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São Gião

São Gião is a parish (freguesia in Portuguese), in the North of Portugal, on Serra da Estrela, the highest mountain range in Portugal. It belongs to the municipality of Oliveira do Hospital, and the district (distrito) of Coimbra. The population in 2011 was 425, in an area of 14.55 km2.

It lies at an altitude of 704m, in the Beira region.

It is an old Roman trading post. The old Roman bridge is still visible and in use to this day (to be confirmed).

The town has a magnificent church - Igreja Matrix, also known as the Igreja Matriz de São Gião or the Catedral das Beiras. This is an excellent building in the Baroque style that dates back to 1795. It has 102 magnificent hand painted panels on the roof that are well worth the trip to this small, hidden village on the slopes of the Serra da Estrela.

Situated in the countryside between São Gião and Carvalha is the São Gião Radio Telescope. The 9.3 meter diameter radio telescope is the largest radio telescope in mainland Portugal and is used for astronomical measurements and education.

title: São Gião


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User talk:Ravedave

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Trolls 0n universal kids always the same ones?
Trolls on universal kid's always the same one's can different one's be shown I hope their must be other ones that can be shown??? Thank you. 71.174.235.64 (talk) 02:35, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Ravedave


text: User talk:63.84.34.22

title: User talk:63.84.34.22


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User talk:Niking~enwiki

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

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P.S. I like messages :-P

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Silver standard

The silver standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of silver. Silver was far more widespread than gold as the monetary standard worldwide, from the Sumerians c. 3000 BC until 1873. Following the discovery in the 16th century of large deposits of silver at the Cerro Rico in Potosí, Bolivia, an international silver standard came into existence in conjunction with the Spanish pieces of eight. These silver dollar coins played the role of an international trading currency for nearly four hundred years.

The move away from the silver to the gold standard began in the 18th century when Great Britain set the gold guinea’s price in silver higher than international prices on the recommendation of Sir Isaac Newton, attracting gold and putting them on a de facto gold standard. Great Britain formalised the gold standard in 1821 and introduced it to its colonies afterwards. Imperial Germany’s move to the gold standard in 1873 triggered the same move to the rest of Europe and the world for the next 35 years, leaving only China (and, until 1930, the French Indochinese piastre) on the silver standard. By 1935 China and the rest of the world abandoned the silver and gold standards, respectively, in favour of government fiat currencies pegged to the pound sterling or the U.S. dollar.

Origins
The use of commodity money can be traced to the cultures of the Bronze Age c. 3300 BC, with bronze, silver and gold being the most prominent. However, the first commodity to satisfy all the functions of money was silver under the Sumerians of Mesopotamia as early as 3100 BC. Shortly after they developed writing c. 3300 BC the Sumerians recorded the use of silver as the standard of value c. 3100 to 2500 BC along with barley. Sometime before 2500 BC the silver shekel became their standard currency, with tablets recording the price of timber, grains, salaries, slaves etc. in shekels.

For millennia it was also silver, not gold, which was the real basis of the domestic economies: the foundation for most money-of-account systems, for payment of wages and salaries, and for most local retail trade. In 14th to 15th century England, for instance, most highly paid skilled artisans earned 6d a day (six pence, or 5.4g silver in the mid-15th century), and a whole sheep cost 12d. So even the smallest gold coin, the quarter-noble of 20d (with 1.7g fine gold), was of little use for domestic trade.

Everyday economic activities were therefore conducted with silver as the standard of value and with silver serving as medium of exchange for local, domestic and even regional trade. Gold functioned as a medium for international trade and high-value transactions, but it generally fluctuated in price versus everyday silver money. Gold as the sole standard of value would not occur after various developments occurring in England starting the 18th century.

Ancient Greece
The first metal used as a currency was silver, more than 4,000 years ago, when silver ingots were used in trade. During the heyday of the Athenian empire, the city's silver tetradrachm was the first coin to achieve "international standard" status in Mediterranean trade.

