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Hesperocyparis guadalupensis

Hesperocyparis guadalupensis, commonly known as Guadalupe cypress, is a species of western cypress from Guadalupe Island in the Pacific Ocean off the western coast of Mexico's Baja Peninsula. It was previously known as Cupressus guadalupensis until 2009. It is a medium-sized tree with fine green to blue-green foliage. In its native habitat it depends on water from the fogs that envelop high ground in the northern half of the island. It became an endangered species due to feral goats living on Guadalupe Island that – for more than a century – prevented new trees from growing. In 2005 the goats were finally removed from the tree's island home as part of an island restoration project. New trees are growing and other plants are beginning to recover, though the future of the species is not yet assured. Guadalupe cypress is closely related to the vulnerable Tecate cypress, which grows on the mainland in Baja California and southern California. It is used as an ornamental tree in Mediterranean climates, particularly in Europe, but has no other significant human uses.

Description
Guadalupe cypress is a coniferous evergreen tree with a dome-shaped and broad crown when fully mature. The species is variable in size, with mature trees reaching 12 - 20 m tall, though they are noted as being towards the lower end of this range in their native habitat in the 2000s. The first scientific description recorded them as growing to "40 feet high or more". The bark of the tree is fairly smooth, but thin layers will peel off the trunk. The color of the bark may range from cherry-red to dull gray brown. The bark of the larger branches is of similar texture and color as the trunk.

In the first year a new shoot will be yellow-green to brown. The foliage grows in dense sprays, dark blue-green or glaucous blue in color. The leaves are scale-like, 1.5–2 millimeters long, in four rows on rounded (not flattened) shoots. The texture of the foliage is soft; when crushed, it has a light resinous aroma. The leaf scales are not shed from the branchlets, but instead the entire small twig is shed after two to three years. The branchlets on the ends of branches may reach a length of 2–3 centimeters, but will only be 1 millimeter thick.

The seed cones are nearly spherical, with eight to ten horn-shaped scales, narrow at the base and wide at the top, with a pointed tip. They measure 3–3.5 centimeters in diameter. They are green during growth and ripen to be gray-brown or brown. Inside the cone are approximately 70 to 100 seeds, brown with a light waxy coating described by botanists as glaucous. The seeds are much larger than those of other western cypress trees, weighing two to seven times as much. Closed, but already ripe, cones still on the trees will also open after being exposed to the heat of a fire. Unlike the cones of the related Tecate cypress (Hesperocyparis forbesii), the cones will also open after drying for several months on the tree without needing to be exposed to fire. Each seed is about 5–6 millimeters long with a small wing structure about 1 millimeter. The cones and seeds are fully ripe 15 to 18 months after fertilization.

The pollen-producing cones (strobili) have 14 to 18 scales. This is another characteristic that botanists use to distinguish it from the Tecate cypress, which only has 10 to 14 scales on its pollen cones. The strobili are also rather large, about 6 millimeters long and 2–5 millimeters in diameter. The pollen is produced from October to November when growing in California, while in France and Italy they have been observed producing pollen from December to March.

The lifespan of cypress trees can be estimated from the number of annual growth rings found in the trunks of dead trees. Using this measurement, the average longevity is estimated at 150 to 160 years for a tree with a 50 centimeter diameter, though one trunk examined by botanical explorer Edward Palmer with a diameter of approximately 64 centimeters had 236 growth rings. The seedlings are very similar to all other western cypress species, with three to five long, thin, needle-like seed leaves that start out upright and then spread outwards from the stem. Each leaf is usually between 8 and 12 millimeters long. The juvenile leaves also resemble the needle-like seed leaves, but are not quite as long or as thick or fleshy in texture. In the second to fourth year of life the young tree will start to produce adult foliage rather than another set of juvenile leaves.

In the first year of growth, given favorable growing conditions, young trees will reach an average of 40 to 45 centimeters in height. By the end of a second year they will reach 110 centimeters. This rapid growth can continue, with a new tree reaching an estimated 9.7 meters in its first decade.

Taxonomy
Specimens of Hesperocyparis guadalupensis were collected by Edward Palmer in 1875 during a botanical collecting trip to Guadalupe Island. It was given its first scientific description in 1879 by Sereno Watson, who named it Cupressus guadalupensis. In the paper he presented on 14 May 1879 he said that the seeds and other material collected by Palmer had been labeled as Cupressus macrocarpa. At the time of the presentation they were already being cultivated in San Francisco.

In 1896 Maxwell T. Masters, as part of a paper on the genus Cupressus as a whole, thought it properly classified as Cupressus macrocarpa var. guadalupensis, reducing it to a botanical variety. In the same paper he also combined a number of Mexican species to just two, Cupressus benthamii and Cupressus thurifera. Though Masters was followed in full or at least in part in these combinations, other botanists continued to regard the species as correctly identified under the name C. guadalupensis.

By 1970, botanical opinions had so far reversed that Elbert Luther Little published a paper in which he combined the species Cupressus forbesii with C. guadalupensis as variety forbesii. In the 2000s, studies of the genetics of these species have indicated that they are separate species, though confirming they are closely related. Though an isolated island population, Guadalupe cypress has greater genetic diversity than its mainland relatives. This lack of a population bottleneck suggests that prior to recent disturbances it had a large and stable population. Further research resulted in the 2009 publication by Jim A. Bartel and others moving it and the other new world cypress trees to a new genus Hesperocyparis. There was a second proposed reclassification to a new genus Neocupressus in the same year, but the classification as Hesperocyparis has been given priority.

While this reclassification is not universally accepted, it is the most commonly used name for the species. it is the name used in Plants of the World Online, World Flora Online, and in the Gymnosperm Database.

Names
The species name of guadalupensis is a reference to its native island, while the current genus name, Hesperocyparis, is botanical Greek meaning "western cypress". As with its scientific name. it is commonly called the "Guadalupe cypress" or "Guadalupe Island cypress" for its origin on that island. Similarly, in Spanish it is commonly called "Ciprès de Guadalupe" and is listed on a Mexican government website as "Cedro de la isla Guadalupe ". Another, less common, name used for the species in California is "blue cypress" for the color of its foliage, though the Australian tree Callitris columellaris is also called blue cypress by essential oil enthusiasts for the color of its extracted oil.

Distribution and habitat
The Guadalupe cypress, Hesperocyparis guadalupensis, is endemic to Mexico, only found naturally on Guadalupe Island in the Pacific Ocean west of Baja California. It is found growing at altitudes of 800 - 1300 m. In the 21st century the cypress trees cover the greatest area of any tree community on the island, but only grow on the northwest of the island on a high plateau.

Guadalupe Island is of volcanic origin. Located off the coast of North America, the island's climate is dominated by cold Pacific Ocean currents, resulting in a climate similar to that of the mainland far to the north. During the summer the weather is warm or even hot, but during the winter the island is often covered in fogs. The fine twigs of the cypress trees collect the airborne moisture, which falls to the ground or runs down their trunks, making the area immediately under the trees wetter than areas without tall vegetation. High winds also buffet the island during the winter, but when there were extensive groves of cypress trees the air within them was sheltered and calm.

The introduction of goats to the island had an enormous effect on the population of all plant species, including Guadalupe cypress. The date at which goats were released onto the island is unknown, but the first mention of them is in 1859. The estimated population of the tree prior to the introduction of goats to the island was about 75,000. In 1885 the botanist Edward Lee Greene observed that while there was evidence of an extensive cypress forest on the northern side of the island, only dead and fallen trees remained there. There was also a smaller grove on the east side of the island, but it too disappeared sometime after the 1920s.

In addition the available evidence indicates that the frequency of fire has increased on the island. Though Guadalupe cypress is partially adapted to fire, the increasing number of fires is likely to be an additional cause of early mortality for the trees.

Ecology
Together with the Guadalupe palm (Brahea edulis) and the Guadalupe pine (Pinus radiata var. binata), Guadalupe cypress is one of the dominant defining species of plant on the island, a keystone in its natural ecology. In the 1950s a study of a Guadalupe Island bird life found that the subspecies of the ruby-crowned kinglet (Corthylio calendula obscurus) frequents the cypress groves on the island. Another very common bird in the groves was the endemic subspecies of the house finch, Haemorhous mexicanus amplus.

Conservation and restoration
Guadalupe Island had a population of numerous, but old, trees in 2000. Estimates of the remaining population vary widely. In the year 2000 it was estimated to be 4,000 individuals. However, the IUCN gives an undated estimate of only 200 mature trees remaining. As a viable conifer woodland species they disappeared rapidly from the late 19th century onwards, as hordes of introduced feral goats ate the seedlings that germinated for over a century. One major subpopulation was destroyed entirely, and the isolated stands were nearly destroyed. Also, with the animals destroying most vegetation, and especially the island's cloud forest, the water table dropped, further jeopardizing the remaining two main subpopulations.

The principal habitats were fenced in by 2001; and long-awaited removal of goats was started in 2004 and completed by 2007. In order to accomplish this task Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas, A.C. (GECI) used 40 sterilized Judas goats to track down the last holdouts hiding in less accessible areas of the island like canyons, cliffs, and caves. The first young plants in 150 years are now able to grow and mature without being grazed away. Soon after the eradication the population was estimated to be 14,700 in 2005, though without any information on if this included new seedlings. In April 2005 the Mexican government also created the Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve, giving further protection to the trees and other species of the island.

