text:
Sunninghill Park

Sunninghill Park was a country house and estate of about 665 acre directly north of Cheapside, in the civil parishes of Sunninghill and Ascot and Winkfield, adjoining Windsor Great Park in the English county of Berkshire.

The early 19th-century house burned down in 1947 and a replacement was built in the grounds during the final years of the 1980s to be the official residence of the Duke of York from 1990 until 2004; it was sold in 2007 to Timur Kulibayev for $19.7 million which was $4 million more than the asking price. The house fell into disrepair and was demolished in 2016.

19th-century house
Sunninghill Park was originally part of Windsor Forest until 1630, when King Charles I granted it to Thomas Carey. Around 1633, it was purchased by Sir Thomas Draper and sold in 1769 by his great grandson, Thomas Draper Baber, to Jeremiah Crutchley, whose family owned it until it was sold in 1936 by Percy Edward Crutchley (whose maternal grandparents were the owners of Eldon House in London, Ontario). The first significant house was built on the estate in the late Georgian period in the early 19th century, being a stucco building of two stories with later additions.

It served as the headquarters of the American Ninth Air Force from November 1943 to September 1944. The Crown Estate Commissioners purchased the property from Philip Hill in 1945. The main house was to be occupied by Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) and her future husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, after their wedding in November 1947. However, the house burned down on 30 August 1947, so they rented Windlesham Moor instead. In the mid-1960s, the site was considered for a new home for Princess Margaret.

1980s house
In 1986, the walled garden of 5 acre was purchased from the Crown Estate Commissioners on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II. The following year, construction began on a two-storey red brick house to be the home of the Duke and Duchess of York, who had married in July 1986. The architect was Sir James Dunbar-Nasmith, Balmoral Estate Architect and professor at Heriot-Watt University. Construction was completed in 1990.

The house had six reception rooms, 12 bedrooms, and 12 bathrooms. It was the first newly built royal home since Bagshot Park, which was built in 1879 for the Duke of Connaught. In the British tabloid press, the home was often referred to as 'SouthYork', a play on words for the 'Southfork' estate in the popular 1980s soap opera Dallas. It was also "mocked for its resemblance to a Tesco-style supermarket".

The Duke and Duchess were divorced in 1996. Following the death of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 2002, it was announced that the Duke of York would live in her former home, Royal Lodge, Windsor. The Duke and his former wife shared the family's home until 2004, when he moved to the Royal Lodge, the refurbishment of which was funded by taking out a mortgage on Sunninghill Park. The house was placed on the market in 2001 but the Duchess of York and her daughters continued to live there until sometime before it was sold in 2007.

Its legal title records that the house and some of its grounds were sold for £15 million in 2007, £3 million over the asking price, to an offshore trust in the British Virgin Islands. Kenes Rakishev, a 29-year-old Kazakh businessman who called himself a friend of Prince Andrew, professed to have negotiated the deal with the help of his father-in-law Imangali Tasmagambetov, the mayor of Astana, but insisted neither of them was the owner. Later, the owner was revealed to be Timur Kulibayev, the billionaire son-in-law of the Kazakh president, Nursultan Nazarbayev. Kulibayev acknowledged ownership after a newspaper investigation revealed he had used offshore companies and a trust to make the purchase.

The house fell into an increasing state of disrepair. By 2009, it had "doors hanging open, weeds sprouting through the terrace paving, windows broken, grass growing through the cover over the empty swimming pool, peeling paintwork and a general air of dereliction." In July 2009, Bracknell Forest Borough Council were said to be considering seizing the property under the Housing Act 2004 and using it as a homeless shelter, following several reported break-ins. In 2013 the owner was granted planning permission to demolish it and replace it with a larger house, and in 2014, photos showed the former royal home appeared to be seriously dilapidated. Demolition was temporarily halted when more than 100 bats were found roosting under its roof, before its actual demolition. A 14-bedroom mansion was built in its place.

title: Sunninghill Park


text:
Dee Carstensen

Dee Carstensen (born February 18, 1956 ) is a New York City-based contemporary folk and new age singer/songwriter who is best known for her harp playing.

Personal life
Carstensen was born on February 18, 1956 in Maryland and later moved with her parents and four siblings to Rochester. She started her musical interest by playing piano when she was 5 years old, and later took up stringed instruments when she was 8. Part of her studies in the stringed instrument family included the harp, which was done with a harpist from the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra. Carstensen described her relationship with stringed instruments as "love-hate", while she said her upbringing was "classical training" she was also listening to Joni Mitchell, Janis Joplin, James Taylor, and Jimi Hendrix. Carstensen is married to vibist Mike Mainieri, who she says is the "single most important influence on her musical career." She cites this by mentioning 2 separate instances where she would "throw out ideas" and Mainieri offered his constructive criticism for her.

Career
Carstensen's debut came in 1993 with her album Beloved One, which was largely produced by Bob Marlette and included guitar work by Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits. Her second album called Regarding the Soul came out in 1995, and was produced by Neil Dorfsman. In this album Dee integrated her singing, songwriting and harp-playing after "fooling around" with the instrument for a bit. Regarding the Soul was initially released under a subsidiary imprint called "Exit Nine Records" by Mainieri, and was later re-released in 1998 under Blue Thumb. Dee's third album called The Map also came out during this year which was released under a joint-venture agreement between GRP and Mainieri's NYC Records. However, the Gavin Reports release schedule for the Summer of 1998 mentions Blue Thumb instead.

Dee also recorded a children's album, Can You Hear Lullaby (2001), which featured guest vocals Everett Bradley, Curtis King and Julie Dansky and instrumental work by her husband. Dee went back into the studio and recorded a solo album, Patch of Blue, which was released in 2005. Unlike previous work, all eight songs were originals, except Fly Away whose music was co-written with her husband, who played vibraphone on the album. Patch of Blue did not include any guitar work. Instead, it featured Dee's harp and vocals, with backing from the Tosca String Quartet and several woodwind players. Carstensen has been described as using her harp "like a guitar" in her folk/pop compositions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dee Carstensen


text:
Lupi

Lupi may refer to:

People

 * Alessandro Lupi (born 1970), Italian former professional footballer manager and former player
 * Carlos Lupi (born 1957), Brazilian professor and politician
 * Daniel Lupi (born 1961), American film producer
 * Darrin Zammit Lupi (born 1968), Maltese photographer and journalist
 * Didier Lupi Second (c.1520-after 1559), French composer
 * Dov Lupi (born 1948), Israeli-American gymnast
 * Francisco Lupi (1920–1954), Portuguese chess master
 * Giorgia Lupi (born 1981), Italian information designer
 * Giovanni Lupi, commonly known as Nino, (1908–1990), Swiss footballer
 * Giuseppe Lupi (1894, date of death unknown), Italian gymnast
 * Ignazio Lupi (1867–1942), Italian actor and film director
 * Italo Lupi (1934–2023), Italian graphic designer and writer
 * Johannes Lupi (c. 1506–1539), Franco-Flemish composer
 * Leonardo Lupi (born 1972), Venezuelan footballer
 * Maurizio Lupi (born 1959), Italian politician
 * Miguel Ângelo Lupi (1826–1883), Portuguese painter and art professor
 * Roberto Lupi (1908–1971), Italian composer, conductor, and music theorist
 * Roldano Lupi (1909–1989), Italian film actor
 * Tomás Verón Lupi (born 2000), Argentine professional footballer
 * Walter Lupi (born 1960), Italian guitarist

Astronomy

 * Any of several stars in the constellation Lupus

Other

 * Lupi, Camarines Sur
 * Lupeol synthase, an enzyme
 * A.S. Roma, a football club known as i Lupi (Italian for "the Wolves")
 * A.S. Avellino 1912, a football club known as i Lupi
 * Piacenza Calcio, a football club, known as i Lupi

title: Lupi


text:
Talk:Strelitzia reginae

I thought your article was very informative. You pretty much hit all the main impotant parts but I didn't read where it said it was a monocot or a dicot. You might want to add that if you know what it is.

Article review
I think your article is very informative, especially with all of the external links. I really liked how you included a brief history of this exotic flower in addition to all the great scientific info. I find the goegraphic history of plants intringuing and am amazed at how so many can survive and flourish outside their natural habitat. Like the flower you wrote your article on, it was never native to the US but now it is the official flower of L.A! Thanks for the info!

Helpful with identification, but no cultivation information. How can one get a plant to flower in the U.K.? 217.44.190.127 (talk) 18:40, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Notice of requested move
Requested move: Bird of paradise (disambiguation) → Bird of paradise. Please read and contribute to survey here. --Una Smith (talk) 23:36, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

(i would like to know about medicinal properties of the plant, for example i was at work yesturday and wanted to take a cig break but didnt have any tobacco so to just satisfy the fixation i pulled a dried leaf from the bottom side of the plant and smoked it.I noticed a clear head feeling opposite to that of a cig. Ive heard rumors of banana leaf being "smokable" but when i tried it i didnt notice anything. I now pick this leaf shaft whenever i happen upon one and jokingly respond to my freinds (mostly apprehensive) Oh this is happy grass. obvious assumptions follow imediatly and are brushed aside but some have tried it and prefered it to tobacco. ...I dont expect this to remain on the site though an email response would be appreciated/ ecomunky@yahoo.com     {james}  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.231.8.205 (talk) 16:43, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Removed unsourced text
I’ve removed some unsourced text: I’ve tried to find sources for these statements, without success. If anybody can find reliable sources, I will gladly replace. Darorcilmir (talk) 15:05, 24 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Naturalized in various countries?
 * National flower of Madeira?

title: Talk:Strelitzia reginae


text:
User talk:Gene Wood

Xenu article, age of the Earth
I threw the 100,000 figure in there since the text previously just read "significantly longer than...", which seemed to me to be a terrible understatement. So it was intended merely to be an order of magnitude. Regardless, a more accurate value is always welcome! Thanks for the improvement and welcome to Wikipedia! — HorsePunchKid → 龜 04:56, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Makes sense. You're welcome, and thanks for the note! - Gene Wood 17:59PDT, July 30, 2005

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Nomination for deletion of Template:Latest stable software release/Gallery Project
Template:Latest stable software release/Gallery Project has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 06:45, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Latest stable software release/Piwigo
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title: User talk:Gene Wood


text:
Nabua, Fiji

Nabua is a suburb of the Fijian capital of Suva. The Queen Elizabeth Barracks, a major military base which saw a mutiny on 2 November 2000, is located there.

