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Dorothy Maud Wrinch

Dorothy Maud Wrinch (12 September 1894 – 11 February 1976; married names Nicholson, Glaser) was a mathematician and biochemical theorist best known for her attempt to deduce protein structure using mathematical principles. She was a champion of the controversial 'cyclol' hypothesis for the structure of proteins.

Career
Dorothy Wrinch was born in Rosario, Argentina, the daughter of Hugh Edward Hart Wrinch, an engineer, and Ada Souter. The family returned to England and Dorothy grew up in Surbiton, near London. She attended Surbiton High School and in 1913 entered Girton College, Cambridge to read mathematics. Wrinch often attended meetings of the Heretics Club run by Charles Kay Ogden, and it was through a 1914 lecture organised by Ogden that she first heard Bertrand Russell speak. She graduated in 1916 as a wrangler.

For the academic year 1916–1917, Wrinch took the Cambridge Moral Sciences tripos and studied mathematical logic with Russell in London. In December she was invited to Garsington Manor, the home of Russell's then mistress Ottoline Morell, and there encountered Clive Bell and other Bloomsbury Group members, and in 1917 she introduced Russell to Dora Black who would later become his second wife. From 1917 Wrinch was funded by Girton College as a research student, officially supervised by G.H. Hardy in Cambridge but in practice by Russell in London. When, in May 1918, Russell was imprisoned for his anti-war activities, Wrinch assisted with his writing projects by bringing him books and articles. Wrinch also secured the first publication of Ludwig Wittgenstein's (not yet so named) Tractatus in a German philosophical journal in 1921.

In London Wrinch attended the Aristotelian Society, including a debate between D'Arcy Thompson and John Scott Haldane on the nature of physics, biology and psychology, and she became a friend of Thompson. Wrinch spoke to the Society herself on the 'summation of pleasures', and through the Society she encountered Harold Jeffreys and Raphael Demos. In the autumn of 1918 Wrinch registered for graduate study on asymptotic expansions with the applied mathematician John Nicholson at King's College London, started to teach at University College, and continued to work with Jeffreys on the philosophy of scientific method. She moved into a flat in Mecklenburgh Square owned by Russell's then mistress Colette O'Neil. In 1920 Girton awarded Wrinch a four-year Yarrow Research Fellowship with the freedom to work on any area of her choice. In 1920 she was awarded an MSc and in 1921 a DSc by the University of London. Wrinch moved to Oxford in 1922 upon her marriage, where she held a succession of research fellowships and lectureships or tutorships at the Oxford women's colleges for the next 16 years. She was Lady Carlisle Research Fellow at Somerville College, Oxford and first female Lecturer in Mathematics at the University. In 1929 she was the first woman to receive an Oxford DSc.

Wrinch's first paper was a 1917 defence of Russell's philosophy, and between 1918 and 1932 she published 20 papers on pure and applied mathematics and 16 on scientific methodology and on the philosophy of science. At the 1928 International Congress of Mathematics in Bologna she delivered the paper "On a method for constructing harmonics for surfaces of revolution." She also presented on "Harmonics Associated with Certain Inverted Spheroids" at the 1932 ICM in Zürich." The papers she wrote with Harold Jeffreys on scientific method formed the basis of his 1931 book Scientific Inference. In the Nature obituary Jeffreys wrote, "I should like to put on record my appreciation of the substantial contribution she made to [our joint] work, which is the basis of all my later work on scientific inference."

From about 1932 Wrinch shifted towards theoretical biology. She was one of founders of the Biotheoretical Gathering (aka the 'Theoretical Biology Club'), an inter-disciplinary group that sought to explain life by discovering how proteins work. Also involved were Joseph Henry Woodger, Joseph and Dorothy Needham, C. H. Waddington, J. D. Bernal, Karl Popper and Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin. From then on Wrinch could be described as a theoretical biologist. She developed a model of protein structure, which she called the "cyclol" structure. The model generated considerable controversy and was attacked by the chemist Linus Pauling. In these debates Wrinch's lack of training in chemistry was a great weakness. By 1939, evidence had accumulated that the model was wrong but Wrinch continued working on it. However, experimental work by Irving Langmuir done in collaboration with Wrinch to validate her ideas catalysed the principle of the Hydrophobic effect being the driving force for protein folding.

In 1936 Ida Busbridge secured a position as assistant to Wrinch from whom she took over mathematics tutorials for all five women’s colleges.

In 1939 Wrinch moved to the United States. She had a variety of teaching positions at three small Massachusetts colleges, Amherst College, Smith College, and Mount Holyoke College. From 1942 until she retired in 1971 Wrinch held research positions at Smith.

Personal life
Prior to 1918 Wrinch's Cambridge tutor GN Watson had proposed to her but the feeling was not mutual and she had to ask her father to explain this to Watson; nevertheless Watson later recommended Wrinch as his replacement lecturer at University College London. Around the postwar time of her intellectual closeness to Russell, Wrinch may have had a romantic connection with his brother Frank and probably did have an unhappy attachment with another of his disciples, Raphael Demos. Sources differ on whether Wrinch wanted a romantic relationship with Russell. She was for some years a close intellectual companion of Harold Jeffreys, and some contemporary observers thought them engaged. It may have been the breaking of their engagement that encouraged Jeffreys to enter psychoanalysis, which was at the time fashionable in Cambridge.

