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Talk:Cliffhanger (film)

Untitled
I have noticed that most Wikipedia entries for movies contain an analysis of the movie's realism, and a discussion of any factual errors made by the movie-makers. This article for Cliffhanger is a good example. Perhaps the 'bolt-gun' sounds far-fetched, but after all it is a movie. It's purpose is to entertain, not to teach us about the mechanics of rock climbing. Thoughts?
 * My objection is that the plot depends on things that are simply illogical or impossible. For instance, Stallone free-solos up an ultra-difficult route to reach his friend and novice girlfriend, who had to have gotten up there by some much easier route. (Novices don't do overhangs.) Why didn't he go that easier way, which would be much faster? Second, why couldn't the friend lower the novice and then rappel down? Rappelling, even multiple rappels, is all arms, no feet needed. And so on, and so on. Climbing is plenty exciting all by itself (witness the real-life story of the guy in Peru that had to crawl down by himself - everybody in the theater was wincing at his pain), it doesn't need to be pumped up with ridiculous scenarios. Stan 13:00, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Its a movie! Pure entertainment, its not supposed to be realistic. ToJPhantom 12:49, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree entirely that it is a movie and not a documentary of film claiming to teach you about rock climbing. One thing which i was unsure about, why did Sarah's clip break? was it a manufacturing fault, or was the equipmnt not used appropriately? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.238.73.139 (talk) 13:09, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Cliffhanger1.jpg
Image:Cliffhanger1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 04:53, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Cliffhanger2.jpg
Image:Cliffhanger2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:55, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Video Game
Wasn't there a Sega CD-based video game based on this movie? Hrhadam (talk) 20:59, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Super Ninetendo, actually as well.63.168.68.102 (talk) 07:13, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Cliffhanger Poster.jpg
Image:Cliffhanger Poster.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:48, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Re-make
"Cliffhanger appears to be a rip-off of "The Looters" with Rory Calhoun (1955). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.202.81.2 (talk) 03:57, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

False. MWBarretto24 (talk) 09:19, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
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About this film.
Cliffhanger is the only Carolco film that was only film not to be released home video by Lionsgate in United States since Tri-Star Pictures had still the rights of Cliffhanger in North America, besides the overseas. Stephenfisher2001 (talk) 23:33, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

Production financing of Cliffhanger / error
The Wiki artricle contains a factual error, but I am not (so far) proficient enough to make the edit. The text that concerns me is "Half of the film's budget was provided by TriStar Pictures in exchange for complete distribution rights in North America, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, and France. Other funding was provided by Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera, Le Studio Canal+, and Pioneer Electric Corporation."

The 3 companies cited as sources for "other funding" were shareholders of Carolco Pictures, and distributors of Carolco films, but they did not fund the production of Cliffhanger. The largest portion of the financing was provided by a Project Loan Facility arranged and managed by Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland ("CLBN") in the amount of $ 46,553,000. The collateral for this loan consisted primarily of distribution agreements that would pay out once the film was delivered to distributors, of which there were over 20 world-wide including the 3 shareholder/distributors cited above : RCF, Canal+ and Pioneer.

It is important to distinguish between, on the one hand, the entity (CLBN) that actually provides the funds and takes the risk of non-delivery, and on the other hand the entities that provide the collateral to the bank, but do not provide cash or take non-delivery risk. In essence, Calolco pre-sold the movie and those pre-sales were discounted by the bank, who in turn put up the money to finance the film. (Thus the bank also took the risk of a distributor defaulting on their pre-sale agreement, or going bankrupt before delivery).

I cannot provide an outside source or reference to prove this, other than my own personal records. I was the loan officer at CLBN who structured, arranged and syndicated the loan. My name (Michel Lebrun) figures in the end-credits of the film, near the end, under the 'special thanks' heading.

Unless anyone reading this post has an objection, I will proceed with an edit... once I figure out how to do that, in a couple of weeks. Thanks in advance.

P Michel Lebrun (talk) 22:34, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Pinging and  since it appears these have edited this article the most. Erik (talk | contrib) (ping me) 23:16, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yikes. This is a difficult situation, seeing as Wikipedia requires citing sources (see: Citing sources ... particularly the line: "y citing sources for Wikipedia content you enable users to verify that the cited information is supported by reliable sources – improving the credibility of Wikipedia while showing that the content is not original research.") -- I am not familiar with another way to verify your claim, though it would seemingly need to be sourced properly.--DisneyMetalhead (talk) 01:47, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you both for your replies, which prompted me to do some snooping around. I'll address the sourcing issue in two steps :
 * (A) The Carolco Pictures Inc. 10-K report for 1993, as filed with the SEC, states on page 59 "In June 1990, the Company, through a nominee of CINV, and Canal+ formed a partnership (the Carolco/Canal+ Partnership").  After its formation, Canal+, Pioneer and RCS entered into a series of co-production agreements with respect to the production of CLIFFHANGER. Pursuant to these co-production  agreements, Canal+, Pioneer and RCS made equity contributions in the aggregate amount of $16,726,000 ... and Canal+, Pioneer and an unrelated third party made bridge loans totaling $3,192,000 for the production costs of CLIFFHANGER... As of December 31, 1993, the bridge loans and accrued interest thereon had been repaid in full, and $4,547,000 of the equity contributions ... had been repaid. As of December 31, 1993 and March 31, 1994, the Company had advanced a total of $5,740,000 toward the production costs of CLIFFHANGER. The balance of the production costs of CLIFFHANGER were  obtained through a production loan provided by a syndicate of banks led by CLBN. The CLBN production loan earned interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 2% per annum and was repaid in full including accrued and unpaid interest on May 25, 1993."
 * Source : https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/801441/000091205794001368/0000912057-94-001368.txt
 * This confirms the reality of the CLBN Loan, but does not inform as to the amount. Simple maths would give a ballpark figure. The budget was 70 million. The equity + loans from the strategic investors were 16.7 + 3.2 million. Carolco itself invested 5.7 million. That would leave a funding shortfall of roughly 70.0 - 16.7 - 3.2 - 5.7 = 44.4 million.
 * (B) It was customary in the 1980's and 90's for banks to memorialise a successful loan syndication by creating "tombstones" that were gifted to the participating banks, the client(s), the lawyers and others who had worked on the deal. Tombstones are printed cardboard plaques embedded in plexiglass (the print containing summary information about the loan, with logos etc.), and much like a trophy they were destined to adorn the office shelves of assorted bigwigs and wannabe hotshots. I have dug out and dusted off my Cliffhanger tombstone, and it does say US$ 46,553,000 Project Loan Facility. I don't know if that constitutes a 'printed source' but I could upload it to a DropBox file made publicly available. Or there might be a more anonymous way to do it? Would that cut it?
 * Preview : https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/e2be8rsz6on5gqpc43i1o/Cliffhanger-Tombstone.jpg?rlkey=jq3k3o2awu0nv9npnocghnldo&st=3y2zaizv&dl=0
 * Thanks again for your help, looking forward to your comments. 2A02:A03F:6574:3700:2D5D:24AE:43EB:D036 (talk) 16:33, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry forgot to log in when I posted on 16:33, 12 June 2024 (UTC). Confirming the post is from me (P Michel Lebrun) apologies am still getting the hang of this wiki thing... P Michel Lebrun (talk) 16:25, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cliffhanger (film)


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Freddie Guest

Frederick Edward Guest, (14 June 1875 – 28 April 1937) was a British politician best known for being Chief Whip of Prime Minister David Lloyd George's Coalition Liberal Party, 1917–1921. He was also Secretary of State for Air between 1921 and 1922. He won the bronze medal with the British polo team at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.

Early life
Frederick Edward Guest was born in London, the third son of Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne (1835–1914) and Lady Cornelia Spencer-Churchill (1847–1927). The Guest family had made its fortune in the iron and steel industry during the 18th and 19th centuries and had married into the aristocracy. The Wimbornes were Conservatives who had been friends of Benjamin Disraeli. His mother was the eldest daughter of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough.

Guest's four brothers were also politically active, with Ivor Guest serving as 2nd Baron Wimborne, then 1st Viscount Wimborne, a junior minister, and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. In addition, Henry Guest and Oscar Guest were Members of Parliament (MPs), while Lionel Guest (1880–1935) was a member of the London County Council. His sister Frances Charlotte Guest (1865–1957) was married to Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford, who served as Viceroy of India.

Guest was a first cousin of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough, and Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe, as well as a nephew of Conservative politician Lord Randolph Churchill, George Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough, and Lady Anne Emily Spencer Churchill, who was married to the 7th Duke of Roxburghe. His cousin, the 8th Duke of Roxburghe, was married to American heiress Mary Goelet, the only daughter of Ogden Goelet.

Education and military career
Educated at Winchester, Guest chose the military profession. He was commissioned as second-lieutenant in the Infantry militia, East Surrey Regiment, and promoted to lieutenant on 7 April 1894. After apprenticeship in the militia, Guest was on 15 May 1897 appointed an officer in the 1st Life Guards, and promoted to lieutenant in that regiment on 23 November 1898. He was sent to Egypt in 1899, and in late November that year was part of a Camel Corps during the operations leading to the defeat of the Khalifa (mentioned in despatches 25 November 1899). He served in South Africa during the Second Boer War from 1901, returning home in late June 1902, following the end of hostilities. Back in the United Kingdom, he returned to a regular posting with his regiment in September 1902. He was decorated for bravery, and rose to captain before retiring from active duty in 1906.

