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South African nationality law

South African nationality law details the conditions by which a person is a national of South Africa. The primary law governing nationality requirements is the South African Citizenship Act, 1995, which came into force on 6 October 1995.

Any person born to at least one South African parent receives citizenship at birth. Children born to a legal resident of the country are permitted to South African citizenship only when they reach the age of majority. Foreign nationals may be granted citizenship after meeting a residence requirement (usually five years).

South Africa is composed of several former British colonies conquered and settled during and very shortly after the 19th century whose residents were British subjects. After these colonies were combined into the Union of South Africa and elevated as a Dominion within the British Empire in 1910, South Africa was granted more autonomy over time and gradually became independent from the United Kingdom. While South African citizens are no longer British, they continue to hold favoured status when residing in the UK; as Commonwealth citizens, South Africans are eligible to vote in UK elections and serve in public office there.

Commonwealth citizenship
South African citizens have been Commonwealth citizens by default since 1 June 1994.

Terminology
The distinction between the meaning of the terms citizenship and nationality is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers a person's legal belonging to a nation state and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of a state; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation.

Historically, South African citizenship existed as a subsection within a wider British nationality (British subject status) applicable to all citizens of the British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations. The post-apartheid Constitution of South Africa avoids usage of the term "nationality" to sidestep possibilities of evoking ethnic connotations, but there is now little distinction between the two terms and they are used interchangeably in the modern context.

Acquiring South African nationality
Nationality can be obtained in South Africa at birth or later in life through naturalisation.

By birth
Typically, in South Africa, a combination of jus sanguinis and jus soli are used to determine nationality at birth. Those who are eligible include:

 * Children born anywhere who have at least one parent who is South African and the other parent is South African or a legal resident; or
 * Persons born in the country who would otherwise be stateless, as long as their birth was registered with the authorities.

By naturalisation
Naturalisation can be granted to persons of majority who have resided in South Africa for a sufficient period of time to confirm they understand the official languages, customs and traditions of the country and the responsibilities of citizenship. General provisions are that applicants have good character and intend to remain in South Africa. Applicants must verify that they have been a permanent resident for five years and additionally resided in the country for a cumulative four years out of a previous eight-year period plus continuously in the year preceding the application. Besides foreigners meeting the criteria, other persons who may apply for naturalisation include:

 * Children born in the territory, to foreigners who are legal residents, if they have resided in South Africa since birth, upon reaching majority;
 * Minor children of a naturalised South African may be naturalised with their parent;
 * Adoptees of South African nationals can acquire nationality upon completion of a legal adoption;
 * The spouse of a South African national after a "prescribed period" of residency and provided they are approved for permanent residency; or
 * Persons who have exceptional circumstances may be naturalised without meeting requirements at the discretion of the Minister of Home Affairs.

Loss of nationality
South Africans are allowed to renounce their nationality, provided that comply with registration processes. Any national of South Africa can be deprived of their nationality. Nationals can be denaturalised for obtaining other nationality without registering prior to acquiring other nationality with the authorities. They can also lose their nationality for committing serious crimes resulting in a sentence of more than one year, or crimes against the state or state security; for working for a foreign state or military without authorisation; for fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment in a naturalisation petition; in the event that naturalisation was granted contrary to current or previous legislation; or if the Minister of Home Affairs determines that loss of nationality is of benefit to public interests. Persons who have previously lost their South African nationality may repatriate as long as the reasons they were deprived of nationality no longer exist in South African statutes.

Dual nationality
South Africa has allowed dual nationality since 1994 with restrictions. Citizens are required to apply for, and obtain, permission from the Minister of Home Affairs to retain their citizenship prior to acquiring the citizenship of another country via any voluntary and formal act (other than marriage) if over the age of majority, and failure to do so will result in the automatic loss of South African citizenship upon acquiring another country's citizenship. On 13 June 2023, the Supreme Court of Appeal struck down the relevant legislation as being inconsistent with the Constitution of South Africa and ordered the reinstatement of South African citizenship for those who lost their citizenship in this manner; the judgement however requires confirmation by the Constitutional Court, which is pending as of July 2023.

In addition, persons applying for naturalisation must prove that the country of their current nationality allows them to be dual nationals or they must renounce that nationality.

Dutch colonial rule (1652–1814)
South African nationality began in 1652, when the Dutch East India Company established the first permanent European settlement in the Cape of Good Hope at Table Bay. At that time, pastoral groups known as the San and Khoikhoi inhabited the region along with other Bantu-speaking peoples who had emigrated from the northwest approximately 2000 years prior. As the colony developed and expanded from 1658, slaves from other African regions as well as parts of South and Southeast Asia were imported to work in agriculture and in domestic service. During the 18th century, the growth in population of white settlers was nearly identical to increases in slave populations, despite the fact that the slaves were predominantly male. Conversion to Christianity was discouraged, because Dutch law in the period required slaves to be manumitted upon conversion. The law also barred white fathers from manumitting children with slave mothers, but did allow freedom to children born to white mothers and slave fathers.

From the time of the Dutch Republic (1588–1795), belonging was based on birth in a Dutch city or province and could be acquired through marriage or application for admission. Its successor state, the Batavian Republic, established that inhabitants in Dutch territory could acquire nationality by birth, and citizenship if they were born in Batavian territory and remained there for two years, or if they lived within the nation for ten years. From 1717, a law limited the immigration of European women to Africa, increasing the likelihood of slave women becoming concubines or wives of white colonists. The governmental form changed again in 1805, and in 1809 the Kingdom of Holland adopted the Napoleonic Code with adaptations for Holland. When the French Empire annexed the Dutch kingdom in 1810, the full French code was declared to apply to Dutch territory. Under its terms nationality was acquired at birth through descent from a father. Married women were legally incapacitated, making them legal dependents, and the nationality of a husband was automatically bestowed upon a wife.

British colonial rule and early period of the Union of South Africa (1814–1949)
While the Netherlands was attempting to regain its independence from France, Britain moved against Dutch overseas possessions, and formally acquired the Cape of Good Hope under the terms of the Convention of London in 1814. In 1824 traders from the Cape Colony first settled at Port Natal, the area was annexed in 1843, and the Natal Colony was established in 1844. Queen Adelaide Province was claimed by Britain in 1835, abandoned in 1837, re-annexed in 1847, and in 1864 was incorporated into the Cape Colony. The Orange Free State became a Crown Colony in 1848 as Transorangia, in 1854 it became independent as a Boer state, but reverted to crown rule in 1900. In 1852, Britain recognized the Boer state of the South African Republic, but in 1877, it was attached to Britain as the Transvaal Colony. Basutoland was annexed by Britain in 1868 and Griqualand West was claimed in 1872, which were incorporated into the Cape Colony, respectively in 1895 and 1880. Britain acquired Bechuanaland in 1885, and its territory south of the Molopo River was joined to the Cape Colony. In 1887, Zululand was annexed by Britain and in 1897 became part of Natal.

British Nationality Acts did not extend beyond the bounds of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, meaning that under Britain's rules of conquest, laws in place at the time of acquisition remained in place until changed. As a new Civil Code for the Netherlands was not adopted until 1838, the law in place at acquisition in 1814 was the Napoleonic Code, meaning that nationality was defined by the relationship of a child or wife to their father or husband. In 1807, Britain abolished the slave trade throughout its realm, but did not ban slavery in its territories. In 1817, Charles Henry Somerset, the Governor General of the Cape of Good Hope, issued a decree that foreigners could be granted a deed of burghership, after having lived in the colony for five years and taking an oath of allegiance. In 1834, the British Parliament abolished slavery within its empire, establishing a four-year apprenticeship system in which slaves could transition to emancipation. A large scale exodus from the Cape Colony of Dutch-speaking Free Burghers, known as Boers, and their slaves followed as a result of policies enacted by the British to protect indigenous people and newly emancipated slaves. Groups settled in the Natal, Transvaal, Transorangia, areas as well as northward into Bechuanaland (later part of South West Africa).

