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Tokyo Drifter

Tokyo Drifter (東京流れ者) is a 1966 yakuza film directed by Seijun Suzuki. The story follows the reformed yakuza hitman "Phoenix" Tetsu, played by Tetsuya Watari, who is forced to roam Japan while avoiding execution by rival gangs.

Plot
Tokyo-based yakuza boss Kurata decides to disband his criminal organization and become a legitimate businessman. However, his old rival, Otsuka, sees his retirement as an opportunity to seize his businesses. Otsuka tries to recruit Kurata’s right-hand man, Tetsuya “Phoenix Tetsu” Hondo, into his organization but Tetsu rebuffs him out of loyalty to Kurata, earning Otsuka’s ire.

One of Otsuka’s men, Tanaka, gets a tip from his girlfriend, Mutsuko, that Kurata went into debt with her boss, Yoshii, to buy his primary business, Club Alulu. Otsuka visits Yoshii’s office and threatens him into selling Kurata’s debt to him so he can foreclose on it and take his properties. Though Yoshii initially resists, he eventually caves and signs the debt over. Tetsu learns of Otsuka’s intentions and goes to rescue Yoshii, but arrives after Otsuka has already killed the moneylender and is then taken captive. Otsuka goes to inform Kurata that he now owns his debt, prompting an argument which culminates with Otsuka’s men attacking Kurata, who draws his pistol and fires at them but accidentally hits and kills Mutsuko. Kurata tries to use this to blackmail Kurata into handing over even more properties, but Tetsu arrives after having escaped from Kurata’s trap and threatens to expose Otsuka’s murder of Yoshii if Otsuka doesn’t leave his boss alone. Deadlocked, Kurata and Otsuka make Yoshii and Mutsuko’s deaths look like a lover’s suicide and the matter is temporarily resolved.

Infuriated by Tetsu’s foiling of his plan, Otsuka orders his top hitman, Tatsuzo the Viper, to kill him. Tetsu manages to avoid an attempt on his life during a date with his girlfriend, Club Alulu singer Chiharu, and then resolves to leave Tokyo to protect Kurata and Chiharu.

Tetsu travels north and is taken in by Kurata’s allies, the Nanbu Group, who are embroiled in a turf war with the Otsuka-allied Hokubu Group. However, he is forced to flee soon after when a group of Hokubu thugs led by Tatsuzo and Tanaka attack the Nanbu Group’s base. Tetsu manages to escape his pursuers while inflicting severe injuries to them, leaving Tanaka with a missing eye and Tatsuzo with a crushed hand and burnt face.

Tetsu eventually meets up with Kenji “Shooting Star” Aizawa, a former Otsuka man who defected from the group. Despite their prior enmity, Kenji lets Tetsu stay in his home and helps tend to his wounds. When speaking about their respective exiles, Kenji warns Tetsu not to put too much trust in Kurata, since he believes all yakuza bosses care more about their wealth than their underlings, something which the ever-loyal Tetsu rejects.

After he recovers, Tetsu tries to avoid his pursuers by changing course and heading south. En route, he briefly runs into Chiharu, who’s been trying to find him, but he rejects her efforts to reunite and get him to come back home with her.

Arriving in Sasebo, Tetsu is taken in by Kenji’s new boss, the Kurata-aligned Umetani. While Tetsu speaks with Umetani at his western film-themed saloon, Tatsuzo arrives and starts a brawl to cover for another attempt on Tetsu’s life. However, Kenji protects Tetsu from Tatsuzo's assassination and, after Tetsu and Umetani drive out the rioting patrons, the three confront him. Cornered, Tatsuzo shoots himself to avoid being killed by his enemies.

Due to the humiliation Tetsu has inflicted on his organization, Otsuka offers to forgive Kurata’s debt and let him keep his businesses in exchange for aiding in killing Tetsu, to which Kurata agrees. Kurata orders Umetani to kill Tetsu for him, but he and Kenji refuse to obey the order and instead warn Tetsu, who decides to return to Tokyo. Tetsu confronts Kurata and Otsuka at Club Alulu, where they are hearing Chiharu perform, resulting in a shootout in which Otsuka and all of his men (including Tanaka) are killed. Ashamed of his betrayal, Kurata slits his own wrists to commit suicide in atonement. As Tetsu leaves, Chiharu offers to travel with him, but he rejects her pleas, explaining he has become a wanderer and cannot be accompanied by anyone. He then steps out of the club and walks off into the night.

Cast

 * Tetsuya Watari as Tetsuya "Phoenix Tetsu" Hondo
 * Chieko Matsubara as Chiharu
 * Ryūji Kita as Boss Kurata
 * Hideaki Esumi as Boss Otsuka
 * Tamio Kawaji as Tatsuzo the Viper
 * Hideaki Nitani as Kenji "Shooting Star" Aizawa
 * Eiji Go as Tanaka
 * Isao Tamagawa as Boss Umetani
 * Michio Hino as Yoshii
 * Tomoko Hamakawa as Mutsuko
 * Tsuyoshi Yoshida as Keiichi

Production
Nikkatsu bosses had been warning Suzuki to tone down his bizarre visual style for years and drastically reduced Tokyo Drifter's budget in hopes of getting results. This had the opposite effect in that Suzuki and art director Takeo Kimura pushed themselves to new heights of surrealism and absurdity. The studio's next move was to impose the further restriction of filming in black and white on his next two films, which again Suzuki met with even greater bizarreness culminating in his dismissal for "incomprehensibility".

Because of budget limitations, Suzuki had to cut connecting shots out of many fights, leading to a need for more creative camera work.

Various shots of Tokyo were used to establish the setting as the then-contemporary post-1964 Japan. Suzuki drew inspiration from a wide variety of sources in making Tokyo Drifter, including the musical films of the 1950s, pop art, absurdist comedy, and surrealist film.

Themes
Suzuki displays common themes found in yakuza films, particularly the theme of loyalty, in order to parody the message and presentation of traditional yakuza films. He uses his depictions of yakuza relationships to show the inherent weakness of the archetype, particularly the possible abuses of power that can arise from unquestioning allegiance. Further, the common theme of corporate corruption is also parodied through exaggeration when the main character becomes an expendable retainer. The conventions in the film further parody the conformity of theme and structure apparent in all Japanese film, but especially in yakuza films of the time, particularly its excesses.

Style
The mise en scène of Tokyo Drifter is highly stylized. Film reviewer Nikolaos Vryzidis claims that the film crosses over into a number of different genres, but most resembles the avant-garde films occurring in the 1960s.

At times, the film draws a good deal of inspiration from westerns. The whistling of the main character Tetsu is reminiscent of cowboy heroes. Near the middle of the film, a large bar fight erupts; this scene is meant to directly parody western films, everyone in the saloon joins in the brawl against United States Navy sailors, and comical violence is used where no one is permanently injured, despite the large-scale violence of the scene.

The majority of the film takes place in Tokyo, but portrays the city in a highly stylized manner. The opening sequence consists of a mash of images from metropolitan Tokyo, meant to condense the feeling of the city into one sequence.

The film opens in stylized black and white, which becomes vibrant color in all subsequent scenes. This served to represent Tokyo post-1964 Summer Olympics.

Reception
Vryzidis claims that Suzuki's later films, once the studio gave him more freedom, never reached the same level of artistic quality as Tokyo Drifter, where the studio attempted to impose a large amount of control over the project. Tetsu, the main character of the film, has also been well received. One reviewer commented that he always looks "cool", even when he is not the toughest guy in the room.

Stephen Barber called the visualization in Tokyo Drifter "bizarre and individual". Douglass Pratt praised the film for its quirkiness and character. He further stated that the plot of the film does not matter so much as "the gorgeous Pop Art sets, the bizarre musical sequences, the confusing but ballistic action scenes and the film's gunbutt attitude."

Legacy
The film is considered ahead of its time, as it abandoned the themes of the Ninkyo eiga films popular at the time, and combines with themes from the later Jitsuroku eiga yakuza films, which disavowed the romantic and nostalgic views of the yakuza in favor of social criticism.

Home video
The Criterion Collection released the film outside Japan in DVD format in 1999. Criterion also released a Blu-ray version in 2013.

Soundtrack
The film has a recurrent appearance of Tetsu's girlfriend as a lounge singer repeating several times her signature song throughout the film.

Tokyo Drifter 2: The Sea is Bright Red as the Color of Love
Tokyo Drifter 2: The Sea is Bright Red as the Color of Love (続東京流れ者 海は真っ赤な恋の色) is a 1966 Japanese crime film and sequel to Tokyo Drifter.

Cast

 * Tetsuya Watari as Fushicho no Tetsu (Tetsuya Hondō)
 * Kazuko Tachibana as Setsuko Toda
 * Chieko Matsubara as Sally Kayama
 * Teruo Yoshida as Kenji Gōda
 * Keisuke Noro as Matsu
 * Ryōtarō Sugi as Kōji Sugi
 * Mari Shiraki as Hiromi
 * Goro Tarumi as Ace no Hide (Shinji Toda)
 * Shōbun Inoue as Onijima
 * Nobuo Kaneko as Segawa

title: Tokyo Drifter


text:
Learn to Fly

"Learn to Fly" is a song by American rock band Foo Fighters. It was released as the lead single from their third studio album There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1999) in October 1999. It was the band's first song to enter the Billboard Hot 100, as well as their second-highest charting song on the Hot 100, peaking at number 19. It also peaked within the top 40 in Australia, Canada, Hungary, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland and the United Kingdom. The song's music video won Best Short Form Video award at the 43rd Grammy Awards in 2001.

Release and reception
"Learn to Fly" was originally released as a promo-only single. It was officially released as a two-disc CD set in the UK and Australia, as well as in Europe, and promotional singles were also released in other countries such as the US for radio play.

