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Talk:New Haven–style pizza

Pictures of Apizza and Article Notability
Looking at those two pictures on the page, I have to ask what exactly is unique about these pizzas? The upper picture shows a pizza with clams, which is surely an uncommon ingredient, but it just doesn't seem to warrant its own page. The lower one just looks like every other traditional pizza I have seen. If these are examples of so-called "New Haven style" pizza, it makes me skeptical about this type of pizza being notable. Has anyone noticed that the previous vote for deletion of this page saw participation mostly from people who dine at Sally's and Pepe's pizzerias? It makes me feel that those votes were cast more for having an article about their favorite pizzerias rather than on notability. I guess this is how wikipedia makes decisions, but I wonder if the same decision would have been reached with more participants in the discussion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.96.6.11 (talk) 19:38, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * What makes New Haven pizza unique is the method used to cook the pizza almost always in a coal fired white oven, for several minutes as opposed to most Napoletana pizza make in New York, which is cooked at a higher temperature usually using fresh mozzarella (fior di latte) as opposed to using brick mozzarella (pizza cheese) or scamorza. This is directly attributed to using local products which are(or were) only available in the New Haven area.
 * Additionally, Napoletana pizza has strict guidelines laid out by Vera Pizza Napoletana. They are:

 * 1. A wood-burning oven: The pizza must be cooked by wood. Gas, coal or electric ovens, while they may produce delicious pizza, do not conform to the tradition.

 * 2. Proper ingredients: 00 flour, San Marzano (plum) tomatoes, all natural fior-di-latte or bufala mozzarella, fresh basil, salt and yeast. Only fresh, all-natural, non-processed ingredients are acceptable.

 * 3. Proper technique: Hand-worked or low speed mixed dough, proper work surface (usually a marble slab), oven temp (800° F), pizza preparation, etc.

 * 4. Review by the designated representative of the association assuring that the ingredients, technique and final product conform to the tradition.

 * 5. Each individual restaurant is bound to uphold the standards of the association. Moreover, each individual restaurant is bound to pay a membership and membership renewal fee. Hence, membership fees do not apply to any new units opened subsequent to joining VPN, nor is membership transferable from one location to another. Rather, each individual location is evaluated and billed separately. In the event of non-compliance by one or more of my restaurants, the VPN association maintains the right to suspend or rescind membership on an individual or collective basis.

 * As I stated previously, in New Haven they use coal fired ovens, not wood. They don't use Caputo 00 flour, they don't use any of the ingredients stated above. As you can see, there is sufficient evidence that New Haven Style pizza is different from New York, and Napoletana styles.--Jsderwin (talk) 01:27, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that New Haven style is different from New York or any other type. And I agree with the brick ovens point, but here's some info regarding fuel and the various "New Haven Style" parlors.
 * Coal - Pepe's, Sally's, Salerno's (Stratford)
 * Gas - Modern, Roselands (Derby)
 * Wood - BAR, Eli's (Hamden).

Markvs88 (talk) 16:52, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Since several restarants serving New Haven style pizza use gas or wood ovens should the cooking method be rephrased as a brick oven often coal fired? Colonial Computer 19:31, 6 March 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 22yearswothanks (talk • contribs)

notability
The notability of "New Haven-style pizza" is a complete non-issue, though some of the underlying reality remains a bit mysterious even to those who think they understand.
 * My gripe with the topic is that would-be journalists and food-writers (and those who cite them) and even a few real journalists, claim that "apizza" is locally pronounced "ah-beetz." It probably was at one time, among a subset of the population. But it's far closer to the truth to say that locally, nobody pronounces "apizza" at all, and the term has long been used only as part of a  business name... "Joey's Apizza" or whatever....to connote local authenticity.

You want to get a pizza in New Haven and one would then simply say "let's get a pizza," regardless of ethnic background. This is just an obvious fact that a literal reader might miss (though probably not). I'm afraid there are no published sources on this, however. Badiacrushed (talk) 01:50, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

Encyclopedic
Any way for this to be encyclopedic? I'm not sure how relevant a style of pizza in one particular town is. Would this ever be verifiable? Friday 17:34, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

See: VfD Frank Pepe

FWIW, there are also already articles on New York-style pizza, Chicago-style pizza, and St. Louis-style pizza. I think these are all relevant to serious discussion of different styles and traditions of pizza, as well as to the local cuisine of the particular cities. Dr.frog 22:50, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

New Haven pizza is a type of pizza along the lines of Chicago style or New York Style. The article has relevance in the history of pizza as well as in the general typology of pizza. People travel great distances and line up for hours to buy New Haven pizza partially for its unique taste and partially for its historical significance. If somebody wanted an explanation for this behavior, it would be natural for many to look up New Haven pizza on Wikipedia. In addition, it's natural for people visiting the area to want to know what "Apizza" is and why it only seems to be in the New Haven area. For these reasons, it seems the best service to the public would be for the article to stay and be improved if possible. 71.235.99.181 (talk) 00:38, 22 December 2007 (UTC)Greg

 * I am not convinced. I've heard that there are specific styles of pizza in New York and California, although the articles on those subjects do a frankly poor job of explaining to me what those styles are. As far as I can tell from this article, there is nothing especially unusual about a 'New Haven-style pizza', and only local chauvinism is keeping this article in business. I don't think that this subject is sufficiently notable to warrant an entire article to itself. Lexo (talk) 00:50, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
 * So you're complaining about the quality of all the pizza articles? You'd better get to work improving them then! Markvs88 (talk) 01:17, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Lexo, you don't have to be convinced. Enough others are.  And you forgot Chicago-style. - Denimadept (talk) 05:10, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Exactly. I see on his page that he's an Irish citizen. I wonder how he'd feel if I put a notability tag on kilt and asked him to improve the article to show it isn't just a skirt? Markvs88 (talk) 10:53, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Or, more to the point, on Irish whiskey. No one drinks that crap, right?  It's all about Scotch whisky. - Denimadept (talk) 14:56, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Lexo, I am an expert on pizza having served in the restaurant and food business since 1987. I have had pizza in several European countries including Italy, Turkey and France. I have also eaten pizza over most of the notable places in the United States. I can tell you from first hand experience that New Haven pizza is not the same as New York style, which is it's closest cousin. Pizza in this part of the United States is serious business, much like your potato, or Irish whiskey. You should leave it to those of us who have first hand experience mixed with verifiable sources to work on the article, so foreigners like you can learn about our fine pizza cuisine in this great nation of ours. If that doesn't do it, once again refer to this: VfD Frank Pepe Jsderwin (talk) 10:09, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

This article is utterly non encyclopedic, as well as the article on Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana. I have eaten pizza for extended periods of time in Italy, Germany, France, USA and Switzerland (not in that order). Above all that type of Pizza is known as Napoletana: the adjective at the end of Frank Pepe's pizzeria is not just an indication of where the founder originates, but it labels the type of pizza. So New-Have style is at best a misnomer for Napoletana (or Neapolitan if you prefer). The fact that in time, people with limited exposure to pizza, have started to think that that style is New Haven's own, doesn't make it right.--Gciriani (talk) 16:01, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Right. And the EU is just a United States of Europe. There are no differences at all, the USA and USE are exactly the same place. Nothing new ever evolves, we can just call CDs records and MP3s? Those are just music files. The iPod is just a portable record player. Markvs88 (talk) 16:25, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Sorry, I'm not getting your point. Could you be more specific please?--Gciriani (talk) 20:55, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I apologise if I was being a little obscure. Here it is in a nutshell: New Haven Pizza is absolutely it's own style. That it is decended from/an offshoot of Neapolitan pizza is already stated in the articles. But it is not the same. Things evolve from something prior all the time, and to say that NH Pizza is unencyclopedic just because it isn't something with no predecssors (ie: the Segway) is not logical. If we applied that metric, we'd have to scratch Neopolitan pie, since it started as a Roman Army ration. Etc. Markvs88 (talk) 21:15, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

I've eaten twice at Pepe's with my wife, and I can tell you (and she confirms), that that you can eat that kind of Pizza in several other places across the ocean that have never heard of New-Haven style. Napoletana covers a broad spectrum of thickness. Pepe's is on the thin side, but I repeat I have had exactly that thickness in other places, both restaurants and bakeries, that serve it on the spot while you buy bread. As for the Roman Army ration, is that true and from a reliable source? I'd never heard of it; what I'd heard was that pizza in its modern recipe, was an invention of the 1800's to honor the visit of a queen to Naples (Margherita, hence the name), but I never verified it and I would not be surprised if this was a false popular belief as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gciriani (talk • contribs) 20:15, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * A flat bread predecessor of pizza was found in Roman ovens in Scotland.. Cato the Elder wrote about "flat round of dough dressed with olive oil, herbs, and honey baked on stones." in his history of Rome, and that's circa 150 BC. Heck, I'd even go so far as to point out the pizzaria found in Pompeii (from 80 AD). Of course, tomoatoes didn't come to Europe from South America until the early 1500s, so our "modern-style" pizza would have to wait. In any event, your wife is not a citable source. Please present proof or stop beating a dead horse. Markvs88 (talk) 20:34, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

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Need for list of other cities?
Is there a need for a list of other cities where Apizza is? It seems both unnecessary for this page as well as not possible to be complete. I am removing it for now, but if someone wants to discuss, please feel free to leave a note here and revert later. ChunyangD (talk) 03:10, 7 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi ChunyangD. I agree that the list of cities is pointless and impossible to upkeep as you mention, but I do feel that it is notable that New Haven style pizza is expanding beyond Connecticut, both nationally and internationally. So the section needs sources, and some of the (many!) old citations are garbage (Salvation Pizza doesn't mention New Haven, the Allmenus are self-publishing, Baird Beer is a dead link) but I'd be in favor of keeping ones like "Pete's New Haven Style Apizza" and Piece Brewery & Pizzeria. Markvs88 (talk) 13:16, 7 December 2018 (UTC)

