text:
Chanyuan Treaty

The Chanyuan Treaty was signed between the Northern Song dynasty and the Liao dynasty in 1005, and marked a pivotal point in Chinese history and in the relations between the two dynasties. The treaty laid the foundation for approximately a century of relative peace between the two major powers, which lasted until the Alliance Conducted at Sea was formed between the Northern Song dynasty and the Jin dynasty in the early 12th century. The diplomatic framework itself which set the peace would continue to be emulated throughout East Asia until the establishment of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century.

Liao–Song relations
Early on from the succession of the Song dynasty from the Five Dynasties in 960, relations between the Song and Liao were cordial. The Song had more important matters on their hand, namely conquering the remaining kingdoms in the south and north. After unifying the south in 979, the Song turned their eyes on the Liao. The Song destroyed the Northern Han state in 979. The Northern Han was a Shatuo Turk kingdom that considered itself the legitimate successor of the Later Han dynasty that fell in 950. As it was under the protection of the Liao, it engendered some friction between the two. However, what concerned the Song even more was the continued Liao possession of the strategic Sixteen Prefectures, which included present-day Beijing.

After the Northern Han was destroyed by the Song, the emperor decided to march on Liao holdings in the Sixteen Prefectures. The Song forces were routed and the emperor had to retreat in ignominy.

The Song once again tried in 986, this time trying to take advantage of the fact that a boy emperor occupied the Liao throne. The Song advanced on the Sixteen Prefectures in three columns. However, the Liao won decisive victories on all three fronts, and diplomatic relations were soon resumed. Emperor Zhenzong succeeded to the Song throne in 997. Throughout the decade, relations between the Song and Liao worsened. In 999, the Liao Emperor Shengzong commenced annual attacks against the Song. Each of these attacks won victories, but no significant change occurred until 1004.

Liao invasion of 1004-1005
Emperor Shengzong decided to launch an imperial expedition against the Song personally in the summer of 1004. He took Khitan cavalry and encamped about one hundred miles (160 kilometers) north of the Song capital of Kaifeng. Reluctantly, Emperor Zhenzong marched northward to meet the Liao at Chanyuan. He decided upon Chanyuan because it was the first large city across from the Yellow River. The emperor believed that crossing the Yellow River in an imperial expedition would have great symbolic and psychological value. The Song began to worry that the expedition was not safe for the emperor because the Khitan forces were making serious advances in the Hebei Circuit. To protect Chanyuan, Kou Zhun, the lead planner of the Song expedition, had implemented defensive measures such as trenches, but these defenses were already weakened after heavy fighting, resulting in many thousands of casualties, including many generals. The arrival of the emperor raised the Song troops' morale while ensuring that the ensuing battle would be everlastingly famous.

A Song giant crossbow killed the Liao Khitan leader Xiao Dalin in battle in January 1005. This led to despair among the Khitan and crippled their contribution to the offensive.

Peace negotiations
From January 13 to January 18, 1005, the two sides worked out a peace treaty. Some sources say this was in 1004 because of evidence that it happened prior to the New Year on the Chinese lunar calendar. While the Liao initially sought a territorial concession in Guannan, this demand was eventually abandoned. The terms of the treaty included:

 * 1) The Song would give the Liao an annual tribute of 200,000 bolts of raw silk and 100,000 taels of silver.
 * 2) The State Finance Commission were to deliver these tributes to Hsiung-chou.
 * 3) Civilians and the military would abide by the present territorial boundaries.
 * 4) Neither side would give robbers or bandits who had fled arrest.
 * 5) Neither the north nor the south would grant licenses to sow or reap furrowed fields.
 * 6) All moats and walls already in existence could be kept up but no new ones could be established.
 * 7) Neither side would make requests outside of this treaty.

Afterward, the two imperial families recognized their equal status by addressing one another in familiar terms. For example, the Liao Emperor addressed the Song Emperor as "elder brother", while the Song Emperor addressed the Liao Empress Dowager as "aunt".

Despite the Song getting an arguably more prestigious position out of the treaty, there was opposition to this treaty among the Song elite. Nevertheless, this treaty avoided any further major wars between the two states.

Wang Jizhong
Wang Jizhong, a native of Kaifeng, was captured by the Kitans in 1003 at the battle of Wang-Tu. The Khitan emperor awarded Wang with official rank in the Khitan bureaucracy. Wang made the best of his circumstances and spoke with the Khitans of the advantage of resolving their conflict with the Song peacefully. The dowager empress Ch'eng-t'ien, who was in actual control of the Khitan state at the time, had grown tired of war, and she listened to Wang's proposals. With the Liao empress dowager's approval, Wang submitted a memorial to the Song emperor through the Song prefect of Mochou, stating that the Liao court wished to restore friendly relations. So, Wang facilitated the first talks of peace between the two empires. He had inside information for both of the empires so he knew exactly what each of them wanted in return for peace so he proposed exactly that to both sides. In the end it was Wang who persuaded the empress to give up on her land claims which ultimately led to the Chanyuan Treaty.

Significance of the treaty
The signing of the Chanyuan Treaty was the first time that the Liao forced the Song, who considered themselves the natural heirs to the Central Kingdom (Zhong Yuan), to recognize them as peers. This relationship lasted until 1125, when the Song broke the treaty by inviting the Jurchens (later known as Manchus) to attack the Liao. The Jurchen attack in fact brought an end to both the Liao and the Northern Song relationship.

This treaty immediately reduced the strain on Liao finances. Politically speaking, these annual payments were used to facilitate the construction of Liao's central capital. Peace with the Song allowed the Liao to focus more on their internal affairs and its relations with other people. So, this capital ultimately allowed the Liao to establish an international trade network. Without these annual payments from the Song it would have been highly unlikely that the Liao would have been able to create such a trading network and become the international force that they did. Economically, these payments secured the Liao a steady source of income and even helped facilitate trade with its neighbors because it now had more resources to produce goods in which they specialized in. More importantly, this treaty led to the growth of international trade along the Liao-Song border.

This treaty allowed the Song to secure disputed territory in exchange for a very minimal yearly payment. In addition now that the war was over the Song were able to focus on other matters. For one, they were able to advance their foreign diplomacy. On a different note, the Song were able to stop their military spending which was putting a serious strain on their economy. In the grand scheme of things, the yearly payments were a far less burden than the Song's military spending against the Liao.

After the treaty
This treaty became the basis for relations between the Song and other Chinese states including the Western Xia and the Jin dynasty. Xi Xia incursions in the northwest (at the urging of the Liao) forced the Song to raise their payments to 300,000 bolts of silk and 200,000 ounces of silver.

Along the way there were incidents that jeopardized the peace between the Liao and Song. Basically, in 1042 the Khitans threatened to launch a military expedition against the Northern Hedong circuit in order to get the Song to increase their annual tributes to the Khitans. Then in 1076 the Song ceded the Liao a few parcels of land along the Hedong border. This inevitably created a predicament because the original guidelines of the treaty made sure that the Song did not cede any territory to the Liao.

The accounts of the treaty in the Liao records and the Song records does not tally with each faction. The altering of some details shows a great deal of political boundary maintenance and an attempt at keeping dignity bias, which is prevalent in the Song dynasty faction. After the treaty was signed, the nature of the relationship between these two states changed from one of purely political rivalry to a supposed fraternal relationship. For the first time in Chinese history there were two Sons of Heaven, recognized by each other.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chanyuan Treaty


text:
Asociación Deportiva Atenas

Asociación Deportiva Atenas, mostly known as Atenas de Córdoba, is a sports club based in Córdoba, Argentina. It was founded in 1938, and is mostly known for its achievements in basketball. The club is the most successful team in Argentina holding 20 titles. The club's home arena is Polideportivo Carlos Cerutti. Until 2020, Atenas hosted some high attendance games at the Orfeo Superdomo.

Apart from basketball, other sports practised at Atenas are rhythmic gymnastics and volleyball.

History
The club was founded on March 7, 1938, mainly by former members of the New Tennis Club.

Before the creation of the Liga Nacional de Básquet (first Argentine nationwide professional league), Atenas was successful at the Cordobese basketball league, winning the championship consecutively between 1948 and 1957 (exception made of 1953).

Since the creation of the Liga Nacional in 1984, Atenas has become the most successful team in the league, winning the championship 9 times: 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991–92, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2002–03 and 2008–09. Moreover, the Córdoba outfit has won the Liga Sudamericana (South American League) in 1997, 1998 and 2004, and the former Campeonato Sudamericano de Clubes (South American Clubs Championship) in 1993, 1994, and 1996.

Many Argentine internationals have played in Atenas, namely Fabricio Oberto, Walter Herrmann, Marcelo Milanesio, Héctor Campana, Patricio Prato, Gabriel Mikulas, Diego Lo Grippo, Fernando Prato, Bruno Lábaque, Leonardo Gutiérrez, Juan Manuel Locatelli, Diego Osella, Carlos Cerutti and Juan Espil, among others.

In May 2023, Atenas was relegated to La Liga Argentina, the second division of Argentine basketball, for the first time in their history. Atenas lost to San Lorenzo 73–61 in the 5th. game of promotion/relegation playoffs.

Retired numbers
Atenas has retired a total of four numbers, being Marcelo Milanesio's n° 9 the first number to be retired in the history of LNB, when the club put it out of circulation in 2002.

