text:
Talk:Cali

the worst article I've seen
Koldorogollo (god bless him) made a lot of additions to this article, written in "spanglish". This is one of the worst articles I've ever seen. I will write to him and I will ask him to stop defacing this article. It is almost impossible to correct all the grammatical mistakes he made. Most of the talk in this page, no offense intended, is also written in an indescribable mixture of English and Spanish: no wonder that the article is illegible. Please, I encourage you to make contributions to the Spanish Wikipedia. Some excerpts in this talk page: "sombre y tranquilla", "Caleano", "steps of irregularity, "It is legend to say", "To say only about this hills", "missing critically", "if you can input yourself", "suffice it to say", "give comments about", "is it really accurate to the last 30 years of history", "has the biggest cycling track", etc., etc. Frankly, it is very hard to contribute to English Wikipedia if you do not know how to speak in English. I beg you to stop. --Ciroa (talk) 08:13, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

discussion
July, 2007 - I agree with Cali being a beautiful city with many small parks throughout the city providing sombre y tranquilla. It requires a native Caleano who usually has lived there for quite some time to show and tell about the general area, ie. Tres Cruces that is monumental atop one of the highest hills of these Andes foothills. It must be reached via a very long, hard climb up many, many steps of irregularity. Cristo Rey also sets high on another hill. Both religious monuments are very visible from the floor of the city, Cali. It is legend to say Cali has the most beautiful women for "tourist" purposes, although the tourist population, mostly in the months of June, July and September is few, coming from Eirope, Sweden, Germany, etc. Over a period of four months, I have witnessed many local, Caleano mujers. They are quite chic for the most part and stride as if models on the runway. Their skin and complexion is flawless. Their beautiful white teeth are just that. A Caleano is never without a toothbrush and toothpaste! Suffice it to say for me, Cali is special.

Gene Brown - alagene@aol.com _________________________________________________________

I know Cali is the best city in colombia. (Raniya 22:43, 9 December 2005 (UTC))

In population it is the second city, according to the last statistics by DANE. C_arango Dec.30.2005

yea Cali is definitely the best city in Colombia and has the most beautiful women

LOL Sarcastic Sid (talk) 06:45, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Suggestions
i love cali --- (please write above this line your new suggestion, signature would be appreciated). ilove cali
 * About the topography of the region I couldn't find anything about the location of the Tres cruces and Cristo rey. To say only about this hills is not enough, we need to specify the geographical location, maybe some geological information, and why not the type of vegetation... Remember an encyclopedia tries to give a complete idea of something, it is not like a journalist that only reports and nothing else. (C_arango 30 December 2005 (UTC))

 * If somebody have better and more complete information about the precolumbian period in Cali I would appreciate if you write me indicating the source or if you can input it yourself. In case this section gets too long I suggest to make an abstract for the main page "Santiago de Cali" and a link for a new page "History of Santiago de Cali". (C_arango 30 December 2005 (UTC))

 * Incidently, please somebody write about the precolumbian tribes and cultures!! (C_arango 30 December 2005 (UTC))

 * Also in the history, it is kind of weak the part talking about the re-conquest by spain after 3rd july 1810. Improvements are very welcome. (C_arango 30 December 2005 (UTC))

 * A section which is missing critically is one talking about the Economy of the region, I couldnt find good sources. I thought Yumbo's industrial activity, sugar ingenios, chemical industry, mutinationals. I consulted the webpage of the CCC (camara de comercio de Cali) but there is nothing in there(!?) (C_arango 30 December 2005 (UTC))
 * About the transportation I guess we have to wait until the MIO is working to specify routes in a map. (C_arango 30 December 2005 (UTC))

 * This is the only article for a major city that I have seen that does not contain a section on Demographics. --Jleon (talk) 04:25, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I second the request on Demographics, its urgent. --Forich (talk) 01:31, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

California
Who calls California "cali"? East coast wrappers and a few folks under 20. Having this here dignifies this offensive usage. 69.107.105.61 02:57, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

There is local music band called Blunt (www.myspace.com/bluntcolombia) that have a single called 'No Soy de California' ('I'm not from California'), making reference to this fact, that some people from California refers to their state as Cali. 200.29.109.142 08:41, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Working for a better Cali's page
Santiago de Cali "wikiproject"

Hi every body, I'm interested in the expansion of this page in wikipedia, The people who wants to help; PLEASE do it.

Necessary things:

1.Economic information about the city.

2.Extra touristic information.

3.Education, information, pictures of the principal universities almost a picture if the Valle's university.

Please give comments about if you want to help.

Thank you, Alekow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alekow (talk • contribs) 00:12, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Elephant in the room
I can understand the desire not to dwell too much on the negative, but is it really accurate to the last 30 years of history not to mention any of the words "drugs", "cocaine", or cartel at all? AnonMoos (talk) 10:53, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

I agree. Cali has long had a severe crime problem. The murder rate is very high. Sarcastic Sid (talk) 06:50, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

What you want to know? I think that is something that you can fin it in the news, and in hollywood or criollo movies, the most real cali the one that is not totally perfect but with beautiful things is the one we are trying to shown in here.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.74.197.238 (talk) 20:21, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

I have to say, I honestly can't remember a single Hollywood movie where the crime and serious violence that plagues Cali has been in. It doesn't get on the news much either. Yes Cali should be shown for it's beautiful things, but there's a crime section missing. This isn't a tourist brochure after all. Power Society (talk) 13:35, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * But not a word about the Cali cocaine cartel and its rivalry with Medellin?--Wetman (talk) 06:06, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Founding of city
The line about Cali's being founded in the late 1600s by Fernando with a population of 17 contradicts the earlier statement about 1536 and on its face sounds absurd. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wbkelley (talk • contribs) 12:59, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
Move Parsecboy : Chat  23:15, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Santiago de Cali → Cali — The naming conventions for geographic settlements states that "when a widely accepted English name, in a modern context, exists for a place, we should use it." Cali is the widely accepted English name of the city, not Santiago de Cali. The name of this article should just be Cali. — Digirami (talk) 23:25, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support as per above. Digirami (talk) 23:26, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. —  AjaxSmack   03:16, 28 March 2009 (UTC)
 * SupportSanfraa (talk) 14:45, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

Driving directions?
Why do we have this section? How come it doesn't say how to get there from my house? Where are the updates on road construction?

Less flippantly, do we really want to give directions on which highway exit to take? Google Maps does this much better and I don't see driving instructions as being an encyclopedic topic. The section is detailed and well-referenced, but I would respectfully propose its removal, or perhaps a rewrite as "Major highways". Franamax (talk) 19:30, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

cycling
Why is there no mentioning in the sports section about cycling?? Cycling is the 2nd biggest sport in cali after football. Not basketball. Cali also has the biggest cycling track in Colombia, called Velodromo Alcides Nieto Patiño. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.205.105.15 (talk) 12:23, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Biggest cycling track? Which are the parameters? Length is the standard 250m.. Pereira and Bogotá have 333m tracks. It has many other attributes like covered, wood, host UCI world championships and world cup. It could be the fastest (needs support) or the best (subjective), or the most capacity (also need sources)

editing pictures
Why is someone editing the last pictures I uploaded? Please if you have a good reason why the pictures I put over there are not well, tell us here, but not just delete them and put another ones, that I think are not really good to place them there, first because the pictures are not really in a good quality, and also because those pictures have nothing to do with the topic! thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alekow (talk • contribs) 01:23, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

User:Koldorogollo's edits
User:Koldorogollo made 19 edits in a row that significantly changed large portions of text and are full of grammatical errors and red links while not providing a single source (and removing a number of sources). I don't personally have the time to review these edits right now, but I think it would be really useful if someone could at least clean it up and hopefully verify the content as well. -- Irn (talk) 03:29, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Timeline of Cali
What is missing from the recently created city timeline article? Please add relevant content. Contributions welcome. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 14:37, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

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Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:44, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

"Renowned" claim
I removed this unsourced entry from the lede: Please replace it if you wish with a reference that supports this. Jim1138 (talk) 05:19, 6 October 2016 (UTC)
 * It has been named by renowned salsa singers "The World Capital of Salsa" with reference to its different schools for the musical genre—often producing world champion dancers—and the exclusive venues for dancing at its fair, held 25th to 30 December; these are factors which have given the city its strong musical identity.

