text:
Monday Night Football (British TV programme)

Monday Night Football (MNF) (also known as Bet365 or Renault Monday Night Football for sponsorship reasons) is a British football programme on Sky Sports which broadcasts live English football from the Premier League.

Original run
Sky television's acquisition of rights to broadcast live Premier League football from the start of the 1992–93 season saw them attempt innovations such as digital on-screen graphics (DOG) and Monday night live games. The first Monday Night Football game broadcast was between Manchester City and Queens Park Rangers on 17 August 1992, which ended in a 1–1 draw. To give the broadcasts a different look to Sky's Super Sunday strand, the broadcaster introduced the "Sky Strikers", a dance troupe similar to American cheerleaders. This pre-match and half-time entertainment was dropped after the first season.

The show had a number of different formats after its launch. The first change led to the merging of Andy Gray's Boot Room format into the show; analysing the previous weekend's football matches utilising the latest computer technology combined with Gray's individual analysis. As the UEFA Champions League gained in importance for Premier League clubs, the number of games played on Monday night declined. Sky Sports then reverted to a format similar to that of Ford Super Sunday with a presenter (Jeff Stelling) and studio guests.

In 2004–05, the analysis section was then incorporated into an additional programme shown after Ford Super Sunday, called Ford Super Sunday: The Last Word.

The show ended after the 2006–07 season when Setanta and subsequently ESPN obtained the rights for Monday night Premier League games.

1992-2016 : Ford Monday Night Football

From its launch on August 17, 1992 to May 2016, the programme was known as Ford Monday Night Football [with the exception of the 1994/1995 and 1995/1996 seasons when the programme was titled Ford Escort Monday Night Football] and was sponsored by Ford, in a partnership between the American motor company and Sky Sports that ran for 24 years.

2016–present Monday Night Football

Following the end of Ford's association with Sky Sports' coverage of the Premier League, the company's name was dropped from the programme's title in 2016 alongside three of Sky Sports' live Premier League programming titles named under the company's name (e.g. "Ford Super Sunday, "Ford Football Special and "Ford Saturday Night Football Live"), with the show simply being known as Monday Night Football.

Current run
Monday Night Football returned from the 2010–11 season after Sky regained the rights to Monday night Premier League games. The games broadcast kick off at 20:00 on Monday nights. The show also started broadcasting in high-definition. Due to the structure of the broadcasting packages for the three seasons 2010–11 to 2012-13), Sky broadcast a minimum of twelve live Premier League games on Monday nights.

Before the departures of Richard Keys and Andy Gray, the programme had a different appearance to Super Sunday, presented by Keys and Gray from a purpose-built studio with Gray's analysis also returning from its Sunday evening slot. After the pair's unscheduled departure from Sky in January 2011, the first half-hour of analysis was dropped, and for the remainder of the season the show was presented from the stadium in largely the same format as Sunday or midweek Premier League matches, with a rotation of presenters and pundits, although the Monday Night Football graphics and branding were retained.

Ed Chamberlin was given the presenting role for the 2011–12 season, with Gary Neville as the new analyst. The show also returned to its previous format in the purpose-built analysis studio, with Chamberlin and Neville carrying out the same roles as Keys and Gray the previous season.

In 2013, following his retirement from professional football, Jamie Carragher joined the Monday Night Football show, to form a regular three-man line-up alongside Chamberlin and Neville. The first Monday Night Football of the 2013-14 season, and Carragher's first appearance, aired on 19 August 2013 with the Manchester City against Newcastle United game. Manchester City won the game 4–0.

Following Neville's appointment as interim head coach of Valencia in December 2015, he left the show to focus on his managerial duties. After leaving Valencia in March 2016 due to a poor run of results, Neville's return to Sky in his previous role was confirmed on 10 August 2016, ahead of the 2016–17 football season; he made his on-air return on 14 August, although from there on he would not appear on every MNF, with some episodes instead involving special guests such as Roy Keane and Thierry Henry appear alongside Carragher.

In 2016 David Jones took over as anchor presenter from Chamberlin, who had left Sky to take over ITV's horse racing coverage.

In 2023, Sky Sports confirmed there would be a new studio for Monday Night Football to develop the programme. This featured more analysis, a new regular pundit of Karen Carney joining Jamie Carragher and Gary Neville, and a new earlier start time of 18:30.

Presenters

 * 1992–2003, 2010–2011: Richard Keys
 * 2003–2005: Ian Payne
 * 2005–2007: Jeff Stelling
 * 2011–2016: Ed Chamberlin
 * 2016–present: David Jones

Pundits

 * Jamie Carragher (Primary pundit)
 * Gary Neville (Main secondary pundit)
 * Karen Carney (Main secondary pundit)
 * Thierry Henry (Frequent secondary pundit)
 * Roy Keane (Frequent secondary pundit)
 * Frank Lampard (Two shows, 2015 and 2016)
 * Roberto Martinez (Two shows, 2015 and 2018)
 * Brendan Rodgers (One show, 2016)
 * Jurgen Klopp (One show, 2016)
 * Ryan Giggs (One show, 2016)
 * Claudio Ranieri (One show, 2017)
 * Alan Pardew (One show, 2017)
 * Craig Bellamy (One show, 2017)
 * Wayne Rooney (Two shows, 2018 and 2022)
 * Graeme Souness (One show, 2018)
 * Rafael Benítez (One show, 2019)
 * Micah Richards (One show, 2020)
 * Mauricio Pochettino (One show, 2020)
 * Eddie Howe (One show, 2020)
 * Rob Green (One show, 2021)
 * Chris Coleman (One show, 2021)
 * Mark Hughes (One show, 2021)
 * Steph Houghton (One show, 2021)
 * Dominic Calvert-Lewin (One show, 2021)


text: User talk:70.50.4.135

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.50.4.135


text:
User:Mareklug

--

"2015-05-21 [23:30:03] 	all text is basically good. but only poetry is ______better______________."

Squeeze me, stretch me...

⚉ BLACK CIRCLE WITH TWO WHITE DOTS Unicode: U+2689, UTF-8: E2 9A 89 my home page number one, as preserved in archive.org [click the button  LATEST , again and again, if need be, should RCN Corporation's gravely stooooopid newly implemented robots.txt get between you and the nekkid truth]

♒ AQUARIUS Unicode: U+2652 U+FE0E, UTF-8: E2 99 92 EF B8 8E email: mailto:marek@enteract.com

♁ EARTH Unicode: U+2641, UTF-8: E2 99 81 my professional English: http://mareklug.freeshell.org/ (my home page number three)

☭ HAMMER AND SICKLE Unicode: U+262D, UTF-8: E2 98 AD where: Chicago, IL, USA/Cincinnati, OH, USA

☀ BLACK SUN WITH RAYS Unicode: U+2600 U+FE0E, UTF-8: E2 98 80 EF B8 8E commons:User:Mareklug

☃ SNOWMAN Unicode: U+2603, UTF-8: E2 98 83 (...rather look up Bałwan (posąg)) meta:User:Mareklug

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♕ LIGHTSTEELBLUE CHESS QUEEN

A pie for you!

 * Why, thank you ever so kindly. A most unexpected reward.  Now that I have taken a gander at your user page, and your "ravening" WP:DYK (congrats!), I got inspired to write down a true story in a form of a time-honored didactic device from the zen tradition and a literary form taught to me by my teacher and friend Douglas R. Hofstadter. (vide section directly below) --Mareklug talk 08:13, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

A kōan for Crow
--Mareklug talk 08:13, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

Ford Island

 * And you did it, Tom! Your heroic effort to get it done, mostly through your edits, and to get it done in time for the article to feature as a Featured Article on the Main Page on the anniversary of the day that shall forever live in infamy, well.  Tom, for this you deserve a star of its own joy and designing.  Allow me:

 * Gwiazda AnM.svg --Mareklug talk 10:59, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

A kitten for you!
This wiki-kitten is here to thank you for your continued edits on Polish-related toipics! Dziekujemy!

Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:36, 24 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks! ...I guess I have to obtain condiments for the kitten on my own... ;(  --Mareklug talk 21:46, 25 April 2015 (UTC)

A Barnstar of Good Humor for you
de:Benutzer:Mareklug es:Usuario:Mareklug fr:Utilisateur:Mareklug pl:Wikipedysta:Mareklug uk:Користувач:Mareklug vi:Thành viên:Mareklug

title: User:Mareklug


text:
User talk:T-mccool

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Sam Vimes 15:45, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

 * That book you're about to read is called Night Watch (wow, I managed to remember that one without actually looking on my book shelf) - I probably shouldn't link you to the WP article, as it probably contains a lot of spoilers! ;) Sam Vimes 09:20, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:T-mccool


text:
User:Invisible Queen

Invisible Queen 21:10, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Invisible Queen


text:
Steinhart–Hart equation

The Steinhart–Hart equation is a model relating the varying electrical resistance of a semiconductor to its varying temperatures. The equation is

 * $$\frac{1}{T} = A + B \ln R + C (\ln R)^3,$$

where
 * $$T$$ is the temperature (in kelvins),
 * $$R$$ is the resistance at $$T$$ (in ohms),
 * $$A$$, $$B$$, and $$C$$ are the Steinhart–Hart coefficients, which are characteristics specific to the bulk semiconductor material over a given temperature range of interest.

Application
When applying a thermistor device to measure temperature, the equation relates a measured resistance to the device temperature, or vice versa.

Finding temperature from resistance and characteristics
The equation model converts the resistance actually measured in a thermistor to its theoretical bulk temperature, with a closer approximation to actual temperature than simpler models, and valid over the entire working temperature range of the sensor. Steinhart–Hart coefficients for specific commercial devices are ordinarily reported by thermistor manufacturers as part of the device characteristics.

Finding characteristics from measurements of resistance at known temperatures
Conversely, when the three Steinhart–Hart coefficients of a specimen device are not known, they can be derived experimentally by a curve fitting procedure applied to three measurements at various known temperatures. Given the three temperature-resistance observations, the coefficients are solved from three simultaneous equations.

