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Talk:Columbia, Missouri/Archive 1

Heart of Little Dixie
I've removed: Columbia lies in the Heart of Little Dixie Region of Missouri. It is a term not used by the inhabitants of the region, and it is also inconsistent with the other Missouri city articles that don't state what region they are in. If anything it is a historical note, as it has little impact on how one locates the city today, for Columbians would use the term Mid-Missouri. As the opening is already quite full I think its best for the reasons above to remove it. Grey Wanderer | Talk 05:36, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Opening Paragraph
Over time the opening paragraph had picked up a lot of random information and become disorganized, I've moved some stuff around and added quite a few sources. I also created a section for politics because there was a mass of info on it that had just grown over time. I hope it works for everyone. Grey Wanderer 10:16, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

To hell with the opening paragraph, I cleaned up the whole page, feel free to mess around with my occasionally poor syntax. Grey Wanderer 13:16, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Does anyone want to write anything concerning Columbia's expansion? I have lived here for three years and love it. It makes me somewhat sad though when I see trees being cut down and open land being torn up for ugly cookie-cutter houses. I am not anti-development (I'm all for the South of town and peripheral developments), but part of the charm of central columbia is its abundance of open land and forest land. I come from a large city with a singular lack of trees. I would hate to see Columbia go the same way. Perhaps if the city government was as progressive as it was made out, more land would be protected from development. An example of all this is the formerly Green, Meadows area.

 * That doesn't sound NPOV. 12.216.240.130 02:23, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

The District
I just wanted to point out that the downtown area is not known as "The District", or at least it wasn't two years ago when I left. It was right around that time that somebody, probably in the chamber of commerce or something, got the idea that downtown needed to be called the district and I can remember joking around with a friend about how stupid that was. Downtown is simply downtown for any local. And it seems to me that a few sentences of this article read like they were written by maybe that same person in the Chamber of Commerce. Also, I would say that the majority of students are not local. Most come from St. Louis, K.C., the Lake area, or other parts of the state. During the summer months, the effects of the students' absence is easily felt in the traffic density around town. DustinG 14:16, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I can confirm this as well. I have not lived there for going on 6 years but I did live there for 22 years before that and can't imagine calling downtown 'the district'. Dalf | Talk 09:08, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I live here and go downtown pretty often and the only time and no one who actually goes there calls it the district. Sometimes OFFICIAL type things call it the district, but that's the only time i can think of downtown as the district.

 * I can further confirm this. I live downtown, on 5th street south of Broadway. The push to call it the district is pretty strong by the downtown association, excuse me, The District (tm) association. But it largely hasn't caught on. I suppose if they try long enough... Details of their intents are at www.downtowncolumbia.org (It'll redirect to the new name :)

 * After going home for xmass I can further confrim this. I did hear it called The District once on the radio so I asked my family about it.  They scoffed.  I suppose new commers to town might be convinced to use the new name but for people who have been there for very long it just does not fit. Dalf | Talk 08:30, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yea there's a big push for "The District" that the locals (like me) hate. In 5 years it'll either be entreched or forgotten. The City Council is trying the whole "Branding" thing here ... like "Westport" or "The Plaza" is to Kansas City.

 * We might actually ad a section about this push. If you read their webpage its really quite silly they avoide the use of the term down town even when describing what area The District is in they say "Columbia's central city" and they bold and italic The District with every use even in the middle of sentences.  I think we could add a (short) section about the effort (and that it is apparently lead by bussness in the area) with links to Brand management and Brand.  Dalf | Talk 00:53, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

It looks like The District" initiative is finally working, people are starting to refer to downtown that way, and business now advertise by saying located in the district'' Grey Wanderer 20:16, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, businesses like Shakespeare's that had a big deal to do with the 'name change' advertise such. Fact is, no one besides a few select business owners calls it 'the district' with a straight face. I'll find some article about the majority of downtowner's disdain for it.Rubyredstarfruit 05:53, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

I live in Columbia, have done for 3 years. I hate the "District" title, but it seems slowly to be sticking. I hear it a lot on the radio and TV at any rate. Must admit I have not heard many people refer to downtown as the District in conversation.

 * Columbia recently added expensive blue signs directing visitors to downtown landmarks. All of these are branded with "The District" logo.  It's here to stay.

Seasonal population
Anyone have a source for the figure of 120,000 seasonal population? I believe students are included in the census numbers. Adam 08:12, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm deleting this since I can't find anything to support it elsewhere. Adam 03:06, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I grew up there and that is the number I had always heard. Students are counted as living whereever they actually live, (some times as residents of other states).  They are not all counted as local population.  Dalf | Talk 18:20, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Looking at the Census info for columbia its pretty clear that they do not count students as residents (as subtracting people over 65, people under 18, and people with degrees from the total population gives a number less than the current enroolment at MU). However it is not clear what % of the students at MU are not local (I suspct the majority of them are local).  The 120k number IS a number that just about anyone living there will give you but I have on more than one occasion tried to verify it with no success.  I suspect the seasonal number is 100k but again I don't have a source so I won't put either number back into the article. Dalf | Talk 18:44, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * College students are counted, according to this discussion. Pertinent info, cited from Census forms: College students living away from home while attending college: Counted where they are living at college and ...the normal form (the one that would go to the other homes of college students) specifically instructs the person who fills out the form not to include students away at college. Polpo 17:44, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks like the 120,000 figure is back. I am removing it as it's pure speculation and most likely false, due to the fact that both resident and nonresident college students are counted in the census.  However, being a student at Mizzou in 2000, I can report that I did not receive a census form. In any case, I am updating the page with an estimated city population from  and MSA population from.

Polpo 20:05, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * As I outline above the census does NOT count all the students as simple math (show above can prove). However the 120k number (which will be given to you by all residents of the town) does need some sort of source.  I think we should leave some mention of seasonal population form the students but not provide a number as the fact that there is some diffrence is easily sourced. Dalf | Talk 02:10, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Your changes are fine. Dalf | Talk 02:13, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps I'm not understanding what you mean, but when I make the calculations you suggest above (total pop - under 18s - over 65s - degree holders) I get 37541, which is well in excess of the current enrollment numbers at Mizzou, even though you're double-subtracting degree holders over 65. I would also dispute the assertion that "all residents of the town" will give you the 120k figure, speaking as a lifelong resident of the town.  ;)  Note also Polpo's link above to the official Census rules (though of course some undercount is always possible with Census numbers).  Adam 00:04, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know where people are looking but this is OFFICIAL- college students are counted as living where they are going to college, whether living on campus or in an apartment.  Yes, this causes problems where their parents may list them on forms as living back home, it is a controversy of college students being counted twice while homeless are undercounted. The metropolitan area does NOT include Howard county, ONLY Boone.  Please refer to the census bureau for more information. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 148.78.243.25 (talk) 00:05, 20 February 2007 (UTC).

Yeah we aren't using the 120k figure though it may be true, seeing as how most college students don't seem to get a census form from my experience. Howard county, however is in the Columbia MSA, Its on the census website. Grey Wanderer | Talk 00:55, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * If a college student lives on campus in a dorm they would not recieve a form since it would be taken care of by the college itself. That could be part of why people think students are not counted. Very few people as a percentage actually get a form in the mail (in fact NO ONE with only a PO Box gets a form) most are done on a door-to-door basis.  The census bureau counts students as living at where they live at college, this is a fact. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 148.78.243.24 (talk) 10:50, 22 February 2007 (UTC).

To add more confusion to the issue, I was a student living in the dorms during the 2000 census, and we did have a census worker come by. She made it clear that we should fill the forms out as living in Columbia, since we were going to school there (i.e., living there at the time). She also told us to make sure our parents didn't claim us on their forms, so as not to double count. For what it's worth. ..

Marijuana
The population generally supports progressive causes, examples of this being the recent decriminilization of marijuana and the extensive city recycling programs. This is in the article, but I never heard anything about this... Wouldn't something this major be well known? I just want to make sure I'm not missing anything before I take it down, 'cause it looks like a prank to me. Is it? 147.174.150.24 14:40, 10 April 2006 (UTC)Sean
 * It's for real. See the second and third paragraphs of this article, for example. The ordinance basically decriminalizes medical use of marijuana (at least at the municipal level) and says that anyone caught with less than 35 grams must be tried in municipal court, with a maximum fine of $250. Adam 03:35, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * (That's municipal rather than county(?)/state/federal, part of the idea being that state/federal convictions can result in students losing financial aid, whereas a conviction in municipal court will not -- at least that's how I understand it.) Adam 03:38, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, then I'm going to edit the article slightly to reflect the fact that it isn't all out pot freedom. 147.174.150.24 05:58, 11 April 2006 (UTC)Sean

What are thoughts about removing the blurb on "decriminalization of cannabis"? I think there are better "progressive causes" to document than getting stoned.

