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Talk:Scouting for All

Rating
With a good intro paragraph, this would be B-class.Rlevse 15:54, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

3/4 of this is biographies. I don't get any sense of what this group is doing now. --Gadget850 ( Ed) 01:30, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Not much. Their website has been "down for repair" for over a month.GCW50 15:44, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * So I see- it was supposed to "be live" on the 15th, now it shows the 16th. --Gadget850 ( Ed) 15:49, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Requested Move
The actual title of the organization is "Scouting for All" with a lower-case F.

Not a Bio gallery
Much of the biographic information relating to the founders is not related to this article. If any of them are notable, they should have their own article. Information on the founders should be restricted to that which is relevant to the founding of the organization. --NThurston 17:35, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

The bio's (especially the last one)could use a POV/NPOV check IsaactheNPOVfanatic 16:03, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Web site
The web site is back up. All of the bio links here are now 404. --Gadget850 ( Ed) 12:33, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Going to start some work in my sandbox...
I'm going to start expanding this a bit in my sandbox, but anyone wishing to is more than welcome to help out. There's plenty of material out there just from a quick google search. I'll probably move it to the main article here once I can get an "activities" section made that is actually readable and whatnot. Unforgiven24 Talk|Contribs 17:32, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

Profiled on TV
SfA and Steven Cozza are interviewed in Penn & Teller: Bullshit! episode 4.01. --TMC1221 (talk) 04:14, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Discussion
The Boy Scouts are a Christian organization. If someone has a problem with their prerequisites they should just start their own scouting group. --Renegadeoftheghetto (talk) 20:47, 26 September 2009 (UTC)
 * As a clear matter of fact, Scouting is NOT a Christian organization. It exists in countries that are predomiantly Islamic, Buddhist, Hindu and so on. -- Bduke   (Discussion)  14:09, 28 September 2009 (UTC)
 * If you mean not exclusively Christian, you are right. But that isn't what Renegade was saying. --Uncle Ed (talk) 15:57, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I suspect he is referring to the BSA, which is not a religious organization, but does require the members have some sort of faith, but does not mandate any particular faith. ---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 14:42, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

 * There is a global umbrella body for Scouting called World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM). It accepts membership from only one Scouting body for each country. For the USA that member is Boy Scouts of America. "If someone has a problem with their prerequisites", it's not that easy for them to "just start their own scouting group" and be recognised at a global level.

 * Many of the other members of WOSM have no policies forbidding gay and atheists, and have admitted girls at all levels. HiLo48 (talk) 23:18, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

The World Organization of the Scout Movement requires that all member organizations adhere to a duty to God:

All members of the Scout Movement are required to adhere to a Scout Promise and Law reflecting, in language appropriate to the culture and civilization of each National Scout Organization, and approved by the World Organization, the principles of Duty to God...

---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 03:30, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Scouts in Australia make a promise to "do my duty to my god". That is open to the interpretation that if one does not have a god, there is no duty to be done. Buddhists are not required to believe in a god, but are welcome in Scouting. HiLo48 (talk) 03:39, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I have heard it argued that the Buddhists in the US who are Scouts come from Japanese Buddhist traditions who do believe in God. From those discussions it was clear that the BSA has really not addressed the issue of Buddhist groups who really do not believe in a God. -- Bduke   (Discussion)  04:55, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

 * The Buddhist Churches of America practice Jōdo Shinshū— the article mentions god only in conjunction with Shinto. The BCA operates 55 BSA units, and endorses the BSA. The Buddhist religious emblems programs offered through PRAY are from the BCA with different programs for the BSA, GSUSA and Camp Fire. Skimming through Buddhism in the United States, I don't see any other formal national groups. ---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 13:53, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Exactly. Thanks for the information. It means that BSA Buddhists are rather different from the Buddhist Scouts that one meets internationally, such as the ones from Thailand. The harder Buddhist line that belief in a God in not required, is not evident. The Buddha himself said something along the lines of belief in God was a crutch for those who need it, but it was better without it. From B-P on to the WOSM, the religious policy has been a fudge, developed by people who do not really understand what the various religions of the world are all about, thinking for example that Buddha is a god. It is no wonder we have difficult writing about it on wikipedia. -- Bduke   (Discussion)  20:53, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Coalition for Inclusive Scouting
See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scouting

 * Two separate organizations. I don't see any evidence that SfA is a successor to CIS. The only evidence that the CIS ever had any impact was in the Inclusive Scouting Award which is the bulk of the article. The award was then offered by ScoutPride which seems defunct and is now offered by SfA as the Scouting for All Rainbow Knot. SfA has not updated their web since since November 2008, so I'm not even sure of their status. My recommendation:
 * Merge the award to SfA
 * Merge any pertinent bits of CIS to Scouting in the United States
 * Redirect to Scouting in the United States
 * ---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 13:21, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

This is correct -- SfA and CIS were separate organizations with different approaches to the issue. SfA tended to focus more on protests, and CIS more on helping people still active in the Boy Scouts of America to help change the policies. There were a few unsuccessful efforts to merger around 2002 and 2003.

CIS now exists as the Inclusive Scouting Network. See http://www.inclusivescouting.net and http://www.facebook.com/inclusive.scouting

The Inclusive Scouting Award was originally modeled after "safe space" programs used in high schools to help students identify supportive teachers whom they could approach without fear. See http://www.inclusivescouting.net/isa/ The two rope colors were based on religious colors and sexual orientation colors -- there is not a red, white, and blue component specifically referring to the Eagle Scout colors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mmnoel (talk • contribs) 21:04, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

Also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Coalition_for_Inclusive_Scouting

Main discussion is now here. North8000 (talk) 14:46, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * That seems rational, let's do that. I like that solution to this Gordian knot.--Chris (クリス • フィッチ) (talk) 13:23, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Since there seem to be no objections from active watchers, can someone more expert than I describe the nuts and bolts of the sequence on how to do this. Is it?:

 * Write award info into SFA (or confirm that it's in). Write any pertinent bits of CIS to Scouting in the United States, or make sure that they're in there.
 * PROD CIS
 * AFD CIS, if decision is a "yes" closing admin will delete and redirect

North8000 (talk) 13:41, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

 * The proposal is not to delete the article, but to redirect it to Scouting in the United States, which already mentions it. ---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 18:06, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm learning. I was (mistakenly) thinking that a re-directed article was a deleted article. North8000 (talk) 20:48, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

OK then, let's roll per Gadget's plan. North8000 (talk) 11:00, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Done -— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 10:42, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Cool. I think that it strengthened the two destination articles and rescued the bits of good content from the CIS article. North8000 (talk) 11:39, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I also did a redirect for ScoutPride. ---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 12:57, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scouting for All


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Mary Collinson

Mary Collinson (22 July 1952 – 23 November 2021) was a Maltese-British model and actress. She was chosen as Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month in October 1970, together with her twin sister Madeleine Collinson. They were the first identical twin Playmate sisters.

The Collinson twins first arrived in Britain in April 1969, and prior to their appearance in Playboy one of the first people to use them was the glamour photographer/film maker Harrison Marks who cast them as saucy maids in his short film Halfway Inn. The film, made for the 8mm market, was shot sometime between their British arrival, and July 1970, when a still from the film was used in a Marks advertisement that ran in that month's issue of Continental Film Review magazine.

Her sister was quoted in The Playmate Book saying that Mary had two daughters and lived in Milan with an "Italian gentleman", whom she had been with for more than 20 years.

Collinson died from bronchopneumonia in Milan, on 23 November 2021, at the age of 69.

Filmography

 * Come Back Peter (1969)
 * Permissive (1970)
 * Groupie Girl (1970)
 * She'll Follow You Anywhere (1971)
 * ''The Love Machine (1971)
 * Twins of Evil (a.k.a. Twins of Dracula) (1971)

Notable TV guest appearances

 * The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, 16 September 1970

Magazine appearances

 * Impact '70 magazine 1970 Vol. 1. No 1 "Double Exposure" photo story made up of stills from 'Halfway Inn'.
 * Mascotte magazine August 1970 "Mary Collins" nude photos and Miss Mascotte centerfold
 * Cinema X magazine 1972 Vol.4 No.3 "Those Curvy Collinsons meet The Love Machine"
 * Titbits magazine 11 July 1973 "Which Twin has the Twinge"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mary Collinson


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Television/ITC productions task force/ITC Productions Page Layout

Edit the info box with the relevant information. The following one is provided as an example. Don't forget to remove the nowiki HTML and unnecessary text.

TV Show Name was a 19xx television series produced by ITC Entertainment. It was created by example name.

Actor name starred as BLAH,... etc. Include synopsis here.


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User:Kurisumasen

I am Kurisumasen. I am sometimes a student. I mostly do minor edits for grammar, because I have a lot of experience copy editing.

Some of the pages I've created
I have made a lot of pages, but these are the pages that are not redirects, drafts or sandboxes. The list here is in alphabetical order.
 * Civateteo
 * Ehecatotontli
 * List of Mixels characters
 * Xiuhtotontli

Current location
My current location is Norwich; also, my surname is based on my username.

Interests
My current interests are Wikipedia, and, by the way, nothing else.

Edits that get reverted
Some of the edits that I make get reverted, but that’s okay.

title: User:Kurisumasen


text:
User:Shadro

Shadro introduction
I'm very new (but have been using wikipedia for a while), and I haven't finished high school. Feel free to tell me anything you wish to.

title: User:Shadro


text:
Batman: Son of the Demon

Batman: Son of the Demon is a 1987 graphic novel by writer Mike W. Barr and artist Jerry Bingham, published by American company DC Comics. It was released in both hardcover and softcover formats.

Although it was deemed to be non-canon, Grant Morrison used elements of this story in the 4-issue story "Batman and Son" in 2006. DC Comics published a new printing of Batman: Son of the Demon in 2006 featuring new cover art by Andy Kubert for the first time in standard comic book size with a cover price of $5.99 US, tying in with the "Batman and Son" arc.