National

 * Liga Nacional (9): 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991–92, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2008–09
 * Copa de Campeones (2): 1998, 1999
 * Super 8 (1): 2010–11
 * Top 4 (1): 2003–04
 * Copa Argentina (1): 2008

International

 * Liga Sudamericana (3): 1997, 1998, 2004
 * Campeonato Sudamericano (2): 1993, 1994
 * Campeonato Panamericano (1): 1996

Records and facts

 * Largest win: 140–81 to Independiente de Tucumán (1985-08-29)
 * Worst defeat: 49–83 to Gimnasia y Esgrima LP (2004-01-06)
 * The Argentine team with most national (14) and international (6) titles
 * All-time topscorer: Marcelo Milanesio (10,835)
 * Most games played: Marcelo Milanesio (848)

title: Asociación Deportiva Atenas


text:
Queen of the Black Coast

"Queen of the Black Coast" is one of the original short stories about Conan the Cimmerian, written by American author Robert E. Howard and first published in Weird Tales magazine c. May 1934. Set during the fictional Hyborian Age, Conan becomes a notorious pirate plundering the coastal villages of Kush alongside Bêlit, a head-strong femme fatale.

Due to its epic scope and atypical romance, this story is an undisputed classic of Conan lore and is often cited by Howard scholars as one of his most famous tales.

Howard earned $115 selling this story to Weird Tales, and it is now in the public domain.

Plot summary
In an Argossean port, Conan demands passage aboard a merchant vessel, the Argus, which is casting off for southern waters to trade beads, silks, sugar, and brass-hilted swords to the black kings of Kush. The captain objects to his demand to travel without paying for the passage, and Conan threatens him and the crew. The captain agrees to let Conan stay on board, since "It would be useful to have a fighting man on the voyage". Gradually, Conan and the captain, Tito, become friends. Conan tells Tito he is fleeing the civil authorities of Argos after a court dispute in which Conan refused to betray the whereabouts of a friend to a magistrate. Rather than betray his friend, Conan drew his sword and killed the magistrate. At this point, Conan has no experience or knowledge of the sea.

Upon reaching the pirate-infested waters of Kush, their trade ship is attacked by Bêlit's reavers. The Queen of the Black Coast, Bêlit and her ebony-skinned warriors slaughter the Argus's crew. Conan tries to rally the crew after the captain's death, and when the fight becomes hopeless, he jumps aboard the pirate ship. Conan kills many of the pirates, fully expecting to be overwhelmed and killed, when Bêlit orders her crew to spare Conan. She is impressed with the Cimmerian's courage and ferocity and sexually attracted to him. Bêlit offers to let Conan sail with her, be her chosen mate, and help lead her warriors. Smitten, Conan agrees, and they raid the Black Coast together.

Soon, rumors spread that the she-devil of the sea, Bêlit, has found a mate, an iron man whose wrath is that of a wounded lion. Survivors of butchered Stygian ships curse the name of Bêlit and her Cimmerian warrior.

Sailing up the river Zarkheba, Bêlit and Conan encounter ancient ruins containing lost treasure, a winged monstrosity, and skulking hyenas used to be men. Despite the murders of their crew and the horrors lurking in the jungle, Bêlit and Conan find time for a theological discussion comparing Conan's grim god Crom to Bêlit's more ambiguous Shemite deities. Bêlit promises that even death could not keep her from Conan's side.

Bêlit is soon captivated by a cursed necklace in the treasure. It seemingly instills the wearer with a madness and monomania. In this state, Bêlit issues faulty orders. Her crew is soon decimated, and Bêlit herself is hanged by the winged monster. Alone and raging, Conan confronts the monster. He is on the verge of being slain when Bêlit's spirit intervenes. Conan slays the winged horror and leaves the ruins with her corpse.

Conan gives Bêlit a Viking funeral, burning the ship with her and her treasures on it.

Reception
Everett F. Bleiler described "Queen of the Black Coast" as "probably the best of the Conan stories, perhaps because it is the only one based on another emotion than lust, greed, or hatred."

Publication history

The story was first published in the May 1934 issue of Weird Tales magazine. It was republished in the collections The Coming of Conan (Gnome Press, 1953) and Conan of Cimmeria (Lancer Books, 1969). It has more recently been republished in the collections The Conan Chronicles Volume 1: The People of the Black Circle (Gollancz, 2000) and Conan of Cimmeria: Volume One (1932-1933) (Del Rey, 2003).

Adaptations
The story was adapted and expanded by Roy Thomas, Mike Ploog and John Buscema in Conan the Barbarian (Marvel) issues #58, #59 and #100, which were first published in the mid to late 1970s.

Petri Hiltunen made his own graphic novel adaptation in 1991. It has only been published in Finland.

A role-playing game adaptation for GURPS named Conan and the Queen of the Black Coast was published by Steve Jackson Games in 1989.

The concept of the woman who dies, but returns to help Conan in battle, was used in the 1982 movie Conan the Barbarian.

The Dark Horse Comics series Conan the Barbarian (2012-2014) by writer Brian Wood and artist Becky Cloonan uses Queen of the Black Coast as the basis for the first three issues. The death of Bêlit is told in issues 22-25.

The story has also been adapted by publishing company Ablaze in their "Cimmerian" series of comics.

title: Queen of the Black Coast


text:
Progne

Progne is a genus of passerine birds in the swallow family Hirundinidae. The species are found in the New World and all have "martin" in their common name.

Taxonomy
The genus Progne was introduced in 1826 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie for the purple martin. The genus name refers to Procne (Πρόκνη), a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow to save her from her husband. She had killed their son to avenge the rape of her sister.

The genus contains nine species:

title: Progne


text:
Zapodidae

Zapodidae, the jumping mice, is a family of mouse-like rodents in North America and China.

Although mouse-like in general appearance, these rodents are distinguished by their elongated hind limbs, and, typically, by the presence of four pairs of cheek-teeth in each jaw. There are five toes to all the feet, but the first in the fore-feet is rudimentary, and furnished with a flat nail. The tail makes up about 60% of its body length and is used to gain balance while jumping. The cheeks have pouches. The Sichuan jumping "yeti" mouse (Eozapus setchuanus) from China can be identified by the ‘Y’ marking on its belly.

Jumping mice live in wooded areas, grassy fields and alpine meadows. When disturbed, they can leap eight to ten feet at a time, diminishing to three to four as they widen the gap between them and any pursuer. They are nocturnal and generally live alone. Nests are often found in clefts of rocks, among timber, or in hollow trees. Typically, they will have two to three litters per year.

Taxonomy
Formerly classified in the subfamily Zapodinae alongside the birch mice and jerboas within the greater family Dipodidae, phylogenetic analysis has found the jumping mice, birch mice, and jerboas to each form their own family, with Dipodidae being restricted to the jerboas. All three families are thought to belong to the greater superfamily Dipodoidea.

Classification
There are 11 recent species listed by the American Society of Mammalogists as of 2021.

Family Zapodidae, jumping mice
 * Genus Eozapus
 * Chinese jumping mouse, Eozapus setchuanus
 * Genus Napaeozapus
 * Western woodland jumping mouse, Napaeozapus abietorum
 * Eastern woodland jumping mouse, Napaeozapus insignis
 * Genus Zapus
 * Northern meadow jumping mouse, Zapus hudsonius
 * Southern meadow jumping mouse, Zapus luteus
 * Central Pacific jumping mouse, Zapus montanus
 * Oregon jumping mouse, Zapus oregonus
 * South Pacific jumping mouse, Zapus pacificus
 * Southwestern jumping mouse, Zapus princeps
 * Northwestern jumping mouse, Zapus saltator
 * North Pacific jumping mouse, Zapus trinotatus

Fossil genera
In addition, four fossil genera are also definitively known:

 * Genus †Javazapus
 * Genus †Pliozapus
 * Genus †Sinozapus
 * Genus †Sminthozapus

title: Zapodidae


text:
Template talk:Lemony Snicket

Instructions for use

 * Please use it:
 * On pages about individual books in the series.
 * On the generic pages, examples of which are: A Series of Unfortunate Events, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (movie), Lemony Snicket ...etc...

 * Please don't use it:
 * On character or organisation pages. Use the or  for that.

--Celestianpower talk 12:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * If it makes sense (and if the template isn't switched back to the sidebar), please change the instructions to the following :

 * Please use it:
 * At the very bottom of any pages strongly-related to A Series of Unfortunate Events.
 * Don't forget to also use ASUE character Infobox Snicket character or ASUE organisation Infobox Snicket element at the top of character or organization articles.

 * — 131.230.133.186 14:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please don't use it:

 * May I add that it shouldn't be used on locations, objects, etc.? It seems to me that they fall into the same sort of criterion as ASUE character Infobox Snicket character and ASUE organisation Infobox Snicket element.

Change the template
There is a proposed template here: template:ASUE/proposed. Do you think that we should swap these over and disconytinue this one. I prefer this side-bar personally but if consensus is to change it then That's fine aswell. --Celestianpower hab 14:21, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Putting in articles is not recommended, as it looks sloppy having temporary templates and using something called "proposed" in an article.  In the future, please put proposals here (just paste them) or just be bold and make the change anyway, so that admins don't have to waste time deleting temporary templates.  As for your suggested change, I personally like some of your changes and wouldn't mind you changing this.

 * Also, sidebars are used for fill-in-the-blanks style things about the subject of the article and not about the general category, as with the sidebar in Hermione Granger — 131.230.133.186 10:56, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, if you don't want a sidebar then can we please use the one at /proposed because the one you made, in my opinion, is ugly with too much whitespace and too many lines. --Cel e stianpower hablamé 13:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * That would be fine. — 131.230.133.186 13:05, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

The template is becoming rather bloated. I've put a couple of solutions on my test page, User:Smurrayinchester/Template, but I think the best option is to set the box up as nav-box; we'll lose the formatting, but the user can show or hide the box as necessary. smurray  in   chester  (User), (Ho Ho Ho!) 20:26, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Mr. Poe - central?
Why is Poe listed as a central character? I'll admit he was a recurring character in books 1 to 7, but disappeared until a short appearance in 11 and 12. Aside from the whole Villain/Volunteer speculation, there isn't much importance around him. Surely the Hook-Handed Man is more "central" than Poe? Squidward2602 21:26, 2 January 2006 (UTC) i agree klaus12
 * He was quite important in books 1 to 7, and additional information in Lemony Snicket: The Unauthorised Autobiography shows that he is still an important figure. Perhaps he could be moved to other characters though. smurray  inchester (User), (Talk) 10:32, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Sugar Bowl
I think that the sugar bowl should be put in the list of other links, because it is a main plot element. True, there is not much known about why it is important, but I had to search to find information on it. [[User:Flamedude|Flamedude]] 21:41, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

13 Shocking Secrets & The Dismal Dinner
May I query the entries of these? 13 Shocking Secrets, quite apart from having an incorrect article name (there is no "That" in the actual name of the document, and the capitalisation is different), distorts the Accompanying Books section with the length of its name. Perhaps it could simply be moved to "13 Shocking Secrets," or merged with the article on Lemony Snicket? Plus there's the fact that it's not really a book, it's a booklet (and since I've not actually ever seen or heard reports of a physical offline version, it's more of a document). I've suggested solutions to the fact that it's not a book below when dealing with The Dismal Dinner.

