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Cascode

The cascode is a two-stage amplifier that consists of a common emitter stage feeding into a common base stage when using bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) or alternatively a common source stage feeding a common gate stage when using field-effect transistors (FETs).

Because there is no direct coupling from the output to input, the Miller effect is eliminated, contributing to a much higher bandwidth. Compared to a single amplifier stage, this combination may have one or more of the following characteristics: higher input–output isolation, higher input impedance, high output impedance, higher bandwidth.

History
The use of a cascode (sometimes verbified to cascoding) is a common technique for improving analog circuit performance, applicable to both vacuum tubes and transistors. The name "cascode" was coined in an article written by Frederick Vinton Hunt and Roger Wayne Hickman in 1939, in a discussion on the application of voltage stabilizers. They proposed a cascade of two triodes (the first one with a common cathode setup, the second one with a common grid) as a replacement for a pentode, and so the name may be assumed to be an abbreviation of "casc(aded triode amplifier having characteristics similar to, but less noisy than, a single pent)ode". Cascode circuits were employed in early television sets for the 'front-end' or tuner because of their low noise and wider bandwidth.

Bipolar Junction Transistors have collector-base parasitic capacitance in the low picofarad to fractional picofarad range. The Miller Effect means that when this capacitance is in the feedback path, it results in an effective input capacitance that is multiplied by the stage gain: a feedback capacitance of only 1.0 pF in a circuit with a voltage gain of 50 results in an effective input capacitance of 50 pF. While this can be overcome in radio frequency circuits/tuned circuits by "neutralising" feedback in opposition, it is more difficult to combat in wideband circuits such as video amplifiers, whose bandwidths range from analog television (some 5 MHz for PAL), to at least 86 MHz in the older VGA format (UXGA, 1600 x 1200, 60 Hz refresh). Video amplifiers cannot operate to such high frequencies with any appreciable collector-base feedback, so the cascode, with its very low effective feedback capacitance, is the design-of-choice for video amplifiers in CRT-based monitors.

Operation

Figure 1 shows an example of a cascode amplifier with a common-source amplifier as the input stage driven by a signal source, Vin. This input stage drives a common-gate amplifier as the output stage, with output signal Vout.

As the lower FET conducts it changes the upper FET's source voltage, and the upper FET conducts due to the changed potential between its gate and source.

The major advantage of this circuit arrangement stems from the placement of the upper field-effect transistor (FET) as the load of the input (lower) FET's output terminal (drain). Because at operating frequencies the upper FET's gate is effectively grounded, the upper FET's source voltage (and therefore the input transistor's drain) is held at nearly constant voltage during operation. In other words, the upper FET exhibits a low input resistance to the lower FET, making the voltage gain of the lower FET very small, which dramatically reduces the Miller effect feedback capacitance from the lower FET's drain to gate. This loss of voltage gain is recovered by the upper FET. Thus, the upper transistor permits the lower FET to operate with minimal negative (Miller) feedback, improving its bandwidth.

The upper FET gate is electrically grounded, so charge and discharge of the stray capacitance, Cdg, between drain and gate is simply through RD and the output load (say Rout), and the frequency response is affected only for frequencies above the associated RC time constant τ = Cdg RD//Rout, namely f = 1/(2πτ), a rather high frequency because Cdg is small. That is, the upper FET gate does not suffer from Miller amplification of Cdg.

If the upper FET stage were operated alone using its source as input node (that is, common-gate (CG) configuration), it would have a good voltage gain and wide bandwidth. However, its low input impedance would limit its usefulness to very low-impedance voltage drivers. Adding the lower FET results in a high input impedance, allowing the cascode stage to be driven by a high-impedance source.

If one were to replace the upper FET with a typical inductive/resistive load and take the output from the input transistor's drain (that is, a common-source (CS) configuration), the CS configuration would offer the same input impedance as the cascode, but the cascode configuration would offer a potentially greater gain and much greater bandwidth.

Stability
The cascode arrangement is also very stable. Its output is effectively isolated from the input both electrically and physically. The lower transistor has nearly constant voltage at both drain and source, and thus there is essentially "nothing" to feed back into its gate. The upper transistor has nearly constant voltage at its gate and source. Thus, the only nodes with significant voltage on them are the input and output, and these are separated by the central connection of nearly constant voltage and by the physical distance of two transistors. Thus in practice there is little feedback from the output to the input. Metal shielding is both effective and easy to provide between the two transistors for even greater isolation when required. This would be difficult in one-transistor amplifier circuits, which at high frequencies would require neutralization.

Biasing
As shown, the cascode circuit using two "stacked" FETs imposes some restrictions on the two FETs — namely, the upper FET must be biased so its source voltage is high enough (the lower FET drain voltage may swing too low, causing it to saturate). Ensurance of this condition for FETs requires careful selection for the pair or special biasing of the upper FET gate, increasing cost.

The cascode circuit can also be built using bipolar transistors, or MOSFETs, or even one FET (or MOSFET) and one BJT. This circuit arrangement was very common in VHF television tuners when they employed vacuum tubes.

Advantages
The cascode arrangement offers high gain, high bandwidth, high slew rate, high stability, and high input impedance. As a two-transistor circuit, the parts count is very low.

Disadvantages
The cascode circuit requires two transistors and requires a relatively high supply voltage. For the two-FET cascode, both transistors must be biased with ample VDS in operation, imposing a lower limit on the supply voltage.

Dual-gate version
A dual-gate MOSFET often functions as a "one-transistor" cascode. Common in the front ends of sensitive VHF receivers, a dual-gate MOSFET is operated as a common-source amplifier with the primary gate (usually designated "gate 1" by MOSFET manufacturers) connected to the input and the second gate grounded (bypassed). Internally, there is one channel covered by the two adjacent gates; therefore, the resulting circuit is electrically a cascode composed of two FETs, the common lower-drain-to-upper-source connection merely being that portion of the single channel that lies physically adjacent to the border between the two gates.

Mixer in superheterodyne receivers
A cascode circuit is very useful as a multiplying mixer circuit in superheterodyne receivers. At the lower gate the RF signal is fed to the mixer, and at the upper gate the local oscillator signal is fed to the mixer. Both signals are multiplied by the mixer, and the difference frequency, the intermediate frequency, is taken from the upper drain of the cascode mixer.

This was further developed by cascoding whole differential-amplifier stages to form the balanced mixer, and then the Gilbert cell double-balanced mixer.

Other applications
With the rise of integrated circuits, transistors have become cheap in terms of silicon die area. In MOSFET technology especially, cascoding can be used in current mirrors to increase the output impedance of the output current source.

A modified version of the cascode can also be used as a modulator, particularly for amplitude modulation. The upper device supplies the audio signal, and the lower is the RF amplifier device.

A cascode may also be combined with a voltage ladder to form a high-voltage transistor. The input transistor may be of any low-UCEO type, while the others, acting as stacked linear series voltage regulators, should be able to withstand a considerable fraction of the supply voltage. Note that for a large output-voltage swing, their base voltages should not be bypassed to ground by capacitors, and the uppermost ladder resistor should be able to withstand the full supply voltage. This shows that a linear series voltage regulator is actually a current buffer with its input and output designations swapped.

Two-port parameters
The cascode configuration can be represented as a simple voltage amplifier (or more accurately, as a g-parameter two-port network) by using its input impedance, output impedance, and voltage gain. These parameters are related to the corresponding g-parameters below. Other useful properties not considered here are circuit bandwidth and dynamic range.

BJT cascode: low-frequency small-signal parameters

The idealized small-signal equivalent circuit can be constructed for the circuit in figure 2 by replacing the current sources with open circuits and the capacitors with short circuits, assuming they are large enough to act as short circuits at the frequencies of interest. The BJTs can be represented in the small-signal circuit by the hybrid-π model.

MOSFET cascode: low-frequency small-signal parameters
Similarly, the small-signal parameters can be derived for the MOSFET version, also replacing the MOSFET by its hybrid-π model equivalent. This derivation can be simplified by noting that the MOSFET gate current is zero, so the small-signal model for the BJT becomes that of the MOSFET in the limit of zero base current:
 * $$I_B \to 0 \rArr r_\pi = \frac{V_T}{I_B} \to \infty,$$

where VT is the thermal voltage.

The combination of factors gmrO occurs often in the above formulas, inviting further examination. For the bipolar transistor this product is (see hybrid-pi model):

 * $$g_m r_O = \frac{I_C}{V_T} \frac{V_A + V_{CE}}{I_C} = \frac{V_A + V_{CE}}{V_T}.$$

In a typical discrete bipolar device the Early voltage VA ≈ 100 V and the thermal voltage near room temperature is VT ≈ 25 mV, making gmrO ≈ 4000, a rather large number.

From the article on hybrid-pi model, we find for the MOSFET in the active mode:

 * $$g_m r_O = \frac{2I_D}{V_{GS} - V_{th}} \frac{1/\lambda + V_{DS}}{I_D} = \frac{2(1/\lambda + V_{DS})}{V_{GS} - V_{th}}.$$

At the 65-nanometer technology node, ID ≈ 1.2 mA/μ of width, supply voltage is VDD = 1.1 V; Vth ≈ 165 mV, and Vov = VGS-Vth ≈ 5%VDD ≈ 55 mV. Taking a typical length as twice the minimum, L = 2 Lmin = 0.130 μm and a typical value of λ ≈ 1/(4 V/μm L), we find 1/λ ≈ 2 V, and gmrO ≈ 110, still a large value. The point is that because gmrO is large almost regardless of the technology, the tabulated gain and the output resistance for both the MOSFET and the bipolar cascode are very large. That fact has implications in the discussion that follows.

