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Palazzo Rucellai

Palazzo Rucellai is a palatial fifteenth-century townhouse on the Via della Vigna Nuova in Florence, Italy. The Rucellai Palace is believed by most scholars to have been designed for Giovanni di Paolo Rucellai by Leon Battista Alberti between 1446 and 1451 and executed, at least in part, by Bernardo Rossellino. Its splendid facade was one of the first to proclaim the new ideas of Renaissance architecture based on the use of pilasters and entablatures in proportional relationship to each other. The Rucellai Palace demonstrates the impact of the antique revival but does so in a manner which is full of Renaissance originality.

The grid-like facade, achieved through the application of a scheme of trabeated articulation, makes a statement of rational humanist clarity. The stone veneer of this facade is given a channeled rustication and serves as the background for the smooth-faced pilasters and entablatures which divide the facade into a series of three-story bays. The three stories of the Rucellai facade have different classical orders, as in the Colosseum, but with the Tuscan order at the base, a Renaissance original in place of the Ionic order at the second level, and a very simplified Corinthian order at the top level. Twin-lit, round-arched windows in the two upper stories are set within arches with highly pronounced voussoirs that spring from pilaster to pilaster. The facade is topped by a boldly projecting cornice.

The ground floor was for business and was flanked by benches running along the street facade. The second floor (the piano nobile) was the main formal reception floor and the third floor the private family and sleeping quarters. A fourth "hidden" floor under the roof was for servants.The palace contains an off-center court (three sides of which originally were surrounded by arcades), built to a design that may have been adapted from Brunelleschi's loggia at his Spedale degli Innocenti. In the triangular Piazza dei Rucellai in front of the palace and set at right angles to it is the Loggia de' Rucellai, which was used for family celebrations, weddings, and as a public meeting place. The two buildings (palace and loggia) taken together with the open space between them (the piazza), form one of the most refined urban compositions of the Italian Renaissance.

Date
Any evaluation of the stylistic significance of the Rucellai Palace must take into account similar Florentine residences of the period, such as the Palazzo Medici Riccardi (then Palazzo de' Medici), the Palazzo Strozzino, the Palazzo Strozzi, and the Palazzo Spinelli. An accurate appraisal of the Rucellai Palace's architectural importance has been hindered by uncertainties concerning when and by whom it was constructed. Traditionally, and supported by some 16th-century sources, it has been dated to the period 1446-51, making the facades of both the Medici and Rucellai palaces contemporaries.In 1974, Charles Mack proposed a two-phase construction history for the palace based upon his interpretation of property descriptions contained in the tax declarations of Giovanni Rucellai, members of his family, and neighbors. In these tax records, the location of property is defined by naming adjacent features be they streets or neighbors. Mack, thus, was able to reconstruct ownership histories for the site now occupied by the palace for pertinent tax year. What Mack discovered substantiates Giovanni Rucellai' own testimony that "out of eight houses, I made one." Eight dwellings did, in fact, once occupy the site of the present Rucellai Palace.

Records for the tax year 1446 show that Giovanni Rucellai and his immediate family lived in a house at the corner of the Via della Vigna Nuova and the narrow Via dei Palchetti. Evidently intending to enlarge his living quarters in keeping with his growing financial and civic standing, he had acquired a row of houses along the Via dei Palchetti. Shortly thereafter, the house contiguous to his own along the Via della Vigna Nuova, owned by his mother, passed into Rucellai's hands. Finally (c. 1460), the house adjoining his mother's was added to the growing residential complex. The present internal disposition of the palace testifies to the agglutinative process by which the building evolved. By 1455 one of the Via dei Palchetti houses had been razed and replaced by a courtyard surrounded on three sides by arcades whose round arches were supported by Corinthian columns. A cross-vaulted corridor now linked the courtyard with the Via della Vigna Nuova.

Externally, the hodgepodge way in which the Rucellai Palace was created may be seen along the Via dei Palchetti. Standing in the Piazza dei Rucellai, however, the impression given by the celebrated facade is one of harmony and unity. It was to visually solidify the three separate houses along the Via della Vigna Nuova, that Rucellai sought a facade which, furthermore, would testify to his progressive taste and prominent standing within the community. Exactly when the design and execution of that historic facade took place remains uncertain. Paolo Sanpaolesi (1963), seconded by Brenda Preyer (1981), proposed a two-phase facade construction, with the first (c. 1450), equal to five bays, covering the exteriors of the old dwellings of Giovanni and his mother and then a later two bay expansion to cover the house added in 1460. That Rucellai never managed to add the next house in the row to his holdings would account for the facade remaining unfinished and one bay short of the eight intended.

Mack (1974), together with by Kurt Forster (1976) and Howard Saalman (1966) have interpreted the evidence differently, arguing that that work on the facade would have awaited the acquisition of the third property along the Via della Vigna Nuova and was stimulated by the engagement of Rucellai's son Bernardo to Piero di Cosimo de' Medici's daughter Nannina in 1461. According to this theory it could only have been after the betrothal, that the pairing of clearly identifiable Medici devices with those of the Rucellai in the friezes could have been permissible. The same is case for the Medici interlocking rings insignia that occupy the spandrels of the windows. That would postpone construction of the Rucellai facade to a date after 1461 and calls into question its primacy over the almost identical design used for the Palazzo Piccolomini (designed by Bernardo Rossellino 1459-62) in the papal city of Pienza.

Authorship
That post-1461 dating raises once more the question of authorship. Based upon the word of Giorgio Vasari and some other mid-to-late-16th century comments as well as upon Giovanni Rucellai's known use of Leon Battista Alberti as the architect of his chapel in the neighboring church of San Pancrazio and for the completion of the facade of Santa Maria Novella, the great humanist scholar and artistic theoretician commonly has been accepted as having been responsible for the design of the Rucellai Palace's facade. However, the first comments on the facade, made in the early 16th century do not mention Alberti but rather link it to Bernardo Rossellino by saying that he had made the model for the palace. That might mean that he was responsible for the facade or simply that he had furnished a model following someone's directions (i.e., Alberti).

The first to doubt Alberti's role as the architect was Julius Schlosser who wrote (1929) that "It is Bernardo Rossellino's spirit and not Alberti's that is at work here." Schlosser's opinion was seconded by Leo Planiscig (1942), Howard Saalman (1966), and Mario Salmi (1967). Basing his opinion on the tax information which pointed to a later dating for the facade stage of the Rucellai project and the possible precedence of the Piccolomini Palace in Pienza, Mack argued for Bernardo Rossellino' authorship in 1974, receiving support from Forster (1976) and Marvin Trachtenberg (2000). Despite these attempts at rethinking the facade and its date, general support for Alberti remains and strong counter arguments in his favor have been made by Brenda Preyer (1981) and others. While Bernardo Rossellino's role in remodeling the interior of the palace, in constructing the entry passage, and in creating the courtyard is universally accepted, his involvement with the celebrated facade and the date it was executed remain open questions that, perhaps, will only be resolved should some new documentary evidence surface.

title: Palazzo Rucellai


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User:Striver/Shia's online

 * User:Zereshk
 * User:Ya Ali
 * User:Khalid!
 * User:Yahussain

 * 61.5.131.83
 * 211.30.194.194

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Striver/Shia's online


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Luger

Luger may refer to, or:

 * Luger pistol, a semi-automatic handgun

 * Luger (film), a 1982 Dutch film written and directed by Theo van Gogh

 * Operation Luger, a joint military operation between the Canadian Forces and Afghan National Army in July 2007
 * a participant in the sport of luge

People

 * Arnold Luger, Italian luger
 * Dan Luger (born 1975), English rugby union player
 * Florian Luger (born 1994), Austrian model
 * Georg Luger (1849–1923), Austrian firearm designer, developer of the Luger pistol
 * Karolin Luger, Austrian-American biochemist and biophysicist
 * Lex Luger (born 1958), American professional wrestler and football player
 * Lex Luger (record producer) (born 1991), American hip hop record producer
 * Peter Luger (1866–1941), German-American chef and restaurateur

title: Luger


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Sound-Dust

Sound-Dust is the seventh studio album by English-French rock band Stereolab. It was released on 28 August 2001 in North America by Elektra Records and on 3 September 2001 internationally by Duophonic Records. The album was produced by John McEntire and Jim O'Rourke and recorded at McEntire's Chicago studio Soma. It was Stereolab's last album to feature singer and guitarist Mary Hansen, who died in a biking accident the following year.

The first 1,200 copies of both the CD and LP issues of Sound-Dust were packaged with a handmade book sleeve. A remastered and expanded edition of the album was released by Duophonic and Warp on 29 November 2019.

