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Gender roles in Islam

Gender roles in Islam are based on scriptures, cultural traditions, and jurisprudence.

The Quran, the holy book of Islam, indicates that both men and women are spiritually equal. The Quran states:

"'Those who do good, whether male or female, and have faith will enter Paradise and will never be wronged; even as much as the speck on a date stone.'"

However, this notion of equality has not been reflected in several laws in Muslim-based institutions.

The Quran does not specify gender roles for women,  but Islamic practice does. This is partially because men and women are at times allotted different rights and cultural expectations. Hadith Sahih Bukhari (9:89:252) states that a man is expected to be the "guardian of [his] family," whereas a woman is expected to be the "guardian of her husband's home and his children."

In some Muslim-based countries, women are legally restricted from practicing certain rights.

Traditional gender roles
Cultural traditions often impact gender roles, prevailing cultural norms, and the interpretation of the Quran and other Islamic texts.

Family
Some reformist and feminist scholars argue that the concept of guardianship has formed the basis of particular gender roles in Muslim societies. Women are often expected to be obedient wives and mothers, staying within the familial environment. Meanwhile, men are expected to be the protectors and caretakers of their families. However, the majority of Muslim scholars agree that women are not obligated to serve their husbands, do housework, or do any kind of work at home. According to Egypt's Dar-al-Ifta, it is regarded as permissible for a woman to go out for work if she has the consent of her husband. If there is no mutual consent, then it is not permissible for her to go out and work. Until the period of the rise of Islam, there were many ideas of certain actions and behaviors of women that should be expected that were considered traditional gender roles. Women were seen as inferior to men, and women were supposed to behave and respect men. In earlier times, women were seen as the housekeepers and relied on their husbands to protect them since they were thought to be not strong enough to take care of themselves.

According to Sayyid Qutb, a prominent member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s and 1960s, the Quran "gives the man the right of 'guardianship' or 'superiority' over the family structure to prevent dissension and friction between the spouses. The equity of this system lies in the fact that God both favored the man with the necessary qualities and skills for the 'guardianship' and also charged him with the duty to provide for the structure's upkeep." Qutb's ideologies are still impactful for radical Islamists today, influencing such prominent Middle Eastern leaders as Ayman Zawahiri and terrorists as Osama bin Laden.

In Islamic culture, the roles played by men and women are equally important. Gender roles viewed from an Islamic perspective are based on the Qur'an and emphasize the dynamic structure of the family. As in any socio-cultural group, gender roles vary depending on the conservative or liberal nature of the specific group.

Although there are no elaborate roles for men and women in the Qur'an, it is strongly implied that each gender provides equally significant contributions to the family realm.

Chapter 4, in verse 34, in the Qur'an, states that "men are the maintainers of women," due to them providing for their family. It is implied that a noble "husband's responsibilities commit him to support his wife and children, provide education for his offspring, be kind and attentive to his spouse, and be good to his affine". These values have remained rather consistent throughout the history of Islam. It is culturally understood that women do, and should, rely on men. This is viewed not as a restricting reliance, but as an arrangement to protect women from the distress and inconveniences of the public arenas. It is because of this ideology that women traditionally do not contribute to the household financially, leaving men to be the sole breadwinners.

The woman's role in the home, although different from that of men, is also of great value and importance in Islamic culture. In earlier times, from a very young age, girls traditionally grew up in the women's quarters of the house called the harem. The harem was that part of the house where the female members of the family and household lived. It was normally out of bounds to all males except the master of the house, his sons and perhaps a physician. Here, young girls were familiarized with domestic activities and were taught Islamic laws and values.

Femininity
What is deemed feminine, and the "ideal" Muslim woman, is constantly changing. These changes are influenced by many things, including the global market and modernization. The Quran requires Muslim men and women to dress modestly. The law of the hijab states that the whole female body aside from the face and hands should be covered when a woman leaves her home as a sign of modesty, obedience to God and respect for Islamic values. Modernization has changed many aspects of femininity, in the past, and in the present. The global market is changing femininity by showcasing and promoting images that are desirable for an ideal Muslim woman, and this change has caused certain traditions for women to become outdated and contested. One tradition that is becoming less accepted is the veil; some women, though not all, now see this as degrading in today's world whereas in the past it was seen as a sign of respect. Regardless of traditions, women have been used throughout history as a cultural symbol of Muslim religious values, which has shaped what it means to be feminine in a society.

Clothing
Several passages of the Quran deal with acceptable dress standards for both men and women. Surah 24, Verses 30-31 states:

"And tell the believing men to lower their gaze and be modest. That is purer for them and tell the believing women to lower their gaze and be modest, and to display of their adornment only that which is apparent, and to draw their veils over their bosoms, and not to reveal their adornment save to [those relatives who fall within bounds of close relationship explained in the Qur’an (i.e. the Mahrams)]..."

In Iran, breaking the Islamic dress code or participation in perceived cross dressing is a crime resulting in imprisonment.

Prayer and worship
For Friday prayers, by custom, Muslim's congregations segregate men, women, and children into separate groups. On other days, the women and children pray at home. Men are expected to offer the five times daily prayers at the nearest mosque. Muhammad specifically allowed Muslim women to attend mosques and pray behind men. Mohammad said, "Do not prevent your wife(s) from going to the mosque, even though their houses are better for them," which implies women are recommended to stay at home. "A woman’s prayer in her house is better than her prayer in her courtyard, and her prayer in her bedroom is better than her prayer in her house." (Reported by Abu Dawud in al-Sunan, Baab maa jaa’a fee khurooj al-nisaa’ ilaa’l-masjid. See also Saheeh al-Jaami‘, no. 3833).

Female genital mutilation
Surveys have shown a widespread belief in a small minority of Muslim nations, particularly in Mali, Mauritania, Guinea, and Egypt, that FGM is a religious requirement. Gruenbaum has argued that practitioners may not distinguish between religion, tradition, and chastity, making it difficult to interpret the data. FGM's origins in northeastern Africa are pre-Islamic, but the practice became associated with Islam because of that religion's focus on female chastity and seclusion. There is no mention of it in the Quran. It is praised in a few daʻīf (weak) hadith (sayings attributed to Muhammad) as noble but not required, although it is regarded as obligatory by the Shafi'i version of Sunni Islam. In 2007 the Al-Azhar Supreme Council of Islamic Research in Cairo ruled that FGM had "no basis in core Islamic law or any of its partial provisions".

