text:
Talk:Australian Chess Championship

Need full names
I only found two good sources for this information These both do a lousy job giving full names of the winners, prefering initials in most cases. For C.J.S. Purdy this is fine, but it's obnoxious for the others. I filled in as much as I could from the ACF and FIDE ratings lists, but progress was hard for winners before 1990 and almost impossible for the Juniors and Girls. There are also a few entries that are suspicious: Corrections and missing info you are appreciated. Quale 02:55, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Australian Chess Federation
 * ozchess2006
 * 1949 Junior Champion -- SW. Levick or W. Levick? I guessed W.
 * 1888 Champion W. Cane, 1897 Champion W. Crane -- are these both right, or is this the same guy? Both references have them this way....

Whyld vs. the ACF website
I updated the Men's champions using Whyld, Guiness Chess, The Records (1986). It doesn't agree with the Australian Chess Federation records page at a few points: In all cases I used Whyld as the more definitive source, as the web page asks for missing winners and spelling corrections. Quale 04:47, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * 1888 - Probably a typo on the ACF site.
 * 1906 - Possibly a year confusion on the ACF site, since Whyld gives 2 tournaments for 1897 with Julius Leigh Jacobsen (note misspelling on ACF site) as the winner of one of them.
 * 1967 - ACF site doesn't have an entry for this year.
 * 1978 - Not sure what to think of this one, either Terrey Ian Shaw (Whyld) or Robert Murray Jamieson (ACF web site). Whyld marks entires decided by tie-break or playoff with an *, but 1978 is not so marked, so there's no indication of a joint championship for 1978.
 * 1984 - Whyld says that Stephen John Solomon was a joint champion, but ACF doesn't list him.

 * 1984 is definitely Johansen alone. He won a playoff against Solomon 4-0. For the others, I have access to a 1981 book which I can check later. But I thought (a) Shaw never won an Australian championship, and (b) Hamilton won 2 in the 60s. If you look at the Lajos Steiner page it seems he wasn't even in Australia in 1938 and even if he was he wouldn't have been eligible for the title; perhaps the ACF page is confusing an earlier visit. Peter Ballard 05:07, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * p.s. most players aren't commonly refered to by their full names, so I'd omit the middle name in most cases. Except Wallace and C.J.S.Purdy. Peter Ballard 05:13, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I've got "Australian Chess - Into the Eighties", by Ian Rogers, Sun Books, 1981. It agrees with Whyld on 1888 (W.Crane), 1906 (W.S.Viner) and 1938 (Koshnitsky, though it says 1939). It agrees with ACF on 1978 (Jamieson). Strangely it doesn't have anyone for 1967. I find it hard to believe we went 4 years without a championship, so I suspect the omission of 1967 is a misprint. Peter Ballard 09:31, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The 1981-2 tournament bulletin says Hamilton had previously won in 1965 and 1967. So I'm guessing that the Rogers book omitted 1967, and that the ACF website used Rogers as a source. Peter Ballard 10:35, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * What does Whyld have for 1972? Rogers has Hay (not Fuller and Hay shared), both in the table at the back and in the introductory text. Peter Ballard 09:39, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your speedy research. I'll check Whyld at home tonight and report what I find.  Thanks also for pointing out 1938.  I put it in the comparison table but then forgot to comment on it.  About 1938 v. 1939:  Whyld says 1938–9, and gives 2 year dates for several of the championships (I put these in the article) while the ACF web site uses only single years for each championship.  Don't know what we should do with these.  Unfortunately there are a lot of mistakes made in these sorts of things, and when WikiPedia makes them, other people copy them and it gets worse....  Regarding full names, I agree that we should use the most common forms.  That may be difficult to determine, because while Albert Edward Noble Wallace is a mouthful, the ACF web site says A.E.N. Wallace which I really wanted to expand.  If we write articles on each of these players, that could take care of it since the articles would give the full names.  I'm open to suggestions on how to handle this best.  Quale 15:55, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Regarding middle names, the Wallace I had in mind was John Paul Wallace, who is always refered to like that (I think it is actually a hypenated "John-Paul"). I've no idea what to do with the earlier Wallace because he's so far before my time! I'd also like to change the years: the tournaments always begin after Christmas and finish in January, but to my knowledge the championship always refers to the year in which the tournament finishes. That's the case for the ACF website, the Rogers book, and the 1982 bulletins I happen to have. Peter Ballard 00:00, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Good, then we should definitely change the dates back to single years. I like the simplicity of that a lot better too, and we want to follow common practice.  Looking at 1972, (or 1971–2 as it appears in the book), Whyld says Fuller & Hay.  The back of the book has bios that give the full names, and it gives Maxwell Leonard Fuller (b. 28 Jan 1945 Sydney) Australian champion 1971–2 (joint), and Trevor Hay (b. 17 Oct 1945 Wagga Wagga) Australian champion 1971–2 (joint).  I looked in Gaige's Chess Personalia and it confirms the bio details for Fuller and Hay but makes no mention of the Australian championship for either.  (Personalia lists some key championship dates but not all, so the omission doesn't tell us anything either way.)  The only other possibly independent source I have is Golumbek's Encyclopedia of Chess, which gives M. Fuller and T. Hay as joint winners in 1972.  Golumbek doesn't list a championship in 1967, so I'm inclined to think that Whyld is mistaken and there wasn't a championship that year even though it leaves a gap.  Golumbek in agreement with Whyld gives two winners for 1897 and W.S. Viner for 1906, so the ACF web site doesn't seem to be especially accurate.  Your sources are probably better than mine, so you should fix up the table as you see fit. Quale 00:24, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Whyld not only gives a 1967 winner but he also gives a venue. I also have a tournament bulletin from 1982 saying Hamilton previously won in 65 and 67. I also remember reading an old newsletter (which sadly I threw out) which I'm pretty sure said Hamilton effectively won three titles in the sixties because he came second to the Australian-American Walter Browne in 1969. So I'm pretty confident that both Golombek and Rogers are wrong in omitting 1967, though I'll try to research it more. For 1972, I'll leave the joint winners in, but again I'll try to research it more. Rogers' book (in its introductory text, not the table at the back) explicitly mentions Fuller's three Open wins (73, 75, 79), and Hay's 72 win, so if Fuller really tied in 72 the omission is puzzling. But I'll leave Fuller in for now. Peter Ballard 01:03, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Another good resource I found is http://www.ozbase.com.au/ It has a Hay-Fuller tie in 1972, but it also has a Rogers-Laird-Depasquale tie in 1986, and omits the playoff which Rogers won, so that doesn't prove anything one way or the other. As for 1967... unfortunately it has nothing from the years 1964 to 1969. Peter Ballard 05:59, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Here's some old feedback from my Talk page, which settles two of the questions, and which I forgot to paste to here: ''Doug Hamilton did win the 1966/67 Australian Championship (Brisbane), ahead of Fuller and Woodhams. There was a (prolonged) playoff between Hay and Fuller for the 1972 title which ended tied 5-5. At this point the ACF ruled that the players would share the title. (Source for this information: Australian Chess Championship 1974 - 100 Best Games, Edited by W. MacLean, published by Chess Mates of Australia, October 1974)''. - comment by User:Shaunpress on User talk:Peter Ballard/Archive 2, originally from July 2007. Peter Ballard (talk) 23:42, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Australian Chess Championship


text:
Sweetwater Creek (Chattahoochee River tributary)

Sweetwater Creek is a 45.6 mi stream in the U.S. state of Georgia, west of Atlanta. It begins in southwestern Paulding County, flowing generally eastward into southwestern Cobb County, then turning south into eastern Douglas County. It is a tributary of the Chattahoochee River, and near its end it is the centerpiece of Sweetwater Creek State Park.

Sweetwater Creek was named after AmaKanasta (Sweet Water), a Cherokee chieftain.

Since 1904 there has been a stream gauge near Austell (actually in Lithia Springs), at latitude 33°46'22"N, longitude 84°36'53"W. The watershed area above this point is 246 sqmi. It is 857 ft above mean sea level. The flood stage at this point is 10.0 ft. The identifier for this gauge is AUSG1. Major flooding occurred here in July 2005, after Hurricane Dennis dumped enormous amounts of rain across the Sweetwater Creek watershed, just after it had been soaked by Hurricane Cindy a few days before. The creek rose to one of its highest levels ever, flooding dozens of homes well beyond what was considered the 100-year flood plain. About 15 in of rain fell at the gauge before it was ruined by the flood.

In late September 2009, the worst flooding ever occurred on the creek, after days of heavy rain. New records were set, and many roads were left underwater by it, including Interstate 20, which was closed west of I-285 for nearly three days. The USGS stated that it was greater than a 500-year flood (it does not try to make any greater estimates). The National Weather Service said the chances of having more than 10 in of rain in a 24-hour period were less than 0.01% per year, making it a 10,000-year event.

The previous record flood was 20 ft in July 1916. Base flow is around 2.7 ft.

