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Pyrogallol

Pyrogallol is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(OH)3. It is a water-soluble, white solid although samples are typically brownish because of its sensitivity toward oxygen. It is one of three isomers of benzenetriols.

Production and reactions
It is produced in the manner first reported by Scheele in 1786: heating gallic acid to induce decarboxylation.

Gallic acid is also obtained from tannin. Many alternative routes have been devised. One preparation involves treating para-chlorophenoldisulfonic acid with potassium hydroxide, a variant on the time-honored route to phenols from sulfonic acids.

Polyhydroxybenzenes are relatively electron-rich. One manifestation is the easy C-acetylation of pyrogallol.

Uses
It was once used in hair dyeing, dyeing of suturing materials. It also has antiseptic properties.

In alkaline solution, pyrogallol undergoes deprotonation. Such solutions absorb oxygen from the air, turning brown. This conversion can be used to determine the amount of oxygen in a gas sample, notably by the use of the Orsat apparatus. Alkaline solutions of pyrogallol have been used for oxygen absorption in gas analysis.

Use in photography
Pyrogallol was also used as a developing agent in the 19th and early 20th centuries in black-and-white developers. Hydroquinone is more commonly used today. Its use is largely historical except for special purpose applications. It was still used by a few notable photographers including Edward Weston. In those days it had a reputation for erratic and unreliable behavior, due possibly to its propensity for oxidation. It experienced a revival starting in the 1980s due largely to the efforts of experimenters Gordon Hutchings and John Wimberley. Hutchings spent over a decade working on pyrogallol formulas, eventually producing one he named PMK for its main ingredients: pyrogallol, Metol, and Kodalk (the trade name of Kodak for sodium metaborate). This formulation resolved the consistency issues, and Hutchings found that an interaction between the greenish stain given to film by pyro developers and the color sensitivity of modern variable-contrast photographic papers gave the effect of an extreme compensating developer. From 1969 to 1977, Wimberley experimented with the Pyrogallol developing agent. He published his formula for WD2D in 1977 in Petersen's Photographic. PMK and other modern pyro formulations are now used by many black-and-white photographers. The Film Developing Cookbook has examples.

Another developer mainly based on pyrogallol was formulated by Jay DeFehr. The 510-pyro, is a concentrate that uses triethanolamine as alkali, and pyrogallol, ascorbic acid, and phenidone as combined developers in a single concentrated stock solution with long shelf life. This developer has both staining and tanning properties and negatives developed with it are immune to the callier effect. It can be used for small and large negative formats.

The Darkroom Cookbook (Alternative Process Photography) has examples.

Safety
Pyrogallol use, e.g. in hair dye formulations, is declining because of concerns about its toxicity. Its (oral, rat) is 300 mg/kg.

Pure pyrogallol was found to be extremely genotoxic when inserted into cultured cells, but α amylase proteins protect against its toxicity during everyday exposure.

title: Pyrogallol


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File:SilverCometTrail.jpg

Silver Comet Trail in Georgia. Taken end of 2005 by Sebatl.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:SilverCometTrail.jpg


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User:Drezet/Afshar

Concerning the Afshar experiment
There is one year already the physicist S. Afshar (see preprint) working at Harvard university realized a very controversial experiment in order to refute the famous principle of Niels Bohr called complementarity. This experiment was described in an article of the British journal New scientist [(2457, 24 juillet 2004)]. It was clear for me since the beginning that the result was badly interpreted and that the reasoning of Afshar was misleading.

In order to refute the claim of Afshar I would like, here, to explain briefly my reasoning.

The optical experiment represented on the figure included is essentially an extension of a ‘gedanken’ experiment proposed by Wheeler and called the delayed choice experiment. A coherent light impinges on a screen containing two slits or apertures A and B. Light diffracts and produce interference fringes at large distance from the apertures. As well known we can use a lens L to observe these fringes in the focal plane (F). Alternatively we can decide to observe the image A' and B' of the holes in the image plane (I). This is simple and is only a problem of classical optics.

However difficulties arise if we consider the same problem with photon. Indeed a photon is a discrete entity which can produce a local click on a detector. If we suppose that light is made of particle how to explain the existence of the interference? This is the canonical problem called wave particle duality. Einstein and others, like de Broglie or Bohm, tried to justify this curiosity of nature but Bohr found a simple solution to this problem which is to dismiss the entire issue by avoiding any reference to objective reality. For Bohr and Heisenberg it is a complete non sense to search an explanation for such quantum behaviour. Indeed such explanation(s) could not be experimentally tested.

Bohr realized that effectively if you build up a model attributing a trajectory to photons then you should be able to observe experimentally these trajectories. If you can't do that your model is without any physical interest. However Bohr remarked that the observation of the path of the photon always disturbs the coherence of the wave and erase the interferences. In the present context we have the choice between detecting a photon in the image plane or in the focal plane. This means that we have the choice between using each photon to build up the images A' and B' ('which path' information) or the interferogram. But since a photon can not be absorbed twice we can not make the two observations with the same particle. This is the reason why Bohr called this property complementarity.

Now let go to the Afshar modification of the preceding experiment. Afshar decided to observe his photons in the image plane (I). Nevertheless he introduced in the focal plane a periodical grid of absorbing wires (in fact he worked just in front of the lens but this doesn't affect my reasoning). The wires are located at the exact minimum of the fringes. Naturally the experiment is not affected by this introduction because the intensity on the wires is close to zero producing consequently no additional disturbances or diffractions on the light propagation. The two spots in A' and B' are then unchanged.

However since no photon are absorbed this give us information on the intensity at the wires location. We know then that the probability for a photon to cross the section of the wire is null and this is already something. Afshar believes that this information is sufficient to prove the existence of fringes in the plane. He is wrong. Naturally he is however right saying that clearly the intensity can not be uniform in the focal plane. But he can not really say what the shape of the fringes in this plane is. Bohr’s principle speaks about physical observation not about metaphysical expectation. To define experimentally the fringes he should use other photons that the ones recorded in the image plane. If you need an analogy you can imagine the following situation. You are living in Paris and you can see from your beautiful flat (with a rent of 8000 $ per month) the apex of the Eiffel tower. Can you deduce from that the shape of the Eiffel tower? Obviously not... in the Afshar experiment every thing is the same.

This is clearly in disagreement with the conclusion of Afshar and is sufficient to refute all his reasoning.

Remarks concerning Unruh's reasoning
In august 2004 the well known physicist Unruh (see ) proposed a simple counter argument (i.e. a gedanken experiment) in order to reveal the mistake in the reasoning of S. Afshar. The gedanken experiment of Unruh uses a Mach-Zehnder version of the original set up build by Afshar and seems to be in appearance an elegant alternative to the experiment described in. However in spite of its interest it can be finally observed that the reasoning of Unruh missed the essential point of the argumentation. In order to prove that we will analyse briefly Unruh's proposal.

The experiment starts with the splitting of a initial photon wave packet into two by a half silvered mirror. The two wave packet 1 and 2 are then redirected on a second beam splitter and separated into the beams 3 and 4. Finally using two mirrors and a last beam splitter we obtain the two beams 5 and 6 (corresponding to the two spots A' and B' in Afshar's set up). Unruh observed correctly that his set up is for the essential equivalent to the one build by Afshar. He remarked in particular that if no absorbing device is introduced in the interferometer then the photon will never follow the path 4. This is clearly equivalent to the existence of fringes in front of Afshar's lens. After crossing the last beam splitter the photon has a probability of 50% to be detected in 5 or 6. However, and this is fundamental, nobody can tell us with this set up from which path 1 or 2 comes the photon detected in 5 or 6. We can be tempted to close one of the two paths 1 or 2 in order to see effectively the path followed by the photon. If we do that we always record the photon in 5 if 2 is blocked and in 6 if 1 is blocked. Additionally the photon has the same probability to be in the arm 3 an 4 which means no interference. This is clearly the equivalent of the single slit experiment (i.e. a single path experiment).

Nevertheless by closing one of the two paths we have different physical situations. It is indeed evident that we can not reproduce the interference observed in 4 and 3 simply by adding the results observed in the two single path experiments. This is the reason why in the double path experiment of Unruh nobody can tell from which path 1 or 2 comes a photon detected in 5 or 6. It is then not true to tell that the photon observed in 5 (respectively 6) has a probability of 100% of coming from 1 (respectively 2) since nobody can test this fact experimentally without strongly disturbing the system. The same conclusion is valid with the lens. We observed two spots A' and B' but we don’t know if the photon detected comes from A or B: This is a metaphysical question for a quantum physicist. What we can deduce from the observation in 5 and 6 or in A' and B' is the number of photons coming from 1 and 2 but this is only a statistical result which should not be confused with the concept of which path information.

Now Unruh add a beam block in the arm 4. In the double path experiment this changes nothing because no waves propagate in this arm. This is clearly the same conclusion that the one obtained with the wires in the focal plane of the lens. However in the single path experiments the results are different since the beam going through 4 is blocked: the photon has now an equal chance to be recorded in 5 or 6. Unruh deduced from that that in the double path set up a photon detected in 5 or 6 has a probability of 50% of coming from 1 or 2. He then concludes that the experiment of Afshar doesn't conserve which path path information. However as analyzed previously the concept of which path information is dangerous and fallacious in quantum mechanics. Indeed by adding again the statistical prediction of the two single path experiments (i.e. by adding the number of particle observed )we can not create the 'fringes' present in 3 and 4. It is then wrong to tell that in the double path experiment with absorber in 4 the photon detected in 5 or 6 has an equal chance to come from 1 and 2. In reality nobody knows it and nobody can really test such assumption without changing dramatically the experimental situations.

