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Category talk:Obsolete scientific theories

Obsolete or not?
At the moment Geocentric model is in the Category:Obsolete scientific theories while Bohr atom is not. Both are now commonly held to be ontologically deficient but both are still useful for computation and pedagogy. Surely we should be consistent but which way? Cutler 20:41, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Is "Obsolete" a Dismissive Point of View Term?
The definition of Obsolete scientific theories in this category: "...a scientific theory that was once commonly accepted but (for whatever reason) is no longer considered the most complete description of reality by mainstream science; or a falsifiable theory which has been shown to be false" appears to interject an absolute dismissive and "point of view" tone to evolving science theories.

Some theories included in this category have not in fact been shown to be false even though they may not be considered "the most complete description of reality by mainstream science." The evolution of science theory has shown mainstream science to be repeatedly capable of supporting prevailing scientific models which did not stand the test of long-term scrutiny. It is too early to close the door on some theories in this category because the prevailing models used to falsify them have themselves not been proven beyond the reasonable doubt needed to uphold them as absolute and exclusive explanations of the reality that science explores. I note Aether theories and Expanding earth theory as examples of such misappropriation.

There exists a rigorous debate amongst many scientists today who challenge mainstream science's shutting out of viable scientific models in favor of the exclusive adoption of the one prevailing model supported by the mainstream scientific community. The following cosmology statement at this link is but one example of such discontent.

It would indeed behoove the Wikipedia Foundation to categorize scientific theory in a more unbiased fashion rather than appear to lend a priority to mainstream consensus by dismissing scientific theories which remain viable, though perhaps errantly considered to have been falsified. The sciences are an evolving study and there remains much more unknown than proven within the range of the present consensus scientific model. Wikipedia's science theory categories should reflect this evolving reality and not present such an absolute classification of still viable theories as obsolete, as has been done here. MichaelNetzer 12:10, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I also think this should not be a category. It's definitely POV. For instance newton's theories have been superseded by relativity but they are not listed here.Tstrobaugh (talk) 18:56, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Obsolete Scientific Theories are Pseudoscience?
Based on arbitration and clarification on same, the Pseudoscience category, which has been applied to this category, requires a reliable source indicating that it is in fact pseudoscience to sustain its application. Can you point out some reliable source that will settle the matter? If not, we'll need to remove the Pseudoscience category tag from this category. Thank you.-- self-ref (nagasiva yronwode) (talk) 23:11, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

 * This is fatuous. Categories are navigational tools. Having the category "Pseudoscience" associated with "Obsolete scientific theories" makes sense--there's a clear relationship between these topics. Thus, there's no reason to remove the category. — Scientizzle 00:11, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Can you cite a reliable source to support your position please?-- self-ref (nagasiva yronwode) (talk) 00:18, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * What position am I supposed to support? "Categories are navigational tools"? Here's my source. In that source: "Categories are mainly used to browse through similar articles. Make decisions about the structure of categories and subcategories that make it easy for users to browse through similar articles." Can you make any valid argument that there's no relevant relationship between obsolete scientific theories, as a general class, and pseudoscience? (Particularly considering that a number of these obsolete theories still have adherents.) — Scientizzle 00:31, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * This looks like progress to me. Would you agree that obsolete scientific theories are good examples of what WP:PSCI describes as
 * "Obvious pseudoscience: 'Theories which, while purporting to be scientific, are obviously bogus, such as Time Cube, may be so labeled and categorized as such without more [justification].'"
 * If so, that helps me to set up a standard by which to evaluate other similar types, because by definition an obsolete scientific theory must be a bogus scientific theory. This seems to be what you are saying. The other "obvious pseudosciences" are going to be the greater trouble to evaluate.-- self-ref (nagasiva yronwode) (talk) 02:16, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Granted this, btw, the issue then becomes whether the contents of this category are actually obsolete scientific theories or if they are something else (mystical methods, for example, or symbolism for magic, or something else which isn't necessarily something scientific or, in a universal sense, obsolete, just scientifically obsolete).-- self-ref (nagasiva yronwode) (talk) 02:20, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * If there is anything in Category:Obsolete scientific theories that can't be reasonably understood to be "scientific", or is/was not plausibly associated with science, that seems to be a valid reason to challenge categorization as such.
 * As to whether this fits into the ArbCom ruling...what makes sense is that these topics, ostensibly (though I have not reviewed them all), were once viewed as valid theoretical interpretations of the natural world and have been superseded or discarded through scientific progress. Thus, modern adherents to any of these topics are likely to "purport" scientific support while rejecting actual evidence: i.e., obvious pseudoscience.
 * More importantly, the navigational linkage of the subjects within this category (which include genuinely scientific ideas that were proven wrong, gray area pre-science & proto-science thought, and and array of disciplines that may be characterized as "softer" science) to a general category of pseudoscience is a useful connection. Through this, an intrepid reader may broaden his or her understanding of the nature of scientific exploration, in particular by comparing the process of testing and discarding unsupported hypotheses with the anti-science work of pseudoscience adherents. Including Category:Pseudoscience in this category does not label Category:Obsolete scientific theories articles as pseudoscience, but it does allow them to get from point A to point B. — Scientizzle 21:52, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Well that sounds as if you don't think this is 'obviously pseudoscience' at all, but want, for a separate reason (because they are 'usefully connected'), to use the Pseudoscience category tag here. I would ask whether, since it doesn't qualify for the one criteria specifically allocated for the tag, it qualifies for the other, namely"...generally considered pseudoscience by the scientific community...."