On 15 September 2008 a wildfire was ignited that burned for three days and spread into the Guadalupe cypress groves. Two groves and one small stand representing about 60% of the total area were burned. Many mature trees, damaged by years of goats chewing their bark during droughts, were completely burned by the fires. However, in the post-fire assessment, many newly released seeds were observed on the fire-blackened soil. An assessment conducted one year later found 120,000 new trees in the southern patch. A 2019 assessment found over 67,000 trees over 2 meters in height.

In addition to the natural regeneration, the Mexican foundation GECI has partnered with the Fondation Franklinia, a Swiss charity, to plant thousands of seedlings of the cypress and two other endangered tree species on the island since 2020. They have also sponsored work to reduce the fuel load of the landscape to reduce future threats from fire.

The presently recovering populations are still vulnerable and long-term viability is not assured. It appears this cypress is more vulnerable to drought than other native plants on the island, such as the Guadalupe variety of Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata var. binata), and so the population could decline further with future climate change.

Hesperocyparis guadalupensis is considered an endangered species by the IUCN. It is also designated as an endangered species by the government of Mexico.

Cultivation
Though endangered in the wild, Guadalupe cypresses have long been cultivated in California and in other parts of the world. Though the exact date is not known, in the San Francisco area they were being grown before 1878. Though it has a long history of use in gardens and parks, it is not a commonly grown species in the United States. The scientist William Dallimore reported that it seldom produced cones in cultivation and similar reports continue to be repeated. However, trees grown in both Italy and France produce seed crops and are most often propagated from seeds, though they are also successfully grown from cuttings and grafting, including onto Cupressus sempervirens or Hesperocyparis glabra. It is a much more popular and common ornamental species in Europe than in America.

The trees have very little frost tolerance and are particularly noted as being sensitive to frosts in the spring. They are often reported as being limited to USDA Zone 9 or warmer, requiring a minimum low temperature of between -6.5 and -1 C. However, the narrow column-like (fastigiate) cultivar 'Greenlee's Blue Rocket' is reported to tolerate temperatures as low as -9.5 C. They are also particularly suited to coastal plantings, being resistant to damage by coastal sprays and winds. They are also very adaptable to different soil conditions. Unlike the Monterey cypress they are highly resistant to cypress canker, with only one report of a tree being infected in scientific literature. In Europe they sometimes show signs of cypress bark beetles (Phloeosinus) in their crown. There are not any significant plantations of Guadalupe cypresses and they are not used to any extent in their native habitat.

The largest known tree is an individual growing in a Fresno, California park. It is 21 m in height and has a trunk diameter at breast height of 1.63 m.

title: Hesperocyparis guadalupensis


text:
Why Don't We Do It in the Road?

"Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, released on their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as "the White Album"). Short and simple, it was written and sung by Paul McCartney, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. At 1:42, "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" comprises 34 bars of a twelve-bar blues idiom. It begins with three different percussion elements (a hand banging on the back of an acoustic guitar, handclaps, and drums) and features McCartney's increasingly raucous vocal repeating a simple lyric with only two different lines.

Background
McCartney wrote the song after seeing two monkeys copulating in the street while on retreat in Rishikesh, India, with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. He marvelled in the simplicity of this natural scenario when compared to the emotional turmoil of human relationships. He later said: "A male [monkey] just hopped on the back of this female and gave her one, as they say in the vernacular. Within two or three seconds he hopped off again and looked around as if to say 'It wasn't me!' and she looked around as if there'd been some mild disturbance ... And I thought ... that's how simple the act of procreation is ... We have horrendous problems with it, and yet animals don't."

When asked what inspired the song during a 2001 interview with NPR's Terry Gross, Paul quipped "that was inspired by... Lord knows what. Probably sexual feelings, Terry!"

Recording
On 9 October 1968, while John Lennon and George Harrison were working on two other songs for the album, McCartney recorded five takes of the song in Studio One at EMI Studios. Unlike its heavy blues result, the song began as an acoustic guitar number with McCartney alternating by verse between gentle and strident vocal styles. On this first night, McCartney played all the instruments himself. This version of the song can be found on the Beatles' Anthology 3.

On 10 October, McCartney and Ringo Starr finished the song, Starr adding drums and handclaps, McCartney adding more vocals, bass guitar, and lead guitar. Lennon and Harrison were again occupied, supervising string overdubs for "Piggies" and "Glass Onion".

Lennon's reaction
Upon learning about the recording, Lennon was unhappy that McCartney recorded the song without him. In his 1980 interview with Playboy, he was asked about it:
 * Playboy: "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?"
 * Lennon: That's Paul. He even recorded it by himself in another room. That's how it was getting in those days. We came in and he'd made the whole record. Him drumming [sic]. Him playing the piano. Him singing. But he couldn't—he couldn't—maybe he couldn't make the break from the Beatles. I don't know what it was, you know. I enjoyed the track. Still, I can't speak for George, but I was always hurt when Paul would knock something off without involving us. But that's just the way it was then.
 * Playboy: You never just knocked off a track by yourself?
 * Lennon: No.

"Julia" was recorded four days after the first session for "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?," and is a solo performance by Lennon (double-tracked lead vocals and acoustic guitar), though McCartney was present for the recording, as he can be heard talking to Lennon from the control room after a take on the Beatles' Anthology 3.

In a 1981 conversation with Hunter Davies, who had written a biography of the Beatles in 1968, McCartney responded to a Yoko Ono interview where she said McCartney had hurt Lennon more than anyone else, by saying, "No one ever goes on about the times John hurt me ... Could I have hurt him more than the person who ran down his mother in his car?" He then brought up Lennon's comments about "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?": "There's only one incident I can think of that John has mentioned publicly. It was when I went off with Ringo and did 'Why Don't We Do It in the Road'. It wasn't a deliberate thing. John and George were tied up finishing something and me and Ringo were free, just hanging around, so I said to Ringo, 'Let's go and do this.'"

McCartney also expressed some lingering resentment about a similar incident with "Revolution 9", recorded in June 1968, a few months before "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?": "Anyway, he did the same with 'Revolution 9'. He went off and made that without me. No one ever says that. John is the nice guy and I'm the bastard. It gets repeated all the time."

Legacy
Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of its release, Jacob Stolworthy of The Independent listed "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" at number 27 in his ranking of the White Album's 30 tracks. He wrote: "Essentially a Paul McCartney track song (he recorded it alone) and as good a song inspired by the sight of two monkeys having sex on a street in India could ever be."

The song was recorded by Lowell Fulson, an American blues singer, in 1969 on the Jewel label. Fulson's version included the lyrics "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" "No one will be watching us" from the original, along with "Why Don't We Do It in the car?" and other lines not in the Beatles version. The Fulson recording credits Lennon and McCartney as writers and was featured on the soundtrack of the 2007 film American Gangster.

Personnel
Personnel per Ian MacDonald
 * Paul McCartney – vocals, thumped acoustic guitar, piano, electric guitar, bass, handclaps
 * Ringo Starr – drums, handclaps

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Why Don't We Do It in the Road?


text: Template:Sacramento Kings roster

title: Template:Sacramento Kings roster


text:
Natividad

Natividad (Spanish for "Nativity") may refer to:

 * Natividad, California, USA
 * Natividad, Pangasinan, Philippines
 * General Mamerto Natividad, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
 * Natividad, Oaxaca, Mexico
 * Isla Natividad, a Pacific island west of Baja California Sur, Mexico
 * Natividad, a fictional ship in the Horatio Hornblower novel The Happy Return by C. S. Forester
 * Convento de la Natividad y San José, a former convent in Madrid

title: Natividad


text:
User:R U Bn

My quick links

 * Template_messages
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Sandbox
R U Bn ( • contrib)

R U Bn

Signature depends on "my preferences"
 * 3~ R U Bn (Talk • contrib)
 * 4~ R U Bn (Talk • contrib) 13:34, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
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title: User:R U Bn


text: Talk:Machine Gun in the Clown's Hand

title: Talk:Machine Gun in the Clown's Hand


text:
Talk:The Middletown Journal

Infobox etc.
Infobox is missing info. Needs front page, cost of copy of paper, etc. The article is missing expanded mention of its political and editorial policies/stance. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 15:32, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

Untitled
Daily, Mar. 19, 1957-; Former: Daily (except Sun.) 1891-Sept. 2, 1921 Daily (except Sat.) Sept. 4, 1921- Daily (except Sun.) -Mar. 18, 1957

title: Talk:The Middletown Journal


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I Will

"I Will" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as "the White Album"). It was written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney) and features him on lead vocal, guitar, and "vocal bass".

Background
"I Will" was one of the songs composed by the Beatles and their associates while in Rishikesh, India. Although the music came together fairly easily, the words were worked on in India, and remained unfinished even as recording began back in London. McCartney recalled that while in Rishikesh he and Donovan had written a set of lyrics with a "moon" theme, but he found them inadequate and so replaced them with "very simple words, straight love-song words". Donovan could not recall writing any of the early lyrics for the song but said that he possibly assisted McCartney with the "shape of the chords", in keeping with the "descending movements" in his own melodies.

McCartney also commented on "I Will": "It's still one of my favourite melodies that I've written. You just occasionally get lucky with a melody and it becomes rather complete and I think this is one of them; quite a complete tune."

Recording
Recording for "I Will" took place at EMI Studios in London on 16 September 1968, with McCartney completing overdubs the following day. The basic track required 67 takes. George Harrison was not present at the session.

During take 19, McCartney ad-libbed an untitled song. Referred to as "Can you take me back?", a 28-second segment of this ended up on side four of The Beatles, at the end of "Cry Baby Cry", as what author Ian MacDonald described as "a sinister introduction to 'Revolution 9'".

