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Moldovans

Moldovans, sometimes referred to as Moldavians (moldoveni, ), are a Romanian-speaking ethnic group and the largest ethnic group of the Republic of Moldova (75.1% of the population as of 2014) and a significant minority in Romania, Italy, Ukraine and Russia. There is an ongoing controversy, in part involving the linguistic definition of ethnicity, over whether Moldovans' self-identification constitutes an ethnic group distinct and separate from Romanians, or a subset. The extent of self-identification as Romanians in the Republic of Moldova varies (2.1% of the population self-identified as Romanians in 2004 and 7% self-identified as Romanians in 2014).

The variant Moldavians is also used to refer to all inhabitants of the territory of historical Principality of Moldavia, currently divided among Romania (47.5%), Moldova (30.5%) and Ukraine (22%), regardless of their ethnic identity. In Romania, natives of Western Moldavia identifying with the term generally declare Romanian ethnicity, while the Moldovans from Bessarabia (the Republic of Moldova included) are usually called "Bessarabians" (basarabeni).

History

According to Miron Costin, a prominent chronicler from 17th-century Moldavia, the inhabitants of the Principality of Moldavia spoke Latin and called themselves "Moldavians", but also "Romans" (with the local form "rumân/râmlean") which, he notes, comes from "romanus". Also, the Slavic neighbours called Moldovans "Vlachs" or "Volokhs", a term also used to refer to all native Romance speakers from Eastern Europe and the Balkan peninsula.

In 1812, the Russian Empire received the eastern half of Moldavia from the Ottoman Empire and renamed it Bessarabia. As the ethnonym "Romanian" was gaining more and more popularity throughout the remaining territory of Moldavia and Bukovina during the 19th century, its dissemination in Bessarabia, a more backward and rural province of the Russian Empire at the time, was welcomed mostly by the Romanian-oriented intellectuals, while the majority of the rural population continued to use the old self-identification "Moldovans".

Some authors observe that the Russian officials also initially preferred to refer to the native inhabitants of Bessarabia as "Romanians" (or "Volochi"), but after the 1859 unification of Moldavia and Wallachia they gradually began using the term "Moldavians" for them, to justify the idea of Russifiers and Pan-Slavists to create an identity different from that of the Romanians of Western Moldavia. Historian van Meurs however indicates that some Russian official documents and scholarly studies in the 19th century actually continued to use both "Romanians" and "Moldavians" when referring to the local population, noting that the Russian policy which restricted the use of the Romanian language in Bessarabia was rather part of the general tendency of Russification and of promotion of a tsarist nationality policy as such.

Van Meurs concludes that before the October Revolution the inhabitants of Bessarabia probably considered themselves "Moldavians" in a "natural, primarily local-territorial sense", and there had been no consistent government-sponsored effort to influence the local nation-building process by promoting a Moldavian identity. Likewise, Historian Charles King notes that the Moldovan peasant's view of his own national identity was not the product of Russian assimilationist policies but had instead remained virtually frozen since 1812.

Until the 1920s, Romanian historians generally considered Moldovans as a subgroup of the Romanian ethnos. After 1924, within the newly created Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet authorities supported the creation of Moldovan language standards allegedly in order to prove that Moldovans form a separate ethnic group.

In the past, the terms "Moldovan" or "Moldavian" have been used to refer to the population of the historical Principality of Moldavia. However, for the inhabitants of Bessarabia living under the Russian rule, the term gained an ethnic connotation by the beginning of the 20th century: in May 1917, at a congress of Bessarabian teachers, a dispute arose over the identification of the native population; a group protested against being called "Romanians", affirming they were "Moldovans", while another group, led by poet Alexei Mateevici, supported the view that the Moldovans are also Romanians.

In 1918, Bessarabia was annexed by the Kingdom of Romania, following an illegal vote of an illegal organisation named Sfatul Țării. The circumstance of the vote was itself complex, since the Romanian troops were present in Bessarabia at the request of the Sfatul Țării as it was facing exterior threats and anarchy.

By the time of the union, the largely illiterate Moldovan-speaking peasants of Bessarabia did not consider themselves part of a larger Romanian nation, and there was no mass nationalist movement as in other regions, such as in Transylvania.

The Romanian state promoted a common identity for all its inhabitants. Owing partly to its relative underdevelopment compared to other regions of Greater Romania, as well as to the low competence and corruption of the new Romanian administration in this province, the integration process of Bessarabia in the unified Romanian state was less successful than in other regions and was soon to be disrupted by the Soviet occupation.

In 1940, during World War II, Romania agreed to an ultimatum and returned the region to the Soviet Union, which organized it into the Moldavian SSR. The Soviets began a campaign to return the Moldovan identity overt that of the rest of Romanian speakers, taking advantage of the incomplete integration of Bessarabia into the interwar Romania (see also Moldovenism). The official Soviet policy also stated that Romanian and Moldovan were two different languages and, to emphasize this distinction, Moldovan had to be written in a new Cyrillic alphabet (the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet) based on the Russian Cyrillic, rather than the older Romanian Cyrillic that ceased to be used in the 19th century in the Romanian Old Kingdom and in 1917 in Bessarabia.

Identity politics in the Republic of Moldova
A survey carried out in the Republic of Moldova in 1992 showed that 87% of the Romanian (then known as Moldovan) speakers identified themselves as "Moldovans", rather than "Romanians".

According to a study conducted in the Republic of Moldova in May 1998, when the self-declared Moldovans were asked to characterize the relationship of the Romanian and Moldovan identities, 55% considered them somewhat different, 26% very different and less than 5% identical. A poll conducted in the Republic of Moldova by IMAS-Inc Chișinău in October 2009 presented a more detailed picture. The respondents were asked to rate the relationship between the Romanian and Moldovan identities on a scale between 1 (entirely the same) to 5 (completely different). The poll showed that 26% of the entire sample, which included all ethnic groups, claimed the two identities were the same or very similar, whereas 47% claimed they were different or entirely different.

The results varied significantly among different categories of subjects. For instance, while 33% of the young respondents (ages from 18 to 29 years) chose the same or very similar and 44% different or very different, among the senior respondents (aged over 60 years) the corresponding figures were 18.5% and 53%. The proportion of those who chose the same or very similar identity was higher than the average among the native speakers of Romanian/Moldovan (30%), among the urban dwellers (30%), among those with higher education (36%), and among the residents of the capital city (42%).

According to an 2020 OSCE-sponsored study, among the population of Moldova, 20% of ethnic Moldovans secondarily identified as Romanians, while 68% of ethnic Romanians secondarily identified as Moldovans. When asked about their mother tongue, among ethnic Moldovans 69% identified it as Moldovan, 34% as Romanian, and 7% as Russian (multiple answers were allowed). The study indicated ethnic Moldovans are highly endogamous, with 87% reporting a spouse of the same ethnic groups; in contrast, 50% of the Romanians indicated a Moldovan spouse. While 91% of the ethnic Moldovans reported having Moldavian parents of either sex, among ethnic Romanians 52% indicated having a Moldovan mother (as opposed to 45% having a Romanian one), while 49% indicated having a Moldovan father (as opposed to 50% having a Romanian one).

Also the major Moldovan political forces have diverging opinions regarding the identity of Moldovans. This contradiction is reflected in their stance towards the national history that should be taught in schools. Governing forces such as the Liberal Party, Liberal Democratic Party, and Our Moldova Alliance support the teaching of the history of Romanians. Others, such as the Democratic Party and the Party of Communists support the history of the Republic of Moldova.

The diverging opinions are also reflected in the official state documents issued in successive legislatures. The Declaration of Independence of 1991 calls the official language "Romanian", and the first anthem adopted by the independent Republic of Moldova was "Deşteaptă-te, române" ("Awaken thee, Romanian!"), the same as the anthem of Romania.

Mirroring different political configurations of the later Moldovan Parliament, the Constitution of Moldova (1994) calls the official language "Moldovan", while the "Concept of the National Policy of the Republic of Moldova" (2003) adopted by the Communist-dominated Parliament distinguishes explicitly Moldovans and Romanians as ethnic groups, and so does the census of 2004.

On December 5, 2013, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova ruled that the Romanian language is the official language of this country, in agreement with the Declaration of Independence of 1991.

Intellectuals of Bessarabia and the Romanian identity
A significant number of intellectuals from Bessarabia considered themselves part of the Romanian nation in the passing of time. Amongst these prominent figures, there are the following ones:

 * Alexei Mateevici (1888–1917), author of the Moldovan national anthem Limba noastră said at a congress of Bessarabian teachers in 1917: "Yes, we are Moldovans, sons of the old Moldavia, but we belong to the large body of the Romanian nation, that lives in Romania, Bukovina and Transylvania. Our brothers from Bukovina, Transylvania and Macedonia don't call themselves after the places they live in, but call themselves Romanians. That is what we should do as well!".
 * Emanoil Catelli (1883–1943), a politician of the Moldavian Democratic Republic, and later of Romania, said in 1917: "The Moldovans who remained silent for 106 years, should speak louder today [...] because they are Romanians, and only the Russians demoted them to the role of 'Moldovans' ".
 * Maria Cebotari (1910–1949), one of the most famous sopranos born in Bessarabia said: "Never and in no circumstance has it crossed my mind to say that I am anything else than a Romanian from Bessarabia, or, simply, a Romanian".
 * Grigore Vieru (1935–2009), prominent Moldovan poet, a staunch supporter of Pan-Romanianism, wrote: "Moldovans hurt me too/Inhumanly/But I'm happy that Romanianness/Still lives in them" (Bessarabia with Sorrow).
 * Eugen Doga (born 1937), a famous Moldovan composer, explained in an interview his visit to Alba-Iulia, Romania: "This is the capital of the union, a real Mecca [...]. I think people come here not forced, but freely, for a return to their brothers".
 * Gheorghe Duca (born 1952), president of the Moldovan Academy of Sciences said: "Just like the whole Romanian nation, that Grigore Vieru praised, I cannot believe the Poet left home forever".
 * Constantin Tănase (born 1949), director of the Moldovan newspaper Timpul de dimineață, one of the most influential opinion leaders from Moldova stated: "The academia, the political and cultural elite has to show that Romanianness in the Republic of Moldova is not an extremist whim, but a reality and a condition of the existence of this state".

