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Sampradaya

Sampradaya (सम्प्रदाय; ), in Indian origin religions, namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, can be translated as 'tradition', 'spiritual lineage', 'sect', or 'religious system'. To ensure continuity and transmission of dharma, various sampradayas have the Guru-shishya parampara in which parampara or lineage of successive gurus (masters) and shishyas (disciples) serves as a spiritual channel and provides a reliable network of relationships that lends stability to a religious identity. Shramana is vedic term for seeker or shishya. Identification with and followership of sampradayas is not static, as sampradayas allows flexibility where one can leave one sampradaya and enter another or practice religious syncretism by simultaneously following more than one sampradaya. Samparda is a punjabi language term, used in Sikhism, for sampradayas.

Guru-shishya parampara
Sampradayas are living traditions of both teaching and practice within a specific religious-spiritual tradition. They are generally composed of a monastic order within a specific guru lineage, with ideas developed and transmitted, redefined and reviewed by each successive generation of followers. A particular guru lineage is called parampara. By receiving diksha (initiation) into the parampara of a living guru, one belongs to its proper sampradaya.

To ensure continuity through dharma transmission, various smapardayas ensure continuity through Guru-shishya parampara where Guru teaches shishyas in gurukula, matha, akhara, and viharas. Buddhism also has lineage of gurus. Tibetan Buddhism has lineage of Lamas who teach in gompas and stupas.

Continuity of sampradaya
Sampradaya is a body of practice, views and attitudes, which are transmitted, redefined and reviewed by each successive generation of followers. Participation in sampradaya forces continuity with the past, or tradition, but at the same time provides a platform for change from within the community of practitioners of this particular traditional group.

Diksha: Initiation into sampradaya
A particular guru lineage in guru-shishya tradition is called parampara, and may have its own akharas and gurukulas. By receiving diksha (initiation) into the parampara of a living guru, one belongs to its proper sampradaya. One cannot become a member by birth, as is the case with gotra, a seminal, or hereditary, dynasty.

Authority on knowledge of truth
Membership in a sampradaya not only lends a level of authority to one's claims on truth in Hindu traditional context, but also allows one to make those claims in the first place. An often quoted verse from the Padma Purana states: "Mantras which are not received in sampradaya are considered fruitless."

And another verse states: "Unless one is initiated by a bona-fide spiritual master in the disciplic succession, the mantra he might have received is without any effect."

As Wright and Wright put it, "If one cannot prove natal legitimacy, one may be cast out as a bastard. The same social standard applies to religious organizations. If a religious group cannot prove its descent from one of the recognised traditions, it risks being dismissed as illegitimate."

Nevertheless, there are also examples of teachers who were not initiated into a sampradaya, Ramana Maharshi being a well-known example. A sannyasin belonging to the Sringeri Sharada Peetham once tried to persuade Ramana to be initiated into sannyasa, but Ramana refused.

Āstika and nāstika sampradayas
Since ancient times, Indian philosophy has been categorized into āstika and nāstika schools of thought.

Āstika and nāstika concept in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain scriptures define Astika as those sampradayas which believe in the existence of Atman (Self) and those who accept supremacy of vedas, Nastika being those who deny there is any "Self" in human beings or do not hold vedas as supreme. In modern context, Astika are also defined as theists and Nastika as atheist. In Indian origin religions, even atheism is considered acceptable, especially under the concept of Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava. The concept of acceptable or valid Dharma excludes the Mleccha (impure) who are considered without the purity of ethics and code of conduct called yamas and niyama.

Sampradayas of Indian-origin religions have their own Darshana or philosophy, encompassing world views and teachings. Six Astika or orthodox sampradayas which believe in supremacy of veda are called shad-darśana (lit. six system), namely Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta.

Āstika or orthodox sampradayas
Astika or orthodox sampradayas or schools of Indian philosophy have been called ṣaḍdarśana ("six systems"). This scheme was created between the 12th and 16th centuries by Vedantins. It was then adopted by the early Western Indologists, and pervades modern understandings of Indian philosophy. Each of six āstika (orthodox) schools of thought is called a darśana, and each darśana accepts the Vedas as authority. Each astika darsana also accepts the premise that Atman (soul, eternal self) exists. The schools of philosophy are:
 * 1) Samkhya – An strongly dualist theoretical exposition of consciousness and matter.  Agnostic with respect to God or the gods.
 * 2) Yoga – A monotheistic school which emerged from Sankhya and emphasizes practical use of Sankhya theory: meditation, contemplation and liberation.
 * 3) Nyāya or logic – The school of epistemology which explores sources of knowledge.
 * 4) Vaiśeṣika – An empiricist school of atomism.
 * 5) Mīmāṃsā – An anti-ascetic and anti-mysticist school of orthopraxy. This school deals with the correct interpretation of the verses in Vedas.
 * 6) Vedānta – The last segment of knowledge in the Vedas, or jñānakāṇḍa (section of knowledge). Vedanta is also referred as Uttara-Mimamsa. Vedānta came to be the dominant current of Hinduism in the post-medieval period.

Nastika sampradayas
Nastika or hetrodox sampradayas do not accept the authority of the Vedas are nāstika philosophies, of which four (heterodox) schools are prominent:
 * 1) Ājīvika, a materialism school that denied the existence of free will.
 * 2) Cārvāka, a materialism school that accepted the existence of free will.
 * 3) Buddhism, a philosophy that denies existence of ātman (soul, self) and is based on the teachings and enlightenment of Gautama Buddha.
 * 4) Jainism, a philosophy that accepts the existence of the ātman (soul, self), and is based on the teachings and enlightenment of twenty-four teachers known as tirthankaras, with Rishabha as the first and Mahavira as the twenty-fourth.

Polycentric or syncretic sampradayas
Some are syncretic in nature which might adopt mixture of concepts from orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy such as realism of the Nyāya, naturalism of Vaiśeṣika, monism and knowledge of Self (Atman) as essential to liberation of Advaita, self-discipline of Yoga, asceticism and elements of theistic ideas. Some sub-schools share Tantric ideas with those found in some Buddhist traditions. The above sub-schools introduced their own ideas while adopting concepts from orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy such as realism of the Nyāya, naturalism of Vaiśeṣika, monism and knowledge of Self (Atman) as essential to liberation of Advaita, self-discipline of Yoga, asceticism and elements of theistic ideas. Some sub-schools share Tantric ideas with those found in some Buddhist traditions.

Hindu sampradayas
Hindus subscribe to a diversity of ideas on spirituality and traditions, but have no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic or humanist.

Hinduism is subdivided into a number of major sampradayas. Of the historical division into six darsanas (philosophies), two schools, Vedanta and Yoga, are currently the most prominent. Classified by primary deity or deities, four major Hinduism modern currents are Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), Shaktism (Shakti) and Smartism (five deities treated as same). These deity-centered denominations feature a synthesis of various philosophies such as Samkhya, Yoga and Vedanta, as well as shared spiritual concepts such as moksha, dharma, karma, samsara, ethical precepts such as ahimsa, texts (Upanishads, Puranas, Mahabharata, Agamas), ritual grammar and rites of passage.

Vaishnava sampradayas
According to the Padma Purāṇa, one of the eighteen main Purāṇas, there are four Vaishnava sampradāyas, which preserve the fruitful mantras: "All mantras which have been given (to disciples) not in an authorised Sampradāya are fruitless. Therefore, in Kali Yuga, there will be four bona-fide Sampradāyas."

During the Kali Yuga these sampradāyas appear in the holy place of Jaganatha Puri, and purify the entire earth.

Each of them were inaugurated by a deity, who appointed heads to these lineages:

Other major Vaishnav sampradaya are:

 * Swaminarayan Sampradaya, founded in 1801 by Swaminarayan
 * Pranami Sampradaya
 * Radha Vallabh Sampradaya
 * Mahanam Sampraday
 * Warkari tradition
 * Haridasi tradition
 * Sadh Vaishnavism
 * Manipuri Vaishnavism
 * Samartha Sampradaya

Shaivite sampradayas
There are three main Shaiva sampradayas known as "Kailasa Parampara" (Lineage from Kailash)- Nandinatha Sampradaya, Adinath Sampradaya and Meykanda Sampradaya.

