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O-Pee-Chee

The O-Pee-Chee Company, Ltd. was a Canadian confectionery company founded in 1911 based in London, Ontario. The company was best known as a maker of trading cards. It entered into a marketing agreement with the Topps Company in 1958, releasing several collections of baseball, gridiron football and ice hockey cards.

O-Pee-Chee's candy business was sold to Nestlé in 1996. The O-Pee-Chee name was licensed by Topps, and later Upper Deck, which continues to use it for hockey cards to the present day.

Beginning
The O-Pee-Chee Gum Company got its start in 1911 when brothers John McKinnon (J.K.) McDermid and Duncan Hugh (D.H.) McDermid started to manufacture chewing gum. According to O-Pee-Chee literature, both brothers had been in the gum business and knew the business very well. The brothers had worked for C.R. Somerville, a gum manufacturing plant in London, Ontario. After the Somerville firm was sold to American Chicle Company in 1908 and the plant moved to Toronto, the McDermid brothers took over the box division and eventually purchased it in 1910 (Somerville Paper Box Limited). Shortly thereafter, they started O-Pee-Chee and produced their first box of Gipsy gum.

The name O-Pee-Chee is an Ojibwe word meaning "the Robin" as is found in The Song of Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It also happened to be the name of McDermid's summer cottage in Grand Bend, Ontario.

In terms of company genealogy, the McDermids owned the O-Pee-Chee Company Limited (as renamed in 1921) and Somerville Paper Box Limited until 1944. They sold Somerville Paper Box Limited to Garfield Weston in 1945 and changed their own O-Pee-Chee Co. Ltd. from a public company (since 1921) to a private company. The company was now run by John Gordon McDermid, the son and nephew of the McDermid brothers. The younger McDermid ran the company until his death in 1953 after which Frank Leahy took over the company. Leahy was the President of the O-Pee-Chee Co. Ltd. before he purchased the company from the McDermid estate in 1961. Leahy ran the business until his death in 1980, after which Gary Koreen stepped in and purchased the company from his wife, Mary-Margaret (the daughter of Frank Leahy).

The sales for the first year of operation of O-Pee-Chee Company Limited were $177,389.84 with a profit of $4,766.92. The products manufactured were chewing gum, mints and various types of popcorn - especially Krackley Nut. In that year, there were 30 employees in the plant and the annual payroll was $31,614.38, including management salaries and bonuses.

In 1921, O-Pee-Chee Gum Company was sold to a trust with the intent of incorporating the Company and changing its name to O-Pee-Chee Company Limited. Initially, it was incorporated as a public Company with five shareholders and four directors - all members of the McDermid family.

In 1928, a manufacturing facility was built at 430 Adelaide Street in London. Initially, this plant was erected primarily to supply a substantial export gum business to the United Kingdom. From 1928 until 1989, this plant housed some of the most modern gum and candy making equipment available in the world.

During the Depression years, the Company operated mainly at a loss. In 1933, a licensing agreement was signed with a Buffalo firm, W & F Manufacturing, Co. who made paraffin chewing gum and novelties. This allowed O-Pee-Chee to sell these products in Canada as well as in Great Britain and Ireland. In the mid-1950s, Gurley Novelties, a candle company in Buffalo, New York, also signed with O-Pee-Chee, so candles could be sold In Great Britain, Ireland and eventually Canada. O Pee Chee sold Gurley Novelty candles under the name Gaybrite and TinselTown in Ireland and Scotland. About this time, Frank P. Leahy joined the firm as Sales Manager and John Gordon McDermid, the son of J.K. McDermid, also became active in the business.

Entering into the trading card market
Trading cards were a big part of the O-Pee-Chee business. Their first card sets were produced in the mid 1930s: a baseball "diamond" set (much larger than traditional cards) in 1934, five hockey sets between 1934 and 1938, a new baseball set in 1937, a Mickey Mouse set in 1935, and a Fighting Forces set in 1939. They made a few more sets in the 1940s, but it was not until the late 1950s that the company started to distribute cards on a regular basis.

The McDermids owned and operated both O-Pee-Chee Company Limited and Somerville Paper Box Limited until 1944 when they sold the Somerville business to Garfield Weston. In 1945, O-Pee-Chee Company Limited was changed from a public company to a private company. For many years, National Novelty Company was a subsidiary of O-Pee-Chee Company acting as a retail outlet, selling candy goods over the counter, and also servicing gum vending machines in the area.

With the arrival of World War II, accompanied by sugar and other commodity rationing, O-Pee-Chee Company existed mainly because of war contracts to supply dried egg powder to Europe and the United Kingdom. Employees, who worked at O-Pee-Chee during the war, recall the incident when a boat carrying a load of egg powder was sunk in the St. Lawrence River by a German submarine and the shipment had to be returned to London for repacking. During this time, the only gum product manufactured was Thrills - a product which is still being sold today.

D.H. McDermid died in December 1942 and J.K. McDermid died of a heart attack in 1945 at age 79. J.K. was a charter member of the London Rotary Club and was an active executive of the Red Cross and YMCA. He was a prominent member of the Talbot Street Baptist Church and deeded his property to the congregation where the First Baptist Church now stands in London. John Gordon McDermid became President in 1946 and ran the Company until his death in 1953.

Under the new President, Frank P. Leahy, the Company flourished in the late 1950s. In 1958, a licensing agreement was arranged with a manufacturer in Brooklyn, New York, which dramatically increased the future potential of O-Pee-Chee Company. Subsequent to this, in 1961, Frank Leahy purchased the Company from the McDermid estate.

About this time, another licensing agreement was signed with a large candy company located in St. Louis, Missouri. These two licensing arrangements, which still exist today, allowed O-Pee-Chee Company to manufacture and market the products of these two firms in Canada. Immediately, new products became available to the Canadian market which substantially increased the Company's sales volume, allowing for more efficient manufacturing and marketing techniques.

Deals with U.S. companies
In 1958, after the O-Pee-Chee Company entered into a marketing agreement with the Topps Company of the United States, O-Pee-Chee promoted annual trading card sets in Canada. Popular with kids, the standard packs included a stick of bubble gum with a stack of picture cards. In that first year, O-Pee-Chee helped produce hockey (1957-58 NHL) and football (1958 CFL) cards.

In the 1960s, O-Pee-Chee and Topps worked closely together to produce sports and entertainment sets. The three sports promoted by O-Pee-Chee were baseball, gridiron football and ice hockey. Starting in 1961, the printing and production for these cards was moved to the O-Pee-Chee headquarters in London, Ontario, Canada. Those first Canadian sets were the 1961 CFL and 1961-62 NHL sets. While those two sets were unique to the Canadian marketplace, the hockey series did compete against a Parkies hockey series up until 1963-64. Starting in 1965, parts (or sometimes all) of the Topps baseball (Major League Baseball) series was produced as an O-Pee-Chee series in Canada.

In the early 1960s, Beatlemania overtook North America, with O-Pee-Chee Company having the rights to manufacture and market the Beatle Bubble Gum Cards for the Canadian market. In 1964, O-Pee-Chee produced four very popular entertainment card series featuring The Beatles. Up until 1967, the annual O-Pee-Chee (also known as Topps) hockey series was produced in Canada. After an American Topps "test" series was produced in the summer of 1967 (it looked just like the regular Canadian 1966-67 hockey series), O-Pee-Chee and Topps produced two annual hockey sets from 1968-69 onwards. The hockey double (an O-Pee-Chee set in Canada and a Topps set in the United States) coincided with the NHL's 1967 expansion from 6 to 12 teams. So while the 1967-68 series highlighted a six-team NHL, the two 1968-69 series highlighted a 12-team NHL. Of note, the Topps set would often be released first, but would include fewer cards than the O-Pee-Chee series. Also of interest, the card backs were primarily written by Topps, but the O-Pee-Chee card backs added a French translation.

In 1970, due to Canadian federal legislation, O-Pee-Chee was compelled to add French-language text to the backs of its baseball cards. It also happened to be the year after the Montreal Expos began to play in the majority Francophone province of Quebec. The practise of making bilingual cards had already been established for hockey. While O-Pee-Chee baseball sets were typically smaller than their Topps counterparts, its hockey sets for the Canadian market were larger. O-Pee-Chee also occasionally produced independent card sets of particular interest to Canadian collectors, such as one for the 1973 centennial of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

In the 1970s, O-Pee-Chee's last CFL set was produced in 1972. After World Hockey Association cards were first featured in the 1972-73 hockey series, an annual WHA series was produced from 1974-75 to 1977-78. Apart from sports card, the company also produced movie and TV "spin-off" cards such as Happy Days (1976), Charlie's Angels (1977) and Superman (1978). From 1977 to 1989, O-Pee-Chee produced cards based on popular motion pictures including Star Wars (1977), The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Return of the Jedi (1983), E.T. (1982) and Batman Returns (1992)

In the 1980s, O-Pee-Chee (and Topps) produced annual album and sticker series for hockey and baseball (with the stickers produced by Panini). The stickers were so popular that Topps neglected to produce a hockey card series in either 1982-83 or 1983-84 (in fact, the stickers were so popular that by 1987-88, Panini had obtained its own license to produce NHL stickers in Canada).

After working at O-Pee-Chee Company for nearly 50 years, Frank Leahy died suddenly in 1980. Gary E. Koreen, his son-in-law, who had been active in the business since 1968, became president and owner of the business.

In 1989, O-Pee-Chee Company moved into a new plant in London East which accommodated all manufacturing, raw material and finished goods storage, and offices and employee facilities. For years, the Lawson Jones printing company in London, Ontario print labels but they also did all, for years the O-Pee-Chee cards. They printed them and sent them to O-Pee-Chee to put the gum in them (Hockey Card Stories by Ken Reid, page 211).

In 1990-91, O-Pee-Chee and Topps were joined in the NHL card market by Pro Set, Score and Upper Deck. That year, O-Pee-Chee produced a unique O-Pee-Chee Premier hockey series that was wildly popular with card collectors. Both an O-Pee-Chee and O-Pee-Chee Premier hockey series was produced in each of three successive seasons, but then in 1993-94 and 1994–95, only a Premier series was produced. As for baseball, the O-Pee-Chee Premier MLB series was produced from 1991 to 1993, while the last O-Pee-Chee MLB series was produced in 1994.

