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Talk:List of World Heritage Sites in Asia

Banaue Rice Terraces
The photo of the Banaue Rice Terraces is erroneously placed in this article. It is NOT at UNESCO World Heritage Site. The five sites under the inscription Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are the Batad Rice Terrace, Bangaan Rice Terraces, Mayoyao Rice Terraces, Hungduan Rice Terraces and Nagacadan Rice Terraces. The photo of the Banaue Rice Terraces must be replaced with a photo of any of the five mentioned sites. Phlheritage (talk)

India Sites
On India's World Heritage Sites, as of now, Brihadisvara Temple, is not one of the World Heritage sites listed on the UNESCO World Heritage official websites. And The Hampi Monuments, Mahabalipuram Monuments, and Pattadakal Monuments has been listed/repeated twice here as Monuments at Hampi, Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, Group of Monuments at Pattadakal. - June 15, 2005

India's Sites now reflect UNESCO's list Chouji Ochiai (talk) 05:14, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Thailand
The illustration (photo) captioned as Phra Achana hand, Sukhothai Province, Thailand is not a photo of Phra Achana. Can this be corrected please?Lin (talk) 11:46, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Saihoji?
The article Saihoji says the moss garden was declared a World Heritage Site in 1994. I do not find it in this list. Is that information wrong, or should Saihoji be included here? // Habj 19:55, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Saihoji is part of the Kyoto site. Chouji Ochiai (talk) 05:14, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Tentative sites
Hello everyone. I added a list of tentative sites for South Korea and they were deleted. I can understand the distinction between "official" and "tentative" and I respect that. My intentions were not to conflate the two designations but just to make some articles I had written more accessible and provide relevant and interesting information to readers interested in that kind of thing. They were definitely noted to be tentative sites only. I took my que from UNESCO who does make a section for tentative lists and the official World Heritage Site which  also lists both the official and tentative sites on the same page, albiet in seperate categories. .

I just want to know what everyones opinion is as to the placement of tentative list articles. I don't see the big deal with making a subsection in each country category on this list noting the tentative lists because it would be helpful and interesting information. But if that is bad, perhaps a new page for tentative lists can be made. Any opinions would be appreciated it. Thanks. Tortfeasor 17:51, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Egypt seems to be missing from the whole list ! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.235.57.41 (talk) 01:25, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Egypt is in Africa. Chouji Ochiai (talk) 05:14, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Missing Countries
Lebanon's heritage sites are missing from this article, and are not in the other region lists. If someone cares to add them, that'd be helpful. I'll check back after I finish working on some other edits.— DMCer ™  03:47, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Lebanon is on the Arab States list. --Chouji Ochiai (talk) 03:12, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

That said someone just added Syria to the list, which I don't have any problem with, especially because we have all those "European" countries on the list already. If someone wanted to throw Lebanon or any other Arab states up I wouldn't object. Anyone else with strong feelings about this? Chouji Ochiai (talk) 05:14, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Henderson Island
Shouldn't Henderson Island be listed here, as long as Pitcairn Islands is a part of Oceania? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.71.121.56 (talk) 21:36, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

It's listed under Europe because it's part of British overseas territory. This is also the region it's included in by UNESCO's definition. Originally this page included all overseas territories that fall within the boundaries, but not only are these boundaries only ever vaguely defined they also cluttered up the page considerably.Chouji Ochiai (talk) 07:09, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Pictures
So people have been adding quite a few pictures lately and they've been having some effect on the layout of the page. I'd like to start discussing how we should organize pictures here, and how we might use the current format or a new one to integrate new photos better. Ideally anyone who wanted to add a picture for a country would be able to, but adding more than one picture for any country that has less than 5 or 6 sights might be a little much.Chouji Ochiai (talk) 21:52, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I added some of them. I personally don't like the current picture in Iran, because I don't think the long rectangular photos work well with this type of page. I like China and India, because the images fit nicely within their sections... For countries like that, containing their images to only be within that country's list is the best approach. I'm not sure about the best way to deal with those who's lists are not long enough for the images to fit within them. I guess the most important thing is to make sure the images do not exceed the list itself. Puchiwonga (talk) 03:36, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The pictures exceeding the sites that actually existed was a problem with some Iraqi photos that I took out. I like how Sri Lanka and Syria have solved the problem of a picture being slightly larger than the space allotted for them, I'm going to try messing around with other pictures and see what happens.Chouji Ochiai (talk) 21:15, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I've made some changes, what does everyone think? I'm less sure about the second round of changes I made. They're for countries that don't have many sites to begin with, which means a lot of blank space - anathema to wikipedia editors. However, if more countries had pictures up I don't think it would be so visually jarring. I'll try adding some pictures around Malaysia to test that out.Chouji Ochiai (talk) 21:36, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Also, just noticing the mechanics of this during my edits, I'd propose that countries with 1-15 sites get one photo, 16-25 sites get two photos, and so on. This would allow more photos for India and China relative to others, which only makes sense. How does that sound?Chouji Ochiai (talk) 21:36, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Just made some new changes, adding photos from Laos to New Zealand. Does this sort of format justify all the blank space? If not I'd amend my earlier proposal to 0-5 sites = no photos / 6-15 sites = one photo / 16-25 sites = two photos, etc.Chouji Ochiai (talk) 22:06, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Pictures up for every country now (except Papua, I just can't find a picture of this archaeological site). What do you all think? As before, there's a whole lotta blank space. Again, my proposed solution to this would be taking out pictures for countries with five sites or less. Chouji Ochiai (talk) 02:29, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Welldone, nice layout, and fair for every country, I like it.... (Gunkarta (talk) 09:33, 30 March 2010 (UTC)).

answer for picures commenttalk
i have noticed the changes that you have made and i think some pictures that you have added to some cointries are really nice,but i think every country should have at least one photo. you removed all the pictures of iraq, which is not fare.at least keep one of them. also i heared from the news ( radio sawa) that babylon became one of the world heritage sites but i don`t know why they didnot add it yet to the list in the official website of the UN. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shoriz (talk • contribs) 07:22, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

I'm sorry that I removed them without then putting one up! That was rude of me, I'll go put one back in with the new format, feel free to replace it if you'd like another one! Sorry again. Chouji Ochiai (talk) 08:13, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

On Babylon: while it is on Iraq's tentative list, it has not been added to the official world heritage list yet. New sites are added to the official list usually around June, so it's entirely possible that Babylon will be added this year. It would be nice for Iraq to have a little more representation. However, it looks like there is an army base on the site right now, which might complicate things. You can find more information here:. Chouji Ochiai (talk) 08:13, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

In case of expansion
If somebody wants to expand this list into table form like it was done with the Africa list, an old revision of the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger (particularly the "Description" column) might be useful. bamse (talk) 11:16, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Maps
I think we should avoid adding maps to this page. As it is, the page is quite accessible and the graphics do not take away from the actual information the page provides. The List of World Heritage Sites in Europe is a complete mess because of the maps that have been added to it. If we were to change the format of this page, we should buckle down and create a comprehensive table a la the List of World Heritage Sites in Africa page. Chouji Ochiai (talk) 15:57, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm totally against map page like the List of World Heritage Sites in Europe, it makes the page totally unattractive and messy. However to make table like List of World Heritage Sites in Africa page is nice ide, however it will be too much since Asia has so many sites. Some of countries that have numerous sites like China and India already have pages done in this fashion. (Gunkarta (talk) 03:36, 7 December 2010 (UTC))

Request for comments
There is discussion on what should be included in this and other regional lists of World Heritage Sites. Please voice your opinion on the issue here. Thank you. bamse (talk) 15:39, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Split request
We've split the category this was in into Category:World Heritage Sites in Asia and Category:World Heritage Sites in Oceania. Thoughts on doing the same for the article, moving the Australia, New Zealand, and similar sections to a new page?--Mike Selinker (talk) 01:15, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Support - we need to make categories and articles consistent! Thank you for raising this Mike! gidonb (talk) 21:40, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * How many sites are in Asia and how many in Oceania? bamse (talk) 21:51, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * 26 in Oceania, if I counted correctly. The rest in Asia. gidonb (talk) 23:30, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * How much is the rest? I am asking since I would only support a split if the number is too large to fit in one article. (I created some featured lists with ca. 150 entries.) bamse (talk) 00:36, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Besides, I also think that the argument for splitting (because we organized the categories in such a way) is a weak one. bamse (talk) 15:48, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

BTW - We also need to split the Americas double-continent and the "Arab countries" OR continent. Please look at the present situation of:

It's so different from our standards. gidonb (talk) 23:24, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Are you aware of this discussion? bamse (talk) 00:36, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Our standards? Please. Help us all out by referencing the World Heritage Center. Chouji Ochiai (talk) 06:33, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Oppose Come to me with a rigorous and universally accepted definition of the border between Asia and Oceania and maybe I'll bite. Otherwise I'm fine with loosely following UNESCO's "Asia and the Pacific". Chouji Ochiai (talk) 06:29, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose! Oceania is too small for a new article. Just follow the UNESCO's arrangement.

