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Supreme Court (Hong Kong)

The Supreme Court of Hong Kong was the highest court in Hong Kong prior to the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China in 1997 and heard cases of first instance and appeals from the District and Magisrates Courts as well as certain tribunals. The Supreme Court was from 1976 made up of the High Court of Justice (High Court) and the Court of Appeal.

On 1 July 1997, the Supreme Court became the High Court which is made up of the Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeal.

Establishment
The Supreme Court was established in 1844 after Hong Kong became a British Crown colony under the Treaty of Nanjing. The first sitting of the court was on 1 October 1844 presided over by the first Chief Justice, John Walter Hulme.

Appeals
For almost 70 years after establishment of the court, there was no Court of Appeal in Hong Kong. Appeals were either by way or re-hearing or direct to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. From 1913, appeals were heard by a Full Court made up of 3 judges. From 1913 to 1943, a judge of the British Supreme Court for China in Shanghai was eligible to sit on the Full Court. In the 1910s and 1920s, a Shanghai judge would regularly travel to Hong Kong to sit on the Full Court. Sir Havilland de Sausmarez, a judge of the Shanghai court, was the President of the Full Court from 1910 to 1920. From 1926 to 1941, a judge of the Hong Kong Supreme Court also sat on the full court of the British Supreme Court for China.

The Court of Appeal was established in 1976. Appeals from the Court of Appeal and Full Court and, certain criminal appeals from the High Court, lay to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom. In order to appeal to the Privy Council, leave to appeal was required either from the court appealed from or the Privy Council.

Renaming on transfer of sovereignty
After the transfer of sovereignty the Supreme Court was renamed as the High Court and the High Court of the former Supreme Court was renamed the Court of First Instance. Appeals from the Court of Appeal (and where there is such a direct appeal, the Court of First Instance) are now heard by the Court of Final Appeal which was established on 1 July 1997.

Buildings

 * 1844–1848: A building at the junction of Wyndham and Wellington Streets
 * 1848–?: Exchange Building, 7 Queen's Road, Central, a building originally erected for Dent & Co. by Tam Achoy.
 * 1889–1911: No. 29 Queen's Road, Central, between the Post Office and Land Office
 * 1912–1980: The old Supreme Court Building – until 2012, the Legislative Council Building at 8 Jackson Road, Central, Hong Kong Island.  It became the new seat of the Court of Final Appeal in September 2015.
 * 1980–1983: The Former French Mission Building, later home to the Court of Final Appeal (1997–2015)
 * 1985–1997: The new Supreme Court Building – now the High Court Building at 38 Queensway, Admiralty, Hong Kong Island

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Supreme Court (Hong Kong)


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Talk:Lance C. Wade

Untitled
Hipocrite, I MOSTLY liked the way you edited this article. But the part you dropped, my friend considered significant. You'd have to ask him why. But that was the way he gave me the info on Lance Wade. Otherwise, I have no problem with the rest of your edit.

Thanks,Al Lowe

 * I have no problem with the age being in, but I couldn't figure out a good sentence structure. However, sitting on it for a few hours, and I got it - It was hard for me to keep "untimely" out of it, but I did so. Hipocrite 19:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

That looks just fine. I have no problem with it at all. Thanks.Al Lowe

http://www.billybishop.net/wade.html
Info in the article republished with permission, according to a message I removed from the article. --Tagishsimon (talk) 00:09, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

The first time, shortly after I put this article in Wikipedia, I didn't have a link to my original page on Wade, and it got taken down temporarily for possible copyright problems. With the link there, it should cut down on these problems...I hope. Besides, the more people fiddle with this article, the more it will look different from the original web page.Al Lowe 00:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * In retrospect, since the external link IS mentioned here, there should not be any more problems concerning copyrights and such. And I have modified the copyright notice on the web page, I removed the "all rights reserved" part, so that should make a difference as well.Al Lowe 18:01, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

I updated the link for the 2005 Bill passed by the Texas legislature honoring Wade. Baclightning 10:02, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lance C. Wade


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The Norton Anthology of English Literature

The Norton Anthology of English Literature is an anthology of English literature published by W. W. Norton & Company, one of several such compendiums. First published in 1962, it has gone through ten editions; as of 2006 there are over eight million copies in print, making it the publisher's best-selling anthology. M. H. Abrams, a critic and scholar of Romanticism, served as General Editor for its first seven editions, before handing the job to Stephen Greenblatt, a Shakespeare scholar and Harvard professor. The anthology provides an overview of poetry, drama, prose fiction, essays, and letters from Beowulf to the beginning of the 21st century.

1st edition
The first edition of The Norton Anthology of English Literature, printed in 1962, comprised two volumes. Also printed in 1962 was a single-volume derivative edition, called The Norton Anthology of English Literature: Major Authors Edition, which contained reprintings with some additions and changes including 28 of the major authors appearing in the original edition.

7th edition
The seventh edition of The Norton Anthology of English Literature comprises six volumes, sold in two sets of three. The first set includes the volumes "The Middle Ages", "The Sixteenth Century and The Early Seventeenth Century", and "Restoration and the Eighteenth Century"; the second set includes "The Romantic Period", "The Victorian Age", and "The Twentieth Century and After". The writings are arranged by author, with each author presented chronologically by date of birth. Historical and biographical information is provided in a series of headnotes for each author and in introductions for each of the time periods.

Within this structure, the anthology incorporates a number of thematically linked "clusters" of texts pertaining to significant contemporary concerns. For example, "The Sixteenth Century and The Early Seventeenth Century" contains four such clusters under the headings, "Literature of The Sacred", "The Wider World", "The Science of Self and World", and "Voices of the War". The first of these includes four contemporary English translations of an identical passage from the Bible, those of William Tyndale, the Geneva Bible, the Douay–Rheims Version, and the Authorized (King James) Version; selections from the writings of influential Protestant thinkers of the period, including Tyndale, John Calvin, Anne Askew, John Foxe and Richard Hooker; as well as selections from the Book of Common Prayer and the Book of Homilies.

The seventh edition was also sold in two volumes, which simply compressed six eras into two larger volumes, each volume comprising three eras. Volume 1 comprised the selection of literature from "'The Middle Ages" to the "English Restoration and the Eighteenth Century", while Volume 2 included the selection of literature from "The Romantic Period" to "The Twentieth Century and After".

Another option was the "Major Authors" edition. Compressed into the single volume was a selection of major authors of each period, from the anonymous author of Beowulf to J. M. Coetzee.

9th edition
The ninth edition continues to be sold in the same format as the eighth edition.

10th edition
The tenth edition of the anthology went on sale in June 2018 and has continued to be sold in the same format as its two prior editions, while adding a host of new writers to its already substantially eclectic range.

History
Published in 1962, the first edition of Norton Anthology was based on an English literature survey course Abrams and fellow editor David Daiches taught at Cornell University. The anthology underwent periodic revisions every few years. The fifth edition in 1986 included the addition of the full texts of James Joyce's "The Dead" and Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. The sixth edition, published in 1993, included Nadine Gordimer and Fleur Adcock. The seventh edition added Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf, Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, and Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart.

Greenblatt joined the editorial team during the 1990s: "When Norton asked Greenblatt—who was already editor of 'The Norton Shakespeare'—to join the team as Abrams's deputy in the mid-90s, Abrams said he was initially skeptical because of their different critical approaches, but quickly came around. The two had first met in the 80s, when they once delivered opposing lectures. 'It was great fun,' Abrams said. 'He always claimed that I bent his sword. I always claimed he had the better, not of the argument, but of the rhetoric of the argument.'" Another addition has been an increase in women writers: "The new edition, Greenblatt said, includes 68 women writers, more than eight times as many as in the first edition."

The ninth edition was released in 2012, marking 50 years of the anthology's existence.

Competing anthologies
The 1970s saw the emergence of The Oxford Anthology of English Literature; its editorial team included leading scholars Harold Bloom, Frank Kermode, and Lionel Trilling. It was discontinued. Bloom, a former student of Abrams', noted: "We were defeated in battle."

The Longman Anthology of British Literature is also a competitor. Of this relationship, Joyce Jensen of The New York Times wrote in 1999, "The first stone in the war between Longman and W. W. Norton, the David and Goliath of the anthology publishing world, has been cast. With the recent publication of The Longman Anthology of British Literature, Longman has mounted a challenge to Norton to become the literary anthology of choice in colleges and universities around the country." Longman Anthology editor David Damrosch commented on the seventh edition of The Norton Anthology, arguing:

"Though I could wish that the new edition of the Norton had reflected more independent thought and less reactive borrowing of the most visible innovations of our table of contents, I am very glad that Norton has now also adopted the six-volume format. Then again, perhaps the Norton hasn't simply been imitating us in its rapid inclusions of Marie de France, Hogarth, The Beggar's Opera, Frankenstein, and a range of new context groupings whose topics track ours with what may only appear to be beagle-like devotion. The Septuagint was produced by independent translators whose versions all came out alike, and this history may have repeated itself here."

The Norton Anthology responded that:

"The new Norton is not (as Longman personnel have charged) simply an attempt to copy Longman... Norton has defined its scope by uniting works whose common bond is the English language, claiming that a shared vocabulary is essential to cultural unity."

Independent Canadian publisher Broadview Press also offers a six-volume anthology of British literature that competes with the Norton and Longman anthologies, and a two-volume Concise Edition that competes with Norton's two-volume Major Authors Edition and Longman's two-volume Masters of British Literature. The editorial team for The Broadview Anthology of British Literature includes leading scholars such as Kate Flint, Jerome J. McGann, and Anne Lake Prescott and has in general been very well received, though its sales have yet to match those of the competitors from the two larger publishers.

