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Shootout

A shootout, also called a firefight, gunfight, or gun battle, is a armed confrontation entailing firearms between armed parties using guns, always entailing intense disagreement(s) between the fighting parties. The term can be used to describe any such fight, though it is typically used in a non-military context or to describe combat situations primarily using firearms (generally excluding crew-served weapons, combat vehicles, armed aircraft, or explosives).

Shootouts often pit law enforcement against criminals, though they can also involve groups outside of law enforcement, such as rivalling gangs, militias, or individuals. Military combat situations are rarely titled "shootouts", and are almost always considered battles, engagements, skirmishes, exchanges, or firefights.

Shootouts are often depicted in action films, Westerns, and video games.

Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
On October 26, 1881, Deputy U.S. Marshal and Tombstone City Marshal Virgil Earp, Assistant Marshal Morgan Earp, and Special Police Officers Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday, faced off against outlaw Cowboys Ike Clanton, Billy Clanton, Billy Claiborne, Tom McLaury, and Frank McLaury in Tombstone, Arizona Territory.

Frisco shootout
On December 1, 1884, lawman Elfego Baca ignited an intense shootout with 40–80 cowboys, depending on the source, in Frisco (now Reserve), New Mexico.

Battle of Matewan, West Virginia
On May 19, 1920, private agents from the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency battled with the local sheriff, the town's mayor, and a group of coal miners, over an attempt by Baldwin-Felts agents to evict coal miners from their homes during a strike.

Kansas City massacre
On June 17, 1933, in an attempt to free their friend, a criminal gang ambushed seven FBI agents and Kansas City police at the train station as they were escorting captured fugitive Frank Nash back to prison. The FBI agents were unarmed, but the local police exchanged fire with the criminal gang. The gang unintentionally killed Nash along with the law officers.

The FBI claimed that the gang included Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd, but the evidence is debatable and contradicts with Floyd's alleged presence.

Battle of Barrington
On November 27, 1934, in Barrington, Illinois, bank robber Lester Gillis/George "Baby Face" Nelson, his wife Helen, and gang member John Chase encountered an FBI car driven by Agents Thomas Dade and William Ryan on a highway outside Barrington. Nelson pursued the FBI agents, exchanging gunfire with them, until his car was disabled. Two more agents, Special Agent Herman "Ed" Hollis and Inspector Sam Cowley, arrived on the scene and engaged Nelson and Chase in a shootout. Though Nelson was wounded seventeen times by the agents, he and Chase were able to fatally injure both Hollis and Cowley. Nelson escaped, only to die that evening from his injuries.

Truman assassination attempt
On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola engaged in a shootout with officers of the Capitol Police and Secret Service while attempting to break into the Blair House and assassinate President Harry Truman. By the end of the gun battle, Torresola and officer Leslie Coffelt were killed in an event that firearms instructor Massad Ayoob called "the boldest attempt at home invasion in modern history".

Austin Tower sniper
On August 1, 1966, Charles Whitman barricaded himself at the top of the tower at the University of Texas at Austin and proceeded to fire randomly from the tower. He then exchanged fire with Austin Police Department officers and armed civilians. After killing several people, he was killed in a final exchange when his perch was stormed by Austin police.

Newhall massacre
On April 6, 1970, California Highway Patrol (CHP) officers engaged heavily armed criminals Bobby Davis and Jack Twinning in a shootout in the parking lot of a restaurant near Newhall, California. In a span of five minutes, Davis and Twinning killed four CHP officers, making it the deadliest day in the history of Californian law enforcement.

Davis was later arrested, while Twinning killed himself following a long standoff with police.

Marin County Courthouse shootout
On August 7, 1970, in an attempt to free his brother, imprisoned Black Panther leader George Jackson, 17-year-old Jonathan P. Jackson entered a courthouse in Marin County, California with an arsenal of weapons. After storming into a room where a trial was taking place, Jackson armed defendant James McClain, who was on trial for murdering a prison guard, and two fellow convicts who were participating in the trial as witnesses, William Christmas and Ruchell Magee. The four armed men then took the judge, a district attorney and three jurors hostage, and marched them out of the courthouse into a waiting getaway van.

As they attempted to flee the scene, a shootout broke out between the hostage takers and Marin County Sheriffs deputies providing security at the courthouse. By the end of the gun battle, Jonathan Jackson, McClain, Christmas, and judge Harold Haley were killed. According to the other hostages, Haley was executed by the hostage takers with a shotgun that had been taped to his throat. Magee was severely injured, but survived the battle and was sentenced to life in prison. One juror and the D.A., Gary W. Thomas, were also wounded. One of the weapons used by Jackson was later traced to Black Panther icon Angela Davis, who was tried (but acquitted) for participation in the crime.

Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) shootout
On May 17, 1974, a confrontation and gun battle occurred between officers of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and six members of the Symbionese Liberation Army at a residential home at 1466 East 54th Street, Los Angeles.

This remains one of the largest police shootouts in history with a reported total of over 9,000 rounds being fired (5,000 by police, 4,000 by the SLA). Every round fired by SLA members at the police missed the officers. During the incident, police fired tear gas into the house, unintentionally starting a fire. All six SLA members were killed, either by police bullets or the fire. The SLA's leader, Donald DeFreeze, committed suicide.

Norco bank robbery shootout
On May 9, 1980, a bank robbery led to a prolonged shootout and chase between police in Norco, California, and five heavily armed bank robbers wearing military-style fatigues and armed with semi-automatic rifles and thousands of rounds of hollow-point bullets as well as various explosive and incendiary devices.

Police responded to a bank robbery call in Norco. Upon arriving the police were ambushed and outgunned. After the robbers unloaded over 300 rounds at police cruisers, the officers were forced to retreat behind their cruisers or nearby obstacles, all the while being fired upon. The suspects attempted to escape in their own vehicle. During this attempt, the driver of the suspects was killed by a stray police shot. The suspects then hijacked a nearby vehicle and became involved in a prolonged chase, in which the suspects shot at police and disabled and destroyed 33 police vehicles (as well as civilian cars) with explosives thrown from the back of a truck. The suspects also disabled a police helicopter by shooting at it. Later, the suspects lay in wait for police as they chased them, and ambushed them, resulting in the death of a police officer and wounding two others. Heavily outgunned, the police were pinned down until one officer arrived with an AR-15 carbine. After the police engaged the suspects with the AR-15, the suspects fled. One of the suspects was killed in the shootout, one during a later standoff with the police the next day, and three were later captured. Eight officers were also wounded during the events.

Brink's armored truck robbery
On October 20, 1981, an attempted armed robbery of a Brinks armored truck by members of the Weather Underground and Black Liberation Army resulted in a shootout and the deaths of two police officers and a Brinks security guard in Nyack, New York. The robbers, wearing body armor and equipped with assault rifles, initially ambushed the armored truck when it was parked at a shopping mall, killing Brinks guard Pete Paige and wounding his partner. After taking $1.6 million in cash and attempting to flee in a U-Haul truck, they were stopped at a roadblock set up by police. In a second shootout, police officers Waverly Brown and Ed O'Grady were killed and the robbers fled the scene in several different directions. Four of the robbers were arrested during their escape attempt, and more than six other people involved were arrested in subsequent investigations over the next several years. The last arrest was made in 1986.

Shannon Street massacre
On January 11, 1983, Memphis Police Department Officer Bobby Hester was taken hostage at a house at 2239 Shannon Street after a confrontation occurred between Hester, his partner Ray Schwill, and the house's owner, cult leader Lindberg Sanders. After 30 hours of negotiations, a Memphis Police assault team raided the house, killing Sanders and six of his followers, after which they found the body of Hester beaten to death.

MOVE
On May 13, 1985, the Philadelphia Police Department engaged in a shootout with the anarcho-primitivist group MOVE, after a failed attempt to serve arrest warrants on four members of the group at their communal residence. About 10,000 rounds of ammunition were fired by the police. The police eventually dropped two bombs on the house from a police helicopter, starting a fire which burned down 62 houses and killed 11 people.

FBI Miami shootout
On April 11, 1986, two FBI agents and two suspects were killed in a prolonged and intense firefight between the FBI and bank-robbery suspects William Matix and Michael Platt in Miami, Florida. The event became one of the most famous shootouts in American history, with ten participants (eight FBI agents and two suspects), roughly 145 rounds fired, and four deaths. Even though the FBI agents outnumbered the suspects four to one, the agents were outgunned by the suspects. It took a total of 18 hits (six on Matix, 12 on Platt) to bring the gun battle to an end. All but one of the FBI agents involved in the shootout were killed or wounded.

Ruby Ridge
In a 11-day siege in August 1992, agents of the ATF, FBI, and U.S. Marshals armed engaged in a shootout with survivalist Randy Weaver and his family in the wilderness near Bonners Ferry, Idaho.

