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2014 Winter Paralympics

The 2014 Winter Paralympics (Зимние Паралимпийские игры 2014), the 11th Paralympic Winter Games, and also more generally known as the Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games, were an international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), held in Sochi, Russia, from 7 to 16 March 2014. 45 National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) participated in the Games, which marked the first time Russia ever hosted the Paralympics. The Games featured 72 medal events in five sports, and saw the debut of snowboarding at the Winter Paralympics.

The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with concerns regarding Russia's military intervention in the nearby Crimean peninsula of Ukraine the month before the opening of the games. The head of Ukraine's NPC stated that it would pull its athletes if the situation escalated, while the United Kingdom and United States chose not to send governmental delegations to the Games. The crisis ultimately had no impact on athlete participation, but members of the Ukrainian team did stage symbolic protests of the crisis during the Games (including most notably, all but the country's flagbearer sitting out of the opening ceremony's parade of nations).

With 80 medals, 30 of them being gold, the host country of Russia won the most medals during these Games, and set a record for the most medals won by a single country during a single Winter Paralympic Games. Additionally, Russian skier Roman Petushkov won the most individual gold medals in Winter Paralympic history, with six golds across skiing and biathlon events. However, following the Games, the IPC discovered evidence that Russia's performance had been aided by a wider state-sponsored doping program. This resulted in restrictions on the participation of Russian athletes during subsequent Paralympics.

Bidding process
As part of a formal agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee first established in 2001, the winner of the bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics was also to host the 2014 Winter Paralympics. Following the second and final round of voting at the 119th IOC Session in Guatemala City, Guatemala on 4 July 2007, the city of Sochi, Russia was awarded the 2014 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.

Venues

As with previous Paralympics, the 2014 Winter Paralympics used most of the same venues that were used by the Olympics, situated within the Sochi Olympic Park and the resort of Krasnaya Polyana. Despite the IPC believing that Russia had "zero track record in terms of accessibility"—given that the Soviet Union passed on hosting the 1980 Summer Paralympics after claiming no disabled athletes lived in Russia, the venues were built to the IPC's standards, organizers were quick to fix some of the issues pointed out by officials during an audit of the venues in January 2014, and an IPC spokesperson stated that they were "confident and expect everything to be ready for Games time." Organizers and the IPC hoped that the Paralympics' legacy would make Sochi a role model for inclusive design throughout the country, and IPC president Philip Craven went as far as dubbing Sochi the first accessible city in Russia, commending the country's changed stance on disability since 1980.

Sochi Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster)
The Sochi Olympic Park was built by the Black Sea coast in the Imeretin Valley, about 4 km (2.5 miles) from Russia's border with Abkhazia. The venues are clustered around a central water basin with a synchronized fountain, allowing all indoor venues to be within walking distance. Off these, the venues used during the Paralympics included:

 * Fisht Olympic Stadium – ceremonies (opening/closing) 40,000 spectators
 * Shayba Arena – sledge hockey, 7,000 spectators
 * Ice Cube Curling Center – wheelchair curling, 3,000 spectators

Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster)

 * Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex – Biathlon, Cross-country skiing
 * Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort – Alpine skiing
 * Rosa Khutor Extreme Park – Snowboarding

Mascots
A shortlist of 10 Olympic and 3 Paralympic designs were shown to the public on 7 February 2011, while the winners were revealed on 26 February 2011. The Paralympic mascots, Ray of Light and Snowflake, represented contrasts and inclusivity: their fictional backstories portrayed them as having respectively come to Earth from a hot planet and a cold comet. After Ray of Light overcame his struggle to adapt to a winter environment, he bonded with Snowflake through a shared passion for winter sports.

Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the Games were held at Fisht Olympic Stadium on 7 March 2014. Entitled "Breaking the Ice", the ceremony was themed around equality and "breaking" barriers, featuring ballet sequences set to music by notable Russian composers, and animated segments by Aleksandr Petrov based on the story of the firebird. In his opening speech, IPC president Philip Craven praised Russia for finally fulfilling its "dream" of hosting the Paralympics after previously passing on the opportunity in 1980. He called upon spectators to have a "barrier-free mind", stating that "the sport you witness here will change you. Not just for now, but forever." The Paralympic cauldron was jointly lit by Russian Paralympians Olesya Vladykina and Sergey Shilov.

Participating National Paralympic Committees
Athletes representing forty-five National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics, an increase of one NPC over 2010.

Brazil, Turkey and Uzbekistan made their Winter Paralympic debut in Sochi, while Hungary and South Africa, who participated in Vancouver, did not send any athletes.

Sports
Competitions in the 2014 Winter Paralympics were held in five Winter Paralympic sports, with 72 medal events in total. New for 2014 was the addition of snowboarding events, which were incorporated into the alpine skiing program.

 * Alpine skiing - Paralympic pictogram.svg
 * Biathlon - Paralympic pictogram.svg
 * Cross-country skiing - Paralympic pictogram.svg
 * Ice sledge hockey - Paralympic pictogram.svg
 * Wheelchair curling - Paralympic pictogram.svg

Closing ceremony
The closing ceremony of the 2014 Winter Paralympics was held on 16 March 2014 at Fisht Olympic Stadium. Entitled "Reaching the Impossible", the ceremony was themed around inclusivity, and featured sequences paying tribute to Russian abstract artist Wassily Kandinsky, and Alexey Pajitnov's classic video game Tetris. During his closing remarks, deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak stated that the Games had become a "catalyst for our efforts to create a barrier-free environment in Russia", and promised that "this important work will continue throughout our vast country." Sir Phillip Craven congratulated Russia for hosting what he deemed to be the best Winter Paralympic Games, and stated that the Games' participants had "shown the world that absolutely anything is possible and that life is about amazing capabilities and not perceived deficiencies."

Medals
Sochi's Paralympic medal design was unveiled in May 2013 alongside its Olympic equivalent. The design incorporates a "patchwork quilt" of diamonds, some of which are translucent, containing designs that reflect Russia's regions, and also contain inscriptions in braille.

Broadcasting
In February 2013, following its successful broadcast of the 2012 Summer Paralympics, British broadcaster Channel 4 announced in February 2014 that it had obtained the broadcast rights to further Games, including the 2014 Winter Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics. Channel 4 planned to broadcast more than 45 hours of coverage from Sochi. Australian coverage was provided by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, including live online streaming. However, aside from the opening ceremony (which was broadcast live), television coverage was limited to a daily half-hour highlights show.

In the United States, NBC Sports acquired the rights to the 2014 and 2016 Paralympics in September 2013. The majority of its coverage was broadcast on NBC Sports Network, and NBC aired highlights of the opening ceremony the following afternoon, and live coverage of the sledge hockey finals. CBC Sports, in conjunction with the Canadian Paralympic Committee, produced and syndicated television and digital coverage of the Games in Canada for CBC Television (30 hours), Ici Radio-Canada Télé (French, 7 hours), Sportsnet, AMI-tv (coverage with open described video), and Yahoo! Sports Canada.

Concerns and controversies
Although concerns over LGBT rights still had a minor effect on the Games, they were overshadowed by a crisis in the Ukrainian region of Crimea which began during the Olympics, but became more severe immediately prior to the Paralympics.

Crimean crisis
On 27–28 February 2014 in the aftermath of the Ukrainian revolution, Russian troops seized control of most of the Crimean peninsula of Ukraine located on the northern coast of the Black Sea—roughly 480 km from Sochi, including civil buildings, airports, and military bases. On 1 March 2014, the Russian legislature approved the use of the Russian military in Ukraine, and Russian officials stated that their military forces in Crimea were not a breach of existing agreements between Russia and Ukraine. The Ukrainian response has been muted trying to find a diplomatic solution, with no military action on the part of Ukraine's government, which was formed in Kyiv less than a week before the intervention. Russia vowed troops would stay until the political situation was "normalised". A referendum on whether Crimea would separate from Ukraine was held on 16 March 2014—the same day as the closing ceremony of these Games.

The effects of these developments led to several notable political actions surrounding the Paralympics. On 2 March 2014, British Prime Minister David Cameron announced that British government officials were planning to boycott the 2014 Winter Paralympics in response to the situation in Crimea, while Prince Edward cancelled plans to travel to Sochi for the Games "on the advice of government." On 3 March 2014, United States National Security Council spokeswoman Caitlin Hayden announced that the United States would not send a presidential delegation to Sochi (which was to be led by Tammy Duckworth) at all, "in addition to other measures we are taking in response to the situation in Ukraine." Neither of the boycotts affected the participation of their respective athletes in the Games; Hayden went on to say that "President Obama continues to strongly support all of the U.S. athletes who will participate in the Paralympics and wishes them great success".

IPC communications head Craig Spence reported prior to the Games that there were not any boycott efforts among athletes, and stated that although the organization would keep an eye on the situation in the Crimea, "we've obviously expressed our disappointment with what's going on in the political situation, but at the end of the day, we're not here to do politics. We're here to organize a sporting event." He went on to emphasize that the same level of security measures in place during the Olympics would be in place during the Paralympics, and ensured that Sochi would be the "safest place" in the country during the Games.

