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Tartessian language

Tartessian is an extinct Paleo-Hispanic language found in the Southwestern inscriptions of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly located in the south of Portugal (Algarve and southern Alentejo), and the southwest of Spain (south of Extremadura and western Andalusia). There are 95 such inscriptions, the longest having 82 readable signs. Around one third of them were found in Early Iron Age necropolises or other Iron Age burial sites associated with rich complex burials. It is usual to date them to the 7th century BC and to consider the southwestern script to be the most ancient Paleo-Hispanic script, with characters most closely resembling specific Phoenician letter forms found in inscriptions dated to c. 825 BC. Five of the inscriptions occur on stelae that have been interpreted as Late Bronze Age carved warrior gear from the Urnfield culture.

Name
Most researchers use the term Tartessian to refer to the language as attested on the stelae written in the Southwestern script, but some researchers would prefer to reserve the term Tartessian for the language of the core Tartessian zone, which is attested for those researchers with some archaeological graffiti – like the Huelva graffito and maybe with some stelae such as Villamanrique de la Condesa (J.52.1). Such researchers consider that the language of the inscriptions found outside the core Tartessian zone would be either a different language or maybe a Tartessian dialect and so they would prefer to identify the language of the stelae with a different title: "southwestern" or "south-Lusitanian". There is general agreement that the core area of Tartessos is around Huelva, extending to the valley of the Guadalquivir, but the area under Tartessian influence is much wider (see maps). Three of the 95 stelae and some graffiti, belong to the core area: Alcalá del Río (Untermann J.53.1), Villamanrique de la Condesa (J.52.1) and Puente Genil (J.51.1). Four have also been found in the Middle Guadiana (in Extremadura), and the rest have been found in the south of Portugal (Algarve and Lower Alentejo), where the Greek and Roman sources locate the pre-Roman Cempsi and Sefes and Cynetes peoples.

History
The most confident dating is for the Tartessian inscription (J.57.1) in the necropolis at Medellín, Badajoz, Spain to 650/625 BC. Further confirmatory dates for the Medellín necropolis include painted ceramics of the 7th–6th centuries BC.

In addition, a graffito on a Phoenician shard dated to the early to mid 7th century BC and found at the Phoenician settlement of Doña Blanca near Cadiz has been identified as Tartessian by the shape of the signs. It is only two signs long, reading ]tetu[ or perhaps ]tute[. It does not show the syllable-vowel redundancy more characteristic of the southwestern script, but it is possible that this developed as indigenous scribes adapted the script from archaic Phoenician and other such exceptions occur (Correa and Zamora 2008).

The script used in the mint of Salacia (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) from around 200 BC may be related to the Tartessian script, though it has no syllable-vowel redundancy; violations of this are known, but it is not clear if the language of this mint corresponds with the language of the stelae (de Hoz 2010).

The Turdetani of the Roman period are generally considered the heirs of the Tartessian culture. Strabo mentions that: "The Turdetanians are ranked as the wisest of the Iberians; and they make use of an alphabet, and possess records of their ancient history, poems, and laws written in verse that are six thousand years old, as they assert." It is not known when Tartessian ceased to be spoken, but Strabo (writing c. 7 BC) records that "The Turdetanians ... and particularly those that live about the Baetis, have completely changed over to the Roman mode of life; with most of the populace not even remembering their own language any more."

Writing
Tartessian inscriptions are in the Southwestern script, which is also known as the Tartessian or South Lusitanian script. Like all other Paleo-Hispanic scripts, except for the Greco-Iberian alphabet, Tartessian uses syllabic glyphs for plosive consonants and alphabetic letters for other consonants. Thus, it is a mixture of an alphabet and a syllabary that is called a semi-syllabary. Some researchers believe these scripts are descended solely from the Phoenician alphabet, but others think that the Greek alphabet had an influence as well.

The Tartessian script is very similar to the Southeastern Iberian script, both in the shapes of the signs and in their values. The main difference is that the Southeastern Iberian script does not redundantly mark the vocalic values of syllabic characters, which was discovered by Ulrich Schmoll and allows the classification of most of the characters into vowels, consonants and syllabic characters. As of the 1990s, the decipherment of the script was largely complete and so the sound values of most of the characters are known. Like most other Paleo-Hispanic scripts, Tartessian does not distinguish between voiced and unvoiced consonants ( from, from  or  from ).

Tartessian is written in scriptio continua, which complicates the identification of individual words.

Classification
Tartessian is generally left unclassified for lack of data or proposed to be a language isolate for lack of connections to the Indo-European languages. Some Tartessian names have been interpreted as Indo-European, more specifically as Celtic. However, the language as a whole remains inexplicable from the Celtic or Indo-European point of view; the structure of Tartessian syllables appears to be incompatible with Celtic or even Indo-European phonetics and more compatible with Iberian or Basque; some scholars consider that all Celtic elements are borrowings.

Since 2009, John T. Koch has argued that Tartessian is a Celtic language and that the texts can be translated. Koch's thesis has been popularised by the BBC TV series The Celts: Blood, Iron and Sacrifice and the associated book by Alice Roberts.

Although others such as Terrence Kaufman have suggested that Tartessian may be a Celtic language, this proposal is widely rejected by linguists. The current academic consensus regarding the classification of Tartessian as a Celtic language is summarized by de Hoz: "J. Koch’s recent proposal that the south-western inscriptions should be deciphered as Celtic has had considerable impact, above all in archaeological circles. However, the almost unanimous opinion of scholars in the field of Palaeohispanic studies is that, despite the author’s indisputable academic standing, this is a case of a false decipherment based on texts that have not been sufficiently refined, his acceptance of a wide range of unjustified variations, and on purely chance similarities that cannot be reduced to a system; these deficiencies give rise to translations lacking in parallels in the recorded epigraphic usage."

Texts
(The following are examples of Tartessian inscriptions. Untermann's numbering system, or location name in newer transcriptions, is cited in brackets, e.g. (J.19.1) or (Mesas do Castelinho). Transliterations are by Rodríguez Ramos [2000].)

