text:
Talk:Robin Hood Line

NB; When Mansfield Station written: Restored original Midland Railway serving the Mansfield and Pinxton Railway

Map
Needs a map to explain the complicated history Peter Shearan 14:42, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. There is a map on page 158 of Leleux, R. A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, Vol IX: The East Midlands (2nd Ed. 1984), which shows the historical lines between Sutton in Ashfield in the north and Annesley in the south, plus the two short connections built by BR in 1972 in order to divert the sole remaining route (Mansfield to Pye Bridge) away from the centre of Kirkby. It would be nice to see an update to this map to reflect the changes made to implement phase 2 of the current Robin Hood Line. 188.29.165.70 (talk) 16:22, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I've found another map that's even clearer as it has dates when the various lines opened. It's on page 206 of Anderson, P. Howard Forgotten Railways, Vol II: The East Midlands (2nd ed. 1985). Pages 164 and 167 also answer my question (below) about Kirkby South Junction. It was indeed the point where in 1897 the GNR connected its line from Shirebrook to what was at the time the MS&L's southward extension from Beighton to Annesley (built in 1892, and which was to become the GCR's main line) in order to share the latter's tunnel (called Annesley tunnel in the book) in order to complete it's Leen Valley extension without the expense of digging its own tunnel! In 1916 the Mansfield Railway created its own junction with what was by then the GCR's main line, immediately to the northwest of the GNR's junction. 188.29.165.70 (talk) 19:24, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Regarding the tunnels under Robin Hood's Hill, the MR came first to the Leen Valley and built a short tunnel. Next was the GNR with it's Leen Valley extension - a branch line northward from Colwick terminating at Annesley. Then the MS&L approached from the north, built the deeper, longer tunnel and formed a head on connection with the GNR rails at Annesley, providing it with a route to the south. Next, the GNR extended it's Leen Valley line northwards from a junction, named Kirkby South Junction, just north of the MS&L tunnel. Before the GNR reached Shirebrook the MS&L decided it needed its own main line to London and, changing its name to GCR, started building southwards from the junction at Annesley. Finally, the Mansfield Railway built a line connecting the LD&ECR at Ollerton to the GCR main line at Kirkby South Junction. Though it was never actually part of the GCR, the Mansfield Railway was intimately linked with it, and was finally absorbed into the LNER on Grouping. 83.104.249.240 (talk) 16:46, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Route between Kirkby and Newstead
The following paragraph in the History section troubles me:

"When plans for the Robin Hood Line were drawn up, it was decided to stay with the GNR route through Kirkby-in-Ashfield (to avoid having to buy back land), then swing southeast via Kirkby South Junction onto the former Great Central Railway main line from Manchester to London. After briefly following the GCR, the line would then climb to re-join the Midland route to Nottingham to allow reconnection at Newstead."

First of all, "it was decided" can't be true as the proposal was ultimately rejected! Secondly, some explanation of what is meant by "Kirkby South Junction" would help significantly. I've Googled the term and it appears that it used to be the point where the former-GNR Leen Valley route diverged from the former-GCR main line near the northwestern portal of the common tunnel they used to pierce the Robin Hood's hills. However, by the 1990s this junction was long gone and is therefore meaningless in this article. Thirdly, why would anyone "decide" to use the deeper, longer, more difficult tunnel than the much shorter, shallower MR tunnel, which actually provides (to the southeast, at least) the required alignment to reconnect with the MR route north of Newstead? I realise that by keeping to the GNR route through Kirkby there would be a difference in elevation between the two ends of the new construction, but without any citation to read or evidence to the contrary the MR tunnel would seem like the obvious first choice to me. However, the original MR alignment north of this tunnel was too far to the east to connect with the existing (ex-GNR) route through Kirkby. The connection, as built, does seem to follow the route of the old GCR main line for a short distance, though at a higher elevation, the deep cutting having been filled in. Can anyone shed any light and reword the paragraph to make it make more sense? For starters I suggest replacing the word "decided" with "proposed" but I'm not happy change the sentence without being able to provide a citation for the whole thing. 188.29.165.70 (talk) 16:08, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I have to add that the following sentence troubles me too:

 * "The current Robin Hood Line never previously existed as it does now: it was formed from two formerly separate railways."

 * It's an oversimplification. On the one hand, a route between Nottingham and Worksop that substantially followed the same route as the current Robin Hood Line did exist. I'm talking about the MR route, of course. On the other hand, the current Robin Hood Line isn't actually formed from two formerly separate railways. That kind of suggests that the stubs of two entirely separate former routes were joined together to make a new through route and that just isn't the case. It would be more accurate to say that a former through route was severed and a small section diverted and that the through route has since been reinstated (though the diversion hasn't been reversed) by means of a short length of new railway that partly follows the route of another disused line. Which "two formerly separate railways" does the original editor mean? The Robin Hood Line is mostly ex-MR. The diversion through Kirkby is ex-GNR, with additional track put in place by BR in 1972 where it didn't exist before. Finally, the link between Kirkby and Newstead was added by Railtrack in the early 1990s to replace track missing from the MR route north of Newstead as far as Grives Lane, from which point it keeps to the south and west of the old MR alignment towards Kirkby, following the course of the old GCR (though at a higher elevation) for a short distance before decending to meet the route between Pye Bridge and Kirkby at a new junction. What I don't know is the name of the new junction or whether the new Railtrack alignment meets the ex-GNR alignment or the 1972 BR alignment south of Kirby. The old ex-MR alignment through Kirkby was, as I've indicated, further to the east. That's how I see the situation, pieced together from the Today's Railways article I've cited, the book by Robin Leleux, an old OS map of the area and the current Google map of the area. Can anyone fill in the gaps? 188.29.165.70 (talk) 18:07, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Comparing Anderson's map (see above) with a present day Google map of the area, it looks as though the new Railtrack section of the Robin Hood Line follows very closely the route that the GNR took between Kirkby and Kirkby South Junction, though on a rising gradient. Southeast of the location of Kirkby South Junction and considerably higher, it then follows the route of the filled in GCR main line cutting, before swinging slightly south close to but significantly above the old GCR tunnel portal in order to pick up the alignment of the old MR route before entering the MR tunnel at the higher elevation. The trouble is this is WP:OR. 188.29.165.70 (talk) 19:40, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I've rewritten the first five paragraphs of the History section and it's all backed up by a reference to the Today's Railways article. I've left the Refimprove tag though, as a second source for some of the assertions would be useful and the remaining paragraphs still need some work. 188.29.165.70 (talk) 10:42, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Proposed extension to Warsop, Edwinstowe and Ollerton
The 2009 proposal has not been forgotten. It was in the news as recently as December 2014. See references and 188.29.165.70 (talk) 16:31, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

Relevance of photographs
Are the two b&w photographs really relevant? They are nice and, as a fan of bridges, I especially like the one showing Bulwell viaduct, but they are dated 1963, which pre-dates the subject of this article by some 30 years and therefore I feel they are somewhat gratuitous. Comments? 188.29.165.70 (talk) 17:08, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

 * In more than seven months nobody spoke against, so I removed the gratuitous photos. One or two replacements that show the Robin Hood Line in operation are welcome. 188.29.164.157 (talk) 12:27, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robin Hood Line


text:
User talk:Mishkunette

Welcome!
Hello, Mishkunette, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
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 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
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I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  17:13, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page. :)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mishkunette


text:
Mark Jones

Mark Jones may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Mark Jones (1889-1965), American actor
 * Mark Bence-Jones (1930–2010), British writer
 * Mark Jones (actor) (1939–2010), British actor
 * Mark Jones (museum director) (born 1951), British art historian and museum director
 * Mark Jones (musician) (born 1952), American visual artist, musician and poet
 * Mark Jones (filmmaker) (born 1959), American screenwriter, director and producer
 * Mark Lewis Jones (born 1964), Welsh actor
 * Mark Jones (born 1967), real name of English comedian Mark Lamarr
 * Mark Jones (Wall of Sound) (fl. 1990s), English musician, founder of Wall of Sound Records
 * Mark Jones, English musician, co-founder of Jeepster Records in 1995
 * Mark W Jones, author of A Walk around the Snickelways of York

Association football (soccer)

 * Mark Jones (footballer, born 1933) (1933–1958), English defender who played for Manchester United until his death in the Munich air disaster
 * Mark Jones (footballer, born September 1961), English midfielder who played for Oxford United, Swindon Town and Cardiff City
 * Mark Jones (footballer, born October 1961), English full back who played for Aston Villa, Brighton & Hove Albion, Birmingham City and Hereford United
 * Mark Jones (footballer, born 1966), Australian defender who played in the National Soccer League
 * Mark Jones (footballer, born 1968), English midfielder who played for Walsall, Exeter City and Hereford United
 * Mark Jones (footballer, born 1979), English striker who played for Wolves, Cheltenham, Chesterfield and Raith Rovers
 * Mark Jones (footballer, born 1984), Welsh international footballer

Other sports

 * Mark Jones (sportscaster), Canadian sportscaster for ESPN and ABC
 * Mark Jones (basketball, born 1961), American NBA basketball player for the New Jersey Nets
 * Mark Jones (rugby, born 1965), Wales international rugby union, and rugby league footballer
 * Mark Jones (darts player) (born 1970), English professional darts player
 * Mark Jones (basketball, born 1975), American NBA basketball player for the Orlando Magic
 * Mark Jones (motocross rider) (born 1979), British professional motocross rider
 * Mark Jones (rugby union, born 1979), Wales international rugby union winger
 * Mark Jones (American football) (born 1980), American football wide receiver
 * Mark Jones (racing driver) (born 1980), British auto racing driver

Others

 * Mark Wilson Jones (born 1956), architect and architectural historian

title: Mark Jones


text:
Institute of General Semantics

The Institute of General Semantics (IGS) is a not-for-profit corporation established in 1938 by Alfred Korzybski, to support research and publication on the topic of general semantics. The Institute publishes Korzybski's writings, including the seminal text Science & Sanity, and books by other authors who have studied or taught general semantics, such as Robert Pula, Irving J. Lee, Wendell Johnson, and Stuart Chase. Every year since 1952, it has sponsored the Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture, with presenters from a broad range of disciplines, from science to medicine to entertainment, including names like actor Steve Allen, psychologist Albert Ellis, scientist and visionary R. Buckminster Fuller, linguist Allen Walker Read, and philosopher F. S. C. Northrop. The Institute offers periodic seminars, workshops and conferences and is headquartered in New York City.