Plot
The story centers on the eco-terrorist and head of the League of Assassins, Ra's al Ghul aiding Batman in his quest to solve the murder of Harris Blaine, one of Gotham City's most prominent scientists. Ra's al Ghul and Batman turn out to be searching for the same man, the terrorist known as Qayin. Qayin is a rogue assassin who had murdered Ra's al Ghul's wife Melisande, mother to his favorite daughter and heir-apparent, Talia, by throwing her into an early version of a Lazarus Pit. Batman has shared a stormy, on-again, off-again romance with Talia for many years, despite his ideological conflict with Ra's. During the course of the storyline, Batman has time to properly romance Talia. When Batman asks if there should have been a marriage ceremony of some sort, Talia replies that there already has been: her father had previously, in a bid to stop Batman from interfering with his plans, performed such a ceremony in the tradition of his own country, where only the consent of the bride was needed to constitute a marriage. Talia soon becomes pregnant, and the prospect of a family has a profound effect on Batman's demeanor, making him more risk-averse and softening his typically grim outlook. Batman is nearly killed protecting the recently pregnant (and still very dangerous in her own right) Talia from an attack by the assassin's agents. Observing Batman's dangerous and overly protective behavior, Talia resolves that she cannot allow him to continue to act in such a manner, as he will almost certainly be killed. To that end, Talia claims to have miscarried. Crushed by the news, Batman returns to his typically grim disposition, and he and Talia agree to have the marriage dissolved. Batman returns to Gotham, never knowing Talia is still carrying his child.

The child, a boy, is born and left with an orphanage, and soon adopted by a Western couple. The only hint of his impressive heritage is a jewel-encrusted necklace, a gift Bruce gave to Talia just before Qayin attacked Ra's' HQ.

Critical reaction
IGN ranked Batman: Son of the Demon #6 on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels, calling it "the perfect Ra's al Ghul tale" and "a brilliant, perfectly paced story".

title: Batman: Son of the Demon


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TMC (TV channel)

TMC (originally short for Télé Monte-Carlo) is a Franco–Monégasque general entertainment television channel, owned by the French media holding company Groupe TF1.

History
The second oldest private channel in Europe (after Télé-Sarre, which was launched a year earlier), TMC was launched in 1954 on Monaco's national day, inaugurated by Rainier III, Prince of Monaco. During its first years, their headquarters was temporarily located on the premises of Radio Monte-Carlo, with a TV studio equipped with a telecine designed by Henri de France. From there, TMC broadcast its programming to the south of France from Menton, east of Marseille.

Two years later, in April 1956, TMC produced its first Eurovision broadcast, the wedding of Prince Rainier III and American actress Grace Kelly.

In 1984, as a result of an agreement between Prince Rainier III and the French President François Mitterrand, TMC was able to be broadcast as far west as Montpellier, France, tripling its coverage (three million potential viewers).

In 1987, the channel was carried for a few hours on M6, a French television service — which made it available to a greater part of France — and the channel was eventually carried by CanalSat and became available in all of France and the Indian Ocean area. The channel also won a spot on the French language digital terrestrial television scheme, demonstrating its wide appeal.

The channel was owned jointly by the TF1 Group (40%), the AB Groupe (40%) and the Government of Monaco (20%). In 2010, TF1 Group bought AB Group's shares, and in June 2016 became the sole shareholder of the channel after acquiring the Government of Monaco's shares.

Until 1995, TMC was a member of the European Broadcasting Union as a part of Radio Monte-Carlo (RMC). Until 2022, the Monégasque membership was held by Groupement de Radiodiffuseurs Monégasques (GRMC), a joint organisation comprising Monte-Carlo Radiodiffusion (RMC) and Radio Monte Carlo (RMC).

Since October 2022, TMC, as well as the free DTT channels of the TF1 Group, have been accessible free to air via the Astra 1 satellite. This broadcast follows a temporary interruption in encrypted broadcasting for Canal+ and TNTSAT subscribers following a commercial dispute. However, despite the resumption of encrypted broadcasts within the Canal+ and TNTSAT packages, this free-to-air broadcasting continues. TMC is therefore received free of charge in almost all of Continental Europe and the North African countries.

Programming
TMC shows a variety of programmes, including many imports. It also produces much original programming that include news magazines, cooking shows, and talk shows, including:

 * SUD: A cultural programme focusing on Monaco and the South of France, aired every Sunday.
 * Monacoscope: A weekly summary programme presenting the latest news of politics, sports and the monarchy of Monaco, aired every Saturday.
 * TMC Info: A programme presenting the latest news of politics, sports and the monarchy of Monaco, airs daily.
 * Notre région: A news magazine focussing on political, cultural and economic news of the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

TV shows

 * Downton Abbey
 * Saving Grace
 * Les filles d'à côté
 * Undercover Boss
 * MacGyver
 * The A-Team
 * Law & Order
 * Alarm für Cobra 11 - Die Autobahnpolizei
 * Army Wives
 * Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
 * Eleventh Hour
 * Agatha Christie's Poirot
 * The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes
 * The Return of Sherlock Holmes
 * Agatha Christie's Marple
 * The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
 * Une femme d'honneur
 * Life
 * Psych
 * ''Monk
 * Sherlock Yack: Zoo Detective

Association football

 * FIFA
 * FIFA World Cup qualification until 2022 (selected UEFA team (excluding France team) matches (shared with TFX, W9, and L'Équipe), France matches live on TF1 (including finals tournament) and M6)
 * FIFA Women's World Cup (selected matches at the finals tournament only, co-licensed with Canal+)
 * UEFA until 2022 (except for Men's Nations League and Women's Champions League until 2021)
 * Men's
 * UEFA European Championship (selected qualifiers not involving France team only (shared with TFX, W9, and L'Équipe), selected qualifiers and finals (including France team matches) live on TF1 and M6)
 * UEFA Nations League (selected matches (including Finals and excluding France team) (shared with L'Équipe (group stage only), TFX, and W9), France matches live on TF1 and M6)
 * Friendly matches (selected matches (including one France team in June 2019) (shared with TFX, W9 and L'Équipe), France matches live on TF1 and M6)
 * Women's
 * UEFA European Championship (selected matches at the finals tournament only, co-licensed with Canal+)
 * UEFA Champions League (final only, licensed from Canal+)

Motorsport

 * Formula 1 (Monaco GP only, French GP and other two races live on TF1, licensed from Canal+)

Rugby

 * Rugby World Cup (shared with TF1 in 2019)

Handball

 * IHF Men's and Women's World Championships (France matches at the finals tournament that not aired by TF1 only (if qualified) until 2025, licensed from beIN Sports)
 * EHF Men's and Women's European Championships (France matches at the finals tournament that not aired by TF1 only (if qualified) until 2024, licensed from beIN Sports)

Tennis

 * Davis Cup (France matches only from 2019 Finals, licensed from beIN Sports)

title: TMC (TV channel)


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Talk:WWF The Main Event

The Rockers as Tag Team Champions
In the section where this is mentioned, out of the blue it says Neidhart was rehired, and re-paired with Hart. This is very distracting. I think it should be either removed or expanded on to explain the title switch was initially planned since Neidhart's contract was set to expire. Thoughts? Gamer313 (talk) 15:08, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

InfoBox Main Event Match Listings
In the infobox, the "main event" listed is the last match that aired on that specific show. The main event should be the headlining match of the show which isn't necessarily the match that went on last. For example, the main event of the Main Event I is Andre the Giant vs Hulk Hogan not the Hart Foundation vs Strike Force. Is it agreed that this should be changed? Expandinglight5 (talk) 06:26, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Consensus is that the last match is always the main event. -  Galatz גאליץ שיחה Talk  15:31, 18 November 2019 (UTC)
 * So we should use that consensus for shows that happened around 30 years ago? Things were very different back then, and on SNME/The Main Event the top match didn't go on last.  How far should we push this?  Push it back to the 60's, and you can take away most of Bruno Sammartino's MSG main events. Ler80 (talk) 23:01, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

When/where was this reached? Is there a talk page that discusses the consensus? Expandinglight5 (talk) 06:10, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

Last Match Listing
If we can agree that the last match isn't automatically the main event, then why even list it? Only a small portion of the last match was shown. It was completed overshadowed by Hogan's interview, and was treated as an afterthought. It is that tough to just say that Hogan vs Andre was the main event of that first main event show, or at least give it credit as the headline match? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ler80 (talk • contribs) 22:57, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:WWF The Main Event


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KDE Software Compilation 4

KDE Software Compilation 4 (KDE SC 4) was the only series of the so-called KDE Software Compilation (short: KDE SC), first released in January 2008 and the last release being 4.14.3 released in November 2014. It was the follow-up to K Desktop Environment 3. Following KDE SC 4, the compilation was broken up into basic framework libraries, desktop environment and applications, which are termed KDE Frameworks 5, KDE Plasma 5 and KDE Applications, respectively.

Major releases (4.x) were released every six months, while minor bugfix releases (4.x.y) were released monthly.

The series included updates to several of the KDE Platform's core components, notably a port to Qt 4. It contained a new multimedia API, called Phonon, a device integration framework called Solid and a new style guide and default icon set called Oxygen. It also included a new, unified desktop and panel user interface called Plasma, which supported desktop widgets, replacing K Desktop Environment 3's separate components.

One of the overall goals of KDE Platform 4 was to make it easy for KDE applications to be portable to different operating systems. This was made possible by the port to Qt 4, which facilitated support for non-X11-based platforms, including Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Versions 4.0 to 4.3 of KDE Software Compilation were known simply as KDE 4 – the name change was a component of the KDE project's re-branding to reflect KDE's increased scope.

Major updates
This is a short overview of major changes in KDE Software Compilation 4.

General
The port to the Qt 4 series was expected to enable KDE 4 to use less memory and be noticeably faster than KDE 3. The KDE libraries themselves have also been made more efficient. However, tests reveal that KDE 4.4 has the highest memory utilization on default Ubuntu installations when compared to GNOME 2.29, Xfce 4.6, and LXDE 0.5. Qt 4 is available under the LGPL for Mac OS X and Windows, which allows KDE 4 to run on those platforms. The ports to both platforms are in an early state. , KDE Software compilation 4 on Mac OS X is considered beta, while on Windows it is not in the final state, so applications can be unsuitable for day to day use yet. Both ports are trying to use as little divergent code as possible to make the applications function almost identically on all platforms. During Summer of Code 2007 an icon cache was created to decrease application start-up times for use in KDE 4. Improvements were varied – Kfind, an application which used several hundred icons, started up in about a quarter of the time it took previously. Other applications and a full KDE session started up a little over a second faster.