The Nandinatha Sampradaya traces its beginning to at least 200 BCE. Its founder and first known spiritual preceptor was the Maharshi Nandinatha. Nandinatha is said to have initiated eight disciples (Sanatkumar, Sanakar, Sanadanar, Sananthanar, Shivayogamuni, Patanjali, Vyaghrapada, and Tirumular) and sent them to various places to spread the teachings of non-dualistic Shaivism all over the world. Saiva Siddhanta Temple of Hawaii identifies itself as principle Matha or monestory of lineage. Spiritual lineage of the Nandinatha Sampradaya : Maharishi Nandinath→ Tirumular→→→ unknown→Kadaitswami→ Chellappaswami→ Siva Yogaswami→Sivaya Subramuniyaswami → Bodhinatha Veylanswami

Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta philosophy is known as the descendant from the teaching of Sanatkumara, one of the Kumaras.(Sanatkumara→Satyanjana Darshini→Paranjyoti rishi→Meykandar.

Aghori and Nath are shavite.

Nandinatha and Meykandar Sampradayas are associated with the Shaiva Siddhanta while Adinath Sampradaya is associated with Nath Shaivism. Other popular Saivite sampradayas are Veerashaiva Samprdaya, Lingayat Sampradaya and Srouta Sampradaya

Advaita Mathas

Adi Sankara founded four (Sanskrit: मठ) (monasteries) to preserve and develop his philosophies. One each in the north, south, east and west of the Indian subcontinent, each headed by one of his direct disciples.

According to Nakamura, these mathas contributed to the influence of Shankara, which was "due to institutional factors". The mathas which he built exist until today, and preserve the teachings and influence of Shankara, "while the writings of other scholars before him came to be forgotten with the passage of time".

The table below gives an overview of the four Amnaya Mathas founded by Adi Shankara, and their details.

The current heads of the mathas trace their authority back to these figures, and each of the heads of these four mathas takes the title of Shankaracharya ("the learned Shankara") after Adi Sankara.

According to the tradition in Kerala, after Sankara's samadhi at Vadakkunnathan Temple, his disciples founded four mathas in Thrissur, namely Naduvil Madhom, Thekke Madhom, Idayil Madhom and Vadakke Madhom.

Dashanami sampradaya
Dashanami Sampradaya, "Tradition of Ten Names", is a Hindu monastic tradition of ēkadaṇḍi sannyasins (wandering renunciates carrying a single staff)  generally associated with the Advaita Vedanta tradition. They are distinct in their practices from the Saiva Tridaṇḍi sannyāsins or "trident renunciates", who continue to wear the sacred thread after renunciation, while ēkadaṇḍi sannyāsins do not.

The Ekadandi Vedāntins aim for moksha as the existence of the self in its natural condition indicated by the destruction of all its specific qualities. Any Hindu, irrespective of class, caste, age or gender can seek sannyāsa as an Ekadandi monk under the Dasanāmi tradition.

The Ekadandis or Dasanāmis had established monasteries in India and Nepal in ancient times. After the decline of Buddhism, a section of the Ekadandis were organized by Adi Shankara in the 8th century in India to be associated with four maṭhas to provide a base for the growth of Hinduism. However, the association of the Dasanāmis with the Sankara maṭhas remained nominal. Professor Kiyokazu Okita and Indologist B. N. K. Sharma says, Sannyasis in the lineage of Advaita of Adi Shankara and the Sannyasis in the lineage of Dvaita of Madhvacharya are all Ēkadaṇḍis.

Kaumaram sampradaya
Kaumaram is a sect of Hindus, especially found in South India and Sri Lanka where Lord Muruga Karttikeya is the Supreme Godhead. Lord Muruga is considered superior to the Trimurti. The worshippers of Lord Muruga are called Kaumaras.

Indonesian Hinduism
Hinduism dominated the island of Java and Sumatra until the late 16th century, when a vast majority of the population converted to Islam. Only the Balinese people who formed a majority on the island of Bali, retained this form of Hinduism over the centuries. Theologically, Balinese or Indonesian Hinduism is closer to Shaivism than to other major sects of Hinduism. The adherents consider Acintya the supreme god, and all other gods as his manifestations.

The term "Agama Hindu Dharma", the endonymous Indonesian name for "Indonesian Hinduism" can also refer to the traditional practices in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi and other places in Indonesia, where people have started to identify and accept their agamas as Hinduism or Hindu worship has been revived. The revival of Hinduism in Indonesia has given rise to a national organisation, the Parisada Hindu Dharma.

Shakta sampradaya
There are 2 Shakta Sampradayas, which revere Shakti - the feminine manifestation of Ishvara. They are as follows:

 * 1) Kalikula: Prevalent in Bengal, Assam, Nepal, and Odisha. Primary deity is Kali
 * 2) Srikula: Prevalent in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra, Telangana, Karnataka, and Sri Lanka. Primary deity is Lalita Devi

Smarta Sampradaya
Smarta Sampradaya (स्मार्त), developed around the beginning of the Common Era, reflects a Hindu synthesis of four philosophical strands: Mimamsa, Advaita, Yoga, and theism. The Smarta tradition rejects theistic sectarianism, and it is notable for the domestic worship of five shrines with five deities, all treated as equal – Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Ganesha, and Shakti. The Smarta tradition contrasted with the older Shrauta tradition, which was based on elaborate rituals and rites. There has been considerable overlap in the ideas and practices of the Smarta tradition with other significant historic movements within Hinduism, namely Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism. Even though Smarta sampradaya regards Adi Shankara as its founder or reformer, advaita sampradaya is not a Shaiva sect, despite the historical links with Shaivism: Advaitins are non-sectarian, and they advocate worship of Shiva and Vishnu equally with that of the other deities of Hinduism, like Sakti, Ganapati and others. Shankara championed that the ultimate reality is impersonal and Nirguna (attributeless) and that any symbolic god serves the same equivalent purpose. Inspired by this belief, the Smarta tradition followers, along with the five Hindu gods include a sixth impersonal god in their practice. The tradition has been described by William Jackson as "advaitin, monistic in its outlook".

Shrautism
Shrauta communities are very rare in India, the most well known being the ultra-orthodox Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala. They follow the "Purva-Mimamsa" (earlier portion of Vedas) in contrast to Vedanta followed by other Brahmins. They place importance on the performance of Vedic Sacrifice (Yajna). The Nambudiri Brahmins are famous for their preservation of the ancient Somayaagam, Agnicayana rituals which have vanished in other parts of India.

Suryaism / Saurism
The Suryaites or Sauras are followers of a Hindu denomination that started in Vedic tradition, and worship Surya as the main visible form of the Saguna Brahman. The Saura tradition was influential in South Asia, particularly in the west, north and other regions, with numerous Surya idols and temples built between 800 and 1000 CE. The Konark Sun Temple was built in mid 13th century. During the iconoclasm of Islamic invasions and Hindu–Muslim wars, the temples dedicated to Sun-god were among those desecrated, images smashed and the resident priests of Saura tradition were killed, states André Wink. The Surya tradition of Hinduism declined in the 12th and 13th century CE and today remains as a very small movement except in Bihar / Jharkhand and Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Sun worship has continued to be a dominant practice in Bihar / Jharkhand and Eastern Uttar Pradesh in the form of Chhath Puja which is considered the primary festival of importance in these regions.

Ganapatism
Ganapatism is a Hindu denomination in which Lord Ganesha is worshipped as the main form of the Saguna Brahman. This sect was widespread and influential in the past and has remained important in Maharashtra.

