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Astrid Varnay

Ibolyka Astrid Maria Varnay (25 April 1918 – 4 September 2006) was a Swedish-born American dramatic soprano of Hungarian descent. She spent most of her career in the United States and Germany. She was one of the leading Wagnerian heroic sopranos of her generation.

Background
Both her parents were Hungarian and born in small towns in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but she was born in Stockholm, where her parents were living during part of World War I. During a Da Capo interview in 1988 Varnay claimed that although she was born in Stockholm, her ancestry was Hungarian, French and German. Her mother, Maria Junghans (who changed her name to Javor when she took to the stage as a singer), born October 15, 1889, was a noted coloratura soprano with acoustic recordings to her credit. Her father was Alexander Varnay (born September 11, 1889), a spinto tenor. Opera was the family business, and Varnay grew up backstage at the world's opera houses. Her father founded, and both parents ran, the Opera Comique in Kristiania (later Oslo), (1918–1921). During one performance, she was swaddled in the lower drawer of the dressing room chest of drawers of the young Kirsten Flagstad.

The family moved to Argentina, then New York City, where her father died at age 35 in 1924. Two years later her mother married tenor Fortunato de Angelis and the family settled in New Jersey. Varnay had been studying to be a pianist but decided at age eighteen to become a singer and had intensive vocal lessons with her mother.

Career
A year later, Flagstad arranged for her to start preparing roles with Metropolitan Opera staff conductor and coach Hermann Weigert (1890–1955). By the age of 22 she knew Hungarian, German, English, French and Italian and her repertoire consisted of fifteen leading dramatic soprano roles, eleven of which were Wagnerian parts. She also had formidable mezzo-soprano capability, which she displayed in performances as Ortrud in Lohengrin and Klytemnestra in Elektra.

She made her sensational debut at the Metropolitan Opera on 6 December 1941 in a broadcast performance singing Sieglinde in Wagner's Die Walküre, substituting for the indisposed Lotte Lehmann with almost no rehearsal. This was her first appearance in a leading role, and it was a triumph. Six days later she replaced the ailing Helen Traubel as Brünnhilde in the same opera. Varnay and Weigert became closer and were married in 1944. It was also at this time that she had lessons with former Metropolitan Opera tenor, Paul Althouse.

In 1948, she made her debut at Covent Garden and in 1951 in Florence as Lady Macbeth. In that year she also made her debut at Bayreuth after Flagstad, who had declined the invitation to Bayreuth, recommended that Wieland Wagner engage Varnay. She sang at Bayreuth for the next seventeen years, and appeared regularly at the Metropolitan until 1956.

She left when it was clear that the Met director Rudolf Bing did not appreciate her, and went on to become a mainstay of the world's other great opera houses, especially in Germany, in Wagner and Strauss but also several Verdi and other roles. She had already made Munich her home, where audiences liked her.

In 1969, she gave up her repertoire of heavy dramatic soprano roles and began a new career singing mezzo roles. After being the world's leading Elektra for over twenty years, she now established herself as a great interpreter of Klytemnestra. The role of Herodias in Salome became her most often-performed role: 236 performances. She returned to the Metropolitan in 1974 and last appeared there in Weill's Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny in 1979. In 1975 she appeared as Herodias in the production of Salome with Teresa Stratas which was filmed with the Vienna Philharmonic and directed by Gotz Friedrich.

In the mid-1980s, character roles now became Varnay's metier. Her last appearance on stage was in Munich in 1995, fifty-five years after her Metropolitan debut. In 1998, she published her autobiography Fifty-Five Years in Five Acts: My Life in Opera, written with Donald Arthur (German title is Hab' mir's gelobt).

In 2004, a documentary about her life and first New York career entitled Never Before received acclaim in the USA. Her recordings of Strauss heroines such as Elektra and Salome along with the Wagnerian roles are among the treasures of the medium, while transcriptions of broadcast performances of her great roles document her art in sound, and a few video recordings of her late career preserve evidence of her acting ability. Varnay died in Munich on 4 September 2006 at age 88.

Recordings
Wagner: Der fliegende Holländer – Chorus and Orchestra of the Bayreuth Festival
 * Conductor: Joseph Keilberth
 * Principal singers: Hermann Uhde (Dutchman); Astrid Varnay (Senta); Ludwig Weber (Daland); Rudolf Lustig (Erik); Josef Traxel (Helmsman); Elisabeth Schärtel (Mary)
 * Recording location & date: Bayreuth Festspielhaus, 7, 15, & 19 August 1955 (stereo)
 * Label: Testament SBT2 1384 (2 CDs)

Wagner: Lohengrin – Chorus and Orchestra of the Bayreuth Festival
 * Conductor: Eugen Jochum
 * Principal singers: Wolfgang Windgassen (Title role); Birgit Nilsson (Elsa); Astrid Varnay (Ortrud); Theo Adam (Konig Heinrich); Hermann Uhde (Telramund); Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Heerrufer)
 * Recording location & date: Bayreuth Festspielhaus, 1954
 * Label: Archipel

Wagner: Götterdämmerung – Chorus and Orchestra of the Bayreuth Festival
 * Conductor: Hans Knappertsbusch
 * Principal singers: Astrid Varnay (Brünnhilde); Josef Greindl (Hagen); Wolfgang Windgassen (Siegfried); Otto Wiener (Gunther)
 * Recording location & date: Bayreuth Festspielhaus, 1958
 * Label: Walhall Eternity Series WLCD 0249 (4 CDs)

title: Astrid Varnay


text:
User talk:Drop17

Welcome from Redwolf24
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Drop17


text:
Molloy University

Molloy University is a private Roman Catholic university in Rockville Centre, New York. Initially founded as a school for women, it is now co-educational. It provides more than 50 academic undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral degree programs for over 4800 students.

History
In 1955, the Dominican Sisters of Amityville founded Molloy Catholic College for Women on 25 acres in Rockville Centre, Long Island, which was purchased by the Sisters of St. Dominic. When the college opened, Mother Anselma Ruth was its first president and the school offered two degrees, education and nursing. A year after it opened, the first institutional building named Quealy Hall opened. Soon after, Mother Bernadette de Lourdes, O.P., was appointed as the second president followed by the opening of Kellenberg Hall. In 1959, the first commencement ceremony took place celebrating the first graduating class.

In 1971, the decision was made to drop "for Women" from the school name. In 1972 Molloy began accepting men into the nursing program and in 1982 became fully coeducational.

The college opened Fitzgerald Hall, the first of three student residence halls opened, as well as the college's Public Square and Madison Theatre in 2011. In 2013, the Molloy Clinic opened in the Village of Rockville Centre. In 2013, the school’s Maria Regina Hall underwent renovation and was converted into a residence hall that opened in the fall of 2014. Before the renovation, the hall was used by the nursing faculty and the college’s Public Safety offices. The top floor of the hall served as a convent for the Sisters of Saint Dominic. The few sisters who still lived in the convent moved back to the Dominican priory in Amityville before the renovation.

In 2019, the college's Residence Quad, McGovern Plaza, was dedicated, and the Drew and Karen Bogner Hall, a new dorm, opened. The following year, Molloy announced James Lentini as president.

In March 2022, the New York State Board of Regents approved the change from Molloy College to Molloy University. The name change was effective June 1, 2022, and the university adopted a new logo.

Student life
Molloy has three residence halls that house nearly 350 students (about 9% of undergrads), Maria Regina, Fitzgerald, and Bogner Hall. Bogner Hall has the following amenities, which are available to all students who live on campus: study lounges, private music practice rooms, a social lounge, and a kitchen.

Dorms are co-ed but the halls and wings are separated by gender. Students living on campus have a choice of three different meal plans, and the school provides daily shuttle service for dining, shopping, or the train.

Student activities
There are more than 50 student organizations on campus.

Student services
Molloy’s student services include nonremedial tutoring, a women’s center, placement services, international student advisors, career services, health service, personal/psychological counseling, and health insurance.

Public Square
Molloy’s Public Square is a 24-hour campus center that opened in 2011. It includes a cafe, lounges, study rooms, student club space, a bookstore, an art gallery, rehearsal and office spaces for the music department, and the Madison Theatre, a 550-seat theater.

Academics
Molloy University employs 190 full-time faculty, with 87% holding terminal degrees in their field. Molloy's student-faculty ratio is 10 to 1. The university accepts around 77% of its applicants. There are four schools: School of Arts & Sciences, School of Business, School of Education & Human Services, and the Barbara H. Hagan School of Nursing & Health Sciences.

The Class of 2022 consisted of 908 undergraduates, 409 masters, and 28 doctoral degree recipients.

In 2020, the 3 majors with the highest number of graduates were:

 * Associate degree: Respiratory Care Therapist, Cardiovascular Technologist, Liberal Arts & Sciences
 * Bachelor's degree: Registered Nursing, General Business Administration and Management, and Accounting
 * Master's degree: Family Practice Nurse, Speech-Language Pathology, Education of Individuals in Elementary Special Education Programs
 * Doctoral degree: General Educational Leadership & Administration, Family Practice Nurse, Other Registered Nursing, Nursing Administration, Nursing Research, & Clinical Nursing

First year requirement
All of Molloy's first-year students belong to a freshman learning community. This community discusses topics such as "Law and Order" and "Keeping America Healthy". There is a separate, optional group for first year students that has been dubbed Molloy Well. These communities attempt to teach "physical, emotional and spiritual wellbeing" and "provide support in the transition from high school to college".