Meh...I think its certainly notable even if its not flattering. Grey Wanderer | Talk 05:12, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Pictures
uhm, if anyone thinks we need more pictures of anything in Columbia (especially downtown, i do so love downtown), I can probably take some --Eel 22:05, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I really think we could use some good pictures of the city or MU. Anyone have any? 147.174.150.24 06:02, 27 June 2006 (UTC)Sean

 * There are some pictures for ya. Grey Wanderer | Talk 10:21, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, but they've goofed up the formatting for the entire page. 12.216.240.130 13:58, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

 * They may have goofed it up on your screen, but depending on your browser, resolution, and screen size it will look different, making the pictures smaller is fine, but the pano really messes up things where you moved it. Grey Wanderer | Talk 05:27, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject
Is anyone interested in participating in a Wikiproject concerning Columbia? I believe we still have a great deal of information that we can expand upon, and getting good media is better with lots of people. Please reply if you are interested. Theprosperonight 14:14, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds great, your right there is alot more we can do. I'm in.   Grey_Wanderer 23:02, 13 september 2006 (UTC)
 * Here's a start. We just need to get a good group of editors in.  WikiProject Columbia, Missouri Theprosperonight 10:24, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Music Scene
We've got a progressive psychedelic heavy metal scene? I was not aware of this. In other words, I disagree. Even if I had no idea what Columbia was, I'd doubt that just because it's so specific. Then again, I guess I haven't listened to a LOT of those bands, so perhaps I'm not the most qualified to judge. Opinions? --Eel 01:13, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I would say we have progressive indie and alt scene. psychedelic...no so much.  I plan at some point to remove the music scene section from the main article and give it its own as part of WikiProject Columbia, Missouri. Grey Wanderer 20:20, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. I saw this and thought that it smacked of self-promotion.  The indie scene seems to be the only thing even worth mentioning, since the only acts that tour or play industry showcases seems to be Bald Eagle and The Foundry Field Recordings. Mywhitedevil 06:25, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

In the "Popular Music Scene" article I think the "Other notable acts are:" part should either get it's own wikipedia article or have it's own section. I think the list is too long to be in the middle of the paragraph like that.

 * I went ahead and gave the other notable bands it's own category, I think it looks much better that way. Me5000 05:48, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

I don't think this list accurately reflects the Columbia scene anymore. I can think of quite a few local bands that are just as notable as most of those on the list, but they aren't listed: Fare Thee Well (just won Clash of the Titans), Caulfield and the Magic (has a release on Hometone records), Umbros (several self-released albums), Barn Owl (self-released EP, plays a lot), Brunette, The Pale Family, The Stingrays (Hometone), John Henry & The Engine (Hometone), The Goldbugs (Hometone)... Plus Dadbot and Ellie Come Home are defunct now as far as I know, and I thought Warhammer48k moved to Chicago? 128.206.141.23 16:23, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The criteria for the list just seems to be if the band is local and known locally(I actually haven't heard of most of the bands on the list). So I think you can add any local bands you think are notable. I think it might be best to just get rid of the list, though, and only list bands that are known nationally. Me5000 17:29, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Famous People
Famous people need to be individuals who are known outside the local area. I've removed several people who would be unknown outside Columbia (e.g., Hindman, Gervino) and people who should logically appear on the Mizzou page (e.g., the coaches). 12.216.240.130 14:08, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Totally agree on the MU people, but Hindman is on the board of directors for several state-wide organizations, and perhaps the most well-known non-motorized transportation advocate in the state. Grey Wanderer | Talk 08:25, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Oh, I reinserted Hindman, and removed people like Brand Pitt, who only went to college in Columbia. These people are all listed on the MU alumni page. Grey Wanderer | Talk 08:28, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Economy
I noticed many citys have an Economy section which discusses the major businesses in the town and may include a list of major employers. The Columbia page mentions some employers here and there, but there is no section for this. Anyone think such a section would be worthwhile? HornColumbia 05:26, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It could be. Many cities do have such a section. The page could mention that if you have a good job in Columbia you are likely:

a) in medicine b) in insurance c) in education d) a lawyer

The University of Missouri is probably the major employer with its campus and hospitals (it owns University Hospital, Ellis Fischel, Columbia Regional Hospital, Rusk Rehab Center). Then there is State Farm and Shelter Insurance also among the city's big employers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.167.246.147 (talk • contribs)

 * Yeah, it would certainly be worth doing. Grey Wanderer | Talk 05:28, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Video Games
Should these be mentioned: http://blogs.columbiatribune.com/gameover/ and http://www.shortattentiongamer.com/? They are both based in Columbia and I think they both have a lot of fans. I thought video game things like this might be a growing thing in Columbia. Me5000 05:58, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe Slackers deserves a mention too? I wrote up articles for all three, I'm just waiting for some input, since it might be considered advertising. Me5000 17:55, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

I'd say go for slackers its a decent sized midwest franchise that was founded in Columbia, but don't do the blogs as that would probably be considered advertising and spam. Grey Wanderer | Talk 18:19, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Game Over isn't just a blog it's a weekly column, and Short Attention Gamer is a podcast and forum. Just to be clear I was proposing they be added to the Columbia article not creating separate articles for them. Me5000 18:26, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Shakespeare's
"The song "Whiskey Bottle," by Uncle Tupelo, is rumored to be about the city of Columbia, as it makes specific reference to a sign which used be displayed on a Columbia tackle shop sign which read "Liquor, Guns, and Ammo." The sign is now displayed at the downtown location of the world-famous Shakespeare's."

This is in the "Popular Music Scene" section, I bolded the important part. Is Shakespeare's really world-famous? I love their pizza and it's pretty well-known in Missouri, but as far as I know outside of Missouri nobody has really heard of it. Me5000 17:41, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Population accuracies
It says the population is 96,700 as of 2007 with this page as a source, but I can't find anything about the population there. There is this page for the population as of 2006. Then it says the Metropolitan Statistical Area is 153,283 with this as a source, but that seems to be from 2005. With the sentence worded the way it is I think it would be assumed both are for 2007. I found statistics for MSA as of 2006 here. Me5000 18:51, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I guess I didn't really explain why I put this on the talk page. I did a search and 2006 was the most recent population statistics I could find for the city and the MSA. Unless someone has a 2007 source for either I'm going to change it to as of 2006. Me5000 23:11, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for catching that, the 96,700 figure is from an old estimate and a source that no longer exist, I forgot to change it in the lead paragraph when I changed it in the infobox. Grey Wanderer | Talk 18:37, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Radio
I saw the radio section got deleted because of all the external links, most of these stations have pages on wikipedia we just need to find them. Grey Wanderer | Talk 18:37, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I restored the radio stations on wikipedia (or at least the ones I could find). Here are the ones I couldn't find on wikipedia that were on the list: KBIA, BUZZ, BXR, KOQL (q106.1), KATI, KCLR, KCMQ, KWOS, KSSZ. Me5000 22:18, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Main photo
I'm thinking that we should use something different than a photo of Jesse Hall and the Columns for the top photo on this article. I'm having a hard time thinking of a place or image that symbolizes Columbia to me, though. Any ideas? Polpo 00:35, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Image:CoMoflowers.jpg, if it had a different composition, is in the vein I'm looking for. That image in particular suffers in that it's not an illustrative shot, which is what we need, but rather an artistic one. Polpo 00:43, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Yeah I kinda agree, what we really need is a 'skyline' shot from the east that shows the tiger hotel, jesse hall, memorial union, and paquin tower. Problem is I don't know where we would get one thats not copyrighted. Grey Wanderer | Talk 18:22, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I always thought an aerial picture would be nice, but there is no way of getting one without flying in a helicopter. If someone had a good picture of downtown, that might work. Me5000 18:59, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Columbia skyline
I added a skyline picture, tell me what you think! I uploaded 3 versions, and of the 3 I found this one to be the best.

Here are all of the pictures I uploaded:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CoMoSkyline.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CoMoSkyline2.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CoMoSkyline3.jpg Me5000 00:31, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

I could upload some unedited versions too and let someone else crop them if these don't work. Me5000 00:59, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Pics that are needed
I've been working on moving the article to FA-status, and we're closer now with recent GA promotion, but I think some specific pics would help out. I don't have a camera or very good photography skills so if anyone wants to take these here is a list, off the top of my head:

 * For the Laws and Government section a pic of city hall(Daniel Boone Building).

 * ✅ done -Grey Wanderer | Talk 00:35, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Grey Wanderer | Talk 00:53, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
 * For the Economy section a pic of Shelter Insurance, or State Farm Insurance.
 * For the Cityscape section a pic of ninth street or downtown/
 * For the Infrastructure section a pic of the I-70/63 interchange or/and Columbia Regional Airport
 * Also generally, we're lacking on pics of commercial areas and historic neighborhoods like Steward road and East Campus.