Acquisition and licensing
The 1994 Major League Baseball strike and 1994–95 NHL lockout and the accompanying damage to the baseball card industry hit O-Pee-Chee particularly hard. The company announced that it would leave the card business and refocus its efforts on candy. However, a number of changing circumstances kept them in the card business, as well as candy.

The 1994-95 hockey season was the last for O-Pee-Chee as a full independent company. In 1996, O-Pee-Chee was bought by the Nestlé Corporation. After Koreen sold the company, he kept the O-Pee-Chee brand name alive in the trading card market through a license with Topps. Topps continued to produce O-Pee-Chee branded insert and parallel hockey cards from 1996 through the 2003-04 hockey season. In 1995-96, Topps included O-Pee-Chee cards in its signature product as a parallel set. It did the same in 1998-99 when it returned to the NHL market after a two-year hiatus. Later that year, O-Pee-Chee was re-introduced fully, as Topps used the company name for its Chrome set. One year later, O-Pee-Chee once again had a base-brand set.

Prior to the start of the 2004-05 season, the NHL and NHLPA did not renew its hockey card license with Topps (as well as In The Game or Pacific Trading Cards). Upper Deck had prior maintained NHL and NHLPA trading card licenses since the 1990-91 season. The NHL and NHLPA decided to enter into an exclusive five-year agreement with Upper Deck to produce licensed NHL cards. Panini America was granted a license to produce NHL hockey cards in 2010, but Upper Deck regained exclusive rights again starting with the 2014-2015 season. Upper Deck renewed its exclusive license contract with the NHL and NHLPA in 2019, and again in 2021, for an unspecified "long term" duration.

In 2006, Upper Deck acquired the rights to the O-Pee-Chee brand to revive it with new trading card products. Upper Deck's initial O-Pee-Chee Hockey product was released during the 2006-07 season, and has continuously produced licensed hockey cards under various brands, including O-Pee-Chee, to this day, though not strictly for the Canadian market.

To extend Upper Deck's use of the O-Pee-Chee brand, they released a 1969 retro-styled O-Pee-Chee insert in 2008 Upper Deck Baseball. This continued again a year later with a 1975-inspired insert in 2009 Upper Deck Baseball. Upper Deck further expanded the brand's presence in 2009 by also introducing a full set release with the O-Pee-Chee name. That year's O-Pee-Chee Baseball set featured a large checklist, classic grey card stock, and a more generically vintage-inspired design.

Between 2008-2010, the O-Pee-Chee brand became the center of a lawsuit between Upper Deck and Topps. Topps accused Upper Deck of designing their new cards to be too similar to their classic O-Pee-Chee card designs from prior decades. The two parties settled and Upper Deck refrained from reusing old Topps/O-Pee-Chee designs in future products. In 2010, Upper Deck lost its Major League Baseball license, and as a result, there still hasn't been a new baseball O-Pee-Chee product released since 2009.

Vintage O-Pee-Chee cards are much sought-after today for their market value, and cards for popular players command high prices, particularly in top condition.

Products
O-Pee-Chee sold a number of products in the Canadian marketplace, including:

Candy products

 * Bazooka Gum
 * Nerds Candy
 * SweeTarts
 * Tart N Tinys
 * Ton 'o' Gum
 * Thrills Gum

Trading cards

 * NHL Hockey (1933-1941, 1957-1995)
 * MLB Baseball (1934, 1937, 1965-1994)
 * CFL Football (1960-1972)
 * Giant Funny Valentines (1961)
 * The Beatles (1964)
 * The Outer Limits (1964)
 * The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1965)
 * Batman (1966)
 * Bat Laffs (1966)
 * Rat Patrol (1966)
 * Mod Squad (1968)
 * Rowan and Martin's Laugh-in (1968)
 * Man on the Moon (1969)
 * Planet of the Apes (1969)
 * Flags of the World Sticker Cards (1970)
 * The Partridge Family (1971)
 * Wacky Packages Sticker Cards (1973, 1982, 1987-1992)
 * Royal Canadian Mounted Police (1973)
 * Far-Out Iron-Ons (1975)
 * Happy Days (1976)
 * Welcome Back Kotter (1976)
 * Star Wars (1977)
 * Charlie's Angels (1977)
 * Jaws 2 (1978)
 * Superman The Movie (1978)
 * Moonraker (1979)
 * Empire Strikes Back (1980)
 * Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
 * E.T. The Extra Terrestrial (1982)
 * Return of the Jedi (1983)
 * Voltron (1984)
 * Gremlins (1984)
 * Michael Jackson (1984)
 * WWF Wrestling (1985)
 * WWF Wrestling (1987)
 * Fright Flicks (1988)
 * New Kids on the Block (1989)
 * Batman (1989)
 * Ghostbusters II (1989)
 * Nintendo GamePack (1989)
 * Dick Tracy (1990)
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)
 * Batman Returns (1992)
 * Jurassic Park (1993)

title: O-Pee-Chee


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United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.

United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, 529 U.S. 803 (2000), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court struck down Section 505 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which required that cable television operators completely scramble or block channels that are "primarily dedicated to sexually-oriented programming" or limit their transmission to the hours of 10 pm to 6 am.

Background
In order to shield children from hearing or seeing images resulting from signal bleed, the U.S. Congress enacted Section 505 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 based on a handful of complaints. No congressional hearing was held.

Section 505 required cable television operators providing channels “primarily dedicated to sexually-oriented programs” either to completely scramble or otherwise block those channels, or to limit their transmission hours to when children were unlikely to view. Administrative regulations defined children as unlikely to view programming between 10 pm to 6 am.

Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc. challenged Section 505's constitutionality, claiming that the provision violated the First Amendment.

Procedural history
A three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware held that Section 505 was a content-based restriction on speech that was subject to strict scrutiny. In order to satisfy a strict scrutiny analysis, the Government was required to prove that it was “narrowly tailored to promote a compelling government interest.”

The Government offered three interests to justify Section 505: (1) protecting children from being exposed to sexually explicit material; (2) supporting parents' rights to raise their children as they see fit; and (3) ensuring an individual's right to privacy in the home.

The District Court agreed that the interests the statute advanced were compelling. Still, it concluded that it violated the First Amendment because the Government might further its interests through less restrictive alternatives. One less restrictive means is Section 504 of the Act, which requires a cable operator, upon the request of a subscriber, to fully scramble or otherwise block a channel that the subscriber does not wish to receive.

The United States appealed directly to the Supreme Court, seeking to have the judgment reversed.

A group of sexologists filed an amicus brief on behalf of Playboy arguing that there was no state interest in shielding minors from sexually explicit signal bleed. The brief's authors included Elizabeth Rice Allgeier, Vern L. Bullough, Milton Diamond, Harold I. Lief, John Money, and Ira L. Reiss.

Opinion of the Court
Affirming the District Court, the Supreme Court held, in an opinion authored by Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, that Section 505 was a content-based restriction because the provision singled out not only particular programming but also particular programmers.

Moreover, although the Court accepted the Government's compelling interests, it nevertheless concluded that the provision violated the First Amendment's free speech clause because the Government failed to prove that Section 505 was the least restrictive means of preventing children from hearing or seeing images resulting from signal bleed. The Court stated that Section 504 presented such an alternative means of regulation.

The Government argued that Section 504 was less effective than the blocking and time-channeling provision of Section 505. However, the Court held that Section 504, combined with “market-based solutions such as programmable televisions, VCR's, and mapping systems” can eliminate signal bleed without restricting a cable operator's ability to transmit its programming to those who want to receive it.

The Court concluded that because of the existence of such alternatives, which could be equally effective at furthering the Government's interest, the overly restrictive Section 505 violated the First Amendment.

Justices Stevens, Souter, Thomas, and Ginsburg joined with Kennedy in the majority.

Concurrences
Stevens and Thomas filed concurring opinions. Stevens's concurrence specifically addressed Scalia's criticisms of the majority opinion. Stevens argued that Scalia defined obscenity too broadly and could include practices that were merely deceptive.

Thomas noted in his concurrence that he would have decided the case differently if the broadcasts were of obscene material. He posited that the government had merely argued that the broadcasts were indecent. First Amendment protections have more sway over merely indecent material than outright obscene material. Thus, the balancing of interests weighed in favor of upholding First Amendment protection.

Dissents
Justice Stephen G. Breyer authored a dissent, arguing that the majority of the court had not made a "realistic assessment of the alternatives." Breyer was joined in his dissent by Justices Rehnquist, O'Connor, and Scalia.

Justice Scalia also authored his own dissent arguing that Section 505 is constitutional because it regulates the business of obscenity.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:Dan Austin

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Geylang International FC

Geylang International Football Club is a professional football club based in Bedok, Singapore, that competes in Singapore Premier League, the top division of football in Singapore. The club was founded in 1973 to build a successful football team that would be remembered for generations to come. They played their first season in 1974, winning the FAS Division Three League which earned a spot in National Football League Division One the following year. They enjoyed their greatest successes in the 1980s and 90s, winning six consecutive FAS Premier League titles.

Geylang International has won 2 league titles and 1 Singapore Cup since the inception of a professional league in 1996. Their greatest season was in 1996, when they became the first team to win the league title and FA Cup. They also reached the 1997 Singapore FA Cup final, 2001 and 2003 Singapore Cup final, and the 2012 Singapore League Cup final as runners-up.

Geylang International has a tradition rivalry with closest neighbour Tampines Rovers. Matches between these two are referred to as the "Eastern Derby" which is known to be one of the best rivalries in Singapore football.

Due to their strong partnership with J.League club, Matsumoto Yamaga, The Japanese fan based has been seen cheering for Geylang International in their fruitful long-standing relationships.

Beginnings and breakthrough (1973–1995)
Formally founded by Colin Ng in 1973 during a dinner gathering with Arshad Khamis, Gulam Mohamed and Omar Ashiblie, Ng planned to build one of the successful club in Singapore. They were soon known as International Contract Specialists Football Club (ICS) and played its first friendly match against Rollel, a Singapore Business Houses Football League (SBHFL) Division One league club on 15 November 1973 with a 2–0 win. They made their season debut in 1974, walking away with 2 titles – FAS Division Three League & President's Cup with no losses. This was not too difficult for them as they had several star players and well-known footballers among their ranks. With the likes of Arshad Khamis, Dollah Kassim, Gulam Mohamed, Samad Allapitchay, Kamal Mohd Nor and Robert Sim, they had a formidable side that receives the respect from oppositions. The team coached by The Yap Brothers, Sebastian and Andrew were no stranger to Football Association of Singapore.

