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2008 Taiwanese presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Taiwan on 22 March 2008. Kuomintang (KMT) nominee Ma Ying-jeou won with 58% of the vote, ending eight years of Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) rule. Along with the 2008 legislative election, Ma's landslide victory brought the Kuomintang back to power in the Republic of China.

This was the fourth direct election for the President of the Republic of China. The two candidates were Democratic Progressive Party candidate Frank Hsieh and Kuomintang (KMT) nominee Ma Ying-jeou. The KMT ticket was officially formed as of June 23, 2007, with Ma announcing his choice for running mate to be former premier Vincent Siew. The DPP ticket was announced in August, 2007, with Frank Hsieh selecting former Premier Su Tseng-chang. Unlike the 2004 presidential election, the political rhetoric of the campaigns tended to focus on economic issues and government corruption rather than national identity and the political status of Taiwan, with both candidates endorsing the status quo in the short term. But much like previous elections, this election was also marked with island-wide mass rallies and much political mudslinging.

The KMT ticket received a larger percentage and more votes than any other candidate in the previous three direct presidential elections. The election occurred as incumbent President Chen Shui-bian's popularity remained at record lows following mass rallies in September 2006 urging him to resign amid implications of corruption. Amid general economic malaise, as unemployment had risen under Chen's presidency and Taiwan's per capita GDP was surpassed by that of South Korea, Ma won on a platform of economic revitalization and a promise to improve cross-straits relations, in contrast to Chen's confrontational style, as "a peacemaker not a troublemaker". The election occurred in the wake of the KMT's landslide victory in the 2008 legislative elections in which the Pan-Blue Coalition won a three-quarters majority in the Legislative Yuan. On the same day two referendums on joining the United Nations, the first supported by the DPP of President Chen and the second supported by the KMT, failed due to low turnout. Prior to the vote, the KMT had encouraged its supporters to boycott the DPP referendum, and expressed its "understanding" if supporters boycotted both.

Presidential nominees
Candidates were to register with their respective parties March 5–9, 2007, for a primary election. Selection of candidates for President in Taiwan, unlike most other nations, were weighed; the actual primary election results accounted for 30% of the final outcome while public opinion polls accounted for the other 70%. Final tallies were announced May 30, 2007.

Democratic Progressive Party
Leading candidates for the Democratic Progressive Party "Four Heavenly Kings" (a less literal translation in English that perhaps gives the meaning more clearly is the "Four Heavyweights") sans incumbent President Chen Shui-bian (who was barred from running due to term limits)—Frank Hsieh, Su Tseng-chang, and Yu Shyi-kun—and incumbent vice president Annette Lu. All three of the men had served as premier under Chen Shui-bian and as DPP chairman during part of the Chen presidency. In addition, Hsieh has been a popular mayor of Kaohsiung, Su has been county magistrate of Taipei County and Pingtung County, and Yu served as Secretary-General in the Office of the President.

On May 6, 2007, the DPP primaries took place in all 24 cities and counties in Taiwan. There were 254,963 eligible voters, with voter turnout at 56.06%. Former premier Frank Hsieh emerged as the winner of the DPP primaries, winning 17 of 24 cities and counties with 62,849 votes, about 44% of the votes cast. Despite the fact that the primary results only account for 30% of the final outcome in determining the nominee, fellow DPP candidates Su, who got 46,994 votes; Yu, with 22,211 votes; and Lu with 8,666 votes, endorsed Hsieh before the second stage primary, based on opinion polls, was held, causing the DPP to cancel the second stage primary.

The junior partner in the pan-green coalition, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, neither fielded nor endorsed a candidate. TSU Chairman Shu Chin-chiang seemingly endorsed Ma on September 19, 2007 when he referred to Ma as "our President-to-be." At the same time, several TSU legislators stated that they would support DPP candidate Frank Hsieh. In December, Lee Teng-hui, considered the "spiritual leader" of the TSU, rescinded his support of Chen in 2004, and urged citizens against voting for the DPP in upcoming legislative elections. While Lee openly denounced supporting the ruling DPP party, he stopped short of endorsing any party or candidate and waited until March 20, 2008 (two days before the election) to endorse Hsieh.

Kuomintang
Following the KMT's defeat in 2004 and before the 2005 KMT chairman election, Taipei Mayor Ma Ying-jeou and Legislative Yuan President Wang Jin-pyng were both considered leading candidates for the nomination. Ma's landslide victory over Wang in the 2005 KMT chairman election immediately made him the frontrunner. His position was furthered bolstered by the KMT's victories in the 2005 3-in-1 local elections. Ma Ying-jeou began his campaign before his announcement for candidacy, taking trips Europe and Japan in 2006, nominally to obtain business deals for Taipei, but covered widely by the media for his foreign policy remarks. He met with numerous politicians in Washington, DC, including U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick. Significantly, Ma Ying-jeou became the first head of a pan-Blue coalition party to state that declaring de jure Taiwanese independence was a legitimate choice of the Taiwanese people, though he qualified it saying that this was not a position of the KMT, after receiving much criticism from pan-Blue politicians. He also stated that Taiwan should form a common market with mainland China and establish direct transportation links.

On February 13, 2007 Ma was indicted for misuse of official funds as Taipei Mayor and announced his candidacy as he resigned the KMT chairmanship. He was formally nominated as the KMT candidate on May 2, 2007. Wang did not run against Ma, who was virtually unopposed. Final approval of the nomination was passed by the KMT congress in June. Wang was an early frontrunner to be Ma's running-mate but declined the position absent of assurances from Ma of what responsibilities he would hold as vice president. Other leading candidates were Wu Den-yih, incumbent KMT general secretary; Jason Lin, CEO of Uni-President Group; and Tsai Ing-wen, a DPP member and former vice-premier. On June 23, 2007, Ma officially announced former premier and former vice-presidential candidate (in 2000) Vincent Siew as his running mate, praising Siew's economic experience and declaring the economy to be the central focus of his campaign.

Neither the New Party nor the People First Party, junior partners of the KMT in the "Pan-Blue Coalition," fielded a candidate and endorsed the KMT ticket. PFP Chairman James Soong appeared at KMT headquarters once Ma's victory became apparent and pledged to dissolve the PFP to join the KMT.

Issues
Tens of thousands of Taiwanese waved banners and shouted political slogans March 16, 2008, as the island's rival parties rallied support ahead of the March 22, 2008 presidential elections, with the March 2008 violence in Tibet in the background and Taiwan's own relations with the China on the front burner. The Taiwan-wide events were meant to energize supporters in the home stretch of a race that has so far lacked the passion and commitment of presidential elections in 2000 and 2004.

