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User talk:Descartes~enwiki

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Descartes~enwiki


text: User talk:164.164.170.25

title: User talk:164.164.170.25


text:
Talk:Economy of the Netherlands

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This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Crednap.

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Update
this article most definately needs an update. Unfortunately I don't know enough about the subject.
 * It certainly does. Some of the info is still from 2000? Unfortunatly, I also don't know enough about the subject.. (and am too lazy to go and learn about it)

Dear people i just filled in the new unemployment figurs. Eurostat figures 3,3% and 4,4% for CBS figurers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.87.173.100 (talk) 19:17, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

I have again updated the statistics. Unemployment fell to 4.0% (CBS) and economic growth hit 4.1% on a yearly basis (CBS Q3 2006 - Q3 2007)

 * I totally agree. I am currently working on a total rewrite and update of the article. This will probably take me a few days (depending on how busy I am with my 'real' job. Anyway, I would advise against making any small changes until I am done.--Dengo 08:41, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I have finished rewriting the entire article with as much up to date info I could find. Since the article is now only loosely based on the original article, I very much invite anyone to correct any mistakes or omissions, or add even more up to date info. --Dengo 00:11, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Dengo, i think you did a good job. The previous article was indeed outdated. However the latest Eurostat figures (August 1) show that the Netherlands has the lowest unemployment level of the EU-25. Namely 3.8% in June 2006. These figures would coincide nicely with the inflation figures that are also from June 2006. could try to change this but i am a bit unfamiliar with the Wiki concept. See the Eurostat website for the press-release. The link is:

http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=STAT/06/103&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
 * Thanks. There is always a problem with counting unemployment. 5.5% is the way CBS counts them. I am going to add both figures with proper sources. --Dengo 13:28, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

GDP Growth
According to International Monetary Fund Database Dutch economic growth for 2005 was 0.7, positive. I won't be changing the current figure of -0.3 but I thought it was worth mentioning to readers. --JDnCoke 18:40, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

The most recently revised numbers say growth was 0,1% in 2002, 0,3% in 2003, 2,0% in 2004 and in 1,5% 2005. It seems there wasn't even a real recession. CBS

GDP

The Netherlands is 18th/20th with GDP volume not 23rd —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.144.100.44 (talk) 12:33, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Typo
hey, just found a typo, the World Trade Organisation, fixed it —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dmccoy96 (talk • contribs) 11:20, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

I think this page could be expanded a lot
It seems to me that the Dutch economy is amazingly healthy compared to the other EU countries. I was very impressed about the unemployment rate, especially taking into consideration the Netherlands has had as many immigrants as other EU members like Germany and France. While both the countries having unemployment rate around 10%, but the figure for Netherlands is only 4.3%, even with the EU sovereign debt crisis and US economy downturn.

Dutch has maintained one of the most generous welfare system in the world and I am really keen to know its secrets of keeping the unemployment rate below 5%. And I guess it might have something to do with the education and training offered by the government and companies. But that is purely a guess so I would hope someone with professional background could upload some briefs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Prinscky (talk • contribs) 12:48, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The article as is now is very outdated. I've started to update it a bit, but it still needs a lot of work. Even though the Dutch unemployment rate is still low compared to the rest of the EU and the US, it is rising, and is now approaching 6%. Also, the economy is currently in a recession. The cause of that is complex: it's an interplay of the current global crises and a demographic shift (as most babyboomers are now starting to retire, the workforce is declining rapidly). I wish i could tell you otherwise, but the situation for Holland doesn't look good for the next few years. Tenth Plague (talk) 20:46, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Good that you're updating it, I'll try to help here and there. To Prinscky: I think there's little relation between social welfare and unemployment, despite what many people seem to think. The Netherlands has generous unemployment benefits, a reasonably high minimum wage and very strict labor/wages agreements between employers and unions, but still has about the lowest unemployment of the EU (after Austria). This is just because the Dutch economy is very healthy and stable, with a hard working population, a mentality of saving money and spending it wisely/conservatively, and a government that's very keen on keeping the budget in tight. Also there are large gas reserves (10 billion euros per year revenue). It's just a sum of hundreds of factors that make the Dutch economy so successful.

Aren't the Largest Companies usually included in national economic articles?
Aren't the largest companies usually included in national economic articles? Obviously, there wouldn't be full coverage, but to not mention any corporations and their activities in contributing to the economy along with the primary sectors of the economy is quite negligent... Stevenmitchell (talk) 01:14, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

well here are a few of the bigger companies, anyone who could add them with proper info, you're welcome.

-ASML: high-tech company making computerchips -Shell: a giant oil company. -Akzo Nobel: Chemicals -Ahold: no idea :$ -Heineken: Beer -Unilever: Consumer Goods, Mainly food and many more see this dutch link of wikipedia http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_Nederlandse_ondernemingen  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sjordn (talk • contribs) 20:45, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

External link
Hello everyone, I am working for the International Trade Centre (ITC), a UN/WTO agency that aims to promote sustainable economic development through trade promotion. I would like to propose the addition of an external link (http://www.macmap.org/QuickSearch/FindTariff/FindTariff.aspx?subsite=open_access&country=SCC528|Netherlands&source=1|ITC) that leads directly to our online database of customs tariffs applied by the Netherlands. Visitors can easily look up market access information for the Netherlands by selecting the product and partner of their interest. I would like you to consider this link under the WP:ELYES #3 prescriptions. Moreover, the reliability and the pertinence of this link can be supported by the following facts 1) ITC is part of the United Nations, and aims to share trade and market access data on by country and product as a global public good 2) No registration is required to access this information 3) Market access data (Tariffs and non-tariff measures) are regularly updated

Thank you, Divoc (talk) 14:51, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

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For holand 196.190.52.112 (talk) 03:59, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

For holand 196.190.52.112 (talk) 03:59, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of the Netherlands


text:
1923 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1923.

Explorations

 * May 5: The Synagogue of Tomar in Portugal is purchased by scholar Samuel Schwarz for the purposes of excavation, restoration and preservation.
 * Expedition under Neil Merton Judd to collect dendrochronological specimens in order to date habitation of Chaco Canyon.
 * Exploration of Tasghîmût fortress in Morocco by Henri Basset and Henri Terrasse begins.

Excavations

 * February 16: Howard Carter opens the inner chamber of Tutankhamun's tomb.
 * Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian, China is excavated a second time by Otto Zdansky under the supervision of Johan Gunnar Andersson.
 * New excavations at Viroconium (Wroxeter) in England begin (continue to 1927).

Finds

 * July 13: An American Museum of Natural History expedition to Mongolia under Roy Chapman Andrews is the first in the world to discover fossil dinosaur eggs. Initially thought to belong to the ceratopsian Protoceratops, they will be determined in 1995 actually to belong to the theropod Oviraptor.
 * Material unearthed by Otto Zdansky's excavations at Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China will eventually yield two human molars, but these finds are not announced until 1926.
 * Copper Bull from Leonard Woolley's excavations at Ur.
 * Bronze Age hoard found in Huelva harbour.
 * A decapitated 7th-century Saxon man is excavated from the prehistoric Stonehenge site in England.
 * Aphrodite of Rhodes statue in Rhodes (then part of Italy).

Publications

 * O. G. S. Crawford - "Air Survey and Archaeology", The Geographical Journal (May).
 * Cyril Fox - The Archaeology of the Cambridge Region.
 * Ralph Linton - The Material Culture of the Marquesas Islands.

Deaths

 * February 15 - Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, French Orientalist (b. 1846)
 * April 5 - George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, British Egyptological excavation sponsor (b. 1866).

title: 1923 in archaeology


text:
File:LangleyJardiniere.jpg

Langley Mill Pottery UK, New Art Ware Jardinière (c1903)

200mm high, 190mm internal dia. High glaze dark blue cylindrical upper with white, dark green and gilt pattern. Light blue matt glaze lower with hand painted pink impasto flowers and green & brown leaves. Buff clay with clear glaze interior. Pattern No.: 820

title: File:LangleyJardiniere.jpg


text:
Timothy Cole

Timothy Cole (1852 – 17 May 1931) was an American wood engraver.

Biography
Timothy Cole was born in 1852 in London, England, his family emigrated to the United States in 1858. He established himself in Chicago, where in the great fire of 1871 he lost everything he possessed. In 1875, he moved to New York City, finding work on the Century (then Scribner's) magazine. Cole was associated with the magazine for 40 years as a pioneer craftsman of wood engraving.

He immediately attracted attention by his unusual facility and his sympathetic interpretation of illustrations and pictures, and his publishers sent him abroad in 1883 to engrave a set of blocks after the old masters in the European galleries. These achieved for him a brilliant success. His reproductions of Italian, Dutch, Spanish, Flemish and English pictures were published in book form with appreciative notes by the engraver himself. He published his prints in several books: Old Italian Masters (1892), Old Dutch and Flemish Masters (1895), Old English Masters (1902), and Old Spanish Masters (1907).

Though the advent of new mechanical processes had rendered wood engraving almost a lost art and left practically no demand for the work of such craftsmen, Mr Cole was thus enabled to continue his work, and became one of the foremost contemporary masters of wood engraving. He received a medal of the first class at the Paris Exhibition of 1900, and the only grand prize given for wood engraving at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St Louis, Missouri, in 1904. In 1906 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician, and became a full Academician in 1908.

His son, Alphaeus Philemon Cole, was a noted portraitist who is also today recognized as having been the world's oldest verified living man at the time of his death.

Collections

 * Art Institute of Chicago
 * Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * Smithsonian American Art Museum

title: Timothy Cole


text:
1874 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1874.

Explorations

 * William Henry Jackson of the Hayden Survey photographs the Mesa Verde cliff dwellings.

Excavations

 * Excavation of Eadgils' mound at Gamla Uppsala in Sweden.
 * Excavation of Bharhut stupa in India by Alexander Cunningham.
 * Excavations of Nineveh by George Smith for the British Museum conclude.

