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List of storms named Gil

The name Gil has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Hurricane Gil (1983)
 * Hurricane Gil (1989)
 * Tropical Storm Gil (1995)
 * Hurricane Gil (2001)
 * Tropical Storm Gil (2007)
 * Hurricane Gil (2013)
 * Tropical Storm Gil (2019)

The name Gil has also been used for one tropical cyclone in the Western Pacific Ocean.
 * Tropical Storm Gil (1998) (T9816, 25W)

The name Gil has also been used for a fictional hurricane.
 * Hurricane Gil (The Golden Girls, Empty Nest and Nurses)

title: List of storms named Gil


text:
Logical Volume Manager (Linux)

In Linux, Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is a device mapper framework that provides logical volume management for the Linux kernel. Most modern Linux distributions are LVM-aware to the point of being able to have their root file systems on a logical volume.

Heinz Mauelshagen wrote the original LVM code in 1998, when he was working at Sistina Software, taking its primary design guidelines from the HP-UX's volume manager.

Uses
LVM is used for the following purposes:
 * Creating single logical volumes of multiple physical volumes or entire hard disks (somewhat similar to RAID 0, but more similar to JBOD), allowing for dynamic volume resizing.
 * Managing large hard disk farms by allowing disks to be added and replaced without downtime or service disruption, in combination with hot swapping.
 * On small systems (like a desktop), instead of having to estimate at installation time how big a partition might need to be, LVM allows filesystems to be easily resized as needed.
 * Performing consistent backups by taking snapshots of the logical volumes.
 * Encrypting multiple physical partitions with one password.

LVM can be considered as a thin software layer on top of the hard disks and partitions, which creates an abstraction of continuity and ease-of-use for managing hard drive replacement, repartitioning and backup.

Basic functionality

 * Volume groups (VGs) can be resized online by absorbing new physical volumes (PVs) or ejecting existing ones.
 * Logical volumes (LVs) can be resized online by concatenating extents onto them or truncating extents from them.
 * LVs can be moved between PVs.
 * Creation of read-only snapshots of logical volumes (LVM1), leveraging a copy on write (CoW) feature, or read/write snapshots (LVM2)
 * VGs can be split or merged in situ as long as no LVs span the split. This can be useful when migrating whole LVs to or from offline storage.
 * LVM objects can be tagged for administrative convenience.
 * VGs and LVs can be made active as the underlying devices become available through use of the  daemon.

Advanced functionality

 * Hybrid volumes can be created using the dm-cache target, which allows one or more fast storage devices, such as flash-based SSDs, to act as a cache for one or more slower hard disk drives.
 * Thinly provisioned LVs can be allocated from a pool.
 * On newer versions of device mapper, LVM is integrated with the rest of device mapper enough to ignore the individual paths that back a dm-multipath device if  is set in  . This prevents LVM from activating volumes on an individual path instead of the multipath device.

RAID

 * LVs can be created to include RAID functionality, including RAID 1, 5 and 6.
 * Entire LVs or their parts can be striped across multiple PVs, similarly to RAID 0.
 * A RAID 1 backend device (a PV) can be configured as "write-mostly", resulting in reads being avoided to such devices unless necessary.
 * Recovery rate can be limited using  and   to maintain acceptable I/O performance while rebuilding a LV that includes RAID functionality.

High availability
The LVM also works in a shared-storage cluster in which disks holding the PVs are shared between multiple host computers, but can require an additional daemon to mediate metadata access via a form of locking.

 * CLVM
 * A distributed lock manager is used to broker concurrent LVM metadata accesses. Whenever a cluster node needs to modify the LVM metadata, it must secure permission from its local, which is in constant contact with other   daemons in the cluster and can communicate a desire to get a lock on a particular set of objects.

 * HA-LVM
 * Cluster-awareness is left to the application providing the high availability function. For the LVM's part, HA-LVM can use CLVM as a locking mechanism, or can continue to use the default file locking and reduce "collisions" by restricting access to only those LVM objects that have appropriate tags. Since this simpler solution avoids contention rather than mitigating it, no concurrent accesses are allowed, so HA-LVM is considered useful only in active-passive configurations.

 * lvmlockd
 * , a stable LVM component that is designed to replace  by making the locking of LVM objects transparent to the rest of LVM, without relying on a distributed lock manager. It saw massive development during 2016.

The above described mechanisms only resolve the issues with LVM's access to the storage. The file system selected to be on top of such LVs must either support clustering by itself (such as GFS2 or VxFS) or it must only be mounted by a single cluster node at any time (such as in an active-passive configuration).

Volume group allocation policy
LVM VGs must contain a default allocation policy for new volumes created from it. This can later be changed for each LV using the  command, or on the VG itself via. To minimize fragmentation, LVM will attempt the strictest policy (contiguous) first and then progress toward the most liberal policy defined for the LVM object until allocation finally succeeds.

In RAID configurations, almost all policies are applied to each leg in isolation. For example, even if a LV has a policy of cling, expanding the file system will not result in LVM using a PV if it is already used by one of the other legs in the RAID setup. LVs with RAID functionality will put each leg on different PVs, making the other PVs unavailable to any other given leg. If this was the only option available, expansion of the LV would fail. In this sense, the logic behind cling will only apply to expanding each of the individual legs of the array.

Available allocation policies are:
 * Contiguous – forces all LEs in a given LV to be adjacent and ordered. This eliminates fragmentation but severely reduces a LV expandability.
 * Cling – forces new LEs to be allocated only on PVs already used by an LV. This can help mitigate fragmentation as well as reduce vulnerability of particular LVs should a device go down, by reducing the likelihood that other LVs also have extents on that PV.
 * Normal – implies near-indiscriminate selection of PEs, but it will attempt to keep parallel legs (such as those of a RAID setup) from sharing a physical device.
 * Anywhere – imposes no restrictions whatsoever. Highly risky in a RAID setup as it ignores isolation requirements, undercutting most of the benefits of RAID. For linear volumes, it can result in increased fragmentation.

Implementation

Typically, the first megabyte of each physical volume contains a mostly ASCII-encoded structure referred to as an "LVM header" or "LVM head". Originally, the LVM head used to be written in the first and last megabyte of each PV for redundancy (in case of a partial hardware failure); however, this was later changed to only the first megabyte. Each PV's header is a complete copy of the entire volume group's layout, including the UUIDs of all other PVs and of LVs, and allocation map of PEs to LEs. This simplifies data recovery if a PV is lost.

