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Word Association

Word Association is a common word game involving an exchange of words that are associated together. The game is based on the noun phrase word association, meaning "stimulation of an associative pattern by a word" or "the connection and production of other words in response to a given word, done spontaneously as a game, creative technique, or in a psychiatric evaluation".

Description
Once an original word has been chosen, usually randomly or arbitrarily, a player will find a word that they associate with it and make it known to all the players, usually by saying it aloud or writing it down as the next item on a list of words so far used. The next player must then do the same with this previous word. This continues in turns for any length of time, but often word limits are set, so that the game is agreed to end after, for instance, 400 words.

Usually, players write down the next word by merely using the first word that comes to their mind after they hear the previous one. Sometimes, however, they may put in more thought to find a more creative connection between the words. Exchanges are often fast and sometimes unpredictable (though logical patterns can usually be found without difficulty). Sometimes, a lot of the game's fun can arise from the seemingly strange or amusing associations that people make between words.

The game can be played actively or passively, sometimes taking many weeks to complete, and can in fact be played with any number of players, even one. Example: Soda, Sprite, Fairy, Tinkerbell, Peter Pan, Pans, Skillet, Kitchens, Refrigerator, Drinks, Soda

Variants
In some games, extra limitations are added; for instance:

 * The associations between words must be strictly obvious, rather than the usual "first word that comes to mind", which can often require explaining to see how it is connected with the previous word.
 * If played in-person, a time limit of two or three seconds can be placed to make a very fast-paced game, often combined with the previous rule of an 'explicit' connection, and extra emphasis on the idea that a previously used word cannot be repeated.
 * Word Disassociation (sometimes called Dissociation) is sometimes played. In this game, the aim is to say a word that is as unrelated as possible to the previous one. In such games, however, it is often found that creativity is lowered and the words begin having obvious associations again. This game is sometimes known as "Word for Word".
 * Sometimes, repeated words are forbidden or otherwise noted on a separate list for interest.
 * A variant with an arbitrary name (sometimes called Ultra Word Association) involves associating words in a grid, where the first word is placed in the top-left, and where each word must be placed adjacent to another one and must associate with all those words adjacent to it.

Psychology
It is believed that word association can reveal something of a person's subconscious mind (as it shows what things they associate together), but others are skeptical of how effective such a technique could be in psychology.

Often, the game's goal is to compare the first and final word, to see if they relate, or to see how different they are, or also to see how many words are repeated. Likewise, players often review the list of words to see the pathways of associations that go from beginning to end.

Word association has been used by market researchers to ensure the proper message is conveyed by names or adjectives used in promoting a company's products. For example, James Vicary, working in the 1950s, tested the word 'lagered' for a brewing company. While about a third of his subjects associated the word with beer, another third associated it with tiredness, dizziness and so forth. As a result of the study, Vicary's client decided not to use the word.

In the early years of psychology, many doctors noted that patients exhibited behavior that they were not in control of. Some part of the personality seemed to have an influence on that person's behavior that was not in their conscious control. This part was, by function, unconscious, and became so named the Unconscious. Carl Jung theorized that people connect ideas, feelings, experiences and information by way of associations ... that ideas and experiences are linked, or grouped, in the unconscious in such a manner as to exert influence over the individual’s behavior.$[quote without quotation marks?]$ These groupings he named Complexes.

title: Word Association


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User:Doughboy

Hello, my name is Ryan Felder. I have been a contributor to Wikipedia since summer 2005. I live in northern New Jersey. I don't have many major edits, but I have done lots of small things, such as rewordings to make articles flow more smoothly.

Major Edits:

 * British Agricultural Revolution
 * Brandon Claussen
 * The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Doughboy


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Plenary

Plenary is an adjective related to the noun plenum carrying a general connotation of fullness.

Plenary may also refer to:

 * Plenary session or meeting, the part of a conference when all members of all parties are in attendance
 * Plenary speaker, a speaker at a plenary session; distinguish from a sectional speaker
 * Plenary power or plenary authority, the complete power of a governing body
 * Plenary council, one of various councils of the Catholic Church
 * Plenary indulgence, a type of religious indulgence
 * Plenary Group, an Australian company

title: Plenary


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Brothers and Sisters of the Toda Family

Brothers and Sisters of the Toda Family (戸田家の兄妹) is a 1941 Japanese drama film directed by Yasujirō Ozu.

Plot
The upper-class Toda family celebrates the 69th birthday of their father Shintarō with a commemorative outdoor photoshoot. Unfortunately, shortly after the photo session, the father suffers a fatal heart attack. After his death, his eldest son Shin'ichirō announces that as their father had acted as a guarantor for a company which has gone bankrupt, they must help pay off that company's debts. The family sells off all their late father's properties and antiques, leaving only an old house by the sea. Meanwhile, the mother and the youngest daughter Setsuko go and stay with Shin'ichirō and his wife. The unmarried second brother Shōjirō takes the opportunity to move away from Japan to Tianjin, China (which had been occupied by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese war).

The mother and Setsuko disharmonise with Shin'ichirō's wife Kazuko and go to stay with Chizuko, the married eldest sister. However, Setsuko's plans to go out to work are met with vehement objections from Chizuko, who finds the idea disgraceful since they are an upper-class family. Chizuko also clashes with the mother over Chizuko's son, who has been playing truant from school. Instead of accepting Setsuko's second sister Ayako offer to live with her and her husband, Mrs. Toda and Setsuko decide to move out to the unsold dilapidated house by the sea. Ayako and her husband are secretly relieved for not having to take them in.

On the first anniversary of the father's death, the family comes together for a ceremonial gathering. Shōjirō arrives in time for the family dinner and is shocked to learn that his mother and Setsuko are staying alone by the sea. He reprimands his brother and his sisters for not doing their part as children and urges them to leave at once, which they do. After dinner, Shōjirō asks his mother and Setsuko to stay with him in Tianjin, to which they agree. Setsuko tries to arrange a marriage between Shōjirō and her friend Tokiko, who has come for a visit, but Shōjirō runs off to the beach before she can get them to meet.

Cast

 * Mieko Takamine - Setsuko Toda
 * Shin Saburi - Shōjirō Toda
 * Hideo Fujino - Shintarō Toda
 * Fumiko Katsuragi - Mrs. Toda
 * Mitsuko Yoshikawa - Chizuru
 * Chishū Ryū - Friend
 * Masao Hayama - Ryokichi
 * Tatsuo Saitō - Shin'ichirō
 * Kuniko Miyake - Kazuko
 * Michiko Kuwano - Tokiko

Production and reception
Brothers and Sisters of the Toda Family was Ozu's first film after a three year hiatus. Unsatisfied with his salary paid by the Shochiku film studio, Ozu approached the company's president Shirō Kido, asking for a raise, which Kido conditioned on the outcome of his next film. During filming, Ozu was pressured into a tight shooting schedule by Shochiku.

Brothers and Sisters of the Toda Family was awarded as "Best Film of the Year" by Kinema Junpo, and Ozu's first box office hit, which he ascribed to the popularity of its stars Shin Saburi and Mieko Takamine, who both worked with Ozu for the first time. As a result, Ozu received a long-term contract by the studio.

Home media
In 2010, the BFI released a Region 2 DVD of the film as a bonus feature on its Dual Format Edition (Blu-ray + DVD) of Tokyo Story.

title: Brothers and Sisters of the Toda Family


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KVGS

KVGS (102.7 FM) - branded as 102.7 VGS - is a commercial radio station licensed to Boulder City, Nevada, serving the Las Vegas Valley region. KVGS broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format. The station's studios are located in Spring Valley in unincorporated Clark County, while its transmitter is on Black Mountain in Henderson.

KVGS broadcasts in HD Radio.

Early years (1995–2007)
The station was originally located at the 105.5 frequency and featured a hot adult contemporary format under the temporary call letters KQOL before becoming KSTJ. In 2000, a frequency swap took place in which the new 105.7 FM frequency moved to the Las Vegas market, and KSTJ moved to the 102.7 frequency as a result. It had also debuted an 1980s hits format as "Star 102.7". The format had moderate success, but in 2005, KSTJ began experiencing a ratings decline when KMZQ-FM debuted the "Jack FM" concept, with similar music being played, as well as having a bigger playlist, and the overall shrinking of the 1980s hits formats in general.

Adult contemporary (2007–2009)
On September 14, 2007, at 3 p.m., the station flipped to adult contemporary and rebranded as "Fresh 102.7". The last song on "Star" was "Cum On Feel the Noize" by Quiet Riot, while the first song on "Fresh" was "Straight From The Heart" by Bryan Adams. The station's callsign was changed to KFRH to reflect the new format on October 5, 2007.

Top 40 (2009)
On April 1, 2009, at 2 pm, KFRH dropped the adult contemporary format and began stunting with a loop of voices asking "When?" followed by the occasional "Soon", along with several songs with the word "when" in the title. At 4:33 p.m. that day, the station flipped to a Top 40 format branded as 102.7 Now. The first song played on "Now" was "Right Now (Na Na Na)" by Akon.

Country (2009–2022)
On August 25, 2009, KCYE and KFRH swapped frequencies, with KCYE, a country music station branded as "Coyote Country", moving to the higher-powered 102.7 frequency, and KFRH's Top 40 format moving to the lesser-powered 104.3 frequency. The swap was related to Beasley's sale of the 104.3 license, along with KBET, to Silver State Communications. On April 13, 2015, Disney announced that the Radio Disney network would become distributed through affiliations with HD Radio subchannels. KCYE was the first HD Radio affiliate of the network, and launched the format on their HD2 sub-channel.

After re-branding on November 30, 2015, as "102.7 Rodeo Radio" during the National Finals Rodeo, on December 13, 2015, KCYE began stunting with Christmas music, branded as "102.7 Santa FM". However, the station returned to its country music format as "102.7 The Coyote".

On June 1, 2017, it was announced that KCYE and sister AM station KDWN (720) would be the Las Vegas radio affiliates for Oakland Raiders football broadcasts, for preseason and the regular season. This was in light of the pending relocation by 2020 of the franchise from Oakland to Las Vegas. In 2019, games moved to KYMT.

Hot adult contemporary (2022–present)
On June 17, 2022, it was announced that KCYE and KVGS would swap formats and call signs at 10 a.m. on June 24, with "Coyote Country" moving to 107.9 and KVGS' hot adult contemporary format becoming "102.7 VGS". (On 107.9, KVGS had reused KSTJ's former "Star" name. )

During the Vegas Golden Knights' Stanley Cup run in 2023, KVGS temporarily rebranded as "102.7 VGK" as a nod to the team. At approximately 7:56p.m., when Game 5 of the 2023 Stanley Cup Finals ended, KVGS temporarily suspended its hot AC format and went freeform for several hours as a celebration of the Golden Knights' Stanley Cup victory. KVGS' afternoon hosts came on during that time to take listeners' requests of songs, even if it was not part of their usual format.

