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Cratylus (dialogue)

Cratylus (Κρατύλος, Kratylos) is the name of a dialogue by Plato. Most modern scholars agree that it was written mostly during Plato's so-called middle period. In the dialogue, Socrates is asked by two men, Cratylus and Hermogenes, to tell them whether names are "conventional" or "natural", that is, whether language is a system of arbitrary signs or whether words have an intrinsic relation to the things they signify.

The individual Cratylus was the first intellectual influence on Plato. Aristotle states that Cratylus influenced Plato by introducing to him the teachings of Heraclitus, according to MW. Riley.

Summary
The subject of Cratylus is on the correctness of names (περὶ ὀνομάτων ὀρθότητος), in other words, it is a critique on the subject of naming (Baxter).

When discussing an ὄνομα (onoma  ) and how it would relate to its subject, Socrates compares the original creation of a word to the work of an artist. An artist uses color to express the essence of his subject in a painting. In much the same way, the creator of words uses letters containing certain sounds to express the essence of a word's subject. There is a letter that is best for soft things, one for liquid things, and so on. He comments:

"The best possible way to speak consists in using names all (or most) of which are like the things they name (that is, are appropriate to them), while the worst is to use the opposite kind of names."

One countering position, held by Hermogenes, is that names have come about due to custom and convention. They do not express the essence of their subject, so they can be swapped with something unrelated by the individuals or communities who use them.

The line between the two perspectives is often blurred. During more than half of the dialogue, Socrates makes guesses at Hermogenes's request as to where names and words have come from. These include the names of the Olympian gods, personified deities, and many words that describe abstract concepts. He examines whether, for example, giving names of "streams" to Cronus and Rhea (Ροή – 'flow' or 'space') are purely accidental. "Don't you think he who gave to the ancestors of the other gods the names “Rhea” and “Cronus” had the same thought as Heracleitus? Do you think he gave both of them the names of streams (ῥευμάτων ὀνόματα) merely by chance?"

The Greek term "ῥεῦμα" may refer to the flow of any medium and is not restricted to the flow of water or liquids. Many of the words which Socrates uses as examples may have come from an idea originally linked to the name, but have changed over time. Those of which he cannot find a link, he often assumes have come from foreign origins or have changed so much as to lose all resemblance to the original word. He states, "names have been so twisted in all manner of ways, that I should not be surprised if the old language when compared with that now in use would appear to us to be a barbarous tongue."

The final theory of relations between name and object named is posited by Cratylus, a disciple of Heraclitus, who believes that names arrive from divine origins, making them necessarily correct. Socrates rebukes this theory by reminding Cratylus of the imperfection of certain names in capturing the objects they seek to signify. From this point, Socrates ultimately rejects the study of language, believing it to be philosophically inferior to a study of things themselves.

Name of Hades
An extended section of Cratylus is devoted to the origin of the name of Hades. This etymology, through the lens of modern comparative linguistics, is unknown, but has carried a folk etymology since antiquity as meaning "The Unseen One". Modern linguists have proposed a Proto-Greek form of *Awides, literally 'unseen'. The earliest attested form is Aḯdēs (Ἀΐδης), which lacks the proposed digamma. In Cratylus, Socrates jocularly argues for a folk etymology not from 'unseen' but from 'his knowledge (eidenai) of all noble things".

Hades' name in classical Greek
The sound was lost at various times in various dialects, mostly before the classical period.

In Ionic, had probably disappeared before Homer's epics were written down (7th century BC), but its former presence can be detected in many cases because its omission left the meter defective. For example, the words ἄναξ ('tribal king', 'lord', '(military) leader') and οἶνος ('wine') are sometimes found in the Iliad in the meter where a word starting with a consonant would be expected. Cognate-analysis and earlier written evidence shows that earlier these words would have been ϝάναξ (, attested to in this form in Mycenaean Greek) and ϝοῖνος (cf. Cretan Doric ibêna, cf. Latin vīnum and English 'wine').

