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Eastern Province, Sri Lanka

The Eastern Province (கிழக்கு மாகாணம் Kiḻakku Mākāṇam; නැගෙනහිර පළාත Næ̆gĕnahira Paḷāta) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Between 1988 and 2006 the province was temporarily merged with the Northern Province to form the North Eastern Province. The capital of the province is Trincomalee. Kalmunai is the largest and most populous city of Eastern Province.

History
In 1815 the British gained control of the entire island of Ceylon. They divided the island into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil. The Eastern Province was part of the Tamil administration. In 1833, in accordance with the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission, the ethnic based administrative structures were unified into a single administration divided into five geographic provinces. The districts of Batticaloa, Bintenna (part of present-day Badulla District), Tamankaduva (present day Polonnaruwa District) and Trincomalee formed the new Eastern Province. Tamankaduva was transferred to the newly created North Central Province in 1873 and Bintenna was transferred to the newly created Uva Province in 1886.

The Indo-Lanka Accord signed on 29 July 1987 required the Sri Lankan government to devolve powers to the provinces and, in the interim, to merge the Northern and Eastern provinces into one administrative unit. The accord required a referendum to be held by 31 December 1988 in the Eastern Province to decide whether the merger should be permanent. Crucially, the accord allowed the Sri Lankan president to postpone the referendum at his discretion.

On 14 November 1987 the Sri Lankan Parliament passed the 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka and the Provincial Councils Act No 42 of 1987, establishing provincial councils. On September 2 and 8 1988 President Jayewardene issued proclamations enabling the Northern and Eastern provinces to be one administrative unit administered by one elected Council. The North-East Province was born.

The proclamations were only meant to be a temporary measure until a referendum was held in the Eastern Province on a permanent merger between the two provinces. However, the referendum was never held and successive Sri Lankan presidents issued proclamations annually extending the life of the "temporary" entity.

The merger was bitterly opposed by Sri Lankan nationalists. The combined North-East Province occupied one fourth of Sri Lanka. The thought of the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam controlling this province, directly or indirectly, alarmed them greatly. On 14 July 2006, after a long campaign against the merger, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna political party filed three separate petitions with the Supreme Court requesting a separate provincial council for the East. On 16 October 2006 the Supreme Court ruled that the proclamations issued by President Jayewardene were null and void and had no legal effect. The North-East Province was formally de-merged into the Northern and Eastern provinces on 1 January 2007.

Much of the Eastern Province was under the control of rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam for many years during the civil war. The entire province was recaptured by the Sri Lankan military in 2007. Many community members blamed Pro-Government Tamil groups such as the Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP). In 2008 due to the indiscriminate firearm use by various Tamil factions government planned to disarm Tamil Paramilitary groups. However the TMVP kept arms due to threat of LTTE and denied they were active in Civilian areas. TMVP was finally disarmed in 2009 after the LTTE was defeated.

The Eastern Province has received at least $500 million from international donors since coming under the control of the government of Sri Lanka in 2007, according to the International Crisis Group. Since the end of the war the Eastern Province has seen considerable development under the Nagenahira Navodaya (Eastern Revival) program which include various agricultural, infrastructural and Social development projects. These include the construction and repairing of roads, schools, hospitals, resettlement of IDPs and construction of Nanasala ICT centers. There are currently 88 Nanasala ICT education centers in the Eastern Province. Other Projects include reconstructing the Walai Iravu bridge which was destroyed by the LTTE, developing the Weber stadium in the Batticaloa town, increasing agricultural production, construction of Manmunai, Vavunativu and New Oddamavadi bridges, carpeting roads, constructing 48,000 houses in the Eastern province for the people who live below the poverty line, developing the Trincomalee Harbour, construction of the Sampur Power Station, Development of Maritime park and a Maritime Museum in Trincomalee, creation of the Sampur industrial zone, development of bus stands, canals and the Oluvil Harbour in Ampara district.

Geography
Eastern province has an area of 9996 km2.

The province is surrounded by the Northern Province to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east, the Southern Province to the south, and the Uva, Central and North Central provinces to the west.

The province's coast is dominated by lagoons, the largest being Batticaloa Lagoon, Kokkilai lagoon, Upaar Lagoon and Ullackalie Lagoon.

Administrative units
The Eastern Province is divided into 3 administrative districts, 45 Divisional Secretary's Divisions (DS Divisions) and 1,085 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).

Population
The Eastern province's population was 1,551,381 in 2012. The province is the most diverse in Sri Lanka, both ethnically and religiously.

The population of the province, like that of the Northern Province, was heavily affected by the civil war. The war killed an estimated 100,000 people. Several hundred thousand Sri Lankan Tamils, possibly as much as one million, emigrated to the West during the war. Many Sri Lankan Tamils also moved to the relative safety of the capital Colombo. The conflict has also caused some of the Tamils, Moors and Sinhalese who lived in the province to flee to other parts of Sri Lanka, though most of them have returned to the province since the end of the civil war.

Religion
Islam is the plurality religion in Eastern Province.

Economy
The Eastern Province has a primarily agriculture-based economy and is commonly known as the "Granary of Sri Lanka". It contributes 25% of national paddy production, 17% of national milk production, and 21% of national fish production. Maize cultivation is expanding, large scale maize cultivation with hybrid seeds and contractual marketing has increased production significantly and it is targeted to produce 25 per cent of the country's maize requirement. The industrial sector contributed 34% of the Province's GDP and export processing zones like the Trincomalee EPZ and Sampur Heavy Industrial Zone have been developed to boost the industrial sector alongside the Trincomalee Harbour, which is being developed for Break bulk, Bulk cargo and industrial activities including heavy industries.

The province benefits from a large tourism industry with many seaside resorts and hotels situated mainly in lagoons as well as beaches such as Pasikudah, Nilaveli, Uppuveli and Kalkudah. Historic sites and other natural attractions such as Pigeon Island, coral reefs contribute to the industry.

Provincial council
The 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. The first elections for provincial councils took place on 28 April 1988 in North Central, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, and Uva provinces.

Elections in the newly merged North-East Province were scheduled for 19 November 1988. However, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), which at that time occupied the North-East Province, rigged the elections in the north so that the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) and Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front (ENDLF), two Indian backed paramilitary groups, won all of the 36 seats in the north uncontested. However, elections did take place for the 35 seats in the east. The Sri Lanka Muslim Congress won 17 seats, EPRLF 12 seats, ENDLF 5 seats and the United National Party 1 seat. On 10 December 1988 Annamalai Varatharajah Perumal of the EPRLF became the first Chief Minister of the North-East Provincial Council.

On 1 March 1990, just as the IPKF were preparing to withdraw from Sri Lanka, Permual moved a motion in the North-East Provincial Council declaring an independent Eelam. President Premadasa reacted to Permual's UDI by dissolving the provincial council and imposing direct rule on the province.

The north-east was ruled directly from Colombo until May 2008 when elections were held in the demerged Eastern Province (the Northern Province continued to be governed from Colombo).

title: Eastern Province, Sri Lanka


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Talk:Mary Morstan

Although I agree that this page is very dependent on Dr. Watson I feel that she deserves a page to herself, rather than just a re-direct. Pydos

 * I've reverted 10thDoctor changes because i feel that it makes more sense with that sentence restored...and expanded. Pydos 12:30, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

I disagree about her deserving her own page, so I'm adding a merge tag -- Hirudo 06:48, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

She is a distinct character, introduced in the Sign of Four, before she becomes Mrs Watson, therefore, I believe she deserves her own page, and in view of the lack of activity since June 2006 - or other comment will remove the merge tag as it hasn't been actioned. Stevingtonian 21:37, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mary Morstan


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Rannoch Corp.

Rannoch Corporation, was an American company based in Alexandria, Virginia. It was a research, development and production company working in the field of radar tracking for airport management, ground and airspace control and air defence.

Its products included the 'AirScene' Airport Management systems.

They had offices worldwide and competed in this market with companies such as: ERA (Czech Republic); Sensis Corporation (USA); Park Air Systems AS (Norway); HITT (Netherlands); Lochard (Australia) and Thales (France).

In October 2006 Rannoch acquired ERA (6,25 million Euro was provided by an investment company for the acquisition) and moved large part of development and manufacturing to Pardubice, Czech Republic, location of ERA. In February 2007 Rannoch renamed itself to Era Corporation. In July 2008 ERA was bought by American SRA International for 125.5 million US dollars.

AirScene
The primary mission of their AirScene System is to track all types of aircraft in the air and on an airport surface and transponder-equipped vehicles to provide a high fidelity, high accuracy, and high update rate air/surface surveillance display. The system receives and decodes signals transmitted by Mode A/C, Mode S and ADS-B transponders. The system can be configured so that the sensors are connected to a central processor in real-time, for up-to-the-second track information. Each signal is directly communicated to the central processor where the aircraft/vehicle(s) is/are identified and its/their position calculated in real time (nominally once per second).

The remote sensors are designed to be small and compact for easy sitting and installation. Both the GPS and L-Band antenna are light and extremely service-friendly allowing them to be installed virtually anywhere and in any environmental condition.

title: Rannoch Corp.


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Caco-2

Caco-2 (from Cancer coli, "colon cancer") is an immortalized cell line of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. It is primarily used as a model of the intestinal epithelial barrier. In culture, Caco-2 cells spontaneously differentiate into a heterogeneous mixture of intestinal epithelial cells. It was developed in 1977 by Jorgen Fogh at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research.

