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Iodomethane

Iodomethane, also called methyl iodide, and commonly abbreviated "MeI", is the chemical compound with the formula CH3I. It is a dense, colorless, volatile liquid. In terms of chemical structure, it is related to methane by replacement of one hydrogen atom by an atom of iodine. It is naturally emitted by rice plantations in small amounts. It is also produced in vast quantities estimated to be greater than 214,000 tons annually by algae and kelp in the world's temperate oceans, and in lesser amounts on land by terrestrial fungi and bacteria. It is used in organic synthesis as a source of methyl groups.

Preparation and handling
Iodomethane is formed via the exothermic reaction that occurs when iodine is added to a mixture of methanol with red phosphorus. The iodinating reagent is phosphorus triiodide that is formed in situ:
 * 3 CH3OH +  PI3  →  3 CH3I  +  H2PO3H

Alternatively, it is prepared from the reaction of dimethyl sulfate with potassium iodide in the presence of calcium carbonate:

 * (CH3O)2SO2 +  KI  →  CH3I  +  CH3OSO2OK

Iodomethane can also be prepared by the reaction of methanol with aqueous hydrogen iodide:
 * CH3OH + HI →  CH3I + H2O

The generated iodomethane can be distilled from the reaction mixture.

Iodomethane may also be prepared by treating iodoform with potassium hydroxide and dimethyl sulfate under 95% ethanol.

In the Tennessee Eastman acetic anhydride process iodomethane is formed as an intermediate product by a catalytic reaction between methyl acetate and lithium iodide.

Storage and purification
Like many organoiodide compounds, iodomethane is typically stored in dark bottles to inhibit degradation caused by light to give iodine, giving degraded samples a purplish tinge. Commercial samples may be stabilized by copper or silver wire. It can be purified by washing with Na2S2O3 to remove iodine followed by distillation.

Biogenic iodomethane
Most iodomethane is produced by microbial methylation of iodide. Oceans are the major source, but rice paddies are also significant.

Methylation reagent
Iodomethane is an excellent substrate for SN2 substitution reactions. It is sterically open for attack by nucleophiles, and iodide is a good leaving group. It is used for alkylating carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus nucleophiles. Unfortunately, it has a high equivalent weight: one mole of iodomethane weighs almost three times as much as one mole of chloromethane and nearly 1.5 times as much as one mole of bromomethane. On the other hand, chloromethane and bromomethane are gaseous, thus harder to handle, and are also weaker alkylating agents. Iodide can act as a catalyst when reacting chloromethane or bromomethane with a nucleophile while iodomethane is formed in situ.

Iodides are generally expensive relative to the more common chlorides and bromides, though iodomethane is reasonably affordable; on a commercial scale, the more toxic dimethyl sulfate is preferred, since it is cheap and has a higher boiling point. The iodide leaving group in iodomethane may cause unwanted side reactions. Finally, being highly reactive, iodomethane is more dangerous for laboratory workers than related chlorides and bromides.

For example, it can be used for the methylation of carboxylic acids or phenols:

 * [[Image:Iodomethane rxn1.png|350px|Methylation of a carboxylic acid or phenol with MeI]]

In these examples, the base (K2CO3 or Li2CO3) removes the acidic proton to form the carboxylate or phenoxide anion, which serves as the nucleophile in the SN2 substitution.

Iodide is a "soft" anion which means that methylation with MeI tends to occur at the "softer" end of an ambidentate nucleophile. For example, reaction with thiocyanate ion favours attack at sulfur rather than "hard" nitrogen, leading mainly to methyl thiocyanate (CH3SCN) rather than methyl isothiocyanate CH3NCS. This behavior is relevant to the methylation of stabilized enolates such as those derived from 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. Methylation of these and related enolates can occur on the harder oxygen atom or the (usually desired) carbon atom. With iodomethane, C-alkylation nearly always predominates.

Other reactions
In the Monsanto process and the Cativa process, MeI forms in situ from the reaction of methanol and hydrogen iodide. The CH3I then reacts with carbon monoxide in the presence of a rhodium or iridium complex to form acetyl iodide, the precursor to acetic acid after hydrolysis. The Cativa process is usually preferred because less water is required to use and there are less byproducts.

MeI is used to prepare the Grignard reagent, methylmagnesium iodide ("MeMgI"), a common source of "Me−". The use of MeMgI has been somewhat superseded by the commercially available methyllithium. MeI can also be used to prepare dimethylmercury, by reacting 2 moles of MeI with a 2/1-molar sodium amalgam (2 moles of sodium, 1 mol of mercury).

Iodomethane and other organic iodine compounds do form under the conditions of a serious nuclear accident, after both Chernobyl and Fukushima, Iodine-131 was detected in organic iodine compounds in Europe and Japan respectively.

Use as a pesticide
Iodomethane had also been proposed for use as a fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, nematicide, and as a soil disinfectant, replacing methyl bromide (also known as bromomethane) (banned under the Montreal Protocol). Manufactured by Arysta LifeScience and sold under the brand name MIDAS, iodomethane is registered as a pesticide in the U.S., Mexico, Morocco, Japan, Turkey, and New Zealand and registration is pending in Australia, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Chile, Egypt, Israel, South Africa and other countries. The first commercial applications of iodomethane soil fumigant in California began in Fresno County in May 2011.

Iodomethane had been approved for use as a pesticide by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 2007 as a pre-plant biocide used to control insects, plant parasitic nematodes, soil borne pathogens, and weed seeds. The compound was registered for use as a preplant soil treatment for field grown strawberries, peppers, tomatoes, grape vines, ornamentals and turf and nursery grown strawberries, stone fruits, tree nuts, and conifer trees. After the discovery phase in a consumer lawsuit, the manufacturer withdrew the fumigant citing its lack of market viability.

The use of iodomethane as a fumigant has drawn concern. For example, 54 chemists and physicians contacted the U.S. EPA in a letter, saying "We are skeptical of U.S. EPA's conclusion that the high levels of exposure to iodomethane that are likely to result from broadcast applications are 'acceptable' risks. U.S. EPA has made many assumptions about toxicology and exposure in the risk assessment that have not been examined by independent scientific peer reviewers for adequacy or accuracy. Additionally, none of U.S. EPA's calculations account for the extra vulnerability of the unborn fetus and children to toxic insults." EPA Assistant Administrator Jim Gulliford replied saying, "We are confident that by conducting such a rigorous analysis and developing highly restrictive provisions governing its use, there will be no risks of concern," and in October the EPA approved the use of iodomethane as a soil fumigant in the United States.

The California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) concluded that iodomethane is "highly toxic," that "any anticipated scenario for the agricultural or structural fumigation use of this agent would result in exposures to a large number of the public and thus would have a significant adverse impact on the public health", and that adequate control of the chemical in these circumstances would be "difficult, if not impossible." Iodomethane was approved as a pesticide in California that December. A lawsuit was filed on January 5, 2011, challenging California's approval of iodomethane. Subsequently, the manufacturer withdrew the fumigant and requested that California Department of Pesticide Regulation cancel its California registration, citing its lack of market viability.

Toxicity and biological effects
According to the United States Department of Agriculture iodomethane exhibits moderate to high acute toxicity for inhalation and ingestion. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, and eye contact as possible exposure routes with target organs of the eyes, skin, respiratory system, and the central nervous system. Symptoms may include eye irritation, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, ataxia, slurred speech, and dermatitis. In high dose acute toxicity, as may occur in industrial accidents, toxicity includes metabolic disturbance, renal failure, venous and arterial thrombosis and encephalopathy with seizures and coma, with a characteristic pattern of brain injury.

Iodomethane has an for oral administration to rats 76 mg/kg, and is rapidly converted in the liver to S-methylglutathione.

In its risk assessment of iodomethane, the U.S. EPA conducted an exhaustive scientific and medical literature search over the past 100 years for reported cases of human poisonings attributable to the compound. Citing the EPA as its source, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation said: "Over the past century, only 11 incidents of iodomethane poisoning have been reported in the published literature." "An updated literature search on May 30, 2007 for iodomethane poisoning produced only one additional case report." All but one were industrial—not agricultural—accidents, and the remaining case of poisoning was an apparent suicide. Iodomethane is routinely and regularly used in industrial processes as well as in most university and college chemistry departments for study and learning related to a variety of organic chemical reactions.

Carcinogenicity in mammals
The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention consider iodomethane a potential occupational carcinogen.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded based on studies performed after methyl iodide was put on the Proposition 65 list that: "Methyl iodide is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3)." the Environmental Protection Agency classifies it as "not likely to be carcinogenic to humans in the absence of altered thyroid hormone homeostasis," i.e. it is a human carcinogen but only at doses large enough to disrupt thyroid function (via excess iodide). However this finding is disputed by the Pesticide Action Network, which states that the EPA's assessment "appears to be based solely on a single rat inhalation study in which 66% of the control group and 54-62% of the rats in the other groups died before the end of the study". They go on to state: "The EPA appears to be dismissing early peer-reviewed studies in favor of two nonpeer-reviewed studies conducted by the registrant that are flawed in design and execution." Despite requests by the U.S. EPA to the Pesticide Action Network to bring forth scientific evidence of their claims, they have not done so.