School of Arts & Sciences
The School of Arts and Sciences offers majors in the arts, humanities, sciences, and social sciences. The school offers 17 undergraduate degree majors and 2 graduate programs, including the Molloy/CAP21 B.F.A. in Theatre Arts.

School of Business
The School of Business at Molloy University is accredited by the International Accreditation Council for Business Education (IACBE) and offers undergraduate degrees and graduate degrees, including the M.B.A., as well as dual degrees.

School of Education & Human Services
The School of Education and Human Services offers undergraduate and graduate degrees including bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral programs in Education, Clinical Mental Health Counseling, and Social Work. The university’s Doctor of Education program in Educational Leadership for Diverse Learning Communities is part of the Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate. The Education undergraduate and graduate programs are accredited by the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP). In January 2019, the university opened its Mental Health and Wellness Center. It was founded by Laura Kestemberg, who has served as an associate professor, chair, associate dean, and director of the Master of Science Program and Department of Clinical Mental Health Counseling.

Barbara H. Hagan School of Nursing & Health Sciences
The Barbara H. Hagan School of Nursing & Health Sciences offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing, allied health sciences and communication sciences and disorders. Almost half of Molloy’s undergraduates (based on pre-2023 data) major in nursing. The nursing program is built around a humanistic approach. The university’s master’s of science program in clinical mental health counseling is accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs.

Mental Health and Wellness Center
MHWC offers individual therapy, group and couples therapy, and support group therapy. It also gives graduate students the opportunity for hands-on clinical training. In 2022, the university opened a nursing training school in Amityville to provide training for undergraduate and graduate students.

Theatre Program and Molloy-CAP21
In 2004, the College announced plans for the Public Square Building. It is now home to the Madison Theatre at Molloy College, a 550+ seat theater and professional performance space. Madison Theatre's Artistic Director is Angelo Fraboni, a Broadway performer who has produced and managed a range of Off-Broadway productions and tours.

In 2014, Collaborative Arts Project 21, America’s Musical Theatre Conservatory and Theatre Company (CAP21) joined forces with Molloy University. The two institutions developed a four year BFA Theatre Arts Degree Program to help “sustain the theatre for the next generation of artists.” Students take classes at Molloy and at the conservatory, with many members of the faculty working in the theater industry, and have the opportunity to perform with Broadway professionals. The musical theater training focuses on singing, voice, dance, and music theory. All seniors complete a Senior Showcase.

In 2018, Molloy opened the Manhattan Center in downtown Manhattan to serve as the new home for the Molloy/Cap21 program. It occupies the entire fourth floor of a historic building at 50 Broadway.

Irish Studies Institute (ISI)
The ISI was founded in 2008 and offers Irish and Celtic Studies programs. This includes Irish language instruction and courses focused on Irish culture. ISI also offers a certificate program in Irish Language & Gaelic Culture for adults and children.

Center for Environmental Research and Coastal Oceans Monitoring (CERCOM)
CERCOM is a marine science laboratory that monitors marine life and water pollution, and is the only horseshoe crab breeding laboratory in the U.S. In 2013, it was incorporated with the research field station for Molloy’s BS degree program in Earth and Environmental Sciences.

Ranking
In 2023, some of the university’s rankings included: #50 in Regional Universities North, #45 in Best Value Schools, #263 in Nursing. In 2021, Molloy was named the 7th safest school in the nation. It was the only college within the New York City region to break the top ten.

The Energeia Partnership
This partnership is a forum for Long Island-based ethicists working in the public, private, and charity sectors. Participants search for solutions to the area’s problems, while studying a two-year curriculum that focuses on topics that include education, institutional racism, poverty and the working poor, criminal justice, government and taxation, transportation, land use, energy, health care, resiliency, and media and social networking. In 2009, Molloy started Energeia for Teens to help develop leadership skills and promote character development in Long Island high school students.

Catholic Health Services
Molloy and Catholic Health Services work together to improve healthcare in Long Island and provide training opportunities for faculty, students, and others in the community.

Community work
Molloy follows the Four Pillars of Dominican Life: Study, Spirituality, Community, and Service. These pillars are part of the Dominican tradition and help guide Molloy’s campus and community activities and programs.

Community Care Mobile Clinic
This clinic provides free services to low-resourced communities in Long Island. Faculty and students who volunteer with the clinic go into neighborhoods to provide free care such as heart health screenings; assessments for blood pressure, cholesterol, hearing, vision, and stress; mental health support; voter registration; and music therapy. The clinic is supported in part by a grant from the Mother Cabrini Health Foundation.

Edith Richner Palliative Care Conference
In 2008, Molloy founded its Palliative Care Conference, which focuses on providing participants with tools to bring “professional, competent, and compassionate care” to patients and their families. The conference was on hold for two years during the coronavirus pandemic, and then resumed in 2022. That year, the conference was renamed the Edith Richner Palliative Care Conference, in memory of the cofounder of the Herald Community Newspapers and late mother of Stuart and Cliff Richner.

Rebecca Center for Music Therapy
The Rebecca Center was acquired by Molloy in 2008. At the center, music therapists provide treatment for patients who can be anywhere from two years old to adults. Music therapy observational students can help as part of their studies and can be included in research projects.

The center partners with local school districts to provide services to students with autism, and works with students transitioning out of high school through its Campus Connections program.

Service Projects
Molloy’s Campus Ministries office provides many service projects, locally, nationally, and internationally.

A few examples include:

 * Helped run a children’s camp in El Salvador
 * Mission trips to El Salvador

 * Food drives
 * Worked with Bethany House, which helps women and children experiencing homelessness
 * The annual Boxtown event, where Molloy students camp out in boxes on campus to simulate a night of homelessness and raise money for Bethany House
 * Midnight Run, where students deliver food and clothes to homeless in Manhattan
 * Sponsoring families during the Christmas season
 * Appalachia Project, where students work at the Big Laurel Learning Center in West Virginia and run a camp for children
 * Urban Challenge, where students spend a few days at the Romero Center serving the people of Camden, New Jersey

Sustainability Institute
The Sustainability Institute provides community classes and research on sustainability education and policy analysis. It was opened in 2009 with a mission to “integrate “green” concepts into the academic life of Molloy College and catalyze Long Island into a national leader in sustainable solutions.”

Workforce Development Program
This program provides ongoing training for private industry employees. In June 2022, S. Zaki Hossain, the president of Pintail Coffee and a member of the Board of Trustees of Molloy, gave the university a $2 million gift to support the program.

Athletics
Molloy athletic teams are the Lions. The school’s colors are maroon and white. The college is a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the East Coast Conference.

Molloy has 19 intercollegiate varsity sports: men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, lacrosse, soccer, track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, rugby, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball. Sprint football, a weight-restricted variant of American football governed outside the NCAA structure, will become the eighth men's sport and 20th overall in the 2024–25 school year. That team will compete in the Collegiate Sprint Football League.

The Molloy College softball team made it to the NCAA Division II World Series in 2013.

Notable alumni

 * Shea Spitzbarth - professional baseball player
 * Jaylen Morris - professional basketball player

title: Molloy University


text: Category:Languages of North Korea

title: Category:Languages of North Korea


text:
Canal Town

Canal Town is the title of a 1944 novel by Samuel Hopkins Adams.

Synopsis
The novel is set in the 1820s in the town of Palmyra, New York, near Rochester, located on the Erie Canal. The novel opens in 1820, when the construction of the Erie Canal had just begun, but has not reached Palmyra, and most of the town is looking forward to the economic boom the Canal is expected to bring.

During the course of the book, Adams depicts the changes in the daily life brought about by the construction of the canal. By the close of the book, citizens in Palmyra are regularly and casually travelling to Rochester via packet boat on the canal, or to New York by canal packet to Albany and thence by steam packet down the Hudson.

On publication, a New York Times review by Catharine Brody noted that the book recalls the Erie Canal novels of Walter D. Edmonds, whom Adams acknowledges in his introduction. In fact, Edmonds allowed Adams to use his notebooks as background for the novel.

The book is constructed around a single plot device, a case that a Dr. David Little reported to the Albany County Medical Society in the early 19th century. Brody called the incident "a truthful old-wives' tale."

The chief protagonist is a young doctor, Horace Amlie. He is intelligent and dedicated, willing to treat both wealthy and indigent, and willing to accept barter in lieu of cash when necessary. He knows of the latest advances in medical science, such as vaccination against smallpox, and comes into conflict with an established doctor who prefers older treatments such as bleeding. Brody called him "an Arrowsmith in a high beaver hat."

Amlie visits a settlement called Poverty's Pinch, treats the sick, and pays respectful attention to an old woman named Quaila Crego who practices folk medicine.

Work on the canal is constantly interrupted by sickness and fever among the workers. He asks Crego whether the fever has broken out in the Pinch and takes notice when she says "It will, when the black moskeeter stands on her head."

Amlie's dedication brings him into melodramatic conflict with landowners who resent his efforts to enforce public sanitation, and with a wealthy and powerful landowner named Genter Latham.