Branch Davidian siege
On February 28, 1993, heavily armed members of the Branch Davidian sect engaged federal agents of the ATF in an intense firefight during a raid of their compound building, initiating a 51-day siege by the FBI near Waco, Texas.

North Hollywood shootout
On February 28, 1997, following a failed bank robbery in North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, the two robbers, Larry Phillips Jr. and Emil Mătăsăreanu, armed with several assault rifles, fired upon responding officers of the Los Angeles Police Department. The ensuing firefight lasted 44 minutes, with more than 2000 rounds fired collectively from both sides. The only deaths were the two bank robbers, Phillips and Mătăsăreanu. Twelve police officers and eight civilians were injured.

Columbine High School massacre
On April 20, 1999, school shooters Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold exchanged fire with Denver Police Department officers three times. Although 12 students and one teacher died, 21 others were injured and both the shooters committed suicide, no officers were killed or injured.

Tyler courthouse shootout
On February 24, 2005, David Hernandez Arroyo attacked his ex-wife, Maribel Estrada, and her son outside the courthouse in Tyler, Texas. Arroyo was armed with a semi-automatic MAK-90 (an AK-47 clone with a semi-automatic receiver) rifle. Maribel Estrada was shot in the head and died; her son was shot in the leg but recovered. The shots immediately brought a response from nearby sheriff's deputies and Tyler Police. Arroyo began trading gunfire with the officers, who were armed only with pistols, and forced them to retreat, wounding several of them. A passing civilian, Mark Allen Wilson, drew his own pistol and attempted to aid the officers but Arroyo was wearing body armor and Wilson's pistol failed to stop him; Wilson was shot and killed by Arroyo. Afterward, Arroyo jumped in his pickup and led police on a high-speed chase, exchanging gunfire along the way. Arroyo was eventually shot and killed by a responding officer armed with a CAR-15 rifle.

Pittsburgh police shootings
A shootout occurred on April 4, 2009, at 1016 Fairfield Street in the Stanton Heights neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, stemming from an argument over a dog urinating in the house between a mother and her 22-year-old son. At approximately 7:11 a.m. EDT, 22-year-old Richard Poplawski opened fire on two Pittsburgh Police officers responding to a 911 call from Poplawski's mother, who was attempting to get the police officers to remove her son from the home. Three police officers were ultimately confirmed dead, and another two were seriously injured. Poplawski was armed with a semi-automatic AK-47-style rifle and two other guns, protected by a bulletproof vest, and had been lying in wait for the officers. According to police and witnesses, he held police at bay for four hours as the fallen officers were left bleeding nearby, their colleagues unable to reach them. More than 100 rounds were fired by the SWAT teams and Poplawski, who surrendered after suffering a gunshot wound to the leg. Poplawski was later convicted of capital murder and was sentenced to death.

Lakewood police officer shooting
On Sunday, November 29, 2009, four Lakewood, Washington police officers (Sergeant Mark Renninger, Officer Ronald Owens, 37, Officer Tina Griswold, 40, Officer Greg Richards, 42) were shot and killed at a coffee shop in the Parkland unincorporated area of Pierce County, Washington. One gunman (Maurice Clemmons) entered the coffee shop and fired at the officers as they sat working on their laptop computers. One of the officers returned fire before being killed, wounding Clemmons, but he was still able to flee the scene. After a 2-day manhunt that spanned several cities in the Puget Sound region, Clemmons was shot and killed by a Seattle Police Department officer in south Seattle.

Christopher Dorner shootings and manhunt
From February 3–12, 2013, former LAPD officer Christopher Dorner killed three people (including an officer) and injured three other officers. On February 12, Dorner engaged in a shootout with police at Big Bear Lake, California, killing one and injuring another. Police then deployed tear gas into Dorner's cabin, which possibly set it on fire, after which Dorner committed suicide.

Washington Navy Yard shooting
On September 16, 2013, at the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) inside the Washington Navy Yard in southeast Washington, D.C., gunman Aaron Alexis exchanged gunfire with police and security guards. After injuring a police officer, Alexis was shot in the head by the injured policeman, and was pronounced dead more than two hours later.

Twin Peaks shootout
On May 17, 2015, in one of the deadliest gang shootings in American history, a brawl between rival biker gangs in front of a Twin Peaks restaurant in Waco, Texas escalated into a shootout between rival gangs as well as police. Nine people were killed and 18 others were injured.

Umpqua Community College shooting
On October 1, 2015, after killing nine civilians and injuring nine others at Umpqua Community College near Roseburg, Oregon, shooter Christopher Harper Mercer engaged in a shootout with responding police officers before killing himself.

Dallas shootings
On July 7, 2016, enraged by the shootings of black men Alton Sterling and Philando Castile by police in Louisiana and Minnesota, Micah Xavier Johnson opened fire on white police officers of the Dallas Police Department from an upper floor of a parking garage whilst they were overseeing a protest. Johnson was killed by a Remotec ANDROS Mark V-A bomb disposal robot, which carried a pound of C-4 explosive.

St. Joseph Courthouse Shooting
On July 11, 2016, inmate Larry Darnell Gordon opened fire on the third floor of the Berrien County Courthouse in St. Joseph, Michigan, killing two bailiffs and injuring a sheriff's deputy. Gordon, who was facing a multitude of charges that carried a possible life sentence, was being taken to a holding cell following a courthouse hearing when he disarmed an officer and attempted to take hostages. Moments after taking hostages, other court officers shot and killed Gordon.

Sutherland Springs church shooting
On November 5, 2017, shooter Devin Patrick Kelley was confronted by and traded fire with Stephen Willeford, a local resident and former firearms instructor who was armed with an AR-15 semi-automatic rifle. Willeford had taken cover behind a truck across the street from the church and shot Kelley twice, once in the leg and once in the upper left torso under his tactical gear. Kelley, who had dropped his rifle during the initial firefight with Willeford, fired back with a handgun before fleeing in his Ford Explorer and later died by suicide.

2019 Miramar shootout
On December 5, 2019, the Miami-Dade Police Department engaged in a shootout with jewelry store robbers at a busy intersection.

2021 Sunrise shootout
On February 2, 2021, FBI agents served a search warrant on a house of suspect who was suspected of abusing minors. The suspect ambushed the FBI agents, shooting five agents, two of whom were mortally wounded. The suspect was killed on the scene.

Robb Elementary School shooting
On May 24, 2022, 18-year-old Salvador Ramos entered Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas armed with Daniel Defense M4 carbine and opened fire on students and teachers in an adjoining classroom. 3 minutes after the shooting began, 6 officers from the Uvalde Police Department and 2 officers from the Uvalde Consolidated Independent School District entered the building and exchanged gunfire with Ramos. Ramos shot and injured 2 of the officers, forcing them to retreat. One hour and 13 minutes later, members of the United States Border Patrol Tactical Unit unlocked the door with a janitor's master key that Ramos had locked and entered the classroom, killing him.

Covenant School Shooting
On March 27, 2023, officers from the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department responded to a 911 call about an active shooter situation at the Covenant School in Nashville, Tennessee. The shooter, a transgender man named Aiden Hale (born Audrey Elizabeth Hale), was a former student of the school, firing their assault rifle through the glass doors of the school at 10:13am local time. A friend of the shooter had called 911 around this time, after having called a suicide prevention line, on her father's advice. Around the same time as the friend's call, someone at the school called 911 to report an active shooter situation. At 10:27am local time, 14 minutes after the first calls to 911 were placed, officers had already shot and killed Aiden Hale in the second floor of the school. In total, 7 people died; 3 students, all 9 years old, as well as a custodian, a substitute teacher, and the head of the school, and the shooter were killed in the attack.

Beer Hall Putsch
On November 9, 1923, Adolf Hitler and at least 2,000 members of the Nazi Party, which Hitler belonged to, attempted to launch a coup in Munich, Weimar Republic. The resulting shootout between Bavarian Police and Nazi supporters left twenty people dead and many injured.

Battle of Bamber Bridge
In the early hours of 25 June 1943, tensions between black troops and white military police stationed in Bamber Bridge, Lancashire, England, flared into mutiny, with both sides shooting at each other in the middle of the town. The "Battle of Bamber Bridge" was one of the few instances of a gun battle in the United Kingdom during World War II, and left one dead and four wounded.

Milperra massacre
On 2 September (Father's Day in Australia) 1984, rival motorcycle gang members engaged in a firearm battle in Milperra, a south-western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The shootout had its roots in an intense rivalry that developed after a group of Comancheros broke away and formed the first Bandidos Motorcycle Club chapter in Australia. Seven people were killed and twenty-eight injured when the two groups clashed at Milperra. The event was a catalyst for significant changes to gun laws in New South Wales.

David Malcolm Gray
On 14 November 1990, after a shooting rampage which killed up to 13 people (including a police officer) in the small seaside township of Aramoana, New Zealand, members of the Special Tactics Group (STG) surrounded the house where shooter David Malcolm Gray was hiding and a gunbattle took place after failed attempts to lure him out. At the end, Gray ran out of the house, firing his rifle from the hip before being shot by STG officers.