Great Britain
Great Britain's early use of the silver standard is still reflected in the name of its currency, the pound sterling, which traces its origins to the early Middle Ages, when King Offa of Mercia introduced a 'sterling' coin made by physically dividing a pound (mass) of silver in 240 parts. In practice, the weights of the coins was not consistent and 240 of them seldom added up to a full pound; there were no shilling or pound coins and the pound was used only as an accounting convenience.

In 1158, King Henry II introduced Tealby penny. English currency was almost exclusively silver until 1344, when the gold noble was put into circulation. However, silver remained the legal basis for sterling until 1816.

In 1663, a new gold coinage was introduced based on the 22 carat fine guinea. Fixed in weight at $44 1/2$ to the troy pound from 1670, this coin's value varied considerably until 1717, when it was fixed at 21 shillings (21/-, £1/1/-). However, this valuation overvalued gold relative to silver compared to other European countries. British merchants sent silver abroad in payments while exports were paid for with gold. As a consequence, silver flowed out of the country and gold flowed in, leading to a situation where Great Britain was effectively on a gold standard. In 1816, the gold standard was adopted officially, with the silver standard reduced to 66 shillings (66/-, £3/6/-), rendering silver coins a "token" issue (i.e., not containing their value in precious metal).

The economic power of Great Britain was such that its adoption of a gold standard put pressure on other countries to follow suit.

Bohemia
Beginning in 1515, silver coins were minted at the silver mines at Joachimsthal - Jáchymov (St. Joachim's Valley) in Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic. Although formally called Guldengroschen, they became known as Joachimsthaler, then shortened to thaler. The coins were widely circulated and became the model for silver thalers issued by other European countries. The word thaler became dollar in the English language.

Spanish Empire
Rich deposits of silver in southern Mexico and Guatemala, allowed the Spaniards to mint great quantities of silver coins. The Spanish dollar was a Spanish coin, the real de a ocho and later peso, worth eight reals (hence the nickname "pieces of eight"), which was widely circulated during the 18th century.

By the American Revolution in 1775, Spanish dollars backed paper money authorised by the individual colonies and the Continental Congress. In addition to the American dollar, the 8-real coin became the basis for the Chinese yuan.

Germany
After its victory in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), Germany extracted a huge indemnity from France of £200,000,000 in gold, and used it to join Britain on a gold standard. Germany's abandonment of the silver standard put further pressure on other countries to move to the gold standard.

United States
The United States adopted a silver standard based on the Spanish milled dollar in 1785. This was codified in the 1792 Mint and Coinage Act, and by the federal government's use of the Bank of the United States to hold its reserves, as well as establishing a fixed ratio of gold to the US dollar. This was, in effect, a derivative silver standard, since the bank was not required to keep silver to back all of its currency. This began a long series of attempts for America to create a bimetallic standard for the US dollar, which would continue until the 1920s. Gold and silver coins were legal tender, including the Spanish real. Because of the huge debt taken on by the US federal government to finance the Revolutionary War, silver coins struck by the government left circulation, and in 1806 President Jefferson suspended the minting of silver coins.

The US Treasury was put on a strict hard money standard, doing business only in gold or silver coin as part of the Independent Treasury Act of 1846, which legally separated the accounts of the federal government from the banking system. However the fixed rate of gold to silver overvalued silver in relation to the demand for gold to trade or borrow from England. Following Gresham's law, silver poured into the US, which traded with other silver nations, and gold moved out. In 1853 the US reduced the silver weight of coins, to keep them in circulation, and in 1857 removed legal tender status from foreign coinage.

In 1857, the final crisis of the free banking era of international finance began, as American banks suspended payment in silver, rippling through the very young international financial system of central banks. In 1861 the US government suspended payment in gold and silver, effectively ending the attempts to form a silver standard basis for the dollar. Through the 1860–1871 period, various attempts to resurrect bi-metallic standards were made, including one based on the gold and silver franc; however, with the rapid influx of silver from new deposits, the expectation of scarcity of silver ended.