The Dismal Dinner wasn't a book, it was more of a set of four little cardboard cut-outs on the back of Lunchables. However, I don't see where else to put it if we keep the article on it, unless we decide to merge it with the main ASOUE article or perhaps with 13 Shocking Secrets into some kind of "Promotional booklets" section or something. Or we could label "Accompanying Books" as "Accompanying Materials" or something of that nature.

I also recognise that some of my queries would be better suited to the Discussion pages of those actual articles, but it seems like nobody ever reads those (will The Beatrice Letters, for example, ever be adorned with the updated cover? Or The Puzzling Puzzles be moved to an accurate article name?).

Thoughts?

Diverge the Other Section
The other section isn't really needed. Prospero and Queequeg could go into places, the film and video game are big enough ideas they could go to the top, and everything else pretty much could go into a V.F.D. section.-Pacaman 01:21, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I went aheadand changed it, since nobody opposed it.Pacaman 20:16, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Characters
What's the basis for deciding if somebody is a secondary or minor character? It seems odd that Jacques would have secondary status when he had only a brief cameo in book the 7th, and the circus freaks have minor status, even though they were major characters in book the 9th and had recurring roles in 10-12. Pacaman 22:13, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Worst template I'd seen here so far
Please make the  microscopic   font readable, the  big bold  font normal and turn the template hidden by default. The humankind will be thankful forever. Pavel Vozenilek 02:28, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * There's absolutely nothing wrong with this template. Perhaps you're thinking of this template or this template? They're the worst templates in the world, ever. TheMadBaron 10:11, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Callapsibilty
I made the added the hide option to the template because it is pretty big. --Pacaman! 17:42, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Boats=places?
Should the link to the list of boats go under the "places" category? They're not really places, right? Everyoneandeveryone 20:25, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Many events happen on boats/submarines throughout the series, especially in The Grim Grotto. <3 Clamster 01:43, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

No need for Untitled series navbox in template
Currently, the template features a navbox called "Untitled series" which offers the show/hide button. The problem is that there is no content in that navbox itself, i.e. it's empty. Perhaps the show/hide function can simply be removed? The only thing provided will be the link to Untitled Lemony Snicket series, which I guess will remain piped to give Untitled series. Do contact me at my talk page for a reply, thanks. Cheers, A NG C HENRUI Talk♨ 14:28, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Trivial Information?
Are all these individual articles for this series really necessary? I hardly think that something like Count Olaf's theater troupe is a notable enough subject to merit an entire article on its own. -- Vörös yes?  19:13, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

New American Haggadah
According to everything I can find about this book (e.g., http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0316069868), Snicket is only a contributor to this book. I recommend removing it from the listing of books by Snicket, or making a section devoted to his contributions to larger works authored or edited by other parties, such as his contribution to republication of The Bears' Famous Invasion of Sicily and his unfinished short story in Noisy Outlaws. LlamaScout (talk) 21:20, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Dates of novels
Every novel in the template has a year in brackets - e.g. "The Bad Beginning (1999)". Are these really necessary? Other random templates for novel series that I've checked (1, 2, 3) don't do this, and it seems to just clutter up a navigational box that should remain as concise as possible. If no-one replies to this message, I'll boldly remove the bracketed dates in a week (per WP:SILENCE) - navigational boxes should help readers navigate, so dates of publishing or other facts and stats are irrelevant here. Bilorv (Talk)(Contribs) 18:19, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * It's been 12 days. Boldly removed. Bilorv (Talk)(Contribs) 20:40, 22 October 2014 (UTC)

Merge ASOUE and ATWQ
I propose we put the All The Wrong Questions books as a subsection in the A Series of Unfortunate Events area, as the series are related. LlamaScout (talk) 21:05, 25 June 2015 (UTC)
 * To be honest, I don't think that's a good idea. Yes, they are related, but they're different series set in different genres, with different characters and in different locations. The only common character is Lemony Snicket — who is merely a narrator in ASOUE, but a central character (and a child) in ATWQ. The All the Wrong Questions book covers have their own count on them: they're numbered "1", "2", "3" and "4", while A Series of Unfortunate Events books read "Book the [x]th". All the Wrong Questions is a "four-part young adult series" and Handler has said things like "It does have some overlap with the series, but it's not a continuation." before. I think it's fairly clear that they're different things; we show that they're related just by including them in the same navbox, but they shouldn't come under a common heading because they are two separate series of novels. — Bilorv(talk)(c)(e) 08:26, 26 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I politely disagree. First, Snicket is not the only common character. Kit Snicket appears in all of the books, as do other VFD members who were adults in ASOUE (Hector in the first book, Widdershins in the second book, for example). By the reasoning you present, it seems The Unauthorized Autobiography shouldn't be included here either. I'm nor proposing we treat them like the same series, but rather as two facets of a larger franchise. It would be nice if there was a greater "snicketverse" (not that I propose we use this term) heading to encompass the two series and two supplemental books. Then there could be a subcategory for ASOUE, one for ATWQ, and one for Related Works (and also subcats for characters and media, respectively). LlamaScout (talk) 15:40, 1 July 2015 (UTC)
 * "By the reasoning you present, it seems The Unauthorized Autobiography shouldn't be included here either." — That's a good point and I'll admit that I summarised some of the facts to avoid rambling on (Snicket is the only main character from ASOUE, other than perhaps Kit who is unseen as of ?3; Moxie, Ellington, Theodora etc. are new). However, TUA is listed under "Supplementary materials" at the start of The Beatrice Letters (as is TBL itself); this would be why I consider them part of the new series. The two series are part of a larger franchise: "Books by Lemony Snicket"; the fact that Daniel Handler chose to publish them under the same pseudonym shows they are both targeted at children and perhaps set in the same universe. (As is, say 29 Myths on the Swinster Pharmacy and — I would argue — even works like The Composer is Dead.) This doesn't mean they should come under the same heading, though; all it does is show they belong in the same navbox.
 * I think jumbling up the characters and media articles could be confusing (we don't have any ATWQ character articles / spin-off media anyway) and I think the layout is okay as it is. Whatever the similarities between the series, they are fundamentally distinct. With all due respect, Bilorv(talk)(c)(e) 16:52, 1 July 2015 (UTC)
 * "We don't have any ATWQ ... spin-off media anyway". How about File Under: 13 Suspicious Incidents by Lemony Snicket? It's a collection of Encyclopedia Brown-esque vignettes that take place during Snicket's stay in Stain'd by the Sea (for those who don't know). Would an eventual inclusion of an article of this volume just be added to the nav under ATWQ? LlamaScout (talk) 18:22, 1 July 2015 (UTC)
 * If FU13 did get its own article (I've thought about creating one before but am not sure if it's notable), I assume we'd add a "Related works" subsection under the list of ?1, ?2 and ?3 (and soon, ?4), which would gain the title "Novels". So it would work just like ASOUE does with the novels, and then the supplementary materials. — Bilorv(talk)(c)(e) 18:39, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Lemony Snicket


text:
N21 road (Ireland)

The N21 road is a national primary road in Ireland. The route runs from the M20 outside Limerick to Tralee with connecting roads to other parts of County Kerry. It is 84.37 km in length. It runs through the towns of Abbeyfeale, Newcastle West, Adare and the village of Templeglantine. Prior to October 2010 the N21 also ran through the town of Castleisland. The town has since been bypassed. Rathkeale was also bypassed in 1992.

Route
The N21 route commences about 8 km southwest of Limerick city, just beyond Patrickswell. At the junction, which is reached by the main M20 motorway, the N20 diverges south to Cork and the main dual-carriageway becomes the N21 west.

Prior to the 2001 opening the new dual-carriageway, traffic to Kerry left the city on the old N20 in a southwest direction on the Ballinacurra Road through Raheen and then went through Patrickswell to the beginning of the N21.

The new 11 km M20/N21 dual-carriageway route begins at junction 1 on the Rosbrien Interchange as the M20 where it leaves the M7/N18 Limerick Southern Ring Road, and bypasses the Limerick suburbs of Dooradoyle, Raheen and Patrickswell, and continues, as the N21, almost to Adare. At this point the N21 becomes a standard two-lane road and flows through the main street of the scenic village.

The N21 then runs by Croagh and Rathkeale, which were bypassed in 1986 and 1992 respectively, before entering the main county town of Newcastle West and filtering through the town. Further along the route the N21 passes through Templeglantine, before going through the town of Abbeyfeale.

The road continues southwest, at the townland of Kilkinlea it crosses over the River Feale into County Kerry passing by Knocknagoshel and heading towards Castleisland. A new 7 km roadway from Abbeyfeale to Knocknagoshel, bypassing the accident-prone Headleys bridge near Knocknagoshel opened in July 2006. The remainder of the road to Castleisland was realigned in the 1980s. A 6 km section north of Casleisland was overlaid and brought up to standard in 1999.