 * Oppose Oceania's borders are well-defined and following UNESCO really isn't important, so those are both weak arguments, but most of Oceania's sites are in Australia, so there doesn't seem to be a reason to split them right now. If we do ever split them, I think the proposal to have "List of World Heritage Sites in Asia" as a disambiguation page is pretty stupid. The Asia page should be the Asia list and Oceania should be the Oceania list. Seems like a no-brainer to me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.92.220.115 (talk) 19:46, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

There's a discussion to finalise our method of dividing lists at WT:WHS. Please join in.  Night w   15:25, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved per request. There are two redirects - World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia and List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia - that I'm not sure what to do with now. The first one has no incoming links, but the second has more than 400 in article-space. Those should all be pointed either to the Asia page or the Oceania page, but it will probably have to be done manually, although some of them are probably due to templates, and will stop appearing on that list soon. - GTBacchus(talk) 17:32, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Oceania → List of World Heritage Sites in Asia – Since non-Asian content is now duplicated at List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania.  Night w   10:53, 30 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Splitting to East Asia and Oceania list and Western and South Asia
Per the small consensus at WT:WHS, I propose splitting the list to List of World Heritage in East Asia and Oceania and List of World Heritage in Western and South Asia. Any objections? Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  17:36, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

 * No objections, but the Oceania list has already been split off, so what you propose is kind of a split-merge. bamse (talk) 22:05, 21 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Err, yes :) Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  01:33, 22 September 2011 (UTC)


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Southern tropical pewee

The southern tropical pewee (Contopus cinereus) is a small passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family. It breeds from southern Brazil and Paraguay south to Argentina.

This pewee is found at the edges of forests and cultivated areas with tall trees. The nest is a small open saucer of fibre and grasses, lined with grass and decorated with lichen on its exterior. It is placed in a tree fork or on a branch. The female builds the nest and incubates the typical clutch of two creamy-white eggs, which are marked with red-brown spots at the larger end, for 15–16 days to hatching.

The southern tropical pewee is 14 cm long and weighs 12 g. The upperparts are dark brown or grey with a blackish crown and two whitish wing bars. The throat and centre of the breast are whitish, the abdomen is pale yellow, and the sides of the flanks and breast are grey-brown. There are large variation in the overall darkness of the plumage, and especially the nominate subspecies from south-eastern Brazil and adjacent parts of Paraguay and Argentina can be very dark, almost approaching the blackish pewee in colour. The beak is short, with a black upper mandible and orange lower mandible. Sexes are similar.

Southern tropical pewees perch on a high watchpoint from which they sally forth to catch flying insects, returning to the same exposed perch.

This is a conspicuous species, with a trilled threeee call, or a sharp weet. There are, however, some geographical variations in its voice. It will defend the nest aggressively against species as large as a great kiskadee.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Southern tropical pewee


text:
Wallkill River

The Wallkill River, a tributary of the Hudson, drains Lake Mohawk in Sparta, New Jersey, flowing from there generally northeasterly 88.3 mi to Rondout Creek in New York, just downstream of Sturgeon Pool, near Rosendale, with the combined flows reaching the Hudson at Kingston.

The river is unusual because it flows north between two major south-flowing rivers, the Hudson and the Delaware River. It also has the unusual distinction of being a river that drains into a creek, due to being impounded shortly before the Rondout confluence into a small body of water called Sturgeon Pool near Rifton, and what reaches the Rondout from there is the lesser flow.

Course
The broad valley of the Wallkill River nestles between the main Appalachian Mountains and the New York-New Jersey Highlands, supporting much local agriculture. It is a part of the Great Appalachian Valley. In the beginning of its course it drains the eastern section of Sussex County, New Jersey, then flows through the Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge at the New Jersey/New York state line. Most of the New Jersey portion is navigable by canoe. Then it is heavily diverted as it flows through the rich Black Dirt Region of Warwick. Until drainage projects were built here, this region was known as the Drowned Lands. After lending its name to the town of Wallkill, in northern Orange County, it begins to regain its volume as it passes by Orange County Airport, Montgomery and through Walden, where dams have been built in the past to provide power for local industry. The largest, in Walden, still is used by New York State Electric and Gas today.

After briefly serving as the line between Orange and Ulster counties, it passes by Wallkill, the second community to take its name from the river, and then the striking scenery of the Shawangunk Ridge is visible as it winds past the Ulster County Fairgrounds and New Paltz, where its floodplain becomes more noticeable, on the way to its mouth at the Rondout.

The Wallkill tends to cross political borders much more often than it forms them, at least in New York (in New Jersey it divides several townships). Other than the brief segment that follows the Orange-Ulster line, there is only southern Orange County, where it divides the towns of Minisink, Wawayanda and Wallkill on its west from Warwick and Goshen to the east. Two villages, Montgomery and New Paltz, are also bounded by the river in part.

In addition to the town and hamlet in New York, two school districts take their name from the river: Wallkill Valley Regional School District, in New Jersey and Wallkill Central in New York (Valley Central also derives its name indirectly from the river).

History

Native Americans knew the river as Twischsawkin. At least three prehistoric rock shelters have been found in archaeological digs in the region. For the indigenous peoples, it was not only important for its arable land but for its geological resources. The river and its valley are abundant in flint and chert, from which they made spear points and arrowheads.

European settlers of the region named it first the Palse River, after New Paltz. Later, when it was clear that the river continued well beyond the original New Paltz patent, it took after the Waal river in their native Netherlands. They worked their way down it from the Hudson Valley in the 17th century, and were followed by the British after the colony changed hands.

Settlers recognized the agricultural possibilities of the Drowned Lands almost as soon as they moved in. Efforts to divert the river and create more farmland appear to have begun as early as 1760. It would take 66 years, however, before a canal succeeded in draining the land and making enough available to profitably cultivate.

By that time industry was beginning to harness the river, too, as Jacob Walden established his mill in the village downriver that would later take his name. Millers in the Black Dirt Region clashed heavily with farmers in what were known as the Muskrat and Beaver Wars for decades afterwards, since the millers needed the water to flow freely while the farmers depended on keeping it diverted. In 1871 the farmers finally won. What industry there was would be confined to Montgomery and Walden where the railroad ran nearby.

In Ulster, vacationers frequented the Springtown neighborhood of New Paltz during the late 19th to early 20th century, making use of the Wallkill for recreation. Many of the larger older homes still on Springtown Road were boarding houses for these people escaping from the summer heat to the cool banks of the Wallkill River.

In August 1955, the river experienced record-breaking flooding when hurricanes Connie and Diane brought heavy rainfall to the region. Heavy flooding of the river and its smaller tributaries from the April 2007 nor'easter forced a number of road closures and evacuations of homes in its flood plain in central Orange County.

Cleanup
There have been several efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries to clean up the river.

At the turn of the century, a Wallkill River Task Force was formed, with representatives from both Ulster and Orange counties. From the 'Acknowledgements' of the "Wallkill River Watershed Conservation and Management Plan":

"A crucial development in the history of Wallkill Watershed protection efforts was the scheduling of a Wallkill River conference in 1998. Held at Orange County Community College and organized by the Orange County Land Trust (OCLT), this conference could be considered the birth of the Wallkill River Task Force (WRTF) – a ‘project’ of the OCLT. While some focus on this Watershed was already occurring amongst government agencies, the WRTF created a non-governmental group that actively sought the volunteer participation of farmers, business people and other ‘ordinary’ citizens, in addition to government and conservation agency employees, to provide for broad-based leadership in protecting the Wallkill River and its watershed lands."

One result of that Task Force's work was the drafting of a conservation and management plan. Riverkeeper's water-quality program has been testing samples at many places along the river with the help of citizen-scientists.

In late summer 2016, the Wallkill River Watershed Alliance, along with Riverkeeper, documented a potentially toxic large blue-green algae bloom, prompting the two groups to warn that could be harmful to people, dogs or other pets. After the samples were taken from the River, New York's Department of Environmental Conservation confirmed a Harmful Algae bloom with High Levels of Toxins. Riverkeeper responded by calling on government officials to define the causes of the algae.

Tributaries
The Wallkill has 69 tributaries in New York alone. Thirty are named.

Moving downriver (south to north) • Wildcat Brook

• Clove Brook

• West Branch Papakating Creek

• Neepaulakating Creek

• Papakating Creek

• Beaver Run

• Pochuck Creek

• Wawayanda Creek

• Rutgers Creek

• Monhagen Brook

• Quaker Creek

• Masonic Creek

• Mannayunk Kill

• Muddy Kill

• Tin Brook

• Dwaar Kill

• Shawangunk Kill

• Plattekill Creek

• Saw Mill Brook

• Tributary 13/Mill Brook

• Kleine Kill

title: Wallkill River


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City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality

The City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality (UMasipala weDolobhakazi laseGoli) is a metropolitan municipality that manages the local governance of Johannesburg, the largest city in South Africa. It is divided into several branches and departments in order to expedite services for the city. Zulu is the most spoken home language at 23.4% followed by English at 20.1%.

Johannesburg is a divided city: the poor mostly live in the southern suburbs or on the peripheries of the far north, and the middle- and upper class live largely in the suburbs of the central and north. As of 2012, unemployment is near 25% and most young people are out of work. Around 20% of the city lives in abject poverty in informal settlements that lack proper roads, electricity, or any other kind of direct municipal service.

History
Following the end of the apartheid era, in April 1991 the Central Witwatersrand Metropolitan Chamber was formed as a "people-based" negotiating forum prior to holding a democratic election and the formation of a new administration for the Johannesburg area. Following the 1993 "Local Government Transition Act", the Greater Johannesburg Negotiating Forum was created, and this forum in September 1994 reached an agreement which entailed regrouping the suburbs into new municipal structures, the metropolitan local councils (MLCs), and the overarching Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council, also known as the "Transitional Metropolitan Council" for the city.

