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Talk:Balsam woolly adelgid

Untitled
also related is the Hemlock Wooly Adelgid

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Balsam woolly adelgid


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Kaarta

Kaarta, or Ka'arta, was a Bambara kingdom that arose after the fall of the Songhai Empire in what is today the western half of Mali and lasted until its destruction by Umar Tall in the 1850s.

Early history
According to legend, Sounsan the first capital of Kaarta was founded near Mourdiah around 1635 by Sunsana, son of Niangolo. His son Massa was famously productive both on the farm and in the bedroom, expanding his power and holdings by marrying his many daughters to men who would come fight for him and raiding his neighbors. In 1710 rule passed to his son Benefali (r. 1710-1745), who fought a long war against the rising power of Bitòn Coulibaly and the Segou Empire. Benefali's son Foulakoro (r. 1745-1754) besieged Mourdiah, whose inhabitants begged for aid from Coulibaly. He came to Kaarta with an army, defeated Foulakoro, and captured him. The faama of Kaarta soon died in captivity.

Re-Founding
Kaarta was re-established by Sey Bamana Coulibaly, who had fled Segou in 1754. Deniba Bo ruled from 1758-1761. Faama Sira Bo (r. 1761-1781) led a re-emergence of Kaarta as a regional power, establishing a permanent capital at Diangounté and vassalizing Diarra in 1777 and Khasso, as well as raiding Beledougou and Bambuk. Sira Bo was succeeded by Desse Koro, who was defeated in battle by Mansong Diarra. Bodian Moriba (r.1818-1832) re-asserted the kingdom's power, made peace with Segou and moved the capital to Diangounté.

The kingdom was destroyed as an independent force in 1854 by El Hadj Umar Tall's jihad across West Africa; Umar Tall seized Nioro, and put the Faama Mamady Kandian and his entire family to death, ending the Massassi dynasty.

In 1878 the French governor of Senegal Briere de l'Isle sent a French force against the Kaarta Toucouleur vassal state along the north bank of the Senegal River. Blocked by the colonial minister in Paris, he argued that they were a threat to the Senegalese Imamate of Futa Toro (then a French client state) with which the British were poised to interfere. The Ministry gave in and on 7 July 1878, a French force destroyed the Kaarta Toucouleur fort at Sabouciré, killing their leader, Almany Niamody. This portion of the Kaarta vassals was then incorporated into the Khasso protectorate kingdom.

French Colonel Louis Archinard later conquered the entire territory of the former Kaarta kingdom in 1890, which was formally annexed into French West Africa in 1904.

Government
Political power was tightly controlled by the Massasi clan, and succession rarely caused conflict like it did in the Segou Empire. They ensured that the military leadership, the tondjon, was loyal, and the core of the army answered directly to the king. Positions of power went to members of the clan who traditionally tended to the royal family's guardian spirit.

Economy
Kaarta was an important destination and transshipment point for salt from the Saharan regions of Tagant and Hodh.

title: Kaarta


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aingeljã

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Tally: Keep: Assdl, Firespeaker , IJzeren Jan, Elemtilas , BenctPhilipJonsson , Oldak Quill, SamuelRiv. Delete: Ishwar, Angr, Dhasenan, JamesBurns, Dewrad , Mikkalai, Pne, Wile E. Heresiarch, Prosfilaes, Mustafaa, Trilobite, Muke Tever, Jim Henry, Almafeta. Not counting users with fewer than 100 edits, there are 2 keep and 12 delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:38, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Aingeljã

 * Delete. This article is about a conlang. I believe that it is not notable for inclusion in Wikipedia. – ishwar  (speak)  17:30, 2005 July 22 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonnotable conlang. --Angr/undefined 18:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn conlang. JamesBurns 04:33, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, there are other articles about "not so notable" conlangs in Wikipedia. Examples: Breathanach, Brithenig, DiLingo, Enochian, Fyksland, Talossan language, Verdurian language, Wenedyk. If you delete this article, it'll be unfair. Assdl 12:45, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is supposed to be an encyclopedia and not an art gallery. The other articles on conlangs may not be appropriate either. I am not singling you out for any reason — I merely noticed that you added Aingeljã numbers to the numbers article. Maybe there is a conlang wiki somewhere where you can display your art. Thank you. – ishwar  (speak)  15:07, 2005 July 23 (UTC)

 * Delete. While I am a conlanger and support efforts to make conlanging more widely known, Wikipedia is not the place for this content. Instead, individual conlangs should be documented in personal sites and linked to from Wikipedia. (I also assert that articles such as The Scream should be combined with the articles related to their creators, unless the artist in question is sufficiently prolific to make it difficult to find information in that format.)
 * I think The Scream is a prime example of why we shouldn't combine them with the author; you don't need to know who painted The Scream to be familiar with the painting, and there are many reinterpretations of the painting that stand independent of the original artist. You can be interested in The Scream without caring about Edward Munch. --Prosfilaes 21:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. While this is a nice conlang, it's also non-notable. Dewrad 16:50, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonnotable. mikka (t) 18:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I think that if someone would like information on a conlang, there's no reason Wikipedia shouldn't be a place to start. -Firespeaker 18:24, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not particularly notable, even as conlangs go. -- pne 18:59, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: vanity, advert. Wile E. Heresiarch 19:56, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Prosfilaes 20:58, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Aingeljã is an excellent conlang with an excellent web presence. I dó think, however, that Wikipedia is not the place to accomodate its entire grammar. IMO the article should be a short description of the language, not an outline of its grammar. But all in all, I don't think a VfD is warranted on that base. --IJzeren Jan 23:13, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I still think that the article is OK here, as it only shows a summary of the summary of the summary of the Grammar of Aingeljã. Anyone who finds it interesting can learn more at the official website. However, in order to guarantee that it isn't deleted, I can rewrite the contents of the article, if the majority of Wikipedians votes so. But I think that, as far as this conlang exists today and anybody can study it or read about it somewhere else, there's no reason to delete it here. I'm an enthusiastic Wikipedian user and I'd be completely disappointed with Wikipedia if this article, and those about other artistic conlangs, were deleted. Don't get confused about an auxilanguage like Esperanto, which tries to help the communication between people, and an artlang, which is a personal work of art, modest and humble after all. Please keep the article. Assdl 14:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. As a conlanger, and much as I would like to make public the art of conlanging to the greatest extent possible, I really don't see the need for grammatical treatises and descriptions of individual conlangs here on the Wikipedia. There is already a good Wikipedia article, Artistic language, which should serve as a central locus for this particular art form. Though I disagree with the terminology "professional" v. "amateur" (I really don't think Syldavian counts as a professional conlang, as it's merely part of a corpus of literature), there is quite a long list of conlangs there. I think it vèry meet and right for conlangers to link to their own pages or to some other conlang oriented source, if they wish to do so. I wouldn't create a Wikipedia article for any of my conlangs, and if I found one, I'ld delete it for the reasons stated. -- Specific to the query below, "I really don't understand why you don't like my article about Aingeljã" I don't think the problem has to do with style or contents of the article itself. The problem is that the Wikipedia isn't the appropriate location for the article. A conlang related Wiki would be more appropriate, and that article could easily by linked to from Artistic language. Elemtilas
 * As pieces of art, they deserve articles in the same situation as any other pieces of art. There's no reason to not include an article just because it's a conlang. --Prosfilaes 21:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm certainly not against this in principle. My position isn't really that this conlang or that does not deserve an article, the question is really whether it warrants an article. Wikipedia describes itself as striving to offer the internet public what they could otherwise get in a paper encyclopedia but is also kept up to the minute. Generally speaking, authoritative encyclopedias don't cover fictional worlds and similar works of art (unless they are famous). It can (and should) certainly cover the art of conlanging or conculturing; I think it's quite sufficient, given the purpose and scope of the project, to link to an external article about a conlang or conculture. Elemtilas
 * But that's a lousy description of what Wikipedia is. Wikipedia offers the public a depth and richness that no paper encyclopedia reaches. Krypto is an article that no general paper encyclopedia could afford to spend the paper on, but that doesn't mean it should be deleted. We have the space and the power to be far more comprehensive than a paper encyclopedia and we historically have been far more comprehensive than a paper encyclopedia. --Prosfilaes 21:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Lousy as that description may be, it is condensed from the article Wikipedia! If we can and should afford to keep around articles on Captain Kirk or Krypto, then by all means we should keep articles on Aingelja and Wenedyk. Elemtilas

