text:
Pessimistic induction

In the philosophy of science, the pessimistic induction, also known as the pessimistic meta-induction, is an argument which seeks to rebut scientific realism, particularly the scientific realist's notion of epistemic optimism. The pessimistic meta-induction is the argument that if past successful and accepted scientific theories were found to be false, we have no reason to believe the scientific realist's claim that our currently successful theories are approximately true.

Overview
Scientific realists argue that we have good reasons to believe that our presently successful scientific theories are true or approximately true. The pessimistic meta-induction undermines the realist's warrant for their epistemic optimism (the view that science tends to succeed in revealing what the world is like and that there are good reasons to take theories to be true or truthlike) via historical counterexample. Using meta-induction, Larry Laudan argues that if past scientific theories which were successful were found to be false, we have no reason to believe the realist's claim that our currently successful theories are approximately true. The pessimistic meta-induction argument was first fully postulated by Laudan in 1981.

However, there are some objections to Laudan's theory. One might see shortcomings in the historic examples Laudan gives as proof of his hypothesis. Theories later refuted, like that of crystalline spheres in astronomy, or the phlogiston theory, do not represent the most successful theories at their time. A further objection tries to point out that in scientific progress, we indeed approximate the truth. When we develop a new theory, the central ideas of the old one usually become refuted. Parts of the old theory, however, we carry over to the new one. In doing so, our theories become more and more well-founded on other principles, they become better in terms of predictive and descriptive power, so that, for example, aeroplanes, computers and DNA sequencing all establish technical, operational proof of the effectiveness of the theories. Therefore, we can hold the realist view that our theoretical terms refer to something in the world and our theories are approximately true.

However, as articulated by Thomas Kuhn in his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, new scientific theories do not always build upon the older ones. In fact, they are created by an entirely new set of premises (a new "paradigm"), and reach vastly different conclusions. This gives greater weight to the proponents of anti-realism, and illustrates that no scientific theory (thus far) has proved infallible.

title: Pessimistic induction


text:
Atruvera Aviation

CJSC "Atruvera Aviation" (ЗАО «Авиационно-транспортная компания «Атрувера» was a cargo airline based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was established in 1993 and operated domestic and international cargo charters.

Code data

 * ICAO Code: AUV
 * Callsign: Atruvera

Fleet
The Atruvera Aviation fleet consists of the following aircraft (at January 2005):

 * 1 Ilyushin Il-76MD
 * 2 Ilyushin Il-76TD

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Atruvera Aviation


text: Template:National Institutes of Technology


text:
Someday (I Will Understand)

"Someday (I Will Understand)" is a song by American singer Britney Spears. It was written by Spears and produced by Guy Sigsworth. The song was released on August 18, 2005, by Jive Records as the sole single from Spears' first extended play, Britney & Kevin: Chaotic (2005), outside the United States. In July 2004, Spears announced her engagement to American dancer Kevin Federline, later revealing she would be taking another career break to start a family. Spears wrote the song two weeks before knowing she was pregnant with her first child, Sean Preston Federline. A pop ballad, its lyrics refer to a feeling of empowerment as a pregnant woman. A remixed version of the song was included on the 2005 remix compilation, B in the Mix: The Remixes.

"Someday (I Will Understand)" has received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. The song reached the top ten in Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland and also charted in a number of European countries. An accompanying music video, directed by Michael Haussman, premiered on the finale of Spears' reality show Britney and Kevin: Chaotic (2005). Entirely shot in black-and-white, the music video features Spears as a pregnant woman and follows her reflecting along with the songs lyrics in a large empty house.

Background
In July 2004, Spears announced her engagement to American dancer Kevin Federline, whom she had met three months before. The romance received intense attention from the media, since Federline had recently broken up with actress Shar Jackson, who was still pregnant with their second child at the time. The initial stages of their relationship were chronicled in Spears's first reality show Britney and Kevin: Chaotic. They held a wedding ceremony on September 18, 2004, but were not legally married until three weeks later on October 6 due to a delay finalizing the couple's prenuptial agreement. In October 2004, the singer announced she would be taking another career break to start a family. Spears gave birth to her first child, Sean Preston Federline, on September 14, 2005.

"Someday (I Will Understand)" was composed by Spears on the piano at her house, two weeks before she learned of her pregnancy with Sean Preston. She explained the song came "like a prophecy... when you're pregnant, you're empowered". It was produced by Guy Sigsworth, who previously worked with the singer on "Everytime" (2004). Spears recorded her vocals for the song at Conway Studios in Los Angeles, California, and at Frou Frou Central in London. The piano was played by Spears herself, while all other instruments (including the drums) and mixing were done by Sigsworth. Background vocals for the song were provided by Kate Havnevik.

Critical response
"Someday (I Will Understand)" initially received mixed to favorable reviews from music critics. While reviewing Britney & Kevin: Chaotic, Mike McGuirk of Rhapsody noted, "Britney now sings about either the husband or the kid." Gil Kaufman of MTV called the song a "horrible Britney ballad with the black-and-white video that began her descent into madness." Leo Ebersole of the Chicago Tribune considered it "a fictional piece", while another reviewer from the same newspaper noted that "as a matter of fact, the song is more or less a lesson in Britney history." Becky Bain of Idolator praised the track, stating that "Britney goes genuine for this ode to her unborn baby." Kurt Kirton of About.com said that "And Then We Kiss" and other remixes of songs like "Toxic" and "Someday (I Will Understand)" on the remix album B in the Mix: The Remixes "hold their own". IGN writer Spence D. noted the Hi-Bias Signature Radio Remix "reverberates with all the clichés that often stifle the music that rustles through the late night/early morning club scenes around the world." Rolling Stone contributor Barry Walters gave the song's remix a negative review, saying that "nothing can rescue Spears' freakishly sappy flop single "Someday (I Will Understand)". Bradley Stern also of MTV, however, praised the Leama & Moor Remix, saying it "transforms the tearjerker of a ballad into a full-on trance anthem. Big beats, stuttering vocals – it's heartbreak on the dance floor."

Over the years following its release, attitude toward the song began to change for the positive. Ten years after its release, a reviewer for AXS called the song "serene" and the "most sincere single of her career." A writer for MuuMuse said that while the song was not career-defining, it was "interesting, and certainly personal."

Commercial performance
On September 1, 2005, "Someday (I Will Understand)" debuted at number 46 on the Swedish Singles Chart. It peaked at number 10 the following week. In Switzerland, the song debuted at number eight on the week of September 4, 2005. On September 9, 2005, the song debuted in the Danish Singles Chart at number 11. The following week, it peaked at the eight position. "Someday (I Will Understand)" also reached the top 20 in Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), Finland and Norway and charted in Austria and the Netherlands. "Someday (I Will Understand)" has sold 60,000 paid digital downloads in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Music video

The music video for "Someday (I Will Understand)" was directed by Michael Haussman. Spears commented that he "[did] a great job capturing the song, the essence and the emotion" and added that the video had "a different feeling" from any of her previous videos. It was shot entirely in black-and-white. Spears asserted that her life had "come full circle" and implied that in the process she underwent changes in her soul and body, as shown in the video. It premiered on June 14, 2005, during the fifth and last episode of Spears's reality show Britney and Kevin: Chaotic, titled "Veil of Secrecy". The music video features a pregnant Spears lying in bed and walking around a house while singing to her unborn child. She also gazes through the window at the Roman sculptures in the garden.

Hayley Butler of Jam! said "the video is a far cry from the snake handling, sweating and skimpy Britney videos of the past. Dressed in a classy silk dress, she runs through gardens, lies in bed and walks through the grass, all with a burgeoning belly." John Mitchell of MTV included the video on the list "Beyonce, Britney And Madonna: What To Expect When You're Expecting — Music Video Edition" in 2011. Despite praising the track, Idolator blogger Becky Bain stated that "at this point she still looks like a teenager herself, so it's a little disconcerting seeing her with that huge belly, singing about motherhood."