History
The line was developed in 1977 by Jorgen Fogh at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. The research application of Caco-2 cells was developed during the 1980s by Alain Zweibaum group at INSERM, France as well as Ismael Hidalgo, at the Borchardt laboratory, University of Kansas and Tom Rauband at the Upjohn Company. The first publication of the discovery of the spontaneous enterocyte like differentiation was published by Alain Zweibaum group in 1983.

Characteristics
Although derived from a colon (large intestine) carcinoma, when cultured under specific conditions the cells become differentiated and polarized such that their phenotype, morphologically and functionally, resembles the enterocytes lining the small intestine. Polarized caco-2 cells express tight junctions, microvilli, and a number of enzymes and transporters that are characteristic of such enterocytes: peptidases, esterases, P-glycoprotein, uptake transporters for amino acids, bile acids, carboxylic acids, etc.

Research applications
Microscopically, Caco-2 cell cultures show obvious heterogeneity likely reflecting the complex mixture of cells found in the epithelial lining of the large and small intestine i.e. enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells, transit amplifying cells, paneth cells and intestinal stem cells. Over time, the characteristics of the cells used in different laboratories have diverged, introducing inter-laboratory variation. Despite such heterogeneity, Caco-2 cells are used in cell invasion studies, viral transfection research, and lipid transport.

Caco-2 cells may be used as a confluent monolayer on a cell culture insert filter (e.g., Transwell). In this format, Caco-2 cells form a polarized epithelial cell monolayer that provides a physical and biochemical barrier to the passage of ions and small molecules. The Caco-2 monolayer can be used as an in vitro model of the human small intestinal mucosa to predict the absorption of orally administered drugs. Kits, such as the CacoReady, have been developed to simplify this procedure. A correlation between the in vitro apparent permeability across Caco-2 monolayers and the in vivo fraction absorbed has been reported. Transwell diagram

title: Caco-2


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European industry federation

A European industry federation (EIF) is a trade union organisation operating at European sectoral level, comparable to and sometimes part of the global union federations. They are the social partners recognized by the European Commission as acting on behalf of employees in their sectors for the purposes of European social dialogue.

List of EIFs affiliated to the European Trade Union Confederation
The following is a list of EIFs affiliated to the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC):
 * European Entertainment Alliance (EEA)
 * European Confederation of Police (EUROCOP)
 * European Federation of Building and Woodworkers (EFBWW/FETBB)
 * European Federation of Food, Agriculture and Tourism Trade Unions (EFFAT)
 * European Federation of Journalists (EFJ/FEJ)
 * European Mine, Chemical and Energy Workers’ Federation (EMCEF)
 * European Metalworkers' Federation (EMF/FEM)
 * European Federation of Public Service Unions (EPSU)
 * European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF)
 * European Trade Union Committee for Education (ETUCE/CSEE)
 * European Trade Union Federation - Textiles Clothing and Leather (ETUF-TCL/FSE-THC)
 * Union Network International - Europa (UNI-EUROPA)

title: European industry federation


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Wikipedia:Featured list candidates/United Nations member states

United Nations member states
Just found this, like a pearl lying on the beach. -- ALoan (Talk) 14:07, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I really like it so far. Is there any chance an image of the UN building or the UN logo could be added somewhere? --Sophitus 21:03, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Added the UN flag and the United Nations template. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:11, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Very well done --Sophitus 16:55, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, though I wonder if this would this look better with prettytable. --Spangineer (háblame)  11:17, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is just a list of countries and dates, a bit like the featured Commonwealth of Nations lists: I doubt that prettytable would add much, unless the table included the notes too (but that would be rather duplicative).
 * However, it has come to my attention that the notes need some work (some of the cross-references are wrong, which seems to be due to Korea and The Gambia being deleted at some point, and the Yemen notes are currebtly out of alphabetical order: it would help if the current system was replaced by one of the automatic note/footnote/reference systems). I will look at it in the next few days if no-one beats me to it. -- ALoan (Talk) 16:55, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Support: some suggestions: 1) Is it possible to bold the countries that were the founding members? 2) A note about India: India joined the UN in 1945 as a colony, not as an independent country. Similarly Pakistan and Bangladesh also joined on that day as part of undivided India but formally joined much later. 3) In the section mentioning the countries never to have joined, Sikkim could be mentioned. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  13:08, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * The founder members are now in bold; similar issues with Ukraine, for example: perhaps I should add a note re India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Sikkim isn't even an observer, as far as I can see. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:08, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah a note about the countries would be informative. Your hyperlinked notes do not work BTW. Sikkim was an independent country till 1975. From 1945 to 1975 Sikkim had no contact with the UN. . From what I understand, it is the only country never to be a part of any of the UN organs. The UN though, has a country code for Sikkim: 698  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  09:01, August 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Ian ≡ talk 01:53, 31 July 2005 (UTC)


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Amichand Rajbansi

Amichand Rajbansi (14 January 1942 – 29 December 2011) was a South African politician. He was a former Chairman of the Ministers' Council of the House of Delegates Tricameral parliamentary chamber for Indian people, and leader of the Minority Front.

Amichand Rajbansi, nicknamed the Bengal Tiger, was born in Clairwood, Durban on 14 January 1942. He attended Clairwood Secondary School and the Indian University College to study History and Psychology as major subjects.

After a long service as a sports administrator, professional soccer referee, civic leader, and serving in local government structures dealing with local affairs, Rajbansi was elected to the South African Indian Council in 1974. This council was rejected by most Indians. In 1976 Rajbansi resigned from the Indian Council protesting the inter Cabinet council between the Indian Council and government cabinet of Prime Minister John Vorster. In 1981 he formed the National People's Party (NPP) and was elected leader of this new party. The NPP successfully competed for the election to the South African Indian Council and took control of SAIC, although only 6% of the Indian electorate participated in the 1981 elections for the council.

In 1984, following Prime Minister PW Botha's constitutional reforms, the NPP stood for the newly constituted House of Delegates, the Indian only parliamentary chamber, and won the majority of seats in the House. As a result, Rajbansi became a member of the South African Cabinet and chairman for the Ministers' Council for Indian Affairs.

Rajbansi's leadership of the House of Delegates was often controversial, and in May 1987, his NPP lost its majority to an opposition coalition. However, Rajbansi did not resign his chairmanship, and he survived the leadership challenge with the help of P.W. Botha. A Parliamentary select committee later in 1987 found that Rajbansi accepted R10 000 for his party in order to "facilitate the obtaining of land and contracts", and he was suspended from the House of Delegates. He was suspended from P.W. Botha's cabinet, and Botha appointed a commission of enquiry under Justice Neville James to investigate allegations of corruption in the House of Delegates Administration. He was later found guilty by another parliamentary committee of "glaring" maladministration in forcing the purchase of a cultural centre for an inflated price. Botha fired Rajbansi from his cabinet and his Minister's Council in December 1988, following the preliminary report from the James Commission. The final report of the commission described Rajbansi as "arrogant", "unscrupulous", "ruthless" and a "mean-minded bully". The commission found that Rajbansi had lied to Parliament, committed statutory perjury, had given false evidence to the commission, and misused his position. It also recommended that he never again be employed as a minister in the House of Delegates or in any official or semi-official post which called for integrity. He later resigned as leader of the NPP, and was suspended from the House of Delegates, only to be reinstated a few months later. In June 1990, he was convicted on 2 counts of fraud, and was fined R10 000 for using "fronts" to obtain premises for his businesses when he was a member of the SA Indian Council.

After South Africa's transition to multi-racial democracy in 1994, the NPP became the Minority Front and continued to draw support from parts of the Indian community.

After the 2004 elections, Rajbansi made an alliance with the African National Congress and he became MEC for Sports and Recreation for KwaZulu-Natal Province. In January 2009, Mr Rajbansi received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the India International Friendship Society in New Delhi, in recognition of his selfless service to humanity. He was the only African to receive this award.

On 29 December 2011, Rajbansi died from natural causes.

Personal life
Rajbansi was formerly married to Asha Devi, a journalist and popular figure in local government. Devi spoke to Jani Allan in an interview published by the Sunday Times in the 1980s about her affection for her husband. She referred to her husband as "her hero". "Even if it means sleeping on a bed of nails or walking on coals for him, I will do it ... I will always stand by him." They also had four daughters and a son together. Their relationship soured when Devi joined the IFP. The couple separated in 1998, with political and alleged paranormal activity in their marital home being cited as reasons attributed to their separation. The couple divorced in 2000. A year later Rajbansi married Shameen Thakur.

In 2003 Rajbansi's ex-daughter-in-law, Karnagie Tandree was strangled to death Police have deliberated over both murder and suicide as a cause of the death.

title: Amichand Rajbansi


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North Western Province, Sri Lanka

North Western Province (වයඹ පළාත Wayamba Paḷāta, வட மேல் மாகாணம் Vada Mael Mākāṇam) is a province of Sri Lanka. It is the fourth-largest province by land area, covering 7,888 km² (3,046 sq mi), and the fourth-most populated province with a population of over 2,592,000 people. North Western Province is bordered by the North Central Province, Sri Lanka to the north, Central Province, Sri Lanka to the east, Sabaragamuwa Province to the southeast, Western Province, Sri Lanka to the south, and is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west.

The province encompasses a variety of climates and geographical features, from its coastal regions to the central highlands and plains. The majority of the population is concentrated in the urban centers of Kurunegala, the provincial capital, and Puttalam. Kurunegala is the largest city in the province and serves as a major commercial and administrative hub. Puttalam, located on the western coast, is known for its lagoon and salt production.