In the 2.6-series of the Linux Kernel, the LVM is implemented in terms of the device mapper, a simple block-level scheme for creating virtual block devices and mapping their contents onto other block devices. This minimizes the amount of relatively hard-to-debug kernel code needed to implement the LVM. It also allows its I/O redirection services to be shared with other volume managers (such as EVMS). Any LVM-specific code is pushed out into its user-space tools, which merely manipulate these mappings and reconstruct their state from on-disk metadata upon each invocation.

To bring a volume group online, the "vgchange" tool:
 * 1) Searches for PVs in all available block devices.
 * 2) Parses the metadata header in each PV found.
 * 3) Computes the layouts of all visible volume groups.
 * 4) Loops over each logical volume in the volume group to be brought online and:
 * 5) Checks if the logical volume to be brought online has all its PVs visible.
 * 6) Creates a new, empty device mapping.
 * 7) Maps it (with the "linear" target) onto the data areas of the PVs the logical volume belongs to.

To move an online logical volume between PVs on the same Volume Group, use the "pvmove" tool:
 * 1) Creates a new, empty device mapping for the destination.
 * 2) Applies the "mirror" target to the original and destination maps.  The kernel will start the mirror in "degraded" mode and begin copying data from the original to the destination to bring it into sync.
 * 3) Replaces the original mapping with the destination when the mirror comes into sync, then destroys the original.

These device mapper operations take place transparently, without applications or file systems being aware that their underlying storage is moving.

Caveats

 * Until Linux kernel 2.6.31, write barriers were not supported (fully supported in 2.6.33). This means that the guarantee against filesystem corruption offered by journaled file systems like ext3 and XFS was negated under some circumstances.
 * , no online or offline defragmentation program exists for LVM. This is somewhat mitigated by fragmentation only happening if a volume is expanded and by applying the above-mentioned allocation policies. Fragmentation still occurs, however, and if it is to be reduced, non-contiguous extents must be identified and manually rearranged using the  command.
 * On most LVM setups, only one copy of the LVM head is saved to each PV, which can make the volumes more susceptible to failed disk sectors. This behavior can be overridden using . If the LVM can not read a proper header using the first copy, it will check the end of the volume for a backup header. Most Linux distributions keep a running backup in , which enables manual rewriting of a corrupted LVM head using the   command.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Logical Volume Manager (Linux)


text:
Scouting for All

Scouting for All was a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization American advocacy organization whose stated purpose was to promote tolerance and diversity within the Boy Scouts of America in the face of its policies requiring members to be heterosexuals who believe in God.

History
Initially founded in 1993 by Scouter Dave Rice and a committee including Mike Cahn, Bob Smith, Ken McPherson and Don Henry, Scouting for All was relatively inactive for its first few years.

In 1997, the effort was galvanized by a letter to the editor written by Steven Cozza, who later went on to earn the rank of Eagle Scout and became a professional bicycle racer. The heterosexual young man criticized the BSA's policies and pointed out potential contradictions between those policies and the organization's own governing Scout Oath and Scout Law. He called upon the organization to reexamine its policies and invited others in the organization who agreed with him to contact him so they could all work together to effect the desired policy changes. According to the organization's literature, Dave Rice, Steven Cozza and Steven's father, Scott Cozza were considered the co-founders of the Scouting for All.

The organization appears to have been mostly inactive since around 2009 as evident by the last copyright day on the now offline website and referencing a March 3, 2009 Fox News article as its Latest News.

After David Rice stepped down in the mid 2000s leadership passed through several individuals, until Howard Menzer took the position. The organization has been largely dormant since, with a small group of members but will little action. Other groups replaced it moving from protests to petitions. Such is the case of Scouts For Equality was founded in 2012 by a group of straight Eagle Scouts, including Zach Wahls, a LGBTQ+ activist raised by two lesbian women who later became a Democrat Iowa State Senator from 2019 to 2023. Instead of SFA's strategy of direct protests, SFE lobbied the BSA's corporate partners and used petitions and succeeded in winning inclusion for gay youth in 2013. Scouting For All announced limited protests in the midst of that debate but those did not materialize and their role in the victory was minor if at all. SFE continues to work for inclusion for Gay adults, having merged with the Inclusive Scouting Network to be the lead organization fighting the BSA's ban on gay adults. The ban was lifted in 2013 for Scouts and 2015 for Scout Leaders.

The Inclusive Scouting Award / Scouting for All Rainbow Knot

The Inclusive Scouting Award, also called the Rainbow Knot was distributed by Scouting for All, and expressed solidarity with Scouting For All's cause.

It is not an official BSA patch. It is embroidered on a tan cloth to mimic the BSA's square knot insignia and is intended to be worn above the left pocket of the uniform shirt alongside official BSA knots. It is designed to blend in with the official BSA knots. The square knot incorporates a purple and silver rope used on the BSA religious emblems knot and the other has the Rainbow flag.

The knot was introduced in 2002 by the Inclusive Scouting Network (formerly the Coalitions for Inclusive Scouting) as the Inclusive Scouting Award, and later distributed by the now-defunct ScoutPride and Scouting for All. The knot was later available through the now dissolved Scouts for Equality.

Purpose
Unlike official BSA knots earned following the completion of specific requirements, the Rainbow knot has no requirements before wearing it. According to Scout for Equality, "you earn it by wearing it" as a form of activism. Per the Scouts for Equality Frequently Asked Questions, as of 2015, 20,000 of these knots had been distributed.

In 2013, BSA lifted the ban on homosexual Scouts, and in 2015 the ban on homosexual leaders. Because of this change, the purpose of the patch has by default changed from a symbol for change of the policy to discretely signaling to others that the wearer is a member of the LGBTQ+ community or a straight ally. Per the Scouts for Equality Frequently Asked Questions, as of 2015, 20,000 of these knots had been distributed. Per the same document, it is used to signal that the person wearing the patch is a "safe" person. This is modeled after the "safe spaces" found in high schools. Scouts for Equality claimed that it allows you to "set a positive example and help to create a friendlier and healthier environment for everyone in the Scouting program".

Support and Opposition
As stated above, the Inclusive Scouting Award is not an official Boy Scouts of America knot and is therefore not authorized by BSA to be worn on the uniform per the Guide to Awards and Insignia. It has led to major debates on online forums with activists and advocates defending their decision to wear it on their uniform as a way to welcome all while others consider it inappropriate in a youth program, exclusionary, and not belonging on the uniform.

These opponents are often called the Uniform Police in a pejorative way implying that they are intolerant or authoritarian by not accepting the practice of wearing unofficial patches. This view seemed to have been shared by Scouting for Equality who considered that wearing the Inclusive Scouting Award "involves risk and requires courage given BSA’s currently unpredictable tolerance for dissent."