Additional sources

 * Sulikowski, G. A.; Sulikowski, M. M. (1999). in Coates, R.M.; Denmark, S. E. (Eds.) Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volume 1: Reagents, Auxiliaries and Catalysts for C-C Bond Formation New York: Wiley, pp. 423–26.
 * Sulikowski, G. A.; Sulikowski, M. M. (1999). in Coates, R.M.; Denmark, S. E. (Eds.) Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volume 1: Reagents, Auxiliaries and Catalysts for C-C Bond Formation New York: Wiley, pp. 423–26.

title: Iodomethane


text: Category:Norwegian art

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Norwegian art


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mercury outboard motors

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP., even if I discount the anon IP votes. Tagged for expansion. -Splash 20:46, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Mercury outboard motors
Simply advertising a company  -maclean25 06:57, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

The same could be said of many acceptable entries, including The Ford Motor company. The fact remains that this is a company with an interesting history and substantial long-term impact upon the boating and fishing industries. While the article is short and could be a good deal more complete, I don't think it fair to delete it so hastily as mere advertising. We're not talking about an internet casino here.
 * Keep and expand. Notable company with reasonable history. Capitalistroadster 07:30, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and improve. Notable company. --KFP 08:27, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup. Why does no one vote Cleanup anymore? The company is quite notable, but the current article does not meet Wikipedia standards. Niteowlneils 16:25, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. At least where I'm from, Mercs are very common. P0per 19:42, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to parent company Brunswick Corporation until there's enough to merit a separate article. -Willmcw 00:09, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Considering there are no articles for "outdrive" or "stern drive" let alone on any of Mercury or MercCruiser's competitors, what little information exists on the category of marine propulsion in Wikipedia would be poorly served by deleting this article.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/M-Team

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 01:20, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

M-Team
Delete this band does not assert any qualification in WP:MUSIC or other notability. Friday 06:58, 17 July 2005 (UTC) Comment Very few religious music groups would fit into the qualifications put forth on the link you provided. However, many religious music groups of all faiths do continue to maintain a presence on Wikipedia. M-Team is the first Latino Muslim hip hop group. They are pioneers in the Muslim hip hop genre. --JuanMuslim 12:39, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Friday. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 17:28, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Friday. Dcarrano 18:35, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agreed. I found this while speedying Latino Muslim as a broken redirect to Latino Muslims.  The only inbound link is from here. —  F REAK OF N URxTURE  ( TALK )  05:21, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The M-Team listing can be found at List of Muslims at The Various Arts -> Entertainers. Most well-known, accomplished Muslims are simply not listed, because they aren't very vocal, crazy - you know they haven't made the evening news. And as for those who are included in the List of Muslims, you simply cannot judge by your own standards because most Muslims who are listed are unrecognized by non-Muslims. It is unfortunate that any popular Christian, Jewish, or Muslim music group could be deleted easily. --JuanMuslim 20:54, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. Fails WP:MUSIC guidelines. JamesBurns 08:19, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/M-Team


text:
ETW

ETW may refer to:
 * East to West, an American Contemporary Christian music duo active 1993–1997
 * Eastern Trombone Workshop, one of the largest annual events for trombone in the world, held at Brucker Hall in Fort Myer, Virginia
 * Empire: Total War, a strategy game by Creative Assembly
 * End Time Warriors, an American Christian rap group active 1989–1997
 * E.T.W. (album), a 1989 album by End Time Warriors
 * The European Transonic Wind Tunnel, a high-Reynolds-number transonic wind tunnel using nitrogen as test gas
 * Event Tracing for Windows, a software analysis tool

title: ETW


text:
Heckle and Jeckle

Heckle and Jeckle are postwar animated cartoon characters created by Paul Terry, originally produced at his own Terrytoons animation studio and released through 20th Century Fox. The characters are a pair of identical anthropomorphic yellow-billed magpies who usually cause problems to others and for themselves with their bizarre antics. Heckle speaks in a tough New York style manner, while Jeckle has a more polite British accent. They were voiced at different times by Sid Raymond (1947), Ned Sparks (1947–51), Roy Halee (1951–61), Dayton Allen (1956–66) and Frank Welker (1979).

Production history
The Talking Magpies, released January 4, 1946, was the first Terrytoons cartoon to feature a pair of wisecracking magpies. This was a husband-and-wife pair, not the pair of identical birds that they would become. Terry was taken with the idea of a pair of identical characters, and followed up with The Uninvited Pests (November 29, 1946), which established the pair as new characters. Terrytoons made 52 Heckle and Jeckle theatrical cartoons between 1946 and 1966. The early cartoons paired the duo with the popular song of the time, "Listen to the Mocking Bird", as their theme.

Television shows
After Paul Terry sold the Terrytoons studio to CBS in 1955, the studio's cartoons were repackaged in different timeslots. In summer 1956, the premiere episode of the primetime CBS Cartoon Theater included the 1947 magpie short Flying South.

The Heckle and Jeckle Cartoon Show premiered on CBS Saturday mornings on October 14, 1956, and aired until 1966. The show also included shorts starring other Terrytoons characters, including Mighty Mouse, Little Roquefort and Percy the Cat, Gandy Goose, Dinky Duck and the Terry Bears.

After a hiatus, the show moved to NBC Saturday mornings in September 1969, and aired until September 4, 1971.

The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle premiered on CBS Saturday mornings on September 8, 1979. The show featured newly-animated 11-minute magpie cartoons, in which the characters were not as abrasive as their theatrical personas. The hour-long show featured two Heckle and Jeckle cartoons. The show was cut to a half-hour for the 1980-1981 season, and featured one Heckle and Jeckle cartoon.

Heckle and Jeckle made a cameo in the 1988 Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures episode "Mighty's Wedlock Whimsy", alongside a few other Terrytoons characters, but they have no speaking lines.

In an unreleased 1999 Terrytoons pilot called Curbside, Heckle was voiced by Toby Huss and Jeckle was voiced by comedian Bobcat Goldthwait. They were also changed from magpies to crows.

Comic books and licensing
Heckle and Jeckle have been licensed for toys, T-shirts, puzzles, games, salt and pepper shakers, Halloween costumes, plush dolls, puppets, coloring books, cookie jars and other consumer products for decades, variously through Terrytoons, CBS Television and Viacom. Selected cartoons from the original series of 52 theatrical titles were briefly made available on VHS home video in the 1990s, but a major DVD release has yet to materialize. The characters also regularly appeared in comic books over the years, including "Mighty Mouse", "Terrytoons" and "Paul Terry's Comics", and even headlined a number of their own comic book titles:

 * St. John Publications, Heckle and Jeckle #1–24 (1951–55)
 * Pines Comics, Heckle and Jeckle #25–34 (1956–59)
 * Dell Comics, New Terrytoons #6–8 (1962)
 * Gold Key Comics, New Terrytoons #1–43; 47 (1962–77)

Heckle and Jeckle were planned to have a cameo in the deleted scene "Acme's Funeral" from the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

Home video
Aside from the public domain VHS tapes and DVDs there were a few authorized home video releases.

1978 - Magnetic Video released VHS and Betamax tapes that included Heckle & Jeckle:
 * 5 Terrytoon Cartoons Featuring Heckle & Jeckle included "Stowaways" along with 4 other Terrytoons.
 * 5 Terrytoon Cartoons Featuring Mighty Mouse included "King Tut's Tomb" along with 4 other Terrytoons.

1981 - RCA Selectavision CED discs (not laserdiscs):
 * Terrytoons Volume 1 featuring Mighty Mouse included "Wild Life" and "Miami Maniacs" along with 13 other Terrytoons.

1989 - Video Treasures released VHS tapes (at LP speed):
 * The Best of Terrytoons included "The Talking Magpies" along with 5 other Terrytoons.
 * Terrytoon Olympics included "Gooney Golfers" along with 5 other Terrytoons.
 * Heckle & Jeckle vol.1 featured "Magpie Madness", "Free Enterprise", "The Power of Thought", "The Stowaways", and "Happy Landing".
 * Heckle & Jeckle vol.2 featured "The Intruders", "Flying South", "Fishing By The Sea", "The Super Salesmen", "The Hitch-Hikers", and "A Sleepless Night".

No official laserdiscs, DVDs, or Blu-rays were released.

Filmography
1946
 * The Talking Magpies (prototypes) (January 4)
 * The Uninvited Pests (official debut) (November 29)

1947
 * McDougal's Rest Farm (January 31)
 * Happy Go Lucky (February 28)
 * Cat Trouble (April 11)
 * The Intruders (May 9)
 * Flying South (August 15)
 * Fishing By the Sea (September 19)
 * The Super Salesman (October 24)
 * The Hitch Hikers (December 12)

1948
 * Taming the Cat (January)
 * A Sleepless Night (June)
 * Magpie Madness (July)
 * Out Again in Again (November)
 * Free Enterprise (November)
 * Goony Golfers (December)

1949
 * The Power of Thought (January)
 * The Lion Hunt (March)
 * The Stowaways (April)
 * Happy Landing (June)
 * Hula Hula Land (July)
 * Dancing Shoes (November)

1950
 * The Fox Hunt (February 17)
 * A Merry Chase (February 21)
 * King Tut's Tomb (September 29)
 * Rival Romeos (November 7)

1951
 * Bulldozing the Bull (March 11)
 * The Rainmakers (May 11)
 * Steeple Jacks (June 27)
 * 'Sno Fun (August 22)
 * Movie Madness (November 7)

1952
 * Off to the Opera (February 22)
 * Moose on the Loose (June 6)
 * House Busters (June 22)
 * Hair Cut-Ups (October 11)
 * Pill Peddlers (December 13)

1953
 * Ten Pin Terrors (June)
 * Bargain Daze (August)
 * Log Rollers (November)

1954
 * Blind Date (February)
 * Satisfied Customers (May)
 * Blue Plate Symphony (December)

1956
 * Miami Maniacs (February)

1957
 * Pirate's Gold (January)

1959
 * Wild Life (September)

1960
 * Thousand Smile Checkup (January)
 * Mint Men
 * Trapeze, Pleeze
 * Deep Sea Doodle
 * Stunt Men

1961
 * Sappy New Year

1966
 * Messed Up Movie Makers

title: Heckle and Jeckle


text:
Talk:Postum

Seinfeld Quote
NOTE: The Seinfeld quote in this article is incorrect. The speakers are reversed and the delivery is different. This needs to be fixed.

