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Talk:Free economic zone

Ingushetia is a part of Russia
From this article: "Free economic zones by country"

From Ingushetia: "The Republic of Ingushetia is a federal subject of the Russian Federation"

Ingushetia is a part of Russia, not an separate country. It should therefore be listed under "Russian Federation". Otherwise, it's slightly confusing.

Related articles: coordinate and/or merge?

 * Free Trade Zone
 * Free Port (has the best list of FTZs)
 * Free economic zone
 * Free trade area
 * Export processing zone
 * Foreign Trade Zone (currently redirects to Free Port)

It seems to me the main article here should be Free trade zone Dev1n 21:36, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

South Korea entry
I think that the extra information in the South Korea entry should be removed, as other areas do not have descriptions in this article. Information is provided about Incheon on its page and there is no reason to have a long description on this page. Any thoughts? --Credema 04:32, 27 September 2007 (UTC) I have removed the extra information, as it is avaliable to those interested if they view the article on the free economic zone. --Credema 15:36, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Free economic zone FEZ merge
This article should be merged with EITHER Free trade zone or the article Special economic zone. But definitely should be done so, and redirected to either one of them, because the word is synonymous (in this case, taking into account the content of the article) with "Special economic zone", as it contains a list of places INSIDE a country with lighter economic measures taken. --Vitilsky (talk) 09:20, 14 April 2013 (UTC)
 * My take is that Special economic zone (SEZ) is the 'parent' category. Free Trade Zone (includes Export Processing Zone), Free economic zone and Bonded logistic park could all be merged into SEZ, with a section for each describing the difference - followed by list or table stating locations and type. Would be a big job though. Jonpatterns (talk) 13:20, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Merging is missing the point, because all three articles are dominated by poorly-organised and poorly-sourced lists, rather than any substantial explanation of the topics and their relationships to each other. First we should write about what a FEZ or a SEZ is, before worrying about exactly how to merge long series of bulletpoints which give the names of various towns and industrial parks without any context at all, let alone any confidence that they've been put on the right page. List of free ports overlaps with this problem. bobrayner (talk) 14:05, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
 * For instance, Free Economic Zone mentions two FEZs in the UK; London Docklands and "Bristol Suburbs". Neither has a source. Neither target article mentions a FEZ. We don't even know which suburb of Bristol is a FEZ, if it is at all. Or maybe it's a SEZ or an FTZ. More likely there is an unnamed business park somewhere near Bristol which gets some kind of regional aid or redevelopment support, but it's not officially an SEZ or an FTZ or a FEZ. But our articles are still full of that stuff. We have several tools in our toolbox, and merging is not the best tool to fix this problem. bobrayner (talk) 14:13, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
 * thanks for the reply. I will work on improving the description when I get time.  After that then maybe work on a the list/s. I feel a unified list on a separate page may be the best way to go, due to the fact that regulation differs in each country and the different types may well over lap.Jonpatterns (talk) 18:00, 10 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Support what Bobrayner says. Get a reliably-sourced definition, then rebuild the pages around those definitions, then any mergers or anything else can be considered. Buckshot06 (talk) 07:03, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

Free port
has no business redirecting here. It should be dabbing or pointing to some article discussing actual historic free ports, not modern SEZs which are sometimes informally called by that name. — Llywelyn II   11:28, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

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Ross Andru

Ross Andru (born Rostislav Androuchkevitch, June 15, 1927 – November 9, 1993) was an American comics artist and editor whose career in comics spanned six decades. He is best known for his work on The Amazing Spider-Man, Wonder Woman, The Flash, and The Metal Men, and for having co-created the character called The Punisher.

His most frequent collaborator was comics inker Mike Esposito, with whom he worked on projects over a span of four decades. The two also founded three short-lived comic books companies: Mr. Publications (1951), MikeRoss (1953) and Klevart Enterprises (1970).

Early life and education
Ross Andru was born in Highland Park, Michigan on June 15, 1927, the third of Alexander and Glafire (née Evanoff) Androuchkevitch's three children. Andru grew up in Cleveland, Ohio, raised by Russian émigré parents who came to the US in 1926.

After moving to New York City, Andru graduated from The High School of Music & Art, then in Harlem. One of his classmates and friends was future comics artist Mike Esposito. While students, they collaborated on flip-book animation. Andru joined the US Army in 1945, and was discharged in 1946.

In 1947, Andru attended the Cartoonists and Illustrators School, studying under Burne Hogarth. Again, Esposito was Andru's classmate.

Early work
In 1946, Andru worked for an animation studio in Manhattan drawing artwork for Chiclets chewing gum commercials.

In 1948, Andru's first professional work as a comic strip illustrator was drawing layouts for the Tarzan newspaper strip. As his longtime partner Mike Esposito recalled, he and Andru were attending Burne Hogarth's Cartoonists and Illustrators School in 1947 when "Burne took Ross out of the class because he saw the talent he had and asked him, 'Would you like to assist me on Tarzan? (the newspaper strip for the Sunday page of the New York Daily Mirror). He paid Ross by the month... the G.I. Bill gave him a few bucks to live on. Ross would lay it out then Burne would ink it with his approach... actually change everything and it would look really like Burne Hogarth when he got through with it. Ross (Andru) had a great concept for visuals for the layout, for the storytelling. That's what Burne Hogarth saw in Ross and he developed him to pull all that out, the shots and the depth of field. That only lasted a couple of years, because the strip died in about 1950–51... Ross came to me when I started publishing and we more or less teamed up'."

Partnership with Esposito
A source claims penciler Andru first teamed with inker Esposito in 1949 for the publisher Fiction House, but this is unconfirmed at the Grand Comics Database.

The team's first confirmed collaboration was on the six-page "Wylie's Wild Horses" in Hillman Periodicals' Western Fighters vol. 2, #12 (Nov. 1950), signaling the start of a four-decade collaboration.

They quickly founded their own comics-book company, the name of which is variously rendered as MR Publications, the combined initials of their first names; Mr. Publications, after the company's sole series, the whimsical adventure comic Mister Universe, which ran five issues (July 1951 – April 1952); or the hybrid MR. Publications. The two also co-founded Mikeross Publications in 1953, which through 1954 produced one issue each of the 3D romance comics 3-D Love and 3-D Romance, two issues of the romance comic Heart and Soul, and three issues of the satiric humor comic Get Lost.

Andru and Esposito created early work on Key Publications' Mister Mystery in 1951 and Standard Comics' The Unseen and Joe Yank (the latter credited as "Mikeross").

DC Comics
In September, 1953, the two began a long career as one of DC Comics' primary war story creative teams, alongside the likes of Joe Kubert, Russ Heath, and Jerry Grandenetti. Their partnership at DC Comics began with a story each in All-American Men of War #6, Our Army at War #14, and Star Spangled War Stories #13 (all Sept. 1953). For those titles as well as G.I. Combat and Our Fighting Forces, Andru and Esposito drew hundreds of tales of combat under editor and frequent writer Robert Kanigher's supervision.

From 1957 to 1959, Andru and Esposito shared a studio with fellow comics artists Jack Abel, Art Peddy and Bernard Sachslate, generally credited as either Bernard Sachs or Bernie Sachs.

Andru began a nine-year run on Wonder Woman starting with issue #98 (May 1958), where he and writer Robert Kanigher reinvented the character, introducing the Silver Age version and her supporting cast. As well, with writer-editor Robert Kanigher, Andru co-created the robot superheroes called The Metal Men in Showcase #37 (April 1962), going on to draw the first 29 issues of the lighthearted series Metal Men, from 1963 to 1968. Esposito said Kanigher "left the character design up to Ross and myself, under his supervision, of course."

