text:
Talk:Los Lunas Decalogue Stone

NPOV
Please read Neutrality dispute. Dispute headers need to be explained, and preferably constructive edits or suggestions made. I have removed the dispute header until such is forthcoming. ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ 21:52, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I changed the rather biased last sentence of this article, but I believe the neutrality of this article is still suspect due to lack of citation. "The script IS Paleo-Hebrew"? "But with the discovery and subsequent study of Paleo-Hebrew writing, including the style of the tetragrammaton in the Dead Sea Scrolls, these alternative translations have been largely discounted."  Oh, have they?  I'm sure this issue is contentious enough to inspire at least some literature to cite, so this sentence could certainly be fleshed out a little.  I will change some of this, so hopefully we can avoid a NPOV.  User:TurabianNights

Its Rightful Place?
This whole article is a bit suspect in its neutrality, IMO, but I am concerned mostly with the last sentence. With its uncited quote from "one proponent," this sentence seems to imply that the Kensington Runestone, Dighton Rock and the Newport Tower are genuine. There is no proof that any of these things, the Decalogue Stone included, are from the "ancent past," and they are by no means indisputable or "undeniable." I have pared the sentence back to be more neutral.

I would also recommend you add citations for who "its partisans" are and who the "some" are who claim the inscription is Hebrew. -User:TurabianNights

 * I have gone through and edited the entire article extensively, adding sources and deleting spurious information.  I cannot find any reliable literature on the alleged tetragrammaton appearing four times, but you can see it in the pictures.  --TurabianNights 02:34, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Alternate interpretations?
This article appears clearly biased, as there is no mention of alternate interpretations of the stone which have been made over the years. Most notably that of Dixie L. Perkins who translated the script as a message left by a Greek man named Zakyneros. The NM State Land Office has a page on the Mystery Stone that has some information on a few of the alternate interpretations/translations on the stone, however it's probably not the most accurate source either. However, at least a mention that perhaps the Ten Commandments interpretation is not necessarily set in stone (excuse the pun) would be in order? - Suzumebachi 18:53, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't say that the article is biased so much as it lacks sources. When I took it on last year, it was wild country - you should have seen it.  We should certainly include any other interpretations of merit in the article.  The NM State Land Office page is not loading for me, but I'll try to find more info on this.--TN | ! 09:26, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * We might not be able to link directly to the NM State Land Office page on Mystery Stone, but here is the complete text from a search on that term:

 * Mystery Stone

 * It is a mystery in the desert hills near Los Lunas, New Mexico. It has puzzled experts for more than 50 years. It has been referred to by many different names -- Ten Commandments Rock, Mystery Rock, and The Los Lunas Decalogue Stone. It is most commonly known as the Mystery Stone.

 * Mystery Stone is located at the base of Hidden Mountain, on New Mexico state trust land, about 16 miles west of Los Lunas. It is a boulder weighing an estimated 80 to 100 tons and is about eight meters in length. Nine rows of 216 characters were chiseled at a 150 degree angle into the north face. The characters resemble ancient Phoenician script. Like the rest of Hidden Mountain, the boulder is volcanic basalt. The site was first documented in 1936, when visited by Anthropology Professor Frank Hibben, from the University of New Mexico. Any other reported visits prior to that year are unconfirmed.

 * Three meters to the north of Mystery Stone, on top of a flat boulder buried in the bottom of the arroyo, are the names "HOBE & EVA, " and the date "3-19-30. "

 * You must purchase a Recreational Access Permit from the New Mexico State Land Office to be allowed access to the land where Mystery Stone is located.

 * I have visited Hidden Mountain twice, once in 1993, and again in 2004. I have several photos of the area, including photos of "Mystery Stone" or "Inscription Rock," viewable at Flickr: Hidden Mountain, Inscription Rock and Zodiac Peak, New Mexico Pooua (talk) 02:19, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

_____________________________

FINDING THE DECALOGUE STONE

Starting in Albuquerque, drive approximately 25 miles south on I 25 to the Los Lunas/ Route 6 exit. From the point that you first get onto Route 6, drive 14.6 miles west and follow the picture/guide at the bottom of the webpage, www.LostTribes.info.

Source/Citation 6
I am somewhat familiar with Hugh Nibley and I actually have the source cited "New Approaches to Book of Mormon Study". I looked for the claimed quotation and could not find it anywhere in the text let alone any mention at all of the stone or the inscription. Can anyone else verify this? If not I think that it should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Trick newbie (talk • contribs) 00:03, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

New Approaches to Book of Mormon study
 * That quote is not in the given source - removal seems fair enough. ClovisPt (talk) 21:12, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

Dilapidated article
Translation part of the article looks like a mess, an eyesore. It should be much better formatted and probably welcome a schematic bitmap graphic of the whole text as is on the rock. 87.97.96.24 (talk) 20:07, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Potential Authors
The article currently states that dating the inscription back at least to the 19th Century is important for those who believe the authors of the inscription were members of a lost tribe of Israel. I don't see any citation for that position. My own information on this rock, and the theory that I hold, is that a group of Phoenicians or others brought a few Hebrews with them to the Americas. For whatever reason, a small group of Hebrews (evidence at the site, including the size of the hill where this rock is located, suggests maybe a dozen to a few dozen people) camped here. I know of no one who has been to this site who is claiming that an entire tribe (the tribes of Israel generally numbering in the thousands) was in this area. That seems unlikely to have happened, or to have had a reason to have happened. On the other hand, it wouldn't be the last time that a handful of desperate people wandered across the Southwest. Pooua (talk) 08:14, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

References section
I've added a "References" section for external references, and placed the Notes under a "Notes" section, per Wikipedia layout guide and discussion with DougWeller on his Talk page (qv). Added NM State Lands webpage as a neutral authority for the previously unsubstantiated "exceptional claim" that such an inscribed boulder exists in the claimed location. HuMcCulloch (talk) 15:05, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

Deal book, which was removed by administrator Dougweller 9/26/11, has been readded merely as source for the claim that it can be interpreted as the Decalogue, but not that it actually can be interpreted as such. Juergen and Fox give a similar purported translation, but conveniently online. This is more efficient and less affirmative than the inline translation removed by Sandstein in August 2010.

Likewise, Deal and Tabor cited as evidence for the previously undocumented assertion that some believe this is evidence of pre-Columbian contacts.

There are only 3 YHWH's in the inscription itself. A 4th appears as an isolated graffito on the summit of the mountain, but that might be a later copycat inscription and should be judged separately. HuMcCulloch (talk) 19:04, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

I've strengthened footnote 2 so that the interpretation of the inscription as an abridged Decalogue is now "documented" by Deal and Juergen/Fox, rather than just "claimed" as before. I don't think any informed person questions this interpretation. The subsequent claim that it is evidence of pre-columbian contacts is still just a "claim" made eg by Deal and Tabor.HuMcCulloch (talk) 17:47, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Deal still fails our RS criteria. If you still insist it stays in, one of us should go to WP:RSN and ask. Dougweller (talk) 17:50, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

 * WP:RS -- "Sometimes 'non-neutral' sources are the best possible sources for supporting information about the different viewpoints held on a subject." Deal is non-neutral, but he is a noteworthy example of the alleged viewpoint, though Barry Fell would be an even more noteworthy example.  (I don't remember which book, but will look it up tomorrow.)  If you question Deal's translation of the inscription, we can revert to "claimed" rather than "documented" in footnote 2, unless you have a more reliable transcription and translation.  HuMcCulloch (talk) 21:44, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Barry Fell briefly discusses the stone, with a photograph, on p. 167 of Saga America (Times Books 1980). Modern interest in the stone probably is more due to Fell than to Deal, though Deal provides a careful transcripion and translation, which Fell does not.  (A few articles in Fell's ESOP, by Underwood and others, did do this, but Deal's book is more accesible and goes into more detail about the site etc.) HuMcCulloch (talk) 00:46, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

Sections and Images
In MOS:IMAGES, the 220px default is just a guideline, and lead images may go up to 300px in the absence of user settings making images larger or smaller. "upright=1.35" somehow generates this 330px default, so I think we should use this for the lead.

The Samaritan mezuzah image is rather tall, making it disproportionately large at the default width, so perhaps we should narrow it to "upright=0.8" or so.

"Controversy" strikes me as a better title for the main section than "Questions of Authenticity," since Gordon is not questioning the authenticity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by HuMcCulloch (talk • contribs) 05:02, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

The sections MrX has added are useful, but I think that the physical description of the boulder should go up into the history section rather than the controversy section. I liked having the visitation information at the very end, but now that would call for a separate, one-sentence section, so I'll leave it in History for now. HuMcCulloch (talk) 13:49, 25 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry I haven't responded sooner. I'm fine with the layout. I have some objections to the word "Controversy" for the section that discusses the authenticity of this object. I don't think it rises to the level of controversy and that wording is not very neutral; there are simply different theories about the origin of the stone. "According to archaeologist Kenneth Feder, "the stone is almost certainly a fake." " suggests that there are questions as to the authenticity, so I would propose one of these alternative headings, "Authenticity", "Origins" or perhaps "Theories" as a more neutral heading. Unfortunately, there is little consistency in the wording used at similar articles, as far as I an tell. - MrX 19:56, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * "Theories" would be fine by me -- Gordon's theory is that it's a legitimate Greco/Samaritan mezuzah. Feder's is that it's a fake.  There's also a dispute over whether the caret used to indicate the insertion point for the omitted line can be ancient or if it's a relatively modern printer's mark.  (Fell points out a similar mark in a Greek MS, the 4c Codex Sinaiticus if I'm not mistaken.)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by HuMcCulloch (talk • contribs) 00:50, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Los Lunas Decalogue Stone


text:
Allen Jones

Allen Jones may refer to:

 * Allen Jones (Continental Congress) (1739–1798), Continental Congress delegate
 * Allen Jones (artist) (born 1937), British pop artist
 * Allen Jones (record producer) (1940–1987), American record producer
 * A.J. Styles (Allen Jones, born 1977), professional wrestler
 * Allen Jones (whistleblower), Pennsylvania whistleblower on the pharmaceutical industry

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Allen Jones


text:
Donna Kossy

Donna J. Kossy (born May 18, 1957) is a US writer, zine publisher, and online used book dealer based in Portland, Oregon. Specializing in the history of "forgotten, discredited and extreme ideas", which she calls "crackpotology and kookology", she is better known for her books Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief (1994, featuring the first biography of Francis E. Dec) and Strange Creations: Aberrant Ideas of Human Origins from Ancient Astronauts to Aquatic Apes (2001). Kossy was also the founder and curator of the Kooks Museum (1996–1999, online), and the editor-publisher of the magazine Book Happy (1997–2002, about "weird and obscure books" ).