Tributaries

 * Jack's Branch
 * Beaver Run Creek
 * Buttermilk Creek
 * Noses Creek
 * Olley Creek
 * Ward Creek
 * Powder Springs Creek
 * Gothards Creek
 * Mill Creek
 * Mud Creek
 * Little Creek
 * Turkey Creek

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:84.9.40.85

title: User talk:84.9.40.85


text:
Utility tunnel

A utility tunnel, utility corridor, or utilidor is a passage built underground or above ground to carry utility lines such as electricity, steam, water supply pipes, and sewer pipes. Communications utilities like fiber optics, cable television, and telephone cables are also sometimes carried. One may also be referred to as a services tunnel, services trench, services vault, or cable vault. Smaller cable containment is often referred to as a cable duct or underground conduit. Direct-buried cable is a major alternative to ducts or tunnels.

Usage
Utility tunnels are common in very cold climates where direct burial below the frost line is not feasible (such as in Alaska, where the frost line is often more than 18 ft below the surface, which is frozen year round). They are also built in places where the water table is too high to bury water and sewer mains, and where utility poles would be too unsightly or pose a danger (like in earthquake prone Tokyo). Tunnels are also built to avoid the disruption caused by recurring construction, repair and upgrading of cables and pipes in direct burial trenches.

Utility tunnels are also often common on large industrial, institutional, or commercial sites, where multiple large-scale services infrastructure (gas, water, power, heat, steam, compressed air, telecommunications cable, etc.) are distributed around the site to multiple buildings, without impeding vehicular or pedestrian traffic above ground. Due to the nature of these services, they may require regular inspection, repair, maintenance, or replacement, and therefore accessible utility tunnels are preferred instead of direct burying of the services in the ground.

Utility tunnels range in size from just large enough to accommodate the utility being carried, to very large tunnels that can also accommodate human and even vehicular traffic.

Industrial, institutional, and municipal environments
Utility tunnels are often installed in large industrial plants, as well as large institutions, such as universities, hospitals, research labs, and other facilities managed in common. Shared facilities, such as district heating, use superheated steam pipes routed through utility tunnels. On some university campuses, such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, many of the buildings are connected via large underground passages to allow easy movement of people and equipment.

Some municipalities, such as Prague in the Czech Republic, have installed extensive underground utility tunnels, to allow installation and maintenance of utility lines and equipment without disrupting the historic streets above.

Utility tunnels may attract urban explorers, who enjoy investigating hidden complex networks of spaces.

At Walt Disney World
Some of the largest and most famous utility tunnels are at Disney theme parks. They were first built for Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom in Florida. Smaller utilidor systems are built under the central section of Epcot's Future World, primarily beneath Spaceship Earth and Innoventions, and formerly at Pleasure Island. Disneyland also has a small utilidor through Tomorrowland. The utilidors are a part of Disney's "backstage" (behind-the-scenes) area. They allow Disney employees ("cast members") to perform park support operations, such as trash removal, out of the sight of guests.

Arctic towns

Utilidors are above-ground enclosed utility conduits that are used in larger communities in the northern polar region where permafrost does not allow the normal practice of burying water and sewer pipes underground. They can in particular be found in Inuvik, Northwest Territories and Iqaluit, Nunavut. Not all older homes are connected, and these must rely on trucks to deliver water and remove sewage. Most homes in rural Alaska (off the road system) are not equipped with plumbing and require fresh water and waste to be transported by personal vehicle such as snowmobile or four-wheeler ATV. Villages with utilidors are considered more advanced.

Utilidors may also be used to carry fuel lines, such as natural gas. They are not normally used to carry wiring for electric, telephone, and television service, which are usually suspended from poles.

Comparison with direct burial of utilities
The advantages of utility tunnels are the reduction of maintenance manholes, one-time relocation, and less excavation and repair, compared to separate cable ducts for each service. When they are well mapped, they also allow rapid access to all utilities without having to dig access trenches or resort to confused and often inaccurate utility maps.

One of the greatest advantages is public safety. Underground power lines, whether in common or separate channels, prevent downed utility cables from blocking roads, thus speeding emergency access after natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and tsunamis.

The following table compares the features of utility networks in single purpose buried trenches vs. the features of common ducts or tunnels:

Examples
Many examples of utility tunnels are found in Japan, where government officials have sought ways to reduce the catastrophic effects of earthquakes in their tectonically active country. Their use, however, is not limited to that country, and there are many examples of such utility tunnels. These include:
 * Incorporated with Xinyi and Sonshan MRT rapid transit lines in Taipei, Taiwan.
 * Azabu-Hibiya Common Utility Duct in Tokyo, Japan
 * Minatomirai District lines in Yokohama, Japan
 * Portions of the Chicago Tunnel Company's abandoned network of tunnels are leased to utility companies for use as common utility ducts for electrical, communication and HVAC lines. The tunnels lie approximately forty feet below the street surface and run under all streets in the central business district, except where they were displaced by rapid transit tunnels.
 * Poundbury in Dorset, England, a planned community built on land belonging to King Charles as Duke of Cornwall, incorporates common utility ducts
 * Bremen, Germany has near-perfect surfaces on its footways, cycleways, and streets, with virtually no visible repairs or disturbances. This is achieved by an absence of vehicles on footways or cycleways, and utility ducts that make it is unnecessary to disturb the surfaces in order to access the networks. Utility networks are housed in a cluster of pipes which are located under footways and cycleways.
 * The Dartford Cable Tunnel allows high voltage electricity line to cross the River Thames.
 * The Utility Tunnels in Qatar built on the Lusail, 15 km north of Doha, is approximately 14–15 km in length.
 * The old Beacon Hill Tunnel in New Kowloon, Hong Kong, a disused railway tunnel which now carries a towngas pipeline
 * Tunnels of Hongkong Electric
 * Utility Tunnel in GIFT City, Gandhinagar, India

title: Utility tunnel


text:
Talk:History of the judicial system of Iran

What a terrible article
This is an unbelievably bad article. There are serious factual errors. It is clearly written by an incompetent and biased American or British person, because it seems to think that "inquisitorial courts" are an evil, non-western idea, whereas they are the dominant form of court in the West! It is only common law countries that go for the "adverserial system". Other manifest errors and generalisations abound. What a disgrace. Someone needs to de-politicise this article and incorporate some actual facts. There are comments about shi`a fiqh here that, to anyone even mildy acquainted with the subject, immediately expose the author(s) as a superficial hack.
 * The courts of the Islamic Republic differ from Western courts in that the judge serves not only as judge but as prosecutor, jury, and arbiter; the system is a form of the inquisitorial system.
 * where does it suggest that non-Western is bad? Where does it suggest there is something wrong with the inquisitorial system?
 * PS put your comments at the end of the page. --BoogaLouie (talk) 00:26, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Expansion needed
There is no mention of basic aspects of the Iranian judicial process, such as the four types of courts, or many interlaying assemblies that aim to ensure checks and balances. Basic information can be incorporated from Iran but a general expansion is needed. freestylefrappe 02:58, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Execution of children
Apparently an anonymous contributor doesn't like the following accurate, referenced information and keeps deleting it. I am therefore labeling the article as non-eutral until this is resolved on this talk page. --> [Iran] is one of only six nations that executes children for crimes committed when they were under eighteen years old. (As a State party to the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Iran has undertaken not to execute anyone for an offence committed when they were under the age of 18, but continues to carry such executions out. .)<-- - Outerlimits 06:33, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Your history in this article speaks for itself. You are here to bash Iran not contribute to Wikipedia. I also suspect that you are a homo who views this execution as an attack on homos.  Unlike your CLEAR LIE, Iran dit not say FOR THE FIRST TIME AFTER THE EXECUTION that they had raped a 13-year-old.  This was already a published case in Iran and I had personally followed up on it. You on the other hand, are simply picking up anti-Iranian propaganda in the Western media, and are adding a bit of your own to it, participating in the avalanche build-up.  Fact is, the vast majority of Iranians approve of such punishements any time, regardless of their ideological viewpoints, hands down.

And how, exactly, does that impact on whether Iran has carried out its committment not to execute people for crimes committed when they were less than 18 years old? P.S. Flame down on the name calling, please. - Outerlimits 06:46, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Iran has not, and cannot, possibly commit to such an agreement. If Iran had agreed to such an International "agreement" you had better believe it would have been the hottest national topic for the longest time.  Iran has no problem executing an 18-year-old who has commited a crime that by Iranian law should get execution as punishment, regardless of whether in some (as you called it) "civilized nations" 18 is by definition a "child".  And as an Iranian, I thank God for that. Also, to talk about "teenagers" in terms of Iran, is just laughable beyond belief.  Did it not even occur to you that the word "teenager" has to do with the fact that the numbers thirteen through nineteen in THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE end with "teen"?!  I can't think of a more stupid way to group human beings together, let alone exporting that concept to other nations whose language is not even English.  So if a 19-year-old kills a human being he should get away with it because the word for his age in English ends with "teen" but a 20-year-old should pay for it dearly?!  My god, you people are comedians.

Follow the link. Iran has indeed made such a committment, though it has not honoured it. And no, one doesn't "get away" with murder if a punishment less than death is exacted for it. That's a false dichotomy. - Outerlimits 07:00, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * USA also has Capital Punishment, and if I am not mistaken, even in USA a teenager can be executed. But whether USA executes teenagers or not is irrelevant, because it is utterly stupid to categorize human beings on the basis of the ending suffix of their age in the English language!!  By the way, did you contribute to any article about what USA does to its "muslim terrorist" captives, including "teenagers" in Guantanamo Bay?

