text:
HB Ice Cream

HB Ice Cream (originally an initialisation of both Hughes Brothers and Hazelbrook Farm) is an ice cream brand in Ireland and is part of the Unilever Group's Heartbrand ice cream brand.

It manufactures most of the Heartbrand's ice cream range, as well as some products designed exclusively for the Irish market, including the Hazelbrook Farm range of blocks of ice-cream.

In Northern Ireland, both HB and Wall's ice-cream (the UK variant of the Heartbrand) are available, and in recent years have been promoted together as HB Wall's.

History
The company was founded in 1926 as Hughes Brothers by James, George, and William Hughes at Hazelbrook Farm in Churchtown, Dublin. The name Hazelbrook Farm was dropped during World War II but brought back in the late 1980s except that it was called "HB Originals" from 2002 to 2005. In 1964, the milk distribution operations of HB were transferred to Premier Dairies. The rest of the company was sold to W. R. Grace and Company and subsequently became part of Unilever in 1973. HB also made sweets and chocolate too at phases. In 2002 and 2003, the company also made frozen yogurt.

In 2003, the HB Ice Cream plant in Churchtown was closed with the loss of 180 jobs.

Hazelbrook House, the Hughes family farmhouse, was moved to Bunratty Folk Park in 2001, where it is now on display and open to the public.

Advertising
In 2016 the brand celebrated its 90th birthday, and all television adverts since 1961 for HB returned to television screens. During the late 1970s and early 1980s popular phrases included "Two Letters Spell Ireland's Favourite Ice Cream", "Still The Favourite" during the mid-1980s while some adverts were used for Wall's in England, Miko in France and other sister brands. During the mid 1990s there were Cool Bits lolly pop like a sweet. On 26 April 2017 many of the adverts from the 1960s and 1970s were made available to the Irish Film Archive and can be watched online.

title: HB Ice Cream


text:
User:FlyingPenguins

Pages I created

 * Station X (Canadian TV series) (2005)
 * Various Futurama episode articles (2005–2006):
 * A Pharaoh to Remember
 * Anthology of Interest II
 * Future Stock
 * Kif Gets Knocked Up a Notch
 * Leela's Homeworld
 * Love and Rocket
 * Less Than Hero
 * The Solids (2006)
 * Hey Joel (2006)
 * Intergalactic (Beastie Boys song) (2006)
 * Seeds (Hey Rosetta! album) (2011)

Relating to WikiProject Vancouver

 * Sperling–Burnaby Lake station (2006)
 * Gilmore station (2006)
 * Moray Bridge (2006)
 * Sea Island Connector (2006)
 * Mitchell Island (2006)

Relating to WikiProject Amusement Parks

 * John Wardley (2006)
 * Windjammer Surf Racers (2006)
 * Turbo Drop (2006)
 * Pinfari (2007)
 * Wooden Roller Coaster (Playland) (2017)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:FlyingPenguins


text:
John H. Edmison

John Henry Edmison (April 5, 1875 – March 22, 1932 ) was a medical doctor and politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1922 to 1932.

Edmison was born in Waterdown, Ontario (now Hamilton, Ontario), the son of Reverend Henry Edmison, and was educated in Owen Sound, at Queen's University and at the University of Manitoba. He had a professional medical degree, and worked as a physician. In 1901, he married May A. McMillan.

He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1922 provincial election, for the constituency of Brandon City. In the previous election, vote-splitting between the Liberal and Conservative parties in Brandon had resulted in the election of Albert E. Smith, a candidate of the Labour Party. In 1922, Edmison ran as an independent endorsed by both the Liberals and Conservatives, and defeated Smith by 1,221 votes.

Edmison remained an independent throughout his time in the legislature. He was re-elected in the 1927 election, defeating candidates of the Labour and Progressive parties. Once again, neither the Liberals nor Conservatives fielded a candidate against him.

He died at home in Brandon shortly before the 1932 election.

title: John H. Edmison


text:
MNDO

MNDO, or Modified Neglect of Diatomic Overlap is a semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure in computational chemistry. It is based on the Neglect of Diatomic Differential Overlap integral approximation. Similarly, this method replaced the earlier MINDO method. It is part of the MOPAC program and was developed in the group of Michael Dewar. It is also part of the AMPAC, GAMESS (US), PC GAMESS, GAMESS (UK), Gaussian, ORCA and CP2K programs.

Later, it was essentially replaced by two new methods, PM3 and AM1, which are similar but have different parameterisation methods.

The extension by W. Thiel's group, called MNDO/d, which adds d functions, is widely used for organometallic compounds. It is included in GAMESS (UK).

MNDOC, also from W. Thiel's group, explicitly adds correlation effects though second order perturbation theory with the parameters fitted to experiment from the correlated calculation. In this way, the method should give better results for systems where correlation is particularly important and different from that in the ground state molecules from the MNDO training set. This includes excited states and transition states. However, Cramer argues that "the model has not been compared to other NDDO models to the extent required to assess whether the formalism fulfills its potential."

title: MNDO


text:
User talk:Salisburiensis

 * Do you go to Woburn? ;) ♥purplefeltangel 20:56, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

I'm an alumnus, or an Old Woburnite, as I prefer to think of myself. I am in the music department regularly and you may see me supply teaching around the school. - Salisburiensis
 * Oh, too bad I don't take music then. --♥purplefeltangel 23:50, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Salisburiensis


text:
Universal Corporation

Universal Corporation (nyse: UVV) is one of the world's leading tobacco merchants. Incorporated in 1886, Universal is headquarters in Richmond, Virginia, in the United States.

Current operations
Universal buys, sells, and processes flue-cured and burley tobacco. It also holds a 49% interest in Socotab, LLC, a large dealer in oriental leaf tobaccos. The company does not manufacture cigarettes or other consumer tobacco products, although its largest customer is Altria Group (owner of Philip Morris USA).

Universal common stock is part of the S&P 600 index.

History
After the 1911 breakup of the American Tobacco Company trust, Jacquelin P. Taylor incorporated Universal out of six formerly independent leaf merchants.

On January 3, 2020, Universal purchased FruitSmart.

Bribery
In 2010, Universal along with its competitor Pyxus (then Alliance One) were accused of violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The company is alleged to have paid through its subsidiaries $850,000, $165,000 and $800,000 to officials in Malawi, Mozambique and Thailand, respectively. The company paid about $9 million in penalties and disgorged profits to settle the charges.

title: Universal Corporation


text:
Austin Model 1

Austin Model 1, or AM1, is a semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure in computational chemistry. It is based on the Neglect of Differential Diatomic Overlap integral approximation. Specifically, it is a generalization of the modified neglect of differential diatomic overlap approximation. Related methods are PM3 and the older MINDO.

AM1 was developed by Michael Dewar and co-workers and published in 1985. AM1 is an attempt to improve the MNDO model by reducing the repulsion of atoms at close separation distances. The atomic core-atomic core terms in the MNDO equations were modified through the addition of off-center attractive and repulsive Gaussian functions.

The complexity of the parameterization problem increased in AM1 as the number of parameters per atom increased from 7 in MNDO to 13-16 per atom in AM1.

The results of AM1 calculations are sometimes used as the starting points for parameterizations of forcefields in molecular modelling.

AM1 is implemented in the MOPAC, AMPAC, Gaussian, CP2K, GAMESS (US), PC GAMESS, GAMESS (UK), and SPARTAN programs.

An extension of AM1 is SemiChem Austin Model 1 (SAM1), which is implemented in the AMPAC program and which explicitly treats d-orbitals.

An extension of AM1 is AM1* that is available in VAMP software.

title: Austin Model 1


text: User talk:82.47.141.86

title: User talk:82.47.141.86


text:
Inverness High School

Inverness High School is a secondary school on Montague Row in Inverness, Scotland.

Admissions
From a peak of over 1,600 pupils, the school's current roll is around 450. Its feeders are Central, Dalneigh, Bishop Eden's, St Joseph's and Merkinch Primary Schools. It is situated west of the river and west of Kenneth Street (A82).

In 2005, it became one of the first twenty eight schools in Scotland to be awarded Schools of Ambition status.

The current Rector at Inverness High School is John Rutter, who succeeded Ritchie Cunningham who retired after 23 and a half years as Rector in April 2014. Cunningham held the title of longest serving Rector in the Highlands. Mr Rutter's two deputes are Ms. Fife and Mrs. Huggan.

History
After occupying various sites around the city, it moved to its current location, in Dalneigh, in 1937. At that time, it was renamed the Technical High School and specialised in providing vocational courses. It kept this name until 1959 when it adopted its current name. In 2008 there was a temporary closure when a fire started in the Assembly Hall. Luckily, it was a night time and during the Annual October break.

Notable former pupils

 * Mike Edwards Inverness journalist, author and soldier
 * David Mackenzie, General Secretary of the Transport Salaried Staffs' Association
 * Ali Smith, author and Booker Prize nominee
 * David Stewart, Labour MP for Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber 1997-2005
 * Gary Cornish, Scottish Heavyweight Boxer.

title: Inverness High School


text:
User talk:Lukkin~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --JYolkowski // talk 20:58, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lukkin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lukkin~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:39, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lukkin~enwiki


text:
Frances Winfield

Frances Winfield (1942 – April 21, 2019), was an American author and spokesperson.

Biography
Winfield was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1942, and grew up in St. Louis and Old Greenwich, Connecticut. Winfield met her husband, Paul Bremer at a Dixieland concert. The two became college sweethearts and married in 1966. Bremer, a State Department official, served as the Administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority of Iraq, Coordinator for Counterterrorism, United States Ambassador to the Netherlands, and Executive Secretary of the United States Department of State.

