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Justin Theroux

Justin Paul Theroux (born August 10, 1971) is an American actor and filmmaker. He gained recognition for his work with director David Lynch in the mystery film Mulholland Drive (2001) and the horror film Inland Empire (2006). He also appeared in films such as Romy and Michele's High School Reunion (1997), American Psycho (2000), Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), Strangers with Candy (2005), Miami Vice (2006), Wanderlust (2012), The Girl on the Train (2016), The Spy Who Dumped Me (2018), On the Basis of Sex (2018) the voice of Dropkick in Bumblebee (2018), and Lady and the Tramp (2019).

Theroux was a screenwriter for films such as the action comedy Tropic Thunder (2008), the superhero film Iron Man 2 (2010), and the musical comedy drama Rock of Ages (2012). He made his directorial debut with the romantic comedy film Dedication (2007).

Theroux starred as Kevin Garvey in the HBO mystery drama series The Leftovers (2014–2017), for which he received widespread praise and was nominated for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series. He also starred as Dr. James Mantleray in the Netflix comedy drama miniseries Maniac (2018). From 2021 to 2023, he portrayed Allie Fox in the Apple TV+ adaptation of The Mosquito Coast, based on the novel by his uncle Paul Theroux. In 2023, he also starred in the HBO satirical political miniseries White House Plumbers.

Early life
Theroux was born on August 10, 1971, in Washington, D.C. His mother, Phyllis Grissim Theroux, is an essayist and author, and his father, Eugene Albert Theroux (b. 1938), is a lawyer at Baker & McKenzie in Washington. Theroux is the nephew of the travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux, novelist and poet Alexander Theroux, author Peter Theroux, and novelist and educator Joseph Theroux; he is the cousin of British journalists and documentary filmmakers Louis and Marcel Theroux. His father is of half French-Canadian and half Italian descent. Through his mother, Theroux is a great-great-grandson of financier, banker and railroad magnate H. B. Hollins, and of music critic and author Gustav Kobbé.

Theroux attended Lafayette Elementary School, Annunciation School, and the Field School. He first started acting while in high school at the Buxton School, in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He graduated from Bennington College in 1993 with a B.A. in visual arts and drama.

Career
Theroux made his film debut in 1996 in Mary Harron's I Shot Andy Warhol. Since then he has performed both on Broadway, starring in Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme; in numerous off-Broadway productions; and in comedy films such as Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, The Baxter, Romy and Michelle's High School Reunion, Broken Hearts Club, and Zoolander. Theroux has also performed in more serious films such as American Psycho. He appeared in the film versions of the cult television shows Strangers With Candy and Michael Mann's Miami Vice. He starred in David Lynch's films Mulholland Drive and Inland Empire.

In 2003, Theroux was featured in a music video for the British band Muse for their song "Hysteria". Theroux also has appeared on television, having starred in The District and appeared on episodes of shows such as Alias, Ally McBeal, Sex and the City (in which he guest starred in two episodes as different characters), and Six Feet Under (in which he played a recurring character in the third and fourth seasons).

In 2006, Theroux directed his first film, Dedication, which premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. A fan of the band Deerhoof, Theroux chose them to score Dedication. Theroux also had roles in two other films at the festival, Broken English and The Ten, in which he played Jesus Christ alongside Gretchen Mol. Theroux co-wrote the Ben Stiller film Tropic Thunder, and also appeared in the behind-the-scenes mockumentary Tropic Thunder: Rain of Madness.

In 2008, Theroux played John Hancock in the HBO miniseries John Adams. In 2009, Theroux made up part of the voice cast for Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. He also played Justin in Parks and Recreation. Theroux wrote the screenplay for the 2010 film Iron Man 2. Following Theroux's work on Tropic Thunder, actor Robert Downey Jr. recommended Theroux as a screenwriter to the film's director, Jon Favreau.

Theroux returned to acting in the film Your Highness (2011), as Leezar, an evil wizard who kidnaps a princess. He starred in the 2012 comedy Wanderlust, playing the leader of a hippie commune. By August 2012, Theroux was hired to direct and rewrite the script for the comedy film Swear to God.

In June 2013, Theroux was cast as the lead character in HBO's TV pilot The Leftovers, which HBO ordered as a 10-episode season in September 2013. The series, which premiered June 29, 2014, is based on a book of the same name by Tom Perrotta, which follows a group of people left behind in the suburban community of Mapleton after mysterious disappearances worldwide. Theroux received widespread critical acclaim for his performance throughout the three seasons.

Theroux co-wrote the sequel Zoolander 2 (2016), and reprised his role, Evil DJ, in the film.

Theroux also voiced the character The Evil Lord Garmadon in the 2017 film The Lego Ninjago Movie.

In 2018, Theroux played savant neurochemist James Mantleray in the 2018 Netflix comedy drama miniseries Maniac opposite Emma Stone and Jonah Hill.

In 2019, Theroux produced the ABC television event Live in Front of a Studio Audience alongside Norman Lear, Jimmy Kimmel and Will Ferrell. Theroux received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special (Live) for producing the event. He also voiced Tramp in the Disney+ live-action film Lady and the Tramp, a remake of the 1955 film with the same name.

In 2021, Theroux portrayed brilliant inventor and stubborn idealist Allie Fox in the Apple TV+ television series The Mosquito Coast, a television adaptation from the 1981 novel of the same name written by Paul Theroux, Justin Theroux's uncle. Theroux also served as executive producer for the series.

In 2024, Theroux co-stars in the Beetlejuice (1988) sequel, Beetlejuice Beetlejuice.

Personal life
Theroux was in a relationship with stylist and costume designer Heidi Bivens from 1997 until 2011. Theroux began dating actress Jennifer Aniston in 2011 after working with her on the film Wanderlust. They became engaged in August 2012, and got married on August 5, 2015. On February 15, 2018, Theroux and Aniston announced they had separated at the end of 2017.

Awards and nominations
List of awards and nominations received by Theroux.

title: Justin Theroux


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User talk:Ed Poor/Adam Carr

This is my subpage. Please do not "add" to it. But feel free to "copy" anything you find here, to User talk:Ed Poor, so you can talk about me behind my back while I'm at the lake.

The first section is from my talk page. The second is a list of quotations from Adam in which he refers to the inevitablility of edit wars. The third is where he (indirectly and perhaps unknowingly) makes a personal attack on me.

Being blocked
So that's your idea of mediation, is it? R Lopez can run amok through Wikipedia with his lying crap, and I get blocked for stating my intention of stopping him unless Wikipedia's rather creaky structures do so. I've seen some silly things since I have been editing here but that would be the silliest. Adam 13:11, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

I have now checked what I wrote: I said "So more edit wars will be coming up unless Lopez can be persuaded or compelled to desist." I did not say that I would initiate or conduct such edit wars, only that they would happen. This makes your action in blocking me, even for a token period, all the more outrageous, and I think I am entitled to an apology. Adam 13:28, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) Please review Avoid personal remarks. The phrases I marked up (above) with HTML strikeout formatting remind me that we mave a No personal attacks policy.
 * 2) If you're not planning to start (or engage in) any edit wars, then I owe you 1/2 an apology. (Okay, I'm partly sorry. :-) Uncle Ed 14:07, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

Mentions of edit war

 * 1) Stalinists and LaRouche cultists need to be driven out of Wikipedia one way or another, but I will try to avoid single-handed revert wars with them (unless absolutely necessary!) (emphasis added for this talk page)
 * 2) I have recently been admonished by the ArbCom for edit wars
 * 3) In the absence of any structural means of getting rid of Lopez and his ilk, robust edit wars are the only alternative. Adam 04:51, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Moonies are cranks

 * 1) "You wouldn't say this if we were dealing with a Nazi or a Moonie or some other kind of crank." Since I am the most well-known Moonie at Wikipedia, I hardly think Adam has an excuse for this remark. Indeed, I am the only Unificationist who dares to use his real name here. Possibly the others are daunted due to this sort of treatment, and who can blame them? I know at least 4 who post under pseudonyms only.

=Meta-achive=

Your actions
I see you have deleted my objections to your action in blocking me, without even the courtesy of a reply. You think this is acceptable behaviour from an administrator? You think I am kidding around here? I will now lodge a complaint against you for abuse of your administration powers. Adam 05:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Excuse me for butting in, Gabe, let me just talk to Adam for a minute here.
 * Adam, I have marked up your comment above with a link to the reply you said I didn't make. I'm mentioning this here, lest anyone think that YOU had created the link yourself. Come nigh, all and sundry, and hear: it was I, yes I only, who placed that link subsequently. Uncle Ed 11:03, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * That kind of thing happens by accident some times... check the edit histroy to be sure, please ( the dudes gone for liek a week, so theres timne anyway)
 * Gabrielsimon 05:14, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Adam, I'm on vacation till August 1st. So I archived my user talk page. This is not quite the same as "deleting".

I'm not sure how archiving one's own talk page is an "abuse", but if it will make lodging a complaint easier for you (and reading it easier for the arbcom), I'll gladly copy it to this subpage: /Adam Carr. Uncle Ed 10:58, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Ed Poor/Adam Carr


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Marion Bartoli

Marion Bartoli (born 2 October 1984) is a French former professional tennis player. Bartoli won the 2013 Wimbledon Championships singles title, after previously being runner-up in 2007, and was a semifinalist at the 2011 French Open. She also won seven WTA Tour singles and three doubles titles.

Bartoli was known for her unorthodox style of play, using both hands on her forehand and backhand. On 30 January 2012 she reached a career-high ranking of world No. 7; she returned to this ranking on 8 July 2013 after triumphing at Wimbledon. Bartoli reached the quarterfinals at each of the four majors. Her win at Wimbledon made her only the sixth player in the Open Era to win the title without losing a set. She is also one of only three players to have played at both the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tournament of Champions (later renamed the WTA Elite Trophy) in the same year (2011); the other two being Kiki Bertens and Sofia Kenin.

Early life and personal life
Marion Bartoli was born on 2 October 1984 in Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire. She is of Corsican descent; her family is from Palneca, Corse-du-Sud.