Surely no USA injustice, real or imagined, has any bearing on how Iran's actions are to be judged? Don't be so Americocentric. Iran is a signatory to a United Nations document in which it makes a committment not to execute people for crimes committed while they were under age 18. That has nothing to do with word endings in English. - Outerlimits 07:42, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

This article is in need of facts and many improvements
The lead talks about Ali Akbar Davar and Abdolhossein Teymourtash who are mentioned no where else in the article. When and what they did to establish a judicial system is not described at all. The History section not only doesn't mention them but makes no mention of a secular system under Reza Shah being established, claiming Since the 7th century, although many things have changed in Iran, one thing has remained constant: the concept of Shi’ah Islamic law as the foundation of the Iranian legal system.

As it stands this article is at best misleading.

I've added POV and sources tag to it. --BoogaLouie (talk) 16:08, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Good call. Let's keep our eye on it, and if nobody has sources within a reasonable amount of time (everybody defines "reasonable" differently), maybe there should be some selective deletions. Sincerely, GeorgeLouis (talk) 20:30, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

An FYI
I've put in a request to block the anon. IP who's been making racial/homophobic/american/anything-that-isn't-inherently-iranian attacks. Hopefully that'll make discussing this controvertial topic a lot easier. Ironholds 14:07, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Just realised he hasn't posted in 3 years. Woops! Ironholds 14:16, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Corrected Typo
Under the Structure of the judicial system there was a typo where Article 60 was referenced. It is in fact article 160. I went ahead and made the correction. Throckmorton Guildersleeve (talk) 22:24, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Deleting Tags
Does anyone still have objections that the article is not neutral, needs additional citations, or not represent a worldwide view of the subject? If not I'm going to delete the tags. --BoogaLouie (talk) 23:10, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Apostasy - Clarity
Currently:

"Apostasy convictions are sometimes meted out not only for openly renouncing the religion of one's birth, but also for criticizing clerical rule..., defaming Islam, conversion from Islam, attempting to lead others away from Islam, among other reasons. As such, the legal definition of apostasy is subject to the individual interpretation of the judge. The traditional definition of apostasy only applies to those who are born into one of the legally recognized religions - Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. The Baha'i faith, for example, is not legally recognized, and the adherents of that religion are considered apostate by virtue."

I'm confused by these phrases, because "traditional apostasy" hasn't been explicitly defined, and "considered apostate by virtue" doesn't make sense. Usually "by virtue" doesn't stand alone like that, it has to be "by virtue of" something. Do you mean Baha'i are automatically apostates from birth? Also, I've read that a fatwa was issued declaring Zoroastrians apostates? But I don't have a very reputable source: http://www.iran-press-service.com/articles_2001/jun_2001/zoroastrians_khamenehi_protest_10601.htm --72.205.26.136 (talk) 03:23, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 26 April 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. (closed by a page mover) — UY Scuti Talk  20:58, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

Judicial system of Iran → Judiciary of Iran – Standardizing the name of main articles in Category:Judiciaries, also see Category:Judiciary of Iran. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:08, 26 April 2016 (UTC) relisted --Mike Cline (talk) 13:48, 4 May 2016 (UTC)  --Relisted.  Steel1943  (talk) 23:15, 25 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Oppose ambiguous naming judiciary means the body of judges. While "judicial system" clearly refers to the judicial system and not the body of judges -- 70.51.46.195 (talk) 12:02, 26 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Support: its actually a rather logical move. "Judiciary" means the entire system, not just judges. Its more succinct and can be made uniform across other nation's judiciary pages. DaltonCastle (talk) 23:09, 26 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose as ambiguous, and as an attempt to force American English usage of the word "judiciary" onto the relevant articles. RGloucester  — ☎ 15:46, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Stupid parts of the law

 * Women and men split up. Pool shifts or seperate
 * Death penalty or amputation penalties — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.232.194.53 (talk) 02:24, 3 January 2017 (UTC)

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text:
Sweetwater Creek

Sweetwater Creek may refer to:
 * Sweetwater Creek (novel), a novel by Anne Rivers Siddons
 * Sweetwater Creek, Florida, an unincorporated community in Hillsborough County, Florida
 * Sweetwater Creek (Chattahoochee River), Georgia
 * Sweetwater Creek State Park, in Douglas County, Georgia
 * Sweetwater Creek (Echeconnee Creek tributary), Georgia
 * Sweetwater Creek (Flint River tributary), Georgia
 * Sweetwater Creek (Logan Creek), a stream in Missouri
 * Sweetwater Creek (Comanche County, Texas)
 * Sweetwater Creek (Gray County, Texas)
 * Sweetwater Creek (Nolan County, Texas), namesake of Sweetwater, Texas
 * Sweetwater Creek (Tennessee River), tributary to the Tennessee River at Loudon, Tennessee
 * Sweetwater Creek in Frankston, Victoria, Australia

title: Sweetwater Creek


text:
CIAO

 * Component-Integrated ACE ORB, a CORBA Component Model (CCM) implementation
 * CIAO: Columbia International Affairs Online, an electronic database from Columbia University Press
 * CIAO (AM): Radio station at 790 kHz in Brampton, Ontario
 * CHLO (AM): Radio station at 530 kHz in Brampton, Ontario, that once held the CIAO call sign

title: CIAO


text:
Weidner Center for the Performing Arts

The Weidner, also known as the Weidner Center for the Performing Arts, WCPA, or Weidner Center is a performing arts center in Green Bay, Wisconsin, on the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay campus. Named after the university's first chancellor, Edward Weidner, the venue opened January 15, 1993.

History
The Weidner's original gift came from surgeon David A. Cofrin (son of Austin E. Cofrin and namesake of UW-Green Bay's library) with the stipulation that the center be located on the UW-Green Bay campus and that it serve the community. The university used state funds for the project as the original plan for UW-Green Bay's campus included a performing arts center. Namesake chancellor Weidner began a fundraising campaign in the late 1980s that raised the remainder of the $18.4 million required for the building. The university calls The Weidner a "'comm-university' center, supported by both the university and the communities of northeastern Wisconsin".

1998 expansion
For The Weidner's fifth anniversary, donations from the Cofrin family financed an expansion that included a new black-box theatre named Studio Two, later renamed the Jean Weidner Theatre in honor of Ed Weidner's wife. The renovation also expanded the ticket office, added more lobby restrooms, expanded backstage storage and dressing room space, constructed a semi-private dining area and food service elevator, and relocated The Weidner's administrative offices.

Cofrin Family Hall
Cofrin Family Hall is The Weidner's main performance facility, seating 2,021 over three levels of seating. The capacity of Cofrin Family Hall depends on the type of performance, as The Weidner's two-section motorized thrust stage can be lowered and fitted with extra seats, typically for dramatic performances. Symphonic and other music-only performances routinely use the entire thrust. Cofrin Family Hall also contains a large pipe organ, the Wood Family Organ, built for The Weidner's acoustics. Nearly all of The Weidner's touring acts perform in Cofrin Family Hall, with eclectic programming that includes concerts, comedians, Broadway shows, children's programming, and more. UW-Green Bay holds its winter graduations in Cofrin Family Hall.

The UWGB Music department's Symphonic Band, Wind Ensemble, University Singers, and Concert Choir all perform two concerts per semester in Cofrin Family Hall, and the department's annual JazzFest takes place in Cofrin Family Hall in the spring.

The UWGB Theatre department performs in Cofrin Family Hall occasionally, putting on Cabaret in 2011. It performed another musical there in fall 2015 and participated in The Weidner's Stage Door educational theatre series in spring 2016 and 2017.

Fort Howard Hall
Fort Howard Hall, named for the Fort Howard Paper Company founded by donor Austin E. Cofrin, is a recital hall. It seats 200 in retractable theatre-style seating, and can seat 136 in a banquet-style setting. The room is used for receptions and pre-show dinners. The UWGB Music department is the most frequent academic user of the space, and holds its Student Honors Recital and several guest artist concerts and lectures there annually.

Studio One
Built in the style of a dance studio with mirrors and marley dance floor, Studio One is rarely used for its intended purpose, instead serving as a multipurpose space for The Weidner, and a reception area/backstage storage for the UWGB Theatre department when it is performing in the Jean Weidner Theatre.

Jean Weidner Theatre
Built in the 1998 renovation and originally called Studio Two, the space was renamed the Jean Weidner Theatre after Edward Weidner's wife. Jean Weidner Theatre is a black-box style theatre that seats 90 in either a standard theatre style or a theatre in the round arrangement. Although it is part of The Weidner, the UWGB Theatre department oversees the space and is its primary user. The UWGB Music department holds most of its student recitals in the space, along with its Opera/Musical Theatre workshop.

Weidner Philharmonic
The Weidner Philharmonic is The Weidner's symphony since 2019. They have partnered with Northeastern Wisconsin Dance Organization to provide live orchestration for The Nutcracker ballet. They also have reoccurring performances called Symphonic Night at the Movies where they play the score of a movie while the movie plays on a screen behind them. * Virtual Performance

The Weidner Downtown at the Tarlton Theatre
In February 2022 The Weidner, in partnership with the Tarlton Theatre, announced The Weidner Downtown at the Tarlton Theatre series, also shortened to The Weidner Downtown. The series aims to bring an eclectic mix of arts and culture including chamber theatre, film, live lit, music, and more to downtown Green Bay at The Tarlton Theatre.

The partnership was announced to continue into 2023.