Inverse of the equation
To find the resistance of a semiconductor at a given temperature, the inverse of the Steinhart–Hart equation must be used. See the Application Note, "A, B, C Coefficients for Steinhart–Hart Equation".
 * $$R = \exp\left(\sqrt[3]{y - x/2} - \sqrt[3]{y + x/2}\right),$$

where
 * $$\begin{align}

x &= \frac{1}{C}\left(A - \frac{1}{T}\right), \\ y &= \sqrt{\left(\frac{B}{3C}\right)^3 + \frac{x^2}{4}}. \end{align}$$

Steinhart–Hart coefficients
To find the coefficients of Steinhart–Hart, we need to know at-least three operating points. For this, we use three values of resistance data for three known temperatures.
 * $$\begin{bmatrix}

1 & \ln R_1 & \ln^3 R_1 \\ 1 & \ln R_2 & \ln^3 R_2 \\ 1 & \ln R_3 & \ln^3 R_3 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} A \\ B \\ C \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{1}{T_1} \\ \frac{1}{T_2} \\ \frac{1}{T_3} \end{bmatrix} $$

With $$R_1$$, $$R_2$$ and $$R_3$$ values of resistance at the temperatures $$T_1$$, $$T_2$$ and $$T_3$$, one can express $$A$$, $$B$$ and $$C$$ (all calculations):

 * $$\begin{align}

L_1 &= \ln R_1, \quad L_2 = \ln R_2, \quad L_3 = \ln R_3 \\ Y_1 &= \frac{1}{T_1}, \quad Y_2 = \frac{1}{T_2}, \quad Y_3 = \frac{1}{T_3} \\ \gamma_2 &= \frac{Y_2 - Y_1}{L_2 - L_1}, \quad \gamma_3 = \frac{Y_3 - Y_1}{L_3 - L_1} \\ \Rightarrow C &= \left( \frac{ \gamma_3 - \gamma_2 }{ L_3 - L_2} \right) \left(L_1 + L_2 + L_3\right)^{-1} \\ \Rightarrow B &= \gamma_2 - C \left(L_1^2 + L_1 L_2 + L_2^2\right) \\ \Rightarrow A &= Y_1 - \left(B + L_1^2 C\right) L_1 \end{align}$$

History
The equation was developed by John S. Steinhart and Stanley R. Hart, who first published it in 1968.

Derivation and alternatives
The most general form of the equation can be derived from extending the B parameter equation to an infinite series:
 * $$R = R_0 e^{B\left(\frac{1}{T} - \frac{1}{T_0}\right)}$$
 * $$\frac{1}{T} = \frac{1}{T_0} + \frac{1}{B} \left(\ln \frac{R}{R_0}\right) = a_0 + a_1 \ln \frac{R}{R_0}$$
 * $$\frac{1}{T} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n \left(\ln \frac{R}{R_0}\right)^n$$

$$R_0$$ is a reference (standard) resistance value. The Steinhart–Hart equation assumes $$ R_0$$ is 1 ohm. The curve fit is much less accurate when it is assumed $$a_2=0$$ and a different value of $$R_0$$ such as 1 kΩ is used. However, using the full set of coefficients avoids this problem as it simply results in shifted parameters.

In the original paper, Steinhart and Hart remark that allowing $$a_2 \neq 0$$ degraded the fit. This is surprising as allowing more freedom would usually improve the fit. It may be because the authors fitted $$1/T$$ instead of $$T$$, and thus the error in $$T$$ increased from the extra freedom. Subsequent papers have found great benefit in allowing $$a_2 \neq 0$$.

The equation was developed through trial-and-error testing of numerous equations, and selected due to its simple form and good fit. However, in its original form, the Steinhart–Hart equation is not sufficiently accurate for modern scientific measurements. For interpolation using a small number of measurements, the series expansion with $$n=4$$ has been found to be accurate within 1 mK over the calibrated range. Some authors recommend using $$n=5$$. If there are many data points, standard polynomial regression can also generate accurate curve fits. Some manufacturers have begun providing regression coefficients as an alternative to Steinhart–Hart coefficients.

title: Steinhart–Hart equation


text:
Columbus Blue Birds

The Columbus Blue Birds were a professional Negro league baseball team based in Columbus, Ohio in 1931 and 1933.

Founding
Their name appears to have been derived from that of the Columbus Red Birds, the top-level minor league baseball team that played in the American Association from 1931 through 1954.

Columbus was an associate team to the first Negro National League in 1931.

The Blue Birds, which were one of the five founder members of the second incarnation of the Negro National League, were organized under the ownership of WJ Peebles of Columbus.

Peebles was reported to have built up "a formidable aggregation" and one that was fast growing in favor in the capital city.

Several players, who formerly wore the colors of the Homestead Grays and Kansas City Monarchs had been added to the Birds' roster for their first season.

League play
Columbus started the season well, but proved too weak and finished the first half of the split season in last place of the six team league with a record of 11-18.

Demise
The team was disbanded and ended up merging with the Akron Tyrites, one of the top independent Negro league teams of their day. The merged team more or less became the Cleveland Giants, which finished the season.

Notable players
Batting champion Leroy Morney and slugger Jabbo Andrews were the top stars.
 * Jabbo Andrews
 * Ameal Brooks
 * Bill Byrd
 * Lou Dials
 * Dizzy Dismukes
 * Leroy Morney
 * Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe

title: Columbus Blue Birds


text:
Valerian Albanov

Valerian Ivanovich Albanov (Валериа́н Ива́нович Альбанов; 26 May 1881 – 1919) was a Russian navigator, best known for being one of two survivors of the Brusilov expedition of 1912, which killed 22.

Early life
Albanov was born in 1881 in Voronezh and was raised by his uncle in the city of Ufa. At the age of seventeen he entered the Naval College at Saint Petersburg, from which he graduated in 1904.

Brusilov expedition
He served on board a number of ships before signing on as navigator aboard the Svyataya Anna, under Captain Georgy Brusilov, for an intended expedition to traverse the Northern Sea Route – a feat which only once before had been successfully completed, by explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld.

The expedition was ill-planned and ill-executed by Brusilov, and the Svyataya Anna became locked in the sea ice of the Kara Sea in October 1912. Supplies were abundant, so officers and crew prepared themselves for wintering, hoping to be freed in the following year's thaw. However, during 1913, the sea remained completely frozen. By early 1914, the ship had drifted with the ice northwest of Franz Josef Land, and did not seem likely to be freed that year either.

Journey across the ice
Albanov, believing that their position was hopeless, requested permission from Captain Brusilov to be relieved from his duties as second-in-command to leave the ship and attempt to return to civilization on foot. Albanov's aim was to reach Hvidtenland, the northeasternmost island group of Franz Josef Land. He used Fridtjof Nansen's inaccurate map, full of dotted lines where the archipelago was still unexplored.

Thirteen other crewmen accompanied Albanov when he travelled south-westwards by ski, sledge, and kayak. The progress was difficult because of the cracks in the ice, the numerous polynias and the abundance of ridges which made progress slow. After a long and gruesome ordeal, only Albanov and one crewman, Alexander Konrad, made it to Cape Flora on Northbrook Island, where they knew that Frederick George Jackson had left provisions and a hut in a previous expedition. Albanov and Konrad were rescued by timely arrival of the Svyatoy Foka, while they were preparing for the winter.

Later life
Albanov was later convinced to write up his memoirs of his adventure, and they were first published in Saint Petersburg in 1917. He returned to the sea, but died only a couple years later.

Accounts of his death vary, with some having him die of typhoid, and some reporting that he was killed in the explosion of a railway wagon carrying munitions in Achinsk, in the Governorate of Yeniseysk in Siberia.

Legacy
The data about the drift of the Svyataya Anna on the pack ice of the Kara Sea supplied by Albanov were carefully studied in 1924, by Soviet oceanographer Vladimir Wiese. He detected an odd deviation of the path of the ship's drift caused by certain variations of the patterns of sea and ice currents. Wiese deemed that the deviation was caused by the presence of an undiscovered island whose coordinates he was able to calculate with precision thanks to Albanov's data. This island was later discovered and named Wiese Island.

In 1975, Arctic expert William Barr wrote, "The name of Valerian Ivanovich Albanov must be ranked among those of the immortals of polar exploration."

A glacier in October Revolution Island, in the Severnaya Zemlya group has been named after Valerian Albanov. A Russian expedition in September 2010, following the route of the crew members left behind, found some remainders of them: a human skeleton, a watch, snowshoes, a knife, a spoon with a sailor's initials, and sunglasses made from empty rum bottles' glass in the shores of Franz Josef Land.

title: Valerian Albanov


text:
Low (Foo Fighters song)

"Low" was the third single to be released from the Foo Fighters' fourth album One by One, released in 2002. It was released as a single in 2003. Dave Grohl described "Low" as "the kind of song that you pray would be a single. (...) It’s the one that everybody likes, but there’s just no way ’cause it’s too weird." The song began as an instrumental demo written by Grohl and drummer Taylor Hawkins in Hawkins' home studio in Topanga, California, some time after the 2002 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.

The official music video features Grohl and Jack Black entering a motel, where they proceed to get drunk, cross-dress and wreck the motel room. Originally, Grohl wanted to just film Black dancing in drag for four minutes with no edits, but director Jesse Peretz convinced him otherwise, instead creating the storyline about rednecks in lingerie at a motel room. The video was banned on MTV for its content.

A live version recorded on December 4, 2002, at the Oslo Spektrum was released with the Special Norwegian Edition of the One by One album.

The B-Side, "Never Talking to You Again", is a Hüsker Dü cover, originally from the album Zen Arcade.

