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Chad Collyer

Chad Collyer (born December 12, 1974) is an American retired professional wrestler.

Professional wrestling career
Collyer attended Manchester College, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree. He was an accomplished amateur wrestler, winning multiple championships over an eleven-year period, but decided to turn professional and continue his amateur career at Manchester College during his freshman year.

Upon graduation, Collyer traveled to Tampa, Florida to train at the Malenko Pro Wrestling School under Dean Malenko and Jeff Bradley. Collyer began training on August 3, 1997. He debuted on December 6, 1997, at Kahuna's Bar and Grill in St. Petersburg, Florida, facing Jet Jaguar.

In 2000, Collyer toured England twice with Scott Conway's Wrestling Alliance. He returned to England in 2001 and September 2002, competing for Brian Dixon's All Star Promotions.

In 2002, Collyer returned to Japan, where he had worked previously in 1999, facing Tiger Mask. He wrestled for Michinoku Pro Wrestling between June 2002 and March 2003 as The Metal Master, a masked gladiator. He feuded with Great Sasuke over the NWA World Middleweight Championship, but was unable to defeat the veteran. Collyer also appeared for MPW as The Stealth, and for New Japan Pro-Wrestling and BattlARTS as Chad Malenko, in honor of one of his trainers, Dean Malenko. In the mid-2000s, Collyer wrestled a match for Cleveland All-Pro Wrestling in a winning effort against CM Punk.

Heartland Wrestling Association (1997–2009, 2011–2012)
Collyer debuted in the Midwestern Heartland Wrestling Association immediately after debuting. In 1998, Collyer teamed with Shark Boy on a number of occasions. In 1999, Collyer and Shark Boy began feuding with "Bad Boy" Bobby Kane and Tarek the Great. On March 6, 1999, and April 3, 1999, Collyer unsuccessfully challenged Kane for the HWA Cruiserweight Championship.

Collyer received a third title shot on March 25, 2000, losing to Shark Boy by disqualification after Matt Stryker interfered on his behalf. Stryker and Collyer subsequently aligned themselves with valet Hellena Heavenly, forming a tag team known as "Hellena's Hunks". Over the following weeks, Stryker and Heavenly vied with Shark Boy while Collyer toured Japan. Collyer returned to the HWA in July 2000, wrestling Shark Boy on a number of occasions, yet failing to win the HWA Cruiserweight Championship. On September 30, 2000, Shark Boy defeated Collyer in a last man standing match.

On October 27, 2000, Collyer unsuccessfully challenged Race Steele for the HWA Heavyweight Championship. He defeated Steele on January 26, 2001, thus winning his first title, the HWA Heavyweight Championship. He held the title for just over month before being stripped of it on February 27, 2001, upon embarking upon a six-week tour to England.

Collyer returned to the HWA in July 2001. On August 9, 2001, he wrestled at the third annual Brian Pillman Memorial Show, taking part in a four way bout for the HWA Cruiserweight Championship. Throughout the remainder of 2001, Collyer wrestled a number of World Championship Wrestling wrestlers who had been assigned to the HWA (a World Wrestling Federation developmental territory) upon the purchase of WCW by the WWF.

In January 2002, Collyer lost a best of three series for the number one contendership to the HWA Cruiserweight Championship to Stryker. In late January, Collyer began feuding with the Cruiserweight Champion Shannon Moore. He conceded several matches before defeating Moore and Stryker in a three way bout to win the HWA Cruiserweight Championship on February 13, 2002. Moore and Collyer subsequently engaged in a best of seven series, with Moore winning the deciding bout and the Cruiserweight Championship on March 24, 2002. On April 7, 2002, Hellena Heavenly claimed that she was pregnant, with numerous wrestlers claiming that they were the father. Over the following weeks, Collyer faced each of the claimants.

Collyer was subsequently largely inactive in the HWA until 2003. On May 2, 2003, Collyer won a Royal Rumble match with the HWA Heavyweight Championship on the line. He lost the title to Nigel McGuinness on September 6, 2003. Following his loss, Collyer appeared intermittently with the HWA until January 11, 2005, when he defeated Brian Beech for the HWA Television Championship. He lost the title to "High IQ" Quinten Lee on January 18, 2005. Collyer subsequently appeared sporadically with the HWA throughout 2005, wrestling Stryker and James Gibson in technical bouts, and briefly feuding with Cody Hawk in August 2005.

Following a lengthy absence, Collyer returned to the HWA on March 19, 2006, wrestling Nigel McGuinness at the Internet pay-per-view CyberClash. Collyer won his third HWA Heavyweight Championship on August 29, 2006, defeating Jon Moxley. He lost the title to Pepper Parks on November 7, 2006. After failing to regain the title in a two out of three falls match on November 18, 2006, at the November to Dismember event, Collyer formed a tag team with Nigel McGuinness.

Collyer wrestled his final match took place in April 2012 during the HWA's second annual Heartland Cup.

World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (2000–2005, 2007–2009)
Collyer made his first appearance with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) on the September 23, 2000 episode of Jakked, losing to Perry Saturn. He made two further appearances on Jakked in January 2001 and February 2001, losing on both occasions.

On April 5, 2002, Collyer signed a three-year developmental deal with the World Wrestling Federation. He was subsequently assigned to the Heartland Wrestling Association developmental territory. While under contract, Collyer furthered his training under Les Thatcher and Tom Prichard, although he was skeptical of the WWF's request that he take acting classes. He was released by the WWF in July 2002.

Despite being released, Collyer made several appearances for the now renamed World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2003 and 2004, jobbing on Heat, Velocity and in dark matches. In 2009, Collyer appeared on the May 12 episode of WWE's ECW, where he jobbed to Vladimir Kozlov.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003–2004)
Collyer debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling on the October 18, 2003 episode of TNA Xplosion, losing to Chris Sabin. He went on to appear on the November 12, 2003 episode of Xplosion, losing to Sonjay Dutt. On the January 28, 2004 weekly TNA pay-per-view, Collyer, Eric Young, Matt Stryker and Shark Boy lost to Team Mexico in an eight-man tag team bout.

Collyer returned to TNA on June 16, 2004, as one-third of The Elite Guard, a stable consisting of Collyer, Hotstuff Hernandez and Onyx. The Elite Guard were portrayed as a militant and superior antithesis to the 3 Live Kru, who were feuding with Jeff Jarrett and assisted Jarrett in his feud with the Kru. The 3Live Kru and The Elite Guard feuded over the following weeks, culminating in a ten-man Guitar on a Pole match on July 14, 2004, that saw Dusty Rhodes, Larry Zbyszko and the 3Live Kru defeat Jarrett, Ken Shamrock and The Elite Guard when Rhodes pinned Onyx. Following the loss, The Elite Guard was removed from TNA television. In Collyer's final TNA match on July 30, 2004, he and Hernandez were defeated by America's Most Wanted in a dark match.

Ring of Honor (2003–2006)
Collyer debuted in Ring of Honor at Night of the Butcher, losing to Bryan Danielson. He would then return to defeat Matt Stryker at Revenge on the Prophecy in January, 2003. He appeared with ROH sporadically over the following 16 months, wrestling Stryker on a number of occasions. On June 12, 2004, at World Title Classic, Collyer faced Hydro, Superstar Steve and Ray Gordy in a Four Corner Survival match, with the stipulation being that the winner would take part in the Pure Wrestling Championship tournament in July 2004. The match was won by Hydro.

In late 2004, Ricky Steamboat, an advocate of technical wrestling, began feuding with Mick Foley, a proponent of hardcore wrestling, with Collyer taking the side of Steamboat along with other mat-based wrestlers such as Nigel McGuinness. On October 16, 2004, at Joe vs. Punk II, Collyer and McGuinness (accompanied by Steamboat) defeated B. J. Whitmer and Dan Maff (accompanied by Foley). Collyer and McGuinness subsequently teamed on several occasions, unsuccessfully challenging the Havana Pitbulls for the Tag Team Championship on December 4, 2004, at All-Star Extravaganza II.

Following a four-month absence, Collyer returned to ROH on May 13, 2005, at The Final Showdown, teaming with McGuinness in a loss to Colt Cabana and Doug Williams. On August 12, 2005, Collyer and McGuinness unsuccessfully challenged B. J. Whitmer and Jimmy Jacobs for the Tag Team Championship. In November 2005, Collyer began feuding with Ace Steel. The feud culminated in a First Blood match on March 31, 2006, at Super Card of Honor, which was won by Steel.

Collyer made several further appearances with ROH throughout 2006. His final match, on August 13, 2006, at Anarchy in the UK, saw him team with The Kings of Wrestling in a loss to Colt Cabana, Nigel McGuiness and Robbie Brookside.

All Star Wrestling (2000–2002, 2004–2011, 2015)
Chad often tours the UK with All Star Wrestling in England, working as a heel. However, his character became a comedic character, with most of his matches being comedy sketches. He has wrestled the likes of Dean Allmark, Marty Scurll, James Mason, the Zebra Kid and Doug Williams.

After retiring in 2012, Collyer returned to professional wrestling in July 2015 and wrestled a number of matches for ASW until his final match on September 12.

Ohio Valley Wrestling (2009–2010)
In July 2009, Collyer debuted in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) under his Metal Master gimmick, in which he defeated then-OVW Television Champion Jamin Olivencia in a non-title match. The Metal Master would eventually win the Television Championship from Mohammad Ali Vaez on September 15, 2010. He held the title for 47 days before losing the title in a rematch.

Personal life
In 2011, Collyer began performing as a magician and mentalist.

