text:
Gladys Yang

Gladys Yang (19 January 1919 – 18 November 1999) was a British translator of Chinese literature and the wife of another noted literary translator, Yang Xianyi.

Biography
She was born Gladys Margaret Tayler at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China, where her father, John Bernard Tayler, was a Congregationalist missionary and a member of the London Missionary Society and where from childhood she became intrigued by Chinese culture.

She returned to England as a child and from 1927 to 1937 boarded at Walthamstow Hall in Sevenoaks, Kent. She then became Oxford University's first graduate in Chinese language in 1940, following studies there under Ernest Richard Hughes. It was at Oxford that she met Yang.

After their marriage, the couple were based in Beijing as prominent translators of Chinese literature into English in the latter half of the 20th century, working for the Foreign Languages Press. Their four-volume Selected Works of Lu Xun (1956–1957) made the major work of China's greatest 20th-century writer available in English for the first time. In 1957 their translation of the Qing dynasty novel The Scholars appeared.

The couple were imprisoned as "class enemies" from 1968 to 1972 during the Cultural Revolution. Their work on The Dream of Red Mansions, an 18th-century novel still read by almost all educated Chinese, was interrupted by their imprisonment, but their faithful, readable three-volume translation appeared in 1978.

During the 1980s, Gladys Yang translated the works of other Chinese authors for the British publishing house, Virago Press, which specialized in women's writing and books on feminist topics.

Later in life, the couple spoke out against the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre, and their unpublished memoirs were officially banned in China as a result.

Personal life
Gladys Yang died in Beijing in 1999, aged 80, after a decade of declining health. She was survived by her husband, two daughters and four grandchildren.

Their only son had committed suicide in London in 1979. When the couple were identified as class enemies and kept in separate prisons from 1968 for four years, their children were sent to remote factory farms to work. Their son became mentally ill there and never recovered.

Translations

 * Guo Moruo, Chu Yuan: A Play in Five Acts, translated by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1953
 * Hong Sheng, The Palace of Eternal Youth, translated from Chinese by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1955
 * Lu Xun, Selected Works of Lu Hsun, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1956-1960
 * Wu Jingzi, The Scholars, translated by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang ; ill. by Cheng Shifa, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1957
 * Liang Bin, Keep the Red Flag Flying, China Youth Publishing House, 1957
 * The Man Who Sold a Ghost : Chinese Tales of the 3rd-6th Centuries, translated by Yang Hsien-Yi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1958
 * Selected Plays of Guan Hanqing, translated by Yang Hsien-yi end Gladys Yang, Shanghai, New Art and Literature Publishing House, 1958, republished: Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1958, 1979
 * Feng Yuan-chun, A Short History of Classical Chinese Literature, translated by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1958
 * Sima Qian, Records of the Historian, translated by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, Hong Kong, The Commercial Press, 1974; republished: Selections from Records of the Historian Written by Szuma Chien, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1979
 * Cao Xueqin, A Dream of Red Mansions, translated by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang], Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1978
 * The Dragon King's Daughter: Ten Tang Dynasty Stories, Translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1980
 * The Courtesan's Jewel Box: Chinese Stories of the Xth-XVIIth Centuries, translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1980
 * Lu Xun, Call to Arms, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1981
 * Lu Xun, Wandering, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, 1981
 * Shen Congwen, The Border Town and Other Stories, edited by Gladys Yang, Chinese Literature Press, 1981
 * Shen Congwen, Recollections of West Hunan, translated by Gladys Yang, Panda Books, 1982
 * George Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion, translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, Chinese Literature, distributed by China Publications Centre, 1982
 * Liu E, The Travels of Lao Can, translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, Chinese Literature, distributed by China Publications Centre, 1983
 * Ding Ling, The Sun Shines Over the Sanggan River, translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, Chinese Literature, distributed by China Publications Centre, 1984
 * Poetry and Prose of the Tang and Song, translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, Chinese Literature, distributed by China Publications Centre, 1984
 * Zhang Jie, Leaden Wings, translated by Gladys Yang, London, Virago Press, 1987.
 * Zhang Jie, As Long As Nothing Happens, Nothing Will, translated by Gladys Yang, Deborah J. Leonard and Zhang Andong, London, Virago Press, 1988.
 * Shen Congwen, Selected Stories by Shen Congwen, edited by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang, Chinese Literature Press, 1999
 * Feng Menglong, Selected Chinese Stories of the Song and Ming Dynasties, translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, 2000
 * Qu Yuan, Selected Elegies of the State of Chu, translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang, Beijing, 2001

title: Gladys Yang


text:
File:Yui Horie - sky.PNG

Summary
CD cover of Yui Horie's third album, "sky".

Fair Use Rationale

This image falls under fair use in the article sky (Yui Horie album) because:
 * 1) As a picture of an album cover, this image uniquely identifies the album, and is not replaceable with free content.
 * 2) It is being used for educational and informational purposes only.
 * 3) It is a low resolution copy.
 * 4) It does not interfere with the copyright owner's economic interests.
 * 5) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Yui Horie - sky.PNG


text:
Talk:Wingdings

What's in a name?
Actually, why is it called Wingdings? Thanks, --Abdull 09:35, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe because "WinDings" might be confused with "windings"? AnonMoos 23:32, 25 December 2005 (UTC)
 * "Windows Graphics Design Interface" can be abbreviated to "wingdi"... maybe they just added "ngs"? --Surturz 06:09, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * "WINdows Graphic DINGbatS" 67.84.144.15 (talk) 23:11, 15 April 2009 (UTC)
 * My take: Stands for "Windows Graphic Drawings" Win = Windows, g = Graphics, dings = Drawings. Needed to keep font names short to fit in the application dropdowns. (Dec 1st 2010) ~Philippe Adib —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.166.3.53 (talk) 18:02, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

The late 60s/early 70s "stop the pigeon" cartoons Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines featured brief segments called "Wing Dings". Inspiration for the font naming, or coincidence? M0ffx (talk) 05:16, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

9/11 'Conspiracy'
There were 2 planes that hit the two towers of the WTC. (therefore, 2Q) Stick to the NYC instead of NY (is the omission in later readings intentional?) And why is the sequence of 'the skull' (N), and the 'Star of David' (C) interpreted asdid it using a computer program. Rest of the sequence would be the same. Regards. --Cretanforever 22:07, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sure that Nostradamus would be proud, but I doubt that it has any place on the article page... AnonMoos 16:04, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

u Realy blieave this ? read this :

American Airlines Flight 11 was the first flight hijacked in the September 11, 2001 attacks. It was an American Airlines flight aboard a Boeing 767-223ER aircraft, registration number N334AA,[1] which regularly flew from Logan International Airport in East Boston, Massachusetts, to Los Angeles International Airport. On September 11, 2001, the aircraft on this route was hijacked, and was crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 8:46 a.m. Out of all the planes hijacked that day Flight 11 contained the most passengers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.191.122.15 (talk) 14:04, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Isn't there another one when "911" is typed? It comes out as a plane and two towers. --DMP47 (talk) 23:59, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

 * No it doesn't -- it comes out as a pencil-sharpener and two open file folders... ( 911  ). -- AnonMoos (talk) 21:22, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Ah, yes, I believe they changed it with the newest Office. I used to have an older version of Office, but I have recently upgraded. The old computers in school have the old Microsoft Office, and have the old version of wingdings. --DMP47 (talk) 22:55, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The version of the Wingdings font on my computer is dated June 8 2000, and I don't have any version of Microsoft Office installed... AnonMoos (talk) 06:06, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Odd Wingding symbol
What does the Wingding symbol for \ mean? -- 17:58, 10 December 2006) 69.212.20.48

 * It's the Hindu Aum symbol,.. AnonMoos

Windows Vista
This article indicatates that the font will not be included in Windows Vista. As of build 5536 (Pre-RC1), it is still included as is Wingdings 2 and 3. The font is included in windows vista. TReKiE 07:07, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * They changed the font in vista, no more star of david and change of airplane —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pathfinder1993 (talk • contribs) 22:24, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

"the terrorist attacks were not specifically directed at Jews"
Actually they were. KSM stated repeatedly that his attacks were in protest of US-Israeli relations. They were directed at Jews, but not specifically perpetrated against Jews. -68.253.137.137

 * Actually, Osama bin Laden himself barely cares about Israel at all (you'd think it should be a burning issue with him, but the facts reveal that it isn't). AnonMoos 13:06, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

There's also the fact that anti-Semitic conspiracy theories claiming that 9/11 was actually a Mossad operation are commonplace. For example, the infamous hoax claiming that all the Jews working in the WTC was given a warning not to show up on September 11, 2001. There's no reason the Wingdings 9/11 hoax couldn't be tying in to that. 24.214.230.66 (talk) 05:44, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