 * Could you support that, or do you think that a third category should be allowed by the Arbcom ruling per some interpretation of their text that i don't yet understand?-- self-ref (nagasiva yronwode) (talk) 22:30, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not convinced you understand what categories are for. Categorizing an article on Wikipedia creates a collection of related topics that, in some way or another, are plausibly organized under a particular descriptor. The functionality of categories is not to be prescriptive of an article's content, but to "reflect the significant (useful) classes to which the subject of the article belongs, or topics to which it relates, under which readers are likely to look", facilitating navigation from one topic to related topics. Moreover, by design the categorization system is neither linear nor a classic hierarchical structure, and categories can be nested to provide further navigational functionality to topics that are more tangential. The ArbCom case clearly states that categorizing an article as "pseudoscience" requires demonstrable evidence that it is generally rejected by the scientific community. The case did not address categorization of categories. (Not to mention, there is no practical way in which to cite a source that "Category:Obsolete scientific theories" is a pseudoscientific topic.)
 * Here's the deal: there is a common-sense linkage between the general topics of "obsolete scientific theories" and "pseudoscience", and a clear specific linkage between some of the subjects of this category and pseudoscience (i.e., Phrenology). Thus, it seems self-evident that nesting the two categories is a perfectly relevant organization. — Scientizzle 23:32, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you for trying to help me understand better the meaning and use of categories. What you have presented to me doesn't convince me that these were not dealt with by the Arbcom ruling. Its 15th through 18th parts seems to clearly relate to "categorization and characterization" that applies to categories and this is why these were restated as part of WP:PSCI and placed on the Pseudoscience category talk page's top portion. It is my understanding that the use of categories is to what "categorizing an article" precisely refers. How else might one "categorize an article as pseudoscience" except to apply the category to it? What you are saying so far doesn't make sense to me, especially given what so many others have helpfully explained to me about the meaning of categories and the Arbcom ruling's significance.-- self-ref (nagasiva yronwode) (talk) 17:17, 18 October 2008 (UTC)
 * This is not an article. This is another category. If a reader of an article about an obsolete scientific theory clicks on the Category:Obsolete scientific theories link that takes them to a listing of related topics. From there they can access Category:Pseudoscience, which is a related topic. I don't understand your objection to this navigational arrangement. — Scientizzle 01:39, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
 * So you are saying that the Arbcom doesn't apply to the categorization of categories, only of articles? Why would that be the case? Why wouldn't the direct relationship exist between articles and categories such that the Talk pages of articles are the central decision point for whether a category applies to it and also whether a category applies to its correlating category page? That's what it seems i was being told in Category_talk:Pseudoscience.-- self-ref (nagasiva yronwode) (talk) 21:29, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Your first template message, the first one in this thread, asked for a "reliable source indicating that it is in fact pseudoscience"...the bolded "it" presumably means the subject of this talk page: Category:Obsolete scientific theories. There are a few responses to this request, mostly covered above:
 * The topics are, to me, obviously related subjects (blindingly so). Related subjects are supposed to be organized such that "categories and subcategories...make it easy for users to browse through similar articles".
 * This is not an article. Articles in this category are not tagged with the pseudoscience category unless that category is applied separately within that article.
 * Any attempt to shoehorn the variety of article in this category into one of the four ArbCom criteria is stupid, because there are easy examples to meet each of the four...
 * ...and doubly stupid because the clear intent of the ArbCom decision is to control the destructive and excessive battles over the linking of said category within individual articles. It was not meant to limit common sense navigational arrangements.
 * Do you honestly assert that the two topics are unrelated and should therefore not be linked within the category architecture? — Scientizzle 01:28, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect reference
The "Passing Star Hypothesis" link does not point to an article that discusses the passing star hypothesis. It should perhaps point to the "Tidal Theory" section of the article History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses

35.9.60.82 (talk) 20:24, 27 January 2014 (UTC)


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User talk:Liamgilmartin

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Liamgilmartin


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Rydzyna

Rydzyna ( pronounced ) is a historic town in western Poland, located in the southern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship, 10 km south of Leszno, in the Leszno County, close to the main Poznań - Wrocław highway S5.

The town's population is 2,446 (2006).

It was the seat of King Stanisław Leszczyński during his first short reign from 1704 to 1709. Rydzyna is commonly referred to as "the pearl of the Polish Baroque" due to its preserved Old Town core and a high abundance of historical monuments.

History
It was founded at the beginning of the 15th century by Jan from Czernina, a descendant of the Wierzbno family, a knight of king Władysław II Jagiełło. Rydzyna was a private town, administratively located in the Kościan County in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown. At the end of the 17th century the town and its environs were owned by well-known magnates, the Leszczyński and then the Sułkowski families, whose investment in the town resulted in its current nickname as "the pearl of the Polish baroque". The 11th Polish Infantry Regiment was stationed in Rydzyna.

In the Second Partition of Poland, in 1793, the town was annexed by Prussia. After the successful Greater Poland uprising of 1806, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw, and following its dissolution in 1815, it was reannexed by Prussia. In 1871, the town became part of Germany and was known as Reisen in German. Until 1887, Reisen belonged to the Fraustadt district in the Prussian Province of Posen. From 1887 to 1920, it was part of the Lissa district. According to the census of 1905, the town had a population of 1,123, of which 814 (72.5%) were Germans and 309 (27.5%) were Poles. After World War I, Poland regained independence as the Second Polish Republic, and then regained the town in accordance to the Treaty of Versailles.

During the German invasion of Poland which started World War II in September 1939, the town was occupied by the Wehrmacht. It was annexed by Nazi Germany and was incorporated into the newly formed province of Reichsgau Wartheland. From October 1939 to February 1940, during the Intelligenzaktion, the Germans carried out mass executions of Poles from the Leszno County, including Rydzyna, in the forest near the town. In February 1940, the Germans arrested local Polish parish priest Aleksander Sterczewski, who was imprisoned in Rawicz, then deported to concentration camps and killed in Dachau (see Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland). Towards the end of the war, the town was captured by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 and was restored to Poland.

Rydzyna Castle
The most historically important site in Rydzyna is Rydzyna Castle, formerly the residence of king Stanisław I and the Sułkowski princes. The castle in Rydzyna was built at the beginning of 15th century by Jan of Czernina. At the end of the 17th century, Italian architects Joseph Simon Bellotti and Pompeo Ferrari erected the present Baroque castle on its ancient foundations. The first owners of the castle were the Leszczyński family. Together with its park and surrounding areas, it was one of the most splendid palaces in Poland. Between 1704 and 1709 it was a residence of the Polish king Stanisław I. In 1709, during the Great Northern War, the castle was partly burnt by the tsar's soldiers. However wall-paintings and stucco works in representative rooms, made by the best Italian artists, were not destroyed completely, and the castle was restored and expanded by Prince August Sułkowski, who purchased the Leszczyński estates in 1738. The castle, together with its adjacent park and the surrounding terrain, forms one of the most valuable castle-park complexes in Poland.

Other historical sites
Other historical monuments in Rydzyna are baroque tenement houses around the Rynek (Market Square) together with the town hall and the baroque parish church, all built in the 18th century and designed by the same architects as the castle. The evangelical church building now serves as a concert hall. In the center of the Market Square a unique Holy Trinity column was erected in 1761 by sculptor Andrew Schmidt in memory of the plague that decimated the town in 1709. The monumental former annexes to the castle, facing its north side, are in Classic style. All the monuments are the works of prominent architects brought in from all over Europe by the Leszczyński and Sułkowski families.

