text:
Talk:Children of the Stones

Plot description
The plot description as given in the article does not give a clear indication of the way the plot progresses in the series, due to the author's analysis of the plot as part of the time circle. IMHO the article should begin with a linear description of the plot as seen in the series, and only then go on to analyse the events of the plot in terms of the time circle. Lee M (talk) 13:04, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Actually, it needs to be rewritten telling the events as happened on screen rather than going into the details of past events and presented as a single 'plot outline' section, rather than split up the way it is. It seems to be more an interpretation by someone rather than a straightforward plot description.--Tuzapicabit (talk) 23:58, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

I don't know the show as I was too old for children's TV by then. It sounds a bit like The Owl Service (the motif of an ancient story replaying itself), except it's not based on a real local legend. There is a real element in the back-story, though, which also feeds the main story. In The Avebury Monuments by Faith de M Vatcher FSA and Lance Vatcher MBE (HMSO, 1976 -- the official government handbook), p.42, you find this:-- 'During the 1937-39 excavations in the north-west, south-west and north-east quadrants, Alexander Keiller found that a number of missing stones had been carefully felled and buried, and underneath one particular stone in the south-west quadrant were not only medieval pottery sherds but the crushed skeleton of a local barber-surgeon, complete with leather purse containing scissors, probe and money. Two of the coins were pennies of Edward I, issued at Canterbury between 1300 and 1307. The third was a sterling or penny from the city of Toul in France, minted in the early fourteenth century. The man had evidently been joining in the process of burying the stone, digging its pit, when it fell on top of him, pinning him against the side of the hole and probably breaking his neck.' The felling and burying of stones was the 'result of superstition', to break the stones' pagan power. -Hugo Barnacle 87.112.59.33 (talk) 09:17, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Black Hole
Surely the black hole would eventually move out of alignment due to precession of the Earth? -unsigned anon user
 * Maybe that was why the main villian had all the computers in the basement and had to brainwash everyone within a certian amount of time. -Husnock 16:19, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * We know the position of the black hole in terms of where it is in the sky right now, but we do not know the distance of the black hole or its trajectory through space. We also do not know if the energy involved would be sufficient to "pull" the black hole back onto alignment. Also, this is assuming that the remote point is a naturally-occurring black hole and not something that can be externally steered into position. In short, the series is vague enough to allow many explanations possible without being so vague as to make the concept an embarrassing plot device with more holes than a sieve (as happens way too often with children's television, regrettably.) Jcday (talk) 08:32, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Painting
Does anyone have any idea who actually painted the evil painting that is seen in the series. Apart from being a scary prop, it was in fact a very good piece of art. -Husnock 16:19, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, but I'm afraid I don't know the answer. --bodnotbod 17:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The picture is not necessarily "evil" - it just exists to prevent the link/the circle being completed. (Whether the picture will change the "people leaving" to reflect the number/gender of the people who will break the pattern next time is idle speculation.) Jackiespeel 18:04, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * In the novelization, after Matt and Adam break the spell, they go to retrieve the painting only to find that the original painting has been replaced with an innocuous pastoral scene.

 * I wouldn't say evil, but there WERE elements that reminded me heavily of Cthulhu mythos novels, which may be what you're referring to. Rather, I see the painting as exceptionally good and a minor talisman against evil. It knocked out the housekeeper, Mrs. Crabtree, in the DVD, when she saw it. She was one of the "Happy People" at that point. It did not affect the lord of the land so much, but it did seem to perturb him. The painting was therefore not that powerful. The Latin phrase did not seem to affect anyone and its significance is never explained. I'm only guessing here, but the only ones who would need to deny what they know are the "Happy People", suggesting the painting may have had clues not only of escape but also of freeing minds that had been captured. Without explanation or illustration, though, this is pure idle fan speculation. Jcday (talk) 08:39, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * "Quod non est simulo dissimuloque quod est" is badly translated in the program. The quotation is from Ovid, and a closer meaning is "I feign what is not, and falsely conceal what is."  Possibly this is a reference to the two states of Milbury (in parallel worlds) in the program: the 'normal' Milbury we see at the end, concealing the sinister Milbury we see through most of the show.User:tuttlemsm  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.23.248.50 (talk) 05:26, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Bristol-based artist Les Matthews painted it

Confusion
I remember seeing an episode of this when it first aired in the 70s as a little boy. It was terrifying. I watched it again on DVD recently and was surprised (and pleased!) that it was still terrifying. But I have to say the clarity of the backstory contained in this article is not in the series. I had no idea of what was going on in the last episode which seemed to make very little sense. A shame as otherwise the series is brilliant. True British horror in the tradition of The Stone Tape and Nigel Kneale. We don't seem to able to find that atmosphere in our horror any more. ThePeg30 June 2006

Presumably once the Brakes leave the stone circle they return to normality - which is why Matthew wonders whether the events actually happened. There may well be a distinction between "permanent inhabitants" and "passers through" - otherwise why have a permanent museum (and occasionally inhabitants might leave). A parallel universe scenario could also be invoked - Dai's change of vocation, and the practicalities of the change of ownership of the central big house.
 * The novelization more-or-less confirms that the circle is a parallel universe (though still, unhelpfully, not using that term for it). It is clear, though, that this is the concept Burnham and Ray are trying to get across.  Adam comes close to using the phrase in the finale episode when he says "we're in a 'now' that's parallel to our own."  He also notes failing to mention "the time turning."  Parallel universes in speculative fiction are sometimes described in terms of time, rather than space, as going "sideways in time" (rather than forward or backward) as one episode of The New Twlight Zone put it.  The idea of 'sideways in time' refers to alternate events diverging from one point, both existing in parallel time streams (and hence, parallel universes).  If you travel to the same moment in time, but into the other universe, you could be said to be time traveling not forward, nor backward, but sideways.  Strong support for this is indicated in the penultimate scene when Margaret notes that Sandra will be furious to know she missed Matt and Adam leaving and remarks that Matt is "best in the class."  This indicates that during the experiences of Matt and Adam as we see them, in the post-climax restored universe, there must have been duplicates of Matt and Adam having a very normal experince during their time in a very normal Milbury... a Milbury that has not yet had the power of the stone circle tapped by a malevolent neo-druidic magus.  For one thing, the Matt that we see in the series is clearly not the best in the class.  An interesting ontological quandary posed here is what happened to Normal Matt and Normal Adam who experienced their time in Normal Milbury?  They are clearly replaced by Our Matt and Our Adam, so are the consigned to oblivion?  Do they bump over to yet another strange parallel world?  A sequel had always been planned, but did not come to fruition.  Perhaps these questions would have been explored further. -- tuttlemsm

 * There are many different types of parallel universe. The popular one at the moment is the "many worlds" version, where at each point at which alternatives are possible, ALL alternatives happen - just in a different copy of the universe. (This might be testable scientifically, but that's not the discussion here.) Another alternative universe system is the one postulated in Timeslip, where the potential for an event to occur creates a projection of that potential universe into the here-and-now, or at least into a time bubble that is present in the here-and-now. A third, developed by Geoffrey Hoyle, the scientific advisor for Timeslip, and Sir Fred Hoyle was that what we call time is nothing more than a slide show where the slides already exist, and it would be possible to re-order those slides, overlap them, set up multiple projectors, etc. (This is covered in their novel "October 1st is Too Late"). Modern science also recognizes the idea that multiple independent universes may exist in parallel, though these would not strictly be what we'd call a "parallel universe". They'd be totally different and have no relationship with each other except insofar as one universe can spawn off another under very rare and specific types of supermassive star collapse. "Pocket" universes (universes inside of universes) have also been theorized. Finally, Relativity states that relative time varies as a function of velocity: $$ \Delta t' = \frac{\Delta t}{\sqrt{1 - {v^2 \over c^2}}} \,$$. The only detail that matters here is what happens when v is greater than c - you travel faster than light. The square root of a negative number is not a regular number at all, it is a number at right angles to the regular numbers. In terms of time, you are quite literally going "sideways" and not forwards or backwards. What happens then is anyone's guess.

 * This raises two questions. Firstly, is the Avebury complex intended as a true parallel universe (and, if so, which sort) or is it intended as a pocket universe? (A pocket universe has the benefit that we can explain why nobody can leave the circle -- that's as far as the pocket goes. The pocket is sewn on to the real universe, so you -see- what's outside, but travel in and out of the pocket would only be possible at specific times. Think of a pocket universe as a stomach ulcer - something inside the host, completely joined on, but nonetheless wholly independent.) Secondly, if a person who had been converted was (somehow) taken out of the circle, would they revert to a monolith or revert to how they were before entering? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jcday (talk • contribs) 09:23, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

More of the actual plot could be included - Matthew's psychic ability, Dai's abode (and the appearance of the symbol at his feet at the end), the "not-quite-relationship" between Adam and Margaret, the transformation of the people as Henderson "converts" them etc Jackiespeel 18:19, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * So add them! It's a wiki!

I have made slight enhancements to the plot structure, particularly as pertaining to the Time Circle and its slightly-different variations (e.g., Dai is a poacher in one iteration, then a blade-sharpener in the next, etc.). In so doing I have attempted to remain factual, steering clear of original research; if you disagree, please re-phrase rather than deleting/removing entirely. Sskoog 17:31, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Nice work people. Good memories also. I'll have to rewatch this one. HasleMere (talk) 02:56, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

I don't believe that it's a parallel universe but simply protected by the power of the ley lines to displace some people around it whilst others are drawn in. A pattern it repeats if defeated in some way previously (hence the arrival of Sir Joshua at the end). Things obviously get in and out (the food and drink, the telegram to the USA, electricity, etc), but the people are trapped there and protected from the outside world (such as the lorry in episode 1). If the people try to leave, the stones / ley power stops them but not in a pocket dimension sense. So the power draws people in and keeps them there unless the latest cycle is broken and it has to begin again. This also means there are no parallel Matthews and Adams in another world and the "best in class" reference was just about Sandra's fondness for Matthew. LeapUK (talk) 17:18, 24 June 2018 (UTC)

Best in class would also be Matthew’s likely status if none of the students were Happy Ones. It’s one of the signs of the partial reset that has occurred. It needn’t mean that there was a parallel Matthew. It can just be that memories have altered. Claudia (talk) 15:50, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

Source Citation
My correction of the DVD error comes from conversations with the composer Sidney Sager, who, before he died, was the topic of a paper I had written while at the University of Bristol. I also had access to the musical score (i.e., the score written on music paper) itself. tuttlemsm

Weirdisms
Not plot holes, errors, inconstancies, just really strange comments and behaviors. eg: Museum curator revives the Professor. Professor asks for scotch. She goes over and swigs a dram or so in one shot, then pours the Professor some. He offers he a glass. "No, I don't like it." (Sudden revelation on her part, a bit in shock herself, or is she a masochist?)

