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Talk:Bandari music

Jamal Kudu Song from Animal (2023 film)
Jamal Kudu is a Bandari song, reinterpreted in the movie is the most popular and well-known Bandari song in India. I request someone to make a reference in this page, please. Thank you. For reference, please watch Animal (2023 film) page. - Sunny — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.162.148.77 (talk) 09:59, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

the Band of Bandari
Does anyone heard of a newage-style band named "Bandari"? They are very popular in my nation! --snowman 15:39, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Are you from China?

That't it, the only country where it is known and popular. I'll try to create that page, but can anyone help me? --Stillkent 15:59, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

I know it.Its homepage here:http://www.avc-music.com/shop_e/meditation.html --Cancoon 07:44, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

I'm Chinese.And i love BANDARI's music very much.May be BANDARI is unpopular and even unknown the the other people in other country.But it's realy wonderful.And i'm sure it's good for others to know BANDARI. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.187.163.118 (talk) 02:33, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Some of it does have Arabian influences.
To make it have more sense I have added in a sentence stating that.--89.240.115.54 (talk) 16:50, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

Title of this page
As of today the title of this page reads "Bandari music" but it attempts to include "Bandari dance" in the body of the article and is written equally in length as "Bandari music". Should the title read "Bandari music and dance"? ALSO where are the references/citations? Jooojay (talk) 05:25, 26 August 2014 (UTC)
 * There was no feedback on this talk page topic, so I have created a new article for Bandari dance. I am finding most cultures on WP do not combine dance and music on one page. Jooojay (talk) 23:40, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bandari music


text:
Roksan

Roksan is a British manufacturer of high fidelity audio products for domestic use, based in Rayleigh, Essex. It is best known for its influential and innovative design for hi-fi equipment, and in particular its Xerxes platform for playing LP records.

The company
Roksan was formed in 1985 by Tufan Hashemi & Touraj Moghaddam, graduates of the University of London, Imperial College London & Queen Mary College. The company's first product was launched at a hi-fi show in London in 1985.

The name Roksan itself is derived from the name of Roxana, daughter of the Persian King Darius. This closely reflects the Persian heritage and roots of both Hashemi and Moghaddam. Not surprisingly many of Roksan's product names have references to names of cities, places and famous people of Persia (now Iran).

Moghaddam, having then just obtained his PhD at Imperial College, became dissatisfied with the state of the audio arts when he heard his little TV set more musically satisfying than his already high-end Linn/Naim tri-amped audio system, and began experimentation. He deduced that where the existing turntable design failed was that the cartridge must be held still wherever the groove goes, and thus the mean line traced by the groove relative to the body of the cartridge needed to be constant. His ideas led him away from using the sprung sub-chassis as part of the speed-controlling system. Moghaddam built a prototype using a fire door. Hashemi, a friend who had heard the new prototype turntable and wanted one, teamed up to start the company. The Darius loudspeaker design, based on the re-examination of the relationship between and magnitudes of movements of the tweeter and the woofer, was already in prototype. The concept stunned the trade when it was demonstrated at the 1985 hi-fi show where the Xerxes was launched.

In 1990, Roksan employed John Cornock, an Industrial Design graduate from Manchester Polytechnic, to assist in the development of new product lines. He contributed to the aesthetics of the first Radius record player, DP1 CD transport, ROK amplification, Attessa range and the flagship Touraj Moghaddam Signature (TMS) turntable, named after the company's chief designer and founder. In 2002, the TMS2 replaced the TMS turntable. John later rejoined the company to create the aesthetic design for the K3 range of electronics, the all-new Blak range and limited run Oxygene record player.

In 1996, the company was acquired by Verity plc, a hi-fi group that owned the Mission, Wharfedale and Quad brands. But when Verity demerged around two years later to concentrate on flat-panel speaker technology, Hashemi and Moghaddam reacquired their company.

According to public records, Touraj Moghaddam resigned his directorships of Roksan on 15 July 2011. He remains at Vertere Acoustics, where he focuses his efforts on cables.

In November 2016, British HiFi manufacturers Monitor Audio acquired Roksan.

Turntables
The Xerxes, named after the Persian king who "went around having a good time", has been acclaimed by a number of hi-fi reviewers. This belt-drive turntable without a sprung sub-chassis challenged conventional suspension designs for build and sound quality. It succeeded in finding favour with British "flat-earthers".

The design attacked the "high-ground" by eschewing the spring isolation, which was then regarded as a major strength. Instead, it addressed the issues of Groove drag and lateral rigidity, the ultimate objective of which was to stabilise the relationship between cartridge stylus and the spinning record groove. Springs were not considered sufficiently rigid in the lateral plane, and permitted too much rotation of the suspended parts relative to the motor.

While most other designs relied on inertia (through platter mass) to attenuate the problem, Roksan retained a light platter, but addressed drag by mounting the motor on its own bearing and restricted its long-range movement by a small spring, so that the revolving armature could still drive the system. Xerxes was named #53 "Hot Product by Stereophile in 2002.

Radius 5 & the Radius 7 are the entry-level turntables, the latter having a high precision and stability speed control built in, designed by Simon Taylor who joined the company in 2013.

Loudspeakers
Roksan was the first company ever to mechanically isolate the speaker tweeter from the bass unit using springs, in their Darius loudspeaker. This design concept has since been followed by other high end speaker manufacturers.

Electronics
Roksan now has over 30 different products which include analogue and digital sources, electronics amplification and loudspeakers for audio as well as home cinema.

In 2009, following a philosophy of building high quality components at an affordable price, Roksan launched the K2 stereo integrated amplifier. At a time when British manufacturers had done away with the phono stage for budget products, the K2 was notable in actually having a 47k ohm input for moving-magnet cartridges. The K3 replaced the K2 in 2012, having an uprated power supply and Bluetooth aptX as standard.

2015 saw the introduction of the blak, a new amplifier with a new 'dual monoblock' design, with XLR inputs, bluetooth and a high performance phono input.

On 7th of July 2021, the company released their Attessa range, with a turntable, Amplifier, Streamer Amplifier and CD transport.

Milestones

 * 1985, introduction of the  Xerxes turntable.
 * 1986, launched the  Darius loudspeaker
 * 1987, introduced the  Artemiz tonearm
 * 1987, their first moving coil phono cartridge, the  Shiraz, was launched.
 * 1988, Roksan's first lifestyle product, the Hot Cake loudspeakers introduced.
 * 1989, introduced their first phono amplifier, Artaxerxes, fitted inside the Xerxes, into which plugged directly the tonearm cable.
 * 1989, launched the budget Radius record player, Tabriz arm and Corus moving magnet cartridge.
 * 1990, first range of electronics, the ROK S1 stereo amplifier and M1 mono amplifier with matching pre amplifiers and power supplies.
 * 1991, Roksan's first CD player, the ROK DP1 introduced
 * 1991, launched top of the range  TMS record player.
 * 1992, Roksan replaced the ROK DP1 with the Attessa CD playing system consisting of CD transport, DAC and power supply.
 * 1993, production of the new Ojan 3 and 3X loudspeakers started.
 * 1994, Rokone loudspeaker was released in a variety of real wood veneers.
 * 1994, Attessa and the ROK series of products were fully upgraded to DP3 and ROK 1.5 versions.
 * 1995, the 3 plinth 10th anniversary Xerxes.X, implementing design ideas from the TMS, replaced the original Xerxes turntable.
 * 1998, the four piece Caspian Audio System (Integrated amplifier, CD player, and FM Tuner) was launched.
 * 1999, a digital surround sound processor (DSP), a five-channel AV amplifier and DVD player were added to the Caspian system.
 * 2000, Introduction of the new Kandy line, lifestyle starter Audio System.
 * 2001, the Caspian phono amplifiers were released.
 * 2002, TMS2 replaced the original TMS.
 * 2003, release of the Radius 5 turntable and Nima tonearm, and the Roksan set-up LP for record players.
 * 2003, Kandy MKIII system, (Kandy integrated amplifier, stereo amplifier, Three channel amplifier, CD player and AM/FM Tuner) released.
 * 2004, Caspian M-series (Pre amplifier, mono amplifier, integrated amplifier, stereo power amplifier, phono amplifier, CD player, FM tuner and dedicated Xerxes speed control).
 * 2004, released ALTITUDE, its first ever recording of a collection of some very special music from some very talented musicians.
 * 2005, 20th anniversary Xerxes.20 replaced the Xerxes.X, incorporated the new improved TMS2 bearing ball and the new Rmat-5 sub-plinth for record players; reference R-series7 mono block, preamplifier
 * 2005, Kandy LIII integrated amplifier, power amplifier and CD player
 * 2007, Platinum preamplifier and power amplifier
 * 2007, Kandy K2 integrated amplifier, power amplifier and CD player
 * 2008, TMS3 record player
 * 2008, Xerxes 20+ record player
 * 2009, Kandy K2 TR5 standmount ribbon speakers
 * 2009, Radius 5 Mk-II/Nima record player
 * 2010, Caspian M2 integrated amplifier and CD player
 * 2011, Caspian M2 power amplifier
 * 2012, Oxygene digital integrated amplifier and CD player AptX bluetooth connectivity
 * 2013, Kandy K2 BT integrated amplifier with AptX bluetooth connectivity
 * 2014, Kandy K3 integrated amplifier with AptX bluetooth connectivity, DAC and CD player
 * 2014, Kandy TR5-S2 standmount ribbon speakers
 * 2015, Capian VSC series record player speed controls and reference phono stage
 * 2016, blak integrated amplifier with AptX bluetooth connectivity, and included DAC
 * 2016, blak CD player
 * 2016, Radius 7 record player with integrated speed control. Also in glass effect and pink finishes
 * 2018, Corus 2 midrange audiophile, moving magnet, vinyl turntable cartridge
 * 2019, SARA unipivot tonearm for use with high-quality turntables
 *  2021, Attessa range including turntable, Amplifiers and CD Transport

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Roksan


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ProKarelia

ProKarelia is a Finnish fringe irredentist group that works for the return to Finland of Finnish Karelia, Petsamo, Salla and some islands in Gulf of Finland ceded to the Soviet Union in past treaties in Moscow and Paris (See Karelian question in Finnish politics). As a preliminary goal the group hopes to overturn the articles of the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947 and remove Finnish responsibility in starting the Continuation War.

