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Codrington, Barbuda

Codrington is the only village (although not the only populated place) on the island of Barbuda, which is part of the country of Antigua and Barbuda. Codrington coincides with the Codrington major division, one of the two major divisions on Barbuda. Situated on the Codrington Lagoon, Codrington is the country's northernmost settlement. The population of Codrington was 796 in 2011.

As the primary residential area on the island, Codrington was established in 1685 by Christopher Codrington and his brother John. One of the oldest and the 21st-largest city in Antigua and Barbuda is Codrington. Codrington is on the larger end of villages in the country, and due to its position as the only settlement on Barbuda, is home to many specialized facilities, such as seven churches, a post office, a police station, a daycare, a preschool, a primary school, and a secondary school.

In 1685, Christopher Codrington and his brother John established Codrington as the primary residential area on the island. They constructed a castle that towered over the town, but in 1843 an earthquake severely damaged it, leaving only ruins.

For the purpose of the census, Codrington is split into three enumeration districts: Codrington-North, Codrington-Central, and Codrington-South (Airport). Codrington is also made up of different settlements: the airport is located in the Park community, the village hospital is located in the Spring View community, and the village center is served by the Middle Section and Mulatto South communities.

The local government in Codrington is the Barbuda Council, which governs Codrington and the rest of the island. Situated in the Middle Section neighborhood, the Barbuda Council Millenium Administration Building serves as the Secretary of the Barbuda Council's primary headquarters. The Fisheries Complex, where the Barbuda Council meets, is also located in the Middle Section neighborhood.

History
Codrington was founded by Christopher Codrington and his brother John in 1685, to be the main residential centre on the island. They built a castle which dominated the town, but it was badly damaged by an earthquake in 1843 and little trace of it now remains.

In 1741, the first slave rebellion happened in Codrington. Beach's Rebellion arose as a consequence of manager Thomas Beach's "cruel and tyrannical" behaviour. Several herds of cattle were slaughtered, with additional damage being done to the Codrington's property and equipment.

The population of Codrington was recorded as 700 in the census of 1904, and 1,252 in the census of 1991. The town, along with the rest of the island, was completely evacuated in September 2017 following catastrophic damage caused by Hurricane Irma, but much of the population has now returned to the island.

Recent history
On 6 September 2017, Hurricane Irma, at Category 5, swept through the town. Prime Minister Gaston Browne stated that there had been damage to 95% of the structures on the small island and that he was "of the view that the island [Barbuda] is barely habitable". As of October 2017 residents were coming back to Codrington and beginning the effort to rebuild.

In Codrington, the police station, the hospital, and the post office all had access to water and electricity by April 2018; nevertheless, many of the island's few residents were still residing in tents, and numerous government structures were still undergoing repairs. An estimated 75% of inhabitants had returned to Barbuda by February 2019. Codrington is not a ghost town.

Geography
According to the Barbuda Act, Codrington's northern boundary is a wall that divides the settlement from Sedge Garden. On the south by a line that runs along to the old settlement's south wall, starting at the southernmost point of the eastern boundary and continuing until it reaches the lagoon. By a wall that separated it from Indigo Piece to the east, and by a line that ran 700 yards south from the southernmost point of that wall. To the west, by the lagoon.

Climate
Codrington exhibits a tropical climate marked by well-defined wet and dry seasons. Typically, winters experience lower precipitation levels compared to the more rainfall-intensive summers. Köppen and Geiger's climate classification categorizes Codrington as Aw. Codrington maintains an average temperature of 26.2 °C (79.2 °F), while annual rainfall accumulates to 899 mm (35.4 in).

Neighbourhoods
Codrington has three enumeration districts, Codrington-North, Codrington-Central, and Codrington-South Airport. Broady, Guava Farm, Indigo North, Indigo South, Jeffrey Wood, Meadow East, Meadow West, Middle Section, Mulatto North, Mulatto South, Park, Spring View, and the White Ponds East and White Ponds West on River Road at the edge of the village are some of the settlements in Codrington.

Major neighbourhoods
Indigo comprises two communities, Indigo North, and Indigo South. Indigo borders Mulatto North, Mulatto South, Middle Section, Park, Meadow East, Meadow West, Louis Hill, and Jeffrey Wood. Indigo is home to Barbuda's secondary school. The secondary school is also used as a voting station.

Meadow comprises two communities, Meadow East, and Meadow West. Meadow borders Spring View, Park, White Ponds East, Broady, Indigo South, and Louis Hill. Meadow also completely surrounds the Guava Farm section. Meadow was home to large plantations during the period of 1750-1800.

The junction of Middle Section and Mulatto South forms the village's center. Holy Trinity School, the Fisheries Complex, the Tennis Court, the Administration Building, the Environment Department, and numerous other shops and organizations are located within the communities.

Codrington-North
Codrington-North has 256 people. 90.84% of Codrington-North residents were born in Antigua and Barbuda. Most other subgroups hover at a population of a few people. The largest minority subgroups in Codrington-North are Guyanese people and Jamaicans, both making up 1.99% of the population respectively. The largest religious denomination in Codrington-North is Anglicanism, making up 25.10% of the population, followed by Wesleyan Holiness' who make up 24.70% of the population. The largest ethnic group in Codrington-North is Afro-Barbudans, who make up 99.20% of the population. 0.40% of the population is Mixed Black/White, and another 0.40% of the population didn't know or didn't state their ethnic group. This makes virtually all of the population of Codrington-North Afro-Barbudan or Mixed Afro-Barbudan.

Codrington-North has a living condition index of 13.72, exactly the same as the Fiennes Street enumeration district in St. John's. Codrington-North has an income weight of 1.89, making it an upper low income area, exactly the same as the income weight of Liberta (West) in Saint Paul.

Unmet basic needs in Codrington-North include 16.33% of people having an unmet basic need for housing, 7.97% having an unmet basic need for sanitation, 2.39% for fuel, 2.39% for light, 0.80% for information, 29.08% of people have one or more unmet basic needs, and 0.80% of people have two or more unmet basic needs.

Codrington-Central
Codrington-Central has 272 people. Codrington-Central is the most diverse area in Codrington, with 83.52% of the population being African descendant, 11.24% mixed black/white, 3.37% other mixed, 0.37% white, 0.37% Syrian/Lebanese, 0.37% other, and 0.75% Hispanic. 81.65% of residents were born in Antigua and Barbuda. The largest minority group in Codrington-Central is Guyanese, making up 5.62% of the population. The largest religious denomination in Codrington-Central is Wesleyan Holiness, making up 24.81% of the population. 3.76% of the population is Rastafarian.

Codrington-Central has a living condition index of 13.6, slightly higher than Willikies-East in Saint Philip. Codrington-Central has an income weight of 1.88, making it an upper low income area, exactly the same as Barnes Hill (East), Carlisle, and Wapping Lane (South) in Antigua.

Unmet basic needs in Codrington-Central include 17.98% of people having an unmet basic need for housing, 2.25% for sanitation, 2.62% for fuel, 0.37% for light, 3.00% for information, 22.47% of people having one or more UBN, 3.37% of people having two or more UBNs, and 0.37% of people having three or more UBNs.

Codrington-South Airport
Codrington-South Airport contains the word "Airport" in its name due to the Barbuda Codrington Airport being located in/near the enumeration district. Codrington-South has 268 people. 92.78% of residents were born in Antigua and Barbuda, with the largest minority immigrant group being those born in the Commonwealth of Dominica, who make up 1.90% of the population. 96.96% of the population is African descendant, 2.28% of the population is Mixed Black/White, 0.38% of the population is other mixed, and 0.38% of the population is Syrian/Lebanese. The largest religious denomination is Pentecostal, which make up 28.90% of the population. 8.75% of the population have no religion, and 1.52% of the population is Rastafarian.

