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Naogaon District

Naogaon District (নওগাঁ) is a district in northern Bangladesh, part of the Rajshahi Division. It is named after its headquarters, the city of Naogaon in Naogaon Sadar Upazila.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Naogaon District had 765,459 households and a population of 2,784,598, 14.9% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 811 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 72.1%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Muslims make up 86.82% of the population, while Hindus are 11.45% and Christians 0.77% of the population respectively. Other religions were 0.95% of the population. Ethnic minorities were 1,07,292 (3.85%). This was the largest ethnic minority population in Bangladesh outside the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

Economy
Today Naogaon District is considered the bread basket of Bangladesh. It is in the central part of the historical Varendra region of Bengal, with an area of about 3435.67 km2, about 80% of which is under cultivation. The soil of the area is a fertile inorganic clay called loam.

The total population of the area is about 28 lac, and most of the people of the district are farmers. The literacy rate is 72.14%. Crops grown in the district include paddy, mango, jute, wheat, maize, sugar cane, potatoes, pulses, oil seeds, brinjal, onions, and garlic. The total production of paddy and wheat in 2009-2010 was 13,58,432 metric tons(about 39% in our growth economy), including a surplus of 8,26,835 metric tons. Today it is the top listed district in the side of rice production and has the highest number of rice processing mills of any district.

Naogaon is now the country's prime hub for mango harvest. Statistics from Bangladesh's Department of Agricultural Extension show that Naogaon alone produced over 3.33 lakh tonnes mango in fiscal 2017–18, far more than Chapainawabganj's production of 2.74 lakh tonnes and Rajshahi's 2.13 lakh tonnes.

Paharpur
Paharpur is a small village 5 km west of Jamalganj in the Naogaon district where the remains of the Somapura Mahavihara monastery have been excavated. This 7th-century archaeological find covers an area of approximately 27 acre of land. The entire establishment, occupying a quadrangular court, measures more than 900 ft and is from 12 to 15 ft in height. With an elaborate gateway complex on the north, there are 45 cells on the north and 44 on each of the other three sides, for a total number of 177 rooms. The architecture of the pyramidal cruciform temple is influenced by those of South-East Asia, especially Myanmar and Java. It takes its name from a high mound, which looked like a pahar, or hillock.

A site museum built recently houses the representative collection of objects recovered from the area. The excavated findings have also been preserved at the Varendra Research Museum at Rajshahi. The antiquities of the museum include terracotta plaques, images of different gods and goddesses, pottery, coin inscriptions, ornamental bricks, and other minor clay objects.

Nine miles west-southwest of Somapura Mahavihara is the archaeological site of Halud Vihara, which has been tentatively listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Kusumba Mosque
Kusumba Mosque is on the west bank of the Atrai River in Manda Upazila. It was built in 1558-59 during the period of Afgan rule in Bengal by a high-ranking official named Sulaiman. It was constructed in a Bengal style.

Jagaddala Mahavihara
Jagaddala Mahavihara (fl. late 11th century-mid-12th century) was a Buddhist monastery and seat of learning in Varendra, a geographical unit in present north Bengal in Bangladesh. It was founded by the later kings of the Pāla dynasty, probably Ramapala (c. 1077–1120), likely at a site near the present village of Jagddal in Dhamoirhat Upazila in northwest Bangladesh on the border with India. It is tentatively listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Patisar
Patisar village is associated with Rabindranath Tagore. It is situated on the banks of the river Nagor, 12 kilometers south-east of the Atrai railway station and 26 kilometers from the district town. The headquarters of the Tagore family's zamindari in Kaligram Pargana was located at Patisar. Dwarkanath Tagore, the grandfather of Rabindranath Tagore, purchased this zamindari in 1830. Rabindranath Tagore first came to Patisar in January 1891.

The architectural design of the two-storied Kuthibari of Patisar is similar to that of Shilaidaha-Shahjadpur. The buildings, adjacent to the main mansion, are now reduced to ruins. A pond, named Rabindrasarobar, is now a silted-up marsh. During his stay at Patisar, Tagore composed various poems, stories, novels, essays, and the verse-play Biday Abhishap. He also established many primary schools, a school named Rathindranath High School, charitable dispensaries, and Patisar Krishi Bank (1905). He introduced tractors in Patisar and formed cooperative societies for the development of agriculture, handloom, and pottery.

In 1921, when the zamindari was divided, Patisar was included in Tagore's share. When the poet was awarded the Nobel Prize, the tenants of Patisar gave him an address of honor (1913). On the request of his tenants, Tagore visited Patisar in 1937 for the last time on the occasion of Punya. Every year many devotees of Tagore come from home and abroad to visit Patisar. On the occasions of Tagore's birth and death anniversaries, the Government arranges and gives all facilities to make discussion meetings and cultural functions that are held at Patisar.

Dubalhati
Dubalhati is an ancient site in the southwestern part of the district. The road to Dubalhati passes through the wide body of water known as “Dighli beel” (a beel is a large shallow lake or marsh). There is a large well in the center of the road for providing travelers with water.

A feature of Dubalhati is the "Raja's Mansion" (Jomidar Bari or Rajbari). The house has two parts; the main part, Darbar Hall, is residential and used for holding seminars, while the other part, Natto Shalla, is for prayers. The rajbari is a three-story building standing on wide and long masonry slender spiral columns. There are four large dighi (small lakes) around the site.

The rajbari was first built by Raja Horandro Ray Choudhory during the Pala Dynasty (781–1124). About 53 rajas have held the title, beginning with Jogotram, and ending with Haranath Ray Bahadur II in the 1940s. Raja Horonath Ray Bahadur I was notable for his construction of schools in the Rajshahi and Naogaon districts, including Natto Shala, Baganbari, Dubalhati High school, Naogaon K.D. School. He contributed sums of money to the Rajshahi Government College. He founded Dubalhati Raja Horonuth High School, only the second high school in the Rajshahi Division, in 1864. He had many wells and dhighis (small lakes) dug for providing drinking and irrigation water and provided food to the populace during the famine of 1874. This raj bari was destroyed during the Hindu Muslim riots in 1946. The members of this family include Krinkari Ray Choudhary (son of Horonath Ray Bahadur who died in 1949). The Roy Choudhary family still prevails in Kolkata and is now well settled.

Dibar Dighi
One of the ancient and historic places of Naogaon District is Dibar Dighi. It is situated on the side of village Dibar, in Dibar Union of Patnitala Upazila.

Administration
Secretary of District Council: ATM Abdullahel Baki

Chairman of District Council: AKM Fozley Rabbi

Deputy Commissioner (DC): Khalid Mehdi Hasan, PAA

Superintendent of Police (SP): Md. Iqbal Hossain

Upazilas
The district is divided into 11 upazilas:
 * Atrai Upazila
 * Badalgachhi Upazila
 * Dhamoirhat Upazila
 * Manda Upazila
 * Mohadevpur Upazila
 * Naogaon Sadar Upazila
 * Niamatpur Upazila
 * Patnitala Upazila
 * Porsha Upazila
 * Raninagar Upazila
 * Sapahar Upazila

Schools

 * Naogaon Medical College
 * Jahangirpur Government College
 * Naogaon Government College
 * Nazipur Government College
 * Sapahar Government College
 * Tetulia B. M. C. College
 * Agradigun ML High School
 * Al-Helal Islami Academy & College
 * Chak Atitha High School
 * Chakmuli High School
 * Chandipur High School
 * Fatehpur First High School
 * Khirshin S.K. High School
 * Mithapur B. L. High School
 * Mohadevpur Sarba Mongala (Pilot) High School
 * Naogaon K.D. Government High School
 * Naogaon Zilla School
 * Naogaon Government Girls’ High School
 * Sapahar Pilot High School
 * Saraswatipur High School
 * Tilna Multilateral High School
 * Nazipur govt. model high school

Notable residents

 * Mohammad Baitullah, politician, first Deputy Speaker of Bangladesh Parliament
 * Gahanananda, 14th President of the Ramakrishna Order
 * Talim Hossain, poet; recipient of Ekushey Padak and Bangla Academy Literary Award; founder of Nazrul Academy in Dhaka
 * James, renowned singer-songwriter, guitarist, composer, and playback singer.
 * Abdul Jalil, politician, Awami activist, former Minister of Commerce (1999-2001), former Secretary of Bangladesh Awami League and founding chairman of Mercantile Bank Limited, Bangladesh
 * Sadhan Chandra Majumder, politician, Minister of Food (since 2019)
 * Akhtar Hameed Siddiqui, politician, former Deputy Speaker of Jatiya Sangsad (2001-2006)
 * Muzaffar Rahman Chowdhury, politician, Member of East Pakistan Provincial Assembly (1946), Member of National Assembly of Pakistan (1962-1965)
 * Shishir Nag, journalist and former leader of the Revolutionary Communist Party
 * Motin Rahman, film director; recipient of National Film Award
 * Emaz Uddin Pramanik, politician, former Minister of Textiles and Jute (2014-2019)
 * Alamgir Kabir, politician, former State Minister of Women and Children Affairs (2006)
 * Chikon Ali, comedy actor
 * Mohsin Ul Hakim, journalist, Special Correspondent in Jamuna TV
 * Kala Pahar, Muslim general of Bengal Sultanate
 * Shabnam Mustari, singer; recipient of Ekushey Padak; daughter of Talim Hossain.
 * Shiran Khalji, second Muslim ruler of Bengal.
 * Shibli Sadik, renowned film director; recipient of National Film Awards.

title: Naogaon District


text:
Fort Wayne (Detroit)

Fort Wayne is located in the city of Detroit, Michigan, at the foot of Livernois Avenue in the Delray neighborhood. The fort is situated on the Detroit River at a point where it is under half a mile to the Ontario shore. The original 1848 limestone barracks (with later brick additions) still stands, as does the 1845 fort (renovated in 1863 with brick exterior facing). On the grounds but outside the original fort are additional barracks, officers quarters, a recreation building, a theater, commissary, guard house, garage, and stables. A large warehouse and the post fire station were torn down in 1976 and the two-story hospital was torn down in 2007.

The fort sits on 96 acre. Since the 1970s, 83 acre, including the original fort and a number of buildings, has been operated by the city of Detroit. The remaining area is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a boatyard. The fort was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1958 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

Background
Fort Wayne is Detroit's third fort. The first, Fort Pontchartrain du Detroit, was built by the French in 1701 near current day Hart Plaza. This fort, constructed shortly after Cadillac landed, was manned by the French until they surrendered it to the British in 1760 during the French and Indian War. The British constructed the second fort, Fort Lernoult, a few years later, centered on current day Fort and Shelby streets. They manned the post until 1796 when the United States assumed control over the site and renamed it Fort Shelby. Following the end of the War of 1812, Fort Shelby fell into disrepair, and in 1826 the City of Detroit purchased and demolished it.

