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Ramprasad Sen

 (c. 1723/1718 – c. 1775) was a Hindu Shakta poet and saint of 18th-century Bengal. His bhakti poems, known as Ramprasadi, are still popular in Bengal—they are usually addressed to the Hindu goddess Kali and written in Bengali. Stories of Ramprasad's life typically include legends and myths mixed with biographical details.

It is said that, Ramprasad was born into a Bengali Baidya Brahmin family, and showed an inclination towards poetry from an early age. He was highly influenced by Krishnananda Agamavagisha, a Tantric scholar and yogi. Ramprasad became well known for his devotional songs. His life has been the subject of many stories depicting his devotion to, and relationship with, Kali. Ramprasad's literary works include Vidyasundar, Kali-kirtana, Krishna-kirtana and Shaktigiti.

Ramprasad is credited with creating a new compositional form that combined the Bengali folk style of Baul music with classical melodies and kirtan. The new style took root in Bengali culture with many poet-composers combining folk and raga-based melodies, mixing every common style of music from classical to semi-classical and folk. His songs are sung today, with a popular collection—Ramprasadi Sangit ("Songs of Ramprasad")—sold at Shakta temples and pithas in Bengal.

Biography
Biographies of Ramprasad are a mixture of biography, metaphor, and legend.

Early life
Ramprasad was born in Garalgachha, in Hooghly District (at his maternal house), in a Baidya family, belonging to Dhanvantari gotra. Due to the absence of birth records, his actual birth date is not known, but it is believed to be around 1718 or 1723. His father, Ramram Sen, was an Ayurvedic doctor and Sanskrit scholar. Ramprasad's mother Siddheswari was Ramram's second wife. Ramprasad was sent to a Sanskrit tol (school) where he learned Sanskrit grammar, literature, Persian, and Hindi. As a youth, he had a talent for poetry and learning new languages. Ramram hoped his son would follow in his profession, but Ramprasad showed no interest in practical pursuits. As he grew up, his spiritual inclinations caused a great deal of anxiety to his parents. Believing that marriage would make Ramprasad more responsible, his parents married him to a girl named Sarvani when he was twenty-two years old. In keeping with the family custom, the newly wed couple was initiated by the family's spiritual teacher, Madhavacharya. According to traditional accounts, during initiation when the guru whispered the mantra to him, Ramprasad became consumed by intense longing for the goddess Kali. One year after the initiation, he lost his guru. Ramprasad later became the disciple of Krishnananda Agamavagisha, a Tantric yogi and scholar. Agamavagisha was a well known devotee of Kali and the author of the Bengali book Tantrasara. Agamavagisha instructed Ramprasad in Tantric sadhanas (spiritual disciplines) and worship of Kali.

Employment
Instead of following his parents wishes and looking for a job, it is said that Ramprasad devoted most of his time to sadhana. Ramram died before he could make provisions to support the family. Forced finally by poverty, Ramprasad moved to Kolkata and worked as an accountant in the household of Durga Charan Mitra for a monthly salary of thirty rupees. According to traditional accounts, during his employment Ramprasad would write devotional songs to Kali. His fellow employees were appalled to see Ramprasad write poems in his account book, and reported him to their employer. Durga Charan Mitra, upon reading Ramprasad's work, was moved by his piety and literary skill. Instead of dismissing Ramprasad from work, he asked him to return to his village and compose songs to Kali, while continuing to pay his salary.

Sadhana and poetry
After returning to his village, Ramprasad spent most of his time in sadhana, meditation, and prayer. Traditional accounts tell of several esoteric sadhanas that he performed, including standing neck-deep in the river Ganges, singing songs to Kali. Ramprasad would regularly practice his sadhana in a panchavati: a grove with five trees—banyan, bael, amalaki, ashoka, and peepul—all regarded as holy in Tantric tradition. He would reportedly spend hours meditating on a panchamundi asana (an altar inside which are interred five skulls–that of a snake, frog, rabbit, fox, and man). According to popular stories he had a vision of Kali in her form of Adyashakti Mahamaya.

Raja Krishnachandra of Nadia, heard Ramprasad's hymns. Being an ardent devotee of Kali, he appointed Ramprasad as his court poet. Ramprasad rarely attended the Maharaja's court and would spend his time in sadhana and worship of Kali instead. Krishna Chandra became Ramprasad's benefactor, giving him 100 acre of tax free land. Ramprasad, in return, dedicated his book Vidyasundar ("Beautiful Knowledge") to the Maharaja. Krishna Chandra also gave Ramprasad the title Kaviranjana ("Entertainer of poets"). During the Maharaja's last years, Ramprasad stayed beside him, singing hymns to Kali.

Death
During Ramprasad's old age, he was looked after by his son Ramdulal and daughter-in-law Bhagavati. A folk story is told of Ramprasad's death. Ramprasad was very fond of taking part in Kali puja on the night of Diwali, the festival of lights. On one Kali puja night, he performed the puja and sang throughout the night. In the morning, Ramprasad carried the jar of Divine Mother's sanctified water on his head to the Ganges. He was followed by the devotees, who carried the clay image of Kali to be immersed in the Ganges after the night of worship. Ramprasad waded into the holy river, until the water was neck deep, all the while singing for Kali. As Kali's image was immersed, Ramprasad died— this was believed to be around 1775.

However, recent documentary evidence, a Kabulatipatra dated April 1794 bearing the sign of Ramprasad Sen as a witness, clearly proves the fact that Ramprasad Sen was alive in 1794. The said Kabulatipatra has been preserved and displayed at Sabarna Sangrahashala in Barisha.

Stories and legends
In Bengal, popular stories and legends are told of Ramprasad. One of the most well known stories is about a "radiant girl" who helped him one day. Ramprasad was repairing a fence with the assistance of his daughter, who left shortly thereafter. Soon a "radiant girl", whom he didn't recognize, came to help him. After finishing the task, she vanished. According to the story, Ramprasad then realized that she was a manifestation of Kali.

Another popular story is told of Ramprasad's vision of goddess Annapurna of Varanasi. Ramprasad was on his way to the river for his daily ritual bath when a beautiful young woman stopped him, asking if she could hear him sing a devotional song to the Divine Mother. Ramprasad requested her to wait, since it was getting late for his noon worship. When he returned, he couldn't find her, and began to think that it may have been the "play of Divine Mother." Sitting down to meditate, he was surrounded by a radiant light and heard a female voice saying, "I am Annapurna (…) I came all the way from Varanasi to hear your songs but, alas, I had to leave disappointed." Ramprasad was angry with himself and immediately left for Varanasi to find Mother Annapurna and sing for her. After walking many miles, he reached Triveni, where he took rest under a tree on the bank of the Ganges. Here he reportedly received another vision, saw the same mystical light, and heard the Mother's voice saying, "Stay here and sing for me. (…) Varanasi is not the only place where I live; I pervade the whole universe."

Poetry and influence

Ramprasad Sen is regarded as one of the notable figures of the bhakti movement in Bengal during the eighteenth century. He is credited with popularizing the bhakti Shakta tradition and Shyama Sangeet—devotional songs to the goddess Kali. Ramprasad was the first Shakta poet to address Kali with such intimate devotion, and to sing of her as a tender loving mother or even as a little girl. After him, a school of Shakta poets continued the Kali-bhakti tradition.

Ramprasad created a new compositional form that combined the Bengali folk style of Baul music with classical melodies and kirtan. This new form took root in Bengali culture for the next hundred and fifty years, with hundreds of poet-composers combining folk and raga-based melodies, and bringing together styles of music that included classical, semi-classical, and folk. His poetic style has been described as "sweet, familiar and unsophisticated", though his lyrics were sung in classical style rather than a folk style. Two of his notable successors as composers in the same style were Kamalakanta Bhattacarya and Mahendranath Bhattacarya.

Ramprasad's songs are known as Ramprasadi. The devotion to Kali often included as a background the events in Bengal during his time, such as the Bengal famine of 1770, economic hardships, and the deterioration of rural culture. His poems were very popular during his lifetime.

Ramprasad's literary works include  Vidyasundar (or Kalikaman-gala) (ca. sixth or seventh decade of the 18th century), Kali-kirtana, the fragmentary Krishna-kirtana, and Shaktigiti. Kali-kirtana is a collection of lyric and narrative poetry describing the early life of Uma. Krishna-kirtana is an incomplete book of poems and songs to Krishna—the complete collection is yet to be discovered. Vidyasundara Kavya is written in a narrative style that was already popular in Bengali literature, telling the traditional love story of Vidya and Sundara—children of kings who are aided by Kali in meeting, falling in love, and marrying. Shaktigiti is Ramprasad's well known and respected work, in which he expresses his deepest feelings and love for Kali. In Shaktigiti, he shares the most intimate relationship with Kali—a child who can both love and quarrel with his mother over the inequities of human birth.

Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, a mystic of nineteenth century Bengal, often sang his songs and regarded Ramprasad as his beloved poet. Many of these songs are recorded in The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, which at one point mentions, "…he (Ramakrishna) would spend hours singing the devotional songs of great devotees of the Mother, such as Kamalakanta and Ramprasad. Those rhapsodic songs describing direct vision of God…" Paramhansa Yogananda also was an admirer of Ramprasad and his devotional songs, frequently singing them. Sister Nivedita compared Ramprasad with the English poet William Blake.

One of Ramprasad's hymns to the Goddess is as follows: You'll find Mother In any house. Do I dare say it in public? She is Bhairavi with Shiva, Durga with Her children, Sita with Lakshmana. She's mother, daughter, wife, sister— Every woman close to you. What more can Ramprasad say? You work the rest out from these hints.

Another of his popular poems describes the human attempt to understand the Goddess:

You think you understand the Goddess? Even philosophers can not explain her. The scriptures say that she, herself, is the essence of us all. It is she, herself, who brings life through her sweet will.

You think you understand her? I can only smile, you think that you can truly know her? I can only laugh! But what our minds accept, our hearts do not. Ants try to grasp the moon, we the goddess.

Ramprasad's songs are still popular in Bengal  and recited regularly in the worship of Kali. Scholar Shuma Chakrovarty notes that his songs are "broadcast over the radio and sung on the streets and in the homes and temples of Calcutta by a cross-section of people—children, the elderly, housewives, businessmen, scholars, the illiterate, monks, householders, and the youth of all classes". Many of his songs were sung by popular Shyama Sangeet singers like Dhananjay Bhattacharya, Pannalal Bhattacharya, and Anup Ghoshal. Still his master literature combination of simple words in the songs melts one's hearts and floods the eye with tears. An [anekanta]vadin reading of Ramprasad's texts is also found.

title: Ramprasad Sen


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Talk:Reading, Massachusetts

who is writting this stuff? cause your real tough

The community fact is true. Stop vandalizing this page.

 * I don't care if it's true. It's not important or interesting. AJD 22:38, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm glad there is someone who is here to decide what people are going to find interesting. Referrence to Amos Potamia in a 130 year old book . Nike Ajax silos are in the top ten hits on google. The DEA agent whos civil rights were supposedly violated by the Reading police department was very well spread at the time and is quite notable .--24.128.232.120 09:13, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

History vs Government
There is much material duplicated in those two sections. Someone with nothing better to do might want to re-organize them. Also, the entire History section was apparently lifted intact from an online history of Reading, and requires not only copyediting, but a bit of pruning to make it more interesting (vide infra! :) and appropriate to Wikipedia. There are other sources that contain various aspects of Reading's history, and thus ample opportunities for research and reporting by historians amateur and professional alike. Snezzy 14:22, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Thanks to Chris J. Wood (who apparently had nothing better to do) the whole article has been tightened up and improved. Good work, Chris! Snezzy 05:33, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

curious about murders in Reading
- specifically about the librarian who was killed in front of library- anyone know where to find info about this?thanks---Sue —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.30.252.213 (talk) 01:43, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Geography
I forget exactly where, but it says no land in Reading is covered by water. I know for a fact that this is not entirely true. There are many vernal pools, and a few places that are covered by water year round. A suggestion to change this to 'No significant amount of land is covered by water', will put that up for now, and someone can rephrase it laterHewhoamareismyself (talk) 20:32, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Reading, Massachusetts


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The Music of Dolphins

The Music of Dolphins, by Karen Hesse, is a children's book that follows the story of Mila, a feral child raised by a pod of dolphins around the Florida Keys and Caribbean. "Mila" is an abbreviated form of the Spanish word milagro, meaning "miracle".

The novel uses a narrative structure that parallels Mila's increasing comprehension of the English language. At the novel's opening, when Mila is with the dolphins and cannot speak English, the book is written in a different font and more complex writing. This is representative of Mila's thoughts more so than her actual writing abilities. The text moves to simple English as Mila learns the language, becomes more complex as her emotions increase, and reverts to simple English when she yearns for the dolphins. There are a few inclusions of newspaper articles or other pieces written in third person, but the book is predominantly written in first person.

Although the novel is fiction, it is based on real life experiences of people who have worked with feral children.

Summary
Mila, a girl raised by dolphins, is discovered and captured on a cay and taken to a scientific research facility. She progresses quickly and meets Shay, another feral child who looks like Mila. Shay is a quiet girl. As more time passes, Mila falls in love with music and a boy named Justin, and wonders why she progresses so quickly while Shay does not. Shay is sent to another facility and a doctor explains to Mila that of all the feral children that have been studied, Mila is the only one who has continued progressing. Soon, Mila finds her newfound knowledge slipping away and regresses. She requests to be released back to the ocean and, after some discussing among her caregivers, she is returned to the ocean to reunite with her dolphin family.

Characters
Mila: The protagonist of the story, a girl raised by dolphins. She is captured on a cay and taken to a scientific research facility, where she is taught to be a human by Doctor Beck, who helps her in her struggle to learn English and about human life. At one point, Mila learns that her real name could be Olivia, and that her father, who is Cuban, is alive. Mila is currently 17.

Doctor Elizabeth Beck: The main doctor that takes care of Mila, she helps her learn to speak and to be a human.

Shay: A friend of Mila, a little girl. Shay was said to be kept in solitary confinement in Idaho. Later, she is taken from the research facility to a foster home.

Justin: Doctor Beck's son. At first he is resentful and jealous of Mila and the attention Dr. Beck gives her. Later he tells Mila that Dr. Beck's interest in Mila is more scientific than familial. However, the two fall in love in the climax of the story.

Sandy: A friend of Dr. Beck's. She sometimes acts as a caregiver of Mila, who finds Sandy to be the most sympathetic and understanding person in the story.

Mr. Aradondo: A janitor at the facility where Mila is kept. He appears to be afraid of Mila, though he openly expresses concern for her well-being when she develops a high fever. He reminds Mila of her grandfather.

Doctor Troy and Doctor Peach: Colleagues of Doctor Beck, who also help Mila and Shay learn about music and the English language.

Dolphins: The ones that raise Mila. Her dolphin mother has a spotted tail or fluke, and wise eyes; she had lost her baby calf shortly before finding Mila.

Use of Multi-genre Elements
Hesse incorporates different writing styles and fonts in each section of the book to help express Mila's thoughts as well as extra context. The fonts vary as Mila learns English. When Mila knows no language, a smaller font is used in italics. This implies that they are Mila's thoughts, but not originally in a comprehensible language such as English. As Mila begins to learn English, the font changes. A larger, more boxy font is used. The letters look more clunky and less fluid to show that Mila is still new to the language. The font continues to change as Mila learns more English and begins to understand what it means to be English. The font gets smaller when her language understanding gets more complex. Towards the end of the book, Mila regresses to her previous state. The font style helps the reader see this regression occur. The ending of the story is once again written in the small, fluid italics. The reader can infer that Mila abandoned all language at this point and can return to the dolphins.

The inclusions of different genres and writing styles help provide context for the reader. At the beginning of the book, Hesse includes a newspaper article describing how the coast guard found Mila. This allows the reader to understand the events leading up to the start of the book, such as how Mila ended up in the research facility. Much of the beginning of the book is spoken dialog. This shows how Mila is discovering language and learning how to be a human. Hesse later includes some journal entries written by Mila. The journals demonstrate Mila's advanced understanding of language. It also provides readers with more thoughts from Mila.

title: The Music of Dolphins


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1884–85 in English football

The 1884–85 season was the 14th season of competitive football in England.

National team
England finished second in the British Home Championship, which was won by Scotland.

* England score given first

Key
 * H = Home match
 * BHC = British Home Championship

Note – Some sources credit England's third goal as a Joe Lofthouse goal, but match reports clearly state an Eames own goal.

Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition

title: 1884–85 in English football


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Liam Pender

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Dmcdevit·t 06:30, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

Liam Pender
Vanity/non-notable. Didn't find one hit in Google. Mrendo 20:47, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax, vanity, other? nn at any rate.  Friday 20:51, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverified/vanity. --Etacar11 01:12, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn royblumy 03:40, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as vanity. --Dmcdevit·t 07:01, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Octave effect

Octave effect boxes are a type of special effects unit which mix the input signal with a synthesized signal whose musical tone is an octave lower or higher than the original. The synthesised octave signal is derived from the original input signal by halving (octave-down) or doubling (octave-up) the frequency. This is possible due to the simple two-to-one relationship between the frequencies of musical notes which are separated by an octave. One of the first popular musicians to employ the octave effect was Jimi Hendrix, who also used a variety of other effects in his recordings and public performances. Hendrix used an octave-fuzz pedal known as the octavia.

