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Talk:Bezoar

Bamboo Pearl Redirect?
Why does 'bamboo pearl' redirect here? I'm trying to find information on the authenticity or lack thereof of the notion that some species of bamboo produce some sort of stonelike object or "pearl" naturally. The idea seems extremely outlandish to me, but nature is frequently outlandish, so I would like some actual data. It's bad enough that I can't find anything useful on Google, but I can't see any reason the term redirects here to Bezoar on Wikipedia. The two topics just seem to have nothing whatsoever to do with each other. Perhaps a page on "pearl hoaxes" would be a good idea? The whole 'coconut pearl' concept could go there too. I'm sure there are others. 75.18.179.81 (talk) 14:14, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Harry Potter
''Bezoars are given a passing mention in the Harry Potter books. The Potions Master, Severus Snape, tests Harry's knowledge in order to humiliate him on his first day at Hogwarts. The knowledge comes in useful, however in order to impress Horace Slughorn, and to save his friend Ron Weasley's life when he is poisoned.''

Is this particularly noteworthy or relevant? Seems to me it should be deleted. Bezoars are mentioned in plenty of literature, we're not about to start listing them all. Ethan0 09:23, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Ethan is a party pooper. Harry Potter apparently has a certain amount of modern cultural relevance, possibly more then many of the other bezoar-laden works. By citing this text as containing "bezoar" it could provide some context for those completely unfamiliar with the entity. Maybe if Ethan is such a bezoar scholar he can give us some other examples of prominent literary works with bezoar references (either explicit or implied).--69.137.157.233 01:26, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I can think of, offhand, only The Sandman: Dream Country. I know I've seen them in other works as well; if I think of or happen across more I shall mention them. -Ethan (talk) • 2006-02-28 19:52 (UTC)

 * I think the Harry Potter passage should stay, but it doesn't belong in the "Uses of Bezoars" section. So I have separated it to "References in Popular Culture". Also, the third episode in season five of "House MD" ("Adverse Events") is about a patient whose condition is eventually unravelled as having been caused by a bezoar.Tsumugi (talk) 08:55, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I vote that there should be at least a small "cultural significance" paragraph on this article. I came here from looking up Mary Anning, the person who found the first dinosaur fossil, and somewhere on her page it mentioned "bezoar," which I learned was a coprolite, and I thought, "isn't that also mentioned in Harry Potter?" I came here and found it was not on the article, but instead stuck on the talk page because some editor thinks it's irrelevant and the list of cultural references to bezoars would be too large. Well, I came here to satisfy a valid question about JK Rowling's sense of humor, and find a humorless troll-editor has decided that my question is invalid.  I disagree that my question is not valid, and wikipedia is the perfect forum in which my question ought to be answerable, and not on the talk page. Cellodont (talk) 12:48, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

effectiveness?
Is there any evidence on the effects (or lack thereof) of bezoar on poison?

 * Yes. It is mentioned under Arsenic in "Principles of Forensic Toxicology". I have added a reference to the article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Filksinger (talk • contribs) 18:38, 10 March 2007 (UTC).

Hair?
I was trying to disprove what I thought to be an Urban Legend, wherin you could die or get digestion problems from ingesting your own hair, but I find I cannot conclusivly do so. Do human beings also get bezoars or are they limited to calcium?

The museum link seems to be conclusive, but wouldn't the few strands of hair ingested pass though? I believe snopes listed it once, but I cannot locate it. Sim 05:12, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Fixed it in the article.

Origin of the word 'bezoar'?
The article states "the word "bezoar" ultimately comes from the Persian pâdzahr" but this medical paper states "The term Bezoar comes from the Arabic 'badzehr' or from the Persian 'panzer' both meaning counterpoison or antidote".

Can anybody clarify where the word originated and in which language? And then how it spread into other languages? Hamster128 10:45, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

In Persian, "pâd" and "zahr" are two words and mean "anti" and "poison" respectively. The sound of "pi" doesn't exists in Arabic therefor all P's are converted to B's and so Padzahr becomes Badzahr. This word cannot be Arabic since stems are used to create a new word. his word construction is similar to English constructions as both Persian and English are Indo-European languages. Arabic on the other hand uses a different way to construct new words. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.165.3.151 (talk) 01:18, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Relationship to Snake-Stones?
Much of the material I've collected on snake stones mentions bezoar stones. (see Talk:Snake-Stones)

Is there a difference between a bezoar stone and a snake stone? Hamster128 11:05, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
I think the page has been vandalised Brain fork 20:08, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Why do people keep removing Image:Long-haired-cat-hairball.jpg as a copyright violation? It claims to be self-released into the public domain. -Seventh Holy Scripture (talk) 18:47, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
The article lead currently treats "bezoar" and "enterolith" as synonyms. However, the body describes "bezoar" only in the sense of "hairball" (see Wiktionary). In the medical literature, "bezoar" sometimes is used to mean "enterolith", but I suggest putting far less emphasis on that fact in this article. I will remove "enterolith" from the lead. Someone please rewrite the lead to better define bezoar. Thanks! --Una Smith (talk) 04:22, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Also, I recommend moving the etymology out of the history section to Wiktionary. --Una Smith (talk) 04:27, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Additional problems: much of the content, apart from the history section, is actually disambiguation.  The article may need to be made into a disambiguation page, plus a separate, expanded article about the historical use of the term in the sense of a magical object.  See Writing better articles. --Una Smith (talk) 19:45, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Stones?
It may be helpful to readers who browse through categories, but would adding this article to Category:Stones be too inaccurate? -- œ ™ 22:12, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

Śarīra?
Does anyone know if Bezoar is related to Sarira in Buddhism? Kowloonese (talk) 18:47, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

A "cook at King's court"
Which king? Varlaam (talk) 20:15, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

chemistry
It might be interesting to explain how bezoars are formed.

There's a House episode in which drugs trapped in a bezoar produce bizarre symptoms. It's explained that this particular type of bezoar was caused by taking large amounts of antacid, which prevented food from being fully digested. This seemed odd, because my understanding is that the digestive process is alkaline, and stomach acid regulates it by slowing it down. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 12:47, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Proposed merge with Porcupine dates
Subject not notable on its own merits. Suggest merging into bezoar article Rogermx (talk) 18:35, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

Mineral component?
Do any of the 'stones' actually have minerals in them or are they just clumps of other stuff? The photo shows things that look a lot like actual stones.

title: Talk:Bezoar


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User:Plociam/sandbox

=Nonsense mediated decay=

Nonsense mediated decay (NMD) is a molecular process in which potentially harmful mRNAs containing premature stop codons are degraded prior to translation.

Genetically engineered mice lacking a key NMD protein do not survive embryogenesis, illustrating the importance of NMD in mammals.

Errors accompany every step necessary for mRNA production. Premature stop codons can be created by errors in transcription and splicing. Errors rates may be particularly high for splicing, especially in mRNAs that undergo alternative splicing.

NMD also serves to eliminate transcripts generated from non-functional genes. Genomes often contain and transcribe many non-functional genes, such as transposons and pseudogenes.

=Spliceosome=

A spliceosome is a large complex of small nuclear RNA (snRNAs) and protein, which removes intervening sequences (introns) from precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA).

The five snRNAs are rich in uridine (U) nucleotides and are thus named U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6. While RNA molecules do not generally catalyze chemical reactions, the snRNAs are required for the catalysis of the splicing reaction and may be directly involved [Cathy].

Each snRNA is complexed with protein as a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP, pronounced snurp). The five snRNPs assemble together on the pre-mRNA in a step-wise order to form an active spliceosome. The spliceosome first recognizes specific “splice sites” on the pre-mRNA that identifies the region as an intron. The intron is then removed in two transesterification reactions, simultaneously joining two exons together. The excised intron is then degraded.

Spliceome
The term spliceome was coined in the early 21st century to describe the set of all possible alternative splices in an organism. It is an analogy to the genome or proteome. The concept and list of alternative splices is useful in bioinformatics and computational biology. It allows modular development of computational technology to deal with the spliceome.

Introduction
For a protein coding gene to be expressed a message must be sent from DNA, which stores genetic information, to the ribosome, which produces the protein product. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the intermediate molecule used by cells to deliver this message.

From a single gene, many mRNA molecules copies may be produced over time. At any given time, multiple copies of an mRNA be present in the cell. The number of mRNA molecules usually coorelates with the number of proteins present at that time. New mRNAs may be produced when more protein is needed by the cell, while existing mRNAs may be destroyed when less is needed.

mRNA molecules are similar to the DNA from which they are produced (see RNA). However, unlike DNA molecules, which are double stranded, mRNAs are single stranded. Some mRNAs also have a cap and tail at the ends of the molecule, which are important for recognition by ribosomes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Plociam/sandbox


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Institute of Human Resources Development

The Institute of Human Resources Development (IHRD) is an autonomous technical educational research institute established by the Government of Kerala in 1987, with its headquarters at Thiruvananthapuram in India.

IHRD has grown within a short period into a network of more than 50 institutions. In addition to regular courses of study in academic establishments, IHRD also runs short and long-term employment-oriented and continuous education programmes.

The initial name of IHRD was Institute of Human Resources Development for Electronics (IHRDE). Later it was renamed to the current version.