Economy
Since selecting Vincent Siew as his running mate, Ma announced that the focus of his election campaign was the recovery of the Taiwanese economy. He said that the independence—unification debate is a "fake issue" with no bearing on the general welfare of the Taiwanese people. He also labeled Siew as the would-be "chief architect" to revive the economy, because of Siew's solid economic background.

Ma proposed a common market with China; Hsieh said this would lead to job losses and importation of dangerous Chinese products, referring to lead-contaminated toys from Mattel and an excess of highly qualified workers from China.

Corruption
The investigations into alleged misuse of funds by members of both the KMT and DPP were another hot topic.

President Chen Shui-Bian suffered a large loss in popularity due to corruption allegations concerning his family. The KMT attempted to capitalize on Ma's public image as a man of integrity, which stemmed from his investigations into vote-buying within his own party while he served as Justice Minister in the early 1990s. Ma resigned as Justice Minister in the mid-1990s and his political career was considered to be over due to what some thought was his zealous investigation of corruption. However, Ma Ying-Jeou was indicted on charges of misusing his mayoral discretionary funds, which was intended for funding personal expenses related to official duties. Ma moved half of the funds into his personal accounts, and his defense was that this practice was standard among government officials. Ma maintained his innocence and stated that the indictment amounted to political prosecution and he would not give up his run for presidency even if found guilty.

DPP candidate Frank Hsieh came under investigation for similar charges in irregularity and misuse of funds while he served as mayor of Kaohsiung. However, different from Ma, Hsieh stated that if he was found guilty in his mayoral funds case, he would not continue running for president.

On August 12, 2007, Ma was acquitted of misusing the funds, but one of his office clerks was found guilty and faced a year in prison for his own failures in administrative duties.

Status of Taiwan
As is common with Taiwanese elections, an important issue in the election is the future political status of Taiwan and maintenance of good cross-straits relations and avoidance of war with China (PRC). In general, the DPP favors Taiwan independence; the KMT, on the other hand, promotes the one-China principle and desires eventual unification of Taiwan with mainland China, as the KMT still regards the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China. The KMT's main objective is to establish a closer economic relationship with mainland China. It was widely recognized that no candidate could win without supporting the status quo of de facto autonomy and ambiguous legal status (as they did in 2004) in order to attract centrist voters. Also, in 2004, both mainstream candidates recognized eventual unification and independence as a possible option as a means to attract the center. The strategy of both sides, as was the case in 2004, was to persuade voters that it can best maintain the status quo and protect Taiwan from coerced unification by China.

While the smaller, more radical TSU favors immediate moves to rename the country as Republic of Taiwan, the much more mainstream DPP under Chen Shui-bian has taken a more moderate position regarding independence during incumbency. At the same time the Chen administration has moved to promote a separate Taiwanese identity and give official recognition to Taiwan's de facto independence from the mainland such as by equating Taiwan with the Republic of China. The front-runners for the DPP nomination are all considered more moderate then Chen Shui-bian.

The KMT party line is against one country, two systems, but supports dialogue with the Chinese Communist Party under the "1992 Consensus" which presumes one China, different interpretations. During the campaign, Ma articulated a three noes policy, no independence, no unification, no use of force. He has also stated that during his first term of office, he will not discuss unification, make no changes to the ROC constitution, and will not personally meet Hu Jintao.

The DPP, in contrast, opposes recognizing One China (a prerequisite set by the PRC for negotiations), and no official talks have occurred under the Chen administration. The DPP also denies that there ever was a consensus in 1992. Both sides supports opening of the three links with mainland China, but with different focus on time and security. Difficulty comes from the PRC's refusal to negotiate unless the Taiwanese counterparty accepts the one-China principle under the 1992 consensus, which only allows the KMT to start three links in early incumbency.

Use of the name "Taiwan"
During the presidency of Chen Shui-bian, some state-controlled and state-owned firms have restored or added "Taiwan" to their names, such as renaming Chunghwa Post (Chinese Post) to Taiwan Post, the name it bore into the ROC period of rule on Taiwan; and Chiang Kai-Shek International Airport to Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport, its originally planned name. The naming controversy of the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall and the legality of the Central Government's name-change administrative order was another topic of heated debate. Some observers viewed the name changes as signs of reactionary desinicization, while others viewed the name changing as signs of Taiwan localization movement carving a separate identity for Taiwan's name. The issue was, like most others, split strongly between Pan-Blue and Pan-Green supporters.

President-Elect Ma Ying-jeou pledged that he would revert the name changes of national landmarks, government organizations, and government-owned corporations conducted by the Chen Shui-bian administration. The Pan-Blue generally considered these name changes to be illegal because they were done through administrative orders, bypassing the Pan-Blue dominated legislature. Further examples of landmarks and organizations that were renamed are Chinese Petroleum Company and China Shipbuilding Corporation.

Green card issue
During the campaign, Democratic Progressive Party presidential candidate Frank Hsieh and DPP legislators questioned Ma Ying-jeou's loyalty to the Republic of China and to the people of Taiwan. Hsieh stated that Ma would not have become former President Chiang Ching-kuo's English secretary in 1977 if Chiang had known that Ma was in possession of a green card and his status as a US permanent resident.

"Chiang instructed public servants not to keep a foot in both camps. Public servants working under him were not allowed to have green cards,"

When asked, Ma Ying-jeou stated that he and his family members did not have green cards. He later clarified that he once possessed one. He also stated that he had not violated any law by possessing a US green card and that he never intended to hide the fact he was once a US permanent resident. He also maintained that possession of a green card, as well as having the status as a US permanent resident, was not against any government regulations at the time. Ma also stated that he believed that his green card was automatically invalidated when he applied for a US visa at the American Institute in Taiwan in 1985. Hsieh's questioning of his opponent's residency status extended to Ma's family members who carried US passports and citizenship, including Ma's US born daughter Lesley Weichung Ma. Ma's response was that

"[My family members] have US passports, but they love Taiwan very much. Obtaining a green card has nothing to do with the issue of loyalty. It is only a way to live or travel in the US"

Two TVBS political opinion poll conducted after Hsieh released his statement showed a slight dip in Ma Ying-jeou's support, but was well within the margin of error.

Hsieh office incident
Four pan-blue legislators attempted to enter the Hsieh election headquarters without permission, with the reason that they were there to investigate the claim that the government provided them office space for free. Hsieh's supporters surrounded them and blocked them as they tried to leave; fighting broke out. The pan-green called it an illegal search and said the pan-blue camp will carry out further similar actions if they controlled both the executive and legislature.

The legislators were labeled the "Four Idiots"(四個笨蛋) by the media and suspended from the party. Ma apologized for their actions on six separate occasions.