In 1922 Wrinch married her graduate supervisor at King's College London, the mathematical physicist John William Nicholson. The examination for her DSc in 1921 had, unusually, an additional referee, which may have been because of perceptions of a relationship between the two of them. Nicholson was a graduate of Owens College Manchester and also a Cambridge Wrangler. In 1921 he was elected into a Fellowship at Balliol College, Oxford. The couple had one child, Pamela, born in 1927. Wrinch's book on parenthood, Retreat from Parenthood (1930) published under the pseudonym Jean Ayling and dedicated to Russell, was a venture into public health rather than a manual of child-care, propounding ideas of societal reorganisation to make child rearing more compatible with professional life. Nicholson's mental health deteriorated in the late 1920s, and in 1930 he was certified as mentally ill and confined in the Warneford Hospital until his death in 1955. In 1937 Wrinch was granted a divorce on grounds of her husband's insanity. From 1930 Wrinch was close emotionally and intellectually to the mathematician Eric Neville in a friendship which lasted until 1961.

In 1939 Wrinch and her daughter moved to the United States, partly because the chancellor of Oxford University and Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax advised her she would be most useful to the war effort by research and lecturing there. In 1941 she married Otto Charles Glaser, chairman of the biology department and vice-president of Amherst College, and it was in part through him that she was able to obtain teaching positions. In 1944 Glaser was forced to resign as chairman because he had allowed his research assistant to spend time working for Wrinch. Glaser retired in 1948 and died in 1951.

Wrinch died in Falmouth, Massachusetts on 11 February 1976.

Dorothy Hodgkin wrote in Wrinch's obituary that she was "a brilliant and controversial figure who played a part in the beginnings of much of present research in molecular biology." On a more personal level, Hodgkin wrote, "I like to think of her as she was when I first knew her, gay, enthusiastic and adventurous, courageous in face of much misfortune and very kind."

The Retreat from Parenthood (1930)
Wrinch's book first summarizes the impact of having children on women’s careers, which often included termination for professional women, and the psychological and physical impact on parents and children caused by leaving to most parents practically all functions necessary to raise a child. Of special concern to her was the fact that parents generally lack the necessary expertise in practical matters like the suitable diet and social environment best-suited for a child's development, since their professional expertise is often in other areas, and that scientifically understanding these matters requires a great deal of a parent's time (away from their career).

The book next offers a constructive solution to this problem. Wrinch proposed that there should be Child Rearing Services that assume from parents nearly every aspect of raising the child, except in four areas where a parent's involvement is absolutely crucial: "impregnation," "gestation," "childbirth," and "lactation." The Child Rearing Services (C.R.S.) would be divided into four bureaus, A, B, C, and D. The C.R.S.A. would deal with refitting homes so as to make them more comfortable and hospitable to child rearing, providing services like electrical work, plumbing services and repairs, insulation and soundproofing, and reliable hot water. The C.R.S.B. the labor of child rearing like changing diapers, preparing meals, laundry, cleaning dishes, and so on. The C.R.S.C. would deal with food safety, inspection, diet, and delivery, with a focus on ensuring that each child was well-nourished and given the best possible diet. The C.R.S.D. would deal with all medical, nursing, psychological, and other services necessary for the health and well-being of parents and child, from pregnancy to the school door.

Selected publications

 * "On the summation of pleasures", Proc. Aristotelian Soc. 1917-1918, 589-594. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society.
 * "On Some Aspects of the Theory of Probability," Philosophical Magazine, 38, (1919), 715–731. (with Harold Jeffreys)
 * "On the Structure of Scientific Inquiry', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 21, (1920–21), 181–210.
 * The Retreat from Parenthood London : K. Paul, Trench, Trübner 1930 (as Jean Ayling)
 * "The roots of hyper-geometric functions with a numerator and four denominators", with H.E.H. Wrinch, Phil. Mag. 1 (Ser. 7), 1926, 273–276.
 * "Chromosome behaviour in terms of protein pattern", Nature 134, 1934, 978–979
 * "The cyclol hypothesis and the globular proteins". Proc. Royal Society A 161, 1937, 505–524.
 * Fourier transforms and structure factors; American Society for X-Ray and Electron Diffraction. 1946
 * Chemical aspects of the structure of small peptides; an introduction. 1960.
 * Chemical aspects of polypeptide chain structures and the cyclol theory 1965.
 * List of Wrinch's publications
 * "Selected papers of Dorothy Wrinch, from the Sophia Smith Collection," in "Structures of Matter and Patterns in Science, inspired by the work and life of Dorothy Wrinch, 1894–1976, The Proceedings of a Symposium held at Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 28–30 September 1977, Schenkman Publishing Company, 1980.

title: Dorothy Maud Wrinch


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Category:Ghost towns in Ontario

Ghost towns in the Canadian province of Ontario.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Ghost towns in Ontario


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Another View

Another View is an outtakes compilation album by the Velvet Underground. It was released in 1986 by Verve Records and is composed of material recorded between 1967 and 1969.

Composition and collection
When the Velvet Underground moved from Verve Records (who had released their first two albums) to parent company MGM Records, they signed a two-album deal, releasing their third album The Velvet Underground in March 1969. Later that same year, however, there was a management change and MGM Records' new CEO, Mike Curb, was brought in to try to rescue the financially struggling label. He decided to purge the record company of its many controversial and unprofitable acts. The Velvet Underground quickly became one of the groups blacklisted and were released from their contract. The band had, however, in the meantime recorded fourteen tracks for possible release as their second MGM album. All of these were shelved and forgotten by their record company until the early 1980s.