In take 29, McCartney, as an ad-lib, sung "won't" in place of "will" during the first verse before John Lennon replies, "Yes you will." McCartney chuckles after this ad-lib and then the song ends at this point. This take was included in the expanded box set of The Beatles released in 2018.

Release and reception
Apple Records released The Beatles on 22 November 1968, with "I Will" sequenced as the penultimate track on side two, between "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" and "Julia". During an interview for Radio Luxembourg to promote the release, McCartney emphasised the wide range of musical styles found on the double album. He said that "I Will" was a legacy of the Beatles having had to satisfy requests for styles such as rhumba during their pre-fame years in Hamburg.

Author Jonathan Gould identifies "I Will" as an effective "demure punchline" to the sexual suggestiveness of "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?", and similar in mood and form to McCartney's 1966 song "Here, There and Everywhere". He also views it as lacking in genuine emotion, however, due to the lyrics and musical arrangement, and concludes: "This is one of the few instances in which the restraint Paul typically brought to his ballad singing blanches into something that sounds like simple indifference. 'Who knows how long I've loved you?' he asks, and it's tempting to think, 'Who cares?'" Howard Sounes welcomes the diversification of McCartney's non-rock White Album contributions such as "Martha My Dear" and "Honey Pie" but he says of "I Will": "[It] exemplified Paul's weakness for the soft-centred love song. The melody was catchy, but the lyric, about loving his beloved forever and ever, etc., was the sickliest cliché, a taste of what was to come."

Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of its release, Jacob Stolworthy of The Independent listed "I Will" at number 12 in his ranking of the White Album's 30 tracks. He called the song "crystalline proof that no one can write a love song as effortlessly as McCartney", adding that McCartney’s selection of it among his personal favourites is a tough choice to argue with. The song was sung in the 1994 film Love Affair, starring Annette Bening and Warren Beatty.

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald:
 * Paul McCartney – lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitars, "vocal bass"
 * John Lennon – percussion, maracas
 * Ringo Starr – bongos, cymbals

title: I Will


text:
User:TonyBushido

boooyat!

more later...

title: User:TonyBushido


text:
Talk:Isotope analysis

Comments
This page needs adding to. It is very onesided, unless you are an archaeologist. The term "isotopic analysis" should also link to the same page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.44.187.3 (talk • contribs) 16:07, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Oxygen isotopes
Cleaned the recently added oxygen section. It needs sourcing and wikifying. Vsmith 03:01, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Typo
"'For best result the researcher would need to know the original leaves, or an estimation there of, of isotopes in the organism at the time of it's death.'"

Should this read: "... the original levels ...."? --Eroica 12:33, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * NO. this paragraph is one of the worst written I've seen It should, as most of the article, be rewritten. Jclerman (talk) 13:07, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

forensics
confusion between isotope variations and isotope compositions Jclerman (talk) 13:03, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

New sections
I think it would be good to define light stable isotope analysis or have a section on it near the beginning. Sections 1.1.1 to 1.1.3 are relevant but could be incorporated into the applications of isotope analysis. It would also be good to have a brief section on the measurement of isotope ratios with an external link or two to mass spectrometry etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.145.243.246 (talk • contribs) 20:52, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The whole "Tissues affected" section is only relevant to archaeology and only relevant to δ18O. The information seems fine (although there are no citations in the whole section), but the specificity is misleading. Someone with little background might gather that stable isotopes are only recorded in animals with bones (when in fact isotope analysis is used on all kinds of organisms, all kinds of tissues, and plenty of non-biological materials). This whole section should be removed and information folded into the Archaeology subsection. Natural ironist (talk) 00:11, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

Intro
Could somebody possibly write an intro that's not just a collection of jargon-words? An encyclopaedia is not a technical manual, it is to tell lay people about the subject. The intro is particularly important in this regard. What is it used in, archaeology? Then "Isotope analysis is a technique used in archaeology..." What does it do? Maybe "...that uses mass spectrometry to measure the ratio of certain isotopes..." What does it show, where somebody came from? Then "...to determine the place of origin of archaeological remains." I don't know if any of that is right. I came to the article to find out! If somebody with the knowledge is watching this page, can you please write an intro that will help the reader. 86.41.40.165 (talk) 06:31, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I totally agree the intro needs to be rewritten especially since the two sentences on delta O16 & O18 seem to be in total contradiction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.199.156.135 (talk) 19:20, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

General Issues
This article is somewhat redundant with other, better articles, such as isotopic signature and isotope geochemistry (less general, better explanations). I understand the need for some kind of general explanation page, but this page currently does a terrible job at providing a general overview of a field that is very much defined by its diverse applications. One option would be to retool this article as "Isotope Analysis in Archaeology", and create a list for isotopic applications. Otherwise, this article needs substantial revisions to make it general and unique. This article might merit renaming to "Stable Isotope Analysis" since there is no discussion of radiogenic isotopes. Natural ironist (talk) 00:36, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

 * More succinctly I think this article should be merged with isotopic signature, as there is substantial overlap between the two. Isotopic signature is a somewhat better article but lacks information about fields that are discussed more adequately here. Natural ironist (talk) 00:43, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

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Talk:Scott Rosenberg

External Links Silliness
"However, his profiling of people with disabilities takes away from the perfection of this film. It certainly is shocking that a Jewish man doesn't have the sensitivity to not profile other minorities. A line from Beautiful Girls, "It's like a 'mental patient' who doesn't know that he's 'mental.'" Profiling of individuals as "mental" or "mental patient" is demeaning and is a form of hate language. Scott Rosenburg could have eliminated this line and had a beautiful movie; instead, it is a turn--off---a crass jab at those least able to defend themselves---folks with disabilities." 67.168.235.225 22-Nov 2007

 * Should this be erased? Personally I think it's silly and fun.  On the other hand, It's poor film criticism.  Also it's not entirely factual; Jews definitely profile minorities and Beautiful Girls (film) falls short of beautiful in more ways than its use of the word mental.  Less important, isn't this POV and not wiki-kosher?  Anyone want to cyber?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Usernamism (talk • contribs) 03:41, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

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Registered port

A registered port is a network port designated for use with a certain protocol or application.

Registered port numbers are currently assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and were assigned by Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) before March 21, 2001, and were assigned by the Information Sciences Institute (USC/ISI) before 1998.

Ports with numbers 0–1023 are called system or well-known ports; ports with numbers 1024-49151 are called user or  registered ports, and ports with numbers 49152-65535 are called dynamic, private or ephemeral ports. Both system and user ports are used by transport protocols (TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP) to identify an application or service.

title: Registered port


text:
Mother Nature's Son

"Mother Nature's Son" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as "the White Album"). The song was written primarily by Paul McCartney, and credited to Lennon–McCartney. It was inspired by a lecture given by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi while the Beatles were in India. The same lecture inspired Lennon's song "Child of Nature", the tune of which he later re-used for "Jealous Guy". Although credited to the group, the song was performed by McCartney alone (with a brass arrangement by George Martin), while the other Beatles were working on other "White Album" songs.

According to Paul McCartney he was inspired by Nat King Cole's song "Nature Boy" he heard growing up. He wrote the song in Liverpool when he visited his father.

Recording
McCartney recorded the song during the height of the tensions that marred the sessions for the White Album. On 9 August 1968, he recorded 25 takes singing and playing acoustic guitar simultaneously. Take 24 was perceived to be the best (take 2 later appeared on Anthology 3). McCartney recorded overdubs of timpani, another guitar, fingers slapping on a book and drums on 20 August, when George Martin's orchestral contributions were also added. The drums were put halfway down an uncarpeted corridor with the microphones at the far end, resulting in a bongo-like staccato sound. John Lennon did not play on the recording, but McCartney said he contributed some words to the song in India. When Lennon (who hated McCartney recording without the rest of the band) and Ringo Starr walked into the studio after McCartney had finished, "you could have cut the atmosphere with a knife", recalled engineer Ken Scott.

Legacy
Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of its release, Jacob Stolworthy of The Independent listed "Mother Nature's Son" at number 15 in his ranking of the White Album's 30 tracks. He praised McCartney's vocals, writing "the anguish [in them] alone makes this one of the album's most emotional songs."

Personnel
Personnel per Ian MacDonald:
 * Paul McCartney – double-tracked vocal, acoustic guitars, timpani, bass drum, book slaps
 * Unknown – two trumpets, two trombones

Covers and mashups

 * Mikey Erg recorded a pop-punk influenced cover of the song on his 2020 EP "Bon Voyage."
 * Jack White covered the song at the White House when McCartney was being given the Gershwin Prize on 2 June 2010.
 * Ramsey Lewis covered the song and used it as the title of his 1968 album Mother Nature's Son. The album includes other Beatles songs.
 * Harry Nilsson covered the song in 1969 for his album Harry.
 * John Denver covered the song on his Grammy winning An Evening with John Denver album, it was also on his 1972 album Rocky Mountain High, and after his death it became the title of a biography of Denver by John Collis.
 * Gryphon covered the song in 1974 on the album Raindance.
 * Sheryl Crow covered it for the movie I Am Sam.
 * Danger Mouse included a sample of the song in his "mashup" version of the Jay-Z song "December 4th" for his The Grey Album.
 * Phish covered the song on 31 October 1994 as part of a full set covering the entire White Album. It can be found on Live Phish Volume 13.

title: Mother Nature's Son


text:
Emma Lake (Saskatchewan)

Emma Lake is a recreational lake in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is located near the southern limit of the boreal forest, about 45 km north of Prince Albert. The lake is within the District of Lakeland No. 521 and east of Prince Albert National Park. There are several small communities and recreational opportunities around Emma Lake and much of the northern half is within Great Blue Heron Provincial Park. Access to the lakes is from Highways 953, 952, and 263.

