text:
Lymond Chronicles

The Lymond Chronicles is a series of six historical novels written by Dorothy Dunnett and first published between 1961 and 1975. Set in mid-16th-century Europe and the Mediterranean area, the series tells the story of a young Scottish nobleman, Francis Crawford of Lymond, from 1547 until 1558.

Francis Crawford of Lymond
The six volumes follow the life and career of the charismatic Francis Crawford of Lymond, the younger son of the Crawfords of Culter, members of the landed aristocracy of the Scottish Lowlands. Brought up according to the Renaissance ideal of an educated autodidact, he is a polyglot, knowledgeable in literature, philosophy, mathematics and the sciences, a practitioner of all the martial arts, a spell-binding musician, a talented thespian, and a master strategist with a genius for imaginative tactics.

An intensely private man with a public persona, Lymond is a non-conformist who is suspicious of political and religious causes. He is driven by his demanding personal code of behaviour and responsibility, regardless of society's expectations or rules. Though a cosmopolitan military leader, diplomat and spy, he has an abiding feeling for his home country of Scotland. Despite his reluctance to relinquish his cherished independence and align himself permanently with any nation's ruler, Lymond's professional reputation increasingly makes him a sought-after ally, or a foe to be avoided, by many of the crowned heads of Europe. Still, only for goals he believes in strongly will he deploy his glittering and commanding persona, quicksilver mind, talent for dissembling what he thinks or feels, and rapier tongue; and once he dedicates himself to a goal, his will is implacable.

In his personal life, Lymond has an unusual ability to inspire intense loyalty and even love in those who are attracted to him. But the Crawford family's history begins to produce more and more tensions, and these conflicts are exacerbated by the family's shared weaknesses: immense pride and a stubborn refusal to explain the reasons for their actions.

As a whole, the Lymond Chronicles tell how an arrogant, brilliant, but troubled individualist, though increasingly successful professionally, becomes alienated and isolated as a result of battles with forces he can't control, as well as with himself; and how he ultimately becomes reconciled with his country, his family and friends, and himself.

History in the Lymond Chronicles
Dunnett paints on a large historical canvas, with details based on meticulous research in hundreds of primary and secondary sources. In addition to their original characters, the novels feature a large number of historical figures, often in important roles.

The historical setting is the incessant jockeying for power through treaties, alliances of convenience, political marriages, wars, and even piracy, among the English Tudors, the Holy Roman Empire of the Habsburgs, the French Valois, the Ottoman Empire of Suleiman the Magnificent, and their respective secular and religious allies, including the Stewarts of Scotland, the Knights of St. John, the corsairs of North Africa, and Tsar Ivan the Terrible of Russia. Each of the six books has several locations with the exception of the first, The Game of Kings, which takes place almost exclusively in the Scottish Lowlands and the borders with England.

The novels examine the politics and culture of each court and its nobility as monarchies centralized their power; the intensifying controversies over the Reformation; implications of the Age of Discovery for political and economic power and knowledge; and the blurred boundaries between faith and reason in religion, esoterica such as alchemy and astrology, and science. In addition, the large number of women in positions of political power during this period (as rulers in their own name, as regents, as strong wives or mistresses of kings, or as heirs to thrones) affords an exploration of women's roles.

Structure
The six books, collectively, form a single story, told in chronological order though the first two books can be read as self-contained novels. The endings of the third and fifth novels do not resolve their stories but lead directly to the story taken up in their respective sequels.

Relationship to other works by Dunnett
Dunnett viewed these works as part of a larger fourteen-volume work, with The House of Niccolò series forming the other part. The other books, written afterwards, tell of Lymond's ancestors in the previous century and allude to events in the Lymond Chronicles. Dunnett recommended readers begin with the Lymond Chronicles and then read The House of Niccolò. As with the Lymond Chronicles, The House of Niccolò features a number of historical figures as important characters. Both the historical and fictional characters are taken from a wider variety of occupations and social classes than in the Lymond Chronicles. There are significant differences in narrative approach and writing style between the series, reflecting the different journey taken by the central character in each.

The Game of Kings (1961)
After five years in exile, Lymond has recently returned to Scotland, in defiance of Scottish charges against him for pro-English treason and murder. Lymond has returned with the goal of proving his innocence and restoring his name. His family, the Crawfords, have become entangled in the complex politics between England and Scotland, including the Anglo-Scottish wars, Scotland's alliance with France, and skirmishes in the Borders region.

The novel is constructed as an intricate mystery, punctuated by set pieces of adventure, high comedy, and drama. Characters such as Richard Crawford, third Baron Culter and Lymond's older brother, and Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox are one-time friends or intimates of Lymond's who become his mortal enemies. Betrayals and double-crosses, both potential and actual, abound. The pieces of the mystery only fit together late in the story as revelations at a trial.

Historical figures appearing in the novel include members of the Scott clan including Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch, his wife, Janet Beaton, and his son William Scott of Kincurd, who becomes Lymond's second-in-command in his band of outlaws; Mary of Guise, the Queen Dowager of Scotland and her young daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots; and members of the Douglas family including Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, his brother Sir George Douglas, his daughter Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox (niece of Henry VIII), and Margaret's husband Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, a potential claimant to the Scottish throne if the young Mary, Queen of Scots, died. The English military leaders responsible for prosecuting the war of The Rough Wooing, Sir William Grey and Lord Thomas Wharton, also have prominent, and often comedic, roles.

Main fictional characters

 * Francis Crawford of Lymond, Master of Culter
 * Sybilla Crawford, Dowager Baroness Culter
 * Richard Crawford, Third Baron Culter
 * Mariotta Crawford, Baroness Culter
 * Christian Stewart
 * Jonathan Crouch
 * Gideon Somerville
 * Kate Somerville
 * Philippa Somerville
 * Samuel Harvey

Main historical characters

 * Mary de Guise, Queen Dowager of Scotland
 * Tom Erskine
 * Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch
 * His son, William Scott of Kincurd
 * Janet Beaton

Main locations

 * Edinburgh, Scotland
 * Stirling, Scotland
 * The Lowlands of Scotland (including the fictional Midculter Castle)
 * Northumbria, England (including the fictional Manor of Flaw Valleys and Hadrian's Wall)
 * Threave Castle, Scotland

Queens' Play (1964)
Lymond takes on an alias in order to infiltrate the French court and protect the young Mary, Queen of Scots, from her would-be assassins.

Main fictional characters

 * Francis Crawford of Lymond, Master of Culter
 * Sybilla Crawford, Dowager Baroness Culter
 * Richard Crawford, Third Baron Culter
 * Phelim O'Liam Roe, Irish leader
 * Thady Boy Ballagh, Irish bard
 * Oonagh O'Dwyer, Mistress of Cormac O'Connor
 * Archie Abernethy, Elephant Keeper

Main historical characters

 * Mary de Guise, Queen Dowager of Scotland
 * Margaret Erskine
 * Jenny Fleming, Mistress of the King of France
 * John (Stewart) D'Aubigny, exiled Scot, living in France
 * George Douglas, Scottish nobleman, visiting France
 * Cormac O'Connor, claimant to the Irish throne

Main locations

 * Paris, France
 * Blois, France
 * London, England
 * Falkland Palace, Scotland

The Disorderly Knights (1966)
Lymond travels to the Isle of Malta, home to the Crusading Order of Knights Hospitaller of St John, just before the Ottoman Turks lay siege to it.

Main fictional characters

 * Francis Crawford of Lymond
 * Jerott Blyth, childhood friend of Francis Crawford, French merchant and Knight of St John
 * Sir Graham ("Gabriel") Reid Malett, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St John
 * Joleta Reid Malett, Sir Graham's younger sister
 * Randy Bell, Alec Guthrie, and Adam Blacklock, men of the company of St Mary's
 * Oonagh O'Dwyer
 * Kate Somerville, English landowner and friend of the Crawfords
 * Philippa Somerville, daughter of Kate Somerville

Main historical characters

 * Juan de Homedes, Grand Master of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, Rhodes and Malta
 * Galatian de Cesel, Governor of Gozo
 * Nicolas de Nicolay, Knight of the Order of St John
 * Marie de Guise, Queen Dowager of Scotland
 * Gaspard De Villiers, Governor of Tripoli
 * Dragut Rais, Corsair

Main locations

 * Birgu, Malta
 * Mdina, Malta
 * Gozo, Malta
 * Tripoli, North Africa
 * Scottish Borders, including St Mary's Loch
 * Edinburgh, Scotland

Pawn in Frankincense (1969)
Lymond embarks upon a hunt for the child who may or may not be his and crosses Europe and North Africa following the trail of clues an adversary has laid for him. He arrives glittering court of the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.

Main fictional characters

 * Francis Crawford of Lymond
 * Jerott Blyth, childhood friend of Francis Crawford, French Merchant and Knight of St John
 * Jubrael Pasha, officer at the court of Suleiman the Magnificent
 * Joleta Reid Malett, Sir Graham's younger sister
 * The Dame de Doubtance, caster of horoscopes, from France
 * Georges Gaultier, her associate
 * Marthe, his niece
 * Philippa Somerville, daughter of Kate Somerville
 * Mikal, a pilgrim of Love
 * Güzel (Kiaya Khátún), mistress of the Harem of Dragut Rais
 * Onophrion Zitwitz, master of Lymond's household
 * Salablanca, Moor

Main historical characters

 * Leone Strozzi, of Florence, Prior of Capua in the Order of the Knights Hospitaller of St. John
 * Salah Rais, Viceroy of Algiers
 * Aga Morat, Turkish Governor of Tripoli
 * Gabriel de Luetz, Baron et Seigneur d'Aramon et de Valabregues, French Ambassador to Turkey
 * Roxelana Sultan (Khourrem), wife of Suleiman the Magnificent
 * Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of Turkey and Lord of the Ottoman Empire
 * Jean Chesnau, French Chargé d'Affaires at Constantinople

Main locations

 * Baden, in Switzerland
 * Algiers, in modern-day Algeria
 * Bône, modern-day Annaba (and ancient Hippo) in Algeria
 * Monastir, in modern-day Tunisia
 * Mehedia, modern-day Mahdia in Tunisia
 * Zakynthos, an island off the coast of Greece
 * Aleppo, in Syria
 * Djerba, an island off the coast of modern-day Tunisia
 * Thessalonika, in Greece
 * Zuara, in modern-day Libya
 * Chios, in modern-day Greece, close to the coast of Turkey
 * Constantinople, capital city of the Ottoman Empire

The Ringed Castle (1971)
Lymond arrives at the court of the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible.