The government of Johannesburg's metropolitan area evolved over a seven-year period from 1993, when no metropolitan government existed under apartheid, to the establishment in December 2000 of today's Metropolitan Municipality. An "interim phase" commenced with the 1993 Constitution. This saw the establishment at the metropolitan level of the Transitional Metropolitan Council (TMC) and several urban-level councils under and neighbouring the TMC. In February 1997 the final constitution replaced the interim constitution and its transitional councils with the final system of local government which defined the current category A, B and C municipalities. Today's City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality was created accordingly as a category A municipality, giving it exclusive executive and legislative power over its area.

1995 and the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council
The new post-apartheid administration was the "Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council" (GJMC), also known as the "Transitional Metropolitan Council", created in 1995. The council adopted the slogan "One City, One Taxpayer" to highlight its primary goal of addressing unequal tax revenue distribution. To this end, revenue from wealthy, traditionally white areas would pay for services needed in poorer, black areas. The City Council was divided initially into seven municipal substructures (MSSs), rationalised within a year to four MSSs, each with a substantially autonomous authority or "Metropolitan Local Council" (MLC) that was to be overseen by the central metropolitan council. Furthermore, the municipal boundaries were expanded to include wealthy satellite towns like Sandton and Randburg, poorer neighbouring townships such as Soweto and Alexandra, and informal settlements like Orange Farm. The four MLCs were: the Southern MLC covering Ennerdale, most of Soweto, parts of Diepmeadow and the old Johannesburg City and Lenasia; the Northern MLC covering Randburg and Randburg CBD, and parts of Soweto, Diepmeadow and the old Johannesburg City; the Eastern MLC covering Sandton, Alexandra, and part of the old Johannesburg City; the Western MLC covering Roodepoort, Dobsonville and parts of Soweto, Diepmeadow.

However, the new post-apartheid City Council ran into problems in part due to inexperienced management and political pressure, which contributed to over-ambitious revenue projections, over-spending, wasted expenditures and out-right fraud. In the newly combined metropole services were unnecessarily duplicated. But, by far, the biggest financial drain was the failure to collect revenues for services, which ranged from rent (rates) to utilities. Part of this failure was a result of the anti-apartheid boycott of paying the government.

In 1999, Johannesburg appointed a city manager to reshape the city's ailing financial situation. The manager, together with the Municipal Council, drew up a blueprint called "iGoli 2002". This was a restructuring plan to be completed in 2002, that called upon the government to sell non-core assets, restructure certain utilities, and required that all others become self-sufficient. The plan was strongly opposed by unions who feared a loss of jobs.

2000 and the new Metropolitan Municipality
In 1999 the Municipal Demarcation Board conducted a study of metropolitan areas and other large councils, and found that Johannesburg should be declared as a "category A" municipality. The following Local Government Municipal Systems Act no. 32 of 2000 replaced the GJMC, its four MLCs and also the neighbouring Midrand Local Authority, with the new "City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality" from 6 December 2000. The iGoli 2002 plan went into effect and returned some sectors into "cash cows" that helped support the city in general. Although some jobs were lost, there were no mass firings, as agencies used attrition to remove excess staff. The plan took the city from near insolvency to an operating surplus of R 153 million (US$23.6 million).

Following the relative success of iGoli 2002, the city undertook a number of initiatives both to help equalise municipal services benefits, such as the water utility's Free Basic Water policy, and to curb fraud and increase payment percentages, such as the water utility's Operation Gcin'amanzi to repipe areas to eliminate siphonage and to install water meters for excess use.

For the first six years the city was administered in eleven numbered regions, which were: "Region 1": Diepsloot, Kya Sand; "Region 2": Midrand, Ivory Park; "Region 3": Sandton, Rosebank, Fourways, Sunninghill, Woodmead, Strijdom Park; "Region 4": Northcliff, Rosebank, Parktown; "Region 5": Roodepoort, Northgate, Constantia Kloof; "Region 6": Doornkop, Soweto, Dobsonville, Protea Glen; "Region 7": Alexandra, Wynberg, Bruma; "Region 8": Inner City (Johannesburg CBD); "Region 9": Johannesburg South, South Gate, Aeroton, City Deep; "Region 10": Diepkloof, Meadowlands; "Region 11": Ennerdale, Orange Farm, Lenasia.

2006 reorganisation
The present day City of Johannesburg was created from eleven existing local authorities, seven of which were white and four black or coloured. The white authorities were 90% self-sufficient from property tax and other local taxes, and produced and spent R 600 (US$93) per person in municipal services, while the black authorities were only 10% self-sufficient, spending R 100 (US$15) per person in municipal services. Although Johannesburg was divided into eleven administrative regions, these new divisions did not correspond to the areas governed by the former local authorities. Later, in 2006, the number of administrative regions was consolidated, from eleven to seven (see ). The reason given was to separate powers between the legislative and executive bodies of the City.

Nonetheless, according to the opposition party, fraud, theft and non-payment still remained problems. In fiscal year 2011, the city's audit had R 45,796 million chalked up to fraudulent activities. In 2013, the city admitted that it would be unable to collect two-thirds of the R 18 billion in outstanding billings.

The first undertaking of the newly created City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, as mapped out by the "Igoli 2002" plan, was to restructure Metro Gas, Rand Airport, and some sports stadiums as stand-alone corporate entities. The city bus service, the Johannesburg Zoo, the Civic Theatre, the Fresh Produce Market, and the city's property holdings were turned into corporations with the city as the single shareholder. Each was run as a business, with management hired on performance contracts.

In 2010–11, the municipality faced a qualified audit from the Auditor-General following a large number of billing issues, as the result of the flawed implementation of a SAP system. The city's call centre also experienced a crisis at the same time, with staff refusing to work.

Geography
The municipality covers an area of 1645 km2, stretching from Orange Farm in the south to Midrand in the north, and contains two big urban centres, Johannesburg and Midrand, and nine more smaller urban centres, namely Roodepoort, Diepsloot, Killarney, Melrose Arch, Randburg, Rosebank, Sandton, Soweto, and Sunninghill.

Main places
The 2011 census divided the municipality into the following main places (unchanged from the 2001 census):

Government
Each province determines the structure of local government in its region. Gauteng province, run by the African National Congress, has opted for a Mayor–council government. The first Mayor of Johannesburg was Amos Mosondo since the establishment of the current structure.

Regions
The administration of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality was decentralised initially into eleven regions, named simply Region 1 to Region 11, which were largely unrelated to the 11 former apartheid administrations. The new numbered regions were subsequently consolidated, in the summer of 2006, to seven regions named Region A to Region G. The current regions are:
 * Region A - Diepsloot, Midrand and Ivory Park (previously Regions 1 and 2)
 * Region B - Northcliff and parts of Sandton, Randburg and Rosebank (previously Region 4 and parts of Region 3)
 * Region C - Roodepoort and parts of Randburg (previously, Region 5)
 * Region D - Soweto, Doornkop, Diepkloof and Meadowlands (previously Regions 6 and 10)
 * Region E - Alexandra and parts of Sandton and Rosebank (previously Region 7 and parts of Region 3)
 * Region F - inner city and Johannesburg South (previously Regions 8 and 9)
 * Region G - Ennerdale, Orange Farm, Lenasia, Eldorado Park and Protea. (previously Region 11)

Each region is operationally responsible for the delivery of health care, housing, sports and recreation, libraries, social development, and other local community-based services, and each region has a People's Centre where any city-related transaction can be dealt with. Residents can lodge complaints, report service problems, and perform council-related business more quickly.

Changes to the previous city structure
After the end of apartheid allowed the consideration of the entire city of Johannesburg as one without consideration of race, it was determined that the previous structure of the city was wasteful and that there was much duplication of functions. Furthermore, some suburbs were affluent with well-established amenities while neighbouring areas lacked even the most basic of services. The new regions are presently smaller than previous mega-suburbs with each being home to about 300,000 people. The idea is that smaller regions are able to stay in closer contact with local communities.

Administration
The regions are no longer seen as part of the core administration, but instead take on a role as contractors to the central government. The relationship is similar to that of the larger utilities and agencies, such as City Power, and is designed to maximise efficiency.

The closeness of the new regional administrations with their communities enables them to be more responsive to differing local needs. For instance, the needs of a high-income commercial centre such as Sandton will be very different from the needs of a low-income area such as Orange Farm.

Local Integrated Development Plans
Local Integrated Development Plans (LIDPs) are plans for the development of a specific area. A LIDP guides a region's future development. For this reason, the LIDP zones closely follow the boundaries of the regions. However, in certain cases where suburbs are cut in half by the new region boundaries, the entire suburb may be covered in only one of the regions.

LIDPs deal with city development, management and growth over a five to 10-year period. While they deal with local issues, they take an integrated approach to issues such as transportation, housing and environmental management. An overall Metropolitan IDP looks at the bigger picture and ensures that LIDPs don't conflict or lead to wasted resources. LIDPs will be revised annually so as to respond to changing conditions both locally and at a city level.

City council
As of the August 2016 municipal elections, the municipal council consists of 270 City Councillors in Johannesburg elected by mixed-member proportional representation. The Councillors are divided into two kinds: (a) 135 Ward councillors who have been elected by first-past-the-post voting in 135 wards; and (b) 135 councillors elected from party lists (so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received).

Ward Councillors have more local responsibilities, including setting up Ward Committees in their wards to raise local issues, commenting on town planning and other local matters in their ward, and liaising with local ratepayers' and residents' associations. PR Councillors are usually allocated to more political tasks within their party structures and within the city.