ProKarelia strives to make the Karelian question better known. According to the organization itself, ProKarelia's ideas do not include aggressive actions, nor do the association participate in demonstrations.

ProKarelia publishes Internet pages in eight languages. It mails articles to decision-makers all over the world. ProKarelia also publishes the Karelia Klubi journal four times a year. They also published magazine Karjalan Kuvalehti.

ProKarelia's chairman was Heikki A. Reenpää (†2020). Their general secretary is Veikko Saksi who keeps blogs in various Finnish blogging sites and posts articles from ProKarelia website and his own writings in these and in Facebook (up until 2019). He has also made some comments in media. Former commander of the Finnish Air Force Rauno Meriö is mentioned as one of the advisers. ProKarelia claims they had 2,300 members in 2009.

Their website has gone offline during year 2020. Also the company that published their magazine has ceased operations at the end of 2020.

Positions
ProKarelia has repeatedly accused former social democrat president Mauno Koivisto of treason or breaking the constitution.

In 2006 ProKarelia made a claim on their website that incumbent social democrat president Tarja Halonen had held a speech in 1976 where she claimed capitalism will destroy itself and wished Finland to join Soviet Union. This claim made it to the mainstream media, where it was quickly dismissed as false.

Article on ProKarelia website claims that European Union is a socialist project, initially funded by "Jewish bankers" and the CIA.

In 2009 ProKarelia organized a film screening showing The Soviet Story.

In 2015 Veikko Saksi predicted in an interview that the Russian Federation will collapse in two years and the Republic of Karelia will join Finland.

Nord Stream
In 2009 the activists of ProKarelia tried to block the building of the Nord Stream 1 operated gas pipeline between Russia and Western Europe. Making a large mining claim of the sea floor between Finland and Estonia, the actual purpose was to gain a bargaining chip to require the return of the Russian territories lost to Soviet Union during the Second World War. The mining estate was never granted, but the bad faith operation was widely reported in the media.

Related organizations

 * Aluepalautus ry

title: ProKarelia


text:
Longitudinal engine

In automotive engineering, a longitudinal engine is an internal combustion engine in which the crankshaft is oriented along the long axis of the vehicle, from front to back.

Use
This type of motor is usually used for rear-wheel drive cars, except for some Audi, SAAB, the Oldsmobile Toronado, and the 1967 Cadillac Eldorado equipped with longitudinal engines in front wheel drive. In front-wheel drive cars a transverse engine is usually used. Trucks often have longitudinal engines with rear-wheel drive.

For motorcycles, the use of a particular type depends on the drive: in the case of a chain or belt drive a transverse engine is usually used, and with shaft drives a longitudinal engine. Longitudinal engines in motorcycles do have one disadvantage: the "tipping point" of the crankshaft tilts along the entire motorcycle to a greater or lesser degree when accelerating. This is partly resolved by having other components, such as the generator and the gearbox, rotate in the opposite direction to the crankshaft.

Most larger, "premium" vehicles use the longitudinal engine orientation in combination with rear wheel drive, because powerful engines such as the inline-6 and 90° big-bore V8 are usually too long to fit in a FF transverse engine bay. By contrast most mainstream modern vehicles use front wheel drive along with a transverse engine arrangement since they are usually equipped with inline-4 or V6 engines. While both layouts can be adapted for all-wheel drive, the longitudinal engine orientation has a more balanced weight distribution leading to superior handling characteristics, but is less efficient in terms of packaging and interior space.

Cars with longitudinal engines usually have a smaller minimum turning circle than those with transverse engines. This is because there is more space to the sides of the engine, allowing deeper wheel arches so the front wheels are able to turn through a greater angle.

In the late 1960s, GM divisions Oldsmobile and Cadillac had front-wheel drive models Toronado and Eldorado respectively, with a longitudinal V8 engine and an integrated automatic transmission and differential unit powering the front wheels. Honda and Toyota also offered front-wheel drive cars with longitudinal engines, namely Honda Vigor, Acura/Honda Legend/RL, and Toyota Tercel.

Common types
This is a list of typical examples of types of engines which can be placed in motor vehicles:
 * In-line or straight engine – where two, three, four, five, six, and even eight cylinders are placed in a single plane.
 * V engine – where two, four, six, eight, ten, twelve, or even sixteen cylinders are placed in two separate planes, looking like a "V" when viewed from the end of the crankshaft.
 * Flat or boxer engine – where two, four, six or more cylinders are arranged in two diametrically horizontally opposed planes.
 * W engine – where two (narrow angle) vee engines are siamesed together (within 180°), where at eight, twelve or sixteen cylinders are arranged in four separate planes.

title: Longitudinal engine


text:
The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839

The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839, also known as The Animation Guild, or TAG is a professional guild and union of animation artists, writers and technicians. The full name of the organization is The Animation Guild and Affiliated Optical Electronic and Graphic Arts, Local 839 of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees and Moving Picture Technicians, Artists and Allied Crafts of the United States, its Territories and Canada, American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations/Canadian Labour Congress.

Before the Guild
Before the founding of the union on January 18, 1952, under the name "The Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Guild, IATSE Local 839", known as "Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Guild" for short, the push to unionize the animation industry in the United States came from the Screen Cartoonist's Guild. It was a union which held its first union meeting in 1937 and won recognition in 1941.

From 1940 to 1941, animators at Walt Disney Studios were successfully organized, with a victory for the Guild and defeat for Disney and the company union known as Federation of Screen Cartoonists (FSC), following the end of the strike. Later, in 1944, the Guild sent organizers to New York City to form a local chapter, Local 1461. In 1947, the Guild had an unsuccessful twenty-eight-week strike against Terrytoons, Inc. despite receiving support from other unions. Terrytoons hired students from New Rochelle High School as scabs, and Paul Terry outlasted strikers with a "large backlog of unreleased films". The strike was later described as the animation industry's "most devastating blow" for animators.

Early years
In 1958, the Guild successfully organized workers at Hanna-Barbera Productions. At that time, the union organized many animators across the industry.

In August 1979, the Guild struck for ten days against Ruby-Spears Productions, Hanna-Barbera Productions, and DePatie-Freleng Enterprises, with the studios agreeing to in-studio staffing levels before some work can be subcontracted outside of the U.S. The next year, 1980, the Guild established the American Animation Institute which aimed to provide education about animation craft and art taught by professionals in animation industry.

In August 1982, the studios refused to renew the 1979 agreement with Guild. This resulted in the Guild's 1,600 members going on strike against all animation studios within Los Angeles, California. The strike ended with studios refusing to address the issues related to runaway productions raised by the strike.

In 1987, the Guild founded the Society for Animation Studies, which began holding an annual conference two years later, and later published a peer-reviewed journal, Animation Studies. In Spring 1995, the Guild signed a contract with DreamWorks Animation. It was reported in August 1999 that the Guild, which had 2,500 members at the time, was trying to unite with animators from other countries rather than competing against them.

2002-Present
In July 2002, the union changed its name to "The Animation Guild". In November of the same year, Nickelodeon Animation Studios signed a collective bargaining agreement with the union for the first time, bringing in workers from Dora the Explorer and SpongeBob SquarePants. The following year, Guild members ratified a new collective bargaining agreement with major animation companies, which lasted until August 2006.

In October 2004, DPS Film Roman animators voted to join the Guild by a 166-20 vote, with a contract ratified in January 2005. Later, in 2009, the Guild negotiated bargaining terms for streaming television when it was "something of a quirk," leading to a push by some in the animation industry, and the Guild itself, for better working conditions for those in the industry. Sideletter N entered into the collective bargaining agreement with the Guild, in 2015, outlined improved working conditions for streaming media. The same year, the Guild also inked a three-year contract with the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers. In May 2019, the Guild ratified contracts for animators at Nickelodeon. The following month, the guild’s efforts to win workers at Shadowmachine, which were working on BoJack Horseman, were successful. Later, workers for the company would again vote to be part of the guild in May 2022.

Animators who worked on Rick and Morty and Solar Opposites filed a petition, in February 2022, for a union election with the National Labor Relations Board so they could join the guild. According to the Guild, Adult Swim and 20th Century Studios did not voluntarily recognize the entire unit as the Guild proposed, leading to a negotiation before recognition. Previously, in September 2014, the crew of Rick & Morty ratified a new labor agreement with the Guild, following a successful organizing effort.

In January 2022, it was announced that workers for the studio of Titmouse, Inc., in New York, had organized under the Guild. It was the first time the union represented an animation studio "outside of LA County". Following the union becoming public, Titmouse management chose to voluntarily recognize the union and negotiate with the Guild "in good faith". Previously, in October 2020, Titmouse Vancouver had become the first animation studio in Canada to join a union, joining the newly founded Animation Guild IATSE Local 938.

The Guild ventured into its first organizing campaign outside of the continental United States when workers for the Puerto Rican based animation studio Gladius Animation Studios unionized with them in July 2023. It was also reported, in July 2023, that there were efforts by 88 animators at Warner Bros. Animation and Cartoon Network to join the Guild, with their request for voluntary recognition of the union by management.

Governance
The Animation Guild is governed by its membership, which meets every two months. To supervise the Guild's affairs, every three years the membership elects a sixteen-person Executive Board by secret mail ballot. The Executive Board meets every month. The key executives on the Board are: Jeanette Moreno King (as President), Jack Thomas (as Vice President), and Steve Kaplan (as Business Representative). The Business Representative is the only paid, full-time elected official of the Guild, which also has a paid staff. All other Board members work at studios under the Guild's jurisdiction.

Collective bargaining agreements
The Animation Guild negotiates and enforces collective bargaining agreements, or CBAs, with companies employing persons under its jurisdiction. The present contract the Guild has with studios will expire in mid-2024, even though animated productions may be impacted by the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike.

Jurisdiction
The Animation Guild's jurisdiction is determined by its parent body, the IATSE, and as defined in its CBA.

