text:
Dynasty (Kiss album)

Dynasty is the seventh studio album by American rock band Kiss, produced by Vini Poncia and released on May 23, 1979, by Casablanca Records.

Background
The album and the following tour were billed as the "Return of Kiss", as the band had not released a studio album since Love Gun in 1977. Instead, the band released their second live album, Alive II, that same year, and each member had recorded eponymous solo albums, which were simultaneously released on September 18, 1978.

Before recording the album, the Kiss members were working separately on various demos:

Criss's disco influenced demo of his song "Dirty Livin'" (written in 1971) set the direction for the album project and Simmons and Stanley were briefly in contact with disco producer Giorgio Moroder, a friend of the band's manager Bill Aucoin before deciding on Vini Poncia.
 * Peter Criss recorded and submitted a four-track demo with the songs "Out of Control", "Rumble", "Dirty Livin' " and "There's Nothing Better". "Dirty Livin' " made it to Dynasty, while "Rumble" remains unreleased officially by the band but has surfaced on the internet as a bootleg. The other two songs ended up on his 1980 solo album Out of Control.
 * Ace Frehley recorded and submitted a five-track demo with "Hard Times", "Save Your Love", a cover of "2000 Man", "Backstage Pass" and "Insufficient Data". Three of the songs are on Dynasty, while the last two remain unreleased.
 * Gene Simmons wrote and recorded a large number of demos, including five songs with members of the band Virgin, drummer Chuck Billings and guitarist Tommy Moody. Billings has identified the songs "I Have Just Begun to Fight", "Reputation" and "Bad Bad Lovin" as from the demo he played on, in addition to the two songs credited to Simmons on "Dynasty".
 * Paul Stanley wrote songs with Desmond Child: one called "The Fight" was released on a Desmond Child & Rouge album; and one called "Tonight" formed the verses of "I Was Made for Lovin' You", combined with a chorus written by Stanley and Vini Poncia. "Sure Know Something" was written after Poncia had joined the project and a recording shows how the song was developed from a basic homemade demo in the studio with the band (except Frehley) and Poncia contributing.

Recording
After pre-production and rehearsals were completed, Poncia (who had produced Peter Criss) decided that Criss's drumming was substandard, an opinion shared by Stanley and Simmons. Criss was hindered by injuries to his hands that he had suffered in a 1978 car accident. Kiss hired the South African-born studio drummer Anton Fig, who played on Ace Frehley, to play on the Dynasty sessions. "On Dynasty, Peter was pretty much out of commission through drugs and alcohol, and he was not being nice to most people. I wouldn't point to it as a classic Kiss album." Except for his song "Dirty Livin'" (a rewrite of a song of the same title demoed during his pre-Kiss days in Lips), Criss does not play drums on the album, and he did not perform on another Kiss album until he played one song on Psycho Circus in 1998. Fig was again hired to replace Criss during recording sessions for the following album, Unmasked. Eric Carr was hired as Criss's permanent replacement before the Unmasked Tour began.

Frehley, who himself left the band three years later, played a bigger role than Simmons on Dynasty, singing three songs, "Hard Times", "Save Your Love" and a cover version of the Rolling Stones' song "2000 Man". Frehley is the only Kiss member to appear on those three songs, except for occasional backing vocals by Stanley. Although Frehley had frequently sung backing vocals and had written the Kiss classics "Cold Gin" and "Parasite", he had only previously been lead singer on his songs "Shock Me" on Love Gun, and "Rocket Ride" on the studio side of Alive II, as he lacked confidence in his ability as a lead singer.

Stanley's "I Was Made for Lovin' You" was one of the band's most successful singles, peaking at No. 11 on the American Billboard Hot 100 chart. In eleven countries around the world, it reached the No. 1 or No. 2 spot. It was the first Kiss single to have a disco remix, as a 7-minute and 54-second version was released on a 12-inch single. He also sang on "Sure Know Something" and "Magic Touch", where he also plays all guitars and bass. In contrast, Simmons sings lead vocals on only two songs: "Charisma" (which became a major hit in Mexico) and "X-Ray Eyes".

Artwork
The album includes a colorful jacket cover which is a collage of photos taken from the photo session and not a group shot as it appears. The label shows a portrait of all four members instead of the usual Casablanca label. Inserts included a merchandise order form and a full-color poster.

Track listing
All credits adapted from the original release.

Kiss

 * Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar; lead guitar on "Sure Know Something" and "Magic Touch"; bass on "Magic Touch"
 * Gene Simmons – vocals, bass; rhythm guitar on "X-Ray Eyes"
 * Ace Frehley – vocals, lead guitar; all guitars and bass on "2,000 Man", "Hard Times" and "Save Your Love"
 * Peter Criss – vocals and drums on "Dirty Livin'"

Additional personnel

 * Anton Fig – drums (except "Dirty Livin'")
 * Vini Poncia – keyboards, percussion, backing vocals

Technical personnel

 * Vini Poncia – producer
 * Jay Messina – engineer, mixing
 * Jon Mathias, Jim Galante – assistant engineers
 * George Marino – mastering
 * Francesco Scavullo – cover and poster photo
 * Howard Marks Advertising Inc. – design

title: Dynasty (Kiss album)


text:
Li Ya

Li Ya (born June 13, 1988, in Bengbu, Anhui) is a former Chinese gymnast. She was a member of the Chinese team that won the team competition at the 2006 World Championships and competed in the World Championships in Anaheim and was also a member of the 2004 Olympic Team. During her career, she was an uneven bars and balance beam specialist.

Li Ya has two moves named after her in the Code of Points: the "Li Ya salto", which is a straddled Jaeger $1/2$ release (which she usually connected to a straddled Jaeger), and the "Li Ya dismount", which is an Arabian double-front in a piked position. Li retired from the national team in 2008.

Biography
Li Ya is the 2004 National Champion on the uneven bars as well as the 2004 National All Around Silver Medalist. She had a great deal of success in the 2004 World Cup Circuit despite a bad showing at the 2004 Olympics. In the team final in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens she fell twice on beam scoring an 8.300 (once on her front flip and then underrotated on her double back dismount and put her hands down). Then in the event finals, she fell again on her front flip and scored a 9.050 (ranking 7th). She won the uneven bars title at the Glasgow and Ghent World Cup Qualifiers. She also won a bronze medal at the 2004 Glasgow World Cup Qualifier. In December 2004 Li Ya qualified to the World Cup Final in Birmingham. She was the most successful Chinese female gymnast at the World Cup Final. She won a bronze medal on the uneven bars and a silver medal on the balance beam.

Li was briefly injured in 2005, but recovered in time to win silver medals at the 2005 Chinese National Championships and the 2005 Britain vs China Dual Meet on the uneven bars. In October, she competed at the National Games but did not win any medals. A few weeks later, she was part of China's winning team at the East Asia Games in Macau, where she also won a gold medal on the uneven bars. She was not selected for the 2005 World Championships in Melbourne.

She competed in the 2006 Tournament of Masters in Cottbus, a world cup event, and won the gold medal on the uneven bars. In this event, she pioneered a difficult release-release combination, a Jaeger with a half turn directly into a Jaeger. The Jaegar with 1/2 turn release was later named for her. Li also qualified for the beam final and finished in fourth place, due to a mistake on her first skill.

She competed at the 2006 World Championships in Aarhus, Denmark where she was a member of the Chinese team that won the gold medal in the women's team event. She did not compete in the team final, having withdrawn from the uneven bars due to nerves sustained from a performance marred by a fall in the preliminary competition.

After this competition, Li Ya did not receive positive coverage from the press in China and was not named to the team for the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar. However, she had one more chance, having qualified for bars and beam in the World Cup Finals in Brazil, held in December. She hit her routines at this competition, winning silver on bars behind world champion Beth Tweddle, and winning gold on the balance beam.

In 2007, Li Ya competed in the Maribor World Cup where she placed 2nd on balance beam and 1st on the uneven bars.

She announced her retirement in 2008.

Floor Music

 * 2004-2006 "Duel" by Bond

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Li Ya


text:
Miss Barbados

Miss Barbados may refer to:
 * Miss Barbados Universe, Barbados' delegation for Miss Universe
 * Miss Barbados World, Barbados' delegation for Miss World

title: Miss Barbados


text:
Edward Payson Roe

Edward Payson Roe (March 7, 1838 – July 19, 1888) was an American novelist, Presbyterian minister, horticulturist and historian.

Biography
Edward Payson Roe was born in the village of Moodna, now part of New Windsor, New York. He studied at Williams College and at Auburn Theological Seminary. In 1862 he became chaplain of the Second New York Cavalry, U.S.V., and in 1864 chaplain of Hampton Hospital, in Virginia. In 1866-74 he was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church at Highland Falls, New York. In 1874 he removed to Cornwall-on-Hudson, where he devoted himself to the writing of fiction and to horticulture. During the American Civil War, he wrote weekly letters to the New York Evangelist, and subsequently lectured on the war and wrote for periodicals.

He married Anna Paulina Sands in 1863 and had several children. His daughter Sarah married the Olympic fencer Charles T. Tatham, and daughter Pauline married the landscape painter Henry Charles Lee.

Edward Payson Roe Memorial Park in Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York is dedicated to his honor.

Writings
His novels were very popular in their day, especially with middle class readers in England and America, and were translated into several European languages. Their strong moral and religious purpose, did much to break down a Puritan prejudice in America against works of fiction. One of his most consistent criticisms was that his work resembled sermons. Among his novels and horticultural writings were:

 * Barriers Burned Away (1872), which first appeared as a serial in the Evangelist and made him widely known
 * What Can She Do? (1873)
 * Opening of a Chestnut Burr (1874)
 * From Jest to Earnest (1875)
 * Near to Nature's Heart (1876)
 * A Knight of the Nineteenth Century (1877)
 * A Face Illumined (1878)
 * A Day of Fate (1880)
 * Without a Home (1881)
 * His Sombre Rivals (1883)
 * Nature's Serial Story (1884)
 * A Young Girl's Wooing (1884)
 * An Original Belle (1885)
 * Driven Back to Eden (1885)
 * He Fell in Love with his Wife (1886)
 * The Hornet's Nest: A Story of Love and War (1886)
 * The Earth Trembled (1887)
 * Miss Lou (left unfinished 1888)
 * Play and Profit in My Garden (1873)
 * Success with Small Fruits (1881)
 * The Home Acre (1887)
 * Found Yet Lost (1888)

His first novel inspired an eponymous movie, Barriers Burned Away, released in 1925 by W.S. Van Dyke.

title: Edward Payson Roe


text: Talk:The Return of the Space Cowboy

title: Talk:The Return of the Space Cowboy


text:
Proton Satria

The Proton Satria is a hatchback automobile produced by Malaysian manufacturer Proton from 1994 to 2005 in the first generation model and from 2006 to 2015 in the Satria Replacement Model (SRM), known as the Proton Satria Neo.