Codrington-South has a living condition index of 15.14, the highest in Codrington, with the living condition index being exactly the same as Bathlodge in Antigua. While Codrington-South does have the highest living condition index in Codrington, Codrington-South is by far the lowest income only having an income weight of 1.60, similar to Green Hill and Clare Hall West in Antigua.

Unmet basic needs in Codrington-Central include 11.41% of people having an unmet basic need for housing, 3.42% for sanitation, 1.52% for fuel, 1.90% for light, 1.52% for refuse collection, 1.14% for information, 16.35% have one or more UBNs, 3.80% have two or more UBNs, and 0.76% have three or more UBNs.

Demographics
The town's unemployment rate is 6.58 percent, and the Living Condition Index (a measure of unmet basic requirements) is 14.05. The town is categorized as "Urban" by the Antigua & Barbuda Statistics Department.

There are three enumeration districts.

796 people were living in Codrington as of the 2011 census. Residents of Codrington are predominantly Black, Mixed, Hispanic, Syrian/Lebanese, and white, with 93.09% having African ancestry, 4.74% having Mixed Black/White heritage, 1.28% having other mixed heritage. 88.35% of the people who live in Codrington were born in Antigua and Barbuda. Those born in Guyana, who make up 2.69% of the population, are the second largest group. 1.54% of the population was born in the United States. 1.41% of people were born in the Commonwealth of Dominica. 1.15% of the people of Codrington were born in Jamaica. 1.15% of the population was born in the US Virgin Islands. Other groups make up less than 1% each of the population.
 * Codrington (North) (ED 90100)
 * Codrington (Central) (ED 90200)
 * Codrington (South) (ED 90300)

Religion
With 22.44% of the population, Wesleyan Holiness is the most prevalent religious denomination in the village. 20.13% of the population is Anglican. The Pentecostal population is 20.00% of the total. There are 2.82% Rastafarians. 4.49% of people identify as not religious. Other Christian denominations and a tiny number of adherents of other faiths make up the majority of the remaining population.

There are 8 churches on Barbuda, all of them in Codrington, these churches are the Holy Trinity Anglican Church, the Pilgrim Holiness Church, the Living Faith Baptist Church, the Seventh Day Adventists, the Barbuda Pentecostal Church, the Hope Community Church, Abundant Life Ministries and The People’s Church.

Holy Trinity Church is a parish in the Aruba Diocese in the Northeastern Caribbean. It is a member of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Being the first church constructed on the island during the slave trade, this chapel is well-known among the Barbudan people. Barbuda received its early education from the Anglican Church, which also managed the Holy Trinity School until the government took possession in 1950. In 1982, Pastor James Punter established the Living Faith Baptist Church. On Sundays, there are two service times: 11:00 am and 7:30 pm. The church runs a year-round campground in Rock Bay, which is close to Two Foot Bay. The Barbuda Pentecostal Church is a part of the largest Evangelical movement in the Caribbean, the Pentecostal Assemblies of the West Indies. The Hope Community Church was once known as the Deeper Life Church. The minister of The People's Church is Bishop Moses John. The church holds Sunday school at 10:00 am, morning worship at 11:00 am, and evening worship at 7:00 pm on Sundays.

The only Christian radio station on Barbuda is The Abundant Life Radio. On 103.1 MHz and 103.9 MHz, the evangelist Clifton François, his wife Michal James-François, and numerous Barbudans broadcast daily.

Economy
Most employees in Codrington fell into one of three categories, paid government employees, who make up 59.22% of workers, paid private employees, who make up 23.79% of workers, and self-employed without paid employees, who made up 8.98% of the population. The rest of the workers in Codrington mostly worked for statutory bodies, and self-employed with paid employees. For job status, most people (73.97%) had a job and worked, or are retired and do not work (9.14%).

Most workers in Codrington have a fixed place of work outside of the home (78.88%), 3.64% of workers work from home, and 16.99% of workers have no fixed place of work.

There are 43 business owners in Codrington. 30.95% of businesses make less than $1,000 Eastern Caribbean dollars per month, 7.14% of businesses make between $1,000 and $1,999 per month, 21.43% of businesses make between $2,000 and $2,999 per month, 19.05% of businesses make between $3,000 and $4,999 per month, and 21.43% of businesses make more than $5,000 per month.

There are 282 households in Codrington. 73.40% of households in Codrington use concrete blocks as the main material of outer walls, 8.16% use wood, 7.45% use concrete, 5.67% use wood and concrete, 4.26% use other materials such as improvised, stone, stone and brick walls, and 1.06% use wood and brick. 40.43% of households have one person, 18.09% have two people, 15.25% have three, 7.09% have four, 7.80% have five, 5.67% have six, 0.71% have seven, 2.13% have eight, and 2.84% of households have nine or more people. 91.49% of housing units have metal roofing, 6.03% of housing units have wood shingles, 1.77% have concrete roofing, 0.35% have asphalt shingles, and 0.35% have other materials such as improvised, tarpaulin, and tile. 61.35% of housing units are owned outright, 8.87% are rent free, 28.72% are rented private, 0.71% owned in another method such as leased, rented government, or squatted, and 0.35% of households do not know. 1.06% of households have a leasehold tenure, and 98.94% have a freehold tenure. This is due to the Barbuda Land Acts holding all land in common with the people of Barbuda, vested in the crown.

Government offices
After Hurricane Irma, the Council administration building is now fully functioning and serves as the headquarters for the Secretary of the Barbuda Council and a team of administrative staff. The Treasury, where bills and salaries are paid, is located right next door. The tourism building is open daily for visits and offers information about Barbuda and has "a large team of Council staff" working there. There are crafts and mementos for sale occasionally. After Hurricane Irma, the post office was repaired and is now open every day during regular hours for mail and stamp purchases.

The Barbudan fisheries complex was opened in August 2011. The complex also serves as the meeting place for the Barbuda Council.

Police, fire, and hospital services
In a rented and renovated house on Barbuda, a temporary police station has been established from funding from the Peace, Love, and Happiness organization after many years of neglect, the absence of any facilities for holding suspects, and "unsuitable" working conditions for police personnel.

Since Hurricane Irma, the Hanna Thomas Hospital has continuously received support from a variety of organizations, including the Indian government Aid Programme, PLH, Coco Point Trust, locals, and the Barbuda Council staff. It has been partially rebuilt and is currently equipped with wards for the majority of local emergencies, including a delivery room. It has a "experienced and qualified" pharmacist and a dedicated pharmacy with the majority of necessary medications on hand. Dr. Jeremy Deazle is the team's leader, and it includes a medical staff from Barbuda and doctors from Cuba.

Most illnesses can be treated at the hospital for "reasonable" costs, but serious situations must be airlifted to Antigua if a pilot is available. Otherwise, a boat from the coast guard is deployed. Barbuda also has a visiting dentist.

Barbuda has a fire brigade on duty at the airport for both emergency services and every plane landing.

Education
27.33% of Codrington residents attend school full time, mostly children. 1.17% of Codrington residents attend school part-time. 71.50% of Codrington residents do not attend school. For those attending school, 55.91% of learners attend a government or government assisted primary school, 16.82% of learners attend a secondary school, 10.91% of learners attend a preschool, 5.00% of learners attend a daycare, 2.27% of learners attend a community/state college (inc. Sixth Form and Post Secondary), 2.73% of learners attend adult education, and 1.36% of learners attend a university. The remainder of learners participate in minority forms of education.