Elections
In the election of 1 November 2021 the African National Congress (ANC) won the largest share of the seats on the council with 91 but once again did not achieve a majority. The DA won the speaker and mayoral position during the council meeting held on the 22 November 2021. Vasco da Gama (council speaker) and Mpho Phalatse were elected respectively. On the 26 January 2023, Phalatse was removed from office through a motion of no confidence. She was succeeded by Al-Jama-ah councillor Thapelo Amad. Amad's tenure was short-lived and he resigned in April 2023. Kabelo Gwamanda, also of Al-Jama-ah, was elected to succeed him.

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

Service provision
The city management team head office is the Metro Centre Complex in Braamfontein, which is responsible for overall administration, financial control, supply of services, and collection of revenues. The fire department and ambulances, the metropolitan police and traffic control, museums, art galleries, libraries and heritage sites are all controlled by separate departments.

Some of the key city service functions are supplied by separate, self-contained entities, each run on business lines with its own CEO.

There are 10 utilities, including electricity which is run by City Power Johannesburg, water and sanitation which is run by Johannesburg Water, and solid waste management, also known as Pikitup. Utilities are registered companies, run on business lines. They must be self-funding, receiving no annual grants from the city. They provide billable services direct to individual households.

Agencies include Johannesburg Roads Agency, City Parks and Johannesburg Development Agency. Each of these performs a service to the public at large – there are no direct charges to individual consumers. These are also structured as separate companies, but they are reliant on the council for funding.

The zoo, Civic Theatre, bus service, fresh produce market and property company each compete in the open market to "sell" their wares to individual consumers who choose to pay for their services. These departments have been "corporatised" into separate businesses, run by new managements on performance contracts, and tasked to cut their subsidy levels by R100-million in the next five years.


text:
Chung King Can Suck It

Chung King Can Suck It is a limited-pressing colored vinyl album by New York City band Judge, containing the original version of what was to be the Bringin' It Down album. The title of the album is a direct insult to the Chung King recording studio in New York City (then known as Chung King House of Metal).

Album history
Judge had gone into Chung King with only one three-day weekend of studio time block-booked in order to record their first album, since band members John Porcelly and Sammy Siegler were set to tour with their main band Youth of Today in Europe later that month. The studio was home to many of the popular (and now legendary) rap acts of the day, including the Beastie Boys, Run-DMC and LL Cool J; Youth Of Today had recorded their third album We're Not in This Alone at the same studio earlier in the year, so Porcelly and Siegler were already familiar with the place. According to a 2005 interview with Judge guitarist Porcell in AMP, all three of those acts had already been using three of the four separate facilities in the studio complex, leaving Judge with what was at the time the least technologically advanced of the four rooms. To complicate matters, the recording engineer the band had been assigned by the studio was a full-blown cocaine addict – an irony given Judge's militant anti-drug lyrics and moral code. During the second day of the sessions, the engineer on duty failed to show up for work, forcing the band to work with another studio staff engineer totally unaccustomed to recording punk rock music.

After the sessions were completed, Porcell and Siegler listened to the finished mixes while on the Youth of Today European tour and came to the conclusion that while the performances were good, the recordings were not up to the standards of what they had done in the past with Youth of Today. The drum tracks in particular do not have the punch typical of other Revelation releases at the time, and the overall mix is considered to be thin. A phone call to lead singer Mike "Judge" Ferarro confirmed that he too was unhappy with the finished album, and the group chose to shelve the session and start over in a different studio. Unfortunately for Revelation, label owner Jordan Cooper had already paid for the mastering of the record and the plating of the vinyl stampers – a point in the manufacture of record too late to fully prevent the release of an album, especially for Revelation Records, which was then still a small independent label that Cooper was running out of his home.

With advance orders already coming in for the as-yet unreleased album, Revelation decided to press a limited run of 100 white-vinyl copies of the album, assigning it catalog number REV:-1 (negative one), and sending these copies to tide over fans who had advance ordered Bringin' It Down. As is customary the record pressing plant produced a 10% overrun of the album and as a result 110 copies were delivered. Each copy has its number stamped on the bottom corner of the back of the sleeve however the printing on the jacket notes a pressing run of 100 so with the additional 10, those extra sleeves had the "100" altered to say "110". This record has been much sought after by collectors ever since.

Judge then scheduled time at Normandy Studios in Rhode Island – the same studio where The Cro-Mags recorded their second album Best Wishes in 1988 – to record a proper version of their first album, Bringin' It Down. The two albums are similar in track listing for the first eight songs; Chung King... features two songs, "Holding On" and "No Apologies", that were not rerecorded for Bringin' It Down; "Where It Went", written after the Chung King... sessions, takes their place.

The Chung King Can Suck It album remained a rarity (in spite of two different bootleg editions of the album), and was sought after both for its collectibility and the two rare Judge songs it contained, until 2005, when Revelation compiled all of Judge's recorded output – Chung King Can Suck It included – for the CD What It Meant: The Complete Discography. In May 2015 a copy became the most expensive sale on Discogs.com, fetching $6,048, a record that stood for a year until David Bowie's second album, David Bowie, sold for $6,826.

Track listing

 * 1) "Take Me Away"
 * 2) "Bringin' It Down"
 * 3) "Hold Me Back"
 * 4) "Give It Up"
 * 5) "The Storm"
 * 6) "Hear Me"
 * 7) "Like You"
 * 8) "I've Lost"
 * 9) "Holding On"
 * 10) "No Apologies"

Musical personnel

 * Mike Ferarro – vocals
 * Porcell – guitar, backing vocals
 * Sammy Siegler – drums, backing vocals
 * Jimmy Yu – bass
 * Lukey Luke – backing vocals
 * Alex Brown – backing vocals
 * Tom Capone – backing vocals
 * Kevin Egan – backing vocals
 * Jay Anarchy -backing vocals

No producer or engineering credit
No formal producer or engineering credit is given on either the original album sleeve or in the CD booklet of What It Meant. On Chung King Can Suck It, the producer credit is given as "He Who Can Suck It", and no engineering credit is given. In the liner notes of What It Meant, the credits are more blunt: The producer credit reads "Not produced" and the engineering credit reads "Engineered by some cokehead loser." If the album had been released in a proper manner, guitarist John Porcell would have taken credit or co-credit for producing the album, as he did with all of Judge's recorded output.

title: Chung King Can Suck It


text:
Talk:Mario Power Tennis

Trivia
Are you guys serious about the butt jiggle and thong?--User:Rat235478683--

Yeah, are you?12.216.225.200

This is pretty disturbing news.12.216.225.200

GBA Version
Check this out. Was it actually available for GBA or is that a mistake?

It is also called Mario Power Tennis, but its basically the same game as Mario Tennis: Power Tour. Chiefmartinez (talk) 01:20, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Boxart
I propose that we change the boxart to the NEW PLAY CONTROL! version. The other articles that have NEW PLAY CONTROL! games have had their boxarts changed, so I think this one needs it as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.124.227.33 (talk) 19:19, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Most haven't. I'm not sure—it may give the false impression that this article is based predominantly on this version, rather than the original rendition, which is associated heavily with all of the article sections. It's probably best to raise with the Video games Wikiproject. Ashnard  Talk  Contribs  19:32, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

What The Hell?
''New Play Control! Mario Power Tennis'' doesn't come out in America until March. So how the hell did X-Play get and review already? Last week they gave it a 2 out of 5. I'm not complaining about the score, I'm just wondering how they got it two months in advance? I know most reviewers get their games really early, but reviewing a March game in January/February? What's going on?Zabbethx (talk) 16:44, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

 * To be honest, unless this is about the article specifically, you should not really post here. However, such information will be useful when we construct a paragraph relating to the reception of the Wii game. As for your question, I honestly have no idea—maybe it was based on an exclusive with Nintendo of America? Ashnard  Talk  Contribs  17:46, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Yeh sorry about that, I guess I got a little carried away. Anyways, what I really wanted to know was wheather or not we should put such an early review in the article or wait until more come in.Zabbethx (talk) 15:20, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Early information could be used now, or we could wait later until it's been released in all regions. To be honest, I'd opt for the latter, as adding information as it comes in drips and drabs usually leads to excessive detail. It would probably be best to create a concise section covering the gameplay, development, and reception of the game rather than having the info spread across the whole article. Ashnard  Talk  Contribs  16:19, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

New Play Control Reviews
I'm npot sure where to put this in the article as all there is is Cube reviews so here's NPC:Mario Power Tennis score from ONM - 77%.--Sgtcook (talk) 13:36, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Hey there. I was planning on creating a section in itself dedicated to the re-release, although it won't have its own table as such. I may start on it tonight, but anyone can contribute or help whenever. Thanks for the info. Ashnard  Talk  Contribs  13:56, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
 * A bit late, but I think that the reception should be integrated into the GameCube version's reception - simply add a paragraph or two at the end. Wouldn't hurt anything, and would help to make a stronger reception section rather than a weaker hanger-on section. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 20:03, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

The fourth game ?
It is said that "The game is the sequel to the Nintendo 64 title Mario Tennis, and is the fourth game in the Mario Tennis series." but I think that it is the third, no ? 95.176.71.232 (talk) 21:27, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Power Shots: Mario Power Tennis
Each Mario character has a different power shot: And that is about it!
 * Mario = Fire
 * Luigi = Green Fire
 * Yoshi = Rainbow
 * Birdo = Rainbow
 * Koopa Troopa = Water
 * PatraKoopa = Wing
 * DK = Cannon
 * Diddy K = Banana
 * Peach = Heart
 * Daisy = Flower
 * Wario = Mechanic
 * Waluigi = Whirlwind

Third Game?
Shouldn't the intro say that it's the forth game in the series? There was one for VB, one for N64, one for GBC, and then this one. APL (talk) 21:14, 23 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Looks like List_of_Mario_sports_games supports the idea that those are all games in the same "series" (despite the first game having an 's in the title.) That would make this game the fourth, not the third. APL (talk) 21:16, 23 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Huh. Looks like it was correct, but then it was changed by an editor with three edits (one apparently vandalism?) dif.
 * I'm going to put it back.
 * APL (talk) 21:21, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mario Power Tennis


text:
Talk:Coxsackie A virus

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 June 2020 and 21 August 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): SMohebbi95, R.Li8, Jseibel93, Cpham3.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:35, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Initial comment
Hey 62.253.64.xxx - I've been following your tracks and I wanted to say "nice work!" - User:MMGB — Preceding undated comment added 04:03, 9 April 2002 (UTC)

A note
The section titled "Diseases" is mostly a direct pull from http://therfcc.org/coxsackie-virus-111850.html -- looks like plagiarism, needs to be paraphrased or rewritten.