Modern viewpoints
Viewpoints regarding gender roles vary with different interpretations of the Quran, different sects of the religion, and different cultural traditions and geographical locations.

Salafiyyah
Salafiyyah literally means "that which pertains to ancestry". It was first conceived by Muhammad Abduh and refers back to the first generation of Muslims who supported Muhammad during the seventh century.

The ideas of Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz are characteristic of much of the salafiyyah sect. Bin Baz believed that the engagement of women in “male domains” separates them from their God-given nature, eventually leading to women's misery and demise. He believed that women entering “male domains” posed a danger to Muslim society, eventually causing it to fall into moral decay. Additionally, he asserted that a woman outside the home was a woman denying her true, God-given character. He viewed the involvement of women in male domains as a detriment to the next generation, which he says may receive a worse education and less compassion from their mothers. Bin Baz also thought that women should only work in certain fields, those that are within a woman's domain, such as female education, nursing, and medical care. But even these must obey a strict separation of gender.

Wasatiyyah
The Qur'anic and prophetic terms for "moderation" are reflected in the word "wasatiyyah," which means the "middle way between extremes" and "upright without losing balance."

Muhammad Al-Ghazali's ideas characterize much of the wasatiyyah school of thought. His ideas are shared by other notable and influential people including Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, Abdel-Haleem AbuShaqua, and Hasan al-Turabi. Together they represent a growing modernist trend. Al-Ghazali indicated that Islam suggests a significant sense of equality between men and women. He maintained that there are traditions created by people and not by God that slow women's development and keeps them in religious ignorance, which he believes results in the degradation of the whole Muslim community. Ghazali asserts that women have been denied a say in their communities and have been restricted to domestic service. He also called for a change in Islamic thinking in general and the re-evaluation of cultural traditions that are attributed wrongly as central to the Islamic faith.

Fatema Mernissi
In her writings, Fatema Mernissi said that “if women's rights are a problem for some modern Muslim men, it is neither because of the Qur'an nor the Prophet Muhammad, nor the Islamic tradition, but simply because those rights conflict with the interests of a male elite”. She questions the social norm that a man is dishonored if a woman in their family works outside of domestic space. She asserts that in the male mind, society is divided into an economically productive section that is public and male and, a domestic sphere that is private and female, and that these two areas should not mix.

Heba Ra'uf
Heba Ra'uf (born 1965) stresses the importance of new interpretations of the Quran and Sunnah (traditions and sayings of Muhammad). Ra'uf argues that the advancement of women's causes in Arab and Muslim societies requires a reworking of Islamic thought. She criticizes the efforts of those who draw their inspiration exclusively from Western feminism. On the other hand, some feminists like Nawal El-Saadawi severely criticize the veil: “veiling and nakedness are two sides of the same coin. Both mean women are bodies without mind … ”. But Ra'uf sees wearing a veil as a means of liberation: “the veil neutralizes women's sexuality in the public sphere, making clear that they are citizens – not sexual objects”.

Ra'uf acknowledges that women belong in the public sphere, and she challenges any gender-based separation between the public and private spheres. She has asserted that “breaking the dichotomy would give housewives more social esteem and would encourage working women to fulfill their psychological need to be good mothers and wives,” emphasizing that women's work should extend both into the private and the public sectors.

Saudi Arabia
As of June 2018, women are allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia. They were the only country in the world which banned woman from driving. In some areas, such as Mecca, they are expected to cover their hair as well. While they have gained increased access to education and a few gender-segregated job opportunities, their representation in the labor market has increased from just over 10 percent in 2002 to 33 percent.

Women's development in Saudi Arabia has been relatively slower than in its neighboring Arab countries, especially regarding the improvement of female participation. In 2004, the fifth Jeddah Economic Forum held in Saudi Arabia had its first ever woman in key activities, with Lubna Olayan delivering the keynote speech.

Iran
The Islamic Republic of Iran has witnessed several advancements and setbacks for women's roles in the past 40 years, especially following the Iranian Revolution in 1979. After the revolution, Iranian women had more opportunities in some areas and more restrictions in others. One of the striking features of the revolution was the large-scale participation of women from traditional backgrounds in demonstrations leading up to the overthrow of the monarchy. The culture of education for women was established by the time of the revolution so that even after the revolution, large numbers of women entered civil service and higher education, After the 1989 Iranian constitutional referendum, changes resulted in an improvement in the lives and opportunities of women. Since then, several women have been elected to the Iranian parliament and more women participate in civil service. This is partially due to women taking advantage of higher educational opportunities. Iranian female education went from a 46 percent literacy rate, to 83 percent. Iran ranked 10th in terms of female literacy in the 1970s, and still holds this position. The Hijab became compulsory as well as modesty requirements; loose-fitting clothing as well as a Rusari (headscarf) that covers all the hair. On the economic front, Women's labor force participation rate and literacy rate have been on the rise. Yet the unemployment rate for women compared to that of men is still considerably higher.

Afghanistan
In the Afghanistan, women's rights have oscillated back and forth depending on the time period. After the fall of Kabul in 2021 during the Taliban insurgency and subsequent takeover of Afghanistan by the Taliban, concern about the future of women in the country increased. For the past 18 years, there were improvements in girls' education in which 4 out of 10 children were girls, according to a report by UNESCO. Due to the pressure from United Nations and International Organizations, Talibans were forced to allow women for education including under-graduate and post-graduate.