Bartoli was introduced to tennis by her father, Walter, when she was six years old. She would practice tennis with him late at night after school on small, icy, unevenly surfaced courts which restricted free movement and influenced her playing style. When weather was sufficiently bad, they would train in an old indoor facility where there was very limited room between baseline and the wall, meaning Bartoli became adept at playing inside the baseline. He devised original training methods, such as improving hand-eye coordination by using balls of different size and color, or encouraging Marion to stay on her toes by taping tennis balls to the heels of her shoes. He drove hundreds of kilometres to tournaments while she would do her homework in the back of the car.

In December 2019, Bartoli married Belgian football player Yahya Boumediene. Their daughter was born a year later.

Playing style
Bartoli was known for her unorthodox and intense style of play on the court. She used two hands on both the forehand and the backhand, and was generally classed as an aggressive and hard-hitting player who played primarily from the baseline. She developed her two-handed style on the advice of her father and longtime coach, Walter Bartoli. He had seen the classic 1992 French Open final in which Monica Seles defeated Steffi Graf, and immediately was inspired to teach Seles' technique to his daughter. Bartoli had previously had trouble with her forehand, but it improved significantly when she made the switch to two hands. Her game was based on power and she used her double-fisted strokes to create sharp angles to open up the court and preferred to take the ball very early on groundstrokes.

Her serve was considered a weakness but her return of serve was considered to be her biggest weapon. She often stood well inside the baseline to receive serve, even on first serves, and managed to take advantage of break point opportunities.

Her style of play could be most closely compared to that of Seles, who had a strong influence on Bartoli as a young player. In a TV interview during the 2012 US Open tournament, Bartoli explained that both Seles and she are left-handed, and that she had a very weak forehand before changing to two hands.

Bartoli was not a very good mover on court, a state exacerbated by her two-fisted strokes, which made her vulnerable to fast all-court players such as Agnieszka Radwańska (whom she never beat). Instead, she relied on her excellent hand-eye coordination and anticipation skills. Bartoli did however work on her fitness and mobility throughout her career to varying success.

Bartoli was also known for her unusual serve, in which she used her wrist to generate speed. She also changed her service motion many times over the years. During the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, she had an unusual setup for serves – no ball-bouncing, arms crossed, right wrist resting on her left thumb before the toss.

Bartoli manifested unusual on-court mannerisms, such as energetically bouncing on the spot and practising racquet swings between points, and being noticeably restless during changeovers. She claimed that this was to maintain the focus needed for her intense style of play.

Relationship with her father and subsequent coaches
Bartoli's father, who had no background in tennis, had years earlier retired from his career as a medical doctor to learn how to become a tennis coach and coach her to become a professional tennis player. Bartoli has denied allegations that her close relationship with her father is a public show to hide a dominating parent. She has resisted pressure to play without him, including giving up the chance to play at the Olympics in London in 2012 because she would not play in the Fed Cup without his private coaching. In February 2013 Bartoli announced that the coaching setup with her father, who had been her coach throughout her tennis career, had come to an end by mutual agreement, and stated that she would be working with physical trainer Nicolas Perrotte and former player Gabriel Urpí until she found a new coach who could take her to the next level and help her win her first Grand Slam singles title. The following month it was announced on the WTA website that Bartoli was being coached by Jana Novotná, but they cancelled the coaching arrangement after a week with the conclusion of the Indian Wells Masters tournament. Bartoli was subsequently coached by the former World No. 1 Amélie Mauresmo, under whom she won the 2013 Wimbledon Championships.

Equipment
Bartoli retired whilst using the Prince EXO 3 Warrior racquet. She had previously used the Prince EXO3 Black and the Prince O3 Red. All her Prince racquets were specially modified in New York to make them longer by 2.0 inches (to 29 inches) than standard racquets to give her better reach with her two-handed strokes. She started using the 29-inch frames in 2006 and soon won her first tournament in Auckland. For many years she had no clothing sponsor, but wore Nike. In October 2011, she signed a three-year clothing deal with Lotto. Before her breakthrough into the top 100, Bartoli was playing with a standard length Babolat racquet and she was wearing Le Coq Sportif apparel. Due to her small hands, her racquets had a very small grip size of 0.

Early years
Bartoli started entering tournaments regularly at the age of 16. After a few aborted starts in 1999 and 2000, she played in the $10,000 clay events in the spring of 2001. Winning two tournaments back to back in May (in Hatfield and Torino) ensured that she would be given a wildcard into her first Grand Slam, the French Open, where she lost to Catalina Castaño in the first round. Bartoli also won another tournament in Koksijde, Belgium.

In 2002, she received a wildcard into the Australian Open. She lost to Tina Pisnik in three sets. She then won her fourth ITF title in Columbus, Ohio. She followed that with a first-round exit at the French Open, losing in three sets to Ai Sugiyama. In the US Open where she qualified, she defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, which was Bartoli's first win over a player in the top 100. She followed that with a win over Rossana de los Ríos, before losing to fourth seed Lindsay Davenport.

2003: US Open doubles semifinal
Bartoli began 2003 by coming through the qualifying draw in the Canberra Women's Classic to reach her first WTA semifinal, where she lost to Francesca Schiavone. At the Australian Open, where she earned her place in a Grand Slam through her ranking for the first time, she lost to 11th seed Magdalena Maleeva in the first round. She qualified for Key Biscayne and made it to the quarterfinals, after Lindsay Davenport retired in their fourth-round match due to injury. In the quarterfinal she lost to Serena Williams.

In the Internationaux de Strasbourg Bartoli reached the quarterfinals, where she lost to Vera Zvonareva. At the French Open, she earned another victory over Rossana de los Ríos, but lost to Jennifer Capriati in the second round. At her first Wimbledon, she drew the ninth seed Daniela Hantuchová in the first round, and lost.

At the San Diego Open, Bartoli defeated her first top-20 player, Meghann Shaughnessy, before losing to Kim Clijsters in the third round. At the US Open she lost to Hantuchová in the first round. But in doubles, she reached her first and only semifinal of doubles at Grand Slams. At the end of the year, she reached the quarterfinals of Bell Challenge, losing to Milagros Sequera.

2004
Bartoli began the season by getting to her first WTA semifinal in the season-opener in Auckland. She then got to the second round of the Australian Open for the first time, losing to 22nd-seeded Patty Schnyder.

In February Bartoli played at the Hyderabad Open, where she defeated Ankita Bhambri, Galina Fokina, and Mervana Jugić-Salkić to reach the semifinals, before losing to eventual champion Nicole Pratt. This performance briefly made her a top-50 player.

Bartoli refound her doubles form of late 2003. Partnering compatriot Émilie Loit, she reached the semifinals of Acapulco, the quarterfinals of Indian Wells, and then Bartoli won her first WTA doubles title in Casablanca.

After a forgettable singles clay-court season (culminating in her second loss to Sugiyama at her native Grand Slam event), she climbed back up the rankings by reaching the third round of Wimbledon (losing to Sugiyama for the second successive Grand Slam). She also got to the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in doubles, partnering Loit for the second successive Grand Slam (they had failed to get beyond the second round of the French Open). Bartoli got to her third singles semifinal of the year in Cincinnati, before pulling out of her match with Lindsay Davenport with a blister on her right hand. She reached the second round of the US Open, despite being drawn against 32nd-seeded Meghann Shaughnessy in the first round. She lost to Russian Vera Dushevina in the second round.

In the absence of Amélie Mauresmo and Mary Pierce due to injuries, Bartoli received her debut Fed Cup call-up for France's semifinals against Spain. She was teamed with Loit again and helped complete a 5–0 whitewash of the Spanish team. In the final against Russia, Bartoli's and Loit's doubles match against Myskina and Vera Zvonareva was the decisive rubber. The Russian pair won, earning the Fed Cup for Russia for the first time. As a result, Bartoli's team leader Guy Forget resigned, and she was not chosen by the new team leader Georges Goven to play in 2005.

She ended 2004 ranked world No. 41, having gone 30–24 over the year. Her hard-court record was 23–13, with clay going 4–7, grass 3–3, and carpet 0–1.

2005
After a promising start (semifinals in Auckland and quarterfinals in Canberra), which took her to world No. 32 and winning the second doubles tournament of her career in Pattaya City, injury disrupted the second quarter of 2005. The only match Bartoli played in the clay-court season was her straight-sets first-round loss to Shahar Pe'er at the French Open (where she was seeded for the first time, 28th). Her quarterfinal run at Eastbourne (where she had to retire hurt) led her to a career-high ranking of No. 27 at the start of Wimbledon, where she lost to Jill Craybas in the second round.

Highlights of the year were reaching the third round of the US Open for the second time (losing to Sania Mirza) and making her second WTA semifinal of the year (and fifth of her career) in Québec.

Her end-of-season statistics were 35–26, albeit padded by a victory in a satellite tournament in Doha at the end of the year. She went 30–21 on hard courts, 0–1 on clay, 3–3 on grass, and 2–1 on carpet. She was now ranked world No. 40.

2006: First WTA title and top 20
In January 2006, Bartoli at 21 years of age won her first senior title at the Auckland Open in New Zealand, beating Vera Zvonareva in the final. She then lost in the second round of the first three Grand Slam events of the year (losing to Roberta Vinci in Australia, Jelena Janković at the French Open, and Karolina Šprem at Wimbledon, all in three sets), but she won her third career doubles title by capturing the ECM Prague Open with Shahar Pe'er in May.

The North American summer hard-court season was very productive for Bartoli, as she reached the third round (and in some cases that meant the quarterfinals) of five of the seven tournaments she entered, including the US Open, where she again lost in the third round, this time to seventh-seeded Patty Schnyder. The following week she beat Schnyder en route to her second final of the year in Bali, where she lost to world No. 5 Svetlana Kuznetsova.

In October, Bartoli won her second WTA singles title at the Japan Open, beating Aiko Nakamura in the final. This was the first ever WTA final contested by two players using two-handed strokes on both the forehand and backhand. As a result of winning the title, Bartoli broke into the top 20 for the first time. In her last event of the year, she captured the Bell Challenge in Québec, defeating Olga Puchkova without losing a game in the final.