Notable performers

 * Aaron Neville
 * Alton Brown
 * Andy Grammer
 * Ann Margaret
 * Anne Murray
 * Anthony Bourdain
 * B. B. King
 * Bernadette Peters
 * Beverly Sills
 * Bill Cosby
 * Bob Newhart
 * Bonnie Raitt
 * Bryan Adams
 * Cathy Rigby
 * Colin Mochrie
 * Dionne Warwick
 * Frankie Valli
 * Gabriel Iglesias
 * George Carlin
 * Glen Campbell
 * Goo Goo Dolls
 * Hal Holbrook
 * Iliza Shlesinger
 * Itzhak Perlman
 * James Taylor
 * Jerry Seinfeld
 * Jimmy Fallon
 * Joe Bonamassa
 * John Cleese
 * John Denver
 * John Mellencamp
 * Johnny Cash
 * Judy Collins
 * Kathy Griffin
 * Kenny G
 * Kenny Rogers
 * Lewis Black
 * Lily Tomlin
 * Lisa Lampanelli
 * Loretta Swit
 * Mandy Patinkin
 * Marie Osmond
 * Martin Short
 * Paula Poundstone
 * Peabo Bryson
 * Penn & Teller
 * Ralph Macchio
 * Randy Travis
 * Rick Springfield
 * Rita Rudner
 * Robert Goulet
 * Sebastian Maniscalco
 * Shari Lewis
 * Tim Conway
 * Tony Bennett
 * Tony Curtis
 * Vince Gill
 * Willie Nelson

Notable speakers

 * Anna Quindlen
 * Bernie Sanders
 * David Axelrod
 * Doris Kearns Goodwin
 * Gregory Peck
 * Jane Pauley
 * Jeannette Walls
 * Joan Rivers
 * Julie Andrews
 * Karl Rove
 * Kobie Boykins
 * Madeleine Albright
 * Marianne Pearl
 * Marlee Matlin
 * Maya Angelou
 * Michael Moore
 * Mitch Albom
 * Michael Beschloss
 * Star Jones

Notable performances and shows

 * ''42nd Street
 * ''Aida
 * ''American Indian Dance Theatre
 * ''Annie
 * ''The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas
 * ''Blue Man Group
 * ''Blue's Clues Live!
 * ''Cabaret
 * Camelot
 * Celtic Women the Emerald Tour
 * ''Cirque Mechanics Pedal Punk
 * ''A Charlie Brown Christmas Live on Stage
 * ''Chicago
 * ''A Chorus Line
 * ''Dial M for Murder
 * ''Disenchanted!
 * ''Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical
 * ''Fiddler on the Roof
 * ''Finding Neverland
 * ''Fosse
 * ''Grease
 * ''Mark Twain Tonight
 * How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying
 * “I Love Lucy” Live on Stage
 * It's a Wonderful Life a Live Radio Play
 * ''Jekyll & Hyde
 * ''Jersey Boys
 * ''Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
 * ''Legally Blonde the Musical
 * ''Man of la Mancha
 * ''Les Misérables
 * ''Monty Python's Spamalot
 * ''Moulin Rouge the Ballet
 * ''The Music Man
 * ''Once
 * ''Pippin
 * ''The Phantom of the Opera
 * ''Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles
 * ''Rent
 * ''Riders in the Sky
 * ''Riverdance
 * ''Rock of Ages
 * ''Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella
 * ''Saturday Night Fever
 * ''Say Goodnight Gracie
 * ''The Scarlet Pimpernel
 * ''Shrek the Musical
 * ''The Simon & Garfunkel Story
 * ''Sister Act
 * Some Like It Hot
 * ''The Sound of Music
 * ''Stomp!
 * ''The Ten Tenors
 * ''Titanic a New Musical
 * ''Thoroughly Modern Millie
 * ''Whose Live Anyway?
 * West Side Story

Josephine B. Lenfestey Chandelier
The Weidner installed the Josephine B. Lenfestey Chandelier created by Dale Chihuly in the summer of 2004. The chandelier has more than 450 individual pieces of blown glass and is 12 by 8 feet. The installation took 3 days in June and had a public unveiling on September 12, 2004.

title: Weidner Center for the Performing Arts


text: User talk:68.43.57.109

title: User talk:68.43.57.109


text: User talk:81.152.24.91

title: User talk:81.152.24.91


text:
Missouri Route 19

Route 19 is a long state highway in Missouri. Its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 61 in New London and its southern terminus is at U.S. Route 63 on the north side of Thayer. Route 19 is one of Missouri's original 1922 highways, though it initially had a northern terminus at Route 14 (now Interstate 44) in Cuba and was later extended north.

Route description
Route 19 begins at U.S. Route 61 in New London. It then travels mainly south, forming an 8-mile concurrency with U.S. Route 54, 3 miles west of Farber. The highway intersects Interstate 70 near New Florence. It crosses the Missouri River on the Christopher S. Bond Bridge at Hermann. There is a concurrency with Missouri Route 100 through Hermann. It then forms a brief 1 mile concurrency with U.S. Route 50 at Drake. Through Owensville there is a concurrency with Route 28. The highway intersects Interstate 44 at Cuba. South of Cuba, the highway is designated as a scenic highway. It forms a concurrency with Route 8 through Steelville. It passes through the Ozark National Scenic Riverways and portions of the Mark Twain National Forest. The highway overlaps U.S. Route 60 in Winona and U.S. Route 160 in Alton. The highway terminates at U.S. Route 63 in Thayer.

History
The part from Drake north to US 54 east of Mexico was Route 45 from 1922 until about 1930.

title: Missouri Route 19


text:
Tama-Re

The Tama-Re compound in Putnam County, Georgia (a.k.a. "Kodesh", "Wahannee", "The Golden City", "Al Tamaha") was an Egyptian-themed set of buildings and monuments established in 1993 on 476 acres near Eatonton. It was located at 33°20'24.8"N 83°30'39.6"W. It was founded by the black supremacist group, Nuwaubian Nation, that also had a variety of esoteric beliefs and was led by Dwight D. York. That organization started in 1967 in New York and went through many incarnations and name changes. In 1993, the group sold their property in Brooklyn, New York and moved to the site that would become Tama-Re.

York was prosecuted for child molestation, racketeering, and financial charges; convicted in 2004, he was sentenced to 135 years in prison. As part of the verdict, the Tama-Re complex was sold under government forfeiture in 2005. The property was subsequently purchased by a real-estate developer, and the structures were demolished with the assistance of the local sheriff's department.

History
On 15 January 1993, Dwight York, leader of a Nation of Islam affiliated black nationalist group in Brooklyn, New York, bought 476 acres on 404 Shady Dale Road for $975,000. His followers began moving in from their former headquarters in Sullivan County, New York (some had moved there in the late 1980s) and Brooklyn.

After the move, York declared affiliation with the Yamasee indigenous people, and adopted a variety of Egyptian and esoteric themes, claiming that the community was descended from ancient migrants to the Americas from Egypt. York said:

"We moved to Eatonton, Georgia because we are the Yamassee, a branch of the Washitaw Moors, The Mound Builders. Our Ancestors built the Rock Eagle Mound and many others in such states as Wisconsin, Ohio, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Tennessee. This is why we chose Eatonton to live. It is close to Rock Eagle Mound."

In 1997 and 1998, Victor Greig acted as York's representative in building and zoning matters as the community developed Tama-Re. He was cited by Putnam County Sheriff Howard Sills for building without a permit and for illegally operating a nightclub in a warehouse that was not zoned for that use. Greig was fined $45,750 in April 1998 and appealed. His fine was reduced to $2,500, but the conviction was upheld.

The organization began to hold festivals on the property, with one netting about $500,000 in cash, according to an FBI agent's testimony.

In 1999, a lawsuit was filed to enforce county zoning restrictions and prevent the Nuwaubians from using the property for anything other than residential and agricultural purposes. This led to a drawn-out, bitter tug of war between the Nuwaubians and the county authorities. At the annual week-long "Savior's Day" celebration (York's birthday) in June 1999, the county padlocked the nightclub warehouse.

In 2000, a security/paramilitary group called the Royal Guard of Amen-Ra, Inc., owned by actor Wesley Snipes's Amen Ra Films, filed BATF papers to set up a security training center next to the Tama-Re compound. The Nuwaubians claimed Snipes as one of their own, though a spokeswoman for Snipes denied any connection.

New York Press in November 2000 described the constructions completed in the compound:

"Not long after you're pretty sure you've gone too far, roll up and over one last hill and the pyramids are right there. There's a black one and a gold one, and a brown-faced sphinx facing the road, and a tall obelisk, and an arch-shaped gate decorated with ankhs and other hieroglyphs, through which runs a road lined with statues of mostly animal-headed deities, all brightly painted in primary colors. Farther back, up on the rise, is a recognizable one, Isis, with ebony skin and her winged arms spread. No level of expectation can dilute the surprise—you can't believe what you're seeing. Tama-Re, Egypt of the West, has that Magic Kingdom quality."