Analog octave effects differ from harmonizers and pitch shifters which digitally sample the sound and process it to change its pitch.

Octave up
Octave-up effects usually use full wave rectification using diodes to "fold up" the negative part of the waveform to make a new waveform an octave higher in pitch.

Octave down
Octave-down effects are typically produced by converting the signal to a square wave, and then using flip-flop circuits to divide the frequency by two. This creates a buzzy synthesizer like tone. The MXR Blue Box used this method to create a two octave drop (expanded to include one octave down in later re-issues). Jimmy Page used a Blue Box to record the solo on Led Zeppelin's Fool in the Rain.

The Boss OC-2 unit generates tones at one and two octaves down from the input signal. This effect also uses flip-flops to generate square waves at 1/2 and 1/4 of the input signal frequency, but rather than simply mixing in these signals, it uses them to invert the polarity of the input signal on every other cycle (every two out of four cycles for the second octave). This effectively amplitude modulates the input signal with a carrier at half the input signal, creating new frequency components at 1/2 and 3/2 the input signal. The 3/2 component is low-pass filtered out. This more complex approach lessens the synthetic sound of the octave tones by making them more closely associated with the original signal, and also makes the effect volume-sensitive.

The Boss OC-3 (2006) has an additional mode called "Poly" where only a low note is added with the idea to add a bass line to chords. In 2020, Boss released the OC-5 which included features from both of the previous versions, as well as some new ones including octave up, poly/vintage mode, source switch and superior tracking engine.

The Mu-tron Octave Divider (about 1972) had a unique generator that tuned into the low octave as long as the input signal was strong and then continued generating the same frequency while that input signal faded.

Use of octave effects
Octave pedals can be used in conjunction with fuzz (see octafuzz) and/or distortion. It can be used on guitar to make it sound more aggressive (such as the lead-in solo by Prince on When Doves Cry) or sound like a bass. The song Seven Nation Army by The White Stripes features an octave pedal on electric guitar, simulating the sound of a bass.

title: Octave effect


text:
The Spectator (1711)

The Spectator was a daily publication founded by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele in England, lasting from 1711 to 1712. Each "paper", or "number", was approximately 2,500 words long, and the original run consisted of 555 numbers, beginning on 1 March 1711. These were collected into seven volumes. The paper was revived without the involvement of Steele in 1714, appearing thrice weekly for six months, and these papers when collected formed the eighth volume. Eustace Budgell, a cousin of Addison's, and the poet John Hughes also contributed to the publication.

Aims
In Number 10, Mr. Spectator states that The Spectator will aim "to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality". The journal reached an audience of thousands of people every day, because "the Spectators was something that every middle-class household with aspirations to looking like its members took literature seriously would want to have." He hopes it will be said he has "brought philosophy out of closets and libraries, schools, and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and coffee–houses". Women were a target audience for The Spectator, because one of the aims of the periodical was to increase the number of women who were "of a more elevated life and conversation." Steele states in The Spectator, No. 10, "But there are none to whom this paper will be more useful than to the female world." He recommends that readers of the paper consider it "as a part of the tea-equipage" and set aside time to read it each morning. The Spectator sought to provide readers with topics for well-reasoned discussion, and to equip them to carry on conversations and engage in social interactions in a polite manner. In keeping with the values of Enlightenment philosophies of their time, the authors of The Spectator promoted family, marriage, and courtesy.

Readership
Despite a modest daily circulation of approximately 3,000 copies, The Spectator was widely read; Joseph Addison estimated that each number was read by thousands of Londoners, about a tenth of the capital's population at the time. Contemporary historians and literary scholars, meanwhile, do not consider this to be an unreasonable claim; most readers were not themselves subscribers but patrons of one of the subscribing coffeehouses. These readers came from many stations in society, but the paper catered principally to the interests of England's emerging middle class—merchants and traders large and small.

The Spectator also had many readers in the American colonies. In particular, James Madison read the paper avidly as a teenager. It is said to have had a big influence on his world view, lasting throughout his long life. Benjamin Franklin was also a reader, and the Spectator influenced his style in his "Silence Dogood" letters.

Jürgen Habermas sees The Spectator as instrumental in the formation of the public sphere in 18th century England. Although The Spectator declares itself to be politically neutral, it was widely recognised as promoting Whig values and interests.

The Spectator continued to be popular and widely read in the late 18th and 19th centuries. It was sold in eight-volume editions. Its prose style, and its marriage of morality and advice with entertainment, were considered exemplary. The decline in its popularity has been discussed by Brian McCrea and C. S. Lewis.

Inkle and Yarico
In The Spectator, No.11, Steele created a frame narrative that would come to be a very well known story in the eighteenth century, the story of Inkle and Yarico. Although the periodical essay was published on 13 March 1711, the story is based on Richard Ligon's publication in 1647. Ligon's publication, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes, reports on how the cruelties of the transatlantic slave trade contribute to slave-produced goods such as tobacco and sugarcane. Mr. Spectator goes to speak with an older woman, Arietta, whom many people visit to discuss various topics. When Mr. Spectator enters the room, there is already another man present speaking with Arietta. They are discussing "constancy in love," and the man uses the tale of The Ephesian Matron to support his point. Arietta is insulted and angered by the man's hypocrisy and sexism. She counters his tale with one of her own, the story of Inkle and Yarico. Thomas Inkle, a twenty-year-old man from London, sailed to the West Indies to increase his wealth through trade. While on an island, he encounters a group of Indians, who battle and kill many of his shipmates. After fleeing, Inkle hides in a cave where he discovers Yarico, an Indian maiden. They become enamored with one another's clothing and physical appearances, and Yarico for the next several months hides her lover from her people and provides him with food and fresh water. Eventually, a ship passes, headed for Barbadoes, and Inkle and Yarico use this opportunity to leave the island. After reaching the English colony, Inkle sells Yarico to a merchant, even after she tells him that she is pregnant. Arietta closes the tale stating that Inkle simply uses Yarico's declaration to argue for a higher price when selling her. Mr. Spectator is so moved by the story that he takes his leave. Steele's text was so well known and influential that seven decades after his publication, George Colman modified the short story into a comic opera, Inkle and Yarico.

Editions

 * The standard edition of The Spectator is Donald F. Bond's edition in five volumes, published in 1965. Selections can be found in The Norton Anthology of English Literature.
 * Ross, Angus (ed.) Selections from The Tatler and The Spectator (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982) ISBN 0-14-043-130-6. Edited with an introduction and notes. Out of print.

title: The Spectator (1711)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gannochy

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:25, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Gannochy
Delete not notable. Friday 20:49, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Created by the same person who created the SUSA articles. Gwk 20:59, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable bar. Dcarrano 01:52, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn royblumy 03:41, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yet another bar. --Calton | Talk 03:01, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable student bar. JamesBurns 03:50, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Talk:Ohio Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)

title: Talk:Ohio Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)


text: File:Motorhead (song) A.jpg

title: File:Motorhead (song) A.jpg


text:
User talk:Afiler

Hi Andy!

Aqua Connnect
Afiler- I was wondering if you could help me with the language in the article I put up on Aqua Connect. I went over the beginning part and changed the wording. Suggestions would be greatly appreciated! (Sorry if this is not the proper way to go about this!) MacJarvis (talk) 00:24, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Qwest Wireless
I did not know, editing now! --Romeo Bravo 00:12, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

American Public Media Group
Yeah thanks, I'd noticed that the article seemed to be marketing heavy. The IP address is in a range owned by MPR, so it could very well have been a marketing person. —Mulad (talk) 03:32, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

VLC Mac OS X problem with Vorbis files
Hello,

Have you tried to report the issues you are having to the VLC team? Would you do that, please?-- Saoshyant talk / contribs (please join WP:Portugal or WP:SPOKEN) 16:48, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Edge Wireless
Another editor has added the "prod" template to the article Edge Wireless, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Oo7565 18:31, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the note; I responded to your concerns re: the prod at Talk:Edge Wireless UnitedStatesian 20:33, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

i did not prod that article i was just leting you know someone else had just trying to be nice okOo7565 21:39, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Burger time logo.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Burger time logo.gif. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Unspecified source for Image:Burger time logo.gif
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—Preceding unsigned comment added by Betacommand (talk • contribs)

 * Source and rationale added! - Afiler 16:34, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Edge wireless logo.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Edge wireless logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Image:Unicel logo.gif listed for deletion
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Pri logo.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Pri logo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Fair use rationale for Image:Unicel service area.gif
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Caleb-uhd144.jpg
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Replaceable fair use Image:Figurines-band.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Figurines-band.jpg. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under a claim of fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first non-free content criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