Collegiate wrestling

 * Indiana Collegiate Athletic Conference
 * ICAC Conference Champion (3 times)
 * Manchester College personal awards
 * 1997 Jim Gratz Leadership Award
 * 1997 Spartan Desire Award
 * National Collegiate Athletic Association
 * 1995 NCAA Division III National Finalist (150 lb)
 * 1997 NCAA Division III National Finalist (158 lb)
 * 1995 NCAA Division III West Regional Champion (150 lb)

Professional wrestling

 * Cleveland All-Pro Wrestling
 * CAPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Heartland Wrestling Association
 * HWA Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
 * HWA Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 * HWA Television Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Indiana
 * NWA Indiana Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Indiana Heritage Championship (1 time)
 * Ohio Valley Wrestling
 * OVW Television Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him #154 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2004

title: Chad Collyer


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Thinkorswim

Thinkorswim is an electronic trading platform owned by Charles Schwab Corporation used to trade financial assets. It is geared for self-directed stock, options and futures traders.

History
Thinkorswim, Inc. was founded in 1999 by Tom Sosnoff and Scott Sheridan as an online brokerage specializing in options. It was funded by Technology Crossover Ventures. In February 2007, Investools acquired Thinkorswim. In January 2009, it was acquired by TD Ameritrade in a cash and stock deal valued around $606 million. In October 2022, Charles Schwab Corporation acquired TD Ameritrade and the thinkorswim platform became available for Charles Schwab customers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thinkorswim


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Meije

La Meije is a mountain in the Massif des Écrins range, located at the border of the Hautes-Alpes and Isère départements. It overlooks the nearby village of La Grave, a mountaineering centre and ski resort, well known for its off-piste and extreme skiing possibilities, and also dominates the view west of the Col du Lautaret. It is the second highest mountain of the Écrins after the Barre des Écrins.

Summits
Neighboring peaks are Le Râteau (3,809 m) to the west, past the Brèche de la Meije (3,357 m) and fr:Le Pavé (3,823 m) and Pic Gaspard (3,881 m) to the southeast, past the Brèche Maximin Gaspard (3,723 m)
 * Main ridge from west to east
 * Le Grand Doigt, 3.764 m
 * Pic du Glacier Carré, 3.862 m
 * Grand Pic de la Meije or Pic Occidentale, 3.983 m
 * Pic Central or Doigt de Dieu, 3.970 m
 * Pic Oriental, 3.891 m

Historic ascents
The central and second highest summit has five teeth, the highest of which is known as Doigt de Dieu (English: Finger of God). This summit was reached from the northeast on June 28, 1870, by Christian and Ulrich Almer and Christian Gertsch, guiding Meta Brevoort and W.A.B. Coolidge. The ridge from the central to the main, Western peak, which is 13 meters higher, was considered an insurmountable obstacle for the next 15 years.

The Western true summit of La Meije, the Grand Pic, is notorious for having no "easy" route to its summit. The last major peak in the Alps to be climbed, its first ascent was eventually made from the southwest on 16 August 1877 by father and son Pierre Gaspard and their client Emmanuel Boileau de Castelnau. Their approach, over the south buttress Arête du Promontoire and further over the Glacier Carré and the southwest face of the Grand Pic, is now the normal route.

On July 26, 1885, Ludwig Purtscheller and the brothers Otto and Emil Zsigmondy made the first traverse from the central to the main summit, via the "insurmountable" gap that is now known as the Brèche Zsigmondy, in what is still considered a classic route, albeit thoroughly modified by a May 1964 rockfall. The traverse in the opposite direction was accomplished six years later by Ulrich Almer, Fritz Boss and J. H. Gibson.

The south face is widely considered to be the most difficult of La Meije. Within two weeks after their successful traverse, the Zsigmondy brothers, together with Karl Schulz, tried to reach the Brèche Zsigmondy over the south face, but Emil died in the attempt. The first successful attempt was not until twenty-seven years later, in 1912 by Angelo Dibona, Luigi Rizzi, and the brothers Guido and Max Mayer, while a direct route over the south face to the Grand Pic was only climbed in 1935 and that to the Central Pic in 1951.

Approaches
For mountaineering, La Meije can be approached from two mountain refuges:
 * The refuge du Promontoire at 3,082 metres, is situated at the bottom of the steep south buttress of the peak, and allows access to routes on the south face of the mountain.
 * The refuge de l'Aigle at 3,450 metres, is situated at the top of the Tabuchet glacier, and allows access to the north face.

title: Meije


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Ślęża

The Ślęża (Zobten or Zobtenberg, later also Siling) is a 718 m high mountain in the Sudeten Foreland in Poland. The mountain is built mostly of granite and is covered with forests.

The top of the mountain has a PTTK tourist mountain hut, a television and radio mast, the Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, some poorly-visible ruins of the castle and an observation tower. The area of the peak is protected as the Góra Ślęża nature reserve. The wide area around the mountain forms the Ślęża Landscape Park protected area.

Location
Ślęża is located in the territory of Sobótka in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland, about 30 km southeast of Wrocław. Geomorphologically it is situated in the Ślęża Massif mesoregion of the Sudeten Foreland macroregion.

Sacred mountain
During the Neolithic Period and at least as far back as the 7th century BC Mount Ślęża was a holy place of the tribes of the Lusatian culture. It was then settled by Slavs. The Silingi, a subpopulation of the East Germanic tribe known as the Vandals are the earliest inhabitants of Silesia known by their name, however the greater part of them moved westwards after the 5th century AD and the remainder were slowly replaced in the 6th century by Slavic tribes who assimilated the few remaining East Germanic inhabitants. The name of the territory Silesia either derives from the Ślęza River, or from Mount Ślęża, which themselves derive their name from either, according to Germanist authors the Silingi people. or, according to Slavisist authors, the Ślężanie people.

The Slavic Ślężanie tribe settled in the area around the 6th century AD. In the 10th century, Mieszko I incorporated Silesia into the Polish state. The etymology of the mountain is highly disputed between a Slavic, Germanic, or other Indo-European origin. The name has been recorded in several forms, as monte Silencii, in 1108, or as monte Slez in 1245.

Mount Ślęża was an ancient holy place for local Lusatian tribes dedicated to a sun deity, and remained a holy place during Christian times. In the first half of the 12th century, the owner of the place was the Polish dukes' governor, Piotr Włostowic, who founded there an Augustinian convent which was subsequently moved to Wrocław in 1153.

Transmitter
On Ślęża there is a facility for FM- and TV-transmission, which uses a 136 m tall free-standing (with additional guying) lattice tower. The current tower which was built in 1972 replaced a 98 m tall tower built in 1957, which was partially guyed.

title: Ślęża


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Tabora

Tabora is the capital of Tanzania's Tabora Region and is classified as a municipality by the Tanzanian government. It is also the administrative seat of Tabora Urban District. According to the 2012 census, the district had a population of 226,999.

History
Beginning in the 1830s, coastal traders increasingly settled in the region to take advantage of the ivory and slave caravan trade. Swahili and Omani traders established Kazeh, near present-day Tabora, in the 1850s. By 1870, Tabora was home to a population of 5,000-10,000 people living in roughly fifty large square houses. These homes accommodated up to several hundred people each and had inner courtyards, adjacent garden plots, store rooms, servant quarters, and outbuildings for slaves.

The town was surrounded by Nyamwezi villages, whose people provided produce and caravan labor. In this period the Sultan of Zanzibar appointed a representative there. It was part of the Kingdom of Unyanyembe. Tabora was a center of trade for traders from as far North as the Buganda Kingdom. By August 1871, one-quarter of the town was burned when the forces of the Nyamwezi ruler Mirambo sacked it.

Allthough the German East Africa protectorate was proclaimed over the region in 1885, as late as 1891 travellers reported it to be a lawless town. The German colonial administration did not gain control of it until later that year. As a major station on the Central Line, it became the most important administrative centre of central German East Africa.

In 1916 the colonial garrison had an emergency mint at Tabora, making some gold pieces as well as large numbers of crude copper and brass German East African rupie minor coins, Mint marked with a "T".

During the Tabora Offensive in the East African Campaign of World War I, colonial armed forces of the Belgian Congo (Force Publique) under the command of General Charles Tombeur captured the town on 19 September 1916 after 10 days and nights of heavy fighting.

Socio-economic situation
Tabora and its people mainly rely on agricultural activities as either sustenance farmers or small-scale tobacco farmers. Tabora also hosts a ballast quarry.

Water supply is managed by the Tabora Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (Tuwasa), sourced from Igombe and Kazima Dams. The Igombe River is a tributary of the Malagarasi River and the Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands.

Food and culture

Tabora's streets are lined with century-old mango trees planted by Omani traders. Tabora is known as the fruit capital of Western Tanzania, and markets are often filled with local produce.

Tabora has many small local restaurants offering typical Tanzanian restaurant food like Ugali (a thick maize porridge), chips, or rice with beans, beef or chicken. For breakfast or lunch, there is usually chipsi-mayai (chips and egg), which is basically a couple of eggs fried together with some chips. Although the food is bland, it is usually served with Tanzanian chili sauce, which gives the meal some character.

A local specialty is pumpkin in peanut butter sauce. This goes with the rice pilau served widely throughout the region.

For snacks there are local sambusa (samosa), some goat meat on a stick or some freshly roasted corn of the cob, all widely available in Tabora. There is a choice of fruit in the large regional market of Tabora, including pineapples, watermelons, and bananas.

Climate
Tabora has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with two seasons of approximately equal length. The wet season is from November to April and is followed by a dry season from May to October.