IHRD manages several applied science colleges, engineering colleges, polytechnics, and technical schools.

Partnerships
In 2023, IHRD and Kerala Startup Mission (KSUM) teamed up to support technology and entrepreneurial activities in colleges. The MoU was signed with the presence of Higher Education Minister R. Bindu. KSUM announced plans to establish research and development (R&D) centers for startups in IHRD institutions for a period of five years. IHRD also launched a collaborative learning program in partnership with the University of Cincinnati. Under this program, lectures from prominent academics, particularly those of Kerala origin, from the University of Cincinnati and other international institutions would be organized for students and faculty of IHRD's engineering colleges.

Engineering colleges
The following nine engineering colleges are managed by IHRD. They were affiliated with the Cochin University of Science and Technology until 2014; each of them has been affiliated to A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University since 2015.

IHRD coordinates 8 Engineering Colleges.

 * Government Model Engineering College
 * College of Engineering Chengannur
 * College of Engineering, Adoor
 * College of Engineering Karunagappally
 * College of Engineering, Poonjar
 * College of Engineering, Kallooppara
 * College of Engineering Attingal
 * College of Engineering, Cherthala
 * College of Engineering, Kottarakkara

Model Polytechnics Colleges
IHRD coordinates 8 Model Polytechnics Colleges.
 * Model Residential Polytechnic College, Kuzhalmannam, Palakkad
 * Model Polytechnic College, Mattakkara, Kottayam
 * Model Polytechnic College, Vatakara, Kozhikode
 * Model polytechnic college Poonjar, Kottayam
 * Model Polytechnic College, Karunagappally
 * Model Polytechnic College, Painavu, Idukki
 * E K Nayanar Memorial Model Polytechnic College, Kallyassery
 * K.Karunakaran Memorial Model Polytechnic College, Mala
 * Model Polytechnic College, Ponjar

Applied Science Colleges
IHRD coordinates 42 Applied Science Colleges.

Colleges affiliated to University of Kerala

 * College of Applied Science, Dhanuvachapuram, Trivandrum
 * College of Applied Sciences, Adoor
 * College of Applied Sciences, Mavelikkara
 * College of Applied Sciences, Kundera
 * college of Applied sciences, karthikappally

Colleges affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University

 * College of Applied Sciences, Puthuppally, Kottayam
 * College of Applied Sciences, Thodupuzha
 * College of Applied Sciences, Peermade
 * College of Applied Science, Konni
 * College of Applied Sciences, Mallappally
 * College Of Applied Science, Kaduthuruthy
 * College of Applied science, Petta  Kanjirappally
 * College of Applied science, Puthanvelikkara
 * College of Applied science, Kattapana
 * College of Applied science, Nedumkandam

Colleges affiliated to University of Calicut

 * College of Applied Science Calicut
 * College of Applied Science, Vattamkulam, Edappal
 * College of Applied Science, Nattika
 * College of Applied Science Malappuram
 * College of Applied Science, Nadapuram
 * College of Applied Sciences, Thiruvambady
 * College of Applied Science Thamarassery
 * College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry
 * College of Applied science, Chelakkara
 * College of Applied science, Ayalur
 * College of Applied Science, Muthuallur, Malappuram

Colleges affiliated to Kannur University

 * College of Applied Sciences, Koothuparamba
 * College of Applied Sciences, Pattuvam
 * EMS Memorial College of Applied Science
 * AKG Memorial College of Applied Science, Pinarayi, Thalassery
 * College of Applied Science, Neruvampram, Pazhayangati
 * College of Applied Science, Cheemeni

Technical Higher Secondary Schools
IHRD coordinates 15 Technical Higher Secondary Schools

 * Model Technical Higher Secondary School, Kaloor
 * Model Technical Higher Secondary School, Kaprassery
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Adoor
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Aluva
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Cherthala
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Mallappally
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Muttada, Trivandrum
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Perinthalmanna
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Perumade
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Puthuppally
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Thiruthiyad
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Thodupuzha, Muttom
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Varadium
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Vattamkulam
 * Technical Higher Secondary School, Vazhakkad


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Ioannina (regional unit)

Ioannina (Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ιωαννίνων) is one of the regional units of Greece, located in the northwestern part of the country.

It is part of the region of Epirus. Its capital is the city of Ioannina. It is the largest regional unit in Epirus, and one of the largest regional units of Greece, with a population of 160,773 people, according to the 2021 census.

Geography
Ioannina borders Albania in the north, and the regional units of Kastoria in the northeast, Grevena and Trikala in the east, Arta in the southeast, Preveza in the south and Thesprotia in the southwest and west.

Ioannina is a mountainous region, dominated by the Pindus mountains, that cover the eastern part of the regional unit. The main subranges of the Pindus are from north to south: Gramos, Smolikas (2,637 m, the highest of the Pindus), Tymfi, Lygkos, Lakmos and Athamanika. The lower Xerovouni mountains are situated in the south, and the Tomaros in the southwest.

Lake Pamvotida is the largest lake of Epirus. Several major rivers have their source in the Ioannina regional unit, including Aoös, Arachthos and Acheron.

History

 * See also the history sections of the Epirus and Ioannina articles.

The area of the present regional unit of Ioannina joined Greece in 1913, after the First Balkan War.

Administration
The regional unit Ioannina is subdivided into 8 municipalities. These are (numbered as in the map in the infobox):
 * Dodoni (3)
 * Ioannina (1)
 * Konitsa (6)
 * Metsovo (7)
 * North Tzoumerka (Voreia Tzoumerka, 2)
 * Pogoni (8)
 * Zagori (5)
 * Zitsa (4)

Prefecture
Ioannina was established as a prefecture in 1915 (Νομός Ιωαννίνων). As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Ioannina was created out of the former prefecture Ioannina. The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below.

Provinces
Note: Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece.
 * Province of Dodoni - Ioannina
 * Province of Konitsa - Konitsa
 * Province of Metsovo - Metsovo
 * Province of Pogoni - Delvinaki

Transport

 * Egnatia Odos (A2)/E90, NW, Cen., NE
 * Ionia Odos (A5)/E55, E951, S, Cen.
 * Greek National Road 5/E55 S, Cen.
 * Greek National Road 6, W, Cen., E
 * Greek National Road 17, S, SW
 * Greek National Road 20/E853, Cen., NW, N
 * Greek National Road 26, NW
 * Ioannina Airport

Tourism
The prefecture of Ioannina, like most of the Greek mainland, is not as popular as the islands among tourists. However, besides the city Ioannina, there are a number of attractions in the area, including:

 * A few kilometres south of the city is the Vrellis wax statue museum, displaying scenes from Greek history. A small department in the city centre is free to the public.
 * The Dodoni oracle and archaeological site with amphitheatre.
 * The Vikos–Aoös National Park, including the Vikos gorge, through which the Voidomatis river flows.
 * The Zagori villages, partly in the Vikos-Aoos National Park.
 * Papingo, one of the Zagoria villages, a ski resort that is mainly popular with Greeks, and a popular starting point for hiking and mountaineering.
 * Mount Smolikas, at 2,637 meters Greece's second highest mountain.
 * Metsovo, in winter a ski resort.
 * The caves of Perama, a few kilometres northeast of Ioannina.
 * The monument in Zalongo for the women of Souli.
 * The Kalpaki War Museum.
 * Bourzani Bridge, near Melissoptera.
 * Pavlos Vrellis Greek History Museum, the best known wax museum in Greece

Sports
Ioannina has a major football team, that is named PAS Giannina. There are minor sports teams throughout the prefecture:

 * Averoff
 * Dafnoula
 * Eleousa
 * Kefalovrysi
 * Metsovo
 * Mousiotitsa
 * Velissario

Literature

 * Franz X. Bogner & Georgios Pilidis. Lake of Ioannina. 128 pages. ISBN 978-960-233-199-6. Ioannina 2010.

title: Ioannina (regional unit)


text: User talk:83.50.188.244

title: User talk:83.50.188.244


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Julia Donaldson

Julia Catherine Donaldson (Shields; born 16 September 1948)  is an English writer and playwright, and the 2011–2013 Children's Laureate. She is best known for her popular rhyming stories for children, especially those illustrated by Axel Scheffler, which include The Gruffalo, Room on the Broom and Stick Man. She originally wrote songs for children's television but has concentrated on writing books since the words of one of her songs, "A Squash and a Squeeze", were made into a children's book in 1993. Of her 184 published works, 64 are widely available in bookshops. The remaining 120 are intended for school use and include her Songbirds phonic reading scheme, which is part of the Oxford University Press's Oxford Reading Tree.

Childhood
Donaldson was born and brought up in Hampstead, London, with her younger sister Mary. The family occupied a Victorian three-storey house near Hampstead Heath. Her parents, sister, and their pet cat Geoffrey lived on the ground floor, while an aunt and uncle (and later their children, James and Kate) resided on the first floor, and her grandmother on the second floor.

Donaldson's parents, James (always known as Jerry) and Elizabeth, met shortly before the Second World War, which then separated them for six years. Jerry, who had studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Oxford University, spent most of the war in a POW camp where his knowledge of German earned him the position of an interpreter. Elizabeth, also proficient in German with a degree in languages, contributed to the war effort in the WRNS.