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Cali is considered by the GaWC as "High sufficiency" to be a global city. The World According to GaWC 2016. Important information
Cali is considered by the GaWC as "High sufficiency" to be a global city. The World According to GaWC 2016

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.htm

It is an important classification of cities around the world.

It is a very important classification for investors and the economy at the global level. The GaWC examines cities worldwide to narrow them down to a roster of 307 world cities, then ranks these based on their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law.

It's very important- read -> Miami, Stockholm and many more.

Example: Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory --181.137.2.23 (talk) 23:07, 15 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Why is it important? Just because you say so? We need secondary sources. - MrOllie (talk) 01:57, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * you're not the owner of the information. You are nobody to decide about the information that it can be placed in wikipedia. In addition, this information has reliable references. --181.137.2.23 (talk) 05:11, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

EXAMPLES

 * * Auckland is classified as a Beta World City[6] because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. "The World According to GaWC 2012". www.lboro.ac.uk. GaWC. Retrieved 10 February 2017.

 * * Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media and science.[15][16][17][18]Sifton, Sam (31 December 1969). "Berlin, the big canvas". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2008. See also: "Sites and situations of leading cities in cultural globalisations/Media". GaWC Research Bulletin 146. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

 * * The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP[11] in the European Union and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, environment, media, fashion, science, culture, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities.[12][13] Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, Loughborough University. "The World According to GaWC 2010". Retrieved 12 February 2016.

 * * In 2012, Chicago was listed as an alpha global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network,[8] "The World According to GaWC 2012". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. January 13, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2014.

 * * Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade.[11][12] In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory.[13] "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2012". Retrieved August 10, 2015.

 * * A global city,[17] Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture,[18][19] "GAWC-The World According to GAWC 2012", (2012) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 181.137.2.23 (talk) 05:16, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * * Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha World City, according to the Loughborough University group's (GaWC) 2008 inventory.[201] www.lboro.ac.uk The World According to GaWC 2008 – Retrieved on 6 July 2009 --181.137.2.23 (talk) 05:19, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * * São Paulo (/ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/; Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w ˈpawlu] ( listen); Saint Paul in English) is a municipality located in the southeast region of Brazil. The metropolis is an alpha global city—as listed by the GaWC— "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2010". Lboro.ac.uk. September 14, 2011. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2012.--181.137.2.23 (talk) 05:23, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * * Tokyo. The city is considered an alpha+ world city – as listed by the GaWC's 2008 inventory[11] "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008". Lboro.ac.uk. April 13, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2010. --181.137.2.23 (talk) 05:53, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

THE INFORMATION HAS EVERY RIGHT TO BE PLACED IN THE ARTICLE. THAT INFORMATION ALREADY IS AVAILABLE IN MANY ARTICLES ABOUT CITIES AND CALI WILL NOT BE AN EXCEPTION. --181.137.2.23 (talk) 05:55, 16 April 2017 (UTC)
 * All those other mentions have the exact same problem - they rely on primary sources. Per WP:UNDUE, if we're going to mention this particular ranking we should rely on secondary sources instead. - MrOllie (talk) 10:20, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * THAT INFORMATION ALREADY IS AVAILABLE IN MANY ARTICLES ABOUT CITIES AND CALI WILL NOT BE AN EXCEPTION. --181.137.2.23 (talk) 19:52, 16 April 2017 (UTC)
 * So your answer is 'no, there are no secondary sources?' because if so, the GaWC info will need to be removed - from all of those 'many articles'. Don't worry, there won't be an exception. - MrOllie (talk) 20:29, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

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Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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Neutrality?
Things like Cali Cartel are hardly mentioned in the article. It seems to lack a lot of crime-related information that the city is famous for. Ivo (talk) 02:15, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

Adding Songs that reference Cali
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I believe it is important to mention songs that reference to Cali to emphasize how influential Cali has and still is. NYC16 (talk) 20:59, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cali


text:
Talk:Bryan R. Wilson

Image for fair use
http://www.cesnur.org/2004/mi_wilson.htm

Untitled
This article primarily consists of attributed quotes which are presented as fact; this makes it inherently POV. The quotations need to be presented as such, with clear distance, and the main article needs to present a neutral point of view.--Eloquence* 14:39, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Quotes are not facts, if properly attributed. All quotes as far as I can see are attributed, so it is well within NPOV. --Zappaz 18:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Hagiography
Obviously, this article is nothing more than a hagiography. In his later years, Wilson became a "gun for hire" by scientology. Examples of his writings: And here's an article by Prof. Stephen Kent about Wilson, taking his theories apart:
 * TOP INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARS DECLARE GERMAN GOVERNMENT IS “NOT QUALIFIED TO DICTATE WHAT IS AND IS NOT A RELIGION”
 * Apostates and New Religious Movements (don't trust them!)
 * Expertise on Confidential Religious Writings (claimed that Christianity has "esoteric" components!)
 * An Authoritative Examination of Scientology’s Religiosity (yes, its a religion!)

He was also an "expert witness" in a french trial for scientology - it did not help, several scientologists were convicted. --Tilman 20:38, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * More like this link where Stephen A. Kent takes Wilson's statement that "Scientology is a religion" apart, instead claiming that "Scientology is a multinational corporation". However, this is an example that there are claims that Bryan R. Wilson is not free from faults. (Which is IMHO a realistic position). ... said: Rursus ( m bork³ ) 19:41, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Dr. Bryan Wilson, Oxford University was just one of many schollars that came in defense of Scientology against religious persecution in Germany:

 * Professor Liliane Voye, University of Louvain
 * Professor Karel Dobbelaere, Catholic University of Louvain
 * Professor Dario Sabbatucci, University of Rome
 * Professor Juha Pentakainan, Helsinki University
 * Professor (ret.) Arilv Hvivtfeldt, University of Copenhagen
 * Professor Petro Bilaniuk, University of Toronto
 * Professor Darrol Bryant, University of Waterloo, Ontario
 * Professor Lonnie Kliever, Chair of the Department of Religious Studies at Southern Methodist University, Dallas
 * Professor Frank Flinn, Washington University, St. Louis
 * That he expresed his opinion doesn't make a gun for hire and his opinion is in the main stream opinion of Scientology by schollars. Is Steven Kent's opinion is actually in the minority.
 * I believe that his family, students and friends would be very offended of such a an acusation.

Bravehartbear 13:31, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * How much money did Wilson and the others receive from scientology for their "work"? --17:18, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Not enoght to bent the integrity of an Oxford Profesor. Bravehartbear 02:24, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you sure? ... said: Rursus ( m bork³ ) 19:27, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

 * To Tilman's initial comment: yes, if the article is true, B. R. Wilson was certainly a superman, a new son of God, kind of. The article is in some deep need of WP:NPOVization ~ I've marked some of the most obvious boasts with, a hagiography is much less valuable than a neutral-in-tone encyclopedic article. ... said: Rursus ( m bork³ ) 19:27, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Not enough sources
While there's no question as to Wilson's notability, the article is not properly sourced. 2 footnotes are not enough. Ideally, every time a fact is inserted, it should be sourced. Read WP:SOURCE for more information. Drumpler 12:17, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Have identified and added sources for the majority of statements and re-written some of them where they were copied verbatim. Jayen 466 09:41, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bryan R. Wilson


text:
Toyota Tsusho

Toyota Tsusho Corporation (豊田通商株式会社) is a sōgō shōsha (trading company), a member of the Toyota Group. Toyota Tsusho has a worldwide presence through its many subsidiaries and operating divisions, including over 150 offices, and 900 subsidiaries and affiliates around the world. Its main business is supporting Toyota Motor's automobile business and other Toyota Group companies, but Toyota Tsusho's business is very diverse, spanning industrial, commercial, and consumer sectors. Business areas run the gamut, including industrial raw materials, agricultural products, and high technology.

History
Toyota established Toyoda Kinyu Kaisha (トヨタ金融株式會社) in 1936 to provide sales financing for Toyota cars. The dissolution of the Toyota zaibatsu in 1948 led to the trading division of Toyota Finance being spun off to a new company called Nisshin Tsusho Kaisha, Ltd. (日新通商株式会社) This company was renamed "Toyoda Tsusho" in 1956.