Many applications in the Extragear and KOffice modules have received numerous improvements with the new features of KDE 4 and Qt 4. But since they follow their own release schedule, they were not all available at the time of the first KDE 4 release – these include Amarok, K3b, digiKam, KWord, and Krita.

Visual
The most noticeable changes for users are the new icons, theme and sounds provided by the Oxygen Project. These represent a break from previous KDE icons and graphics, which had a cartoonish look. Instead Oxygen icons opt for a more photorealistic style. The Oxygen Project builds on the freedesktop.org Icon Naming Specification and Icon Theme Specification, allowing consistency across applications. The Oxygen team uses community help for better visuals in KDE 4, with both alternate icon sets and the winners of a wallpaper contest held by the Oxygen project being included in KDE 4. There is also a new set of human interface guidelines for a more standardized layout.

Plasma provides the main desktop user interface and is a rewrite of several core KDE applications, like the desktop drawing and most notably the widget engine. Plasma allows a more customisable desktop and more versatile widgets.

KWin, the KDE Window Manager, now provides its own compositing effects, similar to Compiz.

Development
Phonon is the name of the multimedia API in KDE 4. Phonon is a different approach to multimedia backends than in previous versions of KDE. This is because Phonon only functions as a wrapper, abstracting the various multimedia frameworks available for Unix-like operating systems into runtime switchable backends that can be accessed through a single API. This was done to provide a stable API for KDE 4 and to prevent it from depending on a single multimedia framework. Applications that use the Phonon API can be switched between multimedia frameworks seamlessly by simply changing the backend used in System Settings. Nokia adopted Phonon for multimedia use in Qt 4.4 and are developing backends for Gstreamer, Windows and OS X in the KDE SVN repository under the LGPL.

Solid is the hardware API in KDE 4. It functions similarly to Phonon as it does not manage hardware on its own but makes existing solutions accessible through a single API. The current solution uses HAL, NetworkManager and BlueZ (the official Linux bluetooth stack), but any and all parts can be replaced without breaking the application, making applications using Solid extremely flexible and portable.

ThreadWeaver is a programming library to help applications take advantage of multicore processors and is included with kdelibs.

Kross is the new scripting framework for KDE 4. Kross itself is not a scripting language, but makes it easier for developers to add support for other scripting languages. Once an application adds support for Kross, any language Kross supports can be used by developers. New scripting languages can be added by creating a plugin for Kross, which benefits all applications using it.

Decibel is a Telepathy-based communication framework, which was expected to be fully used by Kopete by KDE 4.2, but which is reported to be postponed indefinitely. Strigi is the default search tool for KDE 4, chosen for its speed and few dependencies. In concert with other software like Soprano, an RDF storage framework, and the NEPOMUK specification, Strigi will provide the beginnings of a semantic desktop in KDE 4. Users can tag files with additional information through Dolphin, which Strigi can index for more accurate searches.

KDE 4 uses CMake for its build system. Since previous versions of KDE were only on Unix systems, autotools were used, but a new build system was needed for builds on operating systems like Windows. CMake also dramatically simplified the build process. The autotools build system had become so complicated by KDE 3 that few developers understood it, requiring hours of work for simple changes. In early 2007 CMake was shown to compile KDE 4 version of KDElibs 40 % faster than the autotools compiled KDE 3 version.

DXS, previously known as GHNS (Get Hot New Stuff) and now adopted by freedesktop.org, is a web service that lets applications download and install data from the Internet with one click. It was used in the KDE 3 series but has been extended for use throughout KDE 4. One example was Kstars, that can use Astronomical data that is free for personal use but cannot be redistributed. DXS allows that data to be easily downloaded and installed from within the application instead of manually downloading it.

Akonadi is a new PIM framework for KDE 4. Akonadi is a unification of previously separate KDE PIM components. In the past each application would have its own method for storing information and handling data. Akonadi itself functions as a server that provides data and search functions to PIM applications. It is also able to update the status of contacts. So if one application changes information about a contact, all other applications are immediately informed of the change.

KDE 4.0
The majority of development went into implementing most of the new technologies and frameworks of KDE 4. Plasma and the Oxygen style were two of the biggest user-facing changes.

Dolphin replaces Konqueror as the default file manager in KDE 4.0. This was done to address complaints of Konqueror being too complicated for a simple file manager. However Dolphin and Konqueror will share as much code as possible, and Dolphin can be embedded in Konqueror to allow Konqueror to still be used as a file manager.

Okular replaces several document viewers used in KDE 3, like KPDF, KGhostView and KDVI. Okular makes use of software libraries and can be extended to view almost any kind of document. Like Konqueror and KPDF in KDE 3, Okular can be embedded in other applications.

Pre-releases
On 11 May 2007, KDE 4.0 Alpha 1 was released marking the end of the addition of large features to KDE base libraries and shifting the focus onto integrating the new technologies into applications and the basic desktop. Alpha 1 included new frameworks to build applications with, providing improved hardware and multimedia integration through Solid and Phonon. Dolphin and Okular were integrated and a new visual appearance was provided through Oxygen icons.

On 4 July 2007, Alpha 2 was released. The release focused on integrating the Plasma desktop, improving functionality and stabilizing KDE.

On 2 August 2007, Beta 1 was released. Major features included a pixmap cache – speeding up icon loading, KDE PIM improvements, improved KWin effects and configuration, better interaction between Konqueror and Dolphin and Metalink support added to KGet for improved downloads.

On 6 September 2007, Beta 2 was released with improved BSD and Solaris support. The release included the addition of the Blitz graphic library – allowing for developers to use high performance graphical tricks like icon animation – and an overhaul of KRDC (K Remote Desktop Client) for Google's Summer of Code. Plasma was also integrated with Amarok to provide Amarok's central context view.

On 16 October 2007, Beta 3 was released. The beta 3 release was focused on stabilizing and finishing the design of libraries for the release of KDE Development Platform. Plasma received many new features including an applet browser. The educational software received many improvements in Marble and Parley (formerly known as KVoctrain) with bugfixes in other applications. A program called Step, an interactive physics simulator, was produced as part of the Google Summer of Code.

On 30 October 2007, Beta 4 was released. A list of release blockers was compiled, listing issues that need to be resolved before KDE will start with the release candidate cycle for the desktop. The goals were to focus on stabilization and fixing the release blockers.

At the same time, the first release candidate of KDE 4.0 Development Platform was released. The development platform contains all the base libraries to develop KDE applications, including "high-level widget libraries, a network abstraction layer and various libraries for multimedia integration, hardware integration and transparent access to resources on the network."

On 20 November 2007, Release Candidate (RC) 1 was released. This release was called a "Release Candidate" despite Plasma requiring further work and not being ready for release. On 11 December 2007, RC2 was released. The codebase was declared feature-complete. Some work was still required to fix bugs, finish off artwork and smooth out the user experience.

Release
KDE 4 was released on 11 January 2008. Despite being labelled as a stable release, it was intended for early adopters. Continuing to use KDE 3.5 was suggested for users wanting a more stable, "feature complete" desktop.

Reception
The release of KDE 4.0 was met with a mixed reception. While early adopters were tolerant of the lack of finish for some of its new features, the release was widely criticized because of a lack of stability and its "beta" quality. Computerworld reporter Steven Vaughan-Nichols criticised KDE 4.0 and KDE 4.1 and called for a fork of KDE 3.5 by rebuilding it on top of Qt 4. The same reporter later praised KDE 4.3 and welcomed the KDE 3.5 continuation project Trinity. Although Linus Torvalds switched from GNOME to KDE in December 2005, he switched back to GNOME after Fedora replaced KDE 3.5 with 4.0. In an interview with Computerworld, he described KDE 4.0 as a "break everything" model and "half-baked" release, claiming that he expected it to be an upgrade of KDE 3.5, when the reality was that there were significant cases of features being regressed due to its extensive changes. (Torvalds did point out, however, that he understood why the developers in charge of the KDE project had chosen to make such drastic changes to the desktop environment in KDE 4.0 and the reason for its premature release, and that his criticism was more on the way KDE 4.0 was pushed out to the public.) Despite the criticism, reviewers such as Ars Technica’s Ryan Paul noted that the visual style "is very attractive and easy on the eyes" and "exhibits a relatively high level of polish" and that "the underlying technologies still have a lot of very serious potential".

KDE 4.1
KDE 4.1 was released on 29 July 2008. KDE 4.1 includes a shared emoticon theming system which is used in PIM and Kopete, and DXS, a service that lets applications download and install data from the Internet with one click. Also introduced are GStreamer, QuickTime 7, and DirectShow 9 Phonon backends. Plasma improvements include support for Qt 4 widgets and WebKit integration – allowing many Apple Dashboard widgets to be displayed. There will also be ports of some applications to Windows and Mac OS X.

New applications include:
 * Dragon Player multimedia player (formerly Codeine)
 * Kontact – with some Akonadi functionality
 * Skanlite scanner application
 * Step physics simulator
 * Games – Kdiamond (a Bejeweled clone), Kollision, Kubrick, KsirK, KBreakout

KDE 4.2
KDE 4.2 was released on 27 January 2009. The release is considered a significant improvement beyond KDE 4.1 in nearly all aspects, and a suitable replacement for KDE 3.5 for most users.

KDE Workspace improvements
The 4.2 release includes thousands of bug fixes and has implemented many features that were present in KDE 3.5 but had been missing in KDE 4.0 and 4.1. These include grouping and multiple row layout in the task bar, icon hiding in the system tray, panel autohiding, window previews and tooltips are back in the panel and task bar, notifications and job tracking by Plasma, and the ability to have icons on the desktop again by using a Folder View as the desktop background where icons now remain where they are placed.