The region has numerous archaeological sites, including the ancient rock fortress of Yapahuwa and the Panduwasnuwara ruins. European colonization began with the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century, followed by the Dutch Empire and the British Empire. The province was established in its current form in 1833 during British Ceylon era and became part of the independent Dominion of Ceylon in 1948, later becoming the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.

During the Sri Lankan civil war the Puttalam District was considered a part of proposed Tamil Eelam by the Tamil Tigers, despite the smaller Tamil population.

North Western Province has 19 seats in the Sri Lankan Parliament. The provincial council consists of the Chief Minister, the Provincial Council, and the Governor. As of the most recent elections, the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna is the dominant political party in the province. The Governor of North Western Province, the representative of the President of Sri Lanka, is currently Ahamed Nazeer Zainulabdeen.

The economy of North Western Province is primarily based on Agriculture, Manufacturing, Fishing, and small-scale industries. Major agricultural products include coconut, rice, and spices, while the coastal areas are known for their fishing industry, the urban areas such as Kurunegala, Kuliyapitiya, Nikaweratiya and Mawathagama is famous for their Industries. The province also has significant mineral resources, including limestone and ilmenite.

North Western Province is known for its cultural heritage, with numerous festivals, traditional dances, and local crafts. It is home to several important religious sites, including the Munneswaram temple and the St. Anne's Church in Thalawila, which attract pilgrims from across the country. The province's natural attractions, such as the Wilpattu National Park and the Puttalam Lagoon, are popular with tourists.

Geography
North Western Province's western border follows the coastline along the Indian Ocean, stretching from the Puttalam Lagoon in the north to the estuary of the Maha Oya River in the south. The northern border is shared with the Northern Province, Sri Lanka with a very small border. delineated primarily by natural features such as the Kala Oya. To the east, it is bordered by the North Central Province, Sri Lanka while to the south, it is bordered by the Sabaragamuwa and Western Province, Sri Lanka.

The North Western Province is characterized by a variety of topographical and climatic conditions, ranging from coastal regions with a tropical climate to inland areas that experience a more varied climate. The region features several prominent water bodies, including the Puttalam Lagoon, Mundal Lagoon, and the Deduru Oya. Other significant rivers in the province include the Mee Oya and the Kala Oya rivers. The province also contains a portion of the Wilpattu National Park, one of the largest and oldest national parks in Sri Lanka, known for its diverse wildlife and natural beauty.

The region's highest point is the Dolukanda range, which is part of the central hills that gently slope towards the coastal plains. The plains are predominantly used for agriculture, with key crops including paddy, coconut, and various spices. The province also has significant limestone deposits, which contribute to the local cement industry.

The North Western Province is ecologically diverse, with coastal ecosystems, dry monsoon forests, and wetlands. Significant ecological areas include the Anawilundawa Wetland Sanctuary, recognized as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, and the Mangrove forests along the coastline. These areas support a variety of flora and fauna, including several Endangered species.

Climate
The climate of Wayamba is tropical, with a marked dry season, and temperatures averaging between 20 C in January to 25 C in March. The south of the province is wetter, with almost 2,000 mm of rainfall per year, but the north of the province is one of the driest regions in Sri Lanka, averaging under 1,100 mm of rain in parts.

Demographic details
The population of North Western Province in the year 2021 was 2,592,000. The majority of the population belongs to the Sinhalese majority. Sri Lankan Moors community represent a large portion in population. There is a smaller Sri Lankan Tamils community and they are scattered all over the Province but a larger population reside in the North of Puttalam District. The following Table summarizes the population of the province according to their ethnicity:

Religion
Buddhism is the main and the most widely practiced religion in North Western Province. It is also home to a wide range of other religious faiths and sects including Islam, Christianity, and Hinduism. Even among them almost all Muslim population follows Sunni Islam and the preponderance of Christians follow Catholicsm, predomantly in Puttalam District.

Districts
Wayamba is divided into 2 districts:
 * Kurunegala District 4,771 km2
 * Puttalam District 2,976 km2

Cities

 * Kurunegala (Municipal Council)

Large towns

 * Puttalam (Urban Council)
 * Kuliyapitiya (Urban Council)
 * Chilaw (Urban Council)
 * Narammala (Pradeshiya Sabha)

Other towns

 * Alawwa
 * Anamaduwa
 * Bingiriya
 * Bolawatta
 * Dankotuwa
 * Galgamuwa
 * Giriulla
 * Hettipola
 * Hiripitiya
 * Kalpitiya
 * Kumarakattuwa
 * Madampe
 * Maho
 * Marawila
 * Mawathagama
 * Narammala
 * Nattandiya
 * Nikaweratiya
 * Pannala
 * Polpithigama
 * Madurankuli
 * Wariyapola
 * Wennappuwa
 * Pallama
 * Polgahawela
 * Udappu

Villages
North Western Province contains six villages with the same name, Galagedara.

Politics
The 2020 parliament election was the most recent general election.

Crimes
NWP is known for its' notorious mafia activities which are largely different from mafia activities in the South. NWP has a very rare gun related crimes on the entire island.

Theft and Burglary

Petty Theft: There were approximately 1,200 reported cases of petty theft in the NWP in 2023, a slight increase from 1,100 cases in 2022.

Residential Burglary: Around 600 cases were reported in 2023, compared to 550 in 2022.

Commercial Burglary: Reported incidents increased to 400 in 2023 from 350 in 2022.

Drug-related Crimes

Drug Trafficking Arrests: Law enforcement reported 300 drug trafficking arrests in 2023, up from 250 in 2022.

Drug Possession: There were 1,800 cases of drug possession in 2023, showing a significant rise from 1,500 cases in 2022.

Violent Crimes

Assaults: The NWP saw 1,500 cases of assault in 2023, compared to 1,400 in 2022.

Homicides: There were 50 reported homicides in 2023, slightly up from 45 in 2022.

Domestic Violence: About 900 cases of domestic violence were reported in 2023, a slight increase from 850 in 2022.

White-collar Crimes

Fraud: There were 200 reported cases of fraud in 2023, compared to 180 in 2022.

Corruption: Approximately 150 incidents of corruption were reported in 2023, up from 130 in 2022.

Cybercrime: The NWP recorded 250 cybercrime cases in 2023, a rise from 200 in 2022.

Environmental Crimes

Illegal Logging: Law enforcement recorded 120 cases of illegal logging in 2023, compared to 100 in 2022.

Wildlife Poaching: There were 90 reported incidents of wildlife poaching in 2023, up from 80 in 2022.

Universities

 * 1) Open University of Sri Lanka, regional centre of Kurunegala
 * 2) Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya
 * 3) Wayamba National College of Education, Bingiriya
 * 4) Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology - Kurunegala
 * 5) ICBT Campus
 * 6) ESOFT Metro Campus

Provincial Education zones-Provincial Department of Education - North Western

 * 1) Zonal Education - Kurunegala
 * 2) Zonal Education - Puttalam
 * 3) Zonal Education - Kuliyapitiya
 * 4) Zonal Education - Chilaw
 * 5) Zonal Education - Ibbagamuwa
 * 6) Zonal Education - Maho
 * 7) Zonal Education - Nikaweratiya
 * 8) Zonal Education - Giriulla

Schools

 * 1) Maliyadeva College - Kurunegala
 * 2) St. Anne's College, Kurunegala - Kurunegala
 * 3) Athugalpura Prince College - Kurunegala
 * 4) Maliyadeva Girls' College - Kurunegala
 * 5) Holy Family Convent - Kurunegala
 * 6) Sir John Kothalawala College - Kurunegala
 * 7) St. Joseph Vaz College - Wennappuwa
 * 8) Presidential Science College - Puttalam
 * 9) Holy Family Convent-Marawila
 * 10) Saranath College - Kuliyapitiya
 * 11) Central College - Kuliyapitiya
 * 12) Ananda College - Chilaw
 * 13) Mawatagama Central College - Mawathagama
 * 14) Dhammissara College - Nattandiya
 * 15) Wayamba Royal College - Kurunegala
 * 16) Senanayake Central College - Madampe
 * 17) Mayurapada College - Narammala
 * 18) Sri Sumangala College - Wariyapola
 * 19) S.W.R.D. Bandaranayaka Central College - Panduwasnuwara
 * 20) Zahira National College - Puttalam
 * 21) St. Andrew's Central College - puttlam
 * 22) Anuruddha Central College - Lunuwila National School

Private Tuition Institutes
Kurunegala is one of the most popular destination for Sri Lankan high school students for private tutoring.

 * 1) Sipwin (Sinhala Medium)
 * 2) Sensip (Sinhala Medium)
 * 3) Pencil Opera (Sinhala Medium)
 * 4) Sisipra (English Medium)
 * 5) Lexicon (Sinhala Medium)

Roads
The region is served by an extensive rail and road transport system providing linkages to the major cities and ports in Sri Lanka. Some major roads include,

 * A3: Puttalam – Chilaw – Negombo - Colombo (162 km)
 * A6: Ambepussa – Kurunegala – Dambulla – Trincomalee (192 km)
 * A10: Katugastota – Kurunegala – Puttalam (125 km)
 * A12: ''Puttalam - Anuradhapura - Trincomalee (179 km)

Railway lines

 * Colombo, Ragama Junction, Polgahawela Junction, Kurunegala, Maho Junction, Anuradhapura. Served by the Rajarata Rajini (Queen of North Central Region).
 * Colombo, Ragama Junction, Negombo, Chilaw, Puttalam (1926). Served by the Muthu Kumari (Pearl Princess). A route of 83 mi along the North-Western coast.