Newer sampradayas
The new movements that arose in the 19th to 20th century include:

 * New groups
 * Ananda Marga
 * Arya Samaj
 * Ayyavazhi
 * Brahma Kumaris
 * Chinmaya Mission
 * Divine Life Society
 * Ramakrishna Mission and Ramakrishna Math
 * Ravidas Panth
 * Satnampanth
 * Shri Ram Chandra Mission
 * Sri Aurobindo Ashram

 * Sat Panth
 * Dadu Panth (Part of the Sant Mat)
 * Kabir Panth (Part of the Sant Mat)
 * Pranami Sampraday
 * Sathya Sai sampradaya

 * Yoga and meditation based
 * Art of Living
 * Isha Foundation
 * Himalayan Yoga and Philosophy
 * Prarthana Samaj
 * Sahaj Panth (Buddhist and Hindu)
 * Sahaja Yoga
 * Self-Realization Fellowship / Yogoda Satsanga
 * Swadhyay Parivar
 * Transcendental Meditation

 * Others
 * Hanuman Foundation
 * Hindutva
 * Inchegeri Sampradaya
 * Kapadi Sampradaya
 * Mahima Dharma
 * Matua Mahasangha
 * Nath Panth
 * Ramsnehi Sampradaya
 * Varkari Panth (Hindu)

Buddhist sampradaya
Buda sampradaya or Buddha sampradāya is a classification based on the observance of Dutch ethnographers of Brahmana caste of Balinese Hinduism into two: Siwa (Shiva) and Buda (Buddha). The other castes were similarly further sub-classified by these 19th-century and early-20th-century ethnographers based on numerous criteria ranging from profession, endogamy or exogamy or polygamy, and a host of other factors in a manner similar to castas in Spanish colonies such as Mexico, and caste system studies in British colonies such as India. This concept of Buddha Sampradāya could be applied to all Buddhist communities.

Jain sampradaya
The Jain sampardaya has various sects or schools of thoughts:

 * Tera Panth (Jain)
 * Digambara Terapanth
 * Śvetāmbara Terapanth
 * Taran Panth (Jain)

Sikh samprada
Khalsa Panth i.e. Sikhism has various sects.

Panj Samprada – early sampardayas
Panj Samparda is the collective name for the following five early sampradayas in early Sikhism, soon after the death of Guru Gobind Singh.

Akaali Nihangs – Typically viewed as the armed forces of the Sikh Panth. As institutionalised by Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Guru. Within this order there are the two main ones: Buddha Dal - army of elders, and Tarna Dal - army of youth. Connected to these two are several smaller sub-orders. Buddha Dal holds authority in all matters concerning the Akaali Nihang order - the president of Buddha Dal was previously always also the president of the Akaal Takht, the highest temporal authority of the Sikh Panth. Technically the sect belongs to the Sahibzada (son) of the 10th Guru, Baba Fateh Singh.

Nirmalas – Indic scholars within the Sikh Panth. Traditionally studying a vast array of Indic and some non-Indic literature, as well as producing texts. They also engage in dialogue and discourse with other Dharmik paths. Claim institutionalization by the 10th Guru also. There are two main Nirmala branches: Bhai Daya Singh Ji Samparda & Bhai Dharam Singh Ji Samparda - who were two of the Panj Pyare or beloved ones of the 10th Guru. With these two orders there are further sub-orders. Still exist today.

Udasi – An ascetic order who were traditionally caretakers of Gurdwaras and involved in missionary work. Certain practises of theirs diverge from mainstream Sikh belief although they do not promote this to others. The order was started by Baba Sri Chand, the eldest Sahibzada (son) of the 1st Guru, Guru Nanak. Baba Sri Chand is their Gurdev/Ustadh. Still exist today.

Sevapanthis – Philanthropists, involved in helping others or doing seva - free service without expectation of reward. They are also engaged in scholarly work. The order was first headed by Bhai Kahnaiya, a Sikh of the 10th Guru - who famously helped wounded enemy soldiers during war time by providing medical care. Hardly exist today.

Gyaaniyan Samparda – the university of Sikhi, whilst technically not an order, it essentially serves as one. Made up from individuals belonging to all of the above sects. Many branches within this order.

The Damdami Taksal claims direct lineage from the Giani Samparda, although this is a topic of contention.

Later sampardayas
Later sects which emerged in Sikhism are Namdhari, Nirankari, and Radha Soami.

Syncretic sects
Ravidasiya sect combines practices of Sikhism and Hinduism.

title: Sampradaya


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List of Married... with Children episodes

The American television sitcom Married... with Children aired its pilot episode on April 5, 1987, and its series finale aired on May 5, 1997, with the episode "The Desperate Half-Hour (Part 1)" and "How to Marry a Moron (Part 2)". A total of 259 original episodes aired on Fox during the series' run. All 11 seasons are available on DVD, in Region 1. The list is ordered by the episodes' original air dates. Specials that aired during a regular season run are highlighted in yellow in the list. A season 3 episode, "I'll See You in Court", is known as the "lost episode" and did not air in North America until June 18, 2002, five years after the series' original run.

An animated revival of the series with the original cast returning was revealed to be in the works in May 2022.

Season 1 (1987)
The first season of Married... with Children introduces the major characters: Al, Peg, Kelly and Bud Bundy, along with their neighbors, Steve and Marcy Rhoades. The first season is the only one in which Al and Peg are regularly intimate, to the point of Al initiating the sessions. It is also the only one where Peg can be seen doing housework under normal circumstances (despite being bad at it), and she even has her own car, a Ford Pinto (as seen in "Sixteen Years and What Do You Get"). In "Thinergy," Bud mentions that Kelly had been held back a year in school. Al's dislike of the French is first shown in this season and it is also the first time that he calls Marcy a "chicken." It also contains the first mention of Peg's family being "hillbillies" from the fictional Wanker County, Wisconsin.

Season 2 (1987–88)
At the beginning of the second season, Kelly is portrayed as a girl of reasonable intelligence (though she is often teased by Bud for her promiscuity and bleached hair). By the end, however, her character obtains her trademark stupidity that will become both a plot device and comic focus for the rest of the series. This season also contains the first use of the "Bundy Cheer" and the first instance of the Bundys taking a trip. Additionally, it marked the beginning of the "Thank your father, kids" running gag. Although Buck is portrayed in later seasons as having been with the Bundys since he was a pup, Peg implies that they have had him for only three years and Al states that he is actually Bud's pet; he even "speaks" once ("Buck Can Do It"), something that becomes a regular feature beginning in the fourth season. Michael Faustino (David's younger brother) makes the first of five guest appearances during the course of the series.

Season 3 (1988–89)
The third season marks a notable increase in the show's popularity, based on Terry Rakolta's morality campaign against the show, which began after the episode "Her Cups Runneth Over", where Al and Steve go to a lingerie store in search of Peggy's favorite bra (which had been discontinued). This season also contains the "lost episode" "I'll See You in Court", which was not aired in North America until June 18, 2002, after the show's initial run on the cable channel FX (and was included in the season-three DVD set). Michael Faustino makes his second guest appearance. During the season, the show became the first to have a quarter of the viewership on Fox.

Season 4 (1989–90)
The fourth season had the departure of Marcy's husband Steve Rhoades. Marcy remained single for the remainder of the season. This was also the first season where the audience would applaud when a major character would enter a scene for the first time in the episode, and a Bundyesque version of the classic film It's a Wonderful Life. In the episode "It's a Bundyful Life (Part 2)," Ted McGinley makes a guest appearance as Norman Jablonsky before reappearing as a regular cast member in the next season as Jefferson D'Arcy. Also, Michael Faustino makes his third guest appearance. This was also the final season for writers Marcy Vosburgh & Sandy Sprung.

Season 5 (1990–91)
The fifth season marked the introduction of Jefferson D'Arcy (Ted McGinley), as Marcy's new husband. The series reached its 100th episode this season, which was the pilot for the spin-off Top of the Heap, the first of three spinoffs from Married... with Children. Al's favorite show Psycho Dad is also first referred to in this season, along with his first mention of scoring four touchdowns in one high school football game.

