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Battle of the Pyrenees

The Battle of the Pyrenees was a large-scale offensive (the author David Chandler recognises the 'battle' as an offensive) launched on 25 July 1813 by Marshal Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult from the Pyrénées region on Emperor Napoleon's order, in the hope of relieving French garrisons under siege at Pamplona and San Sebastián. After initial success the offensive ground to a halt in the face of increased allied resistance under the command of Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington. Soult abandoned the offensive on 30 July and headed toward France, having failed to relieve either garrison.

The Battle of the Pyrenees involved several distinct actions. On 25 July, Soult and two French corps fought the reinforced British 4th Division and a Spanish division at the Battle of Roncesvalles. The Allied force successfully held off all attacks during the day, but retreated from the Roncesvalles Pass that night in the face of overwhelming French numerical superiority. Also on the 25th, a third French corps severely tried the British 2nd Division at the Battle of Maya. The British withdrew from the Maya Pass that evening. Wellington rallied his troops a short distance north of Pamplona and repelled the attacks of Soult's two corps at the Battle of Sorauren on 28 July.

Instead of falling back to the northeast toward Roncesvalles Pass, Soult made contact with his third corps on 29 July and began to move north. On 30 July, Wellington attacked Soult's rearguards at Sourauren, driving some French troops to the northeast, while most continued to the north. Rather than use the Maya Pass, Soult elected to head north up the Bidassoa River valley. He managed to evade Allied attempts to surround his troops at Yanci on 1 August and escaped across a nearby pass after a final rearguard action at Etxalar on 2 August. The French suffered nearly twice as many casualties as the Allied army.

Background
After the decisive French defeat at the Battle of Vitoria, Marshal Soult consolidated the remnants of four armies into a single force of 80,000 troops. Soult ordered General of Division Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon commanding one corps of 21,000 men to attack and secure the Maya Pass. General of Division Honoré Reille was ordered by Soult to attack and seize the Roncesvalles Pass with his corps and the corps of General of Division Bertrand Clausel of 40,000 men. Marshal Soult's plan was to relieve the siege at Pamplona first, then swing the army westward to relieve the siege at San Sebastián.

Forces
Clausel's Lieutenancy (army corps) of the Left consisted of the infantry divisions of Generals of Division Nicolas François Conroux, Edmé-Martin Vandermaesen, and Eloi Charlemagne Taupin. Conroux's 4th Division had 7,056 men in nine battalions; Vandermaesen's 5th Division counted 4,181 troops in seven battalions; Taupin's 8th Division numbered 5,981 infantry in nine battalions. D'Erlon's Lieutenancy of the Center included the infantry divisions of Generals of Division Jean Barthélemy Darmagnac, Louis Jean Nicolas Abbé, and Jean-Pierre Maransin. Darmagnac's 2nd Division counted 6,961 troops in eight battalions; Abbé's 3rd Division was made up of 8,030 soldiers in nine battalions; Maransin's 6th Division had 5,966 men in seven battalions. Reille's Lieutenancy of the Right had the divisions of Generals of Division Maximilien Sebastien Foy, Antoine Louis Popon de Maucune, and Thomas Mignot de Lamartinière. Foy's 1st Division numbered 5,922 soldiers in nine battalions; Maucune's 7th Division had 4,186 infantry in seven battalions; Lamartinière's 9th Division comprised 7,127 troops in 10 battalions.

Each Corps had a single cavalry regiment attached for scouting purposes, for a total of 808 horsemen. The French Reserve under General of Division Eugene-Casimir Villatte held the defences on the lower Bidassoa River near the Bay of Biscay. The reserves numbered 9,102 French troops in 14 battalions, 2,066 Germans in four battalions, 1,349 Italians in three battalions, 1,168 Spanish in three battalions, 1,550 French National Guards, and 2,019 King's Guards in three battalions, the last being the remnant of Joseph Bonaparte's bodyguard. In addition, General of Division Pierre Benoît Soult commanded 3,981 light cavalrymen in 10 regiments and General of Division Anne-François-Charles Trelliard led 2,358 dragoons in six regiments. The two cavalry divisions remained in the rear. There were about 7,900 gunners, sappers, wagon drivers, and other troops. General of Brigade Louis Emmanuel Rey and 3,000 troops garrisoned San Sebastián while General of Brigade Louis Pierre Jean Cassan held Pamplona with a 3,500-man garrison. At Bayonne were 5,595 French conscripts. Altogether, Soult had 99,906 troops under his orders. Of this total he used 63,572 men in his offensive.

Wellington defended the line of the western Pyrenees with a covering force of 62,000 men. These faced to the northeast, with the left anchored on the Bay of Biscay at the mouth of the Bidassoa River. From left to right, he deployed the following infantry divisions: Major General Kenneth Howard's 1st on the coast, Major General Charles Alten's Light at Lesaka, Lieutenant General George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie's 7th at Etxalar, Lieutenant General William Stewart's 2nd at the Maya Pass and Elizondo, Major General Francisco Silveira, Count of Amarante's Portuguese near Izpegi Pass, Lieutenant General Lowry Cole's 4th at Roncevaux Pass and Major General Pablo Morillo's Spanish also at Roncevaux. In reserve were Major General Denis Pack's 6th Division at Doneztebe, and Lieutenant General Thomas Picton's 3rd Division at Olague, plus other Portuguese and Spanish units. Cavalry being of little value in the mountains, Wellington stationed most of his far to the rear, except for two light dragoon brigades.

The Siege of San Sebastián was conducted by Major General James Leith's 5th Division and other units under the direction of Lieutenant General Thomas Graham. Pamplona was besieged by General Henry O'Donnell, 1st Count of la Bisbal's Spanish division and other units.

Maya and Roncesvalles
The surprise offensive opened on 25 July 1813. The passes of Maya (north of Pamplona) and Roncesvaux (northeast of Pamplona) were both weakly held by the allies spread over a 50-mile front from Pamplona to the sea. After breaking through the Maya Pass, d'Erlon was to move southwest through the Baztan valley to seize the Pass of Velate at 43.04667°N, -1.61333°W, north of Pamplona. After storming Roncesvaux Pass, Clausel and Reille were instructed to march southwest toward Pamplona. Soult had trouble securing rations for his soldiers, so he launched his offensive with only four days' rations.

The responsibility for Maya Pass lay with Stewart's 2nd Division. That morning, Stewart decided that the French would not attack, left the brigades of Major General William Pringle and Lieutenant Colonel John Cameron in the valley and rode to Elizondo, ten miles to the south. Some French soldiers were seen and light companies were sent up in support of the picket. When the French attacked in force, the British forces in the valley had to climb to the pass in full kit. By the time they got up, the picket force was wiped out and 10,000 of d'Erlon's men occupied the pass. In the Battle of Maya, Pringle opposed Darmagnac's division, while Cameron faced the rest of the French corps. The 4,000 British tried manfully to retake the pass, but they were unable to do so. On the other hand, the narrowness of the defile helped the British to hold off d'Erlon's immensely superior force. When Stewart returned at 2:00 pm, he pulled the redcoats back to a second position. By 3:00 pm, the British were on the verge of disaster. At this point, Major General Edward Barnes's brigade of Dalhousie's 7th Division arrived from the west to strike d'Erlon in the flank and the battle died down. The British lost 1,610 men and four cannons out of 6,000, while French losses numbered 2,100 out of 20,900. That evening, Lieutenant General Rowland Hill authorized a retreat to Elizondo. D'Erlon worried about Barnes's incursion and pursued very cautiously the next day. He only advanced six miles on the 26th.

Cole held Roncesvalles Pass with his 4th Division, Morillo's Spanish Division and Major General John Byng's brigade of the 2nd Division, a total of 11,000 men. From 6:00 to 9:00 am, Byng's brigade took the brunt of Clausel's assault in the Battle of Roncesvalles, while Cole rushed up reinforcements. Cole fended off the French until 5:00 pm when thick fog rolled in. The Allies lost 350 men while French casualties were about 530. Troubled by a small French probe of his right flank and fearful that 36,000 Frenchmen would swamp him from out of the mist, Cole quit the area and retreated toward Pamplona, though he had been ordered to hold the pass "to the utmost". A worse mistake in Wellington's eyes was Cole's failure to report his actions in a timely manner. When Picton appeared with his 6,000-man 3rd Division, Cole convinced him to retreat also.

Because of the fog, the French did not realise that the British had decamped until the next morning. Clausel pursued, but did not come into contact with Cole's rear guard until late in the afternoon. Meanwhile, Reille's corps attempted to use an alternate path across the mountains and wound up marching in a circle. A push on 27 July from Roncesvalles Pass by troops personally commanded by Marshal Soult, got within 10 miles of Pamplona. Note that this is disputed. However, Picton's British and Portuguese forces made a stand on an excellent defensive position near the village of Sorauren, just north of Pamplona.

Believing d'Erlon's corps to be the main French attack and receiving no information from Cole, Wellington spent 26 July setting up his defences in the direction of Maya Pass. Leaving Hill in charge at Elizondo, he then rode toward Pamplona on 27 July to find out what was happening. He ordered Pack's 6th Division to join Cole and Picton.

Sorauren and Soult's retreat
On 27 July, Wellington joined the 17,000 British and Portuguese troops at Sorauren. To Clausel's intense frustration, Soult decided to wait for Reille's tardy corps to arrive and even took a nap. The next day, in the Battle of Sorauren, Soult's 36,000 men unsuccessfully attacked the 24,000 Allied troops in front of Pamplona. The Allies lost 2,652 casualties while French losses were probably heavier. Hill's corps, blocking d'Erlon, was pulled back by Wellington toward Sorauren. But d'Erlon was never able to reach Sorauren to help Soult. Instead, when d'Erlon's cavalry made contact with Soult on the morning of 29 July, Soult decided to move to the north rather than retreat northeast toward Roncesvalles. As 30 July dawned, Soult's men could be seen retreating east to west across the British front. Now reinforced by his 7th Division, Wellington ordered an attack.

The French clung to Sorauren village in a bitter fight before being driven away. The British reported 538 casualties while French losses were much heavier. Cut off by the sudden British offensive, Foy's division at the east end of the French line retreated by way of Roncesvalles Pass to the northeast. Foy was joined by elements of Reille's and Clausel's commands so that he took as many as 12,000 men with him. Meanwhile, d'Erlon led the rest of the French army in a retreat to the north, pushing back Hill's forces back just enough to get through. On 30 July at Beunza, Abbé's division of d'Erlon suffered 750 casualties, while the Allies suffered 1,056: 156 British and 900 Portuguese.