Further laws on naturalisation, which did not vary overmuch from the 1817 decree, were passed for the Cape Colony in 1856, 1861, and 1868, which were repealed by the consolidation and amendment of 22 August 1883. Under the 1883 Act, male foreigners could naturalise upon providing proof of good character and no record of conviction for serious crimes (or had been pardoned if he had a conviction) and taking an oath of allegiance. It also provided that foreign women who married a British subject of the colony, were considered to be a naturalized subject of the Cape Colony, as were minor children born within the colony to a naturalized parent. The 1883 Act was amended in 1889 and 1906. In 1897 an Immigration Restriction Act was passed for Natal, which provided that persons who were not allowed to enter the country included those who were illiterate, paupers, physically or mentally unfit or had contagious diseases, unpardoned felons, and prostitutes. A similar act was passed for the Cape Colony in 1902.

In 1909, the South Africa Act created the Union of South Africa and Britain officially transferred the Penguin Islands and Walvis Bay to South Africa. To standardize the requirements for naturalisation in the Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Orange Free State and the Transvaal Colony, the Naturalisation of Aliens Act of 23 December 1910, replaced and repealed the individual acts of naturalisation which had previously been in place in those colonies. It allowed white foreigners of majority (twenty-one years old) who had resided in South Africa for two cumulative years out of the last five-year period to naturalise as British subjects, and based acquisition of nationality on the relationship to the male head of the family. In 1911, at the Imperial Conference a decision was made to draft a common nationality code for use across the empire. Other than common law, there was no standard statutory law which applied for subjects throughout the realm, meaning different jurisdictions created their own legislation for local conditions, which often conflicted with the laws in other jurisdictions in the empire. Thus, a person who was naturalised in Canada, for example, would be considered a foreigner, rather than a British national, in Australia or South Africa. In South Africa, from 1860 in the Colony of Natal and from 1861 in the Cape Colony, foreign husbands who married British wives could naturalise based on their wife's residency in the colony. In Natal, however, a husband also had to have had three children to naturalise and foreign wives who married British subjects automatically derived nationality from their spouse.

In 1911, proposed legislation was drafted in South Africa to bar Indian immigration and exclude undesirable Caucasian migrants. It was targeted to exclude indentured workers and Jewish immigrants. Eventually the Immigrants Regulation Act (Act No. 13) was passed in 1913, which prohibited migrant workers who originated north of the 22nd parallel south and established the basis for racial segregation, with only white persons able to immigrate. In effect, the law began the series of policies which would make native Africans non-citizen nationals of their country. The British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 allowed local jurisdictions in the self-governing territories to continue regulating nationality in their jurisdictions, but also established an imperial nationality scheme for use throughout the realm. Under its terms, common law provisions were reiterated for natural-born persons born within the realm on or after the effective date. By using the word person, the statute nullified legitimacy requirements for jus soli nationals, meaning an illegitimate child could derive nationality from its mother. For those born abroad on or after the effective date, legitimacy was still required, and could only be derived by a child from a British father (one generation), who was natural-born or naturalised. It also provided that a married woman derived her nationality from her spouse, meaning if he was British, she was also, and if he was foreign, so was she. It stipulated that upon loss of nationality of a husband, a wife could declare that she wished to remain British. It allowed that if a marriage had terminated, through death or divorce, a British-born national who had lost her status through marriage could reacquire British nationality through naturalisation without meeting a residency requirement. The statute specified that a five-year residency or service to the crown was required for naturalisation.

In 1914, the British government authorized South Africa to seize German South West Africa in exchange for territory in Luderitzbucht and Swakopmund. Germany surrendered the territory to the British on 9 July 1915 and it was occupied by the South African military until the war ended. At the 1919 Peace Conference of Versailles, Britain made it clear that it did not want direct control in administering South West Africa. When the mandate system was proposed, Britain agreed to the proposal with the intent of substituting its administration to South Africa. The Treaty of Peace and South West Africa Mandate Act 49 of 1919 established the local framework for the administration of South West Africa by South Africa. It was ratified in 1921 and in 1923, the Council of the League of Nations adopted a resolution that the administrator of a mandate could not confer nationality upon the native inhabitants, leaving them stateless. This was not the case for white settlers and South Africa granted the status of British subject to Germans residing in the territory from 1924.

In 1926, South Africa passed the British Nationality in the Union and Naturalisation and Status of Aliens Act. Under its terms, persons born in the territory, persons born abroad to a father who was a British subject, or persons born upon a British ship became British subjects. Additionally, persons who had resided or been employed by the Crown for an accumulated five years over an eight-year period, who were literate (in a language of South Africa), and intended to reside in the territory, were allowed to naturalise. Naturalisation or denaturalisation of a father automatically changed the status of his minor children. However, children who had been denaturalised could request reinstatement within one year of reaching majority. Widows who had originally been British subjects, whose foreign spouse had died, were also allowed to naturalise. Under the provisions of Chapter III, Section 12, foreign wives of British subjects automatically became British subjects upon marriage and British women who married foreign husbands automatically lost the status of British subject upon marriage.

The Union Nationality and Flags Act, no. 40 of 1927 (passed on 11 November 1927 and in operation on 31 May 1928), specified that British subjects residing in the territories of the Union of South Africa and any child born in the territory on or after 1 June 1928, who was not an alien or barred immigrant, were considered both Union nationals and British subjects. Also eligible to be Union nationals were British subjects who lived in the Union territory continuously for two years; persons who were naturalized British subjects, not prohibited from immigration, and had continuously had a domicile in South Africa for three years; persons born abroad to a father who was a Union national at the time of their birth; or the wife of a Union national. Women who married persons who were foreigners were not eligible to be Union nationals. Because natives of South West Africa were not British subjects under the rules of the mandate, they were also not allowed to become Union nationals. The Quota Act of 1930 was designed to supplement the 1913 Immigrants Regulation Act and established unlimited immigration from Commonwealth and Western European countries, but established maximum quotas for persons from other countries, like Russia and Eastern Europe. A further amendment to the Quota Act was adopted in 1933 which removed an exemption for skilled workers to take the literacy test. Under its terms, to prevent undesirable immigration, the country from which a person originated, rather than their nationality became the basis for exclusion.

In 1931, passage of the Statute of Westminster limited the powers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to legislate on behalf of its Dominions — Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa — declaring them all to be equal, self-governing states, united by their allegiance to Britain, with the authority for managing their own internal and external affairs. The Nationalisation and Amnesty Act of 1932 confirmed that those who had become Union nationals on or after the Union and Nationality and Flags Act of 1927 was effective and those who became residents after the effective date in 1932, were Union nationals. In 1937, the Aliens Act was passed as a successor to the Quota Act. Under its terms anyone who was not born as a British subject or Union national was considered foreign and subject to obtaining a residence permit. It established a set of racial categories, which included Asians, Blacks and Jews, who were prohibited immigrants. The Aliens Act was amended in 1939 by the Aliens and Immigration Bill which denied immigration for anyone who had Jewish parents and provided for deportation of undesirable foreigners as well as gave the state the ability to intervene in businesses owned by foreign proprietors.