Scoutinginsignia.com, which tracks all Boy Scouts of America patched and insignias, put this patch on its FAKE or Unofficial "Square knots" page with the following reason why it does not need to be worn: "There is no reason to wear such a square knot insignia -- it does not represent any BSA award, certificate or plaque."

title: Scouting for All


text:
Clifford's Puppy Days

Clifford's Puppy Days is an animated children's television series that originally aired on PBS Kids from September 1, 2003 to February 25, 2006. The prequel to the 2000–2003 series Clifford the Big Red Dog, it features the adventures of Clifford during his puppy days before he became a big red dog and before moving to Birdwell Island.

The series ended in February 2006 after two seasons and 39 episodes. Since then, occasional reruns continued to air, typically on holidays until April 2022.

In the United Kingdom, the series aired on CBeebies until early 2011 and like the original series, the prequel was dubbed with British voice actors, replacing the original American soundtrack.

The show featured Henry Winkler as the voice of Norville. For his role as Norville, Winkler was nominated for 2 Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program for his work on the series, one of which he won in 2005.

Setting
Set two years before the events of Clifford the Big Red Dog, the series focuses on when Clifford was a tiny red puppy. Clifford was the runt in a litter of puppies born to by the pet dog of Emily Elizabeth's neighbor, Mr. Bradley (who appeared in an episode of the previous cartoon series, "Little Clifford"). He was adopted by Emily Elizabeth before he grew up into a giant red adult dog, forcing the Howard family to move out of their small apartment so Clifford would be able to live comfortably. The series shows Clifford and Emily Elizabeth's life and friends before they moved from the city to Birdwell Island.

Format
The series followed the same format as its predecessor, Clifford the Big Red Dog.

Like the original series, on UK airings, only one story is shown, with either the Storytime with Speckle or the Clifford's Idea to Grow On segments at the end, shortening the show to about 15 minutes.
 * The opening theme is followed by one central story, which is sometimes about Clifford and his friends.
 * Storytime with Speckle – Between the first and second story, Emily Elizabeth reads Clifford a Speckle Story, a short 60-second (approximately) time filler about a fictional dog (Speckle) and his animal friends Darnell, Reba, Ravi, and Luna.
 * This is followed by another central story, sometimes about Emily Elizabeth and her friends.
 * Clifford's Idea to Grow On – Before the credits, another 30-second short takes place called Clifford's Idea to Grow On. The short is basically an animation of an etiquette, a proverb, or basic truth such as "Play Fair", "Help Others", etc., with narration by Emily Elizabeth. This short was called Clifford's Big Idea in the previous series.
 * Live action segments with real kids and their dogs.

Humans

 * Emily Elizabeth Howard (voiced by Grey DeLisle in the US version and Joanna Ruiz in the British version) is the 6-year-old owner of Clifford and Daffodil.
 * Nina Flores (voiced by Masiela Lusha in the US version and Julie Anne Dean in the British version) – owner of Jorge.
 * Evan Thomas Taylor (voiced by Orlando Brown) is a boy who looks a few years older than Emily Elizabeth.
 * Shun (voiced by Lauren Tom in the US version and Ben Small in the British version) is a young Japanese-American boy.
 * Mr. Solomon (voiced by Alan Oppenheimer) is a writer who uses a wheelchair. Flo and Zo are his two pet kittens. In the episodes "The Big, Big Present/Hanukkah Plunder Blunder" it's revealed that he and his pet kittens are Jewish.
 * Mrs. Z (voiced by Russi Taylor) is an elderly Italian woman who was once in the circus and the owner of Tricksie.
 * Jenny (voiced by Dionne Quan) is a blind girl and owner of Bebe.
 * Vanessa (voiced by LaTonya Holmes) is a girl who first appears in the first season episode Keeping Cool. She also appeared in the second season episode Celebrating Spring.
 * Caroline and Mark Howard (voiced by Grey DeLisle and Cam Clarke), Emily-Elizabeth’s parents.

Animals

 * Clifford (voiced by Lara Jill Miller in the US version and Lizzie Waterworth in the British version) is a red puppy. His owner is Emily Elizabeth Howard; he is also the younger adoptive brother of Daffodil.
 * Daffodil (voiced by Kath Soucie) is a Holland Lop. In the first half of the series she was originally pink but her fur was changed to white in the second half; she is also the older adoptive sister of Clifford.
 * Flo and Zo (voiced by LaTonya Holmes and Ogie Banks, respectively) are kittens who are brother and sister, they are owned by Mr. Solomon. In the episodes "The Big, Big Present/Hanukkah Plunder Blunder" it's revealed that they and their owner are Jewish.
 * The Sidarskis are a family of mice who live in the laundromat. They have five children: Lucy, Lewis, Sophie and Sid; and the newly-born child.
 * Jorge (US)/George (UK) (voiced by Jess Harnell; Benjamin Small in the British version) is a brown dachshund whose owner is Nina.
 * Bebe (voiced by Jill Talley) is a Golden Retriever Seeing-eye dog owned by Jenny.
 * Tricksie (voiced by Russi Taylor) is an elderly dog who once performed in the circus with Mrs. Z.
 * Norville (voiced by Henry Winkler; Tom Eastwood in the British version) is a bird.
 * Chereath (voiced by LaTonya Holmes) is a golden retriever puppy in the episode Your Secret Valentine as her first and so far only appearance.
 * Teacup (voiced by Lucy Liu) is an adult—albeit "miniature"—poodle who has spent most of her life in the pound, as shown in her only appearance in the episode "Adopt a Pup." She eventually gets adopted by an elderly woman who had always wanted a dog, but never had enough room in her apartment for a normal-sized one, making her a perfect alternative to Cleo.
 * Bobby (voiced by Philip Hayes) is a giant terrier puppy.
 * Jack (voiced by Tara Strong) is a competitive puppy who is featured in a sandcastle contest that he competes against Clifford and Jorge.

Episodes
Each half-hour episode was divided into 2 stories.

Opening theme
The opening theme, "Love Makes Little Things Grow", was composed by Jared Faber and Emily Kapnek (creator of Nickelodeon's As Told by Ginger) and performed by Freedom Bremner.

title: Clifford's Puppy Days


text:
Shanghai International Settlement

The Shanghai International Settlement originated from the merger in the year 1863 of the British and American enclaves in Shanghai, in which British and American citizens would enjoy extraterritoriality and consular jurisdiction under the terms of unequal treaties agreed by both parties. These treaties were abrogated in 1943.