After the war, they were reunited and married, and in 1950 they bought the Hampstead house together with Jerry's mother, his sister Beta, and her husband Chris. The two men had met in the POW camp. When Donaldson was six, her father contracted polio and thereafter was confined to a wheelchair, though he still led an active life, working as a lecturer in the Maudsley Hospital's Institute of Psychiatry, where he pioneered genetic studies using the model of identical twins brought up apart.

Elizabeth worked as a part-time secretary and helped her boss, Leslie Minchin, translate German lieder into English. It was a household of music and song: Elizabeth sang with the Hampstead Choral Society, Jerry played the cello in amateur string quartets, and both parents were active members of the Hampstead Music Club. Summer holidays were at Grittleton House in Wiltshire, where Jerry played his cello in a summer school for chamber music, while Julia and Mary romped around and put on musical shows with the other children.

Poetry also featured strongly in Donaldson's early life; she was given The Book of a Thousand Poems by her father when she was five years old, and her grandmother introduced her to Edward Lear’s nonsense rhymes. Donaldson attended New End Primary School and then Camden School for Girls. During her childhood and adolescence, she acted (understudying the fairies in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream at The Old Vic where she made the acquaintance of a young Judi Dench and Tom Courtenay), sang with the Children's Opera Group, and learned the piano.

A skilled linguist, she studied French and German at school and later acquired Italian through a summer tutoring job with a family in Naples, so that by the age of 19, she had a proficient grasp of all three languages.

University life
Donaldson studied Drama and French at Bristol University (1967–1970), graduating with a 2:1 honours degree. During her time there she acted in departmental productions and learnt the guitar. In 1968, she and her friend Maureen Purkis took part in the play I am not the Eiffel Tower with music composed by Colin Sell, an accomplished young pianist who was studying Spanish and Portuguese at Bristol and who has gone on to appear in BBC Radio 4's I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. Sell's roommate Malcolm Donaldson, a medical student who played left-handed guitar and was a keen amateur actor, came to see the show and subsequently teamed up with Sell, Donaldson and Purkis to sing in the pubs during Bristol University Rag Week in early 1969. Almost immediately after this Donaldson and Purkis were seconded to live in Paris for six months as part of their degree course where they sang and played their guitars to café audiences for money. Malcolm joined them in the summer and the trio performed various songs by the Beatles and from musicals including Hair.

After several weeks of busking in Paris, Malcolm followed Julia and Maureen to the Avignon Festival. Here his attempts to sleep on their youth hostel floor led to eviction and the trio moved out, sleeping in a camp site and even a field, by which time a deep friendship had been formed. During their time in Paris the group were spotted by a French entrepreneur who auditioned them. While nothing came of this Donaldson and Purkis penned a tune to the traditional French poem "Metamorphosis" specifically for the audition, the first time that Donaldson had composed a song for an occasion (apart from the childhood shows).

By December 1969 Julia and Malcolm had become an item. They began to supply cabaret for the occasional university social event, and in 1970 they visited America, travelling by Greyhound bus from the East to the West coast and busking in Seattle and San Francisco. On their return the duo played in restaurants and began to participate in events as diverse as the Crystal Palace Children's Day, an Easter Parade in London and a dental congress dinner – with Julia Donaldson composing songs specially for these occasions.

1970s
The couple continued to busk in Europe during holidays, including in France and Italy, with Julia Donaldson writing "The French Busking Song" in French, and "The Spaghetti Song" in Italian. By 1971, Donaldson was working in London at Michael Joseph publishers as a secretary to Anthea Joseph but was also given considerable leeway as a junior editor. At weekends she and Malcolm took part in the Bristol Street Theatre, a group of mainly postgraduate students inspired by the late playwright David Illingworth. The group devised simple, unscripted plays which could be performed in the playgrounds of poor council estates and which recruited children from the audience to take over some of the roles. This was to have a lasting effect on Donaldson's interaction with children in her own shows as an established children's writer.

The couple were married in September 1972, Donaldson composing an operetta which she and Malcolm, their best man Colin Sell, the bridesmaids and ushers performed at the reception in Burgh House, Hampstead. A picture of the wedding is on display in the house today. Donaldson then worked as a secretary in Radio Bristol where she also had a weekly slot as short story producer/editor. In August 1974 the couple moved to Brighton where Donaldson had been appointed as editor at Robert Tyndall, a small book publishers. Shortly before this she had sent a tape of songs to BBC Children's Television, and between 1974 and 1978 she wrote regularly for the programme Play Away, her songs being performed by actors and musicians including Toni Arthur, Floella Benjamin, Johnny Ball, Brian Cant, Derek Griffiths and musical director Jonathan Cohen. She also wrote occasional songs for Play School and for the Watch with Mother programme Play Board. Some of Donaldson's songs – "The Luck of the Game", "Funny Face" and "A Squash and a Squeeze" – were recorded at this time for BBC albums.

Julia and Malcolm were involved in the Brighton folk club scene, performing floor spots of comedy songs written by Donaldson, often within days of being composed. The songs were variously influenced by Flanders and Swann, topical affairs and traditional folk tales (the latter inspiring spoofs such as "The Ballad of Jack Nancy and Fred", and "Folk Alphabet"). Their vinyl album First Fourteen(1977) featured many of these songs, while others were included much later on the CD Second Fourteen (2006, when First Fourteen was also re-mastered as a CD).

Donaldson composed two musicals for children: King Grunt's Cake (1976) and Pirate on the Pier (1980) which she and a small cast performed both in London and Brighton. Influenced by their Bristol Street Theatre experience, Donaldson ran a Saturday-morning workshop for children in Portslade from 1974 to 1976. During these sessions a simple play would be devised, followed by making of props and costumes, rehearsal and then a performance.

In 1977/6 Donaldson studied at Brighton College of Education for a Postgraduate Certificate in Education and worked for two years as an English teacher at St Mary's Hall in Brighton until the arrival of their first child Hamish in 1978, after which she never returned to full-time employment. The couple moved to Lyon in France for a year (1979–80) with Hamish, returning to Brighton where their second son Alastair was born in 1981.

1980s
In 1983 the family of four moved to Bristol where Malcolm Donaldson was appointed as Senior Registrar in Paediatrics to United Bristol Hospitals. By then the television writing had dried up and the folk scene had waned. Julia Donaldson wrote and sang a few topical songs for adult radio programmes (including one about the Guinness Distillers take-over bid, which appeared on Financial World Tonight), did occasional amateur acting and street theatre, and wrote the songs for the Kingsdown community play Nine Trees Shade. She also became a volunteer in Hamish's primary school, hearing the children read aloud. She devised short plays with the right number of parts for a reading group, rotating the roles until each child had read the whole play. The piece would then be performed to the entire class. This approach seemed to build confidence in reading aloud as well as being enjoyable, and Donaldson stored the plays in a drawer for possible future use.

In 1989 Malcolm was appointed to Glasgow University as senior lecturer in child health and the family, now five following the arrival of Jerry in 1987, moved to Bearsden.

1990s
Once in Glasgow, Donaldson 'pitched' once again for song-writing commissions with the BBC. Between 1990 and 1994 she wrote for various programmes including Thinkabout Science (two series) and Playdays, composing songs for presenters and puppets (such as Lizzie and the Whybird) to sing.

In 1991 Donaldson was contacted by Methuen Publishing to ask if the words of her song "A Squash and a Squeeze", which she had written for the BBC's Playboard programme in 1975, could be made into a picture book for children. The book was published in 1993, with illustrations by a German artist Axel Scheffler, who was living in London. Publication of A Squash and a Squeeze was a pivotal event for Donaldson. It made her realise that her song-writing talent could be applied to story-writing, and gave her the confidence to open her drawer of simple plays for schoolchildren and to send some samples to an educational publisher. Between 1993 and 1999 she wrote extensively for Heinemann and Ginn, including plays such as Birthday Surprise for younger classes and Top of the Mops for reluctant teenage readers, as well as re-tellings of traditional tales. During this time Donaldson started visiting Scottish schools and libraries, occasionally accompanied by Malcolm Donaldson and his guitar.

From the 1990s when Donaldson was extensively visiting school and libraries, she extended techniques learned in Bristol and Brighton to encourage children to act and sing with her. Following the publication of The Gruffalo she was invited to book festivals, participating in the Edinburgh International Book Festival every year from 1999 onwards, and appearing regularly at Hay, Cheltenham and Bath festivals, as well as at many theatres.

The Gruffalo
In 1995, while looking for ideas for an educational series of plays based on traditional tales, Donaldson came across a version of a Chinese story about a little girl who escapes being eaten by a tiger by claiming to be the fearsome Queen of the Jungle and inviting him to walk behind her. The tiger misinterprets the terror of the various animals they meet as being related to her rather than him, and flees. Donaldson sensed that this story could be developed into more than an educational item and returned to it later as a possible basis for a picture book. She decided to make the girl a mouse, and chose a fox, owl and snake as woodland rather than jungle creatures but wasn't satisfied with lines like "They ought to know, they really should / There aren't any tigers in this wood".