Instead of retreating over Maya Pass as Wellington expected, Soult marched north up the Bidassoa River valley. At Yanci, part of Major General Francisco de Longa's Spanish division blocked a key bridge. For two hours, without support from the rest of their division, a battalion of the 2nd Asturias Regiment held off d'Erlon's entire corps. Finally, five French battalions stormed the bridge and Soult's defeated army crossed over it. Too late to block the retreat, Alten's Light Division arrived from Leitza and fired into the gorge from above, causing chaos in the French column. His starving army fast disintegrating into a mob, Soult swung northeast through Etxalar (Echelar) and reached the French frontier via the Col de Lizarrieta at 43.26083°N, -1.61889°W on 2 August. On that day, elements of Conroux's and Lamartinière's divisions fought a rearguard action at Etxalar against Major General Robert Ross' brigade of Cole's division, Barnes' brigade, and the 95th Rifles. The French suffered about 300 casualties, while inflicting a loss of 368 killed, wounded, and missing on their pursuers. Meanwhile, over 1,000 French wounded were abandoned and captured by the Allies.

Conclusion
Soult failed to relieve the sieges at San Sebastian and Pamplona, suffered about 13,000 casualties, and had to withdraw to French soil weakened and demoralised. Soult's army lost 1,313 killed, 8,582 wounded, and 2,702 captured. Out of 1,318 French officers, 423 became casualties. Wellington's total losses for the campaign were 7,000. The next action was the Battle of San Marcial at the end of August.

title: Battle of the Pyrenees


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Maxx Payne

Darryl Peterson (born October 3, 1961) is an American musician, actor and retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling as Maxx Payne, and in the World Wrestling Federation as Man Mountain Rock.

Early life
Peterson became involved in wrestling in grade school when he transferred from football to amateur wrestling as result of a personality clash with the football coach. His amateur career was halted by a motorcycle accident in his junior year of high school. After playing a high school wrestler in the film Take Down with Lorenzo Lamas, Peterson married and had a child. He began working in the construction industry, but decided after two years to return to amateur wrestling.

Peterson earned wrestling scholarships to junior college and then to Iowa State University, competing in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). In 1985 he was an All-American, placed fifth in the NCAA competition and also won the Gorriarian award for having the most falls in the least amount of time at the tournament. Every match he won that year at the NCAA's, he won by fall. It was his best and only NCAA finish. Then he relocated to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career. While working as a security guard, he was introduced to professional wrestler Red Bastien by his boss, and decided to train with him.

Early career (1987–1993)
Peterson worked for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in March 1986, and put together the steel cage used in the main event of WrestleMania 2. With his training complete, he debuted in June 1987 and soon after traveled to Japan to work for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he trained in the New Japan Dojo alongside fellow gaijin Chris Benoit for five months.

In 1988, Peterson developed the character Max Pain (short for "Maximum Pain"), a sinister, grungy, Jimi Hendrix-loving heavy metal guitarist. His original idea was Lucifer Payne, but he felt that this was too foreboding. He used the name Max Payne, hailing from Hell's Kitchen, New York nationally in the United States as well as in Europe and Japan. Following a short stint with the Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF), Pain debuted in the Tennessee-based Continental Wrestling Association (CWA). He quickly began pursuing the CWA Heavyweight Championship, and on February 8, 1988 in Memphis he defeated Jerry Lawler to win the championship. He then went after Lawler's AWA World Heavyweight Championship, but was unable to win the title. He forfeited the CWA Championship to Brickhouse Brown on May 23, but won the title once more on June 27. His second reign ended on July 10 when he was defeated by Phil Hickerson.

Pain left the CWA after a year before returning to Utah, where he opened his own promotion, featuring wrestlers such as Louie Spicolli. He also made an appearance under his real name as a jobber on a February 1989 episode of WWF Prime Time Wrestling, losing to Bret Hart. After his employees began to leave the territory, Peterson applied for a job with WordPerfect. Soon after, he received a phone call from Benoit, who invited him to join an upcoming tour of Germany. Peterson received his plane ticket to Germany half an hour before he received a job offer from WordPerfect, so decided to join the tour. He spent six months in the German Catch Wrestling Association as Heavy Metal Buffalo and won the vacant CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship on October 25, 1992, defeating Giant Haystacks. He then successfully defended the title against The Warlord at Euro Catch Festival on December 19. He vacated the title the following year when he returned to the United States.

World Championship Wrestling (1993–1994)
World Championship Wrestling (WCW) booker Bill Watts was impressed by Peterson's amateur credentials, and hired him in 1993, with Peterson relocating to Marietta, Georgia. Peterson made his televised debut in WCW as the villain Maxx Payne on the January 30, 1993 episode of Worldwide by defeating local competitor Scott Allen. Peterson's first pay-per-view match was at SuperBrawl III, where he played Taps on his guitar before challenging Dustin Rhodes for the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship, substituting for the injured Ron Simmons. After Rhodes locked him in an abdominal stretch from which he was unable to escape, Payne pushed the referee over rather than submit and was subsequently disqualified.

At the June 17 Clash of the Champions XXIII, Payne shot Johnny B. Badd in the face with a confetti gun, (kayfabe) scarring him so badly that he had to wear a mask and forcing him to forfeit their scheduled match. This led to a match at Beach Blast on July 18, which Payne lost. They faced one another again at the August 18 Clash of the Champions XXIV in a mask versus guitar match, with Payne putting his guitar on the line in order to unmask and therefore humiliate the mutilated Badd. Badd won once more and took Payne's guitar. Badd unmasked willingly to reveal he was fully healed.

Payne took part in WCW's Jesse "The Body" Ventura Strong-Arm Tournament in late 1993, but was eliminated in the first round by Sid Vicious. On November 20, Payne entered the Battlebowl, a tournament which saw randomly assigned tag team partners work together in order to progress to a battle royal. He was partnered with 2 Cold Scorpio, with whom he lost in the first round to Stunning Steve Austin and Ric Flair. Payne later turned face and formed a tag team with Cactus Jack towards the end of the year. At Starrcade 1993 they defeated Tex Slazenger and Shanghai Pierce, and at the January 27, 1994 Clash of the Champions XXVI, they defeated The Nasty Boys. They faced the Nasty Boys once more, this time for the WCW World Tag Team Championships, in a Chicago Street Fight at Spring Stampede 1994, but were defeated.

During his and Jack's feud with The Nasty Boys, Payne had become increasingly unhappy with their stiffness and insistence on controlling the match. During their brawl at SuperBrawl IV, Brian Knobbs and Payne did not cooperate on a fall, and Knobbs broke his shoulder as a result. After the match, WCW President Eric Bischoff shouted at Payne for hurting Knobbs, and Payne responded in kind. As a result, he was subsequently buried. He was fired from WCW soon after, although he did help Jack and his new partner, Kevin Sullivan, defeat The Nasty Boys with a guitar shot.

World Wrestling Federation (1995)
The morning after he was released by WCW, Peterson was contacted by wrestler Rick Rude, who convinced WWF owner Vince McMahon to hire him. Renamed Man Mountain Rock in honor of early-20th century wrestler Man Mountain Dean, his WWF character was considerably more upbeat and less gritty than the popular Maxx Payne character and did not achieve the same success. Debuting in February 1995 on an episode of WWF Superstars of Wrestling, Man Mountain Rock played a large electric guitar shaped like the WWF logo. He would come to the ring during a commercial, with the arena going pitch black and ring announcer Manny Garcia saying "Ladies and Gentlemen, Man Mountain Rock!" He would then play his "axe" (electric guitar) while pyro went off. He would frequently state, "If it's too loud, then you're too old!" Vince McMahon, then a commentator, would often comment that Rock "rocked the house". In the latter part of his WWF tenure, his music incurred the wrath of veteran Bob Backlund, then playing the part of a cantankerous heel crusading against the younger generation, who objected to the music Man Mountain Rock was playing. Man Mountain Rock and Backlund engaged in a feud after Backlund smashed Rock's guitar. The two traded victories back & forth on house shows, but Rock was released before they could wrestle on television. Man Mountain Rock had suffered several injuries during his amateur career, and had hoped to secure a backstage position with WCW. When he moved to the WWF, he asked to be made an announcer, but his request was denied. His career in the WWF met with several disruptions, including a serious hernia, an addiction to pain pills and downers and a marijuana habit, which ultimately led to his release in October 1995.

While working for the WWF, Peterson filmed several hours of behind-the-scenes footage with a video camera which he often carried and claimed that he would release a documentary called The Thing that Should Not Be or The Real Maxx Payne based on the footage, but never did. The footage reportedly contained scenes showing substance abuse and solicitation.

Later Career (1995-2003)
After WWF, Payne returned to CWA (Germany) as Buffalo Peterson.

Max Payne lawsuit
In July 2003, Peterson filed a $10 million lawsuit in the United States district court for Utah against Rockstar Games, 3D Realms, Gathering of Developers, and Remedy Entertainment, accusing them of stealing his ring name Maxx Payne and his neo-noir theme for the protagonist of the video game Max Payne. The case was settled out of court.

Retirement
On April 17, 2004, Peterson addressed an audience in the Schubert Theater at the Western States College for the Performing Arts in Gooding, Idaho, talking about professional wrestling.

Film and television appearances

 * Take Down (1979) as "Ted Yacabobich"
 * Touched by an Angel (February 1, 1998) as "Cato"
 * A Town Has Turned to Dust (1998) as "Pig Iron"
 * Rogue Trip: Vacation 2012 (1998)
 * The Substitute 3: Winner Takes All (1999) as "Muscle"
 * Touched by an Angel (January 9, 2000) as "Man #2"
 * Nobody's Baby (2001) as "Truck Driver"
 * Paradise (2004) as "XL"

Championships and accomplishments

 * Catch Wrestling Association
 * CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Continental Wrestling Association
 * CWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * CWA Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Gary Young
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 73 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1993

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maxx Payne


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Sequence transformation

In mathematics, a sequence transformation is an operator acting on a given space of sequences (a sequence space). Sequence transformations include linear mappings such as convolution with another sequence, and resummation of a sequence and, more generally, are commonly used for series acceleration, that is, for improving the rate of convergence of a slowly convergent sequence or series. Sequence transformations are also commonly used to compute the antilimit of a divergent series numerically, and are used in conjunction with extrapolation methods.

Overview
Classical examples for sequence transformations include the binomial transform, Möbius transform, Stirling transform and others.

Definitions
For a given sequence

 * $$S=\{ s_n \}_{n\in\N},\,$$

the transformed sequence is

 * $$\mathbf{T}(S)=S'=\{ s'_n \}_{n\in\N},\,$$

where the members of the transformed sequence are usually computed from some finite number of members of the original sequence, i.e.

