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Harry Oakes

Sir Harry Oakes, 1st Baronet (23 December 1874 – 7 July 1943) was a British gold mine owner, entrepreneur, investor and philanthropist. He earned his fortune in Canada and moved to the Bahamas in the 1930s for tax purposes. Though American by birth, he became a British citizen and was granted the hereditary title of baronet in 1939.

Oakes was murdered in 1943 under mysterious circumstances, and the subsequent trial ended with acquittal of the accused. No further legal proceedings have taken place on the matter, the cause of death and the details surrounding it have never been entirely determined (though are thought to be unusually grisly) and the case has been the subject of several books and four films.

Early life
Oakes was born in Sangerville, Maine, one of five children of William Pitt Oakes and Edith Nancy Lewis. His father was a prosperous lawyer. Harry Oakes graduated from Foxcroft Academy and went on to Bowdoin College in 1896, and he spent two years at the Syracuse University Medical School. One of his sisters, Gertrude Oakes, died in the 1935 sinking of the ocean liner SS Mohawk off the New Jersey coast.

Mining career
In 1898, Oakes left medical school before graduation and made his way to Alaska, at the height of the Klondike Gold Rush, in hopes of making his fortune as a prospector. For 15 years, he sought gold around the world, from California to Australia.

Oakes arrived in Kirkland Lake in Northern Ontario, Canada, on 19 June 1911. On September 23, 1911, he registered the transfer of claim T-1663, purchased from George Minaker, and established Lake Shore Mine. Twenty years later, the gold mine was the most productive in the Western Hemisphere, and it ultimately proved to be the second-largest gold mine in the Americas. His lavish lifestyle included a 1928 Hispano-Suiza H6B luxury car.

Moves to Bahamas, is created baronet
Oakes became a British subject, and he lived in the Bahamas for tax reasons from 1935 until his death (He was paying 85% under the Canadian tax code prior to his move). He was invited to the British colony by Sir Harold Christie, a prominent Bahamian real estate developer and legislator, who became a close business associate and friend.

In 1939, Oakes was created a baronet by King George VI as a reward for his philanthropic endeavours in the Bahamas, Canada and Britain. He donated US$500,000 in two bequests to St George's Hospital in London, and he gave US$1 million to charities in the Bahamas. He became a member of the colony's House of Assembly.

Bahamian investments
Oakes soon proved to be a dynamic investor, entrepreneur and developer in the Bahamas. He had a major role in expanding the airport, Oakes Field, in the capital Nassau; bought the British Colonial Hilton Nassau; built a golf course and country club; and developed farming and new housing. All of this activity greatly stimulated the struggling economy, with only about 70,000 inhabitants in the early 1940s. This activity took place mainly on the principal island of New Providence; it was estimated that Oakes owned about one-third of that island by the early 1940s. Oakes had become the colony's wealthiest, most powerful, and most important resident by the early 1940s.

Personal life
On 30 June 1923, Oakes married Eunice Myrtle McIntyre in Sydney, Australia. They had met aboard a cruise ship, and she was approximately half his age when they married.

They eventually had five children:
 * Nancy Oakes (1925–2005), who in 1942 married Count Alfred de Marigny (1910–1998) at the age of 18. They separated in 1945 and divorced in 1949. She later had a longstanding relationship with British actor Richard Greene (1918–1985), with whom she had a daughter.  In 1952, she married Baron Ernst Lyssardt von Hoyningen-Huene, with whom she had one son before their divorce in 1956.  Nancy's children are:
 * Patricia Luisa Oakes (born 1951-2012), who married Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. (1914–1988) in 1977, with whom she had one son before divorcing in 1981. Patricia later married Robert Leigh-Wood in 1984, with whom she had a daughter. Patricia's children are:
 * John Alexander Roosevelt (born 1977)
 * Shirley Leigh-Wood Oakes (born 1985)
 * Baron Alexander V. "Sasha" Hoynengen-Huene (born 1955)
 * Sir Sydney Oakes, 2nd Baronet of Nassau (1927–1966), who died in a car accident aged 39.
 * Sir Christopher Oakes, 3rd Baronet of Nassau (born 1949)
 * Shirley Oakes (1929-1986), who was involved in a car accident in 1981 that left her in a coma.
 * William Pitt Oakes (1930–1958), who died of an overdose aged 28.
 * Harry Philip Oakes (born 1932)

Oakes became interested in golf and, in the late 1920s, hired top golf course architect Stanley Thompson to build a nine-hole course for him, the "Sir Harry Oakes Private Course" in Niagara Falls, Ontario. Completed in 1929, the course is now the Oak Hall Par 3 public course.