A devout Roman Catholic, she and her husband were extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion at their local parish in Maryland. They had two adult children.

After being diagnosed with Fibromyalgia, Winfield she became a spokeswoman for the National Fibromyalgia Association.

Winfield died on April 21, 2019, in Chevy Chase, Maryland.

Selected works

 * Running to Paradise, 2000, ISBN 1-892668-24-6
 * Coping With His Success: A Survival Guide for Wives at the Top, 1984, ISBN 0-06-015247-8
 * Walk A Mile In Her Shoes

title: Frances Winfield


text:
Talk:Progressive psytrance

POV
This article is written in a very POV way and needs a copyedit. violet/riga (t) 13:33, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Major POV revisions have been made -asmadeus 17:35, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Minimalist & Prog
I've been really started to think if these two genres are the same. I mean all of them called prog, but there are two different kind of music. There's one without any melody, uses distorted psychedelic snares, noiseses, etc. sometimes with a really short melody, and there's that melodic psyprog which comes from scandinavia (or better from Sweden) which one is quiet melodic and adopts a lot of stuffs from "standard" progressive house/progressive trance. The other confusing thing is, these two styles were usually produced by the same labels, but I guess, the more "melody-less" version appeared firstly, and that scandinavian prog. was the second. Maybe these are not so much different genres (however there are a lot of seperated subgenres for less difference), but I think this thing should be mentoined in this article. Maybe I'm not really right with this one, so it's more like a guess. I'd like to know what you guys think about it. --TaZaR 12:28, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Can you name a track that you think it's minimalist trance? Psychomelodic 06:57, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Progressive psytrance


text:
ParticipACTION

ParticipACTION is a national non-profit organization, originally launched as a Canadian government program in the 1970s, to promote healthy living and physical fitness. It shut down due to financial cutbacks in 2001, but was revived on February 19, 2007 with a grant of $5 million from the Canadian federal government.

History
ParticipACTION emerged from Sport Participation Canada, a non-profit organization formed on July 12, 1971 in response to a 1969 study commissioned by the National Advisory Council for Fitness and Amateur Sport that found that the future of Canadian health was at risk from poor physical fitness and apathy on the part of Canadians. Council Chair Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien recommended that the Government of Canada provide seed money for an independent agency with public and private funding that would work to promote physical fitness. Lou Lefaive from Sport Canada was assigned to assist in its founding. Marketing consultant Keith McKerracher was appointed to lead the new organization.

Former Prime Minister of Canada Lester B. Pearson chaired the board from 1971 to 1972, while Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien served as president. In 1972, the company was nationalized by then-Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to battle exorbitant health care costs. The resulting government program was renamed ParticipACTION.

A 1973 commercial, comparing the health of a 30-year-old Canadian to a 60-year-old Swede, started a national discussion on the state of physical education in Canada. The spot had its origin in juxtaposed pages of a book by Dr. Roy Shephard, then the Director of the Graduate Programme in Exercise Science the University of Toronto. On one page, a table of international fitness comparisons showed Swedes at the top of the ranking and Canadians significantly lower in the list; on the other side, an illustration showed that a sixty-year-old active man could be as fit as a sedentary thirty-year-old. When Russ Kisby (an early hire of McKerracher) showed McKerracher the book, the separate ideas were fused into the famous PSA. The ensuing outcry of alarm and embarrassment triggered a debate in the Parliament of Canada.

In the 1990s ParticipACTION became well-known for its television public service announcements (PSAs) such as Body Break hosted by Hal Johnson and Joanne McLeod. The series had been rejected by 40 companies including broadcasters and advertising agencies, including by various broadcasters, including The Sports Network, who weren't interested in showing an interracial couple.

With that frustration, Johnson approached ParticipACTION who agreed to fund the series, funding the first 65 of over 300 episodes. As a result, BodyBreak became a mainstay of Canadian television, including on networks that previously rejected it like TSN. In 2018, ParticipACTION introduced the idea that Everything gets better when you get active to help change the way people think about physical activity, focusing on all the benefits of active living (improved sleep, more energy, better focus). The Everything Gets Better campaign won Shopper Innovation and Marketing awards in 2020. The organization provides guidance to help Canadians achieve whatever “better” they wish to achieve, making physical activity part of Canadians’ everyday lives.

In 2019, the organization launched the ParticipACTION app which distinguishes itself by providing research and evidence-based health and fitness articles along with exercise how-tos in tandem with fitness tracking capabilities. App users receive prizes for doing things like getting active, reading or watching content in the app or sharing these things with others via social media, text or email.

The organization runs a variety of other initiatives as well to support its vision:

 * The Community Better Challenge, naming Canada's Most Active Community
 * Analysis of the state of physical activity among children & youth, adults and how this compares to other countries
 * Programming to help workplaces reduce sedentary behaviour and increase physically active

ParticipACTION was led by President and CEO Kelly Murumets from 2007 until 2014, when Elio Antunes was named to lead the organization.

The series received a burst of international publicity in 2017 when Global Calgary meteorologist Jordan Witzel, who was supposed to present a short segment introducing the playground activity of swinging as the ParticipACTION activity of the day, misinterpreted it as swinging in the sexual sense and expressed his confusion at the inappropriateness of the recommendation before realizing his error.

title: ParticipACTION


text:
Rolland Smith

Rolland G. Smith (born December 6, 1941) is an American retired television news reporter and anchor who was based in New York City for most of his long career.

Broadcasting career
Smith's earliest broadcasting job was for Metromedia Television, where he served as White House correspondent for WTTG. Metromedia would later transfer him to New York, where he would become co-anchor of WNEW-TV's 10 PM newscast. Smith departed Metromedia for CBS in 1970, and instantly became a reporter and anchor for WCBS. In 1973 Smith was named co-anchor of WCBS' evening newscasts, a position he held for 13 years. His 11 PM co-anchors included Dave Marash (1973–1978 and 1981–1982) and Vic Miles (1978–1979), before Michele Marsh joined him for the balance of his run with channel 2. Starting in late 1975, he was teamed with Jim Jensen on the 6 PM newscast, a partnership that remained until Smith's departure from the station.

He left WCBS when he was promoted to co-host of CBS' The Morning Program in January 1987. Smith left CBS that December after the show was canceled. Following this he moved to WWOR, and in early 1988 he became the lead anchor of the station's 10 PM newscast replacing Tom Dunn. Smith would leave WWOR in 1993 and moved from New York for the first time since his transfer from Washington, as he relocated to San Diego to take an anchor position at NBC affiliate KNSD. This was the first time Smith had worked for a network-affiliated station since his 1987 departure from WCBS (WWOR, at the time, was an independent and was a year away from gaining any affiliation). He stayed with KNSD until 1997 and returned to New York, but did not immediately return to television.

After a four-year absence (which included a brief stint at WRNN, where he hosted an interview show called Conversations), Smith rejoined WWOR as lead anchor following Ernie Anastos' departure to return to WCBS. He eventually moved to weekends as the co-anchor of the station's now-former Saturday and Sunday newscasts. In addition to his anchor duties, on each newscast he provided a small commentary that would be accompanied by his signature superimposed on screen. Smith announced his retirement in 2006, after earning 11 Emmy Awards.

Outside of news
In addition to his news career, Smith is a published poet with several books and CDs of his writings in print. As a part of WWOR during its time being owned by MCA, he made a cameo appearance in the now-extinct King Kong Encounter at Universal Studios Hollywood.

Personal life
Smith married artist Sue DiCicco in 2021.

"Fighting the frizzies, at 11"
The obscure-in-origin catchphrase "Fighting the frizzies, at 11", known to both Star Wars and South Park fans, traces its origins to Smith. The Star Wars Holiday Special is commercially unavailable except for bootleg copies of home VHS and Betamax recordings of the show's one-time airing. Among the most widely circulated recordings is one made from the broadcast on WCBS-TV.

During the WCBS broadcast, a young mustachioed Smith appears during a number of commercial breaks in a "teaser" for the upcoming 11 PM newscast, where he simply says "Fighting the frizzies, at 11," probably in reference to a story on hair care. The creators of South Park, Matt Stone and Trey Parker, incorporated scenes of South Park editor Tom Vogt dressed as a news anchor resembling Smith in a South Park holiday episode. The episode opened with the line being deadpanned by Vogt, and each segment of the show began with the line (or some variation of it). The episode ended with the anchor fighting a hairy creature.

title: Rolland Smith


text: Template:WikiProject Scientology

title: Template:WikiProject Scientology


text:
PM3 (chemistry)

[[File:Aplysin-Spartan-PM3-3D-balls.png|thumb|Ball-and-stick model of the aplysin molecule, C15H19BrO.

Colour code:

Carbon, C: black Hydrogen, H: white Bromine, Br: red-brown Oxygen, O: red

Structure calculated with Spartan Student 4.1, using the PM3 semi-empirical method. ]]

PM3, or Parametric Method 3, is a semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure in computational chemistry. It is based on the Neglect of Differential Diatomic Overlap integral approximation.

The PM3 method uses the same formalism and equations as the AM1 method. The only differences are: 1) PM3 uses two Gaussian functions for the core repulsion function, instead of the variable number used by AM1 (which uses between one and four Gaussians per element); 2) the numerical values of the parameters are different. The other differences lie in the philosophy and methodology used during the parameterization: whereas AM1 takes some of the parameter values from spectroscopical measurements, PM3 treats them as optimizable values.