Political career
In 1904, during the controversy within the Conservative Party over adopting protectionism, Guest and other members of his family followed his cousin and close friend, Winston Churchill, into the Liberal Party in support of free trade — and perhaps also to accelerate their political careers. In 1906 Guest became private secretary to Churchill, by then a junior minister in Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's Liberal government. Guest attempted three times to enter the House of Commons before winning the vote in the East Dorset seat in the January 1910 general election. Although he remained unseated because of election irregularities by his constituency agent, he was reelected in December 1910. Known in the political world as "Freddie Guest," he was a popular backbencher, became a Liberal Party whip in 1911, in the same year was elected a charter member of the cross-bench Other Club of political insiders, and was appointed Treasurer of the Household (Deputy Chief Whip) in 1912.

When the First World War began in August 1914, Guest returned to active service as aide-de-camp to Field Marshal Sir John French, commander of the British Expeditionary Force in France. Guest performed confidential missions for French, liaising with the War Office and with political leaders. In 1916 Guest served in the East African theatre of war and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. After being invalided out of the army following serious illness, Guest resumed his political career. In May 1917 he joined Lloyd George's Coalition government as joint Patronage Secretary of the Treasury – effectively chief whip for the Coalition Liberals. On 3 December 1917 Guest sent Lloyd George a 14-page memo stating that although only around a third of Liberal MPs were staunch supporters of his predecessor H. H. Asquith, the time was not yet right to oust him from the Liberal leadership.

Guest was appointed to the Privy Council in the 1920 New Year Honours, entitling him to the style "The Right Honourable", and in 1921 was promoted to Secretary of State for Air, a post he held until the Coalition fell from power in October 1922. In the general election of November 1922 Guest lost his seat but in 1923 was returned for Stroud, then in 1924 for Bristol North. After losing as an unofficial Liberal in the 1929 election, he rejoined the Conservative Party, winning as a Conservative for Plymouth Drake in 1931 and remaining in this position until his death.

Polo
Guest competed for Great Britain in polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics. The British Polo team received the bronze medal. He played alongside Frederick W. Barrett, Dennis Bingham and Kinnear Wise.

Guest can be found among the winners of the Roehampton Trophy. He would also lend horses to the English polo team for the International Polo Cup matches.

Family and private life
On 28 June 1905, Guest married Amy Phipps (1873–1959), daughter of American industrialist Henry Phipps (1839–1930), at St George's, Hanover Square in London. Amy was prominent as a women's suffragist, philanthropist and aviation enthusiast and owned valuable property on Long Island. The couple were frequent visitors to the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. They had a daughter and two sons who became American citizens:
 * Winston Frederick Churchill Guest (1906–1982), a polo player who married Helena Woolworth McCann and later Lucy Douglas Cochrane (1920–2003)
 * Raymond R. Guest (1907–1991), the United States Ambassador to Ireland from 1965 to 1968, who married three times to Elizabeth Polk, Ellen Tuck French Astor, and Princess Caroline Murat (1923–2012).
 * Diana Guest Manning (1909–1994)

Apart from his political career he was an amateur motor racing driver and aeroplane pilot. In 1928 he was instrumental in founding the British airfield operator National Flying Services. In 1930, he became deputy master of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators, and master in 1932. He also played polo, was a big-game hunter in East Africa, and was a celebrated man-about-town in London and New York City society. Among his homes was Villa Artemis in Palm Beach, Florida and the former du Pont estate in Roslyn, New York. He was a member of the River and Links Clubs of New York and the Piping Rock Club in Long Island. He was also a friend of the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.

Guest died from cancer in 1937, at the age of 61.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Freddie Guest


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Wikipedia:Today's second feature/July 23, 2005

Today's featured picture

–  Full panorama   –

Wellington (Te Whanganui-a-Tara or Poneke) is the capital city of New Zealand and the country's third-largest urban area. Wellington stands at the southern tip of the North Island in the geographical centre of the country. With a latitude of 41°S, it is the world's southernmost capital city.

Photo credit: Donovan Govan


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Victor DeLorenzo

Victor DeLorenzo (born October 25, 1954) is an American musician, actor and filmmaker who was the founding drummer for the folk-punk band Violent Femmes.

Biography
DeLorenzo was born in 1954, the son of Victor and Charlotte DeLorenzo, grew up in Racine, Wisconsin, and has lived in Milwaukee since. He has been a drummer since the age of 16, while attending St. Catherine's High School, and has been an actor since the age of five. While attending the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, he auditioned for and was accepted into Theatre X in 1976, and worked with them in various roles for more than 20 years.

As a drummer, DeLorenzo paired up with bassist Brian Ritchie in 1980, as a rhythm section they called "Violent Femmes". When singer, guitarist, and songwriter Gordon Gano joined them in 1981, the band kept the name. DeLorenzo's father loaned the band $10,000 to record their eponymous debut album in 1982. However, the band was forced to delay its release until 1983 after they signed to Slash Records.

DeLorenzo's signature sound is a result of his minimalist drum kit. He often uses nothing more than a snare drum, a tranceaphone and steel brushes. The tranceaphone consists of a metal bushel basket inverted over a tom. He favors this style of kit because the band often played on the streets in their early days.

DeLorenzo continued to act with Theatre X, and record and tour with the Femmes until 1993, when he left to devote more time to acting and to recording his own music. He toured as part of Moe Tucker's band in that year. In 1996 he opened a recording studio called "Joe's Real Recording". He has released three solo records since 1990. In addition to recording his own music, he has played with several side projects, including Ash Can School. In 2000, he teamed up with Ritchie to put together a Femmes compilation, and subsequently rejoined the band until it disbanded again in 2009. In March 2013, Gano, Ritchie and DeLorenzo reformed Violent Femmes once more and played a homecoming show at the Summerfest music festival in their native Milwaukee. Three months later, in July, the band announced a new line-up with Dresden Dolls member Brian Viglione as the band's drummer. DeLorenzo confirmed in a statement that he had left the Femmes permanently because of a failure of the band members to resolve their long-standing business disputes.

DeLorenzo performs percussion in the chamber rock duo Nineteen Thirteen with cellist Janet Schiff. Nineteen Thirteen's "Hurricane Noel" recording was featured in the 2011 TED Global Conference.

Discography

 * Peter Corey Sent Me (1990)
 * Pancake Day (1996)
 * The Blessed Faustina (1999)
 * Infinite Prelude Ep (2011)

title: Victor DeLorenzo


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Viscous coupling unit

A viscous coupling is a mechanical device which transfers torque and rotation by the medium of a viscous fluid.

Design
Rotary viscous couplings with interleaved, perforated plates and filled with viscous fluids are used in automotive systems to transmit torque. The device consists of a number of circular plates with tabs or perforations, fitted very close to each other in a sealed drum. Alternate plates are connected to a driving shaft at one end of the assembly and a driven shaft at the other end. The drum is filled with a dilatant fluid, often silicone-based, to about 80% by volume. When the two sets of plates are rotating in unison, the fluid stays cool and remains liquid. When the plates start rotating at different speeds, the shear effect of the tabs or perforations on the fluid will cause it to heat and become nearly solid because the viscosity of dilatant fluids rapidly increases with shear. The fluid in this state will effectively glue the plates together and transmit power from one set of plates to the other. The size of the tabs or perforations, the number of plates, and the fluid used will determine the strength and onset of this mechanical transfer.

This type of device essentially differs from fluid couplings such as torque converters by using the viscosity of the medium to transfer torque, rather than its momentum. This makes it potentially useful even on very small scales and requires less cooling. The torque transmitted is sensitive to the difference in speeds of the input and output but is almost independent of their common rate.

Vehicles
Viscous couplings are used as the center differential in some four-wheel-drive (4WD) vehicles.

The first mass-produced viscous couplings for a permanent 4WD off-road-capable vehicle were in the AMC Eagle, which was produced from 1980 to 1988 model years. The AMC Eagle's single-speed model 119 New Process central differential used a viscous coupling filled with a liquid silicone-based material. It linked the front and rear differentials for quiet and smooth transfer of power to the axle with the greatest traction, on wet or dry pavement.

Viscous couplings are used as the center differential in cars such as the Toyota Celica GT-Four, and also as a limited slip differential (LSD) in rear axles. They offer a cheaper way to implement four-wheel-drive than technologies like the mechanical-transfer Torsen differentials.

Volvo, Subaru, Land Rover, Vauxhall/Opel, and many others have also used viscous couplings in their drivelines at various times. They are now mostly superseded by electronically controlled devices.

Attributions
Tony Rolt is often credited with the original idea and development as applied to automatic couplings in vehicle transmission systems, particularly four-wheel drive, working with Freddie Dixon at the time. Ferguson Research and FF Developments were companies formed in the 1970s to commercialize much early work into 4WD systems and devices.

It is thought that GKN Driveline owns any remaining worldwide patents today and offers several variants and combinations of viscous couplings integrated with other driveline components.

title: Viscous coupling unit


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NWA Southeastern Television Championship

The NWA Southeast Television Championship was a minor title in the National Wrestling Alliance's Alabama territory known as Southeast Championship Wrestling. It existed from 1977 until 1985.


text:
1924 in art

Events from the year 1924 in art.

