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C. P. Ramaswami Iyer

Dewan Bahadur Sachivottama Sir Chetput Pattabhiraman Ramaswami Iyer LL.D. D.Litt. (12 November 1879 – 26 September 1966), popularly known as Sir C. P., was an Indian lawyer, administrator and statesman, acknowledged as the most powerful man in the Madras Presidency in the decades immediately prior to Indian Independence.

Ramaswami Iyer was born in 1879 in Madras city and studied at Wesley College High School and Presidency College, Madras before qualifying as a lawyer from the Madras Law College. He joined the Madras Bar in 1903.

By 1910, he was the undisputed leader of the Madras Bar, head of the Mylapore clique, the most highly remunerated lawyer in India, and president of the All India Lawyers' Conference, famous as counsel and constitutional advisor to the Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, the Nawab of Bhopal, and the Maharajas of Jammu & Kashmir (for whom he formulated Kashmir's first constitution in 1934), Patiala, Indore, Gwalior, Bikaner, Travancore, and Cochin. C.P's public renown was further magnified by his role as victorious counsel in a string of high-profile cases, including the Ashe murder trial, Besant v. Narayaniah, the incarceration of poet Mahakavi C. Subramania Bharathiyar, the case of shipping magnate V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, and Pandit Motilal Nehru's defamation suit against C.S. Ranga Iyer.

Despite having just deprived Annie Besant of custody of Jiddu Krishnamurti as opposing counsel, he nonetheless awed her such that she recruited him as a central figure in the Indian Home Rule movement; from 1917, he would serve jointly with Jawaharlal Nehru as General Secretary of Indian National Congress, personally superintending the Congress delegation to the British Parliament; later, represented British India twice at the League of Nations in Geneva, at the First, Second, and Third Round Table Conferences, and at the 1933 World Economic Conference in London, additionally drawing attention with his testimony before a Joint Select Committee of Parliament charged with deliberating Indian reforms.

In 1920, after declining elevation to the High Court of Madras as a puisne justice, where he would have joined his brothers-in-law Sir C.V. Kumaraswami and Viswanatha Sastriar, he was appointed by Lord Willingdon as the youngest-ever Advocate-General of Madras, in which capacity he XYZ, before joining Willingdon's Executive Council as Home Minister, overseeing Law, Police, Irrigation and Ports, the judiciary and legislature, labor, companies, elections, and infrastructure. He began the electrification of South India, established the Pallivasal Hydroelectric Project and Pechiparai Hydroelectric Scheme, and built the Mettur and Pykara Dams, while also laying the groundwork for the Tungabhadra Dam and creating the public park reserve today known as Periyar National Park.

Rising to Vice-President of the Executive Council and chief advisor to the Governor, from 1924 onward he was widely seen as the most powerful man in Madras, with the newly arrived British Governor, Viscount Goschen, consulting or deferring to him in most matters, and consequently ridiculed as his stooge, to the extent that the Justice Party sought to have Goschen recalled to London on those grounds in 1926, at which time they alleged that C.P. had personally suppressed their electoral success. Widespread prurient speculation about the true relationship between C.P. and the Vicereine-elect, Lady Willingdon was inescapable at this time; similarly attached to CP in the court of public rumor were Maharani Indira Devi of Cooch Behar, and the Junior Maharani of Travancore.

In 1931, he was elevated to the Viceroy's Executive Council, tasked now with imperial, pan-Indian strategy and policymaking as minister for Law and Commerce, and (from 1942) Information; at the Viceroy's request, he concurrently became legal and constitutional adviser to the monarchy of Travancore. - a relationship which rapidly transmuted into C.P. exercising total autocracy over the kingdom, in the name of the regent Maharani and then her roi fainéant son, Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, who formally appointed C.P. Dewan of Travancore in 1936. During his tenure as Diwan, he radically and forcefully transformed Travancore wholesale: industrially, economically, culturally, and socially.

His first act was the issuance of the Temple Entry Proclamation, opening all Travancore temples to all worshippers, whatever their caste; he would proceed to institute mandatory universal education for children, extend universal suffrage, and abolish capital punishment, each of which was a first for an Indian princely state. Kerala’s first modern university emerged with his founding the University of Travancore — later the University of Kerala — in 1937, where he would additionally act as Vice-Chancellor.

He created and launched the State Bank of Travancore, the Travancore Titanium Company, FACT, Indian Rare Earths, Travancore Ceramics Ltd. and other multiple other major concerns with state support, aggressively developing industrial enterprises manufacturing and/or processing glass, aluminum, plywood, rayons, sugar, hardwood, lime, cement, salt, cotton textiles, ceramics, rubber, and coir. He inaugurated the Travancore State Transport Department, today the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation, and further introduced scheduled air transport to the realm, as well as instituting a dedicated Travancore State Civil Service, and installing Travancore's first telephone system. In tandem, fiscally, he abolished land revenue taxation, instead instituting a gradated agricultural income tax. His programs of modernization and industrialization in aggregate quadrupled the economic revenue of Travancore in just eleven years, despite tailwinds from the collapse of Marumakkathayam and fragmentation of the tharavads.

He took charge of the matter of the devadāya offered at Padmanabhaswamy Temple, for the Maharaja merely to safekeep, by instituting the system of autonomous trusts encapsulating the devadāya committed in the Padmanabhaswamy vaults that even today control assets worth >$20bn US.

C.P.'s American Model contrasted with the heavy-handed Dirigisme of administration,

All was not well, however; World War II disruption of supply lines of rice from Burma to a nation already running a 60% food deficit saw some (estimated) 90,000 Travancorean deaths from starvation, malnutrition, or disease. Wartime exodus in Tranvancore atypically consisted in mass flight from urbanized areas into local forests and wilderness. Public awareness of the situation was carefully titrated by C.P.'s unusually autarchic, repressive press controls, and his enacted Defense of Travancore act, which even exceeded the Rowlatt Act in its invasiveness of civil rights. Dissent within Travancore was ruthlessly suppressed, most infamously in the matter of the Punnapra-Vayalar revolt, where two or three thousand communist-assigned workers rebelled against the throne and regime, to be met by instantaneous military aid to the civil power. At least 1,000 insurrectionists were killed by state forces.

and his controversial stand in favour of an independent Travancore.

Following a failed assassination attempt in 1947, he deliberately chose to resign and withdraw to London, rebuffing a blank cheque to rule Indore as its first Prime Minister.

Ancestry and origins
C.P. Ramaswami Iyer belonged to the Vadadeśathu Vadama whose seat was the town of Chetput in the North Arcot district of Madras, which they were ancestrally granted along with the villages of Adayapalayam, and Morakkaniyur as a reward for piety and scholarship. The family traces their lineage to Brahmins of the collateral line of famous Advaitist savant Appayya Dikshita, and his brother Achan, and further back to Deshastha Brahmins who migrated from Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the town of Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh, from where they migrated to the northern part of Tamil Nadu in the 16th century AD. Through extensive intermarriage typical of caste endogamy, the Chetput lines merged with the family of C. V. Runganada Sastri, with the resulting clan co-dominating the Mylapore clique in tandem with the Vembaukum family.

C.P.'s grandfather, Chetput Ramaswami Iyer served the British East India Company as Tehsildar of Kumbakonam. His family was deeply attached to the Sringeri mutt.

Early life and education
Chetpet Pattabhiraman Ramaswami Iyer was born on Deepavali day (13 November) 1879, to C.R. Pattabhirama Iyer (1857–1903), and his wife, Seethalakshmi Ammal (also called Rangammal) in the town of Wandiwash, North Arcot. C.P.'s father was a leader of the Tanjore bar who relocated to Madras in the wake of his close friend being elevated to the High Court, and soon established himself as one of the leading figures even in the rarefied and cutthroat echelons of the Original Side of the High Court, with a practice ranked in the same tier as that of V. Bhashyam Aiyangar. C.P. had his schooling at the Wesley College High School in Madras. He had an extremely strict upbringing as a result of a prediction that the child would not pass a single exam in his life, and was fostered in the family of C. V. Runganada Sastri, whose granddaughter Seethamal he married on completion of his schooling, whereupon he also enrolled at the Presidency College, Madras.

In college, C.P. won prizes in English, Sanskrit and Mathematics and the Elphinstone Prize for his paper on the Nebular theory. C.P. passed his degree with a gold medal and graduated with distinction from the Madras Law College.

C.P. had always desired to become an English professor. However, his father, Pattabhirama Iyer wished that his son become a lawyer and accordingly, C.P. chose a career in law. He spent his college vacations in the Mysore kingdom with the Diwan, Sir K. Seshadri Iyer whom he reportedly always claimed as his inspiration.

As a lawyer
In 1903, C.P. joined V. Krishnaswamy Iyer as an apprentice. Just before the death of Pattabhirama Iyer the same year, he arranged for C.P.'s admission as a junior to Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar but the latter was not able to accommodate him owing to hishveing been elevated to the bench. Sir C.V. Kumaraswami Sastri, his elder brother-in-law and universally acknowledged successor to Bhashyam Iyengar as leader of the bar, instead served as his master, and C.V. Viswanatha Sastri, who had themselves been recently elevated to justices of the High Court. He fought and won over 300 cases, rapidly building a reputation for himself as India's foremost and highest-remunerated litigator. By 1910 his meteoric rise has led to his being acknowledged as the undisputed leader of the original bar at the Madras High Court, shortly after which he was selected as the President of the First All Indian Lawyers Conference held at Allahabad. Forty-two minutes, my Lord, he once announced to a judge who asked him how much time he would need to finish a case; the next several years saw him win spectaculator victories in some of the highest-profile cases of the time, including the Ashe murder trial and the Besant Narayaniah case., as well as representing the Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar and the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, rapidly earning a considerable private fortune, and rising to become the most powerful man in the Madras presidency for decades., having cultured intimately close, even inappropriate friendships with Lord and Lady Willingdon.