It is illegal to publish opinion polls in the ten days leading up to the election, but gambling syndicates changed their offering to "Ma wins by 200,000 votes" bets, down from "Ma wins by 500,000 votes" bets before the incident.

Chuang Kuo-jung's profanity incident
On March 16, 2008, standing for DPP candidate Frank Hsieh at a rally in Taichung, Chuang Kuo-jung, a deputy secretary for the Department of Education, called Ma Ying-jeou a "chicken" and further insulted his father and family. He mentioned a recent discovery by a magazine investigation that Ma's father Ma Ho-ling was proven to have slept with his foster daughter in the past. This drew the wrath of the Taiwanese public. With more investigations by broadcasting channels, the claims were deemed fake. DPP officials felt that the wording used by Chuang was insulting and inappropriate, and therefore, publicly apologized for Chuang's uncalled for and profane remarks. His speech was ridden with distaste and foul language deemed inappropriate for broadcast television, and had to be censored by NCC. Chuang initially resigned from his post as secretary of the Ministry of Education without an apology. Minister Tu accepted the resignations, after reservations. The next day, Chuang issued a formal apology through media.

Chuang's behavior has consequences affecting his teaching position at the National Chengchi University. As of June 19, 2008, the faculty panel has decided not to renew his teaching contract for the following school year.

Impact of unrest in Tibet
Hsieh seized on the 2008 unrest in Tibet to shift the focus of the campaign away from economic issues and accuse Ma of wanting to make Taiwan a "second Tibet". Ma was more cautious, and said he didn't know who was responsible for the violence. Government ministers tried to help Hsieh by ominously comparing a unified Taiwan with Tibet, and pressuring China to speak with the Dalai Lama. Ma himself tried to capitalize on the Tibet issue by suggesting a boycott of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Hsieh fired back that it would only hurt the Chinese Taipei athletes, and that that proved that Ma was a "cold-hearted person". But while there was speculation that Tibet could become a swing issue, the final vote went as predicted.

Opinion polls
Opinion polls were held by various news agencies and organizations in Taiwan during the election campaign. Before the election, the last of such polls was published on March 11, 2008 because, according to ROC law, opinion polls could not be published within ten days of the election. However, polls can still be taken during the ten days.

In terms of political orientation, TVBS, United Daily News, and China Times are considered Pan-Blue and pro-unification, while sources such as South News are considered Pan-Green and pro-independence.

Republic of China law also prohibits the publishing of any new opinion polling data in the last ten days leading up to the election.

† Numbers published by Global Views are calculated from a campaign indicator model.

Mechanics
The election was by direct popular vote; a simple plurality was required to win. According to the Constitution of the Republic of China, all citizens of at least 20 years of age who have held household registration in the "Free Area of the Republic of China" (Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, etc.) were eligible to vote. Under existing law, all voters travelled to their registered precincts to vote. Ballots were counted by hand at the precincts and the KMT declared victory less than three hours after the close of polls at 4:00 pm.

Because of KMT strategy of having people boycott the referendum, one major controversy, like in 2004 was the format of the polling, specifically as whether the referendum questions would be on the same or different ballots as the Presidency. While in 2004 the Central Electoral Commission allowed U-shaped line in which people would first cast a ballot for president and then cast a separate ballot for each of the two questions, the Commission ordered voters to cast all votes at once on separate ballots. Voters who choose not to cast a referendum ballot simply declined to pick up the extra two ballots.

Results
Polls closed at 16:00 local time (UTC+8) on March 22, 2008. The final result, with all 14,401 precincts reporting, showed a landslide victory for the KMT candidate Ma Ying-jeou over the DPP candidate Frank Hsieh, with 7,658,724 votes, 58.45% of the popular vote for Ma against 5,445,239 votes, 41.55% for Hsieh. Turnout was 76.33%, with 13.2 million votes from 17.3 million eligible voters. The CEC released the final results with 100% of precincts reporting.

One local media commentator analyzed that their primary concern may be more economic than political, and quoted Bill Clinton's famous slogan, "It's the economy, stupid", as an explanation of the landslide victory for Ma. There was a sizeable number of Taiwanese who would prefer maintaining the status quo, a position favoured by Ma when he proclaimed that he would "not push for Taiwan independence or reunification with China if elected".

Domestic reactions
In various KMT headquarters throughout Taiwan, celebrations of the party's landslide victory took place. The largest event was located at the Main KMT Headquarters in Taipei. Former Chairman Lien Chan, Legislative Yuan Speaker Wang Jin-pyng, Chairman Wu Po-hsiung were presented and celebrated with the large crowd. At 7:30 pm, Presidential-elect Ma Ying-jeou came out and spoke about what is expected of his new government when it begins office on May 20, 2008.

Many DPP supporters were very disappointed with the results of the election. Various DPP members went on stage at the party's Central Headquarters in Taipei and apologised to the Taiwanese people. Runner-up Presidential candidate Frank Hsieh stated that the result should be considered a blow to himself rather than a blow to Taiwan's young democracy. He pledged he would never again run for public office. The DPP leaders ended the day by bowing down to the crowd.

After a press conference on March 23 where Ma stated that he will work to open up the Three Links and improve cross-strait relations, Taiwan's stock market saw a large rise. The accumulated index jumped 534 points to 9049. 1100 listed companies saw their share prices rise. Of these, financial stocks all rose to trading limit levels, with transportation companies, speculated to benefit from improved relations with mainland China, also quickly reaching price rise limits. Other sectors that saw strong rises include large conglomerates, real property, electronics and technology.

PRC reactions
Consistently with its silence before the election, the PRC government refrained from commenting directly on the election results, and PRC media, which follows instructions on reporting from the government, has been very quiet as to the result of the elections. Also consistently with its behaviour before the election, the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China commented on the failure of the two United Nations-related referendums held concurrently with the election, stating that the results showed the lack of popular support for independence in Taiwan. The Bureau also expressed optimism for the two governments to work together to maintain cross-strait peace and aid development in future. It is speculated that the mainland government would be pleased with the result.

While also refraining from commenting directly on the results, the People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party prominently displayed the election results, including the photos and brief biographies of the winning candidates, on its website. This, speculated Hong Kong's Ming Pao, showed signs of positive interaction between the two governments in future.