The Ukraine team still participated in the Games, but Valeriy Sushkevich, head of the country's National Paralympic Committee, warned that "if there is an escalation of the conflict, intervention on the territory of our country, God forbid the worst, we would not be able to stay here. We would go." As a symbolic protest, the Ukrainian team declined to participate in the opening ceremonies' parade of nations, sending only its flagbearer Mykailo Tkachenko—who entered to an ovation from the audience. Some Ukrainian medalists were seen covering their medal with their hand during ceremonies as another form of silent protest; Sushkevich stated that the covering was "a demonstration that aggression and the high ideals of Paralympic sports are incompatible."

Russian doping scandal
On 18 July 2016, the World Anti-Doping Agency published the first part of an independent report detailing a state-sponsored doping program in Russian Olympic and Paralympic sport, coordinated by the country's Ministry of Sport and Federal Security Service (FSB), where positive urine samples were swapped in favour of clean ones in order to evade detection. The IPC found evidence that swapping of positive samples had occurred during the 2014 Winter Paralympics.

On 7 August 2016, the International Paralympic Committee announced that it had suspended the Russian Paralympic Committee. The country was banned from the 2016 Summer Paralympics. At the 2018 Winter Paralympics, the RPC remained suspended, but the IPC did allow clean Russian athletes to compete neutrally under the Paralympic flag (mirroring a similar decision by the IOC for the 2018 Winter Olympics).

LGBT rights
Concerns surrounding LGBT rights in Russia and the country's "gay propaganda" law continued into the Paralympics. On 4 February 2014, Norway's openly gay health minister Bent Høie announced he would attend the Games with his husband, as is common for cabinet officials to travel with their spouses. The Federation of Gay Games also started a petition calling for IPC president Philip Craven not to attend the Games if Russian authorities did not allow the Russian Open Games, a multi-sport event for LGBT athletes which organizers attempted to hold prior to the Paralympics, to occur. These games were faced with a bomb threat, and its venues arbitrarily pulling out of providing their services for events, which was believed to be a result of government pressure.

title: 2014 Winter Paralympics


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Soomaali

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was transwiki and delete -- Francs2000 | Talk 14:43, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Soomaali
This text in Somali has been listed on Pages needing translation into English for over two weeks, but it has not been translated. My suggestion: Transwiki to Somalian Wikipedia and delete. Sietse 10:28, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki and delete. Note that Soomaali already exists, but looks like it should probably be a redirect to Soomaaliya . Why don't those links show up properly? --Angr/undefined 06:02, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete not encyclopedic. JamesBurns 09:15, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Category:Education in Malawi

This category collects all articles about education in Malawi. Please use the respective subcategories.

title: Category:Education in Malawi


text: Category:Schools in Malawi

title: Category:Schools in Malawi


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Talk:2005 World Aquatics Championships

South Africa
Nothing about Roland Schoeman who won South Africa's first Gold at the championship and also broke the world record in the men's 50m butterfly twice (once on Sunday 24 and the next day Monday 25 July 2005)--Jcw69 10:31, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Medal standings
The medal standings need to be updated -- Earl Andrew - talk 02:29, 3 August 2005 (UTC) K, nevermind- seems someone just did it :) -- Earl Andrew - talk 02:30, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Assessment
I have rated this as a Start Class article, as its organization and detail are enough to be above a Stub Class. I have rated this of low importance, because it is not vital to understanding Canada. Cheers, CP 23:33, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Hello,

I think there is an error in the results table. The podium of the event synchronized swimming, free Routine Combination, has been forgotten. Ranking : 1 Russia 2 Japan 3 Spain.

Friendly. Christian (Wikipédia France)

Christ1953 (talk) 18:01, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:2005 World Aquatics Championships


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Geology of Shropshire

The geology of Shropshire is very diverse with a large number of periods being represented at outcrop. The bedrock consists principally of sedimentary rocks of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic age, surrounding restricted areas of Precambrian metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. The county hosts in its Quaternary deposits and landforms, a significant record of recent glaciation. The exploitation of the Coal Measures and other Carboniferous age strata in the Ironbridge area made it one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution. There is also a large amount of mineral wealth in the county, including lead and baryte. Quarrying is still active, with limestone for cement manufacture and concrete aggregate, sandstone, greywacke and dolerite for road aggregate, and sand and gravel for aggregate and drainage filters. Groundwater is an equally important economic resource.

The Church Stretton Fault is a major structural feature forming a part of the Welsh Borderland Fault System which runs northeast from Wales, entering the county near Clun, and extending beyond the town of Newport to the southeast margin of the Cheshire Basin. The fault itself passes almost through Church Stretton, immediately east of the Long Mynd, and also passes close to The Wrekin. Another, extensive fault exists in Shropshire, the Pontesford-Linley Fault, situated near the village of Pontesbury, south west of the county town of Shrewsbury.

The oldest rocks in Shropshire are of Precambrian age and are to be found at Rushton, a mile west of The Wrekin, as schists and gneisses. East of Shrewsbury, on Haughmond Hill, the sedimentary rocks are of somewhat younger Precambrian age, and are being actively quarried for use on roads.

The Wrekin is a prominent hill near the town of Telford. The sedimentary rock types are varied around the area, but lava and volcanic ash (tuff) from various volcanic eruptions form this famous landmark. However, The Wrekin itself is not a volcano, and never was. The primary igneous rock on the Wrekin is rhyolite; this has a pinkish colour and is usually banded as it is a slow cooling viscous extrusive rock. Intrusions of igneous rock have been quarried in the past at nearby Ercall Quarry. Here, the main type of igneous rock that can be found is granophyre. At Ercall Quarry is the contact (boundary) between Precambrian rocks and the younger fossiliferous (Cambrian) sedimentary rocks.

Much of North Shropshire is a plain which is a basin of Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone. This basin continues north into Cheshire. Faulting has occurred within the sandstones, because of basin extension during and after the infilling of the basin. Escarpments form small prominent hills within the plain. The basin is bounded on the east by the Hodnet Fault, which runs roughly from Shrewsbury to Market Drayton. East of this fault the sandstone is thinner. In the north west of the county near Oswestry are outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone and the Coal Measures.

The Shropshire Hills AONB. were formed on a continental shelf, but buckled up into hills at the time of a continental collision: the Variscan Orogeny. The most famous of these hills is probably the Long Mynd, which is Precambrian in age and forms the west side of the Stretton Valley. East of Church Stretton is Wenlock Edge, a Silurian limestone escarpment. In between lies a complete succession through the late Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician and into the Silurian. South West of Church Stretton bordering Wales, is the very rural area of Clun Forest formed largely from Silurian age rocks.

Igneous intrusions outcropping at the surface in South Shropshire are few and small, but much larger bodies are believed to exist at shallow depths, evidenced by geophysical anomalies and radon-bearing groundwater.

Precambrian
Late Precambrian (Neoproterozoic) rocks occur either side of the Church Stretton valley and in the vicinity of the Wrekin and Haughmond Hill, each intimately associated with the Welsh Borderland Fault System.

Cambrian
There are only a few limited localities in Shropshire where Cambrian rocks occur. Its portrayed extent was once greater within the county but the reassignment of the British Tremadocian to the Ordovician period, meant that areas previously mapped as being formed by rocks from that stage were re-labelled as Ordovician.

The Wrekin Quartzite lies unconformably on Uriconian volcanics and is itself conformably overlain at the Ercall by the sandstones of the Lower Comley Sandstone Formation. The presence of the mineral glauconite gives these latter rocks a green-brown colour. Lower Comley shales and sandstones also occur in a small and largely fault-bound area at Lilleshall alongside mudstones and siltstones of the Dolgellau Formation. Sandstones and mudstones of the Upper Comley Sandstone Formation unconformably overlie the Lower Comley strata. The fossiliferous Lower Comley Limestones were the first in Britain to yield Lower Cambrian fossils; the site at Comley Quarry is managed as a geological reserve in respect of its importance to the history of geological science.

Ordovician
Rocks of Ordovician age occur in a belt of country to the east of Church Stretton and again in a belt stretching south from Pontesbury through Stiperstones and westwards to the eastern side of the Vale of Montgomery. There is a further occurrence along the county boundary to the south and west of Oswestry.

Silurian
Worldwide the Silurian period is divided into four epochs; Llandovery, Wenlock, Ludlow and Pridoli, the second and third of which derive their name from Shropshire localities, reflecting the work of nineteenth century geologists in this area in understanding the rock sequences laid down during this period of geological time.

The earliest Silurian rocks locally are the Pentamerus and Purple Shales formations, both being assigned to the Llandovery epoch. Their outcrop to the southeast of the Church Stretton Fault Zone extends from Wistanstow northeast to Buildwas. Overlying these to the southeast is the mudstone-dominated Coalbrookdale Formation which was traditionally known as the Wenlock Shale. It extends through the Sheinwoodian and Homerian ages which together constitute the Wenlock epoch. The Much Wenlock Limestone Formation (formerly simply the Wenlock Limestone) forms the long northwest-facing escarpment of Wenlock Edge. Immediately to its southeast is the discontinuous strike valley known as Hope Dale which is formed within the siltstones and mudstones of the Lower Ludlow Shales. Nowadays these Gorstian age strata are given 'group' status. A broken secondary scarp is formed by the overlying Aymestry Limestone Formation (formerly the Aymestry Group), also of Gorstian age. At the foot of its dip-slope are the outcrops of the Pridoli age Downton Castle Sandstone and Temeside Mudstone formations. At the base of the former is the Ludlow Bone Bed, representing the base of the Old Red Sandstone sequence of the Anglo-Welsh Basin.

