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Brahmanbaria District

Brahmanbaria (ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া) is a district in eastern Bangladesh located in the Chittagong Division. Geographically, it is mostly farmland and is topographically part of the Gangetic Plain. It is bounded by the districts of Kishoreganj and Habiganj to the north, Narsingdi District and Narayanganj to the west, Comilla to the south, and the Indian state of Tripura to the east. It was a part of Comilla District until 15 February 1984.

History
Brahmanbaria was a part of Samatata region of the ancient Bengal. The area Syed Mahmud resided in was named Kazipara (Kazi being a variant of Qadi) after him, and his mazar (mausoleum) remains there.

The leader of the Baro-Bhuiyan zamindars, Isa Khan, had his first and temporary capital situated in Sarail. During the Mughal era, Brahmanbaria was famous for producing quality cloth muslin.

Brahmanbaria was made one of the three subdivisions of Comilla District by the British colonialists in 1790. The Brahmanbaria Municipality was established in 1868. During the 19th century, Brahmanbaria produced great nationalist leaders like Nawab Syed Shamsul Huda, who became president of the All India Muslim League in 1921 and Barrister Abdur Rasul, a front ranking leader of Indian National Congress. When the Swadeshi movement began in the wake of the 1905 Partition of Bengal, Brahmanbaria-born revolutionary Ullaskar Datta Aviram was convicted for throwing bomb explosion and was deported to the Andamans. It became part of East Pakistan in 1947. Upon encouragement of Oli Ahad, a Brahmanbarian Bengali Language Movement leader, the movement obtained momentum in this district in 1952.

During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Mohammad Mostafa Kamal faced a heroic death in an encounter with the Pakistani army at Daruin in what is now Akhaura Upazila. One of the most distinguished Brahmanbarian military generals Shakil Ahmed was murdered in the Bangladesh Rifles revolt in 2009. In 2015, a pot of 200-year-old coins was found in the district's Akhaura Upazila. There were nearly 500 coins at the Temple of Durga in Mogra Union and contained images of British queen Elizabeth I and were from 1804, 1814 and 1836. According to the police, the coins were handed over to the Department of Archaeology.

In March 2013, a deadly tornado killed at least 31 people in 25 villages and caused serious damage.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Brahmanbaria District had 712,578 households and a population of 3,306,563. 798,979 (24.16%) were under 10 years of age. The population density was 1,758 people per km2. Brahmanbaria district had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 72.12%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1149 females per 1000 males. 20.62% of the population lived in urban areas.

In 2011, Muslims made up 92.51% of the population, while Hindus were 7.46% of the population. In 2022, Muslims were 93.28% and Hindus 6.68% of the population.

Administration
Brahmanbaria District, previously a subdivision of Comilla district (formerly Tippera district till 1960), was established in 1984. The district has 4 municipalities, 39 wards, 97 mahallas, 9 upazilas, 98 union parishads, 1081 moussakas and 1329 villages.

The administrative seat and largest city is Brahmanbaria. The towns of Akhaura and Ashuganj also rank in the top three of the district.

Upazilas
Brahmanbaria district is divided into nine upazilas (subdistricts) as below:
 * Brahmanbaria Sadar Upazila
 * Kasba Upazila
 * Akhaura Upazila
 * Ashuganj Upazila
 * Bancharampur Upazila
 * Bijoynagar Upazila
 * Nasirnagar Upazila
 * Nabinagar Upazila
 * Sarail Upazila

Parliamentary constituencies
There are six Jatiyo Shangshad constituencies in the district. These constituencies and the current Members of Parliament are:
 * National seat no 243 Brahmanbaria-1 (Current MP, Syed AK Ekramuzzaman)
 * National seat no 244 Brahmanbaria-2 (Current MP, Md Mainuddin)
 * National seat no 245 Brahmanbaria-3 (Current MP, R. A. M. Obaidul Muktadir Chowdhury)
 * National seat no 246 Brahmanbaria-4 (Current MP, Anisul Huq, Minister of Law)
 * National seat no 247 Brahmanbaria-5 (Current MP, Mohammad Ebadul Karim Bulbul)
 * National seat no 248 Brahmanbaria-6 (Current MP, AB Tajul Islam)

District Magistrates
Deputy Commissioner (DC), or District Magistrate, is the chief administrative and revenue officer of Brahmanbaria District. The following is a list of those that held this office:

Economy
Brahmanbaria is one of the fastest growing districts in the country. The major industries of Brahmanbaria District have been: agriculture, fishing, power and electricity, and natural gas. 30% of its population is below the poverty threshold. It has a labour force of 1,800,000 that are skilled in agricultural, industrial, and service sectors. As of 2010, it had an unemployment rate of 3.8%.

Power and gas
Brahmanbaria's Titas gas is the largest gas field of Bangladesh. It supplies natural gas to Dhaka and most other parts of the nation. Currently the government is drilling new wells.

In some other parts of Brahmanbaria, gas was found. It resulted in an abrupt fall in the price of gas. Many parts of the country people are using gas in many illegal ways. Now the government is trying to solve that issue.

Transport
This district has the largest railway junction in the country at Akhaura. It connects to Kulaura and Chhatak with the Akhaura–Kulaura–Chhatak line, to Laksam and Chittagong with the Akhaura–Laksam–Chittagong line, and to Tongi and Bhairab with the Tongi–Bhairab–Akhaura line. There are about ten railway stations in the district. Recently the government of India shipped machines of the Palatana project from Kolkata to Agartala by using the Ashuganj river port on Meghna in Brahmanbaria district. Rail networks linking it to other parts of the country include the Parabat Express and Kalni Express. Brahmanbaria connects with the Asian Highway Network through the N2 highway and there is also the prominent N102 highway. To connect with India, government of both Bangladesh and India is building 15 km railway from Akhaura to Agartala.

Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina gave the Government of India permission to use the Port of Ashuganj. In addition, Akhaura Station will be connected to Agartala.

Tourism
Brahmanbaria has a number of tourist attractions and sites dating back many centuries. The Kharampur Mazar Sharif is a mausoleum complex located in Akhaura which attracts hundreds of visitors. It contains the tomb of Syed Ahmad Gesudaraz, a 14th-century Islamic preacher who took part in the Conquest of Sylhet before settling in Kharampur where he was martyred. During the dewani of Shahbaz Khan in 1650, the Hatirpul was constructed. It was a bridge built over the canal mainly for elephant pass. The Mughal dewans used to communicate by the elephant in this road and also took rest near this bridge. In 1662, the Arifil Mosque was constructed by Shah Arif in Sarail. There are unknown tombs located near the mosque, supposedly the wives of Isa Khan. The 18th century Haripur Barabari was a residential palace located in Nasirnagar and many movies have been filmed there. The India-Bangladesh Border Haat located in Kasba is a weekly marketplace and allows communication with the people of the neighbouring country. Sports fans assemble at the Niaz Mohammad Stadium which was constructed in 1934.

Criticism
In 2015, Brahmanbaria faced problems of road blocks due to political agitation. The situation did not last very long before being resolved. This region also faced with clashing between two groups. In 2015 a man was killed for facing problems between two groups. Former Chief Justice of Bangladesh, Surendra Kumar Sinha had said while he was delivering his speech in Brahmanbaria that smuggling was hurting the national the economy. Gold and dollar are going out of the country, he said.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brahmanbaria District


text:
Banded demoiselle

The banded demoiselle (Calopteryx splendens) is a species of damselfly belonging to the family Calopterygidae. It is often found along slow-flowing streams and rivers. It is a Eurasian species occurring from the Atlantic coast eastwards to Lake Baikal and northwestern China.

This is a common species throughout much of its range.

Description
This is a large damselfly with a total length of up to 48 mm and a hindwing length of up to 36 mm.

Male and female are variable in color and pattern. The male has translucent wings which each have a broad, dark iridescent blue-black spot (or band) across the outer part. On immature individuals the spot is dark brown. The body can be a metallic blue or bluish green or a combination of both colours, depending on the time of year and location.

The dark wing patch of the male starts at the nodus (the slight dip midway down the upper edge of the wing) but can reach up to the wing-tip in southern races. In the very similar beautiful demoiselle (Calopteryx virgo), the dark patch starts before the nodus.

The female has translucent, pale green iridescent wings with a white patch near the tip (a pseudopterostigma), and a metallic green or bronze/green body.

Eggs and larvae
Females can lay up to 10 eggs per minute for 45 minutes. They lay in a wide variety of emergent or floating plants, sometimes even submerging to do so.

The eggs hatch after 14 days. The larvae have very long legs and are stick-shaped. They develop over two years, usually. They tolerate muddy water and overwinter buried in mud. When they are ready to moult into an adult, they climb up a suitable reed or plant and shed their skin.

Habitat
This species lives in many types of freshwater habitat, particularly open running water bodies such as streams and smaller rivers.

Behaviour
Males are usually territorial, but large numbers can sometimes be found in lush bankside plants and on floating objects. They court females by opening their wings and performing an aerial dance. They are usually found in canals and quiet rivers with muddy bottoms located in open country.

Range
The banded demoiselle is a Eurasian species, and is present throughout Eurasia from the Atlantic coast to Lake Baikal and north-western China. It occurs in Taganay and Zyuratkul National Parks of Russia. It can be found at Fruška Gora in Serbia. It's found throughout the British Isles, except for the Scottish Highlands.

title: Banded demoiselle


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Khagrachhari District

Khagrachari (খাগড়াছড়ি) is a district in the Chittagong Division of Southeastern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Hill Tracts region.