In the US, it was the band's first appearance on the Billboard Hot 100, charting at number 19, and was the band's first number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.

It is also their highest-charting on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart, along with the 1996 hit "Big Me", reaching number 13.

The song set the record for most weeks (13) at number one on the Canadian rock radio charts.

Music video
The music video for the song was directed by Jesse Peretz and won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video in 2001.

It takes place on a commercial airliner, parodying the movie Airplane!, and by extension, the films Airport 1975 and its sequel Airport '77, interspersed with a mock concert footage of the band shown as an in-flight movie. The background elevator music is The Moog Cookbook's version of "Everlong".

Two airline cabin cleaners (played by Jack Black and Kyle Gass from Tenacious D) smuggle and hide their narcotics, labelled "World Domination brand 'Erotic' Sleeping Powder", in the coffee-maker. The flight attendants do not notice the narcotics when they use the coffee-maker, and everyone who drinks the resulting coffee becomes incapacitated. The take-off sequence, in addition to the crew members hiding ulterior criminal motives, are a near shot-by-shot homage to the film Airport '77.

The band, having avoided the coffee (choosing liquor instead), mirroring Karen Black's role in Airport 1975, find themselves forced to land the plane. For the video, each band member (Dave Grohl, Nate Mendel, and Taylor Hawkins) portrays himself as well as several other roles, including Hawkins as an attractive flight attendant and Grohl as an FBI agent who arrests the two cabin cleaners when they attempt to smuggle more of their narcotics.

2015 tribute video
On July 30, 2015, a video was published on YouTube of 1,000 Italian musicians in Cesena, all playing and singing the song in unison, followed by a plea for the Foo Fighters to come play a concert in Cesena. By August 16, it had gained more than 33 million views.

On July 31, Dave Grohl responded, in Italian, thanking the makers for "the beautiful video" and adding "Thank you so much. We're coming, I swear. We'll see each other soon." On November 3, 2015, in response, Foo Fighters performed a twenty-seven-song concert in Cesena for approximately 3,000 people, starting their set with "Learn to Fly".

The group assembled for the stunt have performed subsequently under the name Rockin' 1000, and have been described as the "biggest band in the world."

In August 2015, nearly 16 years after its initial release, the single entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 69 and the Swiss Singles Chart at number 41.

Other versions
A live version recorded in Sydney, Australia, on January 24, 2000, was released on the Australian "Generator" single and CD 1 of "Breakout".

Critical reception
Greg Kot of Rolling Stone referred to the song as a "guilt-free power ballad". He noted that "on 'Learn to Fly', the big guitars and arching melody crush all quibbles. Some grunge romantics may even hear it as a touching little hymn to [Nirvana]".

In 2020, Kerrang ranked the song number 11 on their list of the 20 greatest Foo Fighters songs, and in 2021, American Songwriter ranked the song number three on their list of the 10 greatest Foo Fighters songs.

Track listings and formats

 * AUS / UK CD Single
 * 1) "Learn to Fly"  – 3:58
 * 2) "Iron and Stone" (The Obsessed cover)  – 2:52
 * 3) "Have a Cigar" (Pink Floyd cover)  – 3:58

 * EU 7" Vinyl / EU CD 1 / UK Cassette
 * 1) "Learn to Fly"  – 3:58
 * 2) "Have a Cigar" (Pink Floyd cover)  – 3:58

 * EU CD 2
 * 1) "Learn to Fly"  – 3:58
 * 2) "Make a Bet"  – 3:28
 * 3) "Have a Cigar" (Pink Floyd cover)  – 3:58

Credits and personnel

 * Dave Grohl – lead vocals, guitar, drums on "Learn to Fly"
 * Nate Mendel – bass
 * Taylor Hawkins – drums (except "Learn to Fly"), lead vocals on "Have a Cigar"
 * Brian May – guitar on "Have a Cigar"
 * Foo Fighters – composition, lyrics, producer, performer
 * Adam Kasper – producer, recording
 * Andy Wallace – mixing
 * Ted Reiger – second engineer
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering

Credits and personnel adapted from "Learn to Fly" CD single liner notes.

In popular culture
"Learn to Fly" appears in the political drama television series The West Wing episode Mr. Willis of Ohio, in the 1999 sports documentary Fift, in the 2002 animated comedy-drama television film Is It College Yet?, in the 2002 romantic comedy-drama Life or Something Like It and the 2016 animated film Rock Dog.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Learn to Fly


text: User talk:144.120.10.243

title: User talk:144.120.10.243


text:
Splitterring

The Splitterring (German compound combining Splitter (splinter or fragment) and Ring (ring)) was a fragmentation sleeve for the M24 and M43 stick grenades, developed by the Heer in 1942. German stick grenades had only a thin steel casing surrounding the explosive charge, which relied principally on blast for effect; the addition of a Splitterring gave it greatly increased anti-personnel fragmentation ability.

A Splitterring was also developed for the never issued Panzerfaust 150 anti-tank weapon late in World War II. Combined with a time delay detonation of the Panzerfaust 150's projectile, it enabled the weapon to achieve air bursts above troops' positions.

Background
Concussion grenades are best used in enclosed spaces such as buildings or bunkers, which contain the blast for maximum effect; anti-personnel fragmentation grenades are designed to be effective against personnel in the open. The Splitterring was a simple cylindrical steel sleeve, with either a smooth or serrated surface, clipped in place over the head of a stick grenade with three keepers around the base, and secured with a tension ring. This easy modification allowed a single type of grenade to be manufactured and carried by soldiers, whereas other nations often produced separate types of concussion and anti-personnel grenades.

A similar sleeve was fitted as a standard item to the Soviet RGD-33 Grenade.

title: Splitterring


text: Talk:Leaky mode

title: Talk:Leaky mode


text:
Devil's Pond

Devil's Pond (alternatively known as Heaven's Pond) is a 2003 American direct-to-video thriller film directed by Joel Viertel, who co-wrote it with Alek Friedman and Mora Stephens. It stars Kip Pardue and Tara Reid as newlyweds who head to a remote lake house for their honeymoon, during which the husband turns it into a prison for his new wife. It was released in the United States by Artisan Home Entertainment on December 16, 2003.

Plot
Newlyweds Mitch and Julianne escape their normal lives and travel to a deserted island for a romantic and adventurous honeymoon, staying for two weeks at an old cottage in the middle of a secluded lake. They discover the area has no electricity or phone coverage, as Julianne tries to settle in despite her fear of water and inability to swim. Mitch enjoys the country life, and when Julianne wants to go into town to call her parents, to confirm her safety, he gets overprotective of her.

While the two weeks go by, Julianne is eager to return home to start their new lives, but Mitch refuses to go back to that life, wanting them to stay put in his ideal setting, even when Julianne cannot find her birth control pills to prevent her pregnancy. When Julianne finds out Mitch had stalked her before they met and got married, she attempts to leave, and she sees a grave in the woods across the lake before Mitch brings her back. To ensure that she does not attempt to escape again, Mitch disposes of their boat.

One night as Mitch is asleep, Julianne takes the key worn around his neck to open his safe box, having grown suspicious of it. She finds a property deed and learns he inherited the land from his deceased father and that he had often visited the property with his dad. Using a raft to head across the lake, she tries to escape again in Mitch's pick-up truck, only for Mitch to find her there, and knock her unconscious. Chained to an anchor and a tree, Julianne realizes how psychotic Mitch is, and that he knew everything about her, including her fear of water, using it to hold her at their location.

Determined to leave, Julianne burns their matches, forcing Mitch to go into town to buy new ones. While he is gone, she gets an axe and breaks free from the chain. He comes back unexpectedly early, and she is almost discovered in her act of escape. When he finds out about it, Mitch begins physically abusing her, before quickly deciding to kill her. A struggle ensues, during which Mitch ends up stepping into a bear trap that she had buried, allowing Julianne to counterattack and eventually use the shotgun he brought back to shoot him in the arm. Mitch remains alive, but he can barely move and is unable to fight back, as Julianne frees herself and leaves a defeated and weeping Mitch for dead, with the shotgun. Overcoming her fear of water, Julianne swims across the lake to the other side and later hears a gunshot, indicating that Mitch has killed himself, seemingly unable to cope with the fact that he has lost Julianne forever due to his own abusive, controlling nature.

The final scene shows Julianne leaving her wedding ring in Mitch's disabled truck and walking away down a country road to an uncertain future, but free.

Cast

 * Kip Pardue as Mitch
 * Tara Reid as Julianne
 * Meredith Baxter as Kate
 * Dan Gunther as the Priest
 * Guy Graves as Kate's husband (uncredited)

Production
Devil's Pond was shot on location at Horseshoe Lake near Libby, Montana.

title: Devil's Pond


text:
Chapel inclined plane

The Chapel Inclined Plane is an inclined plane immediately to the south of Chapel-en-le-Frith, High Peak, Derbyshire. The ground here rises sharply and the inclined plane was built to connect the lower and upper levels of the Peak Forest Tramway, which was built and initially operated by the Peak Forest Canal Company. It opened for trade on 31 August 1796.

Operating principle
At this point the ground rises by 209 ft and the operating principle of the plane was that it was self-acting and loaded waggons descending under the action of gravity hauled empty waggons up it. A maximum of eight loaded waggons were permitted to descend the plane at any one time. The net (or tare) weight of a mineral waggon was between 16 and 20 Lcwt and it could carry about 2½ tons. Thus the gross weight of a gang of eight waggons descending the plane was about 22 to 28 tons. Chains coupled the waggons to each other and the waggon at the rear was coupled to the incline chain/rope. In Derbyshire, the workman who made the coupling to the incline chain/rope was generally known as a "hanger-on" and he connected two special chains to the rear waggon, which he then plaited around the incline chain/rope and fastened them off with leather thongs. It was found that plaiting these chains in place had the effect of tightening their grip once the waggons were in motion on the plane. It is known that these chains were sometimes made with progressively smaller links, which also had the effect of tightening the grip but it is not known whether chains of this type were used on this plane.

