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Omar Abu Risha

Omar Abu-Riche (عمر أبو ريشة; 10 April 1910 – 15 July 1990), also spelled Omar Ab(o)u Risha, Abu Risheh, was a Syrian ambassador and writer, known for his poetic works.

Biography
Abu-Riche was born into a wealthy literary family in Manbij, near Aleppo. He received his educational upbringing in Syria and continued his tertiary studies at the University of Damascus. He also studied at the American University in Beirut in 1931 and later read chemistry at the University of Manchester but returned to Syria in 1932.

While initially a fan of Abbasid poetry, he later looked for more independent voices in poetry and considered Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis to be the greatest love poem ever written. His favorite poets were Charles Baudelaire and Edgar Allan Poe. He wrote the poem Khatam al-Hub (The End of Love) and produced literary works while attending to his duties as librarian of Aleppo, Syria. His works included several volumes of poetry and poetic dramas.

In 1949, the Syrian government appointed him ambassador to Brazil. As a diplomat until 1964, he was ambassador to Argentina, Chile, India, Austria, and finally the United States.

title: Omar Abu Risha


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Biacore

Biacore was a life science products company based in Sweden. In June 2006 Biacore was sold for $390 million and became a product brand under GE Healthcare life Sciences, which became Cytiva in April 2020.

Biacore products measure biomolecular interactions, including protein-protein interactions, small molecule/fragment-protein interactions, etc. Its technology is often used to measure not only binding affinities, but kinetic rate constants and thermodynamics as well. The technology is based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), an optical phenomenon that enables detection of unlabeled interactants in real time. The SPR-based biosensors can be used in determination of active concentration as well as characterization of molecular interactions in terms of both affinity and chemical kinetics.

History
Biacore was founded in 1984 under the name of Pharmacia Biosensor AB, by researchers from Pharmacia, Linköping Institute of Technology and the Swedish National Defence Research Institute (FOA, now renamed the Swedish Defence Research Agency or FOI). The first Biacore SPR instrument was commercially released in 1990. In 1996 the company changed its name to Biacore AB Corporation.

Technology
A simple interaction experiment involves immobilizing one molecule of a binding pair on the sensor chip surface ("ligand", in Biacore parlance) and injecting a series of concentrations of its partner ("analyte") across the surface. Changes in the index of refraction at the surface where the binding interaction occurs are detected by the hardware and recorded as RU (resonance units) in the control software. Curves are generated from the RU trace and are evaluated by fitting algorithms which compare the raw data to well-defined binding models. These fits allow determination of a variety of thermodynamic constants, including the apparent affinity of the binding interaction. SPR is one of many methods for protein-protein and protein-ligand interaction assessment, see Methods to investigate protein–protein interactions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Biacore


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Fantastic Caverns

Fantastic Caverns is a show cave located in Springfield, Missouri. Fantastic Caverns is the only cave in North America to offer a completely ride-through tour, which lasts 55 minutes and is held in a Jeep-drawn tram. The trams drive along the path left behind by an ancient underground river.

History
The cavern was discovered by John Knox and his hunting dog in 1862. Knox did not want the cave to be exploited by the Union or Confederate governments as a possible source of saltpeter, so he kept the cave's existence quiet until 1867. Knox put an advertisement in the Springfield paper for someone to explore the cave, and it was first explored on February 14, 1867. On February 27, almost two weeks later, the Springfield Women's Athletic Club explored the cave. The twelve ladies are considered the first explorers of the cave, since they carved their names into the rock as graffiti and are mentioned in an article published in the Springfield Tri-Weekly Patriot newspaper. The cave was renamed "Fantastic Caverns" in the 1950s. The cave was owned by the Ku Klux Klan from 1924 to 1930, during which they used the caverns as a meeting place.

The caverns were used as a speakeasy during Prohibition. The caverns also hosted music concerts during the 1950s and 1960s. The shows were broadcast on KGBX radio in the 1970s.

Trivia
The temperature inside Fantastic Caverns is about 60 °F (15 °C) year-round. In the winter and fall, billboards advertise that the cave is a "warm 60 degrees," while in the summer and spring, billboards advertise the caverns to be a "cool 60 degrees." The cave hosts over 100,000 visitors a year.

Fantastic Caverns is 6 miles from Jefferson Avenue 562-foot Footbridge and near Ritter Springs Park.

title: Fantastic Caverns


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Greatest Hits Volume Three: Best of the Brother Years 1970–1986

Greatest Hits Volume Three: Best of the Brother Years 1970–1986 is a compilation album of songs by American rock band The Beach Boys, released in 2000 by Capitol Records. It was released several months after its predecessors, The Greatest Hits – Volume 1: 20 Good Vibrations and The Greatest Hits – Volume 2: 20 More Good Vibrations.

Titled The Best of the Beach Boys: 1970–1986 in England, it included three additional songs not issued on the US version: "Tears in the Morning", the single edit of the disco remake of "Here Comes the Night", and "Sumahama", and dropped "Disney Girls". The albums failed to chart in either the US or UK.


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WKRN-TV

WKRN-TV (channel 2) is a television station in Nashville, Tennessee, United States, affiliated with ABC and owned by Nexstar Media Group. The station's studios are located on Murfreesboro Road (U.S. Routes 41 and 70S) on Nashville's southeast side, and its transmitter is located in Forest Hills, Tennessee.

The early years on channel 8 as WSIX-TV
The station first signed on the air on November 29, 1953, as WSIX-TV, broadcasting on VHF channel 8; it was the second television station in Nashville. WSIX-TV was originally licensed to WSIX, Inc., which was owned by Louis and Jack Draughon, along with WSIX (980 AM). Initially licensed to nearby Springfield, WSIX radio was launched on January 7, 1927, and based in the Draughon brothers' 638 Tire and Vulcanizing Company auto supply business in downtown Springfield. The "638" was the auto supply business' mailing address and did not allude to the assigned frequency for the radio station, nor would it for the television station. The station's original studio facilities were located on Old Hickory Boulevard, south of Nashville at the transmitter site, which was shared with WSIX-FM.

Originally a CBS affiliate that shared the ABC affiliation with WSM-TV (channel 4, now WSMV), it became a full-time ABC affiliate after only one year when WLAC-TV (channel 5, now WTVF) signed on and took the CBS affiliation due to WLAC radio's long history as a CBS radio affiliate. During the late 1950s, the station was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. In 1961, WSIX-AM-FM-TV moved to a new studio located at 441 Murfreesboro Road, where the television station remains located today.

The current WKRN studio facility is where the Wilburn Brothers' television program was produced during the 1960s and 1970s (however, WSM-TV had the rights to air the show in the Nashville market). WSIX-TV, however, did not have much luck against WSM-TV and WLAC-TV. Part of the problem was a weak signal, as its transmitter was short-spaced to channel 8 in Atlanta – occupied first by WSB-TV (currently occupied by WGTV). WSIX-TV was also hampered by a weaker network affiliation (ABC was not truly competitive with CBS and NBC until well into the 1970s).

Channel swap of 1973 and the General Electric years
The Draughons sold the WSIX stations to General Electric in 1966. In 1973, GE agreed to a deal with Nashville's PBS member station, WDCN-TV (now WNPT), then on channel 2, to swap frequencies. GE participated in the channel trade because the analog channel 2 facility was better suited for a network affiliate as opposed to a non-commercial educational station. The swap occurred on December 11, 1973, at 9 p.m., in the middle of prime time programming, between that night's Movie of the Week, The Cat Creature, and Marcus Welby, M.D.. At the same time, even though General Electric still owned WSIX-AM-FM, WSIX-TV's call letters were changed to WNGE (for Nashville General Electric). This was only the third facility swap in American television history.

In 1979, General Electric almost filed to sell WNGE to Nashville Television Inc., a subsidiary of North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company during a proposed General Electric merger with Cox Broadcasting, with its new group being led by president William J. Kennedy, for $25 million, but the deal apparently fell through due to a lack of Federal Communications Commission approval.

As WKRN-TV
General Electric pared down its broadcasting holdings during the early 1980s (possibly in preparation for its purchase of then-NBC parent company RCA in late 1985), selling WNGE to Knight Ridder Newspapers in 1983. The new owners changed the calls on November 29 to the current WKRN-TV. Knight Ridder sold off all of its television stations in 1989, at which point channel 2 (along with its sibling WTEN in Albany, New York, which Knight Ridder purchased in 1977) was sold to Young Broadcasting. Merely by coincidence, the call letters reflect the former Young Broadcasting flagship outlet, KRON-TV in San Francisco.

Like all other ABC affiliates that were owned by Young Broadcasting, WKRN preempted ABC's broadcast of the movie Saving Private Ryan in 2004.

On June 6, 2013, Media General announced that it would acquire Young Broadcasting in an all-stock deal. The merger was completed on November 12, 2013, resulting in WKRN and its Knoxville sister station WATE-TV becoming sister stations of Johnson City-based WJHL-TV.