She then thought of the idea of a monster whose name would end in O (to rhyme with "doesn't he know"). "Gr" sounded suitably fierce as the start to the monster's name, and filling in the middle with "uffal" gave the name Gruffalo, conjuring up the pleasing image of a monster reminiscent of a buffalo but a lot more scary. Even then, The Gruffalo proved nigh impossible to write but, encouraged by her son Alastair, Donaldson persisted with her idea that the monster, rather than existing in the Deep Dark Wood from the outset, should be a figment of the Mouse's imagination, employed to scare off the fox, owl and snake but then turning out to be a reality. A further objection to the original draft was made by Jesse (by now called Jerry) who asked, "Mum, why don't the fox, owl and snake just eat the mouse on the spot?" This flaw was resolved by inserting the question "Where are you meeting him? (The Gruffalo)" and the reply "Here, by these rocks / And his favourite food is roasted fox", with similar lines for the remaining two predators.

The Gruffalo was sent to Reid Books in 1995. Donaldson sent the text to Axel Scheffler, whom she had met only once or twice, briefly, following the publication of A Squash and a Squeeze. Within days Macmillan Children's Books made an offer to publish The Gruffalo, which was illustrated by Scheffler and published in 1999.

Post-Gruffalo era
The Gruffalo was an immediate success, going on to win several awards, including the Smarties Prize (1999). It has subsequently been translated into more than 50 languages, sold over 10 million copies worldwide, and has given rise to stage and screen productions by Tall Stories and Magic Light Pictures. The Gruffalo was followed by more Donaldson/Scheffler publications by Macmillan: Monkey Puzzle (2000), Room on the Broom (2001), The Smartest Giant in Town (2002), The Snail and the Whale (2003), The Gruffalo's Child, featuring an only child Gruffalo with a wooden stick doll plus the original cast of Gruffalo, Mouse, Fox, Snake and Owl (2004), and Charlie Cook's Favourite Book (2005). In 2006 Scheffler moved to Alison Green Books who published the duo's Tiddler (2007), Stick Man (2008), Tabby McTat (2009), Zog (2010), The Highway Rat (2011), Superworm (2012), The Scarecrows' Wedding (2014), Zog and the Flying Doctors (2017) and The Smeds and the Smoos (2019).

Since publication of The Gruffalo, Donaldson has worked with other illustrators including Lydia Monks, David Roberts and Nick Sharratt, who has also illustrated two books of poems by Donaldson, Crazy Mayonnaisy Mum and Wriggle and Roar. Lydia Monks has illustrated the Princess Mirror-Belle trilogy, a series of books for 7- to 10-year-olds about a boastful girl who is the mirror reflection of an ordinary girl called Ellen. The inspiration for Mirror-Belle was Hamish's imaginary childhood friend Sammy, who lived behind a wardrobe mirror.

Donaldson is also the author of The Giants and the Joneses for children aged 8–12 years. Her teenage novel Running on the Cracks is set in Glasgow and traces the adventures of orphaned half-Chinese Leo (aged 15) who is fleeing from her dodgy uncle in England and trying to find her father's estranged family. She befriends a schoolboy called Finlay, who is loosely based on Donaldson's youngest son Jerry during his days as a paper boy. Running on the Cracks, whose element of mental illness is drawn from Hamish's hospital experiences won the Nasen award in 2011 for its sympathetic and inclusive portrait of Mary, who befriends Leo but then descends into a severe relapse of her bi-polar condition.

Donaldson has also written a phonic reading scheme of short stories comprising 60 books of Songbird Phonics, published by Oxford University Press.

A typical public event consists of acting out (more or less word-for-word) four stories, and singing three or four songs (mostly from Donaldson's three albums of songs – The Gruffalo Song and Other Songs, Room on the Broom and Other Songs and The Gruffalo's Child and Other Songs). There is always a strong element of audience participation, with children (and sometimes their parents) invited on stage to act parts in the stories. Malcolm Donaldson almost always takes part in the events, and they are also often joined by other performers including family members.

Donaldson has also performed jointly with her illustrators, particularly Axel Scheffler and Lydia Monks. She has performed the Donaldson/Scheffler books not only in English but also in German on several tours and at the Berlin Festival. In 2007, when Malcolm took a sabbatical from his job, he joined Julia on a World Tour, acting and singing in Bermuda, New Zealand, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea and America.

Laureateship
In 2011, Donaldson was appointed Children's Laureate succeeding the illustrator Anthony Browne. In keeping with her interest in acting and singing Donaldson has set out to encourage children to perform poetry, plays and dramatised readings to generate a love of books and of reading. Accordingly, she has created a series of Plays to Read for six characters to be performed in the classroom, written by herself and by other writers such as Geraldine McCaughrean, Jeanne Willis, Vivian French, Steve Skidmore and Steve Barlow. The first 36 of these plays, for early readers, were published by Pearson (2013) with a further 24 plays for older primary-school children to following later in the year. She has also compiled an anthology of Poems to Perform by groups of children (to be published by Macmillan in 2013) and has created an interactive website called picturebookplays.co.uk which gives guidance as to how selected picture books can be turned into classroom plays.

In her laureate role Donaldson has campaigned passionately against library cuts and closures, writing articles, meeting ministers and – with Malcolm Donaldson – embarking on a 6-week tour of UK libraries in autumn 2012. In all of the 38 libraries the visiting children were requested to perform a short play or song based on a picture book, as well as joining in Donaldson's own stories and songs. The tour was designed to celebrate libraries as a precious resource at a time many were threatened with closure.

Personal life
In her 30s, she was diagnosed with “cookie-bite” hearing loss, which leaves a bite-shaped hole in the mid-range of the audible spectrum, making it difficult for her to hear some speech and music, and she is helped by lip reading.

Malcolm Donaldson, Julia's husband, is a retired consultant paediatrician. The couple previously resided in Bearsden, East Dunbartonshire and, in 2014, moved to Steyning, West Sussex. They had three sons, the eldest of whom, Hamish, suffered from Schizoaffective disorder, and took his own life in 2003 at the age of 25. She credits him with inspiring some of her imaginative writings. Their other sons are Alastair, who is Professor of Programming Languages at Imperial College London, and Jerry. Alastair and Chris, his wife, with their children, Poppy and Felix, sometimes join Julia at her performances for children.

Charity work
Donaldson is a patron of ArtLink Central, a charity which places artists in disadvantaged communities, and of Bookbug, a programme run by the Scottish Book Trust and funded by the Scottish Government, which gifts over 500,000 books to children aged 0–5 in Scotland every year, encouraging parents to share books with their children from birth. In addition she is a patron of Storybook Dads, a UK charity which helps serving prisoners to send recordings of themselves reading bedtime stories to their children in order to maintain connections with some of the 200,000 children affected by parental imprisonment. She is also patron of Monmouth's Savoy Cinema.

Awards, honours and prize
She was appointed Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to literature. She was promoted to Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2019 New Year Honours.

She was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Bristol in 2011 and the University of Glasgow in 2012.
 * 1999 Nestle Smarties Book Prize (Gold Award): The Gruffalo
 * 2000 Blue Peter Best Book to Read Aloud: The Gruffalo
 * 2001 Experian Big Three Award: The Gruffalo
 * 2002 Spoken Book Awards, Children's Audio of the Year: The Gruffalo
 * 2002 Sheffield Book Award: Room on the Broom
 * 2002 Scottish Children's Book Award: Room on the Broom
 * 2002 Stockport Book Award: Room on the Broom
 * 2003 Norfolk Libraries Book Award: Room on the Broom
 * 2003 Blue Peter Best Book to Read Aloud: Room on the Broom
 * 2003 Spoken Book Awards Gold Prize for 6 and under: Room on the Broom
 * 2003 Spoken Book Awards Silver Prize for 6 and under: Monkey Puzzle
 * 2003 Red House Children's Book Award: The Smartest Giant in Town
 * 2003 Sheffield Children's Book Award: The Smartest Giant in Town
 * 2004 Portsmouth Book Awards: The Smartest Giant in Town
 * 2004 Blue Peter Best Book to Read Aloud: The Smartest Giant in Town
 * 2004 Spoken Book Awards Gold Prize for 6 and Under: The Smartest Giant in Town
 * 2004 Book Trust Early Years Award: The Snail and the Whale
 * 2005 Nottingham Book Award: The Smartest Giant in Town
 * 2005 Blue Peter Best Book to Read Aloud: The Snail and the Whale
 * 2005 Spoken Book Awards Gold Prize for 6 and Under Audio: The Snail and the Whale
 * 2005 British Book Awards: The Gruffalo's Child
 * 2007 Giverny Award: The Snail and the Whale
 * 2009 NASEN Book Awards: Running on the Cracks
 * 2010 Galaxy Book Awards: Zog
 * 2011 Stockport Book Award: What the Ladybird Heard
 * 2011 Scottish Children's Book Awards: What the Ladybird Heard
 * 2011 Stockport Book Awards: The Troll
 * 2011 Oxfordshire Book Awards: Zog
 * 2012 Stockport Book Awards: Jack and the Flumflum Tree
 * 2012 Oldham Book Awards: Jack and the Flumflum Tree

title: Julia Donaldson


text:
Jason Gallian

Jason Edward Riche Gallian (born 25 June 1971) is a former English Test cricketer. A right-handed opening batter, he originally hails from Australia and captained their Under-19 side for two Under-19 Tests in 1989 and 1990. He played three Test matches for England, with a highest score of 28 runs. Gallian was a county professional for fifteen years, playing for Lancashire, Nottinghamshire including a period as captain, and Essex before retiring in 2009. Gallian scored 171 on his Championship debut for Essex.