Reception
In 2006, Rachel Donadio of The New York Times stated: "Although assailed by some for being too canonical and by others for faddishly expanding the reading list, the anthology has prevailed over the years, due in large part to the talents of Abrams, who refined the art of stuffing 13 centuries of literature into 6,000-odd pages of wispy cigarette paper."

Sarah A. Kelen summarizes the changes to the NAEL inclusions of medieval literature through successive editions, demonstrating the way the Anthology contents reflect contemporary scholarship.

Sean Shesgreen, an English professor at Northern Illinois University, published a critical history of the anthology in the Winter 2009 issue of Critical Inquiry, based on interviews with Abrams and examinations of the editor's NAEL files. Norton president Drake McFeely forcefully denounced the article in a January 23, 2009 story in The Chronicle of Higher Education.


text: Category:Golf in Spain

title: Category:Golf in Spain


text: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-07-18

title: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-07-18


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Court of Appeal (Hong Kong)

The Court of Appeal of the High Court of Hong Kong is the second most senior court in the Hong Kong legal system. It deals with appeals on all civil and criminal cases from the Court of First Instance and the District Court. It is one of two courts that makes up the High Court of Hong Kong (which was formerly known as the Supreme Court of Hong Kong). Sometimes criminal appeals from Magistrates' Courts with general public importance are also dealt with in the Court of Appeal, either by referral by a single judge from the Court of First Instance, or upon granting of leave on application for review by the Secretary for Justice.

This court also hears appeals from the Lands Tribunal and various tribunals and statutory bodies.

The Chief Judge of the High Court of Hong Kong serves as the President of the Court of Appeal.

Prior to the establishment of the Court of Appeal in 1976, a Full Court consisting of first instance High Court judges was constituted to hear appeals.

Cases in the Court of Appeal are decided by a bench consisting of one, two or three Judges. On rare occasions, having regard to the public importance of the issue, the Court of Appeal has been constituted by a division of five Judges. Final substantive appeal hearings take place before a bench of three Judges. In civil cases, interlocutory appeals and leave to appeal application hearings take place before a bench of two Judges. A single Judge can grant leave to appeal on a paper application and make procedural orders/directions not involving the determination of an appeal. In criminal cases, appeals against sentence take place before a bench of two Judges and leave to appeal application hearings take place before a single Judge. A decision by a two-member bench of the Court of Appeal has the same binding precedential value as a decision by a three-member bench of the Court of Appeal or a five-member bench of the Court of Appeal. If a case is heard by a two-member bench and the two Judges differ on the outcome, then the lower court's judgment or order will not be disturbed. In such a situation, any party can apply for the case to be re-heard by an uneven number of Judges in the Court of Appeal.

A Judge of the Court of First Instance may also sit as a Judge in the Court of Appeal, including as a single Judge (for example, when determining applications for leave to appeal in criminal cases).

Cases
In August 2022, the court ruled that same-sex marriages overseas would not be recognized as valid in Hong Kong, resulting in no rights or benefits given to married couples in Hong Kong.

In November 2022, the court ruled that there are minimum jail sentences for "serious" national security offenses.

title: Court of Appeal (Hong Kong)


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John Robert Holmes

John Robert Holmes (3 September 1927 – 29 December 2011) was a Canadian politician. First elected in the 1972 federal election, he served as a Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament representing the riding of Lambton—Kent. He was re-elected in the 1974 and 1979 elections, but was defeated in the 1980 election.

title: John Robert Holmes


text:
Talk:The Tribe (1999 TV series)

Characters
I think I'm going to try to add substantially to this, first I will try to add a list of major characters and include details of the series they were in and the tribe(s) they were members of too. Later I might try to include a brief summary of what the character is like, relations with other cast members and events which happened to the character. I am planning on doing this in an alphabetical list of main character names. I plan to try and list guest characters/small part characters in a separate list (and despite Charlie being listed as a main character by some sources I will place him in the guest list as he was only in two or three episodes. I might not have time to do all this so any help in achieving this expansion of the article would be much appreciated. Evil Eye 14.43, 25 July 2005.

I just re-added the detailed info for three of the characters after it was deleted because, as I said above, that was what I wanted for every character in that section. I haven't had time to add the same for the other characters yet (perhaps this makes the article look unbalanced and the reason why it was changed). But when I get time I will try to add more and hopefully others will be able to do the same. Evil Eye 17:26, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Series/season
Hey Evil Eye, just wanted to say that I didn't want to step on anybodies toes when I changed 'series' to 'season'. I do have the DVD myself and am aware that Cloud 9 likes to use 'series', but it seems rather confusing, especially for Americans (but also for me, a non-native speaker). It also sounds somewhat awkward, and I wanted it to be in accord with the terminology typically used in TV show fandom, rather than stick to Cloud9's alternative. If you look at the history of the article, there have been other people before who thought the same and changed it accordingly. Just wanted to clear that up. Have a nice day, Alyandra, 25 March 2005

Hello, series isn't just a word used by cloud 9, but is generally the traditional word used to describe a "season" of a programme in the UK (and some other countries I believe). Presently the use of season is becoming more common in the UK, but mostly in relation to US TV programmes. Either way, since "series" is a commonly used word for this and since it is used on the DVD itself, I think we should have "series" used here. :) Evil Eye 13:56, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Alright, I had no idea that it was used in the UK like this. Since The Tribe was produced for the UK and picked up by Channel 5, that seems perfectly reasonable then. :) Sorry for any inconvenience I might have caused. Alyandra, 25 March 2005

DVD Release
Just wanted to check what people though about moving the info about he DVD release down to after the character section. While it might be information important to some people, the article is about the Tribe as a TV programme and we should have significant information about the programme itself before we start to talk about the DVD. Having the DVD bit near the top makes it look a bit like advertising. So is anyone again me moving (and possibly adding/changing bits to) the DVD section? Evil Eye 21:31, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

I was thinking the exact same thing, Evil Eye (or Dogtanian, whatever ;-)), and just came here to discuss this. I think it would be best to add another section called "Merchandise" where we could include information about the DVDs as well as the books and CDs. Alyandra 12:30, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

62 million
I've seen this show and I confess that I struggle to believe that it had a budget of 62 million (it is claimed that later series had a higher budget) - more like £62.

--Charlesknight 23:02, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I see why no one responded to your comment in 3 and a half years. Was that looking for inflammatory comments or something? If it was a proved fact (it's obviously removed now), then that's that. Maybe that was for the series as a whole, but, the construction of the Mall set and the Eagle Mountain set as well as various other sets and implemented structures in the environments shown on the show certainly didn't cost nothing. 110.32.248.126 (talk) 15:09, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

500 people on one series, not including cast. The multiple sets (including closing off streets, and the clean up operation after), over 24 hours of footage a series. 6 months pre production, 6 months production and 6 months post production. Styling, touring, etc Need I say more? How on earth did you get £62? Looks more like the previous cost to me! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.214.71.28 (talk) 19:12, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Should this article be written from a NZ or UK perspective?
I know that The Tribe was filmed in New Zealand, but the budget, network of origin, and years of airing are all stated from a British perspective. Was the show produced by a British company? If so, the article should clearly say that it is a British television series, and if not, the article should give budgets in New Zealand dollars, etc. --Metropolitan90 03:56, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

It was co produced between Cloud 9 And The British Channel Five. But due to it being filmed in New Zealand, With a cast mainly form newwzealand it is widely regarded as from there.

The Tribe episode guides and more
Hey guys im allem i think that this site needs an episode guide from every episode in each series/season w.e. and more pics of the tribe there is'nt enough of them and i think the dvd section needs to be near to the top! i also put the tribe dvd pics on there i hope that was ok though i cant see series/season 1 & 4 on there why?? --Allem06 18:13, 22 July 2006 (UTC)Allem
 * I'm not too sure an episode guide would be very useful as the Tribe wasn't really an episodic programme, but rather it had a number of stories runnign throughout each series or for part of a series. Maybe a much larger guide for each series would be good though. Maybe keep the summaries we aleady have and then expand the sections with details of all the major stories and major events (eg deaths, births, missing people, arrivals, who runs the city, catured by(and by whom) key events, such as discovery of the antidote, the attack by Tribe Circus on the Mall, the election of city President etc). I think however and episode giude for all 250 or so episodes would be way too much. As for the DVD section being higher up, I don't agree either. The article is about the Tribe, and all information relevent to the TV programme itself should be included in the article first beofre we start talking about where one can get hold of a copy of the series...this isn't a place to advertise the DVDs after all :-) Evil Eye 18:16, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

KC - Ari Boyland
hey like what you guys have done to the this page it's great but i noticed that Ari Boyalnd who played KC is spelled wrong it is "Ari Boyland"! Ari Boyland was also in the Disney channel movie You Wish! back in 2002/2003 with A.J. Trauth, Spencer Breslin & Lalaine! thanx Allem06 09:44, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It's way beyond fixed now. That was probably just a simple spelling mistake. Talk pages are frequently clogged up with messages and pointless tidbits like these. You're a registered user, surely you should know the difference between a serious matter and a spelling mistake? 110.32.248.126 (talk) 15:11, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

List of countries broadcast in
I'm not entirely sure how to go about it, but I want to add South Africa to the list, as it was broadcast here on SABC1. Can anyone advise? Snofferol 00:41, 25 May 2007 (UTC) snofferol

Fair use rationale for Image:Dvd series5.jpg
Image:Dvd series5.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:19, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Plot
I came to this page looking for more informaion about the tribe and was pretty dissapointed with what was here, it is lacking alot which is a shame since i remember the tribe being pretty big. maybe the page could do with a update? - 86.153.76.124 08:43, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

List of Tribes
I think there should not only be a list of characters but also a list of tribes from the series. I've looked for something like that but I couldn't find it anywhere.