CD (Australia)
"Low" video (CD-ROM) CD-ROM bonus clip "Chris' Hair" NOTE: The track listing on the Australian single is incorrectly labelled, with Enough Space and Never Talking to You Again in switched play order
 * 1) "Low" - 4:33
 * 2) "Enough Space" (Live in Copenhagen, Denmark, 5 December 2002)
 * 3) "Never Talking to You Again" (Hüsker Dü cover) (Live in Hamburg, Germany 1 Dec 2002)

DVD/EP (U.S./Canada)

 * 1) "Low" (Video)
 * 2) "Times Like These" (Video)
 * 3) "Times Like These" (UK video)
 * 4) "Times Like These" (Acoustic video)

CD1 (UK)
CD-ROM bonus clip "Chris' Hair"
 * 1) "Low"
 * 2) "Never Talking to You Again" (Hüsker Dü cover) (Live in Hamburg, Germany, 1 Dec 2002)

CD2 (UK)
"Low" video (CD-ROM)
 * 1) "Low"
 * 2) "Enough Space" (Live in Copenhagen, Denmark, 5 December 2002)

7-inch (UK)

 * 1) "Low"
 * 2) "Never Talking to You Again" (Hüsker Dü cover) (Live in Germany 1 Dec 2002)

title: Low (Foo Fighters song)


text:
Talk:Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art

Comments
Anyone out there have any knowledge of the sculpture here? I think it's Barbara Hepworth but it would good to have some detail. SeanMack 15:49, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't think that john watson's became george watson's. I think they were always separate. Does any one know what became of the plaque to headmaster john langhorne which used to be in the SNGMA building? pls see page "john watson's institution" (link from main article) thanks. (user = langhorne) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.136.179.126 (talk) 17:44, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

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text: Category:Urban economics

title: Category:Urban economics


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Gay shame

Gay shame

 * Nominated on 15:50, July 24, 2005 (UTC); needs 5 votes by 31 July.

This seems to be a significant enough movement with its own activities/history/events and tens of thousands of Google hits -- but until I made a stub article for it Wikipedia had nothing on it at all.

Support:
 * 1) Aris Katsaris 15:50, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) EatAlbertaBeef 04:58, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) D AVODD  04:01, July 29, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Widnes–Runcorn Transporter Bridge

The Widnes–Runcorn Transporter Bridge crossed the river Mersey and Manchester Ship Canal linking the towns of Runcorn and Widnes. Completed in 1905, it was Britain's first transporter bridge and the largest of its type ever built in the world. It continued in use until 22 July 1961, when it was replaced by a through arch bridge, now known as the Silver Jubilee Bridge. The transporter bridge was then demolished.

History
At the beginning of the 20th century the only means of crossing the river Mersey at Runcorn Gap were by rail on the Runcorn Railway Bridge (which also had a footpath) or by using the ancient ferry (a rowing boat). In the 1890s the Manchester Ship Canal had been constructed and this meant that the journey by ferry had to be made in two stages, with a climb over the wall of the canal between the stages. A road bridge was clearly needed but it would have to pass high enough over the canal to allow the passage of ocean-going ships. The cost of doing this was felt to be prohibitive.

In 1899 the Widnes & Runcorn Bridge Company was established under the chairmanship of Sir John Brunner to investigate the options. Their decision was to build a transporter bridge. This would be cheaper than an orthodox type of bridge and the passage of the transporter car could be timed to allow the passage of the ships. The first transporter bridge in the world had been opened in 1893 in Bilbao, Spain. This had been followed in 1898 by transporter bridges in Rouen (France) and Bizerta (now Tunisia). Parliamentary approval had already been obtained for a transporter bridge over the River Usk at Newport, Monmouthshire. This was then followed by the construction of a transporter bridge in Middlesbrough over the River Tees in 1911.

An Act of Parliament was obtained in 1900 giving approval for the bridge, and the Act also allowed for the formal ending of the ferry. It was designed by John Webster and John Wood. Construction began in December 1901 and was completed in 1905. The cost was £130,000. The transporter bridge was opened (in the absence of King Edward VII who was indisposed) by Sir John Brunner on 29 May 1905.

During the following years there were problems both with the functioning of the bridge and with its financing. The company could not make it pay and in 1911 it was sold to Widnes Corporation. Several improvements were made to the bridge over the years. In its later years it made 49,000 journeys annually, carrying 280,000 cars, 145,000 commercial vehicles and over 2 million passengers. However, it was inadequate for the growing needs of the region and its physical condition was deteriorating. A fixed high-level bridge was needed and this was eventually opened on 21 July 1961. The transporter bridge closed the following day and was later demolished.

Structure

The two towers were 180 ft high and the distance between them spanned by a truss was 1000 ft. The weight of the cables suspending the girder was 250 tons. The underside of the girder was 82 ft above the high water level. The transporter car was 55 ft long and 24 ft wide and was designed to carry 4 two-horse farm waggons and 300 passengers. A shelter was provided for the passengers. The bottom of the car was 12 ft above high water level and it cleared the ship canal wall by 4.5 ft. It was suspended from a moving trolley 77 ft long. In conditions of reasonable weather and load the journey took 2.5 minutes. The driver was sited in a cabin on top of the car from which he had an uninterrupted view in all directions. An endless wire rope, pulled by a winch housed in the power house, provided the power to move the trolley across the River Mersey. The winch on the Widnes side pulled the trolley towards Widnes and Runcorn in turn. Approach roads of 320 ft on the Widnes side and 470 ft on the Runcorn side were built.

Present day
The former approaches to the transporter bridge at the bottom of Waterloo Road, Runcorn, and Mersey Road, Widnes, can still be seen. On the Widnes side the power house remains and it has been designated as a Grade II* listed building by English Heritage. Transporter Building, the former office building, also remains nearby in Mersey Road.

title: Widnes–Runcorn Transporter Bridge


text:
Category:Aether theories

A category for pages that refer to theories of the aether (or "ether" ), a hypothetical physical medium (particulate or non-particulate) in which light might be said to propagate.

title: Category:Aether theories


text:
Ian Payne (sports broadcaster)

Ian Payne (born 16 December 1962) is a British broadcaster. He is currently a sports correspondent at ITV News and the host of early breakfast 4am-7am current affairs phone-in show on LBC. He previously worked as a presenter for Radio 5 Live and Sky Sports.

Early life and education
Payne was born in Germany on 16 December 1962. His father, Peter Payne, is a consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist. He was educated at Radley College, Abingdon, an independent school, and then at Royal Holloway College and Lancashire Polytechnic. Before embarking on his broadcasting career, he worked as a teacher, a dustman and a hospital laundry assistant. While travelling through New Zealand, he was briefly employed by a farmer to bury goats.

Early BBC career
Payne began his career in 1986 working as a trainee journalist on BBC Radio Lancashire, a position in which he won an award as Northwest Young Journalist of the Year. In 1988 he was promoted to a national role in the BBC Radio network's sport division, initially as a producer on Radio 2 and then in a variety of programmes including Radio 4's Today. His profile became even higher when he moved to BBC Radio 5 Live, where he presented coverage of major events such as the FA Cup Final and the finals of Rugby League and Rugby Union championships and fronted Sport on 5, the channel's flagship offering. In 2000 he became the presenter of 5 Live's weekday afternoon show. His work for the BBC won him two Sony Radio Awards.

Sky Sports
Payne joined Sky in 2003 initially presenting Monday Night Football. He was replaced by Jeff Stelling from the start of the 2005–06 season. He presented FA Cup coverage during 2005–06, and the League Cup from 2003 to 2006. Following Rob McCaffrey's departure from Sky, Payne hosted Gillette Soccer Special on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, before taking over as anchor of Goals on Sunday.

Return to BBC
Payne returned to Radio 5 Live in June 2010, again mainly presenting 5 Live Sport, as well as standing in on Up All Night, Tony Livesey's programme, and Weekend Breakfast.

In addition, Payne presented Scores, a Saturday sports programme on LBC, and also contributed to LBC's blog. Payne also presented the London and South East edition of the BBC Football League programme Late Kick Off in March 2011.

As a freelance, on 5 November 2010 Payne crossed National Union of Journalists picket lines to present a BBC Breakfast radio programme that was broadcast on 5 Live, Radio Ulster and Radio Scotland. He also crossed NUJ picket lines to present 5 Live Breakfast with Julia Bradbury on 15 July 2011.

ITV News
On 2 September 2013, Payne became the new ITV News Sports Correspondent, replacing BBC-bound Natalie Pirks.

Other TV work
In June 2012, Payne started presenting on Sports Tonight Live, a new sports television channel that broadcasts on Primetime Channel 498 on Sky. Payne continued to work for the station from the start of the 2012–13 football season, presenting every Tuesday and Wednesday night from 7-10pm alongside his regular guest, former Arsenal midfielder Perry Groves.

LBC
Payne presented Scores on Global Radio's LBC, a sports based talk show which aired from 3pm to 6:30pm on Saturday afternoons. In 2015, Payne's show was changed from being sports based to being a news phone-in discussion programme, with the new airtime of 3pm to 6pm on Saturdays.

In April 2018, Payne's show moved to the 'Early Breakfast' timeslot of 4am to 7am on Saturdays.

From 2018, Payne presents a Saturday & Sunday afternoon show 3-6pm, plus a cover presenter for Saturday Breakfast and other weekday shows across LBC network.

From 2020, Payne presents drive on LBC News between 4-7pm Monday - Wednesday, plus from September 2020 presents Saturday morning show 4-7am & Sunday afternoon show 4-7pm, plus cover presenter on LBC network.

In August 2022, Payne began a new Monday to Thursday late-night phone-in programme, between 10pm and 1am, replacing Tom Swarbrick who moved to the Drivetime programme.

In February 2023, Payne moved from late night, replacing Steve Allen on weekday mornings 4am-7am, with a phone in programme.

Personal life
Payne is a fan of Leeds United. He resides in Brentford, West London.