The combination that produced economic stability was restriction of supply of new notes, a government monopoly on the issuance of notes directly and indirectly, a central bank, and a single unit of value. As notes devalued, or silver ceased to circulate as a store of value, or there was a depression, governments demanding specie as payment drained the circulating medium out of the economy. At the same time there was a dramatically expanded need for credit, and large banks were being chartered in various states, including those in Japan by 1872. The need for stability in monetary affairs would produce a rapid acceptance of the gold standard in the period that followed.

The Coinage Act of 1873, enacted by the United States Congress in 1873, embraced the gold standard and de-monetised silver. Western mining interests and others who wanted silver in circulation labeled this measure the "Crime of '73". For about five years, gold was the only metallic standard in the United States until passage of the Bland–Allison Act on February 28, 1878, requiring the US Treasury to purchase domestic silver bullion to be minted into legal tender coins co-existent with gold coins. Silver Certificate Series 1878 was issued to join the gold certificates already in circulation.

By acts of Congress in 1933, including the Gold Reserve Act and the Silver Purchase Act of 1934, the domestic economy was taken off the gold standard and placed on the silver standard for the first time. The Treasury Department was re-empowered to issue paper currency redeemable in silver dollars and bullion, thereby divorcing the domestic economy from bimetallism and leaving it on the silver standard, although international settlements were still in gold.

This meant that for every ounce of silver in the U.S. Treasury's vaults, the U.S. government could continue to issue money against it. However, stamp overprints which were used under the Silver Purchase Act of 1934 to finance the nationalisation of U.S. silver mines, and also carried taxes ranging from 1¢ to $1,000, ended in 1943. These silver certificates were shredded upon redemption since the redeemed silver was no longer in the Treasury. With the world market price of silver having been in excess of $1.29 per troy ounce since 1960, silver began to flow out of the Treasury at an increasing rate. To slow the drain, President Kennedy ordered a halt to issuing $5 and $10 silver certificates in 1962. That left the $1 silver certificate as the only denomination being issued.

On June 4, 1963, Kennedy signed Public Law 88-36, which marked the beginning of the end for even the $1 silver certificate. The law authorized the Federal Reserve to issue $1 and $2 bills, and revoked the Silver Purchase Act of 1934, which authorised the Secretary of the Treasury to issue silver certificates (by now limited to the $1 denomination). Because it would be several months before the new $1 Federal Reserve Notes could enter circulation in quantity, there was a need to issue silver certificates in the interim. Because the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 granted the right to issue silver certificates to the president, Kennedy issued Executive Order 11110 to delegate that authority to the Treasury Secretary during the transition.

Silver certificates continued to be issued until late 1963, when the $1 Federal Reserve Note was released into circulation. For several years, existing silver certificates could be redeemed for silver, but this practice was halted on June 24, 1968.

Finally, on August 15, 1971, President Richard Nixon announced that the United States would no longer redeem currency for gold or any other precious metal, forming the final step in abandoning the gold and silver standards. This announcement was part of the economic measures now known as the "Nixon Shock".

Due to the monetary policy of the U.S. Federal Reserve, calls for a return to the gold standard have returned. Some states have chosen to use a loophole in the Federal Reserve Act that gives individual states the right to issue currencies of gold or silver coins or rounds. This was done because the Federal Reserve Act does not allow them to print their own currency if they wished. As of January 2012, Utah allowed the payment of debt to be settled in silver and gold, and the value of the American silver or gold rounds used was pegged to the price of the given precious metal. Payment in some cases can be requested to be made in silver or gold rounds. As of 2011, eleven other U.S. states were exploring their options to possibly make similar changes like Utah.

Imperial China
China had long used silver ingots as a medium of exchange, along with the cast copper-alloy cash. The use of silver ingots can be traced back as far as the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD). But prior to the Song dynasty (960–1279), those silver ingots were used mainly for hoarding wealth. During the Song dynasty, for the first time in history the government became the sole issuer of paper currency after 1024, but cast coins and silver ingots were still used as a medium of exchange. In the Shanyuan Treaty, signed with the state of Liao in 1004, Song China agreed to pay an annual indemnity or tribute of 100,000 tael of silver and 200,000 bolts of silk. This was the first time bulk silver in tael (Chinese: 銀兩) was used as indemnity in a treaty with a foreign power. Silver ingots had a shape similar to a boat or a Chinese shoe during the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368). This became an ordinary shape for silver ingots during the following centuries.