Season 6 (1991–92)
Throughout the season, both Peg and Marcy were pregnant, as Katey Sagal was pregnant in real life. Sagal's child was stillborn six weeks before term, causing her to miss four episodes of this season. At the end of the season's 11th episode, "Al Bundy, Shoe Dick", the women's pregnancies were revealed to be merely part of one of Al's nightmares. This season also had Steve Rhoades return for one episode, Kelly becoming the "Verminator", and the Bundys traveling to England. Additionally, this season introduced Bud's hip hop-inspired alter ego "Grandmaster B", concocted to help him with women, which continued after the dream revelation by having Al ask Bud about the nickname and Bud deciding that he likes it enough to use it.

Season 7 (1992–93)
In the seventh season, the writers introduced Seven (played by Shane Sweet) in an attempt to give the Bundys a third child. When the audience was unreceptive, he was removed from the series with no explanation other than being left at the D'Arcys' (Seven was last seen being told a bedtime story in "Peggy and the Pirates"). However, a subtle reference to him is made in season eight, episode 22, when he appears as the missing child on a carton of milk. Bud also loses his virginity during this season and he makes his first appearance with a beard (which was mistaken for dirt in the episode where Bud first notices he is growing a beard). Steve Rhoades also makes another guest appearance during this season, as do Dan Castellaneta and Michael Faustino.

Season 8 (1993–94)
The eighth season introduces many of Al's friends, including Aaron, Bob Rooney, and Officer Dan (though Officer Dan was not a character in the earlier seasons, the actor who played him also appeared in "Rock 'n Roll Girl" as the sheriff who issued Al a ticket for an insulting bumper sticker, "Weenie Tot Lovers and Other Strangers" as the police officer who arrested Al, and "The Egg and I" as the FBI agent searching for Steve). Al, Jefferson, Bob Rooney, and Officer Dan (along with Griff and Ike, who are introduced in season nine) all become members of NO MA'AM in the episode where the men fight back against a talk show host (played by Jerry Springer) known as "The Masculine Feminist". This is also the season where Bud joins a fraternity. The closest to an explanation for Seven's mysterious disappearance 14 months before is in the episode "Ride Scare", where a closeup on a carton of milk reveals a picture of Seven with the word "Missing". Al's plus-sized model friends simply look at it without comment before helping themselves.

Season 9 (1994–95)
The ninth season rounds out the cast of Al's friends by introducing Griff, who works at Gary's Shoes with Al, and Ike. Steve Rhoades also makes his final two appearances during this season. The season also includes the cancellation of Psycho Dad, Bud getting a job as a driving examiner, and the first appearances of shoe-store owner Gary (who turns out to be a woman), Marcy's niece Amber (who was introduced as a foil for Bud, before being dropped from the show after four episodes), and reporter Miranda Veracruz De La Hoya Cardinal. Michael Faustino makes his fifth and final guest appearance.

Season 10 (1995–96)
The tenth season had the death of family pet Buck and his subsequent reincarnation into the body of Lucky, the Bundys' next dog. The season also marks the first appearances of Peggy's father Ephraim (played by Tim Conway) and Peggy's mother, who moves in with the Bundys (although she is never seen, only heard). Also, Peg leaves Al and goes on a search for her father.

Season 11 (1996–97)
The 11th season was the final season of Married... with Children. Fox moved the show's time slot several times throughout the course of the season, which cost the show ratings. Rising production costs and decreasing viewer shares led to the show's cancellation in April 1997, after the final taping for season 11. This was the only season to feature teaser scenes before the opening credits, and a few episodes during this season also featured tag scenes just before the closing credits. For this season, the still of Al and Peggy sitting on the couch was dropped from the closing credits, which for this season are shown against a black background and in a separate card format, instead of scrolling. The opening theme was also greatly shortened, dropping the highway scenes taken from National Lampoon's Vacation, and the scene where Al hands every member of his family money.

Specials
Bundymania was a three-hour-and-forty-five-minute special airing nine dubbed German episodes of the series. The special included interviews with David Faustino, Christina Applegate, Ted McGinley, dog trainer Steven Ritt, Amanda Bearse, and Ed O'Neill.

Pseudonyms
A. 'Bootsie' is a pseudonym for J. Stanford Parker.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Conservatism in Canada

title: Category:Conservatism in Canada


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Lee Stringer

Lee Stringer is a writer who lived unhoused with a substance use disorder in New York City from the early eighties until the mid-nineties. He is a former editor and columnist of Street News. His essays and articles have appeared in a variety of publications, including The Nation, The New York Times, and Newsday. He currently lives in Mamaroneck, New York. He is the author of Sleepaway School and Grand Central Winter: Stories from the Street. Stringer also took part in a discussion on writing with Kurt Vonnegut for a book entitled Like Shaking Hands With God. Stringer was a winner of the Doe Fund 2nd Annual Murray Kempton Award in 1998, and Grand Central Winter: Stories from the Street was a New York Times Book Review Notable Book that same year. Grand Central Winter: Stories from the Street was also nominated for a Quality Paperback Book Club New Voices Award.

He discovered his talent when he was searching for an instrument with which to push the filters in his crack stem from one end to the other, so that he could smoke the remaining resin. What he found was a pencil, which he subsequently also used to write a short story called "No place to call home" which he then sent to "Street News". Eventually writing won out over drugs as a passion, Stringer checked himself into a Project Renewal, Inc. homeless shelter and treatment center, and with their help was able to kick his addiction. His first published book chronicling his years on the street. "Grand Central Winter: Stories From the Street," (Seven Stories Press, 1997) made the top ten recommended book lists of both USA Today and the New York Times, went on to publication 18 languages and won a Washington Irving Award, and a Murray Kenton Award.'' He received the Lannan Foundation residency fellowship in 2005.

Books

 * Lee Stringer (1998). Grand Central Winter. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-888363-57-6
 * Lee Stringer, Kurt Vonnegut (2000). Like Shaking Hands With God. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-58322-002-X
 * Lee Stringer (2004). Sleepaway School. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-58322-478-5
 * Lee Stringer (2010). Grand Central Winter: Expanded Second Edition. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-58322-918-3

title: Lee Stringer


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miss Alli

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 00:02, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

Miss Alli
One of the founders of the website Television Without Pity was previously ruled not notable enough for an entry here; using that reasoning, I don't believe a recapper at the site should be either. Qaqaq 17:30, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable webmistress with little exposure outside of her website.  Her reign of terror ends there. --Madchester 23:24, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I used to read her Big Brother recaps. Very funny lady. Of course she isn't getting an article here, though. Mike H (Talking is hot) 14:54, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment What was the rationale for deleting one of TWoP's founders? There are articles for founders of sites such as Kuro5hin, Ain't it Cool News and Metafilter. In terms of notability, TWoP should be at least comparable to those.
 * Miss Alli did not found TWoP. That would be Sars, Glark, and Wing Chun (and I believe one of those three came along later). Mike H (Talking is hot) 17:32, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I know that, but one of User:Qaqaq's reasons for deletion is that an article on a TWoP founder was also deleted. I'd like to know why.
 * Comment I wasn't part of the vote, but a page for Glark was eliminated within the last few months; I believe non-notability was the reason. Qaqaq 18:18, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not non-notability per se, but the fact that they didn't write it about the person, but rather "Glark," the screen name, and that was a big factor in why it was deleted. Mike H (Talking is hot) 18:19, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's pretty actionable. They don't exactly keep their names secret. It could probably be found by a couple of quick Google searches. Miss Alli, for example, is named Linda Holmes.
 * I'd still vote to delete Linda Holmes, because she's a person who writes recaps at a website. I don't find it notable, even though you do (and don't even sign your posts, at that). Mike H (Talking is hot) 18:34, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Easy there. I didn't vote on this. I haven't argued for keeping Miss Alli and I'm not that fussed about what happens to this page. I was just asking about the deletion of an article on a TWoP founder.
 * Sorry about that, then. But yeah, that's why it was deleted, from what I read. There was an argument about "why do we write articles on screen names?" "No! Let's delete!" Mike H (Talking is hot) 18:56, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't worry about it. Thanks for the info. BTW, is there any way of getting an article like Glark undeleted?
 * WP:VFU, but you'll have to register an account first. Mike H (Talking is hot) 20:47, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. Online personalities like Maddox or Harry Knowles actually have some mainstream prevalence beyond the internet community.  Miss Alli has little notriety outside her inner circle. --Madchester 23:30, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Jchan~enwiki

