text:
Talk:1998 bombing of Iraq

Article
The strikes came at a particularly difficult time for US President Bill Clinton, as he was impeached on December 19. --Personally i think the time was not "difficult" but "convenient", as it shifted the focus of the news media.

This articles kind of light on information; for example, how many strikes were made? What targets were hit? Etc. Would someone be able to expand on this? --Stretch 22:25, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

re: Additional information being needed, I agree that this is true, but it will probably never be supplied. People in the military generally have good reasons not to open their mouths about past campaigns, and I doubt Iraqi sources with documentation remain, primarily because of the ransacking of government offices allowed during military occupation.Kencomer (talk) 08:37, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

re: Perceiving the time as being "difficult" for a leader who is being accused of and tried for "high crimes and misdemeanors" requires no sophisticated interpretation. My recollection shows that the media were still pretty attentive in the House at that time. It was almost like they were giving odds. If you call this "convenient", I won't argue with your interpretation--I do not think that the adjective applies, but it isn't clearly beyond question--but I will point out that it is interpretation. In my humble opinion (not as a hobnobgoblin from the lofty reaches of en.w) that fact means that it does not qualify as an objection to NPOV.

Unless a source can be provided for a statement stronger than the "critics of the Clinton administration expressed concern over the timing of Operation Desert Fox" already present in the article (without a source, unlike the stuff from Scott Ritter) I do not see a good reason not to remove the NPOV dispute tag.Kencomer (talk) 08:37, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Added expansion tag. Forgot to last time. --Stretch 03:20, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh yes, the article still very much deserves the "Neutrality disputed" tag (and probably will for a very long time). For the most part, it is a one-sided representation of official US views, and with very little substance on what actually happened. The value of those "facts" would be open for debate in any case, but a honest researcher is nevertheless obliged to include claims he doesn't agree with and, when only biased information is available, mention both sides equally.
 * In Germany there was some live news coverage during the bombing of Baghdad, and I remember many attempts for a peaceful solution throughout the year 1998, including Kofi Annan's highly anticipated visit to Iraq which was continuously blocked by the US. The climate of that whole year was very much like the Democracy Now! shows of February 16-17, 1998 suggest. The alternative media are a good (and almost only) source for Anti-war activism or even criticsm in English language, there must be something to the claim that the official media was beating the war drums obediently. I had a hard time finding any mention of views of the "outside" world or activism against the air strikes, and even then the headlines were designed to show off steadfast solidarity.
 * Concerning the Clinton-Lewinsky affair - though uncomfortable for Clinton, I agree it was a very good distraction from real policy (like that infamous Presidential Directive 60, authorizing the use of tactical nuclear weapons against Iraq. Clinton allegedly changed it after Ramsey Clark "leaked" it in an article in February 1998. So George W. Bush didn't invent the US' "right" for nuclear attacks). Government work is really done by aides and the people in the second row, while any politician's most important role in the media age is that of a public figurehead. On top of that, to make a weak-looking fool out of Clinton surely pushed the hardliner's agenda.
 * It seems calculated ridicule can be very useful for prolonging war or occupation, as it shifts the public focus from the decision makers to the "people on the ground". 88.217.69.170 (talk) 08:10, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It seems our friends in Germany have an admirably firm grasp of US policy matters as well as media transparancy- or lack thereof. It is unfortunately all we have to work with. Batvette (talk) 05:40, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Removal
I removed a substantial portion of text that had been copied from one of the external links with little or no modification. This use of copyrighted text is not acceptable. The article left behind is presumably more incomplete as a result, but in addressing that, contributions must always be written in your own words. --Michael Snow 17:23, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Scott Ritter's POV
OK guys, are we really supposed to believe that gathering intelligence against Iraq was the actual reason for the expulsion and not the pretext? It would involve circular logic to conclude that this was the case because had Saddam not impeded them, there would be no bombing. 65.185.190.240 00:38, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Furthermore, having the entire section about the "end of inspections" devoted to Scott Ritter's claims is not NPOV. 65.185.190.240 00:42, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

re: circular logic... The gathering of non-WMD intelligence would not necessarily have been seen by Saddam as grounds for expulsion because it was preparatory to an invasion. It might have been the "vandalism" of the palaces reported in Le Monde back around that time. Saddam repeatedly claimed that the inspectors were deliberately going beyond the law back around that time. The USA response was that there was nowhere in Iraq they were not permitted to search which, though I can't say one way or another how the treaty was written, I doubt that the people at the table envisioned the equivalent of things like, say, digging up the White House rose garden.

I am not as familiar as you seem to be with Wikipedia's NPOV's particulars, but I see nothing wrong with including the reports of a source with credible access to the information who has gone into print on the issue. I do not think that it is required that a point of view be omitted because there is no rebuttal on the page. In fact, I thought it specifically allowed for that. Frequently, there is no one with credible access to the information that might be able to show that a contested POV is false.Kencomer (talk) 08:37, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * This "circular thinking" is a classic case of the hen vs. the egg. Nobody has been able to solve that one, so far ;-)
 * You're not "supposed to believe" anything. Belief is inherently one-sided. 88.217.69.170 (talk) 08:22, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The "Iraq Confidential" link currently leads to a dead site (advertising the usual junk). New references needed to support Ritter's claims.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.208.170.5 (talk) 13:26, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

title renaming
Title should be renamed as the current is US-POV (WP:Milhist guidelines). See also United States bombing of Libya or NATO campaign against the Army of Republika Srpska -- TheFE ARgod (Ч) 15:09, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Is this the only reason that the article has an NPOV dispute in it? If so, I hope you'll fix it and then remove the NPOV dispute. I do not believe the article is anywhere near "comprehensive," but what is there seems to be pretty NPOV Kencomer (talk) 08:37, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

So Many Facts Omitted (Censored)
Facts

U.S.S.R. sent Teams of Spetsnaz 1978 to 1979 into U.S. Ally Iran to Overthrow U.S. Ally Shah of Iran by creating a Civil War. This was also happening at Afghanistan, except the 5 Million Pro U.S.S.R. Afghans invited the U.S.S.R. into Afghanistan to take care of their problem the 5 Million Pro U.S. Afghans. The U.S.S.R. backed Ayatollah Khomeini and the U.S.S.R. Spetsnaz started Green Revolution. After the Green Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini refused Orders from the U.S.S.R. just like the Pro U.S.S.R. Afghan President did with the U.S.S.R. Spetsnaz storming the Afghan Palace and murdering the Pro U.S.S.R. Afghan President. Ayatollah Khomeini has his Revolutionary Guards Murder All Iranian Military and their Families that were of the Pro U.S. Shah of Iran Military, then starts murdering all Iranians that were suspected of being Collaborators to the Christians, Jews, Unbelievers. This caused Millions of Iranians to flee to U.S. Ally Iraq. U.S. Ally Iraq's Military assisted the Iranian Refugees while Ayatollah Khomeini attempted to stop the Millions of Iranians from getting to U.S. Ally Iraq, even going into U.S. Ally Iraq and taking back Iranians from the U.S. Ally Iraqis Refugee Camps. This then turned into small battles, then larger battles, U.S. Ally President Saddam Hussein then decided to create a DMZ, and the U.S. Ally Iraqis Military go into Iran and forced the Iranian Military away from the Borders, starting the Iran Iraq Wars, as the Longest Conventional War of History.

During the Iran Iraq Wars the Millions of Iranians that fled to U.S. Ally Iraq turned Traitor and fought on the side of U.S.S.R. backed Ayatollah Khomeini's Iran. To the North the Millions of Kurdistanis fought on the side of U.S.S.R. backed Ayatollah Khomeini Iran. After the Iran Iraq Wars were declared over with Paris Peace Talks, the Millions of Iranians at U.S. Ally Iraq, as the Shia of Iraq, continued to Fight against U.S. Ally Iraq, the Millions of Kurdistanis continued to fight against U.S. Ally Iraq, U.S. Ally President Saddam Hussein then Used Chemical Weapons from undetermined sources to finally end the fighting, just as the U.S. had Used Nuclear Weapons to Finally End World War 2.

Demonrat President Clinton's False Assumption, Dictator Saddam Hussein Murdering His Own People (in reference to the Traitor Kurdistanis and the Traitor Shia of Iraq) during the Iran Iraq Wars.

Demonrat President Clinton's False Assumption, Everybody living at U.S. Ally Iraq is an Iraqis. Actual Iraqis Arabs, Arabic, Sunnis. Shia of Iraq, Iranians, Farsi, Shia, Ally of Iran. Kurdistanis Indo Europeans, Slang Farsi, Shia, Ally of Iran.

Demonrat President Clinton's 1993 U.S. Airstrikes and U.S. Cruise Missile Attacks, extremely inaccurate without U.S. Military on the ground doing the Target Identifications, Target Adjustments, and Target Damage Assessments. 1993 half of a U.S. Army Special Forces ODA sent to Baghdad Iraq. Result the 1993 First Obama Bin Laden Attack of the World Trade Center.