 * Weak Keep -- having found and read the deletion policies, I have to reconsider my opinion. I still don't think most conlangs warrant individual articles, but they are works of art and as such should not necessarily be removed simply because some people don't get the artform or can't think of anything better than personal attacks against the artists that create languages. Anyone who wants to create such an article on a conlang should be responsible enough to really consider whether this piece of artwork warrants an individual and unique article of its own. If possible, this article should be merged with Constructed languages or Artistic languages. Elemtilas
 * Delete, non-notable. - Mustafaa 11:07, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, for all of you who have complained about the extension and detail of the text, I've reduced considerably the article. I hope you'll like it more now. But if you still think it's a perfect candidate to deletion, please let me know what else I should change in order to keep it in Wikipedia. Thanks. Assdl 14:14, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonnotable conlang. — Trilobite (Talk) 19:02, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. BenctPhilipJonsson 19:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * User has no other edits but voting for keeping conlangs.mikka (t) 19:40, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Vanity page. :(   —Muke Tever talk (la.wiktionary) 01:55, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Factually accurate. --Oldak Quill 16:10, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I read through the deletion policy in its entirety, and with the shortened article length I think there's no question that this has a place here. SamuelRiv 16:35, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A spiffy language with a well-done webpage, but not notable enough for Wikipedia: no evidence of its being influential on other conlangs, or having any speakers besides the author, or indeed any strong fans.  (Maybe we should consider discussing and voting on a Wikipedia policy on criteria for inclusion of conlangs, rather than arguing about what constitutes notability every time...?  Almafeta's conlang notability criteria might be a good starting point.  Where would be the appropriate place to propose/discuss such a new policy?) --Jim Henry | Talk 04:37, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * IJzeren Jan suggested (on the Brithenig VfD page) that we start the discussion on Talk:Constructed language. As far as I know that is a good place to discuss the draft policy, but I'm not sure about how to go about proposing it as a policy and getting it voted on, once the people discussing the draft have some consensus on what policy to propose.  Maybe we should copy Almafeta's conlang notability criteria to Talk:Constructed language/Conlang notability criteria or Talk:Constructed language/Conlang article inclusion policy draft, and then let people revise the draft and comment (in the main talk page) on the reasons for their proposed revisions, etc...?  --Jim Henry | Talk 16:55, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak delete. Closest to notable is being 118 among top 100 languages in Langmaker.  But dammit, I don't like this; the way the site is set up means it's a damn good work.  A conlang policy would need to have some way of protecting pages like this one.  Almafeta 05:27, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree. I do not entirely agree with all your notability criteria, but I have to admit that you made an excellent beginning. Furthermore, I agree: Aingeljã's website is one of the best of its kind, but what I find an even more astonishing achievement is the 116 p. long grammar, written in the language itself! Even when the objective criteria don't make a language notable, there should also be the possibility for an "I know when when I feel it" kind of exception. --IJzeren Jan 07:05, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

from talk page

 * copied from User talk:Ish_ishwar:
 * About Aingeljã

 * Hi, I really don't understand why you don't like my article about Aingeljã). This is an artistic personal constructed language, there is already a category in this Wikipedia about this kind of languages. This is a very short summary of the Grammar, which can be read thoroughly in the external links. In fact, I can't really understand why there are already articles about Breathanach, Brithenig, DiLingo, Enochian, Fyksland, Talossan language, Verdurian language, Wenedyk and many others, and there can't be an article about Aingelja.

 * I wait for instructions about what I should change in the article style, but I repeat that I can't understand your reaction.

 * Greetings,

 * Assdl 12:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The issue is not article style, it is the notability of the topic. mikka (t) 18:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

See also Talk:Aingeljã.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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William Cave

William Cave (30 December 1637 – 4 August 1713) was an English divine and patristic scholar.

Life
Cave was born at Pickwell, Leicestershire, of which parish his father, John Cave was vicar. He was educated at Oakham School and St John's College, Cambridge. He took his B.A. degree in 1656, his M.A. in 1660, his DD in 1672, and in 1681 he was incorporated DD at Oxford. He was vicar of St Mary's, Islington (1662–91), rector of All-Hallows the Great, Upper Thames Street, London (1679–89), and in 1690 became vicar of Isleworth in Middlesex, at that time a quiet place which suited his studious temper. Cave was also chaplain to Charles II, and in 1684 became a canon of Windsor, where he died. He was buried at St Mary's, Islington, near his wife and children.

Works
The merits of Cave as a writer consist in the thoroughness of his research, the clearness of his style, and, above all, the admirably lucid method of his arrangement. The two works on which his reputation principally rests are the Apostolici; or, The History of the Lives, Acts, Death and Martyrdoms of those who were contemporary with, or immediately succeeded the Apostles (1677), and Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Historia Literaria (1688). Dowling says that the works of Cave "rank undoubtedly among those which have affected the progress of Church-history. His smaller works greatly tended to extend an acquaintance with Christian Antiquity; his Lives of the Apostles and Primitive Fathers, which may be regarded as an Ecclesiastical history of the first four centuries, is to this very day [i.e. 1838] the most learned work of the kind which has been written in our own language; and his Historia Literaria is still the best and most convenient complete work on the literary history of the Church." Though he is sometimes criticised for not being critical with his sources, that failing means that many of his works, particularly Antiquitates Apostolicae and Apostolici contain a wealth of legendary material, culled from a wide variety of sources, much of which is not readily available elsewhere.

During the course of his work he was drawn into controversy with Jean Le Clerc (1657–1736), who was then writing his Bibliothèque universelle et historique. Cave published a dissertation De Eusebii Caesariensis Arianismo adversus Johannem Clericum, criticising Le Clerc's treatment of Eusebius as an Arian, as the last of three dissertations appended to the second part of his Historia Literaria (London 1698). Le Clerc replied in a work entitled Epistolae Criticae et Ecclesiasticae, which formed the third volume of the second edition of his Ars Critica (Amsterdam, 1700); reprinted (Leiden, 1778). Le Clerc said, that Cave, in his Historia Literaria, had concealed many things about the fathers, for the sake of enhancing their credit, which an impartial historian should have related; and that, instead of lives of the fathers, he often wrote panegyrics upon them. Cave responded the same year with his Epistola Apologetica (London, 1700). This was reprinted at the end of the second volume of the Historia Literaria, in the edition published at Oxford in 1743.