The method was developed by J. J. P. Stewart and first published in 1989. It is implemented in the MOPAC program (of which the older versions are public domain), along with the related RM1, AM1, MNDO and MINDO methods, and in several other programs such as Gaussian, CP2K, GAMESS (US), GAMESS (UK), PC GAMESS, Chem3D, AMPAC, ArgusLab, BOSS, and SPARTAN.

The original PM3 publication included parameters for the following elements: H, C, N, O, F, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Br, and I.

The PM3 implementation in the SPARTAN program includes PM3tm with additional extensions for transition metals supporting calculations on Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, and Gd. Many other elements, mostly metals, have been parameterized in subsequent work.

A model for the PM3 calculation of lanthanide complexes, called Sparkle/PM3, was also introduced.

title: PM3 (chemistry)


text: User talk:69.196.58.29

title: User talk:69.196.58.29


text:
Talk:Fluoroform

should its potent greenhouse gas properties and key role in Kyoto-organized Clean Development Mechanism be mentioned? see http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4634 148.85.196.144 01:07, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

NY Times, Dec 21, 2006 issue has this: The secretariat of the Clean Development Mechanism estimates that a ton of HFC-23 in the atmosphere has the same effect as 11,700 tons of carbon dioxide.

So I'm thinking HFC-23's potent greenhouse gas properties - "carbon dioxide equivalence" would be good to include on the page, but I'm not really qualified to give an accurate estimate.

Carbon dioxide equivalence is now included-- that's what the 100-yr Global Warming Potential indicates.Skamon (talk) 04:13, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Isn't this stuff highly reactive? That is, when released into the environment is does not last long enough to cause much greenhouse effect?

The atmospheric lifetime is 260 years, the ODP is 0.0 and the GWP is 12000. ("Refrigerant Data Summary" Engineered Systems, 18(11):74-88, November 2001) [USER: I] 19:40, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

fyi: different GWP's are sometimes quoted for HFC-23 because our understanding of this quantity has changed over time. A 100-yr GWP of 11700 is from the 2001 IPCC Report (Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis). The HFC-23 GWP was updated in the 2007 report to 14800. The UNFCCC still uses 11700, so that is why this number is often seen in literature today despite the science update. Skamon (talk) 04:13, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Patents

 * Leon Jerzy Belf - Production of Fluoroform 1960 2,946,827
 * Geir Bjornson- Production of Fluoroform 1969 3,439,052--Stone 22:31, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Banning HFC-23 recommendation resource
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-06/carbon-credits-becoming-junk-before-2013-ban-closes-door-energy-markets.html by Dinakar Sethuraman and Natalie Obiko Pearson Bloomberg.com Dec 6, 2011 1:02 PM ET

"HFC-23 (hydrofluorocarbon-23) and NO2 (nitrous oxide) are so damaging to the environment that they should be banned outright and not entitled to get emission credits, the EU and other governments have said. "

99.190.82.160 (talk) 07:46, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Chemical Abstracts Report
11601 publications have appeared on fluoroform, 3534 since 2009. It is very difficult to cite primary sources well.--Smokefoot (talk) 12:12, 4 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fluoroform


text:
User talk:SammysPizzaRocks

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

This account has been blocked indefintely as it has been been compromised by a page move vandal. See this user's contributions for evidence. If you are the legitimate owner of this account, please create a new one. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 04:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SammysPizzaRocks


text:
Talk:Mishkín-Qalam

Cleanup
Despite being really glad that this page has been made - it needs to be cleaned up so that it removes the single quote. No need to rush though -- Tomhab 21:02, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060509184609/http://www.infosrvr.nuk.uni-lj.si/jana/ICOMd/11Ishikawa.pdf to http://www.infosrvr.nuk.uni-lj.si/jana/ICOMd/11Ishikawa.pdf

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title: Talk:Mishkín-Qalam


text: User talk:81.215.235.70

title: User talk:81.215.235.70


text:
Pikehall

Pikehall is a small village in the Derbyshire Dales consisting of a few dozen households and a handful of farms. The population of the village is included in the civil parish of Hartington Nether Quarter. The A5012 road runs through the middle, dividing the village in half. The village is home to the annual Y Not Festival.

Harness racing
Pikehall is noted for its twice yearly harness racing, a major tourist attraction in the area. Since the first meeting in 1998 the number of spectators has increased. At the meeting on 12 June 2005 there were estimated to be around 2,000 spectators. Pikehall has been named as the British Harness Racing Clubs meeting of the Year for two years.

Stilton cheese production
The former Dairy Crest-owned licensed dairy that produced Stilton cheese at Hartington closed. The business was acquired by the Long Clawson dairy in 2008 and closed in 2009. Two former employees set up the Hartington Creamery at Pikehall to make the cheese; it was licensed in 2014. Three additional partners soon joined them. This business is the smallest of the six companies licensed to make Stilton. As of March 2021, Hartington Stilton was exporting to the US and to the EU and had just started exporting to Canada. The company director told the BBC that they had "a surge in interest and consumer sales from the US".

title: Pikehall


text: Template:UK-royal-stub

title: Template:UK-royal-stub


text:
Orange Rhyming Dictionary

Orange Rhyming Dictionary is the debut studio album by American rock band Jets to Brazil, released October 27, 1998 on Jade Tree. Following the break up of Jawbreaker, frontman Blake Schwarzenbach moved to New York City, and formed Jets to Brazil with bassist Jeremy Chatelain (formerly of Handsome) and drummer Chris Daly (formerly of Texas Is the Reason). J. Robbins was drafted in to produce the band's debut album at Easley Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. With Orange Rhyming Dictionary, Schwarzenbach moved away from the punk rock sound of Jawbreaker into indie rock and post-hardcore.

Orange Rhyming Dictionary received a favourable response from music critics, with positive remarks on the lyrics and guitarwork. The Van Pelt guitarist Brian Maryansky joined Jets to Brazil prior to the release of the album. The band embarked on a tour of the United States with the Promise Ring, and then a stint in Japan. A headlining US tour occurred in early 1999, as did a trek of Europe towards the end of the year, and another US tour in early 2000. Orange Rhyming Dictionary became the best-selling album by Jade Tree, and has since appeared on popular albums lists by the likes of Louder and Treblezine.

Background
During the early-to-mid 1990s, Jawbreaker were viewed as what Dave Clifford of SF Weekly referred to as "indie darlings" that were praised for their "headstrong resistance" against the mainstream music industry. The group signed to major label DGC Records, which brought them vitriol from their friends. Due to a lack of success from radio stations and MTV disregarding their final album Dear You in 1995, the band broke up shortly after playing their final show in May 1996. Frontman Blake Schwarzenbach briefly played drums in Moons, before moving from San Francisco to New York City. Schwarzenbach felt that the constant traveling from town to town when touring convinced him to live in New York City and find a job for some stability. He settled into an apartment in Brooklyn; that same day, Schwarzenbach met bassist/vocalist Jeremy Chatelain. He was a friend of Schwarzenbach's girlfriend, and had previously met him while living on the West Coast.

Chatelain's band Handsome was recording a major label debut at the time. The duo quickly became friends and planned to meet up later in the year; Schwarzenbach spent the next few months recording demos. With no intention of playing in a band again, Schwarzenbach spent 1997 writing for Spin, GameSpot and travel magazines, and spent some time as a receptionist for publication. Sometime after, he started playing with synthesizers and samplers, taping some songs on a TASCAM four-track recorder. Chatelain, with Handsome now broken up, heard Schwarzenbach's demos, and attempted to talk him into playing music again. Chatelain, who was aware that Texas Is the Reason had broken up, brought drummer Chris Daly in to replace the drum machine parts on Schwarzenbach's demos.

Daly's former band had ended in early 1997; he had received offers to perform with other acts, but had turned them down. He came across Chatelain, who he had known since living in Salt Lake City, in street, with the latter telling him that he was working on a project with Schwarzenbach. Chatelain mentioned that he was planning to call Daly in a week's time, but decided to invite him to join them in that moment. Daly said that while he was not that big of a fan of Jawbreaker, he liked Dear You and was a fan of Chatelain's work, deciding to accept the offer. They held a rehearsal session in mid-1997, working on "Chinatown" "Morning New Disease" and "Lemon Yellow Black", with Daly taking a tape of the proceedings home. Though he liked what they worked on, he was cautious to commit to the project. Chatelain and Schwarzenbach became aware of this; two weeks later, when Daly contacted Chatelain, the latter informed him they were working with a friend from Utah that was also living in Brooklyn. After a few months, Daly reconnected with Chatelain while seeing the Verve at Irving Plaza. Chatelain told him that his friend was not working out and asked if Daly would like to re-join them. They rehearsed several times a week, and shortly after New Years 1998, they recorded a five-song demo tape in Parsippany–Troy Hills, New Jersey.

Production and record deal

The trio, now calling themselves Jets to Brazil, made their live debut in April 1998. The group's punk rock attitude, pop sensibilities and new wave aesthetic caught the attention of independent label Jade Tree. Schwarzenbach freed himself from a three-album contract with DGC; he said that while that label heard the new songs he was working on, "things were so fucked up over there, they were just throwing people overboard, so [they] said fine you can go". With Lifetime's Peter Martin as the group's temporary second guitarist, they played shows in the US northeast, before touring across Europe with the Promise Ring for five weeks.

Orange Rhyming Dictionary was recorded at Easley Studios in Memphis, Tennessee in 12 days spread across two weeks in August 1998. It was produced by J. Robbins and engineered by Stuart Sikes. The band, plus Robbins, stayed at an extended stay hotel during the process; they would work during the daytime at the studio and relax during the evenings. Schwarzenbach said recording out of town allowed them to "immerse ourselves in the making of this thing"; the main room at the studio "encouraged late-night experimentation as a space". Robbins contributed some guitar lines and vocal harmonies throughout the album.

