text:
Dendroarchaeology

Dendroarchaeology is a term used for the study of vegetation remains, old buildings, artifacts, furniture, art and musical instruments using the techniques of dendrochronology (tree-ring dating). It refers to dendrochronological research of wood from the past regardless of its current physical context (in or above the soil). This form of dating is the most accurate and precise absolute dating method available to archaeologists, as the last ring that grew is the first year the tree could have been incorporated into an archaeological structure.

Tree-ring dating is useful in that it can contribute to chronometric, environmental, and behavioral archaeological research.

The utility of tree-ring dating in an environmental sense is the most applicable of the three in today's world. Tree rings can be used to reconstruct numerous environmental variables such as temperature, precipitation, stream flow, drought society, fire frequency and intensity, insect infestation, atmospheric circulation patterns, among others.

History
At the beginning of the twentieth century, astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass first applied tree ring dating to prehistoric North American artifacts. Through applying dendrochronology (tree-ring dating), Douglass hoped for more expansive climate studies. Douglass theorized organic materials (trees and plant remains) could assist in visualizing past climates. Despite Dr. Douglass’s contributions, archaeology as a discipline did not begin applying tree-ring dating until 1970s with Dr. Edward Cook and Dr. Gordon Jacoby. In 1929, American Southwestern archaeologists had charted a non continuous historic and prehistoric chronologies for the Chaco Canyon Region. Tree ring laboratory scientists from Columbia University were some of the first to apply tree-ring dating to the colonial period, specifically architectural timbers in the eastern United States. For agencies like the National Park Service and other historical societies, Dr. Jacoby and Cook began dating historic structures in the lower Hudson River Valley, New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania. This was difficult at the time due to a lack of sufficiently long master dating chronology and access to suitable structures. Not until 1998 was a Boston area master dating chronology developed. Today, the effectiveness of tree ring laboratory archaeological dating chronologies covers most of the area that was settled by the first European colonists. The numbers of these are in the hundreds and include historically significant structures such as Independence Hall and the Tuckahoe estate.

Methodology
There are two types of dates that can be assigned to tree specimens: cutting dates, and noncutting dates. Which date is assigned to a specimen is dependent on whether or not there is evidence that the last ring present on the specimen was the last ring the tree grew before it died.

Cutting dates can be used for crossdated tree specimens that "possess evidence that the last ring present on the specimen was the last ring grown by the tree before it died."

Noncutting dates are used for crossdated tree specimens "if there is no evidence indicating that the last ring present on the specimen is the last one grown before the tree died." Patterns of tree growth will be similar between trees of the same species, growing in the same climate. These matching patterns align growth rings in different trees formed in the same year. Once aligned, knowing the precise calendar year of any individual tree-ring is the same as knowing the calendar year of all the rings. The goal of a dendroarchaeologist is to determine the year when the last ring was formed. Crossdating, the skill of finding matching ring-width patterns between tree-ring samples, is used to assign the precise calendar year to every ring. This is affected by the climate that the timber was in. It is also important to have enough rings to actually confirm a date. Once the rings are dates, the chronology is measured. The last step is to compare the rings with that of ring-width patterns in sampled timbers and a master dating chronology.

For trees to be useful in archaeological analysis, they must "produce annual growth rings that are uniform around the tree stem", they must "live for decades and, preferably, centuries" and they "must have been used extensively by humans either for habitation or fuel." One of the problems with this evaluation is that it is possible under certain conditions for a tree to miss a growth-ring or produce two growth rings in a season. During extreme drought there can be insufficient growth of xylem to form a noticeable ring. Alternatively, if a defoliating agent (e.g. drought, late frost, or insect damage) can arrest the growth of a tree early in a year, after which there is a secondary growth period of new foliage causing two rings to form. Another difficulty in the use of tree-ring dating as applied to archaeology is the variety and condition of wood used in construction of archaeological sites. Many such samples are encountered wet. Heartwood can normally retain much of its substance and can be dried out and polished for analysis. On the other hand, ancient wet sapwood samples seldom survive drying out. As a result, the sapwood should either be measured wet and then allowed to dry, or it should be frozen or kept wet.

In North America, "millennial-length chronologies have been developed for two species of bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva in the Great Basin and Pinus aristata in the Rocky Mountains), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), eastern cedar (Juniperus virginiana), juniper (Juniperus sp.), Larch (Larix sp.), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), limber pine (Pinus flexilis), mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) (Jacoby, 2000a).”

“In the southern hemisphere, successful crossdating has been achieved on alerce (Fitroya cupressoides) and pehuen (Araucaria araucana), also known as 'Chilean pine' or the 'monkey puzzle tree,' specimens in South America, kauri (Agathis australis) specimens in New Zealand, clanwilliam cedar (Widdringtonia cedarbergensis) specimens in Australia and Tasmania, and huon pine (Lagarostrobus franklinii) in Tasmania (Jacoby, 2000al; Norton, 1990).”

Application
The main application of tree research laboratory science or dendroarchaeology is to produce records of past climates that might be unavailable otherwise. Timber remains give insight into what little remains of our national forests prior to colonial settlement. This also benefits the sciences of paleoclimatology.

Dendrochronological dating is potentially applicable wherever trees were growing, except in tropical regions. For use in absolute dating of archaeological sites, it is partially limited by the availability of a master reference chronology for the region concerned. If there is a gap in the chronology (e.g. the inability to use a chronology constructed from pine samples in the British Isle prior to the 17th century due to the lack of use of pine in architecture then) then absolute dating cannot be applied. Additionally, non-climatic influences can also affect the tree-ring pattern of timber samples. Even if a reference chronology is available, care must be taken to identify aberrations in the ring pattern to determine if the sample is usable for dating.

Dendroarchaeology has been used extensively in the dating of historical buildings. After cross-matching the chronology from the building with the chronology of living trees, it is immediately possible to figure out the dates at which the historic timbers used in construction were felled. Archaeologists at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico used tree-ring dating and found structure remains originated fifty miles south from the Zuni Mountains. Similarly, if an extended chronology is available, then dating of samples from buildings of known or unknown date is possible. However, a limiting aspect of this application becomes apparent when dating medieval buildings. In such buildings, many timber samples lack completeness out to the underbark surface which can make the task of determining the felling year much more difficult.

The application of dendroarchaeology in uncovering past trade patterns also becomes possible as chronology records for timber around the world become more complete and accessible. Patterns from individual samples will match much more closely with their native chronologies than with their regional chronology. For example, strong cross dating is found between Irish and English chronologies, but individual ring patterns tend to match better against their local chronologies. Hence, this strong geographical component of tree ring chronologies can be used to source timber samples at archaeological sites to uncover trade routes required for the site construction.

Dendrochronology can also be used in concert with radiocarbon dating to allow for more accurate date measurements using radiocarbon dating on archaeological sites. It is known that the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere is not constant. By performing radiocarbon dating on timber samples in a known chronology, radiocarbon dates can be plotted against real time generating a calibration curve that can be used for future radiocarbon samples.

While dendrochronology is often considered as an absolute dating method, it can also be used as a powerful tool in the relative dating of an archaeological site. Timber samples may be able to be compared with others on the site to help construct a timeline of events for that particular site. Such samples can also be used to settle issues in constructing a chronological typology for artifacts found on site. The important point is that such within-site analysis can be done whether or not a chronology is available to date the whole assemblage.

Archaeological Dendroclimatology
Dr. A.E. Douglass primary goal for early dendrochronology applications was understanding prehistoric climates. Today, many archaeologists utilize tree-ring dating for insights on past environmental conditions. Tree ring patterns can reflect past earthquakes, volcanic activity, fires, and insect infestations. Dendroclimatology is a sub-discipline of dendrochronology and dendroarchaeology that utilizes research methods for climate analysis. Dendroclimatology research has charted humidity changes in the American southwest since 1600.

title: Dendroarchaeology


text:
Campagna

Campagna (Italian: ) is a small town and comune of the province of Salerno, in the Campania region of Southern Italy. Its population is 17,148. Its old Latin name was Civitas Campaniae (City of Campagna). Campagna is located in one of the valleys of the Picentini Mountains, at an altitude of 270 meters above sea level.