HD programming
KVGS has three HD subchannels. The HD1 subchannel is the digitized standard signal of the main programming, From the activation of its HD2 subchannel until 2017, the HD2 subchannel served as the affiliate for Radio Disney, On June 1, 2017, KCYE's HD2 subchannel format was flipped to adult contemporary, branded as "Lite 101.5" (fed onto translator K268CS 101.5 FM Las Vegas). On June 10, 2017, Radio Disney programming moved to a newly activated HD3 sub-channel, only for it to be replaced by NOAA Weather Radio in June 2018. On June 21, 2018, KCYE's HD2 subchannel adopted a simulcast of talk-formatted KDWN 720 AM Las Vegas.

title: KVGS


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HCR

HCR may refer to:

Airports

 * Holy Cross Airport, in Alaska, United States

Railways

 * Hawaii Consolidated Railway
 * Honey Creek Railroad

Companies and organizations

 * HCR Corporation, Canadian software company of the 1970s and 1980s
 * Hollywood Congress of Republicans
 * Huntingdon Community Radio, in Huntingdonshire, England
 * United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
 * HCR Manor Care, a healthcare organization
 * Household Cavalry Regiment, a unit of the British Army

Academia

 * A Highly Cited Researcher

Biology and medicine

 * Herbal Cannabis Reef
 * Health care reform
 * Host-Cell Reactivation
 * Human cognitive reliability correlation

Statistics and computing

 * Head count ratio
 * UTRA-TDD HCR, a telecommunication standard
 * Home Condition Report, a proposed part of the Home Information Pack

Entertainment and media

 * Hill Climb Racing, video game
 * Hot Chelle Rae, an American pop band
 * Hot Club Records, a Norwegian record label
 * Hover Car Racer, a 2004 novel

Other uses

 * Heather Cox Richardson, an American historian
 * House concurrent resolution, in the United States Congress

title: HCR


text: User talk:70.146.39.18

title: User talk:70.146.39.18


text:
Portal talk:United States

How fix "On this day" calendar?
Greetings, Today Oct. 1, 2019 is a Tuesday, and calendar here shows Oct. 1 as Saturday. I'm clueless on how to fix, so asking for help here. Regards, JoeHebda (talk) 12:02, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

Nahshon Dion Anderson in Selected Picture list
In these edits, added an image of Nahshon Dion Anderson to the selected picture list. It's not a featured picture and the editor appears to be a SPA around Anderson. Would someone mind reviewing this to see if this makes sense here? There's only one other image on Commons and I don't think it's any better quality. Thanks.  Ravensfire  (talk) 01:13, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

"Portal:Idaho" has been resurrected.
Not sure how many places it needs to get "put back"; I am only handling pages in Category:Idaho for now. But, please, feel free to list other "U.S." pages that list "State" Portals as a reply to this notice. Mjquinn_id (talk) 02:45, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:United States


text:
Talk:Plenary

Untitled
Adding this to list Quinobi 05:59, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plenary


text:
Nevada State Route 612

State Route 612 (SR 612) is a state highway in Clark County, Nevada. It comprises about 9.4 mi of the major north–south section line arterial Nellis Boulevard in the eastern Las Vegas Valley.

Route description
State Route 612 begins at the intersection of Nellis Boulevard and Tropicana Avenue (SR 593) on the border of unincorporated communities of Paradise and Whitney. From there, the route heads north along Nellis Boulevard north as it travels through the Las Vegas area, entering the unincorporated town of Sunrise Manor and briefly forming the easternmost border of the city of Las Vegas. The state highway comes to an end at the intersection of Nellis Boulevard and Las Vegas Boulevard (SR 604) near Nellis Air Force Base.

SR 612, as Nellis Boulevard, passes by many retail businesses as well as residential neighborhoods. It is one of the major north–south roadways in Sunrise Manor.

History
SR 612 was established in the 1976 renumbering of Nevada's state highways. The route was designated on July 1, 1976.

Major intersections
Notes:

Public transport
RTC Transit Route 115 functions on this road.

title: Nevada State Route 612


text:
KCSG

KCSG (channel 8) is a television station licensed to Cedar City, Utah, United States, airing programming from the classic television network MeTV. Owned and operated by network parent Weigel Broadcasting, the station maintains studios on West 1600 South Street in St. George, and its transmitter is located on Cedar Mountain, southeast of Cedar City. KCSG has a network of 11 broadcast translators that extend its over-the-air coverage throughout the state. It is also available on DirecTV, Dish Network, Galaxy 19, and cable systems throughout the geographically large Salt Lake City media market.

History
KCSG began as KCCZ, with a construction permit issued on June 11, 1984, to Michael Glenn Golden. After several extensions and replacements of expired permits, and transfer of the permit to Liberty Broadcasting Company, the station first signed on the air on April 23, 1990, operating as an independent station; it was licensed by the Federal Communications Commission on June 21, 1990. However, financial difficulties doomed KCCZ and it shut down in November 1992. Liberty Broadcasting filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on December 17, 1992, but the filing had to be converted to Chapter 7 bankruptcy on June 22, 1993. On October 20, Seagull Communications Company, whose principals owned KSGI radio (1450 AM, now KSGO, and 99.9 FM, now KONY) in St. George, filed an application to acquire the station out of bankruptcy and on November 12, changed its call letters to KSGI-TV to match the radio stations. The acquisition was approved by the FCC and consummated on February 1, 1994. Seagull Communications returned the station to air the same day, again as an independent station.

Almost immediately, the new owners applied to the FCC to build booster stations serving St. George, Utah, and Beaver Dam, Arizona–Mesquite, Nevada, communities cut off from the signal due to the mountainous terrain of those areas. The FCC granted the construction permit for the St. George booster, KSGI1 (later KCSG1), on February 28, 1995, but did not grant a permit for the Beaver Dam booster, KSGI2 (later KCSG2), until January 1998. That station was never built, but the construction permit remained in the FCC database until 2009.

In 1997, Seagull Communications sold KSGI-TV to Bonneville Holding Company, a broadcasting company wholly owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The sale was approved by the FCC on December 10, 1997, and was consummated on April 27, 1998. On February 16, 1998, the station changed its call letters to KXIV, in anticipation of its DTV channel assignment on UHF channel 14, but the FCC adopted the virtual channel standard, whereby digital stations would continue to identify by their analog channel assignment, and on May 15, 1998, the station again changed call letters, this time to KCSG. On August 31, 1998, the station became a charter affiliate of the family-oriented network Pax TV (now Ion Television). In August 2002, KCSG was sold to Broadcast West, a St. George-based partnership of Daniel Matheson and local auto dealer Stephen Wade. The new owners elected to continue the Pax affiliation and to maintain an association with Bonneville-owned KSL-TV (channel 5).

Broadcast West began to make changes to KCSG that would establish its identity as a Southern Utah station. In 2003, the company founded the region's first television news department for the station. Before, the only local news program available to residents of Cedar City and St. George came from Salt Lake City area stations. In June 2005, with Pax TV preparing to adopt a more general entertainment format, KCSG switched its affiliation to America One, continuing to offer family-focused programming. The station made news in September 2005, when it began offering its news programs in Spanish, as well as in English, attempting to serve the region's growing Hispanic population. The Broadcast West partnership was dissolved on October 18, 2005, and a new company, Southwest Media, owned by Stephen Wade, became the licensee.

On August 18, 2008, KCSG replaced Salt Lake City's KJZZ-TV (also on channel 14) as Utah's MyNetworkTV affiliate. The station added programming from the Retro Television Network, which was previously carried in the market by KUSG and KCBU, in 2009. For a time, starting on September 20, 2010, KCSG was one of two MyNetworkTV affiliates serving the geographically large Utah media market, along with KUSG; the affiliation was subsequently ceded completely to the renamed KMYU (channel 12).

On September 5, 2011, KCSG switched its primary affiliation to classic television network MeTV. On July 26, 2012, KCSG added FamilyNet to Baja Broadband channel 87. FamilyNet is limited to cable and satellite viewing because of programming restrictions placed on it by the network. Otherwise, FamilyNet would have been added to digital subchannel 14.4.

On September 29, 2014, KCSG switched its affiliation from MeTV to Heroes & Icons, a new network owned by MeTV's parent company (and KCSG's future owner), Weigel Broadcasting, as its first non-owned affiliate. The network mainly carries a format of crime shows and westerns targeted to men from the MeTV acquisition library. MeTV is still available throughout the state via KTVX-DT2.

On July 19, 2017, Weigel (through TV-49, Inc., the licensee of WMLW-TV in Racine, Wisconsin) agreed to acquire the station for $1.1 million. The sale will convert KCSG in a H&I owned-and-operated station, though the possibility of Weigel's other networks being contained to it is also possible. It would also be Weigel's first purchase of any station outside of a state along Lake Michigan, as all of its properties are in Illinois, Wisconsin and Indiana. The sale closed on December 5, with the St. George-related channel contracts voided the week before in order to make it a station only carrying H&I and Decades for the moment.

News operation
KCSG was the first television station in southern Utah to produce local newscasts for the region. Until KCSG started its news department, St. George residents received local newscasts from stations in Salt Lake City; indeed, KCSG itself simulcast KSL-TV's morning newscast for a time under Bonneville ownership. The station's news operation began in 2003 with a five-minute newscast; this subsequently expanded to half-hour newscasts at 5:30 and 9 p.m. KCSG discontinued its newscasts on February 19, 2010; the station still broadcasts news updates and still places news stories on its website.

After a six-month hiatus, full-scale newscasts were reinstated on August 23, 2010, with the early evening newscast now airing at 6:30 p.m., in addition to the 9 p.m. newscast. KCSG previously announced a partnership with Dixie State College of Utah. In late August 2011, KCSG began rebroadcasting the first half-hour of KSL-TV's 6 p.m. newscast at 7 p.m., and its 6:30 p.m. newscast re-airs at 9 p.m. Both newscasts are titled KSL Live 5 News on KCSG.

Sports programming
On August 4, 2011, Utah State University announced that it had partnered with KCSG to show select football and men's and women's basketball games on the station.

The St. George Marathon, the City of St. George First Night and the Huntsman World Senior Games are broadcast on KCSG.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
KCSG shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 4, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 14.