Described by Wired as "an expert on kooks [who] has a genuine, if sometimes uncomfortable, affection for her subjects", Kossy wrote books reviewed in publications ranging from Fortean Times to New Scientist. Journalist Jonathan Vankin named her "the unchallenged authority on, well, kooks", and writer Bruce Sterling noted that she "boldly blazes new trails in the vast intellectual wilderness of American writers, thinkers and philosophers who were or are completely nuts".

Early life
Donna Jean Kossy was born in 1957. She started doing zines in sixth grade, co-editing Kid Stuff with a friend: "It had gossip, fashions, poetry, jokes and even movie reviews. It sold for 5 cents. My mom typed it up and Xeroxed it at work!" Kossy attended Evanston Township High School. After graduating college in 1979, she became involved in punk culture via collage art, color xerox postcards and mail art.

Kossy eventually became a computer programmer, but also published zines because "Publishing is power, pure and simple", and turned "author and folklorist."

Adult life
At one time, Kossy was the housemate of fellow zine maker Pagan Kennedy. She attuned Chicago writer Dan Kelly to cult "kook" Francis E. Dec. In the early 1980s, she was part of the Processed World (PW) magazine, then romantically involved with anti-PW and ex-SubGenius anarchist Bob Black until 1987, moving with him to Boston in 1985.

In 1989, research for her Kooks Magazine led Kossy to abandon much of her other work. On August 17, 1993, she married Kenneth James DeVries in Multnomah County, Oregon. Ken DeVries (a.k.a. Orton Nenslo), also a member of the Church of the SubGenius and contributor to their books, provided some illustrations for her books and some articles for her website.

False Positive (1984–1988)
In 1984, Kossy started publishing False Positive (1984–1988), a Xeroxed zine which ran for eleven issues. Each issue focused on one topic (such as technology, sex, Japan, cars, crime, kooks, food & drugs) and featured related book excerpts, satire, collages, drawings, etc.

The zine and Kossy were quoted by Discordianism co-founder Kerry Thornley (alias Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst) in his 1991 foreword to the 5th edition of the Principia Discordia, reprinting the "Manifesto of the Artistic Elite of the Midwest". Kossy said that her "career as a crackpotologist" started there with the "Kooks Pages" within each issue and the two special all-kooks issues.

Kooks Magazine (1988–1991)
In 1988, Kossy started publishing Kooks Magazine (1988–1991), now using offset printing and running for eight issues. A spinoff of the kooks pages of her zine, it was in line with the 1988 book High Weirdness by Mail by SubGenius co-founder Rev. Ivan Stang (who later praised the collected book) and featured obscure "kooks" as well as some better-documented "cranks" such as reclusive Spider-Man co-creator Steve Ditko in its final issue (#8, November 1991).

In Factsheet Five, the zine magazine, founder-editor Mike Gunderloy described it as "A collection of bizarre literature and semi-scholarly research on kooks: those folks who have all the answers that science and the authorities have been trying to suppress. This issue features [...] progress towards a theory of kookdom." then reported one year later that it "keeps getting better; you can spend hours lost in the worldviews here." SubGenius and writer Richard Kadrey described it as "indispensable for anyone interested in the real bleeding edge of thought." Research for the topic even led Kossy to attend a recruitment meeting of Heaven's Gate (when it was calling itself Human Individual Metamorphosis), the group that ended in a 1997 mass suicide.

Kooks (1994)
In 1994, Feral House published Kossy's first book, Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief, an anthology containing updated articles from her zine along with articles written exclusively for the book, with the cover illustration painted by her husband. Organized into seven parts (Religion, Science, Metaphysics, Politics, Conspiracy, Enigmas; plus Outtakes in the 2nd ed.), it documented the rants and ravings of "kooks" such as Richard Brothers (Anglo-Israelism alias British Israelism), Charles E. Buon (God's Envoy to the U.S.A.), Ray Crabtree (The Philosopher King), the first biography of Francis E. Dec (Your Only Hope against the Gangster Computer God), Professor Arnold Ehret (Mucusless Diet Healing System), Joe Gould alias Professor Seagull (The Longest Book Ever Written), Jim and Lila Green (Aggressive Christianity Missionary Training Corps), Hillman Holcomb (Well Regulated Militia of Christian Technocracy), Les U. Knight (Voluntary Human Extinction Movement), alien abductee artist Paul Laffoley (Third Generation Lunatic Fringe), Alfred Lawson (Lawsonomy: The Base for Absolute Knowledge), David Linton (How Men Can Have Babies), Emil Matalik (World/U.S. Presidential Candidate Since 1964), the MIT's crank files (The Archive of Useless Research), Rose Mokry (Jewish Poisoners Are the Sole Producers of All the Diseases, Sudden Deaths and Birth Defects), Dr. Cyrus Teed (not Cyrus Tweed) alias Koresh (Koreshanity: We Actually Live on the Inside of the Earth), black supremacist Dwight York alias Malachi Z. York et al. (Ansaaru Allah Community of Nuwaubianism), etc.

The book was praised as "a rich compendium of looniness" by the Los Angeles Times, "indispensable for anyone interested in the real cutting edge of thought" by the San Francisco Chronicle, and a "delight" by Fortean Times. In Factsheet Five, the new editor R. Seth Friedman recommended it with, "I've been anxiously awaiting this book ever since Donna Kossy told me about her plans several years ago. [...] Don't miss out on this book." Jay Kinney, publisher of Gnosis Magazine, found it "Compulsively readable. The 'kooks' collected in this volume are our true American originals and Donna Kossy chronicles their jaw-dropping messages with a rare mix of objectivity, sympathy, and wit." And a 1995 Wired review described Kossy as "an expert on kooks [who] has a genuine, if sometimes uncomfortable, affection for her subjects."

Kooks Outtakes (1995)
In 1995, Kooks Outtakes followed its namesake, being a 36-page supplement of material Kossy had left out for reasons of space; it was later merged with the second edition of the book in 2001, which the editor of Ink 19 praised, noting that "Kossy's style is direct and surprisingly unjudgemental. [...] Kossy is quite systematic in her research, and margin comments abound, along with a lush bibliography. This is serious stuff."

Kooks Museum (1996–1999)
In 1996, Kossy founded and curated on her web site the Kooks Museum (an online summary and extension of her book Kooks, updated until mid-1999 when it was discontinued and kept as an archive), explaining: "As curator and founder of the first Kooks Museum in history I am fulfilling a half-life-long goal of housing kook ideas from all over the world under one crumbling roof. [...] The point of all this excess is neither to debunk nor to proselytize. Rather, my intent is to document and study the vast cornucopia of forgotten, discredited and extreme ideas, with all due consideration to social and cultural context. Nor do I think all ideas are equally valid. Rather, I try to be both open-minded to and skeptical of them."

The Museum was listed in the MetroActive guide to "the most interesting, unusual, weird or otherwise alternative sites on the World Wide Web" by journalist and writer on conspiracies Jonathan Vankin, who named Kossy "the unchallenged authority on, well, kooks."

Book Happy (1997–2002)
In 1997, Kossy started editing and publishing Book Happy (1997–2002), a printed magazine which ran for seven issues. Written by Kossy and others (recurrent contributors includes Greg Bishop, Ken DeVries, Dan Howland, Dan Kelly, John Marr, Chris Mikul, David C. Morrison, Chip Rowe, Brian Tucker, Robert Tucker), it was dedicated to reviewing "weird and obscure books".

The magazine was complemented by her web site (later becoming its domain name) and the formation of Book Happy Booksellers an online used book business specializing in unusual and hard-to-find items, with inventory listed on various book listing sites including Abebooks, Biblio, Alibris, Choosebooks and others. Book Happy was reviewed positively by English artist Mark Pawson (creator of Die-Cut Plug Wiring Diagram Book) in a 1999 review for the British cultural magazine Variant.

Strange Creations (2001)
In 2001, Feral House published Kossy's second full-length book, Strange Creations: Aberrant Ideas of Human Origins from Ancient Astronauts to Aquatic Apes (right after reprinting Kooks in an expanded edition). As of August 1998, Kossy had already announced the manuscript for her second book as being finished (with a tentative title balancing between "Aberrant Anthropology" and "Nazis, Saucers and Aquatic Apes") and its publication at Feral House scheduled for "Fall, 1999"; it would however be two more years before the actual release.

Organized into seven parts (Extraterrestrial Origins, De-evolution, Race, Eugenics, Creationism, The Aquatic Ape Theory, and Urantia/Szukalski/H.I.M.), the book documented the fringe and pseudoscientific theories of "crackpots" such as David Barclay (mankind as dinosaurs pets), Helena Blavatsky (The Seven Root Races of Theosophy), Darwin's cousin Francis Galton (inventor of eugenics against regression toward the mean), Henry H. Goddard (inventor of moronism with The Kallikak Family), Madison Grant (Nordicism and scientific racism), Finnvald Hedin (The Thorians), Brinsley Le Poer Trench (UFOs from Hollow Earth), slave trader Edward Long (Polygenism: Man Comes From God, Negroes Come From Apes), Oscar Kiss Maerth (The Beginning Was the End: ape brain cannibalism), Alfred W. McCann (creationism), Elaine Morgan (aquatic ape hypothesis), Raël (creation by extraterrestrials), B. H. Shadduck (de-evolution), Zecharia Sitchin (ancient astronauts), Lothrop Stoddard (Pan-Aryanism and racial purity), Stanisław Szukalski (Zermatism: post-deluge Easter Island vs. Yetis), the Urantia Book (intelligent design by Life Carriers), George Van Tassel (Space Brothers aliens), Erich von Däniken (Ancient Astronauts from the Chariots of the Gods?), etc.

The book was praised from Fortean Times to Booklist and from the Washington City Paper to Counterpoise. In a mixed review, the New Scientist noted that "Donna Kossy's Strange Creatures [sic!] is about people who have spent rather more time on these problems than most, visiting some of the weirder reaches of the human imagination". And Rev. Ivan Stang remarked: "To write entertainingly for 'nonkooks' about so-called kooks, crackpots, and possible visionaries requires walking a tightrope between tolerant understanding of 'outsider' psychology and graceful sarcasm, balancing both a solid grounding in the mainstream scientific paradigm, and a healthy distrust of the status quo."

