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Corrigin, Western Australia

Corrigin is a town in the central Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, 229 km east-southeast of the state capital, Perth, Western Australia, along State Route 40. It is mostly a farming community focused on crops and sheep, and holds the world record of "the most dogs in a ute".

History
The name "Corrigin", of Noongar Aboriginal origin, was first recorded in 1877 relating to a well in the area. The meaning of the name is unknown.

Before 1908 Corrigin's only connection with the rest of the state was the railway track that ran to Merredin and it was difficult to get anyone to take up land near the rabbit proof fence. Most of the land was once held by George Walton on a pastoral lease, which he ran from his homestead at Wogerlin rock. The first settlers to the area were Mr A. W. Goyder (the son of the South Australian Surveyor General), who took up the area on which the town now stands. He was followed by Jack Crossland then by Messrs Gayfer and Jose Bros.

In 1909, the Government planned to build a railway from Brookton on the Great Southern Railway to the town of Kunjin, 17 km west of Corrigin. Some time after, a line from Wickepin was also proposed, and the Government decided to locate the crossing point at Corrigin.

A storm swept through the area in 1913 lashing the area with hailstones over 1 in in diameter. The town was also deluged with over 3.5 in of rain in a few hours. Standing crops were flattened, fences in low-lying areas were washed away and most of the town was submerged under at least 2 ft of water.

In 1913, a railway siding was built, and named "Dondakin" by railway authorities due to conflict with the name elsewhere. However, after much local protest, the siding was renamed Corrigin and gazetted on 15 May 1914. The railway line from Wickepin, Western Australia opened a month later, and the main office of the local Road Board moved to the town. In 1915, a school was built.

In 1932 the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding. The bulk handling facility had been installed by November the following year and the first trial load of wheat was satisfactorily loaded.

By 1937 the town boasted a hall that cost £8,000 to build, a large state hotel, commercial buildings, bowling green, tennis course, golf course and one of the best showgrounds in the state. The town still had no adequate water scheme, there was no lack of well water but the water drawn was very hard.

The wheatbelt was struck by drought for much of 1939 and nearly all of 1940, described at the time as "the worst in the states history" until heavy rains arrived in December of that year. Corrigin received 4.63 in of drought-breaking rain over a couple of days.

The town was lashed by a violent storm on New Year's Day in 2013. Destructive winds and 60 mm of rain tore through over the course of an hour leaving behind fallen powerlines, uprooted trees, sheds torn apart and roofs ripped from homes.

Present day
Corrigin has a population of 903 and is a key agricultural centre for a district focused mainly on wheat and sheep farming. It is the location of a CBH management zone office, and in 1973 was the location of a "type B" wheat bin.

It contains a district high school (originally opened 1915 as a primary school), National Australia Bank branch, shopping facilities, accommodation (hotel, motel, caravan park), council offices and a telecentre. Each year, it hosts an agricultural show.

The town is a stop on the Transwa bus service to Esperance via Kulin/Hyden.

A large rocky outcrop just to the east of town is Corrigin Rock.

About 5 km west of town is the Corrigin dog cemetery, containing over 80 buried dogs.

In popular culture
Corrigan, the fictional town in which the 2009 Craig Silvey novel Jasper Jones and the subsequent film are set, derives its name from Corrigin.

title: Corrigin, Western Australia


text:
User:Shai Gar

Born 27th September 1983 Awesome.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Shai Gar


text:
Talk:Spinto

Markw added the following text:

 * It also allows for sopranos and tenors with equally rich lower ranges not to be only cast in soprano/tenor roles. Essentially, one could say a spinto soprano is an alto with a soprano range or a soprano with an alto range (same for a baritone with a tenor range, and vice versa). However, it is important to note that spinto is usually reserved for sopranos who have control of their coloratura (or whistle register) and have a lower range. This is because a dramatic soprano is considered to be a lyric soprano with a rich, lower, "alto" range.

I don't believe it is correct to say that a spinto soprano is a soprano "with an alto range", whatever that means. The soprano lirico-spinto has essentially the same range as a lyric soprano, up to c6, only the voice is fuller and stronger. - Karl Stas 10:16, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * See Vocal range. - Karl Stas 09:35, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

As far as I know - spintos can push the head voice ( instead of a dramativc voice - these can push the chest voice). Also, this Fach has got a metal (I don`t surely mean the music genre Metal - i mean just the sound of the voice because of ability to push the head voice) often somehow sharp sound. Or are these singers also able to push the chest voice? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.218.245.147 (talk) 13:35, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Soprano lirico-spinto
I think saying that Cio-Cio San is a role which 'Renata Tebaldi made her own' is a bit of a biased statement for the purposes of explaining what a spinto is. Doublea 04:16, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Also, Tebaldi was not a lyric, as mentioned in the "Vissi d'arte" survey (now edited). However, is Caballe more of a lyric or more of a spinto? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.137.208.178 (talk) 22:27, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

I think, that Caballe is in between both (spinto and lyric).

What about spintos in non -classical - music? Monica Naranjo would be a perfect example for a pop - spinto. Also C. aguilera is said to be one. And also in a way, c. Dion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.218.245.147 (talk) 13:32, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Definition of spinto
I removed the following: "Rosalind Plowright defines a spinto voice as one that has a tonal colour one down from its range. For example, a voice with a mezzo's tone colour and the high notes of a soprano, or a voice with a tenor range and a baritone's tone colour, is a spinto. She names Placido Domingo as an instance of the latter." Plowright's definition, although interesting, is certainly not standard. First of all, tenors with a baritone quality to the voice are known as "Heldentenors", which have a disctinctly different sound than tenors refered to as spintos. So no offence to Plowright, but the reference to a baritone like quality to the sound really isn't accurate as that sound is covered by another fach. Likewise, a soprano with a mezzo like quality is not a spinto. Two types of soprano especially dear to the French that would better fit that discription are the Dugazon and the Falcon, which are intermediate voice types between the soprano and the mezzo soprano: a Dugazon is a darker-colored soubrette, a Falcon a darker-colored soprano drammatico. For more information see Boldrey, Richard (1994). Guide to Operatic Roles and Arias. Caldwell Publishing Company and the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (in particular the entries by Owen Jander).Nrswanson (talk) 17:11, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I restored the Rosalind Plowright section: it's well-sourced, and I can't see a good reason to remove it. If a different source gives a different definition, use it as a citation to give the opposing view.  See WP:Neutral point of view.  --Hugh Charles Parker (talk - contribs) 14:02, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Tenore spinto
Since the spinto soprano has its own page, I believe that we also need a page for the tenore spinto as well. SpiritedMichelle (talk) 01:29, 22 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spinto


text:
Talk:Minister of the Interior (France)

to be precise
this is the second most important position in the french government. first is prime minister, second man is Interior Minister (police+immigration), third is the Defense Minister (in charge of the army). i have currently no time to edit the intro but this info is quite important. also the prime minister is often refered by the french tv journalists as "the government's number 2" (le numéro 2 du gouvernement). Louis R14 23:37, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Translation?
The full title for this position is given as "Ministre de l’Intérieur et de l’Aménagement du Territoire". An English translation for this would be nice! --Cryptic C62 · Talk 20:41, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
The pronunciation of ministre given appears to me to be that of something like "ministaire". I would have thought that ministre would be /ministʁ(ə)/. Can any French speakers advise? —Calisthenis(Talk) 17:13, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:27, 22 November 2020 (UTC)
 * MINISTÈRE INTÉRIEUR.svg

title: Talk:Minister of the Interior (France)


text: User talk:65.115.141.10

title: User talk:65.115.141.10


text:
User:Croperz

I am Croperz!

Croperz I am!

I do not like green eggs and ham!

I do not like them in a box.

I do not like them with a fox.

I do not like them in a house.

I do not like them with a mouse.

I do not like them here or there.

I do not like them anywhere.

I do not like green eggs and ham.

Look im tellin' ya mate, the bloke's a deadset fuckwit; he wouldn't know shit from shoepolish!

TWO!?