At the end of World War II, South Africa made an official request to annex South West Africa. The request was denied by the United Nations, the successor to the League of Nations. Though there was strong opposition to incorporation among the native inhabitants of South West Africa, the South African government held a referendum and reported to the UN that the majority of South West Africans supported the proposal. Chiefs of the Damara, Herero, Nama and Ovambo peoples, protested directly to the British High Commissioner and led a campaign against annexation by South Africa. The British government supported annexation, but the UN rejected the proposal and instead designated the country as a Trust Territory. South Africa refused to accept the decision and launched a legal challenge to the UN jurisdiction. In 1950, the International Court of Justice ruled against South Africa confirming the lawful administration under the United Nations. In 1948, the policy of Apartheid was instituted through various legislation, which has had a lasting impact on statelessness for many persons who were native or descended from South West Africans, as birth registration was not mandatory or routine.

Independent Commonwealth country (1949–1961)
On 1 January 1949, South Africa became an independent country within the British Commonwealth of Nations. In 1949, South Africa promulgated the Citizenship Act 44, which automatically conferred Union nationality, in Sections 2 and 5 upon persons born or descended from South Africans, and in Section 2.2, upon the inhabitants who had been born in South West Africa on 2 September 1949, the date the act became operable. It specifically included those persons who had previously been stateless as defined by the mandate. Under its terms, persons who had previously been British nationals, including their wives who had previously been British subjects, or persons who were born or legally domiciled the Union or in South West Africa were considered Union nationals. For those born after the effective date of the statue, nationality was derived at birth by being born in the territory to a father who was neither an enemy alien, prohibited immigrant, nor who had diplomatic immunity; or born abroad to a father who was born in South Africa or South West Africa, or to a father who was naturalised as South African; and could only be acquired through a South African mother if the child was illegitimate. Commonwealth citizens were allowed to obtain nationality through registration after a cumulative residency of four years over a six-year period. Naturalisation required a literacy in a language of the Union, evidence of no confinement for offences or mental illness, and proof of a cumulative residency of five years over a seven-year period. Wives of South Africans who were lawful residents for three years were able to naturalise. Women gained independent nationality under the 1949 statute. In 1960, Ethiopia and Libya instituted proceedings in the International Court of Justice against South Africa for breaching their obligations toward South West Africa under their trusteeship, but were found not to have standing.

Apartheid republic (1961–1991)
On 31 May 1961, the Union of South Africa left the Commonwealth and became the Republic of South Africa. The South African Citizenship Amendment Act (No. 64) of 1961, reiterated that under the new Republic, South West Africans continued to be South African nationals. The South Africa Act 1962 provided that persons who had been British subjects by virtue of Union nationality were no longer British; however, transitional provisions gave persons until 1 January 1966 to register as British nationals under the British Nationality Act 1948 if they met the criteria for British registration. From 1962, the United Nations supported the independence movement and sought solutions to bring about independence for South West Africa. On 27 October 1966, the United Nations revoked (GA resolution 2145 (XXI)) the trusteeship of South Africa over South West Africa. Britain did not accept the revocation by the United Nations, but admitted that South Africa had violated the terms of its administration. The revocation was upheld by the International Court of Justice. On 19 May 1967, the United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 2248 establishing administration for the territory by the United Nations Council for South West Africa and the following year officially renamed the territory Namibia. Despite international pressure and a ruling by the International Court of Justice in 1971 that South Africa's continuing occupation of Namibia was illegal, South Africa remained opposed to Namibia's independence.

In 1970, the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act (No. 26, later the National States Citizenship Act and from 1978 the Black States Citizenship Act) was passed by the South African government. The purpose of these laws was to denaturalise all Black South Africans in the country and assign them to ethnically categorized zones, which would become independent, thereby forcing them into becoming nationals of those in homelands. The initial 1970 Act Section three did not immediately deprive Black people of South African nationality, but assigned them to live in ten specific territories — Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Gazankulu, KaNgwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, Lebowa, QwaQwa, Transkei, and Venda — by birth, cultural affiliation, or domicile, disregarding current residence. An amendment in 1971 presented the homelands with constitutions, and by 1974, when Transkei opted for independence, denaturalization became embedded in the idea to grant independence to the homelands. In a bid for international recognition of each homeland gaining independence, nationality was extended to each Transkieian in 1976. International recognition was not forthcoming and a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly condemned the process of arbitrarily transferring nationality. South Africa ignored the international outcry, granting independence to Bophuthatswana in 1977, Venda in 1979, and Ciskei in 1981. Despite insistence that the homelands were independent, they remained financial dependents of the South African government. The action resulted in the Black population becoming stateless foreigners in South Africa with no rights, beyond those granted by their varied homelands.

In 1973, the Aliens Control Act restricted both mobility and employment options of all non-citizens. That year a Citizenship Amendment Act (No. 41) was passed granting the Minister of the Interior the authority without any appeal mechanism to strip any South African of their nationality if they held dual nationality. Because foreigners were evading military service, the Citizenship Act was amended (No. 53) in 1978, to require that alien residents under twenty-five would be automatically conferred nationality after two years residency and be eligible to complete their national service. Anyone who refused to become South African was immediately deprived of their residency permit. The Citizenship Act was amended (No. 30) in 1980 to make permanent denationalisations of some South Africans. In 1981, nationality statutes were amended (Act No. 95) to grant South African nationality to the illegitimate children of mothers who were not prohibited immigrants and had established permanent residency, if the child was adopted by a South African and to allow wives and the guardians of minor children to decline being automatically naturalised with their husband or father. Shortfalls in military service again resulted in an amendment of the Citizenship Act (No. 43) in 1984, which modified the terms of the 1978 Act, indirectly making permanent residents liable to military service (even though this is not explicitly mentioned) by mandating automatic naturalisation after five years of ordinary residence.

Between 1984 and 1988, negotiations between the United Nations, international actors, and South Africa focused on setting a timetable for Namibian independence. In 1986, the Restoration of South African Citizenship Act (No. 73) was passed repatriating those nationals who had lost their nationality when Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda had been declared foreign states. Under provisions of the law, persons in those homelands could acquire nationality by birth, descent, naturalisation, or registration. To acquire nationality from birth one had to prove their affiliation to one of the homelands, prove that they had been born in South Africa prior to the independence of the homeland, and prove that they had lost their South African nationality. If they had left their homeland, they also had to verify that they were permanent residents in South Africa. For nationality by descent, a person had to have been born in one of the homelands to a person who qualified for restoration of their nationality from birth, and be a South African permanent resident. Nationality by registration required that an applicant be sixteen years old or more; a citizen of an independent homeland, who was South African prior to the creation of the independent state; and a lawful permanent resident; or an unmarried minor child whose parent qualified for restored nationality at birth. Obtaining nationality by registration was at the sole discretion of the Director General of the Department of Home Affairs. For restoration of nationality by naturalisation, provisions required that applicants were either born in a white portion South Africa prior to creation of the independent homelands, or after their creation in the homeland; that their parents were born in South Africa or in an independent homeland; or if a female who was a lawful permanent resident of South Africa, that she be the wife or widow of a South African, whose marriage and residency had continued for at least two years in the immediate period prior to submitting an application. The complexity of requirements and basis on permanent residency, allowed very limited numbers of people to reacquire nationality.

Organized campaigns in Europe and the United States called for economic sanctions against South Africa and urged multinational enterprises to withdraw from doing business in the country. As the measures began to impact the economy, internal unrest and boycotts began. Finally bowing to internal rebellion and international pressure South Africa agreed to begin the process of dismantalling Apartheid and in December 1988, approved a plan for Namibian. In 1990, South Africa passed series of statutes regarding Namibia, they included Act 34 which recognized Namibia's independence, Act 74 which withdrew South African nationality from persons who gained Namibian nationality at independence, and Act 112 which modified the applicability of South African law to Namibia. A constitution for Namibia was drafted and adopted on 9 February 1990. In 1991, the Citizenship Act was amended (No. 70) to remove marital status, and thus legitimacy, as a criterion for obtaining nationality. The new language stated that acquisition of nationality was based on having a South African parent.