Translators

 * Beaver: K25PF-D
 * Delta–Oak City: K25PF-D
 * Fillmore–Meadow: K25JJ-D
 * Garrison: K30PI-D
 * Leamington: K16MT-D
 * Logan: K08QL-D
 * Logan: K22MH-D
 * Minersville: K17HX-D
 * Parowan–Enoch–Parowan: K25PD-D
 * St. George: K16DS-D
 * St. George: K27MQ-D

title: KCSG


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5th Combined Arms Army

The 5th Guards Combined Arms Red Banner Army (5-я гвардейская общевойсковая армия) is a Russian Ground Forces formation in the Eastern Military District.

It was formed in 1939, served during the Soviet invasion of Poland that year, and was deployed in the southern sector of the Soviet defences when Adolf Hitler's Operation Barbarossa began in June 1941 during World War II. In the disastrous first months of Barbarossa, the 5th Army was encircled and destroyed around Kiev.

Reformed under Lelyushenko and Govorov, it played a part in the last-ditch defence of Moscow, and then in the string of offensive and defensive campaigns that eventually saw the Soviet armies retake all of Soviet territory and push west into Poland and beyond into Germany itself. The 5th Army itself only advanced as far as East Prussia before it was moved east to take part in the Soviet attack on Japan.

Since 1945, under the Soviet and now Russian flag it has formed part of the Far East Military District keeping watch on the border with the People's Republic of China. As the Russian armed force shrunk, it found itself part of the larger Eastern Military District in the twenty-first century.

On February 19, 2024, the 5th Army was awarded the honorary designation "Guards".

Creation and organization
The 5th Army was created in August 1939 in the Special Kiev Military District from the Northern (originally Shepetovskaya) Army Group. In September 1939, the 5th Army took part in the Soviet invasion of Poland, which had been justified by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. The Army was originally placed under the command of I.G. Sovietnikov.

On 22 June 1941, the 5th Army consisted of the 15th Rifle Corps (under Colonel I.I. Fedyuninsky and incorporating the 45th Rifle Division and 62nd Rifle Divisions), as well as the 27th Rifle Corps (87th, 125th, 135th Rifle Divisions), the 22nd Mechanised Corps (19th, 41st Tank Divisions, 215th Motorized Division), the 2nd Fortified Region, seven artillery regiments, 2 NKVD border regiments, and an engineer regiment.

Battle of the frontiers
The Army's rifle divisions were assigned to cover the Lutsk-Rovno approaches to the Ukraine and were tasked to man the (unfinished) Kovel, Strumilov, and Vladimir-Volynsk fortified districts. The Army was stationed in barracks up to forty miles from the frontier, and would need three to four days to take up its positions. On 22 June, however, the 15th Rifle Corps managed to take its place in the line, holding the sector from Vlodava to Vladimir-Volynsk, but later that same day, the southern end of the line at Vladimir-Volynsk "began to buckle in," in John Erickson's words.

The main German thrust in the sector came at the junction point between the 5th Army and its neighbour to the south, the 6th Army, and both the 5th and 6th Armies committed their mechanised forces quickly to try to stem the gap, but without success. The Commander Southwestern Front, Mikhail Kirponos, decided to halt this with an attack into the flank of Panzer Group 1 using all the available mobile forces – five mechanised corps. This was unsuccessful in the face of the thrusting German advance, lack of coordination from the various Soviet formations, acute shortage of equipment and spares, and lack of proper equipment, especially radio sets.

Meanwhile, General M.I. Potapov, now commanding the 5th Army, was ordered on 29 June to make another attack on Panzer Group 1's flank from the woods of Klevany. Amid these efforts, Kirponos managed to withdraw most of his Front to a new line almost on the old Soviet/Polish border, and prevented the Germans from rupturing the Soviet defensive line.

The 11th Panzer Division took Berdichev on 7 July, and the juncture between the 5th and 6th Armies was broken; the Stavka ordered Kirponos to withdraw the 5th Army to the Korosten "fortified district" northwest of Kiev. The gap between the 5th and 6th Armies quickly widened to forty miles. To remedy the situation another counterattack was ordered, and Potapov, now commanding the 15th and 31st Rifle, and 9th, 19th and 22nd Mechanised Corps, was directed to strike northwards from Berdichev and Lyubar. However, his forces had been badly worn down: the 9th Mechanised Corps had 64 tanks left, the 22nd less than half that number, and the rifle regiments of 31st Corps had "no more than three hundred men." Nevertheless, Potapov's force cut the Zhitomir highway and kept up the pressure for a week, and afterwards remained as a thorn on the German Sixth Army's northern flank.

By 7 September, the 5th Army was threatened with being split in two by the Second Army coming from the east and the Sixth Army's northern outflanking of Kiev. The Stavka refused permission initially for the 5th Army to withdraw, as they were still hoping for results from a counterattack by the Bryansk Front. By 9 September, Stalin had finally given authority for the 5th Army to withdraw but by then it was trapped, and on 20 September Potapov and his command group were taken prisoner. In the disastrous battle, the German forces encircled forces from the 5th, 21st, 26th, 38th and 37th Armies, captured Kiev, and claimed 665,000 prisoners (Soviet sources assert that the total strength of the Southwestern Front was 677,000 of which 150,000 had escaped).

Moscow
The 5th Army was re-raised for the second time in October 1941, under the command of Dmitri Lelyushenko, as part of the Soviet Western Front. Recent sources give the actual re-raising date as 11 October 1941. It included two rifle divisions and three tank brigades. At the Battle at Borodino Field, on a former Napoleonic battlefield, the first elements of the reforming Army to arrive at the front—two regiments of the Soviet 32nd Rifle Division and the 18th and 19th Tank Brigades—attempted to halt the German 10th Panzer Division and Das Reich divisions which were striking for Mozhaisk. Lelyuschenko was wounded and General L.A. Govorov took over. What thin reserves there were ran out, and Mozhaisk fell on 18 October. Later that year the Army took part in the Klin-Solnechogorsk offensive operation.

On 15 November, another German strike toward Moscow opened, but while the flanks saw heavy fighting, up until 28 November, the 5th Army along with the two other Armies forming Western Front's centre, 33rd and 43rd, were holding quite firmly, despite some attacks on the right-most sector of their line. On 1 December, a last effort by the German XX Army Corps to reach Moscow saw a furious attack directed near the junction of the 5th Army and 33rd Army, which led to the Moscow-Minsk highway, the most direct route to the Soviet capital. Despite breaking through 33rd Army defences around Naro-Fominsk, after all available reserves were directed by Zhukov toward the breach, by 4 December, the situation had been restored and the Soviet command could resume its planning to take the offensive.

As part of the Soviet winter counteroffensive from Moscow, the 5th Army was instructed to commence its offensive actions from 11 December, pushing for Ruza-Kolyubakovo, while right flank units joined the 16th Army in hitting Istra. Eventually the 5th Army defeated the Germans near Zvenigorod, and the 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps forced itself into the German rear in a daring raid, making further advances possible. In Western Front directives of 6 and 8 January 1942, the 5th Army received orders to first outflank, and then to retake, Mozhaisk by 16 January. The 5th Army, now boasting seven rifle divisions, 82nd Motorised Rifle Division, three independent rifle brigades and 20th Tank Brigade, was on the move by mid January, and on 20 January took the town. However Govorov's rifle divisions were falling to below 2,500 each, and the Army 'started to run out of steam.'

On 20 March a Stavka directive gave new instructions to the Western and Kalinin Fronts, and among these, the 5th Army was ordered, when the offensive kicked off, to take Gzhatsk by 1 April, after which it was to capture Vyazma in conjunction with the 43rd, 49th, and 50th Armies. In April 1942 Govorov was posted to command the Leningrad Front, and apparently General Ivan Fedyuninsky took over. Some time after that, Y.T. Cherevichenko took command.

On the Offensive
As part of the Western Front the 5th Army then took part in the Operation of Rzhev-Vyazma, including the Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive in November–December 1942. It then fought with the 10th Guards & 33rd Armies in the Second Battle of Smolensk, by which time the Army was being commanded by General V.S. Polenov. At a later point, General P.G. Shafranov held command for a period. For Operation Bagration of 1944 in Belorussia, 5th Army was part of 3rd Belorussian Front. The 5th Army, now under General N.I. Krylov, was allocated to the Front's 'Northern Group' alongside 39th Army and a Cavalry mechanized group made up of 3rd Cavalry and 3rd Guards Mechanised Corps.

The Army's path took it through Vilnius, which was cleared on 13 July with the assistance of the Polish underground after a final savage battle in the city centre. On 1 August 1944 the Army consisted of the 45th Rifle Corps (159th, 184th, 338th Rifle Divisions), the 65th Rifle Corps (97th, 144th, 371st RDs), the 72nd Rifle Corps (63rd, 215th, 277th RDs) and a wide array of supporting artillery, armour, and other units. The Army's final action in Europe was the East Prussian Offensive of 1945. Units of 184th Rifle Division, assigned as part of the 5th Army, were the first Soviet soldiers to reach the prewar frontier on 17 August 1944.

With the other armies of 3rd Belorussian Front, 5th Army then took part in the failed Gumbinnen Operation of October 1944, in which the Soviets were not able to break the German East Prussian defences. In the course of the second East Prussian offensive, in interaction with other armies of the front, the 5th Army destroyed the Tilsit-Insterburg and Khalchberg enemy groups and on 23 January occupied Insterburg. In the closing stage of its European service it participated in the liquidation of the Wehrmacht troops trapped on the Samland peninsula, the XXVIII Corps.

On 20 April 1945, the 5th Army was transferred from Stavka VGK reserve to the Maritime Group of Forces, one of the formations which was being sent to the Far East to reinforce Soviet forces there in preparation for the beginning of hostilities against Japan. The MGF was re-designated the 1st Far East Front on 5 August 1945. When the Soviet invasion of Manchuria commenced, the Army consisted of the 17th Rifle Corps (187th and 366th Rifle Divisions), 45th Rifle Corps (157th, 159th, and 184th Rifle Divisions), 65th Rifle Corps (97th, 144th, 190th, 371st Rifle Divisions), 72nd Rifle Corps (63rd, 215th, 277th Rifle Divisions), the 72nd, 76th, 208th, 210th, and 218th Tank Brigades, the 105th Fortified Area, over 35 artillery brigades and regiments, and other units. During the Harbin-Girin operation, the Army's troops, part of the 1st Far East Front's main attack, broke through the Volynskiy area where the Japanese troops were resisting and advanced to the eastern spurs of the Taypinliy ridge.

Commanders

 * Major General M.I. Potapov (June – September 1941),
 * Major General Dmitry Lelyushenko (11 – 17 October 1941),
 * Major General of Artillery Leonid Govorov (18 October 1941 – 25 April 1942), from 11.1941 Lieutenant General of Artillery
 * Major General Ivan Fedyuninsky (25 April – 15 October 1942), from June 1942, Lieutenant General
 * colonel-general Yakov Cherevichenko (15 October 1942 – 27 February 1943),
 * Lieutenant General Vitaly Polenov (27 February 1943 – 25 October 1943),
 * Lieutenant General Nikolay Krylov (25 October 1943 – 16 October 1944), from July 1944, Colonel-General
 * Lieutenant General Pyotr Shafranov (16 October – 16 December 1944),
 * Colonel General Nikolay Krylov (16 December 1944 – December 1945).