The site of Fort Wayne originally consisted of a high sand mound with freshwater springs along the marshy waterfront of the Detroit River; it is from this geography that Springwells Township (later annexed into the City of Detroit) took its name. The site has a history going back to about the year 1000 A.D. Approximately 19 Native American burial mounds were present in the immediate area, as well as a larger mound at the mouth of the Rouge River. The present bastioned fort was built atop one of these burial mounds. In the early 20th century, the sole remaining burial mound at Fort Wayne was excavated by archaeologists from the University of Michigan and was found to contain human remains dating over 900 years old. A type of pottery found there is unique to the site; it was subsequently dubbed "Wayne Ware."

When Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain, later known as Fort Detroit, he also purportedly made arrangements with the local Potawatomi people to set up a small village at the future site of Fort Wayne for purposes of trading; this was occupied and thriving by 1710.

The opening shots of the War of 1812 were fired in the vicinity of the fort's future site, the "sand hill at Springwells". Although war had not yet been officially declared, Michigan militiamen bombarded the town of Sandwich, Upper Canada (later annexed into Windsor), on July 4, 1812. Later in the course of the war, British general Isaac Brock crossed the narrowest part of the Detroit River with his troops and landed on the future Fort Wayne site before marching to Detroit. In the ensuing Siege of Detroit, American general William Hull, believing himself completely surrounded and outnumbered, surrendered Fort Shelby to the British without offering any resistance. The British later abandoned the fort and American troops reoccupied it. In 1815, the future Fort Wayne site was where American government and the local Native American tribal leaders met to sign the Treaty of Springwells, which marked the end of hostilities between the government and tribes that allied with the British during the war. Among those present for the signing of the treaty were territorial governor Lewis Cass and General William Henry Harrison.

In the late 1830s, small, short-lived rebellions occurred in Canada to protest corruption within its colonial government. Many Americans believed there was widespread Canadian support for these rebellions and formed volunteer militias to overthrow Canada's colonial government. This led to a series of militia attacks on Canada known as the Patriot War. American troops were mustered to suppress the American volunteers and maintain America's official neutrality in the conflict. However, at the same time, the United States government realized there was a lack of fortifications along the northern border to repel a potential British attack, and in particular, no counterpart to the British Fort Malden located in Amherstburg. In 1841, Congress appropriated funds to build a chain of forts stretching from the east coast to the Minnesota Territory, including one at Detroit.

Soon afterward, the Army sent Lieutenant Montgomery C. Meigs to Detroit. Meigs bought riverfront farm property three miles below Detroit, in Springwells Township, at the point on the Detroit River closest to Canada. Construction of the fort began in 1842, with Meigs overseeing. The original fortifications were cedar-revetted earthen walls. The fort was completed in 1851 at a cost of $150,000. The Army named the new fort for Revolutionary War hero General "Mad" Anthony Wayne, who had taken possession of Detroit from the British in 1796.

Architecture and construction
The original fort is a bastioned rectangle with walls of earthen ramparts faced with cedar, covering vaulted brick casemates that contain embrasures (openings) for antipersonnel flank howitzers. The design was based on fortifications developed by Sebastian Vauban, a 17th-century French military engineer, and taught by Dennis Hart Mahan at the U.S. Military Academy. Artillery emplacements are atop the walls, designed for 10 in cannon mounted to fire over the parapet, although there is no indication that artillery intended for the fort was ever installed. There is a dry moat surrounding the fort, and a demilune facing the river.

Although the fort today is substantially similar to the original construction, some changes have been made. Starting in 1863, under the supervision of Thomas J. Cram, the walls of the fort were reconstructed, replacing the original cedar facing with brick. The new scarp (outside wall) used the semi-detached scarp concept developed by French engineer Lazare Carnot. His concepts were also used in the gently-sloping counterscarp embankment, designed to facilitate counterattacks during a siege. While the original sally port in the southeast bastion still exists, a motor gate was added in 1838. This arched entrance was constructed through the fort's walls to accommodate vehicular traffic; later, the arches were removed to fit larger trucks.

Within the fort (and built at approximately the same time) is a Federal style, $3 1/2$-story limestone troop barracks, consisting of five independent but adjacent sections - each intended to house one company. Each section contains a ground floor mess, two floors of barracks rooms, and an attic. Brick additions were added to the rear of the building in 1861, housing washrooms and kitchens. Next to the barracks is a powder magazine, also constructed of limestone. Additional buildings originally built within the fort, such as officer's housing, have long since been destroyed.

Numerous additional buildings have been built on fort grounds outside of the fort. A row of wooden Victorian officer's homes was built in the 1880s. In 1937, these homes were completely refurbished and clad in brick by WPA workers. One home was restored in the 1980s to its original appearance. A Spanish–American War guardhouse, built in 1889, is in the center of the fort grounds. The guard house was restored in 1984. In 1890, a brick hospital was built, with a later addition in 1898. In 1905, a new guardhouse, still in use today, was built near the gate to the fort grounds. Around the same time, four barracks buildings for enlisted men were built, as well as a service club (1903), headquarters (1905), and post office. By 1928, duplex housing for senior NCOs had been constructed. In 1939, more NCO houses were built in a row facing Jefferson Avenue.

Historical use
Before any cannon had been installed at the newly constructed Fort Wayne, the United States and Britain peacefully resolved their differences, eliminating the need for a fort on the Detroit River. Fort Wayne remained unused for a decade after its initial construction, manned only by a single watchman. There is evidence suggesting that the fort was a final stop on the Underground Railroad during these dormant years, as the Irish farmer who lived next to the fort's demilune operated a small ferry to Canada to supplement his income, the only such ferry in this part of the city at that time.

In 1861, the American Civil War again made Fort Wayne relevant. British sympathy for the Confederacy renewed fears of an attack from Canada, leading to a reconstruction and strengthening of the fort walls. Two weeks after the beginning of the war, the Michigan 1st Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered into service at Fort Wayne. For the rest of the Civil War, the fort served as a mustering center for troops from Michigan, as well as a place for veterans to recover from their wounds. Alfred Gibbs was the first commander to occupy the fort, serving his parole at Fort Wayne after being captured by the Confederacy.

After the Civil War and until 1920, Fort Wayne served as a garrison post, with regiments rotated from the western frontier for rest. In 1875, the city of Detroit annexed a portion of Springwells Township; in 1884, it annexed more of Springwells Township east of Livernois Avenue, including all land adjacent to Fort Wayne.

During the Spanish–American War, troops from the fort headed to Cuba and the Philippines. The fort's guardhouse also housed the first telephone exchange in southwestern Detroit.

During the Red Scare following World War I, the fort served as a temporary detention center for accused communists awaiting trial. In 1921, the world's first motorized ride-on lawn mower, patented by Ransom E. Olds and manufactured by the Ideal Power Mower Co. of Lansing, was used at Fort Wayne (as well as several other sites) for promotional purposes. During the Great Depression, the fort was opened to homeless families and it housed the Civilian Conservation Corps.

During World War I, Fort Wayne had become instrumental in the acquisition of cars, trucks, and spare parts for the military. This motor vehicle supply function reached its peak in World War II, when Fort Wayne was designated Motor Supply Depot and additional buildings were constructed for warehousing and shipping. At that time, Fort Wayne was the largest motor supply depot in the entire world, the command center controlling the flow of materiel from the automobile factories to the citywide network of storage and staging facilities, which included the Michigan State Fairgrounds, and the Port of Detroit terminal. Every single tank, truck, jeep, tire, or spare part that was sent to the fronts of World War II from the Detroit factories came through Fort Wayne. At that time, there was a railroad spur along the riverfront, docks for large ships, and over 2,000 (mostly civilian women) workers were employed; the drivers and mechanics of the Red Ball Express were also trained here. Fort Wayne served as home to Italian prisoners of war (POWs) captured during the North African Campaign, who were employed as servants, cooks, and janitors. After Italy's surrender, the POWs were given the chance to return to Italy, but many chose to remain and settle in Detroit.

At the end of World War II, plans were made to close the fort. In 1948, the fort and original barracks were turned over to the City of Detroit's Historical Commission for operation as a military museum. In the 1950s, anti-aircraft guns were installed at the fort, later upgraded to Nike-Ajax missiles. During the Cold War, Fort Wayne served as an entrance station for the armed services, with thousands of enlistees and draftees being sworn in during the Korean War and Vietnam War. The fort was again used to provide housing to displaced families after the 1967 12th Street Riot, with the last families staying at the fort until 1971.

The remainder of Fort Wayne was turned over piecemeal to the city of Detroit, with the last bit of property delivered in 1976.

Current use
From 1949 until 2006, the Fort Wayne Military Museum was operated by the Detroit Historical Museum. Since early 2006, the fort has been operated by the Detroit Recreation Department, assisted by the Historic Fort Wayne Coalition, and the Detroit Historical Society.

The fort hosts historic reenactments (usually Civil War), spring and fall flea markets, concerts, youth soccer league matches, and Hispanic and Boy Scout events, and is open for some civic events. Areas can be rented for special events and family reunions. Also on the grounds is the remaining ancient Native American burial mound and the Tuskegee Airmen National Historical Museum.

Spurred in part by construction of the new Gordie Howe International Bridge, nearby, the fort has been studied for possible inclusion in the national park system. The National Park Service has previously assisted in identifying ways to preserve the fort and draw visitors. Among the possibilities, the fort could become part of River Raisin National Battlefield Park, based in Monroe, to the southwest.

In 2019, Fort Wayne hosted the Finish Line of the 31st season (subtitled Reality Showdown) of the long-running CBS's reality competition The Amazing Race.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fort Wayne (Detroit)


text:
Series 40

Nokia Series 40, often shortened as S40, is a software platform and application user interface (UI) software on Nokia's broad range of mid-tier feature phones, as well as on some of the Vertu line of luxury phones. It was one of the world's most widely used mobile phone platforms and found in hundreds of millions of devices. Nokia announced on 25 January 2012 that the company has sold over 1.5 billion Series 40 devices. It was not used for smartphones, with Nokia turning first to Symbian, then in 2012–2017 to Windows Phone, and most recently Android. However, in 2012 and 2013, several Series 40 phones from the Asha line, such as the 308, 309 and 311, were advertised as "smartphones" although they do not actually support smartphone features like multitasking or a fully fledged HTML browser.