Post-Apartheid republic (1991–present)
The last Apartheid law was abolished on 17 June 1991 and in November the government hosted the Convention for a Democratic South Africa aimed at drafting a new constitution Although negotiations broke down in 1992, they resumed in 1993 and produced an interim constitution by the end of November which defined the constitutional principles for citizenship and established voting rules for the 1994 elections. As part of ensuring suffrage and because of the failure to restore nationality and citizenship rights to persons in the homelands, in 1993, the Restoration and Extension of South African Citizenship Act (No. 196) was passed. Under its terms, persons who had formerly had citizenship in the homelands could naturalise in South Africa. On 1 June 1994, South Africa rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations. The homelands were formally abolished 1994 and the final provisions of independence for the homelands were repealed in 1995 with the passage of a new Citizenship Act (No. 88). The overall nationality scheme did not change dramatically. It provided that prior legislation was repealed, nationality and citizenship were acquired through equal entitlement, dual nationality was accepted, and children who were stateless were granted nationality. The statute changed the discriminatory provisions of the 1993 Restoration Act, which required naturalisation, to automatically grant nationality and citizenship to those who had formerly held homeland citizenship. It also made minor changes to the requirements for naturalisation and the oath of allegiance, but to naturalise, a foreigner still had to satisfy conditions that they were legal permanent residents, met specific residency requirements, and intended to continue to live in South Africa. Finally it established that persons could lose their nationality for committing certain crimes, for obtaining dual nationality or working for a foreign state or military without authorisation, for fraud in a naturalisation application, or for voting or using a passport of another country.

After the elections a Constitutional Assembly was called and after consultation and review by the Constitutional Court, a final constitution was approved by the assembly on 11 October 1996. Under its terms, Section 3 provided that all South Africans had a right to equally acquire nationality and citizenship and that such provisions would be contained in the Citizenship Act. In 2007, the 1995 Citizenship Act was amended (Act No. 69) to clarify that persons who had been registered or naturalised in the Homelands were also automatically granted South African nationality and citizenship. It also granted the Minister responsible for naturalisation to grant certificates at his discretion under exceptional circumstance to applicants who did not meet the typical requirements to naturalise. In 2004, an amendment to the Citizenship Act (No. 17) removed the clause that a national could lose their nationality for voting in another country or using a foreign passport. It was modified again in 2010 (Act No. 17) with changed provisions from automatic acquisition of nationality at birth for children who had one parent who was a legal resident or citizen to require that one parent must be South African and the other a lawful permanent resident or also South African. It allowed children born in South Africa to foreign parents to apply for naturalisation upon reaching majority, as long as the birth had been registered. Refining the provisions for dual nationality, the amendment required applicants for naturalisation to prove they were from a country that allowed them to hold other nationality or they were required to renounce their other nationality. It also added a provision that naturalised persons could lose their nationality if they participated in a war that South Africa did not support.

title: South African nationality law


text: User talk:69.165.76.216

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.165.76.216


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/July 20

Bogotá
- This would be a good anniversaries for July 20, but the Bogotá page currently carries a tag, making it a bad item to feature on the Main Page. Maybe next year ... -- 64.229.206.164 13:15, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1810 - History of Colombia: Citizens of Bogotá, New Granada proclaimed independence from Spain.

 * Will wait till articles like Bogotá, D.C., History of Bogotá and Viceroyalty of New Granada actually contain info on what happened on July 20, 1810. Maybe next year ... -- PFHLai 16:38, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Looking at these articles in 2007, Bogotá and Viceroyalty of New Granada have little or no coverage, and History of Bogotá is tagged with unreferenced. Another year... Zzyzx11 (Talk) 00:45, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Turkish invasion of Cyprus
For next year how about Turkish invasion of Cyprus Jooler 17:42, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Looking at this articles in 2007, it has tons of POV problems. Maybe next year... Zzyzx11 (Talk) 00:45, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The Turkish invasion of Cyprus is an event that still plays significant role in modern politics including the relations between Turkey-Greece-Cyprus and Turkish' efforts to join Europe. It is also a part of the daily life of the people of Cyprus. The topic clearly fulfills all selected anniversaries guidelines. It is not different to any other featured event describing an invasion, like for example the Iraq invasion of Kuwait. The different opinions on the issue are well documented on the main topic as of 2009. Besides, if it is presented in the "political correct" way, i.e. in the language all international media use, this should be no problem. The event, is much more important than the related coup on Makarios III included in the July 15th list of events, which can be removed in favor of this event. This is how I suggest the entry goes: "1974 – Turkey invaded Cyprus, eventually capturing 36.5% of the island, following a coup d'état against Makarios III, President of Cyprus, backed by the Greek military junta of 1967–1974, 5 days earlier" aliverdos 12:34, 07 August 2009 (UTC)

Apollo 11
They landed on the 20th, but didn't actually walk on the moon until the 21st. Please can this be changed.-- GW_Simulations |User Page 20:02, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * GMT or EST or what? Jooler 21:47, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No need to worry about lunar time. The sentence mentioned where on the Moon, not when, they (subsequently) walked. No changes are needed, IMO. -- PFHLai 05:43, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I am still in favor of keep this item here on this day for 2007, especially since that event was probably one of the reasons why Christopher C. Kraft, Jr. was selected as the July 20, 2007 featured article. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 00:45, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It's a question whether Greenwich's time zone meant much to Houston or US TV viewers on their 20th of July. Sparafucil (talk) 21:24, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

I am a bit puzzled that the Viking lander reaching Mars is on the main page today, July 20, but the Apollo 11 landing on the moon isn't. Am I to conclude from the above that Apollo 11 will be there tomorrow on the anniversary of the first moonwalk? I would still have thought the first manned landing on the moon shuld be in the list of "on this day" events. Yngvadottir (talk) 18:33, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:16, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): USS Constitution
 * Moved to Ineligible: Michael of Romania (featured on December 30); 20 July plot (maintenance); Abdullah I of Jordan (appears on May 25)
 * Omitted: Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits; Arroyo Seco Parkway; Viking 1
 * Included: Tekle Giyorgis I of Ethiopia (first appearance); Apollo 11 (8th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Václav Havel (first appearance); Civil Marriage Act (2nd appearance, last in 2010)
 * Repeats: Pyréolophore (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Togoland (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 02:28, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Pyréolophore; Togoland; Václav Havel; Death of Carlo Giuliani; Civil Marriage Act
 * Included: Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) (first appearance); Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits (2nd appearance, last in 2011); 20 July plot (7th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Tekle Giyorgis I (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Apollo 11 (2nd consecutive appearance, 9 total)

Persecution of Falun Gong
The Persecution of Falun Gong was initiated of July 20, 1999, is it eligible for inclusion? --TheChampionMan1234 09:54, 5 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Currently, no. There's the ibid tag on it. Fix that, and you'll be good to go. — howcheng  {chat} 00:16, 6 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I am not sure how to use it, but can you please tag the page? Thanks. TheChampionMan1234 04:11, 6 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I meant, someone has already applied that tag to the page. You need to fix the ibid references before we can include it. Thanks. — howcheng  {chat} 05:17, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:35, 19 July 2014 (UTC)
 * New articles: 2012 Aurora shooting
 * Omitted: Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98); Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits; 20 July plot; Apollo 11 (ineligible—POTD for 2014)
 * Included: Pyréolophore (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Togoland (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Arroyo Seco Parkway (first appearance); Persecution of Falun Gong (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Tekle Giyorgis I (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

Von Stauffenberg plot
20 July 1944 - today is the 70th anniversary of the plot to kill Hitler. best, 188.220.48.191 (talk) 13:41, 20 July 2014 (UTC)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 02:59, 19 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Death of Carlo Giuliani (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Tekle Giyorgis I; Togoland; Persecution of Falun Gong
 * Included: Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Civil Marriage Act (3rd appearance, last in 2012; 10th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Pyréolophore (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total); Arroyo Seco Parkway (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 75th anniversary)

Suggestion for 2015 - Include Apollo 11
I believe the Apollo mission was removed from this list last year because of POTD conflict, leading to ineligiblity. I might be wrong, but I dont see any such reasons this year to exclude the same. Howcheng, can you please confirm what might be the potential reasons for removal of the blurb?