Events

 * February – El Lissitzky enters a Swiss sanatorium, suffering from tuberculosis.
 * March – Exhibition Alfred Stieglitz Presents Fifty-One Recent Pictures: Oils, Water-colors, Pastels, Drawings, by Georgia O'Keeffe (together with a display of his photographs) opens at the Anderson Galleries in New York City.
 * May 15 – Juan Gris delivers his lecture Des possibilités de la peinture at the University of Paris.
 * July 9 – American painters Edward Hopper and Josephine Nivison marry at the French evangelical church in New York City; Guy Pène du Bois attends.
 * August – English artist and designer Eric Gill moves with some of his artistic community from Ditchling in East Sussex to the disused Llanthony Abbey at Capel-y-ffin in Wales.
 * September 24 – Première of the Dadaist post-Cubist Futurist experimental art film Ballet Mécanique conceived, written and co-directed by the painter Fernand Léger in collaboration with Dudley Murphy and Man Ray at the Internationale Ausstellung neuer Theatertechnik (International Exposition for New Theater Technique) in Vienna presented by Frederick Kiesler. It features Alice Prin ("Kiki de Montparnasse") and has a musical score by American composer George Antheil but is presented in a silent version on this occasion.
 * December – The Bucharest International Modern Art Exhibit, an avant-garde event hosted by Contimporanul, displaying works by Constantin Brâncuși, Hans Arp, Paul Klee, János Mattis-Teutsch, Kurt Schwitters, Michel Seuphor, Miliţa Pătraşcu, Marcel Janco, Victor Brauner and M. H. Maxy.
 * December 11 – Alfred Stieglitz and Georgia O'Keeffe marry.
 * The Surrealist Manifesto is conceived.
 * Sir Frank Brangwyn is commissioned to paint the British Empire Panels, intended for the Royal Gallery in the House of Lords in the Palace of Westminster, but eventually inaugurated in the Brangwyn Hall at the Guildhall, Swansea, in 1934.
 * Vilmos Aba Novák's works are on display for the first time.
 * Fernand Léger and Amédée Ozenfant open a common studio.
 * Ben Nicholson begins to paint abstracts.

Awards

 * Archibald Prize: William Beckwith McInnes – Portrait of Miss Collins
 * Art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics – painting: Jean Jacoby
 * Tagea Brandt Rejselegat: Anna Ancher

Paintings

 * Tarsila do Amaral – Estação de Ferro Central do Brasil
 * George Bellows – Dempsey and Firpo
 * Romaine Brooks – Una, Lady Troubridge
 * Carlo Carrà – San Giacomo di Varallo
 * Lovis Corinth – Big self-portrait on the Walchensee
 * Otto Dix – Portrait of the Art Dealer Johanna Ey
 * Edwin Holgate – Portrait of Albert Henry Stewart Gillson
 * Edward Hopper – New York Pavements
 * A. Y. Jackson – In Jasper Park
 * David Jones – The Garden Enclosed
 * Wassily Kandinsky – Contrasting Sounds
 * Paul Klee – Asiatic God, Carnival in the Mountains, Flower Garden
 * Fernand Léger – Elément Mécanique
 * Joan Miró – Le Piège, Le Carnaval d'Arlequin, Head of a Catalan Peasant (sequence commenced)
 * Emil Nolde – Madonna with Begonia
 * William Orpen – Self Portrait, Multiple Mirrors
 * Pascin – Portrait of Pierre Mac Orlan
 * Samuel John Peploe – Roses in a White Vase with Fruit
 * Diego Rivera – Day of the Dead and other frescos at the Ministry of Education building (Mexico City)
 * Philippe Robert – Frescos at Biel/Bienne railway station
 * Charles Sheeler – MacDougal Alley
 * Mario Sironi – L'allieva
 * Nicolae Tonitza – The Forester's Daughter
 * Raymond Wintz – The Blue Door (Un coin du port a Doelan)

Photographs

 * Man Ray – Le Violon d'Ingres

Sculptures

 * Amory's Tribute to the Heroes of 1861–1865
 * Joaquín Bilbao – Ferdinand III of Castile (equestrian, Seville)
 * Constantin Brâncuși
 * Bird in Space (early version)
 * The Cock
 * Charles Keck – Liberty Monument (Ticonderoga, New York)
 * Eric Kennington – 24th East Surrey Division War Memorial (Battersea Park, London)
 * Augustus Lukeman – Francis Asbury (equestrian, Washington, D.C.)
 * Paul Manship – Statue of Diana (Hudson River Museum, Yonkers)
 * Andrew O'Connor – Lafayette Monument (Baltimore, Maryland)
 * Albin Polasek – Theodore Thomas Memorial (Chicago)
 * Alexander Phimister Proctor – Indian Maiden and Fawn (Eugene, Oregon)
 * Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney – Buffalo Bill – The Scout

Births

 * 3 January – André Franquin, Belgian comics artist (d. 1997).
 * 5 January – Vera Molnár, Hungarian media artist (d. 2023).
 * 28 January – George Papassavas, Greek-American painter
 * 29 January
 * Marcelle Ferron, Canadian painter and stained glass artist (d. 2001).
 * Peter Voulkos, American sculptor and academic (d. 2002).
 * 6 February – John Richardson, English-born art historian (d. 2019).
 * 2 March – Co Westerik, Dutch visual artist (d. 2018)
 * 7 March – Eduardo Paolozzi, Scottish sculptor and artist (d. 2005).
 * 8 March – Anthony Caro, English sculptor (d. 2013).
 * 13 March – Paul Brach, American abstract painter, lecturer and educator (d. 2007).
 * 30 March – Robert Dickerson, Australian figurative painter (d. 2015).
 * 10 April – Kenneth Noland, American painter (d. 2010).
 * 14 April – Robert Stewart, Scottish textile designer (d. 1995)
 * 20 June – Fritz Koenig, German sculptor (d. 2017).
 * 22 June – Dorothy Bohm, Russian-born British photographer (d. 2023).
 * 7 August – Georges Lévis, French comic artist (d. 1988).
 * 8 August – Edouard Jaguer, French poet and art critic (d. 2006).
 * 29 August – Jack Baer, British art dealer (d. 2016).
 * 4 September – Anita Snellman, Finnish painter (d. 2006)
 * 21 September – David Sylvester, English art critic and curator (d. 2001).
 * 22 September – Charles Keeping, English illustrator, children's book author and lithographer (d. 1988).
 * 19 November – Knut Steen, Norwegian sculptor (d. 2011).
 * 26 November – George Segal, American painter and sculptor (d. 2000).
 * 7 December – Liisi Beckmann, Finnish artist and designer (d. 2004).
 * 17 December – Clifton Pugh, Australian artist (d. 1990).
 * 24 December – Nissim Ezekiel, Indian poet, playwright and art critic (d. 2004).
 * 24 December – Michael Goldberg, American abstract expressionist painter and teacher (d. 2007).
 * date unknown
 * Art Brenner, American painter and sculptor (d. 2013).
 * William H. Burns, Northern Irish artist (d. 1995).
 * Jamil Hamoudi, Iraqi painter (d. 2003).
 * Robert Ortlieb, American sculptor (d. 2011).

Deaths

 * February 1 – Maurice Prendergast, American painter (b. 1858)
 * February 11 – Jean-François Raffaëlli, French realist painter, sculptor and printmaker (b. 1850)
 * March 4 – Fanny Eaton, Jamaican-born artists' model (b. 1835)
 * March 9 – Daniel Ridgway Knight, American painter (b. 1839)
 * April 3 – Franz von Bayros, Austrian erotic artist and illustrator (b. 1866)
 * April 5 – Victor David Brenner, American medalist, sculptor and engraver (b. 1871)
 * April 18 – Frank X. Leyendecker, American illustrator (b. 1877)
 * April 22 – Sir James Lawton Wingate, Scottish landscape painter (b. 1846)
 * May 2 – Anna Palm de Rosa, Swedish-born painter (b. 1859)
 * May 26 - F. W. Pomeroy, English sculptor (b. 1856)
 * May 30 – Amélie Beaury-Saurel, French painter (b. 1849)
 * June 14 – Emile Claus, Belgian painter (b. 1849)
 * July 12 – Henrietta Ward, English painter (b. 1832)
 * August 19 – Ferdinand Cheval, French naïve architect of the "Palais Idéal" (b. 1836)
 * November 2 – Kai Nielsen, Danish sculptor (b. 1882)
 * November 7 – Hans Thoma, German painter (b. 1839)
 * December 21 – Francesco Negri, Italian photographer (b. 1841)
 * December 23 – Christopher Whall, English stained-glass artist (b. 1849)
 * December 28 – Léon Bakst, Russian painter and theatrical designer (b. 1866)
 * December 31 – Tomioka Tessai, Japanese painter and calligrapher in Meiji period (b. 1837)

title: 1924 in art


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Dhaalu Atoll

Dhaalu Atoll (also known as Southern Nilandhe Atoll or ނިލަންދެ އަތޮޅު ދެކުނުބުރި, Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi) is one of the atolls of the Maldives. It corresponds to the natural atoll of the same name.

Geography
Dhaalu Atoll stretches 23 km (14 mi) from east to west, and 38 km (24 mi) north to south. Out of a total of 56 islands in the atoll, seven of the islands are inhabited, with a total population of around 6694. The capital island is Kudahuvadhoo, located at the atoll's southern tip.

Hulhudheli and Rinbudhoo (Rimbudu) islands, located to the west of the atoll, are islands traditionally renowned for the skill of their jewellers.

The formerly inhabited island of Gemendhoo on the eastern fringe of the atoll is surrounded by a long line of 11 uninhabited islands. The route from Bulhalafushi to Naibukaloabodufushi passes through these islands and can be walked in during low tide.

Dhaalu Atoll Hospital is located in the island of Kudahuvadhoo.

Dhaalu Atoll is accessible through regular domestic flights from Velana International Airport to Dhaalu Airport located on Kudahuvadhoo as well as local ferry services.

History
Some of the islands in this atoll have remains from the Buddhist period, but none of them have been properly excavated yet. Mysterious mounds known as hawittas are as well as a copperplate found in Kudahuvadhu. The old mosque of Kudahuvadhoo possesses some of the finest masonry in the country.

Opened to tourism in 1998, the atoll has become a popular location for scuba diving.

Gemendhoo was abandoned after the Boxing Day tsunamis destroyed the buildings.