Description
Emma Lake is in the Spruce River drainage basin. The Spruce River is a tributary of the North Saskatchewan River. The lake consists of three main sections that are connected by narrow straits. The northern section is mostly within Great Blue Heron Provincial Park and includes Fairy Island Wildlife Refuge (53.6187°N, -105.9463°W) and the small community of Okema Beach. Cattle Island separates the northern section from the central one and Murray Point and McPhail Cove are found there. The strait at McIntosh Point separates the central section from the southern one. The southern section consists of Munsons and Sunset Bays and numerous communities, including Neis Beach, Emma Lake, Guise Beach, and Sunnyside Beach. Montreal Creek is the primary natural inflow while Emma Lake diversion from Anglin Lake is the greatest by volume inflow. Prior to the completion of the diversion, neither Emma nor neighbouring Christopher Lake were connected to the Spruce River.

Emma Lake diversion
Anglin, Emma, and Christopher Lakes historically have experienced extreme variations in seasonal water levels. To help alleviate this, with the construction of Spruce River Dam in 1960, the Emma Lake diversion was constructed from Anglin Lake to Emma Lake. The 10-kilometre diversion channel begins at a pumphouse about one kilometre north-east of Spruce River Dam on Anglin Lake. Water is lifted up eight metres at a maximum rate of .65 m3 per second through a 284-metre pipeline into Gladys Lake. From there, the water uses gravity to travel through ditches, natural channels, and Blanche and Mae Lakes en route to the northern end of Emma Lake. The diversion channel went into operation on 23 June 1961 and, within a few years, Emma Lake water levels rose 1.8 m above 1960 levels. Annually, about 3000 dam3 is pumped into Emma Lake. The Emma Lake diversion project also included the construction of the Christopher Lake diversion. The first part of the Christopher Lake diversion is a short channel connects Emma Lake near Neis Beach to Christopher Lake at Clearsand Beach. The diversion opened in 1965 and, a few years later, water levels in Christopher Lake rose 2.2 metres from 1960 levels. Controlling the outflow from Emma Lake is a .90 m grated culvert control structure through Highway 953. At the southern end of Christopher Lake is the second part of the Christopher Lake diversion project. It was the final phase of the diversion project and it involved constructing the lake's outflow at Christopher Creek. Christopher Creek is a partially natural run and partially constructed channel that flows south from Christopher Lake near the village of Christopher Lake to the Spruce River south of the Little Red River Indian Reserve. Water flowing into Christopher Creek is controlled by a two-bay log-stop structure which controls flow into two 1.07 m culverts. The structure allows drawdown of both Emma and Christopher Lakes simultaneously. This final phase of the project wasn't completed until 1975.

Fish species
Fish commonly found in the lake include walleye, northern pike, white sucker, and yellow perch.

title: Emma Lake (Saskatchewan)


text:
WTOC-TV

WTOC-TV (channel 11) is a television station in Savannah, Georgia, United States, affiliated with CBS and owned by Gray Television. The station's studios are located off Chatham Center Drive in Savannah's Chatham Parkway section, and its transmitter is located along Fort Argyle Road/SR 204 in unincorporated Chatham County.

History
On October 15, 1929, WTOC radio signed on as the first radio station in the Savannah area. It was an enterprise of civic group Junior Board of Trade that was the forerunner of the Savannah Jaycees. It was later purchased by William Knight, Jr., who eventually added an FM station in 1946.

On February 14, 1954, Knight took a great financial risk and established WTOC-TV as the first television station in the Savannah area. WTOC-AM-FM had long been the area's CBS Radio Network affiliate, so WTOC-TV joined CBS and has been with the network ever since. It carried programming from all four networks for two years until WSAV-TV (channel 3) signed-on in 1956 and took the NBC affiliation. WTOC-TV then shared ABC with WSAV-TV until WJCL-TV (channel 22) signed-on in 1970.

Channel 11 originally operated from studios on Abercorn Street in downtown Savannah. A self-supporting triangle-shaped tower was perched atop the studio. In 1957, WTOC activated its current 1,500 ft tower along Fort Argyle Road in southwestern Chatham County. This significantly increased its coverage area. The original tower is still used as a backup to this day, and is a landmark of the downtown area.

Knight sold WTOC-AM-FM-TV to AFLAC in 1979. That company sold off the radio stations with the AM station becoming WTKS and the FM station WQBT. In 1996, AFLAC sold its entire television group, including WTOC, to a group headed by Retirement Systems of Alabama which merged it with Ellis Communications to form Raycom Media. As a condition of the AFLAC-Ellis broadcast merger, Raycom had to sell off WSAV, which Ellis had just bought a year earlier. This situation arose because the FCC did not permit duopolies at the time; this rule was partially repealed in 2000 with a caveat that a duopoly is possible with at least eight full-power stations owned by different companies, but cannot consist of two of the four highest-rated stations in the market. In addition, Savannah had only six full-power television stations at the time, which was too few to accommodate a duopoly.

In 1995, it moved to new facilities (known as "The News Place") on the west side of Savannah at Chatham Parkway in 1995. Since that time, the downtown building has become offices for the President of Savannah College of Art and Design.

A station editorial, a rarity on many American television stations since the repeal of the Fairness Doctrine, continues to be presented by WTOC general manager Larry Silbermann after the 6 p.m. newscast usually every two weeks. Silbermann's viewpoints are very conservative in nature. While WTOC's regular mail and website address are offered after each of these editorials, counterpoint responses by other parties are never offered on-air.

Sale to Gray Television
On June 25, 2018, Atlanta-based Gray Television announced it had reached an agreement with Raycom to merge their respective broadcasting assets (consisting of Raycom's 63 existing owned-and/or-operated television stations, including WTOC-TV), and Gray's 93 television stations) under the former's corporate umbrella. The cash-and-stock merger transaction valued at $3.6 billion – in which Gray shareholders would acquire preferred stock currently held by Raycom – resulted in WTOC becoming a sister station to CBS/NBC affiliate WRDW-TV and WAGT-CD in Augusta (while separating it from WFXG). The sale was approved on December 20 and completed on January 2, 2019.

News operation
WTOC has led the local Nielsen ratings in Savannah for most of the time since records have been kept. While WSAV and WJCL made a serious threat in the 1970s, WTOC has won every timeslot since 1980, often garnering more viewers than its rivals combined. Its dominance is so absolute that the station currently calls its newscasts simply The News. WTOC airs more than seven hours of news a day, a considerable amount for a station in the 97th market and far more than any other station in Savannah. WTOC is the only station in Savannah to air a midday newscast. On August 24, 2015, WTOC introduced the market's first 7 p.m. newscast.

The station won both Emmy and Edward R. Murrow awards for news gathering efforts in 2003. In addition, the station pulled in eleven Georgia Associated Press Awards in 2004. In 2005, Chris Clark won an Emmy for his football special and an Edward R. Murrow award for his story about a high school football player. In 2006, an Emmy was awarded to Mike Manhatton and Zach Powers for Freedom Fighters, a story about 3rd Infantry Division soldiers in Iraq. In 2007, Zach Powers, Alex Monarch, and Chris Clark won an Emmy for editing a special series on Rosa Parks. The same year, Chris Clark won the Emmy for best sports reporter.

On October 10, 2010, WTOC became the second station in Savannah to begin broadcasting news in high definition. Its half-hour weekday afternoon show at 4 p.m. is streamed live online. Since CBS Sports programming can sometimes preempt the 6 p.m. hour on Saturdays, WTOC also airs a newscast at 7 p.m. The station operates its own weather radar (known as "Doppler Max 11") at its studios.

On September 26, 2011, then-sister outlet Fox affiliate WFXG in Augusta launched its first ever in-house news operation. In partnership with a news director based at WTOC in Savannah, WFXG hired multimedia journalists to shoot, edit, and report coverage in the Augusta area. At this point, five personalities have joined that station and work out of WFXG's facility. All anchors for news, weather and sports are provided by WTOC and the nightly prime time broadcast at 10 p.m. originates live from this station's studios.

Until September 2019, WTOC broadcast CBS This Morning on a one-hour delay, unlike other CBS stations in the Eastern Time Zone, instead airing an extended version of The News at Daybreak at 7 a.m. On September 16, 2019, however, the delay ended when WTOC started broadcasting a new local talk show Morning Break at 9 a.m., which pushed CBS This Morning back an hour to the network's recommended timeslot.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WTOC-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 15 to VHF channel 11 for post-transition operations.

title: WTOC-TV


text:
Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey

"Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as the "White Album"). It was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The lyrics contain sayings the Beatles heard from Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, with whom they studied Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968. In his subsequent comments on the song, Lennon said it addressed his bandmates' initial reaction to his relationship with Yoko Ono. Recorded early in the sessions for the White Album, the track typifies Lennon and the Beatles' return to a rock sound in 1968 after their psychedelic period.

Background
"Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey" was one of many songs written by John Lennon in or shortly after the Beatles' return from Rishikesh in India, where they studied Transcendental Meditation with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. The lyrics contain some of the Maharishi's favourite sayings relating to the meditation experience. According to George Harrison, aside from the reference to a monkey, the lyrics were almost entirely taken from the Maharishi's pronouncements; Harrison gave "Everybody's got something to hide" and "Come on is such a joy" as examples of their teacher's pet sayings. In the case of the latter, the Maharishi's full teaching was: "Come on. It's such a joy. Take it easy. Take it as it comes. Enjoy!"