In season 1 we first meet the Locos and the Demon Dogs. Then of course the Mall Rats are founded. Later in series 1 we see the Farm Girls, the slave traders (who don't seem to have a real name), and Tribe Circus (although I'm not sure whether they really are a tribe of their own or consist of various tribes).

In later episodes the Chosen are founded, as well as the Zootists, and we meet the Eco tribe/Gaians and the Mosquitoes. Then the Technos arrive... But I know there must be many more.

Can anyone help to complete the list?

Fair use rationale for Image:Tribe logo chrom 145.gif
Image:Tribe logo chrom 145.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 02:33, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

The Tribe: New Tomorrow
The blurb at the top of the page incorrectly states that The New Tomorrow portrayed descendants of the original "Tribe" members. The wikipedia article on "The New Tomorrow" states that they don't know the exact connection to the original Tribe series or the characters. This needs to be corrected, so that it states the correct information —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.99.241.202 (talk) 20:15, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

 * There is a Reference to an interview Raymond Thompson did in 2005 where he is quoted as saying that "[The New Tomorrow] tells the story of descendants from the original series." ErisDysnomia (talk) 10:17, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, he means it's the next generation, not necessarily the children of the mallrats. I think that should be changed as it is misleading. Having them as definitively the children of the mallrats raises a lot of questions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.165.71.231 (talk) 12:30, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Fan Productions
A significant segment of any cult TV programme is its fandom. When other sci fi wikipedia TV pages, like Buffy / Angel and Doctor Who, can have written sections on their fandom projects, then The Tribe should be no different. In fact, what specifically sets this fandom apart from the others is the fact that Raymond Thompson himself (one of the original creators of the show) has given his express permission for fan projects related to The Tribe. Further to this, one of the actors on the show is directly involved in an upcoming fan project.

It is for these reasons why a section on Fan Productions should be reinstated within the article, and should not be removed.

Lancemitchell (talk) 18:45, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * You do not say what sets this particular fansite apart from other fansites. Why should it be relevant to the article ? Furthermore, there is no real referencing for the fan productions section other than that fansite. Could you find an external source for that fansite ? ErisDysnomia (talk) 10:24, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Let me reiterate several points, as it seems that you didn't fully read my discussion point, or the segment that was included within the TV article itself. Firstly, this isn't another fansite, it is a portal concerning fan made films and productions based on the show. Secondly (as I already mentioned above) its relevance to the article pertains to the cultural impact that sci fi shows of this nature have on forging intricate fandoms, something that most other Wikipedia articles, like Star Trek, Buffy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unofficial_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_productions) Star Wars and most other popular TV or film sections have. Thirdly, (which once again, was stated above) what completely sets this section apart from other fan sections within Wikipedia articles is the fact that the creator himself usually gives permission for fans to to use the show's content in their fanmade projects, just as long as he is informed via email concerning its use. And lastly, what then further sets this particular project apart, is that one of the show's actual actors will be voice-acting within this fanmade production. If it helps to forge more of a credibility for you, I will be more than happy to reference various sources for this fan project and the fandom, and turn it into a 'cultural impact' segment. But simply taking something of this nature down, for no good reason, is just not understandable at all. Lancemitchell (talk) 08:50, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I read your comment carefully and didn’t remove your section. I asked for some feedback on the article from other editors/contributors.
 * The problem I see with your section is that you only reference one fansite. The Tribe inspired the creation of many fansites. What makes this particular fansite more relevant than the others? It seems a section about the critical reception of the series when it first aired and its cultural impact would be more relevant to the article. Thank you.ErisDysnomia (talk) 16:17, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

I think we're mis-reading and not understanding one another. I've responded to you on your talk page in more depth. :) Lancemitchell (talk) 14:55, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I will try to explain what I think is wrong with this section point by point.
 * Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Swine influenza and other viruses and diseases existed well before The Tribe was created. How does this explain why The Tribe is still significant today?
 * The Blood of Judas isn’t published yet but once it has a publisher, information regarding this novel should be included in the Book releases section.
 * I had a look at the source you cite. Why is the fact that Raymond Thompson read fan fiction in 2001 to see where the fans wanted the TV series to go relevant to fan productions that are created today?
 * Why is it “one of the most significant projects within the fandom to date”? What are your sources for that statement? Is that mini-series notable?
 * I think this section should include the real cultural impact of The Tribe and the critical reception of the TV series when it first aired. As it stands, I don’t think this section should be included in the article as long as it hasn’t properly been rewritten and referenced. Thank you. ErisDysnomia (talk) 21:21, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I think this section should include the real cultural impact of The Tribe and the critical reception of the TV series when it first aired. As it stands, I don’t think this section should be included in the article as long as it hasn’t properly been rewritten and referenced. Thank you. ErisDysnomia (talk) 21:21, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

1: The recent 2009 outbreak of Swine Influenza, the resulting media panic, and the state of medical healthcare across the globe coping with such a high level outbreak, ties directly into the opening concept of The Tribe, and is exactly why the show still holds such a high relevance today. 2: This depends on whether the novel or the screenplay version ends up getting published (or even both). At any point, a notable source (Harry Duffin's own website, as well as major noted fansite Tribe Heaven) have it cited, so it should be included within this article somewhere. Perhaps even in a section about spin offs and extended media (like The New Tomorrow). 3: This source was used as a showcase to show that Raymond Thompson cares very deeply about the fandom. It is why he is still contactable, and why he gives permission for new fan projects based on his show to go ahead, even today. 4: No offence, but I really don't know what other way to say this so that you can understand it. Let me try one final time. Matt Robinson, an actual cast member from the actual show that this article is about, is acting in a fan project using his SAME character, from said show. I really can't put it any simpler than that. This is exactly why it is 'one of the most significant projects to date'. If you STILL can't understand that, then we really have a problem here. 5: You are completely free to find the critical reception for The Tribe if you want to expand on the cultural impact section. But as it stands, you still haven't given ANY reasons why the fan portion should be completely eradicated from this article. Thank you. Lancemitchell (talk) 22:47, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and not a fan site. And I think I’ve given you many reasons why that section should be rewritten and properly referenced. As it stands, the section is not factual. Please, check the rest of the article and see how other sections are referenced.
 * Regarding the different points you made, the relation between swine flu and The Tribe is an opinion and isn’t corroborated by reliable sources. The New Tomorrow (which also has its own article) is already mentioned in the article and there is Book releases section. You’re welcome to expand on them with referenced information. A lot of creators of TV series care about their fans and allow fan projects to exist. But that doesn’t mean that fan sites can be included in an encyclopaedic article about  The Tribe without proper third-party sources. In order to say that “Fractured Alliance is one of the most significant projects within the fandom to date” you need to cite references that specifically say that, otherwise it is just an opinion and not a fact. I hope you understand my point. I am ready to help you improve that section if you have any question. Thank you. ErisDysnomia (talk) 13:41, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

Spin offs and Continuations
This section has already had three different titles. First, it was called "Fan productions", then "Cultural impact" and now "Spin offs and Continuations". The content of that section should be clarified. Furthermore, the text lacks third-party sources and proper citations for its "Unofficial" section and the "Blood of Judas" section should be properly referenced and included in the "Book releases" section. ErisDysnomia (talk) 09:23, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

Since you keep attacking the content being of sole independance, yes, the segment has had to keep adjusting to maintain it's inclusion within the article, this time, by making the article look at the spin offs and continuations to The Tribe. The section has sources from Harry Duffin's own website (first-party sources), as well as an independant fan interview with Harry Duffin (third-party sources). How else would you source this? No, it should not be included within the book section, because if you read the actual information, it is both a screenplay AND a novel. Lancemitchell (talk) 10:12, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

 * My goal is not to attack your content but to make the article as factual as possible. The New Tomorrow is already mentioned and referenced in the Production section. I think adding another link to The New Tomorrow Wikipedia article in another section is a little redundant. In the "Blood of Judas" section, you cite the same interview twice in the same paragraph. Furthermore, Harry Duffin doesn't mention that "the screenplay is currently doing the rounds in Hollywood" in his interview. I think this part should be rewritten to be more factual. Finally, as it stands, the "Unofficial" section seems to promote two fan projects but doesn't include much factual information. I hope you understand what I think should be improved in the section. Thank you. ErisDysnomia (talk) 13:53, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

I apologise for the hollywood line I got it confused with the actual interview (the hollywood line was actually said by Harry, but in an email interview which I know will not be accepted as a relevant source if it was cited). So I agree with you on this point and have altered it so that it is completely factual. However, I do not agree with your remaining points. There is nothing wrong with referencing the New Tomorrow again within a section dedicated to spin-offs and continuations. It doesn't hurt nor harm the article by doing so. And the unofficial section is properly sourced via Tribe Heaven (a very reliable source that is used constantly throughout the main article) so that it is factual as to the state of Matt Robinson's involvement. You can't get more factual than that with a fan project. Lancemitchell (talk) 14:32, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello. The wikilink to The New Tomorrow doesn't harm the article but it is redundant and doesn't add any information to the article. I'm not sure a link needs to have its own subsection with a title. Could you add other references than the "Tribe Heaven" website for the "Unofficial" section? The embedded links to “The Tribe Movie 2005” and “Fractured Alliance” should be referenced in the "Notes and references" section rather than inline. Please, don’t remove the templates as they will allow other editors/contributors to see the section could be improved. Thank you. ErisDysnomia (talk) 10:54, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