Science-fiction writer Bruce Sterling, who also touched upon online cranks in his essay "Electronic Text", commented that "Donna Kossy boldly blazes new trails in the vast intellectual wilderness of American writers, thinkers, and philosophers who were or are completely nuts. Kooks ranks with such sociological classics as Mackay's Extraordinary Popular Delusions and Dudley's Mathematical Cranks. This, for obvious reasons, is a book which every science fiction writer should possess." In her own words, Kossy has stated, "I seek not to debunk strange ideas, but to present them as a necessary segment of the full spectrum of human thought."

Kossy is currently focused on her bookselling business and from November 2007 to September 2008 wrote a blog, "The Cutthroat World of Book Scouting" (http://bookhappy.easyjournal.com  ), which chronicled her experiences in the book trade.

Magazines

 * 1984–1988: False Positive #1–11 (a.k.a. False Positive Magazine)
 * #1 (1984), #2–4 (1985), #5–8 (1986), #9 (1987), #10–11 (1988). Allston, MA (Boston, MA for #1): Out-of-Kontrol Data Korporation, no ISSN . 8½" × 11", Xeroxed zine, about 20–52 p., was $3.
 * 1988–1991: Kooks Magazine #1–8 (alias The Original Donna Kossy's Kooks Magazine for #1–4)
 * #1 (1988), #2–4 (1989), #5–6 (1990), #7–8 (1991). Allston, MA: Out-of-Kontrol Data Institute, . 8½" × 11", offset magazine (except #1, 5½" × 8½", Xeroxed), 20–40 p., was $3–$5. – The OCLC's start date is incorrect.
 * 1997–2002: Book Happy #1–7 (a.k.a. Book Happy Magazine)
 * #1 (1997), #2–3 (1998), #4 (1999), #5 (2000), #6 (2001), #7 (2002). By Donna Kossy (ed., reviews) & various (reviews); Portland, OR: Book Happy, no ISSN . 8½" × 11", offset magazine, total 232 p., was $6.

Books

 * 1994: Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief
 * Portland, OR: Feral House. ISBN 0-922915-19-9 (1st ed. pbk., 254 p., May 1994, ) and ISBN 0-922915-20-2 (1st ed. hbk., 254 p., May 1994). Reissued by Los Angeles: Feral House, ISBN 978-0-922915-67-5 (2nd exp. ed. pbk., 287 p., May 2001) — Collects material from her Kooks Magazine. The 2nd ed. was expanded with 1995's Kooks Outtakes.
 * 1995: Kooks Outtakes [supplement]
 * 8½" × 11", 36 p. – Material cut from Kooks due to space, later added to its 2nd edition.
 * 1996: The Kooks Museum [online]
 * Web site, updated 1996–1999 (archived mid-1999), formerly at www.teleport.com/~dkossy, now at https://web.archive.org/web/20080215015348/http://www.pacifier.com/~dkossy/kooksmus.html — Updated summary and extension of Kooks.
 * 2001: Strange Creations: Aberrant Ideas of Human Origins from Ancient Astronauts to Aquatic Apes
 * Los Angeles: Feral House. ISBN 978-0-922915-65-1 (1st ed. pbk., 264 (x, 253) p., June 2001).

title: Donna Kossy


text:
Mark Brooks (golfer)

Mark David Brooks (born March 25, 1961) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour Champions.

Brooks was born in Fort Worth, Texas. He attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he was a three-time All-American as a member of the golf team. He turned professional in 1983.

Brooks has seven wins on the PGA Tour, including one major, the 1996 PGA Championship. He was a member of the U.S. Presidents Cup team in 1996.

During his thirties, Brooks began a second career in golf course design, and was a partner in the firm of Knott-Linn-Brooks House based in Palo Alto, California. His first major project, Southern Oaks Golf Club outside Fort Worth, opened in 1999.

After his 50th birthday in 2011, Brooks joined the Champions Tour. He came close to his first victory in June at the Principal Charity Classic, but bogeys on his final two holes allowed Bob Gilder to win by one shot. The solo 2nd-place finish was Brooks' best on any tour since his runner-up finish to Retief Goosen at the 2001 U.S. Open. In August 2014, Brooks again finished in solo second on the Champions Tour, after losing a sudden death playoff to Scott Dunlap at the Boeing Classic.

In 2015 Brooks was hired by Fox Sports as an-course analyst for the network's U.S. Open coverage.

Brooks has the record for most starts on the PGA Tour with 803.

Amateur wins (3)
this list may be incomplete
 * 1978 Future Masters
 * 1979 Trans-Mississippi Amateur
 * 1981 Southern Amateur

PGA Tour wins (7)
PGA Tour playoff record (4–3)

Other wins (3)
 * Note: The 1993 Pebble Beach Invitational was shortened to 54 holes due to rain.

Playoff record
Champions Tour playoff record (0–1)

Wins (1)
1Defeated Kenny Perry with a birdie on the first extra hole.

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half way cut

"T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 5 (1990 U.S. Open – 1991 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1996 Open Championship – 1996 PGA)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Team appearances
Professional
 * Presidents Cup: 1996 (winners)

title: Mark Brooks (golfer)


text: User talk:69.162.198.121

title: User talk:69.162.198.121


text:
Yehuda Amital

Yehuda Amital (יהודה עמיטל, born Yehuda Klein; 31 October 1924 – 9 July 2010) was an Orthodox rabbi, the Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivat Har Etzion, and a member of the Israeli cabinet.

The concept of a Hesder Yeshiva is attributed to Amital. After writing an essay about the religious and moral aspects of military service, he envisaged a program for combining army service and Torah study.

In 1991, the Hesder Yeshiva program was awarded the Israel Prize for its special contribution to society and the State of Israel.

Biography
Yehuda Klein (later Amital) was born in Oradea, Romania, son of Yekutiel Ze'ev and Devora. After four years of secular primary education, he began religious studies with Rabbi Chaim Yehuda Levi. When Germany occupied the area in 1944, the Nazis sent his entire family to Auschwitz where they were killed. Amital was sent to a labor camp, thus surviving the Holocaust. He remained in the labor camp for eight months, and was liberated on October 4, 1944, by the Soviet Army. After his liberation, he made his way to Bucharest, from where he travelled to Palestine, arriving on December 11, 1944.

After a short stay at the Atlit detainee camp, he made his way to Jerusalem, where he studied at Hebron Yeshiva, receiving semicha from Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer. He also learned with Rabbi Yaakov Moshe Charlap, a student of Rabbi Avraham Yitzchak Kook. Around this time, he joined the Haganah.

After learning at Hebron, he moved to Pardes Hanna in order to learn at Kletzk Yeshiva. While learning at the yeshiva, he married Miriam, the daughter of the Rosh Yeshiva, Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Meltzer, and the granddaughter of Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer. When the yeshiva relocated to Rehovot, Amital followed, settling in Rehovot until he moved to Jerusalem in the 1960s.

The day after the Declaration of Independence, Amital's unit was mobilized in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. He took part in battles of Latrun and the western Galilee. After the war, Amital became a rabbinic secretary in the Beth Din of Rehovot, and, two years later, he became an instructor at Yeshivat HaDarom, where he helped formulate the idea of a Hesder Yeshiva.

After the Six-Day War, he became the founding Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivat Har Etzion, which he headed for 40 years.

Amital died on July 9 (27 Tammuz), 2010, and was laid to rest in the Har HaMenuchot cemetery in Jerusalem, where thousands attended his funeral.

Political career
In 1988, Amital founded the left-leaning religious Meimad movement, and was elected as its chairman after it became a political party. After the assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in November 1995, he served as a minister without portfolio in the government of Shimon Peres, despite not being a Knesset member.

Educational career
After the Six-Day War he founded Yeshivat Har Etzion, a Hesder Yeshiva in Gush Etzion which opened in Kfar Etzion in 1968 with 30 students and moved to its current location in Alon Shvut two years later. In 1971 Amital asked Aharon Lichtenstein to join him as Rosh Yeshiva.

At the age of 80, Amital asked the management of Yeshivat Har Etzion to select his successors. The yeshiva chose rabbis Yaakov Medan and Baruch Gigi. On January 4, 2006, Medan and Gigi were officially invested as co-roshei yeshiva, alongside Amital and Aharon Lichtenstein.

On September 25, 2008, Amital announced that on the last day of Tishrei, 5769 (October 28, 2008) he would retire and Mosheh Lichtenstein, the son of Aharon Lichtenstein, would become the fourth Rosh Yeshiva.

Relationship with Elazar Shach
Rabbi Elazar Shach had been a student of Rav Isser Zalman Meltzer in Europe and he eventually married Rav Meltzer's niece. Rav Amital married Rav Meltzer's granddaughter.

The two developed a very close relationship. When they were both teachers at Yeshivat HaDarom in Rehovot, Rav Amital and Rav Shach were known to argue constantly about Zionism, the fledgling State of Israel, and the necessity of drafting yeshiva students into the army. Despite an age gap of almost 25 years, the cousins-by-marriage would bounce ideas and bum cigarettes off of one another as they debated the pressing issues of the day.

Eventually, they went their separate ways. Rav Shach became the head of the renowned Ponevezh Yeshiva in Bnei Brak and the firebrand ideological and political leader of the Lithuanian charedi community. Rav Amital went on to establish Yeshivat Har Etzion, a flagship religious-Zionist institution, in Alon Shevut, and later co-founded the dovish religious-Zionist Meimad party. Years later, the two happened to meet somewhere, whereupon Rav Shach embraced Rav Amital and said: “Reb Yehuda, Reb Yehuda! We’re so far apart now that we don’t even argue!”

When Rav Shach passed away, Rav Amital told the following story. He said that a ba'al teshuva once came to Rav Shach. His less religious parents wanted him to come home and visit. They were willing to keep the house kosher for that purpose, but in the area where they lived there was only Rabbanut kashrut, and not the standard of Badatz that the son kept. With tears Rav Amital told Rav Shach's response, “Rabbanut lo treif.” – "Rabbanut food is not treif." Rav Amital explained, even if it is not up to your standard, how can you let that interfere with your connection with your parents and your kibbud av va-eim?