 * $$s_n' = T(s_n,s_{n+1},\dots,s_{n+k})$$

for some $$k$$ which often depends on $$n$$ (cf. e.g. Binomial transform). In the simplest case, the $$s_n$$ and the $$s'_n$$ are real or complex numbers. More generally, they may be elements of some vector space or algebra.

In the context of acceleration of convergence, the transformed sequence is said to converge faster than the original sequence if

 * $$\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{s'_n-\ell}{s_n-\ell} = 0$$

where $$\ell$$ is the limit of $$S$$, assumed to be convergent. In this case, convergence acceleration is obtained. If the original sequence is divergent, the sequence transformation acts as extrapolation method to the antilimit $$\ell$$.

If the mapping $$T$$ is linear in each of its arguments, i.e., for

 * $$s'_n=\sum_{m=0}^{k} c_m s_{n+m}$$

for some constants $$c_0,\dots,c_k$$ (which may depend on n), the sequence transformation $$\mathbf{T}$$ is called a linear sequence transformation. Sequence transformations that are not linear are called nonlinear sequence transformations.

Examples
Simplest examples of (linear) sequence transformations include shifting all elements, $$s'_n = s_{n+k}$$ (resp. = 0 if n + k < 0) for a fixed k, and scalar multiplication of the sequence.

A less trivial example would be the discrete convolution with a fixed sequence. A particularly basic form is the difference operator, which is convolution with the sequence $$(-1,1,0,\ldots),$$ and is a discrete analog of the derivative. The binomial transform is another linear transformation of a still more general type.

An example of a nonlinear sequence transformation is Aitken's delta-squared process, used to improve the rate of convergence of a slowly convergent sequence. An extended form of this is the Shanks transformation. The Möbius transform is also a nonlinear transformation, only possible for integer sequences.

title: Sequence transformation


text: User talk:212.88.98.165

title: User talk:212.88.98.165


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Charles van der Stappen

Charles van der Stappen (also Karl van der Stappen; 19 September 1843 – 21 October 1910), was a Belgian sculptor, born in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.

Life
Educated at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels (1859–1868), van der Stappen's contribution to the Brussels Salon was "The Faun's Toilet" of 1869, and thereafter he began to produce work of a high and novel order in every class of sculpture, and soon, along with Paul de Vigne, became recognized as the leader of the section of the new Belgian school of sculpture which infused models derived from Greek and Roman models and the art of the Italian Renaissance with naturalistic detail and fleeting action.

His best-known funeral monuments are those to Alexandre Gendebien (1874) and Baron Coppens, at Sheel (1875). His statues include William the Silent, set up at the Petit Sablon Square, and two in the Brussels Museum, The Man with the Sword, and "The Sphinx". The bronze group Ompdrailles was acquired by the Belgian government (1892).

In 1893 the sculptor began his collaboration with Constantin Meunier for the elaborate decoration of the Botanical Garden of Brussels, coordinating many other sculptors for the production of some 52 sculptures for its grounds. The result of the connection may be seen in the group The Builders of Cities which is strongly imbued with the feeling and types of Meunier's sympathetic figures of workers.

Among his students were Ilse Twardowski-Conrat, Helene Zelezny-Scholz, Rik Wouters, Paul Du Bois, João Turin, and Victor Rousseau, who would succeed him as director of the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts.

His student Ilse Twardowski-Conrat received the commission for his funerary monument after he died in 1910.

Work

 * Decoration on the Palais des Postes, Brussels, 1872
 * Statues for the Alhambra Theatre, Brussels, 1874
 * Caryatides for the house of the Ghent architect Louis de Curte (1817–1891), 1874
 * Pediment sculpture Orchestration, one of the five pediment sculptures at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels, for architect Jean-Pierre Cluysenaer, 1875
 * Noble bronze group, The Teaching of Art, on the facade of the Palace of Fine Arts, Brussels, 1880
 * Bronze of the painter Émile Sacré which was presented at the exhibition of Les XX in 1884
 * St. Michael, for the Gothic Hall of the Town Hall, Brussels, 1885
 * La Mort d'Ompdrailles monument, Brussels, depicting characters from novelist Leon Cladel, with base by architect Victor Horta, 1895–1897
 * Bronze monument to painter Théodore Baron (1840–1899), Namur, 1903
 * Figures of Antwerp and Liège for the arches of the Cinquantenaire, circa 1905

title: Charles van der Stappen


text: Template:Foxtrot class submarine

title: Template:Foxtrot class submarine


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Monastery of Mayo

The School of Mayo was an early Catholic monastery in Mayo, Ireland, founded by Saint Colmán of Lindisfarne, c. 668. It became famous for sanctity and learning, but suffered from raids of natives and foreigners, especially during the 14th century.

History
The School of Mayo was situated in Mayo, almost equidistant from the towns of Claremorris and Castlebar. The founder, St. Colmán, who lived in the middle of the seventh century, was in all probability a native of the West of Ireland. He did his ecclesiastical studies at Iona, during the abbacy of the renowned Ségéne mac Fiachnaí. After the death of Finan, the second Bishop of Lindisfarne, Colman was appointed to succeed him.

Colmán's episcopate was much disturbed by a fierce renewal of the Easter controversy. He vigorously advocated the old Irish custom, and cited the example of his predecessors, but all to no avail. At a synod specially summoned at Whitby in 664, the Alexandrian computus prevailed. Colmán, unwilling to abandon the practice of the "holy elders of the Irish Church", resolved to quit Lindisfarne.

In 668 he crossed the seas to his native land again, and on a remote island off Ireland's western coast called Inishbofin, he built a monastery and school. This much is clearly set out in the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum of Bede, who then proceeds to describe how this led to the founding of the great school of Mayo. "Colman, the Irish Bishop", writes Bede, "departed from Britain and took with him all the Irish that he had assembled in the Island of Lindisfarne, and also about thirty of the English nation who had been instructed in the monastic life.... Afterwards he retired to a small island which is to the west of Ireland, and at some distance from the coast, called in the language of the Irish, Inishbofinde [island of the white cow]. Arriving there he built a monastery, and placed in it the monks he brought with him of both nations".

It appears, however, the Irish and English monks could not agree. Colmán sought to put an end to their dissensions, and travelling about he eventually found a place on the mainland fit to build a monastery at Maigh Eó (The Plain of the Yew Trees), translating into English as Mayo. This monastery became an important and flourishing institution, and even an episcopal see.

Colmán took a deep and practical interest in his new foundation at Mayo, which came to be called "Mayo of the Saxons". In the year 670, with his consent, its first canonical abbot was appointed. This was Gerald, the son of a northern English king, who, annoyed at the way Colmán's most cherished convictions had been slighted at Whitby, had resolved to follow him to Ireland. The school gained greatly in fame for sanctity and learning under this youthful abbot.

In about 679 Adamnan, the illustrious biographer of Columba, visited Mayo and according to some writers, ruled there for seven years after Gerald's death. This latter statement is not, on the face of it, improbable if Gerald, as Colgan thinks, did not live after 697; but the Four Masters give the date of his death as 13 March 726, and the "Annals of Ulster" put the event as late as 731.

With regard to events after Gerald's death there are recorded only isolated facts concerning the school he had ruled so wisely and had loved so well. Nonetheless, such isolated details have often attracted considerable interest, or acquired importance. The monastery burned down after a lightning strike in 783, Fire again destroyed it in 808. The old "Life of St. Gerald" states that the monastery was plundered in 818 by Turgesius the Dane. Buried here was Domhnall, son of Torlough O'Conor, Lord of North Connacht, "the glory and the moderator and the good adviser of the Irish people" (d. 1176). From the entry of 1209, recording the death of "Cele O'Duffy, Bishop of Magh Eo of the Saxons", it was long after the Synod of Kells (1152) that the monastery acquired the status of an episcopal see.

Mayo, like the other ancient Irish monastic schools, suffered from the raids of native and foreigner, especially during the fourteenth century. But it survived them all: as late as 1478, a bishop's death was still being qualified as "Bishop Higgens of Mayo of the Saxons". It cannot be ascertained when the diocese of Mayo, featuring not a cathedral but a parochial church, outlived its status for practical purposes. However, as late as 1217, during the reign of Honorius III, the Roman Curia had to discuss the question. It was probably not settled definitively for centuries after that: one of those martyred at Kilmallock on 13 August 1579 was Patrick O'Hely, "Bishop of Mayo of the Saxons". The diocese was formally joined to Tuam by papal decree as late as 1631.

There is today little indication in Mayo Abbey village of its proud heritage, nor of its erstwhile importance in the Celtic-Anglo Saxon Christian world of the 7th and 8th centuries. This place remained, for more than a thousand years, the most important centre in the region, becoming in turn a diocese and a Norman town. It gave its name to County Mayo, the third largest county in Ireland.

title: Monastery of Mayo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DiLingo

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Tally: Keep: Dewrad, Assdl , Elemtilas , Grace Note, IJzeren Jan, BenctPhilipJonsson , Phroziac, SamuelRiv. Delete: Ish ishwar, Harmil, Mikkalai, Palmiro, Wile E. Heresiarch, Angr, Cassowary, Almafeta, Mustafaa, Trilobite, JamesBurns, Indrian. Not counting users with fewer than 100 edits, there are 3 keep and 12 delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:09, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