Cave is said to have been "of a learned and communicative conversation;" he is also reported to have been "a florid and eloquent preacher," and the printed sermons he has left behind bear out this character.

 * Primitive Christianity: or, the Religion of the ancient Christians in the first Ages of the Gospel, 2 volumes, 1672. It was dedicated to Nathaniel Crewe, lord bishop of Oxford.  Reprinted many times: Vol. 1 (London, 1839) and Vol. 2 (London, 1839).
 * Tabulae Ecclesiasticae [Tables of Ecclesiastical Writers], 1674
 * Antiquitates Apostolicae: or, The History of the Lives, Acts, and Martyrdoms of the Holy Apostles of our Saviour and the two Evangelists, St. Mark and St. Luke, 1675.  Originally published as the second part of Jeremy Taylor's Antiquitates christianae.  Reprinted many times: Vo1. 1 (London, 1834) and Vol. 2 (London, 1834).
 * Apostolici: or, the history of the lives, acts, death and martyrdoms of those who were contemporary with, or immediately succeeded the apostles. As also the most eminent of the primitive fathers for the first three hundred years, 1677; 2nd ed. (London, 1682). Reprinted in later years as Lives of the most eminent Fathers of the Church that flourished in the first four centuries, Vol. 1 (Oxford, 1840),
 * A Dissertation concerning the Government of the Ancient Church by Bishops, Metropolitans and Patriarchs 1683
 * Ecclesiastici: or, the History of the lives, acts, death and writings of the most eminent Fathers of the Church, 1683. Reprinted in later years as Lives of the most eminent Fathers of the Church that flourished in the first four centuries, Vol. 2 (Oxford, 1840) and Vol. 3 (Oxford, 1840).
 * Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Historia Literaria a Christo nato usque ad saeculum XIV, a literary history of ecclesiastical writers, in two parts, the first part published (London, 1688), the second (London, 1698). Reprinted several times.  The edition that appeared in (Geneva, 1705), was printed without the author's knowledge, reprinted (Geneva, 1720).  This 1705 printing is said to have caused the author great loss, and to have so disgusted him that he would not issue a second edition; but he spent much time during the later years of his life in revising repeatedly this great work. He made alterations and additions equal to one-third of the whole work, and wrote new prolegomena.  It was finally printed in two folio volumes, with some additional matter from Henry Wharton, edited by Daniel Waterland, the first (Oxford, 1740), the second (Oxford, 1743).  It is regarded by all as being the best edition.
 * Sermons: A Sermon before the King at Whitehall, 23 January 1675 (London, 1676); A Sermon before the Lord Mayor at St. Mary-le-Bow, 5 November 1680 (London, 1680); A Sermon before the King at Whitehall, 18 January 1684 (London, 1685).

● " Kerkelyke oudheden of beschryving van het leven, bedryf, dood, en schriften der voornaamste" is about the life and the works of IV century thelogigians (printed in 1698 by François Halma and Willem vande Water).

title: William Cave


text: Category:CrossGen

title: Category:CrossGen


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This Side Up (Scream album)

This Side Up is the second album by hardcore punk band Scream, released in 1985 on the Dischord Records label.

Track listing

 * 1) "Bet You Never Thought" - 2:52
 * 2) "Things to Do Today" - 1:25
 * 3) "This Side Up" - 2:27
 * 4) "Gluesniff" - 2:21
 * 5) "Still Screaming" - 6:29
 * 6) "A No Money Down" - 2:03
 * 7) "Show and Tell Me Baby" - 1:47
 * 8) "The Zoo Closes at Dark" - 1:40
 * 9) "I Look When You Walk" - 4:08
 * 10) "Iron Curtain" 3:46

Personnel

 * Scream - producer
 * Pete Stahl - lead vocals
 * Franz Stahl - guitars
 * Robert Lee Davidson - guitars, backing vocals (tracks 6-10)
 * Skeeter Thompson - bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Kent Stax - drums, acoustic guitar (track 4)
 * Doctor Know - producer, piano (track 5)
 * Joey Pea - producer
 * Don Zientara - producer
 * Doc Night - saxophone (track 5)
 * Amy Pickering - backing vocals (track 9)

title: This Side Up (Scream album)


text: Category:University of Minnesota Duluth

title: Category:University of Minnesota Duluth


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Edward Herbert Thompson

Edward Herbert Thompson (September 28, 1857 – May 11, 1935) was an American-born archaeologist and long-time consul to Yucatán, Mexico.

Biography
Edward H. Thompson was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. Thompson devoted much of his career to study of the Maya civilization.

In 1879, Popular Science Monthly published "Atlantis Not a Myth", an article by Thompson in which he argued that the indigenous civilizations of North and Central America could be remnants of the lost continent of Atlantis. The article attracted the attention of Stephen Salisbury III, a wealthy Worcester resident, Mayanist, and principal benefactor of the American Antiquarian Society. Salisbury, along with fellow AAS members The Rev. Edward Everett Hale and Massachusetts Senator George Frisbie Hoar, persuaded Thompson to move to Yucatán to explore the Maya ruins in exchange for receiving an appointment as American Consul. Thompson arrived in Mérida, Yucatán, in 1885 and lived there for forty years. Although he spoke only English upon his arrival, he learned Spanish and also became fluent in the Yucatec Maya language.

Thompson did early examinations and excavations of several sites in the Maya Puuc region, including Loltun and Labná; at the latter site publishing a monograph on the Maya underground storage containers known as chultunes. He also became the first explorer to find and excavate a small site he called X'Kichmook.

He made a series of plaster casts of Maya sculptures and architecture, particularly from Uxmal and Labná, which were exhibited at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois in 1893.

With the help of Alison Armour, Thompson in 1894 purchased the plantation that included the site of Chichen Itza. He rebuilt the hacienda, which had been destroyed in the Caste War of Yucatán. For thirty years he explored the site, on behalf of the Field Columbian Museum, the American Antiquarian Society, the Peabody Museum at Harvard University and others. His discoveries included the earliest dated carving upon a lintel in the Temple of the Initial Series and the excavation of several graves in the Ossario (High Priest’s Temple).

Thompson is most famous for dredging the Cenote Sagrado (Sacred Cenote) from 1904 to 1911, where he recovered artifacts of gold, copper and carved jade, as well as the first-ever examples of what were believed to be pre-Columbian Maya cloth and wooden weapons. Thompson shipped the bulk of the artifacts to the Peabody Museum. In 1926, the Mexican government seized Thompson's plantation, charging he had removed the artifacts illegally. The Mexican Supreme Court in 1944 ruled in Thompson's favor. Thompson, however, had died in Plainfield, New Jersey in 1935, so the Hacienda Chichen reverted to his heirs.

title: Edward Herbert Thompson


text:
Talk:Nigel Jones, Baron Jones of Cheltenham

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I've added some detail on Ashman's past and removed some links that weren't working. Anecdota


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Talk:Drinkware

= Glassware is NOT a subset of drinkware = "Glassware is a subset of drinkware made from glass." is clearly inaccurate, since glass bowls, plates, pitchers/jugs, decanters, etc, are all commonly referred to as glassware.