In September 2005, Gallian became the first player to have twice been dismissed for 199 in first-class cricket when he was run out against Kent. His previous dismissal for that score had been in April of the same season against Sussex, and on that occasion he was also run out.

Early career
Gallian was born at Manly, New South Wales and captained the Australian under-19 side against its English counterpart in 1989. He was educated at Keble College, Oxford, reading Diplomacy and Social Studies, which he described as "a course that allowed me time to play cricket in my third year". He played for Oxford University 1990–1993, and captained in the 1993 Varsity Match in which he scored 115 and 53 not out. During this time Gallian frequently opened both the batting and the bowling, though his medium-paced bowling was later only been used in partnership-breaking capacities.

Lancashire
Gallian began his first-class career at Lancashire and his 1996 innings of 312 was the highest score at Old Trafford. Lasting 670 minutes, as of 2021 it remains the longest innings in the history of the County Championship.

Nottinghamshire
After Nottinghamshire were relegated in 2003, batsman Kevin Pietersen requested a release from his contract, stating he was unhappy at the club. This led to a public row with Gallian, then the captain of the club, during which Gallian allegedly threw Pietersen's kit off the Trent Bridge balcony and broke his bat. Pietersen recounted:

"During the game I told the captain that I was not happy and that I wanted to leave. After the game we spoke in the dressing room and then I went to have dinner. I got a call saying the captain had trashed my equipment. I was told the captain had said, 'if he does not want to play for Notts he can f*** off.' I have not spoken to Gallian since, nor have I received an apology." Pietersen was forced to complete the last year of his contract with Nottinghamshire, but "didn't enjoy it at all". Nottinghamshire were promoted back to Division One after winning the Second Division in 2004. Alongside David Hussey and Darren Bicknell, Gallian was one of three batters to score more than 1,000 runs for Nottinghamshire in the County Championship that season.

Essex
When Gallian's contract with Nottinghamshire expired at the end of 2007, he signed a two-year contract with Essex. Essex chose to give Gallian a contract to provide experience to their young squad. David East, the club's chief executive, said "He has a very impressive record and his vast experience will greatly assist our young and exciting batsmen to develop over the next few years. Jason is very excited about this next stage in his career and is looking forward to joining what he describes as a young and vibrant squad that is going places".

Gallian announced his retirement from cricket in August 2009, having made five first-class appearances for Essex during the 2009 season.

Gallian now plays club cricket for Saffron Walden and is the head of cricket at Felsted School, Essex, and teaches geography.

title: Jason Gallian


text:
User talk:Ashraydos

This is Wikipedia, a free encyclopedia, where anyone can add stuff and nobody can take the privilege of owning sites, except his own user site. We have plenty of people who speak Hindi -- and since the script Hindi uses (Devanagari) is used by many languages, BernardM changed Hindi to Devanagari. No personal attack against you, so please refrain from spamming other users. --Plumcouch 09:03, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Please cease immediately from adding fabrications into Wikipedia, or you may be blocked from editing. Thanks. El_C 09:28, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Ragib 18:06, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. If you have problems with the content of an article, please discuss them on the talk page for that article. Do not insert your comments into the article itself or delete relevant information without the consensus of other editors. -Loren 22:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

False editing
Bold text you people have been deluding what I typed, you don't know anything about hindi, only I do, therefore I only have the right to add Hindi words not any of you, I suggest you give me an appology My e mail Adress is Ashraydos@yahoo.co.in

Your edit to El Al
Your recent edit to El Al (diff) was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // AntiVandalBot 01:31, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ashraydos


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ogadai.jpg

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was TAKE TO IfD. Which I have done, and notified the uploader of that fact. I've listed it as a possible copyvio as a result of the nom here. -Splash 17:12, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Image:Ogadai.jpg
Is this picture really in Public Domain? But there are simplified Chinese characters printed on the picture, which is surely less than 50 years. I doubt if this picture was taken from some of the Mainland Chinese websites, or was scanned by somebody from a Mainland Chinese publication. -- 218.188.0.150 09:27, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The picture was drawn by court artists in imperial China. I have a set of playing cards which have the pictures of various Chinese emperors. This picture is a scan of one of the cards. The Chinese text is a just a short description on the cards, and not part of the original portrait. --Yuje 09:39, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Should WP:IFD be used instead for this purpose? — Instantnood 11:13, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes — mendel ☎ 20:09, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:-b

It looks to me as though you encourage others to post obscene and crude messages on your user page...is that true? If not, then please revert them (or let me know that it's all right for me to). If you are...then I can't imagine why you invite such disgusting remarks, and I suspect you may be in violation of the site's policy on user pages (though I'll consult it again before I assert that you are). Can you let me know? Jwrosenzweig 01:15, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Alright, I cleaned my user page up a bit. It was never my intention for it to crude or disgusting, it apparently just manifested this way. I'll make sure it's kept clean and such.  Certainly would never want deface the Wikipedia I love so much. -b 02:01, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. :-) I normally move right past such things, but I thought it was getting a little grotesque, even for your personal userpage and considering the fact that we're all (mostly) above 18 around here. Thanks for being so reasonable about this -- I appreciate it! Jwrosenzweig 07:04, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Back at you! :-) -b 19:16, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Image source and copyright tag needed for Image:-b's desk.jpg. dbenbenn | talk 00:58, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Page will soon be edited, image can be deleted, thanks. -b 05:37, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Stargate Topics
Hi, I was the one who came up with the idea for the Stargate topics template. (But wasn't the one who created it) I think you have imporved it mostly, however, I don't like the grey and pink. I think that they look ugly toghther. Tobyk777 23:25, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Absolutely feel free to change them then...or revert as you see fit. I just hated the old one, sorry. -b 04:09, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

email
uh.. why?--  Alfakim  --  talk   00:52, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * So we can chit chat outside of Wikipedia. I thought it was...self expanitory.  You call. -b 01:00, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * (delete this after you've added me)--  Alfakim  --  talk   17:30, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

voting
hiya! well, I'm sure u voted, and I'm also rather convinced u voted right! but, instead of dying in the dirt of Afghanistan, try doing so in the dirt of my own homeland, rumour has it that les Canadiens are comin' back. cheerz° Muhamedmesic 12:33, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I did vote, and of course I voted correctly. But not right.  And quite honestly...I'll die anywhere my country tells me too mate.  Stupid.Patriotic.Genes. -b 17:46, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * whabbout, say, Nunavut? pretty sure they could tell you to go 'up there'. nepTune 21:22, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm from Yellowknife. The true North: strong, free and Canadian. -b 23:56, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * wow, I sort-of-know where that is. let me check :) nepTune 09:58, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikimedia Canada
Hi there! I'd like to invite you to explore Wikimedia Canada, and create a list of people interested in forming a local chapter for our nation. A local chapter will help promote and improve the organization, within our great nation. We'd also like to encourage everyone to suggest projects for our national chapter to participate in. Hope to see you there!--DarkEvil 15:16, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Canada's role in the invasion of Afghanistan
Could you do us a favour and not use profanity in your edit descriptions? Thanks.Michael Dorosh 03:06, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Of course, sorry. -b 03:51, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Newcomers help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

I noticed you are known only as an IP address; that means you are not signed up. To sign up, you only need to click Create account and choose a username and password. You don't need to provide any personal information. If you sign up, you'll have a username that others can use to recognize you and leave you messages on the wiki. You'll be able to sign your name just by typing four tildes (~~~~) when you leave someone else a message. Plus, you (and others) will easily be able to see a list of all your contributions to Wikipedia.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, ask at the Village pump, or feel free to ask me on . Again, welcome! Big  top  16:42, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia's LGBT Community

 * Oh my, hahahaha. -b 03:31, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Hey You
Thanks for the poke, perhaps I should give you a poke for real! :) Merkin7713:59, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Not too much at the moment... Just watching TV. Do you have msn? Merkin77 18:54, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Hello! Delano 07:49, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Hehe cool. I actually need to brush up on my Ido. I used to know it quite well, but from lack of use I've forgotten a lot of it. By the way, I'm also gay. Delano 07:53, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

I do indeed. delano501 at hotmail dot com (eluding possible spambots here ;o)) Delano 07:59, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Ori Ascended Being.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 19:23, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:SG-1-original-four.jpg)
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:King Arkhan the First.jpg)
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AfD nomination of Canada's role in the invasion of Afghanistan/Sandbox
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April - National Contribution Month
Good day -b,

During the month of April, Wikimedia Canada is preparing the National Contribution Month, and we are looking for experienced contributors to organize a contribution day (or half-day) in their region.

Contribution days are activities where Wikipedia's contributors, students, or anybody interested in contributing to Wikipedia meets together to collectively improve a predetermined theme. This meetings generally take place in library where references are easy of access, but can be organized in any communal room. Beside improving articles, a goal of this participatory workshops is to initiate neophyte in the cooperative contribution of Wikipedia.