Industries
The North Western Province, comprises the districts of Kurunegala and Puttalam, is a vital region for the country's economic landscape. This region's economy is multifaceted, driven by agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and service industries.

The province is the location for Mawathagama and Polghawela Export Processing Zones and boasts several other industrial estates such as Dambadeniya, Makandura West, Makadura East, Pannala, Lunuwila, Heraliyawela, Dangaspitiya, Dankotuwa and Noorani.

Agriculture
Agriculture is the cornerstone of the North Western Province's economy, employing a significant portion of the population.

The province contributes approximately 18% of Sri Lanka's total rice production. With over 150,000 hectares dedicated to paddy fields, the region produces around 700,000 metric tonnes of rice annually.

The province is one of the largest coconut-producing regions, accounting for about 25% of the national coconut output. Annually, it produces around 1 billion coconuts.

The province also grows a variety of spices (such as Pepper and Cardamom), vegetables, and fruits. Approximately 10,000 ha are used for spice cultivation, producing around 12,000 metric tonnes annually.

Manufacturing
Manufacturing in the North Western Province is diverse, playing a crucial role in the region's economic growth.

The textile and garment industry employs over 50,000 workers. The region hosts several factories, contributing to around 20% of Sri Lanka’s total garment exports.

The province is home to multiple food processing plants. The food and beverage sector contributes approximately LKR 20 billion to the provincial GDP annually.

Puttalam hosts one of the largest cement factories in Sri Lanka, producing about 2.5 million tonnes of cement annually, which accounts for 40% of the country's cement production.

Mining
The North Western Province has significant mineral resources, contributing to Sri Lanka's mining industry.

The region's limestone deposits are crucial for the cement industry. Annually, around 3 million tonnes of limestone are mined in Puttalam.

NWP is a significant source of Silica sand, essential for the Glass industry, with annual production reaching approximately 200,000 tonnes.

Service Industry
The service industry in the province is rapidly growing, encompassing a wide range of activities from financial services to education and healthcare.

The healthcare sector employs over 15,000 workers and includes major hospitals and numerous healthcare facilities across the province. This includes variety of private hospitals mainly located in Kurunegala.

The education sector is robust, with numerous schools, vocational training centers, and higher education institutions. Over 200,000 students are enrolled in educational institutions within the province.

The province has seen a steady increase in tourism, Major attractions include the Wilpattu National Park, cultural heritage sites in Kurunegala, and the coastal areas of Puttalam. Tourism however is considered very poor compared to other Provinces.

Energy Production
Energy production is a significant industry in the North Western Province, particularly in Puttalam.

Wind Power: Puttalam is home to one of the largest wind farms in Sri Lanka, contributing over 100 MW of renewable energy to the national grid.

Thermal Power: Norochcholai Power Plant, is also located in Puttalam, and is the largest coal-fired power plant in Sri Lanka, generating around 900 MW of electricity.

Mineral resources
Wayamba Province is also rich with several types of mineral deposits. These include,

 * Silica Sand - The best known silica sand deposits are found in the Marawila, Madampe and Nattandiya areas of the province.
 * Miocene Limestone - The largest deposits of Miocene limestone are found in the north western coastal belt near Puttalam. The limestones are used for cement manufacturing.
 * Graphite (Bogala, Kahatagaha and Dodamgaslanda Graphite mines)
 * Mica
 * Beach mineral sands including ilmenite
 * Clay

Major agricultural crops
Wayamba has a highly developed agricultural economy, growing a variety of fruits and vegetables, flowering plants, spices, oil-seeds in addition to the traditional plantation crops such as Coconut, Rubber and Rice. Rich soils and varied climate give Wayamba a potential for growing of virtually any crop.

Paddy is the main agricultural crop in the province. Wayamba is the third largest paddy-producing area in Sri Lanka. There are two main cultivation seasons. The Maha Season (October–January) or the period with excessive rainfall and the Yala Season (April–August) the drier season. In Yala season, the farmers have to depend on irrigation. More recent times, the paddy farmers during the dry season have opted to cultivate export crops and subsidiary food crops that bring bigger profits.

 * Coconut – The largest industry in the Wayamba Province. The extent of land under coconut is 48% of the island's area.
 * Paddy
 * Cereals – Kurakkan, maize, green gram, cowpea
 * Root Crops – sweet potatoes, red onions
 * Fruits – Pineapples, Mangoes, Papaya, Banana, Avocado
 * Vegetables – Gherkin, Asparagus, and many local vegetables
 * Cashew Nut is also cultivated on a large scale in the Wayamba province. Wayamba is a major Cashew exporting region in Sri Lanka. The northernmost dry region is ideally suited for Cashew cultivation.
 *  Fisheries Industry/ Prawn Farming - The western coast of the North Western region is endowed with rich fisheries and other aquatic resources. The major varieties found in abundance are tuna, prawns, lobsters and cuttlefish. The country's export-oriented commercial prawn farming industry is concentrated in the coastal areas of the Puttalam district.

Banking and financial services
The Wayamba province is well served by all major commercial banking and financial institutions of Sri Lanka. These include, Bank of Ceylon, Commercial Bank of Sri Lanka, Sampath Bank, National Savings Bank, Hatton National Bank, People's Bank, Seylan Bank and the Union Bank. All of these banks have an extensive coverage of their branches in the province. Three other development banks of Sri Lanka, namely The DFCC Bank, National Development Bank, Wayamba Development Bank, Ideal motors & Ideal finance also provide services to the province.

Archaeological sites
The Wayamba province is a treasure house of archaeology having been seat of four medieval kingdoms of Sri Lanka between the mid 12th and mid 14th centuries. Having forced to move capitals due to foreign invasions, Sri Lankan kings nevertheless built magnificent citadels are Yapahuwa, Panduwasnuwara, Dambadeniya and Kurunegala. Impressive remains of those citadels, palaces, Buddhist temples and monasteries provide exciting sight seeing to the visitors.

Rock temples
Wayamba and Kurunegala are also the home for other ancient Buddhist rock temples, mostly with 1st century B.C roots, with wall and ceiling frescos, colossal Buddha images, stone inscriptions and sculptures dating from early medieval to 18th century period.

Beaches
The sparkling blue surf of the Indian Ocean and scenic tropical lagoons which edge the western shores of the Wayamba province are glided with 240 kilometres of wide, sun drenched beaches. These beaches stretch from Waikkal at its southern end to Dutch Bay in the Puttalam district.

Some of Wayamba's best resort beaches are at Marawila, Talwila, Kalpitiya and Waikkal. These beaches are often with the bonus of a lagoon or a river front and make excellent bases for stay-put beach holidays. Some of the beach resorts also offer viewing of underwater Coral wonderlands off Kandakuliya and Karaitivu. Many fishing villages dot the coastal areas.

European colonial monuments
The well preserved Dutch Fort in Kalpitiya (Puttalam district) dating back to 1670 is an evidence of the Wayamba's European colonial period. The fort is complete with barracks, store houses and living quarters, Dutch colonial pillars and ancient tombstones. Kurunegala has many 19th century relics of the British colonial period including the government Agent's residence and the Rajapihilla rest house.

Festivals
The people of Wayamba celebrate many traditional festivals centred on sacred shrines of diverse faith.

 * All Buddhist temples celebrate the Vesak, Poson and Esela festivals commemorating the events of great importance to the Buddhists. These festivals feature colourful decorations, lanterns, illuminations and pageants where traditional dancing, drumming, costumed dignitaries and elephants are paraded. Two noteworthy colourful Buddhist processions are organised by the Wilbawa Raja Maha Viharaya (major temple) and Athanda Raja Maha Viharaya and are paraded in the Kurunegala city.
 * The St Anne's Roman Catholic church is located on a magnificent beach stretch in Talawila in the Puttalam district. The church draws thousands of pilgrims for its main festivals in March and July.
 * The Munneswaram and Udappu Hindu temples are pilgrim centres of many devotees. People gather to worship deities and seek favours. The main temple of God Shiva at Munneswaram, comprises the shrines and has been built according to traditional Hindu style. Munneswaram celebrates its major festival in August where fire-walking is practiced. Udappuwa, a sea side shrine complex of three shrines, also has a colourful festival held in the month of August.
 * The Ramazan, Haj and Milad-un-Nabi festivals are also celebrated by the minority Muslims of Wayamba especially at historic and famed mosques in Puttalam, Kurunegala and Chilaw. These celebrations are mainly of religious character, recitations of Koran and distribution of cooked food and sweets.

All three shrines are easily accessible from Kurunegala, - Munneswaram approximately 70 km, Udappuwa 95 km and St. Anne's about 110 km respectively.

Research institutes

 * Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila
 * Rice Research and Development Institute, Batalagoda

Sport

 * Cricket - Wayamba

title: North Western Province, Sri Lanka


text:
Cuyo (Argentina)

Cuyo is the wine-producing, mountainous region of central-west Argentina. Historically it comprised the provinces of San Juan, San Luis and Mendoza. The modern New Cuyo includes both Cuyo proper and the province of La Rioja. New Cuyo is a political and economic macroregion, but culturally La Rioja is part of the North-West rather than of Cuyo.

Cuyo has some of the most popular tourist attractions in Argentina and the highest mountain massifs in the Andes, including Aconcagua itself, the highest peak outside Asia, and the Ischigualasto Provincial Park.

The soil is arid and reddish, crossed by few rivers. Most of the rivers are fed by the thawing of snow on the peaks, and their volume of water increases considerably in spring. The Desaguadero River is the main collector, receiving waters from the Bermejo, Vinchina and Salado before reaching the Colorado River.