1991 Lokhandwala Complex shootout
On November 16, 1991, Additional Commissioner of Police Aftab Ahmed Khan, head of the Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS), led a force of almost 100 police and ATS officers and attacked the Swati building at the Lokhandwala Complex in Bombay, India. In the ensuing four-hour shootout, 450 rounds were fired and seven D-Company gangsters were killed, including Maya Dolas, Dilip Buwa, and Anil Pawar.

Mayerthorpe incident
On March 3, 2005, James Roszko ambushed and killed Royal Canadian Mounted Police constables Peter Schiemann, Anthony Gordon, Lionide Johnston and Brock Myrol with a prohibited HK-91 rifle during a stake-out in Mayerthorpe, Alberta, Canada. The resulting shootout with other present RCMP officers came to an end when Roszko committed suicide after being wounded.

Spiritwood incident
On July 7, 2006, Constables Robin Cameron and Marc Bourdages of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police were both shot in the head through the windshield of their cruiser after a 27 km car chase and shootout with Curtis Dagenais in rural Saskatchewan.

Mumbai massacre
On November 26, 2008, 10 members of the Pakistani militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba carried out shooting sprees at several different locations throughout the Indian city of Mumbai, India. The terrorists, heavily armed with automatic weapons and explosives, overwhelmed the initial response from lightly armed and minimally-trained police and held out for nearly three days, inflicting almost 500 casualties, with 157 deaths (including 17 police officers and soldiers). Nine of the 10 attackers were killed, while the 10th was arrested and later executed.

Manila hostage crisis
On 23 August 2010, in Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines, former police officer Rolando Mendoza boarded a bus carrying tourists from Hong Kong and took the occupants hostage. After freeing four children, senior citizens, and a disabled woman, the shootout began after the on-board TV broadcast showing the arrest of his younger brother. Enraged, Mendoza took the tour guide and shot him in the head at the door. After two hours, a police sniper shot and killed Mendoza. The assault killed eight hostages (the youngest being 14), and wounded seven hostages, one journalist, and one bystander.

2013 Annaberg shooting
On 16 September 2013, Austrian federal police received a call about a suspected poacher in the woods. Police officers sought to inspect the vehicle of 55-year-old Alois Huber, but he sped off upon spotting them and later crashed his car in a ditch near Annaberg, Lower Austria. Huber then proceeded on foot and shot two police officers posted near a checkpoint in Annaberg. A Red Cross paramedic was also shot while providing aid to the wounded. One of the officers and the paramedic later died in the hospital, while the other officer survived his wounds. At another checkpoint, Huber shot and killed another officer while taking a fourth hostage. He then stole a police car and drove it to his farmhouse near Melk. Austrian Armed Forces assisted in the manhunt with soldiers and armoured vehicles.

2015 Île-de-France attacks
Between 7–9 January 2015, three AQAP terrorists, brothers Chérif and Saïd Kouachi and Amedy Coulibaly, committed a series of five attacks that resulted in the deaths in 20 people, including themselves. The Kouachis killed two police officers during the Charlie Hebdo shooting on 7 January before fleeing. Coulibaly shot and killed a policewoman the next day. Finally on 9 January, the Kouachis and Coulibaly held separate sieges which resulted in shootouts with police and all three being killed.

Saint-Denis raid
On 18 November 2015, five days after the November 2015 Paris attacks, in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, France, police raided an apartment that thought to be housing the mastermind behind the attacks, Abdelhamid Abaaoud. Following a seven-hour shootout in which police fired over 5,000 rounds of ammunition, Abaaoud, his cousin Hasna Aït Boulahcen, and fellow Paris attacker Chakib Akrouh were killed and 5 terrorists were arrested.

2022 Saanich shootout
On 28 June 2022, twin brothers Mathew and Isaac Auchterlonie engaged in a shootout with police in Saanich, British Columbia, Canada after an attempted bank robbery at a Bank of Montreal branch. The brothers had developed a strong disdain for police, especially after federal firearms restriction legislation was announced, and deliberately orchestrated the robbery to attack responding officers. Six officers were wounded and both suspects were killed after an exchange with a Victoria Police Department tactical team.

title: Shootout


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Category:Willys vehicles

 * Willys vehicles — manufactured by Willys, Willys-Overland, &/or Kaiser Motors.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Willys vehicles


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Bill Bergson

Bill Bergson (Kalle Blomkvist) is a fictional character created by Swedish writer Astrid Lindgren. The first book featuring him was published in 1946.

Lindgren's detective story is about Bill Bergson, a more-or-less ordinary Swedish boy with an extraordinary fascination with detective work. He lives in the small town Lillköping. He identifies clues, investigates enigmas, and solves the riddle surrounding a mysterious stranger while the police and other adults overlook or dismiss the whole matter. He and his friends several times solve real crimes including mysterious thefts, murder and kidnapping. Lindgren wrote shorthand for Harry Söderman, a doctor in criminology, and it was during this work that she learned the basics of criminology that she later used in her stories.

Bill and his friends also play a game they call the Wars of the Roses. He, along with his two friends Anders and Eva-Lotta, are the White Rose, while three other kids, Sixten, Jonte and Benka, are the Red Rose. They "fight" over the possession of Stormumriken, an oddly-shaped stone. The group that does not have the stone must use all their wits and energy to obtain it. The group that has the stone must give the other group clues on where to find it.

Although there is a "war" between the two roses, all six of the youngsters are good friends and there is simply a playful rivalry between them. The Red Roses help the Whites when they are threatened by real dangers.

Lindgren wrote three books about Bill Bergson: Three theater plays:
 * 1946 – Bill Bergson, Master Detective (original title: Mästerdetektiven Blomkvist)
 * 1951 – Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously (original title: Mästerdetektiven Blomkvist lever farligt)
 * 1953 – Bill Bergson and the White Rose Rescue (original title: Kalle Blomkvist och Rasmus)
 * 1950 – Mästerdetektiven Blomkvist (published in the book Sex pjäser för barn och ungdom, based on the novel Mästerdetektiven Blomkvist)
 * 1955 – Mästerdetektiven Kalle Blomkvist: För kasperteater två korta akter (published in the book Serverat, Ers Majestät! by Elsa Olenius, new story)
 * 1968 – Kalle Blomkvist, Nisse Nöjd och Vicke på Vind (published in the book Pjäser för barn och ungdom – andra samlingen, new story)

English translations
Viking edition
 * 1952 – Bill Bergson, Master Detective/Mästerdetektiven Blomkvist. Translated from the Swedish by Herbert Antoine; illustrated by Louis S. Glanzman. 200 pages; illustrations; 21 cm. New York: Viking Press, 1952, 1957 reprinted in Viking Seafarer ed. 1968. LCCN: 52-12922
 * 1954 – Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously/Mästerdetektiven Blomkvist lever farligt. Translated from the Swedish by Herbert Antoine; illustrated by Don Freeman. 214 pages; illustrations; 21 cm. New York, Viking Press, 1954, reprinted 1965. LCCN: 54-4337
 * 1965 – Bill Bergson and the White Rose Rescue/Kalle Blomkvist och Rasmus. Translated from the Swedish by Florence Lamborn; illustrated by Don Freeman. 215 pages; illustrations; 21 cm. New York: Viking Press, 1965. LCCN: 65-13358

Oxford edition
 * 2017 – Master Detective/Mästerdetektiven Blomkvist. Translated by Susan Beard. 170 pages; 20 cm. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. ISBN 9780192749277 (paperback)
 * 2017 – Living Dangerously/Mästerdetektiven Blomkvist lever farligt. Translated by Susan Beard. 211 pages; 20 cm. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017 ISBN 9780192749291
 * 2018 – The White Rose Rescue/Kalle Blomkvist och Rasmus. Translated by Susan Beard. 197 pages; 20 cm. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. ISBN 9780192749314

Films about Bill Bergson

 * 1947 – Bill Bergson, Master Detective
 * 1953 – Bill Bergson and the White Rose Rescue
 * 1957 – Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously
 * 1966 – Mästerdetektiven Blomkvist på nya äventyr
 * 1996 – Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously (remake)
 * 1997 – Bill Bergson and the White Rose Rescue (remake)

Legacy
The character Mikael Blomkvist in Stieg Larsson's Millennium Trilogy is dubbed "Kalle Blomkvist" by the press to mock him in his investigative reporting. Lisbeth Salander's name appears to be taken from Eva-Lotta Lisander, and is modeled in most other respect on Lindgren's other famous character, Pippi Longstocking.

In The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, three of Lindgren's books are mentioned: The Children of Noisy Village, Bill Bergson and the White Rose Rescue (although in the book the translation was Kalle Blomkvist and Rasmus from the original Kalle Blomkvist och Rasmus), and Pippi Longstocking.

