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Apocalypse Now Redux

Apocalypse Now Redux is a 2001 American extended version of Francis Ford Coppola's epic 1979 war film Apocalypse Now. Coppola, along with editor and longtime collaborator Walter Murch, added 49 minutes of material that had been removed from the initial theatrical release. It is a significant re-edit of the original version.

Production
Francis Ford Coppola began production on the new cut with working-partner Kim Aubry. Coppola then tried to get Murch, who was reluctant at first. He thought it would be extremely difficult recutting a film that had taken two years to edit originally. He later changed his mind (after working on the reconstruction of Orson Welles' Touch of Evil). Coppola and Murch then examined several of the rough prints and dailies for the film. It was decided early on that the editing of the film would be like editing a new film altogether. One such example was the new French plantation sequence. The scenes were greatly edited to fit into the movie originally, only to be cut out in the end. When working again on the film, instead of using the heavily edited version, Murch decided to work the scene all over again, editing it as if for the first time.

Much work needed to be done to the new scenes. Due to the off-screen noises during the shoot, most of the dialogue was impossible to hear. During post-production of the film the actors were brought back to re-record their lines (known as A.D.R. or dubbing). This was done for the scenes that made it into the original cut, but not for the deleted scenes. For the Redux version, Martin Sheen, Robert Duvall, Sam Bottoms, Albert Hall, Frederic Forrest, and Aurore Clément were brought back to record ADR for the new scenes.

Music
New music was recreated and recorded for the remade film by San Francisco Bay Area-based composer Ed Goldfarb, specifically the added tracks "Clean's Funeral" and "Love Theme". For example, it was thought no music had been composed for Willard and Roxanne's romantic interlude in the French Plantation scene. To make matters worse, composer Carmine Coppola had died in 1991. However, the old recording and musical scores were checked and a track titled "Love Theme" was found. During scoring, Francis Coppola had told Carmine, his father, to write a theme for the scene before it was ultimately deleted. For the remake, the track was recorded by a group of synthesists.

Cinematography
Vittorio Storaro also returned from Italy to head the development of a new color balance of the film and new scenes. When Redux was being released, Storaro learned that a Technicolor dye-transfer process was being brought back. The dye-transfer is a three-strip process that makes the color highly saturated and has consistent black tone. Storaro wished to use this on Redux, but in order to do it, he needed to cut the original negative of Apocalypse Now, leaving Apocalypse Now Redux the only version available. Storaro decided to do it, when convinced by Coppola that this version would be the one that would be remembered.

New scenes and alterations
The film contains several alterations, and two entirely new scenes. One of the new scenes has the boat meeting the Playmates once again, farther up the river; the other has them meet a family of holdout French colonists on their remote rubber plantation. There are also a few additional scenes with Colonel Kurtz.

Cast

 * Christian Marquand as Hubert de Marais
 * Aurore Clément as Roxanne Sarrault
 * Roman Coppola as Francis de Marais
 * Gian-Carlo Coppola as Gilles de Marais
 * Michel Pitton as Philippe de Marais
 * Franck Villard as Gaston de Marais
 * David Olivier as Christian de Marais
 * Chrystel Le Pelletier as Claudine
 * Robert Julian as The Tutor
 * Yvon Le Saux as Sgt. Le Fevre
 * Henri Sadardiel as French soldier #1
 * Gilbert Renkens as French soldier #2

Reception
Apocalypse Now Redux originally premiered at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival. The screening marked the anniversary of the original Apocalypse Now screening as a work in progress, where it won the Palme d'Or. Coppola went to the festival, accompanied by Murch, Storaro, production designer Dean Tavoularis, producer Kim Aubry and actors Bottoms and Clément.

Box office
The film was given a limited release in the U.S. on August 3, 2001, and was also released theatrically around the world in some countries, grossing US$4.6 million in the United States and Canada, and US$7.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of US$12.5 million.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 93% rating based on 84 reviews, with an average rating of 7.80/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "The additional footage slows down the movie somewhat (some say the new cut is inferior to the original), but Apocalypse Now Redux is still a great piece of cinema." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 92 out of 100 based on 39 critics. Some critics thought highly of the additions, such as A. O. Scott of The New York Times, who wrote that it "grows richer and stranger with each viewing, and the restoration of scenes left in the cutting room two decades ago has only added to its sublimity."

Some critics, however, thought the new scenes slowed the pacing and were too lengthy (notably the French plantation sequence) and added nothing overall to the film's impact. Owen Gleiberman wrote "Apocalypse Now Redux is the meandering, indulgent art project that [Francis Ford Coppola] was still enough of a craftsman, in 1979, to avoid." Despite this, other critics still gave it high ratings. Roger Ebert wrote: "Longer or shorter, redux or not, Apocalypse Now is one of the central events of my life as a filmgoer." Anthony Lane wrote, "if you have never watched Apocalypse Now in any form; if you know it well and wish to bend your Jesuitical attention to the latest addenda; if you have grown to love it on scrumbled videotape but failed to catch it on the big screen; if you were out of your head during a pre-dawn college screening, duly noted the movie as a trip, and find yourself unable to remember whether the trip in question was Coppola's, America's, or yours; in short, however relevant or rocky your relations with this film—see it now."

Soundtrack
A soundtrack was released on July 31, 2001, by Nonesuch. The soundtrack contains most of the original tracks (remastered), as well as some for the new scenes ("Clean's Funeral", "Love Theme"). The score was composed by Carmine and Francis Ford Coppola (with some tracks co-composed by Mickey Hart and Richard Hansen). The first track is an abridged version of The Doors' "The End". All songs written by Carmine Coppola and Francis Ford Coppola, except where noted:

 * 1) "The End" – The Doors
 * 2) "The Delta"
 * 3) "Dossier"
 * 4) "Orange Light"
 * 5) "Ride of the Valkyries" – Richard Wagner
 * 6) "Suzie Q" (Dale Hawkins) – Flash Cadillac
 * 7) "Nung River", Mickey Hart
 * 8) "Do Lung", Richard Hansen
 * 9) "Letters From Home"
 * 10) "Clean's Death", Mickey Hart
 * 11) "Clean's Funeral"
 * 12) "Love Theme"
 * 13) "Chief's Death"
 * 14) "Voyage"
 * 15) "Chef's Head"
 * 16) "Kurtz' Chorale"
 * 17) "Finale"

title: Apocalypse Now Redux


text:
Talk:C. Kyle Ranson

Old Discussion
This article sounds much more like a press release than an entry in an encyclopedia. --BaronLarf 18:17, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

What suggestions do you have to imporve it? Guerberj 23:15, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Jon, you might want to fix the middle image, it's overlapping with the page a little bit. Liface 21:17, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

-- Hmm, does it overlap with text? did you already fix it? I think I've seen what your talking about before, but for some reason it dosen't seem to be happeneing to me right now. Perhaps I'll chack back on another computer and see what happens.

Revisions
-- I retrived the older version of this artical becasue I felt the new one had a great deal of good information taken out. Feel free to discuss this change. Guerberj 19:06, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Sources for expansion/citations
Aboutmovies (talk) 09:19, 26 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Portland Business Journal
 * Oregon Business magazine

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:C. Kyle Ranson


text: Category:Royalty stubs

title: Category:Royalty stubs


text:
Sean Connor

Sean Connor (born 12 July 1967) is a Northern Irish football manager and former player who is the technical director at South African Premier Division club Cape Town Spurs.

He had a brief playing career which included spells at Distillery, Port Vale, Macclesfield Town, Ards, and Cliftonville. He spent some years as a coach in the United States and England before he was appointed as manager of Sligo Rovers in September 2004. He led the club to the League of Ireland First Division title in 2005. He took charge at Bohemians in November 2006 before losing his job in December 2007. He was appointed Dundalk manager in December 2008 and then joined Galway United as manager in December 2010. He then had brief and highly unsuccessful spells coaching in Africa with the Zimbabwean side CAPS United in 2012 and the South African club Black Leopards in 2014. He returned to management in Northern Ireland with Institute in September 2019, where he would remain for two years. He returned to South Africa as technical director at Cape Town Spurs in October 2023.

Playing career
Connor began his career at Distillery in the Irish League, playing for the club in the 1987–88 season before he joined English Third Division club Port Vale. He never made an appearance for the "Valiants" in the English Football League. He went out on loan to Macclesfield Town of the Conference before he returned to Northern Ireland to play for Ards. He was involved in a car accident soon after signing for Ards, breaking his chest bone, some ribs, puncturing his lung and damaging his left leg. He made a return to football with Cliftonville but retired shortly afterwards.

Early career
After spending some time as press officer for Birmingham City, Connor moved to America where he coached in the USL First Division under John McGinlay for Cincinnati Riverhawks, Boston Bulldogs and in the Eastern Indoor Soccer League with the Lafayette SwampCats. He also spent time coaching non-League clubs in England and scouting for Stoke City and Lincoln City.

League of Ireland
Connor was appointed Sligo Rovers manager in September 2004 upon the recommendation of Steve Bruce. He led the club to the League of Ireland First Division title in 2005 as Rovers finished two points clear of second-place Dublin City. He then took the club to fifth place in the League of Ireland Premier Division in 2006 and the semi-finals of the FAI Cup, where they lost to Derry City after a replay. During his time at The Showgrounds he signed Séamus Coleman. Connor tendered his resignation in November 2006 after stating that he felt he was "never fully accepted" at the club and life there was like "living in a goldfish bowl".