At one time there were over 40 windmills around Rydzyna. Today only one remains, the "Józef" windmill from the 18th century, which was renovated in 2003. It now houses the Museum of Agriculture and Milling.

Transport
The Polish S5 highway runs nearby, west of the town, and the Voivodeship road 309 passes through the town itself.

Notable residents

 * Józef Sułkowski (1773–1798), Polish military officer and aide-de-camp to Napoleon Bonaparte
 * Gustav Sorge (1911–1978), SS-guard at Esterwegen concentration camp

title: Rydzyna


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Talk:Alexander Alam

copied
The content of this article appears to be copied directly from here. Is that a problem? I poked around that website a bit and couldn't find any copyright notice, but I'm not an expert on copyright. Alynna 20:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * 15 years later, I have removed the philanthropy section which appears to have been copied from the site linked, now archived. --Find bruce (talk) 20:52, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexander Alam


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Everton Weekes

Sir Everton DeCourcy Weekes, KCMG, GCM, OBE (26 February 1925 –1 July 2020) was a cricketer from Barbados. A right-handed batsman, he was known as one of the hardest hitters in world cricket. Weekes holds the record for the most consecutive Test hundreds, with five. Along with Frank Worrell and Clyde Walcott, he formed what was known as "The Three Ws" of the West Indies cricket team. Weekes played in 48 Test matches for the West Indies cricket team from 1948 to 1958. Weekes occasionally donned the wicketkeeping gloves as well. He continued to play first-class cricket until 1964, surpassing 12,000 first-class runs in his final innings. As a coach he was in charge of the Canadian team at the 1979 Cricket World Cup, and he was also a commentator and international match referee.

Youth and early career
Born in a wooden shack on Pickwick Gap in Westbury, Saint Michael, Barbados, near Kensington Oval, Weekes was named by his father after English football team Everton (when Weekes told English cricketer Jim Laker this, Laker reportedly replied "It was a good thing your father wasn't a West Bromwich Albion fan.") Weekes was unaware of the source of DeCourcy, his middle name, although he believed there was a French influence in his family.

Weekes's family was poor and his father was forced to leave his family to work in the Trinidad oilfields when Weekes was eight. He did not return to Barbados for eleven years. In the absence of his father, Weekes and his sister were raised by his mother Lenore and an aunt, whom Weekes credits with his successful upbringing. Weekes attended St Leonard's Boys' School, where he later bragged that he never passed an exam (although he would later successfully study Hotel Management) and preferred to concentrate on sport. In addition to cricket, Weekes was also a keen football player, representing Barbados. As a boy, Weekes assisted the groundsmen at Kensington Oval and often acted as a substitute fielder in exchange for free entry to the cricket, giving himself the opportunity to watch leading international cricketers at close range. At age 13 Weekes began playing for Westshire Cricket Club in the Barbados Cricket League (BCL). He would have preferred to have played for his local club, Pickwick, but the club only catered to white players.

Weekes left school in 1939, aged 14, and, not having a job, spent his days playing cricket and football. He later attributed much of his cricketing success to this time spent practising. In 1943, Weekes enlisted in the Barbados Regiment and served as a lance corporal until his discharge in 1947 and while he never saw active service, the fact he was in the military meant he was eligible to play cricket for Garrison Sports Club in the higher standard Barbados Cricket Association in addition to Westshire in the BCL.

Early first-class career
Weekes's performances in Barbados club cricket led to his selection in a 1945 trial match to select a first-class side to represent Barbados on a Goodwill tour of Trinidad and Tobago. Weekes scored 88 and 117 retired and was selected for the tour, making his first-class debut on 24 February 1945, aged 19 years, 364 days, for Barbados against Trinidad and Tobago at Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain. Batting at number six, he scored 0 and eight as Barbados lost by ten wickets.

Weekes scored his maiden first-class half century in his next match, making 53 as an opener against Trinidad in March 1945 (where he also bowled for the first time in a first class match, conceding 15 runs in four wicketless overs). In his first two first-class seasons Weekes was only a moderate success with the bat, averaging 16.62 by the end of the 1945/46 season but began to find form in 1946/47, when, batting at number four, his maiden first-class century, 126 against British Guiana at Bourda, Georgetown, and averaged 67.57 for the season. The 1947/48 season included a tour by MCC and Weekes impressed West Indian selectors with an unbeaten 118 against the tourists prior to the first Test in Bridgetown.

The Three Ws

Weekes was one of the "Three Ws", along with Sir Clyde Walcott and Sir Frank Worrell, noted as outstanding batsmen from Barbados who all made their Test debut in 1948 against England. The three were all born within seventeen months of each other and within a mile of Kensington Oval in Barbados and Walcott believed that the same midwife delivered each of them. Weekes first met Walcott in 1941, aged 16, when they were team mates in a trial match. They shared a room together when on tour and, along with Worrell, would go dancing together on Saturday nights after playing cricket.

The name "Three Ws" was coined by an English journalist during the 1950 West Indian tour of England. Walcott believed that Weekes was the best all-round batsman of the three, while Worrell was the best all-rounder and modestly referred to himself as the best wicket keeper of the trio. After their retirement from cricket, the three remained close and, following the death of Worrell in 1967, Weekes acted as one of the pallbearers at his funeral. The 3Ws Oval, situated on the Cave Hill campus of the University of the West Indies was named in their honour, and a monument to the Three Ws is opposite the oval. Worrell and Walcott are buried on ground overlooking the oval.

Test career
Weekes made his Test debut for the West Indies against England at Kensington Oval on 21 January 1948, aged 22 years and 329 days. He was one of 12 debutants; seven from the West Indies (the others were Walcott, Robert Christiani, Wilfred Ferguson, Berkeley Gaskin, John Goddard and Prior Jones) and five for England; Jim Laker, Maurice Tremlett, Dennis Brookes, Winston Place and Gerald Smithson. Batting at number three, Weekes made 35 and 25 as the match ended in a draw.

Weekes's performance in his next two Tests, in the words of Wisden, "did little to indicate the remarkable feats which lay ahead" and was initially dropped from the Fourth and final Test of the series against England before an injury to George Headley allowed Weekes to return to the side. After being dropped on 0, Weekes scored 141, his maiden Test century and was subsequently chosen for the West Indies tour of India, Pakistan and Ceylon.