Toyota Tsusho began exports of Toyota cars in 1964, starting with exports to the Dominican Republic. By the 1980s it had expanded its business to include overseas production for the Toyota Group, and had established a second head office in Tokyo.

Toyota Tsusho merged with Kasho Company, Ltd. in 2000. Kasho was a trading company focused on the Southeast Asia markets and dealt in rubber, paper, food, chemicals and general merchandise.

Toyota Tsusho then acquired Tomen Corporation, another Japanese trading company, on April 1, 2006. This acquisition expanded Toyota Tsusho's food, textiles, chemicals and energy business and caused it to leapfrog Sojitz to become the sixth-largest general trading company in Japan. Tomen had been founded in 1920 as Toyo Menka Kaisha (東洋棉花株式會社) from the cotton trading business of Mitsui & Co. and was active in grain processing, power generation, agrochemicals and other business areas worldwide. These acquisitions together expanded Toyota Tsusho's business beyond its historical automotive focus.

In March 2016, Toyota Tsusho announced having reached a broad cooperation agreement with Bolloré Logistics, the logistics arm of the Bolloré French conglomerate, to "enhance and secure their foundation as Africa's number one position by the joint business development in various fields including infrastructure and logistics" (quote), both in Africa as well as globally.

In August 2018, Toyota Tsusho began a partnership with Microsoft to create fish farming tools using the Microsoft Azure application suite for IoT technologies related to water management. Developed in part by researchers from Kindai University, the water pump mechanisms use artificial intelligence to count the number of fish on a conveyor belt, analyze the number of fish, and deduce the effectiveness of water flow from the data the fish provide. The specific computer programs used in the process fall under the Azure Machine Learning and the Azure IoT Hub platforms.

Business sections
Toyota Tsusho's businesses are divided into 7 business sections:
 * Metals: The Metals Division views steel and non-ferrous metals as products with unique properties and functions rather than simple commodities. This approach allows us to provide optimal products and logistics matching the needs of both suppliers and users. The Division is composed of multiple strategic business units (SBUs), all of which manage both steel and non-ferrous products. This ensures that each SBU can respond to customer needs with proposals covering multiple types of metal products.
 * Global Parts & Logistics: The Global Parts & Logistics Division's network spans 38 nations, with 177 sites operated by 79 overseas subsidiaries and business entities. It has approximately 14,000 members worldwide.
 * Automotive: The Automotive Division exports passenger cars, commercial vehicles, trucks, buses, material handling machineries, motorcycles, and spare parts manufactured primarily by the Toyota Group in Japan to countries around the world, and also exports products manufactured outside Japan to other countries. The Division's global network covers 146 nations, with the Division having its own business management operations in 48 nations. (Including the vehicle business of the Africa Division, this total becomes 175 nations worldwide, with the Division having its own business management operations in 87 nations.)
 * Machinery, Energy & Project: The Machinery, Energy & Project Division is engaged in the machinery and equipment business (primarily in the automotive industry), the construction equipment business, the electric power business, the energy business (natural gas, oil, and coal projects), and the plant business.
 * Chemicals & Electronics: The Chemicals & Electronics Division takes an integrated approach to its three main businesses: automotive materials, chemicals, and electronics.
 * Food & Consumer Services: The Food & Consumer Services Division is contributing to healthier, more prosperous ways of life through initiatives in its four core businesses: grain, food, insurance, and lifestyle.
 * Africa: For more than 90 years, Toyota Tsusho has striven to develop markets in Africa from a long-term perspective by growing with communities and their people through trade and investments. In 2012, Toyota Tsusho acquired a capital stake in the largest French trading company, CFAO; in December 2016, Toyota Tsusho made CFAO a wholly owned subsidiary, with the aim of accelerating its business initiatives in Africa. The Africa Division—the company's first division dedicated to a single region—was subsequently established in April 2017.

Head Offices

 * Nagoya head office - 9–8, Meieki 4-chome, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Japan
 * Tokyo head office - 3–13, Konan 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Major subsidiaries and affiliates

 * CFAO
 * C.I. Toyota Tsusho de Colombia S.A.
 * Country Pure Foods
 * Elematec Corporation
 * Eurus Energy Holdings Corporation
 * First Baking Co., Ltd.
 * Fukuske Corporation
 * Lao-Japan Airport Terminal Services Company Limited
 * P.T. Toyota Tsusho Indonesia
 * Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.
 * SB Energy
 * S.C. Toyota Tsusho do Brasil Ltda.
 * Tomen Electronics Corporation
 * Tomen Devices Corporation
 * Toyota Tsusho America, Inc.
 * Toyota Tsusho Finance (CAMBODIA) PLC
 * Toyota Tsusho Canada, Inc.
 * Toyota Tsusho De Venezuela, C.A.
 * Toyota Tsusho Argentina S.A.
 * Toyota Tsusho Mexico S.A. de C.V.
 * Toyota Tsusho Europe S.A.
 * Toyota Tsusho U.K. Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho RUS LLC (TTR), Russia
 * Toyota Tsusho Africa Pty. Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho East Africa Limited
 * Tomen Iran Limited Liability Company
 * Toyota Tsusho Korea Corporation
 * Toyota Tsusho Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho Philippines Corporation
 * Toyota Tsusho (China) Co., Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho (Dalian) Co., Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho (H.K.) Corporation Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho (Taiwan) Co., Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho (India) Pvt.Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
 * Toyota Tsusho Vietnam Company Limited
 * Toyota Tsusho India Pvt. Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho (Australasia) Pty. Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho South Pacific Holdings Pty Ltd
 * Toyota Tsusho Electronic (Thailand) Co., Ltd
 * Toyota Tsusho Network Integration Thailand Co., Ltd
 * Toyota Tsusho Network Integration Asia Pte. Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho Network Integration India Pvt Ltd.
 * Toyota Tsusho Kenya Ltd.
 * Toyotsu Machinery Corporation
 * Toyotsu Rare Earths India Pvt. Ltd.(INDIA)

title: Toyota Tsusho


text: File:Aim StarsOn33 albumcover.jpg

title: File:Aim StarsOn33 albumcover.jpg


text:
Quoit brooch

The quoit brooch is a type of Anglo-Saxon brooch found from the 5th century and later during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain that has given its name to the Quoit Brooch Style to embrace all types of Anglo-Saxon metalwork in the decorative style typical of the finest brooches. The brooches take their modern name from the rings thrown in the game of quoits, and have the form of a broad ring, or circle with an empty centre, usually in bronze or silver (sometimes inlaid with silver or gold respectively), and often highly decorated. The forms are in a very low relief, so contrasting with other early Anglo-Saxon styles, with detail added by shallow engraving or punching within the main shapes. Dots or dashes are often used to represent fur on the animal forms, as well as lines emphasizing parts of the body. They are fixed with a single, straight hinged pin like those of other Anglo-Saxon ring or Celtic brooches and are further defined by the presence of a slot and pin-stops on the ring.

Origins and context
Most scholars now agree that the style developed mainly from provincial late Roman metalwork styles, apparently drawing elements from both the relatively low-status jewellery found in military graves in northern Gaul and England such as belt buckles and fittings, and also late-Roman luxury work such as the style in one bracelet in the very late Roman Hoxne Hoard. In the Quoit Brooch Style the very varied motifs are largely geometrical but include human face-masks and processions or confronted pairs of schematic animals. In most pieces the motifs are tightly packed together in a way lacking classical harmony, but comparable to later Anglo-Saxon work. The style has also been related to late-Roman ring styles in finds such as the Thetford Hoard.

In late Roman Gaul and Britain cingula or belts decorated with metal fittings were worn as signs of rank by both soldiers and civilian officials. One theory is that the style was produced by goldsmiths trained in late Roman provincial traditions working for Germanic clients, certainly after and perhaps also before the departure of the Roman legions and the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410 or thereabouts. The style and forms are very different from contemporary continental Germanic ones, and the contexts of the various finds seem to allow for both the possibilities that Germanic owners were adopting some Romano-British cultural habits, and that Romano-British owners of objects were adopting partially Anglo-Saxon ones in the first years of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.