I have removed this section. Lancemitchell has the same name as someone involved directly with these projects and so this to me seems like shameless self promotion, highlighted by the fact he refers to his own website. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and shoudld not be a fan site, nor should it be used for advertising or promotion. Wikipedia makes some recommendations for editors who may have a conflict of interest. 86.164.47.37 (talk) 11:56, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

Broadcast History- Australia- ABC2
It says that this series was broadcasted on ABC2 in 2002 but this channel was only launched in 2005 making that impossible. Heres the contradictory information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC2 RT292  | ( Talk  ) 04:19, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

Recent "developments"
To the person who wrote that huge paragraph about how The Tribe is going to make a comeback, and to the person who will re-add that passage (as is inevitably going to happen): I understand your enthusiasm and, as a huge long-term fan myself, I want to get the word out too. But this is supposed to be an encyclopedia, not some dump for information about possible future developments (which, most likely, will lead to absolutely nothing anyway). Whether Dwayne held a fan chat or Cloud9 opened a facebook page has no relevance to this article whatsoever. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.1.71.26 (talk) 01:30, 26 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah just remove it. It's not needed until it actually happens, it's all primary sourced. Also fansite references need removing from this article, like 'Tribeheaven' is not a reliable source. RAIN*the*ONE  BAM 03:11, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Original idea?
The idea behind this series is not an original idea by Raymond Thompson. The idea had already been published by John Christopher in 1977, as Empty World. This was filmed under the title Leere Welt in Germany in 1987.101.98.169.98 (talk) 02:19, 29 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The concept itself was not even new in the 70s. Look at the episode Miri from Star Trek for example. The premise is very similar.--77.182.168.235 (talk) 21:52, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on The Tribe (TV series). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20151106185458/http://www.shoutfactory.com/press/444/the_tribe_series_1_part_1.aspx to http://www.shoutfactory.com/press/444/the_tribe_series_1_part_1.aspx

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:03, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Cast: "Main" vs. "Recurring"
I'm working up a cast table for this article (to replace the current confusing cast listing – as of now, it's at sandbox, so far only through the cast of series 3), and I admit that I am struggling with figure out who is truly "main" cast, and who is actually "recurring" cast, starting with series 3. I mean, outside of Lex, Ebony, and Salene, most of the rest of the cast was "on, and off" during much of series 3 and series 4. For just one example – can Amber really be considered "main" cast in series 3 when she's "back on, back off" more than once (and not just in terms of appearances, but also in terms of crediting as well)? Jack is another example of this... It seems to me that it's probably more accurate to call Amber (and probably Jack) "recurring" during series 3 (and probably series 4 as well).

Anyway, I'm just looking for any guidance or opinions on this question. I'm going to ping to this discussion, as one of the original editors for The Tribe pages. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 14:15, 29 October 2019 (UTC)
 * FTR, I'm thinking that "20 episodes" in a series should be a cutoff – more than 20, and you're "Main", less that 20" and you're "Recurring". By this standard, Amber (and Trudy) are still "Main" cast in series 3–4, but Jack is only "Recurring", and Ellie and May would only be "Recurring" in series 4... The other question is – where's the cutoff for "Recurring" vs. "Guest"? Here I'm inclined to say, for a 52 episode-per series show, "5 episodes" or more is "Recurring" and 4 or less is "Guest" – by that standard KC and Alice would only be "Guests" in series 5. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 02:09, 31 October 2019 (UTC)

 * - I am very interested in working on cleaning up this page also. I think the cast list is a great place to start and I've had a look at your Sandbox; I like what you've done so far. I think this requires a lot of personal judgement; but I tend to agree with most of your judgements. All of the "Guest" listings work well.
 * It's really tricky - I definitely think Amber should be kept as "Main", but I would say that Dal, for example, is a main character in Season 3 because he's listed as main (like Zoot in Season 1) - it's just that it's only for 12 episodes. I wouldn't consider him as recurring, if that makes sense, because he doesn't really recur? But in terms of episode numbers, of course it makes more sense to say "Recurring". But then Jack works better as "Recurring" because he recurs over two seasons. Season 3 is the trickiest!
 * To be honest, I don't think any of the characters in the "Recurring" section are notable enough to include a full table. Let me know if I can help in any way. SatDis (talk) 08:34, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I'd personally be interested in trying to get the article to an acceptable standard - firstly by majorly cutting down the plot section. I've reworked the first paragraph (first season summary), which I believe would be enough for the Plot section. Would you agree in deleting the further season summaries; or potentially moving them to the "List of seasons" page? SatDis (talk) 10:12, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Based on WP:TVPLOT, the current 'Plot' section is overlong. However, TVPLOT does say "If appropriate, these articles could instead include a prose plot summary of no more than 500 words per season (such as Scouted) instead of an episode table..." But it also says, "If the plot summaries are moved to a separate list of episodes (such as with The Blacklist) or to individual season articles (such as with Monk), then the plot summary at the series article should be replaced with a simple overview or premise section that allocates around 100 words per season (such as a logline for each season in non-copyrighted language). As the latter is the case here, what you are doing is the correct call – a short general series 'Plot' summary here, and then more detailed plot summaries for each series at List of The Tribe seasons. (The latter article is a whole separate can of worms that will have to be dealt with later...)
 * On "Main" vs. "Recurring", the reason I think the distinction is important is that we don't want to give readers the impression that an actor was there for (most of) an entire series when they weren't – Dal, et al. in series 3, Ellie in series 4, and Jack in series 3 and 4, are all examples of people who were actually absent for a majority of a series, so I'm loath to call them "Main" for that series... However, if the consensus here is to list anyone in, say, more than 12 or 13 episodes in a series as "Main" (which still wouldn't include Jack in series 4!), then I won't fight it – it just means that we're going to have to use a lot of 'Notes' like my current Sandbox draft cast table does.
 * As for the 'Recurring' cast, I need them left here, until I can transfer them another table in my 'Sandbox' (which I plan to do once I've sampled episodes through the end of series 5, which should happen in a couple more weeks...). Then I agree that they should not be listed here. My long-term plan is to see if a separate List of The Tribe characters page is viable (again) – if it is, a 'Cast' table for 'Recurring' cast is allowed there... But one thing I've noticed rewatching series 4 is that they really cut down on the crediting of any "recurring" actors, so in the end a 'Recurring' characters table/section may not really be viable, as you can't list "uncredited" cast (without a secondary source), and a 'Recurring' section that just covers the first three series (only) is rather pointless... But I'm still working on/investigating this... --IJBall (contribs • talk) 13:29, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I do agree with the system you have decided on - I think the 20 episode mark is fine for Main, any less Recurring; and notable exceptions as Guest. It's important that the table acts as a guide for the casual reader.
 * And yes, on board for your idea to rework the "characters" page - might be a challenge to reference it, but the recurring characters would be fitting there (even if the table is just Series 1 to 3).
 * I figure I will just dump the summaries onto the "seasons" page and focus on that page later. Would it be an idea to rework the page into a "List of episodes"? SatDis (talk) 03:35, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Note that were allowed "100 words" per series/season at this article in the 'Plot' section, so we can work on expanding the 'Plot' section here to offer a brief overview of each of the 5 series.
 * I am undecided to do with List of The Tribe seasons – we could leave it to offer 500-word plot summaries for each of the five series (if we do that, the article should be moved to List of The Tribe series (as "season" is a North American term), or we could convert it to a "List of episodes" article (though that would be a lot of work, as we'd have to build episode tables, including episode summaries, from scratch, for 260 episodes!), or we could look at spinning out five different series/season articles (e.g. The Tribe (series 1), etc.) but that would also be a lot of work and I suspect there's not enough sourceable material to justify five separate "series" articles for The Tribe... Whatever the solution is, it's not going to be very simple and it's going to require a lot of work!... --IJBall (contribs • talk) 03:51, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes, I will work on each series summary. My first series is at 277 words; still too long. I am looking for an article which does this season-by-season summary well.
 * I think there might be more scope to aim for a List of The Tribe series with well-referenced production and plot details. Again, it would be nice to find an example to follow. SatDis (talk) 04:05, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

I am late to the party. It does seem a little odd to list main cast as recurring becuase they left during a particular season. Dal was written out of the show during season 3, but was a main character until his departure aired. Pride was written out during series 5 etc. Recurring characters in the way I understand them were those who appeared in various episodes such as Moz and Spike but were never contracted as regular cast members. The Tribe website used to list the core cast and state which seasons they appeared in. I have looked through the list plus the footnotes you provided and I have to say you did a fine job with your extensive research and it checks out. So I understand why you have decided on this system.Rain the 1 22:21, 24 November 2019 (UTC)
 * The issue with this series is that there's no crediting distinction between "main cast" and "recurring/guest cast" like there is with many TV series – instead, all cast (main and guest) are just listed together in the show's end credits. As a result of this, cast "level" is pretty arbitrary – it can then pretty much be based on "number of episodes/appearances". I agree with you that, actually, people like Dal, and even Charlie, were meant to be "main cast". But listing them in the table that way just ends up being less than helpful to our readership, as "main" in a show like implies to most people "was there for most of the season". That's why I came up with the scheme listed in the next section – it's really to tip people off that cast like Dal and Jack and Ellie weren't around for most of the series/season that they are listed as "recurring"... I guess the bottom line is that the "rules" (for cast) for a "soap opera" with 52 episodes-series/seasons is different than the "rules" for a traditional drama series with just 13–24 episodes where the distinction between "main cast" and "recurring/guest cast" is much clearer (e.g. by crediting)... --IJBall (contribs • talk) 22:33, 24 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Note also that a good case could be made for listing Brady and Baby Bray as "main cast" as well, based on the number of appearances both make in several of The Tribe's series (i.e. it was more than 20 episodes per series!) – but in the case of these two, it's justified to leave them out of the "main cast" table because both are non-speaking parts which pretty much by definition renders them "secondary characters" by virtue of the nature of the role, regardless of how many episodes they appeared in. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 22:40, 24 November 2019 (UTC)

Characters table
As discussed in the section before this one, I have replaced the rather long, rambling, and confusing 'Cast' list from this article with a 'Characters' table, as is allowed under MOS:TVCAST. I think this is a much clearer format to represent which characters and cast appeared in which series/seasons, and whether they were there for most of a series, part of a series, or just a few episodes in a series.