Pizza documentary
Gorman Bechard produced Pizza: A Love Story a documentary on the history of New Haven Pizza. He has interviews with celebrities such as Michael Bolton, Henry Winkler and Lyle Lovett talking about 3 nationaly renouned New Haven pizzarias. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 22yearswothanks (talk • contribs) 19:47, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:New York-style pizza which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 00:02, 4 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Haven–style pizza


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Wikipedia:Peer review/John W. Griffin/archive1

John W. Griffin
Profile of a perennial candidate in Ohio who is on the state school board. References, photo, thorough account. Comments? PedanticallySpeaking 17:35, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps information on his ideology (if it is definable), and the issues that he has campaigned on. You could also add information on the time between him leaving university and first election as US Representative-when did he join the Democratic Party, how did he get into the position of being a candidate for a federal office (according to the article, he didn't serve in the state legislature previously). Deus Ex 20:56, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately don't have information on this. I used what was in electronic databases, but they don't have the newspapers back that far.  As for ideology, I can't say it came up in any of the articles I read.  He's seen as eccentric, even by his own party's leaders.  PedanticallySpeaking 21:10, July 14, 2005 (UTC)


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Portal:Trains/Anniversaries/August 20/More

19th century

 * 1854 – The first trains operate in what is now Romania between Oraviţa, Transylvania, and Baziaş, on the Danube.
 * 1857 – The European and North American Railway in New Brunswick, Canada, opens between Shediac and Moncton.
 * 1868 – The Abergele train disaster, the first major railway disaster in Britain, occurs when a train uncouples and runs away down a steep incline; railroads install catchpoints to prevent such a disaster in the future.

20th century

 * 1909 – The Memphis, Paris and Gulf Railroad, a predecessor of the Kansas City Southern Railroad, announces the construction of a new line from Murfreesboro to Hot Springs, Arkansas.
 * 1930 – The Kururi Line in Japan is regauged from to.
 * 1935 – Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway discontinues all interurban operations.
 * 1963 – The one millionth railroad carload of lettuce is shipped from Salinas, California.
 * 1979 – San Diego's Metropolitan Transit Development Board (MTDB) purchases the San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway Company in restored condition for $18.1 million.

Births

 * 1855 – Ira G. Rawn, vice president of operations for Illinois Central Railroad 1907-1909; president of Monon Railroad 1909-1910, is born (d. 1910).

Deaths

 * 2010 – Charles S. Roberts, American railroad historian, dies (b. 1930).


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Euroboy

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Dmcdevit·t 06:43, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Euroboy
Non-notable musician. delete UtherSRG 17:36, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * keep but cleanup. he is lead guitarist of a long-running guitar band that has made international tours, and is definitely attracting English-language music press at the moment.   Morwen - Talk 18:02, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I always wanted to say this... Redirect to Turbonegro. Dcarrano 18:33, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete borderline notability at best. JamesBurns 08:32, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I do not see enough here to establish notability.68.75.117.74 17:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable / vanity - Tεx  τ  urε  19:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Dcarrano. Nabla 03:48, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Euroboy


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Death Merchant

The Death Merchant is the title and lead character of a series of men's action-adventure books written by Joseph Rupert Rosenberger and published by Pinnacle Books from 1971 to 1988. Richard Joseph Camellion, as described in the books, is a master of disguise, the martial arts and wet-work. Cynical and lethal in equal measure, his normal employer was the CIA – at a cost of $100,000 a mission.

He is described on the back of the books as "Richard Camellion, master of death, destruction, and disguise. He gets the dirty jobs, the impossible missions, the operations that cannot be handled by the FBI, CIA, or any other legal or extra-legal force. He is a man without a face, without a single identifying characteristic...except that he succeeds by being a Merchant of Death!"

Fictional character biography
According to information in #30, The Shambhala Strike, Camellion was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He keeps a ranch in Votaw, Texas, where he lives when not on a mission and has two pet pigs, known as Damon and Pythias. Two books, #30 The Shambhala Strike and #53 The Judas Scrolls mention Camellion studying at St. Louis University, where he received a Bachelor of Science degree. It is stated in the former book that Camellion holds a degree in engineering from Washington University in St. Louis. Three other books (#1 The Death Merchant, #9 Laser Mission, #11 Manhattan Wipeout) mention that Camellion is an ex-teacher of history, but this may simply be a cover story.

Camellion is very interested in the occult and the prophecies of Nostradamus.

Camellion's father was in the hardware business (#13, The Mato Grosso Horror).

Camellion donates an unspecified percentage of his fees for each mission to assist struggling college students and also the underprivileged in Texas (#17, "The Zemlya Expedition").

The character uses at least one alias in every book. Examples: James Valdorian, Chester Giffwangle, Leonard Higgdon, Emil Milrich, Milton Sessions, Ludwig Huelsenbeck, Thomas Wang-Ji. On two occasions, when asked if Camellion is his real name, he replies that it does not matter. #63 The Soul Search Project reveals that Richard Joseph Camellion is not the name on his birth certificate.

In the first book, he is hired by the Mafia to kill an informant. In later books, he never works for organized crime again but accepts missions from the ONI (Office of Naval Intelligence), NSA, CIA and MAD (West German counter-intelligence)

The series is more nihilistic than many of its 1970s and 1980s action series counterparts; Camellion does not think twice about killing innocent people if it is the quickest way to get the mission accomplished. For example, #62, The Soul Search Project sees his team killing 18 New York Police Department officers who try to stop them during a mission. Another book series by Rosenberger, COBRA, features similar characters in this regard.

The books
1. The Death Merchant – Richard Camellion versus the Chicago mob.

2. Operation Overkill – The demented leaders of the Knights of Vigilance plan to assassinate the President and overthrow the government.

3. The Psychotron Plot – The Russians and Egyptians team up to use a brain-scrambling device on Israel.

4. Chinese Conspiracy – The Chinese plan to maneuver a submarine into Canadian waters and shoot a US space shuttle out of the sky.

5. Satan Strike – The CIA and GRU combine forces to stop a dictator of a Caribbean nation from using a potent and deadly super-virus. 6. The Albanian Connection – Neo-Nazis, bent on reunifying Germany and restoring the Reich, have assembled seven nuclear bombs to use against the U.S., Europe, and Russia.

7. The Castro File – The Russians plan to gain complete control of Cuba by assassinating Castro and having a lookalike take his place.

8. The Billionaire Mission – Cleveland Winston Silvestter, a paranoid billionaire, believes he is Satan's chosen disciple and is hellbent on triggering World War III.

9. The Laser War – A Nazi super-laser is pursued. 10. The Mainline Plot – Communists in North Korea have created a super-potent, super-addictive strain of heroin called Peacock-4. By introducing the heroin into the U.S., they hope to enslave a generation of young adults.

11. Manhattan Wipeout – The Death Merchant causes trouble for the four mob families in New York City.

12. The KGB Frame – Flash! Camellion turns double agent. The target of both his colleagues and his enemies, the Death Merchant becomes the object of the most intense manhunt in the history of international espionage.

13. The Mato Grosso Horror – Camellion leads an expedition into the Brazilian jungle to locate a group of Nazis who are perfecting a mind-control drug.

14. Vengeance of the Golden Hawk – The DM is tasked with saving Tel Aviv from a rocket barrage containing a deadly nerve gas.

15. The Iron Swastika Plot – The Nazi organization known as the Spider returns!

16. Invasion of the Clones – Camellion versus five clones of himself in Africa. 17. The Zemlya Expedition – The Death Merchant attempts to rescue a scientist from an underwater Russian city/complex in the Arctic Ocean. 18.  Nightmare in Algeria – Camellion battles two terrorist organizations who have joined forces: the Black Avengers and the Blood Sons of Allah.

19. Armageddon, USA! – A far-right group threatens to set off nukes in three American cities unless its demands are met. 20. Hell in Hindu Land – The Death Merchant leads an expedition to a Buddhist monastery in India, where the bodies of aliens (and the secrets of their civilization) may be hidden.

21. The Pole Star Secret – Camellion treks to the North Pole to investigate a possible alien world hidden under the ice cap.

22. The Kondrashev Chase – A highly placed spy behind the Iron Curtain has disappeared while trying to escape to the West, and Camellion must find and rescue him. 23. The Budapest Action – The Hungarians are working with the KGB to develop a hallucinogenic toxin to be released over American cities and the DM is tasked with stopping them.

24. The Kronos Plot – Fidel Castro plans to destroy the Panama Canal.

25. The Enigma Project – Spying on Russia under the cover of finding Noah's Ark.

26. The Mexican Hit

27. The Surinam Affair 28. Nipponese Nightmare – Japanese terrorists try to frame the CIA for murder. 29. Fatal Formula – Tracking a man-made flu strain. 30. Shambhala Strike – An ancient maze of caverns means China could easily invade.

31. Operation Thunderbolt – A bomb-maker is captured by North Korean forces.

32. Deadly Manhunt – An ally betrays Camellion.

33. Alaska Conspiracy

34. Operation Mind-Murder

35. Massacre in Rome – A civilian seems to be able to predict the future.

36. The Cosmic Reality Kill – A cult leader is targeting kids. 37. The Bermuda Triangle Action – The Russians are drilling along a fault line in the Atlantic, where a few well-placed hydrogen bombs could cause catastrophe for the U.S.

38. The Burning Blue Death – A neo-Nazi group called the Brotherhood has created a device that can make a human being spontaneously combust.