All residents of Codrington were asked what their current or highest level of education was. 5.12% of all Codrington residents had no education, including those too young to attend school, 2.18% had a daycare education, 2.69% had a preschool education, 2.43% had an infant or kindergarten education, 7.04% of residents had a primary/elementary (1-3) education, 9.22% of residents had a primary/elementary (4-7) education, 15.62% of residents had a junior secondary education, 12.93% of residents had a secondary (form 1-3) education, 21.51% of residents, the largest group, had a secondary (form 4-5) education, 0.38% of residents had a sixth form (A'Level) - lower education, 0.51% of residents had a sixth form (A'Level) - upper education, 1.28% of residents had a post-secondary education, 5.51% of residents had a post secondary/pre-university/college education, 0.64% of residents had a post primary - vocational/trade education, 0.38% of residents had a special school/special education. 2.05% of residents had a university education, 1.66% of residents had "other" education, and 8.83% of residents didn't know or didn't state their education.

64.02% of all residents had no examination, 3.33% of residents had a school leaving certificate, 2.05% of residents had a high school certificate, 6.02% of residents had a Cambridge School/CXC examination, 6.79% of residents had a GCE 'O' level/CXC General examination, 0.64% of residents had a GCE 'A' Levels, CAPE examination, 3.59% of residents had a college certificate, 1.92% of residents had an Associate Degree, 1.66% of residents had a Batchelor's Degree, 0.26% of residents had a Professional Certificate, 0.26% of residents had a Master's or Doctoral Degree, and 9.48% of residents didn't know or didn't state their examination.

Educational facilities
The Barbuda Council offers subsidized daycare for the infants and young children of Council employees. Additionally, there are private daycare centers in Codrington, albeit the majority are still closed following Hurricane Irma and the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Barbuda Council operates a preschool in Codrington that enjoys long-term financial support from the Coco Point Trust Fund as well as regular contributions from other sponsors. The Council also maintains and staffs the preschool. Since Hurricane Irma, it has been almost entirely rebuilt and renovated, but it largely stayed closed before, during, and after Covid. The head teacher is Elaine Teague.

The first school established on Barbuda was the Holy Trinity Primary School. Two powerful hurricanes, Luis and Irma, completely destroyed it, but the Council rebuilt it. Charlene Harris is the principal.

The Sir McChesney George Secondary School is Barbuda's only secondary school.

Culture
The Barbuda Caribana Festival takes place every year in May and features events including the Teenage Pageant, Caribana Queen Show, Calypso competitions, and weekend beach parties.

From an early age, students are encouraged to participate in sports in school. Two Barbuda Council employees have been designated to support sports in the local area.

The success of the Anguilla professional tennis program served as inspiration for the construction of the village tennis court, which is available to use 24 hours a day by anyone who wishes to play a game. The court has been utilized by school groups for CXC athletics tests, and in the past, Barbuda had a Tennis Association. Barbuda has consequently given rise to a few "strong" tennis players. After Hurricane Irma, the court's surface has been restored. For casual games, the court is still frequently utilized.

The floodlit basketball court is where the Vipers, Young Warriors, Rockers, Flip-mo, Boars, and Vikings teams compete in a league table structure, with the top teams moving on to the playoffs. The basketball season on Barbuda typically begins in August.

title: Codrington, Barbuda


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Anton Gala

Anton Gala (12 March 1891, Kunovice, Moravia – 29 August 1977, Bratislava) was a Slovak university professor and scientist specializing in ophthalmology.

Gala graduated from secondary school at Uherské Hradiště in 1910, then studied medicine at the Charles University in Prague, graduating in 1916. During World War I he served on a hospital ship. From 1919 to 1961 he worked at the faculty of medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava; from 1931 as professor, in 1937/38 as dean of the faculty.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anton Gala


text: User talk:24.91.254.30

title: User talk:24.91.254.30


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Eidetic reduction

Eidetic reduction is a technique in the study of essences in Edmund Husserl's phenomenology whose goal is to identify the basic components of phenomena. Eidetic reduction requires that a phenomenologist examine the essence of a mental object, be it a simple mental act, or the unity of consciousness itself, with the intention of drawing out the absolutely necessary and invariable components that make the mental object what it is. This is achieved by the method known as eidetic variation. It involves imagining an object of the kind under investigation and varying its features. The changed feature is inessential to this kind if the object can survive its change, otherwise it belongs to the kind's essence.

Overview
One can take for example Descartes's piece of wax (not as a mental object, but as a demonstration of the concept of reduction). It appears to be opaque, flat, hard, extended to certain dimensions in space. It has a certain feel, smell, taste. Most of these qualities can be negated as necessary to the piece of wax continuing to be a piece of wax; the smell, taste, texture, opacity. If heated, it will continue to be the same piece of wax, the same molecules. However, the taste may change, the smell may become more noticeable, the texture will obviously change, it will become clear if heated to the point of melting, etc. The only things that remain (its extension into space, chemical makeup, and mass) are the things that are required for the existence of that piece of wax.

Eidetic reduction is a form of imaginative variation by which one attempts to reduce a phenomenon into its necessary essences. This is done by theoretically changing different elements (while mentally observing whether or not the phenomenon changes) of a practical object to learn which characteristics are necessary for it to be it without being something else. If a characteristic is changed, and the object remains unchanged, the characteristic is unnecessary to the essence of the object, and vice versa.

The basic steps of an eidetic reduction are threefold: first, choose some specific example (e.g., Descartes' wax). Then, vary the example imaginatively. The third step involves figuring out that which cannot be eliminated while the example remains itself. That which cannot be eliminated is part of the example's essence. For example, a triangle remains a triangle if one of its sides is extended but it ceases to be a triangle if a fourth side is added. This shows that having three sides is essential to being a triangle, while having a specific side length isn't.

title: Eidetic reduction


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Lotus 107

The Lotus 107 was a Formula One car used by Team Lotus. Designed for the 1992 Formula One season, and used throughout most of 1992, 1993 and part of 1994, it brought in a final, albeit short-lived period of competitiveness for the team in Formula One.

Design
The 107 is attributed to the design work of Chris Murphy and his design team. Murphy joined Lotus after Akira Akagi's arrest and the Leyton House team he owned was thrown into turmoil. Murphy had designed the 1991 car; the 107 looked very similar to his earlier design leading some to say that the new Lotus was simply a rebadged Leyton House. The 107 was designed from the outset to run a ride height control system which Lotus described as "fast ride height". This used conventional helical spring/concentric damper units in series with single acting hydraulic actuators and should not be confused with the Lotus active suspension, pioneered by Lotus ten years before. Whilst the "fast ride height" concept was good and copied by many other teams the following season, the 107 installation was fundamentally flawed and the car only ran in this form at its debut in Imola and practice in Monaco. After that it was disabled for the remainder of the season.

Unquestionably beautiful the 107 had smooth sweeping lines a world away from the long developed and antiquated Lotus 102D whose heritage can be traced to the 1990 Formula One Season. The installation of the Ford Cosworth HB V8 engines, of a similar - if older - specification to those being used by Benetton, was complete by the unveiling of the car at the 1992 San Marino Grand Prix.

Johnny Herbert liked the car very much, saying it was sublime to drive and responsive to set up changes, but admitted it was not reliable.

Development
With a top notch driving squad of Johnny Herbert and a future double F1 World Champion Mika Häkkinen, the Lotuses were able to bring in some good results: at several races the twin cars were able to run in formation on the tail of the leading pack, at least in the early parts of the races. Reliability was limited. Häkkinen provided Lotus' best showing for several years at the Hungarian Grand Prix where he diced for the final podium position with Gerhard Berger's McLaren. In Portugal he ran as high as second before having to pit for new tyres late in the race. A further potential podium place in Japan was also lost.

Variants
The car was developed over succeeding seasons into B and C variants, the latter with Mugen-Honda power in place of the Cosworth. As was standard practice at the time, the team employed the active suspension technology that they had introduced to F1 back in 1987 on later variants, but the budget was not enough to make it really work, and besides, it was now far from being a unique capability. According to Alex Zanardi's autobiography My Story, the focus on this system was to the detriment of other aspects of the car.