In 2001, the Religious Movements Homepage Project at the University of Virginia reported on Tama-Re:

"Armed guards stand at the entrance to Tama-Re. Approximately 100 Nuwaubians live within 15 double-wide trailers within this complex. There are approximately another 400 more Nuwaubians within Putnam County (population 14,000). At this current complex the Nuwaubians have constructed an Egyptian-style village with two pyramids, obelisks, and statues of Egyptian leaders. The two pyramids are distinct in appearance and in usage. There is a gold pyramid that serves as a trade center. Within this pyramid one can find a bookstore and a clothing store. The other pyramid is painted black with colorful Egyptian symbols painted on the outside. This structure serves as a church. Within the church, loudspeakers play Egyptian chants 24 hours a day, 7 days a week."

In March 2002, the Nuwaubians submitted a permit application for the nightclub, now called a "fellowship hall", which allowed them to use the building for the first time since it was padlocked. On 8 May 2002, the compound was raided by the FBI, ATF, and related forces from local, state, and federal departments. No shots were fired during the raid, although tear gas was used by FBI agents. Based on a lengthy investigation, authorities arrested York on charges of racketeering and child molestation, including transporting children across state lines for the purpose of sexual exploitation.

After York was convicted and sentenced for these charges, in June 2005, the property was sold under government forfeiture by the U.S. Marshals Service for US$1.1million. About half of this money went to the Putnam County Sheriff's Department; most of the rest was split between the FBI and IRS.

On 9 June 2005 workers began demolishing the Egyptian-styled façades. Putnam County Sheriff Howard Sills started the demolition by tearing down the front arch with a front-end loader. The land has since been entirely cleared of all Nuwaubian structures and the property was sold to a developer, who has since built a log style hunting lodge on the property. The property is owned by White Oak Plantation as of 2012.

title: Tama-Re


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stephen David Beck

Stephen David Beck
Hmmmm...could Stephen David Beck and sdbeck be one and the same? Violates the sacred principle that one may not write his own biography. Denni ☯ 03:03, 2005 July 23 (UTC)


text:
List of conservative parties in Canada

This is a list of conservative parties in Canada. There are a number of conservative parties in Canada, a country that has traditionally been dominated by two political parties, one liberal and one conservative. The span between the 2015 Newfoundland and Labrador provincial election and the 2016 Manitoba provincial election was the first time since 1943 when no party with the word "Conservative" in its name formed the government in either a province or the federal level.

Progressive Conservatives
The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was the primary conservative party in Canada from 1942 to, at least, 1993. It was the descendant of Sir John A. Macdonald's Liberal-Conservative Party. The party had its roots in the Great Coalition of 1864 that paved the way for Canadian confederation and was known under various names but was generally referred to unofficially as the Tories or "Conservative Party". In 1942, Liberal-Progressive Premier of Manitoba John Bracken became leader of the party, on the condition the party be named the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.

The Conservatives, and later the Progressive Conservatives, formed the government in Canada, alternating with the Liberal Party of Canada, from 1867-1873, 1878-1896, 1911–1921, 1926, 1930-1935, 1957-1963, 1979-1980 and 1984-1993. Throughout the period from the first election in 1867 to the 1993 election, the national conservative party always formed the government or the official opposition under the names "Liberal-Conservatives", "Unionists", "Conservatives" or Progressive Conservatives".

The demise of the Progressive Conservatives and rise of Reform
In 1993, the Progressive Conservatives went from majority government to holding only two of 295 seats in the House of Commons of Canada, this was the first time they had done worse than third place in the House, and only the second time they had placed worse than second (the other time being in the 1921 election): they in fact placed fifth and last in terms of parties represented in the commons behind the Liberals, the Reform Party of Canada, the Bloc Québécois and the New Democratic Party.

The Reform Party was a populist conservative party based in Western Canada which cut into traditional PC support while the Bloc was a Quebec separatist party which cut into the support of the PCs in Quebec where they traditionally won support for their decentralization stance. Reform and the PCs finished with similar popular vote totals in the 1993 and subsequent elections but, under the first past the post electoral system the Reformers won many more seats due to their strong regional support in the West versus the thin national support for the PCs across Canada.

In the 1997 election, the PCs and Reform continued to run approximately at par in popular vote and both increased their share of seats: Reform from 52 to 60 and Progressive Conservatives from two to 20. Despite this, neither rivalled the Liberals for power and the Reformers tried to "unite the right" with their United Alternative initiative. This talks were non-starters for many Progressive Conservatives who saw themselves as the national party of Sir John A. Macdonald, however the United Alternative did attract some provincial Blue Tories and renamed itself the "Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance", known publicly as the Canadian Alliance.

In the 2000 election, the PCs were reduced to 12 seats, while the new Canadian Alliance gained seats. Following the election and despite Alliance leadership troubles, the PCs were unable to make significant gains in opinion polls and former Prime Minister Joe Clark resigned as leader. Following Clark's resignation as leader, Peter Mackay was elected at the 2003 PC leadership convention. Mackay began a process of talks which led to the merger of the PCs with the Alliance and the creation of a new Conservative Party of Canada. This alienated many Red Tories, including Clark, who refused to join the new party.

Today's Conservative Party of Canada
The successful merger of the Progressive Conservatives and the Canadian Alliance was followed by moderate success in the 2004 election in which the new party won 99 of 308 seats, an increase from its total of 72 of 301 seats prior to the election and 78 seats won between the two parties in 2000. Detractors pointed to the fact, however, that the new party received 7% less in popular vote than the total of the two forerunner parties in 2000. The Liberals, however, were reduced to a minority government.

Outgoing Canadian Alliance leader Stephen Harper had been chosen as leader of the new party just prior to the 2004 election which provided a dual handicap for the party. It did not allow the party much time to combine and consolidate the bases of the two founding parties and it allowed the Liberals to define the party as the "Alliance Conservatives", insinuating that it was the result of a hostile takeover by the Alliance which was viewed by many in Ontario, Quebec and Atlantic Canada as "too far to the right". These claims were bolstered by former PC Prime Minister Clark's lukewarm endorsement of the Liberals, having said Canadians would be best to choose "the devil you know (Liberal leader Paul Martin) than the devil you don't (Harper)".

Martin had come into office on December 12, 2003, following a long battle with his predecessor, Jean Chrétien for control of the Liberal Party. Martin had been a very successful and popular finance minister under much of Chrétien's term and was expected to dominate politics and win a commanding majority, perhaps of record size, once he was at the helm. The merger of the conservative movement was not viewed as a large impediment to this goal when it occurred almost simultaneously with Martin's rise to power. However, the sponsorship scandal, which saw some Liberal supporters fraudulantely acquire government funds, and particularly Martin's response to it caused him to slip in the polls.

During the 2004 campaign, Harper actually led in the polls for some time, but Martin launched a successful series of attack ads painting Harper to the right. This campaign was actually given a boost by Harper, who began to muse about winning a majority government, when polls showed most Canadians were uncomfortable with such a prospect, and by some Conservative candidates who made statements on controversial social issues.

Harper briefly mused about giving up the leadership following the election defeat but carried forward with considerable optimism despite trailing the Liberals significantly in the polls. The Gomery Commission, which was appointed by Martin to investigate the sponsorship scandal, gave new fuel to the Conservatives. In the spring of 2005, it projected the Conservatives back into the lead in the polls and Martin held a rare live address on television to ask Canadians to give him 10 more months to govern, in which time the Gomery Commission would finish its work and release a report on its investigation, and then he would call an election. The Conservatives moved forward to defeat the government but their efforts to defeat a motion of confidence in the government were prevented by the high-profile crossing of the floor by Belinda Stronach. Stronach had finished second to Harper in the leadership race just a year before but joined the Liberals saying Harper was risking national unity by trying to defeat the government with the aid of the Bloc Québécois.

During the summer, the Conservatives slipped back in the polls again and there were renewed questions of Harper's leadership and the potential success of the new party. One poll showed that 60% of Canadians thought Harper should resign. In the fall session of Parliament, despite trailing in opinion polls, Harper tried again to defeat the government. This time he was joined by all opposition parties and his motion of no confidence was passed on November 28, 2005.

Harper set out on a campaign focussed heavily on policy which allowed him to dominate the headlines for the first weeks of the campaign. The Liberals opted to campaign low key until after the Christmas holiday season. By January, the Liberals began their campaign in earnest, but by this time Harper had begun to capture the minds of Canadians and the Liberals were struck by a Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigation into an income trusts scandal. The Conservatives began to take a lead in the polls, and following a strong showing in the debates among the main party leaders by Harper, the Conservatives surged into a convincing lead. The Liberals again launched a series of attack ads against Harper, however polls showed that Canadians had grown comfortable with Harper over the course of the first few weeks in which he ran a positive campaign virtually unopposed by the Liberals.

In the 2006 election held on January 23, the Conservatives won a bare plurality of seats, besting the Liberals 124 to 103. They formed a minority government with just 40.3% of the seats in the House of Commons. In 2018, sitting Conservative MP Maxime Bernier (Beauce) quit the Conservative Party to form his own right-leaning party: the People's Party of Canada.

Unrepresented federal conservative parties

 * The Christian Heritage Party is a religious, social conservative party
 * The Progressive Canadian Party bills itself as the successor to the old Progressive Conservative Party and advocated fiscal conservatism mixed with social liberalism
 * The Libertarian Party of Canada, like many Libertarian parties, is portrayed by many in the media as a conservative party.

Provincial parties
A number of Canadian provinces still have "Progressive Conservative" parties, or parties that once used that name and remained so independently of the federal change. Each party remains the largest conservative one in its respective province.