The British settlements were established following the victory of the British in the First Opium War (1839–1842). Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, the five treaty ports including Shanghai were opened to foreign merchants, overturning the monopoly then held by the southern port of Canton (Guangzhou) under the Canton System. The British also established a base on Hong Kong. American and French involvement followed closely on the heels of the British and their enclaves were established north and south, respectively, of the British area.

Unlike the colonies of Hong Kong and Macau, where the United Kingdom and Portugal enjoyed full sovereignty in perpetuity, the foreign concessions in China remained under Chinese sovereignty. In 1854, the three countries created the Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC) to serve all their interests, but, in 1862, the French concession dropped out of the arrangement. The following year the British and American settlements formally united to create the Shanghai International Settlement. As more foreign powers entered into treaty relations with China, their nationals also became part of the administration of the settlement. The number of treaty powers had climbed to a high of 19 by 1918 but was down to 14 by the 1930s: the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, France, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Peru, Mexico, and Switzerland.

Nonetheless, the SMC remained a predominantly British affair until the growth of Japan's involvement in the late 1930s. The international character of the Settlement was reflected in the flag and seal of the Municipal Council, which featured the flags of several countries.

The international settlement came to an abrupt end in December 1941 when Japanese troops stormed in immediately following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In early 1943, new treaties signed formally ended the extraterritorial privileges of Americans and Britons, although its terms were not met until the recovery of Shanghai following Japan's 1945 surrender. The French later surrendered their privileges in a separate agreement in February 1946.

It was one of two Chinese international settlements, along with Gulangyu International Settlement.

Arrival of the British, the French and the Americans and establishment of the settlements

The Treaty of Nanking and its supplementary treaty of 1843 – the first of the so-called unequal treaties - provided British merchants with the right to reside with their families and rent grounds and houses in five ports – Guanzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Shanghai and Ningbo – but there was not a word about separate residential areas for foreigners on Chinese soil. However, the imperial commissionner who negotiated the supplementary treaty reported to the Qing emperor that by signing the treaty he had successfully arranged that in the treaty ports "the boundaries of an area should be designated which foreigners are not allowed to exceed" (yiding jiezhi, buxu yuyue), an intent however that was not clearly stated in the English-language version of the treaty. The Qing rulers, by intending to confine the "barbarians" to an officially designated special zone, apparently hoped to resurrect the old Canton system, that is, a system that strictly confined foreigners to a segregated zone. At Shanghai, the intention of the imperial officials had clearly been initially to keep the foreigners out and upon his arrival in 1843, the first British consul, Captain George Balfour, could not even find a house for the consulate. The British finally decided to locate themselves in the northern suburbs and asked the Daotai, Gong Muiju, to designate an area there as a segregated British area. This dovetailed with the Daotai’s intentions since two violent incidents between local Chinese and foreigners had prompted him to take steps to limit contacts between Chinese and foreigners. This was formalized in 1845 with the delimitation of a segregated area north of Yangjingbang, a creek that ran north of the Chinese city. Later that year Gong Muiju and Balfour concluded an agreement called the Land Regulations (Shanghai zudi zhangcheng), which set forth the institutional basis for the British settlement. In 1848, with the permission of the Daotai, the 138-acre British settlement – a fraction of the 5,584 acres the International Settlement was to cover by 1899 – was slightly expanded westward and northward.

Following the British example, the French consul Charles de Montigny and the Daotai Lin’gui agreed in 1849 that a French settlement be established on a strip of land between the Chinese city and the British settlement. The American consul was somewhat offended by the fact that the British and the French had secured the best plots of land in the area, and after lengthy deliberations, the Americans – who with the Treaty of Wanghia of 1844 had gained the same rights as those enjoyed by the British in the five treaty ports – established their own settlement northeast of Shanghai. In 1852 the total population of the settlements was about 500, including 265 foreigners.

Towards the end of the 19th century, Shanghai Russians also arrived, with Russia's construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway and acquisition of Harbin and Port Arthur.

Municipal Council
On 11July 1854 a committee of Western businessmen met and held the first annual meeting of the Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC, formally the Council for the Foreign Settlement North of the Yang-king-pang), ignoring protests of consular officials, and laid down the Land Regulations which established the principles of self-government. The aims of this first Council were simply to assist in the formation of roads, refuse collection, and taxation across the disparate Concessions.

In 1863 the American concession—land fronting the Huangpu River to the north-east of Soochow Creek (Suzhou Creek)—officially joined the British Settlement (stretching from Yang-ching-pang Creek to Suzhou Creek) to become the Shanghai International Settlement. The French concession remained independent and the Chinese retained control over the original walled city and the area surrounding the foreign enclaves. This would later result in sometimes absurd administrative outcomes, such as needing three drivers' licenses to travel through the complete city.

By the late-1860s Shanghai's official governing body had been practically transferred from the individual concessions to the Shanghai Municipal Council (工部局, literally "Works Department", from the standard English local government title of 'Board of works'). The British Consul was the de jure authority in the Settlement, but he had no actual power unless the ratepayers (who voted for the council) agreed. Instead, he and the other consulates deferred to the council.

The council had become a practical monopoly over the city's businesses by the mid-1880s. It bought up all the local gas-suppliers, electricity producers and water-companies, then—during the 20th-century—took control over all non-private rickshaws and the Settlement tramways. It also regulated opium sales and prostitution until their banning in 1918 and 1920 respectively.

Until the late-1920s, therefore, the SMC and its subsidiaries, including the police, power station, and public works, were British dominated (though not controlled, since Britain itself had no authority over the council). Some of the Settlement's actions during this period, such as the May 30th Movement, in which Chinese demonstrators were shot by members of the Shanghai Municipal Police (leading to anti-Western protests), did embarrass and threaten the British Empire's position in China.

No Chinese residing in the International Settlement were permitted to join the council until 1928. Amongst the many members who served on the council, its chairman during the 1920s, Stirling Fessenden, is possibly the most notable. An American, he served as the settlement's main administrator during Shanghai's most turbulent era, and was considered more "British" than the council's British members. He oversaw many of the major incidents of the decade, including the May 30th Movement and the White Terror that came with the Shanghai massacre of 1927.

By the early 1930s, the British and the Chinese each had five members on the council, the Japanese two and the Americans and others two. At the 1936 Council election, because of their increasing interests in the Settlement, the Japanese nominated three candidates. Only two were elected, which led to a Japanese protest after 323 uncounted votes were discovered. As a result, the election was declared invalid and a new poll held on April20–21, 1936, at which the Japanese nominated only two candidates. In the case of the Chinese members, in 1926 the Ratepayers' Meeting adopted a resolution approving the addition of three Chinese members to the council and they took their seats for the first time in April, 1928; while in May, 1930, their number was increased to five.