In 2014, Microsoft acquired Nokia's mobile phones business. As part of a licensing agreement with the company, Microsoft Mobile is allowed to use the Nokia brand on feature phones, such as the Series 40 range. However, a July 2014 company memo revealed that Microsoft would end future production of Series 40 devices. It was replaced by Series 30+.

History
Series 40 was introduced in 1999 with the release of the Nokia 7110. It had a 96 × 65 pixel monochrome display and was the first phone to come with a WAP browser. Over the years, the S40 UI evolved from a low-resolution UI to a high-resolution color UI with an enhanced graphical look. The third generation of Series 40 that became available in 2005 introduced support for devices with resolutions as high as QVGA (240×320). It is possible to customize the look and feel of the UI via comprehensive themes. In 2012, Nokia Asha mobile phones 200/201, 210, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308, 310 and 311 were released and all used Series 40. The final feature phone running Series 40 was the Nokia 515 from 2013, running the 6th Edition.

Applications
Series 40 provides communication applications such as telephone, Internet telephony (VoIP), messaging, email client with POP3 and IMAP4 capabilities and web browser; media applications such as camera, video recorder, music/video player and FM radio; and phonebook and other personal information management (PIM) applications such as calendar and tasks. Basic file management, like in Series 60, is provided in the Applications and Gallery folders and subfolders. Gallery is also the default location for files transferred over Bluetooth to be placed. User-installed applications on Series 40 are generally mobile Java applications. Flash Lite applications are also supported, but mostly used for screensavers.

Web browser
The integrated web browser can access most web content through the service provider's XHTML/HTML gateway. The latest version of Series 40, called Series 40 6th Edition, introduced a new browser based on the WebKit open source components WebCore and JavaScriptCore. The new browser delivers support for HTML 4.01, CSS2, JavaScript 1.5, and Ajax. Also, like the higher-end Series 60, Series 40 can run the UC Browser web browser to enhance the user's web browsing experience. The latest feature phones from the Asha lineup come with the Nokia Xpress Browser which uses proxy servers to compress and optimize web pages in a similar fashion as Opera Mini.

Synchronization
Support for SyncML synchronization of the address book, calendar and notes with external services is present. However, with many S40 phones, these synchronization settings must be sent via an OTA text message.

Software platform
Series 40 is an embedded software platform that is open for software development via standard or de facto content and application development technologies. It supports Java MIDlets, i.e. Java MIDP and CLDC technology, which provide location, communication, messaging, media, and graphics capabilities. S40 also supports Flash Lite applications.

List of devices
The following is a list of Series 40 devices released by Nokia:
 * Nokia 1xxx series
 * Nokia 1680 classic
 * Nokia 2xxx series
 * Nokia 2220 slide
 * Nokia 2320 classic
 * Nokia 2323 classic
 * Nokia 2330 classic
 * Nokia 2355
 * Nokia 2600 classic
 * Nokia 2610
 * Nokia 2626
 * Nokia 2630
 * Nokia 2650
 * Nokia 2660
 * Nokia 2680 slide
 * Nokia 2690
 * Nokia 2700 classic
 * Nokia 2710
 * Nokia 2720 fold
 * Nokia 2730 classic
 * Nokia 2760
 * Nokia 2855
 * Nokia 2855i
 * Nokia 2865
 * Nokia 2865i
 * Nokia 3xxx series
 * Nokia 3100
 * Nokia 3105
 * Nokia 3108
 * Nokia 3109 classic
 * Nokia 3110 classic
 * Nokia 3110 Evolve
 * Nokia 3120
 * Nokia 3120 classic
 * Nokia 3125
 * Nokia 3128
 * Nokia 3152
 * Nokia 3155
 * Nokia 3155i
 * Nokia 3200
 * Nokia 3205
 * Nokia 3220
 * Nokia 3300
 * Nokia 3300 Americas
 * Nokia 3500 classic
 * Nokia 3510i
 * Nokia 3555
 * Nokia 3585i
 * Nokia 3586
 * Nokia 3586i
 * Nokia 3587
 * Nokia 3587i
 * Nokia 3595
 * Nokia 3600 slide
 * Nokia 3610
 * Nokia 3710 fold
 * Nokia 3720 classic
 * Nokia 5xxx series
 * Nokia 5000
 * Nokia 5070
 * Nokia 5100
 * Nokia 5130 XpressMusic
 * Nokia 5140
 * Nokia 5140i
 * Nokia 5200
 * Nokia 5220 XpressMusic
 * Nokia 5300 XpressMusic
 * Nokia 5310 XpressMusic
 * Nokia 5330 XpressMusic
 * Nokia 5330 Mobile TV Edition
 * Nokia 5610 XpressMusic
 * Nokia 6xxx series
 * Nokia 6010
 * Nokia 6012
 * Nokia 6015
 * Nokia 6015i
 * Nokia 6020
 * Nokia 6021
 * Nokia 6030
 * Nokia 6060
 * Nokia 6070
 * Nokia 6080
 * Nokia 6085
 * Nokia 6086
 * Nokia 6100
 * Nokia 6101
 * Nokia 6102
 * Nokia 6102i
 * Nokia 6103
 * Nokia 6108
 * Nokia 6111
 * Nokia 6125
 * Nokia 6126
 * Nokia 6131
 * Nokia 6131 NFC
 * Nokia 6133
 * Nokia 6136
 * Nokia 6151
 * Nokia 6152
 * Nokia 6155
 * Nokia 6155i
 * Nokia 6165
 * Nokia 6170
 * Nokia 6200
 * Nokia 6208 classic
 * Nokia 6212 classic
 * Nokia 6216 classic
 * Nokia 6220
 * Nokia 6225
 * Nokia 6230
 * Nokia 6230i
 * Nokia 6233
 * Nokia 6234
 * Nokia 6235
 * Nokia 6235i
 * Nokia 6255
 * Nokia 6260 slide
 * Nokia 6263
 * Nokia 6265
 * Nokia 6265i
 * Nokia 6267
 * Nokia 6270
 * Nokia 6275
 * Nokia 6275i
 * Nokia 6280
 * Nokia 6282
 * Nokia 6288
 * Nokia 6300
 * Nokia 6300i
 * Nokia 6301
 * Nokia 6303 classic
 * Nokia 6303i classic
 * Nokia 6350
 * Nokia 6500 classic
 * Nokia 6500 slide
 * Nokia 6555
 * Nokia 6585
 * Nokia 6560
 * Nokia 6600 fold
 * Nokia 6600 slide
 * Nokia 6600i
 * Nokia 6610
 * Nokia 6610i
 * Nokia 6700 Classic
 * Nokia 6750 Mural
 * Nokia 6800
 * Nokia 6810
 * Nokia 6820
 * Nokia 6822
 * Nokia 7xxx series:
 * Nokia 7020
 * Nokia 7070
 * Nokia 7100 Supernova
 * Nokia 7110
 * Nokia 7200
 * Nokia 7210
 * Nokia 7210 Supernova
 * Nokia 7230
 * Nokia 7250
 * Nokia 7260
 * Nokia 7270
 * Nokia 7280
 * Nokia 7310 Supernova
 * Nokia 7360
 * Nokia 7370
 * Nokia 7373
 * Nokia 7380
 * Nokia 7390
 * Nokia 7500 Prism
 * Nokia 7510 Supernova
 * Nokia 7600
 * Nokia 7610 Supernova
 * Nokia 7900 Prism
 * Nokia 7900 Crystal Prism
 * Nokia 8xxx series
 * Nokia 8600 Luna
 * Nokia 8800
 * Nokia 8800 Sirocco
 * Nokia 8800 Arte
 * Nokia 8800 Gold Arte
 * Nokia 8800 Sapphire Arte
 * Nokia 8800 Carbon Arte
 * Nokia Cseries:
 * Nokia C1-01
 * Nokia C1-02
 * Nokia C2-00
 * Nokia C2-01
 * Nokia C2-02
 * Nokia C2-03
 * Nokia C2-05
 * Nokia C2-06
 * Nokia C3-00
 * Nokia C3 Touch and Type
 * Nokia Xseries (Not to be confused with Nokia X Family):
 * Nokia X2-00
 * Nokia X2-01
 * Nokia X2-02
 * Nokia X2-05
 * Nokia X3-00
 * Nokia X3-02
 * Nokia Asha series
 * Nokia Asha 200/201
 * Nokia Asha 202
 * Nokia Asha 203
 * Nokia Asha 205
 * Nokia Asha 210
 * Nokia Asha 300
 * Nokia Asha 302
 * Nokia Asha 303
 * Nokia Asha 305
 * Nokia Asha 306
 * Nokia Asha 308
 * Nokia Asha 309
 * Nokia Asha 310
 * Nokia Asha 311

title: Series 40


text:
Talk:Aish HaTorah

Comments
60% claim removed after it was removed from their website.
 * Shalom,
 * Thank you for writing to us and pointing this out. This has been corrected on our site.
 * All the best,

-- --
 * Hello everyone, kindly register with Wikipedia and obtain official user names so that you can sign all your comments with the four tildes ~ Thank you. IZAK 16:42, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Spielberg
Mentioning Spielberg's inconsistency with the ideals of Aish HaTorah is relevant. Aish HaTorah uses his endorsement, and as I recall he dedicated something which bears his name in the Jerusalam yeshiva. Spielberg is married to a non-Jew, and his new movie "Munich" has been subjected to a torrent of criticism for its inability to make a moral distinction between the terrorist murderers of Munich and the Israeli hit team that tried to enact justice and kill them. That's not the kind of man that Aish should be trotting out of evidence of their success.
 * For now, try to integrate that context (with wikilinking), because that specific passage is untenable in isolation; it is simply too confusing and unclear as per relevance, and otherwise. Please keep the average reader in mind. Thanks. El_C 08:24, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Barry Simon
I removed one person's criticism of one aspect of one activity by Aish. We know Barry Simon is opposed to the use of Torah Codes, which point should be developed in Bible Code and not here. JFW | T@lk  19:26, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Barry Simon claims that "virtually unanimous opinion of those professional mathematicians and statisticians". He is a respected mathematician in his own right, and the Discovery program that uses these codes is one of Aish's biggest items. Perhaps the criticism belongs here, where the claim "Discovery Seminar ... uses scientific methods of research to explore the authenticity of Judaism" is made. This is challenged by scientists such as Barry Simon.Hyim 21:19, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Jerusalem Fund
This organization recieved a total of one star (out of four) from Charitynavigator.com. (http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm/bay/search.summary/orgid/3925.htm) This similarity between this name and the Jerusalem Foundation has led some to believe that Aish used this name fro deceptive purposes. The nomenclature was challenged in a 1999 article in Globes Magazine.Hyim 04:41, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Anti-blog
Someone has felt it necessary to insert an URL to Mayim (literally "water"), a blog dedicated to critiquing Aish UK.