Main fictional characters

 * Francis Crawford of Lymond
 * Richard Crawford, 3rd Baron of Culter, Lymond's older brother
 * Sybilla Crawford, Dowager Lady Culter, Lymond's mother
 * Danny Hislop, Alec Guthrie, Adam Blacklock, Fergie Hoddim, Lancelot Plummer, and Ludovic d'Harcourt, men of the company of St Mary's
 * Kate Somerville, English landowner and friend of the Crawfords
 * Philippa Somerville, daughter of Kate Somerville
 * Guzel, kingmaker

Main historical characters

 * Ivan IV Vasilyevich, Tsar of Russia
 * Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox
 * Diccon Chancellor, explorer and navigator
 * Osep Nepaja, ambassador
 * Mary I of England, Queen of England
 * Princess Elizabeth of England
 * John Dee, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, occultist, navigator
 * Dmytro Vyshnevetsky, Lithuanian prince

Main locations

 * The Lowlands of Scotland (including the fictional Midculter Castle)
 * London, England
 * Moscow, in the then Tsardom of Russia
 * Archangel, in the then Tsardom of Russia

Checkmate (1975)
In 1557, Lymond and Sevigny are once again in France, leading an army against England. Meanwhile, Mary, Queen of Scots, prepares to marry the French Dauphin.

Main fictional characters

 * Francis Crawford of Lymond
 * Richard Crawford, Lymond's older brother
 * Sybilla Crawford, Lymond's mother
 * Philippa Somerville

Main historical characters

 * Mary Stewart, queen of Scots
 * Henri II, king of France
 * Catherine d'Albon, French noblewoman

Reading aids

 * The Dorothy Dunnett Companion (1994, ISBN 978-0-7181-3775-5) and The Dorothy Dunnett Companion II (2002, ISBN 978-0-7181-4546-0) by Elspeth Morrison – Dorothy Dunnett aided in the compilation, and wrote some of the entries for this book, which provide background information to historical characters and events featured in the Lymond Chronicles and The House of Niccolò, as well as explanations of classical allusions and literary and other quotations used in the two series, notes to sources of these citations, and many maps. The second volume contains a bibliography of many of the hundreds of primary and secondary sources Dunnett used in her historical research.
 * Ultimate Guide to Dorothy Dunnett's The Game of Kings by Laura Caine Ramsey, J.D. (2013, LymondGuides.com) – An illustrated encyclopaedic resource of translations and historical, literary, mythological, musical, and poetic references in the order in which they appear in the series.
 * Dorothy Dunnett’s Lymond Chronicles: The Enigma of Francis Crawford by Scott Richardson (2016, ISBN 978-0-8262-2081-3)

title: Lymond Chronicles


text:
Hyperborean cycle

The Hyperborean cycle is a series of short stories by Clark Ashton Smith that take place in the fictional prehistoric setting of Hyperborea. Smith's cycle takes cues from his friends, H. P. Lovecraft and Robert E. Howard and their works.

The cycle combines cosmic horror with an Iron Age setting. Adding to the peril is the rapidly approaching ice age, which threatens to wipe out all life on the Hyperborean continent. A host of deities play important roles in the cycle; foremost is the toad-god Tsathoggua, who dwells in Mount Voormithadreth.

Lovecraft wrote to Smith in a letter dated 3 December 1929: "I must not delay in expressing my well-nigh delirious delight at The Tale of Satampra Zeiros [Smith's short story]... [W]hat an atmosphere! I can see & feel & smell the jungle around immemorial Commoriom, which I am sure must lie buried today in glacial ice near Olathoe, in the Land of Lomar!". Soon afterward, Lovecraft included Smith's Tsathoggua (which originally appeared in "The Tale of Satampra Zeiros") in the story "The Mound", ghostwritten for Zealia Bishop in December 1929. Lovecraft also mentioned Tsathoggua in "The Whisperer in Darkness", which he began on February 24, 1930, and in "At the Mountains of Madness" a year later, along with the Hyperborean cities of Commoriom and Uzuldaroum.

Because Smith in turn borrowed numerous Lovecraftian elements, the cycle itself may be regarded as a branch of the Cthulhu Mythos. In a letter to August Derleth dated 26 July 1944, Smith wrote: "In common with other weird tales writers, I have ... made a few passing references (often under slightly altered names, such as Iog-Sotot for Yog-Sothoth and Kthulhut for Cthulhu) to some of the Lovecraftian deities. My Hyperborean tales, it seems to me, with their primordial, prehuman and sometimes premundane background and figures, are the closest to the Cthulhu Mythos, but most of them are written in a vein of grotesque humor that differentiates them vastly. However, such a tale as "The Coming of the White Worm" might be regarded as a direct contribution to the Mythos."

Hyperborea
Hyperborea is a legendary continent in the Arctic. Before it was overwhelmed by the advancing ice sheets of the Pleistocene age, Hyperborea was a warm and fertile paradise, with lush jungles inhabited by the last remnants of the dinosaurs. A race of yeti-like bipeds, known as the Voormi, once populated Hyperborea, but were wiped out by the pre-human settlers who migrated here from the south. These pre-humans built the first capital of Hyperborea, at Commoriom. Later they moved to Uzuldaroum, when prophesies foretold of Commoriom's doom.

Abhoth
[H]e described a sort of pool with a margin of mud that was marled with obscene offal; and in the pool a grayish, horrid mass that nearly choked it from rim to rim... Here, it seemed, was the ultimate source of all miscreation and abomination. For the gray mass quobbed and quivered, and swelled perpetually; and from it, in manifold fission, were spawned the anatomies that crept away on every side through the grotto. There were things like bodiless legs or arms that flailed in the slime, or heads that rolled, or floundering bellies with fishes' fins; and all manner of things malformed and monstrous, that grew in size as they departed from the neighborhood of Abhoth. And those that swam not swiftly ashore when they fell into the pool from Abhoth, were devoured by mouths that gaped in the parent bulk. —Clark Ashton Smith, The Seven Geases

Abhoth ("The Source of Uncleanliness") resides in the cavern of Y'quaa beneath Mount Voormithadreth. It is a horrid, dark gray protean mass and is said to be the ultimate source of all miscreation and abomination.

Obscene monsters constantly form in Abhoth's gray mass and crawl away from their parent. No two of Abhoth's children are alike. In general, they are complex life forms, but the majority of them are simple-minded, acting on impulse. Their forms can be anything from amorphous blobs and singular body parts to queer humanoids and monstrous mutants. Abhoth's tentacles and limbs grab many of them, pulling them back and devouring them. Most of those that escape simply wander off; only a few of them tend to their sire's needs. Abhoth has a twisted and cynical mind and can communicate telepathically with others near him.

Abhoth does not have any human worshippers, although an inhuman cult, known as the Unclean Ones, led by Yeb, is devoted to him.

The demon lord Juiblex in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game is likely derived from Abhoth. Abhoth is one of the Ancient Ones in the board game Arkham Horror. He is included in the Dunwich Horror expansion. Abhoth is also mentioned in Colin Wilson's The Mind Parasites.

Atlach-Nacha
In the short story The Seven Geases (1934), Atlach-Nacha is the reluctant recipient of a human sacrifice given to it by the toad-god Tsathoggua.

Atlach-Nacha resembles a huge spider with an almost-human face. It dwells within a huge cavern deep beneath Mount Voormithadreth, a mountain in the now vanished kingdom of Hyperborea in the Arctic. There it spins a gigantic web, bridging a massive chasm between the Dreamlands and the waking world. Some believe that when the web is complete, the end of the world will come, because it will create a permanent junction with the Dreamlands, allowing monsters to move freely into the waking world.

Atlach-Nacha probably came to Earth from the planet Cykranosh (or Saturn as we know it today) with Tsathoggua. Because of its appearance, Atlach-Nacha is often referred to as the Spider-God(dess) and is believed to be the regent of all spiders. Furthermore, the giant, bloated purple spiders of Leng are thought to be its children and servitors.

There is some disagreement about its gender. In Smith's original story, Atlach-Nacha is referred to as a male, but in later stories by other authors, it is implied to be a female.

Rlim Shaikorth
Rlim Shaikorth appears as a huge whitish worm with a gaping maw, and eyes made of dripping globules of blood, and is thus commonly known as the white worm. He travels on a gigantic iceberg called Yikilth, which it can guide across the ocean. In its colossal ice-citadel, the White Worm prowls the seas, blasting ships and inhabited land masses with extreme cold. Victims of the White Worm are frozen solid, their bodies appearing eerily white, and remain preternaturally cold—they will not melt nor warm even when exposed to fire. (The Coming of the White Worm, 1941)

Tsathoggua
See Tsathoggua.

Ubbo-Sathla
There, in the grey beginning of Earth, the formless mass that was Ubbo-Sathla reposed amid the slime and the vapors. Headless, without organs or members, it sloughed from its oozy sides, in a slow, ceaseless wave, the amoebic forms that were the archetypes of earthly life. Horrible it was, if there had been aught to apprehend the horror; and loathsome, if there had been any to feel loathing. About it, prone or tilted in the mire, there lay the mighty tablets of star-quarried stone that were writ with the inconceivable wisdom of the pre-mundane gods. —Clark Ashton Smith, Ubbo-Sathla

Ubbo-Sathla ("The Unbegotten Source", "The Demiurge") is described as a huge protoplasmic mass resting in a grotto deep beneath the frozen earth. The being is of a monstrous fecundity, spontaneously generating primordial single-celled organisms that pour unceasingly from its shapeless form. It guards a set of stone tablets believed to contain the knowledge of the Elder Gods.

Ubbo-Sathla is said to have spawned the prototypes of all forms of life on Earth, though whatever its pseudopods touch is forever devoid of life. Ubbo-Sathla is destined to someday reabsorb all living things on Earth.

Ubbo-Sathla possibly dwells in gray-litten Y'qaa underneath Mount Voormithadreth, and may have spawned another of its residents, the being Abhoth, whose form and nature is very similar. This similarity has led some writers to speculate that Ubbo-Sathla and Abhoth are the same entity viewed at different epochs under different names. The tablets that Ubbo-Sathla guards have been oft sought by sorcerers, though no sorcerer has yet succeeded in acquiring them.

Yhoundeh
In Smith's The Door to Saturn, Yhoundeh the elk-goddess is the name of the deity worshipped in the waning days of Hyperborea. Yhoundeh's priests also banned Tsathoggua's cult, and her inquisitors punished any heretics. As the Hyperborean civilization drew to a close, Yhoundeh's priests fell out of favor and the people returned to the worship of Tsathoggua.

According to the Parchments of Pnom, Yhoundeh is the wife of Nyarlathotep, messenger of the Outer Gods.