Low-frequency design
The g-parameters found in the above formulas can be used to construct a small-signal voltage amplifier with the same gain, input and output resistance as the original cascode (an equivalent circuit). This circuit applies only at frequencies low enough that the transistor parasitic capacitances do not matter. The figure shows the original cascode (Fig. 1) and the equivalent voltage amplifier or g-equivalent two-port (Fig. 4). The equivalent circuit allows easier calculations of the behavior of the circuit for different drivers and loads. In the figure a Thévenin equivalent voltage source with Thévenin resistance RS drives the amplifier, and at the output a simple load resistor RL is attached. Using the equivalent circuit, the input voltage to the amplifier is (see Voltage divider):
 * $${\upsilon}_{in} = {\upsilon}_s \begin{matrix} \frac {R_{in}}{R_S + R_{in}} \end{matrix}$$,

which shows the importance of using a driver with resistance RS << Rin to avoid attenuation of the signal entering the amplifier. From the above amplifier characteristics, we see that Rin is infinite for the MOSFET cascode, so no attenuation of input signal occurs in that case. The BJT cascode is more restrictive because Rin = rπ2.

In a similar fashion, the output signal from the equivalent circuit is
 * $${\upsilon}_{out} = A_v \ {\upsilon}_{in} \begin{matrix} \frac {R_{L}}{R_L + R_{out}} \end{matrix}$$.

In low-frequency circuits, a high voltage gain is typically desired, hence the importance of using a load with resistance RL >> Rout to avoid attenuation of the signal reaching the load. The formulas for Rout can be used either to design an amplifier with a sufficiently small output resistance compared to the load or, if that cannot be done, to decide upon a modified circuit, for example, to add a voltage follower that matches the load better.

The earlier estimate showed that the cascode output resistance is very large. The implication is that many load resistances will not satisfy the condition RL >> Rout (an important exception is driving a MOSFET as the load, which has infinite low frequency input impedance). However, the failure to satisfy the condition RL >> Rout is not catastrophic because the cascode gain also is very large. If the designer is willing, the large gain can be sacrificed to allow a low load resistance; for RL << Rout the gain simplifies as follows:
 * $${\upsilon}_{out} = A_v \ {\upsilon}_{in} \begin{matrix} \frac {R_{L}}{R_L + R_{out}} \approx A_v \ {\upsilon}_{in} \frac {R_{L}}{R_{out}} = \frac {A_v }{R_{out}}\ {\upsilon}_{in} R_L \approx -g_{m2} R_L {\upsilon}_{in}\end{matrix}$$.

This gain is the same as that for the input transistor acting alone. Thus, even sacrificing gain, the cascode produces the same gain as the single-transistor transconductance amplifier, but with wider bandwidth.

Because the amplifiers are wide bandwidth, the same approach can determine the bandwidth of the circuit when a load capacitor is attached (with or without a load resistor). The assumption needed is that the load capacitance is large enough that it controls the frequency dependence, and bandwidth is not controlled by the neglected parasitic capacitances of the transistors themselves.

High-frequency design
At high frequencies, the parasitic capacitances of the transistors (gate-to-drain, gate-to-source, drain-to body, and bipolar equivalents) must be included in the hybrid-π models to obtain an accurate frequency response. The design goals also differ from the emphasis on overall high gain as described above for low-frequency design. In high frequency circuits, impedance matching at the input and output of the amplifier is typically desired in order to eliminate signal reflections and maximize power gain. In the cascode, the isolation between the input and output ports is still characterized by a small reverse transmission term g12, making it easier to design matching networks because the amplifier is approximately unilateral.

title: Cascode


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Riverwind

Riverwind (also known as Riverwind of the Que Shu tribe or Riverwind of the Que Shu) is a fictional character appearing in the Dragonlance series of Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game supplements and novels, created by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman and published by TSR (and later by Wizards of the Coast).

Riverwind made his first public appearance in the first novel of the original Chronicles Trilogy, Dragons of Autumn Twilight, in 1984. However, the character's proper creation was during a tabletop role-playing game session where Tracy and Laura Hickman, Margaret Weis and Terry Phillips, between others, developed the basic storyline of Dragonlance.

Throughout the series, Riverwind became a well known character and, in 14 years, authors made him the protagonist in two novels, Riverwind the Plainsman (1990) and Spirit of the Wind (1998).

Introduction
Patrick Lucien Price, author of the "Bertrem's essay on numerology" short story, published in Leaves from the Inn of the Last Home (1987), describes Riverwind as a character that demands change, seeks variety and new opportunities to develop himself, also a natural leader of men and generous, impressionable, a humanitarian.

Few facts are given about the early life of the character itself, a shepherd living just outside the village of Que Shu, a barbarian settlement in Ansalon, in the fictional world of Krynn. Laura Hickman and Kate Novak detail, in the short story "Heart of Goldmoon" published in the Love and War (1987) recompilation, Riverwind's faith in the ancient gods and especially in Mishakal, goddess of healing, although the common belief in the tribe was that the high priestess's ancestors become gods. Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman give a reason in the short story "True Knight", published in The Cataclysm (1992) recompilation, as Riverwind's family is not a native from the Que Shu tribe, but instead his ancestors, Michael, a cleric of Mishakal, and Nikol, daughter of a knight, travelled to the plains shortly after the Cataclysm, the event in which the gods threw a fiery mountain to punish Krynn arrogance, and kept practicing their religion.

In "Heart of Goldmoon", Hickman and Novak also inform the reader about the journey to the Hall of the Sleeping Spirits, in which Riverwind acts as a bodyguard to Goldmoon, protecting her life when Hollow-sky, the other bodyguard traveling with them, tries to force her to marry him. With Riverwind and Goldmoon declaring their mutual love, the story ends with Riverwind affirming his intention to request a Courting quest, which would give him the right to marry Goldmoon.

Paul B. Thompson and Tonya C. Cook give details of such quest in the novel Riverwind the Plainsman (1990), which takes place in the five years before the Companions were reunited at Solace. According to Thompson, in contrast to some characters in the series, "Riverwind wasn't fully developed in the earlier books. We essentially had a character and had to make up a lot of background for him". The character, needing to find proof that the ancient gods existed, travels to Xak Tsaroth and retrieves the Blue Crystal Staff, a holy relic blessed by Mishakal herself, guarded by Khisanth, a black dragon. Although the novel ends with the delivery of the staff, in Dragons of Autumn Twilight (1984) the authors explain, through Goldmoon, that the tribe tried to stone him when he could not explain how the staff could prove the existence of the old gods. However, before they started stoning, Goldmoon embraced him, and both vanished from the tribe.

Character art for Riverwind was first created by Larry Elmore. According to Elmore, Margaret Weis appreciated Keith Parkinson's attempt to incorporate Weis's vision of Goldmoon as "Native American with a Celtic touch".

Chronicles Trilogy
As in the "Heart of Goldmoon" short story, Riverwind is given the role of Goldmoon's protector in Dragons of Autumn Twilight (1984). Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman kept his involvement at a minimum, only describing him as a character with a serious demeanor. The War of the Lance sourcebook (2004) indicates that he is a man of few words, proud and wary of strangers, who does not make friends easily and people have to go a long way to earn his regard. It is only after Sturm Brightblade—Squire of the Knights of Solamnia and one of the members of a group of friends who met them in Solace—feels his honor has been insulted that Riverwind's behavior is modified, becoming somewhat friendlier. He is particularly distrustful of those not of human race or magic users, and so Raistlin earned his constant mistrust while he was surprised the first time Tanis was introduced as the leader of the Companions.

Understandably, it is in battle sequences where the authors give him more protagonism, effectively drawing on his past as a trained warrior. It is in one of those sequences, against the black dragon Khisanth in Xak Tsaroth, where Riverwind is mortally wounded by the dragons' acid breath. However, Goldmoon, after meeting the soul of her mother and the goddess Mishakal, goddess of healing, is able to restore him to health.

It is at the end of the first book, when Riverwind marries Goldmoon just outside Pax Tharkas after defeating Lord Verminaard, that Riverwind receives more attention from the authors.

Weis and Hickman continue diminishing the protagonism of Riverwind in Dragons of Winter Night (1985). In the second half of Dragons of Spring Dawning (1985), the authors reveal that Goldmoon is pregnant, and the couple decides to stay in Kalaman, ending their participation in the Chronicles Trilogy.

Lost Chronicles Trilogy
In Dragons of the Dwarven Depths, Tanis leaves Riverwind in charge of the safety of the refugees from Pax Tharkas while the rest of the companions search for an entrance to the underground dwarven kingdom of Thorbardin. Riverwind oversees the refugees as they evacuate to Thorbardin ahead of an attack by the remnants of the Red Dragonarmy.

Legends Trilogy
As the Legends trilogy, written by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman in 1986, focuses on the twins Caramon and Raistlin Majere, Riverwind's appearance is small. In Time of the Twins (1986) Riverwind visits Caramon and Tika Majere at the Inn of the Last Home to refuse to escort Lady Crysania to the Tower of High Sorcery of Wayreth and to inform them that his son, Wanderer, is already three years old, and the birth of his twin daughters, Moonsong and Brightdawn.

By wearing the Mantle of the Chieftain, the authors point that he has been named Chieftain of the Que Shu and a number of other tribes like the Que Teh and Que Kiri, which must mean that he was successful in bringing peace.

Chaos War series
There are no books about the attacks of Chaos's armies to the Abanasinian tribes. Chris Pierson's novel, Spirit of the Wind (1998), informs that the Knights of Takhisis, knights under the service of Takhisis, goddess of evil, invaded the area bringing brutes, barbarians from northern isles, forcing some tribes to join the Que Shu village to repel the attack, while others separated and left for the mountains. He also hints that at least shadow wights, creatures that possess souls, vanishing them from the world of Krynn, including others' memories of them, attacked the tribe, as Moonsong and Brightdawn explain that their brother, Wanderer, has a three-year-old son, but nobody, not even Wanderer himself, remembers his mother.

Age of Mortals series
In Spirit of the Wind (1998), Chris Pierson covers the last weeks of Riverwind's life. Afflicted by a terminal illness that had been the cause of his father's death, and without Mishakal, who left Krynn after the Chaos War, to give clerical powers to Goldmoon to heal him, he travels to the Inn of the Last Home to inform Caramon and Tika about it.