Progressive Conservatives (PCs)

 * The Manitoba PCs form the official opposition in Manitoba
 * The New Brunswick PCs form the government in New Brunswick
 * The Newfoundland and Labrador PCs form the official opposition in Newfoundland and Labrador
 * The Nova Scotia PCs form the government in Nova Scotia
 * The Ontario PCs form the government in Ontario
 * The Prince Edward Island PCs form the government on the Prince Edward Island
 * The Saskatchewan PCs have no seat in the Saskatchewan Legislature

The Yukon Party, and British Columbia Conservative Party both once used the name "Progressive Conservative", but changed their names in the past 15 years. The British Columbia (Progressive) Conservative Party's fortunes declined in 1952, with the rise of the British Columbia Social Credit Party under former BC Conservative Member of the Legislative Assembly W.A.C. Bennett. The last BC Conservative MLA elected was Victor Albert Stephens—in a 1978 by-election. The United Conservative Party which forms the government in Alberta, was a merger of the "Progressive Conservative Association" and the Wildrose Party.

Quebec provincial conservatives
In Quebec, the Union Nationale was an important conservative party that formed the government for twenty-five of the thirty-four years between 1936 when it first formed government to 1970 when the last UN government was defeated. It was founded by a merger of the Quebec Conservative with a small faction that had split from the Quebec Liberal Party. There have been two attempts to revive the Conservative banner in Quebec, the Progressive Conservative Party of Quebec in the 1980s and the modern Quebec Conservative Party founded in 2009. The Action démocratique du Québec was a conservative split from the Quebec Liberal Party and existed from 1994 until 2012 when it merged with the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ). At its peak in the 2007 Quebec election, the ADQ won over 30% of the vote and formed the official opposition. Équipe Autonomiste was formed by former ADQ supporters after its merger with the CAQ.

Other provincial conservative parties
The following conservative parties have seats in provincial legislatures:
 * British Columbia United (formerly known as the British Columbia Liberal Party) is a Liberal-Conservative coalition party in British Columbia.
 * The Saskatchewan Party is a governing Liberal-Conservative coalition party in Saskatchewan.
 * The Saskatchewan United Party is conservative party in Saskatchewan.

Provincial conservative parties unrepresented in legislatures

 * The Atlantica Party in Nova Scotia.
 * Canadians' Choice Party in Ontario.
 * The Christian Heritage Party of British Columbia.
 * The Conservative Party of British Columbia.
 * The Équipe Autonomiste in Québec.
 * Manitoba First in Manitoba.
 * The New Blue Party in Ontario.
 * The Ontario Alliance.
 * The Ontario Party.
 * The Ontario Provincial Confederation of Regions Party
 * The People's Alliance of New Brunswick
 * The Populist Party in Ontario.
 * Stop the New Sex-Ed Agenda in Ontario.
 * Trillium Party in Ontario.
 * The Wildrose Independence Party in Alberta.
 * The Yukon Freedom Party.

Other conservative movements
The Canadian social credit movement consisted of a number of social conservative parties and organizations in Western Canada and Quebec. The most significant of these parties were the Social Credit Party of Alberta (an antecedent of the Reform Party of Canada) and the British Columbia Social Credit Party which ruled their respective provinces for decades. The Social Credit Party of Canada and the Quebec-based Ralliement créditiste were important third parties in the House of Commons of Canada for several decades.

title: List of conservative parties in Canada


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Justice Maswanganyi

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 23:37, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

Justice Maswanganyi
This seems to be the biographical and contact information of an aspiring preacher. It seems to be an article intended for self-promotion. Mshecket, 7/22/2005
 * Delete NN and unverifiable vanity. One bloody Google hit, from the Wikipedia page for articles needing copyediting.  Postdlf 04:04, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity, what is thy name? Hamster Sandwich 04:25, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 05:09, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Missouri Route 37

Route 37 is a highway in southwest Missouri. Its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 160 in Golden City (it shares this terminus with Route 126); its southern terminus is at the Arkansas state line where it continues as Highway 37, though it only runs very briefly before ending at U.S. Route 62 in Gateway, Arkansas.

Route description
Route 37 begins as a continuation of Arkansas Highway 37 which starts about one half of a mile south of the state line in Gateway, Arkansas. It then passes through Seligman and intersects the southern terminus of Route 112. Route 37 then intersects Route 90 in Washburn and then enters Cassville, where it intersects Route 86 and the northern terminus of Route 112. From here, it produces a business route that goes through Downtown Cassville. Route 37 continues north all the way into Monett where it intersects US 60 before it turns west. The junction of US 60 is where Route 37 becomes part of the Trail of Tears Automobile Route going all the way down to the Arkansas state line. It then goes through Pierce City where it forms a wrong way concurrency with Route 97 for 0.2 mi.

Route 37 continues northwest, passing through Wentworth and Sarcoxie. It becomes concurrent with Interstate 44 Business as it heads west from Sarcoxie, also forming a wrong way concurrency until it interchanges Interstate 44. It then continues north, passing through Reeds and then Avilla, where it runs concurrent with Route 96. After leaving Avilla, Route 37 continues north and enters Golden City. It becomes concurrent with Route 126 before it reaches its northern terminus while Route 126 reaches its eastern terminus at the junction of US 160.

Official

 * Cassville
 * Seligman

Locally signed, not official

 * Purdy
 * Butterfield

title: Missouri Route 37


text:
Talk:Freedom of the City of London

Talk from Category:Freemen of the City of London
Does this category add value? There must be tens of thousands of these people (including me) --Audiovideo 03:08, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think there are tens of thousands, you have to be given it. JW 23:20, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * More than 10 members of my close family have it. All the voters in the City simply need to be nominated by other freemen. Plus the 100+ livery companies, each with hundreds of liverymen and freemen (and women) each entitled to it and most having been granted it.  I would still go for tens of thousands now and more in the past.  --Audiovideo 15:31, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * But only notable freemen have articles in the same way as to give a related example, only notable bankers have articles, not all the bankers who work in the City. That said it's a trivial category. CalJW 22:45, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * That was my point. There is little notable about it as applied to individuals in an encyclopedic sense.  I would not put Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom there because it just clogs up her categories, not Richard Whittington since it is obvious that he had the position, not Hugh Dalton since it is not a significant fact about him. --Audiovideo 20:41, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. E.g. as to your example of Richard Whittington. To know that he was a Freeman is only obvious when you know beforehand that to be a Mayor of the City of London the incumbent needs to be a Freeman. You cannot deduce it from his biography alone. Bonicolli 11:40, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

The article Freedom_of_the_City says 1800 new Freeman are created each year. It does seem unlikely we will be able to classify more than few of the ones who already have biographical articles here. --Henrygb 09:04, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

See Categories_for_discussion/Log/2007_March_9

Honorary Freemen
I suspect some in this list are "ordinary" Freemen. For example at the top of the list James and William Arbuthnot are brothers, which increases the chance they obained this through family connections rather than personal honour. --Henrygb 15:51, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Not some, most! I am having a purge. With 1800 created each year, the ordinary ones really don't need a list. Johnbod 01:43, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Comment: In some cases the situation is not so clear-cut. Some are 'semi-honorary', to coin a phrase. In these cases the City of London Corporation issues press releases, organises photo-shoots, etc. Some even get coverage on the BBC news. And, interestingly, there are no classes of freeman. In the end, they are all the same. Granted, Mr. Joe Bloggs or Mrs. Jane Doe (or myself) do not merit inclusion in this list as they are among the 1800 mentioned, and most of them get the freedom by personal application. But the ones that get the television coverage (most of these are nominated by the Mayor himself), etc., in my opinion do. Bonicolli 16:17, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed - btw please check the "not" I just added to your new bit. Is that right? Johnbod 17:00, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, the not should of course have been included there. many thanks! Bonicolli 17:26, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Brian Dear - Freedom of the City of London
Whereas his Freedom of the City in itself seems to be undisputed and documented, it would appear that this is not an Honorary Freedom as is relevant to this particular list. Please note that this list does not usually include freemen who apply for the Freedom themselves (of which type there are many hundreds per annum). Bonicolli (talk) 14:24, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 8 external links on List of Honorary Freemen of the City of London. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20070624104011/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/media_centre/files2006/jimmy_choo_freedom.htm to http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/media_centre/files2006/jimmy_choo_freedom.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110716123117/http://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/www_ihq_general.nsf/vw-news/B37835B94820773A8025735500586207 to http://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/www_ihq_general.nsf/vw-news/B37835B94820773A8025735500586207
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/news.asp?itemid=25573&itemTitle=Crista+Cullen+receives+Freedom+of+the+City+of+London&section=22
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150921200655/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/about-us/Pages/freedom-of-the-city.aspx to https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/about-us/Pages/freedom-of-the-city.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081208063650/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/media_centre/files2007/131_07.htm to http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/media_centre/files2007/131_07.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101226044154/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/media_centre/files2007/Leading+Finnish+cultural+figure+awarded+Freedom+of+the+City.htm to http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/media_centre/files2007/Leading+Finnish+cultural+figure+awarded+Freedom+of+the+City.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071109104639/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1996/sp0710c.html to http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1996/sp0710c.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121230094234/http://www.jkrowling.com/en_US to http://www.jkrowling.com/en_US/

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Requested move 3 February 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (non-admin closure) –Ammarpad (talk) 09:38, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