In his next Test, the First against India, at Delhi, in November 1948 (the first by West Indies in India), Weekes scored 128, followed by 194 in the Second Test in Bombay and 162 and 101 in the Third Test in Calcutta. Weekes then made 90 in the Fourth Test in Madras, being controversially run out and 56 and 48 in the Fifth Test at Bombay. Weekes's five Test centuries in consecutive innings is a Test record, passing the record previously held by Jack Fingleton and Alan Melville as was his achievement of seven Test half-centuries in consecutive innings, passing the record previously jointly held by Jack Ryder, Patsy Hendren, George Headley and Melville. (Andy Flower and Shivnarine Chanderpaul have since equaled Weekes' record of seven half centuries).

By the end of the series, which also included a century against Ceylon, at that time a non-Test cricketing nation, and a half-century against Pakistan in a match not classed as a Test match, Weekes had a Test batting average of 82.46 and had passed 1,000 Test runs in his twelfth innings, one fewer than Donald Bradman. Early in the tour the West Indian team's cricket kit disappeared and Weekes was surprised to see Indian fishermen wearing flannels and West Indian cricket jumpers. As a result of his series, Weekes was named one of the 1949 Indian Cricket "Cricketers of the Year". The next season saw no Test cricket played by West Indies but Weekes scored 236* against British Guiana at Bridgetown, averaged 219.50 for the season and raised his career first-class average to 72.64.

West Indies in England 1950
In 1950, West Indies toured England and Weekes continued his excellent form, scoring 338 runs at 56.33 and playing a significant part in the West Indies 3–1 victory in the Test series, as well as 2310 first-class runs at 79.65 (including five double centuries, a record for a West Indian tour of England). By the end of the series, Weekes had scored 1,410 Test runs at 74.21 and had enhanced his reputation as one of the finest slip fielders in world cricket, taking 11 catches in the series. Additionally, his 304* against University of Cambridge remains the only triple century by a West Indian on tour in England. In recognition of his performance, Weekes was named a 1951 Wisden Cricketer of the Year.

West Indies in Australia and New Zealand 1951/52
Named as a member of the West Indian team to tour Australia in 1951/52, Weekes was troubled by a range of injuries throughout the tour, including an ongoing thigh injury and a badly bruised right thumb when a door slammed shut on it while he was helping an injured Walcott out of his room, subsequently leaving his performances below expectations.

Additionally, as the leading West Indian batsman, Weekes was targeted by the Australian fast bowlers, in particular Ray Lindwall, subjecting him to Bodyline-like tactics of sustained short pitched bowling. Reviewing the series, the Sydney Morning Herald claimed that the Australian tactics to contain Weekes may have been just within the laws of cricket but infringed on the spirit of the game. Leading cricket commentator Alan McGilvray later wrote "I remain convinced to this day the bumpers hurled at Weekes had a definite influence on charging up West Indian competitiveness in future series." Following the Australian tour, the West Indies visited New Zealand. In a tour match against Wellington, Weekes kept wicket in the absence of the injured Simpson Guillen and effected the only stumping of his first class career.

India in the West Indies 1952/53
During the Port of Spain Test against India in February 1953, Weekes surpassed George Headley's record of 2190 as West Indies' highest Test run scorer. Weekes would hold this record until June 1966 when surpassed by Gary Sobers.

Australia in the West Indies 1954/55
Weekes took his sole Test wicket in this series. In the First Test at Sabina Park, Kingston, with Australia requiring just 20 runs in their second innings to win the Test, Weekes opened the bowling and had Arthur Morris caught by Glendon Gibbs. The Australians were surprised at the level of racism evident throughout the West Indies at the time, and were embarrassed to find that Weekes, Worrall and Walcott had not been invited to a cocktail party at the home of a white West Indian player.

Other achievements include three centuries in consecutive innings against New Zealand in 1956, and a partnership of 338 with Worrell against England in 1954, still a West Indian record for the third wicket. In 1954 Weekes was chosen as the first tenured black captain of Barbados and the second black captain overall following Herman Griffith's temporary captaincy in 1941.

West Indies in England 1957
Weekes was affected by sinusitis throughout the tour, requiring five operations, and broke a finger in late June. Reporting on the final day of the 1957 Lord's Test where Weekes had made a rearguard 90 as the West Indies slumped to an innings defeat, The Times's cricket correspondent wrote "It had been a day to quicken one's feeling for cricket, glowing with freshness and impulse and friendliness, and it had belong to Weekes." Denis Compton said of Weekes following this innings; "In every respect, it was the innings of a genius." During the tour Weekes became only the fourth West Indian to pass 10,000 first-class runs. Weekes was the first West Indian to pass 3,000 Test runs, in 31 Test matches, and the first to score 4,000 Test runs, in 42 Tests.

Lancashire League
In 1949, Weekes accepted an offer of £500 to play as the professional for Bacup in the Lancashire League. When he first arrived in Bacup, Weekes was greatly affected by the cold and took to wearing an army great coat everywhere, to the extent it became part of his League image. His homesickness for Barbados was tempered by his landlady's potato pies and the presence of Worrell and Walcott, who were playing for League clubs Radcliffe and Enfield respectively. The three Ws would regularly meet at Weekes's house midweek for an evening of piano playing and jazz singing.

In all, Weekes played seven seasons in the Lancashire League between 1949 and 1958, passing 1000 runs in each. His 1,518 runs scored in 1951 is still the club record and for 40 years was the League record, until broken by Peter Sleep. Weekes scored a total of 9,069 runs for Bacup at 91.61, with 25 centuries, including 195* against Enfield, a score that remains a League record, as does his 1954 batting average of 158.25. Weekes also had success with the ball, taking at least fifty wickets in all but one season at Bacup, including 80 wickets in 1956.

During the 1954 season he also played for neighbouring Central Lancashire League club Walsden as sub professional in the Wood Cup Final. His 150 runs and 9 wickets helped the village club to their first trophy in the seventy years since they became founder members of the CLL. Weekes's performances were a significant contribution to League crowds, with over 325,000 spectators attending Lancashire League matches in 1949, a record as yet unsurpassed. He also played up for the crowds; batting in a match against Rawtenstall Cricket Club, Weekes waited until a ball had passed him before taking his left hand off his bat and hitting the ball around his back through square leg for four.