History
The Chittagong Hill Tracts was under the reign of the Tripura State, the Arakans & the Sultans in different times before it came under the control of the British East India Company in 1760. Although the British got the authority of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in 1760, they had no authority besides collecting nominal taxes. Until 1860, two kings or chiefs governed the internal administration of this region. In 1860, another circle was formed in present Khagrachari zila, inhabited by the Tripura population. The chief or the Raja of this circle was selected from the minority Marma population. The circle was named after the Tripura dialect the Mun Circle, but later, the 'Mun dialect', was changed and renamed as Mong Circle. In 1900 the British offered independent status to Chittagong Hill Tracts recognizing the culture and language of the hill tracts population. But during the Partition of India, this status was abolished and became part of East Bengal, ruled under Pakistan. Then, the name of this subdivision was Ramgarh with its headquarters at Khagrachari. It was upgraded to zila in 1983. The zila headquarters is located on the bank of the 'Chengi' stream (meaning Chhara in local language) which was full of Catkin plants (meaning Khagra in local language). It is believed that the zila might have derived its name from the above two words 'Khagra' and 'Chhara'. Khagrachari Local Govt. Council was established on 6 March 1989 to uphold the political, social, cultural, educational and economic right and to expedite the process of socio-economic development of all residents of Khagrachari Hill District. According to 'Peace Accord' this council was renamed as “Khagrachari Hill District Council (KHDC)” by the Act-10 of 1998. Now this council has been regarded as the main focal point of administration as well as development activities of the district.

Geography
Khagrachari is a hilly area. It is bounded by Tripura state of India on the north and west, Rangamati district to the east and Chittagong District to the southwest. Notable hill ranges are Golamoon, Chotto Panchari, Karmi Mura, Lutiban, Kuradia, Bhanga Mura, Jopisil.

It has three rivers, namely Chengi, Feni and Maini. Chengi is the longest river in Khagrahhari. The main ethnic groups living in the district are Tripuris, Chakmas, Bengalis and Marmas.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Khagrachhari District had 169,526 households and a population of 714,119, 41.7% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 260 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 71.7%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

As per the 2011 Census, there were a total of 316,987 (51.63%) indigenous people in the district. Indigenous communities such as Tripuri (Tripura), Rakhaine, Chakma, Marma and Tanchangya belong to this zilla.

Religious composition
Source

Subdivisions
Upazilas under this district are:
 * 1) Dighinala Upazila
 * 2) Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila
 * 3) Lakshmichhari Upazila
 * 4) Mahalchhari Upazila
 * 5) Manikchhari Upazila
 * 6) Matiranga Upazila
 * 7) Panchhari Upazila
 * 8) Ramgarh Upazila
 * 9) Guimara Upazila

Administration
Khagrachhari district consist of 3 Paurashava, 9 Upazila/Thana, 38 Union, 122 Mauza, 27 Ward, 153 Mahalla and 1,702 Villages. The upazilas are Dighinala, Khagrachhari Sadar, Lakshmichhari, Mahalchhari, Manikchhari, Matiranga, Panchhari, Ramgarh and Guimara.

Deputy Commissioner (DC): Md. Shahiduzzaman

Chairman of Hill District Council: Mr. Kongjari Chowdhury

Economy
Most of the people live on Jhum cultivation. There are also people of various professions like teacher, farmer and businessmen. Tourism is becoming a strong income source for the local.

Main sources of income Agriculture 59.92%, non-agricultural labourer 9.33%, industry 0.44%, commerce 10.67%, transport and communication 1.11%, service 7.94%, construction 0.92%, religious service 0.24%, rent and remittance 0.37% and others 9.06%.

Education
Rate of school going student is 83%. There are 18 colleges, 71 high schools, 13 madrasa and different kinds of educational institutions.

Noted educational institutions:

 * Khagrachhari Government College (1974)
 * Matiranga Degree College (1992)
 * Tabalchari Greenhill College (2009)
 * Ramgarh Government Degree College (1980)
 * Panchhari College (1990)
 * Dighinala Government College
 * Khagrachhri Cantonmet public school and college (2006),
 * Panchhari High School and College (1981)
 * Khagrachhari Government High School (1957)
 * Tabalchhari Kadamtoli High School (1952)
 * Matiranga Pailot High school
 * Gomti B.K High school
 * Santipur High School
 * Amtoli High school
 * Taindong High School
 * Matiranga Girls High School
 * Khadachora High School
 * Bornal Moktizodha High School
 * Matiranga Reacidencial High School
 * Ramgarh Government High School (1952)
 * Rani Nihar Devi Government High School (1976)
 * Dighinala Government High School
 * Choto Merung High School (1975)
 * Thakurchara High School (1979)
 * Khagrachhari North Khobongpodia Government Primary School (1905)

Archaeological heritage and relics
Among the archaeological heritages and relics, Rajbari of the Mong Circle and Dighi (large pond) of Dighinala (excavated by Gobinda Manikya Bahadur exiled king of Tripura) are notable.

Transport
Palanquin, elephant cart, buffalo cart, horse carriage, bullock cart and country boat were the traditional transports once found in the rural area of the zila. These means of transport are either extinct or nearly extinct except country boat. Now-a-days, all the upazilas are connected to the zila headquarters by metalled roads. Bus, minibus, three wheelers, pickup van ply over the zila. Chander Gari (local four wheeled jeep) is a popular transport used to ply in the hill area of the zila.

Climate
Temperature and Rainfall: The annual average temperature of the zila varies from maximum 34.6 °C to minimum 13 °C and the average annual rainfall is 3031 mm.

Notable persons

 * Birendra Kishore Roaza
 * Kujendra Lal Tripura
 * Naba Bikram Kishore Tripura
 * Jotindra Lal Tripura
 * Basanti Chakma
 * Wadud Bhuiyan

title: Khagrachhari District


text: User:Torbjorn

title: User:Torbjorn


text:
Pontifex (disambiguation)

A pontifex was an official in a Roman priesthood of the pre-Christian era, headed by the Pontifex Maximus, and now one of the titles of the Pope.

For people bearing the modern surname Pontifex, see Pontifex (surname).

Pontifex may also refer to:
 * Pontifex (project), the Planning Of Non-specific Transportation by an Intelligent Fleet EXpert European project
 * Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex (died 82 BC), politician of the Roman Republic
 * Romanus Pontifex, papal bull of 1455, granting nations and explorers rights over newly discovered lands
 * Pontifex, codename for the Solitaire encryption algorithm in the 1999 novel Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson
 * Valentine Pontifex, 1983 novel by Robert Silverberg
 * Pontifex (genus), a group of amoeboid organisms

title: Pontifex (disambiguation)


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Lakshmipur District

Lakshmipur (লক্ষ্মীপুর, also spelt Laxmipur, pronounced lok-khi-pur) is a district in Bangladesh with an area of 1,440 km2. It is bordered by Chandpur to the north, Bhola and Noakhali districts to the south, Noakhali to the east, and Barisal and Bhola districts to the west. Lakshmipur was part of Noakhali until 15 February 1984. At that time, the western part of Noakhali was promoted from Lakshmipur subdivision to Lakshmipur district to provide administrative facilities.

Administration
The district of Lakshmipur consists of four municipalities, 58 union parishads, 514 villages, 3,539 mosques, 45 temples, and one church.

The upazilas or subdivisions under this district are:
 * Lakshmipur Sadar Upazila
 * Ramganj Upazila
 * Raipur Upazila
 * Ramgati Upazila
 * Kamalnagar Upazila

Police stations
There are six police stations in Lakshmipur.

 * 1) Lakshmipur Model Thana
 * 2) Ramganj Thana
 * 3) Raipur Thana
 * 4) Ramgati Thana
 * 5) Kamalnagar Thana
 * 6) Chandragonj Thana

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Lakshmipur District had 459,344 households and a population of 1,937,948. 431,467 (22.26%) were under 10 years of age. The population density was 1,345 people per km2. Lakshmipur district had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 73.98%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1122 females per 1,000 males. 24.90% of the population lived in urban areas.

As of the 2011 census, 96.55% are Muslims, 3.44% Hindus. The Hindu population has decreased slightly from 63,000 in 1981 to 59,000 in 2011, but increased to 62,000 in 2022.

Education

 * Ababil National Ideal School,Haidergonj, Raipur, Lakshmipur
 * Ramgonj Government College
 * Farid Ahmed Bhuiyan Academy, Ramgonj
 * Ziaul Hoque High School and college,Ramgonj
 * Ramgonj Model University College
 * Panpara High School and College,Ramgonj
 * Dalta Model College,Ramgonj
 * Ramgonj Pilot’s Girls School
 * Ramgonj High School
 * Ramgonj M.U. Government School
 * Ramgonj Residential School and College
 * Batra High School,Ramgonj
 * Paniwala High School,Ramgonj
 * Nagmud Bazar High School,Ramgonj
 * Ramgonj Alia Madrasa
 * Al-Amin Madrasa,Ramgonj
 * Ramgonj Mahammadiya Complex Madrasa
 * Lakshmipur Aliya Madrasa
 * Abirnogor Mahmudia Dakhil Madrasha
 * Raipur Alia Madrasa
 * Bhawaniganj Karamatia Senior Madrasa, founded in 1904
 * Mandari ML High School
 * Protapgonj High School, Chandraganj
 * Lakshmipur Government Girl's High School
 * Lakshmipur Government College
 * Lakshmipur Government Women's College
 * Lakshmipur Adarsha Samad Government High School
 * Khaguria High School
 * Dighali High School
 * Rupachara Shafiullah High School
 * Charshahi Islamia Alim Madrasa, founded in 1920.
 * Toomchar Islamia Kamil Madrasah, Sadar
 * Dalal Bazar N.K. High School, Dalal Bazar
 * Hazir Hat Millat Govt. School
 * Udayan Adarsha High School

 * Fatehpur JU Fajil Madrasa

Notable people

 * Mohammad Mohammadullah, 3rd President of Bangladesh
 * Nishat Majumdar, first woman Everest climber from Bangladesh
 * Abdul Matin Chowdhury, 14th vice-chancellor of the University of Dhaka
 * A. N. M Momtaz Uddin Choudhury, first vice-chancellor of Islamic University, Bangladesh
 * Abdul Mannan, MP for Lakshmipur-4
 * Abul Khair Bhuiyan, former MP for Lakshmipur-2
 * A.K.M. Shahjahan Kamal, former Minister of Civil Aviation and Tourism
 * A. N. M. Shamsul Islam, former MP for Lakshmipur-1
 * A. S. M. Abdur Rab, politician and founder of the Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal-JSD
 * Chowdhury Khurshid Alam, former MP for Lakshmipur-2
 * Gholam Sarwar Husseini, politician and former Pir of Dayra Sharif, Shyampur
 * Hafezzi Huzur, founder of Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan
 * Harunur Rashid, former MP for Lakshmipur-2
 * Husne Ara Shahed, author and writer
 * Khairul Enam, former MP for Lakshmipur-3
 * M. A. Awal, former MP for Lakshmipur-1
 * Mohammad Noman, Jatiya Party politician
 * Mohammad Shahid Islam, MP for Lakshmipur-2
 * Mohammad Toaha, activist of the Bengali Language Movement and politician
 * M. M. Ruhul Amin, 16th Chief Justice of Bangladesh
 * Muhammad Abdullah, academic
 * Nazim Uddin Ahmed, former MP for Lakshmipur-1
 * Selina Parvin, journalist and poet
 * Shahiduddin Chowdhury Annie, former MP for Lakshmipur-3
 * S I M Nurunnabi Khan, writer and freedom fighter
 * Syed Abul Kalam Azad, former treasurer of the University of Dhaka
 * Tofail Ahmed, folk researcher
 * Tufail Mohammad, Punjabi military officer and second recipient of the Nishan-e-Haider
 * Ziaul Haque Zia, former MP for Lakshmipur-1

title: Lakshmipur District


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Kate Walsh (singer)

Kate Walsh (born 20 February 1983) is an English singer from Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex, England.