The discovery of an increasing number of important products of the Quoit Brooch ″school″ in northern France, however, shows that neither the style, nor the forms of jewellery are purely insular developments and that they cannot be linked with any particular ethnic group. An alternative theory has therefore been advanced that they are associated with broadly Germanic, mercenary or federate forces employed in the defence of both southern Britain and northern Gaul in the 5th century, who identified themselves and their status by the creation of innovative metalwork in late Roman tradition.

Finds
The Sarre Brooch, found in the Sarre Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sarre, Kent in 1863, and now in the British Museum is the best-known example, in a very good state of preservation. It was described by Gale Owen-Crocker as the "most magnificent example" of the Quoit brooch style. Two three-dimensional doves sit on the flat circle of the brooch, and another on the head of the pin. In silver with the two zones of animal ornament gilded, it is 7.71 cm across. It was bought by the British Museum in 1893, having once been in the museum of Henry Durden of Blandford. This and a brooch from Howletts, Grave 13 are so similar that they are thought to be from the same workshop, if not the same artist, although several workshops are thought to have worked in the Quoit Brooch Style.

The brooches, the belt-fittings and the style, are mainly found in high-status burials in southern-eastern England, south of the Thames, and right across northern France, dating from the middle quarters of the 5th century. The British Museum also has a fragment of a brooch similar to the Sarre one from Howletts, Kent, and several belt-fittings in the style from the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Mucking in Essex, as well as pieces excavated at Chessell Down on the Isle of Wight and Howletts in Kent. The brooch shape survived beyond that, but in a much plainer style.

Given its limited range in time and place, the style is rare, and one survey in 2000 identified only 5 round brooches (counting style of decoration rather than shape) and a maximum of 39 objects in the style, though the total must be revised upwards in light of the French evidence and in the same year Peter Inker described and illustrated 7 round brooches. One significant addition to the corpus was found near Winchester in 2013 and registered by the Portable Antiquities Scheme. This was a "large fragment of a 5th century copper alloy scabbard mount with silver inlay" with a crouching animal, and part of its confronted partner, projecting above a zone with geometric rosettes to form the upper edge of the scabbard.

Debate
The style was identified in the 20th century and initially provoked much debate as to its origins. It is often connected with the Jutes, who Bede said settled in the core area of the finds, and "barbarian" continental influences, Germanic and Frankish are often also seen in the style, which has also been called "Jutish Style A" by Sonia Hawkes.

title: Quoit brooch


text:
Sokwanele

Sokwanele is a popular protest underground movement based in Zimbabwe that is involved in "anonymous acts of civil disobedience." They are pro-democracy, and they embrace supporters of all pro-democratic political parties, civic organisations and institutions. Sokwanele is committed to challenging and confronting – through non-violent activism – the way in which the ruling party, Zanu-PF, governs Zimbabwe. Sokwanele's message has reached millions of citizens in Zimbabwe through their protest graffiti. Sokwanele is not affiliated to the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) at all; in fact, the group's website very clear.

Sokwanele means 'enough is enough' in Ndebele; the Shona equivalent of the name is 'Zvakwana'.

Sokwanele communicates with its supporters primarily via a newsletter that people can subscribe to online. They also have a website, and they run a regularly updated blog entitled This is Zimbabwe. The government has imposed very tight restrictions on the media in Zimbabwe, and very few newspapers or radio stations that are critical of the government are permitted to operate. Sokwanele's communications provide a critical and impartial assessment of the government's actions, regularly reporting on corruption, human rights violations and bad governance.

Sokwanele closely monitored, in the 22 weeks leading up to the parliamentary elections on 31 March 2005, the government's compliance with the Southern African Development Community (SADC) protocol 'Principles and Guidelines Governing Democratic Elections'. The protocol was agreed by SADC leaders in Mauritius on 17 August 2004 and Zimbabwe was one of the signatories. Sokwanele circulated their weekly assessments through a special newsletter entitled 'Mauritius Watch'. Their final report based on the mounting evidence of non-compliance concluded that the elections were deeply flawed and did not satisfy the SADC principles and guidelines, and therefore could not possibly be considered 'free and fair'. They reached this conclusion before the elections took place.

On polling day itself, Sokwanele blogged regular updates from activists on the ground who alerted them to unscrupulous government activities which included refusing access to polling agents from the main opposition party, imprisoning MDC agents, incommunicado, after the vote; and controlling all forms of communication to and from the polling stations. They also reported on the difficulty that some voters had in trying to vote, and reports from voters of the presence of dead relatives on the voter's roll. On the basis of this evidence, after the voting was over, Sokwanele went on to produce a report that detailed the hour by hour events on polling day into how they allege the government comprehensively rigged the elections.

More recently, Sokwanele has written several articles critical of the government's 'Operation Murambatsvina (Operation Drive Out Trash).' Using Flickr, Sokwanele has also compiled a set of photographs depicting the impact of Operation Murambatsvina on ordinary Zimbabwean civilians.

title: Sokwanele


text:
Bredbo

Bredbo is a village on the Monaro plains of New South Wales, Australia. The village is on the Monaro Highway 34 km north of Cooma. The village is in the Snowy Monaro Regional Council and had a population of 352 at the.

History
Located at the junction of the Bredbo and Murrumbidgee rivers, the Bredbo area was historically prone to flooding. As a way-point on the road from Sydney to the Snowy Mountains, travellers were frequently stranded by rising water. By 1839 the Bredbo Inn had been established to accommodate travellers. The Inn was a Cobb and Co stagecoach post, with stables located behind the Inn which are still standing today.

The surrounding settlement was developed to support squatters' runs established in the district between 1848 and 1850. Bredbo was officially proclaimed a village in 1888.

Gold was discovered in the area by the Reverend William Branwhite Clarke, who also discovered gold at Kiandra. A field was proclaimed along the Bredbo River, which was worked until 1921. In the 1930s a geological survey was undertaken and a mine opened and operated until 1942. The fields at Cowra Creek were worked from 1888 and are still popular for fossicking.

Bredbo sits on the Bombala railway line which reached the town in 1889 at which time there were eight houses. The railway closed in 1989 however one final "Farewell to Bredbo" special train was run from Canberra on 3 March 1990.

In the early 20th century, the Australian poet Banjo Paterson stayed at the Bredbo Inn. It is here that Paterson may have encountered the notable stockman Charlie McKeahnie, a likely source of inspiration for Paterson's epic poem The Man From Snowy River. McKeahnie was renowned for his risky riding, and was eventually killed in a horse race over the Bredbo bridge. Following the accident the fatally wounded McKeahnie was carried to the Inn, where he died of his injuries.

One of the earliest settlers in the Bredbo district, John Cosgrove of Billilingera, was believed to be the largest landholder in southern New South Wales. In one year 68,000 sheep were shorn in the Billilingera shearing shed.

Heritage listings
Bredbo has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Goulburn-Bombala railway: Bredbo Rail Bridge

Village life
Bredbo's community is supported by an active Community Association and through a number of activities on the local events calendar.

Bredbo is well located for access to the service town of Cooma and all the resources of Canberra. It is an easy drive from Bredbo to the ski resorts of Perisher Blue, Thredbo and Mt Selwyn. Locals receive discounts at some of these resorts. There are also extensive mountain bike trails and events in the Thredbo area.

The village hosts a number of small businesses and eateries, including the historic Bredbo Inn, which offers contemporary bistro fare, accommodation and free camping; The Bredbo Pie Shop, providing daily pies, coffee and regional produce and Queen B, a cafe and unique gift shop.

Art and craft is a growing feature of the community, with a number of creative artists resident in the area. These include the children's label Milli and Max; artist Lucy Culliton; and Canberra-region design collective, The Lost and Found Office. Locally made goods are available in a number of the village shops. Bredbo is also home to the Bredbo Christmas Barn, which is a popular stop for passing traffic and day trips from Canberra and the surrounding areas.

Post is delivered residents on Monday, Wednesday and Friday with a parcel collection service run by the Bredbo Community Association.

National Broadband Network provides Fixed Wireless Internet connectivity to the Village while phone infrastructure is managed by Telstra.