Dai: "This chicken." Matthew: "Mrs. Crabtree cooked it. What's wrong with it?" Dai: "How should I know? I'm no vet. It's certainly dead." This is one of his more intellectual exchanges. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jcday (talk • contribs) 09:39, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Yes, she swigs it in one shot, but she's clearly in shock and thinks she needs it although she doesn't like it. She grimmaces at the taste. As for your second comment - what was your point?--Tuzapicabit (talk) 02:04, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Mistakes?
A plot error occurs at the start of the series, when Professor Brake arrives in Milbury to find that a moving company has delivered several boxes of scientific equipment. The moving company departed the village after dropping off the shipment, before Professor Brake arrived. At the end of the series, however, it is revealed that anyone entering the Circle of Stones was trapped within a "time bubble", from which they could not leave. The moving company, however, was able to depart the village without any problem. This is not a mistake - obviously people can get in and out - where else would their food come from etc - obviously not produced within the stone circle? Clearly, people can enter and leave the area. We even see a delivery van in episode 1.--Tuzapicabit (talk) 23:45, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

I am guessing that those trapped are those who represent a figure in the painting and (with the exception of the two who escape) also represent one of the stones. Anyone not a part of the cycle (tourists, tradesmen, etc) is presumably able to enter or leave at will. Those who ARE a part of the cycle appear to all be "invited" (Professor Blake and his son are "found" by the painting, the astronomer is "found" by the ancient manuscript, and so on). I would therefore suspect that it is impossible for anyone to become a part of the cycle without such an invite. Since Dai is implicitly the person from the Barber's Stone, and the butler is rejuvenated, some residents appear to be effectively immortal. Others, presumably, are not as there would be no need for the new families that moved in otherwise. Well, that depends on whether they are truly new families - the new landlord is clearly the old one on a new cycle, so that could also apply to the new families. In that case, the only question that remains is whether Professor Blake and his son are locked into the cycle as well, or if the escapees must be different each time. --Jcday (talk) 18:53, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Professor Brake and son are not locked into the circle - they are seen to leave it at the end. The others however I agree are there for eternity. The 'new' families were probably new at the time that the cycle first started. I'd also agree that they are rejuvinated each time it starts again - the Butler appears younger and Margaret has a different hairstyle (probably in an attempt to make her appear younger perhaps?) I think the people affected are those that take up residence in the village. Perhaps a diferent father and son each time - but then that begs the question, once the father and son are transformed (as was the intention for Adam and Matthew), does that then complete the village forever - and time moves on in a normal fashion for the villagers? But what happens then? It's clear by the arrival of Lytton at the end that the cycle will begin again. It's a bit much if you really think about it, and I don't suppose all this speculation has a place in the article anyway, but it's interesting. I just wish they'd made the sequal - that might have answered a lot of questions. --Tuzapicabit (talk) 02:45, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
 * But, then again, the father and son never are transformed anyway, in any iteration of the cycle, so there is no "what happens then"; it's undefined. I think the suggestion is that the 'system' in place in the stone circle cannot and will never support more than 53 people in it.  The father and son always make 55, and there are 53 stones in the circle.  Adam sums it up succinctly: "We seem to have thrown a spanner into it."  The father and son are always destined to escape.  I do like your premise that it's a different father/son each time; I think it would be interesting to go further than that and have the only common element for each iteration of the cycle be the outcome of the painting, but with a completely different scenario leading up to it each time.  My hunch is that may be what they intended with the sequel.  Anybody know what Jeremy Burnham and/or Trevor Ray are up to these days?User:tuttlemsm  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.23.248.50 (talk) 05:50, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The DVD itself in the extras points out the continuity error with Matthew's shirt changing within the course of an episode.

 * The DVD extras misidentify the repeated syllable whispered in Sidney Sager's score. The DVD says it's "happy day"; while a logical assumption, this is untrue.  The written score (in my possession) reveals the word to be "Hadave'" which according to Sager was a quasi-Icelandic nonsense syllable chosen to represent timelessness.  The Icelandic language is one of the oldest and least-resistant-to-change languages in human history.  These comments are based on my research and constitute original research, which is why I am making them here rather than on the main page.  User:tuttlemsm  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.23.248.50 (talk) 05:55, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Character Names
Where in the series is Hendrick's forename revealed? Don't remember that at all. Simon Coward (talk) 19:38, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
 * In the pub (episode one I think) Adam has heard of him - the famous astronomer.--Tuzapicabit (talk) 02:51, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Families
Is there a significance in that all the families seem to be one parent - one child? Does it say anything about it in the novelisation?--Tuzapicabit (talk) 02:51, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
 * No, but the implication is clear anyway. Hendrick is arranging marriages.  He intends Adam and Margaret to marry, and Matt and Sandra to marry when they're older.  The program in my view also very subtly implies a gay relationship between Hendrick and Link.  Link: "There is much to be said for a celibate life."  Hendrick: "And yet I have my children."  Hendrick: "The best of both worlds."  "Celibacy" I think is just a euphemism for the appearance of celibacy, i.e., bachelorhood.  The novelization also refers to Link as Hendrick's "manservant."  Unfortunately, too, the association between homosexuality and sinisterness was a stereotype still well in force when Children of the Stones was made.   The point being, Hendrick is arranging his "one big happy family" although he has no commitment to participating in a nuclear heterosexual marital relationship himself.  User:tuttlemsm

 * Yes, I can see that now, however I don't really think there was ever a gay subtext. Presumably Hendrick is hundreds of years old (perhaps thousands?) and probably has no interest in anything sexual. I would think that the "celibate" tag is genuine.--Tuzapicabit (talk) 23:45, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

The best of both worlds line refers to the fact that he is celibate, but has "children" - no gay subtext there at all. And he was his manservant, that is his role, or valet. As for not being part of the family himself, he is described as being above it, he is the priest, the leader to be looked up to. There's no issue with there being a relationship between Hnedrick and Link, but I really don't think that's what the programme was presenting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.9.40.157 (talk) 11:42, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Children of the Stones. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070811181214/http://sausagenet.com:80/program.asp?mode=view&progid=134&progname=Children+of+The+Stones to http://www.sausagenet.com/program.asp?mode=view&progid=134&progname=Children+of+The+Stones

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:19, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Should mention be made of 'Children of Stones - A History of the Worshipful Company of Paviors of the City of London' - /? Jackiespeel (talk) 18:17, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

sequel audiobook?
There’s a sequel book, Return to the Stones, but I can find no evidence that an audiobook (voiced by Gareth Thomas or otherwise) was ever made of it as opposed to the one made of the original book. That claim is not cited *and* I believe it to be false, so am deleting. Would be delighted to be wrong and to find another audio by Mr Thomas! Claudia (talk) 15:56, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

 * That's probably because it's unmitigated rubbish. It is a truly terrible nothing of a story. 176.24.254.90 (talk) 01:50, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Children of the Stones


text:
Sikkim Sangram Parishad

Sikkim Sangram Parishad is a regional political party in the Indian state of Sikkim. In 1979, after a period of instability, a ministry headed by Nar Bahadur Bhandari from Sikkim Janata Parishad party gained power in Sikkim. In 1984, Bhandari dissolved Sikkim Janata Parishad and formed a new party called Sikkim Sangram Parishad. Sikkim Sangram Parishad held on to power in the 1984 and 1989 elections, but after that lost to Sikkim Democratic Front, which has swept the elections since 1999. Sikkim Sangram Parishad did not win any seats in the state assembly in the 2004 elections. Nar Bahadur Bhandari has merged Sikkim Sangram Parishad with the Indian National Congress and he became the president of the Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee (SPCC).

In 2013, Nar Bahadur Bhandari revived the Sikkim Sangram Parishad again.

This party had won state election two times in 1984 and 1989.

Electoral records

 * Sikkim Legislative Assembly election

 * Lok Sabha election, Sikkim

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sikkim Sangram Parishad


text:
National Integration Party (Costa Rica)

The National Integration Party (Partido Integración Nacional) is a political party in Costa Rica. The party mainly endorses perennial candidate Dr. Walter Muñoz Céspedes, a San Jose medical doctor and five-time presidential candidate, normally with about 1% or less of the vote. In the 2018 election, it endorsed the candidacy of former minister and defense lawyer Juan Diego Castro reaching 9% of the vote, although Castro and the party angrily split pathways soon after the election.

The party first contested general elections in 1998, in which it won a single seat, taken by Walter Muñoz Céspedes, who was also their candidate in the presidential election, where he finished fourth with 1.4%. However, the party lost its seat in the 2002 elections in which it received 1.7% of the vote. In the presidential election that year Muñoz finished sixth with just 0.4%. In the 2010 elections the party received only 0.8% of the vote and remained without parliamentary representation, whilst Muñoz won just 0.17% of the vote in the presidential elections. In that election, the party's vice-presidential candidate was the historic leftist leader and professor Álvaro Montero Mejía. However, two weeks before the election, the party stopped its campaign and endorsed Otton Solís, from Citizens' Action Party, in an effort to build a progressive alliance against Laura Chinchilla, candidate of the National Liberation Party. For the 2014 election Muñoz was, again, both presidential and legislative candidate gaining around 3000 votes (0.21%), the least voted candidate in that election. In 2016 Costa Rican municipal elections, the party won the position of syndic of the district of Santa Cruz for its candidate Arcadio Carrera. In 2020 Costa Rican municipal elections, Carrera ran for Mayor of Santa Cruz. Incumbent Vicemayor of Golfito, Hannia Herra, elected originally by the National Liberation Party in 2016 election, joined the party and is also a candidate for Mayor of Golfito for 2020. Carrera and Herra's platforms are mainly seen as progressive and even leftist, opposing domination of beach areas by big resorts in their respective cantons.