The International Settlement was wholly foreign-controlled, with staff of all nationalities, including British, Americans, Danes, Dutch, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italians and Germans. In reality, the British held the largest number of seats on the council and headed all the Municipal departments (British included Australians, New Zealanders, Canadians, Newfoundlanders, and South Africans whose extraterritorial rights were established by the United Kingdom treaty).

The only department not chaired by a Briton was the Municipal Orchestra, which was controlled by an Italian.

The Settlement maintained its own fire-service, police force (the Shanghai Municipal Police), and even possessed its own military reserve in the Shanghai Volunteer Corps (萬國商團). Following some disturbances at the British concession in Hankow in 1927, the defences at Shanghai were augmented by a permanent battalion of the British Army, which was referred to as the Shanghai Defence Force (SDF or SHAF), and a contingent of US Marines. Other armed forces would arrive in Shanghai; the French Concession had a defensive force of Troupes de marine and Annamite suppletive troops from French Indochina, the Italians also introduced their own marines, as did the Japanese (whose troops eventually outnumbered the other countries' many times over).

Extra-settlement roads
From the 1860s, the Municipal Council began building roads beyond the concession boundaries, ostensibly to connect the concession with other properties or facilities which required the protection of Britain and other treaty powers during the unrest of the Taiping Rebellion. The Municipal Council obtained limited administrative powers over the areas adjacent to these "extra-settlement roads", making the area a "quasi-concession". The expansion of the International Settlement in 1899 took in most of the extra-settlement roads area, but from 1901 the Municipal Council began building further roads beyond the new boundary with a view to expanding the concession to cover those areas as well. However, a request to further expand the concession (inspired by a similar expansion of the French concession in 1914) was turned down by the Chinese government due to anti-imperialist sentiments. Britain, pre-occupied with World War I, did not press the issue and the extra-settlement roads area retained the "quasi-concession" status until the demise of the concession. Parts of the northern extra-settlement roads area was allocated to Japan for defence purposes in 1927, which the Japanese used as a base for military operations during the 1932 January 28th Incident and the 1937 Battle of Shanghai. After that battle, Japan took full control over the northern extra-settlement roads area and expelled International Settlement police. The neutrality of the western extra-settlement roads area survived in some form until the withdrawal of British troops in 1940.

Legal Status of the International Settlement
Article 28 of the International Settlement's Land Regulations stated unequivocally that "the land encompassed in the territory remains Chinese territory, subject to China's sovereign rights." As expressed by legal experts, "the self-governing International Settlement possesses no more power than the mere delegation of purely local and municipal powers and functions. Control of police, sanitation, roads, and other problems of local administration are granted to the Municipal Council simply because that body happens to be the one best equipped to deal with these matters in an area where the large majority of foreigners dwell. But the Municipal Council is in no sense a political body. Its powers, being delegated and hence limited, are subject to strict construction. What foreigners acquire is simply the delegated power of municipal administration, while the reserve powers remain in the sovereign grantor, the Chinese Government. Although under the control of the Consular Council, the area is still Chinese territory, over which China's sovereignty remains unsurrendered".

Rise of Imperial Japan (20th century)
In the 19th century, Europeans possessed treaty ports in Japan in the same way they held those in China. However, Japan rapidly developed into a modern nation, and by the turn of the 20th century the Japanese had successfully negotiated with all powers to abrogate all unequal treaties with it. Japan stood alongside the European powers as part of the Eight-Nation Alliance during the infamous fifty-five-day siege of the foreign embassy compound in Peking. Japan entered the 20th century as a rising world power, and with its unequal treaties with the European powers now abrogated, it actually joined in, obtaining an unequal treaty with China granting extraterritorial rights under the Treaty of Shimonoseki signed in 1895.

In 1915, during the First World War, Japan overtook Britain as the country with the largest number of foreign residents in Shanghai. In 1914, Japan sided with Britain and France in the war and conquered all German possessions in China. By the beginning of the 1930s, Japan was swiftly becoming the most powerful national group in Shanghai and accounted for some 80% of all extraterritorial foreigners in China. Much of Hongkew, which had become an unofficial Japanese settlement, was known as Little Tokyo.In 1931, supposed "protection of Japanese colonists from Chinese aggression" in Hongkew was used as a pretext for the Shanghai Incident, when Japanese troops invaded Shanghai. From then until the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) Hongkew was almost entirely outside of the SMC's hands, with law and protection enforced to varying degrees by the Japanese Consular Police and Japanese members of the Shanghai Municipal Police.

Japanese take over rest of Shanghai (1937)

In 1932 there were 1,040,780 Chinese living within the International Settlement, with another 400,000 fleeing into the area after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937. For the next five years, the International Settlement and the French Concession were surrounded by Japanese occupiers and Chinese revolutionaries, with conflict often spilling into the Settlement's borders. In 1941, the Japanese launched an abortive political bid to take over the SMC: during a mass meeting of ratepayers at the Settlement Race Grounds, a Japanese official leaped up and shot William Keswick, then chairman of the council. While Keswick was only wounded, a near riot broke out.

Evacuation of British garrison
Britain evacuated its garrisons from mainland Chinese cities, particularly Shanghai, in August 1940.

Japanese occupy the International Settlement (1941)
Anglo-American influence effectively ended after 8 December 1941, when the Imperial Japanese Army entered and occupied the British and American controlled parts of the city in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The British and American troops, taken by surprise, surrendered without a shot, with the exception of the only British riverboat in Shanghai, HMS Peterel, which refused to surrender; six of the 18 British crew on board at the time were killed when the ship was sunk after the Japanese opened fire at almost point-blank range. The French troops did not move from the preserved French Concession, as the French Vichy government considered itself neutral.

European residents of the International Settlement were forced to wear armbands to differentiate them, were evicted from their homes, and—just like Chinese citizens—were liable to maltreatment. All were liable for punitive punishments, torture and even death during the period of Japanese occupation. The Japanese sent European and American citizens to be interned at the Lunghua Civilian Assembly Center, a work camp on what was then the outskirts of Shanghai. Survivors of Lunghua were released in August 1945.

Shanghai was notable for a long period as the only place in the world that unconditionally offered refuge for Jews escaping from the Nazis. These refugees often lived in squalid conditions in an area known as the Shanghai Ghetto in Hongkew. On 21 August 1941 the Japanese government closed Hongkew to Jewish immigration.

Return to Chinese rule
In February 1943, the International Settlement was de jure returned to the Chinese as part of the British–Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China and American–Chinese Treaty for Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China with the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek. However, because Shanghai was under Japanese control, this was unenforceable. In reply, in July 1943, the Japanese retroceded the SMC to the City Government of Shanghai, which was then in the hands of the pro-Japanese Wang Jingwei Government.

