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La Salle Green Hills

La Salle Green Hills ("LSGH") is a private Catholic school run by the Philippine District of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools in Ortigas Avenue, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. It was established in 1959 by the De La Salle Brothers led by Brother H. Gabriel Connon, FSC primarily to provide more slots to students wishing to avail of the then very popular De La Salle primary education offered in Taft Avenue, Manila.

La Salle Green Hills offers primary and secondary education. It is a member of the De La Salle Philippines, the association of all Lasallian institutions in the Philippines, namely De La Salle University in Manila (1911), De La Salle Araneta University in Malabon (1946), University of St. La Salle in Bacolod (1952), and the La Salle Academy in Iligan (1958).

La Salle Green Hills was given a clean seven-year accreditation by the PAASCU in 1991 and 1998, thus making it the first high school institution in the Philippines with this distinction. Both Grade School and High School departments of La Salle Green Hills were awarded Level III accreditation—the highest possible level—by the PAASCU and FAAP.

History
In the Early 1950s, the Brothers of De La Salle College-Manila led by Brother H. Gabriel Connon FSC, acquired a six hectare lot on Ortigas Avenue in Mandaluyong to relocate the De La Salle Novitiate from Baguio and to accommodate increasing requests for admission to the then De La Salle Grade School on Taft Avenue, Manila.

In July 1959, La Salle Green Hills (then spelled La Salle – Green Hills ) opened its door to two preschool-level sections and one section each for elementary school units one and two. Its first Brother-Director was Brother Alphonsus Bloemen FSC who first came to teach in De La Salle College in Manila in 1940. On August 24, 1960, La Salle Green Hills, Inc. was registered as non-stock, non-profit corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In August 1964, the high school was established. In 1968, when the De La Salle High School – Manila was made defunct, graduates of the De La Salle Grade School were transferred to the La Salle Green Hills High School, making La Salle Green Hills the high school of De La Salle University – Manila, until the establishment of the co-educational De La Salle-Santiago Zobel School in 1978. The De La Salle Grade School – Manila was phased-out in 1984, after which its grade school graduates were given an option to study either at LSGH (for northern and central Metro Manila residents) or at De La Salle Zobel in Ayala Alabang Village (for southern Metro Manila residents).

La Salle Green Hills was first accredited by the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities or PAASCU in 1971 and was given a three-year accrediting grant. La Salle Green Hills received three-year accreditations again in by 1974 and 1977. After which, La Salle Green Hills was given a better five-year grant in 1982 and 1987 after two accrediting visits. Accrediting visits in 1991 and 1998 were given seven-year accreditations making it the first and only high school in the Philippines to be granted two seven-year accreditations. After the seven-year accrediting grant that was given to La Salle Green Hills in 1998, the school was surveyed in September 2005 and was granted a five-year accreditation. In June 2008, the La Salle Green Hills Grade School was granted a Level III accreditation by PAASCU, making it the first and only school in the Philippines certified as such. And in late 2008, the High School was granted Level III accreditation from the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines, the highest accreditation given to any basic education institution in the Philippines.

On June 8, 2009, La Salle Green Hills celebrated its golden jubilee, and in 2011 celebrated together with the rest of the De La Salle schools in the Philippines the centennial celebration of the De La Salle Brothers in the Philippines.

The school announced in May 2020, that it will begin admitting female students for senior high school. In March 2021, the school announced that it will begin admitting female students for all levels.

Grade School
The La Salle Green Hills Grade School (LSGH-GS) is a Catholic elementary school. It offers education for students from the kindergarten level to the seventh grade. Its facilities and classrooms are located within the St. Joseph the Worker Building (Kindergarten and Grade 1), St. Brother Miguel Febres Cordero FSC building (Grade 2 to Grade 5), and the St. La Salle building (Grade 6). The Grade School shares the athletic facilities with the High School. The Grade School has the distinction of being the first grade school in the country to receive a Level III accreditation from the PAASCU.

The curriculum for the LSGH-GS focuses on basic elementary education, in which Language (English), Filipino, Christian Living, Science, Art, Music, Computer, and Arithmetic are introduced in Kindergarten 1 and 2. Language Arts, Science, Filipino, Music, Christian Living, Reading, Mathematics, Araling Panlipunan (Grade 2–6). Physical Education is taught in Grades 1–6. Students from Grade 5 and 6 (GS) get to pick their Friday Club from a list of multiple clubs.

High school
The La Salle Green Hills High School (LSGH-HS) is a Catholic secondary school that is divided into the Junior High School (Grades 7–10) and the Senior High School (Grades 11 and 12). Its Junior High School is located within the St. Brother Mutien Marie FSC building aside from the Arts and Technology classrooms which are located at the St. Benilde Gym's mezzanine, and the top floors of the St. Joseph the Worker building and Central House. Its Senior High School is located within the St. Brother Arnold Reche FSC and also houses related facilities. Previously an exclusive all-boys' school, its Senior High School opened to female students in 2020, then eventually to all levels in 2021.

The curriculum of the LSGH-HS focuses mainly on college preparatory education in which English (Grammar, Literature, Rhetoric and Reading), Mathematics, Science, Social Science, Christian Living, and Filipino make up the academic subjects while Arts and Technology (includes Electronics, Basic Accounting, Music, Drafting, Integrated Arts, Culinary Arts and Automotive), Computer, and Physical Education and Health, and Robotics make up the co-curricular subjects which are all taught from Grade 7 to Grade 10. The majority of graduates from the LSGH-HS move on to study college at De La Salle University Manila, De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde also in Manila, University of the Philippines, University of Santo Tomas, and Ateneo de Manila University.

Campus
The school is situated on a six-hectare campus fronting Ortigas Avenue, across from Wack-Wack Village and golf course.

St. Benilde Gym/cafeteria
Probably the most well-known building on the school grounds, construction of the dome-shaped structure began in 1967. Mr. Gines Rivera is the building's architect. It houses the main basketball courts on the second floor and the cafeteria on the ground floor. The mezzanine houses most of the Computer and Arts & Technology, Drafting and Culinary Arts classrooms of the La Salle Green Hills High School. Aside from sports, the main gym area is also used for graduations, community masses, concerts, and other events. Since 1986, it has been used as the venue for the presidential election ballot counting by NAMFREL. Students under Grade 7 are not allowed to enter during recess or lunch.

Classroom buildings

 * Saint La Salle Building

The St. La Salle Building houses the Grade 6, some computer labs and many special classrooms, the Grades 2, 5 and 6 art and music rooms, the annex library, the accounting office, the Presidents' Office and the other canteen (Zaide).

The 3rd floor of the St. La Salle Building houses one of the four campuses of the De La Salle University Manila Ramon V. del Rosario Sr. Graduate School of Business, of which LSGH is designated as the "Ortigas Campus".
 * Brother Arnold Reche FSC Building

The Brother Arnold Reche FSC Building houses the Senior High School (Grades 11 and 12) Department's classrooms. It also houses the Quadrangle 1, which is the school's garden. It has a library, chapel, clinic, the Senior High School guidance counselor's offices, the Senior High School science lab, the Senior High School's prefect offices and a staircase leading to the Father Martinez Activity Center, or FMAC.
 * Saint Brother Miguel Febres Cordero FSC Building

The building is located behind the St. La Salle Main Building, and houses the Grades 2–5, some of the Grade 6 classrooms and the Grade School Principal's office. It houses two music rooms, two activity rooms, a rehearsal room, and the LC3 Prefect's office. The basement floor of the building accommodates the SPDO, SC, The Archives, the conference room, and the Table Tennis courts. In the middle of it is called the Quadrangle 2.
 * Saint Brother Mutien Marie FSC Building

The Saint Mutien Marie Building, or the High School Building, houses the Junior High School Department (Grades 7–10), from classrooms to the administration offices. The classrooms are organized with each year level occupying one level starting with the 7th on the second floor. The ground floor includes the HS library, administrative offices, the HS chapel, and the Maria Pilapil Hall.

 * St. Joseph the Worker Building

The St. Joseph the Worker Building houses the students and faculty of the Kindergarten department, and is divided into the Kinder 1 building and the Grade 1 building. The Kindergarten playground is also situated here.

Other buildings

 * Central House

This was the first building in 1959. It was here that the first classes of LSGH were held. Today, it is the residence of the FSC Brothers of LSGH, this is more commonly known to the students as the "Brothers' House." The Central House also contains the offices of De La Salle Philippines. It is usually off-limits to all students except for the HS Science Laboratories on the fourth floor.
 * Brother Rafael S. Donato FSC Center for the Performing Arts

The Brother Rafael S. Donato FSC Center for the Performing Arts (Br. Donato Center) is the home of both the grade school and high school theater arts departments of La Salle Green Hills. The former St. Joseph's Auditorium (SJA) underwent a complete renovation in 2004 and was renamed as the St. Joseph's Theater (SJT to the students). It was then dedicated in March 2007 to Brother Rafael Donato FSC, who died in Bagac, Bataan, on November 2, 2006, 2 weeks after his 50th anniversary as a De La Salle Brother. It has orchestra and balcony sections which can accommodate 628 persons and its newly installed lighting and sound systems make it the best-equipped medium-sized performing arts venue within the San Juan and Mandaluyong–Ortigas area.

This has also been the venue of productions by the Grade School's Junior Actors' Guild and the High School's Cue Drama Club. Cue Drama stages productions every year.

Sporting areas

 * St. Benilde Gym[[Image:lsghlowerfield.jpg|thumb|right|The Brother Gilbert Cotter Field with the Steel Car Park (right)]]

The St. Benilde Gymnasium, although called a gym, does not house an actual gym (unlike the one in the Father Martinez Activity Center, or FMAC), but houses basketball games and practices.