History
The first records of the area date back to the ninth century in the Lombard period. The position of the town was strategic for enemies attacks during the Middle Ages. Lately, the town became an important cultural and religious center. It was the seat of bishops until 1973, when the Diocese of Campagna merged with the Archdiocese of Salerno.

During the Second World War, Campagna was a temporary home for many Jews thanks to Giovanni Palatucci and his uncle Giuseppe Maria Palatucci. People arrived from the north of Italy and Campagna citizens hid those people in the basements of the churches. Giovanni Palatucci was later honoured as a Righteous Among the Nations by the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial. Much of this is documented in Elizabeth Bettina's book, It Happened in Italy. Today, goods left by the Jews are shown in the Museo della Memoria in the town centre.

Geography
Campagna borders with Acerno, Contursi Terme, Eboli, Olevano sul Tusciano, Oliveto Citra, Postiglione, Serre and Senerchia (this one in the Province of Avellino),

The municipality counts the frazioni of Camaldoli, Galdo, Mattinelle, Puglietta, Quadrivio, Romandola-Madonna del Ponte, Santa Maria La Nova and Serradarce. Other localities are Avigliano, Folcata, Oppidi-Varano, Saginara and Sant'Angelo.

Castles, palaces, fountains and bridges

 * Castle Gerione (10th century)
 * Castle De Alegisio (10th century)
 * Palazzo di Città (13th century)
 * Palace Ducale Pironti (1694)
 * Palazzo Tercasio (14th century)
 * Palazzo dei Governatori dei Principi di Monaco (15th century)
 * Palazzo Rivelli (14th century-17th century)
 * Palazzo Pastore-Alinante (16th century)
 * Palazzo Bernalla (14th century)
 * Palazzo Trotta (16th century)
 * Fountain Giudeca (15th century)
 * Fountain S.Lucia (15th century)
 * Fountain Cortiglia (15th century)
 * Bridge of Presbyteres (15th century)
 * Bridge of piazza Guerriero (15th century)

Churches, religious buildings and structures

 * Basilica co-cathedral of Santa Maria della Pace (1112-1683)
 * Church and convent Dominican of San Bartolomeo (14th century)
 * Shrine of Madonna di Avigliano (1377)
 * Church of SS. Annunziata (13th century)
 * Church of SS Salvatore e Sant'Antonino (11th century)
 * Church of S.Giovanni (16th century)
 * Seminary di S. Spirito (15th century)
 * Monastery of Maddalena (14th century)
 * Church and convent of Osservanti della Concezione (15th century)
 * Abbey of Santa Maria La Nova (1220–1249)
 * Monastery of San Martino (16th century)
 * Hermitage of S.Erasmo e S.Giacomo degli eremiti (11th century)
 * Hermitage of San Michele di Montenero (12th century)
 * Hermitage of S. Maria Domenica (16th century)

Museums

 * Itinerario della Memoria e della Pace
 * Museo della confraternita dei cinturati di Santa Maria del Soccorso

Nature reserve

 * Oasi naturale del Monte Polveracchio
 * Oasi di Persano
 * Riserva naturale Foce Sele-Tanagro

Notable people

 * Antoninus of Sorrento, catholic saint born at Campagna
 * Honoré I, Lord of Monaco, Marquis of Campagna
 * Charles II, Lord of Monaco, Marquis of Campagna
 * Hercule, Lord of Monaco, Marquis of Campagna
 * Honoré II, Prince of Monaco, Marquis of Campagna
 * Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, bishop of Campagna
 * Louis I, Prince of Monaco, Marquis of Campagna
 * Giordano Bruno, philosopher Dominican friar
 * Giulio Cesare Capaccio, historian of Campagna
 * Melchiorre Guerriero, noble of Campagna

A' Chiena
Campagna is famous for its traditional summer event ‘A Chiena’ (La Piena), which takes place annually every weekend between July and August. During the event, the city river Tenza is deflected from its natural course through the city main street where people wait for the water to come. This tradition comes from the ancient practice of cleaning the streets by using the river water. Later, it was converted into a delightful moment for locals and tourists.

I Fucanoli
I Fucanoli is festival in honour of Sant'Antonio, taking place on 17 January. The celebrations begin in the late afternoon with a service followed by a procession whereby the Sant'Antonio statue is carried in the streets of the city centre. While the statue is carried through the streets, huge fires are ignited.

Sister city
Monte Carlo in the Principality of Monaco is Campagna's sister city.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Campagna


text: User talk:Jeremy Franey

title: User talk:Jeremy Franey


text:
The King of the Kickboxers

The King of the Kickboxers (also known as Karate Tiger V and No Retreat, No Surrender 4) is a 1990 martial arts film directed by Lucas Lowe and starring Loren Avedon as Jake Donahue and Billy Blanks as Khan.

Plot
1981, Bangkok, Thailand. Sean Donahue is in the kickboxing ring against the current Thai champion. In his corner is his little brother Jake, who is cheering Sean on. Sean is able to overpower his opponent and wins after a spin kick knocks the Thai fighter out. Sean is rewarded with the championship. En route to their hotel after the fight, Jake and Sean are ambushed by some armed men. Sean is able to fight them off until he is shot at by Khan, who warned Sean he was not to have won the fight. Sean admits that it wasn't his intention but the opponent wasn't much of a contender. Khan, angry with the decision, fights Sean and obliterates him in front of young Jake. Khan performs a triple kick combination starting with a double jump kick to the head, followed by a double jump kick to the chest and a jump spinning back kick, which kills Sean. Jake, saddened and angry, races towards Khan who beats Jake up and knocks him out.

It has been ten years and Jake is now a New York City detective who has gone undercover to bust a drug deal in an abandoned warehouse. Jake mocks the dealer and tells the dealer that he is a cop. The dealer laughs it off at first, until Jake reveals his badge and wire, which infuriates his fellow officers. The dealer and his two men attempt to begin fighting Jake, who resorts to a street fighting style to ultimate stop the dealer and his men. SWAT arrives and the team leader is unhappy with Jake for his actions. Back at the office, Jake is getting reamed out by Captain O'Day, who tells Jake the dealer may have a chance to call police brutality due to his actions. However, O'Day makes Jake a deal that could get him out of his potential bind. Interpol has contacted NYPD about an operation involving snuff films and wants Jake to take on the operation. When Jake learns the operation is in Thailand, Jake refuses to take the assignment. However, that night, while viewing one of the films, he learns the man who stars in the film is Khan, which triggers the flashback of his brother's death. When Jake gets a call from O'Day to let him off the hook, Jake tells him he's taking the assignment.

Upon his arrival in Thailand, Jake meets his contact Anderson, who tells him that the men behind the snuff films look around for fighters to star in their films. Therefore, Jake must find a way to get attention. While this is going on, an American fighter, Dan Handel, is the latest star of Khan's new film, in which he learns the hard way about what filming is like. When Dan is cut for real and then shot at, he is shocked to discover the body of a dead woman. Khan arrives and beats up Dan before impaling him on a hook, causing his death. Jake's first attempt at a Muay Thai school proves to be unsuccessful. However, his actions grab the attention of Thasi, a Thai-American Muay Thai fighter. That night, as a reward for his latest actions, Khan is given a chance to choose a woman to spend the night with and chooses Molly, an American who came to Thailand to start a modeling career only to find herself duped with nowhere else to go. When she tricks Khan into doing a tradition of washing up for him, she escapes. When Khan sends men after her, Jake comes to her rescue and the two bond over the experience.

The next day, Thasi follows Jake, Jake confronts him only to be beaten up. Jake is convinced that he will need more than street smarts if he plans to defeat Khan. Thasi, knowing Jake will not be able to stand a chance against Khan with his current skill, recommends a fighter named Prang, who is the only man to come close to defeating Khan. Since the devastating loss, Prang has resorted to becoming a hermit living off the Mekong River. When Jake arrives to Prang's place, Prang seems to be completely drunk and blows Jake off. As Jake sets off to leave, Prang's chimpanzee steals Jake's passport. The next day, Jake heads to Prang to retrieve his passport and sees Prang getting mugged. Jake's attempt proves unsuccessful with Prang showcasing his martial arts skills, knocking out all of the muggers and sending them away. He admits the mugging was a ruse to see how well Jake can fight and invites him to dinner.