Transport
Tabora is small enough to walk from one side of town to the other. Bicycle taxis, motorbike taxis and regular taxis are available.

Road links
Tabora at the moment is served by mostly paved road T18 from Singida Region to Kigoma and partly unpaved road T8 from Mbeya to Mwanza passing through the district. Salt flats to the west prevent a direct road from connecting to Kigoma.

In January 2013, the Tanzanian government announced the commencement of work to upgrade to tarmac level the Tabora-Urambo road and the 127 km Nyahua-Tabora-Ndono road. In December 2012, Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda stated the Tanzanian government's intent to upgrade the 359 km Tabora-Inyonga-Mpanda road to tarmac level before 2015. In August 2011, Deputy Minister for Works Harrison Mwakyembe told the National Assembly that the government had begun to tarmac the 115 km Tabora-Puge-Nzega road.

Railway links
Tabora is served and is a junction on the Central railway line, which goes east to Dar es Salaam, west to Kigoma on to the Lake Tanganyika and north to the port of Mwanza on Lake Victoria. Trains leave three times a week in any direction.

In 2017, a new station on the standard gauge railway is proposed.

Airport
Tabora is served by the Tabora Airport which is located 7 kilometers south of the centre of town. Renovation of the airport was completed in 2015.

Precision Air started flying to the airport three times a week on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, east from Julius Nyerere International Airport Dar es Salaam and west from Kigoma.

Education
Tabora is home to a number of educational institutions, including:

Tabora Girls Secondary School
A public boarding school located in Tabora, Tanzania. It was established in 1928 by the British Colonial rulers. It is one of the oldest girls only school in Tanzania. The school was originally established to educate the daughters of local chiefs as prospective wives of other chiefs sons who were also educated around the same area at Tabora Boys Secondary School.

The school has produced students who were among the first women leaders in the country, such as Anna Abdallah one of the first woman district commissioners, Julie Manning the first woman to study law in Tanzania, Getrude Mongella the first President of the Pan-African Parliament.

Tabora Boys Secondary School
A public school in Tanzania founded in 1922. The school was established to educate sons of African Chiefs and wealthy tribesmen. The school first followed a tribal structure where students were assigned to dormitories based on their tribe, and received education on their respective tribal customs. In its early days the school was considered the 'Eton of Tanganyika'.

The first self-government cabinet in 1961 had eight ministers whose five were all from Tabora Boys.

Among the famous people who studied at this school are Rashidi Kawawa and the father of the Tanzanian nation, Mwalimu Julius Nyerere.

title: Tabora


text: File:KTSACover.jpg

title: File:KTSACover.jpg


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Faye

Faye may refer to:

Places

 * Faye, Loir-et-Cher, France, a village
 * Faye-d'Anjou, France, a village
 * La Faye, France, a village
 * Faye, Kentucky, Elliott County, Kentucky, United States
 * Faye (crater), a lunar impact crater in the southern highlands of the Moon

People and fictional characters

 * Faye (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
 * Faye (surname), including a list of people

 * Faye (musician), stage name of Swedish singer, songwriter, and model Fanny Matilda Dagmar Hamlin (born 1987)
 * Faye (Taiwanese singer), member of the Taiwanese band F.I.R.

Other uses

 * Faye (film), a 2024 American documentary film
 * Hurricane Faye (1975)
 * 4P/Faye, a periodic comet discovered in 1843 by Hervé Faye

title: Faye


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Transpadane Republic

The Transpadane Republic (Repubblica Transpadana) was a sister republic of France established in Milan from 1796 to 1797.

History
On 10 May 1796, the French army defeated the Austrian troops in the Battle of Lodi, and occupied the Duchy of Milan. Napoleon set up a temporary authority, the General Administration of Lombardy, which replaced the Austrian administration and created a French client republic in Northern Italy, adopting the French Republican calendar.

The administration was granted full civil powers by a proclamation of Napoleon on Brumaire 8, year V (29 October 1796), although its orders had to be approved by the French military commander of Lombardy. The administration was composed of four departments: religious and cultural affairs, transportation and engineering affairs, financial and tax affairs, and mercantile and commercial affairs.

After the new victories of Napoleon's army, the territory of the republic grew; with the Peace of Leoben on 17 April 1797, France invaded the Republic of Venice, conquering Bergamo and moving eastwards from the Adda River to the Oglio River, the Venetian demarcation line established more than three centuries earlier. On 19 May, Napoleon transferred to Milan the territories of the former Duchy of Modena from the bordering Cispadane Republic. On 29 June, he decided to give the republic a final arrangement: by his own decree, he proclaimed the birth of the Cisalpine Republic.

title: Transpadane Republic


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dan Darling

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 18:22, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Dan Darling
Delete. An intern and a blogger. NN. Gamaliel 15:16, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete this please, darling. Dunc|☺ 16:50, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete wow, and intern AND a blogger? how interesting.  Friday 17:17, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable blogger. JamesBurns 08:47, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Isosorbide

Isosorbide is a bicyclic chemical compound from the group of diols and the oxygen-containing heterocycles, containing two fused furan rings. The starting material for isosorbide is D-sorbitol, which is obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of D-glucose, which is in turn produced by hydrolysis of starch. Isosorbide is discussed as a plant-based platform chemical from which biodegradable derivatives of various functionality can be obtained.

In 2021, it was the 111th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5million prescriptions.

Isosorbid
Because of its pronounced hygroscopicity, isosorbide is used as a humectant and in medicine as an osmotic diuretic (for the treatment of hydrocephalus) and acute angle-closure glaucoma. The two secondary hydroxy groups make isosorbide a versatile platform chemical accessible from renewable resources. As a diol, isosorbide can be mono- or biderivatized using the standard methods of organic chemistry, such as nitration, esterification, etherification, tosylation, etc., and converted into compounds with interesting properties or into monomeric units for novel polymers.

Isosorbide nitrates
By nitration of isosorbide with concentrated nitric acid, 2,5-isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) can be obtained. 2,5-isosorbide dinitrate is suitable (just like its major metabolite 5-isosorbide mononitrate, ISMN ) for the treatment of angina pectoris due to its vasodilator effect.

Isosorbide esters
Esterification of isosorbide with fatty acids gives access to isosorbide monoesters, which are useful as detergents in household cleaners, dishwashing detergents, and cosmetic preparations, because of their properties as surfactant. The likewise readily available isosorbide diesters are used as dispersants for pigments, preservatives, polymer stabilizers, as emulsifiers for cosmetics and as plasticizers for vinyl polymers (in particular polyvinyl chloride, PVC). Isosorbide dioctanoate is a diester of isosorbide and octanoic acid (obtained from palm oil, for example) and therefore made entirely from bio-based building blocks and has been used as Polysorb ID 37 by Roquette Frères for some time as a particularly non-toxic product.

Isosorbide ethers
Isosorbide ethers (and in particular the simplest representative, 2,5-dimethylisosorbide, abbreviated DMI), are increasingly used as a renewable solvent for cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations, as an electrolyte additive for lithium-ion accumulators [18] and as a fuel additive for diesel.

Isosorbide phosphates
Phosphoric acid derivatives of isosorbide are explored as an environmentally friendly alternative to halogen-containing flame retardants. So far, 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) has been widely used as a flame retardant in extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) in the construction and insulation sector, but it was as SVHC (substance of very high concern) banned from  manufacturing and application in May 2013. Phosphorus-based isosorbide compounds, such as isosorbide bis (diphenyl phosphate) [ISTP] are considered as a replacement.

ISTP is readily accessible by transesterification of isosorbide with triphenyl phosphate in the presence of potassium carbonate at 150 °C. The isosorbide-bis-diphenyl phosphate obtained in 88% yield as a yellowish oil contains about 20% dimers. The high decomposition temperature of ISTP allows a use in XPS, although the high softening effect is a drawback. The flame retardancy is particularly pronounced in the presence of sulfur-containing synergists such as bis(diphenylphosphinothionyl)disulfide (BDPS). This allows to reach the minimum requirement of fire protection (class B2) with only 3% ISTP.

Polymers from Isosorbide
Isosorbide has been examined as a potential platform chemical for the production of diverse polymers and resins. The hydroxy groups can be converted into the primary amino groups via the tosylates and azides or by addition of acrylonitrile followed by hydrogenation into the corresponding aminopropyl derivatives. The latter have potential for the preparation of polyurethanes, as diamines for the preparation of polyamides, and as a hardener for epoxy resins.

When monoethylene glycol as a diol is replaced with isosorbide in the polyester polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyisosorbide terephthalate (PIT) is obtained, which is characterized by an extreme thermal stability (up to 360 °C under nitrogen). However, the inherently lower reactivity of the secondary hydroxyl groups in isosorbide cause in comparison lower molecular weights and high residual contents of terephthalic acid, which leads to the insufficient chemical stability of the resulting polymers. Therefore, today's polyesters with isosorbide and monoethylene glycol are examined as diol components that show improved properties such as less discoloration.

Isosorbide is of also of interest as a precursor to polycarbonates,. It could in principle replace the bisphenol A, which was identified as xenoestrogen. Limitations of isosorbide-based polycarbonates are their unsatisfactory temperature resistance and limited impact resistance, which can be improved though by the addition of comonomers to the isosorbide or by polymer blends.

Isosorbide, a diol, is a precursor to In polyurethanes. or as a building block for the polyol [29] It could be converted to the diisocyanate component as well as a chain extender.