 * Father Martinez Activity Center (FMAC)

The other gym is the Father Martinez Activity Center (FMAC). It is named after LSGH's rector in the late 1990s. It has 4 basketball courts, one full court made of Taraflex and the other three are convertible to volleyball/badminton/table tennis courts, the Weights room, Taekwondo room, and a wall climbing facility.

 * Lower Football Field (Br. Gilbert Cotter Field)

La Salle Green Hills also has a full-sized football field, named after Brother Gilbert Cotter FSC, an American De La Salle Brother who used to handle LSGH and was closely tied to football. This is where football matches are held (mostly by the school's varsity team) as well as field demonstrations in school festivities.

 * Enrique K. Razon, Jr. and Batch 1978 Activity Center

The Enrique Razon Activity Center (ERAC) is situated at the upper field. It is designed to suit a wide range of sports activities (e.g., basketball, volleyball, tennis, etc.) and other co-curricular activities/assemblies.

Other facilities situated in the Upper Field include the Track Oval, Baseball Diamond, Lawn Tennis Court, Swimming pool, Wall climbing facility, Table Tennis room and a Golf Driving Cage.

Libraries

 * Main Library

The Main Library of LSGH is located in the quadrangle area located at the Br. Arnold Reche Building. It has the Filipiniana section, Easy Reading, Cyberquest, Reference and Fictional and Non-Fictional sections. Its facilities include internet and printing.
 * Annex Library

The Annex Library is located in the St. La Salle Building Annex and is used mainly by Grade 4–6 and is off-limits to the lower grades (Grade 2 and 3). It has most of the services of the Main Library but no longer includes the Easy Reading Section.
 * High School Library

The High School library is located on the ground floor of the High School Building and is used only by the High School. It has the same services as the Annex Library but also includes the Leisure Reading area where comics and digests can be found. It is the biggest library in the campus. The GHArchives (Green Hills Archives) and the HS Audio – Visual Center, and ANHS collection are also housed in this library.

Spiritual activities and development facilities
Since La Salle Green Hills is a school dedicated to the formation of Christian gentlemen, the school has provided facilities for the spiritual activities and development of its students.

La Salle Green Hills has three chapels, the St. La Salle Chapel, the High School Chapel, and the Chapel of the Divine Child.

The Chapel of the Divine Child (formerly called the National Shrine of the Divine Child or NSDC), or the CDC is the school's main chapel. Wakes (for deceased faculty, alumni, brothers, etc.) are often held here. The chapel also serves Sunday masses. This is also where the Grade 3 classes have their First Holy Communion every December–February. The CDC is the place where ZTE scandal witness Jun Lozada held a press conference concerning the scandal.

Large community gatherings such as the community mass are held at the gym.

Retreat House complex
The Retreat House is situated behind the Kinder One building. It can house two simultaneous class recollections. The two-story building has identical facilities on both floors: Conference room which can be converted to a chapel, dining hall, kitchen, dormitory, showers, and lavatories. The dormitories are furnished with bunk beds which can accommodate a class of about 55 (full) and is air-conditioned.

Performing arts
LSGH holds plays, concerts and activity days in each grade level (where students recite short stories and poems, and give speeches in English and Filipino). Most of these events are held at the now Bro. Rafael Donato Center for the Performing Arts, or in the old St. Joseph's Auditorium (the name of the Bro. Donato Center before renovation).

La Salle Green Hills has clubs for those who want to partake in plays, the Junior Actor's Guild (JAG) in the Grade School and the Cue Drama Club in High School. These clubs hold about 3 plays per year and are held in the Bro. Donato Center.

The Kundirana

The school is also home to The Kundirana, which is a music ministry composed of about 8–15 high school students in their junior or senior year. The Kundirana name is a combination of 2 forms of traditional Filipino music the Kundiman, and the Harana. The LSGH Kundirana has performed several renowned concerts since its establishment in the 1970s. The Kundirana is the most famous high school singing group in the Philippines. Notable alumni include award-winning Filipino musical artists such as notable Lasallians Gary Valenciano, Ogie Alcasid, Randy Santiago, Dingdong Avanzado, Rannie Raymundo, Juan Miguel Salvador, Louie Ocampo, Mel Villena, Tats Faustino, Mikoy Morales, and several notable music industry personalities of the Philippines.

The group performs several concerts aiming to raise funds to contribute to various Philippine charities such as the Bahay Pag-Asa, and several other charities spearheaded by the De La Salle Christian Brothers.

The group celebrated its 40th anniversary in November 2011 with a grand reunion concert held at CCP led by Ogie Alcasid entitled: KUNDIRANA KWARENTA NA: the men, the music, the ministry featuring several alumni, and the then-current batch, Kundirana 2012.

AirForce
LSGH Airforce is the school's representatives for the field of Streetdance. Airforce consists of students from the LSGH High School, selected through tryouts. They reached and placed first in the finals of the Skechers Streetdance Battle Year 6 and Year 8. Airforce won championships in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, in the National Dance Championship "Senior Mixed Hip Hop Division", becoming the first team to do so.

Athletics
The varsity team of La Salle Green Hills is called the La Salle Junior Greenies. The name is also used when representing the De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde Blazers in the NCAA as their junior counterpart, contrary to the popular perception that they are Junior Blazers. They were also the juniors representative of the De La Salle Green Archers in the NCAA from 1968 to 1981. La Salle Green Hills' former varsity name was the LSGH Rangers. There are several claims as to where the moniker was taken from.

In the NCAA, the Greenies have won 12 Juniors General Championships, eight with DLSU and four with DLS-CSB.

La Salle Green Hills due to its ties with the De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde in the NCAA, uses the cheers of Benilde in the NCAA, but since LSGH being a La Salle school altogether, uses the cheers of De La Salle University outside the NCAA.

Debate
In the 1980s, the LSGH-HS dissolved its Debate and Argumentation elective. Hence, there came increasing demand for students interested in the field. Therefore, the school established the Debate Club and the Forensics Guild. The two organizations were independent from each other and used different rooms for training. The Forensics Guild used the then Saint Joseph's Auditorium while the Debate Club used the High School's Maria Pilapil Hall. Both competed in various competitions in Metro Manila, sometimes meeting each other. Most prominent during this period was the Volvo Voice of Democracy. (This was the stage where LSGH alumnus, Hilarion "Ronnie" Henares III, won the prestigious competition in 1967 and where another alumnus, Christian Earl Castañeda, was second runner-up in 2009 ) However, since SY 2008–2009, LSGH's Student Affairs Central Body took over participation in this contest.

After 2004, the school felt a need to merge both organizations. This was because the members were at a decline and they both had the same objectives and purpose. So they established Club Rhetorique. At the same time they created the Rhetoric elective for sophomore students. Feeling the need for a more competitive debate institution, LSGH-HS's English Department and students from De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde established the La Salle Debate Team (LSDT) in the SY 2005–2006. The team has autonomy from rules of normal clubs and societies in LSGH and is officially under the Principal's Office, rather than under the Student Activities Coordinator.

The LSDT trained under members of the DLS-CSB debate society from 2005 to 2007 and then under members of the De La Salle University debate society from 2008 to today. The LSDT has gone on to be Quarter-finalists at the 2008 National Asians High School Debate Championship won the Ana Alano Cup at the 2008 and 2012 Philippine Schools Debate Championship and semi finalist in the same tournament in 2009 and 2010, and quarter-finalist in 2011 as well as advanced to the semi-finals of the Asian Schools Debate Championship

History Varsity
Under the tutelage of Sir Cortez, Lasallians participated in the IHBB (International History Varsity Bee and Bowl Competitions) winning several awards and maintaining a first place for both the Bee and Bowl across the Middle school to Junior Varsity categories.

Adult Night High School
The LSGH Adult Night High School (ANHS) has a history dating back to the mid-1970s when it was established by the Christian Brothers to provide tuition-free, quality Lasallian education to the marginalized.

title: La Salle Green Hills


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Rißegg

Rissegg is a part of the city of Biberach/Riß and a municipality in the district of Biberach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Rissegg is a village of about 2,420 inhabitants and was founded in the 9th or 10th century. There is a Free Catholic school with about 187 students.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rißegg


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User:Lingolanguage

Hello everyone - this is information about me. I will put more stuff here soon! Lingolanguage 16:51, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Lingolanguage


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Hong Kong Certificate of Identity

The Hong Kong Certificate of Identity (CI) was a formal travel document and passport, issued by the Hong Kong Government's Immigration Department until 30 June 1997 (See transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong). It is no longer possible to possess a valid CI as a travel document, as all CIs have expired by 30 June 2007, though most CI holders should be eligible to hold the HKSAR Passport.

Eligibility
Certificates of Identity were issued to Hong Kong permanent residents who did not hold and could not obtain any valid travel documents for overseas travel. For example, permanent residents who were citizens of People's Republic of China (PRC) could obtain neither their Chinese passports unless they held hukou registration in Mainland China, nor their British passports unless they naturalized as British citizens or British Dependent Territories citizens tied in Hong Kong. Such persons could be issued CI in lieu of the national passport. CI were not used to enter the PRC (Mainland China) or Portuguese Macau, and other means of travel documents and/or entry permits were required.

Normally, CI were valid for 10 years.

Since establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on 1 July 1997, no more CI were issued. Those already issued remained valid for travel until expiry (which may pass beyond 30 June 1997; as CIs were valid for a maximum of 10 years), none of which past 30 June 2007. CI holders who are PRC citizens are now eligible for Hong Kong passport.

CI and PRC citizenship
Most (but not all) former CI holders were solely People's Republic of China (PRC) citizens. Many of them were immigrants from mainland China who had acquired the right of abode in Hong Kong. They did not co-hold any type of British nationality (See British nationality law and Hong Kong for details pertaining to various kinds of British nationalities). Before the handover, they were not eligible for any kinds of PRC passports. The PRC only issued Home Return Permit for them to enter mainland China only. If they did not choose to acquire British nationality through naturalisation, they could apply for the CI as a travel document from the colonial Hong Kong Government.