Speed control
As the waggons moved on the plane, the weight of the chain/rope increased on the descending side and decreased on the ascending side. Thus, it was essential to keep waggons under control once they were in motion and this was accomplished in three ways.

 * 1) By the skilful design of the inclined plane itself, for which full credit must be given to Thomas Brown, the surveyor and resident engineer. It was designed in such a way that the gradient at the top (1:6¼) was greater than the gradient at the bottom (1:8¼). The effect of this was twofold: it reduced the action of gravity as the waggons approached the top and bottom respectively and it offset the changing weight of the incline chain/rope.
 * 2) By a band brake, integral with a chain/rope drum, installed at the top. A brakeman working in a wooden tower above the 18 ft diameter drum controlled this brake and from his elevated position he had a commanding view of the inclined plane.
 * 3) By the friction between the chain/rope and support blocks/rollers placed between the rails.

Safety catches
In the event of an accident, three catches were provided towards the top of the plane to stop runaway waggons but their method of operation is unknown and it is not known how effective they were. The two running tracks on the plane were laid parallel to each other and this makes it evident that a gravel drag was not provided for runaway waggons to enter. On several occasions reports of chain/cable breakage were recorded and descending loaded waggons crashed into Buxton Road Bridge at the foot of the plane.

Signalling
An iron post, incorporating a red and white disc and bell signal, was positioned between the running tracks at the bottom of the plane and when everything was ready a signal was given to the brakeman, the bell being used when it was misty or dark. When the brakeman was also satisfied that everything was ready at the top, he released the brake and the descending waggons were pushed onto the plane. As the descending waggons approached the bottom the reduced gradient slowed them down and simultaneously this action was assisted by the increased gradient encountered by ascending waggons as they approached the top. When the brakeman was assured that the waggons had completed the full traverse of the plane, he stopped them by fully applying the brake.

Band brake
At the top of the plane the incline chain/rope passed underground and into a pit where it was wound one and a half turns around a horizontal drum 14 ft in diameter. The groove in the drum for the chain/rope was lined with wooden blocks with the grain facing outwards to increase the friction. Above this groove there was an integral brake wheel about 5 in wide. A wrought iron (or steel) band brake encircled this, which almost made a 360° arc of contact with the brake wheel, and this was lined with wooden blocks with the grain facing inwards to increase the friction. The band brake was anchored to the back wall of the pit and at the front, one end was cranked upwards and the other end was cranked downwards. The upward crank was attached above the fulcrum of the brake lever and the downward crank was attached below the fulcrum. The brake lever was about 15 ft long and it extended into the hut at the top of the tower. In spite of the large mechanical advantage provided by the brake lever, the brakeman was unable to apply the brake unaided. To further increase the mechanical advantage, a pulley block was fitted to the lever and the brakeman used this to apply the brake.

Rope or chain
When the tramway opened in 1796, a hemp rope was used on the incline but it was found that this was too weak and a wrought-iron chain soon replaced it. This also proved not to be strong enough and in 1809 it was replaced. The new chain had links 5 in long and it was manufactured in Birmingham at a cost of £500. Records suggest that the chain was also replaced in 1817 and again in 1831. It was about 1,075 yd long and weighed about 7 tons. With the development of the Bessemer steel making process during the 1860s, a steel rope eventually replaced the chain and this was 2 in in diameter and weighed 6 tons (tonnes).

Rollers
At first, the chain/rope was supported and guided on the plane by wooden blocks placed between the rails every 10 yd but it is known that steel rollers were fitted in the late 1860s or the 1870s as it became easier to manufacture steel. While the substantial drag between the chain/rope and the wooden blocks was put to beneficial use in the operation of the plane it must have been found that this was too great and rollers were substituted for blocks with the purpose of reducing drag.

title: Chapel inclined plane


text:
Talk:Rescue at Rigel

Untitled
Hmm... in the real world Rigel is a star.--Pharos 09:25, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rescue at Rigel


text:
Kip Pardue

Kevin Ian Pardue (born September 23, 1975) is an American actor and model, who became known for his roles in the films Remember the Titans, But I'm a Cheerleader, Driven, The Rules of Attraction and Thirteen.

Early life and education
Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Pardue attended Dunwoody High School, where he played defensive back for the football team. Pardue was co-captain of Dunwoody's 1993 Georgia Class AAAA state football championship team. He also played center field for Dunwoody's baseball team. The name "Kip" comes from the initials of his full name. Pardue earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from Yale University, where he played football.

Career
After graduating from college, Pardue was discovered by Molly Ringwald's publicist. He has been a model for Armani, Polo and Abercrombie and Fitch. He was named as one of the "Top 10 Upcoming Actors" by Armani Exchange in 2001.

On October 31, 2018, the Hermosa Beach Police Department announced it was investigating a report of sexual misconduct filed by actress and intimacy coordinator Sarah Scott, who alleged she was "sexually violated while at work" in May by Pardue, her former costar. On July 7, 2019, SAG-AFTRA, a labor union, fined him $6,000 for sexually harassing Scott.

title: Kip Pardue


text:
Stacked Actors

"Stacked Actors" is a song by American rock band Foo Fighters which was released as a single in January 2000 from their 1999 third album There Is Nothing Left to Lose. It was only released as a limited edition commercial single in Australia exclusively, however radio promotional singles were released in other countries for radio airplay.

The song is a playable track in the game Guitar Hero: Metallica and as downloadable content for Rock Band 3.

Musical style
Justin Gerber of Consequence of Sound described "Stacked Actors" as "one of the heaviest songs the band has recorded" and "a grungy call to Grohls' past". Tim Coffman observed that the song showed Grohl "embracing his heavy metal dreams". It also has jazzy verses and ending as well, which are notably softer than the opening and choruses.

Lyrics
Dave Grohl on the song:

 * "'Stacked Actors' is a response to living in Hollywood for about a year and a half, and my disdain and disgust of everything plastic and phony, which is the foundation of that city. And I just hated it. I had a lot of fun, but I had a lot of fun hating it."

 * "I wrote 'Stacked Actors' about everything that is fake and everything that is plastic and glamorous and unreal, so if that pertains to anyone that comes to mind then there you go."

 * "It's about having nothing better to do than trying to be other people, it really grossed me out. Actors, just in general make me fucking sick."

 * "Living in Hollywood always seemed transitional to me. Truth be told, I fucking hated Hollywood, hated the whole life, hated most of the people we met. That's what I'm saying in 'Stacked Actors'."

Grohl dismissed rumors that the song was about Courtney Love.

Live performances
On September 3, 1999, the Foo Fighters played a secret gig at the Troubador in Los Angeles playing using the pseudo band name Stacked Actors. The song was played at almost every show from 1999 until 2013. These version often features extended solos and a drum solo. The song was resurrected in 2019 and was played in its normal album version.

Reception and accolades
"Stacked Actors" was ranked number 5 on WhatCulture's "10 Underrated Hard Rock Songs of the 90s" in 2020.

Track listing

 * 1) "Stacked Actors"
 * 2) "Ain't It the Life" (Live Acoustic at 2 Meter Session 22 Nov 1999)
 * 3) "Floaty" (Live Acoustic at 2 Meter Session 22 Nov 1999)

Other versions

 * A live version recorded in Sydney Australia, January 24, 2000 was released on the Australian Generator single and the Japanese Breakout single.
 * Two live versions were released on the Everywhere but Home DVD, recorded in Toronto and Reykjavik.
 * A live version filmed at Hyde Park on June 17, 2006 was released on the Live at Hyde Park DVD.
 * A live version filmed at Wembley Stadium on June 6, 2008 was released on the Live at Wembley Stadium DVD.

title: Stacked Actors


text: User:Def~enwiki

title: User:Def~enwiki


text:
User talk:Wanderingflaneur

Speedy deletion nomination of Mohammed Dawood

A tag has been placed on Mohammed Dawood requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, you can place a request here. nonsense ferret  01:20, 14 December 2013 (UTC)

Nomination of Roberta McCain for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Roberta McCain is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Roberta McCain until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. XXSNUGGUMSXX (talk) 03:12, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

Merger discussion for Ferguson Left
An article that you have been involved in editing, Ferguson Left, has been proposed for merging with another article. If you are interested, please participate in the merger discussion. Thank you. -- Aronzak (talk) 11:24, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia
Template:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Graham (talk) 01:31, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Dick Ackerman

Richard Charles Ackerman (born December 5, 1942) is an American Republican politician, who was a California State Senator for the 33rd District, representing inland Orange County, from 2000 to 2008.

Born in Long Beach, California, Ackerman earned a B.A. in Mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1964 and a J.D. from Hastings College of the Law in 1967. Ackerman and his wife, Linda, who married in 1968, have three children, Lauren, Marc, and Brett, and two granddaughters, Caitlin and Elizabeth.

Elected to the Fullerton City Council in 1980, Ackerman served three terms on the council, also serving as Mayor in 1982 and 1986.

California State Assembly career
Ackerman was elected to the California State Assembly from the 72nd District in a 1995 special election to replace Assemblyman Ross Johnson, who vacated the seat after winning a special election to the State Senate. He was unopposed for re-election in 1996 and won 68% of the vote in 1998. During his tenure in the Assembly, Ackerman served as Assistant Republican Leader, Republican Caucus Whip, Vice Chair of the Assembly Natural Resources Committee, Vice Chair of the Assembly Judiciary Committee, a member of Appropriations Committee, and a member of the Legislative Ethics Committee.