So basically, um, what i was thinking of is um, Ah fuck, I can't believe you've done this!

title: User:Croperz


text:
John Downes

John Downes may refer to:

 * John Downes (regicide) (1609–c. 1666), English commissioner convicted of regicide of Charles I of England at the restoration of Charles II
 * John Downes (prompter) (died c. 1712), English theatre prompter for most of the Restoration period, 1660–1700
 * John Downes (naval officer) (1786–1854), American Commodore and ship captain in the United States Navy
 * John Downes, Rear admiral in the United States Navy during World War II
 * John Downes (sailor) (1870–1943), British Olympic sailing gold medalist in 1908
 * John Downes (runner), Irish athlete at the 1996 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race
 * John K. Downes (1879–1944), Canadian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, 1922–1927
 * Sean "John" Downes (1962–1984), ex-PIRA member who died when he was shot in the chest with a plastic bullet during the Troubles

title: John Downes


text:
Wings of Alaska

Wings of Alaska was an American scheduled and charter airline company based in Juneau in the U.S. state of Alaska.

History
Wings of Alaska was set up in 1982 to provide scheduled, chartered and freight flights services to many of the communities across Southeast, Alaska. Wings of Alaska was one of seven airlines in Alaska with the Medallion Foundation Shield, which has strict safety and operational guidelines that exceed the Federal Aviation Regulations. Wings was the only scheduled land-based airline in Southeast Alaska to have earned this Shield. Wings' fleet was equipped with state-of-the-art Chelton Flight Systems Capstone Program, offering "Highway In The Sky" technology.

In 2008, Wings of Alaska was acquired by SeaPort Airlines. Following the acquisition, its headquarters were moved to Portland, Oregon. The combined airline maintained a single FAA operating certificate to operate single scheduled and non-scheduled flights in the Lower 48 market.

In 2015 Wings of Alaska was acquired from Seaport Airlines, by a locally owned Alaska business partnership, Fjord Flying Services, but continued to operate under the Wings of Alaska name. The company said it planned to focus on the locals and connections within the state itself, rather than connections to the continental U.S.

In March 2017, Wings of Alaska announced that it was going out of business, ceasing operations immediately.

Destinations
Wings of Alaska operated scheduled flights to the following locations in Alaska:

Former scheduled destinations:

They also have charter service throughout Alaska.

Fleet
A list of aircraft used by Wings of Alaska:

Incidents
Wings of Alaska Flight 202, a Cessna 207 carrying one pilot and four passengers, crashed into a mountain between Juneau and Hoonah on July 17, 2015, killing the pilot. All four passengers survived. The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the crash and determined the cause was pilot error due to unfavorable weather conditions. Mechanical failure was not a factor in the crash.

title: Wings of Alaska


text:
User:-b

This userpage is under reconstruction.

title: User:-b


text:
Wikipedia:Today's second feature/July 2005

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Wikipedia:Today's second feature/August 2005

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User talk:Catsonmars

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some helpful links:
 * Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages.
 * Wikipedia directory is also quite useful.
 * Meet other new users You may want to add yourself to the Wikipedia new user log.
 * Assign edits to your username from before you registered.
 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you
 * How to upload files and image copyright tags.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 10:04, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Advice concerning Ataru Nakamura edits
Hi. As you will see, I have tidied up the Ataru Nakamura article after you re-added a number of unsourced or improperly sourced statements. Note that I have added a couple of reliable news sources in place of the unreliable (personal blog or YouTube) sources you used. It looks like you have been editing on Wikipedia since 2005, but it appears that you are not familiar with the guidelines and stipulations laid out at WP:BLP regarding articles such as this about living persons. I really must suggest that you take the time to read through what it says about the need to reliably source personal and possibly controversial details, as, if you add such material to this or other articles on Wikipedia in the future, you will only get called up by other editors and possibly blocked from editing. That's not meant to sound like a threat, but is genuine advice to help you avoid making the same mistakes and getting into trouble in the future. --DAJF (talk) 08:39, 16 July 2009 (UTC)
 * thanks so much for tidying up the sourcing. my goal was to find as many usable sources as possible so there would be no qualms with the information being out there. I appreciate your assistance! Catsonmars (talk) 23:50, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Catsonmars


text:
Gilkerson's Union Giants

Gilkerson's Union Giants were an independent Negro semi-professional baseball team headed by Robert Gilkerson in the 1920s and 1930s. The team was noted as having played in 1920 and 1930 to 1931.

Notable players

 * Ted "Double Duty Radcliffe"
 * John Donaldson
 * Pelayo Chacón
 * Dink Mothell
 * Clarence Coleman
 * Hurley McNair
 * Steel Arm Davis

title: Gilkerson's Union Giants


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Wikipedia:Today's second feature/September 2005

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Rupert Graves

Rupert Simeon Graves (born 30 June 1963) is an English film, television, and theatre actor. He is known for his roles in A Room with a View, Maurice, The Madness of King George and The Forsyte Saga. From 2010 to 2017 he starred as DI Lestrade in the BBC television series Sherlock.

Early life and education
Graves was born in Weston-super-Mare in Somerset, England, to Mary Lousilla (née Roberts) Graves, a travel co-ordinator, and Richard Harding Graves, a music teacher and musician.

Graves was educated at Wyvern Community School, a state comprehensive school in his home town of Weston-super-Mare, which he left at the age of 16.

Career
Graves's first job after leaving school was as a circus clown. He has appeared in more than 25 films and more than 35 television productions. He has also appeared on stage.

He first came to prominence in costume-drama adaptations of E. M. Forster's novels A Room with a View (1985) and Maurice (1987), before appearing in films including A Handful of Dust (1988), The Madness of King George (1994), Different for Girls (1996), and Intimate Relations (1996).

His role in Intimate Relations won him the Best Actor award at the 1996 Montreal World Film Festival. He was also acclaimed for his portrayal of Young Jolyon Forsyte in the television miniseries The Forsyte Saga (2002).

Personal life
In 1987, in his hometown of Weston-super-Mare, Graves met Yvonne, a stained glass artist (later a trained gardener) in a café. They lived together in Stoke Newington, London, and he helped her raise her two daughters, who were 10 and 14 years old when the relationship began. The couple were together for 13 years.

In September 2000, shortly after Graves's relationship with Yvonne ended, he met Australian-born production co-ordinator Suzanne Lewis at the opening-night party for The Caretaker, a play he was appearing in with Michael Gambon. They are married and have five children together.

Theatre
In addition to his screen work, Graves has won acclaim for his stage acting, including roles in Broadway productions, in New York City, of the plays Closer (2000) and The Elephant Man (2002).

His notable London theatre credits include his performance as Presley Stray in the original production of Philip Ridley's The Pitchfork Disney (1991) at the Bush Theatre, west London, which won him Best Actor at the 1991 Charrington London Fringe Awards; in Martin Sherman's A Madhouse in Goa (1989) opposite Vanessa Redgrave; and as Eddie in the Peter Hall Company's production of David Rabe's Hurlyburly (1997–98) at the Old Vic and Queen's Theatre, for which he was nominated for the 1998 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor.

title: Rupert Graves


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Schubert (disambiguation)

Franz Schubert (1797–1828) was an Austrian composer.

Schubert or Franz Schubert may also refer to:
 * Schubert (surname)
 * Schubert (lunar crater)
 * Schubert (Mercurian crater)
 * 3917 Franz Schubert, an asteroid
 * Electoral district of Schubert, a state electoral district in South Australia
 * Schubert, Missouri, a community in the United States
 * Schubert calculus, a branch of algebraic geometry
 * "Franz Schubert", a 1977 song by Kraftwerk from Trans-Europe Express

People with the given name

 * Keith Glen Schubert, American drag queen known as Tammie Brown
 * Schubert Gambetta, Uruguayan association football player

title: Schubert (disambiguation)


text: User talk:86.129.2.107

title: User talk:86.129.2.107


text:
Galindians

Galindians were two distinct, and now extinct, tribes of the Balts. Most commonly, Galindians refers to the Western Galindians who lived in the southeast part of Prussia. Less commonly, it is used for a tribe that lived in the area of what is today Moscow (Голядь).

Etymology
Johannes Voigt (supported by many others) suggested that name is derived from the Baltic word *galas ("the end", probably synonymous to "located farthest", "located near the border of the territory or area"), alluding to the fact that they settled for some time further west and further east than any other Baltic tribe.

Polish historian Jerzy Nalepa suggested another etymology: the name Galind- may be derived from the hydronym of Gielądzkie Lake in the province of Olsztyn, in what was the very center of ancient Galindia. J. Nalepa (1971) suggested the root *gal- was originally a different ablaut grade of the same root found in Lithuanian "gilus" – deep, and "gelmė" – depth. The original meaning referred to the depth of the lake mentioned, which is one of the deepest in the area.