Further southeast again runs the parallel Corve Dale which is developed in the Raglan Mudstone Formation, also of Pridoli age. The southeastern edge of Corve Dale is provided by the outcrop of the overlying St Maughans Formation, the base of which is marked by the thick and regionally extensive calcrete known as the Bishop's Frome Limestone Formation which marks the transition from the Silurian to the Devonian. This unit was traditionally referred to as the Psammosteus Limestone. Small fault-defined inliers of parts of this sequence occur in the Neen Sollars and Caynham areas of the south of the county.

Northwest of the Church Stretton Fault Zone, the Pentamerus and Purple Shales wrap around the southern and western margins of the block of Precambrian rocks of the Long Mynd and the district extending west to the Vale of Montgomery. They are overlain by the sandstones, siltstones and mudstones variously of the Sheinwoodian age Bromsleymill Shale Formation and then by the Aston Mudstone, Oakeley Mynd and Bailey Hill formations of Homerian through Gorstian to Ludfordian age. The succeeding Knucklas Castle, Cefn Einion and Clun Forest formations form the core of the Clun Forest range on the county's western border with Wales. These sequences are further overlain by the Temeside Mudstone and the overlying Raglan Mudstone around Vennington between Westbury and Long Mountain.

Devonian
Stratigraphically above the Bishop's Frome Limestone is the thick sequence of mudstones, with occasional sandstones, known as the St Maughans Formation, the lowermost part of the Devonian succession in Shropshire, assigned to the Early Devonian epoch. The outcrop occupies much of the country between Ludlow and Bridgnorth and extending to the county boundary south of Cleobury Mortimer. The Emsian age Clee Sandstone Formation overlies the St Maughans rocks around Cleobury Mortimer. In a tract of country to the south of Stottesdon, the Clee Sandstone is overlain by the yellow and sometimes pebbly Farlow Sandstone Formation. Together with the Pridoli strata, these Devonian rocks constitute the Old Red Sandstone of Shropshire.

Carboniferous
The earliest Carboniferous rocks, the Village Farm and Jackie Parr Limestone formations, are seen in the Lilleshall inlier where they unconformably overlie the Old Red Sandstone sequence. These are in turn overlain unconformably by the Lydebrook Sandstone and Sylvan Limestone formations. Within the latter is the Little Wenlock Basalt.

Parts of several small coalfields are found within Shropshire - the Coalbrookdale, Clee Hills, Wyre Forest, Leebotwood and Shrewsbury coalfields, together with the southernmost extension of the Denbighshire Coalfield around Oswestry.

At Clee Hill, the Oreton Limestone is succeeded by the Cornbrook Sandstone above which is a sandstone at the base of the Lower Coal Measures. This is overlain by mudstones within which are several coal seams. The sequence is intruded by a sill of dolerite (known locally as 'dhustone'). At Brown Clee, Pennine Coal Measures lying directly on the late Devonian Clee Sandstone, form the upper parts of Abdon Burf and Clee Burf though the summits themselves are formed by an igneous intrusion of dolerite.

Generally the Upper Coal Measures are separated from the lower and middle Coal Measures by an unconformity in the English Midlands, though historically it was erroneously thought to be a faulted contact and known as the Symon Fault. Strata underlying the unconformity have typically been folded by Variscan earth movements. Many of the coalfields are bounded by faults associated with this mountain-building episode.

Permo-Trias
East-west directed crustal tension initiated during the Permian period led to the development of the Cheshire Basin as one of a series of linked sedimentary basins stretching north from the English Channel through the English Midlands to the Irish Sea. This rift system continued to operate throughout the Triassic period and into the Jurassic, with sedimentary rocks from each of these periods being found at outcrop across the northern half of Shropshire. The southern part of the basin lies across north Shropshire and is continuous in the east with the smaller Stafford Basin, parts of which extend into eastern Shropshire. The southeastern margin of the deep Wem-Audlem Sub-basin, at the heart of the southern part of the Cheshire Basin is defined within Shropshire by the northeast-southwest trending Wem Fault. Further southeast is the sub-parallel Hodnet Fault which forms the outer boundary of the larger basin with the area between the two faults hosting a thinner Permo-Triassic sediment sequence and termed the Ternhill Terrace.

Within Britain, the rocks of the Permian and Triassic periods are often lumped together as the Permo-Triassic and, typified as they are by desert sandstones, also labelled the New Red Sandstone. In Shropshire they extend across the North Shropshire Plain, itself a southerly continuation of the Cheshire Plain where similar rocks are to be found. Much of this flat area is covered by more recent deposits but sandstone hills are prominent at Ruyton, Nesscliffe, Myddle, Grinshill and Hawkstone. Rocks from these periods also underlie the plains in the east of the county.

The names of the various sequences have undergone a number of changes. The Enville member of the Salop Formation (formerly the Enville Beds) comprises a sequence of Carboniferous to Permian age sandstones, conglomerates and breccias up to 110m thick which occur in the east. To the west are sporadic outcrops of the Alberbury Breccia (a.k.a. Cardeston Stone). These are both unconformably overlain by the Bridgnorth Sandstone, formerly thought to be Triassic in age, best exposed in the cliffs of the town which has lent them its name. These are aeolian 'millet seed' sandstones which originated as desert dunes.

During the Early Triassic epoch, a river system flowed from the south bringing sand and gravel (rounded quartz pebbles) which formed what were once known as the Bunter Pebble Beds, later the Kidderminster Conglomerate and to the north, the Chester Pebble Beds but which are now known (along with a host of other locally named rocks) as the Chester Formation. The Chester Formation is overlain by the Helsby Sandstone Formation, a name which encompasses the Grinshill and Ryton sandstones.

Jurassic
The Permo-Triassic age rocks are overlain by Jurassic deposits in the area around Wem and Prees. These are assigned to the Lias Group, the lower parts of which are late Triassic in age. Though largely concealed, outcrops of Dyrham Formation sandstones and mudstones near Prees are of Pliensbachian age and hence wholly Jurassic.

Igneous rocks
There are Neoproterozoic age intrusions at the Wrekin and Haughmond Hill and again in the South Shropshire Hills. A sill of microgabbro (dolerite) was intruded into the Pennine Coal Measures rocks at Kinlet during the Bolsovian stage of the Carboniferous. It forms a part of the Clee Hill swarm. A NW-SE aligned dyke of Palaeogene age cuts the sandstone at Clive. Sills intrude the late Carboniferous country rocks of both Brown Clee and Titterstone Clee, the latter are known to be of Westphalian age.

Structure
Almost all of the geological structures within the county are aligned broadly northeast-southwest following the Caledonoid trend established during the Caledonian Orogeny.The Church Stretton Fault Zone is a major one whilst the Wem Fault Zone and Hodnet Fault faults partly define the southeastern extent of Cheshire Basin, the Shropshire portion of which is sometimes referred to as the North Shropshire Basin. The Jurassic outcrop is preserved within the shallow Prees Syncline, the axis of which parallels the Wem fault to its northwest. The Carboniferous outcrops in the Clee Hills are preserved along the axes of the Brown Clee and Titterstone Clee synclines which lie to either side of the Ludlow Anticline.

Glacial legacy
Shropshire was doubtless affected by glacial ice during the Anglian glaciation but evidence for that does not remain. The county was subjected to incursions by glacial ice both of Welsh origin and of Irish Sea origin during the more recent Devensian ice age, a combination of the two ice-masses reaching their maximum extent over the county around 18,000 years ago when thicknesses over the plain were perhaps up to 400m. At this point Irish Sea Ice having advanced south across the Cheshire Plain reached as far as Wenlock Edge and the Wolverhampton area. Ice tongues from the Welsh Icesheet reached down the Teme, Clun and Onny valleys to the south of Long Mynd and Stiperstones though the higher ground remained ice-free. The Severn and Rea valleys were also occupied by Welsh ice moving either side of Long Mountain. The so-called Ellesmere and Welsh readvances occurred around 16,000 years ago but began retreating 1000 years later. All ice had gone by 11,000 years ago. A northwest-southeast aligned boundary between the two ice-masses is recognised between Ellesmere and Oswestry, its position changing over time. Southeast Shropshire remained unaffected by glaciers though as with other areas rising above the ice surface, the landscape was affected by intense periglaciation.

Till is up to 100m thick in parts of north Shropshire. Erratics within the till can be traced back to granite outcrops in southern Scotland and the Lake District as well as sources which are closer.

Meltwater channels
Glacial meltwater flowing beneath, beside or down-valley of the glaciers cut several gorges, the most significant of which is the Severn Gorge at Ironbridge. Its formation was traditionally ascribed to the overflowing of a hypothetical proglacial lake termed Lake Lapworth deemed to have covered much of northern Shropshire and adjacent parts of Staffordshire. The currently accepted explanation involves the proven existence of a major subglacial trench (now infilled by later sediments) beneath the ice sheet west of Shrewsbury and leading towards the gorge. Large quantities of water under considerable pressure were able to then move uphill and over the pre-existing watershed east of Buildwas, powerfully eroding it in the process and giving rise to the modern gorge feature, possibly during multiple glacial phases. The deeply incised Marrington Dingle conveys the Camlad north from Churchstoke and originates as the outflow from a glacial lake in the Churchstoke/Snead area. The Plowden gorge permits the Onny to flow east around the southern end of the Long Mynd and was also initiated by meltwater.