39. The Fourth Reich – A neo-Nazi conspiracy to trigger an atom bomb (twice as powerful as Hiroshima) in Cairo is crushed.

40. Blueprint Invisibility – The Red Chinese have stolen a vital top secret U.S. file dealing with electronic camouflage.

41. Shamrock Smash – Someone is supplying the IRA with weapons and the CIA and SIS call on Richard Camellion to find out who.

42. High Command Murder – At the end of World War II, American soldiers stole 100 crates of Nazi gold and hid the loot in an abandoned mine shaft in northern France. The Death Merchant races the Nazis to find it.

43. The Devil's Trashcan – Did the Nazis bury treasure at the bottom of Lake Toplitz during World War II? Camellion, et al. plan to find out.

44. Island of the Damned – Soviet forces develop mind-reading technology.

45. The Rim of Fire Conspiracy – The Russians hope to trigger volcanoes on the U.S. West Coast by exploding bombs along fault lines.

46. Blood Bath – Camellion assists South Africa's ruling whites defeat groups of blacks demanding an end to apartheid. 47. Operation Skyhook

48. Psionics War

49. Night of the Peacock

50. The Hellbomb Theft – Camellion must stop two mini-nukes from falling into the hands of Kaddafi, the dictator of Libya.

51. The Inca File

52. The Flight of the Phoenix

53. The Judas Scrolls

54. Apocalypse, USA! – Libyan terrorists plan to spray deadly nerve gas across the Eastern Seaboard. Not if the Death Merchant has anything to say about it!

55. Slaughter in El Salvador – The Death Merchant heads to war-torn El Salvador, where he tangles with death squads and Communist Sandinista rebels, with predictable carnage.

56. Afghanistan Crashout

57. The Romanian Operation

58. The Silicon Valley Connection

59. The Burma Probe – The Death Merchant teams up with Thunderbolt Unit Omega and Lester Vernon "The Widowmaker" Cole to stop a Chinese territory grab.

60. The Methuselah Factor

61. The Bulgarian Termination

62. The Soul Search Project – Camellion pursues a scientist who can talk to the dead. The protagonist and his allies willingly kill several dozen NYPD officers.

63. The Pakistan Mission – A Communist plan to invade Pakistan.

64.  The Atlantean Horror – Camellion is in Antarctica, trying to keep an "energy converter" (buried 70,000 years ago by scientists from Atlantis) out of the hands of the Russians.

65. Mission Deadly Snow – The Death Merchant must destroy a South American drug cartel intent on supplying Fidel Castro with thousands of pounds of cocaine.

66. The Cobra Chase – Camellion tracks the Cobra, who escaped from the cocaine processing plant in the previous book.

67. Escape From Gulag Taria – A Soviet physicist who specializes in weather modification wants to defect.

68. The Hindu Trinity Caper – Camellion tracks down an East German spy who has stolen some parts to a nuclear weapon.

69.  The Miracle Mission – The Shroud of Turin is stolen by an Arab terrorist group. Camellion's job is to get it back.

70. The Greenland Mission – Camellion and his crew investigate a 'U.F.O.' in Greenland.

'Apocalypse', also called 'Super Death Merchant #1', was released in 1987, and is not part of the standard series (not to be confused with "Apocalypse USA!"). The Soviets perfect a weather-control machine and use it to cause mass destruction; the book ends with nuclear war imminent.

Camellion as author
Rosenberg wrote two non-fiction books for Paladin Press (Assassination: Theory and Practice and Behavior Modification: The Art of Mind Murdering) with Camellion as the narrator/listed author.

Tools and gadgets

 * 1) Microwave Impedator (a.k.a. Mister Fuck Up): Roughly a briefcase-sized device, it can render useless infrared and other photo-electric detectors. Also can jam transmitters of audio and motion detectors, which operate upon the Doppler principle.  Has a built-in self-destruct mechanism.
 * 2) The Plan: Set of lockpick tools inside a small metal cylinder, which can be hidden in the rectum, to be used in case of capture. (Used in #4 Chinese Conspiracy, #16 Invasion of the Clones and #39 The Fourth Reich)
 * 3) D-SEP (Distant Sound Evaluator Pickup or the Big Ear): Tiny device that can amplify existing sound so one can hear a whisper at 30m and breathing at 15m.
 * 4) The GF Mechanism : An electromagnetic field device which can render large objects (such as submarines and helicopters) invisible on radar. Lethal for a human to cross through.

title: Death Merchant


text:
World Scrabble Championship 2005

The World Scrabble Championship 2005 was held in the Marriott Regent's Park Hotel, London, England between 16 November and 20 November. The winner was Adam Logan of Canada.

As in previous years, the tournament began with a 24-round Swiss tournament over three days. The top two players from this phase contested a best-of-five final.

Results
The preliminary stage involved 102 players over 24 rounds, using the "Chew Pairing" system to select the draw for each round.

Adam Logan beat Pakorn Nemitrmansuk of Thailand 3–0 in the final. Notably, Nemitrmansuk was also the runner-up finalist at WSC 2003.

Adam won the first game 524–409. Pakorn bingoed EDACIOUS, GRINDER and VALETiNG while Adam could only manage one (STATURE) until he ended the game with a rare triple-triple TWISTIeR, which clinched it for him as Pakorn ran out of time.

Adam won the second game 520-316 with bingoes RIBANDS, GNaRRED, CLOGGER and ELODEAS while Pakorn managed CATTAILS and VAUNTIER, and lost points on letters and time once again.

Adam won the third game 465-426 to clinch the title. Bingoes from Adam were AURATES, REcOINED, ANCOnES and from Pakorn were TEAMING and BIRSLED.

This was the fourth time in eight events that a Canadian had won, including one year in which a Canadian played for the United States.

Complete results

 * FINALS:
 * Game 1: Adam 524 – Pakorn 409
 * Game 2: Adam 520 – Pakorn 316
 * Game 3: Adam 465 – Pakorn 426

Participants
Places were allocated by country. The number of places per country was:

 * U.S., 15 places
 * England, 10 places
 * Canada, 7 places
 * New Zealand, 5 places
 * Australia, 4 places
 * Kenya, 4 places
 * Thailand, 4 places
 * Ghana, 3 places
 * Philippines, 3 places
 * Nigeria, 3 places
 * Singapore, 3 places
 * Sri Lanka, 3 places
 * Bahrain, 2 places
 * India, 2 places
 * Israel, 2 places
 * Japan, 2 places
 * Malaysia, 2 places
 * Malta, 2 places
 * Oman, 2 places
 * Pakistan, 2 places
 * Scotland, 2 places
 * South Africa, 2 places
 * Wales, 2 places
 * Cameroon, 1 place
 * France, 1 place
 * Gibraltar, 1 place
 * Guyana, 1 place
 * Indonesia, 1 place
 * Ireland, 1 place
 * Kurdistan-Iraq, 1 place
 * Kuwait, 1 place
 * Poland, 1 place
 * Romania, 1 place
 * Saudi Arabia, 1 place
 * Seychelles, 1 place
 * Sweden, 1 place
 * Tanzania, 1 place
 * Trinidad, 1 place
 * U.A.E., 1 place
 * Uganda, 1 place
 * Zambia, 1 place

Panupol Sujjayakorn qualified automatically as defending World Champion, and so did not count towards Thailand's quota.

title: World Scrabble Championship 2005


text:
Puerto Lempira

Puerto Lempira or Auhya Yari is the Miskito capital of the Gracias a Dios department in northeastern Honduras, located on the shores of the Caratasca Lagoon. Though it does not have paved roads, it is the largest town in the La Mosquitia region.

The town is named for the 16th century leader of the indigenous Lenca peoples, Lempira, who directed an ultimately unsuccessful resistance against the Spanish conquistador forces in the 1530s.

Puerto Lempira became the departmental capital in 1975, prior to which it was Brus Laguna. In the 1980s, the town became a centre for CIA operations against the Sandinistas.

Its population is 22,860 (2023 calculation).

Puerto Lempira is sister city to Plattsburgh, New York, US, and has been since 2011.

Demographics
At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Puerto Lempira municipality had a population of 47,528. Of these, 82.41% were Indigenous (81.98% Miskito), 14.86% Mestizo, 1.34% Afro-Honduran or Black, 1.27% White and 0.13% others.

Culture
Miskito culture is dominant, though not exclusive.

Language
Miskito language is dominant and official in the region, followed by Mayangna and Spanish.

Transportation
The city is served by Puerto Lempira Airport, which operates several flights a week on a regular schedule.

Climate
Like most of the Caribbean side of Central America, Puerto Lempira has a warm, humid and rainy tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af). Its driest month of March, when the relentlessly wet trade winds are weakest, is only marginally rainy enough to avoid a tropical monsoon classification; however, between June and December monthly rainfall consistently averages above or near 300 mm.

title: Puerto Lempira


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CCleft

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:04, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

CCleft
non-notable student group. delete UtherSRG 17:38, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, most school clubs are not notable. Dcarrano 18:31, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Schoolcruft. Friday 21:00, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable student club. JamesBurns 08:34, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Not Delete See wiki policy on notable/non-notable and deletion. More than 500 people worldwide have shown positive/negative interest in CCLeft. They run a publication printed for ~1600 readers. Small but nationally supported political groups have petitioned against CCLeft. Paraesthetic 17:48, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CCleft


text:
Peter I, Count of Urgell

Peter I (Pedro, ) (23 February 1187 – 2 June 1258) was the second son of King Sancho I of Portugal and his wife Dulce, infanta of Aragon, and would eventually become Count of Urgell and Lord of the Balearic Islands.

Biography
Peter was born in Coimbra.