Miscellaneous

 * German Archaeological Institute at Athens established.

Births

 * March 9: Herbert Maryon, English sculptor, archaeologist and conservator (d. 1965)
 * May 9: Howard Carter, English Egyptologist (d. 1939)

title: 1874 in archaeology


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/I've got a lovely bunch of coconuts

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP, unanimously apart from nom. -Splash 02:26, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

I've got a lovely bunch of coconuts
I don't think this article is sutable for an encyclopedia. I wish to Delete it Exir Kamalabadi | Contributions 08:20, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Very well known song although the lyrics should be deleted. Capitalistroadster 08:33, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per above. Hamster Sandwich 09:15, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I have now cleaned up the article adding a reference to Magical Mystery Tour and deleting the lyrics. No change of vote from keep. Capitalistroadster 10:20, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I guess. I was surprised to find there was already an article on this song when writing coconut shy article. I don't have a sense of where the usual cutoff for including songs is. I wouldn't have thought this one was a particularly significant, but then again there seems to be connections to it from a number of different directions. -- Solipsist 12:02, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable song. I see no reason why this isn't suitable for an encyclopedia. 23skidoo 14:16, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Clean-up. This is definitely encyclopedic. -snarfle.- Thorns Among Our Leaves 17:04, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this please you cant just delete things just because Yuckfoo 17:59, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I cleaned it up a bit. Once the VfD process is over (assuming it's kept), the article should be moved to I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts. --FuriousFreddy 18:55, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as others above --Yondir 20:17, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the cleaned version. Notable song. Exir, please note that Wikipedia has wider inclusion criteria than regular encyclopedias. - Mgm|(talk) 21:22, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable, verifiable, well-written. -Willmcw 23:44, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It's not only a song, it's also a phrase/saying. Either way, I see no reason for it not to be kept. TheBeansprout 23:50, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Major hit in its time, stuck in the mind of everyone who ever heard it, well remembered today, significant cultural reference. Is it properly spelled "lovely" or "loverly?" Danny Kaye pronounced it something like love-a-ly, definitely three syllables. (trot to CD cabinet) My copy of a net-very-authoritative CD says "lovely." Singing roll-er-bowl-a-ball-a-penny-a-pitch! Well, that's done it—it's going to be going through my head for the rest of the evening. Danny Kaye couldn't possibly have been the first to have recorded it, could he? Dpbsmith (talk) 01:30, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep. This song was a top 40 in the 40s, and has been played since.  That's because even 60 years later, you can't get it out of your head.  My vote is for a Speedy Keep because there hasn't been a single vote to delete in over ten votes.  Almafeta 02:38, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (sheep) (It rhymes) --SockpuppetSamuelson 07:37, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but move to proper capitalization. Especially since if this is deleted it will only be recreated using the awful songstub template. -R. fiend 15:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I'll take "signs that VfD has gone too far" for 500, Alex CanadianCaesar 23:32, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Informative article. I can envision someone looking up novelty songs in Wikipedia. I often look up all kinds of historic media in Wikipedia. WpZurp 16:50, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Grymnir

mail

title: User:Grymnir


text:
1939 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1939.

Excavations

 * Major excavation of Ostia Antica in Italy begins (continues to 1942).
 * University of Pennsylvania project at Piedras Negras, Guatemala ends (started 1931).
 * Palace of Nestor in Pylos by Carl Blegen (resumed 1952-69).
 * Tomb of Psusennes at Tanis by Pierre Montet (started 1928).
 * Deserted medieval village of Seacourt near Oxford by Rupert Bruce-Mitford (June–July 15).
 * Medieval settlement at Bere, North Tawton, England, by Martyn Jope.
 * Bowl barrow at Knap Hill, Wiltshire, England, by C. W. Phillips.

Publications

 * Grahame Clark: Archaeology and Society.

Finds

 * May
 * Sutton Hoo ship burial unearthed by Basil Brown and Edith Pretty in Suffolk, England. On July 28 the Sutton Hoo helmet is excavated.
 * Battle of Thermopylae site unearthed by Spyridon Marinatos in Greece.
 * August 25: The Lion-man statue is discovered in the Hohlenstein-Stadel, a cave in southern Germany.
 * Matthew Stirling discovers the bottom half of Stela C at Tres Zapotes in Veracruz, Mexico.
 * Wyllys Andrews discovers the Maya civilization site of Kulubá in Yucatán, Mexico.

Miscellaneous

 * May 6: Dorothy Garrod is elected to the Disney Professorship of Archaeology in the University of Cambridge, the first woman to hold an Oxbridge chair.

Births

 * January 15: Neil Cossons, English industrial archaeologist and museum director
 * July 12: Peter Addyman, English archaeologist
 * November 6: Peter J. Reynolds, English experimental archaeologist (d. 2001)
 * December 10: Barry Cunliffe, English archaeologist
 * November 27: Malcolm Todd, English archaeologist (d. 2013)

Deaths

 * March 2: Howard Carter, English Egyptologist (b. 1874)

title: 1939 in archaeology


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Justin bardin

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete.  Grue  19:46, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Justin bardin
This "notable Internet personality" looks more like an unexceptional teenage "Something Awful" participant. Vanity. -- Hoary 08:22, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN Vanity. Newgrounds involvement dosen't make him notable. And comb your hair! Hamster Sandwich 09:13, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn teen vanity. JamesBurns 09:16, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable (although claims to be notable on the page) and vanity. DarthVader 11:36, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity and needless links. --Several Times 14:25, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: 208.35.82.87 deleted this VfD page. -- Hoary 06:33, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep & Comment. I authored this page about him because I feel that after viewing his work, he has potential. Also I go to Something Awful and his name doesn't show up there at all. I guess you could erase the page, but it would save someone a lot of work if he turned out to be a highly notable Internet writer later on. I say we wait and see, which could take some time. -- Destructo man 7:02, July 31st, 2005

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bo Gu

Qin Bangxian better known by his alias Bo Gu, 14 May 1907 – 8 April 1946 ) was a Chinese senior leader of the Chinese Communist Party and a member of the 28 Bolsheviks.

Early life and education
Qin was born in Wuxi, Jiangsu, in 1907. In his earlier years, Qin studied at the Suzhou Industrial School where he took an active role in activities against imperialism and the warlords tyrannising China. In 1925 Qin entered Shanghai University, a university that was known for its impact on young revolutionists at the time. The ideas of Marxism and Leninism were taught there by early leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) like Qu Qiubai and Deng Zhongxia. Qin showed a great interest in these teachings. Later that year, Qin joined the May 30th Movement which called for protests and boycotts against imperialism. This was a precursor to his involvement in the CCP.

In 1926 Qin was sent to the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, Russia where he continued to study both Marxism and Leninism. The Sun Yat-sen University was established under Kuomintang founder Sun Yat-sen's alliance policy with the Soviet Union and the CCP. Its aim was to systematically train young revolutionists for a communist revolution in the Russian fashion. Using the alias "Bo Gu", which means "familiar with histories" in Chinese, Qin continued his studies while becoming acquainted with Wang Ming, a student who had come to the university a year earlier. Wang and Qin, along with many other students, such as Zhang Wentian, Wang Jiaxiang, and Yang Shangkun formed a group known as the 28 Bolsheviks.

They regarded themselves as orthodox Marxists, destined to take charge of Chinese revolution. Furthermore, with Wang's connection to Sun Yat-sen University's vice president and future vice minister of the Eastern Department of Communist International (Comintern), Pavel Mif, the 28 Bolsheviks gained influence. One example being their role as missionaries and interpreters for the 6th National Congress of the CCP held in Moscow, with chances to comment on Chinese affairs.

Involvement with Chinese Communist Party
With Mif succeeding Karl Radek as president, his protégés, among them Bo Gu, were sent back to take charge of CCP. However, because of their inexperience in relation to veteran members such as Zhou Enlai and Zhang Guotao, the group was assigned to insignificant work. Then with the direct support from Mif, who came to China as envoy of Comintern, in the 4th Plenary Meeting of 6th National Congress of CCP in 1931 Wang and his associates won the battle with Li Lisan, who was incumbent paramount leader of CCP at that time, and Li's opponents of old CCP members, such as Labour activists He Mengxiong and Lin Yuying. Wang was appointed as member of politburo of CCP, with Mif took charge of CCP headquarter, Wang became the No1 in practice. As a reward, Bo Gu was appointed to be placed in charge of CY. When Wang returned Moscow for medical treatment, Qin was promoted to become a member of the Central Bureau of CCP, and then to be the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in charge of daily work of CCP. Under the policy of extremism and leftism of Li and Wang, CCP suffered great loss in their power struggle with KMT in cities. In 1933 Bo Gu and other members of the Central Bureau such as Zhou Enlai had to evacuate to Soviet Territory, which was the power base set up by CCP, in the countryside, in Jiangxi. Bo Gu, Zhou and Otto Braun, the military advisor from Comintern, found a military command team to replace Mao Zedong's control over the military, who was chairman of the Chinese Soviet Government at that time. Due to a change in Nationalist tactics, the Chinese Red Army suffered great losses in Chiang Kai-shek's 5th Suppression against them. Bo Gu and his team had to launch a strategic diversion.

During the Long March, the Red Army suffered heavy casualties from time to time, due to no plan and incompetence of command of the three-man leadership team. Especially, when the Red Army crossed the Xiang River, the Red Army was near a rat trap, and half of its elites were annihilated by the KMT army. Discontent and fury over the three-man leadership team increased. Under these circumstances, Mao used his diplomatic skills to communicate with Wang Jiaxiang, General Commissar of Red Army at that time, and got support from most of the generals that once had been loyal to him.