Thanks Soni (talk) 00:21, 20 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Apollo 11 has a yellow maintenance tag on it, making the article ineligible. — howcheng  {chat} 02:57, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:07, 19 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Pyréolophore; Arroyo Seco Parkway; Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings; Civil Marriage Act
 * Included: Tekle Giyorgis I (4th appearance, last in 2014); Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Viking 1 (5th appearance, last in 2011; 40th anniversary); 2012 Aurora shooting (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:44, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Civil Marriage Act (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Friendship Day (ineligible—maintenance); Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) (ineligible—maintenance); Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits; Viking 1; 2012 Aurora shooting
 * Included: Pyréolophore (5th appearance, last in 2015); 20 July plot (8th appearance, last in 2013); United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 (first appearance; 30th anniversary); USS Constitution; Gregor Mendel (first appearance); Patriarch Miron of Romania (first appearance); Amanda Clement (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Tekle Giyorgis I (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

50th Anniversary 2018
Will try to to get Special Olympics 50th anniversary of first games good enough. Alanscottwalker (talk) 00:44, 16 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Would be great to have a picture with the Special Olympics blurb. Some ideas:

 * I added some citations for the table of hosts. Can you fill in the rest before it goes on the Main Page? Otherwise we'll have to pull it. Thanks. — howcheng  {chat} 16:16, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
 * OK Alanscottwalker (talk) 16:20, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
 * DONE. Alanscottwalker (talk) 17:09, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that. This is not a requirement, but the references could use a little cleaning up (inconsistent citation styles, inconsistent date formats, some could be consolidated), if you have the time to spare. — howcheng  {chat} 17:33, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Is this something you can start with WP:AWB, since I don't have that, thanks. Alanscottwalker (talk) 14:52, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't think so. AWB is for making bot-like edits. I don't know about Twinkle or Huggle, as I don't use them. — howcheng  {chat} 18:42, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:21, 20 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Friendship Day (moved to July 30)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Apollo 11
 * Omitted: Tekle Giyorgis I; 20 July plot; United Nations Security Council Resolution 598; USS Constitution; Gregor Mendel; Amanda Clement
 * Included: Battle of Marcellae (first appearance); Togoland (5th appearance, last in 2016; appeared on December 27); Special Olympics (first appearance; 50th anniversary); Death of Carlo Giuliani (2nd appearance, last in 2012; rescued from Ineligible); Ibn Muqla (first appearance); Chris Cornell (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Pyréolophore (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total); Patriarch Miron of Romania (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 150th birthday)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:19, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits (maintenance); 20 July plot (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Maurice Leyland
 * Omitted: Battle of Marcellae; Pyréolophore; Togoland; Special Olympics; Death of Carlo Giuliani; Ibn Muqla; Patriarch Miron of Romania; Chris Cornell
 * Included: Tekle Giyorgis I (6th appearance, last in 2017); Viking 1 (6th appearance, last in 2016); Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings (2nd appearance, last in 2015); Persecution of Falun Gong (2nd appearance, last in 2014; 20th anniversary); 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Alexander the Great (first appearance); Tom Crean (explorer) (first appearance); Heather Chasen (first appearance)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:59, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Arroyo Seco Parkway (moved to December 30)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Togoland (maintenance); Apollo 11 (TFA for 2020); United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 (short)
 * Omitted: Tekle Giyorgis I; Viking 1; Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings; 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting; Alexander the Great; Tom Crean (explorer); Heather Chasen
 * Included: Siege of Berwick (1333) (first appearance); Pyréolophore (7th appearance, last in 2018); Special Olympics (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray (first appearance); Peregrine White (first appearance); Gisele Bündchen (first appearance; 40th birthday)
 * Repeats: Persecution of Falun Gong (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:26, 22 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Siege of Berwick (1333); Pyréolophore; Special Olympics; Persecution of Falun Gong; Suruç bombing; Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray; Peregrine White; Gisele Bündchen
 * Included: Alexander Mackenzie (explorer) (8th appearance, last in 2018; moved from July 22); Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings (3rd appearance, last in 2019); USS Constitution (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Death of Carlo Giuliani (3rd appearance, last in 2018; 20th anniversary); Robert Wallop (first appearance); Patriarch Miron of Romania (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Amanda Clement (3rd appearance, last in 2017; 50th anniversary)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:54, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Apollo 11
 * Omitted: Alexander Mackenzie (explorer); Death of Carlo Giuliani; Robert Wallop; Patriarch Miron of Romania; Amanda Clement
 * Included: Siege of Berwick (1333) (2nd appearance, last in 2020); Air Battle of South Korea (first appearance); 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting (3rd appearance, last in 2019; 10th anniversary); Tom Crean (explorer) (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Heather Chasen (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Gisele Bündchen (2nd appearance, last in 2020)
 * Repeats: Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total; 40th anniversary); USS Constitution (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total; 25th anniversary)
 * "after a month long campaign" seems rather dubious for an "On this day" candidate: Apollo 11 is an obvious replacement. Sparafucil (talk) 21:13, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

2023 notes
 Heart  (talk) 06:33, 3 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Tekle Giyorgis I (maintenance); Persecution of Falun Gong (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Battle of Inverkeithing
 * Omitted: Air Battle of South Korea; Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings; USS Constitution; 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting; Tom Crean (explorer); Heather Chasen; Gisele Bündchen
 * Included: Indian Peace Commission (first appearance); Corfu Declaration (first appearance); Corfu Declaration (3rd appearance, last in 2020); Spirited Away (first appearance); Anne Hutchinson (first appearance on July 20; 4th appearance, last in 2021); Felix Dzerzhinsky (first appearance); Panagiotis Kavvadias (first appearance); Birgitta Ohlsson (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Siege of Berwick (1333) (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Neotextualdesublimation

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was (speedily?) deleted. Eugene van der Pijll 18:16, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Neotextualdesublimation
I suspect this article was generated by the Postmodernism Generator. Googling for phrases from the article (like "Neotextual desublimation" and "Contexts of collapse") turns up either the Postmodernism Generator or other pages generated from it. Sneaky... TheCoffee 13:15, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Delete as per above. OpenToppedBus - My Talk 14:27, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yes, that's a Postmodernism Generator work -- but it seems the author forgot to cite his sources! --Carnildo 22:46, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:German naturalists

title: Category:German naturalists


text:
Category:Joseon monarchs

Rulers of the Korean Joseon Dynasty, 1392–1910. All were members of the House of Yi, the royal branch of the Jeonju Yi clan.

title: Category:Joseon monarchs


text:
Talk:Evrytania

Untitled
I think this article should be named "Evrytania". That's the official transliteration, Evritania is the transliteration proposed by the US Board of Geographic Names. Reactions at Talk:Prefectures of Greece please. Markussep 13:06, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Were Evrytans greek tribe or were they Pelasgians?--213.151.217.134 (talk) 14:29, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Evrytania


text:
User talk:Az001

az001 Boazz ,Web Application Vulnerability Scanner Creator http://www.lirva.or.id/boazz

title: User talk:Az001


text: Template:Tehama County, California

title: Template:Tehama County, California


text:
Talk:Sunjo of Joseon

External links modified
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Portrait
This 50% burned picture, what a great resume of this 50% puppet king. But would be great also. Pldx1 (talk) 09:57, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sunjo of Joseon


text:
Talk:Phthiotis

Renaming
I think this article should be named "Fthiotida". That's the modern Greek name, Fthiotis is the modern transliteration of the old name. Reactions at Talk:Prefectures of Greece please. Markussep 13:16, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phthiotis


text:
Palais des congrès de Montréal

The Palais des congrès de Montréal is a convention centre in Montreal's Quartier international at the north end of Old Montreal. Its borough is Ville-Marie. Construction began in 1977 and completed in 1983; the Palais opened on 21 May 1983. Victor Prus designed the original building.