Welcome!
Hello, Jchan, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  22:29, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything. :)

Image copyright problem with Image:Stringer.jpg
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:Jchan~enwiki


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Crosby, Stills & Nash (album)

Crosby, Stills & Nash is the debut studio album by the folk rock supergroup Crosby, Stills & Nash (CSN), released in 1969 by Atlantic Records. It is the only release by the band prior to adding Neil Young to their lineup. The album spawned two Top 40 singles, "Marrakesh Express" and "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes", which peaked respectively at No. 28 during the week of August 23, 1969, and at No. 21 during the week of December 6, 1969, on the US Billboard Hot 100. The album itself peaked at No. 6 on the US Billboard Top Pop Albums chart. It has been certified four times platinum by the RIAA for sales of 4,000,000.

History
The album was a very strong debut for the band, instantly lifting them to stardom. Along with the Byrds' Sweetheart of the Rodeo and the Band's Music from Big Pink of the previous year, it helped initiate a sea change in popular music away from the ruling late-1960s aesthetic of bands playing blues-based rock music on loud guitars. Crosby, Stills & Nash presented a new wrinkle in building upon rock's roots, using folk, blues, and even jazz without specifically sounding like mere duplication. Not only blending voices, the three meshed their differing strengths, David Crosby for social commentary and atmospheric mood pieces, Stephen Stills for his diverse musical skills and for folding folk and country elements subtly into complex rock structures, and Graham Nash for his radio-friendly pop melodies, to create an amalgam of broad appeal. The album features some of their best known songs, including "Helplessly Hoping", "Long Time Gone", "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes", and "Wooden Ships", a collaboration between Crosby and Stills as well as Paul Kantner of Jefferson Airplane.

Stills dominated the recording of the album. Crosby and Nash played guitar on their own songs, while drummer Dallas Taylor played on most tracks (session drummer Jim Gordon performed in his stead on "Marrakesh Express"). Stills played all the bass, organ, and lead guitar parts, as well as acoustic guitar on his own songs. "The other guys won't be offended when I say that one was my baby, and I kind of had the tracks in my head", Stills said. Even with this dominance, Stills does not appear on the tracks "Guinnevere" and "Lady of the Island", both featuring Crosby and Nash only and a precursor to their partnership on record and stage during the 1970s.

David Crosby bristled over the plan for "Long Time Gone" as he thought he should at least play rhythm guitar on his own song. Stills convinced him to go home for a while and when he returned Crosby was won over by the music track that Stills and Taylor had recorded. In a more recent interview, Crosby contradicted his earlier statement, stating that he had played guitar on the track. He is so credited in the liner notes to the 1991 box set.

The group performed songs from the album at the Woodstock festival in August 1969. In late 1969 the group appeared with Neil Young on the Tom Jones' TV show and performed "Long Time Gone" with Tom Jones sharing vocals.

The album proved very influential on many levels to the dominant popular music scene in America for much of the 1970s. The success of the album generated respect for the group within the industry and galvanized interest in signing similar acts, many of whom came under management and representation by the CSN team of Elliot Roberts and David Geffen. Strong sales, combined with the group's emphasis on personal confession in its writing, paved the way for the success of the singer-songwriter movement of the early 1970s. Their use of personal events in their material without resorting to subterfuge, their talents in vocal harmony, their cultivation of painstaking studio craft, as well as the Laurel Canyon ethos that surrounded the group and their associates, established an aesthetic for a number of acts that came to define the "California sound" of the ensuing decade, including Eagles, Jackson Browne, post-1974 Fleetwood Mac, and others.

The album has been issued on compact disc three times: mastered by Barry Diament at Atlantic Studios in the mid-1980s; remastered by Joe Gastwirt at Ocean View Digital and reissued on August 16, 1994; reissued again by Rhino Records as an expanded edition using the HDCD process on January 24, 2006. On December 6, 2011, a Gold Compact Disc edition of the album was released on the Audio Fidelity label.

Cover
On the cover the members are, left to right, Nash, Stills, and Crosby, the reverse of the order of the album title. The photo was taken by their friend and photographer Henry Diltz before they came up with a name for the group. They found an abandoned house with an old, battered sofa outside, located at 815 Palm Avenue, West Hollywood, across from the Santa Palm car wash, that they thought would be a perfect fit for their image. A few days later they decided on the name "Crosby, Stills, and Nash". To prevent confusion, they went back to the house a day or so later to re-shoot the cover in the correct order, but when they got there they found the house had been demolished.

Dallas Taylor can be seen looking through the window of the door on the rear of the sleeve. In the expanded edition, however, he is absent. The original vinyl LP was released in a gatefold sleeve that depicted the band members in large fur parkas with a sunset in the background on the gatefold (shot in Big Bear, California), as well as the iconic cover art. A long folded page inside displayed the album credits, lyrics, track listing, and a quasi-psychedelic pencil drawing.

Release and reception
In a contemporary review, Rolling Stone critic Barry Franklin called Crosby, Stills & Nash "an eminently playable record" and "especially satisfying work", finding the songwriting and vocal harmonies particularly exceptional. Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic in The New York Times, writing that "[Crosby, Stills & Nash] is as perfect as has been expected. But it also demonstrates the dangers of perfection: the wildness that should liberate great rock is so well-controlled that when it appears (as on Nash's excellent 'Pre-Road Downs') it seems to have been inserted just to prove the music is rock: the only exception is Crosby's wailing vocal on 'Long Time Gone.'" In his capsule-review column for The Village Voice, he jokingly said the vocal saves the album from "a special castrati award".

In a retrospective review, Jason Ankeny of AllMusic believed some of the songs' themes "haven't dated well" but "the harmonies are absolutely timeless, and the best material remains rock-solid". In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Crosby, Stills & Nash number 259 on their list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, then was re-ranked 262nd in 2012. It was voted number 83 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums 3rd Edition (2000).

Jefferson Airplane guitarist Paul Kantner was finally credited as co-composer of "Wooden Ships" on the expanded edition reissue, something long acknowledged on his group's version of the song from their Volunteers album, released the same year. David Crosby singing an excerpt of "Come On in My Kitchen" between "Long Time Gone" and "49 Bye-Byes" was left off the 2006 expanded reissue at the request of the late Robert Johnson's estate.

In 1999, the album Crosby, Stills & Nash was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Grammy awards

 * width="35" align="center"|1970 || Crosby, Stills & Nash (performer) || Best New Artist || Won
 * width="35" align="center"|1970 || Crosby, Stills & Nash (performer) || Best New Artist || Won

Personnel

 * David Crosby – vocals; guitar on "Guinnevere" ; rhythm guitar on "Wooden Ships" and "Long Time Gone"
 * Stephen Stills – vocals, guitars, bass, keyboards, percussion all tracks except "Guinnevere" and "Lady of the Island"
 * Graham Nash – vocals; rhythm guitar on "Marrakesh Express" and "Pre-Road Downs" ; acoustic guitar on "Lady of the Island"

Additional personnel

 * Dallas Taylor – drums on "Pre-Road Downs," "Wooden Ships," "Long Time Gone," and "49 Bye-Byes"
 * Jim Gordon – drums on "Marrakesh Express"
 * Cass Elliot – backing vocals on "Pre-Road Downs"