Published works

 * Jewish Values in a Changing World ISBN 0-88125-881-4
 * Commitment and Complexity: Jewish Wisdom in an Age of Upheaval ISBN 1-60280-030-8
 * When God is Near: On the High Holidays ISBN 9781592644377
 * A World Built, Destroyed and Rebuilt, Rabbi Yehudah Amital's Confrontation with the Memory of the Holocaust ISBN 0-88125-864-4
 * By Faith Alone: The Story of Rabbi Yehuda Amital ISBN 1-59264-192-X
 * והארץ נתן לבני אדם - A Hashkafic book based on Sichot he gave at Yeshivat Har Etzion, Tevunot Publishing, 2004.

title: Yehuda Amital


text:
Alushta

Alushta (Ukrainian and Russian: Алушта; Aluşta; ) is a city of regional significance on the southern coast of the Crimean peninsula which is within the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a region internationally recognised as territory of Ukraine, but occupied by the Russian Federation and incorporated as the Republic of Crimea. It is located along the Black Sea coast on the road from Gurzuf to Sudak, as well as on the Crimean Trolleybus line. Population:

The area is notable for its arid, rocky terrain due to its proximity to the Crimean mountains. During Byzantine times, the town was called Alouston (Ἄλουστον) meaning "Unwashed". Vestiges survive of a Byzantine defensive tower from a fortress from which the town's name was derived, as well as a 15th-century Genoese fortress. During Genoese rule, the name was modified to Lusta. Adam Mickiewicz dedicated two of his Crimean Sonnets to Alushta.

It is also the home of Seyit the Wolf in the Turkish drama, Kurt Seyit ve Sura.

In 1910, 544 Jews lived in Alushta, comprising 13% of the town's population. By 1939, they made up only 2.3% of the town's overall population, numbering 251 individuals. On 4 November 1941, the Germans occupied the town. On 24 November 1941, a unit of Sonderkommando 10b murdered 30 Jews by shooting along with captured communists and partisans. In early December 1941, about 250 Jews from Alushta were shot to death by Sonderkommando 11b in the park of Trade Union Sanatorium No. 7, which is today part of the local center for children and creativity.

Climate
Alushta has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) that closely borders on a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).

Twin towns — Sister cities
Alushta is twinned with:
 * 🇺🇸 Santa Cruz, United States
 * 🇵🇱 Dzierżoniów, Poland
 * 🇫🇮 Äänekoski, Central Finland
 * Jūrmala, Latvia

Notable people

 * Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky (1864-1913), Ukrainian author
 * Rustem Umerov (born 1982), Ukrainian politician and current Minister of Defense
 * Roman Mamasuyev (1983-2016), Ukrainian soldier awarded with the Order for Courage

title: Alushta


text:
User:Wissenslogistiker~enwiki

User_talk:Wissenslogistiker

title: User:Wissenslogistiker~enwiki


text:
Jan van Brakel

Jan van Brakel (c. 1638 – 10 July 1690) was a Dutch rear admiral who distinguished himself on many occasions during the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch wars and the Nine Years War.

Early life
Almost nothing is known about Van Brakel's early career; we know neither his year of birth—estimates have varied from 1618 to 1642—nor his backgrounds. It used to be thought that he was the son of Commodore Pieter van Brakel, who was killed in the Second Anglo-Dutch War while defending a convoy of merchant ships, but this has become very unlikely considering Pieter was born in 1624.

Naval career
The first time Van Brakel appears in the documents is in 1666, when he was appointed by the Admiralty of the Maze as acting captain—with the rank of lieutenant—of a fireship, the Rotterdam, that participated in the Four Days Battle. Apparently he already had been a lieutenant in 1665. Fireships were often manned by the most desperate elements in society; the humility of his origins might explain the fact they were never mentioned.

At St. James's Day Battle, having spent another fireship and returning with his crew in sloops, Van Brakel saved the Gelderland, the flagship of Lieutenant-Admiral Willem Joseph van Ghent from an attack by an English fireship. Because of the courage shown, Van Brakel was promoted to captain of a regular ship on 22 September 1666, a rare accomplishment for a fireship commander. In 1667, while in command of the frigate Vrede, he became one of the heroes of the raid on the Medway and was given the honourable task of triumphantly towing the captured English flagship HMS Royal Charles (1655) out of the Medway river. That same year Van Brakel was promoted full captain on 17 December.

In 1672, at the battle of Solebay—the first battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War—Van Brakel served as captain of Groot Hollandia, and played a major part in the burning of HMS Royal James.

In 1673, he continued to fight with distinction at the battle of Schooneveld and the battle of the Texel, as captain of Voorzichtigheid.

On 5 April 1684, Van Brakel was promoted to rear admiral of the Admiralty of Amsterdam.

Four years later, as a temporary vice admiral—from October 1688 until January 1689—he was part of the fleet that brought William III to England in the invasion that led to the Glorious Revolution.

From 1688 onwards, Van Brakel served on the amalgamated Anglo-Dutch fleet until he was killed in the battle of Beachy Head in 1690.

Legacy
His grave memorial is located in St. Lawrence Church in Rotterdam.

He is the namesake of:
 * HNLMS Jan van Brakel (1936), a former Dutch Minelaying vessel.
 * HNLMS Jan van Brakel (1983), a former Dutch Kortenaer class frigate.

title: Jan van Brakel


text:
User talk:Saulkaiserman

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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As you've probably figured out, I moved the article that used to be at "Saul Kaiserman" to your userpage. Feel free to make any changes you like to it. And congrats on your upcoming wedding! FreplySpang (talk) 21:58, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:IFJRC-Synagogue-Winter.JPG
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AfD nomination of Mark Kaiserman
An article that you have been involved in editing, Mark Kaiserman, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Calton | Talk 16:45, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:IFJRC-Synagogue-Winter.JPG
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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read the Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 08:27, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Saulkaiserman


text:
A Hot Piece of Grass

A Hot Piece of Grass is the fifth album by American band Hayseed Dixie, released in 2005.

Track listing

 * 1) "Black Dog" (Led Zeppelin cover) – 3:07
 * 2) "War Pigs" (Black Sabbath cover) – 4:27
 * 3) "Holiday" (Green Day cover) – 3:48
 * 4) "Rockin' in the Free World" (Neil Young cover) – 3:39
 * 5) "Whole Lotta Love" (Led Zeppelin cover) – 3:59
 * 6) "Runnin' with the Devil" (Van Halen cover) – 2:44
 * 7) "This Fire" (Franz Ferdinand cover) – 3:24
 * 8) "Roses" (Outkast cover) – 4:35
 * 9) "Blind Beggar Breakdown" – 2:25
 * 10) "Kirby Hill" – 2:25
 * 11) "Uncle Virgil" – 3:00
 * 12) "Mountain Man" – 3:07
 * 13) "Marijuana" (The Reverend Horton Heat cover) – 2:54
 * 14) "Moonshiner's Daughter" – 2:54
 * 15) "Wish I Was You" – 1:59
 * 16) "Dueling Banjos" (Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith cover) – 3:13

Many versions also have "Whole Lotta Rosie" (AC/DC cover) and omit "Roses" and "Rockin' In The Free World".

title: A Hot Piece of Grass


text:
Alupka

Alupka (Ukrainian and Russian: Алупка; Alupka;, Alòpex) is a resort city located in the Crimean peninsula, a territory of Ukraine currently annexed by Russian Federation (see 2014 Crimean crisis). It is located 17 km to the west of Yalta. It is famous for the Vorontsov Palace, designed by English architect Edward Blore in an extravagant mixture of Scottish baronial and Neo-Moorish styles and built in 1828–1846 for prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov.

Alupka and its surrounding area is full of resort hotels on the shore of the Black Sea, where thousands of travelers (particularly from the former Soviet Union) travel every year. Public transport to Alupka includes the bus system (bus routes #26 and #27 from Yalta) and other road vehicles.

Location
The city is located in the Crimean peninsula, a territory of Ukraine, currently annexed by Russian Federation (see 2014 Crimean crisis). It is located 17 km to the west of Yalta.

Climate
Located in the subtropical climate of southern Crimea, Alupka has an average temperature of +3 - 4 °C in January–February and an average temperature of +24.6 °C in August. The average rainfall in the city is 400 mm per year, the average humidity is about 69%, and the average number of sunlight per year is 2,150 hours. The swimming season stretches from March until October, with an average water temperature of 22 - 28 °C.

History

Alupka was first founded as a Greek settlement. The name originates from the Greek word for fox (Alopex). After the Greeks, Alupka came under control of the Byzantine Empire. The first written mention of Alupka dates to 960 in a document about the Byzantine Emperor Romanos II. Later on, Alupka was controlled by the Crimean Tatars. After 1783 the city came into possession of Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin, governor-general of the Novorossiya Krai. In 1798, the city had a population of 211, consisting mainly of farmers.

At the end of 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, Alupka was a famous resort. In the middle of 19th century it was more popular than Yalta, mostly because of the work of the Governor of Novorossia at the time, Mikhail Vorontsov, who built a Palace there (some call it a Castle).

Alupka is described by a French traveler in 1811 in his letters to a friend (starting at page127) "Voyage de Moscou à Vienne, par Kiow, Odessa, Constantinople, Bucharest et Hermanstadt; ou, Lettres adressées à Jules Griffith Auguste de Lagarde" Jan 1824 · Treuttel et Würtz: https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=p1THCvg9rVEC&rdid=book-p1THCvg9rVEC&rdot=1

Attractions
Alupka is not only a resort town, but also an important tourist attraction. Major attractions in the city include:
 * Vorontsov Palace
 * Vorontsov's Park, located on the grounds of the Vorontsov Palace
 * Ai-Petri Mountain

Vorontsovsky Palace and Park

The main attraction of Alupka is the Scottish baronial and Neo-Moorish style Vorontsov's Palace, which was designed by the English architect Edward Blore built in 1828-1846 for prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov. During the Yalta Conference, the palace—spared by the Germans during World War II — served as the residence of Sir Winston Churchill and his English delegation.

A large English-style park was designed and built for prince Vorontsov on the territory of the Vorontsov's Palace. The park was constructed from December 1824 to April 1851, and was envisioned, designed, created, and maintained by Chief Botanist of the Southern Shore of the Crimea, Carolus Antonius Keebach. Plant material for the garden was supplied from the Nikita Botanic Garden by its director, Nicolai Anders von Hartwiss.

There is also a selection of various Hotels and restaurants. There are many things to do in central Alupka such as look at Ai Petri mountain and even take a cable car there.

Ai-Petri Mountain
Alupka is located at the foot of the 1234 meter Ai-Petri (St Peter) Mount of the Crimean Mountains chain. Since 1987, a three kilometer Gondola lift, one of the longest in Europe and split into two stages, carries passengers to and from the mountain, providing visitors with excellent views of the surrounding area and the Black Sea.