Bartoli finished the year ranked world no. 17. Her record was 45–28, her best on tour so far. That consisted of 37–17 on hard courts, 4–6 on clay, 3–3 on grass, and 1–2 on carpet. She was 3–6 against top-10 players.

2007: First Grand Slam final
Bartoli began 2007 with another second-round exit at the Australian Open, this time falling to Victoria Azarenka. In the clay-court season, she reached the final of the ECM Prague Open in May, losing to Akiko Morigami. After reaching the semifinals in Strasbourg, she lost to Amélie Mauresmo. Bartoli reached her first career Grand Slam fourth round at the French Open by defeating Aravane Rezaï, Andrea Petkovic, and 13th seed Elena Dementieva. In the fourth round, she was knocked out by fourth seed Jelena Janković, though Bartoli injured her back during this match. In the grass-court season, she reached the semifinals at Birmingham, where she lost to Maria Sharapova. She also reached the semifinals at Eastbourne, but lost to world No. 1 Justine Henin.

At Wimbledon, Bartoli advanced to her first Grand Slam final, after defeating top-seeded Justine Henin in the semifinal,. Bartoli lost the first set, and claimed afterwards that the reason for her turnaround in the match was seeing Pierce Brosnan in the royal box and being determined to play well in front of one of her favourite actors. In the final, Bartoli lost to the three-time former champion Venus Williams, but rose to a career high of No. 11 in the WTA rankings. At the US Open, Bartoli reached the fourth round for the first time by defeating the world No. 25 Lucie Šafářová, but lost to Serena Williams. At the Luxembourg Open, she reached her first semifinal since her Wimbledon run, but then lost to Daniela Hantuchová.

At the Tier I event in Zurich Bartoli reached the quarterfinals, where she retired due to injury against Tatiana Golovin. Despite her injury, Bartoli played at the Generali Ladies Linz in Austria, and reached the semifinals, where she was defeated by Patty Schnyder. This ended her hopes of reaching the WTA Championships. However, after Serena Williams withdrew, Bartoli entered the event and played in the yellow group, where she lost to Justine Henin without winning a game, but defeated Jelena Janković after the Serbian retired. Her final record for the year was 47–31, with 19–16 on hard courts, 14–7 on clay, 12–3 on grass, and 2–5 on carpet. Her record against top-10 players was 4–8. Despite not having earned a single title all year, she ended the year at world No. 10.

2008
At the Australian Open, Bartoli was upset by Sofia Arvidsson after Bartoli was up a break in both the second and third sets. At the Open Gaz de France, Bartoli made it to the semifinals following easy wins over Virginie Razzano and Dominika Cibulková. In her semifinal she lost to Anna Chakvetadze

At the French Open, she played through injury and was defeated by Casey Dellacqua in the first round. At Eastbourne, she defeated Sybille Bammer and Alisa Kleybanova and reached the semifinals, where she lost to eventual champion Agnieszka Radwańska. At Wimbledon, she was seeded 11th and defeated Sabine Lisicki and Tathiana Perebiynis. She was then upset by Bethanie Mattek, suffering calf and shoulder injuries.

Seeded sixth at the Stanford Classic, Bartoli defeated Akgul Amanmuradova, Anne Keothavong, defending champion Anna Chakvetadze, and Ai Sugiyama, to move into her first final since Wimbledon in 2007. In the final, Bartoli lost to the Canadian qualifier Aleksandra Wozniak. In Montreal, she beat Melanie South, Anna Chakvetadze and Ai Sugiyama to reach the semifinals, where she was defeated by Dominika Cibulková. At the US Open, Bartoli was seeded 12th and beat Galina Voskoboeva, Virginia Ruano Pascual and former champion and 23rd seed Lindsay Davenport to reach the fourth round, where she lost to 29th-seeded Sybille Bammer.

2009: Australian Open quarterfinal
Bartoli's first event during the new WTA calendar was the inaugural Brisbane International. She was seeded third and defeated Monika Wejnert, Melinda Czink, and Tathiana Garbin. During the semifinal against Amélie Mauresmo, the latter had to retire due to injury; securing Bartoli a place in the final, which she lost to Victoria Azarenka.

Seeded 16th at the Australian Open, Bartoli defeated Melanie South, Tsvetana Pironkova, Lucie Šafářová and top seed Jelena Janković to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost to seventh seed Vera Zvonareva. Bartoli won her fourth career title at the Monterrey Open. Seeded second, she beat Michaëlla Krajicek, Magdaléna Rybáriková, Vania King, and Zheng Jie to reach the final, where she defeated unseeded Li Na.

In Charleston, Bartoli was seeded sixth and defeated Anastasija Sevastova, Melanie Oudin, and Melinda Czink to reach the semifinals, where she lost to eventual champion Sabine Lisicki. At the French Open, Bartoli won her opening match against fellow Frenchwoman Pauline Parmentier, but was then defeated by Tathiana Garbin in the second round. Seeded 12th at Wimbledon, Bartoli defeated Chan Yung-jan without losing a game in the first round. She then defeated Timea Bacsinszky in the second round, but fell to Francesca Schiavone in the third.

Bartoli played her first tournament of the US Open Series in Stanford as eighth seed. She won the title by defeating Ayumi Morita, Melanie Oudin, Jelena Janković, Samantha Stosur in the semifinals, and second seed Venus Williams in the final, to win her second title of the year and fifth overall. Seeded 14th at the US Open, Bartoli beat Rossana de los Ríos, but lost to eventual champion Kim Clijsters. At the Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, Bartoli was seeded 14th and reached the quarterfinals, where she lost to seventh seed Jelena Janković.

Seeded 14, Bartoli reached the semifinals of the China Open in Beijing. She defeated Magdaléna Rybáriková, Alisa Kleybanova, Zhang Shuai, and Vera Zvonareva. In the semifinals, she lost to 12th seed Agnieszka Radwańska. At the Commonwealth Bank Tournament of Champions in Bali, Bartoli defeated Rybáriková, and qualified for the semifinals when she beat Shahar Pe'er. She then defeated Kimiko Date-Krumm. In the final against Aravane Rezaï Bartoli retired due to injury.

2010: Without a final
Bartoli started her year as the 11th seed at the Australian Open. She defeated Rossana de los Ríos in the first round and Sandra Záhlavová in the second. In the third round she lost to unseeded and eventual semifinalist Zheng Jie. At the Miami Open, Bartoli defeated Magdaléna Rybáriková, Gisela Dulko, top seed and world No. 4, Svetlana Kuznetsova, and Yanina Wickmayer to reach the semifinals, where she lost to world No. 5, Venus Williams.

In the French Open Bartoli was the 12th seed and French No. 1. She beat Maria Elena Camerin in the first round and compatriot and wildcard Olivia Sanchez in the second, but was defeated by Shahar Pe'er in the third round. Bartoli was seeded eighth at the Eastbourne International. She defeated Vera Dushevina, Ágnes Szávay and María José Martínez Sánchez to reach the semifinals for the fourth consecutive year. In the semifinal she lost to Victoria Azarenka. Bartoli was seeded 11th at Wimbledon. She defeated Julia Görges in the first round, then moved straight into the third round after Petra Martić withdrew from the tournament with suspected injury. In the third round she defeated qualifier Gréta Arn, before falling in the fourth round to eventual semifinalist Tsvetana Pironkova.

At the Stanford Classic in California, where she was defending her title, she defeated Ashley Harkleroad and Ana Ivanovic to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost to Victoria Azarenka. Bartoli also reached the quarterfinals at the Cincinnati Open, after defeating Anabel Medina Garrigues, Alona Bondarenko and world No. 3, Caroline Wozniacki. In the quarterfinals, she was defeated by tenth seed Maria Sharapova. Bartoli managed a further quarterfinal appearance at the Rogers Cup in Montreal, where she was seeded 17th. In the quarterfinals, she was defeated for the third time this year by tenth seed Victoria Azarenka. At her final tournament before the US Open, the Pilot Pen Tennis tournament in New Haven, Bartoli was seeded sixth and defeated Alona Bondarenko and Anastasia Rodionova to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost to fourth seed Elena Dementieva.

At the US Open, Bartoli was seeded 13th and defeated Edina Gallovits in the first round. In the second round, she was upset by world No. 157, Virginie Razzano. At the Osaka Open in Japan, Bartoli was seeded second behind Samantha Stosur. She reached the semifinals by defeating Julie Coin, Stefanie Vögele and Jill Craybas, then lost in the semifinal to Tamarine Tanasugarn. Bartoli ended the year at world No. 16 with a total record of 34–21 and a record of 2–4 against top-10 players.

2011: French Open semifinal and lone Premier Mandatory final
Bartoli kicked off her 2011 season at the Brisbane International. She was seeded fourth and reached the semifinals, where she was defeated by Andrea Petkovic. Bartoli was top seeded at the Hobart International in her first appearance at the tournament. She lost to fifth seed Klára Zakopalová in the quarterfinals.

Bartoli was seeded 15th at the Australian Open, where she defeated Tathiana Garbin in the first round without losing a game. She lost against Vesna Manasieva is the second round, though Bartoli suffered an injury in the first set. At the Qatar Ladies Open in Doha, Bartoli was unseeded but reached the semifinals, where she lost to world No. 1 Caroline Wozniacki. Bartoli was seeded 2nd at the Malaysian Open in Kuala Lumpur, where she reached the quarterfinals and lost to fifth seed Lucie Šafářová. Bartoli was seeded 15th at the Indian Wells Open. She defeated Monica Niculescu, Andrea Petkovic, Kim Clijsters (who retired with an injury), Ana Ivanovic and Yanina Wickmayer to reach the final, where she lost to world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki. It was Bartoli's first and only final of Premier Mandatory/5 category. As a result of her run to the final, Bartoli returned to the top 10.

Bartoli was the top seed at the Internationaux de Strasbourg, and reached the final where she faced 2nd seed Andrea Petkovic. However, she had to retire early in the second set. Seeded 11th at the French Open, Bartoli won her opening round against Anna Tatishvili. In the second round she beat Olga Govortsova, then defeated 17th seed Julia Görges in the third. She moved into the quarterfinals after Gisela Dulko retired during their fourth round match. She beat 13th seed Svetlana Kuznetsova in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals she lost to defending champion Francesca Schiavone.