Amlie becomes acquainted with a spunky adolescent girl named Araminta Jerrold and her best friend, Genter Latham's daughter Wealthia. Araminta admires Amlie and it comes as no surprise to the reader when she and Horace are married later.

A good portion of the plot turns on a romantic situation involving Genter Latham's daughter, Wealthia. It seems obvious to the reader that Wealthia is having an affair with a dashing canal boat operator, Silverhorn Ramsey. She is also engaged to one Kinsey Hayne.

Dr. Amlie perceives that Wealthia is pregnant, and assumes that the father is Hayne. Amlie is concerned about the possibility that Wealthia may seek "assistance" from folk healers in Poverty Pinch, or may travel to Rochester for an "illegal operation." Eventually he informs Wealthia's father, who is furious at the aspersions cast on his daughter. Nine months elapse and there is no birth. Amlie is bewildered because he was certain of his diagnosis, and equally certain that Wealthia has not had an abortion.

New York Times reviewer Brody says that the reader will "probably stay up the rest of the night" to discover "the resolving of a first-class medical mystery."

Meanwhile, Latham resolves to ruin Amlie financially and run him out of town. He succeeds in having Amlie's license to practice medicine revoked. Through a loophole in the law, the revocation is unenforceable on the water of the canal itself, and Amlie manages to eke out a precarious living travelling up and down the canal in a boat, seeing patients only on board his vessel.

Without Amlie's public-health efforts, sanitary conditions in Palmyra deteriorate, and there is an epidemic of typhus, to which Wealthia falls victim and dies. Unable to stand not knowing how he could have been mistaken in his diagnosis, Amlie and a collaborator exhume Wealthia, and discover that she has experienced a rare condition, called a lithopedion or "stone baby," in which a fetus dies in the womb but becomes calcified rather than being expelled.

Amlie confronts Latham with this evidence, Latham acknowledges Amlie's integrity, numerous complications are quickly resolved in the closing pages, and Amlie and his wife Araminta live happily ever after.

title: Canal Town


text:
Anal sphincter muscles

Anal sphincter muscles may refer to:

 * External anal sphincter
 * Internal anal sphincter

title: Anal sphincter muscles


text:
1898 North-West Territories general election

The 1898 North-West Territories general election took place on 4 November 1898. This was the fourth general election in the history of the North-West Territories, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories.

Frederick W. A. G. Haultain was still the first premier of the North-West Territories (NWT). That title was given by legislation passed in 1897. He was the last premier of the NWT until 1980.

There were three big issues in this election, the first being acquiring provincial rights and how to divide the NWT into provinces.

The second issue was the transfer of education from the federal to the territorial level. This was Haultain's personal project. Unfortunately for the NWT, that power was not turned over until 1970.

The third issue was the territory's deficit budget. The territory was facing pressure from a rapidly increasing population in all parts of the territory. Earlier in 1898 the territorial government tried to exert control over liquor revenue in the Klondike, since it was footing the bill for increased services and policing. The federal government however interfered and dealt a huge blow, when it carved the Yukon Territory out of the NWT and appointed a council loyal to the federal government to gain control.

This was the first general election in which the election was contested along party lines in the NWT. Frederick W. A. G. Haultain sustained the governing North-West Territories Liberal-Conservative Party in coalition with James Hamilton Ross, who was a member of the Hautain cabinet but a Liberal member. Robert Brett remained leader of the official opposition.

Political parties were still controversial in this election as noted in the Calgary Herald editorial from 17 November 1898 Weekly edition, that debated the pros and cons of the bringing the "Dominion party lines" to the territorial legislature.

Members of the Legislative Assembly elected
For complete electoral history, see individual districts

 * Robert Brett (Banff) was elected in a contentiously close election, however the results were challenged by opponent Arthur Sifton, who won the subsequent by-election.


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QuizQuiz (video game)

QuizQuiz (퀴즈퀴즈), also known as Quiz Quiz, was a massively multiplayer online (MMO) quiz video game created by Nexon which used a super deformed type anime graphical style to portray the players and the few environments or non-player characters (NPCs) it contained. The game was released as a free beta download off of the Nexon Inc. website but was later discontinued in North America due to low playerbase. Released in 1999, it was one of the first free-to-play games using a microtransaction revenue model. The game remained available in South Korea, Japan, and Singapore but the Singapore and Japan servers were later shut down as well in December 2004.

General gameplay
After signing up and logging in, players would be redirected to a lobby, where they could chat (limited, a more full-featured chat was available in player-created chat rooms) with other online players and view the currently open games. The games all were trivia-oriented or puzzle games such as Reversi. Once the game they wished to play was open, all interested players could join the game by clicking on its button. Games supported anywhere between two and thirty-two players. Players were rewarded for doing well in the games with an in-game currency which they could use to buy items and clothes for their characters. Most items did nothing but make your avatar look good and show how smart you are, thus allowing you to gain the respect of other players. Other items, however, powered you up in some of the games, such as sunglasses in the true-false game. A player's overall score in the games was measured by an IQ meter. Most items required a certain IQ score to be attained before the player was allowed to purchase that item.

Games
Note: None of the names may be accurate, this is due to the lack of a current English website.

Several games were available in QuizQuiz, most of them involving trivia or puzzle elements. Several versions of the games were available.

Survival Olla Olla Game
The Survival Olla Olla Game consisted of nine players all lined up in buckets hanging over a body of water containing crocodiles for the trivia game, or sharks for the typing game. The buckets would all start in the middle of the screen and when the game began. In the trivia game, multiple choice questions would be asked by the server and would be answered by the players using the function keys (f1-f4). If a player got the question right, his or her bucket would be raised, otherwise, it would be lowered. If the player's bucket reached the water, that player would be eliminated and booted back to the lobby with a slight IQ deduction. If a player reached the top, that player would be considered the winner, in some versions, if nobody reached the top, the last player alive would win. The winner would gain IQ. The game would continue until all players had either reached the top or the bottom. Players would often share the answers with each other in an effort for all players to gain IQ. There would also be an incentive for players who know the right answers to give false answers on purpose so as to cause other players to fall. The typing game had pretty much the same concept, except instead of answering trivia questions, a sentence would be shown on the screen and the players would compete to see who could type it out the fastest. If you have a typing error in your sentence, your bucket would drop. If you type the sentence correct, your bucket would rise. The person who types the sentence the fastest will see their buckets rise faster than the others.

Survival OX
In OX, thirty-two players would enter a large board as small lingt-blue bubble avatars. The board would have a large X on one side and a large O on the other. After a time the game would begin, whether thirty-two players were present or not. 'True or False' questions would be asked and players would need to click on the side they wished to go to, X for false and O for true. Certain items would allow your avatar to move much faster, allowing last minute decisions, or more commonly, switch answers at the last minute fooling other players. Newer players would often follow other players who took the initiative to move first, so faster and crueler players would purposely fool the newbies for fun. An alternate version was available where the opposite answer must be selected, called XO. In this version, the board was halloween themed and evil laughter could be heard at the start of the game.

Virus
Virus was a game very similar to Reversi or Ataxx where four players, two on each team would face off, taking turns with their teammate to outwit the other team. Players could chat privately with their teammate or publicly with the everyone.

MediaMedia Gameshow
In a game which looked very similar to a StarCraft themed Jeopardy! stage, three players would stand behind podiums which were themed like the Terran, Protoss, and Zerg HUDs in StarCraft and be asked questions about computer and video games of all genres from all eras.

Love Love

Another game which was on it was LoveLove, which was a dating game where users would be put with someone who they voted for, and when that was over the user would start quizzes.

QuizQuiz North American Community
Contrary to Nexon's assessment that the player base of the North American beta version was low, there was in fact a large community surrounding the game that mostly resembled a clique structure. Like many other massively multiplayer games, clans were formed in QuizQuiz. Unlike other games where clans are used as a way to obtain people to hunt with or gain experience with, clans in the North American version of QuizQuiz were social hubs where a newcomer to the game could meet new people and chat. This is due to QuizQuiz's large social component and relatively weak gaming component. In the heyday of QQ North America there were many clans, notably:
 * PABM (Pink And Blue Mentos, QQ's first clan)
 * The Super Squirtle Squad
 * Tang Bang Calao
 * Team Rocket
 * Legendary 7
 * Legendary Birds

The majority of the clan websites are no longer online. There was also a Petition (aptly called "Petition Petition") that had upwards of 500 people sign to get Nexon to add new features / maintain the North American version.

Aftermath
QuizQuiz has evolved into the Korean online game Q-Play and has been dropped from all servers outside of South Korea. The Japanese version of QuizQuiz, which remained very similar to the North American beta version, was dropped December 14, 2004.

The character sprites were later put into a Nintendo DS game called Ping Pals. This game allowed users to purchase clothes similar to the way clothes are collected in QuizQuiz.

QuizQuiz R
On April 21, 2011, Nexon Korea made a CBT for QuizQuizR that lasted until May 19, 2011. It featured a new mode and made a raffle for real life games (Blue Marble Game, HalliGalli Game and 2 more prizes) if you did tasks while it lasted.

title: QuizQuiz (video game)


text:
User:VikOlliver

G'day, folks!