 * I can take some of these pictures once I get back in town and when the weather is permitting(at least two weeks from now). I think I might already have a picture of city hall- is that at the opposite end of the street that the columns are on?  Are there columns in front of that building?  Breakyunit (talk) 11:59, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Great! anything you can do would be appreciated. The building your thinking of is the Boone County Courthouse, which could be used as well. City Hall is on the northeast corner of the intersection of Broadway and 7th street. Its a five story converted hotel (Daniel Boone Hotel).Grey Wanderer | Talk 12:24, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know if you still need it, but here is a pic of the courthouse: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CourthouseCoMo.jpg Me5000 (talk) 03:35, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, your pic inspired me to create Boone County Courthouse (Missouri) and I've added it to the Boone County, Missouri page as well. Grey Wanderer | Talk 21:35, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Thinking of ways to improve the article
I was re-reading the article and have thought of some things we could do to perhaps improve the article.

 * I think the section on neighborhoods could use some more information about some neighborhoods specifically (maybe the four National Historic Districts within the city: Downtown Columbia, East Campus, Francis Quadrangle, and North Ninth Street).
 * Under education, not much information specific to any of the schools. Perhaps a little bit about what makes the different schools special.  Didn't Hickman win the state football game a few years back?  Are the other schools unique in any way?
 * Maybe in the sports section we could talk about the other college athletics that people attend (such as baseball). Also, are there any non-Mizzou sports in Columbia worth noting?
 * It says that "Columbia's hospitals and supporting facilities are a major referral center for the state"- could we be more specific about the role Columbia's health care serves in Missouri? I think that the University research reactor makes radioactive nuclides used in nuclear medicine in other areas (such as St. Louis), maybe we could mention that.  Also, what sort of trauma center the University hospital is, number of employees, the new orthopedic (I think) center being built.  Seems like there is more to talk about here.
 * As for transportation, we don't mention the MKT Railroad depot that is now destroyed. Now that I think about it, maybe this would be better in the History of Columbia, Missouri article, but I thought about it just now. Maybe say that we used to have trains, but no longer do or something.  Also, maybe mention transportation offered (Doc and Norm?) to and from the St. Louis and Kansas City airports.
 * Finally, there is only information about print media and not about radio or television. Student channels on both should be mentioned I think and maybe relate that to the journalism school or something.  Any magazines centered on or in Columbia?

Its a lot easier to say what needs to be done than it is to actually do it, so I will try to make some of the additions I have suggested in the near future. I think there is a lot we can do to add to the article. I am not very keen on grammar and writing style, but perhaps someone who is could assess the article's readability or something. Breakyunit (talk) 12:21, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I think everything you've said above is probably worth implementing, I'd be happy to copy-edit any additions you make, and I'll try to get started on some myself in a few days.Grey Wanderer | Talk 12:25, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Alright, that sounds great. I just thought of one other thing that could go under Economy- I was told once that Columbia is a great place to start a restaurant or something about restaurants. I'll have to look into that and find a source, but thought I'd mention it in case it rang any bells.  Breakyunit (talk) 12:28, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

There was a study done several years ago that mentioned Columbia as one of the best places to open a restaurant. A whole listing of those types of awards can be found here. Is it ok if I add you to the "maintained box" on the top of this page?Grey Wanderer | Talk 12:32, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Excellent. I'll read that in more detail later when I'm not too tired. Yes you can add me to the "maintained box", thanks for asking. Breakyunit (talk) 12:37, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

The Show-Me State Games are definitely worth mentioning, according to this article it had more participants than any other state game in 2004. The COLT Railroad may also be worth mentioning under transportation. Me5000 (talk) 20:39, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Good idea with the Show-Me State Games, Me5000. I didn't use the article you cited because I found ones that were more recent, but the article you stated might have some useful information about the economic impact of the games.  Is there anything else we could add at the moment to the "Sports" section?  I was thinking about crossing off the items in the list I created above as I/we address them.  Breakyunit (talk) 00:35, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Note about citations
It would be very much appreciated if everyone did website citations in this format:, here is a guide in case you're not sure what goes in each section. Here is a list of all the citation templates if the reference isn't from a website. Thank you. Me5000 (talk) 16:40, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, the article will be quick failed with all the citations aren't in the same format.Grey Wanderer | Talk 21:10, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, sorry. I had no idea- I still consider myself relatively new to editing.  Breakyunit (talk) 21:25, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

No problem, I just wanted to thank both of you guys, and the random editors who have made one or two edits, for the drive to improve the page. As much as I do on Wikipedia, this is the first time I've really been involved with hard-working and active editors really intent on bring a page to FA-status.Grey Wanderer | Talk 21:43, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I was wondering how to cite the newly added info under Health Care that says "a physician density that is about 3 times the United States average". I cited two sources that I got that info from, but that's not the whole story.  One source says how many physicians Columbia has and the other is data on the physician density in the U.S.  There is a third source here that says what the physician density is in the U.S. until 2004.  There is a significant increase from 2004 to 2005 between the sources, so I'm not sure which is correct hence the "about" in the article.  Finally, I just took the amount of physicians in Columbia divided by the population given in this article to find Columbia's physician density- 8.48 physicians per 1000 people.  How can I say all this in an in text citation?  Breakyunit (talk) 23:41, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I have no idea, sorry. I think the people at the help desk will know the answer, though. Me5000 (talk) 18:45, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

You may be able to do it somehow (I don't know how) and I think it is good information to include, but watch out for WP:OR.-Grey Wanderer | Talk 00:19, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I kept that in mind, but I don't know how dividing two numbers to get a new number then using the new number in an article is "research". I put the question here, but no responses yet.  --Breakyunit (talk) 02:12, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

History sections
It is my understanding that some have suggested cutting some from the history paragraph in the intro and some from the history section.

I think changing these two sentences (which are in the intro) "In 1818 a group of settlers, incorporated under the Smithton Land Company, purchased over 2,000 acres (8 km²) and established the village of Smithton less than a mile from current day downtown Columbia. In 1821 the settlers moved, because of lack of water, across the Flat Branch to the plateau between the Flat Branch and Hinkson creeks in what is now the downtown district."

into

"In 1821 a group of settlers incorporated under the Smithton Land Company moved from their nearby village, because of lack of water, across the Flat Branch to the plateau that is now the downtown district."

or even

"In 1821 a group of settlers moved from their nearby village, because of lack of water, across the Flat Branch to the plateau that is now the downtown district."

since it is just the intro and the first sentence as it is in the article doesn't tell us much about Columbia itself.

In the History section, I propose changing these sentences: "In 1678 La Salle claimed all of Missouri for France." →Is inconsequential in this context and doesn't tell us much about Columbia, I think it can be removed.

"In 1806, Daniel Boone and his sons established a salt lick 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Columbia. The Booneslick Trail wound from Kentucky through St. Charles, Missouri to the salt lick." →This info doesn't seem to add much because the next sentence doesn't say that these trails were responsible for settlement. If they were responsible, then maybe the next sentence should attest to the significance of these two sentences.

"In addition, the now defunct Silvey Insurance was once a large local employer." →I don't know if this is important enough to include in this article.

What do you guys think? --Breakyunit (talk) 21:14, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I about to may a couple cuts, using a hybrid of your suggestion, let me know what you think.-Grey Wanderer | Talk 00:19, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the intro is better now. Do you think it is easiest to read the way its divided up?  The second paragraph sorta covers two things- history and economy/education.  Just an idea, but maybe we could reorganize it like this.

 * Columbia was settled in Pre-Columbian times by the mound building, Mississippian culture of Native Americans. In 1818 a group of settlers, incorporated under the Smithton Land Company, purchased over 2,000 acres (8 km²) and established the village of Smithton near present-day downtown Columbia. In 1821 the settlers moved and re-named the settlement Columbia—a poetic name for the United States. The founding of the University of Missouri in 1839 established the city as a center of education and research. By 1851 two other institutions of higher education, Stephens College and Columbia College were established within the city.

 * Located in the foothills of the Ozark Mountains, Columbia is equidistant from St. Louis and Kansas City, in a region known as "Mid-Missouri". Today Columbia has a highly diversified economy, and is often ranked highly for its business atmosphere. Never a strong center of industry and manufacturing the city's economic base relies on the education, medical, technology and insurance industries.Studies consistently rank Columbia as a top city in which to live for educational facilities, health care, technological savvy, economic growth, cultural opportunities and cost of living.[16] The city has been ranked as high as the second-best place to live in the United States by Money Magazine's annual list and is regularly in the top 100.[17] People from Columbia are described as "Columbians."

 * Also, what (if anything) are we going to do with the History section? Are the changes I suggested above alright?  I'm not really a great writer, so I'm just throwing this out there. --Breakyunit (talk) 02:06, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

I really think the history section itself is fine, it compares similarly with other FA city articles I've seen. I enacted your intro paragraph suggestion above, I think its quite a bit more concise. Thanks for your work, I love seeing the article get better by the hour.Grey Wanderer | Talk 02:31, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Demography
I'm having some trouble finding the exact statistics in the demography section(I'm not sure that they exist). this source has median household income and per capita income, but nothing about the poverty line or median family income. These sources and  Have things about the median age, but some of the statistics aren't in the same format as the demography section(the source has ages 15 and younger instead of 18 and 16 to 24 instead of 18 to 24). So, is the section going to need to be rewritten some what or are there some sources somewhere that I couldn't find? Me5000 (talk) 02:43, 12 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I found another source here that has the median family income people under 18, above 18, and above 65. It also has the % of the population under the poverty line. I'm going to put these sources into the article(without rewriting for now) and see what's left that isn't sourced afterwords. Me5000 (talk) 03:03, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

The following statistics are still unsourced:

 * "In the city the population was spread out with 26.7% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 16.2% from 45 to 64"

 * "For every 100 females there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males."