Other reactions
Singapore was the first country to send official congratulatory messages about the election results. It has since been the only country to do so together with the United States. China has thus far not responded to these messages.
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore: Known to have good relations with both Republic of China and the People's Republic of China, the Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement to congratulate Dr Ma Ying-jeou on his election, saying "As a long-standing friend of Taiwan, Singapore will continue to maintain good relations with Taiwan based on our 'One China' policy.' We look forward to better cross-strait relations."
 * 🇺🇸 United States: President George W. Bush congratulated Ma Ying-jeou on his election victory, saying the United States will "continue to maintain close unofficial ties with the people on Taiwan through the American Institute in Taiwan in accordance with our long standing one China policy, our three Joint Communiqués with the People's Republic of China, and the Taiwan Relations Act."
 * 🇨🇦 Canada: Minister of Foreign Affairs Maxime Bernier issued a press release on the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade website congratulating Ma Ying-jeou and also complimented the "smooth and orderly" electoral process, "demonstrating that democracy is laying down strong roots." Furthermore, he stated: "I also welcome Ma Ying-jeou’s central election commitment to improve cross-strait relations with China. This is consistent with Canada’s long-standing position that advocates for peaceful dialogue between the concerned parties."

Most other countries chose to issue general statements without specifically congratulating anyone:
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier stated "The German government hails the election in Taiwan. Germany supports the democratic values of Taiwan and the economic development of the island". He also said that he hoped for a "peaceful dialogue" between Taipei and Beijing.
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Foreign Minister Masahiko Kōmura says that "Japan hopes that the issue surrounding Taiwan will be resolved peacefully by direct dialogue between the parties concerned on the Taiwan Straits and that dialogue will resume soon for that purpose", while avoiding to evaluate the election results directly. He further stressed that Japan "intends to maintain Japan-Taiwan relations as a working relationship on a non-governmental basis".
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary David Miliband issued a statement on the Foreign and Commonwealth Office website saying "The successful Presidential elections in Taiwan today are testament to Taiwan's vibrant democracy. The forthcoming change of administration is a real opportunity to renew efforts to improve cross-Strait relations. I hope that the Chinese Government and the new administration will now engage in direct dialogue to resolve differences and find a peaceful solution to the Taiwan question, acceptable to the populations on both sides of the Straits."

title: 2008 Taiwanese presidential election


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Yearim

Yearim Productions Co., Ltd., ((주)예림프로덕션) founded in 1991, is a full service 2D (including digital animation) South Korean animation studio located in Seoul, South Korea with a satellite office in Los Angeles.

Films

 * Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005)
 * Peanuts: Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown (2010)
 * Two Dreadful Children – Pilot (2007)
 * Down The Tubes – Pilot (2007)
 * TV Spot for World Cup (2006)
 * Me, Eloise (2006)
 * The Karate Guard (2005)
 * Baby Looney Tunes (2002–2005)
 * PSA: Daffy Duck For President (2004)
 * Walmart: Commercial Spot (2003)
 * Free for All (2003)
 * The Freshman (2002)
 * Channel Umptee-3 (1997)
 * Extreme Ghostbusters (1997)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yearim


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Don't Let Daddy Kiss Me

"Don't Let Daddy Kiss Me" is a song by the British rock band Motörhead. It was written by Lemmy and released as a single in 1993. The song is covered with "Born to Raise Hell", which was released as a separate single, and "Death or Glory". All three songs are from the Bastards album.

The song is about child sexual abuse, and was one of Lemmy's favourites. Written three years before being recorded, Lemmy offered it to Lita Ford and Joan Jett, amongst others and although much enthusiasm was received, he ended up recording it himself.

Single track listing

 * 1) "Don't Let Daddy Kiss Me" (Lemmy)
 * 2) "Born to Raise Hell" (Lemmy)
 * 3) "Death or Glory" (Lemmy, Würzel, Phil Campbell, Mikkey Dee)

Personnel

 * Würzel - Guitar
 * Phil "Wizzo" Campbell - Guitar
 * Lemmy - Bass, vocals
 * Mikkey Dee - Drums

title: Don't Let Daddy Kiss Me


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Magyar Posta

Magyar Posta Zrt. (Hungarian for Hungarian Post JSC) or Hungarian Post is the postal administration of Hungary. Besides normal mail delivery, Magyar Posta also offers logistics, banking, and marketing services.

History
The origin of the Magyar Posta was the independent national public institution called Magyar Királyi Posta established in 1867 as part of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. While at first it used the stamps of the Austrian Empire, in 1871 it issued its own stamps. The Magyar Királyi Posta was the first to experiment with the motorization of the postal conveyances, beginning in 1897. In 1900, they adopted János Csonka's motorized tricycle, which continued in use by the postal service until the 1920s.

In 1918, they briefly dropped the Királyi from their name during the First Hungarian Republic (1918-1920), and restored it under the regency beginning in 1920. In 1945 under the provisional government it again became just Magyar Posta.

The Magyar Posta became an independent agency in 1983. On January 1, 1990, during the change of regime, the unified Magyar Posta was divided into three organizations. The telephone service was spun off into the Hungarian Telecommunications Company, and broadcasting became the Hungarian Broadcasting Company. Magyar Posta became a separate and independent corporation under the Minister of Transport. In 1994, it was privatized into a joint-stock corporation with some government ownership. In 2006, it became a private limited liability company.

title: Magyar Posta


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University of Toronto Space Design Contest

The University of Toronto Space Design Contest, or UTSDC is an annual contest for high school students founded in 2003. Teams work together to develop a solution for a design challenge, set every year. The contest was founded to promote awareness of space exploration and development, as well as to excite students about new, creative applications of science, technology and engineering. The contest runs year long and ends in a Design Fair and Conference held on the University of Toronto's St. George Campus in mid May.

History
The inaugural UTSDC 2004-2005 had 30 teams signing up, most of these teams are based in Toronto, some teams in other regions of Ontario. However, only 15 of these teams official participated in the contest and the Design Fair and Conference.

The Space Design contest continues to grow, attracting participants from a wider geographic area, such as Waterloo, Ottawa, Florida and recently India.


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Cathedral of St. Joseph (Hartford, Connecticut)

The Cathedral of St. Joseph in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, is the mother church and seat of the Archdiocese of Hartford. Dedicated on May 15, 1962, it stands on the site of the old cathedral which had been destroyed in a fire. It is located on Farmington Avenue just outside downtown Hartford.

In 1979, the cathedral was included as a contributing property in the Asylum Avenue District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
Pope Gregory XVI established the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island as the Diocese of Hartford in 1843. Because Providence, Rhode Island had a larger Catholic population, Bishop William Tyler chose to reside there instead of Hartford. His two successors did likewise. Bishop Francis McFarland petitioned to have the diocese divided. After the Diocese of Providence was established in 1872, McFarland moved to Hartford where he bought the old Morgan estate for $75,000 for a cathedral, bishop's residence, and a motherhouse for the Sisters of Mercy. The convent was built first and the chapel was used as a pro-cathedral.