Place-d'Armes station is located in the building with an underground connection to and from the convention centre.

Some of the land for Palais des congrès was expropriated from Chinatown, Montreal, along with building of Complexe Guy-Favreau. Plans to expand the Palais began in 1997. It was expanded from 1999 to 2002, doubling its capacity from 92000 m2 to 184000 m2. The expansion was designed by a consortium of three firms: Tétrault Parent Languedoc; Saia Barbarese Topouzanov; and Aedifica, with Hal Ingberg.

This was the venue for the 2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference, which led to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

title: Palais des congrès de Montréal


text:
Talk:Duffield railway station

Anyone know when the station buildings were demolished? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chevin (talk • contribs) 13:20, 19 July 2005

title: Talk:Duffield railway station


text:
Talk:Serge (Chrono Cross)

I plan to delete the connections to Serge being Crono and/or Magus.

If you have objections post them.

My reasonings are as follows: Serge and Crono have different color hair, the Chrono Trigger saves Crono, not IS Crono, the small Crono ghost is in the game, it makes little sense other than the tech skill which was probably brought back due to popularity anyway and that because lightning and white elements are so linked, it would make sense that others could use that brand of power. As for Magus that is utter nonsense, har is shorter, face is totally off, weapon is wrong, innate is diametric opposite, time period is absurd, personality and mannerisms not to mention that he simply doesn't fit the bill by age or experience in any way, shape, or form.

Also, it has been confirmed that Guile was originally meant to be Magus so it is totally irrational to think they'd have two of him. Guardian of Light 13:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The point of the section isn't to suggest that a CC character is the same as the CT character, but just to show that they are somehow connected (no one thinks that Lucca is the same as Kid, but Lucca apears on Kid's CT connections section). I understand if you really feel like you need to delete the Magus part (even if it is a semi-popular theory), but Serge and Crono are both the Chrono Triggers... — Warpedmirror 23:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No, Chrono is saved by the Chrono Trigger, he isn't it though.Guardian of Light 20:30, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Swallow?
What is a swallow? I can’t find even a definition online, and I want one. —Frungi 07:06, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

A swallow is a fictional weapon created by Masato Kato, made especially for Serge. It probably has that name because it resembles a swallow's(bird)wings.

title: Talk:Serge (Chrono Cross)


text:
Jamie Redfern

Jamie Redfern (born 9 April 1957) is a British-born Australian television presenter and personality and pop singer. Redfern was an original cast member of children's variety show, Young Talent Time from April 1971 to early 1972, before leaving the show to tour in the US with Liberace. According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, he "possessed a booming, mature voice which belied his tender age... [he] scored four Top 40 hit singles and sold more than $1.3 million worth of records." His equal highest-charting singles were the double-A sided covers of "Rainbow on the River"/"We'll Meet Again" (November 1972), and "Venus" (August 1973), which each peaked at No. 8 on the Go-Set national charts.

Biography
Jamie Redfern was born on 9 April 1957 in Liverpool to Sam and Mary Redfern; he has five siblings. The family emigrated to Australia and settled in Melbourne. He took singing lessons with United States-born theatre actor and singer, Evie Hayes. He made his TV debut in 1964 on Brian and the Juniors, a children's variety-talent series, hosted by Brian Naylor on HSV-7 and remained with the show until 1970. In 1968 he appeared alongside Happy Hammond in an early colour television demonstration for the same channel. Redfern also guested on Happening '70 (1970) and Happening '71 (1971), which were co-produced by former pop star, Johnny Young, and his associate, Kevin Lewis.

In April 1971 Redfern became an original cast member of the Australian children's variety show, Young Talent Time, hosted by Young and co-produced by Lewis and Young. Hayes was a long-term judge on the program. He was appointed to the Young Talent team without an audition, Young recalled "He came in, he was only 13, 14 or something, and … what a voice. He'd could just stand there and sing a song without any accompaniment. You know, the true boy soprano with a really, really big powerful voice." His father, Sam, was his road manager and his brother, Derek, was a latter day Young Talent team member.

Young arranged to have Redfern signed with Festival Records, which issued his debut single in 1971. It was a cover version of "The Little White Cloud", which peaked in the Go-Set National Top 60. It was recorded as part of his debut album, When You Wish upon a Star (1971), at T.C.S. Studios, Melbourne, with Young as record producer. The album peaked at No. 16 on the Go-Set Top 20. At the TV Week King of Pop Awards for 1971, he won the Outstanding Newcomer category, which was presented by visiting US entertainer, Liberace. His second single, "When You Wish upon a Star" (1971) reached the Go-Set Top 40 in February of the following year. At the end of 1971, Redfern was named "Most Outstanding Newcomer" in the TV Week King of Pop Ceremony.

In mid-1972 Redfern toured the US with his mentor, Liberace. He was described by Australian Women's Weekly's Dita Cobb as "a lovely contrast to the local product of his age. Americans adore him. He is so fresh and funny and unassuming and downright young. Nothing seems to have gone to his head." Redfern remembered his early US performances, "lt was great... I was nervous at first. I got songs in the wrong order and the band was playing different music from what I was singing. But it soon straightened out, and I loved the excitement every night."

At the TV Week King of Pop Awards for 1972 he won Most Popular Australian Album for When You Wish upon a Star. His second studio album, Sitting on Top of the World (1972), also reached No. 16. It provided a double-A sided single with his versions of "Rainbow on the River"/"We'll Meet Again" (November 1972), which peaked at No. 8. At 15 he was the youngest Australian artist to have a top 10 hit until Nikki Webster's "Strawberry Kisses" in June 2001.

In January 1973 he briefly returned to Australia to record an album, Johnny Young, The Young Talent Team and Jamie Redfern Sing the Hits! (1973), he provided lead vocals for "Waltzing Matilda" and joined the then-current Young Talent Team on two tracks; his brother, Derek, sang lead for another track, "Puppy Love". His next single, "Venus" (1973), was a cover version of Frankie Avalon's song, which peaked at No. 8. For most of that year, Redfern was in the US for another touring stint with Liberace.

Redfern's third studio album, Hitch a Ride on a Smile (1974), provided the title track as its lead single in March, which reached the top 30. Also that year he was dubbed the King of Pop at the TV Week King of Pop Awards for 1974. In the following year he provided a compilation album, Jamie Redfern's Golden Hits. According to Australian music historian, Ian McFarlane, Redfern "slipped from view" during that year.

In May 1977 he was interviewed for Flashez, a youth pop show on ABC TV. In April 1981 he told John Vidler of The Australian Women's Weekly's TV World that he was performing regularly at Sydney RSL and Leagues Clubs and clubs in Melbourne. He also worked as a singing instructor and "tries his hand at penning a few songs." He presented Jamie Redfern's Rascals on Aurora TV.