Style
Weekes had a classic batting style, possessed a variety of shots on both sides of the wicket, and is considered one of the hardest hitters in cricket history. The Times described him as lightly bow-legged, with a wonderful eye, wrists the envy of any batsman, and feet always in the right place to play a shot, and Richie Benaud stated that many Australians who saw Weekes in action said he was the closest batsman in style to the pre-World War II Donald Bradman. He was also compared to Bradman in his ability to keep the scoreboard moving and in using his feet to come down the pitch to slower bowlers. Additionally, Weekes was an excellent fielder, initially in the covers before moving into the slips, and produced a training manual entitled Aspects of Fielding.

Retirement and post-cricketing career

Weekes retired from Test cricket in 1958 due to a persistent thigh injury but continued in first-class cricket until 1964, his final first-class match being against Trinidad and Tobago in Port-of-Spain, scoring 19 and 13. Weekes passed 12,000 first-class runs in his final innings, becoming only the third West Indian, after Worrell and Roy Marshall, to do so.

Post-retirement, Weekes would make occasional appearances in charity and exhibition matches, including for the International Cavaliers. In one 1967 match, aged 42, Weekes, out of practice and in borrowed gear, dominated a bowling attack half his age. Weekes also participated in a Cavaliers tour of Rhodesia in the early 1960s, where he was the focus of racial discrimination, including having a match against a Bulawayo side moved to a substandard ground in a black area due to a local bylaw banning blacks from playing in a white area. Feeling humiliated, Weekes and fellow West Indian Rohan Kanhai threatened to abandon the tour but remained following an apology from Rhodesian government officials.

While Weekes was never coached as a young player, he was appointed a Barbados Government Sports Officer in 1958 and found great success as a coach, encouraging young players to obey their instincts and develop their own style. Such was his success, Weekes was appointed coach of the Canadian side at the 1979 Cricket World Cup. Additionally, Weekes served on the executive of the Barbados Cricket Association for many years and helped develop many leading Barbadian players, including Conrad Hunte and Seymour Nurse, both deeply influenced by Weekes. Weekes also found time to work as a television and radio cricket commentator, known for his acerbic wit and deep knowledge of the game and began to play Dominoes and Bridge competitively, representing Barbados in regional Bridge championships. The New York Times referred to his style as "aggressive".

In 1994, Weekes was appointed as an International Cricket Council match referee, refereeing in four Tests and three One Day Internationals. Weekes published his memoirs Mastering the Craft: Ten years of Weekes, 1948 to 1958 in December 2007, when it was announced that the book will be included in the curriculum of the Caribbean Civilisation Foundation course at the University of the West Indies. Outside of cricket, Weekes became a Justice of the Peace and served on a number of Barbados Government bodies, including the Police Service Commission. Weekes' cousin Kenneth Weekes and son David Murray also played Test cricket for the West Indies, while his grandson Ricky Hoyte played first-class cricket for Barbados and his nephew Donald Weekes played one first-class match for Sussex.

In June 2019, Weekes was placed in intensive care, after suffering a heart attack in Barbados. On 1 July 2020, he died at the age of 95 in Christ Church.

Honours and legacy

Following the end of his cricketing career, Weekes received a range of distinctions, including being made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), the Barbados Gold Crown of Merit (GCM), and in 1995 Weekes was made a Knight of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) for his services to cricket. For the 2000 edition of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, Weekes was asked to be a member of the 100 strong electorate to select the Five Cricketers of the 20th Century. All voters were allowed to nominate five players and while there was no disclosure of which five each voter chose, Wisden editor Matthew Engel revealed that Weekes voted for Dennis Lillee and, as Sir Donald Bradman received 100 votes, it is obvious Weekes voted for Bradman as well.

The former Prime Minister of Barbados Owen Arthur paid tribute to Weekes for his role in bringing social change to Barbados and the Caribbean, stating "Through his excellence on the cricket field, Sir Everton helped in a fundamental way to change Barbados for the better, forever, by proving that true excellence cannot be constrained by social barriers." In addition to the 3Ws Oval, Weekes has been honoured throughout Barbados, including having a roundabout in Warrens, St. Michael named after him. In January 2009 Weekes was one of 55 players inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and will choose new inductees to the Hall of Fame.

Weekes had a Test batting average of nearly 97.92 in innings immediately after those in which he scored a hundred, the second highest (after Vijay Hazare) for those who had scored five Test centuries. As of 2 July 2020, Weekes' career Test batting average of 58.61 is the ninth highest of all players with 30 or more innings. An oddity of his career was the first innings bias averaging 71.44 compared with 36.64 in the second, and only one of his fifteen tons came in the second innings.

Records

 * Fastest in world to reach 1000 Test runs (shares the record with Herbert Sutcliffe) by achieving the feat in the 12th innings of his career.
 * The only cricketer in history to have scored five successive Test centuries.

title: Everton Weekes


text:
We're Not Afraid

We're not Afraid! is a website which was created just hours after the 7 July 2005 London bombings as a place for Internet users from around the world to state that they were not being intimidated by the actions of the terrorists.

It grew rapidly and had over one thousand images as of August 2005, with more being added as they were emailed to the administrators. Alfie Dennen founded the site initially as a small photoblog and did not expect it to become so large. The site suffered problems due to over-use caused by media coverage in several British newspapers and on CNN.

A statement dated 19 July 2007 posted on the site states that although the URL remains valid "unfortunately we simply do not have anyone who has the time to keep everything running and dynamic. We are pleased however that the site will remain online as a permanent reminder of the terrorist attacks here in London in 2005."

At one point, there was a parody site, called We're shitting ourselves!, but it has since expired.

title: We're Not Afraid


text:
Associative meaning

According to the semantic analysis of Geoffrey Leech, the associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker. They, in turn, can be broken up into five sub-types: connotative, collocative, social, affective and reflected (Mwihaki 2004).

 * The connotative meanings of an expression are the thoughts provoked by a term when in reference to certain entities. Though these meanings may not be strictly implied by relevant definitions, they show up in common or preferred usage regardless. This is not to be confused with what is historically referred to as connotation, which more closely describes rigid definitions of words.
 * Collocative meaning, or "collocation", describes words that regularly appear together in common use (within certain contexts).
 * Social meaning, where words are used to establish relationships between people and to delineate social roles. For example, in Japanese, the suffix "-san" when added to a proper name denotes respect, sometimes indicating that the speaker is subordinate to the listener; while the suffix "-chan" denotes that the speaker thinks the listener is a child or childlike (either for purposes of affection or derision).
 * Affective meaning has to do with the personal feelings or attitudes of the speaker.
 * Reflected meaning has to do with when one sense of a particular word affects the understanding and usage of all the other senses of the word.
 * Thematic meaning concerns itself with how the order of words spoken affects the meaning that is entailed.