The IGS is closely affiliated with GS groups around the globe, including the Australian General Semantics Society.

The Institute of General Semantics publishes:

 * ETC: A Review of General Semantics, a quarterly journal printed since 1943, distributed to IGS members and subscribed to by over 350 libraries around the world.
 * Numerous books, CDs and DVDs on general semantics.

Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture
The Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture (AKML) series was begun in 1952. It is an annual event sponsored by the Institute of General Semantics in honor of Alfred Korzybski. Each year the Institute invites some prominent scholar or otherwise notable individual to give the lecture. Lecturers have included inventor R. Buckminster Fuller, physicist James A. Van Allen, entertainer Steve Allen, Gregory Bateson, Neil Postman and Ashley Montagu. The only person to give the lecture more than once was surgeon Russell Meyers, in 1958 and 1985.

Lecturers

 * 1952: William Vogt and Ashley Montagu
 * 1953: F. J. Roethlisberger
 * 1954: F. S. C. Northrop
 * 1955: R. Buckminster Fuller
 * 1956: Clyde Kluckhohn
 * 1957: Abraham Maslow
 * 1958: Russell Meyers
 * 1959: Symposium with Charles M. Pomerat, William J. Fry, and James A. Van Allen
 * 1960: Warren S. McCulloch
 * 1961: Robert R. Blake
 * 1962: Harold G. Cassidy
 * 1963: Henri Laborit
 * 1964: Joost A. M. Meerloo
 * 1965: Henry Lee Smith Jr.
 * 1966: Alvin M. Weinberg
 * 1967: J. Bronowski
 * 1968: Alastair M. Taylor
 * 1969: Lancelot Law Whyte
 * 1970: Gregory Bateson
 * 1971: Henry Margenau
 * 1972: George Steiner
 * 1973: Panel with J. Samuel Bois, Elton S. Carter, and Walter Probert
 * 1974: Kenneth G. Johnson and Neil Postman
 * 1975: Harley C. Shands
 * 1976: Roger W. Wescott
 * 1977: Ben Bova
 * 1978: Elwood Murray
 * 1979: Don Fabun
 * 1980: Barbara Morgan
 * 1981: Thomas Sebeok
 * 1982: Robert R. Blake and Jane Srygley Mouton
 * 1983: Allen Walker Read
 * 1984: Karl H. Pribram
 * 1985: Russell Meyers
 * 1986: George F. F. Lombard
 * 1987: Richard W. Paul
 * 1988: Jerome Bruner
 * 1989: William V. Haney
 * 1990: Warren M. Robbins
 * 1991: Albert Ellis
 * 1992: Steve Allen
 * 1993: William Lutz
 * 1994: Lotfi A. Zadeh
 * 1995: Nicholas Johnson
 * 1996: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
 * 1997: Robert Anton Wilson
 * 1998: Theodore R. Sizer
 * 1999: Ellen J. Langer
 * 2000: Robert P. Pula
 * 2001: Lou Marinoff
 * 2002: J. Allan Hobson
 * 2003: Sanford I. Berman
 * 2005: Robert L. Carneiro
 * 2006: Renee Hobbs
 * 2007: Leonard Shlain
 * 2008: Douglas Rushkoff
 * 2009: Mary Catherine Bateson
 * 2010: Deborah Tannen
 * 2011: Sherry Turkle
 * 2012: Shawn Lawrence Otto
 * 2013: Terrence W. Deacon
 * 2014: Jack El-Hai
 * 2015: Andrew Keen
 * 2016: Iain McGilchrist
 * 2017: Terry Moran
 * 2018: Lance Strate
 * 2019: Nadine Strossen
 * 2020: Siva Vaidhyanathan (planned)

title: Institute of General Semantics


text:
Single-ended signaling

Single-ended signaling is the simplest and most commonly used method of transmitting electrical signals over wires. One wire carries a varying voltage that represents the signal, while the other wire is connected to a reference voltage, usually ground. The main alternative to single-ended signaling is called differential signaling where the two conductors carry signals equal in magnitude but of opposite electric polarity.

Single-ended signaling is less expensive to implement than differential, but it has a distinct disadvantage: a single-ended system requires a power supply voltage equal to the maximum amplitude of the signal to be received whereas a differential system only requires a voltage half of the signal amplitude to be received. For a given power supply voltage then, a differential system produces signals of twice the amplitude and therefore has twice as good noise immunity (6 dB higher signal-to-noise ratio) as a single-ended system.

The main advantage of single-ended over differential signaling is that fewer wires are needed to transmit multiple signals. If there are n signals, then there are n+1 wires, one for each signal and one for ground, while differential signaling uses at least 2n wires. A disadvantage of single-ended systems that utilize a common return is that the return currents for all the signals use the same conductor (even if separate ground wires are used, the grounds are inevitably connected together at each end), and this can sometimes cause interference (crosstalk) between the signals.

Standards
Single-ended signaling is widely used, and can be seen in numerous common transmission standards, including:
 * RS-232 serial communications
 * PS/2 mouse and keyboard connectors
 * I²C serial bus
 * TTL circuits
 * CMOS logic circuits
 * ECL circuits
 * Most parallel computer buses, such as:
 * VMEbus
 * PCI
 * VGA video connectors
 * SCSI interfaces for hard drives and other peripherals
 * Parallel ATA interfaces for hard drives and other peripherals

Connectors
A wide range of connectors can be used for single-ended signaling. Some common connectors for domestic and entertainment equipment include; Some kinds of connectors, though more often used for balanced pairs, are sometimes used for single-ended operation:
 * RCA jacks (phono connectors)
 * jack plugs

Example
The widely used RS-232 system is an example of single-ended signaling, which uses ±12 V to represent a signal, and anything less than ±3 V to represent the lack of a signal. The high voltage levels give the signals some immunity from noise, since few naturally occurring signals can create a voltage of such magnitude. They also have the advantage of requiring only one wire per signal. However, they also have a serious disadvantage: they cannot run at high speeds. The effects of capacitance and inductance, which filter out high-frequency signals, limit the speed.

Historically, electrical telegraph used single-ended signaling with earth return, thus completely eliminating the need to provide a return conductor and substantially reducing the cost of long distance lines. Telegraph is the earliest use of the single-ended transmission line type, but is now obsolete.

title: Single-ended signaling


text:
Appayya Dikshita

Appayya Dikshita (IAST , often "Dikshitar"), 1520–1593 CE, was a performer of yajñas as well as an expositor and practitioner of the Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy but with a focus on Shiva or Shiva Advaita.

Life
Appayya Dikshitar was born as Vinayaka Subramanian in Adayapalam, near Arani in the Tiruvannamalai district, in the Krishna Paksha of the Kanya month of Pramateecha Varsha under the Uttara Proushthapada constellation of the Hindu calendar.

His father’s name was Rangarajadhwari. Appaya had the name Vinayaka Subramanya after the Namakarana or naming ceremony took place. Acharya Dikshitar or Acchan Dikshitar was the younger brother of Appayya. Appayya studied the Hindu scriptures under his Guru, Rama Kavi. He completed the fourteen Vidyas at his young age.

Dikshitar travelled widely, entering into philosophical disputations and controversies in many centers of learning. He had the rare good fortune of being revered and patronized in his own lifetime by kings of Vellore, Tanjore, Vijayanagara, and Venkatagiri.

Works
He was well-read in every branch of Sanskrit learning and wrote as many works, large and small. Only 60 of them are, however, extant now. These include works on Vedanta, Shiva Advaita, Mimamsa, Vyakarana, Kavya vyakhyana, Alankara, and devotional poetry. He was a member of the Advaita school and a devotee of Shiva. Though the followers of the Shiva Advaita school claim him as belonging to their school,  it is not so easy to determine whether he was more inclined to Shiva Advaita or Advaita. Shiva Advaita is very much akin to Vishishtadvaita of Ramanuja, except for the role of Vishnu being taken by Shiva.

Dikshitar wrote the Chatur-mata-sara to illustrate the philosophical thoughts of the four prominent schools of interpretation of Brahma sutras. The Naya-manjari deals with Advaita, the Naya-mani-mala with Srikanta mata, the Naya-mayukha-malika with Ramanuja's philosophy, and the Naya-muktavali with Madhva's philosophy. He wrote a commentary on Vedanta Desika's Yadavabhyudaya.

title: Appayya Dikshita


text:
Crime SuspenStories

Crime SuspenStories was a bi-monthly anthology crime comic published by EC Comics in the early 1950s. The title first arrived on newsstands with its October/November 1950 issue and ceased publication with its February/March 1955 issue, producing a total of 27 issues. Years after its demise, the title was reprinted in its entirety, and four stories were adapted for television in the HBO's Tales From The Crypt.

Writers and artists
Each issue contained four stories centering on a wide variety of criminal activities, and it differed from other crime comic books of the period because the content was strongly influenced both by film noir and the writers of short fiction for magazines. Issues three through 16 featured a guest appearance from The Haunt of Fear's Old Witch.

Artists included Al Feldstein, Johnny Craig, George Evans, Jack Kamen, Wally Wood, Graham Ingels, Harvey Kurtzman, Jack Davis, George Roussos, Sid Check, Al Williamson, Fred Peters, Joe Orlando, Will Elder, Reed Crandall, Bernard Krigstein and Frank Frazetta. The predominant writers for the title were publisher William Gaines, Feldstein, and Craig from 1950 to 1953, along with other writers such as Carl Wessler, Otto Binder and Jack Oleck.

Craig was the lead artist for this title for the majority of its run, doing both the cover and the lead eight-page story. In 1954, Craig became editor of EC's The Vault of Horror. Since Craig was the slowest artist at EC, his new responsibilities forced him to drop his work on Crime SuspenStories. Evans, Crandall and Kamen assumed the cover and lead story responsibilities for the rest of the run. This was one of five titles cancelled by Gaines in 1954 due to the increasing controversy surrounding horror and crime comics and the subsequent unwillingness of distributors to ship his comic books.