Primary school aged children are catered for through the Bredbo Public School. The School is a wonderful small school where students receive personal attention and individualized learning, leadership opportunities, a close, safe family culture and numerous interesting other activities. Daily coaches transport high school students directly into Canberra and Cooma.

Bredbo also has a community hall, tennis and basketball courts, village green, cemetery, war memorial and recreation ground. Public toilets are located immediately behind the community hall. The Cooma-Monaro library offers a mobile library service.

Religious services are offered through St Bartholomew's Anglican Church, which is located high on a hill with views overlooking the town. The historic wooden All Saints Catholic Church is located on Walker Street.

Bredbo village is located close to the junction of the Bredbo River and Murrumbidgee River, with several fishing and swimming spots located within walking distance of the village hall.

title: Bredbo


text:
Talk:Islam in Korea

Can someone tell me where the number 33,000 comes from? I know it's difficult in general to come up with numbers for people of a particular faith, so I'd like to add where that number comes from and what it specifies. Is it limited to South Korea or does it include the North? Does it include the non-Korean migrants living in Korea, which would significantly increase the number? Does it include Koreans living overseas (the only Korean Muslims I know are those living overseas)? --Iceager 14:43, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It might be nice to get a % of Korean Muslims out of the total Korean population. ---Mpatel (talk) 10:48, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Islam does not "have" anything. It's not an entity capable of ownership. The article is about Muslims in Korea. freestylefrappe 04:50, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

 * A religion can "have" adherents. The grammar of that is correct. Also article title is "ISLAM in Korea". But I left your version in the article and made several grammar edits.-- a.n.o.n.y.m  t 15:32, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Islam in South Korea
Islam in Korea and Islam in South Korea are (almost?) exact copies of each other. Please to avoid any double efforts. Wikipeditor 22:56, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * delete all pre-division content from Islam in South Korea, and
 * delete all content that only refers to South Korea from Islam in Korea

Islam is not the fastest growing religion in South Korea
Hi there! As I can see that you are always adding this entry "Islam is also the fastest growing religion in country" to many Korea-related articles and its source is come from an Islamic organzation ...that is why mostly people highly doubt it, will the people believe it? Because according to the national estimates of South Korea has showed that Roman Catholicism and Won Buddhism are 2 fastest growing religions here. I suggest that you must never added this entry again because it violated WP:RS, NPOV. Thank for your good works. Angelo De La Paz (talk) 16:19, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Hello, The source is originally Arab news, not an Islamic organization. The page in Islamawareness.net shows the article from Arab news. If otherwise, please show the census estimates, that you said, that shows that Roman Catholicism and Won instead are the 2 fastest growing religions.  Still, I want to say I appreciate your concern in keeping this NPOV.Opticals (talk) 22:12, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Let's do some operetions between national census as of 1995 and 2005:

 * 1) Roman Catholicism: 2,950,730 (6.14%) as of 1995 ==> 5,146,000 (10.53%) = nearly double after 10 years
 * 2) Won Buddhism: 86,923 (0.18%) as of 1995 ==> 130,000 (0.26%) = +150% after 10 years
 * 3) Other religions (included 45,000 Muslims): 267,996 (0.55%) as of 1995 ==> 247,000 (0.5%) = declined
 * Other religions: Including not only 45.000 Muslims (the least in other recognized religions in South Korea), but also Jehovah's Witnesses, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Seventh-day Adventist Church, Daesun Jinrihoe.

And if Islam is the fastest growing religion in S.Korea with only 45,000 Muslims so it can be impossible with only 6 mosques. Because don't like Buddhism, or maybe even Christianity; Muslims must go to mosques at least once a week. Now, let's do a small operation:

 * 45,000 Muslims : 6 mosques = 7,500 people/ mosque

But remember that the largest mosque in Korea is Seoul Central Mosque can contains only less than 1000 people.

Now, that is clear. And Islam was not the fastest growing religion in South Korea. About your citation given: 100% citizens of Arab countries must be Muslims and Islam is state religion. Look again the words in your citation given is: Islam Awareness; I don't care it come from Arabia or not but I know that is an Islamic webiste. The citation given of The Korea Times (11-22-2002) has agreed that Islam is growing in South Korea but it's no way to be the fastest growing religion here.

Angelo De La Paz (talk) 23:35, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

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Ways to improve
Through the research, I noticed how the informations are written in the past point of view. This means that, as the year passes, Korea had been open minded about Islam, providing more freedom for Islam community to practice in their belief. However, in this Wikipedia, while it provides historical information about how Islam first arrived in Korea, I believe this page could improve more if we write more about current situation of Islam in Korea. Also, to provide more accurate and unbiased information regarding this topic, it is significant to include statistics. This not only forbids rebuttal, but also allows quantitive datas in this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stella Yun (talk • contribs) 01:10, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Islam in Korea


text:
Kingdom of Valencia

The Kingdom of Valencia (Regne de València, ; Reino de Valencia; Regnum Valentiae), located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon.

The Kingdom of Valencia was formally created in 1238 when the Moorish taifa of Valencia was taken in the course of the Reconquista. It was dissolved, along the other components of the old crown of Aragon, by Philip V of Spain in 1707, by means of the Nueva Planta decrees, as a result of the Spanish War of Succession.

During its existence, the Kingdom of Valencia was ruled by the laws and institutions stated in the Furs (charters) of Valencia; these charters granted it wide self-government under the Crown of Aragon and, later on, under the Spanish Kingdom.

The boundaries and identity of the present Spanish autonomous community of the Valencian Community are essentially those of the former Kingdom of Valencia.

Reconquest
The conquest of what would later become the Kingdom of Valencia started in 1232 when the king of the Crown of Aragon, James I, called Jaume I el Conqueridor (the Conqueror), took Morella, mostly with Aragonese troops. Shortly after, in 1233, Borriana and Peniscola were also taken from the بلنسية Balansiyya (Valencia in the Arabic language) taifa.

A second and more relevant wave of expansion took place in 1238, when James I defeated the Moors from the Balansiya taifa. He entered the city of Valencia on 9 October 1238, which is regarded as the dawn of the Kingdom of Valencia.

A third phase started in 1243 and ended in 1245, when it met the limits agreed between James I and the heir to the throne of Castile, Alfonso the Wise, who would succeed to the throne as Alfonso X in 1252. These limits were traced in the Treaty of Almizra between the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon, which coordinated their Reconquista efforts to drive the Moors southward by establishing their respectively desired areas of influence. The Treaty of Almizra established the south line of Aragonese expansion in the line formed by the villes of Biar and Busot, today in the north of the Alicante province. Everything south of that line, including what would be the Kingdom of Murcia, was reserved by means of this treaty for Castile.

The matter of the large majority of Mudéjar (Muslim) population, left behind from the progressively more southern combat front, lingered from the very beginning until they finally were expelled en masse in 1609. Up to that moment, they represented a complicated issue for the newly established Kingdom, as they were essential to keep the economy working due to their numbers, which inspired frequent pacts with local Muslim populations, such as Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir, allowing their culture various degrees of tolerance but, on the other side, they were deemed as a menace to the Kingdom due to their lack of allegiance and their real or perceived conspiracies to bring the Ottoman Empire to their rescue.

There were indeed frequent rebellions from the Moor population against Christian rule, the most threatening being those headed by the Moor chieftain Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir, also known as Al-Azraq. He led important rebellions in 1244, 1248 and 1276. During the first of these, he briefly regained Muslim independence for the lands South of the Júcar, but he had to surrender soon after. During the second revolt, king James I was almost killed in battle, but Al-Azraq also was finally subjugated, his life spared only because of a longtime relationship with the Christian monarch. During the third rebellion, Al-Azraq himself was killed but his son would continue to promote Muslim unrest and local rebellions remained always at sight.

James II called Jaume II el Just or the Just, a grandson of James I, initiated in 1296 a final push of his army further southwards than the Biar-Busot pacts. His campaign aimed at the fertile countryside around Murcia and the Vega Baja del Segura whose local Muslim rulers were bound by pacts with Castile and governing by proxy on behalf of this kingdom; Castilian troops often raided the area to assert a sovereignty which, in any case, was not stable but was characterized by the typical skirmishes and ever changing alliances of a frontier territory.