New Plasma applets include applets for leaving messages on a locked screen, previewing files, switching desktop Activity, monitoring news feeds, and utilities like the pastebin applet, the calendar, timer, special character selector, a QuickLaunch widget, and a system monitor, among many others. The Plasma workspace can now load Google Gadgets. Plasma widgets can be written in Ruby and Python. Support for applets written in JavaScript and Mac OS X dashboard widgets has been further improved. Theming improvements in the Task Bar, Application Launcher, System Tray and most other Plasma components streamline the look and feel and increase consistency. A new System Settings module, Desktop Theme Details, gives the user control over each element of various Plasma themes. Wallpapers are now provided plugins, so developers can easily write custom wallpaper systems in KDE 4.2. Available wallpaper plugins in KDE 4.2 will be slideshows, Mandelbrot fractals, and regular static images.

New desktop effects have been added such as the Magic Lamp, Minimize effect and the Cube and Sphere desktop switchers. Others, such as the desktop grid, have been improved. The user interface for choosing effects has been reworked for easy selection of the most commonly used effects. Compositing desktop effects have been enabled by default where hardware and drivers support them. Automatic checks confirm that compositing works before enabling it on the workspace.

KRunner – the "Run command…" dialog – has extended functionality through several new plugins, including spellchecking, Konqueror browser history, power management control through PowerDevil, KDE Places, Recent Documents, and the ability to start specific sessions of the Kate editor, Konqueror and Konsole. The converter plugin now also supports quickly converting between units of speed, mass and distances.

Multi-screen support has been improved through the Kephal library, fixing many bugs when running KDE on more than one monitor.

New and improved applications
New applications include PowerDevil, a power management system for controlling various aspects of mobile devices. A new printing configuration system brings back a number of features users have been missing in KDE 4.0 and 4.1. The components "printer-applet" and "system-config-printer-kde" are shipped with the kdeadmin and kdeutils module. Killbots is a new game shipped with the kdegames module.

All applications have seen bugfixes, feature additions and user interface improvements. Dolphin now supports previews of files in toolbars and has gained a slider to zoom in and out on file item views. It can now also show the full path in the breadcrumb bar. Konqueror offers increased loading speed by prefetching domain name data in KHTML. A find-as-you-type bar improves navigation in webpages. KMail has a new message header list, and reworked attachment view. The KWrite and Kate text editors can now operate in Vi input mode, accommodating those used to the traditional UNIX editor. Ark, the archiving tool has gained support for password-protected archives and is accessible via a context menu from the file managers now. KRDC, the remote desktop client improves support for Microsoft's Active Directory through LDAP. Kontact has gained a new planner summary and support for drag and drop in the free/busy view. KSnapshot now uses the window title when saving screenshots, making it easier to index them using search engines.

Reception
The KDE 4.2 release "marks the end of the testing phase by being the first release ready for everyone – instead of just developers and enthusiasts" according to Thom Holwerda, a member of OSNews.

KDE 4.3
KDE 4.3 was released on 4 August 2009. Polishing KDE 4 was a focus of 4.3, with this release being described as incremental and lacking in major new features. KDE 4.3 fixed over 10,000 bugs and implemented almost 2,000 feature requests. Integration with other technologies, such as PolicyKit, NetworkManager & Geolocation services, was another focus of this release. KRunner's interface has been overhauled. A much more flexible system tray has been developed. Many new Plasmoids have been added, including the openDesktop.org Plasmoid – an initial take on the Social Desktop. Plasma also receives more keyboard shortcuts.

KDE SC 4.4
KDE SC 4.4 was released on 9 February 2010 and is based on version 4.6 of the Qt 4 toolkit. As such, KDE SC 4.4 carries Qt's performance improvements as well as Qt 4.6's new features, such as the new animation framework Kinetic.

KAddressBook Is replaced by a completely new application with the same name – previously tentatively called KContactManager. Key features of the new KAddressBook are Akonadi integration and a streamlined user interface.

Another major new feature is an additional new Plasma interface, targeted towards netbooks.

Kopete is released as version 1.0.

KAuth, a cross-platform authentication API, made its début in KDE SC 4.4. Initially only PolicyKit is supported as back-end.

KDE SC 4.5
KDE SC 4.5 was released on 10 August 2010. New features include the integration of the WebKit library, an open-source web browser engine, which is used in major browsers such as Apple Safari and Google Chrome. KDE's own KHTML engine will continue to be developed.

KPackage has been deprecated. KPackageKit was suggested to replace it but it didn't make it to replace it.

KDE SC 4.6
KDE SC 4.6 was released on 26 January 2011 and has better OpenGL compositing along with the usual myriad of fixes and features.

KDE SC 4.7
KDE SC 4.7 was released on 28 July 2011. This version updated KWin in order to be compatible with OpenGL ES 2.0, which will enhance its portability to mobile and tablet platforms. Other optimizations, such as the use of Qt Quick, were made in order to enhance this portability. This version also brought updates and enhancements to Plasma Desktop such as better network management and updates to certain widgets (like the Kickoff menu) as well as activities.

Aside from the desktop environment, version 4.7 updates many applications within the Software Compilation. Dolphin file manager has been updated to include a cleaner user interface. Marble, the virtual globe software, now supports voice navigation, a map creation wizard, as well as many new plugins. Gwenview image viewer now allows users to compare two or more photos side by side. The Kontact database has also been ported to Akonadi which allows the database to be easily accessible from other applications. Furthermore, the KMail database has also been ported to Akonadi. DigiKam has been updated to support face detection, image versioning, and image tagging. Other applications such as Kate, Kalzium, KAlgebra, KStars, and KDevelop have also been updated in this release. Moreover, version 4.7 fixed over 12,000 bugs.

KDE SC 4.8
Release 4.8 was made available on 25 January 2012.

Plasma Workspaces
KWin's rendering performance was increased by optimizing effect rendering. Window resizing was improved as well. Other KWin features are: QML based Window switcher (Tabbox), AnimationEffect class and initial Wayland support.

Applications
A new major version of Dolphin shipped with KDE Applications 4.8. It has improved performance, better file name display, animated transitions, and many other new and improved features.

Cantor shipped with additional back-ends based on Scilab and Qalculate.

KDE SC 4.9
KDE SC 4.9 was made available on 1 August 2012. The release featured several improvements to the Dolphin file manager, including the reintroduction of in-line file renaming, back and forward mouse buttons, improvement of the places panel and better usage of file metadata. Additionally, there were several improvements to KWin and Konsole. Activities were better integrated with the workspace. Several applications were updated, including Okular, Kopete, Kontact, and educational applications.

KDE SC 4.10
KDE SC 4.10 was released on 6 February 2013. Many of the default Plasma widgets were rewritten in QML, and Nepomuk, Kontact and Okular received significant speed improvements.

KDE SC 4.11
4.11 was released on 14 August 2013. Kontact and Nepomuk received many optimizations. The first generation Plasma Workspaces entered maintenance-only development mode.

KDE SC 4.12
KDE SC 4.12 was released on 18 December 2013. Kontact received substantial improvements.

KDE SC 4.13
KDE SC 4.13 was released on 16 April 2014. Nepomuk semantic desktop search was replaced with KDE's in house Baloo. KDE SC 4.13 was released in 53 different translations.

KDE SC 4.14
KDE SC 4.14 was released on 20 August 2014. The release primarily focused on stability, with numerous bugs fixed and few new features added. This was the final KDE SC 4 release.

title: KDE Software Compilation 4


text:
Antonio Mira de Amescua

Antonio Mira de Amescua (January 17, 1577 — September 8, 1644), Spanish dramatist, was born at Guadix (Granada) about 1578. He is said, but doubtfully, to have been the illegitimate son of one Juana Perez. He took orders, obtained a canonry at Guadix, and settled at Madrid early in the 17th century. He is mentioned as a prominent dramatist in Rojas Villandrandos Loa (1603), which was written several years before it was published. In 1610, being then arch-dean of Guadix, he accompanied the count de Lemos to Naples, and on his return to Spain was appointed (1619) chaplain to the Cardinale-Infante Ferdinand of Austria; he is referred to as still alive in Montalbán's Para todos (1632), and he collaborated with Montalbán and Calderón in Polifemo y Circe, printed in 1634. The date of his death is not known.

Mira de Amescua's plays are dispersed in various printed collections, and the absence of a satisfactory edition has prevented, his due recognition. He has an evenness of execution which indicates an artistic conscience uncommon in Spanish playwrights; he resisted the temptation to write too much, and he unites a virile dignity of expression to impressive conception of character.

Two of his plays—La adversa fortuna de Don Bernardo de Cabrera and El ejemplo mayor de la desdicha—are respectively the sources of Rotrou's Don Bernardo de la Cabrère and Belisaire; Moreto's Caer para levantar is simply a recast of Mira's El Esclavo del demonio, a celebrated drama which clearly influenced Calderón when composing La Devoción de la cruz; and there is manifestly a close relation between Mira's La Rueda de la fortuna on the one hand and Corneille's Héraclius and Calderón's En esta vida todo es verdad y todo es mentira. A few of Mira de Amescua's plays are reprinted in the Biblioteca de autores españoles, vol. xlv.

title: Antonio Mira de Amescua


text:
Talk:Tirumoolar

The already existing article on Thirumoolar has been enhanced and wikified.

So this article on Tirumoolar can be deleted.

--Profvk 17:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tirumoolar


text:
Automatism (law)

In criminal law, automatism is a rarely used criminal defence. It is one of the mental condition defences that relate to the mental state of the defendant. Automatism can be seen variously as lack of voluntariness, lack of culpability (unconsciousness) or excuse. Automatism means that the defendant was not aware of his or her actions when making the particular movements that constituted the illegal act.

For example, in 1958, Esther Griggs threw her child out of a first floor window believing that the house was on fire, while having a sleep terror. In 2002, Peter Buck, lead guitarist of the band R.E.M., was cleared of several charges, including assault, which resulted from automatism brought on by a bad interaction between alcohol and sleeping pills. In a 2009 case in Aberporth in west Wales, Brian Thomas strangled his wife in their camper van, also during a sleep terror, when he mistook his wife for an intruder. The defence of automatism is denying that the person was acting in the sense that the criminal law demands. As such it is really a denial-of-proof – the defendant is asserting that the offence is not made out. The prosecution does not have to disprove the defence as is sometimes erroneously reported; the prosecution has to prove all the elements of the offence including the voluntary act requirement. Automatism is a defence even against strict liability crimes like dangerous driving, where no intent is necessary.