DiLingo

 * Delete. This article is about a conlang. I believe that it is not notable for inclusion in Wikipedia. - User:ish_ishwar 09:52, 2005 July 23
 * Keep. This article is about a fairly notable conlang. I believe that it is notable enough for inclusion in Wikipedia. (although it could do with a lot of work) Dewrad 16:59, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable language, created as an admitted joke. -Harmil 17:30, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Joke languages, in and of themselves, are not necessarially nonnotable; see Europanto. Almafeta 05:28, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonnotable. mikka (t) 18:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonnotable, vanity. Palmiro 18:35, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: joke, vanity. Wile E. Heresiarch 19:23, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonnotable conlang. --Angr/undefined 19:59, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Felix the Cassowary 01:08, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable per CONLANG.  Almafeta 01:22, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep, I feel a strong sense of outrage at all this unexplained witch-hunt against artistic conlangs. Assdl 14:56, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As a conlanger, and much as I would like to make public the art of conlanging to the greatest extent possible, I really don't see the need for grammatical treatises and descriptions of individual conlangs here on the Wikipedia. There is already a good Wikipedia article, Artistic language, which should serve as a central locus for this particular art form and has already got a quite a long list of conlangs there. I think it vèry meet and right for conlangers to link to their own pages or to some other conlang oriented source, if they wish to do so. I wouldn't create a Wikipedia article for any of my conlangs, even though at least one of them ìs "notable" per these criteria, and if I found one, I'ld delete it for the reasons stated. Elemtilas
 * Weak Keep -- having found and read the deletion policies, I have to reconsider my opinion. I still don't think most conlangs warrant individual articles, but they are works of art and as such should not necessarily be removed simply because some people don't get the artform or can't think of anything better than personal attacks against the artists that create languages. Anyone who wants to create such an article on a conlang should be responsible enough to really consider whether this piece of artwork warrants an individual and unique article of its own. If possible, this article should be merged with Constructed languages or Artistic languages or Ill Bethisad. Elemtilas
 * Keep. Harmless. See others for more or less reasoning, depending on how reasonable you think it is. Grace Note 05:26, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable, nonvanity. DiLingo is the representative of the humorous conlang type. For the rest: couldn't agree more with the previous speaker. --IJzeren Jan 06:05, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonnotable. Only 650 ghits for an Internet-based project! - Mustafaa 11:09, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonnotable conlang. — Trilobite (Talk) 19:09, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep.BenctPhilipJonsson 19:28, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * User has no other edits but voting for keeping conlangs.mikka (t) 19:40, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn conlang. JamesBurns 04:10, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep Border line notable. 437 google hits for "dilinguo language". Being a conlang does not immediately make everything unnotable. --Phroziac (talk) 20:11, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not meet the high bar of notability required for a conlang. Indrian 20:49, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. After reading through the deletion policy in its entirety, it seems clear that this article has a place here. SamuelRiv 17:24, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DiLingo


text:
Radio and Television of Andorra

Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra, S.A. ("Radio and Television of Andorra S.A."), shortened to RTVA, is the public television and radio broadcaster in the Principality of Andorra. It operates a television channel, ATV, and two radio stations, RNA and AM, all of which broadcast in Catalan.

History
The first commercial radio station to broadcast from Andorra was Radio Andorra, which was active from 1939 to 1981. Public service broadcasting in the principality began on 26 October 1989 after the General Council of Andorra decided that a national broadcasting organisation should be set up.

As a result, the Organisme de Ràdio i Televisió d’Andorra (ORTA) was formed and radio station Ràdio Nacional d'Andorra (RNA) began broadcasting in December 1990. ORTA was funded by the Andorran government. Andorra Televisió (ATV), Andorra's first television channel began in 1995. All programming on both RNA and ATV was produced by independent companies until 1997 when ORTA began producing all of its own programming. ORTA was replaced by the current organisation, Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra S.A. (RTVA), on 13 April 2000. RTVA took full control of both RNA and ATV. Like its predecessor, RTVA is also funded by the government. Advertising provides additional revenue. Its current director-general is Juande Mellado.

RTVA has been an active member of the European Broadcasting Union since 2002 and took part in the Eurovision Song Contest from 2004 to 2009 inclusive; however, in 2012 it was believed to be due to withdraw from the EBU because of financial problems.

The broadcaster has to compete with TV and radio stations from both France and Spain whose transmissions can easily be picked up in the principality.

Television

 * ATV: The national television channel of Andorra.

Radio

 * Ràdio Nacional d'Andorra (RNA): The national radio station of Andorra.
 * Andorra Música (AM): Music radio station

Internet
RTVA has had a web portal since November 2007. This was renewed in September 2013 to turn it into a multimedia service, under the name Andorra Difusió.

Programming
ATV broadcasts a range of programming including sports, music, films and magazine shows as well as the daily children's strand  Club Piolet. The flagship news programme ATV Noticies is produced and broadcast three times a day, with bulletins at 13:45, 21:00 and prior to closedown. Regular live parliamentary coverage is also broadcast. ATV usually broadcasts between the hours of 07:30 and 23:45 each day with information pages displayed after closedown.

RNA broadcasts mostly music although news bulletins air on the hour, every hour. The station broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

ATV and RNA are streamed online for free on RTVA's website, although the ATV stream is sometimes replaced with a test card due to copyright restrictions on some programming.

title: Radio and Television of Andorra


text:
Talk:Ghost in the machine

"The Official Doctrine"
What is this doctrine? The article doesn't say who's doctrine this is, or even what it's about. As written, this article seems to imply that there is only one official doctrine in the universe of all doctrines that can exist for all topics. This simply isn't true given that there are multiple groups and multiple topics, each of which could have their own "official doctrine."

Also, what is this quote from? The whole article needs to be rewritten. 24.5.146.221 (talk) 03:03, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

[NOTE: a lot of these words are direct quotations from Gilbert Ryle's Ghost in the Machine, and few are ideas take from other people - either anonymus or not] Should these things then be moved to Wikiquote instead?

 * This page describes Ryle's criticisms of 'Ghost in the Machine', but it does not actually describe the theory he is criticizing. WhiteC 02:28, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The anonymous original contributor confused the issue by thinking that Ryle wrote the book The Ghost in the Machine, when he instead originated the phrase (which itself refers to Descarte's theory). It was Arthur Koestler who wrote the book of that title which discusses Ryle's concept.  It is not clear to me that the material that the editor entered consisted of direct quotations.  If they had been, he should have known who wrote the book.  There is already quite a bit of material in Wikipedia on Decartes' mind-body problem, so it should not have to be detailed here, just linked.  I think for now Ryle's concept should have its own page.  But we may end up wanting to merge this article with The Ghost in the Machine which is about Koestler's book, as long as Ryle and Koestler are clearly distinguished.  --Blainster 10:09, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * There was a recent article in the New York Times on parasites ability to direct the behavior of hosts that led me to this article. I agree with WhiteC.  Before we get critical about the theory, it might be nice to define it and discuss what the theory is attempting to explain in the natural world. (So whatever it is, I'm against it...) patsw 02:21, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Splitting this article up and merging any relevant bits of it into the article for Koestler's book seems sensible. Right now, the pages for category mistake and The Concept of Mind have a lot of overlap with this. JordanDeLong 03:17, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

IMO this "article" is so confused and poorly formatted that it should be deleted. -- Panicum (talk) 22:29, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

NPOV
This article seems to be rather heavily biased against Descartes. It presents the book's criticisms with finality, and conveys the impression that the philosophical community has embraced them and forgotten all about the mind/body problem. I will refrain from attempting any edits since I know virtually nothing about philosophy.

I would point out this is an article about a critique and in being as such it critical of the paper being critiqued —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.156.158.174 (talk) 22:28, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Bias against Descartes isn't necessarily NPOV, just as bias against geocentrism or the theory of bodily "humors" would be -- some old views have been abandoned. Cartesian dualism certainly has few adherents among analytical philosophers due to the seemingly insurmountable interaction problem. Still this article may go too far; it certainly has many problems. -- 98.108.223.28 (talk) 07:27, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

computers
shouldn't there be some mention of terms use with regards to AI and software development?

 * No. No one in the AI research community really take those ideas seriously.  "Ghosts in The Machine" tend to be just a literary allusion, that are only very tenuously connected to the original philosophical idea. 24.5.146.221 (talk) 02:59, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Authorship?
Much of the content in this article appears to duplicate text attributed to Henrique de Morais Ribeiro of the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil, on this page:

http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Cogn/CognRibe.htm

I have no idea who copied what from whom, but considerable copying is going on. 67.169.24.155 (talk) 22:45, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

I just read the original article. It seems that there are a significant number of phrases and even complete sentences lifted from the original (and of course, I mean they are not in quotation marks or cited).

12.152.199.77 (talk) 06:05, 9 October 2008 (UTC)CLH

 * Apparently this is a paper from "The Proceedings of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy" (1998). This should be added as a reference, which I just did.  As a bonus, I think this probably cleans up the "citation needed" queries, and allow us to retire the "original research" query, since we now have cited the research. Geoffrey.landis (talk) 03:12, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Needs to be shortened!
There already is an article on the book The Concept of Mind; this article should be focussed on the "ghost in the machine" concept, and not be a repeat of that article. My suggestion is to delete all the material starting with the "Category mistakes" subheading up to "Popular culture: (or, better, rather than deleting this, move them to the The Concept of Mind article unless they duplicate material is already there.)

On the other hand, it would be useful to add some text discussing how the phrase and concept developed after 1949. Koestler, for example, used the phrase in a somewhat different meaning; it would be nice to add some material on this and other developments of the concept. Geoffrey.landis (talk) 02:10, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Deleted the "This Article Has Issues" heading
I think that I've cleaned up the two issues noted in the head, so I removed the flag. Admittedly, some of that was done by moving the problematical text to a different article, but as for this article, I think that it now has the required citations, and has cited the purportedly original research.

A lot of the text that was flagged as possibly being original research was in fact direct (but unattributed) quotes from Ryle; I think I've got this cited better by putting these in block quotes. Others were unreferenced borrowings from Ribeiro article, which is now referenced. Geoffrey.landis (talk) 03:18, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Popular culture Addition
Season 1, Episode 3 of the TV series "Humans" (with the letter "a" inverted) has a scene where the book "Ghost in the Machine" is featured.Jonny Quick (talk) 05:02, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia has a well-established, usable system for navigating between similarly named subjects. It's disambiguation pages. There is a disambiguation link at the top of the page. There is no reason to duplicate the information in an IPC section. Furthermore, anyone who adds an item to an IPC section should be able to say more than "X is mentioned in Y" which indicates a complete lack of effort to establish significance. 24.7.14.87 (talk) 01:28, 16 May 2016 (UTC)

Second Sentence in meaningless
In the second half of the second sentence, the phrase: "that mental and physical activity occur simultaneously but separately." seems to have a contraction statement missing eg: "does not." As I have no interest in philosophy, I'll let somebody else ponder the solution, not that it matters anyway Leveni (talk) 14:02, 13 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Looks right to me. Dan Bloch (talk) 18:14, 13 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see now, thanks. Leveni (talk) 20:21, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

A categorical mistake: Koestler vs Gyle
There is a categorical mistake in the article. Gyle brought up the Ghost which everybody today knows (and in his time knew) DOES NOT exist. Therefor he was mocking the belief in this nonexistant ghost.