Lennon's comments on the song in 1980 confuse chronological events, since it predates his relationship with Yoko Ono and the start of recording for the Beatles' self-titled double album (also known as the "White Album"). He said the lyrics addressed his bandmates' disapproval of his affair with Ono, which began soon after he and his wife Cynthia returned from India. According to Lennon's recollection:

"That was just a sort of nice line that I made into a song. It was about me and Yoko. Everybody seemed to be paranoid except for us two, who were in the glow of love. Everything is clear and open when you're in love. Everybody was sort of tense around us: you know, 'What is she doing here at the session? Why is she with him?' All this sort of madness is going on around us because we just happened to want to be together all the time."

Paul McCartney believed that the song was about heroin, as the term "monkey" is often associated with the drug. McCartney said: "John started talking about fixes and monkeys. It was a harder terminology, which the rest of us weren't into." Lennon referred to the song in the final interview he gave before his murder in December 1980, saying: "As I put it in my last incarnation, 'Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey'. It means really that one cannot be absolutely oneself in public, because the fact that you're in public makes you ... you have to have some kind of defence, or whatever it is."

Recording
Lennon's working title for the composition was "Come on, Come on". An Esher Demo of the song, recorded at Harrison's Esher home in May 1968, features a backing of acoustic guitars and percussion, and is performed in a more relaxed style compared to the album version.

In author Ian MacDonald's view, the Beatles' recording of "Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey" serves as a "further stage in the post-psychedelic re-emergence of Lennon the rock-and-roller, signalled in 'Hey Bulldog'". The band began working on the basic track at EMI Studios on 26 June, although those takes were subsequently discarded and they taped a new basic track the following day. The dates were the Beatles' first full group sessions since early June, as Harrison had travelled to California to film his segments in the Ravi Shankar documentary Raga and Ringo Starr, eager to escape the acrimony within the band, chose to accompany him. During his time away, Harrison resolved to recommit to the guitar as his main instrument, having studied sitar under Shankar's tutelage since 1966; in author Jonathan Gould's description, "Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey" thereby provides the first example of Harrison's "vigorous return to form" on the White Album, as he contributes an "angry droning jabber on lead guitar".

Lennon's lead vocals and other overdubs were added to this performance on 1 July and 23 July. Among the overdubs were handclaps, background shouting, an additional snare drum (in the segments following the song title), and a second bass part by McCartney over the build-up before the fadeout. The recording was sped up by mixing the tape running at 43 hertz instead of the usual 50, a process that raised the song's key from D major to E major. Stereo mixing was completed on 12 October.

Release and reception
Apple Records released The Beatles on 22 November 1968. "Everybody's Got Something to Hide" was sequenced as the fourth track on side three of the double LP, between "Mother Nature's Son" and Lennon's rebuke of the Maharishi, "Sexy Sadie".

Among contemporary reviews, Record Mirror commented on the "strange vibrations" provided by Lennon on the album and described the song as worthy of "the oddest title of the year award". The writer added: "Full of take-it-easies and woven with a strong vintage Beatles backing, it moves with lines like 'The higher you fly the deeper you go' and 'Your inside is out and your outside is in' ... but the end takes the cake." Barry Miles of International Times said the song had "a great set of lyrics for those who want to read drug meanings in" and "ends with Bo Diddley, clanging bells and 'come-on, come-on, come-on' like the 'Gobble Chorus' by the Fugs".

Reviewing for Rolling Stone, Jann Wenner lauded the album as a representation of "the history and synthesis of Western music", and in "Everybody's Got Something to Hide" he welcomed how "all the old elements of the Beatles are brought back, right up to date, including use of all the old fashions and conventions in such a refreshingly new manner." Wenner highlighted the song's structure and harmonic tones in this regard, adding that listeners should compare it with Steppenwolf's incorporation of the same elements in their work. Melody Maker's Alan Walsh similarly dismissed the idea that the Beatles were merely "going backwards" and credited Lennon with being the main impetus for the album's "staple diet of rock". He described the song as "a plea to take it easy and be cool" with a "tremendous driving beat with heavy electric guitar predominating".

Writing for Rolling Stone shortly after Harrison's death in November 2001, David Fricke featured the track in his article "25 Essential Harrison Performances". Calling it an "explosion of blistering guitars and barking vocals", Fricke concluded: "The song is a Lennon salute to the joys of 1950s rock & roll animalism. But its locomotive heart is Harrison's whirl-around guitar figure, played with ferocious attitude against Lennon's crisp strum and the incessant clang of a hand bell."

In 2018, the music staff of Time Out London ranked the track at number 13 on their list of the best Beatles songs. Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of its release, Jacob Stolworthy of The Independent listed "Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey" at number 21 in his ranking of the White Album's 30 tracks. He wrote that "With its jangly guitar riff, repetitive lyrics and frantic bass line, this song – borne from the growing unease with Yoko Ono's presence in the studio – grows more fun with each listen."

Personnel
According to Walter Everett, except where noted:

 * John Lennon – double tracked lead vocal, rhythm guitar, handclaps
 * Paul McCartney – backing vocal, bass, second bass, hand bell, chocalho, handclaps
 * George Harrison – backing vocal, lead guitar, handclaps
 * Ringo Starr – drums, handclaps

Cover versions

 * Larry Harlow did a cover as "Me and My Monkey" on his album of the same name in 1969.
 * Fats Domino covered the song in 1969. In a 1972 interview, Lennon highlighted it as a "great version".
 * The Feelies did a cover of the song on their 1980 debut album Crazy Rhythms.
 * Soundgarden covered the song during a 1989 Peel session.
 * Phish, on the album Live Phish Volume 13.
 * Chisato Moritaka covered the song on her 1994 album Step by Step.
 * Kristin Hersh on the 1999 EP Echo.
 * When Mojo released The White Album Recovered in 2008, part of a continuing series of CDs of Beatles albums covered track-by-track by modern artists, the track was covered by My Brightest Diamond.


text:
Malkuth

Malkuth (מַלְכוּת "kingdom"; Ashkenazi: Malkhus ), Malkhut, Malkhuth, or Malchus, is the tenth of the sefirot in the Kabbalistic Tree of Life.

Description
In the Zohar, an important Kabbalistic text from late al-Andalus, Malkuth sits at the bottom of the Tree of Life below Yesod and "governs the simple fact of existence in the physical world"; it is also known as Shekhinah. "[T]he central teaching of the Zohar coalesced around an anthropomorphic model, in which the sefirot represent a cosmic anthropos. The lower sefirot, Malkhut, Yesod, Hod, and Nezah, constitute the most physical dimension of life, the nefesh."

Unlike the other nine sephirot, it is an attribute of God which does not emanate from God directly. Rather it emanates from God's creation—when that creation reflects and evinces God's glory from within itself.

In Western esotericism
Malkuth means Kingdom. It is associated with the realm of matter/earth and relates to the physical world, the planets and the Solar System. It is important not to think of this sephirah as "unspiritual". Even though Malkuth is the emanation "furthest" from the Divine Source, it is still on the Tree of Life and therefore has its own unique spiritual qualities. It is often said that Kether (the "highest" sephira) is in Malkuth and Malkuth is in Kether. As the receiving sphere of all the other sephiroth, Malkuth gives tangible form to the other emanations. The Divine energy comes down and finds its expression in this plane, and our purpose as human beings is to bring that energy back around the circuit again and back up the Tree.

Some occultists have also likened Malkuth to a cosmic filter, as it lies above the world of the qlippoth, or the Tree of Death. The qlippoth, being the world of chaos, is constructed from the imbalance of the original sephirot in the Tree of Life. For this reason Malkuth is associated with the feet and anus of the human body, the feet connecting the body to Earth, and the anus being the body's "filter" through which waste is excreted, just as Malkuth excretes unbalanced energy into the qlippoth. Another way to understand this is that when one is sitting, as in a meditative state, it is the anus that makes physical contact with the Earth, whereas when one is standing or walking, it is the feet that come in contact with the Earth.

Malkuth is also associated with the World of Assiah, the material plane, and the "densest" of the Four Worlds of the Kabbalah. Because of this relation to Assiah, it is also related to the suit of Pentacles or Coins of the Tarot. Through Assiah, Malkuth is also related to the four Page cards in the Tarot as well. There is also a connection between Malkuth and the tenth card of each suit in Tarot as Malkuth is the tenth sephiroth. In the modern set of playing cards, Malkuth is related to the Suit of Diamonds' symbolizing material wealth, or the treasures found in the physical world. Malkuths association with the Page cards of the Tarot is reflected in the modern playing card deck as the Jacks of the deck. As Malkuth is directly associated with Assiah, Malkuth also represents the second He (ה) in the Tetragrammaton (יהוה), and is associated with the classical element of Earth.

The Names of God associated with Malkuth are Adonai Melekh and Adonai ha-Arets. The Archangel of this sphere is Sandalphon. The Ishim (Souls of Fire) is the Angelic order associated with Malkuth, and the planetary/astrological correspondence of Malkuth is the Earth. The qlippah of Malkuth is represented by the demonic order Nehemoth. Symbols associated with this sphere are a Bride (a young woman on a throne with a veil over her face) and a double cubed altar. Where Binah is known as the Superior Mother, Malkuth is referred to as the Inferior Mother. It is also referred to as the Bride of Microprosopos, where the Macroprosopos is Kether.