There are several limitations to the defence of automatism in English law. Prior fault generally excludes automatism. Intoxication generally excludes automatism, even when involuntary. Any defence that rests on insanity comes under the M'Naghten rules. Under English law internal causes of automatism are generally judged to be insane automatism and so result in the special verdict (not guilty by reason of insanity) rather than simple acquittal.

Scope
Automatism is arguably the only defence that excludes responsibility by negating the existence of the actus reus which uniquely allows it to be a defence to both conventional and strict liability offences (although this argument could be extended to the status defence of insanity, too). Strict automatism is a denial of actus reus and therefore most commonly used as a defence against strict liability offences. There are a number of reasons why a person may go into a state of automatism, including dissociation or hypo or hyperglycemia. Unconsciousness is the defence of denial of mens rea, which is easier to prove and hence more commonly used for non-strict liability crimes. For example, in cases of homicidal sleepwalking the illegal act is typically not denied but the intent to kill is. The defendant will typically be perplexed and confused and will not cover up the episode. Kenneth Parks, after killing his mother-in-law and severely injuring his father-in-law, drove to the police station stating that he thought he had killed some people. The person's movements seem purposeful - the sleepwalker interacts with their environment in a limited way. Nonetheless the sleepwalker is not conscious of their actions. The use of the term "automatism" for these situations causes some confusion, as in these cases it is really the lack of intent on the part of the defendant which denies the mens rea of the offence rather than the actus reus (although this distinction is problematic in many instances), better called "unconsciousness". Intention is a problem in crimes of strict liability. Very few people intend to crash their vehicles, so clearly something better than intent is required to define automatism.

Another issue with automatism is that when the issue is raised by the defence as a realistic defence (an evidentiary basis), the prosecution then has to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant was acting voluntarily. This is the case for several other defences e.g. duress. The justification for this is that voluntary action is part of the definition of the offence, and therefore something under the presumption of innocence the prosecution has to prove. The evidentiary burden was laid down in Hill v Baxter where the defence of automatism failed because there was no good evidence for the alleged blackout. Evidentiary burden means that the defendant needs to provide evidence to satisfy the judge that the issue should be put to the jury, which normally requires medical evidence (although R v Woolley, in which an HGV driver crashed after sneezing, proved an exception).

Exclusions
Because automatism is such a comprehensive defence, there are various exclusions to an automatism defence. The person must not be at fault. The classic example of this is falling asleep at the wheel of a car (Kay v Butterworth). Although one is not responsible for acts done while asleep, one can be held responsible for driving in a state where one would fall asleep at the wheel. The issue of prior fault applies to many diabetics who suffer hypoglycaemia while driving. Voluntary (and often involuntary) intoxication cannot cause legal automatism.

In many jurisdictions, there is a distinction made between "sane automatism" and "insane automatism". Where the involuntariness is caused by a mental illness, or "disease of the mind", as per the M'Naghten rules, it will be regarded as "insane automatism" and will often result in a special verdict of "not guilty by reason of insanity". This can have significant practical effects for the defendant, as they still may be detained after a special verdict as opposed to the straight acquittal available through sane automatism.

The M'Naghten rules require a "disease of mind", which requires an internal cause. This is medically nonsensical, and does not always bear much relationship to continuing risk which is the main justification. This means that insane automatisms do not require total loss of voluntary control (see below). Thus they are easier to prove in some circumstances, but conversely the burden of proof is on the defendant. Sleepwalking was initially an exception to the internal-external doctrine until the case of R v Burgess.

The most contentious qualifier is that there must be a total loss of control. In Attorney-General's Reference No 2 of 1992, this definition of legal automatism was confirmed. A lorry driver had crashed, and his defence (backed up by expert evidence) was that the monotony of motorway driving had caused him to go into a state of "driving without awareness" where, although he could make minor adjustments to follow the road, he was not truly conscious of driving. This followed the decisions of Watmore v Jenkins and Broome v Perkins where diabetic drivers who had driven three miles or more were held to not have the total loss of control necessary for the defence of automatism. This definition is problematic, and the Law Commission, Butler Committee and leading legal academic R. D. Mackay have all argued that this definition is too restrictive.

Classically automatisms in the legal sense have been defined as spasms, reflexes, convulsions or acts committed in a state of unconsciousness e.g. sleep. However, there have been cases where the automatism defence was successful when none of these apply. In R v T the defendant had been raped a few days prior to committing a robbery. She was clearly conscious of what she was doing, but in a dissociative state due to post-traumatic stress disorder from being raped. However, in R v Isitt, when the defendant drove away from a collision and evaded a police roadblock in a dissociative state, the defence was not successful. The Ontario Court of Appeal expressed a logical way of distinguishing such cases in Rabey v The Queen. There, the defendant went into a dissociative state due to being spurned. It was held that such a commonplace occurrence was not the sort of external stimulus that would cause legal automatism (although the insanity plea would be open to him).

Omissions
The problem with omissions and automatism is that the strict legal definition requires total loss of control. A person may well not be able to avoid a crash even though they have some residual control. In this case, the law is imposing liability for failing to do the impossible. Several commentators, including H. L. A. Hart, have suggested that responsibility for omissions must be framed with reference to the actor's capabilities at the time, rather than the objective test.

Voluntariness
La Forest J. in the Canadian Supreme Court case of R v Parks, asserted that automatism is "conceptually a subset of the voluntariness requirement". One of the main rationales of criminal law is to use the threat of punishment as a deterrent to future wrongdoing. But, if an individual is to be deterred, he or she must be acting under voluntary control. If something is interfering with this control, automatism may be available as an excuse. Duress is not an example of involuntary action as although the choices faced by the person under duress may be difficult, nonetheless they are still acting voluntarily. Some would describe action under duress as non-voluntary as opposed to involuntary. This distinction is emphasized by the exclusion of the defense of duress for murder. In the words of the Queensland Court of Criminal Appeal in R v Milloy, Thomas J says, that for automatism to succeed:

"impairment of relevant capacities as distinct from total deprivation of these capacities [will not suffice] ... it is fundamental to a defence of automatism that the actor has no control over his actions."

Reflex movements
One of the difficulties is defining what a voluntary action is and is not. Words like "willed" have the same difficulty: a voluntary action is one that is willed, whatever that means. In Australia, Ryan v The Queen, the defendant entered a shop with a loaded rifle for a robbery. In a sudden attack, the shop assistant caught the appellant by surprise, causing him by a reflex action to discharge the gun, killing the assistant instantly. The Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) requires that "murder shall be committed where the act of the accused ... causing the death charged". Barwick CJ said: "That a crime cannot be committed except by an act or omission is axiomatic. It is basic, in my opinion, that the 'act' of an accused ... must be a 'willed', a voluntary act which has caused the death charged. It is the act which must be willed, though its consequences may not be intended."

Concerning whether the firing of the gun was willed so as to constitute an "act" for the purposes of the murder charge, Elliot commented that "his reaction was like the sudden movement of a tennis player retrieving a difficult shot; not accompanied by conscious planning, but certainly not involuntary". Despite accepting that the actual discharge was involuntary, Barwick CJ confirmed the murder conviction because "the act causing death" included the general circumstances in which the gun was fired. The judge and jury

"could have concluded that the act causing death was the presentation of the cocked, loaded gun with the safety catch unapplied and that its involuntary discharge was a likelihood which ought to have been in the contemplation of the applicant when presenting the gun in the circumstances."

In the U.S., in People v. Decina (1956) 2 NY2d 13 3, 143 the defendant had epilepsy. While driving his car, he had an epileptic seizure and the car went out of control, killing four people. Decina was convicted of negligent homicide because he had voluntarily driven an automobile without assistance knowing that a seizure was possible, breaching Penal Law 1053 on the negligent operation of a motor vehicle:

"Even though a reflex or a convulsion is an excuse, the actor in this instance cannot use this defence because he knowingly undertook the risk of driving while suffering from a disease that is characterised by frequent convulsions, etc. The actus reus was established when he began driving."

This reasoning matches that in English law where any foreseeable loss of control is excluded from automatism. To hold otherwise would be to excuse any driver or other person engaged in an activity where public safety is an issue, from the consequences of a loss of control that occurred after losing consciousness. Only sudden and unexpected health problems avoid culpability. In Scots law, Cardle v Mulrainey (1992) SCCR 658 applies the general requirement for cases involving a defence based on insanity or a comparable state, that there must be a total alienation of reason leading to a loss of self-control, to a case in which the accused claimed that he had involuntarily consumed a drug which had the effect that he knew what he was doing but was unable to refrain from acting (at 668):

"Where, as in the present case, the accused knew what he was doing and was aware of the nature and quality of his acts and that what he was doing was wrong, he cannot be said to be suffering from the total alienation of reason in regard to the crime with which he is charged which the defence requires. The sheriff found in finding that the respondent's ability to reason the consequences of his actions to himself was affected by his ingestion of the drug. The finding narrates that he was unable to take account in his actions of the fact that they were criminal in character and to refrain for them. But this inability to exert self-control, which the sheriff has described as an inability to complete the reasoning process, must be distinguished from the essential requirement that there should be total alienation of the accused's mental faculties of reasoning and of understanding what he is doing."

Sleep
The Australian Model Criminal Code Committee states the law as follows (at 14–15):

"At the minimum there needs to be some operation of the will before a physical movement is described as an act. The physical movements of a person who is asleep, for example, probably should not be regarded as acts at all, and certainly should not be regarded as acts for the purposes of criminal responsibility. These propositions are embodied in the rule that people are not held responsible for involuntary 'acts', that is, physical movements which occur without there being any will to perform that act. This situation is usually referred to as automatism."