Koestler was using the term figuratively. There IS a ghost - something scary that creeps up from the past, and it is in our imagination and thoughts, stemming from the primitive parts of the brain, before we learned to educate ourselves, to think logically, to cooperate and socialize and to see the world outside our selfish and self-centered selves. פשוט pashute ♫ (talk) 03:06, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

Deleting the "Pop Culture" Section?
Would it be worthwhile to keep the "pop culture" section? Or should this article be strictly focused on the philosophical origins? If so, I'll try to find reliable sources for the existing examples. YMC Wong (talk) 05:46, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I removed it per MOS:POPCULT. Such a list would need third-party reliable sources discussing an entry's significance in popular culture (specifically in relation to the concept of the ghost in the machine), not just verifying that it exists. - Aoidh (talk) 05:48, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ghost in the machine


text:
Just Joe

Just Joe is a 1960 British comedy film directed by Maclean Rogers, and starring Leslie Randall, Joan Reynolds, Michael Shepley, and Anna May Wong. The screenplay was by Raymond Drewe based on a story by Donald Bull. The unassuming Joe discovers his heroic side when he becomes involved with spies chasing the secret formula of a new detergent.

Cast

 * Leslie Randall as Joe
 * Joan Reynolds as Sybil
 * Michael Shepley as Fowler
 * Anna May Wong as Peach Blossom
 * Jon Pertwee as Prendergast
 * Howard Pays as Rodney
 * Martin Wyldeck as Bill
 * Noel Dyson as Myra
 * Bruce Seton as Charlie
 * David Sale as Carruthers
 * Betty Huntley-Wright as Miss Appleby

Critical reception
The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "Despite simple and hard-working performances by Joan Reynolds and Leslie Randall, this film remains another lamentable example of the general ineptness of second-feature domestic comedy. The story is soap-opera, the pace slack and the direction lifeless. Michael Shepley and Jon Pertwee overplay their respective roles of peppery employer and zany research chemist in a desperate attempt to win a few laughs. A fight in a detergent laboratory provides a routine slapstick climax."

title: Just Joe


text:
Carpini

Carpini may refer to:

 * Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, medieval Italian diplomat, archbishop and explorer and one of the first Europeans to enter the court of the Great Khan
 * Thiago Carpini Barbosa (born 1984), Brazilian professional football manager and former player

title: Carpini


text:
Lina

Lina is an international feminine given name, mostly the short form of a variety of names ending in -lina including Adelina, Angelina, Carmelina, Carolina, Catalina, Emelina, Evangelina, Evelina, Karolina, Italina, Marcelina, Melina, Nikolina, Paulina, Rosalina, and Žaklina.

Apart from that it can be the feminine form of Lin, Lino, Linos (Λῖνος) or Linus.

Languages of origin include: Arabic, English, Italian, Kurdish, Lithuanian, Persian, Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish. In 2011 and since it was one of the most popular given female names in Germany. Lina has been one of the most popular female names in France since 2019. In other languages, such as Danish and Norwegian, the form Line is more common.

Lina has a different meaning in different languages for example "Lina" in Arabic refers to a "small, young palm tree", or the classical plural meaning of "palm trees". It is a direct Quranic Arabic (Classical Arabic) name. Figuratively, Lina means "tender" or "tenderness" and "delicate".

In Chinese, li (丽) means "pretty" and na (娜) means "elegant".

It can be seen as the Greek name Lina (Λίνα). In Greek, it means "sunlight", and also refers to the olive crown used for a hero. Otherwise it can be connected to línon (λίνον) "flax".

In Kurdish, it means "cascade falls" (تئاڤگەی بچوک).

In India it refers to Goddess Lakshmi, the Goddess of fortune, good luck, riches and splendor.

Lina is the female form of Linas, a common given name among people of Lithuanian descent. It can also be construed as a rare feminine form of Linus.

In Persian, it means "light, a ray of sunlight, beautiful girl".

In the Russian language, Lina (Ли́на) is a diminutive form of the female name Avelina.

Given name

 * Lina Ahmed (born 1997), Egyptian hurdler
 * Lina Allemano (born 1979), Canadian musician
 * Lina Andersson (born 1981), Swedish cross-country skier
 * Lina Andrijauskaitė (born 1987), Lithuanian track and field athlete
 * Lina Annab (born 1966), Jordanian businessperson, politician and the previous
 * Lina Aristodimou (born 1965), Cypriot alpine skier
 * Lina Attalah (born 1983), Egyptian media figure and journalist
 * Lina Maria Becker (1898–1976), German politician
 * Lina Beecher (1841–1915), American inventor and roller coaster engineer
 * Lina Bejjani (born 1984), Lebanese sprinter
 * Lina Ben Mhenni (1983–2020), Tunisian Internet activist, blogger and lecturer
 * Lina Bertucci (born 1958), American artist
 * Lina Bo Bardi (1914-1992), Italian-born Brazilian modernist architect
 * Lina Boqvist (born 25 May 1991), Swedish professional golfer
 * Lina Boussaha (born 1999), French professional footballer
 * Lina Braknytė (born 1952), Lithuanian actress
 * Lina Bruna Rasa (1907–1984), Italian operatic soprano
 * Lina Bryans (1909–2000), Australian modernist painter
 * Lina Buffolente (1924–2007), Italian comic artist and illustrator
 * Lina Carstens (1892–1978), German actress
 * Lina Chartrand (1948-1994), Canadian writer
 * Lina Chatkevičiūtė (born 1981), Lithuanian ballroom dancer
 * Lina Cheryazova (1968–2019), Uzbek freestyle skier
 * Lina Choueiri, Lebanese linguist
 * Lina Condes (born 1988), Ukrainian artist
 * Lina Dencik, British social scientist
 * Lina Domberg (born 1995), Swedish footballer
 * Lina Dorado (born 1975), Colombian contemporary artist and filmmaker
 * Lina Eckenstein (1857–1931), British polymath and historian
 * Lina Zahr Eddine (born 1975), Lebanese news presenter and talk show host
 * Lina El Arabi
 * Lina El Tannir, (born 1987), Egyptian squash player
 * Lina Englund (born 1975), Swedish actress and musician
 * Lina Engren (born 1977), Swedish bobsledder
 * Lina Esco (born 1985), American actress, producer, director and activist
 * Lina Eve (born 1946), Australian artist, adoption activist, singer/songwriter, photographer and filmmaker
 * Lina Fedorova (born 1997), Russian pair skater
 * Lina Franziska Fehrmann (1900–1950), German artist model
 * Lina Flor, nickname of Carolina Flores-Trinidad (1914–1976), Filipina writer
 * Lina Flórez (born 1984), Colombian hurdle athlete
 * Lina Fruzzetti
 * Lina Gjorcheska (born 1994), Macedonian tennis player
 * Lina Glushko (born 2000), Israeli tennis player
 * Lina Granados (born 1994), Colombian footballer
 * Lina Grinčikaitė-Samuolė (born 1987), Lithuanian sprint athlete
 * Lina Guérin (born 1991), French rugby union player
 * Lina Haag (1907–2012), German anti-Fascist activist
 * Lina Hahne (born 1984), Swedish beauty queen and Miss Sweden 2007
 * Lina Hawyani al-Hasan (born 1975), Syrian novelist, journalist and writer
 * Lina Frank Hecht (1848–1920), American philanthropists
 * Lina Hedlund (born 1978), Swedish singer and member of Alcazar
 * Lina Herasymenko (born 1974), Ukrainian archer
 * Lina Heydrich (1911–1985), German Nazi and wife of SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich
 * Lina Hidalgo (born 1991), American politician
 * Lina Higiro
 * Lina Hurtig (born 1995), Swedish footballer
 * Lina Jacques-Sébastien (born 1985), French sprint athlete
 * Lina Johansson (born 1988), Swedish former competitive figure skater
 * Lina Kačiušytė (born 1963), Lithuanian swimmer
 * Lina Jamil Karam, American electrical and computer engineer
 * Lina Khalifeh (born 1986), Jordanian black belt taekwondo champion and activist against sexual harassment in Jordan
 * Lina Khan, (born 1989) English-born American jurist
 * Lina Khelif (born 1997), Algerian footballer
 * Lina Khoury (born 1976), Lebanese theatre director, writer, producer, and educator
 * Lina Krhlikar (born 1989), Slovenian handball player
 * Lina Knudsen (born 1985), Danish curler
 * Lina Kostenko (born 1930), Ukrainian poet and writer
 * Lina Krasnoroutskaya (born 1984), Russian retired tennis player
 * Lina Kuduzović (born 2002), Slovenian singer
 * Lina Länsberg (born 1982), Swedish mixed martial artist
 * Lina Lazaar (born 1983), Tunisian art critic
 * Lina Leandersson (born 1995), Swedish actress
 * Lina Lehtovaara (born 1981), Finnish football referee
 * Lina Ljungblom (born 2001), Swedish ice hockey player
 * Lina Lossen (1878–1959), German stage and film actress
 * Lina Lundqvist (born 1993), Swedish footballer
 * Lina Loh (born 1949), Singaporean politician
 * Lina Magaia (1940–2011), Mozambican writer, journalist and war veteran
 * Lina Magull (born 1994), German footballer.
 * Lina Makhul (born 1993), Palestinian singer-songwriter
 * Lina Mangiacapre (1946–2002), Italian playwright and filmmaker
 * Lina Marengo (1911–1987), Italian actress
 * Lina Marín (??–1989), Mexican actress
 * Lina Marulanda (1980–2010), Colombian television personality and model
 * Lina Mathon-Blanchet (1903–1994), Haitian pianist, music teacher and composer
 * Lina Medina (born 1933), the youngest confirmed mother in medical history
 * Lina Meruane (born 1970), Chilean writer and professor
 * Lina Mittner (1919–2013), Swiss alpine skier
 * Lina María Moreno Mejía (born 1955), Colombian First Lady
 * Lina Morgenstern (1830–1909), German writer, educator, feminist and pacifist
 * Lina Musharbash, British journalist
 * Līna Mūze (born 1992), Latvian track and field athlete
 * Lina Murr Nehmé (born 1955), French-Lebanese author
 * Lina Ng (born 1974), Singaporean actress and host
 * Lina Nilsson (born 1987), Swedish retired footballer
 * Lina Nilsson (scientist), American biomedical engineer
 * Lina Nyberg (born 1970), Swedish jazz singer and composer
 * Lina M. Obeid (1955–2019), American physician and cancer researcher
 * Lina Olsson Rosenberg (born 1971), Swedish handball player
 * Lina Pagliughi (1907–1980), Italian-American opera singer
 * Lina Pereira, Brazilian singer
 * Lina Persson (born 1982), Swedish orienteering competitor
 * Lina Pires de Campos (1918–2003), Brazilian pianist, music educator and composer
 * Lina Pizzolongo (1925–1991), Canadian vocal coach and concert pianist
 * Lina Polito (born 1954), Italian actress
 * Lina Puerta (born 1969), American mixed media artist
 * Lina Qostal (born 1997), Moroccan tennis player
 * Lina Rafn (born 1976), Danish female singer, songwriter and producer in the band Infernal
 * Lina Ramann (1833–1912), German writer and teacher
 * Lina Rivas (born 1990), Colombian weightlifter
 * Lina Rodriguez, Canadian filmmaker
 * Lina Olinda Pedraza Rodríguez, Cuban politician
 * Lina Ron (1959–2011), Venezuelan political leader
 * Lina Rosales (born 1928), Spanish film and television actress
 * Lina Šaltytė-Masilionė (born 1987), Lithuanian female rower
 * Lina Santiago (born 1978), American singer and musician
 * Lina Sarmiento (born 1958), Filipino police officer
 * Lina Sastri (born 1953), Italian actress and singer
 * Lina Penna Sattamini, Brazilian interpreter
 * Lina Scott Gatty (1873–1964), British politician
 * Lina Shabib, Jordanian politician
 * Lina Stančiūtė (born 1986), Lithuanian tennis player
 * Lina Stergiou, Greek architect
 * Lina Stern (1878–1968), Soviet biochemist, physiologist and humanist
 * Lina Larissa Strahl (born 1997), German singer-songwriter and actress
 * Lina Strand (born 1988), Swedish orienteering competitor
 * Lina Nerli Taviani (born 1937), Italian costume designer
 * Lina Teoh (born 1976), Malaysian actress, TV Host, model and Miss Malaysia World 1998
 * Lina Thomsgård (born 1978), Swedish columnist, DJ, and PR consultant
 * Lina Trivedi (born 1973), American entrepreneur, author, educator and public servant
 * Lina Tsaldari (1887–1981), Greek politician
 * Lina van de Mars (born 1979), German TV moderator, motor athlete and drummer
 * Lina Iris Viktor (born 1987), British-Liberian visual artist
 * Lina Volonghi (1914–1991), Italian actress
 * Lina von Perbandt (1836–1884), German painter
 * Lina Wertmüller (1928–2021), Italian film director
 * Lina Wester (born 1992), Swedish ice hockey
 * Lina Woiwode (1886–1971), Austrian actress
 * Lina Wolff (born 1973), Swedish novelist and short story writer
 * Lina Yakubova (1976–2011), American film producer and writer
 * Lina Yakupova (born 1990), Russian footballer
 * Lina Yegros (1914–1978), Spanish film actress