Moving onto the grass, Bartoli won the Eastbourne International by defeating Lucie Šafářová and María José Martínez Sánchez. She then moved past third seed Victoria Azarenka when Azarenka retired during their match due to a thigh injury. Bartoli reached the semifinals for the fifth straight year and beat seventh seed Samantha Stosur. She then beat eighth seed Petra Kvitová to win the title. Bartoli was seeded ninth at Wimbledon. She defeated Czech qualifier Kristýna Plíšková in the first round, Lourdes Domínguez Lino in the second, and 21st seed Flavia Pennetta in the third. She then defeated defending champion and grass-court veteran Serena Williams in the fourth round. Bartoli described beating Williams as the greatest win of her life. In the quarterfinals, Bartoli was defeated by Sabine Lisicki in a match notable for taking place under the centre-court roof in the middle of a thunderstorm.

At Stanford, where Bartoli was seeded third, she reached the final after Ayumi Morita, her opponent in the quarterfinals, retired, and Dominika Cibulková, her opponent in the semifinals, withdrew. In the final, Bartoli was defeated by Serena Williams. Due to her lack of match play before the US Open, Bartoli accepted a wildcard into the New Haven Open at Yale. She won her opening two rounds, defeating Anastasia Rodionova and Klára Zakopalová, before losing to Petra Cetkovská in the quarterfinals. At the US Open, Bartoli suffered a second-round exit. After defeating Alexandra Panova in the first round, she lost to American teenager Christina McHale. Following her poor run in the United States, Bartoli's ranking dropped to No. 10, and her "Race" ranking dropped to No. 8.

Seeded seventh at the Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, Bartoli reached the quarterfinals, where she was defeated by third seed Victoria Azarenka. At the Osaka Open, Bartoli defeated Melinda Czink, Vania King, sixth seed Ayumi Morita, and third seed Angelique Kerber to reach the final. She took the title by defeating top seed and US Open champion Samantha Stosur. Bartoli finished the year ninth in the race to the Year End Championships in Istanbul, thus earning a place as the first alternate player. Following the withdrawal of second seed Maria Sharapova after her second of three matches, Bartoli took her place in the final match against Victoria Azarenka, which she won. Bartoli finished the year ranked No. 9 in the world with the best win–loss record of her career at 58–24. She reached 15 quarterfinals, eight semifinals, and five finals, and won two titles (Eastbourne and Osaka), resulting in her best year financially, earning $1,722,863 in tournament prize money.

2012: US Open quarterfinal
Bartoli competed for France alongside Richard Gasquet in the Hopman Cup. They defeated China, Australia, and Spain to book a place against the Czech Republic in the final, which they lost. Bartoli reached the quarterfinals of her first WTA tournament of the year in Sydney and was seeded eighth. In the quarterfinal she was defeated by third seed Victoria Azarenka. At the Australian Open, Bartoli defeated compatriot Virginie Razzano in the first round and Jelena Dokić in the second round. In the third round, she was upset by Zheng Jie. After the tournament Bartoli broke into the top eight in the rankings for the first time. Ranked No. seven, Bartoli was seeded second for the Open GDF Suez in Paris. She received a bye into the second round, then defeated Petra Martić, Roberta Vinci and Klára Zakopalová to reach the final, which she lost to Angelique Kerber.

In Doha, Bartoli was seeded fifth and advanced to the semifinals by defeating Anabel Medina Garrigues, Tsvetana Pironkova, and Lucie Šafářová. She retired due to an injury against third seed Samantha Stosur in the semifinals. At Indian Wells, Bartoli reached the quarterfinals by defeating Varvara Lepchenko, Chanelle Scheepers, and Lucie Šafářová. She fell to Ana Ivanovic. Seeded seventh in Miami, Bartoli defeated Polona Hercog, Simona Halep, Maria Kirilenko and world No. 1 Victoria Azarenka to reach the semifinals, where she was defeated by fifth seed and eventual champion Agnieszka Radwańska.

Bartoli was seeded eighth at the French Open, where she was defending semifinal points from the previous year. Bartoli defeated qualifier Karolína Plíšková in the first round, but in the second round was upset by Petra Martić. At Eastbourne, Bartoli defeated Sorana Cîrstea, Aleksandra Wozniak, and Lucie Šafářová to reach the semifinals, where she was defeated by eventual champion Tamira Paszek. In the first round of Wimbledon, Bartoli defeated Casey Dellacqua. Her run ended with a loss to Mirjana Lučić in the second round.

Seeded second at the Stanford Classic in, Bartoli reached the quarterfinals, where she lost to Yanina Wickmayer. At the Carlsbad Open in California, Bartoli was the top-seed. She received a bye into the second round, then defeated Vania King, Christina McHale and Chan Yung-jan to reach the final, which she lost to second seed and close friend Dominika Cibulkova.

Bartoli did not compete in the London Olympics, refusing to play in the Fed Cup without the coaching of her father. At the New Haven Open, Bartoli reached the quarterfinals, where she lost to Sara Errani. Bartoli reached her first US Open quarterfinals in 2012, where she upset fifth seed Petra Kvitová in the fourth round (she was ultimately defeated in the quarterfinals by Maria Sharapova); that performance marked a quarterfinals-or-better finish in all four Grand Slams for Bartoli. Next she reached the semifinals in Beijing, losing to Victoria Azarenka.

2013: Wimbledon title and retirement
Bartoli started the 2013 season by participating in a new tournament, the Shenzhen Open. She was seeded second and reached the quarterfinals, where she was defeated by fifth seed Klára Zakopalová.

Bartoli was seeded 11th at the Australian Open. She reached the third round, where she was defeated by the 19th seed Ekaterina Makarova. At the Open GdF Suez in Paris, Bartoli reached the quarterfinals, where she was defeated by German and eventual champion Mona Barthel. Bartoli entered her first tournament without her father acting as her coach at the Qatar Total Open, where she was seeded ninth. She lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the second round.

At the French Open Bartoli was seeded 13th. She defeated Olga Govortsova in the first round, qualifier Mariana Duque Marino in the second, but lost to Francesca Schiavone in the third.

At Wimbledon Bartoli was seeded 15th. She defeated Elina Svitolina in the first round, Christina McHale in the second, Camila Giorgi in the third, and Karin Knapp in the fourth. In the quarterfinals, she defeated 17th seed Sloane Stephens, which was her first quarter final victory of any WTA Tour or Grand Slam event in 2013. In the semi-finals she beat 20th seed Kirsten Flipkens to reach her second Wimbledon final. In the final she faced 23rd seed Sabine Lisicki, who had beaten pre-tournament favorite Serena Williams and 2012 finalist Agnieszka Radwańska en route to the final. Bartoli won the match in straight sets for her first and only Grand Slam title. She did not drop a set in the entire tournament. She also became the female player who participated in the most Grand Slam tournaments before winning one, as this was her 47th such tournament (breaking the previous perseverance record held by Jana Novotná, at 45). Bartoli also competed in the mixed doubles alongside Nicholas Monroe. They lost in the first round to Santiago González and Natalie Grandin.

Bartoli announced her immediate retirement from tennis during the Western & Southern Open, citing continuous and increasingly unbearable pain from injuries sustained throughout her career. At an emotional press conference, just 40 days after her Wimbledon victory, she said "I made my dream a reality and it will stay forever with me, but now my body just can't cope with everything. "I have pain everywhere after 45 minutes or an hour of play."

In December 2013, Bartoli was chosen as the 2013 RTL Champion of Champions, ahead of Teddy Tamgho and Tony Parker, by RTL (a French commercial radio network). This annual sports award was inaugurated in 2008. The previous winners were Alain Bernard (2008), Sébastien Loeb (2009), Christophe Lemaitre (2010), Teddy Riner (2011) and Yannick Agnel (2012).

Bartoli was chosen as the L'Équipe Champion of Champions (France female category) in December 2013.

In 2014, Bartoli played for the Austin Aces' inaugural season in the World TeamTennis.

In March 2015, she posted a tweet hinting that she was considering a return to professional tennis, and asked her followers for their opinion. Rumours of a possible comeback circulated again in October 2017 after Bartoli was spotted training at the French Tennis Federation but were later denied by the Frenchwoman.

In July 2016, she said that she "feared for her life" due to an unknown virus. However, later in the month she tweeted a photo after a blood transfusion that indicated recovery was in sight.

2018: Attempted comeback
In December 2017, Bartoli announced her return to the professional tour, and she stated she hoped to be back for the Miami Open in March 2018. She also played Tie Break Tens in New York in March 2018, but lost in the first round to Serena Williams.

In June 2018, after numerous delays and setbacks, Bartoli announced she would be unable to continue her comeback plans, as a result of ongoing and continual injuries.

Coaching career
In October 2019, Bartoli began coaching former French Open champion Jeļena Ostapenko at the tournament in Linz. Their partnership immediately bore fruit, as Ostapenko reached two finals in as many weeks, not having reached a tournament final since March 2018, winning the title at Luxembourg the following week. When Marion started working with Ostapenko she was 76th in the world WTA rankings, she helped her get back into the top 20 WTA.

The partnership between Bartoli and Ostapenko was terminated during the suspension of the WTA Tour due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and Bartoli's pregnancy. After giving birth, Marion continue to be Ostapenko's part-time coach.

Bartoli vs. Azarenka
Bartoli and Victoria Azarenka met twelve times between 2007 and 2012, with Azarenka winning nine times, including their only Grand Slam meeting.

Bartoli lost the first six meetings between the pair, including the second round of the 2007 Australian Open, the final of the 2009 Brisbane International and all four matches they played against each other 2010. Bartoli beat Azarenka for the first time at Eastbourne in 2011 when Azarenka retired at 2–6, 0–2 down. At the 2011 WTA Tour Championships, Bartoli qualified as a reserve for Maria Sharapova and in the only match she played, she upset Azarenka in three sets.