Andru and Kanigher had several other notable collaborations. The "Gunner and Sarge" feature introduced in All-American Men of War #67 (March 1959) was one of the first war comics to feature recurring characters. Andru drew an early appearance of Kanigher's Sgt. Rock character in Our Army at War #81 (April 1959) With Kanigher, the Andru-Esposito team introduced the non-superpowered adventurers the Suicide Squad in The Brave and the Bold #25 (Sept. 1959).

Another innovation was the melding of war comics with science-fiction in "The War that Time Forgot", a feature created by Kanigher and Andru in Star Spangled War Stories #90 (May 1960). The title was set in the South Pacific on Dinosaur Island, an island inhabited by giant, living dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures. The stories were set in the 1940s during World War II.

Andru also drew early issues of Rip Hunter, Time Master in 1961, and the Sea Devils.

In 1967, Andru left Wonder Woman to become the penciler on The Flash, with he and inker Esposito drawing the super-speedster superhero's adventures from issue #175–194 (Dec. 1967 – Feb. 1970). Reuniting with Kanigher, Andru co-created the "Rose & The Thorn" backup feature in Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #105 (Oct. 1970).

Side projects
A Spider-Man story drawn by Andru in 1968 was originally planned as a fill-in issue of The Amazing Spider-Man but was published in Marvel Super-Heroes #14 when regular Spider-Man artist John Romita Sr. recovered more quickly than anticipated from a wrist injury.

For the black-and-white comics-magazine publisher Skywald in 1971, Andru and Esposito contributed many stories across the line, including to the horror titles Nightmare and Psycho and the Western titles Wild Western Action, The Bravados and Butch Cassidy. With writer Gary Friedrich, they created Skywald's motorcycle-riding superhero Hell-Rider.

Andru and Esposito formed the publishing company Klevart Enterprises in 1970, which two years later published two issues of a humor magazine cover-titled Up Your Nose (and Out Your Ear). The name, Esposito said, came from an expression used by late-night talk-show host Johnny Carson, "May the bird of paradise fly up your nose, and out your ear." A third issue was written but never printed because of financial problems.

Marvel Comics
In the early 1970s, Andru left DC for Marvel Comics. Initially he did short runs on such titles as Marvel Feature where he launched the superhero team the Defenders in issue #1 (Dec. 1971) and Marvel Team-Up, starting in March 1972, where he drew Spider-Man teaming with other Marvel characters. In 1973, he began his five-year stint as regular penciler on The Amazing Spider-Man, which at that point was Marvel's highest-selling monthly comic. Andru and writer Gerry Conway introduced the Punisher, who would become one of Marvel Comics' most popular characters.

In 1976, Andru penciled the first large-scale comic book Intercompany crossover, Superman vs. the Amazing Spider-Man, in a story written by Conway and co-published by Marvel and DC. As one historian wrote, "The tale was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by Ross Andru, both among the few [at that time] to ever have worked on both Superman and Spider-Man ... The result was a defining moment in Bronze Age of Comic Books."

Return to DC Comics
In 1978, Andru returned to DC to work as an editor, a position he held until 1986. During this period his art appeared mostly on the covers of such titles as Action Comics and Superman. Working with writer Marv Wolfman and collaborator Mike Esposito, he co-created the syndicated comic strip The Unexplained in 1979. Throughout the late 1970s and the 1980s, Andru and inker Dick Giordano were DC's primary cover artists, providing cover artwork for the Superman titles as well as covers for many of the other comics in the DC line at that time.

In the 1980s, Andru returned to interior artwork. He and Roy Thomas collaborated on the "Superman and His Incredible Fortress of Solitude" treasury edition published as DC Special Series #26 (Summer 1981). Pandora Pann was a proposed series by Andru and writer Len Wein which was to have been published in 1982. But other commitments prevented Wein from writing it, and the project was cancelled.

In 1981, Andru contributed to the DC Super Heroes Super Healthy Cookbook, illustrating various Justice League characters as they explained food recipes to a 4th to 6th grade audience. Additional artists included Dick Giordano and Leo Durañona.

Andru made a brief return to the Wonder Woman title, drawing six pages in issue #300 (Feb. 1983). The following year, Andru contributed to the 300th issue of World's Finest Comics as well. A New Teen Titans drug awareness comic book sponsored by the American Soft Drink Industry and drawn by Andru was published in cooperation with The President's Drug Awareness Campaign in 1983. Andru also pencilled Teen Titans Spotlight #3–6 (1986–1987). He was one of the contributors to the DC Challenge limited series in 1986. Other Andru artwork appeared in Vigilante (1984) and Blue Beetle (1987–1988).

Later life and career
In 1990, Ross Andru contributed a story to Valiant Comics' Captain N:The Game Master #1. The same year, he reunited with writer Gerry Conway and inker Mike Esposito for a story in Web of Spider-Man Annual #6. In 1992, the graphic novel Spider-Man: Fear Itself, pencilled by Andru, inked by Esposito, plotted by Conway and scripted by Stan Lee was published. Andru's last published work was for Archie Comics' Zen, Intergalactic Ninja in 1992, on which he was teamed once again with Esposito.

Prior to his death, Andru was working with Esposito on a new project to be called The Strobe Warrior for another independent company founded by Esposito and his assistant Blake Seals. The project fell apart after Andru's passing but was revived years later in song by a band called Fling Lois.

Style and technique
Frequent collaborator Gerry Conway commented of Ross Andru's work, "Ross Andru could place a character anywhere he wanted. He had a terrific sense of spatial relations; he could track a battle easily across rooftops, from panel to panel. He drew some great sequences where he maintained the same stationary background, a rooftop or a street, across an entire page, but move the characters from panel to panel. I know there are artists today who do that, but many of today's artists are figure-oriented. Space and context doesn't seem as important to them, whereas it was extremely important to Ross. He used to go around New York City taking pictures of the buildings so he could be accurate about where he put Spider-Man."

Death and burial
Andru suffered a brain aneurysm and died on November 9, 1993, in Jamaica Bay, Queens County, New York. His body was cremated and interred at the Fresh Pond Crematory and Columbarium, Middle Village, Queens County, New York.

Awards and homages
Andru was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2007.

In Ultimate Spider-Man issue #87 (Feb. 2006), a "Ross Andru" has a cameo as the principal of Peter Parker's high school.