The campaign under James II was successful to the point of extending the limits of the Kingdom of Valencia well south of the previously agreed border with Castile. His troops took Orihuela and Murcia. What was to become the definite dividing line between Castile and the Crown of Aragon was finally agreed by virtue of the Sentencia Arbitral de Torrellas (1304), amended by the Treaty of Elche (1305), which assigned Orihuela (also Alicante and Elche) to the Kingdom of Valencia, while Murcia went to the Crown of Castile, so drawing the final Southern border of the Kingdom of Valencia.

At the end of the process, four taifas had been wiped out: Balansiya, Alpuente, Denia and Murcia. Taking into account the standards of the day, it can be considered as a rather rapid conquest, since most of the territory was gained in less than fifty years and the maximum expansion was completed in less than one century. The toll in terms of social and politic unrest which was to be paid for this fast process was the existence of a large Muslim population within the Kingdom which neither desired to become a part of it nor, as long as they remained Muslim, was given the chance to.

Forging
Modern historiography sees the conquest of Valencia in the light of similar Reconquista efforts by the Crown of Castile, i.e., as a fight led by the king in order to gain new territories as free as possible of a serfdom subject to the nobility. The new territories would then be accountable only to the king, thus enlarging and consolidating his power versus that of the nobility. This development was part of a growing trend evident in the Middle Ages (said to end in 1492 with the final acts of the Reconquista in the capitulation of Kingdom of Granada and the expulsion of the Jews as well as Christopher Columbus's discovery of the Americas for Spain) and well into the era of Habsburg Spain. It is by this historiographical approach that the repopulation of the Kingdom is assessed today. The Kingdom was initially overwhelmingly populated by Muslims and often subject to popular revolts and the serious threat of subjugation by any Muslim army assembled for this purpose in the Maghreb.

The process by which the monarchy strove to free itself from any noble guardianship was not an easy one, as the nobility still held a large share of power and was determined to retain as much of it as possible. This fact marked the Christian colonization of the newly acquired territories, governed under the Lleis de Repartiments. Finally the Aragonese nobles were granted several domains, but they managed to obtain only the interior lands, mostly mountainous and sparsely populated parts of the Kingdom of Valencia. The king reserved the fertile and more densely populated lands in the coastal plains for free citizens and the incipient bourgeoisie, whose cities were given the Furs, or royal charters, regulating civil law and administration locally, but holding them always accountable to the king.

Linguistic outcome
These facts had linguistic consequences, which are traditionally sketched this way:
 * The interior would have been mostly repopulated by people coming from the kingdom of Aragon, speakers of some variety of the old Aragonese language, a Western Romance language. Their language was a close relative of the Mozarabic language and of the Old Castilian language, from which the modern Spanish language stems.
 * The coastal lands would have been mostly repopulated by speakers of the Catalan language from the Principality of Catalonia. This was one of the Occitano-Romance languages. In this traditional view, the language of these settlers replaced entirely the previous languages and became modern Valencian, generally considered a variant of Catalan.

A few authors have promoted an alternative view, in which the languages of the conquerors were mixed with a local Romance (Mozarabic) which was already similar to Catalan. No solid evidence for this view has been found.

Height of power

The Kingdom of Valencia achieved its height during the early 15th century. The economy was prosperous and centered around trading through the Mediterranean, which had become increasingly controlled by the Crown of Aragon, mostly from the ports of Valencia and Barcelona.

In the city of Valencia the Taula de canvi was created, functioning partly as a bank and partly as a stock exchange market; altogether it boosted trading. The local industry, especially textile manufactures, achieved great development and the city of Valencia turned into a Mediterranean trading emporium where traders from all Europe worked. Perhaps the feature which best symbolises this flamboyant period is the Silk Exchange, one of the finest European examples of civil Gothic architecture and a major trade market in the Mediterranean by the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century.

Valencia was one of the first cities in Europe to install a movable type printing press as per the designs of Johannes Gutenberg. Valencian authors such as Joanot Martorell or Ausiàs March conformed the canon of classic Valencian literature to the Valencian.

Modern Era, the Germanies, and decay
In 1479, Ferdinand ascended to the throne as King of Aragon. With his earlier marriage to Queen Isabella I of Castile, the modern Kingdom of Spain was born. Valencia began a slow process of integration with the rest of Spain. When Ferdinand and Isabella's grandson Charles came to the throne, the crowns were permanently joined in personal union. The kings of Habsburg Spain (January 23, 1516 – November 1, 1700) maintained the privileges and liberties of the territories and cities which formed the kingdom and its legal structure and factuality remained intact. A new position, Viceroy of Valencia, was created to manage the officially independent Kingdom. Meanwhile, the rising Spanish Empire had left behind its former status as a Kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula and had emerged as a Great power. The Empire shifted its focus to the Spanish colonization of the Americas and its possessions in Europe, rather than its Iberian territories.

During the 16th century, Valencia lost its status as a preeminent commercial center of Europe to the rapidly developing cities of Northern and Central Europe. Within Spain, the Atlantic trade favored the cities of Andalusia such as Cádiz. This was largely due to diminishing profits from the Mediterranean trade. The Spanish Empire was in frequent conflict with the Ottoman Empire which controlled most of the eastern Mediterranean. They prevented each other from reaching certain ports while Ottoman privateers such as Barbarossa preyed on trade ships. The Barbary pirates such as Dragut, operating out of Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, Salé and ports in Morocco, attacked shipping in the western Mediterranean, which included destructive raids in Christian ports along the coast. This decline in trade greatly inhibited the economy in Valencia, which had already been economically affected by the Alhambra decree which had expelled the Jews in 1492.

In 1519, the young King Charles I granted the Germanies (literally "brotherhoods") permission to arm themselves to fight off the Muslim raiders. The Germanies were artisan guilds who also, at first with the government's permission, served as civilian militias to fight raiding pirates. However, the Germanies also had an economic agenda favoring the commoner-dominated guilds that clashed with the aristocracy. After the recently appointed Viceroy of Valencia Diego Hurtado de Mendoza refused to seat elected officials who favored the Germanies in 1520, a full-fledged revolt broke out, the Revolt of the Brotherhoods (Revolta de les Germanies). It lasted well into 1522, and shared many traits with the contemporaneous Revolt of the Comuneros in Castile. Aside from economic resentment of the aristocracy, the revolt also featured a strong anti-Muslim aspect, as the superstitious populace blamed Muslims for a plague that struck the city. The mudéjars (Muslims) were seen as allies of the aristocracy, as they worked in the nobility's large farms and undercut the Valencians on wages making them competitors for scarce jobs. During the revolt, the agermanats killed many Muslims and forcibly baptized the rest. Even after the Germanies were suppressed it was ruled that these baptisms were valid, sparking a new revolt of the Moriscos (Muslim "converts").

Because of the exhausted forces left after clashes between the nobles and their allies in the high bourgeoisie versus the general populace and the lesser bourgeoisie, the king was able to use the power vacuum to enlarge his share of power and gradually diminish that of the local authorities. This meant that his requests for money in order to enlarge or consolidate the disputed possessions in Europe were progressively more frequent, more imperative and, conversely, less reciprocated for the Kingdom of Valencia, just as they were elsewhere for the rest of the Spanish Kingdom territories.

The expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609 was the final blow for the economy of the Kingdom of Valencia, as tens of thousands of people—mostly peasants serving the nobility—were forced to leave; in the process, entire villages were deserted and the countryside lost its main labor force. Some 125,000 people are supposed to have left the land. The expulsion was broadly welcome within the Valencian citizenry, especially for its more popular segments. The expulsion meant the loss of a cheap labor force for the nobility, and consequently a massive socio-economic destabilisation. The nobles together with the upper class bourgeoisie felt threatened by an increasingly self-confident general populace, and sought the king's protection of their privileges. As a concession to the monarchy, they had to gradually relinquish their check and balance role on its power, which had been one of the distinguishing traits of the Kingdom's autonomy before the Crown. In line with similar processes in other parts of feudal Europe, the power vacuum left by rapid socio-economic change was readily filled by an increasingly emboldened monarchy.