The use of silver as money was established at the very time of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Paper money was first issued in 1375 by the founder Hongwu Emperor amid the ban of silver as medium of exchange. But due to the increasing depreciation, the paper money became basically worthless and the ban on silver usage was finally lifted in 1436 (1st year of the Zhengtong Emperor). Meanwhile, silver was made much available through foreign trade with the Portuguese (through Macau) and the Spanish (through the Manila galleons), in the beginning of the 16th century. The great tax reform by the statesman Zhang Juzheng in 1581 (9th year of the Wanli Emperor) simplified the taxation and required all the tax and corvee to be paid in silver. This can be seen as an indication of the firm position of silver in the monetary system of the Ming. However, the reform would not have been a success or even feasible if the enormous amounts of silver had not been available through trade and imports from the Americas, mainly through the Spanish.

During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), silver ingots were still used, but various foreign silver dollars had become popular in the Southern coastal region through foreign trade since the mid-Qing era. It was apparent that the silver ingots became awkward and more complicated to use vis à vis the foreign silver dollars, which could be counted easily, given their fixed specification and fineness of silver. However, the Qing dynasty very much resisted the idea of minting a silver coin of their own. It was not until late Qing, in 1890, that the first circulating silver coin was introduced by Guangdong province. The coin was at par with the Mexican peso, and soon this issue was emulated by other provinces. For these silver coins, the tael was still seen as the proper monetary unit, as the denomination of the coins were given as 0.72 tael (specifically: 7 mace and 2 candareens). Note for the treaties signed between the Qing dynasty and the foreign powers the indemnities were all in tael of silver, except for the Treaty of Nanking, where the silver dollar was indicated. (See the Treaties of Tientsin, Convention of Beijing, Treaty of Shimonoseki and Boxer Protocol). It was not until 1910 that the "yuan" (Chinese: 圓, literally "roundness"), was officially announced as the standard monetary unit. The yuan was subdivided into 10 jiao or 100 fen, and specified as 0.72 tael of 900 fineness silver. The next year, 1911, the so-called "Great Qing Silver Coin" one yuan (dollar) was issued, but soon after the dynasty was replaced by the Republic.

The silver standard was again adopted and codified in 1914 by the newly established republic, with one yuan still being equal to 0.72 tael of 900 fineness silver. After the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) unified the country in 1928, the yuan was again announced as the standard unit in 1933, but this time the relationship of the yuan to the tael was abolished, as one yuan was now equal to 26.6971 grams of 880 fineness silver. In the same year, 1933, while most of the Western countries (especially Britain and USA) had left the gold standard because of the Great Depression, it was said that China almost avoided the depression entirely, mainly due to having stuck to the silver standard. However, the US silver purchase act of 1934 created an intolerable demand on China's silver coins, and so in the end the silver standard was officially abandoned in September 1935 in favour of the four Chinese national banks' "legal note" issues. China would be the last to abandon the silver standard, along with the British crown colony of Hong Kong.

China's use of silver as a medium of exchange is reflected in the name for bank "銀行" (literally "silver house" or "silver office") and for the precious metal and jewel dealer "銀樓" (literally "silver building" or "silver shop").

Republican China and Hong Kong
Republican China, along with the British colony of Hong Kong, would be the last to abandon the silver standard.

In October 1934, the National Government of Republic of China increased the silver-based export duty and adjusted the duty with an so-called "equalisation charge", making the duty based on the foreign currencies. The Government later issued a new currency called fa-pi. These changes were responses to the deflation in China caused by the US Silver Purchase Program in 1933 after London Economic Conference. The US purchase of silver in the International market increase the price of silver, causing an outflow of silver in China who based the economy on silver standard currency, which forces China to abandon the silver standard.