Composition
Orange Rhyming Dictionary saw a shift from the pop-punk/punk rock sound of Jawbreaker into indie rock  and post-hardcore territory, utilizing sparser song arrangements and thin vocal harmonies in place of Schwarzenbach's gritty voice. Unlike previous albums he was involved with, Schwarzenbach's vocals are mixed higher; for a while he "couldn't figure out a voice that was natural for me [...] So I think I've learned how to do that". It retained the catchy choruses of pop-punk, while being backed by the post-hardcore guitar work. The album, which drew comparisons to the work of Gang of Four and Magazine, incorporated new wave influences, and dense guitarwork, styled after Ride. It explored the feelings Schwarzenbach felt while he was in Jawbreaker during his period with DGC: fear, hope and doubt. Some of the songs tackle being a white-collar worker, drug addiction and spending time in hotel rooms; sung in a third-person perspective. It also addresses sustaining artistic integrity despite commercial expectations. Schwarzenbach fondness for longer songs laid the groundwork for the album; with "Accident Prone" and "Jet Black", both from Dear You, serving as the blueprint for most of Orange Rhyming Dictionary. PopMatters contributor Brian Stout noted that "Chinatown" in particular resembled those two songs due to its length. Carly Carioli of The Boston Phoenix wrote that the album "tastefully flesh[es] out the unrestrained intimacy and emotional directness hinted at" in the Dear You song "Untitled Track".

"Crown of the Valley" opens with Schwarzenbach's Brit funk-indebted and wah-wah pedal-enhanced guitar line, which was backed by polyrhythmic drum parts. Prior to the chorus, the guitar shifts to minimalistic droning with only the drums being heard. This experimentation recalled the efforts heard on Dear You. The chorus features detuned string bending and jangling chord progressions. According to Huw Baines of Guitar, the art rock track "Morning New Disease" showcases Schwarzenbach's "meticulous style" as it "meshes with Robbins’ off-kilter framing, creating a multi-tracked latticework of guitars". The new wave number "Resistance Is Futile" incorporates a synthesizer part that was reminiscent of Gary Numan. The track sees Chatelain channelling 1970s rock-esque backing vocals. "Starry Configurations" and "Chinatown" both retread the Dear You direction of indie and emo; the latter includes a lyrical allusion to "Fireman", a track from Dear You. Schwarzenbach's vocal on "Sea Anemone" and "Sweet Avenue" was compared to the crooning of the Psychedelic Furs frontman Richard Butler.

"Sea Anemone", which borders on alternative country, and "Conrad" tackled the theme of suicide. "Lemon Yellow Black" was influenced by a biography of Albert Camus, and dealt with the French Resistance and turncoatism. Stout wrote that the song "sets the stage for a trilogy of songs that deal with addiction, depression, and medication," followed by "Conrad" and "King Medicine". "Conrad" includes a reference to a character in Ordinary People (1980) by Robert Redford. Stout said it discusses past and subsequent "suicide attempts with angels laying odds instead of intervening and parents apologizing in advance for maids finding dead bodies". The introduction to "King Medicine" features harmonic guitar parts. The song's narrator talks about witnessing a person succumbing to heroin abuse. "I Typed for Miles" was inspired by a scene in the film Barton Fink (1991), and was compared to "Heart-Shaped Box" by Nirvana. Carioli said the song tackles writer's block, with Schwarzenbach locking "himself in a hotel room and tied himself to his desk, but he can't get the words to come, eventually screaming at his muse". The album ends with the acoustic closing track "Sweet Avenue", which deals with the aftermath of a date, where one is able to process the emotions they're feeling.

Release and touring
As the album was written with two guitars and a keyboard, they brought in former the Van Pelt guitarist Brian Maryansky to aid in performing the songs live. Maryansky had previously played with Daly in the early 1990s act Resurrection. In addition to this, Maryansky previously assisted in a photoshoot for Jets to Brazil. Orange Rhyming Dictionary was released on October 27, 1998. The artwork continues the aesthetic Jade Tree has for their releases, featuring black text against orange and yellow rectangles. The label's distribution methods meant that the album was stocked at stores throughout the band's subsequent tours. It was in contrast to Dear Year, which suffered from DGC letting it go out-of-print. Following this, the band toured across the US with the Promise Ring, leading up to a Japanese tour the following month. A brief East Coast tour was underway in March 1999; around this time, the band performed at South by Southwest, which Schwarzenbach later called "a train wreck."

To close out March 1999, Jets to Brazil went on a West Coast tour. Following this, they went a tour of the Midwest and East Coast throughout April 1999 being supported by Euphone, Macha, and Pedro the Lion; Jets to Brazil took a month's break following this. Schwarzenbach spent the next few months visiting his uncle in Mexico and traveling on a boat ride to California. In September 1999, the group performed at the Jade Tree/CMJ showcase in New York City, with a handful of East Coast dates around this. The band had planned to return to Europe shortly after their April US tour, however, the dates were later rescheduled to November and December 1999, with support from Euphone. In February 2000, the group went on an east coast tour, with support from the Americans and a few shows with Turing Machine.

Reception and legacy
Orange Rhyming Dictionary was met with favorable reviews from music critics. AllMusic reviewer Mike DaRonco said the band "live up to their hype", noting that the majority of the tracks "clock in at an epic length." The releases "mood swings" vary from "laid-back and gloomy too upbeat and not as gloomy" (sic), while still being "all in a good sort of way". Cheryl Botchick of CMJ New Music Report said it managed a "rare accomplishment: The album actually picks up in speed, catchiness and fervor as it progresses." Ink 19 writer Andrew Chadwick found the lyrics "the same, like an old friend with a fresh heartache"; adding that this was where the similarities with Jawbreaker ended. He noted that melodic punk of Jawbreaker had been swapped for "another evolution" that is "cleaner, less aggressive", yet "still emotionally powerful." The staff at Impact Press said "emotion of Jawbreaker shines through" with Schwarzenbach's vocals and his "always brilliant song writing". Pitchfork writer Brent DiCrescenzo said Schwarzenbach was "really clever and has a penchant for penning cynical slogans"; his "lyrics have more room to breathe, and fluorescent- illuminated air becomes a fourth instrument".

Ox-Fanzine Joachim Hiller said the record was "unlikely to disappoint anyone" who was a fan of the members' past work in their previous bands. He added that it was "hard and massive and edgy" with "loud" guitar work that was "just damn good." Clifford wrote that the record "displays [Schwarzenbach's] reluctance to revisit his former role of coaxing angst from a wall of distorted guitars." He mentioned Schwarzenbach was attempting to "remain true to himself while exploring different arteries ... which makes Orange Rhyming Dictionary something of a triumph." Washington City Paper writer Colin Bane said the record "succeeds almost solely on the strength" of Schwarzenbach's "knack for always having something interesting to say and the language at his disposal to say it." Punk Planet reviewer Dan Sinker had three points of contention: namely, the "terrible" title, Schwarzenbach's pseudo-British accent, which was "kinda strange way back" when he used it in Jawbreaker, and "[t]hirdly, and perhaps most importantly, the first song totally sucks". Rachel Phillips of Sun-Sentinel described it as the "worst album I have ever heard", with band having "nothing to offer except for 11 annoying tracks of mindless lyrics, shabby vocals and irritating background music."

Orange Rhyming Dictionary eventually became the best-selling release in Jade Tree's history. It has appeared on a best-of emo list by Louder, a best-of 1990s list by Treblezine, and influential album lists by Buddy Nielsen of Senses Fail and Vinnie Caruana of the Movielife/I Am the Avalanche. Similarly, "Chinatown" appeared on a best-of emo songs list by Vulture.

Track listing
Track listing per booklet.

 * 1) "Crown of the Valley" – 4:55
 * 2) "Morning New Disease" – 4:16
 * 3) "Resistance Is Futile" – 3:00
 * 4) "Starry Configurations" – 4:03
 * 5) "Chinatown" – 5:35
 * 6) "Sea Anemone" – 5:20
 * 7) "Lemon Yellow Black" – 4:02
 * 8) "Conrad" – 4:58
 * 9) "King Medicine" – 5:42
 * 10) "I Typed for Miles" – 5:33
 * 11) "Sweet Avenue" – 5:16

Personnel
Personnel per booklet, except where noted.

Jets to Brazil
 * Blake Schwarzenbach – guitar, vocals, strings, keys
 * Jeremy Chatelain – bass, backing vocals
 * Chris Daly – drums

Additional musicians
 * J. Robbins – guitar, backing vocals

Production and design
 * J. Robbins – producer
 * Stuart Sikes – engineer
 * Alan Douches – mastering
 * Chrissy Piper – photography
 * Jason Gnewikow – art direction, design

title: Orange Rhyming Dictionary


text:
Motorhead (song)

"Motorhead" is a song written by Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister while he was a member of the English space rock band Hawkwind. It was later recorded by (and was the eponym for) Motörhead, as he called it this instead of Bastard on his then manager's advice.

Hawkwind versions
"Motorhead" was the last song that Lemmy wrote for Hawkwind before being fired from the band in May 1975. It was originally released as the B-side of the single "Kings of Speed" on United Artists Records in March 1975.