Track listings

 * European CD single
 * 1) "Someday (I Will Understand)" – 3:37
 * 2) "Someday (I Will Understand)" (Hi-Bias Signature Radio Remix) – 3:46

 * European limited edition maxi single
 * 1) "Someday (I Will Understand)" – 3:37
 * 2) "Someday (I Will Understand)" (Instrumental) – 3:37
 * 3) "Someday (I Will Understand)" (Hi-Bias Signature Radio Remix) – 3:46
 * 4) "Someday (I Will Understand)" (Leama and Andy Moor Remix) – 9:18

 * Japanese maxi single
 * 1) "Someday (I Will Understand)" – 3:37
 * 2) "Chaotic" – 3:33
 * 3) "Mona Lisa" – 3:25
 * 4) "Over to You Now" – 3:42
 * 5) "Someday (I Will Understand)" (Hi-Bias Remix) – 3:46

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the Britney & Kevin: Chaotic DVD liner notes.
 * Britney Spears – lead vocals, songwriting, piano
 * Guy Sigsworth – production
 * Sean McGhee – mixing, engineering, programming
 * Tom Coyne – mastering
 * Kate Havnevik – background vocals

title: Someday (I Will Understand)


text:
Ferdinand Thieriot

Ferdinand Thieriot (April 7, 1838 – July 31, 1919) was a German composer of Romantic music and a cellist.

Life and career
Thieriot was born in Hamburg. He was a pupil of Eduard Marxsen in Altona and belonged to the circle of musicians around Johannes Brahms, who was also a pupil of Marxsen. Later, Thieriot was a pupil of Josef Rheinberger in Munich. A close, friendly relationship connected him with his teachers all his life. Thieriot was married to a publisher’s daughter (Ernst Berens, Hamburg), Else Berens. The marriage remained childless. He worked as a music teacher and musical director in Hamburg, Ansbach, Leipzig (1867) and Glogau (1868–1870). Later Brahms recommended Thieriot for the position of Artistic Director of the Styrian Music Association in Graz (1870–1885). The composer always received high praise in concert reviews: "[…] and met with a warm and friendly reception by the audience and deservedly so. […] Excellent work, clarity and good taste regarding the instrumentation; employment of dignified motives full of character […] Enrichment of the concert repertoire". From March 1902 onwards, Thieriot had his home again in Hamburg where he lived until his death. (Performances of his works in concerts at the Hamburg Philharmonic and Singing Academy as well as in Leipzig where he obtained a post in 1897 at the Directorium of the Bach Gesellschaft in Leipzig).

Thieriot's chamber music constitutes a great part of his total output and is judged to be among his finest compositions. He is known to have composed 4 piano trios: Opp. 14, 45, 47 & 90, 13 string quartets, only two of which have been published, 2 Octets (Op. 78 for 4 violins, 2 violas and 2 cellos and Op. 62 for 2 violins, viola, cello, bass, clarinet, horn, and bassoon) a quartet for flute and string trio Op. 84, a quintet for piano and winds Op. 80, a quintet for piano and string quartet Op. 20 and several instrumental sonatas. In addition to the above, several unpublished compositions remain in manuscript awaiting publication.

Wilhelm Altmann, one of the most influential and perceptive chamber music critics of all time, writing of Thieriot's chamber music, states: "Thieriot's chamber music is without exception noble and pure. He writes with perfect command of form and expression."

Thieriot died in Hamburg.

title: Ferdinand Thieriot


text:
Rugogaster

Rugogastridae is a family of trematodes in the order Aspidogastrida. It consists of a single genus, Rugogaster Schell, 1973.

Species

 * Rugogaster callorhinci Amato & Pereira, 1995
 * Rugogaster hydrolagi Schell, 1973

Morphological characteristics
Species of Rugogaster are parasitic in the rectal glands of various holocephalan fishes. They are characterized by a row of rugae, numerous testes, and two caeca, whilst other aspidogastrid species generally have one caecum and one or two testes.

title: Rugogaster


text:
User:John Kershaw

Just getting start in Wikipedia. I've been here plenty of times to read stuff, but never to write.

I am demonstrating the Mediawiki system to someone who is interested in setting up their own site.

Advantages of Wikipedia
The nice thing about Wikipedia rather than phpwiki is that the toolbar can insert codes for you.

John.

title: User:John Kershaw


text:
Mazagón

Mazagón is a town which belongs to Palos de la Frontera, in the province of Huelva, Andalusia, Spain. A coastal town, Magazón borders the Atlantic Ocean, and is located 22 km from the province capital, Huelva. As of 2020, the town had 4152 inhabitants – 3197 in the municipality of Moguer, and 955 in the municipality of Palos de la Frontera.

title: Mazagón


text:
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title: User:Cmahk/monobook.js


text:
Caeca

Caeca may refer to:
 * the plural of caecum (see pyloric caeca in humans)
 * Caeca et Obdurata, a papal bull promulgated by Pope Clement VIII in 1593, which expelled the Jews from the Papal States

title: Caeca


text:
User talk:DAJF

Josai
Sorry. The entire article had the university written "Jōsai", so I thought it was suppsed to be that way. Curly "JFC" Turkey 🍁 ¡gobble! 06:58, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi. No problems, but I have edited the Josai University so that the spelling/rendering is now consistent. --DAJF (talk) 08:26, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

Precious anniversary
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:09, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

Four years now! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 09:48, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

... and five --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:12, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

Murakami
I'd be grateful if you would explain why you deleted my reference to Murakami: it certainly is a cultural reference and the book certainly does mention Shinjuku station (as do many of his other books). This is a substantial description a couple of pages long. >No indication of relevance to an article about Shinjuku Station, and the book article does not mention Shinjuku at all either. TobyJ (talk) 09:16, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi. I did explain my reasoning in the edit summary at the time, but the chunk of text I removed just said that the book's "protagonist, who builds stations as a profession, habitually retreats to stations to watch the trains and ponder", and did not indicate what the relevance was to an article about Shinjuku Station. I looked at the Wikipedia article for the book, Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage, and that too did not mention Shinjuku Station at all, leading me to conclude that the station did not play a particularly important part in the book's story, if at all. If you are saying that Shinjuku Station does actually play a significant role in the book (and not just mentioned in passing), maybe you could rewrite the text to indicate this and also edit the Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage article to indicate how Shinjuku Station is involved in the story. --DAJF (talk) 23:58, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

Toei
Well, I figured out what I was confused about, the Toei Subway logo isn't on wikipedia yet. It mainly appears With the Tokyo icon, 都営地下鉄 above the english text on the side, just like the corporate logo. More often than not on a green background. Cards84664 (talk) 15:36, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

1 2 3 4

 * OK. It might be worth adding that logo (white text on green background) to the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation article, although it should be noted that that sign does appear to be limited to use only at station entrances, and other station signage and rolling stock use just the simple Tokyo/Toei logo (the green gingko leaf) without any accompanying text. (Even on the latest rolling stock: ) --DAJF (talk) 00:52, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Where should I request it's creation? Cards84664 (talk) 00:35, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi. You can request images at Commons:Picture_requests. Graphic images for logos should ideally be in SVG or PNG format, but you could initially upload a JPEG version of the logo to Wikimedia Commons, as simple logos formed of geometrical shapes and text alone are generally not copyright. If you look at File:東京都交通局 ロゴ.svg, that should give you a guide as to what licensing templates need to be added. --DAJF (talk) 02:40, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for March 19
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I am waiting for your reply.
Hello,DAJF Thank you for your message the other day. I am waiting for your reply because I have written a comment about "Asahi (train)".

DAMASA (talk) 05:12, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

Please help me about ctegory names
Hallo DAJF. DAJFさんはじめましてこんにちはBatholithと申します. 日本語で失礼いたします. DAJFさんは英語のネイティブスピーカーで日本語も堪能ということで教えていただきたいことがあります. 自分は日本の山岳カテゴリ (Category:Mountains of Japan) の整理や、Wikipediaの記事の改善を重点的に行っています.

日本の山のカテゴリでは画像に過剰なカテゴリを付加する方が多く、カテゴリ内が把握しくにくくなっていると考えています（おそらくこれは他の国でも）. 富士山のようなわかりやすい山であればいいのですが、そうでない山のカテゴリではどれがどの山なのか、Descriptionに書かれていないと調べないとわかりません. 「これが○○山か」と思ったら後に隠れている山だったり、遠くの山だったりすることがよくあって、画像を使用するのにかなり不安があるのです. カテゴリの付加は手動でやっているのにも関わらずGoogle検索よりも精度が悪いんじゃ情けないとも思うわけです.