Appropriate sounds

 * ρ ('r') is a "tool for copying every sort of motion (κίνησις)."
 * ι ('i') for imitating "all the small things that can most easily penetrate everything",
 * φ ('phi'), ψ ('psi'). σ ('s'), and ζ ('z') as "all these letters are pronounced with an expulsion of breath", they are most appropriate for imitating "blowing or hard breathing".
 * δ ('d') and τ ('t') as both involve "compression and [the] stopping of the power of the tongue" when pronounced, they are most appropriate for words indicating a lack or stopping of motion.
 * λ ('l'), as "the tongue glides most of all" when pronounced, it is most appropriate for words denoting a sort of gliding.
 * γ ('g') best used when imitating "something cloying", as the gliding of the tongue is stopped when pronounced.
 * ν ('n') best used when imitating inward things, as it is "sounded inwardly".
 * α ('a'), η ('long e') best used when imitating large things, as they are both "pronounced long".
 * ο ('o') best used when imitating roundness.

Although these are clear examples of onomatopoeia, Socrates's statement that words are not musical imitations of nature suggests that Plato did not believe that language itself generates from sound words.

Platonic theory of forms
Plato's theory of forms also makes an appearance. For example, no matter what a hammer is made out of, it is still called a "hammer", and thus is the form of a hammer: "Socrates: So mustn't a rule-setter also know how to embody in sounds and syllables the name naturally suited to each thing? And if he is to be an authentic giver of names, mustn't he, in making and giving each name, look to what a name itself is? And if different rule-setters do not make each name out of the same syllables, we mustn't forget that different blacksmiths, who are making the same tool for the same type of work, don't all make it out of the same iron. But as long as they give it the same form--even if that form is embodied in different iron--the tool will be correct, whether it is made in Greece or abroad. Isn't that so?"

Plato's theory of forms again appears at 439c, when Cratylus concedes the existence of "a beautiful itself, and a good itself, and the same for each one of the things that are".

Influence, legacy
German psychologist Karl Ludwig Bühler used the Cratylus dialogue as the basis for his organon model of communication, published in 1934.

Gérard Genette, in the work ‘Mimologie. Voyage en Cratilie’ (1976), starts from Plato's speech to argue the idea of arbitrariness of the sign: according to this thesis, already supported by the great linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, the connection between language and objects is not natural, but culturally determined. The ideas developed in the Cratylus, although sometimes dated, have historically been an important point of reference in the development of Linguistics.

On the basis of the Craylus Gaetano Licata has reconstructed in the essay ‘Plato’s theory of language. Perspectives on the concept of truth’ (2007, Il Melangolo), the platonic conception of semantics, according to which names have a natural link (an essential foundation) with their "nominatum".

Texts and translations

 * An early translation was made by Thomas Taylor in 1804.
 * Plato: Cratylus, Parmenides, Greater Hippias, Lesser Hippias. With translation by Harold N. Fowler. Loeb Classical Library 167. Harvard Univ. Press (originally published 1926). ISBN 9780674991859 HUP listing
 * Plato: Opera, Volume I. Oxford Classical Texts. ISBN 978-0198145691
 * Plato: Complete Works. Hackett, 1997. ISBN 978-0872203495
 * Dalimier, C., 1998, Platon, Cratyle, Paris: Flammarion.
 * Méridier, L., 1931, Platon, Cratyle, Paris: Les belles lettres.
 * Reeve, C. D. C., 1997, Plato, Cratylus: translated with introduction and notes, Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett; reprinted in J.M. Cooper. (ed.) Plato, Complete Works, Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett.
 * Reeve, C. D. C., 1997, Plato, Cratylus: translated with introduction and notes, Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett; reprinted in J.M. Cooper. (ed.) Plato, Complete Works, Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett.

title: Cratylus (dialogue)


text:
Brahmaputra-class frigate

The Brahmaputra-class frigates (Type 16A or Project 16A) are guided-missile frigates of the Indian Navy, designed and built in India. They are an enhancement of the Godavari-class frigate, with a displacement of 3850 tons and a length of 126 m. Although of similar hull and dimension, internally, the Brahmaputra and Godavari classes have different configurations, armaments and capabilities. 3 ships of this class serve in the Indian Navy.

The class and the lead ship, INS Brahmaputra (1994), are named after the River Brahmaputra. Subsequent ships of the class, INS Betwa (F39) and INS Beas (F37) are also named for Indian rivers.