According to http://www.seinfeldscripts.com/ThePezDispenser.htm, the article is correct. Aranhamo 17:14, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Copyright?
This article is word-for-word the same as http://postum.quickseek.com/. Which came first? Aranhamo 17:14, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

It claims it came from Wikipedia, so Wikipedia came first. Jerodd 208.51.25.208

Alternatives?
Postum was discontinued by Kraft. Does anyone make a similar product? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.67.35.112 (talk) 16:59, 22 December 2007 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by "similar"?  "Kaffree Roma" by Natural Touch is a similar product.   Decaffeinated coffee is a similar product... etc.   --74.179.96.165 (talk) 12:40, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

-

Can we mention that of all foods tested by the FDA, Postum has the highest concentration of the carcinogen acrylamide?  page A-11 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.189.5.201 (talk) 20:24, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

The reference above is somewhat misleading. According to the above-referenced document, it's true that brewed Postum had 93 ppb acrylamide, compared with other brewed coffees, which generally contained less than 20 ppb acrylamide. However, to put that in perspective, Cheerios contains about 2.5 times that much, Terra chips contain about 8 times that much, and Baked Lays contain over 11 times that much! Fast food fries and frozen fries were also very high on the list. Comparatively, Postum does not seem all that bad. This is only an appendix, and does not state a recommended maximum ppb. Sunshine34l (talk) 08:40, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Old, comment, but to be clear, Postum had 5,399 ppb; it dropped to 93 ppb acrylamide when diluted with water. Looks like Sunshine34l made two edits ever.   A hallmark of SPA4PAY. RudolfoMD (talk) 05:18, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

I used to drink Postum all the time, I want it back! The only substitute I can find is decaf coffee - and that's not a good subsitute! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.171.61.156 (talk) 03:57, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

If anyone else has found a similar product please let me know Dowew (talk) 01:28, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Man, my mum used to make me Postum when I was young, so I'd feel like I felt in with the "grown ups." Until now, I didn't know it had been discontinued. I'll have to phone my mum and tell her. Pollenberg (talk) 17:16, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

High culture
Do we really need a "Postum in high culture" section? Tony Myers 05:56, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Do we really even need a "Postum in Pop Culture" section? This is supposed to be an article about postum - its not a list of every time someone famous mentioned the drink. Nlm1515 15:12, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Personally, I'd agree with you both. Shall we be bold enough to remove it? Xenophon777 (talk) 14:08, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes. Done. ⋙–Berean–Hunter—►  ((⊕)) 12:42, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Postum during WWII
I haven't found a good source for this but it is a historical aspect that shouldn't go without mention; perhaps someone else knows of one...

Postum enjoyed meteoric rise in sales & popularity in the U.S. during World War II as coffee became heavily rationed and people searched for a replacement. Postum's post-war success is primarily due to the exposure it received during the war. --Berean Hunter (talk) 00:23, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * That's the story I'd always heard from my parents' generation, too. However, I don't know a source for it... I'll look, but, if I should find only a primary source, e.g., in a reference from the Chicago Tribune in the 1940's, I suspect that might come close to "original research"... Xenophon777 (talk) 14:06, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry, your response got past me and I'm just seeing this. Apologies for the late response...no, if you have a newspaper reference that wouldn't be original research..it just needs to be properly sourced as a reference. I'd welcome it. Cheers, ⋙–Berean–Hunter—►  ((⊕)) 12:52, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

I know there is info on this in Uncommon Grounds : The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World, Mark Pendergrast, which I've never read but had the book for years. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.181.63.109 (talk) 05:08, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 13:09, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Mormon
This article is incomplete without some reference to its use over the years by Mormons. 621PWC (talk) 03:55, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Mormons are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The proper reference to call a member of the church is a Latter-Day Saint. Mormons or Mormon is slang and is in reference to The Book of Mormon, Another Testament Of Jesus Christ which the founder of the church, Joseph Smith, translated from ancient writings to be another witness to the world that Jesus is the Savior and what God's plan is for his children.

 * As to the reference in the article that Postum was popular among Latter-Day Saint members, it is because members of the church do not drink coffee or tea. This came about through the dictate of The Word of Wisdom which is found in The Doctrine & Covenants, which is a compilation of writings from prophets both ancient and modern.  Postum was a great substitute for coffee especially for new members trying to ween themselves off of coffee.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.4.197.148 (talk) 06:10, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

In the wake of its discontinuance, a number of replica recipes for Postum have circulated across the Internet.
None of the replica recipes I have found are for an instant beverage. Postum was instant, all the replicas require brewing. Can someone update with the instant version? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.100.47.217 (talk) 09:13, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

 * There were two types of Postum; the original form which required brewing, and the instant kind that did not. There was also origional flavor (blue label), and coffee flavor (red label). -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 21:24, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

Post was a patient not a student of Kellogg
"Post was a student of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg who believed caffeine to be unhealthy." From what I have read, Post was a patient in the Battle Creek Sanitarium that Kellogg ran. Post seemed to have a predilection to wandering around the kitchen area and learned of a recipe that Kellogg was working on. --74.179.96.165 (talk) 12:37, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

New Postum
Reference is made to the company that bought the rights to the name, and apparently the trademark, "Postum." Reviews of the new product, however, suggest it is substantially different from the original product in appearance, texture, taste, and potency, not to mention price. A comment to this effect would be very appropriate for those hoping to renew their acquaintance with an old friend. An authoritative citation may currently be lacking, but recent customer reviews on online stores that carry the product are pretty consistent. Wikitokker (talk) 01:03, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

NASA use
For the very first Mercury missions NASA apparently forbade the astronauts from drinking coffee before the mission, so John Glenn drank Postum as part of his breakfast before his orbital mission. But the practice seems to have been discontinued almost immediately. Unfortunately beyond those two sources I can't find anything official about it. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 18:19, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Postum


text:
Domaine de Canton (liqueur)

Domaine de Canton is a ginger-flavored liqueur made in France since 2007. Its earlier formulation (called Canton) was made in China from 1992–1997.

Original recipe
Under the name The Original Canton Delicate Ginger Liqueur the liqueur was produced until 1997 in Doumen, a district of the city of Zhuhai in the Pearl River Delta of China's southern Guangdong province, near Macau. It was sold in limited quantity in the United States before high-end Asian fusion cuisine became popular. In its original formulation, the liqueur's ingredients were advertised to include six varieties of ginger, ginseng, "gentle herbs," "finest spirits," brandy, and honey. Its strength was 20 percent alcohol (40 proof), and it was sold in decorative faceted glass bottles of various sizes.

The product's stay on the market lasted from 1992 to 1995. It was officially discontinued after 1997.

New recipe
In 2007, John Cooper (son of the US importer of the original product, N. J. Cooper) revived the name and idea by producing a new ginger liqueur called Canton Ginger & Cognac Liqueur. Canton Ginger Liqueur follows a new recipe and is produced in Jarnac, France. The new formula is 28 percent alcohol (56 proof), is golden in color, and is packaged in a bamboo-shaped bottle. It contains syrup made from crystallized Chinese baby ginger, Grand Champagne cognac, neutral spirit, orange blossom honey from Provence, and vanilla.

Domaine de Canton was released in New York City in August 2007. By 2008, the name of the liqueur had changed once again, to Domaine de Canton French Ginger Liqueur.

The liqueur won Double Gold Medal (Best of Show) in the herbal/botanical liqueur category at the 2008 San Francisco World Spirits Competition. It won Best of Show in the 2007–2008 World Beverage Competition.

Awards
Domaine de Canton's packaging won a 2008 Pentawards for packaging design in the luxury spirits category, for its bamboo shaped bottle along with the appointed closure on the top.

title: Domaine de Canton (liqueur)


text:
Paznaun

The Paznaun is a valley in Tyrol, Austria, leading south-west from Pians (856 m) to the Bielerhöhe (2071 m), a mountain pass at the border of Vorarlberg and Tyrol.

The Paznaun is watered by the Trisanna and surrounded by the Central Eastern Alps, specifically, the mountain ranges of Verwall in the north, Samnaun in the south-east and Silvretta in the south-west. The main villages in the Paznaun are See (1050m), Kappl (1226m), Ischgl (1377m) and Galtür (1586m). Today, the main economic activity in the valley is tourism, especially winter sports. Each of the main villages has its own ski resort with the resort of Ischgl being the most prominent one.

title: Paznaun


text:
Mart Stam

Mart Stam (August 5, 1899 – February 21, 1986) was a Dutch architect, urban planner, and furniture designer. Stam was extraordinarily well-connected, and his career intersects with important moments in the history of 20th-century European architecture, including the invention of the cantilever chair, teaching at the Bauhaus, contributions to the Weissenhof Estate, the Van Nelle Factory, (an important modernist landmark in Rotterdam), buildings for Ernst May's New Frankfurt housing estates, followed by work in the USSR with the idealistic May Brigade, to teaching positions in Amsterdam and post-war East Germany. Upon return to the Netherlands he contributed to postwar reconstruction and finally retired, (or rather self-isolated), in Switzerland, where he died.

His design philosophy was inspired by both functionalism and scientific communism and his style of design is in line with the New Objectivity, an art movement formed during the depression in 1920s Germany, as a counter-movement and an outgrowth of expressionist architecture.

Early life and education
Martinus Adrianus Stam was born in Purmerend, The Netherlands, on 5 August 1899 to a municipal tax collector, Arie Stam and his wife Alida Geertruida, née de Groot, who was very engaged socially. He attended a local school in Purmerend, before training in Amsterdam at the National Standard School for Education in Drawing (Rijksnormaalschool for Teekenonderwijs) for two years between 1917 and 1919.

After qualifying in 1919, Stam began working as a draftsman with an architectural firm in Rotterdam. He boldly stated between his qualification and first career that "We have to change the world". The architectural firm was run by the architect Granpré Molière. Granpré Molière was a traditionalist, and had a different style of design to Stam, but the two worked together well, possibly because they were both Christians, and Stam was invited to work for Granpré Molière personally in his studio in Rotterdam.

However, in 1920, Stam was imprisoned as a conscientious objector (dienstweigeren). Those who refused to conscript were imprisoned for the time period of which the service would take place. During his period of incarceration he wrote a pamphlet called Brieven uit de cel, (letters from prison), which was published by the Internationale Anti-Militaristische Vereeniging, (International Anti-Militarist Society). Fortunately, Stam was released early, after six months, and returned to the office of Granpré Molière. Later that year, in 1920, he entered an urban design competition to draw up city plans for the southwesterly expansion of the city of The Hague. The plan deviated from most entries in the sense that it was deliberately anti-monumental and predicated on a smooth flow of traffic. Its main striking feature was that the roads first ran parallel to the coast before curving west and terminating in parkland and the beach. These two concerns, i.e. that new modes of transport should govern city morphology, and that "all forms of embellishment or theatrical elements ought to be avoided" became mainstays in Mart Stam's oeuvre. The scheme was not awarded a prize, but Stam later self-published the design.