2022
The current sentence at the end of the paragraph does not add anything valuable to the article and is arguably false. The citation accompanying that line doesn't speak to this issue at all. Uncited, irrelevant, and beyond the scope of the article. YallAHalla ☎  20:20, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

 * I don't think that the sentence added to the article in 2022 was the same as what we were discussing in 2011... AnonMoos (talk) 23:20, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

USA
Has anyone noticed what wingdings looks like when you type USA? It's a cross, a black drop and a hand with the victory sign. It's a conspiracy. Alx xlA 04:23, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Conservapedia
This is worrying – it seems Conservapedia has copy-pasted a huge portion from this article into their own version.... Rubberkeith 23:07, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, as long as they comply with GFDL terms, it's not a problem... AnonMoos 01:02, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

how to edit Wingdings in wiki?
How to use Wingdings font in my MediaWiki? (not necessarily Wikipedia). Using <font> just does not work: ³³. Thx, --Sohale 15:03, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * For Wikipedia, it's very possible that the people who set policies on such things deliberately don't want it to work (since the font is a non-free font). For the general WikiMedia software, you should ask on a forum devoted to the software. AnonMoos 01:06, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

"NYC" (former pointless and meaningless header title was "Haha!")
I love the blatant OR in the conspiracies section. Removed. - ElbridgeGerry t c block 20:59, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * There are many references in the External links section (if you had bothered to look at them), and the "NYC" thing was extremely widely covered in the U.S. media at the time... AnonMoos 21:26, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

I really don't understand what the antipathy to including the "NYC" thing is, since it received VERY BROAD media coverage, and is about the only way that the majority of non-type-nerds would have ever heard of Wingdings. It's not some random piece of trivia. AnonMoos 21:33, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It is a random piece of trivia (or little better: a best it deserves a fleeting mention of maybe a few sentences). I gave what I felt was an entirely reasonable suggestion on your talk page; however, I see that you have chosen not to further discussion and simply to return the section. That's fine, and I don't intend to revert it (because frankly I'd really rather not appear on WP:LAME), but I would like to record my stance on the section here for the sake of any community discussion which might arise. Angus Lepper(T, C, D) 22:00, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Whatever, dude -- I reverted BEFORE you put anything on my talk page, and I'm perfectly willing to discuss this matter here or anywhere, but I don't hang out on Wikipedia monitoring my Watchlist continuously 24 hours a day. Meanwhile, it would be nice if you would acknowledge a few basic simple facts which seem to elude you, such as that the "NYC" affair occurred in 1992 (almost ten years before 9/11), and that the "NYC" flap of 1992 is the only way that that a large number of non-font-geeks would have ever heard about the font in the first place.  The cause of the most widespread media coverage which "Wingdings" has ever achieved cannot be merely a minor trivia item. AnonMoos 08:58, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Wasn't it determined that the odds of 'NYC' spelling out 'kill jews good' were something like 1 in hundreds of millions? --98.232.176.109 (talk) 07:49, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Free Wingdings Font?
Does anyone know of a free Wingdings font? Gioto (talk) 01:16, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Webdings was released with the Core fonts for the Web, and a Zapf dingbats clone is included with GhostScript. Not sure about Wingdings... AnonMoos (talk) 14:02, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

2017
Wingdings characters are now included in Unicode, so fonts which cover the relevant Unicode character areas will include the Wingdings symbols (not with the same encoding as the original fonts, of course). AnonMoos (talk) 16:02, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

Wingdings Font Chart?
Where do you get one that is accurate with Microsoft Word? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.56.36.130 (talk) 16:23, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Why not just use the "Character map" accessory provided with Windows? AnonMoos (talk) 00:08, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Note that as of today, the Font chart is still unreadable, because it shows approximated Unicode characters that are not in all web browsers. Given that this is a font of supplemental dingbats beyond the Zapf Dingbats set, a chart of glyph images in SVG or 16x16 PNG would be much more useful than a chart relying on viewers having full Unicode in their browsers. 2A01:4F0:4018:F0:BD25:FF3C:3CDB:997C (talk) 02:55, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

Hollow raindrop character or glyph?
Does the Wingdings character set (or table of glyphs) contain a "hollow" raindrop, or raindrop drawn only from its periphery? I have been looking and looking, and the only thing I have been able to find, is Wingdings 0054, a solid raindrop(💧-S), rather than a hollow one. 198.177.27.28 (talk) 04:55, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Why?
Why does this font exist? What is it for? 217.20.17.18 (talk) 13:08, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * It was to make a lot of traditional printer's dingbats and various miscellaneous symbols available to users of Windows 3.1 when this was first released in 1992, and to simultaneously show off Truetype scalable font technology (which was brand-new at the time). Microsoft presumably didn't use Zapf Dingbats, since they didn't want to pay royalties on it... AnonMoos (talk) 01:00, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

I don't get it
What is special or controversial about "Another recognizable sequence within Wingdings is the Bell, book, and candle, placed in direct succession among its first characters."? Astronaut (talk) 15:10, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

 * It's a trivia observation about characters %&' in the font, which seem to form a little "easter egg". Nothing controversial about it... AnonMoos (talk) 00:49, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Searching for Windings in Wikipedia does not automatically bring up this article
Will somebody verify that by searching for "Windings" (without the quotes) in the main Wikipedia search box, you get no hits, but this page is actually suggested. I don't know much about HTML or whatever this site is written in...I've only edited a couple of articles. Otherwise, I would fix myself. Kfchurchill (talk) 17:58, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

The name is Wingdings with an extra "g", not Windings.Paul Foxworthy (talk) 23:30, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

Is the glyph order patented?
I can not find any independent evidence that the glyph order in Wingdings is patented, and the idea seems dubious. Adobe have a patent on a winding order, not Wingding for drawing glyphs for any font. I suspect the assertion comes from a misreading of an outline of this patent.

Many web sites seem to have copied this assertion from Wikipedia without supplying any evidence.Paul Foxworthy (talk) 04:18, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Sounds somewhat dubious to me too... AnonMoos (talk) 05:19, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

‘Wingdings’ is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation registered in the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office.

Never mind, I've tracked down a reference. Windings did have a US design patent; in other countries, these are often referred to as a registered design. I've updated the article with the details.Paul Foxworthy (talk) 23:29, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

New York Thing [AGAIN]
Well if you type New York City you get a kind of story... It might be offensive to some people so I shouldn't write what I think... Sciezole (talk) 08:59, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

 * The "NYC" thing received wide media coverage in the early 1990s. Any similar thing which did not receive media coverage should be omitted from the article... AnonMoos (talk) 09:18, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Floral Border Shapes
Do the floral border shapes have names? Or is it just given a description? 31.51.132.195 (talk) 14:32, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Some things at Fleuron (typography)... -- AnonMoos (talk) 01:37, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I think "Fleuron" is more general, for all flowershapes. In French they are called " feuille aldine" (Aldin leaf) or "cœur floral"(=floral/flower heart) (according to French wikipedia) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:8A8D:FE80:9F7:ED1:3427:35BE (talk) 00:20, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

Vandalism - please revert
This edit appears to be vandalism: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wingdings&diff=680606157&oldid=675601588. Due to intervening edits, I cannot revert it automatically, and I'm not an expert on the subject so I don't want to do it manually. 129.67.156.156 (talk) 16:04, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

More useful than a "silly" picture
Wikipedia would help a lot its users if they provide a cut and pastable list of characters — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:8A8D:FE80:9F7:ED1:3427:35BE (talk) 00:16, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

 * First, Wikipedia is not a "how-to" manual. Also, many of the Wingdings characters were not added to Unicode until 2014, and fall outside the Unicode Basic Multilingual Plane (see Dingbat)... AnonMoos (talk) 08:15, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

Unnecessary Links to W.D Gaster
Even if it is a Good Faith edit, I would like to make it known that W.D Gaster's use of Wingdings in the video game Undertale are not necessary for an encyclopedia article. Although numerous articles do contain a "References in Popular Culture" section, that is only necessary when the subject of the article had a broad impact. W.D Gaster's usage cannot be used in this case. I was going to submit a request for page protection, but this issue doesn't justify it. So I'd just like to at least make it known. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RadiantTea (talk • contribs) 21:31, 5 March 2017 (UTC)

Character mappings
Why do the character maps not show what keys each symbol is mapped to in the actual Wingdings font itself? How is it helpful for it to show which Unicode characters ultimately ended up showing similar glyphs (in later fonts that aren't Wingdings)? -- 07:32, 18 August 2019 70.181.217.53

 * Wikipedia is not a practical how-to guide -- see comment of "08:15, 1 December 2016" above... AnonMoos (talk) 05:46, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