The name Satria which means knight in Sanskrit was chosen for Proton's 3-door hatchback to reflect the sportiness of the car.

Satria (C96, C97, C98, C99; 1994–2006)
The first generation Proton Satria, also marketed as the Proton Compact in the United Kingdom, and the Proton 300 Series in various continental European markets is a 3-door hatchback based on the fourth generation Mitsubishi Mirage / Colt. It was unveiled on 24 November 1994 as the result of a joint venture between Proton and Diversified Resources Bhd. (DRB), and was first imported to Europe during 1995. The Proton Satria was produced at Automotive Manufacturers Malaysia's (AMM) plant in Pekan, Pahang and was initially distributed by Usahasama Proton-DRB (USPD), a company in which Proton held a 30% stake in late 1994.

In Australia, the Satria was launched in 1997 with 3 variants originally on offer: 1.5 GL, 1.5 GLi and 1.6 XLi. All three variants was fuel injected. The car appeared as a regular prize on the Australian television game show Sale of the Century.

The Proton Satria was initially available in three variants at launch with two engine options, namely the old 12-valve carbureted 1.3-litre 4G13P unit from the Proton Saga and a newer 16-valve multipoint fuel injected 1.6-litre 4G92P unit. The old 12-valve carbureted 1.5-litre 4G15P, also from the Proton Saga was added to the range later in the Satria's production cycle. The 1.5 and 1.6-litre engines were fitted with either a 3-speed or 4-speed automatic transmission, and a 5-speed manual transmission was offered with all three engine configurations. On the exterior, the Proton Satria shared the vast majority of its front-end styling and interior parts and components with the Proton Wira, but the rear-end was left largely unchanged over the Mirage / Colt it was based on. The Proton Satria had a development cost of RM150 million in late 1994, and it was priced between RM38,000 and RM54,000 at launch.

Trim levels were LSi, GLi, GLSi and SEi. The base-specification LSi had the 1.3-litre 12-valve engine only: GLi versions got the 1.5-litre 12-valve engine in addition to the 1.3-litre: whilst GLSi and SEi versions got the 1.6 16v engine as well as the 1.5 12v.

A later facelift version featured a redesigned rear end, different from that of the original Mirage. These were launched in 1996 in Malaysia and later in other countries, and new XLi, S XLi and GTi trim levels were available. New 1.3 12v, 1.5 12v, and 1.6 16v petrol engines were available.

In 2004 in Malaysia, the Satria Special Edition was launched. Three variants were offered: 1.3 GL M/T, 1.5 GL M/T and 1.5 GL A/T. No mechanical change compared to regular Satria's. Rather changes were mostly cosmetic that included the headlights internal casing painted black, an addition of an engine cover, hollow race style headrests for the front seats, revised metre graphics, gunmetal finish for the dashboard centre cluster, aluminum pedal, and a yellow gear shifter base.

Satria GTi

The Proton Satria GTi was launched in 1998 with a 138 bhp 1.8-litre Mitsubishi-sourced 4G93P engine ("P" for Proton), originally found in the Mitsubishi Lancer GSR, but here without the turbo and with an increase in compression to compensate. The Satria GTi was developed and re-engineered as a traditional hot hatch by Lotus in Hethel, England. The Satria GTi could sprint from 0 to 60 mph in 8.5 seconds, making it among the fastest Proton production models ever produced. A new body kit was also adopted for better aerodynamics. The Satria GTi also wore a 'Handling by Lotus' badge on the rear hatch.

The engine and handling of the Satria GTi were progressively updated and revised between 1998 and 2005. The Mitsubishi version was produced from 1998 until mid-2002. The VDO (Siemens) version had been in production from mid-2002 until 2005 when Proton ceased production.

The Proton Satria GTi launched in the United Kingdom in November 1999 with a £14,500 price tag. It was equipped with air-conditioning, ABS, dual front power windows, electric mirrors and Recaro seats. Proton sold 160 units of the Satria GTi within its first six months in the U.K. A Satria GTi was trialled by Humberside Police's Vehicle Crime Unit for six months in 1999, operated alongside two Subaru Imprezas in the unit, with no orders resulting after the trial's conclusion.

Richard Hammond had reviewed the Proton Satria GTi alongside the more established Peugeot 206 GTi. The Satria GTi received more praise and approval as a traditional hot hatch, despite costing £500 more than the 206 GTi.

Cabriolet
A concept Proton Cabriolet was shown at the 1997 Frankfurt Motor Show, with ambitions for sales in the UK from 1999 but this did not happen.

Satria R3
The Proton Satria R3 is a limited edition Satria sold in Malaysia. It was officially soft-launched on 4 October 2004, then made available for booking on 17 October 2004. The term R3 stands for Race, Rally, Research. R3 is a redefined version of the Satria GTi by Proton's Racing development team in collaboration with Lotus. It houses the same 1800 cc Mitsubishi 4G93P engine but has undergone some minor adjustments by Lotus handling. The body shell has been improved with double stitch welded monocoque chassis with front and rear strut tower brace bars. Body weight has been lightened as well. It comes with Recaro SR4 semi-bucket seats, both Momo steering wheel and gear knob.

Satria Neo (BS3, BS6; 2006–2015)

The Proton Satria Neo was introduced in June 2006 as a replacement for the first generation Satria. Based on a new platform developed in-house by Proton (with some parts borrowed from the bigger Gen-2 and Waja), the car was only available in a three-door hatchback guise. The car was developed at a cost of RM500 million and four years, and was expected by Proton to generate a monthly sales volume of 2,000 - 2,500 units. The car was also intended to target those who are "youthful and sporty". The Satria Neo was launched by the fifth Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. The Satria Neo was also the first and only Malaysian car to be sold in Japan.

The entry-level Satria Neo, the 1.3 B-line, is powered by a 1.3-liter, inline-four twin-cam CamPro engine, producing 94 bhp at 6,000 rpm and 120 Nm of torque at 4,000 rpm. The 1.6 M-line and top-of-the-range H-line models have 1.6 liter versions of the same engine, with an output of 110 hp at 6,000 rpm and 148 Nm of torque at 4,000 rpm. Both the M-line and H-line models have active system antennae which actively search for signals in areas with poor reception. All cars have the option of either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic gearboxes supplied by Mitsubishi that are carried over from the previous Satria, with the H-line benefiting from safety features such as twin airbags, ABS with EBD and seatbelt pre-tensioners. All versions of the car come with an integrated Blaupunkt CD player.

Proton Satria Neo CPS
In February 2009, Proton launched a CPS (Cam Profile Switching) version of the Satria Neo, replacing the high-end H-Line version of the Satria Neo. It comes with an aggressively styled body kit and spoiler that pays homage to the Satria GTi, most notably with the addition of bolt-on wheel arches. It is powered by a 1.6-litre CamPro CPS engine with 125 bhp and 150 Nm of torque which reportedly does not suffer from the torque dip of older CamPro engines; however, the timing of the cam profile switching mechanism is slightly modified for aggressive driving – the CPS mechanism in the Satria Neo CPS changes from low cam to high cam at 4,400 rpm rather than at 3,800 rpm as in the other CPS-equipped models such as the Proton Waja and Proton Gen-2, as well as the Proton Exora. The Satria Neo CPS H-Line has a narrower front track of 1,467mm and a wider rear track of 1,483mm (compared to the base Proton Satria Neo, which had a front and rear track of 1,470mm). A member of Proton's Race Rally Research (R3) team claims that the change was made to induce slight understeer, as Proton had noticed that the base Satria Neo suffered from mild oversteering.

 * Specifications (CPS)

Proton Satria Neo R3

As a successor to the original Satria R3, Proton introduced a high performance version of the Satria Neo in 2008. It features a naturally aspired 1.6-litre engine producing 100 kW or 110 bhp, which Proton says will deliver a "controlled yet exciting driving experience". Other upgrades include a sportier bodykit, 17-inch wheels, a lowered suspension setup derived from Lotus, an improved braking system, Recaro lightweight seats and a MOMO steering wheel. All of the 50 examples produced come in Incognito Black with a unique "Race, Rally Research" decal on the side.

Proton Satria Neo R3 Lotus Racing
The 25 unit-only Satria Neo R3 Lotus Racing was introduced on the 30 March 2010. Sold at RM115,000 this special version of the Neo features some improvements over its sibling, the Satria Neo CPS. The look is similar to that of the Satria Neo R3, but includes some exclusive equipment. The engine is R3-tuned with R3 Engine Management System, R3 Camshafts with adjustable alloy cams and R3 tuned exhaust system. R3 Division also used an R3 Carbon Fibre Air Intake with K&N Air Filter System.

The engine now produces 145 bhp, approximately 13.8 percent more power than a normal CamPro CPS. with an improved torque of 168 Nm. Top speed reaches 205 km/h and the century run is achieved in 12.2 seconds.

The gear ratios were also revised to match the engine upgrade.

The chassis and handling were improved with the use of Ohlins Adjustable coilovers. The wheels are 16-inch Advantis with Bridgestone Adrenalin tyres. The brakes are from AP Racing consisting of AP Racing calipers and pads.

Interior-wise, the dash remains the same but it is now painted in a greenish accent to match Lotus' green Trademark. Few enhancements were put in place such as the engine start button, dark green Nappa leather and an alloy pedal set and gear knob.

2011 Proton Satria Neo R3 RS

In continuation of the legacy of the Satria Neo R3 Lotus Racing, Proton introduced the 2011 R3 Satria Neo (also known as Satria Neo R3 RS) on 8 February 2011. Available only 150 units in bright red with a black roof, it cost RM79,797.00 and featured a metal plaque with its individual number, built-in 2-DIN navigation system, the first in Proton's history. It was fitted with the old Satria Neo CPS bodykit mated to new R3 Design 16-inch alloy rims, R3 front splitter and R3 rear spoilers and side mouldings in addition to leather upholstery, red-coloured dashboard trims and various other R3 extras on the interior. Its handling and performance attributes remained unchanged over its Lotus Racing sibling.

Prior to its launch, the concept model for the 2011 Proton Satria Neo R3 was debuted during the Tokyo Auto Salon 2011.

2013 Proton Satria Neo R3
Proton launched the 2013 Satria Neo R3 on 29 November 2012.

It is technically identical performance-wise to the Satria Neo CPS, but features the 2011 Satria Neo R3 bodykit and a significantly reduced price tag, costing between RM60,800 and RM64,250.