Rinbudhoo was also badly hit by the tsunami and half of the population were migrated to thulusdhoo. It is said Rinbudhoo was one of the islands having the highest density of population back in the early days. but now its just the opposite. The Island has an almost 300 years old masjid built with curved stones.

Tourism
Dhaalu Atoll is home to several luxury tourist resorts including St Regis Vommuli Maldives, Niyama Private Islands Maldives, Kandima Maldives, Angsana Velavaru, Vilu Reef, and Aaaveee. Several other resorts are under development.

Health care
Dhaalu Atoll Hospital is the regional hospital in the atoll, being located in the atoll's capital, Kudahuvadhoo. The hospital offers general medicine and specialized services along with paediatrics, anesthesiology, surgery and gynecology, along with the inauguration of dental services by former president, Ibrahim Mohamed Solih.

title: Dhaalu Atoll


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Talk:The Source (retailer)

English
Write your source of information here 49.146.46.202 (talk) 08:34, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

Best Buy express
The first Best Buy express store opened yesterday https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/about/first-best-buy-express-store-opens-today/blt78c05405a2d2f63f#:~:text=The%20inaugural%20Best%20Buy%20Express,2024%2C%20following%20completion%20of%20renovations. 24.138.55.3 (talk) 15:57, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Source (retailer)


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Puerto Rican tody

The Puerto Rican tody (Todus mexicanus) is a bird endemic to Puerto Rico. It is locally known in Spanish as "San Pedrito" ("little Saint Peter") and "medio peso" ("half-dollar bird").

Taxonomy
Todies are the closest relative to the motmots of Central America. It is thought that the Jamaican tody (Todus todus) gave rise to the Puerto Rican tody after hurricane dispersals, but the relationship between both species has not yet been confirmed. Studies show the Todus genus probably developed before the Pleistocene. Mitochondrial gene studies point to the motmots as their closest relative, although egg white protein electrophoresis studies suggest a relationship to kingfishers.

The Puerto Rican tody's specific epithet, mexicanus (Latin for "from Mexico"), is a misnomer; it is thought that the ornithologist who first described it, René Lesson, erroneously wrote the type specimen's retrieval location as Mexico.

The Puerto Rican tody makes up one of the five endemic Todus species of the Greater Antilles. Hispaniola has two endemic species, while Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico each have one.

Description

The Puerto Rican tody is a small, brightly colored, non-passerine forest bird. It is one of the smallest representative of the order Coraciiformes, with an average body length of 11 cm and weight of 5 to 6 g. The upperparts of the Puerto Rican tody are an emerald green color, and it has light-yellow flanks and underside tail coverts, and a white belly and chest. The "San Pedrito", also known as "Medio Peso" by the local people, has a red throat and lower bill, which in itself is long and broad. It can be as long or longer than the head, and as half as long as the wing. Their legs and feet are a brownish color and the tarsus is similar in length to the bill. Both males and females have a short tail, ranging from two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the wings. Males and females are not sexually dichromatic, and their only difference is their eye color; males have gray eyes whereas females' eyes are white. The young have similar colored feathers as the adults, but lack the red markings, have a grayish colored belly and have shorter bills. The Puerto Rican tody differs from the other todies in that it is the only species without pink or yellow-green colored feathers on its flanks.

Habitat
The Puerto Rican tody can be found throughout the main island of Puerto Rico. It is found predominantly in forested areas, especially in high-altitude damp forests where insect concentrations are higher, as well as in dense thickets, such as the Guánica Forest located in the southern region of the island.

Territory
Todies have small territories. In lowland forests a tody's territory size is approximately 0.7 hectares (1.8 acres), but in higher elevations, where insect prey is less abundant, the territory size can increase up to two hectares per pair. Breeding territories are centered around the nest burrow and are smaller than their home ranges which are defended by the pair year-round.

Agonistic displays
When the Puerto Rican tody encounters an intruder it fluffs up and raises its crest. If disturbed, a bobbing up and down motion accompanied by vocalizations is portrayed; though both males and females are capable of this display, males tend to bob more. This bobbing display has also been seen after feeding and during nest building. Chasing intruders, wing flicking and wing rattles are also some of the other exhibited displays. The majority of these territorial defense displays is reserved for other todies, as they tend to be very tolerant of other species.

Diet

The Puerto Rican tody is primarily insectivorous (85.9% of its diet). Todies eats katydids, grasshoppers, crickets, earwigs, dragonflies, flies, beetles, spiders (8.2%), and occasionally small lizards (3.5%) and frogs. Todies are considered voracious eaters.

Todies forage and feed using different methods, including air-feeding and leaf feeding, the latter being the most common method of foraging. When they leaf feed they sit quietly in high perches and scan the surface below with fast, jerky head motions, often tilting their bills upwards. When the tody sees an insect on a leaf, it will capture it while in a short-curved flight.

When todies air-feed, they have their bills pointed upward, and they fly from the perch snatching the insect and return to a different perch. Todies feed from different surfaces; the most common is leaves and the least common is the ground. The act of perching between foraging flights lasts for an average of 9.0 seconds and reach an average of 1.0 captures per minute in rain forests and 1.7 captures per minute in dense thicket habitats.

The nestling's diet is different. Adults primarily feed their nestlings with the insect families Homoptera (30%), Coleoptera (25%) and Lepidoptera (16%), but they have been found to supplement the hatchling's diet with Clusia krugiana fruit (18.4%). Apart from insects and seeds, the adults also feed their nestlings frogs and lizards, although between those two, frogs are more common.

Reproduction
The species has single broods and is monogamous. Its courtship reaches its peak between February and May and occurs in the breeding area, not far from the nesting site. The ritual consists of chasing each other while rattling the wings. Both male and females achieve a "flank" display before copulating, where they fluff out their flanks causing a spherical ball appearance. The female lifts her tail and enters into a submissive posture to facilitate copulation. During courtship their vocalization becomes agitated and accelerated.

Nesting and incubation
The Puerto Rican tody has an unusual nesting technique. During an eight week period, the male and female todies excavate a 25 to 35 cm long, narrow burrow with a right angle in an earth bank. They create their nest at the end of this burrow. This process usually occurs between the months of February and June, before the start of the wet season. Females start laying their eggs 3 to 4 weeks after the nest has been completed. The female lays 1 to 4 bright white eggs, with an average of 2.3 eggs, on consecutive nights. The weight of each egg is equivalent to about one quarter of the females body weight. The responsibility of incubating the eggs is shared by both the male and the female for an average of 21 days, and later on other adult todies (usually previous offsprings) may assist in the development process of the chicks after the chicks have fledged. If nestlings are killed, as well as during incubation and brooding, the mate will bring prey items to the nest.

The clutch size and breeding productivity of this species seems to be greater in shaded coffee plantations compared to species in secondary forests in the north-central area of the island. Todies use half the burrows they excavate. Of all the burrows excavated in their territory, 62.5% and 33% of the nests in dense thickets and rainforest habitats are used respectively. Even though every year new burrows are excavated, 89% of them are 10 meters away from the old ones. Abandoned nests are often used by frog species like the common coqui.

Behavior
Puerto Rican todies are rarely seen on the ground; they usually prefer perching, unless when nesting. When todies are on the ground they hop. An unusual fact is that to enter their burrow they have a favorite perching spot on which they land before heading to their nest. The Puerto Rican tody, unlike other Coraciiformes, roosts alone in trees both during the day and at nighttime.

Physiology
The Puerto Rican tody has been researched extensively because of its unusual body temperature, body temperature control and temperature control abilities. Puerto Rican todies exhibit lower body temperatures than other todies, and have also exhibited heterothermy over a range of temperatures. Most coraciiformes have a body temperature of 40 °C, but Puerto Rican todies can maintain a body temperature of 36.7 °C. This allows them to spend 33% less energy than other Coraciiformes. Puerto Rican Todies can lower their body temperatures by 14 °C.

This physiological response varies by both season and sex; only females in breeding season are capable of becoming torpid, although not all individuals become torpid at the same body temperature. During this torpid stage, they are unresponsive, have their eyes closed and erected plumage, but are capable of taking flight soon after an increase in temperature.

Status and conservation
This tody is a common endemic species to the island of Puerto Rico. It is currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. During the past, the Puerto Rican tody suffered from human predation as it was captured as food. Currently it suffers from nest predation by introduced Indian mongooses. Other threats include habitat destruction and the transition of shaded coffee plantations into sun coffee plantations.

title: Puerto Rican tody


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Turbo Vision

Turbo Vision is a character-mode text user interface framework included with Borland Pascal, Turbo Pascal, and Borland C++ circa 1990. It was used by Borland itself to write the integrated development environments (IDE) for these programming languages. By default, Turbo Vision applications replicate the look and feel of these IDEs, including edit controls, list boxes, check boxes, radio buttons and menus, all of which have built-in mouse support. Later it was deprecated in favor of Object Windows Library, the Win16 API, and the GUI tools of Borland Delphi.

Around 1997, the C++ version, including source code, was released by Borland into the public domain and is currently being ported and developed by an open-source community on SourceForge under the GPL license. An older update of the Borland code by Sergio Sigala is available under the BSD license.

The Pascal version, which was distributed alongside Borland Pascal 7 on a "bonus" disk, was never released under a free software license, so the Free Pascal project recreated its own version by backporting a clone made by Leon de Boer that ran in graphical mode back to textmode. The result is called Free Vision. Over the years this codebase has grown stable on nearly all operating systems and architectures that FPC supports. The textmode IDE is very close to the original TP environment, with built-in compiler and IDE much closer than e.g. RHIDE, and supporting functionality like code folding.