Influences and adaptations
As with the other EC comics edited by Feldstein, the stories in this comic were primarily based on Gaines reading a large number of suspense stories and using them to develop "springboards" from which he and Feldstein could launch new stories. James M. Cain, Cornell Woolrich, Jim Thompson and radio's Suspense were some of the influences on Crime SuspenStories scripts. Specific story influences that have been identified include the following:

 * "Murder May Boomerang" (issue 1) – Samuel Blas' "Revenge"
 * "A Snapshot of Death" (issue 1) – Jules Verne's "Tribulations of a Chinaman in China"
 * "Poison!" (issue 3) – W. W. Jacobs's "Interruption"
 * "Blood Red Wine" (issue 3) – Edgar Allan Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado"
 * "The Gullible One" (issue 5) – Cornell Woolrich's "After-Dinner Story"
 * "A Question of Time" (issue 13) – John Collier's "De Mortuis"
 * "From Here to Insanity" (issue 18) – S. R. Ross' "You Got to Have Luck"
 * "In Each and Every Package" (issue 22) – John Collier's "Back for Christmas"

Anecdotes from Bennett Cerf's Try and Stop Me were sources for stories, including "Out of the Frying Pan..." (issue 8).

After their unauthorized adaptation of one of Ray Bradbury's stories in another magazine, Bradbury contacted EC about their plagiarism of his work. They reached an agreement for EC to do authorized versions of Bradbury's short fiction. These official adaptations include:

 * "The Screaming Woman" (issue 15)
 * "Touch and Go" (issue 17)

Reprints
Crime SuspenStories has been reprinted numerous times over the years. Ballantine Books reprinted selected stories in a series of paperback EC anthologies in 1964–66. The magazine was fully reprinted in a series of five black-and-white hardbacks by publisher Russ Cochran as part of The Complete EC Library in 1983. Between November 1992 and May 1999, Cochran (in association with Gemstone Publishing) reprinted the full 27 individual issues. This complete run was later rebound, with covers included, in a series of five softcover EC Annuals. In 2008, Cochran and Gemstone began to publish hardcover, re-colored volumes of Crime SuspenStories as part of the EC Archives series. One volume (of a projected five) was published before Gemstone's financial troubles left the project in limbo. Dark Horse resumed publication of the series in 2017. The fourth and final volume was released in 2019.

Media adaptations
Four stories were used in HBO's Tales From The Crypt television series: Two for the Show (issue 17), In the Groove (21), This'll Kill Ya (23) and Maniac at Large (27).

title: Crime SuspenStories


text:
LeRoy Armstrong

Thomas LeRoy Armstrong (31 December 1936 – 27 April 2022) was a Canadian businessman and politician. He was the member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick for the riding of Kings East.

Armstrong was born in Searsville, New Brunswick. In his youth he worked in the forestry, rail and grocery businesses before moving to Apohaqui, New Brunswick in 1965 and founding a trucking operation, which he merged into a larger operation in 1985 called Kingsco. Kingsco is still an active business of which Armstrong was a part.

A Liberal, he was first elected to the legislature in the 1995 election but was defeated in the 1999 election which saw the Liberals lose 35 seats to the Progressive Conservatives.

Armstrong was re-elected in 2003 and served for the duration of the 55th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly as opposition critic for agriculture. He was defeated in his bid for re-election in the 2006 election.

Armstrong also served as chairman of The Concerned Citizens Group. He died on 27 April 2022, at the Saint John Regional Hospital at the age of 85.

title: LeRoy Armstrong


text:
User:Reinyday/Links

Reinyday is a user name.

title: User:Reinyday/Links


text:
Tuy

Tuy or TUY may refer to:

Burkina Faso

 * Tuy Province, in The Hauts-Bassins Region

Iran

 * Tuy, Iran, a village in North Khorasan Province

Philippines

 * Tuy, Batangas, a municipality in the Province of Batangas

Spain

 * Tui, Pontevedra, a municipality in Galicia, spelled "Tuy" in Spanish

Venezuela

 * Ocumare del Tuy, a city in the state of Miranda
 * Santa Teresa del Tuy, a city in the state of Miranda
 * Tuy River

Vietnam

 * Tuy Đức District, Đắk Nông Province
 * Tuy An District, Phú Yên Province
 * Tuy Hòa, the capital city of Phú Yên Province
 * Tuy Hoa Air Base, used by the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War
 * Tuy Hòa Railway Station, a railway station on the North–South Railway
 * Tuy Phong District, Bình Thuận Province
 * Tuy Phước District, Bình Định Province

People

 * Hoàng Tụy (born 1927), Vietnamese mathematician
 * Lucas de Tuy (died 1249), Leonese cleric and historian

Broadcasting

 * TV-U Yamagata, A Japanese commercial broadcaster

title: Tuy


text:
Metayage

The metayage system is the cultivation of land for a proprietor by one who receives a proportion of the produce, as a kind of sharecropping. Another class of land tenancy in France is named fermage, whereby the rent is paid annually in banknotes. A farm operating under métayage was known as a métairie, the origin of some place names in areas where the system was used, such as Metairie, Louisiana.

Origin and function
Métayage was available under Roman law, although it was not in widespread use. It proved useful after the emancipation of Roman slaves as the newly freed peasants had no land or cash (the same phenomenon happened in Brazil and the US when slavery was banned).

In what is now northern Italy and southeastern France, the post Black Death population explosion of the late Middle Ages, combined with the relative lack of free land, made métayage an attractive system for both landowner and farmer. Once institutionalized, it continued into the 18th Century, although the base causes had been relieved by emigration to the New World..

Métayage was used early in the Middle Ages in northern France and the Rhinelands, where burgeoning prosperity encouraged large-scale vineyard planting, similar to what the ancient Romans had accomplished using slave labor. The hyperinflation that followed the influx of Incan-American gold made Métayage preferable to cash tenancy and wage labour for both parties. Called complant, a laborer (in French prendeur, in Italian mezzadro) would offer to plant and tend to an uncultivated parcel of land belonging to a land owner (in French bailleur, in Italian concedente). The prendeur would have ownership of the vines and the bailleur would receive anywhere from a third to two-thirds of the vines' production in exchange for the use of his soil. This system was used extensively in planting the Champagne region. Bailleur was also used as the name for the proprietor under métayage. The contract still exists today in Switzerland.

In the eighteenth century c. 75% of leased lands in western, southern and central France were sharecropped. North of the Loire it was only common in Lorraine.

In Italy and France, respectively, it was called mezzadria and métayage, or halving - the halving, that is, of the produce of the soil between landowner and land-holder. Halving didn't imply equal amounts of the produce but rather division according to agreement. The produce was divisible in certain definite proportions, which obviously must have varied with the varying fertility of the soil and other circumstances and did in practice vary so much that the landlord's share was sometimes as much as two-thirds, sometimes as little as one-third. Sometimes the landlord supplied all the stock, sometimes only part - the cattle and seed perhaps, while the farmer provided the implements; or perhaps only half the seed and half the cattle, the farmer finding the other halves. Thus the instrumentum fundi of Roman Law was combined within métayage. Taxes were also frequently divided, being paid wholly by one or the other, or jointly by both.

In the 18th Century, métayage agreements began to give way to agreements to share profits from the sale of the crops and to straight tenant farming, although the practice in its original form could still be found in isolated communities until the early 20th Century. By 1929, there were still 200,000 Métayers, farming 11% of French cultivated land (same % in 1892). It was most common in Landes and Allier (72% and 49% respectively). As the métayage practice changed, the term colonat partiaire began to be applied to the old practice of sharing-out the actual crop, while métayage was used for the sharing-out of the proceeds from the sale of the crops. Colonat partiaire was still practised in the French overseas departments, notably Réunion, until 2006 when it was abolished.

In France, there was also a system termed métayage par groupes, which consisted of letting a sizeable farm not to one métayer but to an association of several who would work together for the general good under the supervision of either the landlord or his bailiff. This arrangement got past the difficulty of finding tenants having sufficient capital and labour to run the larger farms.

In France, since 1983, these métayage and similar farming contracts have been regulated by Livre IV of the Rural Code.

Localities
The system was once universal in certain provinces of Italy and France, and survived there in places until the end of the nineteenth century. Similar systems formerly existed in Portugal, Castile, and in Greece, and in the countries bordering on the Danube. It is tracked to this day in statistics of the European Commission. Métayage was used in French colonies, particularly after the demise of slavery. Also, because of its utility métayage spread to nearby British colonies such as Nevis, St. Lucia and Tobago. It still occurs in former French possessions, particularly in Madagascar. In the Congo the system is used in the vicinity of Kahuzi-Biéga National Park as a means to protect the natural environment. In Mexico the system is used in animal husbandry.

The term métayage is also applied to modern-day flexible cash leases at least in the nominally common law Canadian province of Ontario, and in 2006 in all of Canada, 13,030 farms occupying 2,316,566ha were counted by Statistics Canada. The same study of metayage found 2,489 farms covering 130,873ha in Ontario. The system was useful in Quebec for most agricultural properties at least as far back as the year 1800, and is still tracked statistically by value in Quebec as "loyer en espèces et à la part - agriculture". It appears to benefit from favourable tax treatment in Canada, where it is known as "sharecropping". In forestry metayage is the subject of a Government of Canada infosheet, and socio-economic report, and has been the subject in Quebec of recent scholarly research.

Criticism
British writers were unanimous in condemning the métayage system, until John Stuart Mill adopted a different tone. They judged it by its appearance in France, where under the ancien régime all direct taxes were paid by the métayer with the noble landowner being exempt. With the taxes being assessed according to the visible produce of the soil, they operated as penalties upon productiveness. Under this system, a métayer could fancy that his interest lay less in exerting himself to augment the total share to be divided between himself and his landlord and instead be encouraged to defraud the latter part of his rightful share. This was partly due to the métayer's relative state of destitution and with the fixed duration of his tenure - without which the metayage could not prosper. French metayers, in Arthur Young's time, were "removable at pleasure, and obliged to conform in all things to the will of their landlords," and so in general they so remained.

In 1600, the landlord Olivier de Serres wrote 'Le théâtre de l'agriculture' which recommends Métayage as cash tenants took all the risks so would demand lower rent while hired labour was expensive to manage. Simonde de Sismondi expressed dissatisfaction in 1819 with the institution of métayage because it reinforced the poverty of the peasants and prevented any social or cultural development.

