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Morris C8

The Morris Commercial C8 FAT (Field Artillery Tractor), commonly known as a (Beetle-back) Quad, is an artillery tractor used by the British and Commonwealth (including Canadian forces), during the Second World War. It was used to tow field artillery pieces, such as the 25-pounder gun-howitzer, and anti-tank guns, such as the 17-pounder.

Although its sloped sides suggest otherwise, the Quad was not armoured.

Development
In 1937 the War Department identified a need for a new FAT to supplement, and then replace, the Light Dragon and Morris CDSWs then in service. A specification was issued for a four-wheeled, four-wheel drive vehicle, with winch, on a short chassis. Guy Motors produced their design quite quickly using existing components, and Morris followed with theirs. It was a totally new, but conventional, design evolved from the Morris CS8 15-cwt GS truck.

It included a new four-cylinder engine mounted on a subframe and not directly onto the chassis. Like the Guy, the body had a very characteristic slope sided, "beetle back" shape. It was all-metal and designed to facilitate chemical weapon decontamination, as well as to enable a gun traversing platform to be carried on the rear roof section. In addition to 6 men, it was capable of carrying 24 complete boxed rounds of 25-pounder ammunition and at least 8 boxed anti-tank shells, together with vehicle and gun detachment equipment.

The first Morris C8 Quad was delivered in October 1939 and it then stayed in production until 1945. There were two major changes to the mechanical side of the vehicle, and two independent ones to the body. The engine/chassis design was used on other Morris types, such as the C8 Morris 15 cwt truck. A long-wheelbase version was used to produce the C9B self-propelled Bofors Light Anti-Aircraft Tractor.

History
As an FAT the Quad served with Field Artillery Regiments. Each regiment had 36 Quads; 24 towed a limber and gun, and 12 towed two limbers.

It was first issued in late 1939 and first used in action in France in 1940, towing 18-pounder, 18/25-pounder and 4.5-inch howitzers. Many were lost in the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from France and as a result some of these were taken into service by the Wehrmacht.

From June 1940 it was also used to tow 75 mm guns provided by the USA; these were towed both with and without limbers. It was subsequently used wherever the Field Artillery Regiments went, from Iceland to Malaya, primarily as a tractor for the, then new, 25-pounder gun. It was also used by most of the Commonwealth and Allied units equipped with the 25-pounder.

It was a popular vehicle although really too small for all the equipment that was carried. It was also underpowered when towing and loaded. Moving 9 tons with a 70 bhp engine was not ideal, and its speed uphill was unspectacular. Considerable use had to be made of the winch on hills and in mud. Later in the war, when the anti-tank regiments were equipped with 6-pounder and 17-pounder guns, Quads were issued as tractors. Normally these guns were towed without a limber but some 17-pounders were towed with limbers. This can only have been for the aid of the limber's brake, and a smoother tow, as the ammunition would not fit in a limber.

At the end of the War the Quad stayed in British service in the same roles. It saw extensive action in the Korean War and Malaya.

Many of the Commonwealth and Allied forces took their Quads to their home countries, and were provided with more ex-British ones to fully re-equip. The Royal Netherlands Army subsequently made extensive use of theirs in the East Indies.

The British rebuilt many of their Quads in the early 1950s, extending their useful life until 1959 when the last was sold off. They were replaced by three-ton tractors, derived from the Bedford RL and Fordson Thames E4.

Variants

Mark I
 * Only 200 made in 1939 and very early 1940. Front axle had provision for a locking differential, and the axle itself was mounted above the springs. The vehicle had permanent four-wheel drive and 10.50 × 20 inch tyres. The accelerator pedal was mounted centrally rather than in the conventional position as the right-most pedal.

Mark II
 * Approximately 4000 made in 1940 and early 1941. It was almost identical to the Mk I, save for a change in front axle design, which removed the provision for the locking differential.

Mark III
 * Approximately 6000 made from 1941 to 1945. The front axle was mounted below the springs, and four-wheel drive could be switched on or off as required. Tyres were 10.50 × 16 inch size, and the accelerator was mounted conventionally as the right pedal.

Three types of body were used:

 * All Mk Is and approximately the first 3,000 Mk IIs had a "beetle back" body. This had two doors, only two small windows on the right side and one on the left side, and an all-metal roof with two revolving vents.
 * The later Mk IIs and approximately the first 4,000 Mk IIIs had a later type of "beetle back" with an additional small window on the left front side and windows in both doors. A canvas roof was mounted on a cruciform steel frame over the crew compartment, and there were two square vents in the roof behind the canvas section. The vehicle also had larger fuel tanks and filler cap surrounds.
 * The last 2000 Mk IIIs had a "Number 5 body", which was a new design with a square shape and a complete canvas top with two circular hatches, and four doors with windows.

Once the 18-pounder and 18/25-pounder had left service there was no requirement to carry the gun's traversing platform on the roof. The brackets for this were duly removed, and usually substituted by a framework to provide an additional area for the storage of kit.

title: Morris C8


text: User talk:65.244.43.115

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:65.244.43.115


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Michael Beach

Michael Anthony Beach (born October 30, 1963) is an American actor. He has appeared in the films Lean on Me (1989), One False Move (1992), Short Cuts (1993), Waiting to Exhale (1995), A Family Thing (1996), Soul Food (1997), Aquaman (2018), and Saw X (2023). On television, he played Al Boulet on the NBC medical drama ER from 1995 to 1997. From 1999 to 2005, Beach was a regular cast member in another NBC drama series, Third Watch, as Monte Parker, and as T.O. Cross in FX's Sons of Anarchy.

Early life
Beach was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts on October 30, 1963. He graduated from Juilliard School with a degree for the Bachelor of Fine Arts.

Career
Beach's big screen debut was in End of the Line in 1987, and he went on to appear opposite Morgan Freeman and Beverly Todd in Lean on Me (1989). Beach also co-starred in films including Internal Affairs, Cadence (both 1990), One False Move (1992) with Cynda Williams, Short Cuts and True Romance (both 1993).

Beach's big break came in 1995, playing Angela Bassett's unfaithful husband in the comedy-drama film Waiting to Exhale. In 1997, he played Vanessa L. Williams's unfaithful husband in the comedy-drama film Soul Food. On television, he played a recurring role as Al Boulet, the ex-husband of physician assistant Jeanie Boulet (Gloria Reuben) in the NBC medical drama ER from 1995 to 1997. From 1999 to 2005, Beach was a regular cast member in the NBC drama series Third Watch, playing FDNY paramedic Monte 'Doc' Parker.

Beach has had guest-starring roles on Law & Order, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Brothers & Sisters, Criminal Minds, Grey's Anatomy, The Closer, and The Blacklist. He was also a regular on the short-lived NBC series Crisis in 2014, and had recurring roles on Stargate Atlantis, Sons of Anarchy, The Client List, The Game, Secrets and Lies, S.W.A.T. and The 100. Most recently he has had a guest-starring role in seasons 6 and 7 of Chicago P.D. as Darius Walker, a drug dealer and community philanthropist turned confidential informant. In December 2022, Beach was confirmed by Deadline Hollywood to have signed on to appear in Saw X, the tenth installment of the Saw film series, for release in October 2023.

Personal life
Beach married Tracey Beach in 1990, and their marriage lasted until their divorce in 2006. The following year, he married Elisha Wilson.

title: Michael Beach


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Decoto, California

Decoto is a neighborhood of Union City, California originally established as a separate community. It is located 5 mi north-northwest of downtown Newark, along California State Route 238.

History
In 1867, Ezra Decoto, a local landowner sold land to the railroad. A settlement grew up around the place. A post office operated in Decoto from 1871 to 1959, with a closure from 1872 to 1875. In 1958, Decoto joined Alvarado to form Union City.

The Decoto area's population has historically been largely Hispanic, mostly Mexican-American. Starting in the 1930s and especially during World War Two, Mexican families began moving to Decoto. Many were braceros that came to work during the labor shortages during the War years. Decoto's population still has a large Latino contingent but other ethnicities, led by various Asian groups, now constitute the majority.

During the early 1970s, the Chicano Movement was in full swing and racial tensions were high in Decoto between the Latino community and police and the local Union City government. In April 1974, I Alberto Terrones was shot and killed during a robbery by Union City police. Riots erupted in Decoto. To calm tensions, Union City Police Chief William Cann came to speak at Our lady of Rosary Catholic Church in Decoto. He was shot by a sniper and died a few months later.

United Airlines Flight 615 crashed near Decoto on its approach to Oakland airport shortly before 4:30 AM Pacific Time on August 24, 1951.

Today the growth of the adjacent Transit District is leading to rapid changes in demographics.

title: Decoto, California


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Saint Aubin, Jersey

St. Aubin (Jèrriais: Saint Aubîn) is a town and port in St. Brelade in Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands. It is located on the western end of St. Aubin's Bay, on the south coast of the island, opening out into the Gulf of Saint-Malo.

St. Aubin was originally a fishing village and the historic economic centre of the island. The Jersey Railway historically terminated in the town, at what is now the parish hall. The Railway Walk, a trail following the route of the former Jersey Railway to La Corbière, starts from St Aubin.

The town is the civil administrative centre for the parish of St. Brelade, however ecclesiastically, the parish church is located in St. Brelade's Bay. It retains a much more historic character than St. Helier, whose architecture has changed as the centre of Jersey's finance industry.

Toponymy
Its name refers to Saint Aubin, the 6th Century C.E. bishop of Angers, and may reflect the name of a long-disappeared chapel.

The town has been referred to variously as a town or a village. In Jersey, "town" is generally used as slang for the largest town on the island, St. Helier.

History
At the beginning of the 17th century, there was no quay in or road to St Aubin. At this time all the homes in the town were on the hillsides or up Mont les Vaux. In 1648, the States ordered the construction of a pier, however there was still no road to the island's capital.