However, it's not critcism in this blog. It's bleating and aimed at "exposing" this or that. It only criticises the UK branch, which is only a small part of a much larger organisation.

I see no reason why this blog should be linked here. JFW | T@lk  03:07, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Controversy Section
The article relating to Aish is not balanced and provides no criticism to the organization at all. Whilst I think this is proganda, I am not opposed to the article but think there needs to a balance to it with the criticism that is felt by many people. I do not have enough sources to write the critiques myself but this article should be flagged as a very one-sided piece.

I don't have a reference to back this up, so I won't put it on the main page, but this passaage:

"However, the accusation is not only commonly dismissed by Aish HaTorah members and staff, but also the majority of religious Jews, who see the controversy surrounding Aish HaTorah as rooting from secular Judaism in an attempt to taint Aish HaTorah's name, and their outreach work"

is just false. Most orthodox Jews cringe when they hear the name "Aish Hatorah" because they know the place is wacko. I highly doubt anyone with smicha from Aish would be taken seriously in a serious religious setting. But I dodn't have documentation so I leave it on this rarely-viewed page.

This whole page read like Aish propaganda. It ought to be cleaned up from a NPOVHyim 05:56, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hyim: what do you propose? Say it here on the talk page and then it can go into the article. Please do not suggest Chabad-Lubavitch propaganda as an "antidote" to Aish's propaganda because it will sound just as silly and foolish. IZAK 07:04, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

–Hmm... I know lots of 'committed Jews' who are graduates of the Aish yeshiva and programmes abroad. Garry Wayland 18:29, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The whole page is propaganda. I have sprinkled some citations and references to their wacky beliefs and tried to beef up the Controvery section. It's such a shame that this organization can't just try to produce committed Jews instead of zealots adi67  17:24, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Can we have a source for the last statement of the controversy section re 'standard psychologic pressure'? Thanks Garry Wayland 17:58, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Most of the Controversy section is an unsourced editorial and thus is forbidden by the rules against original research. It has to be either propery sourced or deleted.  The correct way to add criticism is to locate a published source of criticism and report what it says.  We aren't allowed to write our own.  McKay 14:57, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I have added a 'Controversy' label at the start of this discussion; it seems clear to me that there those with both very positive and very negative views of the organisation making edits, based on a lot of hearsay, personal opinion, and making relatively emotive comments. The first paragraph is a good example of this - much of it is false (especially in the various branches of the organisation with which I have personal experience), and dubious at best; and the controversy section is an ongoing conversation between various editors. I don't see the point of editing as based on current trends it will be gone within a few days... Garry Wayland 17:16, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Here is an article that may shed some light on the Aish controversy. Here is a an individual's take on Aish's recruitment.  Hyim 06:49, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

I have edited the endorsements paragraph to reflect, I believe, the best of Wikipedia policy: a statement of the facts with sources. I corrected the text that compared Aish's endorsements with those of Scientology and Kabbalah Centre because there were no sources provided. In fact, I went to those websites and could not find ANY endorsements, celebrity or otherwise, nor did I find any with a google search. Therefore, I believe that the intellectual reputation of some of Aish's endorsements is one useful piece of information in this section. It alone doesn't prove anything, nor is it irrelevant. Narcissus14
 * You were right to remove the Scientology and Kabbalah Centre claims, but your own edit was a clear violation of the no original research policy. The problem is that as well as linking to Aish's page of endorsements, you added your own opinion about it ("seem to belie...").  You aren't allowed to do that, you can only give the opinions and analysis of named reliable sources. McKay 04:01, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * You are making a strong argument for editing, but not for deleting the entire chunk. In fact, the statement "this is an accusation of which the organization is aware" which you left intact is very un-wikish - it has no source. Moreover, how can an organization be aware of something? I'm going to edit, taking into consideration your point (above) and challenge you to repair rather than delete if you see any problems. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Narcissus14 (talk • contribs) 16:07, 31 January 2007 (UTC).
 * Your text is Original Research, simple as that. Everything you wrote is your analsysis. It is you claiming "these sources do not make the case" (btw, have you read Tapper's article?).  It is you claiming "The Wiki on NRMs would appear to fully invalidate".   That's not allowed.  Even if you personally were a world-renowned expert on cults, it still wouldn't be allowed.  Please read the policy!  You have to find a published reliable source where that analysis appears, then you can quote (or paraphrase) it. McKay 07:46, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

I see the entire section was removed. Is there a reason. Right now the article is an advert. I'm not going to touch it, but it should be fixed. Basejumper 00:04, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, the controversy section should be readded, perhaps with a citation tag. Yodaat 23:28, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree, so where is it? Also, I recall Aish puting out a call for people to edit wikipedia in a political way. Should or cuold this be added as it seems very relevant. (Let me declare a possible COI. Groups that try to manipulate wikipedia annoy me, and I have neutral feelings for this group to begin with.) Basejumper2 04:38, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Is there a problem with the fact that 10's of 1000s of people are frum to the extent of modern orthodxy because of Aish Hatorah. Even if no one would be accepted as a Rabbi in the Frum community, if there are people that are Shomer Torah U'mitzvos because of them, they deserve a very big Yasher Koach. If they are not exactly the type of people you enjoy being around, well no one asked you to join the Yeshiva. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.136.156.64 (talk) 06:10, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Politics
This article does not mention the fact that a large part of Aish's output is political polemic. Examples:, , , , ,. Such articles form between 1/3 and 1/2 of all output nowadays. I added a very weak mention to the article but I don't really want to edit it. Someone should add more, including a description of Aish's political position (somewhere around the Netanyahu point). McKay 00:32, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Here is a link to Aish's call for editing of wikipedia. I think the information certainly belongs in the article, but won't add it without discussion. http://www.israelactivism.com/index.php?mode=newsletter#article11 If nobody discusses in the next couple of days, I'll assume it's okay to add. Thanks. Basejumper2 08:54, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Tapper paper and criticism section
Someone deleted the following subsection: "Aish HaTorah's methodology and impact on some people has led to comparisons between Aish and New Religious Movements (sometimes referred to as cults) . This is an accusation of which the organisation is aware, and counters by claiming it is intellectually honest." That deletion was justified. First, the description of Tapper's paper is woefully inadequate. Second, the page of Aish linked in reply does not mention Tapper at all, so the charge "honest" (presumably supposed to be "dishonest") is unsourced. (Google cannot find Tapper mentioned at aish.com at all, which is what I would expect.) I don't want to write on this subject in the article, but if anyone wants to study Tapper's 25-page academic paper and use it to improve our article, send me email by the link on my home page and I'll send it to you. As well as discussing the nature of Aish, Tapper gives a lot of historical and other useful information. McKay 06:11, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Nive hasbarah. But since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and not an website of the Israeli Information Ministry or the kiruv movement, the section had no reason to be deleted. 82.81.104.93 06:32, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Obsession & Relentless are not connected to aish
It is a common mistake but aish did not produce or were in any way involved in Obsession & Relentless. I can't seem to edit that area at the bottom where it says so. Can anyone do it for me or tell me how it's done? Thanks, Yuval —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Yuval a (talk • contribs) 09:56, 21 February 2007 (UTC).

 * How do you know that? Who did produce those films? I was also under the impression that they were from Aish. What info do you have? Narcissus14

 * Here Aish says that the producer of the films is an Aish staff member. McKay 10:48, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

"HonestReporting is proud to have been a former marketing partner during the initial production of this award-winning documentary." http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/45884734/critiques/new/Reviewers_Reject_The_Israel_Lobby.asp

Honest Reporting is the media watchdog arm of Aish HaTorah.

They are "proud to be partners," according to their own website.

In addition, the involvement of several full-time employees of Aish HaTorah in the film's production and distribution is indicative of a much broader relationship.

There is no public record of where the money to distribute 28 million copies of this film as newspaper inserts during election season came from. The self-described "marketing partner" is, perhaps by happenstance, the sole suspect. Bustter (talk) 05:27, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

SPEED DATING
The speed dating claim is pretty astonishing, it would be nice to see it cited. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.100.219.123 (talk • contribs)
 * It's correct. See Speed dating. --John Nagle (talk) 15:24, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Advert
Much of this article does sound like an advert (IMO, as someone who has never heard of Aish HaTorah). I would appreciate it if the relevant bits could be referenced or I will start deleting unreferenced content. P.S. I have tried to remove some of the "advertising-speak" without causing offence. All the best.Mmoneypenny 16:23, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * An anon changed "stated mission" to "mission", and I changed it back. Aish does far more than its stated mission, especially in the advocacy area, and the cites reflect that. --John Nagle (talk) 15:19, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Quality rating
Whoever put a rating of B-class on this article would be advised to compare it with other B-articles that are much better written. This still reads like a propaganda piece, and is nowhere near encyclopedia quality in terms of the presentation and writing. I downgraded it to start-class. Yoninah (talk) 22:49, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. This article needs a ton of work. It has serious POV problems, and needs more references. Enigmaman (talk) 18:49, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Aishcom.jpg
Image:Aishcom.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 03:57, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Minor stuff
Some minor things that ought to be fixed: --John Nagle (talk) 21:48, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The mission statement appears twice, once in the lede and once in "organizational goals". The one in "organizational goals" matches the Aish.com web site, but the other one does not.
 * "Branches in 35 cities" also appears twice.
 * The lede says "Orthodox", rather than "Orthodox Jewish". Is there some good reason for this?
 * "Jerusalem Fellowships" and "Hasbara Fellowships" are the same program. Actually they are not the same program at all. the first is goisrael.org, the second is israelactivism. com

Informative article on Aish HaTorah, Clarion Fund, Obsession Movie controversy
Sarah Posner. Aish HaTorah’s New ‘Obsession’. The Jewish Week. October 28, 2008.

--John Bahrain (talk) 16:05, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

There is reference to Clarion. An organization with 35 chapters worldwide cannot be defined by a seperate organization, even if vague accusations exist to a few Rabbis being involved with clarion and aish. moreover, there are no references which currently exist.