Although métayage and extreme rural poverty usually coincided, there were provinces in France and Italy (especially on the plains of Lombardy) where the contrary was the case.

title: Metayage


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title: User talk:32.60.68.26


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Glossary of British ordnance terms

This article explains terms used for the British Armed Forces' ordnance (weapons) and ammunition. The terms may have different meanings depending on its usage in another country's military.

BD
Between decks: applies to a naval gun mounting in which part of the rotating mass is below the deck, and part of it is above the deck. This allows for a lower profile for a turret, meaning that the turrets need not be superfiring (i.e. they can be mounted on the same deck and not obstruct each other at high angles of elevation.)

BL
The term BL, in its general sense, stood for breech loading, and contrasted with muzzle loading. The shell was loaded via the breech (i.e. the gunner's end of the barrel, which opened) followed by the propellant charge, and the breech mechanism was closed to seal the chamber.

Breech loading, in its formal British ordnance sense, served to identify the gun as the type of rifled breechloading gun for which the powder charge was loaded in a silk or cloth bag and the breech mechanism was responsible for "obturation" i.e. sealing the chamber to prevent escape of the propellant gases. The term BL was first used to refer to the Armstrong breechloaders, introduced in 1859. Following the discontinuation of Armstrong breechloaders and the period of British rifled muzzle-loaders RML, British breechloaders were re-introduced in 1880. At this point the term rifled breech-loaders RBL was retrospectively introduced to refer to the Armstrong breechloaders, which had a totally different breech mechanism, and since then the term breech-loaders BL has applied exclusively to the type of breechloader introduced from 1880 onwards, using an interrupted-screw breeches.

Early British Elswick breechloaders in the 1880s used a steel "cup" obturation method. This was quickly superseded in guns designed by the Royal Gun Factory by the French de Bange method, the basic principle of which is still in use today. In British service this became a Crossley pad with an interrupted thread screw block e.g. a Welin screw. The shell was loaded via the breech, followed by the propellant charge in a cloth bag. A single-use "vent sealing tube", a type of primer not dissimilar in appearance to a blank rifle round, was inserted into the breech for firing the gun.

While originally, the term "BL" contrasted with "ML", or "muzzleloader" guns, after muzzleloaders were discontinued, the term came to distinguish between traditional, non-obturating guns with fabric propellant bags and separately loaded shells, and quick-firing QF guns which used self-sealing brass cartridge cases, and which usually had the propellant and projectile fixed together as a unit for faster handling and loading. For instance, Britain before World War I had both QF and BL 6 in guns. Both were "breech loading" in the general sense, but in the formal nomenclature it separated 6 in guns with breeches designed for charges in brass cartridge cases for quick-firing QF from those designed for cloth bag charges for breech-loaders BL.

Shells designed for one type were not necessarily suitable for use in the other type; for instance, a BL shell relied upon the tight fit of its driving band in the gun bore to prevent it slipping back when the gun was elevated, but a QF shell could rely upon the cartridge case, either fixed or separate, to prevent it slipping back. This presented difficulties for BL guns at high angles. A special cartridge was developed for BL 9.2 in guns on HA mountings, with provision for a wooden (beech) stick to be inserted through the centre to prevent the shell slipping back on elevation.

Although fixed ammunition allows for a rapid rate of fire in small to medium guns, BL is a better choice for heavy calibre guns; propellant was loaded in a number of small fabric bags, because a single bag holding the full charge would be far too big and bulky for the handlers to lift. Using fabric allows for the charge to be broken into small, easily handled units, while it would be difficult to design a system by which multiple small metallic-cased charges were loaded and fired at the same time. Using multiple small fabric bags also allows the gunners to use a reduced charge if need be.

BLC
The term "BLC" stood for "BL converted" and referred to a breech and breech mechanism modified from an early long-screw three- or four-motion to modern short-screw single-motion. An example is the conversion of the BL 15-pounder to BLC 15-pounder.

C.R.H.
Calibre radius head: the radius of a circle with the curve of the shell's nose on its circumference, expressed in terms of the shell's calibre. The longer and more pointed (and hence streamlined) the shell's nose, the higher the C.R.H. Typical C.R.H. for British shells leading up to World War I was two: e.g. the curve of the nose of a two C.R.H. 6 in shell was equivalent to the curve of a circle with a radius of 12 in. Shells of four C.R.H. were soon developed in World War I, identified by an A following the shell mark number, B for six, and so on. For modern streamlined shells post-World War I, two numbers were necessary to more correctly denote a shell's C.R.H. characteristics. For instance, the World War I 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer shell was two C.R.H., and the World War II Mk 2D shell was referred to as "5/10 C.R.H.".

Cartridge
"Cartridge" in British ammunition terminology typically refers to the physical object containing the propellant that a gunner loads.

For small arms and fixed QF artillery ammunition, e.g., the .303 or 18-pounder respectively, this denoted the complete round, that is, the cartridge case, percussion cap or primer, propellant charge and projectile. In this use it is synonymous with "round".

For separate QF artillery, cartridge referred to the cartridge case, its primer, propellant charge, and the disposable lid and fastener of the case.

In BL artillery terminology, cartridge referred to the propellant unit only – there was no case. British cartridges contained gunpowder until about 1892, and thereafter sticks of cordite bound together with an igniter pad, if necessary, in a cloth bag, usually silk. The "stick" nature of cordite gave the cartridges a degree of rigidity and hence they retained a tubular shape and could be handled and loaded as a solid unit even without a case. With BL, cordite is contained in one or more cloth bags joined together. The complete unit is termed a cartridge. The empty bag was termed an "empty cartridge". Heavy naval guns may require up to four separate cartridges to be loaded, each consisting of a 1⁄4 charge, to make up the full service charge.

Howitzer cartridges, both BL and separate QF, contained a central core of cordite surrounded by several stacked ring-shaped bags of cordite. To obtain the appropriate "charge" for the required range and angle of elevation, the gunner discarded one or more rings before loading.

See charge for how Ordnance QF 25-pounder charges varied in World War II.

Cartridge case
The case, usually brass, holding the propellant charge. Used with small arms and QF artillery ammunition. The QF cases in 1915 could be cleaned and then reloaded up to a maximum of six firings with Cordite charges, with the record detailing the "life of the case" marked on the base. The limitation on the number of firings was due to the case expanding on firing, having to be "rectified" by turning metal off the lower part, which restored the correct dimensions but progressively weakened the case.

Charge
Charge was a concept or category label rather than a specific item. It can be described as "the standard amount of propellant specified to carry out a particular purpose" :- For practical purposes, specific cartridges were specified for use to obtain the required charge. A gunner dealt with cartridges and would know that he could load (e.g.) cartridge X or Y for a full service charge for his gun, and cartridge Z to fire a star shell. Cartridges were sometimes made up of fractions of charges e.g. a 6 in gun cartridge may be made up of 2 x 1/2 charges or 1 x 2/5 and 1 x 3/5 charge laced together. A gun normally fired all rounds using the full charge, and varied the range by elevating or depressing the barrel.
 * Full service charge : the full amount of propellant intended for use in action at maximum range, for the usual shell. If a gun had e.g. a "heavy" and a "light" shell, there would be a separate Charge associated with the heavy and light shells.
 * Reduced service charge : for practice or firing star shells (which were lighter than the normal shell).
 * Proof charge : a charge giving 25% greater chamber pressure than the full service charge, intended only for the "proof" or testing of a gun.
 * Blank charge : intended for firing without a projectile, usually a reduced charge.
 * Battering charge : a specially large charge for use with "Palliser" projectiles, which were an early British armour-piercing projectile of the mid-to-late 19th century.

A howitzer gunner's job was more complicated because the range table would specify different "charges", or fractions of the full service charge, for different ranges and angles of shell descent. The standard cartridge for his gun which as a whole made up the full service charge, would consist of a central "mushroom" Cordite core and several smaller Cordite rings in bags stacked around the core like doughnuts, all tied together. It was designed so that one or more rings could be quickly removed and discarded before loading, hence providing progressively smaller charges. e.g. if the gunner on a QF 4.5-inch howitzer was ordered to load charge four he would know he had to remove the top ring from the cartridge, leaving four rings; for charge three he would remove two rings. Discarded rings were burned after the action. This was the standard procedure for howitzers up to and including World War II.

In World War II a different system was introduced for varying charges for the QF 25 pounder gun-howitzer, which used separate-loading QF ammunition. A separate 2.7 lb "super charge" cartridge was available for firing the 20 lb high-velocity anti-tank AP shot, and an additional 4.5 oz "super charge increment" could be added to that for even higher velocity. The cartridge for firing the standard 25 lb shell came ready-loaded with a red bag at the bottom containing the basic charge (charge one), together with white and blue bags laid lengthwise, as in a conventional gun charge, to make up the full service charge (charge three). The blue and white bags could be removed to provide progressively reduced charges (charge two and charge one). From 1944 one or two 4 oz "intermediate charge increments" could be added to the standard charge (replacing the blue bag) for high-angle fire and to provide greater control over angle of shell descent.

For small arms or fixed QF ammunition, where the charge could not be varied by the gunner, the term charge was used to identify the Cordite propellant within the cartridge case, and the round as a whole was referred to as a full or reduced charge. E.g. an 18-pounder star round consisted of a cartridge case containing a reduced charge, and an attached star shell.

Common lyddite
British explosive shells filled with Lyddite were initially designated "common lyddite" and beginning in 1896 were the first British generation of modern "high explosive" shells. Lyddite is picric acid fused at 280 F and allowed to solidify, producing a much denser dark-yellow form which is not affected by moisture and is easier to detonate than the liquid form. Its French equivalent was "melinite", Japanese equivalent was "shimose". Common lyddite shells "detonated" and fragmented into small pieces in all directions, with no incendiary effect. For maximum destructive effect the explosion needed to be delayed until the shell had penetrated its target.

Early shells had walls of the same thickness for the whole length, later shells had walls thicker at the base and thinning towards the nose. This was found to give greater strength and provide more space for explosive. Later shells had 4 c.r. heads, more pointed and hence streamlined than earlier 2 c.r.h. designs.

Proper detonation of a lyddite shell would show black to grey smoke, or white from the steam of a water detonation. Yellow smoke indicated simple explosion rather than detonation, and failure to reliably detonate was a problem with lyddite, especially in its earlier usage. To improve the detonation "exploders" with a small quantity of picric powder or even of TNT (in smaller diameter shells, such as in 3-pounder and 12-pounder guns) was loaded between the fuze and the main lyddite filling or in a thin tube running through most of the shell's length.