The song was written in the Hyatt Hotel (a.k.a. 'Riot House') in West Hollywood, California. Lemmy explains how it was created: "I was on tour with Hawkwind in 1974, we were staying at the Riot House and Roy Wood and Wizzard were also in town. I got this urge to write a song in the middle of the night. I ran downstairs to the Wizzard room, got Roy's Ovation acoustic guitar, then hurried back to mine. I went on to the balcony and howled away for four hours. Cars were stopping and the drivers were listening then driving off, and there I was yelling away at the top of my voice.' - Lemmy."

The title of the song is British slang for a speed freak. The lyrics were explained by Lemmy: "The six thousand miles was a reference to Los Angeles, and the rest is self-explanatory. And yes, I am the only person to fit the word 'parallelogram' into a rock'n'roll number! I'm very proud of that."

The guitars and bass are tuned down a half-step on the Hawkwind version, effectively making the song's key E♭ Major, but are described here as if in standard tuning. The bass follows the root note for all the chords, with a riff on the F♯, based on the A string between the tenth and twelfth frets. The introduction is in E, ending with two bars each in D and E♭. The verse is in E with a D/E 'kick' at the end of each lyric line, a pre-chorus follows, in G with two lines ending in D, the last in F♯. The chorus, like the pre-chorus is in G, but with only two lines, ending in D and F♯. The song consists of three verses in total.

There is a jazz-inspired violin solo break by keyboard player Simon House which, based on the verse/pre-chorus/chorus pattern, occurs after the second chorus.

The original backing tracks for "Kings of Speed" were taken by Dave Brock from the Olympic Studios recording session, and he later added overdubs and re-released it through independent record companies. In July 1981 "Motorhead" was released as the A-side to a 7" and 12" single on the Flicknife label, this time having a Brock vocal and synthesizer overdubs, the B-side being "Valium Ten". Flicknife re-released the single as a 12" vinyl in October 1982.

"Motorhead" was also used by Hawkwind on their 1986 single "Motorhead"/"Hurry on Sundown", released on Flicknife Records.

From 1992 the song has been added to CD re-issues of Hawkwind's Warrior on the Edge of Time album. The song has also appeared on various compilation albums, such as British Tribal Music, The Hawkwind Collection and The Hawkwind Anthology Vol. II.

Motörhead versions
The song was re-recorded by Lemmy's subsequent band Motörhead and released on their 1977 debut album, Motörhead. It was also chosen for release as a 7" vinyl single in June 1977, although it failed to chart. Recorded at Escape Studios, Kent, it was initially issued with the 'Map of Chiswick' label, later it was switched to the 'Big Beat' label and pressed in other formats. Chiswick also released a special 12" vinyl edition which was limited to 12,500 copies. In September 1979 Chiswick released a 7" vinyl picture disc in two pressings, black & white, and blue & white as well as single colour pressings in black, blue, pink, orange and white vinyl.

The band members on the recording were "Fast" Eddie Clarke on guitars and vocals, Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor on drums, and Lemmy on bass and lead vocals. The track "Motorhead" is credited to Lemmy, the B-side, "City Kids", to Duncan Sanderson and Larry Wallis, who had originally recorded the song with their band the Pink Fairies for their album Kings of Oblivion. Motorhead, with Wallis on guitar, had also recorded a version of both songs for shelved 1975 album On Parole. The single was produced by Speedy Keen and engineered by John Burns. The sleeve photographs are attributed to Motorcycle Irene.

Motörhead recorded a live version, which was released as a 7" vinyl single on 3 July 1981. It fared much better than the original single and reached number six in the UK Singles Charts. Whereas the previous recording plays in E major, this recording plays in E♭, the same as the original Hawkwind version. The single uses recordings made in March 1981 while the band were on their four-day "The Short, Sharp, Pain in the Neck Tour", as were the other tracks on the parent album, No Sleep 'til Hammersmith. Bronze Records released a 7" picture disc, the A-side has the same picture as the cover and the B-side has a white Motörhead logo on black. A promotional 12" vinyl single was released in the USA, with the album's "No Class" track as its B-side. This track has also been featured on unofficial releases, such as the 1993 Castle Communications double album compilation, All the Aces, and Deadline Music's 1999 Golden Years - The Alternate Versions, which was released under licence from Receiver Records.

The track "Motorhead" is credited to Lemmy, its B-side "Over the Top" to Lemmy, "Fast" Eddie Clarke, and Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor. The band members are the same as on the previous recording.

In 1988 Castle Communications released a 3" CD single of four Motörhead tracks, the inserts states track three is "Motorhead" but actually plays "Jailbait", the edition was limited to 5,000 copies.

In 2008, the song was re-recorded as downloadable content for the rhythm game Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, along with "Stay Clean" and "(We Are) The Road Crew". This re-recorded version appeared as a Japanese bonus track on the compilation Under Cöver, released in 2017.

In 2012, Loudwire ranked the song number ten on their list of the top 10 Motörhead songs, and in 2021, Louder Sound ranked the song number seven on their list of the top 50 Motörhead songs.

Other cover versions

 * 1981 - Cockney Rejects on Greatest Hits Vol. 3 - Live & Loud
 * 1990 - Lawnmower Deth on Ooh Crikey It's... Lawnmower Deth
 * 1993 - Corduroy as a single and on their Out of Here album
 * 1994 - The Nomads on their Showdown 1981-1993 album
 * 1995 - Poison Idea on "Pajama Party"
 * 1997 - Primal Scream on their Vanishing Point album
 * 1999 - Acid King as bonus track on the re-release of their Busse Woods album
 * 2003 - Unkle sampled the bass intro from the Hawkwind version for their song Blackout, featured on Never, Never, Land.
 * 2015 - Dutch band Death Alley released it as a 7" single which was sold during shows during 2015, but with the passing of Lemmy Kilmister they made it available online.
 * 2016 - The Go Getters on "Born to Raise Hell - A Rockabilly & Psychobilly Tribute to Motörhead in Memory of Lemmy Kilmister by various artists"

title: Motorhead (song)


text:
1886–87 in English football

The 1886–87 season was the 16th season of competitive football (soccer) in England.

Events

 * Dial Square FC are founded by workers at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, and play their first match on 11 December. After several name changes and moves, the club will eventually become known as Arsenal.

National team
England finished second in the 1887 British Home Championship, which was won by Scotland.

* England score given first

Key
 * H = Home match
 * BHC = British Home Championship

Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition

title: 1886–87 in English football


text:
Talk:Large cardinal

Untitled
It might be nice if the ones that are considered more central were clearly identified. Any working set theorist needs to know about say a weak compact or measurable cardinal, but nobody talkes about say ineffable cardinals.

 * Kunen might disagree.--174.110.141.178 (talk) 01:42, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

Move?
It might make sense to move this article to something like List of large cardinals or List of large cardinal properties. Just a thought; I don't feel very strongly about it. (On the other hand, I might feel more strongly someday, if I wanted to write a general article about large cardinal properties in the abstract). --Trovatore 03:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The general convention is to separate out lists of links, when they become bulky, making two articles. Charles Matthews 15:18, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Currently dabbling with this page
I think this page needs some reworking. For one thing, it should really be at large cardinal property ("largeness" is not a property of cardinals; various large cardinal properties are). Then large cardinal axiom should also be defined in boldface. Then we need a discussion of the various "intervals" of large cardinal properties: the "small" ones consistent with V=L, the larger ones that correspond to determinacy of pointclasses, still larger ones for which corresponding determinacy results are not yet known. A more precise description of consistency strength wouldn't hurt either. Woodin's abstract definition of large cardinal property could be mentioned, together with Steel's objections to it (unfortunately I don't think the latter have been published anywhere, so it might be tough to source). In the end I think the list should go to list of large cardinal properties; on length alone it's not unmanageable here, but it's kind of a different subject from the general discussion. --Trovatore 16:14, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for refactoring this page; I"m struggling to understand Large Cardinals and the simple list of types that was at 'Large_Cardinal(s)' was singularly (heh) unhelpful. --hmackiernan

Yes, ditto - I found this impenetrable at quick read, even with moderately connected background. -- RJA

Possibility of Inconsistency
This artical should at least mention the possibility that some large cardinal axioms are inconsistent. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 140.247.29.136 (talk • contribs) 00:27, 11 February 2006.

 * Perhaps, but it's tricky to find NPOV language. In my view it's possible, in a certain sense, that even Peano arithmetic is inconsistent (that is, we don't know apodeictically that PA is consistent). We also don't know apodeictically that the existence of rank-into-rank cardinals is consistent. I don't see a difference in kind between the two cases; it's a difference of degree.
 * What meaning do you want to convey by the statement that it's "possible" that some LCAs are inconsistent? Are you claiming that there are possible worlds in which they really are inconsistent? Probably not, but then just what is the distinction you're making with the status of weaker theories? --Trovatore 04:21, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

"Partial Definition"
The first sentence seems to be missing an "if". I don't know what exactly it should say, so I can't fix it. 153.42.34.134 15:14, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It already has an "if" in it. See: "In the mathematical field of set theory, a large cardinal property is a property of cardinal numbers, such that the existence of such a cardinal is not known to be inconsistent with ZFC and it has been proven that if ZFC is consistent, then ZFC is consistent with the nonexistence of such a cardinal.". JRSpriggs 06:14, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

This is now called the Partial Definition. Currently it says, "A necessary condition for a property of cardinal numbers to be a large cardinal property is that the existence of such a cardinal is not known to be inconsistent with ZFC and it has been proven that if ZFC is consistent, then ZFC + "no such cardinal exists" is consistent." --SteveWitham (talk) 20:03, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

The form of this sentence is, "A necessary condition for an A to be a B is that (C and it has been proven that (if D, then E))." I originally added this comment to show that it was ungrammatical; now I see that it's grammatical. --SteveWitham (talk) 20:03, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

This page seems to be rather difficult to understand; articles should be written in language more useful for lay readers (for example, average adults with a high-school education or "some" college). 69.140.164.142 04:19, 7 April 2007 (UTC)
 * To be honest, I don't think that audience has a chance of understanding the subject matter. Just the same, the opening paragraph does get into technicalities a little too fast; I'll think about whether I can improve it. But I think the best reasonable goal is that mathematicians in general who aren't set theorists, or maybe undergraduates with a strong introduction to set theory, can follow it in outline form. --Trovatore 08:12, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Trovatore. A reasonable goal is for it to be comprehensible to undergraduates with a strong introduction to set theory. Bayle Shanks (talk) 05:19, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

"More" or "fewer" sets?
Could this article have a short discussion on wether a large cardinal axiom generally implies "more" or "fewer" sets? I understand that the question appears as very unclear, but I can see no way to formulate it in technical terms. What I mean is that on the linguistic level "there exists a super-super cardinal" seems to imply that there are many MANY more sets than ZFC predicts. On the other hand, an added axiom is added rule that an object must obey in order for it to be a set. Not all ZFC axioms provide for the existence for additional sets, but rather prohibits concievable sets. Is this not true for large cardinal axioms as well?