12.103.203.218 (talk) 13:16, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

The links and any background to Clarion online do not exist, yet CJCurrie continues posting them and claims he doesnt need citations. Help please in keeping this off. (Babasalichai (talk) 11:56, 16 February 2009 (UTC))

 * The article exists in real life, check your local library, and there is a mirror online here . Citations to information that is not online is allowed.  Please do not remove properly cited information.  --John Bahrain (talk) 14:10, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

My interlocutor may be interested to know that there's a link to the original article here (although one needs to sign up for a free trial to read the entire thing). I trust this will resolve any lingering concerns about its existence. CJCurrie (talk) 05:48, 17 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Careful about that free trial! They will automatically bill you for a non-free subscription unless you cancel within 7 days.  McKay (talk) 08:42, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Shalem Center is a politically active organization and against Aish Hatorah. One cannot cite a website for a source - Find the original source or dont repost. I doubt accuracy. Should you repost I plan to report you. (Babasalichai (talk) 12:54, 18 February 2009 (UTC)).
 * While I agree that the original source is preferred, it is not true in general that web pages are disallowed as sources. Anyway, CJCurrie found an alternative source which is perfectly reputable. And here is another copy on a citable page. McKay (talk) 08:42, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Hi User:Babasalichai. I have readded the material once again. It is properly sourced (see the discussion here) and your behavior is starting to get disruptive. I suggest that you report me to whatever forum you want to in order to bring in additional non-partisan opinions. I understand that this material is appropriately cited and non-partisans are likely to come to this shared conclusion. I think you feel that I and some of the others on this talk page are being unfair to you -- thus it might be worth getting additional opinions from non-involved non-partisans to assure you that you have not been singled out unfairly. --John Bahrain (talk) 21:40, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Hi, The piece might be properly sourced but i don't think it's written in acordance with NPOV rule. So i think it should be included but in more neutral way. I see the links between Aish and the Clariton Fund, but why so negative? Its not for "raising awareness of the threat posed by Islam" right? It for "raising awareness of the threat posed by radical Islam". What's wrong with that? In the form that it was written i don't think it belongs on wikepedia. Ntb613 (talk) 18:32, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I have changed the lead sentence of that section to be more reflective of the relationship and removed the uncited claim. It would be best to grab a sentence from somewhere that the Clarion Fund uses to describe itself.  --John Bahrain (talk) 20:15, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

"Ultra-orthodox"? Probably not. "Cult"? There are some sources that say that.
I undid this edit which claimed without sources that Aish was "ultra-orthodox" and a "cult". Is there any justification for such a claim? I'm seeing claims like that from blog-type sources. Those aren't reliable sources, though. (As I understand it, Aish is towards the right of Israel politics, along with Likud and the settlements movement, but not ultra-orthodox.)

The "cult" claim has more backing. The Jerusalem Post has a story, "You've been Aish'd", stressing the cult-like aspects of Aish's Israel programs.. Even the Jewish Telegraphic Agency's obituary on Aish's founder mentions the "cult" issue. . Samuel Heilman wrote about this "“Anytime you have a movement that causes people to convert -- and that's what we're really talking about, conversion -- the groups from which they've been converting are always going to say these folks have been brainwashed,” he said. “To some extent it is. Brainwashing is just a negative way of talking about conversion. It's sort of inherent in the process.”" Comments? --John Nagle (talk) 16:34, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Without commenting on the "cult" issue ...

 * My understanding is that Aish HaTorah is not "ultra-orthodox" in the sense that the term is usually used. They are quite right-wing and probably fundamentalist, but they don't follow the traditional religious practices normally associated with the "ultra"s.  CJCurrie (talk) 01:42, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Aish is most certainly a cult, though they of course would not see it that way. They take educated reasonable people and turn them into people who can no longer participate mainstream life. After being "Aished" successfully, the victim sees everything about modern life as wrong and begins to turn away from that, becoming isolated from friends, family, culture. This is a cult. I know people who have fallen for it, and it should be publicly stated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Roryrabbitfield (talk • contribs) 02:48, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

Removal of criticism section
A new editor has been repeatedly removing the criticism section which follows the praise section in the first paragraph. That's a bit much. We might want to break up the first section; though; it's long for a lede. --John Nagle (talk) 16:04, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Seven years later and all criticism seems to have been removed. This is just advertising now. Sad. ☸ Moilleadóir ☎ 13:15, 28 June 2016 (UTC)

Internet - Aish.com is NOT the most visited Jewish site.
Aish.com has not been the most visited Jewish site for a long time - at least 6+ months. Even chabad.org get more traffic. To the editor intent on maintaining the lie, please stop, do your research http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/chabad.org+askmoses.com+aish.com+lubavitch.com+kehos.com#trafficstats 99.237.138.36 (talk) 04:40, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://washingtonjewishweek.com/main.asp?SectionID=4&SubSectionID=17&ArticleID=10173&TM=25850.02. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Dana boomer (talk) 02:05, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Good article to add as a reference? ‘Am Yisrael Chai’ is a fight song for our people
What do you think?

http://www.stljewishlight.com/opinion/commentaries/article_c35ce1bc-2e0a-11e4-96b3-001a4bcf887a.html

By Mike Minoff | 0 comments In 2010, my wife went to Israel with Jewish Women’s Renaissance Project (JWRP) and Aish Hatorah. When she returned, she had a spark in her neshama (soul), but she couldn’t explain to me, who had never been to Israel, what was so magical about the trip. All she could say was, “You have to go to understand.” So when Rabbi Yosef David told me he was leading a JWRP/Aish HaTorah trip to Israel, I said “I’m in – I want to experience what my wife felt.”

Adamreinman (talk) 20:47, 8 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia with articles about organizations, but it doesn't promote them or promote their beliefs. McKay (talk) 06:23, 9 September 2014 (UTC)
 * You are free to have your own beliefs, but Wikipedia must remain unbiased. As everyone has differing ideas, it is best for Wikipedia to remain neutral. I agree with @McKay. [[User:Cool hat6&#124; Cool hat6]] (talk) 14:13, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

External links modified
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Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.aish.com/ai/96244754.html. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. /wiae /tlk  22:57, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

Philosophy section
The philosophy section currently leads with:

"Aish HaTorah describes itself as blending the traditions of the Lithuanian yeshivas with the doctrines of Hasidism.[citation needed]"

I attended Aish HaTorah for almost seven years. Not only did *no one* ever describe the yeshiva in those terms, but in fact, the rabbinic staff had a decidedly anti-hasidic bent to their hashkafa. I distinctly recall a weekly shmooze when the machgiach, Rav Gil shlita (a hasidic Jew himself) specifically admonished a group of students for attending extra-curricular shiurim, tishn, etc at hassidic rebbes.

The reason this line needs a citation is because it's not remotely true.

Or, to put it like I heard from some of Rav Noach zzl's students:

"Rav Noach was the last of the misnagdim, so as punishment, they made him a rebbe"

Aish HaTorah's focus (at least when I was there) was on
 * Personal responsibility for clal yisroel, especially as expressed through kiruv rechokim
 * Awareness of and Pride in Jewish History particularly as a progression towards a goal or the accomplishment of a Jewish national mission
 * Relative agnosticism to questions of modernity (in other words, not being particularly anti-zionist, while retaining a generally haredi worldview)
 * "being normal" i.e. for the uninitiated, not adopting religious practice too quickly — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bennyp (talk • contribs) 13:00, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aish HaTorah


text:
Chapai Nawabganj District

Chapainawabganj (Bengali: চাঁপাইনবাবগঞ্জ) is located in the north-western part of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division, and was formerly a sub-division of Malda district of Bengal Province. The north and west part of Chapai Nawabganj is bounded by Malda and Murshidabad districts of India, the east by Naogaon District, and south-east by Rajshahi District.

History
Chapainawabganj was one of the sub-divisions of the former Rajshahi zilla. Chapai Nawabganj was part of ancient Gour capital. It is said that this area had strategic and commercial importance due to its location at the junction of the rivers Mahananda and the Ganges. Because of its importance, Alivardi Khan founded Nowabganj town which in course of time known as Nawabganj. Until 1947, Nawabganj was a thana under Malda district, India.

The gateway of North Bengal, Malda was once the capital of Gour-Banga, with 3456 km2 of land classified as Tal, Diara, and Barind. Malda awaits the advent of tourists and people of archaeological interest with its wealth to be enjoyed and its huge potential to be explored.

This portion of the earth is washed by the waves of the rivers Ganges, Mahananda, Fulahar, and Kalindri. It has witnessed different empires which were raised, flourished, and then cast down near oblivion by a successor kingdom built up on the relics of its predecessor. Panini mentioned a city named Gourpura, which by strong reason may be identified as the city of Gouda, ruins of which are situated in this district. Examples are legion of the relic of a predecessor kingdom being used in the monuments of the successor kingdoms. It had been within the limits of ancient 'Gaur' and 'Pandua' (Pundrabardhana).

These two cities had been the capital of Bengal in ancient and medieval ages. The boundary of Gour was changed in different ages since 5th century BC. Its name can be found in Puranic texts. Pundranagar was the provincial capital of Maurya Empire. Gour and Pundrabardhana formed parts of the Mourya empire as is evinced from the inscriptions, Brahmilipi on a seal discovered from the ruins of Mahasthangarh in the Bogra District of Bangladesh. Hiuen Tsang saw many Ashokan stupas at Pundrabardhana. The inscriptions discovered in the district of undivided Dinajpur and other parts of North Bengal along with the Allahabad Pillar inscriptions of Samudragupta clearly indicate that the whole of North Bengal as far east as Kamrup formed a part of the Gupta empire.

After the Guptas in the early 7th century AD, king Sasanka of Karnasubarna as well as the king of Gaur ruled independently for more than three decades. From the middle of 8th century to the end of 11th century, the Pala Empire ruled Bengal and the kings were devoted to Buddhism. It was during their reign that the Jagadalla Vihara (monastery) in Barindri flourished paralleling with Nalanda, Vikramshila, and Devikot. The Pala Dynasty yielded to the emergence of Sena Empire. The Sen rulers were Hindus and in the habit of moving from place to place within their kingdom. At the time of Lakshman Sen Gour was known as Lakshmanabati. The Sen kings ruled Bengal till Bakhtiyar Khilji conquered Bengal in 1204 AD. Thereafter the Muslim rule lasted for about five hundred years. Sirajuddaulah was defeated by Lord Clive at the battle of Plassey in 1757, which marked the beginning of British rule. From ancient times, rulers of various origins, religions, and dynasties left imprints of their times on the earth in this district. Those who left ruins and relics speak of past pomp and grandeur, and hold interest for archaeologists and tourists.