Unicode support
One of the factors limiting Turbo Vision's popularity was the absence of Unicode support in the original Borland version. As of October 2020, there are Unicode versions for C++ and Free Pascal.

title: Turbo Vision


text: User talk:130.243.54.10

title: User talk:130.243.54.10


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Circular redundancy

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was ALREADY SPEEDIED, but not by me -Splash 02:34, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Circular redundancy
Non-encyclopedic PhilipO 19:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonsense. At least, it doesn't make any sense to me. An attempt at humor, maybe? --Several Times 20:22, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * delete per above. I don't get it either. Hansonc 21:35, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * speedy delete nm VfD, I've marked this and the other two articles created by the same new user at the same time for speedy deletion. I don't think meaningless rubbish should have to go through VfD. ~ Veledan | Talk | c . 22:30, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

NB The article was speedily deleted ~ Veledan | Talk | c . 13:44, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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New Mexican cuisine

New Mexican cuisine is the cuisine of the Southwestern US state of New Mexico. The region is primarily known for its fusion of Pueblo Native American cuisine with Hispano Spanish and Mexican cuisine originating in Nuevo México. This Southwestern culinary style is popular beyond the current boundaries of New Mexico, and is found throughout the old territories of Nuevo México and the New Mexico Territory, today the state of Arizona, parts of Texas (particularly El Paso County and the panhandle), and the southern portions of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada.

This cuisine had adaptations and influences throughout its history, including early on from the nearby Apache, Navajo, and throughout New Spain and the Spanish Empire, also from French, Italian, Portuguese, and other Mediterranean cuisine, along with early European bed and breakfasts and cafés, furthermore during the American territorial phase from cowboy chuckwagons and Western saloons, additionally after statehood from Route 66 American diner, Mexican-American cuisine, fast food restaurants, and global cuisine.

Even so, New Mexican cuisine developed in fairly isolated circumstances, which has allowed it to maintain its indigenous, Spanish, Mexican and Latin identity, and is therefore not like any other Latin food originating in the contiguous United States. It can be easily distinguished from Mexican and American cuisines, due to its emphasis on New Mexican spices, herbs, flavors, and vegetables; especially red and green New Mexico chile peppers,  anise (used in bizcochitos), and piñon (used as a snack or in desserts).

It is also identifiable by the presence of foods and dishes that originate in New Mexico, such as Native American frybread-style sopapillas, breakfast burritos, enchilada montada (stacked enchiladas), green chile stew, carne seca (a thinly sliced variant of jerky), green chile burgers, posole (a hominy dish), slow-cooked frijoles (beans, typically pinto or bolita beans), calabacitas (a sautéed zucchini and summer squash dish), and carne adobada (pork marinated in red chile).

History
Prior to the establishment of New Mexico's current boundaries, Santa Fe de Nuevo México's land claim encompassed the Pueblo peoples and also oversaw the land of the Chiricahua, Comanche, Mescalero, and Navajo.

The Spaniards brought their cuisine which mingled with the indigenous. They introduced wheat, rice, beef, mutton/lamb, among other foods and flavors, to the native corn, chile, beans, squash, and other indigenous ingredients.

During this early development period the horno, an outdoor beehive-shaped earth oven, became ubiquitous in Pueblo and Hispano communities. This distinct history, combined with the local terrain and climate, has resulted in significant differences between the cuisine of New Mexico and somewhat similar styles in Northern Mexico, and other Southwestern US states such as California, Arizona, and Texas.

New Mexico's population includes Native Americans who have worked the land for thousands of years, including the farms of the Ancestral Pueblo peoples as well as the modern extant Pueblo, Navajo and Apache. The Hispano explorers included farmers and ranchers as they arrived during the Spanish era in the 16th century, well into the Mexican era which ended in the 19th century.

Americans traded and settled after the Civil War, today groups from Asian and communities have come to New Mexico.

When New Mexicans refer to chile they are talking about pungent pods, or sauce made from those pods, not the concoction of spices, meat or beans known as Texas chili con carne. While the chile pod is sometimes spelled chili outside of New Mexico, US Senator Pete Domenici of New Mexico made this state's spelling official as chile, by entering it into the Congressional Record.

One of the first authors to publish a cookbook describing traditional New Mexican cuisine was educator and writer Fabiola Cabeza de Baca Gilbert, who published Historic Cookery in 1931. Her work helped introduce cooking with chiles to the United States more broadly.

Chile
New Mexico chile is the defining ingredient of New Mexican food. Chile is New Mexico's largest agricultural crop. Within New Mexico, green chile is also popular in non-New Mexican cuisines including Mexican-style food and American food like cheeseburgers, french fries, bagels, and pizza.

The New Mexico official State Question is "Red or green?" This refers to the choice of red or green chile with an entrée. "Christmas," a relatively new tradition originating in the 1980s, is a request for both (one side covered with green, the other with red). New Mexico red and green chile have such a rich and distinctive flavor that traditional preparations require few additional flavoring ingredients. The essence of New Mexico chile preparation is its simplicity.

The New Mexico green chile is a variety of the chile pepper, Capsicum annuum, and was developed as a recognizable strain in New Mexico by the late nineteenth century. It is available today in several distinct and selectively-cultivated strains called cultivars.

The chile pepper is grown in the state's very high altitude (4,000–8,000 ft) and dry, hot climate. Much like grapes for wine, these growing conditions contribute, along with genetics, to giving New Mexico green chile its distinctive deep green color, texture, and flavor.

The climate of New Mexico tends to increase the capsaicin levels in the chile pod compared to pods grown in other regions. This results in the possibility of hotter varieties. New Mexico green chiles can range from mild to extremely hot.

At harvest time (August through the middle of October) green chile is typically roasted, peeled and frozen for the year ahead. Chile is such a staple in New Mexico that many national restaurant chains offer New Mexico chile at their New Mexico locations.

New Mexico red chile is simply the fully ripened green chile pepper. As it ripens, it first turns orange and then quickly turns red. As it does so, the skin thickens and fuses to the inner fruit or "meat" of the pepper. This means that, for the red pepper to be enjoyable, it must first be dried and then blended into a puree. The puree can be made using full red chile pods or red chile powder (which is made by finely grinding the dried pod).

The purée is not edible until cooked as red chile sauce. This is made by cooking the puree with garlic, salt – and occasionally oregano – and has the consistency of tomato soup. Discerning native New Mexicans prefer sun-dried over oven-dried red chile, as the oven-drying process gives it a non-traditional smoky flavor and a dark maroon color.

Red chile peppers are traditionally sun-dried in bundles called ristras, which are a common decorative sight on porches and in homes and businesses throughout the Southwest. The process of creating the ristra is highly labor-intensive, so in recent decades it has become a predominantly decorative item.

The bulk of New Mexico chile is grown in the Hatch Valley in the south of the state, in and around the village of Hatch. It is also grown along the entire Rio Grande Valley, and Chimayo in the north is also well known for its chile.

Piñon
Piñones, or piñon nuts, are a traditional food of Native Americans and Hispanos in New Mexico that is harvested from the ubiquitous piñon pine shrub. The state of New Mexico protects the use of the word piñon for use with pine nuts from certain species of indigenous New Mexican pines. The harvest doesn't generally arrive in full force until after New Mexico’s first freeze of the winter.

Other ingredients
Wheat flour tortillas are more prevalent in New Mexico cuisine as a table bread than corn tortillas. However, corn tortillas, corn tortilla chips, and masa are the foundations of many traditional New Mexico dishes, and are sometimes made of blue corn. Common traditional dishes include enchiladas, tacos, posole, tamales, and sopaipillas and honey served with the meal.

Corn (maize) remains a staple grain, the yellow sweet corn variety is most common in New Mexico, though white is sometimes used, and blue and red flint corn varieties are used for specialties like atole and blue-corn tortilla chips. Kernel corn and corn on the cob are frequent side dishes, as in the American South.

Corn is not a frequent component of New Mexico salsa or pico de gallo, and is usually a separate side dish in and of itself.

Anise is common in some desserts, especially the state cookie, the bizcochito.

Cilantro, a pungent green herb (also called Mexican or Chinese parsley, the seeds of which are known as coriander) used fresh in salsas, and as a topping for virtually any dish; not common in traditional New Mexican cuisine, but one of the defining tastes of Santa Fe style.

Cumin, the quintessential "Mexican food" spice, is used very differently in New Mexican food, usually reserved for spicing ground beef and sometimes other meats for burritos, tacos, and nachos. It is not used to flavor red and green chile sauces. Oregano is a sparingly used but common herb in traditional New Mexican dishes.

The early Spanish Colonies along the Rio Grande River in New Mexico used safflower as a substitute for saffron in traditional recipes. An heirloom variety originating from Corrales, New Mexico, called "Corrales Azafran" is still cultivated and used as a saffron substitute in New Mexican cuisine.