The resolution of the "Association of Historians from the Republic of Moldova" (AIRM) from October 28, 2009 in favor of teaching the history of Romanians in Moldovan schools reads "The people of the Moldovan SSR were subjected to the Communist ideology, with the aim of replacing the Romanian identity of the native population, with one newly created".

The welcome message of the Union of Writers from Moldova is a quote from Mircea Eliade: "We invite you to become initiated in the literary life of Bessarabia, border Romanian land subjected to a long, too long terror of history".

The national poet of Moldova and Romania, Mihai Eminescu was born and lived outside of the territory of the current Republic of Moldova and considered himself Romanian. He is often quoted as saying ''We are Romanians, period. (Suntem români şi punct)''.

Demographics
The 2014 census reported an estimated 2,998,235 people (without Transnistria), out of which 2,804,801 were actually covered by the census. Among them, 2,068,068 or 73.7% declared themselves Moldovans and 192,800 or 6.9% Romanians. Some organisations like the Liberal party of Moldova have criticised the census results, claiming Romanians comprise 85% of the population and that census officials have pressured respondents to declare themselves Moldovans instead of Romanians and have purposefully failed to cover urban respondents who are more likely to declare themselves Romanians as opposed to Moldovans.

The previous 2004 census results reported that out of the 3,383,332 people living in Moldova (without Transnistria), 2,564,849 or 75.81% declared themselves Moldovans and only 73,276 or 2.17% Romanians. A group of international observers considered the census was generally conducted in a professional manner, although they reported several cases when enumerators encouraged respondents to declare themselves Moldovans rather than Romanians. The 2001 census in Ukraine counted 258,600 Moldovans and 150,989 Romanians. The self-identified Moldovans live mostly in the southern and northern areas of historical Bessarabia (specifically in the Budjak region of Odesa Oblast and in Novoselytsia Raion of Chernivtsi Oblast), whereas the self-identified Romanians live mostly in Northern Bukovina and Hertsa region of Chernivtsi Oblast.

In Russia, 156,400 Moldovans have been counted in the 2010 Russian census. They are concentrated mostly in Moscow, but also in some rural areas in Kuban, southern Siberia, and the Russian Far East, where they migrated or were deported generations ago. Around 14,000 Moldovans live in Kazakhstan, mostly in the former capital Almaty, but also in some rural areas in the northern parts of the country.

Regional identity in Romania
The largest share (47.5%) of the territory of the historical Principality of Moldavia together with all its formal capitals (Târgul Moldovei, Suceava, and Iaşi) and the famous painted churches are located in Romania. The river Moldova (possibly, the origin of the name of the Principality, see Etymology of Moldova) now flows entirely through Romania. After the Russian annexation of Bessarabia in 1812, and Austrian annexation of Bukovina in 1775, the rest of Moldavia united in 1859 with Wallachia and formed the modern Romania.

According to the Romanian census of 2002, there are 4.7 million Romanian speakers in the eight counties that were once part of the Principality of Moldavia. The number of people, if any, who possibly declared themselves as Moldavians in this census is impossible to know, since "Moldavian" is officially considered a regional identity in Romania and respondents were recorded as "Romanians". The Romanian-speaking inhabitants of these counties generally refer to themselves as "Moldavians", but declare Romanian ethnicity.

In 1998, Constantin Simirad, the former mayor of Iaşi founded the Party of the Moldavians (Partidul Moldovenilor) which later joined the Social Democratic Party. However, the party's declared objective was to represent the interests of the Moldavia region in Romania rather than any ethnic identification.

In February 2007, a small group of Romanian citizens who created the "Moldovan/Moldavian Community in Romania" (Comunitatea moldovenilor din România) attempted unsuccessfully to gain recognition of the minority status for Moldovans from Romania. The organization was initially registered legally, but the decision was soon reverted. Around the same time, during a visit to Moldova, three delegates met with President Vladimir Voronin, who promised them his support. Being denied legal recognition, the Community eventually dissolved.

Religion in Moldova
The major denomination in Moldova is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The majority of Moldovan Orthodox Christians belong to the Moldovan Orthodox Church, a branch of the Russian Orthodox Church, while a minority belongs to the Metropolis of Bessarabia, a branch of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Both bodies are in full communion, the dispute between them being purely territorial and revolves around the legitimate succession of the interwar Metropolitan See of Bessarabia. As of 2007, the Moldovan Orthodox Church has 1,255 parishes, while the Metropolis of Bessarabia has 219.

title: Moldovans


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Communist Party of Togo

The Communist Party of Togo (Parti communiste du Togo, abbreviated PCT) is a communist party in Togo. It publishes the newspaper Révolution and has a youth wing, the Communist Youth Organisation of Togo (OJCT).

History
The party was established on 4 May 1980 and originally followed the political line of the Party of Labour of Albania. The PCT evolved out of the Communist Group of Togo (GCT), which was later known as Communist Organisation of Togo (OCT).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Communist Party of Togo


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Wattenscheid

Wattenscheid is a Stadtbezirk of the city of Bochum. Until 1975, it was a separate town in the Ruhr area of North Rhine-Westphalia. Wattenscheid has a population of about 80,000 citizens. Some notable firms have their headquarters in there, such as Steilmann.

History
Wattenscheid is first mentioned in a church document from Werden Abbey (Kloster Werden in Essen) in AD 880, by the name of Villa Uattanscethe. The oldest church in Wattenscheid, St. Gertrud von Brabant, was built in the 9th century.

From 1554, Wattenscheid was a member of the Hanseatic League. During the Thirty Years' War, the area was occupied by Spanish troops from 1623 to 1629. In 1633, imperial auxiliary troops plundered Wattenscheid, before Hessian and Swedish troops arrived. A fire destroyed the city on 15 September 1635.

Wattenscheid was best known as a coal mining town. Starting from the 1720s, the first coal mine was built. By the 1840s, there were about twelve coal mines with around 580 professional miners. This accelerated the development of the city during the period of industrialization. The last coal mine in Wattenscheid and Bochum (Zeche Hannover) was closed in 1973 and is now part of a museum.

Quarters of Wattenscheid

 * Mitte
 * Eppendorf
 * Günnigfeld
 * Höntrop
 * Leithe
 * Munscheid
 * Sevinghausen
 * Südfeldmark
 * Westenfeld

Sports
The football club SG Wattenscheid 09, which played at the highest German level for men, the Bundesliga, from 1990 to 1994 and for women, the Women's Bundesliga, in the 2007–08 season, is located in Wattenscheid.

The athletics club TV 01 Wattenscheid is also located in Wattenscheid.

The chess club SV Wattenscheid plays at the highest level in Germany, the Chess Bundesliga.

title: Wattenscheid


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Talk:Squat lobster

Size?
I would like to know how big these things usually are and their maximum size altogether. Is there anyone out there that can add this to the article? --Spyderboyy

I also would like to know about its relative body size compared to other deep sea creatures.Abrahard (talk) 19:27, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Added body size to description (0.7-3.5 inches in length) Zhulander (talk) 15:31, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

LANGOSTINO
How is this related to this critter? Langostino If they are the same, shouldn't the article be merged?--208.65.192.1 02:36, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Please see my somewhat lengthy reply at Talk:Langostino. --Stemonitis 07:26, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

10 legs
I thought decapods had ten legs? I see only eight in the image. What happened to the other two? Lupo 11:46, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, perhaps the remaining two are sitting near the telson, keeping the gills clean, like on hermit crabs?

 * That doesn't make sense to me. The telson is at the tail, whereas the gills are in front of the first pair of pleopods. See e.g. decapod anatomy, or e.g. Krill. Lupo 07:08, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In many Anomalans, the fifth pair of pereiopods (so those located on the last thoracic segment, before the abdomen and long before the telson) are often located inside the gill chamber, and are used for cleaning the gills. I think this is what 24.118.230.154 meant above, although he/she got the location wrong. If it's not explicit in the Anomala article or elsewhere, I'll have to look at including it. This is, incidentally, why an eight-legged "crab" is not a true crab, but a hermit crab, porcelain crab, king crab, or other pseudo-crab. At least on dead specimens, it's not hard to prise the last pair of legs out, since the carapace is not normally held down. A living animal may, however, object. --Stemonitis 07:20, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Probably this article should point it out, too, even if that leads to some duplication between this article and Anomala... Lupo 07:54, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Also done. --Stemonitis 10:59, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Its kinda hard to tell with that picture, but that thing has a long tail that its hiding under it right? Highlandlord 12:53, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

I was on a vessel that picked up a bunch of Squat Lobsters off the bottom of the ocean in the Gulf of Mexico. I was not sure what the creature was at first, thinking it was half lobster, half crab. The creature had 6 legs and two elongated claws. The tail was folded up under the body, and it is much shorter than a "lobster" tail. The interesting part of this finding was that the creatures lived in sacks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.179.226.99 (talk) 01:17, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

NPR
NPR, about two weeks ago, had a rather lengthy discussion of the Langostino debate. If someone can find it, it might provide some good information, as well as a great audio-based external link. ThuranX 04:50, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 02:16, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

revert on squat lobster
Hi there, I think you must be mistaken about my edit to squat lobster. Please be so good as undo the rv (I am not going to be silly enough to risk 3rr). The point is this: it may not be the sort of edit that is optimal, or that suits everyone's preferences, but the edit is not against policy, and therefore you have no grounds to rv. The section that I replaced was out of date information, but I don't have time to update it fully, and there is no point, as Wikispecies is that PART OF Wikimedia (of which WP is a part) which looks after such information and keeps it up-to-date. Therefore, to refer the reader to WS makes perfect sense. This might not be your personal preference, but, as I said, it does NOT contravene policy, so please undo the rv... Thanks, Stho002 (talk) 01:00, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I have rechecked my revert and I still stand by it. I have not mistaken and will not be reverting myself. If you dont have time for editing dont edit, please let others who have time do that. As for this particular edit, it would be good if you could have some consensus first on the talk page or else you will be reverted by others. please read wp:DR, regards--  Ð ℬig  XЯaɣ  01:07, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Look pal, I'm sick to death of WP admins acting like tinpot Hitlers. You are missing the point. I have simply redirected that section of that article to another part of the same overall Wikimedia site (the part called Wikispecies), which is far better able to keep that information updated and reliable. I have effectively just added information, and removed nothing, it is just moved to a different place (Wikispecies). I do NOT need consensus to update articles with new information. I'm not going to let this rest, so please undo the revert as my edit does not contravene policy, and you are abusing your powers, thanks Stho002 (talk) 01:28, 10 May 2012 (UTC)
 * why dont you first discuss your edits with other editors of the article squat lobster about the validity of your edit. Like I said above, I am not self reverting--  Ð ℬig  XЯaɣ  01:34, 10 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Because User:Stemonitis does not listen to reason, and I don't need to consult anyone to update that info. If I don't redirect it to WS then it will soon fall out of date again, and, as I said, it is the job of WS to keep track of that particular kind of information, so there is absolutely no point in repeating it all here just so it can fall out of date again. As I said, my edit does not contravene any policy that you have shown me, so if you don't self revert, I will find another bureaucrat or steward who will revert it for you ... Stho002 (talk) 01:46, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I would request you to assume good faith for other ediors. understand that certain edit that may be controversial needs consensus first. I have already asked User:Stemonitis to give his opinion on this. if we all agree to a consensus with a valid reasoning, we can go ahead. have patience--  Ð ℬig  XЯaɣ  01:51, 10 May 2012 (UTC)
 * OK, but there is absolutely no rational reason why this edit should be controversial at all. My edit is intended to improve the quality of the article, given than biology articles on WP are hardly ever kept up-to-date, except in very "popular" cases. This wouldn't be the first time I have encountered editors on WP who just don't want "their articles" to be changed by others Stho002 (talk) 01:58, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