Then in January 1935 came the convening of Zunyi Conference, and with the defection of 28 Bolshevik members Zhang Wentian, Wang Jiaxiang and Yang Shangkun to Mao's camp, the three-man team's command over military was discharged, Mao, Wang and Zhou Enlai composed a new three-man team to replace them, and Bo Gu's title of General Secretary was replaced by his former associate Zhang, but he remained a member of the Politburo.

Time in Army
When Bo Gu reached Yan'an with the Red Army, he was still a young man, longing for a bright future of Chinese revolution. In order to make a clear distinction from his past, Bo Gu preferred others called him by his real name Qin instead of his alias. Mao still needed Gu and others of the 28 Bolsheviks such as Zhang Wentian and Wang Jiaxiang for their support in Mao's later power struggle with Wang Ming and Zhang Guotao, and thus Mao gave them some important assignments from time to time. For example, Qin was appointed as representative of CCP with Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying, and went to Xi'an to handle the Xi'an Incident in 1936, making a contribution for the establishment of United Front against Japan. In 1937 Qin was appointed as Minister of Organisation Department of CCP, which was in charge of CCP cadres' promotion and nomination. In 1938 he was the Minister of Organisation Department of Yangtze River and then Southern China Division of CCP. In 1941 he was appointed as head of Jie Fang Daily and Xinhua News Agency. Qin showed great enthusiasm in promoting the newspaper and exercised his best endeavor to make it a mouthpiece of CCP. Qin pledged his allegiance to Mao in Mao's struggle with Zhang Guotao, and in Cheng Feng he criticised his former close friend Wang Ming. But Qin still could not obtain favor from Mao and he had suffered greatly from stress and humiliation. His kindness and leniency towards the Cheng Feng movement by the newspaper under his direction received heavy criticism from Mao and his secret police boss Kang Sheng. They regarded Qin's action being inefficient and too merciful. As a result, although Qin was elected as Commissioner of the Central Committee of CCP in the 7th National Congress of CCP in 1945, he was listed as the last one.

After the end of World War II in 1945, Mao was invited by Chiang to Chongqing for peace negotiation in order to avoid civil war between CCP and KMT. Qin was one of the delegates of the CCP with Mao, which indicated his appealing to Mao and his prominence in the CCP. Qin attended the following Political Consulting Congress held in Chongqing as delegate of CCP in Feb 1946. When Qin was on his way back to Yan'an, he died in an airplane crash in Shanxi. Among the other victims were several senior CCP leaders such as General Ye Ting, the secret police boss Deng Fa, and the old CCP member Wang Ruofei (王若飞).

title: Bo Gu


text:
Talk:Huldrefolk

What was the rationale behind splitting this out from wight? Compare with how nøkken and näcken redirects to nix, how nisse redirects to tomte and how skogsrået is treated in the huldra article. --Salleman 08:24, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Since no-one is in the mood of responding, I am redirecting this page back to wight. All the current information is already there. Huldrefolk could be known as haugfolk and bjergfolk in Norway. I don't suppose we need separate articles for those two as well? --Salleman 11:53, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Huldrefolk


text: User talk:222.153.153.88

title: User talk:222.153.153.88


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brocore

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete.  Grue  19:46, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Brocore
Possible neologism, unable to determine from (sparse) content. --Alan Au 08:32, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Neologism. Pure BS. Hamster Sandwich 09:14, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 09:16, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rubbish. DarthVader 11:30, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * "BROCORE IS BROCORE, A POPULAR TYPE OF MUSIC. A BLEND OF HARDCORE MUSIC AND HARDCORE MUSIC." So it's popular yet I never heard of it and it's a mix of two the same music types and the article is in all caps. Delete as nonsense. - Mgm|(talk) 21:18, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brocore


text:
John Coventry (died 1685)

Sir John Coventry (c. 1636–1685) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1667 and 1682.

Coventry was son of John Coventry (died 1652), the second son of lord keeper Thomas Coventry of Croome Park, Worcestershire. Between 1655 and 1659, he travelled on the continent with his tutor the poet Edward Sherburne. He matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford in 1660 and was made a Knight of the Bath at the coronation of Charles II, the following year.

In 1667, he went with his uncle Henry Coventry to the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Breda, ending the Second Anglo-Dutch War. That year and in the following parliaments of 1678, 1679 and 1681, he was elected for Weymouth. He followed Lord Ashley in politics, and was a fairly active member.

On 21 December 1670, owing to a jest made by Coventry in the House of Commons on the subject of the King's amours, Sir Thomas Sandys, an officer of the guards, with other accomplices, by the order of Monmouth, and (it was said) with the approval of the king himself, waylaid him as he was returning home to Suffolk Street and slit his nose to the bone. The outrage created an extraordinary sensation in the Commons, and in consequence Parliament debated a bill "to prevent malicious maiming and wounding" (22 & 23 Chas. II, c.1), a measure known as the "Coventry Act" was passed, declaring assaults accompanied by personal mutilation a felony without benefit of clergy, an Act not repealed until 1828.

Sir William Coventry, his uncle, spoke slightingly of him, ridicules his vanity and wished him out of the House of Commons to be "out of harm's way". The character of Amnon in John Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel (1681) is thought to be based on him.

He was suspected of having become a Roman Catholic while abroad in the 1650s and evidently was when he made his will in 1667. However, during the Exclusion Crisis, he sided with the party seeking the exclusion of the Duke of York from the king's presence.

He died unmarried.

title: John Coventry (died 1685)


text:
List of Punjabi authors

This page is a list of noteworthy Punjabi authors, who were born or lived in the Punjab, or who write in the Punjabi language.

The Beginning Of Punjabi Literature
First and the foremost poems of Punjabi language was of Nath-Yogi in origin.

12th century

 * Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1173–1266)

15th- 16th century

 * Guru Nanak (15 April 1469 - 22 Sept 1539)

16th century

 * Shah Hussain (1538 – 1599)
 * Bhai Gurdas (1551–1636)
 * Peelu (1580 to 1675)

17th century

 * Damodar Das Arora (1605 – 1656)
 * Sultan Bahu (1628–1691)
 * Bhai Nand Lal (1633–1713)
 * Bhai Mani Singh (1366–1737)
 * Bulleh Shah (1680–1757)
 * Ali Haider Multani (1690-1785)

18th century

 * Waris Shah (1722–1798)
 * Hashim (1735–1843)
 * Shah Mohammad (1780–1862)
 * Ratan Singh Bhangu (died 1846)

19th century

 * Pundit Tara Singh (1822–1891)
 * Shardha Ram Phillauri (1837–1881)
 * Pandit Lekh Ram (1858–1897)
 * Kahn Singh Nabha (1861–1938)
 * Akali Kaur Singh (1866–1953)
 * Bhai Vir Singh (1872–1957)
 * Kripa Sagar (1875–1939)
 * Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876–1954)
 * Bhai Randhir Singh (1878–1961)
 * Puran Singh(1881–1931)
 * Bhai Jodh Singh (1882–1981)
 * Sahib Singh (1892–1977)
 * Gurbaksh Singh Preetlari (1895–1977)
 * Nanak Singh (1897–1971)
 * Jaswant Singh (Khoji) ( -1999)

20th century

 * Partap Singh (1904–1984)
 * Bhagat Puran Singh (1904–1992)
 * Mohan Singh (1905–1978)
 * Sujan Singh (1909–1993)
 * Gurbachan Singh Talib (1911–1986)
 * Gurdas Ram Alam (1912-1989)
 * Balraj Sahni (1913–1973)
 * Harcharan Singh (1914-2006)
 * Sharif Kunjahi (1915–2007)
 * Balwant Gargi (1916–2003)
 * Kartar Singh Duggal (1917–2012)
 * Amrita Pritam (1919–2005)
 * Jaswant Singh Kanwal (1919–2020)
 * Harbhajan Singh (1920–2002)
 * Santokh Singh Dhir (1920–2010)
 * Kulwant Singh Virk (1921–1987)
 * Ajit Saini (1922–2007)
 * Sukhbir (1925–2012)
 * Alam Lohar (1928–1979)
 * Jaswant Singh Rahi (1930–1996)
 * Gurdial Singh (1933-2016)
 * Buta Singh (1934–)
 * Giani Sant Singh Maskeen (1934–2005)
 * Anwar Masood (1935–)
 * Dalip Kaur Tiwana (1935–2020)
 * Dalbir Chetan (5 April 1944– 1 January 2005)
 * Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1937–1973)
 * Karnail Singh Somal (1940–)
 * Lal Singh Dil (1943–2007)
 * Narinder Singh Kapoor (1944–)
 * Surjit Paatar (1945–)
 * Chaman Lal (1947–)
 * Harjinder Singh Dilgeer (1962–)
 * Avtar Singh Sandhu (Paash) (1950–1988)
 * Mir Tanha Yousafi (1955–)
 * Gurdas Maan (1957–)
 * Rupinderpal Singh Dhillon (1969-)
 * Satinder Sartaj (1982-)

A

 * Guru Arjan Dev (1563–1606)
 * Akali Kaur Singh Nihang (1866–1953)
 * Amrita Pritam (1919–2005)
 * Ajit Saini (1922–2007)
 * Alam Lohar (1928–1979)
 * Anwar Masood (1935–)
 * Avtar Singh Sandhu (Pash) (1950–1988)
 * Amardeep Singh Gill (born 1968)

B

 * Balraj Sahni (1913–1973)
 * Balwant Gargi (1916–2003)
 * Bulleh Shah (1680–1757)
 * Buta Singh (1934–2021)
 * Barkat Punjabi (1912-1993)

C

 * Chaman Lal (1947–)

D

 * Dalbir Chetan (5 April 1944– 1 January 2005)
 * Dalip Kaur Tiwana (1935–2020)
 * Damodar Das Arora
 * Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876–1954)

F

 * Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1173–1266)