The Russian 'golyad' is the result of the common shift of nasal '-en'(ę) into '-ya'(я) in Russian language.

Western Galindians
The Western Galindians (Old Prussian: *Galindis, Latin: Galindae) – at first a West Baltic tribe, and later an Old Prussian clan – lived in Galindia, roughly the area of present-day Masuria but including territory further south in what would become the Duchy of Masovia. The region lay adjacent to the territory of the Yotvingians, which is today in Podlaskie Voivodeship.

Ptolemy was the first to mention the Galindians (Koine Greek: Galindoi – Γαλίνδοι) in the 2nd century AD. From the 6th/7th century until the 17th century the former central part of the Galindian tribe continued to exist as the Old Prussian clan of *Galindis. The language of the Old Prussians in Galindia became extinct by 17th century, mainly because of the 16th centuries influx of Protestants seeking refuge from Catholic Poland into the Galindian area and German-language administration of Prussia.

Eastern Galindians
The Eastern Galindians (East Galindian: *Galindai, голядь, from Old East Slavic голѧдь golędĭ), an extinct East Baltic tribe, lived from the 4th century in the basin of the Protva River, near the modern Russian towns of Mozhaysk, Vereya, and Borovsk. It is probable that the Eastern Galindians, as the bearers of the Moshchiny culture, also occupied all the Kaluga Oblast before the Early East Slavs populated the Moshchiny culture's area at the turn of the 7th and 8th centuries.

The contemporary sources mention Golyad only twice, briefly.

The Golyad are first mentioned in the Laurentian Codex, where it is written that they were conquered by Iziaslav I of Kiev in 1058. This shows that even at the height of the power of the Kievan Rus', were not its subjects or tributaries.

Second, the Hypatian Codex mentions that Sviatoslav Olgovich defeated the Golyad' who lived up the Porotva (now Protva) river in 1147 ("взя люди Голядь, верхъ Поротве").

In addition the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle mentioned that Mikhail Khorobrit "was killed by 'Litva' (Lithuanians) on the Porotva" (убьенъ бысть от Литвы на Поротве) in 1248. Historian Valentin Sedov argues that this 'Litva' people were descendants the Galindians, because he sees no reason why would actual Lithuanians make military excursions so far from their lands.

The Russians probably did not completely assimilate them until the 15th (or 16th) century.

There are several toponyms probably related to golyad: two villages named Голяди, a village Голяжье, and the Golyada River, a tributary of the Moskva River.

In folk traditions that lived on into the 20th century there are tales about mighty giants with the (personal) name Golyada. However, this may have been conflated with the Biblical mention about Goliath.

title: Galindians


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Bismarck Churchills

The Bismarck team was an integrated semi-professional baseball team based in Bismarck, North Dakota, in the 1930s. The team played independently of any league because its mixed-race roster was a problem in a period of segregation, and because there were no formal leagues at the semi-professional level in North Dakota in the 1930s. The team was owned by Neil Churchill, a local car dealer who owned the city's Chrysler dealership, and regularly played against Valley City, Jamestown, and other teams across North Dakota and Manitoba.

The club won the 1935 National Baseball Conference semi-pro baseball tournament in Wichita, Kansas. Churchill raided other teams of their top players and stockpiled a team of Negro league and minor league all-stars. Hall of Fame Negro leaguers Satchel Paige and Hilton Smith led the team, along with Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe and, of the white Sioux City Cowboys, Vernon "Moose" Johnson.

Although the club is erroneously recalled as the "Churchills" today, the team was not formally named in the 1930s, as North Dakota newspapers such as the Bismarck Tribune simply referred to the club as the "Bismarcks" in 1935.

title: Bismarck Churchills


text: Category:Banks of Italy

title: Category:Banks of Italy


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User:Ann O'nyme/Storyline patent

I voted to delete this, but I keep it here for future reference...

Storyline patents (also known as plot patents) are a potential class of patents that aim to protect a fictional storyline via a utility patent. While several storyline patent test applications are currently pending in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, no court of competent jurisdiction has yet ruled on the allowability of storyline patents. There is debate as to whether fictional storylines are patentable subject matter and whether any fictional storylines could pass the tests of novelty and nonobviousness.

Storyline patents vs copyright
Storyline patent protection may be confused with copyright protection. Copyright law protects the expression of a unique plot (but not the plot itself), and allows a copyright holder to recover damages against a copyright infringer. To recover for copyright infringement usually requires a showing of access and substantial similarity to the protected work.

A patent, on the other hand, allows the patent holder to recover damages against one who makes, uses, sells, offers to sell, or imports the claimed invention. A showing of knowledge, access, or intent is not required to recover for patent infringement. Therefore, the intellectual property encompassed by a patent is typically much broader than that of a copyright. Further, a storyline patent would protect an underlying plot -- including all of its possible expressions -- not merely a single actual expression of the plot. A storyline patent would help to prevent one from stealing an author's unique plot and creating a new work containing a different setting and characters.

History
No storyline patents currently exist. Andrew Knight was in 2003 the first person to submit a storyline patent application to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). The application remains pending and has not been published.

Related to the issue of statutory patent subject matter, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (generally considered the high court for patent-related cases) approved business method patents in 1998 and software patents in 1999. Both approvals were accompanied by surges in corresponding patent applications at the PTO. The issue of storyline patents will likely eventually be heard by the Federal Circuit, which will be charged with determining whether methods of producing and displaying media containing novel, nonobvious plots are statutory subject matter under U.S. patent laws.

Law
Because of the broad scope of statutory subject matter under U.S. patent laws (also referred to as the "utility requirement" under Section 101), the most significant hurdles for storyline patents will likely be the "novelty requirement" of Section 102 and the "nonobviousness requirement" of Section 103. In other words, neither old or existing storylines, nor any of their obvious variations, are eligible for patent protection. Patent laws, which are often touted as enticing inventors to create new inventions without taking from the public domain, equally apply to storyline patents. Thus, whether or not storyline patents will become a reality in the U.S. depends largely in part on whether inventors can conceive of truly unique plots that do not currently exist in the public domain.

title: User:Ann O'nyme/Storyline patent


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Category:Irrigation

Irrigation is an artificial application of water into soil for plant growth and survival, in horticulture and agriculture..

title: Category:Irrigation


text: User talk:20.133.0.13

title: User talk:20.133.0.13


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George Edalji

George Ernest Thompson Edalji (22 January 1876 – 17 June 1953) was an English solicitor and son of a vicar of Indian Parsi descent in a Staffordshire village. He became known as a victim of a miscarriage of justice for having served three years' hard labour after being convicted on a charge of injuring a pony. He was initially regarded having been responsible for the series of animal mutilations known as the Great Wyrley Outrages, but the prosecution case against him became regarded as weak and prejudiced. He was pardoned on the grounds of the conviction being an unsafe one after a campaign in which Sir Arthur Conan Doyle took a prominent role.

The difficulty in overturning the conviction of Edalji was cited as showing that a better mechanism was needed for reviewing unsafe verdicts, and it was a factor in the 1907 creation of the Court of Criminal Appeal for England and Wales. Despite an official inquiry's finding that Edalji was the author of poison pen letters associated with the mutilations, he was allowed to resume practice as a solicitor and lived quietly with a sibling until his death.

Background
Edalji was the eldest of the three children. His mother was Charlotte Edalji (née Stoneham), the daughter of a Shropshire vicar. His father was the Reverend Shapurji Edalji, a convert from a Bombay Parsi family. He had served as the curate in several parishes before being given the living as vicar of St Mark's, Great Wyrley. The right to make this appointment lay with the bishop, and the Reverend Mr. Edalji obtained the position through the previous incumbent, his wife's uncle, who arranged it as a wedding present. Livings were much sought after because they were scarce and conferred valuable emoluments.

The Edaljis moved into the vicarage in late 1875; it was a large house with its own grounds. George, the first child, was born there soon after. The senior Edalji was a more assertive vicar than his predecessor and was sometimes involved in controversy about parish business. Many writers have noted that the Edaljis were the first Parsis and the first Indians to move into Great Wyrley, a major contributing factor in the hostile way they were treated in the village. An aristocratic former army officer named Captain the Honourable G.A. Anson was the Chief Constable of Staffordshire during the case, in a long period of office extending from 1888 to 1929. Anson was markedly hostile in his dealings with the Edaljis, which several writers have suggested was due to their ethnicity.