Although Malkuth is seen as the "lowest" sephiroth on the tree of life, it also contains within it the potential to reach the highest. This is exemplified in the Hermetic maxim 'As above so below', and "Kether is in Malkuth, and Malkuth is in Kether".

title: Malkuth


text: User:Hardvice

title: User:Hardvice


text:
User talk:Hardvice

pantz
I like your pants. ♥purplefeltangel 12:59, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Pictures
Please do not upload pictures involving shitting, pissing, eating said shit and piss, or other obviously shocking practices in the future. That picture was truly shocking, and I have removed it. -- Phroziac (talk) 05:02, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

Obesity image
Hardvice, please do not carry on with the obesity images. The present image is adequate, has been censored (see talkpage) and is more illustrative than your own (as it shows the central obesity associated with disease). You are not the first editor to come to the article purely to do images, and it is seen as a nuisance by the editors who have worked hard on the content, as can be seen on the talk page. JFW | T@lk  23:20, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The man is naked! His private parts look shadowed by his stomach and that is it!  Hardvice 23:37, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

The private parts have been pixellated out. If you're sitting there zooming into that picture to look for evidence... well... don't do that then. JFW | T@lk  23:50, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

I think your addition of the same image to physical fitness more or less proves my point above. JFW | T@lk  23:53, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

WP:Vandalism
Hi,

Please discuss the changes you are attempting to make to thye Vandalism policy on the talk page. It is not the case that archiving talk pages is considered vandalism. in fact, its actively encouraged. Thnaks, Gwernol 13:45, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I was discussing them with a user I thought was in charge of the article. Hardvice 13:46, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * No one is in charge of any article round here (see WP:OWN). KillerChiuaua (if that's even close to the correct spelling :-) is an admin here, but doesn't carry any special weight beyond that. Generally speaking changes to policy and guidelines should be debated on the article's talk page before the change is implemented (unless its a minor grammatical/spelling fix). Changes to policy can have unintended side effects and greatly effect all editors, so its a good idea to have an open discussion before changing things. Gwernol 13:54, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

ED "alternate" logo
Hey, wanted to comment on this obvious copyright infringement, but didn't know where. Guidance? Karwynn (talk) 21:03, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Archive?
Where am I claiming to "archive"?? Get your facts straight bud. (→ Netscott ) 05:18, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Your commentary is groundless... there's no way that Wikipedia is going to rely upon "evidence" that comes from ED... therefore such commentary that relies upon it is irrelevant. (→ Netscott ) 05:21, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Image
I went ahead and deleted the photo per your request on WP:PUI. FCYTravis 07:49, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you. It's best to reupload it with a different file name. Hardvice 07:53, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Guardian ED Ref
You might want to mention that the first paragraph specifically refers to:

So the Guardian is describing the content in that article. Seems worth mentioning, I'm staying bowed out... rootology 01:08, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

"Encyclopaedia Dramatica contains a photo of George Bush with the American Constitution and with tl;dr inscribed on his forehead.
 * mention where? And you still talk. Can't you mention?  Hardvice 01:12, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * On this newspaper source from one of England's major newspapers,

TL;DR - or tl;dr, tl:dr, tl,dr or tl/dr - is net-derived lingo for 'too long; didn't read'. refers to, quite clearly. So, a reputable news source (RS) has now apparently cited Encyclopedia Dramatica (V). rootology 01:27, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Ethics?
Where do you stand in terms of ethics? Is all of the spamming that occurred over the ED article have any connection to yourself? With your previous history it is very easy to question your editing and "contributions" on Wikipedia. (→ Netscott ) 02:35, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Why do you consider corrupting an AFD by hiding evidence that's against your position and evidence that disproves false allegations by you ethical?

I have included a dictionary link for you Hardvice 02:46, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not "hiding" anything you've just duplicated User:Rootology's own addition. I've asked User:Rootology to remove your now duplicated content. I respect that he's able to abide by principals of logic and will respond accordingly. (→ Netscott ) 02:50, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I put it there first. Hardvice 02:51, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Your commentary constitutes uncessary bloat. User:Rootology knows how to properly cite the given information you've added. He didn't add a whole quarter page of info to the AfD but made a link to the talk page section that corresponds to it... that's just logical thinking. Hello... you can remove your now duplicated section. (→ Netscott ) 02:57, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Please stop edit warring on Articles for deletion/Encyclopædia Dramatica (3rd nomination)
This is addressed simultaneously to and.

Guys, please stop edit warring over this deletion discussion. If someone adds a comment to an AfD, it's not a good idea to remove it and you can be blocked for doing so. As you're both warring, I would consider blocking both of you should you continue. --Tony Sidaway 02:52, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Can you please make sure all comments stay? I know you don't like the website, but well I was going to say it's only got quotes of you from wikipedia.  But well it did have that before you got into tying to bring the site's article down so I think that should at least count for something, that before you went after the article, the site made no attacks on you at all (it only attacked the person you banned).  I hope this count as just a little to how you fell about the site. Hardvice 03:00, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * What on earth are you talking about? --Tony Sidaway 03:15, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * What part or parts do you not understand? Hardvice 04:04, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * All of it.

 * By the way, I gave you a three-hour block for persistent trolling on what you appear to believe is MONGO's IP number. This is a form of harassment. Don't do it again. --Tony Sidaway 04:07, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * That was old stuff. You shouldn't block for old stuff.

 * Okay, let's go through this now. First, I thought you hate Encyclopedia Dramatica because it mentioned things about you, correct or not?   Second, before you tried to take the article down (including banning and blocking people who supported it), there only were quotes from wikipedia from you with references -- it made no attacks against you, either.  Sure there's more now, but that's in retaliation to your actions against the site's fans and editors.  But you hated it before then, when it only just said promethspan was (well it said something bad about him), then quoted you looking tough and I think that it should count for something that you shouldn't hate the site so much.  What do you think?  Hardvice 04:22, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It wasn't old stuff..

 * I don't hate Encyclopedia Dramatica. I've argued for deletion of the article because I don't think we, as a community, can produce a neutral article on the subject. I neither know nor care whether what you say about that website "attacking" me is true.  As long as the childish attacks and trolling against Wikipedians remain on ED, fine.  When the attacks are copied here, as they have recently, then they get removed.

 * In short, I don't think you understand quite how focused we are on producing an encyclopedia. To that end, your trolling must be kept away from those working on it. --Tony Sidaway 04:34, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't like the wikipedia article on it. Not just recent versions, but old ones, too.  It's basically a war between people trying to promote certain aspects of the site (probably what they edited), and those that hate the site -- so it produces to me something bad.  Also, the site bashes furries a lot, but still on wikifur  they did a better article than on wikipedia.  Basically, it would be better to just go right with what sources say and that's it.  People should say just what's in the sources.  The Uncyclopedia article has some problem of too much unsourced information, and I think it looks ugly from it, too.  You know if the site goes to the Parody subpage, it would be the same problem.  If it's kept in article space, even as a stub and people have to use just what's in sources, then it might get rid of the problem.

 * About the block, I was not Trolling. Block reason even said, "what he believes." Trolls do not say things they believe, they say things they don't believe. I request that if I am blocked, the reason be changed to something that is true. State my actions, but do not state false intentions--"trolling" is a false intention. This can be done with an unblock and reblock. Just don't call something trolling when it's not intended.  People can argue, go against social cliques, etc. without being trolls.  If someone sincerely has an objection to something or is upset, etc.  They are not a troll.  If someone just immitates someone who is upset, then they are.  Wikipedia used to say, "extremely strong pov" and disruptive, but now it's all trolling as if people are incapable of actually feeling or thinking something like that, so they must be fakes.

 * As for age of it, Zen already looked over it and did not block me. I even talked with him about it on his talk page.

 * So you are upset over how the site features others on wikipedia, more than yourself?

 * Back to what you said about problems with editing the ED article here related to POV, there's a category Category:Wikipedia_critics and Wikitruth used to have its entire website on the spam blacklist.

 * Personal attack screenshot? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:WikiTruthScreenshot.jpg  It says an administrator recognizes the value of something and I won't repeat the rest.  Hardvice 05:20, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * "So you are upset over how the site features others on wikipedia, more than yourself?" I think it's that kind of non sequitur that, more than anything, convinces me that you are here solely to troll. --Tony Sidaway 05:21, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm not. If I was, I would not bother arguing with you about it.  Please read my explanation.  You do not understand what the word troll means.  Hardvice 05:22, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Warning
Do not post anyone else's IP around again. For the record, and I have stated this several times now I believe, that is not my IP. It belongs to someone else, probably someone who knows me and is aware of both my articles and about the "crap" at encyclopedia dramatica. Your actions are harassment, so cease this immediately.--MONGO 07:07, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought you would not mind posting the IP's edit since it was not you. I'd think you'd want it proven it wasn't you and I expected you to reply and prove it was not you.  Very sorry.  Hardvice 07:18, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hey Hardvice, how do you ask for a Checkuser thing? MONGO said he wouldn't mind, and I'm probably going to.  I thought I'd ask you, because you seem interested also.  Karwynn (talk) 16:16, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Never mind, vandalism on MONGO's part is not serious enough. Karwynn (talk) 16:18, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

FYI rootology 16:47, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Blocked your sock
I've blocked your covert sock,, indefinitely. I'm blocking you for forty-eight hours, which will be lifted immediately if you declare all other socks and agree to avoid socking in future. --Tony Sidaway 16:10, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I will declare my socks, but I will keep the font size small so nobody else but you sees them. Hipocrite and Netscott . I hope you don't tell too many people.  Hardvice 17:51, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * As a result of this discussion, you've been blocked indefinitely to implement a community ban. You may not edit Wikipedia again. --Tony Sidaway 21:58, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Requests for arbitration/MONGO
Hello,

An Arbitration case involving you has been opened: Requests for arbitration/MONGO. Please add evidence to the evidence sub-page, Requests for arbitration/MONGO/Evidence. You may also contribute to the case on the workshop sub-page, Requests for arbitration/MONGO/Workshop.