If you are interested in organizing or participating in a contribution day in your region, communicate witht he national team on the project's talk page. The exact agenda of each local event is left to the discretion of the organizer. Help is available for the organization from contributors who already organized these type of days, so don't be worried. If you have any questions or want more information, don't hesitate to contact us.

Amqui (talk) 00:37, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

New mailing list for Wikimedia Canada
Good day, this message is to inform you that Wikimedia Canada has created a new mailing list operated by Mailman. This mailing list is for all discussions related to the Wikimedia movement in Canada, in both English and French. Announcements from Wikimedia Canada will always be bilingual, but you are welcomed to discuss in any language of your choice. The old google group will be abandoned. To join this mailing list, please go to. To send messages to the list, write to general(at)discussions.wikimedia.ca. Also, please forward this message to anybody who may be interested. Thank you and do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions. JP Béland (WMCA) (talk) 13:52, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Ori (Stargate) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Ori (Stargate) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Ori (Stargate) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Chris Troutman ( talk ) 21:04, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:-b


text:
Talk:Gulf of Finland

Untitled
The map is obviously incorrect, as Finland is not part of Scandinavia, and Poland is not a Baltic State. --Ghirlandajo 09:33, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Physical similarity to Denmark
Perhaps I am the only one who finds this interesting... I have always been intrigued by the gulf's apparent similarity in size and shape to the Danish mainland, and recently asked the experts at National Geographic if there was any significance to this. They said it is just coincidence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.75.214.250 (talk) 03:14, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

speaks of past dates as if they are in the future
This article refers in many places to past dates with a reference indicating they are in the future. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.187.224.162 (talk) 17:55, 27 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I've added some templates to the article to highlight this. Bazonka (talk) 18:12, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gulf of Finland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fax Information Services

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:10, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Fax Information Services
Delete, the speedier the better. Advertising. --DrTorstenHenning 09:32, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's also a copyvio. --Alan Au 20:45, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 21:06, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Copyvio, and even if authorized, Delete as advertisement.-Poli (talk • contribs) 22:39, 2005 July 25 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bernard Fanning

Bernard Joseph Fanning (born 15 August 1969) is an Australian musician and singer-songwriter. He was the lead vocalist of Queensland alternative rock band Powderfinger from its formation in 1989.

Born and raised in Toowong, Brisbane, Fanning received piano lessons from his mother at an early age. At the age of 15, while he attended St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, he began writing music. Upon graduating from Gregory Terrace, Fanning moved on to the University of Queensland, where he studied journalism briefly. He dropped out to pursue a music career, after meeting Ian Haug in an economics class. Fanning joined Haug, John Collins, and Steven Bishop, who had recently formed Powderfinger, and took the role of lead singer. After Bishop left and drummer Jon Coghill (guitarist Darren Middleton)joined, the band released five studio albums in fifteen years and achieved mainstream success in Australia. During Powderfinger's hiatus in 2005, Fanning began his solo music career with the studio album Tea & Sympathy. Powderfinger reunited in 2007 and released two more albums before they disbanded in late 2010.

While Powderfinger's style focuses on alternative rock, Fanning's solo music is generally described as a mixture of blues and acoustic folk. He plays guitar, piano, keyboards, and harmonica both when performing solo and also with Powderfinger. Often speaking out against Australian political figures, Fanning has donated much of his time to philanthropic causes. He also advocates for Aboriginal justice in Australia.

Early life
Fanning was born in Brisbane on 15 August 1969. He was raised with two brothers and a sister in an Irish Catholic family in the inner Brisbane suburb of Toowong. The death of Fanning's brother John from cancer would inspire Vulture Street's "Since You've Been Gone". Fanning's mother began teaching him to play piano as a young child, although his siblings were not interested in music.

Fanning attended St. Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, and began writing his own music at the age of 15. Fanning has described these early works as "terrible", but notes that he enjoyed writing and arranging them. After graduating from Gregory Terrace, Fanning entered the University of Queensland to study journalism; however, he had equal interest in pursuing a music career, and left university at the age of 19 to do so.

Powderfinger era (1989–2004)
Fanning first met Powderfinger guitarist Ian Haug in a University of Queensland economics class in 1989. Haug had recently formed Powderfinger with high school friends John Collins and Steven Bishop, who would become the band's foundational bass guitarist and drummer, respectively. Haug was the lead guitarist and lead singer. On discovering Fanning's singing abilities, Haug replaced himself with Fanning as lead singer and frontman. Haug stated that, "It was a big thing to convince the others that we needed a singer. They were like, 'You're OK,' and I was like, 'No I'm not. We can do better than that.'"

In 1992, current guitarist Darren Middleton was invited to join Powderfinger by Fanning and Haug, after they were impressed by his work in Brisbane band Pirate. Middleton accepted the offer and became the fifth member, joining Jon Coghill who had replaced Bishop as drummer. The line-up of Fanning, Middleton, Haug, Collins, and Coghill then remained unchanged.

Throughout the late 1990s, Powderfinger rose to prominence throughout Australia, receiving several accolades and achieving highly successful record and concert ticket sales. As the most vocal and prominent member of the band, the popularity of the group elevated Fanning as a powerful individual in the Australian music industry. In 2003, Fanning was called upon by film-maker Gregor Jordan to perform the folk song "Moreton Bay" (named after the bay in the Brisbane area) and his own original composition "Shelter for My Soul" in his film Ned Kelly. Fanning then enlisted Jordan to film Powderfinger's first live DVD, These Days: Live in Concert.

Solo venture (2004–2006)
On 31 October 2005, Fanning released his debut solo album entitled Tea & Sympathy. It debuted at number one on the Australian ARIA Albums chart and spent 58 weeks in the top 50. It peaked at number 11 during its 18-week stay on the New Zealand albums chart.

Tea & Sympathy included songs Fanning had written in his time with Powderfinger as well as new material written after the band went on hiatus. Most of the writing was done in what Fanning described as a "creative burst" between March and May 2005. Much of the inspiration for the work on the album came from Fanning's reaction to the death of his brother in 2002, and to the ending of a 12-year relationship with his girlfriend, Philippa Sison. Most of the album was recorded at Real World Studios with Tchad Blake in June 2005, except for "Not Finished Just Yet", "Believe", "Wash Me Clean", and "Hope & Validation", which were recorded at Fanning's Brisbane home. Fanning was supported by musicians Jerry Marotta, Keith Duffy, and John Bedggood, who also formed part of his live band. The album was developed in a relaxed manner, with Fanning stating, "We had a ball putting the songs together."

Three singles were released from the album. The most successful of these was the lead single, "Wish You Well", followed shortly by "Songbird". These releases were only sold as digital download singles. The album's third single, "Watch Over Me", was the only one to be released as a CD single and achieved minor success on the Australian singles chart. It entered the chart on 9 July 2006 at number 16 spending eight weeks in the top 50. On 26 January 2006, "Wish You Well" was voted number one for the 2005 Triple J Hottest 100. Following "Watch Over Me", Fanning digitally released a fourth single "Weekend of Mystery". It was not officially on the album but was included on the album available from the iTunes Store. Fanning took home the award for Best Video at the 2006 ARIA Awards for "Wish You Well".

On 2 December 2005, Fanning announced a nationwide Which Way Home Concert Tour, named after the song on the album of the same name. Fanning played seven shows between 25 February and 10 March 2006, in each of Australia's major capital cities. He was supported by Perth band The Panics and Brisbane singer Andrew Morris. He followed this with the Yesterday's Gone tour, announced on 11 August 2006, which concluded with Powderfinger re-uniting and returning to the recording studio. Fanning later said that while he enjoyed making Tea & Sympathy, "Powderfinger is my real job".

Powderfinger return (2007–2010)

Throughout 2006, Fanning had hinted Powderfinger would end their hiatus and release a sixth studio album. Recorded in Los Angeles, Dream Days at the Hotel Existence was released on 2 June 2007. The title of the album came from a chapter of Brooklyn Follies by Paul Auster, a book that Fanning had read during recording. The album debuted at number one on the Australian ARIA Albums chart.

Powderfinger toured Australia and New Zealand with Silverchair on their Across the Great Divide tour in 2007. The tour's aim was to promote the efforts of Reconciliation Australia to reduce the 17-year life expectancy gap between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians. Fanning said of the tour, "The idea is to show both bands are behind the idea of reconciliation."

Return to solo venture (2011–present)
After the disbanding of Powderfinger, Fanning moved to Madrid for 18 months with his family, where he began writing for his next solo album before moving to Brisbane in 2013. Departures was released in June 2013, with the recording work done in Los Angeles, between leaving Spain and returning to Australia.

Fanning released his third studio album Civil Dusk on 5 August 2016. It was preceded by the single "Wasting Time". Civil Dusk is released as part one of a series of two albums, the second being Brutal Dawn.

Style, technique, and influences
Fanning has been described as having a strong vocal range when singing, but has said he is not highly confident in his voice. In a 1998 interview, Fanning said, "I don't think I have the perfect voice or anything", and said that delivering the song's message was more important than "showing off [his] chops". He said he was not interested in singing for the purpose of singing alone, but rather because he enjoyed getting the purpose of the song across. Fanning has said: "For me, writing songs comes from anywhere", drawing inspiration from his experiences.