The team's financial difficulties dragged it under at the end of 1994. The Lotus 109, the last Formula One car of the team, which ran in the latter part of 1994, was a further derivative of this design.

Complete Formula One results
(key)
 * 2 points scored in 1992 with the Lotus 102D

title: Lotus 107


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pablo Miranda

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 17:29, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Pablo Miranda
Delete. Vanity page, 23 unique Google results for "Pablo Miranda"+UNAM, half of which are not related to this person. --Vizcarra 21:52, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. Additionally to the nominator, "Pablo Miranda" "Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas" only gets 10 Googles. Fails the WP:PROF test, if she is even academically engaged. -Splash 01:40, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn webmaster vanity. -- Etacar11   01:55, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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July 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

July 29 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 31

All fixed commemorations below are celebrated on August 12 by Old Calendar.

For July 30th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 17.

Saints

 * Apostles of the Seventy Silas and Silvanus, and with them Apostles Crescens, Epenetus, and Andronicus (1st century)
 * Martyrs under Decius (c. 251):
 * Hieromartyr Polychronius, Bishop of Babylon in Egypt;
 * Hieromartyrs Parmenius, Helimenas (Elimas), and Chrysotelus, Priests;
 * Luke and Mocius, Deacons;
 * Martyrs Maximus and Olympius.

 * Martyrs Abdon and Sennen, princes of Persia, at Rome (251)
 * Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna (Terni) in Italy, and his martyred disciples Proculus, Ephebus, Apollonius, and Abundius (c. 273)   (see also: February 14, July 6)
 * Martyr John the Soldier, at Tralles in Asia Minor (361-363)   (see also: July 29)
 * Martyr Julitta of Caesarea in Cappadocia (4th century)

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Saint Rufinus of Assisi, a martyr in one of the early persecutions in Assisi in Italy.
 * Saints Maxima, Donatilla and Secunda, three holy virgins (Secunda was aged twelve), martyred in Tebourba in North Africa under Diocletian (304)
 * Saint Peter Chrysologus, Archbishop of Ravenna (c. 450)
 * Saint Ursus of Auxerre, a hermit at the church of St Amator in Auxerre in France, who was made bishop of that city when he was aged seventy-five (508)
 * Saint Ermengyth, a sister of St Ermenburgh, she lived as a nun at Minster-in-Thanet in England (c. 680)
 * Saint Tatwine, the tenth Archbishop of Canterbury (734)
 * Martyr-King Olaf II Haraldsson, Enlightener of Norway (1030)

Post-Schism Orthodox saints

 * Saint Stephen Vladislav of Serbia (1243) (see also: September 24)
 * Prince Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, of Mingrelia, Georgia (13th century)
 * Saint Angelina (Brancovic), Despotina of Serbia (c. 1520)

New martyrs and confessors

 * New Hieromartyr John Plotnikov, Deacon (1918)
 * New Hiero-confessor Anatole II (Potapov) "the Younger", Elder of Optina Monastery (1922)

Other commemorations

 * Uncovering of the relics (1484) of Venerable Herman of Solovki (1479)
 * Synaxis of the Saints of Samara.
 * Synaxis of the Saints of Aegina.
 * Sitka Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. (see also: July 8)
 * Icon of the Mother of God of Okonsk.

Greek Sources

 * Great Synaxaristes: 30 ΙΟΥΛΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
 * Συναξαριστής. 30 Ιουλίου. ecclesia.gr. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
 * 30/07/2024. Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής.

Russian Sources

 * 12 августа (30 июля). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
 * 30 июля по старому стилю / 12 августа по новому стилю. СПЖ "Союз православных журналистов". 2024.

title: July 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


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Talk:Rosemary Mulligan

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Untitled
RHaworth - thanks for finishing off the name move. I was halfway through and got called away. Always happens... cheers Manning 21:52, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

The Irish American politicans category should be deleted because Representative Mulligan is not Irish. It is the last name of her ex-husband that she has retained. She is of Italian descent.

Politcian's page
This wikipedia page is suspiciously similar to this bio page on Mulligan's re-election website. That seems to violate copyright, and violate bias rules of wikipedia. Dstanfor (talk) 05:23, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Rosemary Mulligan


text:
List of storms named Simone

The name Simone has been used for two tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

 * Tropical Storm Simone (1961), a system which was later determined in a 2019 reanalysis to have not been a tropical cyclone.
 * Tropical Storm Simone (1968), made landfall in Guatemala.

title: List of storms named Simone


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Robert Lawson (architect)/archive1

Robert Lawson (architect)
Mostly a self nom. I had never heard of this man until following the featuring of Benjamin Mountfort and Francis Petre, Grutness told me he was in fact more famous than either as a New Zealand architect. Some research proved Grutness "probably" correct. Donovan and Grutness (slightly nearer to the sites than me) have taken some brilliant fotos especially for the page. I think, it is the most in-depth, or at least the best illustrated essay on the subject freely available. Giano | talk 21:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually it seems to cover Lawson more comprehensively and succinctly than any of the books I've found about New Zealand architecture. More good work from Giano (with some additions and tidying from myself, User:Francs2000, User:Hoary and Donovan). I'm voting in favour (then again, I would). Grutness...  wha?  00:50, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've just re-read my nomination, I didn't mean to leave out the crew who have helped out with copy-editing and making sense, especially Grutness with local knowledge and information.  My English grammar, and word order were on a school report once accurately described as "convoluted and confused". So thanks Guys. Giano | talk 20:13, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. As James said, it's another great addition to the story of New Zealand architecture. I fulfilled a few photo requests, otherwise, I didn't contribute to the article (if that matters when counting my vote). (Donovan|Geocachernemesis|Interact) 11:41, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, although shouldn't references come after notes?--Cyberjunkie | Talk 11:29, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You're probably right, I'll move them. Thanks for the vote Giano | talk 11:57, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Support- great article. Perhaps move the article to Robert Lawson and the current Robert Lawson article to Robert Lawson (disambiguation), since the other three don't have articles yet? Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 19:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks vor the support. The reason I chose (architect) was because quite a few page linked there wrongly - so it's only a matter of time, and also our Robert Lawson's nephew Robert Lawson (cricketer) who was (you've guessed) an amazing cricketer is on his way Giano | talk 20:34, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Support, exemplary and attractive work as always from Giano. Bishonen | talk 20:28, 24 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
List of storms named Sonia

The name Sonia has been used for two tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

 * Tropical Storm Sonia (1983) – weak tropical storm that never threatened land.
 * Tropical Storm Sonia (2013) – weak tropical storm that made landfall in the Mexican state of Sinaloa, causing minor damage.

title: List of storms named Sonia


text:
User talk:The Sorting Hat

This account has been blocked from editing, as the latest in a string of accounts opened by a sad and infantile person whose sole purpose is to attack a Wikipedia editor. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:The Sorting Hat


text:
Talk:The Unwritten Law

The redirect of The Unwritten Law to Unwritten Law seems a little misleading as Unwritten Law is apparantly a band. This band also has an self-titled album titled Unwritten Law which is linked as Unwritten Law (album).

Other articles such as the page on Andy Lau try to link The Unwritten Law as a legitimate and known movie title.

I think that the movie should take the place of The Unwritten Law redirect while Unwritten Law the band should be placed at Unwritten Law only or Unwritten Law (band) -- although I do not know the required wiki formatting for a band link.

title: Talk:The Unwritten Law


text:
Golden Dragon massacre

The Golden Dragon massacre was a gang-related mass shooting that took place on September 4, 1977, inside the Golden Dragon Restaurant at 822 Washington Street in Chinatown, San Francisco, California, United States. The five perpetrators, members of the Joe Boys, a Chinese youth gang, were attempting to kill leaders of the Wah Ching, a rival Chinatown gang. The attack left five people dead and 11 others injured, none of whom were gang members. Seven perpetrators were later convicted and sentenced in connection with the murders. The massacre led to the establishment of the San Francisco Police Department's Asian Gang Task Force, credited with ending gang-related violence in Chinatown by 1983. The restaurant itself closed in 2006.