On behalf of the Arbitration Committee, Thatcher131 (talk) 13:10, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

If you would like to post evidence to the case you can use the unblock template to ask to be unblocked to participate. Thatcher131 (talk) 13:10, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Requests for arbitration/MONGO
This case is now closed and the results have been published at the link above.

and are banned indefinitely from Wikipedia. No action is taken against MONGO for any excessive zeal he has displayed. Links to Encyclopædia Dramatica may be removed wherever found on Wikipedia as may material imported from it. Users who insert links to Encyclopædia Dramatica or who copy material from it here may be blocked for an appropriate period of time. Care should be taken to warn naive users before blocking. Strong penalties may be applied to those linking to or importing material which harasses other users.

For the Arbitration Committee. Arbitration Committee Clerk, FloNight 02:29, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Links to ED removed
Please note I have removed links to the Encyclopedia Dramatica from your talk page. I apologize for the inconvenience. If you have questions, please see -- User:RyanFreisling @ 19:07, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hardvice


text:
Kidnapping of Kim Dae-jung

On August 8, 1973, the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) kidnapped South Korean dissident leader and future president of South Korea Kim Dae-jung from a conference of Korean anti-authoritarian reformers in Tokyo, Japan.

Background
In the 1971 South Korean presidential election, Kim represented the New Democratic Party, challenging incumbent President Park Chung Hee of the Democratic Republican Party. Kim won 45.3% of the popular vote but narrowly lost to Park's 53.2%, by about 900,000 votes. Following the election, Kim was involved in a car accident which left him with a permanent injury on his hip joint.

Believing the accident to be an attempt on his life, Kim fled to Japan where he eventually began an exile movement for democracy in South Korea, following Seoul's declaration of the Yushin Constitution in October 1972 while seeking medical treatment. With widespread allegations of corruption and manipulation of the results, Park turned his regime into a military dictatorship.

Kidnapping
Around 11 AM of August 8, 1973, Kim was attending a meeting with the leader of the Democratic Unification Party held in the Room 2211 of the Hotel Grand Palace in Tokyo. At around 13:19, Kim was abducted by a group of unidentified men as he walked out of the room after the meeting. The entire rest of the floor of that hotel was rumored to have been rented out by a notorious yakuza syndicate run by the South Korean national Machii Hisayuki, a man long known to have extensive ties to the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA). He was then taken into the next door empty Room 2210 where he was drugged and fell unconscious. Kim was later moved to Osaka and later to Seoul, South Korea.

Kim's hands and feet were tied with weights while aboard the boat heading toward Korea, indicating that the kidnappers had intended to drown him by throwing him into the Sea of Japan. They were, however, forced to abandon this plan as the Japan Coast Guard began a pursuit of the kidnappers' boat, and they fired an illuminating shell just when the kidnappers brought Kim on the deck. Subsequently, Kim was released in Busan. He was found alive at his house in Seoul five days after the kidnapping.

According to some reports, Kim was only saved when U.S. Ambassador Philip Habib found out the KCIA was involved and intervened with the South Korean government. He mobilized senior embassy personnel to go around Seoul and speak to prominent Koreans who may have an idea on what happened to Kim Dae-jung without waiting for authorization from Washington, D.C., since doing so could get Kim killed before Habib was allowed to intervene.

NIS inquiry
On October 24, 2007, following an internal inquiry, South Korea's National Intelligence Service (NIS) has admitted that its precursor, the KCIA, undertook the kidnapping, saying it had at least tacit backing from then-leader Park Chung Hee.

Fiction
The film KT depicts the kidnapping of Kim Dae-jung.

title: Kidnapping of Kim Dae-jung


text:
User talk:Oklahoman7

Welcome
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1973 Kidnapping of Kim Dae-Jung
There do not seem to be any references for the material in this article. I saw that you created it. Could you specify your sources in a new References section. Thanx.

TheRingess 08:04, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Aic school logo.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Aic school logo.gif. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Unspecified source for Image:Aic school logo.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Aic school logo.gif. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 02:31, 28 May 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 02:31, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Hello! Shogi question
Hi Oklahoman,

I have a question about shogi. At Ko shogi, someone asked about the promotion of the 記室 Clerk, on how many guards promote with it. (There are two 前衛 Advance Guards and two 後衛 Rear Guards.) My Japanese is not good enough to tell.

The relevant Japanese text (from Japanese wikipedia) is:

 * 記室が軍師に成ったとき、同時に前衛と後衛も成る. ただし、記室は敵陣に入っても前衛と後衛の両方が敵陣に入っていなければ成れない.

Now, does 前衛と後衛の両方 mean 前衛の両方と後衛の両方, or does in mean 前衛の1個と後衛の1個?

Also, when it says 前衛と後衛も成る, I assume it means all four 前衛と後衛?

Thank you for your help! kwami (talk) 02:07, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

 * (It's been a while, so I'm going to ask others and take you off my watch list. But feel free to join in on the talk page. — kwami (talk) 23:16, 19 January 2011 (UTC))

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have enabled.

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title: User talk:Oklahoman7


text:
File:HandfullofRain.jpg

Summary
This is the cover of the album Handful of Rain by Savatage

title: File:HandfullofRain.jpg


text:
Talk:University Station (KCR)

-

I demand an explanation for all Hong Kong Stations' (as well as lines'?) title to omit the words "Station" (or "Line"). British Stations and Lines' articles do not omit any of those words, and even US station articles will indicate in the title that the article is about a station. It is totally ridiculous about the titling policy of Hong Kong railway stations and lines. Patrickov 16:13, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Some more notes: I know who was doing those sort of ridiculous things and I know that guy is an honoured person in English Wikipedia who made a whole lot of contributions (He knows 10 languages too!). But that won't change the fact that he made some articles with ridiculous titling policies. I am going to change that in a few days. Once it started and anyone who wanted to revert the changes, please confront me at my discussion page first. Patrickov 16:32, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:University Station (KCR)


text:
Sexy Sadie

"Sexy Sadie" is a song by the English rock group the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as "the White Album"). The song was written by John Lennon in India and credited to Lennon–McCartney. Lennon wrote the song during the Beatles' stay in India in response to the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's alleged sexual advance on actress Mia Farrow. The song has been considered an early example of a diss track.

Composition
Lennon originally wanted to title the song "Maharishi", but changed the title to "Sexy Sadie" at George Harrison's request. Lennon was disillusioned after Maharishi Mahesh Yogi had allegedly made a sexual advance on Mia Farrow, who was attending a course the Maharishi was teaching at his ashram in Rishikesh, India. Harrison, Paul McCartney, and Cynthia Lennon later said that they thought the story, which had come from Alexis Mardas, also known as "Magic Alex", had been fabricated. Lennon once said of the song: "That was inspired by Maharishi. I wrote it when we had our bags packed and were leaving. It was the last piece I wrote before I left India. I just called him 'Sexy Sadie' instead of (sings) 'Maharishi what have you done, you made a fool...' I was just using the situation to write a song, rather calculatingly but also to express what I felt. I was leaving the Maharishi with a bad taste. You know, it seems that my partings are always not as nice as I'd like them to be." He told Rolling Stone that when the Maharishi asked why he was leaving, he replied, "Well, if you're so cosmic, you'll know why."

After returning from India, Lennon scratched the lyrics into a piece of wood, with the original title "Maharishi". According to Harrison's account in the director's cut of the Beatles Anthology (1995) documentary, the recorded version changed only after Harrison insisted that if the song was used its name must be changed and persuaded Lennon to retitle it "Sexy Sadie". Derek Taylor remembered Lennon's scratching the wood in the Apple offices.

According to Mark Lewisohn's The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions (1988), an early outtake of "Sexy Sadie" features Lennon demonstrating the song's original working lyrics to the rest of the band: "Maharishi, you little twat/Who the fuck do you think you are?/Who the fuck do you think you are?/Oh, you cunt."

The song's instrumental fadeout was originally 39 seconds longer and featured a breakdown based around the middle eight. This was edited out before mixing.

In a 1968 Rolling Stone interview, Lennon compared the song to "I've Been Good to You" by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles. The Miracles song begins with the lines "Look what you've done/You made a fool out of someone", echoing "Sexy Sadies "What have you done?/You made a fool of everyone".

Legacy
Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of its release, Jacob Stolworthy of The Independent listed "Sexy Sadie" at number six in his ranking of the White Album's 30 tracks. He wrote of the song: "To this day 'Sexy Sadie' drips with bittersweet disdain, its moody final minute—inspiring Radiohead's 'Karma Police' and 'Four Out of Five' by Arctic Monkeys—managing to spring hairs on end, however many times you've heard it." Also in 2018, Time Out London ranked "Sexy Sadie" at number 14 on its list of the best Beatles songs.

George Harrison commented years later, "Now, historically, there's the story that something went on that shouldn't have done – but nothing did." In 1992, Harrison gave a benefit concert for the Maharishi-associated Natural Law Party, and later apologised for the way the Maharishi had been treated by saying, "We were very young" and "It's probably in the history books that Maharishi 'tried to attack Mia Farrow' – but it's bullshit, total bullshit." Cynthia Lennon wrote in 2006 that she "hated leaving on a note of discord and mistrust, when we had enjoyed so much kindness from the Maharishi". Asked if he forgave the Beatles, the Maharishi replied, "I could never be upset with angels." McCartney took his daughter, Stella, to visit the Maharishi in the Netherlands in 2007, which renewed their friendship.