Nickname

 * Lina (American singer) stagename of Shelina Wade, American recording artist
 * Lina (South Korean singer), stagename of Lee Ji-yeon (born 1984) South Korean singer who is a member of The Grace
 * Lina, nickname of Savelina Fanene, who is better known as Nia Jax (born 1984), American professional wrestler and model
 * Lina Basquette, whose birthname is Lena Copeland Baskette (1907–1994), American actress
 * Lina Bo Bardi whose birthname was Achillina Bo (1914–1992), Italian-born Brazilian modernist architect
 * Lina Cavalieri, whose birthname is Natalina Cavalieri (1874–1944), Italian operatic soprano, actress, and monologist
 * Lina Espina-Moore, whose birthname was Austregelina Espina (1919–2000), Filipina writer
 * Lina Gennari, whose birthname was Carolina Gennari (1911–1997), Italian actress and operetta singer
 * Lina Hähnle, whose name is Emilie Karoline Hähnle (1851–1941), German conservationist
 * Lina Jonn, whose birth name is Carolina Johnsson, (1861–1896), Swedish professional photographer
 * Lina Joy, converted name of Azlina Jailani, Malay convert
 * Lina Loos, whose birthname was Carolina Catharina Obertimpfler (1882–1950), Austrian actress and writer
 * Lina Mayer, whose birthname is Karolína Majerníková, Slovak singer and dancer
 * Lina Merlin, nickname of Angelina Merlin (1887–1979), Italian politician
 * Lina Morgan, stage name of María de los Ángeles López Segovia OAXS MML (20 March 1936 – 19 August 2015), Spanish film, theatre and television actress and showgirl
 * Lina Nikolakopoulou, whose name is Evangelia Nikolakopoulou (Λίνα Νικολακοπούλου) (born 1958), Greek lyricist
 * Lina Ortega, nickname of Evelina Ortega, American politician
 * Lina Pasini-Vitale, stagename of Carolina Pasini-Vitale, (1872–1959), Italian soprano
 * Lina Poletti, nickname of Cordula Poletti (1885– 971), Italian writer, poet, playwright and feminist
 * Lina Prokofiev, whose birthname is Carolina Codina (1897–1989), Spanish singer
 * Lina Radke, nickname of Karoline Radke-Batschauer (1903–1983), German track and field athlete
 * Lina Romay, whose birthname is Rosa María Almirall Martínez (1954–2012). Spanish actress
 * Lina Romay (singer), whose name is Maria Elena Romay (1919–2010), Mexican-American actress and singer
 * Lina Sandell, whose birthname is Karolina Wilhelmina Sandell-Berg (1832–1903), Swedish poet and author of gospel hymns
 * Lina Salomé, stage name of Luz de Peña Matos Estévez, Cuban-born Mexican dancer and actress
 * Lina Spies, Carellina Pieternella Spies (born 1939), Afrikaans poet and academic
 * Lina Waterfield, nickname of Caroline Lucie Waterfield (1874–1964), French-born, English journalist

Surname

 * Fan Lina (fl early 2000s), Chinese sprint canoer
 * Huo Lina (born 1973), Chinese ice hockey player
 * Lei Lina (born 1988), Chinese table tennis player
 * Liu Lina (born 1979), Chinese equestrian
 * Pan Lina (born 1977), Chinese footballer
 * Ria Lina (born 1980), British comedian, actress and writer
 * Wang Lina (athlete) (born 1983), Chinese long jumper
 * Wang Lina (boxer) (born 1997), Chinese boxer
 * Wang Lina (sport shooter) (born 1971), Chinese sport shooter
 * Wang Lina (volleyball) (born 1978), Chinese volleyball player
 * Xia Lina (born 1987), Chinese female alpine ski racer
 * Yang Lina (1963–2010), Singaporean actress
 * Yu Lina (born 1940), Chinese violinist
 * Zhang Lina (1940–2020), Chinese polymer physical chemist
 * Zhao Lina (born 1991), Chinese footballer

Middle name

 * Ethel Lina White (1876–1944), British crime writer
 * Florence Lina Mouissou (born 1972), Congolese novelist
 * Domenicangela Lina Unali (born 1936), Italian English Literature Professor

Fictional people

 * Lina Braake, titular protagonist of Lina Braake
 * Lina Inverse, fictional sorceress from the anime series Slayers
 * Lina, a heroine in the video game Dota 2
 * Lina, a heroine from the video game Riviera: The Promised Land
 * Lina Mayfleet, main character in the Books of Ember
 * Lina, the maid in Astrid Lindgren's stories of Emil i Lönneberga (Emil of Maple Hill)
 * Lina Vilkas, protagonist of the novel Between Shades of Gray by Ruta Sepetys
 * Lina Lamont, character played by Jean Hagen in the movie Singin' in the Rain
 * Lina (McLaidlaw), Aysgarth, character played by Joan Fontaine in the movie Suspicion (film)
 * Lina the dog-like monster, in The Princess and Curdie
 * Lina, a fairy guide in the game Kinectimals: Now with Bears!
 * Lina, a fictional character from the web series Petscop
 * Lina, a fictional character from the TV short series Jay Jay's Mysteries from Jay Jay the Jet Plane'
 * Lina, a fictional character from the flash-animated TV series Yin Yang Yo!
 * Lina, a character from the multimedia franchise Yo-kai Watch
 * Lina Leskowitz, a fictional character from the web series Petscop

title: Lina


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Logan durgen

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete -- Francs2000 | Talk 12:49, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Logan durgen
Vanity/promotional; this guy has the smallest part in a non-notable movie, and the movie's site has an Alexa ranking of 1,422,614. Delete. Joel7687 15:53, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete - IMDb does not have him or the movie. Renata3 16:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete mix of non-notable vanity and nonsense. -Harmil 17:27, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete. Silly, non notable vanity page. Balster neb 18:41, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and make sure all those images got VfD'ed too. --malathion talk 21:09, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as patent nonsense. Capitalistroadster 00:19, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonsense vanity. JamesBurns 04:11, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bugis, Singapore

Bugis (Kampong Bugis in Malay) is an area in Singapore that covers Bugis Street now located within the Bugis Junction shopping mall. Bugis Street was renowned internationally from the 1950s to the 1980s for its nightly gathering of transvestites and transsexuals, a phenomenon that made it one of Singapore's most notable destinations for foreign visitors during that period.

In the mid-1980s, Bugis Street underwent major urban redevelopment into a retail complex of modern shopping malls, restaurants and nightspots mixed with regulated back-alley roadside vendors. Underground digging to construct the Bugis MRT station prior to that also caused the upheaval and termination of the nightly transgender sex bazaar culture, marking the end of a colourful and unique era in Singapore's history.

Today, the original Bugis Street is now a cobblestoned, relatively wide avenue sandwiched between the buildings of the Bugis Junction shopping complex. On the other hand, the lane presently touted as "Bugis Street" by the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board is actually developed from New Bugis Street, formerly Albert Street, and is billed as "the largest street-shopping location in Singapore". An attempt by the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board to bring back the former exotic atmosphere was unsuccessful. Although the street is now not a well-known tourist destination, it is frequented by many Singaporeans.

History
Bugis Street lies in an extensive area which was commonly referred to Xiao Po (小坡; 'little slope') by the Chinese-speaking community in the past. The latter stretched all the way from Tanjong Pagar, through Singapore's Chinatown, to Jalan Sultan. Its length was thriving and crammed with merchants and traders, making it one of the most vibrant economic zones of old Singapore.

Pre-1950s
Before the arrival of the British, there used to be a large canal which ran through the area where the Bugis, a seafaring people from South Sulawesi province in Indonesia, could sail up, moor their boats and trade. It was these people after whom the thoroughfare was named. The Bugis, or Buginese, also put their sailing skills to less benign uses and gained a reputation in the region as pirates. A large influx of them migrated to the present area from Tanjungpinang in January 1820 fleeing a battle between 400 Buginese and Dutch artillery soldiers in retaliation for the death of a chieftain murdered in a violent scuffle that ensued due to the Dutch captain apprehending several Bugis men opening shots celebrating a wedding of said chieftain's cousin.