Anonymous letters of 1888
Anonymous threatening letters were sent to the vicarage in 1888, when George Edalji was twelve and a half, demanding that the vicar order a particular newspaper and threatening to break windows if this was not done. He ignored them. Windows were broken and a threat was made to shoot the vicar; he became alarmed and called in the police. Graffiti was written slandering the Edaljis on the inside and outside walls of the vicarage. Pseudonymous letters were sent to the vicarage maid-of-all-work, 17-year-old Elizabeth Foster, threatening to shoot her when her "Black master" was out. One was found inside the hall with the envelope wet; the letter was written on pages from the exercise books of the Edalji children.

The circumstances made it clear that either Foster or Edalji was responsible. Foster was implicated by assertions made by Edalji; the vicar, his wife, and police Sergeant Upton thought that they perceived similarities between Foster's handwriting and that of the pseudonymous threatening letters. The vicar prosecuted Foster for writing the letters, which she denied doing. He offered to drop the case if Foster confessed, but she refused and went to live with an aunt. Foster was unable to pay for a defence at trial and pleaded guilty in front of the magistrates in exchange for being given probation. She continued to maintain her innocence thereafter. The vicar congratulated Upton for his performance.

Letters and malicious mischief of 1892
In 1892, a member of the parish council named W.H. Brookes received obscene letters that included accounts of his adult daughter sexually abusing her 10-year-old sister. The letters mentioned Edalji among others at first, but increasingly concentrated on Edalji and the vicar, sometimes using a phrase ("the blackman") that had occurred in 1888 letters attributed to Elizabeth Foster. One letter was made in two distinctly different handwritings. The letters to Brookes accused his son of writing the 1888 letters to the vicarage which had been attributed to Elizabeth Foster, and of giving them to George Edalji to post. The vicar and a vicarage servant also got letters, in which the vicar was accused of "gross immorality with persons using Vaseline in the same way as did Oscar Wilde". Letters purporting to be from the Reverend Mr Edalji were sent to other vicars.

Brookes and the Reverend Mr Edalji called in the police, and Sergeant Upton again found himself investigating poison pen letters to the vicar. Attempts to get the post office to identify the sender failed as the mailed letters ceased. Notes began appearing at the vicarage (a total of over 70), and various objects were left on the doorstep, including a bag of excrement. Police kept watch and claimed to have established that the key, stolen from Walsall Grammar School (where George Edalji was a student) six miles away, that had appeared on the doorstep had done so in a time frame when only George Edalji had used the entrance. Following this, excrement was smeared on the outside of upstairs windows, and Upton decided that George had been responsible for the letters. It was about this time that Mr Edalji began sharing a bedroom with George; the arrangement continued for the next 17 years.

A police ploy, which was clearly aimed at getting Edalji to incriminate himself as the note writer, brought forth protests from his mother at the way the investigation was focusing on him. She and her husband demanded that Foster be arrested. A campaign of hoax ordering of goods and services for the vicarage lasted for 3 years. Police largely ceased investigating the incidents. In response to her protests, Chief Constable of the county Captain Anson told Mrs. Edalji that she should make a serious effort to help catch the culprit if she wanted his men to spend more time on the matter, as it was obviously either her husband or son. Mr Edalji threatened to complain to higher authority about the conduct of Anson. The notes and hoaxes ceased in December 1895.

Perceptions of Edalji
Brookes came to believe that Edalji was the author of the 1892 poison pen letters. He said that Edalji had smiled at him in the railway station, to which Brookes had responded with a disagreeable look, thereafter, Brookes asserted, the letters began to refer to him as "sour face". Brookes also said that the letters to him stopped after he had swung punches at Edalji on the platform. Edalji was hired at a legal firm as a trainee solicitor and scored exceptionally high marks in his professional examinations but was not taken on as a newly qualified solicitor. In 1899, his family helped him set up on his own, working out of an office in Birmingham and sometimes from the vicarage.

He was described as looking younger than his age, of a rather peculiar appearance, and solitary, being given to taking evening strolls by himself. A couple of roughs were fined for hitting him while he was on one of his evening walks three miles from his house one night in 1900; the assailants were not from Great Wyrley or known to Edalji. His book Railway Law for the ‘Man in the train’ was published in 1901. A solicitor, clerk to the court and friend of Anson, C.A. Loxton, was later to accuse Edalji of writing "immoral and offensive" allegations on walls about Loxton and his fiancée. Most present-day commenters on the case take the view that the traditional culture in a Staffordshire village of the time would make George Edalji an object of suspicion because of his ethnic background, but he appears to have attracted favourable comment for his book, and had been trusted enough to have clients among local small businessmen.

Financial misfortune
As a result of having agreed to stand surety for a fellow solicitor (who then absconded), Edalji became liable for a debt of nine thousand pounds. In December 1902 his creditors threatened him with bankruptcy unless he paid a hundred of the amount immediately. Initially Edalji wrote begging letters, but he appears to have obtained the demanded payment, possibly by going to his parents.

1903 letters and animal maiming
In January 1903, when Edalji was 27 years old, a series of slashings occurred against horses and other livestock, known as the 'Great Wyrley Outrages'. A horse was maimed on 1 February 1903, two horses were similarly wounded on 29 June 1903, and a number of other animals received injuries resulting in their being put down. Isolated cases of livestock maiming were not unheard of as a way of settling scores in farming communities, but the series of attacks provoked a public outcry far beyond the area.

Police received pseudonymous letters purporting to be from one of a gang of culprits, and the letters named real people as members of the gang, including Edalji. Several others named in the letters were schoolboys whom Edalji regularly commuted with in the same train compartment. A letter was also sent to Edalji purporting to be from one of them, 15-year-old Wilfred Greatorex.

Investigation
The Staffordshire Chief Constable, Captain Anson, was an administrator without experience of investigatory police work. He believed that Edalji was the author of the letters, but someone of his professional status could have had no involvement in the animal maimings. Inspector Campbell headed enquiries into the maimings and from an early stage considered Edalji a person of particular interest, although there were a number of suspects.

The exact nature of circumstantial evidence that led to suspicion falling on Edalji is unknown, but according to what Anson privately alleged years later, Edalji had a reputation for roaming the area at night and, on two occasions, trails of footprints from attack locations seemed to lead to the vicarage. Most of the crimes had occurred within a half mile radius of the vicarage. On 29 June, two horses were mutilated. Following this, the seventh attack, Campbell felt sure that Edalji was responsible for the maimings because he reportedly had been seen late that evening in the field where it took place.

Inspector Campbell began to focus on Edalji for the mutilations. Then a July 1903 letter threateningly predicted that "little girls" would be the target of the next attacks. Anson agreed to a watch being kept on the vicarage and nearby countryside. There were rumours that Edalji was going to be arrested for the attacks, and he offered a reward for information about who was spreading them. His habit of taking walks continued, and he returned from one at around 9 pm on 17 August.

Early on 18 August, a wounded pony was discovered, half a mile from the scene of the first attack. Inspector Campbell sent a constable to the railway station where Edalji was waiting to catch his train, asking him to help with inquiries, but he declined and left for Birmingham. Inspector Campbell went to the vicarage with a sergeant and constable, and asked to see any weapons in the house; a small trowel was the only thing shown to them. Edalji's clothing was also asked for; it included muddy boots as well as mud-stained serge trousers and a housecoat—both of which the police said were damp. The inspector said that there was a hair on the housecoat, whereupon there was a dispute between the Inspector and the vicar over whether something visible on the housecoat was a hair or a loose thread.

The next day, police searched the vicarage and found a case with four razors in the bedroom that Edalji shared with his father. The vicar said that the razors were old ones not in use. According to the police, they pointed out that one razor was wet; the vicar took it and wiped the blade with his thumb; he later said that this was not true. Police said that a heel on the boots was worn down in an unusual way and left a distinctive pattern on the ground that matched heel impressions in an alleged trail of footprints between the vicarage and the scene of the crime. A local doctor who examined the housecoat for the police said that it was bloodstained, and there were 29 hairs on it similar to ones from the pony's hide near the wound. The doctor said that the hairs were small and difficult to see.