In 1920, then-Governor Lord Willingdon appointed him he the youngest-ever Advocate-General of Madras, during which tenure his income rose to an unprecedented 4,000 rupees, and in which capacity he would serve as premier state prosecutor for four years, until his subsequent promotion to the Governor's Executive Law Council, and, subsequently, the Viceregal Imperial War Council.

Sir. C.P. stint on the Executive Law Council was marked by an intense commitment to industrialization and lowering the levelized post of power, with C.P. championing initiatives ranging from the introduction of hydroelectricity to the Mettur, Pykara and Bhavani projects and for the development of the Cochin, Tuticorin and Vishakhapatanam ports. His superintending the completion of the hydreoelectric project at the high-altitude Pykara in until three years to completion, at an expenditure of less than 6.75 crores was particularly heralded. The more-expensive Mettur initiative, inccuring capital outlays of 385 lakh rupees, nonetheless rendered over 328,396 acres in Tanjore District fully irrigated, with excess electric power being made available downstream.

In 1920, C.P was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly from the Tanjore-Trichinopoly constituency in the vacancy caused by the resignation of A. Rangaswamy Iyenga. On 10 July 1930, which was the first meeting of the Assembly that C.P attended, the House was debating the Simon Commission Report on a cut motion. In 1928, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly and later to the Council of Imperial State State; further immediate distinctions followed in the form of further appointments of honour during this period included as the Indian envoy to the first and second League of Nations, and to the Third Round Table Conference.

Formal decorations rapidly followed: Sir C.P. was made a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire in 1926, and a Knight Commander of the Star of India in 1941, continually buoyed by powerful support from the likes of the Willingdons and the Junior Maharani of Travancore. Sir C.P., at the request of his old friend the Junior Maharani of Travancore, also acceded to take on a further portfolio as the underage Maharaja's constitutional and legal adviser - a sum for which he was now earning 72,000 rupees a year.

Indian Independence Movement
In his early days, C.P. was an admirer of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and desired to join the Servants of India society in Poona. In 1912, he fought on behalf of Jiddu Narayaniah against Annie Besant for the custody of his sons J. Krishnamurti and Nityananda in the famous Besant Narayaniah trial and won. Besant, however, later got the verdict annulled by appealing to the Privy Council in England. C.P. developed an admiration for Annie Besant and collaborated with her in organising the Home Rule League and served as its vice-president. In 1917, he became the Secretary of the Indian National Congress. He edited Besant's newspaper, New India, during her incarceration. at the same time, campaigning vigorously for her release. C.P. later distanced himself from the Indian Independence after disagreeing with Mahatma Gandhi over the Swadeshi and Non-Cooperation movements.

As a member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras
In 1920, C.P. was nominated as the Advocate-General of Madras Presidency. He was responsible for the introduction of the City Municipalities Act and the Madras Local Boards Act. In 1923, he was nominated to the executive council of the Governor of Madras and was charged with the portfolios of law and order, police, Public Works Department, irrigation, ports and electricity.

As a member of the executive council, C. P. laid the foundation of the Pykara Dam which was constructed between 1929 and 1932 at a cost of Rs. 67.5 million. He also started the construction of Mettur Dam over the Cauvery river. While the Pykara Hydro-electric project triggered the rapid industrialization of Coimbatore, the Mettur project was used to irrigate vast areas of Tanjore and Trichy districts. As the member in charge of ports, C.P. was also responsible for the improvement of Cochin, Visakhapatnam and Tuticorin ports.

As law member, C.P. was instrumental in passing the Devadasi Abolition Bill proposed by Muthulakshmi Reddy. However, owing to strong protests from devadasis across Madras Presidency, C.P. suggested that the bill be introduced only as a private bill and not a government measure.

Between 1926 and 1927, he was the Indian Delegate at the League of Nations in Geneva. By 1931, he was a Law Member of the Government of India and, in 1932, attended the Third Round Table Conference at London.

In 1933, he was the sole Indian delegate to the World Economic Conference and the next year he drafted a constitution for the state of Kashmir.

Diwan of Travancore
In 1931, when Chithira Thirunal was barred from succeeding his deceased uncle as the Maharaja of Travancore, C.P. spoke on his behalf to the Viceroy of India. The Viceroy agreed to crown Chithira Thirunal but only on the condition that C.P. should function as adviser to the young monarch. C.P. agreed and served as Legal and Constitutional adviser and Regent to the prince from 1931 to 1936, drawing compensation of 72,000 rupees a year for his direct services. In 1936, Maharajah Chithira Thirunal personally requested C.P. to be the Diwan of Travancore. C.P. accepted the offer and served as Diwan for a period of ten years.

Temple Entry Proclamation
On 12 November 1936, Maharajah Chithira Thirunal issued the revolutionary Temple Entry Proclamation which gave Hindus of all castes and classes, including Dalits or untouchables, the right to enter Hindu temples in the state. This was bitterly opposed by conservative, yet influential upper-caste Hindus who posed a grave-threat to the life of the Diwan. This proclamation earned for the Maharajah and his Diwan the praise of Mahatma Gandhi and other reformers.

Economic and industrial reforms
During C.P.'s tenure as Diwan, Travancore made rapid strides in industrial development. The Indian Aluminium Company was invited to set up a factory in the town of Aluva. The first fertiliser plant in India, the Fertilizers and Chemicals of Travancore Ltd. (FACT) was established by C. P. to manufacture ammonium sulphate. This was established with American collaboration in open defiance to the hostility of the Viceroy of India. C.P. also established a plant to manufacture cement and another to manufacture titanium dioxide. The Travancore plywood factory at Punalur The Travancore Rayons Limited was established in 1946 with a plant at Perumbavoor. The first plant to manufacture aluminium cables was opened at Kundara.

By the time, C.P. stepped down as Diwan in 1947, the revenues of the state had increased fourfold from the time he had assumed charge.

Irrigation works
C.P. wished to establish a hydroelectric power project on the Periyar river. However, his efforts were opposed by the Government of Madras. C.P. argued as a lawyer on behalf of Travancore and won. As a result, the Pallivasal hydro-electric power project was established on the Periyar river. He initiated the Pechipara Hydro-electric Scheme (later, the Kodayar Hydroelectric Power Project in Kanyakumari District), the Periyar Game Sanctuary, and other irrigation projects.

Other reforms
C.P. carried out a great deal of pioneering work for the Vivekananda Rock at Cape Comorin and built guest-houses at Kanyakumari. He renovated the Padmanabhapuram Palace of Marthanda Varma's days (in present-day Kanyakumari District) and expanded the Trivandrum Art Gallery.

In 1937, C.P. started the University of Travancore with the Maharajah as Chancellor and himself as Vice Chancellor. In 1939, he was awarded an honorary L.L.D. Degree by the University of Travancore In 1940 under his Dewanship Travancore became the first state to nationalise road transport in India.

The first cement highway in India was constructed between the capital Trivandrum and Kanniyakumari covering a distance of 88 kilometres. The same year capital punishment was abolished and adult franchise introduced. He was also the first to appoint a lady as District Judge (Mrs. Anna Chandy later became the first Indian woman High Court Judge). Iyer introduced for the first time the midday meal scheme to prompt poor children to attend school.

In 1941, the British conferred on him the title of Knight Commander of the Star of India (KCSI). When Indian Independence came into view Travancore and other Princely States were given two options of either staying independent or merging with the dominions of India or Pakistan.

Punnapra-Vayalar revolt
A mass uprising broke out in the Alleppey region in October 1946. On 24 October Travancore police killed near about 200 people in Punnapra and the government ordered martial law in Alleppey and Cherthala. CP's police and army moved to Alleppey and on 27 October, Vayalar witnessed another mass uprising and 150 people were killed on the spot. On the same day, 130 people were killed in different locations of Alleppey in police shoot-outs. According to Prof. A Shreedhara Menon's Kerala History, about 1,000 people died in the Punnapra Vayalar Agitation. Even though the agitation was a short-lived failure, it resulted in better administration of Travancore.

Declaration of independence
When, on 3 June 1947, the United Kingdom accepted demands for a partition and announced its intention to quit India within a short period, the Maharaja of Travancore desired to declare himself independent. Supported by the Diwan, C.P., Chithira Thirunal issued a declaration of independence on 18 June 1947. As Travancore's declaration of independence was unacceptable to India, negotiations were started with the Diwan by the Government of India. Family sources indicate that C.P. himself was not in favour of independence but only greater autonomy, and that a favourable agreement had been reached between C.P. and the Indian representatives by 23 July 1947 but accession to the Indian Union could not be carried out only because it was pending approval by the Raja.

On the other hand, noted historian Ramachandra Guha has written about how C.P., egged on by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, had established secret ties with senior Ministers of the British Government, who encouraged him in the hope that he would give them privileged access to monazite, a material Travancore was rich in and which could give the British a lead in the nuclear arms race.

Nevertheless, an assassination attempt was made on C.P. on 25 July 1947 during a concert commemorating the anniversary of Swati Thirunal. C.P. survived with multiple stab wounds and hastened the accession of Travancore state to the Indian Union soon after his recovery.