He was appointed as manager of Bohemians in November 2006. He led the "Bohs" to third-place in 2007, earning them a place in the UEFA Intertoto Cup. He also took the club to the semi-finals of the FAI Cup, where they were beaten by Cork City at Dalymount Park. However, he was sacked by the club after he allegedly made "advances of a sexual nature" to a female volunteer; Connor denied the claim.

In December 2008, he was appointed as the manager of newly-promoted Premier Division side Dundalk, who were transitioning from amateur status to becoming professional. He was voted Premier Division Manager of the Month for July 2009, and led the club to a fifth-place finish in the 2009 season, earning them a place in the following season's UEFA Europa League qualification rounds. He resigned in November 2009.

In January 2010, he signed a three-year contract to manage Galway United. He led the "Tribesmen" to an eighth-place finish in the 2010 season, and a relegation play-off win over Bray Wanderers at Terryland Park secured the club a place in the top-flight for the following year. His contract was "terminated by mutual agreement" in September 2011 after the club suffered their 23rd consecutive league defeat.

Africa
In January 2012, Connor was appointed as manager of Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League side CAPS United. His contract was terminated in August 2012 following a poor run of results. He fled Zimbabwe after claiming that he had received death threats from the club's staff and fans, that the club still owed him $90,000, and that the players deliberately underperformed to get him the sack. He spent some time in exile in South Africa without finances as the legal battle with CAPS United continued.

He signed a three-year contract to manage South African National First Division side Black Leopards in July 2014. He was instructed to guide the club into the Premier Soccer League. He was fired after just six weeks having picked up just two points from his first three games. He joined the coaching staff at the Maiden City Soccer Academy in County Londonderry in March 2015.

Institute
On 14 September 2019, he returned to senior management when he was appointed as first-team manager at NIFL Premiership club Institute. The "Sky Blues" were relegated after finishing bottom of the Premiership when the 2019–20 season was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland; Connor said the decision to relegate the club without the full fixture list completed was "a very, very sad day for football". The 2020–21 campaign did not take place due to the pandemic. He was sacked on 17 August 2021, "following deep and personal discussions" after a poor start to the 2021–22 season which saw Institute lose their opening three NIFL Championship games.

Return to Africa
He returned to South Africa as technical director at Cape Town Spurs on 3 October 2023.

Honours
Individual
 * League of Ireland Premier Division Manager of the Month: July 2009

Sligo Rovers
 * League of Ireland First Division: 2005

title: Sean Connor


text:
High Stile

High Stile is a mountain in the western part of the Lake District in North West England. It is the eleventh-highest English Marilyn, standing 807 metre high, and has a relative height of 362 metre.

It is the highest in the range of fells extending north-west from Great Gable towards Loweswater, and together with its satellites, Red Pike and High Crag, forms a trio of fells overlooking the lake and village of Buttermere. On this side are high crags, wild combes and a small tarn, Bleaberry Tarn. High Stile is most easily ascended as part of a traverse of the three fells.

Topography
The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. The highest section of the northern branch is formed by the trio of Buttermere fells, High Crag, High Stile and Red Pike.

The Buttermere Fells, also known as Buttermere Edge, form the watershed between Buttermere and Upper Ennerdale. The Ennerdale flanks are steep and rough with areas of crag, the lower slopes being planted with a ribbon of conifers. Across the narrow ridge-top to the north are deep corries and dark walls of crag, glowering down over the lake. The ridge continues south east to Haystacks and the Great Gable group. Beyond Red Pike to the west are Starling Dodd, Great Borne and the Loweswater Fells.

All three Buttermere Fells throw out a short spur towards the lake with deep combs hollowed out between them. North west of High Stile is Bleaberry Comb, backed by the wall of Chapel Crags. Nestled deep within is Bleaberry Tarn, a pool which is on continual shadow from November to March. Despite the steep contours of the rock walls above, the tarn is only about 15 ft deep, and is well stocked with trout. Bleaberry Tarn is drained into Buttermere by Sourmilk Gill, reaching the lake mere yards from its outlet. A belt of trees has been planted along the shoreline. Birkness Comb, also called Burtness Comb on Ordnance Survey maps, lies between the truncated and unnamed northern ridges of High Crag and High Stile. The lack of a retaining moraine means that this hollow has no tarn, Comb Beck running uninterrupted to the Lake. Grey Crag and Eagle Crag are the main faces on High Stile. These corries being scooped out of the northern face result in the connecting ridges between the three Buttermere Fells being fine and narrow.

The Ennerdale flanks have a tier of crag at around 2000 ft, The Knors and Raven Crag being the principal features. At the foot of the slopes are the massed conifers of the Ennerdale Forest, all contributing to the difficulty of access. There are no paths on the southern flank of High Stile.

Geology
The summit area is formed of the siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, tuff, lapilli-tuff and andesite sills of the Eagle Crag Member. The northern slopes display the underlying olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone of the Buttermere Formation. In the direction of Red Pike are intrusions of the granophyric granite.

In Burtness Comb, a prominent bank of debris runs along the outer flank of the upper cirque, then turns down into the lower cirque, ending in a block strew at the intake wall. It marks the course of a rock avalanche which fell from Grey Crag on the summit rim of High Stile, and was channeled along the foot of the glacier some 11,000 years ago. It is unique in the Lake District.

There are the remains of a small copper-mine near the shore of Buttermere. This was worked from 1569 to 1570 and again in the 1820s.

Summit
The highest point lies a little way out onto the northern spur at the top of Grey Crag, marked by a cairn. The highest point on the main ridge is only 3 ft lower and was regarded as the summit by Alfred Wainwright, the maps available at the time not deciding the issue. This top has two main cairns side by side. In an attempt to avoid confusion some guidebooks refer to the summit as Grey Crag and the top on the ridge as High Stile.

The view is extensive, the highlight perhaps being the North Western Fells across the Buttermere valley. Ennerdale Water and Crummock Water are in view and careful steps toward the brink can also add Bleaberry Tarn to the picture. Fine views of the crags of the surrounding combs complete the foreground.

Ascents
The fell is usually ascended as a traverse of the ‘Buttermere Three’, as the north eastern flank is very steep and rough. Strong walkers may continue the walk towards Haystacks, 4 mi southeast. The direct ascent from Ennerdale (through forest and steep bracken) is not found in guidebooks. The fell is climbed as part of Variation 1 on the Coast to Coast Walk.

Direct ascents can be made if desired via either of the northern combs. From the shore of Buttermere a path runs up into Birkness Comb from where the northern spur can be gained. From Buttermere village the path to Bleaberry Tarn can be used, branching off to find a line around the eastern end of Chapel Crags. If climbing from Ennerdale the route up Red Pike may be used.

title: High Stile


text:
Talk:Madurai district

Fair use rationale for Image:Tnlogo.png
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BetacommandBot 04:58, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Factual accuracy
With this edit of 11:48, 22 July 2011, Vinothkalai tagged this article This article's factual accuracy is disputed. with a date of October 2009. The edit added an infobox, and it appears that the tag was inadvertently copied into the article in the process. Certainly, in looking at the article now (April 2013), it is not at all clear what facts might have been considered to be in error, and no indication was left here on the talk page. On that basis, I have removed the tag. --Bejnar (talk) 03:33, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

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Proposed merge of Madurai metropolitan area into Madurai district
The metropolitan area pretty much corresponds to the district. — Sago tree spirit  (talk) 04:47, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Matches

This page is part of the WikiProject on Football and is a proposal for the general style and contents of an article on a football match. Please discuss any changes on the talk page before editing this page.

The 1900 Template Cup Final was played on 1 January 1900, at Stadium Name in Stadium City.

Route to the final
If this was a cup or tournament final, discuss which teams qualify for the tournament and how.

Team A
Details on how Team A qualified for the tournament/event and made their way to the match this article covers.

Team B
Details on how Team B qualified for the tournament/event and made their way to the match this article covers.

Venue selection
If the match had a venue selection or bidding process, explain the details of that here.

Match ball
If the match had a special match ball, discuss that here.

Analysis
Discuss previous meetings between the two teams, recent form, and pertinant historical tournament/cup final statistics or records.

Match
Discuss the match's attendance, television coverage, and opening ceremonies here.

First half
''Detail the events of the first half. Mention things like goals, scoring opportunities, and red cards.''

Second half
''Detail the events of the second half. Mention things like goals, scoring opportunities, and red cards.''

Details
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Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Competitions

This page is part of the WikiProject on Football and is a proposal for the general style and contents of an article on a football competition. Please discuss any changes on the talk page before editing this page.

The Template Cup is a football competition contested by clubs/national teams in Templatonia.

History

 * (Brief!) history of the tournament

Format

 * How the cup is structured, What teams are eligible to play in the case of a cup, promotion/relegation details if a league.

Past tournaments/winners
''Season-by-season list of winners and runners-up. Suggested styles below''

For a club cup competition:

For a national team cup competition

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By team
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Collated by country of winning teams'


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Talk:Radiosonde

Untitled
"The Russian Venus probe VeGa abandoned in 1984 two radiosondes in the atmosphere of Venus, which could be tracked two days long."

This sentence looks like it needs to be reworded but I don't know the details to know if it is that the Russian probe VeGa has been abandoned, or whether the writer meant to say that the probe released two radiosondes. I will do this edit if no one seems to be tracking this page.