By reacting isosorbide with epichlorohydrin, isosorbide bis-glycidyl ether (a bis-epoxide) is formed, which could be used as a replacement for the analog bisphenol A bis-epoxide. Isosorbide bis-glycidyl ether can be crosslinked to a thermosetting epoxy resins with suitable curing agents, such as polyamines or cyclic acid anhydrides. These resins are used as adhesives, paints or coatings for food cans. Furthermore, polyoxazolidones are described which can be obtained by reaction of isosorbide diglycidyl ethers with diisocyanates. Polyoxazolidones could find use as rigid, highly branched and solvent-resistant thermoset plastics in the electrical and electronics industry.

Production
Hydrogenation of glucose gives sorbitol. Isosorbide is obtained by acid-catalyzed dehydration of D-sorbitol which yields the monocyclic furanoid sorbitan, which in turn forms by further dehydration the bicyclic furofuran derivative isosorbide.

The reaction gives about 70 to 80% isosorbide in addition to 30 to 20% of undesirable by-products which have to be removed costly by distillation, recrystallization from alcohols, recrystallization from the melt, by a combination of these methods or by deposition from the vapor phase. A high purity product (> 99.8% ) is essential for the use of a monomer when uncoloured, high molecular weight polymers shall be obtained.

Properties
Isosorbide is a white, crystalline, highly hydrophilic solid. The two secondary hydroxy groups in the V-shaped bicyclic system possess different orientations leading to different chemical reactivities. This allows a selective monoderivatization of isosorbide. The hydroxy group in 5-position is endo oriented and forms a hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom in the adjacent furan ring. This makes the hydroxy group in 5-position more nucleophilic and more reactive than the exo oriented hydroxy group in 2-position; however, it is more shielded from the attack of sterically demanding reactants.

Safety
With an LD50 value of 25.8 g·kg−1 (rat, oral ), isosorbide is similarly nontoxic as D-glucose (also with an LD50 of 25.8 g·kg−1, rat, oral ) and is classified by the Food and Drug Administration FDA as GRAS ("generally recognized as safe").

title: Isosorbide


text:
Sayaka Minami

Sayaka Minami (南 さやか) is a Japanese pop singer. She is a former member of the J-pop girl group BeForU.

Early life
Minami was born in Yamanashi Prefecture on December 24, 1983.

Career
Combined with Miharu Arisawa and Risa Sotohana, two other members of BeForU, the trio is commonly called BeForU Next. Minami released the song "Under The Sky" with PlatoniX. The song was included in Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova and Beatmania IIDX 12: Happy Sky. She left BeForU in 2008, and now goes under the name Aco Tojo (東條 あこ).

title: Sayaka Minami


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Asep Muhajir

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 18:23, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Asep Muhajir
I first marked this as a speedy but it might not quite meet the criteria. I'm not sure if this is a personal attack or a vanity page. If it is vanity it should probably be userfied. KFP 15:20, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as possible attack page. -Splash 18:46, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as per Splash. --Etacar11 00:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete looks like an attack page. JamesBurns 08:49, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Republic of Alba

The Republic of Alba (Repubblica di Alba) was a revolutionary municipality proclaimed on 26 April 1796, in Alba, Piedmont, when the town was taken by the French army. The municipality had a very short life of only 2 days because, with the Armistice of Cherasco on 28 April 1796, King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia was given back the civil control of all Piedmont.

History
At the time the republic was proclaimed, Piedmont was the main part of the Kingdom of Sardinia which, despite its name, had its core on the mainland; Turin was its capital city. The kingdom suffered a first French Revolutionary invasion in April 1796: the Montenotte campaign. After a string of French victories, Italian patriot and Jacobin Giovanni Antonio Ranza proclaimed a republic in the town of Alba (therefore historically known as the 'Republic of Alba') as a replacement of the Sardinian monarchy on Piedmontese territory on 25 or 26 April 1796. Ranza had been agitating for an independent Piedmontese republic ever since 1793; he saw such a state as a first step towards a republic encompassing all of Italy. Ranza and his fellow rebels then presenteed an address to French general Napoleon Bonaparte, calling on him to liberate the whole of Italy from 'tyranny'. However, Bonaparte ignored their pleas, and wrote to the French Directory that the Piedmontese people were not politically ready, and that 'you should not count on a revolution in Piedmont.'

French military commanders at the time had no interest in this project of an Italian sister republic, and it already ended on 28 April 1796 with the Armistice of Cherasco, which gave most of Piedmont (except for Alessandria, Coni and Tortone, which were annexed by France) back to the Sardinian king, who had to withdraw from the First Coalition. The final peace Treaty of Paris on 15 May 1796 led to loss of the duchy of Savoy, Nice, Tende and Beuil to France, and guaranteed military access to French troops crossing Piedmontese soil. The ultrashort-lived Republic of Alba would serve as the later Piedmontese Republic's predecessor.

Flag
The flag of the Republic of Alba was designed by the jacobin Giovanni Antonio Ranza, who said that the blue and red were for France while the orange is taken to the tree of the Piedmont's shield. The orange was also the personal colour of Mr. Ranza: he fantasised his surname Ranza as a corrupted form of Italian arancia, meaning 'orange', in order to avoid the actual meaning of ranza in his own Piedmontese language, which is "scythe". The blue, red and orange flag existed in both horizontal and vertical tricolour versions, and it is used nowadays on some occasions by the region Piedmont.

title: Republic of Alba


text: Category:Joe Strummer albums

title: Category:Joe Strummer albums


text:
Acre antshrike

The Acre antshrike (Thamnophilus divisorius) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Brazil and Peru.

Taxonomy and systematics
The Acre antshrike was discovered in 1996, in Serra do Divisor National Park, Acre, Brazil, and described as a species new to science in 2004. It is monotypic. It and the streak-backed antshrike (T. insignis) are sister species.

Description
The Acre antshrike is about 16 cm long and weighs about 22 g. Members of genus Thamnophilus are largish members of the antbird family; all have stout bills with a hook like those of true shrikes. This species exhibits significant sexual dimorphism. Adult males have a glossy black crown and nape with a few white feathers on the forehead and nape; the rest of their head and neck are a less glossy black. Their back is mostly bluish black with dark bluish gray rump and uppertail coverts. Their wings, scapulars, and wing coverts are mostly black and their primaries blackish. Their tail is black; all feathers except the central pair have white tips. Their underparts are mostly dark bluish gray with a somewhat darker throat. Adult females have a dark bluish gray crown. Their face is dark bluish gray with orangish shafts on the ear coverts. Their upperparts are unmarked dark bluish gray. Their wings are blackish; their tail is blackish with small buff-orange tips on the outermost feathers. Their chin and throat are deep ochraceous with darker mottling and the rest of their underparts are deep ochraceous or brownish orange. Both sexes have a chestnut brown iris and dull bluish gray legs and feet. Their maxilla is black or dark gray and their mandible black or dark gray with sometimes a pale horn base.

Distribution and habitat
The Acre antshrike was originally known to occur only in the immediate area of its discovery, the Sierra da Jaquiran in Brazil's Serra do Divisor National Park, though the discovery team expected it to also occur on other ridges with similar habitat in and near the park. Its range was extended by nearly 100 km with the 2006 discovery of the species in Peru's Ojo de Contaya and Diviso in Zona Reservada Sierra del Divisor, which is part of the same complex of ridges as the discovery site. In both known locations it occurs in areas of nutrient-poor sandy soil with forest generally shorter than 15 m, and within the narrow elevational range of about 400 to 600 m. Most of the few encounter sites on the two ridges had a dense understory dominated by terrestrial bromeliads.

Movement
The Acre antshrike is presumed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.

Feeding
Little is known about the Acre antshrike's diet or feeding behavior. Whitney et al. observed pairs foraging low to the ground, hopping and hitching on thin branches and vines. They captured prey by reaching and lunging from a perch; all of the identified prey were arthropods. It was not observed joining mixed-species feeding flocks, which were however scarce in its habitat.

Breeding
Nothing is known about the Acre antshrike's breeding biology.

Vocalization
The Acre antshrike's song is "an accelerating, descending series of rich notes with a distinctive, higher pitched, bisyllabic terminal bark: kuk kuk-kuk-kuk-ku-ku-ku-ku'wah'AH". Its calls include a "cawed aw and a longer, descending awwr". Whitney et al. noted specific differences between this species' song and those of other Thanomphilus antshrikes. They also noted that the female's song is at a slightly lower pitch than the male's.

Status
The IUCN has assessed the Acre antshrike as being of Least Concern. It has a restricted range and an unknown population size; the latter is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered fairly common to common within its range, though difficult to find other than by ear. "Human activity has little direct effect on the Acre Antshrike."

title: Acre antshrike


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Acetone Peroxide production

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted. Dmcdevit·t 20:22, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Acetone Peroxide production
Not a good idea to have a cookbook here Shaddack 15:27, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy Delete - not worried about terrorisst seeing this - but there is bound to be some kid who will try this. 62.253.64.15 16:02, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've speedied this (and would have if I had ben first to see it). The issue was discussed on the talk page of the main article and I've no idea why IP 4.250.138.52 chose to look back in the history and make a new article, just as I have deep questions about the original appearance of the manufacturing instructions added here (and on another explosive) on 30 April 2005 by IP 85.206.83.143 which is in Lithuania. There may also be some sense in advising appropriate authorities of the original source of the 'recipe'. See talk page for more. --Vamp:Willow 16:23, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Endless Echoes

Welcome!
Hello, Endless Echoes, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  15:25, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Endless Echoes


text:
File:Japan Live '94.jpg

Summary
This is the cover art for the album Japan Live '94 by Savatage.

title: File:Japan Live '94.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Terence Gunning

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 18:24, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Terence Gunning
Vanity. smoddy 15:27, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete standard nn vanity. Also delete Eamonn Gunning, another vanity page created by same anon user. --TheMidnighters 15:32, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it, more will come and it is unwise to be so quick to condemn vanity.
 * Comment from 218.42.221.38, author of article.
 * Comment from 218.42.221.38, author of article.