Mesas do Castelinho (Almodôvar):
 * tᶤilekᵘuṟkᵘuarkᵃastᵃaḇᵘutᵉebᵃantᶤilebᵒoiirerobᵃarenaŕḵᵉ[en?]aφiuu
 * lii*eianiitᵃa
 * eanirakᵃaltᵉetᵃao
 * bᵉesaru[?]an

Segmentation: Tᶤile kᵘuṟkᵘuarkᵃas tᵃa ḇᵘutᵉebᵃan. Tᶤile bᵒoii tᵉero bᵃare naŕkᵉe ''aφiuuliieianii. Tᵃa eanira Kᵃaltᵉe. Tᵃa obᵉesaru[?]an.''

This is the longest Tartessian text known at present, with 82 signs, 80 of which have an identifiable phonetic value. The text is complete if it is assumed that the damaged portion contains a common, if poorly-understood, Tartessian phrase-form bᵃare naŕkᵉe[n—]. The formula contains two groups of Tartessian stems that appear to inflect as verbs: naŕkᵉe, naŕkᵉen, naŕkᵉeii, naŕkᵉenii, naŕkᵉentᶤi, naŕkᵉenai and bᵃare, bᵃaren, bᵃareii, bᵃarentᶤi from comparison with other inscriptions.

Fonte Velha (Bensafrim) (J.53.1):
 * lokᵒobᵒoniirabᵒotᵒoaŕaiaikᵃaltᵉelokᵒonanenaŕ[–]ekᵃa[?]ᶤiśiinkᵒolobᵒoiitᵉerobᵃarebᵉetᵉasiioonii

Segmentation: Logo bonii ra botoaŕaiai galte, logo nanenaŕeŋaginśiiugolo boii tero bare betasiioonii.

Herdade da Abobada (Almodôvar) (J.12.1):
 * iŕualkᵘusielnaŕkᵉentᶤimubᵃatᵉerobᵃare[?]ᵃatᵃaneatᵉe

Segmentation: iŕual kᵘusiel naŕkᵉen tᶤimubᵃa tᵉero bᵃare-[?]ᵃa. Tᵃa ne atᵉe.

In the texts above, there are repetition of bᵃare-, naŕkᵉe-, tᶤile-, bᵒoii-, -tᵉero-, kᵃaltᵉe-, lok-, -ᵒonii, whereas bᵒoii tᵉero-bᵃare repeats three times, with assumably rero as a corruption of tᵉero in Mesas do Castelinho transcription. tᶤile- and lokᵒo appear in the beginning of their sentences.

title: Tartessian language


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Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau

Louis-Michel le Peletier, Marquis of Saint-Fargeau (sometimes spelled Lepeletier; 29 May 1760 – 20 January 1793) was a French politician, Freemason and martyr of the French Revolution.

Career
Born in Paris, he belonged to a well-known family, his great-grandfather, Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts, count of Saint-Fargeau, having been Controller-General of Finances. After the death of his title-holding family, Le Peletier gained a vast amount of wealth.

Le Peletier entered into politics by becoming a lawyer ("avocat") in the employ of the Place du Châtelet, a prison. In 1785 he was advanced to avocat-general. In 1789 he was elected to the Parlement of Paris, and in that same year he became a deputy of the noblesse to the States-General.

Initially, he shared the conservative views of the majority of his class, but by degrees his ideas changed and became increasingly radical. On 13 July 1789 he demanded the recall of Necker, whose dismissal by the king had aroused great excitement in Paris. In the Constituent Assembly he moved the abolition of the death penalty, of the galleys and of branding, and the substitution of beheading for hanging. This attitude won him great popularity, and on 21 June 1790 he was made president of the Constituent Assembly. He remained in this position until 5 July 1790.

During the existence of the Legislative Assembly, he was elected President of the General Council for the Yonne département in 1791. He was then elected by this département to become a deputy to the Convention. Here he was in favor of the trial of Louis XVI by the Assembly and was one of the deciding votes for the death of the king.

Educational Reform
While in the Convention, Le Peletier focused mainly on revolutionary reform of education, promoting a Spartan education. It called for both males and females to be taught in state-run schools and taught revolutionary ideas instead of the customary history, science, mathematics, language and religion. His educational plan was supported by Robespierre and his ideas were borrowed in later schemes, notably by Jules Ferry.

Death and later honors
On 20 January 1793, the eve of the king's execution, Le Peletier was assassinated in a restaurant in the Palais Royal. His murderer, Philippe Nicolas Marie de Pâris, a member of the Garde du Corps, entered the restaurant, approached Le Peletier, and said "You voted for the King's death, Monsieur Le Peletier?" Le Peletier replied, saying "I voted according to my conscience. What has that to do with you?" Pâris proceeded to plunge a saber that he had hidden under his cloak into Le Peletier's chest. Pâris was able to leave the restaurant with no resistance from its patrons. Pâris fled to Normandy, where, on the point of being discovered, he supposedly shot himself in the head. Other sources claim the real murderer fled to England where he died years later.

The Convention honored Louis Michel Le Peletier with a magnificent funeral. His body was displayed in the Place Vendôme beneath the statue of King Louis XIV. Le Peletier was buried in the Panthéon in Paris in 1793. His body was removed by his family on 14 February 1795.

Just a month after the assassination, on 23 February 1793, the Opéra-Comique presented the first of four performances of a musical treatment of his life and death called Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, ou Le premier martyr de la République française, with a libretto by Auguste-Louis Bertin d'Antilly and music by Frédéric Blasius.

The station Saint-Fargeau of the Paris Métro is named for him.

A Sèvres biscuit porcelain bust of Louis Michel Le Peletier is on display in the Château de Vizille, Isère.

On 30 September 1793 the French Navy's ship Séduisant, one of two newly commissioned ships, with 74 guns, over 56 meters in length and 1550 tons in weight, was renamed Peletier. On 30 May 1795, the ship reverted to her original name Séduisant.

Painting by David

The painter Jacques-Louis David represented his death in a famous painting, Les Derniers moments de Michel Lepeletier or Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau sur son lit de mort. David described his painting of Le Peletier's face as "Serene, that is because when one dies for one's country, one has nothing with which to reproach oneself." This painting, known only through a drawing made by a pupil of David, is considered by scholars the first official painting of the French Revolution, a rehearsal for David's later achievement The Death of Marat.