 * But the article lists the symbols as a character mapping for the font, which is completely untrue, as the font's characters are mapped to basic ASCII/Latin-1. Additionally, the symbols they're "mapped to" in the article don't even necessarily look like they do in the font; many of them display as multicolor emojis in most browsers, and some don't even render at all in mine. If you object to listing which symbols match to which actual characters in the font, fine, but either way there shouldn't be a list of character mappings that doesn't actually match the mappings in the font the article is talking about.
 * Which row/column the symbol is in indicates the original mapping. The numbers are the Unicode code points, in many cases these characters were added to Unicode because they were in the Wingdings fonts, so this is interesting information. It is possible that adding the Unicode modifier to get a b&w glyph for emojis might work to fix the images for at least some of these.Spitzak (talk) 02:32, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Wingdings 2 Infobox shows Wingdings 1 name and picture
The Infobox for Wingdings 2 contains the name and picture of Wingdings 1 instead. The Infobox for Wingdings 3 properly shows Wingdings 3, so I suspect the 2nd one is a mistake. I believe it should be changed to "Wingdings 2" and the picture to a render of "🛇⓪⑤🙙🙧⓪⑤🙙⑩ 📋" using the font glyphs. --PhMajerus (talk) 12:09, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

US in wingdings
I was bored. I opened microsoft Word then I type US. It's Wingdings not webdings. It's like the cross plus sweat drip. It's almost like Blood. Even though the font is monochrome. But It's only in wingdings.] HelpmePlsWhy (talk) 00:00, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Do you have any reliable source to indicate that this has any special meaning, or has received any meaningful media coverage? AnonMoos (talk)
 * P.S. Previously "discussed" at 04:23, 3 March 2007 above. AnonMoos (talk) 01:58, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wingdings


text:
Template talk:Tour de France

Table broken into decades - a better example
Wwoods tried to make the table divided into decades. It didn't look well, but maybe here's a better shot at it (below). I personally don't like it, but if you/we agree on using it, well, okay then. -Fred Bradstadt 09:39, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yikes, I don't either. I wouldn't mind setting it up so that it's ten or twenty years per row, but those gaps early on really mess things up if you want a system like this.  --Spangineer  (háblame)  12:08, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

Adding Year to Infobox
I have created an article for the 2008 Tour De France. Is it possible to add it to the infobox?Twingoman 13:20, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Red jersey and Combination jersey
I created articles about the other historical jerseys, the red jersey and the combination jersey. Although they are still stubs, and will never contain as much info as the green of polka dot jersey, maybe they still should be included in the template. I checked at some other languages: In the [French template], the [German template], the [Spanish template] and the [Portuguese template], no jersey ware included at all. In the [Dutch template], red and combination are included.

Personally, I don't know what to do with it. I see a major argument to include the jerseys: to be complete. I also see an argument against inclusion: the articles are still stubs, and are not expected to grow way beyond stub-status. I just want to mention the possibility of including them. --Pie.er 17:04, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Done, but is there little pictures of the jersey's so we can put them in there as well, so all are the same? SeveroTC 17:38, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Had I looked at the Dutch one first I would have found them. I thought most of the other language templates are rubbish, but the Dutch one had some good ideas. They also have a link to the combativity award - I added this as it may make a good article? SeveroTC 17:43, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Personally, I don't think that the red and combination jerseys should be included in the template. They're no longer awarded, and weren't even awarded for very long anyway. I'm going to comment them out of the template for now, if someone strongly believes they should be included, by all means, put them back. Cogswobble talk 17:31, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * They did exist however, albeit only for a short period. Their articles are only stubs but that is better than nothing and if we don't link to them here, how will anyone know that they ever existed. All you have in one minute link in Tour de France and that's it. Chris DHDR 15:30, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Build the web: the links are relevant so should be included. SeveroTC 13:40, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

New style
I saw that User:Theilert changed the style; I may like the 'years'-part, but the 'jerseys'-part is too big, I think... But maybe I just have to get used to the style. --EdgeNavidad (talk) 18:11, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I can live with the change in years section, both ways have their advantages, but the jerseys bit just makes it too long in my opinion. SeveroTC 18:29, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi, I myself think the jersey part is to big, as of now! But I didn't want to cut anything out. I made the same change to the Template:Giro d'Italia. And I think this one came out better, because it only include 4 jerseys.
 * Personally, I think that the "Former jersey"-part is unnecessary, and if we were to keep this template as short as possible, it is maybe best to cut it out. They aren't awarded anymore, and can be accessed through the Tour de France article. If more cutting is necessary, we could remove the french name of the jersey. But I think it should stay, since this is "Le Tour de France". The "Combativity award"-jersey, is maybe the last to cut, if necessary! lil2mas (talk) 20:30, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I made the "Former jersey"-part a bit smaller. Does it help, or should I cut the whole thing it out? lil2mas (talk) 20:52, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

How about this? SeveroTC 21:18, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

The reason I changed the layout was because I think the jersey should be on top of the jersey-name. It makes it clearer which jersey is which, and it looks more structurated: lil2mas (talk) 22:30, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

I don't think it adds much to clarity, and the benefit it does give is outweighed by the negative of making the bar far too big, overwhelming the navbox. SeveroTC 23:02, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It's only two! extra lines now... The problem was when we had the redundant jerseys aswell. But if two lines is too much, we could perhaps remove the original (french) name of the jersey: lil2mas (talk) 23:23, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

It may only add two lines, but looking at it another way it's 300% of the previous thickness! How about this? (Similar to the Giro d'Italia version)? SeveroTC 15:38, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Fine with me... =) lil2mas (talk) 19:58, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

2022 Tour de France Femmes
Howdy I do not think that the 2022 Tour de France Femmes needs to be included in the infobox. It is a separate race. The Giro d'Italia Femminile has a separate infobox to the Giro d'Italia. So i was wanting a community consensus before removing the 2022 women's edition. Cheers Paulpat99 (talk) 22:49, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes, @Paulpat99, but 2022 Tour de France and 2022 Tour de France Femmes both use the same Template:Tour de France, whereas the 2022 Giro d'Italia Donne and 2022 Giro d'Italia have separate templates - Template:Giro d'Italia Femminile and Template:Giro d'Italia. Will you create the equivalent for the Tour de France? Kiwipete (talk) 08:16, 14 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Tour de France


text:
Talk:Hackney Wick

Untitled
It's not in the reader's best interests to separate Hackney Wick from Hackney, of which it is an integral part. --Wetman 09:39, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't agree at all (well I wouldn't). I've just done a clean-up job to disambiguate the whole Hackney question, so have directed the main use of the head term 'Hackney' to the modern London borough page. By this criterion, Hackney (district), in the sense of a neighbourhood, becomes just one small part of the modern borough (I've moved it to a page called Hackney Central) and it is certainly not something you can merge with Hackney Wick, any more than you can merge it with Homerton. (Or are you saying we should not have a list of districts within boroughs? - Apart from anything else, I believe that this borough->district format is an approved part of the Wikipedia London Project.)

Hackney Wick surely constitutes a discrete neighbourhood with a character of its own - and it's quite a way from Hackney Central, further than Homerton, in fact. For the other older usage of Hackney, meaning the pre-1965 borough, we do have a Metropolitan borough page. I've covered them all on the disambiguation page, anyway.

Tarquin Binary 17:04, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Additional - not to sound so abrupt :) Can I suggest taking a look at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_London. It's probably the right discussion to air points about the ambiguity of place names. As you can see from it, there is considerable pressure to make the Borough the head term in any given case, but it seems to have been left since last year.

Frankly it's the only thing that makes sense, if one is to have district lists for each borough (which I am actually in favour of, and why I tried it on my home borough) If you take the Islington entry, which I have not converted - it goes to the notional Islington, roughly speaking the old LCC borough. But the problem is 1) that there are districts like Angel which are linked from the Borough entry leading to a bit of duplication. 2) There is already an LCC Metropolitan borough entry covering the same area. This is also duplication.

Some duplication is fine (I like the idea of having districts where you can expand entries, so that the borough entry can be honed down) but this is frankly a mess. Hoping to clean up the Hackney stuff even more when I get time.

Tarquin Binary 17:23, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Just to show - I'm from Hackney borough, Stoke Newington district - so ignorant of the ways of easterners ;) - have just changed Hackney (central) to Hackney Central on the suggestion of someone from that locale, because that's the way they'd write it (or say it - no implied brackets). Certainly no-one from Hackney Central would consider it the the same as the Wick or vice versa. Totally different 'hood.

Tarquin Binary 18:52, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Train stations
I think the train section should actually be limited to active (or anticipated) stations. Details on the former Vickie Pk station should be listed under the history section.