In the U.S., People v Huey Newton (1970) 8 CA3d 359 holds that unconsciousness, when not self-induced (say, as by voluntary intoxication), is a complete defence to a criminal act even though the defendant's acts seem very goal-oriented. The medical evidence was that "[a] gunshot wound which penetrates in a body cavity, the abdominal cavity or the thoracic cavity is very likely to produce a profound reflex shock reaction, that is quite different from a gunshot wound which penetrates only skin and muscle and it is not at all uncommon for a person shot in the abdomen to lose consciousness and go into this reflex shock condition for short periods of time up to half an hour or so." But the reflexive activity or unconsciousness need not cause physical collapse: it can exist where the subject physically acts in fact, but is not at the time conscious of acting (cf some European continental jurisdictions classify conduct resulting from automatism under the rubric of unconsciousness). In R. v. Cogdon (1950), unreported but noted in Morris, Somnambulistic Homicide: Ghosts, Spiders and North Koreans (1951) 5 Res Judicatae 29, the defendant struck her daughter on the head with an axe while sleepwalking and dreaming about North Koreans. Her movements were not voluntary, so she was acquitted. This interpretation of automatism is consistent with Lord Denning's dicta in Bratty v Attorney-General for Northern Ireland (1963) AC 386, at 409:

"No act is punishable if it is done involuntarily: and an involuntary act in this context – some people nowadays prefer to speak of it as 'automatism' – means an act which is done by the muscles without any control by the mind, such as a spasm, a reflex action or a convulsion; or an act done by a person who is not conscious of what he is doing, such as an act done whilst suffering from a concussion or whilst sleepwalking."

Situations involving hypnotism, concussion, and sleepwalking may involve apparently deliberate and purposeful conduct. In fact this is the case for many situation where the defense of automatism is presented – spasms or reflex actions are rarely likely to be perceived as criminally liable acts. As for sleepwalking itself, the Canadian case of R v Parks exemplifies a certain judicial willingness to regard a sleepwalker as behaving as an automaton even though he had performed apparently goal-directed acts. The accused fell asleep in his living room. A few hours later he got up and drove 23 kilometres to his in-laws' home. Still asleep, he entered the house, found a knife in the kitchen and went to the bedroom where his in-laws were sleeping. He strangled and cut his father in-law, who survived the attack. The mother in-law died from the repeated stab wounds and the brutal beating. The medical experts at trial unanimously agreed that the accused was sleepwalking and that sleepwalking was not a "disease of mind". The Supreme Court agreed and held that sleepwalking can negate the voluntary ingredient of the actus reus. There is widespread disagreement among forensic sleep experts that Kenneth Parks was in fact sleepwalking – it is not entirely clear the reason why the prosecution did not call its own experts on sleepwalking, one explanation being frank disbelief that the defence could succeed.

The point made in these cases is that the key component of the two categories of cases identified by Lord Denning in Bratty is a defendant's inability to control their behaviour and not the way in which loss or impairment of the conscious or deliberative functions of the mind arises. Similarly, under the Swedish penal code, acts during sleep and unconsciousness, reflex movements, spasms and convulsions, as well as acts performed under physical force or hypnosis are generally not punishable. Moreover, omissions caused by sleep, weakness, physical numbness or anaesthesia are generally not blameworthy. The issue is whether the accused had the ability to control the behaviour, including taking early precautions to avoid loss of control. But, in English law, the ruling in R v Sullivan (1984) AC 156 held that, for the purposes of the M'Naghten rules, a disease of the mind need have no permanence, leading many academics to suggest that sleepwalkers might well be found to be suffering from a disease of the mind with internal causes unless there was clear evidence of an external causal factor. In R v Burgess the Court of Appeal ruled that the defendant who wounded a woman by hitting her with a video recorder while sleepwalking, was insane under the M'Naghten rules. Lord Lane said, "We accept that sleep is a normal condition, but the evidence in the instant case indicates that sleepwalking, and particularly violence in sleep, is not normal."

Overall, this emphasis on control rather than consciousness is supported by clinical science. Michael Coles says: "... on the basis of the available knowledge of human behaviour, it may be suggested that many of the crimes the courts have decided were committed in an automatistic state – that is, in the absence of conscious, volitional control, or while the mind was a total blank – actually may have occurred in a state of diminished consciousness, with the diminished consciousness resulting in the diminished conscious control of behaviour. In other words, the individual becomes disinhibited, and behaviour that the individual would otherwise be able to [contain] gains expression."

Insanity
A discussion of the relationship between automatism and insanity and "internal" and "external" factors is in M'Naghten rules. The internal-external divide is a doctrine of English law, but not followed in Canada for example - hence Parks' acquittal.

Drunkenness
Voluntary intoxication is not automatism. Involuntary intoxication can constitute automatism. This was the decision in R. v Hardie [1985] 1 WLR 164, although this decision may have been the result of judicial misunderstanding of the effects of diazepam. However, in Kingston [1994] 3 WLR 519, a man with normally controlled paedophiliac urges succumbed to them after being drugged unknowingly for blackmail purposes; he was found still able to form the mens rea for indecent assault. This decision has been much criticised by jurists.

Provocation
To constitute a provocation, there must be a sudden and unexpected loss of control as a result of things said or done but the accused is still capable of activity which is sufficiently directed to cause the death of another. Hence, there is insufficient loss of control to constitute automatism e.g. as in the Canadian case of Bert Thomas Stone v R (1999). Provocation is only a partial defence, a concession to human frailty, and not a complete defence like automatism.

title: Automatism (law)


text:
1886 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1886.

Excavations

 * October 4 - Augustus Pitt Rivers begins excavation of the Romano-British settlement site on Rotherley Down.

Finds

 * September - Beothuk child burial on an island of Newfoundland.
 * The well-preserved skeletons of a Neanderthal man and woman with Mousterian stone implements are found in the Betche aux Roches cavern at Spy, Belgium, by Maximin Lohest and Marcel de Puydt.
 * Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan recorded by Thomas Holdich.
 * Armed Aphrodite statue in Epidaurus, Greece.

Events

 * June 10 - Te Wairoa is buried by a volcanic eruption.

Births

 * October 28 - O. G. S. Crawford, British archaeologist (d. 1957).

Deaths

 * June 5 - Llewellynn Jewitt, British archaeologist, illustrator and natural scientist (b. 1816).

title: 1886 in archaeology


text:
USS Young (DD-312)

The first USS Young (DD-312) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy following World War I. She was named for John Young.

History
Young was laid down on 28 January 1919 at San Francisco, California, by the Union Iron Works Plant of the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation; launched on 8 May 1919; sponsored by Mrs. John R. Nolan; designated DD-312 on 17 July 1920; and commissioned on 29 November 1920.

Young fitted out at the Mare Island Navy Yard into December. Assigned to Division 34, Squadron 2, Pacific Fleet Destroyer Force, the destroyer remained inactive in the San Diego, California area through the end of 1921.

Young departed San Diego on 14 January 1922, bound for Bremerton, Washington, and, proceeding via San Francisco, California, reached the Puget Sound Navy Yard on the 18th. Overhauled at Puget Sound, the destroyer departed the yard on 3 April and arrived at her home port, San Diego, on the 8th. The remainder of the year passed fairly uneventfully, with the destroyer continuing her largely anchored existence in San Diego harbor. However, she did fire short-range battle practices, operated briefly off the Mexican Coronados Islands, and recovered torpedoes for USS Idaho (BB-42) during the autumn of the year 1922.

The in-port routine changed the following year, when Young departed San Diego on 6 February 1923 and headed for Panama. En route, she stopped briefly at Magdalena Bay, the traditional target practice grounds for the Pacific Fleet, and fueled from USS Cuyama (AO-3) before proceeding on south to the Pacific side of the Panama Canal Zone.

Young participated in Fleet Problem I over the ensuing weeks. In this, the first Fleet Problem held by the United States Navy, the Battle Fleet was pitted against the Scouting Fleet augmented by a division of battleships. During the war games, Young performed antisubmarine screening for the dreadnoughts of the Battle Fleet and, when the scenario of exercises called for it, dashed in and made simulated torpedo attacks on the "enemy" battlewagons of the augmented Scouting Fleet. Upon completion of one phase of the exercises, she was present in Panama Bay when Secretary of the Navy Edwin C. Denby, accompanied by a party of congressmen embarked in the transport USS Henderson (AP-1), reviewed the Fleet on 14 March.

Young later departed Panamanian waters on 31 March and arrived back at San Diego on 11 April. She remained there until 25 June, when she headed north. She called at San Francisco from the 27th to the 29th and arrived at Tacoma, Washington, on 2 July. Two days later, in keeping with the occasion, Young sent her landing force ashore to march in Tacoma's Independence Day parade.

After shifting to Seattle, Young underwent a period of upkeep alongside USS Melville (AD-2) between 16 July and 17 August. During that time, on 23 July, President Warren G. Harding, on a cruise to Alaska in Henderson, reviewed the Fleet - one of his last official acts before his death a short time later.

After spending a few days at Lake Washington following her upkeep period alongside Melville, Young underwent a brief yard period at the Puget Sound Navy Yard before she sailed south, escorting Battle Division 4 to San Francisco Bay at the end of August. En route, Young practiced torpedo attacks through smoke screens as part of the slate of tactical exercises.

Following a brief period moored at Pier 15, San Francisco, Division 11 got underway to return to San Diego on the morning of 8 September. As the ships made passage down the California coast, they conducted tactical and gunnery exercises in the course of what was also a competitive speed run of 20 kn. Ultimately, when the weather worsened, the ships formed column on the squadron leader, USS Delphy (DD-261). Unfortunately, through an error in navigation, the column swung east at about 2100, unaware of the danger that lurked in the fog dead ahead of them.

At 2105, Delphy - still steaming at 20 kn - ran hard aground off Padernales Point, followed, in succession, by 6 other ships steaming in follow-the-leader fashion. Only quick action by the ships farthest astern prevented the total loss of the entire group.

Young, however, became one of the casualties. Her hull was torn by a jagged pinnacle, but she also ran into the still revolving propellers of the USS Delphy (DD-261) which did further damage to her hull. She swiftly capsized, heeling over on her starboard side within a minute and a half, trapping many of her engine and fire room personnel below. Lt. Cmdr. William L. Calhoun, Young's commanding officer, knew that there was no time to launch boats or rafts as the ship's list increased alarmingly following the grounding. Calhoun accordingly passed the word, through his executive officer, Lt. E. C. Herzinger, and Chief Boatswain's Mate Arthur Peterson, to make for the port side, to stick with the ship, and to not jump.