--Alcarilinque 18:19, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixed. - Alureiter 18:02, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

403 MHz or 1700 MHz?
The NWS factsheet link at the end of this article says that radiosondes transmit between 1668.4 and 1700 MHz. There's no mention of 403-406 MHz. Radiosondes sent aloft in Australia were in that frequency range, which was in fact slightly broader at one time (402-406MHz). A range is needed so adjacent stations can off-tune from each other, and to enable a second release (where first sonde fails but is still transmitting) where the first would interfere with the second.

Karn 20:09, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

403MHz is used extensively in Australia where in 2007 they were using Vaisala RS-92 sondes, I know Australia are not the only users of Vaisala sondes so 403MHz is likely to be used in many locations throughout the world Hoxygt 06:47, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

History?
I think this should go into a history section and be expanded. At the moment it rather reads as though the Russians invented it out of nowhere William M. Connolley 21:18, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree the Signal Corps (United States Army) was instermental in developing this technoligy alongside early radar most of the met. subjects tend to leave that out.Brian in denver (talk) 23:33, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

Looks like the Russians invented the first weather radiosonde. That's a good fact to have (it actually helped me in my research, because now I know where Vernov got the idea of building the first cosmic ray radiosonde a couple years later). Other radio transmitters on balloons preceeded the russian invention, but not sure those are "radiosondes" as such. DonPMitchell (talk) 05:31, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * On further study, the history is complex. There is a long scholarly article about the history of the radiosonce by DuBois, in Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology.  I'll try to update the page with that information. 71.231.42.134 (talk) 17:30, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

I organized the history information into a separate section. I think it addresses the concerns mentioned above -- the involvement of the US Signal Corps, etc. DonPMitchell (talk) 04:06, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 10:02, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

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Etymology?
Why is it called that? why not "radio probe"?

seems that "sonde" was carried over from French (or German), instead of translating it.

i think some historical information on that could be interesting as a bit of Trivia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.183.51.236 (talk) 17:53, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

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Rawinsonde
The entry claims that radiosondes act as a rawinsonde because they contain some kind of radar reflector. This is not correct, the reflector section of a balloon train is separate and is generally attached directly below the balloon, with the radiosonde's string unwinder attached just below the radar target. While there may well be radiosondes which incorporate some sort of radar reflector, they were never used in Australia and given how large radar reflectors are, it's hard to envisage a design that wasn't very unwieldy. Of course a GPS sonde is in effect a rawinsonde, but there is no radar involved. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 175.33.244.14 (talk) 13:23, 22 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Radiosonde


text:
Von Neumann cellular automaton

Von Neumann cellular automata are the original expression of cellular automata, the development of which was prompted by suggestions made to John von Neumann by his close friend and fellow mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. Their original purpose was to provide insight into the logical requirements for machine self-replication, and they were used in von Neumann's universal constructor.

Nobili's cellular automaton is a variation of von Neumann's cellular automaton, augmented with the ability for confluent cells to cross signals and store information. The former requires an extra three states, hence Nobili's cellular automaton has 32 states, rather than 29. Hutton's cellular automaton is yet another variation, which allows a loop of data, analogous to Langton's loops, to replicate.

Configuration
In general, cellular automata (CA) constitute an arrangement of finite state automata (FSA) that sit in positional relationships between one another, each FSA exchanging information with those other FSAs to which it is positionally adjacent. In von Neumann's cellular automaton, the finite state machines (or cells) are arranged in a two-dimensional Cartesian grid, and interface with the surrounding four cells. As von Neumann's cellular automaton was the first example to use this arrangement, it is known as the von Neumann neighbourhood.

The set of FSAs define a cell space of infinite size. All FSAs are identical in terms of state-transition function, or rule-set.

The neighborhood (a grouping function) is part of the state-transition function, and defines for any cell the set of other cells upon which the state of that cell depends.

All cells make their transitions synchronously, in step with a universal "clock" as in a synchronous digital circuit.

States
Each FSA of the von Neumann cell space can accept any of the 29 states of the rule-set. The rule-set is grouped into five orthogonal subsets. Each state includes the colour of the cell in the cellular automata program Golly in (red, green, blue). They are

 * 1) a ground state U
 * 2) the transition or sensitised states (in 8 substates)
 * 3) S (newly sensitised)
 * 4) S0 – (sensitised, having received no input for one cycle)
 * 5) S00 – (sensitised, having received no input for two cycles)
 * 6) S000 – (sensitised, having received no input for three cycles)
 * 7) S01 – (sensitised, having received no input for one cycle and then an input for one cycle)
 * 8) S1 – (sensitised, having received an input for one cycle)
 * 9) S10 – (sensitised, having received an input for one cycle and then no input for one cycle)
 * 10) S11 – (sensitised, having received input for two cycles)
 * 11) the confluent states (in 4 states of excitation)
 * 12) C00 – quiescent (and will also be quiescent next cycle)
 * 13) C01 – next-excited (now quiescent, but will be excited next cycle)
 * 14) C10 – excited (but will be quiescent next cycle)
 * 15) C11 – excited next-excited (currently excited and will be excited next cycle)
 * 16) the ordinary transmission states (in 4 directions, excited or quiescent, making 8 states)
 * 17) North-directed (excited and quiescent)
 * 18) South-directed (excited and quiescent)
 * 19) West-directed (excited and quiescent)
 * 20) East-directed (excited and quiescent)
 * 21) the special transmission states (in 4 directions, excited or quiescent, making 8 states)
 * 22) North-directed (excited and quiescent)
 * 23) South-directed (excited and quiescent)
 * 24) West-directed (excited and quiescent)
 * 25) East-directed (excited and quiescent)

"Excited" states carry data, at the rate of one bit per state transition step.

Note that confluent states have the property of a one-cycle delay, thus effectively holding two bits of data at any given time.

Transmission state rules
The flow of bits between cells is indicated by the direction property. The following rules apply:
 * Transmission states apply the OR operator to inputs, meaning a cell in a transmission state (ordinary or special) will be excited at time t+1 if any of the inputs pointing to it is excited at time t
 * Data passes from cell A in an ordinary transmission state to an adjacent cell B in an ordinary transmission state, according to the direction property of A (unless B is also directed towards A, in which case the data disappears).
 * Data passes from cell A in a special transmission state to an adjacent cell B in a special transmission state, according to the same rules as for ordinary transmission states.
 * The two subsets of transmission states, ordinary and special, are mutually antagonistic:
 * Given a cell A at time t in the excited ordinary transmission state
 * pointing to a cell B in any special transmission state
 * at time t+1 cell B will become the ground state. The special transmission cell has been "destroyed".
 * a similar sequence will occur in the case of a cell in the special transmission state "pointing" to a cell in the ordinary transmission state

Confluent state rules
The following specific rules apply to confluent states:
 * Confluent states do not pass data between each other.
 * Confluent states take input from one or more ordinary transmission states, and deliver output to transmission states, ordinary and special, that are not directed towards the confluent state.
 * Data is not transmitted against the transmission state direction property.
 * Data held by a confluent state is lost if that state has no adjacent transmission state that is also not pointed at the confluent state.
 * Thus, confluent-state cells are used as "bridges" from transmission lines of ordinary- to special-transmission state cells.
 * The confluent state applies the AND operator to inputs, only "saving" an excited input if all potential inputs are excited simultaneously.
 * Confluent cells delay signals by one generation more than OTS cells; this is necessary due to parity constraints.

Construction rules

Initially, much of the cell-space, the universe of the cellular automaton, is "blank", consisting of cells in the ground state U. When given an input excitation from a neighboring ordinary- or special transmission state, the cell in the ground state becomes "sensitised", transitioning through a series of states before finally "resting" at a quiescent transmission or confluent state.

The choice of which destination state the cell will reach is determined by the sequence of input signals. Therefore, the transition/sensitised states can be thought of as the nodes of a bifurcation tree leading from the ground-state to each of the quiescent transmission and confluent states.

In the following tree, the sequence of inputs is shown as a binary string after each step:

 * a cell in the ground state U, given an input, will transition to the S (newly sensitised) state in the next cycle (1)
 * a cell in the S state, given no input, will transition into the S0 state (10)
 * a cell in the S0 state, given no input, will transition into the S00 state (100)
 * a cell in the S00 state, given no input, will transition into the S000 state (1000)
 * a cell in the S000 state, given no input, will transition into the east-directed ordinary transmission state (10000)
 * a cell in the S000 state, given an input, will transition into the north-directed ordinary transmission state (10001)
 * a cell in the S00 state, given an input, will transition into the west-directed ordinary transmission state (1001)
 * a cell in the S0 state, given an input, will transition into the S01 state (101)
 * a cell in the S01 state, given no input, will transition into the south-directed ordinary transmission state (1010)
 * a cell in the S01 state, given an input, will transition into the east-directed special transmission state (1011)
 * a cell in the S state, given an input, will transition into the S1 state (11)
 * a cell in the S1 state, given no input, will transition into the S10 state (110)
 * a cell in the S10 state, given no input, will transition into the north-directed special transmission state (1100)
 * a cell in the S10 state, given an input, will transition into the west-directed special transmission state (1101)
 * a cell in the S1 state, given an input, will transition into the S11 state (111)
 * a cell in the S11 state, given no input, will transition into the south-directed special transmission state (1110)
 * a cell in the S11 state, given an input, will transition into the quiescent confluent state C00 (1111)

Note that:
 * one more cycle of input (four after the initial sensitization) is required to build the east- or north-directed ordinary transmission state than any of the other states (which require three cycles of input after the initial sensitization),
 * the "default" quiescent state resulting in construction is the east-directed ordinary transmission state- which requires an initial sensitization input, and then four cycles of no input.