History
In 1986, the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs (CCPA) decided to diversify India's warship building capability, and start an alternate production line to the Godavari-class frigates that were built at Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) in Bombay. 3 additional Godavari-class frigates were to be built at Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE) in Calcutta. After a transfer of technology from MDL to GRSE, production was to start in 1988, with deliveries between 1993 and 1996.

However, as the production was about to commence, the Indian Navy's requirements were revised, which led to frequent changes in the design. The re-designed ship, christened Project 16A, had its General Arrangement Drawings finalized only in September 1994.

On 5 December 2016, INS Betwa was undergoing a refit at Mumbai Naval Dockyard when it tipped over during undocking. The salvage and repair of the ship will take approximately two years.

Design
The basic design of the ship was proposed by Indian Navy's Directorate of Naval Design. The detailed design development was undertaken by GRSE. The ships were originally designed to be fitted with the Trishul SAM, but in 2001, the decision was made to deploy the Barak SAM.

The Times of India reported on 7 September 2005, that Betwa became the first Indian warship to successfully integrate indigenous combat data systems, with a wide variety of foreign/Indian weapons and sensors on board. While Brahmaputra was the first warship to be equipped with the BEL combat data systems, it was Betwa that has validated the indigenous technology platform. Captain C S Murthy, Commanding Officer of Betwa, stated that the integrated systems had been successfully tested to an extreme. The anti-submarine warfare officer of Betwa, Lieutenant Commander Sharad Parti, stated, "The EMMCA system gives commanders on the ship a consolidated tactical picture. It adds to the ship's maritime combat power." Commodore R P S Ravi, Director of the Maritime Warfare Centre in Mumbai, stated that it was a significant achievement for the Navy that indigenous data systems would be used for target evaluation, weapon selection and target engagement.

Design
The vessels are designed for a crew of 350 (including 40 officers + 13 aircrew). The ships are propelled by 2 BHEL Bhopal 15000 bhp steam turbines.

Command and control
The vessels feature a Bharat RAWS-03 S-band radar using a DA08 antenna for air/surface search. The air search radar is a Bharat/Signaal RAWL-02 (PLN 517) D-band radar using a LW08 antenna. They use a One Decca Bridgemaster, BEL Rashmi (PIN 524) I-band radar with a ZW06 antenna for navigation.

The ships are provided with a Bharat HUMSA (Hull Mounted Sonar Array), a medium-frequency, active panoramic search and attack sonar. They also use a Thales (Thomson Marconi Sonar) Sintra towed array sonar.

Vessels feature BEL's EMCCA (Electronic Modular Command & Control Applications) Action Information Organisation (AIO) system with 10 multi-function consoles using Barco MPRD 9651 display linked with a LAN (Large Area Network). The system is capable of C3I and threat analysis and all tactical data can be integrated onto one display if necessary. The EMCCA system is an intra-naval AIO package made by Bharat Electronics Ltd. The vessels also feature an Indian-developed data link and Inmarsat communications (JRC). These frigates can operate in all environments, including those contaminated by nuclear, chemical or biological fallouts.

Armament
The Brahmaputra class is armed with sixteen 3M-24E (Kh-35 Uran or NATO: SS-N-25 Switchblade) anti-ship missiles (AShM), housed in four quadruple KT-184 launchers, angled at 30°, two on either side of the bridge superstructure. Equivalent to the Harpoon Block 1C AShM, these missiles have active radar homing (ARH) out to a range of 130 km at 0.9 Mach, with a 145 kg warhead. All 16 Urans can be ripple-fired in 2-3 second intervals. Fire control is provided by a BEL Aparna (modified Garpun-Bal FC, NATO: Plank Shave) radar. The Garpun-Bal FC radar combines active and passive channels and in the active target designation mode, it operates in X-band (I/J-band) and can handle up to 150 targets at ranges between 35 –, although it is possible to obtain ranges of more than 180 km in wave-guide propagation conditions. The passive channel operates in the ESM mode searching for pulse and CW signals, and accurately identifying the bearing of hostile emitters from a built-in classification library of up to 1,000 signatures. The maximum range of the passive channel is over 100 km depending on the frequency.