Family
Le Peletier had a brother, Felix (1769–1837), well known for his advanced ideas, and a brother Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier, comte de Saint-Fargeau (1770–1845), a noted entomologist. The writer and academician Jean d'Ormesson was descended from his daughter Suzanne le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau and her descendants owned the famous Château de Saint-Fargeau until 1960s.

In popular culture
Le Peletier appears as an antagonist in Assassin's Creed Unity, where he is depicted as a secret member of the Templar Order under Grand Master Francois-Thomas Germain who believes that he is doing what is right for France before what is right for the Templars. He is assassinated by the protagonist Arno Dorian in the Palais-Royale after he votes to have the king executed.

General sources

 * Andress, David, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France, New York, Straus and Giroux, 2005
 * Déy, M., Histoire de la Ville et du Comté de Saint-Fargeau, Auxerre, 1856
 * Hazeltine, Mayo Williamson, French Revolution: A Study of Democracy, London, Kessinger Publishing, 2003
 * Herissay, Jacques, L'assassinat de Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau, Paris, Ed. Emile-Paul Frères, 1934
 * Le Blant, Edmond, Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau et son meurtrier, Paris, Douniol, 1874
 * Lewis, Gwynne, The French Revolution Rethinking Debate, N.P. Routledge, 1993
 * Martucci, Roberto, En attendant Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau in Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 2002, n°2, pp. 77–104
 * Stephens, Henry Moore, The Principle Speeches of the Statesmen and Orators of the French Revolution 1789–1795, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1892
 * Luc-Normand Tellier, Face aux Colbert : les Le Tellier, Vauban, Turgot ... et l'avènement du libéralisme, Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1987, 816 pages. (Etexte)
 * About David's painting:
 * Baticle, Jeannine, La seconde mort de Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau. Recherches sur le sort du tableau de David in Bulletin de la Société Française d'Histoire de l'Art, 1988, Paris, 1989, pp. 131–145
 * Simon, Robert, David's Martyr-Portrait of Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau and the conundrums of Revolutionary Representation in Art History, vol.14, n°4, December 1991, pp. 459–487
 * Vanden Berghe Marc & Plesca, Ioana, Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau sur son lit de mort par Jacques-Louis David : saint Sébastien révolutionnaire, miroir multiréférencé de Rome, Brussels, 2005 – online on www.art-chitecture.net/publications.php

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Diana Neave, Baroness Airey of Abingdon

Diana Josceline Barbara Neave, Baroness Airey of Abingdon (born Diana Josceline Barbara Giffard; 7 July 1919 – 27 November 1992) was a Conservative member of the House of Lords after receiving a life peerage in August 1979.

Personal life
Diana Giffard was daughter of Thomas Arthur Walter Giffard, MBE, DL, for Staffordshire, of Chillington Hall, Wolverhampton, Staffordshire and his wife Angela Erskine Trollope, elder daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Henry Trollope, 10th Bt.

She married Airey Neave, elder son and first child of Sheffield Airey Neave. They had three children:
 * 1) Hon. Marigold Elizabeth Cassandra Neave, now Hon. Mrs Webb (born 5 May 1944); married 8 June 1968 William Richard Broughton Webb, son of Lt.-Cdr. William Frank Broughton Webb, and has issue, one son and one daughter.
 * 2) Hon. Richard Patrick Sheffield Neave (born 12 Nov 1947); married 1980 Elizabeth Mary Catherine Riddell, daughter of Cuthbert Edward Alphonso Riddell, and had issue, three sons, whose common second last name is Airey.
 * 3) Hon. William Robert Sheffield Neave (born 13 Aug 1953); married 1986 Joanna Mary Stuart Paton, daughter of James Stuart Paton, and has issue, two sons, Richard Digby Stuart Neave (born 21 May 1987); Sebastian Airey Stuart Neave (born 11 May 1989).

Career
At the beginning of the Second World War she worked as a nurse in an RAF hospital. Later she was enrolled by the Foreign Office to carry out work in secret intelligence with the Political Warfare Executive, in particular liaising with the Polish Ministry of Information. Diana Neave was created Baroness Airey of Abingdon, of Abingdon in the County of Oxford, on 6 August 1979, a few months after her husband – a British Conservative Member of Parliament – was killed in an attack by the Irish National Liberation Army using a car-bomb in the Palace of Westminster on 30 March 1979. She was on the governing body of Abingdon School from 1981 to 1987.

She was a trustee of the Imperial War Museum, the National Heritage Memorial Fund, the Dorneywood Trust and the Stansted Park Foundation. She was President of the Anglo-Polish Conservative Society.

Death
She died in 1992 and is buried in the churchyard with her husband at Hinton Waldrist.

title: Diana Neave, Baroness Airey of Abingdon


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Married life in Quran and Sunnah

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. --Tony Sidaway Talk 04:45, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Married life in Quran and Sunnah
VFD was not correctly listed, trying to fix that; no vote on my part --Metropolitan90 04:37, July 20, 2005 (UTC--Striver 12:34, 20 July 2005 (UTC))

Another of Striver's creations. He seems to have fixated on the topic of Islam and marriage and to be starting many articles on minor points, often with oblique, opaque, or misleading titles. Should be merged into one article. Zora 21:28, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * keep oh god, that makes it 5 Vfd. Did you see the "exapand" sing? No? Did you see the "Stup"? Not that either? Oh, well, ill unstub it, maybe you'll get happier then...
 * Previous unsigned comment by -- Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 05:05, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * keep. I think it would be a good idea to expand or merge this topic, as marriage, as viewed by the denominations in Islam, is a topic not well understood by the western academia.--Zereshk 03:35, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge somewhere, too narrow a topic. Radiant_ >|< 12:20, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Comment Islam does not have the same view of marriage as the west have. In the west, most people consider marriage as based on love. So is not the case in Islam. In Islam it is based on worshiping God, and that diffrens needs a lot of explanation to make sence to a non-Muslim.