 * [I was requested to comment here by DBigXRay.] User:Stho002 is sadly mistaken in a number of areas. Stho002's edits have repeatedly replaced well-sourced information with "This needs revising and updating, see Wikispecies for details", or equivalents. This is unsourced, and is original research. At best, it is a citation to user-generated content (in the case of the two relevant Wikispecies pages, generated almost exclusively by User:Stho002). For all these reasons, the edit is, as you correctly surmised, unconstructive. If Stho002 cannot find the time to fix the problems he/she perceives, then the correct practice would be to place a note on the article's talk page, rather than within the encyclopaedic content. Removing slightly out-of-date, but still basically valid information, and leaving nothing in its place is not acceptable. Contrary to Stho002's assertions, Wikipedia and Wikispecies are separate projects (which is why Wikispecies is cited in "External links"). We can link to it, but it cannot be a replacement for information being presented here. In total, you were quite right to revert Stho002's edit. I don't doubt Stho002's good faith, but the effect has not been positive. Stho002 does not seem to fully understand WP:OR; he/she has also been adding opinion to other articles recently (e.g. "it could therefore be secondary to that of Miller" at Melangyna viridiceps). Hopefully this interaction will encourage Stho002 to learn more about Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and to adopt more collaborative practices here. (I can imagine some admins would block for statements like "Look pal, I'm sick to death of WP admins acting like tinpot Hitlers" alone, so Stho002 is walking on thin ice.) --Stemonitis (talk) 06:19, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you Stemonitis for elaborating your opinion, your answer has clarified a lot of things, I hope this reasoning will satisfy User:Stho002 as well. His opinion about admins might be due to unpleasant experiences in past, but one needs to learn from mistakes and move on. I am glad and must appreciate that User:Stho002 instead of edit warring chose to start a discussion on this. This is the right way ahead, regards--  Ð ℬig  XЯaɣ  06:35, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

I have referred the matter to a steward, see User_talk:Pathoschild Stho002 (talk) 21:39, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Stho002 We have already explained the reason why my revert does not need to be undone--  Ð ℬig  XЯaɣ  02:28, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

For me this pattern of edits that Stho002 has been engaged in, deleting species lists off of pages and just pointing to wikispecies, is harmful to the goals of wikipedia. Wikispecies is a completely separate project, we don't just delete all the pictures off of a page and tell people to go to Commons to see pictures. Stho002 has made several of these edits, not just this one, and I was quite tempted to go through his editing history and revert them all but decided to post here first. There is absolutely no reason why we wouldn't have theses lists here, this is the primary place people come looking for information, not wikispecies which is a very small project in comparison. — raeky  t  03:06, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * oh! I have not seen the editing history Stho002, IF this has been done at many places, then this clearly needs to be undone. due to above reasons by User:Raeky and User:Stemonitis--  Ð ℬig  XЯaɣ  03:11, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

I have re-reverted Stho002 (talk)'s deletion of content (1st time for me). Links to other Wiki projects and even to other Wikipedia pages are not reliable sources, nor are they satisfactory substitutes for properly referenced content. I would recommend that Stho002 cease and desist from this disruptive behaviour, lest s/he attracts the displeasure of a passing admin and ends up on the wrong side of a block, and given the history shown on the user's talk page it is likely to be a lengthy one at that. - Nick Thorne  talk  03:25, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * WS is *not* a completely different project, it is a specialised *part* of the overall Wikimedia project, which is why we have interwikis. I admit that Wikipedia is the best place for a lot of information, but not for the information that WS specialises in. Show me the Wikipedia policy prohibiting content on Wikipedia being redirected to WS, and I will gladly refrain from doing this, otherwise kindly m.y.o.b. ... Stho002 (talk) 03:43, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Wikispecies is a different project to Wikipedia. Wikimedia is the overall technology and framework for the various projects.  Regardless, even if Wikispecies was actually a part of Wikipedia itself there are several impediments to your attemped deletion of content.  Firstly, the content is properly referenced in accord with both WP:RS and WP:V.  Secondly, in accordance with WP:BRD we are in the discuss stage.  You have clearly not established a consensus (which is policy, btw) for your changes.  Thus I assume you will refrain from making the changes again until and unless you do establish a consensus for the change.  Finally, I take issue with being told by you to "m.y.o.b.", I should not have to remind you that you do not own the page, in fact it is one of the WP:Five Pillars that anyone can edit.  I respectfully request that you strike that comment from your post. -  Nick Thorne  talk  04:28, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, to address this piece of misunderstanding:

the link itself is not intended to be a source, it is a link *to where the sources are all properly referenced* ... Stho002 (talk)
 * Links to other Wiki projects and even to other Wikipedia pages are not reliable sources, nor are they satisfactory substitutes for properly referenced content
 * I doubt there is a policy specifically addressing this case, and baring a larger community decision there probably won't be, but it's clear that removal of this information is against consensus. —  raeky  t  03:59, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * No information has been removed! It has been *moved* to another article (which happens to be in the WS part of Wikimedia) and added to (updated). I do not need consensus to update information on Wikipedia ... Stho002 (talk)
 * If you want to view it as just moving it to another page (which it's not as clearly has been explained to you) then YES we do have policies of when it's appropriate to split an article: Splitting. — raeky  t  05:48, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Wikispecies is a separate project to Wikipedia. If the information is no longer present on Wikipedia, it has been removed. And yes, you very much do need consensus to edit Wikipedia. That is one of the most important tenets of the Wikipedia philosophy. To quote WP:CON, "Consensus is Wikipedia's fundamental model for editorial decision-making". You absolutely require consensus, and I think you recognise that you don't have it. --Stemonitis (talk) 05:47, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Just to chime in as one more editor of this page, I agree with the emerging consensus that the page should stay as it is and Stho002's edits are out of line. KarlM (talk) 21:06, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

Taxobox
Is there a specific reason why this article does not have a taxobox? I was going to add one but I see that the article has had its fair share of controversy in the past so thought I had better ask first. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 06:39, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Because it's not a taxon. It's a common name applied to several families that do not form a monophyletic group. It could be interpreted as a grade, but not a clade. --Stemonitis (talk) 05:30, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Perhaps a good solution would be to clarify & emphasize the non-monophyly in the introductory paragraph, something to the effect of " 'Squat lobster' is a common name given to members of two unrelated crustacean groups in the taxon Anomura: including Chirostyloidea and some Galatheoidea." Then a taxobox could be provided to  lowest taxon the two groups share (Anomura?), with notes in the subsequent box saying, e.g., "see superfamilies for details", or "Galatheoidea (in part)"  I see that more details are provided in the Classification section, but it would be nice to have some concise, unambiguous mention of the non-monophyly up front, along with the informative visual aid of an annotated taxobox. Animalparty (talk) 17:10, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

Squat lobster eaten and fished in Scotland
The article is wrong to say that it is only commercially fished in South America. Squat lobster is seen on the menu at eating places such as seafood shacks, fish and chip shops and restaurants in Scotland, mostly on the west coast. here, you can see it on a menu menu  and here you can see an orders page for those who want to mail order fresh rock lobster. https://fencebay.co.uk/shop/squat-lobster-tails/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.37.101.123 (talk) 07:27, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Deep Sea Biology
— Assignment last updated by Kgb dsb (talk) 18:28, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

Peer Review of Gracegjerde Contribution
Grace made additions and edits to the "Classification" section of the Squat lobster Wikipedia, specifically, the evolutionary history and distribution.

"Few morphological characteristics distinguish squat lobsters from other families in the Anomura" seems to be out of place/not related

"Chirostylidae" typo

"DNA sequencing indicates that squat lobsters are not a monophyletic group. Chirostylidae and Kiwaidae are distantly related to the other squat lobsters, and are closer related to hermit crabs and king crabs (Paguroidea), the mole crabs in the superfamily Hippoidea, and the small families Lomisidae and Aeglidae." Should be edited for clarity. What is the relevance of these examples? Are they supposed to be examples of lack of monophylicity?

Andrewsaillant (talk) 18:33, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

Peer Review of Squat Lobster Description
Overall Impression:

Content added improved quality of article...by adding a source and increasing morphological description the reader has a better idea of squat lobster morphology (aka more complete)

Strengths:

Very clear, relevant, and thorough information about squat lobster morphology

Good peer-reviewed source added

Further improvements:

"The two main groups of squat lobsters share most features of their morphology. " ...I would explicitly state the two main groups of squat lobsters and say "are morphologically similar" to make the sentence more concise.

The paragraphs are broken up well, but the page is very detailed...maybe consider if all the morphology is relevant to the reader

Also, could add another source to make section more reputable Gracegjerde (talk) 16:29, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Squat lobster


text:
Seoul Science High School

Seoul Science High School for Gifted Students is an academy for gifted students (ages 15–18) interested in science. The school was established in 1989, and is located at Jongno-gu, Seoul. It was established as one of the 'Science High Schools' in Republic of Korea. In 2009, it has become an 'Academy for Gifted Students' selected by the Ministry of Education of Korea. Now, it is one of the eight such academies in Republic of Korea.