Demonrat President Clinton's 1993 U.S. Airstrikes and U.S. Cruise Missile Attacks, extremely inaccurate without U.S. Military on the ground doing the Target Identifications, Target Adjustments, and Target Damage Assessments. 1993 half of a U.S. Army Special Forces ODA sent to Baghdad Iraq. There are no U.S. Ally Iraq Military Targets inside Baghdad Iraq, the Iraqis Military are in a number of rings around Baghdad Iraq, their Air Defenses are also near the Border with U.S. Ally Syria as to where the U.S. Airstrikes were coming from as well as the U.S. Cruise Missile Attacks being launched from U.S. Ally Syrian Sea Ports. U.S. Attacked Civilians at Baghdad Iraq.

U.S. Congress informed Demonrat President Clinton that he is Violating U.S. Senate Law, 1973 War Powers Resolution, U.S. House of Representatives Law, 1973 War Powers Act, in response Demonrat President Clinton gives his 1998 State of the Union Address Demanding that U.S. Congress Declare War Against U.S. Ally Iraq, justification "Weapons of Mass Destruction". U.S. Congress Declared War Against U.S. Ally Iraq as part of the Demonrat Party's Policy of "Regime Change" (later Obama did the same "Regime Change" as the Overthrows of U.S. Allies Established Governments), Goals, "Overthrow President Saddam Hussein, Liberate the Iraqis People, Install A Demonratcy.". Demonrat President Clinton then Ordered 1998 U.S. Military Operation Desert Fox. Half of a U.S. Army Special Forces ODA sent to Baghdad Iraq, there are no U.S. Ally Iraqis Military Forces at Baghdad Iraq, Clinton's belief is that by attacking the Iraqis Civilians that they will Rise Up and Overthrow Dictator Saddam Hussein, the Targets were the Overcrowded Urban Poor Areas of Baghdad Iraq (ironically the Shia of Iraq Overcrowded Areas). Surviving Shia of Iraq declared the U.S. Is the Great Satan, U.S. Declared War Against Muslims. Clinton spun this only showing the center of Baghdad Iraq (few U.S. Cruise Missiles that went off course), while Al Jazeera was broadcasting all the damages, deaths and destruction.

In response Obama Bin Laden Declared Revenge for the Murders of the Innocent Poor of Islam and Declared "the U.S. Is the Great Satan" on Video (VHS) Tape sent to Al Jazeera, the Holy Koran Demands that All Muslims Fight Satan. As the Cause of the Second Obama Bin Laden Attack of the World Trade Center, 9/11 2001.

The Muslim Nation of Iran then Declared to the Arab League of Nations (and OPEC) that the U.S. is The Great Satan. U.S. Ally Arab Nations then got lots of backlash for being U.S. Allies, as just short of Civil War and Muslim Revolution to Overthrow the U.S. Ally Arab Nations Established Governments.

To the North U.S. Army Special Forces, CIA SAD and SOG, linked up with the Millions of Kurdistanis Traitors as Allies of Iran to fight against the Actual Iraqis. To the South the U.S. Army Special Forces, CIA SAD and SOG linked up with the Traitorous Shia of Iraq as Allies of Iran to fight against the Actual Iraqis. Same thing the Muslim Nation of Iran did during the Iran Iraq Wars.

The Millions (30 Million) of Kurdistanis Allied themselves to Obama Bin Laden, Al Quada, Millions of Afghan Taliban, Millions of Holy Warriors of Islam and became Ansar Al Islam. Nakamuradavid (talk) 15:19, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Desert Fox Ground War neglected
The article neglects to mention the US Army Special Forces and US Marine forces directly involved in cooperation with the Kurdish militias during the operation. They invaded from bases in Turkey and held northern Iraq until the bombing campaign was halted. Afterwards, the US forces had to give up all the territory they seized and all American forces had to be withdrawn from their bases in southern Turkey. Kurdish refugees were kicked out of camps in Turkey only to be massacred by Saddam's death squads when they were deported. In response, the US-supported Kurdish militias attacked both the Turks (causing them to distrust the US) and the Iraqi forces to try to create a Kurdish homeland. Anti-Hussein networks rose up against their government and were slaughtered when the US left. The result was that Turkey, formerly a staunch NATO ally, refused to host Allied and Kurdish forces during the Iraq Invasion, forcing the American stategists to use another base of operations and support. It also made Kurdish and Iraqi opposition leaders more reticent, a problem that haunts support efforts in Iraq now. Desert Fox had some short-term benefit, but in the long run it was an irresponsible campaign that shifted the burden of dealing with the Hussein threat to the next administration in office. 134.241.58.252 17:19, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

This article back in the day had a very good explanition of the ground forces located in Kuwait because me and several others added to it was removed. I do not see why it was removed considering that at the time we had the largest US Army ground force there; 2nd BCT, 3ID ready to defend Kuwait or attack into Iraq. I know that because I was on the ground and we were ready to execute what are commanders wanted us to do. We were promised that our deployment would not interfere with our Christmas plans but thanks to Saddam we were forced to stay in country while the bombing was going on. I think Task Force 4-64 and Task Force 3-15 exploits should be reinstated into this article as some excellent ground forces were there to protect and defend Kuwait or invade Iraq if needed.

SSG Myles Spence Former C co. 4-64 AR Tank Driver Operation Desert Fox —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.182.103.177 (talk) 05:03, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Desert fox green.jpg
Image:Desert fox green.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:45, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

If you want some fair use pictures I'll be glad to add to the article some pictures of me and my compadres stuck out in the deserts of Kuwait waiting to see if our leadership would let us cross the border during this Operation. We got a nice pic of a christmas tree on top of a M113. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.182.103.177 (talk) 05:32, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

List of sources
FYI, a list of sources on this subject can be found here:. Cla68 (talk) 03:51, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Propaganda
I did a minimal addition in mentioniong OBL's fatwa which clearly states everything which this section tries to deny. This section has an appropriate title at least. It tries to establish as fact any possible attempt by Osama Bin Laden to take action against the US in retaliation for oppression and deaths against Iraqis by the US and UN as ridiculous, when Osama Bin Lsden himself declares as one of his three main grievances in that 1996 proclaimation. I gave a link. STOP LYING. Batvette (talk) 05:50, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Alleged
Given the fact that Iraq's failure to comply with UN resolutions is disputed and the fact that we now know that Iraq abandonded all its WMD programs around 1994-1995, I changed the lead to say "Iraq's alleged failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions". 216.239.234.196 (talk) 14:05, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * This would be relevant if #1, the requirements of the resolutions allowed Iraq to secretly dispose of its WMD, not furnish documentation of it, and yet retain ambiguity over their status to allude a threat to neighbors, or #2, that we really "now know" that to be the only factual probabilty. Duelfer's report JUDGES that yet allows that he may have also had them and moved them. Batvette (talk) 19:13, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Serious construction needed
The criticism part of the article is overly long when compared to the rest. However, the problem is not with the excessive criticism, but the actual attack. Where did the Americans attack, exactly? Iraqi military response in the area? Reading the article, it gives no indication of these things. 99.144.241.215 (talk) 04:40, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

 * We need someone with knowledge of the campaign to expand the article. Is there any way to list it? Dynablaster (talk) 04:47, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Operation Desert Fox - name
Why isn't the name of this article Operation Desert Fox per WP:COMMONNAME? there was a small note on that above, from 14 years ago. Anyone care to revisit? Hydromania (talk) 09:40, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 24 April 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Non-opposed move buidhe 20:39, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

Bombing of Iraq (1998) → 1998 bombing of Iraq – Years should come at the start of the title. Unreal7 (talk) 13:14, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Infobox - support
I have removed the list of nations that were listed as supporting Iraq during the 1998 bombing of Iraq. The cited Russian news article discusses possible general weapons violations of the listed countries and the possible training of Iraqi military officers on S-300 anti-air equipment in Belarus in the year 2000. The article does not mention anything about the listed countries supporting Iraq during the three day bombing. ElderZamzam (talk) 10:34, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

List of commanders
I've taken "Queen Elizabeth II" off from the "list of commanders". It's pretty much absurd to suggest and more importantly not at all in the style I've seen on Wikipedia, 146.199.131.82 (talk) 15:24, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:1998 bombing of Iraq


text:
Mario Rodríguez (footballer, born 1978)

Mario Rodríguez Cervantes (born 18 January 1978) is a Mexican former footballer. , he played for Lobos BUAP as a goalkeeper. During a game against Chivas Guadalajara and C.F. Pachuca he passed the ball to the opposite team and they ended up making goals from Gonzalo Pineda and from Christian Gimenez. Since these incidents he has been working hard to recover his form to be in the starting line-up.

After Jose de Jesus Corona was sold to Cruz Azul, Mario became the starting goalkeeper for Estudiantes Tecos for the start of Apertura 2009.

InterLiga 2008
The InterLiga 2008, so far for Mario Rodríguez has been great having gotten three Clean Sheets in all three games he has played, and he was back in form to be the First-Choice Goalkeeper of Club Atlas. Unfortunately, with the purchase of Uruguay goalkeeper Jorge Bava, he has been relegated to the bench.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mario Rodríguez (footballer, born 1978)


text:
Template talk:Esperanto

Moved from: Talk:Esperanto

Esperanto Template
I would like to propose a template to coordinate all of the Esperanto series of articles. I have put it at Template:Esperanto, and it looks like this:

Any comments, criticisms?