 * Delete this as well as Eamonn Gunning from the same author. Gamaliel 16:37, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ummm, is that a threat of vandalism from the author? Friday 17:22, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no claim to notability asserted. Dcarrano 18:59, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 01:01, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 08:50, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Moheb

Welcome!
Hello, Moheb, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  15:27, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Image:Hany Ramzy (10).jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Hany Ramzy (10).jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. See Image copyright tags, for a list of copyright tags, that you can use. If you created this/these image(s) yourself, you can use the tag. Thank you. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 06:11, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Hany_Ramzy_(194).JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Hany_Ramzy_(194).JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me or ask for help at Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. Thank you. -- Carnildo 07:06, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Soccer Europe images
Don't add again soccer-europe images to articles, specifically to Thierry Henry, since they are most probably copyright violations and shall be removed (see Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Football)--Kwame Nkrumah 15:31, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Hany_Ramzy.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Hany_Ramzy.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 09:05, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikimania 2007
Hi Moheb

Wikimania 2007, which is being held in Taipei, Taiwan on August 3-5, is offering opportunities for travel scholarships to Wikimania for active users of Wikimedia projects from the continent of Africa. Although the original scholarship deadline has passed, please, if you are interested, you may still apply at http://wm07schols.wikimedia.org/apply.php. Sincerely yours, Cary Bass 17:09, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Church of the Holy Virgin in Babylon Al-Darag
I require help for developing the article for this Church (located in Coptic Cairo). You can do so by editing my sandbox at User:Troy 07/Sandbox (the page which currently holds my little project). I have contacted all of the other Coptic Wikipedians I know of for help. Please remember that copyright infringement will have to be reduced, as I have got the information from an article. I have typed a hidden message mentioning that and other things worth mentioning.

This is a list of all the Coptic Wikipedians that I know of (including myself):

 * User:Afanous
 * User:Danielsamwel
 * User:Ghaly
 * User:Lanternix
 * User:MikeSMorgan
 * User:Moheb
 * User:Ms408
 * User:Orthopraxia
 * User:Troy 07
 * User:Zerida

Thank-you for your participation.
 * ~ Troy 18:57, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:007A.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:007A.JPG. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 20:32, 1 October 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. OsamaK 20:32, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Coptic Flag
Hi Moheb, Would you please take a look at Articles for deletion/Coptic flag and let us know your opinion? Thanks :) --Lanternix (talk) 23:58, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia Masri
I have put a proposal and started an active project for ويكيبيديا مصرى wikipedia Masri. If this may interest you, I would be very grateful for any help you can offer in this project, many thanks.

 * To vote on the proposal or add your name as a potential editor please press here.--Ghaly (talk) 19:17, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Update
Wikipedia Masry currently have
 * 59 articles, categories, templates, and talk pages;
 * 5 redirects;
 * 7 editors (including any with at least one edit);
 * 298 revisions (including 30 minor edits).

More editors are welcome to add to wikipedia Masry as this will only enrich it, many thanks .Ghaly (talk) 13:14, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Coptic Language
Hey Moheb! Anyway, I'm just saying hi and am here to inform you that there's a discussion on whether the Coptic language is extinct or not. You can have your say here. Bye! ~ Troy (talk) 18:10, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

حبيب جرجس
Hey Moheb! Help would be appreciated if you can improve/expand "Habib Girgis" (and if you're willing to start an article in Arabic Wikipedia taken from here, then that would be great). I have put some sources as well (ie: I've read online that there's a book written by Habib Girgis called "between past and present"//"بين الماضي والحاضر", so if you have it, that would be great). You don't need to do any of this if you don't have time, but if you do, then I'll be there to help out. Thanks, ~ Troy (talk) 20:19, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

⳿ⲪⲂⲓⲕⲓⲡⲏ ̇ ⲋⲏ
Thank you for your contributions. If you are interested in the Coptic Wikisource (⳿ⲪⲂⲓⲕⲓⲡⲏ ̇ ⲋⲏ) Proposal, please don't hesitate to help out. Regards, ~ Troy (talk) 23:31, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Call for Wikipedians in Residence in Africa
Hello,

I hope you are well and thriving!! WikiAfrica has just put out a call for two Wikipedians in Residence. One in Cape Town at WikiAfrica, at the Africa Centre; and the other for WikiAfrica Cameroon in Douala, at doual’art. If you are interested, please contact either Marilyn [marilyn.doualabell@undefineddoualart.org] for the WikiAfrica Cameroon call or Isla [islahf@undefinedafricacentre.net] for the WikiAfrica position in Cape Town.

If you are not interested in applying, I would be very grateful if you could spread this call far and wide among your networks to ensure that both projects get excellent candidates. Here is the link for the information page: http://www.wikiafrica.net/two-wikipedians-in-residence-for-africa/

Best regards, Islahaddow

(This message was sent using Lucia Bot at 22:28, 16 November 2012 (UTC))

Proposed deletion of Osama Mounir

The article Osama Mounir has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this biography of a living person will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp/dated tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Rogermx (talk) 19:22, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moheb


text:
WVUE-DT

WVUE-DT (channel 8) is a television station in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. Owned by Gray Television, the station maintains primary studios on Norman C. Francis Parkway in the city's Gert Town section, with a secondary studio within the Benson Tower in downtown New Orleans; its transmitter is located on Magistrate Street in Chalmette, Louisiana.

Early years with ABC and CBS
The station first signed on the air on November 1, 1953, as WJMR-TV. Founded by Supreme Broadcasting Co., a locally based company run by lawyer Chester F. Owens (who served as the company's president), it was the second television station in the New Orleans market, signing on six years after WDSU-TV, and the third in Louisiana only seven months after Baton Rouge's WAFB. Originally broadcasting on UHF channel 61, it was moved to channel 20 on July 20, 1955. It originally operated as a primary CBS affiliate, while splitting ABC programming in off-hours with WDSU-TV. During 1957 and 1958, WJMR-TV had simulcast its signal on VHF channel 12, using the call sign KK2XFW. When WWL-TV (channel 4) signed on in September 1957, WWL took over the CBS affiliation because of WWL radio's longtime affiliation with the CBS Radio Network, allowing WJMR to upgrade its ABC affiliation to full-time.

The station moved to VHF channel 13 on January 13, 1959, and subsequently changed its call letters to WVUE on February 1. The station moved to channel 12 on September 6, 1962, to accommodate Biloxi, Mississippi, ABC affiliate WLOX onto channel 13, which would launch nine days later. Screen Gems, the television arm of Columbia Pictures, acquired the station from Supreme Broadcasting in 1965. On June 8, 1970, at 8 p.m., it made a highly publicized switch of channel positions with the city's PBS member station, WYES-TV, and moved to VHF channel 8, during an airing of the 1954 movie The Naked Jungle. This was done to give WVUE a greater broadcast signal range; while on channel 12, it had operated at relatively low power to avoid interfering with the signal of Jackson, Mississippi's WJTV, which had also broadcast on channel 12. The channel 61 allocation was later assigned to WLPN-LP (which operated from 1989 to the late 2000s) and the channel 20 allocation was assigned to religious station WHNO (which signed on in October 1994).

Columbia Pictures sold WVUE to Oklahoma City–based Gaylord Broadcasting Company in 1977. In March 1983, A. H. Belo Corporation announced its intention to acquire the station; no formal sale agreement was reached, and by May the deal was off (Belo would go on to acquire WWL-TV in 1994 and WUPL in 2007). WVUE started broadcasting 24 hours a day in June 1986, becoming the last commercial television station in New Orleans to transition to a round-the-clock schedule. When Gaylord Broadcasting began a gradual paring down of its station group in 1987 (which would not be completed until 1999), WVUE was sold to the Burnham Broadcasting Company.

Fox affiliation
On December 18, 1993, the Fox Broadcasting Company outbid CBS for the rights to the NFL's National Football Conference television package. In March 1994, Fox partnered with minority-owned communications firm Savoy Pictures (which would serve as majority partner) to form SF Broadcasting. On August 25, 1994, the company bought WVUE, WALA-TV in Mobile, Alabama, and KHON-TV in Honolulu, Hawaii, for $229 million; fellow sister station WLUK-TV in Green Bay, Wisconsin, was sold to the company one month earlier in a separate $38 million deal, which for a time, was challenged by an FCC petition filed by NBC alleging that the deal violated foreign investment limits for U.S. broadcasters  (the only Burnham station exempted from the deal was KBAK-TV in Bakersfield, California, which was spun off to Westwind Communications, a company founded by several former Burnham executives). As part of the deal, Fox signed a long-term agreement, in which the network would affiliate with SF's four "Big Three" network affiliates, beginning in the fall of 1995. Fox originally planned to own a minority voting stock in SF Broadcasting; however, in 1995, Fox opted against holding a voting interest (which would have resulted in the stations being counted against the FCC's station ownership total), although it would retain an ownership stake. The transaction was completed in the summer of 1995.