Ids135 17:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

This page is pretty awkward. For starters, the "cocktail" glass, as defined, is stemware. However, a martini glass is more properly called an "up" glass - in my experience, a "cocktail" glass is of the short cylindrical variety (although I've heard this called an "old fasioned"). But still, a "cocktail" doesn't really refer to a martini-like drink - more often a cocktail is something with a non-booze base, like a gin and tonic. Also, there's a fascination variety of beer glasses. Perhaps when I get some time I'll try to improve this section. ObsidianOP 02:54, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

comprehensive
Are we trying to make a list of all the common glasses, or just a "sample" of them? Because there are many other glasses I would like to add JayKeaton 20:24, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Missing Water Glasses from Stemware
While other articles address "tumblers" for drinking water, this article is missing the "glass for water" which is on a stem and is supposed to hold more than a wine glass. Some huge water glasses have been subverted to holding wine.

The article almost deliberately avoids discussing size/capacity, but wine glasses should contain about 5 ounces of wine - the capacity of the glass would be more so the wine can "breathe." But not of infinite capacity either! Water glasses should hold 8-12 ounces.

Merge into Glassware, or retitle "Barware"
"Drinkware" is not a useful term or category. I just added to the Glassware article, making it more consistent with the definition of Tableware and other related articles. I recommend this page be deleted, or retitled and limited to "Barware". Mukrkrgsj 10:26, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Absinthe Glass
I think that the absinthe glass should be added in under glassware, it is distinctive and interesting —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.175.226.27 (talk) 22:11, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Split
Shouldn't glass (Glass (drinkware)) be in a separate article to this? There's already a Drinkware category, and it's possible to make a page called 'List of drinkware'.--Jcvamp (talk) 19:54, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Beer vs. Wine glassware
Considering the dearth of beerware we have represented in the drinkware sidebar, I feel as though stemmed wine crystal should be differentiated rather than simply dealt with categorically as forms of 'wine glasses.' It is just as anathema (perhaps considerably more so) for the wine connoisseur to drink fine Burgundy from a white wine glass as it would be for the beer enthusiast to drink pilsner from a Belgian glass. Show me the man who puts his DRC in a generic 'wine-glass' and I'll show you a man with more money than good taste. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.32.78.170 (talk) 00:25, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drinkware


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Benjamin Hick

Benjamin Hick (1 August 1790 – 9 September 1842) was an English civil and mechanical engineer, art collector and patron whose improvements to the steam engine and invention of scientific tools were held in high esteem by the engineering profession; some of Hick's improvements became public property without claiming the patent rights he was entitled to or without their source being known.

Early Career and developments
He was born at Huddersfield, and christened in the Independent, dissenter's chapel at Highfield, his parents moving shortly afterwards to Leeds where he was educated. Henry Venn was vicar of Huddersfield parish until 1771.

Hick's aptitude for mechanics and passion for drawing led to an apprentiship in 1804 (age 14) as a draughtsman with Fenton, Murray and Wood at the Round Foundry in Holbeck. The company made steam engines, textile and other machinery; here he was entrusted with the installation of several large steam engines and offered a partnership when his apprenticeship expired. The offer was declined and Hick moved instead to Bolton in 1810 to work for Smalley, Thwaites and Company as manager of Rothwell's Union Foundry on Blackhorse Street.

His brother John Hick also trained as an engineer, in 1808 John left Fenton, Murray & Wood to take up the position of "book-keeper and traveller" for John Sturges and Co. at the Bowling Iron Works near Bradford.

In July 1820 Hick joined other leading industrialists Isaac Dobson, Thomas Hardcastle and Peter Rothwell together with engineer and brother-in-law, Joshua Routledge to form the Bolton Gaslight and Coke Company, providing gas for public buildings, street lamps and industrial lighting. With the inevitable fire risk of naked flame, the Great Bolton Trustees and a number of mill owners bought horse-drawn fire engines; Hick became a Trustee of Great Bolton during the early 1820s, he was an Anglican and prominent member of Bolton's Pitt Club, formed 1809 as a "political organisation composed of the admirers of William Pitt", that helped Hick move amongst the middle class social elite of the time.

The Dobsons (Isaac and Benjamin), Hick, Rothwell, John Kennedy and others were members of a "prosecution" club (formed 1801), meeting at the Black Horse pub in Bolton, that in 1824 secured an annuity for the inventor and fellow member Samuel Crompton, who also frequented the Inn. Hick joined the Institution of Civil Engineers in the same year, proposed by Joshua Field, Joseph Farey and James Jones. Also with Rothwell and the Dobsons, Hick was a prominent member of the Black Horse Club, that met "to discuss not only business matters but the most interesting topics affecting that period".

Together with many other leading figures from the Bolton area, including those from the Black Horse Club, Hick was a promoter and with Peter Rothwell an original shareholder of the Bolton and Leigh Railway that opened 1 August 1828 with the naming of the locomotive Lancashire Witch by Mrs Hulton, wife of the vilified William Hulton JP, High Sheriff of Lancashire and collier. Robert Stephenson was driver of the engine he designed and built with chief engineer George Stephenson, who was a passenger with the other guests. Following the occasion that gathered crowds of 40–50 thousand people, in October 1828, Hick and Rothwell received Robert Peel, then home secretary, as a guest at their foundry.

In 1837 Hick was, among other local figures including Thomas Ridgway (1778–1839), Edward Bolling, John Hargreaves elder (1780–1860) and Jr, a member of the Provisional Committee of the Bolton and Preston Railway. By 1841 Hick was Deputy chairman and a Director with chairman John Hargreaves; the two families (Hick and Hargreaves) were linked by marriage in 1836. Chief engineer was John Urpeth Rastrick and resident engineer Alexander James Adie, son of Alexander Adie inventor of the sympiesometer. The line opened 22 June 1843 after Hick's death, following some problems in its construction, and merged with the North Union Railway Company 10 May 1844. Hick's executorial trustee, solicitor and banker Thomas Lever Rushton (1810–1883), by then a director of the railway, was part of the negotiating committee for the merger.

According to the records of Charles Beyer and an appraisal by John Farey, Hick was apparently responsible for pioneering the use of high-pressure and compound steam engines in textile mills, following the designs of Arthur Woolf. Hick's engines should probably be considered best practice for the time c.1841.

Locomotives built by Hick were of the best quality, Edward Bury considered them "extremely well made" and they were used by the London and Birmingham Railway for the very first scheme of standardisation of parts.

Rothwell, Hick and Rothwell

By 1821 Hick was managing partner of the Union Foundry, that later became Rothwell, Hick and Rothwell; the company listed in Baines' directory as supplying steam engines, hydraulic presses, weighing machines, gas light apparatus, mill machinery, sugar mills and constructors of fire proof buildings. After Peter Rothwell's death 2 August 1824, the firm continued with Peter Rothwell Jr (1792–1849) as Rothwell, Hick & Co. They made stationary steam engines, (a number of which were featured by John Farey in the second volume of his Treatise on the Steam Engine, 1827) as well as general engineering products including cast iron dockyard cranes.