According to Muñoz the party opposes taxes, immigration, same-sex marriage and same-sex civil unions, and it also supports a public monopoly of fuel distribution. The party supports state control of prices for medicine, which are unregulated in Costa Rica. It also has opposed reductions of the public healthcare budget for combating cancer. One of the party's congresswomen, Patricia Villegas, is especially known for her efforts on modernizing national laws on HIV, in order to promote the human rights of HIV positive people.

Notable members

 * Marvin Calvo Montoya
 * Eugenio Padilla Bonilla

title: National Integration Party (Costa Rica)


text:
Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope

The Alice P. Lennon Telescope and its Thomas J. Bannan Astrophysics Facility, known together as the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (VATT), is a Gregorian telescope observing in the optical and infrared situated on Mount Graham in southeast Arizona, United States. Measuring 1.83 m wide, the telescope achieved its first light in 1993.

VATT is part of the Mount Graham International Observatory and is operated by the Vatican Observatory, one of the oldest astronomical research institutions in the world, in partnership with The University of Arizona.

Design
The heart of the telescope is an f/1.0 honeycombed construction, borosilicate primary mirror. The VATT's mirror is unusually 'fast' at f/1, which means that its focal distance is equal to its diameter. Because it has such a short focal length, a Gregorian design could be employed which uses a concave secondary mirror at a point beyond the primary focus; this allows unusually sharp focusing across the field of view.

The unusual optical design and novel mirror fabrication techniques mean that both the primary and secondary mirrors are among the most exact surfaces ever made for a ground-based telescope. In addition, the skies above Mount Graham are among the most clear, steady, and dark in the continental North America. Seeing of better than one arc-second even without adaptive optics can be achieved on a regular basis.

Construction

The primary mirror was manufactured at The University of Arizona's Steward Observatory Mirror Laboratory, which pioneered both the spin-casting and the stressed-lap polishing techniques which are being used for telescope mirrors that include the 6.5 meter aperture MMT and Magellan telescopes, and the two 8.4 meter mirrors of the Large Binocular Telescope.

Research
Given its excellent optical qualities, the telescope has been used primarily for imaging and photometric work, in which it regularly outperforms much larger telescopes located elsewhere. Among the results from this telescope have been the discovery of MACHOs in the Andromeda Galaxy; the validation of the Stromvil photometric filter system; evidence for how the shape and dimensions of galaxies have changed over the age of the universe; discovery of the first binary 'Vesta chip' asteroid; and the characterization and classification by visible colors of some 100 trans-Neptunian objects, most of them fainter than magnitude 21.

Funding
The government of the Vatican City State supports the Vatican Observatory staff and regular research costs, but the cost to build and maintain the VATT itself has come from private donors: the major donors supporting the construction of the VATT were Fred and Alice P. Lennon and Thomas J. Bannan. Benefactors to the Vatican Observatory Foundation continue to support the operating costs of the VATT.

Other MGIO facilities

 * Large Binocular Telescope
 * Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope

title: Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope


text:
File:Prelusive.jpg

Licensing
Cover art for the Prelusive EP by Sarah Blasko.

Photography by Giovanna Picoi, graphic design by Cathy Kirkpatrick.

title: File:Prelusive.jpg


text:
Michael N. Nolan

Michael Nicholas Nolan (May 4, 1833 – May 31, 1905) was a U.S. Representative from New York State and Mayor of Albany, New York, the state capital.

Biography
Nolan was born in County Carlow, Ireland. and immigrated to the United States at the age of ten. He attended the public schools in Albany. He studied with a local attorney but went to California during the Gold Rush without attaining admission to the bar.

Career
In California, Nolan was employed on the street railway system of San Francisco and soon became manager.

Nolan returned to Albany where he was a partner in a brewery, became director of the National Savings Bank of Albany, and served as fire commissioner of Albany from 1869 to 1878. Elected as a Democrat, he was mayor of Albany from May 1878 to June 24, 1883, when he resigned.

Elected to the 47th United States Congress representing the Sixteenth District of New York, Nolan served from March 4, 1881, to March 3, 1883. After leaving Congress he continued his business activities, and served as Mayor of Albany again from 1882 to 1883.

Death
Nolan died in Albany on May 31, 1905 (age 72 years, 27 days). He is interred at St. Agnes Cemetery, Menands, New York.

title: Michael N. Nolan


text:
Rail freight transport

Rail freight transport is the use of railways and trains to transport cargo as opposed to human passengers.

A freight train, cargo train, or goods train is a group of freight cars (US) or goods wagons (International Union of Railways) hauled by one or more locomotives on a railway, transporting cargo all or some of the way between the shipper and the intended destination as part of the logistics chain. Trains may haul bulk material, intermodal containers, general freight or specialized freight in purpose-designed cars. Rail freight practices and economics vary by country and region.

When considered in terms of ton-miles or tonne-kilometers hauled, energy efficiency can be greater with rail transportation than with other means. Maximum economies are typically realized with bulk commodities (e.g., coal), especially when hauled over long distances. Moving goods by rail often involves transshipment costs, particularly when the shipper or receiver lack direct rail access. These costs may exceed that of operating the train itself, a factor that practices such as containerization, trailer-on-flatcar or rolling highway aim to minimize.

Overview
Traditionally, large shippers built factories and warehouses near rail lines and had a section of track on their property called a siding where goods were loaded onto or unloaded from rail cars. Other shippers had their goods hauled (drayed) by wagon or truck to or from a goods station (freight station in US). Smaller locomotives transferred the rail cars from the sidings and goods stations to a classification yard, where each car was coupled to one of several long-distance trains being assembled there, depending on that car's destination. When long enough, or based on a schedule, each long-distance train was then dispatched to another classification yard. At the next classification yard, cars are resorted. Those that are destined for stations served by that yard are assigned to local trains for delivery. Others are reassembled into trains heading to classification yards closer to their final destination. A single car might be reclassified or switched in several yards before reaching its final destination, a process that made rail freight slow and increased costs. Because, of this, freight rail operators have continually tried to reduce these costs by reducing or eliminating switching in classification yards through techniques such as unit trains and containerization, and in some countries these have completely replaced mixed freight trains. In many countries, railroads have been built to haul one commodity, such as coal or ore, from an inland point to a port.

Rail freight uses many types of goods wagon (UIC) or freight car (US). These include box cars (US) or covered wagons (UIC) for general merchandise, flat cars (US) or flat wagons (UIC) for heavy or bulky loads, well wagons or "low loader" wagons for transporting road vehicles; there are refrigerator vans for transporting food, simple types of open-topped wagons for transporting bulk material, such as minerals and coal, and tankers for transporting liquids and gases. Most coal and aggregates are moved in hopper wagons or gondolas (US) or open wagons (UIC) that can be filled and discharged rapidly, to enable efficient handling of the materials.

Rail transport is very energy-efficient, and much more environmentally friendly than road transport. Compared to road transport whісh employs the uѕе of trucks (lorries), rail transportation ensures that goods that соuld оtherwіѕе be transported on а number of trucks are transported in а single shipment. Thіѕ saves а lot аѕ fаr аѕ cost connected to the transportation are concerned. Rail freight transport also has very low external costs. Therefore, many governments have been stimulating the switch of freight from trucks onto trains, because of the environmental benefits that it would bring. Railway transport and inland navigation (also known as 'inland waterway transport' (IWT) or 'inland shipping') are similarly environmentally friendly modes of transportation, and both form major parts of the 2019 European Green Deal.

In Europe (particularly Britain), many manufacturing towns developed before the railway. Many factories did not have direct rail access. This meant that freight had to be shipped through a goods station, sent by train and unloaded at another goods station for onward delivery to another factory. When lorries (trucks) replaced horses it was often economical and faster to make one movement by road. In the United States, particularly in the West and Midwest, towns developed with railway and factories often had a direct rail connection. Despite the closure of many minor lines carload shipping from one company to another by rail remains common.

Railroads were early users of automatic data processing equipment, starting at the turn of the twentieth century with punched cards and unit record equipment. Many rail systems have turned to computerized scheduling and optimization for trains which has reduced costs and helped add more train traffic to the rails.

Freight railroads' relationship with other modes of transportation varies widely. There is almost no interaction with airfreight, close cooperation with ocean-going freight and a mostly competitive relationship with long distance trucking and barge transport. Many businesses ship their products by rail if they are shipped long distance because it can be cheaper to ship in large quantities by rail than by truck; however barge shipping remains a viable competitor where water transport is available.

Freight trains are sometimes illegally boarded by individuals who do not have the money or the desire to travel legally, a practice referred to as "hopping". Most hoppers sneak into train yards and stow away in boxcars. Bolder hoppers will catch a train "on the fly", that is, as it is moving, leading to occasional fatalities, some of which go unrecorded. The act of leaving a town or area, by hopping a freight train is sometimes referred to as "catching-out", as in catching a train out of town.

Bulk

Bulk cargo constitutes the majority of tonnage carried by most freight railroads. Bulk cargo is commodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities. These cargo are usually dropped or poured, with a spout or shovel bucket, as a liquid or solid, into a railroad car. Liquids, such as petroleum and chemicals, and compressed gases are carried by rail in tank cars.