Later years
After he resigned his Dewanship of Travancore, C. P. left for London. In the same year, he visited Brazil on the invitation of the Government of Brazil and Argentina, Peru and Mexico as a tourist. He also visited the United States, where he gave talks at the University of California, Berkeley, and had discussions with important bank executives, journalists and US President Harry S. Truman.

In 1949–50, he visited the United States again as a visiting professor of the American Academy of Asian Studies at California. In 1952, he toured Australia and New Zealand as a guest of the respective governments and visited the United States again in 1953 on a lecture tour.

From 1 July 1954 to 2 July 1956, he served as the Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University. From 26 January 1955, C.P. also served as a Vice Chancellor of Annamalai University, thereby becoming the first Indian to function as Vice Chancellor of two universities at the same time.

In 1953, C.P. was appointed member of the Press Council of India. Two years later, C.P. toured China as the leader of an Indian universities delegation. C.P. served as a member of the University Grants Commission (1955), the Punjab Commission (1961), the National Integration Council, the Chairman of the Hindu Religious Endowments Commission from 1960 to 1962, and President of the Inter-University board of India and Ceylon (1965).

Death
In September 1966, C.P. left for England to conduct research on a planned book titled "A History of My Times" at the India Office library. At about 11:30 am, on 26 September 1966, he was in the National Liberal Club (where he had been a member for over 50 years), when he suddenly slumped on his armchair while speaking to a reporter and died instantly. The following day, The Times carried the news of his death:"Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, jurist, scholar, statesman and wit, who died suddenly in London yesterday, was one of the outstanding Indians of his day"

Condolences were also offered by C. Rajagopalachari, Zakir Husain (then-President of India), The Hindu, The Times of India, Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi, and K. Kamaraj.

Legacy
C.P. was acknowledged for his talent as a lawyer, administrator and visionary. Edwin Samuel Montagu, who served as the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922, described him as "one of the cleverest men in India". He is credited with having transformed Kanyakumari district into the rice-bowl of Travancore and is acclaimed for being the first person to envisage the industrialisation of Madras Presidency. He is also regarded as an egalitarian and the first caste Hindu lawyer to admit a Dalit, N. Sivaraj as his junior.

Under his leadership, Travancore became the first princely state to abolish capital punishment, first to introduce free and compulsory education and the first princely state to be connected to the rest of India by air. M. G. Ramachandran, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu recollected at C.P.'s birth centenary celebrations in 1979 that C.P. was the first to introduce the midday meal scheme in the form of the Vanchi Poor Fund in Travancore. C. N. Annadurai remarked at a speech in 1967 that C. P. was the first person in India to suggest a plan for interlinking the nation's rivers.

However, his greatest achievement is believed to be the Temple Entry Proclamation which for the first time, permitted Dalits to enter Hindu temples which he introduced despite a severe threat to his life.

C.P. was known for his philanthropic activities and the institutions he helped establish. After his death, The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation was established in his memory in order to promote traditional arts and crafts.

While serving as a law member of the executive council of the Governor of Madras, Ramaswami Iyer's agenda for social reform and opening the doors of Hindu temples for Dalits and low-caste Hindus were praised by C. Natesa Mudaliar, one of the founders of the South Indian Liberation Federation. C. P. was a patron of arts and music and was member of experts committee consisting of some of the leading musicians and scholars to advise the Madras Music Academy.

C. P. was a friend of the English writer Somerset Maugham who had a prolonged discussion with while on a visit to Trivandrum. Later, Maugham supplied a eulogy for the book, C.P. by his Contemporaries: "He had the geniality of the politician who for years has gone out of his way to be cordial with everyone he meets. He talked very good English, fluently, with a copious choice of words, and he put what he had to say plainly, and with logical sequence. He had a resonant voice and an easy manner. He did not agree with a good deal that I said and corrected me with decision, but with courtesy that took it for granted I was too intelligent to be affronted by contradiction"

Indian civil servant C. S. Venkatachar wrote that the Kashmir issue might have been resolved in favour of India had Jawaharlal Nehru chosen C. P. instead of Gopalaswami Ayyangar to present India's case at the United Nations. The same view was also shared by Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar. While chairing the Indian Committee on National Integration, C.P. introduced the clause making it mandatory that newly elected member of Parliament and state assemblies should take an allegiance to the Indian Union. It is believed that the introduction of this clause compelled the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam to give up its goal of secession from the Indian Union.

C.P. was an active freemason and served as a member of the Carnatic Lodge.

Criticism
While being hailed as a modernising reformer by many, C. P. is also criticised as a capitalist, authoritarian, imperialist, anti-Christian and anti-Communist by some. C. P. has been sharply criticized for failing to rescue the deteriorating Travancore National and Quilon Bank and for cracking down on the bank and its managing director, C. P. Mathen. It is believed that C.P., allegedly an anti-Christian framed the downfall of Quilon Bank, using his influence. In 1946, Communist dissent over C. P.'s policies erupted in the form of the Punnapra-Vayalar revolt which was crushed with a brutal hand by Travancore army and navy. Communist hatred over C. P.'s policies finally culminated in an assassination attempt upon the Diwan. However, despite deep antagonism between C. P. and Communists, he opposed the dismissal of the Communist government of Kerala headed by E. M. S. Namboodiripad in 1959 by the Jawaharlal Nehru government as "unconstitutional". C. P. was also labelled as a "secessionist" due to his initial reluctance in merging Travancore with the Indian Union. Jawaharlal Nehru said of his attitude towards imperialism:

"There is little now in common between us except our nationality. He is today a full-blooded apologist of British rule in India, especially during the last few years; an admirer of dictatorship in India and elsewhere, and himself a shining ornament of autocracy in an Indian state."

His attempt to negotiate a trade agreement with Pakistan on behalf of Travancore was viewed as a betrayal by most Indians.

Family
In 1895, at the age of 16, C. P. was married to nine-year-old Seethamma (1886–1930), granddaughter of Indian polyglot and judge C. V. Runganada Sastri and sister to High Court justices Dewan Bahadur Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri and Dewan Bahadur C.V. Viswanatha Sastri, as well as cousin to Shankaracharya Bharati Krishna Tirtha Maharaj, pontiff of the Dwaraka Math, and later supreme pontiff of Smarta Hinduism at the Govardhan Math, and to the Finance Secretary of the Madras Presidency and former Tehsildar Dewan Bahadur V.S. Viswanatha Rao. She died in March 1930 leaving behind three sons, C. R. Pattabhiraman, C. R. Venkata Subban and C. R. Sundaram. Pattabhiraman participated in the Indian Independence Movement and was active in the Indian National Congress even after C. P.'s resignation from the party. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Kumbakonam in 1957 and 1962 and served as Deputy Minister and later, Minister of Industries from 1966 to 1967, and then Minister for Law. Pattabhiraman was also one of the founders of the Madras Cricket Club along with P. Subbarayan. C.P.'s nephew would later go on to marry the niece and heiress to V.K. Krishna Menon.

In popular culture

 * Somerset Maugham named a character in his 1932 novel The Narrow Corner "Ramaswami Iyer" after C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, who he had met on a visit to India.
 * Vaikom Muhammad Basheer wrote a collection of essays titled Dharmarajyam against the policies of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer. The book was banned and it is said that Basheer himself got these essays printed and sold them at local shops and households, going on foot. Basheer was arrested and jailed for two years later.
 * Veteran Tamil film actor Nassar played the role of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer in the 1998 Malayalam movie Rakthasakshikal Sindabad.

title: C. P. Ramaswami Iyer


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Saliya

Saliya or Saliyar is a South Indian Hindu caste. Their traditional occupation was that of weaving and they are found mostly in the regions of northern Kerala, southern coastal Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu as well as Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

Caste names
The oldest names for weavers in Kannada and Telugu regions were Saliga (or its variants, Sale, Sali, Saliya etc.) or Jeda (or its variants Jada, Jandra etc.). However, the present day names like Devanga and Padmasali. The original names simply meant weaver (spider). While Saliga is tadbhava of jalikha, spider or weaver in Sanskrit, Jeda is a Kannada word for spider. According to Ramaswamy, as part of the Virasaiva movement weavers initially championed caste negation or anti-casteism initially. However, as time passed even that movement became caste-ridden and various communities started claiming ritual superiority vis-a-vis other communities part of the same religion and also against non-Virasaiva communities like Brahmins. As caste negation gave way to caste exaltation even weavers tried to obtain higher caste credentials and privileges. In 1231, at Chintamani (in the present day Karnataka region with a mixed Kannada/Telugu population) it is said (a dubious claim according to Vijaya Ramaswamy) that a king granted privileges like right to the yajnopavita (the sacred thread worn by Brahmins), right to ride a palanquin, right to one's own flag and symbol etc... to Devanga weavers. Many of these privileges were later granted to Padmashali weavers too.

Edanga and Valanga
According to Ramaswamy, Saliya were always part of right hand castes while Devanga, Kaikkola Sengunthar were part of left hand castes.

Relationship to other Malayali castes
In Kannur, Ashtamachal Bhagavathy temple part of Payyannur Teru has a unique tradition of a festival called Meenamrithu which is related to sea trading culture of the past. It was believed to have belonged to a merchant community called Valanjiyar belonging to left-hand caste group in the past. However, now Saliyas conduct this ritual. But relationship between Valanjiyar and Saliya communities at present is still a speculation.

Additional references

 * Caste and Race in India by G.S. Ghurye
 * Report on Growth and Prospects of the Handloom industry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saliya


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List of tunnels of the Faroe Islands

Tunnels and bridges are an important part of the Faroese transportation network.