That night, Prang tells his story of how he fought and ultimately lost to Khan. The loss caused Prang to start playing the part of a drunken hermit nobody could feel threatened by and yet he had wanted revenge on Khan for a long time. When Jake reveals how Khan had killed his brother ten years ago, Prang is at first reluctant to teach Jake for revenge but sees the opportunity as redemption and decides to put Jake through a painful regiment of training. When Jake grows tired of the pain he must endure at the hands of Prang, a confrontation leads to Jake almost leaving Prang, only to apologize and decides to take the training seriously. Molly looks for Jake and must escape Khan's men. Eventually, Molly does reach Jake and the two start a romance. Jake becomes more proficient in martial arts and proves his mettle in an underground fight. When Jake begins winning his fights, it grabs the attention of Mr. McKinney, the scout for the snuff films. Jake accepts McKinney's offer. However, that night, while having dinner with Molly, Jake is stunned by the arrival of both Anderson and Capt. O'Day, who learns Jake's real reason why he accepted the mission. O'Day wants Jake off the mission, but Jake has told them he made contact and he makes his "movie" the next day. Anderson fully decides to side with Jake and at first reluctant, O'Day agrees as well.

The next day, Jake is ready and heads to the location, which consists of a booby-trapped dome made of bamboo. However, when he leaves, Khan has Molly kidnapped and Prang killed. As Jake, wearing the mask of Hanuman makes his way through the first round of goons in the dome, he plays it off pretending like he doesn't know what's going on and even throws his mask to the ground. However, Khan, wearing a black mask, arrives and has Molly tied up and throws Prang's body to the bottom, watery lake where Jake is shocked. Khan and Jake start out with a sword fight until Jake is hit in the side and Khan's mask is sliced off, revealing his face. A visibly upset Jake reveals the photo of Sean from ten years ago and throws it to Khan. Khan knows who Jake is now and promises to send him to Hell. Jake says he has been there for ten years and the two go one-on-one with both nearly equally matching their skills. Khan gets the upper hand and almost sends Jake to death via impalement on a ground spike only for Jake to barely hang on to the cage. When Khan breaks a piece of bamboo as a staff to knock Jake down, Jake grabs the staff and jumps up and begins his assault on Khan. Khan attempts the triple death kick combination only to learn that thanks to Prang's training, Jake has learned to counter the three kicks. Jake finally defeats Khan, to the shock of everyone on set. When Jake attempts to get Molly, Khan gets up and runs towards Jake, who kicks Khan to the dome entryway, which falls on Khan. In his last breath, Khan grabs the rope in an attempt to send Molly to a grounded spike in the water only for Jake to rescue her.

The Thai authorities arrive with O'Day and Anderson. Jake is relieved to see the film finally get shut down. The Thai authorities blow up the bamboo dome as Molly and Jake celebrate as they can start their lives over together.

Cast

 * Loren Avedon as Jake Donahue
 * Billy Blanks as Khan
 * Richard Jaeckel as Captain O'Day
 * Don Stroud as Anderson
 * Keith Cooke as Prang
 * Sherrie Rose as Molly
 * William Long as Big Boss
 * John Kay as Mr. Director
 * David Michael Sterling as McKinney
 * Michael DePasquale Jr. as Sean Donahue
 * Jerry Trimble as Drug Dealer
 * Bruce Fontaine as Dan Handel
 * Vincent Lyn as Warehouse Fighter #1
 * Steve Tartalia as Warehouse Fighter #2
 * Dean Harrington as Radioman
 * Juan Ruiz as Ring Fighter

Production
According to an interview with actor Loren Avedon, he shot his scenes independently with his scenes involving Richard Jaeckel as his boss. In addition, in the scene where Avedon's character does the Stallone-like scream after seeing Khan and remembering the death of his brother, Avedon told director Lo he wanted to just toss the film tape into the fire in anger. He also did not get along well with actress Sherrie Rose. Avedon claimed Rose was acting like a "prima donna" and told her to "shut up" and that she had bad-mouthed him afterwards.

According to an interview with screenwriter/producer Keith W. Strandberg, actress Sherrie Rose had issues with a scene where she was to go topless in a love scene with co-star Loren Avedon. She replaced an actress who refused to do the nudity scene but she also had complained once it was time to shoot the scene. However, the filmmakers were careful in only getting a few seconds of the nudity in the scene. Strandberg also confirmed that Billy Blanks' character of Khan is actually the son of a Thai mother abandoned by his American serviceman father, thus Khan having a hatred for Americans.

The film has some noticeable similarities to the Jean-Claude Van Damme film Kickboxer, which was released a year earlier and features similar locations, plot and general atmosphere. Van Damme was becoming a big star in the late 80s early 90s so there would be attempts to copy. He is even referenced by Avedon in a joking manner. Actor Billy Blanks appeared with Van Damme in 1990s Lionheart.

Influence
James Goddard, former member of Research and Development at Capcom confirmed in an interview with Capcom Unity that Blanks' character of Khan was the inspiration for his creating the character of Dee Jay in the video game Super Street Fighter II in 1993.

title: The King of the Kickboxers


text:
Talk:Pam Shriver

Additionally
Details on Pam's first husband's death (1999, not 1992) - http://print.google.com/print/doc?articleid=3ZhCBLNVvg1 Candice 13 July 2005 15:44 (UTC)

a Kennedy?
I read she's related... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.208.60.202 (talk) 09:40, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

I don't know about Pam, but Maria Shriver is of the Kennedy clan. Pingku (talk) 09:10, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Ah, I missed that Pam is a fourth cousin of Maria. So yes, somewhat distantly. That connection alone doesn't make her a Kennedy; more information is needed. Pingku (talk) 09:41, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

This information is unfortunately unsourced. The genealogicly database "Geni" shows a very simplified genealogy for Pam Shriver but, if it's true, she is absolutely not a fourth cousin of Maria Shriver. This affirmation should bé removed if Wikipedia wants to appear a minimum serions. E.Polti (talk) 21:59, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

Excuse the typing errors: my spelling corrector wants everthing in French! E.Polti (talk) 22:03, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

Opinionated
This article is too opinionated (negatively) for something that doesn't cite any references. —Fleminra 06:40, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Request for wider input on discussion at WikiProject Tennis
There is a long, ongoing discussion at WP:Tennis about the tournament tables found in tennis articles on English-language Wikipedia (e.g., this type of table). The discussion is about whether the "official sponsored name" of a tournament - such as Pacific Life Open - or another tournament name without the sponsor - such as Indian Wells Masters - must be used in those articles. Please join the discussion here. Thanks. Tennis expert (talk) 09:29, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Mixed doubles
Could somebody please update the details on Shriver's mixed doubles stats? (In the infobox, primarily.) She has played in a single tournament, it appears, at Roland Garros partnered with Emilio Sánchez, and they won. Good percentage then. :) Pingku (talk) 16:44, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

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Doesn't look like her Fed Cup results are mentioned in the sidebar. She won twice. Would add the edit myself but let's be honest it would just get reverted by someone lol

title: Talk:Pam Shriver


text:
File:Frontier Oil 96x86.jpg

Summary
Image of Frontier Oil logo

title: File:Frontier Oil 96x86.jpg


text:
Libellula depressa

Libellula depressa, the broad-bodied chaser or broad-bodied darter, is one of the most common dragonflies in Europe and central Asia. It is very distinctive with a very broad flattened abdomen, four wing patches and, in the male, the abdomen becomes pruinose blue.

Identification
This insect is around 39–48 mm in length, with both the male and the female having a broad, flattened abdomen which is brown with yellow patches down the sides. In the male, the abdomen develops a blue pruinosity that covers the brown colour. Both fore and hind wings have a dark patch at the base. Both the male and female have broad antehumeral stripes. The average wingspan is approximately 70 mm. L. depressa is very distinctive and should not be confused with any other dragonflies in the region.