Name changed
For the new season, in line with the Football Association of Singapore plans to streamline footballs and have teams on geographical consideration for the Division One League, ICS changed its name to Geylang International as their home ground was based at Geylang Field, Lorong 12. In 1975, they entered the National Football League Division One and won it before adding another title in 1976. Their back to back victory was made sweeter by winning the 1976 President's Cup.

A relegation in 1981 prompted the arrival of a new management committee that guided the club back to the top division in 1983. In 1984, club president Kasim Chik financed the club and businessman Patrick Ang, who joined in 1986, managed to secure sponsors for them. Despite being relegated that year, they returned to Division 1 of the National Football League the following season and the golden era began. In 1988, the FAS started a semi-professional league competition called the FAS Premier League as the top tier of the Singapore football league structure. they dominated all eight years of the league, winning six consecutive titles from 1988 to 1993 before finishing third in 1994 and second in 1995. Every game would see their home ground packed to the brim as fans clamoured to catch a game of the Eagles’ skilful players. Subsequently, due to the huge fan following which numbered in the thousands, all their games had to be played either in Jalan Besar Stadium or National Stadium. The success behind winning the FAS Premier League was also aided by the players they had. Notably players such as Malek Awab, Razali Saad, Dollah Kassim, Samad Allapitchay and Robert Sim all contributed to the success of the team. These were players who would also go on to represent the country. It might not be known widely by many but they even managed to attract one of the biggest European stars of that era to turn up in their club's colours. French forward and legend, Michel Platini visited Singapore to attend a football clinic conducted by them and played half a game for the Eagles to highlight the club's attraction.

Progressive and golden era (1996–2012)
As Geylang United Football Club, they were one of the eight teams in the inaugural season of the S.League in 1996. They won the first stage (the Tiger Beer Series) of the league season and finished fifth in the second stage (the Pioneer Series). They won the league after defeating SAFFC (the Pioneer Series champions) 2–1 in the Championship Play-off. They completed the season with another trophy, beating the same team on penalties in the Singapore FA Cup. As the team was full of international stars, led by 1998 Iranian World Cup head coach Jalal Talebi, players such as Fandi Ahmad, Kadir Yahaya, David Lee, Hamid Reza Estili, Mohammad Khakpour, and Chris Riley, Vincent Subramaniam (Head Coach for SAFFC) identified them as the Manchester United of Singapore. As league champions, they qualified for the 1997–98 Asian Club Championship but were eliminated after losing 8–2 on aggregate by Japanese side Kashima Antlers in the first round.

The 1997 season was a disappointing season for them. They failed to defend the S.League title, finishing fifth. The Eagles also failed to defend the FA Cup, after losing to SAFFC in the finals. They did not win any silverware till 2001, when they won their second league title by a close margin. Both forwards, Aleksandar Đurić and Brian Bothwell scored 57 goals for the team. It was the best performing S.League season for the team; scoring 84 goals and conceding 28 goals. Just days after winning the league title, they suffered their worst defeat in history; losing 8–0 to Home United in the Singapore Cup finals. As league champions, they were guaranteed a slot in the qualifying round of the 2002–03 AFC Champions League but were eliminated after losing to Chinese side Shanghai Shenhua 5–1 on aggregate in the second round.

The 2002 season saw Geylang United finish third in both the S.League and Singapore Cup. They came close to winning their third S.League title and first Singapore Cup in 2003, only to finish runners-up to Home United for both competitions. As runners-up, they qualified to play in the AFC Cup 2004 due to Home United's double. Their debut in the AFC Cup 2004 was an impressive one. Despite losing their opening match, they managed to stay unbeaten for their next five games in the group stage. They went on to qualify for the quarter-finals, beating Malaysian club Perak FA before losing to Syrian side Al-Wahda in the semi-final.

Geylang United won their first Singapore Cup in 2009, beating Thailand side Bangkok Glass 1–0 at the Jalan Besar Stadium. The win ensured them a place in the 2010 AFC Cup where they were placed in Group H alongside Vietnam SHB Da Nang, Thailand club Port and Hong Kong side Tai Po. However, they failed to qualify for the knockout stages, finishing 3rd in the group stages with four draws and two losses.

Weeks before the start of the 2012 season, Patrick Ang announced his retirement as club chairman. Ang, who had been with the club since 1986, moved up the ranks at the club as manager; vice-president; president and eventually chairman. He was given the nickname "Geylang's Godfather" after helping the club to gain main and co-sponsors. Former Singapore international, Leong Kok Fann took over the position. Mike Wong stepped down as coach after their 7–1 thrashing by Home United kept the club at the bottom of the league without a point. Under-21 coach, Vedhamuthu Kanan, swopped roles with Wong. Under the guidance of Kanan, the Eagles made it into the League Cup finals; only to lose in the final to Brunei DPMM. In the league itself, Kanan gave the U21 players the chance to be in the first team. It turned out to be a positive effort as some of these players who were given the chance to play in the S.League matches performed better than some of the first team players. They ended the season second from bottom in the nine-team table.

Renamed as Geylang International
On 4 January 2013, the club announced in a pre-season press conference that it would change its club logo and name back to Geylang International Football Club. The club has set on a vision statement, playing philosophy and values like discipline and commitment to a six-week training routine planned for the players to follow meanwhile on the community outreach side, there will be a new partnership with Singapore Management University [SMU] Mentorship Programme which includes opportunities to interact with the club players. A vision statement, playing philosophy and values like discipline and commitment have also been clearly set out, and a six-week training routine planned for the players to follow. They started off the season playing against Malaysian club Johor Darul Ta'zim, ATM FA and  Selangor FA losing 1–0, 2–1 and drawing 0–0 respectively. The Eagles than sign three Japanese trios, Takuma Ito, Norihiro Kawakami and Shotaro Ihata however the squad saw plenty of long-term injury crisis, forcing their then-assistant coach, former Singapore international,Mohd Noor Ali to come out of retirement. They finished the season in 9th place. On 19 August 2013, they face Hong Kong club, Sun Source winning the match 5–0 at the Bedok Stadium.

The 2014 season was something to look out for as Vedhamuthu Kanan flew to Argentina during the pre-season to look for new foreign players. It was later announced that Leonel Felice, Franco Chivilo and Joaquin Lopez had signed a 1-year contract. In addition, Nazareno Velez joined in as assistant coach. The Eagles started off their 2014 pre season friendlies participating in the IFA Shield 2014 in India playing against Kingfisher East Bengal, United Sports Club and Korean Sun Moon University at the Salt Lake Stadium. However, the season did not start well as one of the Argentinian players failed to get their employment pass before the season kicked off. V. Kanan eventually got demoted back to coaching the U-21 team after 3 straight losses. German Jörg Steinebrunner was than appointed as the new head coach 24 hours before their next match. Despite their poor league performance, Steinebrunner almost led the team to the finals of League Cup and Singapore Cup; only to lose both domestic competitions on penalty shoot-outs. The team ended the 2014 season in eighth place.

In 2015, Steinebrunner took this opportunity to get his own players ahead of the new season. The Eagles participated in the 2015 Kata Group Hotel Challenge Cup tournament in Thailand facing Phuket winning 1–3 in the 1st leg and 2–1 in the 2nd leg. They than fly off to Indonesia to face Semen Padang and FELDA United of Malaysia in a friendly match. The Eagles was inconsistent throughout the season, failing to win most of their matches. After their defeat in the semi-finals of the League Cup, they failed to collect any points for six consecutive games, remaining rooted to the bottom of the table for months. An unbeaten run in their last five matches with 3 wins and 2 draws allowed them to finish one place off the bottom.

Weeks after the 2015 S.League season ended, it was announced that Ben Teng would replace Leong Kok Fann as club chairman. Ben Teng and his new management committee (comprising mainly Singaporeans who have worked in Dubai/Abu Dhabi previously) set about to revamp the club by recruiting young players from the disbanded LionsXII and Courts Young Lions, anchored by seasoned players such as Daniel Bennett and Indra Sahdan. Four players, Hairul Syirhan, Yuki Ichikawa, Nor Azli Yusoff and Shawal Anuar from the 2015 season were retained. In line with the club's philosophy of promoting young players from within, four Prime League players were promoted to the senior team (one was subsequently released to Young Lions at the request of FAS). The new 2016 squad also featured returning former Geylang Prime League players such as Stanely Ng, Amy Recha and Taufiq Ghani. Former Singapore international and championship winner with the 2001 Geylang team, Hasrin Jailani, was appointed as head coach. His teammate from the 2001 winning team, Mohd Noor Ali, was appointed as assistant head coach and Prime League coach. In its first S-League away match of the 2016 season against title favourites Tampines Rovers, the Eagles recovered from an early 2–0 lead by the hosts to lead 2–3 before an 86th-minute equaliser by the hosts. Geylang International finished 5th out of the 9 teams competing in the 2016 S league.

Mohd Noor Ali era (2017–present)
In June 2017, Mohd Noor Ali took over as head coach of Geylang International, managing the team he had won the 2001 S league with as a player. The Eagles played their pre season friendlies against Malaysian club, Johor Darul Ta'zim, Melaka United and Petaling Jaya Rangers before returning home to face Philippines club, Ceres–Negros and Australian club, Rydalmere Lions winning 3–1 in the process at the Bedok Stadium. The Eagles improved on their previous position and attained 4th position in the 2017 S league. It was Geylang International's first top four finish in 14 years

In 2018, Mohd Noor Ali went to abroad for a 1-year coaching stint with Japanese club Matsumoto Yamaga (as part of Geylang International's collaboration with their sponsor Epson). Noor Ali's venture abroad meant Hirotaka Usui took charge of The Eagles for the inaugural 2018 Singapore Premier League. Geylang International finished a disappointing 8th position that season.