As Verve (by then an imprint of Polygram) prepared to re-release the band's three Verve/MGM albums on vinyl and, for the first time, on CD, they found nineteen previously unreleased tracks: five Cale-era tracks and the fourteen "lost album" tracks, some of them in two-track mixdown format, some of them even on multitracks. The cream of the nineteen tracks was released in February 1985 on VU; the rest remained for the time being in the vaults.

In 1986, Polydor decided to prepare a vinyl box set for European release. Simply titled The Velvet Underground, this box, which was released in June, consisted of the band's first three albums, VU, and an untitled bonus album containing the remaining nine tracks from Polygram's vaults. That untitled album was later separately released on vinyl and CD as Another View.

An acetate-sourced alternative mix of this album's version of "Ride into the Sun", featuring vocals by Lou Reed, has appeared on bootlegs and on the Australian box set What Goes On.

As the Velvet Underground moved from MGM to Atlantic, they re-recorded two of the songs on Another View, "Ride into the Sun" and "Rock and Roll", for possible inclusion on Loaded. Only "Rock and Roll" made the grade, but two of the Another View songs would be recycled by Lou Reed during his early solo career: "Ride into the Sun" (on Lou Reed, 1972) and "We're Gonna Have a Real Good Time Together" (on Street Hassle, 1978).

Personnel

 * The Velvet Underground
 * John Cale – viola on "Hey Mr. Rain (Version I)" and "Hey Mr. Rain (Version II)", bass guitar on "Guess I'm Falling in Love"
 * Sterling Morrison – guitar, backing vocals, bass guitar on "Hey Mr. Rain"
 * Lou Reed – vocals, guitar, piano
 * Maureen Tucker – percussion
 * Doug Yule – bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals

 * Technical staff
 * The Velvet Underground – producers
 * Bill Levenson – executive producer
 * J. C. Convertino – engineer

title: Another View


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Talk:Another View

Untitled
I have written a "regular" article on the temp page much like the other ones I have done in the Velvet Underground albums series. As far as I'm concerned, use this one instead of the violating text. Curt Woyte 08:55, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Release date
For the time being I have changed the release date from "September 1986" to "1986." I bought the album in June 1986, but I'm not sure how long it had already been out at that point. Anyone know the exact date (at least the month)? -- Gyrofrog (talk) 07:17, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Another View


text:
Gina Silva

Gina Silva is a newscaster who works for KTTV Fox News and KCOP. She does live reports for Good Day LA and Fox 11 Morning News. Before moving to the morning shift, Gina worked on special projects (Investigative/Consumer). She also anchored the Sunday morning news with Robb Weller. Gina fills in for the morning and evening anchors on both KTTV and KCOP. In addition to reporting, Miss Silva does portrait photography. Her work can be seen at Ginasilvaphotography.com. From 2001 through 2003 Gina co-anchored the KCOP weekend news with Kent Ninomiya. Prior to working at KTTV, Gina was a national correspondent for the entertainment program Extra (television show) from 1997 to 2000. Before Extra and KTTV, Gina worked for KNXV, the ABC affiliate in Phoenix. There, she was a member of the exclusive unit "The Investigators". Gina's past experience also includes reporting and anchoring for KOLD, the CBS affiliate in Tucson and the Univision network in  Phoenix. She has a degree in Broadcast Journalism from the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University.

title: Gina Silva


text: Category:Ghost towns in Canada

title: Category:Ghost towns in Canada


text:
Takeo Uesugi

Takeo Uesugi (上杉武夫) was a Japanese-American landscape architect who designed acclaimed Japanese garden installations. He was a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley, and Kyoto University.

Works
Born in Osaka, Uesugi's prominent works include:

 * The James Irvine Garden at the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center, Little Tokyo, Los Angeles
 * The Huntington Japanese Garden at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California
 * The Gardens of Belief at the City of Hope National Medical Center
 * The Japan Pavilion at the Expo '70, Suita, Osaka
 * The Hotel Nikko (now Grand Hyatt Atlanta in Buckhead) in Atlanta, Georgia
 * The Japanese Friendship Garden Expansion at Balboa Park
 * The Washington Center in Washington D.C.
 * The George and Sakaye Aratani Japanese Garden on the campus of Cal Poly Pomona

Honors
Uesugi's honors include the National Landscape Award presented by First Lady Nancy Reagan in a 1981 White House ceremony that recognized his design of the James Irvine Garden. This garden is widely regarded as one of the finest public spaces in Los Angeles. In 2010, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, from the Government of Japan to honor his work fostering the development of Japanese gardens throughout the world. As such, he joined an elite group of recipients including fellow Japanese American landscape architect and designer Isamu Noguchi.

Uesugi was the president of his own landscape design firm and a professor emeritus in landscape architecture at Cal Poly Pomona's College of Environmental Design where he helped establish an exchange program with Kyushu University.

title: Takeo Uesugi


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Anica Černej

Anica Černej (3 April 1900, in Čadram, Oplotnica – 3 May 1944, in Neubrandenburg) was a Slovene author and poet.

Biography
Černej worked at college of education in Ljubljana, where her main interests were social and pedagogical subjects.