Hopper cars are freight cars used to transport dry bulk commodities such as coal, ore, grain, track ballast, and the like. This type of car is distinguished from a gondola car (US) or open wagon (UIC) in that it has opening doors on the underside or on the sides to discharge its cargo. The development of the hopper car went along with the development of automated handling of such commodities, with automated loading and unloading facilities. There are two main types of hopper car: open and covered; Covered hopper cars are used for cargo that must be protected from the elements (chiefly rain) such as grain, sugar, and fertilizer. Open cars are used for commodities such as coal, which can get wet and dry out with less harmful effect. Hopper cars have been used by railways worldwide whenever automated cargo handling has been desired. Rotary car dumpers simply invert the car to unload it, and have become the preferred unloading technology, especially in North America; they permit the use of simpler, tougher, and more compact (because sloping ends are not required) gondola cars instead of hoppers.

Heavy-duty ore traffic
The heaviest trains in the world carry bulk traffic such as iron ore and coal. Loads can be 130 tonnes per wagon and tens of thousands of tonnes per train. Daqin Railway transports more than 1 million tonnes of coal to the east sea shore of China every day and in 2009 is the busiest freight line in the world Such economies of scale drive down operating costs. Some freight trains can be over 7 km long.

Containerization

Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport using standard shipping containers (also known as 'ISO containers' or 'isotainers') that can be loaded with cargo, sealed and placed onto container ships, railroad cars, and trucks. Containerization has revolutionized cargo shipping. approximately 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is moved by containers stacked on transport ships; 26% of all container transshipment is carried out in China. , some 18 million total containers make over 200 million trips per year.

Use of the same basic sizes of containers across the globe has lessened the problems caused by incompatible rail gauge sizes in different countries by making transshipment between different gauge trains easier.

While typically containers travel for many hundreds or even thousands kilometers on the railway, Swiss experience shows that with properly coordinated logistics, it is possible to operate a viable intermodal (truck + rail) cargo transportation system even within a country as small as Switzerland.

Double-stack containerization

Most flatcars (flat wagons) cannot carry more than one standard 40 ft container on top of another because of limited vertical clearance, even though they usually can carry the weight of two. Carrying half the possible weight is inefficient. However, if the rail line has been built with sufficient vertical clearance, a double-stack car can accept a container and still leave enough clearance for another container on top. Both China and India run electrified double-stack trains with overhead wiring.

In the United States, Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) with Malcom McLean came up with the idea of the first double-stack intermodal car in 1977. SP then designed the first car with ACF Industries that same year. At first it was slow to become an industry standard, then in 1984 American President Lines started working with the SP and that same year, the first all "double stack" train left Los Angeles, California for South Kearny, New Jersey, under the name of "Stacktrain" rail service. Along the way the train transferred from the SP to Conrail. It saved shippers money and now accounts for almost 70 percent of intermodal freight transport shipments in the United States, in part due to the generous vertical clearances used by U.S. railroads. These lines are diesel-operated with no overhead wiring.

Double stacking is also used in Australia between Adelaide, Parkes, Perth and Darwin. These are diesel-only lines with no overhead wiring. Saudi Arabian Railways use double-stack in its Riyadh-Dammam corridor. Double stacking is used in India for selected freight-only lines.

Rolling highways and piggyback service
In some countries rolling highway, or rolling road, trains are used; trucks can drive straight onto the train and drive off again when the end destination is reached. A system like this is used on the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France, as well as on the Konkan Railway in India. In other countries, the tractor unit of each truck is not carried on the train, only the trailer. Piggyback trains are common in the United States, where they are also known as trailer on flat car or TOFC trains, but they have lost market share to containers (COFC), with longer, 53-foot containers frequently used for domestic shipments. There are also roadrailer vehicles, which have two sets of wheels, for use in a train, or as the trailer of a road vehicle.

Special cargo

Several types of cargo are not suited for containerization or bulk; these are transported in special cars custom designed for the cargo.
 * Automobiles are stacked in open or closed autoracks, the vehicles being driven on or off the carriers.
 * Coils of steel strip are transported in modified gondolas called coil cars.
 * Goods that require certain temperatures during transportation can be transported in refrigerator cars (reefers, US), or refrigerated vans (UIC), but refrigerated containers are becoming more dominant.
 * Center beam flat cars are used to carry lumber and other building supplies.
 * Extra heavy and oversized loads are carried in Schnabel cars

Less than carload freight
Less-than-carload freight is any load that does not fill a boxcar or box motor or less than a Boxcar load.

Historically in North America, trains might be classified as either way freight or through freight. A way freight generally carried less-than-carload shipments to/from a location, whose origin/destination was a rail terminal yard. This product sometimes arrived at/departed from that yard by means of a through freight.

At a minimum, a way freight comprised a locomotive and caboose, to which cars called pickups and setouts were added or dropped off along the route. For convenience, smaller consignments might be carried in the caboose, which prompted some railroads to define their cabooses as way cars, although the term equally applied to boxcars used for that purpose. Way stops might be industrial sidings, stations/flag stops, settlements, or even individual residences.

With the difficulty of maintaining an exact schedule, way freights yielded to scheduled passenger and through trains. They were often mixed trains that served isolated communities. Like passenger service generally, way freights and their smaller consignments became uneconomical. In North America, the latter ceased, and the public sector took over passenger transportation.

Regional differences
Railroads are subject to the network effect: the more points they connect to, the greater the value of the system as a whole. Early railroads were built to bring resources, such as coal, ores and agricultural products from inland locations to ports for export. In many parts of the world, particularly the southern hemisphere, that is still the main use of freight railroads. Greater connectivity opens the rail network to other freight uses including non-export traffic. Rail network connectivity is limited by a number of factors, including geographical barriers, such as oceans and mountains, technical incompatibilities, particularly different track gauges and railway couplers, and political conflicts. The largest rail networks are located in North America and Eurasia. Long distance freight trains are generally longer than passenger trains, with greater length improving efficiency. Maximum length varies widely by system. (See longest trains for train lengths in different countries.)

Many countries are moving to increase speed and volume of rail freight in an attempt to win markets over or to relieve overburdened roads and/or speed up shipping in the age of online shopping. In Japan, trends towards adding rail freight shipping are more due to availability of workers rather than other concerns.

Rail freight tonnage as a percent of total moved by country:
 * Russia: about 12% in 2016 up 11%
 * Japan: 5% in 2017

Rail freight ton-milage as a percent of total moved by country:
 * USA: 27.4% in 2020
 * China: 15.9% in 2022
 * EU28: more than 20% of all "inland traffic" in 2021

Eurasia
There are four major interconnecting rail networks on the Eurasian land mass, along with other smaller national networks.

Most countries in the European Union participate in an auto-gauge network. The United Kingdom is linked to this network via the Channel Tunnel. The Marmaray project connects Europe with eastern Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East via a rail tunnel under the Bosphorus. The 57-km Gotthard Base Tunnel improved north–south rail connections when it opened in 2016. Spain and Portugal are mostly broad gauge, though Spain has built some standard gauge lines that connect with the European high-speed passenger network. A variety of electrification and signaling systems is in use, though this is less of an issue for freight; however, clearances prevent double-stack service on most lines. Buffer-and-screw couplings are generally used between freight vehicles, although there are plans to develop an automatic coupler compatible with the Russian SA3. See Railway coupling conversion.

The countries of the former Soviet Union, along with Finland and Mongolia, participate in a Russian gauge-compatible network, using SA3 couplers. Major lines are electrified. Russia's Trans-Siberian Railroad connects Europe with Asia, but does not have the clearances needed to carry double-stack containers. Numerous connections are available between Russian-gauge countries with their standard-gauge neighbors in the west (throughout Europe) and south (to China, North Korea, and Iran via Turkmenistan). While the USSR had important railway connections to Turkey (from Armenia) and to Iran (from Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan enclave), these have been out of service since the early 1990s, since a number of frozen conflicts in the Caucasus region have forced the closing of the rail connections between Russia and Georgia via Abkhazia, between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and between Armenia and Turkey.

China has an extensive standard-gauge network. Its freight trains use Janney couplers. China's railways connect with the standard-gauge network of North Korea in the east, with the Russian-gauge network of Russia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan in the north, and with the meter-gauge network of Vietnam in the south.

India and Pakistan operate entirely on broad gauge networks. Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts currently restrict rail traffic between the two countries to two passenger lines. There are also links from India to Bangladesh and Nepal, and from Pakistan to Iran, where a new, but little-used, connection to the standard-gauge network is available at Zahedan.

The four major Eurasian networks link to neighboring countries and to each other at several break of gauge points. Containerization has facilitated greater movement between networks, including a Eurasian Land Bridge.

North America
Canada, Mexico and the United States are connected by an extensive, unified standard gauge rail network. The one notable exception is the isolated Alaska Railroad, which is connected to the main network by rail barge.

Due primarily to external factors such as geography and the commodity mix favoring commodities such as coal, the modal share of freight rail in North America is one of the highest worldwide.

Rail freight is well standardized in North America, with Janney couplers and compatible air brakes. The main variations are in loading gauge and maximum car weight. Most trackage is owned by private companies that also operate freight trains on those tracks. Since the Staggers Rail Act of 1980, the freight rail industry in the U.S. has been largely deregulated. Freight cars are routinely interchanged between carriers, as needed, and are identified by company reporting marks and serial numbers. Most have computer readable automatic equipment identification transponders. With isolated exceptions, freight trains in North America are hauled by diesel locomotives, even on the electrified Northeast Corridor.

Ongoing freight-oriented development includes upgrading more lines to carry heavier and taller loads, particularly for double-stack service, and building more efficient intermodal terminals and transload facilities for bulk cargo. Many railroads interchange in Chicago, and a number of improvements are underway or proposed to eliminate bottlenecks there. The U.S. Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 mandates eventual conversion to Positive Train Control signaling. In the 2010s, most North American Class I railroads have adopted some form of precision railroading.

Central America
The Guatemala railroad is currently inactive, preventing rail shipment south of Mexico. Panama has freight rail service, recently converted to standard gauge, that parallels the Panama Canal. A few other rail systems in Central America are still in operation, but most have closed. There has never been a rail line through Central America to South America.