Murder
Oakes was murdered sometime after midnight on July 8, 1943. He was struck four times behind the left ear with a miner's hand pick, to disguise the wounds from a silver ice pick (Simpsons of the Strand), and was then burned all over his body using insecticide, with the flames being concentrated around the eyes. His body was then sprinkled with feathers from a mattress. When Oakes was discovered, the feathers were still being gently blown over his body by the bedroom fan.

Investigation and trial
The Bahamas’ governor, the Duke of Windsor (formerly King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom), who had become a close friend of Oakes during the previous three years, took charge of the investigation from the outset. The Duke first attempted to enforce press censorship, but this was unsuccessful, since the Bahamas Tribune newspaper broke the story to the world within a few hours. Oakes' vast wealth, fame and British title, combined with the nature of the crime, generated worldwide interest in the case. Etienne Dupuch, the colony's foremost newspaper publisher and a close friend of Oakes, ensured constant coverage of the case for the several months which followed. Dupuch had called the Oakes residence early on the morning after the crime, since he had previously arranged to visit, and spoke with Harold Christie, who had stayed there overnight; Christie reported the death to Dupuch.

The Duke believed that the local police lacked the expertise to investigate the crime, and since World War II was raging, making it difficult to bring detectives from Scotland Yard in London, which was what normally would have been done, the Duke turned to two American policemen he knew in the Miami force. The Bahamas was a British Crown Colony at the time, and there were British Security personnel stationed in wartime in New York City and Washington, D.C. who could potentially have traveled easily and quickly to Nassau for an investigation. Bringing in the Miami Captains Melchen and Barker (Melchen had earlier guarded the Duke in Miami) proved an unfortunate decision.

The two American detectives were, in theory, called upon to assist Bahamian law enforcement, but to the dismay of the local police, they completely took over the investigation. The two American policemen had forgotten their fingerprint kits in Miami, and in any case, the local Bahamas police force did have fingerprint kits available right in Nassau. By evening on the second day of the investigation, 36 hours after Oakes' body was discovered, they had arrested Oakes' son-in-law, Count Alfred de Marigny. De Marigny had eloped with and married Oakes' daughter Nancy in New York City (where she was studying), without her parents' knowledge, two days after her 18th birthday, in 1942. Once she had reached age 18, Nancy no longer needed her parents' permission to wed. De Marigny, 14 years older, had met Nancy at the Nassau Yacht Club, where he was a prominent competitive sailor. The two had been dating for a couple of years before their marriage, without her parents apparently fully realizing the seriousness of their relationship. De Marigny was thought to have been on bad terms with Oakes, due to de Marigny's playboy manners and lack of a meaningful career, the fact that he had been married twice before for short periods to wealthy women, and that he had not asked Oakes' permission to marry Nancy. Oakes and de Marigny had quarreled on several occasions, witnessed by other people.

When Nancy was informed of her father's death and her husband's arrest, she was in Miami on her way for the summer to study dance with Martha Graham at Bennington, Vermont. It was her great friend Merce Cunningham who gave her the bad news. She then traveled to Bar Harbor, Maine, the family's summer home, to join her mother, at her husband's request. But Nancy soon returned to Nassau and began to organize her husband's defence. She was convinced that de Marigny was innocent and stood by him when many others, including her family, believed him guilty. The young countess soon became a favourite with the press worldwide for her mild resemblance to Katharine Hepburn. The murder managed to knock the war off the front pages temporarily. Nancy spent heavily to hire a leading American private investigator, Raymond Schindler, to dig deeply into the case, and a prominent British-trained Bahamian lawyer, Godfrey W. Higgs, to defend her husband. They eventually found serious flaws in the prosecution's case.

De Marigny was committed for trial, and a rope was ordered for his hanging. However, he was acquitted in a trial that lasted several weeks, after the detectives were suspected of fabricating evidence against him. The chief piece of evidence was a fingerprint of his, which Captain Barker claimed had been found on a Chinese screen in Oakes' bedroom where the body had been found. Later, it was discovered that the print had been lifted from the water glass that de Marigny had used during his questioning by the Miami Police captains, and that de Marigny was being framed.