It can be added that the experiment of Afshar differs from the one proposed by Unruh on one point: if we introduce the wires in the single slit experiment the probability for the photon to be scattered or absorbed is only of few percents. This is far from the 50% of Unruh and this proves again that the essential point is not the hypothetical dualism between which path and interference but the complementarity between the observation in the focal plane and the image plane (Afshar's experiment). It can be observed finally that in Unruh's double paths experiment with absorber in 4 we can simultaneously measure the number of photon in 5 an 6 and be sure that no photon goes through the arm 4 (in the other case the absorber should count some photons). On this point the conclusion is different regarding Unruh's or Afshar's experiment since we explained previously that in the afsahr experiment the complete knowledge of the fringes and of the images can not be obtained with the same particles. The present discussion is not however in contradiction with our analysis of Afshar's experiment. Indeed in the experiment of Afshar the numbers of photons in the focal and image plane are associated with two non commutative observable (momentum and position) which are consequently complementary. It is then forbidden to build up simultaneously (i.e. by using the same particles) the two statistics in the two planes. But such constraint doesn't exist in the experiment of Unruh since the observation in 5 and 6 are not complementary of the observation in 4 and 3. Unruh's experiment is then not a test of complementarity and can not be compared to the experiment of Afshar.

title: User:Drezet/Afshar


text:
National Paralympic Games

The National Paralympic Games are high-level multi-sport events held at the national level by the International Paralympic Committee and national Paralympic Committees in non-Olympic years. The events provide competitions for disabled athletes.

The Games started in 1948. A man by the name of Ludwig Guttmann created the events and competition for World War 2 veterans that had spinal injuries.

Sports
In the Paralympic Games they divide the athletes into different categories based on their disability the categories include:

Amputee:-Athletes with a partial or total loss of at least one limb.

Cerebral Palsy:-Athletes with non-progressive brain damage, for example cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke or similar disabilities affecting muscle control, balance or coordination.

Intellectual Disability:-Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning and associated limitations in adaptive behaviour (currently suspended.)

Wheelchair:-Athletes with spinal cord injuries and other disabilities which require them to compete in a wheelchair.

Visually Impaired:-Athletes with vision impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness.

Athletes with a physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other five categories, such as dwarfism, multiple sclerosis or congenital deformities of the limbs such as that caused by thalidomide.

The events that the athletes can participate in are IPC Alpine Skiing, Archery, IPC Athletics, Biathlon, Boccia, Canoe, Cross-country skiing, Cycling, Equestrian, Football 5-a-side, Football 7-a-a-side, Goalball, IPC Iced Sledge Hockey, Judo, IPC Powerlifting, Rowing, Sailing, IPC Shooting, Sitting Volleyball, IPC Swimming, Table tennis, Triathlon, Wheelchair Basketball, Wheelchair curling, Wheelchair dance, Wheelchair fencing, Wheelchair rugby, and Wheelchair tennis.

List of national Paralympic Games

 * Canadian Paralympic Athletics Championships
 * National Paralympic Games of China

title: National Paralympic Games


text:
Phospholamban

Phospholamban, also known as PLN or PLB, is a micropeptide protein that in humans is encoded by the PLN gene. Phospholamban is a 52-amino acid integral membrane protein that regulates the calcium (Ca2+) pump in cardiac muscle cells.

Function
This protein is found as a pentamer and is a major substrate for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in cardiac muscle. In the unphosphorylated state, phospholamban is an inhibitor of cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) which transports calcium from cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When phosphorylated (by PKA) - disinhibition of Ca2+-ATPase of SR leads to faster Ca2+ uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, thereby contributing to the lusitropic response elicited in heart by beta-agonists. The protein is a key regulator of cardiac diastolic function. Mutations in this gene are a cause of inherited human dilated cardiomyopathy with refractory congestive heart failure.

When phospholamban is phosphorylated by PKA, its ability to inhibit SERCA2 is lost. Thus, activators of PKA, such as the beta-adrenergic agonist epinephrine (released by sympathetic stimulation), may enhance the rate of cardiac myocyte relaxation. In addition, since SERCA2 is more active, the next action potential will cause an increased release of calcium, resulting in increased contraction (positive inotropic effect). When phospholamban is not phosphorylated, such as when PKA is inactive, it can interact with and inhibit SERCA. Thus, the overall effect of unphosphorylated phospholamban is to decrease contractility and the rate of muscle relaxation, thereby decreasing stroke volume and heart rate, respectively.

Clinical significance
Gene knockout of phospholamban results in animals with hyperdynamic hearts, with little apparent negative consequence.

Mutations in this gene are a cause of inherited human dilated cardiomyopathy with refractory congestive heart failure.

Discovery
Phospholamban was discovered by Arnold Martin Katz and coworkers in 1974.

Interactions
PLN has been shown to interact with SLN and SERCA1.

title: Phospholamban


text:
Talk:Cyclodextrin

cyclodextrins as drugs
There are currently five (5) clinical trials with “cyclodextrin” against ”NPC1” listed in clinicaltrials.gov. The EFSA has approved a health claim (reduction of postprandial glucose excursions) for alpha-CD. Why is that not enough evidence for cyclodextrins being investigated as treatments?

Untitled
In a cyclodextrin the primary hydroxyls line one rim of the toroid (or '6-rim') and the secondary hydroxyls line the other rim (the slightly wider '2,3-rim', thus alpha- and betacyclodextrin are bucket shaped), the result being that all the hydroxyls are on the outside and the cavity only has C-H bonds within it. This means that the external surface is hydrophilic and the internal surface hydrophobic. Thus in aqueous solution, inclusion complexes readily form with hydrophobic molecules, many of which demonstrate high directional selectivity relative to the axis of the toroid.

An interesting point is that the primary hydroxyls can point inwards towards the axis of the toroid. If the nerve agent sarin is complexed, these primary hydroxyls are perfectly oriented to attack the sarin molecule in an example of supramolecularly catalysed breakdown of a substance.

Cyclodextrin topology

 * The info dealing with the topological positioning of the hydroxyl groups within cyclodextrins was removed by a user with ip 137.43.156.123 in the revision of 20:10, 26 October 2005, maybe because such data was somewhat confusing. However I think this information is quite important to understand why cyclodextrins show their particular complexing capacity: for this reason I decided to put it back into the Structure section in what is hopefully a bit more clear fashion. If anyone has suggestions as to how to simplify the concept, modifications are welcome. Berserker79 13:05, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the topology and orientation of the hydroxy groups is of high importance for the understanding of the chemical reactivity of cyclodextrins. I suggest to add the information of 2- and 3-hydroxy being at the wider brim and 6-hydroxy being on the narrow side of the toroid. Kajjo, 25. Jan 06

Chemical Structure

 * I'd like to suggest to update the chemical structure to reflect the correct axial and equatorial orientations of the 2-, 3- and 6-hydroxy groups in each glucose unit. I know this probably requires a redraw of the really nice graphic. However, since the inherent chirality of cyclodextrins is of importance as is the stereochemistry of sugars, this update appears to be desirable. Kajjo, 25. Jan 06

 * I'll try to redraw the cyclodextrins picture in the next days to include the suggested details: that could also help clarify the statament about the molecule topology. Don't know when it will be ready however. Berserker79 12:46, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Industrial vs. Scientific Usage
Kajjo, 25. Jan 06
 * I would like to add a paragraph on the analytical applications of cyclodextrins in enantioselective gas chromatography. Any comments on that?
 * Thus, we could change "Uses" to "Industrial Applications" and add the paragraph "Scientific Applications"
 * I added a gamma CD Jpeg showing the torrid shape and spatial arrangement of the glucose monomers. It is simplistic but may give the reader a three dimensional perspective. Thoughts? An "Industrial applications" would be a great idea as it would allow an organized format for others to contribute their respective expertise. MDW 07. Dec.06

Sentence needs rewording

 * This sentence needs rewording: "Recently, the largest well-characterized cyclodextrin contains 32 1,4-anhydroglucopyranoside units, while as a poorly characterized mixture, even at least 150-membered cyclic oligosaccharides are also known."

 * That is just one example of many, the quality of the English in this article is quite dire and needs a major overhaul Azo bob (talk) 08:55, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

"Easily" available to whom?

 * Another sentence that needs rephrasing: "The production of cyclodextrins is relatively simple and involves treatment of ordinary starch with a set of easily available enzymes." I'm unaware that you can just walk into a store and buy the enzymes that are mentioned after this sentence. It sounds like they'd only be available to certain institutions that have the right connections. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.101.198.62 (talk) 04:10, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

References needed
This page is full of good information but is sadly lacking when it comes to specific references. M stone 04:05, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

concentrations
Does anyone know how concentrations are typically determined for cyclodextrins? By weight? What about crystal waters?

Have the long-term health effects of exposure to cyclodextrin been studied?
Have the long-term health effects of exposure to cyclodextrin been studied? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.105.0.100 (talk) 23:26, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

 * There is nothing to support the statement that cyclodextrins have application in the food industry, as stated. They are not FDA approved food additives.  I don't see research showing their safety for consumption.  I would like to discuss this issue with whoever inserted that into the listing.  But, of course, that's impossible with this screwy Wikipedia game where no one is responsible for anything, and no discussion can take place.  Beekeepers (talk) 19:21, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The United States is not the only country on Earth, so the fact that they are not approved by the FDA doesn't immediately imply that they don't have application in the food industry somewhere. That said, the statement you're referring to is indeed missing support, so feel free to tag or remove it.
 * I don't understand what "screwy Wikipedia game" you're talking about. Are you talking about Wikipedia in general? If so, the talk page for the cyclodextrin article is not the place. —Keenan Pepper 23:22, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I did a simple Google search and it revealed that you're completely wrong. All three common cyclodextrins are Generally Recognized As Safe by the FDA, so I added the references (from fda.gov) to the article. They were quite easy to find. —Keenan Pepper 23:44, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Brain effects
Shu, Zeng, Wang, Covey, Zorumski, Mennerick

Cyclodextrins sequester neuroactive steroids and differentiate mechanisms that rate limit steroid actions

Br J Pharmacol. 2007 January; 150(2): 164–175.