At Castleisland, the N21 heads west to Tralee. The short N23 continues southwest to Farranfore, allowing traffic to continue south along the N22 to Killarney. A new 11 km road from Castleisland to Ballycarty near Tralee was opened in early 2001. This was followed by a new 3 km section into Tralee, opened in April 2005. The N21 terminates at Camp Roundabout on the N22/N69 Tralee Bypass which opened in August 2013.

Upgrades
The Castleisland Bypass was a national road project which commenced in 2009 and for which construction work completed in October 2010. The new road was officially opened on Friday, 22 October 2010, by then Minister for Defence Tony Killeen. The route consists of 5.3 km of type 2 dual carriageway and connects the N21 to the N23 bypassing Castleisland to the west of the town.

A section of the N21 west of Newcastle West was one of the more dangerous stretches of road in the country, known locally as Barnagh, between Newcastlewest and Templeglantine. At one point there were 4 deaths on the stretch within 4 weeks, with 5 total deaths there in 2010. A local group, known as the "N21 Barnagh Road Realignment Petition", campaigned to realign this section. The stretch of road was upgraded between 2011 and 2013.

Traffic congestion
The N21 is also known as a notorious traffic bottleneck particularly in the County Limerick towns of Abbeyfeale, Newcastlewest and Adare. The towns (most notably Adare) feature regularly on morning and evening traffic reports where delays of up to 30 minutes can occur. Local traffic, commuters and tourist traffic all contribute to the congestion.

Proposed upgrades
The Adare bypass, a proposed development to carry the N21 around the village of Adare, County Limerick, is in the design and consultation phase. Originally proposed as part of the Foynes to Limerick Road Improvement Scheme, a 33 km bypass of Newcastle West and Abbeyfeale was at the planning stage in 2006. As of October 2008, this plan had not advanced beyond planning stage. Updated bypass plans were subject to additional inquiries by An Bord Pleanala in early 2021.

title: N21 road (Ireland)


text:
Proselyte

The biblical term "proselyte" is an anglicization of the Koine Greek term προσήλυτος (proselytos), as used in the Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) for "stranger", i.e. a "newcomer to Israel"; a "sojourner in the land", and in the Greek New Testament for a first-century convert to Judaism, generally from Ancient Greek religion. It is a translation of the Biblical Hebrew phrase גר תושב (ger toshav). "Proselyte" also has the more general meaning in English of a new convert to any particular religion or doctrine.

History of the proselyte in Israel
The Law of Moses made specific regulations regarding the admission into Israel's community of such as were not born Israelites.

The New Testament makes mention of proselytes in synagogues. The name proselyte occurs in the New Testament only in Matthew and Acts. The name by which they are commonly designated is that of "devout men", or men "fearing God", or "worshipping God", "fearers of Heaven" or "God-fearers".

On the historical meaning of the Greek word, in chapter 2 of the apocryphal gospel Acts of Pilate (roughly dated from 150 to 400 CE), Annas and Caiaphas define "proselyte" for Pilate: "And Pilate, summoning the Jews, says to them: You know that my wife is a worshipper of God, and prefers to adhere to the Jewish religion along with you. ... Annas and Caiaphas say to Pilate: All the multitude of us cry out that he [Jesus] was born of fornication, and are not believed; these [who disagree] are proselytes, and his disciples. And Pilate, calling Annas and Caiaphas, says to them: What are proselytes? They say to him: They are by birth children of the Greeks, and have now become Jews."

In Judaism
There are two kinds of proselytes in Rabbinic Judaism: ger tzedek (righteous proselytes, proselytes of righteousness, religious proselyte, devout proselyte) and ger toshav (resident proselyte, proselytes of the gate, limited proselyte, half-proselyte).

A "righteous proselyte" is a gentile who has converted to Judaism, is bound to all the doctrines and precepts of the Jewish religion, and is considered a full member of the Jewish people. The proselyte is circumcised as an adult (milah l'shem giur), if male, and immerses in a mikvah to formally effect the conversion.

A "gate proselyte" is a resident alien who lives in the Land of Israel and follows some of the Jewish customs. They are not required to be circumcised nor to comply with the whole of the Torah. They are bound only to conform to the Seven Laws of Noah (do not worship idols, do not blaspheme God's name, do not murder, do not commit fornication (immoral sexual acts), do not steal, do not tear the limb from a living animal, and do not fail to establish rule of law) to be assured of a place in the world to come.

In early Christianity
The "religious proselytes" spoken of in Early Christian writings were likely righteous proselytes rather than gate proselytes. There is some debate however as to whether proselytes known as God-fearers (Phoboumenoi) and/or Worshippers (Sebomenoi), who were baptized but not circumcised, fall into the righteous or gate category. The New Testament uses the word four times, exclusively referring to converts to Judaism, and never referring to conversion to Christianity.

title: Proselyte


text:
CGTN (TV channel)

CGTN is the English-language news channel of state-run China Global Television Network, based in Beijing, China. It is one of several channels provided by China Global Television Network, the international division of Chinese state broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV), under the control of the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party.

CCTV-9 was launched on 25 September 2000, rebranded as CCTV News on 26 April 2010. On 6 February 2012, CGTN America. On 8 October 2019, CGTN Europe was launched, with a schedule of daily programming originating from a production center in Washington, D.C. On 11 January 2012, CCTV Africa was launched in Nairobi, Kenya. All channels and divisions in the CCTV International group were rebranded as CGTN on 31 December 2016.

CGTN currently has four studios: Beijing (headquarters), Nairobi, Washington and London as well as 70 bureaus around the world.

History
CCTV began considering English-language international news programming on 1 January 1979, at the start of the Chinese economic reform period. English news bulletins began on CCTV-2 in 1986 and became available to overseas viewers when they moved to CCTV-4 in February 1991. CCTV-9 began broadcasting across China on 25 September 2000, becoming the country's first all-English television station.

On 1 January 2003, CCTV-9 entered the United States cable market, as part of a deal that allowed AOL, Time Warner, and News Corporation access to cable systems in Guangdong. In its early years, CCTV-9 broadcast English language news bulletins and cultural interest shows for most of each day, and aired mostly reruns during the overnight hours in China. One of its biggest projects was covering the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

Until 26 April 2010, CCTV-9 was a mixed general interest channel featuring news, travel programming, and language training. On that date it was rebranded as CCTV News, a 24-hour English-language news service.

Relaunch
The channel name of CCTV-9 was changed to CCTV News on 26 April 2010. Some shows were rebranded while other new programs were added. The English website is managed by China Network Television (CNTV), a web streaming service of CCTV. On 1 January 2011, the channel's former name CCTV-9 was taken over by CCTV's two documentary channels.

CGTN
On 31 December 2016, the channel was rebranded again as CGTN, and new programs debuted, with the first being Global Watch, anchored by Rachael Ruble.

Ofcom license revocation
On 4 February 2021, Ofcom withdrew CGTN's UK broadcaster license. Ofcom concluded a company called Star China Media Limited held the broadcast license for CGTN but "did not have editorial responsibility", and thus it did not meet legal requirements. The programming is claimed to be controlled by a company called China Global Television Network Corporation. The regulator said it was unable to transfer the license to that company because it is "ultimately controlled by the Chinese Communist Party, which is not permitted under UK broadcasting law". In most of Europe, distribution of the CGTN channel was permitted because it held a UK license, and unless CGTN obtained a license in another European country it had to go off air across most of Europe. The channel eventually obtained a new license through the French broadcast regulator CSA in March 2021. In response to the Ofcom revocation, China banned BBC World News from airing in mainland China, which was soon followed upon by RTHK withdrawing distribution of BBC's content in Hong Kong.

CGTN Africa
CGTN Africa is CGTN's African news productions center which was launched in Kenya on 11 January 2012. CGTN Africa produces daily news, business and culture shows, including Africa Live, Talk Africa, Global Business Africa and Faces of Africa, which are broadcast through CGTN's English news channel.

CGTN America
CGTN America is the Americas division of CGTN that began broadcasting on 6 February 2012. It is based in Washington, DC and runs bureaus in North and South America. The service employs American and Chinese journalists and produces Americas-based programs for CGTN and CCTV.

The United States Department of Justice ordered CGTN America to register as a foreign agent under the Foreign Agent Registration Act (FARA), which CGTN America did on 1 February 2019. Registration requires CGTN America to disclose information about its annual budget and ownership structure, and to include disclaimers on broadcasts, published materials and social media identifying itself as a registered foreign agent. On 8 March 2019, after CGTN America registered under FARA, its director general Ma Jing and a dozen other staffers were recalled to Beijing.

CGTN Europe
CGTN Europe is CGTN's European division, mainly covering European business and politics. Its offices are at the Chiswick Business Park in west London. CGTN first moved into the office in January 2018 and planned to begin broadcasts by the end of the year, although issues which included "obtaining visas for top managers and setting up technology" eventually delayed its launch to October 2019.

Despite Ofcom's revocation of CGTN's broadcast license, a person briefed on the channel's strategy said it "would not impact the production centre, [CGTN] would just need to reorientate itself to produce more content for Europe."

Foreign news anchors
In addition to Chinese anchors, CGTN employs foreigners as news presenters, some of whom have extensive experience, such as Edwin Maher (a former newsreader and weatherman from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation), while others may be recent university graduates just embarking upon their careers.

Former comptroller Jiang Heping defended the policy of putting foreigners on air, arguing that "we feel international on-air personalities boost the credibility of CGTN and befit its image as an international channel. In this regard, CGTN will not restrict the origin of its employees and choose to build its unique identity through its programming."

Another prominent personality in CCTV-9's first decade was Mark Rowswell, otherwise known as Dashan. He hosted Travel in Chinese on CCTV News and has been honored for his work in promoting cancer awareness in China.