Payne is diagnosed with bipolar disorder, which is managed with mood stabiliser medication.

title: Ian Payne (sports broadcaster)


text:
Talk:Sisterhood Of The Traveling Pants

Should be merged into The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants --- Mike 15:51, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Not really, while this artical is more about the Sisterhood and it's members, T.S.O.F.T.T.P. is about the book in general. --Wack'd About Wiki 04:52, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

um.. it is actually T.S.O.T.T.P (the sisterhood of the traveling pants) there is no (F) Tiffanyroxmysox (talk) 21:32, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sisterhood Of The Traveling Pants


text:
Uncommon Ritual

Uncommon Ritual is the second album released by Sony Classical of string trios, following Appalachia Waltz, with unusual instrumentation and influences from bluegrass and folk music to create an Americana-style of traditional classical music. Uncommon Ritual adds jazz, blues, and elements from world music to the mix. Regarding the genre-defying nature of the music, New York Times music critic Ben Ratliff wrote, "Despite its inclusion of Bach and Pablo de Sarasate's "Zigeunerweisen", Uncommon Ritual is not a classical album. But neither does it belong to bluegrass, traditional Irish music, jazz or any of the other traditions it lightly borrows from. It's sort of a chamberized health shake of music that's acceptable to a National Public Radio listenership: it comes with an unmistakable patina of culture, the pieces are brief and funny and the sound of the music is comfortably familiar." The trio includes double-bassist and composer Edgar Meyer, banjoist and composer Béla Fleck, and mandolin player Mike Marshall. The album is noted for the variety of instruments used, and the performers' ability to change instruments fluently within songs. The pairing of these three musicians was new for the recording of this album; however, Meyer and Fleck's musical relationship dates back to the mid '80s.

Track listing

 * 1) "Uncommon Ritual" (Edgar Meyer)
 * 2) "Seesaw" (Béla Fleck)
 * 3) "Sliding Down" (Meyer)
 * 4) "Chromium Picolinate" (Meyer, Fleck)
 * 5) "Contramonkey" (Meyer)
 * 6) "Chance Meeting" (Meyer)
 * 7) "Zigeunerweisen" (Pablo de Sarasate - arr: Mike Marshall, Meyer)
 * 8) "Travis" (Fleck)
 * 9) "Old Tyme" (Meyer)
 * 10) "Contrapunctus VIII from The Art of the Fugue" (Johann Sebastian Bach - arr: Fleck, Marshall, Meyer)
 * 11) Third movement from Amalgamations for solo bass (Meyer)
 * 12) "By the River" (Meyer)
 * 13) "Big Country" (Fleck)
 * 14) "Barnyard Disturbance" (Meyer)
 * 15) "In the Garden" (Meyer)
 * 16) "Child's Play" (Marshall)
 * 17) "The Big Cheese" (Fleck, Marshall, Meyer)

Personnel

 * Edgar Meyer, bass; piano and mandocello on "Sliding Down"
 * Béla Fleck, banjo; mandolin on "Sliding Down"; guitar on "Sliding Down", "Travis", and "By the River"
 * Mike Marshall, mandolin; mandocello on "Uncommon Ritual" and "Travis"; mandola on "Sliding Down", "Travis", and "In the Garden"; guitar on "Sliding Down" and "Big Country"

title: Uncommon Ritual


text:
Guillem Balagué

Guillem Balagué (born 2 November 1968) is a Spanish football journalist, author, and pundit. He was a regular pundit on Sky Sports' show Revista de la Liga and has also written for some of Britain's newspapers as well as several Spanish newspapers.

Journalism
In June 2008, Balagué launched his own personal website, featuring a blog, news and the opportunity to interact with him directly.

Balagué is a journalist and has written for several English and Spanish newspapers. He is currently preparing a football documentary and also the first Pep Guardiola biography in English. He has written articles in British newspapers The Times and The Observer, as well as a weekly column in the free daily commuter newspaper The Metro commenting mainly on stories involving continental football. He also occasionally writes for sport website Bleacher Report.

He is also well known for his work with Spanish football newspaper Diario AS and Spain's national radio station Cadena SER, where he features on phone-ins regularly.

Balagué and Gabriele Marcotti presented The Game podcast, hosted by The Times, for the 2007–08 Premier League season.

Balagué appeared as a contestant on an episode of Pointless Celebrities teamed with former Argentina international footballer Ossie Ardiles, first broadcast on 29 April 2017.

His book, ''Cristiano Ronaldo. The Biography'' was named Football Book of the Year 2016 in Polish Sports Book Awards (Sportowa Książka Roku).

Since Sky Sports lost their rights to La Liga he has appeared many Thursdays on BBC Radio 5 Live's Football Daily, Euro Leagues podcast. He has also worked for CBS Sports in the US on their UEFA Champions League coverage and hosted the travelogue series Destination: European Nights for Paramount+.

Involvement in football
In 2013, Balagué became a B licensed coach. In 2014, he became Director of Football at English non-league football team Biggleswade United, and is now the chairman of the club.

title: Guillem Balagué


text: File:SmithfieldSeal.jpg

title: File:SmithfieldSeal.jpg


text:
Talk:Richard Carpenter (screenwriter)

Untitled
"(With Michael Praed, later Jason Connery)"? Wouldn't it be more informative to write it as: "(Starring Michael Praed, later Jason Connery)" or "(Starring Michael Praed in the first two seasons and Jason Connery in the third season)"? The current text suggests that Praed and Connery helped Carpenter write the scripts. Peter Knutsen 15:55, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Year of birth
Further to the correction to the date of birth made by Richard Carpenter's daughter (diff), a search on FreeBMD reveals 9 individuals named Richard Carpenter who had births registered between 1928 and 1935; but only one in or anywhere near King's Lynn, namely Richard M. Carpenter (mother's maiden-name Winkley), registered in the September-December quarter of 1929. This therefore represents independent documentary evidence for the change.

Jheald (talk) 13:41, 5 March 2012 (UTC) (an editor who very much enjoyed Robin of Sherwood, and who wishes everyone associated with Mr Carpenter long life).

External links modified
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title: Talk:Richard Carpenter (screenwriter)


text:
Constantin Zureiq

Constantin Zurayk (قنسطنطين زريق; 18 April 1909 – 11 August 2000) was a prominent  Syrian Arab intellectual who was one of the first to pioneer and express the importance of Arab nationalism. He stressed the urgent need to transform stagnant Arab society by means of rational thought and radical modification of the methods of thinking and acting. Some of his ideas, such as the "Arab mission" and "national philosophy" became key concepts for Arab nationalist thinkers. He was a strong proponent of the intellectual reformation of Arab society, emphasizing the need for rationalism and an ethical revolution.

Zurayik is credited with coining the term Nakba (Arabic for "the catastrophe") to refer to the flight of Palestinians in his 1948 book Maʿna an-Nakba.

Life and academic career
Constantine Zurayk was born in Damascus, Syria Vilayet on April 18, 1909, during the waning years of the ruling Ottoman Empire, to a Greek Orthodox Christian family. He received his primary and secondary education in the Orthodox school systems and had an obsession with acquiring knowledge. He continued his education at the American University of Beirut, and eventually received his PhD at Princeton University all by the age of twenty-one. He immediately turned to teaching and became a professor of history at the American University of Beirut.

After receiving his PhD, Zurayk focused his aims in teaching and politics. Alongside his work as a tenured professor, Zurayk experimented as the 1st Counselor to the Syrian Legation of the United States in 1945, and acted as the delegate to the UN Security Council and to the UN General Assembly in 1946.

Zurayk later took an offer to become the vice president of the American University of Beirut in 1952, and completed his education by receiving his doctorate in literature at the University of Michigan in 1967.

He died 11 August 2000 in Beirut.

Views on Arab society
During the last fifty years of his life, Zurayk dedicated himself in attempting to solve the various issues revolving around Arab society. His goal was to discover a means of radically and expeditiously transforming Arab society into a practical, rational, and scientific society. Zurayk focused his attention on contemporary Arab society and the current crisis of Arab civilization. He blamed the change in Arab personality as the reason for the weakened Arab civilization. Zurayk noted that the turning away from the "ideas of unity, loyalty, and the universal outlook led to the replacement of the spiritual motivations with material ones". Although this process of decline was an internal cause, Zurayk attributed the cause of the Nahda, or modern Arab renaissance, to external factors. One of the external contributors, which Zurayk believed played a significant role in demanding change in Arab society, was "Western" or modern civilization. Because the West would continue to impose itself on Arab society, it was imperative that the Arabs work to understand and comprehend it in order to confront it. Zurayk urged the Arab society to keep up with modern civilization and accept, rather than disregard, the scientific and technological influences of modern civilization.

In order to revitalize the Arab society, Zurayk demanded that there must be a radical change in Arab life. He called "for science and productivity," and warned that the advancement of Arab society is dependent on whether that notion became a part of Arab's "feelings and thoughts and a source of their will".

Although science and technology were of utmost importance, Zurayk considered ideals of citizenship, nationalism, and unity as additional, necessary requirements for the modernization of Arab society. Zurayk insisted that the combination of rational powers and ethical powers would lead to a successful future.

Zurayk delved deeper to describe the primary challenge of Arab civilization. He believed rationalism was the "prerequisite that encompassed all other prerequisites" for a future, modern Arab society. The cultural backwardness remained the most dangerous battle in the fight for a modern Arab society, and only through rational thinking would the Arab society look towards the future, realize their human potentials, and build a higher civilization.

Zurayk made it clear that Arab society must join the modern world, and to do this, they must change their previous ways. Zurayk even left a list of changes that must be made in order for a revolution to succeed: there must be use of the machine on a wide scale, the state and religion must be separated, the scientific spirit of each individual and the society as a whole must be invigorated, and Arab society must be open toward the rational and spiritual values of other human civilizations.

Reflection and evaluation of Arab culture
For Zurayk, the human powers that make culture are the civilizational powers of human reason in its critical and creative functions. Zurayk focused on the values of honesty, hard work, perseverance, seriousness, commitment, responsibility, and freedom as the values that allow humans to acquire scientific knowledge and to develop a sense of beauty and justice. In this regard, Zurayk was inspired by the prominent Egyptian intellectual, Taha Hussein, who sternly believed that the advancement of Arab society was dependent on the education of every individual. Hussein was the Minister of Education at Cairo University in 1950 and was eventually able to provide free education for all Egyptians. Both intellectuals sought to help Arab people uncover their hidden gems that would lead to a more advanced Arab society. Zurayk focused on encouraging the Arab people to access their hidden human powers which would enable them to work toward a just and moral society. He introduced what he called the "revolution of reason," where he called for a national Arab unity based on a "secular democracy in which diverse individuals and communities can fulfill themselves in a framework of tolerance and mutual respect".