Pre-War Years in Germany
By the end of 1922, Stam had moved to Berlin, where he began to develop his style as a New Objectivity architect. His first major work in Berlin was under prominent architect Max Taut. Stam was assigned to design a variety of buildings across Germany, notably assisting Taut in the design of the German Trade Union Federation Building, Düsseldorf. During this time, he met the Russian avant-garde architect El Lissitzky. In 1924, Lissitzky had designed the striking Wolkenbügel, or cloud iron / sky hook, a t-shaped skyscraper supported on 3 metal framed columns, which appeared on the front cover of Adolf Behne's book, Der Moderne Zweckbau, and was published in further articles written by Lissitzky for the Moscow-based constructivist architectural review ASNOVA News (journal of ASNOVA, the Association of New Architects), and in the German art journal Das Kunstblatt. With Alfred Roth Stam reworked the Wolkenbügel design in concrete as a single raised bar on splayed truss legs. Although never built, both proposals were intended as socialist answers to the skyscrapers of America's capitalist cities. Deliberately horizontal in orientation, the buildings were set on the main intersections of Moscow's ring road and only rose to a relatively modest height as to form symbolic city gates. In 1924, Mart Stam co-founded the magazine ABC Beiträge zum Bauen in Basel (Contributions on Building) with Lissitzky, while Lissitzky was convalescing from tuberculosis. One of the features of this avant-garde magazine was its polemical use of Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) alternatives to contemporary architecture, and it would even rework proposals by other modernists to great effect. In spite of its limited print run it therefore became known as the magazine that brought modernism to Switzerland. Other editors, beside Stam and Lissitzky, were Swiss and included Hans Schmidt, the architect and future Bauhaus director Hannes Meyer, Hans Wittwer and Emil Roth.

Stam is also credited for at least part of the design of the Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam, built from 1926 through 1930 (dates vary). This coffee and tea factory is still a powerful example of early modernist industrial architecture, recently rehabilitated into offices. An embarrassing dispute over the authorship of this design caused Stam to leave the office of Leendert van der Vlugt, the principal of the office and credited designer. In a letter to J.B. Bakema dated June 10, 1964 Stam qualifies himself as contributing designer with L.C. van der Vlugt having the end responsibility towards the client.

After moving to Berlin, Stam devised a steel-tubing cantilever chair, using lengths of standard gas pipe and standard pipe joint fittings. New research indicates that Stam was inspired by a cantilever tubular steel seat seen installed in a 1926 Tatra T12 two-door saloon car. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became aware of Stam's work on the chair during planning for the Weissenhof Siedlung and mentioned it to Marcel Breuer at the Bauhaus. This led almost immediately to variations on the cantilevered tubular-steel chair theme by both Mies van der Rohe and Marcel Breuer, and began an entire genre of chair design. In the late 1920s, Breuer and Stam were involved in a patent lawsuit in German courts, both claiming to be the inventor of the basic cantilever chair design principle. Stam won the lawsuit, and, since that time, specific Breuer chair designs have often been erroneously attributed to Stam. In the United States, Breuer assigned the rights to his designs to Knoll, and for that reason it is possible to find the identical chair attributed to Stam in Europe and to Breuer in the U.S.

Stam contributed a house to the 1927 Weissenhof Estate, the permanent housing project developed and presented by the exhibition Die Wohnung ("The Dwelling"), organized by the Deutscher Werkbund in Stuttgart. This put him in the company of Le Corbusier, Peter Behrens, Bruno Taut, Hans Poelzig, and Walter Gropius, and the exhibition had as many as 20,000 visitors a day. In 1927, he became a founding member, with Gerrit Rietveld and Hendrik Petrus Berlage, of the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM).

In the late 1920s, Stam was part of the team at the New Frankfurt project. In 1930, Stam became one of the 20 architects and urban planners organized by Frankfurt city planner Ernst May who traveled together to the Soviet Union to create a string of new modernist cities in the Stalinist Soviet Union, including Magnitogorsk. The May Brigade included Austrian architect Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, her husband Wilhelm Schütte, Arthur Korn, Erich Mauthner and Hans Schmidt. Stam was there in February 1931 to participate in the struggle to build rational worker housing from the ground up, an effort ultimately defeated by adverse weather, corruption, and poor design decisions. Stam moved to planning activities in Makeyevka in Ukraine in 1932, then to Orsk, with his friend Hans Schmidt (again) and with Bauhaus student and future wife Lotte Beese, then to the copper-mining Soviet city of Balgash. Stam returned to the Netherlands in 1934.

Return to the Netherlands and World War II
Between 1934 and 1948, Stam attempted to gain a foothold in his home country again. From 1934, Stam cultivated a friendship with the director of the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, Willem Sandberg, which leads to job opportunities and creative commissions. He became part of the editorial board of the New Objectivity journal De 8 and Opbouw (The 8 and Construction, (literally: Building Up). In the year 1935/36, he works at the office of Willem van Tijen, prominent Dutch modernist architect. He self-initiates a row of five drive-in houses with his wife Lotte Beese and van Tijen in Amsterdam South, once again exploring the expression of mobility in an innovative manner. Enters various design competitions, amongst others for the City Hall of Amsterdam (with W. van Tijen, H.A. Maaskant and L. Stam-Beese), which garners praise from Le Corbusier., and the Dutch Pavilion for the 1939 World Exhibition in New York. Although Stam won this invited competition, the project went to the traditionalist architect D.F. Slothouwer, who was friends with the government official overseeing the Dutch contribution. This in spite of protests from the Dutch art community and the director of MoMA, Alfred Barr. In 1939, upon referral of Sandberg, Stam becomes director of the Instituut voor Kunstnijverheidsonderwijs, IvKNO in Amsterdam (Institute for Applied Arts, and the predecessor to the current Rietveld Academy). During the Nazi occupation Mart Stam uses his position at the school to employ activities in the Dutch resistance. Divorces his second wife Lotte-Beese in 1943 and marries Olga Heller in 1946, a Jewish employee at the Institute who was forced into hiding during the war. Establishes the magazine Open Oog (Open Eye) with Sandberg in 1946, and starts to contemplate leaving the school. In 1948 he takes up a position in Dresden, East Germany to reorganize and combine the Hochschule für Werkkunst (College for Applied Arts) and the Akademie für bildende Künste (Academy for the Arts).

After World War II
From 1948 to 1952, he moved to postwar East Germany, with its major reconstruction projects. In 1948, he took a professorship at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste Dresden and began advocating a modern, strict structure for the heavily destroyed urban landscape, a plan which most of the citizens rejected as an "all-out attack on the identity of the city", and which would have obliterated most of the remaining landmarks. In 1950, Stam became director of the Advanced Institute of Art in Berlin. Returning to Amsterdam in 1953, Stam and his wife moved to Switzerland in 1966 and withdrew from public view. He died, aged 86, in Zürich.

Estate
Mart Stam's complete estate is kept at the Deutsches Architekturmuseum DAM in Frankfurt am Main.

title: Mart Stam


text:
Category:Namco games

This category is for games that were developed or published by Namco prior to its merger into Bandai Namco Games (later Bandai Namco Entertainment).

title: Category:Namco games


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tourist Engineer

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 01:25, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Tourist Engineer
An article created by the webmaster of the Tourist Engineer wiki site. It's an orphaned article, and the wiki itself has had 2 changes made to it in the past month. -- Longhair | Talk 07:04, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete -- Not notable enough for inclusion. - Longhair | Talk 07:04, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable web site. Dcarrano 18:37, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Openguides might be worth an article, but not this - Pseudomonas 14:00, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Taiwanese art

title: Category:Taiwanese art


text:
User:Emuroms

Wikipedia Sucks Dick
Wikipedia is complete bullshit. User contribution is discouraged. 231 edits and every last one of them have been reversed and every new article deleted. 2000 Mules. Just look at this article. Does this look genuine?

title: User:Emuroms


text:
Talk:Original position

Veil of ignorance
The concept of veil of ignorance was referred to, and simply explained, in an episode of the TV drama The West Wing. In season 4, episode 17, teleplay by Aaron Sorkin, the White House deputy communications director Will Bailey uses the concept to illustrate the philosophy behind the Democrats' tax policy. The policy proposes to increase income tax rates for top-earners by one per cent. One of a group of White House interns asks why those people should pay more tax when they have had to work hard to achieve their position. Bailey replies: "In answer to your question about why the [doctor] should accept a greater tax burden in spite of the fact that his success is well-earned, it's called the veil of ignorance. Imagine before you're born: you don't know anything about who you'll be, your abilities or your position - now design a tax system". An intern queries, "Veil of ignorance?", to which Bailey replies, "John Rawls". PHJ 14:18, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

An easy way to illustrate the veil of ignorance is to imagine you are about to be born into society. You have no knowledge of, or control over, your social position, ie whether you will be prince or peasant, rich or poor, ugly or beautiful, clever or dull. Now: how would you prefer to see society structured? If Rawls is right, in your ignorance you would prefer his basic position and for a rule that says that everyone (and in particular the talented) can strive for advancement provided the people at the bottom of the heap are not thereby made worse off. - Pepper 150.203.227.130 12:59, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Excellent summary! Thanks! Piepants 18:09, 15 August 2006 (UTC)Piepants
 * Another way to describe the construct is to think of game theory in which every player's choice of available strategies is the same. This sameness is constructed by having Rawls assume that his hypothetical world has players who don't know their actual available choices, hence they believe that their choice set of strategies are symmetric with respect to all players.  That is, not only does each person know that he doesn't know so must assume the sameness, they also each know that the other players also know that they know this and so on in infinite regress.  Rawls also assumes that each person does not know his/her own tatstes or needs or desires so that their utility or shall I say, anticpated utility function can all be assumed the same.  Each player assumes that all the otheers have their own utility. Hopefully with a symmetric set up, we will get a symmetric Nash equilibrium solution. However, it is entirely possible that all players are risk lovers, so Rawls (sub silento) makes the unstated assumption that they are all risk averse or how else would they all select a maximin rule? John wesley 18:16, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Rawls does not argue the theory this way. He merely modifies the veil so that individuals are unaware of the number of poor, middle class, and rich people exists so as to make it impossible to do the kind of probablilistic equations necissary to make this decision. Others have found that infeasable and have thus reverted to using risk aversion. CuttingEdge 11:59, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Criticism
This needs a criticism section.Larklight (talk) 15:30, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

John Harsanyi
I removed this from the article: "The concept of the original position was first used by the Hungarian economist John Harsanyi. Harsanyi claimed that a person in the original position would maximize his or her expected utility, rather than choosing minimax. This led him to endorse utilitarianism."