On 18 September 2019, Nick Pollard, a veteran British TV executive, resigned from his post as consultant and advisor to CGTN, giving his reason for leaving as being CGTN's failure to comply with Ofcom's rules on impartiality in connection to its coverage of the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. He had joined CGTN in December 2018.

Detention of Cheng Lei
In mid-August 2020, Cheng Lei, an Australian journalist who since 2012 worked for CGTN as an anchor for a business show, was detained by Chinese authorities and charged in February 2021 with sharing state secrets, with no further information being provided. Soon after Cheng was detained, two Australian journalists working in China fled the country after being questioned by authorities on national security grounds, leaving Australia's media without any journalists working in China for the first time in nearly 50 years. CGTN has deleted all reference to Cheng from its website and social media, and has not made any report or comment on Cheng's detention.

Awards
The channel's Washington, DC based broadcast center, CGTN America, has won a News & Documentary Emmy for Jen Bricker: When Can't is a Four-Letter Word, as well as multiple New York Festivals medals and White House News Photographers Association awards.

Bias and censorship
Observers have noted that the "aim [of CGTN] is to influence public opinion overseas in order to nudge foreign governments into making policies favourable towards China’s Communist party" through subtle means. Researchers Thomas Fearon and Usha M. Rodrigues argued that CGTN has a "dichotomous role as a credible media competing for audience attention on the world stage, and a vital government propaganda organ domestically."

According to James Palmer at Foreign Policy, the contrasting aims of RT (formerly Russia Today) and CGTN, "mirrors wider strategies: Moscow wants chaos it can exploit, while Beijing wants a stable world order—on its terms". While RT doesn't mind whether it goes to the far-left or the far-right, Chinese state media is permitted to "act from a very narrow, officially approved scope, and the risk of the political extremes is too much," according to journalist Hilton Yip. On the contrary to CGTN's investments in studios and numerous overseas bureaus, "the actual content is a mix of brutally tedious propaganda and bland documentaries. The audience is always the bosses in Beijing, not the average viewer overseas". Yip also noted the growing disillusionment of journalists in China who "are allowed to do little more than parrot the official line", citing a viral video of a journalist rolling her eyes at another reporter's softball question during a ministerial press conference, which "seemed to speak for many in the country who are tired of the charade that local media has become".

Despite a decade of overseas expansion, the redoubling of efforts by CGTN, and to an extension other state media, to push the party's theories and principles abroad is at odds with boosting China's overseas image. CGTN, along with other Chinese state media outlets, is still widely regarded as "editorially biased and full of propaganda, and they still struggle to attract large audiences", particularly in the age of widespread internet use with social media and nontraditional forms of media where the public has become "more averse to clumsy state-run propaganda than ever".

Despite its revamp launching of CCTV America, critics have voiced concerns over the level of censorship exercised by the channel, especially on sensitive domestic issues in China. Philip Cunningham of Cornell University, who has appeared more than 100 times on China Central Television talk shows, noted that sensitive issues such as Tibet and Xinjiang were heavily edited on various programs. Ma Jing, Director of CCTV America defends the channel against such allegations by saying that the channel edits stories the same way other news organizations do. She said: "We uphold the traditional journalistic values. We consider accuracy, objectivity, truthfulness, and public accountability very important, more important than anything else."

In March 2021, CGTN was fined £225,000 by Ofcom for bias in its coverage of the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, which was found to have repeatedly breached fairness and impartiality requirements.

Accessory to torture and forced confessions
On 23 November 2018, a British corporate investigator named Peter Humphrey submitted a formal complaint to the United Kingdom's government communications regulator The Office of Communications, or Ofcom, maintaining he was forced under duress to confess on air over Chinese state broadcaster China Central Television's (CCTV) network and that, as the confession was subsequently broadcast over the international arm of CCTV, China Global Television Network (CGTN), CGTN itself should be held culpable by Ofcom and denied the right to operate its broadcast service in the U.K. Humphrey's complaint cited two films produced by CCTV and additionally aired in the UK by CGTN, stating that both were scripted and directed by the Chinese police, the public security bureau, while he was a prisoner, in conditions of duress amounting to torture. One such confession, staged in August 2013, was filmed by a CCTV crew with Humphrey locked in an iron chair inside a steel cage, wearing handcuffs and an orange prison vest. This was before he had been indicted, tried or convicted of a crime. The second, in July 2014, was once again filmed by CCTV, not in a cage this time, but still in a prison vest and handcuffs, before he had been tried or convicted on the charge of illegal information gathering.

Ofcom said it would investigate the complaint and would "take necessary enforcement action" if rules are determined to have been violated. In November 2019, CGTN aired a video of a UK consular employee, Simon Cheng, in captivity "confessing" to consorting with prostitutes. Within a week, Cheng had filed a new complaint to Ofcom. On 8 March 2021, CGTN was fined a total of £225,000 by Ofcom for serious breaches of fairness, privacy and impartiality rules. “We found the individuals (Simon Cheng and Gui Minhai) concerned were unfairly treated and had their privacy unwarrantably infringed,” Ofcom said, adding that the broadcaster had “failed to obtain their informed consent to be interviewed.” It concluded that “material facts which cast serious doubt on the reliability of their alleged confessions” had been left out of its programing, which aired pretrial “confessions” of the two men while they were being detained. Ofcom said it was considering further sanctions.

On 4 February 2021, CGTN had its license to broadcast in the United Kingdom revoked by broadcasting regulator Ofcom after an investigation found that its license was held by Star China Media, which exercised no editorial oversight over CGTN. Ofcom subsequently imposed fines on CGTN. An open letter calling for Ofcom to reverse its revocation decision was signed by the editor of the left-wing Morning Star, Ben Chacko, along with journalists John Pilger, Jonathan Cook and Kerry-Anne Mendoza, film directors Oliver Stone and Ken Loach, rapper and activist Lowkey, and writer and activist Tariq Ali.

In March 2021, Australian public broadcaster Special Broadcasting Service suspended news bulletin broadcasts from CGTN and CCTV due to complaints of forced confessions.

Accusation of antisemitism
In May 2021, Israel's embassy in Beijing accused CGTN of "blatant antisemitism" when it broadcast an antisemitic canard during the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.

title: CGTN (TV channel)


text:
Independence Day UK

Independence Day UK is a one-hour BBC Radio 1 science fiction special, first broadcast on 4 August 1996.

Production
The show is a spin-off of the movie Independence Day and depicts the movie's alien invasion from a British perspective. None of the original movie cast appear in the radio show. The movie's producer Dean Devlin gave Dirk Maggs permission to produce an original radio adaptation provided that he did not reveal certain details of the movie's plot, and that he did not depict the British as saving the day. Maggs wrote, produced and directed the programme, with Devlin credited as "Creative Consultant". To achieve authentic aircraft sounds, Maggs' crew recorded aircraft and cockpit interior sounds at an RAF base. The programme's tagline is, "It's the Battle of Britain all over again, but this time our enemies aren't just unstoppable. They're inhuman". The drama was subsequently released on audio cassette by Polygram.

Story
After a brief Orson Welles-style opening announcement, recalling Welles' notorious radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds, the programme begins with a 20th Century Fox fanfare. The first 25 minutes take the form of a live "UFO watch" broadcast hosted by Radio 1 DJ Nicky Campbell and veteran TV astronomer Patrick Moore (of The Sky at Night) aboard an RAF Sentry aircraft. Campbell and Moore and the RAF crew deliver authentic reactions to the news that a large object is approaching the Earth. The object is subsequently revealed to be an alien spacecraft.

When the alien mothership disgorges dozens of smaller ships that take up position over the world's cities, the broadcast switches to a press conference called by Prime Minister John Major and Opposition Leader Tony Blair to announce the formation of an emergency coalition government. DJ Mark Goodier reports from a rooftop on the alien ship's approach to London until it fires its weapon and the broadcast goes silent.

After a brief pause the story continues in Maggs' trademark "audio movie" style, with original music from the film and sound effects and dialogue in Dolby Surround.

Aboard the RAF Sentry, Moore and Campbell are shocked to learn that London has been destroyed. The alien ships launch fighters and the RAF Tornado pilots John Reginald and Becky Johnson engage them.

Moore draws upon his vast scientific knowledge to advise the pilots on how to combat – or at least evade – the aliens.

The fighters are then called upon to defend a BBC traffic helicopter that is attempting to carry the British Royal Family to safety.

The RAF succeed in bringing down one of the alien fighters, and Moore has a close (and given his age, surprisingly violent) encounter with the alien pilot. Meanwhile, Wing Commander Reginald engages the aliens in a prototype Eurofighter.

At the end of the show we learn that the Royal Family are safe and have invited Becky – a staunch republican – for tea at Balmoral. The surviving military forces of Europe and the Middle East are preparing to regroup in the Beqaa Valley. One of the RAF men comments that "when this is all over and we've defeated these monsters, the Yanks'll take the credit for it, you wait and see."

Cast

 * Nicky Campbell – Himself
 * Patrick Moore – Himself
 * Mark Goodier – Himself
 * Toyah Willcox – Flight Lieutenant Becky Johnson
 * Simon Treves – Wing Commander John Reginald
 * Colin Baker – Group Captain Phil Johnson
 * Peter Serafinowicz – Flight Lieutenant Max Brett
 * Toby Longworth – Flight Lieutenant Chris Thomson
 * Mark Courtney – Sentry Tactical Director
 * William Hootkins – Orson Welles
 * Dannii Minogue – Special alien effect

Crew

 * Produced, written and directed – Dirk Maggs
 * Original music – Mark Russell
 * Movie music – David Arnold
 * An Audio Movies Limited / 20th Century Fox Production for BBC Radio 1

title: Independence Day UK


text:
Talk:Aetolia-Acarnania

Untitled
I think "Aitolia-Acarnania" is an incorrect name for this prefecture. Either use the modern Greek name (official transliteration: "Aitoloakarnania" or "Aitolia-Akarnania") or the Latin form "Aetolia-Acarnania". The present name is a funny mixture. Reactions at Talk:Prefectures of Greece please. Markussep 13:02, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Famous people
From an OTRS email:

με θερμουσ χαιρετισμους σας αναναγερω οτι στους διασημους ελληνες του νομου αιτωλοακαρνανιας ανφερετε δευτερευοντα ατομα και οχ διασημα πχ κωστης παλαμας (εθνικος ποιητης) ,χ.τρικουπης,καψαλης ηρωας μεσολογγιου,και αλλοι σημαντικοι που δεν μου ερχονται στον νου.