Demographics
Ethnic composition according to the 2001 Ukrainian census:

Notable people born in Alupka

 * Amet-khan Sultan – Crimean Tatar flying ace and test pilot
 * Alexander Khmelik – Russian film producer, screenwriter
 * Evgeni Aldonin – Russian footballer
 * Oleksandr Makarenko (1920-2003), Ukrainian historian
 * Ihor Knyaz (born 1953), Ukrainian Admiral and commander of the Ukrainian Navy

title: Alupka


text:
Joseph Ki-Zerbo

Joseph Ki-Zerbo (June 21, 1922 – December 4, 2006, Burkina Faso) was a Burkinabé historian, politician and writer. He is recognized as one of Africa's foremost thinkers.

From 1972 to 1978 he was professor of African History at the University of Ouagadougou. In 1983, he was forced into exile, only being able to return in 1992.

Ki-Zerbo founded the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. He was its chairman until 2005, and represented it in the Burkina Faso parliament until his death in 2006. A socialist and an advocate of African independence and unity, Ki-Zerbo was also a vocal opponent of Thomas Sankara's revolutionary government.

Early life
Ki-Zerbo was born in Toma in the province of Nayala, in what was, at that time, the French colony of Upper Volta. He was the son of Alfred Diban Ki-Zerbo and Thérèse Folo Ki. His father is considered to be the first Burkinabé Christian. In 1915 he intervened during the Volta-Bani War to stop Toma being razed to the ground.

Between 1933 and 1940, Ki-Zerbo was educated at the Catholic primary school in Toma, then completed his secondary school at the preparatory seminaries in Pabré in the Province of Kadiogo and Faladié, a district of Bamako, Mali. He then attended the Grand Séminaire Saint-Pierre Claver at Koumi near Bobo Dioulasso, which trains young men for the Catholic priesthood.

However, Ki-Zerbo dropped out of the Seminary and went to live in Dakar, Senegal for several years. In addition to teaching there, he had a job for several months with the weekly newspaper Afrique nouvelle, and also worked as a railway construction labourer.

Ki-Zerbo continued his education part-time and, when he obtained his Baccalaureate in 1949 at the age of 27, he earned a scholarship to study in Paris. He studied history and law at the Sorbonne and also followed courses in politics at the Sciences Po. On completion of his studies, he became a certified history and geography teacher, the first from Upper Volta.

After his studies, Ki-Zerbo became a French citizen and was employed as a history and geography teacher in Orléans, Paris and Dakar. During a visit to Mali, Ki-Zerbo met his wife, educator and activist Jacqueline Coulibaly.

Political activities
Ki-Zerbo's political activities started while he was student. He was the co-founder and president of the Association of Upper Volta Students in France (1950–1956). He was also the president of the Association of African, Caribbean and Malagash Christian Students. In 1954, Ki-Zerbo published an article in the newspaper Tam-Tam with the title “On demande des nationalistes” (“We ask the nationalists”). In Paris, Ki-Zerbo met other intellectuals, such as the Senegalese historian Cheik Anta Diop and Abdoulaye Wade, who was later to become president of Senegal.

The 1950s was a decade of great optimism in Africa, with many leaders demanding independence. Ki-Zerbo was active in this movement for change, and in 1957 he created a political party, the Mouvement de Liberation Nationale (MLN) (National Freedom Movement). He also established contact with Kwame Nkrumah, president of the newly independent neighboring state of Ghana.

The aims of the MLN were immediate independence for Africans, the creation of a United States of Africa, and socialism. The MLN contacted nationalist leaders in many of the other French colonies, to persuade them to reject the referendum on the creation of a Franco-African community presented by the French president Charles de Gaulle. However, in the whole of West Africa at that time, only Guinea voted no to the referendum and, as a result, achieved its independence relatively early in 1958. As a result, Sekou Touré, the first president of independent Guinea, invited Ki-Zerbo and his wife along with other volunteers to come to Conakry to replace the French teachers who had left.

In 1960, Ki-Zerbo returned to newly independent Upper Volta, explaining to Sekou Touré: "I have to go back home to pursue the fight for independence in others territories”. In 1965, he was nominated as academy inspector and general director of Youth, Sports and Education.

Ki-Zerbo was professor at the University of Ouagadougou from 1968 to 1973. He was the co-founder and general director (1967 to 1979) of the Conseil africain et malgache pour l'enseignement supérieur (African and Malagasy Council on Higher Education (CAMES) that assures the academic autonomy of Africans countries.

Social and political ideas
Ki-Zerbo declared that growing up in a rural area in a big family profoundly influenced his personality and thoughts.

Ki-Zerbo exposed his social and political ideas in many publications on history and culture. He wrote a teaching manual called Le Monde Africain Noire (Black African World), published in 1963. In 1972, Ki-Zerbo published the famous Histoire de l’Afrique Noire (History of Black Africa) that became a reference book in African history. Holenstein (2006) described that, in his book, Ki-Zerbo challenged the common belief of Africa as a black continent without culture and history. He claimed that Africa had reached an upper level of political, social and cultural development before the Atlantic slave trade and colonization. Written only few years after independence, Histoire de l’Afrique Noire represented the hope of many Africans of a brighter future in liberty and self-determination.

Sitchet (2003), an Africultures reporter, argued that from 1972 to 1978 Ki-Zerbo was an executive member of UNESCO (United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization). From 1976 to 2001, Ki-Zerbo was the president of the African Historian Association and a professor at the University of Ouagadougou.

His conviction on education led him to found in 1980 the Centre for African Development Studies (CEDA) that has this goal “on ne developpe pas, on se developpe” ("we don’t develop, we develop ourselves"). Holenstein (2006) insisted that on the basis of a critic on the relation north–south imperialism, Ki-Zerbo forecast an endogenous development that will take seriously ecological and social skills, and the African cultural identity. His endogenous development is a practice that lets native farmers use their own ideas and traditions alongside new technology. It incorporates the ideas and knowledge of indigenous cultures rather than disregarding them.

Political fights
After scientific research and teaching, Ki-Zerbo continued with his political activities. Under the Burkinabe President Maurice Yaméogo’s regime (1960-1966), the creation of any political party was forbidden. Holenstein (2006) explained this in an article on the interview about Ki-Zerbo’s book A quand l’Afrique. Ki-Zerbo got his members in the syndical teachers’ class and villagers. The syndicate and MLN played a big role in the popular movement organization on 3 January 1966 that brought down the President Maurice Yaméogo. General Secretary of the MLN, Ki-Zerbo went to the 1970s legislative elections; he got sixth rank.

In February the Burkina Faso parliament was ruined during a military coup. In October, banning was cancelled. Many new parties arose like Union Progressiste Voltaique (UPV) under the control of Ki-Zerbo that replaced MLN. UPV was in opposition to the government party (Union Democratique Voltaique-Rassemblement Democratique Africain (UDV-RDA).)

Exile
In 1983, a group of young officers took power by a military coup under the control of the Captain Thomas Sankara. A new stage started for Upper Volta which became Burkina Faso (“Land of the upright”). Under the power of the new government, Ki-Zerbo was obliged to go into exile.

In 1985 he was finally arrested with his family for two years of detention and became free only after another military coup organized by Blaise Compaore. Even in exile, he created research centers like the Research Centre for Endogenous Development (CRDE) and taught at Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar. He returned to Burkina Faso in 1987 to find that his library of 11,000 books in his hometown Faso had been burned in his absence. He came back and tried to rebuild by getting a place in parliament.

Awards
Ki-Zerbo has received recognition through various international awards.
 * In 1997 he was honoured with the Right Livelihood Award for his research on development. This prize is given to those who try to find credible solutions to the protection of the environment and nature; it is for people who helped the development of human rights and peace.
 * In 2000, he received the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights.
 * In 2001, Ki-Zerbo was awarded the title of Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Padua in Italy.

title: Joseph Ki-Zerbo


text:
Brian Lima

Brian Pala Lima OM (born 25 January 1972) is a Samoan former rugby union player who was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2011. He earned the nickname of "The Chiropractor" for his shuddering hits both on and off the pitch that supposedly rearranged the bones of the victim.

National team
Lima was born in Apia, Samoa. He debuted for the Samoa national rugby union team in 1990. He featured in Samoa's famous World Cup win over Wales in 1991, and he was the youngest player at the 1991 Rugby World Cup.

One of Lima's most illuminating moments came in Samoa's match against South Africa in a group match at the 2003 Rugby World Cup. As Springbok fly-half Derick Hougaard leapt up in the air to catch a hospital pass, Lima "dive-tackled" him, sending Hougaard crashing to the ground.

Lima was the first player to appear in five World Cups, his fifth being the 2007 World Cup in France, in which he came on against South Africa in Samoa's first game after 60 minutes. Lima announced that he would retire after the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Michael Jones, the Samoa coach (at that time), announced Lima as the captain for the first game of that year's Pacific Nations Cup. Brian Lima was selected to lead Samoa against Fiji. This game was one of Lima's last games on Samoan soil.

Lima also played for the Samoa national rugby sevens team. He scored 17 tries in various Rugby World Cup Sevens tournaments, ranking him third all-time in career World Cup Sevens tries.

Professional
Lima signed for Munster after an impressive game for the southern hemisphere vs the northern hemisphere in a fundraising game for the 2004 tsunami. However Lima was injured shortly after landing in Ireland and never got to pull on the Munster jersey. He has also played for the Blues, Auckland, the Highlanders, and Secom in Japan. He signed a two-year deal with Bristol starting in the 2005–06 season.

In December 2013 Lima was charged with causing actual bodily harm and being armed with a dangerous weapon after publicly assaulting and injuring his ex-wife. He subsequently resigned as coach of the Samoan national team. In June 2014 he was convicted on five charges and sentenced to two years supervision.

In August 2020 he was appointed head coach of the Samoa national rugby sevens team.