Hong Kong abandoned the silver standard in September 1935. Hong Kong then adopted the gold exchange standard and the Hong Kong dollar took on the exact value of one shilling and three pence (1s 3d) sterling.

India
The Indian rupee is derived from the Rūpaya (silver is called rūpa in Sanskrit) a silver coin introduced by Sher Shah Suri during his reign from 1540 to 1545. Since this is around about the same time that the Spanish discovered silver at the Cerro Rico in Potosí, the silver value of the rupee maintained a stable relationship with gold right up until the early 1870s. From 1871, the value of silver depreciated relative to gold, due to the drop in demand for silver in the mints of Europe and North America, as those countries changed over to the gold standard. This had severe consequences for the rupee and it resulted in the fall of the Rupee. Following the Fowler report, India adopted the gold exchange standard in the year 1898, fixing the value of the rupee at exactly one shilling and four pence (1s 4d) sterling.

Persia
The dirham was a silver coin originally minted by the Persians. The Caliphates in the Islamic world adopted these coins, starting with Caliph Abd al-Malik (685–705). Silver remained the most common monetary metal used in ordinary transactions until the 20th century.

Safavid era

Gold coins were minted for the king, but these coins were more suitable for use and served as gifts on occasions, especially Nowruz. However, silver was a precious and high-quality currency for tax and commercial purposes. Silver coins were higher in comparison with many other countries. When the coin-masters of the coin melted the European coins or the crack, they were purified them before they were minted again in the form of Iranian currency.

Usually the weight of the coins was correct, so that businessmen and government agents used both for a major payment of bags containing a certain number of coins. These bags have a guaranteed value of 50 Toman. A special observer, Sarrafbashi, was in charge of the quality of coins inside the bags, which personally sealed them. This monitoring of money certainly survived until the end of the fourteenth century.

From the beginning of the Islamic Empire, the dinar was a monetary unit. In the year 1260, the Mughal was presented with the Toman, which in the words meant 10 thousands.

The word was originally used to refer to 10,000 dinars of gold. However, after the year 1500, during the Safavid dynasty, Toman was a unit for calculation, not a gold coin. In practice, the value of the Toman fluctuated and was not always equal to 10,000 dinars. Also, the Toman of Tabriz or Iraq was often four times the value of the Toman of Khorasan.

Exports of metal money from Iran in the seventeenth century were followed by sea and land, and generally more exports included coins to bullion. Given that the tendency toward gold to keep its value historically longer than the West in relation to silver in India, it was often preferable to export to India, since at least until the 1080s of the lunar year in India, and in particular the Cromandal (south-east coast India) had a better rate. However, almost always silver was preferred to trade with the East, although it naturally depended on the prices of silver and commodities in India.

Iran's rulers repeatedly issued orders against coin exports, but since the merchants could easily escape the regulations by bribing the officers, their results were temporary. During the Safavid period, the first ban on the coin occurred in 1618 during the reign of Shah Abbas I.

Afsharids

With the fall of the Safavid in 1723, their monetary policy continued to be maintained by Nader Shah, who maintained the same weight and purity for coinage between 1723 and 1741. In this year, instead of continuing to follow the pattern of the traditional Iranian criterion, he made a coin draw on India based on the pattern of India to simplify trade between the two countries.

Zand

Although Karim Khan was known as the "greatest ruler of Iran" since 1764 with broad, independent or semi-autonomous sectors, there was no monetary unity in the country. The regional monetary system continued to work even when the national mint began to beat coins of equal weight and purity.

Qajar

The advent of the Qajar dynasty began in the late eighteenth century with the same Safavid monetary system. In short, in this system, the common currency was coins that were manually multiplied in the mint of all major cities and managed by privileged holders who paid royalties. The value of money was theoretically based on their precious metal content, which was guaranteed by the government.

The Qajar period's monetary system was likewise pre-disintegrated and decentralised. There were two types of Iraqi and Tabrizi Tomans (used most of Iran) plus Tuman Khorasani (used in Eastern Iran).