The song "Nothing to Do with Me" features lyrics derived from English satirist Chris Morris' TV series Jam.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

Stereolab
 * Tim Gane – acoustic and electric guitars, piano, Pianet, Rhodes, Rock-Si-Chord, and Wurlitzer pianos, clavinet, electric harpsichord, Farfisa organ, celesta, electronics, tape echo and delay
 * Lætitia Sadier – vocals, percussion, whistling, sound effects
 * Mary Hansen – vocals, percussion, whistling, sound effects
 * Simon Johns – six-string bass
 * Andy Ramsay – drums

Additional musicians

 * Tim Barnes – bongo drum on "Gus the Mynahbird"
 * Jeb Bishop – trombone
 * Dave Max Crawford – trumpet
 * Mikael Jorgensen – electric harpsichord, Rhodes piano
 * Glenn Kotche – crotales on "Captain Easychord" and "Gus the Mynahbird", marimba on "Gus the Mynahbird"
 * Rob Mazurek – cornet on "Captain Easychord" and "Gus the Mynahbird"
 * John McEntire – piano, Pianet, Rhodes, Rock-Si-Chord, and Wurlitzer pianos, clavinet, electric harpsichord, Farfisa organ, celesta, vibraphone, marimba, glockenspiel, electronics, tape echo and delay, percussion, whistling, sound effects
 * Paul Mertens – flute, bass harmonica
 * Sean O'Hagan – acoustic and electric guitars, piano, Pianet, Rhodes, Rock-Si-Chord, and Wurlitzer pianos, clavinet, electric harpsichord, Farfisa organ, celesta, brass and flute arrangements
 * Jim O'Rourke – acoustic and electric guitars, piano, Pianet, Rhodes, Rock-Si-Chord, and Wurlitzer pianos, clavinet, electric harpsichord, Farfisa organ, celesta, vibraphone, marimba, glockenspiel, electronics, tape echo and delay
 * Andy Robinson – brass and flute arrangements
 * Chad Taylor – cymbals on "The Black Arts", drums on "Nothing to Do with Me"

Production

 * Mike Jorgensen – computer assistance
 * Jeremy Lemos – additional engineering
 * John McEntire – engineering, mixing
 * Jim O'Rourke – engineering, mixing
 * Steve Rooke – mastering
 * Stereolab (credited as "The Groop") – mixing

Design
 * House – design

title: Sound-Dust


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Portal:Geography/Collaboration of the week

This week's Geography collaboration is Vredefort crater. Look it up on the net and see what you can add about it! Let's make it a great article.


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Count Johann Bernhard von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen

Count Johann Bernhard von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen (Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen) (17 July 1806 – 26 February 1899) was an Austrian statesman and a member of an old Swabian House of Rechberg.

Early life
Born at Regensburg as the second son of the Bavarian statesman Count Aloys von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen zu Hohenrechberg (1766–1849) and his wife, Countess Maria Anna Amalie Friederike von Schlitz gen. von Görtz (1778-1825).

Biography
Johann Bernhard was destined for the Bavarian public service, his elder brother being a hereditary member of the Upper House in the parliament of Württemberg. He was educated at the universities of Strassburg and Munich, but he incurred the displeasure of King Ludwig I of Bavaria by the part he played as second in a duel, and in 1828 he transferred himself to the Austrian diplomatic service.

After being attached to the embassies in Berlin, London and Brussels, he was appointed envoy at Stockholm (1841) and at Rio de Janeiro (1843). Returning to Europe in 1847, on the outbreak of the Revolution of 1848 in Vienna he was of great service to State Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich, whom he accompanied and assisted in his flight to England. In July 1848 he was appointed Austrian plenipotentiary in the German Frankfurt Parliament, in 1851 became Austrian internuncius at Constantinople, and in 1853 Radetzky's civilian colleague in the government of Lombardy-Venetia. In 1855 he returned to Frankfurt as Austrian representative and president of the federal diet. As a pupil of Metternich he would have wished to preserve the good understanding with Prussia which seemed the necessary foundation for a conservative policy; he was, however, made the instrument for the anti-Prussian policy of Buol, the foreign minister; this brought about constant disputes with Bismarck, at that time Prussian envoy at the diet, which were sharpened by Rechberg's choleric temper, and on one occasion nearly led to a duel. Bismarck, however, always expressed a high appreciation of his character and abilities. In May 1859, on the eve of the Second Italian War of Independence (1859), he was appointed Austrian minister of foreign affairs and minister-president, surrendering the latter post to the Archduke Rainer in the following year.

The five years during which Rechberg held the portfolio of foreign affairs covered the war with Piedmont and France, the insurrection in Poland, the attempted reform of the German Confederation through the Frankfurt Fürstentag, and the Austro-Prussian war with Denmark. After the defeat of Magenta Rechberg accompanied the emperor to Italy, and he had to meet the crisis caused by a war for which he was not responsible. He began the concessions to Hungary and in the Polish question, and was responsible for the adhesion of Austria to the alliance of the Western Powers. In the German question Rechberg's policy was one of compromise. To the project of the Fürstentag he was altogether opposed. The project had been suggested to the emperor Franz Joseph by his son-in-law, the hereditary prince of Thurn und Taxis, and the preliminary arrangements were made without Rechberg being informed. When at last he was told, he tendered his resignation, which was not accepted, and he accompanied the emperor to the abortive meeting at Frankfurt (August 1863). The attempt made by Rechberg at the subsequent ministerial conference at Nuremberg to establish a German league without Prussia was equally unsuccessful, and he now returned to the policy, which in opposition to Schmerling he had throughout advocated, of a peaceful arrangement between Prussia and Austria as the indispensable preliminary to a reform of the Confederation.

At this juncture the death of King Frederick VII of Denmark (15 November 1863) opened up the whole Schleswig-Holstein question. In the diplomatic duel that followed Rechberg was no match for Bismarck. It suited Austrian policy to act in concert with Prussia against Denmark; but Rechberg well knew that Bismarck was aiming at the annexation of the duchies. He attempted to guard against this by laying down as a condition of the alliance that the duchies should only be separated from Denmark by common consent of the two German powers. Bismarck, however, insisted that the question of the ultimate destination of the duchies should be left open; and, when he backed his argument with the threat that unless Austria accepted his proposal Prussia would act alone, Rechberg gave way. His action was made the object of violent attacks in the Austrian Lower House (28–30 January 1864), and when the war was victoriously concluded and Prussia's designs on the duchies had become evident, public opinion turned more and more against him, demanding that Austria should support the Duke of Augustenburg even at the risk of war. Rechberg yielded so far as to assure the duke's representative at Vienna that Austria was determined to place him in possession of the duchies, but only on condition that he did not sign away any of his sovereign rights to Prussia. The outcome of this was that the duke refused the terms offered by King William and Bismarck.

On 22 August there was a meeting of the emperor Franz Joseph and King William at Schönbrunn, both Rechberg and Bismarck being present. Rechberg himself was in favor of allowing Prussia to annex the duchies, on condition that Prussia should guarantee Austria's possession of Venice and the Adriatic coast. On the first point no agreement was reached; but the principles of an Austro-Prussian alliance in the event of a French invasion of Italy were agreed upon. This latter proposal was, however, received with violent opposition in the ministry, where Rechberg's influence had long been overshadowed by that of Schmerling; public opinion, utterly distrustful of Prussian promises, was also greatly excited; and on 27 October Rechberg handed in his resignation, receiving at the same time the Order of the Golden Fleece from the emperor as a sign of special favor. He had been made an hereditary member of the Upper House of the Reichsrat in 1861, and as late as 1879 continued occasionally to take part in debates. He died at his chateau (Schloss Altkettenhof) of Kettenhof (today: Schwechat) near Vienna on 26 February 1899.

Personal life
He had married, in 1834, Hon. Barbara Jones, eldest daughter of the Thomas Jones, 6th Viscount Ranelagh (1763–1820), by whom he had one son:
 * Count Louis von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen zu Hohenrechberg (b. 1835 - d. 1877); married Landgravine Aloysia Luise Marie zu Fürstenberg-Weitra (1840 - 1925) and had issue.

