text:
Genealogical DNA test

A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based genetic test used in genetic genealogy that looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to find or verify ancestral genealogical relationships, or (with lower reliability) to estimate the ethnic mixture of an individual. Since different testing companies use different ethnic reference groups and different matching algorithms, ethnicity estimates for an individual vary between tests, sometimes dramatically.

Three principal types of genealogical DNA tests are available, with each looking at a different part of the genome and being useful for different types of genealogical research: autosomal (atDNA), mitochondrial (mtDNA), and Y-chromosome (Y-DNA).

Autosomal tests may result in a large number of DNA matches to both males and females who have also tested with the same company. Each match will typically show an estimated degree of relatedness, i.e., a close family match, 1st-2nd cousins, 3rd-4th cousins, etc. The furthest degree of relationship is usually the "6th-cousin or further" level. However, due to the random nature of which, and how much, DNA is inherited by each tested person from their common ancestors, precise relationship conclusions can only be made for close relations. Traditional genealogical research, and the sharing of family trees, is typically required for interpretation of the results. Autosomal tests are also used in estimating ethnic mix.

MtDNA and Y-DNA tests are much more objective. However, they give considerably fewer DNA matches, if any (depending on the company doing the testing), since they are limited to relationships along a strict female line and a strict male line respectively. MtDNA and Y-DNA tests are utilized to identify archeological cultures and migration paths of a person's ancestors along a strict mother's line or a strict father's line. Based on MtDNA and Y-DNA, a person's haplogroup(s) can be identified. The mtDNA test can be taken by both males and females, because everyone inherits their mtDNA from their mother, as the mitochondrial DNA is located in the egg cell. However, a Y-DNA test can only be taken by a male, as only males have a Y-chromosome.

Procedure

A genealogical DNA test is performed on a DNA sample obtained by cheek-scraping (also known as a buccal swab), spit-cups, mouthwash, or chewing gum. Typically, the sample collection uses a home test kit supplied by a service provider such as 23andMe, AncestryDNA, Family Tree DNA, or MyHeritage. After following the kit instructions on how to collect the sample, it is returned to the supplier for analysis. The sample is then processed using a technology known as DNA microarray to obtain the genetic information.

Types of tests
There are three major types of genealogical DNA tests: Autosomal (which includes X-DNA), Y-DNA, and mtDNA.
 * Autosomal DNA tests look at chromosome pairs 1–22 and the X part of the 23rd chromosome. The autosomes (chromosome pairs 1–22) are inherited from both parents and all recent ancestors. The X-chromosome follows a special inheritance pattern, because females (XX) inherit an X-chromosome from each of their parents, while males (XY) inherit an X-chromosome from their mother and a Y-chromosome from their father (XY). Ethnicity estimates are often included with this sort of testing.
 * Y-DNA looks at the Y-chromosome, which is passed down from father to son. Thus, the Y-DNA test can only be taken by males to explore their direct paternal line.
 * mtDNA looks at the mitochondria, which is passed down from mother to child. Thus, the mtDNA test can be taken by both males and females, and it explores one's direct maternal line.

Y-DNA and mtDNA cannot be used for ethnicity estimates, but can be used to find one's haplogroup, which is unevenly distributed geographically. Direct-to-consumer DNA test companies have often labeled haplogroups by continent or ethnicity (e.g., an "African haplogroup" or a "Viking haplogroup"), but these labels may be speculative or misleading.

Testing
Autosomal DNA is contained in the 22 pairs of chromosomes not involved in determining a person's sex. Autosomal DNA recombines in each generation, and new offspring receive one set of chromosomes from each parent. These are inherited exactly equally from both parents and roughly equally from grandparents to about 3x great-grandparents. Therefore, the number of markers (one of two or more known variants in the genome at a particular location – known as Single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs) inherited from a specific ancestor decreases by about half with each successive generation; that is, an individual receives half of their markers from each parent, about a quarter of those markers from each grandparent; about an eighth of those markers from each great-grandparent, etc. Inheritance is more random and unequal from more distant ancestors. Generally, a genealogical DNA test might test about 700,000 SNPs (specific points in the genome).

Reporting process
The preparation of a report on the DNA in the sample proceeds in multiple stages:
 * identification of the DNA base pair at specific SNP locations
 * comparison with previously stored results
 * interpretation of matches

Base pair identification
All major service providers use equipment with chips supplied by Illumina. The chip determines which SNP locations are tested. Different versions of the chip are used by different service providers. In addition, updated versions of the Illumina chip may test different sets of SNP locations. The list of SNP locations and base pairs at that location is usually available to the customer as "raw data". The raw data can be uploaded to some other genealogical service providers to produce an additional interpretation and matches. For additional genealogical analysis the data can also be uploaded to GEDmatch (a third-party web based set of tools that analyzes raw data from the main service providers). Raw data can also be uploaded to services that provide health risk and trait reports using SNP genotypes. These reports may be free or inexpensive, in contrast to reports provided by DTC testing companies, who charge about double the cost of their genealogy-only services. The implications of individual SNP results can be ascertained from raw data results by referring to SNPedia.com.

Identification of Matches
The major component of an autosomal DNA test is matching other individuals. Where the individual being tested has a number of consecutive SNPs in common with a previously tested individual in the company's database, it can be inferred that they share a segment of DNA at that part of their genomes. If the segment is longer than a threshold amount set by the testing company, then these two individuals are considered to be a match. Unlike the identification of base pairs, the data bases against which the new sample is tested, and the algorithms used to determine a match, are proprietary and specific to each company.

The unit for segments of DNA is the centimorgan (cM). For comparison, a full human genome is about 6500 cM. The shorter the length of a match, the greater are the chances that a match is spurious. An important statistic for subsequent interpretation is the length of the shared DNA (or the percentage of the genome that is shared).

Interpretation of Autosomal matches
Most companies will show the customers how many cMs they share and across how many segments. From the number of cMs and segments, the relationship between the two individuals can be estimated; however, due to the random nature of DNA inheritance, relationship estimates, especially for distant relatives, are only approximate. Some more distant cousins will not match at all. Although information about specific SNPs can be used for some purposes (e.g., suggesting likely eye color), the key information is the percentage of DNA shared by two individuals. This can indicate the closeness of the relationship. However, it does not show the roles of the two individuals, e.g., 50% shared suggests a parent/child relationship, but it does not identify which individual is the parent.

Various advanced techniques and analyses can be done on this data. This includes features such as In-common/Shared Matches, Chromosome Browsers, and Triangulation. This analysis is often required if DNA evidence is being used to prove or disprove a specific relationship.

X-chromosome DNA testing
The X-chromosome SNP results are often included in autosomal DNA tests. Both males and females receive an X-chromosome from their mother, but only females receive a second X-chromosome from their father. The X-chromosome has a special path of inheritance patterns and can be useful in significantly narrowing down possible ancestor lines compared to autosomal DNA. For example, an X-chromosome match with a male can only have come from his maternal side. Like autosomal DNA, X-chromosome DNA undergoes random recombination at each generation (except for father-to-daughter X-chromosomes, which are passed down unchanged). There are specialized inheritance charts which describe the possible patterns of X-chromosome DNA inheritance for males and females.

STRs
Some genealogical companies offer autosomal STRs (short tandem repeats). These are similar to Y-DNA STRs. The number of STRs offered is limited, and results have been used for personal identification, paternity cases, and inter-population studies.

Law enforcement agencies in the US and Europe use autosomal STR data to identify criminals.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing
The mitochondrion is a component of a human cell, and contains its own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA usually has 16,569 base pairs (the number can vary slightly depending on addition or deletion mutations) and is much smaller than the human genome DNA which has 3.2 billion base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is transmitted from mother to child, as it is contained in the egg cell. Thus, a direct maternal ancestor can be traced using mtDNA. The transmission occurs with relatively rare mutations compared to autosomal DNA. A perfect match found to another person's mtDNA test results indicates shared ancestry of possibly between 1 and 50 generations ago. More distant matching to a specific haplogroup or subclade may be linked to a common geographic origin.