Postwar
After the victory over Japan, the 5th Army remained in the Far East, and was the most powerful army in the Far East Military District throughout the entire postwar period. After the disbandment of the 9th Mechanised Army and the 25th Army in 1957, 5th Army's composition was supplemented by a whole series of divisions, including the divisions that became, after many redesignations, 277th Motor Rifle Division and 123rd Guards MRD. The 4th Missile Brigade joined the army in 1963. In 1968 the 29th Motor Rifle Division arrived from Shikhany (Saratov Oblast) at Kamen-Rybolov, Primorskiy Kray.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the 81st Guards MRD and the 199th MRDs became part of the 5th Army. The 4th, 5th, 13th 15th, and 20th Fortified Regions were also part of the army for decades (see Fortified district). In 1976 the 119th Motor Rifle Division (mobilisation) was formed at Lyalichi, Primorskiy Kray, which became the 77th Tank Division (mobilisation) in January 1982. General Igor Rodionov, later the Russian Minister of Defence, commanded the Army from 1983 to 1985.

In 1987 the 77th Tank Division became the 1008th Territorial Training Centre, then a VKhVT in 1989, then was disbanded in 1993.

On 29 November 2000 the then Far East Military District commander, General Colonel Yuri Yakubov, was reported in Vremya Novostei as saying that only 'four fully staffed operational regiments and several operational divisions' in the district were combat ready. In addition, the last exercise for reserve divisions was run in 1985. One regiment at Yekaterinoslavka, Khabarovsk Krai was reported in October 1999 as being the only 100% manned regiment in 35th Army, so it could be guessed that during the 1999–2000 time period the remaining three full-strength regiments were with the 5th Army.

In 2007 Russian reports described the army as consisting of Headquarters [at Ussuriysk]; the 81st Guards (Bikin) and 121st Motor Rifle Division (Sibirtsevo), the 127th (Segreevka) and 129th (Barabash) MGADs, the 130th Machine-Gun Artillery Division (Lesozavodsk), 20th Guards Rocket Brigade (Spassk-Dalny) (OTR-21 Tochka SSM), 719th Multiple Rocket Launcher Regiment (Pokrovka), 958th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment, and other smaller combat and support formations.

Role in the 2022 Invasion of Ukraine
In the context of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, elements of the 5th Army (including units from the 57th Motor Rifle Brigade and two additional Motor Rifle Regiments) had been deployed to Belarus and were participating in active operations.

Commanders

 * Nikanor Zakhvatayev (December 1945 – 18 February 1947)
 * Ivan Chistyakov (19 February 1947 – 19 April 1948)
 * Pyotr Koshevoy (20 April 1948 – 8 June 1954)
 * Mikhail Ivanovich Potapov (August 1954 – 15 April 1958)
 * Aleksandr Yegorovsky (16 April 1958 – 23 September 1960)
 * Yakov Repin (24 September 1960 – 3 March 1964)
 * Vasily Petrov (June 1964 – 21 January 1966)
 * Kamil Ganeyev (22 January 1966 – 18 August 1969)
 * Pyotr Sysoyev (19 August 1969 – April 1971)
 * Vladimir Konchits (April 1971 – 6 March 1974)
 * Anatoly Ryakhov (7 March 1974 – 3 January 1979)
 * Anatoly Smirnov (4 January 1979 – June 1983)
 * Igor Rodionov (June 1983 – 18 August 1985)
 * Anatoly Kostenko (19 April 1985 – October 1987)
 * Aleksandr Yudin (October 1987 – December 1989)
 * Nikolai Zvinchukov (December 1989 – July 1990)
 * Vladimir Potapov (July 1990 – February 1993)
 * Nikolai Kormiltsev (May 1993 – November 1994)
 * Aleksandr Morozov (November 1994 – November 1997)
 * Aleksandr Belousov (November 1997 – August 1999)
 * Aleksandr Novikov (August 1999 – September 2001)
 * Aleksandr Stolyarov (September 2001 – June 2003)
 * Nikolai Dymov (June 2003 – June 2006)
 * Anatoly Sidorov (July 2006 – June 2008)
 * Aleksandr Dvornikov (June 2008 – January 2011)
 * Andrey Serdyukov (January 2011 – February 2013)
 * Aleksey Salmin (October 2013 – September 2016)
 * Valery Asapov (October 2016 – September 2017)
 * Roman Kutuzov (October 2017 – August 2018)
 * Oleg Tsekov (August 2018 – September 2020)
 * Aleksey Podivilov (18 September 2020 – 2022)
 * Pyotr Bolgarev (2022 – 2024)
 * Ivan Yeruslanov (2024 – )

Structure

 * 57th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade (Bikin);
 * 127th Motor Rifle Division;
 * 70th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade (Barabash);
 * 20th Separate Missile Brigade (Ussuriysk);
 * 305th Artillery Brigade (Ussuriysk);
 * 8th Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade (Ussuriysk);
 * 80th Command Brigade (Ussuriysk);
 * 101st Logistic Support Brigade (Ussuriysk);
 * 25th NBC Protection Regiment (Sergeyevka) (MUN 58079);
 * 79th Signal Center (Ussuriysk);
 * 237th Weapon Storage and Repair Base (Bikin);
 * 245th Weapon Storage and Repair Base (Lesozavodsk);
 * 247th Weapon Storage and Repair Base (Monastyrishche).

title: 5th Combined Arms Army


text:
List of tallest buildings in Calgary

This is a list of tallest buildings in Calgary, Alberta, namely buildings that are at least 400 ft tall.

Calgary is both the largest city and largest metropolitan area in the Canadian province of Alberta, with a municipal population of as of April 1, 2018, and a metropolitan population of  as of July 1, 2016.

Overview
Standing at 56 stories, 247 m, the tallest building in the city is Brookfield Place. The second-tallest building in the city is The Bow, standing at 58-storeys, 236 m. The third-tallest building in the city is the 60-storey, 222 m Telus Sky, which surpassed the 215 m Suncor Energy Centre upon its completion in 2020. The Calgary Tower is included in this list for comparison purposes; however, it is not ranked since it is not considered a habitable building.

Calgary's history of towers began with the Grain Exchange Building (1910), the Fairmont Palliser Hotel (1914), and the Elveden Centre. Building construction remained slow in the city until the early 1970s. From 1970 to 1990, Calgary witnessed a major expansion of skyscraper and high-rise construction. Many of the city's office towers were completed during this period, such as the First Canadian Centre and the Canterra Tower office towers. A ten-year lull in building construction came after the expansion, though Calgary experienced a larger second building expansion beginning in the late 90s and continuing into the present. Currently, the city has height restrictions that prevent any building from casting a shadow over the Bow River and the city hall, however, winter months are excluded from this limit. There is no other imposed limits elsewhere in the city, which could allow for some extremely tall buildings. The Bow Tower was originally proposed to be at least 1,000 feet tall but reduced to comply with these rules. Calgary hosts 373 buildings over 35 m complete and under construction, 82 of which are 100 m or more and are all in the downtown area. This is the second highest concentration of skyscrapers in Canada, behind Downtown Toronto.

, there are 10 skyscrapers over 100 m under construction, along with another 34 skyscrapers over 100 m approved and proposed, with a further 56 high-rises over 35 m under construction, approved for construction, and proposed for construction in the City of Calgary. After this skyscraper boom, Calgary's skyline will have dramatically changed, having added at least the second tallest and fourth tallest buildings in Western Canada between 2016 and 2018, Brookfield Place East and Telus Sky respectively.

Buildings
This list ranks buildings in Calgary that stand at least 400 ft tall, based on CTBUH height measurement standards. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. Freestanding observation and/or telecommunication towers, while not habitable buildings, are included for comparison purposes; however, they are not ranked. One such tower is the Calgary Tower.

Towers
'' (*) Although Calgary's two largest structures are actually CFCN-TV's twin communication towers, they are not self-supporting and are assisted by cables (guyed). This is not unlike most stand-alone communications antennae. ''

Projects
The following is a list of buildings that are under construction, approved, or proposed in Calgary that are planned to rise at least 100 m.

Timeline of tallest buildings
This lists buildings that once held the title of tallest building in Calgary. Although it is not a building, the Calgary Tower was the city's tallest free standing structure from 1968 until 1983 when it was surpassed by the Suncor Energy Centre's West tower.

title: List of tallest buildings in Calgary


text:
Category:The Prisoner

This category contains articles concerning the television show The Prisoner. __NOGALLERY__

title: Category:The Prisoner


text:
Amar Singh Chamkila

Amar Singh Chamkila (21 July 1960 8 March 1988) was an Indian singer and musician of Punjabi music. Chamkila's vivid language, high-pitched vocals, and novel compositions accompanied by tumbi made him popular. His music was influenced by the Punjabi village life in which he grew up. On 8 March 1988, at the height of his popularity, Chamkila and his second wife Amarjot were killed along with two members of their band in an assassination which remains unsolved.

Chamkila was an influential Punjabi artist and live stage performer, often called the "Elvis of Punjab". His first recorded song was "Takue Te Takua", and his hits include "Pehle Lalkare Naal" and the devotional songs "Baba Tera Nankana", "Tar Gayi Ravidas Di Pathri", and "Talwar Main Kalgidhar Di". Though he never recorded it himself, he wrote the song "Jatt Di Dushmani", which has been performed by many other Punjabi artists.

Early life
Amar Singh Chamkila was born as Dhani Ram on 21 July 1960 into a Dalit Sikh family in the village of Dugri near Ludhiana, Punjab, India. His aspirations of becoming an electrician were unfulfilled and he eventually found work at a Ludhiana cloth mill.

Career in music
With a natural aptitude for music, Chamkila learned to play the harmonium and dholki. In 1979, Chamkila approached Surinder Shinda for the first time on a bicycle with his best friend Kuldeep Paras. When Shinda heard the 18-year-old Chamkila sing, he finally found the protégé he had been looking for. Chamkila would go on to play alongside Punjabi folk artists such as K. Deep, Mohammad Sadiq, and Shinda. Chamkila wrote several songs for Shinda and accompanied him as a member of his entourage before deciding to pursue a solo career.