Contribution to Arab nationalism
For Zurayk, Arab nationalism was a "civilizational project rather than a defensive obsession with identity boundaries in need of protection". For the project to become successful, the responsibilities of the Arab people were great. Zurayk emphasized that Arab culture must be "earned and created by human effort". In his book In the Battle for Culture (1964), Zurayk further stresses the importance of the decisive role of human agency:

"The main factors in civilizational changes are in our view acquired volitional human factors.... Natural or environmental factors, such as race and heredity, geographic situation, economic system, and social, intellectual, and moral conditions, are all possibilities or bonds. And possibilities and bonds do not make life, nor do they give rise to cultures. It is the human being who becomes aware of these bonds and strives to overcome them, and who realizes the possibilities and works to fulfill them, who is the maker. It is with this awareness and this striving that civilizations rise and fall".

Zurayk essentially rejected the doctrines of determinism and monism that prevailed in theories of culture such as the progressive reason in European Enlightenment thinking, the evolutionary progress in the positivism of Darwin, and the will of God in monotheism. He believed the doctrines to be "superimposed on human history rather than derived from its concrete givens".

Zurayk's first notable publication, based on a lecture that he gave in 1938, was entitled The Arab Consciousness (al-Wa`i al-`Arabi). In the book, he introduced the concept of the "Arab mission" and stated that the aim of each nation was "the message it brings to human culture and general civilization" and that a nation without a mission was not worthy of the name. The consciousness of having a "national mission" would bring the Arab struggle for independence new strength and meaning and would regain for the Arabs their world role. As for the Arab mission itself, in the current age it would be "to absorb the knowledge of the West and to join it with the views that have arisen in reaction to it, and to combine them in a new unity that will be a sign of the coming life, and that the Arabs will spread to the world as they spread their brilliant civilization in the past ages".

It was also in this work that Zurayk called for a "national philosophy", which he expressed as the thought absorbed by the youth of the nation combined with their feelings to form a "nationalist creed." Such a philosophy, he declared, was necessary for national renewal.

Debate of nationalism and religion
While many enlightened thinkers believed religion was not a determining factor of a nation, Zurayk "sought to establish a rapport between Islam and Arab nationalism". Throughout his research and observation, Zurayk indeed made a connection between religion and nationalism. Although he was not Muslim himself, Zurayk believed Islam was the missing link for Arab nationalism. Arab society was spiritually awakened "wherever [Islam] was established and spread." To Zurayk, it was simple: whenever Islam was flourishing, so was Arab civilization; and whenever Islam "reduced itself to beliefs transmitted blindly and religious laws and statutes unwisely imposed, Arab civilization waned".

Many Arab thinkers insisted the Arab nation existed and prospered prior to Islam, while Islamists define the nation based on the religious community. Zurayk looked at the issue from a different perspective. In essence, he viewed Arab Nationalism as a spiritual movement much like any religion, Islam in particular. He made clear, "true nationalism cannot in any way contradict true religion, for in its essence it is a spiritual movement which aims at resurrecting the inner forces of the nation and at realizing its intellectual and spiritual potentialities".

Furthermore, Zurayk explained the significance of Muhammad and his connection to Arab nationalism. He reiterated the importance of cultural heritage in that it must not be forgotten to build a modern Arab society. Zurayk explained how Muhammad came to the Arab world in a time of great need and unified the community. He was a man of conviction who put up with persecution and humiliation all for the sake of inspiring and transforming his fellow companions to broaden their horizons and access their potentials to build a new civilization. Zurayk concluded his argument by saying: "Whatever his sect or religious community, therefore, it is the duty of every Arab to interest himself in his past culture. This interest is the first duty enjoined on him by his nationality.  He must come forward to study Islam and understand its true nature and thus sanctify the memory of the great Prophet to whom Islam was revealed".

Engagement in intellectual debate
For Zurayk, the role of intellectuals remained crucial in efforts to "raise the level of the masses" and bring Arab society out of its weakened condition. Analyzing the Arab response to their failure to prevent the establishment of Israel, Zurayk wrote in his book The Meaning of Disaster (Ma'na an-Nakba) that:

"Seven Arab states declare war on Zionism in Palestine, stop impotent before it, and turn on their heels. The representatives of the Arabs deliver fiery speeches in the highest international forums, warning what the Arab state and peoples will do if this or that decision be enacted. Declarations fall like bombs from the mouths of officials at the meetings of the Arab League, but when action becomes necessary, the fire is still and quiet and steel and iron are rusted and twisted, quick to bend and disintegrate".

Zurayk later reaffirms his thoughts on stagnant Arab society by stating:

"The reason for the victory of the Zionists was that the roots of Zionism are grounded in modern Western life, while we for the most part are still distant from this life and hostile to it. They live in the present and for the future, while we continue to dream the dreams of the past and to stupefy ourselves with its fading glory".

Arab liberal thought
Zurayk had a strong view on history and rejected all forms of "historical determinism and all forms of dogmatic ideological reading of history". His most critical belief was that of Arab history in particular. He rejected the thin view of Arab history that limited it to Islamic history. Zurayk felt Arab history needed to be understood in the widest sense possible and needed to be explored in connection with other ancient civilizations of the area. He firmly expressed that history should be judged with a mind completely free of dogma.

Zurayk's "revolution of reason" proved to be his most influential contribution to modern Arab liberal thought. He called for a national Arab unity based on a "secular democracy in which diverse individuals and communities can fulfill themselves in a framework of tolerance and mutual respect". Since Zurayk grew up in an Orthodox Christian family, tolerance was a key tenet. In order to have a unified and sufficient Arab society, Zurayk asked for openness to interfaith dialogue and conflict resolution with such communities as the Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

Unlike other Arab intellectuals, Zurayk did not see reason as the blind imitation of the West. Rather, he saw critical reason more as the "dominating characteristic of modernity, with all its achievements and weaknesses". Like enlightenment through critical reason, Arab unity still remained the ultimate goal in the eyes of Zurayk. His approach was distinguished by an "ethical concern for unity's ends and means. This unity, for him, [was] not the telos of an inexorable ethnic or religious destiny, but a form of solidarity for mutual empowerment by democratic means aimed at serving both individuals' and communities' dignity and freedom".

Major works

 * On National Awakening (1939)
 * What is to be done? An address to the rising Arab generations (1939)
 * The Arab Consciousness (1939)
 * The Meaning of ‘Nakba’ (1948)
 * Facing History (1959)
 * We and History (1959)
 * In The Battle For Culture (1964)
 * Facing The Future (1977)
 * What to Do? (1998)

title: Constantin Zureiq


text:
Category:Waterfalls of Guyana

Guyana boasts more than 276 waterfalls.

title: Category:Waterfalls of Guyana


text:
Beta Taurids

The Beta Taurids (β–Taurids) are an annual meteor shower belonging to a class of "daytime showers" that peak after sunrise. The Beta Taurids are best observed by radar and radio-echo techniques.

The Beta Taurids are normally active from June 5 to July 18. They emanate from an average radiant of right ascension 5h18m, declination +21.2 and exhibit maximum activity around June 28–29 (Solar Longitude=98.3 deg). The maximum hourly rate typically reaches about 25 as seen on radar. Non-radio observers are faced with a very difficult prospect, because the Beta Taurid radiant is just 10–15 degrees west of the Sun on June 28.

These Beta Taurids are the same meteoroid stream as the Taurids (which form a meteor shower in late October). The Earth intersects this stream of debris twice, once in late October and once in late June, forming two separate meteor showers. However, because the October event occurs at night, it is far more visible and better known than the Beta Taurids, which peak during daylight hours.

Asteroids associated with the β–Taurids include 2201 Oljato, 5143 Heracles, 6063 Jason, and 1991 BA.

Taurid swarm
2019 was predicted to be the closest post-perihelion encounter with Earth since 1975. The Taurid swarm was expected to pass 0.06 AU below the ecliptic between June 23 – July 17.

During 2019 astronomers searched for hypothesized asteroids ~100 meters in diameter from the Taurid swarm between July 5–11, and July 21 – August 10. There were no reports of discoveries of any such objects. There is circumstantial evidence that the daytime June 30 Tunguska event came from the same direction in the sky as the Beta Taurids. The next June close approach to the Taurid swarm is expected in 2036.

Other daytime June showers
During June two other more active daytime meteor showers are known. They are the Zeta Perseids which are also related to Taurid complex and the Arietids which are not related. Both of these showers radiate in roughly the same part of the sky as the Beta Taurids.

title: Beta Taurids


text:
Jakob Fugger

Jakob Fugger of the Lily (Jakob Fugger von der Lilie; 6 March 1459 – 30 December 1525), also known as Jakob Fugger the Rich or sometimes Jakob II, was a major German merchant, mining entrepreneur, and banker. He was a descendant of the Fugger merchant family located in the Free Imperial City of Augsburg. He was born and later also elevated through marriage to Grand Burgher of Augsburg (Großbürger zu Augsburg). Within a few decades, he expanded the family firm to a business operating in all of Europe. He began his education at the age of 14 in Venice, which also remained his main residence until 1487. At the same time, he was a cleric and held several prebends. Even though he lived in a monastery, Jakob found time to study the history of investment in early Asian markets. American journalist Greg Steinmetz has estimated his overall wealth to be around $400 billion in today's money, equivalent to 2% of the GDP of Europe at that time.

The foundation of the family's wealth was created mainly by the textile trade with Italy. The company grew rapidly after the brothers Ulrich, Georg and Jakob began banking transactions with the House of Habsburg as well as the Roman Curia, and at the same time began mining operations in Tyrol, and from 1493 on the extraction of silver, and copper in the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary. As of 1525 they also had the right to mine quicksilver and cinnabar in Almadén.