Although St. Helier seems to have always been the Bailiwick's administrative capital and held the island's major market, St. Aubin was historically the centre for international trade, particularly during the Newfoundland cod-fishery. This is because it was the only large port on the island. St. Helier only had a small quay until 1840, however after the development of the St. Helier harbours, it displaced St. Aubin as the major trading post.

In 1844, the road between St. Helier and La Haule (St Aubin's Road) was finished. That same year, the road between La Haule and St. Aubin opened too, finally connecting St. Aubin to the island's larger town.

In the 19th century, the town of St. Helier experienced a large amount of growth due to the industrialisation of the island and immigration from France and England. St. Aubin did not follow the same pattern of growth, being constrained by its hilly geography.

Climate
Saint Aubin enjoys a relatively warm version of temperate Oceanic climate (Cfb) with mild temperatures year round and rare negative extremes. There are relatively low precipitations, nearly all in form of rain or mist (843 mm/annum). There are four seasons with wet and mild winter starting in early December and ending in the beginning of March, changing into much sunnier and warmer spring which ends during May. Local summer, sunny, warm and quite dry, then continues up to its end in the course of September. Autumn, rapidly cooling and wetter lasts into the end of November. Average round the clock temperatures in July stays on +18.8 °C and February mean temperatures stays on +5.4 °C. The whole year average is 11.8 °C, the warmest place on the Jersey island.

Landmarks
St. Aubin's Fort (49.1843°N, -2.1614°W) lies in the bay on a tidal island, just outside the harbour. This fort is accessible on foot, at a low tide, via a causeway that runs from the road just in front of the Royal Channel Islands Yacht Club. The fort features a tower keep that is surrounded by granite walls and ramparts. During the German occupation of the Channel Islands, the German forces added bunkers and other features to the fort.

The Anglican church of St Aubin on the Hill is located uphill from the harbour. There is also a Catholic church, the Sacred Heart Church.

title: Saint Aubin, Jersey


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Atikokan Roman Catholic Separate School Board

The Atikokan Roman Catholic Separate School Board was a school authority in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was the school district administrator for Roman Catholic schools in Atikokan, Ontario, with approximately 150 students.

The Board was amalgamated into the Northwest Catholic District School Board as of September 1, 2009.


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Khabarov

Khabarov (masculine, Хабаров) or Khabarova (feminine, Хабарова), also transliterated as Habarov, is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Boris Khabarov (born 1934), Soviet sailor
 * Bruno Khabarov (1939–1994), Latvian-Soviet fencer
 * Irina Khabarova (born 1966), Russian sprinter
 * Ivan Khabarov (1888–1960), Soviet army commander
 * Leonid Khabarov (born 1947), Soviet military officer
 * Mikhail Khabarov (born 1971), Russian businessman
 * Sergei Khabarov (born 1986), Russian footballer
 * Vladimir Khabarov (1951–2010), was a Russian politician
 * Yaroslav Khabarov (born 1989), Russian ice hockey player
 * Yerofey Khabarov (c. 1603–1671), Russian entrepreneur and adventurer

title: Khabarov


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Bagerhat

Bagerhat is a city in southern Bangladesh and the headquarters of Bagerhat District. Located on the banks of the Bhairab river, Bagerhat has a population of 50,000. It is located near the old city of Khalifatabad, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Demographics
At the 2011 census, Bagerhat had 11,982 households and a population of 49,073. 8,322 (16.96%) were under 10 years of age. Bagerhat has a sex ratio of 995 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 75.8%.

title: Bagerhat


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John Mason (colonist)

John Mason (October 1600 – January 30, 1672) was an English-born settler, soldier, commander and Deputy Governor of the Connecticut Colony. Mason was best known for leading a group of Puritan settlers and Indian allies on a combined attack on a Pequot Fort in an event known as the Mystic Massacre. The destruction and loss of life he oversaw effectively ended the hegemony of the Pequot tribe in southeast Connecticut.

Early life and education
Mason was born in Ravensthorpe, Northamptonshire, England. John Mason's baptism is recorded in the St. Deny's church records on October 5, 1600, and lists his father as Richard Mason, who was married on May 23, 1600, in Ravensthorpe to Alis Burlyn - Burlyn is probably an error for Butlyn because Alis Butlyn was baptized in Ravensthorpe on September 9. 1576. Alis could be the phonetic version of Alice.

Little is known about his youth and life there. Mason was well educated, but it is not known where he was schooled in England or perhaps a military school in the Netherlands. He enlisted in the military in 1624 and then went to the Netherlands to serve in the sectarian Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), where he gained significant tactical military experience, first seeing action in the Breda Campaign. His activities from the earliest days in New England give evidence of training as a military engineer. His prose is vigorous and direct in his regular correspondence with the Winthrop Family and in his history of the Pequot War.

By 1629 he was a lieutenant in the Brabant Campaign and participated in the Siege of s'-Hertogenbosch, literally "The Duke's Forrest" in English, and known historically in French as Bois-le-Duc. He served with Lord Thomas Fairfax under General Sir Horace Vere in the army of Frederik Hendrik, The Prince of Orange.

Early life in America
In 1632, he joined the great Puritan exodus and sailed from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, settling in Dorchester where he was promptly appointed as the captain of the local militia. In 1633, he commanded the first American naval task force and pursued the pirate Dixie Bull, routing him from New England waters. He and Roger Ludlow planned and supervised the construction of the first fortifications on Castle Island (later known as Fort Independence) in Boston Harbor. In 1634, he was elected to represent Dorchester in the Massachusetts General Court, where permission was granted for him to remove to the fertile Connecticut River valley. In 1635, he settled in Windsor, Connecticut, at the confluence of the Farmington River and the Connecticut River; he lived there for the next twelve years and served as a civil Magistrate and military leader of the nascent Connecticut Colony. In 1640, he married Anne Peck from a prominent Puritan family; they had eight children.

Pequot War 1636–1638
The main battle of the Pequot War started in the predawn hours of May 26, 1637, when Colonial forces led by Captains John Mason and lieutenant Robert Seeley, along with their Indian allies, attacked one of two main fortified Pequot villages at Mystic. Only 20 soldiers breached the palisade's gate and were quickly overwhelmed, to the point that they utilized fire to create chaos and facilitate their escape from within. Sergeant William Hayden of Windsor is credited with saving the life of Captain Mason inside the fort, using his sword to cut through the bow-string of one of the Pequot warriors aiming his weapon at Mason. The ensuing conflagration trapped the majority of the Pequots and caused their death; those who managed to exit were slain by the sword or musket from the others who surrounded the fort. Only a handful of approximately 500 men, women, and children survived what became known as the Battle of Mistick Fort.As the soldiers made the exhausted withdrawal march to their boats, they faced several attacks by frantic warriors from the other village of Weinshauks, but again the Pequots suffered very heavy losses versus relatively few by the Colonists. These two defeats broke the resources and spirit of the tribe, who then decided to retreat west to the Hudson River area. They were pursued along the southern coast, with other confrontations at Sachem's Head and the Fairfield swamp, suffering more deaths and capture. Pequot grand sachem Sassacus and his core band did make it to New York, but Sassacus was killed there by the Mohawks; they cut off his hands and head and delivered them to the Massachusetts Bay Colony without explanation for their actions.

Mason recounted his experiences in the Pequot War in his narrative Major Mason's Brief History of the Pequot War, which was originally printed in 1677 by Increase Mather and later reprinted by Thomas Prince in 1736.

The most prominent episode in Mason's lifelong career of public service was his overall command as captain of the Colonial forces in the Pequot War in 1637. This was the first declared and sustained conflict in Southern New England, a complex and risky campaign. The large and powerful Pequot Tribe had subjugated other local tribes, killed numerous Colonial settlers and destroyed vital corn crops. The Massachusetts Bay Colony eventually declared war with them, and reluctantly the infant Connecticut Colony was quickly drawn into the conflict.

The Pequots greatly outnumbered the colonists, but had inferior weapons and tactics. The colonists also had the guidance and support of numerous Indian allies who were tributaries to the Pequots, especially Mohegan Sachem Uncas, who formed a unique and lasting bond with Mason and also Wequash Cooke. This brief and decisive war, with the Mystic Massacre in particular, forever changed the complexion of American society. It is debated whether or not this event is considered a battle or massacre, given it may have involved deliberate arson of an indigenous village, with deaths of women and children estimated in the hundreds. The battle at Mistick Fort was featured in the History Channel series 10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America, and is central to scholarly arguments regarding genocide studies in the colonial era. Following this victory, Mason was promoted to major and received numerous land grants as a reward for his services. Mason's Island at the mouth of the Mystic River remained in his family for over 250 years.

After the Pequot War
In 1640, an event took place that forever changed the political boundaries of the Connecticut River Valley. From its founding until that time, Springfield, Massachusetts (then called Agawam) had been administered by the Connecticut Colony, along with Connecticut's three other settlements at Wethersfield, Hartford, and Windsor. In the spring of 1640, grain was very scarce and cattle were dying of starvation. The nearby Connecticut River Valley settlements of Windsor (then called "Matianuck") and Hartford (then called "Newtown") gave power to William Pynchon, the founder of Springfield, to buy corn for all three English settlements. If the Indians would not sell their corn at market prices, then Pynchon was authorized to offer more money. The Indians refused to sell their corn at market prices, and then later refused to sell it at "reasonable" prices. Pynchon refused to buy it, believing it best not to broadcast the English colonists' weaknesses, and also wanting to keep market values steady.

Leading citizens of what became Hartford were furious with Pynchon for not purchasing any grain. With Windsor and Wethersfield's consent, the three southerly settlements commissioned John Mason to travel to Springfield with "money in one hand and a sword in the other." On reaching what became Springfield, Mason threatened the local Indians with war if they did not sell their corn at a "reasonable price." The Indians capitulated and ultimately sold the colonists corn; however, Mason's intimidating approach led to the Indians' deepening distrust of the English colonists. Pynchon, an avowed "man of peace," believed in negotiation with the Indians, whereas Mason believed in subduing Indians by force, if necessary. This philosophical difference led to Mason using "hard words" against Pynchon. Pynchon's settlement, however, agreed with him and his philosophy, and that same year voted to separate from the Connecticut Colony and be annexed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. As this local controversy was heating up, the Massachusetts Bay Colony decided to reassert its jurisdiction over the land bordering the Connecticut River, realizing that it was valuable for farming.