In 2019, Mohd Noor Ali returned to Geylang International after guiding Yamaga's “B” team to a league title. The Eagles welcomed new players like former Dutch U-20 Barry Maguire, and retained a strong youthful core in Darren Teh and Zikos Chua, and Azril Suhaili. Zikos Chua scored vital late goals during the season, as the resilient Eagles finished a commendable 5th place in the 2019 Singapore Premier League. The Eagles Ultras watched and cheered on the team to 10 wins out of 24 matches. That season, The Eagles also knocked out defending champions Albirex Niigata (S) en route to finishing 3rd in the 2019 Singapore Cup. The Eagles beat the 2019 Singapore Premier League champions, Brunei DPMM, in the 3rd/4th placing match 12–11 on penalties, after the match ended 2–2.

In 2022, the season will be remembered for Geylang's resilience to finish the season strong, after a slow start. After beating title favourites Lion City Sailors 1–0 in their opening game, Geylang went on an 11-game winless run despite putting in commendable performances. The newly revamped Geylang squad for 2022, consisting of a new group of foreign players - Vincent Bezecourt, Šime Žužul, Rio Sakuma, Takahiro Tezuka had to find a way to get back to winning ways. When Round 2 and 3 of the 2022 Singapore Premier League came around, Geylang International picked up form, picking up 5 wins in 6 games. By beating the Lion City Sailors 3–1 in the final round of matches (Round 4), and ending the season with a 1–1 draw with eventual champions Albirex Niigata (S), Geylang International finished the season 4th, matching their 4th-place finish in 2020.

Collaboration with City Football Group
In February 2023, Geylang International and City Football Group (CFG), one of world football's richest and most powerful organisations, have formalised a collaboration agreement that is set to contribute to the further development of the Singapore-based club which would make the Eagles the first South-east Asian team to be associated with CFG, which owns English Premier League champions Manchester City. Geylang club adviser Ben Teng, who was also the club's chairman from 2015 to 2020, played a key role in securing the deal. The agreement is set to be an initial, highly targeted collaboration between both entities with the potential to evolve into a broader, more comprehensive strategic partnership in the future. It will enable the club to start tapping into CFG's world class football knowledge, global network, technology, expertise and practices, allowing the club to improve its structure and operations. The partnership has already reaped benefits as CFG's Football Operations department helped Geylang to bring in striker Yushi Yamaya for the 2023 season, a former academy player of Yokohama F. Marinos, J-League champions and part of the CFG family.

Geylang International started off the 2023 season in a Malaysia tour competing in the Harapan Cup in which they lost 4–0 to Penang and 1–2 to Kedah Darul Aman. The Eagles have a great record against their rivals, Tampines Rovers getting 2 wins and 1 draw in the league match.

In preparation for the inaugural two years league cycle 2024–25 season, Geylang International turned their attention towards Japanese national signing Keito Hariya, Ryoya Taniguchi, 2021 Singapore Premier League 'Player of the Year' winner, Tomoyuki Doi and also loaning in youngster, Sora Tanaka from partnership club, Matsumoto Yamaga. The Eagles also retained Japanese duo, Rio Sakuma and Takahiro Tezuka while Vincent Bezecourt remained the only European foreign in the club. Geylang International started off their season with a brilliant display getting 10 points with 2 wins, 4 draws and 0 lost in their first six matches where the club also ended Lion City Sailors winning streak making them drop points in their first four matches. The club also went on to beat Albirex Niigata (S) in a 6–0 thrashing win on 6 July 2024 where Tomoyuki Doi went on to scored 3 hat-tricks in 7 league matches.

Affiliated clubs
On 23 November 2016, Geylang International and Matsumoto Yamaga signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in a press event which was held earlier today at the Marina Bay Floating Platform. This MOU will enable both clubs to establish a platform to exchange expertise and knowledge with the objective of promoting cohesion and development of football between the two clubs. The MOU spells out possible areas of collaboration such as the exchange of players and technical staff for training attachments and loans. Geylang will be looking to select promising players from its Active SG-GIFC Soccer Academy and junior teams to send on short training stints with Matsumoto Yamaga while the Japanese club is also looking into the possibility of sending players from their junior team to Singapore for a pre-season training stints. Amongst the key initiatives of the partnership with Matsumoto Yamaga is the exchange programmes for head coach, Mohd Noor Ali, who had a one-year attachment with the Japanese side in 2018, where he guided their B team to the Japan FA's Under-18 Football League Nagano prefecture title while on 17 August 2018, Anders Aplin become the first Singaporean football player to sign for a J.League team signing on loan until the end of the 2018 J2 League season in November.
 * 🇯🇵 Matsumoto Yamaga (2016–present)

On 30 October 2022, both club reaffirmed their close and long-standing relationship as the club officials went to Japan to explore future collaborations going into the seventh year of partnership since 2016. Geylang International has a memorandum of understanding with J.League outfits, Matsumoto Yamaga that was signed in 2016, while Epson's relationship with the club also dates back to the same year when it became the club's platinum sponsor. In the last seven years, Epson has enjoyed premium hospitality access to the club's home matches and has also supported the local football community and youths with the staging of the Epson Youth Cup.

Geylang International and V.League, Ho Chi Minh City has higned a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that aims to further the growth of football through the open sharing of technical expertise and knowledge between both clubs. Under this MOU, cooperative efforts between both clubs will be boosted in four key sectors; training, attachments, player transfers, and fan club support. It will also allow the two clubs to send their youth and senior squad to train or participate in short-term tournaments within each other's regions. The agreement will also ensure the priority of players’ transfer for both clubs as well as facilitate the exchange of players and technical staff for training attachments. Additionally, both parties will strive to increase each other's club profile in their own regions and encourage cultural exchanges and interactions between their fan clubs. This includes providing support, privileges, and on-site concierge services for official club tours, visits, or match attendances requested by each other's fan clubs through their respective clubs. On 1 February 2023, Geylang International had become the first Southeast Asian club to partner the group. The agreement is set to be an initial, highly targeted collaboration between both entities with the potential to evolve into a broader, more comprehensive strategic partnership in the future. This unprecedented commitment in Geylang International's history will enable the club to start tapping into CFG's football expertise, know-how, technology, and best practices, allowing the club to improve its structure and operations.
 * Ho Chi Minh City (2019–present)
 * City Football Group (2023–present)

Stadiums

The Eagles’ home ground is the Bedok Stadium, located in the eastern part of Singapore. It is used both for football matches and community events. Besides that, the pitch is also used by the club for their training sessions. The stadium has a natural grass football pitch, an 8-lane running track and some athletic facilities. The stadium are closed to the public during official events and S.League matches. The stadium can hold up to 3,800 spectators. The stadium is currently managed by the Singapore Sports Council.

Our Tampines Hub
The Eagles’ home ground moved to Our Tampines Hub for the 2019 Singapore Premier League season, which they share with Tampines Rovers.

Supporters
Wherever The Eagles play, they are well supported by a loyal and vocal set of supporters called The Ultras Eagles. Usually decked in black and green, they come with loud drums and a strong set of lungs, roaring on the team and setting a matchday scene unlike anything most of Singapore have ever seen. The passionate supporters have also formed a close bond with the team. This is especially evident when the Ultras and The Eagles players and coaching staff heartily participate in a post match song together, after every game, whether the team wins, loses, or draws.

Official anthem
Geylang International Football Club's Official Anthem, "We Are The Mighty Eagles" was launched on 22 February 2022. The anthem will be played at all home matches, before kick-off, half-time and whenever a goal is scored by the Eagles. The anthem is composed by Evil Singing Pandas a band from Singapore and Bangkok, Thailand.

The anthem is also being used in various videos promoting the club, including a behind the scenes pre-season photoshoot and tribute clip to the main sponsor Epson in 2022.

First team squad
U21

U23

Under-21s and Academy
U21 U21 U21 U21 U21 U21 U21 U21 U21 U21

U21 U21 U21 U21 U21 U21 U21 U21 U21 U21

Club officials
In February 2020, Thomas Gay, co-founder and deputy chairman of Goodrich Global Pte Ltd, and the club's vice-chairman for the last two years, took over from Ben Teng as the chairman of Geylang International. Ben Teng will remain as the Eagles' club adviser and will oversee their strategic direction, specifically in the building of alliances with overseas clubs.

Honours
Bold is for those competition that are currently active.

Records and statistics
As of 7 July 2024.

Top 10 all-time scorers

 * Biggest Wins: 0–9 vs Sengkang Marine (On 18 July 2002)
 * Heaviest Defeats: 0–8 vs Lion City Sailors (On 11 April 2021)
 * Youngest Goal scorers: Zikos Chua ~ 16 years 11 months 30 days old (On 14 April 2019 vs Young Lions)
 * Oldest Goal scorers: Daniel Bennett ~ 38 years 9 months 18 days old (25 October 2016 vs Home United)
 * Youngest ever debutant: Zikos Chua ~ 16 years 2 months 19 days old (On 4 July 2018 vs Young Lions)

Seasons

 * The 1996 season of the S.League was split into two series. Tiger Beer Series winners Geylang United defeated Pioneer Series winners Singapore Armed Forces in the Championship playoff to clinch the S.League title.
 * 2003 saw the introduction of penalty shoot-outs if a match ended in a draw in regular time. Winners of penalty shoot-outs gained two points instead of one.