The school is famous for its rigorous selection process in the search for the most gifted students among the top middle school graduate applicants from all over the nation. Before the transition, there were about 180 students in each grade. The general program was a three-year course, but an early graduation program existed. About one-third of sophomore students graduated one year earlier than the typical high school students in Korea. After the transition to an 'Academy for Gifted Students', the number of the students admitted each year was reduced to approximately 125, and the curriculum was modified to fulfill the need and curiosity of students better. The new curriculum includes the following:
 * Non-graded, credit-based graduation system
 * Strengthening research activities to develop creativity
 * Interdisciplinary curriculum

Purpose of establishment
The school was switched from a 'Science High School' to an 'Academy for Gifted Students' according to the procedures set out in Enforcement Decree of the Gifted Education Promotion Law Act Article 19. As stated in the article 12 of the same law, a person who meets the following conditions is defined as a gifted In accordance with Article 1 of the Gifted Education Promotion Law, the purpose of SSHS is to make early identification of talented people and early education of their talents and abilities which will develop the natural potential of the individual, promote self-realization of the individual, and contribute to the development of the nation and society.
 * 1.Those who are recognized as having a certain level of talent or potential above a specific subject or in a specific field, according to the method of standardized intelligence test, thinking ability test, creative problem-solving ability test, or any other method of inspection, interview or observation.
 * 2.Those who are recognized to have a certain level of talent or potential in the artistic and physical fields according to methods such as inspection, interview, or observation other than practical examination.

Focusing on advanced courses
Student recruitment is done nationwide, and multiple applications to other special high schools are allowed. Unlike general high schools, students study the‘required courses’in their 1st grade, and have an opportunity to choose‘advanced courses’in their 2nd and 3rd grades.
 * Geared to the level and aptitude of each individual
 * Various programs for whole-person education
 * No obligation to complete the curriculum of general high schools
 * Differentiated selection process

In order to achieve graduation, a student must fulfill 170 credits in overall course work, which consists of 140 credits in academic courses and 30 credits in research. Also, the student must fulfill at least 240 hours on special activities: 120 hours on group activity, and 120 hours of volunteer work. The university-level courses are accepted as Advanced Placement credit at KAIST, POSTECH, UNIST, GIST, and DGIST.

The school is famous for many national and international Science Olympiad participants and medal winners. Usually, a quarter to a half of the Korean participants in the International Science Olympiads are from Seoul Science High School for Gifted Students.

Graduates from this school typically enter Seoul National University, KAIST, and POSTECH. Some students enroll to colleges abroad such as MIT, Caltech, UC Berkeley, Stanford, Harvard, and Cornell. Many alumni have undertaken graduate studies at top institutions in Korea, U.S., and Europe after earning their bachelor's degrees.

The school motto is "Intelligence and Righteous Action" (예지의행, 叡智義行).

Most of the students at Seoul Science High School are male.

Grades
All classes and assessments at the school are operated on a credit system and students can choose the course you want, like universities and other gifted schools. However, all subjects are absolute assessments. That is, if the score is 90 or more, A+ is given. If the score is 85 or more, and less than 90, A0 is given. If the score is 80 or more, and less than 85, A− is given. Since then, grades have been divided into 5 points. In addition, all the arts and physical education semesters are pass/fail system, and receive a pass if the score exceeds 60 out of 100 points.

If the grade of any subject is less than B0 or Fail, you can apply for re-entry. Students can apply for a maximum of four times per student per class and up to B+ per class if they retake classes.

Enrollment
All courses fall into three categories: required courses with scheduled classes, required courses to choose when classes are taken, and elective courses.

Applications are accepted every June and November. Unlike college, this school receives a course enrollment and then schedules a timetable according to the number of students. A minimum of 10 credits and a maximum of 29 credits are allowed per semester. If the number of applicants for any subject is less than seven, the subject is discarded. Also one class enter up to 20 people. There is also a hierarchy between subjects. For example, to apply for Advanced Chemistry I, a student must have already completed Chemistry I, II, and III.

Since students do not enroll in the first grade, the credit is fixed (first semester 30 credits, second semester 29 credits). In the second year, there will be individual differences but generally most of students get 25–29 credits per semester. In the third grade, the individual differences become more pronounced. Usually, about 40 credits are allocated to the first and second semesters. There are about 6–15 hours between classes. However, the level of difficulty of the subject greatly increases and also they live in the burden of entrance examination.

Notable alumni

 * Lee Jun-seok

title: Seoul Science High School


text:
List of member fraternities of the Cartellverband

These fraternities are all members of the Cartellverband.

The umbrella organizations are listed on a yellow background.

Each fraternity is listed under its umbrella organization and is identified by a token consisting of the first letter of the umbrella organization and the membership number, based on the date of entry into the Cartellverband.

OM: free (open) member (without number)

AM: associated member (without number)

FM: former member (without number)

Union of Catholic Austrian Student Fraternities
(German: Cartellverband der katholischen österreichischen Studentenverbindungen (ÖCV))

Union of Catholic German Student Fraternities
(German: Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen or Cartellverband (CV))


text:
File:Letita Lerner.jpg

Summary
Panel from "Letitia Lerner, Superman's Babysitter"; artwork by Kyle Baker. © 2001 DC Comics.

Fair use for Letitia Lerner, Superman's Babysitter
The use of the image linked here (Letita_Lerner.jpg) in the Wikipedia article Letitia Lerner, Superman's Babysitter is claimed to be under fair use as:
 * The image is only used for nonprofit educational purposes, for identification and/or critical commentary on the copyrighted work and its content.
 * The image represents only a very small fraction of the copyrighted work.
 * The image is of a resolution far inferior to that of the original.
 * It is assumed that the use does not lessen the commercial value of the copyrighted work.

title: File:Letita Lerner.jpg


text:
Category:2006 Commonwealth Games

 * This category covers the 2006 Commonwealth Games, held in Melbourne, Australia.

title: Category:2006 Commonwealth Games


text:
Letitia Lerner, Superman's Babysitter

"Letitia Lerner, Superman's Babysitter" is a comic book story by Kyle Baker, co-written with Liz Glass.

Publication history
The story originally appeared in DC Comics' parallel universe anthology Elseworlds 80-Page Giant #1 (June 1999). Baker drew, colored, lettered and, with Elizabeth Glass, wrote the 10-page story. In the story, the super-toddler climbs into a microwave oven. As a result, most copies were recalled and pulped. DC destroyed all copies of the issue intended for the North American market, though copies were still distributed in Europe.

Collected editions
In May 2001, the story was reprinted in the Bizarro Comics hardcover (ISBN 1-56389-779-2). A softcover edition of Bizarro Comics (ISBN 1-56389-958-2) followed in April 2003.

Awards
2000 Eisner Award, Best Short Story: "Letitia Lerner, Superman's Babysitter" by Kyle Baker in Elseworlds 80-Page Giant

Also that year, Baker won the Eisner Award for Best Writer/Artist: Humor based on both "Letitia Lerner, Superman's Babysitter" and the DC Comics/Vertigo graphic novel I Die at Midnight.

title: Letitia Lerner, Superman's Babysitter


text:
User talk:Mahagaja/Archive 2

Playing on a VfD
You might be interested in what I said, or at least in how I said it, at Votes_for_deletion/European_English. Méibí yu l bí éibäl tä ríd it betär qän eníwan els qéir... Tomer TALK 06:23, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

Talk
Your Korean talk "syllable" is questionable...I think either 탁 or 톡 would be better or maybe even 돡 to better approximate, although I'd probably go for 돢 myself, in a feeble attempt to better approximate an unreleased final /k/. :-p -t
 * Úps! Sáinigh máisèlf!  Tomer TALK  04:41, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

What!? After all that work I went through finding you alternatives!? Of all the...! :-) Tomer TALK  07:01, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

podcast list
Why did you merge that (admittedly stupid) list of podcasts back into the Podcasting page? If you'll check the Talk, you'll see it was pulled out of that article fairly recently because it was swamping the main article. Please don't make big changes like that without discussing it on talk - I plan to pull it back out into a separate article again. (You're right: Wikipedia isn't a list of lists, and I suspect that the list will be VFD'd eventually, but separating it out was the first step to that) - DavidWBrooks 15:14, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

High German consonant shift
Hey Angr, if you have a moment, would you have a look at the new article on the High German consonant shift? Wiglaf is possibly making a map for it, but otherwise it is now as finished as I can make it, and some feedback would be good.

BTW, a while back you provided a couple of Gaelic etymologies for me, when I asked for them. Do you have a reference book for that sort of thing? I am especially interested in PIE→Old Irish and OI→modern Scottish Gaelic. It would be great if you can point me in the direction! --Doric Loon 11:42, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the book tip. I will see if I can get a copy. And thanks for the edits on HGCS. I am a bit puzzled about lexical diffusion; if that is not how it happened, then what are the alternatives? I notice you started the article on lexical diffusion. Perhaps you could extend it to answer that? --Doric Loon 21:22, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Languages
Sorry, I didn't really think of it that way. That's a justification I accept. I didn't really want to add language anyway, but I figured that it would be diplomatic to propose such a solution.--naryathegreat | (talk) 00:55, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/Polish Wikipedians' notice board/Black Book
Thanks! I appreciate your support. It's nice to be defended instead of having to defend myself and come off as defensive or hysterical. Hopefully cooler heads will prevail and Wikipedia will soon be freed of this embarassing bout of wound-licking. Nohat 07:13, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

W. Mark Felt
Salve! I nominated W. Mark Felt as a WP:FAC. As you commented on the article's talk page, I'd appreciate your comments at Featured article candidates/W. Mark Felt/archive1. PedanticallySpeaking 14:56, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

ga.wikipedia
Hi Angr - there's been some discussion going on at Requests_for_permissions and at ga: as regards adminship. We would really appreciate your comments on the matter. I hope you will pop your head back in to ga! --Gabriel Beecham/Kwekubo 00:03, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

English words that arose in America
Do you know the history of the word downtown to describe a city's CBD? I heard long ago somewhence that this usage arise in NYC and spread thence throughout the US. I'm not sure if it's used, at least widely, elsewhere. Comments? Tomer TALK 00:53, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

Conlangers to Wiki-Hell
Absolutely - anyone who tries to clog up the works with b.s. gets a one-way ticket. Anyway, aren't conlagers really neologists writ large? -- BD2412 talk 09:17, 2005 Jun 24 (UTC)

 * If you decide to do it, I'll volunteer to be the Grand Inquisitor and burn them Ad Majorem Gloriam Jimbo...There's nothing like an auto de fe in the morning! -- Essjay ·  Talk 09:36, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sheesh! "Lets face it...You can't Torquemada out of anything!" -- BD2412 talk 09:39, 2005 Jun 24 (UTC)
 * What a day, what a day for an auto da fe! --Angr/undefined 11:14, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Auto da fe'? What's an auto da fe'? It's what you oughtn't to do, but you do anyway! -- BD2412 talk 16:53, 2005 Jun 24 (UTC)

Lochán
Hello, I've looked in Scottish and Irish dictionaries again and still can't find lochan with an acute a, however I'll bow to the majority.