However, less than two years after that merger was finalized, the station's ownership appeared as though it was once again put into flux, as on September 8, 2015, Media General announced that it would acquire the Meredith Corporation for $2.4 billion, with the combined group to be renamed Meredith Media General once the sale was finalized. Because Meredith already owned WSMV, and the two stations rank among the four highest-rated stations in the Nashville market in total day viewership, the companies would have been required to sell either WSMV or WKRN to comply with FCC ownership rules as well as recent changes to those rules regarding same-market television stations that restrict sharing agreements.

The overlap issue was later rendered moot as the deal collapsed, and on January 27, 2016, it was announced that the Nexstar Broadcasting Group would buy Media General for $4.6 billion. WKRN became part of "Nexstar Media Group", and along with its Tennessee siblings, became stablemates to fellow ABC affiliate WATN-TV and CW affiliate WLMT in Memphis. The sale was completed on January 17, 2017. Both stations were sold off to Tegna in 2019 as a part of the Tribune Broadcasting merger, with WKRN's new Memphis sister station becoming CBS affiliate WREG-TV.

On October 31, 2016, WKRN introduced a refreshed news graphics and music package and station logo, retiring the "Circle 2", which the station had been using in some capacity since 1981.

WKRN-DT2
WKRN-DT2 is the Ion Mystery–affiliated second digital subchannel of WKRN-TV, broadcasting in standard definition on channel 2.2).

As Nashville WX Channel
WKRN launched the subchannel in 2008 as a local 24-hour weather channel for the Nashville area. It was branded on-air as the "Nashville Weather Channel", but stylized as the "Nashville WX Channel". The subchannel also simulcast the main channel's wall-to-wall severe weather coverage when a tornado warning was issued for any part of WKRN's coverage area. The Channel was somewhat of a locally oriented version of the AccuWeather channel, except that it implements a backward L bar for its screen orientation, with an information crawl on the bottom of the screen. It provided pre-recorded weather segments produced by the WKRN Weather Team, and it featured radar imagery, the current time, temperature, and precipitation count in the Downtown Nashville area. This subchannel was also ad-supported, for commercials are shown between a replay of the taped weather segments, and the next time they show the weather slides with music in the background. Like the digital weather channels of other stations formerly owned by Young Broadcasting, the channel is produced in-house with no outside assistance from any national services (such as The Local AccuWeather Channel) and is fully automated using the station's weather computers. This format was similar to that of WBAY-DT2, the local weather-oriented second subchannel of Green Bay, Wisconsin area ABC affiliate WBAY-TV, then one of WKRN's sister stations.

In addition, some syndicated programming aired on this channel, most notably on Sunday mornings where E/I programming is offered through syndication, mainly including Canadian-imported syndicated show, Edgemont. The syndicated version of Storm Stories was also shown on WKRN-DT2 on weeknights at 7 p.m. CT. Both Edgemont and Storm Stories were discontinued a month before WKRN-DT2 switched to the MeTV affiliation.

It previously showed Atlantic Coast Conference basketball and football games from Raycom Sports from 2012 until late August 2014, when MyNetworkTV affiliate WUXP took over those rights for the purpose to serve as a replacement for the syndicated Southeastern Conference football and basketball packages by ESPN Plus-produced SEC TV (those were previously provided by Jefferson-Pilot/Raycom Sports until 2009), which were discontinued because of the launch of the new cable-exclusive SEC Network.

In 2014, a Wikipedia user listed WKRN-DT2 as an affiliate of WeatherNation TV, but it never aired programming from that network. WZTV-DT2, the second subchannel of local Fox affiliate WZTV (channel 17), became a WeatherNation affiliate in November 2014.

WKRN-DT2's programming was simulcast on WKRN-DT3, beginning on May 30, 2015, when the Live Well Network (which was previously broadcast on WKRN-DT3) ceased national distribution outside of ABC's owned-and-operated stations. This ended on December 30, 2015, when WKRN added Justice Network to the third subchannel.

MeTV affiliation
It was reported that WKRN-DT2 would affiliate with MeTV, and did so at the stroke of midnight on February 1, 2016, replacing The Nashville WX Channel. MeTV was first carried on low-power station WJDE-LD on 31.1 from 2012 until 2016. WJDE also carried all of MeTV's programming full time, since that station did not broadcast any local programming whatsoever. Since WJDE signed on in 1986, it carried the full-time satellite feed of the Home Shopping Network, before it switched to MeTV in 2012. At the same time on February 1, 2016, when WKRN-DT2 switched from the Nashville WX Channel to carry MeTV, WJDE-LD's main channel switched from MeTV to Heroes & Icons.

Until January 1, 2018, WKRN-DT2 was the default MeTV affiliate for viewers in at least the southern half of the Bowling Green, Kentucky market area who can receive the signal. In spite of WKRN-DT2 being the closest MeTV outlet, Louisville CBS affiliate WLKY, along with its main channel, was carried on the South Central Rural Telephone Cooperative cable system, which serves cable subscribers in the Caveland area of Barren, Metcalfe, and Hart counties. This ended on January 1, 2018, when Bowling Green-area NBC primary/CBS subchannel-only affiliate WNKY launched their third subchannel to carry the entire MeTV schedule.

Bounce TV affiliation
In September 2019, WKRN started running advertisements on WKRN-DT2 stating that the subchannel would switch to Bounce TV on September 23, with MeTV moving to WJFB (channel 44.1). A WKRN spokesperson stated the decision was made "at the corporate level." WKRN-DT2 officially switched from MeTV to Bounce TV at the stroke of midnight on September 23, 2019. Bounce TV continued to be seen on low-powered station WLLC-LP 42.3 until December 2, when it was replaced with AMGTV.

WKRN-DT3
On August 26, 2012, WKRN began carrying the Live Well Network on its third digital subchannel. Originally announced to launch on July 18, 2012, LWN's carriage on the new subchannel was part of an agreement announced in January 2012, between Young Broadcasting and Live Well Network in which the network will be carried as a digital multicast service on Young-owned stations in seven markets. Live Well Network was scheduled to be shut down in January 2015, but ABC decided to continue broadcasting the Live Well Network for an estimated two to three months beyond the reported January 15, 2015, shutdown date. On May 29, 2015, Comcast reported that they had been informed by Media General that as of May 30, 2015, Media General would discontinue carrying Live Well Network on their channels, including WKRN. On May 30, 2015, WKRN began broadcasting the Nashville WX Channel on WKRN-DT3, the same feed as they carry on WKRN-DT2. On December 30, 2015, WKRN began broadcasting The Justice Network on WKRN-DT3.

Sports programming
WKRN-TV has an agreement with the Tennessee Titans to broadcast Bridgestone Titans on 2, the team's coach's show that originally aired from 8 to 9 p.m. on Tuesdays, preempting ABC programming in that timeslot during the NFL season (which featured low-rated and critically derided sitcoms for the majority of the 2000s). The show now airs Mondays and Saturdays at 6:30 p.m., preempting Wheel of Fortune in that timeslot during football season. It moved to that timeslot after viewer criticism during the early episodes first season of the 2009 series V where it was pushed to late Tuesday evenings one week, then to a day-and-date airing on WKRN-DT2 the next. WKRN's then-sister station in Green Bay, WBAY-TV, also faced the same situation with a locally produced football program covering the Green Bay Packers, but after a week moved that program to air before prime time to accommodate V (later affiliation agreements eventually made preempting programming in this manner impossible outside breaking news and severe weather situations).

WKRN is also the flagship station of the Tennessee Titans Preseason Television Network, which broadcasts Titans preseason football games during August. These games often prompt WKRN to broadcast the night's ABC prime time programming on a tape delay in the overnight hours of the following morning.

Starting in 2006, WKRN also simulcasts ESPN's Monday Night Football any time the Tennessee Titans are involved in a Monday night match-up during the regular season whenever it does not conflict with an ABC broadcast of a Monday night game whenever two games are played, in which case, WZTV would simulcast the ESPN telecast of the Titans game while WKRN airs the ABC-exclusive game.

News operation
WKRN broadcasts $45 1/2$ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with $7 1/2$ hours each weekday and four hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). In addition, the station produces a half-hour public affairs program, This Week with Bob Mueller, which airs Sundays at 11 p.m. WKRN is the only Big Three network affiliate in Nashville that does not run an hour-long newscast at 6 p.m., although its early evening newscasts on weekdays begin at 4 p.m., including ABC World News Tonight at 5:30 p.m.

Before the advent of satellite technology in the 1980s, the Vanderbilt Television News Archive taped all ABC News broadcasts from the airwaves of WSIX/WNGE/WKRN. Some of the recordings prior to that time include local cut-ins to ABC coverage of national elections, which represent the only preservations of the station's news broadcasts of that time; a 1979 recording of a late night ABC News broadcast also included the station's signoff sequence.

On October 11, 2011, WKRN began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition, becoming the last Nashville television station to make the upgrade. This included a brand new news set that was built in a separate studio that was based on a design shared by all Young stations that have upgraded to HD, replacing the "working newsroom" set that had been used for the newscasts since 1986.

On March 29, 2014, WKRN added an additional hour of newscasts on both Saturday and Sunday mornings beginning at 5 a.m.

On September 8, 2023, WKRN became the market's second station to debut a 3 p.m. newscast.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Analog-to-digital conversion
WKRN shut down its analog signal over VHF channel 2 on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 27, using virtual channel 2.