In 1645, Sir Thomas Fairfax was made commander in chief, and he addressed a letter to Major Mason in Connecticut urging him to return to England, join his standard, and accept a Major-General's commission in the Parliamentary Army to serve in the English Civil War. Mason declined this offer and remained in Connecticut.

In 1647, Mason assumed command of Saybrook Fort which controlled the main trade and supply route to the upper river valley. The fort mysteriously burned to the ground but another improved fort was quickly built nearby. He spent the next twelve years there and served as Commissioner of the United Colonies, as the chief military officer, magistrate, and peacekeeper. He was continually called upon to negotiate the purchase of Indian lands, write treaties, or arbitrate some Indian quarrel, many of which were instigated by his friend Uncas. His leadership abilities were unrivaled, which prompted the New Haven Colony to offer him a very lucrative position as manager of their enterprise in relocating to the Delaware River area. However, he declined the offer and remained in Connecticut.

Founding of Norwich
In 1659, Major Mason moved from the mouth of the Connecticut River to the head of the Thames River, together with his son-in-law Rev. James Fitch and most of the Saybrook residents, and founded the town of Norwich, Connecticut. The land "nine miles square" was purchased from Mohegan Sachem Uncas, who also signed all the territory in his tribe's domain over to Mason as a protector and administrator. Questions regarding title and control of these thousands of acres created legal disputes which lasted for seventy years; the Mohegan Land Case actually consisted of several cases and appeals making their way through various courts in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and even back in London, England, before the Lords Commissioners. Several of the Major's Mason's descendants in the role of the Tribal overseers, went bankrupt and even died in England in the process of defending the Mohegan land rights.

During his twelve years in Norwich, John Mason served for nine years as Deputy Governor (1660 to 1669), and he helped to write the Connecticut Charter. He served as acting Governor from 1661 to 1663 while Governor John Winthrop Jr. went to England to obtain approval of the Charter from King Charles II.

John Mason was one of the most trusted men in Connecticut during his three and a half decades of residence there, in both civil and military matters. In his latter years, the formal colony records referred to him simply as "the Major," without forename or surname.

Later life and death
In the summer of 1670, Mason acted as an intermediary between Roger Williams and the Connecticut government regarding a boundary dispute between Rhode Island and Connecticut.

In 1669, pleading old age and infirmities, he retired to a revered advisory position, but he suffered painfully in the last years of his life from cancer, which was then referred to as the "strangury". He died on January 30, 1672, from complications related to cancer. He is buried, although unmarked, in the Post-Gager cemetery with the other founders of Norwichtown, Connecticut.

Family
John Mason married his first wife (name unknown) in 1634 at Dorchester; she died in the spring of 1638 at Windsor. They had a daughter named Israel who was born in the winter of 1635 at Windsor; she married John Bissell Jr. on June 17, 1657, at Windsor. They had nine children. He died in 1693 and it is uncertain when she died.

Mason married Anne Peck in July 1639 in Hingham, Massachusetts. Anne was born on November 16, 1619, in Hingham, Norfolk, England and died in 1671 in Norwich, Connecticut. She was the daughter of Rev. Robert Peck, who was born at Beccles, Suffolk, England, in 1580. Peck was a talented and influential clergyman and Puritan who had fled his Hingham, Norfolk, England church after the crackdown by Archbishop Laud.

Matthew Grant included "Captain Masen" in his list of "some omitted in former records being gone yet had children born here", and credited him with four children born in Windsor. These would include the daughter Israel by his first wife, and then Priscilla (b. 1641), Samuel (b. 1644), and John (b. 1646) with second wife Anne.

Children born at Saybrook, Connecticut were Rachel (b. 1648), Ann (b. 1650), and Daniel (b. 1652); and then Elizabeth was born at Stonington, Connecticut, in 1654.

Mason's sons Samuel, John, and Daniel were also military officers and prominent civil servants. Many subsequent descendants served as military officers, doctors, lawyers, and reverends in America.

Memorials

After the Civil War, a statue movement was sweeping the nation, and local citizens and organizations were erecting monuments of heroes and patriots everywhere. The prominent citizens of Mystic, Connecticut, decided to create a larger than life bronze and granite monument of Major John Mason, the commander of the Colonial forces in the 1637 Pequot War, the very first declared and sustained conflict in the early colonies. In 1889, the John Mason statue, carved by sculptor James G. C. Hamilton, was placed at the intersection of Pequot Avenue and Clift Street in Mystic, near what was thought to be the location of the fortified Pequot village where the Mystic Massacre occurred.

After the Pequot War, the Colonial government declared the once dominant Pequot Tribe to be extinct, even though a few survivors and descendants continued to remain in their former territory. They were ignored, along with occasional complaints about the statue being on the sacred site where their ancestors perished. The statue remained there for 103 years, until the early 1990s when the modern-day Pequots managed to obtain federal recognition, at which point former and new complaints about the statue could no longer be ignored. Studying the sensitivity and appropriateness of the statue's location on a cultural "sacred site", a committee chartered by the Town of Groton, Connecticut, recommended that it be relocated.

In 1996, the State of Connecticut (DEP/Parks Dept.) decided to relocate the statue of Major John Mason to the Palisado Green in Windsor, Connecticut, at 41.85806°N, -72.63639°W, which is where John Mason lived at the time of the war. The original plaque which glorified him for the war victory was removed and given to the Mystic River Historical Society and a new plaque replaced it, outlining the Major's entire career. This essentially re-birthed the statue to now represent John Mason in a more balanced and comprehensive manner for a lifetime of public service, including many prominent accomplishments as the principal founder of the Connecticut Colony.
 * Commander of first American Naval task force against the pirate Dixie Bull 1633
 * Lieutenant at Dorchester and Civil Engineer of initial fortifications at Castle Island in Boston Harbor, later known as Fort Independence, 1634
 * Deputy for Dorchester to Massachusetts Bay Colony General Court, 1634–1635
 * Captain and Commander of Colonial forces in the Pequot War 1637
 * Deputy for Windsor to Connecticut Court, 1637–1641
 * Assistant to the Connecticut Court, 1642–1659, 1669–71 [CT Civil List 35]
 * Commander of Saybrook Fort 1647–1659.
 * War committee for Saybrook, May 1653, October 1654Statue Plaque.jpg
 * Major General - chief military officer of the United Colonies 1654–1672
 * Deputy Governor of Connecticut Colony, 1660–1668
 * Acting Governor from 1661 to 1663, while Gov. John Winthrop Jr. went to London to obtain approval of the Charter from King Charles II
 * Commissioner for United Colonies, June 1654, May 1655, May 1656, May 1657, May 1660, May 1661
 * Patentee of the original Connecticut Constitution - Royal Charter, 1662
 * Overseer (first Indian Agent) and Administrator of Mohegan Lands 1659–1672

In honor of Norwich's bicentennial in 1859, The Mason Monument Association was formed and money was donated to erect a Founders Monument in the original burial grounds at Bean Hill. Major John Mason was their leader and this monument is also referred to as the Mason Monument but includes the names of all the 38 original settlers.

Estate
On February 10, 1634 "Captayne Mason" received a grant of 2 acre in Dorchester. He drew 6 acre of meadow beyond Naponset in lot #73.

In the Windsor land inventory on February 28, 1640, John Mason held seven parcels, six of which were granted to him: "a home lot with some additions to it", 10 acre; "in the Palisado where his house stands and mead adjoining" 20.5 acre; "in the first mead on the north side of the rivulet, for mead and addition in swamp" 8 acre; "in the northwest field for upland" 8 acre "with some addition on the bank side"; "over the Great River in breadth by the river twenty-six rods more or less, and continues that breadth to the east side of the west marsh, and there it is but sixteen rods in breadth and so continues to the end of the three miles"; 9 acre "of land by Rocky Hill"; and "by a deed of exchange with Thomas Duy [Dewey] ... on the east side of the Great River in breadth eighteen rods more or less, in length three miles".

On January 5, 1641, Connecticut court ordered "that Captain Mason shall have 500 acre of ground, for him and his heirs, about Pequot Country, and the dispose of 500 more acres to such soldiers as joined with him in the service when they conquered the Indians there".

On July 12, 1644, John Mason of Windsor sold to William Hosford of Windsor 8 acre in a little meadow with addition of swamp.

On September 11, 1651 "the island commonly called Chippachauge in Mistick Bay is given to Capt. John Mason, and also 100 acre of upland and 10 acre of meadow near Mistick, where he shall make choice". Henceforth, this island became known as Mason's Island, situated at the mouth of the Mystic River in Stonington, Connecticut. It was owned by the Mason family from 1651 to 1913.

On March 14, 1660, the "jurisdiction power over that land that Uncas and Wawequa have made over to Major Mason is by him surrendered to this Colony. Nevertheless for the laying out of those lands to farms or plantations the Court doth leave it in the hands of Major Mason. It is also ordered and provided with the consent of Major Mason, that Uncus & Wawequa and their Indians and successors shall be supplied with sufficient planting ground at all times as the Court sees cause out of that land. And the Major doth reserve for himself a competence of land sufficient to make a farm".

On May 14, 1663, the court granted "unto the Major, our worshipful Deputy Governor, 500 acre of land for a farm, where he shall choose it, if it may not be prejudicial to a plantation already set up or to set up, so there be not above 50 acre of meadow in it". On 13 October 1664, the "Major propounding to the Court to take up his former grant of a farm, at a place by the Indians called Pomakuck, near Norwich, the Court grants liberty to him to take up his former grant in that place, upon the same terms as it was granted to him by the Court". On May 20, 1668, the "Major desiring this Court to grant him a farm" of about 300 acre, for "one of his sons, his desire is hereby granted (provided there be not above 30 acre of meadow) and Lt. Griswold & Ensign Tracy are hereby desired to lay it out to him in some convenient place near that tract of land granted Jer[emiah] Adams, it being the place the Major hath pitched upon, the name of the place is Uncupsitt, provided it prejudice no plantation or former grant".