The relation between Astrid Lindgren and, at least, the first part of the Trilogy, can be taken farther when the fact that, in it, a cat is named 'Tjorven', is considered. The name comes from the Swedish television series Vi på Saltkråkan based on a script by Astrid Lindgren and not originally a book. Apart from this, the TV show dates from the early sixties, around the time when, in Stieg Larsson's novel, one of the crucial events which shapes the story takes place.

title: Bill Bergson


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Template talk:UTC time offsets

current time
User:Ed Poor made nice current time templates like resulting in "" can this current-time thing be integrated in the template:timezones? In most cases the page name should be sufficient. I would like to use page name to make it more robust against vandalism. A variable can be changed in hidden - page name is allways obvious. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 04:37, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

I moved the templates from lower case to upper case.

for the zones that have a Ed Poor template I found a way to include the data. For the others I don't know how to do it. The Ed Poor system uses Template:Utc via a parameter which is _not_ the UTC offset. Hopefully he can help soon. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 05:34, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * To avoid using negative numbers, I added 24 to UTC offsets like -5 (Eastern Standard Time) and got 19. So the current time in New York City is until daylight saving, and  during daylight saving.
 * I'm not planning any more template work on this. It should be translated into Javascript or PHP. --Uncle Ed 16:28, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I totally agree with Ed... this is better handled by someone making a feature request -- that is, if showing the current time is even really necessary. Can't people just do the math? -- Netoholic @ 15:58, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The feature request you suggested has been made. Like it? --Uncle Ed 02:10, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Daylight time
I've added daylight time to UTC-7 and UTC-6. Check out the link structure I've created there, and compare it to the Daylight time link at UTC-5. I think the way I did it is better because Central Daylight Time redirects to Central Standard Time Zone. What does everybody else think? E WS23 | (Leave me a message!) 00:38, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Your way seems better to me. For daylight using areas we could maybe add data about when the area really is in the specific UTC-zone. Same for the DST-zones, add when they are applied.

BTW: Some countries have their own article in Category:Time by country, so maybe instead of linking to "" maybe better to "Time in ". Tobias Conradi (Talk) 04:46, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Time zones and time offsets
I think "Time zone" means a geographical region where just about everybody observes the same standard time.

I think a "Time offset" means a particular amount of time subtracted from or added to UTC to get the current local time - whether it's standard time or Daylight saving time.

In any particular time zone residents either observe standard time all year round (as in Hawaii or most of Arizona) OR they observe standard time in winter (around 3/7 of the year) and daylight time in summer (4/7 of the time). Note: we are dividing the entire year roughly into "winter" and "summer" here just to facilitate discussion. We all know that European Summer Time actually begins early in Spring, etc. --Uncle Ed 17:17, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

New Zealand historic time zones
New Zealand established New Zealand Mean Time (NZMT) in 1868 as GMT+11:30, with the Chatham Islands 45 minutes ahead on GMT+12:15. New Zealand's Summer Time Act 1927 moved the clocks forward to GMT+12:30 (mainland) and GMT+13:15 (Chatham Islands), but this wasn't popular so was changed after one summer with the Summer Time Act 1928, changimg it to a 30 minute advance in summer ... essentially the same as the current NZST and CHAST but only in summer time observance period. In 1941 (under war time emergency regulations) this half hour advance from New Zealand Summer Time (NZST) became New Zealand Standard Time (NZST), with the Chatham Islands still 45 minutes ahead. No further adjustment was made for additional summer time, as the regulations treated the whole year as on special summer time, renewable annually. The Standard Time Act 1945 abolished the unused standard of NZMT so that from 1946 NZST (NZStandardT, rather than NZSummerT) became the defacto 'standard'. The 1945 act didn't differentiate for the Chatham Islands so the islanders just ignored NZST and carried on using their long-established time zone of NZST+00:45, and in 1956 the 1945 act was amended to reflect this, with the change officially coming into force on 1 January 1957. The Time Act 1974 re-established daylight saving time of one hour, firstly from November 1974 to February 1975, and then every summer since with several tweaks to starting and ending dates. As you can see above there's [currently] three redlinks for the three missing time zones. 119.224.77.162 (talk) 08:52, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

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Field artillery in the American Civil War

Field artillery in the American Civil War refers to the artillery weapons, equipment, and practices used by the Artillery branch to support the infantry and cavalry forces in the field. It does not include siege artillery, use of artillery in fixed fortifications, or coastal or naval artillery. Nor does it include smaller, specialized artillery classified as small arms.

Weapons
The principal guns widely used in the field are listed in the following table.

There were two general types of artillery weapons used during the Civil War: smoothbores and rifles. Smoothbores included howitzers and guns.

Smoothbore artillery
Smoothbore artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled. At the time of the Civil War, metallurgy and other supporting technologies had just recently evolved to a point allowing the large scale production of rifled field artillery. As such, many smoothbore weapons were still in use and production even at the end of the war. Smoothbore field artillery of the day fit into two role-based categories: guns and howitzers. Further classifications of the weapons were made based on the type of metal used, typically bronze or iron (cast or wrought), although some examples of steel were produced. Additionally, the artillery was often identified by the year of design in the Ordnance department references.

The smoothbore artillery was also categorized by the bore dimensions, based on the rough weight of the solid shot projectile fired from the weapon. For instance a 12-pounder field gun fired a 12-pound solid shot projectile from its 4.62 in diameter bore. It was practice, dating back to the 18th century, to mix gun and howitzers into batteries. Pre-war allocations called for 6-pounder field guns matched with 12-pounder howitzers, 9 and 12-pounder field guns matched with 24-pounder howitzers. But the rapid expansions of both combatant armies, mass introduction of rifled artillery, and the versatility of the 12-pounder "Napoleon" class of weapons all contributed to a change in the mixed battery practices.

12-pounder Napoleon
The twelve-pound cannon "Napoleon" was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the war. It was named after Napoleon III of France and was widely admired because of its safety, reliability, and killing power, especially at close range. In Union Ordnance manuals it was referred to as the "light 12-pounder gun" to distinguish it from the heavier and longer 12-pounder gun (which was virtually unused in field service.) It did not reach America until 1857. It was the last cast bronze gun used by an American army. The Federal version of the Napoleon can be recognized by the flared front end of the barrel, called the muzzle-swell. It was, however, relatively heavy compared to other artillery pieces and difficult to move across rough terrain.

Confederate Napoleons were produced in at least six variations, most of which had straight muzzles, but at least eight catalogued survivors of 133 identified have muzzle swells. Additionally, four iron Confederate Napoleons produced by Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond have been identified, of an estimated 125 cast. In early 1863 Robert E. Lee sent nearly all of the Army of Northern Virginia's bronze 6-pounder guns to Tredegar to be melted down and recast as Napoleons. Copper for casting bronze pieces became increasingly scarce to the Confederacy throughout the war and became acute in November 1863 when the Ducktown copper mines near Chattanooga were lost to Union forces. Casting of bronze Napoleons by the Confederacy ceased and in January 1864 Tredegar began producing iron Napoleons.

A Confederate cannoneer remembered, "Our guns were 12 pound brass Napoleons, smooth bore, but accounted the best gun for all round field service then made. They fired solid shot, shell, grape and canister, and were accurate at a mile. We would not have exchanged them for Parrott Rifles, or any other style of guns. They were beautiful, perfectly plain, tapering gracefully from muzzle to "reinforce" or "butt," without rings, or ornaments of any kind. We are proud of them and felt towards them almost as if they were human..."

Howitzers

Howitzers were short-barreled guns that were optimized for firing explosive shells in a high trajectory, but also for spherical case shot and canister, over a shorter range than the guns. While field use alluded to firing at targets consisting of enemy forces arrayed in the open, howitzers were considered the weapon of choice if the opposing forces were concealed behind terrain features or fortifications. It cost about $500. Howitzers used lighter gunpowder charges than guns of corresponding caliber. Field howitzer calibers used in the Civil War were 12-pounder (4.62 inch bore), 24-pounder (5.82 inch bore), and 32-pounder (6.41 inch bore). Most of the howitzers used in the war were bronze, with notable exceptions of some of Confederate manufacture.

Coupled to the 6-pounder field gun in allocations of the pre-war Army, the M1841 12-pounder howitzer was represented by Models of 1835, 1838 and 1841. With a light weight and respectable projectile payload, the 12-pounder was only cycled out of the main field army inventories as production and availability of the 12-pounder "Napoleon" rose, and would see action in the Confederate armies up to the very end.