List of Honorary Freemen of the City of London → Freedom of the City of London – Current title is over-precise: the article enumerates Freemen, not just Honorary Freemen, in a mixed list. Proposed title is more WP:CONCISE and not over-WP:PRECISE. Freedom of the City of Aberdeen and Freedom of the City of Dublin are articles with lists, so I propose dropping "List of". Some content at Freedom of the City could be moved to this article. 94.21.238.64 (talk) 06:27, 3 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. This is more of an article than a list, and is a noteworthy topic. — Amakuru (talk) 09:08, 9 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

No actual description?
The article talks about who is granted freedom, and where, and what the ceremony is like, and so on, but unless I'm missing something never actually says what the Freedom of the City of London *is*. As a curious non-Londoner, this was not especially enlightening. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 17.114.129.213 (talk) 18:37, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
 * It is purely an honorary title, and carries no rights or duties. Just a recognition of the grantee's worthiness really. IdreamofJeanie (talk) 18:40, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Seconding the IP's point. The article needs to start with what the subject is, not when it started, or any other fluff. : 3 F4U (they/it) 02:26, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

Added image from National Trust
Hello! I'm working for the National Trust on a Wikipedia pilot, and added an image of a presentation casket given to Disraeli. More information on pilot here, further images here Lajmmoore (talk) 18:09, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freedom of the City of London


text:
Ruth Harkness

Ruth Elizabeth Harkness (21 September 1900 – 20 July 1947) was an American fashion designer and socialite who traveled to China in 1936 and brought the first live giant panda to the United States.

Harkness was born in Titusville, Pennsylvania, a daughter of Robert and Mary Ann (Patterson) McCombs. In 1934, her husband Bill Harkness had travelled to China in search of a panda, but died of throat cancer in Shanghai early in 1936. His widow Ruth, then living in New York City, decided to complete the mission herself.

Harkness traveled to Shanghai, and with the help of a Chinese-American explorer named Quentin Young, and Gerald Russell, a British naturalist, launched her own panda mission. After passing through Chongqing and Chengdu, the team arrived at a mountainous region, where, on 9 November 1936, they encountered and captured a nine-week-old panda cub. The panda, which they named Su Lin after Young's sister-in-law, was bottle-fed baby formula on the journey back to Shanghai and the United States. Su lin meant the phrase 'a little bit of something very cute'. Young migrated to the US in later years and felt he never got credit for his work in finding the panda.

The panda caused a great sensation in the American press and eventually ended up at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago.

Harkness launched two subsequent expeditions in search of the giant panda. Harkness brought back a second panda, Mei-Mei, in 1937. She did not return with a giant panda on her third and final expedition.

Following her time in China and the success of her book about her adventure with Su Lin, The Baby Giant Panda. Harkness travelled to Peru, where she chronicled her adventures in Pangoan Diary, and Mexico, where she wrote for Gourmet magazine.

Harkness's friend was an editor at Gourmet and thus paid her for articles when possible. Harkness was found dead suffering from alcoholism.

She last resided at the Chelsea Hotel in New York, New York. She died while staying at the Wm. Penn Hotel in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Her remains were cremated and her ashes returned to Titusville, where they were interred in the Union Cemetery, beside her mother.

An IMAX film, China: The Panda Adventure, was made about her expedition in 2001. In 2016, Lady and the Panda, a theatrical film about Harkness written and directed by Justin Chadwick, was announced as in pre-production. As of 2022, no subsequent updates have been made and the film is still listed as in-development.

Writing
Written by Ruth Harkness:
 * The Lady and the Panda : an Adventure, Carrick & Evans, New York, 1938.
 * The Baby Giant Panda, Carrick & Evans, New York, 1938.
 * Pangoan Diary, 1942. A treatise on Peruvian Indians.
 * "Mexican Mornings" Gourmet, February 1947.

title: Ruth Harkness


text:
Talk:Follow That Bird

Why not just redirect this page to "Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird"? The information is essentially the same...

 * Agreed. The other article is also better-written, and as you stated, the information is the same.  Schuminweb 23:25, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Follow That Bird


text: Talk:The Taggerung

title: Talk:The Taggerung


text:
Illinois Route 111

Illinois Route 111 (IL 111) is an 82.18 mi north–south state highway in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Illinois. It travels from Short Street (near Lake Drive and 1/4 mi northwest of Interstate 255) in Centreville to IL 104 in Waverly.

Route description
IL 111 has concurrencies with IL 3 in Alton, U.S. Route 67 (US 67) in Godfrey, and IL 267 from Godfrey to Medora.

History
In August 1960, a new alignment in Alton on what is now the Homer M. Adams Parkway opened to traffic from IL 100 to IL 140. A second new alignment, Bellwood Road Extension in Bethalto, opened a few years later that would link IL 111 up with Vaughn and Central in Wood River. The original alignment of IL 111 in Alton had it cut up Sixth Street in Wood River, Old Alton–Edwardsville Road (with a concurrency with then-IL 159), and up Broadway in Alton until its concurrency with US 67 using Belle Street.

SBI Route 111 originally traveled from Waverly to Alton on modern-day IL 111. In 1942, it was extended south to Fairmont City. In 1953, it was extended further south to near East Saint Louis, which became Centreville. In 2001, when US 67 was moved west through Jerseyville, IL 267 took its place north of Medora. Some time after, IL 267 was applied south along with IL 111 on a concurrency.

title: Illinois Route 111


text:
File:Lesluthiers2.jpg

Summary
Cover of "Les Luthiers Volumen 3", album recorded in 1973. From left to right, Jorge Maronna, Carlos Núñez Cortés, Ernesto Acher, Marcos Mundstock, Carlos López Puccio, Daniel Rabinovich and Gerardo Masana. Image available at http://www.ernestoacher.com/discos/ll3_.htm

title: File:Lesluthiers2.jpg


text:
Glen Plake

Glen Plake (born September 9, 1964) is a US National Ski Hall of Fame skier. He grew up in Lake Tahoe, skiing Heavenly Valley. He is known for his appearances in ski films such as Greg Stump's The Blizzard of Aahhhs. Plake has been named a pioneer of extreme skiing in America by ESPN. Glen has been the host of the RSN program Reel Thrills.

Glen Plake married his wife Kimberly in 1991.

Notable achievements and appearances

 * In October 2006, Plake joined Slovenian ski company Elan where he contributes in a design and development role.
 * Plake is a three-time World Hot Dog Ski champion.
 * In 2003, Plake was awarded a Ski Club of Great Britain Centenary Medal in recognition of his outstanding contribution and influence upon snowsports.
 * In September 2009, Plake was named spokesperson of Learn a Snowsport Month (LASSM), a "public awareness initiative designed to encourage participation in skiing, snowboarding, cross country skiing and snowshoeing".
 * In 2010, Plake was inducted into the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame.
 * On September 23, 2012, Plake survived an avalanche that killed 11 fellow climbers in Nepal. He planned to ski down Manaslu without the aid of oxygen.
 * Plake co-hosted History's television series Truck Night in America (2018-2019)
 * In March 2022, Plake made a brief appearance in an Ikon Pass television commercial.

Filmography
Plake has been featured in a number of ski films, including:
 * Cheap Ski Movie (2010)
 * The Edge of Never (2009)
 * Steep (2007)
 * Warren Miller's Higher Ground (2005)
 * Warren Miller's Impact (2004)
 * Warren Miller's Journey (2003)
 * Mercon Industry's Guatemalan Persuader (2003)
 * Warren Miller's Cold Fusion (2001)
 * Fistful of Moguls (1998) with Jonny Moseley
 * Snowhat? (1993) directed by Bruce Benedict
 * License to Thrill (1989) directed by Greg Stump
 * The Blizzard of Aahhhs (1988) directed by Greg Stump
 * Maltese Flamingo (1986) directed by Greg Stump

title: Glen Plake


text:
Missouri Route 97

Route 97 is a highway in southwest Missouri. Its northern terminus is at Route 32 eight miles (13 km) south of El Dorado Springs; its southern terminus is at Route 86, four miles north of Wheaton.

Route description
Route 97 starts at a curve of Route 32, 8 miles south of El Dorado Springs. Runs south for 8 miles, where State Hwy B joins it for a 2-mile stretch to the western edge of Jerico Springs. On the western side of Jerico Springs, the road turns to the east. In downtown Jerico Springs, Hwy B continues straight; while 97 turns to the south. 3 miles south of Jerico Springs, at the junction of State Hwy D, 97 turns east for a few miles, before turning back south to Lockwood. At Lockwood, 97 intersects US Route 160. It then crosses the BNSF railroad Fort Scott sub in downtown Lockwood; then runs south for 14 miles to a junction with Missouri Route 96. After crossing 96, it crosses Spring River & the Missouri & North Arkansas railroad, just north of Stotts City. It then passes through Stotts City; then 2 miles south of Stotts City; it crosses I-44 at exit 38; then it turns west on the old US Route 166 roadbed for 2 miles, before turning left (south) to go to Pierce City. In Pierce City, it shares a 2 block stretch of Missouri Route 37; then turns south & crosses the BNSF Cherokee Sub. Two miles south of Pierce City, it intersects US Route 60 at Yonkerville; also the home of the Monett Municipal Airport. Route 97 runs south for 7 miles, passing the unincorporated community of Pulaskifield. South of Pulaskifield, it intersects State Route B, then turns west for 2 miles to its southern terminus at Missouri Route 86; four miles north of Wheaton.

title: Missouri Route 97


text:
User:Acetic Acid

Hello, I'm Ryan. If you need any help, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page.