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Washington State Ferries
Note: The Martha S. (Keller Ferry) is part of WSDOT, but it is not operated by the state organization which is named "Washington State Ferries". It is instead operated by a different group within WSDOT. The ferry is already listed in the Ferries in Washington State article, which is the appropriate place for it to be listed. --- Barek (talk • contribs) - 15:43, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Security Innovation
Hi Afiler, you removed some stuff from the Security Innovation page on 19-Oct, but not all was marketing. Don't you think the list of products and their short description is still relevant and not marketing? They seem most important to me (I don't want to put it back myself, and override your change, in case you disagree). Thanks, Adarw (talk) 14:01, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Template:PD-MTGov
I have thrown my opinion into the mix concerning Template:PD-MTGov, to the effect that they are public domain. Here's my reply. I am looking into re-creating the template after I have found enough information. Int21h (talk) 05:30, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Talk:Yerba mate
A move discussion has started again on the article: Talk:Yerba mate. I am notifying you since you expressed an opinion in the topic in the past. --Walter Görlitz (talk) 04:38, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

North Dakota NRHPs
Hi Afiler! Editor User:TheCatalyst31 has uploaded a number of your pics from your website of pics to List of RHPs in ND and related articles on NRHP-listed places in North Dakota. Thanks for contributing them! Me and some others are on track to start an article for every NRHP-listed place (out of >400) in the state pretty soon. I for one really enjoy having a pic to visualize a place when I am learning about and writing about a new-to-me historic site. Thanks, and keep up the good work. cheers, -- do ncr  am  23:00, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

Whole Wheat Radio
Hello, I'm Shii. I noticed that you made a change to an article, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so! If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Shii (tock) 07:19, 18 March 2013 (UTC)
 * You don't like my choice to merge and redirect, but you haven't actually pointed out any errors, nor has anyone else. The talk page is blank except for name calling. Does it violate policy for user to manually merge an article? Shii (tock) 09:56, 18 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Calling what you're doing a "merge" is being disingenuous. - Afiler (talk) 19:22, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

Cliff Palace
I clicked on the image and found the source so I've removed your cite tag. I think that's all that is necessary. Dougweller (talk) 10:03, 2 August 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:03, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

"Fruit cups" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fruit_cups&redirect=no Fruit cups] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. J I P | Talk 23:46, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Afiler


text:
Quest of the Delta Knights

Quest of the Delta Knights is a 1993 fantasy/adventure sword and sorcery film that was featured in a September 1998 episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000. It is one of only a few movies shown on MST3K that were made in the 1990s.

Plot
The plot revolves around a young boy named Travis (nicknamed "Tee") who learns from his master that he is the key to saving the world from an evil plot. Tee joins the secret organization of the Delta Knights and embarks on a quest to attempt to recover the lost treasures inside the fabled Lost Storehouse of Archimedes. The plot is markedly similar to that of Robert Heinlein's Citizen of the Galaxy, including its essentially identical setup of a young slave boy—who is really the lost heir of a powerful family—being bought for a pittance by a seeming beggar, who is himself really a spy, and who suspects the boy's true identity.

Anachronisms
The film displays extreme confusion with regard to setting, both in terms of time period and location. The story seems to take place in medieval England, although a number of plot elements contradict this. Vultare's henchmen wear headgear strongly resembling (stereotypical) Viking helmets. Baydool states that they are in the Dark Ages, yet firearms are inexplicably used. Leonardo da Vinci, a figure from Renaissance Italy, appears as a major character in the plot. Finally, Leonardo and Tee are searching for the lost storehouse of Archimedes, a figure from ancient Syracuse, Sicily, whose storehouse one might reasonably think unlikely to be found in England. A document held by Archimedes seen in a flashback is also clearly held together by staples.

These anachronisms served as fodder for the cast of Mystery Science Theater 3000: Mike Nelson riffing "Sultans! Pirates! After them!" as the protagonists are fleeing from questionably dressed guards, Tom Servo has a choir that sings about the Delta Knights who "live in Europe somewhere" and "they don't get historical facts just right", and Leonardo da Vinci (played by Bill Corbett) ridicules the "bad movie" and pointing out that the film's depiction of him is a "mook" who is nothing like him.

Filming locations
A large portion of this movie was filmed at the Renaissance Pleasure Faire in Black Point, Novato, California. Performers from the Faire were employed as extras in various scenes throughout. Exterior scenes of Archimedes' storehouse were filmed at the Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco, California. Exterior scenes of the prison were filmed at Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park, Petaluma, California. Some interior scenes of the Mannerjay's palace were filmed at the Scottish Rite Temple, Oakland, California.

Cast

 * David Warner - Baydool / Lord Vultare / Narrator
 * Corbin Allred - Tee
 * Olivia Hussey - The Mannerjay
 * David Kriegel - Leonardo
 * Brigid Brannagh - Thena
 * Sarah Douglas - Madam Maaydeed
 * Richard Kind - Wamthool

Production
David Warner was originally intended to play one character in the movie but suggested that he could play two roles for the same cost.

Reception
Jim Craddock, author of VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever, gave the movie two and half stars.

In a 2017 interview with The A.V. Club, David Warner expressed his enjoyment in being in Quest of the Delta Knights, followed by his amusement at the film being featured on Mystery Science Theater 3000.

title: Quest of the Delta Knights


text:
Makhtesh Ramon

Makhtesh Ramon (מכתש רמון; lit. Ramon Crater/Makhtesh; وادي الرمان; lit. The Ruman Wadi) is a geological feature of Israel's Negev desert. Located some 85 km south of the city of Beersheba, the landform is the world's largest "erosion cirque" (steephead valley or box canyon). The formation is 40 km long, 2–10 km wide and 500 meters deep, and is shaped like an elongated heart. Despite its appearance it is not an impact crater from a meteor nor a volcanic crater formed by a volcanic eruption.

The only settlement in the area is the small town of Mitzpe Ramon (מצפה רמון, "Ramon Lookout") located on the northern edge of the depression. Today the area forms Israel's largest national park, the Ramon Nature Reserve.

Formation
Hundreds of millions of years ago, the Negev desert was covered by the Tethys ocean. Slowly, it started to recede northwards leaving behind a hump-shaped hill. The hump was slowly flattened by water and climatic forces. Approximately five million years ago, the Arava Rift Valley was formed, with rivers changing their courses, carving out the inside of the crater which was a softer rock than that overlying. The crater bottom continued to deepen at a much faster rate than the surrounding walls, which gradually increased in height. As the crater deepened, more layers of ancient rock were exposed with rocks at the bottom of the crater being up to 200 million years old. Today, the crater is 500 metres deep with the deepest point being Ein Saharonim (Saharonim Spring). This spring serves as the sole natural water source within the crater, supporting a significant portion of its wildlife population,including onagers and ibex.

Geology
Makhtesh Ramon contains a diversity of rocks including clay hills known for their fantastic red and yellow colors and forms. Impressive mountains rise at the borders of the crater - Har Ramon (Mt. Ramon) at the southern end, Har Ardon (Mt. Ardon) at the north-eastern end, and two table mountains - Har Marpek (Mt. Marpek - "Elbow"), and Har Katum (Mt. Katum - "Cropped") along the southern wall. The hills to the north-eastern edge of the makhtesh were once entirely covered by spiral ammonite fossils, ranging from the size of snails to that of tractor wheels although these have mainly been extracted so only smaller fossils can be found here today.

Giv'at Ga'ash, a black hill in the north of the makhtesh was once an active volcano which erupted thousands of years ago and caused it to be covered in lava which quickly cooled in the open air, converting it into basalt. Limestone covered by basalt can also be found in smaller black hills in the southern part of the makhtesh, including Karnei Ramon.

Shen Ramon (Ramon's Tooth) is a rock made of magma which hardened whilst underground. It later rose up through cracks in the Earth's surface, and today stands in striking contrast with the nearby creamy coloured southern wall of the crater, as a black sharp-edged rock.

In the centre of the makhtesh is HaMinsara (The Carpentry Shop), a low hill made up of columnar jointed sandstone - polygonal prismatic columns of quartzite.

The pteriidan bivalve Family Ramonalinidae is found in early Middle Triassic rocks of Makhtesh Ramon and was named after this feature.

Nahal Ardon in the east of the makhtesh contains several vertical dikes. Occasional geodes of celestine can be found next to some of them.

Fauna
The Asiatic wild ass has been reintroduced to Makhtesh Ramon. In 1995 the population had increased to 40 adults in the area. The animals are hybrids of two different subspecies of the Asian Wild Ass. It is derived from the Turkmenian kulan (E. h. kulan) and the Persian onager (E. h. onager). The original subspecies, the Syrian wild ass (E. h. hemippus), is completely extinct.

Other larger mammals of the area include Nubian ibex, Dorcas gazelles, striped hyenas, Arabian wolves, caracals, golden jackals, and reintroduced Arabian oryx. Historically, the area was home to Arabian leopards. However, they are likely extinct in Israel.