California State Senate career
After those three terms in the Assembly, Ackerman was elected to the State Senate in 2000. In first year in the Senate, he became Vice Chair of the Senate Budget and Fiscal Review Committee. Ackerman and his family moved from their long-time Fullerton residence in the northern part of his Senate District to Irvine in the central part of his Senate District. In 2002, Ackerman agreed to run as a sacrificial lamb against incumbent Democratic Attorney General Bill Lockyer in the latter's bid for a second term, as no Republican sought the nomination for Attorney General and Ackerman could retain his Senate seat since it was not up for election until 2004. As expected, Lockyer won re-election and Ackerman stayed in the Senate. On May 10, 2004, Ackerman was unanimously elected to serve as Senate Minority Leader. Six months later, he won re-election to the Senate with 69% of the vote. On April 15, 2008, Ackerman officially handed over California Senate GOP leadership to fellow Long Beach-born State Senator Dave Cogdill.

title: Dick Ackerman


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Category:Everton F.C.

__NOGALLERY__

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Talk:Bicton, Western Australia

Dyoondalup
Hey Guys,

I recently rewrote Point Walter and while online, I found a source that seemed very reliable stating the name in the local language meant 'Place of Long White Hair'. This was because in the Dreamtime, the sandbar was supposedly formed when a giant woman's hair fell out. This article states the name means 'Place of White Sand'. Which one do we want to put in?

Cheers,

JoshMuirWikipedia (talk) 02:23, 22 May 2016 (UTC)

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Category:Everton F.C. players

The following lists Everton Football Club players past and present.

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text:
Degenerate energy levels

In quantum mechanics, an energy level is degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system. Conversely, two or more different states of a quantum mechanical system are said to be degenerate if they give the same value of energy upon measurement. The number of different states corresponding to a particular energy level is known as the degree of degeneracy (or simply the degeneracy) of the level. It is represented mathematically by the Hamiltonian for the system having more than one linearly independent eigenstate with the same energy eigenvalue. When this is the case, energy alone is not enough to characterize what state the system is in, and other quantum numbers are needed to characterize the exact state when distinction is desired. In classical mechanics, this can be understood in terms of different possible trajectories corresponding to the same energy.

Degeneracy plays a fundamental role in quantum statistical mechanics. For an $N$-particle system in three dimensions, a single energy level may correspond to several different wave functions or energy states. These degenerate states at the same level all have an equal probability of being filled. The number of such states gives the degeneracy of a particular energy level.

Mathematics
The possible states of a quantum mechanical system may be treated mathematically as abstract vectors in a separable, complex Hilbert space, while the observables may be represented by linear Hermitian operators acting upon them. By selecting a suitable basis, the components of these vectors and the matrix elements of the operators in that basis may be determined. If $A$ is a $N × N$ matrix, $X$ a non-zero vector, and $λ$ is a scalar, such that $$AX = \lambda X$$, then the scalar $λ$ is said to be an eigenvalue of $A$ and the vector $X$ is said to be the eigenvector corresponding to $λ$. Together with the zero vector, the set of all eigenvectors corresponding to a given eigenvalue $λ$ form a subspace of $C^{n}$, which is called the eigenspace of $λ$. An eigenvalue $λ$ which corresponds to two or more different linearly independent eigenvectors is said to be degenerate, i.e., $$A X_1 = \lambda X_1$$ and $$ A X_2 = \lambda X_2$$, where $$ X_1 $$ and $$ X_2 $$ are linearly independent eigenvectors. The dimension of the eigenspace corresponding to that eigenvalue is known as its degree of degeneracy, which can be finite or infinite. An eigenvalue is said to be non-degenerate if its eigenspace is one-dimensional.

The eigenvalues of the matrices representing physical observables in quantum mechanics give the measurable values of these observables while the eigenstates corresponding to these eigenvalues give the possible states in which the system may be found, upon measurement. The measurable values of the energy of a quantum system are given by the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian operator, while its eigenstates give the possible energy states of the system. A value of energy is said to be degenerate if there exist at least two linearly independent energy states associated with it. Moreover, any linear combination of two or more degenerate eigenstates is also an eigenstate of the Hamiltonian operator corresponding to the same energy eigenvalue. This clearly follows from the fact that the eigenspace of the energy value eigenvalue $λ$ is a subspace (being the kernel of the Hamiltonian minus $λ$ times the identity), hence is closed under linear combinations.

$$

Effect of degeneracy on the measurement of energy
In the absence of degeneracy, if a measured value of energy of a quantum system is determined, the corresponding state of the system is assumed to be known, since only one eigenstate corresponds to each energy eigenvalue. However, if the Hamiltonian $$\hat{H}$$ has a degenerate eigenvalue $$E_n$$ of degree gn, the eigenstates associated with it form a vector subspace of dimension gn. In such a case, several final states can be possibly associated with the same result $$E_n$$, all of which are linear combinations of the gn orthonormal eigenvectors $$|E_{n,i}\rangle$$.

In this case, the probability that the energy value measured for a system in the state $$|\psi\rangle$$ will yield the value $$E_n$$ is given by the sum of the probabilities of finding the system in each of the states in this basis, i.e., $$P(E_n)=\sum_{i=1}^{g_n}|\langle E_{n,i}|\psi\rangle|^2$$

Degeneracy in different dimensions
This section intends to illustrate the existence of degenerate energy levels in quantum systems studied in different dimensions. The study of one and two-dimensional systems aids the conceptual understanding of more complex systems.

Degeneracy in one dimension
In several cases, analytic results can be obtained more easily in the study of one-dimensional systems. For a quantum particle with a wave function $$|\psi\rangle$$ moving in a one-dimensional potential $$V(x)$$, the time-independent Schrödinger equation can be written as $$ -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\frac{d^2\psi}{dx^2} + V\psi = E\psi$$ Since this is an ordinary differential equation, there are two independent eigenfunctions for a given energy $$E$$ at most, so that the degree of degeneracy never exceeds two. It can be proven that in one dimension, there are no degenerate bound states for normalizable wave functions. A sufficient condition on a piecewise continuous potential $$V$$ and the energy $$E$$ is the existence of two real numbers $$M,x_0$$ with $$M \neq 0$$ such that $$\forall x > x_0$$ we have $$V(x) - E \geq M^2$$. In particular, $$V$$ is bounded below in this criterion.

 * {| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="60%" style="text-align:left"

!Proof of the above theorem.

$$\begin{align} - \frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\frac{d^2\psi_1}{dx^2} + V\psi_1 &= E\psi_1 \\ - \frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\frac{d^2\psi_2}{dx^2} + V\psi_2 &= E\psi_2 \end{align}$$ Multiplying the first equation by $$ \psi_2 $$ and the second by $$\psi_1$$ and subtracting one from the other, we get: $$\psi_1\frac{d^2}{dx^2}\psi_2-\psi_2\frac{d^2}{d x^2}\psi_1 = 0$$ Integrating both sides $$\psi_1\frac{d\psi_2}{dx} - \psi_2\frac{d\psi_1}{dx} = \mbox{constant}$$ In case of well-defined and normalizable wave functions, the above constant vanishes, provided both the wave functions vanish at at least one point, and we find: $$\psi_1(x) = c\psi_2(x)$$ where $$c$$ is, in general, a complex constant. For bound state eigenfunctions (which tend to zero as $$x \to \infty$$), and assuming $$V$$ and $$E$$ satisfy the condition given above, it can be shown that also the first derivative of the wave function approaches zero in the limit $$x \to \infty$$, so that the above constant is zero and we have no degeneracy.
 * Considering a one-dimensional quantum system in a potential $$V(x)$$ with degenerate states $$|\psi_1\rangle$$ and $$|\psi_2\rangle$$ corresponding to the same energy eigenvalue $$E$$, writing the time-independent Schrödinger equation for the system:
 * Considering a one-dimensional quantum system in a potential $$V(x)$$ with degenerate states $$|\psi_1\rangle$$ and $$|\psi_2\rangle$$ corresponding to the same energy eigenvalue $$E$$, writing the time-independent Schrödinger equation for the system:
 * }

Degeneracy in two-dimensional quantum systems
Two-dimensional quantum systems exist in all three states of matter and much of the variety seen in three dimensional matter can be created in two dimensions. Real two-dimensional materials are made of monoatomic layers on the surface of solids. Some examples of two-dimensional electron systems achieved experimentally include MOSFET, two-dimensional superlattices of Helium, Neon, Argon, Xenon etc. and surface of liquid Helium. The presence of degenerate energy levels is studied in the cases of Particle in a box and two-dimensional harmonic oscillator, which act as useful mathematical models for several real world systems.

Particle in a rectangular plane
Consider a free particle in a plane of dimensions $$L_x$$ and $$L_y$$ in a plane of impenetrable walls. The time-independent Schrödinger equation for this system with wave function $$|\psi\rangle$$ can be written as $$ -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\left(\frac{\partial^2 \psi}{{\partial x}^2} + \frac{\partial^2 \psi}{{\partial y}^2}\right) = E\psi$$ The permitted energy values are $$E_{n_x,n_y} = \frac{\pi^2 \hbar^2}{2m}\left(\frac{n_x^2}{L_x^2}+\frac{n_y^2}{L_y^2}\right)$$ The normalized wave function is $$\psi_{n_x,n_y}(x,y) = \frac 2{\sqrt{L_xL_y}} \sin\left(\frac{n_x\pi x}{L_x}\right)\sin\left(\frac{n_y\pi y}{L_y}\right)$$ where $$n_x,n_y = 1,2,3,\dots$$

So, quantum numbers $$n_x$$ and $$n_y$$ are required to describe the energy eigenvalues and the lowest energy of the system is given by $$E_{1,1} = \pi^2\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\left(\frac 1{L_x^2}+\frac 1{L_y^2}\right)$$

For some commensurate ratios of the two lengths $$L_x$$ and $$L_y$$, certain pairs of states are degenerate. If $$L_x/L_y=p/q$$, where p and q are integers, the states $$(n_x, n_y)$$ and $$(pn_y/q, qn_x/p)$$ have the same energy and so are degenerate to each other.