Motivation
The incident was motivated by a longstanding feud between two rival Chinatown gangs, the Joe Boys (Chung Ching Yee) and Wah Ching, traced back to 1969, when the first victim was killed. The two gangs controlled different parts of San Francisco, with the Wah Ching in Chinatown and the Joe Boys in the Richmond and Sunset districts, and had been rivals since the Joe Boys splintered off from the Wah Ching in the late 1960s. The shooting at the Golden Dragon was an attempted assassination of Wah Ching leaders and was a direct retaliation for the shootout with the Wah Ching in Chinatown's Ping Yuen (Peace Garden) housing project on July 4, 1977, which was sparked by a dispute over fireworks sales. That shootout resulted in the death of 16-year-old Felix Huey (sometimes romanized as Huie) and the wounding of Melvin Yu, both members of the Joe Boys.

Huey's murder, in turn, was seen as a reprisal for the earlier death of Kin Chuen Louie, a 20-year-old member of the Wah Ching who had been shot a dozen times on May 31 while attempting to escape in his car. Louie's death was later memorialized in a poem by Michael McClure, who came upon the victim shortly after the shooting. Including those victims in the Golden Dragon, 44 people had been murdered in gang violence in San Francisco Chinatown by 1977; Inspector John McKenna of the San Francisco Police counted 55 dead between 1969 and 1977.

Planning
The raid was planned in a Daly City apartment. Preparations began in early 1977 when Joe Boys members began acquiring the weapons that would be used in the massacre; during the summer of 1977, Tom Yu, a leader of the Joe Boys, convinced a longtime friend who owned a home in Pacifica to store the weapons, wrapped in cloth, in the front closet of that home. On August 29, 1977, Yu met with Carlos Jon, a member of another gang; Yu asked Jon to keep track of Wah Ching and allied Hop Sing Tong gang members over the upcoming Labor Day weekend, showing special interest in where they gathered late at night. The conspirators decided to target the Golden Dragon because it was a favorite hangout of both the Wah Ching and Hop Sing Tong. The planned raid would also financially damage Jack Lee, a Hop Sing elder who co-owned the restaurant.

Yu gave Jon the phone number of the Pacifica home and asked him to call on the following Saturday (September 3). That Friday night (September 2), members of the Joe Boys gathered in Pacifica, retrieved the weapons, and put them on display. Yu received a phone call at 1:00 a.m. on Saturday morning, and after a brief, private conversation, ordered the weapons to be put back into the closet. By this time, the group plotting the shooting consisted of Tom Yu, his brothers (Chester and Dana), Melvin Yu (no relation), Peter Ng, Peter Cheung, Curtis Tam, Kam Lee, and Don Wong.

Later that evening, the gang returned to Pacifica. Around 9:30 p.m., two members of the Joe Boys, Peter Cheung, and Dana Yu were asked to steal a four-door car, which would facilitate entry and exit for a quick getaway; they returned shortly afterward with a blue Dodge Dart and parked it in the home's driveway. The gang members retrieved the guns from the closet after the homeowners returned and went to sleep. At 2:00 a.m., Pacific Daylight Time on Sunday, September 4, 1977, Tom Yu received a phone call from Carlos Jon that members of the rival Wah Ching gang, including Michael "Hot Dog" Louie, one of its leaders, were present at the Golden Dragon restaurant in San Francisco's Chinatown (Chinese: 三藩市華埠金龍大酒樓).

Chester Yu drove a group of four Joe Boys (himself, Curtis Tam, Melvin Yu, and Peter Ng) to the Golden Dragon using the stolen Dodge. Forty minutes later, at 2:40 a.m., Chester Yu parked the stolen car near the Golden Dragon and stayed in the driver's seat while the others went to the restaurant. Armed with a .45-caliber Commando Mark III rifle (a modern clone of the Thompson submachine gun), two 12 gauge pump-action shotguns, and a .38-caliber revolver, the other three donned nylon stocking masks and entered the restaurant from the second entrance at 818 Washington, looking for members of the Wah Ching. During the trial of Curtis Tam, Chester Yu testified that Tam was wielding a shortened shotgun, Ng had a long-barreled shotgun and a handgun, and Melvin Yu was using the rifle. A crowd estimated at between 50 and more than 100 people, many of whom were tourists, were present at the restaurant at the time of the shooting.

At the Golden Dragon
According to Chester Yu, Ng had instructed Tam to fire a shot in the ceiling first so that "when the people panic and get down on the floor, we will decide who to shoot." Instead, without warning, the three randomly opened fire on the patrons inside the crowded restaurant, killing five people, including two tourists, and wounding 11 others, none of whom were gang members. In Tam's confession, he stated he had been forced to join the shooting and deliberately did not target any patrons; after he "heard Melvin start shooting, then Peter. I fired my first shot at the sofa. The second I aimed where nobody was." Testimony at Melvin Yu's trial showed he was the first to open fire, using the rifle.

Melvin Yu walked directly up to a man at a table and shot him nine times, continuing to shoot after that victim had fallen to the floor. Melvin Yu then redirected his automatic rifle and shot randomly into the crowd, accompanied by two shotgun blasts from the other gunmen. The first victim, later identified as Paul Wada, a visiting law student, may have been misidentified as a gang sympathizer. An initial news report incorrectly identified some shooting victims as "highly placed" gang members.

The intended targets, the leadership of the Wah Ching and Hop Sing, were sitting at a table at the back of the restaurant. They were not injured in the shooting. Up to 10 members of the Wah Ching, including their leader, Michael Louie, ducked under tables during the gunfire. They had been alerted by a friend who spotted the three gunmen running toward the restaurant from a front-facing window and shouted "Man with a gun!" in Cantonese and English. Triad member Raymond Kwok Chow, then 17 years old and a member of the allied Hop Sing Tong, who would later achieve considerable notoriety, was among those who survived the attack.

The shooting lasted less than 60 seconds. Police later called it the worst mass murder in San Francisco history.

Comedians Philip Proctor and Peter Bergman of the Firesign Theatre were eating at the Golden Dragon during the shooting, after performing a Proctor and Bergman show at the Great American Music Hall. When Bergman, an Army veteran, realized the perpetrators had emptied their weapons, he rose from cover in time to see their faces as they exited. He later testified in their conviction.

Two off-duty armed police officers were also dining at the Golden Dragon during the attack. James Bonanno, a restaurant patrolman, dove for cover when the gunmen entered; he later testified that he pulled his revolver and radioed for help while hiding. Once the shooting stopped, after 30 to 45 seconds, he emerged and began to help the wounded diners. Richard Hargens (or Harkins) also fell to the floor after hearing shots and though he drew his revolver, he stated other people were in his line of fire and he was unable to shoot the gunmen. Neither officer was able to identify the gunmen beyond describing them as "young Orientals".

Cleaning up
Chester Yu drove the shooters back to the house in Pacifica after the shooting, and the weapons were returned to the closet. After their return, the Joe Boys stayed awake until dawn discussing the shooting, then slept for a few hours before awakening to listen to the news of the killing. They dispatched Tony Chun-Ho Szeto, another Joe Boy, to pick up noodles from the Golden Dragon for breakfast. Later that morning, the perpetrators retrieved the weapons from the closet, cut them into pieces in the garage, and asked Szeto to dump the pieces into San Francisco Bay. Szeto drove Chester Yu to a location within sight of Kee Joon's, a Burlingame restaurant where Szeto worked, and together they dumped the parts into the Bay near San Francisco International Airport. A week after the shooting, Tom Yu called Carlos Jon for the last time, asking Jon to "keep cool."