This is Vik Olliver's user page. He's a longhair programmer, artist, ex-firefighter and cat fancier who lives in New Zealand's Masterton District. There he works on various things of artistic, creative and scientific nature including the RepRap Project to create a self-replicating fabricator and the local Fab Lab.

One day he'll improve this biography. Meanwhiles take a look at this out of date website:

http://geekofarm.com

title: User:VikOlliver


text:
Drabble (comic strip)

Drabble is an internationally syndicated comic strip that appears in about 200 newspapers. Kevin Fagan created the strip in 1979 and remains the sole writer and artist. The strip centers on the Drabble family, and is set in a fictionalized version of the greater Los Angeles area.

Publication history
In the mid-1990s, the strip was nearly pulled from the Boston Herald. A grassroots effort, spearheaded by Robert S. Frisiello, Jr. convinced the paper to keep the strip running.

Characters
Ralph: The father of the family, he worked initially as a pro-wrestler, and later as the original mall cop. Ralph has been working as a retirement village security guard and in August 2011 began a job as a TSA screener at Polecat International Airport. In 2021, he decided to be a park ranger at Polecat National Park. He constantly overeats and watches classic movies, and his hero is Ward Cleaver. One strip had him going to the doctors office to have his cholesterol checked, whereupon the doctor promptly called the Guinness Book of World Records. Has an alter ego as a pro wrestler. He is also famous for his "Glare," which strikes fear in just about anyone who looks him in the eye. He has a brother Fred.

June: The mother of the family and the most responsible one. Always called "Honeybunch" by Ralph. Not without her own faults, Ralph frequently complains about her spending habits and when he set up a Halloween house of horrors, he included something meant to scare just her-the house telephone off the hook. She's shown to be a sci-fi fan and in one strip attended a Star Trek convention in costume. She also likes to sing along with her iPod, which Ralph often mistakes for the cat yowling or the smoke alarm going off. She also has the habit of finishing Ralph's sentences, which greatly annoys him. Honeybunch always wears her apron, even when they go out. In 2018, she is starting a photography business.

Norman: The sweet, but naive and dim-witted 19-year-old college student. He's the older son in the family. A bad case of arrested adolescence, he still sleeps on the top of a bunk bed with his younger brother Patrick and still asks his father to check the closet for monsters (though in one strip he managed to work up the courage to do it himself). In the fall of 2010, however, he moves into a dorm at college. He is also embarrassed about going to the beach because of his farmer's tan, and in one strip he looked like a farmer driving a tractor. He was also temporarily married to Wendy in Las Vegas, but that marriage was annulled because they were married by someone who was not an Elvis impersonator.

Patrick: The genius younger brother of Norman. He was almost always dressed in a gi, but in early 2018, is almost always dressed in a hockey uniform and carrying around a hockey stick.

Penny: The youngest child of the family.

Wendy Fleetwood: Norman's college classmate. Norman has been trying to score a date with her since the beginning of the comic strip. She was also temporarily married to Norman in Las Vegas, but that marriage was annulled because they were married by someone who was not an Elvis impersonator. A running joke is that she often says "Norman, run!", which makes him flee and allows her to avoid a boring conversation. In the January 25, 2004 strip, it was revealed that her last name is Fleetwood.

No-Neck: A good friend of Ralph, who literally has no neck. He also works as a security guard and is slightly dumber than Ralph.

Neil: College student friend of Norman's.

Stu: Another college student friend of Norman's.

Leonard: Another college student friend of Norman's.

L. Floyd Gargle: a neighbor with a mutual loathing of Ralph.

Wally: The Drabbles' hyperactive dachshund. Wally was introduced in Christmas 1998 when Norman gave Ralph a dog because he couldn't afford something.

Bob: The Drabbles' duck. To protect him from the Neighborhood Homeowners Association, Norman lies and tells everyone that Bob is a rare South-American parrot who takes on the characteristics of a duck for survival.

Oogie: The Drabbles' cat, who Ralph does not like, but June adores.

George W. Steinbauer: The Drabbles' next door neighbor who does not like Ralph, and Ralph feels the same way. He and Ralph constantly argue and compete contentiously. Has a daughter named Opal and a son named Troy.

Brtny: A girl at Norman's college who seems to have a crush on him. She communicates through texting. Norman appears to like her as well.

Echo: A young woman about Norman's age whom he always bumps into when he wishes he could meet the perfect girl. After several false starts they finally get together. However, she has a pet badger, which contributes to ill-fated nature of their relationship, since badgers are Wally's mortal enemies. Nicknamed "Echo" for her similarities to Norman, her real name is Norma.

Books

 * 1) The First Book of Drabble 1981
 * 2) Basic Drabble 1983
 * 3) Drabble ...in the Fast Lane 1985
 * 4) Dad, I'm an Elvis Impersonator 1991
 * 5) Son of Drabble 1997
 * 6) Mall Cops, Ducks and Fenderheads 1998
 * 7) Drabblations 1999
 * 8) Who Wants to be a Fenderhead? 2000

title: Drabble (comic strip)


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User talk:Chakra~enwiki

Hi Chakra,

welcome to Wikipedia!

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Andre ( talk ) 01:33, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Niki Leinso may not be well-known enough to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. By starting an account or logging in, each user is entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects. --Calton | Talk 07:41, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chakra. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chakra~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:29, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chakra~enwiki


text: Category:Languages of Brunei

title: Category:Languages of Brunei


text:
Talk:John Garcia (singer)

Discography
Being in this many projects and bands, it may be a good idea to list his discography, including Kyuss, Slo Burn, Unida, Hermano, and the other projects he's taken part in.

Ahem except future releases and BS about Andy Garcia. There's nothing about Andy Garcia (born 1956 in Cuba) having a brother in IMDB or even in his Wikipedia article.

a news article on IMDB's "Andy Garcia news" search mentions an older brother and sister. Celebritywonder lists his older brother's name as Renee.

I don't think it likely that actor Andy Garcia and John Garcia are related. Nonsense. I reverted the piece in the text the other day, but missed the discography. Removed.  Dei zio  20:27, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with the unsigned comment above about the discography, but as its already been reverted once, and I'm not gonna change it again. I'll just put on a dispute template, wait a couple of days for someone to cite a source then get rid of it. --Insist it persists 15:13, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Is there any proof of John being the son of Jerry Garcia? I think it's unbelievable enough to require a citation. War machine09 05:18, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

I read this about Kyuss in my encyclopedia of rock (it's in swedish): "Acidinslaget, för att inte säga de spirituella inslagen, skylldes möjligen på att John Garcia var son till den legendariske frontfiguren Jerry Garcia från Grateful Dead.", which translates "The acid element (of their music), or perhaps rather the spiritual elements, could possibly be blamed on John Garcia being the son of legendary front figure Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead." Demon Cleaner

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title: Talk:John Garcia (singer)


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User talk:Qotsa420

Hi Qotsa420,

welcome to Wikipedia!

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Andre ( talk ) 01:34, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Indrayudhshome1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Indrayudhshome1.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 13:44, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Indrayudh Shome
A tag has been placed on Indrayudh Shome, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be a biographical account about a person, group of people, or band, but it does not indicate how or why he/she/they is/are notable. If you can indicate why Indrayudh Shome is really notable, I advise you to edit the article promptly, and also put a note on Talk:Indrayudh Shome. Any admin should check for such edits before deleting the article. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Please read our criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 7 under Articles. You might also want to read our general biography criteria. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. To contest the tagging and request that admins should wait a while for you to assert his/her/their notability, please affix the template  to the page, and then immediately add such an assertion. It is also a very good idea to add citations from reliable sources to ensure that your article will be verifiable. PJM 11:13, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Qotsa420


text:
User talk:Chaolin

Hi Chaolin,

welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

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Andre ( talk ) 01:34, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chaolin


text:
Talk:Lesson of the widow's mite

Racist groups???!?
Who are "Brown, et al"? With no further citation than that, it's impossible to judge the relevance of the point, but on the face of it it seems implausible that this passage is widely used to justify antisemitism--after all, the widow is Jewish too, and giving faithfully to the Temple, and Jesus approves of her doing so. No?

I'd favor deleting the stuff about antisemitism until and unless someone finds a convincing source for it. 65.213.77.129 (talk) 13:58, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

1611 Context?
This seemed to be very confusing to me. Is whoever wrote this implying that the parable was written in 1611, or that the translation is poor because the translators were framing their view of the parable in relation to current social norms?
 * This whole article could use some clarification...I'd imagine that the summary of the story (quote the passage?), then interpretations, then any cultural notes.65.123.167.8 (talk) 18:31, 9 December 2009 (UTC)
 * worst article i've ever read. 1611 is when the KVJ was completed. 71.174.157.134 (talk) 03:05, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

How can you say there was no "mite" in Jesus' day then show a picture of one minted 70 or 80 years earlier? Sounds like an attempt to discredit Scripture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.88.15.80 (talk) 07:47, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Sorry if I'm not correctly using "Talk," but my response to the preceding is that a little editing could clarify that even if mites didn't exist then lepta did, although "mite" would be in the story if King James' translators wrote it. I think it's clear that the translators used current vocabulary, even while social norms might or might not have changed. Certainly, we can assume that widows were generally poor all throughout history, at least until the era of women's equal rights to inherit, work and own property.