The URL above appears to direct to a malware site. 198.144.208.148 (talk) 02:53, 17 July 2019 (UTC)

page does not exist

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:22, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Coxsackie A21 is now being used in research at the University of Surrey as a biologic agent against non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

Reference here: Viral targeting of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and priming of anti-tumour immunity following intravesical Coxsackievirus A21 198.144.208.148 (talk) 03:03, 17 July 2019 (UTC)

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Foundations II 2020 Group 12 proposed edits
Add more sections to get a full picture of the virus, for example: notable incidences (outbreaks), in pregnancy, replication cycle, genotypes, structure, genetics, evolution, emergency warning signs, signs and symptoms, prevention, and duration and expand on the current treatment section. SMohebbi95 (talk) 20:26, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * , Thanks for your help! Please ensure that all additions are supported by citations that comply with our guidelines for medical content. Best regards, Graham Beards (talk) 21:32, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

Group 11 Peer Editing
Does the draft submission reflect a neutral point of view?

The group members added substantial edits and multiple sections. Previously, the article had only the background section, and the group expanded on the disease in terms of signs and symptoms, virus specifics, prognosis, and treatment details. Their overall goals were to add specific sections which they outlined and then successfully completed. The transmission section is especially useful, and members did a great job displaying the main modes of transmission. Yes, the draft submission reflects a neutral point of view. The main area for improvement to make it more neutral would be the section regarding treatment options. It is slightly biased towards certain treatment options (“Very important to keep hydrated”); instead the information should be presented in a way which demonstrates all options with no emphasis on particular ones. Stating that fluids are recommended would probably be a less biased way of presenting the information. A.Kumar, UCSF (talk) 20:46, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

Are the points included verifiable with cited secondary sources that are freely available?

This group made substantial edits and significantly improved this article. This group was able to provide more information on the disease and expand in terms of signs and symptoms, background information about the virus, how it affects pregnancy, and treatment options available. They also have many credible resources. They have definitely reached their goals for improvement and did an outstanding job improving this article!

Overall the points included in this Wikipedia article can be verified using high quality and credible secondary sources, including sources from the CDC and from reputable scientific journals as well. The sources used as references are freely accessible to the public. However, I did notice that some of your references are doubled up: You can edit these citations by going to “Cite” → “Re-use” (instead of “Automatic”) on the edit page and select the reference accordingly. D. Doan (talk) 21:08, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * #15, 17, and 18 (Modlin) are actually the exact same source. These should all be under the same reference number
 * #11 and 14 (Deeb) are also the same source

'''Are the edits formatted consistent with Wikipedia's manual of style? If not, specify...'''

The group's edits improve the article significantly. More sections were added (such as signs and symptoms, outbreaks, and pregnancy) to provide a broader picture of this virus. Tables and an image were also included. Citations are plentiful. The edits also encompassed both scientific details of the virus (viral structure & genome, replication cycle) and clinical presentation details.

Article title uses scientific or recognized medical name -Written for general reader with subtitles presented in logical order -Suggestion: “Patients” is used under subtitle “Viral structure and genome”. “Cases” is used under subtitles “Diseases and pregnancy.” Consider changing “cases/patients” to “individuals”

Writing style -Writing style reflects this document as an encyclopedia, which is great! -Suggestion: In the lead section, include a comprehensive summary (1-2 sentences) of the main points in the article by following the order of the subtitles -Complex terms are hyperlinked, which is great

Content Sections -Subtitles are very comprehensive -Suggestion: Move ‘Viral structure and genome” and “Replication cycle” subtitles either to very end or very beginning since these are more scientific. Subtitles like “Signs and Symptoms”, “Prevention”, “Treatment” etc can be grouped together since these are more clinical -Suggestion: Make “Diagnosis” its own subtitle

Citing Medical Sources -Looks great, lots of citations

Images -Electronic microscope image is appropriate. Virus classification table and tree with s/sx related to viruses also looks great! A.Chhen01 (talk) 21:21, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

'''Is there any evidence of plagiarism or copyright violation? If yes, specify...'''

Overall, there is little plagiarism in the article. There were a few sentences that seemed to be too similar to the source. “Since 2008, the Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) strain has been linked to hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks worldwide.” vs “CVA6 (coxsackievirus A6) has been linked to several worldwide outbreaks since 2008”. “Infection of the CVA16 has been linked with third trimester massive perivillous fibrin deposition leading to intrauterine fetal demise and spontaneous abortions.” vs “Infection with coxsackievirus A16 has been associated with third trimester massive perivillous fibrin deposition triggering intrauterine fetal demise, as well as first trimester spontaneous abortions.”

Part 1: Yes, the group has substantially improved the article by adding several sections and multiple references. It also seems like they have met their goals of what they were going to add to the article.

M.DuranUCSF (talk) 21:35, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coxsackie A virus


text:
User talk:THE BULLSHlT DETECTIVE

Hi welcome to wikipedia could you cheack out Username please and select a different username? if you contine to edit using this account you risk being blocked.Geni 05:47, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:THE BULLSHlT DETECTIVE


text:
Santa Laura

Santa Laura may refer to:

Buildings
 * Estadio Santa Laura (stadium)
 * Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works (refineries)
 * Santa Laura (abbey)

Other
 * Saint Laura (Christian martyr)

title: Santa Laura


text:
Ichthyosis acquisita

Ichthyosis acquisita is a skin condition clinically and histologically similar to ichthyosis vulgaris.

Associated conditions
The development of ichthyosis in adulthood can be a manifestation of systemic disease, and it has been described in association with malignancies, drugs, endocrine and metabolic disease, HIV, infection, and autoimmune conditions.

It usually is associated with people who have Hodgkin's disease but it is also occurs in people with mycosis fungoides, other malignant sarcomas, Kaposi's sarcoma and visceral carcinomas. It can occur in people with leprosy, AIDS, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever.

title: Ichthyosis acquisita


text:
Talk:Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour

Hi
My name is Tim, and me and my buddy gerard hit a -43 on lakitu, the first regular tournament course. that's no puts, 7 albatrosses, and the rest eagles, redacted, that's me, e-mail me This article is terribly written and factually inaccurate to boot. I will clean it up in a little while if no one else does before I get around to it. - Conrad Devonshire 02:01, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Not only, but the box art, to the best of my knowledge, is incorrect. -alakazam9891

I have this game and the box art currently shown is correct. -Padron (April 25, 2006)

Tom Kenny
how come it says tom kenny did petey pirana but it doesnt say it on his wiki page or IMDB profile

Daisy Getting a Double Bogey or Worse
Whenever Daisy gets a double bogey or worse, she calls the player controlling her a "klutz", literally "clumsy", though it is misheard to have her say the dirty word "slut", literally "a whore". In this game, characters do react and have different gestures in whatever they get, which is more harsh than in the Nintendo 64's Mario Golf. What are Daisy's gestures whenever she gets a double bogey or worse? --PJ Pete

 * Daisy's speech is incomprehensible. She just gasps and sobs a little. 67.188.172.165 18:43, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour


text:
Fredis Refunjol

Fredis Jose Refunjol (born 19 December 1950) is a retired Aruban politician who served as the 3rd governor of Aruba from 2004 to 2016. Originally a teacher, he has served as a government official for the past twenty years, starting as a member of the Parliament of Aruba.

Early life
Fredis Jose Refunjol was born in Aruba, Netherlands Antilles, on 19 December 1950.

Refunjol obtained his Junior High School (mulo) diploma in 1968 and his college (havo) diploma in 1970. Three years later, in 1973, he graduated from the Aruba Teacher-Training Academy and was certified as a teacher.

Upon graduation, he secured employment at the Heilige Hart College in Savaneta as a teacher. He taught there for eight years before becoming principal in 1981.

Career
Refunjol joined the People's Electoral Movement (MEP) in 1983. The next year he became the party's vice president, holding that position until 1987, when he was named as the party Secretary General (effective 1988).

While serving as party vice president, he stood as a candidate in Aruba's first parliamentary elections in 1986, where he was elected to the Parliament of Aruba.

In 1989, he was the informateur during both the formation of the first cabinet of Prime Minister Oduber (Oduber I) and that of the second cabinet (Oduber II) formed in 1993. After the first cabinet was formed, he was named Minister of Welfare, serving until the MEP lost the 1994 Aruban general election.

Following his party's defeat in the 1994 election, Refunjol became a member of the Parliament of Aruba once more.

After seven years in the opposition, the MEP won the 2001 general election, after which Refunjol served as formateur for the third Oduber cabinet (Oduber III), and consequently became its Minister of Education and Administrative Affairs, in addition to becoming Vice Prime Minister.