Destruction rules

 * An input into a confluent-state cell from a special-transmission state cell will result in the confluent state cell being reduced back to the ground state.
 * Likewise, an input into an ordinary transmission-state cell from a special-transmission state cell will result in the ordinary-transmission state cell being reduced back to the ground state.
 * Conversely, an input into a special transmission-state cell from an ordinary-transmission state cell will result in the special-transmission state cell being reduced back to the ground state.

title: Von Neumann cellular automaton


text:
Talk:Nina Sky

Untitled
This article is about the "bio" of Natalie and Nicole Albino the founders of Nina Sky, and should be kept as such. Nina Sky the band, is a total different subject and if made into an article, the subject should include information about the the other members, appearences, tours, etc. It's the same as if you were to write the "bio" of Ringo Starr and an article of The Beatles, even though related, they are two different subjects. I hope that this puts an end to the constent redirects. Tony the Marine 18:20, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

The main information should remain at "Nina Sky". Right now, even the information about their career is at "Natalie and Nicole Albino". "Nina Sky" is what they are known as. Most people do not even know their real names. You state that the Nina Sky article should include information on other members, but Natalie and Nicole are the only two members of Nina Sky. Your comparison with Ringo Starr and the Beatles doesn't make sense because Ringo Starr is one of four members of the Beatles who had his own solo career. His biography is different from the other members and his name is well known. Natalie and Nicole have the same exact biography because they are twins. The Beatles is not redirected to a page called " John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr". All other Wikipedia articles about musical groups that consist of siblings are not redirected to the names of the specific members, but remain at the title that represents the name of the group. Examples include Hanson, Les Nubians, K-Ci and JoJo, etc. --Musicpvm 19:52, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

I wrote their biographies precisely because they are a pride of Puerto Rico and deserve to be known by their proper names. Their article is a bio and as such should remain in a bio format. While it is true that Nina Sky is the name that they profesionally use and that people may look for information about Nina Sky, the link already made will take them to the bio and "bingo" problem solved. There's no reason to change the bio format and to create a redirect war. Lets not make a big fuzz over this. Tony the Marine 23:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't know we redirected to the right article. One of Wikipedia's guidelines rules say use the most common name of a person or thing that does not conflict with the names of other people or things. As Musicpvm said above, if someone were to look for information about Nina Sky through a search engine, the first thing engin

es look for is the title (what's written on the titlebar of the browser window), which means a search engine will find the WP entry for "Nina Sky" easier than "Natalie and Nicole Albino". One other thought I had is whether Nina Sky may expand in the future, such adding new singers to the group, or replacing them, such as Destiny's Child. That's why the artist's page and the band should be separate. --LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 07:03, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * I completely agree with you Lbmixpro. I still think this page should be at Nina Sky.  --Musicpvm 05:04, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Even though my stance is that this is a Bio of the girls as I intended it to be, I also can see were Nina Sky would receive more Goole hits. As a compremise I sujest that the article be moved "as is" to Nina Sky, but that it should only be done by an experienced person who will not overlap the history pages. Tony the Marine 01:57, August 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Just to make sure I am clear as to what is happening... Do you wish for the histories of the two articles to be swapped, and for Natalie and Nicole Albino to be a redirect to Nina Sky? violet/riga (t) 22:18, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've gone and done this, adding a new merged template at the top of this talk page. If you'd like the histories actually merging then let me know, but I don't it is necessary.  violet/riga (t) 09:48, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Same song/diferent titles
The song "Connection" isn't the same as "Touch my Body" a colaboration with Sean Paul?

Touch my body i think, is the name of the "riddim" (used in dancehall music) the name of the collabo is Connection, i have the cd on which the song is featured. In the song the courous repeats "boy when you touch my body,you know you make me feel hot". They however have an album titled, "La conexion"

Date of birth
My research suggests the twins were born in 1981, not 1986. (See the normally reliable IMDb website here ). Would anyone care to disagree ?

Derek R Bullamore 21:08, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ninaskycover.jpg
Image:Ninaskycover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 16:07, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

"Nina Sky"
the album

Tamara Sky
Are they related to Tamara Sky, the Playmate from August 2007? Nina Sky was featured in the March 2007 issue of Playboy (Playboy After Hours, Babes of the Month, no nude photos). Is that just a coincidence? They look very similar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.48.136.25 (talk) 18:16, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

Source
WHAT ABOUT THE BED REMIX?

Certification
because there's no source, i'll not edit it but wtf it says certified "Wood" lol does that exist

Darius20
Darius20 16:39, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Overall style
The style, grammar, and overall content of this article are all over the place. The identity of its first contributor lacks import, but when so first contributed, it was a mess from start to finish. Other Wikipedians and users of wiki should go over the article with a fine-tooth comb and fix its various grammatical mistakes. THIS Wikipedian and wiki user CANNOT trust himself to do so. Parker Gabriel 04:46, 23 October 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Parker Gabriel (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Nina Sky


text:
Bringing In the Sheaves

"Bringing in the Sheaves" is a popular American Gospel song used almost exclusively by Protestant Christians (though the content is not specifically Protestant in nature). The lyrics were written in 1874 by Knowles Shaw, who was inspired by Psalm 126:6, "He that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him." Shaw also wrote music for these words, but they are now usually set to a tune by George Minor, written in 1880.

Lyrics

 * Sowing in the morning, sowing seeds of kindness,
 * Sowing in the noontide and the dewy eve;
 * Waiting for the harvest, and the time of reaping,
 * We shall come rejoicing, bringing in the sheaves.

 * Refrain:
 * Bringing in the sheaves, bringing in the sheaves,
 * We shall come rejoicing, bringing in the sheaves,
 * Bringing in the sheaves, bringing in the sheaves,
 * We shall come rejoicing, bringing in the sheaves.

 * Sowing in the sunshine, sowing in the shadows,
 * Fearing neither clouds nor winter's chilling breeze;
 * By and by the harvest, and the labor ended,
 * We shall come rejoicing, bringing in the sheaves.

 * Refrain

 * Going forth with weeping, sowing for the Master,
 * Though the loss sustained our spirit often grieves;
 * When our weeping's over, He will bid us welcome,
 * We shall come rejoicing, bringing in the sheaves.

 * Refrain

In popular culture

 * The hymn's refrain was sung in the 1933 movie Tillie and Gus starring W.C. Fields.
 * The hymn was sung in the 1938 movie ''Of Human Hearts starring Walter Huston.
 * The hymn was sung in the 1948 movie 3 Godfathers starring John Wayne.
 * The hymn was sung in the 1955 movie The Night of the Hunter starring Robert Mitchum.
 * Charles Ives used fragments of this and other 19th-century American secular and spiritual songs in his 2nd Symphony.
 * In the 1966 film Batman, this song is played by a marching band as Batman tries to dispose of a bomb.
 * The hymn's refrain was sung in several episodes of the TV show Little House on the Prairie.
 * The hymn was sung in the 1986 movie The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 starring Dennis Hopper
 * The hymn's refrain has been included in a number of episodes of The Simpsons:
 * It was sung by Rod and Todd Flanders in the 1992 episode Bart the Lover.
 * It was whistled by Ned Flanders in the 1994 episode Homer Loves Flanders, and partially sung in the 1995 episode The Springfield Connection.
 * It was also sung by Reverend Lovejoy in the 1994 episode Bart's Girlfriend.
 * The hymn's refrain was sung in the first episode of the 2020 miniseries The Queen's Gambit.
 * The hymn's refrain was sung at church in the 2014 episode of the TV show Two and a Half Men titled "Miss Pasternak"

title: Bringing In the Sheaves


text:
Women's Battalion

Women's Battalions (Russia) were all-female combat units formed after the February Revolution by the Russian Provisional Government, in a last-ditch effort to inspire the mass of war-weary soldiers to continue fighting in World War I.

In the spring of 1917, Kerensky, the Russian Ministry of War authorized the creation of sixteen separate all-female military formations. Four were designated as infantry battalions, eleven slated as communications detachments and a singular naval unit. Already some women had successfully petitioned to join regular military units, and with the planning of the Kerensky Offensive, a number began pressing the new Provisional Government to create special women's battalions. These women, along with a number of high-ranking members of the Russian government and military administration, believed that female soldiers would have significant propaganda value, their example revitalizing the weary and demoralized men of the Russian army. Simultaneously, they hoped the presence of women would shame hesitant male soldiers into resuming their combat duties.

American reporter Bessie Beatty estimated the total number of women serving in these gender-segregated units at 5,000 in the fall of 1917, but only the 1st Russian Women's Battalion of Death and the 1st Petrograd Battalion were ever deployed to the front.

List of battalions

 * 1st Russian Women's Battalion of Death
 * 1st Petrograd Women's Battalion
 * 2nd Moscow Women's Battalion of Death
 * 3rd Kuban Women's Shock Battalion
 * 1st Women's Naval Detachment
 * Minsk Women's Separate Guard Militia
 * Saratov Women's Shock Battalion
 * Kiev Women's Military Detachment

Among the rush and chaos several unsanctioned units were also formed, including the Women's Kuran of Death, Mariupol Women's Battalion of Death, Baku Women's Battalion of Death, Viatka Women's Battalion, 1st Detachment of Volunteer Women's Scouts, Skimbirsk Women's Legion of Death, Ekaterinburg Women's Battalion of Death, Ukrainian Women's Battalion and an unnamed unit organized by the Tashkent Women's Union

Fate and aftermath
With no definite consensus among the military administration as to the potential value of female soldiers, coupled with the severe shortages from which the nation was then suffering, the army made only a half-hearted commitment to the project. Thus, the women's units received inadequate attention and assistance from the military administration. Many among the Russian military authorities were waiting to see how the women fared in battle and whether they would have a positive effect on male soldiers.

