sl:Predloga:Uporabnik en. Thanks a lot. --Eleassar my talk 13:28, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Edit fulfilled. Jesse Viviano 15:41, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Please do the same for bo:Template:User en. Thank you. --Lotic 11:07, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * (As well as for eo:%C5%9Cablono:Vikipediisto_en. Thanks.) --Lotic 11:35, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

text changing
Hi, I wanna add this: .That would let users have their own text. thanks.-- Emperor Walter Humala  · ( talk? ·  help! ) 21:24, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Removing editprotected. See my comment at Category talk:Language user templates. CMummert · talk 13:53, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * hehe, you'd better see what I did on template:user American -- Emperor Walter Humala  · ( talk? ·  help! ) 23:10, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

ifeq
editprotected

Is there any reason that this template does not use ifeq language? If there is no particular babel reasoning behind this, could that change be made? Miss Mondegreen | Talk  06:37, 29 April 2007 (UTC)
 * What change do you want made? I don't know whether there is a reason that it doesn't use parser functions (the correct term), but I don't see why it should either. Harryboyles 06:15, 30 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Not done. There's no reason for this template to use ParserFunctions, as far as I can see (it uses no parameters but the standard which doesn't need ParserFunctions to work); they're more useful in complicated templates which need to respond differently according to parameters. --ais523 08:52, 30 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Well I'd like to see something done about the category. Either parsed so that it only shows up on userpages, or so that category suppression works (which would mean that categories could still be used to stop badly placed templates and people could supress categories on pages where the template was purposefully placed without substing it).  Sorry I wasn't clear before.  Miss Mondegreen | Talk   05:11, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Categorization
editprotected

A very minor thing, but is there any chance the template's alphabetical categorization can be made lowercase ("en" rather than "En") so the template is listed with all the other English templates? Thanks! -Bbik ★ 19:53, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

 * done. — Carl (CBM · talk) 21:08, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

A request to add Template:Languages
Every other English language level should use the Template:Languages (Except Template:User en-6, but it isn't included in the template anyway.), but I was unable to add the template into this page because the page is fully protected.

~Iceshark7 17:55, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|px]] Done, no problem. Nihiltres ( t .l ) 21:42, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Request to change Template:Languages to Template:Languages-en
This template incorporates en-6. It is a separate template because since this is an English Wikipedia, other languages cannot really contribute at a professorial level. - Sox 207  21:05, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The documentation has been switched to use the doc subpage pattern. Cheers. --MZMcBride 00:34, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Request to add parser function
Sorry I didn't think of this when you were writing the doc, but could you add a parser function to the userbox like it says at Category:Category suppression supporting templates, this is how the includeonly tags should look. This will benefit seeing as this page is transcluded as an example on so many pages. I already added the page to this category. - Sox 207  04:35, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi, can you explain a little more about what this does exactly? I'm a bit confused. ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 19:13, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * ✅ - the system that already existed there (which used "category" instead of "categories" and didn't use a ParserFunction) has now been standardized to the version you quoted. Nihiltres ( t .l ) 22:38, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Thank you! - Sox 207  16:14, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

N
I removed the -N category as duplicative. (And added the template to the category for ease of navigation.) - jc37 10:36, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It's not a duplicate category; it's a more specific one. Category:User en covers users from all levels of en (see the source of Template:User en-3 as an example), while Category:User en-N is intended to cover only users who are native speakers of English. This is customary in all language userbox templates, e.g. see Template:User fr or any other lang template. With your change, there is now no category that exclusively covers en-N users. I am adding a request to revert your edit. Mxipp (talk) 08:42, 17 May 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 09:30, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Convert to userbox
No change in semantics. New code:

Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 15:48, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * ✅ — Edokter  •  Talk  • 16:00, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Edit Req
Could the template be updated to the code below:

This is to change it to use the userbox-level template which is used by other similar userboxes. Thanks -- WOSlinker (talk) 14:31, 22 August 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 17:36, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Please add category opt-out
editprotected With the change to the Userbox template, the ability to opt-out of the user category was lost. This line will re-add that functionality:

nocat =

Can this be added?— Chowbok  ☠  23:09, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ —Th e DJ (talk • contribs) 01:00, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Does not comply
"DO NOT copy the source of this userbox." doesn't comply with the Manual of Style, it should be "Do not copy the source of this userbox". I don't fully understand how the documentation template works so I apologize in advance if I'm ranting on the wrong page. --Kris159 (talk) 13:50, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

Category:User en
The various User en templates add pages to Category:User en as well as the specific categories. It seems rather pointless to add the pages to the parent category as well as the subcategories, especially since every user on the English Wikipedia should be able to speak English anyway.  McLerristarr |  Mclay1  05:10, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