Regards Gillean666 11:17, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hello Angr, I looked at the Gramadach Lexicon (Online) but couldn't find the Irish spelling, but I'm no longer disputing it. Thanks for your input. Gillean666 22:50, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I don't know where this discussion started, so I've no context. The suffix -án can be added to most (masculine?) nouns and forms a diminutive. The vowel was long in Old Ir. In the southern half of Ireland this long vowel attracted the stress accent and so remained long. Elsewhere, i.e. Northern half of Ireland, Mann and Scotland the stress stayed on the first syllable and the vowel in the suffix was shortened but NOT obscured. So Scots Gaelic lochan is /Loxan/ a small lake, a pool, distinct from /Lox@n/ which is the plural lochs. The word is listed in my copies of Dinneen (p. 669) and Dwelly (p. 594). In Cregeen's Manx Dictionary it can be found on p. 119 as loghan.

For on-line dictionaries see, especially lochán

Mongvras 23:53, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Consonant mutation
In one of your changes, you replace "In all languages, the 3rd person possessive pronouns for 'his', 'her', and 'their' are homophonous and distinguished from each other only on the basis of which mutation they trigger" by "In most languages, the possessive pronouns trigger various mutations".

This is less precise. If you did that change because of the breton samples i added, i can ensure you that the first sentence was true for breton too ("his" and "her" are very close, "their" is somewhat less close but ho ("your" plural) is very close to o ("their").

So we can keep the first variant : "In all languages, the 3rd person possessive pronouns for 'his', 'her', and 'their' are homophonous and distinguished from each other only on the basis of which mutation they trigger". ThierryVignaud 29 June 2005 20:41 (UTC)

HTML entities
In this change you state:there is no way in which entities are "safer" than characters. They just take up more memory. FYI this is, unfortunately, not completely true. Some browsers are unable to understand the characters to such an extent that, instead of simply preserving them during an edit operation, they replace them with gibberish; this is why HTML entities, which are entirely written in ASCII, are preferable in may if not cases. HTH in case you see this happening and wonder what is going on. HAND --Phil | Talk June 30, 2005 15:08 (UTC)

 * Also re there is no way in which entities are "safer" than characters. They just take up more memory:
 * I'm no techie -- far, far from it -- but I've also learned the hard way that not using HTML entities in the English-language Wikipedia in particular often means asking for trouble! Unless this "new, improved" software which has recently been parachuted upon us solves that problem -- though as far as I can see so far it's buggered things up here to such an extent that I now spend most of my Wikitime in other-language W'pedias. -- Picapica 30 June 2005 20:05 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mahagaja/Archive 2


text:
Scarecrow (1973 film)

Scarecrow is a 1973 American road drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Gene Hackman and Al Pacino. The story involves the relationship between two men who travel from California seeking to start a business in Pittsburgh.

At the 1973 Cannes Film Festival, the film tied for the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film, the highest honor. While it fared poorly commercially, Scarecrow later gained cult status.

Plot
Two vagabonds, Max Millan, a short-tempered ex-convict, and Francis Lionel "Lion" Delbuchi, a childlike former sailor, meet on the road in California and agree to become partners in a car-wash business once they reach Pittsburgh. Lion is traveling to Detroit to see a child whom he has never met and make amends with his wife, Annie, to whom he has sent all of the money that he had earned while at sea. Max agrees to take a detour on his way to Pittsburgh, where the bank to which Max has been sending all his seed money is located.

While visiting Max's sister in Denver, the pair's antics land them in a prison farm for a month. Max blames Lion for their incarceration and shuns him. Lion is befriended by a powerful inmate named Riley, who later tries to sexually assault Lion and physically ravages him; Riley beats him, breaks his teeth, blinds him in one eye, and rapes Lion, which emotionally traumatizes him. Max rekindles his friendship with Lion and becomes his protector, eventually exacting revenge by fighting Riley.

After their release, Max and Lion continue to have a profound effect on each other, although they have both undergone personal transformations, and their roles have shifted. Lion is still traumatized and no longer carefree or able to smile, and Max loosens his high-strung aggression, performing a mock striptease to defuse a fight at a bar and make Lion laugh again.

When Max and Lion finally arrive in Detroit, Lion finds a payphone and calls Annie, now remarried and raising their five-year-old son. Annie is still furious with Lion for having abandoned her and lies that she miscarried their son. Lion is devastated but feigns joy with Max about having a son. Shortly afterward, Lion experiences a breakdown while playing with children in a city park and later becomes catatonic. Max promises Lion, now in a psychiatric hospital, that he will do anything to help him and boards a train to Pittsburgh with a round-trip ticket.

Production
Warner Bros. approved the project, looking for a small-budget film after executives became less confident in the success of larger projects. Director Jerry Schatzberg's preference for the roles of Max and Lion were Gene Hackman and Al Pacino, as Schatzberg had worked with Pacino on The Panic in Needle Park (1971).

To understand their characters, Pacino and Hackman donned costumes and posed as beggars in San Francisco. However, Pacino, an advocate of method acting, found his techniques conflicted with those of Hackman, who would be silent before shooting while Pacino paced. Although Hackman enjoyed the production, Pacino later commented, "It wasn't the easiest working with Hackman, who I love as an actor."

Reception
At the 1973 Cannes Film Festival, the film won the interim equivalent of the Palme d'Or, the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film, shared with The Hireling, directed by Alan Bridges. It also won Best Non-European Film at Denmark's 1974 Bodil Awards. In the U.S., Scarecrow proved to be a box-office bomb.

Roger Ebert awarded the film three stars, comparing the story to those of Of Mice and Men and Midnight Cowboy, and positively reviewed the performances of Pacino and Hackman, the writing and setting. In The New York Times, Vincent Canby called Max and Lion "classic drifters" and "marvelously realized characters."

In a review of Scarecrow upon its 2013 rerelease, Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian described the film as "a freewheeling masterpiece," describing Hackman and Pacino as giving "the performances of their lives." Peter Biskind has described the film as of "secondary" significance in his book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls.

By 2012, Scarecrow was among the best-reviewed films in Schatzberg's career. After gaining a cult following, Schatzberg recruited Seth Cohen to write a sequel, and a screenplay was completed by 2013. The sequel would be set years after Scarecrow, with Max and computer worker Lion reuniting, and Lion learning that his son is alive. The sequel project was complicated by the studio's lack of support and Hackman's retirement from acting.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 76% from 33 reviews with the consensus: "If its dramatic dressings are a tad threadbare, Scarecrow survives on the strength of its lead performances and Vilmos Zsigmond's cinematography."

title: Scarecrow (1973 film)


text:
Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani

Abū 'Ubayd al-Jūzjānī, (d.1070), (ابو عبيد جوزجانی) was a Persian physician and chronicler from Guzgan.

He was the famous pupil of Avicenna, whom he first met in Gorgan. He spent many years with his master in Isfahan, becoming his lifetime companion. After Avicenna's death, he completed Avicenna's Autobiography with a concluding section.

The historian Ibn Abi Usaibia refers Avicenna and his close companion Abu Ubayd lived together the residence of Sheikh al-Raiss (which is the title given to Avicenna) and were used to pass each night on studying one by one the Canon and Shifā ' s instructions.

title: Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani


text:
Titus Interactive

Titus Interactive SA, known as Titus France SA until March 1999, was a French software publisher that produced and published video games for various platforms. Its head office was located in Parc de l'Esplanade in Lagny sur Marne in Greater Paris. At one time, it was instead located in Montfermeil, also in Greater Paris.

The company's mascot was Titus, the title character of Titus the Fox.

History
The company was founded by brothers Eric Caen and Hervé Caen in France in 1985.

In 1991, Titus purchased Palace Software, the gaming division of the Palace Group.

In 1998, the company purchased the developers BlueSky Software and Digital Integration Ltd.

Interplay Entertainment partnership and distribution agreements (1999–2002)
In late 1999, the company acquired shares in struggling publisher Interplay Entertainment, including a stake in publisher/distributor Virgin Interactive.

Throughout the next few years, Titus signed North American distribution deals with smaller publishers. They signed a deal with Cryo Interactive in March 2000, with Rage Software in September 2000, and Microids in May 2001. In 2002, Titus Japan K.K. signed a similar distribution deal with Konami for Japan.

In August 2000, they signed a deal with Viacom Consumer Products to publish games based on the Top Gun franchise.

In August 2001, Titus took the control of Interplay. However prior to this, Titus took over distributing their own titles in the North American market as well as Virgin's from them.

Closure
In June 2004, Titus filed for bankruptcy, declaring an unseeable future for Interplay. On January 9, 2005, a French district commercial court declared Titus bankrupt with a €33 million (US$43.8 million) debt. Titus' French subsidiaries were later closed down, while their assets were soon purchased by Interplay.

Games
Titus began releasing titles for home computers such as the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, and IBM PC compatibles before moving on to consoles like the Master System, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, and Game Boy Color, PlayStation, Dreamcast and Nintendo 64, followed by games for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox.

Titus designed games such as Virtual Kasparov, Automobili Lamborghini, Virtual Chess 64, Roadsters (the Nintendo 64 version), Incredible Crisis (developed by Polygon Magic), Prehistorik Man and Lamborghini American Challenge, that were given positive reviews. Titus however was also involved in the creation of games that were notable due to their negative reception. Superman for the Nintendo 64 was notorious for its negative status among gamers. GameTrailers called it the worst game of all time. As of 2018, it holds a score of 23% at GameRankings. Similarly, the 2003 game RoboCop also received negative reviews. GameSpot gave it 2.2/10 saying "RoboCop has a bevy of horrible problems that render the game practically unplayable".