Foods and dishes

 * Albóndigas (meatball soup) – traditionally made with beef broth, ground pork or beef, vegetables and rice. Also known as sopa de albóndigas. Albóndigas is the term for the dish as well as the meatball itself.
 * Arroz dulce – sweet rice pudding, a traditional Northern New Mexican dessert, primarily popular in traditional homes, and rarely found in restaurants. Rice is generally cooked in milk and water. Then, simmered with sugar and raisins,  garnished with cinnamon, and served hot.
 * Atole – a thick, hot gruel made from blue corn meal in New Mexico.
 * Bizcochito – anise-flavored cookie sprinkled with cinnamon sugar, traditionally made with lard. It was developed by residents of New Mexico over the centuries from the first Spanish colonists of what was then known as Santa Fe de Nuevo México. Although bizcochitos may sometimes be found at any time of year, they are a traditional Christmas cookie.
 * Burrito – the New Mexico burrito is a white-flour tortilla with fillings of meat, such as pork carnitas, chicken, ground or shredded beef, or carne adovada, refried pinto beans, or both meat and beans, along with red or green chile.
 * Breakfast burrito – a breakfast version of the above, typically including scrambled eggs, potatoes, red or green chile, cheese (usually Cheddar), and sometimes bacon or sausage; originated in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
 * Cactus fries: Prickly pear cactus nopales cut into strips and french-fried or deep fried, and served with dipping sauce.
 * Calabacitas: Chopped summer squash (calabas) with onions, garlic, yellow corn, green chile, sauteed in oil.
 * Caldillo – a thin, green or red chile stew or soup of meat (usually beef, often pork or a mixture), potatoes, and chiles. Sometimes called caldito, especially as a side dish. Both terms are diminutive forms of the Spanish word, caldo, for soup.
 * Capirotada – a bread-pudding dessert, traditionally made during Lent festivities. Capirotada is made of toasted bread crumbs or fried slices of birote or bolillo bread, then soaked in a syrup made of melted sugar, or piloncillo, and cinnamon. It usually contains raisins, and possibly other fruits and nut bits. Finely grated cheese may be added when it's still hot from the oven, so that it melts. Served warm or cold.
 * Carne adovada – cubes of pork that have been marinated and slow cooked in red chile sauce, garlic and oregano.
 * Carne asada – roasted or broiled meat (often flank steak), marinated.
 * Carne seca – literally translated to "dried meat", in New Mexican cuisine refers to a unique style of thinly sliced jerky which has a cracker or potato chip-like texture.
 * Carnitas – grilled or broiled cubes of pork, traditionally smothered with red or green chile sauce and served as and entree.
 * Chalupa – originating in California-style Mexican cuisine, a corn tortilla fried into a bowl shape and filled with shredded chicken or other meat or beans, and usually topped with guacamole and salsa. (another vegetable-laden version called taco salads; compare with tostadas.)
 * Chicharrones – deep-fried pieces of pork trimmings usually including a layer of meat.
 * Chile con queso – chile and melted cheese mixed into a dip.
 * Chiles rellenos – whole green chiles stuffed with cheese, dipped in egg batter, and fried. This dish varies from other Mexican-style cuisines in that it uses the New Mexican chile, rather than a poblano pepper.
 * Chile sauce – sauce made from red or green chiles usually served hot. Green chile is made with chopped, roasted fresh or frozen green chiles, while red chile is made from dried, roasted and pulverized ripe (red) chiles. Chile is one of the most definitive differences between New Mexican and other Mexican and Mexican-American cuisines (which often make a different green chile sauce from tomatillos). New Mexican cuisine uses chile sauce as taco sauce, enchilada sauce, burrito sauce, etc. (though any given meal may use both red and green varieties for different dishes). A thicker version of green chile with onions and other additions is called green chile stew and is popular in Albuquerque-style New Mexican food.  The green chile sauce can sometimes be hotter than its red counterpart, though this depends entirely on the chile varieties used.
 * Chimichanga – a small, deep-fried meat and (usually) bean wheat-tortilla burrito, also containing (or smothered with) chile sauce and cheese; popularized by the Allsup's convenience store chain with a series of humorous commercials in the 1980s with candid footage of people attempting and failing to pronounce the name correctly. Chimichangas, like flautas and taquitos, are a fast-food adaptation of traditional dishes in a form that can be stored frozen and then quickly fried as needed; they are also rigid and easily hand-held, and thus easy to eat by people while walking or driving.
 * Chorizo – a spicy pork sausage, seasoned with garlic and red chile, usually used in ground or finely chopped form as a breakfast side dish or quite often as an alternative to ground beef or shredded chicken in other dishes.
 * Empanadita (small empanada) – a pasty or turnover filled with sweet pumpkin, fruit, or minced meat, spices and nuts.
 * Enchiladas – corn tortillas filled with chicken, meat or cheese. They are either rolled, or stacked, and covered with chile sauce and cheese.
 * Enchiladas montandas, or stacked enchilada – usually covered with either red or green chile sauce, and optionally topped with a fried egg. These stacked enchiladas are also common with blue-corn tortillas.
 * Fish – being landlocked, New Mexico has no native seafood tradition, but freshwater fish are not uncommon entrees, especially trout. Crayfish are found in New Mexico. In the southeast of the state, crayfish tails are also consumed, as in Texas and Louisiana. While the native population made use of freshwater shellfish since prehistoric times, they are not common in modern New Mexico cuisine, though it has adapted various seafood items (e.g., shrimp tacos are common in restaurants).
 * Flan – a caramel custard.
 * Flauta – a small, tightly rolled, fried corn tortilla filled with ground beef, chicken, pork or turkey and served topped with guacamole and sour cream. Compare chimichanga and taquito.
 * Frijoles (whole pinto beans) – along with Spanish rice, frijoles are the standard side served with any entrée. Traditional New Mexico beans are cooked very simply with salt pork and garlic. Frijoles are often served whole in New Mexico, rather than as refried beans (Frijoles refritos).
 * Frijoles refritos (refried beans) – whole cooked beans are fried in bacon fat and mashed until they turn into a thick paste. Also known as simply refritos and often served with a topping of cheese.
 * Frito pie – a Tex-Mex casserole, made of red chile sauce, sometimes with meat and or pinto beans, atop a bed of Fritos (or similar) corn chips, topped with cheese, usually topped also with shredded lettuce, chopped tomato, and onion. Although a Texas invention, it has become popular in New Mexico, and typically uses New Mexican red chile in the state.
 * Green chile cheeseburger – widely considered the New-Mexican variety of cheeseburger, it is a regular hamburger topped with melted cheese and either whole or chopped green chile. The flavor is very distinctively New Mexican when compared to other types of hamburgers, and is even offered in the region by major fast food chains.
 * Green chile cheese fries – a New Mexican variant to traditional cheese fries, fries served smothered with green chile sauce and topped with cheese.
 * Green chile stew – similar to caldillo with the use of green chile. Standard ingredients are coarsely-chopped green chile, ground or cubed beef, ground or cubed pork, potato, diced tomato, onion, garlic, and chicken or beef stock. The stew often contains coarsely-chopped carrots or other vegetables.
 * Frybread – a traditional thick flatbread of deep-fried dough, developed by the Navajo people after the "Long Walk", when they were forcibly relocated to Bosque Redondo, New Mexico. Served as a snack with honey or for making Navajo tacos. The New Mexico sopaipilla is a variant of this.
 * Guacamole – the traditional New Mexico version is avocados smashed or blended with a very small amount of the following: finely chopped onion, tomato, garlic, salt and lemon juice.
 * Huevos rancheros – fried eggs any style on corn tortillas, smothered with red or green chile sauce, topped with shredded cheddar cheese, often served with potatoes or pinto beans. Flour tortillas on the side come standard.
 * Jalapeño – a small, thick chile pepper, ranging from mild to painfully hot. In New Mexican food they are used chopped (fresh) in salsa and guacamole or as a topping (either pickled or fresh) for nachos.
 * Natillas – soft custard-like dessert made from egg whites, milk, white sugar, vanilla, nutmeg, and cinnamon, cooked while whisking on a stove top and served either warm or cold.
 * Navajo taco – A taco made with frybread, rather than a tortilla.
 * Panocha – a pudding made from sprouted wheat flour and piloncillo. The sprouted-wheat flour was historically called panocha flour, or simply panocha, but this has become a slang term for 'vagina'.
 * Pastelitos ('little pies') – a thin pie baked on flat cookie sheet with dried fruit and spices, usually cut into small squares.
 * Pico de gallo (rooster's beak) – a cold salsa with thick-chopped fresh chiles, tomatoes, onions and cilantro, without a tomato-paste base as in commercial packaged salsas, never contains vinegar.
 * Posole – a thick stew made with hominy and pork. Chicken in lieu of pork is a popular variation. It is simmered for hours with pork or chicken and then combined with red or green chile and other ingredients such as onion, garlic, and oregano. Native New Mexicans include off-cuts of pork (especially pork rinds and pigs feet) in the pork version. They also prefer to use the un-popped hominy kernel, either blue or white, which goes by the same name as the dish, "posole". The un-popped kernels are boiled separately from the other ingredients until the kernels pop revealing the hominy-like form. To New Mexicans, posole is one of the most important of Christmas traditions. The Mexican spelling pozole is uncommon in New Mexico.
 * Quelites – a traditional New Mexico side dish made with spinach sauteed in bacon fat with onion, garlic, pinto beans, and crushed, red, New Mexico chile flakes. Wild lamb's quarters were the original leafy green for this dish, but now it is extremely rare to find quelites made with them.
 * Quesadilla – a grilled cheese sandwich of sorts in which two flour tortillas, or one folded, are used instead of bread. It is often lightly oiled and toasted on a griddle to melt the cheese, then served with either salsa, pico de gallo, chile, guacamole, and sour cream, as an appetizer or entrée.Sopapillas.jpg
 * Sopaipilla (or sopapilla) – a puffed fried quick bread with a flavor similar to Indian fry bread. The New Mexico version is very large. It is served as a standard table bread at New Mexican restaurants with a squeeze bottle of honey or honey butter. Prior to the Great Depression in the 1930s, they were served with jelly or jam, and honey was used as a substitute and from then on became the traditional accompaniment. They can also become an entrée by stuffing them with savory ingredients such ground beef, shredded chicken, and refried beans.
 * Stuffed sopapilla – a standard New Mexico entrée, stuffed with various fillings, covered with melted cheddar cheese, usually smothered with red or green chile sauce and topped with shredded iceberg lettuce and diced tomatoes. Fillings include pinto beans, ground beef, shredded beef, shredded chicken, potatoes, spanish rice, and carne adovada.
 * Spanish rice: rice (arroz) with a tomato base and other ingredients, usually a mild dish, but may also be made spicy. Traditional New Mexico versions are made with long-grain rice, onion, and garlic. Rice may also be served in other fashions, and recipes vary.
 * Salsa – an uncooked mixture of chiles/peppers, tomatoes, onions, frequently blended or mixed with tomato paste to produce a more sauce-like texture than pico de gallo; usually contains lemon juice or vinegar in noticeable quantities. The green-chile variant usually is mostly green chile and without tomatoes, though some varieties may use some cooked tomatillos; the style does not use avocado (which is very common in California green salsa). The New Mexico and California styles share a typically large amount of cilantro added to the mix. The word simply means 'sauce' in Spanish.
 * Salsa picante, or picante sauce – a thin, vinegary, piquant (thus its name) sauce of pureéd red peppers and tomatoes with spices, reminiscent of a combination of New Mexico-style chile sauce and Louisiana-style tabasco pepper sauce. (Note: American commercial food producers have appropriated the term to refer simply to spicy packaged salsa.) Its place in Mexican, Tex-Mex and Californian food, where it is extremely common, especially as a final condiment to add more heat, has largely been supplanted by chile, especially red chile, in New Mexican cuisine.
 * Taco – a corn tortilla fried into a trough shape, it is filled with meats or beans, and fresh chopped lettuce, onions, tomatoes, and cheese. The term can also refer to the soft, rolled flour-tortilla variety popularized by fast-food chains (a soft taco), and the flat, unfried corn style favored in Mexico (a "street taco"), but most corn tortillas for tacos are fried in New Mexican cuisine. The entire taco is not fried (a Mexican style known as taco dorado), just the shell. Compare taquito, tostada.
 * Tamal (plural tamales, often anglicized as tamale singular) – meat rolled in cornmeal dough (masa), wrapped traditionally in corn husks (waxed paper is sometimes used for commercial versions), and steamed. Although there are many variations, the standard New Mexico tamal filling is shredded pork cooked in red chile sauce. New-Mexican tamales typically vary from other tamal styles in that red chile powder is typically blended into the masa.
 * Taquito – a tightly rolled, deep-fried variant of the corn-tortilla taco, usually filled with beef or chicken; essentially the same as a Mexican taco dorado, but rolled into a tube shape rather than fried in wedge shape. Sometimes misspelled taquita. Compare chimichanga and flauta.
 * Torta de huevo – a whipped-egg and wheat-flour pancake, typically topped with red chile, and often and it is then served with fideo (a vermicelli-style noodle), quelites (wild spinach), and beans. It is a traditional dish for Fridays during Lent; some New Mexican restaurants offer it as their Lenten special.
 * Tortilla – a flatbread made predominantly either of unbleached white wheat flour or of cornmeal, with wheat flour tortillas the most common in ordinary use. New Mexico-style flour tortillas are typically thicker and less chewy than those found in Sonora, Mexico. Nevertheless, blue-corn tortillas are a quintessential New Mexico-style tortilla.
 * Tostada – a corn tortilla is deep fried flat until hard and crispy and covered with refried beans, cheese, lettuce, and tomato, with additional toppings such as sour cream and guacamole also added.