Sediment-filled valleys are recorded from the Telford area, one of which, the Lightmoor Channel, runs southeast from Madeley on a line sub-parallel to that of the Severn gorge. Another, the Oakengates Channel, approximates the line of the A442 immediately northeast of the town centre whilst a third, the Shifnal Channel, runs beneath the course of the Wesley Brook south from Shifnal.

Kettle holes
During deglaciation, ice masses often wasted away in situ to leave kettle holes, some of which remain today as part of the county's population of meres; there is a notable assemblage in the Ellesmere area. One kettle hole unearthed during gravel extraction at Condover in 1986 yielded numerous bones of a woolly mammoth.

Periglacial features
Freeze-thaw cycles operated on the exposed quartzites of Stiperstones leading to the development of rock tors and of patterned ground i.e. stone stripes and polygons. Dolerite screes on Titterstone Clee also date from such processes at that time.

Landslips
There are numerous landslips recorded within the Ironbridge gorge and further downstream around Apley Forge and along parts of the Borley Brook, near Highley. Landslips have also occurred within Clun Forest.

Alluvium
River silt, sands and gravels (termed alluvium) occupy the floodplains of the major Shropshire rivers with especially widespread floodplains around the confluence of the Vyrnwy with the Severn on the county's western margins and downstream of Shrewsbury. Multiple terraces are developed within the valley of the Severn and that of the Worfe which joins it north of Bridgnorth.

Published work
The Geological Survey Memoirs provide the most comprehensive details of the local geology but unfortunately not all the county is covered and all are now dated - most were published nearly a century ago. The last traditional memoir was that for Sheet 166 (Church Stretton) published in 1968; the Telford Memoir incorporates the studies undertaken for the new town development, on which it concentrates (published 1995) and the most recent (2001) is for Sheet 165 (Welshpool), which includes a little of the extreme west of the county. Otherwise the most comprehensive description is contained within Peter Toghill's book.

Details of local and regional studies are published by the Shropshire Geological Society.

title: Geology of Shropshire


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Talk:Conrad Gates

Untitled
Conrad never married Tanya, they were just engaged. Conrad also had a child with Amber.

title: Talk:Conrad Gates


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African Convention

African Convention (Convention Africaine, CA) was a political party in French West Africa, originally formed at a meeting in Dakar on 11 January 1957. The CA consisted of the Senegalese Popular Bloc (BPS) of Léopold Sédar Senghor, the African Popular Movement of Nazi Boni in Upper Volta, and the Nigerien Democratic Front (FDN) of Zodi Ikhia in Niger.

In the 1957 territorial assembly elections, CA member parties won 96 seats. CA won in Senegal, and gained presence in three other assemblies.

In March 1958 the African Convention and the African Socialist Movement (MSA) merged to form the African Regroupment Party (PRA).

title: African Convention


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Helpless (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"Helpless" is the twelfth episode of season three of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by David Fury, directed by James A. Contner, and first broadcast on The WB on January 19, 1999. Giles and the Watcher's Council administer a test which drains Buffy of her Slayer powers.

Plot
In the library, Giles shows Buffy a variety of crystals, ostensibly to teach her how to identify them. Later, on patrol, Buffy's strength suddenly deserts her and she is nearly killed by a vampire. Buffy reports the problem to Giles and demonstrates her poor performance when throwing knives at a target. At home, Buffy is disappointed to find that her father is too busy to take her to the ice show for her 18th birthday; she suggests to Giles that he could take her instead. Giles has Buffy stare at a crystal until she falls into a trance, then injects her with a mysterious substance. Meanwhile, Quentin Travers, the head watcher, sets up an extreme test for the slayer, assisted by two men named Hobson and Blair.

Buffy tries to intervene when Cordelia's argument with an aggressive suitor becomes physical, but she is casually knocked aside. Buffy enlists the help of her friends to figure out what is wrong. She visits Angel who gives her a book for her birthday. He tells her about how he saw her before she was the slayer and how he loved her from the second he first saw her. Kralik, the captive vampire intended for Buffy's test, breaks out of his straitjacket while Blair is giving him his pills. He turns Blair into a vampire.

Giles goes to find Quentin at the Sunnydale Arms building, but discovers that Kralik is missing and Hobson is dead. Buffy, walking home alone, is confronted by Kralik. Blair chases her until Giles drives by and picks her up. At the Summers' home, Joyce hears a noise out front where she finds Kralik wrapped up in Buffy's jacket. Giles tells Buffy that she has lost her strength due to the injections of muscle relaxant and adrenaline suppressors he had given her, and about the test. Furious, Buffy returns home where she finds a picture of her mother bound to a chair and gagged by Kralik.

Buffy goes to the Sunnydale Arms building, beats Blair unconscious and then is chased by Kralik until his need for pills becomes unbearable. Buffy steals them away, and slides down a laundry chute where she finds her mother. Kralik breaks through the door and grabs his pills back, washing them down with a nearby glass of water. Buffy had filled the glass with holy water, causing Kralik to burn from within. Buffy frees her mother as Giles arrives and stakes Blair.

Back at the library, Quentin congratulates Buffy on her accomplishment, but Buffy is also angry with him. Because of Giles' fatherly relationship with the slayer, Quentin fires him from the Watchers' Council and prepares to assign a new watcher to Buffy, warning them not to interfere before leaving. However, Giles is still the school librarian and offers to help Buffy as a freelancer.

Reception
A reviewer for the BBC wrote that the slayer test made no sense and that "Helpless" would have been better if Faith, the second slayer, were also present. The review said the betrayal of Buffy by Giles, and the strains on their growing father-daughter relationship, was "heart-wrenching". Noel Murray of The A.V. Club described the episode as "one of the most overtly horrific, with creepy dark houses and blood-spattered rooms".

Myles McNutt notes that "our central characters really are alone in this fight. This doesn't mean they are helpless, of course, but it does mean that they don't have an army behind them," and that "Kralik is dangerous but has no plans to take over the world, which means that all of the consequences are about character rather than the end of the world."

Vox ranked this episode at #71 out of the 144 Buffy episodes, in honor of the 20th anniversary of the show, saying, "Add in a whole mess of subplots involving Buffy pining after her dad and Angel doing some of his most self-indulgent moping, and 'Helpless' loses some of the spark it could've had by making Buffy fend for herself without her powers for the first time since before the show began. But the episode ends on a touching note when Giles gets fired from the Council for being too much like a father to Buffy, a charge he can't — and doesn't want to — deny. "

title: Helpless (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)


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Alex MacLean

Alexander S. MacLean (born 1947) is an American photographic artist who is best known for his aerial photographs. His photographs have portrayed the history and evolution of the land from vast agricultural patterns to city grids, recording changes brought about by human intervention and natural processes.

MacLean graduated from Harvard College in 1969 with a Bachelor of Arts degree and earned a Master of Architecture degree from Harvard Graduate School of Design in 1973. He became interested in aerial scenery while he studied community planning and by 1975, MacLean received his commercial pilot license. Soon after, he established Landslides Aerial Photography to provide illustrative aerial photography for architects, landscape designers, urban planners, and environmentalists.

He is the author of ten books and has won many awards, including the 2009 Corine International Book Prize, the American Institute of Architects’ award for Excellence in International Architecture Book Publishing, and the American Academy of Rome’s Prix de Rome in Landscape Architecture for 2003–2004.

His photographs have been exhibited in the United States, Canada, Europe and Asia and are found in private, public and university collections.

MacLean flies a highly fuel-efficient carbon-fiber airplane out of Bedford, Massachusetts. He currently maintains a studio and lives in Lincoln, Massachusetts.

Published books

 * Up on the Roof: New York’s Hidden Skyline Spaces (2012)
 * Chroniques Aeriennes: L’Art d’Alex MacLean (2010)
 * Las Vegas | Venice (2010)
 * OVER: The American Landscape at the Tipping Point (2008)
 * The Playbook (2006)
 * Taking Measures Across the American Landscape with James Corner (1996)

title: Alex MacLean


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Mark Spoon

Mark Spoon (27 November 1966 – 11 January 2006) was a disc jockey, musician and record producer from Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Together with Rolf Ellmer (Jam El Mar) he recorded under several monikers, including Jam & Spoon, Tokyo Ghetto Pussy and Storm. He also produced and remixed many other artists as well as becoming a veteran performer many times at Berlin's Love Parade.

Spoon, born as Markus Löffel, began his professional career as a cook before changing direction and working as a DJ in the late 1980s. He adopted the stage name Mark Spoon, a direct translation of his birth name: Löffel is the German word for spoon. In the early 1990s he teamed up with Jam El Mar (a classically trained guitarist) as Jam & Spoon. Their greatest hits (in Germany) were "Right in the Night" (1994) and "Kaleidoscope skies" (1997). Spoon was a pioneer in trance music and remixed seminal tracks, including Moby's Go (In Dub Mix) (1992), in addition to his work under other names. In 2001 he performed in the German film Be Angeled, for which he also contributed the title song.