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
 * Crazy Cars
 * Fire and Forget
 * Galactic Conqueror
 * Off Shore Warrior
 * Crazy Cars 2
 * Titan
 * Knight Force
 * Crime Does not Pay
 * Dark Century
 * Dick Tracy
 * Fire & Forget II
 * Un Indien dans la ville (Little Indian: An Indian in the City for US release), developed by TF1 Video and Titus
 * Wild Streets
 * The Blues Brothers
 * Prehistorik
 * Battlestorm
 * Crazy Cars 3
 * Titus the Fox (aka Moktar)
 * Ardy Lightfoot (developed by ASCII and published by Titus in North America)
 * Prehistorik 2
 * Super Cauldron
 * Monster Max
 * Lamborghini American Challenge
 * Quik the Thunder Rabbit
 * Virtua Chess
 * Metal Rage
 * The Brainies
 * Incantation
 * Oscar (SNES version)
 * Power Piggs of the Dark Age
 * Prehistorik Man
 * Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flame (SNES version)
 * Virtual Chess 2
 * Superman (Game Boy)
 * Automobili Lamborghini
 * Virtual Chess 64
 * Quest for Camelot (published by Nintendo America Inc.)
 * Rival Realms (developed by Activ Pub)
 * Roadsters
 * Superman: The New Superman Adventures
 * Evil Zone (developed by YUKE's Future Media Creators)
 * Xena: Warrior Princess: The Talisman of Fate (developed by Saffire)

2000
 * Incredible Crisis
 * Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
 * Carmageddon 64
 * Blues Brothers 2000
 * Kao the Kangaroo (Dreamcast/PC versions)
 * F/A-18E Super Hornet
 * Rox (GBA version only)

Subsidiaries
Titus had several subsidiaries. The United States subsidiary, Titus Software Corporation, had its head office in Chatsworth, Los Angeles. The Japanese subsidiary, Titus Japan K.K., had its head office on the eighth floor of the Kotubuki Dogenzaka Building in Dōgenzaka (JA), Shibuya, Tokyo. The UK subsidiary, Titus Software UK Limited, had its head office in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire.

title: Titus Interactive


text:
Craigmark Burntonians F.C.

Craigmark Burntonians Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in the town of Dalmellington, Ayrshire. Nicknamed The Mark, they were formed in 1946 and play at Station Park. Currently playing in the, they wear red strips (uniforms) with a white trim.

Honours

 * Ayrshire Second Division winners: 1982–83
 * Ayrshire League (Kerr & Smith) Cup: 1963–64, 1964–65, 1980–81
 * Ayrshire District (Irvine Times) Cup: 1963–64
 * Cumnock & Doon Cup: 1989–90
 * Ayrshire Super Cup: 1989–90

title: Craigmark Burntonians F.C.


text:
Sithonia

Sithonia (Σιθωνία), also known as Longos, is a peninsula and part of the larger peninsula of Chalkidiki in Greece. The Kassandra Peninsula lies to the west of Sithonia and the Mount Athos peninsula to the east. Sithonia is also the name of a municipality, covering the Sithonia Peninsula. The seat of the municipality is the town Nikiti.

Geography

Gulfs that surround the peninsula are the Singitic Gulf to the east and the Toronean Gulf to the west. The peaks of Itamos and Dragoudelis are in the center of the peninsula. The landscape is covered with vineyards, forests, grasslands, shrubland and mountains. Amongst the many historic places in Sithonia is the ancient city, the castle and the church of Agios Athanasios in Toroni, the windmills in Sykia and the 16th century church in Nikiti.

In the northern part of the peninsula are the popular beaches of Ai Giannis, Kalogria, Elia and Lagomandra on the west coast and Livrochios, Karidi, Kavourotripes and Platanitsi on the east coast. The beaches in the southern part include Azapiko, Tristinika, Kalamitsi and Kriaritsi.

Porto Koufo, is the largest natural harbor in Greece, which is mentioned by Thucydides as "hollow harbor"; it appears to be the fishing spot in the area. South, from the harbour's exit there is Kartalia, the most southern part of Sithonia, a very impressive area which puts its visitors under a spell with its rocky secluded beaches.

The main villages in the peninsula are Nikiti, Neos Marmaras, Parthenonas, Sarti, Sykia, Vourvourou and Agios Nikolaos.

In the middle of Sithonia peninsula, near the village of Neos Marmaras, is the holiday resort of Porto Carras; the place of the 2003 European Union leaders Summit. In summer the waterfront areas of Neos Maramaras, Nikiti and Sarti are especially busy.

Mount Itamos rising to 817 m (2,680 ft) in the centre of the peninsula, is the highest peak.

Municipality
The municipality Sithonia was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
 * Sithonia
 * Toroni

The municipality has an area of 516.848 km2, the municipal unit 322.875 km2. The municipal unit Sithonia consists of the communities Agios Nikolaos, Metagkitsi, Neos Marmaras and Nikiti.

Places

 * Agios Nikolaos
 * Armenistis (camping)
 * Elia Beach
 * Kalamitsi
 * Metamorfosi
 * Neos Marmaras
 * Nikiti
 * Ormos Panagias
 * Parthenonas (traditional village)
 * Platanitsi
 * Porto Carras (popular resort town)
 * Porto Koufo
 * Pyrgadikia
 * Salonikiou
 * Sarti
 * Sykia
 * Toroni
 * Vourvourou

title: Sithonia


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Artur Wichniarek

Artur Mikołaj Wichniarek (, born 28 February 1977) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a striker. Having established himself in the Ekstraklasa with Widzew Łódź, Wichniarek moved to Germany in 1999 to join Bundesliga club Arminia Bielefeld. Good performances at Arminia Bielefeld earned him a move to Hertha BSC where he did not become a regular starter. He returned to Arminia Bielefeld in 2006. After three years, he spent another season at Hertha BSC.

Early career in Poland
Wichniarek started his professional career at Lech Poznań in 1992–93 season. The following season, he made his Ekstraklasa debut, however, he was not able to secure a place in the starting eleven. In the spring of 1996 was loaned to Polish Second League club Górnik Konin. Upon his return to his home club he managed to win the manager's confidence and in the following 1996–97 season he played 30 times, albeit scoring only four goals. In 1998, Wichniarek joined Widzew Łódź, where he played until 1999, appearing 57 times and scoring 28 goals all together, most of them in the 1998–99 season.

Arminia Bielefeld
His talent drew the attention of Arminia Bielefeld's directors, who brought him to Bielefeld, where he impressed the fans, becoming the club's leading player and best striker. In 2001–02 season he won the title of 2. Bundesliga top scorer, which earned him the nickname King Arthur.

Hertha BSC
Hertha BSC took notice and in 2003 he moved to Olympiastadion, however, he usually appeared only as a sub. After two seasons in Berlin, in the beginning of 2006, with 44 appearances and four goals on his sheet, he moved back to Arminia Bielefeld.

Return to Bielefeld
Wichniarek became one of Arminia's dominant players, scoring 33 goals in three seasons. Wichniarek was named the Bundesliga's Footballer of the Month in August 2008.

Second stint at Hertha
On 3 July 2009, Wichniarek left the newly relegated Arminia Bielefeld and returned to former club Hertha BSC signing a two-year contract. After the relegation of Hertha BSC, Wichniarek was released from his contract on 15 June 2010.

Return to Lech Poznań
Wichniarek signed a one-year contract with first club Lech Poznań on 30 June 2010. His contract was terminated by Lech Poznań on 3 November 2010.

International career
Wichniarek made his first appearance for the Poland national team on 3 March 1999. The fixture was against Armenia where the Poles won 1–0. Wichniarek was not among the manager's favorites and his occasional appearances were usually limited to friendlies. His first international goal was at the expense of the Czech Republic national team on 28 April 1999. All together, he appeared in 17 international matches and four of his shots found their way into the opponents' net. His last significant cap was against Estonia in Tallinn, where he scored one of the two goals for the winners.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Poland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Wichniarek goal.

title: Artur Wichniarek


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Society of Independent Brewers

The Society of Independent Brewers (formerly the Small Independent Brewers Association, or SIBA) is an organisation representing the interests of independent breweries in the UK. Founded in 1980, it was intended to fight the pub-tie system, under which large brewers owned 80% of the UK's pubs. It changed its name in 1995 to reflect the changing aspirations of its members, but retained its original acronym.

History
Peter Austin was the prime mover in establishing SIBA, and was the group's first chairman. Under his leadership, SIBA campaigned for 21 years for a progressive beer duty system, where smaller breweries would pay less tax on their products, to be introduced in the UK. Such a system was eventually adopted in 2002 by then-Chancellor Gordon Brown.

Current status
With growing credibility and campaigning success, SIBA has come to represent the broad spectrum of the UK independent brewing sector. There is no longer a ceiling on membership and SIBA.

In 2010, The Guardian reported that SIBA members had seen sales rise by 4% in 2009, and smaller members, who brew fewer than 350 barrels per week who constitute the vast majority of SIBA's membership, saw volume sales rise by 8.5%. SIBA is chaired by Richard Naisby, of Milton Brewery.

Activities
SIBA aims to ensure that its members' products are of high quality, and membership is conditional upon adhering to the Code of Practice and By-Laws.

SIBA has previously attended the Great British Beer Festival (GBBF) with a bar showcasing the winners of that year's SIBA National Beer Competition.

In December 2003, SIBA launched the Direct Delivery Scheme (DDS) to help small brewers promote, sell and distribute their beers to local pubs, pubcos and retailers. The Internet-based system facilitates trade between "micro-suppliers and macro-consumers."

title: Society of Independent Brewers


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Dalry Thistle F.C.

Dalry Thistle Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in the town of Dalry, Ayrshire. Formed in 1920, they play at Merksworth Park. Currently playing in the, they wear dark blue strips. 2020 was their centenary year.

The team are managed since June 2021 by Chris Wilson.

Notable players

 * Jim Leighton - 91 international caps for Scotland, second only to Kenny Dalglish. European Cup Winners' Cup winner with Aberdeen. Also played for Manchester United, Dundee and Hibernian.
 * Hugh Baird - Airdrie, Leeds United, Aberdeen and Scotland
 * Ian Ure - Dundee, Arsenal, Manchester United and Scotland.
 * Pat Liney - Scottish Football League winner with Dundee in 1961–62
 * Tommy Murray - Scottish Cup winner with Falkirk in 1957.
 * Tom Brown - Scottish Cup winner with Kilmarnock in 1997 and Scotland B cap.