そこで、「主題ではない写真」をまとめるようなカテゴリをつくって徐々に整理していきたいのです. これにぴったりの「主題ではない」という意味にあてはまる英語はなにが適切でしょうか. 画像で表すと、例 (imgur.com)のBやCやDにあてはまるカテゴリのことです. もしかしたら俳優に例えて「助演」(Supporting (?))というような意味でもよいかもしれません. 今のところ、Category:Mount AAA - XXXXX というようなカテゴリの表記で考えています. 妙案があればぜひ教えてくだく、お願い申し上げます. --Batholith (talk) 14:25, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi. As this is the English Wikipedia project, it is actually standard policy to keep all communications in English. Categories used for different mountains are not an area I am really familiar with, so I would recommend following the same system used for mountains in other countries. But as a non-expert, I would say image that include more than one individual mountain should be contained within the respective categories for each of the mountains in the image. That's all I can really suggest. --DAJF (talk) 09:54, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Odakyu 70000 series impression 20161020.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Odakyu 70000 series impression 20161020.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Ytoyoda (talk) 00:46, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

Akita-Shirakami Station
Hi, would you happen to possess copies of Kawashima's works (or other good sources) which cover Akita-Shirakami Station? That article is being considered for deletion. The article is, at present, badly sourced indeed. I would like to help add sources and avoid deletion but unfortunately I do not have books which cover the JR East area. Perhaps you might have suitable works and can add the sources? Regards. Leuvu (talk) 23:21, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Hi. Thanks for the heads-up. I don't have any books or reference sources to hand, but I have taken the opportunity to add a few more details to the article to generally expand it and bring it up to standard. I'll see if I can find some other third-party sources in the coming days. Thanks once again. --DAJF (talk) 02:10, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Masaru Nashimoto
I have proposed that the article Masaru Nashimoto be deleted. The reason I gave was "Is not a notable reporter, or a partially relevant television personality. Fails WP:GNG, WP:BIO and WP:JOURNALIST." It will be soft deleted in 7 days unless you or someone else removes the tag. Prince of Thieves (talk) 15:05, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for the heads-up. I disagree that the subject of the article is non-notable, so I have taken the liberty of removing the proposed deletion tag. I have also taken the opportunity to update and expand the article slightly. It may not have been so clear from the article wording, but the newspaper reports cited do indicate that he was/is one of the most famous show-biz reporters in Japan - so that clears any WP:JOURNALIST concerns in addition to WP:GNG. If you still have any comments about the wording or notability, please feel free to drop me a line again. --DAJF (talk) 06:23, 1 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I see, no worries on that, it should be fine. Prince of Thieves (talk) 08:52, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

On my mistake for Rola
Dear DAJF,

I'm so sorry about my mistake in putting Rola's real name as Saijo Hideki. The reason I had done so was because in an episode of Lincoln hosted by Owarai duo Downtown. Rola acted as a teacher and wrote her name on the board; to which Matsumoto comments: "I prefer Rola over Saijo Hideki anyways." which made me believe that this was her real name.

I had no idea Mr. Saijo had a song called "Rola" and was not aware of the context. Thank you for correcting me and prompting me to do more research.

Sincerely, Deady3728.Deady3728 (talk) 04:09, 14 July 2018 (UTC)

Merger discussion for Kaikyō Line
An article that you have been involved in editing—Kaikyō Line—has been proposed for merging with another article. If you are interested, please participate in the merger discussion. Thank you. Oshawott 12 ==== Talk to me!  23:46, 29 October 2018 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:H100 image 20170712.jpg
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:32, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Template:JR Kyushu EMU

A tag has been placed on Template:JR Kyushu EMU requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion because it is an unused duplicate of another template, or a hard-coded instance of another template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

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Nomination for deletion of Template:Yamanote Line graphical timeline
Template:Yamanote Line graphical timeline has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 01:45, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:DAJF


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Apocalipps

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:13, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Apocalipps
Non-notable rapper with a very high opinion of himself. the wub  "?/!"  08:18, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, alleged future hip-hop star. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. - Thatdog 08:29, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. Fails WP:MUSIC guidelines. JamesBurns 09:29, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Definitely Delete Came across is under the needs to be wikified, but it really just needs to be deleted. jg325 21:12, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Wackymacs 17:31, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Abdullah Saeed

Abdullah (means in Arabic God's man) lives in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. His date of birth is 9 July 1991. He reads in Crescent Model Higher Secondary School, Shadman Colony Lahore.He is a shining star of crescent model higher secondary school Lahore. His house is in Allama Iqbal Town. Saeed Ahmad is his father name. His family background is very good. His father is an Electrical Engineer and his moher is an M.A in Political Science now a housewife. He has two brothers, Haroon Saeed(Computer Scientist) and Hassan Saeed(Electrical Engineer) and one sister Rabia Saeed(Electrical Engineer). He is standing 1st from class one and he wants to join Medical Science in future.He can be reached at following addresses:

1. m_abdullahsaeed@yahoo.com 2. abdullah_saeed_@hotmail.com 3. m.abdullah.saeed@gmail.com

So, you can e-mail him at any time.

July 10,2005

title: User talk:Abdullah Saeed


text:
Talk:Lift (drink)

Untitled
HI!

what are the ingredients of Lemon Lift?

Clayre

Where can you find Lift in the USA?

Shouldn't it be mentioned that the percentage of natural juice is about 0.1-0.3%?

Something tells me that the drink hasn't been discontinued - contrary to the article. Namely the fact that you can buy it in any supermarket in new zealand - which the article also says. /confused? Themania 03:43, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Where to buy lift in the US
I just visited Australia not to long ago and have been trying to find lift in the US but couldent. Where can you buy it in the US? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.45.155.87 (talk) 10:40, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 23:06, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Lift Products in Germany
"The only Lift products in Germany are Lemon and Lemon-Lime and Extreme Lemon." - this cannot be correct, or can it? "Lift" as sold here is an apple juice spritzer, as far as I know. 129.69.215.1 (talk) 11:01, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

"Lift plus" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Lift plus. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Tsla1337 (talk) 22:04, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

Sprite Lemon+
Needs to be a separate article since Lift still exists in Germany.J Bar (talk) 14:04, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:07, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Lift soft drink can.jpg

title: Talk:Lift (drink)


text:
USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center

The USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center is a stadium complex within Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States. It has been the home of the US Open Grand Slam tennis tournament, played every year in August and September, since 1978 and is operated by the United States Tennis Association (USTA). The facility has 22 courts inside its 46.5 acre and 12 in the adjoining park. The complex's three stadiums are among the largest tennis stadiums in the world; Arthur Ashe Stadium tops the global list with a listed capacity of 23,200. When the facility was built in 1978, all 33 courts used the DecoTurf cushioned acrylic surface, as did Court 17, added in 2011. However, in 2020, the court surfaces were replaced with Laykold.

Near Citi Field (home of the New York Mets) as well as LaGuardia Airport, the tennis center is open to the public for play except during the US Open, junior and wood-racquet competitions. Formerly called the USTA National Tennis Center, the facility was rededicated for Billie Jean King on August 28, 2006.

History
The idea of the tennis center came about in January 1977, when William Hester, the then-incoming president of the USTA, saw the underused Singer Bowl on a flight into nearby LaGuardia Airport. He asked the City of New York to let him use the stadium and adjoining land for a tennis facility to host the U.S. Open. The stadium was heavily renovated and divided into two venues: Louis Armstrong Stadium and the adjoining grandstand. The National Tennis Center opened in August 1978.

After rumors of a possible move to San Diego, a major upgrade and expansion began in March 1995. More land was committed to the USTA National Tennis Center, and in August 1997 the newly built Arthur Ashe Stadium replaced Louis Armstrong Stadium as the main court. The four-year expansion was completed in 1999. Arthur Ashe Stadium holds more than 22,000 spectators while Louis Armstrong Stadium was downsized to hold just 10,000 spectators (the original size was 18,000). In 2006, at the location of the old indoor tennis building near the East Gate, work began on a 245,000-square-foot, multi-purpose tennis pavilion. The new facility was completed in 2008 and includes 12 courts, classrooms, fitness facilities, and a pro shop. It also includes a hospitality center, museum, and food commissary. Other renovations included the players’ lounge, locker rooms, and medical, training and office space.

In 2011, the facility opened a new show court, Court 17, located in the southeast corner of the grounds, seating 2,500 to 3,000, making it small in comparison to the facility's other show courts. Next in size after those courts – Arthur Ashe Stadium, Louis Armstrong Stadium, and the Grandstand (the latter with a capacity of 8,125) – the court has large television screens and Hawk-Eye electronic line-calling capability which allows for player challenges. In constructing the new court, foundations from the 1939 and 1964 World's Fair were discovered, and the water table was found to be several feet higher than expected. Because the playing surface of Court 17 is below ground level, the new court has received the nickname of "The Pit".