During the early colonial era, there also used to be low mounds of whitish sand in the area, earning the street the familiar Hokkien (Min Nan) moniker of Peh Soa Pu or Bai Sha Fu in Mandarin (白沙浮; 'white sand mounds'). The Cantonese, however, referred to the street as Hak Gaai or Hei Jie in Mandarin (黑街; 'black street') as there were many clubs catering to the Japanese in the 1940s. During the first half of the 20th century, commuters could travel from Bugis Street to anywhere else in Xiao Po via a tram service which ran along North Bridge Road, which was referred to by the Chinese-educated as Xiao Po Da Ma Lu (小坡大马路; 'little slope main road').

Prior to the second world war, Bugis had a high proportion of Japanese prostitutes; Karayuki-san. At its peak, there were 633 Karauki-san to 109 brothels, with a high concentration within the area of Bugis Street, Malabar Street, and Hylam Street. Due to the lack of space in the early-style, two storey, shophouse, overcrowding and hygiene issues became problematic. With many people using the same latrines and drinking water sources, disease spread with a cholera outbreak occurring in Bugis, Malabar, and Hylam Streets. This led to them being zoned off. The bad hygiene and poor ventilation due to overcrowding of the sites led to the Singapore Improvement Trust trying to demolish those buildings and rebuild. This led to the infamous "Bugis Street Case" which over the course of multiple courts decisions, decided that it was not legal to commandeer a building and only pay the price of the land, which had been going on previously and the decision was made by 1937, that new houses should be built to alleviate overcrowding and problems that are associated instead of tearing it down and rebuilding, expecting change to occur. This established a new form of slum clearance in Singapore that was more closely tied to the rights of the citizen and the owner.

1950s–1980s
After World War II, hawkers gathered there to sell food and goods. There was initially also a small number of outdoor bars set up beside rat-infested drains.

When transvestites began to rendezvous in the area in the 1950s, they attracted increasing numbers of Western tourists who came for the booze, the food, the pasar malam shopping and the "girls". Business boomed and Bugis Street became a lively and bustling area, forming the heart of Xiao Po. It was one of Singapore's most famous tourist meccas from the 1950s to the 1980s, renowned internationally for its nightly parade of flamboyantly-dressed transvestites and it attracted hordes of Western gawkers who had never before witnessed Asian queens in full regalia.

There was an adage amongst Westerners that one could easily tell a transvestite woman from a woman: the transvestites and trans women were drop-dead gorgeous, while the rest were, in their view, ordinary women. The amount of revenue that the trans communities of Bugis Street raked in was considerable, providing a booster shot in the arm for the tourism industry. The street was popularly called Boogie Street by British servicemen.

Veterans recall that the notorious drinking section began from Victoria Street west to Queen Street. Halfway between Victoria and Queen Streets, there was an intersecting lane parallel to the main roads, also lined with al fresco bars. There was a well-patronised public toilet with a flat roof of which there are archival photos, complete with jubilant rooftop transvestites.

One of the "hallowed traditions" bestowed upon the area by sojourning sailors (usually from Britain, Australia, and New Zealand), was the ritualistic "dance of the flaming arseholes" on top of the toilet's roof. Compatriots on the ground would chant the signature "Haul 'em down you Zulu warrior" song whilst the sailors performed their act.

While many were concerned about the public image and embarrassment that went along with it, the global concern of HIV/AIDS became more prevalent, a growing suspicion of the activities that took place. The HIV scare in Singapore can draw parallels with the English syphilis scare. Bugis Street was demolished as a way of not only controlling the population to become more orderly and normative, but also to prevent an HIV epidemic. With fears also being present that through homosexuality, the society and culture would denigrate and would limit the island's growth, especially post independence. By allowing a site like Bugis Street would go against the idea of Singapore's nuclear family and is, therefore, "othered" this othering scares the Singaporean authorities as it can be seen as dissenting. By using an HIV scare and the economic benefits of inserting an MRT station and eventually a mall, the amount of resistance from most Singaporeans would be minimal.

The earliest published description of Bugis Street found by Yawning Bread as a place of great gender diversity was in the book "Eastern Windows" by F.D. Ommaney, 1960. Ommaney did not date specifically his description of the street but his book made clear that he was in Singapore from 1955 to 1960. A first-person account of Bugis Street in the 1950s is by "Bob", a visiting Australian sailor is given here.

In the mid-1980s, Bugis Street underwent major urban redevelopment into a retail complex of modern shopping malls, restaurants and nightspots mixed with regulated back-alley roadside vendors. Underground digging to construct the Bugis MRT station prior to that also caused the upheaval and termination of the nightly transgender sex bazaar culture, marking the end of a colourful and unique era in Singapore's history.

Tourist and local lamentation of the loss sparked attempts by the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board (STPB) to attempt to recreate some of the old sleazy splendour by staging contrived "Ah Qua shows" on wooden platforms, but these artificial performances fell flat on their faces and failed to pull in the crowds. They were abandoned after a short time.

The movie
The trans women of Bugis Street were immortalised in an English-language film made by a Hong Kong film company which did employ some local talent in its production. (For more details, see Bugis Street (Film) and Singapore gay films: Bugis Street).

Another famous movie about Bugis street is Saint Jack, made by the American director Peter Bogdanovich in 1979. However, the movie is controversial because it was banned by the authority for depicting Singapore as a “haven for pimps and whores”.

Features
The fame of the original Bugis Street has spawned many namesakes eager to capitalise on the brand, even though many tourists, as well as some young Singaporeans, have no inkling as to the reasons for its erstwhile "glamour". This has been inherited to the Bugis Junction, Bugis+ and Bugis MRT station.

The original Bugis Street became part of the Bugis Village, where shops such as Alice, RUSH, Covet and NAVI are also there, it also inherits the same style as Far East Plaza.

Queen Street Bus Terminal
Queen Street Bus Terminal also known as Ban San Bus Terminal, is a bus terminal in Singapore. Queen Street Bus Terminal serves as the terminal for cross-border bus and taxi services to Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

title: Bugis, Singapore


text:
Thinsulate

Thinsulate is a brand of synthetic fiber thermal insulation used in clothing. The word is a portmanteau of the words thin and insulate, trademarked by 3M. The material is made by the 3M Corporation and was first sold in 1979. It was originally marketed as an inexpensive alternative to down; at the time, 3M claimed it was twice as warm as an equivalent amount of any natural material.

Originally designed for clothing, it later became popular as an acoustic damping material. In 1997, 3M generated US$150 million in annual revenue from the product. Its development originated from other microfibre products made by 3M. It has been used in US army clothing since the mid 1980s.

Description
Thinsulate fibers are about 15 µm in diameter, which is thinner than the polyester fibers normally used in insulation for clothing such as gloves or winter jackets. Advertising material suggests that Thinsulate is more effective due to the increased density of fibers with decreased size of fibers compared with more traditional insulation. Like most insulation materials, the gaps between fibers not only reduce heat flow, but also allow moisture to escape. The insulation properties are beneficial for retaining some of the heat produced by the body for comfortable warmth while the moisture produced, most likely sweat, is supposed to evaporate. It retains its insulating properties when wet.

The thermal resistance R-value provided by Thinsulate products varies by the specific thickness and construction of the fabric. Values (US units) range from 1.6 for 80-gram fabric to 2.9 for 200-gram fabric. Thinsulate is considered "the warmest thin apparel insulation" available. In fact, when equal thicknesses are compared, it provides about 1½ times the warmth of down and about twice the warmth of other high-loft insulation materials.

Material safety data sheets from the manufacturer show that different varieties of Thinsulate are made from different mixtures of polymers, but most are primarily polyethylene terephthalate or a mixture of polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene. Other materials in some include polyethylene terephthalate-polyethylene isophthalate copolymer and acrylic.

Thinsulate is now used in the fabric roof of the convertible automobile, the Porsche Boxster. The extra layer not only reduces heat loss but has also reduced noise levels inside the car by 3 decibels. It is also used in the roof of the Jaguar F-Type sports car. It features in the upholstery of Saturn sedans, Ford F-150 pickups, Buick Park Avenues, and F-16 fighters.

It is used in a wide variety of clothing products, such as footwear, gloves, hats, and coats. It became popular in outerwear jackets as early as 1985. The fibers are thinner in diameter than polyester fibres, so the material is used as a waterproof synthetic alternative to down.

In 2015 Thinsulate was named a recipient of an ISPO Award as a Top 10 Insulation.

title: Thinsulate


text:
1980 in archaeology

Excavations

 * Aëtos Hill, Menelaion Ridge, Laconia, Greece, takes place under H. W. Catling.
 * San Vincenzo al Volturno by the British School of Archaeology at Rome begin (continue to 1986).
 * Ain Dara temple, Syria; continues until 1985.
 * Excavations begin at Dryslwyn Castle in Wales under the direction of Chris Caple; the dig lasts until 1995 and the results written up in a monograph published by the Society for Medieval Archaeology in 2007

Finds

 * 17 February - Derrynaflan Chalice in the south of Ireland.
 * 28 March - Talpiot Tomb in Jerusalem.
 * August - Wreck of the Breadalbane in the Northwest Passage.
 * Wreck of HMS Restoration (1678) on the Goodwin Sands.
 * Wreck of the paddle steamer Eric Nordevall in Vättern in Sweden.
 * Wreck of American Great Lakes whaleback barge 115 in Lake Superior.
 * Frieze at Aphrodisias in Anatolia showing Claudius subjugating Britannia.

Publications

 * W. A. McCutcheon - The Industrial Archaeology of Northern Ireland. Belfast: HMSO. ISBN 0-337-08154-9.

Events

 * 19 December - Chaco Canyon National Monument is renamed Chaco Culture National Historical Park with 13,000 acres (53 km2) added. The Chaco Culture Archaeological Protection Site program is created to protect Chacoan sites.

Deaths

 * January 2 - Rhys Carpenter, American Classical art historian (b. 1889)
 * August 24 - André Parrot, French archaeologist of the Near East (b. 1901)
 * September 8
 * Willard Libby, American physical chemist, key developer of radiocarbon dating (b. 1908)
 * Keith Muckelroy, British maritime archaeologist, in diving accident (b. 1951)
 * November 16 - Don Crabtree, American experimental archaeologist (b. 1912)

title: 1980 in archaeology


text:
Fernandes Guitars

Fernandes Guitars is a guitar brand of Japanese marketing company Fernandes Co. Ltd. It is one of two guitar brands belonging to the company, the other being Burny Guitars which are Gibson guitar replicas. Its parent company originated in 1969 as Saito Musical Instruments before changing its name to Fernandes in 1972. The company started as a distributor of flamenco guitars sub-contracting to Japanese factories to build them. As the company grew, it expanded production to include electric guitars, bass guitars, amplifiers, and accessories to become one of the biggest guitar producers in Japan. Early manufacturing was done by Kawai Gakki who had guitar building experience from their acquisition of Teisco in 1967. Other major Japanese manufacturers have built guitars for Fernandes under original equipment manufacturer (OEM) arrangements, including Matsumoku, Dyna Gakki, and Tōkai Gakki. From the late 1980s, lower-spec guitars were also been built in Korea and more recently China.