Can one say that "the more cardinal axioms that are true, the taller but thinner the universe is" and vice versa "the more cardinal axioms whose negations are true, the shorter but fatter the universe is"? I hope I'm not making a complete fool of myself by asking this. I'm certainly no set theorist, just a guy becoming very curious about set theory at a mature age. YohanN7 (talk) 08:57, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * OK, first of all, an axiom is not "an added rule that an object must obey" to be considered a set. It's an added rule that a structure must obey, to be considered a model of set theory.  I don't think you can make sense of the idea that there are these candidate sets floating around, and some of them are excluded when you add more axioms.  Any candidate subset of a set, is an actual subset of that set.  This fact however cannot be captured by first-order logic.
 * Large cardinal axioms certainly don't make the universe "taller but thinner". For example, Goedel's constructible universe, L, is as "tall" as it's possible to be (it has all the ordinals), but the interesting large cardinal axioms are false in L.  The canonical example is that L thinks there are no measurable cardinals — not because measurable cardinals, as ordinals, are not elements of L.  They are elements of L.  But L lacks the measures or ultrafilters that witness their measurability.  So here the large-cardinal axiom is (loosely speaking) working in the opposite direction from what you suggest.
 * But it's in any case misleading to speak of axioms making the universe larger or smaller — after all, every consistent first-order theory (in a countable language) has a countable model. We know the universe is not countable, but we cannot capture that knowledge with a first-order theory.  See Skolem's paradox. --Trovatore (talk) 10:03, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * First of all, thanks Trovatore. It's not the first time you have answered my naive questions in a very serious manner and getting my questions quite right as I meant them. I will certainly follow your pointers by reading and trying to grasp as much as possible here in Wiki + "free" links for a start. It's going to take some time, thats for sure. I do have a couple of minor follow-up questions or two, but they will have to wait for a while. 213.67.197.241 (talk) 16:54, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

 * To Trovatore: Might there be a true theory which has no countable standard model? Perhaps ZFC+I0, the rank-into-rank axiom?
 * I know that the downward Löwenheim–Skolem theorem implies that if there is a set which is a standard model of ZFC+I0, then there is a countable set which is a standard model of it. But perhaps the universe satisfies ZFC+I0 but contains no transitive set which does so. JRSpriggs (talk) 09:23, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

submodel of L

 * pointing out that (for example) there can be a transitive submodel of L that believes there exists a measurable cardinal, even though L itself does not satisfy that proposition.

How's that possible? Isn't L the smallest transitive model of ZFC?—Emil J. 19:18, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * It's the smallest one that contains all the ordinals (and therefore the smallest transitive proper class model). But L contains transitive set models (of countable height) that satisfy "there exists a measurable".  That follows by Shoenfield absoluteness, because the assertion "there exists a real coding a countable model that is wellfounded and satisfies φ" is $$\Sigma^1_2$$, so L satisfies it if V does.  Then you take the Mostowski collapse.
 * Maybe we should emphasize that it's a set model? --Trovatore (talk) 19:58, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah, stupid me, I didn't think of set models. Yes, I think it might be helpful to state it more explicitly.—Emil J. 12:21, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Foukzon's result
added by Jaykov Foukzon, 30 August 2013: --
 * "Generalized Lob's Theorem.Strong Reflection Principles and Large Cardinal Axioms"
 *
 *

 * Earlier, Foukzon made a similar edit to List of large cardinal properties. I reverted it with the edit summary "revert edits by Foukzon -- COI, OR, result is trivial". The last sentence of his abstract says "Main result is: let k be an inaccessible cardinal and H[k] is a set of all sets having hereditary size less then k, then ~Con(ZFC+(V=H[k])).". Also see hereditarily countable set.
 * If κ is a strong inaccessible, then the axiom of choice implies that Hκ=Vκ. This can be proved by a simple induction on the rank of the elements. Since it is obvious that V≠Vκ, then ZFC proves V≠Hκ and consequently ZFC+V=Hκ is inconsistent. So his main result is trivial and does not require Löb's theorem or any reflection principle. JRSpriggs (talk) 01:11, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

JRSpriggs01:11, 31 August 2013 (UTC)wrote:

"Since it is obvious that V≠Vκ, then ZFC proves V≠Hκ"" This JRSpriggs statement is obviously false and abnormal — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.69.250.120 (talk) 16:43, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

Abbreviation V=Hκ is standard and means that Hκ is a model of ZFC. Such model obvious exist iff Con(ZFC+large cardinal properties). So main result obvious is: ~Con(ZFC+large cardinal properties). University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder,CO April 13-14, 2013 (Saturday-Sunday) Meeting #1089 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Foukzon (talk • contribs) 18:44, 16 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Spring Western Sectional Meeting
 *
 * Fall Southeastern Sectional Meeting University of Louisville, Louisville, KY October 5-6, 2013 (Saturday - Sunday) Meeting #1092

 * Since all those abstracts contain obvious errors of spelling and grammar, it is clear that they have not been subject to any editorial supervision and thus cannot be considered reliable. JRSpriggs (talk) 03:58, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

Subjective concept?
The article currently says, "A necessary condition for a property of cardinal numbers to be a large cardinal property is that the existence of such a cardinal is not known to be inconsistent with ZFC and it has been proven that if ZFC is consistent, then ZFC + "no such cardinal exists" is consistent."

Consider a property of cardinal numbers p, and the value of the predicate "large cardinal property", or LCP(p). According to the above quote from the article, LCP is not objective; the value of LCP(p) is not static, but changes over time, e.g. the instant that the aforementioned consistency proof is discovered, the value of LCP(p) changes from False to True.

Is this really what is meant by "large cardinal property"? I have no expertise but I suspect the term is actually meant to be objective, and that what the article meant to say was something like:

 * A necessary condition for a property P of cardinal numbers to be a large cardinal property is that both the existence or the non-existence of cardinals with the property P would be consistent with ZFC. In practice, the phrase 'large cardinal property' tends to be used for properties P for which (a) it has been proven that if ZFC is consistent, then ZFC + "no cardinal exists for which P holds" is consistent, and also for which (b) the existence of a cardinal for which P holds is not known to be inconsistent with ZFC.

Bayle Shanks (talk) 05:28, 19 October 2013 (UTC)
 * There is no precise, general, abstract definition of "large cardinal property", that is generally agreed on by workers in the field. I wouldn't call it "subjective" exactly, or at least I wouldn't use that word.  It's more that no one has really succeeded in discussing "large cardinals" in general, in a mathematically precise way.
 * Woodin has an attempt at an abstract definition in his 2001 "Notices of the AMS" paper (see the references in the continuum hypothesis article for a link), but it was not generally accepted as the final word on the matter (and I don't know that he intended it to be — he just needed a nonce definition for the work he was doing there). Also, his project from that paper sort of fell apart, if I understand correctly.
 * By the way, I don't necessarily agree with the "necessary condition" claim; for example, some workers consider the axiom of replacement to be a sort of large-cardinal axiom. --Trovatore (talk) 06:20, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

 * The partial definition is an attempt to describe some properties which have been shared by all those things which have been widely called "large cardinals". Since this list of things changes over time as our knowledge changes, it is (as you say) subjective and empirical. As the lead says, "There is no generally agreed precise definition of what a large cardinal property is, ...". Expecting objectivity is perhaps unreasonable since this deals not with objects in one model, but with a host of models which which may or may not subsist in some indefinable sense. People differ on which models they are willing to consider seriously and what they may have proved about objects within them at any given time. JRSpriggs (talk) 18:52, 20 October 2013 (UTC)

"Generally very large"
Recalling a discussion, Talk:Continuum_hypothesis, it might be appropriate to qualify the statement
 * Cardinals with such properties are, as the name suggests, generally very "large" (for example, bigger than ℵ0, bigger than the cardinality of the continuum, etc.).

occurring in the lead. YohanN7 (talk) 01:16, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Qualify it in what way? JRSpriggs (talk) 08:08, 12 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The former version suggested that every large cardinal is larger than $2^{ℵ_{0}}|undefined$. This need not be the case, even if it is probably true for most large cardinals, since $2^{ℵ_{0}}|undefined$ cannot be strongly inaccessible. I don't know how to formulate these things concisely. YohanN7 (talk) 12:15, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