While the survivors clung to their precarious, oily, surf-battered refuge, Boatswain's Mate Peterson proposed to swim 100 yards to a rocky outcropping to the eastward known as Bridge Rock. Before he could do so, however, USS Chauncey (DD-296) providentially grounded between Young and Bridge Rock, shortening the escape route considerably. The two ships were about 75 yards apart.

At that juncture, Peterson dived into the sea and swam through the tumbling surf with a line to the nearby Chauncey, which was also aground but in a far better predicament since she had remained on a comparatively even keel. The crew of Chauncey hauled Peterson aboard and made the line fast. Soon, a seven-man life raft from the Chauncey was on its way to Young as a makeshift ferry. The raft ultimately made 11 trips bringing the 70 Young survivors to safety. By 2330, the last men of the crew were on board Chauncey; at that point, Lt. Cmdr. Calhoun and Lt. Herzinger (the latter having returned to the ship after having been in the first raft across) left 'Young's' battered hull.

In the subsequent investigation of the Honda Point Disaster the Board of Investigation commended Lt. Cmdr. Calhoun for his "coolness, intelligence, and seamanlike ability" that was directly responsible for the "greatly reduced loss of life." The Board also cited Boatswain's Mate Peterson for his "extraordinary heroism" in swimming through the turbulent seas with a line to Chauncey; Lt. Herzinger drew praise for his "especially meritorious conduct" in helping to save the majority of the ship's crew.

Rear Admiral S. E. W. Kittelle, Commander, Destroyer Squadrons, subsequently cited Lt. Cmdr. Calhoun's display of leadership and personality that saved "three-quarters of the crew of the Young" and Lt. Herzinger for his "coolness and great assistance in the face of grave danger." Also commended by the admiral was Fireman First Class J. T. Scott, who attempted to close off the master oil valve to prevent a boiler explosion, volunteering to go below to the fireroom and go below the floor plates. The water, rapidly rising through the gashes in the ship's hull, however, prevented Scott from completing the task. He survived.

Twenty men were lost in Young, the highest death toll of any of the ships lost in the disaster at Point Honda.

Decommissioned on 26 October 1923, Young was stricken from the Navy list on 20 November 1923 and ordered sold as a hulk.

title: USS Young (DD-312)


text:
Tears on My Pillow

"Tears on My Pillow" is a doo-wop song written by Sylvester Bradford and Al Lewis in 1958. The composition was first recorded by Little Anthony and the Imperials on End Records and was that group's debut recording under that name. Their original recording of the song became a Billboard top-10 hit, peaking at No. 4, No. 3 in Canada, and was the Imperials' first million-seller. It was also a two-sided hit, with its flip side, "Two People in the World," also becoming a major hit. Although it remains one of the Imperials' signature songs, "Tears on My Pillow" has been extensively covered, including a No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart version by Kylie Minogue in January 1990.

The Imperials' original version
Early copies of the single were credited simply to "The Imperials," a group which had previously been known as "The Duponts" and "The Chesters." Brooklyn, New York deejay Alan Freed gave the group's lead singer, Anthony Gourdine, top billing while introducing the single over the air and the moniker of "Little Anthony and the Imperials" stuck.

"Tears on My Pillow" was a #4 hit single in the United States. Selling over a million copies, "Tears on My Pillow" was the most successful single of the Imperials' doo wop period. Its success would be matched only by the Imperials' 1964 single "Goin' Out of My Head." The Imperials ("Little Anthony" Gourdine, Clarence Collins, Ernest Wright, Tracy Lord, and Nate Rogers - the last two of whom were later replaced by Sammy Strain) performed the song on numerous TV programs, including The Dick Clark Show and on the PBS Oldies special, Rock, Rhythm, and Doo-Wop in 1958 and 2002 respectively. They also performed the tune on the American Bandstand 40th Anniversary Special (also in 2002).

Covers
The song has been covered many times, most notably by Kylie Minogue and also by Johnny Tillotson in 1969, his version reaching No. 119 U.S. Billboard, #98 Cash Box and #94 in Canada.

The song was also performed by Sha Na Na in the movie Grease from 1978 and included on the soundtrack.

In 2003, the song was revived and included on the S Club 8 album Sundown. The group of teens also performed it on GreaseMania.

Other uses
"Tears on My Pillow" is referenced by Dean Friedman in his 1977 hit song "Ariel." It is included in the lyrics, "I met a young girl, she sang mighty fine, 'Tears on My Pillow' and 'Ave Maria'."

The song was also used in the season one seventh episode of Sliders entitled "The Weaker Sex," which originally aired as episode six. The character Rembrandt Brown (played by Cleavant Derricks) sings the song repeatedly on the street in an effort to raise money for a motel room.

Kylie Minogue version
Australian singer Kylie Minogue released a cover of "Tears on My Pillow" as the final single from her second studio album, Enjoy Yourself, on January 8, 1990. Minogue's cover was also included on the soundtrack of the film The Delinquents, which she also starred in. The song reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart for one week in January 1990, the final British chart topper by super producers Stock Aitken Waterman (SAW), and reached No. 35 on the Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart.

Critical reception
Bill Coleman from Billboard wrote, "Aussie lass offers a faithful reading of the Little Anthony & the Imperials classic. Pop and AC programmers should take note." A reviewer from Music & Media said the song "has been re-interpreted in a wholly predictable way." Lisa Tilston of Record Mirror praised the song as "a perfect pop song", adding that it "puts Kylie way ahead of the PWL pack by virtue of a) she can really sing and b) she'll look fantastic in the video". Similarly, James Hamilton of the same magazine considered "Tears on My Pillow" an "excellent faithful revival" of the original song, "flipped by the plaintively tuneful scurrying "We Know the Meaning of Love" (120bpm)". Indeed, the track's B-side, a brand new track, "We Know The Meaning of Love", has been cited as one of SAW's best flip sides, and a landmark in Minogue's musical progression ahead of the release of her more mature third album, Rhythm of Love. In 2023, Robert Moran of Australian daily tabloid newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald ranked the song as Minogue's 161st best song (out of 183), adding that he did not like it.

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Tears on My Pillow" shows Kylie in a black dress with a Brigitte Bardot hairstyle singing the song. It is inter-cut with clips from the 1989 film The Delinquents.

Live performances
Minogue performed the song on the following concert tours:
 * Disco in Dream/The Hitman Roadshow
 * Enjoy Yourself Tour (performed as an a cappella)
 * Rhythm of Love Tour
 * Let's Get to It Tour
 * Anti Tour
 * Kylie Summer 2015 Tour (performed as an a cappella)

The song was also performed on:
 * The Kylie Show 2007 TV special

Track listings
CD single
 * 1) "Tears on My Pillow" - 2:33
 * 2) "We Know the Meaning of Love" (Extended) - 5:50
 * 3) "Tears on My Pillow" (More Tears Mix) - 4:14

7-inch vinyl single
 * 1) "Tears on My Pillow" - 2:28
 * 2) "We Know the Meaning of Love" - 3:25

12-inch vinyl single
 * 1) "Tears on My Pillow" (More Tears Mix) - 4:14
 * 2) "We Know the Meaning of Love" (Extended) - 5:50

US and Canadian cassette
 * 1) "Tears on My Pillow" - 2:33
 * 2) "Nothing to Lose" - 3:20

Certifications

 * }

title: Tears on My Pillow


text:
Coffee table book

A coffee table book, also known as a cocktail table book, is an oversized, usually hard-covered book whose purpose is for display on a table intended for use in an area in which one entertains guests and from which it can serve to inspire conversation or pass the time. Subject matter is predominantly non-fiction and pictorial (a photo-book). Pages consist mainly of photographs and illustrations, accompanied by captions and small blocks of text, as opposed to long prose. Since they are aimed at anyone who might pick up the book for a light read, the analysis inside is often more basic and with less jargon than other books on the subject. Because of this, the term "coffee table book" can be used pejoratively to indicate a superficial approach to the subject..

In the field of mathematics, a coffee table book is usually a notebook containing a number of mathematical problems and theorems contributed by a community meeting in a particular place, or connected by a common scientific interest. An example of this was the Scottish Book created by mathematicians at Lviv University in the 1930s and 1940s.

History
The concept of a book intended essentially for display over perusal was mentioned by Michel de Montaigne in his 1581 essay "Upon Some Verses of Virgil": "I am vexed that my Essays only serve the ladies for a common movable, a book to lay in the parlor window..." Almost two centuries later, Laurence Sterne in his 1759 comic novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman advanced the more lighthearted view that "As my life and opinions are likely to make some noise in the world, and... be no less read than the Pilgrim's Progress itself- and, in the end, prove the very thing Montaigne dreaded his Essays should turn out, that is, a book for a parlour window..."

Beginning in the late 1940s, publisher Albert Skira and a few others, such as Cailler and Editions Tisné, Éditions Mazenod, and Harry N. Abrams, began producing large folio and quarto (4to) format art books, illustrated with tipped-in color plates, that were significant in the development of coffee table books as known today.

David Brower is sometimes credited with inventing the modern coffee table book. While serving as executive director of the Sierra Club, he had the idea for a series of books that combined nature photography and writings on nature, with, as he put it, "a page size big enough to carry a given image’s dynamic. The eye must be required to move about within the boundaries of the image, not encompass it all in one glance." The first such book, This is the American Earth, with photographs by Ansel Adams and others and text by Nancy Newhall, was published in 1960; the series became known as the "Exhibit Format" series, with 20 titles eventually published.

The term "coffee table book" appeared in Arts Magazine in 1961, and in the title of The Coffee Table Book of Astrology, published in 1962.

They have also found uses in propaganda, such as a book on the life of East German leader Walter Ulbricht and another on Albanian leader Enver Hoxha.

As of 2011, Madonna's 1992 book Sex remained the most searched for out-of-print coffee table book.