As discussed above, in general I have categorized cast thusly:

 * "Main" = Appeared in 20 or more episodes in a series. The one exception to this is Daniel James as Zoot, whom I've categorized as "Main" cast in series 1, because any discussion of The Tribe characters makes no sense without including Zoot.
 * "Recurring" = Appeared in approximately 5–19 episodes in a series.
 * "Guest" = Appeared in less than approximately 5 episodes in a series. Thus, this includes Michelle Ang's appearances in series 4, and Ari Boyland's, Vanessa Stacey's, and Damon Andrews' appearances in series 5.

Adding the table has forced me to remove the just-recurring cast – again, listing these only makes sense in table-format, but MOS:TVCAST disallows listing recurring cast in table-format at main TV series articles. If the List of The Tribe characters article is ever restored, a 'Recurring' characters table (see the version at my sandbox) can be returned to that article.

Finally, the version of the 'Characters' table I just added contains a lot of notes. I would understand if other editors think this is overkill, and attempt to trim these notes. I will say, though – for this series, I think the notes I've added to the current 'Characters' table are warranted, as there was a lot of "cast change" over the course of this particular series.

Comments and suggestions from other editors are welcome. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 06:20, 24 November 2019 (UTC)

Grammar
The last sentence of the third paragraph from the top has this:

"This led to Cloud 9 developing a series of novels to continue the story of the television series, the first of which released in 2011."

Shouldn't the auxiliary verb 'was' be used like this:

This led to Cloud 9 developing a series of novels to continue the story of the television series, the first of which was released in 2011. M-Nyby (talk) 10:14, 21 February 2020 (UTC)

New book - 2020
There is a new book that could be added to the article. Rain the 1 09:23, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Tribe (1999 TV series)


text:
Fever (Little Willie John song)

"Fever" is a song written by Eddie Cooley and Otis Blackwell, who used the pseudonym "John Davenport". It was originally recorded by American R&B singer Little Willie John for his debut album, Fever (1956), and released as a single in April of the same year. The song topped the Billboard R&B Best Sellers in the US and peaked at number 24 on the Billboard pop chart. It was received positively by music critics and included on several lists of the best songs when it was released.

It has been covered by several artists from diverse genres. Peggy Lee's 1958 rendition became the best known version and her signature song. Lee's version contained rewritten lyrics and an altered music arrangement. It was a top-five hit in the UK and Australia in addition to making the top ten in the US and the Netherlands. "Fever" was nominated in three categories at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year.

Other versions of "Fever" were recorded by Elvis Presley, Boney M., Madonna, Christina Aguilera, Michael Bublé, Sylvester, the McCoys, La Lupe and Beyoncé.

Madonna released it as a single from her fifth studio album, Erotica (1992), in March 1993 through Warner Bros. It topped the charts in Finland and the Hot Dance Club Songs in the US in addition to charting in the top 50 in many other countries. Madonna filmed and released a music video directed by Stéphane Sednaoui and performed the song on several television shows as well as her 1993 The Girlie Show World Tour. "Fever" has featured in many films, plays and television shows.

Background and reception
The idea for "Fever" was presented to Otis Blackwell by an old friend, Eddie Cooley, who in 1956 had a hit song called "Priscilla". Blackwell said: "Eddie Cooley was a friend of mine from New York and he called me up and said 'Man, I got an idea for a song called 'Fever', but I can't finish it.' I had to write it under another name because, at that time, I was still under contract to Joe Davis." John Davenport, the name he used, was the name of Blackwell's stepfather. Little Willie John reportedly disliked the song, but was persuaded to record it, on March 1, 1956, by King Records owner Syd Nathan and arranger and producer Henry Glover. It became the title track for his debut album, Fever, released in 1956. "Fever" is a soul and rhythm and blues minor key opus with an arrangement consisting of low saxophones played by Ray Felder and Rufus "Nose" Gore and guitar by Bill Jennings. The vocal style of Willie John is similar to moaning and he is backed by finger snaps. Bill Dahl from the website AllMusic noted a contrast between the song's "ominous" arrangement and the vocals along with the finger snapping which "marginally lightened the mood".

"Fever" was released as a single in April 1956 and became a double-sided hit along with the top-ten R&B song "Letter from My Darling". "Fever" reached number one for three weeks on the Billboard R&B Best Sellers chart in the United States, peaking at the top on July 21, 1956. It also made the pop charts, peaking at number 24 on the Billboard Best Sellers in Stores. The single sold one million copies in the US. The song won the BMI Award for Best R&B song.

The song was included in Robert Christgau's "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981). He later described it as a very "fervid" song. Bill Dahl from the website AllMusic credited "Fever" for winning the "boisterous teen an across-the-board audience" for Willie John. The writer further opined that the singer's "sweaty case of love-rooted 'Fever' was seemingly grave, judging from his riveting intensity, yet he doesn't sound like he minds at all". NME magazine listed "Fever" as the 96th best song of the 1950s. In his The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made list published in 1989, critic Dave Marsh ranked "Fever" at the position of 109. The song was included on the greatest hits albums Fever: The Best of Little Willie John (1993) and The Very Best of Little Willie John (2001).

Background and composition
In May 1958, Peggy Lee recorded a cover version of "Fever" in Hollywood, which featured significantly rewritten lyrics composed by Lee herself without credit. The song was not included on Lee's album, Things Are Swingin', when it was first released in 1959; however it was listed as a bonus track on its 2004 reissue release. The uncopyrighted lyrics by Lee featured historical invocations (including the verses beginning "Romeo loved Juliet," and "Captain Smith and Pocahontas") and are now generally thought of as a standard part of the song; they have been included in most subsequent covers of "Fever".

Lee's cover, arranged by the singer herself with arranger/conductor Jack Marshall, was a slower-tempo version than the original; it was described as being in "torchy lounge" mode, accompanied only by bass (played by Joe Mondragon) and a very limited drum set (played in part with fingers by Shelly Manne), while the finger snaps were provided either by the singer herself, by Howard Roberts, the guitarist for the date, who set aside his guitar for this number, or possibly even by the producer, Dave Cavanaugh. Lee's rendition was further described as "smooth, sultry". It is written in the key of A Minor in a medium swing tempo with 135 beats per minute; Lee's vocals span from the musical note of G3 to B4.

Reception and accolades
A writer of the website NPR deemed "Fever" as Lee's "most memorable tune" and considered it to be "slinky and inimitable". He went on to note that it displayed characteristics which were most remembered about the singer – "her playful delivery, charisma and sexuality". John Bush from the website AllMusic opined that the singer excelled in sounding "sizzling" in the song. John Fordham writing for The Guardian felt that the "heated" atmosphere heard on Lee's version of "Fever", "has an underlying suggestion that the person raising the temperature for her right now doesn't have to be the one doing it next week".

Lee's version peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US and spent a total of 12 weeks on that chart. It was her only top 10 hit on the Hot 100. It reached a peak of number five on the UK Singles Chart, where it first appeared on August 15, 1958. A reissue of the single charted again in 1992, appearing at number 75 and staying for only one week. Elsewhere in Europe, Lee's "Fever" peaked at number eight on January 3, 1959, on the Dutch Singles Chart in Netherlands for five consecutive weeks before falling off the chart. The song also peaked at number two on the Australian Singles Chart compiled by Kent Music Report and emerged as the twentieth best-selling single of 1958 in that country.

"Fever" was nominated in the categories for Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Female Vocal Performance at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards held in 1959. The track became Lee's signature song and her best-known work in addition to becoming her most successful hit. It was ranked at number 100 in the book and the accompanying list 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die by Robert Dimery.

Background and composition
In 1992, American singer and songwriter Madonna recorded a cover version of "Fever" for her fifth studio album, Erotica (1992). It was released on 6 March 1993 by Maverick, Sire and Warner Bros.. Madonna served as a producer for the song along with Shep Pettibone. She was in the studio putting down tracks for the album and had just recorded a song called "Goodbye to Innocence". She was going through the final stages of production on the song and suddenly started singing the lyrics to "Fever" over "Goodbye to Innocence". Madonna liked the way it sounded so much that she recorded it. In September 2008, Madonna's version was used in television promos for the fifth season of Desperate Housewives.

According to author Rikky Rooksby, Madonna changed the composition of the original version by adding drum rhythms, accompanied by a beatbox sound like snare drums. Removing the chord progression of the original, Madonna introduces original lyrics into the song. Instrumentation of the track includes strings, marimba and finger-pops at various intervals throughout. Rooksby noticed that Madonna sang with a distant and disembodied voice, and relegated it to the dance music accompanying the lyrics.