Brooklyn, New York architect Patrick Keely was hired to design the cathedral. Bishop Thomas Galberry, O.S.A., McFarland's successor, laid the cornerstone on April 29, 1877. The basement was dedicated for church use the following year. After Bishop Lawrence McMahon liquidated the diocese's debt he was able to complete the original St. Joseph's Cathedral, which was consecrated on May 8, 1892. The Gothic Revival structure was cruciform in shape and its exterior was clad in Portland rough brownstone. Two towers that rose 150 ft flanked the main facade. The interior featured an inlaid ceiling with wood from every country in the world, a rotunda with $100,000 worth of gold leaf, a bishop's throne that was carved oak, a marble high altar, and 72 stained glass windows. It was decorated with paintings and statues. Soil conditions necessitated renovations in 1938–1939 to stabilize the building. A fire destroyed the cathedral on December 31, 1956. Its cause was never determined. Structural engineers determined that the building could not be salvaged and the site was cleared.

The New York City architectural firm of Eggers & Higgins was chosen to design the present cathedral. On September 8, 1958, Archbishop Henry O'Brien presided over the formal groundbreaking. During construction, Sunday Masses were held in the auditorium of the Aetna Life Insurance Company building across the street and daily Masses were held in the school auditorium. Auxiliary Bishop John Hackett blessed the lower church on Christmas Eve 1960, and Archbishop O'Brien celebrated the first Mass later that night. Hackett laid the cornerstone for the cathedral on October 3, 1961, while the archbishop consecrated the bells for the carillon in 1961 and blessed the cross for the tower in 1962. Bishop Hackett consecrated the completed cathedral on May 15, 1962. It was built for about $10 million.

An addition that included a new entrance off Asylum Avenue, an elevator, and restrooms was completed in 2016. Two years later the exterior was cleaned and repaired as the limestone was starting to deteriorate. Other projects that are planned as a part of the “Forward With Faith” capital campaign include repairing the front plaza; creation of Cathedral Square that includes a pedestrian mall, park, and public gardens; and renovating the lower level of the cathedral into educational and community meeting facilities, a dining area, and a mausoleum.

On October 31, 2020, the cathedral hosted the beatification mass for the Rev. Michael J. McGivney, who founded the Knights of Columbus within the then Diocese of Hartford in 1882. A concurrent ceremony was held at St. Mary's Church in New Haven, Connecticut, where McGivney was assigned as an associate pastor.

Architecture
The cathedral was designed using an International style interpretation of the Gothic style, and maintained the verticality of the old cathedral. The structure is composed of reinforced concrete covered with smooth light gray coursed limestone. A large frieze over the main entrance features the church's patron, Saint Joseph. The tall bronze doors weigh five and a half tons and are covered with biblical scenes. The cathedral rises to a height of 284 ft. The blocks of stone used in the tall spire contrasts with the smooth stone of the walls. The "blocks are cut in a pattern of voids that causes a constant play of light and shadow." The bell chamber contains 12 bells cast in the Netherlands by Petit & Fritsen. They range in weight from 225 lbs up to 3850 lbs.

The interior of the cathedral is noted for its large expanse of spectacular stained glass windows crafted in Paris. They are reminiscent of those found in Paris' Sainte-Chapelle. Each panel is roughly 70 by and they are 1 in thick. The ceramic tile mural behind the altar depicting "Christ in Glory" is the largest in the world. The narthex is separated from the main nave by a wall of glass etched by Giovanni Hajnal. It depicts the Kingdom of Christ both on earth and in heaven. The capacity of the cathedral is about 1,750 people not including the two side chapels.

There are two main chapels on the side of the church. One contains a tabernacle and altar. It contains a mural of Jesus and his disciples. The chapel on the left has a mural depicting the Holy Family and contains the baptismal font. Other small chapels are made of mosaic and contain kneelers for visitors.

Organ
The pipe organ is the largest in Connecticut. The organ in the rear gallery was designed by the Austin Organ Company, which is based in Hartford. It has four manuals and includes six divisions, 81 stops, 95 registers, 114 ranks, and 6,878 pipes. The pipe organ in the Blessed Sacrament Chapel was also built by the Austin Organ Company, and it features three manuals, three divisions, 17 stops, 22 registers, 19 ranks, and 1,195 pipes. The organ has been used for many concerts.

Burials

 * Lawrence Stephen McMahon, Fifth Bishop of Hartford


text:
Talk:Hellraiser (Ozzy Osbourne and Motörhead song)

General
This needs a better quality picture. Alf 15:37, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Edits

 * Removed song lyrics as potential copyvio - emailed motorhead official website 'talk to band' and asked the man himself for his permission. Alf 21:42, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Mikkey Dee's first recording mentioned in "White Line Fever", Lemmy's autobiography (page 243).

Merge
No it buggers up otherwise complete and fully integrated discographies.--Alf melmac 10:56, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Seconded, completely different release, version; and technically and intellectually different in every way. Bubba hotep 11:20, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Merge - it's the same song! Following precedent set by Knockin' on Heaven's Door, Under Pressure etc.. --Jamdav86 09:44, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The as per other article is not an argument, there is a fundamental flaw with how singles and songs are now treated - mostly caused by the virtually inactive Project Songs, the individuals of which set the idea some time ago, did not listen to other arguments and have now since stopped editing. There is a problem with singles and songs, which isn't solved by merging two things which have disperate discographies. Where artists are considered to be very notable, their discographies are notable by default. Please take a look from the reader's point of view who would ideally like one article about the song and for those major artists, an article on the singles also.--Alf melmac 12:04, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Merge - same song=same article, just have it divided to tell about the different versions.
 * --Rock Soldier 23:58, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Same song, different single, same argument as before: WP:NOT (paper), ease of nav - reader usage better, discography then incomplete. I will argue the same until the dumb "guidance" that people sheeplike follow is actually stated or set somewhere...--Alf melmac 05:54, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The article for the Ozzy version is hardly even necessary. It could very easily be merged with this one if we just add the infobox from that one to this page and mention how it was originally by Ozzy and was featured in Grand Theft Auto.
 * -Rock Soldier 21:41, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * If the editor(s) of the motorhead singles have put more time and effort into their contributions than the Osbourne editor(s), it should be a reason for mixing two different singles? We are not short of space, if an overview article about the song is needed, it will be written, the info in the articles, as yet, is about the singles.--22:01, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The way I see it, there's just no point in having a separate article for the Ozzy version.

 * --Rock Soldier 21:19, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Yawn. – B.hotep u/t• 21:28, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Very well then, because "yawn", it makes sense to have them as separate pages.
 * --Rock Soldier 05:00, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Glad you finally see it that way. :) – B.hotep u/t• 19:48, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Put it this way: what significance does the Ozzy version bear that makes it worth having a separate article for?