Particle in a square box
In this case, the dimensions of the box $$L_x = L_y = L$$ and the energy eigenvalues are given by $$E_{n_x,n_y}=\frac{\pi^2\hbar^2}{2mL^2}(n_x^2+n_y^2)$$

Since $$n_x$$ and $$n_y$$ can be interchanged without changing the energy, each energy level has a degeneracy of at least two when $$n_x$$ and $$n_y$$ are different. Degenerate states are also obtained when the sum of squares of quantum numbers corresponding to different energy levels are the same. For example, the three states (nx = 7, ny = 1), (nx = 1, ny = 7) and (nx = ny = 5) all have $$E=50 \frac{\pi^2\hbar^2}{2mL^2}$$ and constitute a degenerate set.

Degrees of degeneracy of different energy levels for a particle in a square box:

Particle in a cubic box
In this case, the dimensions of the box $$L_x = L_y =L_z= L$$ and the energy eigenvalues depend on three quantum numbers. $$E_{n_x,n_y,n_z} = \frac{\pi^2\hbar^2}{2mL^2}(n_x^2+n_y^2+n_z^2)$$

Since $$n_x$$, $$n_y$$ and $$n_z$$ can be interchanged without changing the energy, each energy level has a degeneracy of at least three when the three quantum numbers are not all equal.

Finding a unique eigenbasis in case of degeneracy
If two operators $$\hat{A}$$ and $$\hat{B}$$ commute, i.e., $$[\hat{A},\hat{B}] = 0$$, then for every eigenvector $$|\psi\rangle$$ of $$\hat{A}$$, $$\hat{B}|\psi\rang$$ is also an eigenvector of $$\hat{A}$$ with the same eigenvalue. However, if this eigenvalue, say $$\lambda$$, is degenerate, it can be said that $$\hat{B}|\psi\rangle$$ belongs to the eigenspace $$E_\lambda$$ of $$\hat{A}$$, which is said to be globally invariant under the action of $$\hat{B}$$.

For two commuting observables $A$ and $B$, one can construct an orthonormal basis of the state space with eigenvectors common to the two operators. However, $$\lambda$$ is a degenerate eigenvalue of $$\hat{A}$$, then it is an eigensubspace of $$\hat{A}$$ that is invariant under the action of $$\hat{B}$$, so the representation of $$\hat{B}$$ in the eigenbasis of $$\hat{A}$$ is not a diagonal but a block diagonal matrix, i.e. the degenerate eigenvectors of $$\hat{A}$$ are not, in general, eigenvectors of $$\hat{B}$$. However, it is always possible to choose, in every degenerate eigensubspace of $$\hat{A}$$, a basis of eigenvectors common to $$\hat{A}$$ and $$\hat{B}$$.

Choosing a complete set of commuting observables
If a given observable A is non-degenerate, there exists a unique basis formed by its eigenvectors. On the other hand, if one or several eigenvalues of $$\hat{A}$$ are degenerate, specifying an eigenvalue is not sufficient to characterize a basis vector. If, by choosing an observable $$\hat{B}$$, which commutes with $$\hat{A}$$, it is possible to construct an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors common to $$\hat{A}$$ and $$\hat{B}$$, which is unique, for each of the possible pairs of eigenvalues {a,b}, then $$\hat{A}$$ and $$\hat{B}$$ are said to form a complete set of commuting observables. However, if a unique set of eigenvectors can still not be specified, for at least one of the pairs of eigenvalues, a third observable $$\hat{C}$$, which commutes with both $$\hat{A}$$ and $$\hat{B}$$ can be found such that the three form a complete set of commuting observables.

It follows that the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian of a quantum system with a common energy value must be labelled by giving some additional information, which can be done by choosing an operator that commutes with the Hamiltonian. These additional labels required naming of a unique energy eigenfunction and are usually related to the constants of motion of the system.

Degenerate energy eigenstates and the parity operator
The parity operator is defined by its action in the $$|r\rangle$$ representation of changing r to −r, i.e. $$\langle r|P|\psi\rangle=\psi(-r)$$ The eigenvalues of P can be shown to be limited to $$\pm1$$, which are both degenerate eigenvalues in an infinite-dimensional state space. An eigenvector of P with eigenvalue +1 is said to be even, while that with eigenvalue −1 is said to be odd.

Now, an even operator $$\hat{A}$$ is one that satisfies, $$\tilde{A} = P \hat{A} P$$ $$[P,\hat{A}] = 0$$ while an odd operator $$\hat{B}$$ is one that satisfies $$P \hat{B}+\hat{B} P=0$$ Since the square of the momentum operator $$\hat{p}^2$$ is even, if the potential V(r) is even, the Hamiltonian $$\hat{H}$$ is said to be an even operator. In that case, if each of its eigenvalues are non-degenerate, each eigenvector is necessarily an eigenstate of P, and therefore it is possible to look for the eigenstates of $$\hat{H}$$ among even and odd states. However, if one of the energy eigenstates has no definite parity, it can be asserted that the corresponding eigenvalue is degenerate, and $$P|\psi\rangle$$ is an eigenvector of $$\hat{H}$$ with the same eigenvalue as $$|\psi\rangle$$.

Degeneracy and symmetry
The physical origin of degeneracy in a quantum-mechanical system is often the presence of some symmetry in the system. Studying the symmetry of a quantum system can, in some cases, enable us to find the energy levels and degeneracies without solving the Schrödinger equation, hence reducing effort.

Mathematically, the relation of degeneracy with symmetry can be clarified as follows. Consider a symmetry operation associated with a unitary operator $S$. Under such an operation, the new Hamiltonian is related to the original Hamiltonian by a similarity transformation generated by the operator $S$, such that $$H'=SHS^{-1}=SHS^\dagger$$, since $S$ is unitary. If the Hamiltonian remains unchanged under the transformation operation $S$, we have $$\begin{align} SHS^\dagger &= H \\[1ex] SHS^{-1} &= H \\[1ex] SH &= HS \\[1ex] [S,H] &= 0 \end{align}$$ Now, if $$|\alpha\rangle $$ is an energy eigenstate, $$H|\alpha\rangle = E|\alpha\rangle$$ where $E$ is the corresponding energy eigenvalue. $$HS|\alpha\rangle = SH|\alpha\rangle = SE|\alpha\rangle = ES|\alpha\rangle$$ which means that $$S|\alpha\rangle$$ is also an energy eigenstate with the same eigenvalue $E$. If the two states $$|\alpha\rangle$$ and $$S|\alpha\rangle$$ are linearly independent (i.e. physically distinct), they are therefore degenerate.

In cases where $S$ is characterized by a continuous parameter $$\epsilon$$, all states of the form $$S(\epsilon)|\alpha\rangle$$ have the same energy eigenvalue.

Symmetry group of the Hamiltonian
The set of all operators which commute with the Hamiltonian of a quantum system are said to form the symmetry group of the Hamiltonian. The commutators of the generators of this group determine the algebra of the group. An n-dimensional representation of the Symmetry group preserves the multiplication table of the symmetry operators. The possible degeneracies of the Hamiltonian with a particular symmetry group are given by the dimensionalities of the irreducible representations of the group. The eigenfunctions corresponding to a n-fold degenerate eigenvalue form a basis for a n-dimensional irreducible representation of the Symmetry group of the Hamiltonian.

Types of degeneracy
Degeneracies in a quantum system can be systematic or accidental in nature.

Systematic or essential degeneracy
This is also called a geometrical or normal degeneracy and arises due to the presence of some kind of symmetry in the system under consideration, i.e. the invariance of the Hamiltonian under a certain operation, as described above. The representation obtained from a normal degeneracy is irreducible and the corresponding eigenfunctions form a basis for this representation.

Accidental degeneracy
It is a type of degeneracy resulting from some special features of the system or the functional form of the potential under consideration, and is related possibly to a hidden dynamical symmetry in the system. It also results in conserved quantities, which are often not easy to identify. Accidental symmetries lead to these additional degeneracies in the discrete energy spectrum. An accidental degeneracy can be due to the fact that the group of the Hamiltonian is not complete. These degeneracies are connected to the existence of bound orbits in classical Physics.

Examples: Coulomb and Harmonic Oscillator potentials
For a particle in a central $1/r$ potential, the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector is a conserved quantity resulting from an accidental degeneracy, in addition to the conservation of angular momentum due to rotational invariance.

For a particle moving on a cone under the influence of $1/r$ and $r^{2}$ potentials, centred at the tip of the cone, the conserved quantities corresponding to accidental symmetry will be two components of an equivalent of the Runge-Lenz vector, in addition to one component of the angular momentum vector. These quantities generate SU(2) symmetry for both potentials.

Example: Particle in a constant magnetic field
A particle moving under the influence of a constant magnetic field, undergoing cyclotron motion on a circular orbit is another important example of an accidental symmetry. The symmetry multiplets in this case are the Landau levels which are infinitely degenerate.

The hydrogen atom
In atomic physics, the bound states of an electron in a hydrogen atom show us useful examples of degeneracy. In this case, the Hamiltonian commutes with the total orbital angular momentum $$\hat{L}^2$$, its component along the z-direction, $$\hat{L}_z$$, total spin angular momentum $$\hat{S}^2$$ and its z-component $$\hat{S}_z$$. The quantum numbers corresponding to these operators are $$\ell$$, $$m_\ell$$, $$s$$ (always 1/2 for an electron) and $$m_s$$ respectively.