Published online 2006 December 11. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706973

 * [C]yclodextrins form inclusion complexes with at least some steroids that are active at the GABA(A) receptor, such as (3alpha,5alpha)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (3alpha5alphaP, allopregnanolone). ... gamma-cyclodextrins can be useful, albeit non-specific, tools for terminating the actions of multiple classes of naturally occurring neuroactive steroids.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.190.133.143 (talk) 17:59, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

SBE-β-CD / SBE beta cyclodextrins (e.g. Captisol)
Captisol® is a patent protected, uniquely modified cyclodextrin, whose chemical structure was rationally designed to maximize safety and optimize interaction to improve the solubility, stability, bioavailability or lessen volatility, irritation, smell or taste.

Captisol® is a patent protected, uniquely modified cyclodextrin, whose chemical structure was rationally designed to maximize safety...

''Captisol® is a polyanionic beta-cyclodextrin derivative with a sodium sulfonate salt separated from the lipophilic cavity by a butyl ether spacer group, or sulfobutylether (SBE). Captisol® is not a single chemical species, but comprised of a multitude of polymeric structures of varying degrees of substitution and positional/regional isomers dictated and controlled to a uniform pattern by a patented manufacturing process consistently practiced and improved to control impurities.''

''The selection of Captisol® and its desirable safety profile and drug solubilization properties was based upon extensive evaluations of the mono, tetra and hepta-substituted dominated compositions. Captisol® is the trade name for Ligand's modified beta-cyclodextrin technology.''

''Several hundred of pre-clinical and clinical studies have been performed and indicate that Captisol® is safe when administered parenterally or orally and does not exhibit the nephrotoxicity associated with beta-cyclodextrin. Relative to beta-cyclodextrin, Captisol® provides higher interaction characteristics and superior water solubility in excess of 100 grams/100 ml – a 50-fold improvement.''

Could any of the above be added as a specific sub-type cyclodextrin of the beta type. It seems if the above doesn't display the nephrotoxic effects usual to the beta class to which it belongs, that it's particular subtype would be note worthy enough for at least mention in a section of this article page. 71.32.253.184 (talk) 06:09, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
 * That seems too highly promotional to me. It would have to be rephrased to be added.  -- Ed (Edgar181) 11:11, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

Toxicity (oral)

 * The renal toxicity of α-CD and β-CD after parenteral administration (Frank et al., 1976) as well as problems with a number of modified CDs have been well documented (Irie and Uekama, 1997; Thompson, 1997; Gould and Scott, 2005).

ABOVE QUOTE FROM:

Stella VJ, He Q Cyclodextrins

Toxicol Pathol. 2008 Jan;36(1):30-42. doi: 10.1177/0192623307310945.

Full free text: http://tpx.sagepub.com/content/36/1/30.long

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337219

CITING

Frank DW, Gray JE, Weaver RN

Cyclodextrin nephrosis in the rat.

Am J Pathol 83:367–82. (1976)

Irie T1, Uekama K.

Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins. III. Toxicological issues and safety evaluation.

J Pharm Sci. 1997 Feb;86(2):147-62.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9040088?dopt=Abstract

Thompson DO

Cyclodextrins—enabling excipients: their present and future use in pharmaceuticals.

Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 14:1–104. (1997)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9043816?dopt=Abstract

Gould S, Scott RC

2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD): a toxicology review.

Food Chem Toxicol.

2005 Oct;43(10):1451-9.

Epub 2005 Apr 19.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16018907?dopt=Abstract

Stella and He state, regarding last cite, that:
 * An updated toxicology review on HP-β-CD was published recently (Gould and Scott, 2005).

Research: Cyclodextrin clears cholesterol plaques, etc.
In mice fed high-cholesterol diets, cyclodextrin cleared away plaques and helped prevent more plaques from forming, Latz and his colleagues found. The chemical also activated cholesterol metabolism that boosted clearance of the waxy substance from arteries, plus dampened inflammation responses that spur atherosclerosis.

Using blood vessel tissue from human patients with atherosclerosis, researchers found that cyclodextrin induced the same changes in the human cells as it did in the mice.

The study shows that cyclodextrin is a promising new treatment for atherosclerosis in humans. Mike dill (talk) 05:28, 9 April 2016 (UTC)

In accordance with Wikipedia guidelines, a recent review paper was added, 3 Mar 2024.

 * How was the cyclodextrin administered to those atherosclerotic mice: orally? subcutaneously? IV? parenterally? Please add that to the article.

Phantom in ca (talk) 18:59, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

Notes on research that should be incorporated into article when we get around to it: Frappyjohn (talk) 23:12, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Ars Technica 4/7/2016 - Sweet drug clears cholesterol, reverses heart disease—and was found by parents
 * Science Daily 4/8/2016 - Cyclodextrin dissolves away cholesterol crystals Drug used for rare disease may be able to treat heart disease
 * Science 11/9/2018 - Drug for rare disease disappoints in key trial
 * Parkinsons News Today 12/4/2018 - Essential Oil From Brazilian Plant Delays Parkinson’s Impairment in Mouse Model, Study Shows

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title: Talk:Cyclodextrin


text:
William Smith (South Carolina politician, born 1751)

William Smith (September 20, 1751 –June 22, 1837) was a U.S. congressman, state senator and judge from South Carolina.

Smith was born in Bucks County in the Province of Pennsylvania, the oldest son of Ralph Smith and Mercy Penquite Smith. He moved to what became Spartanburg District, South Carolina with his family in 1765, where he became a planter. He fought in the Revolutionary War and served as a county judge from 1785 to 1797. He served in the South Carolina Senate from the Spartanburg District from 1790 to 1796 and was later elected a Democratic-Republican to the fifth congress serving from 1797 to 1799. He was elected back to the South Carolina Senate serving from 1810 to 1818. He died in the Spartanburg District in 1837.


text:
Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.

Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. is located at the corner of 8th and I streets, Southeast in Washington, D.C. Established in 1801, it is a National Historic Landmark, the oldest post in the United States Marine Corps, the official residence of the Commandant of the Marine Corps since 1806, and the main ceremonial grounds of the Corps. It is home to the U.S. Marine Drum and Bugle Corps ("The Commandant's Own") and the U.S. Marine Band ("The President's Own"). Barracks Marines conduct ceremonial missions in and around the National Capital Region as well as abroad. They also provide security at designated locations around Washington, D.C. as necessary, and Barracks officers are part of the White House Social Aide Program.

Marine Barracks Washington and the Historic Home of the Commandants were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. A 6 acre property with eight contributing buildings was included in the listing. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.

History
The buildings at the Marine Barracks are some of the oldest in Washington, D.C. In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson and Lieutenant Colonel William Ward Burrows, the commandant of the Marine Corps, rode horses about the new capital to find a place suitable for the Marines near the Washington Navy Yard. They chose a location within marching distance of both the Navy Yard and the Capitol and hired architect George Hadfield to design the barracks and the Commandant's House.

When the British burned Washington during the War of 1812, they also captured the Marine barracks. It is traditionally held within the Marine Corps that, out of respect for the brave showing of the Marines at the Battle of Bladensburg, the British refrained from burning the barracks and the Commandant's House. Though neither Admiral George Cockburn nor General Robert Ross mentioned the Marines specifically in their conversation with the wounded Commodore Joshua Barney, it is now widely acknowledged that the compliment extends towards both Barney's 300 Navy flotilla men and the 103 Marines present.

The Marines had brought three 12-pounder artillery pieces to act as the core of Barney's line. The Flotilla would not have held their ground had it not been for the cannon dispensing grape and canister volleys into the 85th Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry). This is supported by the fact that Baltimore artillery (also covering the bridge at the Washington Turnpike) on the Marines' right flank was only firing round shot in an attempt to stop Lieutenant General William Thornton from crossing the bridge. Round shot, in general, is ineffective against dispersed troops such as the light infantry of the 85th.

This account of events still survives:

"The people of the flotilla, under the orders of Captain Barney and the Marines, were justly applauded for their excellent conduct on this occasion. No troops could have stood better; and the fire of both artillery and musketry has been described as to the last degree severe. Captain Barney himself, and Captain Miller, of the Marine Corps, in particular, gained much additional reputation; and their conspicuous gallantry caused a deep and general regret that their efforts could not have been sustained by the rest of the army."The "last stand" of the sailors and Marines is to this day immortalized by Colonel Charles Waterhouse's painting of Captain Miller's Marines manning two of the three 12-pound Gribeuaval type cannon. The three cannon were hauled from the Marine barracks onto the battlefield to cover a strategic bridgehead. This event has also been marked by sculptor Joanna Blake of Cottage City in her "Undaunted in Battle." It shows a wounded Barney being helped by a Marine and flanked by a sailor presumably representing a member of the flotilla. The background shows a wheeled cannon, likely one of the three hauled to the battlefield by the Marines.

Square 927, now the block surrounded by 8th & I, and 9th & G Streets S.E., was entered in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was then designated a National Historic Landmark by the Department of the Interior in 1976. 8th and I has been the home of the Silent Drill Platoon and the Marine Band since the barracks' establishment in 1801 and the residence of the commandant since 1806 when the Commandant's House was completed. The Commandant's House is the only original building left in the complex, the remainder having been rebuilt in 1900 and 1907, to designs by architects Hornblower & Marshall. The Marine Corps Institute moved to the barracks from its previous home at Marine Barracks Quantico in 1920. The Drum and Bugle Corps has been based at the barracks since its formation in 1934.

The barracks complex is one of the oldest government buildings in continuous use in Washington, D.C., though some sources conflict on whether the White House is a year older. While traditionally known as the "oldest post in the Corps", Marines did serve at the Charlestown Navy Yard in Boston a year earlier, though they did not have a permanent detachment until 1805 nor a barracks until 1810, and it was vacated in 1974. The Tun Tavern is considered the birthplace of the Corps, having been used for one of the first Continental Marines' recruiting drives in 1775, though it is disputed if it occurred before one at Samuel Nicholas' family tavern, the Conestoga Waggon [sic].

During the early days of the Civil War and prior to Lincoln's mobilization, the barracks housed about 300 to 400 marines.