 * See WP:SUPERCAT. I just noticed this through a rather roundabout way and posted something at Template_talk:User_iso15924. Hyacinth (talk) 06:46, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

The formatting directions are incorrect.
The template for adding this userbox to Babel is incorrect. It should be Rmorabia (talk) 19:27, 7 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Template talk:User en


text:
Talk:Paska

Untitled
It's three stubs in one! Or two stubs and a wiktionary entry. --Joel7687 09:04, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) A traditional Ukrainian Easter bread, Paska (bread)
 * 2) A Finnish swear word (meaning: "shit"), see Finnish profanity for more info

lol...

title: Talk:Paska


text:
Talk:Francis Hopkinson

Federal judge
This article says nothing about his service as a federal judge, beyond the mere fact shown in the infobox. More is needed to provide information for a class or importance rating.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Francis Hopkinson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110725185308/http://colonialdancing.org/Easmes/Biblio/B000974.htm to http://colonialdancing.org/Easmes/Biblio/B000974.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070711214348/http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/hopkinsonflagstamp.htm to http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/hopkinsonflagstamp.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:08, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

Suggested sources about the flag question
flagguys.com "The Francis Hopkinson Flag" ( hop.html )

The website above, even if commercial, show a lot of info about the Hopkinson flag (book author, 1992 commemorative pictorial postmark, etc.); can be interesting look it.

--151.68.181.135 (talk) 16:48, 11 May 2019 (UTC)

The Flag Controversy section needs updated. The final paragraph dwells on Betsy Ross (a manufacturer) and detracts from the subject of this article (a designer, congressional representative, and public official). This material is covered elsewhere for Wikipedia readers that want that information. Also, the statement "many Americans today still cling to the Betsy Ross legend," while perhaps true, is not cited nor is it as neutral as we try to be on Wikipedia. Also also, "The circle of stars (a circle connotes eternity) first appeared after the war ended and after Hopkinson's original design" is cited, but is wrong. Circle patterns in the canton are described as early as 1777, according to sources on the Betsy Ross flag article.

 * I agree. This section might have contradictions in it, but at the very least it's confusing and should be re-written for clarification.

 * The section states "Hopkinson is recognized as the designer of the Flag…" and the opening paragraph of the article outright states that Hopkinson "designed the first official American flag." Yet the same section says that Hopkinson's request was "comical" and that Congress denied the claim, in part because he was not the only contributor to the design.  This indicates that Hopkinson is a designer, not the designer.
 * The 3rd paragraph begins "There is no known sketch of a Hopkinson flag." The end of the paragraph states "Hopkinson's U.S. flag might also have intended the use of 6-pointed stars. This is bolstered by his original sketch…"  This last sentence might be referring to the seal rather than the flag, but it's confusing- especially since this is all lumped in under a section titled "Flag Controversy."
 * Agreed, the Betsy Ross paragraph is both off-topic and misleading. If relevant, it could be reduced to a single sentence, that more people know Betsy Ross' name that Hopkinson.  The Cooper reference is misunderstood; I believe Cooper refers to a specific flag, not the circle design itself.  I can verify this, but either way, there are earlier references to a circle of stars, so this should be removed.
 * The "Hopkinson's letter and response" sub-section is redundant. Almost all of this information is covered in preceding or subsequent paragraphs.  It should be consolidated and deleted.
 * The "Great Seal of the United States" sub-section is mostly repeated information, because the "flag" claims are mostly based on his work with the seal. Canute (talk) 22:00, 4 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I made these changes, today.
 * Consolidated different paragraphs and sections on flag design and split Great Seal paragraphs into their own section
 * Changed "the" designer to "a designer"
 * Requested citation for "no known sketch" and referenced contradiction in same paragraph
 * Reduced "Betsy Ross" to one mention and one sentence
 * It still needs a lot of cleanup, but I hope this is a significant improvement. Canute (talk) 18:32, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Francis Hopkinson


text:
User:FML

I'm here:
 * pt:Usuário:FML
 * commons:User:FML

pt:User:FML it:User:FML

title: User:FML


text:
Denbigh Experimental Forest

The Denbigh Experimental Forest 636 acres (2.6 km²) is an arboretum and experimental forest operated by the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is located 15 miles (24 km) west of Towner, North Dakota.

The forest contains about 30 species of woody plants, labeled and planted in a park-like setting, including Scots pine, ponderosa pine, Siberian larch, Black Hills spruce, Elaeagnus, and Rocky Mountain juniper. Wildlife includes deer, wild turkeys, porcupines, elk, and sometimes moose. The forest is also popular with birdwatchers.