A graduate of the Brighton Institute of Modern Music, she released her first album, Clocktower Park (produced by Lee Russell), in 2003 by Kitchenware Records. The album was named for a meeting place in her home town. In 2007, she released her second album, Tim's House. It quickly became the No. 1 album on the UK iTunes Store. The album also features her most popular song, "Your Song". She gained iTunes customers' attention when her song Talk of the Town became the iTunes Free Single of the Week from the week beginning 20 March 2007.

Her third studio album, Light and Dark, was released in the UK on 31 August 2009. The lead single from the record, June Last Year, was released on 24 August. She began her UK tour at the end of September that year.

Her single Your Song was featured in the 2008 film Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging as well the 2008 film The Crew, the 2010 film The Decoy Bride, and on the TV show Grey's Anatomy. In 2011, she discussed the release of her newest album The Real Thing and her tour.

On 5 September 2012, she announced on her Facebook page that she would be taking an indefinite hiatus from her music career to do something else: "By taking time out and putting some distance between me and my songs I am now, for the first time, able to start letting go of the past and can begin to move forward in a new and exciting direction". She has not released any music since.

title: Kate Walsh (singer)


text:
Yurina Kumai

Yurina Kumai (熊井 友理奈) is a Japanese pop singer and fashion model. She is a member of Berryz Kobo (activities suspended indefinitely) and former member of Hello! Project Kids. Her signature color is green.

Born in Kanagawa, Japan. Her blood type is B, and her height is 181 cm. She belongs to UP-FRONT CREATE and Tateoka Office.

Career

 * June 30, 2002 - passed Hello! Project Kids audition and became a member of Hello! Project Kids.
 * March 3, 2004 - made a major debut as a member of Berryz Kobo.
 * August 29, 2007 - released the first solo photobook "Yurina".
 * April 3, 2009 - chosen a member of Guardians 4.
 * December 17, 2011 - premiere of the movie "Ōsama Game", where she had her first starring role.
 * October 28, 2012 - opened an official blog “Enjoy!”.
 * March 3, 2015 - Berryz Kobo’s activities suspended indefinitely.
 * September 30, 2015 - taking part in her first model shooting session reported on her personal blog.
 * January 14, 2016 - presented a new dress by fashion designer Yumi Katsura at the “Yumi Katsura ParisColle Dress Presentation” held in Tokyo.
 * February 16, 2016 - made her runway debut at “YUMI KATSURA 2016 GRAND COLLECTION IN TOKYO” held in Tokyo International Forum.
 * May 1, 2018 - it was announced that she would also belong to Tateoka Office as a model.
 * March 20, 2019 - appeared in Tae Ashida’s Fall Winter 2019 show at “Japan Fashion Week (in Tokyo)”, held in Grand Hyatt Tokyo.
 * August 4, 2022 - it was announced that she was appointed as the creative director of the fashion brand "LANSE".
 * January 1, 2023 - moved from J.P ROOM to UP-FRONT CREATE.

Personal life
On August 10, 2023, Kumai married model Osuga Takashi.

Television

 * Little Hospital (January - March 2003, TV Tokyo)
 * Musume Dokyu! (娘DOKYU!) (April 5, 2005 – May 18, 2005, TV Tokyo)
 * The Girls Live (January 17, 2014 -, TV Tokyo)
 * King's Brunch (October 10, 2015 - March 27, 2021, TBS Television)
 * Ichiya Zuke (March 27, 2017 – March 2018, TV Tokyo)
 * Kanaful TV (April 1, 2018 -, TV Kanagawa)

Radio

 * Berryz Kobo Kiritsu! Rei! Chakuseki! (Berryz工房 起立!礼!着席!) (March 30, 2005 – March 31, 2009)
 * Tsūkai! Berryz Ōkoku (July 3, 2009 – March 30, 2012) (Co-host: Sugaya Risako and Natsuyaki Miyabi)
 * BZS1422 (July 8, 2012 – March 1, 2015, Radio Nippon) (Co-host: Chinami Tokunaga)

Commercials

 * Japan meat information service center, J Beef “Oniku Sukisuki” (2003)
 * Base Ball Bear “(WHAT IS THE) LOVE & POP?” (2009)
 * Takashimaya “Spring All-Store Super Point Week” (2017)
 * Toyota U group “KINTO” (2019)

Movies

 * Koinu Dan no Monogatari (2002, Toei)
 * Hotaru no Hoshi (ほたるの星) (2004, Kadokawa)
 * Ōsama Game (2011, BS-TBS) as Chiemi Honda

Solo DVDs

 * Photobook “Yurina” making DVD 〜Special edition〜 (October 20, 2007, UP-FRONT WORKS)
 * Photobook “FLOWERAGE” making DVD 〜Special edition〜 (September 16, 2009, UP-FRONT WORKS)
 * Photobook “KumaSpo!” making DVD 〜Special edition〜 (January 28, 2011, UP-FRONT WORKS)
 * one day in autumn (December 22, 2011, UP-FRONT WORKS)
 * Lily (April 18, 2012, UP-FRONT WORKS)
 * brand new day (October 5, 2013, UP-FRONT WORKS)

Photobooks

 * Yurina (August 29, 2007, KIDS NET, ISBN 978-4-04-894500-4)
 * FLOWERAGE (July 25, 2009, KIDS NET, ISBN 978-4-04-895049-7)
 * KumaSpo! Alo-Hello! (December 17, 2010, KIDS NET, ISBN 978-4-04-895411-2)

Books

 * Complex ni Sayōnara! (October 15, 2018, ODYSSEY BOOKS, ISBN 978-4-8470-8155-2)

Hello! Project groups and units

 * Hello! Project Kids
 * Berryz Kobo (2004 – 2015)
 * Guardians 4 (2009 – 2010)
 * Matchas (2011 - )
 * Yurina Kumai & Minnies.? (2018 - )
 * Hello! Project Shuffle Unit
 * H.P. All Stars (2004)
 * Tanpopo# (2009 – 2011)
 * Hello! Project Mobekimasu (2011)

title: Yurina Kumai


text:
George Walbridge Perkins

George Walbridge Perkins I (January 31, 1862 – June 18, 1920) was an American politician and businessman. He was a leader of the Progressive Movement, especially Theodore Roosevelt's presidential candidacy for the Progressive Party in 1912.

Starting as an office boy, he became a leading executive in insurance, steel, and banking and was always on the alert for new and better ways to do business. He was a top aide to financier J. P. Morgan and handled complex issues involving U.S. Steel, International Harvester, and other large corporations and insurance companies. He was vice-president of New York Life Insurance Company and a partner in J.P. Morgan & Co. He served as president of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission from its creation in 1900 to his death.

Biography
Perkins was born on January 31, 1862, in Chicago.

With only a high-school education, he began work as an office boy in the Chicago office of the New York Life Insurance Company. By 1898 he had risen to the position of vice president. Perkins played an important role in the development of New York Life.

A strong believer in the Efficiency Movement, he sought out instances of waste and believed that any practice could be improved by careful analysis. For example, he noticed that the old routine of farming out territory to middlemen, who in turn appointed men who did the actual soliciting for policies, was inefficient. The local agents were underpaid and often made misrepresentations in order to get initial premiums. Perkins, starting in 1892, made the local agents and solicitors permanent employees. In 1896, he introduced an incentive with a system of benefits based on length of service and value of policies written. He opened up new insurance markets in Russia and elsewhere in Europe.

Morgan & Co.
Perkins joined J.P. Morgan & Co. in 1901 and negotiated many complex deals, especially the formation of the International Harvester Corporation, International Mercantile Marine Co., and Northern Securities Company. He also helped reorganize Morgan's United States Steel Corporation.

Political career
In 1910 Perkins began to pursue Progressive Era reform causes. Perkins was an articulate exponent of the evils of competition and the advantages of cooperation in business— he believed in the Good Trust. His biographer, John A. Garraty, summarized Perkins' business philosophy as follows: "The fundamental principle of life is co-operation rather than competition... Competition is cruel, wasteful, destructive, outmoded; co-operation, inherent in any theory of a well-ordered Universe, is humane, efficient, inevitable and modern."

In 1912 he helped organize Theodore Roosevelt's new Progressive party, becoming its executive secretary. At the convention, an antitrust plank was suddenly dropped, shocking reformers like Gifford Pinchot, who saw Roosevelt as a true trust-buster. They blamed Perkins, who was still on the board of U.S. Steel and remained on it until his death. Perkins's ties to big business alarmed the radical wing of the party. Roosevelt lost to the Democrat Woodrow Wilson

After 1913, he focused on New York City politics while he continued as Progressive National Chairman. In 1916 he campaigned for Charles Evans Hughes and the GOP. The result was a deep split in the new party that was never resolved. Perkins was in effective control of the party in 1913, but the Progressives fared poorly in local elections. He went public with his denunciations of antitrust programs, arguing, "The country knows that the Progressive Party believes that large business units are necessary in this day of interstate and inter-national communication and trade."