Units

 * CMC Home from the parade deck.jpguarters and Service Company
 * Marine Corps Enlisted Aide Program
 * Ceremonial Company A
 * 1st Platoon
 * 2nd Platoon
 * Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon
 * United States Marine Corps Color Guard
 * Ceremonial Company B
 * 1st Platoon
 * 2nd Platoon
 * 3rd Platoon
 * Marine Corps Body Bearers
 * Guard Company
 * Marines serving the White House Communications Agency
 * Security Company
 * United States Marine Band
 * United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps
 * Marines of the United States Naval Academy

Duties
The Marines assigned to the D.C. barracks must meet strict height, weight, and background check standards, since they perform in ceremonial parades, funerals, and other ceremonies for presidential and other national dignitaries. During the summer months, a sunset parade is held every Tuesday evening at the Marine Corps War Memorial in Rosslyn, Virginia near Arlington National Cemetery. In addition, an evening parade takes place at the Barracks every Friday evening from late spring until the end of summer. Since 2018, the sunset parade from the Barracks is broadcast on Facebook Live on select dates via the official FB page of the US Marine Corps, weather conditions permitting.
 * Funeral escort for Marines and dignitaries.
 * Ceremonial honor guard for state functions.
 * Security forces for Camp David and the White House Communications Agency.
 * Parades:
 * Friday Evening Parade
 * Tuesday Sunset Parade at the Iwo Jima Memorial
 * Training to maintain MOS proficiency and emergency preparedness.

2018 Housing Complex Fire
On September 19th, 2018, a senior citizen housing complex directly adjacent to the Marine Barrack's Annex location in southeast D.C., caught fire mid afternoon, prompting an immediate response from Marines and Sailors stationed there. Videos shared to news outlets and social media showcased the quick response from all units stationed at the barracks, with Marines and Sailors assisting with patient movement, assessment, and treatment by local medical personnel and responding EMS services. Of the 190 residents of the complex, all were successfully extracted with only 6 patients being sent to local hospitals for minor injuries. President Donald Trump later visited the barracks in November that same year to thank the Marines involved with the response in a private ceremony.

title: Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.


text:
Battle of Fort Pitt

The Battle of Fort Pitt (in Saskatchewan) was part of a Cree uprising coinciding with the Métis revolt that started the North-West Rebellion in 1885. Cree warriors began attacking Canadian settlements on April 2. On April 15, they captured Fort Pitt from a detachment of North-West Mounted Police.

Background
In the Canadian North-West, a period of escalating unrest immediately preceded the rebellion as Ottawa refused to negotiate with its disaffected citizens. While the Métis under Louis Riel declared a provisional government and mobilized their forces, Cree chief Big Bear was not planning any militarization or violence toward the Canadian settlers or government. Rather, he had tried to unify the Cree into a political confederacy powerful enough to oppose the marginalization of native people in Canadian society and renegotiate unjust land treaties imposed on Saskatchewan natives in the 1860s.

This nominally peaceful disposition was shattered in late March by news of the Métis victory over government forces at Duck Lake. Support for Riel was strong among native peoples. On April 2, Big Bear's warriors attacked the town of Frog Lake, killing nine civilians. Big Bear, against his wishes, was drawn into the rebellion.

Similar attacks continued, with Cree raiding parties pillaging the towns of Lac La Biche Saddle Lake, Beaverhill Lake, Bear Hills, Lac St. Anne and Green Lake. These events prompted the mobilization of an Alberta field force under Thomas Bland Strange. The Cree would later defeat the Albertans at the Battle of Frenchman's Butte.

Battle
On April 15, 1885 Cree warriors descended on Fort Pitt. They intercepted a police scouting party, killing a constable, wounding another, and captured a third. Surrounded and outnumbered, garrison commander Francis Dickens (son of famed novelist Charles Dickens) capitulated and agreed to negotiate with the attackers. Big Bear released the remaining police officers but kept the townspeople as hostages and destroyed the fort. Six days later, Inspector Dickens and his men reached safety at Battleford.

Legacy
In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck lake, that "the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples' struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada today." Fort Pitt, the scene of the Battle of Fort Pitt, is a Provincial Park and National Historic site where a National Historic Sites and Monuments plaque designates where Treaty six was signed.

title: Battle of Fort Pitt


text:
Gassman indole synthesis

The Gassman indole synthesis is a series of chemical reactions used to synthesize substituted indoles by addition of an aniline and a ketone bearing a thioether substituent.

This is a one-pot chemical reaction, and none of the intermediates are isolated. R1 can be hydrogen or alkyl, while R2 works best with aryl, but can also be alkyl. Electron-rich anilines, such as 4-methoxyaniline, tend to fail in this reaction.

The 3-position thiomethyl group is often removed using Raney nickel to give the 3-H-indole.

Reaction mechanism

The reaction mechanism of the Gassman indole synthesis is divided among three steps.

The first step is the oxidation of the aniline 1 using tert-butyl hypochlorite (tBuOCl) to give the chloramine 2.

The second step is the addition of the keto-thioether to give the sulfonium ion 3, and is typically done at low temperatures (−78 °C).

The third and final step is the addition of a base, which in this case is triethylamine. Upon warming to room temperature, the base will deprotonate the sulfonium ion creating the sulfonium ylide 4, which quickly undergoes a [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to give the ketone 5. The ketone 5 will undergo a facile condensation to give the desired 3-thiomethylindole 6.

title: Gassman indole synthesis


text:
Talk:Crown of Scotland

Comment
The photograph. Source? SuperChief 17:04, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Scotbadge tn.png
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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --04:41, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

What was abolished in 1975?
The article says,
 * From 1927 until its abolition in 1975, the crown, together with the sword and sceptre, appeared on the coat of arms of the Scottish county of Kincardineshire, where they were all kept hidden in the 17th century during the Civil War.

Here, the "it" in "its abolition" seems to refer to "the crown", but I gather the Crown of Scotland has never been abolished. I suspect it was the county of Kincardineshire that was abolished in 1975. In any case, the sentence needs to be rewritten by some knowledgeable editor to remove the incorrect suggestion that the crown was abolished in 1975 (and to add a citation to some reliable source). J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 19:49, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060519085657/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/nmCentre/news/news-04/pa04-062.htm to http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/nmCentre/news/news-04/pa04-062.htm

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The article says that the Crown's rim has four strawberry-leaves and that is not correct.
As of the date of this Talk-page post, the article says the Crown's rim is ornamented with four strawberry-leaves alternating with four fleur-de-lis. Anyone who looks at any photo of this Crown anywhere on the internet can see that that is blatantly wrong. Those aren't strawberry-leaves, which have three similar elements with a common center. (Look at Wikipedia's own assertion on what the Coronet of a Duke in the United Kingdom looks like to see strawberry-leaves.) Those are crosses, as they have FOUR similar elements from a common center, and WIKIPEDIA'S OWN ARTICLE on the Honours of Scotland says those are "crosses fleury". Also, you should be able to tell at a glance, without counting, that this rim can't possibly have only eight (four of each) ornaments on it. It takes some working out, but it probably has 20 ornaments, or 10 of each, on it. There's a way someone could miscount the ornaments and get, say, 12, or 10, but not eight. It indicates that someone simply didn't count them but pasted text without verifying it against any photo. (There is a progression of five ornaments from the footing of one half-arch to the footing of the next half-arch. That's 20, going all around. The front-to-back half-arch springs from, at both ends, a cross fleury, and the left-to-right half-arch springs from, at both ends, a fleur-de-lis. If the cross on top of the crown is not visible as a cross to someone looking at the Monarch's face, but, rather, rides in the plane of travel and so is visible as a cross only from the sides, then the reverse of what I said about the arches' terminals is true.)

 * The source of this error cannot possibly come from someone who has actually LOOKED at a photograph of this Crown. The error may come from

http://www.thecourtjeweller.com/2017/08/the-crown-of-scotland.html

 * which has a lot of photos of this Crown that ALSO show it to obviously lack strawberry-leaves, but contains text saying these are strawberry-leaves. But a falsehood, since it's been "published", is good enough to be a Wikipedia citation.

 * The greater concern here is not that Wikipedia is spreading highly incorrect information about what is almost certainly TEN crosses fleury and cannot POSSIBLY be FOUR strawberry-leaves on the rim of this Crown. The problem has to do with living in a post-truth post-fact authoritarian age. As a child I read about what "science" was like, in the days before it was scientific. People would cite various authorities as to how many teeth a horse had. Then one day, some person whose name I no longer remember decided that maybe the way to settle the question was to count the teeth on a horse. He counted the teeth on all of the living horses he owned. The stable staff were told to notify him of equine deaths, and he would get the skulls and count the teeth. He published his findings. In doing so, he impugned the integrity of a great many Learned Doctors, and was thus banned from the community of learned discourse.

 * And yet with Wikipedia we are still no further along than that. Any child can count the ornaments on the rim of this Crown and while it's hard to find a photo that enables you to count clearly you can tell AT ONCE that it can't be only eight. (Eight would simply be all the arch-footings and one other ornament in-between all the arch-footings. In an INSTANT, merely by GLANCING at this Crown, you can tell that the density of ornament-placement between arch-footings is a LOT GREATER than merely ONE "spacer" ornament in each quarter-arc interval.)

 * That someone would simply copy and paste text from another source, and that the mere EXISTENCE of this other source meets Wikipedia's standards for "truth", when the very text thus pasted cannot POSSIBLY be reconciled with what every photo shows is GLARINGLY true of this Crown, nor be reconciled with mentions of this Crown in other Wikipedia pages, and that such an editor doesn't promptly have their edits reverted and isn't promptly banned for life (as should be done for someone posting a photo of a horse's skull with xyz number of teeth simultaneous with text from "Learned Authorities" asserting (in a "reliable published source") that the number of teeth in a horse's skull is vastly smaller or vastly greater than xyz), this is why Wikipedia has the dismal reputation that it has. There are endless articles that are contradicted by other articles, and yet someone pointing out that two contradictory articles cannot be true just has their talk-comments erased with the admonishment "Wikipedia cannot be used as sources for Wikipedia". So, your position is that two contradictory things (two articles, or a paragraph of text contradicted by a photograph) CAN be true. How is that enhancing your reputation?2603:7000:9906:A91C:1C64:8308:33BC:E2D6 (talk) 12:13, 5 March 2021 (UTC)Christopher Lawrence Simpson

title: Talk:Crown of Scotland


text:
Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im

Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im (عبد الله أحمد النعيم; born in 1946) is a Sudanese-born Islamic scholar who lives in the United States and teaches at Emory University. He is the Charles Howard Candler Professor of Law at Emory University School of Law, associated professor in the Emory College of Arts and Sciences, and Senior Fellow of the Center for the Study of Law and Religion of Emory University.