--[[User:JonMoore|—Jo nMo ore  20:24, 29 May 2006 (UTC)]] 21:01, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * A couple people have objected that 'pronunciation' is not a real article, and should be merged. Also, there's the pros & cons article, Esperanto as an international language, which needs work, but perhaps should be included (probably under a different title). Other than that, looks good. kwami 00:05, 2005 July 15 (UTC)

 * Zamenhof probably should moved from the title box into the history line. --Gabriel Beecham/Kwekubo 00:53, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Just a thought - what about linking the "Language:" caption to the main Eo article, the way History and Culture are, so that the main "Esperanto" caption is link free? That might fit in a little better with standard Wikipedia formatting, since section headings are not supposed to contain links. kwami 01:21, 2005 July 15 (UTC)
 * I made all of the above changes, but I think we should leave "Pronunciation" until it is no longer an article. --[[User:JonMoore|—Jo nMo ore  20:24, 29 May 2006 (UTC)]] 01:27, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No "Criticisms" link? kwami
 * Yes, under "Pros and cons". I thought of it after I wrote the post :-) --[[User:JonMoore|—Jo nMo ore  20:24, 29 May 2006 (UTC)]] 01:42, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hm, kinda lost where it is, and 'Criticism' might be a more intelligible title (it sounds like 'pros and cons of grammar' where it is now), but I'm not sure it deserves first billing of all the subarticles, which is where the spelling 'Criticism' would end up. Maybe add 'Criticism' to a forth row, or in the third row, but in the bold font that 'Culture' gets? That is, make it a 4th category, but combine the 3rd and 4th categories in the 3rd row, since they're shorter than the other two? kwami

 * Ok, how does that look? With this particular template's format, its hard to make a seperate category, without it going on a seperate line. That's not to say we can't alter the format. And of course, as always you are welcome to fiddle with the template :) --[[User:JonMoore|—Jo nMo ore  20:24, 29 May 2006 (UTC)]] 03:16, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks good! kwami

Okay, I fiddled! Added a bunch of criticism links (Ido, Eo vs. IL, Educ. value, riism), plus organizations (UEA, UK, TEJO, pen pal & hospitality clubs), plus Unua Libro and native speakers. I'll understand if you think it's too cluttered, but I thought these would all be of interest. Except maybe riism, which is rather provincial, and was added mainly to balance the length of the lines. kwami 22:44, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, I like the new format. kwami 22:59, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Baza (language)

 * see Deletion review/Log/2007 June 18
 * – (View AfD) (View log)

Contested prod. Subject is a proposal made in 2003 to limit the vocabulary in Esperanto and its derivatives. Article makes no claim for the subject's notability, and cites no reliable third-party publications. The only provided sources are the self-published (and freely hosted) website of Greg Hoover, the proposal's creator, and the proposal's associated profile at the constructed language wiki Langmaker, which was also authored by Greg Hoover.

Attempts to use Google to establish notability or lack thereof prove difficult, as "Baza" is both a town in Granada and a common adjective in the Esperanto language. Baza's alternative name, "Inter-Esperanto" returns matches of the phrase "inter Esperanto" (no hyphen), which is quite common since "inter" is an Esperanto word for the preposition "between". Despite several attempts, I have not been able to find any reliable third-party sources on either Google or Google Scholar. A search on EBSCOhost, a search engine for academic journals, has also revealed nothing. -- Schaefer (talk) 00:27, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Delete I think the nominator pretty much sums it up. This is unreviewed, non-peer reviewed material that evidently has not been published anywhere. It is therefore not proper for Wikipedia. Jody B  talk 02:45, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Language-related deletions.   -- John Vandenberg 01:38, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Delete: per nom, complete failure of WP:V. Given the circumstances, it's incumbent on anyone wishing to save the article (as, per policy, it should be in any event in all cases) to provide proper sourcing before the AfD closes.    RGTraynor  18:11, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:NOR or WP:MADEUP.  semper fictilis  20:09, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Delete. Search of major papers for Baza + language over last 10 years also turns up zip.  - Aagtbdfoua 01:54, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Template talk:Esperanto


text:
User talk:Jibbley

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

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FLCL
As a userbox fan of FLCL, would you be willing to vote for its nomination at Wikipedia's Article Improvement Drive? If elected, it will be the subject of a week-long overhaul, in an attempt to pass in to Featured Article status! Thanks, Litefantastic 17:12, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

A question~
Why'd you take out the class names for a few of the sub-characters in the .Hack//Characters page?
 * Click...If you dare! o,0` (talk) 14:56, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Jibbley


text:
User talk:So2thabored

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 02:28, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

Image Tagging Image:Ccruz.jpg
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title: User talk:So2thabored


text:
Chameria

Chameria (Çamëria; Τσαμουριά, Tsamouriá; Çamlık) is a term used today mostly by Albanians to refer to parts of the coastal region of Epirus in southern Albania and Greece, traditionally associated with the Albanian ethnic subgroup of the Chams. For a brief period (1909-1912), three kazas (Filat, Aydonat and Margiliç) were combined by the Ottomans into an administrative district called Çamlak sancak. Apart from geographic and ethnographic usages, in contemporary times within Albania the toponym has also acquired irredentist connotations. During the interwar period, the toponym was in common use and the official name of the area above the Acheron river in all Greek state documents. Today it is obsolete in Greek, surviving in some old folk songs. Most of what is called Chameria is divided between parts of the Greek regional units of Thesprotia, Preveza, and Ioannina (some villages at the western side); and the municipality of Konispol at the southernmost extremity of Albania.

Name
In the Middle Ages this area was known as Vagenetia.

Chameria was mostly used as a term for the region of modern Thesprotia, during the Ottoman rule. It is of uncertain etymology. It possibly derives from the ancient Greek name of the Thyamis river, called Cham (Çam) in Albanian, either through the unattested Slavic *čamь or *čama rendering the older Slavic *tjama, or a direct continuation from it.

In European travel reports, the term appears for the first time at the beginning of the 19th century. The term was not used in Ottoman territorial administration before the 20th century.

Geography and boundaries

In modern times, the region of Chameria was reduced to the dialectological territory of the Chams, stretching between the mouth of the Acheron river in the south, the area of Butrint in the north, and the Pindus in the east. After the permanent demarcation of the Greco-Albanian border, only two small municipalities were left in southern Albania (Markat and Konispol), while the remainder was part of the Epirus periphery of Greece.

The early 19th c. Greek author Perraivos, notable for his works on Souli and Epirus, notes that the Albanian Chams inhabit the area between the Bistrica river in the north and the Souli area south. French diplomat and General Consul of France in nearby Ioannina, François Pouqueville, noticed in 1814-1816 that there is a district named Chamouri that stretches from the Thyamis all the way down to the Acheron river. In the early 1800s British colonel William Martin Leake while in the area described Chameria as stretching from the boundaries of Butrint and Delvinë until the Fanari and Paramythia areas consisting of two main sub-districts, Daghawi or Dai and Parakalamos. During the 19th century, the novelista and poet Nikolaos Konemenos, an Arvanite from the area placed his home district of Lakka (Λάκκας) within the bounds of Tsamouria (Τσαμουριά) or Chameria. In the early 1880s, British diplomat Valentine Chirol who spent time in the area during the Eastern Crisis defined Chameria along linguistic lines in geographic terms where Albanian speakers were found during that time. Chirol states that the Thiamis river basin, the Souli mountains, the Louros river valley up until the Preveza peninsula formed part of the district called "Tchamouria" which referred to the "southernmost Albanian settlements in Epirus". Chirol also noted that due to the spread of the Chams in the area, the toponym also applied to the centre of the region where they held "undivided sway".Chirol, Valentine (1881). Twixt Greek and Turk. W Blackwood & sons. pp. 231-232. "The limits of the Albanian-speaking districts of Epirus south of the Kalamas may be roughly defined as follows: Starting from the Kalamas near the sharp bend which that river takes to the north at the foot of Mount Lubinitza, they follow the crest of the amphitheatrical range of Suli as far as the gorge of the Acheron. In that neighbourhood, probably owing to the influence which the Suliote tribe at one time enjoyed, they drop over to the east into the valley of the Luro, and follow its basin as far as the peninsula on which Prevesa, is situated, where the Greek element resumes its preponderancy. Within these outer limits of the Albanian tongue the Greek element is not unrepresented, and in some places, as about Paramythia, for instance, it predominates; but, on the whole, the above- defined region may be looked upon as essentially Albanian. In this, again, there is an inner triangle which is purely Albanian—viz., that which lies between the sea and the Kalamas on the one hand and the waters of the Vuvo on the other. With the exception of Parga and one or two small hamlets along the shore, and a few Greek chifligis on Albanian estates, the inhabitants of this country are pure Tchamis—a name which, notwithstanding Von Hahn's more elaborate interpretation. I am inclined to derive simply from the ancient appellation of the Kalamas, the Thyamis, on both banks of which stream the Albanian tribe of the Tchamis, itself a subdivision of the Tosks, has been settled from times immemorial. From the mountain fastnesses which enclose this inner triangle, the Tchamis spread out and extended their influence east and south; and the name of Tchamouria, which is especially applied to the southernmost Albanian settlements in Epirus, was probably given to that district by themselves as an emphatic monument of their supremacy; but it cannot belong less rightfully to the centre, where they hold undivided sway."