Home Office officials later considered it highly unlikely that police would have gone on to fabricate evidence by planting the hairs after the Edaljis had vehemently drawn attention to the absence of hairs on the housecoat while it was handed over. The vicar protested that his son did not have the key to the locked door of the room in which they slept, but contemporaries did not consider the by then 27-years-old George sleeping in the same room as his father a normal arrangement.

Conviction and campaign for pardon
Edalji consistently maintained that he was innocent of all charges. He pleaded not guilty to injuring the pony; an indictment was not tried for sending a letter threatening to kill a policeman. The trial was moved out of the village, which meant that the jury was of people who did not know Edalji. The prosecution accused Edalji of having left the house and attacked the pony in the early hours of the morning. The Reverend said that he had hardly slept that night and knew that Edalji could not have left the bedroom which they shared, the door of which he had locked as usual. According to Richard Davenport-Hines, writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

"The case arrayed against young Edalji was preposterous. As an astigmatic myopic he was incapable of complicated nocturnal excursions; the vicarage was surrounded on the night of 17 August by a cordon of men through which he could not have penetrated; apparently incriminating dirty razors found in a police search of the vicarage were stained with rust, not blood; putatively incriminating mud found on his clothes and boots did not come from the field where the horse was slaughtered; horse hairs which police claimed to have found on his coat were probably threads; his father’s sworn oath that they had slept the night in the same room behind a locked door was disregarded. After George Edalji was condemned to seven years’ penal servitude, his family was brutally baited."

Edalji's defence did not hire experts to testify about his poor eyesight, nor did Edalji himself mention it at trial, only subsequently was it to be the main grounds for his campaign to be recognised as innocent. He later said that he had been told by his lawyers that the prosecution case was so weak it was unnecessary to bring up how poor his vision was, but he also admitted that he could move about at night quite well as long as the road was a main one and familiar to him. The initial prosecution theory about the mutilations having taken place in the evening was contradicted by much evidence and the case against Edalji was weakened as a result. The police sergeant and inspector differed on whether there was no watch on the vicarage at all on the night or only one man, but they agreed there was no cordon, and the prosecution modified their allegations to assert the attack on the pony had come in the early hours of the morning. Edalji was convicted and sentenced to seven years hard labour.

Some 10,000 signatures, including hundreds from lawyers, were on petitions that protested the conviction. Some legal figures thought that it was improper under English evidence law as it then was for Edalji to be sent for trial charged with separate offences of sending a threatening letter and a pony maiming, and then having evidence about letters used to help convict him of the maiming, which was the sole offence for which he was then being tried.

Roger Dawson-Yelverton, former Chief Justice in the Bahamas, thought that the case for the prosecution had been conclusively disproved. He asked: “How could a gentleman in the position and of the education of Mr. Edalji, be supposed to write the following, put by the Prosecution before the Jury, as written by him. (They were sent either to the Police or to himself). ‘You great hulking blackguard and coward I have got you fixed you dirty Cad – bloody monkey!’”

Senior civil servants at the Home Office reviewed the case and reported that there were no serious flaws in the trial and conviction of Edalji. He was paroled after serving three years.

Arthur Conan Doyle
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, then second only to Rudyard Kipling as a celebrated British writer, became the most influential supporter of the public campaign for Edalji's pardon. The weight that Doyle's opinion on the case carried with the public stemmed from the appeal of his fictional master detective Sherlock Holmes, which associated the author with Holmesian traits of close attention to detail and drawing logical inferences.

Doyle arrived to meet with Edalji at a hotel after becoming interested in the case, and he recalled that he paused to study Edalji, who was passing the time reading a newspaper while waiting in the lobby. On observing how Edalji held the paper at an angle inches from his face, Doyle was convinced that Edalji was innocent; he believed it impossible for someone with eyesight as bad as Edalji's to have moved through the countryside after nightfall attacking animals and successfully evading the police.

Anson corresponded with Doyle and met with him in January 1907 to discuss the case, but relations became acrimonious between them two days later when Anson was informed by Doyle that he intended to campaign for Edalji to be given a pardon. Anson thought that a firm conclusion could not have been reached from a neutral standpoint in that amount of time, and that Doyle had obtained his co-operation and an interview by misrepresenting himself as having no settled opinion about the case. Doyle wrote to the Home Office saying that Anson had implied homosexual incest between the Reverend and Edalji. Anson insisted that he did no such thing.

1907 letters
The same day that Doyle wrote his letter of intent to Captain George Anson, a long pseudonymous letter was sent to Doyle, Edalji, and Anson with apparent inside knowledge of the arguments which Doyle intended to publish, the first of a spate about the case that they received. It purported to be by a private detective who had been summoned to the vicarage; this was similar to an ingenious deception perpetrated during the hoax campaign of 1892, when a female private detective was led to believe that she was working for Mrs. Edalji to investigate suspected infidelity by the Reverend. It has been questioned whether the detailed knowledge of incidents at the vicarage and Edalji's professional life that were demonstrated in the letter could have come from anyone not at the centre of those events or part of the investigation into them. Attribution of the letters is further complicated by police having used the ploy of sending pseudonymous letters to Edalji on a couple of occasions before his arrest.

The “private detective” letter of 1907 ostensibly offered to help Edalji, but seemed to be an obvious trap. It has been suggested that the letters were aimed at disrupting the campaign to have him granted a pardon. The police handwriting consultant said that the letter was by Edalji in his ‘Greatorex’ hand. Police believed that such letters had ceased while Edalji was in prison, and they attributed those pseudonymous or anonymous letters about the case received when Edalji was in gaol to persons other than the author of the 1903 pseudonymous ‘Greatorex’ letters, which police believed was Edalji. Poison pen letters in the name of the “Wyrley Gang” continued until the 1930s, by an offender who also wrote to people connected to other crimes in the news.

Campaign
Doyle became an active investigator, going to the crime scenes, interviewing participants, and critiquing the reliability of the witness who testified that peculiarities found in the handwriting of Edalji also occurred in the 1903 pseudonymous 'Greatorex' letters to police, which named Edalji as a culprit in the animal mutilations. Legal technicalities made the evidence controversial concerning the letters being used to convict Edalji, because he was not tried on the charge of sending a threatening letter. Opinion within the Home Office was split on the matter. Doyle thought that he had identified the person as a certain Royden Sharp who was behind the pseudonymous letters of 1892 and 1903 and the maimings. There have been a variety of opinions since about whether he was justified in his belief, although Peter Costello wrote a modern book on Doyle's investigations and concurred with his conclusion.

Pardon
Newspapers suggested that visual impairment would have made it impossible for Edalji to have committed the crime. Captain Anson told the Home Office that he thought that Edalji was physically more than capable of the nocturnal maiming, asserting that Edalji had a panther-like gait and eyes that "came out with a strange sort of glow, like a cat's eyes" in a low light. According to Anson's communications with the Home Office about the case, an assertion was "indisputably false" that Edalji made in a letter published in a newspaper to the effect that he was not abroad after nightfall. Anson said that several people remembered coming across Edalji very late at night and miles from his house during 1903.

Doyle's articles in support may have been a key factor in getting the authorities to commission a committee of inquiry. Edalji was granted a pardon for the maiming conviction in May 1907, though the inquiry found that he had brought prosecution upon himself by sending the pseudonymous 'Greatorex' letters to police during the summer of 1903, which meant that he was not given compensation.

Aftermath
Edalji's case and the associated campaign were factors in the creation of England's Court of Criminal Appeal in 1907. A June 1907 memo by Home secretary Herbert Gladstone was discovered 80 years later, which revealed that one of the lawyers who had represented Edalji had privately told Gladstone of suppressing a letter by Edalji, which his brother Horace had brought as a specimen of Edalji's handwriting, because it was damaging to the defence's case. It consisted of obscenities similar to ones that Edalji was accused of sending. When the 1907 letters started, the lawyer's colleague remarked “He is at it again.”

In November 1907, Edalji was accepted back on to the roll of solicitors in good standing and allowed to practice, despite the Committee of Inquiry's conclusion that he had written some of the 1903 letters. His sister Maud moved in with him, and they lived together in Welwyn Garden City until his death in 1953. He was buried at the local Hatfield Hyde Cemetery.

In 2013 Solicitor-General Oliver Heald said that the trial of Edalji had been a farce.

In popular culture
Edalji's case was the subject of the 1966 German feature film Conan Doyle und der Fall Edalji.