Former managers
{| class="wikitable" !Manager !Season !Achievements – 1974 FAS Division Three – 1975, 1976 National Football League Division One – 1991 President's Cup ! colspan="3" |
 * 🇸🇬 Andrew Yap
 * 1973 – 1974
 * 🇲🇾 Haji Ahmad Bakri Fahrin
 * 1974 – 1976
 * – 1974, 1976 President's Cup
 * 🇲🇾 Haji Ahmad Bakri Fahrin
 * 1974 – 1976
 * – 1974, 1976 President's Cup
 * 🇸🇬 Dennis Bent
 * 1977 – 1978
 * – 1977 National Football League Division One
 * 🇸🇬 Cheng Meng Sak
 * 1979
 * – 1978 President's Cup
 * 🇦🇺 Zayid Ramsay
 * 1980 – 1988
 * – 1988 FAS Premier League
 * 🇸🇬 Ibrahim Awang
 * 1989
 * – 1989 FAS Premier League
 * 🇸🇬 Sulaiman Karim
 * 1989 – 1991
 * – 1989, 1990, 1991 FAS Premier League
 * – 1989 FAS Premier League
 * 🇸🇬 Sulaiman Karim
 * 1989 – 1991
 * – 1989, 1990, 1991 FAS Premier League
 * – 1989, 1990, 1991 FAS Premier League
 * 🇸🇬 Subhash Singh
 * 1991 – 1994
 * – 1992, 1993 FAS Premier League
 * 🇸🇬 Vincent Subramaniam
 * 1994 – 1995
 * – 1995 President's Cup
 * 1994 – 1995
 * – 1995 President's Cup

S.League
– 1996 Singapore FA Cup ! colspan="3" |
 * 🇮🇷 Jalal Talebi
 * 1 January 1996 – 12 March 1997
 * – 1996 S.League
 * – 1996 S.League
 * 🇸🇬 Robert Lim
 * 13 March 1997 – 14 October 1997
 * 🇳🇿 Douglas Moore
 * 15 October 1997 – 31 December 1998
 * 🇳🇿 Alan Vest
 * 1 January 1999 – 26 July 2000
 * 🇸🇬 Seak Poh Leong
 * 17 July 2000 – 31 December 2000
 * 🇰🇷 Jang Jung
 * 1 January 2001 – 31 December 2001
 * – 2001 S.League
 * 🇸🇬 Seak Poh Leong (2)
 * 1 January 2002 – 26 August 2002
 * 🇰🇷 Jang Jung (2)
 * 27 August 2002 – 30 November 2002
 * 🇦🇺 Scott O'Donell
 * 1 January 2003 – 31 May 2005)
 * 🇸🇬 Seak Poh Leong (3)
 * 1 June 2005 – 31 December 2005
 * 🇹🇭 Attaphol Buspakom
 * 1 January 2006 – 8 August 2006
 * 🇸🇬 Lim Tong Hai
 * 9 August 2006 – 4 October 2007
 * 🇸🇰 Joseph Herel
 * 1 January 2008 – 22 October 2008
 * 🇸🇬 Lim Tong Hai (2)
 * 23 October 2008 – 31 October 2008
 * 🇸🇬 Mike Wong
 * 1 January 2009 – 16 March 2012
 * 🇸🇬 Kanan Vedhamuthu
 * 17 March 2012 – 19 March 2014
 * 🇩🇪 Jörg Steinebrunner
 * 21 March 2014 – 31 December 2015
 * 🇸🇬 Hasrin Jailani
 * 1 January 2016 – 20 June 2017
 * 🇸🇬 Mohd Noor Ali
 * 20 June 2017 – 1 February 2018
 * 🇹🇭 Attaphol Buspakom
 * 1 January 2006 – 8 August 2006
 * 🇸🇬 Lim Tong Hai
 * 9 August 2006 – 4 October 2007
 * 🇸🇰 Joseph Herel
 * 1 January 2008 – 22 October 2008
 * 🇸🇬 Lim Tong Hai (2)
 * 23 October 2008 – 31 October 2008
 * 🇸🇬 Mike Wong
 * 1 January 2009 – 16 March 2012
 * 🇸🇬 Kanan Vedhamuthu
 * 17 March 2012 – 19 March 2014
 * 🇩🇪 Jörg Steinebrunner
 * 21 March 2014 – 31 December 2015
 * 🇸🇬 Hasrin Jailani
 * 1 January 2016 – 20 June 2017
 * 🇸🇬 Mohd Noor Ali
 * 20 June 2017 – 1 February 2018
 * 🇸🇬 Kanan Vedhamuthu
 * 17 March 2012 – 19 March 2014
 * 🇩🇪 Jörg Steinebrunner
 * 21 March 2014 – 31 December 2015
 * 🇸🇬 Hasrin Jailani
 * 1 January 2016 – 20 June 2017
 * 🇸🇬 Mohd Noor Ali
 * 20 June 2017 – 1 February 2018
 * 🇸🇬 Hasrin Jailani
 * 1 January 2016 – 20 June 2017
 * 🇸🇬 Mohd Noor Ali
 * 20 June 2017 – 1 February 2018
 * 🇸🇬 Mohd Noor Ali
 * 20 June 2017 – 1 February 2018
 * 🇸🇬 Mohd Noor Ali
 * 20 June 2017 – 1 February 2018

Singapore Premier League

 * 🇯🇵 Hirotaka Usui
 * 1 February 2018 – 29 September 2018
 * 🇸🇬 Mohd Noor Ali (2)
 * 21 December 2019 – present
 * }
 * 🇸🇬 Mohd Noor Ali (2)
 * 21 December 2019 – present
 * }
 * }

Coach

 * 🇮🇷 Jalal Talebi (1996–97) [Managed Iran at the 1998 World Cup]

Players

 * 🇦🇺 PJ Roberts
 * 🇮🇷 Hamid Reza Estili [The former Iranian international left Geylang after two years with the club and would go on to seal his name in world football history when he scored in Iran's 2–1 win over United States in the 1998 FIFA World Cup]
 * 🇮🇷 Mohammad Khakpour [Leaving Singapore after that season, Khakpour went on to captain the Iran national team at the 1998 FIFA World Cup]
 * Fandi Ahmad
 * Kadir Yahaya
 * David Lee
 * Chris Riley
 * 🇯🇵 Yuki Ichikawa
 * 🇯🇵 Yushi Yamaya

Performance in AFC competitions

 * AFC Champions League: 1 appearance
 * 2002–03: Qualifying East – 3rd Round

 * Asian Club Championship: 4 appearances
 * 1989: Qualifying Stage
 * 1990: Qualifying Stage
 * 1991: Qualifying Stage
 * 1998: First Round

 * AFC Cup: 2 appearances
 * 2004: Semi-finals
 * 2010: Group stage

 * Asian Cup Winners Cup: 2 appearances
 * 1990/91: First Round
 * 1991/92: First Round

2016 Post-season issues
On 7 November 2016, The Straits Times reported that Geylang International will not pay two of their players' December salaries. Former Singapore national captain Indra Sahdan and Carlos Delgado were affected. It is believed that the club docked Indra's salary as it is displeased that he missed many training sessions while Delgado had some disagreement with the management over money. Club chairman, Ben Teng revealed that as many as 12 players signed two-year full-time contracts at the beginning of this season. The management committee made most of the decisions regarding the handing out of contracts last season, before Teng came on board to replace Leong Kok Fann. Teng added that he has spoken to all the players and will intend to honour their contracts. In addition, some players, who supplemented their income by driving for Uber, have been ordered to stop such off-field activity. Teng revealed his concern and decided to impose a ban on such activities. The players have signed declarations that they do not have other employment outside of football. As professional, players should be focused on raising our playing standards and should not be distracted by off-field activities.

2018 Foreign Players Recruitment
On 13 February 2018, Geylang International attempted to recruit foreign players online. The advertisement was swiftly removed once the public took notice of it. Despite this, Geylang International continued to boast a crop of talented foreign players. Japanese central defender and fan favourite Yuki Ichikawa played in his 7th season with Geylang International during the 2020 Singapore Premier League season. Yuki will be remembered for scoring the dramatic last minute winner against his former club Albirex Niigata in the first game of the Eagles' 2019 season. Barry Maguire also starred for The Eagles in the 2019 season, scoring a tremendous long range goal against the Young Lions, winning the 2019 Singapore Premier League Goal of the Year award.

title: Geylang International FC


text:
Talk:Scattering

An explanation for the inexperienced as to what direct and reverse paths are would help - Anon== Missing scattering articles ==

Another encyclopedia has articles on these forms of scattering, perhaps Wikipedia should have some of them. Some may be too obscure or just alternative names. Some could probably be worked into existing articles, as well. Don't forget to create a redirect, if you do that.

 * coherent scattering
 * bhabha scattering
 * gravitational scattering
 * incoherent scattering
 * inelastic neutron scattering
 * møller scattering
 * multiple scattering
 * scattering coefficient
 * scattering polarization
 * single scattering
 * single scattering albedo

 * --Kjkolb 06:56, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Holy sh*t this article is a mess ... is there a macro to mark it thus? gbrandt 19:57, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

It does exhibit a very parochial (and perhaps almost scattered) outlook. I see this a lot in Wikipedia articles, a couple people talk about their niches but nobody ties it together generally. I'm working on a more general overview that explains what scattering is before we go into what scattering is in 2 or 3 specific systems. I think we need that more than we need an article on gravitational scattering, though there's nothing wrong with that if somebody's dying to write one. :). Tarchon 00:40, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Table comparison of scattering phenomena
A table in this article to compare/contrast different scattering processes and the names assigned to them would be a huge improvement. Flying Jazz 13:14, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

elasticity of Brillouin scattering
I put Brillouin under elastic because the energy change (from one viewpoint) is a Doppler shift due to the velocity of a propagating acoustic wave - as I noted, the distinction between elastic and inelastic is somewhat arbitrary, since to be totally exact, there really is no such thing as a completely inelastic interaction. Even Rayleigh and Mie scattering typically involve some sort of measureable shift or broadening, which is commonly used in LIDAR and radar. Whether you label something elastic or inelastic just depends on how closely you're looking at it. It is true that "generally the whole point of measuring a Brillouin spectrum in physics is to measure the energy change" but not all Brillouin scattering is about phonon spectroscopy. By far the most common application of Brillouin is in AOMs, in which case the energy change may or may not be considered significant. It depends on whether you're using it as an intensity modulator or frequency modulator. Someone who does Doppler weather LIDAR could just as well argue that Rayleigh scattering is inelastic because, indeed, they are measuring an energy shift, but that's not even close to being the most common context in which Rayleigh scattering is encountered. It's fine with me if it's put under "inelastic" because I can see it either way (and certainly phonon spectroscopy people sometimes use the term), but it's not as cut and dried as the anonymous commentator from "Blaze Labs" makes it out to be. Tarchon 20:49, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Sound? Radiation?
Sound is not radiation...I corrected the sentence. (anonymous comment)

 * I have to disagree - sound is very much a type of radiation. In physics, a wave is a wave. If every one of the 100 different niches of physics that involve scattering gets its own little "scattering is also the deflection [insert form of radiation]", you end up with a pretty unwieldy article.

 * If you don't believe me that "radiation" is a general term including sound, just google "acoustic radiation."