Tunnels
This list shows the Faroese tunnels, listed by age:

Bridges and causeways
This list shows the longest Faroese bridges and causeways, listed by age:

Operator
Public works authority Landsverk operates the national road network including all land-based tunnels. The four sub-sea tunnels have each their own state-owned company brought together under the daily management of Tunnil, which administers the tolls. These are paid by drivers at select petrol stations, via number plate recognition. Reduced fares are available for vehicles with a subscription (in Faroese: hald). Tórshavn Municipality owns the Sandá Bridge. A 2022 poll suggested continued support for toll charges.

title: List of tunnels of the Faroe Islands


text:
Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri

Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri AO (1932 – 21 June 2002) was an Australian painter, considered to be one of the most collected and renowned Australian Aboriginal artists. His paintings are held in galleries and collections in Australia and elsewhere, including the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the National Gallery of Australia, the Kelton Foundation and the Royal Collection.

Life and painting
Possum's father was Tjatjiti Tjungurrayai and his mother was Long Rose Nangala. After his father's death in the 1940s his mother married Gwoya Jungarai, better known as One Pound Jimmy, whose image was used on a well known Australian postage stamp. His brother was Tim Leura Tjapaltjarri, whose artwork appeared on another stamp. His older brother Cassidy Possum Tjapaltjarri was a traditionalist who barely gone outside of the Yuelamu community and was one of the most respected elders till his passing in 2006, Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri was the most famous of the contemporary artists who lived around Papunya, in the Northern Territory's Western Desert area, when the acrylic painting style (known popularly as "dot art") was initiated. Geoffrey Bardon came to Papunya in the early 1970s and encouraged the Aboriginal people to put their dreaming stories on canvas, stories which had previously been depicted ephemerally on the ground. Clifford Possum emerged as one of the leaders in this school of painting, which has come to be called the Western Desert Art Movement. Possum was of the Anmatyerre culture-linguistic group from around Alherramp (Laramba) community. He was of the Peltharr skin.

When it held an exhibition of his work in 2004, the Art Gallery of New South Wales described his artistic background: He was an expert wood-carver and took up painting long before the emergence of the Papunya Tula School in the early 1970s. When Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri joined this group of 'dot and circle' painters early in 1972 he immediately distinguished himself as one of its most talented members and went on to create some of the largest and most complex paintings ever produced.

Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri led a ground-breaking career and was amongst the vanguard of Indigenous Australian artists to be recognised by the international art world. Like Albert Namatjira before him, Clifford Possum blazed a trail for future generations of Indigenous artists; bridging the gap between Aboriginal art and contemporary Australian art.

Death and legacy
Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri died in Alice Springs on the day he was scheduled to be invested with the Order of Australia for his contributions to art and to the Indigenous community. His obituaries, which appeared in newspapers around the world, generally referred to him as Clifford Possum and gave his age as about 70. While his year of birth is considered to be approximately correct, the day and month remain undocumented. His two daughters, Gabriella Possum Nungurayyi and Michelle Possum Nungurayyi, are renowned artists in their own right. There was legal controversy surrounding his burial, as his surviving family and community maintained he wished to be buried in a location different from that specified in his will. He was buried at Yuelamu, which had been the preference of his community and daughters, several weeks after his death.

Posthumously, Tjapaltjarri's works are drawing increasing attention. The artist's majestic painting Warlugulong (previously bought by the Commonwealth Bank for just $1,200) was auctioned by Sotheby's on 24 July 2007. Pre-auction, the work was expected to make art history as the most expensive Aboriginal canvas at auction. The work had been tipped to fetch up to A$2.5 million, more than double the then-record for Aboriginal art at auction. The work, in fact, sold for $2.4 million; the following day, it was revealed that the National Gallery of Australia had been the buyer. The Gallery's purchase eased tensions of a rumoured Government legal intervention had the work been purchased by an overseas buyer, out of concern that significant indigenous art would be "lost" overseas.

Major collections

 * Art Gallery of New South Wales
 * Holmes à Court Collection
 * Kelton Foundation
 * National Gallery of Australia
 * Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection of the University of Virginia
 * Redrock Gallery, Melbourne

title: Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri


text:
A48(M) motorway

The A48(M) motorway in Wales links Cardiff with Newport. It is a 2 mi long M4 spur. At St Mellons, it runs continuously into the dual-carriageway A48, which also has (albeit narrow) hard shoulders. The A48(M) has no other junctions and opened in 1977. The M4 was extended west from junction 29 in 1980.

Previous A48(M) motorways
The 6 mi Port Talbot bypass which opened in 1966, was numbered A48(M) before its incorporation into the westward extension of the M4 in the 1970s. Some maps show the Morriston bypass section of the M4 as also having been originally numbered A48(M), although whether this number was ever used on the ground has been questioned.

title: A48(M) motorway


text:
Talk:Gafsele

This is interesting, and the town names check out, but that's about it. I can't find anything about Nils Anderson and Lapland settlement. Unless sources are cited soon, or something else convincing comes up, I'm going to nominate this for deletion. Same IP that wrote the Kurt Norlin page (maybe Mr. Norlin himself). --DNicholls 10:09, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I do not know about Mr. Norlin, but see no reason to doubt this article. The edits into Åsele seems accurate however, and do not seem like a hoax. I would like to have seen the page on Kurt Norlin. Fred-Chess 19:16, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Another editor has expressed concerns about the content (see article edit history), and since no citations have been provided in over two years and there's no corresponding article on Swedish Wikipedia to provide confirmation, I'm removing these details. CLW 11:02, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gafsele


text:
Next Year

"Next Year" is a song released as the last single from the third Foo Fighters' album There Is Nothing Left to Lose.

History
A shorter version (running at just 3:21 compared to the original's 4:36) was released as a single in 2000 and was used in the music video. Backup vocals were added, and it does not include the outro present in the original album version.

Style
SPIN Magazine proclaimed the song "a power ballad in the "Wonderwall" sense", remarking that the band are "at their loveliest when aping peak-popularity Britpop".

Ed theme song
The opening of "Next Year" was used as the theme song for the NBC television series Ed (2000–2004). The show's creators, Rob Burnett and Jon Beckerman (formerly of the Late Show with David Letterman) used the song despite knowledge of production company Viacom's insistence that they own the rights to the show's theme song. "Next Year" was thus ultimately replaced by Clem Snide's "Moment in the Sun" during the second season. As a result of outcries from Burnett and Beckerman, however, Viacom relented and "Next Year" returned as the theme song in the third and fourth seasons.

Music video
The video, directed by Phil Harder, shows the band in a remake of the Apollo 11 Moon mission and incorporates heavy use of NASA stock footage. They experience zero-gravity in the space capsule (where they conduct experiments and perform the song with instruments), land on the Moon, plant a Foo Fighters flag, and return to Earth where they are welcomed back as heroes during a ticker-tape parade. Many moments and images of the Apollo era are re-enacted, such as the band meeting President Richard Nixon, bassist Nate Mendel golfing on the Moon (a nod to Alan Shepard during Apollo 14), and depictions of Vietnam war protests. The video ends with a portrait of the band in the style of a traditional astronaut crew photo. This bears a strong resemblance to the cover of Led Zeppelin's Best of Led Zeppelin compilation.

Track listing
CD1 dark cover: (Also comes with the first 6 months of a 2001 poster calendar)
 * 1) "Next Year"
 * 2) "Big Me" (acoustic radio performance, 2 Meter Sessions, Netherlands 22 November 1999)
 * 3) "Next Year" (acoustic radio performance, 2 Meter Sessions, Netherlands 22 November 1999)

CD2 light cover: (Also comes with the second 6 months of a 2001 poster calendar) Enhanced CD-ROM, includes "Next Year" video
 * 1) "Next Year"
 * 2) "Baker Street" (Gerry Rafferty cover)

Australia CD:
 * 1) "Next Year"
 * 2) "Next Year" (Dave Way remix)
 * 3) "Monkey Wrench" (Melbourne, Australia on 1 February 2000)

7 inch:
 * 1) "Next Year"
 * 2) "Next Year" (Acoustic Radio Performance, 2 Meter Sessions, Netherlands 22 November 1999)

Japan EP
 * 1) "Next Year"
 * 2) "Have a Cigar" (Pink Floyd cover)
 * 3) "Make a Bet"
 * 4) "Floaty" (Acoustic Radio Performance, 2 Meter Sessions, Netherlands 22 November 1999))
 * 5) "Monkey Wrench" (Melbourne, Australia on 1 February 2000)

Netherlands Live in Holland, part two
 * 1) "Next Year" (Dave Way remix)
 * 2) "My Hero" (Live at the Melkweg 29 February 2000)
 * 3) "For All the Cows" (Live at the Melkweg 29 February 2000)
 * 4) "Monkey Wrench" (Live at the Melkweg 29 February 2000)

title: Next Year


text:
Cabasse

Cabasse may mean:
 * Cabasse (company), a manufacturer of high end loudspeakers, based in western France
 * Cabasse, Var, a commune of the Var département in southeastern France

title: Cabasse


text:
Mark Plati

Mark Plati is a New York–based musician, record producer, and songwriter, best known for his work in the 1990s with David Bowie.

Plati also has worked with Spookey Ruben, The Cure, Duncan Sheik, Hooverphonic, Robbie Williams, Joe McIntyre, Dave Navarro, Lou Reed, Fleetwood Mac, Deee-Lite, and Natalie Imbruglia, Sam Moore, Bobbejaan Schoepen. He has also worked in France and Belgium with artists like Kyo, Louise Attaque, les Rita Mitsouko, Alain Bashung, Émilie Simon, Saule, Raphael, Axelle Red.

title: Mark Plati


text:
User:Arya S

Arya S is a brilliant.

title: User:Arya S


text:
Mother's Spiritual

Mother's Spiritual is the eighth studio album by New York City-born singer, songwriter, and pianist Laura Nyro and her ninth original album in total, including the 1977 live album Season of Lights.