An episode of the 1972 BBC anthology TV series The Edwardians about Conan Doyle centres on his involvement in the Edalji case. It was written by Jeremy Paul, directed by Brian Farnham, and stars Nigel Davenport as Doyle, Sam Dastor as George Edalji, and Renu Setna as the Reverend Edalji.

A BBC radio drama, Conan Doyle Investigates, part of the Saturday Night Theatre series, was aired in May 1972. The script was written by Roger Woddis and the play produced by Anthony Cornish. Doyle was played by Carleton Hobbs, Alfred Wood by Graham Armitage and George Edalji by Brian Hewlett.

Conan Doyle's Strangest Case, a radio play by Tony Mulholland was first broadcast on BBC Radio in 1995, starring Peter Jeffrey as Doyle, Frances Jeater as Kathleen Moriarty and Kim Wall as George Edalji. It was produced by Rosemary Watts.

Julian Barnes's 2005 novel Arthur & George is based on the events, and was the basis for the March 2015 ITV three-part dramatisation of the case Arthur & George, starring Martin Clunes as Doyle and Arsher Ali as Edalji.

title: George Edalji


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Anthony Moore

Anthony Moore (also known as Anthony More) (born 13 August 1948) is a British experimental music composer, performer and producer. He was a founding member of the band Slapp Happy, worked with Henry Cow and has made a number of solo albums, including Flying Doesn't Help (1979) and World Service (1981).

As a lyricist, Moore has collaborated with Pink Floyd on two of their albums: A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987) and The Division Bell (1994), and contributed music to the instrumental "Calling" from The Endless River (2014). He contributed lyrics to Richard Wright's Broken China (1996), worked with Kevin Ayers on various projects and also contributed lyrics to Trevor Rabin's Can't Look Away (1989) and Julian Lennon's Help Yourself (1991).

For a fuller list of works and more recent activity since 2010 to date see halfcatmusic.com

Biography
Anthony Moore's musical career began when he met Peter Blegvad, while both were students at St Christopher School, Letchworth. They played in various bands, including Slapp Happy (the name was a reference to Blegvad's then-girlfriend) and the Dum-Dums. After school Moore studied Indian classical music with Viram Jasani in 1969, and went on to compose his first film soundtrack for David Larcher's Mare's Tale.

In 1971 Moore moved to Hamburg, Germany and worked in Hamburg's experimental music scene, recording two minimalist albums for Polydor Germany. In 1972 Blegvad visited Moore in Hamburg and, along with Moore's girlfriend (and soon to be wife) Dagmar Krause, Moore (guitar, keyboards), Blegvad (guitar) and Krause (vocals) formed the avant-pop trio, Slapp Happy. Moore and Blegvad composed the band's music.

Slapp Happy recorded two albums for Polydor Germany with krautrock group Faust as their backing band. Polydor released the first, Sort Of in 1972, but rejected the second, Casablanca Moon. This rejection prompted Slapp Happy to relocate to London where they signed up with Virgin Records and re-recorded Casablanca Moon, released in 1974 by Virgin as Slapp Happy. (The original Casablanca Moon was later released by Recommended Records as Acnalbasac Noom in 1980.) In 1974 Slapp Happy merged briefly with avant-rock group Henry Cow, recording two albums in 1975, Desperate Straights and In Praise of Learning. However soon after recording the second album, first Moore, then Blegvad left the amalgamation on account of incompatibilities with the group. Blegvad remarked that the "chords and the time signatures were too complicated." But Krause elected to remain with Henry Cow and that spelt the end of Slapp Happy.

Moore and Blegvad parted company at this point, but participated in brief Slapp Happy reunions in 1982, 1997, 2000 and 2016–2017. Moore, Blegvad and Krause also collaborated in 1991 on the specially commissioned opera 'Camera', which was made by the production company After Image and was broadcast two years later on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.

After leaving Henry Cow/Slapp Happy, Moore relaunched his solo career in 1977 by releasing Out on Virgin Records, with backing by Kevin Ayers and Andy Summers. Out, however, was not commercial enough for Virgin, and they cancelled Moore's contract. In 1979 and 1981 Moore recorded Flying Doesn't Help and World Service, respectively on independent labels. Both albums were well received. The song "World Service", inspired by the BBC World Service, was released as a single and combines shortwave radio with heavy dance beats.

Moore has worked in various European locations as a freelance composer, writing songs and film scores. He produced a number of albums, including This Heat's debut album, Angel Station by Manfred Mann's Earth Band (in conjunction with Mann who later covered his song "World Service"). Moore also collaborated with Pink Floyd on three of their albums.

In 1996 Moore was appointed professor for research into sound and music in the context of new media at the Academy of Media Arts in Cologne, Germany. From 2000 to 2004 he was the principal of the Academy of Media Arts. Moore has also travelled to many European locations, presenting lectures on sound and music.

In 2002 Moore formed a music trio with Jörg Lindenmaier and Peter C. Simon called LMS, named after the first letters of their surnames. They performed in France and Germany between 2002 and 2003.

Krause, Moore and Blegvad reformed Slapp Happy in November 2016 to perform with Faust at the Week-End festival in Cologne, Germany. The two groups also played together on 10–11 February 2017 at Cafe Oto in London. On 24 February 2017 Slapp Happy, without Faust, performed at Mt. Rainier Hall, Shibuya in Tokyo.

Bands and projects

 * With Slapp Happy
 * Sort Of (1972, LP, Polydor Records)
 * Slapp Happy (also known as Casablanca Moon) (1974, LP, Virgin Records)
 * Slapp Happy or Slapphappy (1980, LP, Recommended Records)
 * Ça Va (1998, CD, V2 Records)
 * Live in Japan (2001, CD, FMN Records)

 * With Slapp Happy and Henry Cow
 * Desperate Straights (1974, LP, Virgin Records)
 * In Praise of Learning (1975, LP, Virgin Records)
 * The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set (2009, 9xCD+DVD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * The Henry Cow Box Redux: The Complete Henry Cow (2019, 17xCD+DVD, Recommended Records, UK)

 * With Peter Blegvad and Dagmar Krause
 * Camera (2000, CD, Blueprint Records)

Solo

 * Albums
 * Pieces from the Cloudland Ballroom (1971, LP, Polydor Records)
 * Reed Whistle and Sticks (1972, LP, Polydor Records)
 * Secrets of the Blue Bag (1972, LP, Polydor Records)
 * Out (1976, LP, Virgin Records)
 * Flying Doesn't Help (1979, LP, Quango)
 * World Service (1981, LP, Do It Records)
 * The Only Choice (1984, LP, Parlophone)
 * Arithmetic in the Dark (2019, Download LP, Touch Music)
 * Singles
 * "Johnny's Dead" / "Mr.Rainbow" (1975, 7", Virgin Records)
 * "Catch a Falling Star" / "Back to the Top" (1976, 7", Virgin Records)
 * "World Service" / "Diving Girl" (1981, 7", Do It Records, DUN 16)

title: Anthony Moore


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Gero Bisanz

Gero Bisanz (3 November 1935 – 17 October 2014) was a German football player and coach.

Career
Bisanz played for 1. FC Köln and Viktoria Köln.

From 1982 to 1996, he was the coach of the Germany women's national team, in that time winning the UEFA Women's Championship three times, in 1989, 1991 and 1995. He also was leading director of the German Football Association's coaches training facilities from 1971 to 2000, then being followed by Erich Rutemöller. He also coached 1. FC Köln (amateurs), Bayer Leverkusen, TuS Lindlar and Germany B.

title: Gero Bisanz


text: Category:Germany at the Olympics

title: Category:Germany at the Olympics


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Babakin, Western Australia

Babakin is a small town located in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia between the towns of Bruce Rock and Corrigin. At the the population of Babakin was 56. Facilities in the town include a school, shop, hall and sporting facilities.

Babakin was a pastoral lease from 1873 to 1914 at this location, first taken up by C. Heal (Jnr). The name stems from a Noongar term for the dingo. The population increased with land grants given to returned servicemen after the Great War.

In 1926, Babakin joined with Ardath to field an Australian rules team in the Bruce Rock Football Association.

In 1932, the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding.