Related links

 * Mwihaki, Alice. (2004)

title: Associative meaning


text: Template:SCOTUS-stub

title: Template:SCOTUS-stub


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User talk:62.252.224.15

Proposed deletion of James Lorinz

The article James Lorinz has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NACTOR and WP:GNG - a Google news search returns articles that only mention him in passing; I have been unable to find sources that discuss the subject in-depth"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jmertel23 (talk) 17:41, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of James Lorinz for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article James Lorinz is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/James Lorinz until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. CHRISSY MAD ❯❯❯  ¯\_(ツ)_/¯  20:25, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:62.252.224.15


text:
Remington Model 788

The Remington 788 is a bolt-action, centerfire rifle that was made by Remington Arms from 1967 to 1983. It was marketed as an inexpensive yet accurate hunting rifle to compete with other gun companies' less expensive rifles alongside their more expensive Model 700 line. The 788 utilizes a single-column detachable magazine holding 3 rounds for the larger diameter calibers and 4 rounds for the 222 Rem and 223 Rem. A .22 rimfire model was also produced known as the 580, 581, or 582 depending on its method of feed. A target version of the .22 caliber 58x series, the 540X, was used by the US military as a training rifle and later disposed through the Civilian Marksmanship Program.

Design

The Remington 788 has two distinguishing design features. The first is the rear-lugged bolt. The bolt has nine lugs in three rows of three lugs each. They lock into the receiver behind the magazine well. Due to this design, the bolt handle lifts only 60 degrees on opening giving more clearance for scopes compared to the 90 degrees required for the Model 700 and other two-lug rifles. The bolt travel is also reduced because of the rear lugs. The bolt pictured is a pre-1975 locking model from a .308 Winchester caliber rifle. The locking bolt requires the safety to be in the "fire" or "off" position in order to rotate the handle and actuate the bolt. Rifles manufactured from 1975 to 1983 have non-locking bolts which can be actuated while the safety is engaged. The second distinguishing feature is the receiver. It has a smaller ejection port than similar bolt-action rifles, and no bolt lug raceways. The single stack magazine design yields a smaller feed opening in the bottom of the receiver compared to rifles using a double stack magazine well. When machining of these smaller ports is complete there is more steel remaining in the receiver between the ejection port and adjacent feed port, and significantly more steel overall where all receivers have the least strength. These characteristics combined to make the Remington 788 receiver more rigid and stronger than most, if not all, competing designs, including the Remington 700 which shares the same outside receiver diameter. A rifle's accuracy tends to increase slightly as the rigidity of the receiver increases, as this slightly reduces barrel deflection during firing. Thus the Remington 788 has the structural foundation to be a very accurate rifle.

Variants
A left-handed version was produced in .308 and 6mm Remington calibers. The Carbine version with an 18.5 in barrel was produced in .308 Winchester, 7mm-08, and .243. The stock was revised in 1980 being the only significant change throughout the production history. The following table presents a breakdown of this rifle's 13 year production run by caliber, year, and configuration.

title: Remington Model 788


text: User talk:84.59.213.172

title: User talk:84.59.213.172


text:
Talk:Mini ephedrine

"Mini" is a brand. "Mini thin" is a product so is "Mini Ephedrine." Merging is not needed since they are not the same.

title: Talk:Mini ephedrine


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Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma

Edwina Cynthia Annette Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma (' Ashley'''; 28 November 1901 – 21 February 1960), was an English heiress, socialite, relief worker and the last vicereine of India as the wife of (the then) Rear Admiral The 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma.

Family background and early life
Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley was born in 1901, the elder daughter of Wilfrid Ashley (later 1st Baron Mount Temple), who was a Conservative member of Parliament. Her younger sister was Mary Ashley (Lady Delamere). Patrilineally, she was a great-granddaughter of the reformist 7th Earl of Shaftesbury. Edwina's mother, Amalia Mary Maud Cassel (1879–1911), was the only child of the international magnate Sir Ernest Cassel (1852–1921), friend and private financier to the future King Edward VII. Cassel had been born in Cologne, Prussia, of Jewish origin. He was one of the richest and most powerful men in Europe.

After Wilfred Ashley's remarriage in 1914 to Molly Forbes-Sempill (ex-wife of Rear-Admiral Arthur Forbes-Sempill), Edwina Ashley was sent away to boarding schools, first to the Links in Eastbourne, then to Alde House in Suffolk, at neither of which was she a willing pupil. Edwina was unhappy during the time because, in addition to a sour relationship with her stepmother, she was bullied at school on account of her grandfather being rich, German, and Jewish. She later described her experience at school as 'sheer hell'. Her grandfather, Sir Ernest, solved the domestic dilemma by inviting her to live with him and, eventually, to act as hostess at his London residence, Brook House. Later, his other mansions, Moulton Paddocks and Branksome Dene, would become part of her inheritance from him.

Marriage and children
By the time she first met Louis Mountbatten, a relative of the British royal family and a nephew of Empress Alexandra of Russia, in 1920, Edwina Ashley was a leading member of London society. Her maternal grandfather died in 1921, leaving her £2 million (equivalent to £0 million in ), and his palatial London townhouse, Brook House, at a time when her future husband's naval salary was £610 a year (equivalent to £0 in ). Later, she inherited the country seat of Broadlands, Hampshire, from her father, Lord Mount Temple. Ashley and Mountbatten married on 18 July 1922 at St Margaret's, Westminster. The wedding attracted more than 8,000 people, including members of the royal family such as Queen Mary, Queen Alexandra, and the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VIII). It was dubbed "wedding of the year". There followed a honeymoon tour of European royal courts and America which included a visit to Niagara Falls (because "all honeymooners went there"). During their honeymoon in California, the newlyweds starred in a silent home movie by Charlie Chaplin called Nice And Friendly, which was not shown in cinemas.

The Mountbattens had two daughters, Patricia (14 February 1924 – 13 June 2017) and Pamela (born 19 April 1929). Drew Pearson described Edwina in 1944 as "one of the most beautiful women in England".

Edwina and her sister-in-law, the Marchioness of Milford Haven (wife of Lord Milford Haven), were extremely close friends and the two frequently went together on rather daring adventures, travelling rough in difficult and often dangerous parts of the world.

Second World War
After the outbreak of the Second World War, Mountbatten visited the United States, where she expressed gratitude for efforts to raise funds for the British Red Cross and St John Ambulance Brigade. In 1942, she was appointed Superintendent-in-Chief of the St John Ambulance Brigade, serving extensively. In 1945, she assisted in the repatriation of prisoners of war in South East Asia. She was appointed a CBE in 1943 and made a Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) in 1946. She also received the American Red Cross Medal.