Original position has nothing to do with "his or her expected utility". "Rawls envisages that contracting parties abstract not just awareness of their own, but everyone's historical circumstances, desires and conceptions of the good." (Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Therefore, in original position you cannot know anything about your expected utility, sorry. --90.157.254.206 (talk) 21:15, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Aaaand, another thing: Harsanyi's essay was published in 1982, while Rawls' book was published in 1971. --90.157.254.206 (talk) 21:47, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Harsanyi addressed this first in his 1953 paper. An agent's expected utility behind the veil is the probability they are of some type (with associated income, productivity, preferences etc etc.) times the probability they are that type, which is just taken from the distribution of types in the real world. There is absolutely no problem with talking about expected utility behind the veil. In light of this I'm reverting the edit. -- cfp (talk) 15:45, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Relation to theory of Eugenics
Is Original position related to the theory of Eugenics as it was defined by Francis Galton?

I know that Galton's theory about Eugenics was produced and published much earlier than Original position, but I see a resemblance here. --Uikku (talk) 20:45, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Not in the slightest. What Galton is describing there is a presumed preference in characteristics. Rawls is constructing a situation in which preference cannot be known. They are mutually opposing. — Sasuke Sarutobi (talk) 14:24, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

In popular culture
The original position construction reminds me of an episode of Doctor Who ("The Day of the Doctor"), in which two parties negotiating a peace treaty (one of which are a group of shapeshifters identical to the other party) have had their memories wiped, resulting in neither party knowing which group they actually belong to, and therefore negotiating a treaty that is equally favourable to both groups. This strikes me as certainly resembling the mechanism in the original position. Does anyone know of mention of this being an explicit inspiration? — Sasuke Sarutobi (talk) 14:29, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

Merge Proposal: Veil of Ignorance > Original Position
Veil of ignorance seems to be keen on giving credit to thinkers before Rawls who dealt with social contracts and came up with similar thought experiments, however, the page does not make a convincing case and lacks sources supporting that idea. It seems to me that whatever credit is due can be given here on this page. But I don't know if I'm missing some important facts. If I'm not mistaken, though, then I think we should merge VoI into this page. DolyaIskrina (talk) 04:07, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * For those who didn't notice, at Talk:Veil of ignorance, I pointed out: "Veil of ignorance" is a section in the article on "Original position" by Samuel Freeman in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The lead of that article calls the veil of ignorance "the main distinguishing feature of the original position". Following the example of the SEP article, I recommended merging and redirecting Veil of ignorance to Original position and put the first occurrence of "veil of ignorance" in boldface per WP:R. Add the redirect to the categories Category:Concepts in ethics, Category:Philosophical analogies, and Category:Thought experiments in ethics. Biogeographist (talk) 16:07, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't know much about this topic; I found the entry because I knew the phrase 'veil of ignorance' and Googled for it. It sounds like it would make sense to merge the pages, but I suggest it would be helpful to keep the well known phrase 'veil of ignorance' prominent in the lead to help orientate general readers like me. Alarichall (talk) 12:16, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Conception of the Good
I looked at this article after seeing this edit (a merge proposal) on the talk page. I noted the incomplete sentence in the lead section reading, "Conception of the Good (an individual's idea of how to lead a good life)." "WTF???", think I.

Looking back, I found that the incmplete sentence appeared in this 2011 edit. I didn't understand that either, but I saw that the edit summary there said that the edit was based on the Justice as Fairness article. Glancing at that article, I see that it does not mention "Conception of the Good".

This needs a look by someone who understands both political philosophy and English grammar. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 09:33, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I found 7 references to "conception of the good" in this article on the OP. So I guess it's legit. DolyaIskrina (talk) 18:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

Misleading Formulation Regarding Maximin
The following statement in the article is misleading in my opinion:

"The reason that the least well off member gets benefited is that it is argued that under the veil of ignorance people will act as if they were risk-averse. The original position is a unique and irrevocable choice about all the most important social goods, and they do not know the probability they will become any particular member of society. As insurance against the worst possible outcome, they will pick rules that maximize the benefits given to the minimum outcome (maximin). "

It seems to imply that the difference principle is choosen out of an argument based on the maximin rule. However, Rawls does not believe this to be the case. Only the basic liberties are choosen due to the maximin rule. On page 43 of "Justice as Fairnes: A Restatement" he writes in a footnote:

"[...] in arguing for the difference principle over other distributive principles [...] there is no appeal at all to the maxim rule for decision under uncertainty. The widespread idea that the argument for the difference principle depends on extreme aversion of uncertainty is a mistake [...]" (Rawls, 2001).

Antiph00n (talk) 16:08, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

Merge Proposal: Veil of Ignorance > Original Position
Veil of ignorance seems to be keen on giving credit to thinkers before Rawls who dealt with social contracts and came up with similar thought experiments, however, the page does not make a convincing case and lacks sources supporting that idea. It seems to me that whatever credit is due can be given here on this page. But I don't know if I'm missing some important facts. If I'm not mistaken, though, then I think we should merge VoI into this page. DolyaIskrina (talk) 04:07, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * For those who didn't notice, at Talk:Veil of ignorance, I pointed out: "Veil of ignorance" is a section in the article on "Original position" by Samuel Freeman in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The lead of that article calls the veil of ignorance "the main distinguishing feature of the original position". Following the example of the SEP article, I recommended merging and redirecting Veil of ignorance to Original position and put the first occurrence of "veil of ignorance" in boldface per WP:R. Add the redirect to the categories Category:Concepts in ethics, Category:Philosophical analogies, and Category:Thought experiments in ethics. Biogeographist (talk) 16:07, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't know much about this topic; I found the entry because I knew the phrase 'veil of ignorance' and Googled for it. It sounds like it would make sense to merge the pages, but I suggest it would be helpful to keep the well known phrase 'veil of ignorance' prominent in the lead to help orientate general readers like me. Alarichall (talk) 12:16, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Vickery and Harsanyi
Your edits that put these two in the lead and remove Rawls' name from the graphic seem UNDUE to me. Citing Vickery himself as justification for his importance is circular. It does seem informative that he used similar thought experiments, but lacking WP:SECONDARY that agree that his contribution was both prior and notable is UNDUE in the lead. I propose moving Vickery from the lead into the body of the article. On the other hand, I have found WP:RS WP:SECONDARY for Harsanyi, who is discussed in the Stanford encyclopedia article on the Original Position. My proposal for the lead: "similar thought experiments had been discussed earlier by thinkers such as John Harsanyi." But before I do that, if you have WP:RS SECONDARY for Vickery, LMK. As to Rawls' name being in the graphic. This is an article about John Rawls' Original Position aka Veil of Ignorance. The article should read as such. If you think Vickers and and Harsanyi aren't getting their due credit, please edit their pages or add their contributions to social contract or state of nature or thought experiment. Thanks. DolyaIskrina (talk) 18:11, 24 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your comment! I have added a reliable secondary source in which it is stated that the "notion of 'original position' [was] developed by Vickery (1945), Harsanyi (1955), and Rawls (1971)." Feel free to rephrase what I wrote! I think it is fine if you restore the text that accompanies the picture. --Max Qaly (talk) 01:59, 25 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Okay sounds good. Cheers. DolyaIskrina (talk) 22:18, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Original position


text:
Mac (rapper)

McKinley Phipps, Jr. (born July 30, 1977), better known simply as Mac, is an American rapper from New Orleans' 3rd Ward. He began rapping as a child, releasing his debut album The Lyrical Midget at the age of 13 in 1990, under the stage name Lil Mac. Mac would eventually sign with Master P's No Limit Records and would grow to be one of the most critically acclaimed artists on the label, both as a solo rapper and as a member of the super group 504 Boyz. Mac released two solo albums and one album as part of the 504 Boyz on No Limit, including 1998's Shell Shocked, which peaked at #11 on the US Billboard 200.

In 2001, Mac was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to 30 years in prison at the Elayn Hunt Correctional Center in Louisiana, and was released on parole on June 22, 2021 after serving 20 years of his sentence. Phipps maintained his innocence throughout, and his parents have campaigned to re-open the investigation into his case.

Career
Mac was born McKinley Phipps, Jr. to Sheila Phipps and McKinley Phipps, Sr. in New Orleans, Louisiana, the oldest of their six children. He began his music career in 1990, and by the time he was 13 years old, under the name "Lil Mac", he released his debut album, The Lyrical Midget. The album was one of the earliest commercial hip-hop albums to come out of New Orleans, and featured production from New Orleans producer Mannie Fresh.

Late 1990s: No Limit Records, Shell Shocked, and World War III
Lil Mac joined the Psychoward, a New Orleans-based group consisting of 28 rappers, and the group released their debut album, www.psychoward.com, in 1997. After rejecting an offer to move to New York and sign with Def Jam Records, Lil Mac changed his name to simply Mac and signed with Master P's No Limit Records. He toured with No Limit throughout the U.S. and Europe, and made guest appearances on many other artists' albums before releasing his own. He was featured on Master P's Ghetto D, Mystikal's Unpredictable, and Mia X's Unlady Like, among others. The next year in 1998, Mac released his second solo album and first with No Limit, Shell Shocked. The album is Mac's most commercially successful to date, reaching #11 on the Billboard 200. Mac again was featured on many other No Limit artist's releases that year. In 1999, he released his second album on the label, World War III. While it was still on the label, this release differed from usual No Limit releases in that it was not exclusively produced by the production team Beats by the Pound, and featured only three guest appearances from major No Limit names Master P, C-Murder, and Silkk the Shocker. The album did not fare as well commercially as his first No Limit release, peaking at #44 on the Billboard 200. Mac's musical style differed from many other Southern hip hop artists in this period, and he often displayed a level of lyrical complexity that has come to be associated with East Coast hip hop.

504 Boyz and later releases
World War III would be Mac's last album released on No Limit and his last solo album to date. In 2000, he joined the group 504 Boyz, whose name was a reference to the area code 504. The group was a collective of other No Limit rappers such as Master P, Silkk the Shocker, and C-Murder. Mac was with the group for one album, 2000's Goodfellas, which went gold and reached #2 on the Billboard 200. He was featured prominently on the group's hit single "Wobble Wobble", rapping the first verse and the chorus. The song reached #17 on the Billboard Hot 100 Phipps would be sentenced to a 30-year prison term for manslaughter after 19-year-old Barron C. Victor, Jr. died from a gunshot wound in a Louisiana nightclub in 2001.

In 2007, while Mac was still serving his prison term, No Limit released the album The Lost Tapes, which consisted of unreleased material Mac recorded with the label.