Apart from the education rights, the Women's Ministry was also replaced by the Ministry of Vice and Virtue. These groups of Islamic religious police were considered very harsh and even beat women if they were spotted without male guardians or dressed immodestly.

title: Gender roles in Islam


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Pappardelle

Pappardelle (: pappardella; from the verb pappare, meaning 'to gobble up') are large, very broad, flat pasta, similar to wide fettuccine, originating from the Tuscany region of Italy. The fresh types are two to three centimetres ($3/4$–1 inches) wide and may have fluted edges, while dried egg pappardelle have straight sides.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pappardelle


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User talk:Kyndig

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User talk:Chaosmagi

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User talk:Juppongatana

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User talk:KnoxvilleTVFan

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title: User talk:KnoxvilleTVFan


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Secretary for Economic Services

The Secretary for Economic Services ( and later ) was a minister position in the Government of Hong Kong, which is responsible for economic development in Hong Kong. The position was renamed to the Secretary for Economic Development and Labour after nearly thirty years. The new position headed the Economic Development and Labour Bureau and was created together with the introduction of Principal Officials Accountability System on 1 July 2002, by merging the positions with the labour portfolio of Secretary for Education and Manpower. After POAS was introduced all secretaries are members of the Executive Council.

The position was abolished in 2007 when the Economic Development and Labour Bureau was abolished and its functions transferred to the Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, the Transport and Housing Bureau, and the Labour and Welfare Bureau.

Secretaries for Economic Development and Labour, 2002–2007

 * Economic and labour affairs were handled by, respectively, Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development and Secretary for Labour and Welfare after 2007.

title: Secretary for Economic Services


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User talk:Mastertypo

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User talk:Vect0r

Could you please provide more information to the article you created? Thanks. Pavel Vozenilek 02:22, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

The article ChainPrayer has been speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising which only promotes a company, product, group or service and which would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the general criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 11, as well as the guidelines on spam. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. NawlinWiki 19:27, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vect0r


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User talk:Bonzo1105

Purdue Box
By all means, please feel free to use my Purdue User Box. Also, thanks for the info on the edits. I understand now. Cyrus Andiron 15:32, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Bonzo1105! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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 * 1) Walter Case, Jr. -

title: User talk:Bonzo1105


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User talk:Ctwardy

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User talk:Romanamor~enwiki

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Image Tagging Image:Cr2716cf.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Cr2822cf.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Cr2876cf.jpg
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Romanamor. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Romanamor~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Romanamor~enwiki


text:
User talk:Kooky

Welcome!

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Partial function
Welcome to Wikipedia. Per your request I am cleaning up at least the introductory paragraph(s). Just so you know, the terminology in and around the articles on function (mathematics) use inconsistent definitions for such things as function (mathematics), partial function, and total function. Charles Matthews on the WikiProject Mathematics is also an Admin, and he knows about it as well. This might have been caused by the initial version of Wikipedia bootstrapping in the 1911 version of the Encyclopedia Brittanica, since its copyright had recently expired. Anyway, some of us on Wikiproject Mathematics have been updating this terminology. This might be a nice group for you to join (via the Community portal link). Vonkje 16:33, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Triangle.Equilateral.png
What software did you use to generate that image? Thanks. --Kooky | Talk 03:58, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm using Microsoft Visio to create most of my images, including Triangle.Equilateral.png. —Herbee 09:40, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

re: GTFO
When I redirected it back in January, it was on the list. -- JLaTondre 15:01, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Re: Joe Biden photo
No problem here. No one else has changed it or complained about it, so it might be that your browser is not loading it correctly or that you have the high-res version stuck in your cache. Try purging the cache by visiting http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden?purge, and see if that fixes it. --tomf688 (talk - email) 01:10, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * How would a high-resolution version being in cache have anything to do with how the browser renders a "resized" version of it? I viewed the Joe Biden article itself before ever viewing the full-res picture. I am using Firefox 2 which could quite probably have some issue with Wikipedia's code, but I'm not sure what would cause that to happen. At any rate, I can't reproduce the issue so I'll just assume the problem is something originating from my machine. Sorry to waste your time. --Kooky (talk) 04:36, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No, I logged out and noticed the problem too. I removed the size parameter for the infobox and that seems to have fixed it.  I'll check other articles. --tomf688 (talk - email) 19:06, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Mongol800
A tag has been placed on Mongol800 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for musical topics.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Non-dropframe (talk) 22:22, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Non-free rationale for File:P2pnet.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:P2pnet.png. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under non-free content criteria, but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page, and edit it to include a non-free rationale.

If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified the non-free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions, please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. J Milburn (talk) 22:43, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kooky


text:
Artsplace

Artsplace (1988–2006) was a champion Standardbred horse who was the 1992 American Harness Horse of the Year.

Racing career
Artsplace was harness racing's champion two-year-old in 1990, where he notably set a world record for 2-year-old pacers by winning the Breeders Crown in the time of 1:51.1 at Pompano Park in Florida, soundly defeating champion Die Laughing and breaking the previous record by two seconds. This record was not tied until 2007 and broken until 2008. He won 11 of 15 starts as a 2 year old and earned $1,180,271.

Artsplace's 3-year old campaign was marred by injuries, though he still earned over $900,000 and won several major stakes races including the Dancer Memorial and American National and finished second in the Meadowlands Pace as he battled it out with Die Laughing and Precious Bunny, the latter of whom went on to garner horse of the year honors. He won 10 of 15 starts and $972,487 in 1991.

Artsplace's connections decided to return the horse to the races at age 4. Fully healthy, Artsplace had arguably the greatest season in harness racing history, going undefeated and winning such races as the Breeders Crown, US Pacing Championship, and American National, among many others. Driven throughout his career by Hall of Famer John Campbell, Artsplace paced a mile in 1:49 2/5, which was at the time the fastest race mile in harness racing history. He also won the final of the Driscoll Series at The Meadowlands. In his Harness Horse of the Year season of 1992 he was undefeated in 16 starts and won $932,325. Artsplace entered the breeding shed with a lifetime summary of 49 37-7-1 ($3,085,083), retired as the second-richest pacer of all time, and set at least one world record in each of his three years of competition.

In a poll by harness racing experts commissioned by the U.S. Trotting Association, Artsplace was voted the 10th-greatest harness horse in history. The fans voted him the 12th-greatest.