After the war and the liberation of the city from the Japanese, a Liquidation Commission fitfully met to discuss the remaining details of the handover. By the end of 1945, most Westerners not actively involved in the Chinese Civil War (such as intelligence agents, soldiers, journalists, etc.) or in Shanghai's remaining foreign businesses, had left the city. With the defeat of the Kuomintang in 1949, the city was occupied by Communist People's Liberation Army and came under the control of the mayor of Shanghai.

The foreign architecture of the International Settlement era can still be seen today along the Bund and in many locations around the city.

Legal system

The International Settlement did not have a unified legal system. The Municipal Council issued Land Regulations and regulations under this, that were binding on all people in the settlement. Other than this, citizens and subjects of powers that had treaties with China that provided for extraterritorial rights were subject to the laws of their own countries and civil and criminal complaints against them were required to be brought against them to their consular courts (courts overseen by consular officials) under the laws of their own countries.

The number of treaty powers had climbed to a high of 19 by 1918 but was down to 14 by the 1930s: the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, France, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Peru, Mexico, and Switzerland. Germany and Austria-Hungary lost their treaty rights after WWI, and Russia gave up her rights as a matter of political expediency. Belgium was declared by China to have lost her rights in 1927. Furthermore, the Chinese government adamantly refused to grant treaty power status to any of the new nations born in the wake of WWI, such as Austria and Hungary (formerly Austria-Hungary), Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, the Baltic states, or Finland.

Chinese citizens and citizens of non-treaty powers were subject to Chinese law. Inside the Settlement, cases against them would be brought to the Mixed Court, a court established in the Settlement in the 1864 which existed until 1926. In cases involving foreigners, a foreign assessor, usually a consular officer, would sit with the Chinese magistrate and in many cases acted like a judge. In 1927, a Provisional Court was established with a sole Chinese judge presiding. In 1930, Chinese Special Courts were established which had jurisdiction over all non-treaty power individuals and companies in the Settlement.

Two countries, Britain and the United States, established formal court systems in China to try cases. The British Supreme Court for China and Japan was established in 1865 and located in its own building in the British Consulate compound, and the United States Court for China was established in the US Consulate in 1906. Both courts were occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and effectively ceased to function from that date.

Currency

The currency situation in China was very complicated in the 19th century, as there was no unified monetary system. Different parts of China operated different systems, and the Spanish pieces of eight that had been coming from Mexico for a few hundred years on Manila galleons were current along the China coast. Until the 1840s, these silver dollar coins were Spanish coins minted mainly in Mexico City; but from the 1840s, these gave way to Mexican republican dollars.

In Shanghai, this complexity represented a microcosm of the complicated economy existing elsewhere along the China coast. The Chinese reckoned in weights of silver, which did not necessarily correspond to circulating coins. One important unit was a tael, a measurement of weight with several different definitions. These included customs taels (for foreign trade) and cotton taels (for cotton trade), among others. Shanghai had its own tael, which was very similar in weight to the customs tael and therefore popular for international business. China also had a mixture of coins, including Chinese copper cash coins and Mexican dollars. Paper money was first issued by European and North American colonial banks (one British colonial bank known as the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China at one time issued banknotes in Shanghai that were denominated in Mexican dollars).

Yen was used in the Japanese district of "Little Tokyo". European and North American currencies did not officially circulate in the International Settlement. Until the year 1873, however, US dollar coins would have reasonably corresponded in size, shape and value to Mexican dollars. Between 1873 and 1900, all silver standard dollars had depreciated to about 50% of the value of the gold standard dollars of the United States and Canada, leading to a rising economic depression.

The Chinese themselves officially adopted the dollar unit as their national currency in 1889, and the first Chinese dollar coins, known as yuan, contained an inscription which related their value to an already existing Chinese system of accounts. On the earliest Chinese dollar (yuan) coins it states the words 7 mace and 2 candareens. The mace and candareen were sub-divisions of the tael unit of weight. Banknotes tended to be issued in dollars, either worded as such or as yuan.

Despite the complications arising from a mixture of Chinese and Spanish coinages, there was one overwhelming unifying factor binding all the systems in use: silver. The Chinese reckoned purely in terms of silver, and value was always compared against a weight of silver (hence, the reason large prices were given in tael). It was the strict adherence of the Chinese to silver that caused China and even the British colonies of Hong Kong and Weihaiwei to remain on the silver standard after the rest of the world had changed over to the gold standard. When China began producing official Republican yuan coins in 1934, they were minted in Shanghai and shipped to Nanking for distribution.

Postal services

Shanghai had developed a postal service as early as the Ming dynasty, but during the treaty port era foreign postal services were organised through their respective consulates. For example, the United States Post Office Department maintained a United States Postal Agency at the Shanghai consulate through which Americans could use the US Post Office to send mail to and from the US mainland and US territories. Starting in 1919 the 16 current regular US stamps were overprinted for use in Shanghai with the city's name, "China", and amounts double their printed face values. In 1922 texts for two of the overprints were changed, thereby completing the Scott catalogue set of K1-18, "Offices in China".

The British originally used British postage stamps overprinted with the local currency amount, but from 1868, the British changed to Hong Kong postage stamps already denominated in dollars. However, in the special case of Shanghai, in the year 1865 the International Settlement began to issue its own postage stamps, denominated in the local Shanghai tael unit.

The Shanghai Post Office controlled all post within the Settlement, but post entering or leaving the treaty port was required to go through the Chinese Imperial Post Office. In 1922 the various foreign postal services, the Shanghai Post Office, and the Chinese Post Office were all brought together into a single Chinese Post Office, thus extending the 1914 membership of the Chinese Post Office to the Universal Postal Union to the Shanghai Post Office. Some other foreign countries refused to fall under this new postal service's remit, however; for many years, Japan notably sent almost all its mail to Shanghai in diplomatic bags, which could not be opened by postal staff.

The General Shanghai Post Office was first located on Beijing Road and moved to the location on Sichuan North Road of the General Post Office Building that is today the Shanghai Post Museum.

Music
International merchants brought with them amateur musical talent that manifested in the creation of the Shanghai Philharmonic Society in 1868. From here, the Shanghai Municipal Orchestra was officially formed in 1879.