An internationally recognized scholar of Islam and human rights and human rights in cross-cultural perspectives, Professor An-Na'im teaches courses in international law, comparative law, human rights, and Islamic law. His research interests include constitutionalism in Islamic and African countries, secularism, and Islam and politics. Professor An-Na'im directed the following research projects which focus on advocacy strategies for reform through internal cultural transformation:

 * Women and Land in Africa
 * Islamic Family Law
 * Fellowship Program in Islam and Human Rights
 * The Future of Sharia: Islam and the Secular State

Professor An-Na'im's current research projects include a study of Muslims and the secular state, and of human rights from state-centric to people-centered. He continues to further develop his theory advanced in his book Islam and the Secular State.

Biography
An-Na'im was born in the Sudan, where he was greatly influenced by the Islamic reform movement of Mahmoud Mohamed Taha. He is a naturalized American citizen, but retains Sudanese citizenship.
 * Early life

An-Na'im earned a PhD (Law) from University of Edinburgh (Scotland) in 1976; LLB (Honours) and Diploma in Criminology (MA) at University of Cambridge (England), 1973; LLB (Honours) at University of Khartoum (Sudan), 1970.
 * Education

In February 2009, An-Na'im received an Honorary Doctorate from the Université catholique de Louvain (UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve) and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (K.U. Leuven, Leuven), Belgium. He also serves as Global Legal Scholar at the Law School, University of Warwick, UK (until November 2009); and Extraordinary Professor at the Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria (until November 2009).
 * Career

Author

 *  Decolonizing Human Rights (Cambridge University Press, 2021)
 *  What is an American Muslim? Embracing Faith and Citizenship (Oxford University Press, 2014)
 *  Muslims and Global Justice (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010)
 *  Islam and Human Rights, Collected Essays in Law Series, edited by Mashood A. Baderin (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2010)
 *  Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari'a (Harvard University Press, 2008). First published in Indonesian by Mizan publisher in 2007, Arabic by Merit publisher in 2010, and Chinese by China Social Science Press in 2017
 *  African Constitutionalism and the Role of Islam (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006)
 *  Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights and International Law (Syracuse University Press, 1990). First published in Arabic in 1994, Indonesian in 1995, Russian in 1999, and Farsi in 2003
 *  Sudanese Criminal law: General Principles of Criminal Responsibility, in Arabic (Omdurman, Sudan: Huriya Press, 1985)

Editor

 * Inter-religious Marriages among Muslims: Negotiating Religious and Social Identity in Family and Community (New Delhi, India: Global Media Publications, 2005)
 * Human Rights under African Constitutions: Realizing the Promise for Ourselves, (Philadelphia, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002)
 * Islamic Family Law in a Changing World: A Global Resource Book (London, UK: Zed Books, 2002)
 * Cultural Transformation and Human Rights in Africa (London, UK: Zed Books, 2002)
 * Proselytization and Communal Self-Determination in Africa (Maryknoll, USA: Orbis Books, 1999)
 * Universal Rights, Local Remedies: Implementing Human Rights in the Legal Systems of Africa (London, UK: Interights, Afronet, GTZ, 1999)
 * The Cultural Dimensions of Human Rights in the Arab World (Arabic) (Cairo, Egypt: Ibn Khaldoun Center, 1993)
 * Human Rights in Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Quest for Consensus (Philadelphia, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992)

Co-editor

 * With Ifi Amadiume: The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice (London, UK: Zed Books, 2000)
 * With J. D. Gort, H. Jansen, & H. M. Vroom: Human Rights and Religious Values: An Uneasy Relationship? (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1995)
 * With Francis Deng: Human Rights in Africa: Cross-Cultural Perspectives (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1990)

Translator

 * Cry of the Owl by Francis Deng, into Arabic (Cairo, Egypt: Midlight, 1991)
 * The Second Message of Islam by Ustadh Mahmoud Mohamed Taha, into English with Introduction (Syracuse, NY, USA: Syracuse University Press, 1987)

Foreword

 * Foreword in Pranoto Iskandar, Hukum HAM Internasional, Cianjur: The Institute for Migrant Rights Press, 2010.
 * Foreword in War on Error: Real Stories of American Muslims, University of Arkansas Press, 2007.
 * Foreword in Radical Conflict: Essays on Violence, Intractability, and Communication, Lexington, 2016.

Selected articles and chapters

 * “Oh, [Muslims] Believers: Be Just, That is Always Closer to True Piety,” Conversations on Justice from National, International, and Global Perspectives: Dialogues with Leading Thinkers,” Jean-Marc Coicaud and Lynette E. Sieger, editors, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2019) pp. 79-100
 * “The Postcolonial Fallacy of ‘Islamic’ Family Law,” Shazia Choudhry and Jonathan Herring, editors (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2019), pp. 254-279.
 * “The Spirit of Laws is not Universal: Alternatives to the Enforcement Paradigm for Human Rights,” Tilburg Law Review21 (2016), pp. 255-274.
 * “The Individual and Collective Self-Liberation Model of Ustadh Mahmoud Mohamed Taha,” in Akeel Bilgrami, editor, Beyond the Secular West (Columbia University Press, 2016), pp. 45-75.
 * “Islamic Politics and the Neutral State: A Friendly Amendment to Rwals?” in Tom Bailey and Valentina Gentile, editors, Rwals and Relgion, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015), pp. 242-265.
 * “Complementary, Not Competing, Claims of Law and Religion: An Islamic Perspective,” Pepperdine Law Review, (2013), Vol. 39, pp. 1231-1255.
 * “The Interdisciplinarity of Human Rights,” in Conor Gearty and Costas Douzinas, editors, The Cambridge Companion to Human Rights Law, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 97-113.
 * “Islam and Human Rights,” in John Witte and M. Christian Green, editors, Religion and Human Rights, (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 56-70.
 * “Islam, Sharia and Democratic Transformation in the Arab World,” in Rebellion and Revolution in the Arab Region – From the Perspective of Peace Research Issue 1, Die Friedens-Warte. Journal of International Peace and Organization, (2012), Vol. 87, pp. “27-41.
 * “Transcending Imperialism: Human Values and Global Citizenship,” The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Suzan Young, editor, (Salt Lake City, UT, USA: University of Utah Press, 2011), Vol. 30, pp. 71-144.
 * “Religious Norms and Family Law: Is it Legal or Normative Pluralism?” Emory International Law Review, (2011), Vol. 25:2, pp. 785-809.
 * “Beyond dhimmihood: Citizenship and Human Rights,” in Robert W. Hefner, editor, The New Cambridge History of Islam, Muslims and Modernity: Culture and Society since 1800, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010), Vol. 6, pp. 314-334.
 * “Islam and Secularism,” in Linell Cady and Elizabeth Shakman Hurd, editors, Comparative Secularisms in a Global Age, (New York, NY, USA:, Palgrave MacMillan, 2010), pp. 217-228.

title: Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im


text:
Crimson Moonlight

Crimson Moonlight is a Swedish black metal band. The band was formed in the summer of 1997 with the mere intention of recording a primitive old school black metal demo and playing one show before breaking up. However, the breakup never happened, and they have since recorded two EPs and three full-length albums. They were previously signed to Rivel Records, currently to Endtime Productions. They have toured US twice, and have been featured in two metal documentary films.

Beginning (1997–1999)
Crimson Moonlight was formed by Simon "Pilgrim" Rosén (vocals), Gustav "Gurra" Elowsson (drums), Petter Stenmarker (guitar, keyboards), Jonathan Jansson (guitar), and Simon Lindh (bass) in the summer of 1997. They recorded a demo called Glorification of the Master of Light. Originally, their intention was to split the band after recording that demo, but they decided to carry on. In the year 1998, they recorded their first studio EP titled Eternal Emperor, which presented a more keyboard-driven symphonic black metal style, in contrast to the more primitive, Horde-inspired music found on their demo. In 1998, Crimson Moonlight released a live album titled Live in Varsås, and in 2001 released their second demo titled Heralding the Dawn.

The Covenant Progress and Veil of Remembrance (2000–2006)
A few years later, Crimson Moonlight signed a record deal with Rivel Records, a small Swedish label held by Christian Rivel. During that time, Jonathan Jansson and Simon Lindh left the band. Hubertus Liljegren, formerly of the then-split-up group Sanctifica, along with Per Sundberg, joined Crimson Moonlight as guitarists. In 2003, Crimson Moonlight recorded their first studio album titled The Covenant Progress. Musically, the album took a more melodic black metal direction with less emphasis on symphonic keyboards. The album received positive reviews from metal music media, and by 2005 it had sold 2300 copies. During 2003, Crimson Moonlight played several tours around Europe to support The Covenant Progress.

In 2004, Crimson Moonlight recorded their second album titled Veil of Remembrance. The album showcased several changes in the band's style: they left keyboards in order to achieve a far more brutal sound, and went to incorporate grindcore and brutal death metal influences into their sound, inspired by groups such as Nile, Origin, Rotten Sound, and Nasum. During the studio sessions, Jani Stefanovic (of Divinefire, Renascent, and many other band's fame) was in Crimson Moonlight's line-up and had a notable role in creating their new style, now called death/black metal. Just like its predecessor, Veil of Remembrance was officially released on January 26, 2005 although it was already available since December 4, 2004. The album received positive reviews like its predecessor, but ended up selling fewer copies than The Covenant Progress. In an interview with Harm magazine, the band believed that p2p-filesharing affected the low sales. They toured Europe again to support the album. At the end of 2004, they also released a compilation album titled Songs from the Archives, which included the Eternal Emperor EP, tracks from both albums, demo tracks, and live recordings.