History
The ruins of a large prehistoric stone structure known as Khan Saharonim are found in the makhtesh, as it lies along the ancient Incense Route, a trade route used by the Nabataeans 2,000 years ago. These ruins acted as a way station for the traders and their animals (khan is the Arabic word for a caravanserai) as they proceeded further westwards to the Mediterranean seaport city of Gaza.

Located atop the northern cliff of the crater, one can find Metzad Mahmal, the remnants of a stronghold employed by the Nabataeans and the Romans to safeguard the Incense Route. The site was excavated by several archaeologists, and declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2005.

title: Makhtesh Ramon


text:
Youthquake (movement)

Youthquake was a 1960s cultural movement. The term was coined by Vogue magazine's editor-in-chief Diana Vreeland in 1965. Youthquake involved music and pop culture, and it changed the landscape of the fashion industry. The movement is characterized by looking to youth culture for a source of inspiration, taking dominance away from the English and Parisian couture houses.

Emergence
With the massive market of "baby boomers" coming into young adulthood, this generation challenged the norms of the past and were successful due to their large population. Women's economic, sexual, and social independence is seen as a catalyst that caused the many to reject the idealized femininity of the 1950s. In England, the emerging generation was bored of the couture houses' conservative designs and instead looked to boutiques to reinvent their style. This was a time in society when teenagers were able to explore their own identities and had the freedom to push boundaries due to post-World War II conditions. The boutique saw the start of the London ready-to-wear industry as people flocked for mass-produced clothing at a lower price point than its predecessors.

Mary Quant, often credited for inventing the mini-skirt, was a leader in the boutique movement and attributed her primary source of inspiration to the street style of the youth. Boutiques Biba, Bazaar and Paraphernalia housed talent like Betsey Johnson and Emmanuelle Khanh and utilized mass-production to fill their shops with the latest trends. These boutiques were key players in London and the US as they were the first to cater specifically to the youth market with a modern approach: "clothes displayed like art in a gallery, cooler-than-thou young salesgirls, and rock and roll blaring from the speakers—shops that marketed clothes as part of a whole, deliriously amusing lifestyle". The Scott Paper Company took advantage of mass-production and created disposable chemise dresses out of their patented Dura-Weave paper. Mass-production gave Scott the ability to print a diverse assortment of eye-catching patterns and Pop Art inspired motifs that appealed to the youth consumer.

The fashion of youthquake was fun, spirited and youthful – miniskirts, jumpsuits, and A-line silhouettes in bold colors were all the rage. Trends like mod, Space Age, and hippie styles were birthed from this cultural phenomenon. Poster girls of the youthquakers such as Jean Shrimpton, Twiggy, Penelope Tree, Veruschka, and Edie Sedgwick were often on the cover of fashion magazines such as Vogue. Pop icons like the Beatles and Jimi Hendrix were also used in advertising to reinforce fashion trends and drive sales.

In haute couture
Luxury designers like Andrè Courrèges and Yves Saint Laurent came out with mini-skirt infused spring collections in the mid-1960s with bold graphic silhouettes and pants for all occasions. Courrèges' "recognition of the revolution launched by the younger generation" revitalized and preserved high fashion by "injecting [its] elements into Haute Couture". Designers Paco Rabanne and Courrèges experimented with industrial plastics and metallic fibers in exploring the Space Age trend. In the end, many couture houses opened boutiques carrying ready-to-wear styles. In contrast to that, houses like Balenciaga closed their couture doors completely.

Legacy
The concept of the "bubble-up" theory, where ideas and inspiration were taken from the low-context culture instead of the high-context culture setting the standards, was the lasting impact of the youthquake movement. Other legacies included the miniskirt, as it symbolized independence and liberation for women during the time and the trouser suit which inspired the looks of the following decade and redefined femininity. The almost androgynous shapes and aesthetic of the Space Age trend sparked experimentation of form. The use of pop culture icons in fashion advertising set a new precedent for successful marketing into the 21st century.

In December 2017, OxfordDictionaries.com declared the idiom word of the year, noting a five-fold increase in its use during the year, particularly in reference to young people's political engagement.

title: Youthquake (movement)


text:
Talk:Spilios Spiliotopoulos

Ban by the Media Association of Greece against Mr. Spiliotopoulos
The Media Association of Greece (ΕΣΥΕΑ) has declared an information ban on anything conserning Mr. Spiliotopoulos.

 * The Media Association of Greece did that in responce to Mr. Spiliotopoulos decision to cencor what the journalists in greece can write about the greek ministry of defence - mind you not the military or top secret stuff, but he did that in attempt to stop leakages about mismanagement and misappropriations which have been constiniously happening inside the ministry for the past 15 years. to this day, 6 months later after the ban, journalists are escorted by MPs everywhere they go within the ministry. The MPs are instructed to not let the journalists talk to any of the staff members. journalists are only allowed to fetch the daily press reports. if a journalists talks to any of the staff, uniform or otherwise, they are immediately escorted out of the building and reported to the security office of the minitry.

I'm asking this as a professional courtecy and as a sign of comradership to Greek journalists that are selectively affected by this policy of Mr. Spiliotopoulos (they are editors, too!). I kindly request that you do not add any more information to the article. Thank you.

Project2501a 20:51, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Do not add any more information to the article? Censorship! --AI 00:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * As I said, I am asking this politely, as a courtesy and a sign of comradership. You are by no means oblidged to uphold it. Project2501a 01:50, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have nothing to add anyway. I don't know Spilios Spiliotopoulos. I just wanted to let you know that your request is contrary to Wikipedia policy: BE BOLD! :) --AI 03:40, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Projects2501a, can you give us a little bit of information on why this is happening in Greece? Is it for the sake of Greece's national security? --AI 03:40, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, i can give additional information. you'll just have to wait till after 9pm UTC. It's 1:30pm right now ( UTC+1 I live in greece). I f you could just bare with me till tonight: I have gym and a German class (Ich spreche das Deutsch :) and then i got to do a little work with a client - got to make that money. So, I'll give you a full description tonight :) But the short is, no, it's not for the sake of national security. it's for the sake of security of palm oil/kickbacks. Project2501a 10:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll be late late with that article, can't quite find the article on-line, greek web space is a mess. Project2501a 21:46, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spilios Spiliotopoulos


text:
User talk:FlyingPenguins

November 2009
Please do not add content without citing verifiable and reliable sources, as you did to Homer's Paternity Coot. Before making any potentially controversial edits, it is recommended that you discuss them first on the article's talk page. Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. Cirt (talk) 02:25, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Removing info from the lede of articles
Please see WP:LEAD, and also please see WP:SPOILER. Thanks, Cirt (talk) 02:26, 4 November 2009 (UTC) --FlyingPenguins (talk) 02:51, 4 November 2009 (UTC)
 * In response to both the Cultural References and the lead paragraph issues:
 * As long as there's a tag in the Cultural References section that states that such content should be integrated into other sections of the article as soon as possible, with proper citations (which I forgot to add when I first reverted Homer's Paternity Coot a while ago), I think it should be fine.
 * Neither WP:LEAD nor WP:SPOILER seem to deal with spoilers in the introductory paragraph. It states that this leading section should be an brief overview of the article and the episode; a summarization of the entire plotline is not really needed.
 * WP:LEAD states that the lede section should be a summary of the entire article. And please do not restore or add unsourced material to articles. Thank you, Cirt (talk) 03:49, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Raptor title.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Raptor title.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk ) 07:21, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Vancouver Wikipedia 10th Anniversary Meetup

''The Interior cordially invites you to the Vancouver Wikipedia 10th Anniversary Meetup! It is being held at Benny's Bagels at 2505 W Broadway. Meetup will start at 6:30pm. Drop by for some Wikipedia-style conviviality and free gear! Feel free to forward this invitation to any Wikipedians who might be able to attend, and visit the discussion page to suggest activities. Hope to see you there and have a Happy 2011!

Invitation to Vancouver meetup
Hello,

Wikipedian British Columbians are planning a meetup at the Vancouver Public Library, Central Branch, on Sunday, October 16th, as part of the Wikipedia Loves Libraries events. If you wish to attend, please see Meetup/Vancouver and add your signature to the list.

Thank you! Inverse Hypercube 03:03, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

Evergreen Line
Since you have updated the article with current information about the construction of the line, I have revived the succession templates for the line. Secondarywaltz (talk) 00:02, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Invitation to Vancouver meetup
Hello,

You are invited to an edit-a-thon at the Prophouse Café on Sunday March 25, as part of Women's History Month events all over the world. If you wish to attend, please see Meetup/Vancouver WikiWomen's Edit-a-Thon and add your signature to the list.

Thank you! Inverse Hypercube (talk) 09:40, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Non-free rationale for File:Raptor 1.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Raptor 1.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under non-free content criteria, but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page, and edit it to include a non-free rationale.