Archie Comics

 * Zen, Intergalactic Ninja #1–3 (1992)
 * Zen, Intergalactic Ninja vol. 2 #1–3 (1992)

DC Comics

 * Action Comics #362–366, 391–392, 599 (Superman); #393 (Superboy) (1968–1970, 1988)
 * Atari Force #1–2, 4 (1982)
 * Atari Force vol. 2 #4–5 (1984)
 * Batman #213, #409, Annual #12 (with Pablo Marcos) (1969, 1987–1988)
 * Blue Beetle #15–16, 19–22 (1987–1988)
 * The Brave and the Bold #74–75, 77, 89–90, 199 (1967–1983)
 * Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew! #1 (Superman figures only) (1982)
 * DC Challenge, limited series, #12 (four pages, among other artists) (1986)
 * DC Comics Presents #53 (Atari Force preview) (1983)
 * DC Special Series #26 (Superman) (1981)
 * Detective Comics #386 (Robin) (1969)
 * Firestorm #65 (1987)
 * The Flash #175–194 (1967–1970)
 * House of Secrets #87 (1970)
 * Heroes Against Hunger (two pages) (1986)
 * Jonah Hex #48 (El Diablo); #57 (Jonah Hex) (1981–1982)
 * Metal Men #1–29 (1963–1968)
 * New Teen Titans #27 (Atari Force preview) (1983)
 * The New Teen Titans (Drug Awareness Campaign, NSDA - promo) #2 (1983)
 * Our Army at War #216, 220, 238, 243, 275, 280 (1970–1975)
 * Our Fighting Forces #124–125, 127–129 (1970–71)
 * Showcase (Metal Men) #37–40 (1962)
 * Superman #204, 211, 216 (1968–1969)
 * Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #105 (with Art Saaf); #105–106, 108 (The Rose & The Thorn) (1970–1971)
 * Teen Titans Spotlight #3–6 (1986–1987)
 * The Unexpected #120, 147 (1970–1973)
 * Vigilante #8–11, Annual #2 (1984)
 * Weird War Tales #2–3, 6 (1971–1972)
 * Wonder Woman #98–171; #300 (six pages, among other artists) (1958–1967, 1983)
 * Wonder Woman Annual #1 (seven pages, among other artists) (1988)
 * World's Finest Comics #180–183, 185–187, 189–195, 296, 300 (1968–1970, 1984)

Marvel Comics

 * The Amazing Spider-Man #125–131, 133–149, 151–153, 156–180, 182–185 (1973–1978)
 * Arrgh #5 (1975)
 * Crazy Magazine #1 (1973)
 * Creatures on the Loose #18 (1972)
 * Doc Savage #1–7 (1972)
 * Fantastic Four #131, 145–146 (1972–1974)
 * Giant-Size Spider-Man #1–5 (1974–1975)
 * Iron Man (Ant-Man) #44 (1972)
 * John Carter, Warlord of Mars #15 (1978)
 * Kull the Conqueror #1 (1971)
 * Marvel Feature (The Defenders) #1–3 (1971–1972)
 * Marvel Super-Heroes (Spider-Man) #14 (1968)
 * Marvel Team-Up (Spider-Man) #1–3, 7, 9, 12, 15 (1972–1973)
 * Savage Tales (Shanna the She-Devil) #10 (1975)
 * Shanna the She-Devil #2–5 (1973)
 * The Spectacular Spider-Man #6, Annual #10 (1977, 1990)
 * Spider-Man: Fear Itself GN (1992)
 * Sub-Mariner #37–38 (1971)
 * Uncanny X-Men #36–37 (1967)
 * Unknown Worlds of Science Fiction #1 (1975)
 * What If (Nova) #15 (1979)
 * Web of Spider-Man Annual #6 (1990)

DC Comics / Marvel Comics

 * Superman vs. the Amazing Spider-Man (1976)

Skywald Publications

 * Butch Cassidy #2–3 (1971)
 * Nightmare #1–2 (1970)
 * Psycho #2–5 (1971)

Valiant Comics

 * Captain N: the Game Master #1 (1990)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ross Andru


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File:The Nutmeg of Consolation cover.jpg

Cover image from the novel The Nutmeg of Consolation

Fair use rationale
It is believed in good faith that the use of a low-resolution image of this book cover, to identify the book in question, in the article about that book (The Nutmeg of Consolation) and the Aubrey-Maturin series, constitutes fair use on the English Wikipedia. It is being provided for educational use only, at a resolution too low to allow accurate reproduction of the book cover, and is believed not to diminish the value of the copyright in the material.Dabbler 14:54, 3 October 2007 (UTC)


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South Pole Telescope

The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a 10 m diameter telescope located at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica. The telescope is designed for observations in the microwave, millimeter-wave, and submillimeter-wave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, with the particular design goal of measuring the faint, diffuse emission from the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Key results include a wide and deep survey of discovering hundreds of clusters of galaxies using the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, a sensitive 5 arcminute CMB power spectrum survey, and the first detection of B-mode polarized CMB.

The first major survey with the SPT—designed to find distant, massive, clusters of galaxies through their interaction with the CMB, with the goal of constraining the dark energy equation of state—was completed in October 2011. In early 2012, a new camera (SPTpol) was installed on the SPT with even greater sensitivity and the capability to measure the polarization of incoming light. This camera operated from 2012–2016 and was used to make unprecedentedly deep high-resolution maps of hundreds of square degrees of the Southern sky. In 2017, the third-generation camera SPT-3G was installed on the telescope, providing nearly an order-of-magnitude increase in detectors in the focal plane.

The SPT collaboration is made up of over a dozen (mostly North American) institutions, including the University of Chicago, the University of California, Berkeley, Case Western Reserve University, Harvard/Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the University of Colorado Boulder, McGill University, Michigan State University, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of California, Davis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Argonne National Laboratory, and the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. It is funded by the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy.

Microwave and millimeter-wave observations at the South Pole
The South Pole region is the premier observing site in the world for millimeter-wavelength observations. The Pole's high altitude of 2.8 km above sea level means the atmosphere is thin, and the extreme cold keeps the amount of water vapor in the air low. This is particularly important for observing at millimeter wavelengths, where incoming signals can be absorbed by water vapor, and where water vapor emits radiation that can be confused with astronomical signals. Since the sun does not rise and set daily, the atmosphere at the pole is particularly stable. In addition, no interference exists from the sun in the millimeter range during the months of polar night.

The telescope
The telescope is a 10-meter (394 in) diameter off-axis Gregorian telescope in an altazimuth mount (at the poles, an altazimuth mount is effectively identical to an equatorial mount). It was designed to allow a large field of view (over 1 square degree) while minimizing systematic uncertainties from ground spill-over and scattering off the telescope optics. The surface of the telescope mirror is smooth down to roughly 25 um, or about one-thousandth of an inch (i.e., one thou), which allows sub-millimeter wavelength observations. A key advantage of the SPT observing strategy is that the entire telescope is scanned, so the beam does not move relative to the telescope mirrors. The fast scanning of the telescope and its large field of view makes SPT efficient at surveying large areas of sky, which is required to achieve the science goals of the SPT cluster survey and CMB polarization measurements.

The SPT-SZ camera
The first camera installed on the SPT contained a 960-element bolometer array of superconducting transition edge sensors (TES), which made it one of the largest TES bolometer arrays ever built. The focal plane for this camera (referred to as the SPT-SZ camera because it was designed to conduct a survey of galaxy clusters through their Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect signature) was split into six pie-shaped wedges, each with 160 detectors. These wedges observed at three different frequencies: 95 GHz, 150 GHz, and 220 GHz. The modularity of the focal plane allowed it to be broken into many different frequency configurations. For the majority of the life of the camera, the SPT-SZ focal plane had one wedge at 95 GHz, four at 150 GHz, and one at 220 GHz. The SPT-SZ camera was used primarily to conduct a survey of 2500 square degrees of the Southern sky (20h to 7h in right ascension, −65d to −40d declination) to a noise level of roughly 15 micro-Kelvin in a 1-arcminute pixel at 150 GHz.

The SPTpol camera
The second camera installed on the SPT–also designed with superconducting TES arrays–was even more sensitive than the SPT-SZ camera and, crucially, had the ability to measure the polarization of the incoming light (hence the name SPTpol – South Pole Telescope POLarimeter). The 780 polarization-sensitive pixels (each with two separate TES bolometers, one sensitive to each linear polarization) were divided between observing frequencies of 90 GHz and 150 GHz, and pixels at the two frequencies are designed with different detector architectures. The 150 GHz pixels were corrugated-feedhorn-coupled TES polarimeters fabricated in monolithic arrays at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The 90 GHz pixels were individually packaged dual-polarization absorber-coupled polarimeters developed at Argonne National Laboratory. The 90 GHz pixels were coupled to the telescope optics through individually machined contoured feedhorns.