Honours
He received the following orders and decorations: • Grand Duchy of Hesse:

• * Commander of the Ludwig Order, 2nd Class, 23 May 1837; Grand Cross, 2 September 1860

• * Grand Cross of the Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous, 29 June 1855

•  Kingdom of Bavaria:

• * Grand Cross of the Merit Order of St. Michael, 1849

• * Knight of St. Hubert, 1860

•  Austrian Empire:

• * Knight of the Iron Crown, 1st Class, 1850

• * Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1860

• * Knight of the Golden Fleece, 27 October 1864

•  Duchy of Parma: Grand Cross of St. Louis for Civil Merit, 1854

•  Kingdom of Hanover: Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1855

•  Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Black Eagle, 2 August 1860; in Diamonds, 1864

•  Mexican Empire: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Guadalupe, 1864


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Category:Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates(Dinoflagellata) are a phylum of Alveolates eukaryotes. The taxon is subdivided in 8 classes (Ellobiophyceae,    Psammosea, Oxyrrhea, Pronoctilucea, Duboscquellea, Syndiniophyceae, Noctiluciphyceae and Dinophyceae).

title: Category:Dinoflagellates


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Moneynet

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Eugene van der Pijll 21:20, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Moneynet
This article is an advertisement. User 217.30.116.158 Special:Contributions/217.30.116.158 continually adds a link to moneynet.co.uk to the Credit Card article. User has also been blocked for this behavior User_talk:217.30.116.158. Monkeyman 14:11, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete advertisement. Xoloz 16:10, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This is an article on a particular type of financial services web site and the internet company that started them in the UK, not what could be strictly defined as an advert. If Wiki policy was to remove all references and external links to any money making business in case they are seen as an advert, then Walmart, Disney, and thousands of other pages, should also be removed, which I don't feel would allow wikipedia to continue presenting itself as a useful source of encyclopaedic information.--Bod 13:45, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Bod, this is the only edit/contribution to Wikipedia you have ever made. You'll forgive me if I suspect you're the owner of the site.  [[Image:Monkeyman.png]]Monkeyman 15:11, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Monkeyman you can suspect that but you would be wrong I am afraid. No offence taken however.--Bod 16:54, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete advertisement. Ken 16:55, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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The Little Island (film)

The Little Island is a 1959 British animated short film directed, produced, and animated by Richard Williams.

Production
Self-financed, Richard's first film was a half-hour philosophical argument without words.

Accolades
It won the 1959 BAFTA award for Animated Film.

Plot
The film features three men who each only believe in one thing: one in Good, one in Truth, and one in Beauty. They cast themselves onto a small island, where they sit next to each other. Many days pass, and they begin to express themselves. It starts in small ways, simply making noise. The three start to annoy each other, and they stop. As more time passes, however, they begin to express their ideas.

Truth is first. He sits in yoga positions and begins to project shapes, such as suns, lotus flowers and four almond-shaped eyes. These eyes move around in strange patterns before becoming part of a four-eyed demon who dances for a moment, then explodes. A pinball bounces between many pairs of eyes, building up speed before landing on Truth's head, which causes him to visualize an expanding shape, and reveals itself to be a huge, beautiful flower. The shape collapses, which stuns Truth out of his trance, much to his embarrassment.

Beauty performs ballet and transforms into a Nubian figure. He morphs into calligraphy-like shapes before changing to his normal shape, but in a white robe. He begins to play a flute, flowers growing around him as he plays faster and faster before he becomes one himself. A Greek statue of a woman appears. The William Tell Overture begins to play, and a tall man and a short man carrying a frame walk up to the statue and "capture" it inside it, removing its head and base. They walk on as the Overture plays, but the picture soon splits in half, since the men walk at different speeds. Confused, they put it back together after several odd attempts, and soon climb a long staircase with it. They climb high up into the sky into an art gallery, where it's placed with hundreds of identical pictures, except for one.

This picture shows a scene where a small head, in profile, sees an object and begins to talk happily about it, his speaking expressed by a cello playing. Another man comes next to him, facing him, and sees the object as well. He discusses it with him, but the two heads soon begin arguing harshly. A pillar grows out from under the left head, making him sit above the other. He responds by growing another column underneath him, and the two heads quickly try to one-up each other, their columns growing and their arguing becoming worse. Soon, they can't go any higher, and push themselves into each other, forming a babbling head in front-view. The scene zooms out to show dozens of these heads on high columns, chattering away. Beauty's vision ends here, and he bows to the other two.

Good expresses himself next, kissing the other two and dancing. He transforms into a figure with a robe, begins to make noises like a pipe organ, then transforms into a church-like structure with an onion dome. Small black figures go through a door at his base, and turn white as they go through it. He transforms into a warrior with a huge sword and shield, blood running down his sword, before changing back to his old shape. A beautiful woman approaches and tries to seduce him, but he pushes her away. Another figure offers him wine, but he flattens him with a hammer, then transforms into a futuristic warrior with a ray gun. A large heart comes out of the ray gun and shatters, breaking his meditation. He looks at them, embarrassed.

More time passes, and Beauty starts to express himself again, changing into the Nubian figure with a harp, playing a repetitive tune and swishing his long hair. This annoys Good, who responds by gathering smaller figures to join hands around him and playing the same tune back at him. Truth, hovering overhead, is annoyed at both of them. After trying to outdo each other, they all abruptly change back. Soon, though, Beauty is at it again, and Good responds by forming into a warrior with a blunderbuss and a small army gathers around him. Initially concerned, Beauty responds by changing into the Nubian figure with a fencing foil. Good attempts to shoot him, but Beauty dodges his shots and skewers his army (after a long dance) and starts playing them like his harp, which infuriates Good.

Truth hovers above, angry at the both of them, and after a sporadic fit, a snake coils around him, possibly representing the caduceus. After this, they all change back, but Good and Beauty are plotting against each other. Good raises his fist, which grows and grows until it hovers over him and flattens him, possibly representing punishment for thinking evil thoughts. Good grows into a huge monster, ten times the size of the other two, but each time he does, the fist bears down on him again. In response, Beauty turns back into the figure, this time with a bow and arrow, and shoots the fist, to Good's alarm. A drop of blood falls on Good, which sends him into a rage as Beauty cockily plays his tune on his bow. He changes into the monster, grabs Beauty, throws him against the ground and kicks him. He pulls off his hair and throws it back at him, which causes Beauty to lose his temper, and he transforms into a similar monster to fight Good.

Good and Beauty approach each other with daggers and soon run into each other. They get tangled up, and soon start to resemble a bull. Up above, tangled in the Caduceus, Truth is angry at them. He puts on a lab coat, and the Caduceus transforms into a chemistry coil. Good and Beauty soon appear to transform into a machine, tank treads, nuts and rivets appearing across their bodies, much to Truth's dismay. He walks over to a chalkboard and begins to write formulas on it. As he does, it grows and grows, and eventually takes on the shape of a giant nuclear bomb, 100 times his size, pointed down at them. He doesn't notice it initially until it begins to tick. The ticking builds and builds as the three look on, terrified. It soon explodes, and the three men change back. Horrified by this vision, they immediately leave the island.

title: The Little Island (film)


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User talk:Treeapple

Hello,It's my test!

title: User talk:Treeapple


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Betaretrovirus

Betaretrovirus is a genus of the Retroviridae family. It has type B or type D morphology. The type B is common for a few exogenous, vertically transmitted and endogenous viruses of mice; some primate and sheep viruses are the type D.

Examples are Mouse mammary tumor virus, enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV-1, ENTV-2), and simian retrovirus types 1, 2 and 3 (SRV-1, SRV-2, SRV-3).

title: Betaretrovirus


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Spanish Colonial architecture

Spanish colonial architecture represents Spanish colonial influence on the cities and towns of its former colonies, and is still seen in the architecture as well as in the city planning aspects of conserved present-day cities. These two visible aspects of the city are connected and complementary. The 16th-century Laws of the Indies included provisions for the layout of new colonial settlements in the Americas and elsewhere.

To achieve the desired effect of inspiring awe among the Indigenous peoples of the Americas as well as creating a legible and militarily manageable landscape, the early colonizers used and placed the new architecture within planned townscapes and mission compounds.

The new churches and mission stations, for example, aimed for maximum effect in terms of their imposition and domination of the surrounding buildings or countryside. In order for that to be achievable, they had to be strategically located – at the center of a town square (plaza) or at a higher point in the landscape. These elements are common and can also be found in almost every city and town in Spain.

The Spanish colonial style of architecture dominated in the early Spanish colonies of North and South America, and were also somewhat visible in its other colonies. It is sometimes marked by the contrast between the simple, solid construction demanded by the new environment and the Baroque ornamentation exported from Spain.

Mexico, as the center of New Spain—and the richest province of Spain's colonial empire—has some of the most renowned buildings built in this style. With twenty-nine sites, Mexico has more sites on the UNESCO World Heritage list than any other country in the Americas, many of them boasting some of the richest Spanish colonial architecture. Some of the most famous cities in Mexico built in the Colonial style are Puebla, Zacatecas, Querétaro, Guanajuato, and Morelia.

The historic center of Mexico City is a mixture of architectural styles from the 16th century to the present. The Metropolitan Cathedral was built from 1563 to 1813 using a variety of styles including the Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical. The rich interior is mostly Baroque. Other examples are the Palacio Nacional, the restored 18th-century Palacio de Iturbide, the 16th-century Casa de los Azulejos – clad with 18th-century blue-and-white talavera tiles, and many more churches, cathedrals, museums, and palaces of the elite.

Between the late 17th century and 1750, one of Mexico's most popular architectural styles was Mexican Churrigueresque. These buildings were built in an ultra-Baroque, fantastically extravagant and visually frenetic style.