Test
The mtDNA, by current conventions, is divided into three regions. They are the coding region (00577-16023) and two Hyper Variable Regions (HVR1 [16024-16569], and HVR2 [00001-00576]).

The two most common mtDNA tests are a sequence of HVR1 and HVR2 and a full sequence of the mitochondria. Generally, testing only the HVRs has limited genealogical use so it is increasingly popular and accessible to have a full sequence. The full mtDNA sequence is only offered by Family Tree DNA among the major testing companies and is somewhat controversial because the coding region DNA may reveal medical information about the test-taker

Haplogroups
All humans descend in the direct female line from Mitochondrial Eve, a female who lived probably around 150,000 years ago in Africa. Different branches of her descendants are different haplogroups. Most mtDNA results include a prediction or exact assertion of one's mtDNA Haplogroup. Mitochrondial haplogroups were greatly popularized by the book The Seven Daughters of Eve, which explores mitochondrial DNA.

Understanding mtDNA test results
It is not normal for test results to give a base-by-base list of results. Instead, results are normally compared to the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS), which is the mitochondria of a European who was the first person to have their mtDNA published in 1981 (and revised in 1999). Differences between the CRS and testers are usually very few, thus it is more convenient than listing one's raw results for each base pair.

Note that in HVR1, instead of reporting the base pair exactly, for example 16,111, the 16 is often removed to give in this example 111. The letters refer to one of the four bases (A, T, G, C) that make up DNA.
 * Examples:

Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) testing
The Y-chromosome is one of the 23rd pair of human chromosomes. Only males have a Y-chromosome, because women have two X chromosomes in their 23rd pair. A man's patrilineal ancestry, or male-line ancestry, can be traced using the DNA on his Y-chromosome (Y-DNA), because the Y-chromosome is transmitted from a father to son nearly unchanged. A man's test results are compared to another man's results to determine the time frame in which the two individuals shared a most recent common ancestor, or MRCA, in their direct patrilineal lines. If their test results are very close, they are related within a genealogically useful time frame. A surname project is where many individuals whose Y-chromosomes match collaborate to find their common ancestry.

Women who wish to determine their direct paternal DNA ancestry can ask their father, brother, paternal uncle, paternal grandfather, or a paternal uncle's son (their cousin) to take a test for them.

There are two types of DNA testing: STRs and SNPs.

STR markers
Most common is STRs (short tandem repeat). A certain section of DNA is examined for a pattern that repeats (e.g. ATCG). The number of times it repeats is the value of the marker. Typical tests test between 12 and 111 STR markers. STRs mutate fairly frequently. The results of two individuals are then compared to see if there is a match. DNA companies will usually provide an estimate of how closely related two people are, in terms of generations or years, based on the difference between their results.

SNP markers and Haplogroups
A person's haplogroup can often be inferred from their STR results, but can be proven only with a Y-chromosome SNP test (Y-SNP test).

A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is a change to a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence. Typical Y-DNA SNP tests test about 20,000 to 35,000 SNPs. Getting a SNP test allows a much higher resolution than STRs. It can be used to provide additional information about the relationship between two individuals and to confirm haplogroups.

All human men descend in the paternal line from a single man dubbed Y-chromosomal Adam, who lived probably between 200,000 and 300,000 years ago. A 'family tree' can be drawn showing how men today descend from him. Different branches of this tree are different haplogroups. Most haplogroups can be further subdivided multiple times into sub-clades. Some known sub-clades were founded in the last 1000 years, meaning their timeframe approaches the genealogical era (c.1500 onwards).

New sub-clades of haplogroups may be discovered when an individual tests, especially if they are non-European. Most significant of these new discoveries was in 2013 when the haplogroup A00 was discovered, which required theories about Y-chromosomal Adam to be significantly revised. The haplogroup was discovered when an African-American man tested STRs at FamilyTreeDNA and his results were found to be unusual. SNP testing confirmed that he does not descend patrilineally from the "old" Y-chromosomal Adam and so a much older man became Y-Chromosomal Adam.

Ethnicity estimates
Many companies offer a percentage breakdown by ethnicity or region. Generally the world is specified into about 20–25 regions, and the approximate percentage of DNA inherited from each is stated. This is usually done by comparing the frequency of each Autosomal DNA marker tested to many population groups. The reliability of this type of test is dependent on comparative population size, the number of markers tested, the ancestry informative value of the SNPs tested, and the degree of admixture in the person tested. Earlier ethnicity estimates were often wildly inaccurate, but as companies receive more samples over time, ethnicity estimates have become more accurate. Testing companies such as Ancestry.com will often regularly update their ethnicity estimates, which has caused some controversy from customers as their results update. Usually the results at the continental level are accurate, but more specific assertions of the test may turn out to be incorrect.

Audience
The interest in genealogical DNA tests has been linked to both an increase in curiosity about traditional genealogy and to more general personal origins. Those who test for traditional genealogy often utilize a combination of autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-Chromosome tests. Those with an interest in personal ethnic origins are more likely to use an autosomal test. However, answering specific questions about the ethnic origins of a particular lineage may be best suited to an mtDNA test or a Y-DNA test.

Maternal origin tests
For recent genealogy, exact matching on the mtDNA full sequence is used to confirm a common ancestor on the direct maternal line between two suspected relatives. Because mtDNA mutations are very rare, a nearly perfect match is not usually considered relevant to the most recent 1 to 16 generations. In cultures lacking matrilineal surnames to pass down, neither relative above is likely to have as many generations of ancestors in their matrilineal information table as in the above patrilineal or Y-DNA case: for further information on this difficulty in traditional genealogy, due to lack of matrilineal surnames (or matrinames), see Matriname. However, the foundation of testing is still two suspected descendants of one person. This hypothesize and test DNA pattern is the same one used for autosomal DNA and Y-DNA.

Tests for ethnicity and membership of other groups
As discussed above, autosomal tests usually report the ethnic proportions of the individual. These attempt to measure an individual's mixed geographic heritage by identifying particular markers, called ancestry informative markers or AIM, that are associated with populations of specific geographical areas. Geneticist Adam Rutherford has written that these tests "don’t necessarily show your geographical origins in the past. They show with whom you have common ancestry today."

The haplogroups determined by Y-DNA and mtDNA tests are often unevenly geographically distributed. Many direct-to-consumer DNA tests described this association to infer the test-taker's ancestral homeland. Most tests describe haplogroups according to their most frequently associated continent (e.g., a "European haplogroup"). When Leslie Emery and collaborators performed a trial of mtDNA haplogroups as a predictor of continental origin on individuals in the Human Genetic Diversity Panel (HGDP) and 1000 Genomes (1KGP) datasets, they found that only 14 of 23 haplogroups had a success rate above 50% among the HGDP samples, as did "about half" of the haplogroups in the 1KGP. The authors concluded that, for most people, "mtDNA-haplogroup membership provides limited information about either continental ancestry or continental region of origin."

African ancestry
Y-DNA and mtDNA testing may be able to determine with which peoples in present-day Africa a person shares a direct line of part of his or her ancestry, but patterns of historic migration and historical events cloud the tracing of ancestral groups. Due to joint long histories in the US, approximately 30% of African American males have a European Y-Chromosome haplogroup Approximately 58% of African Americans have at least the equivalent of one great-grandparent (13%) of European ancestry. Only about 5% have the equivalent of one great-grandparent of Native American ancestry. By the early 19th century, substantial families of Free Persons of Color had been established in the Chesapeake Bay area who were descended from free people during the colonial period; most of those have been documented as descended from white men and African women (servant, slave or free). Over time various groups married more within mixed-race, black or white communities.