--Striver 12:34, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Islamic view of marriage. Dcarrano 15:03, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Coment Islamic view of marriage is a overiew of manny topics related to marriage, the current topic is to large to fitt entirely into a overview article. --Striver 15:39, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * KEEP - the article could be expanded --Khalid! 16:45, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Mythology (book)

Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes is a book written by Edith Hamilton, published in 1942 by Little, Brown and Company. It has been reissued since then by several publishers, including its 75th anniversary illustrated edition. It retells stories of Greek, Roman, and Norse mythology drawn from a variety of sources. The introduction includes commentary on the major classical poets used as sources, and on how changing cultures have led to changing characterizations of the deities and their myths. It is frequently used in high schools and colleges as an introductory text to ancient mythology and belief.

Contents
The book contains an introduction and seven sections:
 * 1) Greek gods of Olympus and the Greek creation myths
 * 2) Greek and Roman myths involving love and adventure, including the tales of Eros and Psyche and Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece
 * 3) Heroes before the Trojan War, such as Perseus, Theseus, Heracles and Atalanta
 * 4) Trojan War and its heroes, including Odysseus, Aeneas and Achilles
 * 5) Significant families in Greek mythology: the house of Atreus, the royal house of Thebes, and the royal house of Athens
 * 6) Lesser-known stories from Greek and Roman mythology
 * 7) Tales from Norse myths involving deities such as Odin, Thor and Loki

Most editions include drawings by American illustrator Steele Savage.

title: Mythology (book)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/1952 in archaeology

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus to delete -- Francs2000 | Talk 01:34, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

1952 in archaeology
This page is quite possibly the definition of useless. It contains one entry and, even if it contained 100, wouldn't serve a purpose not already served by 1952. At the very least, this should be redirected to 1952 but deletion is probably a better route. -Soltak 21:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree, nothing there. Delete --Corto 15:41, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I just added something else, and I'm sure much more could be added with a bit of research. A valid topic with room to expand. Infrogmation (talk • contribs) -- 18:59, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I disagree. An article like "Important Dates in Archaeology" is valid, however, breaking each year down is certainly not. -Soltak 22:12, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge with 1952 in science, which already has a section for archaeology. -R. fiend 18:45, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * strong Keep. Merging isn't sensible: archaeology isn't science.  Why not have this article?  Wikipedia is not paper, and I'm sure interesting things happened in the world of archaeology in 1952.  This page might come in useful for some archaeologist of archaeology.  Whyever delete it just because there aren't many events in it yet?  A valid topic with room to expand indeed.  Where else would one find a list of archaeological events of 1952? Give me a week or so and I'll dig out an archaeology journal from the 1950s and expand the article.  If we do merge, and people like me add tons of stuff to it, someone will suggest splitting again.  So why merge? Robinh 21:11, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Archaeology isn't science? I'm really interested in understanding why you think that. I took a course in archaeology in college and it sure felt like science to me. -Soltak 22:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * For those that don't feel Archaeology is a science I would direct his or her attention to Archaeology and Archaeological science. -Soltak 23:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep as per User:Infrogmation and Robinh (though I'd say archaeology _is_ science). …Markaci 2005-07-23 T 01:00:20 Z
 * Keep, article has potential. Archaeology is not a science in that it does not fully conform to the scientific method. It does contain scientific elements though, hence the separate page on archaeological science. adamsan 11:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Part of an obviously valuable series. Calsicol 16:51, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, perhaps Merge or Create New Article, agree with Soltak. History of archaeology is an encyclopedia article.  Important Dates in Archaeology is something that might make a good article, possibly by merging all these year-by-year lists together into a new article.  An Endless List Of Archeological Achievements Categorized in Separate Articles By Each Year in History is not an encyclopedia article, it's an incredibly unweildy index. Xaa 20:21, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Autonegotiation

Autonegotiation is a signaling mechanism and procedure used by Ethernet over twisted pair by which two connected devices choose common transmission parameters, such as speed, duplex mode, and flow control. In this process, the connected devices first share their capabilities regarding these parameters and then choose the highest performance transmission mode they both support.

Autonegotiation for twisted pair is defined in clause 28 of IEEE 802.3. and was originally an optional component in the Fast Ethernet standard. It is backwards compatible with the normal link pulses (NLP) used by 10BASE-T. The protocol was significantly extended in the Gigabit Ethernet standard, and is mandatory for 1000BASE-T gigabit Ethernet over twisted pair.

In the OSI model, autonegotiation resides in the physical layer.

Standardization and interoperability
In 1995, the Fast Ethernet standard was released. Because this introduced a new speed option for the same wires, it included a means for connected network adapters to negotiate the best possible shared mode of operation. The autonegotiation protocol included in IEEE 802.3 clause 28 was developed from a patented technology by National Semiconductor known as NWay. The company gave a letter of assurance for anyone to use their system for a one time license fee. Another company has since bought the rights to that patent.

The first version of the autonegotiation specification, in the 1995 IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet standard, was implemented differently by different manufacturers leading to interoperability issues. These problems led many network administrators to manually set the speed and duplex mode of each network interface. However, the use of manual configurations may lead to duplex mismatches. These can be difficult to diagnose because the network is nominally working. Simple network testing utilities such as ping may report a valid connection. However, network performance will be significantly impacted by transmission aborts and subsequent Ethernet frame drops that result from a duplex mismatch. When a duplex mismatch is occurring, the side of the connection that is using half-duplex will report late collisions, while the side using full-duplex will report FCS errors.

The autonegotiation specification was improved in the 1998 release of IEEE 802.3. This was followed by the release of the IEEE 802.3ab Gigabit Ethernet standard in 1999 which specified mandatory autonegotiation for 1000BASE-T. Autonegotiation is also mandatory for 1000BASE-TX and 10GBASE-T implementations. Currently, most network equipment manufacturers recommend using autonegotiation on all access ports and enable it as a factory default setting.

Function
Autonegotiation can be used by devices that are capable of more than one transmission rate, different duplex modes (half duplex and full duplex), and different transmission standards at the same speed (though in practice only one standard at each speed is widely supported).

During autonegotiation, each device declares its technology abilities, that is, its possible modes of operation. The best common mode is chosen, with higher speed preferred over lower, and full duplex preferred over half duplex at the same speed.

Parallel detection is used when a device that is capable of autonegotiation is connected to one that is not. This happens if a device does not support autonegotiation or autonegotiation is disabled on a device. In this condition, the device that is capable of autonegotiation can determine and match speed with the other device. This procedure cannot determine duplex capability, so half duplex is always assumed.