Adopting the stage name Amar Singh Chamkila – Chamkila in Punjabi means "one that glitters" – Chamkila first partnered up with the female vocalist Surinder Sonia, who had previously worked with Surinder Shinda. Sonia had felt sidelined after Shinda took Gulshan Komal to a tour in Canada, after which she was instrumental in pushing Chamkila to record his debut album. The pair recorded eight duets and released the album Takue Te Takua in 1980 with music produced by Charanjit Ahuja. The cunningly worded lyrics, which he had written himself, became hits across Punjab.

In 1980, Chamkila felt he was being significantly underpaid by Surinder Sonia's manager (her husband) and decided to form his own group. Chamkila established short-lived stage partnerships with Miss Usha Kiran, Amar Noorie, and others.

For the most part, he continued to write his own lyrics, the majority of which were boyish and suggestive yet fluent commentaries on extramarital affairs, alcohol, and drug use. The couple's appeal grew not only in the Punjab but also among international Punjabis abroad. Around this time, Chamkila was rumoured to be receiving more bookings than his contemporaries. The biography Awaz Mardi Nahin by Gulzar Singh Shaunki found during its research that at the height of his popularity Chamkila had performed 366 shows in 365 days.

Assassination
On 8 March 1988 at approximately 2 PM, having arrived to perform in Mehsampur, Punjab, both Chamkila and his wife Amarjot were gunned down as they exited their vehicle. A gang of motorcyclists fired several rounds, fatally wounding the couple and other members of the entourage. However, no arrests were ever made in connection with the shooting, and the case was never solved. It has been alleged that Sikh militants were responsible. This theory was refuted by Chamkila's close friend and lyricist Swarn Sivia, who investigated the murder independently. Sivia revealed that three Khalistani militant organisations targeted Chamkila due to his controversial songs. Acting as a mediator, Sivia facilitated a meeting between Chamkila and a delegation of five Khalistani leaders at Darbar Sahib Amritsar where Chamkila apologised and vowed to change the themes of his songs. Following that, Chamkila performed some timeless songs on Sikh history, including "Sathon Baba Kho Laya Tera Nankana". Sivia remained skeptical that Khalistan militants were responsible for his murder, saying, "Throughout my life, I have continued to investigate who was behind his killing."

Influence
Indian film composer Amit Trivedi called Chamkila "a legend, the Elvis of Punjab."

British Indian musician Panjabi MC cites Chamkila as one of his musical influences.

In popular culture
Mehsampur is a 2018 Indian mockumentary film based on Chamkila's life, produced and directed by Kabir Singh Chowdhry.

Jodi, a 2023 Punjabi-language film, was inspired by the life of Chamkila. ''

Amar Singh Chamkila, a biographical drama film based on Chamkila's life, was released on Netflix on 12 April 2024. It is directed by Imtiaz Ali and stars Diljit Dosanjh as Chamkila and Parineeti Chopra as his wife, Amarjot Kaur.

Discography
Chamkila's studio recordings were released by HMV as LP records and EP records during his lifetime. Though several compilation albums have been released since his death, the following CDs compiled by Saregama comprise nearly all of Chamkila's studio recordings:
 * Amar Singh Chamkila Surinder Sonia (EP) [1981]
 * Surinder Sonia & Amar Singh Chamkila (EP) [1982]
 * Mitra Main Khand Ban Gai (EP) [1983]
 * Chaklo Driver Purje Nun (EP)
 * Jija Lak Minle (LP) [1983]
 * Hikk Utte So Ja Ve (LP) [1985]
 * Bhul Gai Main Ghund Kadna (LP) [1985]
 * Rat Nun Sulah-Safaiyan (EP) [1985]
 * Sharbat Vangoon Ghut Bhar Laa (LP) [1987]
 * Baba Tera Nankana
 * Tar Gayi Ravidas Di Pathri
 * Naam Jap Le (1986)
 * Talwar Main Kalgidhar Di Haan (1985)
 * Yaad Aave War War (LP) [1988] (released after his death)

Posthumous albums

 * The Diamond (2014)

title: Amar Singh Chamkila


text:
St. Catharines Falcons (1943–1947)

The St. Catharines Falcons were a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey Association from 1943 to 1947. The team was based in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.

History
The Garden City was introduced to OHA Junior "A" Hockey in the fall of 1943 when the St. Catharines Falcons made their debut in the league. Rudy Pilous, a former St. Catharines Sr. "A" hockey player and his friend Jay MacDonald were inspired to bring a team to St. Catharines after watching a Memorial Cup game in Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens in the spring of 1943 between the Winnipeg Royals and Oshawa Generals.

Pilous would be coach & general manager of the team, and MacDonald would be secretary & treasurer. Pilous raised the capital from talking six local businessmen (Pete Grammar, Ted and Os Graves, Tom Heit, Jack Leach, and Cal Wilson) into investing $500 each. He then took a trip back to his home town of Winnipeg, to hire players for the 1943-44 season.

The Falcons played their first game on November 13, 1943. The St. Catharines Falcons name came from a naming contest for the new junior team. The winner of the contest was a nine-year-old boy named Jimmy Stirrett from St.Catharines Ontario.

The team was so unsuccessful, that after two years, the St. Catharines Senior "A" Saints folded. In 1946-47 the club didn't make the playoffs and was in financial trouble. It looked like the end of Junior hockey in the city. In January 1947, George Stauffer, President of Thompson Products Ltd., stepped into the picture and bought the Falcons for $2,500. He saved Junior hockey in St. Catharines, and renamed the team the Teepees.

Today there is an unrelated local Jr. B hockey team in the Golden Horseshoe Junior B Hockey League using the same name as the St. Catharines Falcons.

Players
Several Winnipeg-area players including Harvey Jessiman (goalie), Bing Juckes, Tom Pollock, Laurie Peterson and Doug McMurdy formed the nucleus of the first club, combined along with local players.

Doug McMurdy was awarded the Red Tilson Trophy in 1944-45 as the Most Outstanding Player in the OHA.

NHL alumni are Armand Delmonte, Val Delory, Bing Juckes, and Nick Mickoski.

Yearly results
The Falcons never made it to the league finals for the J. Ross Robertson Cup, but did very well in the regular season, making the playoffs their first three years.

Arena
The St. Catharines Falcons played in the Garden City Arena in downtown St. Catharines, Ontario from 1943-1947. The team shared the arena with the Sr. A. team, the St. Catharines Saints from 1943-1945.

title: St. Catharines Falcons (1943–1947)


text:
Primicerius

The Latin term primicerius, Hellenized as primikērios (πριμικήριος), was a title applied in the later Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire to the heads of administrative departments, and also used by the Church to denote the heads of various colleges.

Etymologically the term derives from primus in cera, which is to say in tabula cerata, the first name in a list of a class of officials, which was usually inscribed on a waxed tablet.

Civil and military
From their origin in the court of the Dominate, there were several primicerii (primikērioi in Greek, from the 12th century usually spelled primmikērioi). In the court, there was the primicerius sacri cubiculi (in Byzantine times the primikērios of the kouboukleion), in charge of the emperor's bedchamber, almost always a eunuch. The title was also given to court officials in combination with other offices connected to the imperial person, such as the special treasury (eidikon) or the imperial wardrobe (vestiarion). Other primicerii headed some of the scrinia (departments) of the palace, chiefly the notarii or primicerius notariorum (notarioi or taboularioi in Byzantine sources).

In the Late Roman army, the primicerius was a rank junior to the tribunus and senior to the senator. They are best attested in units associated with the imperial court, chiefly imperial guards. Thus in the 4th to 6th centuries there were the primicerii of the protectores domestici and of the Scholae Palatinae, but also primicerii in charge of the armament factories (fabricae), which, like the Scholae, where under the jurisdiction of the magister officiorum. Primicerii are also to be found in the staffs of regional military commanders (duces), as well as in some regular military units. In the later Byzantine era, under the Komnenian emperors, primikērioi appear as commanders in the palace regiments of the Manglabitai, Vardariōtai, Vestiaritai and the Varangians.

In the late 11th century, the dignity of megas prim[m]ikērios ("Grand Primicerius") was established, which ranked very high in court hierarchy well into the Palaiologan period, where he functioned as a chief of ceremonies. Prim[m]ikērioi continue to be in evidence in the Byzantine Empire and the Despotate of Morea until their fall to the Ottomans.

Ecclesiastical use
In ecclesiastical use the term was given to heads of the colleges of Notarii and Defensores, which occupied an important place in the administration of the Roman Church in Late Antiquity and in the Early Middle Ages.

When young clerics were assembled in schools for training in the ecclesiastical service in the different districts of the Western Church (from the fifth or sixth century), the directors of these schools were also given this title. Thus, an inscription of the year 551 from Lyon mentions a "Stephanus primicerius scolae lectorum servientium in ecclesia Lugdunensi". Isidore of Seville treats of the obligations of the primicerius of the lower clerics in his "Epistola ad Ludefredum". From this position the primicerius also derived certain powers in the direction of liturgical functions.

In the regulation of the common life of the clergy in collegiate and cathedral churches, according to the Rule of Chrodegang and the statutes of Amalarius of Metz, the primicerius appears as the first capitular after the archdeacon and archpresbyter, controlling the lower clerics and directing the liturgical functions and chant. The primicerius thus became a special dignitary of many chapters by a gradual development from the position of the old primicerius of the scola cantorum or lectorum.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the title was used for the heads of the colleges of the notarioi and taboularioi in the Church bureaucracy, but also for the chief lectors, cantors, etc. of a church.

In modern usage of the Russian Orthodox Church, the word primicerius (primikirii) is reserved for a junior cleric (sometimes a reader or subdeacon) holding a torch or a candle before an officiating bishop during the divine service; usually he goes ahead in different pontifical processions, which may be an explanation for the choice of this word (the second part of which in this case corresponds not to "wax (of a tablet)" but to "candle wax").

title: Primicerius


text:
Nevada State Route 610

State Route 610 (SR 610) is a state highway in Clark County, Nevada. It comprises a small portion of Lamb Boulevard in the northeastern Las Vegas Valley.

Route description
State Route 610 begins at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard North (SR 604) and Lamb Boulevard in the unincorporated township of Sunrise Manor. From there, it follows Lamb Boulevard northward, passing through mostly residential neighborhoods. The route eventually enters the city of North Las Vegas and passes by some industrial businesses. The SR 610 designation ends at the Lamb Boulevard interchange with Interstate 15 (I-15) and U.S. Route 93 (US 93).

History
By 1968, the I-15 under construction in Nevada had a terminus at the Lamb Boulevard interchange. Freeway traffic to the north of Las Vegas transitioned from the Interstate to the old highways on Las Vegas Boulevard (U.S. Routes 91 and 93) by way of Lamb Boulevard. The Interstate access along Lamb Boulevard was no longer a major through movement by 1972, as I-15 was completed further south into the urban core of Las Vegas by that time.