The first year of SPTpol observing was used to survey a 100-square-degree field centered at R.A. 23h30m declination −55d. The next four years were primarily spent surveying a 500-square-degree region of which the original 100 square degrees is a subset. These are currently the deepest high-resolution maps of the millimeter-wave sky over more than a few square degrees, with the noise level at 150 GHz around 5 micro-Kelvin-arcminute and square root of two deeper on the 100-square-degree field.

The SPT-3G camera
In January 2017, the third-generation camera SPT-3G was installed on the SPT. Taking advantage of a combination of improvements to the optical system (providing a significantly larger diffraction-limited field of view) and new detector technology (enabling detectors in multiple observing bands in a single pixel), the SPT-3G detector array contains over ten times more sensors than SPTpol, translating almost directly into a tenfold increase in the speed with which the telescope and camera can map a patch of sky to a given noise level. The camera consists of over 16,000 detectors, split evenly between 90, 150, and 220 GHz.

In 2018, a new survey began using the SPT-3G camera. This survey was to cover 1500 square degrees to a depth of < 3 micro-Kelvin-arcminute at 150 GHz. Significantly, this field overlaps completely with the BICEP Array observing field, enabling joint analyses of SPT and BICEP data which will deliver significantly better constraints on a potential signal from primordial gravitational waves than either instrument can provide alone.

Science goals and results
The first key project for the SPT, completed in October 2011, was a 2500-square degree survey to search for clusters of galaxies using the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, a distortion of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) due to interactions between CMB photons and the Intracluster medium in galaxy clusters. The survey has found hundreds of clusters of galaxies over an extremely wide redshift range. When combined with accurate redshifts and mass estimates for the clusters, this survey will place interesting constraints on the dark energy equation of state. Data from the SPT-SZ survey have also been used to make the most sensitive existing measurements of the CMB power spectrum at angular scales smaller than roughly 5 arcminutes (multipole number larger than 2000) and to discover a population of distant, gravitationally lensed dusty, star-forming galaxies.

Data from the SPTpol camera was used to make several groundbreaking measurements, including the first detection of the so-called "B-mode" or "curl" component of the polarized CMB. This B-mode signal is generated at small angular scales by the gravitational lensing of the much larger primordial "E-mode" polarization signal (generated by scalar density perturbations at the time the CMB was emitted) and at large angular scales by the interaction of the CMB with a background of gravitational waves produced during the epoch of inflation. Measurements of the large-scale B-mode signal have the potential to constrain the energy scale of inflation, thus probing the physics of the universe at the earliest times and highest energy scales imaginable, but these measurements are limited by contamination from the lensing B modes. Using the larger E-mode component of the polarization and measurements of the CMB lensing potential, an estimate can be made of the lensing B modes and used to clean the large-scale measurements. This B-mode delensing was first demonstrated using SPTpol data. SPTpol data also has been used to make the most precise measurements of the E-mode power spectrum and temperature-E-mode correlation spectrum of the CMB and to make high-signal-to-noise maps of the projected matter density using reconstructions of the CMB lensing potential.

The 1500-square-degree SPT-3G survey will be used to achieve multiple science goals, including unprecedented constraints on a background of primordial gravitational waves joint analysis of B-mode polarization with the BICEP Array, a unique sample of distant galaxy clusters for cosmological and cluster evolution studies, and constraints on fundamental physics such as the mass of the neutrinos and the existence of light relic particles in the early Universe.

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope has similar, but complementary, science objectives.

Funding
The South Pole Telescope is funded through the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs and the United States Department of Energy, with additional support from the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Funding for the SPTpol and SPT-3G instruments and operations are also provided by the United States Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics.

Operations
On February 16, 2007, the South Pole Telescope achieved first light. Formal science observations began in March 2007. Commissioning observations and an initial small survey were completed during austral winter 2007 with winter-overs Stephen Padin and Zak Staniszewski at its helm.

In 2008, larger survey fields were completed with winter-overs Keith Vanderlinde and Dana Hrubes, and in 2009 with winter-overs Erik Shirokoff and Ross Williamson.

In December 2009, the camera was upgraded again for the 2010 observing season. The full 2500 square-degree SPT-SZ survey was completed during the 2010 and 2011 observing seasons with winter-overs Dana Hrubes and Daniel Luong-Van.

First light (the first observation) with the SPTpol camera was achieved on January 27, 2012. During the first season of observations, the winterover crew, Cynthia Chiang and Nicholas Huang, took data on a 100 square degree survey field. 2013 winterovers Dana Hrubes and Jason Gallicchio surveyed a larger field as part of the full SPTpol survey. This larger survey was completed by 2014 winterovers Robert Citron and Nicholas Huang, 2015 winterovers Charlie Sievers and Todd Veach, and 2016 winterovers Christine Corbett Moran and Amy Lowitz. The first winter of SPT-3G observing was conducted by winterovers Daniel Michalik and Andrew Nadolski. Adam Jones and Joshua Montgomery followed in 2018, with Douglas Howe and David Riebel wintering in 2019, Geoff Chen and Allen Foster in 2020, Sasha Rahlin and Matt Young in 2021, Aman Chokshi and Allen Foster in 2022, and Kyle Ferguson and Alex Pollak in 2023.

title: South Pole Telescope


text:
Who Do I Gotta Kill?

Who Do I Gotta Kill? (also known as Me & the Mob) is a 1994 comedy film directed and co-written by Frank Rainone with James Lorinz and Rocco Simonelli also writing. The film stars Sandra Bullock, John Costelloe, Steve Buscemi, and James Lorinz.

Plot
A struggling writer takes a job with the mob to make ends meet.

Cast

 * Sandra Bullock as Lori
 * Sandy Colosimo as Agency Receptionist
 * John Costelloe as "Bink-Bink" Borelli
 * Tony Darrow as Tony Bando
 * Lori Rachal as Jogger
 * Ted Sorel as George Stelloris
 * Louis Giovannetti as Dick
 * Steve Buscemi as Fred, Conspiracy Nut
 * Stephen Lee as Bobby Blitzer
 * Suze Trevithick as Girl At George's Bar
 * Frank Aquilino as Joey "Clams" Tantillo
 * John 'Cha Cha' Ciarcia as Marty "No-Neck" Scalia
 * James Lorinz as Jimmy Corona
 * Johnny Lorinz as Detective
 * Lee Anne Linfante as Tina
 * Nicholas Spina as Water Department Inspector
 * Victor Triola as Exiting Patron
 * Mario Cantone as Rico
 * Frankie Cee as Franco
 * Richard Bright as Belcher
 * Michael Luciano as Leary
 * Vickie Weinstein as Publisher's Secretary
 * Roy Frumkes as The Publisher
 * Mary Lynn Hetsko as Nurse
 * Nellie Zastawna as Bingo Winner
 * Irma St. Paule as Woman With Knitting Needle
 * Frances Levy as Woman Negotiating
 * Arthur J. Nascarella as Distraught Wiseguy
 * Vincent Pastore as "Birdman" Badamo

title: Who Do I Gotta Kill?


text:
User talk:Ilyak

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 20:34, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

Hello, your question about Belarus is important. This is really a problem. A few days ago opposition chose a candidate for presidential elections (which no one believes will be fair). It is however possible to make something similar as in Ukraine. But I agree the level of awareness in terms of democracy is lower in Belarus. (Jasra 20:20, 4 October 2005 (UTC))

Answering your questions: The opposition in Belarus chose former vice- mayor of Grodno Aleksandr Milyenkyevich (I'm not sure Engilish spelling of his name). It was just last Sunday (2nd October). He will be the presidential candidate. He is politically centre-right. As far as profession is concerned - physicist.