The roof of the 2013 Satria Neo R3 is painted according to the body colour. This differentiates it from the 2011 Satria Neo R3 RS which had a black roof. Optional decals and performance equipment such as ECU upgrades and full exhaust systems were also made available by Proton.

The 2013 Satria Neo R3 is fitted with dual airbags, ABS with EBD and is offered in manual and auto transmissions with a choice of 3 colours: silver, black and red.

Proton Satria Neo Super 2000 Rally Car
Proton Motorsports' British based partner Mellors Elliot Motorsports (MEM) has prepared a FIA Super 2000 compliant Proton Satria Neo based on the road car's chassis. It is powered by the same engine as found in the Proton Waja 1.8. The team's current drivers in 2011 on the Intercontinental Rally Challenge (IRC), starting with the Rally Monte Carlo is Chris Atkinson. He will contest on all six rounds of the 2011 Asia Pacific Rally Championship (APRC) and Per-Gunnar Andersson who drives the second car for the Proton team in the IRC events, while Alister McRae will continue to drive for Proton in the APRC. McRae took the car to its first drivers and constructors titles in the 2011 APRC.

A pair of Proton Satria Neo S2000s were used in an episode of Top Gear, in a race between the British presenters and their Australian counterparts at Cornbury Park, a former Rally GB venue.

Proton Satria Neo CUSCO Edition
Proton made its presence felt for the very first time in Japan when renowned Japanese automotive parts manufacturer Carrosser Co., Ltd. (CUSCO) officially unveiled at the Tokyo Auto Salon, a specially-developed Satria Neo rally car that will be sold in Japan. In January 2011, Proton announced that Japanese auto parts company CUSCO would be buying standard road-going Satria Neo body shells to engineer and homologate according to FIA Group N regulation competition use.

The Group N Proton Satria Neo rally cars will be based on stock standard road-registered 1600cc showroom models acquired by CUSCO, homologated according to FIA regulations for competition use, and retrofitted with CUSCO-developed aftermarket performance and race components. With the Satria Neo, CUSCO is essentially Proton's customer – they buy the body shells, equip them with CUSCO-developed race components, and then sell the completed Group N rally-going Neos to customers who will compete in Junior Rally Championships in Japan and Asia Pacific.

Veteran Malaysian rally driver, Karamjit Singh piloted a CUSCO-tuned Proton Satria Neo 2WD in which he crossed the line to finish first in the overall 2011 APRC 2WD category in May 2011 Rally of Queensland as well as first in the N2 category.

Three Satria Neos were fielded in the 2011 Japan Rally Championship in JN-3, one unit for the CUSCO Team and two for the CUSCO Junior Rally Team respectively. The latter finished with a class win in Rally Hokkaido 2011. In the 2012 season, only the Junior Rally Team drove the Satria Neos, whereas the CUSCO Team had replaced their unit with a Toyota 86.

title: Proton Satria


text:
File:The elder album cover.jpg

Summary
Album cover for KISS's Music from "The Elder". Obtained from amazon.com.

Copyright in album cover-art most likely owned by the recording artists concerned, the record label Casablanca, or by the graphic artists responsible for it.

Fair use rationale
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because: --cholmes75 (chit chat) 19:59, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover.
 * 2) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 3) The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original CD album.
 * 4) It illustrates educational articles about the album from which the cover illustration was taken.
 * 5) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of topics in the article
 * 6) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

title: File:The elder album cover.jpg


text: Wikipedia:Multilingual monthly statistics - new articles/2002


text:
GWR 4300 Class

The Great Western Railway (GWR) 4300 Class is a class of 2-6-0 (mogul) steam locomotives, designed by G.J. Churchward for mixed traffic duties. 342 were built from 1911–1932.

Background
In 1906 Churchward fitted a more powerful Standard No. 4 boiler to his successful 3100 Class 2-6-2T to create the GWR 3150 Class. These showed themselves to be successful locomotives but their weight and 2000 impgal water capacity meant that they tended to be restricted to suburban passenger traffic. Churchward was looking forward to the replacement of various of his predecessor’s 2-4-0 classes on secondary duties. In 1911 he therefore designed a tender version of the 3150 class which would be suitable for a wide range of intermediate duties.

Design
The class was ‘a total synthesis of standard parts, using the outside cylinders of the Saint, the wheels of ‘31XX’ 2-6-2 tank and the No. 4 boiler, in its superheated form.’ No prototype was required as the fundamental design had proved itself.

Production series
The locomotives quickly proved themselves to be so useful that they were produced more or less continuously in a series of batches (or lots) over a twelve-year period (1911–1923), sometimes incorporating detailed differences. Two further lots were built in 1925 and 1932 by Churchward's successor, Charles Collett.

Lot 183
The first twenty examples, numbered 4301–4320, were delivered by Swindon Works between June and October 1911. These had inside steam pipes, and were among the first GWR locomotives to be fitted with top feed apparatus. Nos. 4311–4320 had boilers designed to operate at 225 psi pressure but only 4315 and possibly 4316 ever worked at that pressure.

Lots 193, 194 and 198
Three further batches, totalling a further forty locomotives (4321–4360) were built at Swindon and delivered June 1913 and May 1914, before the onset of the First World War impeded further production. These locomotives (and all subsequent examples) had frames lengthened by 9 in at the rear to give better access for maintenance as well as providing more room in the cab.

Lots 202 and 204 to 208
The class proved to be ‘just the type that was needed during the 1914–18 war and were accordingly built in considerable numbers during that period.’ Six batches, totalling one hundred locomotives (numbered 4361–4399, 4300, 5300–5359) were built between May 1915 and September 1918, and a further ten (5360–5369) between January and June 1919. From 1917 detailed changes were made to the design giving better weight distribution between the wheels which were later applied to other members of the class. Eleven examples of the class were transported to France during World War I in the service of the Railway Operating Division of the British Army and these were 5319–5326 and 5328–5330. One survives in preservation.

Lots 209, 211, 212, 216, and 230
The first three of these lots were for seventy locomotives built between June 1919 and July 1921 (Nos. 5370-99 and 6300–6341). Lot 216 was for a further 28 locomotives (6342–6369) but Swindon works was then unable to keep pace with the demand for them and only the first twenty were completed after delay, between March and December 1923. The remainder (6362-6369 and 7320/1) were later built under lot 230 in 1925. 6320 was converted to oil firing between 1947 and the equipment was removed in 1949.

Lots 218 and 222
As Swindon works could not keep pace an order was placed with Robert Stephenson and Company in 1921 for fifty locomotives (Nos. 6370–6399 and 7300–7319). The first 35 of these (Lot 218) were built by the company between April 1921 and January 1922. The remaining fifteen were built at Swindon from parts manufactured by RSH between November 1921 and January 1922. In 1925 Nos. 7300–7304 were modified for better balance and had detail alterations.

Lot 276
In 1932, Collett built a further twenty examples (9300–9319) to a modified design with side window cabs, outside steam pipes and a screw reverse. He also extended the frames, increasing the weight to (65 LT), which placed them in the Red band of route availability. After passing into British Railways ownership, these locomotives were modified back to light buffer beam design and were renumbered 7322–7341 between 1956 and 1959.

8300 Class
The class were widely used in Devon and Cornwall where the track had many sharp curves. It was found that flange wear on the leading driving wheels became excessive as a result of these bends. In November and December 1927 additional weight was added to the front end of four examples so that the pony truck would be forced to impart more side thrust to the main frames on bends. These locomotives reverted to their original state, but between January and March 1928, 65 engines of 5300 series received additional weight on the pony truck, and 3000 was added to their running numbers, temporarily creating an ‘8300 Class’. However, the additional weight placed them in the Red category of route availability. From 1944 onwards there was a shortage of locomotives in the Blue category and so the additional weights were removed and the surviving locomotives resumed their original running numbers. The last to be returned to its original condition was 8393 in September 1948.

Use
The 4300 Moguls were the maids of all work on the GWR network and later the Western Region of British Railways. Employing a Standard number 4 boiler and the support struts similar to those fitted to the '2800' class, the class very quickly earned an excellent reputation in its ability to handle most types of traffic, from local stopping goods to main line expresses. According to O.S. Nock they "could handle the heavy goods work as well as the 'Aberdares' and could run up to 70 mph with passenger trains, in other words they were the ideal mixed traffic locomotive".

Oil firing
Between 1945 and 1947, coal shortages caused the GWR to experiment with oil fired locomotives and alongside a number of Castle, Hall, 2800 and 2884 class locomotives, a single 4300, No. 6320, was converted to oil burning in March 1947. The experiment, encouraged by the government was abandoned in 1948 once the extra maintenance costs were calculated and the bill had arrived for the imported oil. No. 6320 was converted back to burn coal in August 1949.

Withdrawal
Although the class continued to be very useful and the final batch were still relatively new, 100 of the earlier examples were withdrawn between 1936 and 1939 and the wheels and motion of eighty were used for the Grange Class and twenty for Manor Class engines. It was intended to replace the whole class in this way but the advent of the Second World War in 1939 brought a temporary halt to withdrawals and the programme was never revived. Further withdrawals resumed in 1948 under British Railways ownership, but the last six examples survived until 1964.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 13 October 1928, locomotive No. 6381 was hauling a freight train that was run into by a passenger train at Charfield, Gloucestershire due to the driver of the passenger train overrunning signals. Sixteen people were killed and 41 were injured.
 * On 1 March 1937, a 4300 Class locomotive hauling a freight train that was in collision with a passenger train at Langley, Buckinghamshire. One person was killed and six were injured.
 * On 7 September 1945, locomotive No. 6315 was hauling a mail and freight train that was derailed near Sun Bank Halt, Denbighshire due to the trackbed being washed away following the failure of the bank of the Shropshire Union Canal. One person was killed and two were injured. The train's consist, except for a brake van, was destroyed in the ensuing fire.
 * In 1952, locomotive No. 7311 overran a signal and was derailed by trap points at Appleford, Oxfordshire.
 * On 6 September 1956, locomotive No. 9306 was hauling a parcels train that overran signals and ran into the rear of an express passenger train at Ludlow, Shropshire.

Preservation
Only two examples have survived to preservation:

Note: Loco numbers in bold mean their current number.

5322 is the older of the two as it was built in 1917, during the Great War, at Swindon Works. It was sent, with several other members of the class, to France for hauling munitions and hospital trains. There it was painted in War Department livery and given the number ROD5322. Demobbed in 1919 at Chester it returned to the GWR fleet until it was withdrawn from service in April 1964. It was sent to Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, South Wales. The first Barry locomotive to be subject to a preservation fund, it was the third locomotive to leave Woodham's: 5322 thus ended up as the sole early 43xx to be preserved. It was initially restored to working order, but was not steamed after 1975 until returning to steam in 2008 at the Didcot Railway Centre, restored to its 1919 War Department condition.