According to authorities like Salas, nearly three-quarters of the ancestors of African Americans taken in slavery came from regions of West Africa. The African-American movement to discover and identify with ancestral tribes has burgeoned since DNA testing became available. African Americans usually cannot easily trace their ancestry during the years of slavery through surname research, census and property records, and other traditional means. Genealogical DNA testing may provide a tie to regional African heritage.

United States – Melungeon testing
Melungeons are one of numerous multiracial groups in the United States with origins wrapped in myth. The historical research of Paul Heinegg has documented that many of the Melungeon groups in the Upper South were descended from mixed-race people who were free in colonial Virginia and the result of unions between the Europeans and Africans. They moved to the frontiers of Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee to gain some freedom from the racial barriers of the plantation areas. Several efforts, including a number of ongoing studies, have examined the genetic makeup of families historically identified as Melungeon. Most results point primarily to a mixture of European and African, which is supported by historical documentation. Some may have Native American heritage as well. Though some companies provide additional Melungeon research materials with Y-DNA and mtDNA tests, any test will allow comparisons with the results of current and past Melungeon DNA studies.

Native American ancestry
The pre-columbian indigenous people of the United States are called "Native Americans" in American English. Autosomal testing, Y-DNA, and mtDNA testing can be conducted to determine the ancestry of Native Americans. A mitochondrial Haplogroup determination test based on mutations in Hypervariable Region 1 and 2 may establish whether a person's direct female line belongs to one of the canonical Native American Haplogroups, A, B, C, D or X. The vast majority of Native American individuals belong to one of the five identified mtDNA Haplogroups. Thus, being in one of those groups provides evidence of potential Native American descent. However, DNA ethnicity results cannot be used as a substitute for legal documentation. Native American tribes have their own requirements for membership, often based on at least one of a person's ancestors having been included on tribal-specific Native American censuses (or final rolls) prepared during treaty-making, relocation to reservations or apportionment of land in the late 19th century and early 20th century. One example is the Dawes Rolls.

Cohanim ancestry
The Cohanim (or Kohanim) is a patrilineal priestly line of descent in Judaism. According to the Bible, the ancestor of the Cohanim is Aaron, brother of Moses. Many believe that descent from Aaron is verifiable with a Y-DNA test: the first published study in genealogical Y-Chromosome DNA testing found that a significant percentage of Cohens had distinctively similar DNA, rather more so than general Jewish or Middle Eastern populations. These Cohens tended to belong to Haplogroup J, with Y-STR values clustered unusually closely around a haplotype known as the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH). This could be consistent with a shared common ancestor, or with the hereditary priesthood having originally been founded from members of a single closely related clan.

Nevertheless, the original studies tested only six Y-STR markers, which is considered a low-resolution test. In response to the low resolution of the original 6-marker CMH, the testing company FTDNA released a 12-marker CMH signature that was more specific to the large closely related group of Cohens in Haplogroup J1.

A further academic study published in 2009 examined more STR markers and identified a more sharply defined SNP haplogroup, J1e* (now J1c3, also called J-P58*) for the J1 lineage. The research found "that 46.1% of Kohanim carry Y chromosomes belonging to a single paternal lineage (J-P58*) that likely originated in the Near East well before the dispersal of Jewish groups in the Diaspora. Support for a Near Eastern origin of this lineage comes from its high frequency in our sample of Bedouins, Yemenis (67%), and Jordanians (55%) and its precipitous drop in frequency as one moves away from Saudi Arabia and the Near East (Fig. 4). Moreover, there is a striking contrast between the relatively high frequency of J-58* in Jewish populations (»20%) and Kohanim (»46%) and its vanishingly low frequency in our sample of non-Jewish populations that hosted Jewish diaspora communities outside of the Near East."

Recent phylogenetic research for haplogroup J-M267 placed the "Y-chromosomal Aaron" in a subhaplogroup of J-L862, L147.1 (age estimate 5631-6778yBP yBP): YSC235>PF4847/CTS11741>YSC234>ZS241>ZS227>Z18271 (age estimate 2731yBP).

Benefits
Genealogical DNA tests have become popular due to the ease of testing at home and their usefulness in supplementing genealogical research. Genealogical DNA tests allow for an individual to determine with high accuracy whether he or she is related to another person within a certain time frame, or with certainty that he or she is not related. DNA tests are perceived as more scientific, conclusive and expeditious than searching the civil records. However, they are limited by restrictions on lines that may be studied. The civil records are always only as accurate as the individuals having provided or written the information.

Y-DNA testing results are normally stated as probabilities: For example, with the same surname a perfect 37/37 marker test match gives a 95% likelihood of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) being within 8 generations, while a 111 of 111 marker match gives the same 95% likelihood of the MRCA being within only 5 generations back.

As presented above in mtDNA testing, if a perfect match is found, the mtDNA test results can be helpful. In some cases, research according to traditional genealogy methods encounters difficulties due to the lack of regularly recorded matrilineal surname information in many cultures (see Matrilineal surname).

Autosomal DNA combined with genealogical research has been used by adoptees to find their biological parents, has been used to find the name and family of unidentified bodies and by law enforcement agencies to apprehend criminals  (for example, the Contra Costa County District Attorney's office used the "open-source" genetic genealogy site GEDmatch to find relatives of the suspect in the Golden State Killer case.  ). The Atlantic magazine commented in 2018 that "Now, the floodgates are open. ..a small, volunteer-run website, GEDmatch.com, has become ... the de facto DNA and genealogy database for all of law enforcement." Family Tree DNA announced in February 2019 it was allowing the FBI to access its DNA data for cases of murder and rape. However, in May 2019 GEDmatch initiated stricter rules for accessing their autosomal DNA database and Family Tree DNA shut down their Y-DNA database ysearch.org, making it more difficult for law enforcement agencies to solve cases.

Drawbacks
Common concerns about genealogical DNA testing are cost and privacy issues. Some testing companies, such as 23andMe and Ancestry, retain samples and results for their own use without a privacy agreement with subjects.

Autosomal DNA tests can identify relationships but they can be misinterpreted. For example, transplants of stem cell or bone marrow will produce matches with the donor. In addition, identical twins (who have identical DNA) can give unexpected results.

Testing of the Y-DNA lineage from father to son may reveal complications, due to unusual mutations, secret adoptions, and non-paternity events (i.e., that the perceived father in a generation is not the father indicated by written birth records). According to the Ancestry and Ancestry Testing Task Force of the American Society of Human Genetics, autosomal tests cannot detect "large portions" of DNA from distant ancestors because it has not been inherited.

With the increasing popularity of the use of DNA tests for ethnicity tests, uncertainties and errors in ethnicity estimates are a drawback for Genetic genealogy. While ethnicity estimates at the continental level should be accurate (with the possible exception of East Asia and the Americas), sub-continental estimates, especially in Europe, are often inaccurate. Customers may be misinformed about the uncertainties and errors of the estimates.

Some have recommended government or other regulation of ancestry testing to ensure its performance to an agreed standard.

A number of law enforcement agencies took legal action to compel genetic genealogy companies to release genetic information that could match cold case crime victims or perpetrators. A number of companies fought the requests.

Common misunderstandings of genetics
The popular consciousness of DNA testing and of DNA generally is subject to a number of misconceptions involving the reliability of testing, the nature of the connections with one's ancestors, the connection between DNA and personal traits, etc.