<υπογραφή>

Translation: with regards I note that between the famous Greeks of the Aetolia-Acarnania prefecture there are listed secondary individuals and not famous (such as Kostis Palamas (national poet), Charilaos Trikoupis, Christos Kapsalis (hero of Mesolongi) and other notable people who don't come in my mind.

-- Geraki T L 17:01, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Altitude
Ok, I found a reliable source for the -10 meters altitude in Greek.Unfortunately I could not find anything in English but I reckon along with this  it should be ok  Weatherextremes (talk) 23:27, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

The source reads in Greek :

την περιοχή με το χαμηλότερο υψόμετρο στην Ελλάδα με -10 μέτρα από την επιφάνεια της θάλασσας (αρνητικό υψόμετρο) στην Αιτωλοακαρνανία (περιοχή στα Δυτικά της λιμνοθάλασσας του Μεσολογγίου)

which roughly translates as:

the area with the lowest altitude in Greece at -10 meters from sea level (negative altitude) in Aetolia-Acarnania (area west of the Missolonghi sealake)'' Weatherextremes (talk) 23:32, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

 * neither the above nor the ref in the article page actually have the text as described here, maybe there is some mistake with links. It is helpful and in reality necessary to properly complete each reference completely, there are templates that make doing such simple(r)!

Andrewgprout (talk) 02:12, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

The altitude.nu reference does not have any text I just mention it as supporting evidence to the article page reference.I don't understand what you mean that the article reference does not have the text described here.I just checked again and the passage is there.Check the third paragraph again and please do not revert again Weatherextremes (talk) 02:51, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

I have now also improved the citation of the in article Greek reference Weatherextremes (talk) 03:35, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

 * OK I didn't read deep enough into the text. It is however a relatively weak reference, no more than a throw away line in an article about the weather, and given that the CIA fact book for one says the lowest point in Greece is sea level then the best reference you can find would be ideal - something official from a government agency and best in English would be good.  As it currently stands no-one could complain if someone wanted to change the lowest point back to 0 and quote the CIA factbook.  Now the fact that I have not done that tends to confirm my view of the value and accuracy of the said book, but that is just me - there are 300 million avid supporters of the CIA out there all ready to stand up for the intelligence agency of the homeland. Andrewgprout (talk) 07:40, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

I have reverted the lowest point point in this article. No better ref than the one above has been offered and this one in all honesty can not trump [].Andrewgprout (talk) 22:06, 7 October 2016 (UTC)

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Inachos River
The link for Inachus/Inachos is to the wrong river. The one in Aetolia-Acarnania must be quite insignificant, as I am finding almost no references to it. Taquito1 (talk) 18:42, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aetolia-Acarnania


text:
Tim Birkin

Sir Henry Ralph Stanley Birkin, 3rd Baronet (26 July 1896 – 22 June 1933), known as Tim Birkin, was a British racing driver, one of the "Bentley Boys" of the 1920s.

Background and family
Birkin was born into a wealthy Nottingham family in 1896, the son of Sir Thomas Stanley Birkin, 2nd Baronet, and the Hon. Margaret Diana Hopetoun Chetwynd. In childhood, Henry Birkin gained the nickname "Tim", after the children's comic book character Tiger Tim, created by Julius Stafford Baker, who was extremely popular at the time. It was his nickname for the rest of his life.

Birkin married Audrey Clara Lilian Latham, daughter of Sir Thomas Paul Latham, 1st Baronet, and Florence Clara Walley, on 12 July 1921; they divorced in 1928. He and Audrey had two daughters, Pamela and Sara, both of whom married and had issue. The elder daughter Pamela (d. 1983) married two Buxton cousins in succession, and her second husband was the Life Peer Baron Buxton of Alsa, KCVO, MC. She had seven children including wildlife film-maker Cindy Buxton. The younger daughter Sara (d. 1976) married twice, and had two sons by her first husband.

At his death in 1933, without sons of his own, he was succeeded by his next surviving male relative, his paternal uncle Sir Alexander Russell Birkin, 4th Baronet (died 1942). His younger brother, Archie Birkin, was killed during practice for the 1927 Isle of Man TT motorcycle races.

Military career
Birkin joined the Royal Flying Corps during World War I and gained the rank of Lieutenant in the service of the 108th (Norfolk and Suffolk Yeomanry) Field Brigade, serving in Palestine where he contracted malaria, a disease from which he would suffer for the rest of his life.

Racing career
In 1921 Birkin turned to motor racing, competing in a few races at Brooklands. Business and family pressures then forced him to retire from the tracks until 1927 when he entered a three-litre Bentley for a six-hour race. For 1928 he acquired a 4½ litre car and after some good results decided to return to motor racing, very much against his family's wishes. Soon Birkin, racing with a blue and white spotted silk scarf around his neck, would be a familiar sight on the race tracks driving with the works team (the "Bentley Boys"). In 1928 Birkin entered the Le Mans race again, leading the first twenty laps until a jammed wheel forced him to drop back, finishing fifth with co-driver Jean Chassagne who heroically rescued the abandoned, damaged car, winning the hearts of the crowds; Chassagne received a trophy from W.O. Bentley in recognition of this extraordinary feat.

The next year Birkin was back as winner, racing the "Speed Six" as co-driver to Woolf Barnato. If Bentley wanted a more powerful car he developed a bigger model and the Speed Six was a huge car. Ettore Bugatti once referred to the Bentley as "the world's fastest lorry" ("Le camion plus vite du monde"). Back in 1928, however, Birkin had come to the conclusion that the future lay in getting more power from a lighter model by fitting a supercharger to the 4½ litre Bentley. When Bentley Motors refused to create the supercharged model Birkin sought he determined to develop it himself. With technical help from Clive Gallop and supercharger specialist Amherst Villiers, and with Dorothy Paget financing the project after his own money had run out, Birkin rebuilt the car at the engineering works he had set up for the purpose at Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire. Adding a huge Roots-type supercharger ("blower") in front of the radiator driven straight from the crankshaft gave the car a unique appearance. The 242 bhp "blower Bentley" was born. The first car, a stripped down Brooklands racer known as Bentley Blower No.1, first appeared at the Essex six-hour race at Brooklands on 29 June 1929. However, the car initially proved to be very unreliable. W.O. Bentley himself had never accepted the blower Bentley. Nevertheless, with Woolf Barnato's support, Birkin persuaded "W.O." to produce the fifty supercharged cars necessary for the model to be accepted for the Le Mans twenty-four-hour race. In addition to these production cars built by Bentley Motors, Birkin put together a racing team of four remodelled "prototypes" (three road cars for Le Mans and Blower No.1) and assembled a fifth car from spare parts. Birkin's blower Bentleys were too late for Le Mans in 1929 and only two of the cars reached the start line in 1930. After an epic duel between Dudley Benjafield and Birkin's privately entered blower Bentleys and Rudolf Caracciola's Mercedes SSK all three retired, leaving the victory to the Bentley works team Speed Six of Barnato and Glen Kidston. Birkin's courage and fearless driving, in particular his selflessly harrying Caracciola into submission, are regarded as embodying the true spirit of the Vintage Racing era.

Back in 1925 the energetic motor sports enthusiast Eugène Azemar, who was involved with the Tourist Board in Saint-Gaudens in southern France, succeeded in persuading the Automobile Club du Midi to arrange a Grand Prix race in the region. A great success, the Saint-Gaudens track later got the honor of hosting the 1928 French Grand Prix. If they can, so can we, thought the city council in the nearby town of Pau and decided to try to take the French Grand Prix to their own town. Pau had some Grand Prix traditions, as the town held the honour of arranging the first race ever to be called a Grand Prix back in 1901. For the 1930 Grand Prix a triangular, Le Mans-type track outside the city was selected. Known as the Circuit de Morlaas it should not be confused with the well-known street track in the Parque Beaumont. The French had hoped to run the race to the International Formula, but when the response was poor the event was postponed and changed to a Formula Libre event instead. The new date meant that the Italian teams were unable to attend, leaving it to be mostly an internal French affair with sixteen Bugattis, two Peugeots and a Delage among the twenty five starters. Among the top Bugatti drivers were Louis Chiron, Marcel Lehoux, Count Stanislas Czaikowski, Jean-Pierre Wimille, Philippe Étancelin and William Grover-Williams.

A curiosity in the largely single-seat entry list was Tim Birkin's blower Bentley touring car, stripped down to racing trim, with headlights and mudguards removed. The race distance was twenty five laps of the 15.8 km track, making a total of 396 km. Guy Bouriat took an early lead, followed by Williams, Zanelli, Czaikowski and Étancelin, with Birkin as first non-Bugatti driver, in sixth place. Williams in a works Bugatti then became the next leader. Czaikowski fell back through the field and Bouriat in the other works Bugatti made a pitstop giving over the car to Chiron. Then Williams also had to make a stop for a new wheel. That all made way for Étancelin to advance and he was followed by Birkin, the track with its long straights suiting the supercharged Bentley perfectly.