As with the corresponding heavy field guns, the heavier howitzers were available in limited quantities early in the war. Both Federal and Confederate contracts list examples of 24-pounders delivered during the war, and surviving examples exist of imported Austrian types of this caliber used by the Confederates. The M1841 24-pounder howitzers found use in the "reserve" batteries of the respective armies, but were gradually replaced over time with heavy rifled guns. The only known 24-pounders in use by the Army of Northern Virginia were in Woolfolk's Batteries (later Battalion) with two batteries of 4 pieces each. With the exception of the Far Western theatre of the war (e.g. Halls Battery at Valverde New Mexico), Federals did not use 24-pounder howitzers in field. The 24- and 32-pounders were more widely used in fixed fortifications, but at least one of the later large weapons was with the 1st Connecticut Artillery as late as 1864.

Finally, the lesser-known but highly mobile 12-pound M1841 mountain howitzer saw service with infantry and cavalry forces in the rugged western theaters and prairies, and continued in service during the Indian Wars. This versatile piece could utilize one of two carriages: a small carriage that could be drawn by a single animal or could be rapidly broken down to carry on the backs of pack animals, or a slightly larger prairie carriage to be drawn by two animals. A veteran of the Mexican–American War, several hundred more of these diminutive tubes were produced by Union foundries during the Civil War, and the Confederate Tredegar foundry turned out as many as 21 more. A Federal battery of four proved "highly effective" at the decisive battle of Glorieta Pass, New Mexico, and Nathan Bedford Forrest frequently employed mountain howitzers for the rapid close-quarters combat that he favored.

Smoothbore guns

Smoothbore guns were designed to fire solid shot projectiles at high velocity, over low trajectories at targets in the open, although shell and canister were acceptable for use. The barrels of the guns were longer than corresponding howitzers, and called for higher powder charges to achieve the desired performance. Field guns were produced in 6-pounder (3.67 inch bore), 9-pounder (4.2 inch bore), and 12-pounder (4.62 inch bore) versions. Although some older iron weapons were pressed into service, and the Confederacy produced some new iron field guns, most of those used on the battlefields were of bronze construction.

The 6-pounder field gun was well represented by bronze Models of 1835, 1838, 1839, and 1841 early in the war. Even a few older iron Model 1819 weapons were pressed into service. Several hundred were used by the armies of both sides in 1861. But in practice the limited payload of the projectile was seen as a shortcoming of this weapon. Six pounder guns had mostly disappeared from the Union armies by 1863 but the Confederates continued using them until the end of the war.

The larger 9-pounders and 12-pounders were less well represented. While the 9-pounder was still listed on Ordnance and Artillery manuals in 1861, very few were ever produced after the War of 1812. Nine-pounders were universally gone well before the Mexican War, and only scant references exist to any Civil War use of the weapons. The 12-pounder field gun appeared in a series of models mirroring the 6-pounder, but in far less numbers. At least one Federal battery, the 13th Indiana, took the 12-pounder field gun into service early in the war. The major shortcoming of these heavy field guns was mobility, as they required eight-horse teams as opposed to the six-horse teams of the lighter guns. A small quantity of 12-pounder field guns were rifled early in the war, but these were more experimental weapons, and no field service is recorded.

By far the most popular of the smoothbore cannon was the 12-pounder model of 1857, Light, commonly called "Napoleon". The Model 1857 was of lighter weight than the previous 12-pounder guns, and could be pulled by a six-horse draft, yet offered the heavier projectile payload of the larger bore. It is sometimes called, confusingly, a "gun-howitzer" (because it possessed characteristics of both gun and howitzer) and is discussed in more detail separately below.

3-inch ordnance rifle
The 3 in rifle was the most widely used rifled gun during the war. Invented by John Griffen, it was extremely durable, with the barrel made of wrought iron, primarily produced by the Phoenix Iron Company of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. There are few cases on record of the tube fracturing or bursting, a problem that plagued other rifles made of brittle cast iron. The rifle had exceptional accuracy. During the Battle of Atlanta, a Confederate gunner was quoted: "The Yankee three-inch rifle was a dead shot at any distance under a mile. They could hit the end of a flour barrel more often than miss, unless the gunner got rattled." The 1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery converted to the 3-inch Rifle on 5 March 1864; they were described as "3-inch Rodman's guns" in an 11 Nov. 1864 letter from 1st Lieutenant Henry S. Hurter to the Minnesota Adjutant General.

The 1st Minnesota Light Artillery took part in the Atlanta Campaign. It was retained in service after the war, with many converted to breechloading weapons as 3.2-inch converted rifles or 3-inch saluting guns. It was eventually replaced by the 3.2-inch gun M1885. The Confederates were unable to manufacture the wrought iron barrels for the 3" rifle, thus captured ones were prized items. Despite the effectiveness of this weapon, the Confederacy did produce various bronze 3" rifles and cast iron pieces with a straight tube; however, none of them were reliable and the latter were often prone to bursting at the breech.

Confederate revolver cannon
The Confederacy also developed a 2-inch bore five shot machine cannon during the war. It was used in the siege of Petersburg, Va., and was later captured on 27 April 1865, at Danville, Va., by Union troops and sent to the Ordnance Laboratory, United States Military Academy, West Point, N.Y.

The weapon uses the principle of the service revolver whereby rotation of the cylinder indexes a loaded chamber with the breech end of the barrel. It is held in alignment by a spring loaded dog slipping into a recess in the cylinder. To cut gas leakage to a minimum, a screw arrangement at the rear jacks the cylinder forward after positioning until a tight joint is effected between the front of the chamber in the cylinder and the breech end of the barrel.

The chambers are ignited by use of a percussion cap on a nipple. The cap is struck by a huge spring actuated striker built into the flat strip that supports the chambers at their aft end. The cylinder is moved one fifth of a revolution and lined up for firing by the moving of a lever from left to right. The lever is attached to a ratchet arrangement, the distance moved being regulated by its mounting in the frame in such a manner as to control the revolving of the cylinder. The lever when brought to the left as far as possible and swung to the right as much as the frame will permit turns the cylinder one fifth of a revolution and indexes the loaded chamber.

Its use at this time showed the serious effort of the Confederacy to develop a weapon capable of sustained fire.

James rifle

Even before the start of the Civil War, an ordnance board recommended that rifling be added to the 6-pounder field gun in order to improve its accuracy. In December 1860, Secretary of War John Floyd wrote, "the results of trials of rifled cannon and projectiles … indicates a superiority of James expanding projectiles for such cannon. The regulation 6-pounder, with a rifled bore (weight 884 pounds), carries a James projectile of about 13 pounds." James rifles were an early solution to the need for rifled artillery at the start of the war. Six-pounder bronze guns could be rifled to fire the projectiles invented by Charles Tillinghast James. Some were simply rifled from their initial 3.67" bore, others were reamed to 3.80" then rifled. Reaming to 3.80" was preferred to eliminate wear deformities from service. Contemporaries often failed to differentiate between the two bore sizes. However, the effective descriptions for the 3.67" gun are rifled 6-pounder or 12-pounder James rifle, while the 3.80" variant was known as the 14-pounder James rifle. To add to the confusion, the variants of the 3.80" bore rifle included two profiles (6-pounder and Ordnance), two metals (bronze and iron), three types of rifling (15, 10, and 7 grooves), and different weights.

Although the James rifles were reported to be extremely accurate, the bronze rifling wore out rapidly, and the James rifles and projectiles soon fell out of favor. No James rifles are known to have been produced after 1862. The total numbers of James rifles are uncertain, but the 1862 Ohio Quartermaster General annual report recorded 82 rifled bronze pieces (44 of those specified as "3.80 bore [James rifles]") out of a total of 162 of all field artillery types. Unusual or out-of-favor types migrated to the Western theaters.

Parrott rifle
The Parrott rifle invented by Robert P. Parrott, was manufactured in different sizes, from the 10-pounder Parrott rifle up to the rare 300-pounder. The 10- and 20-pounder Parrott rifles were used by both armies in the field. The smaller size was much more prevalent; it was made in two bore sizes, 2.9 in and 3.0 in. Confederate forces used both bore sizes during the war, which added to the complication of supplying the appropriate ammunition to its batteries. Until 1864, Union batteries used only the 2.9 inch Parrott, but they also employed 3" Ordnance rifles. During the first day of the battle of Gettysburg, three Parrott rifles were temporarily unusable when 3" ammunition was mistakenly issued to the battery. Following this, plans were made to re-bore all of the 2.9" Parrotts to 3" to standardize ammunition, and no further 2.9" Parrotts were to be produced. The M1863, with a 3 in bore, had firing characteristics similar to the earlier model; it can be recognized by its straight barrel, without muzzle-swell.

Parrott rifles saw use in all the major battles of the war; the Union army carried a number of 10-pounders at First Bull Run and one 30-pounder. The 20-pounder Parrott only began production in the summer of 1861 and none were delivered until late in the year.