I have second cousins (troyurodnye bratya i syostry) in Belarus. I visited them in 1988, 1990 and 1992. Now we contact one another rather rarely by posting greeting cards. We haven't had chance to discuss politics lately. When I was there last time the situation looked as if it went towards independence and (however slow) liberation from Soviet system. It looks that coming Lukashenka to power was a step back. It was even visible in changing the flag. From a white-red-white into a Soviet-style one. From purely aesthetic point of view it was a change to worse. As a Polish person I am also concerned about the situation of Polish minority in Belarus. The authorities did not recognize the elected leaders of the Association of Poles in Belarus and established their own leaders.

Talking about my visits in former USSR: I was in Lithuania when it was still a Soviet Republic and later when the independence was announced but not recognized and also after the recognition of independence (last time in 2001). Russia - 1973 (Leningrad), 1984 (Moscow) Ukraine - 2001 Estonia (already as an independent country) - 1994. I have also contacts with people from other parts of former USSR, but I haven't been there.

Talking about Turkmenistan - I must admit my knowledge is limited, but of course I do not approve authoritarian regime there. It is true that my interests concentrates rather on Europe, but this is nothing strange that I feel more emotional about Europe, because my country (Poland is in Europe). Situation in Belarus, Ukraine, Russia has greater impact (although indirect) on my country. But in any case the more democracy the better. (Jasra 19:00, 5 October 2005 (UTC))

"By the way, what's your positions on other indepence/separatist movements, like in Transnistria in Moldova or Abkhasia in Georgia? They might be less mass-shouted-at, but there are still people dying."

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jasra"

Any case when people are dying is bad. All the questions of separatism should be solved by talks, not by force. I must admit I do not know much about the situation in the countries you mentioned. (Jasra 22:16, 7 October 2005 (UTC))

Ok. I put some answers on Ichkeria talk, but you put some points on my talk page - so I'll try to comment them.

First - election in the US - the problem that Bush and Gore got very similar number of votes is different. There was a question whether a machine counting is a proper way to count, but this way of counting was accepted before election started and it could not favor any of the candidates. It is also not true that no one said Bush was unfairly elected. Many people did and Michael Moore made a film viciously criticizing Bush. Film was released and Moore lives quietly in US and nothing happens to him.

In the matter of Belorussian flag I said that white-red-white looks much nicer than the present official one. It is a matter of taste of course ;) On the other hand the access of people not sharing Lukashenko's views to the media looks limited. Correct me if I'm wrong (i.e. prove that opposition to Lukashenko has the same or comparable access to media). When the access to media is limited, even if the referendum or elections are fair the government can get a "proper" result.

As far as Chechnya is concerned - I know many Chechens who fled their country to Poland or Western Europe. They admitted that there was chaos after the first war, but they blame the Russians for creating such situation. Chechnya was informally blocked economically. The lack of recognition did not allow establishing normal relationships with other countries. On the other hand they praise the situation in early 1990s, after announcing independence, but before the war. As you can see my knowlegde about Chechnya does not come only from TV. I agree that putting separate items Chechnya and Ichkeria is problematic, however in this situation it is the only way. Neutral PoV cannot be really achieved here. One can either support Russian PoV and see Chechnya as a part of Russia or Chechen PoV - see Chechnya as a country now occupied by Russians, but in spe independent. You can only present two PoV to be neutral. The name "Ichkeria" is not very fortunate, but used to meke distinction between the two. BTW. Can you say that the war in Chechnya ended? Do you believe the hostilities can ever end? Do you think giving independence and recognizing Chechnya internationally would end the hostilities? Jasra 23:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Central Asia
Hi, I'm trying to start some sort of working group to improve the coverage of Central Asia and related topics in Wikipedia. Leave a message on my userpage if you're interested. Aelfthrytha 04:15, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Kudos:
Peter Vasiljev: Thanks for your contributions to the Aria article! It's great to see on of my favorite bands on Wikipedia!

title: User talk:Ilyak


text:
2006 Rhode Island gubernatorial election

The 2006 Rhode Island gubernatorial election took place on November 7, 2006. Incumbent Republican Donald Carcieri very narrowly defeated Democratic Lieutenant Governor Charles J. Fogarty in one of the closest gubernatorial elections in Rhode Island history. With a margin of 2%, this election was also the second-closest race of the 2006 gubernatorial election cycle, behind only the election in Minnesota.

, this was the last time a Republican was elected Governor of Rhode Island and the last time a Republican won any statewide office in Rhode Island. This is also the last time the Republican candidate won the counties of Bristol and Washington. This is the last time that a gubernatorial nominee and a lieutenant gubernatorial nominee of different political parties were elected governor and lieutenant governor of Rhode Island.

Candidates

 * Donald Carcieri, incumbent Governor of Rhode Island

Candidates

 * Charles Fogarty, Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island, former Rhode Island State Senator

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Providence (largest municipality: Providence)


text:
File:The Wine-Dark Sea cover.jpg

Cover image from the novel The Wine-Dark Sea

Fair use rationale
It is believed in good faith that the use of a low-resolution image of this book cover, to identify the book in question, in the article about that book (The Wine-Dark Sea) and the Aubrey-Maturin series, constitutes fair use on the English Wikipedia. It is being provided for educational use only, at a resolution too low to allow accurate reproduction of the book cover, and is believed not to diminish the value of the copyright in the material.Dabbler 14:55, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

title: File:The Wine-Dark Sea cover.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tekken characters

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep all. For future reference, please note that I would never consider deleting scores of articles in a category on the basis of a single VfD, unless those articles seriously damaged wikipedia (in which case I'd summarily delete them all). Please exercise restraint in nominations. --Tony Sidaway Talk 02:40, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Category:Tekken characters articles
This is an umbrella Vfd concerning the articles listed under Category:Tekken characters. To vote on the category, go here.

There is no need for a page per character. As a List of Tekken characters page already exists, these subpages should be deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BradBeattie (talk • contribs) 20:36, 18 July 2005