Viticulture is one of the main activities of the area. The wine production of the region represents almost 80% of national production, and the wines are highly regarded throughout the world. Olives, potatoes, tomatoes and some fruits are also cultivated, and there is production of sweets and preserved foodstuffs. Quarrying and oil exploitation are other important industries.

The cities and towns in the region are characterised by colonial low houses and churches, and narrow streets, contrasting in the principal cities with the modern parts. The Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, founded in 1939, is the most important within these provinces, and has its campus in Mendoza, but has faculties as far as Río Negro.

Cuyo province by GDP (nominal) and GDP per capita
This article includes a list of Cuyo Province sorted by their Gross Domestic Product (nominal) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year, divided by the average population for the same year. The table below includes data for the year 2013 for the 23 provinces

Table of Cuyo provinces according to the.

Climate

The region of Cuyo has an arid climate or a semi-arid climate with an average annual precipitation of about 100 to 500 mm that is generally unreliable from year to year. The region, which encompasses a wide range of latitudes combined with elevations ranging from 500 m to nearly 7,000 m means that it has a diverse range of different climates. In general, most of the region has a temperate climate with higher elevation valleys having a more milder climate. At the highest elevations (over 4,000 m), icy conditions persist year round. The diurnal range is very large with very hot temperatures during the day followed by cold nights. Amongst all locations in Argentina, the region has the largest diurnal range in the country with areas in San Juan Province having a diurnal range exceeding 19.1 C-change. The Andes prevent rain–bearing clouds from the Pacific Ocean from coming in, while its latitude puts it in a band of the sub-tropical high pressure belt keeping this region dry. With very low humidity, abundant sunshine throughout the year, and a temperate climate, the region is suitable for wine production. Droughts are often frequent and prolonged. The Cuyo region is influenced by the subtropical, semi–permanent South Atlantic anticyclone to the east in the Atlantic, the semi-permanent South Pacific anticyclone to the west of the Andes, the development of a low pressure system ("Chaco low") over northern Argentina and westerlies in the southern parts of the region. Most of the precipitation falls during the summer, when hot temperatures and high insolation lead to the development of a low pressure system ("Chaco low") situated over northern Argentina that interacts with the South Atlantic anticyclone to generate a pressure gradient that brings moist easterly winds to the region, favouring precipitation, which mostly occurs in the form of convective thunderstorms. More than 85% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to March, which represents the warm season. In contrast, the winter months are dry due to these systems weakening, and the lower insolation that weakens the Chaco low over northern Argentina. Eastern and southeastern areas of the region receive more precipitation than the western areas since they receive more summer rainfall. As such, most of Mendoza province and San Juan province receive the lowest annual precipitation with mean summer precipitation averaging less than 100 mm and in rare cases, no summer rainfall. Further eastwards in San Luis province, mean summer rainfall averages around 500 mm and can exceed 700 mm in some areas. Higher elevation locations receive precipitation in the form of snow during the winter months. In the Cuyo region, annual precipitation is highly variable from year to year and appears to follow a cycle between dry and wet years in periods of about 2, 4–5, 6–8, and 16–22 years. In wet years, easterly winds caused by the subtropical South Atlantic anticyclone are stronger, which causes more moisture towards this region while during the dry years, these winds are weaker.

Summers in the region are hot and generally very sunny, averaging as much as 10 hours per day. In contrast, winters are dry and cold and average around 7–8 hours of sunshine per day. Since this region has a wide range of elevations, ranging from 500 m to nearly 7,000 m, temperatures can vary widely with elevation. In the lowlands of Mendoza province, which lie at an elevation of around 440 m to 530 m, mean annual temperatures range from 18.2 to 18.7 C in the northern parts to 15 C in the south. At higher elevation locations and in the western parts of Mendoza province, the mean annual temperatures range from -1.7 C in Cristo Redentor to 13.6 C with a larger difference in temperatures between winter and summer months. In San Juan Province, the mean annual temperature ranges from 17.3 C in the provincial capital to -0.2 C. In San Luis province, mean annual temperatures range from 15.8 C in Villa Reynolds to 16.6 C in the provincial capital. The Sierras Pampeanas, which cross into both San Juan province and San Luis province have a milder climate with mean annual temperatures ranging from 12 to 18 C. In all locations, at elevations over 3,800 m, permafrost is present while icy conditions persist year round at elevations over 4,000 m.

The Zonda, a Foehn wind characterized by warm, dry air can cause temperatures to exceed 30 C in some cases while in summer, temperatures can exceed 45 C such as in 2003. This wind often precedes following a cold front passage across Argentina and tends to occur when a low pressure system brings heavy rain to the Chilean side, and when an upper-level trough allows the winds to pass over the Andes to descend downwards. As such, when a zonda wind event occurs, the temperature may raise as much as 20 C in a few hours with humidity approaching 0%. In contrast, cold waves are also common, owing to the Andes channeling cold air from the south, allowing cold fronts to frequently come during the winter months, causing cool to cold temperatures with temperatures that can fall below freezing. Temperatures can dip below -10 to -30 C at the higher elevations.

Tourism
As in other parts of Argentina, nature tourism is an important source of income. Amongst sites that receive a large number of visitors, the following are its main attractions:

 * Aconcagua
 * Fiesta Nacional de la Vendimia
 * Las Leñas
 * Biosphere Reserve of Ñacuñán
 * San Rafael
 * Barreal
 * Difunta Correa
 * Ischigualasto
 * El Trapiche
 * Merlo

title: Cuyo (Argentina)


text:
Talk:SaGa Frontier

Europe Release Date?
At this game's GameFAQs data, I can't find any info on a European release for this game, yet a European release date is listed. What is the source of this? Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 14:08, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

The game was released in one area in Europe, while left unreleased everywhere else. While this, is a bit late, I believe it may or been Germany that released the game. I'm unsure at this time if it was Germany or some other place. But I believe Europe, only in one area, did get this game. Mendinso

Bump. We really need a source. Mobygames say the game was released in the UK, but all this is really shaky. Kariteh 15:46, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Blue Image Inaccuracy
The image used for Blue in the character section is actually of the Mystic Lord Orlouge of Fascinaturu. A change should be made.

Re: Blue Image Inaccuracy
You're right. A quick Google search didn't turn up much beyond the shot of him on the game packaging. I can try to get around to scanning the image from the art book that came with my SaGa Frontier Soundtrack set, but that may take awhile. I'll also see about adding to this page within the next few months.

Redirection
The alkaiser's link, on this page redirects to itself, in a loop.

Get the image right
The image of Blue is actually Orlouge, a totally different character. They look nothing alike, so I don't know how they could be confused. Someone fix it.

Currently doing an overhaul.
Me and some helpers are doing a complete overhaul of the SaGa Frontier Wiki. We're adding everything we can, including info from the Essence of SaGa Frontier (if you're wondering why some of the info doesn't appear in the game, it's probably from Essence) if the page looks drastically different one moment to the next, don't worry, we're not hijacking anything. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Notorious MOG (talk • contribs) 18:10, 16 November 2006.
 * You could try and use the preview function to cute down the number of edits, though. I won't change anything, unless it stops with a lot of stuff removed, but right now it DOES look like you're vandalizing. ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ 23:28, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

I'm sorry for all the mess. I'm rather new to Wikipedia (and I've always been terrible at HTML and site design), so that's my fault at how I organized my uh, changes. I know it's hard to see now, but I'll try my best to reorganize the wiki so it looks more professional and it has more info. This isn't going to be the SPEEDIEST process in the world (SaGa Frontier isn't exactly a super popular RPG), but like I said, I have people helping me, so we're all watching each otherss back and work.-Notorious MOG

 * I just reverted what I aaumed was vandalism from you as it appeared you were blanking the pages. Please accept my apologies if this was a mistake on my part. Might I suggest using edit summaries to prevent future misunderstandings? Thanks. Farosdaughter 23:34, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Well, to be honest, it was a mistake, but it's alright, as I can see where you're coming from. Sorry about any confusion! Like I said, I'm reorganizing the page, but the flow of information coming in won't be lightning quick. Me and anyone else has to type the information as we get it, and that may require going back and forth between the game and the computer, so it will take some degree of time.

 * My apologies for the revert. However, I think it is possible that someone else may follow me so I strongly urge you to use edit summaries to explain your actions. Furthermore, would it be possible to make a Word document of the changes to the text of the article you want to make and change it in one go, as opposed to slowly inserting the text? Just a thought. Farosdaughter 23:48, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Yes, most certainly! Thanks for the help and advice for a newbie like me. I'll try my best to make this page better with every edit. Much appreciated. Notorious MOG

Reverting back
I reverted the page back to the way it was before Notorious MOG started overhauling. There seems to be only gain by doing this. Any large changes should be finished before changing the page and making it worse. If you're going to do a major change to the page, do it, rather than change things to what looks like vandalism. ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ 01:04, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Hidden OST track
There's actually a 'hidden' tack on disc three of the OST, coming before track 1 (one needs to rewind the CD to access it). It's about 2:12 long, and is referred to as Coon's Theme. Unfortunetly, the only source I can find is GMR, which is a wiki itself. It does seem worth adding though, to be completist. Thoughts? ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ 20:16, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Seems like cruft to me, except if there's something really special about that track. Kariteh 20:30, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * No more cruft than the tracklist itself. It's part of the CD after all, just hidden. ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ 20:58, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is about verifiability, not truth. Kariteh 21:07, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I have added that information in the article with referencing. Neko jarashi 01:19, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Red (SaGa Frontier).jpg
Image:Red (SaGa Frontier).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:51, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Gender Confusion??
Asellus is female, yet she is called a prince and lord? Err, last time i checked, those titles are way off, i thought it would be more like lady or princess. Ihsbislns (talk) 18:49, 6 December 2007 (UTC)Ihsbislns
 * Intriguing, but this is made note of about 5 minutes in when Gina is surprised that the "prince" is a female. It was deliberate. 198.7.245.75 (talk) 02:43, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:SaGa Frontier


text:
Highland Boundary Fault

The Highland Boundary Fault is a major fault zone that traverses Scotland from Arran and Helensburgh on the west coast to Stonehaven in the east. It separates two different geological terranes which give rise to two distinct physiographic terrains: the Highlands and the Lowlands, and in most places it is recognisable as a change in topography. Where rivers cross the fault, they often pass through gorges, and the associated waterfalls can be a barrier to salmon migration.