South America
Brazil has a large rail network, mostly metre gauge, with some broad gauge. It runs some of the heaviest iron ore trains in the world on its metre gauge network.

Argentina have Indian gauge networks in the south, standard gauge in the east and metre gauge networks in the north. The metre gauge networks are connected at one point, but there has never been a broad gauge connection. (A metre-gauge connection between the two broad gauge networks, the Transandine Railway was constructed but is not currently in service. See also Trans-Andean railways.) Most other countries have few rail systems. The standard gauge in the east, connect with Paraguay and Uruguay.

Africa

The railways of Africa were mostly started by colonial powers to bring inland resources to port. There was little regard for eventual interconnection. As a result, there are a variety of gauge and coupler standards in use. A gauge network with Janney couplers serves southern Africa. East Africa uses metre gauge. North Africa uses standard gauge, but potential connection to the European standard gauge network is blocked by the Arab–Israeli conflict.

Australia

Rail developed independently in different parts of Australia and, as a result, three major rail gauges are in use. A standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway spans the continent.

Statistics
In 2011, North American railroads operated 1,471,736 freight cars and 31,875 locomotives, with 215,985 employees, They originated 39.53 million carloads (averaging 63 tons each) and generated $81.7 billion in freight revenue. The largest (Class 1) U.S. railroads carried 10.17 million intermodal containers and 1.72 million trailers. Intermodal traffic was 6.2% of tonnage originated and 12.6% of revenue. The largest commodities were coal, chemicals, farm products, nonmetallic minerals and intermodal. Coal alone was 43.3% of tonnage and 24.7% of revenue. The average haul was 917 miles. Within the U.S. railroads carry 39.9% of freight by ton-mile, followed by trucks (33.4%), oil pipelines (14.3%), barges (12%) and air (0.3%).

Railways carried 17.1% of EU freight in terms of tonne-km, compared to road transport (76.4%) and inland waterways (6.5%).

Named freight trains
Unlike passenger trains, freight trains are rarely named. Some, however, have gained names either officially or unofficially.
 * Super C
 * "Juice Train"
 * Coke Express
 * La Bestia
 * Condor

title: Rail freight transport


text:
Bootle F.C.

Bootle Football Club is an English football club based in Bootle, Merseyside. The club are members of the and play at New Bucks Park.

Previous clubs in Bootle
The original Bootle F.C. were formed in 1879 and played their first fixture in 1880 on Hawthorne Road, adjacent to Bootle Cricket Club. The club were Everton F.C.'s main rivals and competed with Everton for the prestigious place in the newly formed Football League. Because only one club per area were permitted to join, Bootle narrowly lost out, despite the fact that in the run up to the decision Everton were banned from both the FA Cup and the Liverpool Senior Cup the previous year. However Bootle lost out and in 1889–90 Bootle became founder members of the Football Alliance. That season was the most successful as the club finished league runners-up and reached the quarter-finals of the FA Cup, losing to Blackburn Rovers. When the Alliance merged with the Football League in 1892, Bootle became founder members of the new Football League Second Division. However, despite finishing in a respectable 8th place, the club dropped out after one season due to ongoing financial problems. Ironically a new local club, Liverpool, took Bootle's place in the second division.

The possible resurrection of a Bootle team became a distinct probability in August 1947 when local councillors identified the popularity and talent on show in the ‘Bootle JOC’ league and knew the town was big enough to be put back on the football map with its own team again. For years it had been an exporter of its many players to other clubs, both professional and semi-professional. The promise of sponsorship money from local businesses brought great optimism and the issue of one shilling shares further boosted club finances. After local residents were assured that the ground at Bootle Stadium (Maguire Avenue) would not be used solely as a football ground, an application to join the Lancashire Combination for the 1948–49 season was made, and accepted. Club colours even posed a problem; red or blue were dismissed for fear of showing favour to either of the ‘big two’ so it was agreed that, as the original Bootle FC wore white shorts, this colour would be adopted. Players mostly came from the local league and surrounding clubs, however one player that Bootle overlooked was a tall, blonde, ex-prisoner-of-war German, Bert Trautmann. Trautman, then living in Huyton, trained with Bootle at the stadium for several weeks but, with the area taking such a heavy pounding during the war, it was decided not to tempt any local bitterness and he was allowed to join St Helens Town and later moved on to FA Cup and Manchester City folklore. They kicked off their new campaign in 1948 against Barnoldswick and district. The league was won at the first attempt. However, Bootle struggled in the top-flight and after several tough seasons and also a change in Council priorities they withdrew from the league and folded during the 1953–54 campaign.

Modern club
In 1953, the current club was formed as Langton with Frank Doran Senior and Ben Dunning being two of the founding members. The club played in the various local Bootle leagues. After a successful spell in the Liverpool County Combination, winning multiple leagues and cups, the club requested to change its name to the latest incarnation of Bootle FC. This was accepted in 1973 and a year later ‘the Bucks’ joined the Lancashire Combination.

After winning the Combination in both 1976 and 1977, Bootle then joined the Second Division of the Cheshire County League, which was won in the first season, and were promoted to the First Division. In 1982 the Cheshire County League was one of the leagues that merged to form the North West Counties League, which Bootle duly joined, becoming a member of the First Division (Which is now called the Premier Division). The club spent most of their time in the First Division until 2000 when the club was relegated to the Second Division.

However, despite finishing 6th in 2002, the club dropped into the Liverpool County Combination as Bucks Park on Copy Lane closed its doors for the final time. In 2006 the club, with a new ground on Vesty Road, were elected back into Division 2 of the North West Counties League. In 2009 Bootle won promotion to the NWCFL Premier Division and also won the Championship. In 2009–10, the first season back in the NWCFL Premier Division Bootle finished a NWCFL high for the first time reaching 3rd place. In 2010/11 finished 6th place. They equalled the 3rd place again in 2012. More success followed in 2013 when the club lifted the Liverpool Senior Cup.

In 2017 Bootle finished runners-up for the first time in the NWCFL Premier Division, losing out to Atherton Collieries for the title.

In 2019 the Bucks missed out on the title yet again, finishing runner-up after a 20 match winning streak was halted by a final day draw at home to Northwich Victoria saw City of Liverpool claim the league.

The club was promoted to the Northern Premier league west division at the start of the 21/22 season. After a difficult start to the season long standing manager Joe Dorian resigned from his position stating that he “Had taken the club as far as possible.”

Shortly after, Joe Johnson took over the club and was appointed trustee with his company Berry Street Garage becoming the main club sponsor.

Notable former players
Players who have gone on to play for professional clubs include:
 * Lee Steele
 * Larry Carberry
 * Ryan Cox
 * Ben Hodkinson

Honours

 * North West Counties League
 * Division One champions 2008–09
 * Cheshire County League
 * Division Two champions 1978–79
 * Lancashire Combination
 * Champions 1975–76, 1976–77
 * Liverpool Senior Cup
 * Winners 2012–13
 * Liverpool County Football Combination
 * Champions 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68,1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71,1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74
 * Liverpool Challenge Cup
 * Winners 1964–65, 1975–76,1978–79
 * Liverpool Amateur Cup
 * Winners 1965–66, 1967–68,1973–74

Records

 * Best FA Cup performance: Third Qualifying Round, 1990–91
 * Best FA Vase performance: 4th Round, 2008–09
 * North West Counties League Division 1 Champions 2008–09

title: Bootle F.C.


text: Category:Stagecoach Group

title: Category:Stagecoach Group


text:
Nar Bahadur Bhandari

Nar Bahadur Bhandari (5 October 1940 – 16 July 2017) was an Indian politician who served as the chief minister of the state of Sikkim from 1979 to 1994. He briefly served as Member of Parliament representing Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency from 1984 to 1985. He was the founding leader of the Sikkim Sangram Parishad. He was popularly remembered for his efforts to include the Nepali language in 8th Schedule of the Constitution of India. He was awarded with prestigious Jagadamba Shree Purasakar for his contribution for Nepali language. He was the first Indian chief minister of Gorkha origin. He also served as the president of Bharatiya Nepali Bhasha Parisangh until his death. He is popularly known as the architect of modern Sikkim.

Personal life
Nar Bahadur Bhandari was born on 5 October 1940 in Malbasay village, near Soreng, West Sikkim He earned his BA degree from Darjeeling Government College and worked as a school teacher for some years before entering politics. His wife, Dil Kumari Bhandari, is a former member of parliament (Lok Sabha) from Sikkim. He has three daughters and son.

Politics
Bhandari founded the Sikkim Janata Parishad in 1977. This party won the state assembly election in 1979, and he became the chief minister for the first time on 18 October 1979. In 1984, he also served briefly as member of parliament from the Sikkim constituency in the 8th Lok Sabha as an independent candidate. In 1984, Bhandari dissolved Sikkim Janata Parishad and formed a new party called Sikkim Sangram Parishad (SSP). This party ran in the assembly elections in 1985 and won, and Bhandari became the chief minister for the second time.

In 1989, SSP returned to power by winning the assembly elections. In a rare instance in Indian national politics, the SSP became the singular party in the Sikkim Legislative Assembly, winning all 32 seats in the house. In 1994, Bhandari lost a vote of confidence in the state assembly, and he resigned as chief minister. Later, he served as a member of the legislative assembly from 1994 to 2004.

In 1994, SSP lost the assembly elections to the Sikkim Democratic Front led by Pawan Kumar Chamling. SSP also lost the 1999 assembly election. In the 2004 state assembly elections, Bhandari ran under the Congress party, but the party lost the election, winning only one seat in the assembly. In May 2007, he was sentenced to prison for one month in a corruption case. Again in the 2009 assembly elections, the Congress party under Bhandari failed to win any seat in the state assembly.

In the 2014 election, his party unanimously supported a new political party Sikkim Krantikari Morcha, under the leadership of PS Golay. Bhandari, despite his conviction in a corruption case continued campaigning for SKM which managed to win only 10 seats out of 32. Prior to his death, he was closely involved with the SKM party; he gave his last speech at the SKM Foundation Day Celebration in Singtam on 4 February 2017.