The pair met three times in 2012, with Bartoli losing twice. Bartoli's victory in the Miami quarter-finals broke Azarenka's 26-match winning streak to start the season and was her third victory over a reigning world No. 1. Their last meeting was in the semi-finals of the China Open, with Bartoli losing in straight sets to Azarenka, the eventual champion.

Bartoli vs. Janković
Bartoli and Jelena Janković met nine times between 2005 and 2009. Bartoli won five of these matches and the players were tied 2–2 at Grand Slams.

Bartoli won their first meeting in 2005 at Auckland in three sets. Janković then won their next three meetings, which included wins at the French Open in 2006 and 2007. Bartoli won the next four, including a victory in 2007 at Wimbledon where she went on to reach the final, and a win at the 2009 Australian Open when Janković was ranked world No. 1.

Their last meeting was in 2009 in Tokyo, where Janković won comfortably in two sets.

title: Marion Bartoli


text:
Talk:Tetramminecopper(II) sulfate

Source
This page really needs a source as to the composition of the solid compound formed (although I am willing to believe that it is indeed the tetrammine complex). In solution, there are a variety of [Cu(H2O)x(NH3)6−x]2+ complexes formed, depending on the concentration in ammonia. Physchim62 10:53, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not a chemist, but am very interested in these topics. I saw a good explanation of coordination compounds in http://www.chemguide.co.uk, and a reference to the tetramminecopper complex, more precisely, tetraamminediaquacopper coplex, as they call it, at http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/complexions/ligandexch.html#top  and   http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/complexions/aquanh3.html#top   and  http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/transition/copper.html#top;  per the last link, I would think that once we get the ammonia-containing complex, the resulting salt would be a di-hydrate, not a monohydrate as the article tells (but this is only my guess). I think these links could be a good starting point.    --Paiconos 15:25, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * By the way (for a chemist), would we have ligand exchange if we used ammonium ions (let's say, from ammonium sulfate) instead of ammonia? Paiconos

Preparation method
I have prepared cuprammonium sulfate (or tetramminecopper sulfate) by reacting dilute household ammonia with dilute copper sulfate solution. I don't know if you really need to use a saturated solution of ammonia and copper sulfate. When I added small amounts of ammonia to copper sulfate, it produced the bluish-white copper hydroxide. But when I added more ammonia, the vivid blue color of the cuprammonium ion showed up. Just a hint.--98.221.179.18 (talk) 21:16, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Incorrect spelling
Somebody PLEASE fix the spelling of the title. It requires another 'A'. 124.184.160.206 (talk) 03:27, 21 April 2012 (UTC)
 * what do you suggest? Ammonia complexes are referred to as ammines.  Wierd but that's the way it seems to be.--Smokefoot (talk) 03:54, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

Do you mean "tetraamminecopper(II)" rather than "tetramminecopper(II)"? --Ben (talk) 22:42, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Yes, OP is correct, it's spelt "Tetraamminecopper(II)" so the title is currently incorrect. --Radiotrefoil (talk) 01:58, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tetramminecopper(II) sulfate


text:
Talk:Gloria Carter Spann

VFD
The vote for deletion debate for the article is over. The result of the debate was keep. See Votes for deletion/ for a record of the discussion. Sikon 10:55, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Lifted / Plaigiarized
Is it just me, or does the Presidency section read like it came from an official biography? The phrasing seems like it came from a larger work somehow. --Wolfram.Tungsten (talk) 02:18, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

How do we make this better?
This article is a really terrible one. In light of Patrick Swayze's recent death from pancreatic cancer, I ran across this article under the category of "deaths from pancreatic cancer." I suspect that I'm not the only one who has done this or will do this.

There are a number of minor grammatical errors that can be cleaned up in little time, but it's the content that seems to need the most help. There are suggested rumors about the nature of the relationship between Gloria and her son, which have no place here, unless they're sourced. And even then, I think the presence of that information is of questionable merit. Also, there are pieces of fragmented information that talk about Gloria's religious inspirations from her sister that are written as though the anecdotal information ought to be a witness to others. A religious site would be a better forum for this type of "information."

Finally, it is not necessary, appropriate or helpful to bracket in/hyperlink as many words as possible in a particular article. I've corrected several instances which were ridiculous (why hyperlink "marriage" in an article about one of the Carter siblings?), but in further investigation, I discovered that the problem was perpetual. For example, it is not helpful to hyperlink the word "nocturnal" in the phrase "nocturnal wanderer." If people want to know what "nocturnal" means, they can look it up elsewhere. "Nocturnal" is not a foreign concept. "Nocturnal wanderer," however, should be linked, if there is an article available, because it signifies a condition which is not widely known. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.234.73.42 (talk) 15:46, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gloria Carter Spann


text:
Brigitta Callens

Brigitta Callens (born 28 September 1980 in Oudenaarde, East Flanders, Belgium) is a Belgian therapist, instructor and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Belgium 1999 and her country's representative to Miss World 1999.

Brigitta "Gitta" Callens was born in Oudenaarde, a small town in the Flemish Ardennes. She was a ballerina for 8 years when she was a young girl.

She spent her childhood in Oudenaarde and moved to Ghent, during her teens to study languages.

After she won the Miss Belgium contest in 1999 at the age of 18, she became a successful international model and signed a contract with Stafford Miller to lend her face for the Sensodyne International campaign. She worked long time as a model and make-up artist in the fashion city Antwerp and created her own line of jewelry, named AKINA, which is the Japanese name for the first spring flower. Later on, she started photography.view site

Her boyfriend was Frank Verstraeten  1997-2002. She was living in Zillion (discotheque)

She practices Raja Yoga and studied in India (Ashram of Sri Aurobindo & Auroville), Thailand, Indonesia, New York, Paris and London. She was a student at the European Academy for Natural Healthcare, and trains Raja Yoga & Vedanta in her home country. She also is therapist and instructor of the ancient holistic massage-, relaxation- and yoga nidra-therapies.

She runs her own Yoga & Mindstyle Institute "La Maison Pure" and works for Life Tv, a Belgian TV channel about Health and the Quality of Life, where she has a program about Yoga.

title: Brigitta Callens


text:
Nash–Moser theorem

In the mathematical field of analysis, the Nash–Moser theorem, discovered by mathematician John Forbes Nash and named for him and Jürgen Moser, is a generalization of the inverse function theorem on Banach spaces to settings when the required solution mapping for the linearized problem is not bounded.

Introduction
In contrast to the Banach space case, in which the invertibility of the derivative at a point is sufficient for a map to be locally invertible, the Nash–Moser theorem requires the derivative to be invertible in a neighborhood. The theorem is widely used to prove local existence for non-linear partial differential equations in spaces of smooth functions. It is particularly useful when the inverse to the derivative "loses" derivatives, and therefore the Banach space implicit function theorem cannot be used.

History
The Nash–Moser theorem traces back to, who proved the theorem in the special case of the isometric embedding problem. It is clear from his paper that his method can be generalized. , for instance, showed that Nash's methods could be successfully applied to solve problems on periodic orbits in celestial mechanics in the KAM theory. However, it has proven quite difficult to find a suitable general formulation; there is, to date, no all-encompassing version; various versions due to Gromov, Hamilton, Hörmander, Saint-Raymond, Schwartz, and Sergeraert are given in the references below. That of Hamilton's, quoted below, is particularly widely cited.

The problem of loss of derivatives
This will be introduced in the original setting of the Nash–Moser theorem, that of the isometric embedding problem. Let $$\Omega$$ be an open subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$. Consider the map $$P:C^1(\Omega;\mathbb{R}^N)\to C^0\big(\Omega;\text{Sym}_{n\times n}(\mathbb{R})\big)$$ given by $$P(f)_{ij}=\sum_{\alpha=1}^N\frac{\partial f^\alpha}{\partial u^i}\frac{\partial f^\alpha}{\partial u^j}.$$ In Nash's solution of the isometric embedding problem (as would be expected in the solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations) a major step is a statement of the schematic form "If f is such that P(f) is positive-definite, then for any matrix-valued function g which is close to P(f), there exists fg with P(fg) = g."

Following standard practice, one would expect to apply the Banach space inverse function theorem. So, for instance, one might expect to restrict $P$ to $$C^{5}(\Omega;\mathbb{R}^N)$$ and, for an immersion f in this domain, to study the linearization C5(Ω;RN) → C4(Ω;Symn×n(R)) given by $$\widetilde{f}\mapsto \sum_{\alpha=1}^N \frac{\partial f^\alpha}{\partial u^i}\frac{\partial\widetilde{f}^\beta}{\partial u^j} + \sum_{\alpha=1}^N \frac{\partial \widetilde{f}^\alpha}{\partial u^i}\frac{\partial f^\beta}{\partial u^j}.$$ If one could show that this were invertible, with bounded inverse, then the Banach space inverse function theorem directly applies.

However, there is a deep reason that such a formulation cannot work. The issue is that there is a second-order differential operator of P(f) which coincides with a second-order differential operator applied to f. To be precise: if f is an immersion then $$R^{P(f)}=|H(f)|^2-|h(f)|_{P(f)}^2,$$ where RP(f) is the scalar curvature of the Riemannian metric P(f), H(f) denotes the mean curvature of the immersion f, and h(f) denotes its second fundamental form; the above equation is the Gauss equation from surface theory. So, if P(f) is C4, then RP(f) is generally only C2. Then, according to the above equation, f can generally be only C4; if it were C5 then |H|2−|h|2 would have to be at least C3. The source of the problem can be quite succinctly phrased in the following way: the Gauss equation shows that there is a differential operator Q such that the order of the composition of Q with P is less than the sum of the orders of P and Q.

In context, the upshot is that the inverse to the linearization of P, even if it exists as a map C∞(Ω;Symn×n(R)) → C∞(Ω;RN), cannot be bounded between appropriate Banach spaces, and hence the Banach space implicit function theorem cannot be applied.

By exactly the same reasoning, one cannot directly apply the Banach space implicit function theorem even if one uses the Hölder spaces, the Sobolev spaces, or any of the Ck spaces. In any of these settings, an inverse to the linearization of P will fail to be bounded.