As to the invitation in the article to Talk about the tone, I like that the article explains what the contemporary readers of the KJV would have known and understood, and explores other aspects of how Jesus' parable is relevant to Christian teachings. A purely scientific or technical article, strictly limited to proving the facts stated regarding the parable, would be of far less utility to people who consult encylopedias. I'd love to know what a survey of Britannica-type publications of recent decades might reveal in this regard, but I suspect that they're not dissimilar in tone from this article. It gave me what myself came to find. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.249.196.188 (talk) 18:17, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

A superbly well written and informative article that told me exactly what I wanted to know. Thank you. John H, Selkirk. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.63.86.128 (talk) 12:09, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

While I realise that this is an old argument, and the para has stayed in the article for some time, it has still attracted no citations. It appears to be original research of the author, so I've deleted it - fine for a sermon, but not for Wikipedia Matruman (talk) 12:01, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

What does Jesus teach?
Currently the page says:

"Jesus explains to his disciples that the small sacrifices of the poor mean more to God than the extravagant, but proportionately lesser, donations of the rich."

I'm not sure this is true, since Jesus never mentions God:

 * I'm positive that this is true because it says this in the bible and everything in the bible is true. This is true also because in the bible it says that when rich people give their money, they are stingy and save all their money on everything else. Widow's and poor people, give all they can give because they have nothing to spend their money on. I am not saying that rich people and poor people are always bad about what they spend their own money on, but they can be depending on who they are and their character. —20:35, 17 December 2016 99.196.213.68

In the Mark passage (NIV) he says:

"Truly I tell you, this poor widow has put more into the treasury than all the others. They all gave out of their wealth; but she, out of her poverty, put in everything—all she had to live on."

And in the Luke passage he says:

"Truly I tell you, this poor widow has put in more than all the others. All these people gave their gifts out of their wealth; but she out of her poverty put in all she had to live on."

 * In this, it shows that the widow gave everything to God and trusted in him to protect her even though she did't have any money. She trusted in God while the rich people did't give all they had, and were scared to give all there money away. Do not change this text please because this is the right revision. (Done by an anonomous person.) —20:35, 17 December 2016 99.196.213.68

Nowhere in here does it say that it meant anything to God.

I would say that the teaching for this passage is just that her gift was more significant to herself, than the gifts given by the rich people (but for a more interesting teaching, you need to look at the context of the passage... I'm not sure that this level of interpretation is suitable for wikipedia though).

—165.228.8.124 (talk) 00:35, 31 January 2015 (UTC) (Andy)

 * The anonymous author of the comments in the above deleted previous comments by a previous poster querying the sections quoted from teh actual article. That's not how Talk pages are meant to work, as I understand it, we're meant to leave the previous comments and add our own.

 * The problem with the article is not so much whether the comments are "true" (on which subject Pilate raised a good question...) but on whether they reflect the encyclopaedic style of Wikipedia, which they don't because they are inadequately referenced and worded as theology rather than an analysis of what theologians have said. I'll try to have a go at rewording and finding references later. Matruman (talk) 12:12, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

 * For completeness, I just restored the improperly deleted comments from Andy, above. —173.68.139.31 (talk) 03:47, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

Addison Wright
Who is Addison Wright and why is his interpretation covered so much? 2600:1702:2420:2040:4076:9AC:BAAF:43E6 (talk) 05:11, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lesson of the widow's mite


text:
Macrosonics

Macrosonics is the use of high amplitude sound waves for industrial applications. Applications include gas compression, cleaning of surfaces, plastic and metal welding, metal forming, machining, and chemical processing.

title: Macrosonics


text:
User:Georgia guy/Wishes for the future of Wikipedia

I've been gone from Wikipedia since this was written, but I still have some wishes for Wikipedia. I wish:

 * 1) Wikipedia could get at least a million articles by the start of 2010. (achieved in 2006)
 * 2) Wikipedia could get at least 2 million articles by the start of 2014. (achieved in 2007)
 * 3) Wikipedia could get at least 4 million articles by the start of 2022. (achieved in 2012)
 * 4) Wikipedia could get at least 5 million articles by the start of 2026. (achieved in 2015)


text:
Shishkin

Shishkin (Шишкин) is a Russian masculine surname. Its feminine counterpart is Shishkina. The surname is derived from the sobriquet шишка/shishka ('pinecone'), or from şiş ('to swell'). Notable people with the surname include:

 * Aleksey Shishkin, Russian Gypsy arranger and composer
 * Aleksandr Shishkin (born 1966), Russian football player
 * Alla Shishkina (born 1989), Russian competitor in synchronized swimming
 * Boris Schischkin (1886–1963), Russian botanist
 * Dasha Shishkin (born 1977), Russian-American artist
 * Dmitry Shishkin (born 1992), Russian pianist
 * Georgy Shishkin (born 1948), Russian painter
 * Ivan Shishkin (1832–1898), Russian painter
 * Mikhail Shishkin (writer) (born 1961), Russian writer
 * Mikhail Shishkin (footballer) (born 1980), Russian association football player
 * Nikolai Shishkin (1845-1911), Russian gypsy singer-arranger-composer from Kursk
 * Oleg Șișchin (born 1975), Moldovan footballer
 * Olga Shishkina (musician) (born 1985), Russian-born musician
 * Olga Shishkina (physicist), Russian physicist
 * Pavel Shishkin (born 1970), Russian businessman
 * Roman Shishkin (born 1987), Russian footballer
 * Sergey Shishkin (born 1973), Russian footballer
 * Svetlana Malahova-Shishkina (born 1977), Kazakhstani cross-country skier
 * Tatyana Shishkina (born 1969), Kazakhstani judoka
 * Vadim Shishkin (born 1969), Ukrainian chess grandmaster
 * Viktor Shishkin (born 1955), Russian footballer
 * Vladimir Shishkin (born 1964), Russian hurdler
 * Vladimir Shishkin (boxer) (born 1991), Russian boxer
 * Vyacheslav Shishkin (born 1993), Russian footballer
 * Yuri Shishkin (born 1963), Russian footballer

title: Shishkin


text:
Calcium phosphide

Calcium phosphide (CP) is the inorganic compound with the formula Ca3P2. It is one of several phosphides of calcium, being described as the salt-like material composed of Ca2+ and P3−. Other, more exotic calcium phosphides have the formula CaP / Ca2P2, CaP3, and Ca5P8.

Ca3P2 has the appearance of red-brown crystalline powder or grey lumps. Its trade name is Photophor for the incendiary use or Polytanol for the use as rodenticide.

Preparation and structure
It may be formed by reaction of the elements, but it is more commonly prepared by carbothermal reduction of calcium phosphate:
 * Ca3(PO4)2 +  8 C  →  Ca3P2  +  8 CO

The structure of the room temperature form of Ca3P2 has not been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. A high temperature phase has been characterized by Rietveld refinement. Ca2+ centers are octahedral.

Uses
Metal phosphides are used as a rodenticide. A mixture of food and calcium phosphide is left where the rodents can eat it. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic gas phosphine. This method of vermin control has possible use in places where rodents immune to many of the common warfarin-type (anticoagulant) poisons have appeared. Other pesticides similar to calcium phosphide are zinc phosphide and aluminium phosphide.

Calcium phosphide is also used in fireworks, torpedoes, self-igniting naval pyrotechnic flares, and various water-activated ammunition. During the 1920s and 1930s, Charles Kingsford Smith used separate buoyant canisters of calcium carbide and calcium phosphide as naval flares lasting up to ten minutes. It is speculated that calcium phosphide—made by boiling bones in urine, within a closed vessel—was an ingredient of some ancient Greek fire formulas.

Calcium phosphide is a common impurity in calcium carbide, which may cause the resulting phosphine-contaminated acetylene to ignite spontaneously.

title: Calcium phosphide


text:
Los Angeles County District Attorney

The District Attorney of Los Angeles County is in charge of the office that prosecutes felony and misdemeanor crimes that occur within Los Angeles County, California, United States. The current district attorney (DA) is George Gascón.

Some misdemeanor crimes are prosecuted by local city attorneys. City attorneys prosecute misdemeanors and infractions that are violations of the municipal code governing incorporated cities, such as Los Angeles and Long Beach, within the county. All other felony and misdemeanors within Los Angeles County are prosecuted by the district attorney's office. According to the district attorney's official website, the office is the largest local prosecutor's office in the United States. The Los Angeles County Public Defender provides legal assistance to individuals charged with a crime who are financially unable to hire and pay for their own private lawyers.

title: Los Angeles County District Attorney


text:
Talk:List of Northwest Territories general elections

Image copyright problem with Image:ElectionsNWTLogo.png
The image Image:ElectionsNWTLogo.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --10:39, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

This article's election table
This article's elections table is very non-standard, and is not pleasing to a reader's eyes. I am thinking about substantially overhauling it (likely by splitting it into several smaller tables) in the near future. If anyone has any comments on this, please leave them here! --IJBall (contribs • talk) 19:22, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

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Einstein coefficients

In atomic, molecular, and optical physics, the Einstein coefficients are quantities describing the probability of absorption or emission of a photon by an atom or molecule. The Einstein A coefficients are related to the rate of spontaneous emission of light, and the Einstein B coefficients are related to the absorption and stimulated emission of light. Throughout this article, "light" refers to any electromagnetic radiation, not necessarily in the visible spectrum.