In 1938, the Shanghai Municipal Orchestra faced disbandment as the ratepayers in the annual Municipal Council meeting considered reallocating budgets away from the orchestra, since it was "western and unnecessary." However, after much discussion, they decided to keep the orchestra, acknowledging that its educational value was much greater than the cost of keeping it up. The Shanghai Municipal Orchestra had the financial and verbal backing of many other larger countries, including Italy, who donated 50,000 lire to the orchestra, the France Council, who acted as a defending argument for the maintenance of the orchestra, and Japan, whose Viscount Konoye encouraged the Japanese people to support the orchestra and the culture that it brought to the East.

In addition to the string orchestra, opera and choral music were favored forms of entertainment. Often, the orchestra would accompany singers as a part of orchestra concerts, in addition to the symphonies and other pieces that they played, or just in choral or opera concerts.

List of chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council

 * 1) 🇺🇸 Edward Cunningham (25.5.1852 – 21.7.1853, as Chairman of the Committee on Roads and Jetties, the Municipal Council's predecessor)
 * 2) 🇺🇸 William Shepard Wetmore (21.7.1853 – 11.7.1854, as Chairman of the Committee on Roads and Jetties)
 * 3)  James Lawrence Man (11.7.1854 – 1855)
 * 4)  Christopher Augustus Fearon (1855)
 * 5) 🇺🇸 William Shepard Wetmore (3.1855 – 1855)
 * 6)  William Thorbun (1855–1856)
 * 7)  James Lawrence Man (1.1856 – 31.1.1857)
 * 8)  George Watson Coutts (31.1.1857 – 1.1858)
 * 9) 🇺🇸 John Thorne (1.1858 – 1.1859)
 * 10)  Robert Reid (31.1.1859 – 15.2.1860)
 * 11)  Rowland Hamilton (15.2.1860 – 2.2.1861)
 * 12)  William Howard (2.2.1861 – 31.3.1862)
 * 13)  Henry Turner (31.3.1862 – 4.4.1863)
 * 14)  Henry William Dent (4.4.1863 – 25.4.1865)
 * 15)  William Keswick (25.4.1865 – 18.4.1866)
 * 16)  F.B. Johnson (18.4.1866 – 3.1868)
 * 17) 🇺🇸 Edward Cunningham (3.1868 – 2.4.1870)
 * 18) 🇺🇸 George Basil Dixwell (2.4.1870 – 4.4.1871)
 * 19)  John Dent (4.4.1871 – 1.1873)
 * 20) 🇺🇸 Robert Inglis Fearon (1.1873 – 16.4.1874)
 * 21) 🇺🇸 John Graeme Purdon (16.4.1874 – 1876)
 * 22)  Alfred Adolphus Krauss (1876 – 1.1877)
 * 23) 🇺🇸 J. Hart (1.1877 – 16.1.1879)
 * 24)  Robert "Bob" W. Little (16.1.1879 – 30.1.1882)
 * 25)  H.R. Hearn (30.1.1882 – 1882)
 * 26)  Walter Cyril Ward (1882–1883)
 * 27)  Alexander Myburgh (1883 – 22.1.1884)
 * 28)  James Johnstone Keswick (22.1.1884 – 22.1.1886)
 * 29)  A.G. Wood (22.1.1886 – 1889)
 * 30)  John Macgregor (1889 – 5.1891)
 * 31) 🇺🇸 John Graeme Purdon (5.1891 – 1.1893)
 * 32)  John Macgregor (1.1893 – 7.11.1893)
 * 33)  James Lidderdale Scott (11.1893 – 26.1.1897)
 * 34)  Edward Albert Probst (26.1.1897 – 21.4.1897)
 * 35)  Albert Robson Burkill (12.5.1897 – 1.1898)
 * 36)  🇺🇸 James S. Fearon (1.1898 – 8.1899)
 * 37) * Joseph Welch, acting (3.8.1898 – 30.11.1898)
 * 38)  Frederick Anderson (8.1899 – 1.1900)
 * 39)  Edbert Ansgar Hewett (8.1900 – 25.1.1901)
 * 40)  John Prentice (26.1.1901 – 25.1.1902)
 * 41)  William George Bayne (25.1.1902 – 1904)
 * 42)  Frederick Anderson (1904 – 25.1.1906)
 * 43)  Cecil Holliday (25.1.1906 – 24.8.1906)
 * 44)  Henry Keswick (24.8.1906 – 5.1907)
 * 45)  David Landale (5.1907 – 17.1.1911)
 * 46) 🇺🇸 Harry De Gray (17.1.1911 – 24.1.1913)
 * 47)  Edward Charles Pearce (24.1.1913 – 17.2.1920)
 * 48)  Alfred Brooke-Smith (17.2.1920 – 17.3.1922)
 * 49)  H.G. Simms (17.3.1922 – 12.10.1923)
 * 50) 🇺🇸 Stirling Fessenden (12.10.1923 – 5.3.1929)
 * 51)  Harry Edward Arnhold (5.3.1929 – 1930)
 * 52)  Ernest Brander Macnaghten (1930 – 22.3.1932)
 * 53)  A.D. Bell (22.3.1932 – 27.3.1934)
 * 54)  Harry Edward Arnhold (27.3.1934 – 4.1937)
 * 55) 🇺🇸 Cornell Franklin (4.1937 – 4.1940)
 * 56)  William Johnstone "Tony" Keswick (4.1940 – 1.5.1941)
 * 57)  John Hellyer Liddell (1.5.1941 – 5.1.1942)
 * 58) 🇯🇵 Katsuo Okazaki (5.1.1942 – 1.8.1943)

Born in the International Settlement

 * J. G. Ballard, British writer. His acclaimed novel Empire of the Sun is set in the International Settlement and other parts of Shanghai.
 * Mary Hayley Bell, British actress
 * Pat Carney, Canadian politician
 * Eileen Chang, Chinese-American writer
 * Eunice Crowther, British dancer and choreographer
 * Edmond H. Fischer, Swiss-American Nobel Prize–winning biochemist
 * Hu Hesheng, Chinese mathematician
 * Thierry Jordan, French clergyman and former Archbishop of Reims
 * China Machado, Portuguese-Macanese model, Harpers Bazaar editor, TV producer and designer
 * Qian Xuesen, Chinese aerospace engineer and father of China's missile and space program
 * Jane Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch, British duchess and fashion model

Residents of the International Settlement

 * J. Howard Crocker, Canadian educator and sports executive with the YMCA, and commissioned officer in the Shanghai Volunteer Corps

Relation with the French Concession
The French Concession was governed by a separate municipal council, under the direction of the consul general. The French Concession was not part of the International Settlement, but had economic interests in it as evidenced by the presence of the French flag on the seal and the flag of the Municipal Council.