Medical information
Though genealogical DNA tests are not designed mainly for medical purposes, autosomal DNA tests can be used to analyze the probability of hundreds of heritable medical conditions, albeit the result is complex to understand and may confuse a non-expert. 23andMe provides medical and trait information from their genealogical DNA test and for a fee the Promethease web site analyses genealogical DNA test data from Family Tree DNA, 23andMe, or AncestryDNA for medical information. Promethease, and its research paper crawling database SNPedia, has received criticism for technical complexity and a poorly defined "magnitude" scale that causes misconceptions, confusion and panic among its users.

The testing of full MtDNA and YDNA sequences is still somewhat controversial as it may reveal even more medical information. For example, a correlation exists between a lack of Y-DNA marker DYS464 and infertility, and between mtDNA haplogroup H and protection from sepsis. Certain haplogroups have been linked to longevity in some population groups. The field of linkage disequilibrium, unequal association of genetic disorders with a certain mitochondrial lineage, is in its infancy, but those mitochondrial mutations that have been linked are searchable in the genome database Mitomap. Family Tree DNA's MtFull Sequence test analyses the full MtDNA genome and the National Human Genome Research Institute operates the Genetic And Rare Disease Information Center that can assist consumers in identifying an appropriate screening test and help locate a nearby medical center that offers such a test.

DNA testing for consumers
The first company to provide direct-to-consumer genealogical DNA tests was the now defunct GeneTree. However, it did not offer multi-generational genealogy tests. In fall 2001, GeneTree sold its assets to Salt Lake City-based Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF) which originated in 1999. While in operation, SMGF provided free Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA tests to thousands. Later, GeneTree returned to genetic testing for genealogy in conjunction with the Sorenson parent company and eventually was part of the assets acquired in the Ancestry.com buyout of SMGF in 2012.

In 2000, Family Tree DNA, founded by Bennett Greenspan and Max Blankfeld, was the first company dedicated to direct-to-consumer testing for genealogy research. They initially offered eleven-marker Y-Chromosome STR tests and HVR1 mitochondrial DNA tests. They originally tested in partnership with the University of Arizona.

In 2007, 23andMe was the first company to offer a saliva-based direct-to-consumer genetic testing. It was also the first to implement the use of autosomal DNA for ancestry testing, which other major companies (e.g., Ancestry, Family Tree DNA, and MyHeritage) now use.

MyHeritage launched its genetic testing service in 2016, allowing users to use cheek swabs to collect samples. In 2019, new analysis tools were presented: autoclusters (grouping all matches visually into clusters) and family tree theories (suggesting conceivable relations between DNA matches by combining several Myheritage trees as well as the Geni global family tree).

Living DNA, founded in 2015, also provides a genetic testing service. Living DNA uses SNP chips to provide reports on autosomal ancestry, Y, and mtDNA ancestry. Living DNA provides detailed reports on ancestry from the UK as well as detailed Y chromosome and mtDNA reports.

In 2019 it was estimated that large genealogical testing companies had about 26 million DNA profiles. Many transferred their test result for free to multiple testing sites, and also to genealogical services such as Geni.com and GEDmatch. GEDmatch said in 2018 that about half of their one million profiles were from the USA.

DNA in genealogy software
Some genealogy software programs – such as Family Tree Maker, Legacy Family Tree (Deluxe Edition) and the Swedish program Genney – allow recording DNA marker test results. This allows for tracking of both Y-chromosome and mtDNA tests, and recording results for relatives.

title: Genealogical DNA test


text:
User talk:MadDreamChant

=If you wish to tell me how great I am, you may do so here.= It seems very few people want to tell me how great I am.

Welcome!
Hello, MadDreamChant, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:37, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot
SuggestBot predicts that you will enjoy editing some of these articles. Have fun!

SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please tell me on SuggestBot's talk page. Thanks from ForteTuba, SuggestBot's caretaker.

P.S. You received these suggestions because your name was listed on the SuggestBot request page. If this was in error, sorry about the confusion. -- SuggestBot 05:51, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Giz widescreen 4.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Giz widescreen 4.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. This is an automated message from BJBot 20:52, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:GTTV with Geoff Keighley logo.jpg}
Thank you for uploading Image:GTTV with Geoff Keighley logo.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this image under "fair use" may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the image description page and add or clarify the reason why the image qualifies for fair use. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check:
 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's escription page for each article the image is used in.
 * That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page.

Please be aware that a fair use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for images used under the fair use policy require both a copyright tag and a fair use rationale.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it might be deleted by adminstrator within a few days in accordance with our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 05:36, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:GTTV with Geoff Keighley logo.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:GTTV with Geoff Keighley logo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:17, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Notification of automated file description generation
Your upload of File:Autococker042206.jpg or contribution to its description is noted, and thanks (even if belatedly) for your contribution. In order to help make better use of the media, an attempt has been made by an automated process to identify and add certain information to the media's description page.

This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 12:33, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:MadDreamChant


text:
Ringbone

Ringbone is exostosis (bone growth) in the pastern or coffin joint of a horse. In severe cases, the growth can encircle the bones, giving ringbone its name. It has been suggested by some authors that such a colloquial term, whilst commonly used, might be misleading and that it would be better to refer to this condition as osteoarthritis of the inter-phalangeal joints in ungulates (Rogers and Waldron, 1995: 34–35).

Ringbone can be classified by its location, with "high ringbone" occurring on the lower part of the large pastern bone or the upper part of the small pastern bone. "Low ringbone" occurs on the lower part of the small pastern bone or the upper part of the coffin bone. High ringbone is easier seen than low ringbone, as low ringbone occurs in the hoof of the horse. However, low ringbone may be seen if it becomes serious, as it creates a bony bump on the coronet of the horse.

Causes

 * Excessive tension on the tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules of the pastern area can strain the periosteum. The body compensates by growing bone at the stresspoint. Strain on the extensor tendon, the superficial digital flexor tendon branches, the collateral ligaments, and the distal sesamoidean ligaments are all common factors. If these tissues are stretched or torn, and the joint is unstabilized by the injury, new bone is produced to help to stabilize the joint.
 * Osteoarthritis (the endstage of degenerative joint disease) of the pastern or coffin joint is a very common cause of articular ringbone. Bone is then produced to try to immobilize the joint and to relieve the chronic inflammation of the joint capsule. This process may take years, and lameness will continue until the joint is completely immobilized.
 * Trauma to the periosteum can cause bone growth on the pastern bone. However, this is usually not progressive unless nearby soft tissue was also harmed and thus the joint instability was affected.
 * Poor shoeing and conformation, such as long, sloping pasterns, upright pasterns, long-toes with low heels, pigeon toes, splay foot, or unbalanced feet may predispose the horse to ringbone, as they create uneven stress on the pastern and coffin joint, unequal tension on the soft tissues, or worsen the concussion that is absorbed by the pastern area.

Signs
Ringbone usually occurs in the front legs but can also be in the hind legs, and is usually worse in one leg than the other. Ringbone is most often found in mature horses, especially those in intensive training.

High ringbone: The horse will have a bony growth around the pastern area, and the pastern will have less mobility. The horse will show pain when the pastern joint is moved or rotated. Early cases will have a lameness score of 1-2 out of 5, with little or no bony swelling seen, although possibly felt when compared to the opposite pastern. Lameness will worsen to a grade 2–3 on a scale of 5 as the ringbone worsens.

Low ringbone: The horse will have moderate lameness (grade 2–3), even in early cases, because of the closeness of the ringbone to the other structures in the hoof. When severe or very advanced, the bony growth will be able to be seen on the coronet.

Treatment
Ringbone is degenerative (unless it is caused by direct trauma). Treatment works to slow down the progress of the bony changes and alleviate the horse's pain, rather than working to cure it.

Shoeing: The farrier should balance the hoof and apply a shoe that supports the heels and allows for an easy breakover.

NSAIDs: or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs help to alleviate the pain and reduce inflammation within and around the joints. Often NSAIDs make the horse comfortable enough to continue ridden work, which is good for the horse's overall health.