Antigua Guatemala in Guatemala is also known for its well-preserved Spanish colonial style architecture. The city of Antigua is famous for its well-preserved Spanish Mudéjar-influenced Baroque architecture as well as a number of spectacular ruins of colonial churches dating from the 16th century. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Ciudad Colonial (Colonial City) of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, founded in 1498, is the oldest European city in the New World and a prime example of this architectural style. The port of Cartagena, Colombia, founded in 1533 and Santa Ana de Coro, Venezuela, founded in 1527, are two more UNESCO World Heritage Sites preserving some of the best Spanish colonial architecture in the Caribbean." San Juan was founded by the Spaniards in 1521, where Spanish colonial architecture can be found like the historic Hotel El Convento. Also, Old San Juan with its walled city and buildings (ranging from 1521 to the early 20th century) are very good examples, and in excellent condition.

St. Augustine, the first continuously European-occupied city in North America, was established in 1565. Beginning in 1598, quarried coquina from Anastasia Island contributed to a new colonial style of architecture in this city. Coquina is a limestone conglomerate, containing small shells of mollusks. It was used in the construction of residential homes, the City Gate, the Cathedral Basilica, the Castillo de San Marcos, and Fort Matanzas.

According to UNESCO, Quito, Ecuador, has the best-preserved, and least-altered historic centre (320 hectares) in Latin America, despite several earthquakes. The historic district of this city is the best preserved area of Spanish colonial architecture in the Southern Hemisphere.

History of the city grid in the New World
The idea of laying out a city in a grid pattern is not unique to the Spanish. In fact, it never started out with the Spanish colonizers but they implemented it in hundreds of cities in the Americas and Asia. It has been traced back to some ancient civilizations especially the ancient cities of the Aztec and Maya, and also Ancient Greeks. The idea was spread by the Roman conquest of European empires and its ideas were adopted by other civilizations. It was popularized at different paces and in different levels throughout the Renaissance—the French took to building grid-like villages (ville-neuves) and the English under King Edward I did as well. Some argue, however, that Spain was not part of this movement to order towns as grids. Despite its clear military advantage, and despite the knowledge of city planning, the New World settlements of the Spanish actually grew amorphously for some three to four decades before they turned to grids and city plans as ways of organizing space. In contrast to the orders given much later on how the city should be laid out, Ferdinand II did not give specific instructions for how to build the new settlements in the Caribbeans. To Nicolas De Ovando, he said the following in 1501:

"As it is necessary in the island of Española to make settlements and from here it is not possible to give precise instructions, investigate the possible sites, and in conformity with the quality of the land and sites as well as with the present population outside present settlements establish settlements in the numbers and in the places that seem proper to you."

City planning: a royal ordinance
In 1513 the monarchs wrote out a set of guidelines that ordained the conduct of Spaniards in the New World as well as that of the Indians that they found there. With regards to city planning, these ordinances had details on the preferred location of a new town and its location relative to the sea, mountains and rivers. It also detailed the shape and measurements of the central plaza taking into account the spacing for purposes of trade as well as the spacing for purposes of festivities or even military operations—occasions that involved horse-riding. In addition to specifying the location of the church, the orientation of roads that run into the main plaza as well as the width of the street with respect to climatic conditions, the guidelines also specified the order in which the city must be built.

"The building lots and the structures erected thereon are to be so situated that in the living rooms one can enjoy air from the south and from the north, which are the best. All town homes are to be so planned that they can serve as a defense or fortress against those who might attempt to create disturbances or occupy the town. Each house is to be so constructed that horses and household animals can be kept therein, the courtyards and stockyards being as large as possible to insure health and cleanliness."

La Traza
The traza or layout was the pattern on which Spanish American cities were built beginning in the colonial era. At the heart of Spanish colonial cities was a central plaza, with the main church, town council (cabildo) building, residences of the main civil and religious officials, and the residences of the most important residents (vecinos) of the town built there. The principal businesses were also located around this central plan. Radiated from the main square were streets in at right angles, a grid that could extend as the settlement grew, impeded only by geography. About three decades into colonization of the New World, the conquistadores started to build and plan cities according to laws prescribed by the monarchs in the Laws of the Indies. In addition to describing other aspects of the interactions between the Spanish conquerors and the natives they encountered, these laws ordained the specific ways new settlements should be laid out. In addition to specifying the layout, the laws also required a pattern in settlement based on social standing, in which the people of higher social status lived closer to the center of the town, the center of political, ecclesiastical, and economic power. The 1790 census for Mexico City indicates that in the traza that there was indeed a higher concentration of Spaniards (españoles), but that there was no absolute racial or class segregation in the city, particularly since elite households usually had non-white servants.

The grid was not limited to Spanish settlements; however, "Reducciones" Indian Reductions and "Congregaciones" were created in a similar grid-like manner for Indians in order to organize these populations in more manageable units for purposes of taxation, military efficiency and in order to teach Indians the way of the Spanish.

Modern cities in Latin America have grown, and consequently erased or jumbled the previous standard spatial and social organization of the cityscape. Elites do not always live closer to the city center, and the point-space occupied by individuals is not necessarily determined by their social status. The central plaza, the wide streets and a grid pattern are still common elements in Mexico City and Puebla de Los Angeles. It is not uncommon in modern-founded towns, especially those in remote areas of Latin America, to have retained the "checkerboard layout" even to present day.

Mexico City is a good example of how these ordinances were followed in laying out a city. Previously the capital of the Aztec empire, Tenochtitlan was captured and placed under Spanish rule in 1521. After news of the conquest, the king sent instructions very similar to the aforementioned Ordinance of 1513. In some parts the instructions are almost verbatim to his previous ones. The instructions were meant to direct the conqueror—Hernán Cortés—on how to lay out the city and how to allocate land to the Spaniards. It is pointed out, however, that though the king might have sent many such orders and instructions to other conquistadores, Cortés was perhaps the first one to implement them. He insisted on carrying out the building of a new city where the Indian Empire had stood, and he incorporated features of the old plaza into the new grid. Much was accomplished since he was accompanied by men familiar with the grid system and the royal instructions. The point here is that Cortés accomplished the planning and was on his way to finish the building of Mexico City before the royal ordinances addressed specifically to him even arrived. Men like Cortés and Alonso García Bravo (who is also called "the good geometer"), played a crucial role in creating a city scape of New World cities as we know them.

Church and mission architecture
In places of dense indigenous settlement, such as in Central Mexico, the mendicant orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) built churches on the sites of prehispanic temples. In the early period of the "spiritual conquest", there were so many indigenous neophytes who attended Mass that a large open-air atrium was built, walling off a space within the church complex to create an enlarged sacred space without great expense of building. Indigenous labor was used in construction; since a communities sacred place was a symbol and embodiment of that community, laboring to create these structures was not necessarily an unwanted burden. Since Mexico experienced many sixteenth-century epidemics that drastically diminished the size of the central Mexican indigenous population, there were often elaborate churches with few Indians still living to attend them, such as the Augustinian church at Acolman, Mexico. The different mendicant orders had distinct styles of building. Franciscans built large churches to accommodate the new neophytes, Dominican churches were highly ornamented, while the Augustinian churches were characterized by their critics as opulent and sumptuous.

Mission churches were often of simple design. As mendicants were pushed out of central Mexico and as Jesuits also evangelized Indians in northern Mexico, they built mission churches as part of a larger complex, with living quarters and workshops for resident Indians. Unlike central Mexico, where churches were built in existing indigenous towns, on the frontier where indigenous did not live in such settlements, the mission complex was created. In central america, churches were built once a city was founded where an indigenous town already existed, as in the case of the city of Comayagua in Honduras, which is located in a valley that was densely populated by natives, similar to the case of the Valley of Mexico. The first churches to be built by the Franciscans to evangelize the populations were the Church of San Francisco and the Iglesia de la Merced, and later the cathedral. In the rest of America a similar pattern was followed by the autorities.

Spanish East Indies
The arrival of the Spaniards in 1571 brought in European colonial architecture to the Philippines. Specifically suited for the hot tropics of the new Far East territory, European architecture was transposed via Acapulco, Mexico into a uniquely Filipino style. The nipa hut or bahay kubo of the Indigenous Filipinos gave way to the bahay na bato (stone house) and other Filipino houses collectively called Bahay Filipino (Filipino houses) and became the typical houses of Filipinos in the past. The Bahay Filipino houses followed the nipa hut's arrangements, such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. The most obvious difference between Filipino houses would be the materials that were used to build them. The bahay na bato has Spanish and Chinese influences. Its most common appearance is like that of a stilt nipa hut standing on Spanish-style stone blocks or bricks as foundation instead of just wood or bamboo stilts. It would usually have solid stone foundations or brick lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story/stories with balustrades, ventanillas and capiz shell sliding windows, and a Chinese tiled roof or sometimes a nipa roof which are today being replaced by galvanized iron roofs. Today these houses are more commonly called ancestral houses, due to most ancestral houses in the Philippines being bahay na bato. Earthquake Baroque is a style of Baroque architecture found in the Philippines, which suffered destructive earthquakes during the 17th century and 18th century, where large public buildings, such as churches, were rebuilt in a Baroque style. In the Philippines, destruction of earlier churches from frequent earthquakes have made the church proportion lower and wider; side walls were made thicker and heavily buttressed for stability during shaking. The upper structures were made with lighter materials.