Other than speed and duplex mode, autonegotiation is used to communicate the master-slave parameters for gigabit Ethernet.

Priority
Upon receipt of the technology abilities of the other device, both devices decide the best possible mode of operation supported by both devices. Among the modes that are supported by both devices, each device chooses the one that is highest priority. The priority among modes is as follows:

 * 1) 40GBASE-T full duplex
 * 2) 25GBASE-T full duplex
 * 3) 10GBASE-T full duplex
 * 4) 5GBASE-T full duplex
 * 5) 2.5GBASE-T full duplex
 * 6) 1000BASE-T full duplex
 * 7) 1000BASE-T half duplex
 * 8) 100BASE-T2 full duplex
 * 9) 100BASE-TX full duplex
 * 10) 100BASE-T2 half duplex
 * 11) 100BASE-T4 half duplex
 * 12) 100BASE-TX half duplex
 * 13) 10BASE-T full duplex
 * 14) 10BASE-T half duplex

Electrical signals
Autonegotiation is based on pulses similar to those used by 10BASE-T devices to detect the presence of a connection to another device. These link integrity test (LIT) pulses are sent by Ethernet devices when they are not sending or receiving any frames. They are unipolar positive-only electrical pulses of a nominal duration of $100 ns$, with a maximum pulse width of $200 ns$, generated at a $16 ms$ time interval with a timing variation tolerance of $8 ms$. A device detects the failure of a link if neither a frame nor two of the LIT pulses is received for 50-150 ms. For this scheme to work, devices must send LIT pulses regardless of receiving any. In the autonegotiation specification these pulses are called normal link pulses (NLP).

NLPs used by autonegotiation are still unipolar, positive-only, and with a nominal duration of $100 ns$; but each LIT is replaced by a pulse burst consisting of 17 to 33 pulses sent $125 µs$ apart. Each pulse burst is called a fast link pulse (FLP) burst. The time interval between the start of each FLP burst is the same $16 ms$ as between NLPs.

The FLP burst consists of 17 NLP at a $125 µs$ time interval with a tolerance of $14 µs$. Between each pair of two consecutive NLPs (i.e. at $62.5 µs$ after first NLP of the pulse pair) an additional positive pulse may be present. The presence of this additional pulse indicates a logical 1, its absence a logical 0. As a result, every FLP contains a 16-bit data word. This data word is called a link code word (LCW). The bits of the LCW are numbered from 0 to 15, where bit 0 corresponds to the first possible pulse in time and bit 15 to the last.

The base link code word
Every fast link pulse burst transmits 16 bits of data known as a link code word. The first such word is known as a base link code word, and its bits are used as follows:

 * 0–4: selector field – indicates which standard is used between IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.9
 * 5–12: technology ability field – a sequence of bits that encode the possible modes of operations among the 100BASE-T and 10BASE-T modes (see below)
 * 13: remote fault – set to one when the device is detecting a link failure
 * 14: acknowledgement – the device sets this to one to indicate the correct reception of the base link code word from the other party; this is detected by the reception of at least three identical base code words. Upon receiving these three identical copies, the device sends a link code word with the acknowledge bit set to one from six times to eight times.
 * 15: next page – used to indicate the intention of sending other link code words after the base link code word

The technology ability field is composed of eight bits. For IEEE 802.3, these are as follows:

 * bit 0: device supports 10BASE-T
 * bit 1: device supports 10BASE-T in full duplex
 * bit 2: device supports 100BASE-TX
 * bit 3: device supports 100BASE-TX in full duplex
 * bit 4: device supports 100BASE-T4
 * bit 5: device supports pause frame
 * bit 6: device supports asymmetric pause for full duplex
 * bit 7: reserved

The link code words are also called pages. The base link code word is therefore called a base page. The next page bit of the base page is 1 when the device intends to send other pages, which can be used to communicate other abilities. These additional pages are sent only if both devices have sent base pages with a next page bit set to 1. The additional pages are still encoded as link code words (using 17 clock pulses and up to 16 bit pulses).

Message and unformatted next page
The base page is sufficient for devices to advertise which ones among the 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX and 100BASE-T4 modes they support. For gigabit Ethernet, two other pages are required. These pages are sent if both devices have sent base pages with a next page bit set to one.

The additional pages are of two kinds: message pages and unformatted pages. These pages are still 16-bit words encoded as pulses in the same way as the base page. Their first eleven bits are data, while their second-to-last bit indicates whether the page is a message page or an unformatted page. The last bit of each page indicates the presence of an additional page.

The 1000BASE-T supported modes and master-slave data (which is used to decide which of the two devices acts as the master, and which one acts as the slave) are sent using a single message page, followed by a single unformatted page. The message page contains:

 * half duplex capability
 * whether the device is single port or multiport
 * whether master/slave is manually configured or not
 * whether the device is manually configured as master or slave

The unformatted page contains a 10-bit word, called a master-slave seed value.

Duplex mismatch
A duplex mismatch occurs when two connected devices are configured in different duplex modes. This may happen, for example, if one is configured for autonegotiation while the other one has a fixed mode of operation that is full duplex (no autonegotiation). In such conditions, the autonegotiation device correctly detects the speed of operation, but is unable to correctly detect the duplex mode. As a result, it sets the correct speed but assumes half-duplex mode.

When a device is operating in full duplex while the other one operates in half duplex, the connection works reliably only at a very low throughput. A full-duplex device may transmit data while it is receiving. However, if the half-duplex device receives data while it is sending, it senses a collision and aborts transmission and then attempts to resend the frame. The full-duplex device will report frame check sequence (FCS) errors on the aborted transmissions. Depending on timing, the half-duplex device may sense a late collision, which it will interpret as a hard error rather than a normal consequence of CSMA/CD and may not attempt to resend the frame. The full-duplex device does not detect any collision and assumes the frame was received without error. This combination of (late) collisions reported at the half-duplex end and FCS errors reported by the full-duplex end are indicators that a duplex mismatch is present.