Parrotts were manufactured with a combination of cast iron and wrought iron. Cast iron improved the accuracy of the gun, but was brittle enough to suffer fractures. On the Parrott, a large reinforcing band made of tougher wrought iron was overlaid on the breech. The Parrott, while accurate, had a poor reputation for safety, and it was shunned by many artillerymen. The 20-pounder was the largest field gun used during the war, with the barrel alone weighing over 1,800 pounds (800 kg). After the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Army of the Potomac's chief of artillery Henry J. Hunt attempted to have the 20-pounder Parrott removed from the army's inventory, arguing that its enormous weight required a team of eight horses instead of the six needed for lighter guns, and the long range shells were of questionable reliability.

Whitworth rifles
The Whitworth, designed by Joseph Whitworth and manufactured in England, was a rare gun during the war but an interesting precursor to modern artillery in that it was loaded from the breech and had exceptional accuracy over great distance. An engineering magazine wrote in 1864 that, "At 1600 yards [1500 m] the Whitworth gun fired 10 shots with a lateral deviation of only 5 inches." This degree of accuracy made it effective in counter-battery fire, used almost as the equivalent of a sharpshooter's rifle, and also for firing over bodies of water. It was not popular as an anti-infantry weapon. It had a caliber of 2.75 in. The bore was hexagonal in cross-section, and the projectile was a long bolt that twisted to conform to the rifling. It is said that the bolts made a very distinctive eerie sound when fired, which could be distinguished from other projectiles.

Whitworth also designed a 3-pounder breechloading rifle which saw limited use in the war.

Types of guns used
The table below lists the guns used by both armies at the Battle of Antietam in September 1862. Though both sides employed the 6-pounder field gun and 12-pounder howitzer in the early battles, they were recognized as inferior to the 12-pounder Napoleon and soon discontinued in the Union armies in the Eastern Theater. However, Union and Confederate armies in the Western Theater continued to use both weapons. Some 6-pounder field guns were converted to 12- or 14-pounder James rifles. The 32-pounder howitzer was too heavy to be employed as field artillery and the one battery using them was soon rearmed with 3-inch Ordnance rifles. The 12-pounder Blakely rifle had a particularly violent recoil and fell out of favor.

Ammunition
Ammunition came in wide varieties, designed to attack specific targets. A typical Union artillery battery (armed with six 12-pounder Napoleons) carried the following ammunition going into battle: 288 solid shot, 96 shells, 288 spherical case rounds, and 96 canister rounds.

Canister
Canister shot was the deadliest type of ammunition, consisting of a thin metal container containing layers of lead or iron balls packed in sawdust. Upon exiting the muzzle, the container disintegrated, and the balls fanned out as the equivalent of a very large shotgun blast. The effective range of the canister was only 400 yd, but within that range dozens of enemy infantrymen could be mowed down. Even more devastating was "double canister", generally used only in dire circumstances at extremely close range, where two containers of balls were fired simultaneously using the regular single powder charge.

Case (or shrapnel)
Case (or "spherical case" for smoothbores) were antipersonnel projectiles carrying a smaller burst charge than shell, but designed to be more effective against exposed troops. While the shell produced only a few large fragments, the case was loaded with lead or iron balls and was designed to burst above and before the enemy line, showering down many more small but destructive projectiles on the enemy. The effect was analogous to a weaker version of canister. With case the lethality of the balls and fragments came from the velocity of the projectile itself – the small burst charge only fragmented the case and dispersed the shrapnel. The spherical case used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 78 balls. The name shrapnel derives from its inventor, Henry Shrapnel.

The primary limitations to case effectiveness came in judging the range, setting the fuse accordingly, and the reliability and variability of the fuse itself.

Grapeshot
Grapeshot, which originated as a naval round for cutting enemy rigging or clearing packed decks of personnel, was the predecessor of, and a variation on, canister, in which a smaller number of larger metal balls were arranged on stacked iron plates with a threaded bolt running down the center to hold them as a unit inside the barrel. It was used at a time when some cannons burst when loaded with too much gunpowder, but as cannons got stronger, grapeshot was replaced by canister. A grapeshot round (or "stand") used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 9 balls, contrasted against the 27 smaller balls in a canister round. By the time of the Civil War, grapeshot was obsolete and largely replaced by canister. The period Ordnance and Gunnery work states that grape was excluded from "field and mountain services." Few, if any, rounds were issued to field artillery batteries.

Shell
Shells consisted of a strong casing around an explosive charge, in order to generate a strong, brisant explosion from a low explosive such as gunpowder. The fragments of the shell could do considerable damage, but they tended to fragment into a few large pieces. For smoothbores, the projectile was referred to as "spherical shell". Shells were more effective against troops behind obstacles or earthworks, and they were good for destroying wooden buildings by setting them on fire. They were ineffective against good quality masonry. A primary weakness of shell was that it typically produced only a few large fragments, the count increasing with caliber of the shell. A Confederate mid-war innovation was the "polygonal cavity" or "segmented" shell which used a polyhedral cavity core to create lines of weakness in the shell wall (similar to the later fragmentation grenade) that would yield more regular fragmentation patterns—typically twelve similarly sized fragments. While segmented designs were most common in spherical shell, it was applied to specific rifled projectiles as well.

Spherical shell used time fuses, while rifled shell could use timed fuse or be detonated on impact by percussion fuse. Fuse reliability was a concern; any shell that buried itself into the earth before detonating had little anti-personnel effectiveness. However, large caliber shells, such as the 32-pounder spherical, were effective at breaching entrenchments.

Shot (or bolt)
Shot was a solid projectile that included no explosive charge. For a smoothbore, the projectile was a round "cannonball". For a rifled gun, the projectile was referred to as a bolt and had a cylindrical shape. In both cases, the projectile was used to impart kinetic energy for a battering effect, particularly effective for destroying enemy guns, limbers, caissons, and wagons. It was also effective for mowing down columns of infantry and cavalry and had psychological effects against its targets. Despite its effectiveness, many artillerymen were reluctant to use solid shot, preferring the explosive types of ordnance. With solid projectiles, accuracy was the paramount consideration, and they also caused more tube wear than their explosive counterparts.

While rifled cannon had much greater accuracy on average than smoothbores, the smoothbores had an advantage firing round shot relative to the bolts fired from rifled pieces. Round shot could be employed in ricochet fire, extending the depth and range of its effect on land or water while bolts tended to dig in rather than ricochet.

Equipment
The most pervasive piece of artillery equipment was the horse.

Caisson
The caisson was a two-wheeled carriage. It carried two ammunition chests and a spare wheel. A fully loaded limber and caisson combination weighed 3,811 pounds (1728.6 kg).

The gun carriages, caissons and limbers were all constructed of oak. Each ammunition chest typically carried about 500 pounds (226.8 kg) of ammunition or supplies. In addition to these vehicles, there were also battery supply wagons and portable forges that were used to service the guns.

Horse
Horses were required to pull the enormous weight of the cannon and ammunition; on average, each horse pulled about 700 pounds (317.5 kg). Each gun in a battery used two six-horse teams (for normal field artillery; heavier guns required much larger teams): one team pulled a limber that attached to the trail of the gun to form a four-wheeled wagon of sorts; the other pulled a limber that attached to a caisson. The large number of horses posed a logistical challenge for the artillery, because they had to be fed, maintained, and replaced when worn out or injured. Artillery horses were generally selected second from the pool of high quality animals; cavalry mounts were the best horses. The life expectancy of an artillery horse was under eight months. They suffered from disease, exhaustion from long marches—typically 16 miles (25.8 km) in 10 hours—and battle injuries.

Horses panicked easier than men when subjected to counter-battery fire, and their movements were made difficult because they were harnessed together into teams. Robert Stiles wrote about Union counter-battery fire striking a Confederate battery on Benner's Hill at the Battle of Gettysburg:

"Such a scene as it presented—guns dismounted and disabled, carriages splintered and crushed, ammunition chests exploded, limbers upset, wounded horses plunging and kicking, dashing out the brains of men tangled in the harness; while cannoneers with pistols were crawling around through the wreck shooting the struggling horses to save the lives of wounded men."

The term "horse artillery" refers to the faster moving artillery batteries that typically supported cavalry regiments. The term "flying artillery" is sometimes used as well. In such batteries, the artillerymen were all mounted, in contrast to batteries in which the artillerymen walked alongside their guns (although regular artillerymen would sometimes jump onto the backs of their team when rapid battlefield movement was required, and they typically rode upon the limbers, caissons or supply wagons while on the march). A prominent organization of such artillery in the Union Army was the U.S. Horse Artillery Brigade.

Limber
The limber was a two-wheeled carriage that carried an ammunition chest. It was connected directly behind the team of six horses and towed either a gun or a caisson. In either case, the combination provided the equivalent of a four-wheeled vehicle, which distributed the load over two axles but was easier to maneuver on rough terrain than a four-wheeled wagon. The combination of a Napoleon gun and a packed limber weighed 3,865 pounds (1,753.1 kg).