After the death of his father, Peter took the side of his sisters Mafalda, Sancha and Theresa, in their quarrel with his elder brother, now King Afonso II, over inheritance of the castles of Seia, Alenquer and Montemor-o-Novo, Peter got the protection of his sister Theresa, then Queen of León, from whose territory he launched several inconclusive attacks on the Portuguese border province of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, but eventually had to concede defeat and perpetual exile from Portugal.

Peter then left León to become a mercenary in the service of Yusuf II, the Almohad Caliph, commanding a troop of Christian exiles and adventurers in Marrakesh. As such, he was in 1220 involved with the arrival in Morocco of Berard of Carbio and four other Franciscan missionaries. Prior to setting out to the Muslim lands, the Franciscans had met with Peter's sister, who told them that she had "a little piece of Morocco in her heart" and asked them to give Peter her love. Once arrived, the Franciscans started preaching in Marrakesh and strongly denouncing Islam and Muhammad. The Caliph declared them "mad" and charged Peter and his Christian soldiers with escorting them out of his kingdom. However, the Franciscans managed to avoid Peter and his men, and repeated their act, highly sacrilegious in Muslim terms, in the market-place of Marrakesh - leading to their being decapitated by the Caliph personally.

Subsequently, Peter moved to Aragon, his mother's homeland, where he became involved in the schemes and campaigns of his relative, the young and ambitious King James I.

In June 1229, Pope Gregory IX asked Peter to come to Italy with his knights to fight in the War of the Keys against the Emperor Frederick II. Peter did not go. That year Peter - continuing his family tradition of seeking a bride in Catalonia - married Countess Aurembiaix of Urgell, who had long been exiled from Urgell by the usurper Guerau IV de Cabrera, and who had been James I's mistress. With Peter as her husband and co-ruler, James helped Aurembiaix regain Urgell under the Aragonese overlordship - after she and Peter agreed to hand over to the King the city of Lleida (see James's acquisition of Urgell).

In 1230, Peter helped the Bishop of Tarragona to conquer the Balearic island of Ibiza from the Moors.

Following Aurembiaix's death in 1231, Peter continued as Count of Urgell in a titular capacity, but this position was disputed by his overlord James I.

In 1236 they came to an agreement by which Peter gave up Urgell, which was given over to the rule of the House of Cabrera and was eventually annexed to Aragon. In exchange, Peter got the newly conquered Balearic islands of Majorca, Ibiza and Formentera, as well as the castles of Pollença, and Alaró (also in the Baleares) and of Almudaina (in Alicante).

Peter ruled these Balearic possessions until his death there in 1258. As he left no legitimate issue, they then reverted to the Aragonese Crown, later becoming the core of Kingdom of Majorca ruled by a minor branch of the Aragonese Royal Family.

Peter left two illegitimate sons, Rodrigo and Fernando.

title: Peter I, Count of Urgell


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hoyay

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:06, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

Hoyay
Def of a term used primarily at one website; seems deletable on grounds of both definition-ness and irrelevance. Qaqaq 17:39, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as a neologism. 4,000 google hits is marginal, though. Brighterorange 19:22, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, as it discusses a neologism, but doesn't coin it. The term is established, if currently esoteric. Cythraul
 * Delete, nnneo. Radiant_ >|< 12:19, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. Indrian 17:43, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hoyay


text:
La Esperanza, Honduras

La Esperanza is the capital city and a municipality of the same name of the department of Intibucá, Honduras. La Esperanza is famous for having the coolest climate in Honduras. It is considered the heart of the Ruta Lenca (Lenca Trail), a region of Lenca ethnic influence that spans Honduras from Santa Rosa de Copan to Choluteca. Sites on the Lenca Trail have been designated by the government and United Nations development in order to encourage more cultural tourism, and help create new markets for the traditional crafts, such as pottery, practiced by the Lenca, in order to preserve their culture.

The city of La Esperanza is merged indistinguishably with the city of Intibucá, the head of the neighboring municipality of Intibucá. Intibucá is the older of the twin cities and was originally an indigenous Lenca community, while La Esperanza is the newer ladino community. Although the two cities have separate municipal governments, they are often referred to jointly as La Esperanza as they are only separated by a city street that crosses the city. Residents of La Esperanza are traditionally referred to as esperanzanos and residents of Intibucá as intibucanos.

History
The area was originally occupied by Maya and Lenca people from pre-Columbian times who formed two settlements called Eramani and Lentercala. In 1647, Mayor Francisco de La Cerda was appointed by the Spanish throne to officially demarcate the territory of the indigenous population. He divided the land into two jurisdictions, not corresponding to the Eramani and Lentercala sites, and created boundaries and names for the surrounding small communities.

Over time, the two jurisdictions developed a rivalry, especially over land. The cities grew in population, especially in the 1800s, and La Esperanza was named a villa on 22 September 1848. La Esperanza officially became a city in 1883 when the department of Intibucá was formed by separating from the neighbouring department of Lempira, then called Gracias.

In 2002, permits were obtained by the Consorcio de Inversiones SA de CV (CISA) to build a hydro electric dam on the Rio Intibucá over an abandoned hydro project. Called the La Esperanza Hydro Project after the city, the dam began producing electricity for the surrounding communities in 2003, but its phase two expansion was not completed until 2006. The project was the first in the world to generate Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

Geography
La Esperanza sits at an altitude of 1700 meters, making it the highest city in Honduras. It is bisected by the Rio Intibucá which runs from the municipality of Intibucá through the municipality of La Esperanza. La Esperanza is situated in a relatively flat mountain valley, bordered by two chains of mountains, the Sierra de Puca Opalaca to the north and Montaña Zapochoco to the Southeast. The area of the La Esperanza municipality is 138.8 km2 and Intibucá 531 km2.

La Esperanza Airport runs along the valley 2 km south of the two cities.

Climate
La Esperanza experiences two distinct seasons: the rainy season/winter from May to October and the dry season/summer from November to April. The rainiest months are June and September, and the driest months February and March. During the winter, it rains primarily in the afternoon and the intense showers often make small dirt roads into the surrounding mountain communities impassable. La Esperanza receives average annual precipitation of 939 mm. Due to its high altitude, La Esperanza has a cooler climate than most of Honduras, with an average annual temperature of 18.1 °C (64.5 °F). Temperatures in December and January often fall into the 40s at night. Hail has been reported on occasion, but it has never snowed. In the summer, high temperatures reach the 80s, but with low average humidity around 76%.

Population
The projected population of La Esperanza for 2018 is 13,800, with 9,900 in the urban area and 3,900 in rural areas of the municipality. Additionally, the projected population for the neighboring municipality of Intibucá of 63,000 in the municipality, including 23,800 in the urban area and 39,000 in the rural areas, translates to a population of 37,600 in the combined urban areas of La Esperanza and Intibucá.

Demographics
At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, La Esperanza municipality had a population of 11,631. Of these, 59.11% were Indigenous (58.92% Lenca), 36.91% Mestizo, 3.18% White, 0.55% Afro-Honduran or Black and 0.26% others.

Towns and Hamlets
The municipality has the following five villages (aldeas), which encompass 36 hamlets (caseríos):
 * La Esperanza
 * El Terrero
 * Finca Las Terrazas o El Refugio
 * Finca San José Del Edén
 * Finca Santa Anita
 * La Laguna
 * La Pozona
 * Las Anonas
 * Lepaterique
 * San Esteban
 * Tierra Colorada
 * Los Diez Chorritos
 * Piedra Menuda
 * El Invernadero
 * Chogola
 * Chogola
 * Agua Blanca
 * El Arenal
 * El Mango o Las Pilas
 * Hda. de Quiala
 * Llano de La Cruz
 * Quiala
 * Puente Hondo
 * La Sierra
 * El Pelón
 * El Pelón
 * Llano Chalingua
 * La Pimienta
 * La Pimienta
 * El Garrapatero
 * Nueva Esperanza
 * Nueva Esperanza
 * El Pastal
 * El Pital
 * La Montaña
 * San Antonio
 * San Juan o Los Roquitos
 * San Vicente
 * Palos Blancos

Culture
The predominant ethnic group are the Lenca people, who have occupied the southwest region of Honduras since pre-Columbian times. The Lenca are the largest ethnic group in Honduras, numbering just over 100,000. The Lenca once had a distinct language which is now extinct. They continue to practice traditional customs and arts, such as the production of textiles and pottery, dances, and clothing. The Lenca people, particularly women, can be recognised by their unique style of dress, including brightly coloured dresses and woven head scarves called pañuelos.

Life in La Esperanza and Intibucá is centred primarily on agriculture, which is the mainstay of most residents, especially the Lenca. Due to its uniquely cool climate, the department is able to produce products that other departments cannot, including potatoes, strawberries and apples. La Esperanza is famous for its daily farmers market which draws vendors and shoppers from around the department. Lenca farmers arrive from the surrounding communities and sell their fruits and vegetables in the street, while some La Esperanza residents manage permanent wooden stalls. Produce available includes lettuce, spinach, carrots, cucumbers, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet and hot peppers, yucca, onions, cilantro, apples, blackberries, mangoes, pineapple, bananas, platanos, avocadoes, grapes, peaches and strawberries. The busiest market days are Saturday and Sunday.

Celebrations
As in the rest of Honduras, the majority of the population is Roman Catholic, with a growing percentage of Evangelicals. As such, Christmastime or Navidad, and Holy Week preceding Easter, called Semana Santa, are major times of celebration. Christmas Eve, known as Nochebuena, is celebrated with a late-night dinner with family and friends followed by lighting fireworks at midnight.

For Holy Week, there is generally a series of processions and activities related to each day. Good Friday, Viernes Santo has the largest procession in a re-enactment of Christ's journey to the cross. The people create alfombras along the path of the procession, designed carpets on the street made of coloured sawdust. Most businesses are closed Thursday (Maundy Thursday) and Friday of Holy Week, which are national holidays.