This district, Malda, formed in 1813 out of the outlying areas of Purnia, Dinajpur, and Rajshahi districts. At the time of Dr. B. Hamilton (1808–09), the presents thanas of Gazole, Malda, Bamongola, and part of Habibpur were included in the district of Dinajpur and the thanas of Harischandrapur, Kharba, Ratua, Manikchak, and Kaliachak were included in the district of Purnia. In 1813, in consequence of the prevalence of serious crimes in the Kaliachak and Sahebganj thanas and also on the rivers, a joint magistrate and deputy collector were appointed at English Bazar with jurisdiction over a number of police stations centred around that place and taken from the two district. Thus the district of Malda was born.

The year 1832, saw the establishment of a separate treasury, and in 1859 a full-fledged magistrate and collector was posted. Up to 1876 this district formed part of Rajshahi Division, and from 1876 to 1905 it formed part of Bhagalpur Division. In 1905, it was again transferred to Rajshahi Division, and until 1947 Malda remained in this division. In August 1947 this district was affected by the Partition of India. Between 12 and 15 August 1947 whether the district would become part of India or Pakistan was unknown, as the announcement of the Radcliffe Line did not make this point clear. During these few days the district was under a magistrate of East Pakistan until the details of the Radcliffe award were published and the district became part of West Bengal on 17 August 1947. Five thanas were given to Pakistan under the district of Rajshahi which later formed as Chapai Nawabganj.

Geographical location
Chapainawabganj is the most western district of Bangladesh. Rajshahi and Naogaon is on the east, while on the Indian side is Malda of West Bengal, the rest of India is on the north. Western side is surrounded by the river Padma and Malda district and Murshidabad of West Bengal (India), India is on the southern side. Chapai Nawabganj is situated between the latitude 24'22 to 24'57 and longitude 87'23 to 88'23. Chapainawabganj Is one the mango cities of Bangladesh.

Topography
Chapainawabganj District (Rajshahi division) has an area of 1702.55 km2. Many rivers flows over this area. The main rivers are the Ganges, and Mahananda. Most of the land of this area are plain land with many small ponds and water reservoirs. But, recently, the geography has changed due to the erosion by the river Padma (Ganges). Overload of river sediment caused by farrakka barrage eroded the river banks and created a large area of land full of sand which almost looks like a small desert in this area. Four to five small union parisad like narayonpur, johurpur, sundorpur, baghdanga has shifted to the other side of the river Padma.

Based on formation of soil, Chapai Nawabganj can be divided into two different parts 1. Borendra area and 2. Diyar area.

Borendra area
The east part of the river Mohananda is part of Borind Track and known as borendra area. Borendra area is one of the oldest well known areas not only in Bangladesh but also all over the sub-continent. Borendra area was formed during the formation of the triangle of Bengal. Chapai Nawabganj sadar, part of Gomostapur Upozilla and Nachol constitutes the borendra area. The main crops of this area is the rice.

Diyar area
The region in the river Padma basin is known as diyar. The area formed for the continuous change of path of the river Padma. The soil of this area are very fertile and people can cultivate multiple times a year of different type of crops. Main crops are rice, wheat, melons– the most famous corn is Kalai. Mango gardens are increasing rapidly beside these crops now. This area was also famous for the cultivation of indigo and silk.

Padma River
The Ganges river originates in the Himalayas and flows through Northern and Eastern India. This river then enters into Bangladesh at Shibganj and takes the name Padma. The Farakka Barrage was built 10 miles upstream of where Padma enters into Bangladesh which decreased the water level of Padma. But still in rainy season, this river becomes very dangerous as the water level grows high and floods the area nearby.

Mahananda River
Mahananda River entered to this district through Bholahat Upozilla and flows through the district and finally falls to the river Padma at Godagari, Rajshahi district. Nawabganj town is situated on the bank of this river and the economy of this district is driven by this river too.

Pagla
The Pagla River also flows from India and enters into Bangladesh in this district at Tattipur, Moraganga (dead gangis). After flowing a mile, it mixes with the river Mahananda.

Punarbhaba River
The Punarbhaba River flows through Dinajpur and Naogoan of Bangladesh and then enters into Chapainawabganj.

Climate
Chapainabganj is very close to the big city Rajshahi and the climate of both districts are very close. Under Köppen climate classification, Rajshahi has a tropical wet and dry climate. The climate of Rajshahi is generally marked with monsoons, high temperature, considerable humidity and moderate rainfall. The hot season commences early in March and continues till the middle of July. The maximum mean temperature observed is about during the months of April, May, June and July and the minimum temperature recorded in January is about 7 to 16 C. The highest rainfall is observed during the months of monsoon. The annual rainfall in the district is about 1448 mm.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Chapai Nawabganj District had 448,029 households and a population of 1,835,527, 25.5% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 1,078 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 71.9%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Religion
According to 2011 Bangladesh census, Muslims formed 95.36% of the population and Hindus 4.04%. Ethnic population was 14,190.

Post-compulsory education
Chapainawabganj has only one university at its boro Indara Moor. Exim Bank Agricultural University Bangladesh (EBAUB) was established in 2013 to provide students of this area with education specializing in agriculture. It also provides undergraduate degrees in Agricultural Economics, Business Administration and Law. Along with Nawabganj Govt. College and Shah Neyamotullah College, EXIM Bank Agricultural University is considered to be the pinnacle of educational institutions in this district.

Notable colleges in Chapainawabganj District:
 * 1) Adina Fazlul Haque Govt. College
 * Nawabganj Govt.College
 * Chapainawabganj Polytechnic Institute
 * 1) Rahanpur Homoeopathic Medical College
 * 2) Nawabganj City College
 * 3) Shibganj Mohila Degree College
 * 4) Ranihati Degree College
 * 5) Sara Bangla A K Fojlol Haqe College
 * 6) Shibgang Boys College
 * 7) Namoshankarbati Degree College

The students and teachers originally from Chapainawabganj formed a committee named 'Chapainawabganj Somiti' in many institutions outside of Chapainawabganj.

Economy
This district is mainly a plain land with rivers. The whole district is full of fertile land with proper irrigation facilities. That is why the economy is totally dependent on agriculture. But as there are a number of rivers flowing through this district, and many people depend on fishing and other related activities.

Chapainawabganj is called the capital of the mango in Bangladesh because it is this summer fruit that is the main product that sustains the economy of this district. Most of the land of this district is full of mango orchards where various kinds of mango are produced. The economy is surrounded by the production of the mango in this district. The main part of mango production is the Shibganj, Bholahat and Gamostapur upazila.

Culture
Gombhira gaan is a kind of folk song popular in this district.

Now-a-days, Gambhira reflects contemporary social problems through witty dialogue, songs, dances and jokes. This is the main part in any cultural celebration in this district with great entertainment and explanation of social problems.

The people of Chapainawabganj use the Bangla language but they have their own dialect. The dialect consists of different tone as well as different words than to standard Bangla language.

Religion
The district of Chapainawabganj consists of 1987 mosques, 474 temples, 56 Buddhist temples and 28 churches. Chotto Sona Mosque, Chapai Mosque, 15th century Darashbari Mosque, etc. are famous mosques. Jora Math is the famous Buddhist monastery and Naoda Stupa is the Buddhist monument.

Choto Sona Mosque
One of the most graceful monument of the Sultanate period is the Chhota Sona Masjid or Sona Mosque at Gaur in Chapainawabganj Built by one Wali Muhammad during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Husain Shah (1493–1519). Originally it was roofed over with 15 gold-gilded domes including the 3 Chauchala domes in the middle row, from which it derives its curious name. By the side of this mosque great martyr Birsrestha Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir laid in peace.

Administration
Chapainawabganj district comprises five Upazilas:
 * 1) Bholahat Upazila
 * 2) Gomastapur Upazila
 * 3) Nachole Upazila
 * 4) Chapainawabganj Sadar Upazila and
 * 5) Shibganj Upazila.

There are four municipalities
 * 1) Chapainawabganj Municipality
 * 2) ShibganjMunicipality
 * 3) RohanpurMunicipality
 * 4) NacholeMunicipality

Transport
This district is the most western district in Bangladesh which has boundary with the neighboring country India. And for importing and exporting, there is a land port in this district which makes this district an important route for communicating with the neighboring country. And the construction of the Jamuna Bridge at Sirajganj also makes its transportation system an important one all over the country. That is why highways were constructed over the district. The major transport systems inside the town is the bike, rickshaws, bi-cycle and CNG rickshaws.

Bus
The major transportation system in this town is the bus service to different districts and towns. The main transportation route is Nawabganj-Rajshahi. The bus transportation service is off three types which are gate-lock, direct and local service. The others bus routes are Nawabganj-Shibganj, Nawabganj-Naogaon, Nawabganj-Nachol, Nawabganj-Rohanpur. The BRTC bus service serves for the long intra-district route to almost all important districts of Bangladesh. The most important long route is the Nawabganj-Dhaka. This route has ample bus service. There are two bus stoppages. The biggest one is called Chapai Nawabganj Bus Terminal and the other is the Dhaka Bus Terminal. Sona Mosjid-Rajshahi-Sona Mosjid bus Service are on at7.15am to 5.15 pm every 1 hour after.

Railway
Chapainawabganj has good inter-city railway service. Banalata Express is one of the non-stop rail service of the country which starts from Chapainawabganj and end at capital city Dhaka. One of the international rail line passes through this district to Malda, West Bengal, India. There are few services of local train from different stations of Chapainawabganj such as Nawabganj Sadar, Amnura, Nachole, Nijampur, Rahanpur to Rajshahi and other parts of Bangladesh and also has a shuttle service from Nawabganj to Rajshahi for the intercity train service from Rajshahi to other part of Bangladesh.

Waterway
In the past, the main transport system was based on the water path. The river Padma (Ganges), Mahananda River, Pagla, Punorvoba, Moraganga and some beels (marshland) were used for intra-district transport system. The water level went down due to adverse effect of Farakka Barrage on Padma (Ganges) river, and therefore, water transport has lost its popularity. But still rivers are used for transportation of daily goods from different parts of the district. Still the transportation from the villages in western and eastern parts of the district depends on the boat. In the Shibgonj Upozila have a small river named Pagla.

Radio

 * Radio Mahananda 98.8 FM, a community radio station was established with the financial help of Japan. The operation of Radio Mahananda was inaugurated by Bangladesh ex-minister Suranjit Sen Gupta.