Stud record
At stud, Artsplace was a producer of top horses from the time his first crop raced in 1996. He regularly dominated the breeding statistics for several years, with his progeny earning $173 million including 18 having earned at least $1 million by the time of his election to the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame. Artsplace sired numerous champion horses, including millionaires Artiscape, Art Major, Worldly Beauty, Galleria, Grinfromeartoear, Art's Conquest, Astreos, Arturo and Glowing Report, among many others. He was the leading sire in North America six times. Many of Artsplace's sons and daughters have gone on to sire champions themselves, including most recently Art Major, who sired 2008 Meadowlands Pace champion Art Official, winner of the 2008 Pace in 1:47 which was, at the time, a world record time for 3 year old pacers and the second fastest race mile in harness racing history.

Artsplace was euthanized at the age of 18 in 2006 due to complications of laminitis, which he had been suffering with for some time.

title: Artsplace


text:
Francis Beckman

Francis Joseph Beckman (October 25, 1875 – October 17, 1948) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Lincoln in Nebraska (1924–1930) and as archbishop of the Archdiocese of Dubuque in Iowa (1930–1946).

Early life
Francis Beckman was born on October 25, 1875, in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Francis and Elizabeth (née Fenker) Beckman. He studied at St. Gregory's Preparatory Seminary and Mount St. Mary's Seminary in Cincinnati. He then attended the University of Louvain in Leuven, Belgium, and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.

Priesthood
He was ordained to the priesthood on June 20, 1902. Following his ordination, he received a Licentiate of Sacred Theology (1907) and later a Doctor of Sacred Theology (1908) from the Gregorian.

After his return to Cincinnati, Beckman joined the faculty of Mount St. Mary's Seminary, where he served as professor of philosophy and dogmatic theology (1908–1912). He was rector of Mount St. Mary's from 1912 to 1924. He also served as Censor Librorum and a consultor for the Archdiocese of Cincinnati.

Bishop of Lincoln
On December 23, 1923, Beckman was appointed the fourth bishop of Lincoln by Pope Pius XI. He received his episcopal consecration on May 1, 1924, from Archbishop Henry Moeller of Cincinnati. Bishops Joseph Schrembs of Cleveland and Joseph Chartrand of Indianapolis were the principal co-consecrators. Beckman served the diocese for almost six years. During his time in Lincoln, he served as apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Omaha from June 1926 to July 1928.

Archbishop of Dubuque
Pope Pius XI appointed Bishop Beckman Archbishop of Dubuque on January 17, 1930. Beckman shepherded the archdiocese through the Great Depression and World War II. During his tenure as archbishop, the St. Vincent de Paul Society, the Holy Name Societies, National Catholic Rural Life Conference, Conference on Industrial Relations, and the Catholic Youth Organization grew with his support. The Catholic Student's Mission Crusade, which he founded while in Cincinnati, held its 1935 convention in Dubuque. In 1939, the archdiocese's Columbia College in Dubuque was renamed Loras College in honor of Dubuque's first bishop, Mathias Loras.

Impressed with Catholic culture he had seen in Europe, Beckman began to collect fine art pieces. He started with a small collection of artifacts belonging to Father William Kessler at Columbia Academy in Dubuque. Beckman placed several art pieces in a museum at Columbia College. The Beckman collection, including works of Winslow Homer, Rembrandt, Rubens, and Van Dyck, was valued at $1.5 million.

In 1936, promoter Phillip Suetter sold Beckman on the idea of investing borrowed money in gold mines. Beckman perhaps thought that he could gain funds to further his art collection. Instead, he involved the archdiocese in what turned out to be a fraudulent gold mine scheme. Beckman signed promissory notes on behalf of the archdiocese. When scheme fell apart and Suetter was arrested, the archdiocese lost its investment. President Franklin Roosevelt directed the FBI to investigate Beckman to determine the extent of his involvement in the scam, not because of Beckman's opposition to the president as some believed. Soon the holders of the notes began demanding repayment. The archdiocese sold Beckman's art collection to help pay off the notes. The ultimate loss to the archdiocese was over $500,000.

As a result of all of Beckman's problems, on June 15, 1944, Pope Pius XII appointed Bishop Henry Rohlman of Davenport as coadjutor archbishop and apostolic administrator. Beckman remained archbishop of Dubuque, but it was made clear to him that actual authority rested with Rohlman.

Retirement and legacy
Beckman remained archbishop of Dubuque until Pope Pius XII named him titular archbishop of Phulli and accepted his retirement on November 11, 1946. Following his retirement, Beckman moved from Dubuque to Cincinnati, Ohio.

Francis Beckman died at the Alexian Brothers Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, on October 17, 1948, at age 72. He was buried in the mortuary chapel of Saint Raphael's Cathedral in Dubuque.

Popular culture
Beckman began a campaign against swing music in 1938. He made headlines when he spoke before the National Council of Catholic Women in October and openly denounced it as "a degenerated musical system... turned loose to gnaw away the moral fiber of young people" which would lead one down a "primrose path to Hell."

Foreign policy
Beckman adopted a pacifist stance in the years before World War II. He wrote an open letter to Senator William Borah of Idaho encouraging him in his efforts to maintain American neutrality. At a rally on October 20, 1939, Beckman supported noted radio priest Father Charles Coughlin in his stand for peace. The next week, Beckman went on the radio with Coughlin and said that the Communists wanted the U.S. to enter the war so that, worn out by the war, Americans would become more susceptible to communist thought. He made numerous speeches against U.S. involvement in the war until Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese in December 1941.

title: Francis Beckman


text:
Details (album)

Details is the sole studio album by British electronic duo Frou Frou. It was released on June 4, 2002 by MCA Records in the United States and by Island Records internationally.

Commercial performance
As of 2009, the song "Let Go" has sold 370,000 units in the US while the album has sold 284,000 copies in the US and 29,000 copies in the UK.

Reception
Play reviewed Details positively, calling the duo "refreshing" and "not the typical electronic dance-music factory drones" and writing, "This melodic, occasionally striking collection of new-wave dance songs doesn't reek of overproduction, benefiting greatly from the pleasing, softening array of live instruments." For AllMusic, Alex Henderson gave the album three out of five stars, opining that the album had "quality singing and composing" which made it "a cut above much of the electronic Europop that came out in 2002" and comparing it to the music of singers Björk, Kate Bush, and Dido. Andy Thomas of Drowned in Sound called the album "mature", also comparing it to Dido and writing, "They do have more than a handful of good, if not overly ambitious, tunes."