Victims
The five victims fatally shot at the restaurant were later identified as:
 * Calvin M. Fong (方凱文), 18, a graduate of Archbishop Riordan High School
 * Donald Kwan (君唐勞), 20, a graduate of Abraham Lincoln High School
 * Denise Louie (雷典禮), 21, an urban planning student at the University of Washington
 * Paul Wada (和田保羅), 25, a law student at the University of San Francisco
 * Fong Wong (黃芳), 48, an immigrant from Hong Kong working as a server at the Golden Dragon

Aftermath
One week after the shooting, two Joe Boys were shot by suspected Wah Ching gunmen, leaving one dead and the other critically wounded, in what police called a revenge-motivated shooting. Michael Lee, 18, was killed and Lo "Mark" Chan, 19, was wounded critically during the ambush at the entryway of Chan's Richmond District home.

Chinatown, one of the leading tourist destinations in San Francisco, suffered after the shooting. Nighttime dining in Chinatown was depressed as restaurant reservations were cancelled en masse following the shooting. Although the Golden Dragon reopened just seven hours after the shooting, it closed as early as 10 P.M. in the week following a drop in patronage; normally it would stay open until 3 A.M. Business and tourist traffic remained depressed for several weeks following the shootings, although other businesses stated the rising cost of labor in Chinatown was to blame for increased prices and decreased patronage. By December, business at the Golden Dragon remained down and police had still not made any arrests, although by that time Michael Louie, the reported target that night, had been arrested for his suspected involvement with the 1976 murder of Kit Mun Louie (no relation), an 18-year-old immigrant from Hong Kong.

Investigation
The San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) announced they were close to solving the crime soon after the shooting, but Chief Charles Gain criticized the Chinatown community for its silence and "abdication of responsibility" due to "the subculture of fear" of gang reprisals. SFPD Lieutenant Daniel Murphy, head of the investigation, said, "because so many innocent people were killed and injured, this time we have been getting more cooperation out of the residents and witnesses in Chinatown than we normally do." Chinatown residents came forward to provide tips in the days following the shooting, identifying that Wah Ching diners and Joe Boys assailants were present that night.

Chief Gain followed up his earlier criticism by calling gambling in Chinatown "blatant, historic and rampant". Gain later claimed his criticism of gambling in Chinatown was a gambit to anger the community and provoke them into providing more information. Gordon Lew, an editor of the local Chinatown newspaper East-West, in turn, criticized the SFPD for relying on information and cooperation from supposed community leaders linked to the underworld, leading to community distrust of the SFPD, and concluded that "committing suicide is not a virtue among the Chinese". Joe Fong, founder of the Joe Boys, said in an interview from prison that SFPD officers had been paid to protect gambling operations in Chinatown, which Chief Gain disputed, saying that was part of the police culture prior to his ascension to the chief.

Mayor George Moscone announced a US$25000 1977 reward for information leading to the conviction of the shooters two days after it occurred, the largest reward offered in San Francisco to date. The unprecedented reward was eventually increased to US$100000 1977 in late September, the highest reward allowed by city law. The SFPD received the first lead in the case two weeks after the shooting, pointing at Curtis Tam.

However, by December 1977, no arrests had been made, though police were investigating the deadly rivalry between the Joe Boys and Wah Ching. The reward was eventually collected by Gan Wah "Robert" Woo of the Joe Boys. Woo had been arrested in March 1978 for participating in another gang skirmish on February 15 in Portsmouth Square, a shooting that left two Wah Ching members wounded. He gave the police a recording of Tam conversing about the massacre; subsequently, Woo was kept in protective custody after he had been identified as the informant.

Arrests
Curtis Tam, Melvin Yu, Peter Ng, Chester Yu, and Tom Yu were eventually arrested and convicted; after their arrests, the gunmen were identified as Ng, Melvin Yu, and Tam, all 17 years old at the time of the shooting.

Curtis Tam was the first to be arrested on March 24, 1978. Tam, an emigrant from Hong Kong, was 18 years old and attending Galileo High School at the time of his arrest. A police informant recorded Tam recounting details of the attack, and shortly after his arrest, anonymous sources identified Tam as one of the gunmen, During his initial interrogation, Tam confessed and implicated 11 others. A hearing was held in April 1978 to determine if Tam should be tried as an adult, which was granted. The recording of Tam's interrogation was first played at an arraignment hearing in May 1978 and again at his trial; in it, he claimed "They made me do it. If I didn't shoot somebody then they'd say, you know, I'm chicken. I don't think I shot anybody 'cause I didn't aim at anybody."

In early April 1978, the Yu brothers (Tom, Chester, and Dana) hired an attorney, George Walker, to make a plea bargain; in turn, their attorney met with the assigned assistant district attorney, Hugh Levine, on April 3 and explained his three unnamed clients were requesting immunity for two brothers (Tom and Dana Yu) in exchange for their testimony against the shooters. Walker described those two brothers as peripherally involved, specifically calling Tom Yu "a peripheral figure who had inadvertently answered a telephone call at the house in Pacifica" which had informed him that members of the Wah Ching and Hop Sing were at the Golden Dragon. The third brother, Chester, admitted to his role as the getaway driver but requested for his proceedings to be held in juvenile court in exchange for his testimony. Levine tentatively agreed to allow the driver to enter the juvenile court and provided immunity to the two brothers, conditioned upon confirmation that (1) they were only peripherally involved in the crime and (2) their testimony was truthful. Levine met Walker's three clients for the first time on April 19; Dana Yu's request for immunity was granted, and Chester Yu was allowed to enter the juvenile court system. However, since Levine already knew that Tom Yu, as a leader in the Joe Boys, could not have been involved only peripherally, immunity for Tom Yu was rejected.

The weapons used in the attack were recovered by police divers from San Francisco Bay on April 20, 1978, after Chester Yu showed them where they had been dumped. After Chester mentioned that a "Carlos" had called the house in Pacifica, Carlos Jon became a witness for the prosecution. At a preliminary hearing in May 1978, Tony Szeto described "bungled efforts to dump a bagful of guns". Ballistics tests matched the recovered weapons with bullets taken from those killed.

On April 21, the SFPD announced the arrests of Peter Ng and an unnamed juvenile (later identified as the driver of the getaway car, Chester Yu), and named Melvin Yu as another suspect they were seeking in connection with the massacre. Melvin Yu and Peter Cheung were arrested early on the morning of April 23, 18 mi east of Carson City, Nevada. Tom Yu dropped George Walker as his attorney and surrendered to police after the Memorial Day weekend. In all, nine were arrested and scheduled to be tried for their roles in the massacre: Curtis Tam, Peter Ng, Tom Yu, Melvin Yu, Kam Lee, Chester Yu, Tony Szeto, Peter Cheung, and Donald Wong.

Trials
By August 1978, three youths who were charged with being accessories to the crimes had been found guilty or pleaded guilty in closed juvenile court proceedings.

Curtis Tam
Tam was scheduled to go on trial on July 31, 1978, but the trial was delayed while a change of venue was being contemplated. Tam's trial began on August 21, and he was convicted on five murder counts and eleven assault counts on September 5, 1978. Attorneys for the defendant made several motions to move the trial venue, sequester the jury, and ban reporters from the courtroom, none of which were granted. During his trial, Tam testified he had deliberately aimed his shotgun away from diners and only participated in the shooting under duress. However, Chester Yu testified that Tam was "very happy" after the shooting and recalled hearing Tam say he "wanted to shoot more people", and Tam was recorded by Robert Woo, threatening the life of a suspected police informant.