The novel continues explaining that a couple of kender arrive requesting Caramon's help to stop Malystryx, the red dragon overlord, from destroying their home town, Kendermore. Riverwind decides to help them, and is involved in the defense of the city. With the imminent invasion of the dragon and the ogre armies supporting her, Riverwind and Brightdawn travel to Blood Watch, where Malystryx's Peak was situated and her only egg was laid. Brightdawn dies on her way to the lair while fighting the nest's guardian, Yovanna, but Riverwind is able to crack the egg open and slay the embryo within it, forcing Malystryx to go back to the lair and slay him. With Riverwind's sacrifice, the kender were able to flee safely to Hylo, as Malystryx was too depressed to chase them.

Reception
Lauren Davis of io9 commented on how the heroes of the Dragonlance Chronicles feel like a dysfunctional family, describing the Plainsfolk Riverwind and Goldmoon as "so-called "barbarians" in a strange land", and noted that Riverwind "is proud and protective of his wife above all".

In the Io9 series revisiting older Dungeons & Dragons novels, Rob Bricken commented that "A regular barbarian who loves Goldmoon. Goldmoon’s father sent him to find a magical artifact in hopes that Riverwind would die on the journey. Instead, he came back with the Blue Crystal Staff and PTSD. Both he and Goldmoon then left the tribe together to discover the origin of the staff."

Video games
Riverwind appears as one of the player characters in Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Heroes of the Lance.

Miniature figures
Riverwind was included in Ral Partha's Dragonlance Heroes boxed figures set of lead miniatures. A reviewer for Dragon magazine felt that Ral Partha successfully matched their figures to the descriptions of the characters in the novels, and described his figure: "Riverwind is dressed simply with buckskin and a furred shirt showing a lot of detail, stretching from his shoulders to below his waist. From waist to boots, he is clad in a tight-fitting material that shows hints of the muscles underneath. A simple belt holds a breech cloth, a sheathed sword, and a buckskin-fringed pouch. On his back is a buckskin-fringed quiver full of arrows, with individual shafts and feathers showing. His head and hair are unclad except for a headband. A look of grim determination is on his face as he holds a bow in his right hand. His arm muscles are clearly shown, as are the bow guards."

Dragonlance movie
Actor Phil LaMarr voices Riverwind and Gilthanas in the animated Dragonlance: Dragons of Autumn Twilight movie, directed by Will Meugniot, written by George Strayton and produced by Toonz Animation, Commotion Pictures, Epic Level Entertainment, Kickstart Entertainment and Paramount Pictures.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Riverwind


text:
Konye-Urgench

Konye-Urgench (Köneürgenç / کؤنه‌اۆرگنچ;, Kuhna Gurgānj, literally "Old Gurgānj"), also known as Old Urgench or Urganj, is a city of about 30,000 inhabitants in north Turkmenistan, just south from its border with Uzbekistan. It is the site of the ancient town of Gurgānj, which contains the ruins of the capital of Khwarazm. Its inhabitants deserted the town in the early eighteenth century in order to develop a new settlement, and Konye-Urgench has remained undisturbed ever since. In 2005, the ruins of Old Urgench were inscribed on the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites.

Overview
Located on the south side of the Amu Darya River, Old Ürgenç was situated on one of the most important medieval paths: the Silk Road, the crossroad of western and eastern civilisations. It is one of the most important archaeological sites in Turkmenistan, lying within a vast zone of protected landscape and containing a large number of well-preserved monuments, dating from the 11th to the 16th centuries. They comprise mosques, the gates of a caravanserai, fortresses, mausoleums and a minaret, and the influence of their architectural style and craftsmanship reached Iran, Afghanistan and the later architecture of the Mughal Empire of 16th-century India.

Etymology
Atanyyazow explains, "In the works of Chinese historians, the name Yue-Gyan, which occurs in Georgian forms in the works of Arab scholars of the 10th century,...was used in the form of Gurganj, a native of Khorezm....and -j, according to Yakut, mean[s] just like the word... abat, i.e., "village" and "city"...Given the ancient name of the word Gurgen..., then the toponym of Gurganj...has the meaning of "Gurgen city", "Gurgen city of the people". Later, the name Gurganj began to be used in the form of Urgench." To what Gurgen or Gurgan refer, however, remains unexplained.

History and development
The exact dates when Kunya-Urgench was founded remain uncertain, but archaeological finds at the Kyrkmolla Hill (one of the main fortresses at the site) reveal that the town already had a strong structure in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Some of the earliest records show that Khwarezm was conquered by the Arabs in 712, who took the capital city of Kath of the Iranic Khwarazmian Afrighid dynasty. The city rose to prominence between the 10th and 14th centuries as the Khwarezmian capital, replacing Kath. Gurjanu served as an important trading center, competing in fame and population with many other Central Asian cities, such as Bukhara. It had become highly prosperous due to its strategic location on the main trade routes from the south to the north, and the west to the east, vastly contributing to the development of science and culture in Central Asia.

According to an 1893 writer Djordjania or Jorjania was the "second capital" of the country. It was on the Wadak canal which seems to be the east end of the Kunya-Darya which seems to be the river bed that now leads to the Sarykamysh Lake. Just east of the town was the Gurganj Dam that irrigated the area and blocked the flow of the Oxus into the Caspian Sea. In 1221 both town and dam were destroyed by the Mongols and the surrounding area became a marsh. Konya-Urgench was soon built on or near the site of Jorjania.

In 1221, Genghis Khan destroyed the city in the Mongol invasion of Central Asia, in what is considered to be one of the bloodiest massacres in human history. Most if not all the ancient Iranic Khwarazmian people were killed or pushed out, paving the way for the Turkification of Khwarazm. Despite the devastating effects of the invasion, the city was revived and it regained its previous status. It was described by the 14th-century Berber traveller Ibn Battuta as "the largest, greatest, most beautiful and most important city of the Turks. It has fine bazaars and broad streets, a great number of buildings and abundance of commodities".

In 1373, Timur attacked Khwarezm, and its ruler Yusef Sufi of the Sufi Dynasty surrendered to Timur. In 1379, Yusef Sufi rebelled against Timur, who sacked Urgench, and Yusef Sufi was killed. In 1388, the Sufi dynasty of Urgench again revolted against Timur; this time Timur razed Urgench to the ground and massacred its population, destroyed the city's irrigation system, and had barley planted over the ground where the city had once stood, leaving only one mosque standing. This, coupled with the sudden change of the Amu-Darya River's course, constituted the beginning of Kunya-Urgench's decline until the 16th century, when it was replaced as a regional capital by Khiva and was ultimately abandoned.

The area was later inhabited by the Turkmen people from the early 19th century, but they mostly developed outside the old town, utilising the latter as a graveyard. However, this use has now stopped, and efforts have been made to remove the decaying grave stones that can be encountered at the site.

The new town of Urgench was developed to the southeast, in present-day Uzbekistan. Some of the first archeological research on the old city site was conducted by Alexander Yakubovsky in 1929.

Archaeological remains

The urban layout of Kunya Urgench has been lost and only certain monuments remain standing to this day. These are authentic and rich examples of fine architecture and building traditions existing for centuries. The level of conservation varies amongst the buildings, and the most substantial restoration work has been carried out in the past thirty years, during the soviet era, using traditional methods and materials.

Kutlug-Timur Minaret
The Kutlug Timur minaret is perhaps the most striking structure here. It dates to the 11th and 12th centuries, and measures 60 meters in height, making it the highest monument in the park. Its diameter is 12 meters at its base, and 2 at the top.

On the basis of its decorative brickwork, including Kufic inscriptions, the minaret is thought to be an earlier construction, only restored by Kutlug-Timur around 1330.

Turabek-Khanum Mausoleum
Named after Turabek-Khanum, the wife of Kutlug-Timur (ruled between 1321 and 1336), this structure is located at the northern part of ancient Gurgench. It is remarkable for its elegant design and stunning tile decoration, and it is a highly sophisticated work of architecture, both in its conceptualisation of spaces and in its engineering. Both are fully utilised in a conscious way to achieve a visual, aesthetic and spiritual effect.

The original building was composed of two chambers: a large domed hall and a smaller one behind it. The large chamber is twelve-sided on the exterior and hexagonal on the interior, being preceded by an entrance portal and a vestibule.

One of the most impressive architectural features of the mausoleum is the circular dome covering the main hall, whose surface is covered in colourful mosaic which forms intricate ornamental patterns consisting of flowers and stars, creating a visual metaphor for the heavens. No comparable contemporary parallels can be found at Urgench, as some of the architectural features, such as the decorations mentioned above, do not appear in other monuments built during the lifetime of Turabek-Khanum, around 1330. Thus, it is difficult to date the building so early. These features do, however, appear in Central Asia later, during the reign of Timur, a warlord of Turco-Mongol descent. New technologies, such as mosaic faience, show up in Timur's earliest buildings, such as the Aq Saray palace in Shahrisabz, in Uzbekistan, which was begun in 1379 but was still unfinished in 1404.

Tekesh Mausoleum
This structure is the presumed Tomb of Sultan Ala al-Din Tekish, the founder of the Khwarazmian Empire and its ruler between 1172-1200. It has been identified as a mausoleum due to the tradition that each ancient Central Asian building is dedicated to a historical or mythical personage.

The building is made of bricks and consists of a square hall with walls which are 11,45 meters high, a massive round drum and a conical roof with an inner dome hidden under it. The dome is connected to the square walls it rests upon by an octagonal belt. The structure between the dome and the octagon is decorated with 16 shallow niches. Their form is not lancet-like as those commonly found in the Islamic architecture of Central Asia, but rather semicircular. This is a motif that can be found in the marble 8th-century mihrab at the Baghdad Museum, and has seldom been used in Central Asia: another comparable case that can be found in Turkmenistan is that of the mihrab of Muhammad Ibn Zayd's 11th-century mosque, from Merv. However, the two are located too far away to be considered prototypes.