Further, the designated route to Stratford Int is a branch of the DLR from Stratford Regional. While the station isn't far from Hackney Wick, I'm not sure what arrangements will be in place to provide access from this side. It will certainly not be accessible until after the games. So, perhaps should not be included here. Cheers. Kbthompson 10:18, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Bus history
Hi

I'm not going to take it out - immediately - but is the bus history here really notable? It would be more normal to add such details about running and routes against articles on the individual buses. I'm willing to be persuaded, but ultimately wikipedia is not just an aggregation of unrelated 'facts'. There needs to be some direction to it, and that is notability. Certainly some of the companies that were here were household names, but I think that could also do with some trimming. Cheers. Kbthompson (talk) 17:59, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Fine Art
I think perhaps, due to teh great number of studio complexes, live work units and art galleries (i.e. the general large population of artists) in Hackney Wick that perhaps there should be a dedicated section to Fine Art or Fine Arts???--Amedeo Felix (talk) 11:27, 26 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Remember the key is notability - add references to their significance in National reviews and papers. I'm inclined to think exemplars in the article are appropriate as to what goes on locally, but is it significant enough for more than a couple of sentences? Take care not to gush, or use peacock words. This is not an advertising section. People will trim and edit your prose mercilessly. For example, Wick Fisheries wasn't particularly notable - but when he retired after 50 years it made all the national papers; so, it achieves a posthumous notability. HTH Kbthompson (talk) 11:52, 26 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Well thanks for the advice. I think it unnecessary however, because I don't "gush" or use "peacock words", a highly subjective thing to say though if I may be critical.  Technical terms may seem to fit into such terms, but are oft necessary to describe complex notions.  It is quite well known now how many artists are based in the East End, and specifically around Hackney Wick.  Of course stating specific facts will hopefully all be backed up with verifiable references.  I am of course biased being an artist, but I must stress that art is certainly important enough to warrant specific mention especially where there are significant numbers of practitioners and venues.--Amedeo Felix (talk) 13:37, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hackney Wick


text: User talk:62.0.34.10

title: User talk:62.0.34.10


text:
Talk:Pieris (plant)

If left unpruned, can grow to 4 metres or more.

title: Talk:Pieris (plant)


text:
Talk:The Theory of Flight

Title
The title should be: The Theory of Flight. I don't know how to change that myself. 82.175.5.157 09:42, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Theory of Flight


text:
Black Hoof

Catecahassa or Black Hoof (c. 1740 – 1831) was the head civil chief of the Shawnee Indians in the Ohio Country of what became the United States. A member of the Mekoche division of the Shawnees, Black Hoof became known as a fierce warrior during the early wars between the Shawnee and encroaching American settlers. Black Hoof claimed to have been present at the Battle of the Monongahela in 1755 when General Edward Braddock was defeated during the French and Indian War, although there is no contemporary evidence that Shawnees took part in that battle.

Little documentary evidence of Black Hoof's life appears in the historical record before 1795. As a child he may have been a member of a wandering band of some 400 Shawnees led by Peter Chartier between 1745 and 1748, who founded the community in Kentucky called Eskippakithiki and later moved to Sylacauga, Alabama, eventually settling in Old Shawneetown, Illinois. He probably took part in the Battle of Point Pleasant during Lord Dunmore's War against the Virginia militia in 1774. During the American Revolutionary War, he may have taken part in the Siege of Boonesborough in 1778, which was led by Chief Blackfish, as well as the subsequent defense of the Shawnee village of Chillicothe in 1779. In the Northwest Indian War, Black Hoof was defeated by "Mad" Anthony Wayne and, following the collapse of the Indian confederation, surrendered in 1795.

Like Little Turtle of the Miamis, Black Hoof decided that Native Americans needed to adapt culturally to the ways of the whites in order to prevent decimation through warfare. During his later years, Black Hoof became an ally of the United States and was responsible for keeping the majority of the Shawnee nation from joining Tecumseh's War, which became part of the War of 1812.

Black Hoof resisted the policy of Indian removal that the United States implemented soon after the War of 1812. He never signed a removal treaty, and continued to lead his tribe until his death in Saint Johns, Ohio in 1831. After his death, the Shawnee were eventually compelled to emigrate to the West.

title: Black Hoof


text:
Category talk:Mountains of Cuba

Untitled
what are the mountains in cuba?

title: Category talk:Mountains of Cuba


text:
Diving disorders

Diving disorders, or diving related medical conditions, are conditions associated with underwater diving, and include both conditions unique to underwater diving, and those that also occur during other activities. This second group further divides conditions caused by exposure to ambient pressures significantly different from surface atmospheric pressure, and a range of conditions caused by general environment and equipment associated with diving activities.

Disorders particularly associated with diving include those caused by variations in ambient pressure, such as barotraumas of descent and ascent, decompression sickness and those caused by exposure to elevated ambient pressure, such as some types of gas toxicity. There are also non-dysbaric disorders associated with diving, which include the effects of the aquatic environment, such as drowning, which also are common to other water users, and disorders caused by the equipment or associated factors, such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide poisoning. General environmental conditions can lead to another group of disorders, which include hypothermia and motion sickness, injuries by marine and aquatic organisms, contaminated waters, man-made hazards, and ergonomic problems with equipment. Finally there are pre-existing medical and psychological conditions which increase the risk of being affected by a diving disorder, which may be aggravated by adverse side effects of medications and other drug use.

Treatment depends on the specific disorder, but often includes oxygen therapy, which is standard first aid for most diving accidents, and is hardly ever contra-indicated for a person medically fit to dive, and hyperbaric therapy is the definitive treatment for decompression sickness. Screening for medical fitness to dive can reduce some of the risk for some of the disorders.

Effects of variation in ambient pressure
Many diving accidents or illnesses are related to the effect of pressure on gases in the body.

Barotrauma
Barotrauma is physical injury to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between a gas space inside or in contact with the body, and the surroundings.

Barotrauma occurs when the difference in pressure between the surroundings and the gas space makes the gas expand in volume, distorting adjacent tissues enough to rupture cells or damage tissue by deformation. A special case, where pressure in tissue is reduced to the level that causes dissolved gas to come out of solution as bubbles, is called decompression sickness, the bends, or caisson disease.

Several organs are susceptible to barotrauma; however, the cause is well understood and procedures for avoidance are clear. Nevertheless, barotrauma occurs and can be life-threatening, and procedures for first aid and further treatment are an important part of diving medicine.

 * Barotraumas of descent (squeezes)
 * Ear squeeze (also alternobaric vertigo)
 * Sinus squeeze (aerosinusitis)
 * Tooth squeeze (dental barotrauma, barodontalgia)
 * Mask squeeze
 * Helmet squeeze
 * Suit squeeze
 * Barotraumas of ascent (overexpansion injuries)
 * Lung overexpansion injury (pulmonary barotrauma) – rupture of lung tissue allowing air to enter tissues, blood vessels, or spaces between or surrounding organs:
 * Pneumothorax: Free air in the pleural cavity, leading to collapsed lung.
 * Interstitial emphysema: Gas trapped in the spaces between tissues.
 * Mediastinal emphysema: Gas trapped around the heart.
 * Subcutaneous emphysema: Free gas under the skin.
 * Arterial gas embolism: Air or other breathing gas in the blood stream, causing blockage of small blood vessels.
 * Intestinal gas overexpansion
 * Middle ear overpressure (reversed ear) (also alternobaric vertigo)
 * Sinus overpressure (aerosinusitis)
 * Tooth overpressure (dental barotrauma, barodontalgia)

Compression arthralgia
Compression arthralgia is pain in the joints caused by exposure to high ambient pressure at a relatively high rate of compression, experienced by underwater divers. Also referred to in the US Navy Diving Manual as compression pains. Fast compression (descent) may produce symptoms as shallow as 30 msw. At depths beyond 180m even very slow compression may produce symptoms. The pain may be sufficiently severe to limit the diver's capacity for work, and may also limit travel rate and depth of downward excursions by saturation divers. The symptoms generally resolve during decompression and require no further treatment.

Decompression sickness
Decompression sickness is a condition caused by dissolved gases coming out of solution as bubbles in the tissues and fluids of the body during and directly after depressurisation. DCS is best known as a hazard of underwater diving but may occur in other decompression events such as caisson work, flying in unpressurised aircraft, and extra-vehicular activity from spacecraft. Since bubbles can form in any part of the body, or migrate via the bloodstream to any part of the body, DCS can produce a wide range of symptoms, and its effects may vary from joint pain and skin rashes to paralysis and death.

Dysbaric osteonecrosis
Dysbaric osteonecrosis, also known as aseptic bone necrosis, is generally a longer term effect on the bones and joints of divers caused by decompression bubbles and may occur even if no clinical decompression sickness has been diagnosed.

High pressure nervous syndrome
High-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) is a neurological and physiological diving disorder that results when a diver descends below about 500 ft while breathing a helium–oxygen mixture. The effects depend on the rate of descent and the depth. The effects of HPNS comprise trembling, myoclonic jerks, drowsiness, alterations in EEG patterns, visual disruptions, queasiness, vertigo, and diminished cognitive function.