Within the confines of the Ottoman administrative system (1880s) Albanians of the time claimed that Toskland (Toskalık) was made up of three components Toskalık, Laplık and Çamlık. According to the Ottoman administration of 1880s Çamlık or Chamland (Chameria) consisted of the regions Margalic, Aydonat and Filat. As such those three kazas where also known as kaza of Chameria. Similarly in 1910 the kaza of Resadiye was created, also known as kaza of Chameria or Igoumenitsa and included the former kazas of Paramythia, Margariti and Filiates. On the other hand, Sami Frashëri, a noted member of the Albanian national movement and Ottoman intellectual who compiled the first Ottoman dictionary Kamus al-a'lam (Universal Dictionary of History and Geography) wrote in various article entries pertaining to the region and claimed that Chameria included: Ioannina, Konitsa, Louros, Parga, Margariti, Filiates, Preveza. Thus claiming that Chameria was a much larger region and coincided with the southern part of Epirus.

During the interwar period of the twentieth century British historian Nicholas Hammond traversed the region and described Chameria as consisting of main settlements like Paramythia and Margariti. He also described the Chameria region as pertaining to the Thiamis river basin, covering the Margariti district and heading all the way down to coastal villages like Loutsa of the Acheron plain, which marked the most southernmost Albanian speaking settlement and the southern limit of Chameria. Pre-War Greek sources say that the coast of Chameria extended from the Acheron River to Butrint and the inland reaches east till the slopes of Mount Olytsikas (or Tomaros). The center of Chameria was considered to be Paramythia and other areas were Filiates, Parga and Margariti. In various Greek sources of the interwar era they also at times include the Greek speaking area to the east of Filiates within Chameria, while excluding the Albanian speaking area of Fanari known also as Prevezaniko. Throughout the interwar period, Chameria in official Greek government documents related to the area north of the Acheron river.

Modern day scholarship gives descriptions of the geographical outlines or areas of Chameria. Professors of History, Eleftheria Manta, Kyriakos Kentriotis and Dimitris Michalooulos agree that Chameria extends from the Acheron River to Butrint and the inland reaches east till the slopes of Mount Olytsikas. This region, besides a small part that belongs to the Albanian state is more or less equated with Thesprotia. Leonidas Kallivretakis states that the Greek part of the Chameria region is limited to Thesprotia prefecture, both in Ottoman and modern times. Similarly, historian Georgia Kretsi states that Chameria concerns the same region which is today called Thesprotia among Greeks, in addition to a small number of settlements on the Albanian side of the border. Lambros Baltsiotis states that it includes a small part of Albanian territory, consisted of the western part of Thesprotia prefecture and north of Preveza regional unit (former Preveza prefecture), stretching down to Fanari. German historian Hermann Frank Meyer states that the modern Thesprotia prefecture geographically coincides with Chameria. Laurie Kain Hart states that Chameria as a district extends to "Epiros at least as far south as Preveza". Historian Konstantinos Tsitselikis states that Chameria is part of Margariti, Igoumenitsa, Filiates and Paramythia regions. Historian Sherif Delvina states that the southernmost limit of Chameria is the Acheron river.

James Pettifer and Miranda Vickers state that Chameria reaches out from the Ionian coast going to the eastern Ioannina mountains and extending to the south going as near as the Preveza gulf. However, in another work Miranda Vickers states that it "extends from Butrint and the mouth of the Acheron River", but at the same time also from "Lake Prespa in the north, eastward to the  Pindus  mountains  and  south  as  far  as  Preveza  and  the  Gulf  of  Arta". Robert Elsie states that Chameria corresponds to Thesprotia and Preveza prefectures and including a small area around Konispol town in Albania. Elsie describes Chameria as containing the river basins of the Thiamis and Acheron rivers and Ionian coastline all the way down to Preveza while excluding Corfu island, the Epirote interior and the city of Ioannina. In the same work Elsie states that Thesprotia is the Greek toponymic equivalent for the Albanian toponym Chameria.

Late Middle Ages
The earliest mention of Albanians within the region of Epirus is recorded in a Venetian document of 1210 as inhabiting the area opposite the island of Corfu, however any pre-14th century Albanian migration in the region can not be confirmed. The first documented appearance of Albanians which occurred in sizable numbers within the Despotate of Epirus is not recorded before 1337 in which Byzantine sources present them as nomads.

In the 1340s, taking advantage of a Byzantine civil war, the Serbian King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan conquered Epirus and incorporated it in his Serbian Empire. During this time, two Albanian states were formed in the region. In the summer of 1358, Nikephoros II Orsini, the last despot of Epirus of the Orsini dynasty, was defeated in battle against Albanian chieftains. Following the approval of the Serbian Tsar, these chieftains established two new states in the region, the Despotate of Arta and Principality of Gjirokastër. Internal dissension and successive conflicts with their neighbours, including the rising power of the Ottoman Turks, led to the downfall of these Albanian principalities to the Tocco family. The Tocco in turn gradually gave way to the Ottomans, who took Ioannina in 1430, Arta in 1449, Angelokastron in 1460, and finally Vonitsa in 1479.

Ottoman rule
During the Ottoman rule, the region was under the Vilayet of Ioannina, and later under the Pashalik of Yanina. During this time, the region was known as Chameria (also spelled Tsamouria, Tzamouria) and became a district in the Vilayet of Yanina. The wars of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries between Russia and the Ottoman Empire negatively impacted upon the region. Increased conversions to Islam followed, often forced, such as those of 25 villages in 1739 which are located in current day Thesprotia prefecture.

In the 18th century, as the power of the Ottomans declined, the region came under the semi-independent state of Ali Pasha Tepelena, an Albanian brigand who became the provincial governor of Ioannina in 1788. Ali Pasha started campaigns to subjugate the confederation of the Souli settlements in this region. His forces met fierce resistance by the Souliote warriors. After numerous failed attempts to defeat the Souliotes, his troops succeeded in conquering the area in 1803.

After the fall of the Pashalik, the region remained under the control of the Ottoman Empire, while Greece and Albania declared that their goal was to include in their states the whole region of Epirus, including Thesprotia or Chameria. With the rise of the Albanian national movement in the late 19th century, the local Orthodox Albanian speaking population did not share the national ideas of their Muslim Albanian speaking neighbours. Instead they remained Greek-oriented and identified themselves as Greeks. In 1909, the Ottoman Empire combined the kazas (sub districts) of Filat, Aydonat, Margiliç and the town of Parga into a new administrative unit called Çamlak sancak (district), part of Yanya Vilayet (province). Finally, following the Balkan Wars, Epirus was divided in 1913, in the London Peace Conference, and the region came under the control of Kingdom of Greece, with only a small portion being integrated into the newly formed State of Albania.

During the Ottoman era, Chameria had a feudal system of administration. The most important and older feudal clan was that of Pronjo of Paramythia (Drandakis).

Modern history
When the region came under Greek control after the London Conference of 1912-1913, its population included Greeks, Albanians, Aromanians and Romani.

The Greek census counted Muslim Chams separately from their Christian counterparts; as a result of the religious classification system in place in Greece, some of the Muslim Chams were placed alongside Muslim Turks living in Greece and were transferred to Turkey during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey while their property was expropriated by the Greek government as part of the same agreement. Orthodox Cham Albanians were counted as Greeks, and their language and Albanian heritage were under heavy pressure of assimilation. The region was then temporarily settled by Greek refugees from Asia Minor who were used as a demographic tool to pressure Muslim Chams to leave the area; most of these Greeks were later moved to other areas in the country after Greece decided not to send Muslim Albanian Chams en-masse to Turkey in the 1920s.

In the 1930s the population of the region was approximately 70,000; Albanian-speaking Muslims were estimated to number around 18,000–20,000. All the population, independently of religion of ethnicity, were called Chams, but were not counted as such on the Greek census. (According to the 1928 census the total Muslim population in Greece was 126.017 ).

During the interwar period, the toponym Chameria was in common use within the region and was also the official name for the area above the Acheron river used in all government documents by the Greek state. In 1936, the Greek state created a new prefecture called Thesprotia, from parts of Ioannina and Preveza prefectures, as to exercise better control over the Muslim Albanian Cham minority.

During the Axis occupation of Greece (1941–1944), large parts of the Muslim Cham community collaborated with the Italian and German forces as Axis forces manipulated the Cham issue to encourage beneficial resistance to Greek rule in the region. In the early 1940s, 1,800 Cham conscripts were disarmed by Greek forces and set to perform hard labor on infrastructure improvements, and all Albanian males who had not yet been conscripted were deported to internment camps or placed in exile on Greek islands.

At the end of World War II, Cham Albanians were systematically cleansed from the region by the guerrilla forces of the right-wing National Republican Greek League (EDES) led by Napoleon Zervas. Some Muslim Chams who formed the Chameria Battalion provided military support to the left-wing resistance forces of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS). After the Cham Albanians declined to fight against ELAS, Zervas ordered a mass assault on Cham villages by forces which mainly consisted of EDES and local Greek peasantry eager to exact their revenge on the richer minority of Cham Albanians.

A former Chameria membership of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO), via the organization Democratic Foundation of Chameria, was admitted on 8 June 2015. The membership was eventually suspended in December 2019.