The shoulder-held Igla-M (SA-N-10) SAM launcher was used as a stop-gap measure aboard INS Brahmaputra at launch, until the ship was retro-fitted with the Israeli Barak SAM system, with fire control provided by an EL/M-2221 STGR radar. INS Betwa and INS Beas were commissioned with these systems deployed.

One OTO Melera Super Rapid 76 mm main gun, for use against ship and shore targets, with 65 rounds per minute to 4.4 nmi. Four multi-barrelled 30 mm AK-630 Gatling guns on either beam, to shoot down incoming anti-ship missiles, with 5500 to 6000 rds/min to 2.5 km. Fire control for these five gun mounts are provided by two BEL Shikari (based on the Contraves Seaguard) opto-electronic trackers that operate in the I- and Ka-bands. Either of the Shikari trackers can control all five gun mounts or any combination thereof. Good minimum ranges, for the 76 mm gun, have been largely achieved by advanced software.

Six 324 mm ILAS 3 torpedo tubes in two triple mounts with Whitehead A244S anti-submarine torpedoes, with active/passive homing to 3.8 nmi at 33 kn with a 34 kg shaped charged warhead. Can also fire the AET anti-submarine torpedo, a locally produced version of the A244S.

The weapons-control radar is a BEL Shikari, BEL Aparna, RAN and RAWS-03. A BEL Ajanta Mk.2C is used as the EW (Electronic Warfare) suite. A media report, dated 5 May 2007, stated that the ELLORA Electronic Support Measures (ESM) system is fitted aboard Beas and the other two vessels in the class will also feature this ESM system. The ELLORA is an indigenous development by the Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL). The vessels are also fitted with two chaff/flare launchers, featuring long and medium range deceiver chaff. Features two Graesby G738 Towed Torpedo Decoy systems or the indigenously developed BEL Towed Torpedo Decoy. The 'Super Barricade' chaff launcher is also installed.

Aircraft
Depending on operation requirements, two Sea King Mk.42B anti-ship and anti-submarine helicopters can be embarked or a combination of the HAL Chetak and a Sea King Mk.42B is usually embarked. The latter is equipped with a surface search radar, dunking sonar and can carry two Sea Eagle AShMs or a combination of depth charges and AS-244 anti-submarine torpedoes. The Sea King Mk.42B helicopter can fly 400 km around the vessel and is equipped with a data link to download target data to the combat information centre, based on the indigenous Bharat Shikari (Hunter) combat data system, in the operations room. Bharat Shikari is a derivative of the Italian IPN series of combat data systems, but integrating Western, Russian and Indian weapons and sensor systems.

Construction
The construction of these vessels at GRSE was slowed down due to a combination of design changes, labor problems, delays in equipment availability and integration problems with the Trishul SAM. This caused severe delays to the commissioning date of Brahmaputra. The vessel was laid down in 1989 as a part of the Godavari class. After the new design for Project 16A was finalized in September 1994, the ship was finally commissioned on 14 April 2000.

Mid life Upgrade
On 16 October 2023, Ministry of Defence signed a contract for he mid-life upgrade of INS Beas with Cochin Shipyard Limited. In early April 2024, the mid-life upgrade of INS Beas began. The upgrade included conversion of steam turbine propulsion into diesel propulsion (CODAD) and other equipment and systems upgrade. INS Beas will likely be fitted with Caterpillar marine diesel engine with 6-MW power. The overall upgrade will take 2 years for completion. The upgrade will increase the remaining service lifespan of the frigate from current 10 years to more than 20 years after completion. According to an official, “there are issues such as steam leaks and high temperatures in the boiler and engine rooms of these ships which contribute to uncomfortable working conditions for the crew.” The upgrade will reduce the maintenance requirement of the ships.