Mia Farrow meanwhile maintains she was sexually harassed by the Maharishi, saying, “[s]uddenly I became aware of two surprisingly male, hairy arms going around me.”

Personnel

 * John Lennon – lead and backing vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Paul McCartney – backing vocals, piano, bass guitar, Hammond organ, guitar
 * George Harrison – backing vocals, lead guitar, tambourine
 * Ringo Starr – drums

Influence

 * Ringo Starr referenced the song in the lyrics of both "Devil Woman" (from 1973's Ringo) and "Drumming Is My Madness" (from 1981's Stop and Smell the Roses).
 * George Harrison also referenced the song in "Simply Shady", from his 1974 album Dark Horse.
 * The song inspired one of the characters' names in the 2007 Beatles-themed film Across the Universe, Sadie (played by Dana Fuchs).
 * The band Sexy Sadie took their name from this song.
 * The main piano riff in the Radiohead song "Karma Police" is inspired by the piano part in this song.

Cover versions
When Mojo released The White Album Recovered in 2008, part of a continuing series of CDs of Beatles albums covered track-by-track by modern artists, the track was covered by Rachel Unthank and the Winterset. The disc also featured a bonus track of the same song performed by Paul Weller.

The song was also covered by Anderson .Paak on multi-instrumentalist and producer Kush Mody's first album Creature Comforts (2014).

title: Sexy Sadie


text:
Dreyer's

Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream, Inc. ("Dreyer's"), is an American ice cream company, founded in 1928 in Oakland, California. The company's two signature brands, Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream and Edy's Grand Ice Cream, are named after its founders, William Dreyer and Joseph Edy. The Dreyer's brand is sold in the Western United States and Texas, while the Edy's brand is sold in the Eastern and Midwestern United States.

In 2002, Dreyer's was acquired by Nestlé. In 2020, Froneri, the joint venture between Nestlé and PAI Partners, agreed to take over all of Nestlé's U.S. ice cream businesses, including Dreyer's, Häagen-Dazs, and Drumstick.

History
The company's two signature brand names, Edy's and Dreyer's, honor the company's founders: Joseph Edy, a candy maker, and William Dreyer, an ice cream maker. Joseph Oliver Edy was born in Missouri and raised in Montana. Edy operated a homemade candy and ice cream parlor at 122 North Broadway in Billings, Montana during the 1910s. In the 1920s he and his wife Grace decided to join his brother in California. In 1925 Joseph Edy opened the doors to Edy's Character Candies Shop in Oakland. Edy's high-quality candy quickly became recognized as among the best in the East Bay Area, and Edy was soon operating six shops. William Dreyer also ran a business in the 1920s, an ice cream manufacturing venture in the California dairy country community of Visalia. In 1926 he was recruited to run a large new plant in Oakland for National Ice Cream. While in Oakland, he met Joe Edy.

In 1928 Edy and Dreyer decided to join forces to manufacture ice cream. They secured a small factory and launched Edy's Grand Ice Cream (the "Grand" reflected their street address on Grand Avenue in Oakland). They focused on creative innovations to fuel their small venture. For example, the two men used Joseph Edy's knowledge and expertise in candy-making to create the original Rocky Road ice cream, from a combination of flavors which Edy had previously invented. The chocolate, marshmallow, and nut flavor was named Rocky Road as a means of describing the ice cream's texture as well as the troubled economic times of the Great Depression.

Edy and Dreyer are also credited with originating the Toasted Almond and Candy Mint flavors. At the time ice cream had limited flavors such as vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry, but Rocky Road, introduced in 1929, was one of the first combination of flavors. Because only large marshmallows were manufactured at the time, he used his wife's sewing scissors to cut marshmallows into bite-sized pieces to make the first batch of Rocky Road.

In 1947 the partnership was dissolved and in 1953, William Dreyer Jr. took over and changed the name to Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream. In 1963, Dreyer Jr. sold the company to his key officers—Al Wolff who ran the factory, Bob Boone who ran distribution, and Ken Cook, who managed sales and served as president from 1963 to 1977. Cook's vision was to provide American families with a truly premium ice cream they could enjoy at home. In 1977, with sales of $6 million and an employee base of 75 people, Cook sold the company to T. Gary Rogers and W.F. "Rick" Cronk for $1 million. In 1981 the company expanded and re-adopted the name Edy's Grand Ice Cream when marketing its product east of the Rocky Mountains, so as to not be confused with another company named Breyers (today owned by Unilever). Hence they market under the Dreyer's name in the Western United States and Texas, and under the Edy's name in the Eastern and Midwestern United States.

In 2002 Nestlé agreed to acquire Dreyer's for $3.2 billion. In December 2019, Nestlé announced that it would be selling all of its U.S. ice cream businesses (including Dreyer's, Häagen-Dazs, and Drumstick) to Froneri, the global ice cream manufacturer that Nestlé co-owns with PAI Partners.

Timeline

 * 1906: William Dreyer made his first frozen dessert to celebrate his ship's arrival in America from Germany.
 * 1919: Edy's is sold, according to the Billings Gazette in Montana, September 14.
 * 1928: William Dreyer and Joseph Edy found Edy's Grand Ice Cream.
 * 1947: Dreyer and Edy dissolve their partnership and Dreyer purchases and builds a new manufacturing plant at 5929 College Avenue in Oakland.  After the dissolution of the partnership, Edy continued business under the Edy's name, operating several ice cream parlors in the San Francisco Bay area, selling candy and ice cream manufactured at the Edy's factory in Oakland.  Edy's were located in Palo Alto at the Town and Country Shopping Center, in San Francisco, Berkeley and several other Bay area cities.  In 1961 an Edy's opened in Carmel-by-the-Sea under a franchise agreement.
 * 1963: Reins to the business pass from the Dreyer family to Ken Cook, who becomes President.
 * 1977: T. Gary Rogers and W.F. Cronk purchase Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream for $1 million.
 * 1981: Dreyer's went public and its shares were traded on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol "DRYR". The company also re-adopts the Edy's Grand Ice Cream name when marketing its product east of the Rocky Mountains, so its not confused with Breyers. Around this same time, current Dreyer's President Ken Cook went into the vanilla business. Since that time Dreyer's ice cream has been made with Cook's Vanilla which is produced by Cook Flavoring Company.
 * 2004: Dreyer's began using a new churning processes called low-temperature extrusion. Unlike traditional churning methods, the ice cream does not need to be frozen once it is done churning. Since this freezing stage produces large ice crystals, which gives the ice cream a grainy texture, manufacturers would add milk fat to counterbalance the grainy texture. As this extra freezing process isn't necessary with low-temperature extrusion, the "slow churned" line of ice cream is labeled as containing two-thirds the calories and half the fat of "regular" ice cream. Dreyer's has also extended this process to other brands besides its two flagship brands, such as Häagen-Dazs, which it produces under a license from General Mills.
 * 2006: Dreyer's Whiskey Bottom Ice Cream plant in Laurel, Maryland, is expanded to give Dreyer's the two largest ice cream plants in the United States.
 * 2007: Nestlé completed the deal since 2003 and acquired Dreyer's for $3.2 billion, thus becoming the biggest ice cream maker, with a 17.5% market share. Dreyer's has also acquired its own ice cream brands, including the Snelgrove's Ice Cream brand in Utah.
 * 2016: Nestlé and PAI Partners agree to set up a joint venture, Froneri, to combine their ice cream and frozen food activities. Froneri initially is only set up for those businesses in Europe and other international countries.
 * 2020: Nestle sells all of its US ice cream businesses, including Dreyer's, Häagen-Dazs, and Drumstick to Froneri for $4 billion.

Cost-cutting changes
In 2002, Nestlé insisted on a smaller container to increase profits and so the standard US half gallon (2 quart) container (1.89 L) was downsized to 1.75 quarts (1.65 L). In May 2008, the 1.75 quart container was further downsized to 1.5 quarts (1.42 L). Most other ice cream manufacturers, with the notable exception of Blue Bell, followed the downsizing move.

title: Dreyer's


text:
Bagnères

Bagnères is part of the name of three towns in France, all in the Pyrenees:

 * Argelès-Bagnères, Hautes-Pyrénées Department
 * Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Hautes-Pyrénées Department
 * Bagnères-de-Luchon, Haute-Garonne Department

title: Bagnères


text:
Chief Earth Woman

Chief Earth Woman was a nineteenth-century Ojibwa woman and a significant figure in Ojibwa history. She claimed that she had gained supernatural powers from a dream, and for this reason, accompanied the men on the warpath. While some Ojibwa warrior women responded to necessity, Chief Earth Woman chose to become a warrior, entering battle with the Sioux. Her dreams provided her fellow Ojibwa warriors with protection, and guided them through the battle. She confided with the leader that her dreams predicted the movements of the Sioux, aiding the Ojibwa in battle. In the battle, she succeeded in scalping an enemy, earning her traditional honors. Ruth Landes' research in the 1930s described Chief Earth Woman as one of few women to command a war party and receive the honors of a man, and later research by Colleen Sheryl McIvor places Chief Earth Woman within the tradition of the Anishinaabe Ogichidaakwe, or woman warrior.

She was born around 1878 near Waterloo, Ohio as Birtha Snyder, Snider or Snidow. She married a man named "White Owl" in 1893, and she frequently traveled from Ohio to Michigan. She lived in a place called "Old Man's Cave" while in Ohio.

Chief Earth Woman's story is often associated as a parallel to those stories of Lozen and Running Eagle.

title: Chief Earth Woman