These coefficients are named after Albert Einstein, who proposed them in 1916.

Spectral lines
In physics, one thinks of a spectral line from two viewpoints.

An emission line is formed when an atom or molecule makes a transition from a particular discrete energy level $E_{2}$ of an atom, to a lower energy level $E_{1}$, emitting a photon of a particular energy and wavelength. A spectrum of many such photons will show an emission spike at the wavelength associated with these photons.

An absorption line is formed when an atom or molecule makes a transition from a lower, $E_{1}$, to a higher discrete energy state, $E_{2}$, with a photon being absorbed in the process. These absorbed photons generally come from background continuum radiation (the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation) and a spectrum will show a drop in the continuum radiation at the wavelength associated with the absorbed photons.

The two states must be bound states in which the electron is bound to the atom or molecule, so the transition is sometimes referred to as a "bound–bound" transition, as opposed to a transition in which the electron is ejected out of the atom completely ("bound–free" transition) into a continuum state, leaving an ionized atom, and generating continuum radiation.

A photon with an energy equal to the difference $E_{2} − E_{1}$ between the energy levels is released or absorbed in the process. The frequency $ν$ at which the spectral line occurs is related to the photon energy by Bohr's frequency condition $E_{2} − E_{1} = hν$ where $h$ denotes the Planck constant.

Emission and absorption coefficients
An atomic spectral line refers to emission and absorption events in a gas in which $$n_2$$ is the density of atoms in the upper-energy state for the line, and $$n_1$$ is the density of atoms in the lower-energy state for the line.

The emission of atomic line radiation at frequency $ν$ may be described by an emission coefficient $$\varepsilon$$ with units of energy/(time × volume × solid angle). ε dt dV dΩ is then the energy emitted by a volume element $$dV$$ in time $$dt$$ into solid angle $$d\Omega$$. For atomic line radiation, $$\varepsilon = \frac{h\nu}{4\pi} n_2 A_{21},$$ where $$A_{21}$$ is the Einstein coefficient for spontaneous emission, which is fixed by the intrinsic properties of the relevant atom for the two relevant energy levels.

The absorption of atomic line radiation may be described by an absorption coefficient $$\kappa$$ with units of 1/length. The expression κ' dx gives the fraction of intensity absorbed for a light beam at frequency $ν$ while traveling distance dx. The absorption coefficient is given by $$\kappa' = \frac{h\nu}{4\pi} (n_1 B_{12} - n_2 B_{21}),$$ where $$B_{12}$$ and $$B_{21}$$ are the Einstein coefficients for photon absorption and induced emission respectively. Like the coefficient $$A_{21}$$, these are also fixed by the intrinsic properties of the relevant atom for the two relevant energy levels. For thermodynamics and for the application of Kirchhoff's law, it is necessary that the total absorption be expressed as the algebraic sum of two components, described respectively by $$B_{12}$$ and $$B_{21}$$, which may be regarded as positive and negative absorption, which are, respectively, the direct photon absorption, and what is commonly called stimulated or induced emission.

The above equations have ignored the influence of the spectroscopic line shape. To be accurate, the above equations need to be multiplied by the (normalized) spectral line shape, in which case the units will change to include a 1/Hz term.

Under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium, the number densities $$n_2$$ and $$n_1$$, the Einstein coefficients, and the spectral energy density provide sufficient information to determine the absorption and emission rates.

Equilibrium conditions
The number densities $$n_2$$ and $$n_1$$ are set by the physical state of the gas in which the spectral line occurs, including the local spectral radiance (or, in some presentations, the local spectral radiant energy density). When that state is either one of strict thermodynamic equilibrium, or one of so-called "local thermodynamic equilibrium", then the distribution of atomic states of excitation (which includes $$n_2$$ and $$n_1$$) determines the rates of atomic emissions and absorptions to be such that Kirchhoff's law of equality of radiative absorptivity and emissivity holds. In strict thermodynamic equilibrium, the radiation field is said to be black-body radiation and is described by Planck's law. For local thermodynamic equilibrium, the radiation field does not have to be a black-body field, but the rate of interatomic collisions must vastly exceed the rates of absorption and emission of quanta of light, so that the interatomic collisions entirely dominate the distribution of states of atomic excitation. Circumstances occur in which local thermodynamic equilibrium does not prevail, because the strong radiative effects overwhelm the tendency to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities. For example, in the atmosphere of the Sun, the great strength of the radiation dominates. In the upper atmosphere of the Earth, at altitudes over 100 km, the rarity of intermolecular collisions is decisive.

In the cases of thermodynamic equilibrium and of local thermodynamic equilibrium, the number densities of the atoms, both excited and unexcited, may be calculated from the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, but for other cases, (e.g. lasers) the calculation is more complicated.

Einstein coefficients
In 1916, Albert Einstein proposed that there are three processes occurring in the formation of an atomic spectral line. The three processes are referred to as spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, and absorption. With each is associated an Einstein coefficient, which is a measure of the probability of that particular process occurring. Einstein considered the case of isotropic radiation of frequency $ν$ and spectral energy density $ρ(ν)$. Paul Dirac derived the coefficients in a 1927 paper titled "The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation".

Various formulations
Hilborn has compared various formulations for derivations for the Einstein coefficients, by various authors. For example, Herzberg works with irradiance and wavenumber; Yariv works with energy per unit volume per unit frequency interval, as is the case in the more recent (2008) formulation. Mihalas & Weibel-Mihalas work with radiance and frequency; also Chandrasekhar; also Goody & Yung; Loudon uses angular frequency and radiance.

Spontaneous emission
Spontaneous emission is the process by which an electron "spontaneously" (i.e. without any outside influence) decays from a higher energy level to a lower one. The process is described by the Einstein coefficient A21 (s−1), which gives the probability per unit time that an electron in state 2 with energy $$E_2$$ will decay spontaneously to state 1 with energy $$E_1$$, emitting a photon with an energy $E_{2} − E_{1} = hν$. Due to the energy-time uncertainty principle, the transition actually produces photons within a narrow range of frequencies called the spectral linewidth. If $$n_i$$ is the number density of atoms in state i, then the change in the number density of atoms in state 2 per unit time due to spontaneous emission will be $$\left(\frac{dn_2}{dt}\right)_\text{spontaneous} = -A_{21} n_2.$$

The same process results in increasing of the population of the state 1: $$\left(\frac{dn_1}{dt}\right)_\text{spontaneous} = A_{21} n_2.$$

Stimulated emission
Stimulated emission (also known as induced emission) is the process by which an electron is induced to jump from a higher energy level to a lower one by the presence of electromagnetic radiation at (or near) the frequency of the transition. From the thermodynamic viewpoint, this process must be regarded as negative absorption. The process is described by the Einstein coefficient $$B_{21}$$ (m3 J−1 s−2), which gives the probability per unit time per unit energy density of the radiation field per unit frequency that an electron in state 2 with energy $$E_2$$ will decay to state 1 with energy $$E_1$$, emitting a photon with an energy $E_{2} − E_{1} = hν$. The change in the number density of atoms in state 1 per unit time due to induced emission will be $$\left(\frac{dn_1}{dt}\right)_\text{neg. absorb.} = B_{21} n_2 \rho(\nu),$$ where $$\rho(\nu)$$ denotes the spectral energy density of the isotropic radiation field at the frequency of the transition (see Planck's law).

Stimulated emission is one of the fundamental processes that led to the development of the laser. Laser radiation is, however, very far from the present case of isotropic radiation.

Photon absorption
Absorption is the process by which a photon is absorbed by the atom, causing an electron to jump from a lower energy level to a higher one. The process is described by the Einstein coefficient $$B_{12}$$ (m3 J−1 s−2), which gives the probability per unit time per unit energy density of the radiation field per unit frequency that an electron in state 1 with energy $$E_1$$ will absorb a photon with an energy $E_{2} − E_{1} = hν$ and jump to state 2 with energy $$E_2$$. The change in the number density of atoms in state 1 per unit time due to absorption will be $$\left(\frac{dn_1}{dt}\right)_\text{pos. absorb.} = -B_{12} n_1 \rho(\nu).$$

Detailed balancing
The Einstein coefficients are fixed probabilities per time associated with each atom, and do not depend on the state of the gas of which the atoms are a part. Therefore, any relationship that we can derive between the coefficients at, say, thermodynamic equilibrium will be valid universally.

At thermodynamic equilibrium, we will have a simple balancing, in which the net change in the number of any excited atoms is zero, being balanced by loss and gain due to all processes. With respect to bound-bound transitions, we will have detailed balancing as well, which states that the net exchange between any two levels will be balanced. This is because the probabilities of transition cannot be affected by the presence or absence of other excited atoms. Detailed balance (valid only at equilibrium) requires that the change in time of the number of atoms in level 1 due to the above three processes be zero: $$0 = A_{21} n_2 + B_{21} n_2 \rho(\nu) - B_{12} n_1 \rho(\nu).$$

Along with detailed balancing, at temperature $T$ we may use our knowledge of the equilibrium energy distribution of the atoms, as stated in the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, and the equilibrium distribution of the photons, as stated in Planck's law of black body radiation to derive universal relationships between the Einstein coefficients.