In 1824 when the prodigious and forward looking Swiss engineer Johann Georg Bodmer (anglicised to John George Bodmer) developed his patterns and textile machinery near Bolton he made use of the Rothwell, Hick and Rothwell workshops. Here in the late 1820s with the co-operation of an Italian merchant, Philip Novelli and H. & E. Ashworth, (Henry (1794–1880) and Edmund (1800–1881) Ashworth), they began a project of advanced concept at Egerton Mill to include a spectacular waterwheel of 62 feet diameter by 12 feet wide and 110–140 horsepower, completed by Fairbairn and Lillie when Bodmer returned to Europe as a result of ill-health. To aid in the construction it is claimed that Bodmer devised the travelling crane; the Egerton wheel became a tourist destination during the 1830s and 1840s, it was one of the largest in the United Kingdom attracting visits from industrialists and politicians. Benjamin Disraeli was a visitor to the Ashworth mills in 1843. By the 1830s Hick had become a highly valued friend of Bodmer, on one occasion arbitrating a patent dispute.

Hick also formed a close friendship with engineer and artist James Nasmyth, in his autobiography Nasmyth refers to Hick as a "most admirable man... whose judgment in all matters connected with engineering and mechanical construction was held in the very highest regard... ingenious", he "contrived and constructed... one of the most powerful hydraulic presses" in existence. Hick was inventor of the self tightening collar, used universally in hydraulic presses.

According to Nasmyth, Hick and William Fairbairn were among the most "intelligent and cultivated persons in Lancashire". Hick was an accomplished draughtsman and it is stated that he introduced almost a new era of elegance and design for the exterior forms of steam engines and larger works.

Hick and Rothwell built their first locomotive Union in 1830 for the Bolton and Leigh Railway, they also built Pioneer for the Petersburg Railroad in America and a 2-2-0, the Pontchartrain for the Pontchartrain Railroad, New Orleans in 1832.

Architecture and public works
Hick's talent and reputation as a draughtsman lead to requests for his design of public buildings in Bolton: the Dispensary (1825), Nelson Square (demolished); Cloth Hall, Market Street (demolished); Gas Works (demolished), Water Works and possibly Little Bolton Town Hall (1826) in Little Bolton. Little Bolton Town Hall on All Saints Street, and Waterworks cottage (1824), Belmont remain today. The Dispensary is referred to in Pevsner's South Lancashire: The Industrial and Commercial South. Thomas Allen's, Lancashire Illustrated, from Original Drawings. considers, "The gas and waterworks also are eminently deserving of notice. Bolton will long retain memorials of its numerous obligations to the superior genius, public exertions and enterprising spirit of Mr. Benjamin Hick". Hick designed a Gas Pillar and presented it for the opening of Bolton's New Market Place (1826), claimed to be the finest uncovered market in the country; about November 1859 his son John Hick gifted a circular "cattle fountain" round the base, both gaslight and trough remained a feature of the square until 1925, the pillar described in 1825 as "a piece of elegant and classical workmanship" and "justly the admiration of persons of taste". Rothwell, Hick and Rothwell contributed elaborate iron work screens with anthemion patterns to Preston Corn Exchange (1822–24).

Hick designed a heating system for Richard Lane's The Oaks (demolished), an imposing Ionic villa conceived in 1838, and home of Quaker, Henry Ashworth. Hick's grandson, also Benjamin Hick (1845–1882) was architect of changes made to Lane's Exchange and Library (1825–29), New Market Place (renamed Victoria Square in 1897) about 1871, his grandfather was among the 80 shareholders of all political and religious persuasions.

B. Hick and Sons
In 1814 Benjamin Hick married Elizabeth Routledge (1783–1826) sister of his companion, Joshua Routledge (1773–1829), an engineer and ironmonger living in Bolton, and former manager for Fenton, Murray and Wood. Hick's father-in-law, William Routledge, was a blacksmith and Wesleyan lay minister at Elvington, a village about 8 miles south-east of York in Yorkshire. Joshua Routledge's sons were also engineers; William (1812–1882), a driver of the locomotive Phoenix at the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1828, in 1852 master engineer at New Bridge Brass Foundry and partner in Routledge & Ommanney, Salford. Henry (1817–1884), manager of Bolton brass founders J. and W. Kirkham in 1882.

Benjamin Hick had five children, two sons John (1815–1894) and Benjamin (1818–1845) who he trained as engineers; on 10 April 1833 they set up their own manufactory, B. Hick and Sons, at the Soho Foundry, Crook Street, Bolton. The firm built the locomotive Soho bought by carrier John Hargreaves with six first class carriages for the Bolton and Leigh Railway, and soon became well known as suppliers to British and foreign railway companies. Three years later Hick's first child and eldest daughter Mary (1813–1878) married John Hargreaves Jr (1800–1874), manufacturer and operator of the Bolton & Leigh and Leigh & Kenyon Junction railways.

After Elizabeth's death he married Hannah Elizabeth Goodyer (c.1791–1862) in 1827 at St Mary's church, Lambeth. Hannah was a daughter of Landon Goodyer who held a position of responsibility in a Fire Office, and sister of Frederick Goodyer who was to become a highly regarded Metropolitan Police Officer under Home Secretary, Robert Peel. The first daughter by Hick's second wife married the only son of Johann Georg Bodmer, his youngest daughter married the fourth son of James Bodmer.

Hick was also linked by his mother-in-law Hannah Goodyer, née Schwenck, to the Naval surgeon and novelist William Gilbert, father of William Schwenck Gilbert of Gilbert and Sullivan, his first daughter from his marriage to Hannah Goodyer was named in a similar fashion; Helen Schwenck Hick. Hannah Goodyer's father John Adam Schwenck was treasurer of the congregation of St Mary le Strand, formerly partner in Bourdorff and Schwenck, sugar refiners on Millbank Street, in the parish of St. John the Evangelist, Westminster and a director of the Phoenix Fire Office.

Patron of the arts
Benjamin Hick was both a serious collector and patron of the arts alongside other wealthy industrialists and bankers from the North of England in the mid-nineteenth century, including Samuel Ashton, William Bashall of Bashall & Boardman, John Chapman, Henry Cooke, Benjamin Dobson, Sir John Gladstone, John Miller, Thomas Miller Jr of Preston, John Naylor of Leyland & Bullins and Peter Rothwell who favoured English art particularly that depicting nature and history.

A man of "acknowledged taste and judgment"; Hick's private collection built over a period of 30 years "valuable, well known and much admired", comprised works of the Italian, Flemish, Dutch and British Masters. He was regarded as "one of the most liberal of the provincial patrons of Art", generous in his support of the British school, in particular a friend of Henry Liverseege who painted several works for Hick, and "on terms of intimacy" with many artists. The collection consisted of antiques, bronzes, engravings by George Thomas Doo, John Henry Robinson and foreign engravers, marbles, paintings and watercolour drawings.

Foreign works included amongst others those of: Canaletti, Annibale Carracci, Carlo Cignani, Correggio, Aelbert Cuyp, Carlo Dolci, Gerrit Dou, Albrecht Dürer, Sassoferato, Carlo Maratti, Murillo, Parmigianino, Gaspar Poussin, Raffaelle, Paolo Veronese, Egbert van Heemskerck the Younger, Wouwermans, Paul Potter, Peter Paul Rubens, David Teniers, Brawer, Gerard Dow, Anton Raphael Mengs, Jan Miel, Ostate, Backhuysen, Platzer, Claude Joseph Vernet and Van Stry.