Production

 * Crosby, Stills & Nash – producer
 * Bill Halverson – engineer
 * Gary Burden – art direction, design
 * Henry Diltz – photography
 * David Geffen – direction
 * Ahmet Ertegün – spiritual guidance
 * Barry Diament – mastering, initial compact disc issue
 * Joe Gastwirt – mastering, 1994 compact disc reissue
 * Raymond Foye – liner notes, 2006 reissue

Charts
Year-end charts

Singles

title: Crosby, Stills & Nash (album)


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Talk:Crosby, Stills & Nash (album)

Location of Cover Photo== Can someone please add the details of the location where the cover photo was shot? (Otherwise we'll end up thinking it was 461 Ocean Boulevard.) Thegn 12:50, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

The album cover was shot from a location in West Hollywood that has since been razed. It was an old abandoned house near the corner of Palm Avenue and Santa Monica Boulevard. 17:25, 19 August 2007 (UTC)ARedPrincess 17:29, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal for Guinnevere
The content in the song article is adequately covered, or can be, here. Had the song a notable life outside the album, it might have its own article, but it doesn't. Hence this proposal. Rodhull andemu  23:26, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Credits Section
There are problems with the Credits section. Crosby declared in his book that he did not play guitar on "Long Time Gone" (and upon listening to it there is no rhythm guitar--the organ takes that role). The only rhythm guitar on "Marakesh Express" is an acoustic. "Guinnevere" has an electric guitar duplicating Crosby's acoustic; who plays that? I don't think Nash was a good enough guitar player to have played the rhythm on "Pre-Road Downs" and it sounds like Crosby's style anyway. There is a 12-string electric rhythm on "49 Bye-byes" that sounds like Crosby's work, though it could be Stills. There is additionally an occasional 12-string acoustic guitar on "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes;" Crosby?

Jim Gordon is listed as the drummer for "Marakesh Express" and Cass Elliot is listed on BGV for "Pre-Road Downs." Neither of them appear on the album credits and no source is given here. In fact, no source is given for any of the credits section.

The original album's credits are no help as they only list Stills, Crosby, and Taylor as playing anything (no details as to which songs, however), though it is clear that Nash plays "Lady of the Island."

Obviously, I would never edit this section based on what I hear. Without a source, however, I think there is enough doubt to warrant removing the song details. Does anyone have a source or a thought? Bob Caldwell CSL (talk) 15:27, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

Personnel credits for this album has proved very frustrating. The original vinyl album only listed Stills and Crosby (along with Dallas Taylor) as playing anything, even though anyone who knew the way these guys played knew that Nash played on "Lady of the Island."

The 2006 CD with bonus tracks liner notes list Still, Crosby, and Taylor, but also add Nash as playing acoustic guitar on "Lady of the Island" and "Marakesh Express." Nothing is said about Cass Elliot on "Pre-Road Downs" or Jim Gordon on "Marakesh Express," as some state.

The 1991 CSN box set does not have Pre-Road Downs on it to check for Elliot. However, "Marakesh Express" does list Nash on acoustic and Gordon on drums for further confirmation.

Problems solved, right? Not exactly. The same box set lists Crosby as playing electric guitar on "Long Time Gone." He even admitted in his book that he didn't play on that song. Stills has likewise gone on record describing how he sent Crosby home while he worked on it. Anyone with a good set of ears can tell that there is no rhythm guitar on this song. So the official credits in the box set list something that everyone knows didn't happen. Even the personnel listed on "It Doesn't Matter" by Manasses fails to list a bass player. It's there; someone played it!

This is the best I think we can do for now. If someone has a credible source for Cass Elliot singing on "Pre-Road Downs" or any other missing piece, it can be added. Bob Caldwell CSL (talk) 20:36, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

I did finally find Crosby as saying that Elliot sang. Check reference. Bob Caldwell CSL (talk) 19:39, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

 * The exacting song credits derive from the 1991 box set plus text from the Dave Zimmer book on CSN - OMG, using something that's not on the Internet. Also, songwriters tend to play on their own compositions as it is their song, of course, and they know where the chord changes are for everyone else to follow - not that Stills couldn't have picked up on any easily enough. Crosby's memory regarding what he did or did not play decades ago could be muddled, but it does indeed sound like there is no second guitar playing rhythm on "Long Time Gone." He could have played rhythm guitar on the track but it got buried in the mix or mixed completely out for the final version. For the time being, leave it out, but I am restoring the more detailed list of credits without that. PJtP (talk) 22:48, 14 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Your smarminess ("OMG, using something that's not on the Internet") is unbecoming and wrong. If you paid attention to my resources, I actually bought the 2006 edition so I could consult the enclosed booklet and quoted directly from Crosby's book. I could go check Nash's book out of the library again to confirm what both Crosby and Stills said about "Long Time Gone" if that's necessary.

 * When we have these discrepancies between sources, why are we giving priority to the CSN boxed set? And I recently read Zimmer's book and don't remember this credit detail. I would have to look again.

 * You list Nash as playing rhythm guitar on "Pre-Road Downs." Listening to the track, there is no way. Besides the fact that the style is all Crosby, Nash was a poor guitar player at this point in his career as his work on "Lady of the Island," "Right Between the Eyes," etc. will tell you.

 * There is a rhythm guitar part on "49 Bye-Byes" that sounds like an electric twelve-string. Is that Stills or Crosby? Can't find a source to say. There is also an electric guitar doubling up Crosby's acoustic on Guinnevere; Crosby or Stills? No one mentions the second guitar at all. This (and the discrepancies between sources) is why I think that the best way to go is to leave the credits more vague.

 * But I'm not going to change what you've done. I have no interest in a pissing contest on here. I did good research and presented the best defensible credit section possible. But it's not my encyclopedia. Do what you want. Bob Caldwell CSL (talk) 14:57, 15 July 2014 (UTC)

The commentary needs more references
Especially the part about the albums influence. -- Beardo (talk) 04:50, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

History
The opening paragraph of this section sounds a bit too much like a tribute rather than encyclopedic. PurpleChez (talk) 14:00, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

Bonus Tracks, 2006 release
If it's worth including in the main article, this is background to bonus tracks from the 2006 CD booklet [CD, Atlanatic/Rhino, 8122-73290-2]:

"When Warner Bros. came to us with this concept, we had to tell them that we didn't really have extra tracks from the first record," Nash explains. "We recorded what we recorded, and that was the record. We did, however, keep recording within that same year, and we did demos." Nash says he recorded two demos for "Teach Your Children"-the first, solo, and a second that appears here with Crosby. Crosby's gorgeous "Song With No Words" was recorded in late 1969 before the Deja Vu sessions and would later appear on his 1971 solo album If I Could Only Remember My Name ... For his part, Crosby describes the version of Fred Neil's "Everybody's Talkin"'-made famous by Harry Nilsson-as "Stills at his best." Stills' own moving folk ballad "Do For The Others," which later surfaced on his stunning 1970 eponymous solo debut, was recorded at the same time in Stephen's home studio in Studio City. "We found it, we mixed it, and here you go," Nash says. Agbneill (talk) 07:38, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crosby, Stills & Nash (album)


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User talk:Timholy

Welcome to Wikipedia from the Anatomy Wikiproject!
Welcome to Wikipedia from WikiProject Anatomy! We're a group of editors who strive to improve the quality of anatomy articles here on Wikipedia. One of our members has noticed that you are involved in editing anatomy articles; it's great to have a new interested editor on board. In your wiki-voyages, a few things that may be relevant to editing wikipedia articles are:
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title: User talk:Timholy


text:
User talk:Sftrail

Please claim your upload(s): File:Whitefeather Spring marker.jpg
Hi, This image was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices, Thank you.

However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. You can also add  to the Media by uploader or Presumed self tag(s) if  present to indicate that you've acknowledged the image, and license shown (and updated the information where appropriate).

This will assist those reviewing the many many "free" images on commons that have not yet been transferred to Commons. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 17:39, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sftrail


text:
Yuscarán

Yuscarán is a town, with a population of 2,550 (2023 calculation), and a municipality in Honduras. The town of Yuscarán is the capital of the El Paraíso department. It is located 65 kilometers from Tegucigalpa. And was founded by Juan Diego Sierra.