Vicereine of India
Edwina Mountbatten was the last vicereine of India, serving during the final months of the British Raj and the first months of the post-Partition period (February 1947 to June 1948) when Louis Mountbatten was the last viceroy of India and then, after the partition of India and Pakistan in June 1947, the governor-general of India, but not of the Dominion of Pakistan.

From 28 October 1947 onwards, Edwina Mountbatten was styled as the Countess Mountbatten of Burma, after her husband was elevated to an earldom. Following the violent disruption that accompanied the partition of India, Lady Mountbatten's priority was to mobilise the enormous relief efforts required, work for which she was widely praised.

Edwina had publicly supported the military operations by Nehru administration for gaining control over Jammu and Kashmir and Hyderabad state. After her viceroyalty in India, her public service included service for the St John Ambulance Brigade. She was a governor of The Peckham Experiment in 1949.

Death
Lady Mountbatten died in her sleep aged 58 of unknown causes on 21 February 1960 in Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu), North Borneo (now Sabah), while on an inspection tour for the St John Ambulance Brigade. In accordance with her wishes, she was buried at sea off the coast of Portsmouth from HMS Wakeful on 25 February 1960; Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury, officiated. On learning of the news, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother observed, "Dear Edwina, she always liked to make a splash." Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru had the Indian Navy frigate INS Trishul, already stationed in the city, to escort the Wakeful and cast a wreath. Her will was proven in London on 21 March 1960, with her estate valued for probate at £589,655 (equivalent to £0 as of 2024).

Titles

 * 23 August 1946 – 21 February 1947: The Right Honourable The Viscountess Mountbatten of Burma
 * 21 February 1947 – 28 October 1947: Her Excellency The Right Honourable The Viscountess Mountbatten of Burma
 * 28 October 1947 – 21 June 1948: Her Excellency The Right Honourable The Countess Mountbatten of Burma
 * 21 June 1948 – 21 February 1960: The Right Honourable The Countess Mountbatten of Burma

Honours

 * Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) – 1 January 1946
 * Order of St John (UK) ribbon.png Dame Grand Cross of the Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (GCStJ: 1 January 1946; CStJ: 19 December 1928 )
 * UK Order of the Crown of India ribbon.svg Lady of the Imperial Order of the Crown of India (CI) -21 February 1947
 * Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.svg Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE: 1 January 1948; CBE: 1 January 1943 )
 * Service Medal of the Order of St John Ribbon.svg Service Medal of the Order of St John
 * UK King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
 * UK King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.svg King George VI Coronation Medal
 * UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal

In popular culture
Lady Mountbatten of Burma has been portrayed by:
 * Janet Suzman in the 1986 television drama Lord Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy
 * Maria Aitken in the 1998 biographical film Jinnah
 * Gillian Anderson in Gurinder Chadha's drama film Viceroy's House (2017)
 * Lucy Russell in series 2 of The Crown (2017)


text: Talk:Joyce Beatty

title: Talk:Joyce Beatty


text:
Barry Eisler

Barry Mark Eisler (born 1964) is an American novelist. He is the author of two thriller series, the first featuring anti-hero John Rain, a half-Japanese, half-American former soldier turned freelance assassin, and a second featuring black ops soldier Ben Treven. Eisler also writes about politics and language on his blog Heart of the Matter, and at the blogs CHUD, Firedoglake, The Huffington Post, MichaelMoore.com, The Smirking Chimp, and Truthout.

Early life
Eisler was born in New Jersey, his father was a wholesale office supplier, and his mother an environmental activist. Eisler is Jewish and graduated from Cornell Law School in 1989.

Early career
After completing law school, Eisler joined the CIA, where he trained for three years afterward and held a covert position with the Directorate of Operations. In 1992, he resigned and joined the law firm Weil, Gotshal & Manges. In 1994, he moved to the San Francisco Bay Area to work for the firm's technology licensing division, then left to work in Japan for Matsushita.

In 1999, he returned to the Bay Area to join a startup.

In 2003, he started writing full-time, when he sold the rights to his debut novel, Rain Fall, the first of his series featuring John Rain.

Self-publishing
Eisler made news in March 2011 when he walked away from a reported half million dollar advance from St. Martin's Press in order to go the self-publishing route pioneered by his colleague J. A. Konrath and others. He then took a six-figure deal to publish the seventh John Rain novel, The Detachment (2011), under Amazon Publishing's Thomas & Mercer mystery imprint.

Awards
Eisler's novel Rain Fall won the 2005 Barry Award for Best Thriller and The Gumshoe Award. Fault Line reached Number 18 on The New York Times Hardcover Fiction Best Seller list.

John Rain

 * 1) Graveyard of Memories (2014)
 * 2) Zero Sum (2017)
 * 3) A Clean Kill in Tokyo (2002), previously published as Rain Fall
 * 4) A Lonely Resurrection (2003), previously published as Hard Rain in the US and Blood from Blood in the UK
 * 5) Winner Take All (2004), previously published as Rain Storm in the US and Choke Point in the UK  (Barry Awards for best thriller)
 * 6) Redemption Games (2005), previously published as Killing Rain in the US and One Last Kill in the UK
 * 7) Extremis (2006), previously published as The Last Assassin (Barry Awards for best thriller nominee)
 * 8) The Killer Ascendant (2007), previously published as Requiem for an Assassin
 * 9) "Paris is a Bitch" (Rain/Delilah, 2011), short story
 * 10) The Detachment (2011)(w/ Ben Treven)
 * 11) "Decisions, Decisions" (2011)(w/ Dr. Morgan Snow)
 * 12) "The Khmer Kill" (Dox, 2012), short story
 * 13) "London Twist" (Delilah, 2013), novella
 * 14) The Killer Collective (1 February 2019) (w/Livia Lone)
 * 15) The Chaos Kind (October 2021) (w/Livia Lone/Marvin Manus)

Ben Treven

 * 1) Fault Line (2009)
 * 2) Inside Out (2010)
 * 3) "The Lost Coast" (Larison, 2011), short story
 * 4) The Detachment (2011) (w/ John Rain)

Livia Lone

 * 1) Livia Lone (2016)
 * 2) The Night Trade (2018) (w/Dox)
 * 3) The Killer Collective (1 February 2019) (w/John Rain)
 * 4) All the Devils (27 August 2019)

Marvin Manus

 * The God's Eye View (2016)

Dox

 * Amok (2022)

Essays

 * "Surveillance/Counter-Surveillance" (2012) in Crimespree Magazine #11 and 12
 * "Surveillance/Counter-Surveillance" (2012) in Crimespree Magazine #11 and 12
 * "Surveillance/Counter-Surveillance" (2012) in Crimespree Magazine #11 and 12

Screen adaptations
In April 2009, Sony Pictures Japan released a mostly Japanese language film version of Rain Fall starring Shiina Kippei as Rain and Gary Oldman as Rain's nemesis, CIA Station Chief William Holtzer.