Demographics
Since the Medieval Ages, the population of the region of Chameria was of mixed and complex ethnicity, with a blurring of group identities such as Albanian and Greek, along with many other ethnic groups. Information on the ethnic composition of the region over several centuries is almost entirely absent, with the strong likelihood that they did not fit into standard "national" patterns, as the 19th-century revolutionary nationalist movements wanted.

Historical
In the early 19th century, Greek scholar and secretary of the local Ottoman ruler Ali Pasha, Athanasios Psalidas, stated that Chameria was inhabited by both Greeks and Albanians. The later were divided between Christians and Muslims, while Greeks were the dominant element of Chameria. An Ottoman population census held in 1908 recorded a total of 73,000 inhabitants in Chameria, of which 93% were Albanian.

In Greek censuses, only Muslims of the region were counted as Albanians. According to the 1913 Greek census, 25,000 Muslims were living at the time in the Chameria region who had Albanian as their mother tongue, from a total population of about 60,000, while in 1923 there were 20,319 Muslim Chams. In the Greek census of 1928, there were 17,008 Muslims who had it as their mother tongue. During the interwar period, the numbers of Albanian speakers in official Greek censuses varied and fluctuated, due to political motives and manipulation.

An estimation by Italian occupational forces during World War II (1941) included Orthodox communities of Albanian ethnicity. According to this in the region lived 54,000 Albanians, of whom 26,000 Orthodox and 28,000 Muslim and 20,000 Greeks. After the war, according to Greek censuses where ethno-linguistic groups were counted, Muslim Chams were 113 in 1947 and 127 in 1951. In the same Greek census of 1951, 7,357 Orthodox Albanian-speakers were counted within the whole of Epirus.

Current
With the exception of the part of Chameria lying in Albania, Chameria is inhabited mostly by Greeks at the end of World War II, and the subsequent assimilation of remaining Chams. The number of ethnic Albanians still residing in the Chameria region is uncertain, since the Greek government does not include ethnic and linguistic categories in any official census.

Muslims
The Greek census of 1951 counted a total of 127 Muslim Albanian Chams in Epirus. In more recent years (1986) 44 members of this community are found in Thesprotia, located in the settlements of Sybota, Kodra and Polyneri (previously Koutsi). Moreover, until recently the Muslim community in Polyneri was the only one in Epirus to have an imam. The village mosque was the last within the area before being blown up by a local Christian in 1972. The number of Muslim Chams remaining in the area after World War II included also people who converted to Orthodoxy and were assimilated into the local population in order to preserve their properties and themselves.

Christian Orthodox
According to a study by the Euromosaic project of the European Union, Albanian speaking communities live along the border with Albania in Thesprotia prefecture, the northern part of the Preveza prefecture in the region called Thesprotiko, and a few villages in Ioannina regional unit. The Albanian language is still spoken by a minority of inhabitants in Igoumenitsa. In northern Preveza prefecture, those communities also include the region of Fanari, in villages such as Ammoudia and Agia. In 1978, some of the older inhabitants in these communities were Albanian monolinguals. The language is spoken by young people too, because when the local working-age population migrate seeking a job in Athens, or abroad, the children are left with their grandparents, thus creating a continuity of speakers.

Today, these Orthodox Albanian speaking communities refer to themselves as Arvanites in the Greek language and self-identify as Greeks, like the Arvanite communities in southern Greece. They refer to their language in Greek as Arvanitika and when conversing in Albanian as Shqip. In contrast with the Arvanites, some have retained a distinct linguistic and ethnic identity, but also an Albanian national identity. In the presence of foreigners there is a stronger reluctance amongst Orthodox Albanian speakers to speak Albanian, compared to the Arvanites in other parts of Greece. A reluctance has been also noticed for those who still see themselves as Chams to declare themselves as such. Researcher Tom Winnifirth concluded that it was impossible to find Albanian speakers in the main towns of the region assuming that there may be a number in some villages inland. and concluded in later years that Albanian had "virtually disappeared" in the region. According to Ethnologue, the Albanian speaking population of Greek Epirus and Greek Western Macedonia number 10,000. According to the author Miranda Vickers, Orthodox Chams today are approximately 40,000. Amongst some Greek Arvanites like those in the village of Kastri near Igoumentisa, there has been a revival in folklore, in particular in the performance of "Arvanitic wedding".

title: Chameria


text:
Talk:Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:17, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
One of the links send you to the official website of The Dwight School somebody can change that right?

The link is titled "Abu Hafs official website"

Danke

misc
I deleted two dead links, and Juan Cole is not a meaningful source on this subject IMO.

No bigshot like bin Laden or al-Zawahiri has ever acknowledged this Abu Hafs outfit.

LDH 21:16, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Problems with this Post
The first problem with this post is the lack of information that is given, especially for the background of the group. A majority of the background is about the name of the group. There must be some credible sources in the scholarly literature that give basic information regarding Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades. Another problem is the list of attacks that are attributed to the group. There isn't hardly any direct links that allow for the reader to check the actual event and reassure the credibility of the author. I also would advise that the credibility section be more in depth. This section seems more like opinionated statements from readings than actual data or cited information which gives the author less credibility. I think if you are going to write a page about this particular group then rather use a credibility section to basically say the group may not even exist, maybe do more research and find facts that prove that this group does indeed exist. TheBasher55 (talk) 03:13, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

Revisions
This article has no information about the origin of this specific group There are no references or citations for any of the information provided, just links to different pages of information. There is no citation for the "credibility" of the page. The "claimed attacks" need to have specific wiki listings about the happenings of each attack. There is some irrelevant information about the leaders in the opening paragraph. There is no actual credible information provided that states the group even exists, could all be just propaganda and falsely claimed attacks for attention. Samo56 (talk) 16:27, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

Credibility
I had noticed that while discussing credibility for attacks, there had been a few redirects which lead to articles which are in no way related to the attacks. For example, the Ba’athist party had split long ago, it’s impossible for them to carry out an attack on Baghdad years later, however, the Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party’s Iraq region likely would. For Kurdish Hezbollah, they’re talking about the sunni islamist group, not Lebanese Hezbollah.

Thanks -ProEditorNotApproved

title: Talk:Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades


text:
List of female bass guitarists

This is a list of notable female bass guitarists.

A

 * Adele played bass in tracks "Best for Last" and "Make You Feel My Love" on her album 19
 * Gaye Advert (from The Adverts)
 * Kianna Alarid (from Tilly and the Wall)
 * Chloe Alper (from Pure Reason Revolution)
 * Jennifer Arroyo (formerly of Kittie)
 * Stephanie Ashworth (from Something for Kate)
 * Talena Atfield (formerly of Kittie)
 * Melissa Auf der Maur (formerly of Hole and The Smashing Pumpkins)
 * Carla Azar (from autolux)

B

 * Laura Ballance (from Superchunk)
 * Jo Bench (from Bolt Thrower)
 * Christina Billotte (formerly of Autoclave)
 * Gina Birch (from The Raincoats)
 * Lori Black (from Melvins)
 * Vicki Blue (formerly of The Runaways)
 * Joanna Bolme (from Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks)
 * Butterfly Boucher
 * Fallon Bowman (formerly of Kittie)
 * Shanne Bradley (founding member of The Nips and The Men They Couldn't Hang)
 * Beverly Breckenridge (from Fifth Column and Phono-Comb)
 * Rosemary Butler (formerly of The Daisy Chain and Birtha)

C

 * Yolanda Charles
 * Tish Ciravolo (sASSafrASS, Rag Dolls, The Velvets, They Eat Their Own, Shiksa and the Sluts, Lypstik). Founder of Daisy Rock Girl Guitars, who supply guitars made for females
 * Sheryl Crow played bass on her second album, Sheryl Crow, and frequently plays bass during her live performances

D

 * Kimberley Dahme (from Boston)
 * Victoria De Angelis (bassist of Italian rock band Måneskin, winner of Sanremo 2021 and Eurovision 2021)
 * Kim Deal (formerly of Pixies, also lead singer/guitarist of The Breeders)
 * Blu DeTiger
 * Mohini Dey
 * Jane Dodd (formerly of The Chills, Verlaines and Able Tasmans)
 * Gail Ann Dorsey (session bassist for David Bowie and many other musicians, and toured with Lenny Kravitz)
 * Donna Dresch (bassist and guitarist from Team Dresch)
 * Stefanie Drootin (bass for The Good Life, also lead singer/guitarist for Consafos)

E

 * Islam Elbeiti

F

 * Alla Fedynitch
 * Jennifer Finch (from L7)
 * Nicole Fiorentino (from The Smashing Pumpkins, Veruca Salt, Spinnerette)
 * Theresa Flaminio
 * Sharin Foo (from The Raveonettes)
 * Maya Ford a.k.a. "Donna F" (from The Donnas)
 * Kathy Foster (from The Thermals)
 * Jackie Fox (from The Runaways)
 * Misia Furtak (from Très.b)
 * Miki Furukawa (from Supercar)

G

 * Manou Gallo (Côte d'Ivoire, formerly of Zap Mama)
 * Eva Gardner (formerly of The Mars Volta, now with Lyra and toured with Pink)
 * Inara George (from The Bird and the Bee)
 * Debbie Googe (from My Bloody Valentine)
 * Kim Gordon (from Sonic Youth)
 * Ellie Goulding
 * Gail Greenwood (from Belly and formerly of L7)
 * Camila Grey (Uh Huh Her)