His notable political accomplishments are free education from elementary to graduate school, establishing nearby schools-- within a radius of 3 to 4 km-- for all residents, providing drinking water to every household in Sikkim, building a network of roads to all major villages in Sikkim, bringing all rural areas onto the electric grid, and the setup of vast healthcare centers.

Later life and death
Bhandari became the president of the Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee (SPCC) after he had merged SSP with the Indian National Congress in 2003. In May 2013, he was reinstated as the president of SSP. In 2014, he was convicted in a CBI corruption case.

Bhandari died on 16 July 2017 following spinal surgery.

His final rites were performed with full state honours by the current chief minister, Pawan Kumar Chamling, including a 21-gun salute. In a very rare gesture, the family of the former king of Sikkim sent their royal flag to be wrapped around Bhandari's body during the state funeral.

Electoral records

 * Sikkim Legislative Assembly election

 * Lok Sabha election, Sikkim

title: Nar Bahadur Bhandari


text:
Talk:Nebula Award for Best Short Story

Redlinks

 * 1) Decide which stories are notable enough for separate articles. (most aren't)
 * 2) Initiate those articles. (keep merged with author until they are beyond stubs)
 * 3) THEN link them to lists like this. Dystopos 18:37, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nebula Award for Best Short Story


text:
User:Guerberj

Welcome!

My Name is Jon Guerber and I am currently a college student studying Electrical Engineering. I hope to make a difference in the Wikipedia Community and perhaps some day get around to making a better user profile.

My current interest in is improve the integrated circuit design pages on wikipedia for clarity and content.

Contibutions

 * My contributions thus far
 * You can check out my edit counts with this page

Stuff I've worked on a long time ago:

 * Comparator
 * Flash ADC
 * Flip-flop (electronics)
 * Switched capacitor
 * Differential Signaling
 * Ring oscillator
 * Oregon's Fifth Congressional District
 * c. Kyle Ranson
 * John Harker
 * Clackamas High School
 * North Clackamas School District
 * InFocus
 * Damascus, Oregon
 * The Sasquatch Dumpling Gang
 * vfd --  Save our Schools!

Let me know what you think and especially how I can improve. Wikipedia is something I had always dreamed of but never knew existed. I see it as an encyclopedia that has the oppertunity to not only go deeper into a single subject then any print version could ever do, but also cover a broad base of topics that people writers in some big office building could never do. I would love to see wikipedia grow to be known by every person in the world and to be the first place people look for information.

title: User:Guerberj


title: User:205.188.116.10


text:
Pierre Louis Charles de Failly

Pierre-Louis Charles de Failly (21 January 1810 – 15 November 1892) was a French general.

He was born in Rozoy-sur-Serre, Aisne, the son of Count Charles-Louis de Failly (descendant of a family of ancient nobility from Lorraine), and of Sophie Desmons de Maigneux. He was educated at the Saint-Cyr and entered the army in 1828.

By 1851, he had risen to the rank of colonel. Napoleon III, with whom he had favor, made him general of brigade in 1854 and general of division in 1855, after which Failly was for a time his aide-de-camp. During the Crimean War he served in the siege of Sevastopol. During the Austro-Sardinian War he commanded the 3rd Infantry Division in the 4th Corps. In 1867, he led the French expeditionary corps sent to protect the Papal States with which he defeated Giuseppe Garibaldi at Mentana, this action being the first in which the Chassepot rifle was used. Back in France, he was made a senator for life.

In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, Failly commanded the 5th Corps. His inactivity at Bitche on 6 August while the 1st Corps on his right and the 2nd Corps on his left were crushed at the battles of Wörth and Spicheren respectively, gave rise to the greatest indignation in France. Failly then commanded the right wing of Marshal de Mac-Mahon's Army of Châlons during the Sedan campaign, and the disastrous outcome of that campaign is partly ascribed to Failly's tactics, though he is certainly no more to blame than the other French generals. Failly and his 5th Corps were routed at Beaumont on 30 August 1870 by two corps led by George of Saxony. In this battle the French were surprised in their cantonments and driven back upon Mouzon. The defeat closed the southern escape route and forced the French Army of Châlons towards the Belgian frontier and encirclement at Sedan. He was captured by the Prussians at Sedan on 2 September, but was liberated some months later.

The rest of his life was spent in retirement. He died at Compiègne, aged 82.

Failly wrote ''Campagne de 1870. Opérations et marches du 5ème corps jusqu'au 31 août'' (Brussels, 1871).

title: Pierre Louis Charles de Failly


text:
Category:Chief Ministers of Sikkim

List of Sikkim Chief Ministers.

title: Category:Chief Ministers of Sikkim


text:
Redmoon Theater

Redmoon Theater was a Chicago based nonprofit theatrical company under the direction of Jim Lasko and Frank Maugeri that specialized in site-specific productions emphasizing visual spectacle. Productions were often outdoors, sometimes ticketed, sometimes freely viewable in public spaces. It is now defunct.

Production history
Redmoon Theater was founded in 1990 by puppeteer Blair Thomas and choreographer Lauri Macklin. In 1992, Macklin left and Thomas continued on his own until Jim Lasko joined the theater.

They had indoor theater productions of classic stories like Moby-Dick and Frankenstein, while beginning to explore outdoor spaces. Mr. Thomas left the theater in 1998, leaving it to Jim Lasko. In 2009, Mr. Lasko accepted a one-year appointment to become the Artist in Residence for the City of Chicago. After 13 years of working as an artist and community leader with the organization, Frank Maugeri assumed the role of artistic director. A year later, the duo joined forces to co-lead Redmoon.

Productions
The company has created theater productions, community projects and large-scale, site-specific performances, that have been experienced across Chicago from Belmont Harbor and the Jackson Park Lagoon to the façade of the Museum of Contemporary Art. Redmoon has also worked in traditional theater venues from the stage of Harris Theater to Steppenwolf. In addition, the company has produced international projects in the Netherlands, Ireland, France, and Australia.

Major works
From 1995 to 2002, Redmoon produced All Hallows' Eve, a ritual performance during Halloween in Chicago's Logan Square neighborhood, that in its final year, brought an audience of over 10,000.

In 2007, Redmoon created a large-scale commissioned work for the newly created festival Looptopia, which featured site installations throughout the Loop with a procession down Washington Street in a performance in Daley Plaza for more than 20,000 spectators.

In 2010, co-produced by Redmoon Theater and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, "The Astronaut's Birthday," a production reminiscent of a graphic novel, was projected onto the west façade of the MCA as audience members watched from the plaza.

Style
With this unique visual language, Redmoon Theater aspired to transform streets and stages into places of public celebration, capable of speaking across cultural, ethnic, and generational boundaries that focuses on contributing to civic well-being and social exchange.

Highly influenced by contemporary art works and ancient theatrical forms, Redmoon Theater created a performance style that is part pageantry, gadgetry, acrobatics, and ephemera.

Reception
The company has been hailed by the Chicago Tribune as “impossibly inventive” and “full of visual wit,” and described by the Chicago Sun-Times as “one of the only theaters that can keep a 2-year-old and a 50-year-old equally enchanted and filled with wide-eyed wonder.”

title: Redmoon Theater


text:
Category:Sharashka inmates

Soviet engineers, scientists, and other notable persons forced to work sharashkas, prison-type R&D facilities.

title: Category:Sharashka inmates


text:
Brian Robbins

Brian Robbins (born Brian Levine, November 22, 1963) is an American businessman, producer, director, actor, and the current co-CEO of Paramount Global. He has been the president and CEO of Paramount Pictures and President of Nickelodeon since 2021 and 2018, respectively. He was named the co-CEO of Paramount Global in April 2024.

Early life
Robbins was born on November 22, 1963 in New York City and grew up in a Jewish family in the Marine Park, Brooklyn neighborhood. His father was actor Floyd Levine. When he was 16, he moved with his family to Los Angeles. He graduated from Grant High School in 1982.

Following his father into acting, Robbins made his television debut on an episode of Trapper John, M.D. He guest starred on a number of television series and had a recurring role on General Hospital. As an actor, he is perhaps best known for his role as Eric Mardian on the ABC sitcom Head of the Class. He also hosted the children's version of the TV game show Pictionary in 1989. In the 1990s, Robbins started producing the show All That and its spin-offs on Nickelodeon. He has produced several sports films including Coach Carter and Hardball (2001). He produced Smallville and also One Tree Hill. He has often collaborated with producer Michael Tollin.

Career
Robbins is the founder of AwesomenessTV, a YouTube channel aimed at teenagers. The channel spun off into a TV series, on which Robbins served as executive producer. DreamWorks Animation acquired the company in 2013. On February 22, 2017, following NBCUniversal/Comcast's acquisition of DreamWorks Animation, Robbins stepped down as AwesomenessTV's CEO, ending his five-year run with the company.

Robbins first joined Paramount in 2017 as the first President of Paramount Players, after which he became President of Nickelodeon in 2018, and then President, Kids & Family Entertainment, for ViacomCBS (now Paramount). On October 1, 2018, he left his position as the president of Paramount Players after Viacom chose him to be the president of Nickelodeon, ending his 16-month run at the studio. Despite leaving the studio, he remained involved with Paramount Players division Nickelodeon Movies.

Robbins became head of Paramount Pictures in September 2021. During his tenure, Robbins has overseen releases that have garnered more than $5 billion in global box office.

As President and CEO of Paramount Pictures, Brian Robbins has focused on securing production deals with prominent filmmakers and revitalizing franchises such as Transformers, Sonic the Hedgehog, Mission: Impossible, A Quiet Place, Scream, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and PAW Patrol. These partnerships have contributed to Paramount Pictures' $5 billion-plus global box office revenue, with Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and PAW Patrol alone generating $2.5 billion in consumer products revenue in 2023.