In addition to Christmas and Easter, the people celebrate several other annual festivals and holidays, including:
 * Artisan Festival (Feria de Artesanía de La Ruta Lenca) – February
 * Anniversary of the Department of Intibucá – 16 April
 * National Mushroom and Wine Festival (Festival Nacional del Choro y el Vino) – June or July
 * Potato Festival (Feria de La Papa) – July
 * El Grande de Grandes (International traditional dance competition) – the last Saturday in October
 * Independence from Spain (Día de Independencia) – 15 September
 * Festival of the Patron Saint, Virgin of Conception (Feria Patronal de la Virgen de Concepcion) – 29 November to 7 December

Festivals may include parades, processions, marching bands, food tents, artisan demonstrations, traditional dancing, live music and fireworks.

Artisan products
Local people make a variety of skilled handicrafts. Many women's groups use hand-constructed wooden looms to produce traditional Lenca woven textiles such as ponchos, scarves, shawls, head scarves, table runners and tablecloths in bright colours. A growing number of groups have begun to take advantage of the ample number of fallen pine needles from the surrounding forests, which they weave into sturdy and decorative baskets, pot holders, and vases. White clay local to the region is used to produce a variety of unique ceramic items. La Esperanza is well known for the production of sweet, liqueur-like wines from fruits such as strawberries, pears, peaches, blackberries, and apples as well as the local favourite, potatoes. Visitors to La Esperanza can purchase these items and many other artisan products from around Honduras at one of the three primary souvenir stores in town, UMMIL (Union de Mujeres Microempresarias Lencas de Intibuca), Opalacas, and El Rincon del Turista.

National Capital of Honduran Folklore
On 23 July 2013 La Esperanza was declared the national capital of Honduran folklore, in tribute to the folklorist and native son of La Esperanza, Rafael Manzanares Aguilar. Rafael Manzanares was a Honduran folklorist, author and musical composer. He created the Cuadro Nacional De Danzas Folklóricas de Honduras and was instrumental in the revival of folklore traditions in Honduras.

The designation of the capital of Honduran folklore is realised in La Esperanza each year by the folklore festival El Grande de Grandes. Folk dance groups from all parts of Honduras present their regional dances and costumes while competing in this all-day festival.

Tourism
La Esperanza is located on the route between Tegucigalpa and Western Honduras, making it a convenient place for stopping while traveling in the country. It is a designated site of the Ruta Lenca. La Esperanza/Intibucá has plenty of hotels, restaurant and shops in every price range.

Some sites of interest in and around La Esperanza include:
 * La Gruta – This cave is located on a small hill overlooking town, 5 minutes walk from the Central Park. La Gruta is a shrine to Virgin of the Immaculate Conception (also known as the Virgin of Lourdes) at the top of 31 steps carved by hand in stone of volcanic origin. Religious ceremonies and cultural activities characteristic of the region are performed at the foot of the staircase. According to tradition, La Gruta was made by area residents and inmates of the penal center under orders of the commander of arms J. Inés Pérez during the government of Tiburcio Carías Andino. Perez reportedly built it to fulfill a vow that he made while hiding in the cave to escape being killed by his enemies. The staircase forks behind the chapel until it reaches a hill of dense vegetation that affords a dramatic view the city and the surrounding region.
 * Lenca Cultural Museum – This is housed in the Casa de Cultura of La Esperanza, a large pink building two blocks up from the Central Park toward La Gruta. Open Monday through Friday, usually 12-4 pm, it features artefacts, artisan products, and a great deal of information about the history and culture of the Lenca people in the area (in Spanish). By asking a day in advance, docents are available.
 * Baños Publicos El Quiscamote (Public Baths) – This is a spot where people wash their laundry at public water spigots. It also has a small pool for swimming, and tables and chairs for a picnic. People from the area are frequently found here on the hottest days. It is a 15-minute walk outside of town from near La Gruta.
 * Lenca Market – The market features fresh produce, meat and cheese, and household items, clothes and other trinkets. It winds around a few blocks just north of the Intibucá Municipal Building.
 * Parque de Bosque Enano (Dwarf Forest) – A short drive out of town on the road to Marcala, the forest contains can encounter over 500 unique dwarf trees that grow less than half a meter tall. Scientists still do not know exactly why this forest exists, but it's an interesting sight to see. There are no signs, services or designated areas; it is necessary to ask a local resident.
 * Laguna de Madre Vieja (Lagoon of the Old Mother) – Arriving from Siguatepeque, you will find this small lagoon on the left side of the road just before entering town. The visitor can fish, rent a rowboat or just enjoy the silence at this tranquil spot.
 * Laguna de Chiligatoro (Lagoon of Chiligatoro) – Just 30 minutes by bus from La Esperanza, this lagoon is an ideal spot to relax and swim for the day or rent a rowboat. There is a nearby restaurant with tipico food and just a few km further up the road the tourist can visit the women of El Cacao to watch them make traditional woven textiles.
 * Estadio Romualdo Bueso – The main sports stadium in La Esperanza, Honduras. It is the home stadium of Atlético Esperanzano soccer team and Lenca Rugby Club. The stadium holds 3,000 people.
 * Ballet Folklórico Oro Lenca – During festivals and holidays, this dance troupe performs regional dances in traditional costumes of La Esperanza and surrounding communities. Headquartered in the Casa de Cultura of La Esperanza, the group also hosts a national folk dance festival in La Esperanza each October.

Transportation
La Esperanza can be most easily reached by car or bus from Siguatepeque via Highway 22 which is paved and in good condition. From La Esperanza, one can take the road to Yamaranguila and connect with Highway CA 11-A to reach San Juan, Intibucá; Gracias, Lempira; and Santa Rosa de Copán, Copan. Parts of the road between La Esperanza and San Juan are unpaved making them sometimes impassable during the rainy season, but the road is currently being paved. Transportes Carolina operates a fleet of Pullman buses which run hourly to/from Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula making stops at major cities along the way. There is also regular mini bus service to Marcala, Yamaranguila, San Juan, Erandique, Gracias and Santa Rosa de Copan all leaving from the main bus terminal near the entrance to town. Chicken buses run to smaller surrounding communities.

The nearby village of San Juan is known for its coffee production. It is near Erandique, home to the ancient fortress of Lempira, an indigenous Honduran hero who fought against the Spanish.

Notable people

 * Berta Caceres (Lenca), founder of COPINH and environmental and human rights activist; assassinated in March 2016.
 * Nelson Gracias (Lenca), environmental activist, assassinated in March 2016.
 * Rafael Manzanares Aguilar, Honduran folklorist, author and musical composer; founder and first director of the National Office of Folklore of Honduras (Oficina del Folklore Nacional de Honduras); founder and first director and choreographer of the Cuadro Nacional de Danza Folkloricas de Honduras.
 * Vicente Mejía Colindres, president of Honduras in 1919 and again from 1929 to 1933. Both the start and end of the second tenure was marked by until then nearly unprecedented peaceful transfers of power from incumbent to opposition party.

title: La Esperanza, Honduras


text:
Fred Akuffo

Lieutenant General Frederick William "Fred" Kwasi Akuffo (21 March 1937 – 26 June 1979) was a Ghanaian soldier and politician. He was Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces from 1976 to 1978, and chairman of the ruling Supreme Military Council in Ghana from 1978 to 1979. He became leader of the government in a palace coup against General Kutu Acheampong, and was overthrown and executed in another military coup less than a year later.

Early life and education
Fred Akuffo was born at Akropong in the Eastern Region of Ghana. He completed his secondary education in 1955 at the Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School in Odumase Krobo. He then enlisted in the Ghana Army in 1957 and trained at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, UK among others, receiving his commission in 1960. He was married to Mrs. Emily Akuffo. He also attended the National Defence College in India in 1973.

Career
While in the army, he served as commanding officer of the Airborne Training School at Tamale and later the 6th Battalion of Infantry of the Ghana Army between 1969 and 1970. He rose to become the 2nd Brigade Commander. He supervised the change over of traffic flow in Ghana from driving on the left to driving on the right as part of 'Operation Keep Right' which was effected on 4 August 1974. This changeover was successful and largely accident free. He rose to become the Army Commander in April 1974 and Chief of the Defence Staff in April 1976.

Politics
On 9 October 1975, Fred Akuffo was appointed a member of the ruling Supreme Military Council government due to his position as Ghana's army commander. On 5 July 1978, he led a palace coup to overthrow the head of state, General Ignatius Acheampong. He continued with the ongoing preparations to return Ghana to constitutional rule but his government was also cut short on 4 June 1979 by a military uprising by the junior ranks of the Ghana military led by Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings and the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC).

Execution
He was executed along with other senior military officers on 26 June 1979 at the Teshie Military Range, Ghana.

title: Fred Akuffo


text:
Ballad opera

The ballad opera is a genre of English comic opera stage play that originated in the early 18th century, and continued to develop over the following century and later. Like the earlier comédie en vaudeville and the later Singspiel, its distinguishing characteristic is the use of tunes in a popular style (either pre-existing or newly composed) with spoken dialogue. These English plays were 'operas' mainly insofar as they satirized the conventions of the imported opera seria. Music critic Peter Gammond describes the ballad opera as "an important step in the emancipation of both the musical stage and the popular song."

Earliest ballad operas
Ballad opera has been called an "eighteenth-century protest against the Italian conquest of the London operatic scene." It consists of racy and often satirical spoken (English) dialogue, interspersed with songs that are deliberately kept very short (mostly a single short stanza and refrain) to minimize disruptions to the flow of the story, which involves lower class, often criminal, characters, and typically shows a suspension (or inversion) of the high moral values of the Italian opera of the period.