In 2004, the term of Governor Olindo Koolman expired; restricted by term limits, he was not reappointed by the Queen. Due to the extent of his government experience, Refunjol was appointed by royal decree as Koolman's successor, assuming the office of governor on 1 May 2004. During his nomination proceedings, he enjoyed the unanimous support of the parliament for his candidacy. As a result of the apolitical nature of his office, he was required to tender his resignation from both the parliament and his party, immediately upon taking office and was barred from politics until his service as governor was complete.

Awards
On 8 December 2016, Refunjol was promoted to Commander in the Order of Orange-Nassau.

Personal life
He is married to Clarette Maria de Lourdes Refunjol-Lopez. Together they have two daughters (Cheryl and Zanette) and one son (Fredis).

title: Fredis Refunjol


text:
Talk:The Bootleg Series Vol. 6: Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall

Hype
It's really inappropriate to reproduce the label's hype as factual information, and it's well-documented that none of the performances here are the "earliest" versions of classic Dylan songs. You should consider referring to the significant body of online Dylan references and the various extensive documentations of Dylan's performing career. Your comments regularly evidence complete ignorance of such valuable material. Monicasdude 05:50, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Who is "Your"? Mon, you can edit the entry or place better wording here in talk for someone who has the feel for Wikipedia editing to add. EDLIS Café 16:16, 16 January 2016 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by EdRicardo (talk • contribs)

Fair use rationale for Image:BootlegSeries6.jpg
Image:BootlegSeries6.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 02:56, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

2-SACD Disc Set
Would anyone editing care to note the 2-SACD Disc version?

The album Bob Dylan Live: Bootleg Series, Volume 6 released by Audio Fidelity as a 2-SACD Disc Set 18 March 2016. This Hybrid Multichannel SACD features the 5.1 Multichannel mix that was originally planned as part of the Sony Music SACD releases. The Audio Fidelity release has been remastered by the team of Steve Hoffman and Stephen Marsh.

http://www.quadraphonicquad.com/forums/showthread.php?21645-Bob-Dylan-Live-Bootleg-Series-Vol-6-on-5-0-Multichannel-SACD-%28March-2016%29

EDLIS Café 16:20, 16 January 2016 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by EdRicardo (talk • contribs)


text:
Johannesburg Zoo

The Johannesburg Zoo or Joburg Zoo is a 55 ha zoo in Johannesburg, South Africa. The zoo is dedicated to the accommodation, enrichment, husbandry, and medical care of wild animals, and houses about 2000 individuals of 320 species. Established in 1904, it has traditionally been owned and operated by the Johannesburg City Council. However, it has been turned into a corporation and registered as a Section 21 non-profit organisation.

History
The Johannesburg Zoo has its origins as part of the Braamfontein farm which was owned by Hermann Eckstein. He had bought the farm to explore it for minerals and when he failed to find any, the land was converted as a timber plantation in 1891 called Sachsenwald after Otto von Bismarck. In August 1903, the Mayor of Johannesburg, W. St. John Carr, received a letter from Wernher Beit & Co and Max Michaelis with an offer of 200 acres of freehold ground in the Sachsenwald plantation to the Johannesburg Town Council for recreational use by the people of Johannesburg with the park being named the Herman Eckstein Park to honour the man of the same name. This park would become Zoo Lake, the Johannesburg Zoo and the South African National Museum of Military History. The land was transferred to the Johannesburg Town Council on 22 March 1904.

Sir Percy Fitzpatrick would donate the first animals to the zoo, his own small private collection of African wildlife and would continue to source animals for the zoo until 1912. The zoo's first enclosures housed two lions and a leopard. In 1910 a bandstand was constructed for bass band music. After 1912 the zoo expanded into land that had been allocated in trust for a war memorial, the Rand Regiments Memorial for soldiers that died during the Second Anglo-Boer War. Between 1913 and 1915, a rhino and elephant house were built and an Asian elephant and a camel were imported and trained for rides. Due to requirements in the Deed of Gift under which the land for the Johannesburg Zoo and the neighbouring Zoo Lake was acquired, the zoo, and neighbouring park, are one of very few public areas that were never segregated during Apartheid in South Africa. In the 1960s the zoo would evolve from iron and concrete cages into open and landscaped enclosures. From 1994 onwards, the zoo like others in South Africa begun to lose their government grants and so in 2000, the Johannesburg City Council corporatised the zoo and it became the Johannesburg Zoo Company with the council as its main shareholder and by 2007 was expected to generate 75% of its own budget. The zoo has currently 326 species consisting of 2096 specimens housed consisting of 20 species of frogs, 5 of spiders, 128 of birds, 47 of reptiles, 25 of fish and 101 of mammals.

It was home to Africa's last polar bear until 2014.

Breeding programme
It is one of the few places in the world with white lions (a genetic mutation of African lions), and has had considerable success in their breeding; these are more sought after than tawny lions by other zoos. The Johannesburg Zoo is also the only zoo in South Africa to have successfully bred Siberian tigers, the largest cats in the world. "Twist" the male Siberian, weighs 320 kg, and is the father of all the Siberian tigers to be found in South Africa. Max the gorilla was probably the zoo's best known resident.

Visitor information
The zoo is open all year including public holidays from 8:30 to 17:30. Tours and excursions around the zoo are offered under the auspices of the zoo's education department. Other activities offered include night tours and overnight sleepovers. In August 2017, a new R45 million parkade replaced the old 200 vehicle carpark with one holding 700 cars and 15 buses.

title: Johannesburg Zoo


text:
Talk:The Garden of Forking Paths

Untitled
The only problem with this summary is that Dr Albert was NOT a close friend of Yu Tsun's. Yu Tsun had chosen Alberts name from the phone book because his last name was the same as the location of city the Germans should attack. Yu Tsun had never met him before.

I have a problem with the section called "alternative meaning and the hypertext creation." The final line of the second paragraph states that "this [being the hypertext novel] is the ultimate non-linear story in which there is no final, intended product." I have to disagree with this statement, seeing as just because a story has a nonlinear narrative, that doesn't mean it doesn't have a purpose or reason. Maybe if the story was random, I'd agree. But nonlinear stories still have messages, a story and the like, so it's unfair to generalize and say hypertext causes this to be without a final product. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kendalfong (talk • contribs) 09:29, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Hypertext
I think all of this information about this short story and hypertext is unnecessary, or needs to be rewritten. The entire section about hypertext is problematic for me. I think we should just stick to the facts. This is an encyclopedia, after all.

The quote by Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort at the introduction should be moved elsewhere and should be recontextualized as "Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort believe that..." rather than put all the way on top and given an entire paragraph. It comes off as highly speculative, unless this story is in fact a hypertext story (which it is not) or describes the story in the story as using new media or very clearly doing what hypertext does (which it doesn't exactly and can be interpreted many ways).

What we should preserve are the statements which say the story inspired hypertext. But beyond that, there's nothing more we can say, other than talking about the ideas of Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort. This statement:

'' "The Garden of Forking Paths" has similarities to today's digital media and hypertext projects. ''

Is very iffy as the story itself is linear, but perhaps the story in the story has similarities. The later statements of Borges being almost prophetic feel unnecessary. Borges didn't invent hypertext, unless he made digital literature at his time. It's more accurate to say that perhaps he inspired it.

-- Also on the section of "Modern hypertext": unless these authors have explicitly stated that The Garden of Forking Paths have influenced their pieces, and citations can be provided for those statements, we don't need to put them here. The works listed in the section are just hypertext works with unclear connections to The Garden of Forking Paths. We might as well list every hypertext work on this page if that's the case. Ppk80 (talk) 05:35, 22 August 2013 (UTC)ppk80

 * Go edit, I say, it would be easy enough to improve what is there on the lines you say. Thanks, ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 01:02, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

Impossible World
According to this article, Deleuze used the story to illustrate Leibniz's concept of co-existing 'impossible worlds'. However, the link in that sentence takes you to the "Possible Worlds" article. Wikipedia also has an "Impossible Worlds" article. Which of these actually goes with both the story and Deleuze's interpretation? 70.138.217.107 (talk) 04:58, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

Possible reference to a short story of Conan Doyle
The Lost Special of Conan Doyle in 1898 raises some strange similarities with the Garden of Forking Paths.
 * The first paragraph is built in a very similar fashion to begin with:
 * There's a letter of a criminal ( who considers himself a spy ) before his execution.
 * The implied author claims the letter can throw light upon a mystery.
 * Both stories uses the characteristic of giving many precise details
 * The mystery is solved by a forking railway
 * The deduction process of he detective is described as a scheme of binary possible paths some of which are eliminated
 * The solution is giving by the criminal - Hilbert, while the solution of the forking paths is given by the victim Dr Albert.