On May 9, 1672 "Ensign Tracy is appointed to join with Sergeant Tho[mas] Leffingwell in laying out to the Major and Mr. Howkins their grants of land according to their grants".

Descendants
John Mason's descendants number in the thousands today. Some of his notable descendants include;
 * David Brewster is an American journalist.
 * Diane Brewster was an American television actress.
 * Martha Wadsworth Brewster, (1710 – c. 1757) a poet and writer and one of the earliest American female literary figures.
 * Catherine Drew Gilpin Faust (born September 18, 1947), is an American historian, college administrator, and the president of Harvard University.
 * James Rudolph Garfield, (October 17, 1865 – March 24, 1950) was a U.S. politician, lawyer and son of President James Abram Garfield and First Lady Lucretia Garfield.
 * Harry Augustus Garfield, (October 11, 1863 – December 12, 1942) was an American lawyer and academic. He was the eighth president of his alma mater, Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts.
 * John Mason Kemper, was the 11th headmaster at Phillips Academy
 * John Forbes Kerry, (born December 11, 1943) is the 68th Secretary of State of the United States and former senior United States senator from Massachusetts (served as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee).
 * George Trumbull Ladd, was an American philosopher and psychologist.
 * Brice Lalonde, is a former socialist and green party leader in France, who ran for President of France in the Presidential elections, 1981. In 1988 he was named Minister of the Environment, and in 1990 founded the Green Party Génération Ecologie.
 * W. Patrick Lang. US Army officer, US Intelligence Executive, and author.
 * Marcus Mason Maronn, Founder, President of the Mason Family Memorial Association Inc.
 * Jeremiah Mason, was a United States senator from New Hampshire.
 * John Sanford Mason, (August 21, 1824 – November 29, 1897) was a career officer in the United States Army who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
 * Robert Noyce, nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley", was an inventor of the integrated circuit or microchip.
 * Robert Charles Winthrop, was an American lawyer and philanthropist and one time Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
 * Patricia Dutcher-Walls, Presbyterian scholar and author, Professor at University of Toronto and University of British Columbia.

title: John Mason (colonist)


text:
Philippe Buchez

Philippe-Joseph-Benjamin Buchez (March 31, 1796–August 11, 1865), more commonly called Philippe Buchez, was a French historian, sociologist, and politician. He was the founder of the newspaper L'Atelier, and he served briefly, in 1848, as the president of the Constituent National Assembly, which was then meeting at the Palais Bourbon in Paris.

Buchez was born at Matagne-la-Petite, which is part of the town of Doische in the province of Namur, in Belgium. At the time of his birth (31 March 1796), however, the village was part of the French département of the Ardennes. He died on 11 August 1865 in the south of France, at Rodez, in the department of Aveyron.

La Charbonnerie
He finished his general education in Paris, and then applied himself to the study of natural science and medicine. In 1821, he co-operated with Amand Bazard, Jacques-Thomas Flotard, and others to found a secret association, La Charbonnerie, modeled on the Italian Carbonari, with the object of launching an armed insurrection against the French government. The organization spread rapidly and widely, and made several abortive attempts to foment revolution. In one of these attempts, the affair at Belfort, Buchez was gravely compromised. However, the jury that heard his case did not find sufficient evidence to warrant condemnation. Failed insurrectionary attempts of Charbonnerie in Belfort (January and July), Thouars and Saumur (February), culminated in the September execution in Paris of the Four Sergeants of La Rochelle affair (Quatre Sergents de La Rochelle).

In 1825, he graduated in medicine, and soon published Études de théologie, de philosophie et d'histoire ("Studies in Theology, Philosophy, and History"). About the same time, he became a member of the Saint-Simonian Society, presided over by Bazard, Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin, and Olinde Rodrigues. (The society was based on the ideas of Saint-Simon, an early socialist theoretician.) Buchez also contributed to its organ, the Producteur, but he left this group because of the strange religious ideas of its "Supreme Father," Enfantin. Buchez began to elaborate on his own original ideas, which he characterized as Christian socialism. For the exposition and advocacy of his principles he founded a periodical called L'Européen.

In 1833, he published an Introduction à la science de l'histoire ou science du développement de l'humanité, which was received with considerable favor (2nd ed., improved and enlarged, 2 vols., 1842). Notwithstanding its prolixity, this is an interesting work. The part that describes the aim, foundation, and methods of the science of history is valuable; but what is most distinctive in Buchez's theory is the division of historical development into four great epochs originated by four universal revelations, of each epoch into three periods corresponding to desire, reasoning, and performance — and of each of these periods into a theoretical and practical age — is merely ingenious (see Flint's Philosophy of History in Europe, i. 242–252).

A parliamentary history of the French revolution
Buchez next edited, along with M. Roux-Lavergne (1802–1874), the Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution française (1833–1838; 40 vols.). This vast and conscientious publication is a valuable store of material for the early periods of the first French Revolution. There is a review of it by Thomas Carlyle (Miscellanies), the first two parts of whose own history of the French Revolution are mainly drawn from it.

The editors strongly admired the principles of Robespierre and the Jacobins. They also espoused the belief that the French Revolution was an attempt to fulfill Christianity's promise. In the Essai d’un Traité Complet de Philosophie au point de vue du Catholicisme et du Progrès (1839–1840), Buchez endeavored to co-ordinate, in a single system, the political, moral, religious, and natural phenomena of existence. Denying the possibility of innate ideas, he asserted that morality comes by revelation. Therefore, it is not only certain, but the only real certainty possible.

Revue Nationale and L'Atelier
At the outset of the revolution of 1848, Buchez established the Revue Nationale to reach out to workers and all the democratic convictions. In the same fashion, Buchez had assisted, in September 1840, in the appropriation of the worker-owned and worker-operated newspaper, L'Atelier ("The Workshop"), a publication that was, at once, utopian, socialist, and Christian.

Political apex
Partly owing to the reputation he acquired by these publications but more to his connection with the National newspaper and secret societies hostile to the government of Louis-Philippe, the French Revolution of 1848 raised him to the presidency of the Constituent Assembly. When the revolution of 1848 began on 24 February, Buchez, as a captain in the National Guard, took his unit to the Tuileries, where they witnessed the flight of Louis-Philippe. In the days that followed, Buchez became maire-adjoint (assistant mayor) of Paris, and was elected to the national constituent assembly of 1848.

The demonstration of 15 May 1848
On 15 May 1848, a popular nonviolent invasion of the assembly took place. This invasion was an attempt to express the essential needs of the working population of Paris and of the nation. Buchez was, at that time, president of the assembly. Faithful to his convictions and trust in the people, he did not call for the use of force to clear the chamber. This calm response earned Buchez scorn and loud criticism from prominent assembly members.

Tocqueville in his Recollections described this day, disdainfully recalling Buchez's conduct: "Buchez" he wrote, "the president, whom some would make out to be a rascal and others a saint, but who, on that day, was a great blockhead, rang his bell with all his might to obtain silence, as though the silence of that multitude was not, under the circumstances, more to be dreaded than its cries." He speedily showed he did not possess the qualities needed in such a situation. He retained the position only for a short time. After the dissolution of the assembly he was not re-elected.

Retirement
Thrown back into private life, he resumed his studies, and added several works to those already mentioned. A Traité de politique (published 1866), which may be considered as the completion of his Traité de philosophie, was the most important of the productions of the last period of his life. His brochures are very numerous and on a great variety of subjects, medical, historical, political, philosophical, etc. He died on 12 August 1865. He found a disciple of considerable ability in A. Ott, who advocated and applied his principles in various writings.

title: Philippe Buchez


text:
Darren Levine

Darren R. Levine (born April 3, 1960 in Los Angeles, California, United States) is a martial artist, an entrepreneur, and a prosecutor for the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office. He is best known for helping to popularize Krav Maga, the official hand-to-hand combat system of the Israel Defense Forces.

Career
Levine, who graduated from Loyola Law School, has worked as a Deputy District Attorney for Los Angeles County since 1991. The same year, Levine and his detectives built a case against Gerald Mason, who had evaded arrest since 1957 for the rape of a teenage girl, the assault of three other teenagers, and the murder of two police officers. Mason was sentenced to life imprisonment, ending one of the longest unsolved cases in the United States.

As of September 2007, he has a 100% conviction rate. He has been a recipient of several honors from district attorney groups and victim's rights groups.

Krav Maga
Levine is the founder of the Krav Maga Association of America and Krav Maga Worldwide.

In 1981, Levine was selected as part of the first group outside of Israel to train in Krav Maga. While training in Israel, Levine was befriended by Krav Maga founder Imi Lichtenfeld. In 1982, Lichtenfeld traveled to Los Angeles to stay with Levine and continue his training. Levine is one of only two recipients of a Krav Maga Founder's Diploma awarded by Lichtenfeld before his death in 1998 (the other recipient was Eyal Yanilov, who founded Krav Maga Global). At the time, Levine was the highest ranking instructor in the United States, and had training centers in West Los Angeles, New York City, Chicago, San Francisco, Boston, and Philadelphia. Levine holds an 8th degree black belt in the Krav Maga.

His wife, Marni Levine, was very influential in expanding Krav Maga Worldwide, particularly the Krav Maga Youth program, Km-X. She died on August 31, 2006, after a long fight against cancer.

Darren Levine is the co-author, with John Whitman and Ryan Hoover, of Complete Krav Maga, Black Belt Krav Maga, and Krav Maga for Beginners.

title: Darren Levine


text:
Stagecast Creator

Stagecast Creator is a visual programming language intended for use in teaching programming to children. It is based on the programming by demonstration concept, where rules are created by giving examples of what actions should take place in a given situation. It can be used to construct simulations, animations and games, which run under Java on any suitable platform.