SR 610 was established in the 1976 renumbering of Nevada's state highways. The route was designated on July 1, 1976.

Major intersections
Note: "Sunrise Manor" is an unincorporated community in the urban Las Vegas area.

Public transport
RTC Transit Route 203 functions on this road.

title: Nevada State Route 610


text:
Talk:The Yakuza

No subject
some NPOV issues here: "powerful film", "big step forward", "Takakura is spectacular".. this sounds like something out of the Sunday film section of the local newspaper.

pogo 06:08, 12 July 2005 (UTC)'

 * Yes, I agree. While I admittedly have not seen this movie, the article does sound more like a review than a neutral encyclopedia article. Applejuicefool 14:30, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Disagree
don't see the reference to "powerful film", were you thinking of another article? i believe the author is speaking of the "big step forward" in the old hollywood mentality of casting all parts, ethnic or otherwise with anglo-american actors and by casting takakura ken in the supporting role was indeed a big step forward for both hollywood and asian actors. his performance was indeed a departure from previous roles and while spectacular may be opinionated, doesn't affect the neutrality of the article overall.
 * The main bulk of the article is OK, but the last paragraph of the "Synopsis" is not neutral, its overwhelmingly positive. Someone, not me, needs to alter it so that its...not so overwhelming. Gohst 12:24, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Rewrite
I have rewritten the article based on input from above. Hopefully the article is now more NPOV. Obviously I agreed with the POV arguments. FrankWilliams 19:15, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Less NPOV, more details coming...
I've seen thsi film several times, first at USC in 1983. Also have the novelization by Shrader. I'll be adding and changing some details on the page. Please don't see them a idle vandalism, and feel free to challenge me on any change here on the talk page. David Spalding ( ☎   ✉   ✍  ) 14:52, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Hello. Please don't forget to provide an edit summary. Thanks, and happy editing. (And that means YOU.)

Removed uncited influence comment
Removed the following which had been tagged for citation needed since February. David Spalding ( ☎   ✉   ✍  ) 20:33, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

IMDB link does not link to right film
The IMDB link provided in the "Notes and References" section does not link to "The Yakuza" at IMDB, it links to "The Wicker Man" http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070917/ The correct link is http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0073918/, but I don't know how to change it in a footnote, so could somebody please confirm this, and change it. There is a seperate link to the correct imdb page under "see also", so it might be an idea to get rid of one of the two. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bm90 (talk • contribs) 05:47, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TheYakuzaUKquadPoster.jpg
Image:TheYakuzaUKquadPoster.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 09:40, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on The Yakuza. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110520141216/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2005/37/yakuza/ to http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2005/37/yakuza/

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title: Talk:The Yakuza


text:
Alessandro Safina

Alessandro Safina is an Italian operatic pop tenor.

Born in Siena, Italy, Safina has sought to combine his interests in opera and modern pop music.

Music education
Safina began to study music when he was nine years old and attended a music academy at the age of 12. At 17, he was accepted to the Conservatorio di Musica "Luigi Cherubini" in Florence, Italy.

In 1989, he won the "Concorso Lirico Internazionale" in Mantova, Italy, and this led to his opera debut. In 1990 he appeared with soprano Katia Ricciarelli as Rodolfo in Puccini's La bohème.

Career
In the '90s, Safina began recording with Italian pianist/composer Romano Musumarra and his self-titled debut was issued in September 2001. Safina's single "Luna", released in 1999, reached number 2 in the Dutch charts.

In 2001, Safina contributed to the score of Baz Luhrmann's film Moulin Rouge! where he performed Elton John's "Your Song" with Ewan McGregor, and a part of the Elephant Love Medley, sung by Ewan McGregor and Nicole Kidman. That same year, his song Luna was part of the soundtrack of the soap opera O Clone from Rede Globo, Safina, also made a guest appearance in the soap opera. In November 2001, Safina sang Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Music of the Night" for Queen Elizabeth II during the Royal Variety Show.

By 2002, Safina's album Insieme A Te sold 700,000 copies worldwide. In March, 2002, he performed "Del Perduto Amore" at the San Remo Music Festival. He also recorded "Your Song" with Elton John for Sport Relief, a charity venture to help children. Safina's concert "Only You", featuring Patricia Manterola, was taped in the amphitheatre El Greco in Taormina, Sicily in 2001, and was later broadcast in the series Great Performances by American public channel PBS and released in 2003 on DVD. Also in 2003, Safina performed the English and Korean vocals for a Korean song called "Hamangyeon" (하망연(何茫然)), part of the soundtrack for Dae Jang Geum, and he appeared as Mario Cavaradossi in Tosca e Altre Due, a film based on the opera Tosca by Puccini.

In 2007, he recorded a duet with the British soprano Sarah Brightman for her album, Symphony. He then joined her for the Symphony World Tour in 2008 where he sang "Canto della Terra" and "Sarai Qui" with Brightman.

In June 2017, Safina performed "'O sole mio" with Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli at the Peoples' Friendship Palace in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Duets:

 * "Brindisi" from Giuseppe Verdi's opera La traviata with opera soprano Sumi Jo.
 * "Life Goes On" with Dutch singer Petra Berger.
 * "Aria e Memoria" with Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders
 * "Don't Get Around Much Anymore" with rock musician Rod Stewart.
 * "Bile, Bile" with Turkish singer Sezen Aksu.

Discography

 * Insieme A Te (1999)
 * Alessandro Safina (2001)
 * Insieme A Te [With Bonus tracks] (2001)
 * Musica Di Te (2003)
 * Sognami (2007)
 * Dedicated (2014)
 * "La Siete Di Vivere" single (1999)
 * "Luna" single (2000)
 * "Life Goes On" single; duet with Petra Berger (2007)

Personal life
Safina was married to Italian dancer Lorenza Mario from 2001 to 2011, with whom he has a son Pietro (born 2002). Currently, Safina and partner Laura Maria Calafeteanu, a marketing consultant, live together in Bucharest, Romania with their son, Christian, born in 2015.

title: Alessandro Safina


text:
John Hardon

John Anthony Hardon, SJ (June 18, 1914 – December 30, 2000) was an American Jesuit priest, writer, teacher and theologian. A candidate for sainthood since 2005, he is recognized by the Catholic Church as a Servant of God.

Early life
John Anthony Hardon was born in 1914 to a devout Catholic family in Midland, Pennsylvania. When he was a year old, his 27-year-old father died in an industrial accident. After the accident Hardon was raised by his 26-year-old mother Anna (née Jevin) Hardon, who never remarried "out of concern for the influence a possible stepfather might have on her son's vocation." They moved to Cleveland, Ohio.

John Janaro, a biographer of Hardon, described Anna as "a woman of deep faith, a Franciscan tertiary who embraced her poverty and her difficult circumstances with courage and grace." Anna "attended daily Mass and received Holy Communion" and her home "had sacred pictures, a family holy water font, and a good deal of spiritual conversation." Hardon later recalled that they only spoke Slav at home and contrasted it favorably to English which he held was "the worst language in the world to try to talk Catholicism in."

Hardon was Anna's only child, and she supported him by cleaning offices in Cleveland, often working nights. Janaro reports that as a child Hardon was "willful and self-possessed; he was determined that no one was going to tell him what to do"; but he was soon affected by his mother's example. Hardon would often recall that his mother told him that the very purpose of knees "are for kneeling to pray before God". For added income Anna took in two young Lutheran girls as boarders named Judith and Susan, who lived with them for at least eight years. The three-year-old Hardon protested at having to abstain from meat on Friday while his boarder "sisters" could indulge. His mother asked the girls "My boy is growing up: he's asking embarrassing questions. Would you mind either abstaining from eating meat on Friday or find yourselves somewhere else to board?" The girls choose to join the fast with permission from their minister. These early companions who were "staunch Lutherans" helped to form his religious thinking: "Years before the Ecumenical Movement I had come to respect and cherish Protestants."

At the age of six he was instructed by a Sister Benedicta who told her students "Whatever you ask Our Lord on your First Communion day, you will receive." That same year as he received First Holy Communion Hardon made a request to Jesus, "Make me a priest." After this he attended daily Mass with his mother. At the age of eight he received the sacrament of Confirmation calling on the Holy Spirit to give him "the grace of martyrdom."

Early schooling
Hardon attended St. Wendelin School. During a Church History class in eighth grade, Hardon became impressed with the Jesuit order while learning about St. Peter Canisius, a Jesuit priest in the 16th century who preached against the Protestant Reformation in Germany. He then attended the diocesan high school, known as Cathedral Latin, where he was taught by the Brothers of Mary.

Unwilling to leave Anna on her own, Hardon did not seriously consider the priesthood immediately after high school. Instead, "with the help of savings his mother had put aside specifically for his future" he attended John Carroll University, a Jesuit university in Cleveland. He intended to become a medical doctor; however, the Jesuit charism had a "profound impact" on him:

"There was a certain strength about the Jesuits, a 'manliness' that John had never experienced at home because he never knew his father. Also their mental discipline impressed him; it motivated him to major in philosophy and it began to shape his approach to spirituality through the direction of LeMay, a brilliant and discerning man who saw in John great potential."

In his third year of studies, under the guidance of his Jesuit adviser LeMay, he followed his call to the priesthood, and changed his course of studies to include Latin, philosophy, and college theology, earning his Bachelor of Arts degree from John Carrol University in 1936.

Entering the Jesuits
Although he wished to join the Jesuits, Hardon felt a duty to look after his increasingly ill mother, and he considered marrying a girl named Jo who had been his friend since grade school. Unsure of his priestly vocation, he applied to and was accepted at Ohio State Medical School. LeMay insisted that he "did indeed have a priestly vocation". Anna told him "the very same God who was calling him would guard every hair on his mother's head," and "if the reason he was going to marry was so that she would not be alone without anyone to care for her, he was not to be concerned." Hardon entered the Society of Jesus as a novice on September 1, 1936.

When Hardon confessed to LeMay that he felt he had abandoned his mother, LeMay told him "John, you belong in the Society of Jesus. What you are experiencing is a temptation. Put it out of your mind." Hardon continued regularly to correspond with his mother but to avoid temptation, he avoided visiting her for seven years until ordered to do so by his superior.

Studies
As a Jesuit novice, Hardon studied at West Baden College in West Baden Springs, Indiana. He published his first article in 1941 on the study of Latin. He obtained a master's degree in philosophy at Loyola University Chicago in 1941.

On June 18, 1947 (his 33rd birthday) he was ordained to the priesthood with his mother in attendance, as well as the two Lutheran boarders of his childhood. Anna Hardon died within a year of seeing her son enter the priesthood.