Thirteen eyewitnesses were called to testify at Tam's trial, including eight of the eleven wounded; none identified Curtis Tam as one of the gunmen, although the witness who initially spotted the trio running toward the restaurant identified Peter Ng from a police photograph. The prosecutors rested their case against Tam on August 29 after playing a recording of his confession, taken after his arrest on March 24. Attorneys made closing arguments on September 1, and after the Labor Day weekend, the jury reconvened on September 5; after deliberating for just over a day, the jury found Tam guilty of five counts of second degree murder, eleven counts of assault, and several weapons possession charges. Tam faced a sentence of up to 35 years imprisonment, but a defense attorney vowed to appeal the verdict, which he called "a compromise" because he thought "[the jury] considered duress in reducing their finding of intent on Tam's part". The sentencing hearing was set for October 3. Tam received a sentence of 28 years imprisonment. On June 18, 1981, the California Court of Appeals reduced his sentence to 23 years. Tam filed another appeal in August 1981.

Melvin Yu
After Tam's trial, Tom Yu, Melvin Yu, and Peter Ng stood trial. On September 26, 1978, Melvin Yu was convicted after four hours of deliberation of five counts of first-degree murder and 11 counts of assault with a deadly weapon; his attorney offered no defense against the charges, and Melvin Yu did not testify at his trial. He received a life sentence. Melvin Yu was released from Solano State prison in 2015.

Peter Ng
Peter Ng went on trial on January 8, 1979, in Fresno, and was convicted on February 22 of five counts of first degree murder and eleven counts of assault with a deadly weapon. Jurors deliberated four hours before reaching the verdict.

Tom Yu
Tom Yu was indicted but moved to dismiss the charges on the basis that he had been granted immunity by Levine; the trial court denied the motion, finding both that he had not satisfied the two imposed conditions, and further, that his proposed testimony was not true. Yu then entered a conditional guilty plea in 1979 on one count of conspiracy to commit second-degree murder and admitted that a firearm was used in the crime. The plea bargain had been extended to Tom Yu on April 25, 1978, modified on May 30, and accepted by Yu on September 1. However, upon reviewing the probation report, which called Tom Yu "the prime mover in the whole thing", the court rejected the plea bargain and restored the original charges. Yu appealed the rejection of the plea bargain since the court had previously ruled it was a binding agreement, although the presiding judge also added the condition that court judgment could be used to set it aside. The trial venue had been moved first to Fresno due to publicity in San Francisco, and then to Santa Barbara since Peter Ng had already been tried and convicted in Fresno. Yu's first trial ended in a hung jury in September 1979. He was later convicted of five counts of first-degree murder, eleven counts of assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury, one count of conspiracy to commit murder, and one count of conspiracy to commit assault with a deadly weapon. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in state prison.

Release and parole
In October 1991, Curtis Tam was released from prison. Tam requested a Certificate of Rehabilitation and Pardon in September 2018; the request was denied in November.

In 2014, Melvin Yu was granted parole; during the parole hearing, he said that he had plans to live with a cousin in Hong Kong and expected to be deported back to there. As of 2017, a spokesperson for the Chinese Consulate of San Francisco stated that there was no record of deportation requests for Yu, and Yu had been living in San Francisco. Yu converted to Christianity approximately ten years after the shooting at the Golden Dragon, and served time at Deuel Vocational Institute, where he took college courses in mathematics.

Tom Yu was eligible for parole in 2017 and was released before September 2018.

Peter Ng was eligible for parole in 2020, after being denied eight times, most recently in 2015. According to state records, he was no longer listed as an inmate in 2018.

Long-term results

An ex–Joe Boys member, Bill Lee, wrote about the killings and his gang experiences in Chinese Playground: A Memoir. Lee left the gang shortly after the 1977 massacre. He filed a police report over an April 1999 incident, in which former peers said he should not have written the book during a public reading.

The Golden Dragon Massacre led to the establishment of the SFPD's Chinatown (later Asian) Gang Task Force, credited with ending gang-related violence in Chinatown by 1983. The Task Force's first credited arrest was for Michael Louie, the reputed 21-year-old leader of the Wah Ching who was one of the targets in the Golden Dragon Massacre.

Michael Louie was arrested on December 5, 1977, for the murder of Kit Mun Louie (no relation). Kit Mun was an 18-year-old immigrant from Hong Kong (via Honolulu) who was shot and killed on August 29, 1976. The two had been romantically involved, but he confessed to being angry with her for "whoring around with Joe Boys". He claimed that to frighten her, he put an unloaded gun to her head as she was sleeping and pulled the trigger. Although he had removed the clip to unload it, the firing chamber was still loaded with a live round and he shot her at point-blank range. Afterward, he scattered pieces of the weapon in San Francisco Bay and dumped her body near Stinson Beach, where it was discovered on January 1, 1977, but not identified until November 1977. Michael Louie pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter and possession of a deadly weapon after his arrest, receiving a sentence of 15 years imprisonment in January 1978; he was eligible for parole after four years.

Robert Woo, the informant who collected the $100,000 reward, was killed during a shootout with police while robbing a jewelry shop in Los Angeles on December 19, 1984.

The Golden Dragon restaurant continued operation shortly after the massacre, but patronage was down and it failed a health inspection in September 1978. After failing another health inspection in January 2006 it was closed. The restaurant also owed a year's worth of paychecks to its employees. It was reopened in May 2006 as the Imperial Palace Restaurant.

title: Golden Dragon massacre


text:
User talk:W@ntonsoup

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and ask your question there. Again, welcome! - Ahunt (talk) 23:02, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
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V Speeds etc
Thanks for your thoughts on the V speeds diagram. I answered your question on the talk page there.

We always need aviation minded people with keen eyesight on WikiProject Aircraft so I hope you will join us in making aviation articles better! - Ahunt (talk) 23:02, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

An exciting opportunity to get involved!
As a member of the Aviation WikiProject or one of its subprojects, you may be interested in testing your skills in the Aviation Contest! I created this contest, not to pit editor against editor, but to promote article improvement and project participation and camraderie. Hopefully you will agree with its usefulness. Sign up here, read up on the rules here, and discuss the contest here. The first round of the contest may not start until September 1st-unless a large number of editors signup and are ready to compete immediately! Since this contest is just beginning, please give feedback here, or let me know what you think on my talkpage. -  Trevor  MacInnis   contribs  05:58, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of ColoradoKeep

The article ColoradoKeep has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails the general notability guideline."

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. SK2242 (talk) 22:50, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

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User talk:Anamanfan

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Phroziac (talk) 21:55, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
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Lisa Hammer
Why did you delete the following from Lisa Hammer:

"She has several video collections:

Pus$bucket, from the Broadway Musical Crawley, a collaboration with Ben Edlund (creator of The Tick), and her ex-husband, Doc Hammer, (writer for The Venture Bros.) Turn of the Century, a public access television collaboration with Dame Darcy."

Is is incorrect? Outlook 18:26, 27 October 2006 (UTC) What confused me was the 'has several video collection' which I orginally read as 'She has these tapes in her house. They're cool.' I was wrong and fixing it now.

Seg 01:08, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Jackie_Liebergott.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Jackie_Liebergott.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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Image:Jackie_Liebergott.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Jackie_Liebergott.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Jounryman Project Screenshot 1.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Jounryman Project Screenshot 1.png. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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Proposed deletion of WECB (Emerson College)
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article WECB (Emerson College), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * unlicensed low power college radio station, lacks siginificant coverage in 3rd party sources

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AfD nomination of WECB (Emerson College)
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of Professional Arts Consortium

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Nomination of Script.aculo.us for deletion
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title: User talk:Anamanfan


text:
List of storms named Tara

The name Tara has been used for four tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Hurricane Tara (1961) – a catastrophic Category 1 hurricane.
 * Tropical Storm Tara (1968) – never threatened land.
 * Tropical Storm Tara (1982) – never threatened land.
 * Tropical Storm Tara (2018) – brushed southwestern Mexico.

title: List of storms named Tara


text:
User talk:MissSwan

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Phroziac (talk) 21:55, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Image licensing
Hello. I see you have submitted an image file, Image:TarjaTurunen.jpg, but you have not provided licensing information. Please take a look at Copyrights and provide licensing information for that image, or it might have to be deleted. Thanks. --malathion talk 16:04, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Hi again. Can you please explain how you know these images are available under the GFDL? Thanks. --malathion talk 19:02, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Unless images have been expressly released into the GFDL in writing, they should not be tagged as such. I fix up the licensing information on these images for you. Thanks for uploading them. :-) --malathion talk 19:22, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

I uploaded a higher-resolution image of Tarja at Image:Tarja hires.jpg. I hope you like it. Can you please explain to me where you got the following images, with a URL if possible?