Chart performance
In the United States, "Fever" was not released as a commercial single. It was released promotionally and became a dance hit, becoming Madonna's 15th song to hit number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. It topped the chart for the issue dated May 15, 1993, in its seventh week of ascending. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at its peak position of number six on the UK Singles Chart on the issue dated April 3, 1993, and had sold 86,077 copies by August 2008. It peaked at number one on the Finnish Singles Chart on April 15, 1993. In Ireland it entered the top ten of the Irish Singles Chart, peaking at the position of six and charting for four weeks. Elsewhere, it peaked at numbers 12 in Italy, 17 in New Zealand, 22 on the Ultratop chart of the Flanders region in Belgium, 31 in France and 51 in Australia.

Critical reception
The Baltimore Sun J. D. Considine praised the song as a "sassy, house-style remake" of the original version. He noted that when Madonna and the team of producers that worked on the album "push beyond the expected... [it] really heats up, providing a sound that is body-conscious in the best sense of the term", exemplifying his statements with "Fever". A writer from Billboard called the song a "house-inflected rendition" and noted it was single-worthy. In August 2018, the magazine named it as the singer's 66th greatest single; "while most versions of this classic smolder, Madonna gets distant and detached, delivering an icy club banger that sounds less like a torch song from yesteryear and more like a soundtrack for anonymous encounters that would make Ms. Lee blush". Hunter Hauk from the Dallas Observer deemed it "subtly soulful and custom made for Madonna's pre-vocal-lesson voice". David Browne of Entertainment Weekly criticized Madonna's voice as "souless", "You and Shep sure do a bang-up job — pun intended — transforming 'Fever,' that old Peggy Lee hit, into a techno drone, but listen to the parched sound emitted from your throat on such tracks. It's cold, deadened, remote." Jude Rogers from The Guardian called it an "unnecessary trance-era update of pop's most achingly simple song about sex"; nonetheless, she placed the song at number 72 on her ranking of Madonna's singles, in honor of her 60th birthday.

In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton stated that "her crown is intact." Alan Jones from Music Week gave it four out of five and named it Pick of the Week, adding that "this is fairly tame in original album edit, but packs more punch and dancefloor possibilities in selection of Pettihone [sic]/Falcon/Gaeten mixes, and should maintain her now record sequence of consecutive Top 10 hits." The New York Times editor Stephen Holden wrote that "the album's softer moments include a silky hip-hop arrangement of 'Fever'". Author Rikky Rooksby, described it as "unsexy", and called it a "sterile track" which is "certainly misplaced as the second track of [Erotica]". Slant Magazine Sal Cinquemani opined that it's "Madonna's vocal performance that's the real star here [...] she may lack Peggy Lee's command, but she exudes a detached confidence and control that is the pitch-perfect embodiment of Eroticas main thesis: love hurts". Alfred Soto of Stylus Magazine felt that this song has its unique, idiosyncratic energy which he compared with material by Joni Mitchell from her album Blue (1971). The Washington Post's Richard Harrington deemed it a "cool mechanical recitation in which more attention is paid to the pulse of the music than that of the heart."

Music video and live performances
The accompanying music video for "Fever", directed by French director Stéphane Sednaoui, was shot on April 10–11, 1993 at Greenwich Studios in Miami, Florida, and received its world premiere on May 11, 1993, on MTV. It has since been made commercially available on the DVD collection, The Video Collection 93:99. The music video alternately features Madonna with a red wig and silver bodypaint in a variety of costumes dancing in front of funky, kaleidoscopic backgrounds. It showcases her posing like ancient goddesses. She is enveloped in a flame-like atmosphere and eventually burns up. According to Sednaoui, he wanted to portray the singer "like a provocative saint, somebody that speaks out and tells the truth, and is ready to burn for it"; he also recalled that the executives from Maverick wanted to do "something that's not the [Madonna] we know – more pop, more disco, more club [...] that's why she went all the way, like, 'OK, let's paint'". Charles Aaron writing for Spin magazine classified the clip as "dub". The music video for "Fever" was later made available on Madonna's official YouTube channel in February 2018. It was digitally remastered on November 22, 2022, and had generated more than 3.2 million views as of early 2024.

To start the promotion for Erotica, Madonna performed "Fever" and "Bad Girl" on Saturday Night Live in January 1993. During the 1000th The Arsenio Hall Show, Madonna performed the original version of "Fever" accompanied by a band, wearing a black classic dress and smoking a cigarette. Madonna also performed "Fever" on the 1993 Girlie Show World Tour as the second song from the setlist. After "Erotica", the singer partially strips and proceeds to straddle and dances suggestively with two half-naked male dancers. At the end of the song, Madonna and the two backup dancers descend into a literal ring of fire. On October 8, 2015, Madonna performed an a cappella version of "Fever" during the Saint Paul stop of her Rebel Heart Tour. She later performed the song on her 2023-2024 Celebration Tour; it was also used on one of the interludes on the show.

Formats and track listings

 * Australian, European, and UK CD maxi-single
 * 1) "Fever" (Album Edit) – 4:30
 * 2) "Fever" (Hot Sweat 12-inch Mix) – 7:58
 * 3) "Fever" (Extended 12-inch Mix) – 6:07
 * 4) "Fever" (Shep's Remedy Dub) – 4:31
 * 5) "Fever" (Murk Boys Miami Mix) – 7:10
 * 6) "Fever" (Murk Boys Deep South Mix) – 6:28

 * Digital single – "Bad Girl / Fever" (2022)
 * 1) "Bad Girl" (Edit) – 4:35
 * 2) "Bad Girl" (Extended Mix) – 6:29
 * 3) "Fever" (Album Edit) – 4:30
 * 4) "Fever" (Edit One) – 4:05
 * 5) "Fever" (Extended 12-inch Mix) – 6:07
 * 6) "Fever" (Hot Sweat 12-inch Mix) – 7:58
 * 7) "Fever" (Murk Boys Deep South Mix) – 6:28
 * 8) "Fever" (Murk Boys Miami Mix) – 7:10
 * 9) "Fever" (Murk Boys Miami Dub) – 7:12
 * 10) "Fever" (Radio Edit/Remix) – 5:09
 * 11) "Fever" (Shep's Remedy Dub) – 4:31
 * 12) "Fever" (Oscar G's Dope Mix) – 4:55

Background and release
American singer Beyoncé included her version of "Fever" on multiple releases. Her original recording of the song was included on the soundtrack album for the 2003 American musical dramedy film, The Fighting Temptations, in which she also had a leading role. The song was also featured in the film itself, during a scene in which the character Beyoncé portrayed, named Lilly, sang the song in a nightclub while her eventual love interest Darrin (played by Cuba Gooding, Jr.) watches her. Beyoncé's version was produced by Damon Elliott and was recorded by her while she was still working on the 2002 film Austin Powers in Goldmember. Elliott suggested to the singer to record "Fever" as it was one of his favorite songs. When she got a role in The Fighting Temptations, the song seemed "perfect" for it as stated by Elliot. Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine provided a positive review for the cover, saying: "The seductive iciness of Peggy Lee's 'Fever' is successfully transplanted with a gumbo sound and sexy Southern comfort."

Beyoncé appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on September 17, 2003, to promote The Fighting Temptations with a live performance of "Fever". In November 2003, the song was included in the set list of the singer's first headlining solo Dangerously in Love Tour. Beyoncé was backed by four male dancers dressed in white, performing a choreography with her. In a review of the show, Dave Simpson from The Guardian felt that the performance of "Fever" was "a note perfect if pointless version" of the original. In 2004, the song was included on the live album Live at Wembley which was filmed during a London concert as part of the tour. Beyoncé's original recording was additionally included on the track-listing of her first mixtape Speak My Mind released in 2005.

After releasing her first fragrance Heat, Beyoncé re-recorded her version of "Fever" as promotion for the fragrance, using the song in its advertisements. The re-recorded 2010 version of the song was produced by Chink Santana and Beyoncé herself. It was released for digital download on the iTunes Store in the US on February 8, 2010. The next day, it was released in the United Kingdom. In February the following year, "Fever" was included on the track-listing of the extended play (EP) Heat, a limited CD released with the perfume.

Usage in media
As promotion for the fragrance, a TV commercial for Heat was directed by Jake Nava, who had previously worked with Beyoncé on various of her music videos. The commercial features Beyoncé in a red satin dress sweating in a steamy room while the 2010 cover version of "Fever" plays in the background. Throughout the clip, she is seen lying naked in the middle of a room, touching her body, dancing and leaving a trail of fire as she touches a wall. The commercial concludes with Beyoncé walking away from the camera and melting the floor with her footprints. During the end, she turns and says "Catch the fever", the tagline of the fragrance.

In an interview with Women's Wear Daily, the singer described the sexual tone of the video stating: "My sexiest moments are when I'm just getting out of the tub or the shower and I'm clean, so I wanted to incorporate that in the ads. The dress was this liquid-y satin. The song Fever I did years ago and always loved it. [For the commercial] I got to sing it a bit more whispery, more natural." The silky red dress she wears in the video has been noted for exposing partial cleavage. The commercial for the fragrance found controversy in the United Kingdom with the Advertising Standards Authority where it was banned from daytime TV rotation for its "sexy imagery".