Work jurisdiction
The Guild covers all artistic, creative and technical job categories in the animation process, with the following exceptions:
 * Animation camerapersons are under the jurisdiction of IATSE Local 600.
 * Track readers and soundpersons are under the jurisdiction of IATSE Local 695.
 * Animation editors are under the jurisdiction of the Motion Picture Editors Guild, IATSE Local 700.
 * Animation voice actors are covered by the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists.
 * Generally speaking, animation directors of theatrical features are not covered, as they are considered management due to their ability to hire and fire employees, but animation directors in other media such as television are covered.
 * Although animation producers, production managers and non-creative support personnel are not covered under the Guild CBA, employers will sometimes sign a so-called "non-affiliate" agreement that allows them to cover them for purposes of health insurance and pension.
 * Although most animation writers are under the Animation Guild's jurisdiction, some are covered by the Writers Guild of America West.
 * So-called "freelancers" are covered under the CBA if they are working as employees of a signator employer. Bona fide independent contractors are not covered, since they are not employees of the company for which they perform work.

Although the Guild's traditional jurisdiction was limited to those working on animated films, in recent years the Guild has expanded to the point where a significant percentage of its members are employed in motion picture computer graphics. Today, both 2D and 3D artists work under the Guild's jurisdiction, both in animation and live action.

Geographical jurisdiction
All of the Animation Guild's current collective bargaining agreements are with employers in southern California. The IATSE and other IA locals have jurisdiction over animation in other areas of the United States and Canada. In December 2021 it was reported that the union had "close to 6,000 active members" and that most lived in Los Angeles, California. Previously, in 2016, it was reported that the Guild had "nearly 4,000" members.

Membership requirements
Membership in the Animation Guild can be acquired either through employment or organizing.

Animation artists, writers and technicians who are hired by employers signed to Guild CBAs will be required to join the Guild after thirty days' employment. The one-time initiation fee consists of two weeks' minimum scale wages for the job category in which the applicant has been hired. Dues are charged quarterly and are also based upon the scale rate for the job category as of the beginning of the quarter. As of August 2008 the highest dues rate is $101.00. In April 2018, the Guild announced that 25% of workers under its union contract were women, the first time for the union.

Animation artists, writers and technicians who are employed by companies that do not have TAG agreements, may become members if and when the company is organized. Potential members may assist the Guild in its organizing efforts by signing a confidential representation card. After the employer is organized and signed to a collective bargaining agreement, employees often are brought into membership without initiation fees.

NewDeal4Animation

 * 1) NewDeal4Animation was a Tweet protest created in November 2021 by The Animation Guild, advocating for equal pay between animation writers and live-action writers, also citing the effects of COVID-19 on their jobs. In a February 2021 video campaign featuring various animation writers, the Guild said that animation writers received less than half of live-action writers' pay. Other cited issues included changes in the workflow of studios, such as increased workload, out of proportion with shorter development time from technological advances; and paying animators for large first seasons at a lower rate (pay boosts are given for renewed series), but splitting that season into multiple smaller seasons for viewers. Negotiations for a new contract between TAG and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers—their last contract expired on October 30, 2021—began in November 2021, and in May 2022, a new contract was agreed to, with retroactive additional wages and special clauses for remote work.

title: The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839


text:
David Plouffe

David Plouffe (born May 27, 1967) is an American political and business strategist best known as the campaign manager for Barack Obama's successful 2008 presidential campaign. A long-time Democratic Party campaign consultant, he was a partner at the party-aligned campaign consulting firm AKPD Message and Media, which he joined in 2000.

Plouffe was an outside senior advisor to Obama since the president's first day in office and was then appointed as a Senior Advisor to the President (inside the White House) in 2011 following the resignation of David Axelrod, who went on to start Obama's reelection campaign. In September 2014, he became the Senior Vice President of Policy and Strategy for Uber.

In May 2015, he left that role to become a full-time strategic adviser for the company. In January 2017, he joined the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative to lead the policy and advocacy efforts of the initiative. In 2019, Politico reported he joined the Board of Directors of liberal nonprofit ACRONYM, where he would advise an anti-Trump digital campaign.

Early life
Plouffe was born and raised in Wilmington, Delaware. He is from a working-class Roman Catholic family (he is now an Episcopalian), the son of Frances (née Vincent), a stay-at-home mother, and James Everett "Jim" Plouffe, a factory worker who later worked in marketing.

Plouffe attended St. Mark's High School. He left the University of Delaware prior to graduating in 1989 to pursue a full-time career in politics, and he completed his full undergraduate degree in May 2010.

Career
Plouffe began his political career by working for Senator Tom Harkin's 1990 re-election campaign. He later worked as a state field director for Harkin's unsuccessful 1992 Presidential campaign. In the same year, he successfully managed Congressman John Olver's first re-election bid in Massachusetts. In 1994 Plouffe managed Delaware Attorney General Charles M. Oberly's unsuccessful campaign against Senator William V. Roth.

2008 Barack Obama presidential campaign
Plouffe was the campaign manager for Obama's successful 2008 presidential campaign. He is credited with the campaign's successful overall strategy in the race (primarily against then-Senator Hillary Clinton) for the Democratic Party presidential nomination, to focus on the first caucus in Iowa and on maximizing the number of pledged delegates, as opposed to focusing on states with primaries and the overall popular vote. He is also credited by The New Republic for Obama's success in the Iowa caucus and for crafting an overall strategy to prolong the primary past Super Tuesday. The Chicago Tribune wrote "Plouffe was the mastermind behind a winning strategy that looked well past Super Tuesday's contests on Feb. 5 and placed value on large and small states". Plouffe also maintained discipline over communications, including controlling leaks and releasing information about the campaign on its terms. Averse to publicity himself, Plouffe's control over the internal workings of the campaign avoided the publicly aired squabbles that tend to trouble campaigns.

In June 2008, when then-Senator Obama clinched the Democratic Party nomination, he thanked Plouffe for being the one "who never gets any credit, but has built the best political campaign, I think, in the history of the United States". In May 2008, David Axelrod praised Plouffe, stating he had "done the most magnificent job of managing a campaign that I've seen in my life of watching presidential politics. To start something like this from scratch and build what we have built was a truly remarkable thing".

After winning the election on November 4, Obama credited Plouffe in his acceptance speech, calling him "the unsung hero of this campaign, who built the...best political campaign, I think, in the history of the United States of America".

2009–2011
Plouffe began working as an outside senior adviser to the Obama administration in January 2009. His book The Audacity to Win: The Inside Story and Lessons of Barack Obama's Historic Victory, discussing management strategies and tactics that he used in the 2008 campaign, was published on November 3, 2009, and became a New York Times bestseller.

He later issued a video challenge for Obama supporters to buy a copy of his book on December 8, 2009 to "Beat Sarah Palin" and her bestselling book for one day.

Plouffe signed with the Washington Speakers Bureau to give paid speeches and plans to engage in non-government consulting work.

In May 2009, Plouffe delivered the convocation address at Cornell University.

2011–2013: Senior Advisor to the President
In January 2011, Plouffe joined the White House as Assistant to the President and Senior Advisor. Plouffe replaced David Axelrod as Senior Advisor when Axelrod returned to Chicago to help run President Obama's 2012 re-election campaign.

In his role as senior advisor, Plouffe led the crafting of White House strategy and communicating the president's message. He attended the president on his domestic and overseas visits, including the May 2011 state visit to the UK.

After a successful reelection and inauguration of President Obama, Plouffe departed the White House in January 2013. During a national news event, on his final day in the White House, Plouffe was singled out by the president saying, "What people don't always realize, because he doesn't like to show it, is the reason he does this stuff is because he cares deeply about people. And he cares about justice, and he cares about making sure that everybody gets a shot in life. And, those values have motivated him to do incredible things, and were it not for him, we would not have been as effective a White House and I probably wouldn't be here."

Career after the White House
After leaving the White House in early 2013, Plouffe became a contributor for Bloomberg TV and ABC News.

In April 2013, Plouffe was inducted into the American Association of Political Consultants Hall of Fame.

Plouffe met with Hillary Clinton in mid-2013 to help out in her campaign for president, having claimed that Clinton approached him first. In September 2015, Plouffe reportedly played a key role in convincing Vice President Joe Biden not to challenge Clinton, telling Biden "not to end his career in embarrassment with a third place finish in Iowa, according to multiple accounts of the meeting".

In the summer of 2014, rumors circulated that Plouffe might return to the White House as Chief of Staff. On August 5, 2014, Plouffe denied he planned to return at a Politico Playbook lunch, and White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest said he did not expect Chief of Staff Denis McDonough to depart.

On August 19, 2014, Plouffe was appointed as Senior Vice President of Policy and Strategy at Uber.

In January 2017, Plouffe was hired by Mark Zuckerberg to lead policy and advocacy at the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. He leads a bipartisan policy board alongside Ken Mehlman where they announce policy members and work to find opportunities to work with the government.

In September 2019, Plouffe was invited to join the board of directors of ACRONYM, a liberal nonprofit group focused on digital messaging, by the CEO Tara McGowan. He advises program work at ACRONYM and bolsters the organization's fundraising efforts.

Plouffe hosts a podcast, Campaign HQ with David Plouffe which is a partnership with Cadence13.

Controversy
Plouffe has drawn criticism for his paid speaking engagements abroad while on hiatus from advising Obama. In early 2009, Plouffe spoke in Baku, Azerbaijan, for $50,000. The event's sponsor had ties to Azerbaijan's authoritarian government. Following complaints from human rights groups, Plouffe donated his speaking fees to the National Democratic Institute.

In December 2010, Plouffe received $100,000 for two speeches in Nigeria from an affiliate of the South African telecommunications company MTN Group. At the time, MTN had been doing business with the government of Iran since 2005. MTN later came under increased scrutiny by the United States due to allegations that the Iranian government used the MTN network to track and monitor dissidents. MTN has been listed on the "Iran Business Registry" of watchdog group United Against Nuclear Iran since 2009. White House spokesman Eric Schultz stated that Plouffe had only spoken to the group about digital communications and cellular technology, and had declined to meet with the company's leadership. Schultz also said the criticism of Plouffe's speeches before he joined the White House was "misplaced".