History
The software known as Creator originally started as a project by Allen Cypher and David Canfield Smith in Apple's Advanced Technology Group (ATG) known as KidSim. It was intended to allow kids to construct their own simulations, reducing the programming task to something that anyone could handle. Programming in Creator uses graphical rewrite rules augmented with non-graphical tests and actions.

In 1994, Kurt Schmucker became the project manager, and under him, the project was renamed Cocoa, and expanded to include a Netscape plug-in. It was also repositioned as "Internet Authoring for Kids", as the Internet was becoming increasingly accessible. The project was officially announced on May 13, 1996. There were three releases:

 * DR1 (Developer Release 1) on October 31, 1996
 * DR2 in June, 1997
 * DR3 in June, 1998

When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, he began dismantling a number of non-productive departments. One of these was the ATG. Larry Tesler, Cypher, and Smith, left to form Stagecast Software after retaining the rights to the Cocoa system.

Apple went on to reuse the Cocoa name for the entirely unrelated Cocoa application framework, which had originated as OpenStep.

Sales of Stagecast Creator ended on September 30, 2014 as part of Stagecast Software's cessation of operations and support ended on December 1, 2014.

Description
Creator is based on the idea of independent characters that have a graphical appearance and non-graphical properties. Each character has a list of rules that determine how it behaves. The rules are created by demonstrating what the character does in a specific situation. Each graphical rewrite rule is a before / after rule, stating that when the before conditions of the rule are met, the after actions of the rule are performed.

For a simple example, consider a simulation showing a character walking across a field, jumping over any rocks it encounters. Such a simulation would start with the construction of the playfield, in this case a line of icons representing the grass and a few rocks. A character is then placed on the playfield and double-clicked to open a rule editor. The rule editor will start by displaying the current conditions, that is, the character is standing on the grass. Below is an area to place the various "after" conditions, in this case the user drags open the default grid to two spaces, drags the character into the new grid cell, say to the right, and closes the rule editor.

If the simulation is started at this point, the character will start walking across the playfield to the right until it reaches the first rock. Since there is no rule showing what should happen when a rock is to the character's right, the character simply stops. At this point the rule editor is opened again, but now it shows the new condition that applies, the character is to the left of a rock. The actions in this case would be two steps, the first showing the character moving up and to the right, the next down and to the right. When the simulation is re-run, the character will walk to the right, and then "jump" over the rocks. In this case the character will now stop moving when it reaches the side of the screen, and a new rule could be added at that point to "wrap around" to the left side again.

Additional rules can be added "on the fly" to flesh out the simulation. In this example additional rules would likely be added to allow the conditions to apply no matter which direction the character is walking, duplicating the existing set of two rules for movement to the left, and up and down. To make the simulation interactive, the "automatic movement" rules can be removed, and replaced by ones that move only when the cursor keys are held down, and jump only if the user presses space. Now the simulation becomes a simple game.

Many new features were added to the system during its evolution from KidSim/Cocoa to Creator. These include the introduction of 'jars' as a means of object classification, a new z-variable that allows Creator to simulate a 3-D space (as a stack of 2-D sheets), the ability to control more than one character at a time, and the option to redraw the screen only after all moves in a turn have been made.

In order to ensure Creator's cross-platform compatibility, the entire system was ported to the Java programming language. As Cocoa, the system was a Mac-only product and included an 'Autoplayer' functionality that allowed a Cocoa simulation to be run as a stand-alone program on any Mac. With the port to Java, Creator simulations can be posted on a Web page and run as an applet.

title: Stagecast Creator


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Inspector Gadget/archive1

Inspector Gadget
This article has been through massive rewrites and reformatting. It has also been peer reviewed and all suggestions have been considered and applied accordingly. Its a good informative article full of information unique to Wikipedia. --The_stuart 19:51, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Object the lead section mentions that this article pertains only to the animated series, but doesn't direct the interested reader to articles about either of the two films or anything else about the characters. slambo 20:03, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) The article is too list-heavy; there is not enough straight prose to offset these lists. 2) Cite your sources in a References section. 3) I'd like to see more on the series' creation and development; as it is, this information is rather sparse near the end of the article (it should be the first section after the header). 4) the lead section does not fully describe the contents of the article. slambo 20:31, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object - I agree with Slambo. Most of the lists should be reformatted into prose.  A comprehensive discussion of the animated series should probably discuss various spinoff adaptations, especially the live-action movies which many people are familiar with.  Regarding media - 1) is it possible to get a clip of the theme song?, and 2) is it possible to clean up the screencapture images?  They seem somewhat dark and not at all sharp.  Slambo's comments regarding references, lead section and others also need to be addressed. - Bantman 21:09, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Refer to peer review Don't restrict yourself solely to the animated series; as was said above, the two movies should also be explained here. I strongly suggest you read other TV series articles, have a look at how they structure their articles, and base this one around those. --JB Adder | Talk 23:34, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, needs some brush-ups. Like The Strangerhood, there are too many lists. Although somebody did work hard on this, it does not seem fit to be considered an excellent or featured article. — Stevey7788 (talk) 17:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, the article is made almost entirely of lists. Phoenix2 22:04, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong support. Despite possible problems mentioned by the above users, the article itself is very well written with interesting pictures provided. Deryck C. 09:22, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Compare this article's content with that of other featured articles about television series, such as Blackadder, Doctor Who or even Nineteen Eighty-Four (TV programme) to get an idea of the level of quality that we are trying for with FA nominations. slambo 15:23, July 20, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Callous

Callous is an adjective that may pertain to:
 * Callus, a toughened area of skin
 * Indifference to suffering – see cruelty
 * Callous and unemotional traits

title: Callous


text: User talk:63.166.226.115

title: User talk:63.166.226.115


text:
Objective test

Objective tests are measures in which responses maximize objectivity, in the sense that response options are structured such that examinees have only a limited set of options (e.g. Likert scale, true or false). Structuring a measure in this way is intended to minimize subjectivity or bias on the part of the individual administering the measure so that administering and interpreting the results does not rely on the judgment of the examiner.

Although the term ‘objective test’ encompasses a wide range of tests with which most people are somewhat familiar (i.e. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Graduate Record Examination, and the Standardized Achievement Test), it is a term that arose out of the field of personality assessment, as a response and contrast to the growing popularity of tests known as projective tests. These ‘projective tests’ require examinees to generate unstructured responses to ambiguous tasks or activities, the content of which is supposed to represent their personal characteristics (e.g. internal attitudes, personality traits).

However, the distinction between objective and projective testing is deceptive since it indicates that objective tests are immune to bias. Although the fixed response style of objective tests does not require interpretation on the part of the examiner during the administration and scoring of the measure, responses to questions are subject to the examinee's own response style and biases, in much the same way they are for projective measures; therefore, both test ‘types’ are vulnerable to subjective factors that may affect scores. Furthermore, understanding and giving meaning to the results of any assessment, projective and objective alike, is done within the context of an examinee's personal history, presenting concerns, and the myriad of factors that can affect examinee's scores on the assessment. Thus, both objective and projective tests carry potential sources of bias and require judgment in interpretation to varying degrees. Instead of categorizing tests based on overt but superficial test qualities, the merits of a particular usage of test scores should be assessed.

title: Objective test


text:
File:FireDragon.jpg

My own Award picture 'FireDragon'

title: File:FireDragon.jpg


text:
Holcim

Holcim is a Swiss-based global building materials and aggregates flagship division of the Holcim Group. The original company was merged on 10 July 2015 with Lafarge to form LafargeHolcim as the new company and renamed to Holcim Group in 2021. When the merger was completed, the Holcim brand remained active within the group.

Founded in 1912, the company expanded into France and then throughout Europe and Middle East during the 1920s. They expanded in the Americas during the 1950s and went public in 1958. The company continued to expand in Latin America and added Asian divisions during the 1970s and 1980s. A series of mergers and buyouts made Holcim one of the two largest cement manufacturers worldwide by 2014, roughly tied with rival Lafarge. In April 2014, the two companies agreed to a US$60 billion "merger of equals". The company was the market leader in cement production in Australia, Azerbaijan, India, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Latin America.

Overview
Holcim is headquartered in Zug, Switzerland and holds interests in more than 70 countries worldwide. They employ 71,000 people. Subsidiaries include St. Lawrence Cement (Canada), Aggregate Industries (the UK), and Holcim Apasco (Mexico). The company's products include cement, clinker, concrete, lime, aggregates, and roofing materials. They also offer consulting services, third party research and development, and land waste management services. Their largest business segment is the manufacture and distribution of cement and aggregates. As of 2014, Holcim's annual production capacity was 215 million tons. It has a BBB credit rating according to Fitch Ratings, with a 3.5 funds from operations to debt ratio.

Holcim is the cement market leader in Australia, Azerbaijan, India, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Latin America. It is among the top few producers throughout Europe, North America, and Asia. Globally, Holcim and Lafarge are the two largest producers in terms of sales, as of 2014.

In 2024, Holcim announced their plans to add a total of 1,000 units of the battery-electric truck from Mercedes-Benz Trucks, to its European fleet, with both companies, signing a joint letter of intent for this purpose. The volume represents the largest planned single order to date for the eActros 600 contributing to the achievement of the sustainability goals of both companies.

Also in 2024, Holcim announced plans to spin off its North American business, listing the North American business with a full capital market separation.

Foundation and development
Holcim was founded by Adolf Gygi in 1912 as "Aargauische Portlandcementfabrik Holderbank-Wildegg". The original headquarters were in Holderbank, (Lenzburg district, Canton of Aargau). In 1914, the company merged with "Rheintalischen Cementfabrik Rüthi" owned by Ernst Schmidheiny. Schmidheiny took over leadership duties and began the company on a course of expansion.