Distribution and habitat
L. depressa is found in central and southern Europe, central Asia and the Middle East. Its range extends northwards to England, southern Sweden and southern Finland and it occurs on some Mediterranean islands including Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and Menorca. Historically its range did not extend into Scotland, but there are now some limited populations there. It is not found in Ireland or North Africa.

L. depressa is seen near still-water lakes and ponds, feeding on many types of small insects. They occur in both bare and sunny locations, where it is often the first dragonfly to colonise new habitats such as newly created ponds, and well vegetated ponds. L. depressa are often seen away from water as the adults are very mobile and undergo a period of maturation away from water after emergence. The adults are also migratory.

Behaviour

The flight period is from April to September but are mostly seen in May and June. Their flight is very fast as they dart and dive above the water. They are very territorial and will fight with rival males and any other dragonflies they happen to encounter. They characteristically return to a favoured perch, in the sun. When a female enters a male's territory the male will fly up and grab the female. Mating occurs on the wing and the pair are in tandem for only a brief period, often less than a minute. The pair separate and the female will find a suitable location for ovipositing, usually a stretch of open water with submerged vegetation. The female oviposits in flight, hovering above the water and dipping the tip of her abdomen in. The eggs hatch in 4 or 5 weeks and the larvae take one to two years to develop. The larvae live in the silt and detritus at the bottom of the pond, lying buried in mud with just the head and eyes showing. After emergence the adults move away from water and undergo a period of maturation which lasts 10 to 14 days.

Systematics
This species is usually placed in the genus Libellula but there is some evidence, based on RNA and DNA analysis, that this species should be placed within the genus Ladona (Artiss et al., 2001). This change is not yet generally accepted and books and field guides list this species as Libellula.

title: Libellula depressa


text:
The Remixes

The Remixes may refer to:

Albums

 * The Remixes (Ari Gold album), 2005
 * The Remixes (Britt Nicole album), 2015
 * The Remixes (Danii Minogue album), 1999
 * The Remixes (Elvis Crespo album), 1999
 * The Remixes (Every Little Thing album), 1997
 * The Remixes (G.M.S. album), 2003
 * The Remixes (Groove Armada album), 2000
 * The Remixes (Mariah Carey album), 2003
 * The Remixes (Shakira album), 1997
 * The Remixes (The Stone Roses album), 2000
 * The Remixes (Twice album), 2023
 * INXS²: The Remixes, 2004

EPs

 * The Remixes (Anna Vissi EP), 2003
 * The Remixes (SWV EP), 1994
 * The Remixes (White Lies EP), 2010
 * The Remixes (My Dear Disco EP), 2010
 * The Remixes, by The Number Twelve Looks Like You, 2008

title: The Remixes


text:
User talk:Sar1192

Welcome
Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
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 * Meet other new users
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You can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing Essjay ·  Talk 15:50, July 13, 2005 (UTC) ; our software automatically converts it to your username and the date.

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 15:50, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Essjay meant to say that you can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing four tildes, i.e., " ~ "; the software automatically converts it to your username and the date. Welcome, Stewart Adcock 17:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

title: User talk:Sar1192


text:
User talk:Oasisfanatic

Welcome
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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 15:49, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Essjay meant to say that you can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing four tildes, i.e., " ~ "; the software automatically converts it to your username and the date. Welcome, Stewart Adcock 17:46, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

WP Spamming== ==

Please do not add commercial links or links to your own private websites to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Paul Laudanski 03:45, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Your edits to Alan White (Oasis drummer) (a.o.)
Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia. However, the external links you added do not comply with our guidelines for external links. Wikipedia is not a mere directory of links; nor should it be used for advertising or promotion. Since Wikipedia uses nofollow tags, external links do not alter search engine rankings. If you feel the link should be added to the article, then please discuss it on the article's talk page before reinserting it. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia.

title: User talk:Oasisfanatic


text:
Frontier Oil

Frontier Oil was an energy company, originally based in Canada, that moved to the United States. Its headquarters were located in Houston, TX, and its subsidiary company, Frontier Refining & Marketing, Inc., is located in Denver, Colorado. Frontier's primary products were gasoline, diesel, and asphalt, and were marketed in the Rocky Mountain and Plains States.

Frontier Oil owned refineries in Cheyenne, Wyoming and El Dorado, Kansas. Its Cheyenne refinery has a capacity of 52000 oilbbl/d (bpd) and the El Dorado Refinery has a capacity of 110000 oilbbl/d.

Frontier merged with Holly Corporation in 2011 to form HollyFrontier Corporation.

History
The company was incorporated in Ontario in 1949 as Wainwright Refineries Limited, changing its names to Wainwright Producers & Refiners Limited in 1953, to Wainoco Oil and Chemicals Ltd. in 1966, and to Wainoco Oil Ltd. in 1971. In 1976 it became Wainoco Oil Corporation on its move to Wyoming in the United States. It changed its name to Frontier Oil in 1996.

On November 7, 2007, Frontier announced that the third quarter of 2007 had been the most profitable in the company's history. They reported a total income of US$137,200,000 for the quarter, and $432,700,000 for the year to that point.

Frontier merged with Holly Corporation effective as of July 1, 2011 to form HollyFrontier Corporation.

title: Frontier Oil


text:
User talk:DFrankstein

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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 15:48, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Essjay meant to say that you can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing four tildes, i.e., " ~ "; the software automatically converts it to your username and the date. Welcome, Stewart Adcock 17:46, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Wayne state university seal.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Wayne state university seal.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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title: User talk:DFrankstein


text:
User talk:Gabzinho

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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 15:49, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Essjay meant to say that you can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing four tildes, i.e., " ~ "; the software automatically converts it to your username and the date. Welcome, Stewart Adcock 17:46, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gabzinho


text:
User talk:Andreas Brakoulias

Welcome
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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 15:49, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Essjay meant to say that you can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing four tildes, i.e., " ~ "; the software automatically converts it to your username and the date. Welcome, Stewart Adcock 17:43, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andreas Brakoulias


text:
User talk:Neward Rylet

Welcome
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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 15:49, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Essjay meant to say that you can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing four tildes, i.e., " ~ "; the software automatically converts it to your username and the date. Welcome, Stewart Adcock 17:43, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neward Rylet


text:
User talk:Myfanwy

Welcome
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 * Myfanwy, etc → Myfanwy, etc
 * User:Myfanwy → User:Myfanwy

 * stuff, etc → stuff, etc
 * User talk:Myfanwy → User talk:Myfanwy

I had changed the description of the pride flag, only after I noticed a few days ago that the article had been deleted! Keep your eye on it, please, so that it doesn't get suddenly deleted again. Thanks. Gilliamjf 00:46, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia Cat Lovers' Committee
, I can see from your userboxes that you love cats.

Would you be interested in joining the Wikipedia Cat Lovers' Committee?

If you want to join, you can add yourself to the members list, and contact me, Sergeant Snopake, on my talk page, or the committee founder, GeorgeMoney, on his.

The Wikipedia Cat Lover's Committee has also been nominated for deletion.

Whether you join or not, please could you comment on the deletion page to help keep the committee going.

Please vote keep.

Thank You very much! :)

S e r g e a n t  S n o p a k e 17:30, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

User draft in category
Hello Myfanwy. I noticed that in your scratchpad / draft / alternative article User:Myfanwy/Bus Stop you have the categories still activated, so it's showing up in Category:Shelter and in several others. You have a similar situation in your User:Myfanwy/BiFest and User:Myfanwy/BiCon (2) articles. Could I suggest that you deactivate the category links (by putting a colon before 'Category' in the link) until such time as the article is in the mainspace rather than the userspace? (As per WP:CG, "If you copy an article to your user namespace (for example, as a temporary draft or in response to an edit war) you should decategorize it".) Cheers! -- Henge 18:09, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

reversion at BiCon (UK)
hi i noticed that you felt piping was somehow unneccessary at the above page in its reference to sexuality. It's part of the project to try and link to specific articles whenever, not disambiguation pages (DABs). I chose sexual orientation because that seemed to be the context in which "sexuality" was being used. By linking to a DAB you are implying that the sentence detailing foci of BiCon would also encompass Bestiality, Asexuality, and Animal sexuality. i'll admit that i am unfamilar with BiCon out in the UK (i live in the US), so i may be unfamiliar with their scope, perhaps we can compromise by piping it to human sexuality? pls reply on my talk page -Zappernapper Babelstalk 22:01, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * ok then, i changed it to pipe to human sexuality. That way there is now the distinction from animal sexuality and just human sexual behavior. -ΖαππερΝαππερ BabelAlexandria 14:22, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Invitation.
Hello! I saw your edits to LGBT and would like to invite you to join WikiProject LGBT studies. We could do with someone like you! Dev920 (Have a nice day!) 22:50, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Really, this wasn't a form invitation, I would genuinely be delighted to welcome you to the project. Dev920 (Have a nice day!) 22:20, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hitachi_A-train,_CTRL_domestic_&_Olympic_Shuttle.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Hitachi_A-train,_CTRL_domestic_&_Olympic_Shuttle.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Rettetast 16:10, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Bicon
A tag has been placed on Bicon requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for companies and corporations.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Brianga (talk) 09:25, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Bicon
A tag has been placed on Bicon, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Laurent (talk) 17:51, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Survey
Hi Myfanwy!