Nabua was established in 1935 by the late Ratu Sir Josefa Vanayaliyali Sukuna after the great Tsunami heat in Suva. It was mainly populated by Indigenous Fijian Community.

title: Nabua, Fiji


text:
Charles Deering

Charles Deering (July 31, 1852 – February 5, 1927) was an American businessman, art collector, and philanthropist. He was an executive of the agricultural machinery company founded by his father that became International Harvester. Charles's successful stewardship of the family firm left him with the means and leisure to indulge his interests in the arts and natural sciences. His activities and benefactions in the US were centered on Chicago and Miami; he also aspired to found an art museum in Spain.

Early life

Deering was born July 31, 1852, in South Paris, Maine, the son of Abby Reed Barbour and William Deering. His father was a successful businessman then engaged in real estate speculation and the manufacture and sale of woolens. In 1856, Charles's mother died, and, the following year, his father married Clara Barbour Cummings Hamilton, a cousin of his late wife. The two children of this marriage were James Deering (1859–1925) and Abby Marion Deering (later Mrs Richard Flint Howe). Charles remained close to his half-brother and sister throughout his life.

Charles attended Kents Hill School, graduating in June 1869. At first, he set his sights on a career in the Navy. Obtaining a midshipman's warrant, he entered the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, where he graduated second in the class of 1873. He served as a naval officer until 1881, when he resigned in order to join his father's company. Naval service shaped Deering by exposing him to the cultures of Europe and Asia. He supplemented these experiences with extensive personal travel, developing cosmopolitan tastes, a cosmopolitan outlook, and a particular affinity with the arts of Spain. While still in the Navy, Charles met and married Ana Rogers Case, the daughter of Rear Admiral Augustus Ludlow Case; the couple wed in 1875 in Newport, Rhode Island. Ana Deering died October 31, 1876, shortly after giving birth to a son, Charles Case Deering (1876–1924).

Deering was a gifted amateur artist, and while still in the Navy he used his free time to become acquainted with leading artists and to visit the world's great art galleries. He began a lifelong habit of collecting art, both by acknowledged masters and contemporaries. In 1876, he met the painter John Singer Sargent, who became a close friend. Other artist-friends included sculptor Augustus St. Gaudens, the Swedish artist Anders Zorn, and Catalan artist Ramon Casas i Carbo. In 1893, Deering took time off from his other duties to study painting in Paris under Zorn for an entire season. Throughout his life, Deering enthusiastically supported and championed the work of many living artists while also avidly purchasing hundreds of older, more obscure works along with many acknowledged masterpieces.

Business career
By 1881, William Deering's business activities had shifted to Illinois, where some earlier investments had led to his founding the Deering Harvester Company. As it grew, he enlisted both his sons in running the company. Charles moved to Chicago, taking up permanent residence in Evanston and becoming the company's secretary. His father retired in 1901. In 1902, J. P. Morgan financed a deal that combined Deering Harvester and the company founded by Cyrus McCormick, along with several others, to form the International Harvester Company. Charles Deering became chairman of the board of the newly created company. He served in this capacity until 1910, when he retired.

Art patronage and collecting
Deering devoted the rest of his life to art collecting and to the creation of several estates in the United States and Europe. Deering dreamed of creating an art center in Spain, and in 1910 he had the Palau Maricel built with the help of the artist Miquel Utrillo in Sitges, a town just south of Barcelona. The building was connected by a bridge across the lane to a second building he purchased, which now houses the Museu Maricel. A portrait of him by Catalan artist Ramon Casas i Carbó can be seen in the museum, which is open to visitors. The Palau Maricel is also open to visitors. Deering's hope was that the complex would become a magnet for artists and artistic life, where people of many nations would come to make art and study. In addition, Deering's own large and many-sided collection of Spanish art and decorative objects would be on display. In the end, however, Deering abandoned much of this plan. Instead, much of his collection was given to the Art Institute of Chicago, while other works were transferred to his estate at Cutler, Florida.

Florida estates
Beginning around 1890, the William Deerings began wintering in Florida, first around St. Augustine, and later in the vicinity of Miami. Visiting them, both Charles and his half-brother became deeply interested in South Florida. Around 1908, Charles purchased some 212 acres of land in Buena Vista. In 1910, he hired Clinton Mackenzie to design a Spanish-style villa for the property. He hired the great Chicago landscape architect Ossian Cole Simonds to lay out the grounds. Here he supported the New York Botanical Garden by providing them 25 acres to grow cacti. Around this time, Deering made the acquaintance of botanist David Fairchild and allowed the US Department of Agriculture to establish an experimental station on 25 acres of his property. Deering became an avid naturalist and preservationist. The book Ornamental Gardening in Florida by Charles Simpson is dedicated to him.

Deering correctly foresaw that development would soon engulf the Buena Vista property, and by 1913 he had begun buying land further down on the coast, along Old Cutler Road. By 1915, he had acquired several hundred acres near Cutler and moved his winter quarters there permanently. His Buena Vista estate was broken up by developers during the land boom of 1925. Deering built a fine stone house on his second property. Now named the Charles Deering Estate, it is open to the public as a museum and nature preserve. Meanwhile, his brother James built an estate, Villa Vizcaya, on Biscayne Bay in Coconut Grove.

Charles Deering was also a member of the famous Jekyll Island Club (aka the Millionaires Club) on Jekyll Island, Georgia.

Family
In 1883, Deering had married Marion Dennison Whipple, the daughter of Major General William Dennison Whipple. The Deerings had three children: Roger, Marion, and Barbara (later Mrs. Richard Ely Danielson).

On July 6, 1914, Deering's daughter Marion (1887–1965) married Chauncey McCormick in Paris over his objections. After a civil ceremony, a religious rite was held at James Deering's Paris residence. Mrs. McCormick became a patron of art in Chicago and "one of the nation's richest women". Her son Brooks McCormick (1917–2006) was the last family member to head International Harvester.

Death and memorial library

Deering died on February 5, 1927, in Miami, and was buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. In 1930, construction began on the Charles Deering Library at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. Funding was provided primarily through donations made by the Deering, McCormick, and Danielson families. Dedicated in 1933, it served as Northwestern's primary library until 1970, when an adjacent library was constructed. The Deering Library now houses certain special collections of the Northwestern University Library, along with art, music, and the University Archives. Deering's son Roger (1884–1936) was also a patron of the arts and a benefactor of Northwestern.

title: Charles Deering


text: File:Sopordls faceone.jpg

title: File:Sopordls faceone.jpg


text:
Ocampo

Ocampo may refer to:

Mexico

 * Ocampo Municipality (disambiguation)
 * Ocampo, Chihuahua, a town
 * Ocampo, Coahuila, a city
 * Ocampo Flora and Fauna Protection Area, a protected area near Ocampo, Coahuila
 * Ocampo, Guanajuato, a city
 * Melchor Ocampo, State of Mexico
 * Ocampo, Michoacán
 * Melchor Ocampo, Nuevo León
 * Ocampo, Tamaulipas
 * Melchor Ocampo Municipality, Zacatecas

Elsewhere

 * Ocampo, Camarines Sur, Philippines, a municipality
 * Ocampo Street, Manila, Philippines
 * Ocampo (crater), on Mars

People

 * Ocampo (surname)

title: Ocampo


text:
Dead Lovers' Sarabande (Face One)

Dead Lovers' Sarabande (Face One) is the fourth album by darkwave band Sopor Aeternus & the Ensemble of Shadows, and was released in 1999. It is the first concept album by the band, and the first of a two-album suite detailing the mourning of a lover who has recently passed. (Face One) was also the first Sopor Aeternus album to be released in multiple formats, including a double vinyl edition and an A5-sized boxed set edition; both were limited pressings, of 500 and 3,000 copies, respectively. It was also the first to be promoted with an accompanying video.

Overview
Dead Lovers' Sarabande, as a whole, is a transitory death suite detailing the unnamed protagonist's mourning of her lover and her desire to rejoin him in the afterlife. Major recurring themes in the work include loneliness and the dreadful feeling of loss when someone dear dies. The story of the first part centers around Cantodea assisting her husband in committing suicide; although he is said to be suffering, the exact cause is not mentioned. In "Hades "Pluton"", she attempts to make a deal with otherworldly beings in order to recover her husband but refuses it eventually. Anna-Varney Cantodea later admitted that Dead Lovers' Sarabande was dedicated to, but not about, the late Rozz Williams, former frontman of deathrock band Christian Death.

Musically, a shift was made towards folk music and chamber pieces, with more prominent passages for string instruments. For the first time, live brass and woodwinds players were used instead of synthesized instruments; the leap to organic strings occurred on The inexperienced Spiral Traveller. Whereas previous albums contained some wall of sound production techniques, (Face One) was more intimate and featured minimalist arrangements. Songs also became more drone-like, with the use of pedal tones and repeated melodies carried across several instruments; this is most notable on opener "Across the Bridge" and the album's longest piece, "The Sleeper". "Hades "Pluton"" is based on the rhythm of the Roky Erickson song, "Night of the Vampire".

Dead Lovers' Sarabande (Face One) was re-released on CD with newly packaged artwork in 2004.