It is generally accepted that the first ballad opera, and the one that was to prove the most successful, was The Beggar's Opera of 1728. It had a libretto by John Gay and music arranged by Johann Christoph Pepusch, both of whom probably experienced vaudeville theatre in Paris, and may have been motivated to reproduce it in an English form. They were also probably influenced by the burlesques and musical plays of Thomas D'Urfey (1653–1723) who had a reputation for fitting new words to existing songs; a popular anthology of these settings was published in 1700 and frequently re-issued. A number of the tunes from this anthology were recycled in The Beggar's Opera.

After the success of The Beggar's Opera, many similar pieces were staged. The actor Thomas Walker, who played Macheath in the original production, wrote several ballad operas, and Gay produced further works in this style, including a much less successful sequel, Polly. Henry Fielding, Colley Cibber, Charles Coffey, Thomas Arne, Charles Dibdin, Arnold, Shield, Jackson of Exeter, Hook and many others produced ballad operas that enjoyed great popularity. By the middle of the century, however, the genre was already in decline.

Although they featured the lower reaches of society, the audiences for these works were typically the London bourgeois. As a reaction to opera seria (at this time almost invariably sung in Italian), the music, for these audiences, was as satirical in its way as the words of the play. The plays themselves contained references to contemporary politics—in The Beggar's Opera the character Peachum was a lampoon of Sir Robert Walpole. This satirical element meant that many of them risked censorship and banning—as was the case with Gay's successor to The Beggar's Opera, Polly.

The tunes of the original ballad operas were almost all pre-existing (somewhat in the manner of a modern "jukebox musical"): however they were taken from a wide variety of contemporary sources, including folk melodies, popular airs by classical composers (such as Purcell) and even children's nursery rhymes. A significant source from which the music was drawn was the fund of popular airs to which 18th century London broadside ballads are set. It is from this connection that the term "ballad opera" is drawn. This ragbag of familiar music is a good test for distinguishing between the original type of ballad opera and its later forms. Many ballad operas used the same tunes, such as "Lillibullero", and by about 1750 it had become clear that there was a need for new tunes to be written. In 1762, Thomas Arne's Love in a Village presented a new form of ballad opera, with mainly new music and much less reliance on traditional tunes. It was followed in similar style by Charles Dibdin's Lionel and Clarissa in 1768.

The Disappointment (1762) represents an early American attempt at such a ballad opera.

Singspiel connection
In 1736 the Prussian ambassador in England commissioned an arrangement in German of a popular ballad opera, The Devil to Pay, by Charles Coffey. This was successfully performed in Hamburg, Leipzig and elsewhere in Germany in the 1740s. A new version was produced by C. F. Weisse and Johann Adam Hiller in 1766. The success of this version was the first of many by these collaborators, who have been called (according to Grove) "the fathers of the German Singspiel". (The storyline of The Devil to Pay was also adapted for Gluck for his 1759 French opera Le diable à quatre).

Pastoral ballad opera
A later development, also often referred to as ballad opera, was a more "pastoral" form. In subject matter, especially, these "ballad operas" were antithetical to the more satirical variety. In place of the rag-bag of pre-existing music found in (for example) The Beggar's Opera, the scores of these works consisted in the main of original music, although they not infrequently quoted folk melodies, or imitated them. Thomas Arne and Isaac Bickerstaffe's Love in a Village, and William Shield's Rosina (1781) are typical examples. Many of these works were introduced as after-pieces to performances of Italian operas.

Later in the century broader comedies such as Richard Brinsley Sheridan's The Duenna and the innumerable works of Charles Dibdin moved the balance back towards the original style, but there was little remaining of the impetus of the satirical ballad opera.

19th century
English 19th century opera is very heavily drawn from the "pastoral" form of the ballad opera, and traces even of the satiric kind can be found in the work of "serious" practitioners such as John Barnett. Much of the satiric spirit (albeit in a greatly refined form) of the original ballad opera can be found in Gilbert's contribution to the Savoy operas of Gilbert and Sullivan, and the more pastoral form of ballad opera is satirised in one of Gilbert and Sullivan's early works, The Sorcerer (1877).

20th century
The Threepenny Opera of Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht (1928) is a reworking of The Beggar's Opera, setting a similar story with the same characters, and containing much of the same satirical bite. On the other hand, it uses just one tune from the original—all the other music being specially composed, and thus omits one of the most distinctive features of the original ballad opera.

In a completely different vein, Hugh the Drover, an opera in two acts by Ralph Vaughan Williams first staged in 1924, is also sometimes referred to as a "ballad opera". It is plainly much closer to Shield's Rosina than to The Beggar's Opera.

In the twentieth century folk singers have produced musical plays with folk or folk-like songs called "ballad operas". Alan Lomax, Pete Seeger, Burl Ives, and others recorded The Martins and the Coys in 1944, and Peter Bellamy and others recorded The Transports in 1977. The first of these is in some ways connected to the "pastoral" form of the ballad opera, and the latter to the satiric Beggar's Opera type, but in all they represent yet further reinterpretations of the term.

Ironically, it is in the musicals of Kander and Ebb—especially Chicago and Cabaret—that the kind of satire embodied in The Beggar's Opera and its immediate successors is probably best preserved, although here, as in Weill's version, the music is specially composed, unlike the first ballad operas of the 18th century.

title: Ballad opera


text:
Buddhist Publication Society

The Buddhist Publication Society (BPS) is a publishing house with charitable status, whose objective is to disseminate the teachings of Gautama Buddha. It was founded in Kandy, Sri Lanka, in 1958 by two Sri Lankan lay Buddhists, A.S. Karunaratna and Richard Abeyasekera, and a European-born Buddhist monk, Nyanaponika Thera. Originally conceived as a limited effort to publish small, affordable books on fundamental Buddhist topics, the Society expanded in scope in response to the reception of their early publishing efforts. The Buddhist Publication Society's publications reflect the perspective of the Theravada denomination of Buddhism, drawing heavily from the Pāli Canon for source material.

The BPS supplies Buddhist literature to over 3,000 subscriber members in 80 countries. Its titles have been translated into many languages, including German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Czech, Hindi, and Chinese.

Publications
The Buddhist Publication Society publishes a variety of works, in both English and Sinhala, ranging from introductory works to translations of technical philosophical texts. The Society publishes works by a number of noted Theravada monks and lay writers, including books by Nyanaponika Thera, Nyanatiloka Mahathera, Bhikkhu Bodhi, Piyadassi Thera, Soma Thera, Bhikkhu Ñanamoli, Nyanananda Thera, Narada Mahathera, Webu Sayadaw, Ledi Sayadaw, Mahasi Sayadaw, Sayadaw U Pandita, Ajahn Chah, Hammalawa Saddhatissa, Acharya Buddharakkhita, Buddhadasa Bhikkhu, Ayya Khema, Sīlācāra, Paul Dahlke, I. B. Horner, K.N. Jayatilleke, Y. Karunadasa, Helmuth Hecker, S. Dhammika and Francis Story.

The BPS's English-language publications fall into three classes: two series of booklets called The Wheel and Bodhi Leaves, and full-size books.

The Wheel comprises booklets presented in a 4.8 x 7.2-inch size, usually containing 40 to 80 pages. Since the founding of BPS in 1958, around 250 titles have been published, although not all of them are currently in print. The booklets cover a wide range of topics, including specific Buddhist teachings (such as the Four Noble Truths), meditation and mind training, Buddhist history and culture, translations from the Pali Canon, and non-canonical Buddhist literature. All Wheel Publications have undergone digitization and are currently being reissued in bound volumes. Additionally, they are accessible on the BPS website.

Bodhi Leaves comprises compact booklets, roughly hand-sized, with a length ranging from 16 to 40 pages. Its categories mirror those of the Wheel, yet the style leans more towards conversation than exposition. Although the series has been discontinued, its issues are now accessible in digital format on the BPS website.

The BPS's line of full-size books includes both basic introductions and advanced texts on Buddhist doctrine and practice. Bhikkhu Ñanamoli's The Life of the Buddha is the most popular title. The BPS also publishes translations of several small classics from the Pali Canon, including Achariya Buddharakkhita's The Dhammapada and The Udāna and the Itivuttaka, translated by John Ireland.

Over the years BPS has published several works by the Burmese scholar-monk Ledi Sayadaw. The Manual of the Supreme Man (Uttamapurisa Dipani) and the Manual of Light and the Path of Higher Knowledge (Alin Kyan and Vijjamagga Dipani) were published in book form.

In the late 1990s, the BPS entered into co-publication agreements with Wisdom Publications in Boston to make its works more readily available to readers in the Americas and Europe. The BPS also co-publishes works on Theravada Buddhism first issued by Western publishers to make them more easily available for Asian readers.

BPS has also partnered with Pariyatti, a U.S. publisher and bookseller affiliated with the Vipassana Research Academy. As well as distributing BPS books in the Americas, Pariyatti has created an imprint called BPS Pariyatti Editions (BPE) to publish American editions of The Path of Purification, A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma, The Noble Eightfold Path and other popular BPS titles.

Starting in 1960, the BPS has released a Sinhala-language version of The Wheel known as Damsak (= Dhamma-cakka) and a set of larger books in Sinhala titled Kalana Mithuru (= Kalyanamitra) Books. Starting in 1960, Damsak was edited by the Sri Lankan missionary monk Piyadassi Thera. After his death in 1998, responsibility for the Sinhala publications was assumed by his assistant, A.G.S. Kariyawasam, until his death in 2005, succeeded by Mr. Senadheera.