From Boltzmann distribution we have for the number of excited atomic species i: $$\frac{n_i}{n} = \frac{g_i e^{-E_i/kT}}{Z},$$ where n is the total number density of the atomic species, excited and unexcited, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, $$g_i$$ is the degeneracy (also called the multiplicity) of state i, and Z is the partition function. From Planck's law of black-body radiation at temperature $T$ we have for the spectral radiance (radiance is energy per unit time per unit solid angle per unit projected area, when integrated over an appropriate spectral interval) at frequency $ν$ $$\rho_\nu(\nu, T) = F(\nu) \frac{1}{e^{h\nu/kT} - 1},$$ where $$F(\nu) = \frac{2 h\nu^3}{c^2},$$ where $$c$$ is the speed of light and $$h$$ is the Planck constant.

Substituting these expressions into the equation of detailed balancing and remembering that $E_{2} − E_{1} = hν$ yields $$A_{21} g_2 e^{-h\nu/kT} + B_{21} g_2 e^{-h\nu/kT} \frac{F(\nu)}{e^{h\nu/kT} - 1} = B_{12} g_1 \frac{F(\nu)}{e^{h\nu/kT} - 1},$$ or $$A_{21} g_2 (1 - e^{-h\nu/kT}) + B_{21} g_2 F(\nu) e^{-h\nu/kT}= B_{12} g_1 F(\nu).$$

The above equation must hold at any temperature, so from $$T \to \infty$$ one gets $$B_{21} g_2 = B_{12} g_1,$$ and from $$T \to 0$$ $$A_{21} g_2 = B_{21} g_2 F(\nu).$$

Therefore, the three Einstein coefficients are interrelated by $$\frac{A_{21}}{B_{21}} = F(\nu)$$ and $$\frac{B_{21}}{B_{12}} = \frac{g_1}{g_2}.$$

When this relation is inserted into the original equation, one can also find a relation between $$A_{21}$$ and $$B_{12}$$, involving Planck's law.

Oscillator strengths
The oscillator strength $$f_{12}$$ is defined by the following relation to the cross section $$\sigma$$ for absorption: $$\sigma = \frac{e^2}{4 \varepsilon_0 m_e c}\,f_{12}\,\phi_\nu = \frac{\pi e^2}{2 \varepsilon_0 m_e c} \,f_{12}\,\phi_\omega,$$

where $$e$$ is the electron charge, $$m_e$$ is the electron mass, and $$\phi_\nu$$ and $$\phi_\omega$$ are normalized distribution functions in frequency and angular frequency respectively. This allows all three Einstein coefficients to be expressed in terms of the single oscillator strength associated with the particular atomic spectral line: $$\begin{align} B_{12} &= \frac{e^2}{4 \varepsilon_0 m_e h \nu} f_{12}, \\[1ex] B_{21} &= \frac{e^2}{4 \varepsilon_0 m_e h \nu} \frac{g_1}{g_2} f_{12}, \\[1ex] A_{21} &= \frac{2 \pi \nu^2 e^2}{\varepsilon_0 m_e c^3} \frac{g_1}{g_2} f_{12}. \end{align}$$

Dipole approximation
The value of A and B coefficients can be calculated using quantum mechanics where dipole approximations in time dependent perturbation theory is used. While the calculation of B coefficient can be done easily, that of A coefficient requires using results of second quantization. This is because the theory developed by dipole approximation and time dependent perturbation theory gives a semiclassical description of electronic transition which goes to zero as perturbing fields go to zero. The A coefficient which governs spontaneous emission should not go to zero as perturbing fields go to zero. The result for transition rates of different electronic levels as a result of spontaneous emission is given as (in SI units): $$w_{i \to f}^\text{s.emi} = \frac{\omega_{if}^3 e^2}{3 \pi \varepsilon_0 \hbar c^3} \left|\langle f|\vec{r}| i\rangle\right|^2 = A_{if}$$

For B coefficient, straightforward application of dipole approximation in time dependent perturbation theory yields (in SI units): $$w_{i \rightarrow f}^\text{abs} = \frac{u(\omega_{fi}) \pi e^2}{3 \varepsilon_0 \hbar^2} \left|\langle f|\vec{r}| i\rangle\right|^2 = B^\text{abs}_{if} u(\omega_{fi})$$ $$w_{i \to f}^\text{emi} = \frac{u(\omega_{if})\pi e^2}{3 \varepsilon_0 \hbar^2} \left|\langle f| \vec{r} | i\rangle\right|^2 = B^{emi}_{if} u(\omega_{if})$$

Note that the rate of transition formula depends on dipole moment operator. For higher order approximations, it involves quadrupole moment and other similar terms.

Here, the B coefficients are chosen to correspond to $$\omega$$ energy distribution function. Often these different definitions of B coefficients are distinguished by superscript, for example, $B_{21}^f=\frac{B_{21}^{\omega}}{2\pi}$ where $B_{21}^f$  term corresponds to frequency distribution and $B_{21}^{\omega}$  term corresponds to $$\omega$$ distribution. The formulas for B coefficients varies inversely to that of the energy distribution chosen, so that the transition rate is same regardless of convention.

Hence, AB coefficients are calculated using dipole approximation as: $$\begin{align} A_{ab} &= \frac{\omega_{ab}^3 e^2}{3 \pi \varepsilon_0 \hbar c^3} \left|\langle a|\vec{r}| b\rangle\right|^2 \\[1ex] B_{ab} &= \frac{\pi e^2}{3 \varepsilon_0 \hbar^2} \left|\langle a|\vec{r}| b\rangle\right|^2 \end{align}$$ where $$\omega_{ab} = \frac{E_a-E_b}\hbar$$ and B coefficients correspond to $$\omega$$ energy distribution function.

Hence the following ratios are also derived: $$\frac{B_{12}}{B_{21}} = 1$$ and $$\frac{A_{if}}{B} = \frac{\omega_{if}^3\hbar}{\pi^2 c^3}$$

Derivation of Planck's law
It follows from theory that: $$\frac{dN_b}{dt} = - A_{ba} N_b -N_b u(\omega_{ba}) B_{ba} + N_a u(\omega_{ba}) B_{ab} = - N_b w_{b \to a}^\text{s.emi} - N_b w_{b \to a}^\text{emi} + N_a w_{a \to b}^\text{abs}$$ where $$N_a$$ and $$N_b$$ are number of occupied energy levels of $$E_a$$ and $$E_b$$ respectively, where $$E_b>E_a$$. Note that from time dependent perturbation theory application, the fact that only radiation whose $$\omega$$ is close to value of $$\omega_{ba}$$ can produce respective stimulated emission or absorption, is used.

Where Maxwell distribution involving $$N_a$$ and $$N_b$$ ensures $$\frac{N_a}{N_b}= \frac{e^{-E_a\beta}}{e^{-E_b\beta}}=e^{\omega_{ba}\hbar\beta}$$

Solving for $$u$$ for equilibrium condition $$\frac{dN_b}{dt}= 0$$ using the above equations and ratios while generalizing $$\omega_{ba}$$ to $$\omega$$, we get: $$u_{\omega}(\omega,T)=\frac{\omega^3\hbar}{\pi^2 c^3} \frac{1}{e^{\omega\hbar\beta}-1}$$ which is the angular frequency energy distribution from Planck's law.

Cited bibliography

 * Chandrasekhar, S. (1950). Radiative Transfer, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
 * Garrison, J. C., Chiao, R. Y. (2008). Quantum Optics, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 978-019-850-886-1.
 * Goody, R. M., Yung, Y. L. (1989). Atmospheric Radiation: Theoretical Basis, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 1989, ISBN 0-19-505134-3.
 * Translated as "Quantum-theoretical Re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations" in

 * Herzberg, G. (1950). Molecular Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure, vol. 1, Diatomic Molecules, second edition, Van Nostrand, New York.
 * Loudon, R. (1973/2000). The Quantum Theory of Light, (first edition 1973), third edition 2000, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 0-19-850177-3.
 * Mihalas, D., Weibel-Mihalas, B. (1984). Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics, Oxford University Press, New York ISBN 0-19-503437-6.
 * Yariv, A. (1967/1989). Quantum Electronics, third edition, John Wiley & sons, New York, ISBN 0-471-60997-8.

title: Einstein coefficients


text:
User talk:Baarslag

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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coproduct inclusions
The coproduct of commutative rings is their tensor product, and for example the tensor product of Z/2Z and Z/3Z is 0, so the canonical injections are not monic. -lethe talk [ +] 07:11, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Baarslag


text:
Baimudan tea

Bai Mudan is a type of white tea made from plucks each with one leaf shoot and two immediate young leaves (one bud two leaf ratio) of the Camellia sinensis plant. Bai Mudan is sometimes preferred by white tea drinkers for its fuller flavor and greater potency than the other major type of white tea, Bai Hao Yinzhen. The latter is made purely with leaf shoots, and so it is comparatively softer and more subtle. The typical taste of Bai Mudan is a result of both the processing and the tea plant cultivars employed in the production.

Production and processing
The family of tea cultivars used in producing Bai Mudan are the "Da Bai" (大白) varietal. In eastern Fujian, the cultivar Fuding Da Bai is used. In northern Fujian, the Zhenghe Da Bai cultivar is used. The differences in the plant yield two distinct styles of Bai Mudan: the Fuding variety and the Zhenghe variety.