 * "Males had a median income of $34,710 versus $26,694 for females."

 * "About 9.4% of families were below the poverty line including 14.8% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over." Me5000 (talk) 03:17, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Mid-Missouri
I might be wrong, but shouldn't Mid-Missouri be capitalized as it is a proper noun, I was thinking of creating an article for the loosely defined area sometime soon.-Grey Wanderer | Talk 20:31, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, I think its debatable. If you read WP:MOS here it says sometimes regions are proper nouns.  The question is whether mid-Missouri is of "uncertain proper-noun status".  A google search would make it seem that it is a proper noun because almost all the hits are "Mid-Missouri" but I think they are used as part of the name of those businesses.  I found this site that suggests mid-Missouri should not be capitalized(maybe this one site makes the proper noun status uncertain).  I think it could be argued either way.  I prefer lower case, but I'm not going to make a big deal about it if you disagree.  --Breakyunit (talk) 22:35, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and created the article, so its capitalized automatically now. Feel free to change it. Grey Wanderer (talk) 19:46, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Malformed FAC nom
I removed a malformed FAC template for a nomination that was never submitted to WP:FAC. Also, per WP:FAC/ar, nominations can be resubmitted once issues raised are addressed. The article previously failed on January 23, and these are all the changes made since then. Perhaps an extensive (at least a month) peer review would help get the article in shape for FAC. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 04:24, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * My bad, I got half way through the nomination process and lost steam. Grey Wanderer (talk) 03:39, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Congressional district
This article states that COMO is in Missouri's 9th Congressional district, however, that district has been dissolved. The information regarding what Congressional district COMO is in needs to be updated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.161.216.45 (talk) 03:17, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

Parade Magazine-"America's Hardest Working Town"
I would love to incorporate a nice accolade from Parade Magazine given recently (15 April 2012) to Columbia, MO, but I just don't know how to go about it. Parade named Columbia "America's Hardest Working Town" based on "Average hours worked per capita", "Willingness to Work During Personal Time", "Number of Dual-Income Homes", and "Local Employment Rate". What does anyone else think? I would appreciate it if somebody much more able than I could work it in somehow. KyleECronin (talk) 07:55, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

FA to do list
Tasks remaining to be done to attain FA status: --Millbrooky (talk) 04:17, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Expand "Climate" section
 * Expand "Economy" section
 * Address navigation boxes in "Media" section
 * Double check refs for reliability and dead links (I've recently added author data to them)

 * I hope to get to work on this soon...three years later. Grey Wanderer (talk) 03:39, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Huh?
I heard a needle scratch when I read: "The economy of the metro area is slightly larger than that of the Bahamas." While it's certainly a fun piece of trivia, it conveys no real information regarding Columbia's economy. Unless the Bahaman economy is used as some sort of universal benchmark (which it isn't), there's no connection. There have got to be other Midwestern American cities that would better serve as a comparison, if such a comparison is necessary at all. Pac if ic Bo y  00:36, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Honestly I found that stat in a U.S. Conference of Mayors report and rankings of metro areas compared to countries. I included as to have some sort of comparison of size. But I certainly see your point. Grey Wanderer (talk) 03:24, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Suggested merger of Government of Columbia, Missouri into the Government and Politics section of this page.
The Government and Politics section is an exact duplicate of the other article. Therefore I'm proposing that the aforementioned article is merged into the Government and Politics section of this article.

Dobby22 (talk) 22:17, 31 July 2013 (UTC)
 * No opposition to the merger has been raised in seven months, so I have done so. Elassint  Hi 03:01, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 14:33, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:07, 21 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Total solar eclipse as seen from Columbia, MO.png
 * The result of the discussion was “Kept: no valid reason for deletion.” Grey Wanderer (talk) 22:05, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

Suggestion for Improvement
You could include a section about the food culture in Columbia. I believe it is a large part of the downtown scene. Many restaurants have had a long and interesting history in the city. Berry2205 (talk) 19:42, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

 * That’s a good idea. I picked up a copy of a new book: Iconic Restaurants of Columbia, Missouri. It was published in 2018 and contains quite a bit of original information on Columbia food culture past and present. With that as a source I should be able to come up with something. Any in particular you were thinking of? Grey Wanderer (talk) 22:02, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Created Category:Restaurants in Columbia, Missouri. Grey Wanderer (talk) 07:54, 5 March 2019 (UTC)

Broken weather
Hi guys. This is a great article and the place sounds great. There's been a broken reference forever, for the NOAA weather data. The current broken name was inserted in 2016 here by and it was broken even then! I can't imagine why that edit was made. I don't know enough about weather to find a new NOAA source for this city, so can someone else do that? Does know? — Smuckola(talk) 04:22, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

Okay cool,, how did you fix a named reference that isn't defined in the article just by renaming it? Is it sourced from wikidata or what manner of black magic voodoo is this? :) — Smuckola(talk) 04:38, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * It is a template transclusion. The issue of avoiding conflicts in reference names (avoiding commonplace names such as,  ,   etc.)  was raised in Sep 2016, I likely had been deluding myself that I had already altered the ref name in the template at the same time. Caradhras Aiguo ( leave language ) 04:41, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Okay, what template? Where do I learn this incantation for other cities? Specifically, Kansas City, Missouri. The weather links are dead. — Smuckola(talk) 04:55, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi, what's the name? Could I trouble you to fix weather citations on KCMO? thx — Smuckola(talk) 20:11, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If, by fixing, you mean corrupted citations, I don't see any there. Caradhras Aiguo ( leave language ) 01:54, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

Classification of city
What city class is Columbia Missouri 97.85.242.219 (talk) 01:56, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Columbia is a home rule/constitutional charter city under Missouri state law. Grey Wanderer (talk) 22:16, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

Shooting....
Seen this matter on several news outlets. Was this a school shooting or workplace shooting, and can this be used in the article? Everything from KTVO to CNN covered this. Will look into this as well.Thanks. 🥺😘 Nuclear Sergeant (talk) 09:28, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

 * All I've found happened in Nov. 2021, according to Google.😯 Nuclear Sergeant (talk) 09:34, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't think you've got the right city, is it possible you meant Columbia, South Carolina? Grey Wanderer (talk) 22:17, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Columbia, Missouri/Archive 1


text:
White lion

The white lion is a rare colour mutation of the lion, specifically the Southern African lion. White lions in the area of Timbavati are thought to have been indigenous to the Timbavati region of South Africa for centuries, although the earliest recorded sighting in this region was in 1938. White lions first became known to the English-speaking world in 1977 through the book The White Lions of Timbavati.

Description
White lions are not albinos. Their white color is called leucism, and is caused by an allele that is found at the same genetics as the allele that causes albinism. It is thought, but not proven, that the allele is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. They vary from blonde to near-white. This coloration does not appear to pose a disadvantage to their survival. White lions were considered to have been technically extinct in the wild between 1992 and 2004, when the Global White Lion Protection Trust achieved the first successful reintroduction of white lions to their natural habitat. These prides have continued to hunt and breed successfully in the wild, whilst other occurrences of white lion births have been reported in the greater Kruger region since then.

Breeding and genetics
Inbreeding can cause severe problems reproductively, even causing Arnold-Chiari malformation. This causes problems in the brain/skull and the spinal cord, more commonly in humans and dogs. However, ethical reintroduction programs such as The Global White Lion Protection Trust have sought to release captive white lions in to the wild.

White lions in captivity

 * A white lion breeding program has been established at Inkwenkwezi Private Game Reserve in South Africa's Eastern Cape province.
 * In the 1990s, four white lion cubs were born at the Papanack Park Zoo outside Ottawa. In 2016, a white lion named "Zeus" escaped from captivity, and was shot by zoo officials, due to the threat he posed to the public.
 * In March 2017, an attempt to smuggle white lions from Afghanistan to Pakistan was quashed. The origin of the lions was unclear at first, before Border Police Commander-General Ne'matullah Haidari said that they were African. In April 2017, four of the lions were taken to Kabul Zoo, with the other two lions remaining in Kandahar Province.

Lory Park Zoo
Lory Park Zoo is currently in possession of two adult white lions (Daniel and Heidi), who have produced eight cubs. A litter of three cubs was born in 2012 and all three were hand-reared. A second litter of five cubs was born in 2013; three were removed for their own well-being while the remaining two (a male, Gabriel, and a female, Gazelle) were left with the parents. Both cubs are still with the parents and have not been handled by humans. A male cub was traded for other animals in August 2013 and now lives at the Hodonin Zoo in the Czech Republic.

Kruger and Umfolozi
In 1979, three litters containing white lions were recorded in Kruger National Park. In March, a female lion with three white cubs was observed near Tshokwane. In September, three white cubs (from two different lionesses) were seen. Another litter of white female cubs was captured from Kruger National Park and treated for sarcoptic mange. A white lion was observed in the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve in Zululand.