After the 1st Russian Women's Battalion of Death failed to have the intended effect of revitalizing the war-weary elements of the Russian army, the military authorities began to question the value of the women's units as a whole. In particular, the government found it difficult to justify the allocation of badly needed resources to such an unreliable project. By August 1917, there was a growing inclination in the military establishment to discontinue the organization of women for combat purposes. Facing withdrawal of official support, the 2nd Moscow Women's Battalion of Death began to disintegrate in September. Just prior to disbanding however, about 500 volunteers were sent to the front at their own request without the knowledge or permission of the military authorities.

Faced with the decision of what to do with their women's units, the military at first decided to shift them into auxiliary roles away from the front, such as guarding railroads, but this faced opposition from men in those positions who would in turn be sent to the front. Instead, on 30 November 1917, the new Bolshevik government ordered the official dissolution of any remaining women's military formations. Regardless however, members of the 1st Petrograd and 3rd Kuban women's battalions lingered in their camps until early 1918. Some women who had served in these units went on to fight on both sides of the Russian Civil War.

title: Women's Battalion


text:
Jeremy Miller

Jeremy James Miller (born October 21, 1976) is an American actor. He is known for his portrayal of Ben Seaver on Growing Pains and its two reunion movies. He also voiced Linus van Pelt in Happy New Year, Charlie Brown!.

Career
Miller was cast in a few commercials, then a 1984 guest role in Punky Brewster before landing the role of Ben Seaver, the younger son on Growing Pains. After Growing Pains, he appeared in the film Milk and Fashion, in commercials for McDonald's "Dollar Menunaires" promotion shot as a parody of the VH1 series Best Week Ever, and as the star of the 1990 Hanukah episode of Shalom Sesame (an American/Israeli coproduction of Sesame Street). He has also been spotted in Boys and Girls Guide To Getting Down. He appeared in a special celebrity team-up episode of Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? facing off against Mayim Bialik from Blossom, and Tatyana Ali from The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air; he and his partner got through to the bonus round in the end (but failed to win the big prize).

He can be seen in four movies in 2009: Ditching Party, Never Have I Ever, The Fish and Tar Beach.

While promoting Start Fresh Recovery of Santa Ana, California in April 2014, Miller said he started drinking alcohol at age four. Miller states that he suffered from alcohol abuse for years, until he had an implant that released the drug Naltrexone into his system. In 2011, he became a spokesperson for Fresh Start Private Management Inc., the rehabilitation company that administered his treatment.

Personal life
At about age 14, Miller received numerous letters from an older male stalker during the run of Growing Pains.

Miller attended the University of Southern California for one year. He is married to Joanie Miller and has three stepsons.

title: Jeremy Miller


text:
Crash Twinsanity

Crash Twinsanity is a 2004 platform video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Vivendi Universal Games for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It is the eleventh installment in the Crash Bandicoot series and the fifth game in the main series. The game's story takes place three years after the events of Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex and follows the main protagonist and antagonist of the series, Crash Bandicoot and Doctor Neo Cortex, who must work together to stop the Evil Twins—a pair of interdimensional parrots—from destroying N. Sanity Island.

Crash Twinsanity began development as Crash Bandicoot Evolution and was intended to have a more serious tone than previous games. The similarity of the game's premise to Ratchet & Clank convinced Traveller's Tales to restart production and create Crash Twinsanity as a comedic title in which Cortex would be teamed up with Crash as a means of exploring his character. The game marks the debut of Lex Lang as the voice of Cortex, replacing previous actor Clancy Brown. Various concepts were removed from the game during production due to time constraints, but were incorporated into the final game as unlockable extras.

Crash Twinsanity received mixed reviews upon release. Critics mostly praised the gameplay variety, presentation, narrative, humour and Lang's voice performance, but had mixed reactions towards the music and criticised the controls, platforming sections, and camera. Two mobile versions of the game were subsequently released and were also met with mixed reception.

Gameplay
Crash Twinsanity differs from previous entries in the series through its free-roaming gameplay style; the player can explore the game's environments in all directions and travel seamlessly between levels. As opposed to the "hub room" format utilized by previous games, the player's progression through Twinsanity is influenced by the plot. Over the course of the game, the player controls three different characters: Crash Bandicoot, Doctor Neo Cortex (or both at the same time) and new character Nina Cortex; the controlled character alternates between particular levels. Crash is the primary player character and has the ability to jump into the air and land on enemy characters, spin in a tornado-like fashion to knock enemies off-screen, slide across the ground and perform a body slam to break certain objects. Cortex is armed with a raygun and a limited amount of ammo, and Nina uses her mechanical arms to punch enemies and latch onto distant ledges. When Crash and Cortex are together, Crash can use Cortex to increase the range of his spin attack, use Cortex's head as a hammer to break certain objects, and hurl Cortex across gaps to activate switches. Two levels in the game incorporate a gameplay style named "HumiliSkate", which involves Crash riding Cortex as a makeshift snowboard, while two others are played in a style named "Doc Amok", which involves Crash clearing a path for a fleeing Cortex. Another gameplay style, named "RollerBrawl", involves the player steering Crash and Cortex through the level as they engage in a brawl.

Wumpa Fruit is scattered throughout the game, and grant an extra life if 100 Fruits are collected. Crates also carry Wumpa Fruit, which can be obtained if the crates are broken. TNT crates explode after a three-second fuse when jumped on, while Nitro crates explode upon any physical contact. Crates with plungers will detonate any Nitro crates in the immediate vicinity. Checkpoint crates allow the player to return to a specific point in the stage upon losing a life, while World crates save the player's progress. Gems littered throughout the levels can be collected to unlock extra content such as concept art and storyboards.

Plot
Three years after his previous defeat by Crash, Doctor Neo Cortex returns to the Wumpa Islands to exact revenge on Crash. Cortex incapacitates Crash's sister, Coco, and impersonates her to lure Crash into a trap. After Crash's victory against Cortex and his Mecha-Bandicoot, Cortex and Crash are both sent plummeting down a hole and land in a cave. Enraged by his defeat, Cortex attacks Crash, and the pair engage in a prolonged fight across the cave. Upon returning to the surface, Crash and Cortex encounter a pair of interdimensional parrots named the Evil Twins, who plan to destroy the Wumpa Islands and steal Cortex's brain. After Cortex pleads for Crash's help, he is spontaneously attacked by bees and finds himself captured by Papu Papu and his subordinate tribesmen after stumbling into their territory. Crash rescues Cortex from captivity and escapes a pursuing mob of tribesmen. Crash and Cortex have another encounter with the Evil Twins, who bring a deity statue to life to attack the pair. Cortex, having learned that the Evil Twins come from the Tenth Dimension, concocts a plan and beckons Crash to his antarctic lair.

Crash and Cortex attempt to enter the Iceberg Lair through the front entrance, but the door is frozen shut, forcing the pair to take an alternate path inside. They inadvertently free Uka Uka in the process, who attacks them with a giant body formed from ice. Uka Uka is convinced by his twin brother Aku Aku to join forces and attack the Evil Twins themselves, but both are easily defeated. Cortex introduces the Psychetron, a device that will allow travel to the Tenth Dimension, but requires Power Crystals to function. Crash uses Cortex as an impromptu snowboard in an attempt to reach Doctor N. Gin's battleship and gather the Power Crystals, and destroys Dingodile's shack in the process. Crash's venture through the battleship eventually results in an explosion of a cache of TNT crates, which sinks the ship and propels Crash into a confrontation with Doctors Nefarious Tropy and Nitrus Brio on a distant ice floe. Crash returns to the Iceberg Lair with Cortex, where the latter is attacked by a recovered Coco, who believes that Cortex kidnapped Crash. Coco's assault sends two of the Power Crystals flying into the Psychetron, which damages the machine and paralyzes Coco in a chain reaction. Crash and Cortex set a course for Madame Amberly's Academy of Evil in the hopes of recruiting Cortex's niece Nina to assist in repairing the Psychetron.

Crash and Cortex sneak into the Academy through the sewer system, where they fend off an attack from Dingodile. After Cortex finds Nina and has an encounter with Madame Amberly, he recalls the origin of the Evil Twins; when Cortex was an 8-year-old student in the Academy, he used his two pet parrots Victor and Moritz as test subjects for a prototype of his Evolvo-Ray, but the experiment resulted in the parrots being transported to the Tenth Dimension, where they would be mutated by the environment's severe "reverso-radioactivity". The trio return to the Iceberg Lair, repair the Psychetron and travel to the Tenth Dimension to face the Evil Twins. Upon their arrival, Nina is kidnapped by an evil doppelganger of Crash and taken to his desolate home on Twinsanity Island. After cornering Evil Crash, Cortex valiantly offers himself in Nina's stead, which leads to a chase. Crash, Cortex and Nina escape Evil Crash and make their way to the Evil Twins' compound, where Cortex confronts the Evil Twins and commands them back into their cage. The Evil Twins transform their cage into a giant robot and engage in a final battle with the trio. The Evil Twins are defeated and flee the compound, only to be devoured by Evil Crash when they take refuge in his home. After the trio return to their own dimension, Cortex attempts to eliminate Crash, but the malfunctioning Psychetron teleports Cortex into Crash's mind, where he is trapped with a crowd of dancing Crash duplicates.