Add a "History" section
One way to make the topic more accessible (heh) to not-already-experts is to have a History section. I am reading New Scientist: The Collection vol. 4 number 4, article "It doesn't add up.", box "A ladder of infinities." Which says that, "In 1908... Felix Hausdorff conceived the idea of 'large cardinals.'" Wikipedia's Felix_Hausdorff article mentions inaccessible_cardinals, and quotes him saying that if they exist, they must be of "exorbitant size". --SteveWitham (talk) 20:33, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

So, what are inaccessible cardinals and large cardinals? (Why do inaccessible cardinals appear in this article as well? Is it because inaccessible = large?  If not, what is the relationship?)  Did Hausdorff invent large cardinals? If so, why? If not, who did? What problem or edge was he exploring or what need was he trying to fill? 1908 was a long time ago. What has happened with (inaccessible and) large cardinals since? --SteveWitham (talk) 20:33, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Spend some time looking at List of large cardinal properties. Being inaccessible is a large cardinal property, almost the weakest and thus most inclusive such property. That is, any of the properties listed after "inaccessible cardinal" are such that a cardinal having that property will also be inaccessible. However, merely being a very large cardinal does not guarantee that the cardinal will have a large cardinal property. For example, if Γ is an I0-cardinal, then its successor cardinal Γ+ will not even be weakly inaccessible despite being enormously large. JRSpriggs (talk) 08:25, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Large cardinal


text: Template:Provinces of Piura Region

title: Template:Provinces of Piura Region


text:
Talk:Guarani dialects

Guarani Indians
And what about the Guarani indians? LtDoc 21:08, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * See Guarani. -- Curps 02:11, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Literal Unicode
Note that e-tilde, i-tilde, u-tilde and y-tilde are part of the Latin extensions for Vietnamese, and are thus fairly widely available in fonts for many operating systems. For this reason these characters were included in this edit. -- Curps 02:11, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Vowel harmony in Guaraní ?
Now I see there is some kind of reminiscent vowel harmony.. specially in negated conjugation: nderejapói, ndorojapói, but ndapejapói; so this is just before the "r".

What do you think?

 * I don't know about harmony, but Guaraní does have forward nasal spreading over vowels (the German version of the article mentions this, but the English one makes a very bad attempt at describing it). Basically, the occurrence of a nasal vowel causes all following vowels in the word to be nasalized.  It's apparently a fairly common feature in South American Indian languages.
 * Perhaps someone should also add a better description of the phonology. Again, the German edition does a decent job of this.  Perhaps I should cut-and-paste and translate?  pgdudda 03:19, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Although it seems like it, this isn't related to vowel harmony. These sounds appear to be reminiscents of old forms of the conjugation prefixes, which were probably the same as the Tupi: a- (1ps), ere- (2ps), o- (3p), îa-/ña- (1ppIn), oro- (1ppEx) and pe- (2pp). The a- that appears before the pe- prefix seems to be an epenthetic vowel, there just to avoid a consonantal cluster. For more info about the Old Tupi conjugation, just take a look at this page, by Prof. Eduardo Navarro (in Brazilian Portuguese). But since I don't know much about Guaraní yet, perhaps someone with more knowledge about the subject could explain this better. XVoX 11:07, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

dʒ or ʝ or ɟ?
--N0thingness 17:09, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * They're allophones ([ɟ] and [dʒ]), or so is my understanding.  Wouldn't be surprised if [ʝ] shows up too though. --Pyry 17:31, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Portuguese spelling
According to Portuguese rules on spelling (the same for Portugal and Brazil), words ending with "i" and having the stress on the last syllable have no acute accent ("´"). So, the correct spelling is "Guarani" and not "Guaraní". This rule is violated often, but it is still a rule. Velho 17:12, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * But the word Guaraní it's took from Spanish here. In which it's necessary tu put the tilde in this case. --N0thingness 01:45, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

The conjugation and negation tables
The tables in the sections Conjugation and Negation don't have much information about the verb forms (different rows are probably for different person/number categories, which should be indicated), so I added tags asking for expert attention. Please edit the tables if you're familiar with Guaraní verb morphology. -Oghmoir 22:48, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I fixed the linguistic stuff, but the table is in such a bad shape that the whole formatting needs to be redone, sth like

number || person || Guarani pronoun || Engl || prefix || stem || pref+stem || gloss Jasy jatere 23:14, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Guaraní as official language: probably in Mercosur, probably not in Bolivia
Checking the apparently informed Oficialidad del guaraní part of Guaraní Portal from the University of Mainz, it seems that Guaraní has become an official language of Mercosur, but it is not an official language at Bolivia -though in Bolivia there are intense political developments as to the status of the indigenous populations. But I do not actually speak Spanish (that section's of the portal language) to be 100% sure. Please check the information. --Michkalas 00:09, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I have found something in English about the status of Guarani in Mercosur:

Real World Radio (RWR)

Guarani to be Declared MERCOSUR’s Official Language

23/11/2006 - News

MERCOSUR’s Ministers of Culture approved a request of the Paraguayan government for Guarani language to be declared as the third official language of the regional block, along with Spanish and Portuguese. MERCOSUR’s members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela.

The resolution will be presented at the postponed MERCOSUR meeting, which will be held on January 18th and 19th in Brasilia city, Brazil.

As was expressed at the ministerial meeting, the initiative aims to “the integration of the region’s traditional communities”. The adoption of the language will require the simultaneous translations of the MERCOSUR’s official documents. Guarani was declared official language in Paraguay in 1992. It is estimated that 7 million people in the region speak this language. Paraguayan organizations have been demanding this for several months, trough a campaign that included thousands of signatures and messages, which were sent to the block’s presidents.

Sources: Prensa Indígena
 *
 * So we have to follow the subject and see what happens.

 * As to the status of Guarani in Bolivia the only information I found, after a lot of searching, is two interviews of Evo Morales and the vice-president Alvaro Garcia Linera . Their position is identical and is related to new costitutional assembly which has begun, on August 6, 2006, writing a new constitution aimed at giving more power to the indigenous majority: "government offices must be able to conduct business in both Spanish and the native language of their region" (Linera). They name "Aymara, Quechua, Guarani, and Bolivia's other Indian groups". But there is nothing more specific as to how this position will be included in the new Costitution. Anyway, this is an ongoing procedure and we do not know the outcome.

 * In Spanish Wikipedia, where it is also mentioned as an official language, there are poor evidence: a site stating, in fact, that the language is spoken in Bolivia, not that it is official.

 * So, if there are no opposite opinions or new information, I would remove the part about Guarani being official in Bolivia and wait for the political developments in the country.--Michkalas 15:27, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Latin letter G with tilde
Why is the Latin letter G with tilde, used in the Guaraní language, not encoded as a precomposed character in Unicode? --84.61.100.152 12:31, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You'd want to direct that question to the good folks at Unicode.org... ;-)  pgdudda 22:08, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Guarani, not Guaraní
It is a shame that the name Guarani is mispelled in the article about Guarani. It is a rule in guarani that words can't have an accent (´) in the last syllable. Guaraní, as you spell it, would be the correct spelling if you want to write Guarani in Spanish, which makes no sense at all. --Mauricio Maluff 04:15, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I've just realized this rule doesn't even appear in this article. Any reason? --Mauricio Maluff 04:22, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Where did you get that rule from? FilipeS (talk) 21:22, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Official orthography as decided in Montevideo 1950. All words are stressed by default on the final syllable. This is not indicated in spelling. Exceptions are marked by an acute if oral or by a tilde if nasal. Since final stress is the rule and not the exception, it is never marked, i.e. there can never be an acute on the final syllable Jasy jatere (talk) 18:57, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

moot. The proposal has merits, but the input was small even after the relisting. For consistency, please take a potential RM rerun to the "central" article at Talk:Guaraní, as the move would affect several articles and a category; i.e. no prejudice against reopening of the debate. Duja ► 09:47, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

As per the comment above, I request that this page be moved to Guarani language, without acute on the i. The reason for this is that the official orthography for this language does not use acutes for words stressed on the last syllable, such as Guara'ni. The current misspelling is due to Spanish orthography rules, which have no bearing on the treating of a Guarani issue in the English wikipedia.Jasy jatere 21:44, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * This would really mean page moves for most, if not all, of the pages listed at Guaraní (disambiguation), so I think more input is necessary before making a decision here. Is there a WikiProject that can be asked about this? Dekimasu よ! 04:15, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It doesn't matter what the Guarani or Spanish rules are, stick to English usage (WP:UE). Although I would tentatively say move to Guarani, Ethnologue uses the accent.  Please provide more evidence of English usage. —   AjaxSmack   02:43, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, acutes don't even exist in English. Why would you use it only for this language? --Mauricio Maluff 02:42, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

"Most Paraguayans"
It definitely isn't true that most Paraguayans don't speak pure Spanish or Guarani. Most of the population DEFINITELY speaks pure Spanish on a regular basis. Only in a very familiar setting are many Guarani phrases and words thrown in with Spanish. However, it is true that it is hard to find speakers of pure Guarani. There is a large spectrum of the mix of two languages. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.214.250.195 (talk) 04:17, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Alignment
Does anyone have a source for Guaraní being (predominantly) fluid-S? All I can find seems to at least imply that it's split-S (i.e. most verbs can lexically only be marked one way) but a few verbs are fluid-S (i.e. can be marked either way depending on the semantics involved). References: Active-stative language; []; [] (implied at least); []; [] (implied) 71.13.148.220 (talk) 06:35, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

merge
Do we really need Guarani language, Guarani languages, and Paraguayan Guarani language? At least one of those would seem to be redundant, esp. if there's no appreciable development. It seems this article covers about half of Subgroup I. Is it ethnically rather than linguistically defined? kwami (talk) 09:44, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Redirected Paraguayan Guarani here, and dab'd the few places in this article that considered other forms of Guarani. kwami (talk) 21:23, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

According to this article, "Guarani language" is synonymous with "Guarani languages". Do we have any ref that Aché, Xetá, Kaiwá are more distant that Bolivian & Paraguayan Guarani?