Increasingly at odds with Progressives hostile to big business and humbled by the party's very poor showing in the 1914 elections, Perkins watched his Progressive Party support the Republican presidential candidate (Charles Evans Hughes) in 1916, after which the party and soon disintegrated.

On September 7, 1917, the New York State Senate rejected his nomination as Chairman of the recently-established New York State Food Control Commission. On October 2, the State Senate rejected again his nomination and instead confirmed the appointment of John Mitchell, Jacob Gould Schurman and Charles A. Wieting to the Food Control Commission.

As chairman of a finance committee of YMCA, he raised $200,000,000 for welfare work among American soldiers abroad.

Palisades Interstate Park Commission
In 1900, Theodore Roosevelt (then New York governor) appointed Perkins president of the newly formed Palisades Interstate Park Commission. It had been formed with the aim of stopping the destruction of the Palisades, a line of steep cliffs along the west side of the lower Hudson River, in northeast New Jersey and southern New York. Although the Palisades and the Hudson Highlands were admired for their beauty, and were featured in paintings of the Hudson River School, they were also viewed as a rich source of traprock (basalt) by quarrymen seeking to provide building material for the growth of nearby Manhattan Island. By the early 1900s, development along the lower Hudson River had begun to destroy much of the area's natural beauty. The Commission was authorized to acquire land between Fort Lee, New Jersey, and Piermont, New York; its jurisdiction was extended to Stony Point, New York, in 1906.

The Commission was expected to raise the funds needed for the acquisition of land from private sources. Needing at least $125,000, Perkins turned first to J. P. Morgan, who offered to put up the entire sum on the condition that Perkins would become a Morgan partner. Perkins agreed, with the immediate result that quarrying along the Palisades was stopped on December 24, 1900.

Then, in 1908, the State of New York announced plans to relocate Sing Sing Prison to Bear Mountain. Work was begun and in January 1909, the state purchased the 740 acre (3.0 km2) Bear Mountain tract. Conservationists, inspired by the earlier work of the Park Commission, lobbied successfully for the creation of the Highlands of the Hudson Forest Preserve. However, the prison project was continued.

Working with Union Pacific Railroad president Edward Henry Harriman and (after Harriman's death) with his widow, Mary Averell Harriman, Perkins, arranged a gift to the state of ten thousand acres (40 km2) and one million dollars from the Harrimans toward the creation of a state park. Another $1.5 million was raised from a dozen wealthy contributors including John D. Rockefeller and Morgan. New York state appropriated a matching $2.5 million. Bear Mountain-Harriman State Park became a reality in 1910 when the prison was demolished. Perkins hired Major William A. Welch as Chief Engineer, whose work for the park would achieve national influence as state and national park systems grew. The Perkins Memorial Tower at Bear Mountain State Park commemorates his work for the park; the view from the tower takes in four states and the Hudson River valley, including New York City.

Perkins died on June 18, 1920. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City.

Wave Hill House
In 1903, George W. Perkins purchased Wave Hill House in Riverdale, Bronx on the East side of the Hudson. He had been accumulating properties since 1895 to create a great estate along the river, including Oliver Harriman's adjacent villa on the site of what is now Glyndor House. Perkins planned the grounds to enhance the property's beautiful river views and added greenhouses, a swimming pool, terraces and the recreational facility; rare trees and shrubs were planted on the lawns, and gardens were created to blend with the natural beauty of the Hudson highlands. The property is now Wave Hill, a public botanical garden and cultural center.

title: George Walbridge Perkins


text:
Talk:Kate Walsh (singer)

Untitled
I met her at Ted Global, and got a nice photo of her singing, which I will upload tomorrow. (If this page doesn't get VfD'd first, ha ha.)--Jimbo Wales 20:06, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Did you ever get around to uploading this photo? Thryduulf 11:27, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't know her date of birth, but she was definitely NOT born in 1973 - She's in her midtwentys now, so it's maybe the same date 10 years later. (current article says "Born: February 20, 1973 (age 37)")

--80.138.188.200 (talk) 11:47, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

I'm not sure if it should count as an album, but I have a song by her (On the Stage) from the Acoustic EP through iTunes Music Store (US). I don't remember when I got it but it was a free song at the time. --Scc4fun (talk) 20:58, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

I don't have a source for her birthday. However, her info box list her birth year at 1983, and she is in the 1977 births category. They can't both be right. C. Kilpatrick (talk) 03:48, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kate Walsh (singer)


text:
Portal:Business/Did you know/December 2006

 * ...that William McChesney Martin, Jr. (pictured) was the longest-serving Chairman of the Federal Reserve serving from April 2, 1951 to January 31, 1970?

 * ...that Ingvar Kamprad, founder of the home furnishing retail chain store IKEA, drew some controversy in 1994 when it was revealed that Kamprad had joined Swedish fascist activist Per Engdahl's pro-Nazi group in 1942?

 * ...that Robert Solow, a Nobel Laureate American economist, was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1989 for "his creation of the modern framework for analyzing the effects of investment and technological progress on economic growth"?

 * ...that former Harvard University president Lawrence Summers served as the World Bank Chief Economist from 1991 to 1993?


text:
Beautiful demoiselle

The beautiful demoiselle (Calopteryx virgo) is a species of damselfly belonging to the family Calopterygidae. It is found in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. It is often found along fast-flowing waters.

Subspecies
There are currently five known subspecies:
 * Calopteryx virgo britannica Conci, 1952
 * Calopteryx virgo festiva (Brullé, 1832) (eastern Mediterranean)
 * Calopteryx virgo meridionalis Sélys, 1853 (western Mediterranean and south-west France)
 * Calopteryx virgo padana Conci, 1956 (northern Italy)
 * Calopteryx virgo virgo (Linnaeus, 1758)

Eggs and larvae
Females can lay up to 300 eggs at a time on floating plants, such as water-crowfoot. Like the banded demoiselle, they often submerge underwater to do so, and the eggs hatch around 14 days later. The larvae are stick-shaped and have long legs. They develop over a period of two years in submerged vegetation, plant debris, or roots. They usually overwinter in mud or slime.

The larvae of the beautiful demoiselle develop over 10 to 12 stages, each of which ends with a moult. The body length varies and depends on environmental conditions. In the final stage (F-0-stage), larvae are 3.5–4.6 millimetres long and weigh about 4 milligrams, slightly smaller than those of the banded demoiselle. The larvae of the beautiful demoiselle can be recognized by the bristles of the gills on their abdomen.

The body of the larvae shows only a relatively small adjustment to the fast-flowing waters of their habitat. The body is not flattened, but it is very slim, and the legs are long and end with strong claws. Because they reside within the water, and mainly in quiet areas, the danger of being swept by the flow is relatively low. If this happens, they stretch out to grab onto passing vegetation or substrate.

Adult
Beautiful demoiselle can reach a body length of 49 - 54 mm, with a hindwing length of 31 - 37 mm. These large, dark damselflies have small, lateral, hemispherical eyes; two pairs of wings similar in shape; and a slender abdomen. The wings have a dense internal network of veins, and can be transparent or uniformly colored at their basal area. This species presents an evident sexual dimorphism in colour pattern.

The male usually has much more extensive pigmentation on the wings than other Calopteryx species in its range. In the southeast of its range (the Balkans and Turkey), the wings are entirely metallic blue. In other areas, the wings have clear spots at the base and the tip. Immature males have brown wings, as the metallic blue wing color develops only with age. They have metallic blue-green bodies and blue-green eyes. The female has dark brown iridescent wings, a white patch near the tip of the wings (called a pseudopterostigma) and a metallic green body with a bronze tip of the abdomen.

This species is similar to the banded demoiselle (Calopteryx splendens), another British damselfly with coloured wings.

Distribution
Beautiful demoiselle are distributed across all of Europe with the exception of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands, and Iceland. In the north, it extends to the Arctic Ocean, much farther north than the banded demoiselle. Its southern populations can be found as far south as Morocco and Algeria. The eastern subspecies of C. v. japonica, found on the Japanese islands, is under debate as to whether it is a separate species. The beautiful demoiselle is mostly found in lowland locations. Regular findings come from areas up to a maximum height of 980 m above sea level; occasionally, they may be found up to 1,200 meters in altitude, such as in the Alps.

Biotope
Beautiful demoiselles live mainly near small to medium-sized streams and creeks. They prefer a relatively low water temperature and a moderate to fast flow. The water must not be nutrient-rich (eutrophic). In the northern part of their range, such as in Norway and Finland, they are also found near medium-sized rivers or even larger streams. The waters are usually in the immediate vicinity of forests.

Larval habitat
The larvae live in streams, and are mainly dependent on the water plants. The larvae need the stems and leaves to hold on to, especially in areas with strong currents. Because of this, it is extremely rare to find them in barren locations, flat expiring banks, or areas with a smooth stone floor. They also live in small natural lakes or ponds with limestone bedrock. They live in quiet areas between alluvial leaves or exposed roots. They can be found on submerged plants such as waterweed (Elodea sp.), water crowfoot (Ranunculus fluitans), or other plants submerged between a few centimetres to several decimetres.

Compared with the larvae of the banded demoiselle, the larvae of the beautiful demoiselle prefer quieter areas of the water, since slower flows allow for a more effective absorption of oxygen underwater. Only in very rare cases are the larvae present in stagnant water. The larvae reside mainly in vegetation.

An important factor in the occurrence of beautiful demoiselles is the oxygen in the water. The larvae are much more sensitive to oxygen deficiency than the larvae of the banded demoiselle, and need sufficient oxygen saturation in the water. Waters with high levels of sediment and sludge are not a good habitat for the larvae.

Another key factor for the occurrence of the larvae of the beautiful demoiselle is the temperature of the water. This species prefers cooler, shadier areas of the water, with an optimal summer average temperature between 13 and 18 °C. At temperatures above 22 °C, injuries to larvae were observed, as well as a reduced hatchability of eggs. Individual populations may adapt to permanently higher temperatures.

Adult habitat
The habitat of adults corresponds to the nearby larval habitat. Unlike the adults of the banded demoiselle, beautiful demoiselle may be found in forest clearings, and very rarely on the banks of larger ponds. Trees and shrubs are used as resting places, with the beautiful demoiselle often resting on high herbaceous plants such as the large nettle (Urtica dioica).