The Kingdom of Valencia as a legal and political entity was finally ended in 1707 as a result of the Spanish War of Succession. The local population mostly took the side of and provided troops and resources for Archduke Charles, the pretender who was arguably to maintain the legal status quo. His utter defeat at the Battle of Almansa, near the borders of the Kingdom of Valencia, meant its legal and political termination, along with other autonomous parliaments in the Crown of Aragon, as the Nueva Planta Decrees were passed and the new King Philip V of Spain of the House of Bourbon created a centralized Spain.

title: Kingdom of Valencia


text:
California 500

Two races have been known as the California 500:

 * California 500 (IndyCar) was a USAC and later CART sanctioned Indy car race held at Ontario Motor Speedway from 1970 to 1980
 * Auto Club 500 is a NASCAR race held at the California Speedway which was called the "California 500 presented by NAPA" from 1997 to 1999

title: California 500


text:
Reginald Hawthorn Hooker

Reginald Hawthorn Hooker (12 January 1867 – 2 June 1944) English civil servant, statistician, and meteorologist. Hooker was a pioneer in the application of correlation analysis to economics and agricultural meteorology.

Biography
Reginald Hawthorn Hooker was born at Kew the fourth son of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, the distinguished botanist and friend of Charles Darwin and his first wife Frances Harriet Henslow (1825–1874), daughter of John Stevens Henslow. He was educated in Paris and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read mathematics (Junior Optime BA 1889, MA 1893). In 1891 he went to the Royal Statistical Society as assistant secretary and sub-editor of its journal. In 1895 he joined the Statistical Branch of the Board of Agriculture; he remained with the Board, later renamed the Ministry of Agriculture, until his retirement in 1927. He married Olive Marion Rücker (1878–1933) in 1911 and they had three sons and a daughter.

Hooker was a pioneer in applying correlation analysis to socio-economic data. He worked very closely with his friend Udny Yule, who had developed some of the basic theory and was interested in the same kind of applications. Yule recalled how Hooker "joined with me in the early days of our acquaintance to form a very select Statistical Dining Club of two members, which met fairly regularly after meetings of the Society." In the preface to the Introduction to the Theory of Statistics Yule gave fulsome thanks to Hooker for his help. In 1907 Hooker published a paper on weather and crops which Ronald Fisher later described as "magnificent". Hooker subsequently wrote a number of papers on meteorology. In 1920 and 1921 he served as president of the Royal Meteorological Society. He was a very effective president, as Dines recalled.

Like his contemporary and fellow civil servant, W. F. Sheppard, Hooker was an out-of-hours statistician. Although his research was connected with food and agriculture, he did not carry them out as part of his official duties. Indeed, Yule commented, "The importance and value of Hooker’s scientific work ... was never, in my opinion, appreciated at its proper worth by the Ministry at the time when he was still in its service." Yule also noted that, when Hooker retired, he chose to live "far away from any thoughts of the Ministry." In his obituary, Dines noted that meteorologists had not followed up Hooker's work on weather and crops. Hooker is chiefly remembered today for his pioneering work on time series analysis in his papers of 1901–5.

Writings of R. H. Hooker
The bibliography in Yule's obituary lists 22 papers of which the following are a sample.
 * On the Relation Between Wages and the Numbers Employed in the Coal Mining Industry, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 1894), pp. 627–642.
 * Correlation of the Marriage-Rate with Trade, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Sep., 1901), pp. 485–492. (reprinted in The Foundations of Econometric Analysis edited by David F. Hendry and Mary S. Morgan, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1995.)
 * The Suspension of the Berlin Produce Exchange and its Effect upon Corn Prices, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Dec., 1901), pp. 574–613. (reprinted in Classic Futures edited by Lester G. Telser, London : Risk, 2000.)
 * On the Correlation of Successive Observations, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 68, No. 4 (Dec., 1905), pp. 696–703.
 * (with G. U. Yule) Note on Estimating the Relative Influence of Two Variables upon a Third, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Mar., 1906), pp. 197–200.
 * Correlation of the Weather and Crops, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 70, No. 1 (Mar., 1907), pp. 1–51.
 * Forecasting the Crops from the Weather, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 47, (1921) pp. 75–99.
 * The Weather and the Crops in Eastern England, 1885–1921, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 48, (1922) pp. 115–38.

Obituaries

 * G. Udny Yule (1944) Reginald Hawthorn Hooker, M.A., Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 74–77.
 * J. S. Dines (1944) Obituary: Mr. R. H. Hooker, M. A., Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 70, pp. 232–233.

Discussions

 * J. L. Klein (1997) Statistical Visions in Time, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 * M. S. Morgan (1997) Searching for Causal Relations in Economic Statistics, in V. R. McKim & S. P. Turner (eds) Causality in Crisis, Notre Dame Ind: University of Notre Dame Press.

title: Reginald Hawthorn Hooker


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W. Braddock Hickman

Walter Braddock Hickman (April 11, 1911 – November 28, 1970) was President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland from May 1, 1963, to November 28, 1970 (died in office).

Biography
A native of Baltimore, Maryland, Hickman graduated from the University of Richmond and earned his Ph.D. in economics from Johns Hopkins University in 1937. He was a member of the faculties of Princeton University, Rutgers University, and the Institute for Advanced Study. During World War II, he was a lieutenant in the U.S. Naval Reserve.

Hickman became a member of the research staff and director of the Corporate Bond Research Project of the National Bureau of Economic Research and published three books on corporate finance. Hickman conducted some of the earliest and most complete studies of credit risk in corporate bond markets, most notably his 1958 book, Corporate bond quality investor experience. These credit studies have been credited by Michael Milken for sparking his theories on junk bonds in the 1970s.

Hickman was supervisor of economic studies at the New York Life Insurance Company from 1953 to 1956, joining American Airlines as director of economic research in 1956. He was appointed senior vice president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland in 1960 and was named president in 1963. Hickman, who always retained a close interest in economic research, was appointed by U.S. President Richard Nixon to the National Commission on Federal Statistics in 1970.

title: W. Braddock Hickman


text:
Gennady Konyakhin

Gennady Vladimirovich Konyakhin (Геннадий Владимирович Коняхин, born 25 April 1959) is a Russian businessman and former politician. He was elected mayor of the West-Siberian mining city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky in April 1997.

He became known Russiawide after publications in the Izvestia newspaper, in which he was associated with the criminals. Russian president Boris Yeltsin cited the election of Konyakhin as an example of "bandits' strive for power." Konyakhin was arrested October 8, 1997 in Moscow and charged with misappropriation of government funds. On November 18, 1998, he was sentenced to a four-year suspended sentence.

title: Gennady Konyakhin


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Abigail Hopper Gibbons

Abigail Hopper Gibbons, née Abigail Hopper (December 7, 1801 – January 16, 1893) was an American abolitionist, schoolteacher, and social welfare activist. She assisted in founding and led several nationally known societies for social reform during and following the American Civil War.

She grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a Quaker family. Her father, Isaac Hopper, opposed slavery (as did many among Quakers by then) and aided fugitive slaves. She grew to share her father's beliefs and spent much of her life working for social reform in several fields. In 1841, the New York Monthly Meeting disowned Gibbons' father and husband for their anti-slavery writing. Abigail Gibbons resigned the following year, also removing her minor children.

Gibbons was prominent during and after the American Civil War. Her work in Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and New York City was for civil rights and education for Black Americans, prison reform for women, medical care for Union officers during the war, aid to veterans returning from the war, to help them find work; and welfare. Because Gibbons was a known abolitionist, her house was among those attacked and destroyed during the New York City draft riots of July 1863.

Early life and career
Abigail Hopper was born in Philadelphia in 1801, the third of ten children. She was informally called Abby. Both her parents were proud abolitionists. Her father, Isaac Tatem Hopper, was of the Hicksite branch of Quakers. Her mother, Sarah Tatum Hopper, became a recommended minister for the Society of Friends and oversaw schools for black children, along with a committee.