Development
Crash Twinsanity was developed by Traveller's Tales' Oxford division and published by Vivendi Universal Games. The game was originally titled Crash Bandicoot Evolution and featured a premise involving the Evil Twins stealing Crash's island from Earth and grafting it onto a giant planet made from pieces of others. The tone of the game was intended to be more serious than preceding entries in the series, with the term "edgy" being widely used among the development team. In response to the release of Insomniac Games' Ratchet & Clank, which featured an identical premise, Traveller's Tales abandoned Crash Bandicoot Evolution and restarted production with a focus on making the next Crash title as comedic as possible. The new game went through several working subtitles, including Unlimited, Fully Fluxed and Twinsane. Eventually, VU Games gave Traveller's Tales one hour to choose the final title before the default selection of Unlimited. Concept artist Keith Webb came up with the title Crash Twinsanity with only five minutes to spare. The game was announced as Crash Bandicoot: Unlimited on March 26, 2004, with Crash Twinsanity originally intended as the game's American title.

Lead designer Paul Gardner and artist Daniel Tonkin explained that Cortex was made playable as an opportunity to explore his character, and was teamed up with Crash because "it didn't make sense to make them two opposing characters who were playable because the player would be kind of playing against himself". Producer and creative director David Robinson cited Jay and Silent Bob and The Ren & Stimpy Show as the central influences on the game's character dynamic, as both properties provide a variation of two opposing personalities spending a large amount of time together; Ren & Stimpy crew member Jordan Reichek wrote the game's script, provided creative input on the characters and game mechanics, and illustrated the game's cover art. The character Nina Cortex was created and designed by Duke Mighten for an early version of Crash Nitro Kart, and was re-appropriated for Crash Twinsanity due to her popularity among the development team. Gardner created a rough model of Nina modified from that of Neo Cortex, and her final model was created by Chris Abedelmassieh. Nina's model was created over the course of a single weekend. Although Crash Twinsanity was intended to be Nina's debut appearance, Gardner was alerted to her early appearance in Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage by Webb, who came across Nina's image in newly released screenshots of the game. Crunch Bandicoot was included in a cameo appearance due to his fan-favourite status. A stage taking place in Coco's mind, "Gone a Bit Coco", was removed because production was too far along to guarantee that the stage could be finished and played without crashing. Other content, such as a cameo by Fake Crash and the appearance of a good version of Cortex, was also removed, but appears in unlockable concept images in the final game. A punching maneuver by Crash that appeared in the Crash Bandicoot Unlimited demo was removed due to its inadvertent capability of destroying scenery. Rusty Walrus, a blue walrus character who pursues Crash in one level, was inspired by the final boss in The NewZealand Story.

Crash Twinsanity's voice actors were cast and directed by Chris Borders. Clancy Brown, the previous voice actor for Cortex, had left the series due to his dissatisfaction with the video game industry's financial compensation for voice actors. Lex Lang was called in for an audition to replace Brown, and was given an explanation that VU Games considered Brown's performance to be "too mean". After Borders described Cortex to Lang and had him listen to signature samples of Brown's performance, he encouraged Lang to play Cortex as more flamboyant and self-absorbed. Lang eventually created a depiction of Cortex that was "master evil with a bit of a childish feminine side that leaks out in his tirades" that had everyone laughing at the lines and the character. Monty Python's Flying Circus was an additional influence on Lang's delivery as Cortex. Other cast members include Mel Winkler, Michael Ensign, Susan Silo, Debi Derryberry, Alex Fernandez, Dwight Schultz and Quinton Flynn. The full-motion videos of Crash Twinsanity were created by Red Eye Studios, who previously created the full-motion videos for Crash Nitro Kart. The soundtrack of Crash Twinsanity was composed, performed, arranged and produced by a cappella band Spiralmouth, while Gabriel Mann recorded and mixed the soundtrack at Asylum Recording Studios in Los Angeles.

Release
Crash Twinsanity was showcased alongside other VU Games titles at the Game Stars Live consumer games show held at ExCeL London from September 1–5, 2004. VU Games' booth featured a "Challenge Corner" where attendees competed for Crash and Spyro-based prizes. The game went gold on September 7, 2004, and was released in North America on September 28, 2004, in Europe on October 8, 2004, and in Australia on October 28, 2004. A version for the GameCube was announced, but it was cancelled for undisclosed reasons; IGN speculated that the port's cancellation was due to the disappointing financial performance of other VU Games titles on the system. In the United Kingdom, Crash Twinsanity debuted at #25 in the sales charts, and remained within the top 40 best-sellers by the 2004 Christmas season.

A mobile game based on Crash Twinsanity was developed by VU Games, published by I-play and released on November 6, 2004. The mobile version consists of six levels based on the "Doc Amok" stages of the console version. Another mobile game, titled Crash Twinsanity 3D, was published by Vivendi Games Mobile and Wonderphone and developed by Kuju Entertainment for an exclusive selection of 3G java-enabled handsets that accompanied the commercial launch of Vodafone live! in December 2004, including the Motorola E1000, V980 and C980, the Nokia 6630, the Sony Ericsson V800, the Sharp 802 SH and 902 SH, and the Toshiba V902T. In this version, the player controls Crash Bandicoot, who must sprint along a three-dimensional road and dodge obstacles, defeat enemies and collect items en route. In 2007, the PlayStation 2 version of Crash Twinsanity was re-released in the three-disc Crash Bandicoot Action Pack compilation alongside Crash Nitro Kart and Crash Tag Team Racing.

Reception
Crash Twinsanity received mixed reviews from critics upon release. The open-world setting was welcomed as an improvement over the "claustrophobic" level design of previous games, and the various gameplay styles were commended as clever and well-implemented; James B. Pringle of IGN compared the 'ingenious' Doc Amok levels to Lemmings, and Louis Bedigian of GameZone considered the RollerBrawl sequence to be the game's best. However, the platforming sections were considered formulaic and tired. The gameplay aspect of controlling Crash and Cortex in tandem drew comparisons to Jak and Daxter and Whiplash,   while the RollerBrawl segment was widely compared to Super Monkey Ball. The character Nina Cortex was positively received by critics, some of whom compared her extending robotic arms to Bionic Commando. The game's camera was widely criticised as dodgy and uncooperative, and the controls were deemed sluggish. Kristan Reed of Eurogamer and GR Chimp of GameRevolution respectively derided the checkpoint/autosave system as faulty and spaced too far apart.

Most assessments of the visuals were positive. Pringle noted the "cartoon-like" feel given to the game by its crisp and vibrant colours. Chris Stead of Australian GamePro acknowledged the graphics as "quite pretty", but stated that the collision detection and frequent invisible barriers "leave a lot to be desired". Brent Soboleski of TeamXbox, Ryan Davis of GameSpot and Nick Valentino of GameZone proclaimed Twinsanity to be the best-looking Crash Bandicoot game to date; they pointed out the increased detail in Crash and Cortex's designs and their smoother and more expressive animations that telegraph their personalities,   although Soboleski, Davis and GR Chimp felt the particle and lighting effects and frame rate in the PlayStation 2 version were inferior to those in the Xbox version. Soboleski and Reed observed a lack of texture and detail in the environments, and Reed and Wooldridge pointed out the short draw distance. Bedigian and a blurb in Electronic Gaming Monthly both dismissed the visuals as lacklustre. Pringle and Reed commended the full-motion videos for their polished quality, though the inability to skip them was seen as a nuisance.

The audio, particularly the music, was met with a mixed response. Pringle stated that the music was fitting, but admitted that he "wasn't a fan" of the "pop-jazz" music in the snow/ice level, which "ended up wearing on my nerves after a while". Soboleski praised the voice-acting as "well done, with the right amount of sarcasm, humour and attitude to keep players laughing", but criticised the music as "quite repetitive and pretty cliché based on what we have been hearing year after year from the series." Andrew Wooldridge of 1Up.com was amused by the game's music and said that "Sounding something like a team of Bobby McFerrin wannabes (you know, "Don't Worry, Be Happy") the vocalists really go all out to give the game a slapstick feel". Davis commended the music as catchy and admired the unique a cappella aspect of the soundtrack, but added that while the game's stock Crash Bandicoot sound effects "fit snugly" into the sound design, "some of them are used too often and some of them just sound a little tired." While Valentino enjoyed the game's soundtrack, Bedigian lambasted it as "insanely annoying music that doesn't fit with the wacky and crazy world of Crash Bandicoot". Vincent Lopez of Official Xbox Magazine remarked that the "mixed-up" score "would find a welcome home in Pee Wee's Playhouse". Reed found the music to be "occasionally inspired" and was surprised by the quality of some of the game's tracks (citing the Uka Uka boss fight as an example), but warned that "others, however, numb the brain into mulch so don't expect undiluted quality". Andrew Reiner of Game Informer acknowledged the game's "doo-wop and choral music-influenced" score and vocal arrangements as "wildly inventive". GR Chimp described the soundtrack as a "thoroughly weird and catchy" "combination of jungle, pop and a barbershop quartet", and opined that "the quirky approach to the composition helps give the game its attitude".

The humorous dialogue and slapstick comedy were considered a highlight, and the characterization of Cortex and Lex Lang's vocal performance were singled out for praise. Reviewers appreciated the added dimension to Cortex's personality and considered the character and his dialogue to be the most entertaining and accomplished in the game. Valentino described Cortex as "nutty in the best possible way", while Reiner admitted that "turning Cortex into a cross-dressing lunatic brought about a few chuckles".