This is the problem of loss of derivatives. A very naive expectation is that, generally, if P is an order k differential operator, then if P(f) is in Cm then f must be in Cm+k. However, this is somewhat rare. In the case of uniformly elliptic differential operators, the famous Schauder estimates show that this naive expectation is borne out, with the caveat that one must replace the Ck spaces with the Hölder spaces Ck,α; this causes no extra difficulty whatsoever for the application of the Banach space implicit function theorem. However, the above analysis shows that this naive expectation is not borne out for the map which sends an immersion to its induced Riemannian metric; given that this map is of order 1, one does not gain the "expected" one derivative upon inverting the operator. The same failure is common in geometric problems, where the action of the diffeomorphism group is the root cause, and in problems of hyperbolic differential equations, where even in the very simplest problems one does not have the naively expected smoothness of a solution. All of these difficulties provide common contexts for applications of the Nash–Moser theorem.

The schematic form of Nash's solution
This section only aims to describe an idea, and as such it is intentionally imprecise. For concreteness, suppose that P is an order-one differential operator on some function spaces, so that it defines a map P: Ck+1 → Ck for each k. Suppose that, at some Ck+1 function f, the linearization DPf: Ck+1 → Ck has a right inverse S: Ck → Ck; in the above language this reflects a "loss of one derivative". One can concretely see the failure of trying to use Newton's method to prove the Banach space implicit function theorem in this context: if g∞ is close to P(f) in Ck and one defines the iteration $$f_{n+1} = f_n+S\big(g_\infty-P(f_n)\big),$$ then f1∈Ck+1 implies that g∞−P(fn) is in Ck, and then f2 is in Ck. By the same reasoning, f3 is in Ck-1, and f4 is in Ck-2, and so on. In finitely many steps the iteration must end, since it will lose all regularity and the next step will not even be defined.

Nash's solution is quite striking in its simplicity. Suppose that for each n>0 one has a smoothing operator θn which takes a Ck function, returns a smooth function, and approximates the identity when n is large. Then the "smoothed" Newton iteration $$f_{n+1} = f_n + S\big(\theta_n(g_\infty-P(f_n))\big)$$ transparently does not encounter the same difficulty as the previous "unsmoothed" version, since it is an iteration in the space of smooth functions which never loses regularity. So one has a well-defined sequence of functions; the major surprise of Nash's approach is that this sequence actually converges to a function f∞ with P(f∞) = g∞. For many mathematicians, this is rather surprising, since the "fix" of throwing in a smoothing operator seems too superficial to overcome the deep problem in the standard Newton method. For instance, on this point Mikhael Gromov says "You must be a novice in analysis or a genius like Nash to believe anything like that can be ever true. [...] [This] may strike you as realistic as a successful performance of perpetuum mobile with a mechanical implementation of Maxwell's demon... unless you start following Nash's computation and realize to your immense surprise that the smoothing does work."

Remark. The true "smoothed Newton iteration" is a little more complicated than the above form, although there are a few inequivalent forms, depending on where one chooses to insert the smoothing operators. The primary difference is that one requires invertibility of DPf for an entire open neighborhood of choices of f, and then one uses the "true" Newton iteration, corresponding to (using single-variable notation) $$x_{n+1} = x_n - \frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)}$$ as opposed to $$x_{n+1} = x_n - \frac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_0)},$$ the latter of which reflects the forms given above. This is rather important, since the improved quadratic convergence of the "true" Newton iteration is significantly used to combat the error of "smoothing", in order to obtain convergence. Certain approaches, in particular Nash's and Hamilton's, follow the solution of an ordinary differential equation in function space rather than an iteration in function space; the relation of the latter to the former is essentially that of the solution of Euler's method to that of a differential equation.

Hamilton's formulation of the theorem
The following statement appears in : "Let F and G be tame Fréchet spaces, let $U \subseteq F$ be an open subset, and let $P:U\rightarrow G$ be a smooth tame map. Suppose that for each $f \in U$ the linearization $dP_f : F \to G$ is invertible, and the family of inverses, as a map $U \times G\to F,$ is smooth tame. Then P is locally invertible, and each local inverse $P^{-1}$ is a smooth tame map." Similarly, if each linearization is only injective, and a family of left inverses is smooth tame, then P is locally injective. And if each linearization is only surjective, and a family of right inverses is smooth tame, then P is locally surjective with a smooth tame right inverse.

Tame Fréchet spaces
A  consists of the following data: Such a graded Fréchet space is called a  if it satisfies the following condition: Here $$\Sigma(B)$$ denotes the vector space of exponentially decreasing sequences in $$B,$$ that is, $$\Sigma(B) = \Big\{\text{maps } x : \N \to B \text{ s.t. } \sup_{k \in \N} e^{nk} \|x_k\|_B < \infty \text{ for all } n \in \N\Big\}.$$ The laboriousness of the definition is justified by the primary examples of tamely graded Fréchet spaces: To recognize the tame structure of these examples, one topologically embeds $$M$$ in a Euclidean space, $$B$$ is taken to be the space of $$L^1$$ functions on this Euclidean space, and the map $$L$$ is defined by dyadic restriction of the Fourier transform. The details are in pages 133-140 of.
 * a vector space $$F$$
 * a countable collection of seminorms $$\|\,\cdot\,\|_n : F \to \R$$ such that $$\|f\|_0 \leq \|f\|_1 \leq \|f\|_2 \leq \cdots$$ for all $$f\in F.$$ One requires these to satisfy the following conditions:
 * if $$f \in F$$ is such that $$\|f\|_n = 0$$ for all $$n = 0, 1, 2, \ldots$$ then $$f = 0$$
 * if $$f_j \in F$$ is a sequence such that, for each $$n = 0,1,2,\ldots$$ and every $$\varepsilon > 0$$ there exists $$N_{n,\varepsilon}$$ such that $$j, k > N_{n,\varepsilon}$$ implies $$\|f_j - f_k\|_n < \varepsilon,$$ then there exists $$f\in F$$ such that, for each $$n,$$ one has $$\lim_{j\to\infty} \|f_j - f\|_n = 0.$$
 * there exists a Banach space $$B$$ and linear maps $$L : F \to \Sigma(B)$$ and $$M : \Sigma(B) \to F$$ such that $$M \circ L: F \to F$$ is the identity map and such that:
 * there exists $$r$$ and $$b$$ such that for each $$n > b$$ there is a number $$C_n$$ such that $$\sup_{k \in \N} e^{nk}\|L(f)_k\|_B \leq C_n\|f\|_{r+n}$$ for every $$f \in F,$$ and $$\|M(\{x_i\})\|_n \leq C_n\sup_{k \in \N} e^{(r+n)k} \|x_k\|_B$$ for every $$\left\{x_i\right\} \in \Sigma(B).$$
 * If $$M$$ is a compact smooth manifold (with or without boundary) then $$C^{\infty}(M)$$ is a tamely graded Fréchet space, when given any of the following graded structures:
 * take $$\|f\|_n$$ to be the $$C^n$$-norm of $$f$$
 * take $$\|f\|_n$$ to be the $$C^{n,\alpha}$$-norm of $$f$$ for fixed $$\alpha$$
 * take $$\|f\|_n$$ to be the $$W^{n,p}$$-norm of $$f$$ for fixed $$p$$
 * If $$M$$ is a compact smooth manifold-with-boundary then $$C_0^{\infty}(M),$$ the space of smooth functions whose derivatives all vanish on the boundary, is a tamely graded Fréchet space, with any of the above graded structures.
 * If $$M$$ is a compact smooth manifold and $$V \to M$$ is a smooth vector bundle, then the space of smooth sections is tame, with any of the above graded structures.

Presented directly as above, the meaning and naturality of the "tame" condition is rather obscure. The situation is clarified if one re-considers the basic examples given above, in which the relevant "exponentially decreasing" sequences in Banach spaces arise from restriction of a Fourier transform. Recall that smoothness of a function on Euclidean space is directly related to the rate of decay of its Fourier transform. "Tameness" is thus seen as a condition which allows an abstraction of the idea of a "smoothing operator" on a function space. Given a Banach space $$B$$ and the corresponding space $$\Sigma(B)$$ of exponentially decreasing sequences in $$B,$$ the precise analogue of a smoothing operator can be defined in the following way. Let $$s : \R \to \R$$ be a smooth function which vanishes on $$(-\infty, 0),$$ is identically equal to one on $$(1, \infty),$$ and takes values only in the interval $$[0, 1].$$ Then for each real number $$t$$ define $$\theta_t : \Sigma(B) \to \Sigma(B)$$ by $$\left(\theta_tx\right)_i = s(t-i) x_i.$$ If one accepts the schematic idea of the proof devised by Nash, and in particular his use of smoothing operators, the "tame" condition then becomes rather reasonable.

Smooth tame maps
Let F and G be graded Fréchet spaces. Let U be an open subset of F, meaning that for each $$f \in U$$ there are $$n\in\N$$ and $$\varepsilon>0$$ such that $$\|f - f_1\| < \varepsilon$$ implies that $$f_1$$ is also contained in U.

A smooth map $$P : U \to G$$ is called a  if for all $$k \in \N$$ the derivative $$D^kP:U \times F \times \cdots \times F \to G $$ satisfies the following:

The fundamental example says that, on a compact smooth manifold, a nonlinear partial differential operator (possibly between sections of vector bundles over the manifold) is a smooth tame map; in this case, r can be taken to be the order of the operator.

Proof of the theorem
Let S denote the family of inverse mappings $$U \times G \to F.$$ Consider the special case that F and G are spaces of exponentially decreasing sequences in Banach spaces, i.e. F=Σ(B) and G=Σ(C). (It is not too difficult to see that this is sufficient to prove the general case.) For a positive number c, consider the ordinary differential equation in Σ(B) given by $$f'=c S\Big(\theta_t(f),\theta_t\big(g_\infty-P(f)\big)\Big).$$ Hamilton shows that if $$P(0) = 0$$ and $$g_{\infty}$$ is sufficiently small in Σ(C), then the solution of this differential equation with initial condition $$f(0) = 0$$ exists as a mapping [0,∞) → Σ(B), and that f(t) converges as t→∞ to a solution of $$P(f) = g_{\infty}.$$

title: Nash–Moser theorem


text:
Ray Lonnen

Raymond Stanley Lonnen (18 May 1940 – 11 July 2014) was an English stage and television actor. His most prominent roles include Willie Caine in the ITV cult classic Cold War-era spy drama series, The Sandbaggers (1978–80), and also as Harry Brown in the television miniseries Harry's Game (1982).