In 2013, in response to accusations from Congressman Darrell Issa (R-CA) that the Obama administration knew about the IRS targeting of not-for-profit conservative groups for extra scrutiny, Plouffe tweeted: "Strong words from Mr Grand Theft Auto and suspected arsonist/insurance swindler. And loose ethically today", referring to two incidents in Issa's past. In 1972, while a teenager, Issa was accused of stealing a Maserati sports car; the charges were later dropped. In 1982, a Cleveland warehouse belonging to Issa burned to the ground. The fire was ruled suspicious and Issa collected an insurance payout, but he was not charged with any crime.

In February 2017, Plouffe was fined $90,000 by the Chicago Board of Ethics for the violation of ethics rules when he failed to register as a lobbyist after contacting Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel to help Uber with regulations for picking up travelers at Chicago airports. The board fined Uber $2,000 as well for hiring a lobbyist who violated the city's lobbying laws.

Works

 * Plouffe, David. The Audacity to Win: The Inside Story and Lessons of Barack Obama's Historic Victory, Viking Adult (November 3, 2009); ISBN 978-0-670-02133-8
 * A Citizen's Guide to Beating Donald Trump

Plouffe appeared on Race for the White House in the episode about the 1948 United States presidential election.

Personal life
Plouffe is married to Olivia Morgan, a senior advisor to Maria Shriver's A Woman's Nation, a member of Obama's President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities, and Director of Federal Relations to then California Governor Gray Davis. The couple resides in San Francisco, and has two children.

title: David Plouffe


text:
Rehoboth Volksparty

The Rehoboth Volksparty (Rehobother Volkspartei) was a political party in Namibia. It was founded in 1968 by Hans Diergaardt, on the basis of the Rehoboth Taxpayers Association.

In 1971, the RVP joined the National Convention. In August 1976 the party is merged into the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO).

In February 1989, the RVP was reconstituted by Arrie Hermanus Smit.

title: Rehoboth Volksparty


text:
Todpool

Todpool is a hamlet in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is located between Chacewater and St Day villages and is three miles (5 km) east of Redruth.

During the 19th century, Todpool was an important site for tin mining due to its proximity to Poldice mine. Today, disused mineshafts and derelict engine houses are scattered throughout the area. Todpool was once busy enough to support a pub (now a private house) and a church, but is now a quiet backwater of miners' cottages.

The road that runs through Todpool is Bownder An Sycamor, which translates from Cornish as Sycamore Lane.

title: Todpool


text:
Art Larsen

Arthur David "Art" or "Tappy" Larsen (April 17, 1925 – December 7, 2012) was a U.S. tennis player in the 1940s and 1950s.

He was the world No. 3 tennis player in the rankings by John Olliff and Pierre Gillou for 1950 and the U.S. No. 1 male tennis player in the USLTA rankings for 1950. He won the "Times" national sports award for the outstanding tennis player of 1950.

Larsen was ranked among the world top ten male tennis players in expert rankings for 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, and 1954.

Larsen was the first player to win all of the USLTA (USTA) national tennis titles, the U.S. Open (grass), the U.S. Clay Court (clay), the U.S. Hardcourt (cement), and the U.S. National Indoor (indoor). Larsen was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1969.

He is most remembered for his victory at the U.S. Championships in 1950 and for his personal eccentricities.

Tennis career
Larsen pushed Pancho Gonzales to five-set matches at the U.S. Championships in both 1948 and 1949, Gonzales winning both U.S. Championships. Larsen won the Queen's Club tournament in 1950 defeating Frank Sedgman and John Bromwich in the last two rounds, but lost a tight five-set quarterfinal at Wimbledon that year to Sedgman.

Larsen won the 1950 U.S. Open Tennis Championships, defeating John Horn, Sven Davidson, Jaroslav Drobný, Tom Brown, Dick Savitt in the semifinal, and Herb Flam in the final.

Larsen was ranked as world No. 3 in 1950 by John Olliff of The Daily Telegraph, and by Pierre Gillou in L'Équipe. Larsen was ranked as the U.S. No. 1 tennis player for 1950 by the USLTA. He won the "Times" national sports award for the outstanding tennis player of 1950.

Larsen was ranked among the world top ten male tennis players in expert rankings for 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, and 1954.

In 1951, Larsen defended his U.S. Championship, reaching the semifinal where he lost to Sedgman, the champion for that year.

In 1954, Larsen defeated Drobny and Seixas at the French Open, but lost the final to Trabert.

Although he was ranked by the USLTA as the No. 1 U.S. tennis player for 1950 and the U.S. No. 3 in 1952, 1953, and 1955, Larsen was never selected to represent the United States in Davis Cup Challenge Round competition because he supposedly "never met the selection requirements as mandated by the USLTA." Players who were ranked well below Larsen by the USLTA were chosen instead.

In 1950, Budge Patty was the Wimbledon champion and was ranked world No. 1 by John Olliff, and Larsen ranked world No. 3 by the same source. However neither player would represent the U.S. in the Davis Cup Challenge Round, with Tom Brown and Ted Schroeder being chosen instead. The results of that 1950 Challenge Round were disappointing for the U.S. team. In November 1950, Larsen won the New South Wales Championships at White City in Sydney, defeating the two Australian singles representatives in the Davis Cup Challenge Round, Frank Sedgman and Ken McGregor, in the final two rounds.

Larsen was the first man to win all of the recognized USLTA (USTA) national titles, the U.S. Open Tennis Championships (grass), the U.S. Clay Court Championships (clay) in 1952 over Savitt in the final, the U.S. Hardcourt Championships (cement) in 1950 and 1952 over Flam in both finals, and the U.S. National Indoor Championships in 1953 over Kurt Nielsen in the final. Since then, only Tony Trabert has equaled his feat.

Personal life
A member of the Olympic Club in San Francisco, he previously attended the University of San Francisco, where he was a member of the 1949 NCAA Men's Tennis Championship team. He was 5 feet 10 inches and 150 pounds and was known for his partying before and during his tournament appearances. It frequently was written that Larsen would arrive for an important match directly from an all-night party with no benefit of sleep.

Larsen's tennis career ended abruptly in November 1956 after a motor scooter accident in Castro Valley, California. He partially was paralyzed and lost sight in one eye. He was the no. 8 ranked American amateur at the end of that year.

Larsen was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1969.

Larsen died on December 7, 2012, at the age of 87.

Jack Kramer, tennis player and long-time promoter, stated in his 1979 autobiography that "Larsen was fascinating to watch. He had concentrated on tennis as mental therapy after serving long stretches in the front lines during (World War II).  He was called Tappy because he went around touching everything for good luck, and sometimes he would chat with an imaginary bird that sat on his shoulder. This was good theatre, but it could never have made Larsen a candidate for a professional tour."

title: Art Larsen


text:
European Ecological Federation

The European Ecological Foundation (EEF) is a European organisation with the objective "to promote cooperation within the science of ecology in Europe".

Members
Its members are:

 * British Ecological Society, United Kingdom and Ireland
 * Gesellschaft für Ökologie, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein
 * Société Française d'Ecologie, France and Belgium
 * Swedish and Nordic Oikos Societies, Nordic countries
 * Sociatá Italiana di Ecologia, Italy
 * Dutch-Flemish Ecological Society (Necov), Netherlands and Flanders
 * Polish Ecological Society Petecol, Poland
 * Société d'Ecophysiologie, France
 * Greek Ecologists' Association, Greece
 * Turkish Ecological Society, Turkey
 * Slovak Ecological Society, Slovakia
 * Spanish Ecological Society, Spain
 * Portuguese Ecological Society (SPECO), Portugal
 * Romanian Ecological Society, Romania
 * Czech Union of Ecologists, Czech Republic
 * Hungarian Biological Society, Hungary
 * Institute of Ecology, Poland
 * Macedonian Ecological Society, North Macedonia
 * Lithuanian Ecological Society, Lithuania

Presidents
Presidents include:

 * R. J. Berry 1990-1992
 * R. Bornkamm 1993-1995
 * Piet Nienhuis 1995-1999
 * John Pantis 1999–2002
 * Pehr H. Enckell 2002-2006
 * Stefan Klotz 2006–present

title: European Ecological Federation


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Wikipedian supporters of the sovereign nation-state

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 20:52, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedian supporters of the sovereign nation-state
It is the thin end of the sticky wedge when we create Wikipedia associations based on people's POV's. We need a precedent to stop it here before POV societies mushroom at wikipedia SqueakBox 15:48, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

See also the related VfD entry, Votes for deletion/Wikipedian citizens of the world