Alcohol
New Mexico wine includes Gruet Winery, which produces sparkling wine.

Restaurants
There have been several restaurants and restaurant chains serving New Mexican cuisine.

• Blake's Lotaburger

• El Modelo

• Frontier Restaurant

• Garduño's

• Little Anita's

• Mac's La Sierra

• Mac's Steak in the Rough

• Owl Bar and Cafe

• Twisters

• Sadie's

title: New Mexican cuisine


text:
Talk:Electric Eel Shock

Untitled
EES rock like no other band on the planet!

Strongly Agree User:AppleRobin 09:11, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

surely we can find a better picture!216.206.218.66 20:41, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

I have photographed EES and am happy for my photo to be used, so will add one soon! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.67.71.199 (talk) 20:37, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

As much as I also like Electric Eel Shock I had to tag the article with refimprove because there are no references cited at all (I own two Albums and hope to get their new album soon and created separate articles for the two I do own). It would be a great help if someone could provide some references. I plan on adding some, but someone else will need to add more. Burgundysizzle (talk) 07:26, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

If at all possible can somework work the information about the compliation CDs that EES have appeared on back into the article "except a couple of tracks for Sony (Back In Black for an AC/DC tribute and Transworld Ultra Metal for a film compilation).". The preceeding statement about not recording in Japan since Slayer Bay Blues was not correct as part of Go Europe!/Go USA! was recorded in Japan so it has been removed. There does not appear to be an article about the Sony AC/DC tribute album which EES is said to have appeared on or film compilation mentioned Burgundysizzle (talk) 08:03, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

I found the information about Burgundysizzle (talk) 02:38, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Electric Eel Shock


text:
1970 in archaeology

Explorations

 * Historic American Engineering Record surveys the original main line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

Excavations

 * June - Wreck of Spanish Armada ship El Gran Grifón off Fair Isle excavated by Colin Martin and Sydney Wignall.
 * Joint British Museum, Harvard University and University of Cambridge project begins at Maya site of Lubaantun under leadership of Norman Hammond.
 * Five-year project at Altun Ha, led by Dr. David Pendergast of the Royal Ontario Museum, ends.
 * Retrieval of artefacts from wreck of Batavia off Western Australia begins.
 * Joint Archaeological Survey of India and University of Cambridge excavations at Malvan in Gujarat.
 * Alepotrypa cave in Greece.

Publications

 * P. V. Glob - Hojfolket: Bronzealderens mennesker bevaret i 3000 år (The Mound People: Danish bronze-age man preserved).

Finds

 * July - Heilongjiang hand cannon, dating from c. 1288, discovered by Wei Guozhong in Manchuria.
 * October 21 - Loose timber from the wreck of the Tudor warship Mary Rose found in the Solent off the coast of England.
 * First Botorrita plaque.
 * Sweet Track discovered by John Sweet in the Somerset Levels of England.
 * Blackfriars Ships III and IV discovered by Peter Marsden in London.
 * Submarine CSS H. L. Hunley (sunk in action 1864) is claimed to be located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, by E. Lee Spence.
 * Buckquoy spindle-whorl, dating from the Early Middle Ages, probably the 8th century, excavated in Buckquoy, Birsay, Orkney, Scotland; notable because of its Ogham inscription.

Events

 * July 12 - Thor Heyerdahl's papyrus boat Ra II arrives in Barbados after a 57-day voyage from Morocco.
 * Butser Ancient Farm set up as an experimental archaeology site by the Council for British Archaeology.

Births

 * March 9 – Fereidoun Biglari, Iranian archaeologist and museum curator

Deaths

 * May 6 - Sir John Beazley, British Classical archaeologist (b. 1885)
 * May 29 - Jaroslav Černý, Czech-British Egyptologist (b. 1898)

title: 1970 in archaeology


text:
Talk:Joseph Taussig

Untitled
His son Joseph K. Taussig, Jr. also graduated from the Naval Academy and was at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Although he lost a leg he remained in the Navy through the war and until he retired after a full naval career. Joseph K. Taussig III, J. K. Taussig's grandson also graduated from the Naval Academy in 1966. He served as a combat Marine officer in Viet Nam.

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Article Photograph
the person in the photograph is wearing the rank of a full Admiral instead of Vice Admiral, that might need to be looked at. 2600:6C5E:4000:A379:25CB:92C2:9A78:A51 (talk) 14:27, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joseph Taussig


text:
WʽZB

WZB (vocalized as Wazeb) or Ella Gabaz was a king of Axum (flourished mid 6th century). He uses the name "Ella Gabaz" on his coinage, but calls himself WZB in an inscription where he states he is the "son of Ella Atsbeha", or king Kaleb.

In his discussion of this king, Stuart Munro-Hay draws on material from the story of Abba Libanos, the "Apostle of Eritrea", in which a king named "Za-Gabaza Aksum" is mentioned, to suggest that Ella Gabaz and Za-Gabaza might be epithets WZB adopted, and indicate that he did some important construction on Mariam Syon (or Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion) in Axum.

title: WʽZB


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 02:34, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
Practically empty PhilipO 19:53, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep
 * Keep, in the absence of any argument against the college having page. I've added a college-stub notice to it. Flowerparty 23:02, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and let it grow. Fg2 03:32, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, since I walked by their campus every day for a year. Xoloz 05:02, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I expanded this a little, but my previous vote has disappeared. CalJW 15:44, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. JamesBurns 03:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but needs expansion. Would be nice to see a project work on cleaning up school stubs.  Vegaswikian 00:17, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. DS1953 04:22, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Today's second feature/July 24, 2005

Today's featured picture

Art Nouveau (French for "new art") is an art and design style that peaked in popularity at the beginning of the 20th century in Europe and the United States. Unlike most art movements, Art Nouveau bridges the divide between fine art and applied art (illustration, decorative arts, crafts and architecture).

Dancel (1898) by Alfons Mucha with its strong, flowing, organic lines, is typical of the style.

Illustration credit: Alfons Mucha


text:
Bright Star Catalogue

The Bright Star Catalogue, also known as the Yale Catalogue of Bright Stars, Yale Bright Star Catalogue, or just YBS, is a star catalogue that lists all stars of stellar magnitude 6.5 or brighter, which is roughly every star visible to the naked eye from Earth. The catalog lists 9,110 objects, of which 9,095 are stars, 11 are novae or supernovae (which were "bright stars" only at the time when they were at their peak), and four are non-stellar objects which are the globular clusters 47 Tucanae (designated HR 95) and NGC 2808 (HR 3671), and the open clusters NGC 2281 (HR 2496) and Messier 67 (HR 3515).