If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified the non-free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions, please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 20:04, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:PagePlusSE.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:PagePlusSE.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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An RfC that you may be interested in...
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title: User talk:FlyingPenguins


text:
Here Come the Brides (album)

Here Come the Brides is the debut album by Brides of Destruction released via Sanctuary Records on March 9, 2004. It is their most successful album being the only one to have a charting on the Billboard 200, it is also the only album that features bassist Nikki Sixx who would leave the band to rejoin Mötley Crüe for their reunion tour in 2005, and also the only album to feature John Corabi. The album's only single, "Shut The Fuck Up" failed to chart due to little airplay. "Only Get So Far" was originally written by Nikki Sixx for Tim McGraw and Faith Hill.

Background and recording
Brides of Destruction was formed by Nikki Sixx and Tracii Guns in Los Angeles in 2002 initially with the name Cockstar after Mötley Crüe went on hiatus and Tracii left L.A. Guns. The lineup was rounded off with singer London LeGrand, keyboardist Adam Hamilton and Kris Kohls of Adema on drums. They were advised by radio programmers that the name Cockstar wouldn't be announced on air. They briefly adopted the moniker Motordog before settling on Brides of Destruction after it was suggested to Sixx by a friend. Hamilton left shortly after and was replaced by John Corabi, also formerly of Mötley Crüe, who became the band's second guitarist. They entered the studio with producer Stevo Bruno to begin recording. Kohls left the band in early 2003 but is still credited in the album for the songs "I Got a Gun", "Natural Born Killers", "Revolution" and "Only Get So Far" despite Sixx stating that his replacement, Scot Coogan, had re-recorded the drum parts for them:

'A little update to some of you. We [BRIDES OF DESTRUCTION] just finished the last set of songs... We went in with six, came out with five done, plus the four from before. We have three that just need a little work to finish as well. Scot [Coogan] played drums to the older songs replacing [former B.O.D. and current ADEMA drummer] Kris Kohl's drums so it all sounds like it's from the same band/sessions.'

After recording his guitar parts for all the songs, Corabi left the Brides stating he wanted to pursue a solo career as his reasons. In an interview years later Corabi cited some tension with Guns and little writing input contributing to his decision to leave:

'To be perfectly honest with you, I get along with Nikki [Sixx] splendidly, but when I left the band I told Nikki that there was gonna be some egos involved, I don't wanna say who, but I just said there's a member in this band that I just do not get along with, that I do not write well with. First of all they basically told me that they don't need me to write at all, so I was like I'm not into that situation, and I told Nikki "Dude, I love you to death. I known that you and I can write a great record and so I'm out.". And as it turned out he just sent Bruce [Kulick] an email like a week ago and said "Tell Corabi I'm really sorry about the Brides of Destruction thing and he was right." Because Nikki is having an issue now with the person that I was having an issue with… So we'll just leave it at that.'

Sixx's future Sixx:A.M. bandmate James Michael features on the album, co-writing "Brace Yourself", "Natural Born Killers" and "Only Get So Far". Justin Nichols and Grammy nominated songwriter Kevin Kadish are also given writing credits on the song "Life" which sees drummer Scot Coogan performing lead vocals. After recording was finished, the album was mixed by Grammy Award-winning producer and mixer Steve Thompson. Initially it looked like the album would only see a Japanese release after signing a deal with Universal Records and failing to find a label for an American/European release. Due to this it looked likely the band were to split until they signed a deal with Sanctuary Records and set a release date that was pushed back a number of times eventually being released on March 9, 2004. The band chose "Shut the Fuck Up" as their first single and recorded a video with director Paul Brown. The song was chosen as a protest against politicians discussing the war against terror. Despite the fact that the track was edited for radio, the song did not receive as much airplay as the band would have liked and the track failed to chart.

Release
Upon release, Here Come the Brides chart at number 92 on the Billboard 200 selling 13,694 copies. The band announced the Honeymoon From Hell US tour to support the album with support from Amen and Living Things. They also played at festivals in Europe such as Download in the UK, Metaltown in Sweden and supported Alice Cooper for a couple of shows in Norway and Sweden. The album is currently out of print.

Critical reception
The album was generally well received, with Allmusic giving it a 3.5/5 rating stating "The sound? By-the-numbers Los Angeles metal with slight post-grunge updates. "Shut the F*** Up" draws on Generation Swine-era Crüe, while "I Got a Gun" reaches eagerly for classic Queensrÿche. The Brides play well as a unit, and LeGrand makes up for his lack of nuance with power.". Rolling Stone gave the album 3 out of 5 stars saying " Singer London Le Grand works a fine Bowie-Axl yowl, but he mostly gets points for his great porn-metal name. Throughout, Brides show today's whippersnappers how to deliver real cock-rock shock - even the de rigueur power ballad "Only Get So Far" has cojones.". Blabbermouth gave a more mixed review stating "the record — a compact nine-song effort — only provides sporadic moments of inspiration and little in the way of truly electrifying rock and roll. It's commendable that Sixx, Guns, drummer Scot Coogan, and vocalist London LeGrand are sticking their middle fingers at trends and doing what they want musically, but the shopworn selection of material here generates very few real sparks."

Charts
Album - Billboard (North America)

Personnel

 * Brides of Destruction
 * London LeGrand – lead vocals
 * Tracii Guns – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Nikki Sixx – bass, backing vocals
 * Scot Coogan – drums except on "I Got a Gun", "Natural Born Killers", "Revolution", and "Only Get So Far", backing vocals, lead vocals on "Life"

 * John Corabi – additional guitars on all songs

 * Additional personnel
 * Kris Kohls – drums on "I Got a Gun", "Natural Born Killers", "Revolution", and "Only Get So Far"
 * Erik C. Casillas; album illustration, design & layout
 * Gary Paine – album design & layout

 * Production personnel
 * Stevo Bruno – production
 * Steve Thompson – mixing
 * Steve Hall – mastering

title: Here Come the Brides (album)


text:
Talk:Katie Feenstra-Mattera

Untitled
More info will slowly(but surely) arrive.

Malcom X 20:52, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks

81.131.60.88

Dutch origin?
Is Katie Feenstra of Dutch origin? Feenstra sounds Dutch... 217.209.93.223 22:57, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

That's a good guess, but I don't know either. "Veenstra" (or any name ending in "-stra" or "-sma") tends to be a name from the Friesland province. --156.143.133.238 15:27, 26 April 2007 (UTC) KeplerNiko

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title: Talk:Katie Feenstra-Mattera


text:
Anthony Bidulka

Anthony Bidulka (born July 24, 1962) is a Canadian writer of mystery, thriller and suspense novels. Bidulka's books have been nominated for Crime Writers of Canada Arthur Ellis Awards, Saskatchewan Book Awards, a ReLit award, and Lambda Literary Awards. In 2005, he became the first Canadian to win the Lambda Literary Award for Gay Mystery.

Biography
Bidulka was born July 24, 1962, the youngest of three children raised on a farm near Prud'homme, Saskatchewan. He is a Ukrainian descendant.

Though he originally intended to study optometry, Bidulka ultimately received three undergraduate degrees from the University of Saskatchewan: a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology (1983), a Bachelor of Education, and a Bachelor of Commerce. After graduation, he worked as a teacher and CPA before devoting himself to full-time writing in 1999.

Bidulka has been with his partner since 1991, and they live together in Saskatoon.

Awards and honours
Bidulka has been honoured by the University of Saskatchewan, first in 2011 when he was inducted into the College of Education's Wall of Honour, then again in 2020, when he won the Alumni of Influence Award from the College of Arts and Science at the University of Saskatchewan.

In 2014, Bidulka was named the Saskatoon Citizen of the Year. In 2017, he received the Nation Builders Award from the Ukrainian Canadian Community of Saskatchewan. In 2023, his book, Going to Beautiful was named Best Crime Novel of the year by the Crime Writers of Canada.