 * Delete. I'm not even sure this is the thin end of the wedge as it looks pretty thick to me. David | Talk 15:49, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 16:24, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Creator User:Cognition has been a source of great trouble on WP. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 21:48, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What next, List of Wikipedians who are left-handed, not from US, etc... Shudder. —Tokek
 * I don't think this list is that absurd. I consider myself a world citizen, and I understand that this group was formed to contain those who oppose my view. Both positions are significant in world politics.  I do agree, though, about a general worry of slippery slopes, as well as line-drawing.  See my vote below if you wish. Xoloz 06:04, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - how about a List of Wikipedians who eat muesli on Tuesdays? -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 22:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Damn it, I only eat muesli on weekends. Exclusionist! --Calton | Talk 15:55, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy keep Wikipedia long has had similar pages. See by support for environmental causes. See Wikipedian citizens of the world. Cognition 03:19, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but Wikipedian citizens of the world should go too. Kaibabsquirrel 03:57, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and agree with Kaibabsquirrel. JamesBurns 06:23, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I have nominated it. We shall see. David | Talk 09:05, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * And List of drug free Wikipedians was created (by cognition) along the same lines. --Dmcdevit 09:23, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. Benna 09:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Divise, has nothing to do with writing an encyclopedia. -Willmcw 10:27, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and agree with Kaibabsquirrel. Burschik 10:44, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 14:05, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't agree with it, but I agree with their right to say it. Quartier Latin   1968  14:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Uh, they don't *have* any right to say it -- Wikipedia is not a free web host. →Raul654 22:59, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * QuartierLatin is probably concerned with the question of "line-drawing" that also bothers me. Wikipedia is free to do whatever it wishes, but it seems to me that the "NPOV spirit" of an encyclopedia should allow all real groups or none.  See my vote below.  Xoloz 05:56, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Who says we can't have organizations of Wikipedians by POV? NPOV only applies to articles, not the Wikipedia namespace. There's a group for Muslim Wikipedians and Green Wikipedians, for example. Cognition 15:45, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sorry, you'll have to do your recruiting offsite. --Calton | Talk 15:55, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment If this is deleted while the "nice" article is retained we are all look like hypocrites. brenneman (t) (c)  15:59, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This one is silly. The citizens of the world one identifies an actual POV, but this one is just silliness instead of being the actual opposing POV. --Habap 16:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Agree with Kaibabsquirrel --Bletch 20:30, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep As I said before, I fear the day that "Neo-Fascist Wikipedians" becomes a group, because my internal ACLU Devil's advocate would demand we accept all real groups or none. Still, this is a tempest in a teapot for now. Xoloz 05:52, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if and only if Wikipedian citizens of the world is kept. Otherwise delete.  -- Visviva 04:00, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Created for POV promotion. Wile E. Heresiarch 14:54, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Wikipedia is encyclopedia AND a community.  Grue   19:21, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep A bit empty. But I'm not opposed to WP groups, although I have no special sympathy for this one, unless they have really pernicious agenda. --Pgreenfinch 19:55, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Amy Carter

Marriage and Family Info Needs to Be Updated
Amy is divorced from her first husband, and she has since remarried. John Paul Parks (talk) 00:27, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

She is pregnant with her second child, due 28 August 2010. See http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/08/11/DDV01EQ0UU.DTL Mizshan (talk) 05:04, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

 * The link leads to an August 11, 2010 article about Roslyn Carter wherein she states that Amy has an 11 year old son, is pregnant, lives in Atlanta, and is a substitute art teacher. There's no discussion about the state of her marriage. Is SFGate, sister-site of the San Francisco Chronicle newspaper, not considered a reliable source? Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 05:28, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

Merge
Might emerge from stub-hell tomorrow, but a decade is more likely. In either case, article can be split at that time. Merge histories, retain a redirect. Jerzy·t 15:45, 2005 July 11 (UTC)
 * There has been no meaningful rebuttal, but only a unilateral closing off of the discussion that policy mandates in the face of a proposal to merge: User:Mike Halterman presumes to remove the template bcz "Amy is the only Carter child to actually earn her own article". But this does not support retention of a separate article bcz it raises more questions than it answers. What has she done that justifies an article?
 * 'Graph 1: She's a relative of celebrities (just like the other Carter children). Not notable.
 * 'Graph 2: She protested at least twice, got arrested once, got sprung. That could be part of something notable, but no evidence of that has been offered, and the fact that it's pretty thoroughly forgotten creates a presumption of non-notability that Mike has done nothing to overcome.
 * 'Graph 3: MS, Married with kid, going on 38. Non-notable. (What was her field? I never knew, and no evidence anyone else remembers; no evidence she uses that presumably high quality education.) Creates a further presumption of non-notability that Mike has done nothing to overcome.

_ The article has existed for over 5 months without anything of substance being added (lets not count the anon vandalism that Mike properly axed) after its first 4 minutes. At least 6 non-vandals have touched it since the original author, and there's a consensus that it's still a stub. _ Leave the merge tag alone; removing it after 17 days, when nothing but stub-refinement, Cats, vandalism, and the Merge proposal has happened in 5.5 months just puts your good faith in question. _ I dunno about anyone else, but i'm in no rush about this; i wouldn't mind giving it another 5.5 months to see whether evidence of her notability accumulates. Don't worry, be happy. We didn't need the article for 4 years, so even if a merge proposal is some kind of scarlet letter, a few months of that for this decisively non-urgent article should be no big deal. _ Take your time, and find us some evidence of notability. Jerzy·t 07:04, 2005 July 28 (UTC

 * She is notable because she was quite visible during her father's presidency (as was her uncle, but not her brothers). We can add the reference President Carter made about asking her advice about Nuclear Weapons during a speech or debate; this was a somewhat notable event of his presidency/reelection campaign.  NoSeptember  15:36, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * As presidential offspring go, she is certanly among the more notable, and it in fact could be argued that many LESS notable presidential children have separate pages. (George W. Bush's daughters, for instance, have their own page, and aside from their underage drinking incident, neither has done much of anything noteworthy, thus far.) If nothing else, Amy Carter's activism and her association with Abbie Hoffman distinguish her from many of her "White House kids" contemporaries. It is doesn't seem unreasonable that she should have her own page. Markt3 01:04, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Notability
I added that she illustrated a children's book with her father, and I believe this ties in with her major (I believe she majored in art history, but don't hold me to that). Someone does need to mention how Amy factored into Jimmy's policy-making (however minor it is, it's notable since she was young). Mike H (Talking is hot) 22:23, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, gosh, she is notable; i forgot all the fuss that was made over that book -- no, wait a minit, i guess i'm thinking of Harry Potter.
 * Which is to say that (with whatever admirable or embarrassing motivation) she's competant to hold onto his coattails. She may even be supporting  hubby in the style he's accustomed to with her illustrations for brochures and her unique velvet-painting style, but i'd still see nothing notable.  Who reviewed the kids' book? How long was it in stores nationwide?
 * We already mention that they spoke abt policy, but it would be more notable if they never had. If you can come up with how, that might be notable if it's verifiable: it would be cited as an insight into how he lost his way at the helm of a superpower!  Which is to say, don't hold your breath until you find out.
 * I think it's great that the content is improving, but i see no trend yet of it developing toward viability as an article. --Jerzy·t 23:59, 2005 August 11 (UTC)

 * I'm glad to know you're the only one who decides what's article-worthy and what isn't. Piss off. Mike H (Talking is hot) 00:46, August 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * This is ridiculous. The article already exists, so it's not as if we're debating on whether to create it or not.  Amy Carter is a widely known daughter of a president.  She's just as "notable" as Chelsea Clinton is/was.  At least for the next 30 or 40 years I think she's notable.  Beyond that she may fade into the anals of forgotten presidential daughters.  Is there some precious resource this article is taking up that needs to be "recycled", so we need to take a hard line on "notability"?  Paper encyclopedias, and even DVD encyclopedias need to be edited for size constraints.  With the cheapness of hard drive space I fail to see why this article should be removed or merged into the Jimmy Carter page.  If it were it would only be more distracting from the Jimmy Carter page. Hell, this discussion (or really what just amounts to the whining of one person who sounds like they have some grudge) takes up FAR more resources than the single Amy Carter page.  Oh, and looking through all the guidelines, nowhere do I see "notability" as a requirement for an article in Wikipedia, so this entire discussion is rather moot.  Maybe you're referring to vanity pages, which obviously don't belong in an encyclopedia.  This is obviously not a vanity article, so I see no issue here.  So, as you see the impetus is not for anyone to justify the Amy Carter page, but for anyone thinking it should be merged to justify it.  This hasn't been done.  If you can do that, please do, otherwise remove the "merge" link.  Vellmont

 * Just on general principles, I agree with this. Sometimes it seems that there's a "merge mania" here on WP. While I can understand merging two articles that basically discuss the same thing, it seems too often to be used as a way of eliminating articles that some people feel "aren't important" enough. Really -- the reason that I come to Wikipedia, and the reason I find it so interesting, isn't because it's a replacement for Encyclopedia Britannica; if it was, I'd just read E.B. and be done with it. No, I read it because it has vast articles on all sorts of niche (some might say, bizarre) topics. This is a GOOD THING. Amy Carter isn't Jimmy Carter; she's been famous enough to have a few articles written about her in the mainstream press...she gets her own WP page. Any time two pages that aren't closely related to the point of duplication are merged together, content is very often lost -- or at least the possibility of adding more content is lost. I think we should take a very light approach to merging, and when there is any doubt that something deserves a separate article, give it one. There's no limit to the number that WP can have, so why throw out information? --Kadin2048 06:19, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It would be a shame to let this discussion close without mention of what justifies doing so -- since not a word on this talk page does. (The level of Wiki-insight in the arguement of is quite understandable, but their personal attacks on me will preclude my helping orient them. BTW & in contrast, Mike, a few months more experienced here, has shown himself more reasonable to me elsewhere than how, on this page, he lets himself continue to appear.) Despite the continuing lack of reasons for separate retention,  has a credibility that makes his |off-hand removal of the tag quite sufficient to satisfy me that the matter needs no further attention from me.  The att'ys Sturm & Drang are neither Wp'ians, nor needed at WP. --Jerzy•t 18:43, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Married Name(s)
Still "Amy Carter"? "Amy Carter Hentzel"? "Amy Carter-Hentzel"? --Jerzy·t 16:06, 2005 July 28 (UTC)

Still AC as of 2002; not sure we need to put it in the article, but having it here documents we weren't just guessing. Jerzy·t 23:59, 2005 August 11 (UTC)

Corrected her surname at the top of the page and put in a short sentence about it. Looked back at the archives (Sept. 29, 2005), whoever changed it didn't provide an explanation, let alone a link. However, the Christian Science Monitor article that's already linked at the bottom clearly says that she still has her own name. Ariadne55 17:27, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Her age?
Born in 1967, married at age 32 in 1996? Something doesn't add up

was she a mistake (?) I mean her brothers are significantly older/ —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Levineps (talk • contribs) 22:05, 3 May 2006  (UTC)

 * The answer is almost certainly unverifiable; in any case, the subject is unencyclopedic, and thus off-topic here. --Jerzy•t 04:26, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It can be verified if Rosalynn ever was interviewed and asked about it. In any case, my oldest sibling is 17 years older than me, and my parents told me they tried for an entire month to have me. So just because it's the last child, doesn't mean it's a mistake. Mike H. That's hot 07:25, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Rosalyn has written about it. For many years, she had an ovarian condition which prevented her from having children. She had it corrected, and soon thereafter, conceived Amy. John Paul Parks (talk) 05:43, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

The article says she was born in 1967 and the picture below with Marcel Marceau states that it was taken in 1977. I'm sorry but she really doesn't look 10 years old in that picture...you can tell that she's at least as tall as President Carter and nobody is 5 feet some odd inches tall at age 10 unless you're Shaquille. :P Anyone else agree? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jed Bartlet (talk • contribs) 19:43, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Never mind, ignore this. I'm a nitwit. I just figured it out. --Josiah Bartlet, President of the United States 23:01, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I just looked at the picture... that's a hilarious mistake! -Rolypolyman (talk) 04:48, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Roughly?
The article states "Amy has three brothers who are roughly 15 to 20 years older than she is." Roughly? I presume they all have birth certificates showing the years of birth. In that case, there is nothing "roughly" about determining their ages. John Paul Parks (talk) 05:44, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Of which four children?
The opening sentence makes no sense. It seems to be out of context.