This upgrade will also be incorporated on the opter two ships of the class for which the request for proposal will be issued soon. The two other ships in the Brahmaputra class would probably be the first to have indigenous diesel engines as a result of the indigenous development of the marine diesel engine under the 'Make-I category', which is believed to have been taken up by Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd and Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Ltd (GRSE). According to sources, orders for thirty diesel engines would be issued after the engine's successful development, and these would be installed in vehicles such as the Next Generation Corvette (NGC).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brahmaputra-class frigate


text:
User:Emrys2

This is a user page for Emrys2 created solely to turn all my red user page links blue.

title: User:Emrys2


text:
User:MarioFan

Is that you John Wayne?

title: User:MarioFan


text:
Talk:Sandy Duncan

Picture
Could use a picture but I'm not gonna upload one as Wikipedia's picture policy drives me insane. Redwolf24 07:01, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The picture now is fine but quite a bit outdated. I saw her on tv a few years back with fairly long hair (at least to her neck), maybe even red. I haven't looked up the nitty gritty details for Wikipedia re: pics, so good luck finding a better picture. Armslurp 03:11, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * There's no picture anymore, so I'm re-adding the reqphoto tag. -- Bovineone (talk) 23:23, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced
Wikipedia's policy police have not yet seen this article, which has dozens of significant, unreferenced statements. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.199.25.146 (talk) 23:50, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Glass eye?
Can anyone determine whether Duncan's glass eye is real or apocryphal? The IMDb biography indicates that this is an urban legend... -Hedgey42 17:15, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * | This interview quotes Sandy Duncan explaining that she does not have a glass eye:
 * What a vision! And speaking of visions . . . your ‘fake eye’ was the object of a joke on Family Guy. Are you aware of this?

 * Yes. My son called me from Tulane and told me. I didn’t see it. I know they did some silly joke – many people think I have a glass eye. I had a tumor in my left eye which killed the optic nerve, but it’s my real eye. I just cannot see out of it. It remains a period of adjustment – sometimes things will be just out of range. I have no depth perception, so I have to memorize and track where things are, sort of like radar. I recently had cataracts in my good eye and they removed them and replaced the lens and I can actually see without glasses, and I have worn them since I was 12! But like all mortals my age, I still need them to read.
 * --Tabor 17:48, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

she doesn't have a glass eye
The wiki page should be edited accordingly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.229.113.74 (talk) 18:09, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

IMDb link removed
The Internet Movie Database is not considered a reliable source of information for biographical details such a this due to the fact the information is not provided with verification. The glass eye rumor may be just that, a rumor, but we need a better source than the IMDb, so I have placed the Citation Needed tag next to the statement and removed the link under the "poorly sourced" provisions of WP:BLP as detailed in the banner at the top of this page. 23skidoo (talk) 07:20, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * In this case IMDB is right, as usual. IMDB is a pretty reliable source, and there is no reason not to use it.    Randall Bart    Talk   17:17, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Summer or Fall of 1971
When I was just a kid, my mom and dad took me and my brothers to Disneyland in Anaheim, California. When we were there, Sandy Duncan was supposed to climb up onto a highwire, and ride a pulley-arrangement down from the Matterhorn display, but she had a headache, or a stomachache, so she didn't do it. We were all looking forward to it, too. How much did she make, every time she rode the wire down from the Matterhorn? 198.177.27.30 (talk) 03:24, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

What about the 1971 Disney movie, The Million Dollar Duck? ```` —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.77.75.93 (talk) 00:03, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Sorry for writing on this but I don't have an account. I met Sandy Duncan today after she performed in the Glass Manajerie. She is performing at the mountain playhouse for the next 15 days. She was amazing and we even got to ask her and the cast questions after the show. Hope you can go see her. The show and everyone and the Mountain Playhouse is amazing.

Thanks.

Sincerely, A Fan of Sandy Duncan<3 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.255.13.136 (talk) 23:26, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Circular reference
The wikipedia page references a short biography at classictvhits.com which in turn gives wikipedia as it's only reference. Clearly this isn't useful, so I'm removing the citation. TrippingTroubadour (talk) 03:31, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Film career update?
A sentence has been inserted into this article saying that she has not retired from films and that her last film was in 2010. Both the filmography here on Wikipedia and on IMDB show her last film credit in 2001. We know that neither list is 100% accurate nor all-inclusive but since a definitive statement is made in the article, listing at least one film credit post-2001 would be helpful. Why point out a supposed fact without even listing what her most recent film was? History Lunatic (talk) 04:58, 29 August 2014 (UTC)History Lunatic

Tyler, TX
Tyler has over 100,000 people, so I took out Duncan's description of it. John FitzGerald (talk)

title: Talk:Sandy Duncan


text:
Talk:Vale Cemetery and Vale Park

Organizing the text based on the numbers on a map, which may or may not be copyrighted, is bad style, to say the least. --Tothebarricades 07:01, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Vale Association.jpg
Image:Vale Association.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 16:50, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vale Cemetery and Vale Park


text: Category:Software companies of Canada

title: Category:Software companies of Canada


text:
User talk:Patz1675

The Vale cemetary article needs work; see its talk page. Also, can you assure me that neither the text or the image are copyright violations? --Tothebarricades 07:04, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Actually, the text and image are not copyright violations. There was no copyright info available and both came directly from the Vale Cemetery Association and was published in the newspaper as such.