The album was released at the beginning of 1984 after a year of difficult and expensive recording sessions, and came more than five years after its predecessor, 1978's well-received but poor-selling Nested. Thanks to a small buzz surrounding Nyro's return to the spotlight after her second period of semi-retirement (the first came from 1972 to 1975), Mother's Spiritual became Nyro's last US chart entry, reaching #182 on the Billboard 200 chart.

Musically, Mother's Spiritual is the most serene and easygoing of all Laura Nyro albums, and was criticised in some quarters for being too sedate and maternal in comparison to her wild, adventurous, and experimental albums such as Eli and the Thirteenth Confession and New York Tendaberry.

Thematically, Nyro's concerns turned from passion and love towards subjects of a more political and sociological nature, including environmentalism, motherhood, and feminism. It met with mixed reviews, and Nyro was lambasted in some quarters for "turning into a tree-hugger."

After being out of print in the U.S. for many years, Mother's Spiritual was finally released on CD in 2009. It was her last studio album for nine years, and she returned only in 1988 to stage a tour. The album represents Nyro's sole original output of the 1980s, during which time she concentrated mostly on raising her son Gil, born in 1978.

Background
The recording of Mother's Spiritual was punctuated by several difficult incidences. Nyro intended to record the album, as with predecessor Nested, at her Danbury home and laid down solo demos of the songs as early as the spring of 1982. Then, Nyro spent 3 to 4 days a week over eight weeks recording at The Boogie Hotel on Long Island, NY, with recording engineer and studio owner Jeffrey Kawalek at the board, and producer Joe Wissert commuting from California for the sessions - but Nyro was not satisfied with the outcome of the music.

So she then spent between $150,000 and $200,000 building a proper studio at her home (as opposed to the mobile studio where Nested was recorded) and continued recording with Roscoe Harring as co-producer.

The album's arrangements are soft and wistful, but Nyro also desired a more fiery edge to the songs as well. Longtime fan Todd Rundgren, however, was not particularly encouraging about Nyro's new sound and soon aborted his role as producer having cited her indecisive and languid approach as factors.

Critical reception
In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau facetiously remarked that the "romantic generalizations of matrifocal ecofeminism " are suitable to Nyro's moody, gushy style, while citing her "still arresting" dynamics.

Track listing
All songs by Laura Nyro.
 * 1) "To a Child" – 3:53
 * 2) "The Right to Vote" – 3:02
 * 3) "A Wilderness" – 2:56
 * 4) "Melody in the Sky" – 3:45
 * 5) "Late for Love" – 2:57
 * 6) "A Free Thinker" – 3:15
 * 7) "Man in the Moon" – 2:55
 * 8) "Talk to a Green Tree" – 3:44
 * 9) "Trees of the Ages" – 3:39
 * 10) "The Brighter Song" – 2:30
 * 11) "Roadnotes" – 3:18
 * 12) "Sophia" – 4:39
 * 13) "Mother's Spiritual" – 3:12
 * 14) "Refrain" – 1:08
 * 15) "Man in the Moon" (live) - 3:28, bonus track on Japanese import and special edition

Personnel

 * Laura Nyro - voice, harmonies, acoustic and electric pianos, dulcimer on "Sophia"
 * Terry Silverlight - drums
 * Lisa Sunshine (note: her real name spelling is Elysa Sunshine - improperly credited on LP) - bass
 * John K. Bristow - electric guitar
 * Todd Rundgren - synthesizer on "Man in the Moon" and "Trees of the Ages", production assistance
 * Nydia "Liberty" Mata - percussion, production assistance
 * Jan Nigro - acoustic guitar
 * Julie Lyonn Lieberman - violin
 * Technical
 * Roscoe Harring - engineer
 * Arthur Kelm, Chris Andersen - engineer, mixing
 * Irene Young - photography

title: Mother's Spiritual


text: File:Mother's Spiritual (Laura Nyro album).jpg


text:
Stephen Lynch (New Zealand cricketer)

Stephen Michael Lynch (born 18 February 1976) is a former New Zealand cricketer. Lynch played a total of 24 first-class games for Auckland between 1995/96 and 1999/2000. In 1993/94, Lynch captained the New Zealand under-19 team, drawing three under-19 Tests against Pakistan.

title: Stephen Lynch (New Zealand cricketer)


text:
Gabriel Johnston

Gabriel Johnston (1699 – 17 July 1752) was a British colonial official who served as the sixth governor of North Carolina from 1734 until his death in 1752. He was the longest serving governor, holding the office for 18 years.

Early life and career
Johnston was born in Scotland in 1699. He was a physician, political writer, and professor of Oriental languages at the University of St. Andrews.

Governor of North Carolina
Johnston was greatly disturbed by the conditions he found in the province and deplored what he considered the moral laxity, the disregard for law, the inadequate educational facilities, and the oppression of the poor. His administration witnessed an increase in wealth, population, and development of resources.

The United Brethren purchased 100,000 acres of land and settled Wachovia. Another group emigrating in large numbers, and with especial appeal for the governor, were the Scots, who settled in the Cape Fear region. The union with England and a breakup in the clan system, as well as a pardon to all Scottish rebels who would emigrate, greatly stimulated their settlement in America. The General Assembly exempted all new settlers from taxation for ten years. It was probably motivated by a desire to increase immigration to the province, but doubtless the Scottish governor added weight to the measure.

Honors
Some years later the General Assembly of North Carolina provided for the erection of a fort on the south bank of Cape Fear and named it in honor of Johnston. Johnston County was also named for him.

title: Gabriel Johnston


text:
Talk:King Edward VI Five Ways School

Assess for Schools
Very good page and you are discussing the right issues below. I hope this wasn't copied off the school web page..... if it was then you need to delete that bit as it is copyright. Alumin tick. Refs are listed but its not clear where they are used. Look at the ref tag to see how it is used. Welcome. Oh we can help more ... Victuallers 13:56, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

On behalf of everyone who has contributed, thanks and I'm glad you like it. I can assure you it is all original material. With regards to references, I did add them whilst reading the Wikipedia guideline on references. However I noticed there were a number of different reference styles, and I will certainly investigate the ref tag since I suppose it is more convenient/low-maintenance.  Lib Lord  14:48, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Grammar
Was grammar deliberately spelled wrong? I dunno about Malcom X. I think Mussolini was more of an influence on Wheelybin, y'know...the faschism and all.Hashimashadoo 10:18, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Lulz, I think you're going to get owned for saying that Gagabrain 21:19, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Thanks to LibLord for making some great stuctural re-arrangements to this article. Alex Holowczak 21:47, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Old Edwardians
Aston and KES have lists of famous, or "notable" old boys. Does anyone have a list of those, or more realistically, know of anyone that went on to become really great? Alex Holowczak 18:12, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * There is at least one old boy who now works for radio 4. I can't remember his name, maybe consult Mr. Sharp on this one. 41214 21:21, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thankyou for the tip-off, I shall investigate! Alex Holowczak 20:20, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

I updated this to "alumni" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.137.56.223 (talk) 18:43, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I noticed, and I agree it's a better choice of word. Alex Holowczak (talk) 13:00, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Pupils' Worries
In view of the fact that this article is supposed to generally promote the school in a good light, I for one nominate this section for deletion. --LibLord 19:27, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * What makes you think that it's a fact that this article is supposed to generally promote the school in a good light? Surely encyclopedia articles should be factual and neutral. A neutral point of view seems to be lacking throughout. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.122.50.62 (talk) 12:56, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

Too many titles, too little text
That, in a nutshell, I believe to be the problem with this article at the moment. I mean, look at the sporting section. One line for cricket! It doesn't look good that we write one sentence then move on to the next topic.. we need more people to write about the things they know about within the school. LibLord 21:21, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Now have done something to solve this regarding the start of the article. Rewrote the History, Education & introduction sections, and jiggled them around a bit. Still in dire need of something substantial on some of the sports. LibLord 22:48, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I put that in as a stub, hoping people could expand on it. I figured someone out there could fill it in.

Holy diver. You've been down too long in the midnight sea.

Complaints
This is not a place to post any dislike for Mr. Wheeldon. It will be swiftly deleted. The Pupils' Worries is a bad reflection on the school, and we cannot allow that. If you would like to do that, post it on the Five Ways myspace page instead - somewhere a little less public. I agree with User:LibLord that that should be deleted. I tried softening it up, but alas, I think it needs to go completely. Alex Holowczak 21:59, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Some more random points from me
Just here to point out a few things with the article I'd like to see change gradually, in the long term. Most of it involves tweaking the article in accordance to Wikipedia's policies on article content. This may be the school's article, and we may want to portray it in a good light, but it's still on Wikipedia:
 * "This may be the school's article..." Really? Wikipedia articles are private fiefdoms are they? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.122.50.62 (talk) 13:11, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

 * There is a lot of original research on here that just makes me cringe sometimes... like "The future of Five Ways looks strong"... says who? I just picked out that one because I think the "future" section should be more factual, less opinionated.. but let me just stress, I'm not ruling out ALL statements of this nature, because sometimes they are true and just can't be verified.. but if we stripped the article of everything that couldn't be verified it would be very short indeed.
 * It shouldn't be "more factual, less opinionated", it should be wholly factual (and verifiably so) and not in the least opinionated.