Bell towers are usually lower and stouter compared to towers in less seismically active regions of the world. Towers have thicker girth in the lower levels, progressively narrowing to the topmost level. In some churches of the Philippines, aside from functioning as watchtowers against pirates, some bell towers are detached from the main church building to avoid damage in case of a falling bell tower due to an earthquake.

title: Spanish Colonial architecture


text:
Chances Are

Chances Are may refer to:

Music

 * Chances Are (album), a 1981 album by Bob Marley
 * "Chances Are" (song), a 1957 song written by Al Stillman and Robert Allen, popularized by Johnny Mathis
 * "Chances Are", a song by Bob Seger and Martina McBride from Hope Floats: Music from the Motion Picture, 1998
 * "Chances Are", a song by Invertigo from Forum, 2001
 * "Chances Are", a song by Sheryl Crow from Wildflower, 2005
 * "Chances Are", a song by Stereophonics from Scream Above the Sounds, 2017

Other uses

 * Chances Are (film), a 1989 romantic comedy
 * Chances Are..., a 2019 novel by Richard Russo

title: Chances Are


text: File:Me First and the Gimme Gimmes - Are a Drag cover.jpg


text:
William S. Knudsen

William Signius Knudsen (March 25, 1879 – April 27, 1948) was a leading Danish-American automotive industry executive and an American general during World War II. His experience and success as a key senior manager in the operations sides of Ford Motor Company and then General Motors led the Franklin Roosevelt administration to commission him directly as a lieutenant general in the United States Army to help lead the United States' war materiel production efforts for World War II.

Background
Knudsen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. His name was originally Signius Wilhelm Poul Knudsen. He immigrated to the United States and arrived in New York in February 1900.

Career
Knudsen was working for the John R. Keim Company of Buffalo, New York, a bicycle and auto parts maker, when the Ford Motor Company bought it in 1911 for its steel-stamping experience and tooling. Knudsen worked for Ford from 1911 to 1921, a decade that saw the formative development of the modern assembly line and true mass production. Working first for the Ford Motor Company and later for General Motors from 1921, Knudsen became an expert on mass production and a skilled manager. Knudsen was president of the Chevrolet Division of General Motors from 1924 to 1937 and was president of General Motors from 1937 to 1940.

World War II service
In 1940, US President Franklin Roosevelt, at the recommendation of Bernard Baruch, asked Knudsen to come to Washington to help with war production. Knudsen was appointed as Chairman of the Office of Production Management and member of the National Defense Advisory Commission for which he received a salary of $1 per year.

In January 1942, Knudsen received a commission as a lieutenant general in the U.S. Army, the only civilian ever to join the army at such a high initial rank, and appointed as Director of Production, Office of the Under Secretary of War. In that capacity, he worked as a consultant and a troubleshooter for the War Department.

In both positions, Knudsen used his extensive experience in manufacturing and industry respect to facilitate the largest production job in history. In response to the demand for war materiel, production of machine tools tripled. The total aircraft produced for the U.S. military in 1939 was fewer than 3,000 planes. By the end of the war, America produced over 300,000 planes of which the Boeing B-29 Superfortress benefitted greatly from Knudsen's direction. Production of both cargo and Navy ships also increased astronomically. Knudsen's influence not only smoothed government procurement procedures but also led companies that had never produced military hardware to enter the market. America outproduced its enemies. As Knudsen said, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."

He was appointed Director of the Air Technical Service Command when it was founded in July 1944 at Patterson Field, Ohio. He served in the Army until his resignation on June 1, 1945.

Personal life
Knudsen was featured on the cover of Time magazine's October 7, 1940 issue. He was a member of Epiphany Lutheran Church (Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod) in Detroit and contributed greatly to the synod's projects around the Detroit area, including buildings for Epiphany Lutheran Church, Outer Drive Faith Lutheran Church, and the Evangelical Lutheran Institute for the Deaf. Knudsen's son Semon "Bunkie" Knudsen was also a prominent automobile industry executive.

Honors and awards
Knudsen was awarded the Vermilye Medal by the Franklin Institute in 1941.

He was also appointed a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog by the Kingdom of Denmark in 1930 and was promoted Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1946.

Knudsen was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1968.

His daughter started a scholarship in the name of her parents.

Knudsen was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal in 1944 and again in 1945 for his service in the US Army during World War II. He also received the American Campaign Medal and World War II Victory Medal for his wartime service.

title: William S. Knudsen


text:
Wes Helms

Wesley Ray Helms (born May 12, 1976) is an American former professional baseball player. During his 13-year playing career, Helms played for the Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Brewers, Florida Marlins, and Philadelphia Phillies. He played primarily as a third baseman and first baseman. Helms also served as the manager of the Charlotte Knights, the Triple-A affiliate of the Chicago White Sox.

Professional career
The Atlanta Braves selected Helms in the 10th round of the 1994 Major League Baseball draft. He made his major league debut with the Braves on September 5, 1998.

On December 16, 2002, the Braves traded Helms and John Foster to the Milwaukee Brewers in exchange for Ray King. Following a successful first season with the Brewers, in which he hit 23 home runs and collected 67 RBI, he suffered a knee injury in a game against the Montreal Expos. After returning from the disabled list, he struggled to regain his previous form as well as playing time, being demoted to backup duties behind Russell Branyan.

On November 15, 2006, Helms agreed to a two-year, $5.5 million contract-in-principle with the Philadelphia Phillies, which included a club option for the third year. On April 2, 2008, he was designated for assignment by the Phillies, and three days later was traded to the Florida Marlins, in exchange for cash considerations. He was released by the Marlins on August 13, 2011.

On August 17, 2011, he signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves and was assigned to the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves. He was released by the Braves on September 1, 2011.

Coaching career
Helms was the bench coach of the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs for the 2018 season, followed by the Double-A Birmingham Barons for the 2019 season. In 2020, he was named manager of the Triple-A Charlotte Knights.

On May 20, 2022, the White Sox put Helms on an indefinite leave of absence from the Knights.

title: Wes Helms


text:
Astoria Canyon

Astoria Canyon is a submarine canyon 10 miles (16 km) offshore from the mouth of the Columbia River.

title: Astoria Canyon


text:
Talk:List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad

Simplify this list
I suggest that this list be radically simplified and move back towards it's title. The bar of 'noteworthy' should be removed, it should aim to be a list of *all* prisoners. Further, prisoners who have been released or executed should be removed. Lod 04:02, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I disagree. We'll never be able to get a full list of all prisoners and in any case some would not want to have their names listed for privacy reasons - we should respect that given their circumstances. And if a notable prisoner has ben released or executed, here is the logical place to list him/her. -- Ian ≡ talk 05:04, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm with Ian here. Does anyone remember during 2005 the young Australian chap who was feared missing or even dead in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina, only to reappear in a jailhouse in another state on a minor charge of being drunk in a public place? I'm sure somebody with an overseas imprisonment of that nature wouldn't appreciate the lifetime reminder of being listed at Wikipedia. Many people are arrested and imprisoned overseas. Some arrests are so minor, it's just not worth the mention in the media at all, or here. -- Longhair 05:17, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Rather than talking about "serious crime", how about "noteworthy crime"? Some crimes are serious but not noteworthy, and some are noteworthy but not serious, and wikipedia should be looking at whether a crime is noteworthy. Andjam 03:04, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * To be included on the list, it should be likely that the person will be the subject of significant reports - ie meet WP:ATT. That is - given time someone will write an article about the person.
 * Being released should not be a reason to be removed from the list - but the list should provide a space for "released / executed" date (which it currently does).Garrie 01:44, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Prisoners no longer imprisoned outside Australia
Should prisoners who are no longer imprisoned outside Australia really be included in an article titled "List of Australians in international prisons"? It seems to me that if they are moved to a prison in Australia, they need to be removed from this list. --DavidGC 14:00, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think wikipedia is not news applies here. What we are trying for is an ancyclopaedic list of notable imprisonments. We probably need the title to reflect not only the present continnuous tense but past tense too.--Golden Wattle  talk 22:00, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The page name was debated previously - see archived discussion. There was concensus for the move. Although the new title wasn't settled, I liked best the suggestion List of Australians imprisoned abroad.  Suggest move happens once the AfD has concluded.  It gets rid of the issue about tense - ie those executed or no longer imprisoned.--Golden Wattle  talk 03:05, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * How about List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad? Many of the folks on this list are notable for their execution more than their imprisonment. UnitedStatesian 17:14, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I would be happy with that--Golden Wattle talk 20:27, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Same here. —Moondyne 00:05, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

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Carway, Alberta

Carway is a hamlet in southern Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is a port of entry into the U.S. state of Montana opposite of Port of Piegan. Just on the other side of the border is the Blackfeet Indian Reservation in Glacier County, Montana.