History
The municipality of Yuscarán was founded in 1730. After gold, silver and other precious metals were found in its foothills in 1746, Spanish mining companies flooded the area and Spaniards settled the town. Thus, Yuscarán was constructed in the traditional colonial style of 18th-century Spain.

Years of exploitation by the Spanish and later by North American mining companies followed, bringing both advantages and disadvantages. At its height, Yuscarán was a wealthy mining town and home to some of Honduras's most influential families. It was one of the first places in Honduras to get electricity in 1898 – even before Tegucigalpa. Because of its importance, it was declared the capital of the El Paraíso Department in 1869. However, after the mining stopped, most of the foreigners supporting Yuscarán abandoned the town, taking their money and possessions with them.

In 1979 Yuscarán was declared a National Monument. In its center there are more than 200 colonial homes.

Natives of Yuscarán include the painter Teresita Fortín.

Geography
The mountain of Montserrat towers over the town to the southeast. This biological reserve is also the main source of water for the area, the same water that the villagers use to produce the Yuscaran-brand sugar cane alcohol aguardiente.

Economy
With the decline of the mining industry came the rise of another industry, from which Yuscarán gets its present-day fame: the fabrication of aguardiente, or guaro. The Yuscarán factory, also called the Distileria del Buen Gusto, was founded in 1939.

Notable People

 * Teresita Fortín, painter

title: Yuscarán


text:
User talk:Art Navsegda

Men?
Just a question, how do you know those stocking pictures are guys? Cheers,JetLover (Report a mistake) 22:33, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

 * See the discussion page of the article. Art Navsegda 08:43, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Art Navsegda


text:
User:JustinKD

Me: Computer guy and MA student in History.

title: User:JustinKD


text:
Darksword

The Darksword series consists of the initial three books of The Darksword Trilogy, a supplemental role-playing volume, and a single-volume sequel. It was written by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman with cover art by Larry Elmore. It is the story of a young man, born without magic in a society where magic is life, who has been prophesied to destroy the world. The books are published by Bantam Spectra, the science fiction division of Random House. Each book of the trilogy reached the New York Times best seller list.

Overview
The Darksword Trilogy consists of Forging the Darksword (December 1, 1987), Doom of the Darksword (May 1988), and Triumph of the Darksword (September 1988). A fourth book is a sequel, Legacy of the Darksword (June 1998). The role-playing game is Darksword Adventures (December 1988).

Reception
Forging the Darksword reached 15 on the New York Times bestseller list on December 27, 1987.

Doom of the Darksword reached 9 on the New York Times bestseller list on May 1, 1988.

Triumph of the Darksword reached 12 on the New York Times bestseller list on August 21, 1988.

title: Darksword


text:
Arne Duncan

Arne Starkey Duncan (born November 6, 1964) is an American educator and former professional basketball player who served as United States Secretary of Education from 2009 to 2015 and as Chief Executive Officer of Chicago Public Schools from 2001 to 2008. A lifelong resident of Chicago, Duncan is the founder of Create Real Economic Destiny (CRED), a non-profit aimed at reducing gun violence.

During Duncan's tenure as Secretary of Education, he was a key figure in the Obama administration's development of Common Core, a set of nationwide educational standards. This made him a controversial figure among those who opposed the federal government's taking on a stronger role in education policy.

In March 2017, Arne Duncan was appointed senior fellow at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy and a board member for Communities In Schools and Community X.

Early life
Duncan was raised in Hyde Park, a Chicago neighborhood encompassing the University of Chicago. He is the son of Susan Goodrich (née Morton) and Starkey Davis Duncan Jr. His father was a psychology professor at the university and his mother runs the Sue Duncan Children's Center, an after-school program primarily serving African-American youth in the nearby Kenwood neighborhood.

Duncan attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools and later Harvard College, where he played on the basketball team and graduated magna cum laude in 1987 with a bachelor's degree in sociology. His senior thesis, for which he took a year's leave to do research in the Kenwood neighborhood, was entitled "The values, aspirations and opportunities of the urban underclass".

Basketball
While at Harvard, Duncan co-captained the varsity basketball team and was named a first team Academic All-American. From 1988 through 1991, Duncan played professional basketball, mostly in Australia, with teams including Melbourne's Eastside Spectres, of Australia's National Basketball League. Duncan also participated in the 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2020 NBA All-Star Weekend Celebrity Games. Comedian Kevin Hart conceded the 2014 MVP of the celebrity game to Duncan (20 points, 11 rebounds, 6 assists).

On May 11, 2014, Duncan was a member of the 2014 USA Basketball 3x3 Men's Championship Team. The team of Duncan, Jitim Young, Thomas Darrow and Craig Moore qualified to represent the United States in Moscow, Russia in the 24-country 2014 FIBA 3x3 World Championship from June 5–8. Duncan's schedule did not permit him to attend, but the team finished in 9th place in the 24-team tournament.

Career
After graduating, Duncan played professional basketball for several years until 1991. In 1992, childhood friend and investment banker John W. Rogers, Jr., appointed Duncan director of the Ariel Education Initiative, a program mentoring children at one of the city's worst-performing elementary schools and then assisting them as they proceeded further in the education system. After the school closed in 1996, Duncan and Rogers were instrumental in re-opening it as a charter school, Ariel Community Academy. In 1999, Duncan was appointed deputy chief of staff to Chicago Public Schools CEO Paul Vallas.

CEO of Chicago Public Schools
Mayor Richard M. Daley appointed Duncan to serve as Chief Executive Officer of Chicago Public Schools on June 26, 2001. As CEO, Duncan was in charge of the implementation of the Renaissance 2010 initiative and served as the public spokesman for it.

Opinions vary on Duncan's success as CEO. In 2009, Kathleen Kingsbury of Time noted improved test scores and described Duncan as a consensus builder. Jitu Brown, Rico Gustein, and Pauline Lipman wrote a 2009 article published by Rethinking Education which argued that notion of improvements having been made to the school system were largely a myth, and which expressed concern over the closure of neighborhood schools and their replacement by charter schools, and what they described as schools' militarization.

U.S. Secretary of Education
Duncan was appointed U.S. Secretary of Education by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the Senate on January 20, 2009. One of Duncan's initiatives as secretary has been a $4 billion Race to the Top competition. It asks states to vie for federal education dollars by submitting proposals that include reforms such as expanding charter schools and judging teachers partly on how well their students do on standardized tests.

Illinois Senator Dick Durbin condemned the Bush-Kennedy charter schools for Washington, D.C., and Duncan and Obama got the vouchers eliminated. Speaker of the House John Boehner had them restored.

In March 2011, Duncan said 82 percent of the nation's public schools could be failing by the following year under the standards of the No Child Left Behind law. The projection amounted to a startling spike from previous data, which showed that 37 percent of schools were on track to miss targets set by the law. "Four out of five schools in America would not meet their goals under [No Child Left Behind] by next year", Duncan said in his statement.

Addressing a group of school superintendents in late 2013, Arne Duncan stated that he found it "fascinating" that some of the opposition to the Common Core State Standards Initiative came from "white suburban moms who—all of a sudden—their child isn't as brilliant as they thought they were, and their school isn't as good as they thought they were." He was widely criticized for framing the controversy in racial terms.

On July 4, 2014, the National Education Association, the largest teacher's union in the United States, passed a resolution of "no confidence" in Duncan's leadership of the Department of Education and asked for his resignation.

On July 13, 2014, the American Federation of Teachers approved a resolution calling for Education Secretary Arne Duncan to resign if he does not improve under a plan to be implemented by President Barack Obama. The "improvement plan" would require that Duncan enact the equity and funding recommendations of the Equity Commission's "Each and Every Child" report; revise the No Child Left Behind and Race To The Top "test-and-punish" system of accountability to a "support-and-improve" structure; and "promote rather than question" teachers and school staff.