Zach Braff's use of the song "Let Go" for the ending credits for his film Garden State (2004) and the inclusion on its Grammy-winning soundtrack is credited as exposing Frou Frou and Imogen Heap to a much wider audience. Its use as the last song was actually suggested by Braff's girlfriend at the time, Bonnie Somerville.

Wiz Khalifa sampled the song on the track titled “…In the Cut” on his 2010 album Kush & Orange Juice.

Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Ariana Bacle named "Let Go" as the third-best song from the Garden State soundtrack, describing it as "a could-be dance track but with more drama, more heart, and just enough Imogen Heap". On Stereogum's Margaret Farrell's list of the ten best Imogen Heap songs, "Hear Me Out" and "Let Go" were ranked fifth and third, respectively. Farrell described "Let Go" as "a cataclysmic escape" and "a song that bubbles with wonder and excitement bordering on anxiety", also identifying it as "probably Frou Frou's most popular song".

Samples

 * "Hear Me Out" contains a sample from "An Ending (Ascent)" by Brian Eno.

Singles
Select any single to see the track listings of all released versions.

* "Breathe In"

 * UK CD single (2002) CID 799/582941-2
 * 1) "Breathe In" (Radio Edit) 3.49
 * 2) "Close Up" 4.20
 * 3) "Breathe In" (Watkins Radio Edit) 3.40

 * UK CD promo (2002) FROUCD2
 * 1) "Breathe In" (Radio Edit) 3.49

 * UK CD promo (2002) FROUCD3
 * 1) "Breathe In" (Watkins Radio Edit) 3.40
 * 2) "Breathe In" (Radio Edit) 3.49

 * UK 12" single (2002) 12 IS 799
 * 1) "Breathe In" (Watkins Full Vocal Remix) 7.59
 * 2) "Breathe In" (Radio Edit) 3.49
 * 3) "Breathe In" (Aphrodite Full Remix) 6.41

 * UK 7" promo (2002) FROU 1
 * 1) "Breathe In" (Mr Roque Mix)
 * 2) "Breathe In" (Mr Roque Dub)

 * UK 12" promo (2002) 12 FROU 1
 * 1) "Breathe In" (Watkins Vocal Mix 12")
 * 2) "Breathe In" (Watkins Loves You Dub)

 * UK 12" promo (2002) 12 FROU 2
 * 1) "Breathe In" (Aphrodite Remix)
 * 2) "Breathe In" (Aphrodite Dub)

 * UK 12" promo (2002) 12 FROU 3
 * 1) "Breathe In" (DJ Encore Remix)

 * US 12" promo (2002) MCAR-25773-1
 * 1) "Breathe In" (DJ Encore Remix) 4.03
 * 2) "Breathe In" (Aphrodite Remix) 6.48
 * 3) "Breathe In" (Watkins Vocal Mix) 8.00
 * 4) "Breathe In" (Mr Roque Mix) 5.22

* "Let Go"
 * IT 12" single (2002) UNIV 06.02
 * 1) "Breathe In" (Watkins Mix Vocal Mix-Full Version) 7.59
 * 2) "Breathe In" (Radio Edit) 3.49
 * 3) "Breathe In" (Aphrodite Full Vocal Mix) 6.41

* "Must Be Dreaming"
 * US CD promo (2002)
 * 1) "Let Go" 4.12

 * UK CD promo (2003) FROUCD6
 * 1) "Must Be Dreaming" (Radio Edit)
 * UK 12" promo (2002) 12 FROU 4 PROMO
 * 1) "Must Be Dreaming" (K-Klass Ultra Vocal Mix) 7.38
 * 2) "Must Be Dreaming" (K-Klass Spektral Dub) 6.42
 * 3) "Must Be Dreaming" (Ruff & Jam Club Vocal) 6.00
 * 4) "Must Be Dreaming" (Soul Mekanik Mix) 9.01

 * UK 12" promo (2002) 12 FROU 5 PROMO
 * 1) "Must Be Dreaming" (Ruff & Jam Nightmare Dub) 8.22
 * 2) "Must Be Dreaming" (Laser Remix) 6.37

 * US CD promo (2002) MCAR-25945-2
 * 1) "Must Be Dreaming" (Ruff & Jam Radio Edit) 3.47
 * 2) "Must Be Dreaming" (Laser Radio Edit) 3.33
 * 3) "Must Be Dreaming" (Ruff & Jam Vocal Club 12" Mix) 6.02
 * 4) "Must Be Dreaming" (K-Klass Ultra Vocal Mix) 7.43
 * 5) "Must Be Dreaming" (Laser Dance Mix) 6.42
 * 6) "Must Be Dreaming" (Ruff & Jam Nightmare Dub) 8.22
 * 7) "Must Be Dreaming" (K-Klass Spektral Dub) 6.45
 * 8) "Must Be Dreaming" [Single Version] 4.00

 * US 12" promo (2002) MCAR-25944-1
 * 1) "Must Be Dreaming" (Ruff & Jam Vocal Club 12" Mix) 6.02
 * 2) "Must Be Dreaming" (Ruff & Jam Nightmare Dub) 8.28
 * 3) "Must Be Dreaming" (K-Klass Ultra Vocal Mix) 7.43
 * 4) "Must Be Dreaming" (K-Klass Spektral Dub) 6.57

* "It's Good To Be In Love"
 * EU CD promo (2002) FROUCD7
 * 1) "Must Be Dreaming" [Single Version] 4.01
 * 2) "Must Be Dreaming" (Ruff & Jam Vocal Club 12" Mix) 6.03
 * 3) "Must Be Dreaming" (K-Klass Ultra Vocal Mix) 7.40
 * 4) "Must Be Dreaming" (Laser Remix) 6.40
 * 5) "Must Be Dreaming" (Soul Mekanik Mix) 9.01

 * UK CD promo (2003) MCSYDJ40322
 * 1) "It's Good To Be In Love" (Ruff & Jam Club Edit)

 * UK 12" promo (2002) WMCSTX 40322
 * 1) "It's Good To Be In Love" (Watkins Love's Love Vocal Mix)
 * 2) "It's Good To Be In Love" (Ruff & Jam Club Mix Extended)

 * UK 12" promo (2003) WMCSTZ40322
 * 1) "It's Good To Be In Love" (Watkins Good To Be Dub Mix)
 * 2) "It's Good To Be In Love" (Dark Globe's Mondo Scuro Vocal)
 * 3) "It's Good To Be In Love" (Dark Globe's Mondo Scuro Dub)

 * EU CD promo (2003) MCSXDJ40322
 * 1) "It's Good To Be In Love" (Radio Edit)
 * 2) "It's Good To Be In Love" (Ruff & Jam Club Edit)

Personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal.