Pahlavi

Following the fall of the value of silver in the late 1920s and the early 1930s, the Pahlavi government experienced a serious monetary crisis. The Pahlavi government first tried to redirect the gold standard by the March 28, 1930 law. But when faced with difficulties, the Qajars' short-term strategy was chosen; that is, to stay on the silver standard.

The law of March 13, 1932 stipulated that until the return to normal economic situation and the stability of the possibility of paying with gold or gold-based foreign currency suspended due to the economic crisis, the National Bank (Bank Melli Iran) was allowed to receive no silver coins or paper money in circulation which may be offered with a gold purchase (coin, bullion, or foreign currency). However, Bank Melli should pay Rial cash against paper money and nickel coins if there is a demand without limitation, for each coin in either Tehran or other provinces.

Although the paper money was very important in the Reza Shah government, older attitudes were still expected. For example, the idea that the metal is the base of real money is found in this rule of law that the paper money is backed by gold or foreign currency.

However, the passage to the new currency system was one of the achievements of Reza Shah's reign.

Transition to gold standard
In 1717, the master of the Royal Mint, Sir Isaac Newton, introduced a new mint ratio as between silver and gold, and this had the effect of putting Britain onto a de facto gold standard. Following the Napoleonic Wars, the United Kingdom introduced the gold sovereign coin and formally adopted a gold standard in 1821. At the same time, revolutions in Latin America interrupted the supply of silver dollars (pieces of eight) that were being produced at the mints in Potosi, Mexico, and Lima, Peru.

The British gold standard initially extended to some of the British colonies, including the Australasian and Southern African colonies, but not to its North American colonies, British India, or to Southeast Asia. The Province of Canada adopted a gold standard in 1853, as did Newfoundland in 1865.

In 1873, Imperial Germany changed over to the gold standard in conjunction with the new gold mark coin. The United States changed over to gold de facto in the same year, and over the next 35 years, all other nations changed to gold, leaving only China and the British colonies of Hong Kong and Weihaiwei on the silver standard. By 1935 China and the rest of the world has abandoned the silver and gold standards, respectively, in favour of currencies pegged to the pound sterling and the U.S. dollar.

Relative value of silver and gold
Since the time that silver was discovered by the Spanish in the New World in the 16th century, until the latter half of the 19th century, the value of gold in relation to silver maintained a relatively stable ratio of 15½:1. The reason for the subsequent sharp decline in the relative value of silver to gold has been attributed to Germany's decision to cease minting the silver thaler coins in 1871. On 23 November 1871, following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck exacted one billion dollars in gold indemnity, and then proceeded to move Germany towards a new gold standard which came about on 9 July 1873 with the introduction of the gold mark.

It has also however been suggested by Nevada Senator John Percival Jones in 1876 in a speech to the US Senate, that the downward pressure on the market value of silver began somewhat earlier with the formation of the Latin Monetary Union in 1866. Jones argues that the Latin Monetary Union involved a partial demonetisation of silver.

Silver made a partial comeback in the first decade of the 20th century, such that the silver dollar coins of the Straits Settlements and silver peso coins of the Philippines had to be made smaller in size, and with a reduced silver content in order to prevent their silver value exceeding their recently established gold exchange value. An even larger rise in the price of silver after the First World War caused the Royal Mint in London to reduce the silver content of the sterling coinage. But silver never returned to the 15½:1 ratio of the first half of the 19th century, and the predominant long term trend was that silver continued to decline in value against gold. Nowadays the ratio in relation to the value of gold, although variable, is more of the order of 70:1.

title: Silver standard


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Talk:Communication during the September 11 attacks

WPIX frozen image
I tirelessly spent hours hunting down a screencap of the frozen WPIX image as described in the article. Unfortunately, I have no clue about the copyright status of such an image and I am inexperienced in such matters. I'm hoping a more experienced user will see this post and can help out in this area. I hope it is possible to keep this image since it was so hard to track it down in the first place. Thanks. - XDB 22:44, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that this image is important to this article and that there is an argument to be made for "fair use." As the uploader, you should make the changes to the Image description page, in this case Image:Wpix-911.jpg. I think you should mention that this is a low resolution screen shot of an event of unique historical import that cannot be recreated in any other way. I would suggest the film-screenshot tag as the most appropriate tag for this image. --agr 00:47, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I went ahead and changed the license as you suggested since I am in agreement with you 100%. Unless of course, there are any that wish to challenge the image's fair use. - XDB 17:25, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