Commoriom
Commoriom was the first seat of power in Hyperborea, established by the pre-Human migrants from the south. In its heyday, Commoriom was a grand city, built of marble and granite and marked by a skyline of altitudinous spires.

Legend has it that the populace fled Commoriom when the White Sybil of Polarion foretold of its destruction. However, Athammaus, headsman of Commoriom, disputes this claim and attributes the abandonment to the increasingly loathsome depredations of the horrid outlaw Knygathin Zhaum.

Uzuldaroum
According to Smith's "The Tale of Satampra Zeiros", Uzuldaroum became the capital of Hyperborea after the populace left Commoriom. The city lies a day's journey from the former capital. It was the last population center in Hyperborea before glaciers overwhelmed the continent.

In H. P. Lovecraft's At the Mountains of Madness, the city of the Elder Things is called "a Palaeogaean megalopolis compared with which the fabled...Commoriom and Uzuldaroum...are recent things of today--not even of yesterday".

Eiglophian mountains
The Eiglophian mountains, mentioned in Smith's "The Seven Geases", are a terrifying range of ebon peaks, said to be "glassy-walled", and are believed to be honeycombed with hidden tunnels. The Eiglophian mountains cross the middle of the Hyperborean continent, with one range stretching to the south and another to the east.

Mhu Thulan
Mhu Thulan was a province in northern Hyperborea famous for its sorcerers. It was where the wizard Eibon dwelled, as well as many other notable sorcerers of Hyperborea, such as Zon Mezzamalech.

Mount Voormithadreth
Mount Voormithadreth is a four-coned extinct volcano and is the tallest peak in the Eiglophian mountains. It is the dwelling place of various horrors, including the toad-god Tsathoggua and the spider-god Atlach-Nacha.

Y'quaa
The gray-litten cavern of Y'quaa is the dwelling place of Abhoth, the Source of Uncleanliness. It is indirectly connected with the Cavern of Archetypes. Atlach-Nacha originated here. Y'quaa might be the true home of the enigmatic Ubbo-Sathla.

Cavern of Archetypes
The Cavern of the Archetypes is a vast cavern inhabited by the spectral archetypes of all life on this earth. Nug and Yeb reside here.

Polarion
Polarion was a region of northern Hyperborea, separated from the rest of the continent by an unnamed mountain range. It used to be a fertile place, but was later overtaken by glaciers. The White Sybil is said to originate from here.

Voormis
The voormis are the three-toed, umber-colored, fur-covered humanoids that once had a thriving civilization in Hyperborea. They dwelled underground and worshiped the god Tsathoggua. After most were wiped out by other pre-human settlers, the most savage of the Voormis became restricted to caves in the upper slopes of the Eiglophian mountains. Before Hyperborea's fall, the remaining Voormis were hunted for sport.

Athammaus
Athammaus, who appears in Smith's "The Testament of Athammaus", was the headsman, or executioner, of Commoriom before its downfall. He was also one of the last to leave the city when the population fled to Uzuldaroum. Afterwards, he recorded a chilling testament of Commoriom's final days.

Athammaus was descended from a long line of headsmen. A consummate professional, Athammaus always took great pride in his skill and never shirked his official duty. His career suffered in Commoriom when he faced the task of executing the outlaw Knygathin Zhaum, but he later resumed it in Uzuldaroum where he served 11 lusters.

Eibon
Eibon, a character in Smith's "The Door to Saturn", was a sorcerer and priest of Zhothaqquah (Tsathoggua). He is renowned as the writer of the Book of Eibon, a tome that, among other things, chronicles Eibon's life, and includes his magical formulae and rites of Zhothaqquah (it is introduced in Smith's tale "Ubbo-Sathla"). Eibon lived in a five-story, five-sided tower made of black gneiss that stood beside the sea on Mhu Thulan. Eibon disappeared shortly after Yhoundeh's premier inquisitor, Morghi, came to his black tower with a writ for his arrest.

When the inquisition came knocking, Eibon fled to Cykranosh (the planet Saturn) through a magic panel given to him by Zhothaqquah. Eibon was never again seen on Earth after that. (When Morghi vanished close on the heels of Eibon, many believed that he was in league with the sorcerer all along and so is largely responsible for the decline in the worship of Yhoundeh.)

Knygathin Zhaum
Knygathin Zhaum was a notorious outlaw of Hyperborea. He was possibly the child of Sfatlicllp and a Voormi. Athammaus tried to execute him by beheading, but because of his preternatural heritage, such attempts proved unsuccessful and only served to aggravate him.

Satampra Zeiros
Satampra Zeiros, who appears in Smith's "The Tale of Satampra Zeiros" and its prequel, "The Theft of the Thirty-Nine Girdles", was the master thief of Uzuldaroum. His exploits are legendary. He lost his right hand during a failed venture to loot the deserted city of Commoriom (though his companion Tirouv Ompallios suffered a worse fate).

The White Sybil of Polarion
A strange woman, reportedly coming from the realms of ice creeping upon Hyperborea. She is presented in both "The Tale of Satampra Zeiros" and "The White Sybil." In the former, she is portrayed prophesizing the doom of Commoriom; in the latter, a character besotted with her pursues her into the ice realm, where he is in the end so blinded by her vision that when found by a common girl he takes his rescuer for the Sybil, weds her, and lives out his days in a joyous illusion, bearing the mark of the Sybil's kiss on his face.

Journals

 * West Warwick, RI: Necronomicon Press.

Web sites

 * (Online version of the "Introduction" to The Book of Hyperborea ISBN 0-940884-87-9.)
 * (Online version of the "Introduction" to The Book of Hyperborea ISBN 0-940884-87-9.)
 * (Online version of the "Introduction" to The Book of Hyperborea ISBN 0-940884-87-9.)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hyperborean cycle


text:
Mensalão scandal

The Mensalão scandal (Escândalo do Mensalão, ) was a major parliamentary alleged vote-buying scandal by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's administration that threatened to bring down his government in 2005. Mensalão is a neologism, a variant of the word for "big monthly payment" (salário mensal or mensalidade).

The scandal broke on June 6, 2005 when Brazilian deputy Roberto Jefferson (Brazilian Labour Party) told the Folha de S.Paulo newspaper that the ruling Workers' Party (PT) had paid a number of deputies 30,000 reais (around US$12,000 at the time) a month to vote for legislation favored by the ruling party. The funds allegedly came from state-owned companies' advertising budgets, funneled through an advertising agency owned by Marcos Valério.

The investigation then implicated members of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party, Democrats, Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and seven other political parties also involved. Many key advisers to Lula resigned, and several deputies were faced with the choice of resignation or expulsion from congress. The president himself went on to be re-elected in 2006, and in 2010 Brazil elected his chief of staff, Dilma Rousseff, as president. Much of PT's leadership was affected in some way, with many resigning or failing to win re-election. Brazil's economy was widely perceived as not having been substantially impacted by the scandal.

Roberto Jefferson, who initially sparked the scandal, was expelled from the Chamber of Deputies on September 14, 2005 for ethical violations determined by the Congressional Council of Ethics. Despite continued additional resignations, in October the scandal died down somewhat as Brazil held a contentious referendum on a banning gun sales, an initiative soundly rejected by voters.

Origins
When Lula was elected in 2003, his party held less than 20% of the seats in the Assembly. He put together a coalition of twelve parties, but since his appointees were primarily from his own party, the payments were intended to assure the continued support of other members of the coalition government.

On September 18, 2004, Brazilian weekly magazine Veja printed a cover story entitled "Scandal: PT's buyout of PTB". The article described an alliance between the Workers Party (PT) and the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB). According to Veja, PT promised to pay R$150,000 to each PTB deputy if they would support the executive branch. Allegedly because these promises were not kept, a storm of corruption allegations against PT began in May 2005.

On September 24, 2004, the Rio de Janeiro newspaper Jornal do Brasil published an article citing Veja which also said that former Minister of Communications Miro Teixeira had revealed the monthly payments to the Ministry of Public Prosecution.

Jornal do Brasil then published another story saying that the president of the Chamber of Deputies João Paulo Cunha (PT) promised to fully investigate the claims and quoted president of the Popular Socialist Party (Brazil) Roberto Freire saying: "This subject has been circulating for months in Congress but nobody has the courage to approach it."

The scandal emerges
On May 14, 2005, Veja published a new story describing an apparent corruption scheme in the Brazilian Postal Service, describing a 110-minute video recording, made with a hidden camera, that showed former Post Office Chief Maurício Marinho apparently receiving a bribe from a businessman. The full bribery scheme involving government contracts was allegedly administered by Post Office administrative director Antônio Osório Batista and by Jefferson, a Post Office manager as well as a federal deputy. On the tape, aired by the major Brazilian television stations, Marinho receives, then pockets, R$3,000 (about $1,259 US) in cash.

Agents from the Brazilian Intelligence Agency (ABIN) investigated. As the scandal developed, it was argued that this was linked to an attempt to destroy PT's former allies without the scandal exploding upon the government. However, a major political battle began when the government tried to systematically obstruct the creation of a Parliamentary Commission of Investigation (CPI) to investigate the growing corruption scandal.

On June 3, 2005 the newspaper Folha de S.Paulo published a story saying that the government was tying funds for various projects to support for the creation of the CPI. Because of these allegations, part of the government's base joined the opposition to support the creation of a Parliamentary Commission of Investigation. Abandoned by his allies, Jefferson began to counterattack. On June 6, Folha de S.Paulo published an interview with Jefferson claiming that Delúbio Soares, treasurer of the Workers' Party, made monthly payments of R$30,000 to certain Congressional deputies, to influence them to vote with the government. Jefferson said that those who received the monthly payment called it mensalão, derived from the Portuguese word for a monthly payment. "Mensalão" quickly became the adopted popular label for the scandal, now identified as the "escândalo do mensalão."

According to Jefferson, businessman Marcos Valério, owner of the advertising agencies SMPB and DNA, which had large government contracts, operated the scheme. After the investigative commission was set up, the government allegedly tried to control it by installing government allies Senator Delcídio do Amaral (PT) as president of the commission and Deputy Osmar Serraglio (PMDB) as the key rapporteur, responsible for writing the final report.

Although the investigation of the Post Office scandal was officially restricted in scope to irregularities in the Post Office's administration, it began to investigate the expanding monthly payment claims because of apparent connections between the cases. An additional commission was created to investigate the broader scandal on July 20. Allies of the government occupied key posts. The president of the CPI was Senator Amir Lando and the rapporteur was Deputy Ibrahim Abi-Ackel. Abi-Ackel had been minister of justice in the government of João Baptista Figueiredo, and had also been accused of involvement in the corruption scandal.