Cable carriage
WKRN is available to every Middle Tennessee cable provider, including Xfinity channels 2 (SD) and 1002 (HD). Those channel allocations also apply to U-verse. WKRN is also available on Charter Spectrum channels 2 (SD) and 702 (HD).

In Clarksville, it is available to subscribers of CDE Lightband Cable channels 2 (SD) and 902 (HD). WKRN is also available on Mediacom and Charter in the Hopkinsville, Kentucky, area.

Southern Kentucky
Due to Nashville's close proximity to the Bowling Green area, WKRN's over-the-air (OTA) signal can be picked up in some areas of the Bowling Green media market, the home territory to fellow ABC affiliate WBKO (channel 13). WKRN's signal can reach as far north as an area along the Green River in areas just north of Bowling Green.

As with the other "Big Three" Nashville stations, WKRN also has had presence in southern Kentucky, even after Arbitron collapsed Bowling Green into its own media market in 1977 because of WBKO's success and growth, thus putting WSIX-TV/WNGE/WKRN in competition with WBKO for viewing allegiances in southern Kentucky. From 1967 until 1981, channel 13 (as WLTV at the time of its initial affiliation deal with ABC) relied on reception of WSIX-TV/WNGE/WKRN's signal through off-air reception and/or a private microwave link in order to air ABC programming as that station did not receive network programming through the satellite feed at the time. Before WLTV affiliated with ABC, WSIX-TV's 1966 application for the construction permit for a low-power translator on the south side of Bowling Green was approved in December of that year; those plans were since cancelled once WLTV's ABC affiliation was announced. WKRN-TV was dropped from cable systems in Bowling Green in 1998 to make room for WBWG, a WBKO-operated cable-only WB affiliate as part of The WB 100+ Station Group, which has since relaunched over-the-air as CW Plus affiliate WBKO-DT3 in 2006.

In addition to the Bowling Green area, WKRN was also previously available on CATV in Glasgow, the Barren County seat, via the Glasgow Electric Plant Board. This ended during the 2000s as more of their customers watched WBKO than WKRN as subscribers preferred news from within Kentucky over news from an out-of-state outlet; this was also due to part of controversial issues that occurred concerning the carriage of both stations. WKRN was permanently dropped from the Glasgow EPB's channel lineup in 2003 because WBKO wanted to be the sole ABC affiliate to be carried. However, WHAS-TV, the ABC affiliate in Louisville, is still available on that system as a backup ABC affiliate if one or the other preempts network programming for severe weather coverage, but carriage of both stations on the system is subject to the FCC's syndication exclusivity rules.

Lincoln County, Tennessee
WKRN was carried on Fayetteville Public Utilities' cable system in the Fayetteville, Tennessee, area in Lincoln County, the only Middle Tennessee county that is considered to be in the Huntsville, Alabama media market. This ended on December 31, 2021, when WAAY-TV claimed market exclusivity.

Northern Alabama
From 1957 through the 1970s and 1980s, WKRN, along with WSMV, WTVF, and eventually independent station WZTV (now a Fox affiliate), was also available on CATV systems in other areas of the Huntsville media market in northern Alabama, including TelePrompter (later Group W Cable, now Comcast) and Knology (now WOW!). They were eventually dropped as more national cable channels were launched throughout the mid- and late 1980s.

title: WKRN-TV


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Meadows, North Carolina

Meadows is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States, about four miles southeast of the county seat, Danbury, on North Carolina State Highway 8.

title: Meadows, North Carolina


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Talk:Gaiety Theatre, Dublin

Untitled
I attended my first Opera at the Gaiety in 1945.[La Boheme] I had to Queue up outside a side door, pay my sixpence to be admitted and then worked my way up to the Gods. [To-day July 18 2005 I learned that they pulled down the "old " Gods in the late Fifties.] I was studying Music at the time but I learnt more about the appreciation of Opera from fellow Queuers. They didn't have much money but could always find a 'tanner' to pay for their admission to The Gods.

More later.cmcn

Comment by 203.213.7.133 - TPG Internet Pty Ltd Australia

Time problem
I have the impression that one of two sentences either needs clarification or correction: "the Gaiety was opened on 27 November 1871 [..] and has hosted a pantomime every year - without interruption - since the mid 1850's". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.116.233.153 (talk) 08:37, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gaiety Theatre, Dublin


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User talk:Predawn radience

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. You may also want to check out Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Finally, here are some open tasks:

Other links for reference: Wikiquette, image copyright tags, Merge Hope to see you around the Wiki! Remember to be Bold! with your edits, and if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 02:03, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Predawn radience


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IRB racing

Inflatable Rescue Boat (IRB) racing, is a surf sport in which surf lifesaving club teams race Inflatable Rescue Boats. IRB racing competitions are held in various countries, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Germany, and France.

IRB racing consists of a number of simulated rescue events, with the aim of improving lifesaver skills through competition. Competition rules vary from nation to nation; however, the International Life Saving Federation adopted the Australian rules for the 2008 IRB World Championship.

Overview
Since the mid 1980s, there has been a form of IRB Racing competition with SLSA.

The aim of Competition is to; (i) Improve the prowess of IRB drivers and crewpersons (crew). (ii) Encourage crews to correctly equip and maintain their IRB and motors for optimum safe performance and reliability for both lifesaving patrol duties and competition. (iii) Allow crews to demonstrate their techniques and their abilities to perform a rescue. (iv) Bring crews together to discuss and improve IRB techniques and operations. (v) Promote safety awareness techniques for the crew and patients in simulated rescue scenarios.

A strong emphasis will be placed on safe driving, crewing and patient safety practices. All competitors must complete each event in a safe and controlled speed and manner or will face immediate disqualification from the event, and/or issue of a safety infringement and consideration for further penalties.

During the early 2000s, however, competition was not practiced, (between 2002 -04 seasons), Competition was suspended altogether. This was due to SLSA having major issues and problems associated with the IRB during normal summer patrols and then the winter competition. - due to insurance issues and number of injuries to participants). See Below.

Typically Competition takes place at carnivals that are held at different beaches, spread out over the off-season, between the months of April and July. Each carnival involving a number of events, these events are designed to simulate the real time rescue situations typically found on beaches during the summer /patrol season period.

The IRB rescue events have the Rescue Surf Rescue, the Mass Rescue, the Tube Rescue, a Team Relay Rescue, and the Assembly Rescue.

Each event is simulated rescue by a team representing their particular club. For most events, the team consists of an Driver, a Crew person, and a Patient, though this is not the case with regard to the Team Relay, and Mass Rescue events where additional drivers, crew members and patients are evolved.

Depending on the number of crews participating in the each event, events are usually run in heats, semi-finals, and finals. Team placement within the races, determines which teams move onto the next round and those that are eliminated.

Carnivals are contested at both, Local State, State Titles and National Titles Level and during the International Lifesaving Championships.

Brief history
Soldiers Beach Surf Life Saving Club (SLSC) is regarded as the first club to develop the idea of racing IRBs under simulated rescue scenarios to assist drivers and crews in enhancing their skills. Starting in the early 1970s, the events were continuously refined until 1976, when Surf Life Saving Australia endorsed a set of IRB competition guidelines. IRB racing and competition flourished and continued to grow in popularity with surf clubs from across Australia.

Clubs in each Australian state have competed against each other at regularly scheduled carnivals throughout the season in preparation for the annually held state titles. Clubs that do well in state titles submit teams for competition in national titles or "Aussies".

Competition safety review
Due to mounting safety concerns relating to IRB racing, competition was suspended for a period of two years, beginning at the end of the 2000/2001 season. During this time the rules applied to racing IRBs in competition were thoroughly scrutinised. Eventually, a new format for racing was presented for trial during the 2003/2004 season. The new rules required patient head protection, plus changes to procedures for starting and finishing races, as well as craft launching.

Previously, a driver and crew person started all races (minus the Assembly) behind a starting line approximately 5–10 meters from the shore line. The craft was positioned at the water's edge, nose facing away from the sea. Upon firing of the starter's gun, the driver and crew person would run up to the boat and swing it around, dragging it to an appropriate depth for launching.

As a result of the Safety Review, the rules were modified to call for the craft to be placed at the water's edge, nose facing out to sea. Both the driver and crew person start the race standing outside of the boat, but in contact with the craft. The driver must not be in contact with the motor in any way. After the starter's gun fires, the driver and crew person may proceed to drag the craft to an appropriate depth before the driver jumps in and starts the motor to begin the race.

Patients must be of a minimum age of 15 years and possess the Bronze Medallion and crew person's certificate.

Scrutineering
In its simplest form, 'scrutineering' is a way of standardising craft performance in order to make the competition fair and equally matched. Scrutineering involves inspecting and checking the craft, the motor, and accessories (including fuel type) for compliance to the specifications outlined in competition guidelines.

It is carried out by competition officials a few days prior to competition. No team may enter a craft into competition without its first passing scrutineering. Officials look for modifications to the motor, confirm correct fuel type, and check that all craft carry the minimum list of IRB accessories.