G

 * Gorakh Nath (ca. 10th century)
 * Gurbachan Singh Talib (1911–1986)
 * Gurdas Ram Alam (1912-1989)
 * Gurbaksh Singh Preetlari (1895–1977)
 * Bhai Gurdas (1551–1636)
 * Gurdial Singh (1933-2016)
 * Gurdas Maan (1957-)

H

 * Harbhajan Singh (1920–2002)
 * Harjinder Singh Dilgeer (1947–)
 * Hashim (1735–1843)
 * Harcharan Singh (1914-2006)

J

 * Jaswant Singh Kanwal (1919–)
 * Jaswant Singh Rahi (1930–1996)
 * Bhai Jodh Singh (1882–1981)
 * Jaswant Singh (Khoji) (- 1999)

K

 * Karnail Singh Somal (1940–)
 * Kartar Singh Duggal (1917–2012)
 * Kahn Singh Nabha (1861–1938)
 * Kripa Sagar (1875–1939)
 * Kulwant Singh Virk (1921–1987)

L

 * Lal Singh Dil (1943–2007)

M

 * Bhai Mani Singh (1666–1737)
 * Mir Tanha Yousafi (1955–)
 * Mohan Singh (1905–1978)

N

 * Guru Nanak 15 April 1469- 22 Sept. 1539)
 * Bhai Nand Lal (1633–1713)
 * Nanak Singh (1897–1971)

P

 * Partap Singh (1904–1984)
 * Bhagat Puran Singh (1904–1992)
 * Puran Singh(1881–1931)
 * Pundit Tara Singh (1822–1891)

R

 * Bhai Randhir Singh (1878–1961)
 * Ratan Singh Bhangu (died 1846)
 * Rupinderpal Singh Dhillon (1969–)
 * Rupinder Inderjit (2011–)

S

 * Sahib Singh (1892–1977)
 * Sohan Singh Seetal (1909-1998) Poet, Novelist, historian, Authored more than 60 books
 * Santokh Singh Dhir (1920–2010)
 * Giani Sant Singh Maskeen (1934–2005)
 * Sharif Kunjahi (1915–2007)
 * Shah Mohammad (1780–1862)
 * Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1937–1973)
 * Sujan Singh (1909–1993)
 * Sultan Bahu (1628–1691)
 * Surjit Paatar (1945–)
 * Shardha Ram Phillauri (1837–1881)
 * Sukhbir (1925–2012)
 * Sarita Skagnes

V

 * Bhai Vir Singh (1872–1957)

W

 * Waris Shah (1722–1798)
 * Waryam Singh Sandhu (1945–)

title: List of Punjabi authors


text:
Frafra people

The Frafra are a subset of the Gurunsi peoples living in Upper East Region. The adopted name 'Frafra' is a corruption from colonial times of the salutation "Yɛ fara fara?" when translated means "How is your suffering [work]?". It may carry pejorative overtones in local usage. Frafra-language speakers number approximately 300,000. The larger group of Gurunsi people inhabit southern Burkina Faso and Upper East of Ghana.

The Frafra people, located in Northeast Ghana and southern Burkina Faso. It consists of four groups that share a similar culture, language, and overall background. These groups are known as the Gurensi, Talensi, Nabdam and Kusasi. "Frafra" is often used as a blanket term for these groups because of their shared similarities but they are distinguishable groups that vary linguistically as well as in other key areas. The region is mostly rural and a majority of people participate in agriculture.

The origin of the Frafra name comes from a greeting that is common among their people. The greeting is characterized by the shouting of the phrase "furra furra" three to four times while simultaneously clapping their hands.

Geography
Bolgatanga is the commercial center of the Frafra area. Other important villages and towns include Bongo, Zuarungu, Zoko, and Pwalugu. Tongo is the principal town of the Talensi people, who are ethnically distinct from the Frafra, but most of whom are bilingual in the Frafra language.

The Frafra are located between the white and red Volta Rivers.

The region in which the FraFra inhibit is measured in at about 500–700 feet above sea level. Large hills, consisting mostly of granite, are dispersed throughout the area two of which can be identified as the Tongo Hills and the Central Range Hills. In relation to climate, there are two main categorizations: tropical continental and interior savanna. Both a rainy and dry season are experienced here from May to October and November to March respectively with the mean annual rainfall coming in at around 40 to 50 inches. Due to the existence of both season, there is a large rain of humidity readings, the highest being around 90 percent in the rainy season, and the low at around 20 percent in the dry. Monthly temperature means also vary greatly with the highest in March at 970 degrees Fahrenheit and the lowest being 810 degrees Fahrenheit in August. Vegetation consists of wooded savanna with trees being low to the ground, including shea trees and bury, and grass growing fairly tall.

History
The Frafra share a common history, language and political structure. Most Gurunsi live in Burkina Faso, and the degree to which Frafra history differs from their northerly neighbors, such as the Nuna, Bwa and Winiama, is linked to their abode in Ghana. These differences arose during colonial times, as French and British colonial systems differed.

 Migration

In precolonial times, the Frafra were considered to be acephalous, which means that there was no centralized authority and groups were mostly organized through lineage rather than political allegiance. Once colonialism became present in Northern Ghana, some mandates required governing through chiefs.

In recent years, other factors have contributed to the movement of these people. A major factor is population increase. It was recorded that in the area that they occupy, a population increase can be seen from 77,885 people tin 2000 to 84,545 in 2010. Excessive rainfall and flooding, have caused deteriorating landscapes, there is no longer enough viable land not only to farm but to live on. Also, about forty percent of the ground is covered in rocky landscape, making much of the area unsuitable for peoples needs in the first place. This has caused many people to migrate in order to find land that is suitable for farming. Another reason for outward mobility is high bridal prices. If I man cannot afford the dowry for his bride, many are forced to look for work elsewhere in order to obtain what they need. Some men even migrate as a show of masculinity and ability or to prove they have reached a mature age. For some youth, traveling to the "bush" grants you respect and is considered to be a rite of passage which is also another reason for migration. Other unforeseen factors can also take a role such as farmers settled in the Bongo region forced to relocate due to an infestation of Oncho flies.

Economy
Frafra are primarily farmers, growing millet, sorghum and yams. Maize, rice, peanuts, and beans are grown in addition. Farmers throughout the region traditionally practiced slash-and-burn farming, using fields for approximately seven or eight years before they were allowed to lie fallow for at least a decade. In family fields close to villages, women grow cash crops for sale in local markets, including sesame and tobacco.

Men participate in hunting during the long dry season. This is important for ritual reasons since it is during this time that men interact with the spirits that inhabit the bush. During the dry season, when food supplies are running low, some fishing is practiced in local swamps.

Increasing population pressure has led to a shortening of fallow-times and a much smaller interval for hunting. Little bushland is available for slash-and-burn methods and the clearing of new farms.

Political system
Frafra societies are mainly without social or political stratification. They are not divided among occupational castes or groups since most of them hunt and farm. They had no system of chiefs, and all important decisions were made by a council of elders consisting of the oldest members of each lineage.

Religious leaders hold some political authority, determining the agricultural cycle and parceling out land for cultivation.

There are three main structures that exist among the Frafra people to help facilitate social hierarchy. One of these authorities are chiefs, another is familial inheritance, and a third involves religion.

Chiefs can be compared to a "sergeant-major". The British used them as liaisons in order to send more workers to an area or organize the transportation of goods. Although under the hand of colonialism, traditional practices were normally allowed to ensue.

Religion
The belief in a supreme creator is central to Frafra beliefs. A shrine to this god occupies the center of every village. Each extended family maintains its own house, in which magical lineage objects are kept. The objects allow the family to maintain contact with the vital forces of nature. These objects are inherited by descendants and are the communal property of the lineage. They provide protection and social cohesion among all members of the family.

The FraFra believe in the earth as a deity, with spiritual influences that transcend its physical form. They identify the Earth as well as their ancestors as balancing forces among their communities. Rituals are performed by a leader known as the tendaana, considered to be the "custodian of the earth".

 Rituals

There are two main rituals practiced by the Frafra people. One is centered around agriculture and the other is funerals. Frafra funerals are an extravagant affair and last for multiple days. The main focus of the ritual is to unite the community and it is conducted more like a celebration than a solemn affair. The body is buried on the same day of the death and is washed and dressed beforehand because they believe it will spoil the land otherwise. The tendanna is in charge of burying the deceased and the body is carried around the house three times for a male and four for a female before being placed in its resting place. The grave is referred to as the "room" and is a similar in shape to domestic objects such a decanter or the shape of a typical room. This is meant to emphasize the deceased's role in society as well as to connect the world of the dead to the world of the living. Men are buried facing east while females are traditionally faced west. To show solidarity as well as an indication of their mourning, the children of the deceased shave their heads. They (particularly the eldest son) are in charge of organizing the mortuary rites that can take place anywhere from one to three years after a person has died. During this time, the dead are considered to be in a state of limbo and are neither alive or moved on until a proper wuure (funeral) takes place. The ritual can only take place during the dry season and the length differs depending on the status of the deceased. For a male leader or senior female, the funeral could last a whole week. Three days before the ceremony (four for a female), the oldest son announces that it will be starting, as it is an important public event. The ritual begins with shouting as the oldest son yells out to the compound at midnight on the first day, again using increments of three for a male and four for a female. At this point, the drums begin and the men parade through the compound dressed in full battle regalia. This lasts until the sun comes up at which point there is a short break.

The first full day is called fagba. The deceased's clothing is hung up around the compound and is used as another way to define their role within society. A man's clothing is typically displayed outside of the compound while a woman's remains indoors. The clothing of the dead is significant because they have "...the dirt of the dead man upon them."

Art and literature
The most recognized of the Frafra art forms are cast brass jewelry and decorated architecture. In addition, anthropomorphic figures sculpted from clay and wood and various personal objects, ranging from jewelry to wooden stools, are created to honor the spirits.