9303 is one of the final batch of 342 locomotives built between 1911 and 1932. They were built with larger cabs and had a weight attached to the buffer beam to place more weight on the leading pony wheels. This was done to reduce the wear on the leading driving wheels. In 1958 the weight was removed from the buffer beam to give the locomotive more route availability. At the same time it was renumbered 7325.

An engine similar to the 4300 class was rebuilt from 5193 (a GWR 5101 Class 2-6-2T) to become a smaller boilered version of the class numbered 9351.

Model railways
Mainline Railways updated their OO gauge Mogul Class 4300 models in 1983, introducing models in GWR green and BR lined green.

Dapol released a OO gauge model in 2020 and are following up with an N gauge version in the near future.

Danish manufacturer Heljan produced an O gauge model of the 4300 class in 2019.

title: GWR 4300 Class


text:
Jamie Principle

Jamie Principle (born July 5, 1960) is an American house music artist and producer born in Chicago, Illinois.

Biography
Jamie Principle was a pioneer of house music when the genre began in Chicago in the early 1980s. "Jamie Principle got us all into the music," Marshall Jefferson told i-D in 1986. "He was the first one to record house and get played by Frankie Knuckles, but by the time he got a record out (over three years ago) everyone had ripped off all his ideas and were tired of his songs. People have got national recognition copying his songs note-for-note, but he hasn't got a deal, and no one has heard of him."

Principle began having entries on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in the early 1990s, including "Cold World", a #22 dance hit that is a collaboration with Steve "Silk" Hurley, the classic "You're All I Waited For" on the Smash Records label, or with CeCe Peniston's song "I'm Not Over You" (#2 in US Dance, #10 in US R&B) that he would co-write.

Principle's 1984 song "Your Love" is recognised as one of the first house songs. Its lyrics come from a poem that Principle wrote for his girlfriend at the time, Lisa Harris. Jamie added the music and recorded the song at home on his four-track recorder. A friend, Jose Gomez, recorded the song on tape and gave a copy to DJ Frankie Knuckles. Knuckles liked the song and played it regularly at the Chicago dance club The Power Plant. It was a sensation in the city's underground clubs for over a year before being released on Persona Records as a 12" single. Its success before an official release was entirely due to the song being played in Chicago house clubs, then copied onto tape by fans, and circulating throughout the underground scene.

Principle's music continued to be released throughout the 1980s but often credited Knuckles as the artist. These releases included "Baby Wants to Ride", "Cold World", "Bad Boy", "Rebels", "Waiting on My Angel" and "I'm Gonna Make You Scream". In 1992, Principle released a dance album titled The Midnite Hour.

In 2004, Principle hit #1 on the US Dance Chart with "Back N Da Day", an acknowledged collaboration with Knuckles.

Principle was featured on "Sex Murder Party" from Gorillaz' 2017 album Humanz. He also features alongside Snoop Dogg on the Gorillaz song "Hollywood" on 2018's The Now Now.

Principle is featured in Episode 3 of the 2024 PBS series Disco: Soundtrack of a Revolution.

Albums

 * You’re All I've Waited For (1991)
 * The Midnite Hour (1992)
 * Waiting on My Angel (2011)
 * Lonely2live (with Felix da Housecat) (2020)

Singles

 * "Your Love" (1984)
 * Waiting On My Angel (1985) US dance single sales #40
 * "Bad Boy" (1987)
 * "I'm Gonna Make You Scream" (1987)
 * "Rebels" (1988) UK #100
 * "Baby Wants To Ride" (1988) UK #84
 * Frankie Knuckles ft Jamie Principle : "Your Love" (1989) UK#59 (2014) UK#29
 * "Cold World" : Steve "Silk" Hurley ft Jamie Principle (1989) US dance club #22 US dance single sales #36
 * "Date With The Rain" (1990) US dance club #30 US dance singles sale #31
 * "You're All I've Waited 4" (1991) US dance club #18 : The Midnite Hour
 * Frankie Kuckles ft Jamie Principle : "Back N Da Day" (2004) US dance club #1 UK #163
 * Gorillaz ft Jamie Principle and Zebra Kats : "Sex Murder Party" (2017) US hot rock and alternative songs #47
 * Gorillaz ft Jamie Principle and Snoop Dogg : "Hollywood" (2018) US hot rock and alternative songs #26

title: Jamie Principle


text: Category:Disc jockeys

title: Category:Disc jockeys


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Harry Gore Browne

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deleted as copyvio. Dmcdevit·t 07:58, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Harry Gore Browne
This article, and everything else created by anonymous user 162.83.241.167 last night, seem to be genealogical information on the Seely family, and probably copied from some database. Some individuals may be encyclopedic, but most, I'm sure, are just like this one. See What Wikipedia is not. Ken 13:22, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep this one is a Victoria Cross recipient and probably notable. Others just appear to be related to famous people.  It appears that peers are considered inherently notable just for having a peerage, so those would stay.  However, these all need cleanup.  Morwen - Talk 13:35, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep--Victoria Cross recipients, like MPs and peers, are notable. However, some of these people are not (see Nigel Richard William Seely). Meelar (talk) 14:14, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with existing Henry George Gore-Browne. OpenToppedBus - My Talk 14:21, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It appears to have been a copyvio. --Carnildo 20:53, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Mergy as per above --jonasaurus 21:34, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per Open-Topped Bus. Capitalistroadster 00:29, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Henry George Gore-Browne. JamesBurns 03:23, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:FÉLIN

[Untitled]
It seems I can't correct the following spelling mistake. Eg. comabat to combat

FELIN is the name for a infantry "comabat" system,

Please correct it!

Edited some links.
Hi, I removed a link to a french web site as it only contained really old pictures and information. I left the other site as it contains good info but I maked it as out-dated as of 2006.

Program name: "Félin"
On the French Ministry of Defense the program name is dubbed "Félin", not "FELIN". Shall we rename this page? Natmaka 08:27, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

--> Félin means "cat-like" in french, and it's prononciated like FELIN David Latapie (✒ | @) 00:02, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Nat! French Wikipédia changed the name for Félin so I’ll rename. I already added the meaning

David Latapie (✒ | @) 10:26, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Being an acronym, it should be "FELIN", not "Félin". breversa 08:30, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe official names override typographic traditions

Removed picture
I removed the picture of so-called "FELIN users retaining mobility", as it doesn't display any FELIN equipmement but standard-issue one. breversa 07:25, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

USB
Regarding the USB system, what is "broadband digital" supposed to mean? It sounds like high-speed is what was intended. Are there any broadband USB systems?VmZH88AZQnCjhT40 (talk) 15:42, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.army-technology.com/projects/felin/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 10:46, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

✅ This issue has been resolved, and I have therefore removed the tag, if not already done. No further action is necessary.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 20:27, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

Sources?
Not a single citation below the lead. Can anyone rectify this? SP00KY talk  17:11, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:FÉLIN


text:
Category talk:Battles of the Federal Penetration up the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers of the American Civil War

Worst... Category Name... Ever!
It's a good category, but we have to do something about this name. "Battles of the Federal Penetration up the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers of the American Civil War" doesn't really "roll off the tongue", does it? --A D Monroe III 13:24, 14 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Jan Peter Toennies

Jan Peter Toennies (born 3 May 1930) is a German-American scientist.

Early life and education
He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 3 May 1930 to German immigrant parents. He is the grandson of sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies.

He graduated from Lower Merion High School, outside of Philadelphia, in 1948. He went on to Amherst College, where he finished with a BA in 1952, and to Brown University, where he received a PhD in chemistry in 1957. During graduate school he was a Fulbright student in Göttingen 1953–1954.

Monographs

 * E. F. Greene and J. Peter Toennies: Chemische Reaktionen in Stoßwellen, Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, 1959
 * E. F. Greene and J. Peter Toennies: Chemical Reactions in Shock Waves, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London, 1964
 * G. Benedek and J. Peter Toennies: Atomic Scale Dynamics at Surfaces: Theory and Experimental Studies with Helium Atom Scattering, Springer, Heidelberg, 2018

title: Jan Peter Toennies


text:
ESP Viper

The ESP Viper is an electric guitar manufactured by ESP Guitars. The ESP Viper has a shape similar to that of a Gibson SG, with slight variations; Vipers have a slight diagonal slope at the bottom and an asymmetrical front profile. The body is mahogany or alder. The neck is three pieces, with a rosewood fingerboard. As standard, it comes fitted with an EMG 81/85 pickup set. It has a scale length of 24.75".

The LTD Vipers that are made by ESP's sister line are lower cost and of different quality to the ESP Viper. LTD Vipers are made of less expensive materials and do not possess the same specifications as ESP Vipers (with the exception of the higher-end LTDs, having EMG 81/85 pickups like the ESP Viper). Unlike the ESP Viper line, the LTD line features a Viper with Seymour Duncan passive pickups.

Standard features
The ESP Viper has a set-through neck, 24.75" scale, a mahogany body and neck, ebony fingerboard, 42mm bone nut, thin U-neck contour, 24 XJ frets, black nickel Hardware, Gotoh Magnum Lock tuners, Gotoh TOM bridge and tailpiece, EMG 81 (B) / 85 (N) active p.u., and BLKS finish.

The Viper-7 has set-neck construction, 25.5" scale, 45mm bone nut, EMG 707 (B & N) Active p.u.