Recognition
Lima was appointed to the Order of Merit of Samoa in the 2014 Samoa Honours and Awards.

title: Brian Lima


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Naughty Nati

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. --Haham hanuka 13:52, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Naughty Nati & Allie Sin
Good Lord... whether this porn star merits an article is questionable enough, but I count nine (almost certainly copyrighted) photos tacked on here. -- Scott eiπ  22:01, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Note duplicate article at Allie Sin. -- Scott eiπ  22:03, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, as a relative amount of notability has been established. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 11:25, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as non-notable (Even though my male senses tell me she certainly is HOT....) --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 22:05, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete --Richhil 22:07, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Allie Sin (dupe). —Tokek 22:48, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Allie Sin. BTW at least one of the pics appears to be a copyvio. Capitalistroadster 00:38, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. And jeez, with all those photos you'd think they could at least have found some hardcore ones to share.  JUST KIDDING.  Nandesuka 02:19, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. Are you insane, if anything Wikipedia needs more of these sort of articles!  This should be nominated for featured article status!Rainbowwarrior1977 03:20, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Tokek. As for notability, according to Google the word "Allie Sin" turns up 19,100 hits whereas "Naughty Nati" turns up 64,300 hits.  Food for thought. -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. 03:40, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Amending: Delete. She is not notable.  Pretty much a glorified amateur porn star with some stripping experience.  She may be worth keeping an eye on in the future, though.  Or she may burn out. -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. 00:05, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The article as it currently stands tells us that she has already given up "her adult career". Uncle G 02:08:51, 2005-07-25 (UTC)
 * Delete. Naughty Nati is Non Notable.  I made Naughty Nati redirect to Allie Sin; that isn't something that requires a vote.  I suspect some of the "redirect" votes above were confused by the duplication; do Tokek et al really want to keep the article?  dbenbenn | talk 04:42, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep since something is very wrong here. The VfD on the Allie Sin article redirect here so I'm not sure anyone who voted can fiure out what they voted for.  Maybe the VfD should be closed because of this and if someone wants to renominate let them do that. Vegaswikian 03:39, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Actually, it is noted that Naughty Nati was a dupliacte of Allie Sin. Although I would not be adverse to allow Allie Sin a renomination for VfD. -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. 04:14, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: They are both identical articles, which is why I linked to them to the identical VFD. You can still vote accordingly.--Blu Aardvark | (talk) 09:45, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Allie Sin and Naughty Nati, non-notables, Thuresson 06:51, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep since this is not a vanity page, how is Allie Sin any less notable than some of the other porn stars listed, like: Aurora Snow, Taylor Rain or Jenna Haze? Since it cannot be argued that Allie Sin is less notable, she should stay. It's all too subjective IMO. Since Naughty Nati is a duplicate page, just keep it linked to the Allie Sin page. Necromancing 12:22, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Too subjective? Not really. For instance, Jenna Jameson is notable for being the woman who put a face to pornography, per se.  Linda Lovelace is notable for starring in a movie that made pornography more socially acceptable and made herself a figure of the anti-pornography, pro-feminist movement.  Danni Ashe is a woman who made herself successful and was one of the first women to bring pornography successfully to the Internet.  Right now, Allie Sin is only a pornographic has-been (and I'm using that term very, very loosely for lack of a better term) who has only had a one-year stint in the industry -- outside of that, she's done nothing of notability.  She's only starred in 18 movies and is, therefore, only a glorified amateur.  And as for Aurora, Taylor and Jenna... they have more under their belts, per se, than Allie Sin/Naughty Nati.  Please see item number 6 -- Genealogical entries -- on "Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information"-- Joe Beaudoin Jr. 20:24, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: has-been as defined on Wikipedia also includes "one hit wonders". Take for example the listings for Right Said Fred and Flock of Seagulls. Again, it is too subjective a choice to delete the Allie Sin entry. She is known in the porn industry and has been in several films (okay, not as many as Jenna Haze, Aurora Snow or Taylor Rain) but like all young porn starlets, she's bound to make a comeback once she starts to fall on hard times (look at Belladonna (erotic actress) for an example). Necromancing 13:50, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Reply: As I said, I used the term very, very loosely... Perhaps even incorrectly. She doesn't even qualify as a one hit wonder, as far as I can discern. She's only been in less than 20 films according to both the Internet Adult Film Database and Internet Movie Database -- which, by itself, is quite unremarkable, given how pornography is readily and easily produced.  Also, just because she is "bound to make a comeback once she starts to fall on hard times" (which is an assumption of the grandest kind, given that pornography isn't the only career choice out there) doesn't mean she will.  Plus "all young porn starlets" is a very generic term; there are so many of them that they a great majority of them are severely unnotable. When she does something striking and notable, then Wikipedia should have an entry on her.  Until then, there's really no use to have an entry on her; if people want to know more about her, there's always Google. -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. 22:11, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand Allie Sin. Some notability. JamesBurns 05:12, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Wikipedia Allie Sin is already #2 on Google! Why dump it now? If people need to know about Allie Sin/Naughty Nati, let them come to Wikipedia and enjoy the other features this website has to offer. Necromancing 22:34, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote struck, user has already voted once.  -- Scott  eiπ  05:50, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * The fact that this Wikipedia entry has already gained such prominence in a Google search indicates that there isn't much other material out there, which further strengthens the argument against notability.  -- Scott  eiπ  05:50, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment if Wikipedia is so interested in deleting porn stars that are supposedly not notable, please also consider deleting the following "marginal" starlets Shay Sweet, Tawnee Stone, Stacy Burke, Lucy Lee, Kristi Myst, Kitty Marie, Kaitlyn Ashley and Adriana Sage. These "supposed" starlets are no more famous than Allie Sin, yet their pages are not up for deletion. I know that Wikipedia is not a democracy, but this seems like a small crusade against Allie Sin. You list all these other non-notable porn stars, why not just keep Allie Sin? Necromancing 00:44, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a common claim made on VfD: that, because Wikipedia has an article or articles of a certain type, it must have other articles of that type. Generally, the question of whether an article merits inclusion is answered based on community-determined policy. When that policy is unclear or non-existant in regards to the article being questioned, it is up to the community to determine the appropriate action. When several similar articles are handled in the same way, it sets a precedent, which effectively becomes a new policy. From what I can see, there is no policy or precedent concerning what makes a porn actor notable. This means that the articles you mentioned exist only because no one has questioned their right to exist. Only when one of those articles is sent to VfD and survives will your argument have any weight.  -- Scott  eiπ  08:41, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, make better, let the information flow. The notability question is easily answered by answering "Is she notable enought for this not being written by herself or her friend." --Easyas12c 11:23, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Haham hanuka 16:16, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable (as is the case with many porn stars). - Ta bu shi da yu 09:46, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment why is this STILL open for discuss after the five day review period? Obviously there will NOT be a 2/3 majority to delete! Please remove tag ASAP. - User:Necromancing 08:52, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Sulfonium

In organic chemistry, a sulfonium ion, also known as sulphonium ion or sulfanium ion, is a positively-charged ion (a "cation") featuring three organic substituents attached to sulfur. These organosulfur compounds have the formula [SR3]+. Together with a negatively-charged counterion, they give sulfonium salts. They are typically colorless solids that are soluble in organic solvent.

Synthesis
Sulfonium compounds are usually synthesized by the reaction of thioethers with alkyl halides. For example, the reaction of dimethyl sulfide with iodomethane yields trimethylsulfonium iodide:

The reaction proceeds by a nucleophilic substitution mechanism (SN2). Iodide is the leaving group departs. The rate of methylation is faster with more electrophilic methylating agents, such as methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.

Inversion
Sulfonium ions with three different substituents are chiral owing to their pyramidal structure. Unlike the isoelectronic oxonium ions (R3O+), chiral sulfonium ions are resolvable into optically stable enantiomers. [Me(Et)SCH2CO2H]+ is the first chiral sulfonium cation to be resolved into enantiomers. The barrier to inversion ranges from 100 to 130 kJ/mol.

Biochemistry
The sulfonium (more specifically methioninium) species S-adenosylmethionine occurs widely in nature, where it is used as a source of the adenosoyl or methyl radicals. These radicals participate in the biosynthesis of many compounds.

Other naturally-occurring sulfonium species are S-methylmethionine (methioninium) and the related dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP).

Organic synthesis
Sulfonium salts are precursor to sulfur ylides, which are useful in carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions. In a typical application, a R2S+CH2R′ center is deprotonated to give the ylide R2S+CHR−.

Tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate [((CH3)2N)3S]+[F2Si(CH3)3]− is a popular fluoridation agent.

Some azo dyes are modified with sulfonium groups to give them a positive charge. The compound triphenylsulfonium triflate is a photoacid, a compound that under light converts to an acid.

title: Sulfonium


text:
Yampa Valley Airport

Yampa Valley Regional Airport is in Routt County, Colorado, United States, serving the communities of Steamboat Springs, Hayden, and Craig, Colorado. The airport is two miles southeast of Hayden, about 20 miles east of Craig and about 25 mi west of Steamboat Springs. It has the only scheduled passenger flights in northwest Colorado. It is also used by larger business jets that cannot use the smaller Steamboat Springs Airport (Bob Adams Field).

The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021–2025 called it a primary commercial service airport (more than 10,000 enplanements per year). Federal Aviation Administration records say it had 87,902 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2019, 106,007 in 2020 and 150,142 in 2021.

Facilities
Yampa Valley Airport Regional covers 671 acre at an elevation of 6,606 ft. Its asphalt runway, 10/28, is 10,000 by.

In 2018 the airport completed an expansion of the apron that added a seventh aircraft parking position; in 2020 the terminal was being expanded to add a seventh gate and expanded ticketing area. The two projects cost about $10 million. The airport has nine commercial aircraft parking spots and seven gates that can handle Boeing 757s, Boeing 737s, Airbus A320/A320neos, Bombardier CRJ200s, Bombardier CRJ700/CRJ900s, Airbus A220s, Embraer 135/145s, and Embraer 170/175/190/195 Like other Colorado airports serving ski resorts, there are no jet bridges, only open air airstairs. The private ramp can handle up to 40 private jets. In the winter months larger private jets such as the Boeing 737 cannot be parked due to lack of space and must depart after deplaning passengers.

Airport procedures
The airport has no air traffic control tower. All aircraft are on a CTAF (123.0) and/or Unicom and receive airfield advisories from Unicom during hours of commercial operations. All aircraft receive approach control services from the Denver Air Route Traffic Control Center. Gates and aircraft parking slots can be assigned by Unicom or via the airline operations radio communication channels. Jet A fuel is provided by the FBO (fixed-base operator), Atlantic Aviation. All aircraft departing runway 28 make a right or left turn to avoid the populated area of Hayden. Runway 10 has an Instrument Landing System (ILS). Snow and low ceilings during winter months cause some aircraft to divert to other airports including Denver International Airport.

Airport operations
In the year ending December 31, 2021 the airport had 15,497 aircraft operations, average 42 per day: 56% general aviation, 32% scheduled airline, 34% air taxi, and 1.4% military. Eighteen aircraft were then based at this airport: four single-engine and fourteen multi-engine.