 * References: the more the merrier, really. Anything that can be referenced, do. Go here to see how, and that's the type of referencing I propose we adopt. If you can't do it just post your links here and I will.
 * Spelling errors! Seems silly but there are so many of them. I could just change them myself but that wouldn't be so sustainable. So yeah. Use a dictionary.

LibLord 23:11, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Or failing that, use the Wiktionary! Alex Holowczak 21:52, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Infobox!
I hope you like the infobox! LibLord 19:10, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Links Too Long?
I copied and pasted a whole heap of stuff from the school website about links to other schools. Is that overdominating the page? Alex Holowczak 20:24, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

sexual incidents
I just removed a few paragraphs regarding P.E. teachers, sexual incidents, 'claims of harassment and debauchery', and 'prospective sex offenders'. Why?
 * That's simply censoring the truth and as it is relevant to the school, should stay. Despite the fact that it may put the school in a bad light, we should make a point of being honest. If you were doing a Nathan Gale article, you wouldn't miss out that he shot Dimebag, in the same way we should not hide the truth, unless I'm mistaken and it is fictitious. Gagabrain 21:25, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

"Five Ways Today" section
This little addition just read as a disgruntled student's add-on to an introduction to the school as it currently stands. i.e. it didn't flow properly, it didn't make sense where it was, and it didn't sound good. in terms of article structure that is, never mind content.

"Current Issues and The Future" section
This addition doesn't belong in the section the editor placed it in. It belongs in the "pupil's worries" section. But we deleted that section several weeks ago on the grounds that is was inappropriate and just made the school look like a bad place... sure, there are things about Five Ways that people are going to dislike - hell, even hate. But it's the same for every school. Other schools don't write about it on their wikipedia pages, so why should we? Writing about a sex offender in the school, no matter how much truth there is in it, just makes the place look like a dump. Anyway, that's my opinion, but please let's discuss. If enough people think it's a good idea to talk about the school as a "humanities specialist sex-offender institute", I guess maybe that makes me wrong.

LibLord 12:15, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

POV and bias
I think the editors of this page need to be careful about only wanting to show the positive side of the school, if someone comes along with verifiable information that is negative, you'll have to let them add it if it's notable enough. Other schools have had to let it happen on Wikipedia.Terri G 19:25, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Point taken, but none of the stuff I deleted was verifiable. LibLord 22:34, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

deleted "see also"
I deleted the "see also" of Babati, because:
 * I don't think there's any need to have it as a see also... it's already linked to within the main article.
 * We don't have any other "see alsos" and so it looked silly on its own.

Any comments?

LibLord 16:37, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem. Alex Holowczak 19:44, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps some users find it easier to see a list of relevant wiki pages, rather than have to hunt through the article for it...... 86.130.252.131 22:32, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Changes
We found a list of Old Edwardians, thanks to a prospectus supplied from none other than Mr Wheeldon himself! He also pointed out he was not an ex-pupil of the school. All corrected now. Alex Holowczak 22:21, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Fake Sheikh?
Rumour has it that Mazher Mahmood also came here? Anyone know anything about that? Alex Holowczak 22:22, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Confirmed from as good a source as any - Mr Sharp! Alex Holowczak 15:30, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Mr. Sharp is a great place to check for old Edwardians by the looks of things! Callum (talk) 15:47, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Continuity of names
in some places, staff names are quoted in full, e.g. David Wheeldon, in other places, formally, i.e. Mr Wilson. would some continuty in staff naming be sensible?

ukeivo 21:30, 09 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I suppose so - we just don't know all the teachers names! Hence the anonymosity. Alex Holowczak 21:36, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you mean anonymity.  Lib Lord  18:50, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think I mean that too. :) Alex Holowczak 20:33, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Simon Pegg
Really? He was born in Gloucester, it seems a bit of a commute. I know it says he came here on his page, but there's no guarantee that he came here. The others came from The Chronicle, produced by the school, which is a verifyable source, but not on the Internet sadly. Yet Pegg's name was not mentioned in The Chronicle, yet I feel it is worthy enough of a mention for it to be there. Thoughts? Alex Holowczak 17:14, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * No, he wasn't as confirmed by Mr Marston. Alex Holowczak 13:14, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Sandie Shaw
I am removing her from the list of famous Old Edwardians for a few reasons: So, find evidence, but for now, she goes.
 * She was born in Dagenham, which is nowhere near here.
 * She is a "she"... And in the 1950s/60s the school was a boys only school. Even the Sixth Form.

Failed "good article" nomination
Upon its review on October 20, 2007, this good article nomination was quick-failed because it:

 * had a virtual or complete lack of reliable sources

thus making it ineligible for good article consideration. According to WP:Verifiability, "Material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, and all quotations, must be attributed to a reliable, published source."

This article did not receive a thorough review, and may not meet other parts of the good article criteria. The article needs a lot of work. There are a handful of sections with zero references or wikilinks. Before anything the article needs to be brought up to standard with the manual of style. Headers and section structure need to be changed to better comply with the manual. Look at the good article criteria and make sure you comply with all points before submitting again. Best of luck! I encourage you to remedy this problem (and any others) and resubmit it for consideration. If you feel that this review is in error, feel free to take it to a Good article reassessment. Thank you for your work so far.— Noetic  Sage  23:09, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

N-POV? Advertisement?
I don't know why all the negative tags have been attached to this article. Perhaps one section, "King Edwards Public School" needs some clean-up or cites added. But the rest of the article looks just fine. Just compare it to any university entry in Wikipedia. Is the MIT [] article an advertisement? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.151.21.99 (talk) 00:59, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't worry too much. I asked the user to put tags here, for where I should include sources to improve the article. He has only done as I have requested. Although I admit, it does look awful now! But it will look better once I have things to replace the tags. Alex Holowczak 20:17, 6 November 2007 (UTC) P.S. Compared to a lot of other school articles, I don't think this is bad at all.

This is about tag cleanup. As all of the tags are more than a year old, there is no current discussion relating to them, and there is a great deal of editing done since the tags were placed, they will be removed. This is not a judgement of content. If there is cause to re-tag, then that of course may be done, with the necessary posting of a discussion as to why, and what improvements could be made. This is only an effort to clean out old tags, and permit them to be updated with current issues if warranted.Jjdon (talk) 19:10, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

"Nish"
Please do not add "Nish" to the Old Edwardians section. "Old Edwardians" are old boys of the school. I.e. they don't go to Five Ways anymore. Hence, "Nish", who still goes to our school, is not an Old Edwardian, so therefore should not be included. Any further attempts to add him will be removed swiftly, in accordance with this message. Alex Holowczak (talk) 15:46, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Oscar Deutsch
Please find a source. It again strikes me as one of those things the school would put in the prospectus. Alex Holowczak (talk) 13:51, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

EDGE partnership -- what's that?
I was trying to disambiguate the EDGE wikilink but failed to find any more specific information. The disambiguation page also doesn't contain anything related. Does that partnership programme(?) have a web page or something? --saimhe (talk) 17:25, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, here it is. Alex Holowczak (talk) 20:21, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks! At last the disambig page has became a bit better. I can only dream about a separate article. --saimhe (talk) 21:40, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Pointless Additions
Particular highlights:
 * "Most people catch the 22 bus." So what if they do? That has no relevance on the article in question. It is only necessary to state the presence of the public and private services, any further detail could be placed on a separate article. Also bordering on POV.
 * "Eleven Plus. aka 11+." It doesn't matter whether the alias was Konstantinov, the point has nothing to do with KEFW. So put it on the Eleven Plus article if you think it warrants inclusion.

So please think before you edit. :-) Alex Holowczak (talk) 09:52, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Language
There ought to be a law requiring people who claim that X is traditional to say just what tradition X adheres to.

"We" in the section King Edward Public School ("We also welcome another party from India...") is inappropriate.

The article is littered with management-speak: "a school improvement strategy", "roadmap for further development", "Links are being forged at the moment", "The next stage is to embed this link". Perhaps this is the way headteachers address their staff and pupils, but it is inappropriate for a Wikipedia article. 81.131.31.196 (talk) 15:24, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:King Edward VI Five Ways School


text:
Dick Ayers

Richard Bache Ayers (April 28, 1924 – May 4, 2014) was an American comic book artist and cartoonist best known for his work as one of Jack Kirby's inkers during the late-1950s and 1960s period known as the Silver Age of Comics, including on some of the earliest issues of Marvel Comics' The Fantastic Four. He is the signature penciler of Marvel's World War II comic Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos, drawing it for a 10-year run, and he co-created Magazine Enterprises' 1950s Western-horror character the Ghost Rider, a version of which he would draw for Marvel in the 1960s.

Ayers was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2007.

Early life
Richard Bache Ayers was born April 28, 1924, in Ossining, New York, the son of John Bache Ayers and Gladys Minnerly Ayers. He had a sister who was 10 years older. The siblings were in the 13th generation, he said, of the Ayers family that had settled in Newbury, Massachusetts in 1635. At 18, during World War II, he enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps, and was stationed in Florida, where after failing radar training he was sent for a month's art training at McTomb University and began working as an artist in the Air Corps' Operations division. He published his first comic strip, Radio Ray, in the military newspaper Radio Post in 1942.

Career
Ayers broke into comics with unpublished work done for Western Publishing's Dell Comics imprint. "I approached them," Ayers said in a 1996 interview. "I had a story written and drawn. They wanted to wrap a book around it.... I got into it, but Dell decided to scrap the project. ... It was an adventure thing, boy and girl; the boy wanted to be a trumpet player. The girl kept feeding the jukebox and he'd played along to Harry James or whatever sort of thing. ... It didn't make it, but it got me started where I wanted to be in the business."