The external conical roof is built of horizontal layers using the technique of a false vault. From the inside, it is strengthened with 12 buttresses standing upon the internal dome. Although this might seem like a risky construction technique, the roof is not in bad condition: only the top is destroyed, and the blue majolica decoration slightly damaged.

One of the special features of the building's architecture is its façade. It presents a high portal niche with the main archway, which has now lost its original form. The lancet arch of the portal is filled by a complicated system of stalactite -like forms, which is a decorative motif made of terracotta and fixed on wooden sticks within the brickwork.

Research concerning this structure has given rise to speculations that the Mausoleum of Tekesh might have stood at the centre of some large construction that consisted of a multitude of buildings. Thus, certain scholars would argue that the building served a different purpose from that of a mausoleum, such as, for example, a House of Government or a Palace of the Great Khwarzm-shahs.

Kyrkmolla
Kyrkmolla is a 12 m mound which used to constitute a fortress. It is located in the north-eastern outskirts of Gurgench. It is particularly significant as the earliest ceramics discovered at the site, dating back to the 5th century BC, were located here. It is protected by a thick mud-brick wall which dates back to the 10th to 14th centuries, and has been partially rebuilt after archaeological excavations.

Najm-ad-Din al-Kubra Mausoleum, Sultan Ali Mausoleum and Piryar Vali Mausoleum Complex
This complex is situated in the centre of the new town of Kunya-Urgench, within a Muslim cemetery. The Najm-ad-Din al-Kubra Mausoleum was erected in the first half of the 14th century, and derives its name from the philosopher, painter, physician, chess master and general Najm al-Din Kubra, the founder of the Kubrawiya Sufi order. This is one of the structures which was rebuilt during the Khorezm era of prosperity, and also after the Mongol invasion.

The Mausoleum of Sultan Ali, who ruled in the 16th century, is located across. It is a hexagonal monument, with a dome measuring 9.5 meters in diameter.

The Mausoleum of Piryar Vali, a contemporary of Najm al-Din al-Kubra, is located to the west of the latter's mausoleum, and was built in the 13th and 14th centuries. It is 6.5 meters high and measures 7.5 meters in length.

Il Arslan Mausoleum
Il Arslan is a magnificent piece of architecture, also known among the people as the Mausoleum of Kho-Rezmshah II Arslan, who ruled from 1156 to 1172. The mausoleum, dating to the 12th century, is the oldest standing monument in Gurgench.

The building has a cuboidal structure of baked brick similar to the earliest existing Islamic mausoleum in Central Asia, the early 10th-century mausoleum of the Samanids in Bukhara, but instead of a hemispherical dome it has a faceted conical roof. The structure is decorated with a motif carved in relief into brick panels, a frieze containing an aphorism written in beautiful script, and with carved vegetal motifs displaying variations of an arabesque pattern. The decorative scheme of the dome presents a tiling technique executed in turquoise glazed brick tiles, forming a geometric pattern.

According to some of the latest scientific discoveries, one of the structure's functions, at a certain point, was that of storing water.

Ibn Khajib Complex
This monument is dedicated to Ibn Khajib, one of Najm-ad-Din al-Kubra's talented disciples. It is located in the western part of ancient Urgench and it consists of a complex of monuments, all constructed in different periods of time, from the 14th to the 19th centuries.

Ak-Kala
Ak-Kala is a fortress located southwest of the ruins of medieval Urgench. Its walls, whose height ranges from 6 to 8 meters, and which measure approximately 2 meters at the top, stretch on more than a kilometre. They were built with sun dried mud-bricks and their corners are decorated with semi-circular towers, whilst the inner side of the fortress wall is sustained by buttresses.

Khorezm-Bag
This is a quadrangular fortress, erected by Khan Muhammed Emin, measuring 400 by 500 meters, and was built in the mid-19th century in the south-western outskirts of Kunya-Urgench. It is surrounded by a high defensive wall which has been severely eroded by the passing of time.

Kunya Urgench Museum (Dash Mosque)
The museum is located in the brick structure the Dash Mosque, a former madrasa constructed in the early 20th century. It was built as a mosque and it served as a madrasah before it was turned into a site museum in the 1990s. Its structure is mainly square, with a multitude of rooms opening into a large courtyard, and which now house various exhibits.

The museum displays focus on the history of the site, on traditional arts and crafts of the region, on the building tradition of Urgench, etc. The largest room is dedicated to the history and treasures of the old city, including a comprehensive miniature model of Gurgench and a variety of artefacts such as ceramic bowls, glazed tiles, children's toys, or Arabic texts. Another important room centres around the Dash Mosque and the history of its construction and use. Around the courtyard, behind the main building, the remaining smaller rooms, formerly the bedrooms of the students at the madrasa, have been converted into 19 displays explaining the traditional handicrafts of the region such as carpet making, pottery, Yurt construction, etc.

Building tradition
Kunya Urgench has been, for a long period of time, a prolific school of construction masters. The knowledge and skills of this school have spread, throughout the centuries, amongst the Muslim world, and can be recognised in the structures and decorations of many buildings from the Timur period, both within Turkmenistan, and in regions such as Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and India. For example, a multitude of buildings in Samarkand were erected by builders and architects employed from Kunya Urgench in the 14th century.

The ingenuity and skill of the local craftsmen and architects can be seen in the exceptional construction details, such as structure, form or ornamentation, which have been perfected throughout time. Furthermore, traditional building techniques have survived to this day: for example, the kilns at Kunya Urgench are still used throughout the region for the production of bricks utilised in the reconstruction of historic buildings.

Climate
Kunya Urgench has a cold desert climate (BWk in the Köppen climate classification), with long and hot summers. Winters are relatively short, but quite cold. Precipitation is scarce throughout the year, with an average of 109 mm (4.36 in).

title: Konye-Urgench


text: Category:Chemical physics

title: Category:Chemical physics


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Accident shielding

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 00:58, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

Accident shielding
Advert Bobbis 00:05, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Speedy if possible. Enough with the 'parking lot' adverts already! Gwk 00:16, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. These are seeming like a series of jokes or something. "H.Patrol" in the article is not even defined, I am guessing it is the California Highway Patrol or some variant there of, perhaps to the level of Eric Estrada in a CHP uniform, as it would be better than the Arkansas real estate ads you see on TV at 3AM he has been doing of late. UncleFloyd 05:15, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — proposed legislation; article of this nature needs more references to stand on its own merits. — RJH 23:00, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, only Google hits for "Hallitubes", other than WP mirrors, are someone's home page - hoax/unverifiable as a legislative proposal.  Dcarrano 23:35, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Sheffer stroke

Voting

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Oppose Charles Stewart 20:11, 7 December 2005 (UTC) --- Moving to less common name: see comment below.
 * Oppose Sheffer naming is more common in maths. Kusma (talk) 23:42, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Support There are a few reason to support the move.
 * Support why should one particular boolean operation be listed under the name of the symbol that is used to indicate it? "logical and" is not listed under "ampersand" or "dot" or "upsidedown V". The Sheffer Stroke article, if it remains, ought to be simply an article on the history of the sheffer stroke symbol itself and how it came to be used to indicate a logical "not and".

 * First, though "logical NAND" and "bitwise NAND" may be less commonly called than "Sheffer stroke" (in some, NOT all english countries only, but for other english countries or other countries that use english, the situation is totally opposite), and "NAND" is more familiarly used than "Sheffer stroke" in logic, maths, computer, and engineering. But "NAND" is a acronym which may need disambiguation, so I do not support the move from "Sheffer stroke" to "NAND". However, "NAND" is a term which belongs to "logic", so I strongly encourage the move from "Sheffer stroke" to "logical nand".

 * Second, as user R. Koot stated, it would be best to keep it consistent with Peirce arrow (which redirects to logical nor). I suppose that the consistency should be a important factor to decide whether the content could be moved from "Sheffer stroke" to "logical nand". QQ 12:07, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * NAND is currently a redirect to Sheffer stroke. If the article were to be moved to NAND and articles on topics with acronym NAND were to appear, we could create a page NAND (disambiguation) to handle this case. --- Charles Stewart 15:47, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Postscript The basis in popularity for naming an article a particular way for en.wikipedia is just for the popularity in english. How other languages do thiungs is relevant to other language wikipedias, not here. --- Charles Stewart 15:49, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Support The term "logical NAND" is more comprehensive. 203.186.238.228 09:00, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Support In my secondary school and university, I have not even heard the term "Sheffer stroke", but I have heard the term "logical nand" and "NAND" instead. Therefore when I watched this page, I felt very strange and confused. Moreover, when I saw the stroke notation (|) for representing "NAND", I encountered bewilderment. The reason of this are: 1. I have learnt that the stroke notation (|) is used for representing "A given B", and 2. I mostly use the notation ∧ for representing "NAND", which can be referred from unicode standard. 203.186.238.129 09:16, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Support why should one particular boolean operation be listed under the name of the symbol that is used to indicate it? "logical and" is not listed under "ampersand" or "dot" or "upsidedown V". The Sheffer Stroke article, if it remains, ought to be simply an article on the history of the sheffer stroke symbol itself and how it came to be used to indicate a logical "not and".