Acetic acid makes French fries taste good. Remember that.

Landmarks
1000th edit - 11:16, August 3, 2005 2000th edit - 06:12, August 31, 2005 3000th edit - 01:59, November 4, 2005

Subpages
Sandbox

Voting Policy

Personal Welcome Message

Gifts and Awards

title: User:Acetic Acid


text:
Ilango Adigal

Ilango Adigal (இளங்கோவடிகள், ഇളങ്കോവടികൾ) was a monk and a poet, sometimes identified as a Chera prince. He is traditionally credited as the author of Cilappatikaram, one of the Five Great Epics of Ancient Tamil literature. He is one of the greatest poets from Cheranadu (now Kerala). In a patikam (prologue) to the epic poem, he identifies himself as the brother of a famous Chera king Ceṅkuṭṭuvan (Senguttuvan). This Chera king, as stated by Elizabeth Rosen, ruled over his kingdom in late 2nd or early 3rd century CE. However, this is doubtful because a Sangam poem in Patiṟṟuppattu – the fifth ten – provides a biography of Ceṅkuṭṭuvan, his family and rule, but never mentions that he had a brother who became an ascetic or wrote one of the most cherished epics. This has led scholars to conclude that the legendary author Ilango Adikal myth was likely inserted later into the epic. In a 1968 note, Kamil Zvelebil suggested that, "this [Adigal claim] may be a bit of poetic fantasy, practised perhaps by a later member of the Chera Dynasty [5th or 6th century] recalling earlier events [2nd or 3rd century]".

Biography
Iḷaṅkō Aṭikaḷ (lit. "the venerable ascetic prince"), also spelled Ilango Adigal or Ilangovadigal, is traditionally believed to be the author of the Cilappatikaram. No direct verifiable information is available about him. He is believed to have been a prince who became a Jain ascetic based on a patikam (prologue) composed and interpolated into the epic many centuries later. Ilango is considered the younger son of Chera king Nedum Cheralatan and Sonai/Nalchonai of the Chola dynasty. His elder brother is believed to be Senguttuvan, the reputed warrior-king. The young Ilango chose to forgo the royal life because a priest had told the royal court that the younger prince will succeed his father, and Ilango wanted to prove him wrong. However, these traditional beliefs are doubtful because the Sangam era text Patiṟṟuppattu provides a biography of king Nedum Cheralatan and of king Senguttuvan, and in neither is Ilango Adigal ever mentioned.

The author was a Jaina scholar, as in several parts of the epic, the key characters of the epic meet a Jaina monk or nun. The last canto of the epic, lines 155-178, mentions "I also went in", whose "I" scholars have assumed to be the author Adigal. The epic also mentions, among other details, the "Gajabahu synchronism".

These verses state Adikal attended the animal sacrifice by king Senguttuvan in the presence of Gajabahu, someone believed to have been the king of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) between 171 and 193 CE. This has led to the proposals that Adikal lived in the same period. These lines also mention that he became a sannyasi in a monastery outside Vanci – the capital of the 2nd-century Chera kingdom (now parts of Kerala). This declaration has been interpreted as renouncing and becoming a Jain monk.

According to Kamil Zvelebil, all this must have been a fraudulent statement added by Ilango Adikal to remain a part of the collective memory in the epic he wrote. Adikal was likely a Jain who lived a few centuries later, states Zvelebil, and his epic "cannot have been composed before the 5th- or 6th-century".

Gananath Obeyesekere – a scholar of Buddhism, Sri Lankan religious history and anthropology, considers the epic's claims of Gajabahu and the kinship between Ilango Adigal and Senguttuvan to be ahistorical, and that these lines are likely "a late interpolation" into the Tamil epic. The author was likely not a prince, nor had anything to do with the Chera dynasty, says R Parthasarathy, and these lines may have been added to the epic to give the text a high pedigree status, gain royal support, and to "institutionalize the worship of goddess Pattini and her temples" in the Tamil regions (modern Kerala and Tamil Nadu) as is described in the epic.

According to another Tamil legend, an astrologer predicted that he would become the ruler of the land. To stop this, and let his elder brother be the king, the prince became a Jain monk taking the name of Ilango Adigal.

Legacy
The Cilappatikaram epic credited to Ilango Adigal inspired another Chera-Tamil poetic epic called Manimekalai. This poetic epic acts as a sequel to the aforementioned work. It revolves around the daughter of Kovalan (the protagonist of Cilappatikaram) and Madhavi (who had an affair with Kovalan in Cilappatikaram), named Manimekalai. Although Manimekalai's mother was Madhavi, she worshipped goddess Pattini (Kannaki, Kovalan's wife).

title: Ilango Adigal


text:
List of lakes of Japan

The list of lakes in Japan ranked by surface area.

1) For lakes in the Hokkaidō region, Subprefecture is listed

title: List of lakes of Japan


text:
Kamyenyets

Kamyenyets or Kamenets, also known as Kamyanyets (Камянец), is a town in Brest Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Kamyenyets District. The town is located in the northwestern corner of Brest Region on the Lyasnaya River, about 40 km north from Brest. The Leśna Prawa river flows through the town. In 2002, its population was approximately 9,000. As of 2024, it has a population of 8,287.

History

It was first mentioned in the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle in 1276, when a castle with a keep, the tower of Kamyenyets, was being constructed on this spot, to protect the northern boundary of Volhynia from the raids of invaders. This site on the stony steep bank of the Liasnaja (Lysna or Leśna) River had attracted Oleksa, the prominent builder and architect of Volhynia. He showed the site to Vladimir Vasilkovich, the Prince of Volhynia, who appreciated the place and ordered Oleksa to build a castle with a keep on the spot. Later a town appeared around the fortification. The tower is often called Bielaja Vieža (alternative transliteration: Belaya Vezha), which means White Tower or White Fortress in Belarusian, because after its foundation it was tiled in white. The neighboring primeval forest of Belavezhskaya Pushcha received its name, which also means White Tower, through association with the tower. However, today the color of the castle is brick-red, having weathered through the ages, not white.

The original name of the town comes from the Polish word Kamieniec which means stone fortress in English, as it served as one of the most important fortresses of Polish Kings during the Commonwealth.

In 1366, it was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in 1376 it was burnt by Teutonic Crusaders but rapidly rebuilt. In 1503, local townsfolk received a limited self-administration right (probably the Magdeburg Rights) that was used by 1795, when it was annexed by Russia. In 1588 and 1659, the town was devastated with plague.

In the 19th century and the first four decades of the 20th century, the local Jewish community was the most active part of the townsfolk. Memories of the town are included in Yechezkel Kotik's memoir, published in English as Journey To a Nineteenth Century Shtetl: The Memoirs of Yekhezkel Kotik. Yeshivas Knesses Beis Yitzchak-Kaminetz was there 1926-1939.

In the years 1921-1939 it was in Poland. In 1939, it was occupied by Soviet Union and annexed to the Belorussian SSR. From 23 June 1941 until 22 July 1944, Kamyenyets was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as a part of Bezirk Bialystok. During the Nazi occupation, most local Jews were killed.

After World War II, the town developed as a minor center of the food processing industry (cheese and butter making, baking of bread, etc.).

Attractions
The main historical attraction is the donjon that accommodates a museum. There are also St Simeon's Orthodox church (1914); Sts Peter and Paul Roman Catholic church (1925) and Roman Catholic cemetery of the 18th - early 20th centuries. The building of a synagogue (used until 1941). Since 2009, there has been an annual historical Belaja Vezha Festival organized by local people.

title: Kamyenyets


text:
Missouri Route 38

Route 38 is a highway in southern Missouri. Its eastern terminus is at Route 17 ten miles (16 km) west of Houston; its western terminus is at U.S. Route 65 about ten miles (16 km) south of Buffalo.

title: Missouri Route 38


text:
Prochirality

In stereochemistry, prochiral molecules are those that can be converted from achiral to chiral in a single step. An achiral species which can be converted to a chiral in two steps is called proprochiral.

If two identical substituents are attached to an sp3-hybridized atom, the descriptors pro-R and pro-S are used to distinguish between the two. Promoting the pro-R substituent to higher priority than the other identical substituent results in an R chirality center at the original sp3-hybridized atom, and analogously for the pro-S substituent.

A trigonal planar sp2-hybridized atom can be converted to a chiral center when a substituent is added to the re or si face of the molecule. A face is labeled re if, when looking at that face, the substituents at the trigonal atom are arranged in increasing Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority order (1 to 2 to 3) in a clockwise order, and si if the priorities increase in anti-clockwise order; note that the designation of the resulting chiral center as S or R depends on the priority of the incoming group.

The concept of prochirality is necessary for understanding some aspects of enzyme stereospecificity. Alexander Ogston pointed out that when a symmetrical molecule is placed in an asymmetric environment, such as the surface of an enzyme, supposedly identically placed groups become distinguishable. In this way he showed that earlier exclusion of non-chiral citrate as a possible intermediate in the tricarboxylate cycle was mistaken.

title: Prochirality


text: Talk:Interdom

title: Talk:Interdom