The airport has two ARFF trucks in the operations garage that are run by full-time and seasonal firefighters. They operate ARFF index C from December to March, and ARFF index B from April to November. The ARFF trucks are staffed by firefighters when a scheduled flight is arriving or departing with more than 10 passengers. Local fire departments, like The West Routt Fire Protection District and the North Routt Fire Protection District, can respond to the airport if mutual aid is needed. Transportation can be provided by local taxi, Lyft, Uber, and three shuttle companies with staffed help desks in the baggage claim terminal.

Historical airline service
Yampa Valley Airport was first served by the original Frontier Airlines with nonstop flights to Denver and direct flights to Salt Lake City with two stops. The service ran year round from late 1966 until early 1982 and Convair 580 turboprop aircraft were used. Rocky Mountain Airways then operated flights to Denver but used the Steamboat Springs Airport. Yampa Valley Airport began seeing seasonal ski service during the winter of 1985/1986 when Aspen Airways flew British Aerospace 146 four engine jets to Denver. During the 1986/1987 season, PSA provided flights to Los Angeles and San Francisco using McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jets. American Airlines then began regular seasonal service beginning with the 1987/1988 season and multiple other carriers followed in the years after that. During the 1990s and 2000s Yampa Valley Airport also saw service by Continental Airlines, Northwest Airlines, and TWA. During the 2000/2001 season, the second Midway Airlines (1993-2003) provided nonstop service to Raleigh/Durham, NC. Most major carriers now serve the airport on a seasonal basis while United and Southwest Airlines provide year round service.

Airline market share
All seasonal flights during ski season begin in December and end in April. The only year-round scheduled flights are to Denver International Airport by SkyWest flying as United Express, as well as flights to Denver International Airport and Dallas Love Field by Southwest Airlines. Mainline jets operated by the three major airlines during ski season include the Airbus A319 and A320 as well as the Boeing 737-800, Boeing 717 and 757-200.

Accidents and incidents

 * At 1:56 PM on March 14, 2001, TWA flight 641, a McDonnell Douglas MD-81 from St. Louis Lambert International Airport with 122 passengers and crew, mistakenly landed at the Craig-Moffat Airport (CAG) while on approach into the Yampa Valley Airport during a snowstorm. Craig-Moffat Airport is located approximately 17 miles west of Hayden, Colorado, and its only runway, 7/25, measures 5,600 feet—nearly half that of the Yampa Valley Airport's 10,000 foot runway 10/28. Though the flight landed safely with no injuries, the aircraft did get stuck in mud while attempting a turn at the end of the runway. Passengers were eventually bussed to the Yampa Valley Airport.
 * At 11:57 on January 22, 2022, JetBlue Airways flight 1748, an Airbus A320-232, suffered a tailstrike on takeoff. As the flight was rolling for takeoff on runway 10, a Beechcraft Super King Air 350 (N350J) was approaching from the opposite direction for a landing on runway 28 at the other end. ADS-B data suggest that the King Air was about 5300 m (2.86 nm) short of the threshold of runway 28 when JetBlue 1748 started rolling for takeoff on runway 10. Horizontal separation when the two aircraft passed, was about 800 m. The flight was diverted to Denver and landed safely with no further incident.

title: Yampa Valley Airport


text: User talk:69.247.60.211

title: User talk:69.247.60.211


text:
Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond

Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 2nd Duke of Lennox, 2nd Duke of Aubigny, (18 May 1701 – 8 August 1750) of Goodwood House near Chichester in Sussex, was a British nobleman and politician. He was the son of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, 1st Duke of Lennox, the youngest of the seven illegitimate sons of King Charles II. He was the most important of the early patrons of the game of cricket and did much to help its evolution from village cricket to first-class cricket.

Early life
Lennox was styled Earl of March from his birth in 1701 as heir to his father's dukedom. He also inherited his father's love of sports, particularly cricket. He had a serious accident at the age of 12 when he was thrown from a horse during a hunt, but he recovered and it did not deter him from horsemanship.

March entered into an arranged marriage in December 1719 when he was still only 18 and his bride, Hon. Sarah Cadogan, was just 13, in order to use Sarah's large dowry to pay his considerable debts. Dowry and debt were due to a sum won by her father in play against his father. They were married at The Hague.

In 1722, March became Member of Parliament for Chichester as first member with Sir Thomas Miller as his second. He gave up his seat after his father died in May 1723 and he succeeded to the title of 2nd Duke of Richmond. A feature of Richmond's career was the support he received from his wife, Sarah, her interest being evident in surviving letters. Their marriage was a great success, especially by Georgian standards.

Their grandson who became the 4th Duke is known to cricket history as Colonel the Hon. Charles Lennox, a noted amateur batsman of the late 18th century who was one of Thomas Lord's main guarantors when he established his new ground in Marylebone.

The Duke of Richmond's XI
The Duke has been described as early cricket's greatest patron. Although he had played cricket as a boy, his real involvement began after he succeeded to the dukedom. He captained his own team and his players included some of the earliest known professionals, such as his groom Thomas Waymark. Later, when he patronised Slindon Cricket Club, Richmond was associated with the Newland brothers. His earliest recorded match is the one against Sir William Gage's XI on 20 July 1725, which is mentioned in a surviving letter from Sir William to the Duke

Records have survived of four matches played by Richmond's team in the 1727 season. Two were against Gage's XI and two against an XI raised by the Surrey patron Alan Brodrick These last two games are highly significant because Richmond and Brodrick drew up Articles of Agreement beforehand to determine the rules that must apply in their contests. These were itemised in sixteen points. It is believed that this was the first time that rules (or some part of the rules as in this case) were formally agreed upon, although rules as such definitely existed. The first full codification of the Laws of Cricket was done in 1744. In early times, the rules would be agreed upon orally and were subject to local variations; this syndrome was also evident in football until the FA was founded, especially regarding the question of handling the ball. Essentially the articles of agreement focused on residential qualifications and ensuring that there was no dissent by any player other than the two captains.

In 1728, Richmond's Sussex played twice against Edwin Stead's Kent and lost both matches, "(Kent's) men have been too expert for those of Sussex". In 1730, Richmond's team played two matches against Gage's XI and another match against a Surrey XI backed by a Mr Andrews of Sunbury. Richmond lost to Andrews. The second of his matches against Gage, due to be played at The Dripping Pan, near Lewes, was "put off on account of Waymark, the Duke's man, being ill".

In 1731, Richmond was involved in one of the most controversial matches recorded in the early history of cricket. On 16 August, his Sussex team played a Middlesex XI backed by one Thomas Chambers at an unspecified venue in Chichester. Chambers' team won this match, which had a prize of 100 guineas, and a return was arranged to take place at Richmond Green on 23 August. The return match was played for 200 guineas and it is notable as the earliest match of which the team scores are known: Richmond's XI 79, Chambers' XI 119; Richmond's XI 72, Chambers' XI 23–5 (approx.). The game ended promptly at a pre-agreed time although Chambers' XI with "four or five more to have come in" and needing "about 8 to 10 notches" clearly had the upper hand. The result caused a fracas among the crowd at Richmond Green, who were incensed by the prompt finish because the Duke of Richmond had arrived late and delayed the start of the game. The riot resulted in some of the Sussex players "having the shirts torn off their backs" and it was said "a law suit would commence about the play" In a note about another match involving Chambers' XI in September, G. B. Buckley has recorded that Richmond may have conceded the result to Chambers, presumably to stop the threat of litigation.

Richmond is not mentioned in cricket sources again for ten years. He may have stepped aside after the 1731 fracas but it is more likely that he terminated his Duke of Richmond's XI after he broke his leg in 1733 and could no longer play himself Instead, he channelled his enthusiasm for cricket through a team from the small village of Slindon, which bordered on his Goodwood estate.

Slindon
The rise to fame of Slindon Cricket Club was based on the play of Richard Newland and the patronage of Richmond. On Thursday, 9 July 1741, in a letter to her husband, the Duchess of Richmond mentions a conversation with John Newland regarding a Slindon v. East Dean match at Long Down, near Eartham, a week earlier. This is the earliest recorded mention of any of the Newland family Then, on 28 July, Richmond sent two letters to the Duke of Newcastle to tell him about a game that day which had resulted in a brawl with "hearty blows" and "broken heads". The game was at Portslade between Slindon, who won, and unnamed opponents

On Monday 7 September 1741, Slindon played Surrey at Merrow Down, near Guildford. Richmond, in a letter to the Duke of Newcastle before the game, spoke of "poor little Slyndon against almost your whole county of Surrey". Next day he wrote again, saying that "wee (sic) have beat Surrey almost in one innings"

The Duchess wrote to him on Wednesday 9 September and said she "wish'd..... that the Sussex mobb (sic) had thrash'd the Surrey mob". She had "a grudge to those fellows ever since they mob'd you" (apparently a reference to the Richmond Green fiasco in August 1731). She then said she wished the Duke "had won more of their moneys" In 1744, Richmond created what is now the world's oldest known scorecard for the match between London and Slindon at the Artillery Ground on 2 June. Slindon won by 55 runs and the original scorecard is now among Richmond's papers in the possession of the West Sussex Records Office.

In August 1745, Richmond backed a Sussex XI against Surrey in a match at Berry Hill, near Arundel. It appears that Surrey won the game in view of a comment made by Lord John Philip Sackville in a letter to Richmond dated Saturday 14 September: "I wish you had let Ridgeway play instead of your stopper behind it might have turned the match in our favour"

Single wicket
When single wicket became the dominant form of cricket in the late 1740s, Richmond entered a number of teams mostly centred on Stephen Dingate, who was in his employ at the time. For example, a number of matches were played by a "threes" team of Dingate, Joseph Rudd and Pye. Richmond often found himself opposed by his former groom Thomas Waymark, still an outstanding player but now resident in Berkshire.

Richmond died on 8 August 1750. He had been arguably the greatest of the game's early patrons, particularly of the Slindon club and of Sussex cricket in general. His death was followed by a slump in the fortunes of Sussex cricket, which featured few matches of significance until the rise of Brighton Cricket Club in the 1790s.

Career in the peerage
Richmond held many titles, including the Order of the Garter (KG), Order of the Bath (KB), Privy Counsellor (PC) and Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). In 1734 he succeeded to the title of Duke of Aubigny in France on the death of his grandmother Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth.

He served as Lord of the Bedchamber to King George II from 1727 and, in 1735, he was appointed Master of the Horse.