Magazine Enterprises
Following this, in 1947, Ayers studied under Burne Hogarth in the first class of Hogarth's new institution, New York City's Cartoonists and Illustrators School (renamed the School of Visual Arts in 1956). Joe Shuster, co-creator of Superman, would visit the class, and Ayers eventually ventured to his nearby studio. "Next thing I knew," Ayers said in the same interview, "I was penciling a bit here and there." In a 2005 interview, Ayers elaborated that, "Joe had me pencil some of his Funnyman stories after seeing my drawings at Hogarth's evening class" and "sent me to [editor] Vin Sullivan of Magazine Enterprises." There, Sullivan "let me try the Jimmy Durante [humor] strip. I submitted my work and got the job."

Ayers went on to pencil and ink Western stories in the late 1940s for Magazine Enterprises' A-1 Comics and Trail Colt, and for Prize Comics' Prize Comics Western. With writer Ray Krank, Ayers created the horror-themed Western character Ghost Rider in Tim Holt #11 (1949). The character appeared in stories through the run of Tim Holt, Red Mask, A-1 Comics, Bobby Benson's B-Bar-B Riders, and the 14-issue solo series The Ghost Rider (1950–1954), up through the introduction of the Comics Code. The character's genesis came, Ayers recalled in 2003, when Sullivan "describe[d] what he wanted in the Ghost Rider" and told Ayers to see the 1949 Disney animated feature The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, one segment of which adapted Washington Irving's story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", featuring the Headless Horseman. "[A]nd then he told me to play the Vaughn Monroe record "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky". And then he started talking about what he wanted the guy wearing."

After the trademark to the character's name and motif lapsed, Marvel Comics debuted its own near-identical, non-horror version of the character in Ghost Rider #1 (Feb. 1967), by writers Roy Thomas and Gary Friedrich and original Ghost Rider artist Ayers.

Ayers' hands appear onscreen as those of a cartoonist played by actor Don Briggs in "The Comic Strip Murders", a 1949 episode of the CBS television series Suspense.

Atlas Comics
In 1952, while continuing to freelance for Magazine Enterprises, Ayers began a long freelance run at Atlas Comics, the 1950s forerunner of Marvel Comics. He drew horror stories in such titles as Adventures into Terror, Astonishing, Journey into Mystery, Journey into Unknown Worlds, Menace, Mystery Tales, Mystic, Strange Tales, and Uncanny Tales. As well, he drew the brief revival of the 1940s Golden Age of Comics superhero the Human Torch, from Marvel's 1940s predecessor Timely Comics, in Young Men # 21-24 (June 1953 - Feb. 1954). An additional, unpublished Human Torch story drawn by Ayers belatedly appeared in Marvel Super-Heroes #16 (Sept. 1968).

During the 1950s, Ayers also drew freelance for Charlton Comics, including for the horror comic The Thing and the satirical series Eh!.

Marvel Comics
Ayers first teamed with the highly influential and historically important penciler Jack Kirby at Atlas shortly before Atlas transitioned to become Marvel Comics. As Kirby's second regular Marvel inker, following Christopher Rule, Ayers would ink countless covers and stories, including on such landmark comics as most early issues of The Fantastic Four, in addition to a slew of Western and "pre-superhero Marvel" monster stories in Amazing Adventures, Journey into Mystery, Strange Tales, Tales of Suspense, and Tales to Astonish. Because creator credits were not routinely given at the time, two standard databases disagree over the duo's first published collaboration. Ayers revealed in 1996, however: "The first work I did with Jack was the cover of Wyatt Earp #25 (Oct. 1959). [Editor-in-chief] Stan Lee liked it and sent me another job, 'The Martian Who Stole My Body,' for Journey into Mystery #57 (Dec. 1959). I also began Sky Masters, the [ syndicated ] newspaper strip. There is a lot of confusion on this; people think Wally Wood inked them all, because they're signed Kirby/Wood. But that was Dave Wood, the writer [who was unrelated to artist Wally Wood]. I began Sky Masters with the 36th Sunday page; Jack's pencils, my inks, in September 1959. I ended the Sundays in January 1960. I also did the dailies for a period of [over] two years, from September of '59 to December of '61. These were complete inks; I was the only one doing it at the time. Of course, Wally Wood also worked on that strip, in the beginning, before me."

Ayers went on to ink scores of Kirby Western and monster stories, including such much-reprinted tales as "I Created the Colossus!" (Tales of Suspense #14, Feb. 1961), "Goom! The Thing from Planet X!" (Tales of Suspense #15, March 1961), and "Fin Fang Foom!" (Strange Tales #89, Oct. 1961). As Marvel introduced its superheroes in the early 1960s, Ayers inked Kirby on the first appearances of Ant-Man (Tales to Astonish #27 & 35, Jan. & Sept. 1962), Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos (issues #1-3, May-Sept. 1963), and the revamped Rawhide Kid (beginning with The Rawhide Kid #17, Aug. 1960); on the second and several subsequent early appearances of Thor (Journey into Mystery #84-89, Sept. 1962 - Feb. 1963); on Fantastic Four #6-20 (Sept. 1962 - Nov. 1963), and the spin-off Human Torch solo series in Strange Tales (starting with its debut in issue #101); and The Incredible Hulk #3-5 (Sept. 1962 - Jan. 1963), among other series.

Additionally, Ayers took over from Kirby as Sgt. Fury penciler with issue #8 (July 1964), beginning a 10-year run that — except for #13 (which he inked over Kirby's pencils), and five issues by other pencilers — continued virtually unbroken through #120 (with the series running Ayers reprints every-other-issue through most but not all from #79 on).

Later career
In the 1980s, Ayers, inked by Chic Stone, drew four editions of the promotional, annual comic-book series initially cover-titled TRS-80 Computer Whiz Kids and, thereafter, Tandy Computer Whiz Kids, published by Archie Comics for Radio Shack: The Computer Trap (March 1984), The Computers That Said No to Drugs (March 1985),  The Answer to a Riddle (March 1987), and Fit to Win (March 1988). He also drew approximately 30 sports-star biographies for Revolutionary Comics between 1990 and 1994.

Ayers' work continued into the 2000s. He contributed a pinup page to the 2001 comic The Song of Mykal, published privately by the comics shop Atlantis Fantasyworld, did inking on "Doris Danger" stories in the magazine Tabloia #572-576, and drew a pinup page in the comic Doris Danger's Greatest All-Out Army Battles!

He wrote and drew the eight-page "Chips Wilde" Western story in the benefit comic Actor Comics Presents #1 (Fall 2006), provided a sketch for the benefit comic The 3-Minute Sketchbook (2007), and contributed to the tribute comic The Uncanny Dave Cockrum (2007). In 2009, he drew a half-page biographical illustration of a 1940s character in the reference guide Marvel Mystery Handbook 70th Anniversary Special.

Personal life
Ayers married Charlotte Lindy Walter on April 7, 1951. The couple had four children: sons Richard, Fred, and Steve, and daughter, Elaine. Ayers died at his home in White Plains, New York on May 4, 2014, six days after his 90th birthday.

Awards and honors

 * 1967 Alley Award for Best War Title for Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandoes
 * 1968 Alley Award for Best War Title for Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandoes
 * 1985 National Cartoonists Society Award for Best Comic Book
 * 2007 inductee, Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame
 * 2013 Inkwell Awards Joe Sinnott Hall of Fame

Audio files

 * Audio of Merry Marvel Marching Society record, including voice of Dick Ayers, at Dograt.com. WebCitation archive.

title: Dick Ayers


text:
Death Comes as the End

Death Comes as the End is a historical mystery novel by Agatha Christie, first published in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company in October 1944 and in the UK by the Collins Crime Club in March of the following year. The US Edition retailed at $2.00 and the UK edition at seven shillings and sixpence (7/6).

It is the only one of Christie's novels not to be set in the 20th century, and – unusually for her – also features no European characters. Instead, the novel is set in Thebes in 2000 BC, a setting for which Christie gained an appreciation whilst working with her archaeologist husband, Sir Max Mallowan, in the Middle East. The novel is notable for its very high number of deaths and is comparable to And Then There Were None from this standpoint. It is also the first full-length novel combining historical fiction and the whodunit/detective story, a genre which would later come to be called the historical whodunit.

The suggestion to base the story in ancient Egypt came from noted Egyptologist and family friend Stephen Glanville. He also assisted Christie with details of daily household life in Egypt 4000 years ago. In addition he made forceful suggestions to Christie to change the ending of the book. This she did but regretted the fact afterward, feeling that her (unpublished) ending was better. The novel is based on real letters translated by Egyptologist Battiscombe Gunn, from the Egyptian Middle Kingdom period, written by a man called Heqanakhte to his family, complaining about their behaviour and treatment of his concubine.

It is one of only four Christie novels to have not received an adaptation of any kind, the others being Destination Unknown, Passenger to Frankfurt and Postern of Fate.

Christie uses a theme for her chapter titles, as she did for many of her novels, in this case the Egyptian agricultural calendar.

Plot introduction
The quiet lives of an Egyptian family are disturbed when the father, Imhotep, returns from the north with his new concubine, Nofret, who begins to sow discontent amongst them. Once the deaths begin, fears are aroused of a curse upon the house, but is the killer closer to home?