In 1922, Holderbank, as the company was then known, expanded beyond the Swiss borders into France. Schmidheiny continued to expand, primarily by buying stakes in existing companies. By the end of the decade Holderbank held stakes in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and Egypt. Positions in Lebanon and South Africa soon followed. Schmidheiny died in the 1930s and his sons, Ernst Jr. and Max, took over the business, splitting it into two divisions. Ernst took over the Holderbank building materials business, while Max oversaw the other lines. This organization scheme remained in place until the 1970s.

After World War II, Hans Gygi, son of Adolf Gygi, took over leadership. He oversaw the company during the Swiss housing boom of the 1950s, and as Holderbank expanded into Canada, then throughout North and South America. The company went public in 1958 in order to raise more capital to fuel further expansion. Hydroelectric projects in Switzerland generated large concrete contracts, offsetting losses in Egypt when the country's government nationalized Holderbank's factories.

During the early 1970s, growth in Brazil and Mexico improved the company's bottom line. The Schmidheiny brothers convinced shareholders that the company should consolidate holdings and merge with Schweizerischen Cement-Industrie-Gesellschaft. The combined company had annual revenue of 800 million Swiss francs and established Holderbank as one of the industry's largest companies worldwide. The oil crisis of 1973 hit the industry hard as construction demand dried up in much of the world. Strong markets in Lebanon and South Africa allowed Holderbank to weather the storm. By 1976, revenue and profits had returned to pre-crisis levels.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Holderbank continued its expansion in Latin America and expanded into Asia and Spain for the first time. Thomas Schmidheiny took over leadership, overseeing the company as in expanded into Eastern Europe and experienced a boom in Spanish construction preceding the 1992 Summer Olympics. By 1986, Holderbank was the world's largest cement manufacturer. In the 1990s, the company consolidated its European holdings as the American market drove growth. Expansion into Eastern Europe and Russia continued.

In 2001, the company changed its name from "Holderbank Financière Glaris" to Holcim (short for Hol derbank cim ent). Asia drove growth in the 2000s, as the company saw more than 50% of its business come from emerging markets. In 2005, Holcim purchased Aggregate Industries for US$4.1 billion, entering the United Kingdom for the first time. That year, the company also expanded into India by acquiring a stakes in The Associated Cement Companies (ACC) and Ambuja Cement Eastern. In 2008, Holcim became the largest shareholder of China's Huaxin Cement with a 40% stake. In 2009, they acquired Cemex Australia.

In February 2012, Bernard Fontana became the first CEO of Holcim that was not part of the founding families.

Merger with Lafarge
On 7 April 2014, Holcim and Lafarge announced they had agreed to terms on a "merger of equals" valued at nearly $60 billion. The merger entails 10 Lafarge shares being converted into 9 Holcim shares. Holders of 86% of Lafarge shares accepted this offer in June 2015, according to Holcim, meaning that the merger would proceed. The new company would be based in Switzerland and have a manufacturing capacity of 427 million tons a year, which would vastly exceed the 227 million ton capacity of current industry leader Anhui Conch. Lafarge Chief Executive Officer Bruno Lafont will lead the new company, while Holcim's Wolfgang Reitzle will be chairman. Executives from both companies said the deal will save the new company 1.4 billion euros (US$1.9 billion) annually and create "the most advanced group in the building materials industry."

Analysts said the deal could lead to further mergers within the industry and give competitors a chance to pick up assets at a bargain price.

title: Holcim


text:
Alvarado

Alvarado may refer to:

Places

 * Alvarado, Tolima, Colombia
 * Alvarado (canton), Costa Rica
 * Alvarado, Veracruz, Mexico
 * Alvarado (municipality), Veracruz, Mexico
 * Alvarado, Extremadura, Spain
 * Alvarado I solar thermal power station, in Alvarado, Spain
 * Alvarado, California, US
 * Alvarado, Indiana, US
 * Alvarado, Minnesota, US
 * Alvarado, Texas, US
 * Alvarado, Virginia, US

Other uses

 * Alvarado (surname)
 * Alvarado family, conquistadors
 * Alvarado wrestling family
 * Alvarado (Madrid Metro), a station on Line 1
 * Alvarado Transportation Center, a multimodal transit hub in Albuquerque, New Mexico, US
 * Alvarado High School, a high school in the Alvarado Independent School District, Alvarado, Texas

title: Alvarado


text:
User talk:Sam robertson

'''[[

--Sam robertson 19:56, 15 July 2005 (UTC) $$$$ ]]'''

title: User talk:Sam robertson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Slicer

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 23:25, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

The Slicer
Delete It may have existed, but this is a page about a car in a movie that was never finished. As such, it probably doesn't deserve it's own page. Icelight 19:57, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Gwk 19:59, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - NN JoJan 20:26, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 21:16, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Fallstorm 03:55, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Directory of Open Access Journals

The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) is a website that hosts a community-curated list of open access journals, maintained by Infrastructure Services for Open Access (IS4OA). It was launched in 2003 with 300 open access journals.

The mission of DOAJ is to "increase the visibility, accessibility, reputation, usage and impact of quality, peer-reviewed, open access scholarly research journals globally, regardless of discipline, geography or language."

In 2015, DOAJ launched a reapplication process based on updated and expanded inclusion criteria. At the end of the process (December 2017), close to 5,000 journals, out of the 11,600 indexed in May 2016, had been removed from their database, in majority for failure to reapply.

Notwithstanding the substantial cleanup, the number of journals included in DOAJ has continued to grow, to reach 14,299 as of 3 March 2020. the independent database contains more than 18,650 open access journals and 8,265,272 articles covering all areas of science, technology, medicine, social sciences and the humanities.

DOAJ provides a change log on Google Sheets that has been updated since March 2014 and identifies the journals added and the journals removed with the justification for the removal.

Founder, Lars Bjørnshauge, announced his retirement in 2021 and from January 2022, DOAJ has a new Managing Director, Joanna Ball.

History
The Open Society Institute funded various open access related projects after the Budapest Open Access Initiative; the Directory was one of those projects. The idea for the DOAJ came out of discussions at the first Nordic Conference on Scholarly Communication in 2002. Lund University became the organization to set up and maintain the DOAJ. It continued to do so until January 2013, when Infrastructure Services for Open Access (IS4OA) took over.

The Infrastructure Services for Open Access (IS4OA) C.I.C. was founded in 2012 in the UK as a community interest company by open access advocates Caroline Sutton and Alma Swan. It runs the DOAJ and, until 2017, the Open Citations Corpus.

In a 2015 comparison with MEDLINE, PubMed Central, EMBASE and SCOPUS, DOAJ resulted to have the highest number of open access journals listed, but less than a half of them had actively published contents on DOAJ.

There is a partnership DOAJ and OpenAIRE since October 2022.

title: Directory of Open Access Journals


text:
Category:Archaeological sites in Egypt

 * Ancient Egyptian archaeological sites in present-day Egypt.
 * Also ancient Nubian, Greek, and Roman; and historical Coptic and Islamic — archaeological sites in the country.

title: Category:Archaeological sites in Egypt


text:
M² (album)

M2 is a 2001 album by Jazz fusion musician Marcus Miller, and the winner of the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album.

Reception
Allmusic awarded the album with 4 stars and its review by Rob Theakston states: "Marcus Miller continues to display his multi-instrument virtuosity with M², and while the order of the day is still smooth jazz, there's more of a soulful R&B edge than the majority of his previous work. It also features an all-star cast that includes Herbie Hancock, Branford Marsalis, Raphael Saadiq, Paul Jackson, Jr., and Lenny White among others."

Track listing
All tracks composed by Marcus Miller except where noted.

 * 1) "Power" – 4:37
 * 2) "Lonnie's Lament" (John Coltrane) – 5:39
 * 3) "Boomerang" – 5:49
 * 4) "Nikki's Groove" – 3:28
 * 5) "Goodbye Pork Pie Hat" (Charles Mingus) – 3:34
 * 6) "Ozell (Interlude 1)" – 0:48
 * 7) "Burning Down the House" (David Byrne, Jerry Harrison, Chris Frantz, Tina Weymouth) – 6:54
 * 8) "It's Me Again" – 6:05
 * 9) "Cousin John" – 4:42
 * 10) "Ozell (Interlude 2)" – 0:39
 * 11) "3 Deuces" – 5:51
 * 12) "Red Baron" (Billy Cobham) – 6:38
 * 13) "Ozell (Interlude 3)" – 1:01
 * 14) "Your Amazing Grace" – 7:43
 * 15) "Boomerang Reprise" – 1:54

Personnel

 * Marcus Miller – Wurlitzer electric piano (1), synthesizers (1-8, 10-15), vocoder (1, 4), bass guitars (1, 8, 12, 14), drum programming (1-6, 10, 13, 14), scratches (1, 6, 10, 12, 13), organ (2, 11), guitars (2, 11), bass guitar (2-4, 7, 9, 11, 15), tenor saxophone (2, 6, 10, 12-14), bass clarinet (2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13-15), lead vocals (3), acoustic bass (3), vocals (4), Fender Rhodes (4, 7-9, 12), synth bass (4, 15), alto saxophone (4), fretless basses (5), B♭ clarinet (5, 9), fretless bass (6, 10, 13), rhythm guitar (7), Roland TR-808 (7), backing vocals (8), clavinet (9), ambient synthesizer (9), talking synth bass (9), electric guitar (10, 13), radio (11), guitar effects (12), percussion programming (12, 14, 15), vibraphone (12), acoustic guitar (13), soprano saxophone (14)
 * Bernard Wright – Fender Rhodes (1, 7), organ (4)
 * Herbie Hancock – acoustic piano (3), acoustic piano solo (5)
 * Paul Jackson, Jr. – acoustic guitar (3, 8), guitars (4), dobro (9)
 * Hiram Bullock – lead guitar (7), guitars (12, 15)
 * Leroy Taylor – synth bass (2, 7, 12), Fender Rhodes (15)
 * Lenny White – brush fills (2)
 * Poogie Bell – drums (7, 9, 11, 12, 15)
 * Vinnie Colaiuta – drums (8)
 * David Isaac – water effects (1), hi-string note (1), tom overdubs (7), cowbell (7), triangle (7), percussion programming (11)
 * Mino Cinelu – percussion (6, 8-10, 13)
 * Kenny Garrett – alto saxophone (2, 12), alto sax solo (7, 15)
 * Branford Marsalis – soprano sax solo (2, 8)
 * Hubert Laws – flute solo (2), flute (9)
 * Wayne Shorter – soprano saxophone (9), soprano sax solo (13)
 * James Carter – tenor sax solo (11)
 * Maceo Parker – alto sax solo (12)
 * Fred Wesley – trombone (7), trombone solo (12)
 * Michael "Patches" Stewart – trumpet (2, 3, 7)
 * Larry Corbett – cello (1-3, 7, 9, 13, 14)
 * Matt Funes – viola (1, 3, 7, 9, 12, 14)
 * Joel Derouin – violin (1, 3, 12, 14)
 * Raphael Saadiq – lead vocals (3)
 * Nikki Miller – vocals (4)
 * Djavan – scat vocals (8)
 * Chaka Khan – vocals (15)