The energy levels in the hydrogen atom depend only on the principal quantum number $n$. For a given $n$, all the states corresponding to $$\ell = 0, \ldots, n-1$$ have the same energy and are degenerate. Similarly for given values of $n$ and $\ell$, the $$(2\ell+1)$$, states with $$m_\ell = -\ell, \ldots, \ell$$ are degenerate. The degree of degeneracy of the energy level En is therefore $$\sum_{\ell \mathop = 0}^{n-1} (2\ell+1) = n^2,$$ which is doubled if the spin degeneracy is included.

The degeneracy with respect to $$m_\ell$$ is an essential degeneracy which is present for any central potential, and arises from the absence of a preferred spatial direction. The degeneracy with respect to $$\ell$$ is often described as an accidental degeneracy, but it can be explained in terms of special symmetries of the Schrödinger equation which are only valid for the hydrogen atom in which the potential energy is given by Coulomb's law.

Isotropic three-dimensional harmonic oscillator
It is a spinless particle of mass m moving in three-dimensional space, subject to a central force whose absolute value is proportional to the distance of the particle from the centre of force. $$F = -kr$$ It is said to be isotropic since the potential $$V(r)$$ acting on it is rotationally invariant, i.e., $$V(r) = \tfrac{1}{2} m \omega^2 r^2$$ where $$\omega$$ is the angular frequency given by $\sqrt{k/m}$.

Since the state space of such a particle is the tensor product of the state spaces associated with the individual one-dimensional wave functions, the time-independent Schrödinger equation for such a system is given by- $$-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m} \left(\frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial x^2}+ \frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial y^2}+ \frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial z^2}\right) +\frac{1}{2}{m \omega^2 \left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)\psi}=E\psi$$

So, the energy eigenvalues are $$E_{n_x,n_y,n_z} = \left(n_x + n_y + n_z + \tfrac{3}{2}\right) \hbar\omega$$ or, $$E_n = \left(n + \tfrac{3}{2}\right) \hbar\omega$$ where n is a non-negative integer. So, the energy levels are degenerate and the degree of degeneracy is equal to the number of different sets $$\{n_x, n_y, n_z\}$$ satisfying $$n_x + n_y + n_z = n$$ The degeneracy of the $$n$$-th state can be found by considering the distribution of $$n$$ quanta across $$n_x$$, $$n_y$$ and $$n_z$$. Having 0 in $$n_x$$ gives $$n + 1$$ possibilities for distribution across $$n_y$$ and $$n_z$$. Having 1 quanta in $$n_x$$ gives $$n$$ possibilities across $$n_y$$ and $$n_z$$ and so on. This leads to the general result of $$n - n_x + 1$$ and summing over all $$n$$ leads to the degeneracy of the $$n$$-th state, $$\sum_{n_x=0}^n (n-n_x+1)=\frac{(n+1)(n+2)}{2}$$ For the ground state $$n = 0$$, the degeneracy is $$1$$ so the state is non-degenerate. For all higher states, the degeneracy is greater than 1 so the state is degenerate.

Removing degeneracy
The degeneracy in a quantum mechanical system may be removed if the underlying symmetry is broken by an external perturbation. This causes splitting in the degenerate energy levels. This is essentially a splitting of the original irreducible representations into lower-dimensional such representations of the perturbed system.

Mathematically, the splitting due to the application of a small perturbation potential can be calculated using time-independent degenerate perturbation theory. This is an approximation scheme that can be applied to find the solution to the eigenvalue equation for the Hamiltonian H of a quantum system with an applied perturbation, given the solution for the Hamiltonian H0 for the unperturbed system. It involves expanding the eigenvalues and eigenkets of the Hamiltonian H in a perturbation series. The degenerate eigenstates with a given energy eigenvalue form a vector subspace, but not every basis of eigenstates of this space is a good starting point for perturbation theory, because typically there would not be any eigenstates of the perturbed system near them. The correct basis to choose is one that diagonalizes the perturbation Hamiltonian within the degenerate subspace.

Physical examples of removal of degeneracy by a perturbation
Some important examples of physical situations where degenerate energy levels of a quantum system are split by the application of an external perturbation are given below.

Symmetry breaking in two-level systems
A two-level system essentially refers to a physical system having two states whose energies are close together and very different from those of the other states of the system. All calculations for such a system are performed on a two-dimensional subspace of the state space.

If the ground state of a physical system is two-fold degenerate, any coupling between the two corresponding states lowers the energy of the ground state of the system, and makes it more stable.

If $$E_1$$ and $$E_2$$ are the energy levels of the system, such that $$E_1=E_2=E$$, and the perturbation $$W$$ is represented in the two-dimensional subspace as the following 2×2 matrix $$\mathbf{W} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & W_{12} \\[1ex] W_{12}^* & 0 \end{bmatrix}. $$ then the perturbed energies are $$\begin{align} E_{+} &= E+|W_{12}| \\ E_{-} &= E-|W_{12}| \end{align}$$

Examples of two-state systems in which the degeneracy in energy states is broken by the presence of off-diagonal terms in the Hamiltonian resulting from an internal interaction due to an inherent property of the system include:
 * Benzene, with two possible dispositions of the three double bonds between neighbouring Carbon atoms.
 * Ammonia molecule, where the Nitrogen atom can be either above or below the plane defined by the three Hydrogen atoms.
 * molecule, in which the electron may be localized around either of the two nuclei.

Fine-structure splitting
The corrections to the Coulomb interaction between the electron and the proton in a Hydrogen atom due to relativistic motion and spin–orbit coupling result in breaking the degeneracy in energy levels for different values of l corresponding to a single principal quantum number n.

The perturbation Hamiltonian due to relativistic correction is given by $$H_r = -p^4 / 8m^3c^2$$ where $$p$$ is the momentum operator and $$m$$ is the mass of the electron. The first-order relativistic energy correction in the $$|nlm\rangle$$ basis is given by $$E_r = \left(-1/8m^3c^2\right) \left\langle n\ell m\right| p^4 \left|n\ell m \right\rangle$$

Now $$p^4 = 4m^2(H^0+e^2/r)^2$$ $$\begin{aligned} E_r &= -\frac{1}{2mc^2} \left[E_n^2 + 2 E_n e^2 \left\langle \frac{1}{r} \right\rangle + e^4 \left\langle \frac{1}{r^2} \right\rangle \right] \\ &= -\frac{1}{2} mc^2 \alpha^4 \left[-3/(4n^4)+1/{n^3(\ell+1/2)}\right] \end{aligned}$$ where $$\alpha$$ is the fine structure constant.

The spin–orbit interaction refers to the interaction between the intrinsic magnetic moment of the electron with the magnetic field experienced by it due to the relative motion with the proton. The interaction Hamiltonian is $$H_{so} = - \frac{e}{mc}\frac{\mathbf{m}\cdot\mathbf{L}}{r^3} = \frac{e^2}{m^2 c^2 r^3} \mathbf{S}\cdot\mathbf{L} $$ which may be written as $$H_{so} = \frac{e^2}{4m^2c^2r^3} \left[J^2 - L^2 - S^2\right]$$

The first order energy correction in the $$|j,m,\ell,1/2\rangle$$ basis where the perturbation Hamiltonian is diagonal, is given by $$E_{so} = \frac{\hbar^2 e^2}{4 m^2 c^2} \frac{j(j+1)-\ell(\ell+1)-\frac{3}{4}}{a_0^3 n^3 \ell(\ell+\frac{1}{2})(\ell+1)}$$ where $$a_0$$ is the Bohr radius. The total fine-structure energy shift is given by $$E_{fs} = - \frac{mc^2\alpha^4}{2n^3} \left[1/(j+1/2) - 3/4n\right]$$ for $j = \ell \pm \tfrac{1}{2}$.

Zeeman effect
The splitting of the energy levels of an atom when placed in an external magnetic field because of the interaction of the magnetic moment $$\vec{m}$$ of the atom with the applied field is known as the Zeeman effect.

Taking into consideration the orbital and spin angular momenta, $$\mathbf{L}$$ and $$\mathbf{S}$$, respectively, of a single electron in the Hydrogen atom, the perturbation Hamiltonian is given by $$\hat{V} = -(\mathbf{m}_\ell + \mathbf{m}_s)\cdot \mathbf{B}$$ where $$\mathbf{m}_\ell = -e \mathbf{L}/2m$$ and $$\mathbf{m}_s = -e \mathbf{S}/m$$. Thus, $$\hat{V} = \frac{e}{2m} (\mathbf{L}+2\mathbf{S})\cdot\mathbf{B}$$ Now, in case of the weak-field Zeeman effect, when the applied field is weak compared to the internal field, the spin–orbit coupling dominates and $\mathbf{L}$ and $\mathbf{S}$  are not separately conserved. The good quantum numbers are n, $\ell$, j and mj, and in this basis, the first order energy correction can be shown to be given by $$E_z = -\mu_B g_j B m_j,$$ where $$\mu_B = {e\hbar}/2m$$ is called the Bohr Magneton. Thus, depending on the value of $$m_j$$, each degenerate energy level splits into several levels.

In case of the strong-field Zeeman effect, when the applied field is strong enough, so that the orbital and spin angular momenta decouple, the good quantum numbers are now n, l, ml, and ms. Here, Lz and Sz are conserved, so the perturbation Hamiltonian is given by- $$\hat{V} = eB (L_z + 2S_z)/2m$$ assuming the magnetic field to be along the z-direction. So, $$\hat{V} = eB(m_\ell+2m_s)/2m$$ For each value of mℓ, there are two possible values of ms, $$\pm 1/2$$.

Stark effect
The splitting of the energy levels of an atom or molecule when subjected to an external electric field is known as the Stark effect.

For the hydrogen atom, the perturbation Hamiltonian is $$\hat{H}_{s}=-|e|Ez$$ if the electric field is chosen along the z-direction.