The breeding habitats are similar to the larval habitat. They prefer cool, shady waterways, with a more or less strong current, and near-natural vegetation and bank structure. This tends to be meadow and pasture streams in the area, and rarely forest. Riparian vegetation also plays a role as a windbreak. Due to their broad wings, the beautiful demoiselle can be blown away by the wind more easily than other species of damselflies.

Behaviour
Males are territorial, and will perch on bankside plants and trees where they wait for females or chase passing insects, often returning to the same perch. Males can stray well away from water, and females live away from water unless laying eggs or seeking a mate.

Sexually mature beautiful demoiselles display pronounced territorial behavior, occupying territories that they defend against other males. Their defense consists mostly of threatening gestures, spreading their wings and being clearly visible. Optimal territories correspond to optimal nesting places for the females. They are characterized by an increased flow and a suitable oviposition substrate in the potential breeding sites. The size of the territories and their distance apart is dependent on the population density as well as availability of suitable habitat. Males who do not occupy a territory may stay in bankside vegetation and try to fill vacant spots. Especially when only a few males are present, territorial defense is very aggressive. With a higher number of competing males, aggression decreases significantly.

The males will defend their territories from exposed perches in the vegetation which extend over the water, sometimes on vegetation or rocks cushions amid the waters. From here they will survey their territory and perform a behaviour known as "wing lapping", where the wings are quickly flapped down and then slowly lifted. It is believed that this is mainly used for communication, however it may also help ventilate the thorax, possibly playing a role in thermoregulation.

Mating and egg laying
Beautiful demoiselle mating is similar to others in the genus Calopteryx. Females will fly over the water in search of suitable nesting places, passing through the territories of males along the way. The males will fly towards the female, demonstrating acrobatics which are only seen during courtship, and showing the underside of their abdomen. The rear three sections of the abdomen are much brighter and are presented to the female. The male will then lead the female to a nesting site and will circle the area once as the female lands. The male will then hover, waiting until the female has landed, showing her willingness to mate. The pair will arrange themselves in a "mating wheel", and mating can last between 40 seconds and 5 minutes.

After mating, the male releases the female and proceeds to show the female the nesting site. The females abdomen will droop during a post-copulatory rest which lasts a few seconds, after which they follow the male. The eggs are laid in the stems of aquatic plants at or below the water level, where the female can submerge for up to 90 minutes. Unlike almost all other species of damselflies, the female climbs upside down onto the stem and stabs the eggs into the stem using their ovipositor, orienting them almost vertically. While the female is laying the eggs, the male waits above, defending the female against other males. Both sexes mate several times a day for several weeks until their death.

Larval development
The development of the damselfly can be divided into three periods. First, the early development after fertilization where the basic shape of the body is formed, followed by the continued development of the body shape up until they hatch from the egg, and finally the larval development of hatched individuals up until the formation of wings.

The eggs of the beautiful demoiselle are on average 1.2 millimetres long and 0.2 millimetres wide, with a spindle-shaped structure. At the pointed end of the egg are four holes which are used by the male to inject sperm. The eggs also have a funnel-like appendix on this which allows them to project outwardly from the plant stem. The colour of the eggs change from a bright yellow when freshly laid to a yellow-brown or yellow brown as they age.

Once the eggs are laid and fertilized, the embryonic development of the damselfly begins. This was first described for the beautiful demoiselle in 1869, and was the first description of embryonic development of an insect. From outside, the development of the embryo can be see by a slight change in the length and shape of the egg. The upper part of the egg bulges slightly, which the lower part becomes concave. Eggs typically hatch between 20 days to one month after fertilization.

In the Middle East, the larval development of the beautiful demoiselle usually takes 6–8 weeks, mainly due to the preference for cooler waters. This is somewhat longer than that of the banded demoiselle. Larvae continue to develop over the winter, with some metamorphosing in the following year. If the water is cooler during breeding, a greater the portion of larvae will overwinter twice, giving a development time of nearly two years (semivoltine development). Studies have shown that this might modify the relationship between univoltine and semivoltine larvae within a body of water and clear in the course of the river and increase the water temperature moves toward univoltiner larvae.

The larvae, like other damselflies, are predatory and feed primarily on other insect larvae. This includes the larvae of black flies, midges, stoneflies, and mayflies, and they may also feed on amphipods. The larvae will defend themselves against over damselfly larvae, especially those of its own kind.

The larvae are much more sensitive to changes in habitat than the banded demoiselle, especially to temperature fluctuations. Only a few days of oxygen deprivation are needed for mortality to increase rapidly, and even after acceptable oxygen conditions return there will still be a higher rate of mortality and birth defect among affected individuals. This is mainly because beautiful demoiselles do not efficiently absorb oxygen from water. This differs from the banded damselfly, who have thin-skinned tracheogenic appendages which make them less sensitive fluctuations in oxygen supply. The inefficiency of their oxygen uptake is balanced by their choice of habitat, since both increased flow and cooler water increase their absorption capacity.

Hatching

Adult beautiful damselflies begin to emerge at the end of April, and continue until the end of September, depending on weather. Most hatching occurs from late May to late June. The transformation of larvae to adults is not synchronous and lasts throughout the season until about mid-July. The newly hatched damselflies typically stay near their hatching site for 10 days, living in the surrounding vegetation until their wings are fully colored. After this, they return to the water and begin mating. The adults only live for one season; their adult lifespan is about 40 to 50 days.

Males will stay in sunlit areas throughout the day, typically reaching the water in the early morning. In Central Europe, they typically arrive between 7:00 A.M. and 9:00 A.M. In shaded environments, the damselflies will arrive later, and are usually seen basking on the top of surrounding vegetation. Females fly over the waters throughout the day in search of suitable nesting sites, and both sexes will engage in hunting, advertising, mating and egg laying during the warm midday hours. At night, the damselflies will return to the same sunlit areas within the vegetation where the started their day.

Male beautiful damselflies do not range far from their breeding, hunting, and resting areas, only going a relatively small 20-100 m. Females have been observed flying distances of up to 4 mi per day.

Conservation
The beautiful demoiselle is considered stenoecious due to their very narrow ecological requirements. The larvae in particular can only thrive in natural bodies of waters that have little human influence. In the largest part of their range, the species is very rare. It is completely absent in major cities and industrial centers, and even in regions with strongly pronounced agricultural use it is found only rarely. Because of this, the Red Data Book (1998) of Germany classifies it as endangered in some states, even in danger of extinction. This is the same in Austria, Switzerland and other Central European countries. The IUCN, however, considers it a species of least concern.

Several factors are known to impact the population of beaufitul damselflies is the necessity of certain aquatic plants. The eutrophication of some waters by household or agricultural wastewater has contributed to the decline of some populations. This causes an increase in algal blooms, decreasing the available oxygen in the affected waters and affecting the type of vegetation present. The new vegetation may not by accepted by the females as oviposition sites. In addition, the larvae have less to hold onto the current, and the algae and dirt particles settle into their gills restricting respiration. The algae is followed by a proliferation of weeds and ultimately a silting of water bodies.

However, natural waters with low water pollution do not guarantee a suitable habitat. Fast growing plants, such as meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) or Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), may cause the area to become overgrown. Additionally if tree growth on the waters edge results in a closed canopy, the damselflies will lack the necessary sunlight. These issues can be counteracted by regular removal of some vegetation, or even a partial thinning of trees and shrubs. In intensively used agricultural areas with regular use of manure fertilizer, a bare strip a few meters wide can prevent eutrophication of riparian areas.

title: Beautiful demoiselle


text:
Generic you

In English grammar, the personal pronoun you can often be used in the place of one, the singular impersonal pronoun, in colloquial speech.

In English
The generic you is primarily a colloquial substitute for one. For instance,
 * "Brushing one's teeth is healthy"

can be expressed less formally as
 * "Brushing your teeth is healthy."

Germanic
In German, the informal second-person singular personal pronoun ("you")—just like in English—is sometimes used in the same sense as the indefinite pronoun  ("one").

In Norwegian, Swedish and Danish, these are also and.

In Dutch the informal second-person singular personal pronoun ("you")—just like in English—is frequently used in the same sense as the indefinite pronoun  ("one").

Slavic
In Russian, the second person is used for some impersonal constructions. Sometimes with the second-person singular pronoun, but often in the pronoun-dropped form. An example is the proverb with the literal meaning "if you chase after two hares, you will not catch even one", or figuratively, "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush".

Uralic
In Finnish, the second-person pronoun can sometimes be generic, but this use is only recommended in spoken or otherwise informal language. Other constructs are more neutral, such as a verb without a pronoun and in the third person (zero person) or in the passive ("fourth person"), somewhat similar to one in English. The second person is popular largely due to the influence of English. A similar formation, though without the pronoun sinä and therefore only with the second-person possessive suffix -si, can be encountered in some dialects.

Arabic
In Darija (Arabic as spoken in the Maghreb), there are two distinct singular second-person pronouns, one masculine (used when addressing a man) and one feminine (used when addressing a woman); but when used as generic pronouns, the speaker uses the pronoun with the gender corresponding to their own gender, rather than that of the person they are addressing.

Japonic
In Japanese, the sentence structure may be adjusted to make the patient of an action, or even the action itself, the topic of a sentence, thus avoiding the use of a pronoun altogether.

title: Generic you


text:
Chuadanga

Chuadanga (চুয়াডাঙ্গা) is a prosperous city in western Bangladesh. It is the headquarters of Chuadanga Sadar Upazila and Chuadanga District. Located on the Mathabhanga river, Chuadanga was the first capital of Bangladesh. It was the sub-district of Kushtia district & turned into a district in 1984. In 1862, the first railway station in Bangladesh was established in Chuadanga city. Chuadanga city is connected by rail and road across the country.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Bangladesh census, Chuadanga city had a population of 97,532.

According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Chuadanga city had 20,472 households and a population of 85,786. 15,303 (17.84%) were under 10 years of age. Chuadanga had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 61.72%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 998 females per 1000 males.