A very rare plant species inhabits the area—the Western Underground Orchid (Rhizanthella gardneri).

title: Babakin, Western Australia


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User talk:Kupojsin

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 10:13, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Reductive argument
Another editor has added the  template to the article Reductive argument, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the  template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 16:00, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

RE:Nix Package Manager
Hello Kupojsin! The first time I deleted Nix Package Manager was because it was blatant advertising. It was then restored and userfied to User:Gwern/Nix Package Manager. I then deleted the page again, as it was a redirect from the mainspace to the userspace. Feel free to recreate the article, although you may want to work with User:Gwern first to write the article. Cheers, « Gonzo fan2007   (talk)  @  22:45, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Talkback
Gurt Posh (talk) 18:08, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

Daobin Du
nice work. Decora (talk) 09:22, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Jón Þór Ólafsson
Thanks for stubbing him. Could you also do so for Helgi Hrafn Gunnarsson? Btw, check my edits to the Jon page - I added the correct stub templates to the article, and the WikiProject templates to the talk. When you create new articles, they are useful to add, you can just use my edits here as a template. Cheers, --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 01:52, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Jón Þór Ólafsson

A tag has been placed on Jón Þór Ólafsson requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

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File permission problem with File:A headshot of Jón Þór Ólafsson, Icelandic Pirate Party Parlimentarian.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:A headshot of Jón Þór Ólafsson, Icelandic Pirate Party Parlimentarian.jpg, which you've attributed to þordur Sveinsson. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

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 * If there's an OTRS pending, please add OTRS pending. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:29, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Headshot of Helgi Hrafn Gunnarsson.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Headshot of Helgi Hrafn Gunnarsson.jpg, which you've attributed to http://www.piratar.is/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Helgi-Hrafn1.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read the Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 02:35, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Raspberry Pi 2

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice to inform you that a tag has been placed on Raspberry Pi 2 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, a "See also" section, book references, category tags, template tags, interwiki links, images, a rephrasing of the title, a question that should have been asked at the help or reference desks, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: BTCPay (January 30)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Dan arndt was:

The comment the reviewer left was:

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Dan arndt (talk) 06:16, 30 January 2019 (UTC)

Unspecified source/license for File:BTCPay Server logo Icon 1.png
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Cryptocurrencies: Important information
~ ToBeFree (talk) 17:21, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: BTCPay Server (February 1)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Chetsford was:

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Chetsford (talk) 01:52, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

Your draft article, User:Kupojsin/sandbox/Draft:BTCPay Server

Hello, Kupojsin. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "sandbox/Draft:BTCPay Server".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

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Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. CptViraj (📧) 12:12, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

September 2021: Be sure to preview your edits before saving/publishing
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title: User talk:Kupojsin


text:
TMK

TMK (Тяжелый Межпланетный Корабль) was the designation of a Soviet space exploration project to send a crewed flight to Mars and Venus (TMK-MAVR design) without landing.

The TMK-1 spacecraft was due to be launched in 1971 and make a three-year-long flight including a Mars flyby, at which time probes would have been dropped. Expanded project variations, such as the TMK-E, Mavr or KK, including a Venus flyby, electric propulsion or a crewed Mars landing were also proposed.

The TMK project was planned as a response to the United States' crewed Moon landings. An earlier Martian Piloted Complex mission was proposed in 1956. The project was never completed because the required N1 rocket never flew successfully.

TMK-1
The first flight to Mars of the TMK-1 was planned to begin on June 8, 1971.

The 75 metric ton TMK-1 spacecraft would take a crew of three on a Mars flyby mission. After a 10½ month flight the crew would race past Mars, dropping remote-controlled landers, and then be flung into an Earth-return trajectory. Earth return would happen on July 10, 1974, after a voyage of three years, one month, and two days.

Spacecraft configuration:
 * A habitation or pilot compartment, with an internal volume of 25 cubic meters
 * A work or equipment section, including the hatch for extra-vehicular activities and a solar storm shelter should solar flares increase radiation to dangerous levels. Total volume of the section would be 25 cubic meters
 * A biological systems compartment, with the SOZh closed-cycle environmental control system, with a total volume of 75 cubic meters
 * An aggregate section, with the Mars probe capsules, the KDU midcourse correction engine, the SOZh solar concentrator and solar panels, and radio antennas
 * The SA crew Earth reentry capsule, about 4 m in diameter.

TMK-E
This variation was proposed in 1960, and consisted of a complete Mars landing expedition to be assembled in Earth orbit using several N1 launches. The spacecraft would be powered by nuclear electric engines and five landers would deliver a nuclear-powered Mars Train on the surface for a one-year mission.

The TMK-E would be capable of a three-year flight to Mars and return, of which one year was powered flight. It would measure 175 m in length and house a crew of six. Six landing craft were included, two for the crew and four for the Mars Train vehicles.

Mavr (MArs - VeneRa)
A variation of the TMK mission planning involved a flyby of Venus on the return voyage, and was given the code name "Mavr" (MArs - VeneRa), meaning Mars - Venus.

KK - Space Complex for Delivering a Piloted Expedition to Mars
In 1966, a final version of the TMK studies was known as KK - Space Complex for Delivering a Piloted Expedition to Mars. Nuclear electric propulsion was to be used for the 630-day mission. The craft structure consisted of:

 * EK - Expeditionary spacecraft: command center for piloting in interplanetary space
 * OK - Orbital Complex: living and work compartments and the life support systems
 * SA - The Landing Module, AV - The Ascent Module and RV - The Ascent Rocket stage
 * PS - The Planetary Station: used by the expedition on the Martian surface for life support and scientific research

The launch was planned for 1980, with a crew of three cosmonauts. Mars stay duration would be 30 days.

Mission data:

 * Total Payload Required in Low Earth Orbit-metric tons: 150
 * Total Propellant Required-metric tons: 24
 * Number of Launches Required to Assemble Payload in Low Earth Orbit: 2
 * Launch Vehicle: N1

title: TMK


text:
Orpheus (DC Comics)

Orpheus is a fictional comic book character appearing in books published by DC Comics. He first appears in Batman: Orpheus Rising (October 2001), and was created by Alex Simmons and Dwayne Turner.

Fictional character biography
Gavin King grew up in Gotham dreaming of becoming a professional dancer and singer. His ambitions made him a target for local bullies, and after one too many beatings, King began studying the martial arts, excelling at them from the start. His father, a TV sports producer, and his mother, a former professional dancer, were very supportive—as long as he completed his college education.

Having reached his goal in his late teens, King toured the world as part of a famous dance troupe, but his travels exposed him to a world full of famine, poverty, violence, prejudice and lack of faith. King tried to help these unfortunates on more than one occasion, nearly getting himself killed in the process. Eventually, he was recruited by a secret organization dedicated to correcting some of the world's problems. Getting special training and technological support in the form of a stealth-circuitry-enhanced costume, King became Orpheus – a force against evil and ignorance.

Reasoning that Gotham City needed a black hero, Orpheus returned to his native city as a successful entertainment producer as well as a crimefighter. Orpheus' first cases in led him into contact with Batman, who was not fond of the debut of another inexperienced vigilante in Gotham, but recognized Orpheus as a competent force for good.

War Games
During the 'War Games' story arc, Spoiler, desperate to prove herself, took one of Batman's contingency plans and set it into action. The plan was to get all of Gotham's crime lords under the control of Orpheus, an agent of Batman, and therefore under the control of Batman himself. The plan failed because Spoiler was unaware that the man who was set to meet with the crime lords, Matches Malone, was really just one of Batman's disguises. When "Matches Malone" did not show the meeting quickly broke out into a fight, leaving many dead. This quickly erupted into a brutal gang war on the streets of Gotham.

When Spoiler comes to tell Orpheus what he must do to reclaim the situation, Black Mask appeared from the shadows and cut Orpheus's throat before torturing Stephanie to learn the extent of the plans so that he can instead appear inside Orpheus's stealth suit.

title: Orpheus (DC Comics)


text:
Mišnice

The mišnice (also mjeršnice) is an instrument like a bagpipe, made from goatskin. Its date of invention is unknown but it is known to have existed in Europe by the 9th century. Different forms of the instrument were found in North Africa and Eastern Europe, especially Croatia, Serbia, Hungary and Ukraine.

It is played by blowing into one pipe while using the fingers to cover or uncover holes in another pipe. It sounds similar to modern bagpipes, but not identical. The chanter, on which the melody is played, is actually a double pipe, with six holes on each side; one set of holes is used as the drone, while the other plays the tune in almost the same register.