A body of Frafra literature is emerging. A. Pamzoya first wrote a novel on Frafra culture called Souvenir for Death. Intellectual Agaysika Agambila gathered a collection of Frafra folktales under the title Solma: Tales from Northern Ghana. This was followed by Journey, a novel set in the Frafra area.

Frafra peoples have a special, joking relationship with the Dagaare people of northwestern Ghana, which has its roots in an asserted common ancestry.

 Pottery

Pottery is very important to the FraFra as potters are considered to have a particular connection to the earth. It is considered to be a practice for woman and they are the only ones who participate. Pottery is mainly used for domestic and ritualistic purposes, but a small portion of it is produced for commercial use with the intent to be sold.

There are four major motifs for pottery made among the Gurensi people. The first common decoration is the yie, which is a curved line meant to resemble the first phase of the moon, and thus symbolically the beginning of something. It is also said to have associations with kura, which is a word that refers to the grass "ropes" used to secure the rafters in homes. The second motif is called zanlenga, which are nets used to store calabash bowls. It is thought to be a symbol of marriage and is used for women's burial rites. The third motif is wanzageze, or a broken shard of calabash, and is meant to represent women's role as a wife as well as a mother. The shard sends a message saying that although it is no longer whole and has served its intended purpose, it still remains and can be seen as a sign of continuation. The fourth and final motif are tana, which are pieced together strips of cloth used for the construction of men's smocks. This motif stands in opposition to the wanganeze motif, representing the beginning of a journey. Men's smocks are also considered to be a marker of status and can symbolize security, good fortune, and stand as a marker of one's achievements.

 Scarification

The torso and the face are the two main body parts used for scarification. Scarification comes in many different forms, patterns, and locations depending on the person. For example, women typically have scars on their chest stomach and back. This practice is believed to be a result of the minimal clothing worn in traditional Frafra settlements and the desire for individuality. This is also the reason facial scarification is so popular because it is the most visible place and differs depending on factors like shape and character. Even families have individualized markings from one another.

The process is normally started between the ages of four and six and done by the yagenwata who is considered to have extensive experience and can be a man or a woman. Despite individuality, there are four common themes that appear: one or two deeply cut diagonal lines on one or both cheeks, continuous curved lines, patterns between the eyes and ears and the presence of geometric shapes. There are also four reoccurring patterns named dovisi, dua, bone, and bene. Dovisi is scarring all over with a leaf pattern between the eye and ear, dua looks like horizontal triangles, bone is overall scarification, and bene, which is the most popular, is one or two lines on one or both cheeks. Despite being outlawed, the practice still continues to this day. Tattoos have also become popular more recently, especially with young adults.

Marriage

Courtship is a fairly formal process among the Frafra and can last extensive periods of time. It is characterized by frequent visits to the home of the prospective bride as well as the presentation of various gifts. Common things that are given include guinea fowls, kola nuts, tobacco, and alcoholic drinks. The man must also directly ask the father for his daughters hand in marriage and clearly state what his intentions are. There is also a dowry that is expected to be paid, normally in livestock. Acceptable payments usually consist of 3 cows or a combination of 2 cows and seven sheep. Women are expected to marry early and reproduce as much as possible. This makes family sizes typically large.

 Language and Demographics

There dialects of the Farefaraelanguage that are spoken among the Frafra people. This includes Gurune, also known as Frafra, Nankani, Booni, Tallensi, and Nabdam.

Funeral
Funeral forms part of the Gurene tradition as this aims at ushering the dead into the spiritual world. The type of funeral largely depends on the sex, age, clan, leadership, etc. Funeral serves as a key determiner in one being worshiped as an ancestor thus 'Sɔ [father] or Ma [mother]'. A man is buried towards the sun rise and this signifies while a woman is buried towards sunset.

Clothing
Besides scarification, the Frafra don't have many examples of embellishing the body. Historically, they work in the fields naked, if not for the occasional skin worn over the back of a man or leaves to cover the women. Skins were meant to connect to a male's ability to hunt while leaves represent the women's relationship with the crops. Traditionally, leaves were chosen purposefully and used as a status marker. Individuality is an important concept to the Frafra, so what they wear plays a major role. The Frafra view clothing as an extension of a person and what they represent. They also believe that clothing can gain significance after being worn by someone important.

Animal skins play an important role in the wardrobe of male Frafra members. They are worn slung over the back, secured by sewing together the front and hind legs as well as wrapped around the waist. The skins were historically worn by a tendanna , otherwise known as the custodians of the earth, who assumed the role of religious and political leader in traditional Frafra practice. They wore animal skins as well as a black twine cap to signify their roles. When a new tendanna is appointed, he is stripped of the clothes he is wearing and given all new articles.

Skins are believed to please the gods, as it shows the peoples relationship to the earth as well as humans ability to assert power over its resources. They are worn during specific rituals such as the Talensi planting festival and are required to be worn during any sacrifice.

Present day, cotton cloth is worn by a majority of the population, both male and female. Women wear blouses with long wrap skirts and their hair tied up in a scarf while men wear pants or shorts with a cotton smock. There are four types of smocks. The most popular type of smock is called danseka and can be found commonly in most markets but also be commissioned specially. The next is Bana'a which is worn as a signifier for success. Jampa represents high status and is worn by a lower tier chief. Kpartikoto is the highest and is only worn by the most important chief. Chiefs also wear what is called the red fez and it is a signifier of his status and role. Hunters and warriors wear a calabash helmet adorned with cowrie shells, animal hair, and feathers and is meant to show off their achievements. They are referred to as the nugo and nugo illa, and are a type of basketry cap one with a sheep hair plume, the other with bush cow horns.

In the 19th century, the Frafra were a major hub for the production of jewelry. Bangles of ivory and bone were popular among women and were another indicator of status. The highest status bangles were cast brass and signified the wearers power to protect. Ivory bands are used during courtships as a token from a father to his daughter as an outward display of the success of his household as well as the availability of his daughter.

title: Frafra people


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hana Kitasei

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete.  Grue  19:46, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Hana Kitasei
Advertising, it would seem, for an obscure teenage actress. This does say that she's one of four hundred plus actors who've played in a musical; the link given in the article tells us nothing and actually looks like a freebie advertising opportunity that Hana Kitasei (or agent) hasn't bothered to fill out. -- Hoary 08:34, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn teen promo. JamesBurns 09:17, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 11:44, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn actress vanity. -- Etacar11   00:46, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Raebareli

Raebareli is a city in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Raebareli district and a part of Lucknow Division. The city is situated on the banks of the Sai river, 82 km southeast of Lucknow. It possesses many architectural features and sites, chief of which is a strong and spacious fort. As of 2011, Raebareli had a population of 191,316 people, in 35,197 households.

History, etymology and post-independence
Raebareli is supposedly a city founded by Bhars, and originally called Bharauli or Barauli. The prefix "Rae" (pronounced Rai) originates from the title "Rai," historically borne by the Kayasth rulers of the region. Among the Srivastava community, specifically, a certain lineage is distinctively referred to as "Athhaisa (अट्ठाईसा)," highlighting a unique cultural or familial heritage associated with the Srivastava lineage. This lineage, known for its special bloodline, signifies both royal heritage and leadership within the region, marking the 'Athhaisa (अट्ठाईसा)' Srivastavas as distinguished historical rulers. Later the city was conquered by Ibrahim Shah of the Jaunpur Sultanate and then handed over to Sheikhs and Sayyids. The city's fort was built by Ibrahim Shah in 820 AH, most likely using materials from earlier structures. Apart from the gate on the west side, it is mostly in ruins; it consists of an outer layer of brick surrounding an earthwork core. Outside the gate is the shrine of the Muslim saint Makhdum Saiyid Jafri. According to legend, during the fort's original construction, everything built during the day kept collapsing at night; the sultan then summoned the saint from Jaunpur, and then as soon as he walked on the site the construction proceeded without difficulty. Ibrahim Shah also had at least two mosques built in Raebareli. One was the Jama Masjid, which was restored in 1089 AH by Aurangzeb and still stands today. The other no longer exists; in the late 19th century a dispensary was built on the site by Raja Drigjibai Singh of Murarmau. Rae Bareli was also spelled as "Raibareilly" which is actively being used in various places including central government managed websites such as Vahan Citizen Services.

Since the time of Ibrahim Shah, Raebareli has continuously been an important regional town. His grandson Husain Shah renamed the city Husainabad after himself, but the name change never caught on. Different mahallas were founded by descendants of the original Muslim settlers in the city: Qasbana, Neza Andaz, Saiyid Rajan, Bans Tola, and Pirai Hamid were founded by Muslims; Jaunpuri, Khali Sahat, and Surjipur were founded by Brahmins; Khatrauni Kalan and Khurd by the Khattri treasurers of the Jaunpur sultans, and Shah Tola by the royal purveyor.

Raja Har Parshad "Taluqedar of Naseerabad" a, native of this town, was the Nazim or Commissioner of Khairabad Division during the reign of the ex-king. He joined the mutineers and went up to Nepal with Begum Hazrat Mahal of Oudh dynasty and on 31 December 1858 while returning after ensuring her safety, he was killed in a battle with British army. He has been honoured with the title of "Lastville and the most notorious governor of Oudh". The district of Raebareli was created by the British in 1858, and is named after its headquarters town. Rana Beni Madhav Baksh Singh is well known freedom fighter of this district. Munshiganj retaliation of common people for freedom shows an example for the rest of Oudh.

After the uprising, Raebareli was chosen as the site of the new district headquarters. A cantonment was established to the southwest of the city, but it was only in use for a few years before being abandoned. Raebareli was first constituted as a municipality in 1867, with originally 23 members on the municipal board, later reduced to 16.