Following this, the band went through some line-up changes. Both Hubertus Liljegren and Jani Stefanovic left, as did Erik Tordsson. Johan Ylenstrand joined as a bassist. Ylenstrand and Elowsson also play in a deathgrind band called Exhale, which has released one album and played at a US death metal festival called Maryland Deathfest. In 2006, Elowsson received endorsements of the drumming gear companies Sabian, Pearl, Remo, and Vic Firth.

In Depths of Dreams Unconscious (2006–2011)
In 2006, Crimson Moonlight's deal with Rivel Records had come to an end and the band began searching for new label. On June 17, 2006, the extreme metal label Endtime Productions announced that they signed Crimson Moonlight. Crimson Moonlight had recorded an EP in profound secrecy. During the summer, Crimson Moonlight played their first tour in the United States and sold the pre-release pressings of their new recording, which was entitled In Depths of Dreams Unconscious. It featured two new songs and a re-recording of a song from their first demo. Musically, the EP continued on their death/black metal direction with a more melodic setting. The official release also contained an instrumental intro done by Swedish neoclassical group Arcana. In Depths of Dreams Unconscious was officially released February 1, 2007. In the summer of 2007, Crimson Moonlight played at the Cornerstone Festival in Bushnell, Illinois for the second time since 2006.

Brief hiatus and Divine Darkness (2011–present)
In late 2011, after a hiatus, the band launched an official Facebook site, played at NordicFest and announced that they were working on a new album. In 2014 they released the single The Suffering, which was part of their album Divine Darkness, released via Endtime Productions on February 26, 2016. Pilgrim did an interview in March 2016, stating the lineup consisted of himself, Gurra, Johan Ylenstrand, and Per Sundberg. The band is currently working on a new album titled Epiklesis – Maranatha.

Members

 * Current line-up

 * Former members

 * Timeline

title: Crimson Moonlight


text:
Hedera hibernica

Hedera hibernica, the Atlantic ivy, Boston ivy or Irish ivy, is a species of ivy native to the Atlantic coast of Europe.

Description
It is an evergreen climbing plant, growing to 20–30 m high where suitable surfaces (trees, cliffs, walls) are available, and also growing as ground cover where there are no vertical surfaces. It climbs by means of aerial rootlets which cling to the substrate. Native to the Atlantic region, it has been cultivated and can appear in the wild outside its original area, along the Atlantic coast from Portugal, Spain, France, Ireland, Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea. One way in which it differs from Hedera helix (common ivy) is that the light veins on its leaves are less pronounced.

The bark is first green, but soon after it becomes gray. Old branches are light gray with a finely furrowed bark. Buds are almost hidden by the leaf base, egg-shaped and bright green. The leaves have entire margins and are ovoid or with five triangular lobes. The surface is glossy dark green with light ribs, while the underside is pale green. The leaves of flowering shoots are, however, oval with entire margins. Flowering occurs in September–October. The fruits are blue-black berries. The whole plant and also the berries are slightly poisonous.

The plant has an attractive and elegant aspect. It is quite common in gardening, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Like the related H. helix (English ivy), H. hibernica is an invasive weed in parts of North America with mild winters: in a recent study, 83% of 119 populations of invasive ivy sampled in the Pacific Northwest were found to be H. hibernica and not H. helix as was previously thought. In fact it can be troublesome in any garden, rapidly colonising hedges, trees and borders if not kept in check.

Ecology
It requires consistently moist soil, and can grow in any light environment from full sun to deep shade. Its natural habitat is forest or dense bush which is cool and cloud-covered for much of the year, such as is often found in mountainous regions near the ocean. It prefers well-drained or alkaline soils rich in nutrients and humus. In areas to which it has been introduced it may be a noxious weed or be invasive.

In the autumn its flowers are an important source of nectar for many insects, including the ivy bee Colletes hederae. The berries are a source of winter food for Common wood pigeons, thrushes, Common blackbirds and the Eurasian Blackcap. Some species of small bird use the niches it provides as nest sites.

title: Hedera hibernica


text:
Talk:Group of 77

Afghanistan
Should we change Afghanistan's flag here to the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan's?

GSevenSeven on Population and the Average Formula
Problems on this are rising, I am at Propaganda rather than by Force on a Child Policy or a Policy. Let generations be influenced by their environment, we all know we can train a dog. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.53.185.86 (talk) 07:32, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

 * yeah..Germany and Chinas should plan that Mass Employment and Racism and Migration Population Balancing Method 122.53.185.85 (talk) 23:32, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

78 founding members
74 countries are listed as current founding members. 4 additional countries are listed as former founding members: Mexico, South Korea, Yugoslavia and Cyprus.

Meaning there were 78 founding members? There must be a mistake somewhere? Xzpx (talk) 21:33, 17 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Just moved Mexico from a former founding member to a current founding member since it has rejoined. There are now 75 founding members and three former founding members listed in the article. The discrepancy appears to be related to Bangladesh, which is listed as a founding member in the article but is not listed in the founding document. It only came into existence in 1972. Presumably its founding status was inherited in the article from Pakistan, but in that case Pakistan is being counted twice. Burrobert (talk) 12:07, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Does this mean that the map should be updated to color in Mexico? Rmillares (talk) 17:55, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes the map needs to be updated. Burrobert (talk) 02:42, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Group of 77


text:
Elsa Lunghini

Elsa Lunghini (born 20 May 1973), known mononymously as Elsa, is a French singer and actress. She was a teenage pop-star in the late-1980s. In 1986, she was the youngest singer to reach number one in the French charts, with the single "T'en va pas", and she went on to sell millions of records during the decade. Elsa, her album of 1988, had achieved double-platinum status by 1993.

Biography
Daughter of George Lunghini (actor, photographer and songwriter) and Christiane Jobert (painter and also sister of actress Marlène Jobert and Charles Jobert, a camera operator and director of photography), she is of Italian origin on her father's side and of Sephardic Jewish origin on her mother's side. She is a cousin of actresses Eva Green and Josephine Jobert.

Lunghini first performed in a movie at age seven, in 1981, in Claude Miller's Garde à vue (also starring Romy Schneider).

She was the youngest artist to be in the main program at the Olympia, at 17, in October 1990 as well as the youngest to have a number 1 hit in the Top 50 in France. At 13, in 1986, she remained number 1 for eight weeks with "T'en va pas" (soundtrack of the movie La Femme de ma vie). The song was composed by the Italian Romano Musumarra, who had worked and helped produce hits for 1980s singer Jeanne Mas. The song was a hit in France and sold elsewhere in Europe with an English recording.

With the help of her musician father, she recorded her LP Elsa. It sold more than 600,000 copies with hit singles such as "Quelque chose dans mon cœur" ("Something in my heart"), "Jour de neige" ("Snowing day"), "Jamais nous" (with backing vocals by French singer Laurent Voulzy) ("Never us"), "Un Roman d'amitié" (duet with Glenn Medeiros) ("Friend you give me a Reason"), "À la même heure dans deux ans" ("At the same time in two years"). All were top 10 hits. At that time, Lunghini was the only artist to have her first four singles at number one or two. She became popular in the teen press, often compared with Vanessa Paradis.

In 1990, she made her second album, Rien que pour ça ("Only for that"). The songs were produced by her father and Elsa wrote the music for the single of the same name. "Rien que pour ça" was a top 20 hit. Two other excerpts were released: "Pleure doucement" ("Cry softly") and "Qu'est-ce que ça peut lui faire" ("How does she matter").

In 1992, Lunghini recorded "Bouscule-moi" ("Push me on"), a mid-rock single with more adult lyrics. "Bouscule-moi" was a hit single. Her third album was Douce violence ("Sweet violence").

In 1996, aged 23, she wrote and composed her fourth album, Chaque jour est un long chemin (Every day is a long way). It sold 20,000. From 20 to 24 September 2004, she gave shows in Paris at the Européen. A live DVD and a live CD went on sale in 2006.

She has starred in two TV movies: 2002's La mort est rousse and 2004's Trois jours en juin and is involved in a television advertising campaign for Danone yoghurt.

Discography

 * Elsa (1988)
 * Rien que pour ça (1990)
 * Douce violence (1992)
 * Chaque jour est un long chemin (1996)
 * De lave et de sève (2004)
 * Elsa Lunghini (2008)

Filmography
Cinema:
 * 1981: Garde à vue (de Claude Miller) – Camille (l'enfant)
 * 1985: Train d'enfer (de Roger Hanin) – (uncredited)
 * 1985: Rouge baiser (de Véra Belmont) – Rosa
 * 1986: La Femme de ma vie (de Régis Wargnier) – Éloïse
 * 1987: Où que tu sois (de Alain Bergala) – Anne
 * 1992: Le Retour de Casanova (de Édouard Niermans) – Marcolina
 * 2009: Le portail (Short, by Liam Engle) – Maman
 * 2013: Pauvre Richard! (by Malik Chibane) – Amel

Television:
 * 2002: La Mort est rousse (TV Movie, de Christian Faure) – Charlotte
 * 2005: Trois jours en juin (TV Movie, de Philippe Venault) – Sylvie
 * 2007: Où es-tu ? (de Miguel Courtois) – Suzanne
 * 2009: Aveugle mais pas trop (TV Movie, de Charlotte Brandström) – Emma
 * 2010: La maison des Rocheville (TV, by Jacques Otmezguine) - Sylvana

title: Elsa Lunghini


text:
Aleksander Kamiński

Aleksander Kamiński, assumed name: Aleksander Kędzierski. Also known under aliases such as Dąbrowski, J. Dąbrowski, Fabrykant, Faktor, Juliusz Górecki, Hubert, Kamyk, Kaźmierczak, Bambaju (28 January 1903 - 15 March 1978) was an educator, co-founder of Cub Scouts methodology, and soldier of the Home Army. He was one of the ideological leaders of the Grey Ranks and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Polish Scouting Association.