Other notable versions

 * Elvis Presley – Elvis Is Back! (1960)
 * Helen Shapiro recorded a version of "Fever" in 1964; her cover reached number 38 on the UK Singles Chart on January 23 of the same year.
 * The McCoys in 1965 released a version similar to their previous hit "Hang On Sloopy". The McCoys' version of "Fever" peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and 34 on the German Singles Chart.
 * James Brown – Cold Sweat (1967). Music critic Robert Christgau opined that "Fever" placed on the album with several other cover versions "smelled a little fishy at the time".
 * La Lupe – Queen of Latin Soul (1968). Her version became famous worldwide. On the web site NBCNewYork.com Elizabeth Bougerol called it one of the best versions and essential at Boogaloo parties.
 * 1969 Chicago Cubs – A version of the song with the same music but different lyrics, called "Pennant Fever", was recorded by seven members of the 1969 Chicago Cubs: Billy Williams, Randy Hundley, Ron Santo, Don Kessinger, Willie Smith, Gene Oliver, and Nate Oliver.
 * Rita Coolidge – for The Lady's Not for Sale (1972) and it became a minor hit in her early career.
 * Suzi Quatro included her own version of "Fever" on Your Mamma Won't Like Me in 1975. Dave Thompson from AllMusic called her cover "lukewarm".
 * Madleen Kane released her version in 1978, and it peaked at No. 19 on the Canadian Dance Chart.
 * Indian singer Usha Uthup performed the song on various of her concerts (including those in 2010) and included it on the album Usha in Nairobi released in 1978.
 * Lizzy Mercier Descloux recorded a parody of the song entitled "Tumor" on her 1979 album Press Color.
 * The Cramps covered "Fever" on their debut album Songs the Lord Taught Us (1980) It was praised by Ned Raggett of AllMusic who felt that it challenged the original.
 * Annabella Lwin recorded the song in 1986 for her first solo album after the breakup of Bow Wow Wow, and it provided the title for the album itself. A music video was released for the song.
 * Michael Bublé released his cover of this song on his self named debut album in 2003. Aaron Latham at AllMusic considered it one of the highlights on the album, stating that Bublé "gives it a satiny sheen that the song hasn't seen in years".
 * Bette Midler from her 2005 album Bette Midler Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook. In 2006 it reached No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard Dance Chart.
 * Lulu Roman – At Last (2013)

In other media

 * On January 30, 2018, reality TV star Dorit Kemsley performed a version of the song with pop star friend Boy George on The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills.

title: Fever (Little Willie John song)


text:
Talk:Railway track

Dester13
Hey Trainsandotherthings, we need to discuss this. Why did you undo my changes when i was putting “railroad”, “railway”, and “rail” terms in Railway Track Article. I just needed because in real life via United States i saw “Railroad Crossing” sign means a simple “Railroad” crossing a road and the past years i have it heard and seen “Rail” and “railway” before sure. Please reply to me why. Dester13 (talk) 00:21, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

 * The "track" is not the railway (or railroad) itself: It is just the physical structure on which a railroad runs.
 * For example: To have a "railroad crossing" sign, you do not only need the track, but also the running railroad. If you just build a demo piece of railroad track - e.g. for a museum -, you can happily cross it with a road without erecting any signs: This shows that a "track" is not the same as the "full railroad".
 * Moreover, for such important changes at the very head of an article, please always give a written source that shows that what you change is actually common usage for specialists in the field. User:Haraldmmueller 07:22, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * But sure Haraldmmueller, i mean a "Railroad Crossing" sign indicates that is just commonly say "Railroad" that crosses a road in United States. That's the term of a railway track. Reply please. Dester13 (talk) 12:54, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * As I said, a railroad is much more than a railroad track. User:Haraldmmueller 13:32, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay then Haraldmmueller, i really know, but i just realized there is just "Rail" in sandbox games such as Minecraft rather than real life. So no matter what sure. Maybe i can just put simply Railroad on the article? Answers..... Dester13 (talk) 16:33, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * A railroad is not synonymous with a railroad track. You need a track on which to run a railroad, but without an actual train to run on the track, it's not a railroad, it's just a pair of rails. This is similar to saying that a plane is an airline - if you don't have airports, you'll just have a huge hunk of flying metal. – Epicgenius (talk) 21:42, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Haraldmmueller has said basically everything I wanted to say. The proposed changes don't make sense. Trainsandotherthings (talk) 21:11, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with @Trainsandotherthings, the words ‘railway’ and ‘railroad’ refer to much more than just the track itself. In Australia, for example, a common saying is that “a person works for the railway” meaning that they (edited Fork99 (talk) 00:26, 17 June 2023 (UTC)) could be a train driver, a guard (or what Americans call a ‘conductor’), a signaller, or anything in between like track maintenance workers, station staff, etc. Fork99 (talk) 21:19, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I know that two of you. But like others in sandbox games such as Minecraft, it’s just say “Rail” with other variants where minecarts runs on it. So maybe i can just put Rail on Railway Track article sure. I agree to me. Dester13 (talk) 22:07, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @Dester13: It doesn’t matter if you agree with yourself. It matters that other people agree with the edits and decisions as part of editing, being one of Wikipedia’s policies of consensus. That is one particular example, in a world with countably infinite other examples in which “rail” does NOT mean a railway as a whole. Fork99 (talk) 22:28, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, but in sandbox games such as Minecraft, it’s just simply named “Rail” and it’s variation. No matter what i can say. Do we have to agree with this in Minecraft sure. Dester13 (talk) 23:18, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You have now mentioned Minecraft in three separate posts. Since when has Minecraft been a reliable source? -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 07:18, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I’m not talking to you Redrose64. I’m agree to me that in sandbox games like Minecraft, the name was just “Rail” within other variations. So if i’m right than i can simply add that term sure Fork99. Dester13 (talk) 14:15, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Not only are you in the wrong here, you're clearly using Google Translate here and it's causing all sorts of mistakes. Trainsandotherthings (talk) 15:15, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
 * But okay sure. How about sandbox games such as Minecraft. They actually name it Rail and it’s variation Trainsandotherthings. Dester13 (talk) 16:34, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You wrote I’m not talking to you Redrose64 - you seem to misunderstand how Wikipedia works. By posting on any talk page (other than a user talk page), you are addressing the whole community, and that includes me. You have now mentioned Minecraft in five posts without once explaining why it should be considered to be a reliable source. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 17:06, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @Dester13: As I said in a different discussion at Talk:Apostrophe, please STOP using Google Translate. If you genuinely believe that “railway” means “railway track”, or for that matter, ANY word on ANY article, please use the article’s talk page (such as this one) to ask a native speaker of English. For example: “I’m not a native speaker of English, but does ‘railway’ mean ‘railway track’? If so, can someone add this to the article for me please?”
 * We do not need to have this same conversation over multiple articles more than once (see Talk:Apostrophe, Talk:Volcanic plateau, Talk:Cities: Skylines, Talk:Lock (water navigation)).
 * As I said in other discussions, machine translation of languages is very difficult. Without further context, a computer would not understand that an English ‘ball’ could refer to either ‘a formal dance party’ OR ‘a usually round-shaped object that is usually used in various sports’. I’m sure that your native language (like any language, including English) has similar homonyms, homophones and linguistic aspects that a native English speaker would find difficult to learn and understand. Fork99 (talk) 19:45, 17 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I got tired of the nonsense and took Dester13 to ANI, where they proceeded to try and blank my thread twice, got blocked for 72 hours, created a sock to comment at ANI, and then got blocked a week for socking. I don't think they'll be an issue anymore. Trainsandotherthings (talk) 03:32, 18 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Now indeffed as a sock of... wait for it... Dester12. Trainsandotherthings (talk) 12:41, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

Strength of steel track material
A paragraph is needed about the tensile strength of railroad track. In the USA, structural steel strength is usually stated as the minimum yield strength in pounds per square inch. For example, pipe used in oil wells is standardized steps from 40,000 psi to 150,000 psi. Looking just now I found that the applicable Wikipedia page Casing_(borehole) also has this omission, so I'll work on that. Casey (talk) 02:19, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Railway track


text:
A456 road

Known as the Hagley Road in Birmingham, the A456 is a main road in England running between Central Birmingham and Woofferton, Shropshire, south of Ludlow. Some sections of the route, for example Edgbaston near Bearwood, are also the route of the Elan Aqueduct which carries Birmingham's water supply from the Elan Valley.

Birmingham - Kidderminster
The A456 now starts on Hagley Road at Five Ways junction on the Middleway (A4540) in Birmingham. It previously started at the Paradise Circus junction with the former Inner Ring Road (A4400) but originally ran along New Street in the city centre. Heading West through the Birmingham suburbs of Edgbaston and Quinton using a mixture of dual carriageway and single carriageway roads, though maintaining at least 2 lanes in each direction. Just beyond Quinton, the A458 exits towards Halesowen, while the A456 bypasses the town to the South, meeting the M5 at Junction 3. This route was completed in the 1960s, beginning with Quinton Expressway and resuming beyond the motorway junction as Manor Way (the Halesowen By-Pass). Part of the historic Staffordshire/Worcestershire border runs along the road by Lightwoods Park, and today this is the boundary between Birmingham City Council and the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell.

The road resumes its original route on the West side of Halesowen, entering Worcestershire and passing over the Clent Hills. The A491 is crossed in the village of Hagley, where the road becomes single carriageway once more, passing through the village, closely followed by the village of Blakedown. Beyond there a dual carriageway section takes the road to Kidderminster, crossing the A449, before following the town's Ring Road to the North side.