 * Imogen Heap –vocals, production, mixing (tracks 7, 11)
 * Guy Sigsworth –production, keyboards (track 2), mixing (tracks 7, 11)
 * Mich Gerber –double bass (tracks 1, 5)
 * Ioana Petcu-Colan –violin (tracks 1, 5)
 * Alasdair Malloy –percussion (tracks 3, 5, 7)
 * Elad Elharar –bass guitar (track 3)
 * Makoto Sakamoto –drums (tracks 4, 6)
 * Jon Hassell –trumpet (tracks 10–11)
 * Tom Coyne –mastering
 * Gili Wiseburgh –mixing (tracks 1–2, 4–6, 8–10), engineering (tracks 1–10) , recording arrangement (tracks 1–10) , additional mixing (tracks 3, 7)
 * Tom Elmhurst –mixing (track 3), additional mixing (track 1)
 * Damian Taylor –mixing (track 2), additional mixing (track 11)
 * Sean McGhee –engineering (track 4)
 * Gert Staeuble –recording arrangement (track 5)
 * Pete Scaturro –recording arrangement (track 10), recording engineering (track 11)

title: Details (album)


text: User talk:69.86.38.190

title: User talk:69.86.38.190


text:
German Apsara Conservation Project

The German Apsara Conservation Project (GACP) is a non-profit organisation based at the University of Applied Sciences, Cologne dedicated to preserving the devatas (or apsaras) and other bas-reliefs of Angkor Wat. It is funded primarily by the German Foreign Office.

Angkor Wat is the principal monument of the Angkor World Heritage Site in Cambodia which was registered in the World Heritage List in 1992. Despite its condition it is currently not inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger. On a national level it is under the administration of the / APSARA Authority and the G.A.C.P. (German Apsara Conservation Project) works in collaboration with both UNESCO and APSARA Authority towards the conservation of this unique monument.

Reliefs of Angkor Wat
Angkor Wat is generally considered to be the largest religious stone monument in the world and much of the surface of this extraordinary temple is decorated with carvings in bas-relief of battle scenes, of triumphant processions, of religious scenes and of single or groups of female figures. Nearly 1,850 of these female figures, popularly known as Apsaras, adorn the surface of Angkor Wat and some of them are in an extremely alarming state of decay. Several of the reliefs have already fallen victim to the ravages of time.

Natural stones weather in different ways. Scientific investigations have been under way since 1995 to examine the characteristic properties of the sandstone and the factors causing damage. The conservators are being supported by photographers and experts from the fields of geology, geomicrobiology and chemistry. The detailed investigations have confirmed that, in the case of some 360 of the Apsaras, the damage is so serious that significant quantities of carved stone surface could become detached at any time. The project chose to focus on the Apsaras since they are the most exposed and therefore endangered of the precious carvings at Angkor Wat.

Since 1997 the work of conservation is being performed by students and lecturers of the Department of Restoration and Conservation of the Fachhochschule Köln (University of Applied Sciences, Cologne) and by local Conservation d’Angkor personnel in collaboration with the APSARA Authority. The first urgent measure performed was a reversible step to secure the endangered relief areas. A team from Fachhochschule Köln (University of Applied Sciences Cologne) has set itself the goal of reducing the erosion of the Apsaras. Conservation work is now being carried out using material with properties similar to those of the original stone. Ultimately, it will not be possible to completely stop the damage to the reliefs, which means that regular and sound maintenance of the monument is the most effective conservation measure.

One of the most important activities of the German Apsara Conservation Project (GACP) is education and training of qualified staff for the future conservation of Angkor. Students of restoration and conservation at the University of Applied Sciences Cologne join the project either to make their diploma thesis on subjects significant for the conservation of the reliefs or to pass the “practice semester” that is a part of their education. Meanwhile, the GACP co-operates closely with the Royal University of Fine Arts in Phnom Penh, Faculty of Archaeology, Architecture and Urbanism and Plastic Arts. The students from Phnom Penh participate in courses of stone conservation and some of them have written their diploma theses with the joint supervision of the Royal University of Fine Arts and the GACP consultants. The GACP experts have also trained the team of Cambodian conservators working at the temple throughout the year. In the year 2000 new trainees for stone conservation will be recruited by the GACP.

There are a multitude of temples within the Angkor region and consequently there are many international groups working in the field of restoration and conservation. This community of international projects makes up the world’s biggest preservation project co-ordinated by UNESCO. Exchange of experiences, transfer of technology, consultation and collaboration with the national and international institutions present is therefore an important aim of the GACP.

When the University of Applied Sciences Cologne began to assess and evaluate the situation at Angkor in 1995, with a view of preparing a conservation project, it was immediately clear that the documentation of the surfaces and subsequently of the intervention would have to be approached in an exceptional way.

title: German Apsara Conservation Project


text:
Boston Conservatory at Berklee

Boston Conservatory at Berklee (formerly The Boston Conservatory) is a private performing arts conservatory in Boston, Massachusetts. It grants undergraduate and graduate degrees in dance, music, and theater.

Boston Conservatory was founded on February 11, 1867, as a music conservatory and later expanded to include leading programs in dance, opera, and theater. It currently offers Bachelor of Fine Arts, Bachelor of Music, Master of Fine Arts, and Master of Music degrees, as well as Graduate Performance Diplomas, Artist Diplomas, and Professional Studies Certificates.