In his work on Tea & Sympathy, Fanning referred to his inability to play guitar solos leading to different elements becoming a focus of the songs. In an interview, he said, "I wasn't relying on solos to be big features because I simply can't play them." Fanning explained that the songs' shorter length was due to not having "four other people" to back him up when producing independently.

Fanning has said his favourite band is The Beatles.

Political and moral stances
Fanning has said that although political messages may be common throughout his and Powderfinger's music, it is not his central focus when writing songs: "A balance has to be struck in a lot of ways, in the sense that primarily I'm a musician. I'm not a political commentator. So if I write a song that has political content, then hopefully that song is a good enough song to make it onto my record. And if it's not, then that's just a song that I've written. So I don't think it necessarily needs to be that you're definitively trying to make a political statement." He has said he has no interest in "doing a 'Peter Garrett'", referring to the Midnight Oil frontman who entered politics after a successful musical career.

On 8 July 2007, Fanning wrote a piece for Adelaide's Sunday Mail, describing his recent trip to Uluru. In the piece, he criticised those who climbed the rock, saying he was "appalled that kids were being taught to disrespect the wishes of Aboriginal people on their own land". Upon returning from Uluru, Fanning wrote "Black Tears", which "document[ed] a relationship gone wrong". In his piece, Fanning also criticised the 17-year life-expectancy gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians, and encouraged all to join a conversation on reconciliation.

Fanning takes a left-leaning political stance, although he claims he is not fond of discussing the issue. Rather, he attempts to discuss the issues through his songs. "I approach writing a song about something like [Aboriginal affairs] the same way I would approach writing a song about a relationship, because it's something that I feel strongly about." However, he has occasionally stated his views on social and political issues, giving The Dominion Post his stance on Aboriginal affairs in light of the Across the Great Divide tour: "The trial of the policeman [Senior Sergeant Chris Hurley] that was charged [over the death in custody of 36-year-old Palm Island man Mulrunji Doomadgee in 2004] has gone ahead and he was acquitted. In terms of that issue, that's out of the way, but the whole idea of Aboriginal people in custody dying is certainly not out of the way. And Aboriginal people being treated like shit in Australia is certainly not out of the way either."

Personal life
Fanning has performed numerous philanthropic tasks independently and with Powderfinger. The band played at the 2005 WaveAid concert to raise money for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and the Across the Great Divide tour in 2007 to promote the efforts of Reconciliation Australia. Fanning has contributed to charities, including A Just Australia and Youngcare Australia, and donates his time to youth detention centres in Brisbane running songwriting workshops. In an uncharacteristic outburst, Fanning once referred to fellow Australian artist Ben Lee as "a precocious little cunt", after Lee referred to himself as "the saviour of Australian music". Fanning later apologised for the comment.

Fanning married Andrea Moreno in February 2007 in Brisbane. Moreno is from Spain, where the two met while Fanning was writing and recording Tea & Sympathy in Europe. This relationship followed a twelve-year union Fanning had had with his previous girlfriend. It was this break-up (along with the then-recent death of his older brother) which influenced much of the lyrical content and sombre atmospheric mood of Tea & Sympathy. Through Moreno, Fanning has learned to speak some Spanish. Fanning and Moreno have performed together while Powderfinger was on hiatus and Fanning was touring as a solo artist.

Fanning is a supporter of cricket and National Rugby League club the Brisbane Broncos.

Solo

 * Tea & Sympathy (2005)
 * Departures (2013)
 * Civil Dusk (2016)
 * Brutal Dawn (2017)

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).

 * rowspan="2"| 2004
 * Powderfinger – Fanning, Jon Coghill, Ian Haug, Darren Middleton, John Collins
 * Songwriter of the Year
 * Won
 * "On My Mind" – Fanning, Darren Middleton, John Collins, Ian Haug, Jonathan Coghill
 * Most Performed Australian Work
 * Nominated
 * 2006
 * Bernard Fanning
 * Songwriter of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="3"| 2007
 * "Songbird" – Fanning
 * Most Performed Blues & Roots Work
 * Won
 * "Watch Over Me" – Fanning
 * rowspan="2"| Most Performed Blues & Roots Work
 * Nominated
 * "Wish You Well" – Fanning
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2008
 * rowspan="2"| "Lost and Running" – Jonathon Coghill, John Collins, Fanning, Ian Haug, Darren Middleton
 * Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Most Played Australian Work
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2014
 * rowspan="2"| "Battleships" (Fanning)
 * Song of the Year
 * rowspan="2"| Rock Work of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Tell Me How It Ends"
 * Nominated
 * 2015
 * "Bittersweet" (Kasey Chambers) (Kasey Chambers and Bernard Fanning)
 * Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 2018
 * "Isn't It a Pity"
 * Song of the Year
 * rowspan="2"| 2023
 * rowspan="2"| "Wish You Well" (Baker Boy featuring Bernard Fanning)
 * Song of the Year
 * Most Performed Hip Hop/ Rap Work of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 2015
 * "Bittersweet" (Kasey Chambers) (Kasey Chambers and Bernard Fanning)
 * Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 2018
 * "Isn't It a Pity"
 * Song of the Year
 * rowspan="2"| 2023
 * rowspan="2"| "Wish You Well" (Baker Boy featuring Bernard Fanning)
 * Song of the Year
 * Most Performed Hip Hop/ Rap Work of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| "Wish You Well" (Baker Boy featuring Bernard Fanning)
 * Song of the Year
 * Most Performed Hip Hop/ Rap Work of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Most Performed Hip Hop/ Rap Work of the Year
 * Nominated

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. Fanning has won five awards.

! Ref.
 * rowspan="7"| 2006
 * rowspan="4"| Tea and Sympathy
 * Album of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="7"|
 * Best Male Artist
 * Won
 * Highest Selling Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * "Watch Over Me"
 * Single of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Wish You Well" (director Head Pictures)
 * Best Video
 * Won
 * Debaser for Tea and Sympathy
 * Best Cover Art
 * Won
 * rowspan="4"| 2016
 * rowspan="2"| Civil Dusk
 * Best Male Artist
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4"|
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Won
 * Nick DiDia for Civil Dusk
 * Engineer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Karen Lynch for Civil Dusk
 * Best Cover Art
 * Nominated
 * 2017
 * Brutal Dawn
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Nominated
 * 2022
 * "Wish You Well " (Baker Boy featuring Bernard Fanning) (Macario De Souza)
 * Best Video
 * Nominated
 * Karen Lynch for Civil Dusk
 * Best Cover Art
 * Nominated
 * 2017
 * Brutal Dawn
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Nominated
 * 2022
 * "Wish You Well " (Baker Boy featuring Bernard Fanning) (Macario De Souza)
 * Best Video
 * Nominated
 * "Wish You Well " (Baker Boy featuring Bernard Fanning) (Macario De Souza)
 * Best Video
 * Nominated

Queensland Music Awards
The Queensland Music Awards (previously known as Q Song Awards) are annual awards celebrating Queensland, Australia's brightest emerging artists and established legends. They commenced in 2006.

(wins only)
 * 2006
 * "Songbird"
 * Published song of the Year
 * Won
 * }
 * }

title: Bernard Fanning


text:
Axel Scheffler

Axel Scheffler (born December 12, 1957) is a German illustrator and animator based in London. He is best known for his cartoon-like pictures for children's books, in particular The Gruffalo and The Gruffalo's Child, written by Julia Donaldson. He has also authored/illustrated the Pip and Posy series of books for children.

Early life
Scheffler was born on 12 December 1957 in Hamburg, West Germany. He began studying the History of Art at the University of Hamburg but dropped out, deciding instead to work in alternative National Service, caring for the mentally ill. He moved to England in 1982, at the age of 25, to study visual communications at the Bath Academy of Art in Corsham, Wiltshire. The course also included being an international exchange student at Cooper Union in New York. During these years (1982–1984) that Scheffler decided to become an illustrator.

Career
Scheffler worked in advertising and publishing after graduating in 1985. During this time he lived at Streatham Hill in London and began illustrating for children's books. The first book he illustrated was The Piemakers by Helen Cresswell, in 1988. Since then he has contributed his distinctive illustrations for authors of children's books from Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands, including Julia Donaldson, Jon Blake, Paul Shipton, David Henry Wilson, Uwe Timm, Paul van Loon, and Toon Tellegen.

Scheffler was commissioned by Faber and Faber to provide new illustrations for an edition of Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats which commemorated the 70th anniversary of the book and the 80th anniversary of the company. The original was published in October 2009.

He illustrated Gordon Brown's 2006 Christmas cards and all seven Christmas 2012 stamps designed by Webb & Webb Design Limited for Royal Mail.

Personal life
Scheffler lives in Richmond, London with his partner and daughter.

title: Axel Scheffler


text:
Thule-Seminar

The Thule-Seminar is a far-right nationalist organization with strong Neopaganist roots based in Kassel, Germany. It was founded in 1980 by Pierre Krebs, essentially as the German branch of GRECE. Sometimes described as a think tank or "party of the mind", its name alludes to the Thule Society, one of the organizations that facilitated the rise of the Nazis and provided some of the intellectual cadre for the latter.