 * 1983 – Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree (with distinction); University of Saskatchewan
 * 1991 – Bachelor of Education (BEd); University of Saskatchewan
 * 1991 – Bachelor of Commerce (BComm) (with distinction); University of Saskatchewan
 * 1993 – Qualified for Chartered Accountant (CA) designation
 * 1994 – 1997 – Board of Directors – AIDS Saskatoon
 * 1997 – Master of Ceremonies, Institute of Chartered Accountants of Saskatchewan Convocation
 * 1998 – Board of Directors – Saskatchewan International Ice Festival
 * 1998 – 2001 – Board of Directors – Persephone Theatre
 * 2000 – 2001 – President, Persephone Theatre Board of Directors
 * 2003 – Shortlisted for Arthur Ellis Award (Amuse Bouche)
 * 2003 – Shortlisted for ReLit Award (Amuse Bouche)
 * 2004 – Shortlisted for Saskatchewan Book Award (Flight of Aquavit)
 * 2004 – Winner – Lambda Literary Award (Flight of Aquavit)
 * 2005 – Board of Directors – Saskatchewan Writers’ Guild
 * 2005 – 2008 – Board of Directors – Saskatchewan Writers’ Guild Foundation
 * 2005 – Shortlisted for Saskatchewan Book Award (Tapas on the Ramblas)
 * 2006 – Presenter at Lambda Literary Awards – Washington, DC
 * 2006 – Cover of Planet S Magazine
 * 2007 – Shortlisted for Lambda Literary Award (Stain of the Berry)
 * 2007 – Shortlisted for Saskatchewan Book Award (Stain of the Berry)
 * 2007 – Presenter at Lambda Literary Awards – New York City, NY
 * 2008 – 2018 – Co-Chair, Camp fYrefly Saskatchewan Board of Directors
 * 2008 – Shortlisted for Lambda Literary Award (Sundowner Ubuntu)
 * 2008 – Master of Ceremonies – Bloody Words Mystery Conference Gala Dinner – Toronto, ON
 * 2008 – Cover of Acreage Life Magazine
 * 2009 – 2010 – Board of Directors – Crime Writers of Canada
 * 2009 – Avenue Community Centre Community Service Award
 * 2009 – Shortlisted for Saskatchewan Book Award (Aloha, Candy Hearts)
 * 2010 – Shortlisted for Arthur Ellis Award (Aloha, Candy Hearts)
 * 2010 – Rainbow Award for Best Mystery/Thriller (Date With a Sheesha)
 * 2010 – McNally Robinson Saskatchewan #1 Fiction Bestseller (Date With a Sheesha)
 * 2010 – 2012 – Board of Directors, International Association of Crime Writers
 * 2011 – Named American Library Association GLBT Round Table Over The Rainbow – Top Mystery (Aloha, Candy Hearts)
 * 2011 – Named American Library Association GLBT Round Table Over The Rainbow – Top Mystery (Date With a Sheesha)
 * 2011 – Master of Ceremonies – Crime Writers of Canada Arthur Ellis Awards – Victoria, BC
 * 2011 – Inducted onto Wall of Honour, College of Education, University of Saskatchewan
 * 2011 – Named Judge for the 2011 Lambda Literary Awards
 * 2012 – Cover of Saskatoon Express
 * 2012 – When Words Collide Literary Festival Guest of Honour
 * 2012 – Honorary Committee Member – University of Alberta Institute for Sexual Minorities Studies and Services Fundraising Campaign
 * 2012 – Master of Ceremonies – Canadian Reception – Bouchercon Mystery Conference – Cleveland, OH
 * 2012 – McNally Robinson Saskatchewan #1 Fiction Bestseller (Dos Equis)
 * 2013 – McNally Robinson Saskatchewan #1 Fiction Bestseller (When The Saints Go Marching In)
 * 2013 – Keynote Speaker, When Words Collide Festival, Calgary, AB
 * 2014 – Named Judge for the 2014 Lambda Literary Awards
 * 2014 – 2017 – Board of Directors, The Word On The Street Saskatoon
 * 2014 – Guest Lecturer, Alexandra Writers’ Centre Society, Calgary
 * 2014 – Named Saskatoon Citizen of the Year, CTV Saskatoon (alongside husband Herb McFaull)
 * 2015 – Keynote Speaker, Regina Public Library Readers Summit
 * 2015 – Cover of Bridges Magazine
 * 2015 – 2021 – Advisory Board, artSpace Saskatoon Inc.
 * 2016 – Favorite Crime Fiction of 2016 List – The Rap Sheet (Set Free)
 * 2017 – The Peter Corren Award for Outstanding Achievement
 * 2017 – The Nation Builders Award – The Ukrainian Canadian Congress
 * 2018 – 2019 – Committee Chair, galaMODERN for Remai Modern Art Gallery of Saskatchewan
 * 2020 – Recipient of the University of Saskatchewan College of Arts and Science Alumni of Influence Award
 * 2020 – Aspen Ridge (Saskatoon, SK) parks assigned the names Bidulka Park and Bidulka Park North
 * 2020 – University of Saskatchewan Alumni Advisory Board
 * 2021 – Chair – USAAB Achievement Awards Committee
 * 2022 – McNally Robinson Saskatchewan #1 Fiction Bestseller (Going to Beautiful)
 * 2022 – Booknet Canada #7 Canadian Fiction Bestseller (Going to Beautiful)
 * 2022 – Going to Beautiful appears on Hamilton Review of Books top ten bestseller list recognizing independently published books purchased from independent bookstores – May-September
 * 2022 – Going to Beautiful selected by The Book Publishers Association of Alberta for audiobook production project with the CNIB
 * 2022 – Going to Beautiful included on The Rap Sheet’s list of Favorite Crime Fiction of 2022
 * 2023 – Shortlisted for Saskatchewan Book Award – Fiction Award (Going to Beautiful)
 * 2023 – Winner – Crime Writers of Canada Award of Excellence – 2023 Best Crime Novel (Going to Beautiful)
 * 2023 – Winner – Independent Publisher Book Award – 2023 Canada West Best Fiction Gold Medalist (Going to Beautiful)
 * 2023 – Finalist for the American Fiction Award – LGBTQ+ Fiction Category (Livingsky)
 * 2023 – Finalist for the American Fiction Award – Mystery/Suspense: Multicultural & Diverse Category (Livingsky)
 * 2023 – Shortlisted for Alberta Book Publishers Award – Mystery and Thriller Book of the Year (Going to Beautiful)

Publications

 * Set Free (2016)
 * Going to Beautiful (2022)
 * Livingsky (2023)
 * From Sweetgrass Bridge (2024)

Russell Quant series

 * 1) Amuse-Bouche (2003)
 * 2) Flight of Aquavit (2004)
 * 3) Tapas on the Ramblas (2005)
 * 4) Stain of the Berry (2006)
 * 5) Sundowner Ubuntu (2007)
 * 6) Aloha, Candy Hearts (2009)
 * 7) Date with a Seesha (2010)
 * 8) Dos Equis (2012)

The Adam Saint Suspense series

 * When the Saints Go Marching In (2013)
 * The Women of Skawa Island (2014)

title: Anthony Bidulka


text:
1885–86 in English football

The 1885–86 season was the 15th season of competitive football in England.

National team
England were joint winners of the 1886 British Home Championship with Scotland.

* England score given first

Key
 * A = Away match
 * BHC = British Home Championship

Note – see Talk page re query on goalscorers against Wales.

Events

 * Millwall Rovers were formed, and play their first match on 3 October 1885. After a couple of name changes and moves, the club will eventually become known as Millwall.

Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition

title: 1885–86 in English football


text:
User talk:Srammij

Welcome!
Hello, Srammij, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
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 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:53, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page. :)

title: User talk:Srammij


text:
Manning formula

The Manning formula or Manning's equation is an empirical formula estimating the average velocity of a liquid in an open channel flow (flowing in a conduit that does not completely enclose the liquid). However, this equation is also used for calculation of flow variables in case of flow in partially full conduits, as they also possess a free surface like that of open channel flow. All flow in so-called open channels is driven by gravity.

It was first presented by the French engineer Philippe Gaspard Gauckler in 1867, and later re-developed by the Irish engineer Robert Manning in 1890. Thus, the formula is also known in Europe as the Gauckler–Manning formula or Gauckler–Manning–Strickler formula (after Albert Strickler).

The Gauckler–Manning formula is used to estimate the average velocity of water flowing in an open channel in locations where it is not practical to construct a weir or flume to measure flow with greater accuracy. Manning's equation is also commonly used as part of a numerical step method, such as the standard step method, for delineating the free surface profile of water flowing in an open channel.

Formulation
The Gauckler–Manning formula states:

 * $$V = \frac{k}{n} {R_h}^{2/3} \, S^{1/2}$$

where:
 * $V$ is the cross-sectional average velocity (dimension of L/T; units of ft/s or m/s);
 * $n$ is the Gauckler–Manning coefficient. Units of $n$ are often omitted, however $n$ is not dimensionless, having dimension of T/L1/3 and units of s/m1/3.
 * $R_{h}$ is the hydraulic radius (L; ft, m);
 * $S$ is the stream slope or hydraulic gradient, the linear hydraulic head loss loss (dimension of L/L, units of m/m or ft/ft); it is the same as the channel bed slope when the water depth is constant. ($S = h_{f}/L$).
 * $k$ is a conversion factor between SI and English units. It can be left off, as long as you make sure to note and correct the units in the $n$ term. If you leave $n$ in the traditional SI units, $k$ is just the dimensional analysis to convert to English. $k = 1$ for SI units, and $k = 1.49$ for English units. (Note: (1 m)1/3/s = (3.2808399 ft)1/3/s = 1.4859 ft/s)

Note: the Strickler coefficient is the reciprocal of Manning coefficient: $Ks$=1/$n$, having dimension of L1/3/T and units of m1/3/s; it varies from 20 m1/3/s (rough stone and rough surface) to 80 m1/3/s (smooth concrete and cast iron).