Kidderminster - Woofferton
Now on the West side of Kidderminster, the road passes the General Hospital before leaving the town and passing the West Midland Safari Park. The next town of Bewdley is now bypassed by a single carriageway road to the South and West, this road being completed in 1987. Just after Bewdley the A4117 road (to Cleobury Mortimer) begins at the Fingerpost junction with the A456. Continuing West, the road is entirely rural in nature, passing the Wyre Forest eventually meeting the A443 at a "T" junction. The road passes just to the North of Tenbury Wells, the A4112 providing access to the town, and then through the village of Little Hereford (therefore passing briefly through Herefordshire). Between Newnham Bridge and Burford the road enters Shropshire, and then enters Herefordshire for about the same distance, before entering Shropshire again at its junction with the A49. The A456 terminates shortly after on the A49 in Woofferton.

History
Much of the road is almost certainly medieval in origin. However, the road was laid out, essentially in its present form (except where there are modern bypasses) by a series of 18th century turnpike trusts.

Birmingham - Blakedown
From Birmingham to Blakedown section was the responsibility of one trust established in 1753 to improve roads from the market house in Stourbridge. Blakedown was then part of Hagley, giving rise to the name for it of 'Hagley Road'. Sections of the route have had other names. For example, the 1903 Ordnance Survey map shows the name "Beech Lane" by Lightwoods House west of Bearwood, and the area south of Hagley Road between Lordswood Road and Wolverhampton Road is still referred to as "Beech Lanes"

Blakedown - Bewdley Bridge
The section from Blakedown to Bewdley Bridge represents two of the eight roads from the market house in Kidderminster that were maintained by a trust established in 1759. The turnpike road passed through Halesowen, following what is now A458 road and B4183 to Hayley Green. Halesowen was bypassed around the south of the town in the 1950s due to rising traffic levels and the growth of the town, and Manor Lane became part of A456. Then in the 1970s, the Quinton Expressway was opened to connect with M5 motorway junction 3, when the northern section of M5 was opened in the 1970s.

Bewdley - Newnham Bridge
From the Welsh Gate of Bewdley to Newnham Bridge, it was managed by the Bewdley Trust established in 1753. From Monksbridge (the Shropshire boundary, to Woofferton and so to Ludlow, the road was repaired by the Ludlow First Turnpike Trust of about 1751. The intervening section was handled by the Hundred House Turnpike Trust of 1753. The Hundred House at Great Witley was probably the meeting place for Doddingtree Hundred. This trust was unusual in being responsible for several roads radiating from a place that was not a town.

Bypasses and Realignments

 * Bewdley (Bypassed in the late 1980s, now B4190)
 * Halesowen (Former route now A458 and B4183)
 * Kidderminster (Now follows the route of the Ring Road rather than through the town centre)

Notable places

 * Birmingham Oratory, Edgbaston
 * West Midland Safari Park
 * Severn Valley Railway
 * Wyre Forest
 * River Teme

Water Crossings
The road crosses a number of water courses along its route, both natural and human-made. Traveling eastbound, one will cross Gosford Brook, River Teme, Ledwyche Brook, Corn Brook, River Rea, River Severn, River Stour, (in both Kidderminster and Halesowen), the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, the Elan Aqueduct and the BCN Main Line, along with many other smaller streams and brooks.

title: A456 road


text: Category:U2 songs

title: Category:U2 songs


text:
Electronic Music Systems

Electronic Music Systems may refer to:
 * Electronic music systems
 * Novation Electronic Music Systems

title: Electronic Music Systems


text:
User:Mambo Italiano

Bonjourno Tutti!

title: User:Mambo Italiano


text:
Louis-Arsène Delaunay

Louis-Arsène Delaunay (1826–1903), French actor, was born in Paris, the son of a wine-seller. He studied at the Conservatoire, and made his first formal appearance on the stage in 1845, in Molière's Tartuffe at the Odéon, where he was engaged for two years as a lead juvenile.

In 1848, he made his debut at the Comédie-Française as Dorante in Pierre Corneille's Le Menteur, and began a long and brilliant career in young lover parts. He became a regular member of Comédie-Française in 1850. He continued to act as jeune premier until he was sixty, his grace, marvellous diction and passion enchanting his audiences. It was especially in the plays of Alfred de Musset that his gifts found their happiest expression. In the 37 years during which he was a member of the Comédie-Française, Delaunay took or created nearly two hundred parts.

In 1877, he was appointed professor of dramatic declamation at the Conservatoire de Paris. He retired in 1887, having been made a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur in 1883.

title: Louis-Arsène Delaunay


text:
User talk:Mambo Italiano

Bonjourno Tutti!

title: User talk:Mambo Italiano


text: Category:Sports venues in Spain

title: Category:Sports venues in Spain


text:
Peace of Basel

The Peace of Basel of 1795 consists of three peace treaties involving France during the French Revolution (represented by François de Barthélemy).

 * The first was with Prussia (represented by Karl August von Hardenberg) on 5 April;
 * The second was with Spain (represented by Domingo d'Yriarte) on 22 July, ending the War of the Pyrenees; and
 * The third was with the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (represented by Friedrich Sigismund Waitz von Eschen) on 28 August, concluding the stage of the French Revolutionary Wars against the First Coalition.

With great diplomatic cunning, the treaties enabled France to placate and divide its enemies of the First Coalition, one by one. Thereafter, Revolutionary France emerged as a major European power.

Treaty between France and Prussia
The first treaty, on 5 April 1795 between France and Prussia, had been under discussion since 1794. Prussia withdrew from the coalition that had been working on the impending partition of Poland and, when it was appropriate, withdrew its troops aligned against Austria and Russia. (See also the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.) In secret, Prussia recognised the French control of the west bank of the Rhine pending a cession by the Imperial Diet. France returned all of the lands east of the Rhine captured during the war. On the night of 6 April, the document was signed by the representatives of France and Prussia: François de Barthélemy and Karl August von Hardenberg. They were not face to face, each was in his own accommodation in Rosshof or the Markgräflerhof, and the papers were passed around by a courier. The treaty that ceded the left bank of the Rhine was in a secret article, along with the promise that of indemnifying the right bank if the left bank of the Rhine was covered in a final general peace in France. Peter Ochs drew up the treaty and served as a mediator for a significant proportion of these financial statements.

Prussia stuck to the agreement of the Treaty of Basel until 1806, when it joined the Fourth Coalition.

Treaty between France and Spain
In the second treaty, on 22 July, Spain ceded the eastern two thirds of the island of Hispaniola to France in exchange for keeping Gipuzkoa. The French also came at night to sign the peace treaty between France and Spain in which Spain was represented by Domingo d'Yriarte, who signed the treaty in the mansion of Ochs, the Holsteinerhof. Spain would recapture the area in 1808/1809 and maintain it under a light colonial control until 1822. Following the Haitian Revolution the French claim to what is now the Dominican Republic would be de facto inherited by Haiti which occupied the area from 1822 to 1844. France would cede its de jure claim over the eastern part of the island to Spain in the 1814 Treaty of Paris. Owing partially to that, France refused to recognize any Haitian claim to the territory when it negotiated the Haiti Independence Debt and de jure recognition of Haiti's independence in 1825.

These treaties with Prussia and Spain had the effect of breaking the alliance between the French Republic's two main opponents of the First Coalition.

Other provisions and treaty partners
On 28 August 1795, the third treaty was completed, a peace between France and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, signed by Friedrich Sigismund Waitz von Eschen.

There was also an agreement to exchange the Austrian troops who had been captured in Belgium.

title: Peace of Basel


text:
Family Court (Hong Kong)

The Family Court of Hong Kong is a court (part of the District Court) which mainly deals with cases relating to divorces and welfare maintenance for children.

Composition
the Principal Family Court Judge is C. K. Chan, and there are 42 District Judges.

Divorce law
Hong Kong residents can start a petition for divorce only if having been married for at least one year and be able to prove reasons (or "grounds") for saying that the marriage has irretrievably broken down. They have to fill in a petition form and take it personally to the Family Court Registry. If the couple jointly apply to the court, they should together fill in a joint application form. If there are children of the family who are under the age of 18, Their custody and access must be included. Petitioners seeking legal advice can contact the Duty Lawyer Service's free Legal Advice Scheme for preliminary legal advice including matrimonial law in District Offices.

Family mediation
The Family Court holds family mediation designed to help couples who are divorcing or separating reach their own mutually acceptable agreements about ongoing arrangements for their children and / or how to resolve financial matters.

It is a voluntary process in which a specially trained, impartial third person, the mediator, seeks to help both sides to communicate effectively and to negotiate issues in dispute, all in a completely confidential setting.

title: Family Court (Hong Kong)


text:
Arico

Arico is the name of a municipality and a village in the southeastern part of the island of Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands, Spain. It is part of the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The municipality is located in the southeastern part of the island, and extends for 178,76 square kilometers from the mountainous interior to the beaches on the Atlantic. Its estimated population is around 7,500. The TF-1 motorway passes through the eastern part of the municipality.

The city administration is located in Villa de Arico. The other villages located on this municipality are: Arico Nuevo, Arico Viejo, Abades, La Jaca, Tajao and Poris de Abona.

Sites of interest
Typical villages in the mountains, lighthouses in Poris de Abona and Tajao, important free-climbing spot and scuba diving location on Tenerife.

title: Arico


text:
Talk:Simply Sean

Notes for future expansion: think this piece could be rounded out with a bit more information on the show itself (how many episodes total?) and should also reference the round of criticisms being levelled at many of the Summer replacement shows being aired. Criticisms like the one at: http://www.sweetposer.tk/urbmn/index.php ought to be referenced, preferably in context of the overall criticism for this season's radio shows.

title: Talk:Simply Sean