Hick's support for the British school extended to: Samuel Austin, Thomas Barker, William Roxby Beverly, John Boaden, William Bradley, Augustus Wall Callcott, George Cattermole, Thomas Sidney Cooper, James Wilson Carmichael, David Cox, James Francis Danby, Samuel Drummond, Charles Lock Eastlake, Copley Fielding, John Rogers Herbert, Henry Howard, John Prescott Knight, William Linton, Henry Liverseege, Frederick Richard Lee, Philip James de Loutherbourg, John Martin, George Morland, Frederick Nash, the Nasmyths, Paul Falconer Poole, Samuel Prout, Thomas Miles Richardson, David Roberts, John Rhodes, William Shayer, Clarkson Frederick Stanfield, Caleb Robert Stanley, Philip Francis Stephanoff, Thomas Stothard, John Tennant, Thomas Uwins, Alfred Vickers, Benjamin West, Richard Westall, David Wilkie, John Wilson, Richard Wilson, John Michael Wright, John Christian Zeitter and others.

During 1831, engravings by William Miller, Edward Goodall and Edward Finden after works by Linton, Austin and Westall were published from Hick's collection in literary annual, The Winter's Wreath, associated with the prose and verse of Henry Chorley, Felicia Hemans and Mary Howitt.

Having the "greatest reverence for Works of Art and Books", Hick's intention was to establish a Public Picture Gallery in Bolton, with "the conviction that such Works of Art would tend to greatly improve the taste and cultivate the better feeling of the rising generation". He obtained designs for the project, but did not live to see them through. As a boy he looked forward to becoming an Artist.

Death
On 9 September 1842, Hick died suddenly at Bolton from a "disease of the heart", age 52. Following, B. Hick and Son continued under the management of his eldest son, John Hick.

Art works from Benjamin Hick's collection were advertised in January and February 1843 editions of The Art-Union, Athenaeum and Literary Gazette,  then auctioned by Thomas Winstanley & Sons of Liverpool at the Exchange Gallery in Manchester between 21 and 24 February 1843. The sale included John Martin's pair Pandæmonium and The Celestial City and the River of Bliss. Both paintings were bought by Hick from the artist following their exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1841; Pandæmonium and its frame designed by Martin can be seen at the Louvre. Hick's obituary in the Art-Union appeared with those of John Varley, Lady Callcott and John Berney Crome. Details of the sale were published in the April edition of The Art-Union and May edition of The Gentleman's Magazine.

Friends of Hick from Lancashire: Robert Barlow, Joseph Beckton, Robert Daglish Jr., Jonathan Hardcastle, John Moore, John Mawdsley, Peter Rothwell and Thomas Lever Rushton formed a committee to see through the production of an engraving from Hick's portrait by George Patten. The picture was entrusted to John Grundy and Henry Cousins undertook the work in mezzotint; proofs were then published at a moderate price, examples can be found today in various museum collections.

Hick was well respected, despite his family's wish the funeral be "strictly private", more than 500 people "including a great number of influential gentlemen of the neighbourhood", attended his grave; employees of B. Hick & Son gathered nearly £200 for a memorial and despite offers of assistance "resolved unanimously to keep this honour for themselves". Benjamin Hick's memorial in Bolton Parish Church reads:

This monument is erected by a general subscription of his Workmen, in remembrance of his Christian character and to record virtues so rare, for future imitation; that he, though dead, may live again in the spirit, action, and conduct of those, who, guided by his character, and stimulated by his example, will learn to love their neighbour as themselves and to do good to all men.

He was an affectionate husband, a kind father, and a sincere friend; alike distinguished by eminent ability, and uniform integrity; genius, in whatever art or science displayed, even found in him a liberal patron; He was benefactor to this town, where his worth will be long appreciated; and his loss deeply deplored.

title: Benjamin Hick


text: Portal:Malaysia/Selected article

title: Portal:Malaysia/Selected article


text:
Barrere

Barrere or Barrère is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Adrien Barrère (1874–1931), French visual artist
 * Camille Barrère (1851–1940), French diplomat
 * Georges Barrère (1876–1944), French flutist
 * Grégoire Barrère (born 1994), French tennis player
 * Granville Barrere (1829–1889), American politician and nephew of Nelson Barrere
 * Nelson Barrere (1808–1883), American politician and uncle of Granville Barrere
 * Paul Barrere (1948-2019), American rock musician
 * Pierre Barrère (1690–1755), French naturalist

title: Barrere


text:
Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway

The Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway (Rheilffordd Pont-y-pŵl a Blaenafon) is a 3.5 mi volunteer-run heritage railway in South Wales, running trains between a halt platform opposite the Whistle Inn public house (famed for its collection of miners' lamps) southwards to the town of Blaenavon via a two-platform station at the site of former colliery furnace of the Big Pit National Coal Museum.

The line is the highest preserved standard-gauge line in the United Kingdom, and also uniquely having the only standard-gauge rail-over-rail bridge within preservation.

History of the line
The line from Brynmawr to Blaenavon was originally built under an Act of 1866 by the Brynmawr and Blaenavon Railway and immediately leased to the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) to transport coal to the Midlands via the Heads of the Valleys line. The line was completed in 1869 and the LNWR commenced operating passenger trains over the line the following year (1870). Eight years later it was extended to meet the Great Western Railway (GWR) at Abersychan & Talywain. Here the line carried on down the valley through Pontypool Crane Street Station to the coast at Newport. In 1922, the LNWR was grouped into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. In later years the line saw a variety of GWR locomotives operating from pit to port, however the railway retained its LNWR infrastructure up until the very last days before its closure.

Coal traffic
From the turn of the century the line served mining activity centred on several pits and collieries between Brynmawr and Waunafon. The first of these was the Waun Nantyglo colliery, which was situated a little east of a tramway which later carried the B4248 Brynmawr to Blaenavon Road. The connection was removed by 1925. As Waunafon was approached on a facing branch to the left was built, leading to Clydach colliery, but these had gone by 1915, to be replaced by New Clydach Colliery sidings. Vestiges of these remained until 1950. Some 300 yd south of Waunafon station a branch, built in 1870, veered to the West to serve the Milfraen Colliery. The space between the single-platform station at Waunafon and the branch was occupied by a series of loops and sidings. In 1913 a small platform, called Garn-yr-Erw halt was built just north of the Whistle Road Bridge. This halt had no timetable for passengers as it was used only by miners.

Closures
By 1938 Milfraen Pit had ceased production having exhausted its own coal reserves, the branchline that served it was removed in 1937. The line was closed to passengers, not during the Beeching Cuts which befell the GWR route to Blaenavon Low Level, but in 1941 due to the exigencies of the Second World War. Blaenavon shed closed in 1942 and eventually goods also ceased in 1954. The line was retained for wagon storage until 1953, and around 1950, a temporary siding was laid in connection with opencast workings on the Blorenge, branching east roughly at the point where the Milfraen Colliery branch had previously branched west. The declining situation continued through the 1950s, then Varteg Hill subsequently closed in 1964, leaving Big Pit as the primary exporter of coal left. The once double track to Pontypool was then singled in June 1965. Although passenger and goods traffic had long ceased to Brynmawr the track was re-laid by the NCB to just south of Waunafon station again during the 1970s for the Black Lion Disposal Point washery.

Although the track along the whole route to Brynmawr was finally lifted in July 1961, the section from Blaenavon to Pontypool was still in use for coal trains from other local mines until Big Pit finally closed in 1980. The line from Cwmbran was dismantled right up to outside Blaenavon High Level station whilst the washery and other colliery buildings were demolished during 1987. Much of the railway today has now become part of the National Cycle Network Route 46.