Artists or bands who have used ESP Vipers

 * Bruce Kulick of Billy Squier, Blackjack, Kiss, Union, Eric Singer Project, Daniel MCCartney, Grand Funk Railroad, Meat Loaf, and MEIK (Note: Bruce has his own signature ESP Viper)
 * Ossan Deneç of Murder King
 * James Hetfield of Metallica
 * Pepper Keenan of Down and Corrosion of Conformity
 * Kirk Windstein of Down and Crowbar
 * Woody Weatherman of Corrosion of Conformity
 * Jules Hodgson of KMFDM
 * Captain Sensible of The Damned
 * Tony Perry of Pierce The Veil
 * Max Cavalera of Soulfly and Cavalera Conspiracy; formerly of Sepultura
 * Fallon Bowman of Amphibious Assault and Kittie
 * Sonny Moore of From First to Last
 * Thomas Erak of The Fall of Troy
 * Damon Johnson of Alice Cooper
 * Travis Miguel of Atreyu
 * Chino Moreno of the Deftones
 * Ahrue Luster of Ill Niño and formerly Machine Head
 * Zoltán Farkas of Ektomorf
 * Franko Beaulieu of Neon Rise
 * Kaoru of Dir En Grey (Note: Actually uses ESP DKV, his new custom guitar series)
 * Matt DeVries of Chimaira
 * Rob Arnold of Chimaira
 * Myk Russell of LoveHateHero
 * Timoteo Rosales III of I Am Ghost
 * Tim Millar of Protest the Hero
 * Nikolay Kiselev of Bratsk-city
 * Manabu of Screw
 * Members of Whitechapel
 * Vorph of Samael
 * Louise Post of Veruca Salt
 * Phil X of The Drills and Powder¨
 * Lindsay Mcdougall of Frenzal Rhomb
 * Joshua Moore of We Came As Romans
 * Sebastian Oliver Lange of In Extremo
 * Ryan Reed of Rite To Remain
 * Joe Weber of Skysplitter
 * Reba Meyers of Code Orange
 * Tony Reed of Mos Generator
 * Lars Frederiksen of Rancid

title: ESP Viper


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hilton Nigel Matthew Seely

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:34, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Hilton Nigel Matthew Seely
This article, and everything else created by anonymous user 162.83.241.167 last night, seem to be genealogical information on the Seely family, and probably copied from some database. Some individuals may be encyclopedic, but most, I'm sure, are just like this one. See What Wikipedia is not. Ken 13:26, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no claim of notability. Morwen - Talk 14:00, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Morwen. Meelar (talk) 14:13, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Morwen. OpenToppedBus - My Talk 14:17, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per morwen. --jonasaurus 21:34, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. --Etacar11 00:45, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 03:24, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Interlingua

title: Category:Interlingua


text: Category:Illinois geography stubs

title: Category:Illinois geography stubs


text: Category:Ohio geography stubs

title: Category:Ohio geography stubs


text:
Suzuki Jimny

The Suzuki Jimny (Japanese: スズキ・ジムニー) is a series of four-wheel drive off-road mini SUVs, manufactured and marketed by Japanese automaker Suzuki since 1970.

Originally belonging to the kei class, Japan's light automobile tax/legal class, the company continues to market a kei-compliant version for the Japanese and global markets as the Jimny, as well as versions that exceed kei-class limitations. Suzuki has marketed 2.85 million Jimnys in 194 countries through September 2018.

History
The history of Suzuki four-wheel drive cars began in the latter half of the 1960s, when Suzuki bought a Steyr-Puch Haflinger to study with the intent of building a kei-class off-road vehicle. A better opportunity presented itself in 1968, when Suzuki was able to buy bankrupt Japanese automaker Hope Motor Company, which had introduced a small off-road vehicle called the HopeStar ON360. The tiny Hope company had been unable to enter series production, and only about 45 were manufactured. The first Suzuki-branded four-wheel drive, the LJ10 (Light Jeep 10), was introduced in 1970. The LJ10 had a 359-cc, air-cooled, two-stroke, in-line two-cylinder engine. The liquid-cooled LJ20 was introduced in 1972 with the cooling changed due to newly enacted emission regulations, and it gained 3 hp. In 1975, Suzuki complemented the LJ20 with the LJ50, which had a larger 539 cc, two-stroke, in-line three-cylinder engine and bigger differentials. This was originally targeted at the Australian market, but more exports soon followed.

The Jimny8/LJ80 was an updated version of the LJ50 with an 800 cc, four-stroke, in-line four-cylinder engine, followed by the Jimny 1000/SJ410 and Jimny 1300/SJ413. An updated version of the SJ413 became known as the Samurai and was the first Suzuki officially marketed in the US. The series from SJ410 to SJ413 was known as the Sierra in Australia, and remained the Jimny in some markets.

The new Jimny was released in 1998, and now bears the same name in all markets. The 1998 release used the G13BB EFI engine, replaced by the M13AA EFI engine in 2001 and the M13AA variable valve timing engine in 2005, in conjunction with a minor interior redesign.

Overall construction
All four Jimny generations have separate frame and body ("ladder frame chassis"). The body has no structural carrying role. It serves only as a cabin to protect the occupants from the elements, provide comfort, and protect them in the case of a crash.

Suspension
All four Jimny generations have dependent suspension (solid-beam axles) both at the front and rear axles. This used to be a common suspension design for all-terrain vehicles up to 1990s, but has become a rarity in vehicle design in the 21st century. Dependent suspension is particularly well suited for all-terrain duty, both from the durability and performance perspectives.

The first two Jimny generations used leaf-sprung suspension at all four wheels, with the third and fourth generations using coil-sprung suspension at all four wheels. Some late second-generation models had coil-sprung suspension, as well.

Steering
All four Jimny generations have recirculating ball steering mechanism, which is particularly well suited for all-terrain duty, but relatively imprecise on-road compared to modern rack-and-pinion steering construction.

Transmission
All four Jimny generations have manually user-selectable part-time four-wheel drive (4WD) transmission, where the default (on-road) transmission mode is two-wheel drive (rear-wheel drive). Rear-wheel drive can never be disengaged. The user, however, can (dis)engage the front-wheel drive (FWD) manually at any time under certain operating conditions. When FWD is also engaged, this provides 4WD.

Jimnys have no centre (interaxle) differential. This has a positive effect that at least two wheels, where each wheel is on a different axle, have to lose traction for the vehicle to lose traction when in 4WD transmission mode. However, the negative effect is that 4WD transmission mode must not be used on any surface not rather slippery, especially if having to steer. In other words, 4WD transmission mode should be used only on rather slippery surfaces, like snow, ice, mud, loose gravel, wet grass, and sand. Wet asphalt, wet concrete, and hard-packed gravel are not considered slippery enough.

All four Jimny generations have manually user-selectable dual-ratio (dual-range) gearing mechanism. The two ratios or ranges are called "high range" (for regular on-road driving and light to moderate all-terrain driving) and "low range" (for moderate to hard all-terrain driving and for all-terrain towing). The overall transmission gearing ratio is exactly halved when the vehicle is in low range transmission mode. This has the effect of the vehicle moving about half as fast, but with double torque at the wheels in any transmission gear. For example, the fourth gear in low range behaves similar to the second gear in high range, and third gear in low range behaves similarly as "1.5th gear" in high range. The transmission gearing range is selectable only when the vehicle is in 4WD transmission mode. Therefore, low range cannot be used for on-road towing.

The (dis)engagement of 4WD transmission mode and the switch from one gearing range to another is performed by a dedicated transfer case mechanical unit, which is separate from the regular gear box unit. All four Jimny generations have a transfer case with an attached selection lever protruding in the cabin between the main gear box lever and the handbrake lever. The lever allows the user to select 2WD-H, 4WD-H or 4WD-L transmission modes at will. The only exceptions are later production years of third-generation Jimnys (more info in a dedicated chapter), which do not have a selection lever, but instead have servo-actuated mechanism to perform the same actions when invoked by the push of certain buttons in the cabin.

Factory rear axle differential locker
LJ80, SJ410, and early SJ413 vehicles sold in Germany were fitted from the factory with a manually operated, mechanical rear axle differential locker. A cable connected the locker to a small, dedicated lever in the cabin near the hand brake lever. By operating the lever, the driver could manually fully (un)lock the rear axle differential.

The reason for inclusion of the differential locker was legislative in nature. LJ80s, SJ410s, and early SJ413s have a parking brake that brakes the gears in the transfer case instead of braking the individual rear wheels directly and simultaneously (as with most passenger vehicles). That design has several advantages, as well as an important disadvantage - because of the open rear differential, the hand brake has no effect when the transfer case is in two-wheel drive (rear-wheel drive) mode and when one of the rear wheels is raised in the air. Therefore, relying on the parking brake itself would be dangerous in some unusual situations (when parking on a severely undulated ground). German law required that this risk must not exist. Instead of redesigning the parking brake system for that market, Suzuki appeased the legal requirement by the inclusion of a rear differential locker. The idea was that German drivers, when parking, should lock both the hand brake lever and this additional differential lock lever.

Despite being formally intended as a parking brake assistance only, this rear axle differential locker is a fully fledged device. Therefore, it is perfectly usable and durable in all-terrain driving situations over undulated or very slippery ground.

Later SJ413s (and all Samurais) have a standard parking brake that works on both rear wheels directly. This design appeased the German legal requirement, so no differential locker has been factory fitted to SJ413s nor to any Samurai since.

A retrofit of a genuine rear differential locker to LJ80s, SJ410s and SJ413s which lack it, is possible by using the parts from a dismantled LJ80, SJ410, or early SJ413 which had that locker. Lockers from LJ80 are usable on another LJ80 only, while lockers should be interchangeable between SJ410 and SJ413 and vice versa. A retrofit from SJ41x onto a Samurai is not easily possible, because Samurai has wider track and axle than SJ41x.

HopeStar ON360
The vehicle was originally developed by the Hope Motor Company of Japan in 1967 and available as the HopeStar ON360 from April 1968. It used a Mitsubishi 359 cc air-cooled, two-stroke ME24 engine, which produced 21 PS at 5,500 rpm, and 32 Nm of torque at 3,500 rpm. Brakes were Daihatsu units, the rear axle was sourced from the Mitsubishi Colt 1000, and the wheels were sourced from the Mitsubishi Jeep. It was a very basic two-seater vehicle with no doors, but a sturdy 4WD system allowed it to go off-road. Top speed was 70 km/h, 30 km/h (18.6 mph) in four-wheel drive mode. The tiny Hope company sold very few ON360s, only 15 in the domestic market and another 30 exported to Southeast Asia, although 100 ME24 engines were purchased. Hope proceeded to sell the design to Suzuki in 1968, after Mitsubishi declined to take over production.

First generation (1970)
The compact off-road capable Suzuki Jimny was Suzuki's first global success, lending it name recognition and a foothold in markets worldwide. The Jimny slotted into a hitherto unfilled gap in the market.

LJ10
Suzuki's first move on acquiring the rights to the ON360 was rebodying it and replacing the Mitsubishi engine with an air-cooled 359 cc Suzuki "FB" two-cylinder, two-stroke, which produced 25 PS. Since the new unit remained smaller than 360 cc, and Suzuki placed the spare tire inside the truck (making it a three-seater) to keep it under 3 m in overall length, it was classified as a kei car, conferring certain tax privileges and other benefits. When it was introduced in April 1970, it was the first four-wheel drive kei car to enter series production. The LJ10 Jimnys had 16-inch wheels, weighed 590 kg, and had a top speed of 75 km/h. The engine was soon uprated to 27 PS, but the claimed top speed remained unchanged.

The original Jimny was an unexpected hit, with nearly 5,000 units selling in its home market in the first year, immediately outselling the market leader at the time, the Mitsubishi Jeep. Over 6,000 were sold in 1971. Production was initially subcontracted and was carried out mainly by hand, but Suzuki soon realized that the Jimny needed to have a dedicated assembly line to allow production to be ramped up.