Beginning in 2013, the center underwent a $550 million renovation that included the erection of a retractable roof on the Arthur Ashe Stadium, which was completed for the 2016 US Open. A new show court with 8,125 seats was opened in 2016 in the southwest corner of the complex, making it the third-largest court in the center (replacing the old Grandstand court). A new, 14,000-seat Louis Armstrong Stadium (also with a retractable roof) was constructed on the site of the original stadium, and was completed in time for the 2018 US Open.

Other uses
In July 2008, the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center and Arthur Ashe Stadium hosted its first non-tennis event, when the New York Liberty of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) played in the "Liberty Outdoor Classic: 2008". The game itself was the first professional basketball regular season game played outdoors in the USA, by either men or women. The contest featured the Indiana Fever defeating the New York Liberty.

USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center is the site of the annual New York State High School tennis championships, held in May. This tournament is sponsored by the New York State Public High School Athletic Association (NYSPHSAA).

In March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the city proposed building a temporary 350-bed field hospital in the Billie Jean King National Tennis Center to treat overflow patients from area hospitals. It opened on April 10 and was later described by The New York Times as a "cautionary tale" of mismanaged government responses, having cost at least $52 million while only treating 79 patients until it closed on May 13.


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Anaerobic lagoon

An anaerobic lagoon or manure lagoon is a man-made outdoor earthen basin filled with animal waste that undergoes anaerobic respiration as part of a system designed to manage and treat refuse created by concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Anaerobic lagoons are created from a manure slurry, which is washed out from underneath the animal pens and then piped into the lagoon. Sometimes the slurry is placed in an intermediate holding tank under or next to the barns before it is deposited in a lagoon. Once in the lagoon, the manure settles into two layers: a solid or sludge layer and a liquid layer. The manure then undergoes the process of anaerobic respiration, whereby the volatile organic compounds are converted into carbon dioxide and methane. Anaerobic lagoons are usually used to pretreat high strength industrial wastewaters and municipal wastewaters. This allows for preliminary sedimentation of suspended solids as a pretreatment process.

Anaerobic lagoons have been shown to harbor and emit substances which can cause adverse environmental and health effects. These substances are emitted through two main pathways: gas emissions and lagoon overflow. Gas emissions are continuous (though the amount may vary based on the season) and are a product of the manure slurry. The most prevalent gasses emitted by the lagoon are: ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and carbon dioxide. Lagoon overflow is caused by faulty lagoons, such as breaches or improper construction, or adverse weather conditions, such as increased rainfall or strong winds. These overflows release harmful substances into the surrounding land and water such as: antibiotics, estrogens, bacteria, pesticides, heavy metals, and protozoa.

In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has responded to environmental and health concerns by strengthening regulation of CAFOs under the Clean Water Act. Some states have imposed their own regulations as well. Because of repeated overflows and resultant health concerns, North Carolina banned the construction of new anaerobic lagoons in 1999. There has also been a significant push for the research, development and implementation of environmentally sound technologies which would allow for safer containment and recycling of CAFO waste.

Background
Beginning in the 1950s with poultry production, and then later in the 1970s and 1980s with cattle and swine, meat producers in the United States have turned to CAFO as a way to more efficiently produce large quantities of meat. This switch has decreased the price of meat. However, the increase in livestock has generated an increase in manure. In 2006, for example, livestock operations in the United States produced 133 e6ST of manure. Unlike manure produced in a conventional farm, CAFO manure cannot all be used as direct fertilizer on agricultural land because of the poor quality of the manure. Moreover, CAFOs produce a high volume of manure. A feeding operation with 800,000 pigs could produce over 1.6 e6ST of waste per year. The high quantity of manure produced by a CAFO must be dealt with in some way, as improper manure management can result in water, air and soil damage. As a result, manure collection and disposal has become an increasing problem.

In order to manage their waste, CAFOs have developed agricultural wastewater treatment plans. To save on manual labor, many CAFOs handle manure waste as a liquid. In this system, the animals are kept in pens with grated floors so the waste and spray water can be drained from underfloor gutters and piped to storage tanks or anaerobic lagoons. Once at a lagoon, the purpose is to treat the waste and make it suitable for spreading on agricultural fields. There are three main types of lagoon: anaerobic, which is inhibited by oxygen; aerobic, which requires oxygen; and facultative, which is maintained with or without oxygen. Aerobic lagoons provide a higher degree of treatment with less odor production, though they require a significant amount of space and maintenance. Because of this demand, almost all livestock lagoons are anaerobic lagoons.

Description
Anaerobic lagoons are earthen basins with a usual depth of 8 ft, though greater depths are more beneficial to digestion as they minimize oxygen diffusion from the surface. To minimize leakage of animal waste into the ground water, newer lagoons are generally lined with clay Studies have shown that in fact the lagoons typically leak at a rate of approximately 1 mm per day, with or without a clay liner, because it is the sludge deposited at the base of the lagoon that limits the leakage rate, not the clay liner or underlying native soil.

Anaerobic lagoons are not heated, aerated or mixed. Anaerobic lagoons are most effective in warmer temperatures; anaerobic bacteria are ineffective below 15 C Lagoons must be separated from other structures by a certain distance to prevent contamination. States regulate this separation distance. The overall size of the lagoon is determined by addition of four components: minimum design volume, volume of manure storage between periods of disposal, dilution volume and the volume of sludge accumulation between periods of sludge removal.

Process
The lagoon is divided into two distinct layers: sludge and liquid. The sludge layer is a more solid layer formed by the stratification of sediments from the manure. After a while, this solid layer accumulates and eventually needs to be cleaned out. The liquid level is composed of grease, scum and other particulates. The liquid level CAFO wastewater enters at the bottom of the lagoon so that it can mix with the active microbial mass in the sludge layer. These anaerobic conditions are uniform throughout the lagoon, except in a small surface level.

Sometimes aeration is applied to this level to dampen the odors emitted by the lagoons. If surface aeration is not applied, a crust will form that will trap heat and odors. Anaerobic lagoons should retain and treat wastewater from 20 to 150 days. Lagoons should be followed by aerobic or facultative lagoons to provide further required treatment. The liquid layer is periodically drained and used for fertilizer. In some instances, a cover can be provided to trap methane, which is used for energy.

Anaerobic lagoons work through a process called anaerobic digestion. Decomposition of the organic matter begins shortly after the animals void. Lagoons become anaerobic because of the high biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the feces, which contains a high level of soluble solids, resulting in higher BOD. Anaerobic microorganisms convert organic compounds into carbon dioxide and methane through acid formation and methane production.

Advantages of construction

 * Manure can be easily manipulated with water using flushing systems, sewer lines, pumps and irrigation systems
 * Stabilization of the waste through digestion minimizes odor when manure is finally used as fertilizer
 * Manure is able to be stored long-term at a low cost
 * Manure is all in one area, instead of spread across a large area of land (This is called W.E.S., Waste Enlargement System).

Disadvantages of construction

 * Requires relatively large area of land
 * Produces strong undesirable odors especially during spring and fall
 * Take a fairly long time for organic stabilization because of the slow rate of sludge digestion and slow growth rate of methane formers
 * Manure used as fertilizer is of lower quality because of low nutrient availability
 * Wastewater seepage may occur if the tanks break or are improperly constructed
 * Weather and other environmental elements can strongly affect the safety and efficacy of anaerobic lagoons

Gas emissions
Rates of asthma in children living near a CAFO are consistently elevated. The process of anaerobic digestion has been shown to release over 400 volatile compounds from lagoons. The most prevalent of these are: ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and carbon dioxide.

Ammonia
In the United States, 80 percent of ammonia emissions come from livestock production. A lagoon can vaporize up to 80 percent of its nitrogen through the reaction: NH4+-N -> NH3 + H+. As pH or temperature increases, so does the amount of volatilized ammonia. Once ammonia has been volatilized, it can travel as far as 300 miles, and at closer ranges it is a respiratory irritant. Acidification and eutrophication of the ecosystem surrounding the lagoons could be caused by prolonged exposure to volatilized ammonia. This volatilized ammonia has been implicated in widespread ecological damage in Europe and is of growing concern for the United States.