Marshalling
Marshalling is performed approximately 10 minutes prior to an event's commencing, to ensure all participating team members (driver, crew person and patient) are present and accounted for. Any team or member failing to show up to marshalling before a cut-off time are disqualified from the race. During marshalling, teams are allocated their own lane and designated buoy colour.

After marshalling, all patients are taken to a craft termed the duty boat, which transports them to the buoys in their respective lanes.

Surf rescue
Surf Rescue is a competitive event requiring only one driver, one crew person and the patient. This race simulates the most basic form of rescue: to pick up a single patient in trouble.

The race starts with the boat positioned on the shore line, nose facing out to sea. As viewed from the beach, the patient is placed to the right of a buoy positioned approximately 140 metres directly out from the shore. On initial firing of the starter's gun, driver and crew proceed to drag the craft to an appropriate depth. The crew person holds the boat steady, allowing the driver to jump in and start the motor. The moment the motor fires up, the crew person jumps inside the boat, grabs the rope handle, and positions himself or herself ready for the patient pick up. The boat will now be in full operation and heading toward the patient as fast as possible. Depending on surf conditions, the driver and crew person may need to negotiate breaking waves, in which case the crew person must clamber as far forward on the bow pontoon as possible to ensure the boat does not flip but punches through the wave instead.

Once the craft is within 10 metres of the patient, the driver will back the speed off slightly while the crew person leans out across the port side pontoon, preparing his or her left arm to form a solid hook. In preparation for pick-up, the patient links both hands in a loop above his or her head. Precision positioning by the driver is required to ensure the craft comes up just next to the patient so that the crew person may hook the patient and pull him or her into the boat. The driver then turns sharply around the buoy and the entire team prepares for a quick dash back to the shore by ducking down into the boat as far as possible to reduce their wind resistance. During the return to shore, the driver will usually travel at top speed, popping over breaking waves and driving down the face of spilling waves. As the craft hits the beach, the driver must 'kill', or stop, the motor, exit the boat and make a final dash to the finish line to complete the race.

The Surf Rescue is performed in both male and female categories and is the most anticipated and fiercely competitive event of the entire carnival.

IRB Team Rescue
Each teams is composed of two patients and two crews (one driver and one crew member per crew). The patient is positioned on the seaward side of a designated buoy. Both crews are positioned on the beach side of the crew start/finish line adjacent to their beach position indicator.

On the starter's signal, the first crew launches the IRB and proceeds through the surf to the patient. On the inside of the turn (as the IRB rounds the buoy), the crew member jumps overboard on the seaward side of the buoy. The driver completes the buoy turn and returns to shore alone.

Meanwhile, the crew member of the second crew moves into the water. The first driver stays in contact and in control of the IRB until the second crew member secures and takes control of the IRB. The first driver runs up the beach and crosses the crew start/finish line to tag the second driver who proceeds to the IRB.

The second crew re-launches the IRB, precedes through the surf to pick up the patient and the first crew member, rounds their buoy, and returns to shore to finish the event.

Mass rescue
Mass Rescue is a competitive event that simulates a rescue in which more than one patient is in trouble. Hence, it requires more than one trip back to the buoy to complete the rescue.

Specifically, the Mass Rescue involves picking up two different patients, in separate trips to the buoy, with a simulated driver changeover in between. It proceeds as follows. Before the rescue begins, the team's two patients are transported to the buoy, with one positioned in front of it and the other positioned behind. The first leg of the Mass Rescue is identical to the Surf Rescue race, except that the IRB travels around the buoy in an anti-clockwise pattern and the first patient to be picked up is the one located behind the buoy.

After the first patient is picked up, the team returns to shore, the driver turns off the motor and puts it into neutral. The driver then exits the IRB, runs up the beach, around a turning post, and then back to the boat for the second leg. During the driver's run, the rescued patient exits the boat, and the crew person turns the IRB around to face the surf once again. At the same time, the patient still in the water moves from a position in front of the buoy to a position behind it, and prepares for pick-up.

As soon as the driver returns to the boat, he or she enters the boat and the second leg proceeds as the first. Once the second patient has been successfully picked up and the IRB has returned to shore, the driver cuts the motor, places it into neutral, exits the boat and runs over the finish line to complete the race.

The Mass Rescue is an excellent test of a crew's strength and endurance.

Tube rescue
Tube Rescue is a competitive event that simulates the act of rescuing a patient with the use of a flexible foam rescue tube.

It consists of a driver, crew person, and patient. In this race, two buoys are positioned 25 metres apart in the water. The patient is placed at the buoy farthest away from the shore. The race starts in the same way as the Surf Rescue. However, when the craft reaches the first buoy, the driver circles it anti-clockwise. As the craft passes around the right side of the buoy, the crew person, with the lanyard of the rescue tube looped over his body, disembarks into the water. The crew person then proceeds to swim to the second buoy, trailing the rescue tube behind.

Upon approaching the second buoy, the crew person pulls the tube in and passes it to the waiting patient. The patient assists the crew person by wrapping the tube around the front of his or her chest, then leaning forward so the crew person may clip the two ends of the tube together. Once this is done, the crew person swims around the buoy and heads back towards the first buoy and the awaiting driver and craft. The patient must now lean back and kick as hard as possible to assist the crew person. Meanwhile, the driver waits on the shore side of the first buoy. When patient and crew person reach the IRB, the driver assists the patient into the boat, as the tube must remain on the patient's body until he or she is in the craft. The crew person will climb into the craft and when both are in the boat, the driver must commence an anti-clockwise turn of the buoy before proceeding back to the shore. The finish is much the same as for the Surf Rescue.

The Tube Rescue is a true test of the crew person's swimming fitness and strength. This race is very dynamic, as it does not always come down to the fastest craft or first team off the start line; often the outcome is determined by which crew person is the stronger swimmer.

IRB Relay
IRB Relay is a competitive event that requires two IRB teams from each individual club, each consisting of a driver, a crew person and a patient. One is designated the primary team, and the other, the secondary team. Set-up is similar to the Surf Rescue and the primary team starts the race in the same way as the Surf Rescue, racing out to pick up the first patient and then returning to the beach.

As soon as the primary team reaches the beach and the driver exits the boat, the secondary crew person is allowed to run out to the boat, turn it around, and drag it out to starting depth. The two crews must have control of the boat at all times.

While the secondary-team crew person prepares the IRB for its second run, the driver from the primary team sprints up the beach to tag the driver of the secondary team, who then sprints down the beach, enters the boat and then proceeds to pick up the second patient.

The race is complete when the secondary team has successfully returned to the beach, the driver has exited the boat and has run across the finish line.

Team positions and racing protocol

 * IRB driver
 * IRB crew person
 * IRB patient

title: IRB racing


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Shabba Doo

Adolfo Quiñones (May 11, 1955 – December 29, 2020), known professionally as Shabba Doo, was an American actor, break dancer, and choreographer. Of African American and Puerto Rican descent, Quiñones was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. In the 1970s his family moved to Los Angeles, where he became interested in dancing and began performing in nightclubs. He adopted the pseudonym Shabba Doo and joined the dance group The Lockers, who were responsible for popularizing the locking style of street dance.

In 1984, Quiñones played one of the lead characters in the breakdancing-themed musical film Breakin',. The film was successful at the box-office, grossing $38,682,707 domestically, and spawned a sequel Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo. Quiñones continued acting in films and television.

Throughout his career, Quiñones performed and choreographed dance for musical acts such as Lionel Richie, Madonna, Luther Vandross, Three Six Mafia, and Chaka Khan.

Early life and education
Quiñones was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, United States; His father, Adolfo, had been born in Puerto Rico and became a salesman and a laborer. His mother, an Ethiopian Ruth (McDaniel) Quiñones, was an accountant whose family had moved from Mississippi to Chicago during the Great Migration. His mother raised him as a single parent from the age of three. He had a younger sister, Fawn Quiñones, who was also a dancer, and frequently featured on the musical variety television program Soul Train. Quiñones was raised in the Cabrini–Green housing complex in the city's North Side. For high school, Quiñones attended Cooley Vocational High School and Robert A. Waller High School (now known as Lincoln Park High School). In the 1970s, his family moved to the Los Angeles area. He began dancing in clubs around Crenshaw Boulevard and at venues like Radiotron, near MacArthur Park. Break-dance culture was growing at these establishments, and he dueled nightly in them with rivals on the dance floor. He started calling himself Sir Lance-a-Lock, which then became Shabba-Dabba-Do-Bop, which was finally shortened to Shabba-Doo.

Career
As a member of The Original Lockers along with Don "Campbellock" Campbell, Fred "Rerun" Berry and Toni Basil, Quiñones became one of the innovators of the dance style commonly known as locking.

In 1980. Quiñones acted on stage in David Winters's rock musical Goosebumps.

In May 1984, Joel Silberg's breakdancing-themed musical film Breakin' opened in cinemas, where Quiñones was cast as a lead playing Ozone. The film opened at number one in the box office, earning $6,047,686. and eventually grossed $38,682,707 in the domestic box office, making it the eighteenth highest-grossing film of 1984.

In December, 1984, Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo premiered, directed by Sam Firstenberg with Quiñones returning as Ozone. The film grossed $15.1 million in the United States and Canada.