In the autumn of 1943, she was arrested together with many professors and students by German occupying armed forces and was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp and later on Neubrandenburg where she died shortly thereafter.

title: Anica Černej


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Caterpillar india

Caterpillar found in India

A picture by me, Shiva shankar. This is macro view of caterpillar Caterpillar found in our locality. (thanks to --User:Brian0918 for editing.) -- Shivu 07:28, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nominate . - Shivu 07:28, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that much of the caterpillar is out of focus or obstructed by the leaf... Maybe crop out the entire right side? -- Rmrfstar 16:37, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The caterpillar is still mostly out of focus, and its more apparent because you cropped it. Try cropping out part of the caterpillar itself. -- Rmrfstar 14:51, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose for focus reasons. Enochlau 03:07, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, as above. Phoenix2 17:03, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, good detail and color. I might have opposed if I had bug phobia :) — Stevey7788 (talk) 21:10, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * ( − ) Oppose Version 4 would be great but for the small res. --Fir0002 10:13, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

2 / 3 / 0 --Spangineer (háblame)  21:54, July 25, 2005 (UTC)


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Boco

Boco peut faire référence à :

 * Boco, Les Anglais, un village d'Haïti
 * Boco River, une rivière au Portugal
 * Boco (Final Fantasy) ou Boko, un personnage fictif de la série de jeux vidéo Final Fantasy'
 * BoCo (The Railway Series), une locomotive diesel fictive dans les livres The Railway Series
 * BoCo (Thomas and Friends), le personnage correspondant de la série télévisée adaptée Thomas and Friends
 * Romuald Boco, joueur de football béninois
 * BoCo, une description de la disposition des roues de la locomotive utilisant le système Classification UIC
 * BoCo, un surnom informel pour The Boston Conservatory
 * Boco, une petite localité agricole ou Townland dans la province Quillota, Chili
 * BoCO, une abréviation de la ville Boulder, Colorado
 * Boco, en Corse une fille qui parle trop Laura Mousset

title: Boco


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Yumiko Cheng

Yumiko Cheng (born 6 September 1981) is a Hong Kong Cantopop singer and actress. Cheng was given the Japanese nickname "Yumiko" by her friends in secondary school, and upon signing with EEG, adopted it as her official stagename.

Career
Cheng was originally marketed as a member of the group 3T (along with Mandy Chiang and Maggie Lau), which released an EP in 2002. She was the sole member of the group who went on to release a solo EP later that year. This was followed by a second EP, DanceDanceDance (舞舞舞) and her first full-length album One2Three, in 2003.

In 2004, she released the album, Perfect Date, though made a decreasing number of media appearances due to health problems and an overall strategy re-evaluation within her company.

2005 saw a return with the lead single 'Arabian Market' (亞拉伯市場), complemented by a novel image that featured her in traditional Arabic dress. She would continue covering Middle-Eastern pop hits in subsequent singles such as 'Lupine Girl' (狼女, originally sung by Aneela Mirza) in 2006, and 'Five Centuries' (五個世紀, OT: Bechom Shei In The Heart of Tel Aviv by Sarit Hadad) in 2008, which became a minor hit in its own right in the Chinese dance charts, and was even mentioned in a report by a major Israeli newspaper.

Yumiko's Space, the 2005 album to which 'Arabian Market' (亞拉伯市場) belonged, otherwise showed an 80s disco and electronic influence. Veteran music producer Carl Wong (王雙駿) took on songwriting and production credits for 6 songs, including that of the second single 'Think' (想). Electronic pop duo PixelToy also contributed one song, who again appear with songwriting credits on Cheng's 2008 Mandarin album Spectacular Era (精彩年代). Cheng has interviewed in the past that Yumiko's Space remained a personal favourite of all her albums.

Aside from a career in pop music, Cheng has starred in several films, including a special guest appearance in Stanley Kwan's 2005 feature, Everlasting Regret. In August 2015, Cheng left Emperor Entertainment Group after 15 years, and has since focused on acting for mainland television dramas as well as developing her clothing label, "Why So Cool".

Wardrobe malfunction incidents
Cheng dominated the entertainment headlines in December 2006, due to a wardrobe mishap while performing an aerialist stunt for TVB's annual charity show. While being retrieved from mid-air on a trapeze, her trousers were accidentally pulled off by her stunt partner Chin Kar-lok, revealing her underwear. Much to Cheng's embarrassment, the incident garnered a great deal of media attention. The MC Eric Tsang later apologised due to public disapproval over a number of remarks made at the time of the incident, including a request for a replay of the accident in slow motion, though other MCs such as Nancy Sit and Lydia Shum were seen to have laughed uncontrollably in the television broadcast.

She again made news on 23 June 2007 while performing as a featured guest for New Talent Singing Awards Toronto Audition, where she exposed part of her bare chest. The material was cut from the delayed broadcast in Vancouver.

When pressed by Stephen Chen in a 2008 TVB interview to comment on whether or not these incidents were staged, Cheng's manager, Mani Fok remarks: "Every woman has a bottom line."

Personal life
In June 2012, Yumiko Cheng participated in Cherrie Ying's birthday party in Phuket, Thailand. Because the swimming pool was slippery, a group of actresses and birthday girls suddenly stumbled and fell on the hillside next to the pool. The birthday girl was only slightly injured, but Yumiko Cheng had too much momentum when she fell down the hillside. She was pierced through her lungs by a branch from her back. The condition was serious. People on the scene called an ambulance to send her to the hospital and was sent to the intensive care unit. She was in a coma for two days or two. At night, after a round of rescue, it finally got better.