Janina Kamińska's husband, Polish archaeologist, educator and instructor of the Polish Scouting Association, father of Ewa Rzetelska-Feleszko (linguistics professor).

Childhood and youth
Kamiński was born in Warsaw to pharmacist Jan Kamiński and Petronela Kaźmierczak. In 1905, the family moved to Kiev, where he graduated from the Russian 4th grade general school. In 1914, he moved to Rostov and in 1916 to Uman.

Hard financial conditions after his father died in 1911 forced him to work as a bank messenger since around 1916. In January 1918, he became a member of the 1st Men's Scouting Team "Tadeusz Kościuszko" in Uman. He held ranks of patrol leader, adjutant, team captain and troop adjutant since summer of 1919, and was captain of the Uman Nest since May 1920 (which included male and female scouts).

Since 1918 student of the Polish high school in Uman.

After returning to Poland in March 1921, he continued his education at the Kazimierz Kulwieć Middle School in Warsaw, where he received his maturity diploma in June 1922. Kamiński then studied history at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Warsaw and received his master's degree in January 1928. During his studies, he continued to work on a regular basis: from 1922, he was an assistant to the teacher, a teacher, and later head of the boarding house of the Central Welfare Council in Pruszków. From 1929 he worked as a history teacher at Saint Stanislaw Kostka Gymnasium in Warsaw, and from 1930 to 1931 he was the head of the boarding house of the Union of Military Settlers for the youth of vocational schools at Młocińska Street. Kamiński co-founded and then became a member of the governing bodies of the Educational Trade Union.

Inter-war period
Kamiński continued his activity in the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association during the interwar period. On 3 October 1922, the Commander-in-Chief appointed him leader with service from August 1921, and on 30 June 1924, he was appointed the rank of a petty scoutmaster. After changing the names of the scouting ranks (in December 1927) – a scoutmaste r. From 1923, Kamiński was a team captain of the First Pruszkow Scouting Team "Stefan Czarniecki" (founded by Kamiński himself; in 1930 the Banner's command changed its name and number to 14th Masovian Scouting Team "Stefan Czarniecki";this is related to the unification of the numbering and names of the teams) and the 3rd Pruszków Scouting Team "Tomasz Zan". He also served as Deputy troupe leader. Kamiński kept a permanent column entitled "Scouting life" in the magazine "Echo Pruszkowskie".

In the years 1925–1927 commander of the Pruszków Troup, and from autumn 1928 to December 1929 commander of the Masovian Banner. At the same time, from September 1928 to June 1929, team captain of the 6th Warsaw Scouting Team "Jan Henryk Dąbrowski".Since 1931, head of the Minority Teams Department in the Headquarters of the Scouts. He was also the head of the Central Committee of the Union of Jewish Scouting Teams and Cubs. Creator of the cubs methodology (in cooperation with Jadwiga Zwolakowska). Author of novels, which were also methodological manuals for instructors of the ZHP Scouts: "Antek Cwaniak" (1932), "Książka wodza zuchów" (1933) and "Koło rady" (1935).

He was head of the Faculty of Cubs at the Headquarters of the Scouts until September 1937 (with a break from April to September 1933). Since September 1933 commander of the School of Cubs Instructors in Nierodzim, Cieszyn Silesia, and since May 1937 until the outbreak of the war head of the Scouting Centre in nearby Górki Wielkie near Skoczów (the School of Cubs Instructors was incorporated into the centre). Head of the Department of Senior Scouts Education in the Headquarters of the Polish Scouting Association.

In July 1934 Kamiński conducted an international cubs training course in Brenna (Beskid Śląski), later, in July 1938, headed a Polish delegation to an international conference of cubs instructors in Gilwell, Great Britain. He participated in Jamboree in Great Britain in 1929, Hungary in 1933 and the Netherlands in 1937, and in the International Cubs Conference in July 1939 in Edinburgh (the next such conference was to be held in Poland).

World War II
After the outbreak of the war, evacuated in September 1939 from Silesia, he arrived in Warsaw around 12 September and joined the Scouting Rescue Headquarters. After the surrender of the capital he managed a temporary orphanage for children orphaned during the siege of Warsaw.

In conspiracy since October 1939, he was a member of the strict Headquarters ("Pasieka") of the Grey Ranks. Since that month Kamiński was also active in the Service for Poland's Victory. He became the initiator, organizer and then editor-in-chief of the "Information Bulletin" (issued weekly since 5 November 1939 by the Warsaw-City District SZP-ZWZ-AK, and since spring of 1941 by the Home Army Headquarters, the most important conspiratorial newspaper in occupied Poland – circulation up to 47 thousand). During his work in the paper he used his alias "Kaźmierczak", and since November 1942 "Hubert", as well as "Fabrykant" and "Kamyk". He was also the author of most of the introductory articles in the "Information Bulletin". In "Przeglad Propagandowy" (1943 No. 2), under the alias "Hubert", Kamiński published an article "Podstawy ideowe propagandy wojskowej" (The Ideological Basics of Military Propaganda).

At the same time, in April 1941 Kamiński succeeded Captain Zygmunt Hempel in leading the BiP Division of the Warsaw-City District of ZWZ – Warsaw District of the Home Army under the alias "Faktor", and from November 1942 – "Fabrykant". Among other things, a cell called "Sztuka" (Art) was created, which initiated works of art, which were distributed or exhibited during the occupation (puppet theatre, caricatures, songs). He organized and then supervised the work of the Propaganda Commission (KOPR), which since spring of 1942 had been producing the entire publishing output of the Home Army Warsaw District Headquarters. He remained the head of BiP of the Warsaw Home Army District Headquarters until June 1944.

At the same time, from 1941 until the outbreak of the Warsaw uprising, under the alias "Hubert", Kamiński was a counterintelligence officer in the unit II of the Main Headquarters of ZWZ-AK.

Creator of the concept, founder and since December 1940 commander-in-chief of the Small Sabotage Organization "Wawer" under the pseudonym "Dąbrowski". At that time, he wrote an article titled "Little Sabotage" (Information Bulletin, 1 September 1940). The best known and most visible effects of Wawer's activity include drawings of the "anchor" of the Fighting Poland and "V" signs, as well as anti-German inscriptions in public places, distribution of leaflets, gassing of cinemas and megaphone actions. Kamiński personally participated in the first series of such actions – destruction of exhibitions of photographers showing photographs of uniformed Germans (5 December 1940).

Kamiński is the author of one of the most famous books of occupied Warsaw, "Kamienie na szaniec" (Stones for the Rampart), which was first published in July 1943. He wrote the book on the basis of Tadeusz "Zośka" Zawadzki's account of his colleagues from the 23rd Warsaw Scouting Team, including Jan Bytnar and Aleksy Dawidowski, written after the Operation Arsenal in April 1943.

He was the author of The Great Game, the first edition of which was destroyed in 1942 by order of the Home Army Main Command as it was revealing the methods of underground combat. The second edition was not distributed due to the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, the third edition was released in Warsaw in 1981. He also wrote "Przodownik. Podręcznik dla kierowników oddziałów Zawiszy" ("The Leader. Manual for Branch Managers of Zawisza") (part 1–2, December 1942, edition II 1943, edition III 1944).In April 1944, Kamiński was placed by the counterintelligence of the National Armed Forces (NSZ) on one of the so-called proscription lists, which included the names of people suspected of being leftist, Communist and/or Jewish in origin. In the NSZ document Aleksander Kamiński was described as "a Jew-lover who always inclined towards the extreme left-communist".

During the Warsaw Uprising he continued to be the editor-in-chief of the "Information Bulletin", which at that time was already published openly as a daily newspaper, until the last issue on 4 October 1944.

On 30 September 1944 the head of the Home Army Headquarters, Colonel Jan Rzepecki, alias Chairman, applied for Kamiński's promotion to the rank of Second Lieutenant of the Polish Army (WP) Reserve. After the capitulation of the Warsaw Uprising, he was no longer involved in any underground activity.

Post-war period
From May 1945 to 1950 Kamiński was an assistant at the faculties of social pedagogy and general pedagogy of the University of Łódź. In 1947 he received his PhD degree in philosophy after defending his dissertation "The Scouting method in upbringing and schooling".

Still active in the ZHP: from January 1946 he was a member of the Ideological Commission and the Law and Promise of Scouting. By the ordinance of 12 January 1946, Kamiński was appointed a member of the Provisional General Scouting Council, and from March 1946, he was the Second Vice President of the Polish Scouting Association. In 1947 he was deprived of this position, and in January 1949 removed from the ZHP for ideological reasons. At the beginning of 1950, Kamiński was also removed from the University of Łódź. In 1951, all his works were withdrawn from Polish libraries and censored. Until 1956, under surveillance of the Security Office. Kamiński returned to scouting in 1956, when the events of October 1956 brought renewal and hope for democratic change in the country. Kaminski participated in discussions on the situation in the scouting sector and the possibility of reactivating ZHP. On 26 November 1956, he met with a group of instructors representing the Kraków community, who were in the process of finalizing the reactivation of ZHP. They refused to support him in the implementation of his concept of reactivating scouting activities within the OHPL (Scouting Organization of the People's Republic of Poland), presenting their position (and evidence) that the only correct solution was to reactivate the ZHP (which they did on 4 December 1956). At that time, at the beginning of December, he held meetings with 25 instructors from the pre-war ZHP. Kamiński went with them to the meeting of OHPL activists in Łódź, which was transformed into the "All-Poland Meeting of Scouting Activists" (National Congress of Scouting Activists). He became a member of the Supreme Scouting Council and was later elected Chairman.

However, Kamiński held the position of the Chairman of the council for less than a year and a half. He resigned under pressure from the forces that sought to subjugate ZHP ideologically to the Polish United Workers' Party. In 1958, Kamiński returned to work at the University of Łódź, where he headed the Department of Social Pedagogy. In 1958, he was a member of the National Committee of the Front of National Unity.