Genuine Bai Mudan is a white tea; therefore, it is a slightly oxidized tea. The plucks are sun-withered for an extended period of time and then piled briefly for oxidation, during which enzymes of the tea leaves interact with other constituents to form new materials that result in the final taste and aromatic character of the tea. Depending on the weather, conditions of the pluck and the taste style requirements of the finished products, the sunning may last between 1 and 3 days and the piling between one half and 3 hours. The leaves are then baked to dry for packing. The handling of the leaves remains gentle and non-intrusive throughout the process to avoid breakage of the cellular structure. This is needed because once the cell walls are physically broken, oxidation of the leaves quickens and the quality will be compromised.

Although the processing steps are simpler than those for other teas, the long process and the variable factors during which are key cost factors. For example, a sudden rainstorm during the lengthy withering can be destructive.

Tasting and brewing
A very mild peony aroma and a floral aroma are noticed when brewing the tea. The tea is best brewed with good mineral water and at 70 to 80 C. The brew is a very pale green or golden color. The flavor is fruity; stronger than Silver Needle, yet not as strong as Shou Mei. The finest quality should have a shimmering clear infusion with a delicate lingering fragrance and a fresh, mellow, sweet taste devoid of astringency, and grassy flavors.

Varieties

 * Gushan Baiyun, otherwise known as, Drum Mountain White Cloud is a good quality Bai Mu Dan, originally grown by Buddhist monks at the monastery on Drum Mountain in the Fujian Province. The tea has a nutty aroma and was apparently tasted by Robert Fortune on his trip to China.

title: Baimudan tea


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Talk:St. Andrew's School, Brunei

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep, but move to this title. For details, please see Votes for deletion/St. Andrew's School Brunei. -- BD2412 talk 01:41, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Andrew's School, Brunei


text:
Sons of Freedom (band)

Sons of Freedom were a Canadian alternative rock band of the late 1980s and early 1990s. The band, consisting of vocalist James Newton, guitarist Don Harrison, bassist  Don Binns and drummer Don Short, formed in 1986 in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Although sharing the same name as the Sons of Freedom, a controversial Doukhobor activist group, the band chose their name before learning of the existence of the Doukhobor group and briefly deliberated changing it. Because three of the four band members had the first name Don, the band was also sometimes jokingly nicknamed "Dons of Freedom".

Career
Their self-titled debut album was released in 1988 on Slash Records, and was supported by a cross-Canada concert tour. The album was marked by a hybrid rock-funk style which was described by critics as a cross between Led Zeppelin and Gang of Four. They won the CASBY Award for Most Promising Group in 1989, and were shortlisted for the Juno Award for Most Promising Group at the Juno Awards of 1990.

The band's second album Gump was released in 1991 on MCA Records in Canada and Chrysalis Records in the United States. The album debuted at #1 on Chart, Canada's campus radio charts, and spawned "You're No Good", the band's only single to chart in the RPM Top Singles chart.

After being dropped from their record labels, the band broke up in 1993. Harrison, Binns and Short initially joined with singer Jen Wilson under the new band name Black Eye Buddha, although Sons of Freedom briefly reunited in 1995 to tour in support of a rarities compilation, Tex.

Later work
Binns, Short and Harrison subsequently joined with Lee Aaron in the band 2preciious, and with Dave "Rave" Ogilvie in the project Jakalope.

In 2007, Newton launched a new project called Rat Silo. The band consisted of Don Binns (bass), Finn Manniche (guitar),  Dave "Oz" Osborne (keyboards) and Sean Stubbs (drums).

On October 4, 2014 the four original members performed a reunion show to a sold out crowd at Vancouver's Imperial Lounge.

Sons of Freedom (1988)
Track listing:
 * 1. "Super Cool Wagon"
 * 2. "The Criminal"
 * 3. "Mona Lisa"
 * 4. "Dead Dog on the Highway"
 * 5. "Holy Rollers"
 * 6. "Shoot Shoot"
 * 7. "Judy Come Home"
 * 8. "Is It Love"
 * 9. "Fuck the System"
 * 10. "This Is Tao"
 * 11. "Alice Henderson"

Gump (1991)
Track listing:
 * 1. "You're No Good"
 * 2. "Dreamgirl No. 1"
 * 3. "Call Me"
 * 4. "Circle Circle"
 * 5. "I Can See"
 * 6. "USA Long Distance"
 * 7. "I Don't Care Anymore"
 * 8. "Jesus and Jim"
 * 9. "Girl Can't Help It"
 * 10. "Dreamgirl No. 2"

Tex (1995)
Track listing:
 * 1. "Walkie Talkie"
 * 2. "I Want You"
 * 3. "Hit It"
 * 4. "Heaven"
 * 5. "Yer Too High"
 * 6. "I Believe"
 * 7. "Sugar High"
 * 8. "Blind Children"
 * 9. "I'm Burning"
 * 10. "Help Me"
 * 11. "Underneath Yer Window"
 * 12. "Wrong Direction"
 * 13. "Best Friend"
 * 14. "You Don't Belong"
 * 15. "Don't Come Back"
 * 16. "Blowakisstry This"

title: Sons of Freedom (band)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orlaith McAllister

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to Big Brother UK series 6. --Conti|✉ 03:54, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Orlaith McAllister
If only Big Brother contestants were required to use NewSpeak... Not notable person in a notable but execrable show. Aaron Brenneman 01:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC) Merge sometimes contestants have valid reasons to separate articles. This isn't one of them. --Vamp:Willow 20:19, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, most reality show contestants are not notable. Dcarrano 03:05, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We don't need articles for non notable big brother contestants. DarthVader 03:17, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. -mysekurity 05:18, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Djadek 09:18, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Big Brother (UK TV series) and kill the links that go here. I've got nothing against articles on reality show contestants if they've done something noteworthy, but this is a stub which doesn't mention anything that's not already in Big Brother (UK TV series). - Mgm|(talk) 09:51, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per MacGuyverMagic. Almafeta 21:10, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. royblumy 00:21, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Mgm -- Jonel | Speak 02:03, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Big Brother (UK TV series). JamesBurns 05:59, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: it seems that every contestant on Big Brother has their own article, most of which are only a paragraph long. Personally I believe that they should all be merged & redirected into the appropriate article on the show (Big Brother UK series 6 in this case), but that's not really a matter for VFD, it's a matter of bold editing. —Stormie 10:47, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. See also Maxwell Ward. When we talk about 'noteworthy' contestants, do we include Derek Laud? He seems notworthy in his own right. BB just added to his fame. --Celestianpower talk 12:32, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Ungood cruftthink. David | Talk 16:00, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, because she is a current contestant, not a past contestant. I'd vote to delete it once the show has finished, because she'll probably fade into oblivion. 212.139.30.87 16:08, 14 July 2005 (UTC) (This was actually Oliver Keenan 16:23, July 14, 2005 (UTC) who had forgotten to login)
 * Redirect to Big Brother UK series 6 instead of the TV series article. Not sure really if reality show contestants deserve to be notable, but OK... Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:55, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per mgm. The JPS 18:05, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I think this should be kept until the end of Big Brother UK Series 6 (or until she is evicted, if this happens prior to the end of the series) - if she does not win the series, it should be Redirected and Merged. Phantomsteve 19:57, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Michael Shabaz

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 01:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Question: Where was he born? Who are his parents?

Assessment comment
Substituted at 23:55, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Michael Shabaz


text:
Showdown at Shea

Showdown at Shea was the name given to three nights of entertainment presented by the WWE, at Flushing, New York's Shea Stadium. The events were held in 1972, 1976, and 1980.

1972

 * During the main event George Steele came to Ringside

1976
This event featured the telecast of Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki fight from Tokyo, Japan.

1980
In January 2019 the match between Antonio Inoki and Larry Sharpe was uploaded to the WWE Network.

title: Showdown at Shea


text:
User talk:Jephix

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Seeaxid 01:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Jephix


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The Footprints of God

The Footprints of God is a thriller novel written by American author Greg Iles. It was published in hardcover in 2003 by Scribner, then in March 2004 by Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. The book was sold as Dark Matter in Australia. It made The New York Times Best Seller list.

Plot summary
The story revolves around a supercomputer being built in a secret government lab working on a project called Trinity. When one of the project's scientists dies, David Tennant, the ethical caretaker, discovers that he had been killed for his refusal to accept the project's ultimate aim; a merger of the human mind and the machine, in order to produce an unrivalled super computing machine. Tennant subsequently tries to piece together the truth behind the project while he and his psychiatrist Dr. Rachel Weiss are pursued around the globe.

Tennant suffers from a series of regression episodes, which are considered to be seizures by his doctor, who says they are caused by overexposure to a super-MRI scan. During these episodes, he has strangely vivid dreams, in which he witnesses the beginning of the universe (the Big Bang) and the history of mankind. Subsequent dreams seem to be memories of Jesus of Nazareth, something that Tennant, an atheist, finds strange and bewildering. They take a bizarre turn when he sees himself as an NSA assassin sent to kill him, and also as his dead friend, Andrew Fielding, in his last moments.

In the end, it seems that someone was in fact showing him these dreams, to tell him something.

title: The Footprints of God