"Amy Lynn Carter (born October 19, 1967) is the youngest of the four children and the only daughter of U.S. president Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalynn Carter."

It's not clear what this is supposed to mean. Need to mention the other children in context with this. Poorly worded, as well.

--Davjosmes (talk) 16:42, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * What is unclear about it? To me, it says: the parents had four kids.  The first three are sons, the fourth is a daughter. No?  Am I missing something?  Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 05:04, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

Holton Arms???
Someone added to Personal Life that Amy Carter attended Holton Arms. This is not consistent with the info on her schooling in "Life in White House" and I'm 90% sure it is incorrect. She famously attended DC public schools while her father was in office, and the family returned to Georgia when he left office. Of all the private schools in the DC area, Holton seems like the least likly for her or her family to have any association with. The only references I found appear to be based on this article and more authoritative sources (NY Times, Wash Post) only reference her attending DC public schools. Can someone with a better knowledge of confirm this and correct the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.176.40.161 (talk) 20:09, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Amy Carter
President Jimmy Carter's Daughter Amy Was 28 Years Old When She Got Married On September 1,1996,In Plains, Georgia.69.174.152.106 (talk) 20:15, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

Is the reference to "Socks, owned by Bill Clinton" correct?
I thought Chelsea owned Socks.47.139.46.149 (talk) 06:32, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Unverified information
I've removed the following information, per WP:BLP, because it lacks a source (and my web searches have failed to find a source). Please feel free to put it back into the article if the text is accompanied by a footnote that cites a reliable source:

 * Carter and Wentzel later divorced; Carter remarried and had a second son.

I've also modified the infobox to show only one child, and to remove mention of a divorce from her first husband. Again, anyone is welcome to put that information back into the article if they can provide a reliable source for it. Otherwise, this information, in the article, is a violation of WP:BLP. -- John Broughton (♫♫) 17:05, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Personal life
she met Wentzel while working at chapter 11 bookstore. She was dating and living with someone else when she started working there. I was her manager at the bookstore at that time. 2600:6C5A:417F:4C97:C15B:1FEF:2A41:1FF9 (talk) 21:20, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

picture
i think its time for a new picture the one on currently and as she is 56 i know there are more pictures and i think it should be updated to a more accurate photo of her now if not tell me why if so tell me what one Tupac Shakur Thug Life 4Life (talk) 21:31, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amy Carter


text: Category:Homicide: Life on the Street

title: Category:Homicide: Life on the Street


text:
Settat

Settat (سطات) is a city in Morocco between the national capital Rabat and Marrakesh. Settat is located 83.9 km by road south of the centre of Casablanca, roughly an hour's drive. It is the capital of Settat Province and is its largest city in both size and population. According to the 2014 Moroccan census, it had a population of 142,250 people, up from 116,570 people in the 2004 census. Settat is 370 m above sea level, built on a plateau surrounded by foothills in all directions. The antiquities of Settat include the very old Ismailiya Kasbah distinguished by the statue of a steed which lies at the center of the city.

History
By choosing to build the Kasbah on the hilly site of Settat, 18th century Moroccan ruler Moulay Ismail would trigger the process of urbanization. Indeed, the building of the Kasbah brought order and security for travelers and residents supported the settlements near it. Moreover, by installing the first Caïd in the region which previously depended Caïd Doukkali and Rahmani, Moulay Ismail formalized Settat status as capital of this region.

Settat became an administrative center in the early 18th century, due to its strategic position as an unavoidable passage between North and South. Thanks to the richness of the soil, it also prospered during the 18th and 19th centuries as an important trading center for agricultural products, attracting entrepreneurs. This was the case for Moroccan Jews who settled here en masse in the 19th century, building their own neighborhood, the Mellah, near the Kasbah.

This development was disrupted in the early 20th century during the early chaos of the French colonization when the Chaouia tribes rallied to Moulay Hafid. However, under the French protectorate, the city of Settat had unprecedented urban development, as evidenced by the population boom it experienced from 1913 to 1925. This prosperity lasted until the early fifties when, as a result of the development of Casablanca, communications, and transportation, the city of Settat and other towns in the region have entered a period of semi-lethargy.

In the early 1990s, Settat was endowed with a university L'Université Hassan 1er de Settat, an international golf course, and a racetrack. Settat has undergone large-scale urban planning from the 1970s to become an important regional center. Settat is linked to Casablanca (57 km to the north) since 2001 by the A7 highway, and Marrakech (146 km to the south) since 2007.

Notable people

 * David Amar (1920-2000), Moroccan Jewish businessman
 * Jo Amar (1930-2009), Moroccan-Jewish singer
 * Driss Basri (1938-2007), Minister of the Interior under Hassan II
 * Bouchaib Benlabsir (1931-1991), deputy mayor of settat city
 * Abdellah Bendhaiba (1950-), Former Wali of Doukkala-Abda, Governor (Khouribga, Nador, Taroudant) and Parliamentarian (Settat)
 * Habib Mazini, novelist
 * Mohamed Moâtassim (1956-), adviser to King Mohammed VI
 * Ahmed Nejmeddine (1962-), President of the Hassan 1st University of Settat.
 * Abdel Abqar, footballer
 * Yahya Jabrane, footballer

Sister cities

 * 🇪🇸 Burgos, Castile and León, Spain.
 * 🇫🇷 Tours, France.
 * 🇫🇷 La Celle Saint Cloud, France

title: Settat


text:
Minimally conscious state

A minimally conscious state or MCS is a disorder of consciousness distinct from persistent vegetative state and locked-in syndrome. Unlike persistent vegetative state, patients with MCS have partial preservation of conscious awareness. MCS is a relatively new category of disorders of consciousness. The natural history and longer term outcome of MCS have not yet been thoroughly studied. The prevalence of MCS was estimated to be 9 times of PVS cases (adult and pediatric), or between 112,000 and 280,000 in the US by year 2000.

Neuroimaging
Because minimally conscious state is a relatively new criterion for diagnosis, there are very few functional imaging studies of patients with this condition. Preliminary data has shown that overall cerebral metabolism is less than in those with conscious awareness (20–40% of normal ) and is slightly higher but comparable to those in vegetative states. Activation in the medial parietal cortex and adjacent posterior cingulate cortex are brain regions that seem to differ between patients in MCS and those from vegetative states. These areas are most active during periods of conscious waking and are least active when in altered states of consciousness, such as general anesthesia, propofol, hypnotic state, dementia, and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. Auditory stimulation induced more widespread activation in the primary and pre-frontal associative areas of MCS patients than vegetative state patients. There were also more cortiocortical functional connectivity between the auditory cortex and a large network of temporal and prefrontal cortices in MCS than vegetative states. These findings encourage treatments based on neuromodulatory and cognitive revalidation therapeutic strategies for patients with MCS.

One study used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in two case studies. They found that there were widespread cerebral atrophy in both patients. The lateral ventricles were increased in size, and the corpus callosum and the periventricular white matter were diminished. The DTI maps showed that there was significant reduction of volume in the medial corpus callosum and other parts of the brain compared to normal subjects. They also found markedly lower diffusion values in white matter and increased cerebral spinal fluid compartments. Cortical injuries at this level provides a particular favorable environment for sprouting of new axons to occur in the intact areas of the cortex, which may explain some of the greater recovery rates in minimally conscious state patients. The axonal regrowth has been correlated with functional motor recovery. The regrowth and rerouting of the axons may explain some of the changes to brain structure. These findings support the efforts to prospectively and longitudinally characterize neuroplasticity in both brain structure and function following severe injuries. Utilizing DTI and other neuroimaging techniques may further shed light on the debates on long-distance cortical rewiring and may lead to better rehabilitation strategies.

Some areas of the brain that are correlated with the subjective experience of pain were activated in MCS patients when noxious stimulation was present. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans found increased blood flow to the secondary sensory cortex, posterior parietal cortex, premotor cortex, and the superior temporal cortex. The pattern of activation, however, was with less spatial extent. Some parts of the brain were less activated than normal patients during noxious stimulus processing. These were the posterior cingulate, medial prefrontal cortex, and the occipital cortex. Even though functional brain imaging can objectively measure changes in brain function during noxious stimulation, the role of different areas of the brain in pain processing is only partially understood. Furthermore, there is still the problem of the subjective experience. MCS patients by definition cannot consistently and reliably communicate their experiences. Even if they were able to answer the question "are you in pain?", there would not be a reliable response. Further clinical trials are needed to access the appropriateness of the use of analgesia in patients with MCS.

Residual language function
A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study found that minimally conscious state patients showed activation in auditory networks when they heard narratives that had personally meaningful content that were read forwards by a familiar voice. These activations were not seen when the narratives were read backwards.

Another study compared patients in vegetative state and minimally conscious state in their ability to recognize language. They found that some patients in minimally conscious state demonstrated some evidence of preserved speech processing. There was more activation in response to sentences compared to white noise.

Medical definition
Minimally conscious state (MCS) is defined as a condition of severely altered consciousness in which minimal but definite behavioral evidence of self or environmental awareness is demonstrated.