In August 2012, it was announced that she accepted the proposal of her makeup artist boyfriend Andy for years. The wedding was held on September 5, 2014, the day before her 33rd birthday. It was also revealed on Twins Weibo and Facebook.

On April 8, 2015, she gave birth to her daughter Liang Zirou (baby name: Liang Jiezhu) at the Hong Kong Adventist Hospital, but she was less than 24 hours old. Due to respiratory problems and pulmonary hydrops, she had to be transferred to the Intensive Care Department of Eastern Hospital. The hospital can be discharged after two weeks.

In 2019, Yumiko Cheng daughter "Liang Jiji" celebrated her fourth birthday. Liang Jiji is one of the second generations of popular stars on the Internet. Liang Bianzhu has been dressed stylishly since he was a child, and the two mothers and daughters often pretend to be parent-child.

Discography
'As 3T'
 * 2002: Girl Butterfly 少女蝶

Solo Albums:
 * 26 November 2002: Yumiko The Debut EP
 * 6 June 2003: Dance Dance Dance (舞舞舞) EP
 * 14 November 2003: One 2 Three
 * 20 August 2004: Perfect Date
 * 21 June 2005: Yumiko's Space
 * 13 April 2006: Passion
 * 10 November 2006: 7 Nutrients (Yumiko New + Best Selection) (七連滋養)
 * 21 March 2007: Shanghai Doll (上海娃娃)
 * 2 February 2008: Super Model
 * 20 November 2008: Wonderful Time (精彩年代)
 * 25 September 2014: I'm A Lucky Girl (New + Best Selection)

title: Yumiko Cheng


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Friant Dam

Friant Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the San Joaquin River in central California in the United States, on the boundary of Fresno and Madera Counties. It was built between 1937 and 1942 as part of a U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) water project to provide irrigation water to the southern San Joaquin Valley. The dam impounds Millerton Lake, a 4900 acre reservoir about 15 mi north of Fresno.

Background
The valley in which Friant Dam and Millerton Lake now lie was once the location of the historic town of Millerton. Millerton was the first county seat of Fresno County. In 1880, the first dam on the San Joaquin River was constructed by the Upper San Joaquin Irrigation Company roughly on the present site of Friant Dam. Built of local rock, the dam was an 800 ft long, 6 ft tall structure designed to divert water for the irrigation of 250000 acre. The project was abandoned in the wake of floods that destroyed the dam two years later.

Friant Dam was originally proposed in the 1930s as a main feature of the Central Valley Project (CVP), a federal water project that would involve building an expansive system of dams and canals on the rivers of the Central Valley to provide water for agriculture, with secondary purposes of flood control, municipal supply, and hydroelectric power generation. The CVP was authorized by the 1935 Rivers and Harbors Act, while $20 million of initial funding for Friant Dam was provided by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935.

Initial surveys of the Friant Dam site were carried out in November 1935 and continued through early 1936. In January 1938, a worker's camp was established near the town of Friant to house the laborers that would ultimately work on the dam. In the middle of the Great Depression, the Friant Dam site saw a huge influx of job seekers, many of whom had to live further away in surrounding cities. More than 50,000 people attended the groundbreaking of the dam on November 5, 1939 in a celebration that is now known as "one of the greatest in San Joaquin Valley history".

Construction
Construction of Friant Dam began with blasting and excavation of the dam site to remove more than 1200000 yd3 of loose material above the bedrock. Before any concrete was laid on the dam's main wall, the underlying rock was extensively grouted to fill in 725 holes and seams that might otherwise cause instability in the foundation. The concrete used in the dam's construction was made from sand and gravel excavated from the San Joaquin River floodplain about 3 mi below the dam to form Lost Lake. Notably, more than 5400 oz of placer gold – worth $176,000 at the time – were uncovered in the excavation site. A branch line of the Southern Pacific Railroad delivered this material to a concrete mixing plant, which could produce up to 6000 yd3 of concrete per hour, directly adjacent to the construction site. In July 1940, the San Joaquin River was diverted through a wooden flume so that work on the foundations could begin.

On July 29, the first concrete was poured into the main body of Friant Dam. In order to keep the structure in line, the dam was built in a series of blocks or forms, each measuring 50 ft square. Concrete was placed via a massive steel trestle system 210 ft high and 2200 ft long, along which ran small powered railcars that delivered buckets of concrete from the mixing plant. Two gantry cranes lifted the buckets from the cars and poured them onto the forms. In summer 1941, the labor force reached a peak of 1,500, and the monthly record for concrete placement, at 228000 yd3, was set in August. During the dam's construction several Native American burial sites had their graves removed and re-interred.

The workforce scrambled to complete the main wall of the dam after an act of the War Production Board (WPB) suspended resources in order to assist U.S. military efforts in World War II. The dam was topped out on June 16, 1942, just under two years after the first concrete was poured. However, the spillway gates, the water release valves and the two irrigation canals Friant was intended to support remained unfinished in the wake of the WPB's order.

The war, however, did not completely halt construction. Less than a year later, the WPB "[determined] the completion of the Madera Canal and the installation of valves at the Friant Dam, necessary for war-time food and fiber production" – allowing construction to resume on a limited scale. A pair of control valves were borrowed from Hoover Dam, allowing the closure of the river outlets and Millerton Lake began to fill on February 21, 1944. Work on the Madera Canal, the smaller of the two irrigation canals serviced by Friant Dam (the other, the Friant-Kern Canal, would not be completed for another four years), was completed in 1945 and water ran for its entire length for the first time on June 10, with irrigation deliveries commencing one month later.