Lyddite presented a major safety problem because it reacted dangerously with metal bases. This required that the interior of shells had to be varnished, the exterior had to be painted with leadless paint and the fuze-hole had to be made of a leadless alloy. Fuzes containing any lead could not be used with it.

When World War I began Britain was replacing lyddite with modern "high explosive" (HE) such as TNT. After World War I the term "common lyddite" was dropped, and remaining stocks of lyddite-filled shells were referred to as HE (high explosive) shell filled lyddite. Hence "common" faded from use, replaced by "HE" as the explosive shell designation.

Common lyddite shells in British service were painted yellow, with a red ring behind the nose to indicate the shell had been filled.

For shellite, a successor of lyddite, see HE below.

Common pointed
Common pointed shells, or CP were a type of common shell used in naval service from the 1890s - 1910s which had a solid nose and a percussion fuze in the base rather than the common shell's nose fuze. The ogival two C.R.H. solid pointed nose was considered suitable for attacking shipping but was not armour-piercing - the main function was still explosive. They were of cast or forged (three- and six-pounder) steel and contained a gunpowder bursting charge slightly smaller than that of a common shell, a tradeoff for the longer heavier nose.

In British service common pointed shells were typically painted black, except 12-pounder shells specific for QF guns which were painted lead colour to distinguish them from 12-pounder shells usable with both BL and QF guns. A red ring behind the nose indicated the shell was filled.

By World War II they were superseded in Royal Navy service by common pointed capped (CPC) and semi-armour piercing (SAP), filled with TNT.

Common shell
"Common shell" is a designation for early 19th century British explosive shells filled with "low explosives" such as "P mixture" (gunpowder) and usually had the fuzes located in the nose. Common shells on bursting (they did not "detonate") tended to break into relatively large fragments which continued along the shell's trajectory rather than laterally. They had some incendiary effect.

In the late 19th century "double common shells" were developed, lengthened so as to approach twice the standard shell weight, to carry more powder and hence increase explosive effect. They suffered from instability in flight and low velocity and were not widely used.

As at 1914, common shells 6 in and larger were of cast steel, smaller shells were of forged steel for service, and cast iron for practice. They were replaced by "common lyddite" shells by the late 1890s, but some stocks remained as late as 1914.

In British service common shells were typically painted black with red bands behind the noses to indicate the shells were filled.

CP
Central pivot: was applied to a naval gun mounting that rotates around a central pivot that could be bolted to the deck without any structural alterations being required.

cwt
The abbreviation cwt stands for hundredweight, which, despite the name, is equal to 112 lb, and signifies the weight of the gun barrel and breech. It is sometimes included in the name of a gun to differentiate it from other guns of the same calibre or weight of shot. For example, the QF 12-pounder 18 cwt naval gun is a different (and heavier) weapon than the QF 12-pounder 8-cwt Mk I naval gun, though they both fire shells of the same approximate weight (12 lb).

DCT
The director-control tower (DCT in British usage or "director" in US usage) was a feature of naval ships. It was a trainable turret incorporating the gun-laying sights and often a rangefinder. From here the gunnery officer could select targets and take the range, bearing and rates of change. This data would be provided to the transmitting station (TS), where a firing solution would be calculated and passed on to the gun turrets as the correct degree of training and elevation.

Effective full charge
(Note: The British Army term is usually equivalent full charge)

Gun barrels naturally experience internal wear when fired, caused by mechanical wear from the projectile moving along the barrel, and thermal and chemical wear from propellant gases. This wear can reduce muzzle velocity and hence range, affect accuracy, produce unstable projectile flight, and, eventually, cause the gun barrel to fail.

Most guns are capable of firing different types of ammunition with varying charges, and not all of these combinations produce the same firing damage per round fired. The concept of ‘effective full charge’ provides a means of estimating the remaining life of a gun barrel taking into account the varying charges that can be fired from it before it becomes so worn as to be unusable, or no longer safe.

To illustrate, the round (i.e. the combination of projectile and propelling charge) that produces the most firing damage is assigned an effective full charge (EFC) value of “one”. Other round combinations are assigned lesser values derived from testing and experience.

If a gun barrel is capable of firing three different round types: round A (EFC = 1); round B (EFC = 0.75); and round C (EFC = 0.25), and if 100 of each round type is fired, then the barrel is said to have fired (100*1.00) + (100*0.75) + (100*0.25) = 200 EFCs.

If it had previously been determined from testing and experience that this type of barrel has an estimated wear life of 250 EFCs, this specific barrel is at about 80% of its useful life. Plans would be made to order a replacement barrel within the time an additional 50 EFCs were expected to be fired. However the actual decision to retire any specific barrel would be made on examination and measurement of actual wear rather than that predicted by the EFC count.

In practice, a barrel might be replaced before reaching its EFC life, or the limits of wear. In the case of the 15 in guns fitted to the World War I Marshal Ney-class monitors a gun was generally condemned when wear reached about 0.74 in at 1 in from the start of the rifling. However it was the usual practice to replace guns when their projected remaining life fell below the ship's normal full outfit of ammunition per gun, which ensured that the entire magazine could be safely fired in action.

Equipment
This was the term for a gun together with its gun carriage, i.e. the complete set of equipment needed to be able to fire the gun, as the gun could only be fired when mounted on its correct carriage. The carriage could be a wheeled carriage, a static siege carriage or include both a traversing mounting and railway wagon in the case of a railway gun. For example, a complete deployable gun might be described as "Ordnance QF 18 pdr gun Mk II on Carriage, Field, QF 18 pdr gun Mk I".

Gunpowder
Britain employed gunpowder as a propellant until superseded by Cordite Mk I from 1892, and as an explosive filling in common shells until slowly superseded by lyddite from the late 1890s.

In World War I gunpowder was still in wide British use :
 * in shrapnel shells as a burster to propel the bullets out of the case
 * in "igniter pads" at the ends of cordite cartridges to facilitate ignition
 * as the delay mechanism in time fuzes for artillery
 * in vent tubes for firing guns.

British gunpowder designations were :
 * E.X.E. : "extra experimental" : propellant : mixture of $2/3$ brown and $1/3$ black powders, used with BL 6 inch guns Mk III, IV & VI
 * L.G. : large grain : propellant
 * Mealed powder : powder in fine dust form : used to ignite fuzes, friction tubes
 * Prism or moulded powders : propellant pressed into regular hexagonal prism shape, with a hole in the centre to give even burning : included prism brown" (slower burning) and "prism black" (faster burning)
 * P : Pebble powder : propellant in cube shape, designed to reduce the ratio of surface area to weight, and hence to slow the rate of burning to reduce strain on guns. A larger weight of P (approximately 16% more) is required than R.L.G. for an equivalent charge.
 * S.P. : propellant : P specially selected for consistency, for use in BL guns
 * P mixture : mixture of pebble and fine grain powders : explosive : filled common and common-pointed shells
 * Q.F. mixture : explosive : filled medium-sized common and common-pointed shells
 * R.F.G.² : rifle fine grain : dogwood charred for eight hours : bursting charge for shrapnel and star shells
 * R.L.G. : rifle large grain : propellant; explosive filling for armour-piercing shells
 * S.B.C. slow-burning cocoa : propellant, brown powder (cocoa refers to the colour).

Gas-check

Attached to the base of RML artillery shells from 1878 onwards to avoid gas wastage on firing, and to rotate studless shells. It was an interim measure between studs and modern driving bands.

Related terms:
 * "Attached gas-check" - used with studded ammunition
 * "Automatic gas-check" - used with studless ammunition
 * "Rotating gas-check" - synonymous with "automatic gas-check"

(Note: The term "gas-check" was hyphenated in official British government publications of the late 19th and early 20th century. These publications also used the term "automatic gas-check" while acknowledging that the term "rotating gas-check" had been used previously.

HA
High angle: a naval designation equivalent to AA (anti-aircraft), for a gun mounting which was capable of an elevation exceeding 50° from the horizontal, allowing the gun to be used against aircraft.

HA/LA
High angle / low angle : a naval designation, equivalent to "dual purpose", for a weapon intended for engaging both surface targets and aircraft, on a mounting capable of elevating above 50 degrees but also effective at low elevations. Typical examples were the QF 4-inch Mk XVI, QF 5.25-inch gun, and QF 4.5-inch gun used in World War II and later.

HE
"HE" in British terminology initially designated only shells filled with modern "high explosive" such as Trotyl (the British term for TNT), which was being introduced when World War I began, and Amatol from 1915. It contrasted with common shells, which were filled with older explosives such as gunpowder, and common lyddite, the earlier British high-explosive shell. Britain also used Tetryl before World War I under the designation "composition exploding" (C.E.).

The HE shell filling was detonated by a fuze, usually augmented by a "gaine" to ensure complete ignition, causing the thick steel shell case to shatter into large and small fragments at great velocity in all directions.

Britain first used pure TNT for land warfare shells from late 1914, but this proved expensive and difficult to manufacture in the necessary large quantities, and was also inefficient as much energy was output as heavy black smoke. Amatol, a mixture of cheap ammonium nitrate and TNT (initially "40/60" : 40% ammonium nitrate and 60% TNT for land shells and 80/20 from 1917) proved 27% more powerful than pure TNT and was soon adopted as the preferred HE filling in World War I. TNT and Amatol were approximately 20% less sensitive to shock and hence safer than lyddite, and Amatol 80/20 cost only 7d per pound (0.02917 £/lb) to produce in 1917 compared to 1s 11d (0.12917 £/lb) for lyddite and 1s 3d (0.09583 £/lb) for TNT.

Britain was slow to move from 40/60 Amatol to the preferred 80/20 mixture during World War I, due to manufacturing difficulties. The preferred method for filling explosive shells was by pouring the molten mixture through the fuze hole in the shell nose or base. This was well suited to Lyddite filling, but it was found that Amatol with more than 40% ammonium nitrate did not pour well. Hence it was not simply a case of switching existing filling machinery from Lyddite to Amatol. Dry filling with Amatol 80/20 in block form and by pressing was used but was not considered to be a success. By the end of World War I the process for pouring 80/20 Amatol as a shell filling for land warfare shells had finally been perfected and was in large–scale production.