 * http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/waves/radiate.htm
 * http://www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio/handbook/Acoustic_Radiation.html
 * http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/AcousticRadiation.html

 * Even other Wikipedia articles consider sound to be a form of radiation, e.g. Acoustic_radiation_pressure

 * I will "uncorrect" if unrebutted.
 * Tarchon 23:10, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Color depends on Frequency, not wavelength
The color of a monochromatic lightray depends on the frequency not the wavelength, So when you write: "α≈1: Mie scattering (particle about the same size as wavelength of light)" It shoud be " particle about the same size as the wavelength of a lightray in vacuum" Because the wavelength could drastically shorten when it goes into a much denser medium. (Robrecht) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.36.237.108 (talk) 12:04, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Both the title and the reasoning are incorrect, in my opinion. The relevant parameter is the dimensionless ratio of the particle size to the wavelength of light in the medium in which the particle is embedded. The wavelength of the light in vacuum is not the appropriate parameter. To be anthropomorphic, the particle does not "know" what wavelength the light would if it were in a vacuum. AlanParkerFrance (talk) 08:07, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

Light scattering
Editors of this article might be interested in the new article Light scattering.--Srleffler (talk) 16:52, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Correct?
deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass, is this true for Rayleigh scattering? I don't think so. --Gerrit CUTEDH 08:48, 14 October 2011 (UTC)
 * How is it not true for Rayleigh scattering? Tarchon (talk) 00:36, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

Single and multiple scattering
This section is terrible, in my opinion. The distinction is due to the concentration of scattering centers, not their proximity. In single scattering, the incoming radiation is only scattered once, by one scatterer, before reaching the detector. As the concentration of scatterers increases, the number of scattering events that is single decreases. Multiple scattering is like a random walk. It causes a significant loss of information compared with single scattering. As fog gets thicker, the detail is washed out. To be continued...

AlanParkerFrance (talk) 19:24, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

"The main difference between the effects of single and multiple scattering is that single scattering can usually be treated as a random phenomenon and multiple scattering is usually more stochastic."

"...random....more stochastic". This sentence lacks a clear meaning. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.223.85.137 (talk) 18:13, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Completely agree with this. In my vocabulary "stochastic" means "made by a random process".   What is the difference between that and a random phenomenon? Chaleur (talk) 17:57, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

I originally wrote a lot of it, but someone came in and chanced "deterministic" to "stochastic" as well as some of the other wording. I swear, it originally made sense before Wikipedia entropy got to it. 68.15.76.10 (talk) 00:14, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

Scattering Theory
QUOTE: More precisely, scattering consists of the study of how solutions of partial differential equations, propagating freely "in the distant past", come together and interact with one another or with a boundary condition, and then propagate away "to the distant future". UNQUOTE -- This claim: that "how ...solutions...come together and interact [and]... propagate away" is at best misleading, I call it wrong. Solutions don't propagate, they don't come together and they don't interact. To confound the description of the thing (the equations) with the thing (the waves) is a naïve mistake. I will leave the silliness about them (the solutions) existing in the distant past for others to ridicule.173.189.79.119 (talk) 23:30, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

coherent scattering
Hi, coherent scattering redirects here but thre is no mention of this term within this article. Could you create an article to describe this term, or at least add some words into this article? Thanks in advance. Pamputt (talk) 20:21, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

Light Scattering is mainly a single event effect
The Scattered light is considered in the literature as a diffusive light, light that passed a number of scattering events before it left the scattering material. Diffusely scattered light must obey Lambert's Cosine scattering law. In the case of unidirectional light scattered backward from a surface of a sphere, the meaning is maximum scattering intensity in the middle of the sphere surface, and a decline to zero toward the periphery by the cosine law. The full moon looks uniform and people continue to assume that the light is diffusely scattered from it. More than that. The nearly uniform sphere image is common to all the planets and their moons, including the earth as observed from the moon. Out of thousands upon thousands of true photos, there is no single true photo that obeys Lambert's Cosine law. The only photos that do obey the law are rendered photos, photos that are at least partly simulated. Contrary to all that, if the scattering is assumed to be mainly a single event, then all the scattering dipoles are directly stimulated by the light radiation on the illuminated scattering material. Then scattering by them must be coherent, and then the full moon and all the other illuminated bodies, with similar illumination geometry, must be uniform, at least approximately. The full moon tells us that single event scattering is dominant. Maybe with small corrections of multiple scattering. Why is the single event dominant? It seems that the effect is geometrical and statistical. If we consider one event scattering, two event scattering, multiple event scattering, then the event probability will decline with an increasing number of scatterings. The single event has a probability of at least 50% and it is the strongest event. Nearly all the background that surrounds us is a singly scattered light. A true diffusely scattered light is rather rare. Urila (talk) 03:25, 13 May 2020 (UTC)urila

Scattering
The first line in the article: "Atoms or molecules which are exposed to light absorb light energy and re-emit light in different directions with different intensity." Transparent materials do not absorb light and do not re-emit light. Yet, they do scatter light. Absorption and Re-emission of light are photo-emission. Urila (talk) 09:06, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's a weird thing to say and not physically correct, so I removed it. 70.181.67.17 (talk) 04:00, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Help me
Can anyone help me to understand these sentences?

 * 1)A well-controlled laser beam can be exactly positioned to scatter off a microscopic particle with a deterministic outcome.

In these two sentences I can't understand the relation of relative to with the sentences. Can anyone help me with alternatives?

 * 2)Because the location of a single scattering center is not usually well known relative to the path of the radiation, the outcome, which tends to depend strongly on the exact incoming trajectory, appears random to an observer.

 * 3) In this case, the atom's exact position relative to the path of the electron is unknown and would be unmeasurable.

 * 4) Prosaically, wave scattering corresponds to the collision and scattering of a wave with some material object.

Nakul ( talk )  — Preceding undated comment added 09:44, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

Merging from article Scattering theory
That article has a lot a similar content, though this article give broader explanations, it 's probably better if these articles are merged — CrafterNova [ TALK ]  [ CONT ] 15:43, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support both articles are clearly about the same topic, we should not hide more precise content under different names.--ReyHahn (talk) 15:39, 16 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I support the merging of the 2 articles, but propose "Scattering Theory" (not merely "Scattering") as the common title. Lawrence Normie (talk) 14:43, 9 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Support the merge as proposed, using Scattering as the target - it's the broader title, and use the contents include practical, empirical and qualitative descriptions, meaning that theory won't cover all aspects of the merged page. Klbrain (talk) 20:52, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 10:38, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

Scattering experiments
Scattering experiments are very important in particle physics and have a long history. Yet we don't have much in Wikipedia that covers the experimental side. There once was a very brief section here that described the physics of doing scattering experiments, to which a long broken anchor in another article is trying to link. There should be a least an introduction here. In its absence is there any other article in Wikipedia that covers this? StarryGrandma (talk) 19:34, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scattering


text:
Talk:Alex etal

Isn't his name Alex Etel? Alex Etel isn't very filled out, either, though.--DNicholls 01:14, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alex etal


text:
Mizutamari ni Utsuru Sekai

Mizutamari ni Utsuru Sekai (水たまりに映るセカイ) —The world reflected in a puddle— is Yui Horie's first solo album with mostly original content but also featuring versions of the Love Hina songs "Yakusoku" and "Happy Happy Rice Shower".

Track listing

 * 1) 桜    (Sakura, Cherry blossom)
 * 2) Insistence
 * 3) おはよう    (Ohayō, Good morning)
 * 4) ラブリー    (Raburii, Lovely)
 * 5) 着心地の悪い恋なんて    (Kigokochi no warui koi nante, I don't need love, it's uncomfortable to wear)
 * 6) 約束 ~eternal promise~    (Yakusoku, Promise)
 * 7) 洗濯機の中から    (Sentakuki no naka kara, From the inside of a washing machine)
 * 8) 愛のカタチ    (Ai no katachi, The shape of love)
 * 9) スコールクロール    (Sukōru Kurōru, Squall crawl)
 * 10) Happy happy rice shower - type Yui
 * 11) I wish
 * 12) Happy love to you

title: Mizutamari ni Utsuru Sekai


text:
Abbeydale Picture House

Abbeydale Picture House (later Abbeydale Cinema) is a former cinema in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. When opened by the Lord Mayor of Sheffield on 20 December 1920 the picture house was the largest and most luxurious cinema in Sheffield, often referred to as the "Picture Palace" because of the luxurious cream and gold colour scheme, and dark mahogany seats trimmed with green velvet. The picture house also boasted many intricate decorations and carvings, a mosaic floor in the foyer and a glass canopy with a marble pillar to the outside of the building.

The Abbeydale Picturehouse Bar reopened on 1 December 2022.

History
The first film to be shown was The Call of the Road. The cinema had seating for 1,560 people and also included a ballroom and a billiard hall. Cine-variety played a major role at the Abbeydale until 1930 and the arrival of the "talkies" talking films; from this time the stage was used purely to house the sound equipment. In the mid-1950s the cinema was purchased by the Star Cinema Group which decorated the entire building and installed new projection and sound equipment, including a wide screen.

The cinema closed on 5 July 1975 and was subsequently used as an office furniture showroom until 1991. In 1989 the building was given a Grade II listing by English Heritage being a good example of an early 1920s mid-sized suburban cinema with both cinema and theatre facilities. In 1991 the sprung floor in the ballroom was removed, and local businesses "Abbey Snooker" and "Bar Abbey" occupied the site.

In 2003 the Friends of Abbeydale Picture House—boasting patrons including Michael Palin, Peter Stringfellow and the John Lewis Partnership—was formed to "restore and manage the 'Picture Palace' as a community centre for the performing arts and visual media." The group took ownership of the building on 21 December 2005 and re-opened it in September 2008 following a restoration of the auditorium and installation of a new stage.

The Abbeydale Picture House hosted regular performances and fundraisers to raise money towards the ongoing restoration of the building. In June 2012 a stage adaptation of Hi-de-Hi! was produced by the picture house in conjunction with the family of the late David Croft. The building is open for guided tours as part of the Heritage Open Days program. The Friends of Abbeydale Picture House eventually went into administration and the building went into receivership

On 30 October 2012 the picture house was sold at auction to Phil Robins, for £150,000 with the intention to renovate the building and bring it back into public use as a climbing and sports centre. During this period further renovations were undertaken by Phil Robins, assisted during 2015-16 by Hand Of.

In January 2017 Abbeydale Picture House was leased to CADS Trust, a Sheffield-based arts charity, who are continuing the restoration project. The building is now regularly open to the public as a mixed use community arts venue as work progresses.

title: Abbeydale Picture House


text:
Achaguas

Achaguas is a small town in Apure State in Venezuela, in the Achaguas Municipality. It is located 80 km west of San Fernando de Apure, the capital city of the state.