*Please take this to Categories for deletion Flowerparty 20:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to List of Tekken characters. KeithD 20:42, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going to interpret this as a blanket VfD for all the articles in the category. It is with reluctance, that I fear I must vote keep all despite what I really think. -Splash 21:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Apologies, I seem to have misinterpreted the vote. If so, then I abstain. Flowerparty 21:48, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all, the List of Tekken characters page has became too long (and is still growing), and some contents are being moved to pages from Category:Tekken characters. --surueña 22:11, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment This is not the Categories for deletion page. Dcarrano 00:03, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Like I said, the nomination sounds like it's intended for all the articles in the cat, rather than the cat itself. It's not a very standard way to do things, but I think that's what was meant.-Splash 00:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's inappropriate though IMO, due to lack of notice. For instance, a visitor to the Tiger Jackson page has no way to know that that page is currently up for VfD.  Dcarrano 00:17, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, good point. I guess an admin can close it as inappropriately executed on such a large scale. It's turned up on CfD now too. -Splash 01:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I have now given proper notice by adding a VfD tag to all the articles in this category not already separately nominated. DES 07:23, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Either way, keep. Radiant_ >|< 10:48, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. To clarify, this is a blanket VfD for all of the associated pages. I didn't get around to VfDing each of them, although someone else has already begun a vote on Christie Monteiro.
 * And I added proper VfD tags, see above. DES 07:23, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No one is deleting this page. it rocks.  there other pages that have characters lists and a category for the characters.  This should be no different.--Dangerous-Boy
 * Delete All There is no good reason for separate articels for these characters. DES 06:33, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all. We have Mortal Kombat (like Liu Kang) and Street Fighter characters (like Blanka) articles, so, I don't see any reason to delete Tekken characters articles, but not the other fighting games character articles. --Carioca 07:01, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all Although other fictional chars have been deleted in the past, there are still quite a few of them with valid articles. Assuming each article has a video game story/history, might as well keep them.  ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  07:26, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep All - For one thing, this is a continuing work in progress, and this deletion is coming in the middle of it all. The pages need to be worked on but not summarily deleted. Wikipedia is conducive to expanding its knowledge, and you can't fit absolutely everything about these characters onto one page. People have tried, and it only gets really messy and far beyond the recommended size of an article. Many people have been working hard to demonstrate the lengthy stories and characteristics of these games, but they're more complex than is suitable for a single page, and if each character is given an individual page, not only will there be boundless room for expansion as the series progress, but the article can serve its purpose: to teach people what they want to know. And besides, people will eventually get into strategy sections too, which will make this all the more worthwhile. Nothing should be deleted. Seriously, though, what does it hurt? (Edit: Sorry, I forgot my user name, which is Shackleton.)
 * Strong keep, both on the category and several individual articles (Jin Kazama, for example). Some of the individual character pages include a lot of information, and consolidating such pages with every other Tekken character article would look (a) horrendous and (b) disorganised.  If Hermione Granger can exist (and she's not even the protagonist of the Harry Potter series), Jin Kazama deserves to exist. jglc | t | c 13:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep All - Videogames Character are like actors in movies, the knowlegde given buy those article help to understand the game storylineCyberboz.)
 * Comment - video game characters are the equivalent of characters in movies, not the actors. Characters from either of these mediums seldom have the potential to become encyclopedic. --Poiuyt Man talk 19:06, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep All for Characters with significant backstory, list for all minor characters - I'm changing my vote to aree with Poiuyt Man. Characters with mini-bios can be put on one page, characters with significant, fleshed out stories should have their own pages.  Bubbachuck 02:24, 27 July 2005 (UTC) Original post:  I dont' know if it means anything to vote for a page i worked really hard on, but if anything, Yoshimitsu is NOT just a Tekken character but is prominently featured in the Soul Calibur series as well.  He's as important to Namco as Ryu, Ken and Chun Li are to Capcom. I personally don't even think anyone can come up with a good reason to delete these pages.  the argument for Keep is so strong: list pages are too long and there's too much known information about each character...the only reason why Lists are created is if there's little information for each item, otherwise we could have "Lists of the Presidents of the United States", "List of States", etc.  If any further proof is needed, go to "Edit" of the "List of SC chars" and it says "...this page is >90kb, please shorten..." (paraphrased). With all due respect, I don't think the detractors understand the magnitude of information available for these characters. Strategy alone (and I don't mean FAQ-like but general, informative stuff) could fill up a page.  Bubbachuck 18:38, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: "SC characters"? jglc | t | c 18:45, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * SC characters = List of Soul Calibur characters. I just realized this specifically was for Tekken chars, which again makes Yoshimitsu's case special because he's feat. prominently in TWO big big franchise games by Namco.  stop hating on the individual character pages...let the fans have they want.  give them half a year and i guarantee there will enough information to make the type of article that the detractors want.  if the detractors keep deleting the indiv pages, they don't have a chance to grow, then the list gets too long, indiv pages get made again, and the cycle repeats. Bubbachuck 18:53, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah. Hear hear. jglc | t | c 19:18, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A lot of Tekken characters have absolutely no personality or history whatsoever (Christie Montiero is a joke), but some cannot be compressed into a tiny paragraph on the List of Tekken characters page.
 * Merge all characters with less than a paragraph of information into Tekken characters. Keep it separate from List of Tekken characters, since having descriptions no longer qualifies it as a list. Link to main articles of characters with more detailed information (three paragraphs, at least). --Poiuyt Man talk 19:06, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I took this tedious task upon myself, and created Tekken characters. All the content of the minor characters has been merged into that page, and longer descriptions have a main article link. I now vote a weak keep for these characters: Baek Doo San, Julia Chang, Lee Chaolan, Devil Jin, Bryan Fury, Eddie Gordo, Hwoarang, Jin Kazama, Jun Kazama, Asuka Kazama, King (Tekken character), Ling Xiaoyu, Craig Marduk, Heihachi Mishima, Kazuya Mishima, Raven (Tekken character), Anna Williams, Nina Williams, and Yoshimitsu. That's 19 out of 50, and some are still pretty short and could be merged with the article. As for the rest, delete and redirect them. --Poiuyt Man talk 20:42, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I second this. Jacoplane 21:13, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Tekken characters. I think Poiuyt Man's idea is the best. Jacoplane 19:17, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep All Come on.  There's a bunch of pages for EVERY character in the Harry Potter, X-Men, Star Trek, and Star Wars universes.  A lot of people spend a lot of time creating these pages, and they're nowhere near as widespread as the aforementioned ones.  They should be able to stay.  User:King Zeal 12:30, 26, July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep-Enough of an argument has been given in here. i don't have to repeat what was already said. ZeWrestler  Talk 19:45, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep All Please take in account that this is an on-going game-series. It's very likely that someone will add content to every characters page in the future.
 * Comment: then branch those characters off into separate articles when information on them becomes available. For now, most of those characters have very few details. --Poiuyt Man talk 08:12, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Smerge all back to the list article. This is fancruft. -R. fiend 01:31, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep - Dont see how this article is doing any harm. -- The Time Killer
 * Keep - Never ever ever delte this page plz -- user:202.63.109.2
 * Keep longer articles. Merge smaller ones if possible, keep them otherwise. --Kizor 07:22, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep profiles but Redirect overall page. I agree they should be merged akin to other character profile sections. But don't just delete every profile, thats way too harsh. If that were to happen, why not just delete Legend of Zelda's Link profile while we're at it? The Soul Calibur characters, Resident Evil characters, any character profile on Wikipedia?  Change the actual placement of the listing a bit yes, but please don't delete the individual profiles. It'd be an enormous and tragic waste of hard work and would be more than a little too harsh. --Kiyosuki 21:32, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:CBS Columbia Square

Roof sculpture
For the person who wrote that Columbia Square had a "snake-like" white ladder on its roof, you have the wrong facility. It was Columbia Square's Sunset Blvd. neighbor, Metromedia Square/Fox Television Center that had that ladder. The ladder was called "Starsteps". —The preceding unsigned comment was added by ShawnHill (talk • contribs) 12:36, 18 July 2005.

 * I've deleted the scupture info once again, and I even found where the misinformation came from (see ). I've tried to verify the Viacom/LAUSD info, but haven't been able to find anything. If it can't be verified, I am deleting it. Blank Verse   ∅  12:16, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Sale of Property
The article says the property was sold to the Los Angeles Unified School district in 2010, Um... correct me if I'm wrong but the year 2010 hasn't even happened yet, Did you maybe mean that the property was sold and will be taken over in 2010? Because as the article stands right now it doesn't make sense because 2010 is still in the future. Misterrick 14:11, 04 August 2005 (UTC).