Also in 1984, he danced in Chaka Khan's music video "I feel for you"

In 1987, Quiñones was a primary dancer and main choreographer for singer Madonna's Who's That Girl? Tour in 1987. He would later choreograph for other singers, such as Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson.

In 1989, Quiñones appeared in the film Tango & Cash.

In 1990, Quiñones acted in Deadly Dancer and Lambada.

Quiñones also appeared in Rave - Dancing to a Different Beat, which he also directed. He made guest appearances on TV shows including The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!, Married... with Children, Miami Vice, What's Happening!!, Saturday Night Live and Lawrence Leung's Choose Your Own Adventure. Quiñones was writing A Breakin’ Uprising.

He served as choreographer for Jamie Kennedy's MTV sitcom, Blowin' Up. He choreographed Three Six Mafia's performance at the 78th Academy Awards; the group won the Oscar for best original song for "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp".

Personal life and death
Quiñones was married twice and had two children. His first marriage was to Gwendolyn Powell from 1976 until 1982. After divorcing Powell, Quiñones married actress Lela Rochon in 1982. Quiñones and Rochon were married until 1987. He died at his home from undisclosed causes on December 29, 2020, at age 65. A later coroner's report listed the cause of death as arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

title: Shabba Doo


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Rechberg

The House of Rechberg is the name of an old noble comital family in Swabia during the Holy Roman Empire period. They were sovereign counts of Rechberg and Rothenlöwen. As a mediatized house (mediatized by Württemberg in 1806), the family belonged to high nobility.

Notable family members

 * Ulrich I von Rechberg, ca. 1140–1206, auf Hohenrechberg, Swabian Marescalc, married Edilhardis von Ramis and Berchterad von Biberbach
 * Hildebrand (Hiltprand) von Rechberg, fl 1194–1226, auf Hohenrechberg, d. before 1235, married Anna, daughter of Heinrich Marschall von Pappenheim
 * Conrad I "Monacus" von Rechberg, fl 1235,
 * Conrad II "der Landvogt" von Rechberg, fl 1259
 * Albrecht (I) "der Landvogt" von Rechberg, fl 1293,
 * Albrecht III von Rechberg, zu Staufeneck, zu Falkenstein d. 1408
 * Wilhelm I von Rechberg zu Hohenrechberg, d. after 1401; married Sophie von Veringen, daughter of Heinrich IV of Veringen
 * Heinrich I von Rechberg zu Hohenrechberg und Gammertingen, d. 1437; married Agnes von Helfenstein, daughter of Ulrich VII of Helfenstein
 * Hans von Rechberg-Hohenrechberg, zu Gammertingen, married Veronika von Waldburg (d. 1443) and Elisabeth von Werdenberg-Sargans, daughter of Heinrich IX (II) of Werdenberg-Sonnenberg (d. 1469)

title: Rechberg


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Al Trautwig

Alan Trautwig (born February 26, 1956) is a sports commentator who worked with MSG Network, ABC, NBC, NBC Sports Network, and USA Network. He most recently did pre-game and post-game shows for the New York Knicks and New York Rangers, as well as fill-in play-by-play for both teams.

Early life
Trautwig was a stick boy for the New York Islanders in their early days in the NHL and a ball boy for the New York Nets when they played in the ABA. Both teams used the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York for their home games. He graduated from H. Frank Carey Junior-Senior High School, in Franklin Square, NY. As a 22-year-old recent college graduate, Trautwig called New York Apollo soccer games on WBAU 90.3 FM, a student-run radio station on Long Island.

Broadcasting career
In the 1980s, Trautwig hosted USA Network's coverage of the National Hockey League; one off-beat feature that he did was to interview a water fountain. He also occasionally would do the sponsor plugs for WWF shows that would air on the USA Network in the mid-'80s. He occasionally guest hosted the NHL on Versus studio program Hockey Central. He also anchored several MISL games from 1978 to 1992. In the late 1980s, Trautwig hosted SportsNite for ABC Sports, leading former network personality Howard Cosell to quip to The Washington Post's Norman Chad, "I don't even know, as God is my witness, or have ever even heard of an Al Trautwig."

Trautwig was one of the original hosts for Classic Sports Network when it was founded in 1996.

The 2000 New York Sportscaster of the Year, Trautwig has covered the last eight Olympic games, and has won New York Sports Emmys for his coverage of the Yankees, Knicks, and Rangers. From 1991 to 2001, Trautwig was host of the New York Yankees' pre- and post-game shows on MSG Network, and also was in the booth for a few innings per game. In 2006, he hosted the new MSG show called Al Trautwig's MSG Vault, which featured vintage and sometimes discovered lost footage of the Knicks and Rangers from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

At the beginning of the 2006 football season Trautwig became a radio host as well, hosting the radio version of NBC's Football Night in America for Westwood One, which co-produces the show (called NBC NFL Sunday) with the network. However, Trautwig left the show in the middle of the season. Trautwig's contract was not renewed after taking some time off when he appeared in a November 2019 broadcast and viewers noted he looked unwell.

He also hosted NBC's coverage of the Ford Ironman World Championship, Foster Grant Ironman World Championship 70.3 and ING New York City Marathon.

Auto racing, cycling and tennis commentary
He was a television pit reporter alongside Jim McKay for ABC Sports' coverage of the 1986-1987 Indianapolis 500.

He has co-anchored coverage of the Tour de France (from 2004 to 2007 on Versus (formerly OLN) and in the 1980s for ABC), the Olympics, and NBC's coverage of the Arena Football League. Despite his years of experience as a broadcaster, he was sometimes criticized by cycling fans, for his occasionally uninformed commentary, and his tendency to compare the Tour to various mainstream sports he covers.

From 2005 to 2008, he also co-anchored USA Network's coverage of the US Open tennis tournament. Trautwig also had a cameo in the movie Cool Runnings as an announcer for the bobsled competition. He now co-anchors the US Open's live feed during the tournament.

Gymnastics commentary
In 2000, Trautwig replaced John Tesh as play by play announcer of U.S. national and international gymnastics competitions for NBC, including the 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympic games. Trautwig's color commentators included former Olympic gold medalist Tim Daggett, former Canadian champion gymnast Elfi Schlegel, three-time Olympian John Roethlisberger and 2008 Olympic champion Nastia Liukin.

Trautwig has stated that, at the urging of NBC producers, his gymnastics commentary focused on the personal stories of the gymnasts. During the 2008 Beijing Olympics, he described a gymnast's pre-Olympics injury as "like having a tear in your wedding dress right before you walk down the aisle."

His most notable controversy involved repeatedly referring to the fact that Simone Biles's adoptive parents are her biological grandparents during the 2016 Rio Olympics, refusing to refer to them as her parents. He publicly doubled down on these sentiments on Twitter despite widespread backlash, tweeting, "they may be mom and dad, but they are not her parents." His commentary has resulted in some in the gymnastics community criticizing Trautwig long before the Biles controversy at the 2016 Rio Olympics. Shortly after the conclusion of the 2016 Rio Olympics, Trautwig was permanently removed from gymnastics commentary duty.

title: Al Trautwig


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User:Meersan

This userpage style was borrowed from User:FireFox.

title: User:Meersan


text:
Mindkiller

Mindkiller is a 1982 science fiction novel by American writer Spider Robinson. The novel, set in the late 1980s (re-edited later to begin in 2006), explores the social implications of technologies to manipulate the brain, beginning with wireheading, the use of electric current to stimulate the pleasure center of the brain in order to achieve a narcotic high.

The novel follows three central characters: Karen Scholz, a young woman who has attempted suicide by permanent wireheading, the constant use of which overrides desires for food and drink; Norman Kent, a college professor, whose life is turned into a quest when his sister is abducted by a powerful authority; and Joe Templeton, a high-tech burglar, who has lost his memory after an accident during wartime.

The novel incorporates as its second chapter a slightly modified version of his short story "God Is an Iron" (first published in the May 1979 issue of Omni), a social commentary on the nature of addiction and addictive personalities built on wireheading.

The novel is unusual in its use of point of view, in a fashion similar to that of Robinson's mentor Robert A. Heinlein's novel The Number of the Beast.

Sequel stories
An independent sequel, Time Pressure, is set in 1974 and concerns the later discovery of a method of limited time travel by the protagonists of Mindkiller, though this connection may not be obvious to the casual reader until late in the novel. Baen Books has published these two novels, along with a third book in the series, Lifehouse, as an omnibus volume under the title The Lifehouse Trilogy.

Reception
Dave Langford reviewed Mindkiller for White Dwarf #71, and stated that "One can't help suspecting that this over-intensity is meant to distract you from the dodgy coincidences and out-of character behaviour required to drive the plot.. . not so much Spider as Heath Robinson."