Honours

 * Ayrshire Third Division winners: 2001–02
 * Ayrshire (Ardrossan & Saltcoats Herald) Cup: 1960–61
 * Ayrshire League (Kerr & Smith) Cup: 1933–34
 * Ayrshire District (Irvine Times) Cup: 1939–40
 * Ayrshire District League Champions: 2008–09, 2017–18

title: Dalry Thistle F.C.


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Cochineal/archive1

Cochineal
I would like to self-nominate this article because it's balanced and informative. The article provides interesting facts from arround the globe, so it should be interesting to read. DariusMazeika 12:05, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * refer to peer review mild object Support This is a good start at an article toward featrued quality, but:  1) Cite your sources in a References section.  2) The lead section is inadequate for an article of this length.  3) The article lacks the Taxobox that is used on other articles about animals. slambo 13:16, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks better, thanks for making the changes so quickly. On the references, they should be formatted as is shown on the page linked above, especially important for online references is the date that they were accessed.  Some editors like to see inline citations (like are described in Footnote3), but I'm still indifferent to footnoting.  The lead is better, but the article body now needs more information about the species to be comprehensive.  A good comparison for other animal articles is Island Fox which was promoted to featured status about a month or so ago. slambo 15:07, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have introduced the changes proposed for the lead section and the references into the article. Comment again, please. Thank you. DariusMazeika 21:07, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Steady improvement, thanks. I've only skimmed it this morning; I'll re-read it later today and reconsider.  slambo 11:38, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Just re-read the article, upgrading my vote to Support. Well done! slambo 02:01, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object, I've just adjusted the reference system and given it a good copyedit, it has potential but is not ready yet. Going over it thoroughly there is still room for expansion particularly in the section where the life cycle is described, more could be added to the usage too. There is a mix of metric and imperial measurements. The exact range of catci (seems to eat cacti from two genera, but there is only list of species for 1) needs to be researched and included. There are lots of red links, and quite a few blue ones that link to substandard articles, like carmic acid, which redirects to carmine and they're not the same thing but they are both relevant to the article. Also the cost of cochineal compared to the artifical dyes seems relevant but is not mentioned--nixie 01:54, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Lifecycle & usage have been expanded, details like pricing, current markets and normalised list of species added. DariusMazeika 21:55, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, some more stubs for the red links, would be good before it appears on the main page. Nice work on getting the photos. --nixie 00:20, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments 1) Actual images would be better over drawings of the insect. 2) I think the biology section could be expanded. 3) The history section makes no mention of the pigments cochineal replaced. Circeus 12:48, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for comments. I am going to improve the article after a weekend - on Monday-Tuesday. DariusMazeika 10:16, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The article improved according to comments 2) and 3). Currently I was unsuccessful in finding a free macro photo of the insect for 1) . New images are on the page, a macro images are expected, too. DariusMazeika 21:55, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. It could be improved, of course, but I'd say it's good enough for FA status already. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 18:13, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Mild support I'm just a little concerned about the second paragraph being where it is; I'm thinking maybe it should be in the Dye--History section instead of where it is. Does anyone agree with me on that? --JB Adder | Talk 23:42, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * The reason why I have put this paragraph on top, is because it describes what the rest article is about: not only the biology and the dye (as the first paragraph suggests), but also the farming, history and current market, like the second one does. DariusMazeika 07:47, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay. Now that I know that, I'll give my full support. --JB Adder | Talk 07:54, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. There are a number of orphan paragraphs that are only one or two sentences that either need to be expanded or merged as the create poor prose flow. There is also a fair amount of poor grammar and sentence structure that appears as if it was written by a non-native english speaker. Nothing wrong with being non-native, but it still needs to be fixed. I'll see what I can do, but some of them I won't be able to fix because I won't know what the intent of the author was. Here's one specific one: "The dried bodies of the females or eggs are the main source of carminic acid which is used to make an expensive crimson or carmine red coloured dye primarily used as an food artificial colouring or for cosmetics named after the insect." As I understand it the dye and the coloring are known as cochineal, not the cosmetics they are used in. The sentence is not clear on which is correct. - Taxman Talk 16:30, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've wound up the short paragraphs and fixed the remnant grammar problems.--nixie 06:19, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * All improvements, and I've done some more, but there is still a lot of very stilted, poorly flowing prose. No offense to anyone, but the writing is far from brilliant. I'll give a little leeway on prose difficulties arising from collating sources, and trying to be careful about the research, but even that can be improved, and there are many cases throughout the article that aren't even due to that. There is also a question of fact, the 'Host cacti' section refers to the cacti being introduced into Australia to produce cochineal dye, but Opuntia tells a different story, and emphasizes the results very differently. Come to think of it, "Side effects have caused a havoc:" is hard to think of as NPOV. Also, from the coloring section: "Each method produces a different colour which results in the varied appearance of commercial cochineal. The immersion technique produces grey grains known as grey cochineal [3]. Heating technique produces almost black grains known as black cochineal." Then where the heck does the red color (or related shades) come from? - Taxman Talk 21:55, July 26, 2005 (UTC)


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Singleton railway station, New South Wales

Singleton railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Singleton. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
The station opened on 7 May 1863.

The original, listed 1863 John Whitton brick station building remains. It opened as the terminus of the Great Northern Railway when it was extended from Branxton. In 1869, Singleton lost its terminus status when the line was extended north to Muswellbrook. It had a freight yard including locomotive servicing facilities. The line from Whittingham was duplicated in 1951.

Singleton was the stabling point for the last regular steam locomotive passenger service in Australia, a peak hour service to Newcastle that ceased in July 1971.

Platforms and services
Singleton has one platform. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Hunter Line services travelling between Newcastle and Muswellbrook/Scone.

For a number of years in the 1980s, the passenger services were replaced by road coaches while the line was upgraded. Rail services were restored on 14 March 1988.

It is also served by NSW TrainLink Xplorer services from Sydney to Armidale and Moree.

Transport links
Hunter Valley Buses operates five bus routes via Singleton station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 180: Stockland Green Hills to Singleton Heights via Maitland
 * 180X: Maitland station express
 * 401: Singleton Town Circuit
 * 403: to Hunterview
 * 404: to Singleton Heights

Description
The station complex consists of the second-class brick station buildings (1863) and pre-cast concrete type K signal box (1926). The platforms are brick, with early use of ramped beds, and pre-cast concrete at the north end. A jib crane also remains within the station precinct.

Heritage listing
Singleton is significant as the oldest surviving station building in the Hunter Valley fronting a major civic square in the town, displaying fine brickwork and detailing. The scale of the building is large in comparison to the buildings of similar period in the area. The awning is a later addition c. 1910. The pre-cast concrete signal box being a late addition is typical of its time and came due to upgrading of signalling.

Singleton railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


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Darvel F.C.

Darvel Football Club are a Scottish football club based in the town of Darvel, Ayrshire. Nicknamed "The Vale" and formed in 1889, the club play at Recreation Park, and currently compete in the.

History
The club reached the final of the 1975–76 Scottish Junior Cup, but were beaten 3–0 by Bo'ness United.

Darvel won the Ayrshire District League title in 2016–17 to gain promotion to the West Super League First Division (renamed as the West Championship), the second tier of the SJFA West Region league structure.

The team was managed from June 2013 to November 2017 by Scott Clelland. On 14 February 2019, Darvel announced that Mick Kennedy would be the new manager for the season 2019–20.

The club and Blantyre Victoria were declared joint-winners of the West Region Championship in 2019–20 after the season was prematurely halted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Darvel joined the West of Scotland Football League in 2020–21 along with all other West Region junior clubs, and were promoted to the Premier Division for the inaugural season. In the first full season, they won the Premier Division in 2021–22.

On 23 January 2023, Darvel pulled off one of the biggest shocks in Scottish Cup history, as they beat Premiership side Aberdeen 1–0 in the fourth round at Recreation Park.

Coaching Staff
As of 11 June 2024

Honours
Senior West of Scotland League Premier Division West of Scotland League Cup
 * Champions: 2021–22
 * Winners: 2023–24

Junior Scottish Junior Cup
 * Winners: 2023–24
 * Runners-up: 1975–76

West Region Championship
 * Joint-winners: 2019–20

Ayrshire District League
 * Winners: 2016–17

title: Darvel F.C.


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Communist Party of Nigeria

The Communist Party of Nigeria (CPN) was a communist party in Nigeria. It was founded in November 1960 in Kano, largely by cadres of the Nigerian Youth Congress. Initially, the party drew political inspiration from the Communist Party of Great Britain. However, the constitution adopted by the party was based on the 1945 constitution of the Chinese Communist Party.

The party remained relatively isolated from international relations, not having close links with either the Communist Party of the Soviet Union or the Chinese Communist Party. When the Socialist Workers' and Farmers' Party of Nigeria was formed in 1963, the CPN denounced it as "the latest effort in a long series of opportunist and egoistic acts which have contributed much towards disrupting the socialist movement in Nigeria."

The CPN was banned by Decree 34 of the regime of General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi in 1966.

title: Communist Party of Nigeria


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Girvan F.C.

Girvan Football Club is a Scottish football club based in Girvan, South Ayrshire. Nicknamed the Seasiders, they were formed in 1947 and play at Hamilton Park. They currently compete in the.

History
Prior to the 2004–05 season, Girvan played in the South of Scotland Football League and as full members of the Scottish Football Association, entered the Scottish Qualifying Cup each year. When the club joined the Scottish Junior Football Association in 2004, they were allowed to continue this arrangement and since Scottish Cup re-organisation in 2007, now qualify directly for the tournament every season. This situation was unique to Girvan until 2014; when fellow Junior clubs Banks O' Dee and Linlithgow Rose also achieved full SFA member status via club licensing.

On 26 June 2018, Ian Patterson became the manager at Girvan, assisted by former Craigmark assistant and fellow ex-Girvan player Greg Gallagher and John ‘Hoots’ Harvey. On 26 January 2020, Patterson was sacked as manager, with former manager Peter Leonard as caretaker manager until the end of season.

On 29 April 2021, Girvan FC announced a new management team of Matt Maley, Robert Love, Andy McInnes & Jack Martin taking the reins from caretaker manager Peter Leonard.

Current squad
(Vice-Captain)

Honours
South of Scotland Football League

 * Winners: 1989–90

South of Scotland League Cup: 1975–76, 1977–78, 1991–92, 2001–02

title: Girvan F.C.