Reception to the mobile versions was also mixed. Levi Buchanan of IGN considered the I-play version to be "infinitely more enjoyable" than its console counterpart, pointing out the colourful graphics and "well-done" character art, but noting the insensitive controls and lack of audio as negative points. Avery Score of GameSpot commented positively on the "tried-and-true" gameplay, "great" graphics, "decent" value and "good" character likenesses, but criticised the lack of in-game audio, "finicky" control, lack of innovation in terms of gameplay, lack of enemy characters and the fact that Cortex seemed "mindless". Chris James of Pocket Gamer gave Crash Twinsanity 3D a score of 5 out of 10, noting the game's simple and relatively responsive controls and polished presentation, but criticising the awkward perspective, "very finicky" collision detection, lengthy character animation and long loading screens.

Future
Preceding the European release of Crash Twinsanity, Daniel Tonkin stated that Traveller's Tales was "still very interested in the franchise and I think if the opportunity came up we'd be more than happy to do another game". A pitch for a new Crash Bandicoot game, tentatively titled Cortex Chaos, was developed by Traveller's Tales after Twinsanity's completion. The game's premise centered around Crash being sucked into several television programmes by an invention created by Cortex. Twinsanity was ultimately followed by the Radical Entertainment-developed titles Crash of the Titans and Crash: Mind over Mutant.

In a 2012 interview, Keith Webb noted that if his video game Go! Go! Kokopolo was successful enough for him to expand his studio, he would try to approach Activision with a bid to create Cortex Chaos with as many members of the Twinsanity development team as possible. On August 3, 2017, following the release of the Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy, Webb sent an open letter to Vicarious Visions congratulating them on the game's success. In the letter, Webb stated that if Activision ever expressed interest in developing a Twinsanity remake, he and a handful of previous developers would gladly return to work on it.

title: Crash Twinsanity


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User:Jolly Monkey

I'm 33 and live in Stratford, London.

I like Mountain Biking.

title: User:Jolly Monkey


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Costa Rican Renewal Party

The Costa Rican Renewal Party (Partido Renovación Costarricense) is a Christian political party in Costa Rica.

History
Established in 1995, as a splinter of the National Christian Alliance, the party first participated in national elections in 1998, when its presidential candidate, Sherman Thomas Jackson, received 1.4% of the vote, whilst they won a single seat in the parliamentary elections, taken by pastor and lawyer Justo Orozco. During the 1999–2000 popular protests against the electric liberalization bill known as Combo ICE, Orozco supported the protests and voted against the bill.

Orozco was the party's presidential candidate in 2002, finishing fifth with 1.1% of the vote. The party also retained its sole parliamentary seat in the elections, taken by Carlos Avendaño. However, Avendaño left the party and founded his own (National Restoration Party).

In the 2006 elections the party's candidate Bolívar Serrano Hidalgo won 3.4% of the vote in the presidential election, but the party lost its parliamentary seat (to Avendaño's party). Journalist David Romero Mora, well known for his book El caso Chemise, endorsed the party in this period.

During the 2007 Costa Rican Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement referendum, it stood with the opposition to the agreement.

In 2010 elections, former Tibás mayor Mayra Gonzalez finished sixth in the presidential contest with 0.7%, but the party regained parliamentary representation, winning a solitary seat, taken by Orozco. Orozco was very polemic during his tenure especially because some of his public comments were accused of homophobia and because he was elected president of the Human Rights Commission of Parliament thanks to his alliance with then ruling PLN. Orozco was candidate again in 2014 gaining similar results (1% of the votes) yet obtaining 2 seats in Congress, took by Gonzalo Ramírez Zamora and Abelino Esquivel. One of them, Gonzalo Ramírez Zamora, was elected president of the Legislative Assembly for the 2017–2018 period, supported by the National Liberation Party branch.

During the mandatory party structures renovation process for the 2017–2018 election campaign, the party divided between Orozco supporters and critics. Orozco critics, led by both party congressmen at that moment, Gonzalo Ramírez and Abelino Esquivel, won the process, so Orozco and his supporters left the party, and did not join any other for that election. At the end, Ramírez tendency, considered pro-PLN, took control of the party, also excluding Esquivel's tendency from the party conduction and candidate lists. With both Orozco and Esquivel center-leftist tendencies out of the race, journalist Stephanie Campos was elected as presidential candidate and former liberacionista right-wing Congressman Daniel Gallardo Monge as its head of list. Finally, the party got very weak results and couldn't maintain any seat in Congress.

The party holds very conservative beliefs and is directed toward the evangelical Christian minority, opposing such subjects as abortion, same-sex marriage, marijuana legalization and violent video games.

title: Costa Rican Renewal Party


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Democratic Force (Costa Rica)

Democratic Force (Fuerza Democrática) nicknamed “El Naranjazo” (the Big Orange or the Orange Hit because the color of its flag) was a political party in Costa Rica.

The party was founded in 1992 by Gerardo Trejos and other left-wing Costa Rican leaders taking the structure of the Progress Party that nominated poet Isaac Felipe Azofeifa for the 1990 general election. For around a decade, it was Costa Rica's main alternative force and third party in a very rigid two-party system dominated by the major parties PLN and PUSC.

In the 1994 elections the party won 2 seats, whilst its candidates in the presidential election, TV personality and folklorist Miguel Zúñiga Díaz a.k.a. Miguel Salguero, finished third with 1.9% of the vote. In the 1998 elections it gained 3 seat, whilst its candidate (this time historian Vladimir De la Cruz De Lemos) again finished third in the presidential contest. The appearance of new progressive party PAC that managed to attract most of the anti-bipartisan vote with its charismatic leader Ottón Solís and very harsh internal conflicts gravely affected the party and despite receiving 2% of the parliamentary vote in 2002 it lost all three seats, whilst De la Cruz De Lemos finished seventh in the presidential election, receiving just 0.3% of the vote. The party disbanded in 2010, some of its members became members of other parties, like former San José councilor and latter deputy Alberto Salom and former deputy Rodrigo Gutiérrez joined PAC whilst others like former deputy José Merino del Río and his advisor José María Villalta joined the new left-wing party Broad Front.

title: Democratic Force (Costa Rica)


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Coalition Change 2000

Coalition Change 2000 (Coalición Cambio 2000) was a political alliance in Costa Rica formed by the Alajuelense Democratic Action and United People.

In the 2002 elections it failed to win a seat, whilst its candidate in the presidential election, Walter Coto Molina received only 0.2% of the vote. The coalition has since disappeared.

title: Coalition Change 2000


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Robert M. Moore

Robert M. Moore (c. 1816–1880) was an Irish-American mayor of Cincinnati.

Born in Cookstown, Ireland, Robert M. Moore immigrated about 1832 via Canada to the United States. Moore was a veteran of the Mexican–American War and as an officer joined the predominantly Irish American 10th Ohio Infantry in the Civil War. A Republican, Moore served as mayor of Cincinnati from 1877 to 1880.

title: Robert M. Moore


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Michael Collins (Limerick politician)

Michael J. Collins (1 November 1940 – 3 December 2022) was an Irish politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for Limerick West from 1997 to 2007. He was a member of Fianna Fáil until 2002, when he became an Independent.

Early life
Michael Collins was born in Abbeyfeale, County Limerick, in 1940. He was the son of James Collins and a brother of Gerry Collins, both Fianna Fáil members of Dáil Éireann.

Career
Collins was involved in local politics for many years, serving as a member and chairman of the Limerick County Council. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1997 general election as a Fianna Fáil TD and held his seat until retiring at the 2007 general election citing health reasons. His nephew, Niall Collins was elected to succeed him, maintaining the family's continuous occupation of a seat in that constituency since the 1948 general election. His son, James Collins, is a Fianna Fáil councillor on Limerick City and County Council representing Limerick City West and served as Mayor of Limerick from 2018 to 2019.

Tax evasion
Collins hit the headlines in 2003, when it was revealed that he had set up a bogus offshore account to evade paying tax. He settled the bill with the Revenue Commissioners, paying over €130,000 in taxes, interest and penalties. He also resigned from the Fianna Fáil parliamentary party after it emerged he was on the Revenue Commissioners's list of tax defaulters.

On 11 July 2006, Collins appeared in Rathkeale District Court charged with two tax offences: cheating the Collector General and obtaining a tax clearance certificate by false pretences. He was remanded on bail until 28 September 2006, when he was due to appear at Limerick District Court. On 9 January 2007, the court adjourned the case until after the general election of that year.

On 28 September 2007, after just under an hour of deliberation, a jury of seven men and five women returned its verdict. Collins was found guilty of obtaining a tax clearance certificate under false pretences.

Response of Standards Commission
Collins provided a Tax Clearance Certificate and a Statutory Declaration to the Standards Commission on 14 June 2002, as evidence of his compliance with the Tax Acts.

In September 2003, Collins's name appeared in Iris Oifigiúil, the state gazette, as the holder of a bogus non-resident bank account. The Standards Commission sought legal advice and were advised that in the absence of a complaint, it did not have the legal authority to investigate Collins. The Commission advised the Minister for Finance of the limitations of the Ethics Acts which had been exposed through this matter.

Subsequently, the Chairman of the Committee on Members' Interests of Dáil Éireann made a written complaint and the Committee determined that an investigation be carried out by the commission on foot of this. The investigation commenced but has been suspended pending the outcome of the Garda investigation and legal proceedings. The Standards Commission is concerned at the length of time this matter has been under consideration and urges that it be resolved without delay.