In 1959 he obtained his postdoctoral degree on the basis of his work "Prehistory of Polish Youth Associations", and in March 1969 he was awarded the title of Associate Professor.

Kamiński was active in the Polish Teachers Association and in the Polish Mental Hygiene Association. He was a member of the Committee of Pedagogical and Psychological Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences. At the beginning of the 1970s, on the order of the authorities, Kamiński prepared a report on the consequences of possible introduction of work-free Saturdays.

After retiring in 1972, he returned to Warsaw, where he died on 15 March 1978 and was buried at the Powązki Military Cemetery, Warsaw, in the quarters of the Home Army Scouting Battalion "Zoska" (A20-1-13). In the end Kamiński rested next to Rudy, Alek and Zośka, who were so close to him as the heroes of "Stones for the Rampart".

On 5 May 1991, the Yad Vashem Institute posthumously awarded Aleksander Kamiński the title of "Righteous Among the Nations" for his help given during the occupation to members of the Jewish scouts' organization and the Jewish resistance movement.

On 22 February 2008, on the Fraternal Thought Day, during the celebrations connected with the honorary patronage of 5 scouting organizations, the President of the Republic of Poland Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded Aleksander Kamiński the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

Books

 * Kamienie na szaniec (1943); published in English as Stones for the Rampart (London, 1945), with a foreword by P. H. B. Lyon
 * Wielka Gra (1942, 1981)
 * Przodownik. Podręcznik dla kierowników oddziałów Zawiszy (cz. 1–2, December 1942, II 1943, III 1944)
 * Zośka i Parasol. Opowieść o niektórych ludziach i niektórych akcjach dwóch batalionów harcerskich
 * Józef Grzesiak "Czarny"

 * Interwar period
 * Antek Cwaniak (1932)
 * Książka wodza zuchów (1933)
 * Krąg rady (1935)
 * Narodziny dzielności
 * Andrzej Małkowski (1934)

Orders and decorations

 * Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (21 February 2008, posthumously)
 * Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
 * the Cross of Valour
 * Golden Cross of Merit with Swords (25 July 1944)
 * The Cross for Merit for the ZHP (1992, posthumously)
 * The Righteous Among the Nations Medal (1991, posthumously)

Honors
By resolution of 9 January 2003, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland decided to designate the year 2003 as the Year of Aleksander Kamiński.

On 24 September 2005, the first monument in Poland to Aleksander Kamiński was unveiled in the Old Town Park in Łódź. Also in Łódź, on the wall of the house at No. 30, on the street bearing the name of Aleksander Kamiński, is a plaque commemorating his place of residence in the city. His bust is also located in the Royal Baths in Warsaw.

In 2014, Kamiński was a patron of the Łódź ZHP Banner, the Youth Palace in Katowice, 15 schools and 27 strains, teams and scout troops.

title: Aleksander Kamiński


text:
Psychic Detective (video game)

Psychic Detective is a 1995 interactive movie video game that uses extensive amounts of live-action footage and features dozens of professional character actors. It was written by Michael Kaplan and directed by John Sanborn.

This game is not to be confused with the Japanese-only Psychic Detective series of adventure games developed by DataWest.

Plot
The game is set in San Francisco where the player assumes the role of Eric Fox (Kevin Breznahan), a psychic who earns his living doing a magic act in a seedy nightclub. One night, he is approached by the exotic Laina Pozok (Beata Pozniak), who senses that Eric is more powerful than he imagines. She trains Eric to "hitch hike" into people's minds. He sees what his subject sees, and hears what his subject hears; meanwhile, his body continues to interact with the world around him in an "automatic pilot-like" state. Laina hires Eric to attend a wake being held in honor of her father, who has died under mysterious circumstances.

The game begins when Eric enters the Pozok household, and is given the choice to remain in his body, or hitch hike aboard any one of a number of characters he encounters. Eric also has the ability to pick up objects and take a psychic reading of them, providing more clues to help solve the Pozok murder case. Before long, Eric is embroiled in a conspiracy involving a powerful religious cult, spies, and family intrigue, and he also has to deal with his growing romantic attachment to Laina. Occasionally throughout the game, Eric obtains access to "psychic collectors" which amplify his abilities and allow him to affect the moods and attitudes of the people around him, but at a cost.

Gameplay
Psychic Detective is generally presented in first person (except during cut scenes), with icons appearing at intervals on the screen signifying people and objects Eric can interact with. Each game generally takes about 45 minutes to play, however multiple plays are required in order to uncover all aspects of the storyline, and there are a dozen alternate endings possible; depending upon the choices made by the player, many different storylines are uncovered, including one that occurs if the player makes no choices and simply watches events unfold. Occasional cut scenes timed to occur at certain points break the storyline into chapters, but which cut scene is viewed depends upon Eric's actions. The endgame portion of Psychic Detective breaks from the linear narrative and involves Eric playing a surreal board game against the villain.

Development
Psychic Detective was the brainchild of producer Jim Simmons, but the project ultimately involved nearly 200 people: 21 game developers at EA Studios, 80 film crew, and 95 actors.

The filming of the video sequences was handled by Colossal Pictures. The footage was shot on location in San Francisco and Oakland, California on twenty days over roughly six weeks.

According to John Sanborn, development took over two years: Three months of brainstorming, six months of writing, and one year of editing and programming. The individual segments were edited in Adobe Premiere and authored in a proprietary Electronic Arts software.

Release
The game was released on the PC, PlayStation and 3DO.

Live action footage from Psychic Detective was edited together to create a short film that was shown at a film festival in the mid-1990s.

Reception
The game received mixed reviews on its first release. Arinn Dembo, writing for Computer Gaming World, gave the game 4 stars. GameSpot gave the PC version a 4.7, calling the game "innovative", but asserting that the overabundance of interaction and storyline branches turns the experience into a confusing mess. They concluded "Instead of being like a good movie enhanced by interactivity, Psychic Detective is a more like a movie... clouded with interactive options that eventually detract from the project."

GamePro gave the 3DO version a positive review, calling it "an entertaining interactive mystery game with an adult sensibility." They found the game an engaging challenge due to the need to be head-hopping in the right person at the right time and listen carefully to the complex dialogue, and praised the sharpness of the full-motion video graphics.

Reviewing the PlayStation version in Maximum, David Hodgson complimented the uniqueness of the "more 'adult' storyline", but contended that full-motion video-based games are not worth playing regardless of gameplay or content. He scored it 2 out of 5 stars. GamePro, while warning that the game is strictly for older players, praised it for having a good murder mystery, "Clean full-motion video (although mostly in a small-screen format), great sound, and more fun than Snowjob. "

title: Psychic Detective (video game)


text:
Main Event

Main Event or The Main Event may refer to:

Film and television

 * The Main Event (1927 film), directed by William K. Howard
 * The Main Event (1938 film), 1938 American comedy-drama film directed by Danny Dare
 * The Main Event (1979 film), romantic comedy starring Barbra Streisand and Ryan O'Neal
 * The Main Event (2020 film), comedy starring Seth Carr, Tichina Arnold, Ken Marino, and Adam Pally
 * Main Event (TV channel), Australia's only pay-per-view channel
 * World Wrestling Entertainment television programming, including
 * Saturday Night's Main Event, series airing on NBC (1985–1992, 2006–2008)
 * WWF The Main Event, a Friday night spin-off (1988–1991)
 * WWE Main Event, a current weekly program series launched in 2012
 * WCW Main Event, a professional wrestling series airing on TBS (1988–1998)
 * The Main Event (Australian game show), Australian television game show that aired from 1991 to 1992 on the Seven Network

 * Sky Sports, Main Event, a TV channel

Music

 * The Main Event – Live, a 1974 Frank Sinatra recording
 * The Main Event (album), the 2000 Fingathing debut
 * "The Main Event" (Chamillionaire song), 2010
 * The Main Event (1998 concert tour), an Australian concert tour featuring John Farnham, Olivia Newton-John and Anthony Warlow
 * The Main Event (2015 concert tour), an American concert tour featuring New Kids on the Block, TLC and Nelly
 * "The Main Event/Fight", the 1979 disco song by Barbra Streisand

Video games

 * The Main Event (video game), a professional wrestling game released in 1988
 * WCW: The Main Event, 1994 game featuring characters from World Championship Wrestling
 * Mike Tyson: Main Event, a 2011 iPhone game developed by RockLive featuring boxer, Mike Tyson

Nicknames

 * "The Main Event", a nickname of professional wrestler Shawn Michaels
 * "Main Event", streetball nickname of basketball player Waliyy Dixon

Other uses

 * Main Event (college basketball), an NCAA tournament
 * The Main Event (video), a video, released in 1999, of a tour The Main Event Tour by singers Olivia Newton-John, John Farnham and Anthony Warlow
 * Main Event Entertainment, a U.S. chain of entertainment facilities that features bowling, video games, and billiards
 * "The Main Event", World Series of Poker annual championship tournament
 * "The Main Event", the name of a V8 Supercars event in 2003, later known as the Grand Finale

title: Main Event


text:
Talk:Paracentesis

note
High levels of fluid extraction may result with stroke like symptoms. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.198.83.151 (talk) 02:10, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

The article describes paracentesis as a procedure in "which the peritoneal cavity is punctured by a needle to sample peritoneal fluid". The article also mentions tympanic and occular punctures as if they are also paracentesis. My knowledge of physiology is not strong, but I'm pretty sure the ears and the eyes are not in the peritoneal cavity.

Earlier versions describe P more generally as puncturing for diagnostic purposes. Perhaps this article needs to revert to a more general wording. 134.187.163.211 (talk) 18:28, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

Ultrasound
Ultrasound is associated with prolonged stay and more trouble. But I wonder if all confounders were elimitated. JFW | T@lk  21:20, 12 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Where did you find that? I would assume it to be the other way around. --WS (talk) 08:37, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paracentesis


text: User talk:81.100.179.108

title: User talk:81.100.179.108