LJ20
The LJ was updated in May 1972 and renamed the LJ20. The grille bars were changed from horizontal to vertical for the LJ20. The engine was replaced with an updated, water-cooled unit (the L50), and its 28 PS enabled the LJ to reach 80 km/h (50 mph). With production brought in house, Suzuki could now build 2,000 cars per month.

A special version with the spare tire mounted behind the passenger seat allowed for two small rear seats, facing each other. The introduction of left-hand drive signaled Suzuki's worldwide ambitions for the truck. The Hard Top (Van) was also introduced when the LJ20 arrived, equipped with smaller, 15 in wheels. Suzuki did not export them to America; a US company called International Equipment Co. imported them. Export Jimnys had the spare tire mounted on the outside, as kei regulations on length did not apply.

Towards the end of LJ20 production, a cleaner 26 PS engine was introduced, a result of having to meet ever more stringent emissions regulations. Top speed was reported as 93 km/h, payload was 250 kg (200 kg for the Van version).

SJ10
The LJ50 engine was first introduced in September 1975 for export only, with 33 PS. For the home market, it first appeared in June 1976 as the Jimny 55 and reflected the changing kei-car rules and stricter emissions standards. The 539 cc three-cylinder engine remained a two-stroke; while power was reduced to 26 PS, more low-end torque was on offer. The 635 kg vehicle could now hit 60 mph (97 km/h), and the spare tire was relocated outside the rear door, allowing for a fourth seat. The SJ10 Jimny originally used the "LJ50" name in most export markets; this was changed to LJ55 with the introduction of the LJ80 to align the names.

In Australia, the LJ50S and LJ50V (van) were available as a soft-top with soft doors and rear-mounted spare wheel or hardtop with full metal doors and external spare wheel through distributor M.W.-Suzuki (Melbourne) with 33 hp and 5.85 kgm of torque. In May 1976, the low-production LJ51P long-wheelbase pickup became available for some export markets. The home-market Jimny 550 received a facelift in 1977, introducing rear wheel-arch metal flares and a bigger bonnet or hood with cooling slots above the radiator, while the export LJ50s were instead replaced by the LJ80 (same external modifications, but with the new four-stroke, four-cylinder, 797-cc engine fitted).

SJ20
The final iteration of the original Jimny design was the 1977 Jimny 8, called LJ80 in certain export markets. It was originally intended to be marketed as the Eljot ("Elliott") in Germany, but copyright issues with Disney's Pete's Dragon movie made this impossible. While the SJ10 remained in production for the domestic kei category, the new 770 kg SJ20 boasted a 797 cc four-stroke SOHC four-cylinder F8A engine capable of around 31 kW. The additional power and torque of this engine allowed the differential and gearing to be raised for better cruising and offroad performance, and the track was widened by 100 mm. The LJ80V was also assembled in Indonesia, by P.T. Indo Mobil Utama in Jakarta.

The interior was also improved, with new seats and steering wheel. Metal doors became available for the first time in 1979, and a pickup truck model (LJ81) was available by April of that year, as well. The pickup, called "Stockman" in Australia, had a 2200 mm wheelbase (up by 270 mm) and was 3620 mm long, compared to the 3185 mm LJ80. The Jimny 8/LJ80 was retired in late 1981 with the introduction of the second-generation Jimny.

Second generation (1981)
The Suzuki SJ30 began production in May 1981. In Japan, it was sold as the Suzuki Jimny and was a kei car, produced with both 550 cc and 660 cc 3-cylinder engines. The SJ-Series received a bigger engine and was lengthened and widened for export purposes, where it was sold with a multitude of names: Suzuki SJ410/413, Suzuki Samurai, Suzuki Sierra, Suzuki Potohar (Pakistan), Suzuki Santana (Spain), Suzuki (Thailand), Suzuki Katana (Indonesia), Chevrolet Samurai, Holden Drover (Australia) and Maruti Gypsy (India ).

SJ30
The SJ30 Jimny 550 was mainly for Japanese domestic market consumption where it suited the Kei car category. Still powered by the LJ50 engine also used in its predecessor, the Jimny 550 was by a sizable margin the last two-stroke car engine built in Japan. Production ended with the withdrawal of type approval in November 1987 in favor of its F5A-engined brother, the JA71. The two-stroke had been favored by Japanese off-roaders (and by Suzuki) due to its light weight and superior low-speed torque.

SJ40
The SJ40 Jimny 1000 was introduced for 1982 to replace the LJ80 range. The Jimny 1000, sold as the Suzuki SJ410 in most export markets, used the F10A - a larger 1-litre version of the LJ's 0.8-litre four-cylinder engine. This engine produced 45 PS and it had a top speed of 68 mph. The Japanese market models claimed 52 PS at 5,000 rpm. So that owners of 550 cc Jimnys would not be able to retrofit the larger, wider wheels of the Jimny 1000 to their cars, the Japanese ministry of transportation dictated that Suzuki fit wheels with a different bolt pattern.

A four-speed manual transmission was standard, as were non-power assisted drum brakes front and rear. The SJ410 came as a half-door convertible, long-wheelbase pickup truck, two-door hardtop (called "Van" in Japan), raised-roof hardtop, and no-glass hardtop (panel van). In Japan, the pickup truck was intended as a bare-bones work vehicle and did not receive fender extensions, and had diagonal tires on black-painted steel wheels rather than the sportier wheels fitted to the regular Jimny. Maximum payload is 350 kg. In the autumn of 1983 a covered long-wheelbase version was added for export markets.

The SJ410 was also produced in Spain by Santana Motor in their Linares, Jaén factory as of March 1985 and was sold as a domestic vehicle in Europe due to its over 60% native parts content, thereby evading limits on imports of Japanese-built automobiles. It was built only on the short wheelbase, as a two-door convertible and commercial, or with the three door wagon or van bodywork. Some later models of the SJ410 would switch to disk brakes in the front depending on the factory they were made at. In March 1990, Santana-built versions received the same chassis developments which turned the SJ413 into the Samurai; this version was sold as Samurai 1.0 where it was offered ("Samurai Mil" in Spain). Cooper Motor Corporation (CMC) of Nairobi, Kenya, had been building the first generation Jimny and continued with assembly of the SJ410 in the mid-eighties.

Indonesian production

The SJ410 was also assembled in Indonesia by Suzuki Indomobil Motor since late 1982 until 2006, where it was marketed with different names. The original version was marketed as Suzuki Super Jimny, continuing from the previous LJ Suzuki Jimny. The canvas soft-top model was marketed in fairly small numbers from 1983 until late 1985 as Jimny Sierra. In the late 1980s, responding to the introduction of higher taxes for vehicles with four-wheel-drive, Suzuki introduced a 4x2 version as the Suzuki Katana in September 1989. The earlier model built until 1984 were low-roof, metal-bodied wagons. A higher-roofed model arrived in 1984 and continued to be built until about 1988, while the Katana has an even higher roof than the previous versions. Later, there were also 1.3-litre models sold in small numbers as the Jimny Samurai.

As of September 1989, it received updated square headlights. The rear-wheel drive Katana was also used as a basis for an Indonesian-built, 1930s' style kit-car called the Marvia Classic. The earlier Katana is only available with "Blitz" variant until a light facelift in late 1992 (round headlights) and mid-1993 (new grille design with round headlights and "S" logo). In the same year, the Blitz variant was replaced with the long-running GX series Katana. The Suzuki Katana GX was produced from 1993 to 2006, with updates only on body sticker design in 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, and 2005. There was also a DX variant of Katana below the GX marketed from 1993 to 2000, after which the GX was the sole variant remaining. Both the GX and DX variants were equipped with power steering as standard. As of March 1995, both the Katana GX and DX received a new redesigned steering wheel with the Suzuki "S" logo. In 2005, Suzuki introduced the SJ413 Spacecab pickup, which was imported from Thailand and sold until 2007. Production of the second generation Jimny (and Katana) in Indonesia ended in July 2006.

Maruti Gypsy
The Indian built SJ-410 has only ever been available in a long-wheelbase version. The Gypsy remained in production for the Indian Subcontinent market until 2019. The version still produced in India by Maruti Suzuki was the Maruti Gypsy King, using the sixteen valve, 80 PS 1.3-litre G13 engine. The Gypsy King is still popular with the Indian armed forces and police units.

Farm Worker 4x4
In 2013, Suzuki New Zealand reintroduced the Suzuki SJ series into New Zealand badged as the Suzuki Farm Worker 4x4, although the Maruti badge can clearly be seen in the centre of the radiator grille. The vehicle is actually the leaf-sprung Suzuki Maruti Gypsy King MG413W, powered by the G13BB 1.3-litre, 16 valve engine, producing 80 hp at 6,000 rpm and 103 Nm of torque at 4,500 rpm, mated to a five-speed, all synchromesh gearbox and a high/low 2wd/4wd transfer box. The Farm Worker is available in four slightly differing styles, two having a rear window and fibreglass bulkhead, and two having canvas roofs with foldable front windscreens, all based on the long wheelbase version (the only version built by Maruti) and offering a maximum payload of 500 kg. As its name suggests the Farm Worker is intended for farm work only and is not able to be road registered due to the vehicle not meeting current crash protection regulations, although it does come with seat belts for the front two seats.

JA51 1300
In 1984, the SJ was revamped with the launch of the SJ413 (internal model code JA51). The SJ413 included a larger 1.3-litre four-cylinder engine, 5-speed manual transmission and power brakes (disc brakes on the front and drum brakes on the rear) all around. The body and interior were also redesigned, with the introduction of a roll bar, along with a new dashboard, seats, and grille. The SJ410 remained in production for various other markets with the old specifications. After the 1988 introduction of the Escudo, sales of the Jimny 1300 ended in Japan. The model returned to the Japanese market in May 1993, after a thorough update.

SJ413 had the same track width as SJ410. As those two car models were relatively susceptible to a rollover, Suzuki introduced a wider edition of SJ413 around 1988, with its track widened by 10 cm. Wider track gave the vehicle more stability. This wider edition received the nameplate "Samurai". The difference in width is the only major difference between SJ413 and Samurai, apart from some minor cosmetic changes in the interior and the exterior.

The Samurai was also produced in a long wheel base (LWB) edition for certain markets, but still with three doors. That LWB edition still had only two rear seats (if fitted at all) for two rear passengers, and the rear passenger leg room was the same as in the standard SWB edition. The extended vehicle length only affected the boot/trunk space behind the rear seats, which was significantly larger in the LWB edition.