The fault is believed to have formed in conjunction with the Strathmore syncline to the south-east during the Acadian orogeny in a transpressive regime that caused the uplift of the Grampian block and a small sinistral movement on the Highland Boundary Fault.

Discovery
One of the earliest and most prominent references to the Highland Boundary Fault was by George Barrow in 1912 ʻOn the Geology of Lower Dee-side and the Southern Highland Borderʼ, which highlights the nature of the rocks accompanying the Highland Border and describes the mineral zones associated with metamorphism. In the same publication, Barrow also outlines the ʻHighland Faultʼ and the areas where he believes there are planes of overthrust. Barrowʼs description of the structural nature of the rocks along the Highland Border suggests that rocks along both ends of the fault plane are indistinguishable from one another, with no brecciation.

Extent of fault
Aligned southwest to northeast from Lochranza on Arran, the Highland Boundary Fault bisects Bute and crosses the southeastern parts of the Cowal and Rosneath peninsulas, as it passes up the Firth of Clyde. It comes ashore near Helensburgh, then continues through Loch Lomond. The loch islands of Inchmurrin, Creinch, Torrinch, and Inchcailloch all lie on the Highland Boundary Fault. From Loch Lomond the Highland Boundary Fault continues to Aberfoyle, then Callander, Comrie and Crieff. It then forms the northern boundary of Strathmore and reaches the North Sea immediately north of Stonehaven near the ruined Chapel of St. Mary and St. Nathalan. Aeromagnetic maps of Great Britain and Northern Ireland show that the Highland Boundary Fault can be traced from Ireland to the region of Greenock. In these areas, the Highland Boundary Fault is seen to be dividing a northerly low area from a southerly high area. The fault is often considered a terrane boundary: the Midland Valley terrane lies to the south whilst the Southern Highlands or Grampian terrane lies to the north In 1970, Hall and Dagley identified the Highland Boundary Fault as coincident with a regional magnetic feature dividing a string of negative anomalies in the north from positive ones in the south. On discovering this, Hall and Dagley concluded that the observed trend, which followed the length of the Dalradian trough, transition from positive to negative anomalies. This linear feature of magnetic anomalies has since been referred to as the Fair Head–Clew Bay line.

Tectonic controversy
At present, it is believed that the Highland Boundary Fault was active during two main orogenic events associated with the Caledonian orogeny: the Grampian orogeny in the Early Ordovician and the Acadian orogeny in the Middle Devonian. The fault allowed the Midland Valley to descend as a major rift by up to 4000 m and there was subsequent vertical movement. This earlier vertical movement was later replaced by a horizontal shear. A complementary fault, the Southern Uplands Fault, forms the southern boundary for the Central Lowlands. The age of the Highland Boundary Fault has been inferred to be between Ordovician to middle Devonian and through several generations it has been interpreted as a graben-bounding normal fault, a major sinistral strike-slip fault, a northwest-dipping reverse fault or terrane boundary. The reason the precise nature of the fault is still unknown is because there is little evidence of a continuous fault plane on the surface. More recently, seismic activities marking the fault line have been analysed to show that the 2003 Aberfoyle earthquake had a hypocentre at 4 km depth and was caused by an oblique sinistral strike-slip fault with normal movement. The fault plane was estimated to be dipping at 65° NW.

Associated lithology
To the north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault lie hard Precambrian and Cambrian metamorphic rocks: marine deposits metamorphosed to schists, phyllites and slates, namely the Dalradian Supergroup and the Highland Border Ophiolite suite. To the south and east are Old Red Sandstone conglomerates and sandstones: softer, sedimentary rocks of the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. Between these areas lie the quite different rocks of the Highland Border Complex (at one time called the Highland Boundary Complex ), a weakly metamorphosed sedimentary sequence of sandstones, lavas, limestones, mudstones and conglomerates. These make up a zone which is found discontinuously along the line of the fault and which is up to 1.2 km in width.

Dalradian Supergroup
The Dalradian Supergroup consists of metasedimentary rocks which underwent polyphase deformation and metamorphism during the Precambrian and early Paleozoic. The oldest Dalradian rocks (the Grampian Group) were deformed and metamorphosed around 750 Ma. The deposition of younger Dalradian sediments continued until 590 Ma, when the sediments underwent transformation to the greenschist facies during the Proterozoic and Ordovician.

Highland Border Ophiolitic Rocks
Modeling of gravity and magnetic data along the fault has confirmed the presence of an extensive ophiolite suite. The Dalradian metasedimentary rocks are overlain by an obducted ophiolite that is continuous for at least several kilometres on either side of the Highland Boundary Fault. The models generated from magnetic data suggest that the ophiolite is only slightly displaced vertically by the fault.

Old Red Sandstone
The Old Red Sandstone is a magnafacies of red beds and lacustrine deposits from the Late Silurian to the Carboniferous. The NE segment of the Highland Boundary Fault is marked by an abrupt change in the dip of the Old Red Sandstone from around 20° to near-vertical and subsequently exposes the Old Red Sandstone basement.

Displacement along fault
It is currently believed that there were two main displacement events along the Highland Boundary Fault: the Acadian, and the post-Acadian.

Evidence for the Acadian displacement event is based on the geochemical study of detrital garnets in the Lower Old Red Sandstone on the Northern limb of the Strathmore Basin. These garnets were linked to those in isolated Dalradian sediments in the northwest, providing evidence for post-Early Devonian (Acadian) movement to be only few tens of kilometers.

In addition, the Lintrathen ignimbrite, which is present at the base of the Lower Devonian sequence was traced along the fault and it was found that the displacement was both short and lateral.

The post-Acadian movements are highlighted in the stratigraphy of the region. The Lower Old Red Sandstone is unconformably overlain by Upper Old Red Sandstone, where the Upper Old Red Sandstone is tilted close to the Highland Boundary Fault.

Red squirrels
The boundary is used as a natural barrier to prevent northwards movement of grey squirrels, thus protecting the only red squirrel population in the Highlands.

title: Highland Boundary Fault


text:
Redemption's Son

Redemption's Son is the third studio album by Joseph Arthur. The double album was first released in the UK only on May 20, 2002, due to Joseph being dropped by Virgin Records/EMI in the US. Eventually, Enjoy Records picked up the record and released it stateside on November 26, 2002 with a slightly different track listing and alternate artwork.

"Real World/Virgin released the album Come to Where I'm From in the States, but when Arthur wanted to start his next project, Virgin backed off. But his overactive muse couldn't wait for corporate support, so he jumped into recording regardless. Arthur ended up with Redemption's Son, plus another two albums' worth of songs, which were released over the course of four EPs called Junkyard Hearts 1-4 (available on his website and at performances). "I make three or four records a year, but I've only been able to get 'em out every two or three years," says Arthur."

The song "September Baby" was covered by Joseph's friend Greg Connors, and appeared on Connors' 2009 album Full Moon Flashlight. Hubcap City's Bill Taft also features in the song, providing a haunting cornet solo to the song.

Singles
In the US, Enjoy Records released a promo-only radio single for "Honey and the Moon" in January 2003. In the UK, the song was re-recorded for release as a single in 2007. Additionally, three other songs from the album were released as promo-only singles in the UK and US.

 * "In the Night" (UK promo, July 8, 2002)
 * "I Would Rather Hide" (UK promo, 2002)
 * "Honey and the Moon" (US promo, January 2003)
 * "Nation of Slaves" (US promo, 2003)
 * "Honey and the Moon" (new radio edit) (March 26, 2007)

Are You With Us?
In 2002, a promo CD titled Are You With Us? was released via Virgin Records. The CD featured 15 tracks, most of which would appear on the finalized track listing of Redemption's Son. As this was not the official finalized release, and considering that Joseph was dropped by Virgin Records, few promos were made.

 * 1) "I Would Rather Hide"
 * 2) "Forgive Your Heart"
 * 3) "Permission"
 * 4) "Innocent World"
 * 5) "You Could Be in Jail"
 * 6) "Nation of Slaves"
 * 7) "You've Been Loved"
 * 8) "Let's Embrace"
 * 9) "Evidence"
 * 10) "Buy a Bag"
 * 11) "September Baby"
 * 12) "Honey and the Moon"
 * 13) "Build Back Up"
 * 14) "Blue Lips"
 * 15) "You Are the Dark"

"Forgive Your Heart" is an unreleased track. "Build Back Up" is a song Joseph wrote shortly after the September 11 attacks. The song first appeared on the compilation album Wish You Were Here: Love Songs for New York in April 2002.