Reviews

 * Review by Debbie Notkin (1982) in Locus, #261 October 1982
 * Review by Gene DeWeese (1983) in Science Fiction Review, Spring 1983
 * Review by Tom Easton (1983) in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, April 1983
 * Review by Garth Spencer (1983) in Science Fiction Review, Fall 1983
 * Review by Frank Catalano (1983) in Amazing Science Fiction, September 1983
 * Review by Steve Brown (1983) in Thrust, #19, Winter/Spring 1983
 * Review by Paul Brazier (1984) in Vector 121
 * Review by K. V. Bailey (1985) in Paperback Inferno, #57

title: Mindkiller


text:
Realm of New Zealand

The Realm of New Zealand is the area over which the monarch of New Zealand is head of state. The realm is not a federation but is a collection of states and territories united under its monarch. New Zealand is an independent and sovereign state that has one territorial claim in Antarctica (the Ross Dependency), one dependent territory (Tokelau), and two associated states (the Cook Islands and Niue). The Realm of New Zealand encompasses the three autonomous jurisdictions of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, and Niue.

The Ross Dependency has no permanent inhabitants, while Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue have indigenous populations. The United Nations formally classifies Tokelau as a non-self-governing territory; the Cook Islands and Niue are internally self-governing, with New Zealand retaining responsibility for defence and for most foreign affairs. The governor-general of New Zealand represents the monarch throughout the Realm of New Zealand, though the Cook Islands have an additional king's representative.

The four states and territories form an informal currency union but not a customs union; each is in its own customs zone.

Overview
The monarch of New Zealand, personally represented by the governor-general of New Zealand, is the head of state throughout the Realm of New Zealand. The New Zealand monarchy is unitary throughout all jurisdictions in the realm with the headship of state being a part of all equally. The 1983 Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand define the exact scope of the realm.

The Pacific islands of the Cook Islands and Niue became New Zealand's first colonies in 1901 and then protectorates. From 1965 the Cook Islands became self-governing, as did Niue from 1974. Tokelau came under New Zealand control in 1925 and remains a non-self-governing territory.

The Ross Dependency comprises that sector of the Antarctic continent between 160° east and 150° west longitude, together with the islands lying between those degrees of longitude and south of latitude 60° south. The British (imperial) government took possession of this territory in 1923 and entrusted it to the administration of New Zealand. Neither Russia nor the United States recognises this claim, and the matter remains unresolved (along with all other Antarctic claims) by the Antarctic Treaty, which serves to mostly smooth over these differences. The area is uninhabited, apart from scientific bases.

New Zealand nationality law treats all parts of the realm equally, so most people born in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency before 2006 are New Zealand citizens. Further conditions apply for those born from 2006 onwards.

Governor-general
The governor-general represents the head of state—currently Charles III, in his capacity as the King of New Zealand—in the area of the realm. Essentially, governors-general take on all the dignities and reserve powers of the head of state. Dame Cindy Kiro took office on 21 October 2021, following the end of Dame Patsy Reddy's term on 28 September 2021.

Cook Islands and Niue
[[File:New Zealand (+associated), administrative divisions - Nmbrs - monochrome.svg|thumb|Associated states in relation to New Zealand: 1. New Zealand

2. Niue

3. The Cook Islands]]

Both the Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. The details of their free association arrangement are contained in several documents, such as their respective constitutions, the 1983 Exchange of Letters between the governments of New Zealand and the Cook Islands, and the 2001 Joint Centenary Declaration. As such, the New Zealand Parliament is not empowered to unilaterally pass legislation in respect of these states. In foreign affairs and defence issues New Zealand acts on behalf of these countries, but only with their advice and consent.

As the governor-general is resident in New Zealand, the Cook Islands Constitution provides for the distinct position of King's Representative. Appointed by the Cook Islands Government, this position is de jure not subordinate to the governor-general and acts as the local representative of the King in right of New Zealand. Since 2013, Sir Tom Marsters is the King's Representative to the Cook Islands.

According to Niue's Constitution of 1974, the governor-general of New Zealand acts as the King's Representative, and exercises the "executive authority vested in the Crown".

In the Cook Islands and Niue, the New Zealand high commissioner is the diplomatic representative from New Zealand. Tui Dewes is the New Zealand High Commissioner to the Cook Islands, and Helen Tunnah is the New Zealand High Commissioner to Niue.

Despite their close relationship to New Zealand, both the Cook Islands and Niue maintain some diplomatic relations in their own name. Both countries maintain high commissions in New Zealand and have New Zealand high commissioners resident in their capitals. In Commonwealth practice, high commissioners represent their governments, rather than the head of state.

New Zealand
New Zealand is a sovereign state. At the United Nations, the country is identified in the General Assembly as simply "New Zealand", not as the Realm of New Zealand.

New Zealand proper consists of the following island groups:
 * the North Island, South Island, Stewart Island, and the neighbouring coastal islands such as the Solander Islands, all contained within the 16 regions of New Zealand;
 * the Chatham Islands to the east, contained within the Chatham Islands Territory;
 * the Kermadec Islands and the Three Kings Islands to the north and the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands to the south, all outside local authority boundaries and inhabited only by a small number of research and conservation staff;
 * the Ross Dependency, which forms a part of Antarctica, according to the New Zealand government, is constitutionally a part of New Zealand. However, New Zealand's claim to this part of Antarctica is recognised by only four other countries. In addition, New Zealand's claim to sovereignty is subject to the Antarctic Treaty, which it signed in 1959.

Tokelau
Tokelau has a lesser degree of self-government than the Cook Islands and Niue; it has been moving toward free association status. New Zealand's representative in Tokelau is the administrator of Tokelau (since 2022, Don Higgins), who has the power to overturn rules passed by the General Fono (parliament). In referendums conducted in 2006 and 2007 by New Zealand at the United Nations' request, the people of Tokelau failed to reach the two-thirds majority necessary to attain a system of governance with equal powers to that of the Cook Islands and Niue.

Future of the Realm
A 2016 poll showed 59 per cent of the population supported changing New Zealand's system of government from a monarchy to a republic, with a New Zealand resident as head of state. Should New Zealand become a republic, it would retain the Ross Dependency and Tokelau as dependent territories and the Realm of New Zealand would continue to exist without New Zealand, the Ross Dependency and Tokelau. This would not be a legal hurdle to a New Zealand republic as such, and both the Cook Islands and Niue would retain their free association with New Zealand. Rights to abode and citizenship, codified in New Zealand legislation by the Citizenship Act 1977, would not change.

However, a New Zealand republic would present the issue of continued allegiance to the monarch in the Cook Islands and Niue. Thus, a number of options for the future of the Realm of New Zealand exist should New Zealand become a republic with the Cook Islands and Niue either:
 * remaining in free association with New Zealand, but retaining the King or Queen as their head of state;
 * having the "republican" New Zealand head of state as their head of state and becoming independent states;
 * having their own heads of state, but retaining their status of free association with New Zealand.

title: Realm of New Zealand


text:
Salaam Bombay!

Salaam Bombay! is a 1988 Indian Hindi-language drama film, directed, co-written and co-produced by Mira Nair. The screenwriter was Nair's creative collaborator Sooni Taraporevala. This was the first feature film directed by Nair. The film depicts the daily lives of children living in slums in Bombay (now Mumbai), India's largest city. It stars Shafiq Syed, Raghuvir Yadav, Anita Kanwar, Nana Patekar, Hansa Vithal and Chanda Sharma.

Nair's inspiration for the film came from the spirit of Bombay's street children and how they lived. Production began in early 1988, and the film was co-financed by the National Film Development Corporation of India. After being released worldwide on 6 October 1988, the film grossed an estimated US$7.4 million at the overseas box office, against a production budget of only $450,000.

Nominated for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film at the 61st Academy Awards, the film was India's second film submission to be so nominated. After its initial release on 11 May 1988 at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival, Salaam Bombay! achieved significant critical acclaim. It won the Caméra d'Or and Audience award at the Cannes Film Festival. The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi, the National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film and three awards at the Montreal World Film Festival. The film was on the list of "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made" by The New York Times.

Plot
Before the start of the film, Krishna has set fire to his elder brother's motorbike in retaliation for being bullied by him. His angry mother has taken him to the nearby Apollo Circus and told him that he can only come home when he has earned 500 rupees to pay for the damage. Krishna agrees and starts working for the circus.

The film begins as the circus is packing up to move on to its next site. His boss asks him to run an errand, but when Krishna returns, he finds that the circus has left. Alone, with nowhere to go and without the money to repay his mother, he travels to the nearest big city, Bombay. As soon as he arrives, he is robbed of his few possessions. He follows the thieves, befriends them, and ends up in the city's notorious red-light area of Falkland Road, near the Grant Road Railway Station.

One of the thieves, Chillum, a drug pusher and addict, helps Krishna to get a job at the Grant Road Tea Stall and becomes a mentor of sorts to him. Baba, a local drug dealer, employs addicts like Chillum. Baba's wife, Rekha, is a prostitute, and they have a little daughter, Manju. Rekha is annoyed that she has to raise her daughter in such an environment. Baba had promised to start a new life elsewhere, but it is a promise that Baba cannot or will not fulfill.

Krishna gets a new name, "Chaipau," and learns to live with it. His goal is still to raise the money he needs to return home, but he soon finds out that saving money in his new surroundings is next to impossible. To make matters worse, he has a crush on a young girl named Sola Saal, who has been recently sold to the brothel. He sets fire to her room and attempts to escape with her, but they are caught. The fire causes Krishna to get a severe beating, while Sola Saal, who is considered valuable since she is still a virgin, denies starting the fire and tearfully tries to resist her enslavement. The madame of the house asks Baba to "tame her," which Baba agrees to do.