H

 * Rachel Haden (from The Rentals; formerly of That Dog)
 * Janine Hall (formerly of The Saints; later Weddings Parties Anything and Young Charlatans)
 * Bianca "Butthole" Halstead (from Betty Blowtorch; formerly of Butt Trumpet)
 * Leslie Hardy (formerly of Hole)
 * Juliana Hatfield (formerly of Blake Babies, played bass on The Lemonheads' It's a Shame about Ray; currently singer/guitarist)
 * Maureen Herman (from Babes in Toyland)
 * Annie Holland (formerly of Elastica)

I

 * Joyce Irby (from Klymaxx)

J

 * Joan Jett (from Joan Jett & the Blackhearts; normally plays rhythm guitar, but played bass for The Runaways in 1977)

K

 * Carol Kaye (One of the most recorded bass players in history)
 * Charlotte Kemp Muhl (from The Ghost of a Saber Tooth Tiger)
 * Kerri Kenney-Silver (formerly of Cake Like)
 * Debra Killings
 * Holly Knight (formerly of Device) handled the bass parts on the band's lone album 22B3

L

 * Mai Leisz
 * Laura Lee (from Khruangbin)
 * Sara Lee (from Gang of Four, The B-52's, Robert Fripp's League of Gentlemen) and Indigo Girls
 * Paz Lenchantin (from Pixies, formerly of The Entrance Band, A Perfect Circle and Zwan. She has also contributed to songs for Queens of the Stone Age)
 * Jenny Lewis (from Rilo Kiley)
 * Jenny Lee Lindberg (from Warpaint)

M

 * Michelle Mae (from Weird War and formerly of The Make-Up)
 * Leslie Mah (from Tribe 8 and formerly of Anti-Scrunti Faction)
 * Natalie Maines (from the Dixie Chicks) periodically plays bass during their live shows
 * Aimee Mann (founding member of 'Til Tuesday)
 * Zia McCabe (from The Dandy Warhols)
 * Molly McGuire
 * Mitski
 * Patricia Morrison (The Sisters of Mercy, The Gun Club, The Damned)
 * Robin Moulder (from TCR and Jack Off Jill)

N

 * Michie Nakatani (formerly of Shonen Knife)
 * Johnette Napolitano (from Concrete Blonde)
 * Kate Nash
 * Meshell Ndegeocello (Grammy-winning bassist and singer)
 * Danielle Nicole (Trampled Under Foot)
 * Ida Nielsen (of Zap Mama, Michael Learns to Rock, 3rdeyegirl and The New Power Generation)
 * Kim Nielsen (from Phantom Blue)

O

 * Tomomi Ogawa (from Scandal)
 * Cait O'Riordan (The Pogues)
 * Wanda Ortiz (from The Iron Maidens)
 * Yuko Oshima (from AKB48)
 * Catherine Owen

P

 * Kristen Pfaff (formerly of Hole and Janitor Joe)
 * Britta Phillips (from Luna and Dean and Britta)
 * Tessa Pollitt (from The Slits)
 * Ginger Pooley (formerly of The Smashing Pumpkins, Halo Friendlies)
 * Catherine Popper (formerly of Ryan Adams & the Cardinals and Grace Potter and the Nocturnals)

Q

 * Suzi Quatro (leads an unnamed backing band. Formerly of Cradle, The Pleasure Seekers, and The Art Quatro Trio)

R

 * Leah Randi
 * Julianne Regan (formerly of Gene Loves Jezebel)
 * Regina Zernay Roberts (from Scarlet Fever, formerly of Cowboy Mouth and Méchant)
 * Kira Roessler (from Dos and formerly of Black Flag)
 * Share Ross (from Vixen, formerly of Contraband, Havana 3 A.M. and the Dogs D'Amour)
 * Nicole Row (from Incubus and formerly of Panic! at the Disco)
 * Divinity Roxx (toured with Beyoncé, Victor Wooten, 2NE1)

S

 * Jeanne Sagan (from The Acacia Strain, All That Remains)
 * Anna Sentina
 * Kim Shattuck (formerly of The Pandoras, filled in as touring bassist for Pixies, later singer/guitarist for The Muffs)
 * Shingai Shoniwa (from Noisettes)
 * Melanie Sisneros (from Crescent Shield, Whole Lotta Rosies, Hangar 18, Mz Led formerly of The Iron Maidens, Sinergy, New Eden)
 * Grace Slick (formerly of Jefferson Starship, Starship, Jefferson Airplane, The Great Society); primarily a singer, but sometimes played bass for The Great Society
 * Debbie Smith (from Echobelly)
 * Esperanza Spalding
 * Donita Sparks (from Donita Sparks and the Stellar Moments and L7)
 * Malka Spigel (from Githead and Minimal Compact)
 * Micki Steele (from The Bangles, formerly of The Runaways)
 * Eliot Sumner
 * Sunmi (primarily a singer but previously played for the Wonder Girls)

T

 * Ritsuko Taneda (from Shonen Knife)
 * Rachel Trachtenburg (from Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players)
 * Abby Travis
 * Iracema Trevisan (from Cansei de Ser Sexy)
 * Shonna Tucker (Previously of Drive-by Tuckers)

V

 * Kathy Valentine (from The Go-Go's, also lead singer/guitarist for The BlueBonnets and the Delphines)
 * Ivana "Ivy" Vujic (formerly with Kittie)

W

 * Kim Warnick (co-founder of Fastbacks; formerly of Visqueen)
 * Tina Weymouth (founding member of Talking Heads and Tom Tom Club)
 * Josephine Wiggs (from The Breeders)
 * Kathi Wilcox (from Bikini Kill)
 * Tal Wilkenfeld (formerly toured with Jeff Beck, solo)
 * Anka Wolbert (formerly of Clan of Xymox a/k/a Xymox)
 * Tracy Wormworth (The Waitresses, The B-52's, Sting)
 * D'arcy Wretzky (formerly of The Smashing Pumpkins)

Y

 * Atsuko Yamano (from Shonen Knife)
 * Naomi Yang (from Galaxie 500, Magic Hour, and Damon & Naomi)
 * Toko Yasuda (from Enon)
 * Jennifer York (formerly of Rachel Rachel)
 * Sean Yseult (formerly of White Zombie)

Z

 * Annette Zilinskas (The Bangles)

title: List of female bass guitarists


text:
Royal Theatre (Victoria, British Columbia)

The Royal Theatre is a proscenium arch theatre and concert hall located in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It was designed in 1912 by William D'Oyly Hamilton Rochfort and Eben W. Sankey. Rochfort was very active as an architect in Victoria from 1908 until he left for the war in 1914. Opened in 1913, the theatre has operated under many guises, including cinema (1917–1981; operated during some of that time by Famous Players), in 1972 the Municipalities of Oak Bay, Saanich and Victoria purchased the theatre from Famous Players. Since 1982, it has become one of the finest touring destinations in Canada with a fully modernized production department and box office system, while maintaining the grace and style that an early 20th century provides.

The theatre was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1987.

Today, the theatre has a capacity of 1,416. It is a popular venue, staging concerts, and musicals, featuring the best of local and international productions.

Notable visiting performers

 * Sarah Bernhardt
 * Carlos Montoya
 * Mikhail Baryshnikov
 * Luciano Pavarotti
 * Roger Hodgson
 * "Weird Al" Yankovic
 * Crosby Stills and Nash
 * Herbie Hancock
 * Jethro Tull (band)
 * Mavis Staples
 * Hiromi Uehara
 * Gregory Porter
 * John Cleese
 * Chris Cornell
 * Broadway Touring Local Opera Productions International Touring Dance


text:
User talk:Aphor

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 02:30, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

~
At talk pages, such as mine, REMEMBER to sign your comments with ~ this will change to your screen name and date by the wikisoftware. Cheers, Redwolf24 04:33, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

David Leach (Anti-Abortion Activist)
I prodded this, sorry. If there isn't eve an article on Scott Roeder it really makes no sense to have an article on this person.Prezbo (talk) 10:51, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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November 2013
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=582480382 your edit] to Kihon may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 "[]"s. If you have, don't worry: just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20–%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
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Thanks, BracketBot (talk) 05:11, 20 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Ueshiba evolved it during his lifetime, and under his progeny as Aikido has spread. Aikikai style represents the curation of the art of Aikido by the Doshu Moriteru Ueshiba and Hombu

title: User talk:Aphor


text:
Yiannis N. Moschovakis

Yiannis Nicholas Moschovakis (Γιάννης Μοσχοβάκης; born January 18, 1938) is a set theorist, descriptive set theorist, and recursion (computability) theorist, at UCLA.

His book Descriptive Set Theory (North-Holland) is the primary reference for the subject. He is especially associated with the development of the effective, or lightface, version of descriptive set theory, and he is known for the Moschovakis coding lemma that is named after him.

Biography
Moschovakis earned his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1963 under the direction of Stephen Kleene, with a dissertation entitled Recursive Analysis. In 2015, he was elected as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to mathematical logic, especially set theory and computability theory, and for exposition".

For many years, he has split his time between UCLA and the University of Athens (he retired from the latter in July 2005).

Moschovakis is married to Joan Moschovakis, with whom he gave the 2014 Lindström Lectures at the University of Gothenburg.