Diagnosis
Although MCS patients are able to demonstrate cognitively mediated behaviors, they occur inconsistently. They are, however, reproducible or can be sustained long enough to be differentiated from reflexive behavior. Because of this inconsistency, extended assessment may be required to determine if a simple response (e.g. a finger movement or a blink) occurred because of a specific environmental event (e.g. a command to move the finger or to blink) or was merely a coincidental behavior. Distinguishing between VS and MCS is often difficult because the diagnosis is dependent on observation of behavior that show self or environmental awareness and because those behavioral responses are markedly reduced. One of the more common diagnostic errors involving disorders of consciousness is mistaking MCS for VS which may lead to serious repercussions related to clinical management.

Giacino et al. have suggested demonstration of the following behaviors in order to make the diagnosis of MCS.

 * Following simple commands such as following movements with their eyes or moving a finger when asked.
 * Gestural or verbal yes/no responses (regardless of accuracy).
 * Intelligible verbalization.
 * Purposeful behavior such as those that are contingent due to appropriate environmental stimuli and are not reflexive. Some examples of purposeful behavior include:
 * appropriate smiling or crying in response to the linguistic or visual content of emotional but not to neutral topics or stimuli.
 * vocalizations or gestures that occur in direct response to the linguistic content of questions.
 * reaching for objects that demonstrates a clear relationship between object location and direction of reach.
 * touching or holding objects in a manner that accommodates the size and shape of the object.
 * pursuit eye movement or sustained fixation that occurs in direct response to moving or salient stimuli.

Treatment
There is currently no definitive evidence that support altering the course of the recovery of minimally conscious state. There are currently multiple clinical trials underway investigating potential treatments. In one case study, stimulation of thalamus using deep brain stimulation (DBS) led to some behavioral improvements. The patient was a 38-year-old male who had remained in minimally conscious state following a severe traumatic brain injury. He had been unresponsive to consistent command following or communication ability and had remained non-verbal over two years in inpatient rehabilitation. fMRI scans showed preservation of a large-scale, bi-hemispheric cerebral language network, which indicates that possibility for further recovery may exist. Positron emission tomography showed that the patient's global cerebral metabolism levels were markedly reduced. He had DBS electrodes implanted bilaterally within his central thalamus. More specifically, the DBS electrodes targeted the anterior intralaminar nuclei of thalamus and adjacent paralaminar regions of thalamic association nuclei. Both electrodes were positioned within the central lateral nucleus, the paralaminar regions of the median dorsalis, and the posterior-medial aspect of the centromedian/parafasicularis nucleus complex. This allowed maximum coverage of the thalamic bodies. A DBS stimulation was conducted such that the patient was exposed to various patterns of stimulation to help identify optimal behavioral responses. Approximately 140 days after the stimulation began, qualitative changes in behavior emerged. There were longer periods of eye opening and increased responses to command stimuli as well as higher scores on the JFK coma recovery scale (CRS). Functional object use and intelligible verbalization was also observed. The observed improvements in arousal level, motor control, and consistency of behavior could be a result of direct activation of frontal cortical and basal ganglia systems that were innervated by neurons within the thalamic association nuclei. These neurons act as a key communication relay and form a pathway between the brainstem arousal systems and frontal lobe regions. This pathway is crucial for many executive functions such as working memory, effort regulation, selective attention, and focus.

In another case study of a 50-year-old woman who had symptoms consistent with MCS, administration of zolpidem, a sedative hypnotic drug improved the patient's condition significantly. Without treatment, the patient showed signs of mutism, athetoid movements of the extremities, and complete dependence for all personal care. Forty-five minutes after 5 to 10 mg of zolpidem was administered, the patient ceased the athetoid movements, regained speaking ability, and was able to self-feed. The effect lasted 3–4 hours from which she returned to the former state. The effects were repeated on a daily basis. PET scans showed that after zolpidem was administered, there was a marked increase in blood flow to areas of the brain adjacent to or distant from damaged tissues. In this case, these areas were the ipsilateral cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum. These areas are thought to have been inhibited by the site of injury through a GABA-mediated mechanism and the inhibition was modified by zolpidem which is a GABA agonist. The fact that zolpidem is a sedative drug that induces sleep in normal people but causes arousal in a MCS patient is paradoxical. The mechanisms to why this effect occurs is not entirely clear.

There is recent evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a technique that supplies a small electric current in the brain with non-invasive electrodes, may improve the clinical state of patients with MCS. In one study with 10 patients with disorders of consciousness (7 in VS, 3 in MCS), tDCS was applied for 20 minutes every day for 10 days, and showed clinical improvement in all 3 patients who were in MCS, but not in those with VS. These results remained at 12-month follow-up. Two of the patients in MCS that had their brain insult less than 12 months recovered consciousness in the following months. One of these patients received a second round of tDCS treatment 4 months after his initial treatment, and showed further recovery and emerged into consciousness, with no change of clinical status between the two treatments.

Prognosis
One of the defining characteristics of minimally conscious state is the more continuous improvement and significantly more favorable outcomes post injury when compared with vegetative state. One study looked at 100 patients with severe brain injury. At the beginning of the study, all the patients were unable to follow commands consistently or communicate reliably. These patients were diagnosed with either MCS or vegetative state based on performance on the JFK Coma Recovery Scale and the diagnostic criteria for MCS as recommended by the Aspen Consensus Conference Work-group. Both patient groups were further separated into those that had traumatic brain injury and those that had non-traumatic brain injures (anoxia, tumor, hydrocephalus, infection). The patients were assessed multiple times over a period of 12 months post injury using the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) which ranges from a score of 30=dead to 0=no disabilities. The results show that the DRS scores for the MCS subgroups showed the most improvement and predicted the most favorable outcomes 12 months post injury. Amongst those diagnosed with MCS, DRS scores were significantly lower for those with non-traumatic brain injuries in comparison to the vegetative state patients with traumatic brain injury. DRS scores were also significantly lower for the MCS non-traumatic brain injury group compared to the MCS traumatic brain injury group. Pairwise comparisons showed that DRS scores were significantly higher for those that suffered from non-traumatic brain injuries than those with traumatic brain injuries. For the patients in vegetative states there were no significant differences between patients with non-traumatic brain injury and those with traumatic brain injuries. Out of the 100 patients studied, 3 patients fully recovered (had a DRS score of 0). These 3 patients were diagnosed with MCS and had suffered from traumatic brain injuries.

In summary, those with minimally conscious state and non-traumatic brain injuries will not progress as well as those with traumatic brain injuries while those in vegetative states have an all around lower to minimal chance of recovery.

Because of the major differences in prognosis described in this study, this makes it crucial that MCS be diagnosed correctly. Incorrectly diagnosing MCS as vegetative state may lead to serious repercussions related to clinical management.

History
Prior to the mid-1990s, there was a lack of operational definitions available to clinicians and researchers to guide the differential diagnosis among disorders of consciousness. As a result, patients were lumped together into broad categories often based on the severity of the disability (e.g. moderate, severe, extremely severe). These diagnoses were performed without regard to salient differences in behavioral and pathological characteristics. In a three-year period spanning from 1994 to 1996, three position statements regarding the diagnostic criteria of disorder of consciousness were published. The "Medical Aspects of the Persistent Vegetative State" was published by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) in 1994. In 1995, "Recommendations for Use of Uniform Nomenclature Pertinent to Patients With Severe Alterations in Consciousness" was published by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (ACRM). In 1996 the "International Working Party on the Management of the Vegetative State: Summary Report" was published by a group of international delegates from neurology, rehabilitation, neurosurgery, and neuropsychology. However, because the diagnostic criteria were published independently from one another, the final recommendations differed greatly from one another. The Aspen Neurobehavioral Work-group was convened to explore the underlying causes of these disparities. In the end, the Aspen Work-group provided a consensus statement regarding definitions and diagnostic criteria disorder of consciousness which include the vegetative state (VS) and the minimally conscious state (MCS).

Ethical issues
One of the major ethical concerns involving patients with severe brain damage is their inability to communicate. By definition, patients who are unconscious or are minimally conscious are incapable of giving informed consent which is required for participation in clinical research. Typically, written approval is obtained from family members or legal representatives. The inability to receive informed consent has led to much research being refused grants, ethics committee approval, or research publication. This puts patients in these conditions at risk of being denied therapy that may be life-saving.

The right to die
The right to die in patients with severe cognitive impairment has developed over time because of their grave neurological state and the perceived futility of continued treatment. Such cases have been debated vigorously in the past, as in the case with Terri Schiavo who was diagnosed with persistent vegetative state. In the case of minimally conscious state patients, they are neither permanently unconscious nor are they necessarily hopelessly damaged. Thus, these patients warrant additional evaluation. On one hand, some argue that entertaining the possibility of intervention in some patients may erode the "right to die" moral obligation. Conversely, there is also fear that people may associate attitudes with higher-functioning people in minimally conscious state with people in persistent vegetative state, thus minimizing the value of their lives.

Regulating therapeutic nihilism
Currently, risk aversion dominates the ethical landscape when research involves those with impaired decision-making abilities. Fears of therapeutic adventurism has led to a disproportionate view about the under-appreciation of potential benefits and an overstatement of risks. Thus, recognizing this distortion is important in order to calculate the right balance between protecting vulnerable populations that cannot provide autonomous consent and potentially restorative clinical trials.

Notable examples

 * Jackie Wilson (June 9, 1934 – January 21, 1984), American soul and rock and roll singer who fell into a coma after collapsing on stage, soon recovered consciousness but then quickly regressed to a minimally conscious state for the rest of his life.
 * Jan Grzebski (1942–2008), a Polish railroad worker who fell into a minimally conscious state in 1988 and woke up four years later, but didn't fully recover until 2007.
 * Chi Cheng (1970–2013), an American musician best known as the original bassist for the band Deftones who was involved in a serious automobile accident in 2008 that left him in a minimally conscious state for the rest of his life.
 * Terry Wallis (1964–2022), an American man who fell into coma for nearly a year after a truck accident, then into minimally conscious state for 19 years.
 * Martin Pistorius (born 1975), a South African man who, because of a mystery illness, spent three years in a vegetative state, four years in a minimally conscious state, and five years unable to move anything other than his eyes (locked-in syndrome). In 1999, he fully awakened, and has since recovered to the point that he was able to become a web designer, developer, and author. In 2011, he wrote a book called Ghost Boy, in which he describes his many years of being comatose.

title: Minimally conscious state


text:
User:FigmentJedi

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Carmyle

Carmyle (An Càrn Maol) is a suburb in the east end of Glasgow, Scotland, directly north of the River Clyde. It is in an isolated location separated from the main urban area of the city and has the characteristics of a semi-rural village. Administratively, Carmyle falls under the Shettleston ward of Glasgow City Council.