I have put together a survey for female editors of Wikipedia (and related projects) in order to explore, in greater detail, women's experiences and roles within the Wikimedia movement. It'd be wonderful if you could participate!

It's an independent survey, done by me, as a fellow volunteer Wikimedian. It is not being done on behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation. I hope you'll participate!

Just click this link to participate in this survey, via Google!

Any questions or concerns, feel free to email me or stop by my user talk page. Also, feel free to share this any other female Wikimedians you may know. It is in English, but any language Wikimedia participants are encouraged to participate. I appreciate your contributions - to the survey and to Wikipedia! Thank you! SarahStierch (talk) 03:38, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Myfanwy


text:
User talk:Marshall3

Welcome
Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

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If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 15:49, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Essjay meant to say that you can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing four tildes, i.e., " ~ "; the software automatically converts it to your username and the date. Welcome, Stewart Adcock 17:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Letter
Marshall3, This is is meant with all due respect. Have you all seen this article on VMI? I have written a few letters (via the web) to the author but have no response as of yet (The article attacks both our schools for being anti-everything). I will not post a link since it is just trash but wanted to see if you all were responding as well. I think you (we) need to be proud of our heritage do not know why there is backlash due to the move Gods and Generals. Regarding Classical Military school I do not think you can make this claim while many published reports would disagree with you, for example http://www.petersons.com/ugchannel/code/idd.asp?sponsor=36&inunId=5699 Specifically lists The Citadel and VMI as CLASSICAL STATE SUPPORTED MILITARY COLLEGES. I am not trying to troll here but I think you all might be wrong. The night students go to our classrooms. I can assure you that we are arguing semantics? No one here sees them, nor goes to class with them. Most of these students are via our multiple cross registrations. It is a fully seperate operation put in place to sevice a need here in the Low Country. Hell I just got in a fight with some one over that article on VMI. I did not let this clown trash your school, why are you trashing mine? What is the rub that this night program brings? Do you think we are worse off for this graduate school or we are less of a corps? Help me understand the issues with it. These public articles attacking the things/places we hold dear are the kind of stuff we need to fight! V/R Drive23 65.217.57.101 18:00, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Response to Letter
I don't have a rub against your night undergrad or grad programs. You've got a great school. VMI is just unique in that it's the only "classical state military college" out there today. When a VMI guy sees another VMI grad wearing a ring, you know that he or she was a rat at one point and was a cadet. It's something that is unique to VMI. I've met several grads from your school who have stickers on their cars and wear a ring, but were never a cadet. That is foreign to a VMI grad, but does not belittle your school. I'm pointing out a very clear and defined difference between VMI and any other state military college out there today. It only involves the uniqueness of VMI. By stating that we're the only "classical state military college" we are not downing your school, and I hope you don't view it that way in the future. Take Care. Marshall3 17:16, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Understood, I see your point given the CGPS. I have not had many run ins like that but could see where the confusion would come from, and would say that the logic here favors your point. Thanks for the response.
 * Regarding the Civil War Unit issue. I have been doing two years of work on both our schools (with others) during the Civil War.   Would you be willing to hear me out on this issue?   In order to ensure that my info is not slanted I have include works by both Citadel and VMI alum and professors.  Otherwise it would admittedly come across with a bias. There is a lot of info being lost to history and trying to find some place to represent it.
 * Thanks in advance for your time, V/R Drive2365.217.57.101 19:11, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Sir, TDY I will post my info on the Civil War once back. Thanks for all you discussion and look forward to your thoughts. Sorry for the delay. V/R Drive 2365.217.57.101 18:43, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Your Thoughts?
First off want to thank you for any consideration on this issue. While, I know it might not make a difference in your thoughts on the subject, it is a great way to discuss our two schools rich history none the less, so thanks. In order to give the best view of my argument about The Citadel in the Civil War lets just revisit the argument. The Citadel did see action as a unit in the Civil War is my assertion. To make my argument I am going to cite info from only readily available historical works.

The first point that always comes up is the The Citadel and The Arsenal (now the University of South Carolina). This point is raised to say that the South Carolina Battalion of cadets was comprised of two schools. This is not correct. The Citadel and The Arsenal were the same school with separate locations. The Arsenal was where cadets did their first year. This was an attempt to spread out the protective nature of the South Carolina Corpse of Cadets to the two major cities in SC, at the time, Charleston and Columbia. Some evidence here comes from Gordon C. Rhea in his book Carrying the Flag page  92 “…the Arsenal Academy in Columbia …where first year cadets at the South Carolina Military Academy were educated, and transferred to the Citadel in Charleston…where cadets spent their final three years…”. So it is correct to say that the Arsenal and Citadel cadets were brigaded together prior to the battle of Tulifinny to form the Battalion of State Cadets, it is a little mis-leading since it was meant only as an administrative move.

With that in mind I hope I have been able to show that as the battle of Tulifinny neared you are looking at not a brigaded set of Cadets from separate schools, but the whole Battalion of State Cadets. At the battle of Tulifinny the cadets were called out to stop a union push towards Charleston. The force that was mustered was a mix of regiments including some SC home guard and militia units. The best short description can be found in Long Grey Lines: The Southern Military School Tradition, 1839-1915 (Pages 30-31) written by Rod Andrew:

“The Cadets, with their fresh uniforms and immaculate drill, presented a stark contrast to the ragged militiamen and older veterans with whom they were soon to fight the Yankees. Veterans wondered aloud whether “those Dandy-Jim looking kids” would fight. The South Carolina cadets did indeed fight well, earning the respect of the veterans and their superior officers. At the resulting Battle of Tulifiny Bridge on December 7, they fought on the defensive for several hours, stubbornly holding their positions. When the enemy in their front broke, they charged and drove them, suffering one killed and seven wounded.” “The Citadel cadets did not know it, but the day they had embarked for Pocataligo would be the last of their academic careers.”

It is important to note here that one thing that is always wrongly put forth by The Citadel faithful regarding the Civil War is the service of the Cadet Rangers. These were cadets from different years who left their studies at The Citadel to from Troop F 6th South Carolina Calvary. They saw much, and important, service in VA with Gen. Wade Hampton (bested Gen. Custer) but can not be counted as actions of the Citadel. However, I would count VMIs actions at First Manassas as actions of your school (my thoughts only). I am not counting this as a unit action but as a credit to the VMI cadets at First Manassas, while not fighting as a unit, they played an important leadership/training role while representing VMI (see the VMI dress blouse in the Manassas at the Visitor Center).