Achaguas was founded in 1774 by Fray Alonso de Castro, and its name was taken from the native tribe The Achaguas. Formerly, it was called "Santa Bárbara de la Isla de los Achaguas". Since 1835, the miraculous wood-carved figure of "El Nazareno de Achaguas is venerated in its church ". This figure was a donation that General José Antonio Páez gave to the town in agreement to the victory obtained in the battle against the Spanish for the independence of Venezuela which were to take place in Carabobo (1821).

title: Achaguas


text:
Talk:Al-Mustansir Billah

Older comments
this page does not line up with the link on al mus'tasim, caliph of baghdad

This entry apparently draws heavily on at least one written source, but no citations are given. Can anyone find and credit the sources used? --Dgilman 23:17, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

The dates of birth and death are controversial. The real date of birth is on 16th Ramzaan 420 A.H./1076 A.D. The date of death is 18th Zilhajj 487 A.H./28th December 1094 A.D. These dates are taken from a manuscript. --Z bhaisaheb (talk) 09:07, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Which manuscript? Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 19:48, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Given that this is specifically part of a series on Ismailism, the article should mention the succession dispute over the sons of Mustansir billah, which led to some Ismailis becoming followers of his grandson Nizar (the beginning of the Alamut period of Nizari Ismailism, today the largest sect in Ismailism), others following his uncle Musta'li and another section still believing the Imamate ended at that time - this group of believers became the Druze. Thus Mustansir billah's imamate was a pivotal time in Ismaili history, and the article would be improved by focus or at least mention of this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Christian Hyde (talk • contribs) 05:24, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

hijra dates
could someone remove the hijra dates?They're no help to anyone who is only aquainted with the gregorian calendar. 99.249.15.246 (talk) 01:39, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * And how about for Arabic enthusiasts or Arabic historians? Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 16:51, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Different dates of reign?
This Ismali Heritage site gives Billah's date of rule as (1036-95). The revised 10th edition of "History of the Arabs : from the earliest times to the present" from 2002 gives Billah's date of rule as (1035-94) (Hitti, p. 621-622). "A short history of the Fatimid Khalifate" from 1923 gives Billah's date of rule as (1035-95) (O'Leary, p. 193, 210). Right now I trust the Ismaili site date the most as it appears to be an Arabic site (forgive my ignorance) and that both Ismaili and O'Leary gives the same Arabic dates for his date of rule, of which I believe that both O'Leary's and Hitti's calculations are a simple date conversion error, as seen with the miscalculation of Ramathibodi I's reign in the Ayutthaya Kingdom from 1351 to 1350 due to a similar date conversion error (of which I'm familiar with). Anyone an expert that can help fill in the missing pieces? Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 01:55, 13 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Using this Islamic calendar calculation website, through a quick Google search, why does it give me July 8, 1029 instead of July 2, 1029 when I put in 16th Jumada II, 420 AH? I used three other sites, of which one also gives me July 2 while the other two gives me July 7. Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 01:32, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I believe that presently, the Arabic dates that I've found are consistent enough to be accepted as the real dates. I just need to find out how to convert it. So far, I believe that you can trim down Billah's dates of rule from June/July 1036 to December 1094/January 1095. Can anyone help? Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 19:52, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I think that the Islmaili site is legitimate enough, searching through book contexts, but I just found out it conflicts with the date provdied by this Turkish site. Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 22:20, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

How do "al-" suffixes work for Muslim historical figures?
Apparently nowadays Muslim people can decide to keep or remove these suffixes in their surnames for legal documents and other purposes, but I assume this to not be the case for historical figures? What's the proper convention for historical Muslim figures with an "al-" suffix in their surnames? Is it necessary to write it all the time or not? Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 19:33, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Sfn/Harv Error due to missing work in Bibliography
Hello, @Contentofbook. A recent contribution that you made to this article has resulted in a harv-error. Please add the work that is labelled as "Basan 2010" in the proper format in the bibliography/work cited area of the article. Thank you! Thecowboygilbert -  (talk) ♥  18:02, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

His letter of Good fortune to the Assassins
Should be included. Creedofthedaggwe (talk) 09:57, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al-Mustansir Billah


text:
Biruaca

Biruaca is a city in Apure State in Venezuela. It is part of the greater urban area of San Fernando de Apure, the center of which is just 7 km away. Biruaca is the shire town of Biruaca Municipality.

It is sited on the Apure River, a tributary of the Orinoco River, 400 km south of the national capital Caracas.

title: Biruaca


text:
Sisterhood of Steel

The Sisterhood of Steel was a series of comics by Christy Marx.

In the series, a society of warrior-women has survived for generations by hiring out its elite forces. Each Sister has been trained in the art of battle since childhood. The series focuses on the life of Boronwë, a young woman coming of age in a world where survival rests on the edge of a blade.

Publication history
The comic was first published as an eight-issue limited series by Epic Comics, a division of Marvel Comics that specialized in creator-owned books for an adult audience. Mike Vosburg did the artwork.

Marx and Epic were in negotiations to continue with a series of graphic novels, until this was derailed in a disagreement over content restrictions on the books.

Subsequently, Marx took the series to Eclipse Comics, which in partnership with Moonfire Productions (Marx's self-publishing imprint), published the graphic novel, Boronwë: Daughter of Death, in both paperback and hardcover. Peter Ledger illustrated it.

title: Sisterhood of Steel


text:
List of natural gas vehicles

This is a list of natural gas vehicles.

Airplanes

 * Tu-155 only experimental
 * Tu-206 a LNG version is available as the Tu-206
 * Tu-330 a LNG version is available of this transport/survey/tanker aircraft

Helicopters

 * Mil Mi-8 only experimental

Passenger cars

 * Audi A5 2,0 TFSI CNG (planned) (unveiled 12/07)
 * BMW 3 Series (E36) 316g CNG
 * BMW 5 Series (E34) 518g CNG
 * Chevrolet Cavalier Bi-Fuel CNG
 * Citroën C3 1,4 GNV man.
 * Citroën Berlingo Multispace 1,4 GNV (MPV) man.
 * Dacia Logan 1,6 K4M CNG
 * Fiat Panda Natural Power
 * Fiat 500 Natural Power
 * Fiat Punto 1,2 60 Natural Power/BiPower
 * Fiat Grande Punto 1,4 Natural Power/BiPower
 * Fiat Multipla Natural Power/Bipower
 * Fiat Marea Bipower
 * Fiat Doblò SX 1,6 Natural Power/BiPower
 * Fiat Siena Tetrafuel
 * Ford Crown Victoria CNG
 * Ford Contour Bi-Fuel CNG
 * Ford Fusion CNG (CH)
 * Ford Focus CNG (CH)
 * Ford Focus C-Max CNG
 * Ford S-Max CNG (CH)
 * Ford Mondeo Sedan/STW CNG (CH)
 * Ford Galaxy CNG (CH)
 * Ford Tourneo (MPV) CNG
 * Ford Kuga CNG (CH)
 * Ford Maverick CNG (CH)
 * Honda Civic CNG
 * Honda Civic GX CNG
 * Honda CR-V CNG
 * Kia Pride (4D) CNG
 * Mercedes-Benz B170/B200K NGT (W245) automatic
 * Mercedes-Benz C200K T NGT wagon (S207) automatic
 * Mercedes-Benz E200K NGT sedan (W211) automatic
 * Opel Combo 1,6 CNG Comfort
 * Opel Zafira 5D 1,6 CNG Comfort (MPV)
 * Opel Astra k 1,4 ecotec CNG
 * Peugeot 405 (SD) CNG
 * Peugeot 206 (SD) V20 CNG
 * Peugeot 207 (3D/5D/SW/CC) VTi CNG (CH)
 * Peugeot 308 (3D/5D/SW) VTi CNG (CH)
 * Peugeot 405 (4D) CNG
 * Peugeot 807 2,0 CNG (CH)
 * Peugeot Pars (4D) CNG
 * Peugeot Partner 1,4 GNV (MPV) man.
 * Proton Saga Iswara 1,3 L (modified)
 * Proton Wira 1,3 / 1,5 / 1,6 Auto/Manual BiFuel – EFI Mixer Type (Converted)
 * Proton Campro 1,6 BiFuel – EFI – using sequential type (Converted)
 * Renault Kangoo 1,6 CNG (MPV)
 * Samand (4D) CNG
 * Škoda Octavia 1,4 TSI CNG G-Tec
 * Škoda Citigo 1,0 CNG
 * Suzuki Wagon R CNG/LPG
 * Suzuki SX4 CNG
 * Toyota Camry CNG
 * Volkswagen Golf TGI 1.4 BlueMotion, Natural Gas, 81 kW (110 PS), Cubic Capacity:1395 cm, Fuel capacity (CNG): 15 kg, Fuel capacity (petrol): 50 L, Range (CNG): 420 km, Range (combined): 1360 km
 * Volkswagen Caddy/Caddy Maxi Life EcoFuel CNG (MPV) man.
 * Volkswagen Touran EcoFuel CNG (MPV) man.
 * Volkswagen Passat Sedan/Variant 1,4 TSI EcoFuel CNG (unveiled 12/07) man/aut.(DSG)
 * Volkswagen Transporter/Transporter Shuttle/Caravelle/Multivan T4/T5 2,0 I4/3,2 VR6 BiFuel/EcoFuel CNG and TSI EcoFuel CNG (latter planned) (MPV) (also LWB)
 * Volkswagen Up! 50 kW (68 PS), Natural Gas, Fuel capacity: 11 kg CNG, Fuel capacity (petrol): 10 L, Range (CNG): 380 km, Range (combined): 600 km
 * Volkswagen Transporter 2.0 Natural Gas, 85 kW (115 PS), Cubic Capacity:1.984 cm, Fuel capacity (CNG): 28 kg, Fuel capacity (petrol): 80 L, Range (CNG): 400 km, Range (combined): 1160 km, Fuel consumption combined: 7.3 kg/100 km
 * Volvo C30 MultiFuel 1,8F (Gasoline/FFV E85/CNG) (CH)
 * Volvo S40 MultiFuel 1.8F (Gasoline/FFV E85/CNG) (CH)
 * Volvo V50 MultiFuel 1.8F (Gasoline/FFV E85/CNG) (CH)
 * Volvo S60 Bi-Fuel CNG man/aut.
 * Volvo V70 Bi-Fuel CNG man/aut.
 * Volvo V70 MultiFuel 2.0F / 2.5FT (Gasoline/FFV E85/CNG) (CH)
 * Volvo S80 Bi-Fuel CNG man/aut.
 * Volvo S80 MultiFuel 2.0F / 2.5FT (Gasoline/FFV E85/CNG) (CH)
 * Cars marked with (CH) available at least in Switzerland (http://www.erdgasfahren.ch/230.html)