Personal life
Jamie Redfern married Judy, a former dancer, in about 1987, they have two children and divorced amicably in 2020. He was the director of the Australian Showbusiness Academy, which ran talent schools in Melbourne's western suburbs. Redfern told Dani Valent of The Sydney Morning Herald, "If I hadn't been a singer I would have been an Anglican minister. My faith has always been strong and I've got that need and desire to help people and to understand them." He told Joel Dwyer of Star Weekly that his time in the US ended as "My contracts in Australia were about to run out. There was only about a month to go... but at that time my voice was changing and the keys were having to be brought down... I asked them to give me a break for a year, but nobody did and nobody listened. I do feel a bit resentful about that now. Being a singing teacher, I look after kids' voices and I am very aware of when you need rest and why."

Go-Set Pop Poll
The Go-Set Pop Poll was coordinated by teen-oriented pop music newspaper, Go-Set and was established in February 1966 and conducted an annual poll during 1966 to 1972 of its readers to determine the most popular personalities.

 * 1972
 * himself
 * Best Australian Newcomer
 * 5th
 * 5th

King of Pop Awards
The King of Pop Awards were voted by the readers of TV Week. The King of Pop award started in 1967 and ran through to 1978.

 * 1971
 * himself
 * Outstanding Newcomer
 * Won
 * 1972
 * When You Wish Upon a Star
 * Most Popular Australian Album
 * Won
 * 1973
 * "Venus"
 * Most Popular Australian Single
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 1974
 * himself
 * King of Pop
 * Won
 * "Hitch a Ride"
 * Most Popular Australian Single
 * Won
 * Won
 * "Hitch a Ride"
 * Most Popular Australian Single
 * Won
 * Won

Logie Awards
The Logie Awards is an annual gathering to celebrate Australian television, sponsored and organised by magazine TV Week, with the first ceremony in 1959, known then as the TV Week Awards, the awards are presented in 20 categories representing both public and industry voted awards.

 * Logie Awards of 1972
 * himself
 * George Wallace Memorial Logie for Best New Talent
 * Won
 * Won

 * Note: wins only

title: Jamie Redfern


text:
Talk:Ion wind

Wouldn't the term ion wind also apply to the type that depend on momentum transfer to neutral molecules? I think the term is used to refer to both. - Omegatron 13:20, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Redirect
Think this article should be merged with lifter —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.113.173.89 (talk) 14:21, 28 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Moved to end and fixed section markup. —  H HHIPPO  18:45, 18 October 2012 (UTC)

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text:
Paddle game

Paddle game may refer to:

 * Paddle (game controller), a type of joystick
 * Paddle ball, a one-person game played with a paddle and an attached ball
 * Paddle-ball, a sport played on a court half the size of a tennis court
 * Paddle tennis, a game adapted from tennis
 * Table tennis racket, a laminated wood paddle used for table tennis

title: Paddle game


text:
Shadows in Zamboula

"Shadows in Zamboula" is one of the original stories by Robert E. Howard about Conan the Cimmerian, first published in Weird Tales in November 1935. Its original title was "The Man-Eaters of Zamboula".

The story takes place over the course of a night in the desert city of Zamboula, with political intrigue amidst streets filled with roaming cannibals. This story also introduced a fearsome strangler named Baal-Pteor, who is one of the few humans in the Conan stories to be a physical challenge for the main character himself.

By present-day sensibilities, the story is marred by including a racial stereotype - blacks as cannibals - though Howard strove to lessen this by making it clear that the cannibals in Zamboula are only the specific blacks from Darfar, other blacks being untainted. A white character, Aram Baksh, proves to be a more sinister antagonist by facilitating, exploiting, and profiting from the cannibalism of the Dafari slaves.

Plot summary
Despite the warning he received in a suq by an elderly nomad, Conan spends the night at a cheap tavern in Zamboula, owned by Aram Baksh. As night falls, a black cannibal from Dafar enters his chamber, by means of a trick lock, to drag Conan away and feast on him. All of the Darfarian slaves in the city are cannibals who roam the streets at night. Since the cannibals only prey on travelers, the inhabitants of the city tolerate this and stay locked securely in their homes, while nomads and beggars make sure to spend the night at a comfortable distance from Zamboula. Even worse, Aram Baksh has made a deal with the cannibals - he provides them with "fresh meat" and profits from the belongings of his ill-fated guests at the inn. This night, however, the unfortunate cannibal attempts to prey on a fully aware Conan and pays with his life. Realizing his room is actually a trap, Conan escapes into the Zamboulan streets where he encounters a naked woman being attacked by the roaming cannibals. Conan rescues her, and the woman tells him how she tried to secure her fiancé's affection with a love potion, which instead made a raving lunatic of him, and he chased her out of their home. After promising Conan "a reward" for his assistance, the two capture the mad lover, and then attempt to murder the high priest responsible for the lover's insanity.

The woman is captured in their attempt, and forced - via hypnotism - to dance before the high priest until she is exhausted. Conan, after defeating a strangler named Baal-Pteor at his own game, rescues the woman and kills the corrupt priest. Right before Conan could claim his payment, the woman reveals herself as Nafertari, mistress of the satrap of Zamboula, Jungir Khan (the insane lover). Taking the antidote to Jungir, Nafertari promises Conan a position in her council and vast wealth.

Conan, however, leaves the city and reveals to the reader how he had recognized the two almost immediately. He takes his revenge on Aram Baksh by cutting out Baksh's tongue and slicing off his beard. Soon, Conan renders him both mute and unrecognizable. Eventually, he turns Baksh over to the hungry cannibals so they can devour him (one of the most profound displays of Conan's ironic sense of humor). After dealing with Aram Baksh, Conan leaves the city with a bag of gold and a magic ring which started the night's intrigues (Conan had stolen it from the insane Jungir during their first encounter), with the intent of selling his prize to another interested party.

Reprint history
The story was republished in the collections Conan the Barbarian (Gnome Press, 1954) and Conan the Wanderer (Lancer Books, 1968). It has more recently been published in the collections  The Conan Chronicles Volume 1: The People of the Black Circle (Gollancz, 2000) as "Shadows in Zamboula" and in Conan of Cimmeria: Volume Three (1935–1936) (Del Rey, 2005) under its original title, "The Man-Eaters of Zamboula." The story was also published in Karl Edward Wagner's Berkley Medallion Editions (Red nails, People of the Black Circle and Hour of the Dragon), published by Berkley Books in 1977. The story is also found in 'The Essential Conan' published in 1998 by the Science Fiction Book Club. This collection contains the Conan stories as edited back to their original form by Karl Edward Wagner in 1977 Berkley editions.

Adaptation
The story was adapted by Roy Thomas and Neal Adams in Savage Sword of Conan #14. The story has also been adapted by publishing company Ablaze in their "Cimmerian" series of comics.

title: Shadows in Zamboula


text:
Pseudospeciation

Pseudospeciation is a form of othering, the treatment of different human groups as if they were different biological species. It begins with the fact that cultural differences cause humans to separate into different social groups, with different language, dress, customs, etc. These cultural differences are claimed to be analogous to the formation of different biological species (speciation). In the extreme, pseudospeciation leads to dehumanization of other cultural groups (out-groups).

Pseudospeciation, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, refers to the tendency of members of in-groups to consider members of out-groups to have evolved genetically into different, separate, and inferior species to their own. The term was first used by Erik Erikson in 1966, according to his biographer, Lawrence J. Friedman. Dehumanization is one possible outcome of pseudospeciation, as is ethnic discrimination or genocide.