Appreciate your time and thoughts. I am on the road still so this might be choppy and have some bad grammar apologize for that. V/R Drive2365.217.57.101 18:32, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

User:Rillian
Hi, please leave messages/comments for other users on their talk page. I have moved your comments from User:Rillian to User talk:Rillian. Thanks. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 09:40, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

VMI article
Thanks for the comment, I too am looking to create a great VMI Wikipedia article. Some suggestions to help - read Manual of Style, don't enter misleading or personal attacks in your edit summaries, and most importantly, raise any concerns or suggestions you have for the article on the Talk page Talk:Virginia Military Institute and let's discuss. Rillian 02:09, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

VMI Talk pages
Please stop removing content from Wikipedia; it is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Archived Talk pages should not be edited and content should not be removed from active Talk pages as they serve as a resource to current and future editors. Rillian 00:33, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Archiving Talk pages
Please note that Archive pages are used when the main Talk page has become so long as to be unwieldy. Moving content you disagree with to an Archive page is considered vandalism and is no different than blanking the page.Rillian 17:51, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The page is not significantly longer than on April 4 and there is no need to move content to an archive page at this time. Thanks, Rillian 17:39, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Talk pages are used to facilitate the editing of articles. Please stop removing comments on open issues. Also, the page is not long enough to warrant archiving just to reduce the length. Thanks Rillian 15:45, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Marking edits as "Minor"
You are routinely marking your edits as "Minor". Please see Help:Minor edit for more details but in general any change that affects the meaning of an article is not minor, even if it involves one word.

The distinction between major and minor edits is significant because users cam decide to ignore minor edits when viewing recent changes; logged-in users can even set their preferences to not display them. No one wants to be fooled into ignoring a significant change to an article simply because it was marked "minor." So remember to consider the opinions of other editors when choosing this option. Thanks, Rillian 14:19, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Mediation Cabal
Hi there, it seems you are involved in the Virginia Military Institute case in the Mediation Cabal. Please see this link to voice your thoughts and evidence in the discussion section. Thanks! Cowman109Talk 02:47, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I have updated the case and I'd like to have your input, please. Thanks. Cowman109Talk 15:25, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Invitation
--Fasten 16:13, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Mediation closed
Hi there. I'm sorry to hear that you're unhappy with the mediation case. I was trying to act as a third party and appparently you were unhappy with the case, which is fine. However, in the future please try to remain civil. The language you gave off was innappropriate, and remarks such as those do not promote a positive editing environment. However, if you have any future difficulties I would recommend you see an official mediation process on Resolving disputes. Happy editing! Cowman109Talk 18:52, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Message
Sir, got your message "Dude, please keep your comments about the citadel off the VMI article. It's completely off-base and ridiculous to edit VMI's article with your slanted citadel view point...not to mention unethical. Please stop.Marshall3 02:37, 17 May 2006 (UTC)"  I did not nor would not add anything to the VMI page as noted lots of respect for your school and grads. Hope our past interaction would point to that. What were the edits in question? If it is Citadel guys I will work to stop them as well. Also, saw this stuff about your rings let me know if I can do any research for you as well it is BS it is a known fact. V/R Drive2365.217.57.101 12:06, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you talking about an edit for a citation by 68.54.25.39? If so I can not find a talk page for him/her?  Thay have been making large scale edits to The Citadel page over the past two days.  I have not taken a look at them but will see if they jive.

VMI Reverts
Please be careful about reverting. You are coming close to violating the rule against reverting an article more than 3 times in a 24 hour period, for which you can be blocked. · Katefan0 (scribble) 15:45, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

FYI
Sorry to bother you did not know if you saw this. Might be good info for your site as well. V/R Drive2365.217.57.101 17:00, 7 June 2006 (UTC) http://www.kiplinger.com/personalfinance/magazine/archives/2006/02/colleges3.html

=68.54.25.39= I see more changes from this IP to both our articles. How best to make this stop? Also, we are getting hit by someone every day now. Any advice? V/R Drive23 65.217.57.101 22:20, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I am trying to block the above address. It is one of our guys and he/she needs to stop screwing with your page. V/R Drive2365.217.57.101 22:26, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

=VMI vs. The Citadel= If you are going to the game next month let me know if you need a place to stay/tail gate.

Speedy deletion of Image:Graduate looking at his diploma.jpg
A tag has been placed on Image:Graduate looking at his diploma.jpg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section I4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an image with an unknown source or an unknown copyright status which has been tagged as such for more than 7 days, and it still lacks the necessary information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on  explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. BlueAg09 (Talk) 08:41, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Graduate looking at his diploma.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Graduate looking at his diploma.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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title: User talk:Marshall3


text: User talk:Sydney Lee Marshal

title: User talk:Sydney Lee Marshal


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Talk:Malamir

Untitled
Malamir was also ruler of Bulgaria: please disambig this. A.J. 15:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

OK, I've redirected to the disambig page. Kisch 23:24, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Malamir


text:
World Scrabble Championship

The World Scrabble Championship (WSC) is played to determine the world champion in competitive English-language Scrabble. It was held in every odd year from 1991 to 2013; from 2013 onwards, it became an annual event.

The most successful player in world championship history is Nigel Richards from New Zealand, who won a record five titles between 2007 and 2019.

History
Sponsorship of the World Scrabble Championship (WSC) formerly alternated between Hasbro and Mattel, the North American and global owners of the Scrabble trademark, respectively. However, after Hasbro declined to sponsor WSC 2005, Mattel has organized and sponsored all championships. Mind Sports International (MSI) began sponsoring the event in 2013 after successfully organizing their own major Scrabble tournament in Prague in 2012. As of 2018, it has been sponsored by Mindsports Academy.

On May 17, 2013, Mattel announced that the event would be renamed the Scrabble Champions Tournament, and the tournament would be held annually as part of Mind Sports International's Prague Mind Sports Festival. MSI introduced a 'Last Chance Qualifier' tournament, giving players a last opportunity to qualify for 5 places in the main event if they failed to achieve a place on their national team. A four-way knockout stage was introduced for the top four finishers, which consisted of a best-of-3 semi-final followed by a best-of-5 final. Nigel Richards became World Champion here, making him the first player to defend his world title.

In 2014 the Scrabble Champions Tournament continued in London, but it became an open event, with all players invited to compete. A quarter-final stage was added, meaning that the top 8 progressed to the knockout stages. Craig Beevers won the event, making him the first British World Scrabble Champion since Mark Nyman in 1993.

In 2015, following cancellation of the SCT, Mattel and MSI agreed to allow WESPA to organize the 2015 WESPA Championship (WESPAC). It was held in Perth, Australia and followed the invitational format of pre-MSI WSC events. 130 players qualified to play. Wellington Jighere of Nigeria emerged as WESPA Champion after beating Lewis Mackay 4–0 in the final.

In 2016, the tournament was split into two divisions based on players' rankings. MSI also hosted world championships in other languages, including French, German, Spanish and Catalan, alongside the French Duplicate Championship.

The 2017 MSI World Championships followed the same format as the 2016 event. This was won by Australian David Eldar.

The 2018 World Scrabble Championship was organised by Mindsports Academy. The main event was held in Torquay, Devon, but the best-of-5 final was held in London to celebrate the game's 70th anniversary. The event was won by Nigel Richards.

In 2019 Nigel Richards went on to defend his title (and win his fifth championship) against David Eldar at the Riviera International Centre in Torquay.

After 2019, unofficial world championships are held at WESPAC because WESPA has been denied permission from Mattel and/or Hasbro to be called an official world championship.

title: World Scrabble Championship


text: Template:Wills, trusts, estates

title: Template:Wills, trusts, estates


text:
MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society

MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society (MF vitenskapelig høyskole for teologi, religion og samfunn), formerly the Free Faculty of Theology (Det teologiske menighetsfakultet) and MF Norwegian School of Theology, is an accredited Norwegian specialized university focused on theology, religion, education and social studies, located in Oslo, Norway. It is one of three private specialized universities in Norway, alongside VID and BI.

Overview
MF was founded in 1907 as an independent theological institution at university level and is Norway's largest provider of theological education and research. MF has around 110 employees, 1300 bachelor and master students and about 60 Ph.D. students.

Since 1967, MF has offered academic studies in Christianity and religion for use in school and society. As needs have arisen, MF has developed a broad portfolio of professional degrees for church and school. The religious demography of Norway has changed significantly. There is an increasing need and demand for knowledge and quality in research on, education in and communication about religion and society. MF meets this challenge through interdisciplinary research on religion and society, along with relevant bachelor, master and Ph.D. degrees in theology, religion and society.

MF has two centers:

MF KOM – Center for Excellence in Research, Development and Communication for Church and Congregation. This center is an intermediary between scholars at MF and church workers who wish to utilize MF's competency in their own contexts.