It describes itself as a "research society for Indo-European culture". On its homepage, it deplores the formation of a "multiracial, i.e. monoprimitive" society in the "ethnosuicidal" cultures of Europe and declares its aim to be the formation of "metapolitical" ("metapo") cells across Europe. As emblems, it uses the Black Sun, as well as the combined Tiwaz rune and Sig rune.

Its ideology has been described as based on the Conservative revolution and including elements of anti-Americanism, anti-Zionism and being close to apartheid.

The first major publication of the Seminar was ''Das unvergängliche Erbe. Alternativen zum Prinzip der Gleichheit'' (translation: "The Everlasting Heritage: Alternatives to the Principle of Equality"), edited by Krebs and published in 1981 by Grabert Verlag; notably, the preface of this volume was written by Hans Jürgen Eysenck. It turned out to be the "programmatic" book of the Seminar. The Thule-Seminar publishes a journal called Elemente and another one called Metapo.

title: Thule-Seminar


text:
Air Transportation Stabilization Board

The Air Transportation Stabilization Board (ATSB) is an office of United States Department of the Treasury created to assist US airlines in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

The Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act, signed into law September 22, 2001, authorizes the board to issue up to $10 billion in federal loan guarantees to air carriers for which credit is not otherwise available and where "such agreement is a necessary part of maintaining a safe, efficient and viable commercial aviation system in the United States."

Loan guarantees
Between 2001 and 2003, the ATSB approved applications for loan guarantees from seven carriers: America West Airlines, US Airways, American Trans Air, Aloha Airlines, Frontier Airlines, Evergreen International Airlines, and World Airways. These carriers accepted loan guarantees worth $1.179 billion. Ultimately, the government benefited from the program, drawing $300 million in profit.

The ATSB denied applications from nine carriers: Ozark Airlines dba Great Plains Airlines, MEDjet International, Corporate Airlines, Gemini Air Cargo, Frontier Flying Service, Spirit Airlines, National Airlines, and both initial and revised applications from United Airlines and Vanguard Airlines.

Successes

 * America West Airlines - Survives, repays ATSB loans with interest. America West management team takes over US Air during US Air's bankruptcy becoming US Airways, stock symbol LLC. Goes on to merge with American Airlines during American Airlines bankruptcy again with America West CEO W. Douglas Parker and his former America West Airlines team at the helm of the new American Airlines.

Still in Business and holding on in life support

 * Frontier Airlines - reorganizes after a chapter 11 bankruptcy filing and is acquired by Republic Airways Holdings and then the private investment group Indigo Partners.

Casualties

 * Aloha Airlines - shut down in a chapter 7 bankruptcy filing.
 * American Trans Air - acquired by the private equity firm MatlinPatterson's Global Aero Logistics and shut down in chapter 7 bankruptcy filing.
 * Evergreen International Airlines
 * World Airways - acquired by the same group as ATA and also shut down by the same private equity firm

title: Air Transportation Stabilization Board


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mount Wilson Observatory Association

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete as copyvio. Deletion carried out by nixie. android 79  05:32, August 6, 2005 (UTC)

Mount Wilson Observatory Association
Clubs are not notable with no importance stated. Also some advertising in the article. feydey 09:33, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I'm fan of MWO and its work in solar astronomy (a friend used to work there), but unless someone can produce an NPOV article out of this drek that makes it clear that MWOA is actually notable in some way, I'd have to say that this might even be a candidate for speedy. I'd have to check the rules on advertising (which this clearly is). -Harmil 11:49, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Mount Wilson Observatory. 23skidoo 12:34, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — it's either pure advertising or a copyvio straight off: http://www.mwoa.org/about.html The page would need significant cleanup even to do a merge. — RJH 15:00, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Copyvio, verbatim from the website. Tagged and listed. -Splash 17:58, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Dharma name

A Dharma name is a new name acquired during both lay and monastic Buddhist initiation rituals in Mahayana Buddhism and monastic ordination in Theravada Buddhism (where it is more proper to call it Dhamma or Sangha name). The name is traditionally given by a Buddhist monastic, and is given to newly ordained monks, nuns and laity. Dharma names are considered aspirational, not descriptive.

Most of the well-known Buddhist teachers are known to have had many different Dharma names in the course of their careers, and often each name represents a stage of their career. For example, Prince Shotoku was also known as Prince Umayado and Prince Kamitsumiya. Shinran's original name was Matsuwakamaru; he was also known as Hanen, Shakku, Zenshin, Gutoku Shinran and Kenshin Daeshi. Nichiren's original name was Zennichi and his Dharma names were Zenshobo Rencho and Rissho Daishi. Similarly, the tradition of various Dharma names was also used by Zen monks, who also used art to promote Buddhism. The famous monk-painter Hokusai was also known as Shunro, Kako, Sori, Taito, Iitsu, Gakyojin and Manji. Even the famous samurai Miyamoto Musashi had several names, including the Dharma name Niten Doraku and the birthname Miyamoto Masana. The zen monk Thích Nhất Hạnh also has used various Dharma names in the course of his career.

If the student does not have a relationship with the monastic teacher and the ceremony is a public one with a congregation present, their new name will tend to reflect the lineage/tradition rather than the individual person. When it is given by a monastic who knows the disciple, however, the name is often tailor-made.

Dharma names are generally given in the language of the particular sangha where the name is bestowed.

Burma (Myanmar)
In Burmese Buddhism, Dhamma names (bwe) are in Pali and chosen by the head monk of the monastery in which one is ordained. The traditional Burmese naming system, in which the monastic's day of birth stipulates the first letter of one's name, is used to select the name.

Sri Lanka
In Theravadan Buddhist tradition as practiced in Sri Lankan lineages the day of the week determines the first letter of the person’s Dharma name, when a traditional naming methodology is followed. This is the system used by Bhante Gunaratana when giving Dharma names to his students at Bhavana Society of West Virginia.

China
In China, ordained monks and nuns automatically revert to using the surname "Shì" (釋) as in Shijiamouni (釋迦牟尼), the Chinese transliteration of Shakyamuni Buddha. Vietnam also follows this tradition for its monks and nuns by changing their surname to "Thích" as in Thích Ca Mâu Ni, the Sino-Vietnamese name for Shakyamuni. Likewise for the Sino-Mahayana tradition of Buddhism, the dharma name given upon ordination can reflect the lineage passed from the teacher to the student, this can result in being given several dharma names: one for usage publicly, one used especially to reflect the transmitted lineage, and a second dharma name that can also be used.

In the Shaolin Temple, each subsequent generation takes the first part of their given name from a 70-character poem written by Xueting Fuyu. For example, the 32nd character in the poem is "xíng" (行), and all Shaolin Temple monks and disciples of that generation take a name starting with Shi Xing.

In some Chinese Pureland sects such as that of Master Renshan and Master Chin Kung it is traditional for persons who do not have the ability to acquire a Dharma name from a teacher to use the Dharma name “Miao-Yin”, until a teacher can give them a personally chosen name. It is common among Pureland sects for all lay members to have either the same last name, such as ‘Jia’ in the case of Master Renshan’s disciples, or the same first name, such as ‘Jing’ in the case of Shandao lineage practitioners.

There is a tradition in China for one to have a name used while alive, called the imina, and a name used after death, called the okurina.

Japan
In Japan, other than the standard usage of dharma names for monastics and laity, it is also tradition for the deceased to receive a dharma name (戒名, kaimyō; lit. 'precept name') written in kanji from the priest. This name supposedly prevents the return of the deceased if his name is called. The length of the name depends also on either the virtue of the person's lifespan, or more commonly, the size of the donation of the relatives to the temple, which may range from a generally common name to the most elaborate names for 1 million yen or more. The high prices charged by the temples are a controversial issue in Japan, especially since some temples put pressure on families to buy a more expensive name.

Some Jōdo Shinshū sources draw a distinction between 戒名 (kaimyō, precept name) and 法名 (hōmyō, dharma name), preferring the latter for theological reasons. Other sources consider these terms to be interchangeable.

The composition of the dharma name varies, although generally it must be composed of characters found in the Buddhist sutras. Specific schools and temples will sometimes have additional conventions: for example, names from Ji-Shu temples in Ippen are typically a single syllable suffixed with 阿 (short for 阿弥陀仏, Amitābha Buddha), and names from the Bright Dawn Center of Oneness Buddhism are suffixed with -yo.

Tibet
In Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhist tradition one is first given a Refuge name at the Triple Refuge ceremony, then a Bodhisattva name upon taking the vows of a Bodhisattva, then a secret Samaya name upon receiving certain Tantric rites. People in the Karma Kagyu tradition of Tibetan Buddhism are often given the first name Karma, followed by a second name. Those in the Drikung Kagyu sect often receive the first name Konchog, and then an additional name. This makes it easy to identify the person’s Dharma lineage. Khentrul Jamphel Lodrö Rinpoche generally uses the initial letter of a person’s birth name in selecting a Shambala lineage name for the practitioner.

title: Dharma name


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Modern pentathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics

Modern pentathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Only an individual competition was held; the team event was removed by the International Olympic Committee after the previous games. The competition was significantly changed compared to 1992, with athletes now competing over a single day instead of 4–6 days to generate more fan interest.