Rustenburg Wildlife Rehabilitation Center
In 2018, Mufasa, a three-year-old, was in the process of being sold in South Africa after he was taken from an owner illegally keeping him as a pet. An anonymous buyer wanted both Mufasa and a female lion named Soraya, intending to protect both. Over 280,000 signed a petition asking that Mufasa not be auctioned, fearing a buyer might just want the lion for hunting.

Eurasia
The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria opposes the deliberate breeding of white lions.

West Midland Safari Park
In 2004, four white lions arrived at West Midland Safari Park, the only white lions in the United Kingdom. Mubuto, the male, and three lionesses (Marin, Natasha, and JoAnn; spellings undocumented) settled into the Kingdom of the White Lion exhibit at the park very well.

Newspapers and bloggers reported that the four cubs born at West Midland Safari Park, in 2008 had been sold to perform in a Japanese circus. It is alleged that the lions were given to British businessman Jim Clubb, who runs Amazing Animals, which also goes by the name Heythrop Zoological Gardens, in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire. The animal rights organization Lion Aid, Ltd., quoted Mr. Clubb as saying, first, "No comment," then, "I've no idea if the West Midland Safari Park knew they were going to the circus, that's a matter for them." Bob Lawrence, the Head Keeper of West Midland Safari Park, who appears often in the YouTube videos raising the cubs, told the Worcester News, a local newspaper, that he "would never have supplied the four white lion cubs if he had known they would have ended up performing in a Japanese circus."

Wildheart Animal Sanctuary
There are 2 white lions at the sanctuary on the Isle of Wight: a male called Casper and a female called Frosty. The 2 lions were brought to the sanctuary from the West Midlands Safari Park, to live out the rest of their lives. They are not a breeding pair.

Jurques Zoo
In May 2007 four white lion cubs were born at Jurques Zoo in France. The cubs consisted of one male and three females. However, they needed to be hand fed because their mother was not taking proper care of them, and they died a few weeks after their birth.

Magan Zoo, Abony
A private zoo in Abony, Hungary recently acquired two white lion cubs, one male and one female lion.

Belgrade Zoo
Belgrade Zoo in Serbia has 12 white lions. In 2010 four were born by two female lions, each weighing about 1.5 kg (3.3 pounds). Four additional white lions were born in April 2011. One more cub was born in October 2013, but died soon after.

Pafos Zoo
Pafos Zoo, an Animal and Bird wildlife park in Cyprus, received two seven-month-old white lion cubs, Zeus and Hera, in 2011. Eight years later, a white lion cub, Simba, was born to the pair.

Tbilisi Zoo
In December 2013, four white lion cubs were born at Tbilisi Zoo in Georgia. Cubs needed to be hand fed because their mother wasn't taking proper care of them. Another three cubs were born in May 2014.

Karachi Zoo
In 2012, the Karachi Zoo, Pakistan, purchased a juvenile male and juvenile female white lion. They have had 2 cubs. The male died in 2021.

Bukit Gambang Safari Park, Malaysia
The first white lions introduced into Malaysia was in March 2013 when the Safari Park in Bukit Gambang Resort City (Pahang) opened its door to the public. With 2 males and 3 females, the first white lion was born in May 2014 and was named King.

Wildlife Park of Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia
A couple of white lions named Zola and Zuri reside in the Sunway Lagoon's Wildlife Park since April 2015.

Singapore Night Safari
Singapore Night Safari, A subsidiary of Wildlife Reserves Singapore, recently acquired two white lions, a male and a female.

Taman Safari Indonesia
Taman Safari acquired six white lions from Canada in 2018.

Crimea Lion Park
A couple of white lions named Milady and Rocky were born at Taigan Lion Park in Crimea in March 2019.

Toronto Zoo
In 2012, Toronto Zoo in Canada received three white lions to their African zone and replacing the single white lioness the zoo had since 1996. In September 2015, four white lion cubs were born at the zoo.

Cincinnati Zoo
In 1998, Cincinnati Zoo in Ohio received two white lions from Siegfried & Roy's White Lion exhibit. Prosperity died on January 6, 2020, at the age of 22. Her female cub Gracious died at age 21 on March 3, 2022.

Reino Animal
Mexican zoo Reino Animal, located in Otumba, State of Mexico, also has a couple of white lions which can be seen at the "Safari Leones" (Lions' Safari).

The Wild Animal Sanctuary
The Wild Animal Sanctuary, located in Keenesburg, Colorado, has at times had white lions rescued from various for-profit zoos or other exploitative situations. All animals at the sanctuary live out the remainder of their lives in large open-air enclosures free from further exploitation.

Lake Tobias Wildlife Park
Lake Tobias Wildlife Park in Halifax, Pennsylvania, has two white lions residing with a tawny male African lion named Leo.

Kingdom of Zion
Kingdom of Zion, a private zoo in New Zealand, possesses six male white lions and four female white lions.

Genetics
Genetically, the white lion is the same subspecies as the tawny South African lion (Panthera leo melanochaita), which is found in some wildlife reserves in South Africa, and in zoological parks around the world. White lions are not albinos, but leucistic. They have pigment visible in the eyes (which may be the normal hazel or golden color, blue-gray, or green-gray), paw pads and lips. Blue-eyed white lions exist and may be selectively bred. The leucistic trait is due to a recessive mutation in the gene for Tyrosinase (TYR), an enzyme responsible for the production of melanins. More severe mutations in the same gene have been found to cause albinism in many species, while another less severe mutation in the same gene is responsible for the Chinchilla coloring trait seen in several mammals. Reduced pigment production decreases the deposition of pigment along the hair shaft, restricting it to the tips. The less pigment there is along the hair shaft, the paler the lion. As a result, "white" lions range from blonde to near-white. The males have pale manes and tail tips instead of the usual dark tawny or black. In 2013, the specific genetic marker that determines the unique coloration of white lions was identified, after a 7-year study led by the Global White Lion Protection Trust and partnering several different countries.

In the wild within their natural endemic range
From the 1970s onwards, prized for their rarity, the white lions and many 'normal' coloured (tawny) lions carrying the white lion gene were removed from the wild and put into captive breeding and hunting programs and sent to zoos and circuses around the globe. No adult white lion had been seen in their natural habitat after 1992. The Global White Lion Protection Trust (WLT) therefore initiated a world-first re-establishment of white lions within their natural habitat in 2004, based on successful reintroduction techniques. The wild born offspring of rehabilitated white lions were integrated with resident wild tawny lions, and released through a soft release process. Three prides of white lions of high genetic integrity integrated with tawny lions have been successfully established, and are hunting self-sufficiently in their natural habitat, at a predation rate comparable to the wild tawny lions in the same habitat. The genetic marker determining the white colouration was identified in a collaborative study with 5 other countries in October 2013, and is being used to ensure genetic integrity and ultimately to determine the frequency of occurrence of the gene in the wild population.

The primary aim of the Global White Lion Protection Trust (WLT) is to harness the cultural importance of white lions to local indigenous communities, to help protect the Kruger to Canyon (K2C) Biosphere and the greater lion population in this region. This approach is based on the international precedent of the Kermode Bear (Ursus americanus kermodei) in British Columbia, whereby this rare, white variant of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) has been declared a critically endangered subspecies due to its conservation and cultural value, such that the Kermode Bear is being used as a flagship species for protecting a 4000000 hectare wilderness area. As with the Kermode Bear, by protecting the white lions, their entire population within their endemic area would be protected.

Subsequently, white cubs were born in the Timbavati Private Nature Reserve in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2013, and in the Nwanetsi Area of Kruger National Park in 2014 and 2015, confirming that white lions are a natural occurrence and the recessive gene is still present in the wild population.

In light of the recent decision by South Africa's Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) at CITES 2016, to continue to allow the hunting of captive bred lions ("canned hunting"), and the trade in lion bones from captive bred lions, the Global White Lion Protection Trust (WLT) asserts that the survival of lions in the Greater Kruger Park Region is likely to come under threat, and the white lion is the ideal capstone animal to help better protect all lions in the Greater Kruger Park Region.