Album credits

 * All songs written by Joseph Arthur.
 * Produced by Joseph Arthur, except:
 * "Buy a Bag," "The Termite Song," and "Favorite Girl" produced by Joseph Arthur and Ben Findlay.
 * Additional production by Pat Sansone, Mike Napolitano, and Tchad Blake.
 * Recorded at Ernest Hemingway Studios, Mike Napolitano Studios, Sear Sound, The Magic Shop, Real World, and Tony Berg's place.
 * Mixed by Tchad Blake at Real World Studios; assisted by Claire Lewis and Marco Migliari, except:
 * "Favorite Girl" mixed by Ben Findlay.
 * Mastered by Bob Ludwig at Gateway Mastering.
 * 1) "Redemption's Son"
 * 2) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars, synthesizer
 * 3) * Pat Sansone - bass, mellotron
 * 4) * Greg Wieczorek - drums
 * 5) * Rene Lopez - percussion
 * 6) * Engineered by Mike Napolitano
 * 7) "Honey and the Moon"
 * 8) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars, synthesizer
 * 9) * Pat Sansone - bass, mellotron
 * 10) * Ged Lynch - drums
 * 11) * Cyro Baptista - percussion
 * 12) * Engineered by Roger Moutenot and Tchad Blake
 * 13) "You Could Be in Jail"
 * 14) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars, synthesizers, bass, drums, programming
 * 15) * Engineered by Joseph Arthur and Mike Napolitano
 * 16) "Dear Lord"
 * 17) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars, harmonica
 * 18) * Pat Sansone - bass, organ
 * 19) * Greg Wieczorek - drums
 * 20) * Engineered by Roger Moutenot
 * 21) "I Would Rather Hide"
 * 22) * Joseph Arthur - lead and background vocals, guitars, synthesizers
 * 23) * Pat Sansone - bass, mellotron, lead guitar, background vocals
 * 24) * Greg Wieczorek - drums
 * 25) * Engineered by Mike Napolitano
 * 26) "Innocent World"
 * 27) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars, synthesizers, drums
 * 28) * Pat Sansone - mellotron
 * 29) * Cyro Baptista - percussion
 * 30) * Engineered by Ben Findlay
 * 31) "September Baby"
 * 32) * Joseph Arthur - lead and background vocals, guitars, synthesizer
 * 33) * Pat Sansone - bass, mellotron, percussion, background vocals
 * 34) * Greg Wieczorek - drums
 * 35) * Engineered by Roger Moutenot
 * 36) "Nation of Slaves"
 * 37) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars, synthesizers, bass, programming
 * 38) * Ben Perowsky - drums
 * 39) * Engineered by Joseph Arthur and Roger Moutenot
 * 40) "Evidence"
 * 41) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars, synthesizers, bass, programming
 * 42) * Engineered by Joseph Arthur and Mike Napolitano
 * 43) "Buy a Bag"
 * 44) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars, bass, programming
 * 45) * Engineered by Ben Findlay
 * 46) "Let's Embrace"
 * 47) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars
 * 48) * Pat Sansone - bass
 * 49) * Greg Wieczorek - drums
 * 50) * Engineered by Roger Moutenot and Mike Napolitano
 * 51) "The Termite Song"
 * 52) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars, piano, moog, bass, hammer dulcimer, programming
 * 53) * Engineered by Ben Findlay
 * 54) "Permission"
 * 55) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars, synthesizers, bass, drums, programming
 * 56) * Engineered by Joseph Arthur and Mike Napolitano
 * 57) "Favorite Girl"
 * 58) * Joseph Arthur - lead and background vocals, guitars, piano, bass
 * 59) * Nadia Lanman - cellos
 * 60) * Dave Power - drums
 * 61) * Ben Findlay - background vocals
 * 62) * Engineered by Ben Findlay
 * 63) "You Are the Dark"
 * 64) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitar, synthesizer, fretless basses, "thunderstorm"
 * 65) * Engineered by Joseph Arthur
 * 66) "In the Night"
 * 67) * Joseph Arthur - lead and background vocals, guitars, synthesizer
 * 68) * Pat Sansone - bass, electric piano, background vocals
 * 69) * Greg Wieczorek - drums, background vocals
 * 70) * Engineered by Roger Moutenot
 * 71) "Blue Lips"
 * 72) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars
 * 73) * Pat Sansone - bass, electric piano, background vocals
 * 74) * Greg Wieczorek - drums
 * 75) * Engineered by Mike Napolitano
 * 76) "You've Been Loved"
 * 77) * Joseph Arthur - vocals, guitars, pianos
 * 78) * Pat Sansone - mellotron
 * 79) * Ged Lynch - drums
 * 80) * Engineered by Ben Findlay and Tchad Blake
 * Sculptures and artwork by Rigby Maricoast.
 * Photography and package design by Zachary James Larner.
 * Cover photography (US release) by Valdet Demiri.

title: Redemption's Son


text:
Robert Whaley

Robert Antawon Whaley (born April 16, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player.

High school and college career
Whaley graduated from Benton Harbor High School in 2001. He was a leading contender for Mr. Basketball of Michigan, but Benton Harbor came up just short of winning the championship. He attended Barton County Community College for two years, then transferred to the University of Cincinnati in 2003 and Walsh University in 2004. He was the NAIA Division II Player of the Year in 2004–05 and led Walsh to its first NAIA National Championship. He averaged 19.9 points and 7.5 rebounds in 35 games as a senior. Walsh left the NAIA and joined the NCAA in 2011.

Utah Jazz (2005–2006)
Whaley was selected by the Utah Jazz with 51st overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft, becoming the most recent player drafted out of an NAIA school, as of 2018. As a rookie in 2005–06, Whaley appeared in 23 games and averaged 2.1 points and 1.9 rebounds per game. He scored a career-high 11 points on December 23, 2005 against the New York Knicks. On January 26, 2006, he was ruled out indefinitely with torn cartilage in his right knee. He returned to action in March 2006, but appeared in just one further game after returning to injury.

On December 11, 2005, Whaley and teammate Deron Williams got into an altercation with a group of Denver Nuggets fans who were harassing them outside a Park City club. Both Whaley and Williams gave police false names at that time, and both were cited for providing false information to police. Whaley, who sustained a 6-inch cut on his hand at the bar that night, was suspended one game by the Jazz for lying about how he received the injury. On June 8, 2006, Whaley was traded, along with Kris Humphries, to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Rafael Araújo. He was later waived by the Raptors on June 21, 2006.

Post-NBA (2006–2008)
After being released by the Toronto Raptors, Whaley moved to the Dominican Republic where he played briefly with Metros de Santiago. For the 2006–07 season, he joined the Twin City Ballers of the American Basketball Association. In March 2007, he left the Ballers and joined Petrochimi Imam of Iran for the rest of the season.

On November 1, 2007, Whaley was selected by the Los Angeles D-Fenders in the second round of the 2007 NBA Development League Draft. He was waived by the team on January 4, 2008, and reacquired on February 13. In 22 games (nine starts) for the D-Fenders in 2007–08, he averaged 4.0 points and 2.7 rebounds in 12.3 minutes per game.

Post-basketball life
In September 2008, Whaley was convicted in Michigan of running a drug house. Having absconded from his probation in January 2009, a National Crime Information Center warrant was issued for his arrest in March 2010. He was arrested in Salt Lake County, and while he was being searched to be booked into jail, officers found several bags of marijuana on his possession. In June 2010, he was extradited to Michigan, and was later sentenced to a two-year jail term in which he served between 2010 and 2012.

In 2014, Whaley became an assistant coach for Utah Elite, a talented AAU program made up primarily of fifth-graders.

On March 7, 2016, Whaley was ordered to serve 60 days in Davis County Jail after pleading guilty to a third-degree felony count of burglary. He was arrested on May 1, 2015 for burglarizing a Layton Marriott Hotel.

title: Robert Whaley


text:
North Central Province, Sri Lanka

North Central Province (උතුරු මැද පළාත Uturumæda Paḷāta, வட மத்திய மாகாணம் Wada Maththiya Mākāṇam) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka. The province has an area of 10,472 km2, making it the largest province by area, and a population of 1,266,663, making it the 3rd least populated province. The city of Anuradhapura is the capital of the province.

History
The North Central province is home to the ancient cities of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa, both of which were historical capitals of Sri Lanka during ancient times. The two cities were the capitals of the Anuradhapura Kingdom (437 BCE–1017 CE) and the Polonnaruwa Kingdom (1070–1232) respectively.

The provinces of Sri Lanka were established by the British in 1833. In independent Sri Lanka, provinces did not have any legal status or power until 1987, when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils.

The centralised system of Sri Lanka, which is a unitary state, failed to satisfy the aspirations of the people. There was growing insistence on decentralisation of administrative processes to achieve rapid economic and social development of the country.

The North Central Provincial Council is the main administrative and control body in the North Central Province.

Geography
The province has an area of 10,472 km2 and a population of 1,266,663. It is the largest province by area, covering 16% of the total land area of Sri Lanka. The province consists two districts, Polonnaruwa and Anuradhapura; the Anuradhapura district is the largest district in Sri Lanka by area.

The province has a semi-arid climate and most forests situated in the province are Sri Lankan dry-zone dry evergreen forests.

The province is also referred to as Wew Bendi Rajje due to the sheer amount of medium and large scale tanks situated in the province, with more than 3000. More than 65% of the province’s population depend on basic agriculture and agricultural based industries.

The North Central province has innumerable potential for investors to start their businesses, specially agriculture, agricultural based industries and livestock sectors.