The growing second-hand market and intensifying competition adversely affected sales, and the company reported debts of 434 million yen for the year ending January 2024. On 11 July 2024, Fernandes ceased operations and filed for bankruptcy.

Overview
Despite its high production figures, Fernandes is better known in the United States for its Sustainer system, which uses electromagnetism to vibrate a string for an extended period, so long as the user continues to fret a note. Unlike the similar manual EBow sustainer, the Fernandes Sustainer can be used with a standard plectrum, because the sustainer is embedded in the body of guitar. Fernandes' custom shop has installed numerous Sustainers into guitars built by other manufacturers.

Also, Fernandes produced the SB-3000 "Brad Gillis" Fernandes Booster, basically active preamp (9V) gain, which is installed instead of standard output jack plate. It was standard on Fernandes Brad Gillis Signature Model ST-120BG superstrat guitars made in 1985–1987.

Fernandes continued to manufacture guitars that cover the range from inexpensive starter models to custom instruments. In 2000, Fernandes made a guitar to promote the video game Um Jammer Lammy, similar to Lammy's guitars.

Musicians using Fernandes

 * Robert Trujillo of Metallica has been seen using a variety of Fernandes basses, mainly 5-string neck-thru types appearing to be based on the "Gravity Deluxe" production model. Allegedly, Rob's personally owned Fernandes basses were custom made by either the Fernandes North Hollywood and/or Japanese custom shops. The specifications and complete history of Rob's personally owned and stage-played Fernandes basses by most accounts is still a mystery.
 * Brad Gillis of American rock band Night Ranger and former Ozzy Osbourne guitarist had his own stratocaster-type model that was red with a black pick guard. Gillis still uses his Fernandes guitar as his main guitar when he performs in concert with Night Ranger.    Fernandes made Brad Gillis Signature Model ST-120BG superstrat guitar, with SB-3000 Booster (active preamp) and Fernandes VS-1 and VH-2B pickups.
 * Billie Joe Armstrong of American punk rock band Green Day had a Fernandes The Revival RST-50 Stratocaster since he was 10 named "Blue" from his mother, and has played it live for nearly every show he has played, near exclusively used for all songs in Eb tuning.
 * The Edge of U2 has started using a Retro Rocket and Native Pro guitar with Sustainer to play With or Without You when playing live.
 * Heath of Japanese heavy metal band X Japan uses his signature Fernandes model FJB-115H bass guitar almost exclusively. Previously he used several Burny guitars, including his signature model DB-85H.
 * hide of Japanese heavy metal band X Japan used Fernandes guitars almost exclusively. He has numerous signature models with the company.
 * Hidehiko Hoshino of Japanese rock band Buck-Tick uses Fernandes guitars almost exclusively. He has had several signature models with the company.
 * Hisashi Imai of Japanese rock band Buck-Tick uses Fernandes guitars almost exclusively. He has several signature models with the company.
 * Tomoyasu Hotei of Boøwy and solo fame was one of the leading Japanese artists to front Fernandes in the mid-80s onwards, launching several versions of the TEJ model guitar.
 * You of Japanese hard rock band Dead End has his own signature model with Fernandes.
 * Steve Hackett, formerly of Genesis and GTR, has used Burny guitars with sustainer units (one black and one gold) since his 1999 Darktown album. They have since replaced his previous stock Les Paul guitars as his electric guitar of choice for every album and live show since then.
 * Tony Campos of Static-X, Fear Factory, and Asesino, formally of Ministry, Prong, Possessed, and Soulfly, has his own signature model Tremor 5 Deluxe and Tremor 5X.
 * Dave Kushner of Velvet Revolver, Wasted Youth, and DKFXP uses Fernandes Ravelle Signature guitar.
 * Kasper Eistrup of Kashmir, Danish Band, has used a Fernandes Telecaster with a Fernandes Sustainer kit for several years, and has since acquired another black Fernandes Telecaster, as well.
 * Tobias Forge of Ghost.
 * Kirk Hammett of Metallica used a Fernandes Stratocaster, seemingly an EMG equipped FST-135 nicknamed "Edna", for clean parts on some of the early Metallica albums such as Ride the Lightning as well as live on early tours. He also used a customized red 1985 FST-65 with a CS Style 22F wood neck option.
 * Kurt Cobain of American grunge rock group Nirvana used a Fernandes Stratocaster neck on a Japanese Fender Stratocaster body during their live performance at the Paramount
 * Neal Schon of Journey used the sustainer system in Fernandes guitars, Aria Pro II guitars, and eventually in his black Les Paul (replacing the neck P90), as well as his own production models. Many of his famous leads, such as "Send Her My Love", are examples of the sustainer system's abilities.
 * John Flansburgh of They Might Be Giants used a Fernandes The Revival RST-50 Stratocaster for most of the songs on Lincoln as well as in concerts from the band's early era.
 * Ryan Clark of Training for Utopia used a Fernandes WS-500, and endorsed the brand on the inside cover of the 1998 Split ep.
 * Robert Fripp of King Crimson used a modified Les Paul styled Fernandes Goldtop Custom including a Seymour Duncan bridge pickup with it along with other Fernandes custom models, he often used one of them for the band along with his wife, Toyah Willcox to perform together.
 * Andy Sneap and Neil Watson of Sabbat (English band) played matching white Fernandes JS-85 guitars with sharkfin inlays (modelled on Jackson's Rhoads V) for their live performance in East Berlin in 1990 that was recorded and released on video as The End of the Beginning.

title: Fernandes Guitars


text:
Lux Video Theatre

Lux Video Theatre is an American television anthology series that was produced from 1950 until 1957. The series presented both comedy and drama in original teleplays, as well as abridged adaptations of films and plays.

Overview
The Lux Video Theatre was a spin-off from the successful Lux Radio Theater series broadcast on the NBC Blue Network (1934–1935) and CBS (1935–1955).

Lux Video Theatre began as a live 30-minute Monday evening CBS series on October 2, 1950, switching to Thursday nights during August, 1951. In September 1953, the show relocated from New York to Hollywood. On August 26, 1954, it debuted on NBC as an hour-long show on Thursday nights, telecast until September 12, 1957. With the introduction of the one-hour format and the move to Hollywood, abridged versions of popular films were often used as the basis for shows.

To introduce each act and interview the stars at the conclusion, NBC added a series of regular hosts: James Mason (1954–55), Otto Kruger (1955–56), Gordon MacRae (1956–57) and Ken Carpenter (1955–1957). Kruger recalled:
 * All I do is come up and tell the people who I am and what we're up to. I don't have a single thing to do with producing, directing or casting the show. Yet I get letters every week complimenting me on my production, my directing, my casting, even my script adaptations.

New episodes were broadcast during the summer as the Summer Video Theatre. In 1957–58, Lux shifted sponsorship to a half-hour musical variety show, The Lux Show Starring Rosemary Clooney.

For the 1958–59 season, the dramatic series was brought back with a new name, Lux Playhouse. The new series alternated weeks with Schlitz Playhouse. Those broadcasts began on October 3, 1958, and ended on September 18, 1959.

The series finished in the Nielsen ratings at #30 in the 1950–51 season and #25 in 1955–56.

Notable guest stars
Among those cast in the productions were:

 * Julie Adams
 * Mary Astor
 * Anne Bancroft
 * William Bendix
 * Joan Blondell
 * Richard Boone
 * Ernest Borgnine
 * Eddie Bracken
 * Scott Brady
 * Walter Brennan
 * Barbara Britton
 * Charles Bronson
 * Raymond Burr
 * Hoagy Carmichael
 * Art Carney
 * Jack Carson
 * Rosemary Clooney
 * Lee J. Cobb
 * Charles Coburn
 * Nat 'King' Cole
 * Jackie Cooper
 * Broderick Crawford
 * Bing Crosby
 * Robert Cummings
 * Arlene Dahl
 * Laraine Day
 * James Dean
 * Melvyn Douglas
 * Paul Douglas (actor)
 * Joanne Dru
 * Nelson Eddy
 * Bill Erwin
 * Barry Fitzgerald
 * Nina Foch
 * Janet Gaynor
 * Coleen Gray
 * Eileen Heckart
 * Van Heflin
 * Charlton Heston
 * William Holden
 * Celeste Holm
 * Bob Hope
 * Miriam Hopkins
 * Dennis Hopper
 * Rock Hudson
 * Dean Jagger
 * David Janssen
 * Shirley Jones
 * Boris Karloff
 * Buster Keaton
 * Grace Kelly
 * Veronica Lake
 * Burt Lancaster
 * Angela Lansbury
 * Cloris Leachman
 * Jack Lemmon
 * Gene Lockhart
 * June Lockhart
 * Jack Lord
 * Peter Lorre
 * Dayton Lummis
 * Jeanette MacDonald
 * Fred MacMurray
 * Dorothy Malone
 * Herbert Marshall
 * Fredric March
 * James Mason
 * Raymond Massey
 * Carole Mathews
 * Walter Matthau
 * Mercedes McCambridge
 * Roddy McDowell
 * Dorothy McGuire
 * Butterfly McQueen
 * Sal Mineo
 * Vera Miles
 * Thomas Mitchell (actor)
 * Felicia Montealegre Bernstein
 * Rita Moreno
 * Dennis Morgan
 * Audie Murphy
 * Don Murray (actor)
 * Kim Novak
 * Margaret O'Brien
 * Maureen O'Hara
 * Maureen O'Sullivan
 * Geraldine Page
 * Lilli Palmer
 * Dick Powell
 * Robert Preston (actor)
 * Vincent Price
 * Luise Rainer
 * Edward G. Robinson
 * Basil Rathbone
 * Ronald Reagan
 * Thelma Ritter
 * Lizabeth Scott
 * Karen Sharpe
 * Ann Sheridan
 * Sylvia Sidney
 * Alexis Smith
 * Karen Steele
 * Rod Steiger
 * Jan Sterling
 * Robert Sterling
 * Rod Taylor
 * Phyllis Thaxter
 * Franchot Tone
 * Claire Trevor
 * Roland Young
 * Beverly Washburn
 * James Whitmore
 * Esther Williams
 * Natalie Wood
 * Joanne Woodward
 * Teresa Wright

title: Lux Video Theatre


text: User talk:80.235.142.238

title: User talk:80.235.142.238