Joint injections: The pastern joint can be injected directly, typically with a form of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid.

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy: A high intensity specialized percussion device can help to remodel new bone tissue and decrease pain.

Arthrodesis: the fusion of the two bones of the pastern joints eliminates the instability of the joint, and thus the inflammation. This procedure may then eliminate the horse's lameness as well. However, surgical alteration of the joint can promote the growth of bone in the area, which is cosmetically displeasing. Arthrodesis of the coffin joint is usually not performed due to the location of the joint (within the hoof) and because the coffin joint needs some mobility for the horse to move correctly (unlike the pastern joint, which is very still).

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) blocks IL-1 from binding to tissues and inhibits the damaging consequences of IL-1.

Microcurrent technology: Tissue, including muscle, tendons, ligaments, skin and bone, is formed from a large mass of similar cells that perform specific functions. These cells use tiny sequences of electric current, measured in millionths of an amp, to organise, monitor and regulate a stable state within the body. When there is injury, damage or disease to a tissue, there is disruption to the normal electrical current within the cells and things fail to work properly. By introducing the correct sequences the body's natural electric circuitry is replicated and kick starts and accelerates normal functioning.

Prognosis
If the ringbone is close to a joint, the prognosis for the horse's continued athletic use is not as good as if the ringbone is not near a joint. Ringbone that is progressing rapidly has a poorer prognosis as well.

Horses that are not performing strenuous work, such as jumping or working at speed, will probably be usable for years to come. However, horses competing in intense sports may not be able to continue at their previous level, as their pastern joints are constantly stressed.

title: Ringbone


text: Category:Puerto Rican art

title: Category:Puerto Rican art


text:
Alaksandar Dubko

Alaksandar Iosifovich Dubko (Аляксандар Іосіфавіч Дубко, Александр Иосифович Дубко; January 14, 1938 – February 4, 2001) was the former chairman of the Grodno Regional Executive Committee. In 1960 graduated from the Grodno State Agrarian University with a degree in agronomy. Have worked in different positions in agrarian sector, was a director of one of the biggest agricultural companies in Grodno region. In 1994, he was a candidate for President of Belarus. He also served in the Belarus SSR Supreme Soviet and the USSR Supreme Soviet. He was awarded the titles of Hero of Socialist Labor and Hero of Belarus, however, the Hero of Belarus title was presented to him posthumously for valiant service to state and society.

Honours and awards

 * Hero of Belarus (posthumously)  for outstanding services to the state and society
 * Hero of Socialist Labour (1982)
 * Order of the Fatherland, 3rd class
 * Two Orders of Lenin
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour
 * Order of the Badge of Honour

title: Alaksandar Dubko


text:
User talk:Everyguy

 * Welcome to Wikipedia! You are only the second Unificationist to sign in and actually work on any articles, that I know of - me being the first. I work with Bruce Grodner and Frank Kaufmann in New York.

 * As of next month I shall have been at Wikipedia for 4 years. I know everybody and everything! Well, almost. If there's anything I can do for you, please let me know. Uncle Ed 23:30, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Hey Everyguy you commented on me changing the Mount Pleasant article, I do live in the area and the information should not be considered vandalism as it is very relevant to the environment of the school atmosphere. Please allow me to inform others of the coined term due to the fact that it is based on pure statistics.

Hey Everyguy. I was wondering why you changed the Pascack Valley topic... it was true. I witnessed the scare firsthand, but I am wondering why you went and changed it.

How are you, David,

Just wondering if you might be able to help with an English to Japanese article translation...

Best, Robert Res q68 03:57, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

I'm sorry but I only do Japanese to Engish. You'll always want to have a person translate into his or her native language, so you should probably be looking for a native speaker of Japanese.

David Everyguy 02:43, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Banzan
Hi David. If you have time, could you translate the Kumazawa Banzan article from Japanese to English please? Dalobuca 18:01, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Projection lithography
Hi, You wrote a pretty good article at Stepper, but I think it should be titled Projection lithography. Please comment on the talk page. --Smack (talk) 02:37, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Hey!
Based on your comment at the Hooah talk page, I recommend that you add your name to List of Wikipedians by military branch. Oh, and HOOAH! ;)  Jumping cheese   Cont @ct 05:46, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Thank you!
Dear Dave, Thank you so much for your kind and beautiful words - you made me blush! :) It's a great pleasure to meet a great person and dedicated Wikipedian like you. I've also seen you around, and it's a delight to watch your zeal in dealing with vandalism, combined with your kind approach to your peers. I don't have to tell you, you'll always be welcome at my Talk page, no matter if you need my help, or if you simply feel like talking and sharing a virtual cup of coffee with me - and next time, I'll bring the cookies! ;) Love,  P h a e d r i e l  - 21:09, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

BCE

I find BCE offensive. If the article's about Buddhism then feel free to use the Buddhist calendar (if there is one). If using the Christian calendar, please acknowledge that it is just that. Anyway, there's no AD, it's just BC, and not many people deny that Christ did exist. Thanks.

Digital Photography Review
Thanks for bringing this page to my attention. I have added a proposal for deletion to the article. If it is contested the I will open an article for deletion debate for it. Regards LittleOldMe 21:39, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the correction. I will leave a note for the user in question. Regards LittleOldMe 21:47, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

you didn't fix it yet.

Thanks for your recent edits on wikipedia. They have really contributed to the wiki community. Your patrolling on Vandalism has helped against the people who deface this fantastic encyclopedia Thanks Hageba 04:30, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Editor's Review Thanks
Dear Everyguy, Thank you for your participation in providing me with a critique in my recent editor's review, archived here. I read and take each person's comments very seriously, whether or not the content is critical or praiseworthy. I look forward to working with you in future Wikipedia projects. -- Real96

Reverting vandalism on my talk page
Thank you! Zucchini Marie → Complain here Please sign! 00:58, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Thank you!
I'm so sorry it took me a day to get back to you, dear David, but I didn't want to leave your beautiful and kind words unreplied. I don't know what to say... other than I realy aprreciate your thoughts - I'm kinda unused to receive such beautiful compliments over my small sillinesses ;) While we're at this, check this warning template I made the other day, using a poem that Herostratus once wrote... I've used it a few times, but it never fails to shock vandals! ;) Anyway, love to see you around doing the awesome work you do. In a not very distant future, you should apply for RfA - when that day comes, I'll be there to help you, count on it. Have a wonderful day! :) Love,  P h a e d r i e l  - 02:42, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Um....
Why did you revert my edit in Toga removing trolling, only to revert it back? --ChrisP2K5 04:07, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Leaving us...?
David, have you left us, dear? :( You're really, sorely missed over here... do come back! We wait for you! Love,  P h a e d r i e l  - 06:28, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

rollback
It looks like you may find rollback to be a useful tool, so I gave it to you. This is the full spiel. If you don't want it, just let me know. Cheers, NoSeptember  05:03, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Photo Reuse
Hi! I would like to get in touch with you regarding reuse of a photo you've posted. Thanks! --SpaceInitatives (talk) 18:45, 21 June 2008 (UTC)
 * What photo would you like to use? How do you want to use it? Thanks! --Everyguy (talk) 15:11, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Seeking clarification
Hello. You added a photograph of a Chinese restaurant to the Chop Suey article with the caption stating that, "Restaurants like this are now rare, but were once a common sight in the United States." It is unclear what this means, specifically "restaurants like this." Restaurants like what, exactly? I do not understand from looking at the photograph how this restaurant can be distinguished from any other Chinese restaurant because the picture is not sufficiently self explanatory. Any help with rewriting the caption would be appreciated. Thank you. — O'Dea (talk) 11:16, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Would you help to review a Japanese translation made by Wikipedians?
There's been a recent discussion at the talk page of the article for the Internet meme All your base are belong to us. The topic was made famous for the gruesome Engrish translations in the original video game, and the article provided a somewhat more accurate translation along the original text.