A belated kudo to XDB for tracking down the image. I was watching the broadcasts here in Calgary back in 2001 and that frozen image from WPIX remains one of my more vivid memories of the day. 23skidoo 04:23, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe it is the ONLY known such image of the picturee that exists. I have to thank my dad, who ran home to record MSNBC, but briefly switching over to WPIX for a short amount of time, thus grabbing this on videotape. I brought it to my job, and used our graphics machine to grab the grabbed image. I built a [Tribute Page] to the engineers who were working on the 104th and 110th floor of the north tower as this happened, and used the image. Through connections I was able to obtain an emailed OK to keep the image up as long as it remained part of the tribute. I think it serves a purpose for those of us to remember those guys who were trapped while doing the job they loved. Mike Fitzpatrick, NECRAT webmaster, source of the original image

In-Flight cell phone use
Try it sometime.

I heard that it doesen't work unless the palne and phone have some sort of system. Dudtz 7/29/06 5:06 PM EST

Ive used my cell phone while on an airplane before, the only real danger is being caught by a flight attendant.

--- Cell phones do not work reliably over 10000 feet due to the cell phone antenna beam-tilting which the transmission towers signals are aimed towards the earth and not the sky. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.9.118.226 (talk) 04:45, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Wpix-911.jpg
Image:Wpix-911.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 11:27, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I added a fair use rationale for this article to the image page.--agr (talk) 13:21, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The Fair Use Disputed tag should have been removed as well, so I have done so. It's a good thing you fixed this as user who uploaded the original image was also notified by the bot, but hasn't made by edits since 2005. 23skidoo (talk) 20:15, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I've been away from the site for a long time now (have I really been gone THAT long?). I appreciate you guys taking care of that for me. It's just as well, because I'm not very experienced with Wikipedia and all the technical details, so I defer to folks like yourselves anyway. :) XDB (talk) 19:36, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

EAS wasn't activated for the following states
New York and Virginia Sonicthehedgehog200 (talk) 18:41, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Correct. However the article is incorrect in stating "The Emergency Alert System was never activated in the terrorist attacks, as the extensive media coverage made it unnecessary.". The EAS system was never activated, because the events of that day did not fall under the EAS protocols. (And they still would not). Weither that is right or wrong, is up for debate on a message forum, I am sure, but the facts are, it did not fall under those protocols and an activation was not issued. The FCC did suspend the weekly activation/test requirement for a short period of time after the attacks, however. NECRAT Speak to me 08:21, 29 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I believe I added the "incorrect" statement. This is based upon multiple news sources all stating that the ubiquitous nature of the news coverage made EAS activation unnecessary. If you haven't already you should perhaps add some information to the article stating why it didn't satisfy EAS protocols, just be aware someone may try to revert it by quoting CNN or CBS or any of the other media sources that made the previous statement. 68.146.80.110 (talk) 13:24, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Communication during the September 11 attacks. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131104192835/http://911.gnu-designs.com/Chapter_9.2.html to http://911.gnu-designs.com/Chapter_9.2.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:43, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

BlackBerrys during 9/11
It would be nice if there were information added about the role of BlackBerrys during the attacks, and/or how the attacks played a role in the increased popularity of them. When other systems failed, BIS/BES was the only means of communicating for many.

There's an article already listed in the external links that should provide a good start. Also, Losing the Signal, a book on the rise and fall of RIM, contains some interesting relevant tidbits worth including. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.161.143.149 (talk) 06:14, 25 April 2016 (UTC)

Trunking
" In the event an individual needs to chime in, he simply waits his turn – just as he would do in a trunked system. "

How would this be like a trunked system? In a trunked system, you wouldn't need to wait, you just key up and it finds an idle channel for you to talk on. Thornfield Hall (talk) 04:07, 18 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Marco.veloso

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Marco.veloso


text:
Talk:Hasib Hussain

Burial
the article says that he is buried in an islamic cemetary.