In 1949 his superiors sent him to the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome to continue his study of theology (1949-1951). Appointed director of the graduate library, he was ordered to retrieve all of volumes on loan to other students that had been declared heretical. He recalled:

"Before I had retrieved one-half of the heretical books, I had become the agent of orthodoxy and therefore the sworn enemy of the modernists, who were updating the Catholic faith to its modernist theology. I had doors slammed in my face. I lost friends whom I had considered believers[...] [this experience] taught me that the faith I had so casually learned could be preserved only by the price of a living martyrdom. This faith, I was to find out, is a precious treasure that cannot be preserved except at a heavy price. The price is nothing less than to confess what so many others either openly or covertly denied."

He received his Doctor of Sacred Theology degree from GU in 1951 with a dissertation on St. Robert Bellarmine: A Comparative Study of Bellarmine's Doctrine on the Relation of Sincere Non-Catholics to the Catholic Church. The same year, he received the Papal Medal.

Hardon pronounced his final vows on February 2, 1953, including the Jesuit vow of unwavering fidelity to the pope.

Teaching
In 1951 Hardon joined the faculty of West Baden College teaching theology to Jesuit students. Due to his health, he was denied his request to be a missionary to post-war Japan at the newly opened Jesuit University in Tokyo. Determined to foster this endeavor, Hardon began to study comparative religion. In oriental religions, he found "not only areas that were compatible with Christianity but also sections of thought that were clearly influenced in a direct manner by contact with the Christian message." He began using his extensive knowledge of Asian customs and religions to train missionaries for the region.

In 1956 he published Protestant Churches in America which was met with critical acclaim in both Catholic and Protestant circles. While still teaching full-time at West Baden, Hardon became a visiting professor of Catholic theology at several Protestant seminaries and colleges, including Bethany School of Theology, Lutheran School of Theology, and Seabury-Western Divinity School.

"In this work he saw an opportunity to share the fullness of the faith with those baptized in Christ who, because of the circumstances of history, time and place, or culture, had yet to receive a complete understanding and appreciation of the Christian faith and of the Church that extends the power and presence of Jesus Christ."

Upon his acceptance of a position at Seabury-Western Divinity school, the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury sent a personal representative to mark "the first time in history an Anglican/Episcopalian seminary had appointed a teacher who was a member of the once hated and feared Society of Jesus."

Between 1962 and 1967, Hardon taught Roman Catholicism and Comparative Religion at Western Michigan University. By 1967 he returned to teaching Jesuit scholastics at two Jesuit theological schools in Illinois while working as a visiting professor at St. Paul University in Ottawa, where he taught furloughed missionaries classes in missiology. At this time he also began work for the Congregations for Religious and the Clergy in Rome to implement the renewal laid out in the documents of Vatican II.

In 1974 Hardon became a professor at St. John's University in New York City at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Catholic Doctrine. He worked with the Sisters of Notre Dame of Chardon, Ohio to make Christ Our Life, a series of religious textbooks for elementary students.

Publishing
Hardon wrote over forty books on religion and theology, including Religions of the World (1963) Catholic Catechism: A Contemporary Catechism of the Catholic Church (1975), a volume on Catholic orthodoxy; and the Modern Catholic Dictionary (1980), a Catholic reference work published after the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). He also contributed to six encyclopedias.

Hardon was also a contributor to Catholic newspapers and magazines and was executive editor of The Catholic Faith magazine.

Hardon had a close working relationship with Pope Paul VI, engaging in several initiatives at the Pope's request, including his authoring of The Catholic Catechism. Paul VI, apparently displeased with the controversial Dutch Catechism and in line with his letter Solemni Hac Liturgia (Credo of the people of God), requested that Hardon produce a volume in English to synthesize what Catholics must believe. At the time of his death, The Catholic Catechism had sold over 150,000 copies in hardback (over one million in total). It served as the official codified teaching of the Catholic Church until the 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church promulgated by Pope John Paul II, which Hardon also consulted on.

Hardon also served as an advisor to the Second Vatican Council in discussions on liturgy.

Establishments
In 1969 Hardon assisted in the founding of a union of religious called the Consortium Perfectae Caritatis. In 1971 he helped found the Institute on Religious Life. The same year he and nine other American Catholics were summoned by Camaldolese abbot Ugo Modotti on behalf of Pope Paul VI to create a Catholic media organization. Hardon told an interviewer this was because "the Holy Father's mission was very clear: American Catholics must get some control of the media of social communication; otherwise, the pope feared for the survival of the Church in our country." Upon Modotti's death, Hardon took over the mission.

In 1972, Hardon founded Mark Communications in Canada, and later the Pontifical Catechetical Institutes in the United States, to ensure the correct catechetical formation of religious educators. He also assisted those establishing similar organizations.

Hardon founded several Catholic organizations, which include Inter Mirifica (a name taken from Vatican II's decree on social communication), the Marian Catechists, and Holy Trinity Apostolate. He also served as an adviser to many Catholic organizations, including Catholics United for Faith. Hardon participated in various apostolates to religious communities. In the early 1980s, Pope John Paul II instructed Mother Teresa of Calcutta to have her order evangelize the poor in addition to looking after their material needs. When she stated she did not know where to begin such an endeavor, the Pope referred her to Cardinal Ratzinger, who called upon Hardon to instruct her Missionaries of Charity. To fill this need for Mother Teresa's order, Hardon wrote a catechetical course which was adapted into home study courses for lay Catholics. In 1985 Hardon founded the Marian Catechist Apostolate, which uses these home study courses to provide catechetical formation to lay people to prepare them for catechetical ministry.

Hardon also assisted Catholic home schoolers, and worked with Eternal Life of Bardstown, Kentucky, where he recorded several audio lectures on Catholic topics beginning in 1988. His first series for Eternal Life was against contraception, which he viewed as what "greased the skids for the culture of death", the source for acceptance of abortion and assisted suicide, all of which are condemned by Catholicism. He recorded lectures on the Ignatian Exercises, the Apostles' Creed, the Eucharist, Catholic Sexual Morality, and Angels and Devils. Due to his halting voice, the recordings were digitally remastered.

Hardon helped establish the "Call to Holiness" conference held annually near Detroit. The initial conference was held in the late 1990s to counter a nearby conference held the same weekend by the liberal Catholic group Call to Action. Hardon also played a key role in the conversion of the Protestant Dave Armstrong, who became a Catholic apologist.

Personal customs
Hardon was known to be devoted to the Catholic practice of Eucharistic adoration, spending at least three hours a day praying before the Blessed Sacrament.

He kept to a demanding work schedule, especially while assisting the 1992 Catechism. Once daily demands for his advice as a local spiritual director lessened around five or six pm, he would write and organize material and continue to work into the night (morning in Rome). During these hours he often received phone calls concerning details of the Catechism from Cardinal Ratzinger, who valued his advice.

He had sympathy for those who strenuously objected to portions of Vatican II documents, "but he never for a moment accepted the premise that a schismatic act was ever justified."

He spent his last years working from an office on the grounds of the Assumption Grotto in Detroit, serving as a spiritual director.

Hardon's health problems continued throughout his life. In 1981 he had a quadruple bypass.

Death
After suffering from several illnesses, Hardon died from bone cancer at the Jesuits' Colombiere Center in Clarkston, Michigan on December 30, 2000. William J. Smith reported that in his final weeks, Hardon "suffered tremendous physical pain, but he made himself 'a true victim soul.'" He bequeathed his extensive library and correspondence to Archbishop Raymond Burke. Each year, Catholics in the Detroit area celebrate a memorial Mass for Hardon on December 30.

Fr Donald J. McGuire investigation
On February 2, 1994, Mother Teresa wrote a letter to Fr Bradley Schaeffer, the local Jesuit provincial, saying that she believed Fr Donald McGuire was innocent of sex abuse allegations against him. McGuire was later convicted, sentenced to prison, and defrocked. Mother Teresa stated in her letter that Hardon had explained "how he had established Father's innocence of the allegations against him. Hardon said that McGuire admitted imprudence in his behavior." In light of the later conviction and sentencing of McGuire, the role of Hardon in clearing McGuire has been drawn into question.

In early 2012, Peter Jamison in the San Francisco Weekly reported on documents concerning McGuire, who was arrested in 2005 and found guilty of sexually molesting boys. The article reported that years before the arrest, during a visit to Saint John Vianney, McGuire admitted to Hardon to taking showers with his alleged victim, asking the boy to massage his body, and allowing pornography in a shared room while traveling. McGuire denied additional allegations that he had touched the boy's genitals and watched him masturbate. Hardon was apparently satisfied, and wrote to Schaeffer, McGuire's superior: Regarding showering, Fr. Don said that it was true, but the picture is not one of a lingering sensual experience. It was rather the picture of two firemen, responding to an emergency, one of whom was seriously handicapped and in need of support and care from the other... Regarding the massages, Fr. Don said they were done with attention to modesty and were necessary to relieve spasm at the 4th-5th lumbar disc [above the buttocks] and the right leg, involving the sciatic nerve... Regarding pornography Fr. Don said that there were Playboy and Penthouse magazines, which he neither got nor threw away... I do not believe there was any conscious and deliberate sexual perversity... I

I do believe Fr. McGuire was acting on principles which, though objectively defensible, were highly imprudn. . . He should be prudently allowed to engage in priestly ministry. According to the report, McGuire went on to abuse more children after returning to ministry. He was dismissed from the Jesuit order in 2007.

Writing for Catholic Culture, author and editor Philip F. Lawler stated that "the toxic influence of the [sex abuse] scandal has seeped into yet another aspect of Catholic life, tarnishing the memory of potential saints." Holding Mother Teresa guiltless concerning the case of McGuire, Lawler bemoaned "the same chain of evidence raises more serious questions about another beloved Catholic figure who is now a candidate for beatification: the late Father John Hardon, SJ." Lawler was perplexed, asking "Once McGuire had admitted to some degree of misconduct, after earlier blanket denials, why was Father Hardon ready to accept his later denials of the more serious charges?" He noted "When informed about Father Hardon's role, Father Robert McDermott, the postulator for his cause for beatification, admitted to the San Francisco Weekly, 'I don’t know why he didn't take a harder line on this.' Lawler concluded "...the available evidence also sheds a very unflattering light on Father Hardon’s involvement. In the absence of some better explanation, it appears that his gross misjudgment had devastating consequences for the lives of several young boys - and perhaps for his cause for beatification as well."

Hardon was also rebuffed by the Archdiocese of Detroit, who refused to use any of his books in their catechetical materials or invite him to conferences and seminars. According to the conservative Catholic newspaper The Wanderer, a standing order at the Detroit archdiocese's newspaper The Michigan Catholic that Hardon's picture was not to be printed, and that his name was to be in the smallest font possible, due to Patrick Halfpenny's belief that "He's divisive." At the Detroit Mass celebrating the 50th anniversary of Hardon's ordination, not a single Jesuit joined him.