This is the beginning of the story: "The confession of Herbert de Lernac, now lying under sentence of death at Marseilles, has thrown a light upon one of the most inexplicable crimes of the century - an incident which is, I believe, absolutely unprecedented in the criminal annals of any country." Hexagone59 (talk) 17:05, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Garden of Forking Paths


text:
User talk:Fabartus/Timeline of the Russo-Japanese War

Genesis- 16 July 2005

Two Way Posts Cut from User Talk:Pibwl
re: "However, I think (possibly I've read somewhere), that Russians started works only after lease 1898. And I haven't seen Russian sources on it... re: "However, getting back to a battle of Port Arthur - I might enhance the naval part of the article, with all naval activities until the fall of Port Arthur, but I'm not sure, if it might be still under a title "battle of Port Arthur" then." re: "''And I think, that "Impact on History" section treats in fact on siege of Port Arthur and possibly should be moved there? Pibwl ←«  16:47, 15 July 2005 (UTC)''"
 * I read this on Wiki, but believe I read elsewhere that they started making improvements much much earlier— sometime in the summer of '95, IIRC. I'll have to do some re-reading.  I had thought you were perhaps consulting online sources in Russian.  I tend to research mostly in books myself, which is good for detail, but slow in speed!
 * My thoughts and intentions exactly, but your answer is 'certainly not'. I'd tentatively decided on a timetable for the war, part of which is now on paper in notes form. Plus, on your point, my working title was Naval Skirmishes of the Russo-Japanese War, leaving the battles parts as they have been know to historians.  The whole war needs work, which was one of my aims, time permitting.
 * Agree that impact on history is 'overdone'; most belongs in Russo-Japanese War. I guess that's what I get for editing much too late at night; most of that just sort of poured out! :)  I've planned on upgrading the whole article, but free time has turned scarce (until summer ends), though will get to eventually, it if you don't first!  Certainly the surface action after dawn needs covered, which if you look back a month or so in the history, is all that was covered, the torpedo attack being given barely a mention (more as an introduction).  Fra  nkB  21:21, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * re:... "I have not a book "Port Artur" right now, only Rusian sources about ships, not treaties".
 * How detailed are those books? I want to do a table of stregth for each side, up through battle of Tsushima. i.e displacement, speed, heavy guns, med. guns, which were Armored Cruisers, Protected Cruisers, Older/Newer Ships, etc.  Some of my sources use various alternate terms such as 'First Class Cruiser', 'Second Class Cruiser', etcetera which tends to confuse understanding. See User Talk:Fabartus.  I've got at least one good Japanese contact, though he hasn't yet gotten back to me, but would be reliable for research if he gets interested in helping.
 * Fra nkB  21:21, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Naval Concerns from User Talk:Fabartus
''How detailed are those books? I want to do a table of stregth for each side, up through battle of Tsushima. i.e displacement, speed, heavy guns, med. guns, which were Armored Cruisers, Protected Cruisers, Older/Newer Ships, etc.''

VERY detailed :-) See here: If you don't read Cyrilic, I can help you with data, names etc.

Some of my sources use various alternate terms such as 'First Class Cruiser', 'Second Class Cruiser',

1st class were Russian stronger protected cruisers, 2nd class were light ones, like Novik and armed yachts like Almaz. Pibwl ←«  22:14, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Organization of Articles
From User Talk:Fabartus by User:Pibwl: re: "I have another idea: I think we should place all later naval activities at Port Arthur, after the openning battle, as a chapter in siege of Port Arthur (I mean, sinking of Petropavlovsk and Japanese battleships on mines, etc). By the way, I've just noticed, that improving battle of Port Arthur, I focussed on night torpedo attack only (Russian losses mentioned are from this attack), but I should also expand the subject of another-day battle (which brought no losses, apart from some artillery damage)."Pibwl ←«  22:14, 15 July 2005 (UTC) Reply by Fabartus: I like the idea save for a couple of contravening issues:
 * 1) The Siege in Anglo-American Historys is considered a land battle— which is why I was thinking "Naval Skirmishes... etc."
 * 2) The Siege proper did not start until July, or even August (definition and source dependent— some historians might advance the date as early as the conclusion of the Battle of the Yalu River and the cutting of the Southern Manchurian Railway, or the land action around today's Dalian (40 miles/66 km up the Liaodong.), which is outside the timeline of most of the Naval actions, (Harbor Block Attempts (3?), Sortie by Russians loosing BB+Admiral M____?, Cruiser Battle at Chemulpo, Cruiser Actions out of Vladivostok, etc.) save possibly the Battle of Liaotung ... (Sometime in there the Japanese lost a BB to mines).
 * (I haven't tracked that name down yet, though it MAY be an alternate of 'BotYS')
 * ... and Battle of the Yellow Sea (BotYS), the latter occuring in the early days of the siege. (I've got to review my notes— I'm afraid I haven't been focused on this in about a month.)

 * How about this idea— I'll make time early this coming week to stub in a timeline article of all the wars highlights, and rather than junking up our user pages, we use that 'THIS' Talk page to discuss these details (I acted 'Boldly'). If we have details that differ, they should show up in the timeline, assuming we make it detailed enough.  Once we're satisified it's complete enough, we trim out the excess detail and tie it into the main articles.

An Error to Track Down

 * I just noticed what seems to be a glaring error in 'BotYS':
 * By midday, the main body of Japanese battleships attempted to block the Russians' path off the Shandong Peninsula. By 13:00 the first shots were fired, and during the one-hour fight, the Russians succeeded in breaking out of the harbour. Togo began a long pursuit of the Russian fleet and gradually came up from the south-west, slowly overtaking the Russian battle line."

 * If the Russians were off the Shandong, they were at least 60 nautical miles— nearly a degree of a great circle — well away from Port Arthur, thus "breaking out of the harbour" had happened at least three (four +!!!) hours earlier. UNLESS, the Russians had succeeded in breaking out then were intercepted off the British port Weihai short of the Germans port of Qingdao on the Shandong, then turned to flee back to Port Arthur.  That hypothesis would explain the Japanese course of closing from the South, but not necessarily of from the South-west.
 * (I wonder if someone substituted 'Shantung' (Across the Bo Hai Strait) for 'Liaotung', i.e. todays 'Shandong' for 'Liaodong' somewhere somewhen. I'm very sure I saw Liaotung listed as a battle somewhere on Wikipedia (In a battlebox, IIRC) 5-6 weeks ago.)

In any event, if nothing else, more detail is needed and the text needs clarified, as it contradicts itself at the moment. I'm 98% sure the Russians never made much of major escape effort until the 'BotYS', but they did sortie as a fleet at least once prior to August. So, the Article name and Battle Name need to be checked. If they were trying to break out of Togo's mine fields and sunken ships at Port Arthur, this excerpt would read a whole lot better... but then the Shandong reference makes no sense to me, whereas the Liaotung reference would.

btw - I don't read Cyrillic anymore. I studied Russian for two years when I was 14-15, but that was nearly 36 years ago and I moved to another town with a school system that didn't offer it, so I'm afraid it's a lost language to me. That's why I'd be delighted if you want to make this a project for yourself too!
 * Cheers! Fra  nkB  05:53, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Permission to Delete
User Caerwine left me this note after September rolled around, preceded by a real world series of adult life situations that took me away from Wiki the very next day after I created the stub.

My response (And blessings to delete at any admins Whim - though the article is a good concept - Shrug) posted just now to User_talk:Caerwine:

 * As much as it pains me to admit it, there are a lot of things more important than Wiki... If it bothers you enough to leave such an unfriendly note while I clear up real world crises, then take the project over, or delete it at will. If you choose the later, never mind an rfd, just ask Mel Etitis or another admin that knows me to see this note as authorization, and pull the plug.

 * I'm afraid that while I'm wishful for unlimited free time, making a living has to be a priority. Add in that I'm probably going down to New Orleans and help fish 9,345 dead bodies out of that situation, and may stay to help rebuilding efforts (Habitats for Humanity, etc.) and I'll take my lumps on Wiki any day as I shall do as I have always done, and decide when and where I volunteer my time and efforts. The Russo-Japanese War articles are in reasonably good shape without the timeline. Someday I'll take my notes and see what shortcomings are left by others.

 * Things could be worse, it could be you going down to live in a tent for the coming months. Cheers! Fra  nkB  01:23, 8 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
From Y to Z and Never Again

From Y To Z and Never Again is an EP by the seminal punk band Big in Japan. It includes four of their six recorded songs and is notable for being the first release on Zoo Records, the label created by band members Bill Drummond and David Balfe. It was also one of the first releases that came from the late '70s-early '80s Liverpool rock scene. The EP has been out of print since 1978, but the tracks are available on the Zoo Records compilation Zoo Uncaged.

The track listing presents part of the numerous line-up changes the band suffered during their two years of existence. The only remaining members of the band during the recording of the EP were (or seemed to be) Bill Drummond and Ian Broudie.

Track listing

 * 1) "Nothing Special" – 3:37
 * 2) "Cindy and the Barbi Dolls" – 3:31
 * 3) "Suicide a Go Go" – 2:27
 * 4) "Taxi" – 4:27

Personnel

 * Jayne: lead vocals (except 2)
 * Kev Ward: vocals (3)
 * Ian Broudie: guitar, lead vocals (2)
 * Bill Drummond: guitar
 * Holly Johnson: bass guitar (3, 4)
 * Dave Balfe: bass guitar (1, 2)
 * Phil Allen: drums (3)
 * Budgie: drums (1, 4)

title: From Y to Z and Never Again


text:
User:NIPPER

Hey

My name is Alexander and I currently go to secondary school. I enjoy Rowing, Computers and listening to music (alternative rock). I also enjoy playing acoustic guitar. I hope to travel to Southeast Asia one day, as I have just recently been to Singapore and have found the culture and the people really interesting.

My favorite rock/ alternative rock bands are:

The Pictures~ The White Stripes~ System Of A Down~ Led Zeppelin

I also love listening to Triple J- the greatest radio station!!!

I hope to edit and/or write a few articles on underground (alternative) music on Wikipedia.

title: User:NIPPER


text:
EMBA

EMBA may refer to:

 * Executive Master of Business Administration, education degree
 * EMBA Mink Breeders Association, US
 * EMBA council

title: EMBA


text:
Central Suriname Nature Reserve

The Central Suriname Nature Reserve (Centraal Suriname Natuurreservaat (CSNR)) is a conservation unit in Suriname. It preserves an area of tropical rainforest. The reserve is in pristine condition.