Personnel

 * Katrin Ebert: Violin
 * Martin Höfert: Cello
 * Johannes Knirsch: Double bass
 * Eric Santie-Laa: Cor anglais
 * Peter Hergert: Trumpet, trombone
 * Eugene de la Fontaine: Tuba, oboe
 * Martin Hoffman: Guitars
 * Anna-Varney Cantodea: Vocals, all other instruments and programming

title: Dead Lovers' Sarabande (Face One)


text:
Mohammad Ali Jinnah University

{{Infobox university }} The Mohammad Ali Jinnah University ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|جامعہ محمد علی جناح}}}}), abbreviated as MAJU) is a private university located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
 * name             = Mohammad Ali Jinnah University
 * native_name      = }
 * image_name       = MAJU-LOGO.jpg
 * image_size       =
 * latin_name       =
 * established      = 1998
 * closed           =
 * type             = Private
 * affiliation      =
 * endowment        =
 * budget           =
 * officer_in_charge =
 * chairman         =
 * chancellor       = Mian Amer Mahmood
 * president        = Zubair Sheikh
 * vice-president   =
 * superintendent   =
 * provost          =
 * vice_chancellor  =
 * principal        =
 * dean             =
 * director         =
 * head_label       =
 * head             =
 * academic_staff   =
 * administrative_staff =
 * students         =
 * undergrad        =
 * postgrad         =
 * doctoral         =
 * other            =
 * city             = Karachi
 * province         = Sindh
 * country          = Pakistan
 * coor             =
 * campus           = Urban
 * former_names     =
 * free_label       =
 * free             =
 * colors           = Blue, white, red,
 * athletics        =
 * sports           =
 * nickname         = MAJU
 * mascot           =
 * affiliations     = Higher Education Commission (Pakistan) Pakistan Engineering Council Association of Commonwealth Universities
 * website          = jinnah.edu
 * logo             =
 * footnotes        =

Established in 1998, the university offers undergraduate and post-graduate programs with a strong emphasis on business management, applied sciences, engineering and computer science.

Recognized university
Recognized by the Higher Education Commission (Pakistan).

In addition, the university is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities of the United Kingdom.

Additional campuses
The university operated an additional campus in Islamabad, but it changed into Capital University of Science & Technology (CUST) in 2015. Now CUST is separate from MAJU, Karachi and under the MAJU Trust.

History
The Punjab Group of Colleges has been serving the community with education since 1985.

As a tribute to the father of the Nation, the group named an ambitious project Mohammad Ali Jinnah University. Mohammad Ali Jinnah University was granted its charter by the government of Sindh in 1998. The Islamabad campus was established after obtaining an NOC from UGC, dated 17 August 1998 and dated 29 November 2001 and NOC from HEC dated 27 September 2003. (now become a separate university CUST Islamabad)

Academics
MAJU has departments of Computer Science, Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Mathematics in the Faculty of Computing; in the Faculty of Business Administration and Social Sciences, there are departments of Business Administration, Economics and Social Sciences.

In addition to pure academic programs, MAJU runs training programs, seminars and workshops. The university has started doctoral programs in Computer Sciences, Electrical Engineering and Management Sciences.

A project of Punjab Group of Colleges. Research is another area of prime importance at MAJU. Research and Development are the crucial tools that countries use to transform their developing economies into developed nations. With advanced degree programs in Banking and Finance, Computer Science and Management Information Systems, we are preparing young men and women to meet the challenges of the new millennium.

title: Mohammad Ali Jinnah University


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chapman To

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was unanimous keep. Scimitar parley 18:15, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Chapman To
Appears to be a Honk Kong martial arts actor. Is in IMDB, however, no presence in english-speaking countries as of yet. humblefool® 04:58, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So then why does that make it not notable? Are you saying that actors who don't act in English movies are inherently less notable than English-speaking ones? I don't find the argument convincing. --Dmcdevit·t 05:07, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Infernal Affairs is released in the UK and the US 60.234.144.135 05:13, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * A bit difficult to google, but +"Chapman To" +film +"hong kong" gives about 6,400 hits. And that's without googling him in Chinese. Clearly notable. Keep. Uppland 05:52, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * He was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in the Hong Kong Film Awards twice in the last three years.  This implies that he is well-known in the Hong Kong film industry.  Keep. --Metropolitan90 06:01, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, expand and cleanup. Notable actor. Capitalistroadster 06:16, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Your colleagues at Chinese wikipedia have devoted an article to him without inciting any deletionist controversy.--Defrosted 08:18, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP Infernal Affairs is being remade in Hollywood 132.205.44.43 15:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Eah, eah, eah, don't all you guys bite my head off at once. The fellow seemed nn at the time - I was wrong. humblefool® 18:45, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. FYI, he's not martially trained at all. All his movie 'roles' are like JaJa Bing... comically shallow, because of his success of 'Silly Keung' in Infernal Affairs; he's also a co-host of a once-popular radio talk show. Also, his recent marriage is his second.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page..


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tollari

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 17:07, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Tollari
Neologism. Can't find documentation of it anywhere on google, even its external link doesn't seem to work for me. Even if it were truethough, it's a dicdef, and WP:WINAD. Delete. --Dmcdevit·t 04:59, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - hoax. AlbertR 05:06, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax/unverifiable. Dcarrano 16:20, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tollari


text: File:Sopordls facetwo.jpg

title: File:Sopordls facetwo.jpg


text:
Pamplona (disambiguation)

Pamplona is the capital city of Navarre in Spain.

Pamplona may also refer to: Places:
 * Kingdom of Pamplona (later called Kingdom of Navarre), a medieval kingdom
 * Pamplona, Norte de Santander, in Colombia
 * Pamplona, a neighbourhood in Guatemala City, Guatemala
 * In the Philippines:
 * Pamplona, Cagayan
 * Pamplona, Camarines Sur
 * Pamplona, Negros Oriental
 * Pamplona, a barrio in Las Piñas

Other:
 * Pamplona (meat), a stuffed and rolled grilled meat dish from Uruguay
 * Pamplona (footballer) (1904-1973), Brazilian footballer

title: Pamplona (disambiguation)


text:
File:Sopordls facetwo2004.jpg

Summary
2004 re-release cover of the Sopor Aeternus & The Ensemble of Shadows album Dead Lovers' Sarabande (Face Two).

title: File:Sopordls facetwo2004.jpg


text: File:Sopordls faceone2004.jpg

title: File:Sopordls faceone2004.jpg


text:
Gatcombe Park

Gatcombe Park is a country house between the villages of Minchinhampton (to which it belongs) and Avening in Gloucestershire, England. Originally constructed in the 1770s, it was rebuilt from 1820 by George Basevi for the economist David Ricardo. Since 1976 it has been the country home of Anne, Princess Royal. Gatcombe is a Grade II* listed building. Parts of the grounds open for events, including horse trials and craft fairs.

Location
Gatcombe Park is between the villages of Minchinhampton and Avening in Gloucestershire in South West England. Highgrove House, the country residence of Anne's brother, King Charles III, is located 6 mi away in the parish of Doughton, near Tetbury. The first cousin of their mother, the late Queen, Prince Michael of Kent, owned nearby Nether Lypiatt Manor for 26 years from 1980.

History
The manors of Minchinhampton and Avening formed the basis of the later Gatcombe Park estate. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries they were granted to Lord Windsor, whose family sold most of the land to Philip Sheppard in 1656. The core hillside land of the former estates, which was chiefly within the parish bounds of Gatcombe, was left in the will of Samuel Sheppard, who died in 1770, to his brother Edward. Edward, a clothier, had a new house built from 1771 to 1774. The house and estate were purchased in 1814 by the speculator and theoretical economist David Ricardo, MP, and altered to the designs of George Basevi (a relation), c.1820. It features Bath stone construction, and comprises five main bedrooms, four secondary bedrooms, four reception rooms, a library, a billiard room and a conservatory; staff accommodation and its steep-sloping grounds are a separately listed (Grade II) parkland.

The Princess Royal: 1976-present
The house and home farm were bought by Queen Elizabeth II in 1976 for Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips; the price was not disclosed but is believed to have been between £500,000 and £750,000. The previous owner was Lord Butler of Saffron Walden, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, and a former Home Secretary, who had inherited the house from his father-in-law, the art collector Samuel Courtauld. Courtauld had acquired it from the Ricardo family in 1940.

The Crown paid for the renovation and redecoration of the house for Princess Anne and Captain Phillips, who moved into it in November 1977. In 1978 the estate was enlarged by the purchase of Aston Farm to the east. The property then covered approximately 730 acre, of which the bulk of its 200 acre of woodland was part of the park land, including a lake containing brown trout. The property had extensive stabling for horses, including a new stable block, and an airstrip.

The estate was divided when the Princess Royal and Mark Phillips were divorced, and today the princess lives at Gatcombe Park with her second husband, Sir Timothy Laurence. After the divorce, for some years Mark Phillips lived at Aston Farm with his second wife, but he later moved to the United States. Their children Peter and Zara Phillips each had a cottage on the estate until they married. Peter and his wife, Autumn, then moved to London.. Zara and her husband, Mike Tindall, at first lived in Cheltenham after they were married in 2011, but in January 2013 they sold their house and moved to the Gatcombe estate.

The grounds of Gatcombe Park are known in the eventing world for hosting the Festival of British Eventing every year, over the first weekend in August. Organised by Mark Phillips, with considerable input from Princess Anne, the event attracts the world's top equestrian Olympians and over 40,000 paying spectators, as well as BBC Television coverage. Two smaller horse trials, in the spring and autumn, also take place on the estate, with courses designed by Princess Anne, and there is a biannual craft fair, with around 160 exhibitors, in May and October.

title: Gatcombe Park


text:
Talk:Curse of Tippecanoe

George Bush
As we all know, bush died of an attempted assassination attempt and is currently living! This makes perfect sense and I don't see anything wierd here! Reda84100 (talk) 15:35, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

It's been fixed so it's good Reda84100 (talk) 08:56, 20 July 2021 (UTC)

Untitled
Go ahead. I thought it was just Tippecanoe's curse.

There is a MAJOR error in this page...John Tyler did NOT die in office. I assume the author of this page ment Zachary Taylor, as Taylor did die in office and the dates listed are those of Taylor's term in office. Similar names, VERY different people. Very simple research could have prevented this error.

Last Sentence
"Dodich also believes that in 2000, it was again an earth sign, and it won't happen again for 600 years, meaning Bush is at the end of the curse."

'It' occurs twice and seems to refer to a different subject each time. I'm not sure what the poster meant, so I can't edit it, but this needs to be rewritten: as it stands it really doesn't make sense and in fact the wording is contradictory to what in context the poster seems to be trying to say. CFLeon 10:17, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

'''Also, the year 2000 has already passed. Did the earth sign appear or not?'''