WVUE-TV affiliated with Fox on January 1, 1996, ending its 43-year affiliation with ABC, which moved to WGNO (channel 26); New Orleans's original Fox affiliate, WNOL-TV (channel 38), took WGNO's former WB affiliation (that network had been affiliated with WGNO for just shy of a year prior to the switch, due to that station's owner, Tribune Broadcasting's partial ownership interest in The WB). Of the former Burnham stations that switched to Fox, WVUE was the only one involved in the deal that was an ABC affiliate: WALA (once again a sister station after multiple ownership changes), WLUK (now owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group) and KHON (now owned by Nexstar Media Group) had previously been affiliated with NBC.

Because of Fox's acquisition of television rights to the National Football Conference, the switch resulted in channel 8 becoming the unofficial "home" station for the New Orleans Saints, carrying many of the team's Sunday afternoon road games. WWL-TV had aired most of the Saints' games beginning in 1970, when CBS assumed rights to the NFC upon the merger of the American Football League and the National Football League; when CBS lost the NFC broadcast rights to Fox in 1994, the Saints telecasts resided on WNOL-TV for the following two years. In addition to WVUE, the team's regular season games televised over-the-air locally are split primarily between WWL-TV (for select games televised by CBS in which the Saints play against an AFC opponent; CBS also had the rights to the Saints' lone Super Bowl appearance), WGNO (through over-the-air rights to the Amazon Prime Video's Thursday Night Football package), WDSU (through NBC's rights to Sunday prime time and select playoff games as well as its local broadcast rights to Monday Night Football contests during occasions when a game involving the Saints is scheduled) and preseason games (which, as of 2019, are produced by Gray's sports division Raycom Sports). WVUE also gave local coverage to two Super Bowls, XXXVI and XXXI, both of which were held at what is now the Caesars Superdome.

On November 28, 1995, one month before WVUE affiliated with Fox, Silver King Communications (operated by former Fox executive Barry Diller) announced that it would acquire Savoy Pictures; at the time of the purchase, Silver King's existing stations had mainly been affiliates of the Home Shopping Network (both Silver King and HSN were later acquired by USA Networks). The sale of WVUE and the other SF stations was approved and finalized in March 1996, with its other assets being merged into the company that November. On April 1, 1998, Silver King subsequently sold the stations to Emmis Communications for $307 million in cash and stock, as part of a sale of its major network affiliates in order to concentrate on its formerly HSN-affiliated independent stations. On May 15, 2005, Emmis Communications announced that it would sell its 16 television stations, including WVUE, in order to concentrate on its radio properties.

Hurricane Katrina
After Hurricane Katrina struck Greater New Orleans on August 29, 2005, WVUE temporarily moved its operations to the studios of sister station WALA-TV in Mobile, Alabama. WVUE's facility on Norman C. Francis Parkway (Jefferson Davis Parkway before 2020) is located in a low-lying part of New Orleans that was badly flooded due to the levee failures caused by Katrina. The damage that was caused to the building was so severe that Emmis released much of the station's on-air staff from their non-compete clauses, allowing them to seek employment outside of the market without penalty. Soon, meteorologist Crystal Wicker left for Indianapolis ABC affiliate WRTV, where she began work on October 3. Weekend meteorologist Jeff Baskin went to Portland, Oregon's KOIN-TV; reporter Summer Jackson went to Chicago to work at CLTV, while reporter Kerry Cavanaugh took a job at WBAL-TV in Baltimore.

Following the storm, WVUE presented a rotating 15-minute newscast that was streamed on its website and was produced out of WALA's studios, slowly restoring the station's regular schedule as developments faded and reconstruction on WVUE's news operations continued. WVUE later resumed its over-the-air broadcasts from a low-power transmitter as an alternate site, which provided a reduced signal that did not reach most of the market; the station's analog signal was upgraded to full power on September 19, 2005, from its transmitter facility in Chalmette, which had flooded during the storm. In mid-June 2006, construction of the station's permanent news set and weather center was completed. Before then, a temporary news set and newsroom were set up in the station's production room. Station manager Vanessa Oubre said that remodeling/reconstruction of the rest of the building was expected to be completed by November 2006. The sale of the station was also affected and was delayed for two years because of the rebuilding; Emmis had intended to divest all its television assets by the start of 2007, but retained ownership of WVUE in the interim until a buyer was found.

Purchase by Tom Benson
On May 5, 2008, Emmis Communications announced an agreement to sell the station to the Louisiana Media Company, a media group founded by Tom Benson (owner of the city's two major league sports franchises, the NFL's New Orleans Saints and the NBA's New Orleans Pelicans) for $41 million. Benson stated that he planned for the new company to acquire several radio and television stations nationwide and to be involved in movie production. The FCC approved the sale on July 14, 2008, with the transfer being finalized four days later on July 18. In August 2012, WVUE opened a secondary studio facility (branded as the "Window on New Orleans") on the second floor of the Benson Tower in downtown New Orleans (overlooking Champions Square and the Mercedes-Benz Superdome) that was utilized for the station's weekday morning newscast and for coverage of sports events. When Hurricane Isaac struck the area in August 2012, the station provided a web stream of the station's storm coverage to Shreveport ABC affiliate KTBS-TV, which carried WVUE's stream over digital subchannel 3.3, to provide information for area evacuees who relocated to the Ark-La-Tex region.

SSA with and eventual outright sale to Raycom
In October 2013, Retirement Systems of Alabama (RSA) stated in its newsletter, The Advisor, that Raycom Media (a company which RSA invests in), would purchase WVUE for $55.6 million. A spokesperson for Tom Benson called The Advisor item "inaccurate" and that the station was not for sale; RSA CEO David Brenner called the report a "mistake." However, on November 20, 2013, Raycom announced that it would begin operating WVUE under a shared services agreement (SSA) to take effect on December 16; under the agreement, Benson remained WVUE's owner and retained the station's license, but most of WVUE's staff became Raycom employees; Louisiana Media president Joe Cook, who relinquished his additional duties as the station's general manager, commented that the deal would allow WVUE to benefit from the regional presence that Raycom provides; the Alabama-based station group has a well-established presence in the Southeastern U.S., including ownership of three other stations in Louisiana (in Baton Rouge, Lake Charles and Shreveport). Upon the takeover, former WWL-TV news director Sandy Breland was appointed as WVUE's vice president and general manager, joining other WWL and Belo alumni among its staff.

The partnership stemmed from a near-acquisition of the station by Raycom, which had been one of several companies to make offers for the station. However, Benson was not prepared to sell WVUE completely, leading to the negotiation of the SSA. Raycom president Paul McTear also noted that the story in The Advisor was the result of human error, and that there was not a deal to acquire the station. Benson had considered expanding his broadcast holdings into other nearby markets, but noticed that Raycom had a presence in all of the markets he considered.

On February 6, 2017, Louisiana Media Company exercised the option to sell WVUE's license assets to Raycom. Two months later on April 4, Raycom formally announced that it would purchase WVUE from the Louisiana Media Company for $51.8 million. Benson would continue to retain a stake in WVUE. Raycom management and Benson finalized the sale on August 8. Benson died several months later, on March 15, 2018; the Benson estate continued to maintain the minority stake in WVUE.

Sale to Gray Television
On June 25, 2018, less than a year after the full acquisition of WVUE by Raycom, Atlanta-based Gray Television announced it had reached an agreement with Raycom to merge their respective broadcasting assets (consisting of Raycom's 63 existing owned-and/or-operated television stations, including WVUE, and Gray's 93 television stations) under the former's corporate umbrella. The cash-and-stock merger transaction valued at $3.6 billion–in which Gray shareholders would acquire preferred stock currently held by Raycom–resulted in WVUE gaining new sister stations in nearby markets, including CBS/ABC affiliate KNOE-TV in Monroe and NBC/CBS affiliate KALB-TV in Alexandria, in addition to its current Raycom sister stations. The combined company is in every Louisiana market except for Lafayette as a result. The sale was approved on December 20, and was completed on January 2, 2019.

In December 2023, WVUE announced it had purchased a four-story, 37,000 sqft building at 3900 Howard Avenue that currently houses Pontchartrain Housing Corporation. The station plans to "create a state-of-the-art digital television media center" at the new property in time for the NFL's Super Bowl LIX, an event in February 2025 that Caesars Superdome will host and Fox and WVUE will broadcast. The station's current home 1025 S. Norman C. Francis Parkway, just seven blocks away, is being acquired by the neighboring Xavier University of Louisiana as part of an expansion of the school's programs.

On December 30, 2023, WVUE parent company Gray Television announced it had reached an agreement with the New Orleans Pelicans to air 10 games on the station during the 2023–24 season.

Programming
WVUE-DT currently carries the majority of the Fox network schedule, though like most news-heavy Fox stations, it delays the network's Saturday late night hour by a half-hour due to a 10 p.m. newscast. Channel 8 has aired Fox's prime time, late night, news, children's and sports programming since it joined the network in January 1996; the only regular exception has been Fox NFL Kickoff, which WVUE has declined carriage of since the Sunday pre-game show and Fox NFL Sunday lead-in moved to Fox from Fox Sports 1 in September 2015, due to its existing commitment to carry the "official" New Orleans Saints pregame show Saints Pre Game Live on Sunday mornings during the NFL regular season (the program is not carried at all in the New Orleans market, as Fox has not secured a substitute outlet among the market's minor network affiliates—either CW owned-and-operated station WNOL-TV (channel 38) or MyNetworkTV affiliate WUPL (channel 54)—to carry Fox NFL Kickoff).