Francisco Gil-White proposed in 2001 that humans evolved in such a way that the brain perceives different ethnic groups to be equivalent to different biological 'species', thus suggesting that pseudospeciation is innate. His hypothesis has yet to receive widespread empirical support. His theory and data are found in Current Anthropology, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 515–554. Pseudospeciation is an especially virulent form of ethnocentrism. Karl Marlantes, in his book What It Is Like to Go to War (Grove Press, 2011), referred to pseudospeciation by American soldiers in World War II and in the Vietnam War as a coping mechanism for dealing with Japanese and Vietnamese soldiers differently from European (Germans and Italians for instance) soldiers in those wars. Since an underlying precept of pseudospeciation is the dehumanization of the enemy, it helps the soldiers rationalize barbaric or socially unacceptable behavior visited upon soldiers of a race and culture visually and contextually different from their own. One example Marlantes posits is the treatment of prisoners, or what might be characterized as the murder of soldiers attempting to surrender.

title: Pseudospeciation


text:
Talk:Yi Un

Unsouced edits
Hi, unsourced edits, POV pushing, etc. are against several policies/guidelines. Please take care to observe the content (and behavioural) rules. --Kjoonlee 02:05, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Two different pages shown now for English Wiki of Lee King Eun
Please be aware of the technical deception by the Pro-Japanese editors. One for the pages including of the "The truth of the hidden daughter of Lee King Eun", and the other page appears without this truth. "For the truth of history"

 * Why are you so hostile to anyone even Korean editors? I welcomed you but you removed the useful template for newbies and then made a warning comments for challengers(?) What definition stands for your Pro-Japanese Korean perception? I don't know about this subject, but your way of editing appears to be a little far from constructive cooperation. This article is not owned by you. And you need a verifiable and reliable sources. --Appletrees (talk) 22:22, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

The "hidden daughter"
I've removed the entire section until there are sources. Corvus cornix talk  23:25, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

GBE
I've removed GBE. If he was a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire, this doesn't belong in the first sentence, as per WP:INITIAL. In any case, it needs a reference. jnestorius(talk) 20:20, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

National name problem
Emperor of Korea -> Emperor of Daehan

was the 28th Head of the Korean Imperial House, an Imperial Japanese Army general and the last crown prince of Korea.

->

was the 28th Head of the Daehan Imperial House, an Imperial Japanese Army general and the last crown prince of Daehan.

--안성균 (talk) 09:07, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Flimsy rationale not related to WP:AT (as is urged in many places). No support and no consensus, and already relisted once in the hope of getting it. We move on. Please also note that these three moves could and should have been raised and discussed as one multi move. Andrewa (talk) 16:32, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Yi Un → Prince Uimin – Royal name instead of personal name. --Relisted. Armbrust The Homunculus 10:30, 20 April 2014 (UTC)  Article editor (talk) 00:41, 13 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The title where you tell the reader how a subject is commonly referred to, not take sides on the validity of a contested claim. One leg at a time (talk) 20:24, 20 April 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Yi Un


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The God in the Bowl

"The God in the Bowl" is one of the original short stories featuring the sword and sorcery hero Conan the Cimmerian, written by American author Robert E. Howard but not published during his lifetime. Set during the fictional Hyborian Age, the plot sees Conan robbing a temple museum only to become the prime suspect in a murder mystery. The story first saw publication in September 1952 in Space Science Fiction and has been reprinted many times since.

Plot summary
In the Nemedian municipality of Numalia, the second largest city of Nemedia, Conan enters a museum and antique house called the Temple of Kallian Publico.

While robbing the museum, Conan becomes embroiled in a murder investigation. The strangled corpse of the temple's owner and curator, Kallian Publico, is found by a night watchman. Though the Cimmerian is the prime suspect, the investigating magistrate, Demetrio, and the prefect of police, Dionus, show forbearance. The two allow Conan to remain free and keep his unsheathed sword while their men search the premises. A combination of Conan's physique, his glare, and his insistence that he'll disembowel the first person who tried to apprehend him keeps the guards at bay.

As his investigation unfolds, the magistrate learns from Promero, Publico's clerk, that Publico had received from Stygia a bowl-like sarcophagus which now lies unsealed, open, and empty. This sarcophagus is a priceless relic found among the tombs beneath the Stygian pyramids and sent to Caranthes of Hanumar, Priest of Ibis, "because of the love which the sender bore the priest of Ibis". Intercepting this item meant for Caranthes, Publico believes the sarcophagus contains the diadem of the giant-kings. But the object held something more insidious.

While the magistrate and his men are baffled when uncovering this information, it turns out the murderer may have been non-human and was contained within the now-opened sarcophagus. A scream forces the police to retreat, leaving Conan to fend for himself with the roaming murderer. Conan locates the culprit, a giant serpent that he dispatches with his long sword.

Editing controversy
The original version was rejected by pulp magazine Weird Tales in Howard's lifetime and only rediscovered in 1951. It was then edited by L. Sprague de Camp for publication, and this edited version was the first version to see print. Several other differently-edited versions followed. The unedited, original version was only printed in 2002 with Conan of Cimmeria: Volume One (1932–1933).

Many of de Camp's edits were slight. They have been characterized as technically correct and more precise but at the expense of losing some of the richness and energy of Howard's original.

Here is an example of the differences in texts. The first is by Howard, the second by de Camp:

"The watchman stood in a vast corridor lighted by huge candles set in niches along the walls. Between the niches, these walls were covered with black velvet wall-hangings, and between the hangings hung shields and crossed weapons of fantastic make."

Purists decry De Camp's editorial work on both this and other Howard Conan stories. He reportedly substantially altered and rewrote whole sections, often to include references to his own work.

Everett F. Bleiler, commenting on the edited text, described "The God in the Bowl" as "a primitive detective story" and found it to be "not very good".

Carson Ward commented further: "A more fitting term would be an anti detective story- since it turns upside down the basic conventions of the genre. It begins in normal detective story fashion - a murder is discovered, the police arrives, a rationalist detective (Dionus) starts a thorough investigation, discards red herrings, and looks for the real culprit. But in total opposition to the conventional ending of a detective story - i.e, the detective solving the mystery and triumphantly apprehending the culprit -  'God in Bowl' ends with the forces of law and order totally routed, detective and constables fleeing the scene in panic. The stage is left to the clash of primeval forces, the barbarian from the north against the sinister magic from the south. The outcome is entirely due to Conan's sword-arm. The laws and criminal procedures of the surrounding city and kingdom are effectively nullified." (Ward probably meant Demetrio, not Dionus, given the roles played by both characters in the story. Demetrio plays the more rational and evidence-oriented authority.)

Reprint history
Reprints of this story have appeared in the collections The Coming of Conan (Gnome Press, 1953) and Conan (Lancer Books, 1967). It has most recently been republished in the collections The Conan Chronicles Volume 1: The People of the Black Circle (Gollancz, 2000) and Conan of Cimmeria: Volume One (1932–1933) (Del Rey, 2003). Recent versions remove all L. Sprague de Camp's alterations.

Ibis
The story introduces the god Ibis and his priest, Caranthes of Hanumar, but little is told of them besides the fact that somebody in sinister Stygia disliked the priest enough to spend considerable effort to try to kill him. Howard never made much more of Ibis in the rest of the canonical Conan stories, leaving him an obscure feature of the Hyborian age. Some writers of future Conan stories give Ibis a more prominent role. In particular, the plot of Sean A. Moore's Conan and the Grim Grey God takes up in detail thousands of years' of the history of Ibis and his priesthood, and their hereditary conflict with the Stygian priests and gods.

Adaptations
Roy Thomas and Barry Smith adapt the story in Marvel Comics' Conan the Barbarian #7 ("The Lurker Within", July 1971). Some alterations from the original text are made, including that Aztrias, the aristocrat who hires and betrays Conan, is a woman and is killed by the serpent rather than by Conan. Kurt Busiek and Cary Nord also adapt the story in Dark Horse Comics' Conan #10 & 11.

title: The God in the Bowl


text:
Talk:Spite (game theory)

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The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analyze_game_theoretical_spite&redirect=no Analyze game theoretical spite] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached.   Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 23:32, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spite (game theory)