In 2016, Boston Conservatory merged with Berklee College of Music to form "Berklee," an umbrella institution that includes Berklee College of Music, Berklee Online, Berklee Valencia, and Berklee NYC. With this, the conservatory's name was changed to "Boston Conservatory at Berklee." Boston Conservatory remains a disparate school within Berklee, continuing to offer its signature conservatory programs. Berklee is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE) and authorized by the Massachusetts Department of Higher Education.

History
On February 11, 1867, violinist and composer Julius Eichberg founded Boston Conservatory as a professional training academy and a community music school. It was one of the first conservatories to grant admission to African Americans and women.

In 1873, Eichberg's operetta “The Doctor of Alcontara” was performed at Boston Conservatory by the first African-American opera company in the U.S.

In 1878, Eichberg established the Eichberg String Quartet, the first professional female quartet.

In 1893, upon Eichberg's death, direction was assumed by R. Marriner Floyd, with Herman P. Chelius, organist and composer, serving as the musical director. Under their direction, the school was first incorporated in 1896.

After the turn of the 20th century, Boston Conservatory created the first "grand opera" department in the U.S.

In 1943, Jan Veen established Boston Conservatory's Dance Division, the first program to emphasize both classical ballet and America's emerging modern dance. In 1951, the school gained authority to award Bachelor of Fine Arts degrees in drama and dance.

Prior to 2016, Boston Conservatory was an independent private college with accredited programs in dance, music, and theater that presented more than 700 performances each year.

In 2015, Boston Conservatory began talks with Berklee College of Music to explore a merger of the two schools.

On June 1, 2016, the two schools merged under an institutional umbrella called Berklee, which now consists of Boston Conservatory at Berklee, Berklee College of Music, Berklee Online, Berklee Valencia, and Berklee NYC.

Academics
Boston Conservatory awards the Bachelor of Fine Arts, Bachelor of Music, Master of Fine Arts, and Master of Music degrees, as well as Graduate Performance Diplomas, Artist Diplomas, and Professional Studies Certificates. It also offers training and education programs during the summer for dancers, musicians, and theater artists.

Student life
Instead of dormitories, Boston Conservatory at Berklee uses Victorian brownstones for on-campus housing. Undergraduate rooms consist of quints, quads, triples, doubles, and singles.

Approximately 29% of students live on campus.

title: Boston Conservatory at Berklee


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thought police

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was revert back to the redirect to Thoughtcrime. I will let the page history stay, so if anyone thinks there is anything in the article worth merging with that article, just take a look at the page history. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:08, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Thought police
Let me state first off that certainly a legitimate, well-cited, balanced and NPOV article could be written on "Thought police". In fact, it was. Then it was merged and redirected to Thoughtcrime. After it had already been merged and redirected for about eight months, someone turned it into a separate article again and rewrote the content to reflect who he believes the modern "thought police" are. This is a POV fork, and it should be deleted without merging. -- Antaeus Feldspar 02:26, 20 July 2005 (UTC) Per the good point brought up by Christopher below, changing my vote to restore the redirect without saving the forked content. -- Antaeus Feldspar 02:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Just make it back into a redirect. Grace Note 03:20, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect to "Thoughtcrime". Hamster Sandwich 05:06, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to Thoughtcrime. Rhobite 05:50, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and revert to make it a redirect to Thoughtcrime again. GTBacchus 06:12, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Re-redirect to Thoughtcrime. --Angr/undefined 06:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If it was merged earlier, wouldn't deleting it destroy the history of whatever was merged? Anyway, redirect (didn't really need to be brought to VFD). Christopher Parham (talk) 08:01, 2005 July 20 (UTC)
 * Re-redirect to Thoughtcrime, that article has everything we need about the Thought police in Nineteen Eighty-four and whether his predictions have come true. Thryduulf 11:52, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Thoughtcrime. I do feel that some of this material could perhaps fit into that article, but I say redirect rather than merge because it really should be added thru collaboration with the Thoughtcrime editors (heh), rather than circumventing the process. Dcarrano 12:26, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Revert to redirect to Thoughtcrime -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 15:02, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Thoughtcrime. Ken 20:57, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep somehow, even if it takes the recommended redirect. ~ WCFrancis 23:44, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Re-redirect to thoughtcrime as above. Xoloz 02:48, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep: While deleting this article may be a dream come true for deletionists, but a dark moment for the Wikipedia's institutional memory.  The fact that a series of VfD proposals, for Moral compass, Elliott Valenstein and this article, suddenly arose, after repudiation of protracted efforts to delete the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health Wikilink from the Mind control article, brings into doubt the propriety of these proposed VfDs.  Ombudsman 03:11, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect as appriopriate like others suggest (Oh noes! Groupthink!) Gamera2 00:59, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Thoughtcrime. Simple enough. --Calton | Talk 01:47, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect overlapping & new content with Thoughtcrime | Cwolfsheep 15:16, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Out of curiosity, what content do you see in the article that deserves merging? I think Dcarrano makes a good point, that whatever content is in Thought police that isn't in Thoughtcrime was not produced by collaboration with other editors but by the exact opposite. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:25, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Thoughtcrime as my hive-mind insists. brenneman (t) (c)  03:46, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:203.123.21.145

title: User talk:203.123.21.145


text:
Steve Kloves

Stephen Keith Kloves (born March 18, 1960) is an American screenwriter, director and producer. He wrote and directed the film The Fabulous Baker Boys and is mainly known for his screenplay adaptations of novels, especially for all but one of the Harry Potter films (the exception being The Order of the Phoenix) and for Wonder Boys, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

Life and career
Kloves, born in Austin, Texas, grew up in Sunnyvale, California, where he graduated from Fremont High School. He attended the University of California, Los Angeles but dropped out when he was not admitted into the film school in his third year. As an unpaid intern for a Hollywood agent, he gained attention for a screenplay he wrote called Swings. This led to a meeting where he successfully pitched Racing with the Moon (1984).

His first experience with professional screenwriting left him wanting more interaction with the actors so that the characters would stay true to his vision. Kloves wrote The Fabulous Baker Boys and also intended it to be his directorial debut. After years of trying to sell the project in Hollywood, the film finally got off the ground and was released in 1989. The Fabulous Baker Boys did reasonably well and was critically acclaimed, but his next shot as writer/director for Flesh and Bone in 1993 fared poorly at the box office. Kloves then stopped writing for three years.