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the station consistently ranked at a distant third place in the ratings behind WWL-TV and WDSU-TV, even as ABC topped the national ratings for a time in the mid-1970s. One of the primary reasons for WVUE's third-place position was the station's heavy preemptions of network programs. For example, during much of the 1970s, WVUE preempted portions of ABC's daytime soap opera lineup and aired westerns, cartoons and off-network sitcoms in their place. Additionally, WVUE did not carry many of the network's Saturday morning cartoons, as well as American Bandstand. WVUE also preempted ABC's late night programming, which prior to the 1979 debut of Nightline, consisted of movies and reruns of prime time series. Viewers in the New Orleans market that wanted to see most of ABC's full schedule could watch the network's other affiliates in surrounding markets: WRBT (now WVLA) and later WBRZ from Baton Rouge, west of New Orleans, to WLOX from Biloxi, to the east, or to WAPT from Jackson, to the north. Under Gaylord's ownership, WVUE reinstated ABC's entire lineup of daytime soaps to its schedule in the fall of 1978. In spite of ownership changes and programming modifications, WVUE was still unable to improve its standing in the ratings and largely wouldn't until it became a Fox affiliate.

Unlike the New World Communications-owned stations that joined Fox around the same timeframe, the Savoy stations, including WVUE, carried Fox's children's programming on weekday mornings and afternoons as well as on Saturday mornings; the network later discontinued the Fox Kids weekday blocks in 2002, with the Saturday morning lineup remaining until its successor 4Kids TV ended in December 2008. Ratings for Fox's programming had increased slightly from when the network was affiliated with WNOL; however, viewership for WVUE's newscasts remained well behind that of WWL-TV and WDSU. The station acquired additional syndicated talk shows to fill certain daytime slots where ABC programming formerly aired.

Beginning under Emmis, WVUE strengthened its syndicated programming inventory, including acquiring the local syndication rights to Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! as part of a group deal with Emmis' Fox affiliates, a rarity for a Fox station (prior to airing on channel 8, the two shows aired for about two decades on WWL-TV).

News operation
WVUE-DT presently broadcasts 57 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 10 hours each weekday and $3 1/2$ hours each on Saturdays and Sundays); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the highest local newscast output of any television station in the New Orleans market and within the state of Louisiana. WVUE is the only station in the market that airs a local newscast at 5:30 p.m., although it does not run a newscast at 6 p.m. on weeknights. In addition, the station produces the sports discussion program The Final Play, which airs Sundays at 10:30 p.m.

The station had been an also-ran among the New Orleans market's television news outlets for many years; however, the station hired many well-known talent during the 1960s through the 1980s (some of whom had previously worked at WDSU and WWL-TV) including anchor Alec Gifford, weatherman Nash Roberts and sports anchor Buddy Diliberto. In 1968, Gifford—then the station's news director—hired Furnell Chatman as a general assignment reporter at WVUE, becoming the first African American reporter in the market; Chatman eventually made history as the first African American to anchor a newscast in Louisiana when he was appointed anchor of the station's noon newscast a few years later. In 1976, WVUE hired Lynn Gansar, who within a few years, was elevated from a reporter role to become the station's first female news anchor. On May 31, 1982, WVUE launched a half-hour 5 p.m. newscast called Live At Five; this program was revamped as Neighbors at Five during the late 1980s, in which anchors Margaret Dubuisson and Joe Giardina presented the newscast from various locations in New Orleans.

After WVUE became a Fox affiliate in January 1996, the station increased its news programming output from about 15 hours a week to nearly 25 hours, retaining all of its existing newscasts. The station initially retained its noon and 6 p.m. newscasts, but opted air syndicated programming in the 5:30 p.m. half-hour rather than expand its 5 p.m. newscast to a full hour, a move that was atypical of the Big Three stations that switched to Fox during the affiliation switches that occurred between 1994 and 1996. The existing 10 p.m. newscast was moved one hour earlier to 9 p.m. and was expanded to one hour; however, ten months later in October 1996, it was split into separate half-hour newscasts at 9 and 10 p.m., with off-network syndicated sitcoms filling the 9:30 p.m. timeslot. This scheduling for the late evening newscasts continued until 2001, when the weeknight 9 p.m. newscast reverted to an hour-long broadcast, and the 10 p.m. newscast was dropped for a second time due to the lack of a strong program lead-in. Even after the weeknight broadcast expanded to one hour, atypical for most Fox stations that produce their newscasts in-house, the Saturday and Sunday editions of WVUE's 9 p.m. newscast remained a half-hour in length; until those editions were expanded to one hour in 2012, WVUE had been among the largest Fox affiliates by market size to air its prime time newscast in such a fashion.

Even after becoming a Fox affiliate, the station did not carry a newscast on weekday mornings throughout the 1990s; this changed in 2002, when WVUE debuted what was originally a two-hour morning newscast, airing from 6 to 8 a.m. (which by 2005, expanded to three hours with the addition of an 8 a.m. hour of the broadcast). In 2005, WVUE canceled its weeknight 6 p.m. newscast and expanded its 5 p.m. newscast to one hour; this was in concert with the station's acquisition of the popular Sony-distributed game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune, which the station chose to air together in an hour-long block during the 6 p.m. hour (news-producing stations in the Eastern and Pacific time zones commonly schedule syndicated programs such as Jeopardy! and Wheel in the hour before network prime time, 7 to 8 p.m. in those areas, though this is not very common with such stations in the Central and Mountain time zones).

WVUE's news ratings slowly increased throughout the 2000s (particularly following the station's purchase by the Louisiana Media Company). By the middle of the decade, the station overtook WDSU for the #2 position in the local news ratings, placing behind WWL-TV in the 5 p.m. timeslot. The station remained in second place through 2008 and a see-saw period followed. In May 2011, the station again ranked third in the 5 p.m. time period. The station has consistently ranked third among the market's morning and afternoon newscasts with three or more local options since that time, while posting its best ratings at night. The station bests many network prime time shows during the 9 p.m. hour (WVUE's ratings for its prime time newscast outperformed WNOL-TV and WUPL's newscasts—both produced by their respective duopoly partners, WGNO and WWL-TV—in the same timeslots, with both of those stations eventually cancelling those programs outright), and at 10 p.m., WVUE has generally held second place in the market. In recent years, the station's news department has won several Regional Emmy Awards for its news coverage; it also won duPont–Columbia Awards for its breaking news coverage and investigative reporting in 2013 and 2014 and a Peabody Award in 2013 for its investigation into campaign financing in Louisiana. In the November 2018 sweeps period, WVUE bested WDSU, WWL and WGNO in the local news race for the first time in ratings history. Aside from the Noon newscast, WVUE placed first in the ratings in every time period in which it broadcast a local newscast.

On April 29, 2007, WVUE became the first television station in New Orleans to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. In January 2010, WVUE underwent a major production upgrade that included the transition of field video to high definition, and the introduction of the first HD-based weather system in the New Orleans market. As of October 2014, WVUE and now WWL-TV are the only New Orleans area stations to broadcast its local newscasts in high definition; this is in contrast to WDSU and WGNO, all of which broadcast their newscasts in 16:9 widescreen standard definition.

On February 1, 2010, WVUE expanded its weekday morning newscast to four hours, with the addition of an hour-long weather-based newscast at 5 a.m. titled Fox 8 Morning Call, the program was replaced in 2012 by a traditional local newscast during that hour. The station restored a 10 p.m. newscast to its schedule after nine years on that same date; initially only airing as a test run, it was added to the schedule full-time on May 5, 2010, after former WWL-TV anchor Lee Zurik joined channel 8 as an anchor and investigative reporter. The 10 p.m. newscast later expanded to weekend evenings in July 2010; as a result, WVUE became one of about a dozen Fox stations nationwide with a newscast in the traditional late news timeslot that airs seven nights a week. On May 23, 2011, channel 8 debuted an hour-long midday newscast that airs Monday through Fridays at noon. This was followed on September 12 of that year, with the debut of an hour-long newscast at 4 p.m.

In the summer of 2012, WVUE entered into a content partnership with The Times-Picayune in which the station and newspaper would collaborate on sports coverage. On June 27, 2013, this partnership was expanded to include news content (including collaborations on investigative reports and entertainment stories), breaking news updates and analysis occasionally provided by Times-Picayune reporters on WVUE's newscasts and the sharing of photo and video content; WVUE also began to provide weather forecasts for the newspaper and its companion website, NOLA.com. On April 21, 2014, WVUE began airing its weekday morning newscast at 4:30 a.m., expanding the program to $4 1/2$ hours. On September 10, 2018, WVUE debuted a 9 a.m. newscast.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Bernard "Buddy" Diliberto – sports director/anchor (April 1966 – January 1981; later worked for WDSU and WWL AM/FM; died in 2005)
 * Jennifer Hale – now with Fox Sports
 * Jim Henderson – retired sports broadcaster and former commentator and voice of the New Orleans Saints (2012–2018)
 * Fred Hickman – sports director/anchor (2011–2015; died November 9, 2022)
 * Arthel Neville – anchor/reporter (now with Fox News Channel)
 * Nash Roberts – station's first Chief Meteorologist (January 1974 – March 3, 1978; succeeded by Bob Breck, previously at WDSU and later at WWL-TV; died in 2010)
 * Norman Robinson – anchor/reporter (1976–1978; later at WWL-TV and at WDSU; retired)
 * Chris Rose – provided an editorial weekly on-air and online (former longtime contributor to The Times-Picayune)
 * Ron Swoboda – sports anchor (later at Cox Sports Television)
 * Leslie Sykes – anchor/reporter (now at KABC-TV in Los Angeles)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Digital subchannel 8.2 originally launched in 2007 as the Fox 8 Newschannel, a 24-hour news simulcast and rebroadcast service similar to WWL-TV's NewsWatch 15 cable channel. On August 23, 2010, WVUE announced that it would carry the Retro Television Network on a digital subchannel; that September, 8.2 switched to a mix of RTV programming on weekdays, as well as similar general entertainment programming on weekends. On November 11, 2011, WVUE signed an affiliation agreement with Bounce TV; the network replaced RTV on digital subchannel 8.2 on November 12, 2011. In March 2012, WVUE became one of the first (if not the first) stations in the United States to create a managerial position for a subchannel, with the hiring of Curtis Pace as general manager of digital channel 8.2.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WVUE shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 8, on December 15, 2008, becoming the first New Orleans television station to cease analog transmission of its signal and exclusively broadcast a digital signal, and the second, after Telemundo affiliate KGLA-DT (channel 42, which signed on in June 2007 without a companion analog signal), to become a digital-only station prior to the June 12, 2009 digital television transition. One week later on December 22, the station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 29 to VHF channel 8. Due to reception problems that were reported by viewers following the transition, WVUE petitioned the FCC to move its digital signal back to UHF channel 29. The station opted to do this instead of increasing its transmitter power, which would have caused interference with Baton Rouge CBS affiliate WAFB (whose analog signal operated on VHF channel 9, where its digital signal operates post-transition). WVUE resumed digital operations on UHF channel 29 on November 30, 2010.