Immediately after Oakes' funeral had been held in Bar Harbor, Maine (the family's summer home), Captain Barker, visiting by invitation, told Nancy and Lady Oakes that he had already positively identified de Marigny's fingerprints on the Chinese screen, justifying de Marigny's status as the main suspect. Very detailed and thorough cross-examination at the trial, several months later, by de Marigny's lawyer showed that Barker had not in fact positively identified the single fingerprint as belonging to de Marigny until several days later than he had originally claimed - after he had returned to Miami - and that Barker had taken several dozen other fingerprints from Oakes' bedroom, many of which were still unprocessed weeks later. An American fingerprint expert witness, testifying for the defence, called into question the professionalism of the techniques used by Captain Barker in the investigation. The expert testified that the de Marigny print very likely could not have come from the Chinese screen, since none of the background pattern design from the screen appeared on the de Marigny print photograph, although other photos of fingerprints lifted from the screen showed this pattern. De Marigny testified that he had not visited Westbourne, Oakes' home and the murder site, for two years before Oakes' death, because of ongoing conflict with Oakes. Several of de Marigny's dinner party guests from the fateful night testified at the trial, and strengthened de Marigny's alibi that he was hosting the party, and later drove several guests to their homes, late at night, with a witness in the car, near the time when the murder was committed. The approximate time of the murder had been determined by two Bahamian medical examiners. Significantly, the Duke of Windsor arranged to be away from the Bahamas while the murder trial was in progress so he was not available to be called as a witness.

Oakes' murderer has never been found, and there were no court proceedings in the case after de Marigny's acquittal. The case received worldwide press coverage at the time, with photos of Nancy in court. It has been the subject of continuous interest, including several books and films (see below). The first full-length book on the case -- The Murder of Sir Harry Oakes, was published by the Bahamas Tribune newspaper in 1959; the paper was edited at the time by Etienne Dupuch.

Aftermath
After the trial Nancy went with de Marigny to Cuba to stay with their old friend Ernest Hemingway. De Marigny was deported to Cuba after a recommendation by the murder trial's jury, because of his supposedly unsavoury character and frequent advances towards young girls in the Bahamas. De Marigny and Nancy separated in 1945, and divorced in 1949. He moved to Canada in 1945 and served for a time in the Canadian Army, but was later deported from Canada. He married his fourth wife, settled in Central America, and died in 1998.

Nancy had left Cuba by the late 1940s, and lived in Hollywood, California, where she had a long affair with 1950s English Hollywood film and British TV star Richard Greene. They had a daughter, Patricia Oakes. She remained close friends with Greene until his death in 1985. In 1952 she married Baron Ernst Lyssardt von Hoyningen-Huene (adopted cousin of the artist George Hoyningen-Huene, the only son of Baron Barthold Theodor Hermann (Theodorovitch) von Hoyningen-Huene, a German nobleman who had estates in Estonia that were confiscated by the Soviets during World War II and was the German ambassador to Portugal during World War II, ). They had a son, Baron Alexander von Hoyningen-Huene. The marriage lasted until 1956. Nancy died in 2005 and was survived by her two children and two grandchildren.

Oakes' legacy
Oakes' former home in Kirkland Lake, Ontario, is now the Museum of Northern History, dedicated to his life and to the region's mining history. Kirkland Lake is where he made his fortune as a prospector. He was inducted into the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame.

The Oakes baronetcy of Nassau, was assumed by Oakes's son Sir Sydney Oakes (1927–1966). On his death, Sir Sydney's son Christopher (born 1949) inherited the title. A district in Nassau was named after Oakes, complete with a memorial. Foxcroft Academy, a private school in Dover-Foxcroft, Maine, has its football field named after Harry Oakes.

He was portrayed by Scott Hylands in "Rex v De Marigny", a 1993 dramatization of the murder trial for the Canadian drama anthology series Scales of Justice.

Oakes Park
During the Great Depression, Oakes donated a 16 acre parcel of land in what is now the central area of Niagara Falls, Ontario. He funded a make-work project and supplied tools to build a park at the location. Crews worked for $1 per day, switching every five days to permit as much employment as possible.