 * Image:TuomasHolopainen.jpg
 * Image:Therion.jpg
 * Image:Nightwish.jpg

They look like promo images to me, but it's always nice to be able to say where we got them. --malathion talk 19:45, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Mats Levén
I've moved the page. Also, I'm adding copyright information to the image you created. I'm saying that the copyright holder allows anyone to use it for any purpose. If you would prefer that it be released under some other license, please let me know.

By the way, did you know that you can sign your name by typing ~ after your messages? That would reduce confusion about who sent them. :-) --malathion talk 16:35, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Stop needlessy changing pictures
Can you please stop needlessy changing around Tarjas picture? Just find a picture you like, upload it to Wikipedia (don't upload a high-res version it isnt necessary but provide a link if you want), attach necessary copyright tags and leave it alone. It's a waste of bandwidth that could be used for more important things like getting slashdotted. Be sure to delete all the old pics as they arent needed anymore.

I wish I could tell this to everyone. The reason I changed her picture was because the one I saw was ugly. It looked like a cross between Devastatin Dave and a porcelean doll.

I liked the pic I uploaded because it was simple and it showed her face clearly. Call me a snob, but if you have a portrait of someone on Wikipedia it's helpful to be able to see their face. I'm not gonna revert but would rather have you see the light. --Arm 19:07, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Also, please stop uploading promotional photos without any licensing information. If you keep doing this, I am just going to delete your images outright. Images must have licensing information properly explained, and this is not negotiable, both according to Wikipedia policy, and the law of the state of Florida and federal copyright law in the United States.

The last time you did this I went through great pains to correct your mistake for you. Please learn from this experience, and don't expect others to do image sleuthing on everything you upload. If you need any further explanation of Wikipedia copyright policy, please feel free to ask me. --Ryan Delaney talk 21:12, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Nightwish1.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Nightwish1.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that the image can be used under a fair use license. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you.  —♦♦ SʘʘTHING  (Я)  08:27, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Image:Therion1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Therion1.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the image description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

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If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that any fair use images which are replaceable by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. -- Chowbok  ☠  19:42, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:TarjaTurunen2006.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:TarjaTurunen2006.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that the image is unlicensed for use on Wikipedia and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. ReyBrujo 04:08, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MarcoHietala.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:MarcoHietala.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  —♦♦ SʘʘTHING  (Я)  07:19, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:For My Pain...1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:For My Pain...1.jpg. I noticed the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the image description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

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If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, fair use images which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if not used in an article), per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. J Milburn 14:43, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:EmppuVuorinen.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:EmppuVuorinen.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  —♦♦ AMBER  (ЯʘCK)  12:10, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

File:Mats.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Mats.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Rockfang (talk) 22:41, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:MatsLeven.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:MatsLeven.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

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 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-en@wikimedia.org, stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add OTRS pending to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

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If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as non-free fair use or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read the Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 08:30, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:MatsLeven.jpg
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:MatsLeven.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you object to the listing for any reason. Thank you. Kelly hi! 17:57, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of Mats Levén for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Mats Levén is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Mats Levén until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. The SandDoctor Talk 04:02, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:MissSwan


text:
Talk:San Francisco Demons

Cortez played for the Los Angeles Extreame not the San Francisco deamons.

Fair use rationale for Image:XFL Demons.gif
Image:XFL Demons.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:32, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:San Francisco Demons


text:
Talk:Spain in the Roman era

Merging
The Hispania article focuses on the origin and later use of the word Hispania and details about the Roman provinces, but not much about history. I thought Roman Spain would be good as a separate, more historically oriented article, but I'm OK with a merger as long as Hispania gets a historical focus.--Bkwillwm 21:56, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Its useful to have a Hispania article that covers the two (or three, depending on period) roman spanish provinces, just as it is usefu to have an article on Gaul to link to when the three Gaulish provinces are being  discussed together. So I hope the Hispania article stays, especially as it benefits from Spanish-language scholarship. The material from Roman Spain could perhaps be merged in.  --Nantonos 14:32, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with both of the above. And that's what a true "merger" would do. Everything now separate in each article would be combined in "Hispania." "Roman Spain" would then become a simple redirect to it. In fact, this is such a simple solution I see no need to wait. Anyone can easily do this with about a half-hour's work. -- Fred Edwords, August 14, 2005.

 * Yes, Roman Spain should be merged into Hispania, even if only for the reason that Hispania means the whole of the Iberian peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Gibraltar and Andorra), and not just the modern state of Spain. Sometimes, and I'm willing to admit it's not counscious, there is a spanish bias that tends to reduced or equated Hispania (or Iberia) as sinonimous with Spain. This is not true and particular care should be taken to avoid it. The Ogre 15:25, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree wholy with the above.

This should obviously be merged. Roman Spain?! That's absurd! Surely "Spain" comes from "Hispania", but etymology isn't meaning for large decades now. Velho 02:32, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * the problem is that in English, Hispania is often read as Spain. And this is the source of problems. There was no Roman Spain there was a Roman Hispania. --Pedro 12:09, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree with the merge. It's a terrible mistake to call Roman Spain as at the time there was NO Spain. Spain, the country, would be united somewhere near the XV century, and yet before there were Castille, Leon, Portugal, and other kingdoms. It's important to avoid this mistake (Spain/Hispania) as there are, even now, two countries on the Iberian Peninsula. Hispania was the name of the whole peninsula (not a province!) at the time, so this is the name to choose for a title. Nuno Tavares 16:08, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

I am very much in favor of merging this article into "Hispania" even though, yes, there is the risk that your average reader might equate "Hispania" with "Spain" --a clarificaion in the introductory paragraph can easily dispell this misnomer. For me at least, Hispania conotes the historical name (as it is used in English) of the Iberian province of the Roman Empire. This is really what the article is about and it should therefore be titled as such.

A clear analogy is "Germania," which refers not to modern-day Germany but to a region encompassing a number of other countries (Austria, Czech, Switzerland, Hungary to name a few) during the Roman era. Germania is an English word for sure--one that we inherited from the literary tradition of Tacitus and later historians--and one that is useful for a study and analysis of historical events, political intrigues and military conquests during a time when political boundries drawn on paper did not carry the same meaning they do today.

So much of what I read on discussion pages where there is a debate over terminology comes down to arguments over political neutrality. But whether it be an article about Israel or China or Native-American Indians we have to try to divorce modern-day politics from etymology. Give the reader credit. Everyone knows that many words do not carry the same connotation they did a hundred or more years ago. Along those lines: As much as Portuguese (or Andorrean?) nationalists today might loathe the fact that their country's territory was once called Hispania it does not mean we have to revise history to accomodate their uninformed objections. By the same token, Spanish nationalists should not make any inferences that Hispania refers to anything other than the historic Iberian province under the Roman Empire. --Fazdeconta 17:50, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * As you can see, I just went ahead yesterday and took my own advice, above, and merged the contents of this shorter and more limited article into the longer Hispania article, then turned this Roman Spain article into a simple redirect. -- Fred Edwords, August 24, 2005

title: Talk:Spain in the Roman era