Travel abroad was very difficult for CI holders, because CI was not a proof of nationality, in contrast with passport, thus rendering CI holders practically "stateless", even when most of them were Chinese nationals. Most countries and territories required CI holders to obtain visas before travelling.

After the handover, all Hong Kong permanent residents with PRC Citizenship are eligible to apply for a Hong Kong SAR passport.

Endorsements on CIs
On 1 July 1987, the concept of "right of abode" was introduced in Hong Kong legislation. A modified Hong Kong Certificate of Identity was introduced to ensure that Certificates of Identity would be acceptable for the purpose of international travel both before and after the handover of Hong Kong. These documents contain an endorsement showing that “the holder has the right of abode in Hong Kong”.

To ensure Certificate of Identity will be acceptable for the purpose of international travel and for the return to HK after 30 June 1997, the British and the Chinese Government have agreed that the Certificate of Identity contain the following endorsement:

The holder of this passport has Hong Kong permanent identity card number xxxx which states that the holder has the right of abode in Hong Kong.

Acceptance and visa-free access
Countries that allowed Hong Kong Certificate of Identity holders to visit without visas:

 * 🇰🇷 south korea: 30 days
 * 🇵🇼 palau: no specific limit of stay (subject to final decision made by immigration officer, on individual merit)
 * undefined / 🇦🇼 aruba: 14 days
 * 🇲🇵 northern mariana islands: 1 month
 * 🇸🇬 singapore: 30 days

After the HKSAR was established, a number of countries have ceased to accept CI's at different times. Those not yet eligible for HKSAR passports would recourse to the Document of Identity.

However it is no longer possible to possess a valid CI as a travel document, because all CIs have expired by 30 June 2007.

Notes contained in the Certificate of Identity
The following statements were printed in both English and traditional Chinese.

Front cover
The present Certificate is issued for the sole purpose of providing the holder with identity papers in lieu of a national passport. It is without prejudice to and in no way affects the national status of the holder. If the holder obtains a national passport this Certificate ceases to be valid and must be surrendered to the issuing authority or nearest British Consulate, High Commission or Passport Office for cancellation and return to the Holder.

本証明書之發給，旨在使本証持有人獲得証明身份之文件以作代替護照之用. 本証明書對持有人之國籍地位並無妨害，亦無影響. 倘持有人另行領得護照時本証明書卽吿無效，屆時必須將之繳回發証機關或就近之英國領事館、高級專員公署或護照簽發處，以便於註銷後歸還持有人.

Back cover
1. This Certificate of Identity remains property of the Hong Kong government. It will normally be cancelled if the holder obtains a national passport or other travel document.

2. Certificates of identity are normally valid for ten years from date of issue, but may be made valid for shorter periods in certain circumstances.

3. The holder may return to Hong Kong without visa, provided the Certificate is valid.

4. The holder is advised to obtain visas for any country he wishes to visit or pass through.

5. Should the holder take up residence in a country or territory outside Hong Kong application should be made to the competent authorities of this country of residence for a new travel document.

6. The issue of this certificate does not confer a right on the holder to the protection of British diplomatic or consular representatives abroad, nor does it exempt the holder from the provisions of the Hong Kong Immigration Ordinance Chapter 115.

7. The Certificate is a valuable document and should not be altered in any way or allowed to pass into the possession of an unauthorised person. If lost or destroyed, a report should immediately be made to the issuing office or to the nearest British Consulate, High Commission or Police Office, as well as to the local police.

These notes apply to the following version of the Certificate of Identity: I.D. 67 (Revised) in 1980.

Other forms of documents used in Hong Kong

 * British National (Overseas) passport
 * British Dependent Territories Citizen passport
 * Hong Kong SAR passport
 * Document of Identity
 * Hong Kong Re-entry Permit
 * Other passports of other countries

title: Hong Kong Certificate of Identity


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David Edward Jackson

David Edward Jackson (c. 1788 – December 24, 1837) was an American pioneer, trapper, fur trader, and explorer.

Davey Jackson has often been referenced to as a son of the American Revolution. His father Edward Jackson and his Uncle George Jackson, both served as Virginian Militia Officers during the Revolutionary War. During the War of 1812, Jackson was commissioned as an Ensign in the 19th Infantry in Virginia. The family had two other Military Patriots. Genealogy records show that War of 1812 hero and seventh President of the United States, Andrew Jackson, was his older cousin. His nephew, Colonel Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson, led the victorious battle against the Union at Harper’s Ferry, Maryland, during the Civil War in 1862. Davey Jackson was born in Buckhannon, Virginia (present day West Virginia), on October 30, 1788, into a prominent family. In addition to learning the business, farming, hunting and surveying skills of his father, he was educated at the Virginia Randolph Academy. In 1809, at age 21, he married Juliet Norris and the couple had four children. In 1822, Jackson saw an ad in a Missouri newspaper, seeking young men to travel the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains, to be employed as guides, hunters, explorers and trappers with the Rocky Mountain Trading Company. Although his wife was against the idea, Jackson saw this as a great opportunity to explore and gain wealth. He joined the company, along with many other young men, such as Jim Bridger, William Sublette, and Jedediah Smith, while his wife and children remained in Virginia. For eight years Jackson pursued this adventure, fraught with troubles, including harsh weather, difficult terrain, competition from Canadian, British and French trading companies, and both kindness and treachery from the Native tribes. The company suffered many losses as their beaver pelts were often stolen. Many trappers died under the harsh conditions of life in the Rocky Mountains, or by murder at the hands of competitors or native tribes.

Eventually Davey Jackson, William Sublette and Jedediah Smith formed their own fur trading company, “Smith, Jackson and Sublette.” Jackson often returned to the valley in the Teton Mountains where he had established his own trapping territory, which Sublette eventually dubbed “Jackson’s Hole.” (Today, the town of Jackson, Wyoming, in that valley, bears his name.)

He and his partners sold out in 1830, as the fur trade was declining. Jackson became involved in other expeditions, including to Santa Fe (in present-day New Mexico) and California, both under Mexican control since it had achieved independence from Spain in 1821.

Jackson returned east, without amassing his fortune. He reunited with his son William Pitt Jackson in St. Genevieve, Missouri, in the early 1830’s.

On a business trip to Paris, Tennessee in 1837, Jackson became ill with Typhus Fever. By December 1837, although gravely ill, he managed to write a letter to his oldest son Edward John Jackson, known as “Ned,” asking him to conclude all his business dealings. He provided his son a thorough written account of all the money that was owed to him, and all the debts he had yet to pay.

Jackson died shortly after that at age 49, on December 24, 1837, in Paris, Tennessee. He was a long time member of the Masons. Upon his death Jackson was buried by fellow Masons from Paris, Tennessee, in the Paris City Cemetery, Henry County, Tennessee.

Paternal ancestry
David Edward Jackson was the grandson of John Jackson (1715 or 1719 – 1801) and Elizabeth Cummins (also known as Elizabeth Comings and Elizabeth Needles) (1723–1828). John Jackson was a Protestant (Ulster-Scottish) from Coleraine, County Londonderry, Ireland. While living in London, England, he was convicted of the capital crime of larceny for stealing £170; the judge at the Old Bailey sentenced him to seven years of indentured servitude in the British colonies of North America. Elizabeth, a strong, blonde woman over 6 ft tall, born in London, was also convicted of larceny in an unrelated case for stealing 19 pieces of silver, jewelry, and fine lace, and received a similar sentence. They both were transported on the prison ship Litchfield, which departed London in May 1749 with 150 convicts. John and Elizabeth met on board and had declared their love in the weeks before the ship arrived at Annapolis, Maryland. Although they were sent to different locations in Maryland for their indentures, the couple married in July 1755.

The family migrated west across the Blue Ridge Mountains to settle near Moorefield, Virginia (now West Virginia) in 1758. In 1770, they moved farther west to the Tygart Valley. They began to acquire large parcels of virgin farming land near the present-day town of Buckhannon, including 3,000 acres (12 km²) in Elizabeth's name. John and his two teenage sons were early recruits for the American Revolutionary War, fighting in the Battle of Kings Mountain on October 7, 1780. John finished the war as captain and served as a lieutenant of the Virginia militia after 1787. While the men were in the Army, Elizabeth converted their home to a haven, "Jackson's Fort," for refugees from Indian attacks.

John and Elizabeth had eight children. Their second son was Edward Jackson (March 1, 1759 – December 25, 1828); Edward and his wife had three boys and three girls; the second boy being David. Their third son was Jonathan Jackson, father of Thomas, known as Stonewall Jackson when he served as a general in the Civil War.

Childhood
David Edward Jackson, son of Col. Edward Jackson, was born in Randolph County in the Allegheny Mountains of what was then part of Virginia and is now in West Virginia. When he was eight, his mother died. His father remarried three years later. In 1801, when he was 13, his family moved west, settling near Weston, West Virginia Lewis County, on the Allegheny Plateau. Jackson's father and stepmother had nine more children.

Ashley and Henry
Jackson married and moved to Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, with his wife and four children in the early 1820s, planning to engage in farming. The town had been founded by French colonists in the late 18th century. His older brother, George, had preceded him to the area and owned a sawmill.

Instead of farming, Jackson responded to William Ashley's advertisement looking to employ men for his and Andrew Henry's new fur trade venture. Jackson was probably hired as a clerk. In the spring of 1822, Jackson headed up the Missouri River with Henry and 150 other men in a fur trade expedition to Native American tribes on the upper river. A few weeks later, Ashley sent more men, including Jedediah Smith on a boat called the Enterprize. It sank and left the men stranded in the wilderness for several weeks.