--Rock Soldier 00:49, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, you may be right. There is nothing significant in the Ozzy version. It's just a song. Not a single, just a song off an album. Maybe it should redirect to No More Tears? – B.hotep u/t• 20:30, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Nope, it can be mentioned on this page. If you can prove it wasn't a single, however, then the single box can be removed. --Jamdav86 20:31, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't have to prove anything. So please stop stamping around changing thinhs without consensus. :) – B.hotep u/t• 20:35, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

You have to prove everything on Wikipedia or it gets removed, as any experienced Wikipedia editor will know. Please tone down your tribal attitude towards this page as you are nearing the 3 revert rule. As for consensus, there is a prior precedent for articles such as this, that exists only to make articles read better. You have contribute little to the discussion, and what you have contributed is an unsubstantiated claim and comments that are designed only to rile up other editors. As I see it, there has not been one argument put forward by the opposing side that trumps prior policy. The discography reasoning has very little ground, as Hellraiser (Ozzy Osbourne song) isn't a much-linked to page (in fact, I only found five that weren't on talk pages or botlogs). It requires no change to the Motorhead pages at all. The only other arguments so far have little to do with the article, but instead complain about the state of song articles in general and an attempt to organise opposing factions of Motorhead and Ozzy Osbourne editors.

This issue was first raised by me in February 2007, and in the four months that followed only four editors have looked at the discussion. In fact, a quick count showed that there are only about 15 editors of this article in total, some of these bots. I hope this will convince you that Hellraiser is a virtually ignored page, so there is no use getting worked up about all that the merging entails: an infobox, which can possibly be merged together with the existing one if it were so wished, and a few link changes, which have all been taken care of. What possible objection could there be left? --Jamdav86 20:57, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * You could just as easily prove it yourself. Things don't get removed from Wikipedia for lacking sources. They get sourced. Any experienced editor knows that, too. – B.hotep u/t• 21:10, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Besides, have you even looked at what I changed? I kept most of the changes you made, with the exception of using only one infobox. The mention of the Ozzy version was still there. All I am doing now is saying the Ozzy one would be better served redirecting to the album article. Did you read the Ozzy version, it said that it was never released as a single. I would tend to believe that, sourced or not, but if you would like to throw policy at me and insult my supposed lack of knowledge, please be my guest. :) – B.hotep u/t• 21:16, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Link to original version. The text you are after is "The song is one of the most well known Ozzy Osbourne songs (despite never being issued as a single), and was featured in the popular video game, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas."
 * Ozzy never released this song as a single, his version only appears on his album No More Tears Ozzy discography, so that false info had to be removed. Jamdav "as any experienced editor knows" is highly offensive directed either at Bubba or me - go check each accounts edits and compare with your own dude. The Ozzy page should be set up as other song tracks from albums are and not as a single, I'm going to try and fix that now if I don't get too busy on what I expect will be a very busy day.--Alf melmac 06:05, 16 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Shame Motorhead didn't see forsee the problems wiki would have with naming conventions and just name it "The single from Hell" instead, then there would be no issue, pretend they did and see if you can make the same arguments...--Alf melmac 08:08, 16 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Jamdav - you mention it's policy - show me.--Alf melmac 08:48, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Look, I really cannot comprehend why you are all quibbling over this. All the merge would require is the song (I'll concede that it wasn't a single) infobox from the Ozzy Osbourne page put at the top of this one. It doesn't even require an Ozzy Osbourne image on this page - I doubt the No More Tears album cover is covered under WP:FU (a warning on the Ozzy page will back me up on this).

As for policy, I don't think a written one exists (and due to the inactivity of WP:SONGS might never) but I could point you to more song pages - for much more significant songs - set up the way I propose than the current set-up: Mr. Tambourine Man (which probably bears most similarity to this page), Knockin' on Heaven's Door, Under Pressure, Another Girl, Another Planet, and so on. But really I think the crux of the dispute is whether you think date of original recording is much more significant than it existing as a single - I go for the former, you go for the latter. --Jamdav86 16:09, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Personally I'd like articles about songs to actually be about the song, what key it is written in, how it is scored (if applicable), how many bars, how many verses, how many choruses and if there's a bridge and coda, when it was written and peripheral details like why it was written, articles about singles I'd like about singles and their production, their place in the music timeline, who was inlvolved and what formats it was available in. At present virtually all song articles are about singles with scant acknoweldgement that somebody sat down and wrote the song. I place no greater value over a song than I do an article about a single and no greater value of one date over another.--Alf melmac 16:15, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * So what's your objection to the merge? --Jamdav86 17:05, 16 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Apart from what's above? First, really imagine that Motorhead had called this single "The single from Hell" and Ozzy kept the track title as it is, does your argument for a merge stand then? I think it will not, the problem as I have said many many times before is that it's a naming issue, not a merging issue.--Alf melmac 17:14, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Merge The general consensus, established by various precedents, is to have one article per song. There's certainly no problem here when all of the information can easily and adequately be covered in one article. GassyGuy 15:24, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Which is exactly what I was saying, albeit in a less concise form. --Jamdav86 20:25, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
 * OK so don't imagine it, don't wake up from the filter that you've taken on and see how badly this treats the subjects.--Alf melmac 12:08, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