At the turn of the 20th century, Raebareli was described as an important commercial centre for the surrounding region, especially since the coming of the railway. It then consisted of two separate sites: Raebareli proper and Jahanabad. Originally founded by the subahdar Jahan Khan, it contained the Rang Mahal palace and the maqbara or mausoleum of Jahan Khan. The city had six marketplaces: Purana Bazar (also called Qila Darwaza), Jahanabad, Capperganj, Baillieganj, Graceyganj, and Whishganj. A seventh one, known as Munshiganj, also existed a short distance away from the city on the road to Dalmau. It had been founded by Diwan Chand Sahai, who along with his brother Munshi Gur Sahai had served as assistants of Nawab Ali Naqi Khan. Capperganj, near Jahanabad, had been established by Ganga Sahai and served as a marketplace for a wide variety of goods, including brasswork from Hasanpur Bandhua, cloth from Jais, and vegetables from Lucknow as well as imported European goods. Baillieganj, founded by the British official D.C. Baillie, served as "the main wholesale market in the district" at the time. It was distinct in that it did not levy an octroi fee on goods brought there, "so that it serves the purposed of a bonded warehouse". During the Indian famine of 1899-1900, the increased demand for food in the Bombay Presidency triggered a surge in the grain trade at Baillieganj.

Four prominent mosques were noted at this point. The first of these was the Jami Masjid, which as mentioned dated back to the reign of Ibrahim Shah. The second was built in 1040 AH by Nawab Jahan Khan, who founded Jahanabad. The third, built by Shah Alam-ullah, was modelled after the Kaaba in Mecca and was domeless but had three main halls. The last of the four was built by Shah Alam-ullah's son in the suburb of Daira.

Other landmarks at the time included the dispensary and sarai built by Drigjibai Singh after the British annexation of Oudh State in the 1850s. Built around the same time was a large masonry bridge across the Sai, commissioned by the British deputy commissionner W. Glynn and partly financed by some Bais Rajput taluqdars. The city also had several schools, including a government-run high school, a branch school located within the fort, a vernacular middle school run by the municipality, and five indigenous schools supported by grants-in-aid. Two of these were in the fort, two more were in Jahanabad, and the last one was at Wazirganj. There was also a Sanskrit Pathshala.

According to the 1901 census, the population of Raebareli was 15,880 people (8,321 male and 7,559 female). This included 8,825 Hindus, 6,955 Muslims, 43 Sikhs, 38 Christians, and 19 Jains. Among the notable Sikh residents were Shahzada Basdeo Singh, the great-grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire, as well as the descendants of Chhattar Singh, one of the generals in the Sikh army.

Geography and climate
Raebareli lies in the southern-central part of Uttar Pradesh. The district is irregular in shape but fairly compact. It forms a part of the Lucknow Division and lies between Latitude 25° 49' North and 26° 36' North and Longitude 100° 41' East and 81° 34' East. On the north, it is bounded by tehsil Mohanlal Ganj of Lucknow and Haidergarh of Barabanki, on the east by tehsil Mussafir Khana of district Amethi and on the south-east by Lalganj Ajhara and the Kunda tehsil of district Pratapgarh. The southern boundary is formed by Ganga which separates it from the district of Fatehpur. On the west lies the Bighapur and Purwa tehsil of Unnao.

The district forms a part of the Gangetic plain which is of recent origin according to geological chronology and reveal ordinary Gangetic alluvium. The district being a part of the alluvial plain conforms to the same geological sequence as the plain itself. The only mineral of importance is kankar. The district is also noted for its deposits of reh and brick earth. The district, as a whole, is fairly compact tract of gently undulating land. The elevation varies from about 120.4 m above sea level in the north west to 86.9 m above sea level in the extreme south east, on the banks of the Ganga. The highest points are the crowns of the watersheds of the different drainage channel which serve to divide the district into five main physical units, The Ganga Khadar, the Ganga upland, the southern clay tract, the central tract or the Sai upland and the Northern clay tract.

Raebareli has a warm subtropical climate with very cold and dry winters from December to mid February and dry, hot summers from April to mid June. The rainy season is from mid-June to mid-September when it gets an average rainfall of 1200 mm mostly from the south-west monsoon winds. During extreme winters, the maximum temperature is around 12 °C and the minimum is between 3-4 °C. Fog is quite common from late December to late January. Summers can be quite hot with temperatures rising to the 40-45 °C range.

Civic administration
Raebareli is one of the six districts of the Lucknow Division, which is headed by a Commissioner headquartered at Lucknow. He serves as a link between the districts in his division and the State Government. The General Administration of the district is vested in the District Officer who is called Deputy Commissioner for revenue and District Magistrate (D.M.) for criminal jurisdiction. Raebareli is divided into 6 sub divisions:

1. Raebareli

2. Dalmau

3. Maharajganj

4. Lalganj

5. Unchahar

6. Salon

Raebareli Municipal Committee
Raebareli Municipal Committee (Hindi: Raebareli Nagar Palika) is the Municipal Committee responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Raebareli. The organization is known, in short, as RMC. This civic administrative body administers the city's cleanliness and other public services like public health and parks. The head of the RMC is the chairman. The present chairman is Shatrohan Sonkar.

Places of interest

 * Samaspur Bird Sanctuary
 * Sri Aastik Swami Temple

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Raebareli has a population of 191,316 people, in 35,197 households. The town's sex ratio is 915 females to every 1000 males. The 0-6 age group makes up about 10.5% of the town's population; the sex ratio for this group is 902, which is lower than the district urban average. Members of Scheduled Castes make up 14.5% of the town's population, while members of Scheduled Tribes make up 0.12%. Raebareli's literacy rate was 81.23% (counting only people age 7 and up); literacy was higher among males (85.75%) than among females (76.29%). The scheduled castes literacy rate is 63.61% (70.75% among males and 55.71% among females).

In terms of employment, 24.98% of Raebareli residents were classified as main workers (i.e. people employed for at least 6 months per year) in 2011. Marginal workers (i.e. people employed for less than 6 months per year) made up 6.68%, and the remaining 68.34% were non-workers. Employment status varied significantly according to gender, with 48.81% of males being either main or marginal workers, compared to only 12.93% of females.

28.97% of Raebareli residents live in slum conditions as of 2011. There are 53 slum areas in Raebareli, of which the three largest are Munshiganj (pop. 2,463), Rattapur (pop. 2,217), and Kaptan Ka Purwa (pop. 2,163). The slum areas in Raebareli range in size from about 34 to 585 households and have between 2 (in Bairiya Ka Purwa) and 30 (in Balapur) tap water access points. The number of toilets installed in people's homes ranges from 3 in Bigulchi Ka Purwa to 200 in Chaturbhuj Pur. All 53 areas are serviced by a mixture of open and closed sewers, as is the rest of the city.

Education

Raebareli has educational institutions affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, Uttar Pradesh Board, and Indian Certificate of Secondary Education including a Kendriya Vidyalaya situated in the city center to impart primary and secondary education under CBSE pattern.

Colleges and Institutions

 * All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli (AIIMS)
 * Feroze Gandhi College
 * Feroze Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology (FGIET)
 * Feroze Gandhi Institute of Professional Studies
 * Feroze Gandhi Polytechnic
 * Indira Gandhi Rajkiya Mahila Mahavidyalaya
 * National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)
 * National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER)

Other Institutes

 * Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi (IGRUA)
 * Rajiv Gandhi National Aviation University (RGNAU)
 * District Institute of Education and Training, Raebareli
 * Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT)
 * Footwear Design and Development Institute (FDDI)

Schools

 * Kendriya Vidyalaya, Raebareli
 * Ryan International School
 * SJS Public School

Economy

Raebareli is a profitable location for the industries and factories built here. It is home to some of the renowned names who have set up their business here. One of these, is the Indian Telephone Industries Limited, established in 1948, which is a telecom equipment manufacturing unit which deals with transmission, switching and other related equipments. It is a state-owned company, headquartered in Bengaluru. The Modern Rail Coach Factory at Raebareli, is the third rail coach manufacturing unit in India which was established in November 2012. In addition to these, Birla Corporation Limited, Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited and National Thermal Power Corporation Limited also have their units here.

Air
The nearest airport to Raebareli is Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport at Amausi, Lucknow which is approximately 80 km from Raebareli. Other airports close to Raebareli district are Kanpur Airport, Prayagraj Airport and Varanasi Airport.

Road
Raebareli is on the route of National Highway 30, between Lucknow and Prayagraj and connected to major cities. Important highways through Raebareli are:

 * Raebareli-Ayodhya Highway (NH330A)
 * Raebareli-Tanda Highway (NH128)
 * Kanpur-Raebareli-Varanasi Highway (NH31)
 * Lucknow-Raebareli-Prayagraj Highway (NH30)

Ganga Expressway is an under-construction 594 km long, 6 lane wide (expandable to 8) greenfield expressway project in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It will pass through 12 districts including Raebareli.
 * Expressway

Ring Road Raebareli is an elevated section of road at Raebareli in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is an outer bypass road and crosses the Sharda River. It has been constructed to divert the traffic between Lucknow and Prayagraj, allowing vehicles to get to their destinations without entering the city of Raebareli.
 * Ring Road

Railways

Raebareli Junction lies on Varanasi-Rae Bareli-Lucknow line and Raebareli-Allahabad rail line of the Northern Railway. A rail line is being built from Raebareli to Faizabad via Akbarganj, on the Northern Railways network. Raebareli is well connected with some of the major cities of the country and the rest is inter-connected with other trains. Some of the destinations covered by trains passing through Rae Bareli Junction are Lucknow, Allahabad, Varanasi, Jaisalmer, Shaktinagar, Puri, Bhopal, Howrah, Amritsar, Jodhpur, Bareilly, Dehradun, Lalkuan, Jammu Tawi, Saharanpur, Bangalore, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kanpur and others.