History
The Central Suriname Nature Reserve was created in 1998 by Conservation International and the government of Suriname from the fusion of three existing nature reserves: Ralleighvallen, Tafelberg and Eilerts de Haan gebergte. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000 for its pristine tropical rainforest ecosystem.

The forest received material support from Microsoft co-founder Jeff Harbers.

Environment
The reserve is in the Guianan moist forests ecoregion. It contains 16,000 km2 of both montane and lowland primary tropical forest including sections of the Guyana Highlands.

It is known for its rapids and bird species, including the Guiana Cock of the Rock (Rupicola rupicola). Over 5,000 different plants have been identified, and large mammals like the jaguar, giant armadillo, and eight species of primates. A research station is located at the foot of Voltzberg and the area is tourist attraction.

Some of the most outstanding features in Central Suriname Nature Reserve are several granite domes – uplifted monoliths of granite rising high above the surrounding rainforest. Barren surface of dark-colored granite is exposed to impact of Sun thus creating unique xerophytic biotope which includes also endemic plant species. The best known granite dome is the 245 m high Voltzberg.

Other attractions include the Julianatop (1,230 m), the highest mountain in Suriname, the Tafelberg (Table Mountain, 1,026 meters), the Hendriktop (908 m), the Van Stockumberg (360 m), and Duivelsei (Devil's Egg), a rock seemingly balanced on the edge of a mountain.

The Eilerts de Haan Mountains are named for Johannes Gijsbert Willem Jacobus Eilerts de Haan, an explorer who died in Suriname's interior.

title: Central Suriname Nature Reserve


text: Category:Lesbian politicians

title: Category:Lesbian politicians


text:
Talk:Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute

Untitled
I just started work on this article and I'm new, be kind. :) I hope to continue work on it and make it something awesome soon. Fallstorm 05:56, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Multiple articles on this topic
This article is one of at least 16 articles on Wikipedia primarily about the fascinating but controversial subject of Great ape language. These articles have been created independently and contain much interesting but uncoordinated information, varying levels of NPOV, and differences in categorization, stubbing, and references. Those of us working on them should explore better coordinating our efforts so as to share the best we have created and avoid unnecessary duplication. I have somewhat arbitrarily put the list of 16 articles on Talk:Great ape language and would encourage us to informally coordinate efforts there. Martinp 18:02, 15 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
John Brady (showman)

John Brady is an Australian whip cracking expert. He has performed in leading shows, fairs and special events, as well as in many television shows and films, including being a stuntman in the Clint Eastwood film Paint Your Wagon.

Brady's television appearances include You Asked for It and It's Incredible.

Brady performed original routines with both stockwhips and rope tricks during the Musical theatre show, The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular, as well as playing the character Saltbush Bill in the show.

Because of his rope tricks and whipcracking expertise, John Brady has been inducted into the Australian Stockman's Hall of Fame in Longreach, Queensland, Australia. DVDs have been released of his whip-cracking.

title: John Brady (showman)


text:
Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works

Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works are two former saltpeter refineries located in northern Chile. They were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005, as a testament to the historical importance of saltpeter mining in Chile and the culture and social agenda that developed around it in the late 19th century. The works were placed on the World Heritage List in Danger that same year, due to the fragility of the derelict buildings, but was removed in 2019.

Geography
Humberstone and Santa Laura are located 45km east of the city of Iquique in the Atacama Desert in the Tarapacá Region in northern Chile. Other saltpeter works or "nitrate towns" include Chacabuco, Maria Elena, Pedro de Valdivia, Puelma and Aguas Santas.

History
In 1872, the Guillermo Wendell Nitrate Extraction Company founded the saltpeter works of Santa Laura, while the region was still a part of Peru. In the same year, James Thomas Humberstone founded the "Peru Nitrate Company", establishing the works of "La Palma". Both works grew quickly, becoming busy towns characterized by English-style buildings.

While La Palma became one of the largest saltpeter extractors of the whole region, Santa Laura did not do well, as production was low. It was taken over in 1902 by the Tamarugal Nitrate Company. In 1913 Santa Laura halted its production until the Shanks extraction process was introduced, which enhanced productivity.

However the economic model collapsed during the Great Depression of 1929 because of the development of the synthesis of ammonia by the Germans Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, which led to the industrial production of fertilizers. Practically bankrupt, both works were acquired by COSATAN (Compañía Salitrera de Tarapacá y Antofagasta) in 1934. COSATAN renamed La Palma into "Oficina Santiago Humberstone" in honor of its founder. The company tried to produce a competitive natural saltpeter by modernizing Humberstone, which led to its becoming the most successful saltpeter works in 1940.

Both works were abandoned in 1960 after the rapid decline that caused COSATAN to disappear in 1958. In 1970, after becoming ghost towns, they were declared national monuments and opened to tourism. In 2005 they were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.


text:
Lift accessed mountain biking

Lift accessed mountain biking or Mountain bike park is a summer activity that is spreading all over the world. Using the chairlifts or gondola lifts at a ski area, mountain bikers can get up to higher altitudes quickly. The bikers don't have to ride up, and the ski area operators can keep the hill more profitable during the summer. Most bike parks have a mix of dirtjumping, downhill, enduro and freeride terrain on the trails.

Many ski resorts have embraced the sport, opening the chairlifts and building trails to rider in the summer. Lift-accessed bike parks are good because they offer the chance to make many more runs down a mountain than could be done without use of a lift.

Canada

 * Whistler-Blackcomb- Whistler, British Columbia
 * Sun Peaks Resort- Kamloops, British Columbia
 * Panorama Mountain Village- Invermere, British Columbia
 * Fernie Alpine Resort- Fernie, British Columbia
 * Kicking Horse Mountain Resort- Golden, British Columbia
 * Mount Washington Alpine Resort- Comox, British Columbia (closed MTB operations down in 2013)
 * Silver Star Mountain Resort- Vernon, British Columbia
 * Blue Mountain- Collingwood, Ontario
 * Horseshoe Resort- Horseshoe Valley, Ontario
 * Mont Tremblant- Mont Tremblant, Quebec
 * Mont Sainte-Anne- Quebec
 * Mont Brome- Bromont, Quebec
 * Camp Fortune- Chelsea, Quebec
 * Canada Olympic Park- Calgary, Alberta
 * Rabbit Hill-Edmonton, Alberta (closed summer operations down in 2011)
 * Sugarloaf Provincial Park- Campbellton, New Brunswick

France

 * Tignes, Savoie department
 * Lac Blanc (Vosges), Alsace

Finland

 * Levi
 * Sappeen hiihtokeskus
 * Kalpalinna
 * Vuokatti

Italy

 * Mottolino Fun Mountain, Livigno

Norway

 * Hafjell

Romania

 * Bușteni
 * Sinaia
 * Azuga

United States

 * Mammoth Mountain Ski Area- Mammoth Lakes, California
 * Northstar at Tahoe- Truckee, California
 * Kirkwood Mountain Resort- Kirkwood, California
 * Angel Fire Resort- New Mexico
 * Mount Hood Skibowl- Government Camp, Oregon
 * Brian Head Resort- Parowan, Utah
 * Snowbasin- Ogden, Utah
 * Snowbird-Salt Lake City, Utah
 * Solitude Mountain Resort-Salt Lake City, Utah
 * Sugarloaf Mountain-Carrabassett Valley, Maine
 * Sundance-Provo, Utah
 * Park City Mountain Resort- Park City, Utah
 * Deer Valley Resort-Park City, Utah
 * The Canyons-Park City, Utah
 * Plattekill Mountain- Roxbury, New York
 * Vail Mountain- Vail, Colorado
 * Killington Ski Resort- Killington, Vermont
 * Waterville Valley Resort- Waterville Valley, New Hampshire
 * Marquette Mountain- Marquette, Michigan
 * Bryce Resort- Virginia
 * Attitash Bear Peak-Bartlett, New Hampshire
 * Whitefish Mountain Resort-Whitefish, Montana
 * Keystone Resort-Dillon, Colorado
 * Sunrise Park Resort-Greer, Arizona
 * Seven Springs Mountain Resort-Champion, Pennsylvania
 * Sunday River-Maine
 * Alyeska Resort-Girdwood, Alaska
 * Stevens Pass-Skykomish, Washington
 * Pajarito-Los Alamos, New Mexico
 * Blue Mountain-Palmerton, Pennsylvania
 * Mount Snow-West Dover, Vermont

Scotland

 * Nevis Range, Fort William
 * Glencoe Mountain, Argyll

title: Lift accessed mountain biking


text: User talk:69.134.63.101

title: User talk:69.134.63.101


text:
Van, Llanidloes

Van (Y Fan) is a hamlet in Powys, Mid Wales, located to the north west of Llanidloes. Its name, an anglicisation of the local Welsh placename "Fan" or in full "Y Fan" (which are also used), is believed to originate from the names of two ancient farms in the area; Manledd Uchaf and Manledd Isaf. The hamlet grew in the 19th century with the discovery of large deposits of lead, and a thriving lead mine was developed. At one point during the late 19th century 'Van Mine' was the most productive in Europe. The mines declined under pressure from foreign imports in the early 20th century plus mis-management, and operations ceased in the inter-war period. The name Van is also given to the small lake located just outside the village, Van Pool (Pwll y Fan).

title: Van, Llanidloes