In January 2006, he was found dead in his Berlin apartment after suffering a heart attack. The 2006 Love Parade contained a live performance of "Be Angeled" in tribute of Spoon.

title: Mark Spoon


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Talk:Helpless (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

Untitled
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________________________________________________________

Fair use rationale for Image:Buffy312.jpg
Image:Buffy312.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:01, 13 February 2008 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Mbfs

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, Mbfs! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Grinner 10:35, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mbfs


text:
Talk:Nidoking

I don't think Nidoking's a fictional rabbit.
I've noticed that Nidoking has been listed under "Fictional Hares and Rabbits". But, last time I checked, Nidoking isn't exactly a rabbit. I mean, he looks more like a dinosaur..or a dragon. In fact, Nidoking bears a stronger resemblence to the Toho monster Baragon than he does to any rabbit.24.111.137.236 04:14, 25 June 2007 (UTC)Anonymous

title: Talk:Nidoking


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The Zeppo

"The Zeppo" is episode thirteen of season three of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by Dan Vebber, directed by James Whitmore, Jr., and first broadcast on The WB on January 26, 1999. Feeling left out by the gang, Xander ends up accompanying a student named Jack O'Toole, who raises some friends from the dead and decides to blow up the high school. Meanwhile, the rest of the gang are trying to stop an apocalypse.

Plot
Xander helps out the gang with another demon vanquishing, but Buffy worries about his safety and asks him to stay "fray-adjacent,"  upsetting him.

When a student throws him a football, Xander drops it onto Jack O'Toole's lunch, resulting in Jack threatening to beat him up. Cordelia, having witnessed the event, tells Xander, since all of his friends are slayers, werewolves, witches, and watchers, while he is nothing, he is useless and expendable like Zeppo Marx (least popular member of the Marx Brothers, who quit performing with the group). Meanwhile, Giles informs Buffy that the end of the world is near. The Sisterhood of Jhe, a group of fierce demons, is planning to reopen the Hellmouth.

Xander gets himself a car in the hope it will make him useful and cool, but accidentally rear-ends Jack, who is sitting in a parked car. Jack threatens Xander with a knife, but when a cop shows up, Xander covers for Jack and gains his respect. They go to get the rest of Jack's friends who, being dead, need to be raised from their graves.

Buffy, Willow and Giles are researching in the library. Giles leaves to contact some "spirit guides" and hopefully get their help with stopping the sisterhood.

Xander takes Jack and his group of friends to get supplies. He spots Willow leaving the magic shop and tries to talk to her; she tells him that she loves him before hurrying off to help Buffy. When Jack and friends try to initiate Xander into their group, he flees. He rescues Faith from a member of the sisterhood by hitting it with his car, then they go to Faith's motel room where she seduces him. Afterwards, she kicks him out, clothes in hand.

Meanwhile, back at the library, Willow and Giles struggle to get Oz (in werewolf form) away from the Hellmouth. They sedate him and lock him in the basement.

Xander realizes that Jack and his group have built a bomb. He seeks help from Buffy, but she is too busy having an emotional encounter with Angel. On his way to see Giles to warn him, Xander sees Jack's zombie group and drags one of them with his car until he confesses the location of the bomb. Xander finds the bomb in the school basement and vanquishes three of Jack's zombie minions, but Jack shows up and they fight. Xander positions himself between Jack and the exit door so that Jack has no hope of escaping before the bomb explodes. Jack defuses the bomb with seconds to spare and turns to leave, swearing revenge. He opens the door, releasing Oz, who immediately attacks and eats him. Meanwhile, at the library, Buffy, Angel, Faith, Giles and Willow fight off a giant multi-headed monster and the members of the Sisterhood of Jhe before successfully closing the Hellmouth.

The next day, the bruised Buffy, Willow, Giles, and Oz sit at a table discussing how they saved the world from destruction. Oz finds himself oddly disgusted by his appetite after waking up. Xander, not knowing anything of their battle and vice versa, comes by to chat with them. After a few seconds of talk, Xander decides to keep his harrowing night-long adventure to himself (aware that his friends will never believe such a story, no matter how he tells it). As he walks away, Cordelia once again taunts him over being left out of the group, but Xander merely smiles and walks by... quietly secure and confident in his place in the world and realizing that, with or without Buffy, he can survive on his own.

Production details
Dan Vebber wrote two scripts for the show: "Lovers Walk" and "The Zeppo". Although there are earlier episodes where Xander is central to the plot (e.g. "The Pack"), this episode is unusual in that the story is largely told from Xander's point of view. The world-saving activities of the main cast are portrayed as secondary until the plot lines eventually converge.

Themes
Essayist Emily (last name not given) of the site InsectReflection.com compares Jack O'Toole and Xander and their respective views of masculinity:

"Even undead, he's still more schoolyard bully than horrific monster, but that makes him a more direct danger to Xander, as he can impose emasculation directly onto him. This emasculation is coded homo-erotically, in an Ancient-Greece sense. O'Toole threatens to 'take' Xander, grabs him from behind, holds up a penetrative object and asks him where he 'wants it'. Xander's immediate insistence that he and Jack were 'rasslin', but not in a gay way' stems from his intertwined fear of emasculation and homosexuality. ... This whole episode is an exercise in 'be careful what you wish for', in which Xander achieves successful masculinity, and has a terrible time because of it."

Theresa Basile compares him with the brave hobbit Sam in The Lord of the Rings and writes, "He’s a would-be 'man's man' – obsessed with being manly – whose only close friends are women. He's both a perpetrator and victim of sexual assault and/or violation of consent. He's both attracted to and intimidated by strong women. He jokes about objectifying women and viewing sex as some sort of game, but in more intimate moments, seems to value romance and real connection. He's a willing participant in the patriarchy and also a victim of it."

Cultural references
InsectReflection.com notes that the earlier episode "'Helpless' directly compared Buffy to Superman – a comparison that has been made before since 'Never Kill a Boy on the First Date' – and 'The Zeppo' follows up on that by comparing Xander to Jimmy Olsen,' Superman's sidekick. He has accepted Buffy's role as Hero, but is struggling to find his own role within the same genre structure."

Continuity
Buffy's crinkly, crimped hair signals that the episode contains characters who are different than usual, a little "off" or under a spell. See, for example, "Something Blue," "This Year's Girl," "Who Are You?," "Superstar," and "Where the Wild Things Are."

Reception and influence
Vox ranked it at #34 of the 144 Buffy episodes, writing that "this episode, which sees him sidelined by his friends as they try to stop yet another impending apocalypse, is truly Xander-centric: Isolated from the gang, he falls in with a bad (read: dead) crowd, has a, uh, romantic encounter with Faith, and eventually averts an apocalypse of his own. ... But the episode reminds us that he charges into battle beside his friends time and again not because he’s gifted, or tasked by some higher power, but because he chooses to. Which is, in some ways, even more noble."

Noel Murray of The A.V. Club wrote that "The Zeppo" had become a favorite episode of his, saying, "What I loved about 'The Zeppo' is how Xander's feelings of abandonment pervade the structure of the episode, which is filled with moments that are (intentionally) dramatically unsatisfying." In Entertainment Weekly list of the 25 best Whedonverse episodes—including episodes from Buffy, as well as Angel, Firefly and Dollhouse—"The Zeppo" placed at No. 23. TV Squad's Keith McDuffee listed "The Zeppo" as the fifth best episode of the series. The episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Makeup in a Series.

Theresa Basile calls it an overrated episode, saying, "This is the boy who brought Buffy back to life in 'Prophecy Girl,' helped her save Willow/Cordelia/Giles/Jenny in 'When She Was Bad,' constantly patrolled with her throughout season two, pulled Cordelia out of a fire, and rescued Giles in 'Becoming Part 2,' all without the aid of supernatural powers – and all of a sudden, he’s a useless drain on the Scooby gang whom they need to protect? They sacrifice character for the sake of a fairly weak parody that doesn’t actually become funny until the final act." On the other hand, she liked "the zombie frat boys who enjoy Walker, Texas Ranger, because that is some inspired silliness right there."

InsectReflection.com notes, "This episode is quietly a turning point for Xander's character. More than that, it’s quietly one of the best and most unique episodes in the series. ... This is, in fact, an episode of Xander the Zombie Fighter, inside which occurs an episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer."

The episode has proved influential on later television writers. In his "Production Notes: Doodles in the Margins of Time", Doctor Who executive producer Russell T Davies said that he was inspired by "The Zeppo", along with the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Lower Decks", when writing the 2006 "Doctor-lite" episode "Love & Monsters", which started an annual tradition for an episode with little involvement of the lead cast. Joss Whedon himself cites it as influential to his later series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

title: The Zeppo


text:
Talk:The Zeppo

Untitled
Please help complete the Angel/Buffy episode articles. See what needs to be done on this sub-page of WikiProject Buffy:

WikiProject Buffy/Episodes

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________________________________________________________

Fair use rationale for Image:Buffy313.jpg
Image:Buffy313.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:02, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Zeppo Marx
Title could be hinting to Zeppo Marx, one of the lesser known Marx Brothers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8109:1140:5A2:209B:F0D9:4AF5:1052 (talk) 21:34, 23 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Zeppo


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User:Swen

The world is full of puzzling questions. de:Benutzer:Swen

One of them ist "Do black holes really exist?" and "How do they look like?".