José Dirceu, once a leftist student leader who organized against the right-wing military dictatorship after it took power in a 1964 coup, was arrested in 1968, then released at the demand of the kidnappers of the US ambassador. He was exiled to Cuba. Later, he secretly returned to Brazil, under a false identity and had plastic surgery to disguise his face. He hid in Paraná and opened a shop. During this time, he became involved as a student union leader. He married but did not reveal his true identity even after he had a son with his wife. Only after 1979, when political amnesty was declared, did he openly return to political life, campaigning for democratic elections and the end of the dictatorship regime.

As a consequence of the mensalão scandal, Dirceu resigned in 2005 as chief of staff to President Lula.

The scandal develops
In early July 2005, an advisor to a Congressional deputy and brother of Workers’ Party President José Genoíno, was stopped at an airport with $100,000 in his underwear and additional funds in his luggage. The wives and secretaries of key figures testified before numerous and overlapping Congressional panels, including Valério's secretary, Fernanda Karina Somaggio, and the ex-wife of Valdemar Costa Neto, Maria Christina Mendes Caldeira, who later fled to the United States with nothing but her clothes and a support animal. She applied for asylum under a secret identity.

Congressional hearings were often marked by fiery rhetoric and emotional outbursts, including numerous incidents of crying by witnesses and Workers' Party deputies. Although still murky and unclear, reported links between the scandal, its key figures, the murder of Santo André's mayor Celso Daniel and various mafia and criminal figures only intensified its sensational tone and societal impact, even though no proof of such links have been divulged. One key event that broadened the scandal into a more general investigation of the Workers' Party history as whole was the testimony of Duda Mendonça, public relations specialist and campaign manager for Lula's 2002 campaign, on August 11. He said he was paid using off-shore bank accounts and possibly illegal funds connected to Valério.

The scandal, which had at that time not yet involved finance minister Antonio Palocci, said to be popular with the international finance community, threatened his standing after lawyer and former advisor Rogério Tadeu Buratti testified that Palocci was involved in corrupt activities while he was mayor of Ribeirão Preto in the mid-1990s.

Lula's popularity waxed and waned, but no definite proof emerged that he orchestrated or had knowledge of the payments. Much of PT's leadership was affected in some way, with many resigning or failing to win re-election. Brazil's economy was widely perceived as not having been substantially impacted by the scandal.

Roberto Jefferson, who initially sparked the scandal, was expelled from the Chamber of Deputies on September 14, 2005 after the Congressional Council of Ethics determined that he had committed ethical violations. Despite continued resignations of those implicated, in October the scandal died down somewhat and Brazil had a referendum on gun sales that resulted in a loss for the government's position. At the end of October, Veja published a new story claiming that the Workers' Party had received illegal campaign funds from Cuba—threatening to re-intensify the scandal once again, though that was not ultimately the case.

First joint preliminary CPI report
The investigations into Post Office corruption and vote-buying unanimously approved their first joint preliminary report on September 1, 2005.

The report accused 18 Brazilian deputies of involvement in the corruption scandal:
 * Carlos Rodrigues (bishop) (Liberal Party (PL)-Rio de Janeiro)
 * José Janene (Progressive Party (PP)-Paraná)
 * Pedro Corrêa (Brazilian politician) (PP-Pernambuco)
 * Pedro Henry (PP-Mato Grosso do Sul)
 * Sandro Mabel (PL-Goiás)
 * João Magno (PT-Minas Gerais)
 * João Paulo Cunha (PT-São Paulo)
 * José Borba (PMDB-Paraná)
 * Josias Gomes (PT-Bahia)
 * Paulo Rocha (PT-Bahia)
 * Professor Luizinho (PT-São Paulo) - later acquitted and sufficiently angry about the accusation to take his underwear off in front of a group of reporters
 * Vadão Gomes (PP-São Paulo)
 * Vanderval Santos (PL-São Paulo)
 * José Mentor (PT-São Paulo)
 * Roberto Brant (Liberal Front Party (PFL)-Minas Gerais)
 * José Dirceu (PT-São Paulo)
 * Roberto Jefferson (PTB-Rio de Janeiro)

The report accused them of misdeeds ranging from illegal campaign finance activity, placing cronies in strategic positions in government-owned businesses in return for kickbacks, to taking cash payments for voting with the government in the Brazilian Congress.

The report states that as to the charges initially made by deputy Roberto Jefferson (PTB):
 * Everything he said that could be verified appeared to be valid, including his own confessions.
 * Everything he said, when compared to other testimony, showed a great degree of validity.

The report added that several documents had been identified and validated which proved that large sums of money were withdrawn from agencies of the Rural Bank in Brasilia and Belo Horizonte, as well as from the bank accounts of the enterprises SMPB and DNA. According to the documents, the beneficiaries were federal deputies who received funds in person or through relatives, advisers, or individuals chosen by Marcos Valério. Some payments were made monthly, and others either more or less frequently. The report called the defense made by some parliamentarians that the funds were used to settle debts from electoral campaigns a "lame excuse".

Congressional Committees of Investigation (CPIs)
The following CPIs were involved in investigating issues related to the cash-for-votes scandal.

 * Post Office CPI: Created June 9, 2005, to investigate alleged irregularities and corruption in the Brazilian Post Office following allegations made by Deputy Roberto Jefferson, this CPI focused on alleged payments made to Brazilian deputies by the ruling party. The scheduled end of the investigation was February 21, 2006.
 * Bingo CPI: Created on June 19, 2005, to investigate money laundering through bingo parlours, and the relationship between bingo and organized crime. The CPI was proposed after a tape revealed that Waldomiro Diniz (an advisor to José Dirceu) apparently extorted the gambling mafia of Rio de Janeiro to obtain funds for Workers' Party political campaigns. The end of this work was scheduled for October 26, 2005.
 * Vote-buying CPI: Created July 20, 2005, to investigate alleged monthly payments to deputies. The Workers' Party requested a parallel investigation of the electoral reform that allowed a second term for ex-President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PSDB). The end of this committee's work was scheduled for November 16, 2005.

Members of the opposition also wanted a fourth CPI to investigate off-book accounts held by all parties during the most recent elections. Due to serial allegations of this kind of operation in many campaigns in 2002, including President Lula's, many believed this CPI could result in a legal and concrete reason to start his impeachment process. However, this process was aborted.

Ethics Council
The Council of Ethics and Parliamentary Decorum of the House is responsible for processing and disciplining members for behavior not in concordance with parliamentary decorum.

To expel a deputy, 257 votes out of 513 are needed. Expelled deputies lose their seats and also their parliamentary privileges and immunity. Members can also be barred from holding public office for eight years. Jefferson for example cannot run for office again until 2015.

Supreme Court indictment
On August 24, 2007, the Supreme Federal Court, responsible for criminal proceedings against parliamentarians due to parliamentary immunity, accepted the indictments of 40 individuals related to the Mensalão scandal, most of them former or current federal deputies, and all of whom were or are allies of former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.

Supreme Court trial
The trial began in August 2012.

In the first 23 sessions of the trial the Supreme Court found that misuse of public money and bank loans did occur. Ten of the 37 defendants received sentences, including Marcos Valério, a ringleader. Three were acquitted.

On 15 September 2012 Veja published a new story alleging that Valério had told friends that former president Lula masterminded the corruption scheme. José Dirceu's allies called this a lie and said Valério was out of his head and desperate, a convict facing prison.

On September 17 the court began to examine the primary accusation, which included allegations that Dirceu led of the vote-buying scheme which laundered and then disbursed millions in public and private money to secure votes in Congress from 2003 to 2005. The rapporteur found clear evidence that such activities occurred, saying "there is no doubt that this scheme existed."

On 9 October 2012, the court found Dirceu, José Genoino and Delúbio Soares guilty of bribery (Corrupção Ativa). On 15 November 2013 the STF president ordered them imprisoned. This coincided with the anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic so there was much debate about Barbosa's reasons for waiting until then. Some days later Genoino was transferred to house arrest out of concerns about his health.

Timing of key withdrawals and votes
Documents from the Conselho de Controle de Atividades Financeiras (COAF) indicate that between July and May 2003, withdrawals of 27 million reais were made from the accounts of businessman Marcos Valério.

According to deputy Roberto Jefferson, the money for the mensalão came from Banco Rural and the Banco do Brasil. Documents from COAF validate the withdrawals from Banco Rural; the withdrawals from Banco do Brasil have not yet been traced.

The table below shows a side-by-side description of some of the withdrawals and allegedly connected votes in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies.

Workers Party

 * 1) José Dirceu, accused by Jefferson of being the leader of the scheme. Sentenced to ten years and ten months.
 * 2) José Genoíno, president of PT, suspected in connection with his brother, deputy José Guimarães (politician), whose political advisor was caught trying to go through airport security with wads of cash in his underwear. Sentenced to six years and eleven months.
 * 3) Delúbio Soares, treasurer of PT
 * 4) Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former president of Brazil. The scandal occurred during his term, so there is much debate about his role in it, if any. Later Jefferson said Lula did know of the scheme but so far Lula has not been charged.
 * 5) Marcelo Sereno, National leader of PT
 * 6) Silvio Pereira, National leader of PT, who received a Land Rover from a Petrobras supplier
 * 7) João Paulo Cunha (PT-São Paulo) - Ex-Speaker of the House. Witnesses testified they saw his wife visiting Banco Rural in Brasília
 * 8) Paulo Rocha (PT-Pará) - Former leader of PT in the House. An adviser of his was seen outside the Banco Rural.
 * 9) Luiz Carlos da Silva, known as Professor Luizinho (PT-São Paulo) - Former leader of the government in the House. An adviser who received R$20,000 from Marcos Valério
 * 10) José Mentor (PT-São Paulo) - His office received R$60,000.00 from a Banco Rural account belonging to Marcos Valério
 * 11) José Guimarães (politician) (PT-Ceará) - Brother of PT party chief José Genou. His adviser was caught with US$100,000.00 in his underwear and R$200,000.00 in a suitcase while trying to pass through airport security. Guimarães was also accused of receiving R$250,000.00 from the accounts of Marcos Valério.
 * 12) José Adalberto Vieira da Silva (PT-Ceará) adviser to José Nobre Guimarães, found to have money hidden in his underpants.
 * 13) Josias Gomes (PT-Bahia) - suspected of personally withdrawing R$100,000 from the accounts of Marcos Valério.
 * 14) Luiz Gushiken, former secretary of communication, accused of issues relating to his former firms. He was cleared of all charges during the trial, but died of cancer a few months later.