History and organization
The above diagram shows the typical gun crew of a Civil War cannon. Each cannoneer was numbered and played an important role in the firing sequence when the order "Commence fire" was given:
 * Gunner: Gave the order "Load" to load the cannon and sighted it at the target.
 * Number One: Sponged the barrel clean and rammed the round to the breech.
 * Number Two: Loaded the round into the cannon.
 * Number Three: Covered the vent with his thumb to prevent premature detonation and, when the cannon was sighted and loaded, used a vent prick to puncture the cartridge bag.
 * Number Four: With the cartridge bag punctured, attached a lanyard to a friction primer and inserted the primer into the vent, then pulled the lanyard when the order "Fire" was given.
 * Number Five: Carried the round from Number Seven at the limber to Number Two at the muzzle.
 * Number Six: Cut the fuse for the round, if necessary.
 * Number Seven: Gave the round to Number Five to carry to Number Two.

Union artillery
The Union Army entered the war with a strong advantage in artillery. It had ample manufacturing capacity in Northern factories, and it had a well-trained and professional officer corps manning that branch of the service. Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt, who was the chief of artillery for the Army of the Potomac for part of the war, was well recognized as a most efficient organizer of artillery forces, and he had few peers in the practice of the sciences of gunnery and logistics. Another example was John Gibbon, the author of the influential Artillerist's Manual published in 1863 (although Gibbon would achieve considerably more fame as an infantry general during the war). Shortly after the outbreak of war, Brig. Gen. James Wolfe Ripley, Chief of Ordnance, ordered the conversion of old smoothbores into rifled cannon and the manufacture of Parrott guns.

The basic unit of Union artillery was the battery, which usually consisted of six guns. Attempts were made to ensure that all six guns in a battery were of the same caliber, simplifying training and logistics. Each gun, or "piece", was operated by a gun crew of eight, plus four additional men to handle the horses and equipment. Two guns operating under the control of a lieutenant were known as a "section". The battery of six guns was commanded by a captain. Artillery brigades composed of five batteries were commanded by colonels and supported the infantry organizations as follows: each infantry corps was supported directly by one artillery brigade and, in the case of the Army of the Potomac, five brigades formed the Artillery Reserve. In addition, George McClellan had assigned one regular army battery to every four volunteer batteries to provide an example of regular army professionalism to them. This arrangement, championed by Hunt, allowed artillery to be massed in support of the entire army's objective, rather than being dispersed all across the battlefield. An example of the tension between infantry commanders and artillery commanders was during the massive Confederate bombardment of Cemetery Ridge on 3 July 1863, the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg. Hunt had difficulty persuading the infantry commanders, such as Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, against using all of their artillery ammunition in response to the Confederate bombardment, understanding the value to the defenders of saving the ammunition for the infantry assault to come, Pickett's Charge.

At the start of the war, the U.S. Army had 2,283 guns on hand, but only about 10% of these were field artillery pieces. By the end of the war, the army had 3,325 guns, of which 53% were field pieces. The army reported as "supplied to the army during the war" the following quantities: 7,892 guns, 6,335,295 artillery projectiles, 2,862,177 rounds of fixed artillery ammunition, 45,258 tons of lead metal, and 13,320 tons of gunpowder.

Confederate artillery
The South was at a relative disadvantage to the North for deployment of artillery. The industrial North had far greater capacity for manufacturing weapons, and the Union blockade of Southern ports prevented many foreign arms from reaching the Southern armies. The Confederacy had to rely to a significant extent on captured Union artillery pieces (either taken on the battlefield or by capturing armories, such as Harpers Ferry); it is estimated that two-thirds of all Confederate field artillery was captured from the Union. Confederate cannons built in the South often suffered from a shortage of quality metals and shoddy workmanship. Another disadvantage was the quality of ammunition as the fuses needed for detonating shells and cases were frequently inaccurate, causing premature or delayed explosions. Coupled with the Union gunners' initial competence and experience gained as the war progressed, this led Southern forces to dread assaults on Northern positions backed up by artillery. A Southern officer observed, "The combination of Yankee artillery with Rebel infantry would make an army that could be beaten by no one." Union artillery was used on the Army of Northern Virginia to devastating effect on a number of occasions, particularly during the Seven Days Battles (particularly the Battle of Malvern Hill) and Gettysburg.

Because of his artillery weakness, Robert E. Lee tended to favor fighting in locations such as the Wilderness that limited the effectiveness of long-range Union artillery and led to close-quarters combat, where the Army of Northern Virginia's large number of smoothbore guns were more effective.

Confederate batteries usually consisted of four guns, in contrast to the Union's six. This was a matter of necessity, because guns were always in short supply. And, unlike the Union, batteries frequently consisted of mixed caliber weapons. During the first half of the war Confederate batteries were generally attached to infantry brigades. A reorganization of the Confederate artillery resulted in batteries being organized into battalions (versus the Union brigades) of three batteries each in the Western Theater of the war and generally four batteries each in the Eastern Theater of the war. These artillery battalions were assigned to the direct support of infantry divisions. Each infantry corps was assigned two battalions as an Artillery Reserve, but there was no such Reserve at the army level. The chief of artillery for Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, Brig. Gen. William N. Pendleton, had considerable difficulty massing artillery for best effect because of this organization.

After reorganizing the Army of Northern Virginia into two corps led by James Longstreet and "Stonewall" Jackson following the Seven Days Battles, Lee assigned each corps two reserve artillery battalions in addition to the individual batteries assigned to each infantry brigade. The officers in charge of the reserve battalions were all drawn from Longstreet's command, which displeased Jackson as he had not been allowed to select his own men for the corps artillery reserve, but he accepted it without complaining.

Battles
Although virtually all battles of the Civil War included artillery, some battles are known better than others for significant artillery engagements, arguably critical to the overall outcome:
 * Battle of Shiloh
 * Battle of Antietam
 * Battle of Chancellorsville
 * Battle of Stones River
 * Battle of Fredericksburg
 * Battle of Gettysburg
 * Battle of Malvern Hill
 * Battle of Nashville
 * Battle of Wilson's Creek
 * Battle of Pea Ridge
 * Battle of Prairie Grove

Civil War artillerists
Not nearly as well known as their infantry and cavalry counterparts, a small group of officers excelled at artillery deployment, organization, and the science of gunnery:
 * Edward Porter Alexander
 * John Milton Brannan
 * Thomas H. Carter
 * Alonzo Cushing
 * John Gibbon
 * Charles E. Hazlett
 * Henry Jackson Hunt
 * Stonewall Jackson
 * Joseph W. Latimer
 * Freeman McGilvery
 * John Mendenhall
 * "Willy" Pegram
 * John Pelham
 * William N. Pendleton
 * Charles S. Wainwright
 * Reuben Lindsay Walker
 * William M. Edgar
 * John Morton

Civil War artillery organizations

 * Danville Artillery
 * Fluvanna Artillery
 * Washington Artillery
 * Pointe Coupee Artillery


text:
User talk:Broberts~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! EvilPhoenix talk 22:38, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
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comments
Please sign your comments using four tildes, like so: ~. This allows us to know who made a comment, and when. EvilPhoenix talk 22:38, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Broberts. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Broberts~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:46, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:14, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Broberts~enwiki


text:
The Matchlock Gun

The Matchlock Gun is a children's book by Walter D. Edmonds. It won the Newbery Medal for excellence as the most distinguished contribution to American children's literature in 1942.

Synopsis
The book is set in the year 1756 during the French and Indian War in Guilderland, New York. Ten-year-old Edward Van Alstyne (throughout the book, he is called "Ateoord", which is his name in Dutch) and his mother Gertrude are determined to protect their home and family with an ancient (and much too heavy) Spanish matchlock gun that Edward's great-grandfather had brought from Bergen Op Zoom in the Netherlands while his father Teunis is away from home with the local militia fighting the enemy (using, to Edward's disappointment, a musket instead of the matchlock).

Gertrude, Edward, and his younger sister Trudy go about their everyday chores, but news arrives that the French-Indian forces have been attacking and burning nearby settlements and that Teunis and his militia company have been sent to intercept them. Later that day, while she and the children are out herding the cows, Gertrude spots a column of smoke in the distance and realizes that raiders are getting closer. Rather than take herself and the children over to her mother-in-law's brick house as Teunis had previously suggested, since raiders would be more likely to attack it rather than their house, she devises a plan for a possible Indian attack. Returning home, she loads the matchlock gun, fixes it in position to fire and instructs Edward how and when to fire it. She then goes outside to keep a watch for any approaching raiders.

At the book's climax, Gertrude sees flames in the distance and realizes that her mother-in-law's house has indeed been attacked. Moments later, she spots five Indians approaching in the darkness, bent on burning the house. Barely able to outrun them, she reaches the front porch and manages to shout a pre-arranged warning to Edward, but is wounded in the shoulder by a thrown tomahawk, and the boy fires the gun through the front window, killing three raiders and driving off the remaining two (one of them, apparently wounded, is later killed by the returning militia). As their house burns, Edward and Trudy manage to drag their unconscious mother to safety. Edward goes back into the burning house to save the Spanish gun, and later he, Trudy and their mother are found by their father and the other militiamen.