Remark. I crossed out votes which seem to be by the same person using a changing IP, and also the unsigned votes. I don't think they should be considered. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 03:41, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

 * Comment - The phrase "logical NAND" is used in computer science to distinguish from "bitwise NAND". According to Google, however, this phrase is much less common than "Sheffer stroke" used by logicians, which in turn is far less common than plain "NAND".  I think the reason the redirect exists is due to a piece of misplaced tidymindedness, namely all the boolean logic operators should be similarly named, and and and or are disambig pages, hence each must be logical something or other.  I'd be better disposed to moving this page, as well as Logical nor to NAND and NOR, though it feels wrong to me to document the non-engineering material for this topic under this title. --- Charles Stewart 20:11, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. I don't have a strong opinion on the name, but I think it would be best to keep it consistent with Peirce arrow (which redirects to logical nor). —R. Koot 21:39, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It would be better, but Peirce arrow is a much less well known term than Sheffer stroke, and there is very little material at that article that doesn't fit well with the title NOR, compared to the situation with NAND. I'm not all that bothered by this bit of untidyness. --- Charles Stewart 15:52, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. I'm not a wikipedian, but I have to say that I'm beyond puzzled to see Logical NAND go to a page about a specific notation. "History of the stroke" and whatever aren't what you need when you are looking for logical and math functions.  Did you guys move "Addition" to "Plus Sign"?  Get this outta here.  These are two VERY distinct things, a math function, and a notation related to it.  Totally disjoint.  So frustrating to see stuff like this.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.35.35.35 (talk) 05:06, 5 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. Authors like Jayne discuss NAND and NOR in terms of probability theory and it becomes the basis for the emerging argument for Bayesian statistical analysis over traditional statistical analysis found in Clayton's Bernoulli's Fallacy.
 * Also the result is the lack of parallel with the wikipedia entry Logical NOR. Rmj03 (talk) 21:06, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

Result
It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. WhiteNight T 20:05, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Alternative, not joint, denial
Contrary to the first paragraph, Sheffer stroke is not 'joint denial' but rather 'alternative denial'. The joint denial of P and Q is $$\lnot p \land \lnot q$$ which is equivalent to NOR. The alternative denial of P and Q $$\lnot p \lor \lnot q$$ which is equivalent to NAND (the Sheffer stroke).

Sheffer, in his paper talks about rejection as the negation of a disjunction. So not what you wrote ( i think ) but ¬(p∨q). Which by De Morgan's Law turns into ¬p∧¬q. mmick66 —Preceding undated comment added 12:08, 12 March 2011 (UTC).

NAND symbol shape is non-standard
The NAND gate symbol shown in the upper-right illustration does not conform to industry standards for a NAND gate. The straight horizontal edges should be longer. See page three of the IEEE document http://www.ddpp.com/DDPP3_pdf/IEEEsyms.pdf.

Olmsfam 16:12, 15 March 2007 (UTC) edit: Ive taken the liberty to create and upload these for consideration, but i know not how to upload them to WIKI and there for leave it up to the more knowlegable to replace the larger and blurrier existing nand.jpg with one of the following:

Exactly same as nand.jpg only smaller file size and in png:

Closer to the IEEE standard

Logical nand is a more common name
This is the simple reason why I moved the article from Sheffer stroke to Logical nand. And after that, I did some innovative changes, but however, some people just reverted the changes and ignored the improved article!!!!!  User:203.186.238.228
 * Nonetheless the move was improperly performed. See  WP:MOVE for the policy: in particular WP has facilities for moving pages unavailable to anonymous users: you can request page moves at WP:RM (requested moves).  What's wrong with what you did is that blanking pages by hand and copying contents spoils the connection of contributed content to the edit history, and this connection is considered important for content licensing purposes.

 * Note that while NAND is a very common name for this, it is usually counted as an electronic gate, and the phrase "Logical nand" is fairly rare, according to google much rarer than Sheffer stroke. --- Charles Stewart 19:17, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I have to say, I find this Sheffer stroke title for the article quite surprising. I have never heard of Sheffer stroke, and I studied Computer Science and Electrical Engineering for my BS. This included lots of abstract math, and I never encountered it, such that I would remember it, nor have I ever heard anyone utter that phrase. No matter what Google may say about it, I think it's a rather uncommon phrase, compared to "Logical NAND" or just NAND. Interesting, yes, but Logical NAND would be much preferable name for the article, and Sheffer and his stroke can figure prominently, of course! JoGusto 22:52, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Which term is more common depends on what field you're in. "NAND" is more common in your fields, "Sheffer stroke" is more common among logicians, both those in philosophy departments and those in math departments.  I have no opinion as to how that should affect the name of the page.  To me, the most important thing is that "Logical NAND", "NAND", and "Sheffer stroke" all take you to the same place, either directly or by redirect.  --JMRyan 23:34, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I've never heard of Sheffer stroke either, but by google it's something like 10 times more popular, if i didn't divide wrong. --M1ss1ontom a rs2k4 (T 01:04, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * When I came to this page when searching for NAND, I thought Wikipedia had messed up for the first time, and that it was the wrong page. I support renaming this page as NAND.  As a senior software engineer, I have never heard of Sheffer stroke.  Todd 12:04, 14 November 2007 (UTC)  Sounds more like a medical term - "the Sheffer stroke following an open heart surgery"! ;-) Todd (talk) 10:30, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

JA: I probably learned the terms ampheck, NAND, and Sheffer stroke all about the same time, and remain fond of all the historical connections, but frequency of use is not the only consideration, as I'm finding out as I try to develop some consistency of treatment across the pages on the 16 functions. Considering them as a group of related articles, it would just help the exposition a little to have "logical NAND" on a par with "logical NOR" and all the others. Jon Awbrey 11:38, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Protection
I protected the Logical nand page due to several cut and paste move attempts recently. I will now unprotect it since it looks like it's part of a move debate. Thanks. --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 09:27, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I protected Logical nand and now this page. Whoever is putting half a gig onto these pages STOP NOW. It's so large and has so many script errors that it's literally making browsers crash. --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 10:20, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Misterious removals
Somebody removes links to Sheffer stroke and XNOR from the list of mathematical topics and other lists. That person using an ever-changing IP address, so it is hard to track. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 16:53, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

To the anonymous contributor
Please make an account. Each time you contribute you use a different IP address. I counted at least five. It is a mess, and it is impossible to get in touch with you. Please make an account like everybody else and let us discuss. Thanks. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 16:56, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Distinction between signs or symbols and functions or operators

 * JA: It is very important to distinguish the roles of signs and symbols and so on, which are semiotic or syntactic things, from the roles of functions and operators and so on, which are formal or mathematical objects. In particular, the Sheffer stroke, which probably should be written with quotes, as "|", in the article, is a signlike thing, which is just one of many signs that may denote the corresponding mathematical object.  Jon Awbrey 15:00, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Name Change : Sheffer Stroke → Logical NAND
JA: The more I work on standardizing the formats across the various 2-place operators, the more it looks like it would be a service to the reader to use "Logical NAND" as the title of choice for the Sheffer stroke operation. We can always mention the other name in the first line without much ado. I don't really want to go through all that voting business unless there's some kind of prior con-sense among interested parties that it makes sense to do this. So, what do folks think as of the present moment? Jon Awbrey 16:46, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The title needs changing anyway, because the topic of the article is not a symbol, it is a sentential operation. Nortexoid 18:33, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

JA: Yes, it's a practice that began as a harmless form of loose speech among practitioners who had no doubt what they were actually talking about, and probably couldn't imagine how creative their epigones would be in confusing themselves about it. So, I can put you down for a Yea? Jon Awbrey 18:46, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

I think it is IMPOSSIBLE to change name of this article, because the voting result is to OPPOSE this suggestion. In addition, SOME "logician" use their "force" to prevent the name change, as the term "Sheffer Stroke" may be more comfortable to them (but it ought to be more painful to other people). QQ 14:35, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Shouldn't the articles for Logical NAND and Logical NOR both be treated equally? Now the NOR article emphasizes the actual operation while the NAND article emphasizes the denotational symbol (Sheffer stroke). 130.234.177.217 16:14, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Roots of the naming issues
JA: There is a set of methodolodical questions that have been boiling under the surface of the naming issues that periodically erupt here and elsewhere. I don't think that the article-specific name-change voting format is very good way to handle these broader issues, so I think it might be good to start up a more comprehensive discussion here, and to reflect on the wider consequences of whatever policy we adopt. Jon Awbrey 14:24, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

JA: First off, splitting the article is clearly a bad idea, so I'll vote "Oppose" on that if and when the proper voting boilerplate is instituted. Jon Awbrey 14:28, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Reference to German Wikipedia article seems to be wrong
The "Deutsch" link is to http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND-Gatter (NAND-Gate). However the article says "This article is about NAND in the logical sense."

The parallel German article is probably:

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND

Big move
I did a big edit. I want to center around the logical operators as the key concept around which the entries are organized. There are standard sections for each of them. Everything nand related is in one place. The links to "NAND gate" will go directly to that section. Gregbard 04:19, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Proposed project
I have been working on all of the logical operators recently. I would like to see a consistent format for them. There is a wikiproject proposal for this at: WikiProject_Council/Proposals. Also see Talk:Logical connective.

I would like to see the logical, grammatical, mathematical, and computer science applications of all of the operators on the single page for each of those concepts.

Gregbard 08:45, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Natural language subsection
This section, currently comprising the following text, makes little sense to me:

 * NAND is not used in everyday sentences because it exhibits an inherent inversion, which makes it confusing like a double negative. Here's an example of a sentence using:

 * NAND operator: We will surely die if we have food nand water.

 * Common terms: We will surely die if we do not have both food and water.

 * Or, by DeMorgan's Law: We will surely die if we lack either food or water.

(1) "NAND is not used in everyday sentences because..." "NAND" not used in everyday sentences because it's not an English word. What is really meant by this statement?

(2) It seems to me that in ordinary English, "We will surely die if we do not have both food and water" and "We will surely die if we lack either food or water" mean two different things. The DeMorgan version is much clearer (although it would be that much more reflective of the truth table if it said, "We will surely die if we lack either food or water or both"). The "common terms" version sounds like it means that death will result only if BOTH food and water are lacking, but death will not result if food is present and water is lacking, or food is lacking and water is present. This interpretation is no congruent with the truth table. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.192.31.130 (talk) 21:57, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

To make the confusion perfect, to me, the natural way to phrase the statement in English would be, "We will surely die if we have neither food nor water." Benja (talk) 20:21, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

The "overbar" symbol
A 19th century algebra textbook, Olney's Algebra, used the overbar as a grouping operator, equivalent to pairs of parentheses. It remains today as the horizontal stroke in a square (or other) root symbol. It's also called a vinculum. (Off-topic, but of some interest, is that that book gave procedures for extracting cube, 5th, and 7th roots "by hand", as elaborations of the square-root procedure. However, as the order of the root increased, the procedure become progressively more elaborate, and became closer to guesswork (with more penalty for bad guesses!).