The dam was formally dedicated on July 9, 1949 by California governor Earl Warren, who declared that the water furnished by Friant Dam and its canals would help the San Joaquin Valley to "become a modern Eden" as water was released into the partially completed Friant-Kern Canal for the first time. More than three thousand people, mostly residents of the San Joaquin Valley, attended the ceremonies.

"[The dam is] but a lifeline to preserve and enhance our American civilization. This is a line of creation, built to unlock the fertility of the rich soil, to resist drought, to overcome floods, to provide outdoor recreation, and to generate cheap power that will improve the living conditions of millions of our citizens." – Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes at Friant Dam dedication"

Operations and usage
Friant Dam's primary purpose is to capture the fluctuating flows of the San Joaquin River and divert the water for irrigation through the Friant-Kern and Madera Canals. The Friant-Kern Canal is 151.8 mi long, extending south from the dam to the Kern River near Bakersfield, and has an initial diversion capacity of 5000 cuft/s; the 35.9 mi Madera Canal, which has a capacity of up to 1000 cuft/s, travels north from the dam to the Chowchilla River. Together, these canals provide irrigation water to some 837000 acre of the San Joaquin Valley. In 1990, farmers who received their water from Friant Dam produced more than $1.9 billion worth of 90 different kinds of crops.

Millerton Lake has a capacity of 520528 acre feet at normal maximum pool, with a surcharge (above spillway gates, but below the dam crest) capacity of approximately 91000 acre feet for a total capacity of 611500 acre feet. About 170000 acre feet, or 32.7% of the reservoir's regular capacity, is reserved for flood control between October and January to protect against rain floods, while between February and July, this is increased to 390500 acre feet – 75.0% – to provide space for snowmelt floods. The dam is operated to maintain a flow of 6500 cuft/s or less on the San Joaquin River at Mendota, 60 mi downriver. However, large snowmelt floods often exceed the capacity of the dam and reservoir and force larger releases downstream, potentially causing damage to riverside property and infrastructure.

The dam is also used to generate up to 25 megawatts (MW) of hydroelectric power. The penstock releasing water into the Friant-Kern Canal is fitted with a Kaplan turbine with a capacity of 15 MW, and the Madera Canal penstock is equipped with a smaller 8 MW turbine. The smallest hydroelectric generator, with a capacity of 2 MW, is located at the outlet works on the base of the dam and produces power from water releases that serve local farms along the San Joaquin River directly downstream from Friant Dam, as well as releases to a fish hatchery below the dam and for wildlife management purposes.

Expansion

Because of its relatively small storage capacity relative to the average annual discharge of the San Joaquin River – 520528 acre feet versus 1790000 acre feet – Friant Dam often has to release excessive amounts of water that could be otherwise used for irrigation or power generation, also causing downstream damage. From 1981 to 2011, an average of 450000 acre feet was spilled each year because the reservoir was unable to contain it. The USBR has proposed increasing the height of Friant Dam by up to 140 ft, nearly tripling the reservoir's storage capacity to 1390000 acre feet. A smaller 60 ft raise would increase storage capacity to 860500 acre feet, while a 25 ft raise would increase storage capacity to 652500 acre feet. The increase in height would also allow for the generation of between 4.7–30.4 MW of additional power.

Another proposal to increase storage in the upper San Joaquin River basin is Temperance Flat Dam, which would be located in the San Joaquin River canyon upstream of Friant Dam and impound between 460000 to 2775000 acre feet of water. The proposed dam would stand 415 to 840 ft high above the river, and it would capture most of the floodwater that would otherwise be spilled from Friant Dam. However, Temperance Flat has come under heavy controversy because it would flood a large scenic section of the San Joaquin River gorge, negatively affect wildlife in the river and inundate two upstream hydroelectric power plants, causing a net loss in power generation. The water supplied from such a dam would be very expensive, ranging from $1000–1500 per acre foot (area farmers currently pay about $60 per acre foot). Raising Friant Dam would likely produce similar increases in the cost of irrigation water.

Environmental impacts
By diverting most of the San Joaquin River for irrigation, the Friant Dam has caused about 60 mi of the river to run dry except in high water years when floodwaters are spilled from the dam. The desiccation of the river has caused the degradation of large stretches of riverside habitat and marshes, and has nearly eliminated the historic chinook salmon run that once numbered "possibly in the range of 200,000 to 500,000 spawners annually". Reduction in flows has also increased the concentration of pesticide and fertilizer runoff in the river contributing to pollution that has further impacted aquatic species.

On September 13, 2006, after eighteen years of litigation, environmental groups, fisherman and the USBR reached an agreement on releasing part of the water currently diverted into the irrigation canals into the San Joaquin River in order to help restore the river and its native fish and wildlife. The first water was released on October 2, 2009 at a rate of 185 cuft/s. By 2014, these "restoration flows" will be increased to 302000 acre feet per year, or 417 cuft/s, on top of the 117000 acre feet that is currently released for agricultural purposes. However, the river restoration project will cause a 12–20% reduction in irrigation water delivered from Friant Dam.

title: Friant Dam


text:
Talk:The Persians

Comments
> the only other ghost known to appear on stage is the ghost of Clytemnestra in Aeschylus' The Eumenides

The ghost of Polydorus appears in 'Hecuba' by Euripides.