The catalogue is fixed in number of entries, but its data is maintained, and it is appended with a comments section about the objects that has been steadily enhanced. The abbreviation for the catalog as a whole is BS or YBS but all citations of stars it indexes use HR before the catalog number, a homage to the catalog's direct predecessor, published in 1908, named the Harvard Revised Photometry Catalogue.

History
The earliest predecessor of the YBSC, titled Harvard Photometry, was published in 1884 by the Harvard College Observatory under the supervision of Edward Charles Pickering, and contained about 4,000 stars. Following its release, Pickering promoted a broader stellar survey for the southern celestial hemisphere, equally as thorough as the Harvard Photometry of 1884. This photometry work was carried out by Solon I. Bailey between 1889 and 1891, leading to the publication of the Revised Harvard Photometry in 1908. The new catalogue contained stars down to magnitude 6.5 in both hemispheres, for which John A. Parkhurst continued work through the 1920s.

The Yale Bright Star Catalogue has been steadily enhanced since the Yale astronomer Frank Schlesinger published the first version in 1930; even though the YBS is limited to the 9110 objects already in the catalog, the data for the objects already listed is corrected and extended, and it is appended with a comments section about the objects. The edition of 1991 was the fifth in order, a version that introduced a considerable enhancement of the comments section, to a little more than the size of the catalogue itself. This most recent edition, in addition to several previous editions, was compiled and edited by Ellen Dorrit Hoffleit of Yale University.

The Harvard Revised Photometry, based on visual observations, has been superseded by photo-electric measurements using band pass filters, most prominently the UBV photometric system. This can differ substantially (up to 1.8 magnitudes ) from the older system. Hence many stars brighter than V=6.50 are not in the YBSC (and hundreds of stars in the YBSC are fainter than V=6.50). Dorrit Hoffleit with Michael Saladyga and Peter Wlasuk published in 1983 a Supplement with an additional 2603 stars for which a V magnitude of brighter than 7.10 had been measured at that time.

Editions
There have been one predecessor, and five editions of the YBS Catalog:
 * predecessor – Revised Harvard Photometry (1908)
 * 1st edition – Catalogue of Bright Stars (1930)
 * 2nd edition – Catalogue of Bright Stars (1940)
 * 3rd edition – Catalogue of Bright Stars (1964)
 * 4th edition – The Bright Star Catalogue (1982)
 * Supplement – A Supplement to the Bright Star Catalogue (1983)
 * 5th edition – The Bright Star Catalogue (1991), which exists only in electronic form, not in book form.

Astronomical topics

 * Photometry
 * Star catalog

Astronomers

 * Solon I. Bailey
 * Ida Barney
 * Ellen Dorrit Hoffleit
 * Carlos Jaschek
 * Louise Freeland Jenkins
 * Edward Charles Pickering
 * Frank Schlesinger

title: Bright Star Catalogue


text:
Comparison of raster graphics editors

Raster graphics editors can be compared by many variables, including availability.

General information
Basic general information about the editor: creator, company, license, etc.

Operating system support
The operating systems on which the editors can run natively, that is, without emulation, virtual machines or compatibility layers. In other words, the software must be specifically coded for the operation system; for example, Adobe Photoshop for Windows running on Linux with Wine does not fit.

title: Comparison of raster graphics editors


text:
Ioel

Ioel, or Joel (mid 6th century), was a king of the Kingdom of Aksum. He is primarily known through the coins that were minted during his reign. He is one of several Aksumite kings with a Biblical name, the others include Israel, Kaleb, and likely Gersem and Noe; Ioel is named for the Biblical prophet, Joel, author of the Book of Joel.

Based on the typology and quality of metal in his coins, Ioel's reign has been dated firmly after the reign of Kaleb, although authorities differ exactly what order he ruled: Stuart Munro-Hay first dated his reign between Alla Amidas and Wazena, but later between WʽZB and Hataz; while Wolfgang Hahn and Vincent West place him between Gersem and Hataz.

Coinage
Coins were issued during Ioel's reign in three metals: gold, silver, and copper. They have been categorized into eight types, comprising two types of gold coins, two of silver, and four of copper. Munro-Hay notes that the gold content in those coins are so debased that they could not have been "issued for anything other than prestige, since they could not have been acceptable as gold pieces." The gold types, like most of his fellow Aksumite kings, are characterized by busts of the ruler on both sides, with stalks of barley on either side. The silver types are markedly different, with one silver type similar to the gold types, and the other having a different design on the reverse: words in Greek meaning "By the Grace of Ch[rist]". The second silver type is also the only bilingual coin issued by the kings of Aksum. While all four of the copper types have a frontal bust or profile of Ioel on the obverse, the reverse sides of three are characterized by crosses while the fourth shows Ioel in profile holding a cross in his hand.

title: Ioel


text: Talk:Torquay

title: Talk:Torquay


text:
On the razzle

"On the razzle" is a euphemism describing the actions of someone who has drunk, or is about to drink, a considerable amount of alcohol. It is often used by the British press to refer to the actions of a celebrity. A night "on the razzle" does not carry completely negative connotations; it is often only used to describe someone as having enjoyed themselves.

There are several theories as to the origin of the phrase.
 * The OED suggests that "on the razzle" is a shortening of "on the razzle-dazzle", which is found at least as early as the 1890s: "I live ever so quietly; I don't drink; I don't bet much; and I never go regularly on the razzle-dazzle as you did when you were my age."

 * Another suggestion is that it came about during World War I, when ships were often painted in bright zigzag patterns to confuse German U-boats. Sailors often came back on the supply ships from North America after consuming a large quantity of alcohol, and were said to have been "on the razzle". This derivation seems unlikely given the much earlier (1890s) use of the phrase "on the razzle-dazzle".
 * Another theory is that there was a gin parlour notorious for the extreme merriment of its customers in London during the 1750s. Its proprietor, who called himself "Dash Razzall," was an unscrupulous man of Italian descent. It is unclear as to how his name mutated into razzle, but his gin parlour was renowned for the amount of alcohol consumed, and that after he went bankrupt his family moved to Sussex, where they became renowned as being prone to overindulge.

Playwright Tom Stoppard used this phrase as the title of a 1981 farce, On the Razzle, which he adapted from an earlier play by Johann Nestroy.

title: On the razzle


text:
User talk:Jdavidb/Copyright

The website absoluteastronomy.com is ripping off Wikipedia content without following the GNU FDL. I sent the following email to webmaster@absoluteastronomy.com (the contact address for the domain listed by WHOIS). If there aren't any results I'll look into other ways to follow up.

Copyright enforcement is a great way to bring awareness to the issue of open content. I have the right to insist that my copyrighted material be used in the way I allow or not at all, and I am willing to use that right to help the cause of open content. Jdavidb 19:55, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Dear sir or madam,

This is to provide you notice that you are in violation of terms for distributing my copyrighted material on your website. At issue is the following page on your website, as well as other articles from the same source:

http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/s/si/singing_school.htm

I am the primary author of this article as well as others that you have reproduced on your site. This article and others that you have reproduced are all under copyright. You do not have rights to distribute these articles except as provided by the copyright owners.

These articles were obtained from Wikipedia at http://www.wikipedia.org/. Wikipedia makes clear my terms for distribution of my work; these terms may be found in the attached document, the GNU Free Documentation License. The GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL) provides that you may redistribute my articles, but only under certain conditions. Namely, you are required to make clear to anyone to whom you distribute my articles that the articles are licensed under the GNU FDL by stating so on the article page and providing a copy of the GNU FDL, and you must acknowledge the authorship of the articles. In this case you must either put my name and the names of my co-authors on the articles or you may provide a link on each article page back to the original article on Wikipedia.

If you do not comply with these terms you do not have the right to redistribute my articles and you must remove them from your site. Please comply immediately by providing the text of the GNU FDL on your website for each Wikipedia article and by acknowledging the authorship of this material. As it is you are in breach of copyright, you are misrepresenting your site as the author and owner of this material, and you are failing to let readers of your website know that they also have limited rights to make use of and redistribute the articles under the GNU FDL.

Thank you, J. David Blackstone

Feel free to help improve the letter
I will probably send this letter to additional infringers. I encourage anyone who is interested to be bold and edit it if you think you can make it better. I also of course encourage you to use the letter (modified to reflect an article that you have written) and pursue GNU FDL compliance at this or other non-compliant sites. Jdavidb 20:00, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Response
I received the following reply:

Each article has the following text at the bottom and includes links to the wikipedia article and the GFDL, as requested by wikipedia:

The source of this article is Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.

If for some reason this text is not visible for you, please send me a screenshot.

Javascript
It appears that the links to credit Wikipedia only appear when the user runs Javascript. I have sent the following response:

Looking at your site it appears that the notification is only visible when the browser has Javascript activated. Since some browsers do not even support Javascript and since some users will access without it, I don't think this completely fulfills your obligation. It should be simple to add the appropriate links in such a way that they are visible in the HTML of the page itself rather than Javascript.

I do appreciate that you have put the works in to add the links, but you need to make clear to each person who reads these articles that they have certain rights under the GNU FDL. That includes those who visit your site with a browser that does not run Javascript.

J. David Blackstone

title: User talk:Jdavidb/Copyright


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bee swat

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:17, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Bee swat
Article is about a dance move. Googling for "Bee swat" returns 30 hits, none of which seem (at a quick skim-through) related. Googling for the band "Awful Waffle" + "Matt Jensen" returns no hits. Delete on the basis of non-notability. jglc | t | c 19:55, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable, per above. Friday 20:05, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Pavel Vozenilek 23:37, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn dance. JamesBurns 03:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.