I have my doubts!

 * If it takes infinitely long for an external observer to see particles falling into an event horizon, how can one say from the outside, that the particle has fallen into the black hole?

 * If the light, emitted by an infalling target gets infinitly red, how can I still determine its location? (where is Schrödinger's cat when you can´t see it? Infinit redshift at the event horizon means, you know its momentum exact. Heisenberg´s uncertainty principle tells me that the infalling targets wavefunction must be smeared out throughout the entire universe! This should apply also to its energy contribution to the gravitational field. )

 * How are black holes related to the big bang?

 * How are black holes related to the dark matter and dark energy?

 * Shouldn´t supermassive compact stars be in an equilibrium with the cosmic microwave background radiation?

 * Shouldn´t be there a halo of electrons and positrons surrounding supermassive compact stars when the cosmic microwave background radiation is gravitationally blueshifted to more than $$kT = 1.022 MeV$$? Do neutrinos form a similar halo of quarks?

 * How can particles hitting the surface of a supermassive compact star create a not yet existent event horizon in finite proper time? (What has to be first, the chicken or the egg?)

Just found: http://blog.case.edu/case-news/2007/06/20/blackholes

If you are puzzled by the term computerprogram as such.

title: User:Swen


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User:Sturm58

I was born in Warsaw, Poland and this is where i study (electronics at Warsaw University of Technology).

title: User:Sturm58


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Bertrand de Jouvenel

Bertrand de Jouvenel des Ursins (31 October 1903 – 1 March 1987) was a French philosopher, political economist, and futurist. He taught at the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, the University of Manchester, Yale University, the University of Chicago, and the University of California, Berkeley.

Life
Bertrand was the heir of an old family from the French nobility, coming from the Champagne region. He was the son of Henri de Jouvenel and Sarah Boas, the daughter of a Jewish industrialist. Henri divorced Sarah in 1912 to become the second husband of French writer Colette. In 1920, when he was only 16, Bertrand began an affair with his stepmother, who was then in her late 40s. The affair ended Colette and Henri's marriage and caused a scandal. It lasted until 1924. Some believe Bertrand to be the role model for the title character in Colette's novel Chéri, but in fact she had published about half the book, in serial form, before she and her stepson met for the first time, in the spring of 1920. Their affair actually inspired Colette's novel Le Blé en herbe. In the 1930s, he participated in the Cahiers Bleus, the review of Georges Valois' Republican Syndicalist Party. From 1930 to 1934, Jouvenel had an affair with the American war correspondent Martha Gellhorn. They would have married had his wife agreed to a divorce.

In his memoirs, The Invisible Writing, Arthur Koestler recalled that in 1934, Jouvenel was among a small number of French intellectuals who promised moral and financial support to the newly established Institut pour l'Étude du Fascisme, a supposedly self-financing enterprise. Other personalities to offer support were Professor Langevin, the Joliot–Curies, André Malraux, etc.

However, that same year, Jouvenel was impressed by the riot of the antiparliamentary leagues that occurred on 6 February 1934, became disillusioned with traditional political parties and left the Radical Party. He began a paper with Pierre Andreu called La Lutte des jeunes (The Struggle of the Young) while at the same time contributing to the right wing paper Gringoire, for which he covered the 1935 Nuremberg Congress in Germany where the infamous Nuremberg Laws were passed. He began frequenting royalist and nationalist circles, where he met Henri de Man and Pierre Drieu la Rochelle.

He was in favour of Franco-German rapprochement and created the "Cercle du grand pavois", which supported the Comité France–Allemagne (Franco-German Committee). Here he became friends with Otto Abetz, the future German ambassador to Paris during the occupation. In February 1936 he interviewed Adolf Hitler for the journal Paris-Midi, for which he was criticised for being too friendly to the dictator.

That same year he joined Jacques Doriot's Parti populaire français (PPF). He became the editor in chief of its journal L'Émancipation nationale (National Emancipation), wherein he supported fascism. He broke with the PPF in 1938 when Doriot supported the Munich Agreement.

After the French defeat in 1940 Jouvenel stayed in Paris and under German occupation published Après la Défaite, calling for France to join Hitler's New Order. He fled to Switzerland just before the liberation of Paris by the Allies. Jouvenel was among the very few French intellectuals to pay respectful attention to the economic theory and welfare economics that emerged during the first half of the 20th century in Austria, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This understanding of economics is shown by his work The Ethics of Redistribution.

Jouvenel's mother passionately supported Czechoslovakian independence, and so he began his career as a private secretary to Edvard Beneš, Czechoslovakia's first prime minister. In 1947, along with Friedrich Hayek, Jacques Rueff, and Milton Friedman, he founded the Mont Pelerin Society. Later in life, de Jouvenel established the Futuribles International in Paris.

Dennis Hale of Boston College has co-edited two volumes of essays by Jouvenel.

Later in his life, Jouvenel's views shifted back to the left. In 1960, he complained to Milton Friedman that the Mont Pelerin Society had "turned increasingly to a Manichaeism according to which the state can do no good and private enterprise can do no wrong." He was sympathetic to the student protests of 1968 and critical of the Vietnam War. He also expressed support for the Socialist François Mitterrand.

Sternhell controversy
Zeev Sternhell published a book, Ni Droite, ni Gauche ("Neither Right nor Left"), accusing De Jouvenel of having had fascist sympathies in the 1930s and 1940s. De Jouvenel sued in 1983, claiming nine counts of libel, two of which the court upheld. However, Sternhell was neither required to publish a retraction nor to strike any passages from future printings of his book.

title: Bertrand de Jouvenel


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Loren Bouchard

Loren Hal Bouchard is an American animator, writer, producer, director, and composer. He is the creator of several animated TV shows such as Bob's Burgers, Lucy, the Daughter of the Devil, and Central Park. He is also the co-creator of Home Movies with Brendon Small as well as the executive producer of The Great North.

Early life
Bouchard was born in New York City to a Jewish mother and a Catholic father. He grew up in Medford, Massachusetts.

Career
A high school dropout, Bouchard was working as a bartender in 1993 when he bumped into a former grade school teacher of his, Tom Snyder, who asked if Bouchard was still drawing, and offered Bouchard a chance to work on a few animated short films Snyder was making. The shorts developed into Bouchard's first series, Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, which he produced. He credits Jonathan Katz, H. Jon Benjamin, and Snyder as major influences. Dr. Katz ran for six seasons, from 1995 to 2000. He also produced one season of Science Court, another animated show made by Soup2Nuts.

Towards the end of Dr. Katz, Bouchard and Brendon Small teamed up to create Home Movies. The show was picked up initially by UPN, which dropped it after five episodes; the remaining eight episodes from season one, and the subsequent three seasons, were shown on Adult Swim. The show was not renewed after the conclusion of the fourth season in 2004.

After Home Movies concluded and another Bouchard pilot, Saddle Rash, was not picked up, Bouchard created Lucy, the Daughter of the Devil. The show's pilot was created on October 30, 2005, but it was not until September 2007 that the show debuted as a weekly feature on Adult Swim. He was a consulting producer on HBO's The Ricky Gervais Show. In 2009, Bouchard got together with King of the Hill writer and producer Jim Dauterive and developed Bob's Burgers, an animated series about a family working at a hamburger restaurant. Bouchard grew up in a working-class family full of "blue collar creatives" and created Bob's Burgers because he didn't see that kind of life represented on TV. In 2010, Fox placed the series on the primetime slate for the 2010–11 television season. A special preview aired on Thanksgiving on November 25, 2010. When the series premiered, it received mixed reviews with a Metacritic score of 54 out of 100. However, as the first season progressed and concluded and the second began, critics began giving the series praise. The show has generally been viewed as a spiritual successor to King of the Hill, which carried less emphasis on shock comedy and focused more on character-driven humor. A film adaptation based on the animated TV series was released on May 27, 2022. and serves as Bouchard's feature directorial debut.

Personal life
Bouchard lives in Los Angeles with his wife, Holly Kretschmar. The couple married on September 3, 2006. The couple have two sons.

title: Loren Bouchard


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Tenuibranchiurus

Tenuibranchiurus is a genus of diminutive freshwater crayfish that live in the Australian state of Queensland. Only one species has been described, the swamp crayfish, T. glypticus.

Tenuibranchiurus glypticus is reportedly the smallest species of crayfish in the world. It is distinguished from other crayfish by its small size, adults being only around 25 mm long, and its claws which open vertically rather than horizontally or obliquely.

Tenuibranchiurus lives in coastal wallum swamps, and stays among the sedges rather than in more open water. Its habitat is highly fragmented, as land is used for the expansion of Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast, and Tenuibranchiurus glypticus is therefore listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List. Additional populations have been found at the periphery of its range, but these are thought to represent new, undescribed species.

title: Tenuibranchiurus


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Bad Girls (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"Bad Girls" is episode fourteen of season three of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by Doug Petrie, directed by Michael Lange, and first broadcast on February 9, 1999 on The WB.

Buffy gets a new Watcher, and Faith lures Buffy into reckless abandon.

Plot
While out patrolling, Buffy and Faith kill a vampire who was armed with swords, one short and one long. The next day in the school library, Buffy's supercilious new Watcher, Wesley Wyndam-Pryce, identifies the swords as belonging to a cult of swordsman vampires, who were once led by a demon named Balthazar. Wesley instructs Buffy to retrieve an amulet that belonged to Balthazar, whom he believes to be dead.