After the Louisiana Media Company acquired WVUE from Emmis Communications, a high definition feed of the station's digital signal was finally added to Cox Communications' New Orleans system in August 2008, and to Charter Communications systems in the Northshore and Tri-Parish area in that September (both Charter and Cox carry WVUE-DT on digital channel 708). WVUE's high definition feed has since been added to other cable providers in southeastern Louisiana and southern Mississippi, as well as in the New Orleans market on AT&T U-verse.

title: WVUE-DT


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User talk:Tahngarth

Proposed deletion of Emond's Field

The article Emond's Field has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
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User talk:Ayaines

Welcome!
Hello, Ayaines, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

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User talk:Evie em

Welcome!
Hello, Evie em, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  15:28, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

 * No problem about the welcome message. :) Have fun editing. Sango  123  23:29, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of Politics Of Reality – Essays In Feminist Theory for deletion
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Thomas L. Rosser

Thomas Lafayette "Tex" Rosser (October 15, 1836 – March 29, 1910) was a Confederate major general during the American Civil War, and later a railroad construction engineer and in 1898 a brigadier general of volunteers in the United States Army during the Spanish–American War.

Early life and career
Rosser was born on a farm called "Catalpa Hill", in Campbell County, Virginia, the son of John and Martha Melvina (Johnson) Rosser. In 1849, the family relocated to a 640 acre farm in Panola County, Texas, some forty miles west of Shreveport, Louisiana. The 13-year-old Tom Rosser led the wagon train bearing his mother and younger siblings westward, as business considerations compelled his father to remain in Virginia for a short time. Texas Congressman Lemuel D. Evans appointed Rosser to the United States Military Academy in 1856. However, Rosser did not complete the required five-year course of study, as Rosser, a supporter of Texas secession, resigned when Texas left the Union on April 22, 1861, two weeks before the scheduled graduation. Rosser traveled to Montgomery, Alabama, to enlist in the Confederate States Army. Thomas Rosser's roommate at the academy, George Armstrong Custer was a close friend and despite being on opposing sides this friendship continued both during and after the Civil War ended. He was known for his "hit and run" raids.

Civil War
Rosser was commissioned a first lieutenant and became an instructor to the famed "Washington Artillery" of New Orleans. He commanded its Second Company at the First Battle of Manassas in July 1861. He was noted for shooting down one of George B. McClellan's observation balloons, a feat that won him promotion to captain. He commanded his battery during the Seven Days Battles of the Peninsula Campaign, and was severely wounded at Mechanicsville. Rosser was promoted to lieutenant colonel of artillery, and a few days later to colonel of the 5th Virginia Cavalry.

He commanded the advance of J.E.B. Stuart's expedition to Catlett's Station, and was notable in the Second Battle of Manassas, where captured Union commander John Pope's orderly and horses. During the fighting at Crampton's Gap at the Battle of South Mountain, his cavalry delayed the advance of William B. Franklin's VI Corps with help from John Pelham's artillery. At Antietam, his men screened Robert E. Lee's left flank. He temporarily assumed command of Fitzhugh Lee's brigade during the subsequent fighting against Alfred Pleasonton.

He was again badly wounded at the Battle of Kelly's Ford, where "the gallant" Pelham was killed. Rosser was disabled until the Gettysburg Campaign, where he commanded his regiment in the fighting at Hanover and the East Cavalry Field at Gettysburg. He was promoted to brigadier general of the "Laurel Brigade," which had gained fame under Turner Ashby. He was distinguished again in the 1864 Overland Campaign, driving back a large force of Union cavalry and artillery at the Battle of the Wilderness.

Rosser was yet again wounded at Trevilian Station, where his brigade captured a number of prisoners from former West Point classmate and close personal friend George Armstrong Custer. His brigade later gallantly fought against Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, and he efficiently commanded Fitzhugh Lee's division at Cedar Creek. A rare defeat where Custer overran Rosser's troops at the Battle of Tom's Brook allowed Custer to repay Rosser for Trevilian Station. For no tactical reason, Custer chased Rosser's troops for over 10 miles and the action became known as the "Woodstock Races" in Union accounts. Custer had also captured Rosser's private wardrobe wagon at Tom's Brook, and Rosser immediately messaged him.

"Dear Fanny,

You may have made me take a few steps back today, but I will be even with you tomorrow. Please accept my good wishes and this little gift—a pair of your draws captured at Trevillian Station.

Tex,"

Custer shipped Rosser's gold-laced Confederate grey coat to his wife with a reply.

"Dear friend, Thanks for setting me up in so many new things, but would you please direct your tailor to make the coat tails of your next uniform a trifle shorter.

Best regards,G.A.C."

Rosser became known in the Southern press as the "Saviour of the Valley," and was promoted to major general in November 1864. He conducted a successful raid on New Creek, West Virginia, taking hundreds of prisoners and seizing much need quantities of supplies. In January 1865, he took 300 men, crossed the mountains in deep snow and bitter cold, and surprised and captured two infantry regiments in their works at Beverly, West Virginia, taking 580 prisoners. Most of the men in Rosser's command were recruits from West Virginia.

Rosser commanded a cavalry division during the Siege of Petersburg in the spring, fighting near Five Forks. It was here that Rosser hosted the "infamous" shad bake (fish feast) 2 mi north of the battle lines preceding and during the primary Federal assault. Guests at this small affair included George Pickett and Fitzhugh Lee. Shelby Foote states that "Pickett only made it back to his division after over half his troops had been shot or captured..". It is said that Lee never forgave Pickett for his absence from his post when the Federals broke the Confederate lines and carried the day at Five Forks.

Rosser was conspicuous during the Appomattox Campaign, capturing a Union general, John Irvin Gregg, and rescuing a wagon train near Farmville. He led a daring early morning charge at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, and escaped with his command as Lee surrendered the bulk of the Army of Northern Virginia. Under orders from the secretary of war, he began reorganizing the scattered remnants of Lee's army in a vain attempt to join Joseph E. Johnston's army in North Carolina. However, he surrendered at Staunton, Virginia, on May 4 and was paroled shortly afterwards.

Postbellum activities
Rosser was superintendent of the National Express Company, working for fellow ex-Confederate general Joe Johnston. He resigned to become assistant engineer during the construction of the Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad. He became chief engineer of the eastern division of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Later he was chief engineer of the Canadian Pacific. He worked for the C.P.R. for less than a year before being fired for corruption. Using his position in the C.P.R., Rosser had amassed on the side a fortune of more than $130,000 through speculation and other questionable means. Rosser was believed to have altered the preliminary survey of the line in Saskatchewan to bring it through Regina where he had money invested.

Rosser engaged in efforts to honor the Confederacy after the war. He worked to have Confederate monuments constructed despite having been explicitly discouraged from doing so in a now famous 1866 personal letter from Robert E. Lee. When Custer was defeated at the Battle of Little Bighorn, Rosser wrote an article in the Chicago Tribune placing the blame on Custer's subordinates. Rosser later retracted his claims when Major Reno threatened a lawsuit.

In 1886, he bought a plantation near Charlottesville, Virginia, and became a gentleman farmer. On June 10, 1898, President William McKinley appointed Rosser a brigadier general of United States volunteers during the Spanish–American War. His first task was training young cavalry recruits in a camp near the old Civil War battlefield of Chickamauga in northern Georgia. He was honorably discharged on October 31, 1898, and returned home. He died at Charlottesville and is buried at Riverview Cemetery, Charlottesville. Biographers describe Rosser as a man driven by a desire for financial gain, and a person who could be “arrogant, aggressive, racist, and proud to a fault.”

Rosser Avenue in Brandon, Manitoba is named in his honor, as well as the village and Rural Municipality of Rosser near Winnipeg. There is also a Rosser Avenue in Bismarck, North Dakota. This was platted before Custer's arrival in the area, and so likely is related to Rosser's time with the railroad (Northern Pacific) rather than his friendship with Custer, or his military career. There is also a Rosser Avenue in Waynesboro, Virginia. In Charlottesville, Virginia there are both Rosser Avenue and Rosser Lane.

title: Thomas L. Rosser