So you went ahead and deleted these for what! to show what kind of power you have? Good going.

---

I put up a link to a website I put together regarding the Schenectady Massacre. The images were all scanned from a very old booklet put out by the Schenectady Chamber of Commerce.

I really hope that no one has a problem with that.

Welcome back!!!!
Hi there! I'm glad you're back with your Schenectady information. Rather than add an external link to your web site, why don't you create a separate article for the Schenectady Massacre and then you could put a link there? I think that would be fantastic! —Wknight94 (talk) 14:52, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Patz1675


text:
Heroes Shed No Tears (1986 film)

Heroes Shed No Tears (also known as Return to Killing Fields in the Philippines) is a 1984 Hong Kong action war film directed by John Woo, who also wrote with Chiu Leung-chun and Peter Chan, who also produced. The film stars Eddy Ko, with a supporting cast of Lam Ching-ying, Ma Ying-chun, Philippe Loffredo, and Cécile Le Bailly. Filmed prior to the success of Woo's A Better Tomorrow, the film is a story about a group of mercenaries on a mission to extract a drug lord from the Indochina area.

Plot
The Thai government hires a group of Chinese mercenaries led by Chan Chung to capture a powerful drug lord from the Golden Triangle Area near the Vietnamese border with Laos. The mercenaries manage to capture the drug lord, but his men are trying to set him free. Along the way the heroes cross into Vietnam and must face a sadistic Vietnamese colonel as well as protect the family of Chang Chung which lives in a village near the border.

Cast

 * Eddy Ko as Chan Chung
 * Lam Ching-ying as Vietnamese colonel
 * Ma Ying-chun as Kenny
 * Philippe Loffredo as Louis
 * Cécile Le Bailly as a French girl
 * Lee Hoi-suk as Julie
 * Chin Yuet-sang as Chin

Production
After finishing Plain Jane to the Rescue director John Woo began working on a film titled The Sunset Warrior. Woo was not happy working for the production company Golden Harvest, noting that he "I just wanted to make any movie for them to finish the contract." Woo found the script to be fairly simple and made changes to it to make it more emotional.

The film was shot in Thailand the film featured cast and crew who did not speak English. This included three Korean actors, two French actors (Phillippe Loffredo and Cécile Le Bailly) and a Japanese cameraman and director of photography. The film included scenes of sexuality and drug use which were not shot by Woo.

Release
After the film's completion, it was shelved. Woo commented that the film was all over the place in tone with sometimes being very emotional, something being as violent as a horror film and that it did not contain any popular actors. As of 2004, Woo stated he had not seen the film in its finished form.

After the popularity of Woo's film A Better Tomorrow, the film was released for one week in Hong Kong under the new title Heroes Shed No Tears. The film was released in Hong Kong on September 5, 1986. It grossed a total of 2.8 million Hong Kong Dollars. In the Philippines, the film was released by Pioneer Releasing as Return to Killing Fields on January 28, 1988, connecting it to the unrelated biographical drama film The Killing Fields despite the latter being set in Cambodia.

Reception
From retrospective reviews, Heroes Shed No Tears received a four out of ten rating from John Charles in his book The Hong Kong Filmography, 1977-1997. The review noted that the film had "virtually no plot" and "few sympathetic characters" and that it "displays none of the finesse that would characterise Woo's later work" In his book Ten Thousand Bullets, Christopher Heard stated that the film was "nowhere near as slick as [Woo]'s later movies, but it does have a dark visual harshness that indicates Woo knew the direction in which he wanted to travel."

title: Heroes Shed No Tears (1986 film)


text: User:Berlin Stark

title: User:Berlin Stark