Dhamma Dana Project
In 1993, the Society launched the Nyanaponika Dhamma Dana Project, named in honor of former Society president Nyanaponika Mahathera. Through this project, 50–150 copies of each new book published by the society are sent free of charge to libraries, monasteries, and Buddhist centers around the world. Copies of The Wheel are also sent to Buddhist temples and practice centers to be distributed free of charge.

Presidents

 * Nyanaponika Thera, 1958–1988
 * Bhikkhu Bodhi, 1988–2010
 * P.D. Premasiri, 2011–present

Editors

 * Nyanaponika Thera, 1958–1984
 * Bhikkhu Bodhi, 1984–2002
 * Bhikkhu Nyanatusita 2005–present

title: Buddhist Publication Society


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The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings

The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings is a 2-Disc set released by Styx in 2005. The compilation contains remastered versions of Styx's first four albums, Styx, Styx II, The Serpent Is Rising, and Man of Miracles, which were released by Wooden Nickel Records. It also includes "Unfinished Song", which was previously released as the B-side to the single "Best Thing" and on the 1980 RCA reissue of Man of Miracles (which was entitled Miracles).

The four albums contained in this compilation (plus Styx's fifth album, Equinox) were recorded with original singer/songwriter/guitarist John Curulewski and feature a harder, eclectic, and more progressive sound when compared to subsequent albums that included Curulewski's replacement, singer/songwriter/guitarist Tommy Shaw.

Disc one

 * 1) "Movement for the Common Man" – 13:11
 * 2) *"Children of the Land" (James Young)
 * 3) *"Street Collage" (John Ryan)
 * 4) *"Fanfare for the Common Man" (Aaron Copland)
 * 5) *"Mother Nature's Matinee" (J. Young, Dennis DeYoung)
 * 6) "Right Away"  (Paul Frank) – 3:40
 * 7) "What Has Come Between Us" (Mark Gaddis)  – 4:53
 * 8) "Best Thing" (D. DeYoung, J. Young) – 3:13
 * 9) "Quick Is the Beat of My Heart" (Lewis Mark) – 3:49
 * 10) "After You Leave Me" (George S. Clinton) – 4:00
 * 11) "You Need Love" (D. DeYoung) – 3:47
 * 12) "Lady" (D. DeYoung) – 2:58
 * 13) "A Day" (John Curulewski) – 8:24
 * 14) "You Better Ask" (J. Curulewski) – 3:55
 * 15) "Little Fugue In 'G'" (Bach) – 1:19
 * 16) "Father O.S. A." (D. DeYoung) – 7:10
 * 17) "Earl of Roseland" (D. DeYoung) – 4:41
 * 18) "I'm Gonna Make You Feel It" (D. DeYoung) – 2:23
 * 19) "Unfinished Song" (D. DeYoung) – 2:59

Disc two

 * 1) "Witch Wolf" (J. Young) – 3:57
 * 2) "The Grove of Eglantine" (D. DeYoung) – 5:00
 * 3) "Young Man" (J. Young, Rick Young) – 4:45
 * 4) "As Bad As This" (including hidden track "Plexiglas Toilet") – 6:10
 * 5) "Winner Take All" – 3:10 (The track listing on the back of this CD set erroneously lists this song as "Winner Takes All")
 * 6) "22 Years" – 3:39
 * 7) "Jonas Psalter" – 4:41
 * 8) "The Serpent Is Rising" – 4:55
 * 9) "Krakatoa" – 1:36
 * 10) "Hallelujah Chorus" – 2:14
 * 11) "Rock & Roll Feeling" – 3:02
 * 12) "Havin' a Ball" – 3:53
 * 13) "Golden Lark" – 3:23
 * 14) "A Song for Suzanne" – 5:15
 * 15) "A Man Like Me" – 2:57
 * 16) "Lies" (Beau Charles/Buddy Randell) – 2:41
 * 17) "Evil Eyes" – 4:02
 * 18) "Southern Woman" – 3:10
 * 19) "Christopher, Mr. Christopher" – 4:02
 * 20) "Man of Miracles" – 4:55

Personnel

 * Dennis DeYoung - keyboards, vocals
 * James Young - guitar, vocals
 * John Curulewski - guitar, keyboards, vocals
 * Chuck Panozzo - bass
 * John Panozzo - drums

title: The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings


text:
Notification system

In information technology, a notification system is a combination of software and hardware that provides a means of delivering a message to a set of recipients. It commonly shows activity related to an account. Such systems constitute an important aspect of modern Web applications.

The widespread adoption of notification systems was a major technological development of the 20th century. A notification is a combination of software, hardware, and psychology that provides a means of delivering a message to a group of recipients. Notifications show activity that relate to an event, account, or person. A push notification is a message that appears on a mobile device such as a text, sports score, limited-time deal, or an e-mail announcing when a computer network will be down for a scheduled maintenance. Notifications are sent from app publishers at any time, in an effort to get users to open up their app or website. Notifications appear on a user's lock screen and also at the top of their phone screen when the phone is unlocked and in use. Push notifications can be valuable and convenient for both the app user and the developer due to the immediacy and display location of notifications. Notifications also pair with sounds to reach multiple senses of a user and get maximum attention. For app publishers, push notifications are a way for them to speak directly to the user without being caught by spam filters or being pushed to the side by the flood of emails within an inbox. Because of this, these push click-through rates can be twice as high as email. They invite users to open an app or spend time and money in a certain way by the app publisher, even when the app isn't open. This means that for developers, publishers, and businesses, notifications are the most effective way to take attention and ultimately make money.

Notifications utilize a concept known as variable rewards, which is a technique that slot machines use to hook gamblers. Similarly, variable reward systems keep users compulsively checking their phones due to the possibility of social approval awaiting them. Notifications have taken over our world and are now utilized by every software, website, program, and person in the world.

Ramsay Brown, co-founder of FKA Dopamine Lab, CEO of Mission Control, and leader of AI Responsibility Lab, says "The brain isn't particularly craving any one little feel-good signal as much as it does a good rhythm and pattern". Social media apps cater to the timing of the notifications that they deliver to deliver literal hits of dopamine to users at algorithmically determined times. Oftentimes these companies will stockpile these notifications before delivering them all in a batch in order to maximize the emotional impact that a user experiences. Another man, Jonathan Haidt, who is a social psychologist at NYU Stern School of Business points to concerns of mental health directly relating to social media and the notification system. He points to the increase in depression and suicide rates among teens and young adults since the early 2000s and Haidy states that this trend starts the year social media was made available on cell phones. Tristan Harris, former design ethicist at Google and co-founder of the Center for Human Technology states that there is a "disinformation-for-profit business model" and companies profit by allowing "unregulated messages to reach anyone for the best price". This becomes problematic as companies have unlimited and often unwarranted access to you and your focus through the notification system. This is always used to drive larger profits, whether that means that companies use notifications to simply promote their newest product, or if they subtly try to get you back onto the app in order to take more of your time. There is overwhelming evidence that notifications are associated with decreased productivity, poorer concentration, and increased distraction at work, school, and home.

title: Notification system


text:
Franco-German Brigade

The Franco-German Brigade (Brigade Franco-Allemande; Deutsch-Französische Brigade) is a special military brigade of the Eurocorps, founded in 1989, jointly consisting of units from both the French Army and the German Army.

History
The Brigade was formed in 1987 following a summit between President Mitterrand of France and Chancellor Kohl of Germany. The Brigade became operational on 2 October 1989, under the command of General Jean-Pierre Sengeisen. Currently, the FGB is stationed at Müllheim, Metz, Donaueschingen, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Sarrebourg, and Stetten am Kalten Markt as part of the Eurocorps.

In February 2009 it was announced that a German battalion of the force was to be moved to Illkirch near Strasbourg, the first time a German unit had been stationed in France since the German occupation of World War II.

On 31 October 2013, France announced that in 2014 it would inactivate the 110th Infantry Regiment based in Donaueschingen and thus withdraw around 1000 men from Germany. This would leave the brigade with 4000 men, but would put an end to each country having a major presence in the other, France would be left with ~500 troops in Germany and vice versa.

Since 2016, French units are part of 1st Division and German units are part of 10th Panzer Division.

Organisation

The Franco-German brigade can be described as a mechanised formation; its combat units are an armoured reconnaissance regiment, three infantry battalions, and an artillery regiment. The logistical support unit and the brigade's HQ have mixed complements drawn from both countries.