On May 31, 2012, DJ 5150 released the mixtape Uptown Veterans, a compilation of Mac's greatest hits. Mac Phipps has announced his first album in 23 years, Son of the City, which comes just over a year after being released from prison after two decades behind bars. Son of the City was released on October 31, 2022, with features from Fiend, D1, Curren$y,3d Na'tee, Cognac, Rayvon Neal, and many more.

Legal issues
On February 21, 2000, Phipps was scheduled to perform at Slidell, Louisiana nightclub Club Mercedes, but a fight broke out before the show that resulted in a gunshot that struck and killed 19-year-old Barron C Victor, Jr. after Victor attempted to break up the fight. Phipps was arrested and charged with second-degree murder of Victor. He was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to thirty years in prison on September 21, 2001. He would serve his sentence at the Elayn Hunt Correctional Center in Louisiana. Days into the police investigation, Thomas Williams, a man who was working security that night at the club, confessed to shooting Victor after another patron charged him with a beer bottle. Despite this, police pursued charges against Phipps.

In December 2014, Northwestern University's Medill Justice Project (MJP), in partnership with The Lens, published the results of a three-month investigation of Phipps' conviction, revealing that a key eyewitness at his trial gave his private investigator an affidavit in 2013 that stated she was coerced into identifying Phipps as the shooter because of investigators' threats to charge her. Following Medill's investigation, David Lohr of The Huffington Post published the results of a four-month review of Phipps' conviction, further revealing that four other witnesses to the shooting told the publication that they also were threatened, intimidated or outright ignored by investigators. Phipps' family has since obtained affidavits from many of the individuals in an effort to get him a new trial.

On March 25, 2015, rapper Killer Mike told students at Dillard University in New Orleans that it was unacceptable for authorities to use rap lyrics in the prosecution of Phipps: "If we let this stand, what you're going to see is that tool is going to be used to wipe out an entire potential generation of [artists] out of our community."

Phipps has applied for the Louisiana governor’s clemency in 2016, asking to be released from prison for time served. In the petition sent to the Louisiana Board of Pardons and Parole he seeks a commutation due to a "wrongful conviction and excessive sentence", as "evidence developed over the last two years" which includes, among other things, findings from MJP's investigation.

On February 22, 2021, the Louisiana Board of Pardons and Parole voted for Phipps' immediate eligibility for parole. On April 8, 2021, the Louisiana governor granted Phipps clemency. According to Louisiana law, Phipps has one more hearing before he is released.

On June 22, 2021, Phipps was released from prison after serving twenty years.

Collaboration albums

 * Goodfellas with 504 Boyz (2000)

Compilation albums

 * Lost Tapes (2007)

Mixtapes

 * Uptown Veterans (2012)

title: Mac (rapper)


text: Template:Infobox U.S. legislation

title: Template:Infobox U.S. legislation


text:
Bairam Khan

Muhammad Bairam Khan (18 January 1501 – 31 January 1561), commonly known as Bairam Khan or Bayram Khan was an important military commander, and later commander-in-chief of the Mughal army, a powerful statesman and regent at the court of the Mughal Emperors, Humayun and Akbar. He was also the guardian, chief mentor, adviser, teacher and the most trusted ally of Akbar. Akbar honoured him as Khan-i-Khanan, which means "King of Kings". Bairam was originally called Bairam "Beg", but later became honoured as Khan. Bairam Khan was an aggressive general who was determined to restore Mughal authority in India.

Early life and ancestors
Bairam Khan was born in the region of Badakhshan in Central Asia, and belonged to the Baharlu Turkoman clan of the Kara Koyunlu confederation. The Kara Koyunlu had ruled Western Persia for decades before being overthrown by their Ak Koyunlu rivals. Bairam Khan's father, Seyfali Beg Baharlu, and grandfather, Janali Beg Baharlu, had been part of Babur's service. His great-grandparents were Pirali Beg Baharlu and his wife, a daughter of the Kara Koyunlu ruler Qara Iskander; Piroli's niece through his sister Pasha Begum had been one of the wives of Babur. Bairam entered Babur's service at the age of 16.

Service under Humayun
Bairam Khan contributed greatly to the establishment of the Mughal empire under Humayun when he was entrusted with the position of muhardar (keeper of the seals) and took part in military campaigns in Benares, Bengal and Gujarat. In 1540, during the Battle of Kannauj, he was captured by Sher Shah Suri's men, but later managed to make an adventurous escape, and rejoined Humayun at Sindh in July 1543. He accompanied Humayun during his exile in Persia and helped conquer Kandahar before serving as its governor for nine years. In 1556, he played a leading role as a commander in Humayun's reconquest of Hindustan.

As regent of Akbar
At the time of Humayun's death at 27 January 1556, Bairam Khan was leading a campaign against Sikandar Shah Suri in Punjab (in present-day India) as the then Prince Akbar's ataliq (guardian) and sipahsalaar (commander-in-chief) of the Mughal army. To consolidate the Mughal Empire, Bairam Khan kept Humayun's death a secret, sending reassuring messages of his recovery and having Mullah Bekasi, a loyal cleric in Delhi (who looked similar to Humayun) dressed up in the imperial robes and make the usual daily appearance before the people from the balcony of the fort, till Akbar's coronation. He also secured the loyalty of his rival, Tardi Beg by appointing him as the governor of Delhi. On 14 February 1556, Akbar was crowned as the new Mughal Emperor and his first deed was to appoint Bairam Khan as Vakil (Prime Minister) and grant him the lofty titles of Khan-i-Khanan and sipahsalaar itizad-i-daulat qahira (commander-in-chief of the army, mainstay of victorious dominion). Under Bairam Khan's leadership, the Mughal army moved to Jalandhar, where they encamped for five months and managed to drive Sikandar Suri deeper into the Siwalik hills. However, the Mughals now had to face a far greater threat from Hemu, Vakil of Adil Shah Suri, the final ruler of the Sur dynasty.

Taking advantage of the political instability in the Mughal Empire, Hemu swiftly took Gwalior, Delhi and Agra. Leaving behind a small force to keep Sikandar Suri in check, Bairam Khan moved the Mughal Army towards Sirhind and ordered Tardi Beg (who had been defeated by Hemu at the Battle of Tughlaqabad, near Delhi on 7 October 1556 and retreated) to meet the imperial army there. At Sirhind, differences arose between Bairam Khan and Tardi Beg as to what would be their military strategy in the future. Shortly afterwards, Bairam Khan had Tardi Beg executed for his cowardice during the Battle of Tughlaqabad, though there is some doubt as to whether these allegations were true as Tardi Beg was a senior official and a political rival of Bairam Khan and his execution certainly helped consolidate the authority of Bairam Khan. Conveniently, Akbar was absent during the whole incident as he was out on a hunting trip. Tardi Beg's execution helped discipline the demoralised Mughal army.

On 5 November 1556, the Mughals clashed with Hemu's army at the Second Battle of Panipat. After a fiercely contested battle, the Mughals were victorious. Hemu was captured and decapitated, either by Bairam Khan or Akbar and Delhi and Agra subsequently reconquered. After resting for a month at Delhi, Akbar and Bairam Khan resumed their campaign against Sikandar Suri, who had attempted to attack Lahore; he was driven back to the hill-fortress of Mankot (in present-day Jammu and Kashmir) where he waited for six months for Afghan reinforcements, to no avail. Disheartened, he finally surrendered to Akbar on 25 July 1557, where he was treated with clemency and given a fief in Bihar.

Dismissal
Towards his last years, relations between Bairam Khan and Akbar grew sour. The main reason was that Bairam Khan had begun to take several decisions without consulting the Emperor first, such as when he unilaterally dismissed his former favourite Pir Muhammad Khan, who was a senior Mughal official. Akbar felt jealous that a leash was kept on his private expenses while Bairam Khan's servants grew rich. He had also become increasingly irritable, and executed two of Akbar's favourite personal mahouts, one of which had not been able to restrain an imperial elephant, which killed one of Bairam Khan's animals, and the other had not been able to restrain his elephant which nearly overturned a small boat on which Bairam Khan was resting. After the final incident, Akbar decided that Bairam Khan could no longer stay in his position. In March or April 1560, Akbar told him that he could either retire and stay in the palace or go on the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. He could take whatever land he wished so that his servants could send him remittances of the harvest annually.

Rebellion
Rejecting the advice of his close friends and supporters he decided not to rebel, but later his political opponents Maham Anga and her son Adham Khan sent Pir Muhammad to trail him and 'pack him off to Mecca'. This insult goaded Bairam Khan to rebel, and he turned back. Pir Muhammad retreated at the sight of Bairam Khan's deadly Turkoman horse archers. Akbar tried in vain to send another firman to Bairam Khan, ordering him to continue his pilgrimage. Bairam Khan left his family in the fortress of Tabar-e-Hind (in present-day Bathinda) and headed towards Jalandhar, intent on taking Lahore. Forced to fight his former mentor, Akbar sent his foster father Shams-ud-din with a strong vanguard to halt or slow down Bairam Khan's force while he followed with the main army. Near the village Gunecur, near Jalandhar, Shams-ud-Din stopped Bairam Khan's force. He tried to negotiate, but Bairam Khan remained adamant about fighting.

Despite having a much smaller army, Bairam Khan gave a tough fight to his adversary but was eventually defeated. However, Bairam Khan managed to retreat with the majority of his force to Talwara-Hazipur adjoining Rey Shikargah (Mughal Imperial Hunting Grounds) from where he surrendered and was treated by Akbar with immense respect. Akbar gave him the options of staying in the court as his personal adviser, picking a jagir of his choice, or continuing his pilgrimage. Bairam Khan chose the last option.

Assassination
While travelling through Gujarat he was assassinated on 31 January 1561 at Sahastralinga Tank, a religious site near Anhilwad Patan, by a group of Afghans led by Mubarak Khan Lohani, whose father had been killed while fighting with the Mughals at the Battle of Machhiwara in 1555. According to the Akbarnama, the group of Afghans had apparently come to pay their respects to him, so he allowed them to come closer. Thereupon, Mubarak stabbed him with a dagger in the back with such force that the point came out of his chest, and another Afghan struck him on the head, fatally wounding him. Bairam Khan passed away saying the takbir. His corpse was later found by a group of locals, who buried him at the tomb of a nearby Sufi saint.