The book's foreword states that this is a true story handed down from Trudy's descendants (Trudy became widely known as an expert spinner, having been taught by her mother who, because of her crippled shoulder, could no longer perform the task).

Audio adaptations
The book has been recorded twice, first in 1969 as an audio dramatization by Newbery Awards Records, Inc. (NAR 3005) and again in 2015 by Blackstone Audio read by Mark Turetsky.

Criticism
The book has been accused of depicting Native Americans as "horror, the ultimate nightmare [...which] may very well be one of the worst descriptions of Native people in children’s literature, certainly in the 20th century", and "eulogiz[ing] an American past in which the indigenous populations were regarded as sub-human, and every effort made to exterminate them."

title: The Matchlock Gun


text:
Space World

Space World (スペースワールド) was a theme park in Yahatahigashi-ku, Japan. It had six roller coasters: Black Hole Scramble, Venus GP, Zaturn, Boogie-woogie Space Coaster, Titan Max, and Clipper.

In 2016, the park officially announced that it would close at the end of the following year. The park permanently closed at 2 am, 1 January 2018.

The Venus GP roller coaster was relocated to Himeji Central Park after Space World's closure. The ride reopened in 2022.

Ferris wheel
Space World was the home of the Space Eye, a 100 m tall ferris wheel affording panoramic views of the park and its various attractions.

Ice Aquarium
In October 2016, the park opened its new Ice Aquarium ice rink. Embedded in the ice were approximately 5,000 dead fish, which caused public outrage. The park closed the attraction on 27 November.

title: Space World


text: User:Steven Owen

title: User:Steven Owen


text: User:Bubbles The Wimp

title: User:Bubbles The Wimp


text: User:Bubbles The Chimp

title: User:Bubbles The Chimp


text: User:MichaelJacksonMolestedMe

title: User:MichaelJacksonMolestedMe


text:
Talk:Applause (musical)

Synopsis Copy Vio
The synopsis added on April 17, 2010 (22:51) is a copy cut-and-paste from the synopsis at Tams-Witmark (http://www.tams-witmark.com/musicals/applause.html#synopsis). That is a copy violation as there is no permission to use this material (see the Tams-Wimark Terms of Condition at []) and I am therefore deleting the synopsis. (The copy violation guidelines, in brief, state "Please do not copy and paste from copyrighted websites – only public domain resources can be copied without permission.").JeanColumbia (talk) 08:36, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

Closing Date Contested
"--- no, it closed May 27, 1972, which can be verified by the New York Times and Variety -- besides, shows closed on Saturdays (or Sundays, if they played Sunday matinees), and July 27 in 1972 was a Thursday, and May 27 was a Saturday --- now be sure to remove this, because it's correct --- leave the wrong info up there --- stay Wikipedia!  --- why not?  the IBDB has the wrong date, too -" I have moved this text from the main article by unregistered user  as I try to locate these sources. If you added this text, thank you for trying to help improve this article's accuracy, though such comments should usually be added to talk pages. Thank you! Also, if you have links to these NYT and Variety articles or scans of them, that would help me in updating the page! (or you could add them yourself, of course, see WP:Citing sources). ElfLady64 (talk) 17:07, 9 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I changed the date to May 27, 1972 after finding the NYT announcement "'Applause' Closes Saturday" (New York edition: 24 May 1972. p. 53.). However, I've also added text explaining that the closing date has also been reported as July 27, since so many reliable sources state this, and I'm not sure why this discrepancy exists. See the article for book/online/magazine sources I found giving this date. Variety does not have free to access archives going back that far, though. I will leave the dubious tag up for a while in case others wish to discuss/dispute this change.
 * If you have more corrections of the information, or more sources which might be useful, please feel free to discuss them on this talk page! The article itself, though, should stay encyclopedic, so please only make finished edits, and then explain your changes or disagreements with the text in the edit summary or the talk page. Thank you for your interest in improving Wikipedia! The page WP:Contributing to Wikipedia may be helpful, and if you have anything you'd like to ask or discuss, please feel free to contact me here. ElfLady64 (talk) 18:08, 9 March 2018 (UTC)
 * "For heavens sake, there's nothing "dubious" about this! I have access to Variety, and it closed May 27, period!  Check the New York Times Theater Directory after that date and see if "Applause" is listed -- it won't be!  The books and website given as sources for the July 27 closing date are notoriously inaccurate.  Besides, as I pointed out before, why would it close on a Thursday, in the middle of a week?!  Come on.   ...." -
 * I have moved these comments from the main article, please leave comments such as these on the talk page, or make the changes you're requesting yourself, but try to keep the actual article encyclopedic. To clarify, the dubious tag was placed there to indicate that you had called the July 27, 1972 date into question, and was left there temporarily after I changed the date to May 27th. I was not passing a judgement upon the info, simply trying to help facilitate discussion. Additionally, anyone is free to remove the dubious tag if they feel the issue has been addressed. ElfLady64 (talk) 04:14, 10 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Applause (musical)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Golpalott's Third Law

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 01:55, August 5, 2005 (UTC)

Golpalott's Third Law
Fight back! Stop the pottercruft now! --Doc (?) 22:44, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone can find a suitable merge. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 22:51, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete--DNicholls 23:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ➥the Epopt 23:44, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
UTC+10:00

UTC+10:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +10:00. This time is used in:

As standard time (year-round)
Principal cities: Brisbane, Gold Coast, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Port Moresby, Dededo, Saipan

North Asia

 * Russia – Vladivostok Time
 * Far Eastern Federal District
 * Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, Sakha Republic, Oymyakonsky, Ust-Yansky, Verkhoyansky and districts of the Sakha Republic (central part; east of 140 degrees longitude and including the Abyysky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, and Srednekolymsky districts)

Australasia

 * Australia – Eastern Standard Time (AEST)
 * Queensland

Micronesia

 * Federated States of Micronesia
 * Chuuk
 * Yap
 * United States - Chamorro Time Zone
 * Guam
 * Northern Mariana Islands

Melanesia

 * Papua New Guinea
 * All of the country except Autonomous Region of Bougainville
 * Highlands Region
 * Chimbu
 * Eastern Highlands
 * Enga
 * Hela
 * Jiwaka
 * Southern Highlands
 * Western Highlands
 * Islands Region
 * East New Britain
 * Manus
 * New Ireland
 * West New Britain
 * Momase Region
 * East Sepik
 * Madang
 * Morobe
 * Sadun (West Sepik)
 * Southern Region
 * Central
 * Gulf
 * Milne Bay
 * Oro (Northern)
 * Western

Southern Ocean

 * Some bases in Antarctica. See also Time in Antarctica.
 * Australia
 * Australian Antarctic Territory
 * Macquarie Island
 * France
 * French Southern and Antarctic Lands
 * Adélie Land
 * Dumont d'Urville Station

As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter)
Principal cities: Canberra, Sydney, Melbourne, Hobart

Oceania

 * Australia – Eastern Standard Time (AEST)
 * Australian Capital Territory
 * Jervis Bay Territory
 * New South Wales (except Broken Hill and its surrounds, as well as Lord Howe Island)
 * Tasmania
 * Victoria

Areas in UTC+10:00 longitudes using other time zones
Using UTC+09:00:
 * Japan
 * The eastern parts of Hokkaido, including Obihiro, Kushiro, and Nemuro
 * Minami-Tori-shima in Ogasawara municipality
 * Russia
 * New Siberian Islands
 * Novaya Sibir
 * Faddeyevsky Island
 * A small part of Kotelny Island
 * The eastern part of Great Lyakhovsky Island

Using UTC+11:00:
 * Russia
 * Sakhalin Oblast (eastern part of Sakhalin Island and Russian territory of Kuril Islands)
 * The most part of Magadan Oblast
 * Sakha Republic (eastern part; Oymyakonsky, Ust-Yansky, and Verkhoyansky districts)
 * Micronesia
 * The western part of Pohnpei
 * Papua New Guinea
 * Autonomous Region of Bougainville, except island in very east
 * Solomon Islands
 * Shortland Islands
 * Choiseul, with an exception in very east
 * The western part of New Georgia Islands

Areas between 127°30′ E and 142°30′ E ("physical" UTC+09:00)

 * Russia
 * Central part of Sakha Republic
 * Most of Khabarovsk Krai
 * Jewish Autonomous Oblast
 * Primorsky Krai
 * Papua New Guinea
 * The very westernmost parts in the country
 * Australia
 * The western parts of Queensland
 * The westernmost parts of New South Wales and Victoria, except Broken Hill (standard time)

title: UTC+10:00


text:
User:JennyJohansen

(This user has been blocked as a sockpuppet account.)

title: User:JennyJohansen