Production

 * Harold Goode – executive producer
 * Harry Martin – executive producer
 * Marcus Miller – executive producer, producer, recording
 * David Isaac – co-producer, recording, mixing (3, 11, 14, 15)
 * Khaliq-O-Vision – recording, mixing (3, 11, 14), vocal recording (15), assistant engineer
 * Ray Bardani – mixing (1, 2, 4-10, 12, 13)
 * Paul Mitchell – recording
 * Malcolm Pollack – recording
 * Enrico DePaoli – vocal recording (8)
 * David Hampton – piano recording (3, 5)
 * Danny Romero – vocal recording (3)
 * Michelle Forbes – assistant engineer
 * Richard Furch – assistant engineer
 * Takamasa Honda – assistant engineer
 * Alexandre Reis – assistant engineer
 * Charles Harrison – string copyist, string transcription
 * Bibi Green – production coordination
 * Jack Frisch – art direction, design
 * Kumiko Higo – photography
 * Jack Leitenberg – management
 * David Passick – management

title: M² (album)


text:
European Reform Forum

The European Reform Forum (ERF) is a committee of senior British politicians, journalists, academics, and businessmen who are seeking to produce a report on the future direction of the European Union. The members are drawn predominantly from a Conservative background. It was launched on 30 June 2005 in the Houses of Parliament in front of a large number of press. Over the six months of the UK presidency of the European Council the ERF took evidence from numerous people on both sides of the debate and produced a final report in December 2005. It advocated the renegotiation of British membership.

Membership

 * Chairman – Lord Waddington GCVO PC QC DL
 * Lord Tebbit CH PC
 * Lord Weatherill PC DL
 * Lord Rees-Mogg
 * Lord Blackwell
 * Sir Oliver Wright GCMG GCVO DSC
 * David Heathcoat-Amory MP
 * Bernard Jenkin MP
 * Secretary – Bill Cash MP
 * Brigadier Geoffrey Van Orden MBE MEP
 * Professor Tim Congdon CBE
 * Professor Patrick Minford CBE
 * Martin Howe QC
 * Roger Brooke
 * Andrew Roberts
 * Ruth Lea
 * Janet Daley

People who have given evidence

 * Lord Howell of Guildford PC
 * Professor Lord Wallace of Saltaire
 * Frederick Forsyth CBE
 * Charles Grant, Director of the Centre for European Reform

title: European Reform Forum


text:
Talk:Britney Spears/Archive 1

Britney Spears Talk Archive
''The following material was removed from the section above the table of contents on Talk:Britney Spears. Most of it was unattributed and undated there and remains so here.'' — mendel ☎ 20:04, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

-

What about the news that she is pregnant?

Would people stop reverting the damnn page already. Actually visit the website and see the proof before deleting it. Check out subliminal messages under controversy.
 * I've visited the site, played the backwards song clip, and I'm still not convinced. It's just one of those silly random coincidences, and not nearly as notable or famous as the "Paul is dead" backwards song clips from The Beatles. P Ingerson 16:25, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What is meant by "Billboard" and "GQ" at the bottom of the article? Also, I'm not sure what the word "incently" is supposed to mean... recently? innocently?

The National Enquirer, a paragon of journalistic integrity, reported in early 2002 that Britney Spears gave up her virginity and is now "living in sin" with Justin Timberlake. She is 21 -- an adult in every state -- and apparently managed to remain a virgin while a minor, but immediately took up "adult" behavior once she became an adult.

Should we include the National Enquirer info, or wait for a clear statement from the bimbo, er, I mean, admirable young lady?

 * Gee, Ed -- why do you think it's anybody's business? do we list "important dates in sexual development" or "sexual partners" for anyone else?  I can't stand the girl myself for any number of reasons, but her sex life is none of my business, or yours, unless it directly affects me or you.  More importantly, when did the Enquirer become a reliable source? JHK

I'm not sure an encyclopedia should care, but I think in this case it's fair game for newspapers: Britney herself made it their business by publicly extolling her virginity. --LDC

Obviously, there something wrong with your screen -- if you can't detect the irony in the phrase

 * a paragon of journalistic integrity

as applied to the cream of America's supermarket tabloids. I was trying to "damn with faint" praise, but maybe I'm not British enough for that to work.

Anyway, Ms. Spears has apparently been speared by Justin's "timber" -- he, he -- despite her very public and oft-repeated pledge to remain a virgin until marriage. If she was an ordinary entertainer, like Marie Osmond, I wouldn't mention gossip even in a talk page. But she contrasted her pledge with the most blatant sexually-charged antics possible, as if to deliberately heighten interest in the question: is she, or isn't she a virgin?

As she has made a career of provoking interest in her sexuality, her fans (and others) can hardly be blamed for commenting on it.

 * While that may be true, IMHO it is hardly encyclopedic. I did notice the sarcasm (not irony, actually), but the fact that you suggested it as a source for inclusion in the article was puzzling, to say the least.JHK

Ah, my dear lab rat, a civil word -- finally! --- Here's a thought: it seems factual and of historical interest, as an indicator of the progression of humanity as sexually sophisticated, to point out it in a way such as this:

Spears, who early in her career made it a point of extolling the virtures of virginity before marraige, brought elements of overt sexuality into her performances as she aged. By the age of 21 she had gone from preaching about virginity to publicly stating "Why do people care about that stuff, anyway?" In the end it was revealed by her then ex-boyfriend, singer Justin Timberlake, that they had in fact had intercourse. This served to tarnish Spears' image as a sexual (but still innocent) young woman.

In my opinion, this isn't in any way outside of a NPOV, and it is directly relevant to the history of her career and the development of her celebrity (in the same way that Whitney Houston's alleged cocaine usage and spousal abuse incidents are directly related her her career's fizzle and fade.) -EB-

That has got to be the worst picture I have ever seen.

Yeah the picture could be better.

Also i think it's safe to say timberlake and spears are broken up. Also, do you really think a real encyclopedia would have a quote saying timberlake took her flower?

 * Do you think a real encyclopedia would list Britney at all? Seriously, see LDC's justification.  Ms. Spears' virginity became a public issue when she talked about it - repeatedly. --Robert Merkel 22:49, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

just my humble opinion

Hmm...What was wrong with my edit?

I'm not sure about the edits 66.156.38.204 is making, but this one in particular seems rather strange: "Her ex-boyfriend, Justin Timberlake, admitted that he had oral sex with Spears to get his songs on the radio." What does that even mean? Adam Bishop 00:40, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmm... the sentence was changed. It should make more sense now.

 * It still seems a little ambiguous, but does it mean he admitted that to the radio station so they would play his songs? Before the sentence was changed I thought it meant Britney had some sort of personal influence over radio stations, or something :) Adam Bishop 03:32, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I've been thinking for a couple of days about the "Britney's sex life" section, and have come to the conclusion that it ought to go. Mainly, I feel it's not very nice to Britney Spears herself. We can envy Ms. Spears her financial success, but it must be hard for her to lead the life of a young single person with media attention focused on her every move.

It's true that Ms. Spears takes endless flak from media outlets. But, of course, it's the very function of the National Enquirer and its ilk to spread mean-spirited gossip. The Wikipedia doesn't have to lower itself to their standard.

I've substituted a section reporting the general situation (in particular, the conflict for Ms. Spears between the benefits of fame vs. the loss of privacy), but leaving out the lurid details.

If other Wikipedians agree, perhaps we can get an administrator to delete the "sex life" section from earlier drafts?

 * I disagree completely. Her sex life is very much at issue. She thrives off of it and the controversy surrounding it. Her sex life and persona are her selling points, and she seems to want it that way because if she's changed at all she's spun up more controversy. Sex is how she makes her money, other then her sex appeal, what seperates her from the other artists of her ilk? An article about her cannot be complete without covering her very public sexual expression and how she uses it to her advantage. Just my personal opinion though. --Flockmeal 19:52, 8 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * She doesn't really have a sex life. At least if she does have one it's not public information AFAIK.  dave 02:50, 31 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Her sex life, or lack thereof, is part of her public persona. It is a part of her cultural status, and should be reported. And it is inappropriate to delete any edits from the history. RickK 04:31, 31 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * huh? What do you mean about "inappropriate to delete any edits from the history?"  dave 08:44, 31 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * "perhaps we can get an administrator to delete the "sex life" section from earlier drafts". That's not how Wikipedia works.  If you want to change the current content, please do so, but an Administrator is not going to delete it out of past edits.  RickK 20:49, 1 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh I understand now. I didn't see the context and didn't realize who you were replying to.  dave 20:44, 2 Nov 2003 (UTC)

That picture doesn't even look like her. Give me a break. Get a better picture. The picture on this page has gone from bad to worse. dave 02:51, 31 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for removing the picture dave 07:28, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hi, Merovingian. I've reverted your "Coke" edit. Although I think it should really be parlayed into a controversy before being added to Britney's life story, I could just about live with the "she once drank Coca Cola" shock-horror if it wasn't, ahem, an April Fool's joke. chocolateboy 22:17, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

--

Query: this says she was born in Kentwood, LA, but the marriage licence linked to indicates she was born in Mississippi. - Montréalais 18:58, 11 Jan 2004 (UTC)

It seems like "the kiss" should be in here somewhere. I'm not an expert on the subject (really. I'm not.) but someone who knows about it ought to put in a few words at least. --Spikey 02:18, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

FYI, there's a nude photo doing the rounds which people are saying is Britney, but which is actually of Emmie Ihle. -- Jim Regan 11:23, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

There's a big problem with the "trivia" section, which includes things about Britney's life that are not at all trivial, such as her recently announced engagement. I'd suggest we merge important biographical info such as that into what is now the "Career" section and simply remove or change that title. Everyking 11:02, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Hiya.