His son and wife managed to escape to Ahmedabad, where they stayed for several months before Akbar heard of their plight and had them escorted to Agra. Bairam's wife, Salima who was also the cousin of Akbar, married Akbar after his death. Bairam's son, Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, became an important part of Akbar's administration and was one of the nav-ratans (nine gems) of Akbar's court.

Personal life
Bairam Khan was a Shia Muslim and was disliked by some of the Sunni Turkic nobles. Although a Shia, he attended Friday services in the mosque of a noted Sufi. He also promoted Sheikh Gadai, the son of Sikandar Lodi's court poet Jamali Kamboh, to the position of sadurat-i-mamalik (Chief Justice) in 1559.

Marriages
The Gazetteer of Ulwur states:

"Soon after Babar's death, his successor, Humayun, was supplemented by Sher Shah in 1540 A.D., later followed by Islam Shah in 1545 A.D. During the reign of the latter, a battle was fought and lost by the Emperor's troops at Firozpur Jhirka in Mewat, on which, however, Islam Shah did not lose his hold. Adil Shah, the third of the Pathan interlopers, who succeeded in A.D. 1552, had to contend for the Empire with the returned Humayun."

In these struggles for the restoration of Babur's dynasty Khanzadas apparently do not figure at all. Humayun seems to have conciliated them by marrying the elder daughter of Jamal Khan, the nephew of Babur's opponent Hasan Khan Mewati, and having his minister, Bairam Khan, marry Jamal's younger daughter. Bairam's other wife was Salima Sultan Begum, who married Akbar after his death.

In popular culture

 * Behram Khan, a 1946 Indian Hindi-language film by Gajanan Jagirdar (who also starred in the titular role), is based on the life of Bairam Khan and his role in the founding of the Mughal Empire.
 * He was portrayed by actor Yuri Suri in the 2008 Indian historical epic Jodhaa Akbar by Ashutosh Gowariker.
 * Other notable portrayals include by Naved Aslam in the television series Jodha Akbar (2013–2015) which aired on Zee TV
 * Also by Shahbaz Khan in Sony TV's Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap (2013–2015).

English

 * Singh, Damodar (2003) Khan-i-Khanan Bairam Khan: a political biography Janaki Prakashan, Patna, India,
 * Shashi, Shyam Singh (1999) Bairam Khan : soldier and administrator (Series Encyclopaedia Indica volume 58) Anmol Publishing, New Delhi, India,
 * Pandey, Ram Kishore (1998) Life and achievements of Muhammad Bairam Khan Turkoman Prakash Book Depot, Bareilly, India,.
 * Ray, Sukumar (1992) Bairam Khan Institute of Central and West Asian Studies, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan,.
 * Ray, Sukumar (1992) Bairam Khan Institute of Central and West Asian Studies, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan,.

Hindi

 * Agravāla, Sushamā Devī (1994) Bairamakhām̐ aura usake vaṃśaja kā Mugala sāmrājya meṃ yogadāna Rāmānanda Vidyā Bhavana, New Delhi, India,, in Hindi. (Contribution of Bairam Khan, 1524?-1561, Mogul nobleman, to the Mogul Empire.)
 * Devīprasāda, Munśī (2001) Khānakhānā nāmā Pratibhā Pratishṭhāna, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-85827-89-3, in Hindi. (On the life and achievements of Bairam Khan, 1524?-1561, ruler in the Mogul Empire and Khane Khana Abdul Rahim Khan, 1556–1627, Braj poet.)

Bengali

 * Ahmed, Humayun (2011) Badsha Namdar, Dhaka, Bangladesh, ISBN 978-984-502-017-6

title: Bairam Khan


text:
User talk:Eequor/Signature

Why omega rather than omicron? Wouldn't this make it "Eequoor" rather than "Eequor", I am also curious of your use of the symbol for venus (which would be pronounced "aphrodite" or, as a single syllable, "aph") rather than chi to represent the q?     07:13, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eequor/Signature


text:
User:Saucy Intruder/Digital Millennium Copyright Act

'''This page is a mockup designed to illustrate the U.S. federal legislation infobox. It is not the actual article.'''

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a controversial United States copyright law. The act criminalizes production and dissemination of technology that can circumvent measures taken to protect copyright, not merely infringement of copyright itself, and heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the Internet. Passed on May 14, 1998 by a unanimous vote in the United States Senate and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on October 28, 1998, the DMCA amended title 17 of the US Code to extend the reach of copyright, while limiting the liability of Online Providers from copyright infringement by their users.

On March 10, 2004 the European Union passed the EU Copyright Directive or EUCD, similar in many ways to the DMCA.

DMCA Title I: WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act
Main article: WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act

DMCA Title I has two major portions, one of which includes works covered by several treaties in US copy prevention laws and gave the title its name and the other which is often known as the DMCA anti-circumvention provisions. The latter implemented a broad ban on the circumvention of access control systems (and the distribution of circumvention technologies) and required that all analogue video recorders have copy prevention built in.

DMCA Title II: Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
Main article: Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act (OCILLA)

DMCA Title II creates a safe harbor for online service providers (OSPs, including ISPs) against copyright liability if they promptly block access if they receive a notification from a copyright holder or their agent. It also includes a counter-notification which requires restoration of the material and a provision for subpoenas to identify alleged infringers.

DMCA Title III: Computer Maintenance Competition Assurance Act
DMCA Title III modified section 117 of copyright law so that those repairing computers could make certain temporary, limited copies while working on a computer.

DMCA Title IV: Miscellaneous Provisions
DMCA Title IV contains an assortment of provisions:
 * Clarified and added to the duties of the Copyright Office.
 * Added ephemeral copy for broadcasters provisions, including certain statutory licenses.
 * Added provisions to facilitate distance education.
 * Added provisions to assist libraries with keeping copies of sound recordings.
 * Added provisions relating to collective bargaining and the transfer of movie rights.

DMCA Title V: Vessel Hull Design Protection Act
DMCA Title V added sections 1301 through 1332 to add protection for boat hull designs.

As useful articles whose form cannot be cleanly separated from their function, boat hull designs were formerly not protected under copyright law.

Reform
There are efforts in Congress to modify the Act. Rick Boucher, a Democratic congressman from Virginia, is leading one of these efforts by introducing the Digital Media Consumers’ Rights Act (DMCRA).

A prominent bill related to the DMCA is the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act (CBDTPA), known in early drafts as the Security Systems and Standards Certification Act (SSSCA). This bill, if passed, would deal with the devices used to access digital content and would be even more restrictive than the DMCA.


text:
Radio Nepal

Radio Nepal (रेडियो नेपाल) is the state-owned Radio broadcasting organisation of Nepal. It was established on 2 April 1951. Radio Nepal airs programs on shortwave, medium wave (AM) and FM frequencies.

Regular broadcasts consume sixteen hours every day, including two hours of regional broadcasts. Public holidays feature an additional two hours. FM Kathmandu, the first FM channel covering Kathmandu valley and adjoining areas, was started in 1995 in Singha Durbar, Kathmandu.

On 19 May 2016, An environmental song, Melancholy was recorded by 365 renowned Nepali singers and musicians in a single day at the Radio Nepal studio.

In 2016 Radio Nepal had six medium wave relay stations, one shortwave relay station, and 20 FM relay stations. Broadcasts are available online. Radio Nepal broadcasts six different programs from satellite.

In 2024, Radio Nepal airing on these medium wave  (MW/AM) frequencies; 576 kHz, 648 kHz, 1143 kHz, 810 kHz, 684 kHz, and 792 kHz.

Transmission coverage of the MW transmitters is able to reach the 80 and 90% of the population of nation.

History
In 1951, Radio Prajatantra was transferred to Kathmandu at Singha Durbar by Tarini Prasad Koirala, where it took the name Radio Nepal and started regular broadcasting on April 2, 1951. A 250-watt short-wave transmitter was used. Initially, daily transmission lasted 4 hours and 30 minutes.

On April 2, 1994, regional centers began regional broadcasting services.

The Radio Nepal Broadcasting Act was enacted in 2014.

Radio Nepal and Development of Nepali Songs and Music
Radio Nepal has been producing and presenting songs and music of different genres in different languages spoken in Nepal since its establishment for the national integrity and upliftment of Nepali art and culture. In order to present the wanted songs by the listeners, Radio Nepal also organizes modern song competitions from 1965. From Narayan Gopal, Bhaktaraj Acharya, Deep Shrestha to Ram Krishna Dhakal, Anju Panta, Danney Noraula, Shiva Pariyar have been grown from Radio Nepal. Likewise, Kiran Kharel, Ratnashamser Thapa, and Kaliparsad Rijal from the old generation to the lyricists Ramesh Dahal, Mahesh Acharya, Rajkumar Bagar, Ramesh Chhitiz, Ramesh Paudel started and have been grown from Radio Nepal.

Modern Song Competition of Radio Nepal has its specialty and importance for Nepali music workers

Winners of the Modern Song Competition organized by Radio Nepal
2022: Sweta Mainali (best lyrics), Khadga Gandarbha (best music composer) and Mamata Gurung (best singing)

2021: Mahesh Paudel (best lyrics), Ramesh Subedi (best music composer) and Rajkumar Sundas ( Bhojpur) (best singing)

2020: Ramesh Dahal (best lyrics), Shankar Smile Thapa (best music composer) and Shubhash Mandal(best singing)

2017: Padma Likha Magar (best lyrics), Santosh Shrestha (music composition), and CD Bijaya Adhikari (singing)

2016: Prakash KC (best lyrics), Chandan Kumar Shrestha (music composition), and Durga Pariyar (singing)

2015: Prakat Pangeni Shiva (best lyrics), Nabaraj Baral (best music composer)and Menuka Paudel(best singing)

2014: Yogendra Upadhayay (best music composer)

2011: Manisha Pokharel (best singer)

2009: Ramesh Dahal (best lyrics), Sachin Singh, Nisha Deshar (best singer)

2008: Sheetal Kadambini (best lyrics)

2001: Naba Raj Lamsal (best lyricist), Dhading

2000: Bhabesh Bhumari (best lyricist), from Pyuthan district. Danney Noraula (Music composition)

1998: Rajkumar Bagar (best lyrics)

1997: Gyandendra Gadal (best lyricist), from Ilam district

1993: Ramesh Paudel (best lyrics) /Ramesh Khitiz

1987: Buddhabira Lama (best lyricist) from Solukhumbu district

1983: Dinesh Adhikari (best lyrics)

1978: Prakash Shrestha (best singer)

1965: Kiran Kharel (best lyricist), from Kathmandu district.

title: Radio Nepal


text:
Talk:A Whisper

 * Since when does non notability meet the Criteria for speedy deletion? I disagree with this nomination CanadianCaesar 07:16, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

vfd link
This page was proposed for deletion July 2005. Votes for deletion/A Whisper

title: Talk:A Whisper


text:
Danijel Ljuboja

Danijel Ljuboja (Данијел Љубоја, ; born 4 September 1978) is a Serbian retired professional footballer who played as a forward.