Ashley himself brought up an additional 46 men on a replacement boat, and they and the stranded group finally reached Fort Henry. It had been built over the summer by the first group of 150 men. It is not known if Jackson returned to St. Louis with Ashley that fall, or traveled with Jedediah Smith in the spring of 1823. At that time, Major Henry ordered Smith and some other men to go down the Missouri to Grand River in order to meet Ashley and buy horses from the Arikara, but warning him of the Native Americans' hostility to whites. They had recently had a skirmish with men from the Missouri Fur Company. Ashley, who was bringing supplies as well as 70 new men up the river by boat, met Smith at the Arikara village on May 30. They negotiated a trade for several horses and 200 buffalo robes. They planned to leave as soon as possible to avert trouble, but weather delayed them. An incident precipitated an Arikara attack on the Ashley party. Forty Ashley men were caught in a vulnerable position, and 12 were killed.

Ashley and the rest of the surviving party traveled by boat downriver, ultimately enlisting aid from Colonel Henry Leavenworth, Commander of Fort Atkinson. In August, Leavenworth sent a force of 250 military men, 80 Ashley-Henry men, 60 men of the Missouri Fur Company, and a number of Lakota Sioux warriors, enemies of the Arikara. They intended to subdue and punish the Arikara. After a botched campaign, Leavenworth negotiated a peace treaty.

Either David Jackson or his brother George had been appointed commander of one of the two squads of the Ashley-Henry men in this military expedition.

Smith, Jackson & Sublette
Little is known about Jackson's movements until just after the 1826 Rocky Mountain Rendezvous, a major gathering of trappers and traders. It is presumed he was at the first, 1825 rendezvous held on Henrys Fork of the Green River, but he may not have been at the one held in 1826 at Bear River in Cache Valley. Soon after the rendezvous, Ashley, along with his party taking back the furs, traveled with Smith and William Sublette to near present-day Georgetown, Idaho. There, Jackson and the other men bought out Ashley's share of the Ashley-Smith partnership.

As a partner, Jackson took on the role of field manager, possibly because of his similar role when working for Ashley. That fall, Jackson, Sublette, and Robert Campbell trapped along the Snake River system, then moved up into the upper Missouri and over the Great Divide to the headwaters of the Columbia River.)

Jackson and his party traveled south to Cache Valley, where they spent the rest of the 1826-1827 winter. He was at the 1827 rendezvous at Bear Lake, then returned to St. Louis, Missouri, which had become a center of fur trade, with Sublette for a short time.

Jackson returned to the fur country for the 1828 rendezvous, after which he traveled with a party to the Flathead Lake, Montana region, where they wintered. The next spring, Smith found him along the Flathead River. The two partners and their men trapped down to Pierre's Hole, where they joined Sublette. The rendezvous that year (1829), was held near present-day Lander, Wyoming. Jackson is thought to have returned afterward to the upper Snake River region in northwest Wyoming, then traveled east to spend the winter with Smith and Sublette along the Wind and Powder rivers. Jackson returned to the upper Snake in the spring of 1830, then returned to the Wind River Valley for the annual rendezvous.

At the rendezvous, Smith, Jackson and Sublette sold out their interests in the fur trade to a group of men who called the firm the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. The three partners returned to St. Louis, having made a tidy profit in their enterprise.

Trip to Santa Fe
By early 1831, Jackson was in southeast Missouri's lead belt, attending to his personal affairs and those of his brother George, who died on March 26, 1831. On April 7, he returned to St. Louis to meet with his partners for a trade trip to Santa Fe, which was controlled by the Spanish. The caravan of wagons left St. Louis on April 10, 1831, traveling down the Santa Fe Trail. To save time, the group decided to take the "Cimarron cutoff," at the risk of not finding water for two days. Smith went missing while looking for water, but the caravan continued on, hoping he would find them.

Upon reaching Santa Fe on July 4, 1831, the members of the trading party discovered a Mexican merchant at the Santa Fe market offering several of Smith's personal belongings for sale. When questioned about the items, the merchant indicated that he had acquired them from a band of Comanche hunters. Smith had encountered and been killed by a group of Comanche. His death resulted in Jackson and Sublette reorganizing their partnership.

California
While in Santa Fe, Jackson partnered with David Waldo, to journey to California to sell the merchandise he had transported from Missouri. Waldo convinced him of the viability of traveling to California to purchase mules, and to drive them back to Missouri to sell, to yield more profit. Jackson and Sublette traveled to Taos where Jackson met Ewing Young, who had traveled between Santa Fe and California the previous year. He persuaded Jackson that his knowledge of the area would be indispensable to Jackson and Waldo in the mule venture. It was decided Jackson would take a group of men directly to California, and travel through the area buying mules. Young and his group of men would trap along the way to California, and meet up with Jackson in time to drive the mules back to Santa Fe. Jackson left for Santa Fe on August 25, 1831.

On September 6, Jackson's group left Santa Fe. Members of the group included, Jackson and his slave, Jim; Jedediah Smith's younger brother Peter, Jonathan Trumbull Warner, Samuel Parkman, and possibly David's brother William Waldo; Moses Carson, brother of Kit; and four other men. Several weeks later, they reached Tucson, Arizona, and went on to the Gila River, which they followed to the Colorado River. They crossed the Colorado River and the Colorado Desert, reaching San Diego in early November.

Jackson traveled up the California coast as far north as the lower end of the San Francisco Bay. By the end of March, 1832, when he met with Young in Los Angeles, he had purchased only 600 mules and 100 horses rather than the more than 1,000 they had planned. In May, the two groups drove the animals to the Colorado River, reaching it at its floodstage in June. After 12 days, they had the animals swim across. Jackson's and Young's parties again split; Young to take $10,000 of Jackson/Waldo cash and property and return to California and continue trapping and buying mules to drive back later. Jackson took possession of the skins which Young had trapped to that point.

Due to the summer heat, many of the mules died on the way back to Santa Fe, which the party reached in the first week of July. Jackson sold part of the herd of animals in Santa Fe. Ira Smith, another Jedediah Smith brother, had traveled to Santa Fe to meet Peter. Ira and Jackson headed back to St. Louis with the remaining animals.

Later years and death
Upon his return to Missouri, the 44-year-old Jackson began to have health problems. He spent his remaining years trying to put his financial affairs in order. He had never heard from Ewing Young, after leaving him with the substantial amount of cash and property at the Colorado River, but was never healthy enough to return to California to try to collect payment. In January 1837, he finally was able to travel to Paris, Tennessee, to try to collect money on some investments he had made there. While there, Jackson contracted typhoid fever. He lingered for several months and died on December 24, 1837.

Young's later years
Ewing Young left California for Oregon in 1834. With the money and property secured from Jackson, he had capital for several ventures. In February 1841, Young died without any known heir and without a will. Probate court had to deal with his estate, which had many debtors and creditors among the settlers. Doctor Ira L. Babcock was selected as supreme judge with probate powers to deal with Young's estate. The activities that followed Young's death contributed to the creation of a provisional government in the Oregon Country.

Jackson's legacy

 * Jackson Lake, and Jackson Hole, a valley in Wyoming are named for David Jackson. The town of Jackson, Wyoming, in turn, derives its name from the valley.
 * The Hoback Basin, a braided floodplain of the Hoback River where Bondurant, Wyoming is located, was once known as Jackson's Little Hole.

title: David Edward Jackson


text:
Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate

Burmah Oil Company Ltd v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75, was a court case, raised in Scotland, and decided ultimately in the House of Lords. The case is an important decision in British constitutional law and had unusual legal repercussions at the time.

Facts
This case concerned the destruction of oil fields in Burma belonging to the Burmah Oil Company by British forces during the Japanese invasion of Burma in 1942. The destruction was ordered in order to prevent the installations from falling into the hands of the advancing Imperial Japanese Army. Burmah Oil brought an action against the UK government, represented by the Lord Advocate.

In the Outer House of the Court of Session, Lord Kilbrandon found in favour of Burmah Oil. The Crown appealed, and the First Division of the Inner House of the Court of Session unanimously reversed the decision below. Burmah Oil then appealed to the House of Lords.

Judgment
Five Lords of Appeal in Ordinary sitting in the House of Lords held by a 3–2 majority that although the damage was lawful, it was the equivalent of requisitioning the property. Any act of requisition was done for the good of the public, at the expense of the individual proprietor, and for that reason, the proprietor should be compensated from public funds. Viscount Radcliffe and Lord Hodson dissented.

Significance
In the end, the result was frustrated by the passing of a retroactive Act of Parliament, the War Damage Act 1965, which retroactively exempts the Crown from liability in respect of damage to, or destruction of, property caused by acts lawfully done by the Crown during, or in contemplation of the outbreak of, a war in which it is engaged.

title: Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate


text:
ID; Peace B

ID; Peace B is the debut Korean-language studio album by South Korean singer BoA, released on August 25, 2000 by SM Entertainment. It saw moderate levels of success in South Korea upon its release, peaking at number 16 on the Recording Industry Association of Korea's monthly album chart in October 2000. The album sold 156,354 copies in 2000 and was the 59th best-selling album of the year. The album was released on May 29, 2002 in Japan, where it reached number 30 on the Oricon Albums Chart.