The forest was established in 1931 on a site extensively over-plowed and overgrazed during the early part of the 20th century, leaving wind-blown sand dunes and economic hardship. It was originally envisioned as part of a grand plan by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to plant a 100-mile (160 km) wide "shelterbelt zone" from North Dakota to north Texas to reduce wind erosion and eliminate dust storms, as well as provide local employment in the Great Depression via a jobs program. Proponents envisioned a forest as large as 480,000 acres (1900 km²) around the forest's current site.

This grand vision never came to pass, and the forest was established with the more modest goals of determining which types of shelterbelt trees would grow well in the northern Great Plains, which seed sources within species are best adapted for the region, and which methods of tree establishment are most effective for shelterbelts. The Forest Service acquired 40 acre of the 636 in 1931, and the State of North Dakota retained control of the other 596 acres (2.4 km²). In 1971, the Forest Service acquired the entire tract. The entire section has been managed as one unit for experimental purposes since 1931, however. More than 40 species were planted from throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia, of which about 30 species have survived.

The forest has also been used cooperatively by the Custer National Forest, North Dakota Forest Service, Agricultural Research service, and North Dakota State University, Fargo. It is no longer being used for research, although it currently provides approximately 500,000 seedlings per year for wind protection of crops and communities throughout the United States and Canada.

The forest is now in the process of being de-commissioned and returned to the administrative control of the Custer National Forest.

title: Denbigh Experimental Forest


text:
Raoul Castex

Raoul Victor Patrice Castex (27 October 1878, Saint-Omer – 10 January 1968, Villeneuve-de-Rivière) was a French Navy admiral and a military theorist.

Naval career
Castex joined the Navy in 1896, becoming the best student of his promotion at the École Navale. He became professor at the École de Guerre Navale. In 1919, he was tasked with reorganising the historical services of the French Navy, and in 1928, he was promoted to contre-amiral.

On 2 July 1936, he was made a grand officer of the Legion of Honour. The same year, he founded the Institut des hautes études de la défense nationale, which he headed until 1939. He rose to vice-amiral in 1937 and finished his career heading the naval forces of the Northern fleet.

Institut des Hautes Études de la Défense Nationale
One of his main achievements was the creation of the Institut des Hautes Études de la Défense Nationale (IHEDN, Institute of Higher Studies of National Defence), which aimed to reduce the intellectual gap between civilian and military officials.

Theories
Between 1929 and 1939, Castex wrote Théories stratégiques, which analysed the link between land and naval warfare and argued for a national "gravity centre", which, in the case of France, would be situated outside Europe. He argued that the "gravity centre" should have been displaced to Northern Africa before 1939, with installation of main armament factories and government centres.

In 1939, Castex suggested granting independence to French Indochina, which he deemed indefensible against the Japanese Empire, and to Syria and Lebanon, which were then under French mandate, to make allies out of them.

In 1955, Castex published an article in the Revue de la défense nationale ("Review of National Defence"), La Russie, rempart de l'Occident ("Russia, Wall of the West"). There, he seemed to predict the rise of China and its upcoming rivalry with the West, including Russia.

Works

 * Strategic Theories (Naval Institute Press, 2017), Eugenia Kiesling translates and summarizes Castex's original five volume study, Théories stratégiques ISBN 1-68247-278-7
 * Le Grand État-major naval, question militaire d'actualité (1909)
 * Les Idées militaires de la marine du XVIIIe. De Ruyter à Suffren (1911)
 * L'Envers de la guerre de course. La vérité sur l'enlèvement du convoi de St-Eustache par Lamotte-Picquet (avril-mai 1781) (1912)
 * Synthèse de la guerre sous-marine. De Pontchartrain à Tirpitz (1920)
 * Questions d'état-major. Principes. Organisation. Fonctionnement (1923–1924)
 * Théories stratégiques (5 vol 1929 ; 1935). Reedited in 1995 by Economica.
 * De Gengis-Khan à Staline ou les Vicissitudes d'une manœuvre stratégique, 1205-1935 (1935)

title: Raoul Castex


text: Template:NewSouthWalesPrisons

title: Template:NewSouthWalesPrisons


text:
Talk:Chinese tea

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2019 and 23 March 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Huz080, Monicaoh.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:33, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Tea Leaf Selection
The main point of leaf selection is that it differs with tea type (less oxidised tea are made from younger leaves) and certain criterions need to be met (for the less oxidised tea: seasonality, tenderness, consistency (or cleanliness as the Chinese calls it), ratio of buds and leaves, size of buds, chemistry etc). I have left out the full details (it can be quite chunky), but the full details can be found in the inserted reference: Gourmet Green Tea - Crown Jewel of Chinese Green Tea.