Freemasonry
He was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1724. He followed his father, the 1st Duke, into freemasonry and was a Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England in 1724, a few years after its formation in 1717. His father had been a Master Mason in Chichester in 1696–1697. As Duke of Aubigny, he also assisted in introducing Freemasonry into France. In 1734, he created a masonic lodge in the Chateau d'Aubigny near Metz in northeast France. One year later, with another past Grand Master, John Theophilus Desaguliers, he assisted in inaugurating a lodge in the hotel at Rue Bussy, in Paris.

Civic roles
He was elected Mayor of Chichester for 1735–36.

Richmond was one of the founding Governors of London's Foundling Hospital, which received its Royal Charter from George II in 1739. The Foundling Hospital was a charity dedicated to saving London's abandoned children. Both the Duke and the Duchess took great interest in the project. The Duke attended committee meetings and both took part in the baptism and naming of the first children accepted by the hospital in March 1741.

Military career
Richmond was a Lieutenant-General in the British Army and served under the notorious Duke of Cumberland in the Hanoverian campaign against the Jacobite rising of 1745.

Smuggling
The 1740s was a turbulent time for Sussex. There was a rise in smuggling gangs; of these probably, the most violent was the notorious Hawkhurst Gang.

The gang were responsible for the brutal murder of a bootmaker and a customs official. Richmond decided to pursue those responsible with a vengeance. He began by petitioning the authorities so that a special assize could be held at Chichester. He did not trust the local Justices (in West Sussex), as they could not be relied on to convict smugglers. He, therefore, obtained authorisation for judges to be brought down from London. The judges (Sir Thomas Birch, Sir Michael Foster and Baron Clive) made their way under guard to Goodwood, where Richmond entertained them before the trial. His campaign against the gang may have been because it was feared that the smugglers were assisting the Jacobites by providing intelligence to the French.

All the culprits involved in the murder of the two men were captured and convicted.

The duke's love of cricket was probably only eclipsed by his enthusiasm for wiping out smuggling in Sussex. During Richmond's two-year campaign, against the illegal trade, thirty-five smugglers were executed and another ten died in gaol before they could be hanged. However, although his campaign managed to reduce the incidence of smuggling, it was reported by the writer Horace Walpole, in 1752 (after Richmond's death) that Sussex was "stiff" with smugglers.

Marriage and issue
Richmond married Lady Sarah Cadogan (1705–1751), daughter of William Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan, on 4 December 1719 at The Hague, Netherlands. They had twelve children:
 * Lady Georgiana Carolina Lennox (27 March 1723 – 24 July 1774), married Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, and had issue.
 * Lord Charles Lennox (3 September 1724 – 1724), Earl of March.
 * Lady Louisa Margaret Lennox (15 November 1725 – May 1728).
 * Lady Anne Lennox (27 May 1726 – 1727).
 * Lord Charles Lennox (9 September 1730 – November 1730), Earl of March.
 * Lady Emilia Mary Lennox (6 October 1731 – 27 March 1814), married first James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster, and had issue; and secondly William Ogilvie and had issue.
 * Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond (22 February 1735 – 29 December 1806).
 * Lord George Lennox (29 November 1737 – 25 March 1805), General, father of Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond.
 * Lady Margaret Lennox (16 November 1739 – 10 January 1741).
 * Lady Louisa Augusta Lennox (24 November 1743 – 1821), married Thomas Connolly but had no issue.
 * Lady Sarah Lennox (14 February 1745 – August 1826), married first Sir Charles Bunbury, 6th Baronet, and had issue (although not by her husband, but by Lord William Gordon); and secondly George Napier by whom she had issue.
 * Lady Cecilia Lennox (28 February 1750 – 21 November 1769), unmarried.

Richmond's interment was at Chichester Cathedral. His wife Sarah survived him by only one year.

title: Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond


text:
Koktebel

Koktebel (Ukrainian and Коктебéль, Köktöbel, in 1945–1992 known as Planerskoye, Планерское) is an urban-type settlement and one of the most popular resort townlets in southeastern Crimea. Koktebel is situated on the shore of the Black Sea about halfway between Feodosia and Sudak and is subordinated to the Feodosia Municipality. Population:

History
It is best known for its literary associations. The Russian poet Maximilian Voloshin made it his residence, where he entertained many distinguished guests, including Marina Tsvetayeva, Osip Mandelshtam, and Andrey Bely (who died there). They all wrote remarkable poems in Koktebel. Another prominent literary resident of Koktebel was Ilya Ehrenburg who lived there circa 1919 while escaping from anti-Semitic riots in Kiev.

The name Köktöbel is of Turkic origin: in Crimean Tatar it means “Land of the blue hills” (from kök, “sky blue”, and töbe,  “hill” or “mountain”, composed with the collective suffix -el).

After the deportation of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet regime in 1944, the city's name was changed from Koktebel to russified Planerskoye (it comes from the Russian planer, or glider). The hills above the shoreline were the site of many early experiments in manned heavier-than-air flight by Russian pioneer aviators. The local airfield is still known as Planerskoye.

The 2003 film of the same name by Boris Khlebnikov and Aleksei Popogrebsky follows the journey of a father and son as they try to reach Koktebel from Moscow.

Koktebel was known as a vacation spot for writers in the Soviet Union. It is also famous for its brandy, its hang-gliding and its naturist beach, largest in the former USSR.

Nowadays, Koktebel fills up in the summer with tourists from Russia and until the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea also from Ukraine and the European Union. Rubles and dollars are readily exchanged in kiosks along the beaches. There is a mixture of public beaches and private beaches with a paved walkway all along the bay. This walkway is lined with small restaurants, cafes, kiosks, and small market areas selling arts and crafts, dried fish, or slices of home-baked cake. In the evening, the beachfront comes alive with many small discos offering music, beer and shashlik. The cuisine is predominantly Tatar but Russian and Ukrainian food is also on offer. There are boat excursions, horse-riding and trips to a nearby monastery or to the cognac factory. Accommodation is either in a small hotel or in one of the hundreds of guesthouses run by local residents. It seems as though the whole population has turned into innkeepers in the summer.

Koktebel is nowadays also well known for its jazz festival that usually takes place in the middle of September. It lures the attention of jazz-lovers from the whole ex-USSR. Cast from the festival in past years included De-Phazz, Nino Katamadze, Stanley Clarke, Billy Cobham and many other famous jazz and world music performers. But the festival's 2014 edition was held in Zatoka and Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (both in Odesa Oblast).

title: Koktebel


text:
Edgar Evans

Petty Officer Edgar Evans (7 March 1876 – 17 February 1912) was a Welsh Royal Navy petty officer and member of the "Polar Party" in Robert Falcon Scott's ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition to the South Pole in 1911–1912. This group of five men, personally selected for the final expedition push, attained the Pole on 17 January 1912. The party perished as they attempted to return to the base camp.

Background
Evans was born in Rhossili, Wales, the son of a seaman. He attended St. Helen's Boys School from the age of six until he was thirteen, then enlisted in the Royal Navy in 1891, and in 1899 began service on HMS Majestic (1895), where Scott was serving as a torpedo lieutenant.

Discovery Expedition
Edgar Evans then joined Scott's first Antarctic expedition in Discovery in 1901–1904. Along with William Lashly, he accompanied Scott on his "Furthest West" sledge journey to the interior of Victoria Land in 1903.

Terra Nova expedition
Scott's biographer Roland Huntford described Evans as "a huge, bull-necked beefy figure" and a "beery womanizer" who was "running a bit to fat" by the time of Scott's second expedition in Terra Nova. Evans was nearly left behind in New Zealand when he drunkenly fell into the water while boarding the ship. However, held in high regard by Scott for "his resourcefulness, his strength and fund of anecdotes," Scott decided to overlook the incident.

Scott chose Evans as a member of his polar party, with Lieutenant Henry Robertson Bowers, Lawrence Oates, and Edward Adrian Wilson. Scott described Evans as "a giant worker—he is responsible for every sledge, every sledge-fitting, tents, sleeping-bags, harness, and when one cannot recall a single expression of dissatisfaction with any one of these items, it shows what an invaluable assistant he has been". Eleven weeks after setting off from base camp, the Polar party reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, only to discover that Roald Amundsen's five-man party had beaten them to the Pole by five weeks.

Their return journey soon became a desperate affair. Evans had cut his hand in an accident as they were nearing the pole, and the wound did not heal properly. During the return journey Evans began to deteriorate mentally as well as physically, suffering from frostbite to his fingers, nose and cheeks. As they descended the Beardmore Glacier, he is thought to have suffered a head injury in a fall into a crevasse on 4 February, sustaining a serious concussion which caused his condition to rapidly worsen. During the whole descent his condition delayed the party, and the surplus food gradually diminished.

On 16 February 1912, nearing the base of the glacier, Evans collapsed. The next morning, unable to keep up, he was left behind while the others went ahead man-hauling the sledge towards the next supply depot; they had to make a return journey to fetch him. Scott's diary described Evans's condition when they found him; 'He was on his knees, clothing disarranged, hands uncovered and frostbitten and with a "wild look in his eyes". He was placed onto a sledge and taken to the camp they had set up. By the time he was placed in the tent, he was comatose. He died in the tent that night. It was not recorded what was done with his body, and none of the other members of the polar party survived the return journey. His widow, Lois (they had married in 1904 and had three children), had a plaque placed, in his memory, in the Norman church at Rhossili. It reads "To the Glory of God and in memory of Edgar Evans 1st Class Petty Officer, R.N., and a native of this Parish, who perished on 17 February 1912, when returning from the South Pole with the Southern Party of the British Antarctic Expedition under the command of Captain Robert Falcon Scott, C.V.O., R.N. 'To seek, to strive, to find, and not to yield.'"

Evans was also remembered at the naval shore establishment on Whale Island, Portsmouth where the Edgar Evans Building was opened in 1964, the first to be named after a petty officer rather than an admiral. The building was demolished in 2010, but a new accommodation block was named after Evans. The new building contains a memorial to him that incorporates two skis he used in Antarctica. An award, named the 'Edgar Evans Award', is also given each year to the highest placed student of all Petty Officer (Missile) courses for that year.

There is also a commemorative plaque on the Scott lighthouse memorial in Roath Park Lake in Cardiff, South Wales, which lists all of the crew members including Evans. Evans Névé, Victoria Land, is named in honour of Edgar Evans.

In popular culture
In the film Scott of the Antarctic, Edgar Evans was played by James Robertson Justice. In the Central TV production The Last Place on Earth, Evans was played by Pat Roach, and in BBC Radio 4's The Worst Journey in the World by Huw Davies. Evans is a character in Beryl Bainbridge's novel The Birthday Boys (1991).

title: Edgar Evans