 * That info was added by a editor who has been doing a very confusing mixture of good and bad edits. I was going to try one more time to try to verify the info, but if you want to just go ahead and delete it you may. Blank Verse   ∅  13:30, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Requested photo
It shouldn't be too hard to get a modern photo of this building comparable to the postcard. Mike Dillon 03:59, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

I swung by there today and grabbed a couple photos. Minnaert 20:41, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Columbia square.jpg
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Columbia Records studio location?
On many YouTube videos detailing the recording sessions for the Beach Boys, Columbia Square is depicted as the location for the record label's West Coast studios. Does anyone have corroborating references to confirm this?

2001:558:6016:39:5424:2CC4:7CCD:9CA3 (talk) 15:35, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

I just became familiar with this problem, in regards to the Beach Boys 1966 hit "Good Vibrations", and I will do my best to find the information and references we need. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tillywilly17 (talk • contribs) 08:50, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:CBS Columbia Square


text:
User:Tyoda

73 Articles I have created

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text:
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury

Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury Bt DL (27 June 1831 – 13 April 1886), styled Lord Ashley between 1851 and 1885, was a British peer. He was the son of The 7th Earl of Shaftesbury.

Career
He was commissioned a cornet in the Dorsetshire Yeomanry on 26 July 1856 and was promoted Lieutenant on 21 January 1857. On 27 January 1857, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Dorset. He resigned his Yeomanry commission in April 1859. He was Member of Parliament for Kingston upon Hull from 1857 to 1859 and Cricklade from 1859 to 1865. He was a patron and member of the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade.

On 7 June 1858, he was commissioned a lieutenant in the Antrim Royal Rifle Regiment of Militia. On 16 March 1860, he was commissioned a lieutenant in the 2nd (South Middlesex) Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVC). He resigned his commission in the South Middlesex on 6 September 1860 to become a Captain in the 28th (London Irish) Middlesex RVC on 17 September.

On 7 September 1860, he was promoted to a captaincy in the Antrim Militia, which he resigned in early 1862. He resigned his commission in the London Irish Rifles on 1 April 1863. On 6 February 1862, he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel of the Dorset Militia, a position he held until 1 June 1872.

On 12 May 1875, he was appointed Lieutenant-commanding of the London Corps of Royal Naval Artillery Volunteers (RNAV), and on 7 June 1880, he became honorary commander of the London Brigade, RNAV.

Family
Lord Shaftesbury married Lady Harriet Augusta Anna Seymourina Chichester (d. 14 April 1898), only daughter (and only surviving child) of the 3rd Marquess of Donegall, on 22 August 1857. They had six children:

 * Lady Margaret Ashley-Cooper (1858–1931), married Captain Theophilus Levett, son of Theophilus John Levett MP.
 * Lady Evelyn Ashley-Cooper (1865–1931), married firstly the 2nd Baron Magheramorne, and secondly Captain Hugo Baring (sixth son of the 1st Baron Revelstoke)
 * Lady Mildred Ashley-Cooper (1867–1958), married George Allsopp.
 * Lady Violet Ashley-Cooper (1868–1938), married the 12th Earl of Mar.
 * Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury (1869–1961), married Lady Constance Grosvenor, elder daughter of Earl Grosvenor, eldest son of the 1st Duke of Westminster.
 * Lady Ethel Maud Ashley-Cooper (1870–1945), married Sir George Warrender – she was known as Lady Maud Warrender, a singer and patron of music, and a personal friend of the composer Sir Edward Elgar and his wife.

In his father's lifetime, as Lord Ashley, he was a disappointing heir apparent, constantly running up debts with his extravagant wife.

Death
Lord Shaftesbury committed suicide, on 13 April 1886, six months after succeeding to the title. He shot himself with a revolver while in a cab in Regent Street, London.


text:
Talk:Chinese paper folding

Origins of paper folding
I have removed the bit in the lead saying paperfolding originated in China and that it was brought from China to Japan in the 6th century. This is cited to "". The tiny 'history' in from Angelfish simply has no basis in anything except conjecture. See History of origami. We don't know when paperfolding started, all we know is when paper was introduced from China to Japan. We don't know if any paperfolding was done in China before then or when it started in China. Even the word 'origami' may be a Japanese translation of a German term and not as described in that book, they used a different term in the 19th century.

By the way there should be some mention of burning paper yuanbao in the article I think, the practice of burning paper models at funerals must date back quite a bit. Dmcq (talk) 22:04, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I put a ref, verifiability is what matters. Although I have no intention put it back, that's quite something... Fine, fine, how about: "Some scholars say that it was the predecessor of Japanese origami,(ref here) but this is doubted by other scholars.(ref here)" Anyway, I guess I'll leave it at this reply and drop it now. Cheers, Cold Season (talk) 23:57, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

 * What you did was quite correct and thanks, it's just sometimes references conflict with each other. And you've started the ball rolling as it were so now other references need to go in otherwise yours would stand. I'll get some others and stick it all into the history section. Dmcq (talk) 09:30, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

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User:Pjacobi/pseudo

 * Kh.M. Beshtoev
 * Paul Marmet
 * David E. Rutherford David Rutherford David E Rutherford

title: User:Pjacobi/pseudo


text:
Tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine

Tris((1-benzyl-4-triazolyl)methyl)amine (TBTA) is a tertiary amine containing the 1,2,3-triazole moiety. When used as a ligand, complexed to copper(I), it allows for quantitative, regioselective formal Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between alkynes and azides, in a variety of aqueous and organic solvents.

It is believed that the ligand promotes catalysis through the stabilization of the copper(I)-oxidation state, while still allowing for the catalytic cycle of the CuAAC reaction to proceed.

Single crystal X-ray diffraction of the Cu(I) complex of tris((1-benzyl-4-triazolyl)methyl)amine revealed an unusual dinuclear dication with one triazole unit bridging two metal centers, and is an effective catalyst for the 'click' cycloaddition reaction. The structure of the complex of TBTA with Cu(II) in the crystalline state is trigonal bipyramidal and can be reduced to the active 'click' catalyst form by sodium ascorbate, copper metal, or other reducing agents.

In the literature, it has been gaining widespread use as a biochemical tool for the tagging of proteins and enzymes. The compound is now commercially available through Sigma-Aldrich and Invitrogen. It may be prepared by the click reaction between tripropargylamine and benzyl azide:

 * Preparation of TBTA.png

title: Tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine


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Talk:Safer Sephiroth

'''This article is no longer live and is a redirect. Please continue this talk over at Talk:Sephiroth (Final Fantasy VII)'''

Safer Sephiroth definitely has six white wings and one black/purple one which does give credence to the notion that he is somewhere in between a Seraph and the next level of angelic beings. That's my take on it, and the picture I posted gives this theory some credence.--IdoAlphaOmega 20:38, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe that Square wanted to make the character look impressive and godly within the established kabbalistic motifs. They did. I don't see any profound symbolism in safer sephiroth's design. If they intended it to be a seraph, they screwed up the name. If they didn't, they were obviously influenced by seraphim aesthetically. - JustSomeKid