When picking tea, there is no need to pick leaves that are too fine, as these are nascent and lack flavour. Leaves which are too green are usually avoided, as they are too old and have lost tenderness and flavour. It is best to pick the leaves which are greenish, roundish and thick. Do not dry them in the sun, rather bake them in a charcoal fire, cool them down with a fan then store in container lined with ruo leaves and keep in a high place, because tea relishes warmth and dryness and abhors cold and dampness.

I like tea.

* Longjing Cha (Dragon Well Tea) * Biluochun Cha * Chrysanthemum tea * Jasmine tea * Pu-erh tea * Tianmu Green Peak tea * Liu An tea * Qimen red tea * Junshan silver needle * Yiandang white cloud tea * Putuo buddha tea * Huading Mist tea * Songluo tea * Mongding tea * Jinshan fragrance tea * Monkey tea * Guto Violet * Lushan mist * Jingang green * Osmanthus flower tea (Guilin region) * Twin Well green * Nine dragon * Wuganshan rice tea * White Peony * Single leaf chong tea * Dongding Oolong * Ermei bamboo green * Jiaogulan tea

producing provinces
I am not 100% sure all the provinces in china produce tea and I could find information for most of them. Please delete if you know they do not produce tea.--Iateasquirrel 01:45, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Not all provinces in china suitable for tea plant. As tea only growth well in well drained soil, slightly acidic (low ph)soil. And tea consumption should not mix with production.

I have snipped the whole section and archive here before it turn to jokes.

Articles on tea consumption and production in various provinces.
 * Anhui
 * Fujian
 * Gansu
 * Guangdong
 * Guzhou
 * Hainan
 * Hebei
 * Heilongjiang
 * Henan
 * Hubei
 * Hunan
 * Jiangsu
 * Jiangxi
 * Jilin
 * Liaoning
 * Qinghai
 * Shaanxi
 * Shandong
 * Shanxi
 * Sichuan
 * Yunnan
 * Zheijang

Trad.Chinese/English Tea Names Workshop

 * Huang Guanyin -Wuyi (Oolong tea)  黃觀音 -武夷 (烏龍茶) done
 * Jin Fo -Wuyi (Oolong tea)           金佛 -武夷 (烏龍茶) done
 * Huang Mei Gui -Wuyi (Oolong tea)  黃玫瑰 -武夷 (烏龍茶) done
 * Bu Zhi Chun -Wuyi (Oolong tea)    春??   -武夷 (烏龍茶) not done
 * Bai Rui Xiang -Wuyi (Oolong tea)  白?香  -武夷 (烏龍茶) not done
 * Bai Sui Xiang -Wuyi (Oolong tea)  白?香  -武夷 (烏龍茶) not done
 * Qian Li Xiang -Wuyi (Oolong tea)  千里香   -武夷 (烏龍茶) done
 * Zhuan Yuan Hong -Wuyi (Oolong tea) 狀元紅  -武夷 (烏龍茶) done

--Sherdwen 01:29, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Deletion vote
A new article on a liqueur made from Chinese tea is up for deletion. Please vote here: Articles for deletion/Qi (spirit). Thank you, Badagnani 07:15, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

POV

 * "It is best to pick the leaves which are greenish, roundish and thick" – there are some prejudications in the article. I think it should be fixed --Tolek R. 12:34, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I personally don't feel that it is prejudicial. I think that the contributor who submitted this is probably suggesting that there are methods used to pick the finest leaves but has not expressed his views well. Maybe we could suggest a citation to back up the claim instead? This is because it looked like it came straight from a travelogue or something. - Arthur Oon 20:15, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Introduction
I added an introduction to the page. It seemed to start a little abruptly. It seems like there's a lot of good information on this page, but it's a little unstructured. This is my first significant edit of a Wikipedia page, so I tried to read the guidelines before adding anything. Feedback is welcome :) Since there are already pages on Chinese tea culture and tea history, it seems like this page should be something of an umbrella or overview of all things involving Chinese tea.ZhouTea (talk) 04:35, 19 November 2007 (UTC) zhoutea

World's most popular drink besides water
If you do a google search of "most popular drink worldwide tea" you will find a number of websites arguing that tea is the most popular drink worldwide. However, if you search for "most popular drink worldwide coffee" you will get the same claims for coffee. What we really need are facts here. If you ask the average American, we will say coffee, because we drink it. I would imagine the same thing is true for the English and the far east regarding tea. I think in light of each drink being given the moniker of "world's most popular", and not much evidence to back either claim up, I feel compelled to remove the unsourced statement regarding tea. The sentence reads as follows: Overall, tea is consumed more than any other drink besides water worldwide.[citation needed]. It is at the end of "The Tang Dynasty" section. If anyone has a problem with me removing the OR claim, just google like I did.72.78.179.244 (talk) 13:59, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Tang Dynasty
The "Tang Dynasty" section has a lot of general tea info, but not much info regarding tea in the Tang dynasty. Also, the info is unsourced. It needs cleanup.72.78.179.244 (talk) 15:38, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

This is a very poorly written article
It is quite upsetting to have read such a poorly written article about such an important product.