The discussion could benefit from a review of the accuracy of these translations as it appeared in this recent version, by someone with fluency in Japanese and experience dealing with editor-made translations at Wikipedia. Thanks for your time. Diego (talk) 11:14, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

Merge discussion for Timeline of Sun Myung Moon
An article that you have been involved in editing, Timeline of Sun Myung Moon, has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. Steve Dufour (talk) 15:54, 5 July 2013 (UTC) Steve Dufour (talk) 15:54, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

Notification of automated file description generation
Your upload of File:Coffeeguy.jpg or contribution to its description is noted, and thanks (even if belatedly) for your contribution. In order to help make better use of the media, an attempt has been made by an automated process to identify and add certain information to the media's description page.

This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 14:53, 16 May 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Scanstartnew.gif

The file File:Scanstartnew.gif has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unused, unclear use/purpose"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Zinclithium (talk) 20:52, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Scanendnew.gif

The file File:Scanendnew.gif has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned graph/chart/diagram."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~ Rob 13 Talk 17:36, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Scanmidnew.gif

The file File:Scanmidnew.gif has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned graph/chart/diagram."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~ Rob 13 Talk 17:37, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Everyguy


text:
Byrsa

Byrsa was a walled citadel above the Phoenician harbour in ancient Carthage, Tunisia, as well as the name of the hill it rested on.

Legend
In Virgil's account of Dido's founding of Carthage, when Dido and her party were encamped at Byrsa, the local Berber chieftain offered them as much land as could be covered with a single oxhide. Therefore, Dido cut an oxhide into tiny strips and set them on the ground end to end until she had completely encircled the hilltop of Byrsa (βύρσα, "oxhide").

History
The citadel dominated the city below and formed the principal military installation of Carthage. Its name appeared on Carthaginian currency under the form.

It was besieged by Scipio Aemilianus Africanus in the Third Punic War when the city was defeated and destroyed in 146BCE. The Byrsa citadel was the seat of the proconsul of Africa within the Roman Empire. In 439 CE, Geiseric took possession of Carthage. The Vandal kings ruled North Africa from the Byrsa until the Byzantine emperor Justinian reconquered the province in 533.

StLouis Cathedral was built on Byrsa Hill starting in 1884, atop an ancient temple. Today, it serves as a cultural centre. Byrsa Hill itself is part of the archaeological site of Carthage. In addition to a cathedral monument, the Carthage National Museum was erected atop it.

Archaeology
In 1994, the body of an ancient Carthaginian individual was excavated from a 2500-year-old Punic tomb in Byrsa Hill. In 2016, he was found to belong to the rare U5b2c1 maternal haplogroup. The Young Man of Byrsa specimen dates from the late 6th centuryBC, and his lineage is believed to represent early gene flow from Iberia to the Maghreb.

title: Byrsa


text:
File:JohnnyCashTheFabulousJohnnyCash.jpg

Fair use in The Fabulous Johnny Cash
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.


text:
User:Wxjunkie

User:Wxjunkie:sandbox

title: User:Wxjunkie


text:
Talk:Lake Bolsena

Irrelevant link
Browsing, I was surprised to find the town of Tarquinia listed among the links here. The comune does not confine on Lake Bolsena, and the town is 39.5 km away: there are 2 or 3 dozen comuni closer to the Lake than Tarquinia.... I'll check out the site and, if it's a real resource, attach the link to any article Tarquinia that we might have. Bill 20:42, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Tourist Guide
Parts of this article are not written in encyclopedic style but are in tourist guide style. I understand the Italians love their lake but this has to made less emotional. I will be doing some work on and will modify it as little as is required. I notice also there are no refs. I Will try to find some. I forego the tags for now since I will be working on it. Hi Bill.Dave (talk) 15:15, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

PS. Please stop throwing on chat, tourist and advertising sites in Italian (or any language) in the external links. That is not allowed by Wikipedia. This is for encyclopedic information without the commercials and it is primarily in English. Lots of people do get some free publicity inadvertently (some unwanted) but it has to at least be in an encyclopedic (not a tourist) context. These sites I deleted are just too blatent; don't put them back, please. Thanks.Dave (talk) 15:29, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

Assistance with editing offered
Hi there. I visit this lake most summers with my partner who was born in Gradoli, so will help with editing this page. (Do not be confused by my username which relates to the UK-use of the word Lido to mean an open-air swimming pool.)--Lidos (talk) 17:38, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Bolsena


text: User talk:65.28.104.107

title: User talk:65.28.104.107


text:
The Fabulous Johnny Cash

The Fabulous Johnny Cash is the second studio album by American country singer Johnny Cash and his first to be released by Columbia Records. The album was released on November 3, 1958, not long after Cash's departure from Sun Records.

Content
The album features five tracks written by Cash and backing vocal performances by The Jordanaires (who at this time were also regulars on Elvis Presley's recording sessions for RCA Records). Overall, even though the album is only 29 minutes in length, it is considered one of Cash's most cohesive pieces. This is largely because his sessions with Columbia were completed over a two-month period. That is greatly reduced when compared to the year by year sessions by Sun Records.

Commercial performance
The Fabulous Johnny Cash was a successful debut on Columbia for Cash as it sold over half a million copies during its initial release. Although Billboard did not publish a chart for country albums in 1958, the album peaked at #19 on the Billboard Best Selling LP's chart.

Reissues
The album was reissued in 2002 by Sony Music's Legacy imprint. The re-issue contains six bonus tracks and unedited versions of the songs. Legacy reissued the album on 180 gram vinyl for Record Store Day on November 23, 2012.

Personnel
Musicians

 * Johnny Cash - vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Luther Perkins - lead guitar
 * Don Helms - steel guitar
 * Marshall Grant - bass
 * The Jordanaires - background vocals
 * Marvin Hughes - piano
 * Buddy Harman - drums on "Suppertime," "Oh, What a Dream" and "I'll Remember You"
 * Morris Palmer - drums

Additional personnel
 * Al Quaglieri - Producer
 * Don Law - Producer
 * Billy Altman - Liner Notes
 * Don Hunstein - Photography
 * Seth Foster - Mastering
 * Mark Wilder - Mastering, Mixing
 * Hal Adams - Cover Photo
 * Stacey Boyle - Tape Research
 * Kay Smith - Tape Research
 * Matt Kelly - Tape Research
 * Geoff Gillette - Sleeve Design
 * Steven Berkowitz - A&R
 * Darren Salmieri - A&R
 * Patti Matheny - A&R
 * Howard Fritzson - Art Direction
 * Nick Shaffran - Series Consultant

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)

Singles - Billboard (United States)

title: The Fabulous Johnny Cash


text:
Talk:The Fabulous Johnny Cash

Fair use rationale for Image:JohnnyCashTheFabulousJohnnyCash.jpg
Image:JohnnyCashTheFabulousJohnnyCash.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:29, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

http://books.google.com/books?id=4QoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=The+Fabulous+Johnny+Cash&hl=de&ei=Ud11TomgKcie-wbIw7SvDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=The%20Fabulous%20Johnny%20Cash&f=false — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.69.40 (talk) 17:19, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Fabulous Johnny Cash


text:
Ushak carpet

Uşak carpets, Ushak carpets or Oushak Carpets (Uşak Halısı) are Turkish carpets that use a particular family of designs, called by convention after the city of Uşak, Turkey – one of the larger towns in Western Anatolia, which was a major center of rug production from the early days of the Ottoman Empire, into the early 20th century (although these patterns were woven in other regions also).