Oakes Park was opened on August 31, 1931. It is a multi-use, municipally owned and operated recreational complex. The main facilities are a baseball stadium used by the Greater Niagara Baseball Association and other elite youth and senior baseball clubs, two smaller baseball fields for younger divisions, a soccer pitch, and athletics facilities including a 400-metre track. The main baseball diamond has outfield dimensions of 318-402-322 ft, and has a press box, electronic scoreboard, and clubhouses.

Oakes Garden Theatre
Designed as an amphitheatre, Oakes Garden Theatre was opened in September 1937. Oakes, a member of the Niagara Parks Commission, donated the land at the foot of Clifton Hill and Niagara Parkway to the commission in 1936. The landscape architecture was done by Howard and Lorrie Dunington-Grubb, the building's architect was William Lyon Somerville with sculptures by Florence Wyle, Frances Loring and Elizabeth Wyn Wood.

Oak Hall
Oakes bought property just above Dufferin Islands from the estate of Walter H. Shoellkopf, on July 15, 1924. He constructed a 37-room Tudor- style mansion (by Findlay and Foulis in 1929 and later gatehouse and stables in 1931), where he and his wife lived from 1928 to 1935, known as Oak Hall. Oakes moved to the Bahamas afterward, due to what he felt was excessive taxation by the Canadian government (85%) - the Bahamas were virtually tax-free. Oakes' son, Sir Sydney Oakes, later occupied the residence. Since 1982, Oak Hall has been the headquarters for the Niagara Parks Commission. A portion of the estate was sold off in the 1960s and is part of Marineland of Canada.

The Willows
In 1938 Oakes and his family purchased a summer home called "The Willows" in Bar Harbor, Maine, designed by the firm of Andrews, Jacques and Rantoul in 1913. Lady Eunice Oakes gave it to Bowdoin College in 1958 and operated it as the Oakes Center, a conference center, till the early 1970s when it was sold to brothers James and Sonny Cough. They developed the land and built an oceanfront hotel consisting of several buildings called the Atlantic Oakes. Much of the mansion was significantly altered and covered in vinyl siding. It is now called The Atlantic Oceanside Hotel.

Foxcroft Academy
Oakes graduated from Foxcroft Academy in Dover-Foxcroft, Maine, founded in 1823, three years after statehood, one of the very few public high school "academies" left in Maine. The present campus is on the former Oakes farm on outer Main Street on the way to Sangerville, his birthplace.

Real estate investment in Florida
After the disastrous Florida Hurricane of 1928 and the Great Depression, Oakes bought 2600 acre of partially developed land in northern Palm Beach County, Florida, from Harry Seymour Kelsey, who lacked the finances to rebuild his shattered development. Oakes spent a great deal of money on development of this property, which was later bought by John D. MacArthur, who completed its development. It includes most of North Palm Beach, Lake Park, Palm Beach Gardens and Palm Beach Shores. Oakes' castle-like home in North Palm Beach became the clubhouse for the village country club.

title: Harry Oakes


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List of storms named Rachel

The name Rachel has been used for five tropical cyclones worldwide.

In the Eastern Pacific Ocean

 * Tropical Storm Rachel (1984) – formed in the open ocean
 * Tropical Storm Rachel (1990) – made landfall in Mexico twice, caused 18 deaths
 * Hurricane Rachel (2014) – Category 1 hurricane, no effect on land

In the Western Pacific Ocean

 * Tropical Storm Rachel (1999) – struck Taiwan, regenerated, before dissipating over the Yellow Sea

In the Southwest Pacific Ocean

 * Cyclone Rachel (1997) – Category 1-equivalent tropical cyclone that struck Port Hedland at peak intensity

title: List of storms named Rachel


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List of storms named Simon

The name Simon has been used for three tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and for one in the Australian region.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Tropical Storm Simon (1984) – moderate tropical storm that churned in the open ocean
 * Tropical Storm Simon (1990) – strong tropical storm that stayed at sea
 * Hurricane Simon (2014) – Category 4 hurricane that made landfall on the Baja California Peninsula as a remnant low

In the Australian region:
 * Cyclone Simon (1980) – a Category 3 tropical cyclone that struck Queensland

title: List of storms named Simon


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Thomas Rupert Jones

Thomas Rupert Jones FRS (1 October 1819 – 13 April 1911) was a British geologist and palaeontologist.