Meanwhile, Krishna, as well as working at the tea stall, works odd jobs to save some money and help Chillum, who cannot survive without drugs, especially after being sacked by Baba after a disastrous interview with a foreign journalist. Eventually, one of these odd jobs costs Krishna his job at the tea stall. To get more money, Krishna and his pals rob an elderly Parsi man by breaking into his house in broad daylight. Krishna eventually finds out that the money he had saved has been stolen by Chillum for drugs, which Chillum had overdosed on and died.

One night, while returning home from work with friends, Krishna and Manju are apprehended by the police and taken to a juvenile home. Krishna escapes and goes back to his world. He finds that a new recruit in Baba's drug business has taken Chillum's place and name. Krishna meets Sola Saal and tries to convince her to run away with him. She reveals that she is charmed by Baba and no longer interested in Krishna; she is driven away to service her first 'client'. Meanwhile, Rekha is told that the authorities will not release their daughter because the mother is a prostitute. An angry Rekha decides to leave Baba, but Baba beats her in retaliation. She is saved by the timely intervention of Krishna who, in a fit of rage, kills Baba and attempts to run away with her, but they become separated in a parade honoring Ganesh. The film ends with a slow zoom in on Krishna's dejected face.

Cast

 * Shafiq Syed as Krishna, nicknamed Chaipau
 * Raghuvir Yadav as Chillum (credited as Raghubir Yadav)
 * Hansa Vithal as Manju
 * Anita Kanwar as Rekha
 * Nana Patekar as Baba
 * Chanda Sharma as Sola Saal, nicknamed Sweet Sixteen
 * Irrfan Khan as Letter writer
 * Sanjana Kapoor as Foreigner reporter

Writing and inspiration

Nair records that the initial inspiration for the film came from the spirit of Bombay's street children. Her ideas developed when she researched the lives of the children with her creative partner Sooni Taraporevala. From the beginning, they decided that real street children would play in the film since the combination of childhood and knowledge in their faces would be hard to find among professional child actors.

Nair was also inspired to make the film after watching Héctor Babenco's drama Pixote (1981). She said, "on the first day of shooting, I received the news that the child actor who played the character of Pixote was shot dead in the street. After this incident, I was more determined to make Salaam Bombay!, and decided to share the film's dividends with street children if we could." After making four documentaries, Salaam Bombay! was Nair's first full-length feature film.

Production

Most of the film Salaam Bombay! was shot on Falkland Road, a red light district in Kamathipura, Bombay. The child actors in the film were real street children. The cast received drama training at a workshop in Bombay before they appeared in the film. Dinaz Stafford, a child psychologist, found the children, worked with them and assisted in the acting workshop run by Barry John. A room was rented near the Grant Road railway station for rehearsals, where about 130 children rehearsed on the first day. Later, before appearing in the film, a group of 24 street children trained in a workshop, where they were given music, dance and acting training. Gradually the stories of the city of Bombay, their parents, sex, trafficking, drug dealing, gangs and their profiteering were learned from them. Some were reunited with their families before the film was shot. They were paid, had medical treatment, and some of that money was left as a fixed deposit. Irrfan Khan played the role of a letter writer in a two-minute scene in the film, which was his first appearance in a film.

After its release, director Nair with Dinaz Stafford established an organization called the Salaam Baalak Trust in 1989 to rehabilitate the children who appeared in the film. The Salaam Baalak Trust now lends support to street children in Bombay, Delhi and Bhubaneshwar. Shafiq Sayed, who played Krishna in the film, is currently living as an auto rickshaw driver in Bangalore.

Initially, Cadrage, Channel Four Films, Doordarshan, La Sept Cinéma, Mirabai Films and the National Film Development Corporation of India paid for the production of the film. Several producers co-produced the film with Nair, with Gabriel Auer from France as the executive producer, Michael Nozik from the UK and Anil Tejani from India and Cherry Rogers as the co-executive producers. Also in co-production were Jane Balfour and co-producer Mitch Epstein.

Music and soundtrack
Salaam Bombay!: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, of the film was composed, performed, and directed by L. Subramaniam, was released on cassette and CD versions in 1986 from DRG Music Publishing. The song "Mera Naam Chin Chin Choo" was written by Qamar Jalalabadi, composed by O. P. Nayyar and sung by Geeta Dutt for the 1958 film Howrah Bridge is included in the film soundtrack. Also in a scene at the movie theatre, Sridevi's dance to the song "Hawa Hawaii" sung by Kavita Krishnamurti from the 1987 film Mr. India is performed.

Initial screening
Before commercial release, the film premiered at the Directors' Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival in May 1988. It was later screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 13 September in 1988.

Initial theatrical run
In 1988, the film was released on 24 August in France, on September in India, on 7 October at the 26th New York Film Festival, on 20 December in Italy, and on 22 December in Belgium.

Following year, the film was released on 13 January in Denmark, 2 February in Netherlands, on 10 February in Finland, on 27 April in West Germany, on 29 June in Australia, on 27 July in Argentina, on 24 September at the Cinefest Sudbury International Film Festival in Canada and 3 November in Sweden.

In 1990, the film was released on 26 January in East Germany, on 10 March in Japan, and on 5 April in Hungary. Following year, the film was released on 18 January in Portugal.

Box office
Salaam Bombay! earned US$2080046 in the United States and Canada, from 506,100 ticket sales. In France, the film sold 633,899 tickets; the average ticket price in 1988 was 34 francs, which is equivalent to 21,552,566francs (US$3803394). In Germany, the film sold 258,728 tickets; the average ticket price in 1989 was 9.5DM, which is equivalent to 2,457,916DM (US$1550736). The average exchange rate in 1988 was 1 US dollar equal to 1.585 Deutsche Mark, which is worth US$1550736.

The film also sold 346 tickets in Switzerland and Spain since 1996, adding up to total overseas footfalls of 0 tickets sold in the United States, France, Germany, Switzerland and Spain.

Against a production budget of $450,000, the film grossed an estimated total of US$7434176 in overseas markets, becoming one of the highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets at that time. The average exchange rate in 1988 was 1 US dollar equal to ₹13.9171, which is equivalent to inr 103462171.

Re-release
The film was re-released in France on 12 December 2001 and 7 January 2015. In 2005, it was also screened at the New Horizons Film Festival in Poland on 23 July. The film was re-released in Indian theatres in March 2013. In 2015, at the BFI London Film Festival, the film was screened on 9 October, and on 18 October at the Tallgrass Film Festival in the United States.

Critical reception
Salaam Bombay! mainly received positive reviews from critics who commented on the cultural and social impact of the film. On the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 30 reviews, with a rating average of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Salaam Bombay! examines life in a part of the world that many viewers have never visited - but does so with enough compassion and grace to make them feel as if they have." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews, the film has a score of 78 based on 4 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Roger Ebert wrote, "The history of the making of "Salaam Bombay!" is almost as interesting as the film itself." English writer Hilary Mantel commented, "A warm and lively film, made by Mira Nair with only a handful of professional actors." Ted Shen of Chicago Reader wrote that, "like Hector Babenco's Pixote the film is unsparingly gritty, but with a woman's tenderness it also grants the characters an occasional moment of grace." Richard Corliss of Time magazine wrote that, "Salaam Bombay! deserves a broad audience, not just to open American eyes to plights of hunger and homelessness abroad, but to open American minds to the vitality of a cinema without rim shots and happy endings." American film critic Dave Kehr stated, "Much to Nair`s credit, she exploits neither the exoticism of her locale (there are no tour-guide, look-at-this flourishes) nor the misery of her subjects (suffer they may, but they do not demand pity)." American film critic David Sterritt stated, "the movie is terrifically well-acted and beautifully filmed, however, marking an auspicious feature-film debut for Indian-American director Mira Nair." Peter Travers commented that "poetic, powerful and disturbing, Salaam Bombay! transcends language and cultural barriers.

Emanuel Levy, thought that the film "drew its intensity and colour from its locale, the slums of Bombay." Vincent Canby says, "for a film about such hopelessness, Salaam Bombay! is surprisingly cheering." Christopher Null wrote, "with Salaam, Nair proves an early ability with a camera and at getting performances out of obviously inexperienced actors, but her writing talents are much sketchier." Rita Kempley of The Washington Post wrote, "Nair's film has been compared to Hector Babenco's chilling "Pixote," a Brazilian look at a 10-year-old street criminal, but hers is a more compassionate, though equally troubling, portrait." On movie review site Rediff.com critic Sukanya Verma commented, Salaam Bombay! "still brilliant in 25 years."

title: Salaam Bombay!


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Talk:List of formations of the United States Army

Airborne Divisions
Some of the airborne divisions (most especially the 80th, 84th, and 100th) were created/activated after World War II in 1946 and only lasted until 1952. These divisions basically were an extension of the originating Infantry Divisions (example: 80th Infantry Division, after deactivation as an Infantry Division, became an Airborne Division until it's final deactivation in 1952). This brings up the question of whether or not the Airborne portion of their history should be included in the same article as the Infantry portion, or if it should be put into a separate article since--technically--the divisions were separate?