In 1960, I was a computer technician, working with the BMEWS DIP computer, which was an all-NAND-gate machine. Needless to say, Boolean expressions describing the machine's logic required a NAND notation, and while training, we used the overbar frequently.

Around 1978, I was an associate editor at Electronic Design magazine, where we sometimes had occasion to publish Boolean expressions, and we used only the overbar. It caused our printer considerable grief, because their typesetter simply was not designed to create the symbol. Back in the 19th century, before Linotype, it was probably easier to typeset. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nikevich (talk • contribs) 19:42, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Logical vs. binary interpretations
Although the first table presented in the article uses the binary symbols 0 and 1, the accompanying discussion refers to truth values "true" and "false." In fact, it doesn't seem that the article ever explains how to relate the two interpretations. Thus, for example, the uninformed reader would not understand that the first table is just another version of the truth table, using a different pair of symbols. Jumping over to the NOR article for comparison, note that there the binary symbols aren't used at all. Nor are these symbols mentioned in the umbrella article on logical connectives. I think that they should be, and perhaps all the articles about logical connectives should be edited for consistency on this point. Ishboyfay (talk) 21:30, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Factual Error
This article is mistaken about what the Sheffer Stroke is. The Sheffer Stroke is equivalent to "Neither Nor", not to "Not Both." This is clear is you look at the original 1913 article by Sheffer, p. 487, first full paragraph. It is available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1988701.pdf See also the discussion at http://undaimonia.blogspot.com/2009/02/sheffer-stroke-problem.html In my opinion, the whole article needs to be rewritten. PhiloBalk (talk) 16:41, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I just now looked at Enderton's A Mathematical introduction to logic, p. 51. Enderton says "nand, not both A and B; the symbol is called the Sheffer stroke" Then I checked the CRC Consise Encyclopedia of Mathematics. The entire entry under "Sheffer stroke" is the word "NAND". Hinman's Fundamentals of matheamtical logic, p. 40, also says the Shefer stroke is NAND.
 * Just to double-check, I searched for sheffer strike nand on Google books; there are plenty of other results there.
 * So it's a little much to claim that Wikipedia is mistaken here. At best, usage is mixed. — Carl (CBM · talk) 16:56, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * In contemporary common usage (which Wikipedia follows), Sheffer stroke usually denotes NAND, whereas NOR is called Pierce arrow. It is true that in Sheffer's original paper he assigns it the NOR interpretation in the small part which deals with equivalence of his system to other formulations of Boolean algebra, nevertheless for the most part his approach is very formalistic and one cannot really tell from the axioms which of the two operations it denotes, because of self-duality of Boolean algebras.—Emil J. 17:15, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Having said that, the History section needs fixing. done—Emil J. 17:21, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

I do think it is clear from the Sheffer paper that Sheffer means "neither." I also agree that common usage is mixed. (If you google books Sheffer Stroke NOR you get lots of hits too.) So since it is mixed, why not go with the one that follows Sheffer's intentions?. Thanks at least for fixing the history section. PhiloBalk (talk) 03:43, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

 * If the contemporary usage is to use "Sheffer stroke" to mean NAND, that's what we should follow here. There are many examples in mathematics where someone's name is attached by common usage to something different than that person actually did. Personally, I think this article should be titled "Logical NAND" to match Logical NOR. Does anyone object to that move? — Carl (CBM · talk) 11:45, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Why would Wikipedia wish to propagate a citation error? As PhiloBalk rightly points out, Sheffer, the creator of the Sheffer stroke, defines it to be "neither nor": p | q means neither p nor q, that is, (not p) and (not q). It is true that many authors since Sheffer's time have confused his original definition, but this fact hardly excuses continuing the confusion. Proof that not all authoritative authors are propagating this error can be found in the 3-volume set Handbook of Boolean Algebras (J.D. Monk, ed., North Holland, 1989). On p. 27 of volume 1, Sheffer stroke is defined in the way Sheffer did originally. Also, proof of the fact that the term "Sheffer stroke" is intended to refer to Sheffer's original paper (reference given by PhiloBalk) can be found in Haskell Curry's classic logic text Foundations of Mathematical Logic (1977 reprint by Dover Publications). In that book, on p. 294, he gives the *incorrect* definition (the "NAND" definition) but actually claims that it comes from Sheffer's original paper, which Curry cites. This illustrates that at least one "authoritative" author really believes he is quoting Sheffer's original paper with this incorrect definition. At the very least, the Wikipedia article should acknowledge that there is an issue, historically, regarding the correct definition of "Sheffer stroke."

Hey guys I just read the part from Shefferd's paper indicated by PhiloBalk and I fear we might be mistaken. Sheffer talks about rejection (the operation we are considering) as the negation of a disjunction not of a conjunction as we are writing here!. He has the logical equation of p ^ q = ¬(p ∨ q) where ^ is rejection in this part of his paper for some reason). By De Morgan's Law we can turn the latter into ¬p ∧ ¬q which in a Venn diagram would mean only the outsie of the circles would be red. Am I confused or are we quoting Sheffer wrong?  mmick66  —Preceding undated comment added 12:05, 12 March 2011 (UTC).

Sheffer Stroke Proof of Informal Logic
I suggest undoing the edits from IP 67.190.103.219 on Nov. 10 for the following reasons: But most importantly:
 * Spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and other grammatical errors
 * Poor formatting and references (e.g. I don't think Wikipedia is allowed to cite itself).
 * Digressive writing; not much coherency
 * It's not clear what the point is or why this content belongs here. The content seems to be about the Sheffer Stroke proof of informal logic; what is the relevance to the Sheffer Stroke/NAND logical operation?
 * Snide comment about the American judicial system; verging on vandalism (already reverted)

It's either that or smother it with tags saying "Fix me, Citation needed, clarification needed, improper style etc. etc." Rotiro (talk) 05:26, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree it wasn't written in a way appropriate for this article. It has already been removed. — Carl (CBM · talk) 12:11, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

Unicode Nand ⊼
Unicode includes the negated and symbol: ⊼ (U+22BC NAND). Should we use it? 81.186.243.41 (talk) 15:37, 25 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I'd say yes. ↑ (2191 UPWARDS ARROW) can't be counted upon to look like anything like a Sheffer Stroke in most fonts I've used, e.g. PragmataPro, Fira, Noto, etc. Using | (007C VERTICAL LINE) is technically better except it usually means something different in programming languages. I was so happy when I discovered ⊼ on this talk page. Jartine (talk) 23:29, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

Confusing Citation
I find the following baffling: Stamm, Edward Bronisław [in Polish] (1911). "Beitrag zur Algebra der Logik". Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik (in German). 22 (1): 137–149. doi:10.1007/BF01742795.

The puzzle is the [in Polish] remark. First, the article is obviously in German, as correctly noted after the title. Is this simply supposed to mean that Stamm himself, or his name, is Polish--a completely unnecessary remark? Or is it supposed to suggest that he used Polish notation (I'm not sure if he did, but again this is completely inappropriate to remark upon in a citation). But I'm also puzzled about how to remove it; I can't find the [in Polish] text anywhere on the editing page, so I hope someone who agrees with me that it is out of place and knows how or where this is encoded can remove it.ScottForschler (talk) 13:18, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 5 December 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus. See no agreement below based on usage in reliable sources, just good faith "great idea" support with a valid stab at internal WP:CONSISTENCY ("would fit with other logical articles"), which must still jive with usage in reliable sources. In looking at this talk page and the move log (this article has been stable at this title since 25 February 2002), it appears that it will take someone with expertise on the subject who can correctly summarize the appropriate sources and describe it in language your average closer like me can understand if editors want to move this page. So this article will retain its stable title for now. As is usual with a no-consensus result, editors can work on the concerns noted below and try again in a few months to garner consensus to rename this article. Kudos to editors for your input, and Happy Publishing! (nac by page mover)  Paine Ellsworth , ed. put'r there 07:20, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

Sheffer stroke → Logical NAND – Would fit with the other logical articles, easier to remember (Sorry) 108.58.186.110 (talk) 19:53, 5 December 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. Andrewa (talk) 01:38, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Support – This is a great idea! I don't understand why we would list an operation under its notation. Gigamicro (talk) 21:31, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Support – cherkash (talk) 16:04, 7 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Relisting comment: In 17 years of seriously studying formal logic I never once heard this referred to as NAND, that was the usage in the electronics and computing science world, and more lately in some areas (not all) of mathematics. But I note that the nom and !votes to date are all just personal opinions and experience, as is my comment. We need to look at sources. (I note that this article leads off In Boolean functions and propositional calculus,...) Andrewa (talk) 01:38, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Another comment on the naming
There's a lot of context to understand where the "Sheffer" comes from, but absolutely nothing explaining why it's a "stroke". Very nearly had one [a stroke] while trying to grasp the context.