Does islam have no prohibition about burying suicide victims in holy land/cemetaries?

that seems odd to me. LouiseCooke

Random questions
Who is this Ryan guy, and why is he relevant?

What is a "chargehand"? Would that be the same as a foreman in the USA? Too Old 22:42, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Yes! --PopUpPirate 02:08, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * PopUpPirate, Too Old, I've moved your comments into the "Random Questions" section in order to improve readability of the Talk page. Feel free to change the heading. DiggyG 02:03, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Can I believe any of this?
there are no sources quoted at all here. anybody could have written this - how about quoting sources next time something gets added?

also the statement that he "had a troubled adolescence" is just too flimsy, as it stands this trouble could mean that he was bothered with acne or that he had gender issues. seems to me that it has been included to support his assumed guilt which so far rests entirely on a police statement (remember the birmingham five, the guildford six etc.). it is a good thing that this poor boy is referenced but lets not get carried away. - DavidP 02:25, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

It's a new article so give it time. Most of the stuff can be referenced off the BBC. Maybe he needs a "current event" tag? btw - poor boy? what about the poor victims? --PopUpPirate 02:29, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

wat about a ticket issued from king cross station on 7-7-2005.with some body who is still alive.hahaha.the time on the ticket is 925. 58.65.200.87 16:29, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Well it seems logical
You have a point what seems logical and what the truth is are not necessarily the same. If we had sources that would help but them again it is a work in progress. I'm sure it will be updated

Thought to have died?
"He is thought to have died in the incident, but this has not been confirmed."

"Additionally, the remnants of Hussain’s head [...] were found in the wreckage of the No 30"

Generally, when the remnants of someone's head are found, that person's death has been confirmed. Which of the two statements is true?

They found remnants of his head. How could they know these were remnants of his head so quickly? Surely DNA testing etc would have to be carried out - a lengthy process. Smell a rat right there.
 * What training do you have in DNA testing?  What is your background in DNA testing?   How many DNA tests have you performed?   Probably none.   And yet you'd gladly waste everyone's time with your idiotic conspiracy theories.    —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.67.104.4 (talk) 13:45, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Image of Ryan
I think User:Jonathan ryan keeps adding an image of himself to this article. Smells like vanity to me. In any event, the image of "a recent convert to islam" who briefly met with Hussain is hardly notable and doesn't belong in the article. ~k 04:32, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Merger with 7 Colenso Mount
The flat that Hussain lived in does not need its own wiki article. I've merged the 7 Colenso Mount material into this article, and edited it down a little bit. However I do not know what to make of the 2 images that were unique to the 7 Colenso Mount. Perhaps someone who knows more about London, and the 7/7 bombings can decide what to do with them. Cheers. DiggyG 02:03, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

I've re-redirected the content fork 7 Colenso Mount. There have been no news stories focused primarily on this particular house. It only gets mentioned in relation to it's infamous former inhabitant. It is otherwise not notable, and the article was only duplicating material already on the Hasib Hussain page. Someone added some references to that article which might be useful in this article, I will leave them here, on the talk page for eventual integration into this article.

DiggyG (talk) 18:52, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hussaincctv.jpg
Image:Hussaincctv.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. BetacommandBot (talk) 17:19, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hasib Hussain


text:
User talk:Kathy Buell Woods

As an introduction, I am a scientist, technologist, and futurist. I live in the Pacific Northwest and am employed as the Senior Chemist of a small (100 employee), privately held, manufacturing and marketing firm. My interests and passions include: Artificial Intelligence, Mathematical Modeling, Solar Astronomy, Semantics and Linguistics, Science and Technology's role in changing society, Philosophy of Science and Technology.

--Kathy Buell Woods 22:42, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!
Hello, Kathy Buell Woods, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  17:25, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything. :)

title: User talk:Kathy Buell Woods