Hydrogen sulfide
With averages greater than 30ppb, lagoons have high concentration of hydrogen sulfide, which is highly toxic. A study by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has found that concentrations of hydrogen sulfide near lagoons have exceeded the state standard, even as far away as 4.9 miles. Hydrogen sulfide is recognizable for its unpleasant rotten-egg odor. Because hydrogen sulfide is heavier than air, it tends to linger around lagoons even after ventilation. Levels of hydrogen sulfide are at their highest after agitation and during manure removal.

Methane
Methane is an odorless, tasteless, and colorless gas. Lagoons produce about 2,300,000 tonnes per year, with around 40 percent of this mass coming from hog farm lagoons. Methane is combustible at high temperatures, and explosions and fires are a real threat at or near lagoons. Additionally, methane is a greenhouse gas. The U.S. EPA estimated that 13 percent of all the methane emissions came from livestock manure in 1998, and this number has grown in recent years. Recently there has been interest in technology which would capture methane produced from lagoons and sell it as energy.

Water-soluble contaminants
Contaminants that are water-soluble can escape from anaerobic lagoons and enter the environment through leakage from badly constructed or poorly maintained manure lagoons as well as during excess rain or high winds, resulting in an overflow of lagoons. These leaks and overflows can contaminate surrounding surface and ground water with some hazardous materials which are contained in the lagoon. The most serious of these contaminants are pathogens, antibiotics, heavy metals and hormones. For example, runoff from farms in Maryland and North Carolina are a leading candidate for Pfiesteria piscicida. This contaminant has the ability to kill fish, and it can also cause skin irritation and short term memory loss in humans

Pathogens
More than 150 pathogens in manure lagoons that have been found to impact human health. Healthy individuals who come into contact with pathogens usually recover promptly. However, those who have a weakened immune system, such as cancer patients and young children, have an increased risk for a more severe illness or even death. About 20 percent of the U.S. population are categorized in this risk group. Some of the more notable pathogens are:

E. coli
E. coli is found in the intestines and feces of both animal and humans. One particularly virulent strain, Escherichia coli O157:H7, is found specifically in the lumen of cattle raised in CAFOs. Because cattle are fed corn in CAFOs instead of grass, this changes the pH of the lumen so that it is more hospitable to E. coli. Grain-fed cattle have 80 percent more of this strain of E. coli than grass-fed cattle. However, the amount of E. coli found in the lumen of grain fed cattle can be significantly reduced by switching an animal to grass only a few days prior to slaughter. This reduction would decrease the pathogen's presence in both meat and waste of the cattle, and decrease the E. coli population found in anaerobic lagoons.

Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium is a parasite that causes diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps and fever. It is particularly problematic because it is resistant to most lagoon treatment regimens In a study performed in Canada, 37 percent of swine liquid-manure samples contained Cryptosporidium.

Other common pathogens
Other common pathogens (and their symptoms) include:
 * Bacillus anthracis, otherwise known as Anthrax (skin sores, headache, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting)
 * Leptospira pomona (abdominal pain, muscle pain, vomiting, fever)
 * Listeria monocytogenes (fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)
 * Salmonella (abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, chills, fever, headache)
 * Clostridium tetani (violent muscle spasms, lockjaw, difficulty breathing)
 * Histoplasma capsulatum (fever, chills, muscle ache, cough rash, joint pain and stiffness)
 * Microsporum and Trichophyton Ringworm (itching, rash)
 * Giardia lamblia (abdominal pain, abdominal gas, nausea, vomiting, fever)
 * Cryptosporidium (diarrhea, dehydration, weakness, abdominal cramping)
 * Pfiesteria piscicida (neurological damage)

Antibiotics
Antibiotics are fed to livestock to prevent disease and to increase weight and development, so that there is a shortened time from birth to slaughter. However, because these antibiotics are administered at sub-therapeutic levels, bacterial colonies can build up resistance to the drugs through the natural selection of bacteria resistant to these antibiotics. These antibiotic-resistant bacteria are then excreted and transferred to the lagoons, where they can infect humans and other animals.

Each year, 24.6 million pounds of antimicrobials are administered to livestock for non-therapeutic purposes. Seventy percent of all antibiotics and related drugs are given to animals as feed additives. Nearly half of the antibiotics used are nearly identical to ones given to humans. There is strong evidence that the use of antibiotics in animal feed is contributing to an increase in antibiotic-resistant microbes and causing antibiotics to be less effective for humans. Due to concerns over antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the American Medical Association passed a resolution stating its opposition to the use of sub-therapeutic levels of antimicrobials in livestock.

Hormones
Growth hormones such as rBST, estrogen, and testosterone are administered to increase development rate and muscle mass for the livestock. Yet, only a fraction of these hormones are actually absorbed by the animal. The rest are excreted and wind up in lagoons. Studies have shown that these hormones, if they escape the lagoon and are emitted into the surrounding surface water, can alter fertility and reproductive habits of aquatic animals.

One study found that several lagoons and monitoring wells from two facilities (a nursery and a farrowing sow operation) contained high levels of all three types of estrogen. For the nursery, lagoon effluent concentrations ranged from 390 to 620 ng/L for estrone, 180 to 220 ng/L for estriol, and 40 to 50 ng/L for estradiol. For the farrowing sow operation, digester and primary lagoon effluent concentrations ranged from 9,600 to 24,900 ng/L for estrone, 5,000 to 10,400 ng/L for estriol, and 2,200 to 3,000 ng/L for estradiol. Ethinylestradiol was not detected in any of the lagoon or ground water samples. Natural estrogen concentrations in ground water samples were generally less than 0.4 ng/L, although, a few wells at the nursery operation showed quantifiable but low levels."

Heavy metals
Manure contains trace elements of many heavy metals such as arsenic, copper, selenium, zinc, cadmium, molybdenum, nickel, lead, iron, manganese, aluminum and boron. Sometimes these metals are given to animals as growth stimulants, some are introduced through pesticides used to rid livestock of insects, and some might pass through the animals as undigested food. Trace elements of these metals and salts from animal manure present risks to human health and ecosystems.

New River Spill
In 1999, Hurricane Floyd hit North Carolina, flooding hog waste lagoons, releasing 25 million gallons of manure into the New River and contaminating the water supply. Ronnie Kennedy, county director for environmental health, said that of 310 private wells he had tested for contamination since the storm, 9 percent, or three times the average across eastern North Carolina, had fecal coliform bacteria. Normally, tests showing any hint of feces in drinking water, an indication that it can be carrying disease-causing pathogens, are cause for immediate action.

Regulation
Anaerobic lagoons are built as part of a wastewater operation system. As such, compliance and permitting are handled as an extension of that operation. Therefore, manure lagoons are regulated on the state and national level through the CAFO which operates them. In recent years, because of the environmental and health effects associated with anaerobic lagoons, the EPA has increased regulation of CAFOs with a specific eye towards lagoons. North Carolina banned the construction of new anaerobic lagoons in 1999 and upheld that ban in 2007.

Further research
Some research has been done to develop and assess the economic feasibility of more environmentally superior technologies. Five main alternatives which have been implemented in North Carolina are: a solids separation/nitrification–denitrification/soluble phosphorus removal system; a thermophilic anaerobic digester system; a centralized composting system; a gasification system; and a fluidized-bed combustion system. These systems were judged based on their ability to: reduce impacts of CAFO waste in the surface and groundwater, decrease ammonia emissions, decrease the escape of disease-transmitting pathogens, and lower the concentration of heavy metal contamination.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has also evaluated the prospect of creating a cap and trade program for CAFO's carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. This program has yet to be implemented, however the USDA speculates that such a program would encourage corporations to adopt EST practices.

A comprehensive study of anaerobic swine lagoons nationwide has been launched by the U.S. Agricultural Research Service. This study aims to explore the composition of lagoons and anaerobic lagoon influence on environmental factors and agronomic practices.

title: Anaerobic lagoon


text:
Trevena

Trevena may refer to:

 * Trevena, Cornwall, a village in the UK more widely known as Tintagel
 * Trevena Inc, a biotechnology company in Pennsylvania, USA

List of people with the surname

 * Claire Trevena, Canadian government minister
 * John Trevena, pseudonym used by the Canadian writer Ernest George Henham
 * Leo Trevena, Australian rugby league footballer and coach

title: Trevena


text:
Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur

Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNIT or NIT Jaipur) is a public technical university established by an act of Parliament of India (Bharat) and is located in Jaipur, India with, an emphasis on engineering whereas programmes in science and management are also offered.