Death
Collins died on 3 December 2022, at the age of 82.

title: Michael Collins (Limerick politician)


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Patriotic Alliance (Costa Rica)

Patriotic Alliance (Alianza Patriótica) is a political party in Costa Rica.

Originally named Alajuelense Democratic Action was a provincial party for the Alajuela Province. The first general elections contested by the party were in 1982, when it won a single seat. However, it won only 0.3% of the vote at the 1986 elections and lost its seat. It did not contest the 1990 elections, but returned in 1994, winning 0.8% of the vote, but no seats. In 1998 it received only 0.5% of the vote and remained without parliamentary representation.

In the 2002 elections the party was part of the Coalition Change 2000 that won only 0.8% of the vote and no seats. In 2009 the party was renamed as Patriotic Alliance and became of national-level nominating Rolando Araya (former PLN member) as presidential candidate, but Araya dropped from the race and he and his party endorsed PAC's candidate Ottón Solís in the 2010 ballot. On the 2014 election the party also endorsed PAC's candidate, this time Luis Guillermo Solís.

title: Patriotic Alliance (Costa Rica)


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United People (Costa Rica)

United People (Pueblo Unido) was a left-wing political alliance, registered as a political party, in Costa Rica.

The alliance was founded ahead of the 1978 elections by the Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), the Costa Rican Socialist Party (PSC) and the Revolutionary Movement of the People (MRP), and won three seats. In 1982 it increased its representation to four seats. However, it was reduced to a single seat in the 1986 elections. It retained the seat in the 1990 elections, but lost its parliamentary representation in 1994 when it did not contest the elections. It returned in 1998, but failed to win a seat. For the 2002 elections the alliance was part of Coalition Change 2000, but again failed to win a seat.

title: United People (Costa Rica)


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Agrarian Labour Action Party

The Agricultural Labour Action Party (Partido Acción Laborista Agrícola) was a political party in Costa Rica.

The party was founded after the end of the Agrarian Politics Union Party. The first general elections contested by the party were in 1990, in which it received only 0.4% of the vote, and failed to win a seat. In 1994 its vote share dropped to 0.3%, again failing to win a seat. In 1998 its electoral performance improved, as it received 1.2% of the national vote and winning its first seat. However, in 2002 its vote share dropped to 0.7% and it lost its parliamentary representation.

title: Agrarian Labour Action Party


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Talk:Luigi Cornaro

Initial seed text
I folded in much of the 1911 Britannica article. It is the Britannica, apparently, that both gives his dates as 1457-1566 and states that he died at 98; the simplest way out for now was to question his birthdate.
 * The 1911 Britannica article does not give both dates, only the later one. Changed article to reflect this. Mike Linksvayer (talk) 04:01, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

The link previously found here was not to anything much about Cornaro, much less to the text of his writings; but to a commentary on his ideas on a commercial site: since it doesn't add much for anyone reading this article for information about Cornaro, it seemed best to remove it. Bill 18:23, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me and thank you for helping me on this one. Should the fact that medical/diet health sites are touting Cornaro's works to sell their own products be mentioned in this article? --Polylerus 18:28, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds fine to me; in the lingo of literature and the arts, that's known as "reception", after all.... A favourable spin might even be put on such an addition: Cornaro may be viewed as the ancestor of these modern movements, etc. (At which point that link might come creeping back legitimately! as an illustration of that.) Bill 20:40, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

No section
I'm confused.... is this article about the same person as: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvise_Cornaro ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.102.204.100 (talk) 08:13, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

His death
What did he die of?Wythy (talk) 01:22, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

 * old age! 174.61.103.43 (talk) 17:26, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Luigi Cornaro


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Agostino Bassi

Agostino Bassi, sometimes called de Lodi (25 September 1773 – 8 February 1856), was an Italian entomologist. He preceded Louis Pasteur in the discovery that microorganisms can be the cause of disease (the germ theory of disease). He discovered that the muscardine disease of silkworms was caused by a living, very small, parasitic organism, a fungus that would be named eventually Beauveria bassiana in his honor. In 1844, he stated the idea that not only animal (insect), but also human diseases are caused by other living microorganisms; for example, measles, syphilis, and the plague.

Early life
He was the son of a wealthy farmer and a lawyer who also had a passion for biology. However, his father did not want him to take up biology, but wanted him instead to look after the family's property, to become a civil servant and to join the Imperial administration.

Bassi did so, but also followed the lessons of Lazzaro Spallanzani, a relative, until he died.

Career
His studies of 1807 concerned mal de segno (also known as muscardine, after a French candy), a lethal disease of domestic silkworms (Bombyx mori). Infected caterpillars are covered with a fine white powder and die. This disease initially appeared in Italy around 1805; then in France, by 1841. After 1849, the silk farms were almost all abandoned because of this devastating disease. Giacomo Maria Foscarini had proved that muscardine was contagious. The research to find the cause of the disease took Bassi 25 years. He published the results of his investigations in a paper entitled Del mal del segno, calcinaccio o moscardino (1835), stating that a living entity was the culprit, and that it was contagious; we now know that the powdery appearance on the killed silkworms is caused by the production of millions of infectious white fungal spores on the dead insect (see Beauveria bassiana). He is credited with rescuing the economically important silk industry, by recommendations like the use of disinfectants; separating the rows of feeding caterpillars; isolating and destroying infected caterpillars; and keeping the farms clean. This brought Bassi immediate fame. "Del Mal del Segno, Calcinaccio o Moscardino" was translated into French and distributed throughout Europe.

From this work he expanded on a theory explaining that many diseases of plants, animals and human beings were caused by pathogenic organisms. He thus preceded the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. He was also the author of work on the culture of potatoes, on cheese, wine making, leprosy and cholera. Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) was greatly influenced by his work. Pasteur had the portraits of both Spallanzani and Bassi in his office.

Bassi’s tomb in Lodi
Agostino Bassi was buried in the Romanesque church of Saint Francis (13th century). His tomb can be seen in the right transept, laid to a wall, at the ground level.

Philately
In 1953 the Italian post office issued a stamp on the 180th anniversary of Bassi's birth in 1773. The stamp features a portrait of Bassi bordered by silkmoth adults and pupae.

title: Agostino Bassi


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Slam Stewart

Leroy Eliot "Slam" Stewart (September 21, 1914 – December 10, 1987) was an American jazz double bass player, whose trademark style was his ability to bow the bass (arco) and simultaneously hum or sing an octave higher. He was a violinist before switching to bass at the age of 20.

Biography
Stewart was born in Englewood, New Jersey, United States and began playing string bass while attending Dwight Morrow High School. While attending the Boston Conservatory, he heard Ray Perry singing along with his violin. This gave him the inspiration to follow suit with his bass. In 1937, Stewart teamed with Slim Gaillard to form the novelty jazz act Slim and Slam. The duo's biggest hit was "Flat Foot Floogie (with a Floy Floy)" in 1938.

Stewart found regular session work throughout the 1940s with Lester Young, Fats Waller, Coleman Hawkins, Erroll Garner, Art Tatum, Johnny Guarnieri, Red Norvo, Don Byas, Benny Goodman, and Beryl Booker. One of the most famous sessions he played on took place in 1945, when Stewart played with Dizzy Gillespie's group (which featured Charlie Parker). Out of those sessions came some of the classics of bebop such as "Groovin' High" and "Dizzy Atmosphere".

He taught at Binghamton University in Binghamton, New York, and at Yale University. He died of congestive heart failure on December 10, 1987, in Binghamton, aged 73.

Studio albums

 * Slam Stewart (1946)
 * Slam Bam (1971)
 * Slamboree (1972)
 * Fish Scales (1975)
 * Two Big Mice (1977)
 * Dialogue (1978)
 * Shut Yo' Mouth! (1981) with Major Holley
 * The Cats Are Swingin'  (1987)

As sideman

 * Slipped Disc, 1945–46 (1990, Benny Goodman Sextet)
 * Art Tatum Live 1951–1953 Volume 6 (2004)
 * Big Joe Turner, Texas Style (Black and Blue, 1971)

Filmography

 * Hellzapoppin' (1941)
 * Almost Married (1942)
 * Boy! What a Girl! (1947)

title: Slam Stewart


text:
User:Sin23~enwiki

Hi!

You can leave me a message, I will read it when I occasionally visit this page

title: User:Sin23~enwiki


text:
Enercell

Enercell is a battery brand that was sold exclusively by RadioShack at retail stores and online.

In a "battery of the month club" promotion introduced in the 1960s and abandoned in the early 1990s, RadioShack customers were issued a free wallet-sized cardboard card which entitled the bearer to one free battery a month when presented in RadioShack stores. The free Enercells were individual AA, C or D cells or 9V rectangular transistor radio batteries. Like the free tube,, testing offered in-store in the early 1970s, this small loss leader drew foot traffic.

There were two editions of a "Enercell Battery Guidebook", published in 1985 and 1990. The selector guide was later moved online. While the "battery of the month" card program ended in the 1990s, the Enercell name remained in use as RadioShack's store brand of dry cells and transistor radio batteries.

RadioShack for several years sold batteries branded "Enercell Plus" that were marketed as "Premium Alkaline" batteries.

For a long time, Enercell batteries were manufactured for RadioShack by Energizer's parent company as were all batteries sold under a RadioShack store brand. There have been instances of button batteries with the Eveready logo printed on the shell of the actual battery that were enclosed in a RadioShack Enercell package. (Energizer's parent company used to be called Eveready Battery Company, and Eveready is one of their brands of batteries.)

title: Enercell