 * 🇫🇷🇩🇪 Staff, in Müllheim (D)
 * 🇫🇷 3e Régiment de Hussards (3e RH) (3rd Hussar Regiment), barracks Séré-de-Rivières in Metz (F)
 * 1st Reconnaissance Company
 * 2nd Reconnaissance Company
 * 3rd Reconnaissance Company
 * 4th Light Reconnaissance and Anti-Armour Company
 * 5th Supply and Support Company
 * 6th Combat Service Support Company
 * 🇫🇷 1$er$ Régiment d'Infanterie (1$er$ RI) - Infantry Regiment in Sarrebourg (F)
 * 1st Infantry Company
 * 2nd Infantry Company
 * 3rd Infantry Company
 * 4th Reconnaissance and Combat Support Company
 * 5th Supply and Support Company
 * 6th Combat Service Support Company
 * 🇩🇪 Jägerbataillon 291 (291st Light Infantry Battalion), in Illkirch-Graffenstaden (F)
 * 1st HQ & Supply Company
 * 2nd Light Infantry Company
 * 3rd Light Infantry Company
 * 4th Reconnaissance Company
 * 🇩🇪 Jägerbataillon 292 (292nd Light Infantry Battalion), in Donaueschingen (D)
 * 1st HQ & Supply Company
 * 2nd Light Infantry Company
 * 3rd Light Infantry Company
 * 4th Light Infantry Company
 * 5th Heavy Infantry Company (8x 120mm Mortars, and 8x TOW Anti-Tank, 8x MK20 Fire Support and 6x Reconnaissance Wiesel Armoured Weapons Carriers)
 * 6th Combat Service Support Company
 * 🇩🇪 Artilleriebataillon 295 (295th Artillery Battalion), in Stetten am kalten Markt (D)
 * 1st HQ & Supply Battery
 * 2nd Self-Propelled Howitzer Artillery Battery with PzH 2000
 * 3rd Self-Propelled Howitzer Artillery Battery with PzH 2000
 * 4th Rocket Artillery Battery with MLRS
 * 5th Target Acquisition Battery with radars (COBRA), UAV (KZO) and weather platoon.
 * 6th basic training company
 * 🇩🇪 Panzerpionierkompanie 550 (550th Armoured Engineer Company), in Stetten am kalten Markt (D)
 * 🇫🇷🇩🇪  Logistic Battalion (Bataillon de Commandement et de Soutien Deutsch-Französisches Versorgungsbataillon), in Müllheim (D)
 * 1st HQ & Supply Company (bi-national)
 * 2nd Supply Company (bi-national)
 * 3rd Maintenance Company (bi-national)
 * 4th Transport Company (German)
 * Combat Service Support Company (French)
 * Staff Company Franco-German Brigade (bi-national)

title: Franco-German Brigade


text:
La Paz, Honduras

La Paz is the capital city of the La Paz Department of Honduras. The town, founded in 1792, has a population of 32,450 (2023 est.).

La Paz is located 750m (2461 feet) above sea level on the Comayagua River near the Cordillera de Montecillos in an area that has mountainous terrain with thick jungle cover.

History
The town dates back to 1750 when two Spanish colonies existed in the area. The town's title was given on 14 September 1848, when the name "La Paz" was officially recognized by a decree from Comayagua; in 1861, it was given the status of a city, and in 1869 it was made a departmental seat.

Demographics
At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, La Paz municipality had a population of 43,980. Of these, 91.32% were Mestizo, 4.78% White, 2.42% Indigenous (2.19% Lenca), 1.32% Black or Afro-Honduran and 0.16% others.

Economy
Major industries in and around the city include henequen and coffee farming, cattle raising, timber processing, tanning, distilling and some mining.

Culture
The festival of the "Virgen de los Dolores" is held in November.

The local cultural center is located in a 19th-century house and has a collection of paintings and cultural objects that date to the 19th century period. It also organizes activities throughout the year.

Sports
The local football team, Municipal Paceño, play their home games at the Estadio Roberto Suazo Cordoba. In summer 2013, they were relegated to the third tier of Honduran football.

title: La Paz, Honduras


text:
Yehoshua Hankin

Yehoshua Hankin (יהושע חנקין, 1864 – 11 November 1945) was a Zionist activist who was responsible for most of the major land purchases of the Zionist Organization in Ottoman Palestine and Mandatory Palestine – in particular for the Sursock Purchase.

Biography
Yehoshua Hankin was born in Kremenchuk, Russian Empire, and moved to Rishon LeZion with his parents in 1882. In 1887, his family moved to Gedera. In 1888 Hankin married Olga Belkind (1852–1943) in Gedera. She was a woman twelve years his senior, who would become his partner in all his endeavors. Givat Olga, a neighborhood of Hadera, is named after her. Their marriage remained childless. Hankin died in Tel Aviv and was buried in the Galilee next to his wife Olga, at the house ("Bet Hankin") he had built for them at Ein Harod on Mount Gilboa.

Land purchases
While living in Gedera, Hankin became friendly with local Arabs, helping him negotiate the purchase of land. Hankin's first purchase was the land of Rehovot, acquired in 1890. A year later, using funds provided by the Hovevei Zion associations in Vilnius and Kaunasa, he bought the land that later became the settlement and city of Hadera. According to Roy Marom, this "purchase was the largest land acquisition operation for Jewish settlement to date." Hankin soon settled in one of Hadera’s satellite estates. He then purchased territories for the Jewish Colonial Association in the Galilee.

In 1908, when the Zionist organization sent Arthur Ruppin and set up the Palestine Land Development Company, Hankin joined. In 1909 or 1910, Hankin completed his first major purchase in the Jezreel Valley. He bought some 10,000 dunams (10 km²) of land in Al-Fuleh, which became the home of Merhavia. This purchase also marked the start of bitter disputes between Arabs and Jews over the rights of tenant farmers who had been evicted, and regarding the employment of Jewish or Arab watchmen for the land.

In his article, Buying the Emek, Arthur Ruppin described the vicissitudes of this purchase:

 * In order to execute this plan the Jaffa office communicated with Messrs. Kalvariski and Joshua Hankin. The latter, then a young man of twenty-five had already demonstrated his skill in such negotiations in the acquisition of land for the colonies Rehoboth and Hederah. By energetic work he succeeded, in 1891, in reaching an agreement with large owners in the Emek Jezreel and the Plain of Acco for the purchase of 160,000 dunams [160 km²] at 15 francs per dunam [15,000 franc/km²]....Before the consummation of the agreement, however the Turkish Government, alarmed by the increasing inflow of Russian Jews, prohibited Jewish immigration entirely. This blow proved disastrous for the negotiations. The Russian societies formed for the purposes of purchasing land were dissolved, failed to send in the money they had promised, and the entire magnificent project fell through...It was only in 1910 that Hankin -- who, in the meanwhile, had purchased land in Lower Galilee for the ICA -- resumed his negotiations for land in the Emek.

Because of the reluctance of Zionist organizations to pay for land, Hankin frequently agreed to purchase lands and then convinced the Jewish agency or others to finance the "done deal." As Ruppin notes:

 * Authorized by a Russian Jew, Elias Blumenfeld, to arrange for the purchase of 1,000 dunams [1 km²] on which he, Blumenfeld, intended to establish a farm with his own means, Hankin concluded an agreement for a stretch of 9,500 dunams [9.5 km²] in Fule, later Merchavia [Al-Ful in Arabic]. He hoped that the ICA, in whose employ he was at that time, would buy the remainder of the land. When, however, the ICA refused to do so, he inquired of me, who was then the director of the Palestine Bureau of the Zionist Organization, whether the Zionists would be prepared to purchase this land. Even before that it had occurred to me, whenever, going from Haifa to Nazareth, I had viewed the broad expanse of the Emek Yizrael, that, because of its proximity to Haifa, its excellent railroad and highway connections, and the ease with which its soil could be cultivated, this land would be preeminently suited for Jewish colonization.

 * But it was no simple matter to obtain the money for this purchase. Only the fact that Franz Oppenheimer was just then seeking land for the co-operative colonization society he had recently organized, and the simultaneous appearance of some private purchasers, made it possible to carry through this project. 3,500 dunams [3.5 km²] were taken over by the National Fund for the co-operative colonies, and the rest by the Palestine Land Development Company.

During World War I, Hankin was exiled by the Turks to Anatolia. Returning to Palestine, he soon resumed his work where he had left off. In 1920, he concluded a deal with the Sursuk family of Beirut for purchase of 60,000 dunams (60 km²) of land in the Jezreel Valley. He negotiated for this land when he had in fact not a penny to finance the purchase. The chairman of the Jewish National Fund, Nehemiah De Lieme, refused to pay for the land, arguing that it was beyond the budget of the Fund, but he was overruled by the Zionist organization and in particular Chaim Weizmann. This tract became home to numerous new kibbutzim and other settlements, including Nahalal, Ginegar, Kfar Yehezkel, Geva, Ein Harod, Tel Yosef and Beit Alfa. Half of this land was unirrigated and considered of low value, but the remainder contained about 500 Arab tenant farmers. These latter, though reimbursed above and beyond the requirements of the law, continued to complain of dispossession.

Subsequently, Hankin was involved in large scale purchases of land in and around Acco. In 1927, Hankin proposed an ambitious 20 year land purchase plan to the Jewish Agency for Israel, a plan that was never carried out in full. In 1932, he became head of the Palestine Land Development Corporation.

Hankin understood the necessity to plan for Arab as well as Jewish settlement, and apparently intended to do so. In July 1930, he wrote:

 * ...Had we desired to disregard the interests of such workers of the land as are dependent, directly or indirectly, upon lands of the landlords, we could have acquired large and unlimited areas, but in the course of our conversation I have pointed out to you that this has not been our policy and that, when acquiring lands, it is our ardent wish not to prejudice or do harm to the interests of anybody. (Quoted by Sir John Hope Simpson in his report of 1930 ).

title: Yehoshua Hankin


text:
User talk:Srasul6810

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 17:42, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
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 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
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title: User talk:Srasul6810


text:
Talk:Project Montauk

Other than the single link, this article already exists.

title: Talk:Project Montauk


text:
User talk:Khoisan

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 17:42, July 13, 2005 (UTC)--nixie 02:23, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Hello. Either you are a reincarnation of User:Wik or else you know a lot about his modus operandi. I never had much trouble with Wik myself right up until the end, so if this is you, Wik, why not tell me so and let us talk things over on email? I still believe you can become a productive member of the community again -- it'll take time, but clearly you're sticking around, and that shows you're willing to invest time to be able to work here. If this isn't Wik, you may be opening up a whole mess of trouble for yourself--if that's the case, you should probably contact the developers to have them check to see if you're a likely sockpuppet. You should also talk to someone (you can talk to me if you like) to find out what you're doing that rouses suspicion...that way you can avoid it in the future. My best regards, Jwrosenzweig 19:11, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

You hav ebene blocked for violation of the 3RRR--nixie 02:23, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Khoisan