North American market
The SJ-Series Samurai was introduced to the United States in 1985 for the 1986 model year. It had gone on sale earlier in Canada and Puerto Rico (as the Suzuki SJ410). It was priced at $6200 when introduced in the United States and 47,000 were sold in its first year. It had a 1.3-litre, 63 hp, four-cylinder engine and was available as a convertible or a hardtop, and came equipped with rear seats until 1994. The Suzuki Samurai became intensely popular within the serious 4WD community for its good off-road performance and reliability compared to other 4WDs of the time, outselling the Jeep Wrangler by two to one in 1987. This is due to the fact that while very compact and light, it is a real 4WD vehicle equipped with a transfer case, switchable 4WD and low range. Its lightness makes it a very nimble off-roader less prone to sinking in softer ground than heavier vehicles. It was also sold as the Chevrolet Samurai in Puerto Rico.

The 1988.5 model Samurai was re-tuned for better on-road use in the United States. This revision included softer suspension settings and a larger anti-roll bar to reduce body roll. A lower fifth gear (.865:1 vs the earlier .795:1) increased engine speed and power on the highway, and improved dashboard and seats made the Samurai more comfortable.

A new 1.3 litre four-cylinder engine with throttle-body fuel injection was introduced with 66 hp in September 1991. The Samurai was supplemented in Canada and the United States markets in 1989 by the Suzuki Sidekick, which eventually replaced the Samurai in 1995. The rear seat was removed from 1994 and 1995 Samurai models with rear shoulder safety belts becoming mandatory, and the partial roll cage not having the required mounting provisions, unlike the larger Jeep Wrangler. Low sales and pending stricter safety legislation prompted the withdrawal of the Samurai from Canada and the United States markets after 1995.

Consumers Union lawsuit
An unfavorable 1988 review in Consumer Reports magazine said the Samurai was unsafe and prone to rollovers. In 1996, after investigating the CU's claims, Suzuki of North America sued the magazine's publisher, Consumers Union (CU), for libel. The suit resulted in an inconclusive settlement. CU agreed that it "never intended to imply that the Samurai easily rolls over in routine driving conditions." CU and Suzuki made a joint statement, saying, "CU and Suzuki disagree with respect to the validity" of CU's tests and that "Suzuki disputes the validity" of the tests, while "CU stands by its test protocol and findings."

Ranger kitcar
Rickman Cars developed a GFRP-bodied copy of the Samurai called the Rickman Ranger. Strictly a rear-wheel-drive vehicle, it uses the underpinnings of a Mark II Ford Escort. It was produced in the UK as a kitcar and later in Russia by Avtokam. Rickman, and later the Lomax Company, produced over 1000 vehicles. Avtokam and later Velta produced around 150 further kits. The Velta plant went bankrupt in 2006. Rickman also made a camper version known as the Rancher.

Other markets
The SJ413/Samurai had a longer history in the rest of the world. Australian market JA51s were sold as either Suzuki Sierra or Holden Drover, while those built in Thailand are called Suzuki. The has also been available as the " Sporty", a unique LWB extended cab pickup.

Due to various trade obstacles for Japanese cars, Spanish Santana Motors (in addition to the SJ410) began local production of the SJ413 in 1986. The Santana built SJs had softer springs for an improved on-road ride, colour coordinated interiors with cloth seats and carpeted floors, all to broaden appeal to those who did not intend to primarily off-road the vehicle. In 1989 it received some optical as well as chassis updates and received the "Samurai" nameplate. Santana-built Samurais did not benefit from the updated coil sprung chassis introduced around 1996, instead receiving a facelift (new grille, more rounded bumpers) specific to European and neighboring markets. Also around 1998, Santana developed a version which used PSA's XUD 9 1.9-litre turbodiesel engine, producing 63 PS. Top speed is 130 km/h (80.8 mph). Santana then replaced this diesel Samurai edition with another diesel edition sometime in year 2001, based on Renault's F8Q 1.9-litre non-turbo diesel engine, producing 64 PS). Santana also produced petrol editions alongside the diesel editions. Spanish Samurai production (both for petrol and for diesel editions) ended in late 2003 or early 2004.

The Samurai was sold in Colombia and Venezuela as Chevrolet Samurai, assembled in Bogotá, Colombia by General Motors Colmotores. In other South American markets (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Paraguay and Uruguay) it was sold as the Suzuki Samurai. Long wheelbase models were not offered in the Mercosur.

In Asia the SJ/Samurai was sold under a few different names. In Thailand it was called the Suzuki. The Thai market also received a special version called the "Suzuki Sporty", a pickup with an extended cab with a small rear seat best suited for occasional use.

High altitude world record
On 21 April 2007, the Chilean duo of Gonzalo Bravo and Eduardo Canales drove their modified Suzuki Samurai (SJ413) up Ojos del Salado to an altitude of 6688 m, setting a new record for the highest altitude attained by a four-wheeled vehicle, surpassing the previous record of 6646 m set by a Jeep.

The Samurai in question benefited from wheel, tire, and suspension changes, and a supercharged G16A 4-cylinder engine. It was the third attempt for the two man team, after encountering weather difficulties on the first attempt and an engine fire in the second. The previous record holder's team led by Matthias Jeschke driving a Jeep Wrangler, left a sign reading "Jeep Parking Only: All others don't make it up here anyway". The Chilean team found the sign, blown down by strong winds, and brought it back to civilization as a souvenir.

This record was duly certified by the Guinness World Record in July 2007.

On 13 December 2019, Jeschke reclaimed the record with a Mercedes Benz Unimog.

Kei history
In January 1986 the JA71, a four-stroke, turbocharged and fuel-injected (F5A) 543 cc three-cylinder engine was introduced to complement the two-stroke SJ30. It used the upgraded interior from the Jimny 1300, which was simultaneously introduced to the SJ30. Power was 42 PS (JIS gross), although this was increased to 52 PS (JIS Net) in a November 1987 facelift by adding an intercooler. The non-intercooled engine continued to be offered in the lowest spec Van version. Claimed power was down to 38 PS as the ratings were switched from gross to net. At the same time, a glassed high-roof version ("Panoramic Roof") was added.

660 cc Era
The JA71 was replaced in March 1990 by the new JA11 as new Kei category regulations took effect. Now with 657 cc on offer, the otherwise similar F6A engine only came with an intercooler and 55 PS. A utilitarian van (HA), as well as more luxurious Hardtop, Convertible, and Panoramic Roof (HC, CC, EC) versions were on offer. The suspension was also upgraded, while a longer front bumper meant that the foglights could be mounted in front of the grille rather than in it. In June 1991, power was increased to 58 PS and a year later power steering and automatic transmission became available for the first time. Top speed of this version was 120 km/h. In February 1995 power increased to 64 PS, but production of the JA11 ended only nine months later with the introduction of the coil spring JA12/22.

Coil spring edition
The Samurai continued for sale outside the United States (where the newer version is referred to as the 'Coily'), with a substantial update in November 1995. This included a coil spring suspension, though both live axles were retained. The rest of the truck was redesigned as well, with new seats, dashboard, steering wheel, doors and front grille.

There were three Samurai coil sprung models.
 * The JA12 used the 657 cc F6A three-cylinder engine from the JA11.
 * The JA22 received the newly developed and more powerful K6A engine.
 * The JB32 received the larger 85 PS, 1.3 L G13BB 16-valve engine. It was slightly longer and wider than the other two models, due to larger bumpers and fenders. This model also bears the designation SJ80. This was the model seen in most export markets, although abroad it was usually equipped with the eight-valve, 70 hp G13BA engine instead.

Additional notes:
 * In order to abide by the Kei Jidōsha regulations, claimed output was 64 PS for both engines used in JA12 and JA22, although the K6A produced considerably more power than the F6A.
 * As far as it is known, no coil sprung Samurai has ever been produced in a long wheel base edition, but there have been some produced with a raised roof ("high roof") and soft/open top ("cabrio").
 * Some vehicle parts are specific to coil sprung Samurais compared to leaf sprung Samurais, and even later Jimny models - most suspension parts, transfer cases, several body panels, as well as most interior and exterior trim pieces.
 * JB32 was sold in Europe only during the years 1997 and 1998, and is therefore very rare in Europe, with the availability of the parts specific to JB32 being almost non-existent in local European markets.

Not all production plants switched over to produce coil sprung Samurais. The most notable examples are Maruti Suzuki plant in India (Producing it as the Maruti Gypsy) (still produces the original narrow SJ410 as of year 2020) and Santana plant in Spain (continued producing leaf-sprung Samurais until year 2004). While the third-generation Jimny replaced the Jimny/Samurai in most markets after 1998, it still remains in production in India.

Third generation (1998)
At the 1997 Tokyo Motor Show, Suzuki presented the all-new Jimny with a much more modern design. A ladder type chassis and a dual-ratio transfer case were retained, unlike many competing compact 4WDs which lack a low range, and are strictly in the crossover category. Two versions are available in export markets: a standard hard top and the Canvas Top, introduced at the Barcelona Motor Show in May 1999 and was built only by Santana in Spain between 1999 and 2009. The Jimny replaced the popular Sierra/Samurai model in most markets (European introduction was in Paris, 1998 ), though its predecessor remains in limited production in some places. For the domestic market, a 660 cc K6A-engined version suited for the Kei Jidosha class is responsible for most Jimny sales.

The larger 1.3-litre Jimny was originally equipped with the G13BB engine also used in the JB32. The 80 PS G13BB engine was replaced in Japan with the January 2000 introduction of the newly designed VVT 16-valve M-engine, but soldiered on in Spanish-built softtops until 2005. For the continental European market, where the diesel cars hold a significant market share, in 2004 the turbo-diesel Jimny JB53 was introduced, built by Santana and using a Renault-built DDiS 1,461 cc K9K engine. Power was originally 65 PS but was increased to 86 PS in 2005, the same as in gasoline versions. It was discontinued in 2011, and was never available in Britain and Ireland.

The Jimny has a part-time 4WD system controlled by three dashboard buttons: 2WD, 4WD, and 4WD-L. The default is 2WD, powering the rear wheels. When 4WD is pressed, the front wheels are also engaged in high gear. The 4WD-L engages all wheels in a lower gear ratio. Being a part-time 4WD, there is no centre differential or viscous coupling to allow for speed differences between the front and rear wheels, so only two-wheel drive mode works well on dry pavement. In Japan, the "Sierra" name was revived in January 2002, when 1.3-litre Jimnys began to be sold as the "Jimny Sierra" rather than as the "Jimny Wide".

The Jimny's vacuum-locking hubs allow it to be shifted from 2WD to 4WD while travelling at up to 100 km/h (62 mph). Shifting to low range requires the vehicle to be stopped, but no need to exit the vehicle exists. Newer Jimnys have electronic push-button selectable four-wheel drive, which requires the vehicle to be stopped with the clutch depressed and transmission in neutral to select low range.