Education
Victoria Jubilee Government High School, founded in 1880, and Chuadanga Government Girls' High School (1914) are notable secondary schools in Chuadanga. There are many secondary schools in Chuadanga like Chuadanga Academy, Rahela khatun Girls Academy. Chuadanga Govt. College is also notable higher educational institute in the district. Which was founded in 1962.

title: Chuadanga


text:
Talk:Drugstore

Disambiguation vs Redirect
I just wanted to clarify my reasons for changing this from a redirect (to pharmacy) to a disambiguation page. Clearly, the pharmacy usage is much more common than than the other two (and given that I've linked Drugstore (band) I'm not sure that the album warrants a link). My first thought was therefore to put a link to Drugstore (band) or even Drugstore (disambiguation) at the top of the pharmacy page. However, this didn't really seem quite right as you would likely get to the pharmacy page without going through the drugstore redirect, in which case the link would be irrelevant.

I asked around on #Wikipedia and it seemed acceptable to replace the redirect with a disambiguation, and fix up the articles that link here. I'm not 100% certain that I've picked the right choice, so if anyone feels strongly opposed to this please leave a comment. --Batneil 20:09, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Drugstore vs Pharmacy
Drugstore used to be a redirect for pharmacy, so I've left that link in the disambiguation page. However, the pharmacy page doesn't describe drugstores really, it is a description of pharmacy as opposed to a pharmacy, if that makes sense. What I think we need is a article which describes the concept of a drugstore, which also links to both pharmacy and the drugstore disambiguation page. --Batneil

Europe
Not only in Netherlands but in (most?) European countries, drugstores are different from pharmacies, they don't sell pharmaceutical drugs. -- Behug (talk) 08:59, 22 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I'd like to second this. In fact, I have seen pharmacies and drugstore-like stores in a variety of countries, not only in Europe, but also in China, and my impression was almost always that they are two very distinct concepts. There may be a tiny overlap when it comes to health-related products that are commonly used without a doctor's advice (cough drops, condoms, ...), but in general, a pharmacy is where you go to get medicine, while a drugstore is where you go to get cleaning agents, cosmetics and personal hygiene products. 85.179.241.94 (talk) 21:15, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drugstore


text:
Jamalpur, Bihar

Jamalpur is a city in the Indian state of Bihar. It is situated 9 km from the Munger city centre. Jamalpur is a part of Munger-Jamalpur twin cities.It is main railhead for reaching Munger city.

Jamalpur is best known for the Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop, which employs more than 25,000 people at its training institution, The Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. Annual turnover is Rs. 10.56 billion with 111,485 employees. This is Asia's largest and oldest locomotive railway workshop. The city was established in 1862 during the British Raj, with the Railways Institute forming its cultural hub.

Etymology
Jamalpur is named after 16th century Sufi saint Jamal Baba, whose dargah (shrine) is still present at East Colony Hospital Road, Jamalpur.

History
The city was established in 1862 during the British Raj, with the Railways Institute forming its cultural hub.

The paleolithic site of "Kali Pahar," atop Jamalpur Hill, was the location of an important find of Early and Middle Stone Age quartzite implements.

Geography
Jamalpur is located at 25.31424°N, 86.48953°W with an average elevation of 151 m.

The suburb is a part of the Munger city. The city centre of Munger is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northwest of the Jamalpur area of Munger city. There is a road as well as a rail link, Munger Ganga Bridge, which was completed recently. Jamalpur is an overnight rail or road journey from Kolkata.

The nearest airport is Munger Airport near the Safiyabad area of Munger city. The nearest commercial, domestic airport is Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport in Patna, 199 km away. The nearest international airport is Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport in Kolkata, 460 km from Jamalpur on NH 33.

Demographics
, Jamalpur had a population of 399,697, with a ratio of 880 females for every 1,000 males. The average literacy rate is 87.38%; for men it is 92.58%, and for women it is 81.40%. There are 15,543 children in Jamalpur aged 0 to 6, with a ratio of 876 girls for every 1,000 boys.

Locomotive workshop
The Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop was the first full-fledged railway workshop facility in India, founded on by the East Indian Railway Company. The Jamalpur site was chosen for its proximity both to the Sahibganj loop, which was the main trunk route at the time and to the communities of gunsmiths and other mechanical craftsmen in Bihar.

The workshop was initially for repairing locomotives and assembling new ones from salvaged parts. By the early 20th century, however, it had progressed to producing its own locomotives. It produced the first one, CA 764 "Lady Curzon", in 1899. In 1893, it became the site of the first railway foundry in India. It also had a workshop for repairing and building boilers. Today it has foundry, metallurgical lab facilities, and machine tool facilities. Its rolling mill and nut and bolt shop ceased operation in 1984.

The school attached to the workshop eventually became the Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IRIMEE).

Ananda Marga
The Ananda Marga movement was founded in Jamalpur by native Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar in 1955.

Places of interest

 * JSA Stadium, a football stadium
 * The Jamalpur Gymkhana, the hostel and club used by the Special Class Railway Apprentices
 * The Jamalpur Golf Course, the site of the annual ITC Golf Tournament
 * Kali Pahadi, a mountain and picnic spot featuring a temple to the Hindu goddess Kali
 * Panchmukhi hanuman mandir, badidariyapur jamalpur
 * Jogi asthan durga mandir, rampur basti jamalpur
 * Tunnel {jamalpur- bhagalpur train route} near nayagaon, jamalpur
 * Baptist Church, albert road, nayagaon, jamalpur
 * St. Joseph Catholic church, east colony, jamalpur
 * St. Mary's church, golf road, jamalpur
 * Gandhi library, Daulatpur, munger road
 * Yog maya badi durga devi mandir, Shani Dev Mandir, Sadar Bazar, Jamalpur
 * Historical Jamalpur workshop
 * Jamalpur filter water works at the top of kali pahadi

Colleges

 * J. R. S. College
 * Jamalpur College
 * Indian Railway Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
 * Bihar Institute of Management & technology
 * Eastern railway inter College, Jamalpur
 * Manju Srijan Private ITI
 * Techno India NJR Institute of technology

Schools

 * Eastern Railway Mixed Primary School: used to be called "European & Anglo Indian Day School" established more than a century before in 1915.
 * Notre Dame Academy, Jamalpur: The first Notre Dame school in India, founded in 1950. Notre Dame Academy is a type of International Catholic Institution managed by the Patna Notre Dame Sisters' Society.
 * D.A.V. Public School, Jamalpur is located in Nayatola Keshopur Jamalpur. One of the Top School in Bihar State. This is to +2 Level. It is Arya Samaj society and managing committee of DAV CMC New Delhi. Affiliated to CBSE board.
 * Eastern Railway Inter College: A high school for railway employees' children, and one of the oldest high schools in the city.
 * Kendriya Vidyalaya, Jamalpur: a CBSE-affiliated Kendriya Vidyalaya set up in 1973 with the sponsorship of the Eastern Railway.
 * Parvati Devi High School, Daulatpur, Jamalpur
 * St Michael school jamalpur
 * Holy family English medium School, Jamalpur, Munger
 * St. Roberts School, Jamalpur
 * St. Michael High School, Jamalpur
 * Collins International School, Jamalpur
 * Primary School Jagdishpur, Jamalpur
 * Path Bhawan, Jamalpur
 * Saraswati Vidya Mandir, Jamalpur
 * NC Ghosh Girl's high School, Jamalpur
 * St. Columbus high School, Jamalpur
 * Shri Shastri High School, Jamalpur
 * St. Mary School, Jamalpur
 * Railway Pilot School, Jamalpur
 * ATP School, Jamalpur
 * Vidya Jyoti Public School, Jamalpur
 * Daulatpur School, Jamalpur
 * Rampur Primary School, Jamalpur
 * Arya Samaj Girls School, Jamalpur
 * Central School, Jamalpur
 * Potential Kids primary School, Jamalpur
 * Achchu Ram School, Jamalpur
 * National Glory Academy, Jamalpur
 * Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Jamalpur
 * Sai Academy, Jamalpur
 * St. Xavier School, Jamalpur
 * Little Genius Kids School, Jamalpur
 * Nirmala Residential School, Jamalpur
 * Goodluck Kid's Play School, Jamalpur

title: Jamalpur, Bihar


text:
Talk:Soul Edge

Untitled
I was hoping to find out the plot to the soul caliber games. Is there an over all plot? Or is it different by character? if anyone can help me by saying what the plot of these games is, I would be very grateful. I don't mind an in game pov at all. I just want to know the storyline. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.228.218 (talk) 13:13, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Seung Mi Na
In order to prevent an edit war over Seung Mi Na's name, I have decided to explain the situation to those unfamiliar with why it is written in this way. In Asian names, the family name is one syllable and comes at the beginning of the name. Thus, her surname is actually Seung. In Korea, her given name, or the name by which she is called, is more often than not two syllables--in this case, Mina. However, it is only listed as a single word when referring exclusively to her given name, because when referring to her full name, each syllable is written as a separate word when romanized. This is done to match the fact that Korean names are generally written using three characters--one for each syllable. When Soul Edge was originally released, her name was actually written properly as Seung Mi Na, but was eventually changed in Soul Calibur to prevent confusion, mostly among Americans. It is asked that when you see her full name written as Seung Mi Na, you leave it as such; and if you ever see it combined to simply Seung Mina, that you restore it to its original state. Only if her given name is written on its own will she be referred to as Mina, as it should be. Thank you for your cooperation.