Early life
Lonnen was born in Bournemouth, (then in Hampshire) now a municipal borough in the county of Dorset where he attended the Stourfield School and the Hampshire School of Acting. At 19 he gained his first professional acting job at a theatre in Belfast. He then appeared in repertory theatre in English towns and cities including York and made his first television appearance alongside John Alderton in Emergency – Ward 10.

Television career
His early acting appearances include TV series such as Mrs Thursday (1966), The Power Game (1966) and Market in Honey Lane (1967), and a small role in the film Zeppelin (1971).

Lonnen had a small part as a uniformed Guardian, Brum G, in Episode 3 of the 1971 LWT TV series, The Guardians. He then had a semi-regular role in the British crime drama series Z-Cars as Detective Sergeant Terry Moffatt from 1972 to 1975, before becoming a regular when Moffatt was promoted to become the new D.I. for the series from 1976 to 1977. Lonnen appeared as Gardiner in "Frontier in Space", a 1973 episode of the BBC cult TV sci-fi series Doctor Who, and as Knaggs, a wanted bankrobber/gangster in a 1975 episode of Public Eye.

Lonnen was unavailable to film what became the final series of Z-Cars in 1978 because he was cast in the ITV cult Cold War spy drama TV series, The Sandbaggers, in which he played Willie Caine ("Sandbagger One"), one of the leads. The Sandbaggers ran for three series in 1978 and 1980.

After playing the lead role in an episode of the ITV cult anthology series, Hammer House of Horror in 1980, Lonnen was given his next lead role in 1982 in the ITV mini-series Harry's Game, based on the novel by Gerald Seymour, playing Harry Brown, a British agent sent to Northern Ireland to smoke out the IRA assassin of a cabinet minister.

In 1984 Lonnen went on to star in yet another spy-themed drama series, The Brief, in which he played a British barrister who travels to Germany to represent a British soldier accused of spying and treason. He also appeared in the 1985 thriller movie Murder Elite, opposite Ali MacGraw, Billie Whitelaw and Hywel Bennett.

Aside from his lead roles, Lonnen also continued to appear in guest roles throughout the 1980s, including in episodes of The Gentle Touch, Roald Dahl's Tales of the Unexpected, Lovejoy and the 1988 French film Mangeuses d'Hommes.

In 1990 Lonnen played Detective Inspector Alex Vale in the ITV detective drama series Yellowthread Street, which was set in Hong Kong. The series, based on novels by William Leonard Marshall, ran for 13 episodes.

Throughout the 1990s Lonnen continued to make guest appearances in various television series and voiced several characters in the children's animated series Budgie the Little Helicopter. In 2001 he had a recurring role in the ITV police series The Bill. He appeared in several episodes of the Canadian sci-fi series Starhunter and had a recurring role in the short-lived revival of the ITV soap opera Crossroads.

Stage roles
From the 1960s onwards Lonnen performed in a variety of stage productions, including dramas, comedies and musicals. His stage credits include Under Milk Wood (as the Narrator), Same Time, Next Year, In Praise of Love, Run for Your Wife, Wonderful Town, Lock Up Your Daughters, Guys and Dolls, Bells Are Ringing, Rebecca and The Perfect Murder.

Personal life
Lonnen was first married to Jean Conyers and then to the actress Lynn Dalby, with whom he had three children. His third wife was the actress Tara Ward.

Death
Lonnen died at his home in London on 11 July 2014 from cancer, aged 74. He was survived by his wife, two sons and a daughter.

Partial filmography

 * Zeppelin (1971) - Sgt. Grant
 * Action at Dog Island (1972)
 * Murder Elite (1985) - Ron Price
 * Midsomer Murders (2007) - Peter Baxter

title: Ray Lonnen


text:
Heathcote-Graytown National Park

The Heathcote-Graytown National Park is a national park located in the North Central region of Victoria, Australia. The 12833 ha national park, which includes sections of the Great Dividing Range, adjoins a number of state forests, including the McIvor Ranges State Forest and is located just outside the town of.

The park lies within the Rushworth Box-Ironbark Region Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for swift parrots and other woodland birds.

The area was gazetted as a national park by the Victorian Government on October 30, 2002. It was primarily proclaimed to protect Victoria's diminishing box-ironbark forests, crucial in retaining Victoria's biodiversity.

title: Heathcote-Graytown National Park


text:
Riverton, South Australia

Riverton is a small town in the Mid North of South Australia, in the Gilbert Valley. It is situated on the Gilbert River, from which the town derives its name. Both the Gilbert Valley and Gilbert River were named after the South Australian pioneer Thomas Gilbert. Riverton was first settled in 1856, as a settlement along the bullock track from the mining town of Burra to the capital city Adelaide. It grew from a plan designed by a James Masters who had established the nearby town of Saddleworth. The streets of Riverton received their names chiefly from James Masters and his friends. They commemorate persons notable in the history of the district or the state. At the, Riverton had a population of 810. Including the rural areas surrounding the town, the population was 1213.

First storekeeper
The first storekeeper in the town, John Jubb Horner, arrived in South Australia in 1853 and soon made his way with his family to Riverton. His store, built in the early 1850s, was situated at the south end of the town. His store was the commercial emporium of Riverton, where the settlers would gather for social purposes as well as business. This store was also the original Post Office, Telegraph Office, and registry for births, deaths and marriages. The only other shop in the town in the early 1850s was owned by a cobbler, Mister Payne.

The Riverton Hotel, originally known as the Riverton Arms, opened for business in 1855, although the building was not completed until 1857. This hotel, and the abovemention two shops, were the only business places in 1857.

Local Government was proclaimed in July 1866, the first Court House and Police Station were opened that same year, the new Post Office and the Community Hall were both built in 1874.

Minerals
In 1897, it was reported that miners were engaged in opening up a mineral show in the hills about 5 miles (8 km) east of Riverton, resulting in what appeared to be a permanent lode of copper and silver lead. Samples were sent for assaying and the results were promising, silver and lead definitely being present. However no developments took place, which indicates that the lode could not have been as extensive as appeared at first. Even by 1965, fossickers still gleaned a little from this mineral deposit.

Railway
The transport problems for the Kapunda miners were eased in 1860 when the railway reached there. The question was whether the line should continue from Kapunda northwards along the valley of the River Light to Burra, or whether another line should stretch northwards from Gawler through the Gilbert Valley. The authorities decided on the latter route because it would open up thousands of acres of good agricultural land, encouraging the establishment of new towns along the route.

That was a fortunate decision for Riverton. The Peterborough railway line was opened to Tarlee in 1868, Riverton on 20 December 1869 and Manoora in 1870.

Railway workshops were immediately set up in Riverton. This swelled the population and sharply increased trade generally in the town. However, the workshops closed in 1878.

In 1918, the branch line to Clare was opened, which later extended to Spalding. This branch made it necessary for more railway employees to live at Riverton. In 1965, there were 25 railway employees and their families living there.

Riverton station was the scene of an attempted mass shooting in 1921. A passenger who was travelling on the Broken Hill Express from Adelaide fired a number of shots into the dining room, and Percy Brookfield, the Member of Parliament for Broken Hill, was shot and killed when he tried to disarm the gunman.

The massive buildings were the finest outside Adelaide, with the refreshment rooms being open for all passenger trains. At one time, passenger trains passing through Riverton had connections at Terowie to Broken Hill, Alice Springs and Perth. The refreshment rooms served a three-course dinner to east–west passengers and breakfast to Broken Hill passengers.

The station building now houses tea-rooms, a gallery and bed and breakfast accommodation. Renovated, ensuite railway carriages provide unusual accommodation.

The railways played a major part in the development of Riverton, both as a transport provider and as an employer. Today, the route of railway line from Riverton to Auburn has been converted into a walking/cycle rail trail, known as the Rattler Trail. The Rattler Trail joins the Riesling Trail at Auburn, providing a 43 km route from Riverton, through the heart of the Clare Valley wine region to the North.

The Spalding branch line closed in April 1984. Passenger trains on the Peterborough line ceased in December 1986. The last passenger trains ran in the late 2000s when Adelaide Metro 3000 class railcars ran to Riverton. The line through Riverton formally closed on 31 October 2005.

Media
Riverton was home to the Mid-North Courier, a newspaper printed between 5 January 1928 and 24 June 1942. It was available in Riverton, Saddleworth, Tarlee, Manoora, Marrabel and Rhynie.

It was also home to a newspaper called the Gilbert Valley News (1 July 1965 – 27 July 1967). The distribution of the publication included: Riverton, Saddleworth, Manoora, Tarlee, Marrabel, Rhynie, Waterloo, Stockport and Black Springs. In August 1967, the newspaper merged with Hamley Bridge's Junction News and Owen Post (10 May 1946 – 28 July 1967) to form the Junction and Gilbert Valley News (4 August 1967 – 30 January 1969). This combined newspaper was then merged into The Bunyip, located in Gawler.

Governance
Riverton is in the District Council of Clare and Gilbert Valleys local government area, the state electoral district of Frome and the federal Division of Grey.

Liberal politicians Clive Hannaford and Trish Worth were born in Riverton.

title: Riverton, South Australia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David J. Pitts

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy deleted by, um, me! According to the new criteria, vanity cruft like this gets shot on sight. GarrettTalk 14:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

David J. Pitts
Some marketing guy, not notable. Only references are now defunct page on geocities. The anon user also added him to July 22 births. Feydey 11:01, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Christina Foyle

Christina Agnes Lilian Foyle (30 January 1911 – 8 June 1999) was an English bookseller and owner of Foyles bookshop.

Early life
Miss Foyle (as she liked to be called) was born in London, the daughter of William Foyle, a leading bookseller, owner of Foyles, on the Charing Cross Road in the West End of London. The shop had been established in 1904 by William and his brother Gilbert Foyle. Another brother was Charles Henry Foyle, inventor of the "folding carton" and founder of Boxfoldia.