Mark Dodich???
I understand that it is not off-topic to bring in an astrologer's theory in a pretended curse, but the question is: Is Mark Dodich a relevant astrologer, or is he just one more between the thousands that look at the stars for influence in human life? I know he appears a lot in Google, but they're all pages in which he collaborates. So, is he considered a prominent figure in the circle of astrologers? Otherwise I wouldn't put it here (just because Snopes quotes him it doesn't means that Wikipedia has to copy the mention). 200.55.112.47 15:43, 30 August 2006 (UTC) Nahuel

"last president of the united states"
I can't seem to find a source for this statement outside of wikipedia (not obviously, anyway) and, given recent world events, it seems to me, at least, to be a potential instance of political propaganda/fear-mongering. Given that it doesn't seem too damaging, it seemed reasonable to allow it to stay in the article, at least for the short term, but someone more familiar with wiki policies can feel free to change that. Matthew Brown, posting from 207.171.180.101
 * I removed it. ~a (user • talk • contribs) 20:31, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Drastic trimming
I drastically trimmed the article for the following reasons: The result is an article that is more tightly focused on the so-called curse, rather than spinning various hypothetical situations.--JW1805 (Talk) 01:22, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Tenskwatawa was not defeated at Tippecanoe. Tecumseh was.
 * All the info about Regan and Bush has nothing to do with anything. They didn't die in office.  Putting that Regan has some surgery and bush almost choked on a pretzel is silly and irrelevant.
 * Assassination attempts of other Presidents also have nothing to do with anything.
 * The astrology stuff is nonsense.

 * You're misinformed about the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh was not at that battle; it was Tenskwatawa's defeat. —Kevin 12:14, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Couldn't agree more with JW1805, Reagan probably deserves a small mention because he supposedly broke the curse, but adding Bush is nonsense. Why not add all the other presidents who did not die in office and rename this article List of Presidents of the United States? --Maarten1963 (talk) 22:36, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The pretzel is back in the article. I agree it's silly and irrelevant.--Jack Upland (talk) 00:04, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

2000 election
The other way to interpret the curse is that every president elected in a year divisible by 20 will suffer some life-threatening calamity. So Reagan might not have dispelled the curse. Bad news for the president elected in 2000... Brutannica 22:37, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * How so? Reagon was elected in 1980, which is divisible by 20 (1980 / 20 = 99) Sinsdepth 22:01, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I wonder if the curse is why Al Gore won't run for President again? MMetro 19:53, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Another way to interpret the curse is that every president elected on the twenty year cycle would die in a "schocking" or uncommon manner. For example the Presidents who died in office caused a shock and Reagan's diagnosis with Alzheimer's disease was uncommon.

Reagen may have lived but he did NOT make it though his term. Reagen was kicked out of office meaning the first president to make it through their term would be president Bush. Bush was still alive and in office on 1-21-2009 when Obamba took office which breaks the pattern. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.70.31.100 (talk) 20:13, 27 January 2009 (UTC) The above is so very, very wrong... I think you mean Nixon, who was kicked out of office (technically, he resigned), and Reagen served for all eight years (unless you want to count when he was having surgery and GHWBush was President, but that'll just open a whole can of worms). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.8.26.10 (talk) 17:56, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Failed attempts
I removed the line "There was an assasination attempt also made against President George W. Bush In Tbilisi, Georgia on May 10, 2005, when a grenade thrown at the President failed to go off.". I feel there is a fundamental difference between a failed assassination attempt where the target was wounded, and one where s/he was not; as such, Reagan belongs on the list, Bush currently does not. We have no idea how many countless plots have failed (and there are probably a few which have succeeded that we've missed out on, too). Instead, I'd support a page, "List of failed assassination attempts", or something along those lines, which would include, for example, the two failed attempts on Ford's life, etc. samwaltz 01:52, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

IIRC, there also were failed attempts on the lives of Theodore Roosevelt and Harry Truman. 71.8.222.86 22:09, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Reagan breaking Curse
Well from what I learned on a tour in D.C. i think this should be added.

Well apparently all the other presidents when they were, I think, inaugurated they faced East, but when Reagan did it he faced West because he said "he didn't want to have his back facing the majority of his country" and this supposedly broke the curse. Should it be added? I have no sources because, as I said, I learned it on a bus tour in DC and I may have the facts a bit wrong, but I think it's better then just saying "The pattern ended with Reagen." This adds a little more to the legend and I think it should be added as it IS part of the legend.

 * Sounds ridiculous. Maybe if you find a source, but we can't really know until Bush dies or leaves office.  Be sure to sign your posts with four tildes (~) .  Reywas92 Talk Review me 02:21, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

I wouldn't put it past Reagan to say something like that, but the real reason he switched sides is that the view from the West Front is absolutely breathtaking, while the one from the East is nothing special.--Ten-pint (talk) 19:42, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Regan didn’t not want to not face the rest of America, he didn’t want to turn his back on his home country, California. Also, he did have an assassination attempt. So he was not exactly breaking the curse, he more just got good luck. Crazycasle (talk) 14:08, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

Objectivity
The use of the word "ridiculous" is a personal slant on the information presenteed in this article. It should be removed in order to let the reader make his own judgements. However, the phrase "most Americans believe that this is" or "most believe..." etc. could be put in the artical. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.160.108.190 (talk) 17:56, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

I changed it to give the reader an impartial view. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.160.108.190 (talk • contribs) 18:03, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

There was no assassination attempt on George W. Bush
I won't change it, because I'm a fairly junior person on Wikipedia, but George W. Bush was in Sarasota, Florida on 2001-09-11. Even the entry itself says Flight 93 was either going to hit the White House or the Capitol Building. If the intent was unclear and the target was not even in the area, how can it be said to be an assassination attempt? Mutatron (talk) 07:26, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Fair enough. I was just rephrasing a previous edit, but George Bush himself must be included because he was elected in a year ending in a 0.Mathgod333 (talk) 03:55, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

No longer relavent
Well, W. Bush survived all eight years, and a new President is serving in the White House, so any discussion of this is now defunct, except for historical oddity sake. Of course, you could argue that Bush didn't really win the election in 2000, so that's why he survived... or his horrible poll numbers, which effectively killed his Presidency two years early, counts. Anyway... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.8.26.10 (talk) 18:01, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Am I the only one who things it bizaare that the curse started with Harrison (elected in '40) and was broken by Reagen (President No. 40)? Plus the fact that the number 40 has big significance in the Bible and all(wandered the desert for 40 years), which is probably the only reason I noticed this coincidence in the first place. Scary...:)Masternachos (talk) 01:07, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Franklin Roosevelt
Franklin Roosevelt was not elected in 1940, he was re-elected in 1940 so technically he does not belong in the same category as say Kennedy or Reagan. I would remove it but I don't have a username so it would probably thought of as spam. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.86.55.207 (talk) 03:54, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Roosevelt is accepted as being in line for the curse because he won the election that occurred in 1940 - no weight is given to whether it was an election or reelection. Anyone who wins a US Presidential election during a year that ends with a zero is in line for the curse. The death does not even have to be in the same term as the election; Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 but wasn't assassinated until after his reelection in 1864. –  j ak s mata  13:20, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Broken
I once had a history professor who said that the Curse was broken by our advances in medicine, because Reagan would not have survived his injuries even 20 years before.--Ten-pint (talk) 19:07, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

Accuracy of Content: There are mistakes in the description about the Battle of Tippicanoe. While it is true the American Army was there to confront the indians, the indians were the aggressors and initiated hostilities by attacking the American Army in the early morning hours. It is true the Army under Harrison won the battle, the indians inflicted heavy losses on the American far higher than their own. Additionally, Tecumsah and his brother, the Profit, did not advocate a defensive posture. They preached war and aggression. What we did to to the Native Americans was a sad part of our history, but we should not forget that it was a war with aggressors on both sides. Tecumsah and his brother both advocated war and the killing of americans.Exelant (talk) 00:58, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

You have four different sorts of "aggression" in this story: 1) General westward movement of US settlers and taking of Native American lands (US populace) 2) Who actually launched the war in question (Native Americans) 3) Who was waging an offensive campaign (US Army) 4) Who launched the tactical offense on the battlefield (Native Americans) 100.37.119.16 (talk) 17:29, 22 July 2016 (UTC)

Roosevelt 1940
Surely the article published about the curse in 1940 would not have had "1940 - Roosevelt" at the end if it was published prior to Election Day? I'm sure this page used to say that it had "1940 - ???" which would make a lot more sense. If it can be confirmed, it should be changed.125.237.45.89 (talk) 08:25, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
 * It did say "1940 - ??????" until it was changed here. I can't find any online archive of that newspaper to verify it, but since no reason was given for the change, I'm going to change it back.  This is the original edit that added the Oakland Tribune reference. –   j ak s mata  13:55, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Inaccuracy in the origins section
The origins section is poorly constructed, chronologically, as well as being ambiguous. Tecumseh's primary complaint was with the Treaty of Fort Wayne, which was signed by certain tribes, but which excluded others from the process. Harrison did use liquor to attempt to sway the outcome of the treaty, but in general Tecumseh believed that native land could only be traded away if all tribes were in agreement.