110.150.31.209 (talk) 11:14, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sheffer stroke


text:
Hailey

Hailey may refer to:

People

 * Hailey (given name)
 * Hailey (surname)

Places

 * Hailey, Idaho, USA
 * Hailey, Missouri, USA
 * Hailey, Oxfordshire, England
 * Green Hailey, Buckinghamshire, England
 * Hailey College of Commerce, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

Other uses

 * Baron Hailey, title created in the United Kingdom for the former governor of Punjab
 * USS Hailey (DD-556), a destroyer for the United States Navy
 * "Hailey", a track on The Complete Edition of Justin Bieber's album Justice, titled after his wife, Hailey Baldwin
 * Hailey's On It!, a Disney Channel animated TV series
 * Hailey, a brand name of ethinylestradiol/norethisterone acetate, a combined oral contraceptive

title: Hailey


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yielding Light

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 00:44, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

Yielding Light
I'm getting pretty tired of VfDing these adverts. Could probably speedy these, but some might want to be redirects (see above). What should I do about User:Hallitubes who is creating all this rubbish? I have left a warning on his/her talk, but (s)he needs watching I suspect. Bobbis 00:06, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. This is rediculous. Gwk 00:10, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — unreferenced article about a "proposed" law. — RJH 22:58, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, only Google hits for "Hallitubes", other than WP mirrors, are someone's home page - hoax/unverifiable as a legislative proposal.  Dcarrano 23:35, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Wikipedia@crittenden.tv

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Copyright issue with Bruce Winick}}}
Hello. Concerning your contribution,, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. This article appears to be a direct copy from. As a copyright violation, appears to qualify for speedy deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message. If the source is a credible one, please consider rewriting the content and citing the source.

If you believe that the article is not a copyright violation or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the GFDL, you can comment to that effect on Talk:. If the article has already been deleted, but you have a proper release, you can reenter the content at, after describing the release on the talk page. However, you may want to consider rewriting the content in your own words. Thank you, and please feel free to continue contributing to Wikipedia.

This was total idleness - you have simply copied the article, HTML included, with no attempt to adapt for Wikipedia. -- RHaworth 08:00, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Cliff crittenden 2005 07 15.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Cliff crittenden 2005 07 15.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 08:21, 16 April 2009 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Magog the Ogre (talk) 08:21, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Wikipedia@crittenden.tv! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 23:16, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Bruce Winick -

title: User talk:Wikipedia@crittenden.tv


text: User talk:69.18.208.67

title: User talk:69.18.208.67


text:
Carlos Reinoso

Carlos Enzo Exzequiel Reinoso Valdenegro (born 7 March 1945) is a Chilean former footballer and manager who recently managed Mexican club UAT.

He began his career in the 1960s playing for Audax Italiano in his native Chile. In 1970 Reinoso was scouted by Mexican club América, with whom he played for nine years. He is considered one of the greatest foreign players in Mexican football history, and among the greatest players in Club América history.

Playing career
Carlos Reinoso began his playing career playing for boyhood club Audax Italiano, joining them at age 15. He played in over 150 games with Audax before he was sold to Club América of Mexico.

His debut with América came in 1970 in a league match against Atlante. Reinoso played in over 200 matches with the Mexican club, winning the league in the 1970–71 and 1975–76 seasons, as well as the Copa México in 1973–74, a Campeón de Campeones cup in 1975–76, a CONCACAF Cup in 1977, and a Copa Interamericana in 1978. To date, he is the foreigner with the most games played for Club América, playing in 364 games across all competitions, and with 95 goals he is the club's seventh-highest scorer of all-time.

In 1979, Reinoso played a season with Deportivo Neza, before retiring and embarking on a coaching career.

A Chilean international, Reinoso played in 34 matches and scored 7 goals with the national team from 1966 till 1977, and played at the 1974 FIFA World Cup, as well as the 1975 Copa America.

Coaching career
In 1981, Reinoso was named head coach of Club América, with whom he won two league titles, most notably winning the 1983–84 final against rivals Guadalajara. He would go on to manage a number of different clubs in Mexico including former club Neza, Tigres UANL, Tampico Madero, Atlas, Veracruz, León, Atlante, Quéretaro, Tecos UAG, and San Luis, with varying degrees of success.

He managed América twice more, in 1998 and 2011, and last managed Veracruz from 2015 till 2017, winning the Clausura 2016 Copa MX after defeating Necaxa in the final.

He also has won two league titles of the Mexican second level with León and San Luis.

Personal life
In Mexico, he was nicknamed El Gran Chaparral by the journalist Ángel Fernández Rugama due to his short height and great football qualities.

He married the Mexican singer Lupita D'Alessio and dated Verónica Castro.

His son Carlos Jr. is a Mexican football manager and former footballer.

Player

 * América
 * Primera División (2): 1970–71, 1975–76
 * Copa México (1): 1973–74
 * Campeón de Campeones (1): 1976
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup (1): 1977
 * Copa Interamericana (1): 1977

Managerial

 * América
 * Primera División (1): 1983–84

 * León
 * Primera División A: 2003 Verano

 * San Luis
 * Primera División A: 2004 Apertura

 * Veracruz
 * Copa MX (1): Clausura 2016

Individual

 * Top scorer of the Chilean Primera División (1): 1968
 * Best player in the history of Club América

title: Carlos Reinoso


text:
Breakfasters

Breakfasters is a long-running Australian breakfast radio show broadcast on 3RRR in Melbourne. First broadcast in 1984, the current presenting line-up of Sarah Smith, Geraldine Hickey and Daniel Burt commenced on 13 May 2019.

At launch, the program was presented by volunteers Chris Hatzis and Stratos Pavlis. In a departure from the station's usual freeform radio style, the program was more tightly presented and aimed at a broader audience than 3RRR's specialised music programming. Today, it is the station's flagship weekday program.

Notable presenters

 * Stratos Pavlis
 * Chris Hatzis
 * Denise Hylands
 * Santo Cilauro
 * Richard Neil
 * Kate Langbroek
 * Leaping Larry L
 * James (The Hound Dog) Young
 * John Safran
 * Mark (Crackman) O'Toole
 * Kate Paton
 * Dave O'Neil
 * Julian Schiller
 * Tony Moclair
 * Chris Venville
 * Marieke Hardy (Holly C)
 * Angus Sampson
 * Michaela Boland
 * Stephen Downes
 * Tony Wilson
 * Sam Pang
 * Michael Williams
 * Stuart Round
 * Fee B-Squared
 * Steve Wide

In popular culture
An excerpt from a May 1986 interview between Breakfasters hosts Chris Hatzis and Stratos Pavlis and Countdown presenter Molly Meldrum is featured in the song "Volare" by TISM.

title: Breakfasters


text:
Bill Virdon

William Charles Virdon (June 9, 1931 – November 23, 2021) was an American professional baseball outfielder, manager, and coach in Major League Baseball (MLB). Virdon played in MLB for the St. Louis Cardinals and Pittsburgh Pirates from 1955 through 1965 and in 1968. He served as a coach for the Pirates and Houston Astros, and managed the Pirates, Astros, New York Yankees, and Montreal Expos.

After playing in the minors for the Yankees organization, Virdon was traded to the Cardinals, and he made his MLB debut in 1955. That year, Virdon won the National League Rookie of the Year Award. He slumped at the beginning of the 1956 season, and was traded to the Pirates, where he spent the remainder of his playing career. A premier defensive outfielder during his playing days as a center fielder for the Cardinals and Pirates, Virdon led a strong defensive team to the 1960 World Series championship. In 1962, Virdon won a Gold Glove Award. Following the 1965 season, he retired due to his desire to become a manager.

Virdon managed in the minor leagues until returning to the Pirates as a coach in 1968. He served as manager of the Pirates in 1972 and 1973, before becoming the manager of the Yankees in 1974. During the 1975 season, the Yankees fired Virdon, and he was hired by the Astros. After being fired by the Astros after the 1982 season, Virdon managed the Expos in 1983 and 1984. Virdon won The Sporting News' Manager of the Year Award in 1974, his only full season working for the Yankees, and in 1980, while managing the Astros. He returned to the Pirates as a coach following his managerial career, and remained with the Pirates as a guest instructor during spring training.

Early life
William Charles Virdon was born in Hazel Park, Michigan, on June 9, 1931. His parents, Bertha and Charles Virdon, were originally from Missouri, but moved to Hazel Park during the Great Depression, where they were able to find jobs in automotive factories. When he was 12 years old, his family moved to West Plains, Missouri.

Virdon attended West Plains High School. He competed in American football, basketball, and track and field for the school. As West Plains did not compete in baseball, Virdon traveled to Clay Center, Kansas, to play for their American Amateur Baseball Congress team as a center fielder and shortstop. He enrolled at Drury University in Springfield, Missouri.

Minor league career
Virdon attended an open tryout held by the New York Yankees in Branson, Missouri, and scout Tom Greenwade signed Virdon to the Yankees for a $1,800 signing bonus ($0 in current dollar terms). Virdon made his professional debut in 1950 with the Independence Yankees in the Class D Kansas–Oklahoma–Missouri League, and was promoted to the Kansas City Blues in the Class AAA American Association for the final 14 games of the season. Virdon played for the Norfolk Tars in the Class B Piedmont League in 1951, and for the Binghamton Triplets in the Class A Eastern League in 1952. The Yankees assigned him to Kansas City in 1953, but he struggled, batting .233. While he played in Kansas City, Virdon was diagnosed with astigmatism. When Kansas City manager Harry Craft noticed Virdon reading while wearing glasses, Craft told him to wear them while he played.

The Yankees demoted Virdon to the Birmingham Barons in the Class AA Southern Association. In 42 games for Birmingham, Virdon had a .317 batting average. According to Hal Smith, his roommate with Birmingham, Virdon changed his approach to hitting, prioritizing line drives to all parts of the field, rather than trying to hit for power.

Virdon remained stuck behind Mickey Mantle on the Yankees' depth chart for center field, while Gene Woodling and Hank Bauer played the corner outfield positions. The Yankees traded Virdon to the St. Louis Cardinals before the 1954 season with Mel Wright and Emil Tellinger for veteran outfielder and All-Star Enos Slaughter. Virdon struggled during spring training, and Cardinals manager Eddie Stanky worked with Virdon to improve his hitting. The Cardinals assigned Virdon to the Rochester Red Wings of the Class AAA International League for the season. He led the league with a .333 batting average and hit 22 home runs, finishing second in voting for the International League Most Valuable Player Award to catcher Elston Howard with the Toronto Maple Leafs Baseball Club.