Enneagram
Prompted by a woman's question at St. John's, Hardon wrote an article objecting to the Enneagram of Personality, viewing it as a New Age process dangerous to the Catholic faith.

In 1984, he was summoned to a consultation with his Jesuit superiors and informed he would be forbidden to teach at any Jesuit institution, a prohibition lasting sixteen years until his death. He viewed this as persecution for teaching the faith, a "white martyrdom", and he would advise his listeners that they should be willing to suffer for the true doctrines of Catholicism.

Possible beatification
There is interest among some Catholics for his canonization, and a Church-sanctioned prayer for that cause has been written. Cardinal Raymond Burke, then Archbishop of St. Louis and director of Hardon's Marian Catechist Apostolate, initiated Hardon's cause for canonization in 2005. Robert McDermott, a former student of Hardon's, was the postulator for the cause until moving to Kenosha, Wisconsin, where he serves as associate pastor at Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic Church. An effort is underway to establish a Father Hardon library and study center at the Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in La Crosse, Wisconsin.

title: John Hardon


text:
Talk:Weapons of Mass Destruction (Xzibit album)

From WP:RfD:

 * Weapons of Mass Destruction (Xzibit album) → Weapons of Mass Destruction (album) - The redirect was created by moving the article from that page to its current page; Nothing links to the redirect. Fritz S. July 4, 2005 17:17 (UTC)
 * Keep. No good reason to remove it, and since it existed for some time it could be linked externally. - SimonP July 6, 2005 14:14 (UTC)


text:
User:Austintrnslation

.

title: User:Austintrnslation


text:
Nevada State Route 158

State Route 158 (SR 158), also known as Deer Creek Road, is a state highway in Clark County, Nevada. The route connects Kyle Canyon Road to Lee Canyon Road in the Spring Mountains, in the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest.

State Route 158 is a designated a Nevada Scenic Byway.

Route description
The route begins at an intersection with Kyle Canyon Road (SR 157) east of Mount Charleston. Heading north as the Deer Creek Road, SR 158 parallels the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest boundary before entering the forest. The highway ends at a junction with Lee Canyon Road (SR 156).

History
The Nevada Department of Transportation designated State Route 156 as a Nevada Scenic Byway in July 1998. The "Deer Creek Road" scenic route encompasses the entire 8.8 mi highway.

title: Nevada State Route 158


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gospel of Westboro

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 01:36, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Gospel of Westboro
This article is an unsourced attack page. Google returns no results for "Gospel of Westboro", and no meaningful results from a search for the same phrase without quotation marks. Please delete it soon. NatusRoma 06:11, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Comment see also Westboro Baptist Church, Brent D. Roper, and Members of Westboro Baptist Church. Somebody went to a lot of effort writing these. -maclean25 06:17, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax and/or rant. Dcarrano 06:30, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless it can be verified and NPOV'ed. But somehow I wouldn't be surprised if it were all true. --Angr/undefined 07:13, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. JamesBurns 08:38, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge. Westboro Baptist Church is a genuine organization and, while this article is heavily POV, the information provided therein is factual.  WBC and Fred Phelps have made mention in the press, particularly in regards to the death of Matthew Shepard.  Should be cleaned up a bit to fit Wikipedia standards, however. ThePurpleBuddha 18:52, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right about the Westboro Baptist Church article. However, the content of Gospel of Westboro is presently unverifiable, and thus should be deleted. NatusRoma 00:44, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * With the way they proselytize, I'd say that the gospel of Westboro is one of the most verifiable articles we have on Wikipedia... Almafeta 09:03, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you have any evidence that they consider their writings to be a 'gospel'? I'd love to keep this article if there's any truth to it, but claiming that they consider their writings to be "a legitimate addition to the canonical gospels" is a very big step from simply asserting that those writings exist.  You're right, the activities of WBC are generally extremely public; so if there was a 'Gospel of Westboro' I'd expect it to have been heavily covered in the print and online media; in fact, Google finds no web pages mentioning the term. TSP 14:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 *  Weak delete. Currently unverifiable due to lack of cited sources. Also has POV problems. However, the other articles are legit: the Westboro Baptist Church does get a (disproportionately) large amount of coverage in the media due to their enthusiastic nationwide demonstrating and outspoken homophobia.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:02, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not so weak anymore. The title seems to be an original creation of the3 article author.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:47, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete severe verifiability problems, POV bordering on rant. -Splash 01:22, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Go to www.godhatesfags.com/main/index.html. The lower lefthand corner has the WBC epics. The letters to heretics are here. I will post the links in the article. I hope after seeing that this is true and not a hoax that you will all repeal your votes. ''- anonymous entry by 69.154.189.180
 * The existence of Westboro Baptist Church, the "epics" and the letters is certainly true; but you don't seem to have provided any evidence that the church considers these to be part of a 'gospel'; and, as has been said, a google for "Gospel of Westboro" finds no results. Mention of the epics and letters may well belong in the Westboro Baptist Church (Topeka) article, but I've seen as yet no reason to believe that there is any "gospel" to write about.  TSP 13:24, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * CONDENSE, MERGE INTO WBC, AND DELETE . THIS IS JUST...ahem. This is just Phelps-cruft, mildly interesting but not worth an entiire article. --Calton | Talk 05:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge provable material into the WBC article and Delete, though any valid material could go into Westboro Baptist Church (Topeka). WBC is real, noteworthy and all that, but I've seen no source to suggest that this "gospel" exists.  Writing some letters does not a gospel make. TSP 13:24, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: "Merge and delete" is usually considered an invalid vote.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:47, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm, good point. This is a bit of an unusual case; there may be some valid content in the article - in that it mentions the Epics and letters, which do exist; but the subject the article is on doesn't seem to have any validity, so it should not be a redirect and no material should be moved into the WBC article in its current context.  Changed to a delete as there doesn't seem to be an option acheiving exactly what I want :-) TSP 00:56, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Westboro Baptist Church. Almafeta 07:41, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Tsul

TSUL means Time and Space UnLimited

title: User talk:Tsul


text:
Joseph ibn Migash

Joseph ibn Migash or Joseph ben Meir HaLevi ibn Migash or Yosef Ibn Meir Ha-Levi Ibn Megas  or José ben Meir ibn Megas (early 1077 – c. 1141) (יוסף בן מאיר הלוי אבן מיגאש) was a Rabbi, Posek, and Rosh Yeshiva in Lucena (actually Spain). He is also known as Ri Migash, the Hebrew acronym for "Rabbi Joseph Migash".

{{legend|lightgreen|Teachers}} {{legend|lightblue|Students}}

Biography
Joseph ibn Migash was probably born in Seville (though Steinschneider believes it was Granada). He moved to Lucena at the age of 12 to study under the renowned Talmudist Isaac Alfasi. He studied under Alfasi at Lucena for fourteen years. Shortly before his death (1103), Alfasi ordained Ibn Migash as a rabbi, and - passing over his own son - also appointed him, then 26, to be his successor as Rosh Yeshiva (seminary head). Joseph ibn Migash held this position for 38 years.

Rabbi Abraham ben David, in his work Sefer ha-Kabbalah (Book of Tradition), mentions Joseph ibn Migash, a grandfather who had the same name, as being a contemporary of Samuel haNagid, and that during the dispute between the supporters of Bulukkin and the supporters of Badis, the Berber ruler of Granada, Joseph ibn Migash had sided with Bulukkin in this dispute and fled to Askilia, to avoid punishment.

It is clear that Migash was a great scholar: Maimonides in the introduction to his Mishnah commentary says "the Talmudic learning of this man amazes every one who understands his words and the depth of his speculative spirit; so that it might almost be said of him that his equal has never existed." Judah ha-Levi eulogizes him in six poems which are full of his praise. Joseph ibn Migash's best known student is probably Maimon, the father and teacher of Maimonides. In Maimonides' Introduction to his Mishnah commentary, he heaps lavish praises upon Rabbi Joseph ibn Migash (Halevi), saying of him: “I have collected what I stumbled across from the glosses of my father, of blessed memory, as well as others under the name of our Rabbi Joseph Halevi, of blessed memory; and as the Lord lives, the understanding of that man in the Talmud is astounding, as anyone [can see] who observes his words and the depth of his comprehension, until I can say of him that 'there has never been any king like unto him before him' (cf. 2 Kings 23:25) ''in his method [of elucidation]. I have also collected all of the legal matters (Heb. halachot) that I found that belonged to him in his commentaries, themselves.”''

There is a tradition that Maimonides himself was a pupil of Joseph ibn Migash. This probably arose from the frequent references in Maimonides' works to him as an authority. It is unlikely that he was literally taught by him, as Maimonides was 3 years old at the time of Joseph ibn Migash's death.

However, Maimonides' grandson published a pamphlet with the approval of his grandfather, in which it is described that Maimonides ran away from home in his youth, met Joseph ibn Migash, and studied under him for several years.

Works
Joseph ibn Migash authored over 200 responsa, She'elot u-Teshuvot Ri Migash - originally in Judeo-Arabic - many of which are quoted in Bezalel Ashkenazi's Shittah Mekubetzet. Five of Ibn Migash's responsa survived in Yemen, and were published by Rabbi Yosef Qafih in 1973. He specified Chananel Ben Chushiel and Alfasi as his authorities, but disagreed with Alfasi in about thirty some odd places related to Halacha.

He also authored a Talmudic commentary - ḥiddushim (novellae) on tractates Baba Batra (link here) and Shevuot (included in Joseph Samuel Modiano's Uryan Telitai, Salonica 1795) -  which is quoted by various Rishonim. His other works have been lost.

title: Joseph ibn Migash


text:
Josef Petersen

Josef Petersen (16 September 1881 – 22 November 1973) was a Danish author, known for many novels with historical motifs, often ancient or medieval, written from 1910 to 1949.

Josef Petersen was the son of a vicar and was a maternal grandson of the Norwegian poet Johann Sebastian Welhaven. Petersen, who worked as a journalist and foreign correspondent, has never been fully recognized by Danish literary historians, though his work was respected by contemporary critics for its knowledge of and empathy with ancient cultures. His best known book is Kongeofret (1923, i.e. The Royal Sacrifice) with Asian motifs, and his Columbus novel En Verden stiger af Havet (1935, i. e. A World Rises from the Sea) is also notable.

Petersen took a special interest in athletics and sport. He was a participant in the last Danish duel in 1913. He won three silver Olympic medals in art for his prose-lyric tales with Ancient Greek athletic themes: "Euryale" (1924), "Argonauterne" (Eng. "The Argonauts") (1932) and "Den Olympiske Mester" (eng. "The Olympic Champion") (1948).

title: Josef Petersen