Also, the curse was a result of Tecumseh's brother Tenkswatawa starting a conflict by attempting to have Harrison murdered in his sleep the night before he and Harrison were to meet to discuss a rise in hostilities. The attempt was unsuccessful, the natives were routed, and Harrison had the native confederacy village Prophetstown burned. There was only one remaining inhabitant of the village when Harrison's army arrived, an elderly woman too old to travel. The curse was in retaliation for destruction of the village. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crumas (talk • contribs) 15:08, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * So fix it. Esrever (klaT) 16:01, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

HIstory Channel discusses "Zero-year Curse" on 'Presidential Prophecies'
I just saw this program again, so I added it as a reference... [ref]Presidential Prophecies, History Channel[/ref] - Brad Watson, Miami (talk) 18:08, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

Still with Bush jr?
The point of not including George W Bush and for that matter Ronald Reagan is that the fact that they survived assassination attempts is completely irrelevant to the curse ... because EVERY president is now subject to assassination attempts. Bush is therefore not a special case of a '0' year President who happened to survive, he's a normal case of a President who survived all the attempts on his life, as did Truman, Ford, Carter, Clinton and Obama. Reagan was actually shot, so I aknowledge he's in a slightly different category. Silas Maxfield (talk) 10:47, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Was there never an assassination attempt on a non-"cursed" president prior to the failed attempt on Reagan? Are there any reliable sources that have drawn the same connection (or explicit absence of a connection) that you have? Without sources, it's original research. - 151.132.206.26 (talk) 20:06, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

The last two paragraphs
The end of the article currently has these last two paragraphs:

 * The next president in the line of the curse, George W. Bush in 2000, was unharmed in an assassination attempt in 2005. He finished out his final term on January 20, 2009 and survives to the present day. It is widely assumed today that the curse has been broken by Reagan surviving his assassination attempt. [Emphasis mine.] (Question to the original author: what does "survives to the present day" mean and how is it relevant?)

 * The only president who died in office without being elected in a "cursed" year was Zachary Taylor, who was elected in 1848 and died in 1850. However, Taylor also fought against Tecumseh, during the War of 1812, and is considered by some as having also been "killed" by the curse. [Emphasis mine.]

I don't think the second paragraph above belongs at all but I'll leave it to greater minds than mine to delete it. (I don't mind correcting minor errors like dates and names but I just don't like to delete other people's work, even if it's silly.) This article is at other places in danger of irrelevancy. People talk about "The Curse" like it's an actual thing and when they do that it makes the article read like something out of the Weekly World News. 209.179.40.208 (talk) 18:31, 28 March 2014 (UTC)
 * “Question to the original author: what does ‘survives to the present day’ mean and how is it relevant?” Not the original author here, but that just means Bush still isn’t dead. It would probably be sufficient to say he outlived his presidency; pointing out that he’s lived now seven years beyond it just emphasizes the point that the curse hasn’t killed him, I suppose (albeit emphasis that is not here supported by reliable sources).I agree with your point about the other paragraph, and I’m removing it as OR until a source is cited making that connection. —67.14.236.50 (talk) 03:19, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

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'2 assassination attempts on Bush junior'
In the first paragraph it is stated that Bush junior survived 'at least 2 assassination attempts'. one of the two given is when a live grenade was thrown in his direction with the intent to kill, so that is fair. the other is the famous shoe incident. this is clearly not an assassination attempt, it was a political statement and the shoe was never intended to kill him. thus it does not qualify. I haven't removed the reference but someone should, its ridiculous. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.150.184.195 (talk) 21:52, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

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Title "Presidents elected in years divisible by 20"
The way the title is worded, you have left off 1800 and 1820. Yes, I see that those years were before 1840. Carlm0404 (talk) 19:16, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Trump had COVID-19 and this year fits within the 20-years timeframe
Trump getting the coronavirus known as COVID-19 this year should be entered in the table as the next curse. It is 2020, thus fits in the every 20 years timeframe.

The table does not necessary have to be the death of any US Presidents, as seen in the table, the last two, Reagan and Bush did survived assassination attempts and did not die in office, plus Harrison had Typhoid, Harding had heart attack, and Roosevelt had Cerebral hemorrhage, thus the cause is not always about assassination, therefore COVID-19 would count.

While Trump is recovering from COVID-19, it does count as part of the Curse. 2A00:23C4:4896:FB01:C11C:6188:C0F:A4 (talk) 12:10, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C4:4896:FB01:C11C:6188:C0F:A4 (talk) 12:08, 9 October 2020 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't, because the curse is said to apply to presidents who were elected in years ending in 0 -- 1840, 1860, 1880, etc. Trump would have to win the 2020 election for the curse to even theoretically apply to him; so far, he has only won the 2016 election. (And that's assuming that (a) there ever was a curse in the first place, and (b) Reagan and Bush 43's survival didn't make the issue moot.) Other presidents suffered serious health problems during their terms -- Woodrow Wilson had a stroke, and Dwight Eisenhower had a heart attack, for example -- but neither of them was elected in a year ending in 0 nor did they die while serving as president, so they don't get mentioned in this article. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 03:29, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:59, 25 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Portrait of United States President Joe Biden.jpg

An official portrait was released on April 9, 2021. Consider replacing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.167.182.210 (talk) 21:25, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

"not die in office" under Applicable presidents
Stating President Bush will "not die in office" seems a bit morbid. Perhaps removing the parenthetical statement all together would be better.

Semi-protected edit request on 10 April 2021
In the chart in the "applicable presidents" section, it says that George W Bush "will not die in office". Since his term is over, it should read "did not die in office" 24.130.66.103 (talk) 07:41, 10 April 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅. ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ (talk) 15:04, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 May 2021
So... it lists George W Bush's cause of death in the chart as "attempted assassination" even though he's still alive???47.20.177.163 (talk) 13:54, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Run n Fly (talk) 16:06, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Let's use critical thinking skills here, friend. The column header is "cause of death". The cause of death for George W. Bush, a person who is still alive, is attempted assassination. So, George W. Bush is still alive, and his cause of death is attempted assassination. What do you think stands out here? 47.20.177.163 (talk) 16:39, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

Joe Biden
Maybe it will activate this time, maybe ONLY this time :) Phuloc2007 (talk) 18:09, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Talk pages aren't the place for political commentary. This kind of comment is why "silly" pages like this are removed for not being worth the trouble. Jerodast (talk) 22:42, 4 July 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 August 2021
It states multiple times in here that Joe Biden was president in 2020. This is false. He was inaugurated in Jan of 2021. Trump’s presidency would have fallen under the curse of Tippecanoe. 2601:C6:CD80:3840:96C:ACF0:D214:814C (talk) 03:18, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: I'm fairly certain that 2020 refers to the year of the presidential race and not the year of inauguration, in which case 2020 would be correct. The confirmation of presidency and the inauguration of presidency are mutually exclusive; hence the term incumbent. Cheers! — Sirdog (talk) 04:06, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * As it says at the top of the article, the curse "subjects" are those ELECTED on 20-year marks. The bit about William Henry Harrison says "elected in 1840"; in a list like this, it is safe to assume a parallel structure, and interpret the subsequent years given as years of election as well. The table below also labels the column "Elected", not "Inaugurated". So, the Biden information is accurate about election year, as with the others. For instance, Reagan was not president in 1980 but was elected in 1980.Jerodast (talk) 23:37, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

Relevant statistics
So 58% of Presidents elected in YYY0 died in office, a percentage noticeably bigger than the next largest (18% of those elected in YYY4). Perhaps it is nevertheless not statistically significant given the small sample size; in any case it is still invalid as data dredging. Perhaps a motivated statistician has already addressed this in a citable source; either as an example in a textbook, or as one of those humorous squibs academic journals occasionally offer their readership for light relief. jnestorius(talk) 14:32, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

 * That's a good point that the writer who couldn't get any presidential historians to comment on it (because there'd be nothing to say) might've been better off asking around for statisticians to see if anyone wanted to goof around with the numbers for an hour :) Jerodast (talk) 05:06, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

Death in 4th of July
The statement that both Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe both died on July 4th is incorrect. John Adam's and Jefferson both died on July 4th. The sentence should be removed. Thanks. 2600:1010:B01F:3F25:ED06:1B70:115A:3D72 (talk) 02:41, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Jefferson, Adams and Monroe each died on the 4th of July (Jefferson and Adams in 1826, Monroe in 1831). The statement is correct and will not be removed. Adams is not mentioned here because he was not elected in a "zero" year, as were the others.  General Ization Talk  02:49, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

Harrison
The article's first mention of "Harrison" does not give any indication as to who this "Harrison" might be, nor does it link to William Henry Harrison 81.105.46.48 (talk) 20:22, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Just fixed it and linked it! Pacamah (talk) 17:47, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

Correction:
Three former presidents elected in applicable years (Ronald Reagan in 1980, George W. Bush in 2000 and Donald Trump in 2020) did not die in office. 2600:6C5E:117F:7346:7589:D50D:16E6:8B7F (talk) 12:35, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Curse of Tippecanoe


text:
Tigaon

Tigaon may refer to:

 * Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
 * Tigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency), India

title: Tigaon


text:
Proj construction

In algebraic geometry, Proj is a construction analogous to the spectrum-of-a-ring construction of affine schemes, which produces objects with the typical properties of projective spaces and projective varieties. The construction, while not functorial, is a fundamental tool in scheme theory.

In this article, all rings will be assumed to be commutative and with identity.

Proj as a set
Let $$S$$ be a commutative graded ring, where$$S = \bigoplus_{i \ge 0} S_i$$is the direct sum decomposition associated with the gradation. The irrelevant ideal of $$S$$ is the ideal of elements of positive degree$$S_+ = \bigoplus_{i > 0} S_i .$$We say an ideal is homogeneous if it is generated by homogeneous elements. Then, as a set,$$\operatorname{Proj} S = \{P \subseteq S \text{ homogeneous prime ideal, } S_+ \not\subseteq P \}.$$ For brevity we will sometimes write $$X$$ for $$\operatorname{Proj} S$$.

Proj as a topological space
We may define a topology, called the Zariski topology, on $$\operatorname{Proj} S$$ by defining the closed sets to be those of the form

 * $$V(a) = \{ p \in \operatorname{Proj} S \mid a \subseteq p \},$$

where $$a$$ is a homogeneous ideal of $$S$$. As in the case of affine schemes it is quickly verified that the $$V(a)$$ form the closed sets of a topology on $$X$$.