Nitrogen narcosis
Nitrogen narcosis is a reversible alteration in consciousness that occurs while breathing gas with a high partial pressure of nitrogen. The effect is similar to alcohol intoxication or nitrous oxide inhalation and does not usually become noticeable at nitrogen partial pressures less than about 3 bar, equivalent to a depth of about 30 meters (100 ft) on air. As depth increases, the mental impairment may become hazardous. Divers can learn to cope with some of the effects of narcosis, but it is impossible to develop a tolerance. Narcosis affects all divers breathing gas mixtures containing nitrogen, although susceptibility varies widely from dive to dive, and between individuals. One of the risks of Nitrogen narcosis is that divers may remove their regulator or fail to follow proper safety procedures.

Oxygen toxicity
Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen partial pressures significantly greater than found in atmospheric air at sea level. Severe cases can result in cell damage and death, with effects most often seen in the central nervous system, lungs and eyes.

Divers are exposed to raised partial pressures of oxygen in normal diving activities, where the partial pressure of oxygen in the breathing gas is increased in proportion to the ambient pressure at depth, and by using gas mixtures in which oxygen is substituted for inert gases to reduce decompression obligations, to accelerate decompression, or reduce the risk of decompression sickness.

They are also exposed to raised partial pressures of oxygen if given oxygen as first aid, which is a standard protocol for most acute diving related disorders, and when undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the case of decompression sickness or arterial gas embolism.

Drowning
"Drowning is the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid".

Near drowning is the survival of a drowning event involving unconsciousness or water inhalation and can lead to serious secondary complications, including death, after the event. Drowning is usually the culmination of a deteriorating sequence of events in a diving accident, and is seldom a satisfactory explanation for a fatality, as it fails to explain the underlying causes and complications that led to the final consequence. Generally, a diver is well prepared for the environment, and well trained and equipped to deal with it. A diver should not drown merely as a result of being in the water.

Salt water aspiration syndrome
Salt water aspiration syndrome is a rare diving disorder experienced by divers who inhale a mist of seawater from a faulty demand valve causing irritation of the lungs. It can be treated by rest for several hours. If severe, medical assessment is required.

Hypoxia
Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during strenuous physical exercise. A mismatch between oxygen supply and its demand at the cellular level may result in a hypoxic condition.

Generalized hypoxia occurs when breathing mixtures of gases with a low oxygen content, e.g. while diving underwater especially when using closed-circuit rebreather systems that control the amount of oxygen in the supplied air, or when breathing gas mixtures blended to prevent oxygen toxicity at depths below about 60 m near or at the surface. This condition may lead to a loss of consciousness underwater and consequent death either directly by cerebral hypoxia, or indirectly by drowning.

Latent hypoxia may occur when a breathhold diver surfaces. This is also known as deep water blackout. The consequence is likely to be drowning.

Tissue hypoxia occurs when arterial gas emboli due to either lung overexpansion injury or decompression sickness block systemic capillaries and shut off the supply of oxygenated blood to the tissues downstream. If untreated, this leads to tissue damage or death, with consequences that depend on the site and extent of the injury.

Swimming induced pulmonary edema
Swimming induced pulmonary edema occurs when fluids from the blood leak abnormally from the small vessels of the lung (pulmonary capillaries) into the airspaces (alveoli).

SIPE usually occurs during heavy exertion in conditions of water immersion, such as swimming and diving. It has been reported in scuba divers, apnea (breath hold) free-diving competitors, combat swimmers,  and triathletes. The causes are incompletely understood at the present time.

Immersion diuresis
Immersion diuresis is a type of diuresis caused by immersion of the body in water (or equivalent liquid). It is mainly caused by lower temperature and by pressure.

The temperature effect is caused by vasoconstriction of the cutaneous blood vessels within the body to conserve heat. The body detects an increase in the blood pressure and inhibits the release of vasopressin, causing an increase in the production of urine.

The pressure effect is caused by the hydrostatic pressure of the water directly increasing blood pressure. Its significance is indicated by the fact that the temperature of the water doesn't substantially affect the rate of diuresis. Partial immersion of only the limbs does not cause increased urination.

Diuresis is significant in diving medicine as the consequent mild dehydration may be a contributing factor in the onset of decompression sickness.

Hypercapnia
Hypercapnia is a condition where there is too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood.

Divers may develop this condition for several possible reasons: As severe hypercapnia may produce disorientation, panic, hyperventilation, convulsions, unconsciousness, and eventually death. it is important for divers, supervisors and life support technicians to recognise the symptoms and development of the condition in time to correct the situation.
 * Increased work of breathing due to increased density of the breathing das with depth.
 * Inadequate ventilatory response to exertion.
 * Dead space of the breathing apparatus.
 * Higher inspired CO2 due to failure of the carbon dioxide scrubber in the diver's rebreather to remove sufficient carbon dioxide from the loop.
 * Over-exertion, producing excess carbon dioxide due to elevated metabolic activity.
 * Deliberate hypoventilation, known as "skip breathing".
 * Shallow breathing, due to stress or other reasons.
 * Contamination of the breathing gas supply.

Carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs by inhalation of carbon monoxide (CO). Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas, but, being colorless, odorless, tasteless, and initially non-irritating, it is very difficult for people to detect. Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion of organic matter due to insufficient oxygen supply to enable complete oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO2). Breathing gas for diving may be contaminated either by intake of contaminated atmospheric air, usually from internal combustion exhaust gases, or, more rarely, by carbon monoxide produced in the compressor by partial combustion of lubricants.

The effects of carbon monoxide in breathing gas are increased in proportion to the depth, as the partial pressure of the contaminant is increased in proportion to the depth for a given gas fraction. The permitted levels of carbon monoxide in breathing gas for diving is lower than for at atmospheric pressure due to the concentratng effect of raised ambient pressure.

Lipid pneumonia
Lipid pneumonia is a specific form of lung inflammation (pneumonia) that develops when lipids enter the bronchial tree. In diving this can happen when the breathing gas supply is contaminated with lubricants from the compressor, but it is very rare.

Environmental hazards
Hazards in the underwater environment that can affect divers include marine life, marine infections, polluted water, ocean currents, waves and surges and man-made hazards such as boats, fishing lines and underwater construction. Diving medical personnel need to be able to recognize and treat accidents from large and small predators and poisonous creatures, appropriately diagnose and treat marine infections and illnesses from pollution as well as diverse maladies such as sea sickness, traveler's diarrhea and malaria.

Hypothermia
Hypothermia is a condition in which core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions (which is defined as 35.0 C). Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 36.5 – through biological homeostasis or thermoregulation. If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs. As body temperature decreases, characteristic symptoms occur such as shivering and mental confusion.

Hypothermia usually occurs from exposure to low temperatures, but any condition that decreases heat production, increases heat loss, or impairs thermoregulation may contribute. Heat is lost more quickly in water than on land, and also more quickly in proportion to wind speed. Water temperatures that would be quite reasonable as outdoor air temperatures can lead to hypothermia. Divers are often exposed to low water temperatures and wind chill, which may be aggravated by evaporative cooling of wet dive suits, and mild hypothermia is not uncommon in both recreational and professional divers, while moderate to severe hypothermia remains a significant risk.

Non-freezing cold injuries
Exposure of the extremities in water temperatures below 12°C (53.6°F) can cause permanent damage.

Frostbite
Tissue damage by freezing of the extremities is a hazard of ice diving, mainly when the diver is on the ice after the dive, and particularly if there is wind chill.

Hyperthermia
Overheating may occur on the surface when the diver is preparing to dive, or on standby in heavily insulated exposure suit, or in the water, if the suit is excessively insulated for the conditions, the water temperature is too high, or the supply to a hot water suit is too hot.

Seasickness
Seasickness is a form of motion sickness, a condition in which a disagreement exists between visually perceived movement and the vestibular system's sense of movement characterized by a feeling of nausea and, in extreme cases, vertigo, experienced after spending time on a craft on water, floating at the surface of a rough sea, and in strong surge near the bottom.

Seasickness can significantly reduce the ability of a diver to effectively complete a task or manage a contingency, and may predispose the diver to hypothermia and decompression sickness.

Cramps
A cramp is a sudden, involuntary, painful muscle contraction or overshortening; while generally temporary and non-damaging, they can cause significant pain and a paralysis-like immobility of the affected muscle. Muscle cramps are common and are often associated with pregnancy, physical exercise or overexertion, age (common in older adults), or may be a sign of a motor neuron disorder.

Cramps may occur in a skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle cramps may be caused by muscle fatigue or a lack of electrolytes such as sodium (a condition called hyponatremia), potassium (called hypokalemia), or magnesium (called hypomagnesemia ). Some skeletal muscle cramps do not have a known cause. Cramps of smooth muscle may be due to menstruation or gastroenteritis. Motor neuron disorders (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), metabolic disorders (e.g., liver failure), some medications (e.g., diuretics and inhaled beta‐agonists), and haemodialysis may also cause muscle cramps.