Allied figures
The following members of other parties that gave political support to the Workers' Party before the scandal: PTB, PP, PL, and the PMDB.

 * 1) Roberto Jefferson (PTB-Rio de Janeiro) - Deputy who sparked the scandal with his initial allegations. Accused of operating a corruption scheme using state enterprises and the Post Office. Also accused of receiving millions of dollars from Marcos Valério to assist PTB electoral efforts without declaring it to the electoral oversight authorities
 * 2) José Carlos Martinez (PTB-Paraná) - Deputy, deceased. Accused of receiving R$1,000,000
 * 3) José Janene (PP-Paraná) - Cited by Jefferson from the beginning of the scandal. Accused of distributing the mensalão to the PP parliamentary party. His involvement was confirmed by testimony from his advisor João Cláudio Genu to the Federal Police, who confessed to making the withdrawals and delivering the money to the treasury of the PP
 * 4) Pedro Corrêa (Brazilian politician) (PP-Pernambuco) - President of the PP, also accused by Jefferson and incriminated by Genu
 * 5) Pedro Henry (PP-Mato Grosso) - Former leader of the House, implicated by the testimony of Genu
 * 6) José Borba (PMDB-Paraná) - Former head of the PMDB in the House. Accused of receiving R$2.1 million by the financial director of Valério's firm, SMPB, but of refusing to sign a receipt for the withdrawal, which forced an SMPB employee to go to the bank branch to release the payment
 * 7) Valdemar Costa Neto (PL-São Paulo) - Accused of distributing the mensalão to the bench of the PL. His ex-treasurer, Jacinto Lamas, was accused of being the main beneficiary of withdrawals from the accounts of Marcos Valério in Banco Rural, receiving R$10,837,500. To avoid removal from his seat in Congress, resigned on August 1, before an inquiry could be opened.
 * 8) Bishop Rodrigues (PL-Rio de Janeiro) - Coordinated the grouping of members of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God in the House. Accused of receiving R$150,000. Was afterwards expelled from the church.
 * 9) Anderson Adauto (PL-Minas Gerais) - Former Minister of Transportation, accused of receiving, through his chief of staff, one million reals from Marcos Valério

Others

 * 1) Marcos Valério - Businessman. Accused of being the operator of the "mensalão", supposedly operated several public relations firms and advertising agencies whose bank accounts were used to distribute funds to members of the Workers' Party and other allied Brazilian parties. Accused of participating in Eduardo Azeredo's off-book accounting.
 * 2) Duda Mendonça - Campaign manager and public relations specialist who led Lula's presidential campaign. His partner, Zilmar da Silveira, appears in records as a recipient of funds from Marcos Valério (R$15,500,000)
 * 3) Fernanda Karina Somaggio - Secretary to Marcos Valério. Her calendar was seized by the Federal Police of Brazil. She confirmed Valério's connection to Delúbio Soares and other deputies accused of involvement in the scheme and charged that payments were made with suitcases full of money.
 * 4) Renilda Soares - Valério's wife. Accused José Dirceu of knowing much about the corruption scheme
 * 5) Toninho da Barcelona - also known as Antonio Oliveira Claramunt. One of the principal Brazilian foreign exchange specialists, who is accused of sending $500 million abroad between 1996 and 2002. Arrested for illegal financial activities, he alleged that he carried out various exchanges for PT and other parties and claimed PT maintained a secret foreign bank account.
 * 6) Rogério Buratti - ex-advisor to Antonio Palocci. Arrested August 16, 2005, accused of fraud in contracts between the district of Ribeirão Preto and garbage collection firms, as well as money laundering, and extortion. Said that in the administration of Antonio Palocci a corruption scheme diverted funds to the Workers' Party
 * 7) Sérgio Gomes da Silva, aka "the Shadow" - Businessman and ex-bodyguard of Santo André mayor Celso Daniel. Accused of ordering the mayor's assassination
 * 8) Maria Christina Mendes Caldeira - ex-wife of deputy Valdemar Costa Neto. Accused her former husband of receiving mensalão as well as intermittent donations from Taiwanese businessmen.

State companies

 * Furnas
 * Eletronuclear
 * Petrobras - state-owned oil company
 * Instituto de Resseguros do Brasil (IRB)
 * Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégrafos (EBCT) - Brazilian Post Office
 * Caixa de Previdência dos Funcionários do Banco do Brasil (Previ)

Private companies

 * Guaranhuns (front company)
 * DNA (business of Marcos Valério)
 * SMP&B (business of Marcos Valério, Cristiano Paz and Ramon Cardoso)

Financial institutions

 * Banco Rural: used by Marcos Valério for his operations
 * Banco do Brasil: used by Marcos Valério for his operations

United States

 * Bank of Beacon Hill: used by Marcos Valério for his operations

Figures who lost their posts

 * 1) Mauricio Marinho, Post Office Chief, May 14
 * 2) The director of the Post Office Administration, Antonio Osório Batista and his assistant Fernando Godoy, May 16
 * 3) Luiz Appolonio Neto, President of the Instituto de Resseguros do Brasil (IRB), May 21
 * 4) The leadership of the Correios and of the IRB, June 7
 * 5) The directors of electrical firms: Dimas Fabiano Toledo, Rodrigo Botelho Campos and José Roberto Cesaroni Cury, June 30
 * 6) José Dirceu, Presidential Chief of Staff, June 14
 * 7) Roberto Jefferson, President of PTB, June 17
 * 8) Silvio Pereira, Secretary-General of PT, July 4
 * 9) Delúbio Soares, Treasurer of PT, July 5
 * 10) Glenio Guedes, Director of the Conselho de Recursos do Sistema Financeiro, July 6
 * 11) José Adalberto Vieira da Silva, aide to deputy José Nobre Guimarães, July 8
 * 12) José Nobre Guimarães, manager of the state directory of PT-CE, July 9
 * 13) José Genoino, President of the Workers' Party (PT), July 9
 * 14) Marcelo Sereno, Communication Secretary of PT, July 9
 * 15) Henrique Pizzolato, Director of marketing of the Banco do Brasil, July 10
 * 16) Luiz Gushiken, Ministério da Comunicação e Gestão Estratégica, demoted, July 12.
 * 17) Luiz Gushiken was downgraded again. Left position as at Secretary of Communication to become an adviser to President Lula, July 21
 * 18) Valdemar Costa Neto, Federal deputy and president of the Liberal Party (PL), resigned his mandate, August 1
 * 19) Marcio Lacerda, executive secretary in the Ministry of National Integration, August 2
 * 20) Manoel Severino, President of the Casa da Moeda do Brasil, tendered resignation, August 3
 * 21) Danilo de Camargo, Coordinator of the Commission of Ethics in PT, August 6
 * 22) Juscelino Antonio Dourado, Cabinet chief of Finance Minister, September 1

title: Mensalão scandal


text:
Hersham railway station

Opened on 28 September 1936, Hersham railway station is on the London to Woking line and operated by South Western Railway. The station is 0.7 mi north of Hersham village centre, adjoined to one side by housing and the other by fields and a golf course. It is 15 mi from London Waterloo and is situated between Esher and Walton-on-Thames.

Services
At off-peak times during weekdays are two trains per hour (tph) to London Waterloo and two tph to Woking, a large town and junction station in Surrey. During morning rush hour there are an extra two trains per hour to London Waterloo, and in the evening, south-west bound these continue to Guildford.

Immediate surroundings
Entrance to the station is from either side of the railway bridge which is above street level. The station entrances are at the southern end of each platform, and at the western end (furthest from London). The station has ticket machines and an office open until 1.40 pm. The main line towards Woking and Basingstoke consists of four tracks here, but only the outer tracks have platforms, served by stopping services to/from Woking.

Bus routes 514 and 564 serve the station, stopping at nearby bus stops on Molesey Road.

It is one of two stations serving Walton on Thames and Hersham as its railway track and engineered line beneath it mark the divide between the two settlements. Adjoining to one side are housing (west) and fields with a golf course next to the River Mole (east).

title: Hersham railway station


text:
Valéry Grancher

Valéry Grancher (born April 22, 1967 in Toulon, Var, France) is a French Internet-based artist, performer, theorist, curator and lecturer.

Biography
Grancher's art is a mix of conceptual and pop art references, sometimes with a sense of humour, sometimes appropriating the fads of the day.

Grancher is best known for selling Internet art in the contemporary art mainstream. When Grancher started in the art world in 1995, he used emails in his art to show the processes and exchanges of the Internet community (email art) in physical installations like 'Alone' (1995). In 1997 he used webcams in his project 'webscape', which dealt with the concept of "cybertime." In 1998, Grancher experimented with pop art in his 'webpaintings' project. In 2002, as Google began to dominate the Internet, he launched the "Search Art" collaborative project by creating a piece called 'Self Portrait.'

In 2005, he exhibited and sold at FIAC, the international art fair in Paris, 'the biggest Google paintings never (sic) produced.'

Exhibitions
Since the mid-1990s, Grancher has exhibited at many museums worldwide, including:

 * Espace d'Art Concret, Honegger Albers donation, Mouans Sartoux, France (2008, 2007)
 * Musée des Beaux Arts, Nîmes, France. (2008)
 * New Langton Art Center, San Francisco, USA (2008, 2002)
 * Pacific Film Archive Berkeley Art Museum, Berkeley, USA (2007, 2001)
 * New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, USA (Rhizome)(2007)
 * Nikon Gallery Europe: "Arts aux Poles". France (2007)
 * Palais de Tokyo, site de création contemporaine, Paris, France (performance, exposition personnelle) (2006, 2005)
 * Centre National d'Art Contemporain, Le Magasin, Grenoble, France. (2006, 2005)
 * Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum, Istanbul Turkey (2006, 2005, 2003)
 * "Super!" 1st Triennale of visual arts, fashion and design, Hasselt, Belgium (2005).
 * Musée d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (2005, 2004, 2002)
 * MAMCO, Musée d'art moderne et contemporain, Geneva, Switzerland (2004, 2005)
 * Museo Castagnino, Rosario, Argentina (2004).
 * Galleria de arte do Sesi, Sao Paulo, Brasil (2004).
 * Musée D'Art moderne de la Ville de Paris, ARC, Paris, France.(2004)
 * Kunsthalle Palazzo, Liestal, Switzerland (2003)
 * Turm Gallery, Hemstedt, Germany (2003)
 * Biennale de Tirana National Gallery of Arts, Tirana, Albania (2003, 2001)
 * MUHKA Contemporary Art Museum, Anvwerp, Belgium (2003)
 * Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland (2003, 2002)
 * Artsonje Museum, Gyeong Ju, South Korea (2002)
 * Artsonje Center, Seoul, South Korea (2002)
 * Israeli center for digital art, Digital ArtLab, Holon, Israël (2001)
 * Pacific Film Archive Berkeley Art Museum, Berkeley, USA (2001)
 * Maison Européenne de la Photographie, Paris, France (2000)
 * Museu da Imagem e do Som, Sao Paulo, Brasil (2000)
 * Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris, France (1999, 1998)
 * Artspace of Australia, Sydney, Australia (1999, 1998)
 * Neuer Berliner Kunstverein, Berlin, Germany (1998)
 * Bonn Kunstverein, Bonn, Germany (1998)
 * Documenta X Kassel, Kassel, Germany (1997)
 * Ars Electronica Center (residence), Linz, Austria (1997)
 * CAPC Musée d'Art Contemporain, Bordeaux, France (1996)
 * ZKM, Karlsruhe, Germany (1995)
 * Carillo Gil Museum, Mexico, Mexico (1995)
 * Pecci Museum, Prato, Italy (1995)
 * Moderna Museet, Helsinki, Finland (1994)
 * Contemporary Art Center, St Petersburg, Russia (1994)
 * Centre d'Art Contemporain, Bruxelles, Belgium (1994)
 * Biennale de Lyon, Lyon, France. (1993)