Plot summary
The novel is primarily written from the perspective of Renisenb, a young widow reacquainting herself with her family when her father Imhotep, a successful but pompous and short-sighted mortuary priest, brings a new "wife", Nofret, into their lives. Nofret soon disrupts and antagonises Imhotep's sons – Yahmose, Sobek and Ipy – as well as their wives. Renisenb realises the housekeeper Henet, while feigning devotion, is full of hatred. She confronts Henet near the end of the story, who in a fit of pique admits she hates Renisenb and hated Renisenb's long-deceased mother.

After Imhotep is called away, Satipy and Kait, the elder sons' wives, try to bully Nofret with tricks, but the plan backfires when Nofret appeals to Imhotep and he threatens to disown his sons and their families upon his return. Suddenly everyone has a motive to kill Nofret and when she is found dead at the foot of a cliff, an accident seems unlikely, although no one will acknowledge anything else.

Next, Satipy falls to her death in terror from the same cliff while walking with Yahmose. Renisenb, and others, wonder if it was Nofret's vengeful spirit that she was looking at over Yahmose's shoulder moments before her death. This theory gathers force when Yahmose and Sobek drink poisoned wine. Sobek dies, but Yahmose lingers on, having drunk less of the wine. A slave boy who says he saw Nofret's ghost poisoning the wine dies of poison shortly afterwards.

The handsome scribe Kameni has fallen in love with Renisenb, and eventually asks her to marry him. Unsure whether she loves him or her father's advisor Hori, whom she has known since she was a child, she leaves the choice effectively in her father's hands and becomes engaged to Kameni. She realises, however, that his relationship with Nofret was closer than she had supposed, and that jealousy may have influenced Nofret's bitter hatred towards the family. Hori and Esa, the elderly mother of Imhotep (a clever woman who although almost completely blind sees things clearer than most others – especially her son) begin to investigate the possibility of a human murderer. Ipy, himself a likely suspect, starts to boast about his new, better position with his father; he plots to get rid of housekeeper Henet and tells her so. The next morning, Ipy is found dead in the lake, drowned.

The field of suspects has been further narrowed. Esa attempts to flush out the murderer by dropping a hint about the death of Satipy, but is herself murdered by means of poisoned unguent, despite the presence of a food taster. Henet – who knows the murderer's identity and is momentarily powerful amid the chaos – is smothered by the linens used to wrap the ever-increasing number of victims.

On the same cliff path where Nofret and Satipy died, Renisenb, apparently summoned by Hori, hears footsteps behind her and turns to see Yahmose. She then sees the look of murderous hatred in her brother's eyes that Satipy saw before she was killed. As Renisenb is about to be killed, however, Hori slays Yahmose with an arrow and saves her. Hori explains to Renisenb that Satipy was not looking in fear at anything beyond Yahmose – she was looking straight at him. He had consumed a non-lethal dose of poison and pretended to recuperate while committing murders, both to make himself chief heir and to indulge his newfound love of violence. Renisenb's final choice is whom to marry: Kameni, a lively husband not unlike her first, or Hori, an older and more enigmatic figure. She makes her choice and falls into Hori's arms.

Characters in Death Comes as the End

 * Imhotep, a mortuary priest
 * Nofret, Imhotep's concubine from the north
 * Esa, Imhotep's mother
 * Yahmose, Imhotep's eldest son
 * Satipy, Yahmose's wife
 * Ipy, Imhotep's youngest son
 * Renisenb, Imhotep's daughter
 * Sobek, Imhotep's second son
 * Kait, Sobek's wife
 * Henet, obsequious family retainer, poor relation of Ashayet, Imhotep's deceased wife
 * Hori, the family's scribe
 * Kameni, a scribe from the North
 * Teti, Renisenb's daughter
 * Khay, Renisenb's late husband

Literary significance and reception
Maurice Willson Disher said in The Times Literary Supplement of 28 April 1945 that, "When a specialist acquires unerring skill there is a temptation to find tasks that are exceptionally difficult. The scenes of Death Comes as the End are laid out in Ancient Egypt. They are painted delicately. The household of the priest, who is depicted not as a sacred personage, but as a humdrum landowner, makes an instant appeal because its members are human. But while the author's skill can cause a stir over the death of an old woman some thousands of years ago, that length of time lessens curiosity concerning why or how she (and others) died."

Maurice Richardson, a self-proclaimed admirer of Christie, wrote in the 8 April 1945 issue of The Observer, "One of the best weeks of the war for crime fiction. First, of course, the new Agatha Christie; Death Comes as the End. And it really is startlingly new, with its ancient Egyptian setting in the country household of a mortuary priest who overstrains his already tense family by bringing home an ultra-tough live in concubine from Memphis. Result: a series of murders. With her special archaeological equipment, Mrs Christie makes you feel just as much at home on the Nile in 1945 B.C. as if she were bombarding you with false clues in a chintz-covered drawing room in Leamington Spa. But she has not merely changed scenes; her reconstruction is vivid and she works really hard at her characters. My already insensate admiration for her leaps even higher."

In 1990 the novel was included in Crime Writers' Associations' The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time list.

Robert Barnard: "Hercule Poirot's Christmas, transported to Egypt, ca 2000 B.C. Done with tact, yet the result is somehow skeletal – one realises how much the average Christie depends on trappings: clothes, furniture, the paraphernalia of bourgeois living. The culprit in this one is revealed less by detection than by a process of elimination."

Publication history

 * 1944, US, Dodd & Mead, October 1944, hardback (First US edition), 223 pp
 * 1945, UK, The Crime Club Collins, March 1945, hardback (First UK edition), 160 pp
 * 1947, Pocket Books (New York), Paperback, (Pocket number 465), 179 pp
 * 1953, Penguin Books, Paperback, (Penguin number 926), 188 pp
 * 1960, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 191 pp
 * 1957, Pan Books, Paperback, 221 pp
 * 1975, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 334 pp

Planned Adaptation
A BBC adaptation of the novel was announced in August 2016, as part of a sequence of Christie productions. Gwyneth Hughes was announced as the adaptation's writer in December 2018, with broadcast planned for 2019. However, no further news on the adaptation was subsequently revealed.

title: Death Comes as the End


text:
Talk:The Significance of the Frontier in American History

Still to do
The article needs a couple of paragraphs on TSotFiAH as historiography, explaining its importance and influence, but I'm not qualified to write these. - Polonius 10:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that this article needs more work on historiography, I have drafted a section on Glenda Riley, but I think there needs to be further additions. Niccur (talk) 00:03, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

John F. Kennedy
JFK was a big reader of Frederick Jackson Turner and talked of the "new frontier" in his acceptance speech for the presidency. Perhaps a section should be added about that? Jevandezande (talk) 01:51, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Merge request
Hi. This article should be part of "The Significance of the Frontier in American History". A redirect from "Frontier Thesis" and "Turner Thesis" would help also. This one currently seems to exist only for the section "Opposition to...". -SusanLesch (talk) 16:43, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * merger should be into the more general article. The 1893. Paper was the first of many papers and the frontier thesis includes many other historians.
 * Thank you for your help, Rjensen. I switched the merge templates per your suggestion and will wait for some time, maybe a few weeks, before making the change. -SusanLesch (talk) 03:34, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Just a note that this request was withdrawn, in part because of conflicting responses. The discussion is at Talk:Frontier_Thesis. Thank you. -SusanLesch (talk) 17:07, 4 September 2012 (UTC)
 * my apologies for my ambiguity--I oppose any merger and suggest multiple articles are the best solution. This article is about one very famous FJT essay of 1893 and deserves to stand alone. The other articles are cover many different thinkers over a long stretch of time. Rjensen (talk) 18:19, 4 September 2012 (UTC)
 * No problem. The discussion is at Talk:Frontier_Thesis. -SusanLesch (talk) 16:05, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Not sure why the merge request was withdrawn. Clearly this article duplicates the article "Frontier Thesis" and should be merged into it.  This "very famous essay" which deserves to stand alone actually *does* stand alone, at the beginning of an entire literature on the frontier.  This essay's importance is the creation of the "Frontier Thesis" described in the article.128.171.199.221 (talk) 21:08, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

Hey. This needs a proper synopsis of the article and its placement in history.
I can't do this, but it would be a much better source if it were done. Historians wake up. Avram Primack (talk) 13:47, 22 June 2021 (UTC)


text:
String Quartet No. 11 (Dvořák)

Antonín Dvořák composed his String Quartet No. 11 in C major, Op. 61, B. 121, between late October and early November 1881 to fulfill a commission from the Hellmesberger Quartet.

Background
In October 1881, Dvořák finished the sketches for his new opera Dimitrij, when he learned in the Vienna newspapers, that the Hellmesberger Quartet is proposing the performance of his new string quartet in December 1881. He was thus forced to interrupt the work on the opera, and began to compose a quartet.

Dvořák began to compose in F major (on 7 October 1881), but he probably wasn't satisfied with that version, since later (on 25 October 1881) after completing the first movement, he decided to create an entirely new work, in C major.

The composition was supposed to premiere on 15 December 1881 in the Vienna Ringtheater, but because of the catastrophic conflagration in that building, the performance was postponed. It is not known today when the first performance occurred. The Czech première took place on 5 January 1884; the quartet was played by Ferdinand Lachner, Julius Raušer, Josef Krehan and Alois Neruda.

Structure
The composition consists of four movements, and lasts around 30 minutes in performance. Two themes based on a polonaise for cello and piano, B. 94, written two years earlier, reappear in the spirited scherzo of the third movement. 1. Allegro

2. Poco adagio e molto cantabile

3. Allegro vivo

4. Finale. Vivace

title: String Quartet No. 11 (Dvořák)