Classification
Historically Ushaks were classified as ‘Anatolian Rugs,’ Anatolian literally translating to ‘land of the rising sun.’ Today scholars know much more about Oushaks and are able to classify them as such. ‘Anatolian’ is used as a last resort when a more specific identification cannot be found; at which point ‘Anatolian’ refers to a carpet made in Turkey.

The level of international popularity attained by Uşak's carpets became such that the word "Ushak" is considered an English word of Turkic origin

In the European market
In the European markets, the earlier types of Turkish carpets, before the "star" type, are now often called "Lotto carpets" and "Holbein carpets". The terms make reference to their depiction in minute detail in paintings by Lorenzo Lotto and Hans Holbein the Younger, in which they are often placed in a way to brighten the background, and suggest status. The region of Uşak still remains a vibrant center of hand-made carpet weaving today.

In the United States Market
There are many Turkish rugs companies in the US Market. They manufacture carpets and rugs in Turkey and distribute them to US market through major retailers and online channels. Most of the rugs are machine made yet designed with a traditional Ushak look.

History of market popularity

After the 17th century, Ushaks (Ovshaks), development of Oushak rug weaving is less well known. Late 17th century saw a decline in the Oriental rug market as European consumers tended to purchase rugs of European origin – primarily Aubusson, Savonnerie and Axminster. The wane in the European market meant that Ovshak production declined. Those that were still made throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries were manufactured for upper-class people in the Turkish territories on Eastern Europe.

Towards the end of the 19th century, when the European market began to be interested in Persian carpets once again, the Ushak (Ovshak) population did not have enough weavers still skilled in the traditional Ovshak craft. Manufactories had to turn to neighboring villages and their craftsmen who still maintained traditional techniques.

Ushak carpets, particularly those known as Lotto carpets, are among the later types of Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting, as they were imported by Europeans, where they adorned cathedrals, churches, and the homes of the wealthy and powerful.

Design
Ushak (Oushak) rugs are some of the finest Oriental Rugs, so much so that many of the masterpieces of the 15th and 16th centuries have been attributed to Oushak. The popular star and medallion carpets originated in Oushak.

Oushak rugs are known for the silky, luminous wool they work with. The dyes tend towards: cinnamons, terracotta tints, gold, blues, greens, ivory, saffron and grays.

The late 19th century saw the rejuvenation of Oriental rug production, at this time Oushak re-surfaced as a preeminent center of weaving industry. The new Oushak industry saw two major shifts in design: floral patterns in the Persian tradition were incorporated into design and room size, decorative carpets were woven as European standards demanded.

The late 19th century weavers came from villages outside of Oushak and employed tribal techniques. Paramount to these techniques was the use of larger knots (sometimes less than 30 knots per square inch) and an all-wool foundation. The tribal style fused with the older Ushak/Smyra designs. The merger of the two styles created a new style simply known as late 19th/early 20th century Oushak carpets. The new decorative Oushak, commercially woven, employed a soft red, as its primary color offsetting the large-scale floral motifs from the field in a bright blue. The luxurious quality of the wool (for which Oushaks had always been known) aided the colors' luminosity.

Istanbul mosques and Ushak carpets
Approximately 40 years ago anthropologists did a study on the carpets of the larger mosques of Istanbul (such as the Sultan Ahmet Mosque). What they found was that the floors were covered with hundreds of carpets (sometimes several deep) almost exclusively from the Oushak region.

title: Ushak carpet


text:
Macwa of Nkore

Macwa of Nkore was the Omugabe of Nkore, a historic state located in what is now Uganda, from 1727 to 1755. He succeeded Ntare IV of Nkore upon the latter's death.

title: Macwa of Nkore


text:
IBM Israel

IBM is a globally integrated enterprise operating in 170 countries. IBM's R&D history in Israel began in 1972 when Professor Josef Raviv established the IBM Israel Scientific Center in the Technion's Computer Science Building in Haifa. As of 2023, over 3000 individuals work at IBM R&D locations across Israel, including Haifa, Tel Aviv, Herzliya, Rehovot, and the Jerusalem Technology Park. IBM research and development activities in Israel include a number of labs.

Haifa Research Lab
IBM Haifa Research Laboratory (HRL) is located in Haifa, Israel. It is an IBM R&D Lab in Israel. It handles projects in the spheres of cloud computing, healthcare and life sciences, verification technologies, multimedia, event processing, information retrieval, programming environments, business transformation, and optimization technologies. HRL is the biggest IBM research center outside the US.

Established back in 1972 as the IBM Israel Scientific Center, the IBM Haifa Research Lab has grown from three researchers to over five hundred employees, including regular staff members and many students. The IBM Haifa Research Lab is located in a custom-built complex adjacent to the Haifa University campus, with branches in Haifa and Tel Aviv. Current projects include healthcare, cloud computing, formal and simulation-based verification technologies, programming environments, chip design, storage systems, information retrieval, collaboration, and much more.

At the IBM Haifa Research Lab, twenty-five percent of the technical staff have doctoral degrees in computer science, electrical engineering, mathematics, or related fields. Employees are actively involved in teaching at Israeli higher education institutions such as the Technion (Israel Institute of Technology) and supervising post-graduate theses. Many employees have received IBM awards for achievements and excellence.

Systems and Technology Group Lab
STG incorporates the former Haifa Development Lab and develops advanced technologies for IBM's Systems and Technology Group. The STG Lab in Israel is involved in three major activities: storage technology, de-duplication software, and chip design. Working closely with the Israeli hi-tech community and recent IBM acquisitions in Israel, the STG Lab serves as a focal point for building a storage ecosystem in Israel. The lab also works closely with the XIV team in IBM. Its three main departments are Hardware Development, Storage Systems Development, and Diligent Technologies.

Israel Software Lab
ILSL develops software for real-time collaboration, content discovery and text analytics, metadata management , application security , and SOA. The teams work closely with the Lotus, Information Management, Rational, and WebSphere brands in IBM's Software Group.

List of Israeli companies acquired by IBM
In recent years IBM acquired over a dozen Israeli technology companies, which have been subsequently incorporate into IBM R&D Labs in Israel, they include:

title: IBM Israel


text:
Weno

Weno, formerly Moen, is an island municipality of Chuuk State of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). It is the largest town in the FSM. It has an estimated area of 20 square kilometers.

Population
The population was 13,856 at the census taken in 2010.

Geography
It is located in the Chuuk Lagoon. Its villages are on the coast (Sapuk, Penia, Peniesene, Tunnuk, Mechitiw, Iras, Nantaku, Nepukos, Mwan, Neiwe, and Wichap, Epinup) and serve as the center of commerce. Weno is the state capital and the second-most populous island of the FSM (if the complex of Tol/Wonei, Polle and Patta is counted as one island), with a population of 13,856 at the 2010 census.

The highest point is Mount Teroken, elevation 364 m (1,214 ft).

Transportation
Weno has the only airport in the state, Chuuk International Airport. The road system is not well established in some parts of the island. No public transportation exists, but visitors can use a small taxi to cruise around the island.

There is one commercial shipyard for cargo ships and passenger voyages. The islanders use speed boats and smaller ships to commute with other lagoon islands and outreach islands.

Education
Tertiary
 * College of Micronesia-FSM

Public schools operated by the Chuuk Department of Education:
 * Chuuk High School, Nepukos (Nantaku)
 * Iras Demo Elementary, Iras
 * Neauo Elementary School, Neauo
 * Mwan Elementary School, Sefin

Private
 * Xavier High School, Sapuk
 * Saramen Chuuk Academy, Nepukos
 * Seventh-day Adventist School, Neauo
 * Akoyikoyi School, Penia
 * St. Cecilia School, Tunnuk

Women
The Chuuk Women's Council is based on Weno, which provides support to women's rights organizations across Chuuk State, including training in health and environment issues.