Indeed, if $$(a_i)_{i\in I}$$ are a family of ideals, then we have $\bigcap V(a_i) = V \left(\sum a_i\right)$ and if the indexing set I is finite, then $\bigcup V(a_i) = V \left(\prod a_i\right).$

Equivalently, we may take the open sets as a starting point and define
 * $$D(a) = \{ p \in \operatorname{Proj} S \mid a \not\subseteq p \}.$$

A common shorthand is to denote $$D(Sf)$$ by $$D(f)$$, where $$Sf$$ is the ideal generated by $$f$$. For any ideal $$a$$, the sets $$D(a)$$ and $$V(a)$$ are complementary, and hence the same proof as before shows that the sets $$D(a)$$ form a topology on $$\operatorname{Proj} S$$. The advantage of this approach is that the sets $$D(f)$$, where $$f$$ ranges over all homogeneous elements of the ring $$S$$, form a base for this topology, which is an indispensable tool for the analysis of $$\operatorname{Proj} S$$, just as the analogous fact for the spectrum of a ring is likewise indispensable.

Proj as a scheme
We also construct a sheaf on $$\operatorname{Proj} S$$, called the “structure sheaf” as in the affine case, which makes it into a scheme. As in the case of the Spec construction there are many ways to proceed: the most direct one, which is also highly suggestive of the construction of regular functions on a projective variety in classical algebraic geometry, is the following. For any open set $$U$$ of $$\operatorname{Proj} S$$ (which is by definition a set of homogeneous prime ideals of $$S$$ not containing $$S_+$$) we define the ring $$O_X(U)$$ to be the set of all functions

 * $$f \colon U \to \bigcup_{p \in U} S_{(p)}$$

(where $$S_{(p)}$$ denotes the subring of the ring of fractions $$S_p$$ consisting of fractions of homogeneous elements of the same degree) such that for each prime ideal $$p$$ of $$U$$:

 * 1) $$f(p)$$ is an element of $$S_{(p)}$$;
 * 2) There exists an open subset $$V \subseteq U$$ containing $$p$$ and homogeneous elements $$s,t$$ of $$S$$ of the same degree such that for each prime ideal $$q$$ of $$V$$:
 * 3) * $$t$$ is not in $$q$$;
 * 4) * $$f(q) = s/t$$

It follows immediately from the definition that the $$O_X(U)$$ form a sheaf of rings $$O_X$$ on $$\operatorname{Proj} S$$, and it may be shown that the pair ($$\operatorname{Proj} S$$, $$O_X$$) is in fact a scheme (this is accomplished by showing that each of the open subsets $$D(f)$$ is in fact an affine scheme).

The sheaf associated to a graded module
The essential property of $$S$$ for the above construction was the ability to form localizations $$S_{(p)}$$ for each prime ideal $$p$$ of $$S$$. This property is also possessed by any graded module $$M$$ over $$S$$, and therefore with the appropriate minor modifications the preceding section constructs for any such $$M$$ a sheaf, denoted $$\tilde{M}$$, of $$O_X$$-modules on $$\operatorname{Proj} S$$. This sheaf is quasicoherent by construction. If $$S$$ is generated by finitely many elements of degree $$1$$ (e.g. a polynomial ring or a homogenous quotient of it), all quasicoherent sheaves on $$\operatorname{Proj} S$$ arise from graded modules by this construction. The corresponding graded module is not unique.

The twisting sheaf of Serre
A special case of the sheaf associated to a graded module is when we take $$M$$ to be $$S$$ itself with a different grading: namely, we let the degree $$d$$ elements of $$M$$ be the degree $$(d+1)$$ elements of $$S$$, so$$M_d = S_{d+1}$$and denote $$M = S(1)$$. We then obtain $$\tilde{M}$$ as a quasicoherent sheaf on $$\operatorname{Proj} S$$, denoted $$O_X(1)$$ or simply $$\mathcal{O}(1)$$, called the twisting sheaf of Serre. It can be checked that $$\mathcal{O}(1)$$ is in fact an invertible sheaf.

One reason for the utility of $$\mathcal{O}(1)$$ is that it recovers the algebraic information of $$S$$ that was lost when, in the construction of $$O_X$$, we passed to fractions of degree zero. In the case Spec A for a ring A, the global sections of the structure sheaf form A itself, whereas the global sections of $$\mathcal{O}_X$$ here form only the degree-zero elements of $$S$$. If we define

 * $$\mathcal{O}(n) = \bigotimes_{i = 1}^n \mathcal{O}(1)$$

then each $$\mathcal{O}(n)$$ contains the degree-$$n$$ information about $$S$$, denoted $$S_n$$, and taken together they contain all the grading information that was lost. Likewise, for any sheaf of graded $$\mathcal{O}_X$$-modules $$N$$ we define

 * $$N(n) = N \otimes \mathcal{O}(n)$$

and expect this “twisted” sheaf to contain grading information about $$N$$. In particular, if $$N$$ is the sheaf associated to a graded $$S$$-module $$M$$ we likewise expect it to contain lost grading information about $$M$$. This suggests, though erroneously, that $$S$$ can in fact be reconstructed from these sheaves; as$$\bigoplus_{n \geq 0 } H^0(X,\mathcal{O}_X(n))$$however, this is true in the case that $$S$$ is a polynomial ring, below. This situation is to be contrasted with the fact that the spec functor is adjoint to the global sections functor in the category of locally ringed spaces.

Projective n-space
If $$A$$ is a ring, we define projective n-space over $$A$$ to be the scheme

 * $$\mathbb{P}^n_A = \operatorname{Proj} A[x_0,\ldots, x_n].$$

The grading on the polynomial ring $$ S=A[x_0,\ldots, x_n] $$ is defined by letting each $$ x_i $$ have degree one and every element of $$A$$, degree zero. Comparing this to the definition of $$\mathcal{O}(1)$$, above, we see that the sections of $$\mathcal{O}(1)$$ are in fact linear homogeneous polynomials, generated by the $$x_i$$ themselves. This suggests another interpretation of $$\mathcal{O}(1)$$, namely as the sheaf of “coordinates” for $$\operatorname{Proj} S$$, since the $$x_i$$ are literally the coordinates for projective $$n$$-space.

Proj over the affine line
If we let the base ring be $$A = \mathbb{C}[\lambda]$$, then$$X = \operatorname{Proj}\left( \frac{A[X, Y, Z]_\bullet}{(ZY^2 - X(X - Z)(X - \lambda Z))_\bullet} \right)$$has a canonical projective morphism to the affine line $$\mathbb{A}^1_\lambda$$ whose fibers are elliptic curves except at the points $$\lambda = 0,1$$ where the curves degenerate into nodal curves. So there is a fibration$$\begin{matrix} E_\lambda &\longrightarrow& X \\ && \downarrow \\ && \mathbb{A}^1_\lambda - \{0,1\} \end{matrix}$$which is also a smooth morphism of schemes (which can be checked using the Jacobian criterion).

Projective hypersurfaces and varieties
The projective hypersurface $$\operatorname{Proj}\left( \mathbb{C}[X_0,\ldots,X_4]/(X_0^5 + \cdots + X_4^5) \right)$$ is an example of a Fermat quintic threefold which is also a Calabi–Yau manifold. In addition to projective hypersurfaces, any projective variety cut out by a system of homogeneous polynomials$$f_1=0,\ldots, f_k = 0$$in $$(n+1)$$-variables can be converted into a projective scheme using the proj construction for the graded algebra$$\frac{k[X_0,\ldots,X_n]_\bullet}{(f_1,\ldots, f_k)_\bullet}$$giving an embedding of projective varieties into projective schemes.

Weighted projective space
Weighted projective spaces can be constructed using a polynomial ring whose variables have non-standard degrees. For example, the weighted projective space $$\mathbb{P}(1,1,2)$$ corresponds to taking $$\operatorname{Proj}$$ of the ring $$A[X_0,X_1,X_2]$$ where $$X_0, X_1$$ have weight $$1$$ while $$X_2$$ has weight 2.

Bigraded rings
The proj construction extends to bigraded and multigraded rings. Geometrically, this corresponds to taking products of projective schemes. For example, given the graded rings$$A_\bullet = \mathbb{C}[X_0,X_1], \text{ } B_\bullet = \mathbb{C}[Y_0,Y_1]$$with the degree of each generator $$1$$. Then, the tensor product of these algebras over $$\mathbb{C}$$ gives the bigraded algebra$$\begin{align} A_\bullet \otimes_\mathbb{C} B_\bullet &= S_{\bullet,\bullet}\\ &=\mathbb{C}[X_0,X_1,Y_0,Y_1] \end{align}$$where the $$X_i$$ have weight $$(1,0)$$ and the $$Y_i$$ have weight $$(0,1)$$. Then the proj construction gives$$\text{Proj}(S_{\bullet, \bullet}) = \mathbb{P}^1\times_{\text{Spec}(\mathbb{C})}\mathbb{P}^1$$which is a product of projective schemes. There is an embedding of such schemes into projective space by taking the total graded algebra$$S_{\bullet,\bullet} \to S_{\bullet}$$where a degree $$(a,b)$$ element is considered as a degree $$(a+b)$$ element. This means the $$k$$-th graded piece of $$S_\bullet$$ is the module$$S_k = \bigoplus_{a+b = k} S_{a,b}$$In addition, the scheme $$\text{Proj}(S_{\bullet,\bullet})$$ now comes with bigraded sheaves $$\mathcal{O}(a,b)$$ which are the tensor product of the sheaves $$\pi_1^*\mathcal{O}(a) \otimes \pi_2^*\mathcal{O}(b)$$ where$$\pi_1: \text{Proj}(S_{\bullet,\bullet}) \to \text{Proj}(A_\bullet)$$and $$\pi_2: \text{Proj}(S_{\bullet,\bullet}) \to \text{Proj}(B_\bullet)$$are the canonical projections coming from the injections of these algebras from the tensor product diagram of commutative algebras.

Global Proj
A generalization of the Proj construction replaces the ring S with a sheaf of algebras and produces, as the result, a scheme which might be thought of as a fibration of Proj's of rings. This construction is often used, for example, to construct projective space bundles over a base scheme.