Permanent Collections

 * Cabinet des estampes du musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Genêve, Switzerland. (Dos drawing)
 * Rhizome artbase Net and media collection, New Museum - New York: USA
 * http://www.computerfinearts.com: Net and media art collection - New York, USA: "Jerusalem".(website) 2001
 * Maison Européenne de la Photographie, Art Outsiders:Paris, France: "heart time / time heat".(website) 2001
 * Fond National d'Art Contemporain, FNAC, Paris, France: "Reposoirs d'écran" (screensaver), "On Air" (VJ performance saved on DVD) 2000.
 * Berkeley Art Museum Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley, USA: "24h00" (website) 1999 - 2000
 * La Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris, France: "Longitude 38" (site internet) 1999, "Self" (website) 1998
 * Centre d'art contemporain de St Fons, St Fons, France: "Ulysse" (video) 1996
 * ZKM Media museum (video), Karlsruhe, Allemagne: "Memory" (video) 1994 - 1995
 * Carillo Gil Contemporary art museum, Mexico, Mexique: "Memory" (video) 1994, "U-Topos" ( installation Réalité Virtuelle) 1995
 * Le nouveau musée, l'institut d'art contemporain, Villeurbanne, France: "Epridemik Remix" (video coproduced with Benoit Berry) 1993

title: Valéry Grancher


text:
Manfred Krug

Manfred Krug (8 February 1937 – 21 October 2016) was a German actor, singer and author.

Life and work
Born in Duisburg, Krug moved to East Germany at the age of 13, and worked at a steel plant before beginning his acting career on the stage and, ultimately, in film. By the end of the 1950s he had several film roles, and in 1960 he appeared in Frank Beyer's successful war movie Fünf Patronenhülsen (Five Cartridges). Many more film roles followed, with Krug often cast as a socialist hero. Krug also achieved notability as a popular jazz singer, often in collaboration with composer Günther Fischer.

In 1976 the East German government (GDR) forbade Krug to work as an actor and singer because he participated in protests against the expulsion and stripping of GDR citizenship of Wolf Biermann. On 20 April 1977 he requested to leave the GDR and as soon as he got the approval he left the GDR and moved to Schöneberg in West Berlin. After moving back to West Germany he very soon got new roles as an actor but very rarely sang in public for a long time. In 1978 Krug appeared as one of the male leads of the action-drama television series Auf Achse, and would continue to appear on the series until 1995, one year before the show ended its long run. Krug's various television roles even included a two-year stint on the children's program Sesamstraße, the German version of the American children's program Sesame Street. In the 1980s and 1990s, he also starred as Hauptkommissar Paul Stoever in the Tatort series of TV crime movies, which would eventually run for forty installments in total. He died on 21 October 2016 in Berlin and he was buried at the Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery.

Film

 * 1957: Ein Mädchen von 16½
 * 1959: Goods for Catalonia
 * 1959: Der Freischütz
 * 1959: Reportage 57
 * 1959: Before the Lightning Strikes (cameo)
 * 1960: Was wäre, wenn...?
 * 1960: Leute mit Flügeln
 * 1960: Five Cartridges
 * 1961: Professor Mamlock
 * 1961: Guten Tag, lieber Tag
 * 1961: Urfaust
 * 1961: Bei Anruf Mord
 * 1961: Drei Kapitel Glück
 * 1961: On the Sunny Side
 * 1962: Midnight Revue
 * 1962: Minna von Barnhelm oder Das Soldatenglück
 * 1962: Star-Crossed Lovers
 * 1962: Der Kinnhaken
 * 1962: The Boxer and Death
 * 1963: Nebel (film)
 * 1963: Beschreibung eines Sommers
 * 1964: Follow Me, Scoundrels
 * 1965: König Drosselbart
 * 1965: Die antike Münze
 * 1966: Trace of Stones (released: 1990)
 * 1967: Frau Venus und ihr Teufel
 * 1967: The Banner of Krivoi Rog
 * 1968: Hauptmann Florian von der Mühle
 * 1968: Abschied (film)
 * 1969: Weite Straßen – stille Liebe
 * 1969: Käuzchenkuhle
 * 1969: Mit mir nicht, Madam!
 * 1970: Netzwerk
 * 1970: Meine Stunde Null
 * 1970: Junge Frau von 1914 (film)
 * 1971: Husaren in Berlin
 * 1971: Die Verschworenen
 * 1972: The Stolen Battle
 * 1973: Wie füttert man einen Esel
 * 1974: Kit & Co
 * 1976: Daniel Druskat
 * 1977: Das Versteck
 * 1977: Feuer unter Deck (released: 1979)
 * 1978: Fist in the Pocket
 * 1987: Whopper Punch 777
 * 1990:
 * 1990: Neuner (film)
 * 1994: The Blue One

Television

 * 1968: Ways across the Country (TV miniseries)
 * 1973: Stülpner-Legende (TV miniseries)
 * 1978: Paul kommt zurück
 * 1979: Phantasten
 * 1980–1993: Auf Achse (TV series, 73 episodes)
 * 1980: Ein Mann fürs Leben
 * 1981: Flächenbrand
 * 1981–1983: Das Traumschiff (TV series, 2 episodes)
 * 1982: Die Fischer von Moorhövd (TV series, 14 episodes)
 * 1982–1988: Die Krimistunde (TV series, 2 episodes)
 * 1982: Väter (anthology film)
 * 1982–1984: Sesamstraße (TV series, 292 episodes)
 * 1983: Rendevous der Damen (anthology film)
 * 1983: Wer raucht die Letzte?
 * 1983: Konsul Möllers Erben (TV miniseries)
 * 1983: Jakob und Adele (TV series, 1 episode)
 * 1983: Geschichten aus der Heimat (TV series, 1 episode)
 * 1984: Joseph Süß Oppenheimer
 * 1984–2001: Tatort (TV series, 41 episodes)
 * 1984: Krumme Touren (anthology film)
 * 1985: Ein Heim für Tiere: Caesar (TV series episode)
 * 1986–1998: Liebling Kreuzberg (TV series, 58 episodes)
 * 1986–1987: Detektivbüro Roth (TV series, 34 episodes)
 * 1994–1995: Wir sind auch nur ein Volk (TV miniseries)

Film about Manfred Krug

 * 1998: Abgehauen (TV film), with Peter Lohmeyer as Manfred Krug

Discography

 * 1962: Auf der Sonnenseite
 * 1964: Jazz und Lyrik
 * 1965: Manfred Krug und die Modern Jazz Big Band
 * 1966: Lyrik - Jazz - Prosa (with Eberhard Esche, Annekathrin Bürger and others, in different editions and under different names, some of them in censored versions without Manfred Krug)
 * 1969: Onkel Toms Hütte (audiobook, Krug singing to spirituals)
 * 1970: Fredmanns Episteln an diese und jene aber hauptsächlich an Ulla Winblad (after Carl Michael Bellman)
 * 1971: Das war nur ein Moment
 * 1973: Ein Hauch von Frühling
 * 1974: Greens
 * 1976: Du bist heute wie neu
 * 1977: Abgehauen
 * 1979: Da bist Du ja
 * 1997: Anthologie
 * 2000: Tatort – die Songs (with Charles Brauer)
 * 2000: Evergreens - Das Beste von Manfred Krug - 1962–1977
 * 2000: Deutsche Schlager
 * 2000: Schlafstörung
 * 2001: Manfred Krug Live mit Fanny (with Fanny Krug)
 * 2002: Leben bis Männer (Audiobook; from Thomas Brussig)
 * 2002: Der Weihnachtskrug
 * 2003: Sweet Nothings (with Decebal Badila and Fanny Krug)
 * 2005: Geschichten Vom Herrn K. (Audiobook; from Bertolt Brecht)
 * 2005: Lust des Beginnens (Audiobook; from Bertolt Brecht)
 * 2005: Neuigkeiten an Manfred Krug und Otti (Audiobook; from Jurek Becker)

Literature

 * Abgehauen (1997) ISBN 3-548-75041-9
 * Mein schönes Leben (2003) ISBN 3-430-15733-1

Awards

 * 1962 Heinrich-Greif-Preis First Class for On the Sunny Side, ensemble award
 * 1963 Erich-Weinert-Medaille for Beschreibung eines Sommers with Christel Bodenstein
 * 1965 Erich-Weinert-Medaille for The Adventures of Werner Holt, ensemble award
 * 1968 National Prize of East Germany First Class for Ways across the Country, ensemble award
 * 1971 National Prize of East Germany Second Class
 * 1972 "Ehrende Anerkennung" (Special Award) at Workers' Filmfestival of Czechoslovakia for The Stolen Battle
 * 1973 Verdienstmedaille der DDR
 * 1979 Goldene Europa of Europawelle Saar
 * 1984 Goldener Bambi
 * 1990 Bayerischer Fernsehpreis for TV series Liebling Kreuzberg (SFB/NDR/WDR), together with Jurek Becker and Werner Masten
 * 1990 Bavarian Film Awards, Best Actor
 * 2006 Platin Romy lifetime award

title: Manfred Krug


text:
User talk:Vgrancher~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Vgrancher. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Vgrancher~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:31, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:13, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vgrancher~enwiki


text:
Talk:Alan Heusaff

Untitled
This appears to be a (bad) mechanical translation.