Located approximately 23 km south of Cardston. Carway is on the southernmost point of Highway 2, which becomes U.S. Route 89 in Montana.

The hamlet was named by William Roberts, the first officer in charge of the station, as a portmanteau of Cardston and highway.

Climate
Carway has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with mild, rainy summers and cold, snowy winters with annual snowfall averaging 250.4 cm.

Demographics
The population of Carway according to the 2008 municipal census conducted by Cardston County is 2.

title: Carway, Alberta


text: File:Me First and the Gimme Gimmes - Blow in the Wind cover.jpg


text:
Grizzly Bear (dance)

The Grizzly Bear is an early 20th-century dance style. It originated in San Francisco, along with the Bunny Hug and Texas Tommy and was also done on the Staten Island ferry boats in the 1900s. It has been said that dancers John Jarrott and Louise Gruenning introduced this dance as well as the Turkey Trot at Ray Jones Café in Chicago, Illinois around 1909. The Grizzly Bear was first introduced to Broadway audiences in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1910 by Fanny Brice.

The dance was rough and clumsy. During the dance, the dancers would yell out: "It's a Bear!" The genuine Grizzly Bear step was a correct imitation of the movements of a dancing bear, moving or dancing to the side. A very heavy step to the side with a decided bending of the upper part of the body from one side to the other, a decidedly ungraceful and undignified movement when performed as a dance.

It was reported that one of the reasons former President Woodrow Wilson's inaugural ball was cancelled was because of his "disapproval of such modern dances as the turkey trot, the grizzly bear and the bunny hug". Not long before this, in 1912, New York placed the dance under a "social ban", along with other "huggly-wiggly dances", like the Turkey Trot and the Boston Dip. It was also condemned in numerous cities across the US during the same time period, with many considering it to be a "degenerate dance".

However, a large portion of society accepted the dance, along with other similar dances. The Grizzly Bear dance was featured "on Broadway, in vaudeville, and at cabaret performances". In fact, it is believed that the first introduction to the "general public" of the dance came about in the original "Broadway production of Over the River" in 1912.

In popular culture

 * The Dance of the Grizzly Bear, published in 1910, was a song composed by George Botsford with lyrics by Irving Berlin which colloquially describes the origins of the dance along with its movements.
 * In Irving Berlin's 1911 song Everybody's Doin' It, the grizzly bear is quoted as a very popular dance, with even its characteristic cry "It's a bear!".
 * In the 1912 song hit That Shakespearian Rag by Dave Stamper and Gene Buck, the dance is referenced in the refrain.
 * In episode 2, season 1, of the British television period drama Downton Abbey, the footman Thomas Barrow teaches the kitchen maid Daisy how to dance the grizzly bear.
 * In episode 2, in miniseries Indian Summers on PBS, the Grizzle Bear Dance is performed by some of the British expatriate population during an evening soiree.
 * Folk-rock group The Youngbloods released their song "Grizzly Bear" in 1966, which mentions a woman dancing the Grizzly Bear, possibly in San Francisco.
 * Folk singer Bill Morrissey's song, "Grizzly Bear", employs the phrase "... to dance the Grizzly Bear."

title: Grizzly Bear (dance)


text:
Porsche 989

The Porsche 989 was a 4-door performance-oriented touring sedan developed by Porsche between 1988 and 1991. This vehicle was never produced, as development was halted in late 1991, and cancelled shortly after in January 1992.

History
Increased sales of Porsche's 928 model during the mid-1980s prompted executives to consider adding another large, sporty touring vehicle to their lineup, this time a 4-door that could serve as a more practical, but equally powerful and exciting alternative to the 928. Porsche engineer Dr. Ulrich Bez was put in charge of the project, and was told that the vehicle should be luxurious and comfortable, but also offer a sporting nature superior to that attained by the large saloon cars built by their competitors, such as Mercedes-Benz and BMW.

Bez designed a new front-engine, rear-drive platform with a wheelbase of 2826 mm and power coming from a new 80-degree, water cooled V8 engine with a power output of around 300 PS. Some discrepancy has arisen as to the engine displacement, which is reported as being anywhere between 3.6 and 4.2 litres.

The prototype made from Bez's technical designs was styled by Harm Lagaay, a design which influenced later models and that shared a strong resemblance with the 911, despite the difference in engine placement. Specific design influences to later Porsche models include the control-arm rear suspension, 959-esque headlamps which would later be used on the 993, as well as the overall shape and tail-light design, which were adapted for the 996 generation 911.

After Ulrich Bez left Porsche in September 1991, the project lost momentum. The severe slump in 928 sales made executives re-think the idea's viability, and low overall profits during the 1989 to 1991 model years meant that it would be far more risky for the company to build than had been anticipated during development. Thus, in January 1992, development was halted completely. Although Porsche officials initially claimed that the only prototype was destroyed, it had actually been put into storage. A rear-view photograph of the prototype (silver color, 17 inch Cup II wheels, unregistered licence plate BB-PW 989) is published in the German classic car magazine Motor Klassik. Autoweek also reported the existence of the prototype. The vehicle would eventually become an exhibit at the Porsche Museum in Stuttgart.

As of 2019, it can be found at the Petersen Auto Museum in Los Angeles. Styling cues found in the next generation Porsche 911 (996) see their origins in this prototype.

The Porsche Panamera, launched in 2009, is considered to be the spiritual successor to the 989 project.

title: Porsche 989


text:
Nieuwmarkt

Nieuwmarkt (New Market) is a square in the centre of Amsterdam, Netherlands. The surrounding area is known as the Lastage neighborhood. It is situated in the borough of Amsterdam-Centrum.

The square is considered part of Amsterdam's Chinatown, next to the De Wallen (Red Light District). There are over 20 cafés and coffeeshops facing the square. There is a daily market on the square, as well as an organic food market on Saturdays and a market for antiques and books on Sundays in the summer months.

The Nieuwmarkt is dominated by a building known as the Waag, originally a gate in the Medieval city walls but converted into a weighing house after the walls were demolished in the 17th century. The square was created when the canals around the Waag were filled in 1614, and was used as a marketplace (hence the name). In World War II the square was used by the Nazis as a collection point for Jews who had been rounded up to be sent to the concentration camps.

In the 1970s many buildings on and around the square were torn down to make way for a planned metro and highway which was to run right through the Nieuwmarkt neighbourhood. This led to heavy rioting, known as the Nieuwmarkt Riots (Nieuwmarktrellen), in 1975 and, ultimately, abandonment of the highway plans. The metro, however, was constructed, and Nieuwmarkt is now a station on the Amsterdam metro (subway) system.

title: Nieuwmarkt


text:
Talk:Arthur Goldstuck

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Talk:Belfast, Maine

MBNA
A little harsh on MBNA... not really the facts but more of one person's opinion (feifdom?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.48.242.191 (talk) 14:13, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
A vandal screwed with the history section. Can anyone fix the "History" title to make it look like the others? Thanks. AFethke 14:44, August 6, 2005 (UTC)

SailViVA
Is the extensive SailViVA mention really necessary? Is it encyclopedic? Is it relevant to a general overview of the history Belfast? I know it's a non-proft, but it's still basically an over-indulgent advertisement, in my opinion. I wanted to bring this to the attention "regular" editors of this article---I didn't want to take it upon myself to delete it but defer to your judgement. 24.198.165.198 23:08, 21 April 2006 (UTC) Post-signed by JamesofMaine 12:42, 22 April 2006 (UTC) after creating user account.

Notable Residents
I do not know who 151.200.36.246 is (the IP appears to be in Washington, DC), but Google and/or Wikipedia searches reveal that the names this person has added to the Notable Residents section all appear on their face to be appropriate prominent onetime residents of Belfast with notable accomplishments made there or elsewhere. ESanchez013 if you disagree with any specific name please make your case here before deleting again and making another charge of vandalism against 151.200.36.246 for adding them. (Centpacrr (talk) 18:19, 6 December 2008 (UTC))

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6962cjXgL?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naco.org%2FCounties%2FPages%2FFindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
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 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141030012317/http://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/r-e-active.pdf to http://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/r-e-active.pdf
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050908082015/http://www.mainemuseums.org:80/htm/museumdetail.php3?orgID=1608 to http://www.mainemuseums.org/htm/museumdetail.php3?orgID=1608
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070711162722/http://www.antiquewireless.org/images/radcent100504.jpg to http://www.antiquewireless.org/images/radcent100504.jpg

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title: Talk:Belfast, Maine


text:
Rhode Island Route 112

Route 112 is a numbered state highway running 8.5 mi in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It connects U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in the town center of Charlestown and Route 138 in the town of Richmond.