As the proposed policy stands for the management of lions in South Africa, the WLT asserts that the legalization of the lion bone trade will increase the supply and therefore demand of wild lion trophies and especially lion bones, increasing poaching and illegal hunting and threatening the future of wild lion populations in South Africa.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: White lion


text:
Talk:Jean Charles de Menezes/to do

 * 1) Add details from the inquest when they come out.
 * 2) Continue to use and  to document sources.
 * 3) Continue to reword for clarity and brevity.
 * 4) Please attribute and cite sources accurately with regards to the IPCC leaked documents.
 * 5) If you have not recently, please review NPOV tutorial.
 * 6) This is an encyclopedic article, and should be written from an historical perspective, as if it would be read the same 1 year or 100 years from now. The prevailing tense of sentences should be past-tense. Also avoid phrases such as "The latest reports indicate..."
 * 7) Use British English for this British/Brazilian topic.
 * 8) This article ought to be slimmed down! Suggestions:
 * 9) Use footnotes to explain items rather than explaining them inline
 * 10) Propose a series of smaller articles on the incident and aftermath
 * 11) Just edit down, remove every unnecessary word
 * 12) The notes needs to be numbered correctly - it's a mess
 * 13) clean up description of the incident itself, it is not easy to follow and makes little sense as is

title: Talk:Jean Charles de Menezes/to do


text: User talk:69.10.141.71

title: User talk:69.10.141.71


text:
Talk:White lion

Cleaned up, this would be a useful section at Lion, where all the rest of the lion information can be found. --Wetman 08:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

I agree that this would be usefully merged with Lion. The comments about dates and population are confusing. If the animals have only been seen in recent years then is it meaningful to say that they have declined in numbers? Nigel Campbell 09:43, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * there have never been wild populations of white lions as it is a recessive gene that is normally masked out by the tawny colour. They only show up rarely as one or two cubs in a pride.

I thumbnailed the image. Should there be a disambiguation page to separate this from that crappy rock band? Dlmccaslin 02:06, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I second the idea of disambiguation page to make it easier to find white lion (animal). How many folks search for white lion, end up at the rock band page, and end up thinking there isn't an article on the animal?

 * A lot of the content on the white lions page was garbage. White lions are not a decreasing population in the wild - they only occur rarely due to recessive genes normally being masked by the normal tawny gene.  There is no evidence of white cubs being killed because they are noticeable.  Reproductive success is not associated with mane colour.

The note about white lion or tiger cubs being killed by prides of lions or tigers was totally inaccurate as no white tigers have been wild-born since the 1950s and tigers don't live in prides. Although white lions have been inbred, they haven't suffered the same defects as white tigers as there are fewe generations of them and the several strains of white lions are being bred together to improve genetic diversity.

There is far more accurate info on the lion page covering the known lineages - perhaps that should be used to replace the whole white lions page?

Where do white lions live? Please answer. I'm ding a project on them, and I need information.

Two white lion cubs are currently in the Timbavati - saw them last week! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.210.189.28 (talk) 19:58, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

Factual?
From this article, it sounds as if white lions are a natural phenomena, much like albino people. However, research is still being conducted concerning the genetic aspect of white lions as well as the problems white lions face socially with other lions. http://www.whitelions.org/new/index.php/white-lions/10-facts-about-white-lions http://www.whitelions.org/new/index.php/white-lions/frequently-asked-questions

--DMP47 (talk) 20:31, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

I'm using this as a Big Cat sandbox first edits of StowAwayOnTheBeagle Given the entry level of this article the cute video's are appropriate

The Turner research ( "Preliminary results have shown that the hunting success of the white lion pride was comparable to or higher than the wild prides ('normal' coloured / tawny) of the Timbavati itself (Turner 2005, Turner in prep.). This pride of "all" white lions has shattered the misperception that white lions cannot hunt successfully (within their natural endemic habitat) due to a perceived lack of camouflage. ") as to hunting success of white lions has not apparently been published (Pending publication turner 2005 NEEDS citation). It's conclusions will not be valid due to confounding differences and the rarity of white lions In other words there is no statistical validity in a statement that a white lion pride has hunting success versus a tawny pride because the hunting behavior is complex and learned. the only way to compare hunting success without studying tens (Or hundreds) of prides would be to study several white prides and several tawny ones for baseline and then color the individuals, and see if a difference exists. At best it could be stated that the hunting success of the pride(s) cannot be differentiated from the tawny lions based on the anecdotal evidence available. given their rarity it would not be likely that evidence of predation on white cubs could be found. It is more likely that the coloration of adaults is not beneficial to hunting success depending on the coloring of the surround I'm not a big cat expert or know much about timbavati or SA. within the references there is information that implies that the whites are differentially outcasted. Agree with prior comments re disambiguation though White Lion should Identify as Musical group before White lions should identify as animals. StowAwayOnTheBeagle (talk) 23:36, 13 October 2010 (UTC) StowAwayOnTheBeagle (talk) 23:36, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

In zoos
White lions are not often in zoos, I think in Las Vegas, Belgrade, Philadelphia Toronto & Cincinnati are the only zoos with white lions. A list like the in zoos list from the great panda

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_panda#In_zoos

would be nice and interesting! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.6.2.254 (talk) 05:16, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

White lions and white tigers
In the section "Description" it says that the gene that causes these lions to be white is "distinct from the gene responsible for white tigers". However, in the following section, it says that it is a similar gene. That confuses me - which is it? (Or is it a similar, but nevertheless distinct, gene?) Nikolaj1905 (talk) 19:21, 23 December 2019 (UTC)

Lion
is it good to have a lion as a pet 102.114.95.70 (talk) 17:15, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

Cleanup required
Hello fellow Wikipedians! I have added a few sorely needed sources to some of the information provided in the article about white lions in captivity. However, the entire section could do with some cleanup so that all entries are on the same outline level. I haven't got the time to do so presently, but may get it done some other day. In the meantime, anyone is welcome to beat me to it! Nikolaj1905 (talk) 13:09, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:White lion


text:
Philippe Thys (cyclist)

Philippe Thys (Philippe Thĳs; 8 October 1889 – 16 January 1971) was a Belgian cyclist and three times winner of the Tour de France.

Professional career
In 1910, Thys won Belgium's first national cyclo-cross championship. The following year he won the Circuit Français Peugeot, followed by stage races from Paris to Toulouse and Paris to Turin. He then turned professional to ride the Tour de France.

Thys won the Tour in 1913 despite breaking his bicycle fork, and needing to find a bicycle shop to mend it. The repair induced a 10-minute penalty, but he won with a lead of just under nine minutes. Thys took the stage and the race lead when Eugène Christophe broke his fork on the way to Luchon. Marcel Buysse overtook him in the results the following day. Another broken fork on the way to Nice gave Thys the lead again but drama continued when he fell on the penultimate stage from Longwy to Dunkirk. Despite being knocked out and being penalised for help from teammates to repair his bike, he won 8 minutes and 37 seconds ahead of Gustave Garrigou, with Buysse third.

In 1914, he took his first stage victory, to Le Havre, holding the race from start to finish despite a 30-minute penalty for an unauthorised wheel change on the penultimate stage. His victory looked uncertain, his lead cut to less than two minutes ahead of Henri Pélissier.  Ironically, on the final stage from Dunkirk to Paris, the Frenchman's supporters along the route who were expecting victory over the Belgian were the reason he was prevented from launching a breakaway. He won the stage but Thys finished on his wheel to win the Tour.

In 1917, Thys won Paris–Tours and the Giro di Lombardia. In 1918, he also won the second and last Tours–Paris. After World War I, Thys won the Tour a third and final time in 1920. He led from the second stage, Henri Desgrange writing "France is not unaware that, without the war, the crack rider from Anderlecht would be celebrating not his third Tour, but his fifth or sixth". Not until 1955 did Louison Bobet equal Thys's record, and not until 1963 did Jacques Anquetil break it with four wins. Thys also rode in the 1922 Tour, winning five stages, and in the 1924 Tour, winning two stages.

Thys was one of a generation of cyclists whose careers were disrupted by the First World War. After retiring, he recalled that he had been asked by his manager, Alphonse Baugé, to wear a yellow jersey as leader of the Tour, although that distinction is more commonly attributed to Eugène Christophe.

Major results

 * Amateur
 * 1910
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.svg National Cyclo-cross Championships

 * 1911
 * 1st Overall Tour de France Independents
 * 1st in 2 Stages
 * 1st Overall Paris-Turin
 * 1st in 2 Stages
 * 1st Paris-Toulouse
 * 1st Circuit Française Peugeot

 * Professional
 * 1912
 * 6th Overall Tour de France

 * 1913
 * 1st Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 6

 * 1914
 * 1st Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 1
 * 1st Paris-Menin (fr)
 * 3rd Paris–Tours

 * 1917
 * 1st Giro di Lombardia
 * 1st Paris–Tours

 * 1918
 * 1st Tours-Paris

 * 1919
 * 1st Six Days of Brussels (with Marcel Dupuy)
 * 2nd Paris–Roubaix

 * 1920
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Stages 2, 9, 12 & 13
 * 4th Road race, National Road Championships
 * 4th Paris–Roubaix
 * 4th Paris–Brussels

 * 1921
 * 1st Critérium des As
 * 1st Paris–Lyon (with Jean Rossius)
 * 1st Paris–Dijon (with Jean Rossius)
 * 3rd Bordeaux–Paris
 * 4th Giro della Provincia di Milano
 * 10th Milan–San Remo

 * 1922
 * Tour de France
 * 1st Stages 4, 8, 9, 10 & 15
 * 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 * 4th Bordeaux–Paris
 * 5th Critérium des As

 * 1923
 * 1st Paris–Lyon (with Jean Alavoine)
 * 2nd Circuit du Languedoc
 * 8th Paris–Tours

 * 1924
 * Tour de France
 * 1st Stages 3 (tied with Théophile Beeckman) & 9
 * 7th Paris–Roubaix