 * Well, let's take a look at Sephiroth's goals of attaining godhood. Beneath God himself you have the Seraphim, ... and however the rest of the rank of angels goes. However, one angel, Metatron has 36 wings and is valued by God even above his seraphim. What's important is that the higher the order of angels, the more wings. I think it's a valid way to look at the situation and there has been no word from Square on the matter thus far.--IdoAlphaOmega 04:13, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * If more is better, how can one breach infinity (Godhood?). Even when taking into account the seeming finitude of God in the pentateuch, one can't skirt the fact little is said in the Tanakh about angels, and therefore nothing canonically can be established. Late-Jewish and Christian attempts to create choirs was a product of mental masturbation and egocentrism of the formulators. Safer Sephiroth's halos suggest purity as well as power, and he isn't pure. Angelic wings suggest divinity, but his inferior defeated him. Anyone reading more into Sephiorth's appearance (other than he looks strong) is practicing unevidenced speculation, that when touted as fact, is delusion. -JustSomeKid

Imo there are too many factors that lead to a good hypothesis when it comes to the look and meaning of sephiroth in the game. justsomekid, you could very well be right and there could be absolutely no meaning, but your probably wrong, look at all the final fantasy games and there bosses and you'll see that each character has a reason for there style (within reason) and sephiroth is one of the more complicated characters in the whole series. There are a lot of connections that can be made to biblical sources which suggest a lot of reason went into the characters and there different appearences in the game. I dont think all that fancy talk really argues much except the last line.

 * Fancy talk? I'll put it more generally then. This article is banal because it attempts to see more into something than is actually there. It's fluff. There are elements to Safer Sephiroth's appearance (halos, for instance) that are misleading. They suggest power, but they also suggest what Sephiroth isn't. If you knew anything about the things the Final Fantasy games allude to in the naming of its creatures, you would know that these references are very shallow and dissimilar to what they were inspired from. In light of these inconsistencies and idiosyncrasies, it is fallacious to read more into something than what is necessary. JustSomeKid

 * Unfortunately, your interpretation of the situation at hand fails to take into account the fact that there are many Biblical, Kabbalic, and other allusions found all over - some quite archaic and convoluted. Are you going to argue now that any theory is unsound because it "can't possibly be that way"? The character designer's and storywriter interpret religious writings and documents as they see fit.--IdoAlphaOmega 21:15, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There are many references, but they are superficial and sometimes convoluted (e.g. Midgar Zolom, the Midgard Serpent, Jormungand). They have little to no bearing with their namesakes, and unless you profess to read people's minds regarding the subject, all we can settle with is what is self-evident. Ever heard of Occam's Razor? There's quite a difference between "can't possibly" and "we can't reasonably infer based on the available data". JustSomeKid

 * Ockham's Razor only works when investigating natually ocurring phenomena not purposely convoluted creations of the imagination. The possibility that gaining an extra wing puts Sephiroth above and beyond the realm of Seraphim (by someone's convoluted imagination) exists because of the mere possibility that someone could have thought it up against which no argument exists. I do not profess to "read minds" or know what they were thinking, only saying that such a situation could exist, and, with the pieces given to us, the possibility to put them together as I have laid out also exists. Furthermore, it is more plausible that it is thus because of the Game Xenogears and its reference to Seraphim, Thrones, Domini (highest level of angels), and Cherubs (Kelvenia is a mistranslation). Furthermore, there is a good chance that the development Final Fantasy VII was influenced by Neon Genesis Evangelion as Xenogears's clearly was. This also coincides with Sephiroth's plan of becoming a god (ultimately through the absorbtion of all living things... sound familiar? the same thing happened in Evangelion) would put him above the angels, Seraphs included.--IdoAlphaOmega 06:19, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Occam's razor is used for induction and deduction in general (William was a logician). Otherwise, it'd be useless. What this article is trying to put together (deduct and induct) is any symbolism concerning Sephiroth's appearance beyond aesthetics. How doesn't it apply? When you said: [the possibility exists because] someone could have thought it up against which no argument exists. This is not true. I've already argued against it. Invoking Pentateuch-era Judaism, angels varied so much as to render it a moot point at the very best. At worst, it's wrong because breaching godhood (Sephiroth's goal) is mathematically impossible (it is this era which Kabbalism came about). If you're going to appeal to illogic of human imagination, go ahead, but until tenuously illogical nonsense is found to agree with Sakaguchi's illogical nonsense, there isn't a leg worth standing on. If you want to appeal to other games, there's a lot of superficiality in Final Fantasy names. JustSomeKid

 * But you're forgetting that the concept of Sephiroth achieving godhood doesn't rely on the "mathematical impossibility of breaching infinity" (which is a joke argument on your part because this is a fantasy game). Wow... they can bend ethereal rules? Didn't you know that? The FF world isn't entirely on one scholastic though or the improbability of math and physics. Based on the mechanics of the game itself and the ethereal building blocks set up throughout the story of FFVII, it is probable that Sephiroth can attain godhood because it is a work of fiction. The way it is set up, he does have one more wing than Seraphs do. Based on the game, he is attempting to achieve godhood and would achieve it save for the actions of the characters. Bringing up what someone may or may not have written many years ago in an attempt to explain things they could not see is utterly irrelevant in discussing the intentions of somebody deciding upon Sephiroth's intentions. To this, you have provided no argument.--IdoAlphaOmega 19:23, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * We aren't discussing Sephiroth's intentions, only his appearance and any symbolism in it. Sephiroth certainly appeared powerful, but he was no God despite his intentions. The idea that symbolism lies in his wing count is extraneous, and a certain tool of logic says cut out the extraneous. Relying on "it's only a game" only bolsters my assertion that any similarities found in that game are vapid and superficial. Hebrew weren't inept mathematicians, y'know. What with gematria, Kabbala, etc. As this article notes, even his name connotes the mathematical. Way to shift the goalposts.JustSomeKid

To be honost, arent u doing the same thing that you are accusing us of doing kid, you are assuming the writers intentions and by that circumstance your arguement is also flawed, unless you have the writers actual wording on the topic you can only hypothesize about the possibility of symbolism. Look, im sure u have seen the matrix movies, symbolism throughout, which the writers CLEARLY put in there for more than visual appeal. Going by that same mind set, are u saying that the writers of final fantasy isnt capable of the intelligence needed to put actual depth into the meaning of there characters, no symbolism, since FF7 was one of the most important games of my generation of gaming I dont think the writer would randomize it to make people say oooh and ahhh, otherwise he'd have put lots of explosions and stuff like that instead of an angel in the clouds with very specific 'coincidences' as u have basicaly put it. If you can prove that these things are not intended then do so, if not then stop trying to disprove it.PS: (its just a video game ;P) -Tik

 * I'm just argumentative. This article is pretty banal, but since it states little as fact there's little to edit out. All I'm assuming is that he's supposed to be strong, whereas others have to accept a lot more assertions. This is a fundamental flaw. I hereforward desist since Wiki's no message board. JustSomeKid

haha well i think we all have our argumentative sides, esp on Wiki, even more when it comes to games with lots fanboys like Final Fantasy and Halo, remember the ff7 character list? that was a disaster. anyways trying to prove a point is hard to do even when speculation is all we have to go on. maybe one of us will be able to get a response from the writer and confirm all this for us.-Tik
 * Maybe we'll know more with the release of the "Final Fantasy VII Ultimania Omega" strategy guide, a new official guide to the game who will go beyond already existing guides, as it will include complete gameplay information, character's commentaries and interview with the staff as well as other goodies. – DarkEvil 21:05, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

'''This article is no longer live and is a redirect. Please continue this talk over at Talk:Sephiroth (Final Fantasy VII)'''

title: Talk:Safer Sephiroth