After 1487, Jakob Fugger was the de facto head of the Fugger business operations which soon had an almost monopolistic hold on the European copper market. Copper from Hungary was transported through Antwerp to Lisbon, and from there shipped to India. Jakob Fugger also contributed to the first and only trade expedition to India that German merchants cooperated in, a Portuguese fleet to the Indian west coast (1505–1506), as well as a failed 1525 Spanish trade expedition to the Maluku Islands.

With his support of the Habsburg dynasty as a banker, he had a decisive influence on European politics at the time. He financed the rise of Maximilian I and made considerable contributions to secure the election of the Spanish king Charles I to become Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Jakob Fugger also funded the marriages which later resulted in the House of Habsburg gaining the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary.

Jakob Fugger secured his legacy and lasting fame through his foundations in Augsburg. A chapel funded by him and built from 1509 to 1512 is Germany's first renaissance building and contains the tombs of the brothers Ulrich, Georg and Jakob. The Fuggerei which was founded by Jakob in 1521 is the world's oldest social housing complex still in use. The Damenhof, part of the Fuggerhäuser in Augsburg, is the first secular renaissance building in Germany and was built in 1515.

At his death on 30 December 1525, Jakob Fugger bequeathed to his nephew Anton Fugger company assets totaling 2,032,652 guilders. He is among the most well-known Germans and arguably the most famous citizen of Augsburg, with his wealth earning him the moniker "Fugger the Rich". In 1967 a bust of him was placed in the Walhalla, a "hall of fame" near Regensburg that honors laudable and distinguished Germans.

Background, education and early years in Venice
Jakob Fugger was born the tenth of eleven children to Jakob Fugger the Elder (1398–1469) and his wife Barbara Bäsinger (1419–1497), daughter of Münzmeister Franz Bäsinger. The Fugger family had already established themselves as successful merchants in the city. Hans Fugger, grandfather of Jacob Fugger the Rich had taken up residence in Augsburg in 1367, became a burgher through marriage and acquired considerable wealth by trading textiles with Italy. A few years before his death his son Jakob Fugger the Elder was already one of the richest citizens of Augsburg.

Jakob's older brothers Ulrich (1441–1510) and Georg (1453–1506) created the basis for the rise of the company in Europe. Around 1470 they founded manufactories in Venice and Nuremberg, then important centers of trade. Jakob Fugger's brothers Andreas and Hans both died young in Venice. His brother Markus was a cleric and from 1470 on a writer in a papal chancery in Rome where he died in 1478. His brother Peter died in an epidemic in Nuremberg in 1473.

Loans given to Emperor Frederick III and supplies given to his entourage by Ulrich Fugger were the reason for the family being granted the lily coat of arms in 1473. The "of the lily" (von der Lilie) naming after this coat of arms distinguishes this line of the Fugger family from the "of the doe" (vom Reh) branch.

Until 2009 historians assumed that Jakob Fugger, who was a minor order at the age of 12, had lived as a canon in a church located in Herrieden. A document from the Austrian state archive has now shown that Jakob Fugger was already representing his family business in Venice in 1473 at the age of 14. Other research showed that Jakob Fugger spent the years between 1473 and 1487 mostly at the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, the house of German merchants in Venice. Venice being one of the most important centers of trade at the time proved to be an ideal environment for Jakob Fugger's education in banking and the metal trade. His long residence in Italy also helped bring the renaissance style to the German region, with his funding the construction of the first buildings of this style that originated in Italy. Legal and architectural structures of Venice also had a significant influence on the funding of the Fuggerei which was similar to the social housing of Venice.

Beginnings of the mining and metal trade

Jakob Fugger laid the foundation of his mining business in Salzburg. He provided loans to the independent silver mine owners in the Salzburg Slate Alps which had constant need for new capital. Instead of receiving the usual documents acknowledging debt, he demanded "Kuxe", which essentially made him a shareholder in the mines. Through this he forced more and more mine operators in the area of Gastein and Schladming to sell their silver directly to the Fugger family instead of intermediary traders.

Jakob Fugger was responsible for his family's business in Augsburg, Tyrol, Venice and Rome. Around 1485 the family also founded manufactories in Innsbruck (since 1510 in Hall, since 1539 in Schwaz). Through a small loan he there first came into contact with Archduke Sigismund, a member of the Habsburg family. The archduke had as the sole owner of the Tyrol property rights handed out permissions for mining operations to private investors which in return had to pay a share of their profits to Sigismund. Despite this income he was constantly short of money owing to a lavish lifestyle, several illegitimate children and his extensive construction projects. A responsibility to pay the amount of 100,000 guilders of war reparations to Venice was eventually financed by Jakob Fugger. In 1488 the total debt already amounted to more than 150,000 guilders. Notable was the form of payment: Instead of paying the Fürst directly the Fugger family paid the money to his creditors as well as providing the wages for the royal court and craftsmen. Fugger met an engineer by the name of Jan Thurzo, and they formed a powerful copper company in the neighbouring town of Banská Bystrica in 1495. In 1517 the Fugger family financed more than half of Tyrol's public budget. As a result, they were at times entitled to all the silver and copper out of Tyrol.

Relationship with Maximilian I
The expansion of high-risk, albeit very lucrative business connections to Maximilian I was undoubtedly promoted by Jakob. In his view, the House of Habsburg was bound to be the dominant power and dynasty within the German region, and as such should receive his financial and political support. Jakob Fugger met the young Roman-German king for the first time in 1489 at a Frankfurt fair. At that time, his plans for the independent Duchy of Tyrol had been agreed upon with the king's chancellor, Johann Waldner. On 16 March 1490 Sigismund and the Tyrol Estates came together with King Maximilian also present. The archduke had to resign under the pressure from the estates, who accused him of mismanagement, and his possessions fell to the king. Maximilian then promised to repay all loans of its predecessor to Jakob Fugger.

Thus the Fugger business became one of the most important financial backers of Maximilian, who since 1486 was co-regent of the Holy Roman Empire. After his father Frederick III died in 1493 he became the reigning emperor. Despite having constant financial difficulties due to an extravagant lifestyle and many failed political projects his reign saw the kingdoms of Spain, Bohemia and Hungary gained for the House of Habsburg, not by waging war but through advantageous marriage arrangements which were funded with the help of Jakob Fugger.

On 15 July 1507 Maximilian I sold the County of Kirchberg, located at Ulm, the adjacent lordship Weißenhorn with the associated city, as well as the lordships Wullenstetten and Pfaffenhofen(Roth) from the Habsburg possessions in Further Austria to Jakob Fugger. Maximilian I who crowned himself Holy Roman Emperor in 1508 received a payment of 50,000 guilders for these sales. More sales followed in 1508 where he sold manor Schmiechen and in 1514 where he sold the lordship Biberbach to Fugger. Maximilian I elevated Jakob Fugger into nobility in 1511 and granted him the title of Imperial Count in 1514 so the former burgher could operate his business without interference from local nobility. In the course of his life Jakob Fugger also became lord of more than 50 smaller villages.

Criticism from reformer Martin Luther on the Fugger business methods and novelistic portrayal from early research have led to the notion that Jakob Fugger exercised considerable power over Maximilian I the king and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, while more recent research shows that this was only partially true. However close to the end of his life Maximilian was so heavily indebted to Jakob Fugger that he had no choice but to continue his support for the emperor to still be able reclaim his outstanding debits. When Maximilian's grandson Charles V stood for election to become the next Emperor Jakob Fugger raised a sum of more than 500,000 guilders, a significant portion of his wealth and of the total amount raised in his support, to ensure the seven Prince-electors would choose him. Thereby he helped prevent the election of Francis I of France which would have endangered his claims and investments gravely, although it also made him highly dependent on the House of Habsburg.

Much later the Fugger family lost a large portion of their wealth following three Spanish state bankruptcies (1557, 1560, 1575) under the reign of Philip II of Spain.

Mining and metal trade

Likely at the insistence of Jakob Fugger the company became one of the first open trading companies ("der compagnia palese des welschen Rechts") in Europe in 1494. At the same time, it was renamed into "Ulrich Fugger of Augsburg and brothers" to show the equality of the three brothers involved in business issues, even though Tyrolean sources almost universally speak of the Jakob Fugger company and central contracts of the Hungarian trade were all signed by him. At this development the greatly increased influence of Jakob within the company can be observed. During the late 1480s Jakob Fugger dominated the company's policies, although the eldest brother Ulrich still formally led the company.

The enormous growth potential in the mining and ore trade was very profitably harnessed by Jakob Fugger in the following years. As collateral for loans that he had given to the Habsburgs and the King of Hungary, he demanded mine revenues of Tyrol and the transfer of mining rights in Upper Hungary to him. Through this method he eventually established a dominant and almost monopolistic hold on the copper trade in Central Europe. With his business partner Hans Thurzó he founded the Hungarian trade in 1494. Mines funded by Fugger were constructed in Neusohl (present-day Banská Bystrica, Slovakia), at the time part of the Hungarian Kingdom. The expansion continued with the construction of smelting plants in Neusohl and nearby Moschnitz, Arnoldstein in Carinthia, Hohenkirchen in Thuringia. The copper was distributed through manufactories in Breslau, Leipzig, Kraków and Ofen. For transportation to the ports of Gdańsk, Stettin, and Lübeck on the Baltic Sea Fugger funded the construction of a new road across the Jablunkov Pass. From those ports the copper was shipped to the Russian region and additionally through Antwerp to Lisbon where it was an important Portuguese trade good destined for the export to India. Part of the copper was also transported through Wiener Neustadt and the Adriatic ports Triest and Zengg to the copper market in Venice. At the time mines from both Tyrol and Hungary provided the bulk of the total European production in copper which provided an incredibly advantageous position in the European market, albeit not a total monopoly.