Does one know where the origin of the lyrics Sheena Easton sang back in 1981 stem from? "The Persians said: Collide in me, while the band's insidin' me"

Made some corrections, added some references.
I cleaned up the intro a bit, and added sources. The play is the oldest in Western literature. In India they were producing dramas when Aeschylus' ancestors still lived in caves. The summary and discussion sections need work, too -- there is some glaring POV (and/or incorrect) stuff in there. According to Herodotus, Phryn. Miletou Persis did not mock Persia. Furthermore, there is a prominent strain of scholarship that suggests reading the Persae as a typical Aristotelian tragedy that evokes pity or sympathy is a mistake. This should be addressed. Ifnkovhg 01:03, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

I went back and tweaked the summary and discussion sections, too. Ifnkovhg 07:46, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

As far as I know, Indian drama is actually later than Greek drama; according to some scholars it might have even been influenced by it(Reich, Der Mimus, 1903; Pisani, Le Letterature dell'India, 1970, pp. 93; not to mention http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_drama ...). I don't think that there are any examples of plays (Western or not)as we intend them preceding the Greek ones. There are some sorts of religious dramas from the Ancient Near East and Egypt, but I don't know whether they may be considered "theater". Before editing the page, however, I'll wait some time, in case anybody could prove me wrong :D —Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.1.221.250 (talk) 02:02, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Unconvincing “Influence”
The attempt to relate the quote from The Persians to Elliot’s line in The Waste Land is unconvincing, to say the least, and unsourced. It is even more problematic when compared with the quote from Dante, which is clearly echoed by Eliot.

So much work went into the seemingly faulty comparison that I hesitate to delete it.

T. S. Eliot, in The Waste Land, "The Burial of the Dead", line 63 "I had not thought Death had undone so many" echoes line 432 of the Messenger account in the Persians: "However, you can be sure that so great a multitude of men never perished in a single day",[24] which is also similar to Dante's line in Inferno, Canto III, lines 56–57: ch'i' non averei creduto/Che morte tanta n'avesse disfatta.[25] Tjobrien.seoul (talk) 11:54, 25 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Persians


text:
Dawn Dunlap

Dawn Dunlap is an American former actress best known for her appearance as Laura in David Hamilton's Laura. She quit the film industry in 1985. She later married British advertising agent Frank Lowe, taking the name "Lady Dawn Lowe". The couple had a son (Sebastian) and divorced in 2007.

Filmography

 * Laura, or Laura, les ombres de l'été (1979) as Laura
 * Liar's Moon (1982) as Teaser
 * Night Shift (1982) as Maxine
 * Forbidden World (1982) as Tracy Baxter
 * Heartbreaker (1983) as Kim
 * Barbarian Queen (1985) as Taramis

About Dawn Dunlap
- Olivier Mathieu, Le Portrait de Dawn Dunlap, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2017, 69 p. (in French)

title: Dawn Dunlap


text:
Category talk:Violins

This category should probably be changed to "Bowed string instruments." Using "Violins" as heading for all is inaccurate in that many of the instruments listed (as for example the double bass or viola da gamba) are not even in the violin family.

I posted this several weeks ago (apologies for forgetting to sign), but there's been no response. I recommend changing this category to "Bowed string instruments," as viola da gamba, etc. are not in the violin family, but the viol family (a completely separate family of instruments). Badagnani 21:05, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That sounds fine to me. The issue would get greater exposure & discussion if it was tagged for renaming though. --Hooperbloob 01:57, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, that's nice of you. Tagging is one thing I haven't yet learned how to do--can you let me know how it's done? Badagnani 02:15, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Done, check out the tag I added to the category to see how it is done. Give your input to the discussion as well. BTW, glad to see you figured out to create signatures :)  --Hooperbloob 03:35, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Yes, but I still see no signature button "second from the right" that everyone is recommending that I use. Instead, I use four tildes. Even that was difficult to figure out how to do, because it's not clearly explained in the "how to." Badagnani 03:57, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Although I'd prefer to have "Bowed string instruments" instead, the vote has spoken; but we all have to realise that this category has a bunch of problems that need to be dealt with now that we're keeping it. If we are to stay true to the name of the category (and of course we should) we obviously need to remove instruments such as viola d'amore (and maybe vielle, but I don't know enough about this instrument to decide), but we'd also be separating the double bass from its other buddies in the modern string orchestra, which might confuse some. One argument presented in the CfD discussion was that there's no need to distinguish between "String instruments" and "Bowed string instruments". My disagreements with this statement aside, what, then, is the point of distinguishing the "Violins" category? That argument is based on the notion that we should avoid being too specific in the categories, yet it argues in favour of being even more specific. I think this might've benefited from some more attention or discussion. EldKatt (Talk) 13:58, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Violins


text:
File:ShortMusicForShortPeople albumcover.jpg

Summary
http://images.amazon.com/images/P/B00000J631.01._SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg

This image is of the CD cover for the Fat Wreck Chords compilation album entitled Short Music For Short People. It is used in the article about the album, Short Music For Short People. The image is therefore illustrative of, and directly relevant to, the article's content. The justification / rationale for using this image is:

 * The image is directly relevant to, or is representative of, the article in which it appears.
 * The presence of the image improves and/or gives clarity to the article in which it appears.
 * The image is of low size and quality.
 * The image depicts, or is used to promote, a product. Use of the image in an encyclopedic article relevant to that product does not harm or diminish the product, its creators, the original artist / designer of the image, the record company, publishers or studios that market the product, or any other personnel involved in its production in any way.
 * The image was taken from the website that is sourced above. On the source website, the image was used to advertise or review the product. Use of the image in a relevant encyclopedic article does not harm or diminish the source website's continued use of the image for their intended purposes.
 * The image is unlikely to have been edited. However, there are two circumstances where it may have been edited by the uploader:
 * 1) If the original image was large, the uploader may have reduced the size prior to uploading to Wikipedia.
 * 2) If borders, shadows or other effects had been added to the image on the source website, these may have been removed by the uploader purely for the purpose of returning the exact likeness of the original product.
 * Neither of these forms of editing affect the other points listed here.