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Susan Dumais

Susan Dumais (born August 11, 1953) is an American computer scientist who is a leader in the field of information retrieval, and has been a significant contributor to Microsoft's search technologies. According to Mary Jane Irwin, who heads the Athena Lecture awards committee, “Her sustained contributions have shaped the thinking and direction of human-computer interaction and information retrieval."

Biography
Susan Dumais is a Technical Fellow at Microsoft and Managing Director of the Microsoft Research Northeast Labs, inclusive of MSR New England, MSR New York and MSR Montreal. She is also an Affiliate Professor at the University of Washington Information School.

Before joining Microsoft in 1997, Dumais was a researcher at Bellcore (now Telcordia Technologies), where she and her colleagues conducted research into what is now called the vocabulary problem in information retrieval. Their study demonstrated, through a variety of experiments, that different people use different vocabulary to describe the same thing, and that even choosing the "best" term to describe something is not enough for others to find it. One implication of this work is that because the author of a document may use different vocabulary than someone searching for the document, traditional information retrieval methods will have limited success.

Dumais and the other Bellcore researchers then began investigating ways to build search systems that avoided the vocabulary problem. The result was their invention of Latent Semantic Indexing.

Awards
In 2006, Dumais was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2009, she received the Gerard Salton Award, an information retrieval lifetime achievement award. In 2011, she was inducted to the National Academy of Engineering for innovation and leadership in organizing, accessing, and interacting with information. In 2014, Dumais received the Athena Lecturer Award for "fundamental contributions to computer science.". and the Tony Kent Strix award for "sustained contributions that are both innovative and practical" with "significant impact". In 2015, she was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2020 she received the SIGCHI Lifetime Research Award.

title: Susan Dumais


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Subahdar

Subahdar, also known as Nazim or in English as a "Subah", was one of the designations of a governor of a Subah (province) during the Khalji dynasty of Bengal, Mamluk dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughlaq dynasty, and the Mughal era who was alternately designated as Sahib-i-Subah or Nazim. The word, Subahdar is of Persian origin. The Subahdar was the head of the Mughal provincial administration. He was assisted by the provincial Diwan, Bakhshi, Faujdar, Kotwal, Qazi, Sadr, Waqa-i-Navis, Qanungo and Patwari. The Subahdars were normally appointed from among the Mughal princes or the officers holding the highest mansabs (ranks).

Nazim
A nazim (, ; from the Arabic word for "organizer" or "convenor"), similar to a mayor, was the coordinator of cities and towns in Pakistan. Nazim is the title in Urdu of the chief elected official of a local government in Pakistan, such as a district, tehsil, union council, or village council. Likewise, a deputy mayor is known as a Naib nazim. The word naib in Urdu literally means "assistant" or "deputy" hence Naib nazim was similar in function to a deputy mayor. He was also custodian of the house.

Pakistan originally had a system inherited from the time of British rule, in which a mayor was the head of a district. Under the Local Government Act, however, the role of the nazim became distinct from that of a mayor, with more power. The nazim system was introduced after the commissionerate system, imposed during British rule, was lifted by the government of Pakistan. This Local Government act was imposed in the country in 2001. One exception, however, is Islamabad, the federal capital, where the commissionerate system remained in effect. In 2009, the new government restored the commissionerate system. All the provinces introduced their own new local government systems. A Nazim was also empowered to decide criminal cases. The Nazim was the lowliest of elected officials in Pakistan. The district nazim, is elected by the nazims of Union Councils, Union Councillors, and Tehsil Nazims, who themselves are elected directly by the votes of the local public.

The name which is used for the president of Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba, the Islamic Union of Students in Pakistan, is Nazim-e-ala. The nazim-e-ala is elected for one year, and after completing that tenure, all the members of IJT who are called (Arkaan) elect a new one.

title: Subahdar


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Lutein

Lutein (from Latin luteus meaning "yellow") is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants, and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots. In green plants, xanthophylls act to modulate light energy and serve as non-photochemical quenching agents to deal with triplet chlorophyll, an excited form of chlorophyll which is overproduced at very high light levels during photosynthesis. See xanthophyll cycle for this topic.

Animals obtain lutein by ingesting plants. In the human retina, lutein is absorbed from blood specifically into the macula lutea, although its precise role in the body is unknown. Lutein is also found in egg yolks and animal fats.

Lutein is isomeric with zeaxanthin, differing only in the placement of one double bond. Lutein and zeaxanthin can be interconverted in the body through an intermediate called meso-zeaxanthin. The principal natural stereoisomer of lutein is (3R,3R,6R)-beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3-diol. Lutein is a lipophilic molecule and is generally insoluble in water. The presence of the long chromophore of conjugated double bonds (polyene chain) provides the distinctive light-absorbing properties. The polyene chain is susceptible to oxidative degradation by light or heat and is chemically unstable in acids.

Lutein is present in plants as fatty-acid esters, with one or two fatty acids bound to the two hydroxyl-groups. For this reason, saponification (de-esterification) of lutein esters to yield free lutein may yield lutein in any ratio from 1:1 to 1:2 molar ratio with the saponifying fatty acid.

As a pigment
This xanthophyll, like its sister compound zeaxanthin, has primarily been used in food and supplement manufacturing as a colorant due to its yellow-red color. Lutein absorbs blue light and therefore appears yellow at low concentrations and orange-red at high concentrations.

Many songbirds (like golden oriole, evening grosbeak, yellow warbler, common yellowthroat and Javan green magpies, but not American goldfinch or yellow canaries ) deposit lutein obtained from the diet into growing tissues to color their feathers.

Role in human eyes
Although lutein is concentrated in the macula – a small area of the retina responsible for three-color vision – the precise functional role of retinal lutein has not been determined.

Macular degeneration
In 2013, findings of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS2) showed that a dietary supplement formulation containing lutein reduced progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by 25 percent. However, lutein and zeaxanthin had no overall effect on preventing AMD, but rather "the participants with low dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin at the start of the study, but who took an AREDS formulation with lutein and zeaxanthin during the study, were about 25 percent less likely to develop advanced AMD compared with participants with similar dietary intake who did not take lutein and zeaxanthin."

In AREDS2, participants took one of four AREDS formulations: the original AREDS formulation, AREDS formulation with no beta-carotene, AREDS with low zinc, AREDS with no beta-carotene and low zinc. In addition, they took one of four additional supplement or combinations including lutein and zeaxanthin (10 mg and 2 mg), omega-3 fatty acids (1,000 mg), lutein/zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids, or placebo. The study reported that there was no overall additional benefit from adding omega-3 fatty acids or lutein and zeaxanthin to the formulation. However, the study did find benefits in two subgroups of participants: those not given beta-carotene, and those who had little lutein and zeaxanthin in their diets. Removing beta-carotene did not curb the formulation's protective effect against developing advanced AMD, which was important given that high doses of beta-carotene had been linked to higher risk of lung cancers in smokers. It was recommended to replace beta-carotene with lutein and zeaxanthin in future formulations for these reasons.

 * Three subsequent meta-analyses of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin concluded that these carotenoids lower the risk of progression from early stage AMD to late stage AMD.
 * An updated 2023 Cochrane review of 26 studies from several countries, however, concluded that dietary supplements containing zeaxanthin and lutein alone have little effect when compared to placebo on the progression of AMD. In general, there remains insufficient evidence to assess the effectiveness of dietary or supplemental zeaxanthin or lutein in treatment or prevention of early AMD.

Cataract research
There is preliminary epidemiological evidence that increasing lutein and zeaxanthin intake lowers the risk of cataract development. Consumption of more than 2.4 mg of lutein/zeaxanthin daily from foods and supplements was significantly correlated with reduced incidence of nuclear lens opacities, as revealed from data collected during a 13- to 15-year period in one study.

Two meta-analyses confirm a correlation between high diet content or high serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and a decrease in the risk of cataract. There is only one published clinical intervention trial testing for an effect of lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation on cataracts. The AREDS2 trial enrolled subjects at risk for progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration. Overall, the group getting lutein (10 mg) and zeaxanthin (2 mg) were NOT less likely to progress to needing cataract surgery. The authors speculated that there may be a cataract prevention benefit for people with low dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin, but recommended more research.

In diet
Lutein is a natural part of a human diet found in orange-yellow fruits and flowers, and in leafy vegetables. According to the NHANES 2013-2014 survey, adults in the United States consume on average 1.7 mg/day of lutein and zeaxanthin combined. No recommended dietary allowance currently exists for lutein. Some positive health effects have been seen at dietary intake levels of 6–10 mg/day. The only definitive side effect of excess lutein consumption is bronzing of the skin (carotenodermia).

As a food additive, lutein has the E number E161b (INS number 161b) and is extracted from the petals of African marigold (Tagetes erecta). It is approved for use in the EU and Australia and New Zealand. In the United States lutein may not be used as a food coloring for foods intended for human consumption, but can be added to animal feed and is allowed as a human dietary supplement often in combination  with zeaxanthin. Example: lutein fed to chickens will show up in skin color and egg yolk color.

Some foods contain relatively high amounts of lutein:

Safety
In humans, the Observed Safe Level (OSL) for lutein, based on a non-government organization evaluation, is 20 mg/day. Although much higher levels have been tested without adverse effects and may also be safe, the data for intakes above the OSL are not sufficient for a confident conclusion of long-term safety. Neither the U.S. Food and Drug Administration nor the European Food Safety Authority considers lutein an essential nutrient or has acted to set a tolerable upper intake level.

Commercial value
The lutein market is segmented into pharmaceutical, dietary supplement, food, pet food, and animal and fish feed. The pharmaceutical market for lutein is estimated to be about US$190 million, and the nutraceutical and food categories are estimated to be about US$110 million. Pet food and other animal applications for lutein are estimated at US$175 million annually. This includes chickens (usually in combination with other carotenoids), to get color in egg yolks, and fish farms to color the flesh closer to wild-caught color. In the dietary supplement industry, the major market for lutein is for products with claims of helping maintain eye health. Newer applications are emerging in oral and topical products for skin health. Skin health via orally consumed supplements is one of the fastest growing areas of the US$2 billion carotenoid market.

title: Lutein


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Nigerian Communist Party

The Nigerian Communist Party (NCP) was a communist party in Nigeria. The NCP was banned by Decree 34 of the regime of General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi in 1966.

title: Nigerian Communist Party