At one-third distance Chiron led, followed by Étancelin, Williams and Birkin. Birkin's fourth place became a third as Williams got engine troubles but then Zanelli, who had made an early stop, came rushing through the field pushing Birkin back to fourth. At lap ten "Sabipa" crashed and was thrown out of his Bugatti, Birkin only avoiding the injured driver by the slightest of margins. After eleven laps Chiron encountered problems with oil pressure and Étancelin took over the lead. Soon Chiron was also passed by Zanelli and Birkin. The Bentley driver used his horn to warn the Bugatti to move over, surely a unique occurrence in Grand Prix racing! With seven laps to go Zanelli made another pitstop and Birkin was up into second place. While Étancelin, with a 2.5-minute lead, nursed his Bugatti home to take victory, Zanelli had not given up and was catching Birkin fast. At the flag the margin was down to fourteen seconds but it was enough for the British Bentley driver to make Grand Prix history.

Death
Birkin's life changed dramatically at the end of 1930. Bentley Motors withdrew from racing and closed down the following year. (Although purchased by Rolls-Royce the marque did not reappear for several years.) Dorothy Paget withdrew her support for Birkin's road team in October 1930. She continued however to support Birkin's red single seater track car, the original Blower No.1. The car (nicknamed the Brooklands Battleship) had been re-bodied with a single shell by Reid Railton after its lightweight fabric two seater body had caught fire in the 1929 500-mile race due to a cracked exhaust. Birkin kept his motor workshop going by entering into a partnership with Mike Couper and developing a business specialising in tuning high performance cars. In addition, an "electric model Brooklands" – an elaborate miniature racetrack game with motorized cars running on single rails – was manufactured at the works. Birkin's partnership with Couper came to an end in 1932 however and the works closed.

Birkin continued racing despite these setbacks. In 1931 he won Le Mans with Earl Howe in an Alfa Romeo, even receiving a telegram from Mussolini congratulating him on his "win for Italy". On 24 March 1932 he raised the Brooklands Outer Circuit lap record to 137.96 mph in the Brooklands Battleship, a record which stood for another two years before being beaten by John Cobb driving the 24-litre Napier Railton. On 7 May 1933 he started the Tripoli Grand Prix in a new 3 L Maserati 8C owned by fellow driver Bernard Rubin, finishing third. During his pit stop Birkin burnt his arm badly against the hot exhaust pipe while picking up a cigarette lighter. There are different opinions of what then happened. The traditional view is that the wound turned septic, whilst others say Birkin suffered from a malaria attack. It was probably a combination of both that proved fatal, as Birkin died at Countess Carnavon Nursing Home in London 22 June 1933, aged thirty-six. He was buried in the churchyard at St Nicholas Church, Blakeney, Norfolk.

Memorial
Birkin's life was portrayed in the 1995 TV drama Full Throttle with comedian Rowan Atkinson in the role of Birkin.

In 2000, the last 54 of the Bentley Arnage Green label powered cars were created as a limited edition, called "The Birkin Arnage." German aftermarket tuner MTM have latterly produced a tuned version of the Bentley Continental GT called "The Birkin Edition," producing 641 hp.

Birkin House, a Victorian country guest house in Stinsford, Dorchester, is named after Birkin.

The artist Terence Cuneo unveiled his painting The 'Spirit of Brooklands', which shows Tim Birkin racing John Cobb as the result of a wager, three laps of Brooklands to win. Cobb drove a ten and a half-litre Delage, once holder of the land speed record, and Birkin his four and a half supercharged Bentley, the 'Brooklands Battleship.' The higher top speed of the Bentley gave Birkin the edge over the distance, and the painting depicts Birkin on the outside line of the high banking edging past Cobb to win. The actual race had taken place in the August Bank Holiday of 1932, and Birkin had won by 25 yards after a third lap at 137 mph.

Complete European Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results

 * Note **: equivalent class for supercharging, with x1.33 modifier to engine capacity.

title: Tim Birkin


text:
Talk:Epilogue

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:45, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Comments
This is quite possibly one of the worst definitions I've ever read. I've attempted to make some changes. "For example, if there is a story about a great hero who made many accomplishments, then the epilogue could be about what he did when he settled down." <-- I'm not quite sure what to make of this particular bit; I just edited it to make it seem more smooth.

This article is terrible - history of the phrase? usage? examples?

This definition makes no sense. Candidate for speedy deletion?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.71.32.115 (talk • contribs)

 * Seconded. Since when are all epilogues a few pages long? I've read a few that were probably closer to thirty pages. And since when are all epilogues spoken directly to the reader? Whoever wrote this obviously hasn't read many books. —Preceding unsigned comment added by ARBlackwood (talk • contribs)
 * Needs cleanup, not deletion - despite how bad this page is, I'm sure that epilogues are notable enough to spawn a featured article, given enough eyes and contributors. Nihiltres 03:19, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

December 16th - I've edited this page a little, tried to give it some more structure. It's definitely an article that needs to be kept, the only reason I'm here is out of curiousity for different forms of epilogues. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.152.62.225 (talk • contribs)
 * The structure is good, but I removed the commercial link you added (those are bad), and added a mention of a notable epilogue under the drama section. In addition, some of the unstructured material you replaced was good, so I restored some to the intro section. Just noting changes - Nihiltres 17:23, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Could someone knowledgeable add Greek word origin information? Imogenne 20:18, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

I'm removing the section stating that epilogues are written in the same narrative form as the precluding work. This is simply incorrect, the narrative form of a epilogue is quite often different altogether. MasteroftheWord (talk) 18:07, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Epilogue


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Beyond the Black River

"Beyond the Black River" is one of the original short stories about Conan the Cimmerian, written by American author Robert E. Howard and first published in Weird Tales magazine, v. 25, nos. 5-6, May-June 1935. The story was republished in the collections King Conan (Gnome Press, 1953) and Conan the Warrior (Lancer Books, 1967). It has more recently been published in the anthology The Mighty Swordsmen (Lancer Books, 1970), and the collections The Conan Chronicles Volume 2: The Hour of the Dragon (Gollancz, 2001) and Conan of Cimmeria: Volume Three (1935-1936) (Del Rey, 2005). It's set in the fictional Hyborian Age and concerns Conan's battle against a savage tribe of Picts in the unsettled lands beyond the infamous Black River.

Plot overview
The story takes place in Conajohara, a newly established Aquilonian province recently annexed by King Numedides from the Picts. Balthus, a young settler on his way to Fort Tuscelan at the Black River, the province's border to the Pict Lands, encounters Conan in the forest slaying a Pict. Accompanying the young man back to the fort, Conan finds the corpse of a merchant left by a Pictish wizard named Zogar Sag and slain by a swamp demon. The fort's commander, Valannus, desperately asks Conan to slay Zogar Sag before he raises the Picts against the whole borderlands, especially since Tuscelan is vastly undermanned after Numedides foolishly decided to withdraw most of its garrison. Taking a hand-picked team of scouts and Balthus, Conan sets off stealthily in his canoe.

Soon, Balthus is captured and most of Conan's men are slaughtered in an ambush. Balthus and one of the scouts are tied to stakes in a Pictish village, and soon the scout is sacrificed by Zogar Sag to one of his jungle creatures. Before Balthus can meet a similar fate, Conan shoots the creature, causing it to thrash around in the crowd, and the two flee into the forest. Conan tells Balthus information on the cult of Jhebbal Sag, now forgotten by most. Once all living creatures worshipped him when men and beasts spoke the same language. Over time, most men and beasts forgot his worship. Zogar Sag has not, however, and can control those few animals and creatures who also remember, sending them on Conan's trail.

Conan is able to fend off the pursuing beasts using a symbol he once noticed, and the pair return to the Fort to warn everyone of an impending Pictish assault, but they are too late. The Picts have already surrounded the fort, and a fierce battle is going on. The number of Picts ensures that eventually the fort will be overwhelmed and the defenders slaughtered. The only thing left to do is warn the settlers to flee while the Picts are busy with the fort - otherwise they will be slaughtered, too.

The two go to warn everyone that an army of Picts have crossed the river and are about to attack. They are joined by Slasher, a feral dog formerly owned by a settler who had been slain by the Picts. Balthus is sent on to warn the settlers of an incoming raid, and Conan parts from him to aid a group of fishermen who had gone to gather salt. Balthus warns the women and children to leave their huts and flee. When a band of Picts arrive, who move quicker and might overtake the women, Balthus stays behind to cover their escape. Accompanied by Slasher, he makes his last stand against the coming Pictish raiders, first shooting arrows from concealment and then in a furious face-to-face battle. Both Balthus and Slasher's sacrifice delays the Picts, giving the settlers time to reach safety. Conan manages to warn the salt-gathering party in time, but finds he has been marked for death by the gods of darkness for misusing the symbol of Jhebbal Sag, and is attacked by a demonic creature who tells him that it and Zogar Sag are of one blood. Conan triumphs against the creature, but the fort is lost, and so is the entire province.

The story ends in a tavern on the other side of Thunder River, the former boundary between the Pict Lands and Aquilonia. A sole survivor from Tuscelan tells Conan about the courageous act of Balthus and Slasher. He also relates that in the midst of his victory at Tuscelan, Zogar Sag was mysteriously struck dead, sporting the same kind of wounds Conan had inflicted on the swamp demon. Upon hearing of Balthus and Slasher's demise, Conan vows to take the heads of ten Picts to pay for Balthus, along with seven heads for the dog, who was "a better warrior than many a man".

As Conan turns back to his drink, the survivor mutters, "Barbarism is the natural state of mankind. Civilization is unnatural; it is a whim of circumstance... And barbarism must always ultimately triumph!"

Analysis
In their book on Howard's work, Marc Cerasini and Charles E. Hoffman described "Beyond the Black River" as a "transplanted Western". They also noted that Howard had "used the setting of Robert W. Chambers's Indian novel The Little Red Foot as a model for his Pictish Wilderness".