Delhi-Varanasi high speed rail corridor is India's second bullet train project after the Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor. The 865-kilometre (537 mi) high speed rail corridor will connect Varanasi to Delhi through 12 stations. Delhi-Varanasi high speed rail corridor will have 12 stations including Raebareli.
 * High-speed rail corridor

Notable people

 * Syed Ahmad Barelvi (Indian Islamic reformer)
 * Shrish Chandra Dikshit (IPS & former Member of Lok Sabha)
 * Meenakshi Dixit (actress)
 * Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi (poet, writer)
 * Indira Gandhi (3rd Prime Minister of India)
 * Sonia Gandhi (politician, former President of the Indian National Congress)
 * Malik Muhammad Jayasi (poet, writer)
 * Maharaja Chandu Lal (poet, politician)
 * Leela Mishra (actress)
 * Uma Shankar Mishra (politician)
 * Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi (scholar, writer)
 * Rabey Hasani Nadwi (scholar, writer )
 * Munawwar Rana (poet, writer)
 * Syed Sibtey Razi (politician, former Governor of Assam and Jharkhand)
 * Deenanath Sewak (Ex. MLA, Ex. Minister, Government of Uttar Pradesh)
 * Ashok Singh (politician)
 * Dinesh Pratap Singh (politician)
 * Sudha Singh (athlete)
 * R. P. Singh (cricketer)
 * Swapnil Singh (cricketer)

title: Raebareli


text: User talk:71.34.41.115

title: User talk:71.34.41.115


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Damour massacre

The Damour massacre took place on 20 January 1976, during the 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War. Damour, a Maronite Christian town on the main highway south of Beirut, was attacked by left-wing militants of the Palestine Liberation Organisation and as-Sa'iqa. Many of its people died in battle or in the massacre that followed, and the others were forced to flee. According to Robert Fisk, the town was the first to be subject to ethnic cleansing in the Lebanese Civil War. The massacre was in retaliation to the Karantina massacre by the Phalangists.

Background
The Damour massacre was a response to the Karantina massacre of 18 January 1976 in which Phalangists, a predominantly-Christian right-wing militia, killed 1,000 to 1,500 people.

The Ahrar and the Phalangist militias, based in Damour, and Dayr al Nama had blocked the coastal road leading to southern Lebanon and the Chouf, which turned them into a threat to the PLO and its leftist and nationalist allies in the Lebanese Civil War.

That occurred as part of a series of events during the Lebanese Civil War in which Palestinians joined the Muslim forces, in the context of the Christian-Muslim divide, and soon Beirut was divided along the Green Line, with Christian enclaves to the east and Muslims to the west. On 9 January, the militias began a siege of Damour and Jiyeh. Jiyeh was entered by the PLO on 17 January. Before 20 January, more than 15,000 civilians fled Damour.

Events
On 20 January, under the command of Fatah and as-Sa'iqa, members of the Palestine Liberation Organization and leftist Muslim Lebanese militiamen entered Damour. Along with twenty Phalangist militiamen, civilians - including women, the elderly, and children, and often comprising whole families - were lined up against the walls of their homes and sprayed with machine-gun fire by Palestinians; the Palestinians then systematically dynamited and burned these homes. Several of the town's young women were separated from other civilians and gang-raped. Most estimates of the number killed range from 150 to 250, with the overwhelming majority of these being civilians; Robert Fisk puts the number of civilians massacred at nearly 250, while Israeli professor Mordechai Nisan claims a significantly higher figure of 582. Among the killed were family members of Elie Hobeika and his fiancée. For several days after the massacre, 149 bodies of those executed by the Palestinians lay in the streets; this included the corpses of many women who had been raped and of babies who were shot from close range in the back of the head. In the days following the massacre, Palestinians and Lebanese Muslims exhumed the coffins in the town's Christian cemetery and scattered the skeletons of several generations of the town's deceased citizens in the streets.

After the Battle of Tel al-Zaatar later that year, the PLO resettled Palestinian refugees in Damour. After the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, the Zaatar refugees were expelled from Damour and the original inhabitants brought back.

According to an eyewitness, the attack took place from the mountain behind the town. "It was an apocalypse," said Father Mansour Labaky, a Christian Maronite priest who survived the massacre. "They were coming, thousands and thousands, shouting 'Allahu Akbar! (God is great!) Let us attack them for the Arabs, let us offer a holocaust to Mohammad!", and they were slaughtering everyone in their path, men, women and children."

According to Thomas L. Friedman, the Phalangist Damouri Brigade, which carried out the Sabra and Shatila massacre during the 1982 Lebanon War, sought revenge not only for the assassination of Bachir Gemayel but also for what he describes as past killings of their own people by Palestinians, including those at Damour. Elie Hobeika, who oversaw the attack on Sabra and Shatila, was greatly inspired by the loss of his relatives and fiancée in the attack at Damour.

According to the International Center for Transitional Justice, the leadership of Fatah and as-Sa'iqa made a decision to "empty the city."

Perpetrators
There are varying claims about the precise composition of the forces that committed the massacre at Damour. According to some, bulk of the attacking forces seems to have been composed of brigades from the Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA). Some sources name the PLA's Ayn Jalout brigade armed by Egypt and the Qadisiyah brigade from Iraq, and as-Sa'iqa, as well as other members of other groups, including Fatah, as well as the Muslim Lebanese al-Murabitun militia. Others contend that there were no Lebanese involved in perpetrating the massacre, and that those who committed atrocities were Palestinians from the Fatah, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine along with militiamen from Syria, Jordan, Libya, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan, and possibly even Japanese Red Army terrorists who were then undergoing training by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine in Lebanon.

According to historian Robert Fisk, Yasser Arafat, who had authorized the PLO to participate in the attack, wanted to execute the local PLO commanders afterwards for what they had permitted, while Israeli professor Mordechai Nisan claims that Arafat had "direct control" of the forces conducting the massacre.

In popular culture
The Insult, a film by the Lebanese-French director, Ziad Doueiri, about a lawsuit between a Palestinian-Lebanese refugee who fled after the Jordanian Civil War, and a Lebanese Christian who survived the Damour massacre, was nominated for the Oscars in 2018.

title: Damour massacre


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United Nations Youth Associations

United Nations Youth Associations (UNYAs) are youth-led NGO's entirely consisting of young volunteers. These associations are supporting the goals and principles of the United Nations Charter and it is their aim to promote these principles and the work of the United Nations among their national civil society.

In August 2011, the United Nations Youth Associations Network (UNYANET) was founded in Vienna. UNYANET is the international network for United Nations Youth Associations and UNA-Youth Sections.

If a country doesn’t have an UNYA, youth can get involved with their local United Nations Association (UNA). If someone does not know if their country has a UNA, contact the World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA) Youth Network.

WFUNA is a global nongovernmental nonprofit membership organization of UNAs in over 100 countries. The WFUNA Youth Network is a network of UN Youth Associations and UNA youth sections/youth wings from all around the world.

UNYA Activities
UNYAs conduct a variety of activities, some of which are:

 * Model United Nations, a simulation of a UN meeting for high school students
 * Education programmes for primary and secondary school students to inform them about the work of the United Nations
 * Speakers events and panel discussions
 * UN Youth Delegate programmes

UNYA/UNSA/UNYSA
Young people might set up an independent organization – a United Nations Youth (or Students) Association – that works independently, but often in cooperation with their country’s United Nations Association (UNA). In these cases, the relationship between the UNYA and the UNA takes various forms ranging from the UNYA and the UNA being independent organizations that coordinate on an ad hoc basis to the UNYA having a seat in the UNAs board. There are also United Nations Associations that do not have "Youth" in their title but that are almost entirely composed and governed by youth.

UNA-Youth Sections
Often, there are Youth Sections within the UNA acting as a youth organization but within the UNAs structure.

title: United Nations Youth Associations


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Commercial invoice

When used in foreign trade, a commercial invoice is a customs document. It is used as a customs declaration provided by the person or corporation that is exporting an item across international borders. Although there is no standard format, the document must include a few specific pieces of information such as the parties involved in the shipping transaction, the goods being transported, the country of manufacture, and the Harmonized System codes for those goods. A commercial invoice must often include a statement certifying that the invoice is true, and a signature.

A commercial invoice is used to calculate tariffs, international commercial terms, and is commonly used for customs purposes. Commercial Invoices are generally not needed for shipments between EU Countries—just between EU Countries and non-EU Countries.

Commercial invoices in European countries are not normally for payment. The definitive invoice for payment usually has only the words "invoice". This invoice can also be used as a commercial invoice if additional information is disclosed. Beginning in 2018, European Invoices must be electronic for use in public procurement as laid out in Directive 2014/55/EU.

A sample commercial invoice format

title: Commercial invoice


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Francesca Bertini

Francesca Bertini (born Elena Seracini Vitiello; 5 January 1892 – 13 October 1985) was an Italian silent film actress. She was one of the most successful silent film stars in the first quarter of the twentieth-century.

Early life
Born Elena Seracini Vitiello in Prato, she was daughter of a woman who may have been an actress, but she was unmarried. Bertini was registered as Elena Taddei at an orphanage in 1892. Her mother, Adelina di Venanzio Fratiglioni, married Arturo Vitiello in 1910. She took his family name.

Career
Bertini began performing on stages at the age of seventeen she began to perform in the just-born Italian movie production. She had a major role in Salvatore Di Giacomo's melodramatic story Assunta Spina.

She had made over 50 films by 1915 including, Histoire d'un pierrot, was under the direction of Baldassarre Negroni in 1913. Gradually she developed her beauty and elegance, plus a strong, intense, and charming personality, which would be the key of her success as a silent movie actress. With Assunta Spina in 1915 she took care of the scripts as well as performing the role of the main character. Bertini was to claim with some support that she was the true director of the film which included novel acting techniques.

She was one of the first film actresses to focus on reality, rather than on a dramatic stereotype, an anticipation of Neorealistic canons. The expression of authentic feelings was the key of her success through many films. She could perform with success the languid decadent heroine as well as the popular common woman. Other important roles were Odette, Fedora, Tosca and the Lady of the Camellias.