In reference to character's changed names in Soul Calibur III

 * The names on this page have to be the originally used names (linked to the newly named articles). No-one changed all Prince's previous album covers to feature his symbol instead of his name, and the end credits to Terminal Velocity were not changed when Charlie Sheen wanted to go by the name Charles Sheen. This article isn't anything to do with Soul Calibur III and all information should pertain to the 1995 game; Soul Edge. People will find out more information about Seung Mina and how her name changed when they click the blue link that takes them to her page. 86.128.57.200 19:12, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Edge vs. Blade
call me the ignorant American, but if it's called soul blade in North America, Europe, and Australia, where is it called Soul Edge? I imagine that once you take these three fairly large regions out of the picture, you're left with mostly Asian countries (as far as gaming is concerned, usually). Doesn't the game have a title in the native language of each area where it was released? Is there another market where it was released with an english title big enough to make North America, Europe, and Australia the exception?--CallmeNiel 09:09, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Games can have English titles in Asia. Take a look at the Japanese box art; it says Soul Edge. Since the game was probably released in Japan first, that would make Soul Edge the original name, and Soul Blade the renaming, so the article is correct. -VJ 07:47, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I think I heard somewhere that the cause of the name change was because of... something in the music industry. Some band or one of their albums (if my memory serves), reportedly was already named Souledge, and rather than get involved with disputes over naming rights or whatever, Namco just changed the title of their game when it came to the States. Can anyone confirm this? --71.124.52.178 00:04, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Judging by recent news it may have had something to do with Edge Games who claim the Trademark for the name Edge. Here's a legal doc: http://ns3.patent.gov.uk/types/tm/t-os/t-find/t-challenge-decision-results/o23698.pdf Paul Sinnett (talk) 13:26, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

maybe its just because "edge" doesnt translate directly to sword for some people here, who knows marketing is pretty crazy sometimes. they probably spent alot of money trying to figure out whether or not they should change it, spent more trying to see what would relate to western gamers most, and eventually just changed it to blade after months of research and testing lol

This is a tad odd. Shouldn't gaming articles bear the names of the English localizations whether or not the original name is in English? It's not like Samurai Shodown is named as Samurai Spirits... That said, I was always under the impression that the name Soul Blade was for the PSX version of the game. Here in Europe, I saw the game in an arcade way back when, and it was called Soul Edge. --130.232.131.47 23:09, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The arcade version is correctly called Soul Edge in the USA. Saying the game was renamed Soul blade for the American market is 100% incorrect.  Like User:130.232.131.47 said, Soul Blade is the name of the American PSX version of the game.  The two versions of the game are very different.The Goat 15:20, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Movie
Was the Soul Edge/Calibur movie rumor true? Trosk 21:46, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
Even for pages covering video games, this page and others on the Soul series seem rife with obvious NPOV violations. I can try to clean up what I can but some of it is so deep that it might be hard to separate the facts from the opinions. I hope that those of you who read this will take note and try to edit out some of the NPOV violations. These entires have lots of great information but the NPOV violations ruin them. --Ryuukuro 22:11, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Nunchucks
In the PAL version, Li Long has a 'three-sectioned staff' or something, instead of Nunchucks. I heard this was due to British censors being very strict with regards to nunchucks, and slapping R ratings on everything with them. My PlayStation is broken, so could someone check the official name for the weapon in the PAL version? It may even be in the users manual.

Soul Series Page
I think there should be one. The Soul Edge article would be about the game and the new one would be about the whole series. - The 4th Snake

Character Article Names
I have just moved all Soul Edge/Calibur character's articles to use the most commonly used name as the article title. After being part of a debate over Street Fighter character article names for over a month, the decision was in agreement of my proposal to use the most common name as the article title and not their full biographical name (this information belongs in the first sentence of the article itself). Please do not move the articles back as this was decided as the correct method for article names. Please see Mediation_Cabal/Cases/2006-12-21_Street_Fighter_character_articles and Talk:E. Honda for the resaoning. Thanks Mr.bonus 22:22, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:21004301.jpg
Image:21004301.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 13:39, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

More About Soul Edge.
It Has Vesion 2. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.234.214.65 (talk) 17:06, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * That's mentioned in the article. Erigu (talk) 14:01, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

Edge Trademark Issues
During EA's legal battle over Mirror's Edge, I remember reading a statement from a Namco spokesperson that the name change on Soul Edge because of the edge trademark was a bit of an urban legend. The EDGE guy did come after Namco, but they were confident that they could win the case if it came down to it. The spokesman said that the name change for western markets happened for reasons that were independent of the trademark issue. I can't remember where exactly I read it though. If I can find the article I'll change the page and add a citation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.160.209.204 (talk) 17:32, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

1996, not 1995
It was released in 1996, not 1995. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.245.246.147 (talk) 19:16, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Soul Edge


text: User talk:83.135.132.132

title: User talk:83.135.132.132


text:
Talk:Damman School District

POV Check
The current article looks like an attack to the school. Nabla 20:12, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Damman School District


text:
Cabo Catoche

Cabo Catoche or Cape Catoche, in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, is the northernmost point on the Yucatán Peninsula. It lies in the municipality of Isla Mujeres, about 53 km north of the city of Cancún. According to the International Hydrographic Organization, it marks the division point between the Caribbean Sea to the east and Gulf of Mexico to the west.

The name is believed to be a corruption of the Mayan word cotoch, meaning "our houses, our homeland". "Cotoch" is the name used by Diego de Landa to refer to the region in 1566.

Catoche was the location of the first intentional landing by Europeans in the territory of modern-day Mexico, during the Córdoba expedition, on 4 March 1517. The Spanish were invited into the native town with "Cones catoche, cones catoche, which means: 'Come to our houses'." On the way, the Spaniards were ambushed, suffering thirteen wounded to the native's fifteen killed. The Spaniards captured two natives, baptized as Julian and Melchior, who became interpreters on future Spanish expeditions, before Melchior turned against the Spaniards at the Battle of Centla.

This is also the site of the first known accidental landing, a shipwreck in 1511, in which Gerónimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero survived.

Directly west of Cabo Catouche is Holbox Island and Yalahau lagoon, where the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico converge, creating a rich environment for an abundance of marine life. These waters are home to the largest gathering of whale sharks in the world for about five months out of the year. Because of the mixing of these waters and the white coraline sands, clear turquoise and emerald waters are found. This island is a protected area and the sands are an important hatchery for sea turtles and a host of bird species. The Yalahau Lagoon is a fresh water lagoon and so deep that the water appears to be black. In satellite photographic images the lagoon appears to be a black hole.

title: Cabo Catoche


text:
Philip St. George Cooke

Philip St. George Cooke (June 13, 1809 – March 20, 1895) was a career United States Army cavalry officer who served as a Union General in the American Civil War. He is noted for his authorship of an Army cavalry manual, and is sometimes called the "Father of the U.S. Cavalry."

Early life
Cooke was born in Leesburg, Virginia, June 13, 1809. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1827 and was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the infantry. He served at a variety of installations in the American West and in the Black Hawk War. In 1833 he was promoted to first lieutenant in the newly formed 1st U.S. Dragoons.

Cooke went on numerous trips of exploration into the Far West with the Dragoons. As Captain in command of 200 Dragoons, he disarmed and arrested Colonel Jacob Snively's Republic of Texas company of about 100 men, who were attempting to disrupt trade along the Santa Fe Trail, in what was described as the Second Texas Santa Fe Expedition.

During the Mexican–American War he led the Mormon Battalion from Santa Fe to California, establishing what became known as Cooke's Wagon Road, later to become the southern route to California during the California Gold Rush. He received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel for his service in California. In command of 2nd U.S. Dragoons, he defeated the Jicarilla Apache in Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, in 1854, was in the 1855 Battle of Ash Hollow against the Sioux, and was sent to keep the peace in Bleeding Kansas in 1856–1857. Acquainted with Brigham Young, Cooke took part in the Utah expedition of 1857–1858, after which he was promoted to colonel and assigned command of the 2nd U.S. Dragoons. He was an observer for the U.S. Army in the Crimean War and commanded the Department of Utah from 1860 until 1861.

The issue of secession deeply divided Cooke's family. Cooke himself remained loyal to the Union, but his son, John Rogers Cooke, became an infantry brigade commander in the Army of Northern Virginia. J. E. B. Stuart, the famous Confederate cavalry commander, was Cooke's son-in-law. Cooke and Stuart never spoke again, Stuart saying, "He will regret it only once, and that will be continually."

Civil War
At the start of the American Civil War, the U.S. Army had five mounted regiments. Cooke commanded the 2nd Dragoons, which was redesignated the 2nd U.S. Cavalry. As they prepared to ride into their first battles, they had the potential opportunity to learn from the two-volume manual on cavalry tactics written by Cooke in 1858, but not published until 1862. It was a controversial work at the time and the War Department chose not to make it the basis for official doctrine. Cooke espoused the value of mounted attacks as the primary purpose for cavalry forces; others, more sensibly, realized that the emergence of the rifled musket as an infantry weapon made the classic cavalry charge essentially obsolete and recommended a mission emphasis on reconnaissance and screening. Even those who agreed that cavalry charges retained some value found reasons to disagree with Cooke. A prominent theory of cavalry charges at the time, endorsed by future generals Henry W. Halleck and George B. McClellan, was that the cavalry should be deployed in double ranks (a regiment would deploy in two lines of five companies each), which would increase the shock effect of the charge by providing an immediate follow-up attack. Cooke's manual called for a single-rank formation in which a battalion of four companies would form a single line and two squadrons of two companies each would cover the flanks. A third battalion would be placed in reserve a few hundred yards to the rear. Cook believed that the double-rank offensive promoted disorder of the horses in the ranks and would be difficult to control.

Cooke was appointed brigadier general, U.S. Army, on November 21, 1861, to rank from November 12, 1861. President Abraham Lincoln nominated Cooke for the appointment on December 21, 1861, and the U.S. Senate confirmed it on March 7, 1862. He initially commanded a brigade of regular army cavalry within the defenses of Washington, D.C. For the Peninsula Campaign, he was selected by McClellan to command the Cavalry Reserve, a division-sized force, of the Army of the Potomac. When Confederate forces evacuated the city of Yorktown, Cooke was sent along with Major General George Stoneman in pursuit and his cavalry was roughed up in an assault ordered by Stoneman against Fort Magruder. He saw subsequent action at the battles of Williamsburg, Gaines' Mill, and White Oak Swamp. Cooke ordered an ill-fated charge of the 5th U.S. Cavalry at Gaines' Mill during the Seven Days Battles, sacrificing nearly an entire regiment of regulars.

After the Peninsula, Cooke left active field service. One proximate reason was the embarrassment he suffered when his son-in-law, J. E. B. Stuart, humiliated the Union cavalry by completely circling the Army of the Potomac in his celebrated raid. Cooke served on boards of court-martial, commanded the District of Baton Rouge, and was superintendent of Army recruiting for the Adjutant General's office. On July 17, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Cooke for appointment to the brevet grade of major general in the regular army, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on July 23, 1866.