A cramp usually starts suddenly and it also usually goes away on its own over a period of several seconds, minutes, or hours.

Envenomation
Injuries from venomous animals, which may result from skin contact with mobile or sessile cnidarians such as jellyfish and hydroids, puncture wounds caused by inadvertent impact with cryptic species such as stonefish or active defense by species such as stingrays and lionfish.

Bites
Injuries from bites usually occur when marine animals defend themselves or their territory from encroachment or perceived aggression by divers. Occasionally divers may be bitten by an animal mistaking part of the diver for food. This may occur when animals are fed by divers.

Blunt trauma
Injuries caused by impact with a large animal or part of a large animal, often apparently inadvertently, and resulting from the diver approaching closely to the animal, which may be startled, or simply proceeding on its way. This can happen when divers get too close to large sharks or cetaceans, not necessarily intentionally.

Contamination from polluted waters
In most places, contamination comes from a variety of sources (non-point source pollution). In a few it is primarily pollution from a single industrial source. The more immediate threat is from locations where high concentrations of toxic or pathogenic pollutants are present, but lower concentrations of less immediately harmful contaminants can have a longer term influence on the diver's health. Three major categories of contamination can cause health and safety problems for divers. These are biological, chemical and radioactive materials.

The risks from hazardous materials are generally proportional to dosage - exposure time and concentration, and the effects of the material on the body. This is particularly the case with chemical and radiological contaminants. There may be a threshold limit value which will not usually produce ill effects over long-term exposure. Others may have a cumulative effect.

The United Nations identification numbers for hazardous materials classifies hazardous materials under 9 categories: A contaminant may be classed under one or more of these categories.
 * 1) Explosives
 * 2) Gases, which may be compressed, liquified or dissolved under pressure
 * 3) Flammable liquids
 * 4) Flammable solids
 * 5) Oxidising agents
 * 6) Poisonous and infectious substances
 * 7) Radioactive substances
 * 8) Corrosive substances
 * 9) Miscellaneous hazardous substances

Poisonous substances are also classified in 9 categories:
 * 1) Irritants
 * 2) Simple asphyxiants
 * 3) Blood asphyxiants
 * 4) Tissue asphyxiants
 * 5) Respiratory paralysers
 * 6) Liver and kidney toxins
 * 7) Substances that affect the muscles (myotoxins)
 * 8) Substances that affect bone marrow
 * 9) Substances that interfere with nerve function (neurotoxins)

Trauma due to the natural physical environment
Water movement due to waves or currents may wash the diver against hard or sharp edged obstacles, or the movement of the diver may cause impact, or unstable bottom formations may fall onto the diver, causing injury.

Injuries caused by man-made hazards
In addition to mechanisms similar to those for natural hazards, injuries caused by impact with the dive boat or other vessels or their moving parts, like propellers and thrusters, and by tools and equipment is possible. The nature of work related injury depends on the task and equipment in use.

Disorders caused by the diving equipment
A variety of disorders may be caused by ergonomic problems due to poorly fitting equipment.

 * Temporomandibular joint dysfunction is pain or tenderness in the jaw, headache or facial ache caused by gripping the regulator mouthpiece between the teeth of the upper and lower jaws. This action is required to retain the mouthpiece in place for the duration of the dive, and may strain the masticatory muscles or the temporomandibular joint, which is where the lower jawbone (mandible) hinges on the skull at the temporal bone. This problem can be aggravated by cold water, stress, and strong water movement, and can be reduced by use of custom mouthpieces with longer and more rigid bite grip surfaces, which allow better support of the second stage with less effort.
 * Leg and foot cramps may be caused by unaccustomed exercise, cold, or ill-fitting fins.
 * Lower back pain may be caused by a heavy weightbelt hanging from the small of the back, counteracting the buoyancy of the diving suit which is distributed over the full length of the diver. This effect can be reduced by use of integrated weight systems which support the weights over the length of the back on the diving harness backplate.
 * Restricted circulation to the hands may be caused by excessively tight dry suit cuff seals.

Treatment
Treatment of diving disorders depends on the specific disorder or combination of disorders, but two treatments are commonly associated with first aid and definitive treatment where diving is involved. These are first aid oxygen administration at high concentration, which is seldom contraindicated, and generally recommended as a default option in diving accidents where there is any significant probability of hypoxia, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO), which is the definitive treatment for most incidences of decompression illness. Hyperbaric treatment on other breathing gases is also used for treatment of decompression sickness if HBO is inadequate.

Oxygen therapy
The administration of oxygen as a medical intervention is common in diving medicine, both for first aid and for longer-term treatment.

Hyperbaric therapy
Recompression treatment in a hyperbaric chamber was initially used as a life-saving tool to treat decompression sickness in caisson workers and divers who stayed too long at depth and developed decompression sickness. Now, it is a highly specialized treatment modality that has been found to be effective in the treatment of many conditions where the administration of oxygen under pressure has been found to be beneficial. Studies have shown it to be quite effective in some 13 indications approved by the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society.

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment is generally preferred when effective, as it is usually a more efficient and lower risk method of reducing symptoms of decompression illness, However, in some cases recompression to pressures where oxygen toxicity is unacceptable may be required to eliminate the bubbles in the tissues that cause the symptoms.

Fitness to dive

All divers should be free of conditions and illnesses that would negatively impact their safety and well-being underwater. The diving medical physician should be able to identify, treat and advise divers about illnesses and conditions that would cause them to be at increased risk for a diving accident.

Some reasons why a person should not be considered fit to dive are as follows:

 * Disorders that lead to altered consciousness: conditions that produce reduced awareness or sedation from medication, drugs, marijuana or alcohol; fainting, heart problems and seizure activity.
 * Disorders that substantially increase the risk of barotrauma injury conditions or diseases that are associated with air trapping in closed spaces, such as sinuses, middle ear, lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Severe asthma is an example.
 * Disorders that may lead to erratic and irresponsible behavior: included here would be immaturity, psychiatric disorders, diving while under the influence of medications, drugs and alcohol or any medical disorder that results in cognitive defects.

Conditions that may increase risk of diving disorders, but are not necessarily absolute contraindications:
 * Patent foramen ovale
 * Diabetes mellitus — No serious problems should be expected during dives due to hypoglycaemia in divers with well-controlled diabetes. Long-term complications of diabetes should be considered and may be a contrindication.
 * Asthma

Conditions considered temporary reasons to suspend diving activities:
 * Pregnancy—It is unlikely that literature research can establish the effect of scuba diving on the unborn human fetus as there is insufficient data, and women tend to comply with the diving industry recommendation not to dive while pregnant.

Long-term health effects of diving
Dysbaric osteonecrosis is ischemic bone disease thought to be caused by decompression bubbles, though the definitive pathologic process is poorly understood. It is a significant occupational hazard, which may follow a single exposure to compressed air, and may occur with no history of DCS, but is usually associated with significant compressed air exposure. The distribution of lesions differs with the type of exposure - the juxta-articular lesions being more common in caisson workers than in divers. There is a definite relationship between length of time exposed to extreme depths and the percentage of divers with bone lesions. Evidence does not suggest that dysbaric osteonecrosis is a significant risk in recreational scuba diving.

Exposure to increased partial pressure of oxygen during diving can raise the level of oxidative stress in which increased production of free radicals can occur. The combined influence of diving-related factors on free radical production and the long-term effects on diver resilience and health are not yet understood. Diving, and other forms of exercise, can precondition individuals for protection in further dives. It is not yet known if this preconditioning can influence resilience in other environmental extremes. Cumulative exposure to high partial pressure of oxygen is known to accelerate the development of cataracts, a visual disorder that affects most people who live long enough. This is most likely in technical divers, saturation divers, and anyone who is treated with hyperbaric oxygen on several occasions.

The mortality rate in recreational diving is very low, and the risk of accidental drowning is unlikely to have a significant influence on the average life expectancy of divers. Risk of accidental drowning and other diving accidents can be reduced by following safe diving practices.

title: Diving disorders


text:
Talk:Tyning

Inquiries of local residents by the present contributor have drawn a blank, and previous websearches (records not retained) have suggested two meanings, one as "the area below a hilltop" and one as "an enclosure" (the conflict between the two, and the absence of authority in each case, lends credence to neither).

Linguistic analysis might help, but despite its form it is not necessarily Germanic, and the present contributor does not have the skills in Anglo-Saxon and British required.