Robbins has been recognized for his strategic approach to theatrical release windows relative to streaming. He shifted the release strategy of Smile and Mean Girls from streaming to theatrical, with Smile becoming the top-grossing original horror film of 2022, earning $217 million worldwide and becoming the studio's third most profitable film in a decade. Mean Girls grossed $107 million globally and led the domestic box office for three consecutive weeks. Robbins has also strengthened Paramount Animation and Paramount's consumer products division through the success of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and PAW Patrol. Robbins has emphasized allowing intellectual property-driven properties to drive other lines of business, particularly consumer products.

On April 29, 2024, Robbins, along with George Cheeks and Chris McCarthy, became co-CEOs after Bob Bakish stepped down from his role.

Robbins is a board member of the Motion Picture Association; a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; sits on the board of trustees for the AFI and is the recipient of a Directors Guild Award, a Peabody Award, and the Pioneer Prize from the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.

Personal life
He married publicist Laura Cathcart and they had two sons together, Miles and Justin, before divorcing in 2013. He married stylist Tracy James in 2014. They have a daughter named Stella and live with his sons in the Hancock Park neighborhood of Los Angeles.

Film
Producer only
 * Summer Catch (2001)
 * Big Fat Liar (2002) (Also story writer)
 * Radio (2003)
 * Coach Carter (2005)
 * Wild Hogs (2007)
 * The To Do List (2013)
 * Before I Fall (2017)
 * Bigger Fatter Liar (2017) (executive producer)

Television
Executive producer only
 * The Amanda Show (2000–2001)
 * Smallville (2001–2011)
 * The Nick Cannon Show (2002)
 * What I Like About You (2002–2006)
 * One Tree Hill (2003–2012)
 * Crumbs (2006)
 * Sonny with a Chance (2009–2011)
 * Fred: The Movie (2010)
 * So Random! (2011–2012)
 * AwesomenessTV (2013–2015)

Special thanks

 * Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? (2019)
 * The Loud House (2019–present)
 * SpongeBob SquarePants (2019–present)
 * Middle School Moguls (2019)
 * Blaze and the Monster Machines (2019–present)
 * Are You Afraid of the Dark? (2019)
 * The Casagrandes (2019–2022)
 * Blue's Clues & You! (2019–2024)
 * It's Pony (2020–2022)
 * Glitch Techs (2020)
 * Santiago of the Seas (2020–2023)
 * Baby Shark's Big Show! (2020–present)
 * Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years (2021–present)
 * Rugrats (2021–present)
 * The Patrick Star Show (2021–present)
 * Middlemost Post (2021–2022)

title: Brian Robbins


text:
Execute in place

In computer science, execute in place (XIP) is a method of executing programs directly from long-term storage rather than copying it into RAM. It is an extension of using shared memory to reduce the total amount of memory required.

Its general effect is that the program text consumes no writable memory, saving it for dynamic data, and that all instances of the program are run from a single copy.

For this to work, several criteria have to be met:
 * The storage must provide a similar interface to the CPU as regular memory (or an adaptive layer must be present).
 * This interface must provide sufficiently fast read operations with a random access pattern.
 * The file system, if one is used, needs to expose appropriate mapping functions.
 * The program must either be linked to be aware of the address the storage appears at in the system or be position-independent.
 * The program must not modify data within the loaded image.

The storage requirements are usually met by using NOR flash memory or EEPROM, which can be byte-addressed for read operations, although it is a bit slower than normal system RAM in most setups.

XIP during boot load
Typically, the First Stage Boot Loader is an XIP program that is linked to run at the address at which the flash chip(s) are mapped at power-up and contains a minimal program to set up the system RAM (which depends on the components used on the individual boards and cannot be generalized enough so that the proper sequence could be embedded into the processor hardware) and then loads the second stage bootloader or the OS kernel into RAM.

During this initialization, writable memory may not be available, so all computations have to be performed within the processor registers. For this reason, first stage boot loaders tend to be written in assembly language and only do the minimum to provide a normal execution environment for the next program. Some processors either embed a small amount of SRAM in the chip itself, or allow using the onboard cache memory as RAM, to make this first stage boot loader easier to write using high-level language.

For a kernel or bootloader, address space generally is assigned internally, so in order to use XIP for them, it is sufficient to instruct the linker to place unmodifiable and modifiable data in different address ranges and provide a mechanism for the modifiable data to be copied to writable memory before any code is run that assumes that data can be accessed normally. This can be done as part of the previous stage, or within a small code segment at the beginning of the program.

If address space is assigned externally, such as in an application program that is run on a system that does not provide virtual memory, the compiler needs to access all modifiable data by adding an offset to a pointer to a private copy of the data area. In this case, the external loader is responsible for setting up the instance specific memory areas.

BIOS and UEFI use XIP to initialize the main memory.

XIP as file system
XIP places requirements on file systems that are often difficult to meet. In systems without a page table, the entire file must be stored within consecutive bytes and must not be fragmented, while flash based file systems often aim to distribute data into sectors of the flash chip that have the least erase cycles and even out the wear on the chip, prolonging its lifetime.

All these complications and the speed tradeoff mean that XIP is generally only used for first stage bootloaders or when RAM is in extremely short supply. In particular, second through fourth generation video game consoles connect the ROM cartridge's address and data bus to that of the console, which lets (for example) the Atari 2600 work with only the 128 bytes of RAM in its joystick interface IC.

A relatively new file system for Linux, called AXFS (Advanced XIP File System), aims to overcome some of the shortcomings associated with XIP, especially in regard to the in-place execution of user-space applications. For example, it makes it possible to split up an executable binary file into "XIP regions", thus avoiding the restriction of fragmentation that was mentioned above.

A NetBSD implementation is also under development.

title: Execute in place


text:
Hazlet, Saskatchewan

Hazlet (2021 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Pittville No. 169 and Census Division No. 8. The village is located northwest of the city of Swift Current near the Great Sand Hills.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Hazlet had a population of $90$ living in $43$ of its $61$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $106$. With a land area of 0.55 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Hazlet recorded a population of living in  of its  total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of. With a land area of 0.55 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

History
Hazlet was founded in 1928 after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Hazlet incorporated as a village on January 1, 1963.

Economy
Hazlet's economy is driven mostly by agriculture, raising cattle/bison, and energy including oil and natural gas. Oil and gas exploration provides a substantial economic contribution to the village and surrounding area. Hazlet has its school involved in an International School program, where it host students from other countries who desire education with English instruction. This international school also contributes to the local economy.

Baseball
Baseball has been a part of the Hazlet and surrounding community since the 1920s. Hazlet has had great senior teams such as the Hazlet Blackhawks of the 1930s and 1940s and the Hazlet Elks of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The earliest record of an organized team is in 1935, but baseball was being played in and around Hazlet much earlier than that. In 1938 the team won 57 out of 64 games and won nine tournaments including their own. That year six players had batting averages over .400. Hazlet also had great women's teams such as the Hazlet Hornets Ball team. Hazlet continued to have a women's team until the 1990s. Minor baseball has always been popular, and kids still play baseball and slo-pitch today. Without the development of these young players, Hazlet would not have been able to dominate the South River Baseball League as they did in the 1970s and early 1980s, winning several league championships. The community of Hazlet was inducted into the Saskatchewan Baseball Hall of Fame at a ceremony on August 17, 2013 in Battleford, Saskatchewan.

Hazlet Elks
The Hazlet Elks were a senior baseball team that played in Hazlet until 1993. From 1982 to 1993 they played in the Saskatchewan Major Baseball League. They won league championships in 1987, 1988, and 1989.

South River Baseball League
The Hazlet Elks played in the South River Baseball League until 1981. Other teams in the league included Gull Lake, Climax, Frontier, and Shaunavon. The Elks had enormous success in this league winning several championships in the 1970s. The Elks won consecutive championships in 1979, 1980, and 1981. In 1981 Hazlet beat the Unity Cardinals in tournament play, a team that had nine American import players on the roster. It was decided that Hazlet needed to play in a more competitive league. In October 1981 the Hazlet Elks were accepted into the Saskatchewan Major Baseball League.

Saskatchewan Major Baseball League
The Saskatchewan Major Baseball League (SMBL) was the highest level of collegiate summer baseball played in Saskatchewan up until the year 2000 when the name was changed to the Western Major Baseball League. Other teams included the Regina Red Sox, Moose Jaw Astros, Kindersley Royals, Saskatoon Liners, Eston Ramblers, Saskatoon Nationals, Oyen Pronghorns, and the Unity Cardinals. 1982 was the first year in the SMBL, and their first game attracted over 400 fans. The team finished last in the league that year. In 1983 and 1984 they lost in the league final. It was in 1987 the Elks won their first league championship by defeating the Kindersley Royals. The Hazlet Elks went on to three-peat as SMBL champions by taking the league title in 1987, 1988, and 1989. The achievements of this team were notable as the population of Hazlet was around 125 people. It was truly a community effort to make the team viable. An executive of 14 members helped co-ordinate volunteer hours by themselves and others in the community. Among these were Vince Akre, Don Anderson, Terry Bailey, Bill Boss, Peter Buchanan, Donnie Knutson, Harvey McIntosh, Sandy Starkey, Barry Stock, Mark Stock, Lyle Thoreson, and Donnie Zinn. Larry English was the general manager. They were competing against cities and towns in Saskatchewan that were several times the population of Hazlet. Hazlet was the smallest town to ever compete in this league. The Hazlet Elks had seven future Major League Baseball players or draft picks on their roster including Gerald Wagner, Steve Reed, Vince Shinholster, Willie Hysaw, Greg Mathews, Kurt Mattson, and Kernan Ronan. Steve Reed had the best major league career as a pitcher, playing for several teams in his 14-year Major League Baseball career. Greg Mathews played seven years in the majors for two different teams. Other future major league players that signed with the Elks but never played include Mark McGwire, Randy Johnson, and Cory Snyder. Larry English was the scout for the Elks, and also had a career as a scout for the Minnesota Twins for five years. Because of the small population of Hazlet, the team was allowed to have four American imports on their roster. It was partly because of these imports that Hazlet was able to remain competitive, even against larger centres in the league. Hazlet attracted fans from all over southwest Saskatchewan to see the highest level of baseball being played in the province.