 * 1925
 * 3rd Six Days of Brussels (with Maurice De Wolf)

 * 1927
 * 1st Limburgse Dageraad
 * 9th Rund um Leipzig

Honours

 * A velodrome, Piste Philippe Thys in La Robertsau, Strasbourg
 * A street, Rue Philippe Thys in Strasbourg
 * Introduced in the UCI Hall of Fame in 2002

Books

 * Van Thys tot Nys by Luc Lamon, Mark van Hamme in 2011, Houtekiet, 227 p. ISBN 9789089241405
 * Philippe Thys: de vergeten drievoudig tourwinnaar by Johan Van Win in 2014, Ronde Tafel, 248 p. ISBN 9789491545153

title: Philippe Thys (cyclist)


text:
Talk:Y: The Last Man

Why bother with an arc seperate page?
Honestly, I see no reason to cut the page into two, with a page for Y: The Last Man and another for the story arcs. It just seems TOO organized to the point where information gets buried within layers of crap. I say have a page for Y: The Last Man and just leave it at that. If you're gonna make a page of spoilers, or if the arcs go into hardcore detail (as they currently don't) then by all means split the two, otherwise, leave it alone. Also, side note, why is there no SPOILER WARNING listed anywhere on the page? - —Preceding unsigned comment added by ExMachina (talk • contribs) 15 March 2006

Sources for Le Grand Départ explanation's
We should probably provide sources on which issues these possible explanations occur. I'm planning to eventually reread the series but that'll take awhile for me to peg down each explanations source, so help would be nice. Thanks - jedispyder (grrr, I forgot to log in at work)

title: Talk:Y: The Last Man


text: User talk:66.41.212.34

title: User talk:66.41.212.34


text:
Australian brushturkey

The Australian brushturkey, Australian brush-turkey, or gweela (Alectura lathami), also frequently called the scrub turkey or bush turkey, is a common, widespread species of mound-building bird from the family Megapodiidae found in eastern Australia from Far North Queensland to Eurobodalla on the South Coast of New South Wales. The Australian brushturkey has also been introduced to Kangaroo Island in South Australia. It is the largest extant representative of the family Megapodiidae, and is one of three species to inhabit Australia.

Despite its name and their superficial similarities, the bird is not closely related to American turkeys, nor to the Australian bustard, which is also known as the bush turkey. Its closest relatives are the wattled brushturkey, Waigeo brushturkey, and malleefowl.

Description
It is a large bird with black feathers and a red head. Its total length is about 60 – and a wingspan of about 85 cm. The subspecies A. l. purpureicollis from the northern Cape York Peninsula is smaller than the more widespread nominate subspecies. It has a prominent, fan-like tail flattened sideways, and its plumage is mainly blackish, but with a bare red head, and a yellow (in the nominate subspecies) or purple wattle (in A. l. purpureicollis). The males' wattles become much larger during breeding season, often swinging from side to side as they run. The males' heads and wattles also become much brighter during the breeding and nesting season. The underside of the body is sprinkled with white feathers, more pronounced in older birds. The brushturkey is a clumsy flyer and cannot fly long distances, only taking to the air when threatened by predators or to roost in trees at night and during the heat of the day.

Nesting

They build large nests on the ground made of leaves, other compostable material, and earth, 1 to 1.5 m high and up to 4 m across. Mound-building is done by a dominant male, and visited by a succession of local females, for mating and egg-laying. The male works tirelessly, collecting material from all around, and also diligently repelling rival males, which are keen to usurp his position. The effort involved eventually wears him down, and he will ultimately be defeated by a new king. The eggs are very large (90 × 45 mm), and the young are fully fledged on hatching. They can fly within hours, as soon as the feathers are dry. The eggs are hatched by the heat of the composting mound, the temperature of which is regulated by adding or removing material to maintain the temperature in the 33 – incubation temperature range. The Australian brushturkey checks the temperature by sticking its beak into the mound.

Like some reptiles, incubation temperature affects the sex ratio of chicks, but the mechanism is different between reptiles and these birds, with reptiles exhibiting temperature-dependent sex determination, and megapodes exhibiting temperature-dependent embryo mortality. The sex ratio in brushturkeys is equal at incubation temperatures of 34 °C, but results in more males when cooler and more females when warmer. Whether the parents use this to manipulate the sex of their offspring by, for instance, selecting the nesting site accordingly, is unclear. Warmer incubation also results in heavier, fitter chicks, but how this is linked to sex is also unknown.

The same nesting site is frequently used year after year, with the old nests being added to each breeding season. The average clutch of eggs is between 16 and 24 large white eggs, which are laid September to March. Sometimes, up to 50 eggs laid by several females may be found in a single mound. The eggs are placed in a circle roughly 60 – down, 20 – apart, always with the large end up. The newly hatched young dig themselves out of the mound and then have to care for themselves.

Predators and human interactions
Brushturkey eggs are a favourite food of goannas, snakes, dingoes and dogs, though brushturkeys were also a staple of Aboriginal Australians. Often, goannas exhibit wounds on their tails from having been pecked by brushturkeys that ferociously chase them away from their nests. Chicks are left to fend for themselves from their hatching so they have a high death rate.

In situations where they come into contact with humans, such as picnic areas in national parks and suburban gardens, brushturkeys exhibit little fear and often boldly attempt to steal food from tables and raid compost bins. Brush-turkeys in more urbanized areas show reduced fear compared to birds in national parks. They nest in suburban gardens, and in search of material for their nests remove enormous amounts of mulch from gardens.

Habitat
The Australian brushturkey inhabits rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests, but can also be found in drier scrubs and open areas. In the northern part of its range, the Australian brushturkey is most common at higher altitudes, but individuals move to the lowland areas in winter. In the south, it is common in both mountain and lowland regions.

Brushturkeys are now common in urban environments and can be found in backyards in both Brisbane and Sydney.

The range of the Australian brushturkey extends from the top of Cape York to approximately the area around Wollongong.

Population
Brushturkeys are fairly common presently, but in the 1930s, the bird was supposed to be approaching extinction.

Human interaction
The Australian brushturkey can damage gardens when raking up the ground looking for food. It can also cause extensive damage to food crops. The New South Wales Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Water provides hints for living with brushturkeys in urban environments.

They are sometimes hunted for food, including as part of the diet of Aboriginal Australians. Their eggs, which weigh on average 180 g, are also sometimes eaten.

The Australian brushturkey is fully protected in Queensland. Under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 it is an offence to harm brush turkeys. A class 1 offence incurs 3000 penalty units ($483,900) or two years imprisonment. A class 4 offence incurs 100 penalty units ($16,130).

In New South Wales, shooting a brush turkey has resulted in fines of up to A$22,000, under the Biodiversity Conservation Act.

title: Australian brushturkey


text: File:ICP JOKER6 Hellspit.jpg

title: File:ICP JOKER6 Hellspit.jpg


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Traditional grammar

Traditional grammar (also known as classical grammar) is a framework for the description of the structure of a language. The roots of traditional grammar are in the work of classical Greek and Latin philologists. The formal study of grammar based on these models became popular during the Renaissance.

Traditional grammars may be contrasted with more modern theories of grammar in theoretical linguistics, which grew out of traditional descriptions. While traditional grammars seek to describe how particular languages are used, or to teach people to speak or read them, grammar frameworks in contemporary linguistics often seek to explain the nature of language knowledge and ability. Traditional grammar is often prescriptive, and may be regarded as unscientific by those working in linguistics.

Traditional Western grammars classify words into parts of speech. They describe the patterns for word inflection, and the rules of syntax by which those words are combined into sentences.

History
Among the earliest studies of grammar are descriptions of Sanskrit, called vyākaraṇa. The Indian grammarian Pāṇini wrote the Aṣṭādhyāyī, a descriptive grammar of Sanskrit, sometime between the 4th and the 2nd century BCE. This work, along with some grammars of Sanskrit produced around the same time, is often considered the beginning of linguistics as a descriptive science, and consequently wouldn't be considered "traditional grammar" despite its antiquity. Although Pāṇini's work was not known in Europe until many centuries later, it is thought to have greatly influenced other grammars produced in Asia, such as the Tolkāppiyam, a Tamil grammar generally dated between the 2nd and 1st century BCE.

The formal study of grammar became popular in Europe during the Renaissance. Descriptive grammars were rarely used in Classical Greece or in Latin through the Medieval period. During the Renaissance, Latin and Classical Greek were broadly studied along with the literature and philosophy written in those languages. With the invention of the printing press and the use of Vulgate Latin as a lingua franca throughout Europe, the study of grammar became part of language teaching and learning.

Although complete grammars were rare, Ancient Greek philologists and Latin teachers of rhetoric produced some descriptions of the structure of language. The descriptions produced by classical grammarians (teachers of philology and rhetoric) provided a model for traditional grammars in Europe. According to linguist William Harris, "Just as the Renaissance confirmed Greco-Roman tastes in poetry, rhetoric and architecture, it established ancient Grammar, especially that which the Roman school-grammarians had developed by the 4th [century CE], as an inviolate system of logical expression." The earliest descriptions of other European languages were modeled on grammars of Latin. The primacy of Latin in traditional grammar persisted until the beginning of the 20th century.