Firstly, the references it has employed are limited and are mostly commercial and second hand materials written for publicity purposes. Secondly, its reference to history and tea specifics are partial, fragmentary and unfocused. (other than the repeated use of tieguanyin; why?) Thirdly, why jump into introducing a few tea varieties here and there without any overview? Fourthly, there are a lot more aspects to tea than written. A concise, balanced and broad view writing is needed as an article that is the category directory.

I do not know the background of how this article has come about, but it needs a major rewrite with a balanced structure and relevant content. It is a disgrace to the product of tea at the moment. If I do not see any objection or some other person volunteering in a week, I shall start to do it myself.

Bill Ukers (talk) 17:40, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

unsorted Chinese tea teas
(English followed by Chinese) Classification分類:

The four classifications of tea according to fermentation再把這四大分類細分： non-fermented tea :不發酵茶，即綠茶： post–fermented後發酵茶 即普洱茶，即黑茶： partially fermented tea 部分發酵茶，半發酵茶，即烏龍茶 completely fermented tea全發酵茶，即紅茶 ： According to the degree of: fermentation, rolling, baking and tea leaf maturity根據製造時發酵，揉捻焙火與採摘時原料成熟度來分類 Green Tea Types綠茶分為： steamed green tea蒸青綠茶 powered green tea 粉末綠茶 silver needle green tea 銀針綠茶 lightly rubbed green tea 原形綠茶 curled green tea 松卷綠茶 sword shaped green tea劍片綠茶 twisted green tea 條形綠茶 pearled green tea 圓珠綠茶

Puer Tea Types普洱茶分為 : Age-puer 陳放普洱 pile-fermented puer渥堆普洱

Oolong Tea Types烏龍茶分為： white oolong:白茶烏龍 twisted oolong:條形烏龍 pelleted oolong 球形烏龍 roasted oolong熟火烏龍 white tipped oolong:白毫烏龍

Black Tea Types紅茶分為： unshredded black tea：功夫紅茶 shredded black tea:碎形紅茶

任何種類的茶都可以熏花. Any type of tea can be scented.

Scented Tea Types熏花茶可分為： scented green tea 熏花綠茶 scented puer tea熏花普洱 scented oolong tea 熏花烏龍 scented black tea熏花紅茶 jasmine scented green tea熏花茉莉

Any type of tea can be spiced. 任何種類的茶都可加以調味.

Spiced Tea Types調味茶分為: spiced green tea 調味綠茶 spiced Puer tea調味普洱 spiced oolong tea調味烏龍 spiced black tea調味紅茶

Names of Tea常見茶名：

Green Blade 煎茶 Yellow Mountain Fuzz Tip 黃山毛峰 Dragon Well 龍井 Green Spiral 碧螺春 Gunpower Tea 珠茶 Jasmine Tea 茉莉花茶 Rose Bulb 玫瑰繡球 Lu‘an Leaf 六安瓜片

Tea Powder 茶粉 Fine Powder Tea 抹茶 (matcha)

Jun Mountain Silver Needle 君山銀針 White tip silver needle 銀針白毫 White peony 白牡丹 Long Brow 壽眉 Brow Tea 眉茶 Jade Dew 玉露

White Tip Oolong 白毫烏龍 Wuyi Rock 武夷岩茶 Red Robe tea 大紅袍 White Comb白鷄冠 Gold Turtle水金龜 Iron Monk鐵羅漢 Cassia tea 肉桂 (武夷)

Narcissus 水仙 Finger Citron 佛手 Iron Goddess (TGY) 鐵觀音 Osmanthus Oolong桂花烏龍 Roast Oolong 熟火烏龍 Light Oolong 清茶 Pouchong Tea 包種茶 Dongding Oolong 凍頂 Anji White Leaf 安吉白茶 Fenghuang Unique Bush 鳳凰單從 Ginseng Oolong 人參烏龍茶 Cinnamon Tea肉桂茶