Patents
Autonegotiation is covered by the US patents ,, , ,

,, European Patent Applications SN 93308568.0 (DE, FR, GB, IT, NL); Korean Patent No. 286791; Taiwanese Patent No. 098359; Japanese Patent No. 3705610; Japanese Patent 4234. Applications SN H5-274147; Korean Patent Applications SN 22995/93; Taiwanese Patent Applications SN 83104531.

Auto-Negotiation for single-pair Ethernet
Due to its nature, single-pair Ethernet has its own, optional variant of Auto-Negotiation. It uses differential-Manchester encoding (DME) pages to negotiate capabilities in a half-duplex manner. Two different signaling speeds are used: 10/5/2.5GBASE-T1, 1000BASE-T1, 100BASE-T1, and 10BASE-T1S support high-speed mode (HSM) at 16.667 Mbit/s and optionally low-speed mode (LSM) at 625 kbit/s, while 10BASE-T1L supports LSM and optionally HSM.

The selection priority for negotiated modes are:
 * 1) 10GBASE-T1
 * 2) 5GBASE-T1
 * 3) 2.5GBASE-T1
 * 4) 1000BASE-T1
 * 5) 100BASE-T1
 * 6) 10BASE-T1S full duplex
 * 7) 10BASE-T1S half duplex
 * 8) 10BASE-T1L

title: Autonegotiation


text:
František Patočka

František Patočka (22 October 1904, Turnov – 14 March 1985, Prague) was a Czechoslovak microbiologist and serologist. He established the study of virology in Czechoslovakia.

Patočka studied medicine (specialised in microbiology) at the Charles University in Prague (graduated in 1928). In 1936 he became head of the Czech Bacteriological Institute (after Ivan Honl). At the end of World War II, together with epidemiologist Karel Raška, he was personally leading measures to stop the spread of epidemic typhus in the Terezín concentration camp. Together they wrote a report describing the appalling conditions and mistreatment of German civilians incarcerated in the Small Fortress after the war ended. During the 1960s he worked as an expert for the WHO in India and Zaire.

His brother Jan Patočka was a well-known Czechoslovak philosopher.

title: František Patočka


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gatekeeper, Sony Web-Agent

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:45, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

Gatekeeper, Sony Web-Agent
I'm really not quite sure what this is, aside from an attack on Sonycorp's web policies by a non-native English speaker. I don't think it's encyclopedic. DS 21:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, attack page. Dcarrano 15:10, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Adi Barkan

Adi Barkan (עדי ברקן) is an Israeli model agent and activist who has campaigned for legislation banning the use of anorexic models. Barkan started his career as a fashion photographer.

Biography
Barkan worked as a fashion photographer for fifteen years in Paris, London and New York, before returning to Israel in 1998 to open his own modeling agency in Tel Aviv. Barkan, who worked with Elite Model Management, discovered a number of models including Sendi Bar.

In 2001 he started publishing the "Bikini" magazine, which mostly featured photographs of models in swimsuits. It was heavily promoted through advertisement on bus stops, although it was discontinued after less than year due to low sales and public outcry about its indecency.

After speaking on television about his experience with model Hila Elmalich, an anorexic woman whom he rushed to hospital after she collapsed and who later died, Barkan was deluged by telephone calls from girls and young women with anorexia. This experience persuaded him to require all of his models to submit to body mass index (BMI) exams to demonstrate their physical health and lack of an eating disorder.

Working with Member of Knesset Inbal Gavriely, he successfully submitted legislation to the Israeli Knesset in December, 2004, requiring all modeling agencies in Israel to use the BMI exam, making Israel one of the first countries to pass such a bill. Subsequently, an agency will not be allowed to continue representing a model unless she submits to a health test every three months and receives higher than 18.5 BMI. Any agency that does not comply will be fined accordingly and all forms will be monitored by the Israeli Health Ministry. The campaign has received backing by both the Ministry of Health and The Israeli Center for Eating Habits Reform, while additionally, more than 30 Israeli CEOs have agreed to only hire models who have passed the health exam for their advertisements.

The Law for Restricting Weight in the Modeling Industry, passed in 2012, sets limits on both the employment of ultra-thin models and the use of Photoshop in advertising.

In November 2013, Barkan launched the Simply-You campaign to increase awareness of the effect of the fashion industry on body self-image. A 12-lesson program was devised for models to teach them about proper nutrition and how to maintain their weight at healthy levels. Shortly after the launch of the Simply You campaign, H&M was the first company to ever admit using too skinny models in their campaigns.

In 2015, Barkan was chosen to deliver a TED talk on the subject. As part of the RealUnreal Project, Barkan travels around the country to create awareness among IDF soldiers, male and female, on the subject of eating disorders.

title: Adi Barkan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carissa wohlferd

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy deleted by user:Joy Stovall, presumably as a vanity article (criteria #7). Thue | talk 21:58, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually it seems patent nonsense to me - "She plans on saving the koalas in Australia with her best friend. ... she was aubduted by aliens and has not been seen since.". LOL. Radiant_ >|< 12:22, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Carissa wohlferd

 * Delete unless this could be verified. I tried Google and found nothing. Revolución 21:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Even in the unlikely event that this person even exists, she obviously isn't notbale. There is nothing about her on google. Forbsey 21:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Apostolic Nunciature to Canada

The Apostolic Nunciature to Canada is the diplomatic mission of the Holy See to Canada. It is headed by the Apostolic Nuncio to Canada, which is both an ecclesiastical and diplomatic office, with the rank of ambassador.

The Holy See first created a Delegation to Canada and Newfoundland on 3 August 1899. It became the Apostolic Delegation to Canada on 31 March 1949 when the British Dominion of Newfoundland became the tenth province of Canada. Once Canada and the Holy See reached agreement on the establishment of diplomatic relations and the exchange of ambassadors, Pope Paul VI erected the Apostolic Nunciature to Canada on 16 October 1969.

Property
The nunciature was based in a building on Queen Elizabeth Driveway until it purchased Rockcliffe House in 1962. The manor is located on two hectares of grounds and has a large gate house, that was originally the stables and coach house, separating it from the street and several other out buildings.