Realizing that he had to return to writing to support his family, he began adapting Michael Chabon's novel Wonder Boys into a screenplay. Kloves was offered the chance to direct but he declined, preferring to direct only his own original work. This was his first try at adapting another work to film. His screenplay was nominated for a Golden Globe and an Academy Award after the film's release in 2000.

Warner Bros. sent Kloves a list of novels that the company was considering to adapt as films. The listing included the first Harry Potter novel, which intrigued him despite his usual indifference to these catalogs. He went on to write the screenplays for the first four films in the series. However, he turned down writing the fifth film, stating that "The fourth film, Goblet of Fire, was really hard to do. I wrote on it for two years. But it’s not that simple and I don't know that I'll ever fully understand why I didn't do it." After Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for the fifth film, Kloves then returned to write the sixth, seventh and eighth installments.

In 2011, Kloves was attached to work on a film adaptation of Mark Haddon's novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time.

Since 2016, Kloves produced the Fantastic Beasts films, a spinoff prequel series to the main Harry Potter series. Kloves co-wrote the third installment with J.K. Rowling.

Kloves produced the Andy Serkis-directed movie, Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle. His daughter, Callie, wrote the screenplay.

Kloves is now set to write the screenplay for the film adaptation of T. J. Newman's novel Drowning: The Rescue of Flight 1421 for Warner Bros.

Filmography
Special thanks
 * Fantastic Mr. Fox (2008)
 * Alpha (2018)

title: Steve Kloves


text:
User talk:Zarqoun

Welcome!

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Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Reza ghassemi may not be sufficiently well-known to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. On Wikipedia, each user is entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper, a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects.

title: User talk:Zarqoun


text:
User talk:Rakatk0

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  02:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Rakatk0


text:
User talk:Odradek23

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Odradek23


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User talk:AlexeiK

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  02:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
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hi 192.197.54.24 (talk) 20:08, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlexeiK


text:
User talk:Ataqer

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  02:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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Orphaned non-free image File:UniBall ingame screenshot.png
 Thanks for uploading File:UniBall ingame screenshot.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 06:14, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ataqer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wikigames

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 17:47, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Wikigames
Wikipedia is not a free webhosting provider. This page proposes an entire wikigames-subproject. It's bad enough that we tolerate these things in the sandbox. Games can be played on http://games.wikicities.com/ which has specific wikigame-extensions; even if such a project was actually to be proposed as part of Wikimedia (whose mission is to distribute free knowledge and which is funded by donations given by people who expect that we use their money as such), it would belong on Proposals for new projects, not in the Wikipedia: namespace of the English Wikipedia. Note that there's also an edit war on this page with SDSUPinoy preferring this version. The page also nicely demonstrates the problem with wikigames; it was created by a user who has been doing nothing but playing and creating them, not ever contributing to the actual encyclopedia. It is often alleged that games on Wikipedia reduce wikistress. Given the record so far, I have doubts about that. --Eloquence* 02:28, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. SDSUPinoy's version is misleading in suggesting this forms a demonstration wiki, which it does not. The page only serves to promote games that were previously "hidden" in the sandbox. This gives too much credibility to a set of pages that ought to have been deleted, and gives the impression that anyone can set up a test wiki within Wikipedia, over-riding the proposals for new projects policy. Angela. 02:33, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Their introduction more or less admits that this project is contrary to Wikipedia policy. --malathion talk 03:43, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not project-related. (Just to clarify, these are the same games listed on WP:FUN) Gazpacho 04:22, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Beland 04:31, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per User:Angela. JamesBurns 09:05, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete james gibbon  12:17, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete pointless page -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 15:03, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep They are actually quite fun, they've got a whole league going there on the chess page, stop being so boring. --Differentgravy 20:22, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I like it. --Irishpunktom\talk 20:25, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. If I liked sucking your blood, would I be entitled to do so? This Wikigames nonsense is nothing less than parasitism and should be quashed as soon as possible. Binadot 21:26, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No, but if you made a game about such a scenario on allowed wikipedia editors to play said game it'd be cool --Irishpunktom\talk 23:40, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Eloquence. Strong nomination thoroughly convinced me. Xoloz 02:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wikistats/EN/TablesWikipediaEN.htm, the database for this Wikipedia fits in two CD-Rs and a few spare floppies.  The onus of a page like this on the Wikimedia foundation is negligible.  Almafeta 02:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This could be said for every page ever listed on VfD. The reason for the nomination was not "takes storage space".--Eloquence* 07:27, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Eloquence and Angela. -Sean Curtin 02:51, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Reza ghassemi

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. FCYTravis 06:57, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Reza ghassemi
Vanity page about an electrical engineer who also plays musical instrument. Userfy or delete Pavel Vozenilek 02:30, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: since the author of the article blanked it after VfD nomination, it may be considered as signal that he agrees with delete. Pavel Vozenilek 11:02, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete no assertion of notability. possibly vanity.  Friday 02:44, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect user to LiveJournal --malathion talk 03:41, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN vanity.Hamster Sandwich 05:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 09:05, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete- I find that the contents have been removed from the page. Dear, this is not the way. --Bhadani 10:41, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, yes it is — it makes it a speedy candidate on the spot. -Splash 21:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN and vanity. --Ragib 17:45, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. -- Etacar11   23:43, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Dictionnaire de la langue française

The Dictionnaire de la langue française by Émile Littré, commonly called simply the "Littré", is a four-volume dictionary of the French language published in Paris by Hachette.

The dictionary was originally issued in 30 parts, 1863–72; a second edition is dated 1872–77. A further edition is reported in 1877, published by Hachette.

Versions of Littré dictionary content that are searchable online (notably not of the type meant for download to physical devices) are available both on a site named for the dictionary’s originator, and on a multifaceted site including among its diverse resources its own adaptation   of the dictionary.

The British Library's on-line integrated catalogue describes the contents as: 1o Pour la nomenclature...: 2o Pour la grammaire...: 3o Pour la signification des mots...: 4o Pour la partie historique...: 5o Pour l’étymologie..

title: Dictionnaire de la langue française