At the age of seventeen, after leaving a Swiss finishing school, Christina Foyle started working at her father's bookshop, and never left. She was the only one of Foyle’s three children who made a career in the business.

In 1930, when she was nineteen, Foyle created the world's first public literary luncheon, bringing together notable writers and other distinguished figures, to meet members of the public. The idea came to her from talking to Kipling, Shaw, H. G. Wells, and other writers while they were buying books, and thinking that others might enjoy such a chance. It also followed on from the literary lectures, without food or drink, started by her father, which were less successful.

On one occasion, Foyle recommended The Forsyte Saga to an elderly customer who was looking for something to read on the train. He bought a copy, but returned it to her a short time later inscribed with the words "For the young lady who liked my book – John Galsworthy."

Career
For almost seventy years Christina Foyle presided over the Foyles literary luncheons. They usually took place at the Dorchester or the Grosvenor House Hotel, and usually a guest speaker (who included Bertrand Russell and Margaret Thatcher) spoke in praise of a book, as well as the author.

In May 1936, the Left Book Club was established, and about the end of 1936 a group of “neo-Tories” proposed the creation of a right-wing book club. William and Christina Foyle undertook to organize it, and the Right Book Club was launched at a luncheon at the Grosvenor House Hotel in April 1937, with Lord Stonehaven, the recently-retired Chairman of the Conservative Party, presiding. The Right Book Club republished titles with conservative and classical liberal themes.

In 1945, control of the shop passed to Miss Foyle. It was under her that the shop stagnated, with little investment and poorly paid staff who could be fired on a whim. She resisted unionisation of bookshop staff, sacking most employees just before they had worked there six months, when they would gain limited job protection rights. She refused to install electronic tills or calculators, and orders would not be taken by phone. The shop would, however, order expensive books from as far off as Germany without prepayment.

The shop operated a payment system that required customers to queue three times: to collect an invoice for a book, to pay the invoice, then to collect the book: because sales staff were not allowed to handle cash. There was a shelving arrangement that categorised books by publisher, rather than by topic or author. A quote of this period is: "Imagine Kafka had gone into the book trade." In the 1980s a rival bookshop placed an advertisement in a bus shelter opposite Foyles: "Foyled again? Try Dillons".

Foyle met many leading literary and political figures during her life. Her collection of personal correspondence included a letter from Adolf Hitler, responding to her complaint about Nazi book-burning. Her literary friends included Kingsley Amis, Charles de Gaulle, D. H. Lawrence, Yehudi Menuhin, J. B. Priestley, George Bernard Shaw, Margaret Thatcher, Evelyn Waugh and H. G. Wells.

The Foyle Foundation
The Foyle Foundation was founded in 2001 under the terms of Christina Foyle's will. It makes grants to other UK charities, mainly in the fields of the arts and learning (until 2009, also health). The 2010 accounts showed funds of over £76 million. Among other grants it made a large donation to the appeal to purchase the oldest intact European book, the St Cuthbert Gospel, for the British Library in 2011/12. To the year ending June 2010 £41.4m worth of grants had been offered by the Foyle Foundation.

In popular culture
Screenwriter Anthony Horowitz has said that Miss Foyle was the namesake for the title character, Christopher Foyle, in the ITV series Foyle's War.

title: Christina Foyle


text:
Legal Department (Hong Kong)

The Legal Department, headed by the Attorney General, was the department responsible for the laws of Hong Kong until 1997, when Hong Kong ceased to be a British crown colony.

The department was responsible for dealing with criminal cases and cases on behalf of the Government of Hong Kong. Since 1997, the name of the department has been changed to the Department of Justice and the head of the department renamed the Secretary for Justice.

Organisation
The Attorney General's Office consisted of:

 * Prosecutions Division (Hong Kong) – the prosecution in the majority of Court of Appeals Instance and District Court
 * Civil Division – headed by the Law Officer (Civil Law), provided legal advice on civil law to all Government bureaux and departments and represented the Government both as solicitors and as barristers in all civil litigation, including arbitrations
 * Legal Policy Division – was responsible for drafting all Government legislation
 * Law Drafting Division – serviced the needs of the Solicitor General, and gave legal policy advice in respect of matters currently being considered by the Government
 * International Law Division – was headed by the Law Officer (International Law) and provided advice on public international law to the Government and negotiates, or provided legal advisers on negotiations, for bilateral agreements
 * Administration and Development Division – was headed by the Director of Administration and Development

title: Legal Department (Hong Kong)


text:
Talk:Christina Foyle

Untitled
I have rewritten this page in my own words to remove any copyright violations.
 * Temp page has been moved to the main article. RedWolf 04:24, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

ODNB
Foyle has an article in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, and this chatty anecdotal biography could be much improved by citing it. Charles Matthews (talk) 06:14, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

Right Book Club?
Never heard of that one. I'm sure many of us would like to know more about it, even if it may have had certain extreme connotations, as did the Left Book Club. Valetude (talk) 23:27, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christina Foyle


text:
Talk:Ray Lonnen

Untitled
Please try and keep it like an encyclopedia - we don't need manly man/hunk in there.... SeanMack 11:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Since Harry's Game probably ties with The Sandbaggers as Lonnen's most notable role, I decided to beef up his entry by describing it a bit.

 * Does the plot for Harry's Game need to be here? Shouldn't it be kept under the entry for Harry's Game? And if we're giving away plots, where is the spoiler warning?

Davidbober 22:20, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ray Lonnen


text:
Kylmälänkylä

Kylmälänkylä is one of the longest villages in Finland, spanning 25 kilometers. It belongs to the municipality of Muhos in the province of Oulun lääni. Kylmälänkylä has an active village association.

The roads in the area are in poor condition due to heavy lumber traffic eroding the roads. The main regional road has received a new pavement since that and is more comfortable to drive but the road has degraded since the fix.

The village has seen some families moving in and new residential houses built.

Statistics
Population: 265 inhabitants, consists of 112 households Demographics: 54% men, 46% women Distance from Muhos: 34 kilometers, distance from Oulu: 75 kilometers (about an hour by car)

Main attractions

 * Local village grocery store Satumaa (Dreamland) and a mailbox for outgoing mail
 * Village Association's kota near the store that can be rented as a venue to host events

title: Kylmälänkylä


text:
Djustine

Djustine is an Italian comic book series by Enrico Teodorani.

Enrico Teodorani's Djustine character was created from a fusion of Franco Nero's Django role and the Marquis de Sade's titular female "Justine". The work has been called "between genders, without preconceptions".

Publication history
In the late 1990s the wild Italian comics adventures of Djustine, a blond female gunslinger, were published as photocopies, sold only in Italy or through the mail to fans of supernatural western comics. Since 2003, Djustine has been regularly published in Italy on books by EF edizioni and on X-Comics magazine by Coniglio Editore and in the United States in the series Djustine: Tales of the Twisted West by Carnal Comics.

Synopsis
The normally adult-natured adventures of Djustine involve her facing supernatural creatures (such as werewolves, zombies and demonic beings). All the stories take place in a strange, gothic western world of the 1880s.

Feature film
A non-erotic movie based on Enrico Teodorani's many versions of the Djustine comic was assembled several years ago, but was never realized.

title: Djustine


text:
Pukaskwa River

The Pukaskwa River is a river in Thunder Bay District and Algoma District in Northern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Great Lakes Basin and is a tributary of Lake Superior, which it enters at the south end of Pukaskwa National Park. It is a remote, pristine, free-flowing, medium-sized Shield river, with lots of whitewater, best travelled in spring.

A waterfall at Schist Falls, just upstream of the river mouth and with a drop of 24 m, can only be visited by travelling along the river.

The river's name is said to come from the Ojibwa word "Pukasu", which refers to cooking the marrow in the bones of animals. The legend is that a native of the area is said to have killed his wife, burned the bones and thrown them into the river.

The Pukaskwa River was featured in the artwork and films of Bill Mason, including Waterwalker (1984).

Geography
The river begins at Gibson Lake which straddles the border between Algoma District and Thunder Bay District. The river exits the lake in Algoma District, travels southwest into Thunder Bay District and into Jarvey Lake, which also straddles the border. It passes into Algoma District then back into Thunder Bay District before leaving Jarvey Lake at the south west heading in a southwest direction. it briefly turns west, takes in the right tributary Fox River, and heads south. The river resumes a southwest course, enters geographic Homer Township, takes in the left tributary East Pukaskwa River, flows over the Schist Falls, and reaches its mouth at Lake Superior.

From upstream of the East Pukaskwa River confluence to the river mouth, the Pukaskwa River forms the southern boundary of Pukaskwa National Park.

Tributaries

 * Robin Creek (right)
 * East Pukaskwa River (left)
 * Perry Creek (right)
 * Fox River (right)
 * Coronation Creek (left)

Pukaskwa River Provincial Park
The Pukaskwa River Provincial Park protects a 22 km long section of the Pukaskwa River, including its headwater lakes. The remaining 55 km of the river is protected in the adjacent Pukaskwa National Park. It was established in 2002 and offers a remote whitewater river experience for persons with advanced canoeing and camping skills.

The park features "spectacular scenery" as the Pukaskwa River flows through lakes and small wetlands that are linked by bedrock channels with shallow sandy till rock uplands and sand and gravel deposits.

It is a non-operating park, meaning that there are no services. The only facilities provided are 4 backcountry campsites. Permitted activities include boating, canoeing, fishing, and hunting.

Canoeing
Canoeing the Pukaskwa River is considered to be challenging due to its remoteness and difficulty, and navigable only during spring run-off, from May to early June. Once reaching the river's mouth, paddlers will require a boat shuttle or a lengthy paddle along the undeveloped coast of Lake Superior to reach civilization (either 90 km paddle north to the Park's office at Hattie Cove, or a 90 km paddle east to Michipicoten).

The river has some 57 rapids that can be run in high water, ranging from Class I to IV. One notable whitewater section is the Ringham’s Gorge, a 3 km whitewater canyon. There are also a few Class V rapids and several waterfalls that need to be portaged.

title: Pukaskwa River