 * I've moved the above text from the article since it is original research, which is not encyclopedic. See No original research. Angela. 09:47, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

These look like plausible origins:

1. Twyning.

"Glos. Bituinæum 814, Tveninge 1086 ( DB ). Originally ‘(place) between the rivers’ from OE betwonan + a (dative am ) , later ‘settlement of those living there’ with the addition of OE -ingas". (From: A Dictionary of British Place-Names, A.D.Mills, 2003, Oxford UP)

2. Tine.

"(dial) v.t. to shut: to enclose [O.E. tynan, to surround; cf. town]" (From: Chambers 20th Century Dictionary, ed. E.M.Kirkpatrick, 1983)

Linda 3rd Feb 2006

title: Talk:Tyning


text: Category:Hong Kong swimmers

title: Category:Hong Kong swimmers


text:
User:Makoshark

I no longer edit Wikipedia with this account. Please instead see my permanent user page. —mako (talk•contribs) 13:44, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Makoshark


text: Category:Astronomical observatories in Chile


text:
User talk:Kakero

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title: User talk:Kakero


text:
Leeton, New South Wales

Leeton is a town located in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. It is situated in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area. It is the administrative centre of the Leeton Shire Council local government area, which includes neighbouring suburbs, towns and localities such as Yanco, Wamoon, Whitton, Gogeldrie, Stanbridge and Murrami.

The town was designed by Walter Burley Griffin and built for the New South Wales government early 20th century irrigation schemes. Leeton is home to citrus, rice, cotton, grape, walnut, and wheat farming. It is known as Australia's Rice Capital, as well as The Heart of SunRice Country, as it is home to the headquarters of SunRice corporation, one of Australia's largest food exporters. Other industry includes Arnott's Biscuits (previously Freedom Foods), Webster Limited, and Murrumbidgee Irrigation Limited.

Tony Reneker is the current mayor of Leeton.

History

Prior to European colonisation, the area was inhabited by the Wiradjuri people. The town is named after Charles Alfred Lee, a Minister for Public Works in New South Wales from 1904 to 1910.

In 1912 a water tower was built to supply water to the town. Leeton Post Office opened on 6 September 1912.

When the Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission of New South Wales was formed on 1 January 1913, Leeton was a canvas town, with the only houses being on farms built by settlers or the Commission-built homes for officers.

On 22 January 1913, under the provisions of the Crown Lands Act of 1884, Leeton was declared a town by the Department of Lands, Sydney.

The first block of land was sold in the town April 3, 1913. In1913, a Kurrajong tree (later known as Pioneers' Tree), was planted as a central feature on the eponymous Kurrajong Avenue, and a butter factory was established in the town. In August of the same year, Walter Burley Griffin visited the town to complete its design.

In 1914, World War I broke out; of the town's population of 2,000 people, 200 men were serving in the military. During 1914 and 1915 an abattoir and canning factory were established in the town.

In 1919, the Hydro Hotel was constructed for Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission executives to stay whilst in Leeton, but was not licensed to sell alcohol until 1924 when the alcohol prohibition in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area was lifted.

During 1920, the Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission of New South Wales began to pressure the Government for relief for being responsible for providing civic and local government services with the Commission stating "revenue which comes mainly from rents and water charges, having remained unchanged, is insufficient to cover the cost of local government services now that the weekly wage is more than double the figure paid when the settlement started". The Commission chose and appointed an advisory board which was made up of pioneer farmers which already had been in operation in the Yanco area since 1913. In June 1925 the Commission released its annual report stating that a Royal Commission recommended setting up of local government bodies within the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area but no date had been decided.

1 January 1928, the Willimbong Shire was formed with the name "Willimbong" being retained until 19 July 1946 when it was renamed as Leeton Shire.

In 1929 the Roxy Theatre was built on a large vacant block of land on the corner of Wade and Pine Avenue and was completed and opened in April 1930.

In 1930 Willimbong Shire become the trustee of the Leeton Racecourse, established in 1912, when the land was appropriated as a reserve for racing, public recreation and aviation. In August 1931 Southern Cross became the first aircraft to officially land at the aerodrome. During 1935, the aerodrome was refurbished to the standard that qualified it to base and fly commercial. In August 1935, Western and Southern Provincial (W.A.S.P.) Airlines commenced an air service between Leeton and Sydney. However the service was ended in 1936 when a Tugan Gannet aircraft used by W.A.S.P. Airlines crashed on 26 February 1936 in the Cordeaux Dam area.

In July 1938 it was proposed to the Willimbong Shire by the Civil Aviation Board that the area around Fivebough could be developed into an aerodrome since the Leeton Aerodrome at the race course was too small and could only operate on a restricted license. Willimbong Shire agreed to lease the land with preliminary work carried out on the site but the aerodrome was never used by any commercial airline.

During World War II, the Royal Australian Air Force established a training school in the nearby town of Narrandera which was a large aerodrome. After this, a report from the Department of Civil Aviation stated that Fivebough was eminently suitable as an aerodrome but strongly recommended that they should consider jointly operating the aerodrome with Narrandera Shire.

During the early part of the 1930s Willimbong Shire took over the town water supply when it became apparent that the town needed a second water tower which was completed next to the first tower on 27 March 1937.

The swimming baths in Leeton were constructed by voluntary labour and were completed on 24 February 1932. The Leeton Swimming Club made a request that the swimming baths be replaced by a modern swimming complex. In 1959 money was raised though the Irrigana Festival, a biennial festival in the town, and the Leeton Shire obtained a loan. On 17 November 1962 the Leeton & District Memorial Swimming Pool was opened.

Rice growing became a major industry during World War II, under government promotion to help supply food for troops. A number of local farmers, such as teenager Norm Houghton, pioneered the planting of new varieties to suit the local conditions. The Irrigana Festival began in 1959 as a biennial event but was short lived due to a lack of strong publicity value. The name "Irrigana" was chosen from a competition in the Murrumbidgee Irrigator. In 1970 a similar festival returned in the town, known as the "Rice Bowl Festival", and by 1988 the festival was renamed to "Sunwhite Rice Festival" with sponsorship from the Ricegrowers Co-Operative Limited.

Heritage listings
Leeton has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Hydro Hotel
 * Koonadan Historic Site
 * Leeton District Lands Office
 * Leeton District Office artefacts
 * Leeton railway station
 * Roxy Community Theatre

Education
Leeton is the second largest educational centre in the Riverina after Wagga Wagga.

Leeton Shire has three secondary schools: Leeton Shire has six primary schools: Other education includes:
 * Leeton High School
 * St Francis de Sales Regional College
 * Yanco Agricultural High School
 * Leeton Public School
 * Parkview Public School
 * St Joseph's Primary School
 * Wamoon Public School
 * Yanco Public School
 * Whitton Public School
 * TAFE NSW Riverina Institute
 * Murrumbidgee College of Agriculture
 * Gralee Support School
 * MET School (Leeton Campus)
 * Leeton Pre-School
 * Leeton Early Learning Centre
 * Goodstart Early Learning

Climate
Leeton has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk), with hot, dry summers and cool, partly cloudy winters. It features 137.7 clear days annually.

Transport
Leeton is approximately 450 km from Melbourne along the Newell, Goulburn Valley and Hume Highways and 550 km from Sydney along the Sturt and Hume Highways. There are daily flights leaving Narrandera Airport, operated by Regional Express. The airport is located near the shire boundary, approximately 20 km from the CBD. There are coach services to Sydney and Adelaide, leaving Leeton Coach Terminal in Gidgee Street daily. NSW TrainLink also operates coach services to Wagga Wagga connecting with XPT services to Sydney and Melbourne. An Xplorer service to Griffith calls at Leeton railway station on Wednesday and Saturday, with the return service to Sydney calling on Thursday and Sunday.

Industry
The processing of agricultural products comprises Leeton's largest industry. Ricegrowers Limited, operating as SunRice and CopRice, is by far Leeton's largest employer. Its international headquarters are located in the town, as well a rice mill and manufacturing plants. Other major companies include The Daily Juice Company, JSB Australia (as a subsidiary of JBS S.A.), Murrumbidgee Irrigation Limited, Pacific Fresh,Toorak Wines, Lillypilly Wines and Southern Central Engineering, as well as the Arnott's Group, located in Stanbridge, and Southern Cotton, located in Whitton.

The Vance Industrial Estate houses many smaller scale industrial companies.

Attractions
Leeton has a number of town landmarks, including the Roxy Theatre, War Memorial, Madonna Place, St Peter's Church and The Burley Griffin water towers.

Outdoors
The Ramsar-listed Fivebough and Tuckerbil Wetlands as well as the nearby Murrumbidgee River and Murrumbidgee Valley National Park provide ample opportunities for bushwalking and birdwatching.

Media
Leeton's town newspaper The Irrigator (formerly known as The Murrumbidgee Irrigator) is released throughout the region on Tuesday and Friday. Local radio stations are ABC Riverina on 100.6 FM, Star FM on 99.7 FM and 2RG. WIN Television also broadcasts the local news of the Riverina on weeknights.