Pennsylvania had abolished slavery and many free people of color lived in Philadelphia. Her father became an active and leading member of The Pennsylvania Abolition Society. He often directly confronted slave kidnappers, who frequented Philadelphia and sometimes kidnapped free blacks for sale into slavery, as well as capturing fugitive slaves to return to their masters for bounties. Called upon to protect the rights of African Americans, Isaac Hopper and his wife garnered a reputation as friends and advisers of the "oppressed race" in all emergencies. The Hoppers also sheltered many poor Quakers in their house, despite their own family's large size and the father's unstable financial status. From their early years, their children were called to aid others.

Both of Hopper's parents came from historically Quaker families and raised their children in that religion. Hopper and her siblings attended Friends' schools while growing up, and lived with these beliefs. In 1821, she also founded a school that practiced Quaker beliefs. On June 26 1827, Abigail, along with her siblings and parents transferred their membership to the Darby Friends Meeting. In 1830, Hopper moved to New York and became a teacher at a Quaker school.

Abigail grew up to share her parents' abolitionist sentiments. She worked with well-known abolitionists of her time, including Lydia Maria Child, Sarah Moore Grimké, William Lloyd Garrison, and Theodore Dwight Weld. Hopper joined the Manhattan Anti-Slavery Society in 1841, which was then a predominately African-American organization in membership. It protested all-white memberships of other abolition societies, including the Ladies' New York City Anti-Slavery Society.

Marriage and family
On February 14, 1833, Abigail Hopper married James Sloan Gibbons, a fellow Hicksite Quaker from New York, who was also an ardent abolitionist. In 1836, the couple moved to New York City. They had six children together—William, Sarah, Julia, Lucy, Isaac, and James. Isaac and James died in infancy. William died suddenly after an accident while he was attending Harvard University. Their daughters included Sarah Hopper Emerson, who published an edited collection of her mother's letters and a short biography of her; and Lucy Gibbons Morse (who married James Herbert Morse and had a family).

Quaker rejection
Some Quaker yearly meetings divided due to influences from deism, as well as differences between urban and rural members. In 1841, the New York Monthly Meeting, which was dominated by Hicksites, disowned Abigail's father Isaac Hopper and her husband James Sloan Gibbons for their writing and other activities against slavery. The following year Abigail Hopper Gibbons resigned from the Meeting in protest, also removing her and James' four minor children. She and her family maintained Quaker practices and faith but did not rejoin the Meeting.

Women's Prison Association
Gibbons became involved in a variety of social reform movements. For twelve years in New York, she was also president of a German industrial school for street children. In 1845, she and her father founded the Women's Prison Association (WPA) of New York City. She lobbied the city government for improvements in the city's prisons, advocated the hiring of police matrons, and urged the construction of separate prisons for women. They were then housed in the same facilities as men, and at risk of abuses. She frequently visited the various prisons in and around New York City.

Under her leadership, in 1853 the Women's Prison Association separated from its parent, the Prison Association, and Gibbons obtained a New York State charter for her group. She led an aggressive program of legislative lobbying at the city and state level to improve prison conditions for women. She protested jail overcrowding and demanded that women prisoners be searched only by female matrons. She also believed that it would be beneficial for her proposed female prisons to be run by women as well.

Civil War
With the outbreak of the American Civil War, Gibbons knew that nurses would be needed to care for the wounded. The United States Sanitary Commission was established in 1861, shortly after the Civil War began, to recruit nurses and to provide adequate medical care to the Union wounded. It would undertake numerous fundraising efforts to raise money for these purposes. When the Commission set up a training base at Davids Island Hospital in New York, Gibbons was among the trainees.

In the South, she worked closely with contrabands, escaped slaves who often sought refuge behind Union lines. Hopper helped them with childbirth and other familial issues. She also collected donations from those in the North and gave them to the contraband slaves. Additionally, she used her wages to help pay for medical expenses encountered by patients who resided in a contraband camp.

Gibbons traveled to Washington D.C., to help at the Washington Office Hospital, where she aided wounded officers and distributed supplies. She also helped to establish two field hospitals in Virginia. At Point Lookout, Maryland, the federal government took over a hotel and 100 guest cottages, converting them into a hospital complex with accommodations for 1500 soldiers. It was named Hammond General Hospital. Gibbons vied with Dorothea Dix, the Union Superintendent of Nurses, for control of the hospital. She finally gained an appointment as its head matron. In 1863 she left the facility after the hospital was adapted for use as the Point Lookout Confederate Prison.

In New York City, social tensions increased with the imposition of the draft. Many Irish immigrant working men did not support the war or abolition of slavery; they resented being drafted when wealthier men could pay for substitutes to take their places. With the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, they feared more job competition by blacks and the loss of work or being driven to lower wages. During the New York Draft Riots, ethnic Irish led mob attacks against individual blacks, their residences, and businesses, as well as against the Colored Orphan Asylum, in the largest civil insurrection in United States history. (The orphans were saved but the building burned. ) The rioters also attacked residences of known white abolitionists and prominent Republicans. On Tuesday, July 14, 1863, the Gibbons' Manhattan home at 19 Lamartine Place (now 339 West 29th Street) was burned and destroyed by rioters.

Post-war
Following the war, Gibbons founded the Labor and Aid Society in New York, which aided returning veterans find work. To further her mission with women prisoners, she co-founded The Isaac T. Hopper Home, named for her father. It assisted former women prisoners to integrate into society after their release. As a result of her working on notable social reform movements, Gibbons corresponded with other nationally prominent leaders, including Lydia Maria Child, Joseph H. Choate, and Theodore Roosevelt,.

Her concern for women and children led Gibbons to found the New York Diet Kitchen (to serve infants, the elderly and the poor). She had also served as the co-founder and president of the New York Committee for the Prevention and Regulation of Vice, directed to control prostitution, drinking and gambling.

Death
Gibbons died of pneumonia in New York in 1893, aged 91. She was eulogized in her obituary as "one of the most remarkable women of the century" for her work in noted reform movements. She is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

Legacy

 * Her daughter Sarah Emerson Gibbons edited and wrote a biography of Abigail Hopper Gibbons, published in 1896, which was based in part on her letters.
 * The WPA has continued, providing programs through which women can acquire the life skills needed to gain and keep employment, manage finances, and to make good choices for themselves and their families. It is the nation's oldest advocacy organization working exclusively with women prisoners.

title: Abigail Hopper Gibbons


text:
Euroclydon

Euroclydon (or in Latin: Euroaquilo) is a cyclonic tempestuous northeast wind which blows in the Mediterranean, mostly in autumn and winter. It is the modern Gregalia (Gregale) or Levanter. From the Ancient Greek word eurokludōn [εὐροκλύδων], from Euros (Eurus, meaning east wind) and either the Ancient Greek word akulōn (akylōn, meaning north wind), or kludon (meaning a surging wave from the verb kluzo meaning to billow) or the Latin word aquilō (aquilon). Euroclydon is not to be confused with the term nor'easter, which is a separate storm system that forms in the northeastern portion of the United States.

Notable references

 * In chapter 27 in the Book of Acts 27:14 it may specifically refer to the name of the Gregale wind from the Adriatic Gulf, which wrecked the apostle Paul's ship on the coast of Malta on his way to Rome.
 * It is referenced in the second chapter of Moby-Dick.
 * Euroclydon is also the name of an anthem by William Billings
 * Referenced in "The Roman Centurion's Song" by Rudyard Kipling: "Here where our stiff-necked British oaks confront Euroclydon!"
 * Referenced in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "Midnight Mass for the Dying Year".
 * Referenced in Dorothy L. Sayers' novel The Nine Tailors where after a rainstorm, the Rector uses the phrase from Acts 27:14

title: Euroclydon


text:
Eumenes (disambiguation)

Eumenes may refer to:

 * Eumenes of Cardia (c. 362 BC - 316 BC), a general and scholar in Ancient Greece
 * Several members of the ruling Attalid dynasty of Pergamon
 * Eumenes I (ruled 263 BC - 241 BC)
 * Eumenes II (ruled 197 BC - 160 BC)
 * Eumenes III (died 129 BC), illegitimate son of Eumenes II and pretender to the throne
 * Eumenes, a late third century BC sculptor of the Pergamene school
 * Eumenes of Bactria, an associate king of Antimachus I of Baktria
 * Saint Eumenes, a 7th-century bishop of Gortyna
 * Eumenes (wasp), a genus of potter wasps

title: Eumenes (disambiguation)