He was known for his passing and set pieces. He represented Serbia and Montenegro at the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

Club

Ljuboja was born in Vinkovci, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia to Serb parents. There he played in the youth teams of NK Dinamo Vinkovci, NK Osijek and Red Star Belgrade. He moved to France where his professional career started with Sochaux in the 1998–99 season. Ljuboja made his debut, coming on as a substitute in the 76th minutes for Anthony Sirufo, in a 2–1 loss against Lyon on 11 September 1998; then on 31 October 1998, Ljuboja scored his first goal and scored another, in a 4–0 win over Montpellier. However, in his first season, Sochaux was relegated to Ligue 2. The next season, Ljuboja soon became an important member of the first team and began his goalscoring form, including a hat-trick in a 5–1 win over Créteil on 15 April 2000. At the end of the season, Ljuboja's goalscoring form led him to become a top-scorer for the club, but he was second top-scorer behind Amara Traoré. However, the club wasn't able to return to Ligue 1, having come one point too short. In his two-year stint with the team, he played 62 games scoring 20 goals.

Following his stay with Sochaux, Ljuboja moved to Strasbourg in the 2000–01 season. In his first season, he made a slow start, scoring three goals in thirty appearances. The club was relegated despite winning the Coupe de France final, beating Amiens 5–4 on penalties. Soon in his second season, Ljuboja was able to bounce back, scoring fifteen goals and the club to return to Ligue 1. He also made two appearances in the UEFA Cup competition, scoring twice against Belgian side Standard Liège but the club was knocked out, having lost 2–0 in the first leg. Strasbourg was explained, due to winning the Coupe de France, the previous season. The next season, in which the French League was renamed to Ligue 1, Ljuboja's goalscoring form soon faded, with nine goals but the club still remained in Ligue 1. The season after, Ljuboja soon formed an important strike partnership with newly signing Mamadou Niang, which was short-lived as he moved from Strasbourg to PSG. Because of his departure, Niang didn't score again for the remainder of the second half of that season. Upon his departure, Ljuboja had made 123 league appearances scoring 34 goals in total. In December 2003, Ljuboja was linked with Ligue 1 rival Paris Saint-Germain and two unknown Premier League clubs.

Paris Saint-Germain
During the 2003–4 January transfer window, Ljuboja moved from Strasbourg to Paris Saint-Germain for a €3.000.000 fee. In his first half of the season at PSG, Ljuboja made a good start, scoring six goals, including four goals in three consecutive games. Also, his new club was able to win the Coupe de France, beating Châteauroux 1–0. During his time at PSG, he faced competition from strikers like Pauleta and Fabrice Pancrate.

Ahead of the 2004–05 season, Ljuboja soon had a rift with manager Vahid Halilhodžić after Halilhodžic was far from happy with Ljuboja's attitude in pre-season training, resulting not trained for the past two days due to a back complaint. This led a transfer speculation by moving to Monaco. Despite the strained relationship, Ljuboja first team wasn't affected. However, in September 2004, Ljuboja was disgusted with Halilhodžic after he wasn't included in a match against Monaco and was omitted from the first team despite lack of attackers at the club. Ljuboja told L'Equipe that Halilhodžic didn't give him explanations ahead of a match and that he was 100 percent committed at PSG. In January transfer window, with PSG announcing their intentions to sell Ljuboja, Ljuboja was linked with clubs around Europe like Barcelona, Málaga, Southampton and Tottenham Hotspur. However, no move was made as Ljuboja desired to stay at the club.

His 2004–05 season wasn't a success as he scored twice and his form was declining and the club finished in the ninth place. During the season, he played five games with the team in the UEFA Champions League. He scored seven times in 42 league appearances.

Joining the German clubs
In 2005, he transferred to German club side Stuttgart, at first on loan, having been linked with clubs like Mallorca, Marseille and Bolton. After joining Stuttgart, Ljuboja said he left PSG, not for the revenge he received last season but to keep his dream alive ahead of a World Cup. Weeks later, Ljuboja made his debut, on 10 September 2005, in a 1–1 draw with Arminia Bielefeld; and a month later, he scored his first goal, on 23 October 2005, in a 1–1 draw with Bayer Leverkusen. Three days before scoring his first Bundesliga goal, Ljuboja scored his first goal in the UEFA Cup in a 2–0 win over Rennes and scored a brace in a 2–0 win over P.A.O.K. At Stuttgart, he formed a striking partnership with Jon Dahl Tomasson. Later in the season, he scored eight goals and the club finished in ninth place.

He was contracted in April 2006 (through 2009), but by that his income, that was still paid half by PSG, was lowered significantly. Although he had a valid contract, he demanded from Stuttgart the same wages he got before from PSG. Stuttgart in consequence told him to look for a new club in the summer of 2006 and let him train with their reserve team that played in the third German league.

In August 2006, Ljuboja was transferred on loan to Champions League participant Hamburger SV for one year with the option to buy the player afterwards. Ljuboja made a good start by scoring on his debut, in the first round of DFB-Pokal, in a 4–3 loss against Stuttgarter Kickers; then, made his league debut in a 1–0 loss against Borussia Dortmund on 16 September 2006 and scored his first goal, a week later, in a 2–2 draw against Frankfurt. He also played six games with the team in the UEFA Champions League. At Hamburg, he was also demoted to the reserves team because he did not participate in team briefings. Hamburger SV did not use their option to buy him, so he went back to VfB Stuttgart at the end of the season.

Upon his return, VfB Stuttgart was looking to offload him to another club and he was placed at the Stuttgart reserves. Ljuboja says that he wanted back to France, having desire to leave Stuttgart but to no avail. At the end of July, he was linked a move to Italian side Siena, but the transfer did not materialize. He was also linked with a move to Fulham, having been on trial. He was part of the reserve team of VfB Stuttgart in the Regionalliga.

In January 2008, Ljuboja was loaned out to VfL Wolfsburg, until the end of the season, after training with the club. He made his debut, on 2 February 2008, in a 1–1 draw against Arminia Bielefeld; then one month later, he scored his first goal in a 1–1 draw against Hamburg. At the end of the season, Wolfsburg did not use the option to sign the forward permanently.

In July 2008, he was pardoned and returned to the first team of VfB Stuttgart, but was again downgraded to the reserve team VfB Stuttgart II on 5 February 2009 until the end of his contract in June 2009. In June 2009, Ljuboja left after three years at Stuttgart and became a free agent.

Return to France
After four years in Germany, Ljuboja returned to France on 23 July 2009 signing with Grenoble Foot 38. He made his league debut in the club's opening match of the season, a 2–0 defeat at home to Marseille on 8 August 2009, coming on for Josip Tadić. In the next game, he scored his first goal, in a 2–1 loss against Boulogne. On 8 May 2010, he scored a brace in a 2–0 win over Boulogne. At the end of the season, Grenoble was relegated to Ligue 2. Despite the relegation, he had a good season, scoring ten goals in thirty-four appearances. In the new season, Ljuboja made three more appearances before leaving for Nice.

On 31 August 2010 (the transfer deadline), he then signed with Ligue 1 Nice, for a fee of €300K. He made his league debut in the club's opening match of the season, in a 2–1 win over Bordeaux. A week later, he scored his first goal in a 2–1 loss against Rennes. He also scored twice in a 3–2 win over Arles-Avignon on 11 May 2011. After a mixed season, he finished with six goals in all competitions and he left the club.

Legia Warsaw
After one season in Nice, he yet again changed his club by signing with Polish Ekstraklasa club Legia Warsaw on a one-year deal. He made his league debut in the club's opening match of the season, in a 3–1 win over KS Cracovia; then, scored twice in a 3–1 win over Górnik Zabrze. Having scored three goals in four matches, he was awarded the Player of the month. On 29 September 2011, he scored and provided an assist in a 3–2 win over Israeli side Hapoel Tel Aviv in the Europa League group stage. Later in the season, he scored eleven goals, making the club's top-scorer this season. In April 2012, he signed a new one-year contract with the club. In his first season, he won the 2012 Polish Cup.

The next season, Ljuboja started his season when he scored two goals in the Europa League qualifying, in both legs against SV Ried. In the league, his performance got better when he scored a hat-trick on the opening game of the season, in a 4–0 win over Korona Kielce. In late November, his performance could have made him a legend icon at the club. In January, Ljuboja could leave the club at the end of the season. The club would win a double: the league and the cup. In May 2013, Ljuboja, along with Miroslav Radović, was disciplined by the club over drinking alcohol in one of the club's premises. It announced that Ljuboja will leave the club. In July 2013, he returned again to France where he joined RC Lens on a one-year deal. In December 2014, he has retired from active football to become a talent scout for Legia Warsaw.

International career
He was a part of Serbia and Montenegro national team, played 19 times and scored one goal. Ljuboja featured for his country in the group stage of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He scored his first and only goal in a 3–2 win over Wales national football team back in 2003 in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match.

Honours
RC Strasbourg
 * Coupe de France: 2001

Paris Saint-Germain
 * Coupe de France: 2004

Legia Warsaw
 * Ekstraklasa: 2012–13
 * Polish Cup: 2011–12, 2012–13

Individual
 * Ekstraklasa Player of the Month: August 2011
 * Piłka Nożna Foreigner of the Year: 2012

title: Danijel Ljuboja


text:
Talk:Hooky the Cripple

Untitled
Books aren't typically Speedy Deletes Sherurcij 07:18, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, it's bizarre, but not patent nonsense. People really like the speedy delete CanadianCaesar 07:19, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hookythecripple.jpg
Image:Hookythecripple.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:06, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hookythecripple.jpg
Image:Hookythecripple.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 22:45, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hooky the Cripple