Gongfu Black 工夫紅茶 Smoke Black 煙熏紅茶

Dark Tea黑茶 Age Bowl Puer 青沱 Age Cake Puer青餅 Pile Cake Puer 熟餅

http://teaarts.blogspot.com/2010/06/tea-terms-2010.html

China's Famous Teas
China's Famous Teas (中国名茶) or The Ten Great Chinese Teas (中国十大名茶) is a list of the ten most notable Chinese Teas. Below is a list of ten popular teas of China. Tea Name Enlish and Chinese, tea area province, and tea type:
 * 西湖龙井 Dragon Well, Hangzhou Zhejiang, Green tea
 * 洞庭碧螺春 Dongding Green Spiral, Suzhou Jiangsu, Green tea
 * 安溪铁观音 Anxi Iron Goddess, Anxi Fujian, Oolong tea
 * 黄山毛峰 Yellow mountain Tip, Huangshan Anhui, Green tea
 * 武夷岩茶 Wuyi Rock Tea (Red Robe), Wuyi Fujian, Oolong tea
 * 君山银针 Jun Mountain Silver Needle, Yueyang Hunan, Yellow tea
 * 祁门红茶 Keemun Black Tea, Qimen Anhui, Black tea
 * 六安瓜片 Lu’an Leaf, Jinzhai Anhui, Green tea
 * 云南普洱 Yunnan Puer, Puer(Simao) Yunnan, Post-fermented tea Puer
 * 白毫银针 White Tip Silver Needle, Fuding Fujian, White tea

icetea8 (talk) 02:43, 18 March 2011 (UTC) - It is interesting to see the 10 famous Chinese tea list here. I have seen quite a number of different versions of this list in different literature, and have never been sure which is true, and who is to decide on this list. Every year there are various claims of qualifications such as "national drink" "national tea" "one of the 10 best teas" etc by various production regions. I have not been able to find any official documents yet as to which are the representative 10 most famous teas of China.

In the context of this Wiki article, I wonder why it should be included, and if there is a strong reason for it, what is the criteria for judging which is the correct list. Bill Ukers (talk) 17:49, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

The pronunciation of "六安"
Although "六"(six) is pronounced as "Liù", but it should be pronounced as "Lù" in "六安"(a city in Anhui province). -61.139.95.226 (talk) 06:26, 18 June 2015 (UTC)

July 2016
Hi User:Erutuon. For transparency, I want to let you know I discussed the copyvios at IRC because Youtube is blocked in China where I am, so I could only rely on Earwig's tool. I checked before the removal at IRC and Oshwah said it was copy paste. Not sure why you didn't see same. I also checked back at IRC after your revert. That prompted Oswah to rv again. Best, Anna Frodesiak (talk) 01:20, 28 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I took a second look at the video, and I do see text in the video's description that is identical to the description of the video. But you deleted the wrong text: the information about tea houses that you deleted is not in the description to the video. Here is the text in the video description:

 * It is clear to me that the creator of the video copied this text from the Wikipedia article, not the other way around. The text added to the article by is not in the YouTube video's description, and was not plagiarized. So, your edit was mistaken, and the text you deleted should be restored. — Eru·tuon 03:37, 28 July 2016 (UTC)

 * I think you are right. The person who checked for me at IRC may have mixed up diffs or something. He is rechecking now. My humblest apologies. I am flying blind here because I cannot access Youtube and required others to check for me. I take full responsibility. I'm afraid I've bitten a newcomer. I am terribly sorry, Victoriaxin. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 09:16, 28 July 2016 (UTC)

chineseteas101.com as a source
I've removed it once again, leaving the content this time. It looks like it was restored by accident with this revert. Was it intentionally added as a reliable source? --Ronz (talk) 22:54, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Poor wording
"One of the event happened in before 1980s is that The trade missions of European countries in Shanghai that imported and carry out china tea to European countries, which will raise the export of Chinese tea."

I am confused by this sentence. What does it mean?

--Sanyides (talk) 15:06, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA22 - Sect 200 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by XingboGao (talk) 00:18, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese tea


text:
User talk:Gringorama

Stub-sorting. [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting|You can help!]

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title: User talk:Gringorama


text:
Gasoline gallon equivalent

Gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) or gasoline-equivalent gallon (GEG) is the amount of an alternative fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline. GGE allows consumers to compare the energy content of competing fuels against a commonly known fuel, namely gasoline.

It is difficult to compare the cost of gasoline with other fuels if they are sold in different units and physical forms. GGE attempts to solve this. One GGE of CNG and one GGE of electricity have exactly the same energy content as one gallon of gasoline. In this way, GGE provides a direct comparison of gasoline with alternative fuels, including those sold as a gas (natural gas, propane, hydrogen) and as metered electricity.

Definition
In 1994, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defined "gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) [as] 5.660 pounds of natural gas." Compressed natural gas (CNG), for example, is a gas rather than a liquid. It can be measured by its volume in standard cubic feet (ft3) at atmospheric conditions, by its weight in pounds (lb), or by its energy content in joules (J), British thermal units (BTU), or kilowatt-hours (kW·h). CNG sold at filling stations in the US is priced in dollars per GGE.

Using GGE as a measure to compare the stored energy of various fuels for use in an internal combustion engine is only one input for consumers, who typically are interested in the annual cost of driving a vehicle, which requires considering the amount of useful work that can be extracted from a given fuel. This is measured by the car's overall efficiency. In the context of GGE, a real world measure of overall efficiency is the fuel economy or fuel consumption advertised by motor vehicle manufacturers.