Route description
Route 112 begins as South County Trail at US 1 in the center of Charlestown. It heads north overlapped with Route 2 for several miles up to the intersection with Carolina Back Road. The two routes separate here with Route 2 continuing northeast on South County Trail and Route 112 heading northwest on Carolina Back Road. Route 112 soon crosses into the village of Carolina within the town of Richmond. The road name changes to Main Street as the route passes through the village center. In Carolina, Route 112 has a junction with Route 91, which leads to the village of Alton. After leaving the village, Route 112 becomes Richmond Townhouse Road, continuing north for a few more miles until it ends at Route 138 near the Meadow Brook Golf Club.

History
Route 112 was one of the state's original routes designated in 1923. At the time it was first designated, Route 112 extended beyond its current northern terminus to end at Route 3 (then Route 1A) in the village of Wyoming using modern Route 138. The route was truncated in the mid-1930s when Route 138 was extended west to the Connecticut state line.

title: Rhode Island Route 112


text:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seoul

The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Seoul (Latin: Archidioecesis Metropolitae Seulensis, 서울대교구) is a Metropolitan archdiocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church comprising the metropolitan area of Seoul, South Korea, whose province comprises parts of South Korea (which has two more provinces) and all North Korea, yet depends on the missionary Dicastery for Evangelization. Its Metropolitan bishop as the Archbishop of Seoul resides at his Myeongdong Cathedral in Jung-gu, Seoul. The Archbishop of Seoul is also the Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Pyongyang in North Korea.

There are 57 Catholic secretly active parishes in North Korea, but due to the current regime in place, no Catholic priests are permitted permanent residency at the present time.

Pope Francis announced that the Archdiocese will be the host of the 2027 international celebration of World Youth Day.

Statistics
, it pastorally served 1,534,887 Catholics (15.7% of 9,765,869 total) on 17,349 km2 in 232 parishes with 954 priests.

List of territorial losses
Pope Leo XIII was the first to approve to separate the community from the control of diocese of Beijing and assigned priests from the Paris Foreign Missions Society but never went due to the Anti-Christian sentiment and persecutions during that time.

 * Pope Gregory XVI granted a Papal bull declaring it as an official See on 9 September 1831, referring to it as the Apostolic Vicariate of Korea  조선/Corea (Curiate Italian)/朝鮮 (正體中文), on territory split off from the then Diocese of Peking, of what used to be part of Imperial China.
 * It was renamed on 8 April 1911 as Apostolic Vicariate of Seoul 서울/漢城 (正體中文), when it also lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Taiku (Daegu).
 * It lost more territories, beginning on 8 May 1920 to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Wonsan
 * On 17 March 1927, it lost again to establish the Apostolic Prefecture of Hpyeng-yang
 * On 25 April 1939, it lost again to establish the Apostolic Prefecture of Shunsen.
 * It was again officially renamed on 12 July 1950 after its See as Apostolic Vicariate of Seul.
 * It lost territories again on 23 June 1958 to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Cheongju and the Apostolic Vicariate of Daijeon,
 * On 6 June 1961, it lost again to make the Apostolic Vicariate of Incheon, all three now have Suffragan bishops.
 * The diocese was raised to the level of Metropolitan Archdiocese on 10 March 1962.
 * It lost again on 7 October 1963 to establish the Diocese of Suwon
 * It lost again on 24 June 2004  to establish the Diocese of Uijeongbu, now both its suffragans.

The diocese has received two official Papal visits from Pope John Paul II in May 1984 and October 1989 and from Pope Francis in August 2014.

Ecclesiastical province
The Metropolitan's ecclesiastical province comprises his own Archdiocese and the following suffragan bishoprics, mostly in South Korea :
 * Diocese of Chuncheon 춘천
 * Diocese of Daejeon 대전
 * Diocese of Hamhung 함흥 (in North Korea)
 * Diocese of Incheon 인천
 * Diocese of Pyongyang 평양 (in North Korea)
 * Diocese of Suwon 수원
 * Diocese of Uijeongbu 의정부
 * Diocese of Wonju 원주

Apostolic Vicars of Korea

 * Barthélemy Bruguière, MEP (1831–1835)
 * Saint Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert, MEP (1836–1839)
 * Jean-Joseph-Jean-Baptiste Ferréol, MEP (1843–1853)
 * Saint Siméon-François Berneux, MEP (1854–1866)
 * Saint Antoine-Marie-Nicolas Daveluy, MEP (1866)
 * Félix-Clair Ridel, MEP (1869–1884)
 * Marie-Jean-Gustave Blanc, MEP (1884–1890)
 * Gustave-Charles-Marie Mutel, MEP (1890–1911)

Apostolic Vicars of Seoul

 * Gustave-Charles-Marie Mutel, MEP (1911–1933), appointed Archbishop (personal title) in 1926
 * Adrien-Joseph Larribeau, MEP (1933–1942), appointed Apostolic Vicar and later Bishop of Daijeon
 * Paul Roh Ki-nam (1942–1962)

Archbishops of Seoul

 * Paul Roh Ki-nam (1962–1967)
 * Victorinus Youn Kong-hi (1967–1968; apostolic administrator)
 * Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan (1968–1998)
 * Cardinal Nicholas Cheong Jin-suk (1998–2012)
 * Cardinal Andrew Yeom Soo-jung (2012–2021)
 * Peter Chung Soon-taick, OCD (2021–present)

Coadjutor Bishops

 * Jean-Joseph-Jean-Baptiste Ferréol, MEP (1838–1843)
 * Saint Siméon-François Berneux, MEP (1844–1854)
 * Saint Antoine-Marie-Nicolas Daveluy, MEP (1855–1866)
 * Marie-Jean-Gustave Blanc, MEP (1877–1884)
 * Émile-Alexandre-Joseph Devred, MEP (1920–1926), never succeeded to see
 * Adrien-Joseph Larribeau, MEP (1926–1933)

Auxiliary Bishops

 * Joseph Kyeong Kap-ryong (1977–1984), appointed Bishop of Daejeon
 * Paul Kim Ok-kyun (1985–2001)
 * Peter Kang U-il (1985–2002), appointed Bishop of Cheju
 * Andreas Choi Chang-mou (1994–1999), appointed Coadjutor Archbishop and later Archbishop of Gwangju
 * Joseph Lee Han-taek (2001–2004), appointed Bishop of Uijeongbu
 * Andrew Yeom Soo-jung (2001–2012), appointed Archbishop of Seoul
 * Lucas Kim Woon-hoe (2002–2010), appointed Bishop of Chunchon
 * Basil Cho Kyu-man (2006–2016), appointed Bishop of Wonju
 * Peter Chung Soon-taick, OCD (2014–2021), appointed Archbishop of Seoul
 * Timothy Yu Gyoung-chon (2014–present)
 * Benedictus Son Hee-song (2015–2024)
 * Job Koo Yobi (2017–present)
 * Paul Lee Kyung-sang (2024-present)

Sources and external links

 * Official homepage
 * GCatholic.org, with Google map – data for all sections
 * English Mass Service in Seoul
 * Myeongdong Cathedral English Mass Service
 * Yeoksam Catholic Church English Mass Service
 * Seoul International Catholic Church

title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seoul


text: File:Me First and the Gimme Gimmes - Have a Ball cover.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Notcalling

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Dmcdevit·t 07:41, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

Notcalling
Pseudo-linguistic nonsense. Joyous (talk) 14:14, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete I agree. Oliver Keenan 14:16, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Obviously I'd say that. freshgavin 23:19 07 08
 * Obviously you would, and just as obviously I'd vote delete.DS 14:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The part about unhappy made me chuckle. Unkeep. Uncle G 15:12, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Notkeep. It notmakes sense. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  15:35, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Dcarrano 15:48, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 06:32, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Mike Waddell

This is not User:Quadell. This is a troll/vandal account. It has been blocked.

title: User:Mike Waddell


text:
Marine Policing Unit

The Marine Policing Unit (MPU) is the waterborne policing unit of London's Metropolitan Police Service, forming part of the Met Taskforce (MO7) within Met Operations. Its 22 vessels are responsible for waterborne policing of the River Thames in Greater London and supporting the rest of the Metropolitan Police and to the City of London Police when dealing with incidents in or around any waterway in London. A specialist underwater and confined-spaces search team carries out searches throughout the Metropolitan Police District. The unit also has 24 officers who are trained in rope access techniques and trained to carry out searches and counter-demonstrator operations at height.