Further, we have the 11th Airborne Division that, between the years of 1963-1965, was reactivated to do helicopter "Air Assault" operations (similiar to what the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) did later and does now). Interestingly enough, though, when reactivated for these test operations, the division was not classified as Airborne but quite literally as Air Assault, thus making it from `63-`65 the 11th Air Assault Division. I realize some people call the 101st the 101st Air Assault Division, but this is incorrect, whereas it was correct to call the 11th the 11th Air Assault Division. Interesting, no? This brings up the question of whether a new entry should be made under the name '11th Air Assault Division' for the brief period the 11th was testing Air Assault theory.

Perhaps a compromise can be reached with redirect pages to a single article?--SOCL 02:05, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

As noted above, the 11th was a TEST division--that was part of its title. It's mission was not to conduct combat air assaults but to test. A nit-pick--but that's why the 11th was chosen to be the unit to test airmobility (as another matter of curiousity, the battalions testing the theory were all battalions traditionally part of the 2nd Infantry Division. The 11th passed into history and its battalions were re-designated battalions of the 1st Cavalry Division)--Buckboard 06:55, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Infantry Division Numbering
The numbering system for airborne divisions is part of the infantry branch, not it's own seperate branch—the same goes for the mountain division. So the 11th Infantry Division is actually the 11th Airborne, and not a seperate division. The 80th Airborne Division is simply a redesignation of the 80th ID from 1946-1952. For those reasons, the airborne divisions and mountain division should be reintegrated into the infantry division list.--SOCL 21:32, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

This isn't entirely true. While it does appear this way now, there were actually divisions already designated as the 10th, 11th, 13th, and 17th Divisions. Had these units been reactivated for World War II, they would have been standard infantry divisions with their original unit patches. While there can be some argument that the 10th Mountain's unit designation and patch was a simple modification of the original 10th Division's, this is unlikely. As far as the airborne divisions are concerned, it must be noted that the only reason the 82nd and 101st became airborne divisions is due to the fact that the Regular Army had no desire to test such a concept (the 82nd and 101st were originally reserve divisions). Further, as the Army began designating active airborne divisions, it started with 11 and continued with 13 and 17. There was also a 15 on the rolls, and although completely conjecture on my part, the sixth planned airborne division would probably have been designated the 19th Airborne Division. There is also the matter of the "phantom" airborne divisions (6th, 9th, 18th, 21st, and 135th) which, again, would have broken the infantry division numbering system.--JKGolden 03:24, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

INFANTRY CORPS
Sorry, but whereas there were such things as Airborne Corps and Armored Corps in the US Army, there has never been anything designated as an Infantry Corps outside of the German Army. What you call Infantry Corps are actually known as Army Corps.SSG Cornelius Seon (Retired) 20:45, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Naming
Is it neccessary to have the "U.S." in the name of the units, especially when this page/article is already designated "United States Army"? It's not like somebody will be coming to this page looking for units of the German Wehrmacht or anything. It seems a bit redundant to include that as part of the unit's name, especially when it's not. It's not the "U.S. 2nd Infantry Division", but just the plain old "2nd Infantry Division", even if it is sometimes referred to that way in literature to distinguish it from similarly named units in multi-country 'engagements'. wbfergus 15:51, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Format for listing units
I changed the format of the divisions which are listed on this page since, it is clear that the units are American (U.S.), therefore I removed it. -Signaleer 09:30, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Locations
As this is a historical list of Army formations, why are the HQ locations included? HQs change periodically and quite often, and that sort of information clutters up the page. Also, that stuff should be included on that particular unit's page, anyway. Would it be cool to delete all of the extraneous stuff and simply move it to the actual entry?--JKGolden 18:00, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

On a related note, wouldn't this page be easier to navigate if the only information was the name of the formation, its official nickname(s), and its status (such as years active or "phantom" or whatnot)?--JKGolden 18:02, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Historical Division Numbering
I'd also like to shift the non-designated divisions (the World War I, pre-World War I, and modern reserve divisions) to their own category. Any objections?--JKGolden 18:04, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Infantry Division Naming Conventions
Anybody else have a problem with the "Light Infantry Division" category? I've already changed it to "Light Division" (which was an actual designation, while "Light Infantry Division" was not), but I've left the existing Infantry Divisions (Light) in it (save for the 24th, which was never light). If this is what we're doing, should I go ahead and make "Heavy Infantry Division," "Motorized Infantry Division, and "Mechanized Infantry Division" categories? Seems a bit overkill to me.  Why not just designate (Light),(Heavy), etc., after the Infantry Division entry?--JKGolden 21:44, 13 September 2007 (UTC)


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Microflex

Microflex Corporation is an American manufacturer of disposable gloves. It was founded in 1987 in San Francisco. In 1995, the company moved its headquarters to Reno, Nevada.

Microflex products are used across a broad variety of industries, including Healthcare, Laboratory, Dental, Automotive, Emergency Medical Services and Food Service.

It is a subsidiary of BarrierSafe Solutions International. Microflex was acquired by Ansell in 2013.

title: Microflex


text:
Moores Springs, North Carolina

Moores Springs is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States, approximately five miles west-northwest of Danbury, near Hanging Rock State Park. It is becoming well known for its mountain biking trails and access to the Dan River.

The Matthew Moore House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

title: Moores Springs, North Carolina


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Lonely Sidewalk

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 18:49, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The Lonely Sidewalk
Delete I'm gonna go out on a limb and call nn vanity on this livejournal author. TheMidnighters 02:07, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Keep Haha if you think it's vanity you should check out the journal. Anyone who takes that thing seriously needs to get their head checked. Anonymous 2:09, 19 July 2005
 * Previous vote was by creator of The Lonely Sidewalk User:24.53.122.133. --TheMidnighters 02:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Delete not notable. This is why saying "vanity" gets us in trouble sometimes. Sirmob 05:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete nn. DavidH 05:44, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable author. JamesBurns 08:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Some kid's blog. We had a rash of "hes so gay" and "hes so kewel" speedies from the same high school not long ago.  Geogre 16:40, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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NGC 1569

NGC 1569 is a dwarf irregular galaxy in Camelopardalis. The galaxy is relatively nearby and consequently, the Hubble Space Telescope can easily resolve the stars within the galaxy. The distance to the galaxy was previously believed to be only 2.4 Mpc (7.8 Mly). However, in 2008 scientists studying images from Hubble calculated the galaxy's distance at nearly 11 million light-years away, about 4 million light-years farther than previously thought, meaning it is a member of the IC 342 group of galaxies.

Physical characteristics
NGC 1569 is smaller than the Small Magellanic Cloud, but brighter than the Large Magellanic Cloud

Starburst
NGC 1569 is characterized by a large starburst. It has formed stars at a rate 100 times greater than that of the Milky Way during the last 100 million years. It contains two prominent super star clusters with different histories. Both clusters have experienced episodic star formation. Super star cluster A, located in the northwest of the galaxy and actually formed of two close clusters (NGC 1569 A1 and NGC 1569 A2), contains young stars (including Wolf-Rayet stars) that formed less than 5 million years ago (in NGC 1569 A1) as well as older red stars (in NGC 1569 A2). Super star cluster B, located near the center of the galaxy, contains an older stellar population of red giants and red supergiants. Both of these star clusters are thought to have masses equivalent to the masses of the globular clusters in the Milky Way (approximately (6-7) × 105 solar masses ). Numerous smaller star clusters, some of them having masses similar to those of small globular clusters or R136 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, with relatively young ages (between 2 million years and 1 billion years) have also been identified. These results, along with the results from other dwarf galaxies such as the Large Magellanic Cloud and NGC 1705, demonstrate that star formation in dwarf galaxies does not occur continuously but instead occurs in a series of short, nearly instantaneous bursts.

The numerous supernovae produced in the galaxy as well as the strong stellar winds of its stars have produced filaments and bubbles of ionized hydrogen with respective sizes of up to 3,700 and 380 light years that shine excited by the light of the young stars contained within them and that are conspicuous on images taken with large telescopes.

The NGC 1569 starburst is believed to have been triggered by interactions with other galaxies of the IC 342 group, in particular a nearby cloud of neutral hydrogen. A 2013 study suggested the presence of tidal tails linking this galaxy with IC 342 and the dwarf galaxy UGCA 92 (see below) whose nature, however, is unclear and may actually be structures within our galaxy.

Blueshift
The spectrum of NGC 1569 is blueshifted. This means that the galaxy is moving towards the Earth. In contrast, the spectra of most other galaxies are redshifted because of the expansion of the universe.

Environment
The dwarf irregular galaxy UGCA 92 is often assumed to be a companion of NGC 1569; however, its relationship to the starburst the latter is experiencing is unclear, with some authors suggesting UGCA 92 has not started it and others suggesting it has interacted with NGC 1569, being connected with it by a tidal tail and several filaments of neutral hydrogen; however, it is still unclear if those structures are associated with them or actually within the Milky Way, being unrelated with those two galaxies.

title: NGC 1569