Efficiency and consumption
To start, only a fraction of the stored energy of a given fuel (measured in BTU or kW-hr) can be converted to useful work by the vehicle's engine. The measure of this is engine efficiency, often called thermal efficiency in the case of internal combustion engines. A diesel cycle engine can be as much as 40% to 50% efficient at converting fuel into work, where a typical automotive gasoline engine's efficiency is about 25% to 30%.

In general, an engine is designed to run on a single fuel source and substituting one fuel for another may affect the thermal efficiency. Each fuel–engine combination requires adjusting the mix of air and fuel. This can be a manual adjustment using tools and test instruments or done automatically in computer-controlled fuel injected and multi-fuel vehicles. Forced induction for an internal combustion engine using supercharger or turbocharger may also affect the optimum fuel–air mix and thermal efficiency.

The overall efficiency of converting a unit of fuel to useful work (rotation of the driving wheels) includes consideration of thermal efficiency along with dynamic losses that are inherent and specific to the design of a given vehicle. Thermal efficiency is affected by both friction and heat losses; for internal combustion engines, some of the stored energy is lost as heat through the exhaust or cooling system. In addition, friction inside the engine happens along the cylinder walls, crankshaft rod bearings and main bearings, camshaft bearings, drive chains or gears, plus other miscellaneous and minor bearing surfaces. Other dynamic losses can be caused by friction outside the motor/engine, including loads from the generator / alternator, power steering pump, A/C compressor, transmission, transfer case (if four-wheel-drive), differential(s) and universal joints, plus rolling resistance of the pneumatic tires. The vehicle's external styling affects its aerodynamic drag, which is another dynamic loss that must be considered for overall efficiency.

In battery or electric vehicles, calculating the vehicle's overall efficiency of useful work begins with the charge–discharge rate of the battery pack, generally 80% to 90%. Next is the conversion of stored energy to distance traveled under power. Generally speaking, an electrical motor is far more efficient than an internal combustion engine at converting the stored potential energy into useful work; in an electric vehicle, traction motor efficiency can approach 90%, as there is minimal waste heat coming off the motor parts, and zero heat cast off by the coolant radiator and out of the exhaust. An electric motor typically has internal friction only at the main axle bearings. Additional losses will affect the overall efficiency, similar to a conventional internal combustion car, including rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, accessory power, climate control, and drivetrain losses. See table below translating retail electricity costs for a GGE in BTU.

Overall efficiency is measured and reported, typically by government testing, through operating the vehicle in a standardized driving cycle designed to replicate typical use, while providing a consistent basis for comparison between vehicles. Cars sold in the United States are advertised by their measured overall efficiency (fuel economy) in miles per gallon (mpg). The MPG of a given vehicle starts with the thermal efficiency of the fuel and engine, less all of the above elements of friction. The fuel consumption is an equivalent measure for cars sold outside the United States, typically measured in litres per 100 km traveled; in general, the fuel consumption and miles per gallon would be reciprocals with appropriate conversion factors, but because different countries use different driving cycles to measure fuel consumption, fuel economy and fuel consumption are not always directly comparable.

Miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (MPGe)
The MPGe metric was introduced in November 2010 by EPA in the Monroney label of the Nissan Leaf electric car and the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid. The ratings are based on EPA's formula, in which 33.7 kilowatt hours of electricity is equivalent to one gallon of gasoline (giving a heating value of 33.705 kWh/gal), and the energy consumption of each vehicle during EPA's five standard drive cycle tests simulating varying driving conditions. All new cars and light-duty trucks sold in the U.S. are required to have this label showing the EPA's estimate of fuel economy of the vehicle.

Gasoline gallon equivalent tables
Rates per kWh for residential electricity in the USA range from $0.0728 (Idaho) to $0.166 (Alaska), $0.22 (San Diego Tier 1, while Tier 2 is $.40) and $0.2783 (Hawaii).

Compressed natural gas
One GGE of natural gas is undefined ft3 at standard conditions. This volume of natural gas has the same energy content as one US gallon of gasoline (based on lower heating values: 900 btu/ft3 of natural gas and 114000 btu/usgal for gasoline).

One GGE of CNG pressurized at 2400 psi is undefined ft3. This volume of CNG at 2,400 psi has the same energy content as one US gallon of gasoline (based on lower heating values: 148144 btu/ft3 of CNG and 114000 btu/usgal of gasoline. Using Boyle's law, the equivalent GGE at 3600 psi is undefined ft3.