The first home on the property, built by Duncan Reynier MacNab in 1838–39, was named "Rockcliff House" for its location. This name neighbourhood became known as Rockcliffe Park. In 1868 the property was purchased by Thomas Coltrin Keefer, son-in-law of Thomas McKay, after he had sold Rideau Hall to the government to house the Governor General. Keefer rebuilt and extensively enlarged the house. It remained in the Keefer family 1929 when it was purchased by Cairine Wilson, the first Canadian woman to be named to Senator and her husband Norman. In 1929 the building was renovated in the style of Directoire Manor Houses of France.

The house was included amongst other architecturally interesting and historically significant buildings in Doors Open Ottawa, held June 2 and 3, 2012.

Papal representatives to Canada

 * Apostolic Delegates to Canada and Newfoundland
 * George Conroy (10 April 1877 - 4 August 1878)
 * Rafael Merry del Val y Zulueta (10 March 1897 - 21 October 1899)
 * Diomede Falconio, O.F.M. Ref. (3 August 1899 - 30 September 1902)
 * Donato Sbarretti (26 December 1902 - 29 October 1910)
 * Pellegrino Francesco Stagni, O.S.M. (3 November 1910 - 11 June 1918)
 * Pietro di Maria (11 June 1918 - 3 June 1926)
 * Andrea Cassulo (7 May 1927 - 14 June 1936)
 * Ildebrando Antoniutti (14 July 1938 - 21 October 1953)
 * Apostolic Delegates to Canada
 * Giovanni Panico (14 November 1953 - 24 January 1959)
 * Sebastiano Baggio (12 March 1959 – 26 May 1964)
 * Sergio Pignedoli (1 June 1964 – 10 June 1967)
 * Apostolic Pro-Nuncios to Canada
 * Emanuele Clarizio (12 June 1967 – 19 March 1970)
 * Guido Del Mestri (20 June 1970 – 13 August 1975)
 * Angelo Palmas (2 September 1975 – 10 March 1990)
 * Carlo Curis (28 March 1990 – 1 September 1994)
 * Apostolic Nuncios
 * Carlo Curis (1 September 1994 – 5 February 1999)
 * Paolo Romeo (5 February 1999 – 17 April 2001)
 * Luigi Ventura (22 June 2001 – 22 September 2009)
 * Pedro Lopez Quintana (10 December 2009 – 28 September 2013)
 * Luigi Bonazzi (18 December 2013 – 10 December 2020)
 * Ivan Jurkovič (5 June 2021 – present)

title: Apostolic Nunciature to Canada


text: User talk:69.119.89.9

title: User talk:69.119.89.9


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/1707 in archaeology

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus to delete -- Francs2000 | Talk 01:32, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

1707 in archaeology
This page is quite possibly the definition of useless. It contains only one entry and, even if it contained 100, wouldn't serve a purpose not already served by 1707. At the very least, this should be redirected to 1707 but deletion is probably a better route. -Soltak 21:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Stubby, but a valid topic capable of expansion. -- Infrogmation 19:48, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I disagree. An article like "Important Dates in Archaeology" is valid, however, breaking each year down is certainly not. -Soltak 22:12, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. One event in a year's archaeology does not justify a list of that year's archaeological events. (Although I'm looking forward to seeing what's in store in 1708 in archaeology.) Flowerparty 18:20, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Based on the List of years in archaeology, it seems that the 1700s were mediocre for the activity, so merge all "17?? in archaeology" articles into one article, Archaelolgy in the 1700s. -- BD2412 talk 19:33, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with 1707 in science. -R. fiend 20:39, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. There was a shedload of antiquarian activity in the eighteenth century that can be added. adamsan 11:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Part of a clearly valuable series. Calsicol 16:53, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unless it is expanded from more than one item, it's pretty useless.  jg325   *talk*  21:22, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, perhaps Merge or Create New Article, agree with Soltak. History of archaeology is an encyclopedia article.  Important Dates in Archaeology is something that might make a good article, possibly by merging all these year-by-year lists together into a new article.  An Endless List Of Archeological Achievements Categorized in Separate Articles By Each Year in History is not an encyclopedia article, it's an incredibly unweildy index. Xaa 20:21, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Ditton Park

Ditton Park, Ditton Manor House or Ditton Park House was the manor house and private feudal demesne of the lord of the Manor of Ditton, and refers today to the rebuilt building and smaller grounds towards the edge of the town of Slough in England. A key feature is its centuries-old moat which extends to most of the adjoining lawns and garden. Park areas extend to the north and west of the moat.

Ditton Park House and its courtyard walls, stables and observatory are Grade II listed on the National Heritage List for England (i.e. in the initial category).

History and architecture
Ditton Park belonged to the crown in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and is in the ancient parish of Stoke Poges. It then belonged to Sir Ralph Winwood and passed to Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu, through marriage. The direct precursor to the present house was probably built around the early 1600s and was taken down as damaged by fire in 1812.

The earlier house here was crenellated or fortified by John de Moleyns in 1331. In it or a later house, then a royal residence, the infant Princess Mary passed the autumn of 1517. It was enlarged at various times and is said to have been rebuilt by Sir Ralph Winwood in the early 17th century. Winwood improved the gardens and filled in the moat. The small building near the south-east corner of the park, formerly a chantry, became a chapel by 1925 served by the vicar of Datchet, since a few years later disused.

Its turrets and pale stucco crenelations bear a resemblance to earlier Strawberry Hill House, a prototype of the Gothic Revival architecture. Its warm, peach colour and tall symmetry reflects a movement towards Romantic architecture common in many of the high aristocracy's folly castles erected in the early 19th century. The house for much of the rest of the century when it was erected was the English home of Charlotte Anne, the Duchess then Dowager Duchess of Duke of Buccleugh (d.1895). This supplemented homes including the Scottish castles occupied frequently by her and by her son. Ditton Park House was by 1925 occupied by Lord Wolverton. The present square mansion, to which access is obtained by a drawbridge over the moat, stood in 1925 in a wider well-wooded park of 260 acres. The house and chapel were entirely rebuilt by Elizabeth, Duchess of Buccleugh (born Elizabeth Montagu also then spelt Montague) in 1812 and contains (or contained in 1925) many fittings from the former house, including the late 15th-century font, much 16th and 17th-century stained glass, and a glazed tile with a shield of arms, a fesse between six crosslets. In 1925 some 17th-century outbuildings stood.