Notable persons

 * Khabeeruddin Ahmed
 * Ila Mitra
 * Emajuddin Ahmed
 * Rafiqun Nabi
 * Momtazuddin Ahmed
 * Mohammad Moniruzzaman Miah
 * Abdul Haque
 * Mohammad Yusuf Siddiq, historian, epigraphist, researcher, professor and author
 * Ahmed Rubel, Actor
 * Mahiya Mahi, Actress

title: Chapai Nawabganj District


text:
Nilphamari District

Nilphamari district (নীলফামারী জেলা, Nilphamari Jela also Nilphamari Zila) is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division. It is about 400 kilometers to the northwest of the capital Dhaka. It has an area of 1580.85 km2. Nilphamari is bounded by Rangpur and Lalmonirhat in east, Rangpur and Dinajpur in south, Dinajpur and Panchagarh in west, Cooch Behar of India in north. The many rivers in Nilphamari district include the Tista, Buritista, Isamoti, Jamuneshwari, Dhum, Kumlai, Charalkata, Sorbomongola, Salki, Chikli, Chara and Deonai. There are four Municipal Corporation in Nilphamari district. Area of these Municipalities are Nilphamari 42.70 SqKm(27.50 SqKm Present, 15.20 SqKm Ongoing), Saidpur-34.42 SqKm, Jaldhaka-28.22 SqKm and Domar-9.421 SqKm. There are 60(sixty) Unions, 370 Moujas and 378 Village in Nilphamari district.

Etymology
About 200 years ago, the British established farms for cultivating indigo (nil). The soil of this area was very fertile for indigo cultivation. As a result, a lot of nil kuthi and nil khamar (farm) were built here compared to the other districts. It is widely believed that the term "nil khamari" was derived from "nil khamar" by the local farmers. And then the word "Nilphamari" was derived from "Nil khamari".

History
Nilphamari was previously under the Rajshahi division. The Nilphamari subdivision was established in 1875. It was a subdivision of the Rangpur District. It was turned into a district in 1984. The district consists of 6 upazilas, 4 municipalities, 60 union parishads, 370 mouzas and 378 villages.

Historical specialty
The historical Tebhaga movement spread over Domar and Dimla of this district in the 1940s. Indigo used to be cultivated extensively in this district. Saidpur is best known for its railway workshop. In 1870, the Assam-Bengal railway set up its largest workshop in Saidpur and many Biharis or Urdu-speakers came to work there. During the British rule the telephone exchange for the whole Assam-Bengal District was also situated in Saidpur, and it was the third-largest city of Bangladesh after Dhaka and Chittagong. Saidpur had the first airport in North Bengal. There was also a cantonment during the British period.

Administration
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (Census 2011).

Deputy Commissioner (DC): Pankaj Ghosh (6 December 2022 - Present)

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Nilphamari District had 505,604 households and a population of 2,092,567, 25.3% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 1,353 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 69.1%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Muslims make up 83.90% while Hindus are 15.99% of the population. The local dialect is Rangpuri.

Economy
Nilphamari is the main industrial centre of Rangpur Division. Apart from Uttara EPZ, Many Government and private industry situated here. Electricity has reached to almost every households. As of 2021, 100% people of this district get electricity. There are two(Jaldhaka and Saidpur) 132/33 KV Power Grid (National Power Grid-PGCB) Substation situated in Nilphamari. There is also a power plant in Saidpur of Nilphamari supplying 20 MW to National Power Grid-PGCB. Nilphamari Palli Bidyut Samity, a subsidiary of the people of Nilphamari supplies power to rural areas of the district. NESCO, a subsidiary company of BPDB, supplies power in urban areas and Bazars. Nilphamari has an agriculture-based economy. Nilphamari produces rice, wheat, potato, tobacco, and many seasonal crops. The major occupation of the people is farming. Among the working population 45.28% are farmers, 27.81% are farm laborer's, 3.42% are daily workers, 8.65% are businessmen, 6.07% are government and non-government employers, 8.77% have other occupations.

Places of interest

 * Nilsagar Nilphamari: Nilsagar a historical dighi (big pond) which stands at Dhobadanga mauza of Gorgram union about 14 km southwest of Nilphamari district headquarters. During the reign of Raja Birat, there were many cow farms at Gorgram. Raja Birat dug a large dighi named Birat Dighi or Birna Dighi or Binna Dighi for the cows. After the independence of Bangladesh, the dighi was renamed as Nilsagar. A Hindu mandir stands on the east bank and an abode of a Muslim darvesh on the west bank of the dighi. The area of the dighi is 21.449 ha and depth ranges from 7m to 12m. The entire dighi is surrounded by brick walls. The main decorated ghat of the dighi was made by Raja Birat. Every year the banks of the dighi are used as a village fair site especially during the Baruni Snan festival of the full moon in the month of Baisakh. The Harikirtan singers usually play music during the fair, with many kinds of kirtan songs. Every year many tourists and various kinds of migratory birds come here. It is well known as a recreation zone and a picnic spot.
 * The palace of Raja Harish Chandra (ninth century)
 * Garh (Fort) of Raja Dharmapal and his palace (eighteenth century)
 * Three domed Jami Mosque at Bherbheri (eighteenth century)
 * Tomb of Hazrat Pir Mohiuddin (Kundupukur)
 * Dimla Rajbari
 * Dimla Forest
 * Saidpur Airport
 * Saidpur BISIC Industrial Area
 * Railway Workshop in Saidpur
 * Uttara Export Processing Zone
 * Tista Barrage
 * Saidpur Christian Catholic Church (1893)
 * Saidpur Christian Cemetery
 * Nat Settlement (prison, 1871)
 * Leprosy Hospital
 * Chini Mosque Saidpur
 * Domar Maynamotir Garh
 * Chilahati Land Port
 * Parallel Watering System Bahagili Bridge Kishoreganj

Nilsagar
Nilsagar a famous historical dighi (big pond) that stands at Dhobadanga mauza of Gorgram union about 14 km southwest of Nilphamari district headquarters. During the reign of Raja Birat there were many cow farms at Gorgram. Raja Birat dug a large dighi named as Birat Dighi or Birna Dighi or Binna Dighi for the cows. After the independence of Bangladesh, the dighi was renamed as Nilsagar. A Hindu mandir stands on the east bank and an abode of a Muslim darvesh on the west bank of the dighi. The area of the dighi is 21.449 ha and depth ranges from 7m to 12m. The entire dighi is surrounded by brick walls. The main decorated ghat of the dighi was made by Raja Birat. Every year the banks of the dighi are used as a village fair site especially during the occasion of Baruni Snan festival in the full moon of the month of Baisakh. Usually, in the fair the Harikirtan singers play music with many kinds of kirtan songs. Every year many tourists and various kinds of migratory birds come here. It is well known as a recreation zone and a picnic spot.

Education
The literacy rate of Nilphamari is 49.69% according to the 2011 Bangladesh census. There are 940 primary schools, 295 high schools, 95 colleges, 1 medical college, 2 government and 17 non-government technical institutes, 1 Primary Teachers Training Institute, 115 Dakhil Madrasas, 24 Alim Madrasas, 14 Fazil Madrasas and one Kamil Madrasa in Nilphamari.

The noted educational institutions in the district are:
 * Nilphamari Medical College
 * Cantonment Public School & College Saidpur, Nilphamari
 * Saidpur Govt. Science College, Nilphamari
 * Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology, Saidpur, Nilphamari
 * Lions School & College Saidpur, Nilphamari
 * Nilphamari Government Mohila College Nilphamari Govt. College, Nilphamari
 * Nilphamari Government High School
 * Nilphamari Government Girls' School
 * Nilphamari Technical School and College
 * Nilphamari Teachers Training College
 * Collectorate Public School & College, Nilphamari
 * Nilphamari Model College, Nilphamari
 * Nilphamari Govt. College, Nilphamari
 * SunFlower School & College Saidpur, Nilphamari
 * Saidpur Government College
 * Domar Government College
 * Domar ML High School
 * Domar Women College
 * Domar Government Girls' School
 * Domar Balika Nikaton School
 * Domar Shohid Smrity Government Primary School
 * Sonaray High School
 * Sonaray Dristi Nondon Govt. Primary School
 * Chhitmirganj Shalongram Fazil Madrasah

Transportation
Nilphamari district is connected with Dhaka by Bus, Train and Air. Trains available in Nilphamari are Nilsagar Express & Chilahati Express (Dhaka), Barendro Express & Titumir Express (Rajshahi), Rupsha Express, Simanto Express & Rocket Mail (Khulna). Major Bus services are Greenline, Nabil, Shyamoli, Hanif, SA Travels, and BRTC. There is an Airport at Saidpur near to Syedpur Cantonment Area about 20km from Nilphamari district town. UsBangla, Novoair,AirAstra,Biman Bangladesh Airirlines Respectively Giving Their Services To This Local Airport. Government Has Also Taken Initiatives For Reconstruction Works To Make It An International Airport.

Notable people

 * Advocate Dabir Uddin Ahmed, language movement activist in 1952
 * Khairat Hosen, M.L.A., Minister of Food, Fisheries, and Livestock of Pakistan from 1955 to 1957
 * Mashiur Rahman, also known as Jadu Mia, former Senior Minister of Bangladesh
 * Shafiqul Ghani Swapan, politician and ex-minister
 * Abdur Rauf, politician and former chief whip
 * Ahsan Ahmed, Member of Parliament
 * Asaduzzaman Noor, actor and politician
 * Rathindranath Roy, folk singer
 * Anisul Hoque, journalist, writer and editor
 * Baby Naznin, singer
 * Mustafa Kamal, 9th Chief Justice of Bangladesh

title: Nilphamari District


text:
Salvia splendens

Salvia splendens, the scarlet sage, is a tender herbaceous perennial plant native to Brazil, growing at 2000 to 3000 m elevation where it is warm year-round and with high humidity. The wild form, rarely seen in cultivation, reaches 1.3 m tall. Smaller cultivars are very popular as bedding plants, seen in shopping malls and public gardens all over the world.

Taxonomy
Salvia splendens was first described and named in 1822. At that time it was given the common name "Lee's scarlet sage". Before the plant was selected to become dwarf in size, an early Dutch selection named 'Van Houttei' was chosen and is still popular in the horticulture trade.

Description
The native type is rarely used or described, though it grew from 1.5 to 8 m in height. Its leaves are in even, elliptical arrangements, 7 × 5 cm, with dentate margin and long petioles. It may branch, where upper branches are finely hairy and lower parts hairless. Erect spikes of flowers sprout from the centre of the plant in groups of 2 to 6 from each leaf node; scarlet, tubular or bell-shaped, 35 mm long, with two lobes towards the apex; the upper lobe is 13 mm long. It flowers a good part of summer and autumn.

Cultivation
It is widely grown as an ornamental plant, with a large number of cultivars selected by different colours from white to dark purple. It is a subtropical species that does not survive freezing temperatures, but can grow in cold climates as an annual plant. The most common selections are the dwarf sizes that go by names such as 'Sizzler' and 'Salsa', and planted en masse in gardens and malls. 'Van Houttei' reaches 1 to 1.3 m in height. The various types typically have red flowers.