MF Center for the Advanced Study of Religion, MF CASR, organizes the research on religion done at MF. It facilitates joint projects between MF and other institutions. MF CASR encompasses areas of research including religious studies, history of religion, philosophy of religion, texts and manuscript research, cultural and art history, along with sociology of religion.

Norwegian Philological Institute (PHI) is affiliated with and located at MF. The cooperation involves offering courses in classical languages connected with major world religions and cultures.

MF's areas of activity are education, research and communication.

Beginning as a confessional school, today it is an ecumenical inclusive school offering education specific to a number of denominations (Lutheran, Methodist, Catholic, Salvation Army and Pentecostal).

History
MF was founded in 1907 by a body of people (Norwegian academics, politicians, clergy and lay people) wanting to build the education and research on the Holy Scriptures and the Lutheran Confessions.

The main reason for the school's establishment was an appointment to a professorship at the Faculty of Theology at University of Oslo. The chair of Systematic Theology was vacant after the death of Fredrik Petersen in 1903, and in 1906 the liberal theologian Johannes Ording was appointed to the Chair. Ording was appointed after a lengthy debate which almost led to a crisis in the Government of Norway. It was not supported by the other leading professors at the faculty, and Sigurd Odland at the Faculty of Theology and the Minister of Church Affairs Christopher Knudsen in the government left their positions following the appointment.

Notable members of society and the church gathered around Odland and then took steps to found an independent institution training the clergy. The founding charter was signed October 16, 1907, and the school was opened in the autumn of 1908 with only eight students (a number that increased to fourteen before the end of the first term). The earliest teachers were Sigurd Odland (New Testament), Edvard Sverdrup (church history), Peter Hognestad (Old Testament), Ole Hallesby (systematic theology). From 1919, academic staff members were granted the right to call themselves professors.

The school grew steadily, and in 1913 MF was given the right to offer degrees in theology, as well as in practical theology from 1925. The school expanded in 1967 and an institute of Christian theology was founded, giving a minor, major and a master's degree in Christian Studies. 1977 the school started to train Christian educators (catechists). A major step was the right in 1990 to award doctoral degrees. The school was the first private school given the right to do this, and in 2005 the school was accredited as a specialized university institution by the Norwegian authorities. In 2018 the school changed its name from MF Norwegian School of Theology to MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society.

Academics
MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society awards the following degrees: bachelor, master, candidatus/a theologiae and Ph.D.

It offers the following programmes of study that result in the mentioned degrees:
 * At undergraduate level
 * Introductory Studies in Christianity and Religious and Ethical Education (1 year),
 * Introductory Studies in Social Studies (1 year),
 * Introductory Studies in Cross-cultural Communication (1 year),
 * Bachelor of Arts (BA), specializing in Christianity and Religious and Ethical Education (3 years),
 * Bachelor of Arts, specializing in Religion and Society (3 years),
 * Bachelor of Arts, specializing in Youth Ministry (3 years),
 * Bachelor of Arts, specializing in Social Sciences (3 years),
 * Bachelor of Theology (3 years).
 * At postgraduate level
 * Master of Arts (MA) in Religious Education (1 ½ years, part-time studies),
 * Master of Arts in Religion, Society and Global Issues (2 years, offered in English),
 * Master of Arts in History of Religions (2 years, offered in English),
 * Master of Theology (Th.M.) (2 years, offered in English) specializing in Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies, New Testament Studies, Church History, or Theology, Mission and Society,
 * Master of Theology (5 years, one-tier, together with BA degree),
 * Master of Philosophy (Ph.M) in Religious Education (2 years),
 * Master of Philosophy in Educational Ministry (2 years),
 * Master of Philosophy in Diaconal Ministry (2 years),
 * Master of Practical Theology,
 * Master of Christian Clinical Counseling,
 * Professional Degree in Theology and Ministry (6 years, leading to the cand.theol.-degree),
 * Professional Teaching Degree in Religious Education and Social Studies lektor/adjunkt.
 * At PhD level
 * Philosophiae doctor (Ph.D.) in Theology (3 ½ years), specializing in Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies, New Testament Studies, Church History, or Theology, Mission and Society.
 * Philosophiae doctor (Ph.D.) in Religious Education (3 ½ years).

Alumni

 * Andreas Grasmo

Politicians

 * Kjell Magne Bondevik
 * Valgerd Svarstad Haugland
 * Torild Skogsholm
 * Helen Bjørnøy.

Musicians

 * Bjørn Eidsvåg
 * Morten Harket

Authors

 * Jan Kjærstad
 * Ole Hallesby

Clergy

 * Helga Haugland Byfuglien, Presiding Bishop in the Church of Norway
 * Ole Christian Kvarme, Bishop of Oslo
 * Gunnar Stålsett, Bishop Emeritus of Oslo
 * Andreas Aarflot, Bishop Emeritus of Oslo
 * Stein Reinertsen, Bishop of Agder and Telemark
 * Olav Skjevesland, Bishop Emeritus of Agder and Telemark
 * Halvor Bergan, Bishop Emeritus of Agder and Telemark
 * Per Arne Dahl, Bishop of Tunsberg
 * Laila Riksaasen Dahl, Bishop Emeritus of Tunsberg
 * Olav Øygard, Bishop of Nord Hålogaland
 * Per Oskar Kjølaas, Bishop Emeritus of Nord Hålogaland
 * Erling Pettersen, Bishop of Stavanger
 * Ernst Baasland, Bishop Emeritus of Stavanger
 * Tor Singsaas, Bishop of Nidaros
 * Herborg Finnset, Bishop of Nidaros
 * Finn Wagle, Bishop Emeritus of Nidaros
 * Halvor Nordhaug, Bishop of Bjørgvin
 * Ole D. Hagesæther, Bishop Emeritus of Bjørgvin
 * Ingeborg Midttømme, Bishop of Møre
 * Odd Bondevik, Bishop Emeritus of Møre
 * Atle Sommerfelt, Bishop of Borg
 * Per Lønning, Bishop Emeritus of Borg and Bjørgvin
 * Solveig Fiske, Bishop of Hamar
 * Tor Berger Jørgensen, Bishop of Sør-Hålogaland
 * Øystein I. Larsen, Bishop Emeritus of Sør-Hålogaland
 * Olav Fykse Tveit, General Secretary, World Council of Churches
 * Trond Bakkevig, Canon, Provost of Vestre Aker

Old Testament theology

 * Karl William Weyde
 * Gard Granerød
 * Andrew Wergeland, Hebrew
 * Corinna Körting
 * Magne Sæbø

New Testament theology

 * Karl Olav Sandnes
 * Reidar Hvalvik
 * Ole Jacob Filtvedt
 * Hanne B. S. Tveito
 * Glenn Wehus, Greek
 * Morten Hørning Jensen
 * Ernst Oddvar Baasland

Church history

 * Kristin Bliksrud Aavitsland, Medieval Church History and Culture
 * Otfried Czaika, Reformation and Early Modern History
 * Vidar Leif Haanes (rector)
 * Victor Ghica, Antiquity and Early Christian Studies
 * Kristin Norseth, Norwegian Church and Mission History
 * John Wayne Kaufman, Patristics and Early Christian Studies
 * Oskar Skarsaune
 * Bernt T. Oftestad
 * Andreas Aarflot
 * Blossom Stefaniw Intellectual History of Christianity

Systematic theology

 * Jan-Olav Henriksen, Contemporary Theology
 * Harald Hegstad, Dogmatics and Practical Ecclesiology
 * Gunnar H. Heiene, Ethics
 * Svein Olaf Thorbjørnsen, Ethics
 * Atle Ottesen Søvik, Systematic Theology
 * Sturla Stålsett, Diakonia, Religion, Society
 * Terje Hegertun, Systematic Theology
 * Else-Britt Nilsen, Catholic Theology
 * Trond Bakkevig, Religion and Society
 * Ivar Asheim, Systematic Theology
 * Torleiv Austad, Systematic Theology
 * Lars Østnor, Theological Ethics
 * Kjell Olav Sannes, Dogmatics
 * Peder Gravem, Christian and Religious Studies
 * Marion S. Grau, Systematic Theology and Missiology