In popular culture
Coffee table books have been featured in several areas of popular culture.
 * In the 1980s, British comedy duo Smith and Jones released The lavishly-tooled Smith and Jones Coffee Table Book — its cover was designed to look as if the book could double as a coffee table.
 * The 1987 comedy Throw Momma from the Train has a running joke about one of the character's attempts to write a "coffee table book", the book is a list of female celebrities he'd like to have sex with.
 * The fifth season (1993–1994) of the sitcom Seinfeld included a story arc involving Kramer wanting to write a coffee table book about coffee tables which would have legs built into the back cover and coasters built into the front cover, so the book itself could be turned into a small coffee table. Elaine Benes, who worked for Pendant Publishing, did not think that Kramer's idea was any good, but her boss (Mr. Lippman) learned about it from Kramer himself and turned it into a book, much to Elaine's dumbfounded surprise and dismay.
 * In the 2012 Family Guy episode "You Can't Do That on Television, Peter", Peter states that he, Joe Swanson and Glen Quagmire are making a coffee table book of lesbian butts in 1980s jeans.
 * Late-night talk show Conan features a sketch called "Coffee Table Books That Didn't Sell", in which Conan O'Brien reviews several fake coffee table books with odd and nonsensical premises, such as Movie Stars With Their Eyes Pushed Closer Together.

title: Coffee table book


text:
2005 Canadian Paralympic Athletics Championships

The 2005 Canadian Paralympic Athletics Championships was a disabled athletics competition that took place in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada in 2005.

100 m T-34 (Women's)

 * GOLD: Chelsea Clark, Mississauga, Ontario

100 m T-52 (Women's)

 * GOLD: Lisa Franks, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

100 m T-53 (Men's)

 * GOLD: Brent Lakatos, Dorval, Quebec: 16.20 sec

100 m T-54 (Men's)

 * GOLD: Daniel Normandin, Montreal: 15.87 sec

100 m T-54 (Women's)

 * GOLD: Chantal Petitclerc, Montreal: 18.11 sec

5000 m T-54 (Men's)

 * GOLD: Jeff Adams, Toronto: 12:14.12
 * SILVER: Michel Filteau, St-Jean-Baptiste, Quebec: 12:18.44

Javelin throw

 * GOLD: France Gagné, Quebec City: 50.13 m


text: User talk:70.95.50.54

title: User talk:70.95.50.54


text:
Arunah Shepherdson Abell

Arunah Shepherdson Abell (August 10, 1806 – April 19, 1888) was an American publisher from New England who was active in Pennsylvania and Maryland. Born in East Providence, Rhode Island, Abell learned the newspaper business as an apprentice at the Providence Patriot. After stints with newspapers in Boston and New York City, he co-founded the Public Ledger in Philadelphia and later independently founded The Sun of Baltimore, Maryland; both were penny papers to appeal to the working class. Abell and his descendants continued ownership of The Sun as a family business until 1910.

Abell is noted as an innovative publisher in the newspaper business, making use of new systems and technology: pony express delivery of news from New Orleans, using the telegraph to transmit news from the first Mexican–American War and a President's speech to the Congress in Washington, D.C., and using the new rotary/cylinder printing press invented by Richard March Hoe.

Biography
Abell was born in East Providence, Rhode Island on August 10, 1806, to quartermaster Caleb Abell and Elona Shepherdson, who came from generations of English ancestry; his father's family were originally from Stapenhill, Derbyshire (now part of Staffordshire). After leaving school at the age of 14, he worked as a clerk in a retail business specializing in West Indian wares, before he became an apprentice at the Providence Patriot newspaper in 1822. He served as a journeyman printer in Boston and New York City.

In New York, he met two other young newspapermen, Azariah H. Simmons and William Moseley Swain, and they became friends. Together, they decided to go into business and found a "penny paper". At the time, the majority of newspapers were associated with a political party or with business interests. For example, Abell's newspaper in Baltimore was strongly associated with the Democratic Party; Abell was offered a political appointment as a result of his work on it. Penny papers were a relatively new phenomenon at the time. Originating in England, they made newspapers accessible to the working class, whereas other existing papers were too expensive for many consumers. As New York already had a number of penny papers, Abell, Simmons, and Swain founded their paper in Philadelphia where there was less competition, starting the Public Ledger in 1836. Within 2 years, the Public Ledger absorbed its nearest rival, the Philadelphia Transcript. Under Abell, the Ledger continued to appeal to the working class as a penny paper; he concentrated on sensationalist stories and scandals.

The following year, Abell convinced his partners to back him financially to found a penny paper in Baltimore, which at the time had a number of more expensive papers costing six pennies an issue. They agreed, based on his commitment to personally oversee the new venture. Abell published his first four-page tabloid-sized issue of The Sun on May 17, 1837. While it was an independent newspaper, The Sun editorially leaned toward the ideals of Jacksonian democracy as championed by sixth President Andrew Jackson. Soon each issue used the phrase "Light for All" as its motto, with a distinctive "vignette" (illustrated logo) on its masthead, which is still in use. The newspaper quickly became a success; within a year it had double the circulation (12,000) of its closest competitor.

In 1838, Abell married Mary Fox Campbell, a widow. They had children together.

By 1850, business was good enough that Abell commissioned architect James Bogardus to design a new building for the paper; it was to feature a cast iron facade. Throughout the 19th century, Baltimore had a number of newspapers. Many were overtly partisan, such as the pro-Republican, Baltimore American (it was derived from the city's first weekly/daily newspaper in 1773, reorganized in 1799). The Sun focused on society news rather than other more business-oriented news. Despite its origins as a penny paper, by the late 19th century the Sun had won a position as the newspaper of choice of Baltimore's upper class. By 1864, Abell was sole proprietor of The Sun and had sold his share in the Public Ledger to partner Swain.

Abell was a pioneer in making use of technology and a variety of transportation systems to transmit and deliver news. To get news from his reporters as quickly as possible, he used pony express, stagecoaches, trains, ships, and even carrier pigeons. He established a new pony express route from New Orleans, in conjunction with the publishers of the New Orleans Daily Picayune, during the Mexican–American War. With this system, he learned of the U.S. victory at Veracruz, Mexico before officials in the nation's capital, Washington, D.C.; he sent word to the president. He was the first newspaperman to use telegraphy when he transmitted President John Tyler's message of May 11, 1846, and he was the first to buy a Hoe cylinder press. The carrier pigeons were part of a network that Abell established with another newspaper publisher in New York; they carried messages between that city, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C., and from incoming ships. They were superseded by the spread of telegraphy. Abell's newsroom received foreign news by a convoluted route. News from Europe was delivered to Halifax, Nova Scotia by ship; from there it was transported overland by pony express to Annapolis Royal, N.S., by steamship to Portland, Maine, and then by rail to Baltimore. Through a journey of nearly one thousand miles, the news was delivered in little more than two days from Halifax to Baltimore. In later years, Abell supported telegraph pioneer Samuel F.B. Morse and helped finance the construction of telegraph lines into Baltimore.

By the start of the American Civil War, Abell had increased circulation of The Sun to 30,000 subscribers. He remained owner of The Sun until his death. Abell is entombed in Baltimore's Green Mount Cemetery off Greenmount Avenue (Maryland Route 45) and East North Avenue.

His three sons and their grandsons retained control of the newspaper until 1910. As a result of a financial restructuring of the former Abell–Swain–Simmons partnership into a reorganized A.S. Abell Company, the newspaper was sold from family control. Also sold was the participating Safe Deposit bank and trust company which they had owned for those three decades.

Legacy and honors
The Baltimore Sun has continued as a prominent, award-winning city, regional and national newspaper in the United States. As its founder, Abell has been criticized posthumously by opponents of positions held by the newspaper's editorial board. For instance, state senator Henry Herbert Balch denounced Abell during a filibuster of legislation to authorize construction of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge in 1949.
 * The Abell Building, designed by Baltimore City Hall architect George A. Frederick, was named in his honor; as of 2009 it houses apartments.
 * During World War II, one of the famed "Liberty" cargo ships was named the S.S. Arunah S. Abell in his honor; it was built in South Baltimore's Bethlehem-Fairfield Shipyard near the Brooklyn-Curtis Bay neighborhoods.
 * The Abell Foundation was established in the 1950s by Harry C. Black and his older brother Van Lear Black, (1875–1930) in the publisher's honor; it has assisted programs throughout the Baltimore and Maryland areas.

title: Arunah Shepherdson Abell


text: User talk:69.148.139.108

title: User talk:69.148.139.108


text:
Talk:Sealink

merge with sealink stena?

 * oppose merge articles about institutions that later merge with other institutions, should, in my opinion, be kept distinct.  Separate article makes clear the institutions have separate pasts.  It prevents confusion.  There is room for valuable info to be added to a separate article that wouldn't make sense in a merged article... Geo Swan 17:18, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Ferry Service to Kangaroo Island
What about the ferry operator which connects Cape Jervis (Mainland Australia) to Penneshaw, Kangaroo Island? And, I believe, operations in New Zealand? (Where they send their ferries retired from Backstairs Passage) They have the same name, though I highly doubt any connection.

I'd just tack them onto this article, but I feel this isn't the best way to go about it. The Chairman 10:22, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Sounds like you need a separate article called Sealink (New Zealand) or similar, with a note at the start of the Sealink article directing readers to it (e.g. "For the New Zealand company, see here"). Emeraude 10:54, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Isle of Man Steam Packet
Was this part of Sealink? It was taken over by Sea Containers for a while (1996-2003) as was the British side of Sealink (the former British Rail ferries), but surely IoMSP was owned by Sherwood outside the period that the Sealink brand was used (i.e. up to 1995). In absence of clarification, IoMSP should be removed. Emeraude 17:14, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

LOGO
The BR logo was not "inverted". It was used on both sides of the sealink ferry, one side normal, the other side reversed. It has been captured in SO many pictures. http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/BR8_Harwich.html#anchor1481876 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.69.246.61 (talk) 11:37, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

I live in Ireland and have family in the UK, and have travelled over and back by ferry every year of my life, I think. There is no mention in this article of the Sealink logo I remember: two horizontal yellow lines on a blue ground. The upper line bulges upward. TRiG (talk) 12:52, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Later (Sealink British Ferries?) logo
The discussion of livery and logo don't currently mention the logo I remember from my childhood, which can be seen in this photo. I believe this logo was in use both before and for a while after the merger with Stena Line. It consisted of a blue background with two yellow lines, the upper bent into a triangular loop, and I remember hearing somewhere that it was supposedly derived by rearranging the elements of the British Rail logo. - IMSoP (talk) 21:54, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sealink


text: Category:National Paralympics

title: Category:National Paralympics