Nearby, on the Great West Road, a public house, the Montague Arms stands which is owned and operated as a Harvester restaurant, dating back to the early 19th century.

In 1917 the remainder of the property, its farming tenants having long taken control through copyhold of their own lands, was taken over for the Admiralty Compass Observatory, which used the house and its immediate grounds. In 1920 an area, West Park, began to be used for radio research, which extended into North Park in 1924, and these activities eventually led to the formation of the Radio Research Station. It was here in 1935 that the idea for the development of the British radar defence system was conceived, code-named Chain Home. In the late 1990s, concern was raised regarding disturbing radioactivity from the World War II burial of radium-based, luminous paints.

The property was sold to Computer Associates in 1997 which became CA Technologies and is now running Wedding Events.

Location
The manor was a detached part of Stoke Poges parish, which was in the southern extreme of the English county of Buckinghamshire, before boundary reorganisations: in 1934 it was transferred to the parish of Datchet, in 1974 Datchet became part of the borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, and in 1998 the borough gained unitary authority status in that ceremonial county.

title: Ditton Park


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2005 Hudson Valley Mall shooting incident (2nd nomination)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delte --Allen3 talk 13:49, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

2005 Hudson Valley Mall shooting incident
On 14 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The final decision was a judgment call. I called it as a transwiki to WikiNews. We have since learned that transwiki to WikiNews is incompatible with GFDL. I am returning it to VfD for reconsideration. The prior discussion can be found at Votes for deletion/2005 Hudson Valley Mall shooting incident.

I recommend deletion because this is a news article, not an encyclopedic event. Wikipedia does not need or want an article on every non-notable crime. (It would be nice if we lived in a world where this was a notable crime but we don't. Similar incidents occur on a daily basis.  I believe this got attention only because it was a slow news day.)  There have been no significant edits to this article since 14 Feb (the day after the article was created). The article is an orphan. While low edits and orphan status are not deletion criteria, they are supporting evidence that this is not a requested article. A good WikiNews article already exists here. Rossami (talk) 21:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This was a major news event. SquirrelKabob 22:13, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * user's 10th edit
 * Delete. Minor-league news, non-encyclopedic to anyone outside of Poughkeepsie: hell, it's probably non-encyclopedic to anyone outside the Hudson Valley Mall. --Calton | Talk 01:56, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Every wacko with a gun needs not an article.  humblefool®Have you voted in the CSD poll yet? 02:20, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * transwiki to WikiNews. Vegaswikian 06:21, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I draw your attention to what is written in the nomination above, both about the fact that transwiki to Wikinews is not allowed and that Wikinews had a news article on this the day before this encyclopedia article was even begun. Uncle G 11:50, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete appears to be a minor shooting incident - no-one was killed. JamesBurns 08:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Oh hell, let it be.  It's written decently, and it probably mattered a lot to people in upstate New York.  - The Inclusionist known as Eric 10:12, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this is not Wikinews. Nor the memorial. Radiant_ >|< 12:22, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:70.33.82.99

title: User talk:70.33.82.99


text:
Brinnington

Brinnington is a north-eastern suburb of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England, on a bluff above a bend in the Tame Valley between the M60 motorway and Reddish Vale Country Park.

Description
Brinnington was open farm land before the local authority housing developments of the 1950s and 1960s. To the west of Brinnington is Reddish Vale, a country park popular with families to go for a walk and explore the ponds and brick viaducts; under the arches there is a sharp bend in the river and sand has been deposited giving the effect of a miniature beach.

The area consists mainly of council owned dwellings including high rise flats. Brinnington has high crime levels and long-term unemployment at 20%. Two streets, Northumberland Road and Brinnington Road, were named by police as two of the three worst roads in north Stockport in 2010.

The area has undergone regeneration, including the demolition of the Top Shops site, replaced with 53 shared ownership houses, and First House community centre which opened in 2007. In 2009, 17 new homes were built at Lantern Close, a new road named after the annual lantern parade in the area.

History
The name 'Brinnington' is derived from Old English. It means the 'farm (tun) called after Bryni (a personal name).' The location of the farmstead is unknown.

Brinnington is not named in the Domesday survey of 1086 - it is believed to have been in the manor of Bredbury and probably became a barony of Stockport in the twelfth century.

From the mid-fourteenth century, the lords of the land were the Duckenfield family. Under the Duckenfields, the southern third of the township was held as a demesne named Portwood. By the 1540s, the family had a residence (Portwood Hall), a deer park and a corn mill. The northern part of the township was common moorland known as Brinnington Moor.

The area remained largely rural up until the 1950s. In 1754, only 15 families (104 individuals) were recorded. The population grew significantly throughout the nineteenth century, due to the development of nearby Portwood.

In the early 1780s, the manor was acquired by James Harrison, a Manchester cotton merchant who, in 1786, built a bridge between Portwood and Brinnington, and in 1796, built a millrace (Portwood Cut) to bring water power to the area. The population growth of the Brinnington area was driven by these developments and in 1841 counted 5331 individuals. Since the council housing was built in the mid-twentieth century, the population naturally increased again as it transitioned from a rural to suburban area.

Transport
Brinnington is served by Brinnington railway station on the Hope Valley Line from Sheffield to Manchester.

The estate is accessed via Brinnington Road, which crosses the M60 motorway at both ends.

The original proposed Manchester congestion charge would have charged motorists for crossing the M60 motorway; protests from local residents led to a change in the proposed boundaries, thereby excluding Brinnington from the charge zone.

Religion
Brinnington has two churches, St. Bernadette's (Roman Catholic) and Brinnington Community Church at the Lighthouse Centre (Evangelical).

Education
There are three primary schools, St. Paul's (Church Of England), St. Bernadette's (Roman Catholic) and Westmorland; the last being an amalgamation of the former Brindale, Maycroft and Tame Valley Primary Schools.

Health
A survey was done by a local GP to investigate why the depression rate in Brinnington was 23.6%, compared with an average of 9.8% in the rest of England. His records concurred. In his last 123 patients, 24% were seeking help with depression, while a further 28% were under treatment and 16% had been.

Law
Hollow End Towers in Brinnington were the subject of one of the leading cases on the law of nuisance, Transco plc v Stockport Metropolitan BC.

title: Brinnington