The use of grammar descriptions in the teaching of language, including foreign language teaching and the study of language arts, has gone in and out of fashion. As education increasingly took place in vernacular languages at the close of the Renaissance, grammars of these languages were produced for teaching. Between 1801 and 1900 there were more than 850 grammars of English published specifically for use in schools. Mastering grammar rules like those derived from the study of Latin has at times been a specific goal of English-language education. This approach to teaching has, however, long competed with approaches that downplay the importance of grammar instruction. Similarly in foreign or second language teaching, the grammar-translation method based on traditional Latin teaching, in which the grammar of the language being learned is described in the student's native language, has competed with approaches such as the direct method or the communicative approach, in which grammar instruction is minimized.

Parts of speech
The parts of speech are an important element of traditional grammars, since patterns of inflection and rules of syntax each depend on a word's part of speech.

Although systems vary somewhat, typically traditional grammars name eight parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. These groupings are based on categories of function and meaning in Latin and other Indo-European languages. Some traditional grammars include other parts of speech, such as articles or determiners, though some grammars treat other groupings of words as subcategories of the major parts of speech.

The traditional definitions of parts of speech refer to the role that a word plays in a sentence, its meaning, or both.

 * A noun is a name for something—whatever one wants to refer to in order to talk about it.
 * A common noun refers to something abstract: a kind of object (table, radio), a kind of living thing (cat, person), a kind of place (home, city), a kind of action (running, laughter, extinction), a kind of attribute (redness, size), a kind of relationship (closeness, partnership), or anything at all, no matter how abstract (two, god, diversity, corporation).
 * A proper noun refers to a specific thing (Jesse Owens, Felix the Cat, Pittsburgh, Zeus).
 * A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun (she in place of her name).
 * An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun; it describes the thing referred to (red in "My shirt is red" or "My red shirt is in the laundry.").
 * A verb signifies the predicate of the sentence. That is, a verb indicates what is being asserted or asked about the subject of the sentence (is in "My shirt is red"; own in "I own this house"; ran in "Jesse Owens ran in the 1936 Olympics").
 * An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, other adverbs, or the whole sentence (happily in "People danced happily", "Happily, I was paid on time").
 * A preposition indicates a relationship between a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition, and another part of the sentence. The other part of the sentence may be a noun or pronoun, a verb, or an adjective. (in in "Jesse Owens ran in the 1936 Olympics"; on in "A store on Main St. sells antique chairs")
 * The object of a preposition takes an oblique case (me in "Amanda borrowed money from me"; see Oblique case).
 * A conjunction joins parts of sentences, such as nouns, verbs, or clauses, into larger units (and in "Mack Robinson and Jesse Owens ran in the 1936 Olympics"; because in "Amanda borrowed money from me because she needed to pay the rent").
 * An interjection expresses emotion (Ouch!) or calls to someone (Hey in "Hey, you!").

Contemporary linguists argue that classification based on a mixture of morphosyntactic function and semantic meaning is insufficient for systematic analysis of grammar. Such definitions are not sufficient on their own to assign a word an unambiguous part of speech. Nonetheless, similar definitions have been used in most traditional grammars.

Accidence
Accidence, also known as inflection, is the change of a word's form depending on its grammatical function. The change may involve the addition of affixes or else changes in the sounds of the word, known as vowel gradation or ablaut. Some words feature irregular inflection, not taking an affix or following a regular pattern of sound change.

Verbs, nouns, pronouns, and adjectives may be inflected for person, number, and gender.

The inflection of verbs is also known as conjugation. A verb has person and number, which must agree with the subject of the sentence.

Verbs may also be inflected for tense, aspect, mood, and voice. Verb tense indicates the time that the sentence describes. A verb also has mood, indicating whether the sentence describes reality or expresses a command, a hypothesis, a hope, etc. A verb inflected for tense and mood is called finite; non-finite verb forms are infinitives or participles. The voice of the verb indicates whether the subject of the sentence is active or passive in regard to the verb.

Number indicates whether the noun refers to one, two, or many instances of its kind.

Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives may also be inflected for case. The inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives is also known as declension. Noun case indicates how the noun relates to other elements of the sentence (I, me in "I see Jesse" and "Jesse sees me").

A traditional means of learning accidence is through conjugation tables or declension tables, lists of the various forms of a word for a learner to memorize. The following tables present partial conjugation of the Latin verb and its English equivalent, be.

This partial table includes only two tenses (present and preterite) and one mood (indicative) in addition to the infinitive. A more complete conjugation table for Latin would also include the subjunctive and imperative moods and the imperfect indicative, which indicates imperfective aspect. In English the imperative often has the same form as the infinitive, while the English subjunctive often has the same form as the indicative. English does not have imperfective aspect as Latin does; it has progressive and perfect aspects in addition to the simple form.

Syntax
Syntax is the set of rules governing how words combine into phrases and clauses. It deals with the formation of sentences, including rules governing or describing how sentences are formed. In traditional usage, syntax is sometimes called grammar, but the word grammar is also used more broadly to refer to various aspects of language and its usage.

In traditional grammar syntax, a sentence is analyzed as having two parts, a subject and a predicate. The subject is the thing being talked about. In English and similar languages, the subject usually occurs at the beginning of the sentence, but this is not always the case. The predicate comprises the rest of the sentence, all of the parts of the sentence that are not the subject.

The subject of a sentence is generally a noun or pronoun, or a phrase containing a noun or pronoun. If the sentence features active voice, the thing named by the subject carries out the action of the sentence; in the case of passive voice, the subject is affected by the action. In sentences with imperative mood, the subject may not be expressed.
 * Zoltan ate the cake. (Zoltan, the subject of this active sentence, carried out the action of eating.)
 * The cake was baked for Zora's birthday. (The cake, the subject of this passive sentence, is affected by the action of baking.)
 * Bake another cake. (In this imperative sentence, the subject is not expressed. The implied subject is you.)

The predicate of a sentence may have many parts, but the only required element is a finite verb. In addition to the verb, the predicate may contain one or more objects, a subject complement, object complements, adpositional phrases (in English, these are prepositional phrases), or adverbial elements.

Some verbs (called transitive verbs) take direct objects; some also take indirect objects. A direct object names the person or thing directly affected by the action of an active sentence. An indirect object names the entity indirectly affected. In a sentence with both a direct and an indirect object, the indirect object generally appears before the direct object.

In the following sentence, the direct object, the book, is directly affected by the action; it is what is given. The indirect object, Nikolai, is indirectly affected; he receives the book as a result of it being given. In place of an indirect object, a prepositional phrase beginning with to or for may occur after the direct object.
 * Yuri gave Nikolai the book.
 * Yuri gave the book to Nikolai.

A subject complement (variously called a predicative expression, predicative, predicate noun or adjective, or complement) appears in a predicate with a linking verb (also called a copula). A subject complement is a noun, adjective, or phrase that refers to the subject of the linking verb, illustrated in the following examples. While subject complements describe or modify the subject of a linking verb, object complements describe or modify nouns in the predicate, typically direct or indirect objects, or objects of adpositions. In the following example, the phrase sun's origin is a complement of the direct object Japan.
 * Elizabeth is a doctor.
 * Salim is clever.
 * Kerli is from Estonia.
 * Chinese scholars called Japan "sun's origin".

A subject and a predicate together make up a clause.

Although some traditional grammars consider adpositional phrases and adverbials part of the predicate, many grammars call these elements adjuncts, meaning they are not a required element of the syntactic structure. Adjuncts may occur anywhere in a sentence.

Adpositional phrases can add to or modify the meaning of nouns, verbs, or adjectives. An adpositional phrase is a phrase that features either a preposition, a postposition, or a circumposition. All three types of words have similar function; the difference is where the adposition appears relative to the other words in the phrase. Prepositions occur before their complements while postpositions appear after. Circumpositions consist of two parts, one before the complement and one after.
 * French prepositional phrase: sur la table ("on the table")
 * Chinese postpositional phrase: 桌子上 (zhuōzi shàng, "on the table")
 * Sorani Kurdish circumpostional phrase: la Kurdistân' â ("in Kurdistan")

An adverbial consists of either a single adverb, an adverbial phrase, or an adverbial clause that modifies either the verb or the sentence as a whole. Some traditional grammars consider adpositional phrases a type of adverb, but many grammars treat these as separate. Adverbials may modify time, place, or manner. Negation is also frequently indicated with adverbials, including adverbs such as English not.

title: Traditional grammar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diagon

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:23, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Diagon
Neologism cohesion 08:27, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. --TheMidnighters 08:47, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Absolutely, as per above. EvilPhoenix talk 09:06, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We vote on each neologism. --Wetman 09:56, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as neologism. Hamster Sandwich 10:31, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. DarthVader 11:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Diagon Alley. Redirects are cheap and easy! Pburka 16:40, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diagon