Religious studies

 * Liv Ingeborg Lied
 * Trine Anker, Religious Studies, Education
 * Arild Romarheim
 * Ann Midttun

Social sciences and religious education

 * Sverre Dag Mogstad, Religious Education
 * Geir Afdal, Religious Education
 * Heid Leganger-Krogstad, Religious Education
 * Kjetil Fretheim, Diakonia, Social Science
 * Lars Laird Eriksen, Social Science
 * Janicke Heldal Stray, Social Science, Education
 * Håkon W. Lorentzen, Social Science
 * Gry Stålsett, Psychology of Religion
 * Leif Gunnar Engedal, Psychology of Religion

Practical theology and missiology

 * Lars Johan Danbolt, Pastoral Counseling, Psychology of Religion
 * Roar Fotland, Missiology
 * Tone S. Kaufman, Practical Theology
 * Erling Birkedal, Congregational Development
 * Knud Jørgensen, Missiology
 * Astrid Sandsmark, Youth Ministry
 * Tron Fagermoen, Diaconia
 * Sjur Isaksen, Pastoral Counseling
 * Jan Terje Christoffersen, Liturgy
 * Hallvard Mosdøl, Homiletics
 * Idun Strøm Sefland, Pastoral Training
 * Fredrik Saxegaard, Homiletics
 * Knud Jørgensen, Missiology
 * Jeppe Bach Nikolajsen, Missiology
 * Tormod Engelsviken, Missiology
 * Olav Skjevesland, Practical Theology


text:
Massimo Tamburini

Massimo Tamburini (November 28, 1943 – April 6, 2014) was an Italian motorcycle designer for Cagiva, Ducati, and MV Agusta, and one of the founders of Bimota. Tamburini's designs are iconic in their field, with one critic calling him the "Michelangelo of motorbike design". His Ducati 916 and MV Agusta F4 were included in the Guggenheim Museum's The Art of the Motorcycle exhibit of 1998–1999.

He lived and worked in San Marino at the Cagiva Research Center (Centro Ricerche Cagiva, CRC), a subsidiary of Cagiva now MV Agusta, from which he retired on December 31, 2008.

Early life
Tamburini was born on November 28, 1943, in Rimini, where his family were farmers. Although he aspired to attend university, for financial reasons he instead attended the Istituto Tecnico Industriale di Rimini, a technical school in Rimini. According to his biography published by the City of Rimini, he did not finish his technical education for health reasons, and began working at age 18 on heating ductwork.

Career
Tamburini said, "I have always had a huge passion for motorcycles—my mother used to complain about it when I was a little boy, calling it my obsession! I have never had any desire to design anything else." His exposure to the motorcycle industry began when he attended the world championship race at Monza in 1961. Captivated by the sound of the MV Agusta's four stroke engine ridden by Provini, and entirely self-taught in design, Tamburini eventually devoted his life to the making of motorcycles.

While Tamburini owned a heating business in his home town of Rimini, he was becoming known for his race tuning, improving motorcycles' power and handling, as well as making them lighter. Rimini was a motorcycling enthusiast's town, being near a Benelli motorcycle factory, and the site of many road races following World War II. The MV Agusta 600 four was Tamburini's particular specialty, for which he was known "throughout Italy", according to Mick Walker, who said, "the transformation of what had been an ugly and slow touring bike into a sleek and fast sportster was truly sensational."

Tamburini created his first motorcycle design in 1971, customizing an MV Agusta 750 Sport by welding the frame himself.

In 1973, Tamburini, Valerio Bianchi, and Giuseppe Morri founded Bimota. Previously the three had been designing and fabricating air conditioning ducts. The company name was a portmanteau of the first letters of their last names, Bi, Mo, Ta. Speaking of motorcycles of the future, Tamburini summed up his design philosophy by saying, "The ideal one would be a 750 with the power of a 1000 and the weight of a 500. You don't need a huge amount of power on a road bike, but it's important to have light weight as well." Tamburini criticized the Ducati ST2, saying, "I think the ST2 is an attempt to follow a Japanese concept, and this shouldn't be done by Italians."

After 11 years at Bimota, Tamburini left and for a short time joined Roberto Gallina's 500 cc Grand Prix world championship team. Then, in February 1985, he joined Claudio Castiglioni's Cagiva Group. Cagiva had acquired Ducati that year, and Tamburini worked designing both Ducati and Cagiva brand motorcycles.

In 1985, Bimota was under "controlled administration", or fallimento, similar to US Chapter 11 reorganization and Tamburini had officially left the company, Giuseppe Morri having purchased Tamburini's Bimota stock. Tamburini's successor as chief designer at Bimota was Federico Martini. Even though Tamburini was in his new position as head of Cagiva's design studio, he continued work back at Bimota, in spite of the falling out with his partners that led to his departure, working on the Bimota DB1 prototype, a bike that used the engine of the Ducati Pantah 750, which was to be presented at EICMA, the Milan motorcycle show. Martini was responsible for the engineering of the DB1, Tamburini, as a consultant to Cagiva, handled the styling.

The first Ducati he designed was the Paso 750, a bike that helped move fully enclosing bodywork into the mainstream.

Ducati 916

Tamburini later designed the now classic Ducati 916. South African motorcycle designer Pierre Terblanche and Tamburini were working side by side at the Cagiva Research Center (CRC) on new designs, Tamburini on the 916 and Terblanche on the Ducati Supermono. Terblanche's Supermono, which shared several visual cues with the Tamburini's 916, was shown to the public before the 916, leaving the impression that Tamburini was influenced by Terblanche. In fact, the influence was the other way around, with Terblanche incorporating ideas that Tamburini shared with him in the design studio from his 916 design. Journalist Kevin Ash said that the roots of the 916's styling were found elsewhere, outside Ducati and CRC. Ash said that the timing of the public debut of Honda's advanced oval-piston, 32-valve V4 engine Grand Prix racing bike, the NR750, in August 1991, indicates that NR750 influenced the final shape of the 916, though Tamburini, Terblanche and others at Ducati would not confirm this, Tamburini only saying that he was influenced by "existing designs." Ash said that Tamburini showed a better understanding of visual weight than the NR750's designers, and the 916 design, "moved it forward, personalized, and Ducati-fied it, in particular the blend of sharp edges and sweeping curves, which, like most innovation, broke existing rules."

After Ducati
When the Castiglioni brothers sold Ducati in 1996, Tamburini stayed with Cagiva, where he designed the MV Agusta F4 to great acclaim. While designing the F4 c. 1996, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer; his son Andrea said he wanted to survive the illness long enough to finish the F4 and save MV Agusta. His final motorcycle was the MV Agusta F3 675. Cycle World's Brian Catterson spotted Tamburini riding his creation, the F4, in the hills of Tuscany during the 2001 Motorgiro d'Italia. Tamburini retired from Cagiva in December, 2008.

Illness and death
Tamburini was diagnosed with lung cancer in November 2013 and underwent chemotherapy near his residence in San Marino. His health continued to decline, and he died on April 6, 2014, at age 70. Around 500 people attended his funeral in Rimini on April 9, including the mayor in his official capacity.

Motorcycle designs

 * Bimota Tesi 1D
 * Bimota KB2
 * Bimota DB1
 * Ducati Paso
 * Ducati 916
 * Ducati 748
 * Ducati 996
 * Ducati 998
 * Cagiva Aletta Oro
 * Cagiva Freccia
 * Cagiva Mito
 * Moto Morini Dart
 * F4 750 Serie Oro
 * F4 750 S
 * F4 750 Senna
 * F4 750
 * F4 750
 * F4 750 750 SPR and SR
 * F4 1000
 * F4 AGO
 * F4 Tamburini
 * F4 Senna
 * F4 Veltro
 * F4 750 R 312
 * F4 750 CC
 * MV Agusta Brutale
 * Tamburini Corse T12 Massimo (Released posthumously) project realized by his son Andrea Tamburini

Awards
Tamburini was awarded the Sigismondo d'Oro in 2012, the highest award of the city of Rimini.

title: Massimo Tamburini


text: Category:Portuguese botanists

title: Category:Portuguese botanists