In 1920, Fox Film Corporation in Hollywood offered to sign a contract with her, but she refused: she was married to the wealthy Swiss banker Paul Cartier and wanted to move with him to Switzerland. When her husband died, she moved back to Rome, where she would remain until her death.

She stepped into sound movies as well, but in the meantime the Italian cinema had changed greatly (the period of Telefoni bianchi comedies) and entered into a period of crisis with fascism and censorship. It experienced a definite hiatus with World War II.

Later years
In 1976 Bernardo Bertolucci was able to convince her to emerge from her stubborn silence, accepting a role of a nun in his movie Novecento. She allowed herself to be interviewed in 1981 and this was adapted for a three part TV documentary in 1982. She died in Rome at the age of 93.

Selected filmography

 * Lucrezia Borgia (1910) – Lucrezia Borgia
 * King Lear (1910, Short) – Cordelia
 * Manon Lescaut (1911)
 * Lucrezia Borgia (1912) – Lucrezia Borgia
 * Il pappagallo della zia Berta (1912)
 * Idillio tragico (1912)
 * L'avvoltoio (1913) – Maria
 * Ninì Verbena (1913) – Ninì Verbena
 * La terra promessa (1913)
 * Broken Idol (1913, Short)
 * Tramonto (1913)
 * La bufera (1913) – Maria
 * L'ultima carta (1913)
 * L'avvoltoio (1913)
 * L'arrivista (1913)
 * L'arma dei vigliacchi (1913)
 * L'anima del demi-monde (1913)
 * Pierrot the Prodigal (1914) – Pierrot
 * L'Amazzone Mascherata (1914)
 * Cabiria
 * Rose e spine (1914)
 * La principessa straniera (1914)
 * Blue Blood (1914) – Princess of Monte Cabello
 * Una donna (1914)
 * Nelly La Gigolette (1915) – Nelly
 * Nella fornace (1915)
 * Il capestro degli Asburgo (1915)
 * Ivonne, la bella danzatrice (1915) – La contessina Edith / Ivonne, la bella della danza brutale
 * The Lady of the Camellias (1915) – Margherita Gauthier
 * Assunta Spina (1915) – Assunta Spina
 * Don Pietro Caruso (1915)
 * Diana, l'affascinatrice (1915) – Diana
 * Odette (1916) – Odette
 * La perla del cinema (1916)
 * La colpa altrui (1916)
 * Il destino (1916)
 * Lacrymae rerum (1916)
 * Vittima dell'ideale (1916)
 * Nel gorgo della vita (1916)
 * Maligno riflesso (1916)
 * L'educanda monella (1916)
 * Il patto (1916)
 * Fedora (1916) – Fedora
 * Baby l'indiavolata (1916)
 * Andreina (1917) – Andreina – contessa di Toeplitz
 * La piccola fonte (1917) – Teresa
 * The Clemenceau Affair (1917) – Iza
 * Malìa (1917) – Liliana di Sant'Elmo
 * Anima redenta (1917)
 * La Tosca (1918) – Floria Tosca
 * Frou-Frou (1918) – Gilberta Sartorys detta Frou – Frou
 * Mariute (1918)
 * La gola (1918) – Comtessa Frescalinda Ciufettino
 * L'Orgoglio (1918) – Erminia de Beaumesnil
 * L'ira (1918) – Elena
 * L'avarizia (1918) – Maria Lorini
 * I sette peccati capitali (1918)
 * Eugenia Grandet (1918)
 * L' Accidia (1919) – Bianca Fanelli
 * L'invidia (1919) – Lelia di Santa Croce
 * Spiritismo (1919) – Simone
 * La lussuria (1919) – Magdalena Dutertre
 * La Piovra (1919) – Daria Oblosky
 * The Cheerful Soul (1919)
 * Countess Sarah (1919, Short)
 * La principessa (1919)
 * La legge (1919)
 * The Conqueror of the World (1919)
 * Beatrice (1919)
 * The Serpent (1920)
 * Princess Giorgio (1920)
 * The Fall of the Curtain (1920)
 * The Shadow (1920)
 * The Sphinx (1920)
 * Marion (1920) – Marion
 * Maddalena Ferat (1920)
 * La ferita (1920)
 * Anima selvaggia (1920)
 * Amore di donna (1920)
 * The Girl from Amalfi (1921)
 * La donna, il diavolo, il tempo (1921)
 * Amore vince sempre (1921)
 * The Knot (1921)
 * The Nude Woman (1922)
 * Fatale bellezza (1922)
 * Marion (1923)
 * Oltre la legge (1923)
 * The Last Dream (1924)
 * The Youth of the Devil (1925) – La vecchia duchessa / Fausta
 * Fior di levante (1925)
 * Consuelita (1925)
 * La Fin De Monte Carlo (1926) – Cora de Marsa
 * Odette (1928) – Odette
 * Montecarlo (1928)
 * La Possession (1929) – Jessie Cordier
 * Tu M'Appartiens (1929) – Gisele
 * La Femme d'une nuit (1931) – La princesse de Lystrie
 * La donna di una notte (1931) – La principessa Elena di Lystria
 * Odette (1934) – Odette
 * Dora o le Spie (1943)
 * A sud niente di nuovo (1957)
 * Una ragazza di Praga (1969) – Gabriela
 * 1900 (Novecento) (1976) – Sister Desolata (final film role)
 * Behind the Screen: Stories of Cinema – The Last Diva (1982, TV Movie documentary) – Herself
 * Diva Dolorosa (2000, Documentary) – Herself (archive footage)

title: Francesca Bertini


text:
Armageddon (disambiguation)

Armageddon is, according to the Bible, the site of a battle during the end times.

Armageddon may also refer to:

Films

 * Armageddon (1997 film), a Hong Kong film starring Andy Lau
 * Armageddon (1998 film), an American disaster film starring Bruce Willis, Ben Affleck and Liv Tyler
 * Armaguedon, a 1977 film directed by Alain Jessua
 * Deathline or Armageddon, a 1997 science fiction action film starring Rutger Hauer
 * Warlock: The Armageddon, a 1993 American horror film

Games

 * Armageddon chess, a variant of chess
 * Armageddon (MUD), a multi-player text-based online roleplaying game running since 1991
 * Mortal Kombat: Armageddon, a 2006 video game in the Mortal Kombat series
 * Red Faction: Armageddon, a 2011 video game in the Red Faction series
 * Worms Armageddon, a 1999 video game in the Worms series
 * Worms 2: Armageddon, a 2009 video game in the Worms series
 * Armageddon: Tactical Combat, 3000-500 BC, a 1972 board wargame simulating Bronze Age warfare

Literature

 * Armageddon (novel), a 2003 novel in the Left Behind series by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins
 * Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin, a 1964 novel by Leon Uris
 * Armageddon (underground comic), a comic book published by Last Gasp
 * Armageddon 2001, a crossover event in the DC universe
 * Wildstorm: Armageddon, a crossover event in the Wildstorm universe
 * Armageddon, a 2004 novel in the Dreamland series by Dale Brown with Jim DeFelice
 * Armageddon, a 1997 Battlestar Galactica novel by Richard Hatch
 * Armageddon (1988–92), a series of three novels by Robert Rankin
 * Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944-45, a 2004 historical book by Max Hastings
 * Armageddon: The Second World War, a 1995 historical book by Clive Ponting
 * Armageddon? (1987), essay anthology by Gore Vidal

Performers

 * Armageddon (British band), a 1970s hard rock supergroup
 * Armageddon (Swedish band), a Swedish melodic death metal band
 * Armageddon, a former member of the hip hop collective Terror Squad

Albums

 * Armageddon (Aespa album) or the title song (see below), 2024
 * Armageddon (Aria album), 2006
 * Armageddon (Armageddon album), 1975
 * Armageddon (Equilibrium album), 2016
 * Armageddon (Guy Sebastian album) or the title song, 2012
 * Armageddon (Prism album) or the title song, 1979
 * Armageddon: The Album, a soundtrack album from the 1998 film

Songs

 * "Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon", also released as "Arma... geddon", by Marilyn Manson, 2009
 * "Armageddon" (Aespa song) from Armageddon, 2024
 * "Armageddon", by Against Me! from Against Me!, 2001
 * "Armageddon", by Alkaline Trio from From Here to Infirmary, 2001
 * "Armageddon", by Altern-8 from Full On... Mask Hysteria, 1992
 * "Armageddon", by Blue Stahli from The Devil, 2015
 * "Armageddon", by Primal Fear from Black Sun, 2002
 * "Armageddon', by Trippie Redd from Mansion Musik, 2023
 * "Armageddon", by Wayne Shorter from Night Dreamer, 1964

Other uses

 * Armageddon (beer), a beer brewed in Scotland
 * Armageddon (convention), an annual New Zealand science-fiction and comics convention
 * Armageddon – Les Effets Speciaux, an attraction at Disneyland Paris
 * Getter Robo Armageddon, a 1998-9 OVA and manga
 * WWE Armageddon, a former annual professional wrestling pay-per-view event
 * "Armageddon", a 2019 episode of L.A.'s Finest

title: Armageddon (disambiguation)


text:
Template talk:PD-Philippines

TFD
This template was nominated for deletion, but consensus was to keep it. See Templates for discussion/Log/Not deleted/July 2005 for details. Radiant_ >|< 08:42, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:PD-Philippines


text: User talk:24.60.215.134

title: User talk:24.60.215.134


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dean Saling

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete.  Grue  19:47, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Dean Saling
Probably new user test, vanity in any case. I recommend delete or userfy. --Alan Au 08:43, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 09:17, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Not too notable. DarthVader 11:29, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, appears to be self-promotion as user made no other edits according to his contributions list. I'd be happy to retrieve it for userfying if he decides to edit more regularly. - Mgm|(talk) 21:13, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. -- Etacar11   00:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.