Production and lyrics
The song "Sara" is about a cat, "I'm Sorry" is about the tragedy of loving the lover of her older sister, and "ID; Peace B" is about the generation gap due to the use of the internet.

title: ID; Peace B


text:
Category:Hong Kong travel documents

 * Travel documents of

title: Category:Hong Kong travel documents


text:
Talk:Ezycom

From Initial Stub
I don't have content to add at present, not even sufficient for a stub, but for future editors -- http://software.bbsdocumentary.com/IBM/DOS/EZYCOM/ contains links to the Ezycom software, I presume long since out of copyright protection. My only link to it is I once ran it as a SysOp (along with PCBoard, SuperBBS and QuickBBS, at various times.) - Ageekgal 05:43, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm happy to see that the software is still/again in active development. Thanks for the updates. - Ageekgal (talk) 18:47, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for the help, Ageekgal; I appreciate it! -- KD5COL (talk) 0650, 17 February 2008 (UTC -4) —Preceding comment was added at 11:53, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ezycom. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120729215144/http://www.ezycom-bbs.com/news.htm to http://www.ezycom-bbs.com/news.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:16, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

Ezycom-bbs.com disappearified
I think this should probably be mentioned on the page? There's nothing indicating that the official website is gone or why. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.149.60.179 (talk) 07:49, 24 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ezycom


text:
User talk:Grey Area

A late Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Lectonar 12:40, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Welcome
You wrote:

I would like to to thank you for your kind welcome, although i cannot help but wonder if there is a hidden message - the one time i post something about a halfway serious topic, someone notices me.

I would also like to thank you for the information you provided, i thought typing out name and date stamps every time was a little tedious...

You're welcome (again? (what a pun)). I would say this was pure luck...or is there a coincidence? You'll never know; there is nearly always someone on RC Patrol, so take a care...:) Lectonar 05:50, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire
Hi, you recently changed the SMAC article concerning the origin of Svensgaard. Actually he is from the USA according to the Fraxis web site. I've changed the article to back to reflect this. (Also, people from Sweden are Swedes not Sweedes). No big deal, just wanted to let you know why I changed the text back. Rob  ( Talk )  00:28, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Revision to Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri articles
I noticed that you have revised either Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri or Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire.

I intend to revise those articles following the WikiProject Video games/Article guidelines. There are more details on the discussion pages of those articles. I'd be interested in any comments you have. It would be best if your comments were on the discussion pages of the two articles.

Thank you.

Vyeh (talk) 10:45, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grey Area


text: Category:Political parties in French West Africa


text:
Egil Østenstad

Egil Johan Østenstad (born 2 January 1972) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a forward.

He started and ended his career at Viking, before going on to play in the Premier League for Southampton, Blackburn Rovers and Manchester City. In 2003 he made a move to the Scottish Premier League with Rangers before finishing his career back with Viking in 2005. He was capped 18 times by Norway, scoring 6 goals.

Following his retirement he was appointed director of football at Viking and remained in the position until stepping down in 2011.

Viking FK
Born in Haugesund, Østenstad started his career with local club Torvastad IL. He arrived at Viking in 1990, and helped the club to win the Norwegian Premier League title in 1991, when he featured in 10 out of the 22 league games. He played a total of 280 games for the club, scoring 88 goals, before moving to Southampton in the FA Premier League in October 1996.

Southampton
Østenstad was signed by manager Graeme Souness for £800,000 on 3 October 1996 and made his debut at Coventry City on 13 October 1996. In only his third game for the Saints he opened his goal-scoring account in spectacular fashion with a hat-trick in the 6–3 win against Manchester United on 26 October 1996. Subsequently, the Dubious Goals Committee credited his third goal to an own goal by Phil Neville, who touched the ball last in a vain attempt to prevent it from crossing the goal-line, although Østenstad retained the match ball.

In his first season at The Dell he led the line well linking up superbly with Matthew Le Tissier and Eyal Berkovic scoring nine goals from 30 league appearances and was voted the Fans' player of the season. During the 1997 close season, Østenstad was a transfer target for Liverpool and Newcastle United, but Østenstad remained at The Dell as neither club was willing to match Southampton's £7 million asking price.

By the start of the following season, Souness had departed to be replaced by Dave Jones from Stockport County. Unfortunately, Eyal Berkovic also departed thus breaking up what had looked like becoming a successful partnership. Østenstad was now paired with Kevin Davies in attack but failed to score until a substitute appearance against West Ham United on 4 October 1997. Following the signing of David Hirst he was dropped from the team, making only the occasional substitute appearance. After coming off the bench to score in a 3–2 victory over Liverpool on 7 February 1998, he started the remaining 13 league games, scoring eight goals as the Saints finished the 1997–98 season in 11th place.

Østenstad was part of the Norway squad for the 1998 World Cup held in France, but was given little chance to make any impact.

In the 1998 close season, Kevin Davies departed for Blackburn Rovers, with James Beattie joining the Saints as part of the deal. Østenstad was now paired up front with veteran striker Mark Hughes. The 1998–99 season saw Saints struggle to score goals and they were never out of the relegation zone until the last two weeks of the season. Despite only scoring seven goals, Østenstad was Saints top goal-scorer for the season (jointly with Matthew Le Tissier), but by the end of the season he had lost his starting place in the team to Marians Pahars.

Østenstad started the 1999–2000 season brightly, scoring the only goal at Coventry City in the opening game on 7 August 1999. 11 days later, Dave Jones decided to move him on and arranged an exchange deal with Blackburn Rovers with Kevin Davies returning to The Dell. This move saw him drop down a division, as Rovers had just been relegated to Division One.

In his three years at the Saints, Østenstad scored 28 goals in 96 league appearances, plus a further five goals in 13 cup games. He was always a popular figure, but sometimes infuriated fans by seeming to miss as many "easy" goals as he scored difficult ones.

Blackburn Rovers
Despite being re-united with manager Graeme Souness and dropping down a division, Østenstad struggled to make an impact at Ewood Park. He started well, scoring a brace in his second game, in a 2–0 victory at Norwich City on 28 August 1999 and completed the 1999–2000 season with eight league goals from 28 appearances, playing alongside Ashley Ward and Lee Carsley.

The goals then started to dry up and the following season he only made 13 appearances for Blackburn with three goals. By now, Blackburn were relying on goals from Matt Jansen and David Dunn to see them to promotion. He spent the end of the 2000–01 season on loan at Manchester City (where he made four appearances with no goals).

In the 2001–02 season Østenstad only made four appearances in the Premier League. Rovers won the 2001–02 Football League Cup and despite being left out of the squad for the final, Østenstad did appear in some of the earlier rounds. In the following season, he appeared more regularly and, despite only one league goal in 17 appearances, he did score in a UEFA Cup game against CSKA Sofia.

In his four seasons at Blackburn, he made a total of 62 league appearances scoring 12 goals.

Rangers
Østenstad signed for Rangers on a free transfer by Alex McLeish in the summer of 2003. However, he made next to no impact during a very unproductive spell and wound up having his contract terminated before the end of the season. His only two goals at Rangers came in the League Cup in games against Forfar Athletic and St Johnstone.

Return to Viking
After his disappointing season at Rangers, he made a long-awaited return to Viking midway through the 2004 season.

He was an instant hit at his old club, scoring three goals in nine games to help save the club from relegation. Although he continued to be a regular starter and a prolific goalscorer, Østenstad retired at the end of the 2005 season. An internet petition for him to stay on for another season collected close to 2500 signatures.

International career
Østenstad made his debut for the Norway national team in 1993, coming on as a substitute to score twice against the Faroe Islands. He was capped 17 times between 1993 and 1999, mostly as a substitute, and he played in the 1998 World Cup in France. Østenstad scored six times for Norway, making him the most efficient marksman in the history of the Norway national team with one goal in every 94 minutes played. On 7 September 2005, more than six years after his last appearance, he made his comeback with the national team, starting in a 2–1 defeat to Scotland.

Career outside football
Østenstad retired after the 2005 season. He was the director of football for Viking, until he stepped down on 8 June 2011. Østenstad was also the inspiration for the character "Yngve" in the book Mannen som elsket Yngve (The Man Who Loved Yngve) by Tore Renberg. The author and Østenstad went to the same high-school.

As of 2024, Ostenstad is a key employee of the Haaland family's financial dealings, mainly via his friendship with Erling Haaland's father, Alf-Inge. He is chairman of the latter's investment firm, Tyrannus.

title: Egil Østenstad


text:
Test Ban Treaty

Three test ban treaties aimed at prohibiting most nuclear weapons testing have been adopted:

 * The Partial Test Ban Treaty, adopted in 1963, signed by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, prohibited all testing except underground tests
 * Threshold Test Ban Treaty, adopted in 1974 between the United States and Soviet Union limiting the yield of nuclear tests to 150 kilotons
 * Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1996 but not in force, by which states agree to ban all nuclear explosions in all environments

title: Test Ban Treaty


text:
Korea Democratic Party

The Korea Democratic Party (, KDP) was the leading opposition party in the first years of the First Republic of Korea. It existed from 1945 to 1949, when it merged with other opposition parties.

The U.S. military government has defined the KDP as conservatives with high educational standards, and believed they wanted Western democracy. However, modern South Korean political academia recognizes them as South Korea's first liberal party. The KDP was right-wing, anti-communist, Confucian conservative, economically liberal, and anti-communist.

History
The KDP was established in 1945 by conservative nationalists headed by Song Jin-woo who were opposed to the People's Republic of Korea government set up by Lyuh Woon-hyung, instead backing the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. After Song was assassinated later in the year, he was succeeded as leader by Kim Seong-su. The Democratic Party won a third of the seats in the Interim Legislative Assembly elections in October 1946, and although it opposed the Assembly's existence due to some of its leadership being excluded, the party provided several of the key figures in the interim administration.

However, its closeness to the American occupation force, together with its association with the landed gentry, meant that it never gained significant popular support. In the May 1948 elections the party won only 29 of the 200 seats, and although it supported Syngman Rhee in the July 1948 presidential elections, none of its members were included in his cabinet, a snub that led to the party joining the opposition.

On 10 February 1949, it merged with other groups in the legislature to form the Democratic Nationalist Party.

title: Korea Democratic Party


text:
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport is a passport issued only to permanent residents of Hong Kong who also hold Chinese citizenship. In accordance with the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, since the handover in 1997, the passport has been issued by the Immigration Department of the Government of Hong Kong under the authorisation of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. As the official languages of Hong Kong are Chinese and English, the passport is printed bilingually in both Chinese (traditional characters) and English. In addition, unlike Chinese passport which can be issued by Chinese diplomatic missions abroad, the Immigration Department of Hong Kong is the only issuing authority for HKSAR passports.