In August 2014, Slingshot Global Media announced its intention to produce a miniseries, Rain, based on the book. At that time, Keanu Reeves was attached to portray the character as well as serve as the executive producer alongside Eisler, Chad Stahelski, and David Leitch. The scriptwriter had not been decided upon at that time. As of October 2023, nearly a decade later, the concept is still shown as "in development" on Eisler's IMDb page.

Personal life
Eisler earned a black belt at the Kodokan International Judo Center and lives in the San Francisco Bay Area. He is married to literary agent Laura Rennert, who represents his work. They have one daughter.

title: Barry Eisler


text:
Mary Boyce

Nora Elisabeth Mary Boyce (2 August 1920 – 4 April 2006) was a British scholar of Iranian languages, and an authority on Zoroastrianism. She was Professor of Iranian Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) of the University of London. The Royal Asiatic Society's annual Boyce Prize for outstanding contributions to the study of religion is named after her.

Early years
She was born in Darjeeling where her parents were vacationing to escape the heat of the plains during the summer. Her father, William H. Boyce, was a Judge at the Calcutta high-court, then an institution of the British imperial government. Her mother Nora (née Gardiner) was a granddaughter of the historian Samuel Rawson Gardiner.

Boyce was educated at Wimbledon High School and then Cheltenham Ladies' College. At Newnham College, Cambridge she studied English, archaeology and anthropology, graduating with a double first.

Academic career
In 1944, Boyce joined the faculty of the Royal Holloway College, University of London, where she taught Anglo-Saxon literature and archaeology until 1946. Simultaneously she continued her studies, this time in Persian languages, under the guidance of Vladimir Minorsky at the School of Oriental and African Studies from 1945 to 1947. There she met her future mentor, Walter Bruno Henning, under whose tutelage she began to study Middle Iranian languages.

In 1948, Boyce was appointed lecturer of Iranian Studies at SOAS, specialising in Manichaean, Zoroastrian Middle Persian and Parthian texts. In 1952, she was awarded a doctorate in Oriental Studies from the University of Cambridge. At SOAS, she was promoted to Reader (1958–1961) and subsequently awarded the University of London's professorship in Iranian Studies following Henning's transfer to the University of California at Berkeley.

Boyce remained professor at SOAS until her retirement in 1982, continuing as Professor Emerita and a professorial research associate until her death in 2006. Her speciality remained the religions of speakers of Eastern Iranian languages, in particular Manichaeanism and Zoroastrianism.

Awards and recognition
Boyce was a recipient of the Royal Asiatic Society's Burton Medal, and of the Sykes Medal of the Royal Society of Asian Affairs. She was a member of the Council of the Royal Asiatic Society, honorary member of the American Oriental Society, member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, and was the first secretary and treasurer of the Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum. She served on the editorial board of numerous academic publications, including Asia Major, the Encyclopaedia Iranica, the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, and the Journal of the American Oriental Society.

Publications
In 1963–64, Boyce spent a research year among orthodox Zoroastrians of the 24 villages of Yazd, Iran. The results of her research there were formative to her understanding of Zoroastrianism and she discovered that much of the previously established scholarship on the ancient faith was terribly misguided. In 1975, Boyce presented the results of her research at her Ratanbai Katrak lecture series at Oxford University. In the same year she published the first volume of her magnum opus, The History of Zoroastrianism, which appeared in the monograph series Handbuch der Orientalistik (Leiden:Brill). Her Ratanbai Katrak lecture series were published in 1977 as A Persian Stronghold of Zoroastrianism.

In 1979, Boyce published Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, which not only summarised her previous publications (in particular volume 1 of History), but anthologised the role of Zoroastrianism during subsequent eras as well. This was followed by volume 2 of History of Zoroastrianism in 1982 (also as a part of the Orientalistik monograph series), and volume 3 in 1991 which she co-authored with Frantz Grenet. In 1992, she published Zoroastrianism: Its Antiquity and Constant Vigour as part of the Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies which she had delivered there in 1985.

Selected works

 * 1954, The Manichaean hymn-cycles in Parthian (London Oriental Series, Vol. 3). London: Oxford University Press.
 * 1975, A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. 1 (Handbuch der Orientalistik Series). Leiden: Brill; Repr. 1996 as A History of Zoroastrianism: Vol 1, The Early Period.
 * 1977, Zoroastrianism: The rediscovery of missing chapters in man's religious history (Teaching aids for the study of Inner Asia). Asian Studies Research Institute: Indiana University Press.
 * 1977, A Persian Stronghold of Zoroastrianism. London: Oxford University Press; Repr. 2001
 * 1978, A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Acta Iranica Monograph Series). Leiden: Brill.
 * 1979, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (Library of religious beliefs and practices). London:Routledge/Kegan Paul; Corrected repr. 1984; repr. with new foreword 2001.
 * 1982, A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. 2 (Handbuch der Orientalistik Series). Leiden: Brill. Repr. 1996 as "A History of Zoroastrianism: Vol 2, Under the Achaemenians".
 * 1984, Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism (Textual Sources for the Study of Religion). London:Rowman & Littlefield. Repr. 1990
 * 1987, Zoroastrianism: A Shadowy but Powerful Presence in the Judaeo-Christian World. Friends of Dr. Williams: London.
 * 1988, "The religion of Cyrus the Great", in A. Kuhrt and H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg Achaemenid History III: Method and Theory, Leiden: Brill.
 * 1991, A History of Zoroastrianism: Vol. 3, Zoroastrianism Under Macedonian and Roman Rule (Handbuch der Orientalistik Series). With Frantz Grenet, Leiden: Brill.
 * 1992, Zoroastrianism: Its Antiquity and Constant Vigour (Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies, No 7). Costa Mesa: Mazda.
 * Forthcoming: A History of Zoroastrianism: Vols 4–7, under the editorship of Albert de Jong.

title: Mary Boyce