When we say that "Guarani" is the only indigenous language spoken primarily by mestizos, do we mean all of Guarani, or just Paraguayan Guarani? Are most Simba, Chawuncu, Mbya, Ava, and Tapiete also mestizo? If not, then it would seem that some of this article should be merged to Guarani languages, and some to Paraguayan Guaraní language. Or part left here, and part merged with Paraguayan. kwami (talk) 22:14, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Kwami, I believe we have discussed this ad nauseam already. I vote strongly against a merger. As we discussed, "Guarani language" is a dialect continuum, which includes a number of dialects, of which "Paraguayan Guarani" is simply the most prominent because it has by far the largest number of speakers. "Guarani languages" refers to a group of languages which apparently includes two or three other small languages which are not usually included in the "Guarani language" dialect continuum. If you find evidence that the latter are indeed also part of the Guarani dialect continuum, then you can merge "Guarani language" and "Guarani languages". Barring that, things should be left as they are. Pasquale (talk) 01:05, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Without much expertise I would be inclined to side with Pasquale on this one. The same situation often exists in Mexico my area of expertise where a language is in fact a group of languages (dialect continuum) where each variety is deserving of its own article. However it is imperative that the distinction between "guaraní language", "paraguayan Guaraní langauge" and the larger group of "guaraní languages" be made explicit in the articles.·Maunus· ƛ · 01:12, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

 * It took me some time to find a ref that Ache is not intelligible with Guarani, so that Guarani (macro)language is not a synonym for Guarani languages. The second point still stands: Much of the material at Guarani language would appear to be specific to Paraguayan Guarani, and therefor should probably be merged into the latter, leaving the broader material at the former. (Eg, do the Mbya really call their language avañe'ẽ, are they really mestizo, do the grammatical forms really apply equally well to their language, etc.) Part of the problem is that the articles themselves are largely synonymous even if the clades are not.

 * It looks like the only part of the text that belongs here is the section 'Predominance of Guaraní' and the 2nd paragraph of the intro. In order to the page history with the article, we might want to move this to Paraguayan Guarani language, meanwhile moving that article here, and then copy over the one section that belongs here. Or we could cut and paste and leave the histories behind. kwami (talk) 07:23, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Official language in Misiones?
"Paraguayan Guaraní is an official language in the provinces of Corrientes and Misiones, alongside Spanish." But the Corrientes Province article says that it is "the only Argentine Province with an official language other than Spanish", and the article on Misiones Province doesn't mention Guaraní at all. Does anyone object to me removing the reference to Misiones in this sentence? NoriMori (talk) 17:40, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I also checked the same two articles in the Spanish Wikipedia, and they are in agreement with what the English Wikipedia says. So, I think you're right on this one. Therefore, no objection, as far as I'm concerned. Pasquale (talk) 19:22, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh, I just noticed that the article on Paraguayan Guaraní says the same thing; so I guess I'll take it off of there, too. Thanks, Pasquale. NoriMori (talk) 23:42, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guarani dialects


text:
M119 howitzer

The M119 howitzer is a lightweight 105 mm howitzer, used by the United States Army. It is the American licensed version of the British L119 light gun. The M119 is typically towed by the M1097 or M1152 High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), and can be easily airlifted by helicopter, or airdropped by parachute.

Development

The howitzer was designed and produced by the British Royal Ordnance Factories as the L118 light gun. In the L118 configuration, the 105 mm ammunition is cased separate loading ammunition. The L118 entered service with the British Army in 1976 and is used by parachute and commando field artillery regiments. It saw combat during the Falklands War, where the 30 guns in action fired up to 400 rounds per gun per day, mostly at "charge super"—i.e., the most powerful propellant charge available.

The L119 is the L118 reconfigured to fire NATO-standard 105 mm semi-fixed ammunition.

In 1987 an agreement was reached to produce the L119 under license by the US as the M119, to replace the M102 howitzer. It entered service with the 7th Infantry Division, Fort Ord, California, in December 1989. Some improvements were made to produce the M119A1, expanding upon its extreme low temperate envelope from -22 to -49 F, therefore improving both maintainability and reliability. The Army renewed contracts for the M119 to be produced by the Rock Island Arsenal-Joint Manufacturing & Technology Center (RIA-JMTC) at Rock Island, Illinois, into the year 2013. The M20A1 cannon assembly for the M119 was manufactured by US Army Watervliet Arsenal.

The M119 is currently fielded with all Regular Army and National Guard infantry brigade combat teams, including those in the 10th Mountain, 82nd Airborne, and 101st Airborne divisions, and the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team. Other divisions may be of mixed composition between armor, Stryker, and infantry brigade combat teams, with armor having M109A6s Paladins and Stryker having M777s for their fires battalions. For example, two of four are IBCTs with M119s in the 25th Infantry Division. National Guard light field artillery battalions assigned to IBCTs also have M119s, for example the 86th IBCT (Mountain) headquartered in Vermont. It is routinely airdropped in airborne operations and sling-loaded under CH-47 Chinook or UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters in air assault operations.

In April 2009, the M119A2 howitzer was being fielded by the 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the 3rd Infantry Division to provide better support in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. It was the only brigade in the division equipped with it, as the other three brigades were Armored Brigade Combat Teams, and therefore equipped with the M109A6 Paladin.

Alpha Battery of the 1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, 101st Airborne Division received their first upgraded M119A3 howitzers in July 2013, and became the first unit to operate it in theater when they were deployed to northeast Afghanistan in early February 2014. The digitally upgraded M119A3 includes software and hardware component upgrades, GPS for navigation, a digital gunner's display, and digital communication between each gun and the fire direction center to speed up the process of receiving firing data and firing shells. Firing platoons were also equipped with larger, also digital M777A2 howitzers, and the M119A3 was more admired for being faster, lighter, and easier to change azimuth of fire. The A3-model retains manual capabilities of the A2-model, so occasions where digital capabilities were lost allowed crews to easily transition back to the analogue mode of operation and continue their missions.

Project Manager for Towed Artillery Systems (PM TAS) has developed several upgrades for the M119A3 including digital fire control, increased low temperature capability from -25 to -51 F, and the M20 breech. The recoil system is also being upgraded, as the legacy system had reliability issues with the recuperator, buffer, and variable recoil linkage (which sets recoil length based on elevation); it had a lot of moving parts needing constant maintenance and adjustment during operations with high replacement rates of spares that are complex to manufacture and require specialized tooling to assemble, increasing costs and causing availability problems. The redesigned system operates the same, but modifies and simplifies some components, including a new buffer and recuperator with a majority of the components removed, and adds the Suspension Lockout System (SLOS) that fixes recoil length at 25 in, which removes variable-recoil hardware, reduces stress on the carriage, and lowers buffer rod forces; the new system reduces cost, the system consists of 124 parts and the redesign will reduce that number by 40 percent to 75 parts and reusing 47 parts will consist of 65 percent for the current system, therefore only needing to manufacturing 28 new parts with overall weight savings of 45 lb.

Ammunition

The M119 fires standard NATO semi-fixed ammunition:

 * with M67 propelling charges:
 * M1 (HE) – High Explosive projectile, range: 11.5 km
 * M60 (WP) – White Phosphorus smoke generating projectile, range: 15.1 km (current variant: M60A2)
 * M84 (HC) – Hexachloroethane smoke generating projectile, range: 11.5 km (current variant: 105 mm M84A1)
 * M314 (VL) – Visible Light illuminating projectile, range: 19.5 km (current variant: M314A3)
 * M444 (APICM) – Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition (withdrawn from service), range: 11.5 km
 * M916 (DPICM) – Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition (withdrawn from service), range: 11.5 km
 * M927 (HERA) – High Explosive Rocket Assisted projectile, range: 16.5 km
 * M1064 (IR) – Infrared illuminating projectile, range: 19.5 km
 * M1130 (HE PFF BB) – High Explosive Pre-Formed Fragments Base Bleed projectile – range: 13.0 km

 * with M176 propelling charges:
 * M548 (HERA) – High Explosive Rocket Assisted projectile, range: 15.1 km

 * with M200 propelling charge:
 * M760 (HE) – High Explosive projectile, range: 14.0 km
 * M915 (DPICM) – Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition (withdrawn from service), range: 14.1 km

 * with M219 propelling charge:
 * M913 (HERA) – High Explosive Rocket Assisted projectile, range: 19.5 km

 * with M350 propelling charges:
 * M1130A1 (HE PFF BB) – High Explosive Pre-Formed Fragments Base Bleed projectile, range 17.0 km

The M119 also fires the M395 blank cartridge, which is used for burials, retreat ceremonies, and VIP Salutes as well as to simulate battlefield noise used for training exercises.

Variants

 * M119 – original copy of the L119
 * M119A1 – minor improvements, including fire control and maintenance
 * M119A2 – improved sight package consisting of telescope (M90A3) or panoramic telescope (M137A2)
 * M119A3 – modernized version with digital fire control system and an inertial navigation system for self location; entered service in April 2013 with A Battery 3/319th Field Artillery at Fort Bragg, NC

title: M119 howitzer