In late 2019, the fourth version of the HKSAR passport was launched.

Name
In English, the passport is sometimes referred to by its long-form name which appears on the cover (i.e. the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passport – a literal translation of the Chinese title 香港特別行政區護照). Alternatively, the passport is commonly referred to as the Hong Kong SAR passport (the Hong Kong legislative ordinance concerning the passport is titled the "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance (Chapter 539)", the Hong Kong SAR passport,     the HKSAR passport  or the Hong Kong passport.

The authorities of the Republic of China (commonly known as "Taiwan") refer to the Hong Kong SAR passport as the "Hong Kong passport" because the ROC government tries to avoid references to the political status of Hong Kong as a SAR of the People's Republic of China. Meanwhile, the Brazilian Consulate-General in Hong Kong uses the term "Hong Kong passport" in reference to both the Hong Kong SAR and British National (Overseas) passports.

Historical background
Hong Kong official travel documents prior to 1997 included the Hong Kong Certificate of Identity (CI), British Dependent Territories Citizen (BDTC), British National (Overseas) (BN(O)) and British Citizen (BC) passports. After 1997, BN(O) and BC passports are still valid but CIs and BDTC passports are no longer in use.

First version (1997–2003)
The issuing of Hong Kong SAR passports began on 1 July 1997, following the handover of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China. PRC citizens who have right of abode in the HKSAR and who hold Hong Kong permanent resident identity cards, whether or not they are holders of British National (Overseas) passport or Hong Kong Certificate of Identity or other travel documents, are eligible to apply for the Hong Kong SAR passport.

Acquisition of British citizenship in the British Nationality Selection Scheme itself does not affect the eligibility for a HKSAR passport. Nor does the holding of any foreign passport itself affect the eligibility for a HKSAR passport, provided that one remains a PRC citizen.

Under Hong Kong Basic Law, the Government of Hong Kong is responsible for immigration control in the territory. The Hong Kong SAR passport is issued by the Immigration Department of Hong Kong under the authorisation of the Central People's Government (or the State Council). Its design is distinct from other types of People's Republic of China passports and the holders enjoy visa-free entry to more countries than other PRC passports.

Second version (2003–2007)
Starting from 1 January 2003, the second version of the passport was introduced with enhanced security features. The passport was machine readable, designed for immigration control points equipped with passport scanners. The passport size was 125 mm × 88 mm. The second version of the Hong Kong SAR passport was available either as a 32-page ordinary-size passport or as a 48-page passport.

Front cover
The cover of the passport was dark blue with wording and the national emblem of the People's Republic of China in gold. The word Passport in Chinese and English is found below the crest. Above are the words Hong Kong Special Administrative Region People's Republic of China, also in Chinese and English. It is worth noting that the characters 中華人民共和國 (People's Republic of China) are bigger than the characters 香港特別行政區 (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) on the passport cover. In English, however, "HONG KONG" is bigger than the phrase "SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA" for easy distinction by foreign immigration officials.

Inner front cover
The passport note appeared on the second page in Chinese and English: "中華人民共和國外交部請各國軍政機關對持照人予以通行的便利和必要的協助 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China requests all civil and military authorities of foreign countries to allow the bearer of this passport to pass freely and afford assistance in case of need."

Inner pages
The passport's observations page on page 3 had the following:

 * the holder's Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card number, and the Chinese Commercial Code of the holder's Chinese name
 * if the passport was issued through a Chinese foreign mission, the embassy/consulate would also make an endorsement in the observations stating so.
 * an official chop by the Immigration Department
 * a machine-readable barcode

The passport's explanatory notes were on page 1 in Chinese, and on page 2 in English. They consisted of the following words: "# The issuance, replacement, reissuance and endorsement of this passport shall be effected by the Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, diplomatic and consular missions of the People's Republic of China in foreign countries, or other Chinese authorities in foreign countries under the entrustment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.
 * 1) The bearer of this passport is a Chinese citizen who holds a Hong Kong permanent identity card and has the right of abode in and the right to return to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
 * 2) This passport is valid for ten years, unless otherwise stated. This passport is normally valid for five years if issued to a child under sixteen years of age. This passport shall be replaced by a new one when its validity period has expired or it has no further space for visas.
 * 3) This passport is an important document of identity which shall be kept carefully and used properly. It shall not be mutilated, tampered with, or transferred to another person for unlawful use. Any case of loss or destruction should be immediately reported to the nearest issuing authority and the local police or public security authorities."

Identification page
Personal data was recorded on the inner rear cover of the passport, which was covered with a security laminate. Details included were:

 * Travel document type: P
 * Code of Issuing State: CHN (People's Republic of China)
 * Passport number (A valid Hong Kong passport number consists of nine characters: one or two uppercase letters, followed by six digits, and ending with one or two letters or digits)
 * Surname and Given Names: in traditional Chinese and English
 * Nationality: "CHINESE" (The nationality code is CHN as shown in the machine readable zone)
 * Sex: denoted as "M" (male) or "F" (female)
 * Place of birth: if born in China, name of province/autonomous region/municipality; if born in Hong Kong or Macao, 'Hong Kong' or 'Macao'; if born in other countries, name of country
 * Dates of birth, issue and expiry: displayed in the format DD-MM-YY
 * Authority (of issue): "IMMIGRATION DEPARTMENT, HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION" (in Chinese and English)

There was also a machine readable zone at the bottom of the identification page.

Changes from the first version included optically variable ink used to print the letters "HKSAR" along the left hand side of the photo and the words "IMMIGRATION DEPARTMENT, HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION" in the "Issuing authority" section of the personal data page.

Third version (2007–2018)
Since the issuing of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport commenced on 1 July 1997 following the handover of Hong Kong, the passport has undergone three different changes, each with security enhancements. In February 2007, the first ePassport was introduced. The design conforms with the document design recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization. The new ePassport featured in the 2008 Stockholm Challenge Event and was a finalist for the Stockholm Challenge Award in the Public Administration category. The Hong Kong SAR ePassport design was praised on account of the "multiple state-of-the-art technologies [which] are seamlessly integrated in the sophisticated Electronic Passport System (e-Passport System)".[20] The cover of the new biometric passport remains essentially the same as that of previous versions, with the addition of the biometric passport logo at the bottom.

Physical appearance
In 2006, the Immigration Department announced that Unihub Limited (a PCCW subsidiary company heading a consortium of suppliers, including Keycorp) had won the tender to provide the technology to produce biometric passports.[22] In February 2007, the first ePassport was introduced. The cover of the new biometric passport remains essentially the same as that of previous versions. The biometric passport symbol appears at the bottom under the word "PASSPORT". However, the design of the inner pages has changed substantially.

Inside front cover
On the inner front cover of the passport, below the crest of the People's Republic of China and above a picture of the Great Wall of China are the following words: 中華人民共和國外交部請各國軍政機關對持照人予以通行的便利和必要的協助

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China requests all civil and military authorities of foreign countries to allow the bearer of this passport to pass freely and afford assistance in case of need. On the reverse of the polycarbonate identification page insert is a blue image with the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region emblem in the centre. At the top is a pattern of the words "中華人民共和國香港特別行政區 HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". At the bottom is a picture of Victoria Harbour behind an outline of the Great Wall of China.

Identification page
The identification page appears on a polycarbonate insert between the front cover and the first page. Using laser engraving technology, the holder's photograph is printed in black and white, with the holder's Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card number printed vertically on the right-hand side of the portrait photograph. The passport is also machine readable, designed for immigration control points equipped with passport scanners. Details which are printed include:

 * Travel document type: P
 * Code of Issuing State: CHN
 * Passport number (A valid Hong Kong passport number consists of nine characters: one or two uppercase letters, followed by six digits, and ending with one or two letters or digits)
 * Surname and Given Names: in traditional Chinese characters and English
 * Nationality: "CHINESE" (The nationality code is CHN as shown in the machine readable zone)
 * Sex: denoted as "M" (male) or "F" (female)
 * Place of birth: if born in China, the name of the province/autonomous region/municipality in which the bearer was born; if born in Hong Kong or Macao, 'Hong Kong' or 'Macao'; if born in other countries, the name of the country of birth
 * Dates of birth, issuance and expiry: displayed in the format DD-MMM-YY
 * Authority (of issue): "IMMIGRATION DEPARTMENT, HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION" (in Chinese and English)

The code "CHN" (China) is used for both issuing state and nationality. This is the same as PRC passport and Macau SAR passport. (During the British colonial era, a Hong Kong British Dependent Territories Citizen passport used "HKG" as the code of the issuing state and "GBD" as the nationality code.)

Instead of printing the holder's signature on the identification/observation pages, space is reserved on the last page of the passport below the emergency contact information for the holder to complete his/her signature.

Security features
Enveloping the top right hand corner of the portrait photograph, and the surname, given names and nationality data sections is a kinegram, consisting of an amalgamation of the Chinese and Hong Kong flags, and the letters "HK香港". In the middle of the identification page is a multiple laser image consisting of two circles: in the left hand circle is another image of the holder's portrait photograph, at the bottom of which is the passport number; in the right hand circle is the Hong Kong regional flag (the red and white reverse gradually as the viewing angle is changed).

The Hong Kong permanent identity card number is printed at the bottom right hand side of the portrait photograph as a trapezium shape which gradually widens towards the bottom. The three waves at the bottom of the portrait photograph, as well as the straight line separating the machine readable zone from the rest of the data page and the vertical straight line of the right hand column of Tsing Ma Bridge, contains micro-lettering of the holder's English name, Hong Kong permanent identity card number and date of birth.