Vans
Suzuki Mehran VX CNG BI FUEL Chevy Express Van CNG (Note, limited range ~130 miles/tank)
 * Chevrolet Express 6.0 V8 bifuel CNG and gasoline cargo and passenger
 * Citroën Berlingo 1,4 GNV
 * Citroën Jumper GNV
 * Dodge Caravan CNG
 * Fiat Doblò Cargo BiPower
 * Fiat Ducato BiPower
 * Ford Transit 2,3 CNG (also LWB)
 * GMC Savana 6.0 V8 bi fuel CNG and gasoline cargo and passenger
 * Iveco Daily CNG
 * Mercedes-Benz Sprinter 316 NGT (also LWB)
 * Opel Combo 1,6 CNG Tour
 * Peugeot Partner bivalent
 * Peugeot Bipper CNG (CH)
 * Peugeot Expert CNG (CH)
 * Peugeot Boxer bivalent
 * Renault Kangoo 1,6 CNG delivery van
 * Volkswagen Caddy/Caddy Maxi EcoFuel CNG (a camping car/van version also available as the Caddy Life Tramper EcoFuel CNG)
 * Volkswagen Eurovan (Transporter) T4/T5 2,0 I4/3,2 VR6 BiFuel/EcoFuel CNG and TSI EcoFuel CNG (latter planned) (also LWB)

Buses

 * NEFAZ CNG
 * Dennis
 * Dart/Dart SPD CNG
 * EvoBus (Mercedes-Benz)
 * Citaro/Citaro G/Citaro Ü CNG
 * OG 305
 * O 405 CNG
 * O 405 N/O 405 N²/O 405 NK/O 405 NÜ CNG
 * O 405 GN/O 405 GN² CNG
 * O 405 NH CNG (Australia Only)
 * OC 500 LE 1825 hG modular bus chassis
 * Iveco Bus
 * Iveco/Irisbus CityClass CNG
 * Renault/Irisbus Agora/Agora L GNV
 * Irisbus Citelis 12/Citelis 18 GNV
 * Isuzu
 * Erga Heavy-duty Bus
 * Erga Mio Medium-Duty Bus
 * MAN
 * SL200 CNG
 * SL202 CNG
 * NL202 CNG
 * NL232 CNG
 * NL243 CNG
 * NL313 CNG
 * NG 313 CNG
 * NÜ243 CNG
 * NÜ313 CNG
 * Neoplan
 * N 3316 Ü Euroliner
 * N 4007 CNG Centro Midigelenk
 * N 4409 CNG
 * N 4411 CNG Centroliner Solo
 * N 4413/1 CNG, N 4413/2 CNG
 * N 4416 CNG Centroliner Solo
 * N 4420 CNG Centroliner
 * N 4421 CNG Centroliner Gelenk
 * N 4426/3 CNG
 * New Flyer
 * CNG
 * C30LF
 * C35LF
 * C40LF
 * LNG
 * L30LF
 * L35LF
 * L40LF
 * North American Bus Industries
 * 30 LFW CNG
 * 35 LFW CNG
 * 40 LFW CNG
 * COMPO 45 CNG
 * 42 BRT CNG
 * 60 BRT CNG articulated
 * Orion Bus Industries
 * I
 * V
 * VI
 * VII
 * VII Next Generation
 * Van Hool
 * A300 CNG
 * A308H CNG
 * A330 CNG
 * Volvo
 * Volvo B10L CNG
 * Volvo B10BLE CNG
 * Volvo B9L/B9LA CNG
 * Volvo 7700 CNG

Trucks

 * Kamaz CNG
 * Chevy Silverado CNG
 * Ford F-150 Dual Fuel (2001-2004)
 * Ford Super Duty
 * GMC Sierra CNG
 * MAN CNG
 * Ram 2500
 * Volvo FL
 * Mercedes-Benz Econic
 * Iveco Stralis CNG
 * Scania G-Series CNG

Tanks
T-80

Waste collection vehicles

 * Mercedes-Benz Econic

Rocket car

 * Blue Flame

title: List of natural gas vehicles


text:
White-rumped shama

The white-rumped shama (Copsychus malabaricus) is a small passerine bird of the family Muscicapidae. Native to densely vegetated habitats in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, its popularity as a cage-bird and songster has led to it being introduced elsewhere.

Taxonomy
It was formerly classified as a member of the thrush family, Turdidae, causing it to be commonly known as the white-rumped shama thrush or simply shama thrush.

Subspecies
The nominate race is found in the Western Ghats and parts of southern India while leggei is found in Sri Lanka. Race indicus is found in the northern parts of India. Race albiventris is found in the Andaman Islands and now usually considered a distinct species, the Andaman shama. Race interpositus from southwestern Asia-China to Myanmar, Thailand and the Mergui Archipelago. Southern China has race minor while mallopercnus is found in the Malay peninsula. Race tricolor is found in the Sumatra, Java, Banka, Belitung and Karimata islands. Race mirabilis from the Sunda Strait, melanurus from northwestern Sumatra, opisthopelus, javanus, omissus, ochroptilus, abbotti, eumesus, suavis (Borneo), nigricauda, stricklandii and barbouri are the other island forms. The last two are sometimes regarded as a separate species, the white-crowned shama (C. stricklandii).

Description
They typically weigh between 28 and 34 g and are around 23 - 28 cm in length. Males are glossy black with a chestnut belly and white feathers on the rump and outer tail. Females are more greyish-brown, and are typically shorter than males. Both sexes have a black bill and pink feet. Juveniles have a greyish-brown colouration, similar to that of the females, with a blotchy or spotted chest.

Breeding
The white-rumped shama is shy and somewhat crepuscular but very territorial. The territories include a male and female during the breeding season with the males defending the territory averaging 0.09 ha in size, but each sex may have different territories when they are not breeding.

In South Asia, they breed from January to September but mainly in April to June laying a clutch of four or five eggs in a nest placed in the hollow of a tree. During courtship, males pursue the female, alight above the female, give a shrill call, and then flick and fan out their tail feathers. This is followed by a rising and falling flight pattern by both sexes. If the male is unsuccessful, the female will threaten the male, gesturing with the mouth open.

The nest is built by the female alone while the male stands guard. The nests are mainly made of roots, leaves, ferns, and stems, and incubation lasts between 12 and 15 days and the nestling period averaged 12.4 days. Both adults feed the young although only the female incubates and broods. The eggs are white to light aqua, with variable shades of brown blotching, with dimensions of about 18 and 23 mm.

Feeding
They feed on insects in the wild but in captivity they may be fed on a diet of boiled, dried legumes with egg yolk and raw meat.

Voice

The voice of this species is rich and melodious which makes them popular as cage birds in South Asia with the tradition continuing in parts of Southeast Asia. It is loud and clear, with a variety of phrases, and often mimics other birds. They also make a 'Tck' call in alarm or when foraging. One of the first recordings of a bird song that was ever made was of this species. This recording was made in 1889 from a captive individual using an Edison wax cylinder by Ludwig Koch in Germany.

Distribution and habitat
They are native across scrub and secondary forests in South and Southeast Asia, but have been introduced to Kauai, Hawaii, in early 1931 from Malaysia (by Alexander Isenberger), and to Oahu in 1940 (by the Hui Manu Society). Their popularity as a cage bird has led to many escaped birds establishing themselves. They have been introduced to Taiwan where they are considered an invasive species, eating native insect species and showing aggression towards native bird species.

In Asia, their habitat is dense undergrowth especially in bamboo forests. In Hawaii, they are common in valley forests or on the ridges of the southern Koolaus, and tend to nest in undergrowth or low trees of lowland broadleaf forests.

title: White-rumped shama


text:
Talk:Al-Musta'sim

Untitled
the link at the bottom is faulty

 * Yes, how can someone who died in C13 be SUCCEEDED by someone who died in C11?????

Al-Mustansir of Cairo is a faulty link. In fact looking at Abbasid you see that only two of the four really refer to whom they should -- one refers to a Shi'ite who died in 2003. I am going to change it to Abbasid. gren グレン 07:53, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Jreferee 17:52, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al-Musta'sim


text:
Bruzual

Bruzual is a city in Apure State in Venezuela, and the shire town of Muñoz Municipality. It is named for Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual.

title: Bruzual


text: User talk:70.246.56.170

title: User talk:70.246.56.170


text:
Guasdualito

Guasdualito is a city and episcopal see in the landlocked Apure State, in southern Venezuela.

Description
The city is the capital of Páez Municipality, in the Distrito Especial Alto Apure. It has an important location on the border between Venezuela and the city of Arauca in Colombia for commerce, as well as being the main petroleum center in the region.

It has a population of approximately 100,000 inhabitants per 2014.

Climate
Guasdualito has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw), characterized by consistently hot temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons. Guasdualito experiences a wet season from April to November, with the wettest months being May, June, and July. The dry season lasts from December to March. February to April are the hottest months, with average high temperatures around 34 C, and the coolest period is from June to August, with average highs around 30 C.

Religion
The Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral (Catedral Nuestra Señora del Carmen) is dedicated to the Virgin of Mercy and is the cathedral episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Guasdualito since December 2015.

title: Guasdualito


text:
Talk:The Sunday Times (disambiguation)

Who else thinks this article needs to be broken up? lots of issues | leave me a message 01:19, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Primary topic
This page should be set aside for the primary topic for disambiguation i.e. The Sunday Times (UK) see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Whatlinkshere/The_Sunday_Times Jooler 22:22, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

I agree

And so do I. Anyone else? --kingboyk 19:08, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Sunday Times (disambiguation)


text: User talk:144.136.8.136

title: User talk:144.136.8.136


text:
San Juan de Payara

San Juan de Payara is a city in Apure State in Venezuela. It is the shire town of the Pedro Camejo Municipality.

title: San Juan de Payara