The Royal Navy resisted switching from Lyddite to Amatol for its shells because it considered Amatol was too hygroscopic (water-absorbing) to be suitable for use at sea, and instead used pure TNT as its high-explosive replacement for Lyddite. After World War I, remaining stocks of Lyddite-filled naval shells were redesignated "H.E. shell filled Lyddite", and henceforth the term H.E. encompassed all Lyddite, TNT and subsequent high-explosive shell types. From 1919 into the 1930s a less sensitive and safer version of Lyddite named Shellite, consisting of 70% Lyddite and 30% dinitrophenol was used in naval AP shells.

Amatol continued in field use to 1945 when it began to be replaced by a 60/40 mixture of RDX and TNT.

High-explosive shells were typically painted yellow in British service in World War I, with a red ring below the nose to indicate the shell was filled and a green ring round the body to indicate filling with TNT or Amatol. In World War II they were typically painted olive green.

LA
Low angle: a naval designation for a gun mounting not capable of high angles of elevation, and intended solely for firing at surface targets. In theory any CP mounting was an LA mounting by default.

ML
Muzzle-loading. By World War II, there were no muzzle loading artillery guns in British use, so ML was used only for mortars, as the mortar bomb was dropped tail-first down the barrel from the muzzle.

Ordnance
In British use, ordnance meant the barrel and breech, without mounting, of a gun. The gun with its mounting was called an equipment. For example, a complete deployable gun might be described as ordnance QF 18 pdr gun Mk II on carriage, field, QF 18 pdr gun Mk I.

P
P refers to a "pedestal" mounting for a gun, and was used by the Royal Navy. It differed from a central pivot mounting in that the mounting rotated around a fixed pedestal, rather than being bolted directly to the deck.

Pounder
Many British naval and land artillery pieces of this period continued to be categorised by their pound rating, the weight in pounds of the shell that they fired, rather than by their bore. For example, a gun firing 32-pound projectiles was called a "32-pounder", abbreviated pdr. Larger guns, such as the RML 9 inch 12 ton gun, were more often categorised by their bore. This system was still in use after World War II. A rough pound rating to bore conversion for that time is the 1-pounder (37 mm), 2-pounder (40 mm), 3-pounder (47 mm), 6-pounder (57 mm), 17-pounder (76.2 mm), 25-pounder (87.6 mm), and 60-pounder (127 mm).

Preponderance
This term was used in the 19th century, which specified the amount by which the breech end of a gun mounted on trunnions was heavier than the muzzle end. This was determined by the location of the trunnions, the lugs on the barrel by which it rotated in its mounting, which were usually located slightly forward of the gun's centre of gravity. E.g. if the preponderance was quoted as 4 tons 2½ cwt (4.2 t) as for the RML 17.72-inch "100-ton" gun, the breech end sat with that weight on its mounting, enough to ensure stability but not enough to hinder changes in elevation. The preponderance of British muzzle-loading guns was typically stamped on the end of one of the trunnions. The term was dropped when it became meaningless with the replacement of trunnions by more modern methods of mounting guns on recoil slides in the 20th century.

QF
The term QF came from "quick-firing". The designation was put into use in the late 19th century in two different meanings. In naval terms it was first used for small guns firing fixed ammunition, that is, a complete round in one piece, consisting of a brass cartridge case containing both the propellant and the projectile, thus enabling higher firing rates; an early example was the QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss. In later pieces, the charge was sometimes separate from the shell, to reduce the individual weight of loading, with the charge still in a brass case rather than a cloth or silk bag typical of "BL" guns.

In formal British ordnance terminology the term QF came to mean that the propellant charge is loaded in a metal case, usually brass, that provides obturation, that is, it seals the breech to prevent escape of the expanding propellant gas. The term QF hence referred to both the breech-sealing mechanism and the method of loading propellant charges. Ordnance of other countries employed other techniques, and hence this description and distinction is limited to British ordnance.

Following the early success of the light QF Hotchkiss and Nordenfelt guns in the 1880s, the Royal Navy implemented QF guns in all calibres up to 6-inch in the 1890s, and also converted various 4-inch and 6-inch BL guns to QF under the designation QFC. This all-QF era ended in 1901 with the BL 6-inch Mk VII gun and a swing back to BL guns. Since 1914 the trend has been to use QF for naval guns below 6-inch and BL for guns 6-inch and over.

Fixed QF
In lighter QF guns, including field guns and anti-aircraft guns, the round was complete: "fixed ammunition", where the shell was attached to the cartridge case like a large rifle round. Examples are the QF 3-pounder Vickers, QF 18-pounder field gun, QF 4-inch Mk V anti-aircraft gun and the current 4.5-inch Mark 8 naval gun. Fixed QF was suited for rapid loading, especially at high angles, and was limited by the total weight of cartridge and projectile, which had to be easily handled by one man. A maximum total weight of approximately 80 lb was generally considered suitable for sustained manual loading of fixed ammunition rounds; for modern automatic loading guns since World War II the maximum weight is no longer the limiting factor. The Royal Navy gun standard was the 4.5-inch Mark 8 naval gun, using a fixed round weighing 81 lb.

Separate QF
In other guns, typically naval guns 3 in and above, such as the QF 12-pounder 12 cwt and QF 6-inch naval gun, and howitzers, such as the QF 4.5-inch howitzer and Ordnance QF 25-pounder gun-howitzer, the projectile was loaded separately to the cartridge case containing the propellant: "separate ammunition". This system was suitable for howitzers as it allowed the gunner to remove part of the cordite charge before loading, if required for shorter ranges. Having the cartridge and projectile separate also allowed the weight of loading to be shared by two men.

Characteristics
In all types, the primer for the round was in the cartridge case base. The term QF in British use referred to the breech sealing mechanism, in which the brass cartridge case provided the gas seal. This allowed a sliding block, which can generally be operated faster than a BL screw mechanism, and is characteristic of small to medium artillery. Early QF guns offered the advantage over BL guns that no time was wasted in inserting vent tubes after loading, as the primer was built into the case, and sponging out of the chamber was not necessary between rounds. QF also removed the risk of back-flash. QF also, by rigidly fixing the position of the primer, igniter and cordite charge in the case relative to each other, improved the chances of successful firing compared to BL with its flexible bags.

By the early 20th century British doctrine held that QF ammunition, while allowing faster-operating breeches, had the disadvantage that ammunition is heavier and takes up more space, which was limited on warships. For guns larger than 6 in, it becomes impractical as the cartridge case becomes unwieldy for manual operation, and it does not allow charges to be loaded via multiple bags as BL does. Also, dealing with misfires was simpler with BL, as another tube could simply be tried. With QF the gunner had to wait a time and then open the breech, remove the faulty cartridge and reload. Already by 1900, modern BL breeches allowed the gunners to insert vent tubes while the gun was being loaded, obviating one of the previous QF advantages, and hence the Royal Navy abandoned the QF 6-inch gun and returned to BL 6-inch guns with the Mk VII.

Another potential disadvantage associated with QF came with the horizontal sliding block breech, as used with the QF 4.5-inch howitzer. With the gun traversed at high elevation, the block could not be operated, as it came into contact with the inside of the box carriage. Not all British QF guns in fact used sliding blocks – the QF 2.95-inch and QF 3.7-inch mountain guns and the QF 18-pounder used screw breeches. The thing to note is that their screw mechanism were much lighter and simpler than BL screw mechanisms and served merely to lock the cartridge in place.

British artillery doctrine considered QF, even separate-loading, as unsuited for guns over 5 in following experiences with the QF 6-inch guns in the 1890s, while European militaries such as Germany continued to use separate QF with sliding-block breeches for large guns up to 15 in, with larger German guns loading part of the propellant charge in cloth bags followed by the main charge in the metal cartridge case.

In colloquial use, quick firing is artillery having attributes like recoil buffers and quick shell loading characteristics, introduced in the late 19th century.

QFC
QF converted: in the 1890s there was much enthusiasm for QF technology, and many older BL guns had their breeches modified to use the same QF cartridges as the new QF guns of the same calibre. Examples were conversion of BL 6-inch Mk IV and VI guns which became e.g. QFC I/IV, and some BL 4-inch guns.

QF SA
Quick firing, semi-automatic: applied to naval QF guns where there was a mechanism to automatically open the breech and eject the case after firing. This was useful to enable a high rate of fire. An example was the QF 3-inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun.

RBL
"Rifled breech loading": refers to the first generation of British rifled breech loading guns introduced in 1859 which used the unique Armstrong "screw breech" and included the RBL 12-pounder field gun and RBL 7-inch naval gun. These guns were originally known as "BL" (breech loading); the term "RBL" was introduced retrospectively in the 1880s to differentiate these Armstrong designs from the second unrelated generation of rifled breech loaders beginning in 1880 which are referred to as BL. The "RBL" guns were considered to be failures and Britain reverted to RML (rifled muzzle-loading) guns from the mid-1860s to the 1880s.

Recuperator
"Recuperator" was the British name for the mechanism which returned the gun barrel to its firing position after recoil. US ordnance uses the term "run-out cylinder".

Hydro-spring
At the beginning of World War I runout after recoil was most commonly achieved in British 1904-vintage field guns and pre-1914 naval guns by a set of springs which were compressed when the barrel recoiled and then expanded again. Piston(s) moving through an oil reservoir damped the recoil, and springs collected the recoil energy and then used it to "run out" the barrel to firing position. This hydraulic configuration was referred to as "hydro-spring". Typical examples were in the QF 13-pounder, 18-pounder, and BL 60-pounder Mk I guns, all dating from 1904 to 1905, where the oil, pistons and springs were integrated in a tubular housing above the barrel. This configuration made the entire recoil system vulnerable to enemy gunfire, and it was protected to some extent in the field by being wound with thick rope. Other guns, typically naval guns, had the pistons in separate housings below the barrel. Note that "hydro-" refers here to hydraulic machinery, not water: as is common in such systems, oil was the liquid used, not water. For other applications of this type of system, see hydrospring.

Hydro-pneumatic
When World War I began, both the army and navy were in the process of introducing a "hydro-pneumatic" recoil system in which the recuperators were driven by air compression rather than springs. Examples were the navy's new QF 4-inch Mk V gun and the army's new BL 9.2-inch howitzer.