The background of the identification page changes under ultraviolet light, when a scene of the Tsing Ma Bridge with nighttime fireworks becomes visible. The identification page also contains an engraving of a bauhinia, but with certain lines replaced by microlettering consisting of "HKSAR".

Inner pages
All the inner pages have seasonal flowers at the side, and different "華" characters in the centre (in English this means "Chinese"). As well as being printed in red at the bottom of each page, the passport number is perforated through the top section of all the odd-numbered pages. At the bottom of each page is a gold outline of the Great Wall of China. The seasonal flower is printed across the middle of even-numbered and odd-numbered pages. When two pages are rolled up such that they meet each other, the seasonal flower on the right margin of odd-numbered page matches up with the flower on the left margin of the even-numbered page (e.g. pages 11 and 14), forming a complete bunch of flowers.

The observations page, located on page 1, contains a photograph of the holder. If the passport is issued through a Chinese foreign mission, the embassy/consulate will make an endorsement in the observations stating so.

The explanatory notes on the passport are placed on the second last page of the passport, and read as follows- The last page of the passport has a section to be filled in by the holder with contact information in the event of an emergency, as well as a space for the holder to complete his/her signature.
 * 1) The issuance, replacement, reissuance and endorsement of this passport shall be effected by the Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, diplomatic and consular missions of the People's Republic of China in foreign countries, or other Chinese authorities in foreign countries under the entrustment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.
 * 2) The bearer of this passport is a Chinese citizen who holds a Hong Kong permanent identity card (HKPIC) and has the right of abode in and the right to return to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
 * 3) This passport is valid for ten years, unless otherwise stated. This passport is normally valid for five years if issued to a child under sixteen years of age. This passport shall be replaced by a new one when its validity period has expired or it has no further space for visas.
 * 4) This passport is an important document of identity which shall be kept carefully and used properly. It shall not be mutilated, tampered with, or transferred to another person for unlawful use. Any case of loss or destruction should be immediately reported to the nearest issuing authority and the local police or public security authorities.

Contactless biometric data chip
Data included in the contactless chip of the passport:

 * Name in Chinese and English
 * Nationality (i.e. Chinese)
 * Sex
 * Date of birth
 * Place of birth
 * Permanent Hong Kong identity card number
 * Facial image
 * Passport number
 * Date of issue
 * Date of expiry
 * Issuing authority (i.e. Immigration Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)

Fingerprints and iris scans are not included.

The explanation from back cover for the chip is as follows: 本護照含敏感的電子部件，為保持護照的最佳效能，請勿彎曲護照或在本頁打孔；切勿讓本護照接觸高低溫或受潮.

This passport contains sensitive electronics. For the best performance please do not bend, perforate this page or expose this passport to extreme temperatures or excess moisture.

請勿在此蓋印

Do not stamp here

Fourth version (2019–)
From May 14 2019, the fourth version passport has been issued. Like the third version, it is an electronic passport, and at least 8 new anti-counterfeiting features have been added to increase the difficulty of making false certificates.

Eligibility and application
The eligibility criteria for application for a Hong Kong SAR passport are as follows:

 * Chinese citizenship;
 * Permanent residency in the Hong Kong SAR, and;
 * A valid Hong Kong permanent identity card.

In comparison with the British National (Overseas) passport, the Hong Kong SAR passport's application fees are lower. When applying in Hong Kong, a British National (Overseas) passport costs £83 (32 pages), and £53 (child) from April 2014. In comparison with other Chinese passports, when applying from Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China passport costs HK$250, whilst the Macao SAR passport costs MOP$370/HK$359.

Hong Kong permanent residents without Chinese citizenship cannot be issued HKSAR passports and must obtain passports from their country of origin, or they may obtain a Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes if they are stateless.

Chinese citizens residing in Hong Kong who are not yet Hong Kong permanent residents are not eligible for a HKSAR passport but may also obtain a Hong Kong Document of Identity in lieu of a HKSAR passport.

Chinese Nationality Law does not recognize dual citizenship, however the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress has given explanations concerning the implementation of the Chinese Nationality Law in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. This "explanation" allows for HKSAR passport holders to hold the passport of another country without risk of losing their Chinese nationality. That passport however is not recognized while in Hong Kong and holders are treated as Chinese nationals without any expectation of consular protection.

Mainland China
The Ministry of Public Security does not allow Hong Kong permanent residents to travel to the mainland with SAR passports, since both mainland and Hong Kong authorities have agreed that using passport is 'unnecessary and inappropriate' for 'domestic' travel. Instead, those who are eligible for a Hong Kong SAR passport are also eligible to apply for a Home Return Permit via the Bureau of Exit and Entry Administration of the Ministry of Public Security (represented in Hong Kong by the China Travel Service). The possession of a Hong Kong SAR passport does not guarantee the issuing of a Home Return Permit; several pro-democracy advocates, for example, have been refused Home Return Permits or had their permits confiscated.

Hong Kong residents who do not have a Home Return Permit or who want to travel to the mainland from a third country must obtain a Chinese Travel Document prior to travel.

Macau
Regardless of their citizenship status, Hong Kong permanent residents do not need passports to travel to Macau. However, those residents must bring their Hong Kong permanent identity cards which grant a 1 year visa-free entry. Non-permanent residents can use a Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes to enter Macau for up to 30 days visa-free.

When Hong Kong residents travel abroad via Macau, such residents can use their HKSAR passports to enter Macau and stay 7 days visa-free.

Taiwan
Hong Kong SAR passport holders who have either visited Taiwan previously or who were born in Hong Kong or Macau are able to obtain a 30-day entry permit online at the website of the National Immigration Agency which can be used for a single entry to Taiwan within three months of the application date. Once the permit has been granted online, the applicant must print it out to be presented at the border checkpoint with a Hong Kong SAR passport with at least 6 months' validity and a return flight/ferry ticket.

Hong Kong SAR passport holders can also obtain a 30-day entry permit upon arrival in Taiwan at the border checkpoint on presentation of their Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card as well as their Hong Kong SAR or British National (Overseas) passport, as long as they were born in Hong Kong. A fee of NT$300 is incurred for each application.

Alternatively, they can apply for an entry permit in advance through Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong at a cost of HK$75, which is valid for 3 months from the date of issuance, permitting the holder to enter Taiwan twice, each time for a maximum stay of 30 days.

Overseas
According to the Hong Kong Immigration Department, as of 26 January 2023, 171 countries and territories grant Hong Kong SAR passport holders either visa-free or visa-on-arrival access (Note: this figure excludes countries and territories not officially recognised by the People's Republic of China, e.g. Kosovo and Taiwan), including all member states of the European Union, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Russia, Singapore, South Africa and South Korea. According to the Henley Passport Index, in 2019 the Hong Kong SAR passport was ranked as the 19th most powerful passport worldwide, tied with Bulgaria; in contrast, the Macau SAR passport was ranked 36th, while the PRC passport was ranked 74th. Surprisingly, the Hong Kong SAR passport is the only passport that can enter Yemen with visa-free treatment.

With regards to Schengen Agreement signatory states, Hong Kong SAR passport holders are also permitted to take up a paid activity (e.g. work) visa-free for a maximum of 90 days within a 180-day period in Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia and Sweden. In Switzerland, another Schengen signatory state, Hong Kong SAR passport holders are able to exercise a "gainful occupation" for a maximum of 8 days during their 90 days visa-exempt stay without the need to apply for a special work visa. However, this 8-day visa exemption excludes gainful occupation in the primary or secondary construction industry, civil engineering, catering and hotel services, industrial and private cleaning industry, surveillance and security services and sex industry. Alternatively, if in possession of a long term residence permit issued by any other Schengen member state, the Hong Kong SAR passport holder can exercise a gainful occupation for up to 3 months visa-free in Switzerland (without the industry-specific restrictions listed in the 8-day visa exemption).

As Chinese citizens, those travelling on Hong Kong SAR passports are entitled to the consular protection offered by the People's Republic of China government while overseas. However, it is not uncommon for PRC authorities overseas to offer consular assistance to PRC citizens of Hong Kong origin travelling on their British National (Overseas) passports, as their British nationality is not recognised by the Chinese government. See also British consular protection enjoyed by BN(O) passport holders outside the PRC and the UK.

Hong Kong SAR passport holders are also able to enjoy travel convenience under some bilateral agreements concluded between the PRC and other countries (on PRC passports in general). For example, holders of PRC passport and that of HKSAR passport are exempt from the fee for Nepalese tourist visas.

On 10 April 2013, the Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard, announced that, starting from 2015, holders of Hong Kong SAR e-passports would be able to use SmartGates in Australia on a trial basis. The trial period started in September 2015. Since June 2016, Hong Kong e-passport holders are eligible to use smartgates in Australia.

Visa waiver reciprocity
In some cases, Hong Kong SAR passport holders are subject to visa requirements to countries whose nationals can enter Hong Kong visa-free. For example, American and Indian nationals can enter Hong Kong visa-free for a maximum period of 90 and 14 days respectively, though Hong Kong SAR passport holders are required to apply for a visa for any visit to the United States or India. Other countries such as Paraguay and Costa Rica also require visas for any visits, despite nationals from these countries entering Hong Kong visa free.

Also, Hong Kong SAR passport holders may be given less favourable visa-free conditions by certain countries, compared to the conditions offered by Hong Kong to those countries' nationals.

Conversely, in some situations, Hong Kong SAR passport holders enjoy better visa waiver conditions to countries whose nationals are subject to stricter conditions entering Hong Kong. Hong Kong SAR passport holders enjoy a visa-free stay of up to 90 days to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Rwanda, although nationals of these countries are only granted a maximum visa-free stay of 14 days in Hong Kong.

In some cases, Hong Kong SAR passport holders are offered visa-free access to countries whose nationals are unable to travel to Hong Kong visa-free for any length of time. An example is Nicaragua, to which Hong Kong SAR passport holders can travel visa-free for a maximum period of 90 days. However, Nicaraguans must apply for a visa to travel to Hong Kong.