I really don't get what you mean by 'badly tretaing the subjects', and I still cannot understand why you are so vehemently objecting to either this or this? They're more accurate and don't involve having inconsistent disambiguation, so what's the problem?. --Jamdav86 16:35, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * If there's no issue with the merge, and your only objection is the naming of the article, that's easy:
 * If there's no other notable song with this name, the article can reside at Hellraiser (song), which seems likely.
 * If there is some other song that needs an article, this article will be named by the original version, so either Hellraiser (Ozzy Osbourne song) or Hellraiser (Motörhead song).
 * If it is impossible to indisputably determine which version is the original, then the article could reside at Hellraiser (1991 song), as is the case with many other songs when several versions were released simultaneously and an original cannot be easily determined.
 * So, naming the article really won't be an issue at all if the merge proceeds, as I still think it should. GassyGuy 03:01, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I have an issue the naming scheme in that it is prosciptive when it doesn't have to be, that the argument that all singles which have the a recording of the one song on the A-side need to be stuffed into one place, on a foo (song) named article. Songs are not the same as singles as much as novels are not the same as graphic comic versions, films, television adaptions and radio adaptions, all of which would get an article of their own undisputedly, but when it's a single, uh-huh, only allowed one page - that's just nonsense. How many pages of fictional planets, universes, characters and all to support one televsion series, which may well have a main page, a page for the episodes and more, but can famous artists have their own pages for their own production, well not if they've recorded the same some to put a the A-side, gotta be all the same page. It's just nonsense, I don't see why you can't see it.--Alf melmac 07:36, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Anyways, what's wrong with current situation? - Hellraiser (Ozzy Osbourne song) redirects to No More Tears and this page is at a simple title, until someone else decides to write another song with the same name. It's fine as is.--Alf melmac 07:45, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Most of this appears to be covered by WP:OTHERCRAPEXISTS. Anyhow, the page was not a redirect at the time I accessed it and this discussion. I have no problem with Hellraiser (Ozzy Osbourne song) as a redirect to the album on which it appeared. It simply shouldn't be its own article. GassyGuy 04:54, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for telling me that my view is in fact about keeping crap, notwithstanding the fact the line of that essay states, "The nature of Wikipedia means that you can't make a convincing argument based on what other articles do or don't exist; because there's nothing stopping anyone from creating any article." "It simply shouldn't have it's own article" is a nonsense phrase unqualified, you'd feel the same if there was 150kb of data about it? Don't bother to answer, I don't want an answer after being told mine is a non-argument.--Alf melmac  06:38, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I also notice from your talk page that you've said more than once over the last year that having all singles together on one song page is a policy - show me.--Alf melmac 06:50, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Just one question - if this article is supposed to be only about the Motörhead version, why does the article start by saying "Hellraiser is a song by Ozzy Osbourne and heavy metal band Motörhead"? That suggests that it's about versions. I suggest that the article either lives up to that statement or that it is changed to something like "Hellraiser is a song by heavy metal band Motörhead, previously recorded in 1991 by Ozzy Osbourne for his album No More Tears."

 * Oh, and shouldn't the Ozzy template be removed, since this article doesn't really relate to him?

 * --Rock Soldier 17:32, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It was a compromise to a full-scale merge. Do what you like with it, you don't usually bother asking. – B.hotep u/t• 19:51, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm fine with things as is for the mo to avoid any further grief, but yes, you can guess, my vote would be for having an article about a Motörhead single at Hellraiser (Motörhead single) or Hellraiser (single). It would then leave Hellraiser (song) available for disambiguation in this case as I figure that it'll be 40/40 as to what they're looking for when typing in Hellraiser (song).--Alf melmac 10:43, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * ...But it's the same song... --Jamdav86 19:54, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Many many of the Dracula films cover exactly the same story - they each have their own article. The current situation is that Hellraiser (Ozzy Osbourne song) redirects to No More Tears album, where the info is, the Motorhead single is covered on this article, so you're suggesting we merge this article into Ozzy's No More Tears?!!--Alf melmac 08:22, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm suggesting what I suggested before: add an Ozzy infobox and a line or two on his song to the top of the page, and an Ozzy navbox and categories to the bottom. --Jamdav86

Which infobox? There is one for songs (blue) one for singles (yukky) one for albums (blue) - Songs which have a single as the A-side usually use the single box, Ozzy's version appeared on album, I've no problem adding a nav for the track on the album, as you'll see in the next edit. It already opens with Ozzy being mentioned before you take your first breath, if you think there is anything else really pertinent to the song itself rather than the recording the song on Ozzy's album, do by all means add it, I can't see anything to do so. It's already in Categories: Motörhead songs | Ozzy Osbourne songs | 1992 singles | Hellraiser, which other category do you have in mind?
 * As it is when I left it was all that I wanted. That's why I was so baffled that you resisted the merge taking place - since so little practical work had to be done, you seemed to be objecting to the very concept of mergeing, which is very strange. --Jamdav86 20:41, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * That was not yes ok merge, as you have just done. What's wrong with with how it was, I was just working on mixed box and you merge. FFS.--Alf melmac 20:43, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't understand. If you can merge the infoboxes, that's even better. Don't be put off cos of my boneheadedness, I assumed you'd fnished. --Jamdav86 20:58, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Can we delete Hellraiser (song)/Merge 1 and Hellraiser (song)/Merge 2? --Rock Soldier 02:39, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, whatever. --Jamdav86 17:54, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

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text:
Kunnamkulam

Kunnamkulam is a municipal town situated in the Thrissur District of Kerala in India. Spread over an area of 34.18 km2, it is an old commercial town, with an ancient history. It is famous for its printing and book-binding industry. In the past, the town was called Kunnankulangara and references can be seen many British Archives about a neat and prosperous town which was predominantly Christian. Over the years Kunnamkulam has become a meeting point for all religions.

History
The history of Kunnamkulam turns back to the Paleolithic age. Kakkad cave and Chowannur cave support this fact. It is said that this place was part of 'Mahodaya Pattanam' and was known as 'Kunnamkulangare'.

Traditionally it is believed that a cross was installed by Thomas the Apostle, at Chattukulangara (a part of Arthat in Kunnamkulam). During the invasion of Tippu Sultan in 1789, the Christians from Chattakulangara migrated to Kunnamkulam town after the invitation from Thalapilli Rajas. The Thalapilli Rajas provided residences and places of worship.

Most of the oldest and wealthiest Christian families are to be found in Kunnamkulam. The Ashthagraha families, Pulikottil, Kollannoor, Cheruvathoor, Mandumpal,  Kakkaserry, Cherukakkaserry, Koothoor, Porathoor and Cheeran, along with Moolapath, Panakkal, Paramel, Thengungal and Tholath were the most prominent among them. The ascendancy competition between these wealthy families, its contexture to literary activities opened new dimensions in the development of printing. Panakkal Chakku, Cheru, Thengungal Ittoop, Varu and Koothur Paramel Iyyu Uttoop were arbitrators of some of these families. It is said that the Christian families were settled earlier at Chattukulangare shifted to Kunnamkulam after the invasion of Tippu in 1789. They were invited by the Thalappilli Rajas, provided residences and places of worship. They resided on both sides of the street. This may have helped to avoid threat from Tippu against Thalappilli Rajas. Those settled on both sides of the street started trade and business, began a new era of transaction.

Kunnamkulam Municipal area was the headquarters of Talappilly taluk up to 1860 AD.

Geography
Kunnamkulam is located at 10.65°N, 76.08°W. It has an average elevation of 57 metres (187 feet). It is around 24 km from Thrissur City and 8 km from Guruvayur. It is located on the route connecting Thrissur, Kochi to North Kerala. Kunnamkulam, as the word connotes is the land of hills and ponds. The hills, 'Adupputty', 'Kizhoor' and 'Kakkad' lies in the borders and the ponds 'Enjhankulam', 'Ayyamkulam', and 'Madhurakulam' are in the middle. Manakulam, Cheralayam and Kakkad, the suburbs of Kunnamkulam were the seats of the Nambidis of Manakulam, Ayinikur and Kakkad Karanavappad respectively. They were collectively known as Thalappilli Rajas and belonged to three branches of the same dynasty.