The Jimny has large windows, giving excellent visibility, apart from a rather serious blind spot caused by the oversized "B" pillar. The large amount of glass also magnifies the greenhouse effect, and the Jimny comes with air conditioning standard in some regions.

In Europe, both Hard Top and Canvas Top versions come in JX and JLX specifications. These are fairly standard designations across the Suzuki off-road range, with the JLX being the fully optioned "luxury" version. In the case of the Jimny, the JLX adds roof rails, power steering, power windows, power-adjustable exterior mirrors, and several interior comfort improvements. Both models are available with a five-speed manual or four-speed automatic gearbox. The 2WD option is only available as a five-speed manual.

In 2009, Santana Motor of Spain ended its agreement with Suzuki to make the Canvas Top version, which has not been available since then. In 2011, Santana Motor went bankrupt. The Souza Ramos Group of Brazil, which used to make Mitsubishi cars under license, will start manufacturing the Suzuki Jimny in 2012 in Brazil to compensate for the loss of production capacity from Santana Motor. Whether the Canvas Top version will be manufactured also in Brazil is not known.

As in Japan, Jimnys in Australia have borne the name Jimny Sierra since 2007, largely due to the Sierra name having become synonymous with small, capable off-road vehicles. Since 1999, GM Colmotores have been assembling the 1.3-litre, 79 PS JB33 with the name "Chevrolet Jimny" in Bogotá, Colombia. The Jimny is also available as a parallel import in Singapore.

In 2012, for the 2013 model year, the Jimny received a front facelift, giving it a more angular grille and front bumper, and including a hood scoop. For the Indonesian market, the facelifted Jimny was launched at the 25th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on 10 August 2017, and 88 units were sold exclusively for a limited time only.

Production of third generation Jimny ceased worldwide (except in Brazil) in 2018 after 20 years of production, as Suzuki retooled in preparation of the fourth generation's launch in late 2018.

In 2021, a British company called Yomper 4×4 started to produce a couple of pickups based on the third generation Jimny, with their Bergan model having a shorter wheelbase than the version known as the Yomper 4×4 Commercial. In 2022, Suzuki Brazil stopped production of the third generation Jimny at their Catalao plant, due to new regulations which meant they could not use the car's 1.3-litre M13A engine without updating it. At that time Suzuki Brazil's range consisted of two Jimny models, with the fourth generation model known as the "Jimny Sierra" and the facelifted third generation on sale in four different versions (all with M13A engine) with the Jimny 4Work being the base model and the Jimny Forest being the top-of-the-range model.

Mazda AZ-Offroad

The Mazda AZ-Offroad, introduced in October 1998, is a rebadged Jimny. The AZ in the name refers to Autozam, Mazda's ill-fated small car marque. It is fitted with the turbocharged 658-cc DOHC Suzuki K6A engine, which produces 64 PS. Manually operated four-wheel drive is standard with autolocking front hubs and low range, whilst an automatic transmission is optional.

Fourth generation (2018)
The fourth generation Jimny and Jimny Sierra were launched in Japan on 5 July 2018, with styling reminiscent of the earlier LJ and SJ generations. Production commenced in Japan on 29 May 2018 at Suzuki's Kosai plant.

In January 2023, Suzuki released the long-wheelbase 5-door version of the Jimny, based on the Sierra version, using the emission compliant 1.5L K15B engine.

Design
The body-on-chassis design uses a ladder frame, 3-link rigid axle suspension with coil spring, and part-time four-wheel drive with low range transfer gear, marketed as ALLGRIP PRO. Transmission options are a 5-speed manual transmission and a 4-speed automatic.

The exterior has upright A-pillars, a flat clamshell bonnet/hood, driver and passenger window lines that dip at the front to extend visibility, a simple black grille with round headlamps, roof edge drip rails, and prominent wheel arch extensions. The interior rear luggage space can be expanded by folding twin rear seats, creating a 377-litre luggage space with a flat floor, five utility screw holes and four luggage anchors. The design results in an approach angle of 37 degrees, ramp breakover angle of 28 degrees and departure angle of 49 degrees.

The Jimny incorporates a series of safety features, marketed by Suzuki as Suzuki Safety Support. The Dual Sensor Brake Support (DSBS) system determines if there is a risk of forward collision and issues an audio and visual warning, increases braking force, or applies automatic braking to either avoid a collision or minimize damage. Other functions include lane departure warning, weaving alert function and high beam assist, which automatically switches between high and low beams.

Engines
The base Japanese market Jimny is powered by an R06A 658 cc, three-cylinder, turbocharged petrol engine, while the wide version (Jimny Sierra) has a newly developed K15B 1.5-litre four-cylinder naturally aspirated petrol engine (75 kW at 6,000 rpm, 138 Nm at 4,400 rpm).

Japan
For its home market, the kei car version sold simply as the Jimny and the standard wheelbase version sold as the Jimny Sierra. The Jimny comes in XG, XL and XC grades, whereas, the Jimny Sierra comes in JL and JC grades. All variants have the option between a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic.

Europe
The Jimny made its European debut starting in Germany in October 2018.

In 2020, the Jimny was discontinued from European markets due to its high CO² emissions and stringent EU emission regulations. It was introduced in 2021 as a commercial vehicle that is subjected to less stringent EU emissions regulations, with the rear seats removed and a partition separates the boot space from the front seats.

South Africa
The Jimny was launched in South Africa on 2 November 2018, with two grades: GA and GLX, it is available with either a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic.

In March 2022, a new mid-range GL grade was added.

In November 2023, the Jimny 5-door debuted in South Africa with two grades: GL and GLX.

Australia
The Jimny was launched in Australia on 24 January 2019, in a sole GLX grade, it is available with either a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic.

In June 2021, the entry level Lite grade was added. The Lite grade has steel wheels, headlights uses halogen units instead of LED, and the touchscreen head unit has been replaced with a basic audio head DIN unit.

In December 2023, the Jimny 5-door debuted in Australia as the Jimny XL.

New Zealand
The Jimny was launched in New Zealand on 14 March 2019 as the Jimny Sierra, in a sole variant, it is available with either a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic.

In January 2024, the Jimny 5-door debuted in New Zealand.

Philippines
The Jimny was launched in the Philippines on 8 March 2019, with two grades: GL (with manual) and GLX (with automatic).

In January 2024, the Jimny 5-door debuted in the Philippines, with two grades: GL (with manual) and GLX (with automatic).

Singapore
The Jimny was launched in Singapore on 27 April 2019, as a sole variant paired only to a 4-speed automatic.

Thailand
The Jimny was launched in Thailand on 27 March 2019 at the 40th Bangkok International Motor Show, in a sole unnamed grade, it is available with either a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic.

Indonesia
The Jimny was launched in Indonesia on 18 July 2019 at the 27th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show, after being previewed at the 26th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show. For Indonesia, the Jimny comes in a sole unnamed grade, it is available with either a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic.

In February 2024, the Jimny 5-door debuted in Indonesia at the 31st Indonesia International Motor Show.

Mexico
The Jimny was launched in Mexico on 12 November 2020, in a sole GLX grade, it is available with either a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic. The 2021 model year Jimny was sold out in 3 days after the first 1,000 reserved units.

India
Assembly of the Jimny started in India since January 2021 as an export model. The 3-door Indian-made Jimny has been exported to African markets and countries in the Middle East.

In January 2023, the 5-door Jimny was introduced for the domestic market. The model was launched in India on 7 June 2023 with two grades: Zeta and Alpha, and is exclusively available at the Nexa dealership chain reserved for high-end Maruti Suzuki models. In October 2023, the 5-door Jimny began exporting to the Middle East, Latin America, South Africa, and Southeast Asia.

GCC
The 3-door Jimny was launched in the GCC markets in February 2021, it is available in two grades, GL (with manual) and GLX (with automatic).

On 1 November 2023 the 5-door Jimny was launched in the GCC markets.

Malaysia
The Jimny was launched in Malaysia on 30 September 2021, in a sole variant, paired only to a 4-speed automatic.

Electric version
An electric version of the Jimny is confirmed and scheduled to release around 2030.

Development history
These four collapsed tables cover the development history of the Jimny in the Japanese domestic market, with notable export variations and developments also noted.

title: Suzuki Jimny


text: Template:Illinois-geo-stub

title: Template:Illinois-geo-stub


text: Template:Ohio-geo-stub

title: Template:Ohio-geo-stub


text:
Novena MRT station

Novena MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North–South Line. Located along Thomson Road in Novena, Singapore, the station is located near landmarks such as Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital and United Square. Planned as part of Phase One of the MRT system, under the working name Thomson, the station's name was changed to Novena in November 1982, after the Novena Church. Construction of the station commenced in January 1984, and the station opened in December 1987.

History
The station was planned as part of Phase One of the MRT system's development, and was initially named Thomson. In November 1982, the station's name was changed to Novena, which the Provisional MRT Authority believed more accurately reflected the station's location.

In October 1983, Contract 104 for the construction of the Novena and Toa Payoh stations, and the tunnels between Toa Payoh and Newton stations, was awarded to two Japanese contractors, Tobishima and Takenaka. Construction of the station began in January 1984, and the station was built from the bottom up. In 1984, a Jewish cemetery along Thomson Road was cleared to make way for the station, with the graves reinterred in Choa Chu Kang, and to prevent soil subsidence, the tunnels connecting Novena and Newton were built in compressed air.

In June 1985, a worker was killed at the station site after receiving head injuries from being struck by moving components of a tunnel boring machine. Novena station opened on 12 December 1987, as part of the extension of the MRT system to Outram Park.

In April 2002, a lift connecting the concourse with the street level above was opened. Originally, the station's distinctive features are bright green wall tiles.

Etymology
The station takes its name from the Novena Church, which it is close to.

Location and services
The station is located between Thomson Road and Sinaran Drive, underneath Novena Square. It is in proximity to Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital, Revenue House, United Square and Square 2. The station serves the North–South Line, and is located between Toa Payoh and Newton stations, with the station code NS20.

Design
Novena station's design is similar to that of Toa Payoh station, with a gross area of 8,000 m2 and two levels, reaching a depth of 15 m. The upper level acts as the station's concourse, and is used for ticketing control, while the lower-level houses the station's platforms. The station also contains walls clad in white tiles, and pillars that are emerald green.

When the station first opened, it included a sunken plaza, along with a landscaped pedestrian mall. The station's exits also were fitted with a steel honeycomb-like framework.

Cultural impact
The station is one of the MRT stations in Singapore rumoured to be haunted, possibly because the area used to be the site of a Jewish cemetery.

title: Novena MRT station


text: Category:Florida geography stubs

title: Category:Florida geography stubs


text: Template:Florida-geo-stub

title: Template:Florida-geo-stub


text: User talk:68.207.112.39

title: User talk:68.207.112.39