Assumptions
Formally, let X be any scheme and S be a sheaf of graded $$O_X$$-algebras (the definition of which is similar to the definition of $O_X$-modules on a locally ringed space): that is, a sheaf with a direct sum decomposition

 * $$S = \bigoplus_{i \geq 0} S_i$$

where each $$S_i$$ is an $$O_X$$-module such that for every open subset U of X, S(U) is an $$O_X(U)$$-algebra and the resulting direct sum decomposition

 * $$S(U) = \bigoplus_{i \geq 0} S_i(U)$$

is a grading of this algebra as a ring. Here we assume that $$S_0 = O_X$$. We make the additional assumption that S is a quasi-coherent sheaf; this is a “consistency” assumption on the sections over different open sets that is necessary for the construction to proceed.

Construction
In this setup we may construct a scheme $$\operatorname{\mathbf{Proj}} S$$ and a “projection” map p onto X such that for every open affine U of X,

 * $$(\operatorname{\mathbf{Proj}} S)|_{p^{-1}(U)} = \operatorname{Proj} (S(U)).$$

This definition suggests that we construct $$\operatorname{\mathbf{Proj}} S$$ by first defining schemes $$Y_U$$ for each open affine U, by setting

 * $$Y_U = \operatorname{Proj} S(U),$$

and maps $$p_U \colon Y_U \to U$$, and then showing that these data can be glued together “over” each intersection of two open affines U and V to form a scheme Y which we define to be $$\operatorname{\mathbf{Proj}} S$$. It is not hard to show that defining each $$p_U$$ to be the map corresponding to the inclusion of $$O_X(U)$$ into S(U) as the elements of degree zero yields the necessary consistency of the $$p_U$$, while the consistency of the $$Y_U$$ themselves follows from the quasi-coherence assumption on S.

The twisting sheaf
If S has the additional property that $$S_1$$ is a coherent sheaf and locally generates S over $$S_0$$ (that is, when we pass to the stalk of the sheaf S at a point x of X, which is a graded algebra whose degree-zero elements form the ring $$O_{X,x}$$ then the degree-one elements form a finitely-generated module over $$O_{X,x}$$ and also generate the stalk as an algebra over it) then we may make a further construction. Over each open affine U, Proj S(U) bears an invertible sheaf O(1), and the assumption we have just made ensures that these sheaves may be glued just like the $$Y_U$$ above; the resulting sheaf on $$\operatorname{\mathbf{Proj}} S$$ is also denoted O(1) and serves much the same purpose for $$\operatorname{\mathbf{Proj}} S$$ as the twisting sheaf on the Proj of a ring does.

Proj of a quasi-coherent sheaf
Let $$\mathcal E$$ be a quasi-coherent sheaf on a scheme $$X$$. The sheaf of symmetric algebras $$\mathbf{Sym}_{O_X}(\mathcal E)$$ is naturally a quasi-coherent sheaf of graded $$O_X$$-modules, generated by elements of degree 1. The resulting scheme is denoted by $$\mathbb P(\mathcal E)$$. If $$\mathcal E$$ is of finite type, then its canonical morphism $$p : \mathbb P(\mathcal E)\to X$$ is a projective morphism.

For any $$x\in X$$, the fiber of the above morphism over $$x$$ is the projective space $$\mathbb P(\mathcal E(x))$$ associated to the dual of the vector space $$\mathcal E(x):=\mathcal E\otimes_{O_X} k(x)$$ over $$k(x)$$.

If $$\mathcal S$$ is a quasi-coherent sheaf of graded $$O_X$$-modules, generated by $$\mathcal S_1$$ and such that $$\mathcal S_1$$ is of finite type, then $$\mathbf{Proj}\mathcal S$$ is a closed subscheme of $$\mathbb P(\mathcal S_1)$$ and is then projective over $$X$$. In fact, every closed subscheme of a projective $$\mathbb P(\mathcal E)$$ is of this form.

Projective space bundles
As a special case, when $$\mathcal E$$ is locally free of rank $$n+1$$, we get a projective bundle $$\mathbb P(\mathcal E)$$ over $$X$$ of relative dimension $$n$$. Indeed, if we take an open cover of X by open affines $$U=\operatorname{Spec}(A)$$ such that when restricted to each of these, $$\mathcal E$$ is free over A, then

 * $$\mathbb P(\mathcal E)|_{p^{-1}(U)} \simeq \operatorname{Proj} A[x_0, \dots, x_n] = \mathbb{P}^n_A = \mathbb{P}^n_U,$$

and hence $$\mathbb P(\mathcal E)$$ is a projective space bundle. Many families of varieties can be constructed as subschemes of these projective bundles, such as the Weierstrass family of elliptic curves. For more details, see the main article.

Example of Global Proj
Global proj can be used to construct Lefschetz pencils. For example, let $$X = \mathbb{P}^1_{s,t}$$ and take homogeneous polynomials $$f,g \in \mathbb{C}[x_0,\ldots,x_n]$$ of degree k. We can consider the ideal sheaf $$\mathcal{I} = (sf + tg)$$ of $$\mathcal{O}_X[x_0,\ldots,x_n]$$ and construct global proj of this quotient sheaf of algebras $$\mathcal{O}_X[x_0,\ldots,x_n]/\mathcal{I}$$. This can be described explicitly as the projective morphism $$\operatorname{Proj}(\mathbb{C}[s,t][x_0,\ldots,x_n]/(sf + tg)) \to \mathbb{P}^1_{s,t}$$.

title: Proj construction


text:
Talk:Ninhydrin

Untitled
The writer(s) forgot to add whether it was a solid, liquid or gas in its pure state.

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 10 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Meganmwolf.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:18, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wrong structure?
Yes, 5 bonds do not fit here.

One of the carbon atoms on the right side of the bottom-right structure diagram has 5 bonds. Does anyone know what the correct structure is, and if so, could you please change it? ~GMH 05:02, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

I agree. Carbon can't have 5 bonds... at least I didn't think it could. "Yes, there is a mistake. There is a part of the molecule which can't have a mesomeric effect. I uploaded a modified image. --Totophe64 19:02, 27 December 2005 (UTC)" "Woops, there was no copyright on the picture, so it got deleted ! I didn't know that it was possible to copyright the description of chemical reactions, as this is not the creation of somebody, but something which is 'natural' ... Ow I love copyrights ! --Totophe64 15:35, 10 March 2006 (UTC)" I thought also that the ejected part of the amino acid was an aldehyde.

"Triketohydrindane hydrate", i can only see two "ketos". What's wrong, the image or the name?

 * That is "Triketohydrindane hydrate", a H2O molecule is added to the third ketone, which becomes diol on the same Carbon atom. Ray Leung 10:29, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm currently doing research using ninhydrin that proves/shows that the two hydroxide groups are actually one double bonded oxygen. Actually it's an equilibrium reaction between the two when in water.

--Nbx909 (talk) 00:10, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Hey... I'm not very smart and scientific, but i was wondering, Could one make something like ninhydrin at home? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.38.217.227 (talk) 13:14, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

Reaction right?
Hey, which reaction is right? The one depiced in the french wiki or the one depicted here? they do differ! Or do both reactions exist? --92.194.175.11 (talk) 10:57, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
 * fr:Fichier:Nihydrine réaction2.png? Definitely wrong. Looks similar to the same mistake discussed years ago on this talk-page, with carbon having 5 bonds. DMacks (talk) 16:24, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Okay, I actually looked at French article, and the chemistry described also contradicts the English (even if the structures were corrected). I think .fr proposing degradation of the amino acid into RCHO + NH3 + CO2 as a redox process with a reduced-form of ninhydrin as product, and then Schiff base formation starting with the free ammonia. That's quite different than the .en condensation of ninhydrin with the amine-terminus, then decarboxylation, followed by the second ninhydrin bonding. Contradictions: order of reaction, and if there is free NH3 as an intermediate! The following article says it has a followup article that sounds like it would be good actual study of this issue:
 * but I can't find it at the moment. The reaction is in the scope of many undergrad-orgo courses if someone has a textbook handy. DMacks (talk) 16:58, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
 * but I can't find it at the moment. The reaction is in the scope of many undergrad-orgo courses if someone has a textbook handy. DMacks (talk) 16:58, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

Proline
I just had a doubt. Why does proline reacts differently with ninhydrin, is it because of a tertiary carbon atom in proline? If so, can some one tell me which carbon atom it is? Sharoncv (talk) 22:20, 12 September 2011 (UTC)sharoncv
 * Hey Sharon, you'll probably get a quicker and more accurate response to your question if you contact the editors of this specific article, or a member of the Wikiproject, linked at the top of the page. The help request process template is ideally for more general assistance. Cind.   amuse  (Cindy) 22:59, 12 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Except for glycine, the other standard amino acids all also have the same numbers and types of bonds on the carbons. Here are some thought questions to help figure out what is different though. What other atom involved in the reaction is noticeably different for proline vs other amino acids? Does ninhydrin react with any amino acid in a protein chain, or only one at a certain position? DMacks (talk) 23:09, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ninhydrin


text:
Mr. Moustache

Mr. Moustache may refer to:
 * "Mr. Moustache", a song on Nirvana's 1989 album Bleach
 * Bo Nat Khann Mway (1961–2016), also known by his aliases as "General Saw Lah Pwe", "Na Kham Mwe", "Na Kam Mui" and "Bo Moustache".

title: Mr. Moustache


text:
File:Pentium Extreme Edition.jpg

Summary
Intel Pentium Extreme Edition logo

title: File:Pentium Extreme Edition.jpg


text:
Regenerative medicine

Regenerative medicine deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human or animal cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function". This field holds the promise of engineering damaged tissues and organs by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to functionally heal previously irreparable tissues or organs.

Regenerative medicine also includes the possibility of growing tissues and organs in the laboratory and implanting them when the body cannot heal itself. When the cell source for a regenerated organ is derived from the patient's own tissue or cells, the challenge of organ transplant rejection via immunological mismatch is circumvented. This approach could alleviate the problem of the shortage of organs available for donation.

Some of the biomedical approaches within the field of regenerative medicine may involve the use of stem cells. Examples include the injection of stem cells or progenitor cells obtained through directed differentiation (cell therapies); the induction of regeneration by biologically active molecules administered alone or as a secretion by infused cells (immunomodulation therapy); and transplantation of in vitro grown organs and tissues (tissue engineering).