Demographics
As of 2011 Census, Kunnamkulam had a population of 54,071 with 25,392 males and 28,679 females. The municipality caters 13,156 households with an area of 34.18 km2. 9.3% of the population was under 6 years of age. Kunnamkulam had an average literacy of 96.8% higher than the state average of 94%; male literacy was 97.7% and female literacy was 96%.

Government
The Kunnamkulam Municipality was formed as an 4th grade Municipality in the year 1948. The Municipality had an area of 6.96 km2 with 16 electoral wards. In 2000, it was further upgraded to a Grade-II Municipality by merging adjoining panchayats of Arthat (full) and panchayats of Porkulam and Chowwannur (parts). The original area of the municipality was 7 km2 which is now increased to 34.18 km2. The municipality extended its area in 2001 and now has 31 wards. Kunnamkulam assembly constituency is part of Alathoor (Lok Sabha Constituency). Earlier, it was part of the Ottapalam Constituency.

Famous Personalities
CP John- Indian Politician

VK Sreeraman- Indian Actor

Culture
Kadavallur, Chowannur and Arthat, the nearby places of Kunnamkulam had a rich cultural background. Kadavallur is well known throughout this coast as being the place where Nambudiris of the Thrissur and Tirunavaya Yogams compete for superiority in Vedic proficiency. In Chowannur, there was a Sabha Madom, an endowed college where Sanskrit education was given. Arthat was the chief center of Orthodox Christians. The Arthat St. Mary's Cathedral Church (Arthat Valliyapally) is the main church in the town. All these contributed a cultural rising up in the area which later on helped the development of the publishing industry. These published books were sold during Guruvayur Ekadasi. When the temple was open to all Hindus and a good amount of trade taken place at that time.

Line Houses
A particular residential replica "line houses" (angadi pura (veeducal)), is seen in Kunnamkulam area. The streets of these houses are exceedingly narrow. The "Line Houses" are built in 3–5 cents of land on both sides of the street. The front room of the house functions as a shop while the rear room was used for residential purposes. There used to be rear yards for every so called "Angadi pura" (town house) which was used for processing of their agricultural products.

Kunnamkulam is famous for its religious harmony as Hindus, Christians and Muslims live here. The religious tolerance of Kunnamkulam people can be seen from the “Ambala Palli’(located at south Bazar) which is temple converted to a church where in, the temple character can be seen in the church entrance.

Archaeology

 * Roman coins of Eyyal: Archaeologists have unearthed a collection of old Roman coins at Eyyal. These coins date from 123 BC to 117 AD. They are currently exhibited in the Archeological Museum of Thrissur.

title: Kunnamkulam


text:
Talk:Shia view of Umar

External links modified
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External links modified
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POVFORK
I think this article and Sunni view of Omar are WP:POVFORKs. We should have one unified article called "Perception of Omar" that gives WP:DUE weight to Shia, Sunni and non-Muslim views on Omar. Since this page doesn't get much traffic, I'll ping a few:, , , , , .VR talk 11:20, 16 September 2021 (UTC)
 * , Thanks for the ping. I agree with your proposal. Both these articles aren't much lengthy either. The proposed title seems interesting to me and it may help in adding few other view-points, for example, what non-Muslims have thought of Umar. ─ The Aafī   (talk)|undefined  11:26, 16 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I also agree in principle, though I would say that a much higher priority is to rewrite these articles to some minimum level of quality. Yesterday I completely rewrote our article on Abu Lu'lu'a, and when another editor added a link to Shia view of Umar (I will not speak of "Omar" on this website if I can avoid it ) I felt I had to include it in my (more general) revert simply and only because this article is of such a low quality. It's actually a great topic to link to in the see also section of Abu Lu'lu'a (it would be as well for Eid-e-Shuja', another one I recently rewrote from-scratch), but I just think it's a bad idea to lead readers from a relatively enlightening piece of information into utter obscurity. I would be in favor of a merged, shorter, but also clearer and more reliable article. Now someone come and write it for us!  ☿  Apaugasma  ( talk  ☉) 17:37, 16 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the ping. Fully agree with the proposal. These tiny forks are against NPOV. I am in favor a merger, provided that it is accompanied by a rewrite based on the reliable sources– preferably scholarly ones. -- M h hossein   talk 06:38, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shia view of Umar


text:
Pedro Rosa Nales

Pedro Rosa Nales (born December 3, 1956, in Fajardo, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican journalist, news anchor and a recognized martial artist. As a journalist he has received over 20 awards.

Journalism
He started working at radio station WMDD in Fajardo. As a television journalist, he was recruited by the WAPA-TV channel 4 of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1981, becoming the first black Puerto Rican to work as a TV reporter. During his 32 years as a TV journalist, he had won more than 100 awards from several organizations in Puerto Rico and the United States, including awards for the coverage of hurricanes and investigative reports like Red Alert 1 and 2, in which he uncovered the military use of the Vieques island and the effects of army maneuvers on the population.

In the past years, he has worked as a host (Anchor) on various editions of Noticentro 4 on WAPA TV and in 2014 on "Noticentro America" for viewers in the United States. In 2017, he anchored the 5 p.m. news hour for Noticentro. In 2018, Noticentro Al Amanecer (Noticentro In the Morning) celebrated eighteen years on air.

Rosa Nales sued WAPA-TV during December 2020 for the amount of $2.5 million dollars, alleging he was ignored in favor of White colleagues when the network decided to install Rafael Lenin Lopez as main afternoon news reporter instead of him due to Rosa Nales' being Black and also an older person than Lenin Lopez.

Martial arts
When memes of Rosa Nales, in martial arts poses, were discovered on the net, he gladly shared with the public that he has practiced martial arts all his life, for over 47 years.

Personal life
He served in the United States Army as a parachutist from the 82nd Airborne Division, in the 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne) and the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault). He was later Press officer, Executive officer, Radio and Tv officer and Unit commander in the Puerto Rico National Guard with the rank of captain.

In 2023 he was inducted to the Puerto Rico Veterans Hall of Fame.

Rosa Nales married young, and his wife had a daughter when he was just seventeen years old. They divorced while he was in the army. He has two children but in 2012, Rosa Nales 32-year-old daughter, who had fought addiction with the help of Hogares Crea, died of a possible overdose.

On June 29, 2021, Pedro Rosa Nales' sixteen year-old grandson was accused of murder, along with another teenager.

title: Pedro Rosa Nales


text: File:Tenth Doctor (Doctor Who).jpg

title: File:Tenth Doctor (Doctor Who).jpg