The unexpectedly heavy rates of fire experienced (mainly on the Western front) early in World War I caused many spring breakages in the 1904 generation field artillery (including in the Mk I 60-pounders at Gallipoli) and led to field modification of the 18-pounder which replaced the springs in the housing above the barrel with a pneumatic unit. By the end of the war the hydro-pneumatic system had become standard for a new generation of field artillery, typically seen in a box-shaped unit below the barrel in the 18-pounder Mk IV, 60-pounder Mk II, 6-inch howitzers, 8-inch howitzers, and 6 inch Mk 19 gun.

Ring shell
See Segment shell

RML
Rifled muzzle loading: introduced in British service in the mid-1860s following the unsatisfactory service performance of the Armstrong RBL (rifled breech loading) guns. The inside of the barrel had spiral grooves into which "studs" on the shell fitted, to spin the shell and hence improve accuracy and range. The propellant charge, followed by the projectile, is loaded through the muzzle. "RML" became necessary to distinguish between the new rifled and old unrifled smoothbore muzzle loaders (ML).

The first generation of British RML guns in the mid-1860s typically used William Armstrong's design of a wrought-iron "A" tube surrounded by multiple wrought-iron coils. Later marks of guns built by the Royal Gun Factory from the late 1860s onward introduced a toughened mild steel "A" tube to increase the gun's strength, and also used fewer but heavier coils to reduce the cost of manufacture. RML guns in British government service were designed by the Royal Gun Factory, Woolwich, and typically had only a few (three to nine) broad shallow rifling grooves, compared to the many sharp-edged grooves ("polygroove") of the Armstrong system. They were hence referred to as "Woolwich" guns.

From 1878 onwards "gas-checks" were attached to the base of RML shells to seal the bore and reduce windage; it was also found that these gas-checks could be used to rotate the shell, allowing studs to be dispensed with, which was an improvement as the slots in the shell for studs were found to be weak points leading to shells fracturing. The gas-checks evolved into the driving bands still in use today. Modern RML examples are rifled field mortars.

The largest RML gun built was the RML 17.72-inch gun, known as the 100-ton gun. In the 1870-1880s four each went to the Italian ironclads Duilio and Enrico Dandolo, and two each to coastal batteries at Gibraltar and Malta.

The last recorded active deployment of British RML guns was some RML 2.5-inch mountain guns in German East Africa in 1916, although several batteries of RML 9-inch Mk VI high-angle coast defence guns were in service in England throughout World War I.

Round
The complete set of components needed to fire the gun once. Consists of a projectile, a propellant cartridge, and a primer or igniter tube. A fixed round had all the components integrated into a brass cartridge case with the projectile attached, e.g. a rifle cartridge or QF 18-pounder round, in which case Round is synonymous with cartridge. A separate round required the projectile and propellant cartridge (either in bags or brass case) to be loaded separately.

RPC
Remote power control: this is where a gun turret or a gun director automatically trains and elevates to follow the target being tracked by the DCT and the table (computer) in the transmitting station (see above). Mountings would also have local control in the event of the RPC or director tower being disabled.

S.A.P.
Semi armour-piercing: introduced after World War I as the successor to common pointed shells for naval use. They had a heavy solid nose and a medium amount of TNT explosive, giving them the capability to penetrate steel superstructures and a small thickness of armour. They were employed as the main shell for naval and coastal guns of 8 in and smaller in action against warships. Later shells were streamlined with the addition of a pointed ballistic cap, and were designated SAP/BC. In World War II they were typically painted olive green, with a red nose.

S.B.C.
Slow burning cocoa powder: a form of brown prismatic powder, i.e. gunpowder, with more charcoal, saltpetre and moisture but less sulphur than black powder. Cocoa referred to the appearance rather than composition. Used in the late 19th century for early large long-barrelled guns, where its slow-burning properties gave the projectile a prolonged smooth acceleration instead of the short violent acceleration typical of black powder. This powder was inefficient because most energy was expended as smoke, and enormous quantities were required, such as 960 lb for the BL 16.25-inch naval gun (also known as Elswick 110 ton guns) of 1888. Required a primer of black powder to ignite.

SBML
Smooth bore muzzle loading denotes a barrel that is not rifled and where the projectile is loaded via the muzzle of the barrel. Most early cannons were of this type. British SBML guns of the mid-19th century were typically made of cast iron. In the 1840s, the 68-pounder 95 cwt was the last of this type of cannon introduced into British service. Modern weapons using this method of loading are light field mortars, in which the mortar bomb is dropped into the mortar barrel for firing; in these modern weapons the projectiles are spin-stabilised, but by fins rather than rifling.

Segment shell
Segment shells, also known as ring shells : this anti-personnel explosive shell originated in British service in 1859 and was designed by William Armstrong for use with his new breechloading field guns. The projectile was made up of layers of iron rings within a thin cast-iron shell wall, held together with lead between them, with a hollow space in the centre for the bursting charge of gunpowder. The rings broke up into segments on explosion. The explosive charge was typically about half that employed in an equivalent calibre common shell as less explosive was needed to separate and break up the rings than to burst the shell wall of a common shell, hence allowing more iron to be employed for the same weight of shell. It could be employed in the role of shrapnel, case or common shell. It was generally phased out in favour of common and shrapnel shells.

Shellite
An explosive mixture of picric acid and dinitrophenol or picric acid and hexanitrodiphenylamine in a ratio of 70/30. It was typically used as a filling in Royal Navy, armour-piercing shells after World War I. Known as Tridite in US service.

Steel shell
"Steel shell" was the British term for the 3-pounder and 6-pounder common pointed shells and some others such as the QF 1-pounder base-fuzed round. They had attributes of British common pointed shells as they were filled with gunpowder, had base percussion fuzes and a heavy pointed nose (almost three C.R.H.). But the nose was closer in design to British A.P. shells - the solid section was longer than common pointed, and the body held proportionately less powder than common pointed. It was intended for naval use.

In common usage, "steel shell" served to differentiate a shell constructed of steel from one constructed of cast iron (C.I.).

Table
In the Royal Navy a table refers to a gunnery computer, such as the Dreyer Table, high angle control system table, or Admiralty Fire Control Table. The name probably originated with the Dreyer Table.

Tube
See vent-sealing tube.

UD
Upper deck: a naval gun mounting in which the rotating mass of the turret is mounted above the deck, with usually only the ammunition feed trunking piercing the deck.

Velvril
"Velvril paint" was used to line larger common shells in the early 20th century to prevent the gunpowder filling from coming into contact with the iron or steel shell wall. This was both to avoid the saltpetre from causing corrosion in the presence of any moisture, and also provided a smooth surface that prevented friction between the gunpowder and shell wall, hence reducing the risk of spontaneous ignition when the shell was fired. It was made up of 24 parts zinc oxide, 3.5 parts yellow ochre, 0.5 parts red iron oxide, 15 parts nitrated castor oil, 7.5 parts nitro-cellulose of very low nitration, and 60 parts acetone oil.

Vent-sealing tube

Usually abbreviated to "V.S. tube" or just tube. This was the traditional, reliable British method of fully igniting powder charges in BL guns to fire projectiles, especially large shells. Briefly, after the powder cartridge was loaded (or even during the loading process), the tube was inserted through a vent in the breech. Early vents were "radial" i.e. at right-angles to the barrel length, bored through the top of the barrel into the chamber; later vents were "axial" through the centre of the breech mechanism and "mushroom" into the chamber. When the breech was closed, one of several methods was then used to trigger the tube, which then sent a powerful flash into the breech. The flash ignited a special "igniter" material in the end of the cartridge, and the igniter in turn ignited the main propellant charge (some form of gunpowder or cordite). A powerful reliable flash from the tube was required because with bag charges, especially in the stress of combat or with variable howitzer charges, it could not be guaranteed that the igniter in the cartridge would be up close to the vent – it may have been pushed in too far, leaving a gap. The tube was designed to expand on ignition and seal the vent, preventing escape of gas. Tube types: From 1904, the new generation of field artillery was QF with propellant in brass cases with self-contained percussion primers, while small naval QF cases had self-contained electric primers. From then on, tubes were only used on 60-pounder (5 inch) guns and larger, usually percussion tubes; and for a few small BL guns such as the 2.75-inch mountain gun, usually friction tubes. However, Britain entered World War I with many old BLC 15-pounders which continued to require T tubes until phased out by 1916. To approach a QF rate of fire they used a special "push" version of the T friction tube which was inserted into an axial vent in the breech like a BL percussion tube and fired by a similar mechanism to a firing pin activated by a lever rather than being pulled by a lanyard.
 * Percussion tube – the tube was inserted in an axial vent in the breech and triggered by a firing pin in a percussion lock in the breech. Single-use. Used with medium-heavy guns and howitzers, e.g. 60-pounder gun.
 * Electric tube – the tube was fired by an electric current from mains or battery. Considered safe, but cumbersome for field use. Common with naval and coast defence guns.
 * Friction tube – the tube would have a lanyard attached, with length proportional to the size of the gun, which when pulled caused friction inside the tube which ignited a powder charge, much like striking a match. Single-use. Originally of "copper" and "quill" types, replaced by the "T" tube by the late 1890s. They were used in great quantities by field artillery and are found on old British battlefields up to 1904, e.g. in South Africa. They were inserted in a "radial" vent on top of the breech, or later in axial vents running lengthwise through the centre of the breech such as with the BL 15-pounder. The T design, with the friction wire to which the lanyard was attached running through the crosspiece of the T, ensured that when the lanyard was pulled and the gun recoiled the wire was pulled smoothly out of the T piece without exerting force on the vertical part of the T and hence affecting the gas seal.

Tubes could also be used with QF cartridges fitted with tube adaptors in place of primers, as with the QF 12-pounder.