Publications

 * Second edition available online
 * Second edition available online

title: Yiannis N. Moschovakis


text:
User talk:Garnnel

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 02:30, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Garnnel


text:
Promoter

Promoter or Promotor may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * The Card (1952 film), released in America as The Promoter
 * The Promoter (2012 film), a documentary film

Professions

 * Promoter (entertainment), marketing and promoting events
 * Corporate promoter, doing work related to the formation of a company
 * Tour promoter, organizing a live concert tour or special event performance

Science

 * Promoter (catalysis), an accelerator of a catalyst
 * Promoter (genetics), a sequence of DNA

Other uses

 * Promoter (role variant), in the Keirsey Temperament Sorter
 * Promotor (typeface), supplied by Joh. Enschedé

title: Promoter


text:
Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians

The Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Miwok people in Tuolumne County, California. The Tuolumne Band are central Sierra Miwok people. Annually, in September, the tribe holds an acorn festival and intertribal gathering.

Government
The Tuolumne Band is headquartered in Tuolumne, California. The governing body for the tribe is a legislative body referred to as the "Community Council". Council officers of the Tuolumne Me-Wuk Tribal Council (TMTC) are democratically elected from among the tribal members; the current tribal chairperson is Andrea Reich. The governmental structure for the executive aspects of tribal government (those that provide services to the tribe) is managed by the chief executive officer, who exercises authority over various governmental departments addressing tribal needs, which includes, but are not limited to: the Rancheria Fire Department, Tribal Law Enforcement, the Cultural Department, the Education Department & the Tribal School, the Housing Authority, the Fiscal Department, the Recreation Department, and Social Services.

Several community health care agencies are also operated by the tribe, including the Tuolumne Me-Wuk Indian Health Center in Tuolumne, the Tuolumne Me-Wuk Cedar Road Health Center in Sonora, the Tuolumne Me-Wuk Dental Center in Sonora, and the MEWU:YA Substance Abuse Recovery Offices in Tuolumne.

Reservation
The Tuolumne Rancheria (37.98083°N, -120.23806°W) is a 792.69 acre federal Indian reservation in Tuolumne County, at the western base of the Sierra Nevada. It is located near Yosemite National Park. The rancheria was established in 1910, and had a population of 150 in 1990. In 1995 the population was 168. The reservation lies in and just north of the township of Tuolumne. The Tribe owns, as private property (not Indian Reservation), an additional 1,510.41 acres of land. Other nearby communities include Twain Harte, Soulsbyville, and Mono Vista.

Economics
The Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians economic arm is the Tuolumne Economic Development Authority (TEDA), through which many of the construction projects for the Tribe are planned and completed.

The Tribe owns and operates several business in Tuolumne County, the most prominent of which is the Black Oak Casino Resort, which includes a casino, a hotel, an arcade with bowling alley, and several restaurants, bars, and lounges. The Tribal Gaming Agency (TGA) was established by the Tribe to regulate, license, investigate, and monitor all gaming activities at these facilities.

Other economic ventures pursued by the Tribe and TEDA, which are often affiliated with Black Oak Casino Resort, but not managed by the Resort, include the Teleli Golf Course, the Westside Pavilion Music & Event Venue, the RV Park at Black Oak, the Bear Creek Gas Station, the Tuolumne Square Shopping Center, and the Native Plant Nursery.

title: Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians


text:
Talk:Vexillatio

Grazzi
Grazzi for the help mi Amici:) --R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 02:32, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Rewrite and sources
As stated, the version of the article to which I have reverted conforms to the account in Southern & Dixon. Where specialist works differ from general ones, the specialist work can be considered to be more reliable. Southern & Dixon state (p9): There was no standard formula and no standardization of vexillation size. There are examples of legionary vexillations in, e.g. 69, which contradict the idea of a standard size of 1,000 men. Equally, a standard size of 500 cavalry is impossible to reconcile with the accepted idea that a legion included around 100 cavalry until the time of Gallienus, nor could an ala quingenaria produce a detachment of this size, so it would only possible for a full strength ala millenaria to do so. Such formations were apparently rare in early times. If, e.g. Goldsworthy or Webster, reliable works support the concept of "standard" vexillations, then please do add this back into the article, but also add the appropriate work to the references. Discussions of the 3rd century belong in that article and need not be repeated here, especially when they lack supporting evidence. Angus McLellan 15:48, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I DID provide my source, including exact page numbers! Which you chose to dismiss and delete without any real consideration. Yet despite having never read, nor heard of "Southern & Dixon" I did not revert most your of your edits. I've shown you GOOD FAITH, even though you have shown me none. I don't see why you continue to delete my information. Dupuy and Dupuy are highly reliable, valid sources, at least as much as your S&D. Here is another source you have perhaps heard of Edward Gibbon, who in describing the cavalry component of an Imperial legion reckons its strength thus: "The entire establishment formed a regiment, if we may use the modern expression, of seven hundred and twenty-six horse, naturally connected with its respective legion, but occasionally separated to act in the line, and to compose a part of the wings of the army." In his notes he cites-"Veget. de Re Militari, l. ii. c. 6. His positive testimony, which might be supported by circumstantial evidence, ought surely to silence those critics who refuse the Imperial legion its proper body of cavalry." In otherwords, this whole notion that in an entire a legion there were barely 100 cavalrymen is nonesense. Even in the Manipular legions of the Republic, we know they had far more than that even though they had a much smaller empire with much less wealth and other resources to draw upon. Nor does it take into account Auxiliaries and their cavalry establishments, which were doubtless even larger. It has become a fad amongst upstart, revisionista historians to "play" with numbers in order to further their career/political agendas. Iam far more inclined to believe the figures provided by Dupuy&Dupuy who have been around for decades, or Gibbon, who has been around for centuries, or Vegetius and Arrian who have been around for Millenia, than a couple of unknown, recent comers. As for the infantry, entire cohorts were regularlly detached to perform various duties. Why would it be impossible for a legion or a group of them to spare a few for a Vexillatio? The figures S&D and you provide are ridiculously low. So be on notice that Iam reverting your recent edits to my last version, which I feel is a good compromise and combines the best elements of both of our efforts. I appeciate your contributions and points, but I don't see why you have to completely delete and dismiss mine in order to make them. The next move is yours. I hope you will be reasonable, since we both have far more productive things to do than to engage in an edit war. Good day sir,--R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 03:36, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, I'll leave your information alone since you are so attached to it. I ought, as you suggest, to be able to find better things to do.

 * But perhaps I can persuade you to do some research and change it yourself. You could Google for Southern & Dixon's book. You could find primary sources, like Tacitus who mentions detached units of 2,000 men. Google Books could help too (e.g. Ross Cowan, Imperial Roman Legionary AD 161-284 (p17): "Already in 170 Marcus Aurelius' recently established legions II and III Italica were operating in vexillations (a term that could be applied to any size of detachment or work party)." Not that I'd rely on any of Osprey's output, but it happens that most agree on the variability of vexillation size.) You could find solid evidence of vexillation sizes referred to in, e.g.  Stephen Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery (notes at p247 where the some unit sizes, based on pay receipts, is discussed). This info also appears in the wargamers' bible of the Imperial Roman army, Armies and Enemies of Imperial Rome. As for legionary cavalry strengths, legions under the Principate are assumed to have had 4 turmae of about 30 men each. See, among many, Le Bohec, The Imperial Roman Army, p24; Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War, p16; Campbell, The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337, p28. It is less certainly supposed that the 700 or so cavalry of Vegetius, as mentioned by Gibbon, were added by Gallienus, or possibly earlier. Angus McLellan 20:03, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I never disputed the varying sizes or compositions of vexillationes. I simply stated, what I've read in Dupuy & Dupuy and elsewhere, that on AVERAGE, a TYPICAL vexillatio was about 1000 men. Doubtless some were larger, others smaller. This is why the comitatenses legions of the Dominate were the same size. The Romans were, above all, highly practical...they learned via experience, and experience with the vexillatio system taught them this was the most effective size for a mobile, field task force. It made practical sense, since a legion could afford to detach 10-20% of its strength for several months to a year and still be able to effectively carry out its duties. What does not make practical sense is that an entire legion would only have 120 cavalry. It would be barely enough for scouting and messenger duties, even yet flank security. I've seen this misguided figure quoted in numerous sources, including the Worldbook Encyclopedia. The arguement supporting this, of course, is that's basically all it was used for since the main cavalry elements were provided by the auxilia. But that number is still FAR too small, and besides ALL cavalry were, technically, considered auxilia...Roman or non. Much more reasonable, and likely, would be a turmae for each cohort, for about 300 horse, same as a manipular legion. Though this is less than half the compliment given by Vegetius, Gibbon et al, whom, as I stated above, I'm far more inclined to believe unless some recent scholar (or more likely archeologist or archivist) makes a remarkable new discovery. Say a full TOE (Table of organization and equipment) written by Marcus Aurelius, Trajan, Vespasian or Claudius (along with the latter's secret autobiography;). But thank you, sir, for your contributions, those links (which I shall peruse) and for being enough of a scholar and gentleman not to turn this into just another ugly edit war. Regards, --R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 05:46, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting passage from Tacitus you linked there. In which he mentions the infamous force of 2000 gladiators Otho hired to fight in his ranks. But I don't think they really counted as a Vexillatio, though. They had no vexillum for one, they were not legionaires for two, and even Tacitus describes them as "a disreputable kind of auxiliaries"--R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 19:57, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

???
The Roman emperors had from the time of Augustus had at their disposal unit in Italy and in the city of Rome.