Founded in 1963, and formerly known as Malaviya Regional Engineering College (MREC) Jaipur, it assumed its present name in 2002 and assumed status of an Institute of National Importance in 2007 with enactment of NIT Act. It started in 1963 with only two engineering branches and now comprises fourteen departments, a school of management and various centres of excellence. The institute is fully funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Government of India and is governed by a Senate as per NIT Statutes.

History
|300x300px]] |300x300px]] The institute was established in 1963 as Malaviya Regional Engineering College (MREC), as a joint venture of the government of India and the Government of Rajasthan. It was named after Madan Mohan Malaviya. V.G. Garde was its first principal. The college moved to the present campus in Jaipur in 1965.

It used to offer five-year Bachelor of Engineering programs in Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, and Metallurgical Engineering. The duration of the B.E. Degree Course was changed to four years from the year 1983.

The institute was upgraded to a National Institute of Technology and was declared a Deemed University on 26 June 2002 since then the institute started offering Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) degree instead of Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) degree.

On 15 August 2007, MNIT and all other NITs were declared Institutes of National Importance by the government of India under the National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007. The institute is now under The Ministry of Education (MHRD), New Delhi. It has been selected to participate in the Technical Education Quality Improvement Program of the government of India and the World Bank.

Milestones

 * Institute celebrated its Golden Jubilee foundation year in 2013.
 * Institute is currently celebrating Diamond Jubilee year 2023-24 (completing 60 years of establishment)

Programmes
MNIT offers a wide variety of study in engineering, sciences, management, design, and humanities with a primary focus on engineering. Eight four-year undergraduate courses of study led to the Bachelor of Technology degree and a five-year undergraduate course leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree, with a total of over 5,000 students. Postgraduate degrees award Master of Technology (M.Tech.), Master of Science (M.Sc.), Master of Business Administration (M.B.A) and Master of Urban Planning. There are also doctoral programs with over 300 students. There are over 150 faculty members engaged in teaching and research.

Financial aid
More than 30 financial aid schemes are made available to students under different criteria to support institute fees and in some cases hostel accommodation as well.

Requisites for enrolments
Admission to undergraduate courses of the institute is through the Central Seat Allocation Board (CSAB) which takes into account the performance in Joint Entrance Examination (JEE).

Supernumerary seats are reserved for students from outside India who are nominated by the Ministry of External Affairs, Govt. of India, and the Indian Council of Cultural Relations and DASA students. SAT scores are criteria for selection.

Admission for post graduate courses namely Master of Technology (M.Tech.) and Master of Urban & Regional Planning (MURP) are through Centralized Counselling for MTech/MArch and M.Plan (CCMT) after Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE).

Admission to M.Sc. is through CCMN (Centralized Counseling for MSc/MSc (Tech.)), admission to M.B.A. is through GMAT/CAT followed by GD, PI and Ph.D. are through department's respective written test followed by an interview.

Rankings
Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur was ranked 37th among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2023.

Grading
MNIT follows the credit-based system of performance evaluation, with the proportional weighting of courses based on their importance. The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of grades, with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks. This range of marks is decided by Grade Moderation Committee and is relative in nature. For each semester, the students are graded by taking a weighted average from all the courses with their respective credit points. Each semester's evaluation is done independently with a cumulative grade point average (CGPA) reflecting the average performance across semesters.

Research
Research in the institute is sponsored by major government agencies which include the Indian Ordnance Factories, Ministry of Communication & IT, Govt. of India, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST).

===Collaboration with International Universities ===
 * 1) University of Greenwich, London
 * 2) Stevens Institute of Technology
 * 3) North Dakota University
 * 4) University of Saskatchewan
 * 5) Deakin University
 * 6) Florida International University
 * 7) University of Dundee
 * 8) Medine Education, Mauritius

Organisational structure
MNIT shares a common Visitor (a position held by the President of India) who is the most powerful person in the NIT organizational structure and the NIT Council with the other sister NITs.

The board of governors consists of members nominated by the NIT Council, the director, representatives from the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource and Development, and Government of India.

The institute's director serves as the chief academic and executive officer of the institute. He is aided by the deputy director. Under the director and the deputy director are the deans, heads of departments, registrar, president of the students' council, and chairman of the hall management committee.

The registrar is the chief administrative officer and oversees day-to-day operations. He is the custodian of records, funds, and other properties of the institute.

Under the charge of the heads of departments (HODs) are the faculty (full-time professors as well as those of associate and assistant status). The wardens of hostels are placed under the chairman of the hall management committee in the organization.

Financing
Annually, the institute receives US$20 million from the Government of India and the World Bank. Alumni and other bodies also donate to contribute to the development of the institute. Financial management is undertaken by the Financial Committee of the institute.

Academic policies
The academic policies of the institute are decided by its senate. It consists of the deans of the institute, all the professors, the director, educationists, and specialists. The senate controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations, and results and appoints committees to look into academic matters. The teaching, training, and research activities of the institute are reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards. The director serves as the ex-officio and chairman of the senate.

Academic Events
MNIT Jaipur AICTE – Training Program on Design Thinking for Innovative Medical Devices

Motto
"Yogaḥ Karmasu Kauśalam" (योगः कर्मसु कौशलम् in Sanskrit). The motto literally translates to "Excellence in action is Yoga" essentially implying that doing your work well is (true) yoga or "Diligence leads to Excellence". It is sourced to Sri Krishna's discourse to Arjuna in Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 2, Verse 50. This quote in its larger context of Gita urges man to acquire equanimity because such a soul endowed with the mind of equanimity allows him to shed the effects of his good and evil deeds in this world itself. Equanimity is the source of perfection in Karmic endeavors while leading to Salvation.

Engineering departments

 * Architecture
 * Chemical Engineering
 * Civil Engineering
 * Computer Science & Engineering
 * Electrical Engineering
 * Electronics and Communication Engineering
 * Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kota (temporary campus) – Computer Science Engineering and Electronics & Communication Engineering

Centres

 * Energy and Environment
 * Earthquake and Disaster Mitigation Centre
 * Innovation and Incubation Centre
 * Advance Materials Research Centre
 * Tribology Laboratory
 * Electronics & ICT Academy
 * Stones

Science Departments

 * Applied Biology
 * Mathematics
 * Physics (Photonics and Electronics )
 * Chemistry

Allied Departments

 * Humanities and Social Sciences
 * Department of Physical Education
 * Department of Management Studies

Campus
MNIT's 317-acre campus is located in Jaipur, Rajasthan, approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) from Jaipur International Airport. It is 6 miles (10 km) from Pink City and is within walking distance of the business district therefore the two locations are frequent gateways for MNIT students. The vast campus is lush green and has a hill out of Aravali Ranges. Numerous buildings, and clusters constitute the campus. To the west are the departmental buildings, research laboratories, associations and club buildings, lecture theatres, bank (ICICI Bank), post office, canteens, lawns, auditoriums, main building, computer centre; to the east are Boys hostels, STP; to the north are guest houses, staff quarters, bank (SBI, ICICI); at the center and south are sports facilities and dispensary.

The dispensary is supervised by a team of Medical Officers and supported staff. The institute has a part-time Homeopathic doctor and Ayurvedic doctor on the campus. Canteen buildings, five in all, are near the instructional zone and hostels and in addition to it, an Amul parlor. The central canteen is run by Akshaya Patra Foundation. There are two guest houses on the campus for visitors, alumni, guests, and guardians of students.

Each Department has its own building which has laboratories, staff cabins, lecture halls, classrooms, auditoriums, departmental libraries, etc., and all are linked via a continuous gallery that runs throughout the eastern part.

Sports facilities
Facilities for sports and games include a soccer ground, a cricket ground with nets, three basketball courts, three lawn tennis courts, three volleyball courts, three raw volleyball courts, one indoor badminton court and other outdoor badminton courts, a gymnasium, a billiards room, a chess room, a jogging track, table tennis boards, and a swimming pool is in future plans.

Materials Research Center
Materials Research Center (MRC) has the infrastructure for advanced research in various streams with a focus on materials. The facilities are extended to the scientists and researchers of other institutes. Equipment at the center, set up at the cost of $6.3 million, offers a wide range of research assistance. Various machines, facilities and software are available in the lab.

Central Library
Now known as LEARNING RESOURCE CENTRE (LRC), aids the teaching and research programmes of the institute and provides facilities for general reading and information with 156,314 print books, 3,073 ebooks, 10,000 e-journals, international journals, technical pamphlets, standards, CD-ROMs and periodicals. In addition, it is connected to other library networks like DELNET, which enables students to access libraries of other 4697 Indian and International libraries. It is spread across a plinth area of 15,847 Sq. feet. The services and operations in the library are fully digital with RFID and Smart card systems with Koha (software). In addition to books, it offers Wi-Fi and LAN services.