History
The ancient Greeks postulated whether parts of the body could be regenerated in the 700s BC. Skin grafting, invented in the late 19th century, can be thought of as the earliest major attempt to recreate bodily tissue to restore structure and function. Advances in transplanting body parts in the 20th century further pushed the theory that body parts could regenerate and grow new cells. These advances led to tissue engineering, and from this field, the study of regenerative medicine expanded and began to take hold. This began with cellular therapy, which led to the stem cell research that is widely being conducted today.

The first cell therapies were intended to slow the aging process. This began in the 1930s with Paul Niehans, a Swiss doctor who was known to have treated famous historical figures such as Pope Pius XII, Charlie Chaplin, and king Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia. Niehans would inject cells of young animals (usually lambs or calves) into his patients in an attempt to rejuvenate them. In 1956, a more sophisticated process was created to treat leukemia by inserting bone marrow from a healthy person into a patient with leukemia. This process worked mostly due to both the donor and receiver in this case being identical twins. Nowadays, bone marrow can be taken from people who are similar enough to the patient who needs the cells to prevent rejection.

The term "regenerative medicine" was first used in a 1992 article on hospital administration by Leland Kaiser. Kaiser's paper closes with a series of short paragraphs on future technologies that will impact hospitals. One paragraph had "Regenerative Medicine" as a bold print title and stated, "A new branch of medicine will develop that attempts to change the course of chronic disease and in many instances will regenerate tired and failing organ systems."

The term was brought into the popular culture in 1999 by William A. Haseltine when he coined the term during a conference on Lake Como, to describe interventions that restore to normal function that which is damaged by disease, injured by trauma, or worn by time. Haseltine was briefed on the project to isolate human embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells at Geron Corporation in collaboration with researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He recognized that these cells' unique ability to differentiate into all the cell types of the human body (pluripotency) had the potential to develop into a new kind of regenerative therapy. Explaining the new class of therapies that such cells could enable, he used the term "regenerative medicine" in the way that it is used today: "an approach to therapy that ... employs human genes, proteins and cells to re-grow, restore or provide mechanical replacements for tissues that have been injured by trauma, damaged by disease or worn by time" and "offers the prospect of curing diseases that cannot be treated effectively today, including those related to aging".

Later, Haseltine would go on to explain that regenerative medicine acknowledges the reality that most people, regardless of which illness they have or which treatment they require, simply want to be restored to normal health. Designed to be applied broadly, the original definition includes cell and stem cell therapies, gene therapy, tissue engineering, genomic medicine, personalized medicine, biomechanical prosthetics, recombinant proteins, and antibody treatments. It also includes more familiar chemical pharmacopeia—in short, any intervention that restores a person to normal health. In addition to functioning as shorthand for a wide range of technologies and treatments, the term “regenerative medicine” is also patient friendly. It solves the problem that confusing or intimidating language discourages patients.

The term regenerative medicine is increasingly conflated with research on stem cell therapies. Some academic programs and departments retain the original broader definition while others use it to describe work on stem cell research.

From 1995 to 1998 Michael D. West, PhD, organized and managed the research between Geron Corporation and its academic collaborators James Thomson at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and John Gearhart of Johns Hopkins University that led to the first isolation of human embryonic stem and human embryonic germ cells, respectively.

In March 2000, Haseltine, Antony Atala, M.D., Michael D. West, Ph.D., and other leading researchers founded E-Biomed: The Journal of Regenerative Medicine. The peer-reviewed journal facilitated discourse around regenerative medicine by publishing innovative research on stem cell therapies, gene therapies, tissue engineering, and biomechanical prosthetics. The Society for Regenerative Medicine, later renamed the Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology Society, served a similar purpose, creating a community of like-minded experts from around the world.

In June 2008, at the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Professor Paolo Macchiarini and his team, of the University of Barcelona, performed the first tissue engineered trachea (wind pipe) transplantation. Adult stem cells were extracted from the patient's bone marrow, grown into a large population, and matured into cartilage cells, or chondrocytes, using an adaptive method originally devised for treating osteoarthritis. The team then seeded the newly grown chondrocytes, as well as epithelial cells, into a decellularised (free of donor cells) tracheal segment that was donated from a 51-year-old transplant donor who had died of cerebral hemorrhage. After four days of seeding, the graft was used to replace the patient's left main bronchus. After one month, a biopsy elicited local bleeding, indicating that the blood vessels had already grown back successfully.

In 2009, the SENS Foundation was launched, with its stated aim as "the application of regenerative medicine – defined to include the repair of living cells and extracellular material in situ – to the diseases and disabilities of ageing". In 2012, Professor Paolo Macchiarini and his team improved upon the 2008 implant by transplanting a laboratory-made trachea seeded with the patient's own cells.

On September 12, 2014, surgeons at the Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Hospital in Kobe, Japan, transplanted a 1.3 by 3.0 millimeter sheet of retinal pigment epithelium cells, which were differentiated from iPS cells through directed differentiation, into an eye of an elderly woman, who suffers from age-related macular degeneration.

In 2016, Paolo Macchiarini was fired from Karolinska University in Sweden due to falsified test results and lies. The TV-show Experimenten aired on Swedish Television and detailed all the lies and falsified results.

Research
Widespread interest and funding for research on regenerative medicine has prompted institutions in the United States and around the world to establish departments and research institutes that specialize in regenerative medicine including: The Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine at Columbia University, the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine at Stanford University, the Center for Regenerative and Nanomedicine at Northwestern University, the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and the British Heart Foundation Centers of Regenerative Medicine at the University of Oxford. In China, institutes dedicated to regenerative medicine are run by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, among others.

In dentistry
Regenerative medicine has been studied by dentists to find ways that damaged teeth can be repaired and restored to obtain natural structure and function. Dental tissues are often damaged due to tooth decay, and are often deemed to be irreplaceable except by synthetic or metal dental fillings or crowns, which requires further damage to be done to the teeth by drilling into them to prevent the loss of an entire tooth.

Researchers from King's College London have created a drug called Tideglusib that claims to have the ability to regrow dentin, the second layer of the tooth beneath the enamel which encases and protects the pulp (often referred to as the nerve).

Animal studies conducted on mice in Japan in 2007 show great possibilities in regenerating an entire tooth. Some mice had a tooth extracted and the cells from bioengineered tooth germs were implanted into them and allowed to grow. The result were perfectly functioning and healthy teeth, complete with all three layers, as well as roots. These teeth also had the necessary ligaments to stay rooted in its socket and allow for natural shifting. They contrast with traditional dental implants, which are restricted to one spot as they are drilled into the jawbone.

A person's baby teeth are known to contain stem cells that can be used for regeneration of the dental pulp after a root canal treatment or injury. These cells can also be used to repair damage from periodontitis, an advanced form of gum disease that causes bone loss and severe gum recession. Research is still being done to see if these stem cells are viable enough to grow into completely new teeth. Some parents even opt to keep their children's baby teeth in special storage with the thought that, when older, the children could use the stem cells within them to treat a condition.

Extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix materials are commercially available and are used in reconstructive surgery, treatment of chronic wounds, and some orthopedic surgeries; as of January 2017 clinical studies were under way to use them in heart surgery to try to repair damaged heart tissue.

The use of fish skin with its natural constituent of omega 3, has been developed by an Icelandic company Kereceis. Omega 3 is a natural anti-inflammatory, and the fish skin material acts as a scaffold for cell regeneration. In 2016 their product Omega3 Wound was approved by the FDA for the treatment of chronic wounds and burns. In 2021 the FDA gave approval for Omega3 Surgibind to be used in surgical applications including plastic surgery.

Cord blood
Though uses of cord blood beyond blood and immunological disorders is speculative, some research has been done in other areas. Any such potential beyond blood and immunological uses is limited by the fact that cord cells are hematopoietic stem cells (which can differentiate only into blood cells), and not pluripotent stem cells (such as embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into any type of tissue). Cord blood has been studied as a treatment for diabetes. However, apart from blood disorders, the use of cord blood for other diseases is not a routine clinical modality and remains a major challenge for the stem cell community.

Along with cord blood, Wharton's jelly and the cord lining have been explored as sources for mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and as of 2015 had been studied in vitro, in animal models, and in early stage clinical trials for cardiovascular diseases, as well as neurological deficits, liver diseases, immune system diseases, diabetes, lung injury, kidney injury, and leukemia.

Non-technical further reading

 * Regenerative Medicine, gives more details about Regenerative Stem Cells.
 * Kevin Strange and Viravuth Yin, "A Shot at Regeneration: A once abandoned drug compound shows an ability to rebuild organs damaged by illness and injury", Scientific American, vol. 320, no. 4 (April 2019), pp. 56–61.
 * Kevin Strange and Viravuth Yin, "A Shot at Regeneration: A once abandoned drug compound shows an ability to rebuild organs damaged by illness and injury", Scientific American, vol. 320, no. 4 (April 2019), pp. 56–61.

title: Regenerative medicine


text:
Hotliner

In radio-controlled aircraft, a hotliner is a fast sailplane with an electric motor. The range of what is often described as a hotliner varies from a sailplane with ailerons to 7000 watt competition F5b planes. General characteristics of a hotliner are:

 * Sailplane with at least aileron and elevator control
 * Electric motor
 * Ability to climb at an angle of 70 degrees or more, usually vertical climbs.

Hotliners have been around since the early 1990s and became popular almost a decade later.

History
The first hotliner was Hans-Dieter Levin's Aeronaut Sinus, described in a German magazine. Originally, hotliners were electric sailplanes with remotely controlled ailerons, capable of flying faster than the models of the period that only had rudder and elevator controls. Levin tested his Sinus with a Speed 600 motor and an 8x4.5?(diameter(inches)/pitch(incher per revolution)) prop and a 7 cell NiCad battery pack. In this configuration a climb at more than 70° was not possible. However, the term, hotliner, has since evolved to mean models with a fast climb rate. Aileron-equipped electric models which are not so fast are called warmliners.

Typically hotliners are launched at full throttle and reach a high altitude. From here the pilot cuts the motor and starts a series of maneuvers.

title: Hotliner