That night Buffy finds the amulet, but a group of Balthazar's vampires arrive before she can take it. Faith impulsively jumps into the vampire nest and is joined in the fight by Buffy, who finds the amulet. After handing it over to Wesley, Buffy leaves to take a school test. She repeatedly tries to tell Willow and Xander about the previous night and notices Xander twitch whenever she mentions Faith's name. Faith shows up at the classroom window and she and Buffy leave to destroy another vampire nest. Exhilarated, the two go dancing at the Bronze, where Buffy meets up with Angel. He tells her that Balthazar is alive and looking for his amulet. When Wesley arrives, she takes the amulet from him and gives it to Angel for safekeeping.

Buffy and Faith find Balthazar (an obese demon who lives in a vat of water) surrounded by his vampires, so they break into a sports equipment store to steal weapons. The police arrive and arrest them, but the two slayers break out of the car, causing it to crash and injure the police officers. The following morning, the Mayor is attacked by one of Balthazar's vampires, who is foiled by Mr. Trick.

Balthazar demands his minions bring him the watchers, kill the slayers, and bring him his amulet. The enemy who crippled him is about to gain ultimate power and he refuses to let this come to pass. Willow presents Buffy with a protection spell and is ready to go slaying that night, but Buffy tells her that it is too dangerous and that she is going with Faith instead. The two run into several vampires and stake them, then Allan, the mayor's human deputy, grabs Buffy so Faith stakes him too. He dies before anything can be done and the slayers scatter. Buffy runs into Angel who tells her about Balthazar capturing Giles, while Faith returns to Allan's body.

Balthazar questions the two watchers as to who has his amulet. Wesley is willing to tell him, but does not know Angel's name. Angel shows up with Buffy, frees Giles and a fight breaks out. When Balthazar captures Angel, Buffy tosses live wires into his tub of water, electrocuting him. With his dying breath, Balthazar warns them of his enemy. In his office that night, the Mayor performs a ritual that makes him unable to be killed. Buffy tries to talk to Faith about Allan's death, but Faith has disposed of the body and says she does not care.

Production
Alexis Denisof met Alyson Hannigan as a result of being cast as Wesley, and the two married on October 11, 2003. Denisof's role on Buffy would also lead him to become a regular cast member on the spin-off, Angel.

Writing
After Faith accidentally kills Allan, Buffy finds her in her hotel room obsessively scrubbing his blood from her shirt. As Richardson and Rabb note, this scene is reminiscent of Lady Macbeth's "equally futile attempt to wash away guilt by washing away its physical signs". When Buffy reminds Faith that "you can shut off all the emotions that you want... but eventually, they're gonna find a body," she is referring to the authorities finding Allan's body; however the ambiguous grammar suggests that it is Faith's emotions of guilt and shame that will eventually find a body as well.

Reception
Vox, rating it at #26 in the list of all 144 episodes, writes, "With Faith embracing the role of Buffy’s Evil Twin Slayer counterpart, this episode lets Buffy embrace the wild streak inherent in being a teen with superpowers, as she and Faith go slaying and dancing whenever the hell they feel like it. And for being an episode that both introduces Wesley at his stodgiest and ends with Faith accidentally stabbing a human man in the heart — an event that immediately sends shockwaves throughout the show — 'Bad Girls' is a significant episode executed with serious balancing skills."

A review for the BBC said the scene where Allan is killed "signals a fundamental change to a more mature series". It also said that Faith, who was initially concerned about the death, subsequently sheds all sense of responsibility and that without the death, Buffy might easily have become like Faith.

title: Bad Girls (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)


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Talk:Bad Girls (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

Untitled
Please help complete the Angel/Buffy episode articles. See what needs to be done on this sub-page of WikiProject Buffy:

WikiProject Buffy/Episodes

Also please help update any major changes made to episode articles on that page so that progress can be mapped.

________________________________________________________

Fair use rationale for Image:Buffy314.jpg
Image:Buffy314.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:04, 13 February 2008 (UTC)


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Love & Honesty

Love & Honesty is the third Japanese studio album (sixth overall) by South Korean singer BoA, released via Avex Trax on January 15, 2004. The album also came in a "Perfect Edition" which had two discs—the standard CD and a DVD. Love & Honesty experienced commercial success in Japan, where it was number one on the Oricon charts for two weeks. In its first week the album sold 296,781 copies while during its second week it sold 145,325 copies. Love & Honesty was certified Triple Platinum by the RIAJ within a month of its release and was the 13th best-selling album in Japan during 2004.

Track listing

 * Sampling credits
 * "Rock With You" contains a sample of Janet Jackson's "You Ain't Right"

title: Love & Honesty


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African Autonomist Movement

African Autonomist Movement (in French: Mouvement Autonomiste Africain; MAA) was a political party in French West Africa, led by Amadou Bâ (1892–1967). It was formed in Dakar, Senegal, on 17 August 1946, after the fall of the Vichy regime, but did not last long.

Later in 1946, the Mouvement Nationaliste Africain and the MAA formed an alliance with the Parti Socialiste Sénégalais, under the name "Bloc Africain". In September 1947, the Bloc Démocratique Sénégalais was formed, which united three other movements.

title: African Autonomist Movement


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Christina Aguilera/archive2

Christina Aguilera
This is the second time this article has been submitted to Peer Review. The first peer review request is located at Peer review/Christina Aguilera/archive1. Since the previous request, the article has improved signifigantly, and I'm planning on seeing whether or not this is prime time forWP:FAC. --LBMixPro(Speak on it!)
 * Trivia sections make many editors cringe when seen in articles up for FAC. Please try to incorporate the points into the article, or consider deleting them. It would be easy to add in the fact about her schooling to Early History, and the same goes for her first gig, whereas the fact about "Beautiful" could easily be deleted. Harro5 09:49, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and taken your advice with the Trivia points. The section is now gone. But I realized parts of the article need more attention than others, especially the Early Years section, where it talks about Aguilera musically, not not about her personal life (her abuse isn't mentioned until the passage about "I'm OK"), so that the schooling fact can actually fit in.--LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 08:41, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * The main image seems to be marked to be deleted, in which case it should be changed. This could do with references e.g. using Footnote3 or invisible notes Mozzerati 21:28, August 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Marked to be deleted? What do you mean? --LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 03:55, August 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * This image has no source information. This means that it has an unknown copyright status. Unless the copyright status is provided and a source is given, the image will be deleted. from the image page Mozzerati 18:45, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, that's what you mean. Well, I wasn't the one who added the photo. But I know that is from a press kit. I would like to add a template, but I'm not sure where to find a precice source, other than Christina's official website, or even if it can be used here. If not, then I'm cool with the DVD cover, which is further down the page, to be the main pic. --LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 19:04, 22 August, 2005 (UTC)


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Malcolm Hebden

Malcolm Hebden (born 21 December 1939) is an English retired actor. He is known for portraying the role of Norris Cole in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street on and off between 1994 and 1997, regularly from 1999 to 2017, and intermittently between 2019 and 2020. Aged 81, he announced his retirement from acting due to ill health.

Early life
Hebden was born on 21 December 1939 in Chester before his family moved to Burnley, Lancashire, three weeks later. He was educated at West Gate High School and began his career as a window dresser in Burnley. He found school difficult due to "severe dyslexia". He was involved in amateur dramatics groups, one of which included Richard Moore, called The Highcliffe Players. When aged 28, he attended the Rose Bruford Drama School in London before beginning a career in theatre.

Career
Hebden first appeared in Coronation Street from 1974 to 1975, as Mavis Riley's (Thelma Barlow) Spanish boyfriend Carlos. He first appeared as Norris Cole in 1994; he left in 1997, before returning to the role in December 1999. He also appeared in the first episode of the first series of Heartbeat and also the sixteenth episode of the ninth series. His other roles include model toy salesman Oliver Shawcross in Albion Market.

In 1999, Hebden made a brief, but energetic appearance as a pharmacist in the television film Lost for Words, alongside Pete Postlethwaite, Anne Reid and Thora Hird. He also made an appearance in Last of the Summer Wine and also in Children's Ward.

Along with his on-screen business partner Barbara Knox (Rita Sullivan), Hebden won the Best Onscreen Partnership award at the British Soap Awards in May 2006. Additionally, he won the Funniest Character award for two consecutive years at the 2001 and 2002 Inside Soap Awards.

Hebden had a near-fatal heart attack in December 2017, and was absent from Coronation Street from December 2017 to April 2019. However, in March 2019, it was announced that Hebden would return briefly in May 2019. He made his final appearance in June 2020. In January 2021, he announced his retirement from acting, at the age of 81.

title: Malcolm Hebden


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File:Samael Black Trip.jpg

Fair use in Black Trip
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Samael Black Trip.jpg


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Wikipedia:UK Wikipedians' notice board/UKCOTW/British classical music

Classical music of the United Kingdom
We have a well populated category - Category:Classical music in the United Kingdom, but a summary article would be nice. Not sure whether it should at this title or at Classical music in the United Kingdom. the wub  "?/!"  10:42, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) Oldak Quill 15:45, 28 July 2005 (UTC) PS. I have taken the liberty of changing the name to one which is more inline.
 * 2) --Mark Lewis 21:03, 4 August 2005 (UTC) I favour Classical music in the United Kingdom, firstly because of the category title, and also as it offers greater scope for the article. I'm amazed this doesn't already exist! NB Music of the United Kingdom and its template.
 * 3) Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 16:47, 16 September 2005 (UTC) Edward Elgar, Vaughan Williams, Gustav Holst, Paul McCartney? - Could be an interesting write.
 * 4) Of and in are different articles.. Secretlondon 00:37, 4 October 2005 (UTC)


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United States Army Military Government in Korea

The United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) was the official ruling body of the southern half of the Korean Peninsula from 8 September 1945 to 15 August 1948.