History
Carmyle as a place name, originally appears as a gift of the lands by Herbert, the Bishop of Glasgow (1147–1164) to the Cistercian Abbey of Neubotle (Newbattle, in Midlothian). This abbey had been established a few years previously by David I, whose mother, the saintly Margaret, Queen of Scotland and wife of king Malcolm III Ceanmore, had done so much to sow the seeds of Christianity in early Scotland.

The name Carmyle is derived from Cumbric and translates as "bare town". The reason for this may not be too difficult to find. Originally, most of the land north of Carmyle and Tollcross was forest and brushwood, giving excellent cover for wild animals, but the strips of land alongside the river banks were very rich for cultivating. Therefore, the lands in and around Carmyle were probably cleared at an early date, so as to give room for successful agriculture. "Bare town" would be quite appropriate in the circumstances. The village has within it a residence of the Verona Fathers, in the property once known as Carmyle House.

Following on its becoming an attribute of the church through Bishop Herbert, the district was confirmed to the monks from time to time by succeeding kings and popes. A note appended to the transcript of a papal bull, dated 1263, shows that the monks had ceased to be owners, for the time being. How the change occurred is explained in a charter granted by John Cheyam, Bishop of Glasgow, on 11 June 1268. It appears that the bishop had, with his own money and with the help of Sir Reginald of Irewyn, Archdeacon of Glasgow, purchased, or redeemed, the land of Kermil. Being zealous for the increase of divine service in Glasgow Cathedral, he dedicated the property (except the new mill which he had erected on the water of the Clyde) for sustenance of three chaplains or priests, to celebrate divine service in the cathedral for the souls of the predecessors and successors of Archdeacon Reginald. Bishop John's pious arrangement, however, seems to have been disregarded by Robert Wishart, the succeeding bishop. His interference led the dean and chapter to appeal to the Pope in 1275, for redress. The bishops of Dunblane and Argyle were commanded by the Pope to investigate the matter, but the outcome was never documented.

The district and village were known by various names, including Carmyld, Karmyle, Kermil, Neddyr Carmyle, Overe Carmyle and Wester Carmyled. The name Hutchesoune was applied to the district called Nether Carmyle, having been added in or about the year 1579, to the lands now owned by Thomas Hutcheson. His two sons were the founders of the hospital and school in Glasgow, bearing their name.

Location
Due to its physical isolation from the main built-up areas of Glasgow, Carmyle has something of a rural village character as opposed to a neighbourhood in a city. The River Clyde runs directly to the south, opposite the Westburn neighbourhood of Cambuslang (South Lanarkshire) – the banks were previously connected for pedestrians by the Westburn Viaduct, a disused rail bridge, but that has now been blocked off. The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service National Training Centre (2013) and Clydesmill Community Fire Station (2011) are also on the southern bank of the river, on the site of the large Clydesmill Power Station which was present for most of the 20th century.

To the north, the closest parts of Glasgow (on the other side of railway lines and the M74 motorway) are Auchenshuggle, Foxley and Mount Vernon. There is a large industrial estate to the west of Carmyle (built on the site of the Clyde Iron Works, in operation from the late 18th to late 20th century).

Land to the east at Kenmuir is undeveloped, some being abandoned farmland and coal workings; the farm was known for its unconventional owner during the latter 20th century who had the farmhouse extended, but it was abandoned to become ruined a few yards south of the motorway after the owner lost a court case in relation to its construction. In the 2010s, plans were outlined for much of this land to be developed for housing as a 'Community Growth Area'.

Transport
Carmyle railway station which opened in August 1866, closed in 1964 but then re-opened again in 1993, is on the Whifflet Line. It is an unstaffed, 2-platform halt. Trains run to Glasgow Central and Rutherglen from Westbound Platform 1, and to Mount Vernon, Baillieston, Bargeddie, Kirkwood and Whifflet from Eastbound Platform 2. The service is operated by ScotRail.

The village also has bus services to Glasgow city centre, The Forge Shopping Centre (Parkhead) and Cambuslang, although these are not among the main routes in the region.

The village is also close to the M74 motorway giving easy access to Scotland's central belt, the Scottish Borders and beyond. Construction on the extension project extending the M74 from Carmyle to Glasgow City Centre began in May 2008 and was completed in 2011.

Carmyle Church
The current Carmyle Church of Scotland situated in Carmyle Avenue was built in 1907, costing an estimated £2,500. The style is Scottish baronial revival, mainly in imitation rubble work, with a machicolated belltower featuring the eccentricity of an onion dome for a belfry (actually a helmet dome). The Church was formally opened with a dedication service held on Thursday 7 March 1907, and performed by the Rev. Alex White, D.D., of St Georges, Edinburgh. As well as weekly services the church is used by the local community for Brownies, Mother and Toddler groups and a regular thrift shop. Carmyle Church is a linked charge with Kenmuir Mount Vernon Church of Scotland on London Road, with the one minister serving both congregations. Both Carmyle and Kenmuir are also linked via a parish grouping with Sandyhills Church of Scotland. Services are held at Carmyle Church every Sunday at 12:00pm.

St Joachim’s RC Church
Like so many other areas in the west of Scotland, the Reformation and foundation of the Protestant Reformed Kirk saw the almost complete removal of the Catholic faith from Carmyle and the land transferred into secular hands. It was not until 1829 and the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 that punitive laws against Catholicism were relaxed and the old Church begin to re-establish itself in Scotland. There had been an influx of Catholics from the Highlands as well as from Ireland during the progress of the Industrial Revolution and this was reflected in the growing population of Carmyle. However, it was not until the mid-20th century that numbers increased to the extent that the area warranted provision independent of St Joseph's Tollcross parish, of which it had until then formed a part.

From March 1954, the priests of St Joseph's used the local Welfare Hall to provide services to the Catholics of Carmyle, with the parish being established under the patronage of St. Joachim in July.

Carmyle Mains Steading farm on River Road was obtained and from a state of dereliction was transformed into a Chapel Hall over a 10-month period to June 1955 by the local folk. Progress continued apace and a new church (designed by Coia) was built on an elevated piece of land at the end of Inzievar Terrace, opening in September, 1957 – the present St Joachim's. The parish is located within the Glasgow Archdiocese, although the village itself was not incorporated into the city until 1975 with the revision of local government boundaries.

Primary schools
Carmyle Primary School achieved small notoriety in the mid-1970s when it was rebuilt in a flying saucer/open plan design, a rarity in Scotland at the time. The school was subsequently rebuilt as a modern open-plan building after its demolition in 1993 following a fire.

St Joachim's Primary School is affiliated with the Catholic Church of the same name. It, too, was built in the same flying saucer design as Carmyle Primary (as was the since-rebuilt James Aiton Primary in Cambuslang), to a design by Edward Allan. St Joachim's Primary was built in 1975, but it also suffered a fire, necessitating its demolition. It was rebuilt to a new design in the early 1980s.

Leisure
Carmyle has one public house and two bowling greens. The Auld Boat Hoose, or "bottom shop" in River Road, opposite the spot where a boat would ferry people across the Clyde from the Cambuslang side. The former Auld Hoose, or "tap shop", round the corner, a few hundred yards up Carmyle Avenue, has since closed, been demolished, and its site been reoccupied by housing.

Carmyle Bowling Club is situated one hundred yards from the "bottom shop" and has been a member of the Glasgow and Scottish Bowling Associations since the 1960s. Foxley Bowling Club in Carmyle Avenue was instituted in 1914, taking its name from the local estate called Foxley. Several residents of Carmyle are members and a friendly rivalry exists between the two clubs.

Walter Smith
Walter Smith, although born in Lanark, grew up in the Gardenside area of Carmyle. He went on to become one of the most successful managers in the history of Rangers F.C. across two spells in charge, and also managed the Scotland national football team.

Clydeford Bridge
Built in 1976, the Clydeford Bridge carries vehicles and pedestrians over the Clyde on the A763 road towards an industrial suburb on the site of the Clyde Iron Works, and towards the M74 motorway and A74 road. The bridge is located to the north-east of Cambuslang and the south-west of Carmyle. Its name derives from Clydeford Road which runs north from Cambuslang Main Street to the river, which was itself named after an ancient ford across the water at a nearby point. It was built to replace the Cambuslang Bridge (built 1892) located to the west - that bridge has never been demolished although it is closed to traffic.

On the south side of the Clydeford bridge at the Clyde Walkway and National Cycle Route 75 is a metallic wire sculpture of a wading bird created in 1998 by noted sculptor Andy Scott. It is known as the Carmyle Heron (although it is actually on the Cambuslang side of the river).

title: Carmyle


text:
Le Bossu

Le Bossu (French for "The Hunchback") may refer to:
 * René Le Bossu (1631–1680), French critic
 * Le Bossu (novel), a French historical adventure novel by Paul Féval
 * Le Bossu (1925 film), a French silent film directed by Jean Kemm
 * Le Bossu (1944 film), a French film of 1944
 * Le Bossu (1959 film), a film directed by André Hunebelle, starring Jean Marais and Bourvil
 * Le Bossu (1997 film), a film directed by Philippe de Broca, starring Daniel Auteuil and Fabrice Luchini
 * Adam de la Halle (1237–1288), also known as Adam le Bossu
 * Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester (1104–1168), also known as Robert le Bossu
 * Le Bossu, a secondary supervillain in the Batman R.I.P. storyline

title: Le Bossu