title: Shanghai International Settlement


text:
List of storms named Gilma

The name Gilma has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Hurricane Gilma (1978) – a Category 3 hurricane.
 * Hurricane Gilma (1982) – a Category 3 hurricane, which passed south of Hawaii.
 * Tropical Storm Gilma (1988) – a tropical storm, which made landfall on Hawaii as a tropical depression.
 * Hurricane Gilma (1994) – a Category 5 hurricane; strongest of its season.
 * Hurricane Gilma (2000) – a Category 1 hurricane, that did not affect land.
 * Tropical Storm Gilma (2006) – a weak tropical storm.
 * Hurricane Gilma (2012) – a Category 1 hurricane that never affected land.
 * Tropical Storm Gilma (2018) – a weak and short-lived tropical storm.

title: List of storms named Gilma


text:
StarToons

StarToons International, LLC. was an animation studio located in the Chicago, Illinois area. It was founded by Jon McClenahan, an animator who had previously worked for other studios like Hanna-Barbera. The initial founding of StarToons was in October 1988 and for the most part it provided animation exclusively for Warner Bros. shows, but it also created the character Dudley the Dinosaur for the American Dental Association. * Its animators also worked on the 2000 Looney Tunes short Little Go Beep featuring Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner. StarToons shut down in 2001.

The studio provided animation for the following cartoons:
 * Tiny Toon Adventures (1990–1992) - 3 half-hour episodes: Henry Youngman Day, Thirteensomething and It's a Wonderful Tiny Toons Christmas Special.
 * Taz-Mania (1991–1992) - The opening and 2 half-hour episodes: Instant Replay/Taz and the Pterodactyl and Hypnotazed/Mum's n' Taz's.
 * McGee and Me (1992) - The animated sequences.
 * Animaniacs (1993–1998) - 28 segments: Wakko's America, What Are We?, Be Careful What You Eat, Slappy Goes Walnuts, The Big Candy Store, Plane Pals, Meatballs or Consequences, Broadcast Nuisance, Guardin' the Garden, Bumbie's Mom, Wally Llama, Chairman of the Bored, Meet Minerva, And Justice for Slappy, Meet John Brain, Critical Condition, Frontier Slappy, MacBeth, Windsor Hassle, Scare-Happy Slappy, Ragamuffins, Karaoke-Dokie, Testimonials, Dot The Macadamia Nut, Bully for Skippy, Magic Time, The Brain's Apprentice and There's Only One of You. Also, numerous bumpers.
 * Secret Adventures (1994) - The animated sequences.
 * What a Cartoon! (1995) - 1 short: Drip Dry Drips.
 * Histeria! (1998–2000) - 4 half-hour episodes: The Wild West, Around the World In a Daze, Writers of the Purple Prose and Dawn of Time.

title: StarToons


text: Category:Danish designers

title: Category:Danish designers


text:
Gillian McCutcheon

Gillian McCutcheon (born April 1939) is a British-based actress who has appeared in many programmes over the years. She has played three parts in the ITV Soap opera The Bill, alone. Her first role was The Avengers, in 1961. She also played the unseen therapist in the 1990s series This Life. Other credits include The Brothers, Dixon of Dock Green, Blake's 7, Thriller, A Horseman Riding By, Emmerdale, London's Burning and Holby City.

She is a senior member of London Arts Discovery.

Personal life
For a number of years she was in a relationship with the actor Roger Brierley and they had one son, Oliver Brierley, together. The couple split up in 1996.

title: Gillian McCutcheon


text:
List of storms named Greg

The name Greg has been used for eleven tropical cyclones worldwide: eight in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, two in the Australian region, and one in the Western Pacific.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Hurricane Greg (1981) – churned in the open ocean
 * Hurricane Greg (1987) – paralleled the Mexican coast while remaining far offshore
 * Hurricane Greg (1993) – formed from the remnants of Atlantic Tropical Storm Bret
 * Hurricane Greg (1999) – made landfall in Baja California Sur
 * Tropical Storm Greg (2005) – short-lived storm that remained well offshore
 * Hurricane Greg (2011) – stayed out to sea
 * Tropical Storm Greg (2017) – churned in the open ocean
 * Tropical Storm Greg (2023) – formed before crossing into the Central Pacific

In the Australian region:
 * Cyclone Greg (1990) – developed in the Gulf of Carpentaria
 * Cyclone Greg (2017) (30U) – developed north-east of the Cocos Islands

In the Western Pacific:
 * Tropical Depression Greg (1996) (43W) – made landfall on northern Borneo in the Malaysian state of Sabah, causing over $280 million in damage (1996 USD) and 238 deaths

title: List of storms named Greg


text:
John Metcalfe (composer)

John Metcalfe (born 6 August 1964 ) is a British-based composer, arranger and violist, member of the Duke Quartet and a former member of the band The Durutti Column.

Biography
Metcalfe was born in New Zealand and moved to the United Kingdom as a child. Metcalfe studied viola at the Royal Northern College of Music and later at the Hochschule in Berlin. During this period he joined Vini Reilly in The Durutti Column.

Metcalfe's unique style is a result of his extensive experience in classical, pop and electronica. As violist with the Duke Quartet he released many CDs and toured worldwide. Metcalfe's string arrangements played by the Dukes feature on many albums by pop artists including Morrissey, Simple Minds, The Pretenders, Coldplay and Blur.

Metcalfe was instrumental in the formation of the record label Factory Classical, an offshoot of Tony Wilson's Factory Records. He released an album of his own, The Inner Line, to positive reviews. In 2004, another album, Scorching Bay, was released, followed by A Darker Sunset in 2008. The Appearance of Colour was released in April 2013 as part of Bowers and Wilkins Society of Sound subscription series.

Commissions include a set of pieces for the guitarist Tom Kerstens and an album of electronic/acoustic music for 'cellist Matthew Barley. His music has also been used by various contemporary dance companies.

He also collaborated with Peter Gabriel, writing arrangements for his "song-swap" album, Scratch My Back, and for the tour following it. For New Blood (2011), which he co-produced with Gabriel, he arranged and orchestrated versions of Gabriel's songs. He and Gabriel continued collaborating on Gabriel's album i/o, released on 1 December 2023.

In 2015, Metcalfe released a solo album titled Kites and Echos on Bowers & Wilkins Society of Sound and The Appearance of Colour on Real World Records.

Solo albums

 * The Inner Line (2004)
 * Scorching Bay (2004)
 * A Darker Sunset (2008)
 * The Appearance of Colour (2013)
 * Kites and Echoes / The Appearance of Colour (2015)
 * Absence (2018)
 * Tree (2023)

title: John Metcalfe (composer)