Ethnicity
1 Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils.

Administrative divisions
The North Central Province is divided into two districts and 29 divisional secretariats.

Major population centres

 * Aralaganwila
 * Bakamuna
 * Eppawala
 * Giritale
 * Habarana
 * Hingurakgoda
 * Horowpothana
 * Kahatagasdigiliya
 * Kebithigollewa
 * Kekirawa
 * Mahailuppallama
 * Manampitiya
 * Maradankadawala
 * Medawachchiya
 * Mihintale
 * Minneriya
 * Nochchiyagama
 * Padaviya
 * Polonnaruwa-Kaduruwela
 * Rambewa
 * Thalawa
 * Thambuttegama
 * Welikanda

Education

 * Anuradhapura
 * Anuradhapura Central College
 * Niwaththaka Chethiya National School. Anuradhapura
 * Anuradhapura Technical College
 * Buddhsravaka Bhiksu University
 * K. B. Rathnayake MW
 * Open University of Sri Lanka
 * Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
 * Sri Lanka Institute of Advanced Technological Education
 * St. Joseph's College
 * Teachers Training School
 * University College of Anuradhapura (University of Vocational Technology)

 * Polonnaruwa
 * Polonnaruwa Royal Central College
 * Pulathisipura National College of Education
 * Technical College-Polonnaruwa

title: North Central Province, Sri Lanka


text:
German whist

German whist is a variant of classic whist for two players in which the reward for winning the first 12 tricks is to add a particular card to your hand. Also called Chinese whist, it is probably of British origin.

There are several variations of this game, the most important difference between them being whether all 26 tricks count or only the last 13. The game is a skillful one, as in the second half both players can calculate exactly which 13 cards the opponent has, and plan their play based on that knowledge.

Name
As well as German whist, the game goes under a variety of other names including Chinese whist and honeymoon whist. In Sweden the game is sometimes known as hamburger whist after the German city of Hamburg, not to be confused with humbug whist (humbugwhist) which is a Swedish two-hand whist played with two blinds which may be exchanged by the players at the start of a hand.

History
German whist is a specific two-hand game that appears to originate in England. It should not be confused with the term "German whist" which is used generically to describe the culture and tactics of whist in Germany and also to describe whist packs sold in Germany. For example, Alexander Stephens in Johnson's Cyclopædia uses it to describe a four-hand variant of whist that was current in Germany in the late 19th century, while "Portland" uses it to refer to the "bolder" way the Germans played whist compared with those in Britain.

The specifically two-hand game of German whist was apparently popular "at Vienna among the diplomats" in the late 19th century. Its rules are recorded as early as 1894 in the London periodical, Home Notes, in which the winner is the one who takes the majority of the 26 tricks, scoring in points their difference in tricks. Three years later, it appears in America in R.F. Foster's Encyclopedia of Games.

Players and cards
German whist is a two player game using a standard pack of 52 cards ranked A (high) K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 (low) in each suit.

The deal
The initial dealer is chosen by cutting the pack, and the turn to deal alternates after each hand. The dealer offers the pack to the non-dealer for cutting before dealing 13 cards, one at a time, non-dealer receiving first. The twenty-seventh card is placed face-up on the talon, i.e. the face-down pack. The suit of this first upcard becomes the trump suit for the entire hand.

The play
The non-dealer chooses any card to play for the first trick and the other player must follow suit if able. If both cards are the same suit then the higher card wins. If they are of different suits the first player wins unless the second player played a trump to a side suit card, in which case the trump wins.

In the first stage of the game, the winner of each trick takes the face-up card and adds it to his or her hand, the loser then takes the face-down card below it without showing it to the opponent. The next card in the pack is then turned over and the winner plays first in the next trick. Thus the winner of the trick always gets a card known to the loser, while the loser of a trick receives a card unknown to the winner. The face-up card on the Talon has no part in the play of each trick. Each player stays with 13 cards in hand until the pack is exhausted.

The second stage now begins, in which the remaining 13 tricks are played without replenishment until the cards in both players hands are exhausted. In this second stage of the game, won tricks are kept in front of the player who won them.

Whoever wins the most tricks in the second stage wins the game.

The game is "usually played for so much a point", the player with the majority of tricks receiving the difference between the number of his tricks and those of his adversary. Each hand is a separate game.

Variations
In another version of the game the 27th card indicates whether the second stage of the game is to be played low or high. A black card means that the players should try to take as few tricks as possible, whereas a red card means they should try to take as many as possible.

One version of scoring is for the score count to begin at the 7th trick taken in the second stage. For instance in a high game 10 vs 3 cards gives 4 points to the one who took 10 tricks. If it was a low game, the 4 points goes to the other player.

Another variation is for all 26 tricks to be scored. This results in a score which is more affected by luck.

Strategy
Although not all cards are shown (played or captured from the pack) after the first half of the game it is now possible to find out exactly which cards the other player has. The opponents cards are those which are not in the player's own hand and which have not been seen during the first half. It is no exaggeration to state that a significantly better player will always win, if not every hand at least most hands, independently of which cards the players randomly received in the initial deal.

The strategy for the two variants, in the first stage, is slightly different. In the first variant the player must balance winning the current trick against the probability of winning future tricks.

In the second variant the player must try to assemble the best possible hand for the endgame. This is however not as simple as it might appear. Assume hearts is trump and you begin the foreplay. You have four low hearts in your hand, but also several high-value spades, and the top card of the deck is the two of clubs. Now despite a "worthless" card to play for, playing one's highest trump might reveal the trump situation on the opponent's hand, and you will indeed reduce the numbers of trumps (which is not your strong suit), and finally, if the opponent plays a lower trump you will know that the opponent may have a large number of trumps (which is not the case if the opponent needs to play another suit) finally by "winning" the two of clubs, you will keep the advantage of deciding which suit is played next. In general it is a good idea to attempt to keep the lead, but not always at any cost.

Playing a card of same value as the card to play for is often good, when it comes to middle-value cards, such as 7 to 10, but even more important is to choose the suit wisely. It is also important remember that when the ace is gone, the king becomes the highest value card, and if the three top value cards in a suit are gone, then the jack is the highest card in that suit, etc. Also the lowest cards are important to know, especially when the play is low. The real "key" is however to know which suit to play, in order also to win lower-value cards, though not by playing too good a card from you hand. Do not focus so much on a bad card at the top of the deck, rather think of the suit to play. If the card to play for is one you wish to have, play a safe card. If the card to play for is a middle-value card, play a slightly higher card, but just enough high for the opponent to have difficulties to "come in".

When an ace is gone, the king becomes the highest card in the suit, etc. Try to remember which card is currently the highest in each suit. Count especially trumps. But don't be afraid to play trump, as long as it is likely your opponent actually also has trump. (If it is in your interest that the number of trump cards is reduced in the endgame especially) In "low" games try to build up long suits from the bottom. For example, 2-4-6-8-Q-K-A is a good sequence to have in a low endgame. Even better is 2-3-5-7-Q-K-A, from which you can give the lead to the opponent, provided at least one card of the same suit exists on the opponent's hand. But first play all single high cards as soon as possible. When playing low, it is very easy to get trapped and having to take all the last ten tricks due to a miscalculation. The twos are often more important than aces in high or trump games. (And as soon as a "deuce" vanishes in the foreplay, the three takes its place and so on.)

By counting every suit and the highest known card in every suit one may more easily determine which card one's opponent has (or close enough), when the endgame begins. Then you also know the best way to play the endgame cards. With exception of when playing low, the endgame is close to the playing part of bridge.

Humbug whist
Humbug whist (Swedish: humbugwhist) is a Swedish two-hand form of traditional whist. The cards are dealt to four hands. The last card is turned face up and indicates the trump suit. Each player must choose between keeping the hand dealt or discarding it and picking up one of the blind hands instead. Play is as per normal whist and points are awarded for each trick won over the first six. The traditional whist scoring system is used.

title: German whist


text:
Investigational device exemption

An investigational device exemption (IDE) allows an investigational device (i.e. a device that is the subject of a clinical study ) to be used in order to collect safety and effectiveness data required to support a premarket approval (PMA) application or a premarket notification [510(k)] submission to Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Clinical studies are most often conducted to support a PMA. Only a small percentage of 510(k)'s require clinical data to support the application. Investigational use also includes clinical evaluation of certain modifications or new intended uses of legally marketed devices. All clinical evaluations of investigational devices, unless exempt, must have an approved IDE before the study is initiated.

Clinical evaluation of devices that have not been cleared for marketing requires:
 * An IDE approved by an institutional review board (IRB). If the study involves a significant risk device, the IDE must also be approved by FDA
 * Informed consent from all patients
 * Labeling for investigational use only
 * Monitoring of the study and
 * Required records and reports

An approved IDE permits a device to be shipped lawfully for the purpose of conducting investigations of the device without complying with other requirements of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that would apply to devices in commercial distribution. Sponsors need not submit a PMA or premarket notification, register their establishment, or list the device while the device is under investigation. Sponsors of IDEs are also exempt from the Quality System (QS) Regulation except for the requirements for design control.

A commercial sponsor of a significant risk device study must submit a complete IDE application to FDA. There are no preprinted forms for an IDE application; however, an IDE application must include certain required information. The sponsor must demonstrate in the application that there is reason to believe that the risks to human subjects from the proposed investigation are outweighed by the anticipated benefits to subjects and the importance of the knowledge to be gained, that the investigation is scientifically sound, and that there is reason to believe that the device as proposed for use will be effective.

title: Investigational device exemption