Postbellum life
Cooke commanded the Department of the Platte from 1866 to 1867, the Department of the Cumberland from 1869 to 1870, and the Department of the Lakes. He retired from the Army with almost 50 years service on October 29, 1873, as a brigadier general.

Cooke was a member of the Michigan Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

Cooke is the author of a variety of memoirs of his service: Notes of a Military Reconnaissance, from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California (1848), Scenes and Adventures in the Army: or, Romance of Military Life (1857), Cavalry Tactics (1862), Handy Book for United States Cavalry (1863), and The Conquest of New Mexico and California (1878).

Cooke died in Detroit, Michigan, and is buried there in Elmwood Cemetery. Camp Cooke, an Army camp in Santa Barbara County, California, was named for him. The spot is now occupied by Vandenberg Air Force Base.

Legacy
Camp Cooke (1866–1870), the first military post in the Montana Territory, was named in honor of Phillip St. George Cooke while he was the commander of the Department of the Platte which included the Montana Territory.

Camp Cooke (1941–1953) was the name given to the military post near Lompoc California. It was deactivated from 1953 to 1957, at which time it was activated as Cooke Air Force Base (1957–1958) but was officially renamed Vandenberg Air Force Base in 1958. Camp Cooke and Cooke Air Force Base in California were named in honor of Philip St. George Cooke.

title: Philip St. George Cooke


text:
Bogra

Bogra (বগুড়া), officially known as Bogura, is a city located in Bogra District, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. The city is a major commercial hub in Northern Bangladesh. It is the second largest city in terms of both area and population in Rajshahi Division. The Bogra bridge connects the Rajshahi Division and Rangpur Division.

Bogra is named after Nasiruddin Bughra Khan, the Governor of Bengal from 1279 to 1282 and the son of Delhi Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban. The city is approximately 71.56 sqkm and is divided into 21 wards. Bogra has a population of around 12,40,000 people. Since it is one of the oldest cities in Bengal, Bogra is famous for its many ancient Buddhist stupas, Hindu temples, and ancient palaces of Buddhist kings and Muslim sultans.

The city has produced notable personalities including Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra of Pakistan, President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh, both of whom were born and lived in the city.

History
Bogra is considered the oldest city of Bengal, dating to the reign of the Great Emperor Ashoka, who ruled India from 268 to 232 BCE. When Ashoka conquered the Bengal (Bongo) region, he founded Bogra and called it Pundra Bardhan. This is supported by the discovery in October 2008 of an ancient engraved stone believed to be produced in the Gupta era near Sura Mosque at Ghoraghat Upazila in Dinajpur.

Bogra has been a transportation, cultural and economic hub for thousands of years. In the early 800AD, it was a core place of doing business through the Karatoya River (a sub-river of the Bangali River, not to be confused with the Large Karatoya River). By 1200 AD it had also become an important geopolitical center for spreading Islam through the Mahasthangarh. In the late fiftieth century, it became a statistical trade area by the British East India Company.

In the late seventh century, the British East India Company gave control of the area to Nowab and Shatani families, who still are two of the most reputed families in the city.

During the Bangladesh War of Independence, the area witnessed the Battle of Bogra, a fierce conflict between the guerrilla units of the Bangladesh Forces under Sector 7 and the Pakistan Army.

Climate
The city enjoys a tropical climate, with two main seasons: winter and summer. Bogra experiences more rainfall during the summer.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Bangladesh census, Bogra city had a population of 485,944.

According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Bogra city had 81,251 households and a population of 350,397. 61,645 (17.59%) were under 10 years of age. Bogra had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 72.16%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 905 females per 1000 males.

Economy
Since the 2009 adoption of new urban planning, there has been a significant development in the infrastructure of Bogra. This includes the restructuring and widening of roads, improvement of telecommunications infrastructure, and the installation of underground gas connections.

Additionally, red chili production in Bogra is a major industry, with companies such as Square, Acme, and BD Food collecting red chili from twelve centers within Bogra.

Often called the "Town of Banks", Bogra is the location of numerous online banking facilities, credit card, debit card, and remittance companies. Banking in Bogra has significantly expanded with the presence of government banks such as the Bangladesh Bank (Central Bank), Sonali Bank, Rupali Bank, Janata Bank, Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank, Bangladesh Development Bank Ltd., Uttara Bank Ltd, and Agrani Bank, as well as a number of private and specialized banks, including Pubali Bank, National Bank, IFIC bank Ltd., Citi Bank Ltd., and others.

Bogra is also home to an increasing number of IT, software, technology, and computer services companies. One of the milestones of its tech sector occurred in 2008 when the French Grameen Group and Groupe Danone entered into a joint venture with a local company to establish an organization named Grameen Danone. Statistically, Bogra's workforce is still dominated by jobs in the agriculture sector (29.95%) and agricultural manufacturing (12.53%). They are followed by general commerce (18.11%), customer service (15.62%), transportation (6.66%), wage labor (2.2%), and other industries (14.93%).

Transportation
Bogra is also known as the gateway of North Bengal due to its communication capabilities. Bogra has several railway stations and bus terminals (Charmatha Bus Terminal, Thantahnia Bus Terminal, BRTC Bus Terminal, and Haddipotti Bus Terminal). It has one of the best inter-district communication. Usually, people come from 20 to 45 km to the city to do their day job. Only a handful of cities in Bangladesh have this type of communication infrastructure. People use both Train & Bus communication to visit the city every day. Bus & CNG is the most crucial communication method for most citizens.

Almost every school has bus services (except Bogra Zilla School & Bogra Victoria Manorial School), which helps the city to have fewer traffic jams than most other cities in rush hours. It has also the 2nd highest number of Rickshaws in the country. It also has the highest number of private cars in North Bengal (Approximately 65% of the whole North-Bengal region).

Bogra has always been the key transportation hub for Bangladesh & North Bengal. Before the '80s & 90's all Trucks & Buses in North Bengal needed to pass through Bogra to go to their desired destination. Thus Bogra has one of the biggest Motor-labor unions in the country.

Tourism
Near Bogra is Mahasthangarh, the earliest known urban archaeological site in Bangladesh, as well as the village of Mahasthan in Shibganj thana of Bogra District. This site contains the remains of Pundranagara (or Paundravardhanapura), an ancient city in the territory of Pundravardhana. This place is considered sacred to Buddhists, Muslims, and Hindus alike. Pilgrims and visitors tour the area all year round.

The Behular Bashor Ghor is a popular tourist attraction in the city and is close to other popular spots and monuments such as the Mahasthangar, Nawab Palace (called Neelkuthi during the British period), Kherua Mosque (Sherpur Upazila), Bara Mosque, Mazar of Shah Sultan Balkhi, Mazar of Panchpir, Gokul Medh, Palace of Parshuram, Basu Bihara, Palli Unnayan Academy, Saudia City Park, Bhimer Jangle, Museum of Nawab Bari Palace, Wonderland Shishupark (a children's park), Shanewaz Shishubagan, Woodburn Park, Dreshtinandan Park, Bijayangan (the War of Liberation museum), and the Jaina Temple.

Notable residents

 * Ziaur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (1977-1981), attended Bogra Zilla School
 * Humayun Ahmed, writer and filmmaker, attended Bogra Zilla School.
 * Khademul Bashar, Bir Uttam, chief of the Bangladesh Air Force in 1976, was born in Bogra.
 * Apu Biswas, film actress
 * Muhammad Ali Bogra, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1953–1955), lived in Bogra.
 * Akhteruzzaman Elias, novelist and short story writer, attended Bogra Zilla School.
 * Gaziul Haque, Bengali language movement activist, attended Bogra Zilla School.
 * পিনাকী ভট্টাচার্য Human rights Activists,  Attended Bogura Zilla School
 *
 * Muhammed Zafar Iqbal, physicist, attended Bogra Zilla School.
 * Shafiul Islam, cricketer on the Bangladesh cricket team
 * Tarun Majumdar, Indian film director
 * Mushfiqur Rahim, cricketer of the Bangladesh cricket team
 * Towhid Hridoy, Cricketer of the Bangladesh Cricket Team
 * Tanzid Hasan, Cricketer of the Bangladesh Cricket Team
 * Tanzid Hasan, Cricketer of the Bangladesh Cricket Team

title: Bogra


text:
User:Htonl

My username comes from the htonl function in Berkeley Sockets/POSIX/SUS.

I am employed as a software developer by the Democratic Alliance.

On Wikipedia I work mostly on articles related to Cape Town or South Africa in general. If you want me to take a photo of something in Cape Town, particularly the Southern Suburbs, leave a message on my talk page.

Conflict of interest declaration
I am an employee of the Democratic Alliance. My position is technical and does not involve political activity or public relations. Nonetheless, I recuse myself from editing all articles in Category:Democratic Alliance (South Africa), articles on other current South African political parties, and articles on contemporary South African party politics in general. I note certain exceptions to this recusal: Please point it out to me if I inadvertently break these restrictions.
 * Removing spam, reverting obvious vandalism, and correcting spelling and grammatical errors, which are all noted at WP:COIU as non-controversial edits.
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title: User:Htonl


text: User talk:69.199.178.113

title: User talk:69.199.178.113


text:
Talk:Kevin Whately

"Inspector Lewis"
I was pretty sure this series was supposed to be called After Morse.

Daily Mail article Morse sidekick gets promotion states he's now 'Inspector Lewis' but doesn't mention what the title will actually be. Alf 12:59, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

He looks like such a nice guy!
I'm not British, but I used to watch the inspector Morse series and I watched them again lately and "Lewis" always struck me as such a nice guy! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.111.75.156 (talk) 17:30, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

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Midsomer Murders
I knew he was familiar in season 22 Prepare for Death. Good to see him 2600:1002:B18B:4F5A:A91D:A9A6:3DBD:4493 (talk) 03:45, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

Dates
This is precocious: born 6 February 1951 BA in accounting and finance, graduating in 1969 Kids born in 1951 would be graduating from high school in 1969. Geofpick (talk) 14:53, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kevin Whately


text:
User:Y0u/Biscuits

Biscuits are large computer moniters made of sourdough and salt. Computer G[r]eeks threw them during the Olympics.

title: User:Y0u/Biscuits


text: Category:Bisexual politicians

title: Category:Bisexual politicians