 * You're quite right. I've had a crack at it.

 * I borrowed the title ("Biography") from the Madonna article. It would be nice if we could borrow the (fair use) album covers idea as well...

 * chocolateboy 11:55, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Britney Spears/Archive 1


text:
Renal osteodystrophy

Renal osteodystrophy is currently defined as an alteration of bone morphology in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is one measure of the skeletal component of the systemic disorder of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). The term "renal osteodystrophy" was coined in 1943, 60 years after an association was identified between bone disease and kidney failure.

The traditional types of renal osteodystrophy have been defined on the basis of turnover and mineralization as follows: 1) mild, slight increase in turnover and normal mineralization; 2) osteitis fibrosa, increased turnover and normal mineralization; 3) osteomalacia, decreased turnover and abnormal mineralization; 4) adynamic, decreased turnover and acellularity; and, 5) mixed, increased turnover with abnormal mineralization. A Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes report has suggested that bone biopsies in patients with CKD should be characterized by determining bone turnover, mineralization, and volume (TMV system).

On the other hand, CKD-MBD is defined as a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism due to CKD manifested by either one or a combination of the following: 1) abnormalities of calcium, phosphorus, PTH, or vitamin D metabolism; 2) abnormalities in bone turnover, mineralization, volume, linear growth, or strength (renal osteodystrophy); and 3) vascular or other soft-tissue calcification.

Signs and symptoms
Renal osteodystrophy may exhibit no symptoms; if it does show symptoms, they can include:
 * Bone pain
 * Joint pain
 * Muscle pain
 * Itching
 * Bone deformation
 * Bone fracture
 * The broader concept of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is not only associated with fractures but also with cardiovascular calcification, poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality in CKD patients (the so-called bone-vascular axis). These clinical consequences are acquiring such an importance that scientific working groups (such as the ERA CKD-MBD Working Group ) or international initiatives are trying to promote research in the field including basic, translational and clinical research.

Pathogenesis
Renal osteodystrophy has been classically described to be the result of hyperparathyroidism secondary to hyperphosphatemia combined with hypocalcemia, both of which are due to decreased excretion of phosphate by the damaged kidney.

Low activated vitamin D3 levels are a result of the damaged kidneys' inability to convert vitamin D3 into its active form, calcitriol, and result in further hypocalcemia. High levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 seem now to be the most important cause of decreased calcitriol levels in CKD patients.

In CKD, the excessive production of parathyroid hormone increases the bone resorption rate and leads to histologic bone signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, in other situations, the initial increase in parathyroid hormone and bone remodeling may be slowed excessively by a multitude of factors, including age, ethnic origin, sex, and treatments such as vitamin D, calcium salts, calcimimetics, steroids, and so forth, leading to low bone turnover or adynamic bone disease.

Both high and low bone turnover diseases are currently observed equally in CKD patients treated by dialysis, and all types of renal osteodystrophy are associated with an increased risk of skeletal fractures, reduced quality of life, and poor clinical outcomes.

Diagnosis
Renal osteodystrophy is usually diagnosed after treatment for end-stage kidney disease begins; however the CKD-MBD starts early in the course of CKD. In advanced stages, blood tests will indicate decreased calcium and calcitriol (vitamin D) and increased phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels. In earlier stages, serum calcium, phosphate levels are normal at the expense of high parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor-23 levels. X-rays will also show bone features of renal osteodystrophy (subperiostic bone resorption, chondrocalcinosis at the knees and pubic symphysis, osteopenia and bone fractures) but may be difficult to differentiate from other conditions. Since the diagnosis of these bone abnormalities cannot be obtained correctly by current clinical, biochemical, and imaging methods (including measurement of bone-mineral density), bone biopsy has been, and still remains, the gold standard analysis for assessing the exact type of renal osteodystrophy.

Differential diagnosis
To confirm the diagnosis, renal osteodystrophy must be characterized by determining bone turnover, mineralization, and volume (TMV system) (bone biopsy). All forms of renal osteodystrophy should also be distinguished from other bone diseases which may equally result in decreased bone density (related or unrelated to CKD):
 * osteoporosis
 * osteopenia
 * osteomalacia
 * brown tumor should be considered as the top-line diagnosis if a mass-forming lesion is present.

Treatment
Treatment for renal osteodystrophy includes the following:
 * calcium and/or native vitamin D supplementation
 * restriction of dietary phosphate (especially inorganic phosphate contained in additives)
 * phosphate binders such as calcium carbonate, calcium acetate, sevelamer hydrochloride or carbonate, lanthanum carbonate, sucroferric oxyhydroxide, ferric citrate among others
 * active forms of vitamin D (calcitriol, alfacalcidol, paricalcitol, maxacalcitol, doxercalciferol, among others)
 * cinacalcet
 * renal transplantation
 * haemodialysis five times a week is thought to be of benefit
 * parathyroidectomy for symptomatic medication refractive end stage disease

Prognosis
Recovery from renal osteodystrophy has been observed following kidney transplantation. Renal osteodystrophy is a chronic condition with a conventional hemodialysis schedule. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that the broader concept of CKD-MBD, which includes renal osteodystrophy, is not only associated with bone disease and increased risk of fractures but also with cardiovascular calcification, poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality in CKD patients (the so-called bone-vascular axis). Actually, bone may now be considered a new endocrine organ at the heart of CKD-MBD.

title: Renal osteodystrophy


text:
Talk:G. D. Birla

Capitalization
Is there any reason Birla is uncapitalized several times in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jforster (talk • contribs) 07:24, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

Untitled

 * Really a very small article, compared to all the pioneering work and his contributions to India. The article should surely be: --Bhadani 19:59, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Title of the article
There is every possibility that people may consider "Shri" to be a part of Birla's name. We do not have any major articles on Wikipedia about Indians where the title starts with "Shri." For a Guru or a Baba who uses sri or shri as a part of his regular name, it may be ok, but not otherwise. I will wait for comments though I strongly believe that the article should be moved back to Ghanshyam Das Birla. --Gurubrahma 05:44, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I do agree with you, because 'Shri' is not part of the name. --Bhadani 13:41, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

needs improvement
Someone help me with this article. I will rewrite it when I have more time. Any help (good links mostly) will be greatly appreciated. Pratik.mallya (talk) 12:46, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

information is corrupted
whoever edited the page has changed the dates and names g d birla never had the name thumbar and neither was the quit india movement in 2002. please correct the page — Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.241.82.207 (talk) 06:50, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

Sections
Created sections so as to alleviate both the intro length and need for organization.TheHappiestCritic (talk) 07:03, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:G. D. Birla


text:
Mundare

Mundare is a town in central Alberta, Canada. It is approximately 70 km east of Edmonton at the intersection of Highway 15 and Highway 855, 2 km north of the Yellowhead Highway. The Canadian National Railway tracks run through the town.

Beaverhill Lake lies southwest of the town, and Elk Island National Park is located 30 km west of Mundare.

History
Mundare was named after William Mundare, a railway station agent. In July 2007, the town marked its 100th anniversary with a three-day celebration.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Mundare had a population of 689 living in 301 of its 352 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 852. With a land area of 4.12 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Mundare recorded a population of 852 living in 359 of its 390 total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of 855. With a land area of 4.21 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

Attractions
Mundare is host to The Basilian Fathers' Museum that presents the history of the Ukrainian settlement and Basilian Fathers' Mission in east-central Alberta. It holds a unique collection of 16th and 17th century liturgical books from Ukraine. The museum is off of the highway 855 that borders the eastern part of town and is across from the "Grotto" called the "Golgotha of Mundare", an elegant garden and shrine that was built by the Basilian Fathers in 1934.

It is also home of the world's largest garlic sausage (kielbasa or kovbasa), which cost about $120,000 to build and erect.

Notable people

 * Albert Bandura, psychologist
 * Evelyn Roth, artist

title: Mundare


text:
Bordeaux Harbour

Bordeaux Harbour is a fishing port and bay in the parish of Vale in the northeast of Guernsey, about 2 mi north of Saint Peter Port. The harbour is now used primarily as a beach, which is flat and low, "with stretches of fine sand and groups of boulders".

Landmarks
Vale Castle, first mentioned in the early sixteenth century, overlooks the bay, and the Bordeaux Kiosk is nearby. There is cromlech of note near the harbour, known as "L'Autel de Dehus" (altar of the devil). It has been described as "consisting of two immense flat stones lying north-east and south-west, inclining towards the former direction, and supported by a number of smaller ones". The harbour area is also noted for its birdlife, and attracts zoologists.

Quarry
A quarry of the same name as the harbour was operated close to the port for over 100 years, and allegedly produced 3.5 million tons of blue diorite over the years. It was damaged during World War II, when it was flooded with water and silt, and despite a restoration in the post-War period it later closed.

Just off the bay are the Houmets islets, mentioned by Victor Hugo who described Les Houmets, in his work The Toilers of the Sea (Les Travailleurs de la mer).

A small battery built in the 18th-century existed at Bordeaux until all trace of the site vanished due to quarrying.

title: Bordeaux Harbour