The mišnice has been featured in the paintings of Andrea Schiavone.

title: Mišnice


text:
Defending Your Life

Defending Your Life is a 1991 American romantic comedy-fantasy film about a man who finds himself on trial in the afterlife, where proceedings examine his lifelong fears, to determine whether he'll be (yet again) reincarnated on Earth, or move on the next phase of existence. Written, directed, and starring Albert Brooks, the film also stars Meryl Streep, Rip Torn, Lee Grant, and Buck Henry. Despite comedic overtones, the film also contains elements of drama and allegory.

Plot
Los Angeles advertising executive Daniel Miller dies in a car accident on his 39th birthday, largely due to his distractedness, and is sent to Judgment City, a kind of temporary paradise for the recently deceased. The city is a waiting area staffed by highly-intelligent and efficient but largely condescending bureaucrats who, having themselves moved on to their current new universal phase, mostly seem to gingerly look down on the new arrivals who will have their lives (or most recent lives) on Earth judged over a week-long or so hearing, each before two judges. Amenities and activities are provided, from delicious, calorie-free all-you-can-eat buffets to bowling alleys and comedy clubs.

Daniel's defense attorney, Bob Diamond, explains that people from Earth use so little of their brains that they spend most of their lives functioning based on their fears. If the court determines that Daniel has conquered his fears, he will be sent on to the next phase of existence, where he will be able to use more of his brain and thus be able to experience more of what the universe has to offer. Otherwise, his soul will be reincarnated on Earth to live another life in another attempt at moving past his fears.

At Daniel's tribunal, presided over by two judges, Diamond argues that Daniel should move on to the next phase, but his formidable opponent, prosecutor Lena Foster, takes the opposing argument. Each utilizes video-like footage from select days in Daniel's life to make their case to the judges.

During his stay in Judgment City, Daniel meets and falls in love with Julia, a recently deceased woman who lived a seemingly perfect life of courage and generosity, especially compared to his, which also explains why her fancy hotel lodgings are so much nicer than his spartan motel-like room.

Following each day's proceedings, Daniel and Julia spend time exploring Judgment City, including the Pavilion of Past Lives (hosted by a version of Shirley MacLaine, famous for her outspoken belief in reincarnation), where people can see all their past lives, often quite shockingly dichotomous.

In the meantime, things do not go well for Daniel. Foster shows a series of episodes in which Daniel never managed to overcome his fears, as well as various other bad decisions and mishaps, while Diamond vigorously attempts to portray Daniel's actions more positively, sometimes praising his client's "restraint" and "thoughtfulness".

Before the last day of Daniel's hearing, Julia asks Daniel to spend the night with her, but despite his strong feelings for her, he declines. The next day, Foster plays footage of Daniel's previous night with Julia, over Diamond's objections. Foster argues this clearly underscores Daniel's fear and lack of courage. The next day, it is ruled that Daniel will return to Earth, while Julia is judged worthy to move on. Before saying goodbye, Diamond comforts Daniel with the knowledge that the court is not infallible and that just because Foster won it doesn't mean she's right, but Daniel remains disappointed.

Daniel boards a tram poised to return to Earth when Julia yells to him from a different tram. He manages to desperately unstrap himself, claw open a door, and leap, dodging other trams, and suffering minor electric shocks to get to Julia's tram. She is unable to open the door and he is unable to enter her tram. He clings to the outside of the moving vehicle, banging on the door and trying to pry it open. She yells in vain for the driver to stop. They tell each other they love each other. The scene pulls back to show that the entire event is being watched on closed-circuit TV by Diamond, Foster, and the judges in the chamber where Daniel's hearing took place. Diamond remarks to Foster, "Brave enough for you?", who gives him a slight smiling acknowledgment. One judge whispers to the other, who then sends a message ordering the tram doors to open. Daniel and Julia are reunited, applauded by the other passengers, and embrace as they are allowed to move on to the next phase of existence together.

Cast
Shirley MacLaine has a cameo appearance as the holographic host of the "Past Lives Pavilion"—a reference to her publicly known belief in reincarnation.

Production
Brooks worked on the story for over two years. "I wanted the equation to be a non-religious, non-heaven-like after-life," he said. "And I think the most interesting thing about the movie is what it says about the earth. . . . Self-examination got a bad rap with all the yuppies turning inward. I think it's an important thing to do." An early draft of the script included a different ending where Daniel is sent back as a horse, but Brooks found himself gradually drawn into the love story aspect of the plot and rewrote it accordingly.

Streep was announced for the cast in November 1989. Brooks explained, "I'm friends with Carrie Fisher and they worked together in Postcards From The Edge and we had dinner. Meryl joked and said, 'Is there a part for me?' I said, 'Yeah, right.' I would never have thought of her because I thought she was so unapproachable. But she's remarkably approachable. She's so average it's ridiculous. And so funny!" Brooks rewrote the part for Streep. "Comedy is rhythms. Writing is rhythms," he explained. "If you're writing and you have a specific person in mind, the imitative part of you copies that person a little bit and you get closer to that person's rhythms than your own."

Filming began on February 12, 1990. A January 1990 news release described the plot as "a fantasy about overcoming fears" where Streep and Brooks play people who are separately on trial, but further details about the plot were not released publicly. In January 1991, more details about the plot were released, describing it as involving "a neurotic advertising executive who dies in a car accident and then must defend his earthly actions before a kind of reincarnation review board".

Some scenes were shot at Mile Square Park in Fountain Valley, Irvine, and Anaheim, California. A scene where comedian Roger Behr plays "the worst comedian in the history of civilization" was filmed at The Comedy Store in West Hollywood. During production, around 1,000 extras were hired by WB at a cost of $200,000.

The film was released on March 22, 1991.

Reception
The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics and holds a 98% rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 41 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.8/10. The consensus summarizes: "With Defending Your Life, writer-director-star Albert Brooks softens his trademark caustic humor -- and proves he's every bit as funny when he's tugging heartstrings."

Variety called it an "inventive and mild bit of whimsy" in which Brooks has a "little fun with the Liliom idea of being judged in a fanciful afterlife, but he doesn't carry his conceit nearly far enough." Roger Ebert called it "funny in a warm, fuzzy way" and a film with a "splendidly satisfactory ending, which is unusual for an Albert Brooks film." The New York Times called it "the most perceptive and convincing among a recent spate of carpe diem films"—a reference to films such as Dead Poets Society (1989), Field of Dreams (1989) and Ghost (1990). Richard Schickel wrote:

"Defending Your Life is better developed as a situation than it is as a comedy (though there are some nice bits, like a hotel lobby sign that reads, WELCOME KIWANIS DEAD). But Brooks has always been more of a muser than a tummler, and perhaps more depressive than he is manic. He asks us to banish the cha-cha-cha beat of conventional comedy from the mind and bend to a slower rhythm. His pace is not that of a comic standing up at a microphone barking one-liners but of an intelligent man sitting down by the fire mulling things over. And in this case, offering us a large slice of angel food for thought."

Bob Mondello, on NPR, said, "The result is not just his most mature comedy yet, but the best American comedy in years." J.Hoberman, in The Village Voice, called it "Pure pleasure. Funny, deft, impressive comedy."

The film was not a box office success, grossing about $16 million in the United States. It received three Saturn Award nominations, for Best Actress (Meryl Streep), Best Fantasy Film, and Best Writing (Albert Brooks).

The American Film Institute recognized the film by nominating it for its AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs award.

Regarding the response from fans over the years, Brooks told Rolling Stone, "I've gotten thousands and thousands of letters of people who had relatives that were dying, or they were dying themselves, and the movie made them feel better. I guess it's because it presents some possibility that doesn't involve clouds and ghostly images."

Video releases
Defending Your Life was released on VHS and LaserDisc in October 1991. Warner Bros. Home Video released the film on DVD on April 3, 2001, in a cardboard snap case. It features 1.85:1 anamorphic widescreen formatting, subtitles in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese, cast and crew information, and the film's theatrical trailer. Warner re-released the film in 2008 in a two-pack DVD set with Brooks' Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World.

In December 2020, Warner Archive Collection re-released the movie on DVD. As well in December 2020, The Criterion Collection announced that Defending Your Life would join Brooks' previous film Lost in America as part of its esteemed film library on Blu-ray and DVD to be released March 30, 2021, featuring a new 4K restoration supervised by Brooks himself.

title: Defending Your Life