Sport
The Leeton Greens play rugby league in the Group 20 Rugby League competition and have won eight premierships. The club was founded in the 1920s and play on Leeton No 1 Oval. They are the current reigning premiers as of 2022.

The Leeton-Whitton Crows play Australian rules football in the Riverina Football League and were formed by a merger of the Leeton Redlegs and Whitton-Yanco Tigers in 1995. They won their first premiership since the merger in 2017, breaking a 39-year premiership drought.

Leeton United Football Club play soccer in the Griffith District Football Association and were formed in 1962.

Notable citizens
Notable citizens originating from Leeton include:
 * Linda Burney (Current Minister for Indigenous Australians and federal MP for the Division of Barton, and former deputy leader of the NSW Labor Party and state MP for Canterbury )
 * John Faulkner (Australian Labor Party Senator)
 * Matthew Dunn (Three-time Olympic swimmer (Barcelona 1992, Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000) and seven-time Commonwealth Games gold medallist)
 * Rod Maybon (National Rugby League footballer)
 * Robert McLachlan (professional road bicycle racer)
 * Peter Peters (National Rugby League footballer and commentator)
 * Jay Bandy (former National Rugby League player)
 * Mathew Feagai (National Rugby League player)
 * Max Feagai (National Rugby League player)
 * Clint Halden (former National Rugby League player)
 * Jeff Robson (former National Rugby League player)
 * Mark Taylor (Former captain of the Australia national cricket team, cricketer, and commentator)
 * Helen Wellings (consumer advocate)
 * Craig Nettelbeck (Former Australian Football League footballer)
 * Max Kruse (Former VFL footballer)
 * Jacob Hopper (AFL footballer)
 * Jacob Townsend (Former AFL and current VFL footballer).

Australian poet and writer Henry Lawson lived in Leeton for two years, from 1916 to 1917. Lawson had been hired to write about the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area to attract settlers to the area.

title: Leeton, New South Wales


text:
Anton de Kom

Cornelis Gerhard Anton de Kom (22 February 1898 – 24 April 1945) was a Surinamese resistance fighter and anti-colonialist author. He was arrested in Surinam and the protest against his arrest resulted in two deaths. De Kom was subsequently exiled to the Netherlands where he wrote Wij slaven van Suriname ("We Slaves of Surinam"), an anti-colonial book. During World War II, he joined the resistance, was arrested, and sent to concentration camps where he died. In 2020, de Kom was added as a subject on the Canon of the Netherlands, a chronological list of fifty key events and people in Dutch history to be taught in schools.

Biography
De Kom was born in Paramaribo, Suriname, to farmer Adolf de Kom and Judith Jacoba Dulder. His father was born a slave.

De Kom finished primary and secondary school and obtained a diploma in bookkeeping. He worked for the Balata Compagnieën Suriname en Guyana. On 29 July 1920, he resigned and left for Haiti where he worked for the Societé Commerciale Hollandaise Transatlantique. In 1921, he left for the Netherlands. He volunteered for the Huzaren (a Dutch cavalry regiment) for a year. In 1922, he started working for a consultancy in The Hague. One year later he was laid off due to a reorganization. He then became a sales representative selling coffee, tea and tobacco for a company in The Hague, where he met his future wife, Nel.

In addition to his work, he was active in numerous left-wing organizations, including nationalist Indonesian student organisations and (Aim Left), and wrote for communist magazines like De Tribune. Often using the pseudonyms Adek or Adekom. In 1929, de Kom was a speaker at the 18th Party Congress of the Communist Party Holland where he emphasised that the people of Suriname live in poverty without rights, and to his delight a resolution passed to change the slogan to "Indonesia, Suriname and Curaçao, immediate and full independence from the Netherlands"

De Kom and his family left for Suriname on 20 December 1932 and arrived on 4 January 1933. From that moment on he was closely watched by the colonial authorities. He started a consultancy in his parents' house. Large groups used to gather around the house, because de Kom was helping Javanese and Indians with their re-emigration. Weapons were offered to de Kom for protection, but he refused to take up arms, because he did not want a bloodbath. On 1 February, he was arrested while en route to the office of governor Bram Rutgers with a large group of followers. On both 3 and 4 February, his followers gathered in front of the Attorney General's office to demand De Kom's release. On 7 February, a large crowd gathered on the Oranjeplein (currently called the Onafhankelijkheidsplein). Rumor had it that De Kom was about to be released. When the crowd refused to leave the square, police opened fire, killing two people and wounding 22.

Exile in the Netherlands
On 10 May 1933, de Kom was sent to the Netherlands without trial and exiled from his native country. His arrival had been announced by De Tribune who expected to greet him with 25,000 revolutionaries. Over 2,000 people showed up, de Kom gave a short speech, and continued his journey to The Hague.

De Kom was inspired by Albert Helman's Zuid-Zuid-West (1926) which ended with a fierce anti-colonial epilogue. During his time in the Netherlands, he was often unemployed, and decided to write his own book about the history of Suriname and slavery called, Wij slaven van Suriname (We Slaves of Suriname) which was published in a censored form in 1934. Contact Publishers was pressured not to release the book, and the Centrale Inlichtingendienst (secret service) demanded and was given a preliminary copy in violation of the freedom of press.

De Kom participated in demonstrations for the unemployed, travelled abroad with a group as a tap dancer, and was drafted for werkverschaffing (unemployment relief work), a program similar to the American WPA, in 1939. He gave lectures for leftist groups, mainly communists, about colonialism and racial discrimination.

World War II
After the German invasion in 1940, his writings were banned. De Kom joined the Dutch resistance, especially the communist party in The Hague. He wrote articles for the underground paper De Vonk of the communist party, mainly about the terror of fascist groups in the streets of The Hague (much of their terror was directed against Jews).

On 7 August 1944, de Kom was arrested. He was imprisoned at the Oranjehotel in Scheveningen, and transferred to Camp Vught, a Dutch concentration camp. In early September 1944, he was sent to Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen, where he was forced to work for the Heinkel aircraft factory. De Kom died on 24 April 1945 of tuberculosis in Camp Sandbostel near Bremervörde (between Bremen and Hamburg), which was a satellite camp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. He was buried in a mass grave. In 1960, his remains were found and brought to the Netherlands. There he was buried at the National Cemetery of Honours in Loenen. In 1982, he was posthumously awarded the Resistance Memorial Cross.

Family
De Kom was married to a Dutch woman, Petronella Borsboom. They had four children. Their son, Cees de Kom, lives in Suriname. His grandson Antoine de Kom is a Dutch writer and poet.

Aftermath
Part of his unpublished novel Ons bloed is rood (Our blood is red) appeared in Adek (1983). In 1988, the Surinamese Worker and Unemployed Organisation (SAWO) submitted a motion with the municipality of Amsterdam to name a square after Anton de Kom. A square in Amsterdam-Zuidoost near the shopping centre was renamed Anton de Komplein. The square features a sculpture of Anton de Kom as a monument to his life and works, sculpted by Jikke van Loon. SAWO went on to petition the Government for rehabilitation.

In 2008, Vereniging Ons Suriname rediscovered manuscripts which were lost in the 1960s. The manuscripts contained the movie scenario Tjiboe, parts of the novels Ons bloed is rood and Om een hap rijst (For a bit of rice), and several Anansi-stories, a spider who represents skill and wisdom in folktales of the Akan people. The archives were presented to Michiel van Kempen by Anton de Kom's children Ad and Judith de Kom, and are on display at the Literature Museum.

In 1981, the Pontewerfstraat in Frimangron, Paramaribo was renamed to Anton de Komstraat. On 17 October 1983, the University of Suriname was renamed the Anton de Kom University of Suriname in honor of De Kom. In 2007, the LBR Lecture, an annual lecture against racism and discrimination organised by the Resistance Museum, was renamed Anton de Kom Lecture. A documentary film about him, Peace, Memories of Anton de Kom, by filmmaker Ida Does, was produced in 2012.

In 2020, de Kom was added as a subject on the Canon of the Netherlands. De Kom is the first Surinamese citizen to be added to the 50 vital subjects to be taught in school in the Netherlands. Ingrid van Engelshoven, Dutch Minister of Education, stressed that the shadow sides of society needed to be addressed as well. A film about Anton Kom is in the making as of 2020.

Written work

 * Anton de Kom: Wij slaven van Suriname (1934 digital version; uncensored edition 1971). English translation: We Slaves of Surinam, 1987 (Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan).

title: Anton de Kom


text:
Talk:Lindisfarne Castle

Untitled
All text and a photo are at Lindisfarne; this should be a redirect. --09:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The article is now starting to grow - so lets it give a chance to florish independantly before bopping it with a redirect! A curate's egg 10:40, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lindisfarne Castle