It is. As I knew Alan and his family (briefly), I will do a proper translation of the French original a.s.a.p. -- Picapica 12:44, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Have now completed the translation. It is "as is" in the French (apart from some minor tidying up of chronology, etc.) - any POV in the original is unchanged. Hopefully, the article will at least now constitute a better starting-point for anyone else wanting to contribute to the En-language article on Alan's life. -- Picapica 15:48, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

There are major and incorrect facts in this article, which need to be remedied. —Preceding unsigned comment added by -- Cymrukernow (talk • contribs) 04:20, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alan Heusaff


text:
LB&SCR A1 class

The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) A1 class is a class of British steam locomotive. Designed by William Stroudley, 50 members of the class were built in 1872 and between 1874 and 1880, all at Brighton railway works. The class has received several nicknames, initially being known as "Rooters" by their south London crews. However, the engines were more famously known as "Terriers" on account of the distinctive 'bark' of the exhaust beat. Later in their careers, some engines were known as "Hayling Billy" on account of their work on the Hayling Island branch line. A pub of this name on the island was briefly home to the engine which is now No. W8 Freshwater.

After displacement from their original workings out of London Bridge and London Victoria by more powerful locomotives from the D1 class and the early stages of the LB&SCR overhead electrification scheme, some representatives of the class were sold to other operators, while the majority of the remainder were put to work on branch lines in Sussex and on non-revenue earning work such as shunting. They were known to reach speeds of up to 60 mph (97 km/h).

With these new uses being found, the class remained in use on the system, surviving to be taken into ownership by the Southern Railway from 1923 and by British Railways from 1948. Although the number of engines dwindled following the Second World War as the work they were used for was either dieselised or lost to rail through the closure of branch lines and yards, a number continued in operation through into the 1960s. One was fitted for Push-Pull working from Fareham to Lee on the Solent with a 2 car ex-LSWR push-pull set in Summer or just the driving trailer in Winter (previously an LC&DR Class A 0-4-4T number 626 fitted with the original 2 coach gated set service) but most famously on the Hayling Island Branch Line in Hampshire. The withdrawal of the final members of the class finally came in 1963, the line to Hayling having closed in November 1963.

Eight members of the class were purchased privately for preservation, with two other examples being donated by British Railways to the Canadian Railway Museum and the National Railway Museum, those being No. 54 Waddon and No. 82 Boxhill respectively. One of these engines, No. 55 Stepney, is best known as being the first standard gauge locomotive to arrive at the Bluebell Railway, which was itself the first preserved standard gauge steam-operated passenger railway in the world when it opened in August 1960, and also for appearing in Stepney the "Bluebell" Engine by the Rev. W. Awdry.

London, Brighton & South Coast Railway (1872-1923)
Originally known as 'A' class, these diminutive tank locomotives were designed in 1870 to haul commuter trains on the heavily congested lines in South and South-East London. These included routes from London Bridge to both East and West Croydon, London Victoria to Sutton and the line from Victoria to London Bridge via Peckham Rye and Denmark Hill, as well as operating on the East London Railway under the Thames through the Thames Tunnel designed by Marc Isambard Brunel. Six locomotives were built for these services during 1872, and were successful thanks to their high acceleration between the closely spaced station stops and the use of lightweight trains. A further 44 were built between June 1874 and September 1880 to complement the original six.

The locomotives were finished in the livery known as "Stroudley's Improved Engine Green", which was actually an ochre colour, not green. The actual shade of the livery has been much disputed, with opinions ranging from a more yellow type of livery to a livery closer to brown, as worn by the model named Como in the Brighton Toy and Model Museum.

Shortly after construction, No. 40 Brighton was chosen by William Stroudley to represent the LB&SCR at the Paris Exhibition of 1878, and won a gold medal for workmanship. On a run from Dieppe to Paris, arranged to persuade the Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest that the company's boat trains that met the LB&SCR ferries from Newhaven could make better time to the capital, Brighton maintained a speed of nearly 50 mph, previously unheard of on that line.

During the last two decades of the 19th century, London was expanding outwards as suburbs became more built up and were absorbed into the built-up area of London itself. Towns such as Croydon, Sutton and Norwood, which had previously been commuter towns separate from London, grew to form one large area of housing. Much of this was because of the success of the 'Terriers' themselves, as they had speeded up suburban passenger services, encouraging people to move out of the centre of London. Trains became progressively heavier while the need for shorter journey times remained the same. As a result, the engines gradually became largely unsuited for their original purpose, and they were replaced by the larger D1 class tank engines. However the 'Terriers' were so reliable that they were put on other work, often finding use on branch line passenger and freight workings and as shunting engines. Twenty-three members of the class were withdrawn between 1898 and 1905, but the majority of these were sold in working order rather than scrapped. Purchasers of these locomotives included the Newhaven Harbour Company, the Isle of Wight Central Railway (four locomotives), Pauling & Co. (five locomotives), the Kent and East Sussex Railway (two locomotives), the London and South Western Railway (two locomotives), and the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (one locomotive). Others were transferred from capital to departmental (non-revenue earning) stock as pilots at Brighton locomotive works and Lancing carriage works. It is likely that the remainder of the class would have been withdrawn over the subsequent few years if the railway had not adopted push-pull or 'motor-train' working on many lightly used branch line services. The 'A1' class (as the locomotives were designated after 1905) were found ideally suited for conversion to this form of working.

Between 1911 and 1913, twelve survivors were re-boilered under the instruction of Douglas Earle Marsh, Stroudley's successor as CME of the LB&SCR, with another four so treated after the Great War; these engines formed the A1X class with an increased weight of 28.2 LT. Other changes made during the rebuilding were the extension of the smokebox (removing the smokebox 'wings', and moving the sandboxes from this same area (where they formed a forward extension of the leading driving wheel splasher) to below the running plate (although some locos rebuilt later retained the original sandboxes). The tube which had been used as part of the original condensing arrangement between the smokebox and side-tank was also removed.  The engines were repainted during this time in 'Marsh Umber' livery.

Five locomotives were bought by the British Government in 1918 and sent to Scotland to work at the U.S. Navy's North Sea Mine Barrage minelaying project at Inverness and Dalmore, near Invergordon. The facilities were built by the Admiralty, using distillery sites, but administered by the U.S. Navy. The locos were Nos 37 Southdown, 79 Minories, 81 Beulah and 83 Earlswood at Dalmore, and 38 Millwall which was used at Glen Albyn, Inverness. Nos 38, 81 and 83 later went on to the Shropshire & Montgomeryshire Railway.

Southern Railway (1923-1948)
Fifteen of the class remained in LB&SCR stock at the formation of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923, but this figure was increased to 24 by the inclusion of those which had previously been sold to other constituent railways. Several examples were withdrawn over the next few years, and two were sold to the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Railway in 1925 and 1937. As with the withdrawals under the LB&SCR, the engines were not withdrawn en masse, but instead over a long period of time. The first A1X to be withdrawn by the Southern Railway was No. 42 Tulse Hill in 1925, and among the engines withdrawn was the now-famous No. 55 Stepney, which only escaped being scrapped by virtue of the need for lighter engines on Hayling Island. The two locomotives, No. 43 Gipsy Hill and No.53 Ashtead, sold to the WCPR in 1925 and 1937 (see above) were renumbered No. 2 Portishead and No. 4 respectively. On the closure of that line in 1940, both locomotives entered service with the GWR, as No. 5 Portishead and No. 6 respectively, and survived into BR ownership. No. 5 Portishead was scrapped in 1954, No. 6 in 1948.

Many of the locomotives remained in traffic, both departmental and in regular stock. They lasted longer than most classes of pre-grouping tank engine under the Southern Railway, primarily due to the presence of several light railways which came under the Southern Railway's jurisdiction at the grouping, such as the lines from Tenterden and Hayling Island, as well as on the Isle of Wight. Most of these lines needed small engines such as the 'Terrier' class due to severe weight restrictions. Among the engines transferred into departmental use was the former No. 82 Boxhill, which was restored to original condition, painted in the yellow ochre livery of Stroudley and used as a shunter at Brighton Works, being numbered 380S and named after the works itself. This engine was replaced by 377S, formerly No. 35 Morden, in 1948. Although much photographed toward the end of steam, this locomotive was not preserved but was scrapped at Eastleigh in 1963.

With the Southern Railway concentrating on the design of larger locomotives for the increasingly heavy express passenger traffic on the South Eastern and South Western sections, with designs such as the King Arthur, Schools and Lord Nelson classes, and later the Bulleid Pacifics, as well as the expansion of the electrified third rail system from suburban roles (a system which had replaced the LB&SCR overhead electrification, which in turn had replaced the role of the D class tanks on suburban traffic from around 1910), the company was not concerned about replacing the veteran tank engines on branch line workings, especially as many of the smaller branch lines were not economically viable for electrification, or were isolated from the rest of the electrified network. As a result, the Southern Railway felt that perseverance with the older locomotives such as the A1X on rural routes was the most economically viable option.

British Railways (1948-1963)
At nationalisation in 1948, one "A1" and 14 "A1X" locomotives entered British Railways stock. All but one of these locomotives were based on the former Southern Railway, which became the Southern Region under British Railways, with the other based on the Western Region, having been inherited by the Great Western Railway from the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Railway. BR gave the locomotives the power classification 0P, indicating that the locomotives were primarily passenger locomotives, but were among the least powerful on the system.

The locomotives remained employed much as they had been under Southern Railway ownership, with roles centred on working over the lightly laid and weight restricted branches. However, the class were becoming increasingly expensive to maintain through physical wear and increased age of components. The future of the class was thrown into doubt with the publication of the Modernisation Plan, which made provision to close many of the routes still operated by the class. The main two routes still retaining 'Terrier' operations were the Kent & East Sussex Railway and the Hayling Island branch. The former closed due to being unprofitable in 1961.

The line to Hayling Island remained profitable, however, primarily due to the heavy traffic in summer. The condition of the bridge over Langstone Harbour was, however, deteriorating, and the Southern Region designated the bridge as being beyond economic repair. The final scheduled services over the line were run on 3 November 1963, and a special 'topped and tailed' by 32636 and 32670 the following day. The final scheduled train was notable for being one of the last steam hauled mixed trains. With the closure of this line, BR decided to withdraw the last remaining members of the class from traffic. At the time of her withdrawal following the closure of the line, No. 32636 (formerly No. 72 Fenchurch) was the oldest working steam engine in British Railways ownership.