Tourism
Diving is the main tourist attraction on Weno, an industry which was founded in Chuuk State by Kimiuo Aisek. Chuuk State's first museum, Kimiuo Aisek Memorial Museum, was founded to honor his legacy in dive industry and the preservation of Chuuk's underwater heritage.

Popular culture
Weno is featured on the 10th episode of season 5 of Outback Truckers, where 2 power stations and a switchboard are shipped from Adelaide to provide all-day power for the island.

Sights
In the east of Weno, the catholic church Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral is worth a visit. The church was dedicated at the end of the sixties. It is the seat of the Diocese of Caroline Islands.

Wiichen Men's Meetinghouse is a historic site with petroglyphs and a swimming basin in the east of Weno near the village Peniesene close to Wiichen River.

title: Weno


text:
Camille (French singer)

Camille Dalmais (born 10 March 1978 ), better known by her mononym Camille, is a French singer and actress.

Early life and education
Camille was born and raised in Paris. Her mother was a teacher of English and her father, Hervé Dalmais, was a musician. As a teenager, she studied ballet and developed an interest in bossa nova music and American stage musicals. She attended the prestigious Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye, where she obtained her baccalaureate in literature. Thanks to her mother, Camille speaks English fluently as well as her native French. She performed her first original song "Un Homme Déserté" at the age of sixteen while attending a wedding. In the early 2000s, while performing at jazz clubs in Paris, Camille made her acting debut in the film  (by Antoine de Caunes; with Asia Argento and Guillaume Canet). She also contributed to the song "La Vie la Nuit" in its soundtrack.

She attended Sciences Po Paris just before beginning her music career.

Career
In early 2002, Camille signed a recording contract with Virgin Records. She released her first studio album Le Sac des Filles. In 2004, she began working with Marc Collin and his band Nouvelle Vague, which incorporates new wave and bossa nova music. She contributed vocals to the songs "Too Drunk to Fuck", "In a Manner of Speaking", "The Guns of Brixton", and "Making Plans for Nigel" on their first album.

In 2005, she released the album Le Fil, which was produced in collaboration with English producer MaJiKer. This album incorporated an avant-garde concept – a string, or thread ("le fil"), which was a drone that persisted throughout the entire course of the album. All of the songs on this album are based on the exploration of the voice, with only a double bass, bass guitar, guitar, trombone, percussion, or keyboard as accompanying instruments. Le Fil quickly became certified gold. The song "Ta Douleur" was voted 26th in Australia's Triple J Hottest 100, 2006.

In June 2007, Camille performed Benjamin Britten's A Ceremony of Carols and a new a cappella work God is sound (The 12 World Prayers) at L'église Saint-Eustache, Paris.

Camille's song "1, 2, 3" from Le Sac des Filles was used in the television ad for Cacharel's Promesse perfume starring Laetitia Casta and Matthew Avedon. Her song "Waves" was used in Perrier's "Melting" television ad.

Also in 2007, she contributed to the soundtrack of Pixar's Ratatouille, with the song entitled "Le Festin". Additionally, she provides the European French dub voice of Colette in Ratatouille. Camille's album Music Hole was released on 7 April 2008, again produced in collaboration with MaJiKer. Music Hole was recorded and mixed by Valgeir Sigurdsson. The first single from the album, "Gospel with No Lord", was released for online download on 11 February 2008, along with another new song from the album entitled "Money Note".

Her song, "Ta douleur" was featured on the American television program Saturday Night Live. The original sketch aired in October 2010 titled "Les jeunes de Paris" hosted by actress Emma Stone.

She contributed to the track "Putain putain" on Nouvelle Vague's 2010 album Couleurs sur Paris for whom she had previously done work for on their first album. She later appeared on Jérôme Van Den Hole's self-titled album on the track, "Debout".

Her song "Pour que l'amour me quitte", from her 2005 album Le Fil, was covered in Italian superstar Elisa's 2010 acoustic album Ivy in collaboration with her colleague Giorgia.

She is featured in the soundtrack with Hans Zimmer and Richard Harvey to the 2015 French animated film The Little Prince.

Her song "She was" was a theme in the 2022 movie Corsage about the Empress Elisabeth of Austria.

Camille wrote all of the original songs for Jacques Audiard's Spanish-language musical crime film Emilia Pérez (2024), which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival. She had the assistance of a Mexican translator, and performed the songs for the demo. Her partner and longtime musical collaborator Clément Ducol composed the original score for the film. Camille and Ducol went on to win the Cannes Soundtrack Award.

Personal life
She has two children with musician and percussionist Clément Ducol – Marius, born 18 November 2010, and Lila, born in August 2013.

Awards

 * 2005: Prix Constantin for Le Fil
 * 2006: Group or artist stage révélation of the year for Le Fil at the Victoires de la musique
 * 2006: Album révélation of the year for Le Fil at the Victoires de la musique
 * 2006: Best Female Singer at the Globes de Cristal Award
 * 2007: oui-oui tente de voler/a4wm2007/2007_camille.shtml (BBC Radio 3 Award for World Music (Winner, Europe))
 * 2009: Victoires de la Musique for Female group or artist of the year
 * 2013: Victoires de la musique for song of year of "Allez Allez Allez"
 * 2018: Victoires de la musique for Tour of Year

title: Camille (French singer)


text:
Talk:Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building

Picture?
Shouldn't there be a picture of the building before it was damaged by the explosion? After all, this is the article about the building itself, not the bombing. 69.121.66.69 18:47, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. gren グレン 06:24, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * There used to be a pre-bombing photograph of the AP Murrah building on this article, but it looks to've been deleted.Srosenow 98 (talk) 03:37, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

ATF offices?
So did the building not have ATF offices anymore at the time it was bombed? See http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/mcveigh/trial_8.html EVCM (talk) 06:43, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Oklahoma City federal building redirects here
When referring to the destroyed building, most sources refer to it specifically as the "Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building". The replacement is just given (from what I can tell) the descriptive title of "Oklahoma City federal building". Should there be a separate article for the new building? At least a section in this article dedicated to the new building? Surely not everyone who types in "Oklahoma City federal building" is looking for the destroyed building? Dustin ( talk ) 04:19, 18 April 2015 (UTC)

Artwork in the building.
Just looking through existing photographs of the artworks listed in this section. Do you really feel it's warranted? For example, the 'sisal textile piece' by Karen Chapnick is literally a door mat hung on the wall. We're talking modern art here of spurious value on insurance policies not great works of art or ancient pieces. Half of the things listed are just blown up photographic prints. They're all replacaeable things. When I see a list of 'artwork lost' I damn well want it to be something precious and irreplaceable enough to be more notable than the lives lost, and I don't think a list of lives lost would be appropriate due to space constraints and would submit that so to should we not include a list of crappy art. Crappy in value / worth not design as that's in the eye of the beholder, one mans bath mat is another mans David due to the prevalence of autism and high income liquidity. But c'mon, let's be serious here. <!//– ☠ ʇdɯ0ɹd ɥsɐq ☠ // user // talk // twitter //–> 04:35, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/5woyrpnH6?url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/03/29/mcveigh.book.01/ to http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/03/29/mcveigh.book.01/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061210091322/http://www.cnn.com/US/OKC/facts/Cleanup/Implosion5-23/index.html to http://www.cnn.com/US/OKC/facts/Cleanup/Implosion5-23/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:54, 1 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building


text:
Vital Kramko

Vital Kramko (born 1941, Віталь Крамко (Крэмко), Виталий Ильич Кремко) is the chairman of "October" (Октябрь), an agricultural collective located in the Hrodna region. Kramko was awarded the title Hero of Belarus title "for selfless work and valiant efforts in the development of agricultural production." Kramko was awarded the title on 30 June 2001 from a decree issued by Alexander Lukashenko.

title: Vital Kramko