Computer Center
The centre has 10 computer laboratories. A Datacenter with Private Cloud using VMWare V Cloud Suite 5 and 64 TB of EMC2 Storage has also been established in the center. The Private Cloud has features of automated provisioning of IT resources, a single interface for administrators for the entire IT infrastructure, and workload elasticity. It is used for Library digitization, E-mail archival, hosting various services/applications and Research on cloud computing by Ph.D. and MTech students.

Vivekananda Lecture Theatre Complex (VLTC)
Vivekananda Lecture Hall complex will have 40 classrooms that could accommodate about 5,500 students at a time. It will have a food court in its basement. Its construction was started on 19 September 2012. It holds the record of being Asia's Largest Lecture Theatre Complex.

Among other facilities, each hostel is equipped with Wi-fi and/or LAN, and a common room with a TV, LAN, table-tennis court, newspaper stands and a mess.

Student life
Annually MNIT conducts the MNIT Sports Tournament (MST). Students from all across Rajasthan and other parts of North India, participate in the event. MNIT also hosts inter-NIT sports tournaments being a part of the Inter-NIT sports federation. The institute is the West zone centre for NBA JAM.

National level events include Neuron, Blitzschlag, Electronica, Moments, MST, Schrifftum, Taal and Zodiac.

Hostel
MNIT has 10 boys and 2 girls hostels with an accommodation capacity of about 3,000 students. The largest among them is Aurobindo Hostel comprising 950 single bedrooms. First-year students are allotted triple bedrooms and from second Year onwards everyone gets single bedrooms. Most of the hostels are equipped with the mess. Students are given Wi-Fi, LAN, common room, and sports facilities in hostels. Hostel fees in a single semester is Rs. 32,000 (out of which Rs. 20,000 for Hostel mess bill and 12,000 for Room rent, electricity and light bill.

Blitzschlag
Blitzschlag is the annual cultural fest of MNIT Jaipur. It is a 3-day event held towards the start of February every year and attracts a crowd of over 20,000 students from more than 20 colleges all over the country.

The word Blitzschlag has German origins; it means a lightning strike. Aimed at inspiring innovation, technical interest among students, and awareness among the public, the event has played host to lectures, seminars, workshops, competitions, exhibitions, and quizzes.

The event is organized by the students under the guidance of their teachers.

Sphinx
Sphinx is the annual tech-fest organized autonomously by Malaviya National Institute of Technology, a 3-day event held in late October each year. The event is organized by the students under the guidance of their teachers.

Creative Arts & Cultural Society
MNIT CACS (Creative Arts & Cultural Society) allows students to exhibit extracurricular abilities.

Student Mentorship Program
Student Mentorship Program (SMP) is a program of mentorship of junior students by senior students. Web based services consist of The Online Mentor-Mentee platform and SMP Media. Online Mentor-Mentee platform connects mentees with their Mentors, and SMP Media acts as a knowledge sharing platform.

The Mavericks
The Mavericks is the weekly newsletter service, run by a group of students which covers all activities going on on the campus, both academic and non-academic, discussing ongoing placements, internships, achievements by students, events, projects and other happenings on the campus.

Codavids
Codavids is the official programming and coding club of the institute, under the Head of the Computer Engineering Department. It aims to improve the programming culture among the student community and encourage them to solve practical problems through coding, improve their programming skills by taking lectures, organizing Online Coding Competitions (OCC) every month, organizing Guest lectures in algorithm complexity, algorithms, data structures, operating systems and programming in general.

Zine
Zine is a creative group of engineering undergraduates of Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur who are together to learn, improve and apply their technical skills to help foster the growth of society and India in the field of technology by using their engineering skills to work on real time problems. It is composed of students from various disciplines working under guidance of Dr. Rajesh Kumar from Electrical Engineering department and various alumni working in reputed firms and doing research in Universities in India and abroad.

Housing
MNIT provides on-campus residential facilities to its students, research scholars, faculty members, and many of its staff. Hostel rooms are wired for the internet, for which students pay a compulsory charge included in the hostel fees. Most of the rooms in the hostels are designed to accommodate one student and is available after the first year, and there are hostels designed for triple bedding which are leased to students of the first year. Some hostels have Wi-fi networks. There are twelve hostels in all, and each hostel is provided with a common room equipped with a television, table tennis board, and newspaper reading section. Students residing in hostels are issued an advisory code of conduct and ragging or harassing other students, and juniors are strictly forbidden.

Students
MNIT enrols 710 undergraduates, 500 post graduate and 500 doctoral students every year. The Ratio of male to female students is seven to one. 50% of students are from Rajasthan, due to the home state quota followed by Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, North East and other states in the same order. Students from abroad are from Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Bangladesh, Nepal, Uganda, Sri Lanka and other middle-eastern countries.

Alumni
Alumni-institute interaction is developed and maintained through the Alumni Network and Alumni chapters across the world under the direction of MNIT Jaipur Alumni Association (MNITJAA). It also helps in conducting the annual alumni meets. Alumni from MNIT contribute to society in various fields like Academics, Science and Engineering, Public Service, Corporate Service, Entertainment, Defence, Arts & Design, etc.

Notable alumni

 * Thomas Abraham, president of GOPIO
 * Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Mechanical Engineer, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * Nikhil Gupta, researcher and professor based in Brooklyn, New York
 * Ashok M. Raichur, nanotechnologist, N-Bios laureate
 * Shivangi, Indian Navy First Woman Pilot
 * Ashish Arora, founder physicsgalaxy.com, author of physics textbooks in IIT-JEE Category, works at Unacademy, worked at Allen Jaipur and Bansal classes, founding member of FIITJEE


text:
Ivan Robinson

Ivan "Mighty" Robinson (born February 27, 1971) is an American professional boxer who has compiled a record of 36–12–2 (12 KOs) since becoming a professional in 1992. He challenged once for the IBF lightweight title in 1996, losing to Phillip Holiday by 12-round unanimous decision.

Background
Born and raised in Philadelphia, Robinson began boxing from an early age. He attended Simon Gratz High School.

Amateur career
Robinson had a stellar amateur career and was a national amateur champion. Some of his highlights are below:

 * Featherweight Silver Medalist at 1990 Goodwill Games in Seattle, United States. Results were:
 * Kirkor Kirkorov (Bulgaria) won on points
 * Faat Gatin (Soviet Union) won by TKO 3
 * Oscar De La Hoya (United States) lost on points
 * 1991 United States Amateur Featherweight Champion
 * 1991 World Championships in Sydney, Australia, competed as a Featherweight. Results were:
 * Jose Fernandes (Portugal) won on points
 * Duk-Kyu Park (South Korea) lost on points
 * Attempted to qualify for the Olympics as a Featherweight at the 1992 Olympic Trials in competition at Worcester, MA. Results were:
 * Kenneth Friday won on points
 * Michael Clark won on points
 * Julian Wheeler lost on points, in final
 * Julian Wheeler lost on points, at Box-Offs in Phoenix, AZ

Professional career
Robinson had been a lightweight and Junior Welterweight contender. He has been in several notable bouts, particularly his first victory over Arturo Gatti, a fight that was voted Fight of the Year by Ring magazine. Other notable bouts include his second bout with Gatti, (which he also won), and his 12 round whirlwind bout with then lightweight champion Phillip Holiday. Robinson fought on May 28, 2005, when he lost a 10-round unanimous decision to Julio César Chávez at Staples Center in Los Angeles.

He won the USBA and NABF lightweight titles over his career. Fans consider Robinson a great sportsman, who fought Mexican legend Julio César Chávez and fought wars with Arturo Gatti.

In 2013, Ivan Robinson was inducted into the Pennsylvania Boxing Hall of Fame. He was one of 10 inductees in the 10-member class of 2013.

title: Ivan Robinson


text:
Talk:Brian Lenihan Snr

Comment
I think that this article, though interesting and informative, is seriously flawed.

The flaw is that it presents journalism as history.

Where, for example, would one find in a serious historical work such impossible-to-prove assertions as "all of whom are generally regarded as the major parliamentary intellectuals in modern Irish political history" ?

The use of the passive tense, as well as the word "generally" makes the phrase worse than useless in the context of an attempt at historical accuracy. Regarded by whom ? The "generals" ( and privates ?) of the media ? The people ? If there was a definitive opinion poll, it should be quoted.