Major league career
Virdon joined the Cardinals in 1955, as the Cardinals moved Stan Musial to first base to allow Virdon to play the outfield. As a rookie, Virdon had a .281 average with 17 home runs and 69 runs batted in (RBIs). He was named the winner of the National League (NL) Rookie of the Year Award, voted on by the Baseball Writers' Association of America, beating Jack Meyer of the Philadelphia Phillies.

After the 1955 season, the Cardinals hired Frank Lane, nicknamed "The Trader", as their general manager. Virdon slumped to begin the 1956 season, and the Cardinals traded him to the Pittsburgh Pirates in May 1956 for Bobby Del Greco and Dick Littlefield. Lane claimed that Virdon's late season slump in 1955 was because he tired down the stretch, and that is why he chose to trade him. Lane later referred to the trade as "the worst trade [he] ever made".

When he arrived at Pittsburgh, he developed an eye condition, for which he received treatment, missing one week of the season. Virdon's vision improved, and he challenged Hank Aaron for the NL batting title. Virdon batted .334 for the Pirates during remainder of the season, which increased his season batting average to .319, second-best in the NL to Aaron, who batted .328. Pirates' announcer Bob Prince gave Virdon the nickname "Quail" due to the frequency of his soft-hit infield hits.

The Pirates hired Danny Murtaugh as their manager during the 1957 season; Virdon credited Murtaugh with pushing him to perform at his best. Virdon consistently batted in the .260s for the next several seasons. He led all NL center fielders in assists in 1959 with 16, and in double plays turned with five. In 1960, Virdon, along with right fielder Roberto Clemente, shortstop Dick Groat, second baseman Bill Mazeroski, and third baseman Don Hoak, formed a strong defensive unit for the Pirates, and they reached the 1960 World Series, where they faced the New York Yankees. Virdon batted .241 during the seven-game series. In the deciding Game 7, he hit a ground ball that struck Yankees shortstop Tony Kubek in the throat after taking an unpredictable bounce, enabling Virdon to reach base safely. This started a rally for the Pirates that culminated in Bill Mazeroski's home run that won the series for Pittsburgh.

Virdon led the NL in triples with 10 during the 1962 season. That year, he won the Rawlings Gold Glove Award. He struggled in the 1964 season, batting only .243. Though his batting average improved to .279 in the 1965 season, Virdon retired after the season due to his desire to become a manager. Virdon retired with 1,596 MLB hits and a career batting average of .267 with 91 home runs during his 1,583-game NL career.

Virdon hit an impressive .404 against Sandy Koufax, the highest average of any batter facing the legendary Hall of Fame pitcher.

Coaching and managing career
Virdon began operating a baseball academy in 1956. After the 1962 season, Virdon coached in the Arizona Instructional League. He coached in the Florida Instructional League following the 1964 season. Following his retirement as a player after the 1965 season, Virdon spent the next two seasons as a manager in the minor leagues for the New York Mets' organization. In 1966, he managed the Williamsport Mets of the Eastern League, and in 1967, he managed the Jacksonville Suns of the International League. He led Williamsport to a 68–72 win–loss record, and Jacksonville to a 66–73 record.

Virdon joined the Pirates' major league coaching staff under manager Larry Shepard in 1968. He also appeared in six games as a player because a number of Pirates players had entered military service. Shepard left the Pirates after the 1969 season, and Virdon interviewed to become the Pirates' next manager. However, the Pirates re-hired Murtaugh, and Virdon remained on Murtaugh's coaching staff. Virdon coached for the Pirates as they won the 1971 World Series. Due to health problems, Murtaugh retired after the 1971 season, and Virdon was named as his successor.

As a manager, Virdon led the Pirates to the 1972 NL East division title, but the Pirates lost the 1972 National League Championship Series (NLCS) to the Cincinnati Reds when Pittsburgh pitcher Bob Moose unleashed a wild pitch in the final inning of Game 5, allowing the winning run to score. The 1973 Pirates now played without Clemente, who died during the previous offseason. Further struggles included pitcher Steve Blass' inability to throw strikes and injuries to Dock Ellis. Virdon clashed with Ellis and Richie Hebner. The Pirates were in third place with a 67–69 record when the team fired Virdon and replaced him with Murtaugh.

The Yankees announced the hiring of Dick Williams as their manager for the 1974 season, but American League president Joe Cronin nullified the transaction because Williams was still under contract with the Oakland Athletics. The Athletics demanded prospects Otto Vélez and Scott McGregor as compensation for Williams, but the Yankees decided the price was too steep. Without a manager, the Yankees hired Virdon, signing him to a one-year contract. Virdon led the Yankees to a competitive finish, one game behind the Baltimore Orioles in the American League East division. He won The Sporting News' Manager of the Year Award. The Yankees signed him to a two-year contract after the 1974 season, with a raise from $50,000 to $65,000 per year. However, Virdon clashed with Bobby Murcer. He received a death threat due to his preference of playing Elliott Maddox over Murcer in center field. The Yankees struggled in 1975. When Billy Martin was fired as manager of the Texas Rangers during the 1975 season, the Yankees fired Virdon on August 2 and hired Martin. With Yankee Stadium being renovated in the two years he was at the helm (the club played at Shea Stadium instead), Virdon became the only Yankees manager (post-1923) to never manage a game at the Yankees’ venerable ballpark.

The Houston Astros hired Virdon as their manager on August 20, 1975, succeeding Preston Gómez. Tal Smith, who had served as executive vice president for the Yankees, had become the Astros' general manager on August 7. Virdon led the Astros to third-place finishes in 1976 and 1977, but the Astros slipped to fifth place in 1978. The 1979 Astros fell one game short of winning the NL West division championship. The Astros tied the Los Angeles Dodgers for the division championship in 1980, and defeated them in the 1980 NL West tie-breaker game. The Astros played the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1980 NLCS, losing the series in five games. He again won the Manager of the Year Award in 1980. Due to the 1981 Major League Baseball strike, the 1981 season was split into halves with each half's winner appearing in the 1981 NL Division Series. The Dodgers won the first half, while the Astros won the second. In the Division Series, the Dodgers defeated the Astros in five games. During the 1982 season, the Astros fell to fifth place. Virdon was fired during the season and replaced by Bob Lillis.

The Montreal Expos hired Virdon as their manager before the 1983 season, replacing Jim Fanning, and signed him to a two-year contract. During the 1984 season, Virdon expressed to Expos general manager John McHale that he did not want to return to the Expos in 1985. With a 64–67 record in August 1984, the Expos fired Virdon, replacing him with Fanning. Gary Lucas, a pitcher for the Expos, felt that they had lost many one-run games because Virdon was too conservative in his managing, not employing the hit and run play and relying on the starting pitcher for too long into the game.

Virdon returned to the Pirates as the hitting coach under Jim Leyland in 1986, Leyland's first season as a manager. He took the position only when he was convinced that he would not succeed Leyland should the Pirates fire him. Following a contract dispute, the Pirates replaced Virdon with Milt May before the 1987 season. Virdon remained with the Pirates as a minor league hitting instructor from 1987 through 1989. He worked as a spring training instructor for the Cardinals in 1990 and 1991, and then rejoined Leyland's coaching staff in Pittsburgh in 1992.

With Major League Baseball expanding by two teams for the 1993 season, in 1992 Virdon interviewed for the managerial positions of both expansion teams, the Florida Marlins and the Colorado Rockies. The Marlins instead hired Rene Lachemann, and the Rockies hired Don Baylor. In 1994, Virdon interviewed with the Orioles for their vacant managerial position. Virdon left the Pirates after the 1995 season. He became the bench coach for the Astros under first-time manager Larry Dierker in 1997. The Pirates brought Virdon back as their bench coach for the 2001 season under first-time manager Lloyd McClendon. He retired from coaching after the 2002 season.

Virdon's career managerial record, over all or parts of 13 seasons, was 995–921 (.519). He also managed in the minor leagues for the Cardinals and the Astros. In June 2012, the Pirates attempted to add Virdon and Mazeroski to their coaching staff, but were rebuffed by MLB for violating the rules on uniformed coaching staffs after one game. Virdon continued to serve as a special outfield instructor for the Pirates during spring training.

Personal life
Virdon and his wife, Shirley, married in November 1951, and lived in Springfield, Missouri. They had three daughters. Together, Bill and Shirley Virdon endowed two scholarships at Southeast Missouri State University, Shirley's alma mater, with one specifically devoted to a baseball player.

A portion of the U.S. Route 63 business route in West Plains from Grace Avenue to US 63 is named "Bill Virdon Boulevard". Virdon was inducted into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame in 1983, and named a Missouri Sports Legend by the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame in 2012. The Independence Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Virdon in 2013. Following Whitey Herzog's election to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2010, Herzog indicated that he would champion Virdon's cause to the Veterans Committee in future elections.

Virdon died on November 23, 2021, at the age of 90.

title: Bill Virdon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SUSA President Al Wilson

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 06:47, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

SUSA President Al Wilson
Delete part of a string of SUSA-related articles. No notability established, and student organizations are not generally considered automatically notable. Friday 00:10, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Friday... oy vey with this SUSA thing, whatever the hell it is. Dcarrano 01:09, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Impeach Delete student-politics-cruft. --Calton | Talk 02:56, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Let's be clear: nothing is inherently a keep.  It's article by article.  There are, however, subjects that are almost always not notable, and student organizations are one of them.  The answer would be, if it were on a campus organization, to redirect to a section of the university article.  In the case of a person holding an office on campus, there's no point at all.  Delete without hesitation. Geogre 03:08, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - being a leader of a student organization does not make a person "notable". -- DS1953 04:18, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - this does not add value. Nandesuka 13:46, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete- yes no value addition.--Bhadani 15:49, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable student. JamesBurns 02:12, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 July 16