Visitor attraction
The railway between Furnace Sidings and Whistle Inn Halt was opened to visitors in 1983. It runs every weekend between spring and September. There is also a selection of special weekends through the spring and summer, daily (with the exceptions of Monday and Fridays) in August, as well as Santa Specials nearing Christmas.

The railway did not increase its length of track for a quarter century after its opening, but increased as a going concern, with a larger number of volunteers, a larger amount of operational rolling stock, and more definite plans for the railway's future.

Expansion of the P&BR
In May 2010 the railway was extended a distance of roughly 1+1/4 miles southwards to the site of the former Blaenavon High Level station (once the London and North Western Railway's station in the town).

The Pontypool Blaenavon Railway Company was granted an Order under the Transport and Works Act to extend and operate the line.

Work, which started in late 2004, was initially complicated by difficulty in determining who built the railway. The order allowing most of the initial construction was the Brynmawr and Blaenavon Act of 1866, but a short section in the south was built under the LNWR (Wales &c) Act of 1875. Once the two months spent on this research was complete matters progressed rapidly so that a formal application to the Welsh Assembly was made on 3 May 2005. By the end of June 2005 the application became public with a two-month subsequent period allowed for formal objection.

By 28 November 2005, the inspector appointed by the National Assembly for Wales, Stuart B Wild, MRTPI, MCMI made his report to Parliament. Subsequently, a full meeting of the planning Decision Committee of the National Assembly for Wales, chaired by Carwyn Jones, Minister for Environment, Planning and Countryside, approved the application on 24 January 2006.

The minister in turn wrote to Winckworth Sherwood on 31 January. The Order, called the Pontypool and Blaenavon (Phase 1) Order 2006 was finally made on 20 June 2006 and came into force on 21 June 2006.

The route southwards was made difficult by the need to refurbish a number of bridges en route. A substantial report issued by the Company to Torfaen County Borough Council, the successor to the Welsh Development Agency, and other interested parties, estimated the lowest cost for the extension and the provision of a minimal station at High Level at between £235K and £395K, with cost of the bridges lying between £162K and £323K—by far the dominant item in the total cost.

The Company eventually achieved funding from the Welsh Assembly Government's Heads of the Valleys programme to meet much of the refurbishment costs. Blaenavon (High Level) station is close to the centre of Blaenavon town centre, and as a result, a substantial increase in passenger numbers is confidently expected. Blaenavon is the centre of the World Heritage Site of the Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, which includes Big Pit National Coal Museum and Blaenavon Ironworks.

The presence of the railway there is expected to significantly add to the visitor experience and tourist potential of the town.

With Phase 1 achieved, the railway constructed a branch line into the National Mining Museum in 2011 before turning towards extending the line northwards, under a small road bridge and along the still intact track bed to Waunafon, the summit of the line which at 1400 ft above sea level was the highest standard-gauge station in both England and Wales.

There is also growing political interest for the preserved line to extend further again to Brynmawr which takes the railway over the local authority boundary from Torfaen into Blaenau Gwent and also the historic county boundary from Monmouthshire into Brecknockshire. However the emphasis with the local authority is that this phase will serve as a community link, rather than a tourist attraction.

On 10 September 2021, a new locomotive shed was opened.

Future expansion
With extensions southwards to Varteg and beyond, it has been found that the deck of Varteg Road bridge was beyond economical repair, and could not simply be refurbished as was the case with the other bridges on the line. The local authority replaced the deck with two new bridges, one for the railway, and the other for the cycleway in April 2011.

Presently it is currently impossible to advance more than about 400 yd before coming into conflict with the cycleway. Torfaen County Borough Council has recognised the railway's potential to expand towards Talywain and have included this within their local development plan. This will also allow for route sharing to accommodate both Cycle Route and future line proposals whilst ensuring measures are taken to minimise any conflict occurring in dual operation.

Southward expansions to Wainfelin may be jeopardised by recent land reclamation schemes presented by Spring UR Ltd. These plans require the swift destruction of the prominent Big Arch, a brick-lined tunnel structure built in 1879 and already a Grade II listed structure. The plans opt for its demolition in order to breach the disused railway embankment, this would create a wider access route for heavy road traffic for open-casting west of Talywain village to commence.

Not only would this prevent future line extensions but impede the Celtic Trail cycle path altogether as well. Whether a more beneficial plan for the surrounding area, or alternative put forward by the Torfaen Council, is currently unknown as these proposals are still in the early stages of public meetings.

After Pontypool (Wainfelin), any further restoration of the original route down the valley is now virtually impossible as the line through Pontypool to Newport via Clarence Street was lost in the 1980s to the construction of the A4043 bypass. Retail development such as Tesco now occupies the site of Pontypool Crane Street station, however, the preservation society managed to rescue this up-platform station building by painstakingly deconstructing brick-by-brick and stored onsite for eventual re-construction. As of January 2014, the stonework has been used to decorate the new station building at Furnace Sidings.

Appearance in popular culture
The railway has been used in various episodes for the BBC series The Indian Doctor.

Motive power
Main reference

Steam locomotives

 * Andrew Barclay "Rosyth No. 1" built in 1914. Operational, overhaul completed in 2014.
 * W.G. Bagnall No. 3061 'Empress' built in 1954. Previous overhaul completed in 2014. Purchased from Mangapps Railway Museum in September 2018. Withdrawn for overhaul in 2022.
 * Hunslet No. 1873 'Jessie' built in 1937. Operational. Moved from the Llangollen Railway and converted from Thomas the Tank Engine in early 2019.
 * Hunslet Austerity No. WD71515 "Mech Navvies" built in 1945. Withdrawn September 2018, overhaul started July 2019.
 * GWR 5700 Class No. 9629 built 1945. Undergoing overhaul.
 * Andrew Barclay No. 2074 "Llantarnam Abbey" built in 1939. Undergoing overhaul.
 * Andrew Barclay No. 1260 "Forester" built in 1911. Donated by Newport City Council, it had previously been on static display in Newport. Undergoing overhaul off site at Williton on the West Somerset Railway
 * Hudswell Clarke Works No 1857 Operational, this locomotive was built in 1952 by Hudswell Clarke by the National Coal Board and was employed at NCB Gawber Colliery at Barnsley. 857 was first preserved by the Coventry Steam Railway Centre which was started in 1986 by a group of enthusiasts who wanted to restore it. The locomotive spent some years on the Swindon and Cricklade Railway but is now undergoing a heavy overhaul at a site near Henstridge in Somerset. By the end of April 2022, the overhaul had been completed and the locomotive was undertaking test runs on the West Somerset Railway. The locomotive is now operational on the Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway.
 * 1680 Avonside Engine Company 'Sir John' built 1914 - Owned by Vale of Neath Railway. Stored awaiting overhaul.
 * Andrew Barclays Works No 1219 Caledonian Works Operational, this locomotive was built by Andrew Barclay in 1910 and was delivered new to Stewart & Lloyd Ltd at their Clydedale Works in Mossend near Motherwell. In preservation the locomotive spent some time at the Pontypool & Blaenavon Railway but was restored on the West Somerset Railway by an apprentice at Williton. It was returned to steam in early 2016 before spending some time on loan to the Pontypool & Blaenavon Railway. The locomotive returned to Williton, but now redecides on the Pontypool and Blaenavon railway.