The Vatican as a client
The Fugger family were the first German trading house in a direct business relationship with the Roman Curia. In the year 1500, Jakob Fugger loaned the Vatican the money necessary to build the new St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, as well as other buildings within the Vatican. To repay Jakob the massive amount of money owed, Pope Leo X had to heavily tax the German people as well as sell indulgences, which was heavily unpopular with a large group of monks, including Martin Luther. Partly because of the corruption within the church, Martin Luther was prompted to write his Ninety-five Theses. Following the death of Pope Alexander VI in August 1503 Jakob Fugger intensified his contacts to the Vatican in Rome. For the new Pope Julius II Fugger financed the recruitment in 1505/1506 of the Swiss Guard, which still exists today. Early dealings in Rome are attributed to the cleric Markus Fugger in 1473. In 1477 the Fugger business was responsible for transferring church revenues from Sweden to Rome. Between 1508 and 1524, the company leased the Roman mint, the Zecca, manufacturing 66 types of coins for four different popes. After this the Fugger family was represented by only one manufactory in Rome, mostly due to the "Sacco di Roma" and the less German-friendly Medici Pope Clement VII.

Overseas trade
The commodity trade played a relatively small role compared to the two main branches of the Fugger business, banking and mining. It is only because of the associated exotic investments that Jakob Fugger's early trading expeditions take a prominent place in the history of the Fugger business.

After Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India and the establishment of the Portuguese spice monopoly, Jakob Fugger took part in the spice trade and in 1503 opened a manufactory in Lisbon. He received permission to trade pepper, other spices, and luxury goods such as pearls and gemstones through Lisbon. Along with other merchant houses of Germany and Italy he contributed to a fleet of 22 Portuguese ships led by Francisco de Almeida that sailed to India in the year 1505 and returned in 1506. Even though one third of the imported wares had to be ceded to the King of Portugal the operation was still profitable. Soon afterwards the King declared the spice trade a monopoly of the crown in order to secure his income and exclude foreign merchants from participating. However, the Portuguese were still largely dependent on the copper delivered by Fugger which was an essential export good for the trade with India.

Unlike the Welser family, Jakob Fugger's participation in the overseas trade was very cautious and conservative, and the only other operation of this kind he invested in was a failed 1525 trade expedition to the Maluku Islands led by the Spaniard Garcia de Loaisa. There is some evidence that he financed Magellan's famed voyage.

The great crisis of Jakob Fugger
Especially for mining projects in upper Hungary the Fugger company required enormous capital, which at the time it could not raise. Hence Cardinal Melchior von Meckau was the main sponsor of the Fugger business in 1496. The Prince-Bishop had secretly and unknown to his church chapter invested 150,000 guilders in the Fugger company in return for interest, thereby evading the official church ban on interest. When he died in Rome in 1509 this investment was uncovered. The Pope, the bishopric Brixen and the family of Meckau all claiming the inheritance now demanded the immediate payback of these assets which would have resulted in insolvency for Jakob Fugger. It was this situation that prompted Emperor Maximilian I to step in and assist his banker. On the condition of assisting Pope Julius II in a war against the Republic of Venice the Habsburg monarch was recognized as being the rightful heir of Cardinal Melchior von Meckau. The inheritance could now be settled by amortizing outstanding debts. Fugger also had to deliver jewels as compensation to the Pope. However, in return for his support, Maximilian I demanded the continuous financial support of his ongoing military and political campaigns.

Since the death of his brothers Georg in 1506 and Ulrich in 1510, Jakob Fugger was now running the Fugger business as the sole policy and decision maker. The company was renamed into "Jakob Fugger und Gebrüder Söhne" (Jakob Fugger and Brother's Sons). In the following years up until his death Jakob Fugger managed to raise the family fortune which amounted to about 200,000 guilders in 1511 to more than 2,000,000 guilders, perhaps 2% of Europe's GDP.

Election of Charles V in 1519
Emperor Maximilian died in January 1519 and bequeathed to his grandson Charles the hereditary lands of House Habsburg with adjoining Burgundian lands as well as a disputed claim to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. To secure his essential investments into House Habsburg Jakob Fugger decided to support the election of the 19-year-old claimant to the throne. In addition to Charles, the English King Henry VIII, the French King Francois I and Frederick III, Elector of Saxony announced their candidacy. Francois I had already secured the votes of the Archdiocese of Trier and the Electorate of the Palatinate as well as offering a sum of 300,000 guilders of election money. The Prince-electors consisted of the three archbishops of Mainz, Cologne and Trier in addition to the King of Bohemia, the Elector of the Palatinate, the Margrave of Brandenburg and the Duke of Saxony.

This was a difficult situation for Charles who now relied on the riches of Jakob Fugger to sway the election in his favor. Fugger transferred the enormous sum of more than 850,000 guilders to the Prince-electors which ultimately resulted in the unanimous election of Charles Holy Roman Emperor on 28 July 1519. Out of this 850,000 guilders Fugger himself funded around 550,000 while another merchant house of Augsburg, the Welser family, contributed about 150,000 and three Italian bankers providing the rest. What today would be seen as bribery was common practice in the election of the Emperor. Exceptional however were the immense sums involved, mainly due to the keen competition among the princely candidates.

A few days later the Pope granted Charles the right to name himself Elected Emperor. It was only in 1530 that Charles V was crowned Emperor by the Pope in Bologna. He was the last Emperor to receive a papal coronation. Charles V, since his election reigning over a realm where the sun never set, was now deeply indebted to Jakob Fugger. In 1521 the debts amounted to more than 600,000 guilders. The Emperor amortized 415,000 of this sum and in return granted the Fugger company the silver and copper mining operations of Tyrol. During the Imperial Diet of 1523 in Nuremberg it was debated whether to restrict trade capital and the number of trade establishments companies were allowed to maintain. Jakob Fugger intervened and reminded the Emperor that "It is known that your imperial majesty could not have claimed the Roman crown without my help,..." („Es ist auch wissentlich und liegt am Tage, dass Eure Kaiserliche Majestät die römische Krone ohne mein Zutun nicht hätte erlangen können,…") The added demand of repayment of all debts eventually led to all discussions of trade restrictions and limits to monopolies being dropped. In addition to this Jakob Fugger was granted a concession to mine quicksilver and cinnabar in Almadén. The Fugger company was involved in the Spanish mining business up to the year 1645.

Marriage, heritage and successors
In 1498 the 40-year-old Jakob Fugger married Sybille Arzt (also: Artzt) Grand Burgheress of Augsburg, the 18-year-old daughter of an eminent Augsburg Grand Burgher. This marriage opened the opportunity for Jakob to elevate to Grand Burgher of Augsburg (German Großbürger zu Augsburg) and later finally giving Jakob Fugger the long-awaited aspiration of a seat on the city council (German Stadtrat) of Augsburg. Four years after the wedding, Jakob Fugger bought for his young wife 40,000 guilders worth of jewels from the treasure of Burgundy, among them the jewel known as the Three Brothers, which the Fuggers later sold to Edward VI of England to become part of the Crown Jewels of England. Jakob wanted to demonstrate that he was after all equal to the Habsburgs, at least financially. However the jewels were left in a chest in the basement of his house for fear of theft and envy. The couple had no children. Seven weeks after her husband died, Sybille Arzt married a business partner of Jakob and converted to the Protestant faith.

Jakob Fugger died on 30 December 1525. The inventory performed by his heirs revealed assets totaling 3,000,058 guilders and liabilities amounting to 867,797 guilders resulting in a surplus of 2,132,261 guilders.

Because he had no direct descendants, the company and its assets were bequeathed to his nephews Raymund and Anton Fugger, who also led the company. Anton managed to double the family's fortune once more by 1546.

Religious views and Reformation
Jakob was a lifelong Roman Catholic. In 1513 he granted the Archbishop of Magdeburg and bishop of Halberstadt, Albert of Brandenburg, a loan of 20,000 guilders to persuade the Roman Curia to approve his additional election as Archbishop of Mainz, for this choice violated the canonical prohibition to hold more than one bishopric. Albert also did not meet the requirements for taking over a diocese, since the 24-year-old had not yet reached the appropriate age and did not have a university degree and therefore needed a study leave for which the curia charged a high "processing fee". In 1514 Albert suggested to Pope Leo X that a special indulgence be announced in his three dioceses as well as in his native diocese of Brandenburg and that half of the income should be used for the construction of the new St. Peter's Basilica and half for his repayments to Jacob Fugger. An according papal bull was issued on March 31, 1515. The indulgence was entrusted to Albert in 1517 for publication in Saxony and Brandenburg. It cost him an additional sum of ten thousand ducats, and Albert employed Johann Tetzel for the actual preaching of the indulgence. Later, Martin Luther, then professor of theology in Wittenberg, addressed a letter of protest to Albert concerning the conduct of Tetzel. Largely in reaction to Tetzel's actions, Luther wrote his famous Ninety-five Theses, which led to the Reformation. After the Diet of Augsburg in 1518, Martin Luther had to answer for his theses in the Fugger House before Cardinal Thomas Cajetan, who had been commissioned by the Pope. When Martin Luther refused to retract his theses, he had to flee the city at night.

The citizens of Augsburg now demanded the unhindered spread of the Evangelical faith, which brought Jacob Fugger, who preferred to remain Catholic and thus remain loyal to the Emperor, especially since he operated his mines in Habsburg lands and had very high outstanding debts with the Emperor, into contrast to the majority of his fellow citizens. The Fugger family largely financed the House of Habsburg, who would play a prominent role in the Counter-Reformation. Fugger insisted that only Catholic inhabitants should "find care and cure" in his Fuggerei. As the Reformation progressed, the complex found itself located in an increasingly Protestant city of Augsburg.

Only a few years after Jacob Fugger's death the Augsburg Confession by Philip Melanchthon was formulated at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530. The Confessio Augustana represents the confessional and founding document of the Lutheran Church. The descendants of Jacob Fugger have remained Catholic to this day.