The energy corrections due to the applied field are given by the expectation value of $$\hat{H}_{s}$$ in the $$|n \ell m\rangle$$ basis. It can be shown by the selection rules that $$\langle n \ell m_\ell| z |n_1 \ell_1 m_{\ell1}\rangle \ne 0$$ when $$\ell = \ell_1 \pm 1$$ and $$m_\ell = m_{\ell1}$$.

The degeneracy is lifted only for certain states obeying the selection rules, in the first order. The first-order splitting in the energy levels for the degenerate states $$|2,0,0\rangle$$ and $$|2,1,0\rangle$$, both corresponding to n = 2, is given by $$\Delta E_{2,1,m_\ell} = \pm|e| \hbar^2 /(m_e e^2)E$$.

title: Degenerate energy levels


text:
User:Bank Gong

This user has been blocked indefintely for being a reincarnation of banned user Iasson. Thryduulf 09:38, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Bank Gong


text:
Personal web page

Personal web pages are World Wide Web pages created by an individual to contain content of a personal nature rather than content pertaining to a company, organization or institution. Personal web pages are primarily used for informative or entertainment purposes but can also be used for personal career marketing (by containing a list of the individual's skills, experience and a CV), social networking with other people with shared interests, or as a space for personal expression.

These terms do not usually refer to just a single "page" or HTML file, but to a website -- a collection of webpages and related files under a common URL or Web address. In strictly technical terms, a site's actual home page (index page) often only contains sparse content with some catchy introductory material and serves mostly as a pointer or table of contents to the more content-rich pages inside, such as résumés, family, hobbies, family genealogy, a web log/diary ("blog"), opinions, online journals and diaries or other writing, examples of written work, digital audio sound clips, digital video clips, digital photos, or information about a user's other interests. Many personal pages only include information of interest to friends and family of the author. However, some webpages set up by hobbyists or enthusiasts of certain subject areas can be valuable topical web directories.

History
In the 1990s, most Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provided a free small personal, user-created webpage along with free Usenet News service. These were all considered part of full Internet service. Also several free web hosting services such as Geocities provided free web space for personal web pages. These free web hosting services would typically include web-based site management and a few pre-configured scripts to easily integrate an input form or guestbook script into the user's site. Early personal web pages were often called "home pages" and were intended to be set as a default page in a web browser's preferences, usually by their owner. These pages would often contain links, to-do lists, and other information their author found useful. In the days when search engines were in their infancy, these pages (and the links they contained) could be an important resource in navigating the web. Since the early 2000s, the rise of blogging and the development of user friendly web page designing software made it easier for amateur users who did not have computer programming or website designer training to create personal web pages. Some website design websites provided free ready-made blogging scripts, where all the user had to do was input their content into a template. At the same time, a personal web presence became easier with the increased popularity of social networking services, some with blogging platforms such as LiveJournal and Blogger. These websites provided an attractive and easy-to-use content management system for regular users. Most of the early personal websites were Web 1.0 style, in which a static display of text and images or photos was displayed to individuals who came to the page. About the only interaction that was possible on these early websites was signing the virtual "guestbook".

With the collapse of the dot-com bubble in the late 1990s, the ISP industry consolidated, and the focus of web hosting services shifted away from the surviving ISP companies to independent Internet hosting services and to ones with other affiliations. For example, many university departments provided personal pages for professors and television broadcasters provided them for their on-air personalities. These free webpages served as a perquisite ("perk") for staff, while at the same time boosting the Web visibility of the parent organization. Web hosting companies either charge a monthly fee, or provide service that is "free" (advertising based) for personal web pages. These are priced or limited according to the total size of all files in bytes on the host's hard drive, or by bandwidth, (traffic), or by some combination of both. For those customers who continue to use their ISP for these services, national ISPs commonly continue to provide both disk space and help including ready-made drop-in scripts.

With the rise of Web 2.0-style websites, both professional websites and user-created, amateur websites tended to contain interactive features, such as "clickable" links to online newspaper articles or favourite websites, the option to comment on content displayed on the website, the option to "tag" images, videos or links on the site, the option of "clicking" on an image to enlarge it or find out more information, the option of user participation for website guests to evaluate or review the pages, or even the option to create new user-generated content for others to see. A key difference between Web 1.0 personal webpages and Web 2.0 personal pages was while the former tended to be created by hackers, computer programmers and computer hobbyists, the latter were created by a much wider variety of users, including individuals whose main interests lay in hobbies or topics outside of computers (e.g., indie music fans, political activists, and social entrepreneurs).

Motivations
In a study done by Zinkhan, participants had four main reasons to create personal web pages. First, people use personal web pages as a portrayal of self, in a sense marketing themselves, since creators have the freedom to portray their own identities. Second, personal web pages are a way to interact with people who have similar interests as the creator, possible employers, or colleagues. Third, personal web pages can gain social acceptance with groups that the creator is interested in depending on the information that the creator reveals about themselves. Fourth, personal web pages can give creators a sense of connection to the world since these web pages are public and a way to introduce oneself to other people around the globe.

People may maintain personal web pages to serve as a showcase for their skills in professional life, creative skills or self promotion of their business, charity or band. The use of personal web pages to display an individual's professional life has become more common in the 21st century. Mary Madden, an expert researcher on privacy and technology, did a study that found a tenth of American jobs require Personal web pages that advertise an individual online. Personal web pages have become a source of initial impression of possible employees used by employers. It can also be used to express opinions on issues ranging from news and politics to movies. Others may use their personal web page as a communication method. For example, an aspiring artist might give out business cards with their personal web page, and invite people to visit their page and see their artwork, "like" their page or sign their guestbook.

A personal web page gives the owner generally more control on presence in search results and how they wish to be viewed online. It also allows more freedom in types and quantity of content than a social network profile offers, and can link various social media profiles with each other. It can be used to correct the record on something, or clear up potential confusion between you and someone with the same name.

In the 2010s, some amateur writers, bands and filmmakers release digital versions of their stories, songs and short films online, with the aim of gaining an audience and becoming more well-known. While the huge number of aspiring artists posting their work online makes it unlikely for individuals and groups to become popular via the Internet, there are a small number of YouTube stars who were unknown until their online performances garnered them a huge audience.

Contrast with social network accounts
Both individual, personal web sites and personal social networking accounts give the user a personally customized Web presence. In the 2010s most casual Internet users join free social networking services such as Twitter or Facebook to serve many of the same purposes as a personal webpage without having to learn web design and writing HTML markup. That prerequisite is not required, as Web hosting services provide more help to enable regular users to create Web pages.

Social networks often used prefabricated "black box" structures. On one hand, these templates are much easier for neophyte users to work with, since users simply have to add in information in spaces which indicate the required information. Once the user "saves" or finishes entering the information, the social network website's software system automatically creates a fairly professional-looking layout. "Black box" templates are much simpler to begin using and navigating, but more advanced users may be frustrated that they cannot "tweak" the formatting, amount of content, type of content, etc. For example, most social networks have rules regarding casual users who are uploading (loading files onto the website) audio files to their account. Furthermore, these companies intentionally retain the specific service's look and feel and identity of each user personal account within that corporate social network. For example, all profiles may have the same background color, font and website trademark. The emphasis there is on being part of a branded "network," not on the "personal," or the individual. Thus, these accounts are not normally thought of as (personal) web sites or home pages.

There are other differences. Unlike actual personal web pages, social networking services and ad-based "free" web hosting service personnel, advertisers and nanny-bots can see everything inside the user accounts, and rules are enforced by the firm, not by the courts as would be the case with a personally owned, full-featured personal web page. However some social services allow the display of almost any content or media produced by the site's creator. This avenue of distribution satisfies most amateurs and aspiring content creators. Web site creation tools permitted by some companies have the potential to allow users more flexibility. As a rule of thumb, the amount of creative freedom one is allowed in creating a personal Web page can be predicted by the site's URL. A pure URL similar to www.yourname.com predicts total ownership and the resulting rights. But a shared-name URL similar to www.yourname.home.othercompany.com suggests account rental and regulations which benefit or protect a corporation (in this case, Othercompany Inc).

"Free" sites based on advertising revenue face the dilemma that while relaxation of the rules encourages users to post their feelings and opinions and upload user-generated content with less fear of being censored or shut down, it also increases the risk of an offended sponsor pulling its sponsorship, if offensive materials or comments are made online. With more uploading and content-posting freedom comes an increased risk of copyright and defamation lawsuits, hate speech charges and other legal problems. Free hosting services do not allow users many options to customize the look of pages, because this would reduce page uniformity, thus reducing the common "look and feel" on the website, which becomes a key part of its identity and "branding". In short, if a social networking company allowed total personal freedom of content posting and profile modification for users, it also risks a degradation of its own look-and-feel, branding, function, and profit and legal risks. In the 2010s, this balance of interests is leading toward more user choices and a narrowing of the differences between personal web sites and other personal web presence providers.

Official celebrity sites
Many celebrities from the movies, TV shows, professional sports and popular music have websites. Were their owners not famous, some might think due to their tone and personal ambiance that these sites were personal web pages. However, the celebrity is the "product" or brand being sold, and however casual a celebrity website may appear, with short blog posts and comments appearing on a regular basis, these are typically professionally authored and maintained. Some celebrities' public relations firms and managers hire ghostwriters to author blog posts and Tweets in the style of the celebrity. The celebrity status of the subject and the existence of separate fan-created sites (over which the celebrity in question has no direct control) leads the existence of multiple websites for each celebrity: a personal site authorized by the celebrity and maintained by an individual or company directly associated with the celebrity to be labeled an "official website", and one or more fan-run websites. This designation is often a seal of approval and an assurance to the public that the information provided on the site (including press releases, tour dates, and promotional materials) has been authored or approved by the celebrity in question. Some celebrities involved in criminal and civil trials, such as late pop star Michael Jackson and media mogul Martha Stewart, as well as celebrity chef Paula Deen establish official websites to issue statements to the press and to respond to statements and press releases issued by the prosecuting officials. Most celebrity sites are created and maintained by marketing and web professionals employed by the celebrity or the celebrity's publicist; however, some celebrities, such as film director Roger Avary, actor Wil Wheaton, and video game developer John Romero, maintain their own official sites without professional help, although many of them still use third-party templates and blogging software.