On October 2, 2015, Duncan announced he would be stepping down at the close of 2015, to be succeeded by John King Jr. The media stated his tenure had been marked by a "willingness to plunge head-on into the heated debate about the government's role in education."

After the Department of Education
In March 2016, Duncan announced he would join the Palo Alto-based education group Emerson Collective as a managing partner.

In March 2017, he was appointed a distinguished senior fellow at the University of Chicago's Harris School of Public Policy.

His 2018 book, How Schools Work: An Inside Account of Failure and Success From One of the Nation’s Longest-Serving Secretaries of Education, details his work pushing forward the Common Core standard and discusses examples of students falling far below the education level needed to pursue college that instigated this policy push.

In 2021, Duncan endorsed Deborah Kerr, his former high school teacher, in the non-partisan race for Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin. Though Duncan has no direct ties to Wisconsin, he said "I was lucky to have Dr. Kerr as a high school teacher, her care for students is evident...Wisconsin needs a strong leader in this role and I am thrilled this state has the chance to have her as their next state superintendent." Alongside State Senator Lena Taylor of Milwaukee, Duncan was one of very few prominent Democrats to endorse Kerr in the race.

In January 2022, Duncan expressed interest in running for Mayor of Chicago in the 2023 Chicago mayoral election. In March 2022, he announced that he had decided not to run.

Personal life
While playing professional basketball in Australia from 1988 through 1991 Duncan met his future wife, Karen Leanne Duncan, a native of Tasmania. Their children are Claire and Ryan.

As of October 2023, Arne still plays basketball at East Bank Club in Chicago and remains one of the best players on the floor.

title: Arne Duncan


text:
Zoe Cruz

Zoe Cruz (born Zoe Papadimitriou on February 2, 1955) is a Greek American senior banking executive and former co-president of Morgan Stanley. Currently, she serves as Founder and CEO of Menai Financial Group.

Early life and education
Cruz was born Zoe Papadimitriou in Greece. At the age of 14, she and her parents moved to Massachusetts, United States. She graduated from Harvard University magna cum laude with a B.A. in Romance Languages & Literatures in 1977 and earned a MBA from Harvard Business School in 1982.

Cruz is fluent in Greek, English, Spanish and French.

Career
In 1982, after graduating from business school and becoming a mother, Cruz was recruited by Morgan Stanley and had a 25-year tenure at the firm. She became a vice president in 1986, a Principal in 1988, and a managing director in 1990. From 2000 to 2005, she held the position of global Head of Fixed Income, Commodities and Foreign Exchange. She was appointed co-president on February 9, 2006.

In 2006, she was on the list of Forbes' 100 Most Powerful Women of the World and ranked in the #10 spot.

On November 29, 2007, Morgan Stanley announced that Cruz was resigning as co-president of the firm and that she would retire immediately.

Following Morgan Stanley, Cruz was on the board of trustees for the Harlem Children’s Zone, a nonprofit providing education and social service programs for children in New York. She also served on the Harvard College Dean’s Council, the board of directors for the Lincoln Center and as a full committee member for New York-Presbyterian Hospital.

Cruz also sat on the advisory board at Ondra Partners, an independent financial advisory firm founded in 2008.

In 2009, Cruz started hedge fund Vorás Capital Management, a macro, and credit fund. The firm was converted into EOZ Global, a single family office that invests in startups, in 2012. EOZ Global’s holdings span a number of industries, including biotech and manufacturing.

Cruz was appointed as a member of the Bowdoin College Investment Committee in 2012 and remains on the committee today.

In January 2014, Cruz, long dubbed "Cruz Missile," joined the Board of Anglo-South African financial behemoth Old Mutual as an independent non-executive director. She sat on its board of directors through 2018.

From 2016 to 2017, she was a senior advisor to regulatory consulting firm Promontory Financial Group LLC.

Cruz was appointed to the Advisory Council of the Harvard Kennedy School Center for Business and Government in 2016 and still serves on the council today.

Cruz was on the board of directors of Ripple from 2017 to 2019.

In 2018, Cruz was appointed a non-executive director and member of Man Group’s Board and Remuneration Committee, and she maintains these positions with the company to date.

In 2020, Cruz founded Menai Financial Group, a firm that provides institutional-grade investment products, market making services and infrastructure for the digital asset space.

Accolades
In 2015, Cruz was named one of Fortune’s “Most Powerful Women in Business”, and was recognized by The Wall Street Journal as a businesswoman “In Line to Lead.” She was named one of Forbes’ “Most Powerful Women” in 2005, 2006 and 2007. Cruz was named as the highest paid woman by Fortune in 2006, with total compensation of $30 million. In 2007, she was recognized as one of The Wall Street Journal’s “50 Women to Watch in Business,” one of Fortune’s “6 CEOs to Be” and “Power 50”, and one of American Banker’s “Most Powerful Women’s in Finance.” She has also been named one of Crain’s New York’s “Most Powerful Women.”

title: Zoe Cruz


text:
USS Merrill

USS Merrill may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Merrill (DE-392), a destroyer escort that served during World War II as a ship of the U.S. Coast Guard
 * USS Merrill (DD-976), a Spruance-class destroyer that served from 1978 to 1998

title: USS Merrill


text:
This Perfect Day (song)

"This Perfect Day" is a single by punk band The Saints. It was produced by Chris Bailey and Ed Kuepper and recorded and mixed at Roundhouse and Wessex Studios, London, in 1977.

The single made #34 in the UK charts, the band's only British Top 40 entry. The band appeared on Top of the Pops to promote the song.

Kuepper later mentioned, "I wrote it on my father's classical guitar, on Christmas Day (1976) at my parents' place when everybody had gone to church."

A re-recorded version of the song later appeared on The Saints' 1977 album Eternally Yours.

The Fall covered the song for their 1999 LP The Marshall Suite. Baby Woodrose covered the song on their 2004 album Dropout!. The song has also been covered by Tropical Fuck Storm (with Amy Taylor of Amyl and the Sniffers on lead vocals), appearing as the b-side to their 2020 single "Suburbiopia".

Reception
Critic Jon Savage said that the song, "speeded up the Rolling Stones "Paint It Black" riff into pure extinction. "This Perfect Day" is almost too fast: The group nearly come off the rails before singer Chris Bailey brings everything to a grinding halt in an extraordinary cluster of negatives." He later said the song was, "the most ferocious single to ever grace the UK Top 40."

Steve Taylor said "This Perfect Day" was, "the band's masterpiece. A short statement of resistance – delivered over a chugging beat and inventively deployed guitar." The Guardian considered the song "quite the most startling, wound-up noise recorded under the punk banner to that point. Bailey spat out the opening lines, atop the band's adrenalised clatter." Mojo called it, "an ultimate expression of teenage nihilism."

title: This Perfect Day (song)


text:
Rita Abatzi

Rita Abatzi (also spelled Abadzi; Ρίτα Αμπατζή; ? – 17 June 1969) was a Greek rebetiko musician who began her career in the first part of the 1930s.

Biography
She was born in Smyrna (now İzmir), in the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. Some sources have given her year of birth as 1903.

A singer of rebetiko, Smyrneika, and other music, she was a popular performer on gramophone records in the 1930s. During that decade, the only female singer of rebetiko who rivalled her in popularity, and in the number of her recordings, was Roza Eskenazi.

Abatzi performed with many of the most famous musicians including Kostas Skarvelis, Spyros Peristeris, Dimitrios Semsis, Markos Vamvakaris and Vassilis Tsitsanis. Her career ended after World War II.

She died in Egaleo (Athens). Her sister, Sofia Karivali, was also a notable singer of rebetiko.

Discography
Two collections dedicated to Rita Abatzi's recordings have been issued:
 * Rita Abatzi 1933–1938, Heritage
 * Rita Abatzi, Minos-Arkheio

Her recordings also appear on these anthologies:
 * Women of Rembetika, JSP/Amazon
 * Women of Rembetika 1908-1947, 4-CD collection, JSP/Amazon

title: Rita Abatzi