In 1839 the Marine Police Force was merged into the Metropolitan Police as the Thames Division. It held that name until being renamed the Marine Support Unit in 2001 and taking on its present name seven years later. The unit is still headquartered at Wapping, where a former carpenters' workshop also houses the River Police Museum, founded in 1974 and now curated by John Joslin and Rob Jeffries, two former officers with the unit.

Area of responsibility
Originally focusing on the Pool of London, since the 19th century it has had responsibility for the 47 miles of the Thames between Hampton Court in the west and Dartford Creek in the east. This includes the stretch of river within the City of London, since the City of London Police does not have its own marine unit. Above Hampton Court, Surrey Police have responsibility for policing but a launch is supplied by the Environment Agency. Below Dartford Creek, responsibility lies with both Essex Police and Kent Police, who have combined forces and formed a joint marine unit, with Kent based at Sheerness and Essex based at Burnham-on-Crouch.

Ranks
Before 1839 the River Police held the ranks of 3rd, 2nd and 1st Inspector due to the special powers invested to Inspectors on the river by legislation regarding the boarding of vessels on the Thames. These ranks were retained when the River Police became Thames Division, uniquely among Metropolitan Police divisions and taking the place of Sergeants or Station Sergeants in the Metropolitan Police's other divisions. 3rd Class Inspectors were ranked and paid as Sergeants in the rest of force, 2nd Class Inspectors as Station Sergeants and 1st Class Inspectors as substantive Inspectors. These ranks were replaced by normal Metropolitan Police ranks in 1903, though for many years after that date Thames Division officers are still ranked on their service sheets using these old Inspector ranks.

1839-1945
In 1839 the Marine Police Force was merged into the Metropolitan Police Force, retaining its Wapping base. Initially patrols continued in rowing boats, some of which remained in use until 1905. Impetus to change was provided when, on 3 September 1878, the steam collier Bywell Castle ran into the pleasure steamer SS Princess Alice (1865) in Galleons Reach, resulting in the loss of over 600 lives. The subsequent inquest and inquiry recommended that Thames Division should have steam launches, as rowing galleys had shown themselves to be inadequate for police duty, and the first two were commissioned in the mid-1880s. In 1910 the first motor vessels were introduced.

Wapping and a number of ex-navy hulks were the Division's only bases until 1874, when it opened a station at Waterloo Police Pier (now Tower Lifeboat Station). A second land station was built further east at Blackwall in 1893 using land freed up from the General Steam Navigation Company's cattle wharf at Coldharbour - it was a three-storey building comprising cells, accommodation and a boat-launch. In 1907 the present Wapping station was built.

1945-present
Post-war Thames Division commemorated its founders with police vessel names including the supervision launches John Harriott (1947-1963) and Patrick Colquhoun (1963-2003), and Targa duty boats in use, the John Harriott and the Gabriel Franks.

Due to the decline of the docks at Canary Wharf in the late 20th century, the Blackwall River Police Station was closed in the 1970s and converted to residential properties in 1982. In November 1978, Thames Division became a specialist unit under the direct command of Assistant Commissioner "A".

On 20 August 1989 the Marchioness disaster occurred when an aggregate dredger, the Bowbelle, collided with a passenger vessel, the Marchioness, near Cannon Street Railway Bridge. Four Metropolitan Police patrol boats assisted in the rescue of 87 people. Fifty-one passengers died, though, and following subsequent inquiries the government asked the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, the Port of London Authority and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution to work together to set up a dedicated search and rescue service for the tidal River Thames. Consequently, on 2 January 2002, the RNLI set up four lifeboat stations at Gravesend, Tower Pier, Chiswick and Teddington, taking over the role of primary search and rescue service on the river from Thames Division.

In August 2020 funding was approved by the Mayor of London for the replacement of the 6 fast patrol vessels in use with the MPU - this would be 1 of the larger Command and Control Vessels and 5 Fast Patrol Vessels.

The new vessels were delivered in a phased program with them being commissioned between January 2022 and March 2023.

The Fast Patrol Vessels are all Targa 32's and the new Command and Control Vessel is another Targa 37.

title: Marine Policing Unit


text: File:Me First and the Gimme Gimmes - Take a Break cover.jpg


text:
User:EricStephens

Eric Stephens is Enterprise Architect at Oracle. Opinions expressed here and elsewhere online are his own and not of his employer.

title: User:EricStephens


text:
User talk:Fireaza

Welcome!
Hello, Fireaza, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  14:16, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page. :)

Image copyright problem with Image:Paniponicharacters.jpg
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title: User talk:Fireaza


text:
Have a Ball

Have a Ball is the first studio album by Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, released in 1997 on the Fat Wreck Chords independent record label. The album is made up entirely of "Hits of the '60s and '70s", with the exception of Billy Joel's "Uptown Girl", originally released in 1983.

Critical reception
Larry Katz of the Boston Herald said that the album was an "unforgettable" album of 1997, despite being relatively little-known, and that the band's gimmick of recording cross-genre covers was a "darn good" joke. Noel Murray, writing in Nashville Scene, praised the record as being fun while not overly long, and said that the rearrangements of familiar older songs allowed listeners to better appreciate the writing of those songs.

Personnel

 * Spike Slawson - vocals
 * Chris Shiflett (a.k.a. Jake Jackson) - lead guitar
 * Joey Cape - rhythm guitar
 * Fat Mike - bass
 * Dave Raun - drums

title: Have a Ball


text: User talk:86.135.150.249

title: User talk:86.135.150.249


text:
Treaty of Washington (1826)

The 1826 Treaty of Washington was a treaty between the United States and the Creek Confederacy, led by Opothleyahola. The Creek National Council ceded much of their territory bordering Georgia to the United States.

The Creek Confederacy was a confederation of nations with diverse customs and histories. Over several decades, they had ceded small portions of their vast territory to the United States in various treaties. They had been allies with the Great Britain in the War of 1812. The 1814 Treaty of Fort Jackson which ended the Creek War stipulated that the Creeks would cede 23 million acres (93,000 km2) of prime territory to the United States, leaving the Creeks a tract around the Chattahoochee River. The Creek Confederacy enacted a law that made further land cessions a capital offense. However, by mid-1820s, both political parties in Georgia favored the total removal of Native Americans west of the Mississippi River. Democratic Governor George Troup aggressively moved to resolve the situation.

The Lower Creek Council, a small faction led by Troup's first cousin, William McIntosh, signed the Treaty of Indian Springs on February 13, 1825, ceding a large amount of Creek territory to the United States. However, the other chiefs and warriors (particularly the Upper Creeks) protested the treaty, stating that the signatories did not have the sovereign authority to act on behalf of the Creek Nation. McIntosh was executed on May 31, 1825, for violating Creek law prohibiting unauthorized territorial cessions.

President John Quincy Adams did not consider the treaty to be valid, and pressured Troup to stop white incursions onto Creek territory. Creek leaders traveled to Washington, D.C. to negotiate a peace treaty. A new treaty was negotiated between the United States and a widespread gathering of various Creek leaders, unified under the leadership of Opothleyahola. It voided the Treaty of Indian Springs and ceded to the United States all Creek territory on the east side of the Chattahoochee River for a one-time payment of $217,600 and a yearly annuity of $20,000. The treaty stipulated that the signatories of the Treaty of Indian Springs would have the same privileges as those who signed the new treaty, and made funding allowances for the Lower Creeks under the late William McIntosh to send a five-person deputation to explore lands west of the Mississippi River for potential resettlement. The United States would then fund the relocation, as well as providing for a full year's subsistence, a full-time U.S. Indian Agent, an interpreter, a blacksmith and a wheelwright. The treaty provided financial remuneration for the damages caused by the infighting between McIntosh's Lower Creeks and the rest of the Creek Nation. The Creeks legally retained possession of all their lands until January 1, 1827, after which they would retain a small portion on the Alabama-Georgia border.

The treaty was signed on January 24, 1826. A supplementary article signed on March 31, 1826, corrected some errors and stipulated the exact delineation of the boundary between Georgia and the Creek reserve. The United States agreed to pay the Creek Nation $30,000 for yet another piece of territory in what became Carroll County.

Not pleased with the new treaty and under intense pressure from expansionists, Troup ordered the land surveyed for a lottery, including the piece that was to remain in Creek jurisdiction. President Adams intervened by deploying American soldiers, but Troup called out the state militia, and Adams, fearful of a civil war, conceded. The United States government allowed Troup to quickly renegotiate the agreement and seize all remaining Creek territory bordering Georgia. By 1827, citizens of the Creek Nation were removed from Georgia. Within eight years, most of them would be relocated from Alabama to the designated Indian Territory (modern Oklahoma).

title: Treaty of Washington (1826)


text:
User talk:Mike Waddell

My Talk Page

title: User talk:Mike Waddell