Sites of academics
Academic professionals (especially at the college and university level), including professors and researchers, are often given online space for creating and storing personal web documents, including personal web pages, CVs and a list of their books, academic papers and conference presentations, on the websites of their employers. This goes back to the early decade of the World Wide Web and its original purpose of providing a quick and easy way for academics to share research papers and data.

Researchers may have a personal website to share more information about themselves, about their academic activities and for sharing (unpublished) results of their research. This has been noted as part of the success of open-access repositories such as arXiv.

title: Personal web page


text: User talk:202.92.187.230

title: User talk:202.92.187.230


text:
Serostim

Serostim (recombinant DNA somatropin) is Serono's brand name prescription drug form of synthetic growth hormone, marketed for HIV-associated wasting.

In December 2007, the U.S. District Court of Massachusetts - in a class-action lawsuit that involved Merck Serono and Serostim - fined Serono a total of $704 million in criminal and civil liabilities for enacting "illegal schemes to promote, market and sell its drug."

title: Serostim


text:
Breakout (Foo Fighters song)

"Breakout" is a song by Foo Fighters. It is the second track and fourth single from their third album There Is Nothing Left to Lose.

History
The single was released as a two disc set in the UK and Europe, and also had separate releases in the Netherlands, Australia and Japan. Promotional singles were also released in the US for radio play.

The song appeared as a playable track in Lego Rock Band.

Music video
The video was directed by The Malloys, and served as a tie-in to the song's appearance in the film Me, Myself & Irene. It mainly features Dave Grohl playing a character who has a "multiple personality" disorder (just like Charlie Baileygates/Hank, Jim Carrey's character in the film) while taking his girlfriend to see the movie at a drive-in. In addition to Grohl's mom, Ginny, as the woman who flips him off while he is driving, the video also features some of the actors from the Me, Myself & Irene including Traylor Howard, who played Charlie's ex-wife Layla, and Tony Cox, who played the limo driver, along with Anthony Anderson, who played Jamal Baileygates & Jerod Mixon who played Shonté Jr. Baileygates. The MTV series Making the Video documented the making of the music video.

Live recordings
A live version recorded on November 23, 1999, at the Barrowlands for the BBC Radio 1's Rock Show programme was released as a B-side to the CD versions of the "Generator" single.

Two live versions were released on the Everywhere but Home DVD, recorded in Toronto and Reykjavík.

A live version filmed at Hyde Park on June 17, 2006, was released on the Live at Hyde Park DVD.

A live version filmed at Wembley Stadium on June 7, 2008, was released on the Live at Wembley Stadium DVD.

Track listings

 * UK CD1 white cover
 * 1) "Breakout" - 3:21
 * 2) "Iron and Stone" (The Obsessed cover) - 2:52
 * 3) "Learn to Fly" (live from Sydney, Australia, January 24, 2000) - 3:38

 * UK CD2 grey cover, Europe CD white cover
 * 1) "Breakout" - 3:21
 * 2) "Monkey Wrench" (live from Melbourne, Australia February 1, 2000) - 4:23
 * 3) "Stacked Actors" (live from Sydney, Australia, January 24, 2000) - 5:21

 * Japanese version white cover
 * 1) "Breakout"
 * 2) "Iron & Stone" (The Obsessed cover)
 * 3) "Ain't It the Life" (live acoustic at 2 Meter Session, 22 Nov 1999)
 * 4) "Learn to Fly" (live from Sydney, Australia, January 24, 2000)
 * 5) "Stacked Actors" (live from Sydney, Australia, January 24, 2000)

 * Australia CD white cover
 * 1) "Breakout"
 * 2) "Monkey Wrench" (live from Melbourne, Australia February 1, 2000)
 * 3) "Next Year" (live from Melbourne, Australia February 1, 2000)

 * Netherlands CD Live in Holland, part one
 * 1) "Breakout"
 * 2) "Floaty" (live acoustic at 2 Meter Session, 22 Nov 1999)
 * 3) "Ain't It the Life" (live acoustic at 2 Meter Session, 22 Nov 1999)
 * 4) "Next Year" (live acoustic at 2 Meter Session, 22 Nov 1999)

Album

 * Dave Grohl – vocals, guitars
 * Nate Mendel – bass
 * Taylor Hawkins – drums

Video

 * Dave Grohl – vocals, guitar
 * Chris Shiflett – guitar, backing vocals
 * Nate Mendel – bass
 * Taylor Hawkins – drums

title: Breakout (Foo Fighters song)


text:
Warwick railway station, Perth

Warwick railway station is a railway station on the Transperth network. It is located on the Yanchep line, 13 km from Perth Underground station serving the suburb of Warwick.

History
Prior to the commissioning of the site as a railway station, the location was originally a bus interchange known as the Warwick Bus Station. Opened in 1987, it was similar in design and appearance to facilities constructed at Mirrabooka and Rockingham for the same purpose. It provided services connecting the Perth central business district to bus routes servicing the then rapidly expanding northern suburbs. The site also contains a privately operated day care centre which remains in operation as of September 2019.

The original bus station was connected to the adjoining Mitchell Freeway by a two-lane on/off ramp in both the north and south directions, constructed in the middle of the Mitchell Freeway reserve. It was constructed to service freeway express buses from Perth, services which were subsequently phased out with the opening of the railway station. The on/off ramp was connected to the bus station via a bridge spanning the southbound lanes of the Freeway. The bus station was positioned on land north of the connecting bridge between the Freeway East Embankment (controlled by the Main Roads Department), Hawker Avenue, land occupied by the Warwick chapel of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and adjoining residential housing.

Design and construction
At the time of the station's design, it was recognised by The Urban Rail Electrification Committee that the placement of bus services in close proximity or direct connection to rail infrastructure was of significant importance. This was evidenced by the Kelmscott and Armadale stations, and the then recently completed Cannington station.

Under the Northern Suburbs Transit System Project, construction on the station was scheduled to commence on 16 November 1991, with completion expected by the end of December 1992. Whitfords station being of a very similar design was scheduled for construction in synchronisation with Warwick station.

The station was to include a number of facilities, including a bus concourse to connect with feeder bus services, information booths and offices for railway staff, amenities and services, as well as access services for mobility-impaired passengers in line with design requirements of the time. Further to this, pieces of the Passenger Information Network installed at the station included previously unseen electronic displays on the upper bus decks designed to provide drivers with information so they could connect with appointed trains or communicate with bus depot control in the event of delays. Passenger information systems across the network were upgraded as part of the improvements under the New MetroRail Project.

Car parking spaces were also included as part of the construction project, which included a significant number of on-grade parking bays on the eastern side of the station for commuter use.

The design of the station also allowed for the possible extension of the upper bus deck in a southward direction towards Beach Road. This extension would provide for five additional regular bus bays, as well as additional pedestrian access if required.

As part of the construction of the new railway station, the on/off ramps used for buses were demolished, however, the original bridge over the southbound lanes was retained to provide upper-level bus station access. A pedestrian pathway was added to the bridge to enable pedestrian movements from the west side of the station on a new footbridge linking to Methuen Way, Duncraig.

The station consists of an upper bus deck. The deck was constructed of precast concrete that was formed off-site, which was then transported to the site before being placed atop columns constructed as part of the station's foundations. Precast concrete flooring was then put in place and held in specially formed ridges running the length of the beams. This upper deck was the most expensive structural element of the station, and was the cause of significant attention and consideration as part of the design and construction process.

Warwick station opened on 28 February 1993.

Demolition and associated works
Once the new railway station including the bus concourse had opened, the old transfer station was demolished. The costs of demolition for the existing station were not included as part of the construction budget for the new railway station. The land resulting from the demolition of the transfer station was then converted into additional commuter car parking space, bringing the available number of bays up to 830.

After construction
In 2003, the contract for extending the platforms on seven Joondalup line (now Yanchep line) stations, including Warwick station, was awarded to Lakis Constructions. The platforms on these stations had to be extended by 50 m to accommodate 150 m long six-car trains, which were planned to enter service. Along with the extensions, the platform edges were upgraded to bring them into line with tactile paving standards. Work on this station began in early 2004, and was complete by July 2004.

Services
Warwick station is served by Transperth Yanchep line services.

In March 2018, Warwick station had approximately 5,500 boardings per weekday, making it the busiest station on the Yanchep line.

Platforms
Platforms currently in use are as follows:

title: Warwick railway station, Perth


text:
Llorne Howell

Llorne Gregory Howell (born 8 July 1972) is a former New Zealand international cricketer. His career started well, with Howell captaining the New Zealand national under-19 cricket team Under-19 side in Youth Tests and One Day Internationals in 1990/91 and 1991/92.

Howell went on to make his senior One Day International debut in Sharjah in 1998, but he never played Tests as his style of batting was considered unsuitable for the longer-form game. An unexpected serious shoulder surgery meant he played only 12 ODIs.

title: Llorne Howell


text:
Kambsdalur

Kambsdalur is a suburb of Fuglafjørður on the Faroe Islands.

It was settled on 5 October 1985 in the valley "Ytri Dalur" which is both a part of Eystur municipality and Fuglafjørður municipality. Nevertheless, the village of Kambsdalur only covers the Fuglafjørður-part of "Ytri Dalur", which was bought by the Fuglafjarðar kommuna in 1981. There is a high school in Kambsdalur.

title: Kambsdalur


text:
User:Pvegeta

= He's Black =

I'M BLACK. and I have a website here. It's not good enough to be on Wikipedia, though. =(

title: User:Pvegeta