Numbering
The locomotives were originally numbered between 35 and 84, and most were given names of London boroughs or other areas of local importance which were served by the LB&SCR suburban trains they were built to operate (such as Whitechapel, Surrey and Thames), and indeed also after areas around Brighton itself, such as Kemp Town. However, there were exceptions, such as No.82 which was, in fact, named after Box Hill, a peak of the North Downs in Surrey, just outside Dorking.

From 1900, the two-digit numbers were prefixed with a 6 and their names were replaced with the inscription LBSC on their side tanks (for example, No. 55 Stepney became No. 655). This was fairly standard LB&SCR practice; as engines got old, they were given higher numbers so that newer engines could have lower numbers.

Further renumbering took place under Southern Railway ownership. Initially, most locomotives retained their pre-Grouping numbers with a letter prefix denoting the main works that was responsible for maintaining the class. Ex-LBSC locomotives, being maintained at Brighton, received B prefixes, thus engine No.654 became B654). The exceptions to this rule were the engines based on the Isle of Wight, which were given a "W" prefix. In 1930 this system was replaced by a new numbering scheme, whereby former LB&SCR engines had their numbers increased by 2000. Under this scheme, No. B654 became No.2654.

A final renumbering in British Railways ownership saw the remaining members of the class renumbered by the addition of 30000 to their Southern Railway numbers (2678 becoming 32678, for instance), in line with the national renumbering scheme drawn up by British Railways in 1948.

The famous Brighton Works shunting engine 377S (i.e. no. 377 in Service stock), by this stage the only member of the class not in revenue earning service, became DS377 (the "DS" standing for Departmental, Southern region).

Preservation
Ten members of the class have been preserved, chiefly in the South of England. The engines are listed in order of their LB&SCR identity; the identity in bold is their current running identity as of September 2022.

Note: Numbers and Names in bold indicate what the engine presently wears.

Preservation history
No. 55 Stepney (as No. 32655) was the first engine to arrive at the first standard gauge preserved line in the UK, the Bluebell Railway on 17 May 1960, effectively making it the doyen of the current heritage railway movement. Following purchase by the fledgling society the locomotive was run under its own steam from Brighton shed to Horsted Keynes hauling the two carriages the society also now owned. The locomotive then went on to haul the reopening train in August of that year.

No. 72 Fenchurch was purchased by the Bluebell Railway in 1964. After much initial use, the locomotive was retired for overhaul in 1970, and returned to traffic in 1972 for its centenary. However it was withdrawn in 1975, and with a new firebox re-entered service in 1980, running until 1988. At its next overhaul, the need to replace one pair of the original wrought iron wheels (due to the detection of cracks in a wheel hub) meant the locomotive was not returned to traffic until 2001. Although carrying an A1X boiler, the smokebox was rebuilt during that overhaul such that it now looks very similar to its original A1 form.

An equally famous member of the class to No. 55, arguably, is No. 82 Boxhill. The engine was restored by the Southern Railway to original condition (it had remained as an A1, not having been rebuilt as an A1X) and used at exhibitions, before being moved into the original British Transport Museum in Clapham. It was subsequently moved to the museum at York where it still resides.

Also preserved in a national museum, No. 54 Waddon was donated by British Rail to the Canadian railway museum in 1963 and shipped on 23 August that year. After a number of years three British ex-pats living in Ottawa formed a small group to work on the locomotive – which had been in storage, but never outdoors – and restore it to pristine condition. Waddon was not rebuilt as an A1X, having been fitted with an SECR boiler after being sold to that railway, but was later fitted with, and now carries, an A1X boiler, while retaining the shorter A1-type smokebox.

Three members of the class were sold by British Rail to Butlins for display at their holiday camps. No. 40 Brighton (now Newport) was sent to Butlins Pwllheli in 1964 and initially loaned to the Isle of Wight steam railway in 1972. It was sold to them four years later for a price of £35,000. A lengthy restoration was completed in 1989, and Newport continued to run until 2002 when withdrawn for overhaul. The locomotive's boiler was found to be life-expired, and it was found cheaper to order a new boiler made (for £70,000) in 2007. In October 2010, the new boiler was delivered.

No. 62 Martello went to Butlins Heads-of-Ayr camp in 1963, and was displayed alongside 46233 Duchess of Sutherland before being loaned, and then sold, to the museum at Bressingham. The locomotive remained there for several years in a shed before removal and full restoration, which commenced in the late 1990s. In its Marsh Umber livery numbered 662 with LBSC on its tanks, it has visited several heritage railways in the UK since being returned to traffic. In May 2011 it was repainted at Loughborough on the Great Central Railway in BR black as 32662 with the late BR logo, in readiness to join 32670 and 32678 on the K&ESR for the Last Train Commemoration that took place on 11 June 2011. No. B662 also carries the bunker from classmate No. W13 Carisbrooke, exchanging bunkers in 1959 when the latter was scrapped.

No. 78 Knowle went to Butlins Minehead camp and was displayed alongside 46229 Duchess of Hamilton before being purchased by the K&ESR in 1975. This locomotive is now owned by The Terrier Trust.

Also owned by The Terrier Trust is No. 70 Poplar (usually running as K&ESR No. 3 Bodiam), which was initially purchased from BR by the Wheels brothers of Brighton in 1964, and was used in the early years of operation on the original Kent and East Sussex Light Railway as well as on the same restored heritage railway. Following withdrawal in 1985, the engine remained out of use for a decade before the K&ESR and The Terrier Trust bought the locomotive and agreed a restoration plan. It returned to traffic in May 2006 at the All Terriers Great and Small Gala in its original Rother Valley Railway livery of Oxford Blue. In April 2011 it was repainted BR black as 32670, with the late BR logo, to feature at the Last Train Commemoration that took place on 11 June 2011. Both of the Terriers continue to be regular performers on the K&ESR; the short trains and light loading gauge make them ideally suited to operating on the line.

No. 50 Whitechapel was purchased by the Municipal Borough of Sutton and Cheam in 1963 (after the originally intended purchase, No. 61 Sutton, had been cut up). The intention was to display the engine outside the new Civic Centre, and the engine was offered a home on the K&ESR until the work was completed. The engine was restored and used to haul the opening train on the preserved K&ESR in 1974. After slipping down the overhaul queue at Rolvenden, the engine was moved to the Spa Valley Railway by the owners (the engine still being owned by Sutton Borough Council) and restoration work commenced.

No. 46 Newington has perhaps the most unusual history. Following withdrawal in 1963, the locomotive was sold to the Sadler Rail Coach company based at Droxford, Hampshire on the disused Meon Valley Railway. It was used on occasion between the Droxford and Wickham stations on that line. Subsequently, it was sold to the Portsmouth-based Brickwoods brewery in the spring of 1966. The brewery wanted it for use outside a new public house to be opened on Hayling Island named The Hayling Billy. The engine was displayed there for a number of years, becoming locally famous, before being donated to the Isle of Wight Steam Railway in 1979.

Main line operation
None of the preserved members of the class has been restored to full main line running condition. Some consideration was given to doing so during the restoration of No. 62 Martello in the early years of the 21st century, in order to facilitate the appearance of the engine at open days and exhibitions in an operational condition; however the costs involved led to the idea being abandoned.

Prior to the end of steam and the banning of steam engines from the national network in 1968, No. 55 Stepney worked two special trains over the metals of the Southern Region. The first trip ran on 21 October 1962 and saw No. 55 double-head with LSWR Adams radial tank No. 488 on the Haywards Heath to Horsted Keynes and return section of a rail tour from London Victoria to the Bluebell Railway. The second train ran from Brighton to Horsted Keynes on 27 October 1963 for members of the Bluebell Railway Preservation Society, which saw the locomotive double-head with another former LB&SCR locomotive, E4 No. 473 Birch Grove, and was run to mark the closure of the line from Haywards Heath to Horsted Keynes.

No. 55 returned to Brighton station in 1991 to mark the 150th anniversary of the opening of the London and Brighton Railway to Brighton. The locomotive was left 'cold' (i.e. not in steam) and was coupled to another ex-LB&SCR locomotive, Gladstone, and stabled during the day on the easternmost platform (number 9). The engines were the centre-piece of an exhibition which also included, among others, former Southern Railway 'King Arthur' No. 777 Sir Lamiel, Britannia Class No. 70000 Britannia and BR Standard 4MT No. 80072, a class of locomotive built at Brighton.

In August 1975, No. 72 Fenchurch represented the LB&SCR and the Bluebell Railway at the Rail 150 Steam Cavalcade held at Shildon in County Durham, an event held to mark the 150th anniversary of the opening of the Stockton & Darlington Railway. This featured the engine running over a section of the BR network, although the line was subject to special restrictions at the time. Additionally the engine ran a number of shuttles into the wagon works complex from the railway station, top-and-tailing the workings with NER Class P3 No. 65894 from the North Yorkshire Moors Railway.

If future plans to extend the Isle of Wight Steam Railway from Smallbrook Junction to Ryde St. John's are successful, members of that railway's fleet, including their two A1X engines, may be seen running over Network Rail track between the two locations.

Terriers in popular culture
An A1X class locomotive, Stepney appears in Stepney the "Bluebell" Engine, one of the books in The Railway Series of children's books written by the Rev. W. Awdry. Boxhill was referred to in a later book in the series: Thomas and the Great Railway Show. Stepney also appears in the television adaptation Thomas & Friends.

The 1975 Ken Russell film Lisztomania includes a sequence shot on the Bluebell Railway which features No. 72 Fenchurch smashing a grand piano left on the line while running at speed (actually filmed with the engine running at 25 mph, the speed limit of the line, with the film sped up for impact).

A 1961 film version of Anna Karenina, parts of which were filmed on 'The Bluebell Railway', included No. 55 Stepney disguised as a Russian locomotive.

The A1 class overseas
Two of the three locomotives sold to Pauling & Co. were exported to South America and one worked on the La Plata tramway in the 1920s.

Eight locomotives were built by local Australian builders for the New South Wales Government Railways, Australia – to the LB&SCR's general arrangement and drawings – and entered traffic as the N67 class at about the same time as the A1 class in England. They were essentially identical engines, except for a simpler cab, larger bunker, larger sandboxes and other various detail differences. They became redundant from about 1890 after the introduction of larger and more powerful tank locomotives and many were fitted with small cranes in place of the bunker. In this form they were put to work as shunters and as "coal grabs" - small mobile coal loaders for refuelling larger locomotives at depots. Some saw service with other groups into the 1930s. They were less successful than their English cousins due to rather different operating conditions and all were scrapped before the start of the preservation era.

Models
Hornby Railways manufacture models of the A1 & A1x in OO gauge while Dapol produce them in N scale, OO gauge (in conjunction with Rails of Sheffield) and O gauge.

title: LB&SCR A1 class