Gram123 (talk) 11:43, 8 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
Category:J. R. R. Tolkien

This category is for articles and categories about the life, works, and legacy of J. R. R. Tolkien. __NOGALLERY__

title: Category:J. R. R. Tolkien


text: Category:Manufacturing companies of Mexico


text: Category:Sark

title: Category:Sark


text:
Suburra

The Suburra, or Subura (from the latin Subura) was a vast and populous neighborhood of Ancient Rome, located below the Murus Terreus on the Carinae and stretching on the slopes of the Quirinal and Viminal hills up to the offshoots of the Esquiline (Oppian, Cispian and Fagutal hills ).

Since the lower part of the neighborhood – although overlooking an area of monuments and public services – was home to an urban underclass who lived in miserable conditions, as well as a pleasure district, the term suburra has remained in the Italian language with the generic meaning of "disreputable place", "place of ill repute" or similar.

Julius Caesar lived in a family home (domus) in the Suburra until, in 63 BC, he was elected pontifex maximus at the age of 37. The Suburra had grown up around the property many years before his birth. The poet Martial also lived there.

History
The Suburra was originally part of the so-called Septimontium, an area of the city associated with a religious procession that was celebrated on 11 January of each year since the reign of Numa Pompilius.

The neighborhood was crossed by the street called Argiletum (broadly corresponding to the present Via Leonina and Via della Madonna dei Monti), which came to a fork near the Cispian Hill: the Vicus Patricius (now Via Urbana), towards the Porta Viminalis in the republican wall, and the Clivus Suburanus (now Via in Selci), towards Porta Esquilina. This last street marked the border between the Regio IV and the Regio V of the Augustan subdivision of the city.

Beginning in the 1st century BC, the lower part of the valley was first occupied by the Forum of Caesar, inaugurated in 46 BC under the eastern slope of the Capitolium, and then by the Forum of Augustus, inaugurated in 2 BC. Further additions towards the valley of the Colosseum were the Temple of Peace in AD 75, the Forum of Nerva inaugurated in AD 97 and finally – following the excavation of the hollow between the Quirinal Hill and the Capitolium – the Trajan's Forum, inaugurated in AD 112. In the time of Augustus, these monumental areas were protected from fires, which frequently broke out in the popular tenements of the Suburra, by building the massive wall that still survives today and represents the only trace of the ancient Suburra within the modern city.

In the Middle Ages, aristocratic families built houses and towers on the ruins of the Suburra and the Forums: some of them are still preserved, though greatly modified, such as Torre dei Conti and Torre del Grillo.

The urban fabric of the neighborhood, now a part of the rione Monti, was heavily altered by the opening of Via Cavour and Via degli Annibaldi at the end of the 19th century, while the demolitions of the 1930s for the construction of Via dell'Impero (now Via dei Fori Imperiali) deleted all the civil and religious buildings which, from the Renaissance onwards, had been erected in the Forums.

The Wall of Suburra
The wall of Suburra is an isodomum wall, stretching 33 m from the ground level of the Forum and built in peperino and Gabine stone (lapis gabinum), which ancient Romans thought was particularly resistant to fire. The boulders with which it is made – arranged into highly precise laying surfaces – are not linked by mortar, but only connected to each other by dovetail oak joints, and the wall, interspersed with three travertine recesses, has stood for over 2000 years to its own weight.

At the time of its construction, the wall served several functions: it was a protection against fire, an element of separation between the residential area of the city and the public one, and a monumental backdrop of the Temple of Mars Ultor, to which it created a strong color contrast.

The access road to the Forum passed alongside the Temple of Mars Ultor, through the arch in travertine blocks which is still existing and visible – though among parked cars – which during Middle Ages was called "Arco dei Pantani" (Italian for "Arch of the Quagmires"), due to the gradual swamping of the Forum area.

Geographic location
The orography of the area – with the hollow between the slopes of the major hills merging into the valley between the Capitoline and Palatine hills towards the Tiber – conditioned the road system and the development of the neighborhood: the higher areas hosted the houses of senators and equites (remains can be found under the present churches of San Pietro in Vincoli, on the Fagutal, and Santa Pudenziana, on the Viminal Hill), while the valley floor, the most popular and infamous part, was occupied by large insulae (multi-storey residential buildings with tabernae on the ground floor), such as those found during the restoration of the monastery of San Martino ai Monti.

In popular culture
The neighborhood is featured in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome, in Steven Saylor's Roman Blood, in Martha Marks' Rubies of the Viper, in the SPQR series by John Maddox Roberts, as well as Netflix's first original motion picture in Italy, Suburra, and its prequel Suburra: Blood on Rome.

title: Suburra