Diesel locomotives

 * BR Co-Co Class 37 No. 37 216 (D6916) Nearing end of restoration back into early BR green.
 * BR Co-Co Class 37 No. 37 023 (D6723) Undergoing Restoration
 * BR Co-Co Class 31 No. 31 203 (D5627) 'Steve Organ G.M' operational in early BR green
 * Hudswell Clarke No. 1344. Operational.
 * John Fowler & Co. No. RT1. Undergoing Restoration
 * Hunslet No. 170 "Ebbw". Undergoing restoration.
 * Hunslet No. 5511. Operational.
 * Wickham 6947. Undergoing Restoration

Diesel multiple units

 * BR Class 117 DMS No. 51351. Stored unserviceable
 * BR Class 117 DMS No. 51397. Undergoing restoration. In lined green livery

Burglary
After the railway's 2018 four-day Halloween event which attracted more than 4,000 visitors, a burglary occurred resulting in £14,000 being stolen in one night along with hundreds of pounds worth of damage to glass. The safe in the station building at Blaenavon was literally ripped from the floor and taken just hours after volunteers had finished locking up on Wednesday night. The crime scene was discovered the next morning and reported by a volunteer. The railway has already set up a fundraiser and over £6,000 has been raised so far. No suspect has been found yet.

title: Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway


text:
Magnus Liber

The Magnus Liber or Magnus liber organi (English translation: Great Book of Organum), written in Latin, is a repertory of medieval music known as organum. This collection of organum survives today in three major manuscripts. This repertoire was in use by the Notre-Dame school composers working in Paris around the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth centuries, though it is well agreed upon by scholars that Leonin contributed a bulk of the organum in the repertoire. This large body of repertoire is known from references to a "magnum volumen" by Johannes de Garlandia and to a "Magnus liber organi de graduali et antiphonario pro servitio divino" by the English music theorist known as Anonymous IV. Today it is known only from later manuscripts containing compositions named in Anonymous IV's description. The Magnus Liber is regarded as one of the earliest collections of polyphony.

Surviving Manuscripts
The Magnus Liber organi most likely to have originated in Paris and is known today from only a few surviving manuscripts and fragments, and there are records of at least seventeen lost versions. Today its contents can be inferred from the three surviving major manuscripts:

 * Florence Manuscript [F] (I-Fl Pluteo 29.1, Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana, Florence ) 1,023 compositions | 1250 A.D.
 * Wolfenbüttel 677 [W1] (Wolfenbüttel Cod. Guelf. 628 Helmst.) Saint Andrews, Scotland | 1250 A.D.
 * Wolfenbüttel 1099 [W2] (Wolfenbüttel Cod. Guelf. 1099 Helmst.) French manuscript | after 1250 A.D.

These three manuscripts date from later than the original Magnus Liber, but careful study has revealed many details regarding origin and development. "Evidence of lost Notre Dame manuscripts, including the names of their owners, is plentiful indeed", tracing back to year 1456 when manuscript F first appeared in the library of Piero de' Medici. Of the two others, referred to as W1 & W2, both in the Herzog August Bibliothek (Ducal Library), the first is thought to have originated in the cathedral priory of St Andrews, Scotland, and less is known about W2. Catalogues referring to other lost copies attest to the wide diffusion through Western Europe of the repertoire later called ars antiqua.

Heinrich Husmann summarizes that "these manuscripts, then, do not represent any more the original state of the Magnus Liber, but rather enlarged forms of it, differing from each other. In fact, these manuscripts embody different stylistic developments of the Magnus Liber itself, particularly in the field of composition mentioned by Anonymous IV, the clausula. This is born out by the differing versions of the discantus parts". Husmann also notes that a comparison of the repertory contained in the three manuscripts shows there "are a great many pieces common to all three sources" and that "the most reasonable attitude is obviously to consider the pieces in common to all three sources as the original body, consequently as the true Magnus Liber organi".

Contributors to the Liber
It is unknown whether the Magnus Liber had one sole contributor, though it is noted by scholars that large parts were composed by Léonin (1135–c.1200) and this conclusion is drawn from the writings of Anonymous IV. Though it is a controversial topic among scholars, some believe parts of the Magnus Liber organi may have been revised by Pérotin (fl. 1200), while others such as Heinrich Husmann note that the finding is from 'the rather slim report of Anonymous IV' and that 'as for its connections with Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, the name of Pérotin alone is adduced' in connection with his books having only been used. This 'by no means confirms that Pérotin himself was active at Notre Dame, or anywhere else in Paris for that matter'.

The music from the Liber has been published in modern times by William Waite (1954), Hans Tischler (1989),  and by Edward Roesner (1993–2009).

Styles and Genres of the Repertoire

The early music of Notre Dame cathedral represents a transitional time for Western culture. This time of change coincided with the architectural innovation that produced the structure of the Cathedral itself (earliest start of construction in 1163). A handful of surviving manuscripts demonstrate the evolution of polyphonic elaboration of the liturgical plainchant that was used at the cathedral every day throughout the year. While the concept of combining voices in harmony to enrich plainsong chant was not new, there lacked the established and codified musical theory techniques to enable the rational construction of such pieces.

The Magnus Liber represents a step in the development of Western music between plainchant and the intricate polyphony of the later thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (see Machaut and Ars Nova). The music of the Magnus Liber displays a connection to the emerging Gothic style of architecture; just as ornate cathedrals were built to house holy relics, organa were written to elaborate Gregorian chant, which too was considered holy.

The innovations at Notre Dame consisted of a system of musical notation which included patterns of short and long musical notes known as longs and breves. This system is referred to as mensural music as it demonstrates the beginning of "measured time" in music, organizing lengths of pitches within plainchant and later, the motet genre. In the organi of the Magnus Liber, one voice sang the notes of the Gregorian chant elongated to enormous length called the tenor (from Latin 'to hold'), but was also known as the vox principalis. As many as three voices, known as the vox organalis (or vinnola vox, the "vining voice") were notated above the tenor, with quicker lines moving and weaving together, a style also known as florid organum. The development from a single line of music (monophony) to one where multiple lines all carried the same weight (polyphony) is shown through the writing of organa. The practice of keeping a slow moving "tenor" line continued into secular music, and the words of the original chant survived in some cases as well. One of the most common genres in the Magnus Liber is the clausula, which are "sections where, in discant style, the tenor uses rhythmic patterns as well as the upper part". These sections of polyphony were substituted into longer organa. The extant manuscripts provide a number of notational challenges for modern editors since they contain only the polyphonic sections to which the monophonic chant must be added.

title: Magnus Liber


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A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers

The book A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, by John Marshall (b. 1922), summarises the lives of more than 600 engineers from Europe and North America.

Each biographical entry is in summary form and concludes with a list of references. It includes an index, but no illustrations. A typical entry begins with the subject's birth and death dates, with places, and deals chronologically with the subject's railway career. Any writings by the subject are noted, and the concluding section gives page references to where the information came from, usually technical periodicals. The concluding index is of railway companies worldwide and notes the engineers who worked for them.

The second edition now covers 752 names. A review of it appears in Journal of Transport History, March 2004.

 * 1978 edition pub. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. 252pp. ISBN 0-7153-7489-3
 * 2003 edition pub. Railway and Canal Historical Society, Oxford. 206pp. ISBN 0-901461-22-9