Comparison of visa-free access
The Hong Kong Immigration Department cites the number of countries and territories offering visa-free access for Hong Kong SAR passport holders as 158 (this figure excludes countries and territories not officially recognised by the People's Republic of China, e.g. Kosovo and Taiwan). The British Consulate-General in Hong Kong states 119 as the number of countries and territories providing visa-free access to British National (Overseas) passport holders.

Hong Kong residents staying in the United Kingdom for 6 months or more and entering on a British National (Overseas) passport are exempt from having to register with the police, whilst entry on a Hong Kong SAR passport does not exempt them from this administrative procedure, with a police registration fee of £34 payable. In this sense, Hong Kong SAR passports are treated in the same way as ordinary Chinese passports. For travel to Dominica, Grenada and Morocco, entry on a British National (Overseas) passport permits a longer visa-free stay than on a HKSAR passport – 6 months compared to 21 days, 6 months compared to 3 months, and 3 months compared to 30 days respectively. Whilst entry on a HKSAR passport to Nauru requires a visa to be obtained in advance, a BN(O) passport holder can obtain a 30-day visa on arrival free of charge.

However, Hong Kong SAR passport holders enjoy better visa-free access to Australia than British National (Overseas) passports. Whilst both passports are eligible for the Electronic Travel Authority scheme, BN(O) passport holders can only apply for an ETA in person at an Australian visa office or through a travel agent/airline, whilst Hong Kong SAR passport holders can apply online at the ETA official website. Entry to Indonesia on a HKSAR passport permits a visa-free stay of 30 days whilst on a BN(O) passport a 30-day visa must be purchased on arrival at a cost of US$25. Similarly, HKSAR passport holders are eligible to obtain a visa on arrival in Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates, whilst BN(O) passport holders are ineligible.

Due to the international status of Hong Kong and British National (Overseas), both HKSAR passports and BN(O) passports are ineligible for Visa Waiver Program of the United States, and required to obtain a visa prior to travelling to the United States. However, HKSAR passport holders may travel to Guam and Northern Mariana Islands visa-free for 45 days.

In comparison with other Chinese passports, the Hong Kong SAR passport provides considerably more visa-free access than the ordinary People's Republic of China passport, the Macao Special Administrative Region passport, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) passport.

Working holiday visas
As a result of bilateral working holiday visa agreements made between the Government of Hong Kong and a number of other countries, Hong Kong SAR passport holders aged between 18 and 30 are eligible to apply for working holiday visas to Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea. These visas allow their holders to spend a maximum of 12 months in the foreign country with the primary purpose of travelling, but also permitting supplementary short-term employment (and for some countries (e.g. South Korea), short-term study may in addition be allowed). On the basis of reciprocity, Australian, Canadian, French, German, Irish, Japanese, New Zealand and South Korean nationals are also able to apply for working holiday visas in Hong Kong under similar conditions.

HKSAR passport holders have been eligible for UK working holiday visas, subject to Certificate of Sponsorship and annual maximum of 1000 placements since January 2014. However, holders of a British National (Overseas) passport are not subject to any quotas nor Certificate of Sponsorship under the same Scheme and are able to work or study in the UK for 5 years as holders are granted limited leave to remain.

Lai Changxing incident
Lai Changxing, the suspect of a large smuggling and corruption scandal in Mainland China, used a HKSAR passport to enter Canada as a tourist in 1999. His HKSAR passport and Hong Kong permanent residency were revoked by the Hong Kong Government in 2002 on the grounds that he had obtained the residency by dishonest means.

"Place of birth" in HKSAR passports
On 16 April 2008, the Court of First Instance of the High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region decided in open court to publicize the case of Aziz Akbar Butt v Director of Immigration (HCAL32-2007). Aziz Akbar Butt, born in Pakistan and a Hong Kong permanent resident who became a naturalised Chinese citizen of Hong Kong on 8 January 2007, argued that for HKSAR passport holders such as himself born outside the Mainland China, Hong Kong or Macao, it was not necessary for the Director of Immigration to label their "place of birth" as stated in the HKSAR passport to be the country/state of birth specifically, with the city or province of birth sufficing. He further claimed to have problems travelling to several countries because his HKSAR passport stated "Pakistan" (i.e. his country of birth) instead of "Karachi" or "Sindh" (i.e. his specific place of birth within Pakistan) as his "place of birth". The Director of Immigration asserted that it was in accordance with HKSAR law and ICAO standards that one's "country of birth" should be specified for holders of the HKSAR passport born outside Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macao.

The Court of First Instance of the High Court decided that the Director of Immigration was wrong in using a policy to insert the country of birth as the "place of birth" in the applicant's passport in this instance, given a passport's nature as a document ensuring freedom of travel and the lack of a specific requirement within ICAO standards for machine-readable passports to state one's country of birth specifically. As a result of this court decision, the Director of Immigration cancelled the passport previously issued to Butt, and replaced it with a new passport at no cost, with his place of birth stated as "Sindh".


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User talk:Lingolanguage

Thank you for registering, and a warm Welcome!

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Btw, he wasn't referring to the redlinks, but you (inadvertantly) blanked a whole page Lectonar 12:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Sorry about that, I certainly didn't plan to blank a page! Which one was it? The only cause I can think of, I did click Save page for one page, then pressed Stop since it was taking a while, then did some more edits and clicked Save page again. But I checked the page after and it still existed. Lingolanguage 12:53, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That may be it; but the other user restored it before you looked again :); btw, it is wikiquette to respond on the other users talk page (I'm watching this page now, but otherwise wouldn't have been aware of your response) Lectonar

Hi! Thanks for your nice message. Believe me, it's all too easy to do unintentional things to these pages, especially when the servers are slow...which happens a lot. Not your fault. Since you're now a member of the club, I'd like to welcome you as well. I'm taking a few days off, but I'll check my talk page every so often. You can e-mail me if you wish if you have any questions at all. I'll get the message here at work. Again, welcome!!!! - Lucky 6.9 16:57, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of Winbatch for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Winbatch is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Winbatch until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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title: User talk:Lingolanguage


text:
Agnès Jaoui

Agnès Jaoui (born 19 October 1964) is a French actress, screenwriter, film director and singer.

Jaoui has won six César Awards, three Lumières Awards, and a Best Screenplay Award at the Cannes Film Festival. She has received numerous other awards and nominations, including a nomination for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Life and career
Jaoui was born in Antony, Hauts-de-Seine, and is of Tunisian Jewish descent. She is the daughter of Hubert Jaoui and Gyza Jaoui, who are both writers. They moved to Paris when she was 8 years old. She started theatre when she was in high school at the Lycée Henri-IV in Paris. She entered the Cours Florent when she was 15. Patrice Chéreau, director of the Théâtre des Amandiers in Nanterre where she began attending drama classes in 1984, gave her a role in the film Hôtel de France in 1987. That same year, she appeared in Harold Pinter's L'anniversaire with Jean-Pierre Bacri, who later became a faithful colleague and companion.

Jaoui and Bacri wrote the play Cuisine et dépendances, which was adapted onscreen in 1992 by Philippe Muyl. In 1993, director Alain Resnais asked them to write an adaptation of Alan Ayckbourn's 8-part play Intimate Exchanges, which became the 2-part film Smoking/No Smoking. This ironic diptych about free will and destiny won the César Award for Best Writing in 1994. In 1996, they came to know greater success with Cédric Klapisch's adaptation of their play Family Resemblances (Un air de famille), which showed their ability to observe and depict everyday life, and to criticize the social norms through bitter and corrosive humor. Once again, they won the César Award for Best Writing in 1997 and the same year collaborated again with Resnais on Same Old Song (On connaît la chanson), which they wrote but also interpreted: together, they won their third César Award for Best Writing, and Jaoui her first César Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Jaoui directed her first feature film, The Taste of Others (Le Goût des autres, 2000, written with Bacri), which questions social-cultural identities. The film was a huge success in France and attracted 4 million spectators. It also won 4 César Awards in 2001 including Best Film and Best Writing, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. In 2004, Jaoui's second film as a director, Look at Me (Comme une image), co-written with Bacri, was selected for the Cannes Festival and won the prize for Best Screenplay. She starred in the last Richard Dembo's film, La maison de Nina (2005) and then focused on music and released her album of Latin songs, Canta (2006). She returned to cinema in 2008 with Let's Talk About the Rain (Parlez-moi de la pluie), with French humorist Jamel Debbouze in a different role from what he was used to.

In 2012, Jaoui directed her latest film to date, Under the Rainbow (Au bout du conte), also co-written with Bacri. She revisits several fairy tales such as Cinderella, Snow White, and Little Red Riding Hood. It received acclaim from critics and audiences for originality and humor in the writing and dialogue.

Music
Jaoui studied music in the conservatoire when she was 17, but did not start her career as a singer until 2006 when her first album Canta was released. It mixed several Latin music genres (such as flamenco, bolero, and bossa) and she sang exclusively in Spanish and Portuguese. In 2007, it won the Victoire de la Musique award for "best traditional music album".

Jaoui's second album, Dans Mon Pays, was released in 2009. It also featured Latin sonorities and songs sang in Spanish and Portuguese, except for two songs in French.

Personal life
Jaoui is the daughter of Gyza Jaoui; a pioneering figure of transactional analysis, a form of psychotherapy initiated by Eric Berne. Jaoui has a brother,, who is also a screenwriter and a director.

Jaoui was in a relationship with Jean-Pierre Bacri from 1987 to 2012. After their breakup, the two stayed on good terms and continued to work together.

Jaoui adopted two children from Brazil in 2012.

Jaoui is a member of the 50/50 collective, which aims to promote gender equality and diversity in cinema.

title: Agnès Jaoui