SMBL record

 * 1982 Missed the playoffs
 * 1983 Lost in league final
 * 1984 Lost in league final
 * 1985 Lost in league semi-final
 * 1986 Lost in league semi-final
 * 1987 Won league championship
 * 1988 Won league championship
 * 1989 Won league championship
 * 1990 Lost in playoffs
 * 1991 Lost in playoffs
 * 1992 Lost in league final
 * 1993 Missed the playoffs

Hazlet Legion Branch 202
The first organization of the Hazlet Branch 202 was on February 1, 1936. Those appointed were Leslie Colter, Rudolph Stock, Frank Dyball, John H. Boyer, Arthur E. Todd, Percy Pyne, Charles W. Perry, Charles J. Herriott, William T. Vilness, Ralph S. Bingham, John Munt, Joseph F. McAdam, Walter Weedon, Edward I. Olson, and Oscar A. Sannes, with J. H. Boyer as Secretary. Branch 202 was re-organized in 1946, and the charter members were Frank McAdam, Leslie Colter, Owen Olsgard, Orland Robertson, George Bell, John McIver, and W. J. Burak. The first recorded meeting was on November 5, 1946 in the McCabe grain elevator office with President Owen Olsgard, Secretary/Treasurer Frank McAdam and eight members present. The first project was a dance on May 30, 1947 with net proceeds of $29.18. The attention then turned to the construction of a monument to servicemen from Hazlet and area who had made the supreme sacrifice. The monument was completed in 1948 and still stands today on Railway Street in Hazlet.

In 1948, the Legion formed a softball team and actively supported a ladies' team. The Legion teams existed for several years and each year held a sports day tournament. A meeting place for the Legion was a problem, so in 1949, a clubroom was set up in the basement of the Community Hall. This was used as the meeting place until August 1950, when Maurice Akre offered the use of his poolroom. This continued as their meeting place for seven years, with free use of the pool tables included. The first annual dance for the Branch was on October 26, 1951. Admission was 50 cents per person; the orchestra fee was $55.00, hall rent of $15.00, and the net profit for the evening was $4.00. Other firsts for the Branch are: first annual Legion bonspiel on March 3, 1954; first entry to the Legion Curling playoffs in 1955; first Legion carnival in 1957; first turkey bingo in 1957; and first annual Legion deep-pit barbecue in 1966. The carnivals were held annually for seven years while turkey bingos continued for thirteen years. The deep-pit barbecues reached twenty years annually in 1985. The barbecue in 1978, which was Hazlet’s 50th Anniversary year, had the largest attendance, catering to approximately 1,100 people in one hour. In 1956, they purchased the Trent School for $3.00. A concrete basement was poured on November 10, 1956, and the first meeting in the Legion Hall was on February 14, 1957, in their own Legion Hall.

In 2004, the Hazlet Legion made the decision to close the Legion Hall due to the increasing costs of maintaining it, and the limited use of the building. Meetings are now held in the local Café. In 2005, the Hazlet Ladies' Auxiliary joined the Legion to bring their experience and much welcomed comradeship to Hazlet Branch's small group.

Hazlet Lions Club
The Hazlet Lions Club has been a cornerstone of public service to Hazlet and the surrounding community for generations. The Lions club has supported numerous activities over the years including the Sandhills Relay, Youth Exchange students, dances, parades, pancake breakfasts, cabarets, curling, and other sporting events. They have sponsored numerous sports teams and youth activities in the community.

UCAL Women's Group
The United Catholic Anglican Lutheran Church women's group has supported events in Hazlet for generations. They have frequently supported fundraising events, teas, bake sales, trade shows, community gatherings, and Bingos.

Medicare
Hazlet was a world pioneer in providing universal healthcare. In 1944 The Swift Current area was slated to be the demonstration unit for preventive medicine. The RM of Pittville at Hazlet already had a health scheme, devised by William J. Burak, whereby its residents received both medical and hospital care for just under $11 per person per year. Wishing to add the Pittville method of full medical care to the preventive program planned for the southwest, Burak wrote at his own expense to each municipality, town and village, visited each weekly newspaper editor, and called a public meeting to press for a full medical and hospital plan. When a vote of all ratepayers was held on November 26, 1945, a majority voted in favour of a full regional health plan.

The Saskatchewan government, manoeuvred by Burak into initiating a more comprehensive scheme than the preventive medicine program it had planned, passed an Order-in-Council on December 11. The region's hospitalization and health care scheme took effect on July 1, 1946—a full two years before Great Britain's "cradle to the grave" health care plan was implemented. Within the Swift Current Health Region (Saskatchewan's Health Region #1) the residents felt empowered, and the region assembled statistical data on the costs of health care that were unrivalled in Canada. The regional scheme flowered when Dr. Vince Matthews, the public health officer, provided seamless integration of preventive work and medical care, a first in Canada. There was a high level of rapport between the local administration, the constituent municipalities, patients, and physicians: Stewart Robertson, the administrator, Dr. Vince Matthews, and Dr. Cas Wolan, president of the district medical association, met informally most days for coffee. In 1951, Swift Current created the first regional hospital board in Canada.

Wind power
In 2009 the community of Hazlet undertook a project to create the first wind powered recreation complex in Canada. It became operational in November 2010. During the winter, it provides power to the community ice rink and during the summer, electricity is fed back into the electrical grid.

Hazlet Regional Park
Hazlet Regional Park (50.4071°N, -108.6471°W) is a regional park located about 5 km north-west of Hazlet at the eastern edge of the Great Sand Hills in the RM of Pittville No. 169. The park is situated on a man-made reservoir and has a campground, picnic area, and a golf course. Hilltop Golf Course is a 9-hole sand green course located on the east side of the lake. The remainder of the park amenities are located on the west side. Access to the park is from Highway 332.

To create a reliable water supply during the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, an earthen dam was built creating Hazlet Reservoir. Construction began with men, horses, and scrapers on 2 June 1937 and was completed 11 days later. In the spring of 1960, a committee was formed to look into the idea of forming a regional park at the Hazlet Reservoir. Regional park status was applied for, and was received in the fall of 1960 making it one of the original regional parks in the province. The first trees were planted in 1961 with more plantings in the following years. The park soon had playground equipment, a cook house, benches, sun shades, and a golf course.

Attractions and amenities
The community rink complex is one of the most used facilities in town. Home of the curling rink, skating rink, and lounge, the building is used not only in the winter, but all year round. During the winter, there is always a different curling tournament, from ladies, to mixed, to even high school tournaments and regional curling. The skating part is used everyday in the winter, as there is power skating, skating lessons, public skating, and hockey games for all ages. The lounge is the newest addition to the complex.

About 6 km west of Hazlet is an historic site known as Standing Rock. Standing Rock is a large glacial erratic left from the last ice age around 14,000 years ago.

title: Hazlet, Saskatchewan


text: Category:Catholic seminaries

title: Category:Catholic seminaries


text:
Yemeni buqsha

A buqsha or bogache (بقشة buqša) is a former monetary unit of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic. 40 buqshas make up one Yemeni rial.

The buqsha coin itself is bronze and approximately 27 mm (1 inch) across. Modern Yemeni currency also includes silver coins worth 5, 10 and 20 buqshas, and bronze half-buqsha coins. These were introduced after Yemeni independence from the Ottoman Empire.

The buqsha was originally used as one fortieth of the Imadi riyal and later the Ahmadi riyal. When the Yemeni rial was introduced, it was decided that 40 buqshas should represent one Yemeni rial, so as to ease the transition.

At first, many buqshas were produced by the Sana'a local mint, and at one stage in the aftermath of the Yemeni revolution it was claimed that the fuselages of crashed aircraft were being used to mint the coins.

title: Yemeni buqsha


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scooby Doo Between the Lines

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 07:15, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Scooby Doo Between the Lines
Supposed Scooby Doo movie that allegedly came out this year, but no google hits. Nominated inappropriately for speedy, and wouldn't even fall under the expanded criteria (it's not about a person, is written coherently, and if true would clearly be notable). Nevertheless, it is a hoax, so delete. Meelar (talk) 18:44, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems false. Delete. DJ Clayworth 18:56, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. --NormalAsylum (talk) 19:09, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a hoax. – Seancdaug 19:17, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. Jaxl 20:05, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. vandal. --jonasaurus 21:51, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax by a possible vandal. For the record, I'm very concerned about the amount of first-time vandalism coming in from first-time users, including vandal bot types of entries. - Lucky 6.9 04:27, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Wouldnt the solution be to simply block anonymous users from contributing unless they actually registered first? JamesBurns 03:41, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. JamesBurns 03:41, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax. tregoweth 22:22, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Amapola Flyg

Amapola Flyg is a passenger and cargo airline based in Stockholm, Sweden. It operates freight services on behalf of the Swedish Post Office, Jetpak and MiniLiner from Maastricht Aachen Airport and its main base at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport.

History
The airline was established and started operations in 2004 to take over postal services previously operated by Falcon Air. It is wholly owned by Salenia (a Swedish investment company) and has some 50 employees.

On July 1, 2018, Amapola Flyg began passenger air traffic with regional routes in Sweden. In April 2021, the airline started flights in Finland from Helsinki-Vantaa Airport to Joensuu, on behalf of the Finnish State traffic authority Traficom. The airline operated the Dublin to Donegal PSO (Public Service Obligation) service from July 2021 to February 2022, following the collapse of Irish airline Stobart Air.

Destinations
This is a list of destinations operated by Amapola Flyg (passenger flights): Amapola Flyg works with the Swedish airline Svenska Direktflyg when booking, through the website which flights can be booked. The airline is not part of major booking systems, so flights can't be booked through major travel agent sites, and transfer from other airlines must be done through separate tickets and new check-in.

Fleet

As of June 2022, the Amapola Flyg fleet consists of the following aircraft:

title: Amapola Flyg