??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8109:9D80:5C68:20CF:3FAF:B4A1:9EB3 (talk) 19:27, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vexillatio


text:
Talk:Promoter

Opening heading
information from promoter that needs to be put into the promoter concept article:

 * 1) In economics, the promoter is a particular type of entrepreneur, as described by Ludwig von Mises in Human Action: A Treatise on Economics ISBN 0930073185. An examination of Mises' promoter concept can be found in an article by J. Patrick Gunning entitled "The Praxeological Entrepreneur".

Courtland 02:33, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Promoter which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 05:00, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Promoter (biology) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 01:00, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Promoter


text:
American Swedish Institute

The American Swedish Institute (ASI) is a museum and cultural center in the Phillips West neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The organization is dedicated to the preservation and study of the historic role Sweden and Swedish Americans have played in US culture and history. The museum complex includes the Swan Turnblad Mansion, completed in 1908, and the adjoining Nelson Cultural Center, completed in 2012.

Today, ASI serves as a gathering place for all people to share experiences around themes of culture, migration, the environment and the arts, informed by enduring links to Sweden. The museum offers exhibitions from Sweden and the Nordic region, programming for youth and family, and in recent years, has expanded its performing arts offerings. The museum's restaurant, FIKA, was named "Best Lunch In Minnesota" by the Star Tribune in 2013 for its New Nordic cuisine.

History
The American Swedish Institute is housed in a turn-of-the-20th-century mansion that was built for Swedish immigrants Swan and Christina Turnblad. Swan Turnblad immigrated with his family to the United States in 1868 at the age of eight. His parents made the decision to leave their farm in the famine-ridden area of Småland, Sweden. The family settled in a Swedish community called Vasa in southern Minnesota where they joined relatives who had settled in the area earlier.

Swan Turnblad was not content to continue in the family farming tradition. In 1879, Turnblad left Vasa for Minneapolis where he lived the quintessential rags-to-riches American success story. After he moved to Minneapolis, Turnblad worked at several Swedish language newspapers as a typesetter. His interest in the printing industry eventually led to his success as publisher of the Swedish language newspaper Svenska Amerikanska Posten. Within ten years he was the sole owner. Under his management, circulation of the weekly paper soared to over 40,000, a substantial increase from the 1,400 it initially claimed. This publication was likely the principal source of Turnblad's wealth.

The success of the paper was a result of Turnblad's aggressive management style, as well as the large numbers of Swedish immigrants who supported it. He created a technically advanced newspaper by using the best printing equipment available. He was the first Swedish publisher in America to set his paper by Linotype machine. In 1903, Svenska Amerikanska Posten became the first Swedish language paper to use a duplex rotary color printing press, enabling the creation of color illustrations.

In Minneapolis, Swan met and married Christina Nilsson. She, like Turnblad, had come to America from Sweden with her family. Her family settled in Worthington, Minnesota, in 1876 when Christina was 15. Her first job in America paid no wages, but gave her work experience and English language training. Later she worked as a waitress for one year. In 1882, Christina moved to Minneapolis where she met the young newspaperman at a Good Templar meeting. They were married in 1883 and their only child, Lillian Zenobia, was born a year later.

In the early 20th century, the Turnblads started to plan the building of their palatial estate. Their many trips to Europe certainly influenced their decision on the stately chateau style of the mansion and the ornate designs of the interior. The property on Park Avenue was purchased in 1903 and plans were drawn up by the Minneapolis architectural firm of Christopher A. Boehme and Victor Cordella. The structure took nearly five years to build. The Turnblads did not take out a mortgage on this property during construction. Bills were paid as they came due and there are no records of construction costs. When the museum was founded in 1929, the Minneapolis Tribune reported, "the cost is believed to have been close to $1 million although this is a matter the builder does not discuss."

The transition from private residence to museum happened in 1929 when the family donated the house and the newspaper to establish the American Institute for Swedish Arts, Literature and Science (later changed to the American Swedish Institute). Turnblad stated that he had long planned for the home to be a Swedish-American institute. He was quoted as saying, "many persons may have wondered what a small family like ours, a family which had not great social ambitions, wanted with so big a house. Perhaps they can guess now." The mansion is on the National Register of Historic Places. It was listed for its local significance in architecture, art, and education.

The second floor of the mansion underwent restoration in 1995 to rebuild damaged plaster moldings, and restore their gold leaf and paint to match undamaged regions. The work received a Heritage Preservation Award.

In 2012, ASI opened a 34,000 sqft addition designed by HGA Architects of Minneapolis. The addition includes new gallery space, craft workshop, glass-enclosed reception area, gift shop, restaurant (FIKA), and spaces for events such as concerts, lectures, and community gatherings. The addition was dedicated by King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden.

Exhibits at ASI
Exhibits at ASI have included:
 * The Watercolor Worlds of Lars Lerin – Lars Lerin is a contemporary Nordic artist whose work is described as "both impressionistic and highly detailed".
 * Nordic: A Photographic Essay of Landscapes, Food and People – photography from the Michelin Star-winning chef, Magnus Nilsson.
 * Eight Seasons in Sápmi, the Land of the Sámi People – the art and culture of the Sami people from the northernmost regions of Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Russia.
 * Papercut! The Incredible Psaligraphy of Karen Bit Vejle – an exhibit of 54 paper creations.
 * Nobel Creations – Couture designs from students of Beckmans College of Design, on loan from the Nobel Museum in Stockholm, Sweden.

Annual Christmas exhibit
In the 1950s, ASI began displays that showed how Christmas is celebrated in different Scandinavian countries. This has evolved into an annual display where each room in the mansion is decorated to represent a different country: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, and Denmark. Recently, the museum has added a "guest country" to the display with a Navidad room from Mexico in 2014 and a Russian Christmas room in 2015.

title: American Swedish Institute


text:
User talk:White flame

Hello, I noticed that you put {{d}} on User:Hariraja and User talk:Hariraja. If you are indeed that user, for security reasons, you must log on to that specific account to request the deletion of those user pages. Thanks. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 02:34, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:White flame


text:
Christel Khalil

Christel Adnana Mina Khalil (born November 30, 1987) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Cornelia Hale in W.I.T.C.H. and Lily Winters in The Young and the Restless, the latter role earned her a Daytime Emmy Award in 2012.

Background
Khalil was born in Los Angeles, California, to a mother of Native American, African American, and European descent and a Pakistani father. Khalil has stated she identifies as mixed race. She has three older brothers and a younger paternal half-sister. In January 2017, in the wake of President Donald Trump's signing of Executive Order 13769, Khalil revealed that her father is an immigrant from his native country of Pakistan.

Career
Khalil is best known for her portrayal as Lily Winters on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. At the 39th Daytime Emmy Awards on June 23, 2012, she won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series after four nominations in the category. In August 2018, she announced her decision to downgrade from being on contract with the show and instead continue regularly. Khalil explained the decision was driven by her desire to have more freedom in both her professional and personal life. She continued to make sporadic appearances on the show until being approached by current head writer and co-executive producer Josh Griffith in January 2020, to return to filming regularly.

Khalil has had small roles in films such as Dragon Fury, Matilda, Interview With the Assassin and White Like the Moon. She voiced Cornelia Hale in W.I.T.C.H., and also appeared on That's So Raven and Malcolm in the Middle, among other shows. Khalil also performed in Los Angeles theater productions before landing her role on The Young and the Restless. In 2012, she was featured in musician Johnny Britt's music video for his single Beautiful Queen. In spring 2018, Khalil co-starred in the independent thriller, Good Deed, which premiered on the Lifetime network in November 2018 under the title Sorority Stalker. In spring 2019, she was cast in the independent comedy We Need To Talk by writer and director Todd Wolfe.

Personal life
In September 2008, she married musician Stephen Hensley. The Young and the Restless co-star Elizabeth Hendrickson served as a bridesmaid while Bryton James was a groomsman. Khalil gave birth to their son on April 17, 2010, during an at-home water birth. Bryton James is his godfather and actress Fadhia Marcelin is his godmother. She and Hensley split in early 2011 and divorced later that year. In 2015, Khalil stated she had been in a relationship with bar runner Ray Wicks for 4 years. Khalil ended the relationship in August 2015. In the summer of 2018, Khalil stated that she in a relationship with Canadian businessman Sam Restagno, who works in private equity. The two met in 2016, during that year Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California. In 2019, Khalil and her son relocated to Toronto, Ontario to be with Restagno, who was born and based there. In July 2020, Khalil moved back to Los Angeles. In June 2023, she announced she was expecting her second child, her first with Restagno.

She is best friends with Bryton James, who portrays her character's brother, Devon Hamilton on The Young and the Restless. She is also friends with several former and current The Young and the Restless co-stars, including Mishael Morgan and Nadine Heimann. In October 2015, she modeled for Heimann's non-profit, True Connection.

In June 2015, after the United States Supreme Court's decision on Obergefell v. Hodges, she voiced her support for same-sex marriage. Khalil has said one of her favorite hobbies is traveling because she loves experiencing different cultures and travel makes her feel connected to who she is as a person.

title: Christel Khalil