The discharge formula, $Q = A V$, can be used to rewrite Gauckler–Manning's equation by substitution for $V$. Solving for $Q$ then allows an estimate of the volumetric flow rate (discharge) without knowing the limiting or actual flow velocity.

The formula can be obtained by use of dimensional analysis. In the 2000s this formula was derived theoretically using the phenomenological theory of turbulence.

Hydraulic radius
The hydraulic radius is one of the properties of a channel that controls water discharge. It also determines how much work the channel can do, for example, in moving sediment. All else equal, a river with a larger hydraulic radius will have a higher flow velocity, and also a larger cross sectional area through which that faster water can travel. This means the greater the hydraulic radius, the larger volume of water the channel can carry.

Based on the 'constant shear stress at the boundary' assumption, hydraulic radius is defined as the ratio of the channel's cross-sectional area of the flow to its wetted perimeter (the portion of the cross-section's perimeter that is "wet"):

 * $$R_h = \frac{A}{P}$$

where: For channels of a given width, the hydraulic radius is greater for deeper channels. In wide rectangular channels, the hydraulic radius is approximated by the flow depth.
 * $R_{h}$ is the hydraulic radius (L);
 * $A$ is the cross sectional area of flow (L2);
 * $P$ is the wetted perimeter (L).

The hydraulic radius is not half the hydraulic diameter as the name may suggest, but one quarter in the case of a full pipe. It is a function of the shape of the pipe, channel, or river in which the water is flowing.

Hydraulic radius is also important in determining a channel's efficiency (its ability to move water and sediment), and is one of the properties used by water engineers to assess the channel's capacity.

Gauckler–Manning coefficient
The Gauckler–Manning coefficient, often denoted as $n$, is an empirically derived coefficient, which is dependent on many factors, including surface roughness and sinuosity. When field inspection is not possible, the best method to determine $n$ is to use photographs of river channels where $n$ has been determined using Gauckler–Manning's formula.

The friction coefficients across weirs and orifices are less subjective than $n$ along a natural (earthen, stone or vegetated) channel reach. Cross sectional area, as well as $n$, will likely vary along a natural channel. Accordingly, more error is expected in estimating the average velocity by assuming a Manning's $n$, than by direct sampling (i.e., with a current flowmeter), or measuring it across weirs, flumes or orifices.

In natural streams, $n$ values vary greatly along its reach, and will even vary in a given reach of channel with different stages of flow. Most research shows that $n$ will decrease with stage, at least up to bank-full. Overbank $n$ values for a given reach will vary greatly depending on the time of year and the velocity of flow. Summer vegetation will typically have a significantly higher $n$ value due to leaves and seasonal vegetation. Research has shown, however, that $n$ values are lower for individual shrubs with leaves than for the shrubs without leaves. This is due to the ability of the plant's leaves to streamline and flex as the flow passes them thus lowering the resistance to flow. High velocity flows will cause some vegetation (such as grasses and forbs) to lay flat, where a lower velocity of flow through the same vegetation will not.

In open channels, the Darcy–Weisbach equation is valid using the hydraulic diameter as equivalent pipe diameter. It is the only best and sound method to estimate the energy loss in human made open channels. For various reasons (mainly historical reasons), empirical resistance coefficients (e.g. Chézy, Gauckler–Manning–Strickler) were and are still used. The Chézy coefficient was introduced in 1768 while the Gauckler–Manning coefficient was first developed in 1865, well before the classical pipe flow resistance experiments in the 1920–1930s. Historically both the Chézy and the Gauckler–Manning coefficients were expected to be constant and functions of the roughness only. But it is now well recognised that these coefficients are only constant for a range of flow rates. Most friction coefficients (except perhaps the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor) are estimated 100% empirically and they apply only to fully rough turbulent water flows under steady flow conditions.

One of the most important applications of the Manning equation is its use in sewer design. Sewers are often constructed as circular pipes. It has long been accepted that the value of $n$ varies with the flow depth in partially filled circular pipes. A complete set of explicit equations that can be used to calculate the depth of flow and other unknown variables when applying the Manning equation to circular pipes is available. These equations account for the variation of $n$ with the depth of flow in accordance with the curves presented by Camp.

Authors of flow formulas

 * Albert Brahms (1692–1758)
 * Antoine de Chézy (1718–1798)
 * Henry Darcy (1803–1858)
 * Julius Ludwig Weisbach (1806-1871)
 * Philippe Gaspard Gauckler (1826–1905)
 * Robert Manning (1816–1897)
 * Wilhelm Rudolf Kutter (1818–1888)
 * Henri Bazin (1843–1917)
 * Ludwig Prandtl (1875–1953)
 * Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius (1883–1970)
 * Albert Strickler (1887–1963)
 * Cyril Frank Colebrook (1910–1997)

title: Manning formula


text:
Lublin R-VIII

The Lublin R-VIII was a Polish bomber, reconnaissance aircraft and seaplane designed in the late 1920s by the Plage i Laśkiewicz factory in Lublin. It was the first in-house design of Plage i Laśkiewicz, and the first with the name Lublin.

Development
The aircraft was designed in answer to a request of the Polish Air Force for a heavy single-engine reconnaissance and bomber airplane. Work started in 1926. The main designer was Jerzy Rudlicki (the letter "R" in the designation for his name). The prototype R-VIII was flown in March 1928. It was fitted with a 550 hp Farman 12We W-12 engine, but in tests proved to be underpowered. In July 1928 the second prototype was completed with a more powerful 740 hp Lorraine-Dietrich 18Kd engine. In August 1928 it flew in the Aviation Contest of the Little Entente and Poland. It achieved the best result in trials of carrying a payload (1024 kg to an altitude of 5000 m.

In 1929, the Polish Aviation Department of War Ministry ordered four aircraft with the designation R-VIIIa. They were built in early 1930. One was fitted with a Lorraine-Dietrich engine, the rest with the 760 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Lb. More were not ordered, as the aircraft had good performance when carrying only a limited payload and fuel reserve (which limited its range), when it carried more bombs, or maximum fuel load, its performance was poor.

The prototypes and serial production aircraft were used by the Polish Air Force only for a short time. In August–September 1930, three R-VIIIa flew in the Aviation Contest of the Little Entente and Poland, taking a mediocre 7th and 9th places. In service, both Lorraine-Dietrich-powered aircraft crashed - in 1930 and 1931.

In 1932, the existing R-VIIIs were converted to floatplanes for the Polish Navy. The first prototype was fitted with Lorraine-Dietrich engine and was designated R-VIII bis (Aircraft number 801). Two aircraft with Hispano-Suiza engines were designated R-VIII ter (numbers 802 and 803). The fourth aircraft was broken into spare parts. The maximum speed of the floatplane variant was lowered to 200 km/h. They were also called R-VIII/hydro.

A six-seat passenger aircraft, the R-IX, was developed in 1929, based on the R-VIII, but it remained a prototype.

Operational service
The R-VIII floatplanes were used by the Polish Naval Aviation Squadron (MDLot) in Puck from 1933, in a long reconnaissance escadre. From 1938, they were assigned to training, and were scheduled for withdrawal from service. They survived until the Invasion of Poland in 1939, but the R-VIII bis had its engine removed by then. After the first German air raid on naval aviation base in Puck on September 1, all floatplanes were evacuated from Puck to the Hel Peninsula (the bulk were Lublin R-XIIIs). Since R-VIIIs were quite obsolete by then, they were not used in combat. They were anchored on Puck Bay by Chalupy on Hel Peninsula, near the base of the peninsula, where they were bombed by Stukas on September 8.

Description
Wooden construction biplane, conventional in layout. A fuselage was rectangular in cross-section, plywood covered. Wings canvas and plywood covered, upper wing of greater span. Crew of two, sitting in tandem in an open cockpit, with twin controls (three crewmen could be carried as well, with radio operator). Conventional fixed landing gear, with a rear skid, or two Short floats.

Powerplants

 * W-12 Farman12We 550 hp, fitted to the first prototype, but proved under-powered.
 * W-18 Lorraine-Dietrich 18Kd 650 hp power, 740 hp take-off power, water-cooled (second prototype, one serial R-VIIIa, R-VIIIbis)
 * V-12 Hispano-Suiza 12Lb 650 hp power, 760 hp take-off power, water-cooled (three serial R-VIIIa, R-VIIIter)

Operators

 * Polish Air Force
 * Polish Navy
 * Polish Navy

title: Lublin R-VIII


text:
User:Xaamir

BTW, all updates by xaamir are from his work computer :)

title: User:Xaamir