There seems to be an "edit war " going on here

''* (cur) (last) 17:58, 12 September 2006 Djegan (Talk | contribs) m (rv-inappropriate "ref" usage) ''' * (cur) (last) 09:24, 12 September 2006 194.46.247.56 (Talk) (rv to wiki style) * (cur) (last) 07:36, 12 September 2006 194.46.165.122 (Talk) (?Presidential candidate - Wiki style)''' '''* (cur) (last) 07:33, 12 September 2006 194.46.165.122 (Talk) (?Liver transplant - Wiki styl not tabloid) * (cur) (last) 06:45, 12 September 2006 Djegan (Talk | contribs) m (rv-inappropriate "ref" usage)Bold text'

The reversions by Djegan serve to render the article as tabloid story telling journalism, rather than the mandatory wiki neutral factual style. Accordingly to improve on tabloid presentation we must revert. Tayana 22:37, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Djegan is correct to revert; the style on Wikipedia is to use <ref> tags to insert properly formatted citations, not link to incidential information. See WP:FOOT. I'm not sure what you mean by "tabloid style". Demiurge 22:42, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

You are selectively reading and incorrectly interpreting WP:FOOTwhich states ;

 'A footnote is a note placed at the bottom of a page of a document that comments on, and may '''cite a reference for, a part of the main text. The connection between the relevant text and its footnote is often indicated with a number or symbol which is used both after the text fragment and before the footnote.

Footnotes are sometimes useful for relevant text that would distract from the main point if embedded in the main text, yet are helpful in explaining a point in greater detail. Footnotes are also often used to cite references which are relevant to a text. Citation of sources is important in supporting Verifiability, a key aspect of Wikipedia.''

Tabloid presentation is partisan populist prose, designed to deceive rather than educate and has no place in wiki.. Neither Demiurge nor Djegan make any editorial contribution except to bluntly revert my edits. This is unacceptable. Tayana 23:16, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Could the description of Charles Haughey as a "radical republican" party leader candidate not be described as inaccurate or, at least, unenlightening? Certainly, Haughey cultivated "republican" credentials but radical republican is hardly an impartial or informed phrase in this context.

User:MichaelTurley

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was Brian Lenihan, Jnr moved to Brian Joseph Lenihan; Brian Lenihan, Snr moved to Brian Lenihan -- Aervanath (talk) 05:00, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Brian Lenihan, Jnr →  — My understanding is that NCP suggest using "Jr." and "Sr.", not "Jnr" and "Snr". —
 * Brian Lenihan, Snr →  — My understanding is that NCP suggest using "Jr." and "Sr.", not "Jnr" and "Snr". —

 * Would the issue fall under WP:ENGVAR? The implication of WP:NCP is that they shouldn't be spelt out but it does not directly proscribe the non-American abbreviation. —   AjaxSmack   06:12, 17 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Neither politician was/is known with the Jnr/Snr (and definitely not Jr./Sr. as this is American) appellation. This is a wikipedia invention, their article should have their birth/death dates in them, e.g. Brian Lenihan (1930–1995). Snappy (talk) 07:12, 17 April 2009 (UTC)
 * They also have different names (Brian Patrick Lenihan [Snr] and Brian Joseph Lenihan [Jnr]) so the Snr/Jnr differentiation isn't considered proper by some. What about Brian Lenihan for Snr and Brian Joseph Lenihan for Jnr with hatnotes at the top of both pages?  The junior Lenihan's listing at the Oireachtas Members Database calls him Brian Joseph Lenihan.  (Other members are typically not listed by their full names, e.g., Brian Cowen, Bertie Ahern, John Bruton, and the senior Lenihan who is listed as "Mr. Brian (Snr.) Lenihan".  So it's not OR. —   AjaxSmack   19:40, 17 April 2009 (UTC)
 * That's a good suggestion. I'd happily go with that. These naming conventions have also been applies to other Irish politicians but that's another story. Snappy (talk) 10:33, 18 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Father and son

 * ''The following comment is copied from User_talk:BrownHairedGirl, where it was posted in this edit

Hi BHG, I am puzzled why you moved both Brian Lenihan articled without having a discussion on it. The last time they were moved there was a discussion on Brian Lenihan's (Father) talk page. While Brian Lenihan (Father) may be sometimes referred to as Brian Lenihan, Snr. There is no evidence for the current Irish Minister for Finance being referred to as Brian Lenihan, Jnr. The media refers to him as simply Brian Lenihan. His oireachtas entry says Brian Joseph Lenihan. Brian Lenihan, Jnr is a wikipedia invention. They have to be disambiguated but this is not the correct way. Snappy (talk) 16:51, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry -- I missed the discussion. Substantive reply to follow. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs)

 * OK, here goes! This is how me sees it:
 * We have two senior politicians of the same name, from the same family, in the same party. They need some form of disambiguation.
 * Neither of the two is a clear primary topic. The father had a longer career, and rose a little higher (Tanaiste, presidential candidate) ... but the son is finance minister at a time of grave economic crisis, and readers interested in current affairs will be looking for him.  So both have a claim to be primary topic, depending on whether we give priority to history or current events, but I don't think we should make that choice: both are equally valid perspectives for a reader, and we should facilitate both.
 * Per WP:COMMONNAME, both father and son should be known as "Brian Lenihan", with a disambiguator added as necessary. This is where I think we differ, but WP:COMMONNAME says "Title an article using the most common English language name of a person or thing that is the subject of the article".  In both cases, that's plain old "Brian Lenihan".  Searching the Irish Times, I find zero hits for "Brian Joseph Lenihan", compared with 3,977 for "Brian Lenihan", of which 1,790 are in the last year (and so will be overwhelmingly about the son).
 * Since both have the same common name, and neither is the primary topic, we need to add a disambiguator. None of the usual dabs by occupation work (because the occupations are the same), so it seems to me that we are left with a choice between a) years of birth and death or b) snr/jnr.  Other suggestions welcome, but that's all I can see so far.
 * Unfortunately, both those options are deprecated. WP:QUALIFIER says "Years of birth and death should not be used in a page title to distinguish between people of the same name (readers are more likely to be seeking this information than to already know it)." Naming conventions (people) says that this "is only used when this is the usual way for differentiating a person from another with the same name". It seems to me that we half a partial match under that guideline, in that the father is sometimes known as "senior".
 * So given a choice between two deprecated solutions, isn't it better to take the one that's less deprecated?
 * Anyway, I know you'll have thought carefully about this, so I'll look fwd to reading your thoughts. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 17:23, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

FYI, a few more search results: -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 18:08, 27 September 2009 (UTC)
 * rte.ie: zero hits for "Brian Joseph Lenihan" 10,500 hits for "Brian Lenihan"
 * independent.ie: zero hits for "Brian Joseph Lenihan" 3,290 hits for "Brian Lenihan"
 * examiner.ie: zero hits for "Brian Joseph Lenihan" 278 hits for "Brian Lenihan"

 * Thanks for your response. You make a good case, as usual! (Btw, good to see you back on Wikipedia) I was going to suggest to use birth and death years instead of Snr / Jnr (and Brian Joseph Lenihan), but I didn't know that usage was deprecated. In that case, I would (a bit reluctantly) agree to the use of Snr / Jnr. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Snappy (talk • contribs) 18:15, 27 September 2009
 * Thanks for the welcome, tho in a few days I'll be gone again for a while.
 * Anyway, I rather share your reluctance, but it seems that neither of us can see a better solution. We can always revisit this if and when a better solution presents itself. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 20:28, 27 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Nothing is set in stone! Snappy (talk) 21:06, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Article has hardly any citations
This article needs citations if it is to be taken seriously. Right now, it has footnotes, but these are not citations. As it stands, the footnotes are merely uncorroborated statements in smaller writing than in the main article. 174.16.34.183 (talk) 00:30, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

Article asserts that Lenihan proposed the merger of UCD and TCD, although earlier Ministers of Education raised this --Taibhseoir (talk) 09:09, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

Minister for forgein affairs. (third time)
There is no mention of Lenihans third term as Minister for forgein affairs. (1987-1989)

Minister for forgein affairs. (third time)
There is no mention of Lenihans third term as Minister for forgein affairs. (1987-1989) Iirimaa (talk) 00:52, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

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 * Brian Lenihan Sr, circa late 1970s.jpg

title: Talk:Brian Lenihan Snr