The country during this period was plagued with political and economic chaos, which arose from a variety of causes. The after-effects of the Japanese occupation were still being felt in the occupation zone, as well as in the Soviet zone in the north. Popular discontent stemmed from the United States' military government's support of the Japanese colonial government; then once removed, keeping the former Japanese governors on as advisors; by ignoring, censoring, and forcibly disbanding the functional and popular People's Republic of Korea (PRK); and finally by supporting United Nations elections that divided the country. The U.S. administration refused to recognize the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, despite the South Korean government considering it their predecessor since 1987.

In addition, the U.S. military was largely unprepared for the challenge of administering the country, arriving with no knowledge of the language or political situation. Thus, many of their policies had unintended, destabilizing effects. Waves of refugees from North Korea (estimated at 400,000) and returnees from abroad caused further turmoil.

Background
The short-lived People's Republic of Korea had been established in August, in consultation with Japanese authorities, and rapidly exerted control throughout the country. The U.S. Military Government outlawed it in the South shortly after their arrival. The leader of the People's Republic, Yeo Un-hyeong, stepped down and formed the People's Party of Korea. The U.S. administration also refused to recognize the members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, led by Kim Gu, who were obliged to enter the country as private citizens.

Key events
After the surrender of the Empire of Japan to the Allies, the division at the 38th parallel marked the beginning of Soviet and American command over North Korea and South Korea, respectively. From 1945 to 1948 the overall responsibility of southern Korea was given to General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers due to the vague orders and lack of guidance from both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Department of State regarding Korea. Washington, D.C. decided to give MacArthur a free hand to deal with Korea however he wished. He ordered the XXIV Corps under Lt. General John R. Hodge to not only accept the surrender of Japanese forces but also to set up a military occupation of Korea. U.S. forces landed at Incheon on 8 September 1945, and established a military government shortly thereafter. The forces landing at Incheon were of the XXIV Corps of the U.S. Tenth Army. Four days before he arrived in Korea, Hodge told his officers that Korea "was an enemy of the United States".

On 9 September, at a surrender ceremony, Hodge announced that the Japanese colonial government would remain intact, including its personnel and its governor-general. After a major outcry, Hodge replaced the governor-general with an American and removed all the Japanese bureau chiefs, though he, in turn, enlisted the former Japanese bureaucrats as advisors.

Faced with mounting popular discontent, in October 1945 Hodge established the Korean Advisory Council. The majority of the Council seats were given to members of the Korean Democratic Party which had been formed at the encouragement of the U.S. and was primarily made up of large landowners, wealthy businesspeople, and former officials in the colonial government. A few members of the PRK were offered to join, but they refused and instead criticized the Council appointees for their collaboration with the Japanese.

A proposal was made in 1945 for a long-term trusteeship arrangement. In December 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to administer the country under the U.S.–Soviet Joint Commission, as termed by the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers. It was agreed that Korea would govern independently after four years of international oversight. However, both the United States and the USSR approved Korean-led governments in their respective halves, each of which was favorable to the occupying power's political ideology. In the south the interim legislature and the interim government were headed by Kim Kyu-shik and Syngman Rhee, respectively, and the elections for which were met with a large uprising.

The USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December and outlawed the people's committees on 12 December 1945. However, in September 1946 the Communist Party of Korea initiated a General Strike. This started among railway workers in Busan but it spread to other industries by 24 September and more than a quarter of a million workers joined in the strike. The USAMG organised military operations to oppose the strikers and also encouraged right-wing anti-communist groups. On 1 October a strike protest in Daegu was fired on by police and a worker was killed. Demonstrations in the following days developed into the 'Autumn Uprising'. The U.S. administration responded by declaring martial law, firing into crowds of demonstrators and killing a publicly unknown number of people.

The Jeju Uprising started during the U.S. occupation period in April 1948 when left wing radicals killed 30 South Korean police officers. This uprising happened after a South Korean communist named Pak Hon-yong (who collaborated with Kim Il-sung in Pyongyang) called on left wing and communist groups south of the 38th parallel to oppose the 1948 Korean elections by whatever means necessary, and called for a general strike to begin on 7 February. At this point, there were at least 60,000 members of the communist Workers' Party of South Korea on Jeju, and at least 80,000 active supporters. These members and supporters not only went on strike but in some cases attacked government installations and engaged with police forces in open conflict. These engagements between SKLP guerrillas against rightist groups and police continued through March 1948. Violence escalated dramatically following South Korea's independence in August 1948. President Syngman Rhee's government largely suppressed the uprising by May 1949. The conflict in Jeju saw atrocities by both sides and caused the deaths of 14,000 to 30,000 people.

Education
Among the earliest edicts promulgated by USAMGIK was one reopening all schools, issued in November 1945. No immediate changes were made in the educational system, which was simply carried over from the Japanese colonial period. In this area, as in others, the military government sought to maintain the forms of the Japanese occupation system.

Although it did not implement sweeping educational reforms, the military government did lay the foundations for reforms which were implemented early in the First Republic. In 1946, a council of about 100 Korean educators was convened to map out the future path of Korean education.

Politics
Although the military government was hostile to leftism from the beginning, it did initially tolerate the activities of left-wing political groups, including the Korean Communist Party. They had attempted to strike a balance between hard-left and hard-right groups, encouraging moderation. However, these overtures frequently had the adverse effect of angering powerful leaders such as Syngman Rhee.

This period of reconciliation did not last long. Within a short time, the military government actively disempowered and eventually banned popular organizations that were gaining support within the general public, including the People's Republic of Korea. The justification given by the USAMGIK was its suspicion that they were aligned with the communist bloc, despite professing a relatively moderate stance compared to the actual Korean Communist Party, which had also been banned at this time.

A good symbol of how the U.S. military occupation of southern Korea went overall was when Hodge and the USAMGIK created the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly in December 1946. This assembly was supposed to formulate draft laws to be used as "the basis for political, economic, and social reforms." However, the left-wing political faction, consolidated under the South Korean Workers Party, ignored the assembly and refused to participate. The conservative faction's Korea Democratic Party, supported by landlords and small-business owners, also opposed the assembly because their main leaders were excluded from it by the USAMGIK. The problem was that even though many of the 45-member assembly were conservatives most of the members were nominated by the moderate Kim Kyu-sik, who was the Vice President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (this was the mostly moderate institution created in 1919 during the Japanese-occupied Korea era with the ultimate goal of delivering independence to Korea in the form of a republic) and was Hodge's choice to lead a future independent South Korea. Unfortunately, Kim was not charismatic and could not inspire either the left wing or the right wing to support him.

Inter-Korean relations
At the time of division, the overwhelming majority of Korean industry was concentrated in the North, while most of the agricultural land was in the South. Power lines and shipping connections were maintained during this period, but were frequently and unpredictably cut off. The North, controlled during this period by the Soviet Union, had the ability to cut off supply of electricity or fertilizer to the south, and the U.S. State Department reported it frequently did so.

Economy
The economy of South Korea did not fare well during this period, although the foundations of recovery were laid. A 1947 assessment by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee found that the U.S. had mismanaged the Korean economy and failed to enact needed land and labor reforms. The report concluded, "Thus far the U.S. has done little more than hold its own in South Korea. The operation to date has been improvised from day to day to prevent complete collapse, and has left almost untouched the most basic problems." Counterfeiting was reportedly a serious problem during this period.

Dissolution
Following the constitutional assembly and presidential elections held in May and July 1948 respectively, its first government officially proclaimed the existence of the Republic of Korea on 15 August 1948. American troops finally withdrew in 1949.


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Colette de Jouvenel

Colette de Jouvenel, also known as Bel-Gazou, (3 July 1913 –1981) was the French producer of an animated film.

She was the daughter of French writer Colette and her second husband, Henri de Jouvenel. She was the half-sister of Renaud de Jouvenel and Bertrand de Jouvenel. Her daughter resides Beaumont du Gatinais, a village about 100 miles southeast of Paris, and desired to open an antiques and decorating shop in the village.

Born at Castel-Novel in Corrèze, she spent her childhood in the care of her English nanny, Miss Draper, only rarely seeing her famous mother.

In 1935, Colette de Jouvenel married Dr. Dausse. She would leave her husband two months later and divorce the following year, in 1936. After this short-lived marriage, she had affairs with several women, notably with Nicole Stéphane.

She produced an animated film for Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française, entitled Introduction à Colette. It premiered 18 March 1968.

She is buried next to her mother at Père Lachaise in Paris.

title: Colette de Jouvenel


text: File:NorthOtago.jpg

title: File:NorthOtago.jpg