The National Conference of Weights & Measurements (NCWM) has developed a standard unit of measurement for compressed natural gas, defined in the NIST Handbook 44 Appendix D as follows: "1 Gasoline [US] gallon equivalent (GGE) means 2.567 kg (5.660 lb) of natural gas."

When consumers refuel their CNG vehicles in the US, the CNG is usually measured and sold in GGE units. This is fairly helpful as a comparison to gallons of gasoline.

Ethanol and blended fuels (E85)
1.5 usgal of ethanol has the same energy content as 1.0 usgal of gasoline.

The energy content of ethanol is 76100 btu/usgal, compared to 114100 btu/usgal for gasoline. (see chart above)

A flex-fuel vehicle will experience about 76% of the fuel mileage MPG when using E85 (85% ethanol) products as compared to 100% gasoline. Simple calculations of the BTU values of the ethanol and the gasoline indicate the reduced heat values available to the internal combustion engine. Pure ethanol provides 2/3 of the heat value available in pure gasoline.

In the most common calculation, that is, the BTU value of pure gasoline vs gasoline with 10% ethanol, the latter has just over 96% BTU value of pure gasoline. Gasoline BTU varies relating to the Reid vapor pressure (causing easier vaporization in winter blends containing ethanol (ethanol is difficult to start a vehicle on when it is cold out) and anti-knock additives. Such additives offer a reduction in BTU value.

title: Gasoline gallon equivalent


text:
Johan Carel Marinus Warnsinck

J.C.M. Warnsinck (11 November 1882, Hoogwoud, North Holland - 21 July 1943, The Hague) was a Dutch naval officer and naval historian.

Johan Carel Marinus Warnsinck was the son of the notary Cornelis Warnsinck and his wife, Tettje Halbertsma. He entered the Royal Naval Academy at Den Helder in 1899 and was commissioned an officer in the Royal Netherlands Navy in 1903, eventually rising to the rank of captain in 1930. In 1919, he married Catarina Elisabeth Delprat and they had one son and a daughter.

He saw naval service in the East and West Indies as well as in European waters. In the Royal Netherlands Navy, he was a hydrographic specialist. From about 1920, he began to be interested in naval history and began with a special interest in the three Anglo-Dutch wars (1652-1674). He retired from active service in 1932 and devoted the remainder of his life to the study of Dutch maritime history.

Warnsinck became a key pioneer for the academic study of maritime history in The Netherlands. In 1933, he was appointed a lecturer at the University of Amsterdam and additionally at Leiden University in 1937. In 1939, he became Professor of Maritime History at Utrecht University. For many years, he was on the Council of the Linschoten Society and Secretary of the Commission for maritime history of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1938, he was elected an associate member of the Académie de Marine in Paris.

Works

 * De retourvloot van Pieter de Bitter (Kerstmis 1664-Najaar 1665) (1929)
 * Reisen van Nicolaus de Graaff, gedaan naar alle gewesten des werelds, beginnende 1639 tot 1687 incluis (1930)
 * Admiraal de Ruyter, de zeeslag op Schooneveld (1930).
 * De geschiedenis van ons zeewezen : rede uitgesproken bij de opening zijner lessen in de geschiedenis van het zeewezen op den 30sten Mei 1933 (1933).
 * De vloot van den Konig-Stadhouder 1689-1690 (1934).
 * De kweekschool voor de Zeevaart en de Stuurmanskunst, 1785-1935 (1935).
 * De wetenschappelijke voorbereiding van onze eerste schipvaart naar Oost-Indië (1936).
 * Abraham Crijnssen: de verovering van Suriname en zijn aanslag op Virginië in 1667 (1936).
 * Iaerlyck verhael van de verrichtinghen der Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie in derthien boecken (1931–37)
 * Piet Heyn: generaal in dienst der West-Indische Compagnie, luitenant-admiraal van Holland, 1577-1629 (1937)
 * De kapiteinsjaren van Maerten Harpertszoon Tromp (1938)
 * Drie zeventiende-eeuwsche admiraals: Piet Heyn, Witte de With, Jan Evertsen (1938, 1943, 1976)
 * Itinerario: voyage ofte schipvaert van Jan Huygen van Linschoten naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indien, 1579-1592 ; *Dl. 4-5*Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers / uitg. door J.C.M. Warnsinck (1939)
 * De zeeoorlog van Holland en Zeeland tegen de Wendische steden der Duitse Hanze 1438-1441 (1939)
 * Een mislukte aanslag op Nederlands Brazilië, 1639-1640 (1940)
 * Twaalf doorluchtige zeehelden (1941)
 * De reis om de wereld van Joris van Spilbergen, 1614-1617 (1943)
 * Straat- en bochtvaarders : zijnde het korte historiael ende journaels aenteyckeninge van drie voyagiens(1943)

title: Johan Carel Marinus Warnsinck