Adaptation

 * The story was adapted by Roy Thomas, John Buscema and Tony de Zuniga in Savage Sword of Conan #26 and #27.
 * The story was also the basis for the GURPS: Conan adventure module "Beyond Thunder River".
 * The Sword, on their album Gods of the Earth, based the song "The Black River" on this story.
 * The story has also been adapted by publishing company Ablaze in their "Cimmerian" series of comics.

title: Beyond the Black River


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/WikiProject Chinese characters

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 12:11, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Chinese characters
I'm proposing deletion since it hasn't been meaningfully updated since May 2003, has no real definition, and the talk page mainly features a long conversation about whether Chinese characters are encyclopedix which might be more usefully archived elsewhere, maybe Chinese character Hiding talk 13:05, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 00:20, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Project has petrified. Xoloz 05:23, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete inactive project, as per Hiding. JamesBurns 07:46, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Hiding. Radiant_ >|< 12:12, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.50.184.217

title: User talk:69.50.184.217


text:
The Hour of the Dragon

The Hour of the Dragon, also known as Conan the Conqueror, is a fantasy novel by American writer Robert E. Howard featuring his sword and sorcery hero Conan the Cimmerian. It was one of the last Conan stories published before Howard's suicide, although not the last to be written. The novel was first published in serial form in the December 1935 through April 1936 issues of the pulp magazine Weird Tales. The first book edition was published by Gnome Press in hardcover in 1950. The Gnome Press edition retitled the story Conan the Conqueror, a title retained by all subsequent editions until 1977, when the original title was restored in an edition published by Berkley/Putnam. The Berkley edition also reverted the text to that of its original Weird Tales publication, discarding later edits. Later editions have generally followed Berkley and published under the original title.

Plot overview
The plot is loosely based on a melange of motifs from previous Conan short stories, most notably "The Scarlet Citadel", with which its early chapters share an almost identical storyline: Conan, captured and placed in a monster-infested dungeon, finds an unexpected ally and escapes. Meanwhile, the population of the Aquilonian capital, believing him dead, riots and is ready to accept an alternative King. From here the two diverge: The Scarlet Citadel, a short story, ends with Conan coming back when the rioting has just started and making short work of his foes; in the book-length Hour of the Dragon Aquilonia has to live under a long and harrowing foreign occupation while Conan goes through a long hazardous quest, before he could finally come back and dispose of his foes.

The book begins when Conan is about forty-two, during his reign as the King of Aquilonia, and deals with a plot by a group of conspirators to depose him in favor of Valerius, heir to Conan's predecessor Numedides, whom he had slain to gain the throne. To accomplish this they resort to necromancy, resurrecting Xaltotun, an ancient sorcerer from the almost forgotten evil empire of Acheron. With his aid, the Aquilonian army is defeated by the rival kingdom of Nemedia and occupied. Conan, captured, is slated for execution until a sympathetic slave girl, Zenobia, risks her life to free him.

Conan's quest to retrieve the Heart of Ahriman in order to defeat the wizard and regain his throne takes him through all the kingdoms of the Hyborian Age.

After his eventual triumph, he vows to make Zenobia his queen.

Publication history
It was Howard's only full-length novel about Conan, and is considered by many to be one of his best works. It was originally written for British publisher Dennis Archer and was submitted to them in May 1934. Archer had turned down a collection of works in 1933 but made the suggestion of a novel. However, the publisher went bankrupt before the novel could be printed and it was held by the Official Receiver.

The story was first published as a five-part serial in Weird Tales between the months of December 1935 to April 1936 (with chapter 20 being misprinted as chapter 21). It was first published in book form in hardcover by Gnome Press in 1950 under the title Conan the Conqueror, a title retained by all later editions until 1977. The first paperback edition was published by Ace Books D-36 in 1953 in a tête-bêche double with The Sword of Rhiannon and cover art by Norman Saunders.

The novel has been reissued a number of times since by various publishers, notably Lancer Books in 1967 and Berkley/Putnam in 1977; the latter, reedited by Karl Edward Wagner, was the first edition to restore the original magazine text and title, under which most subsequent editions have been issued. Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. published an edition in 1989, with illustrations by Ezra Tucker, as volume XI of their deluxe Conan set. More recently the novel appeared in the collections The Essential Conan (1998), Conan Chronicles Volume 2: The Hour of the Dragon (2001) and Conan of Cimmeria: Volume Two (1934) (Del Rey, 2005). It has also been translated into Japanese, Italian, Finnish, French, German, Swedish, Czech, Russian, Sinhalese, and Spanish, Polish.

Position in the Conan series
In the hardcover Gnome Press edition of the Conan stories, Conan the Conqueror follows the short stories collected as King Conan; in the paperback Lancer/Ace edition, it follows the short stories collected as Conan the Usurper. In both editions it precedes the Björn Nyberg/L. Sprague de Camp novel The Return of Conan (also known as Conan the Avenger).

Reception
Reviewing the Gnome Press edition, Groff Conklin found the novel to have "real merit" considered as an imaginative work, but characterized Howard's writing as "only average [and] laden with bombast". He recommended the book to "those who like to lean back and read with their minds closed". L. Sprague de Camp, acknowledging that Howard was "an almost-very-good writer... with limiting quirks," praised the novel as "a sanguinary combination of sorcery, skulduggery, and swordplay." Interestingly, this review is referenced on the front cover of The Ace D36 publication (1953), but concentrating on the words "A Must for Those Who Revel in... Sorcery, Skulduggery, and Swordplay."

Karl Edward Wagner writes in the afterword to the 1977 edition, "As such, the novel ranks as one of Howard's best pieces of writing -- and as one of the best novels ever written in the epic fantasy genre." ... "Howard is mature as a prose stylist -- varying his delivery from headlong fast-paced action, to passages of atmospheric prose-poetry."

Adaptations
In 1974, the story was adapted by Roy Thomas, Gil Kane and John Buscema in Marvel Comic's Giant-Size Conan #1-4 and Savage Sword of Conan #8, 10. The lead story in Giant-Size Conan #1 was a 25-page chapter from The Hour of the Dragon. The plan was to adapt the novel over the first six issues, but Giant-Size Conan #4 was the last full color chapter. The story was concluded in the black & white magazine Savage Sword of Conan #8 and #10.

A number of amateur audiobook editions exist, including one narrated by Morgan Saletta (2009–2010) released as part of SF Audio's Second Book Challenge; and one narrated by Mark Nelson for LibriVox (2013). There is an eight and half hour professional commercial reading available under the title of The Bloody Crown of Conan (originally Trantor, 2009, now available through Audible).

The 1997 film Kull the Conqueror is loosely based on The Hour of the Dragon, replacing Conan with Kull but otherwise keeping the same basic plot of a barbarian king being removed from his throne by the machinations of an undead sorcerer.

In 2012, Dark Horse began a new comic series called Conan the Conqueror; the first stories are an adaptation of The Hour of the Dragon.

The story has also been adapted by publishing company Ablaze in their "Cimmerian" series of comics.

title: The Hour of the Dragon


text:
Queen's University of Ireland

The Queen's University of Ireland was established formally by royal charter on 3 September 1850, as the degree-awarding university of the Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork, and Galway that were established in 1845 "to afford a university education to members of all religious denominations" in Ireland.

The university system itself was replaced by the Royal University of Ireland in 1880, which in turn was replaced by Queen's University Belfast, with the Cork and Galway colleges forming the National University of Ireland, along with University College Dublin.

The three Queen's colleges are currently known as:
 * University of Galway
 * Queen's University Belfast
 * University College Cork

Establishment
The Queen's Colleges (Ireland) Act 1845 (An Act to enable Her Majesty to endow new Colleges for the Advancement of Learning in Ireland) established the colleges with the intention that they would provide for Roman Catholic requests for university education, since Catholics did not generally attend Trinity College Dublin at that time (though there were no legal restrictions preventing them from doing so).

Nevertheless, at the prompting of Protestant interests, the Queen's Colleges were not permitted to give instruction in theology. Thus, the Queen's Colleges became derided as the "godless colleges" — Pope Pius IX even ventured as far as declaring them to be "detrimental to religion" in an official condemnation. This non-acceptance was articulated in the creation of a rival to the Queen's Colleges — the Catholic University of Ireland in Dublin.

In 1845 the Mayor of Limerick applied to have a Queen's College located in the city; however Cork, Galway and Belfast were chosen.

The colleges were incorporated on 30 December 1845; and on 30 October 1849 they opened for students. A Board of Queen's Colleges was created to draw up regulations for the colleges, consisting of the President and Vice-President of each college.

Academic degrees were conferred by the chancellor and senate of the university with a status similar to those of other universities of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

In 1866 the university considered examining and conferring degrees on students other than those of the Queen's colleges, such as the Catholic Carlow College the St. Patricks College Carlow Report was conducted and the college was deemed to meet the suitable, however it was never enacted.

The Queen's College at Belfast became predominantly Protestant, unlike the colleges at Cork and Galway.

A number of significant figures in Irish public life participated in the governing senate of the university such as Sir Dominic Corrigan (Vice-Chancellor). Naturalist Robert Ball became secretary of Queen's University of Ireland in 1851. Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon served on the senate of the university.

Dissolution
The Queen's University was superseded by a new, inclusive, degree-awarding institution, the Royal University of Ireland in 1880. The Queen's University was formally dissolved on 3 February 1882. Immediately on incorporation, the Royal University broke with the “godless" convention, by setting examinations for, and awarding degrees to students of colleges with a religious heritage, notably Magee Presbyterian College, and the Catholic University of Ireland (that included St. Patrick's College, Maynooth and University College Dublin.)

The Belfast college was separated from the other two in 1908, and became The Queen's University of Belfast (QUB). Queen's College, Cork is now University College Cork (UCC), while Queen's College Galway is now the University of Galway. Since 1908 the last two have been part of the federal National University of Ireland system.

title: Queen's University of Ireland


text:
User talk:Blaze Labs Research

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title: User talk:Blaze Labs Research


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Talk:Tamil literature/to do

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title: Talk:Tamil literature/to do