Fugger chapel in the Annakirche
Together with his brother Ulrich and on behalf of his deceased brother Georg, Jakob Fugger founded the Fugger chapel in the Carmelite monastery's St. Anna church located in Augsburg. It became the burial place of the three brothers and the two nephews Raymund Fugger and Hieronymus Fugger (1499–1538).

Construction began in 1509 and was finished in 1512. The chapel was modeled after Italian burial chapels with clear influences out of Venice and Rome, thereby becoming Germany's first renaissance construction. The interior was designed with the help of many notable German artists of the time, such as Albrecht Dürer, Hans Burgkmair, Jörg Breu the Elder and Hans Daucher. The building is thought to have been built in preparation for Fugger's elevation into nobility and to distance himself from the local Patricians. Furthermore, it was a medium to preserve the name and memory of Fugger in the style of the Italian "Memoria" architecture.

In 1518 the chapel was consecrated to the patron saint of Jesus Christ in the altar sacrament, the Holy Virgin Mary and the Evangelist Matthew and has remained a consecrated Catholic place of worship to this day. When St. Anne's Church became Protestant in 1548, the Fugger Chapel remained Catholic because the Fugger Foundation continued to look after it and contributed to the upkeep of the church. This is how the remarkable fact came about that part of the church is denominationally different from the rest, and that the burial place of the Fugger family, who are considered strictly Catholic, is now in a Protestant church.

Fuggerhäuser in Augsburg
The Fugger family already owned two houses in Augsburg in prominent locations when Jakob Fugger built the Fuggerhäuser near the wine-market (now Maximilianstraße) from 1512 to 1515. The Builder of this Residence was most likely Hans Hiebe. Inside the Fuggerhäuser, the Damenhof (Ladies courtyard) was modeled after the florencian style grand courtyards, thus becoming Germany's first secular renaissance building. The complex was expanded once more in 1523 to accommodate the receiving of illustrious guests. The Fuggerhäuser were the private residence and administrative center of Jakob Fugger and his wife Sybille Fugger-Arzt.

Later members of the Fugger family enlarged the complex several times. The complex was mostly destroyed during air raids on Augsburg in World War II and rebuilt in a simplified way in 1955. The courtyards and several other rooms however are still in their original state. The houses are still owned by the Fugger family, partly being used to house the Fürst Fugger Privatbank.

St.-Moritz-Prädikatur-Stiftung
In 1515 Jakob Fugger advocated for an improved sermon in the church of his parish St. Moritz. In 1517 Pope Leo X issued a papal bull granting Fugger and his heirs the Patronage to the church and being able to choose the priest. The foundation still exists and the Fugger family still recommends the priests.

Fuggerei
Beginning in 1516 Jakob Fugger funded the construction of a settlement for craftsmen and day laborers in need. In 1523, 52 houses of the estate were built. It was first named Fuggerei in 1531. Originally it was meant to house people who were in a difficult situation through no fault of their own until they could establish a stable household on their own. The yearly rent was one symbolic guilder, though additionally requested were three daily prayers in the name of Fugger and his family.

The settlement was expanded several times, lastly in 1973. About 150 people live in the Fuggerei today, still paying an annual rent of the equivalent of one guilder (0.88 €). The Fuggerei is a major tourist attraction of Augsburg and since 2006 also houses a museum. The settlement is still administered by the descendants of the Fugger family and financed through a foundation (originally from 1521).

Other foundations and buildings
Jakob Fugger made several contributions to churches and monasteries in Augsburg some of which still show the Fugger family's coat of arms. He funded the church San Blas in Almagro, Spain and the reconstruction of the Santa Maria dell'Anima in Rome. He also built a chapel in Oberkirchberg as well as building a palace in Weißenhorn.

Academic

 * Bruno Bushart: Die Fuggerkapelle bei St. Anna in Augsburg, Munich 1994, ISBN 978-3-422-06115-6.
 * Richard Ehrenberg: Das Zeitalter der Fugger, Geldkapital und Creditverkehr im 16. Jahrhundert (2 Vol), Jena 1896.
 * Peter Geffcken: Jakob Fuggers frühe Jahre. In: Martin Kluger (Augsburg): Jakob Fugger (1459–1525). Sein Leben in Bildern, context medien und verlag, Augsburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-939645-14-6.
 * Peter Geffcken: Jakob Fugger der Reiche (1459–1525): "Königsmacher", Stratege und Organisator". in: DAMALS 7/2004.
 * Peter Geffcken: Fugger – Geschichte einer Familie: "Die Handelsherren mit dem Dreizack". in: DAMALS 7/2004.
 * Mark Häberlein: Die Fugger. Geschichte einer Augsburger Familie (1367–1650), Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-17-018472-5.
 * Sarah Hadry: Die Fugger in Kirchberg und Weißenhorn. Herrschaftsverfassung und Leibeigenschaft, Konfessionalisierung und Residenzbildung, Wißner, Augsburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-89639-613-6.
 * Max Jansen: Die Anfänge der Fugger, Leipzig 1907, ISBN 978-3-86741-614-6.
 * Peter Kalus: Die Fugger in der Slowakei, Augsburg 1999, ISBN 978-3-89639-175-9.
 * Franz Karg: Eines Stadtherren Profil. Jakob der Reiche, der erste Fugger in Weißenhorn, in: Weißenhorner Profile 1160–2010. Beiträge und Untersuchungen zur Stadtgeschichte (Kataloge und Schriften des Weißenhorner Heimatmuseums 5), Weißenhorn 2010.
 * Hermann Kellenbenz: Die Fugger in Spanien und Portugal bis 1560. Ein Großunternehmen des 16. Jahrhunderts (2 Vol), Munich 1990, ISBN 978-3-925355-60-8.
 * Norbert Lieb: Die Fugger und die Kunst. Band 1: Im Zeitalter der Spätgotik und der frühen Renaissance, Munich 1952.
 * Götz von Pölnitz: Jakob Fugger, in: NDB, Neue Deutsche Biographie, 5. Bd. (1961), S. 710–716.
 * Götz von Pölnitz: Die Fugger. Mohr & Siebeck, 6. Aufl. Tübingen 1999, ISBN 3-16-147013-3.
 * Götz von Pölnitz: Jakob Fugger. Mohr & Siebeck, Tübingen 1949. Preview: Jakob Fugger, Quellen und Erläuterungen.
 * Benjamin Scheller: Memoria an der Zeitenwende. Die Stiftungen Jakob Fuggers des Reichen vor und während der Reformation (ca. 1505–1555), Berlin 2004, ISBN 978-3-05-004095-0.
 * Aloys Schulte: Die Fugger in Rom 1495–1523 (2 Vol), Leipzig 1904, ISBN 978-5-87416-398-3.
 * Marion Tietz-Strödel: Die Fuggerei in Augsburg, Tübingen 1982, ISBN 978-3-16-844570-8.
 * Eike Eberhard Unger: Die Fugger in Hall i. T., Tübingen 1967, ASIN B0000BTV29.
 * Jacob Strieder: Jacob Fugger the Rich, Washington 1931, ISBN 978-1-163-18704-3.
 * Barbara Günther: Sybille Fugger, die Frau Jakobs des Reichen., 1985, ISBN 3-7987-0235-7

Popular

 * Franz Herre: Die Fugger in ihrer Zeit. Wißner-Verlag, 12. Auflage, Augsburg 2005, ISBN 3-89639-490-8.
 * Tanja Kinkel: "Die Puppenspieler". München 1993
 * Martin Kluger: Die Fugger in Augsburg. Kaufherrn, Stifter und Mäzene, context verlag, Augsburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-939645-31-3.
 * Martin Kluger: Die Fugger: Die deutschen Medici in und um Augsburg, context verlag, Augsburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-939645-13-9.
 * Martin Kluger: "Jakob Fugger (1459–1525). Sein Leben in Bildern", context medien und verlag, Augsburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-939645-14-6
 * Martin Kluger: Die Fuggerei. Ein Führer durch die älteste Sozialsiedlung der Welt. context-verlag, Augsburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-939645-16-0
 * Martin Kluger: Fugger – Italien. Geschäfte, Hochzeiten, Wissen und Kunst. Geschichte einer fruchtbaren Beziehung, context medien und verlag, Augsburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-939645-27-6.
 * Martin Kluger: The Fugger Dynasty in Augsburg. Merchants, Mining Entrepreneurs, Bankers and Benefactors. context verlag Augsburg, Augsburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-939645-74-0.
 * Günter Ogger: Kauf dir einen Kaiser. Die Geschichte der Fugger. Droemer Knaur, 17. Auflage, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-426-03613-4.
 * Greg Steinmetz, The Richest Man Who Ever Lived: The Life and Times of Jacob Fugger (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2015). ISBN 978-1-451-68855-9

In fiction

 * Peter Dempf: Das Amulett der Fuggerin BLT, Bergisch-Gladbach 2006, ISBN 978-3-404-92273-4.
 * Rebecca Abe: Im Labyrinth der Fugger Gmeiner 2011, ISBN 978-3-8392-1144-1.
 * Patrick O'Brian: "The Thirteen Gun Salute" Collins (UK) 1989, ISBN 0-00-223460-2.
 * Neal Stephenson: "The Rise and Fall of D.O.D.O." William Morrow 2017, ISBN 978-00-62409-16-4.

title: Jakob Fugger


text:
William Summer Johnson

William Summer Johnson (February 24, 1913 – August 19, 1995) was an American chemist and teacher.

From 1940 to 1958, Johnson was an instructor and then professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1958, he moved to Stanford University in California where he spent the remainder of his scientific career. He did important research in the artificial production of steroids and was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1987.

The Lemieux–Johnson oxidation, in which an olefin is converted into two aldehyde or ketone fragments, is named after him and Raymond Lemieux.

Education

 * PhD, Harvard University (1940)
 * AM, Harvard University
 * BA, magna cum laude, Amherst College (1936)

Awards

 * 1968 William H. Nichols Medal
 * 1987 National Medal of Science
 * 1989 Arthur C. Cope Award.
 * 1991 Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry & BioMedicinal Chemistry

title: William Summer Johnson