Windage
"Windage" as applied to British muzzle-loading ordnance referred to the difference between a gun's bore and the projectile's diameter, typically 0.1 - 0.2 in. This gap was necessary to allow the projectile to be rammed down the length of the barrel on loading. The word windage was also used for the amount of propellant gas that escaped around the loosely fitting projectile on firing, and hence failed to contribute to accelerating the projectile. Up to half of the gas was lost in this way in old smoothbore artillery. From 1859, Armstrong rifled guns used a deformable lead coating on the projectile to minimise windage and simultaneously to engage the rifling. The elimination of windage necessitated a new design of timed fuze, because the burning propellant gas escaping past the head of the shell had been used to ignite the gunpowder timer train in the fuze in the shell nose. The new fuses used the shock of firing to ignite the timer. When Britain reverted to muzzle-loaders in the late 1860s, projectiles were rotated by studs protruding from the shell body engaging in deep rifling grooves in the barrel, but the windage caused excessive barrel wear. From 1878, after several years of unsuccessful trials, a fairly effective system of concave copper discs called gas-checks was introduced between the charge and projectile; they expanded on firing and sealed the bore. The gas-checks were soon incorporated into the projectile itself and became the driving bands still in use today.

Wire-wound
"Wire-wound" or simply "wire" guns were a gun construction method introduced for British naval guns in the 1890s, at which time the strength of large British steel forgings could not be guaranteed in sufficiently large masses to make an all-steel gun of only two or three built-up tubes. One or more central "A" tubes were tightly wound for part or the full length with layers of steel wire, and the wire was covered by a jacket. It was first used on the QF 6-inch Mk II (40 calibre) of 1892, and the first large calibre gun was the BL 12-inch Mk VIII (35 calibre) of 1895. It provided greater radial strength, i.e., it better withstood the gas pressure attempting to expand the gun's diameter, than previous "hoop" construction methods of similar weight. This was necessitated by the introduction of cordite as a propellant in 1892, which generated higher pressures along the length of the barrel than the gunpowder used before. However, it provided less axial strength, i.e. lengthwise rigidity, and early longer wire-wound guns suffered from droop and inaccuracy. A combination of wire and traditional methods was eventually adopted to solve this problem. The successful British wire naval guns of World War I were typically shorter than German and US guns of the same calibre, which did not use wire-wound construction, e.g. British 45 calibres in length, or only 42 calibres in the 15-inch gun, compared to 50 calibres in guns of other countries. The method was found satisfactory for use with field guns and howitzers which had much shorter barrels (as well as much smaller projectiles and much lower "chamber pressures") than naval guns.

With the post-WWI progress in metallurgy, Britain abandoned wire-wound construction for naval guns after the 16-inch Mk I of the 1920s and later 1930s to 1940s designs used monobloc (single-piece) (e.g. 12 pdr 12 cwt Mk V) or built-up all-steel construction (e.g. 6 inch Mk XXIII and 14-inch Mk VII).

title: Glossary of British ordnance terms


text:
Mobil 1

Mobil 1 is a brand of synthetic motor oil and other automotive lubrication products. Originally developed by the Mobil oil company, it is now globally marketed and sold by ExxonMobil.

Mobil 1 engine oil was introduced in 1974. The brand range now includes a variety of engine oils, oil filters, chassis grease, transmission fluids, and gear lubricants.

In 1998, Mobil challenged Castrol over the discovery that Castrol was processing conventional oil and calling it synthetic. At the time, Mobil 1 was still created using a true synthetic basestock, which is more expensive. Mobil lost the advertising "complaint", and, as a result, the definition of 'synthetic oil' including Group III heavily refined to the point of considering it synthetic. In response, Mobil allegedly downgraded their process to the less expensive process. Lubes N' Greases magazine reported shortcomings in the ability to pass the tests that the original Mobil 1 formula was able to.

Sponsorships
Formula One team Williams had Mobil sponsorship from 1978 to 1988, as well as 2009. In 1987 it switched to Benetton, until 1992. Team Lotus also used Mobil 1 in 1994. From 1995 until 2016, Mobil 1 sponsored McLaren for motor oil and other fluid components. Mobil 1 was also lubricants supplier for Toyota F1 team in 2007 until 2009 when Mobil took over Esso and Exxon lubricants' productions, Brawn GP in 2009 and also Force India in 2009 until 2013. In 2017, Mobil 1 switched to Red Bull Racing and its sister team, Scuderia Toro Rosso, that lasted only for 2017 season.

NASCAR Cup Series driver Rusty Wallace was sponsored by Mobil from 1987. In 1991, he carried his sponsorship to Penske Racing. Jeremy Mayfield had Mobil as the primary sponsorship in 1998, and later Ryan Newman and Sam Hornish Jr. took it as well. Penske's IndyCar operations also had Mobil 1 sponsorship from 1991, until the deal was ended after the 2010 season. Since 2011, Stewart-Haas Racing has carried the Mobil 1 sponsorship among their various teams. Toyota Racing Development-supported NASCAR teams also use Mobil oil since 2011.

Mobil 1 was a lubricants supplier of DTM team Mercedes-AMG from 1995 until 2010. It supports Porsche and Corvette sports car programs as lubricants provider since 1996. The Bentley Continental GT3 factory cars are also sponsored by Mobil 1 since 2013.

Mobil 1 currently providing sponsorship for Lexus-backed 3GT Racing since 2017 season. In motorcycle racing, Mobil 1 also provided lubricants for Spanish MotoGP team Pons Racing in the 2002 and 2003 seasons.

Mobil, from 1985 to 1993, was title sponsor of Peter Brock's Holden Dealer Team and Advantage Racing that competed in the Australian Touring Car Championship and in the 1986 European Touring Car Championship. Brock, from 1985 until his death in 2006, appeared in advertising for Mobil 1, including an international campaign that ran in the United States in 2000. Since 1994, Mobil has been a sponsor of Supercars team Walkinshaw Andretti United.

As well as sponsoring teams, the brand sponsored the German Grand Prix from 1987 to 2006 and the French Grand Prix from 1998 to 2004. Since 2003, Mobil 1 has been the official sponsor of NASCAR and sponsors the Command Performance Award, which pays a monetary bonus to the highest-finishing Mobil 1 using team. Since 2002, it has been the title sponsor of the 12 Hours of Sebring. Since 2008, it has been the title sponsor of the Porsche Supercup.

In 2001, Mobil 1 became the primary jersey sponsor of French Ligue 1 football side Sochaux, which was founded and is owned by the Montbéliard-based Peugeot automobile manufacturers. Sochaux has alternated in recent seasons between wearing partner brands Esso and Mobil 1 across the chest of their jerseys, favoring the latter for their 2012-13 Ligue 1 campaign.

From 2023 season onwards, Mobil 1 will partner Red Bull KTM Factory Racing MotoGP team as an official lubricant partner and supplier.

title: Mobil 1


text:
Talk:Lord Alfred Hayes

Wrestling Career
I have added a resume of his British career. If you want more, let me know. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Woodlow (talk • contribs) 15:00, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

This article could certainly use some details on Lord Alfred's career as a wrestler. - 66.93.144.171 07:16, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * ...particularly his pre-WWF years. He was quite active in the NWA, spending much time in Florida and Georgia as a heel and a manager. 66.217.50.209 20:07, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Armbrust The Homunculus 10:22, 28 May 2014 (UTC)

Alfred Hayes (wrestler) → Lord Alfred Hayes – As the intro states, Hayes was best known for his time as a broadcaster in WWF, where he was known as Lord Alfred Hayes. The majority of the sources refer to Hayes as Lord Alfred Hayes, making it his WP:COMMONNAME. LM2000 (talk) 05:52, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Support as nominator.LM2000 (talk) 06:10, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Support As his WP:COMMONNAME. STATic message me!   06:33, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Support - it's a natural disambiguation? A quick look at the search results for "Alfred Hayes" of the five reliable secondary sources for pro wrestling - the first two pages at least all have "Lord" in front. starship.paint   "YES!" 06:33, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Support, this is his common name and it looks more natural. Sairp (talk) 11:10, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose, it's a mere nickname, and quite confusing, giving rise to the misunderstanding that he was an actual member of nobility. (Also, before you consider such title changes, please somebody fix the article: the existence of this nickname is currently not even mentioned, let alone explained, in the article.) Fut.Perf. ☼ 15:49, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Wrestler's common names are generally nicknames, or more specifically the ring names which they are billed by. Virgil Runnels is Dusty Rhodes (wrestler), Steve Williams is Stone Cold Steve Austin, etc.  In this case, Hayes was known as Lord Alfred Hayes.  A fictional title of nobility for sure, but not so different from fictional lords such as Lord Farquaad or Lord Voldemort.  Had wrestling announcer/sporadic wrestler Michael Cole, who in a storyline was knighted, appeared as frequently under the Sir Michael Cole (currently a redirect) moniker as Hayes' did, a move request wouldn't have been totally out of the question there. Although "Lord Alfred Hayes" appeared three times, I added two more mentions, hopefully adding clarity. LM2000 (talk) 21:06, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The issue regarding the nickname has been fixed and the newly written lead Alfred George James Hayes (August 8, 1928 – July 21, 2005) was an English professional wrestler, manager and commentator, best known for his appearances in the United States with the World Wrestling Federation between 1982 and 1995 where he was known as Lord Alfred Hayes. should make it clear to anyone that he is not a real lord. I think this issue is resolved.--70.49.80.26 (talk) 00:16, 22 May 2014 (UTC)
 * See also Superstar Billy Graham, fellow wrestler with other people known as Billy Graham. starship.paint   "YES!" 05:32, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Support. This is a better way of disambiguating the article since Hayes' fame peaked at a time when he was no longer a wrestler. McPhail (talk) 14:56, 25 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Support I'm generally against using nicknames for disambiguation, but "Lord" was such a huge part of the overtly British character. Mooney, Monsoon and the rest called him "Your Lordship" very often on commentary, maybe more than Alfred. If there were no other Alfred Hayes on Wikipedia, it wouldn't be cool. But there are, and "Lord" is more clear and concise than "(wrestler)". InedibleHulk (talk) 23:03, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Judo Al Hayes
This should be added to the list of ringnames in the side bar as it was the name he was best known as in his British wrestling days (as already mentioned in the main body of text) and the name he still used when he came back to the UK for a spell in the 1970s. As a matter of fact, when ITV began transmitting WWF specials in 1987 hoted by Hayes and Gene Okerlund, TVTimes actually listed Hayes as Judo Al Hayes.62.190.148.115 (talk) 08:59, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lord Alfred Hayes


text:
User talk:ZachBG

I am a newbie. I'd like to add some info to the stub for Richard Russo. However, he was a professor of mine at Colby College, so I'm not sure if I'm too close to the subject.

--ZachBG 14:42, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ZachBG