Cultivars
Named cultivars include:
 * S. splendens 'Alba', with white flowers
 * 'Atropurpurea', with dark violet to purple flowers
 * 'Atrosanguinea', flowers dark red
 * 'Bicolor', flowers white and red
 * 'Bruantii', small, with red flowers
 * 'Compacta', small, flowers in dense racemes, white or red
 * 'Grandiflora', large, with large red flowers
 * 'Issanchon', small, with white flowers striped pink to red
 * 'Nana', an early-flowering cultivar, with red blossoms
 * 'Scarlet Pygmy', a very dwarf, early flowering seed race with intense scarlet blossoms
 * 'Semperflorens', continuous flowering
 * 'Souchetii', small, with white or red flowers
 * 'St. John's Fire', dwarf plants with dense, abundant, scarlet, early-flowering, long-lasting blossoms
 * 'Violacea', flowers dark violet to purple.

The cultivars 'Vanguard' and 'Van-Houttei' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

title: Salvia splendens


text:
Panchagarh District

Panchagarh (পঞ্চগড়, Panchagaṛ 'five forts') is a district of the Rangpur division in Northern Bangladesh. Panchagarh is the northernmost district of Bangladesh. It lies between 26º00' and 26º38' north latitudes and between 88º19' and 88º49' east longitudes. It was established as a district on 1 February 1984.

Etymology
There are two main beliefs associated with the name of the district. The first is that Panchargarh was named after an area called Pancha Nagari in the kingdom of Pundu Nagar. The second is that it was named for the five forts (or garh) in the region. The forts were Bhitargarh, Hosaingarh, Mirgarh, Rajangarh and Devengarh, hence the name Panchagarh, meaning 'five forts'.

History
During the regime of the British Raj, Panchagarh was part of the Jalpaiguri district of undivided Bengal. In 1911, Jalpaiguri was fully established as a thana. At that time, the headquarters of Jalpaiguri thana was situated in Jagdal upazila of the current Panchagarh district. The thana was relocated at the bank of Karatoya River in its current position for environmental and transportation benefits. After the Partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, Panchagarh was a thana under the Thakurgaon mahakuma. On 1 January 1980, it was established as a mahakuma consisting of five thanas named Tetulia, Panchagarh Sadar, Atwari, Boda and Debiganj. The first commissioner of Panchagarh was Sayed Abdur Rashid from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1982. Later, it was established as a district on 1 February 1984. The first deputy commissioner of Panchagarh was A. S. M. Abdul Halim from 1 February 1984 to 16 June 1985.

Geography
Geographically this land is part of the lower foothills of the Himalayas so comparatively this land is the highest in Bangladesh, lying 150 ft above sea level. The soil composition is also distinct with rich sand and stones. The district is located in the extreme north of Bangladesh, and is bounded on three sides by the 288 km long Indian border, with the Darjeeling district on the north, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar districts on the northeast, Uttar Dinajpur on the west, Dinajpur and Thakurgaon districts on the south, and Nilphamari district on the east. It lies between 26º00' and 26º38' north latitudes and between 88º19' and 88º49' east longitudes.

Total area of the district is 1,404.62 sqkm. The district consists of five upazilas, 43 unions, 420 mauzas, 825 villages, two paurashavas, 18 wards and 64 mahallas. Its soil is sandy, alluvial and bears close affinity with the soil of the older Himalayan basin. In the northern part of the district there exists an underground layer of pebbles. Panchagarh has 16 rivers, amongst which are the Karatoya (Karatoa), Atrai, Teesta, Nagor, Mahananda, Tangon, Dahuk, Pathraj, Bhulli, Talma, Chawai, Kurum, Tirnoi, and Chilka. The border of this district was designed by Sir Cyril John Radcliffe in 1947. The length of the border in Panchagarh between Bangladesh and India is 286.87 km.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Panchagarh District had a population of 1,179,843, of which 588,888 were males and 590,750 females. Rural population was 989,870 (83.91%) while the urban population was 189,811 (16.09%). Panchagarh District had a literacy rate of 73.59% for the population 7 years and above: 76.59% for males and 70.62% for females.

Muslims make up 84.04% of the population while Hindus are 15.67% of the population.

Economy
The local industry consists of tea, sugar, rice mills, ice factories, garment factories, oil milling, and saw milling.

Banglabandha land port is located on about 10 acre of acquired land at the north-western tip of Bangladesh in Tetulia under Panchagarh district on the Bangladesh-India highway. The port is situated 60 km from Panchagarh Town. The place is of international character and used for Nepal transit traffic passing through a small corridor of India. It is about 22 m away from the Bangladesh-Indian border.

Panchagarh is famous for its tea industry which plays a major role in the economics of this area. Presently, over 7,000 skilled and unskilled workers, mostly women, work in 246 tea gardens, including 18 big estates, 13 medium-size and 215 small-scale gardens set up on more than 1815 acre of land in Tetulia and the surrounding areas. Of them nearly 2,300 workers, mostly women, work alone at the giant Kazi & Kazi Tea Estate (KKTE) at Tetulia which has earned a reputation in both national and international markets by producing, processing and marketing Kazi & Kazi organic tea, also sold as Teatulia Organic Teas, and earning foreign exchange.

Industry for manufacturing SPC electric poles, established a plant (Gemcon Ltd.) on 35 acres in Panchagarh District. Here, all the products in the plant are manufactured by using indigenous raw materials. The factory has created direct or indirect job opportunities for more than 1500 people and helping the nation to alleviate poverty.

Gem Jute Limited was established in Panchagarh in 2003, with a corporate vision of improving the livelihood of the local population by providing employment and advancement opportunities as well as stimulating the local economy through direct and indirect economic activities. Gem Jute promotes sustainable development and support the environment by providing high-quality, organic, biodegradable products to the world market. Over 5000 people work at Gem Jute Limited.

Under Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corporation (BSFIC), Panchagarh Sugar Mills Ltd. is the oldest industry in the district. Panchagarh Sugar Mills was set up by the government in 1965–69 at a cost of Tk.55.55 million. It is near the district headquarters of Panchagarh and is the northernmost sugar mill in Bangladesh. Machinery and equipment of the sugar mill were supplied by M/S. Stork Werkspoor of Holland. The sugar mill started its trial production in 1969–70. Since the independence of Bangladesh (until 2005), the sugar mill has produced 8,536 million tons of sugar per annum on average with an average sugar recovery rate of 8.10% from sugarcane.

Atwari
Atwari, a popular tourist spot, has three domed mosques at Mirzapur, Chhaprajhar (Pahar Bhanga) and Sardarpara, which bear the relics of Mughal architecture and the remains of the Zamindar Bari of Aloakhoa. The Bara Awliyar Majar is another notable place of interest.

Atwari has the marks of Bangladesh War of Liberation of 1971. There are 2 mass graves, 1 twin grave and 1 martyr memorial monument.

Panchagarh Sadar
Maharaja Dighi (Pond) at Bhitargarh is a well-known tourist attraction in the Sadar Upazila. Bhitrar Shalmara is a notable lake. Shal forest of Bhitargarh and the government forest on the banks of the Chawai and Karatôya rivers are also quite famous.

During the War of Liberation in 1971, the guerrilla fighters demolished the bridge on the Chawai near the Amarkhana camp thereby obstructing the advance of the Pakistani army towards the north. In the initial stage of the war, Maqbul Darji and the Badi Howladar (EPR) were killed in an encounter with the Pakistani army, which lost eighteen of its soldiers.

The Shaheed Farooque Ahmad Memorial Monument at Dhakka-mara in Panchagarh town, as well as the grave of the martyr freedom fighter Sakimuddin at Jagdal-hat in front of the Baital Aman mosque, mark the War of Liberation.

Debiganj
In Debiganj, the Revenue office building and the old residential house of the Raja of Cooch-Bihar are quite well-known. Jagabandhu Thakur-bari is another place of interest for tourists. Saldanga Gokulam Temple, which is notable for its Greek architecture, is located in Debiganj. The town has one dak bungalow (rest house). Tetulia upzela : Tetulia dak bungalow, Banglabadha zeropoint, Rowsonpur mini park and tea garden

Administration
Panchagarh has five upazilas:

 * Administrator of Zila Porishod: Anawar Sadat Somrat
 * Deputy Commissioner (DC): Md. Jahurul Islam

Members of tenth Jatiyo Sangsad
The members of the tenth Jatiyo Sangsad, elected in 2019, are:

 * Panchagarh-1: Mozaharul Haque Prodhan (from Awami League)
 * Panchagarh-2: Nurul Islam Sujon (from Awami League)

Transport
Bicycle, rickshaw, and motorcycle are the main modes of transport for local people. Regular buses connect the district to neighbouring districts and subdivisions. The road distance from Dhaka (capital city of Bangladesh) to Panchagarh is 475 km. Road transportation between Dhaka and Panchagarh is a private sector affair, operating predominantly in domestic routes. On 10 November 2018, direct train service from Dhaka to Panchagarh was inaugurated. The railway distance from Dhaka to Panchagarh is 639 km, which is the longest distance travelled by any train in the country. There is no direct air connection from Dhaka to Panchagarh.

Education
The district's literacy rate is 51.08%, among which male and female literacy rates are 55.02% and 48.03% respectively. There are 313 primary schools, 65 kindergartens, 79 NGO schools, four government secondary schools, 268 non-government secondary schools, two government colleges, 25 non-government colleges, 94 madrasas, and 13 technical and vocational institutions in the district.

Notable schools and colleges of the districts are:

 * Bishnu Prasad Government High School
 * Panchagarh Government Girls' High School
 * Nripendra Narayan Government High School
 * Debiganj Alodini Government Girls High School
 * Moqbular Rahman Government College
 * Panchagarh Government Women's College

Notable residents

 * Muhammad Jamiruddin Sarkar, former speaker, Jatiyo Sangshad
 * Mirza Ghulam Hafiz, former Minister of Law and Justice, Jatiyo Sangshad
 * Sirajul Islam, Member of Parliament, Jatiyo Sangshad
 * Mohammad Sultan, language movement activist in 1952
 * Mohammad Farhad, Captain of guerilla force in the 1971 independence war and member of the parliament of national parliament
 * Abdur Rahman, film actor
 * Shoriful Islam, Bangladeshi cricketer
 * Md. Nurul Islam Sujon, Railway Minister of Bangladesh
 * Fariha Trisna, Bangladeshi Woman cricketer

title: Panchagarh District


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