Biography
Jones was born on 1 October 1819 in Cheapside, London, the son of John Jones, silk merchant, and his wife Rhoda (née Burberry) Jones of Coventry. While at a private school at Ilminster, his attention was attracted to geology by the fossils that are so abundant in the Lias quarries. In 1835 he was apprenticed to a surgeon at Taunton, and he completed his apprenticeship in 1842 at Newbury in Berkshire.

He was then engaged in practice mainly in London, until in 1849 he was appointed assistant secretary to the Geological Society of London. In 1862 he was made professor of geology at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Having devoted his especial attention to microfossils, he now became the highest authority in Britain on the Foraminifera and those Entomostraca that were regarded Ostracoda later on. He edited the 2nd edition of Mantell's Medals of Creation (1854), the 3rd edition of Mantell's Geological Excursions round the Isle of Wight (1854), and the 7th edition of Mantell's Wonders of Geology (1857); he also edited the 2nd edition of F. Dixon's Geology of Sussex (1878). Jones was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1872 and was awarded the Lyell Medal by the Geological Society in 1890. For many years he was specially interested in the geology of South Africa.

He died and was buried at Chesham Bois, Buckinghamshire. He had married twice: firstly to Mary, daughter of William Harris of Charing, Kent, and secondly to Charlotte Ashburnham, daughter of Archibald Archer.

title: Thomas Rupert Jones


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List of storms named Trudy

The name Trudy has been used for three tropical cyclones worldwide: two in the Eastern Pacific ocean and once in the Australian region.

In the Eastern Pacific ocean:
 * Hurricane Trudy (1990), a strong and long-lived Category 4 hurricane that churned in the open ocean
 * Tropical Storm Trudy (2014), short-lived tropical storm that made landfall in Mexico

In the Australian region:
 * Cyclone Trudy (1978) – a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone that affected East Timor and Indonesia

title: List of storms named Trudy


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Vow (song)

"Vow" is a song by alternative rock band Garbage. It was released as their debut single in early 1995 by Discordant, a label set up by Mushroom Records to launch the group, and Almo Sounds in North America.

"Vow" was quietly licensed to a Volume magazine/CD sampler publication at the end of 1994; it was subsequently picked up and broadcast by BBC Radio 1 DJs Steve Lamacq and John Peel, and then playlisted by modern rock radio stations in Los Angeles and Seattle. "Vow" generated such significant buzz through positive reviews and word-of-mouth that it was eventually chosen as Garbage's first single release. After a low-key independent record label pressing in the United Kingdom, where it was packaged in a very limited edition logo embossed aluminium case, "Vow" went on to top the alternative charts in Australia and register on the Hot 100 singles chart in the United States.

The song began as a demo during sessions between band members Butch Vig, Duke Erikson and Steve Marker, and the composition finished after singer Shirley Manson joined the band. The lyrics for "Vow" deal with themes of revenge and retaliation, and were inspired by a newspaper article on domestic abuse. In 2007, "Vow" was remastered and included as the opening track on Garbage's greatest hits compilation, Absolute Garbage. The song was also included in Garbage's second greatest hits compilation The Absolute Collection, released in Australia and New Zealand in 2012, and was remastered again in 2022 to be included on the CD and streaming edition of the band's third greatest hits collection Anthology.

Development and composition
"Vow" began in rough demo form in January 1994, as band members Butch Vig, Duke Erikson and Steve Marker performed sessions in Marker's basement recording studio and Vig and Marker's own Smart Studios business in Madison, Wisconsin. After Marker saw Shirley Manson's group Angelfish on 120 Minutes, the band invited Manson to Smart Studios to sing on a couple of tracks. After a dreadful first audition, she returned to Angelfish, which folded shortly thereafter. Manson decided to test for Garbage again, and after the successful second audition, she began to work on the then-skeletal "Queer" and "Vow". While performing "Vow", Manson ad-libbed the lyrics "I can't use what I can't abuse" and "like Joan of Arc coming back for more". The song is written in the key of A minor, set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 126 beats per minute. It opens with Erikson playing a guitar through a noise gate "with a lot of echo on it", and has a chord progression is A–C-F in the verses, D-B♭-A-Em-D-B♭-F in the bridge, and F-C-D-G in the chorus, with a segue into F♯ minor in the interlude.

According to Vig, the inspiration for the song was a newspaper article about a woman who had gone back to get revenge on an abusive husband, "so we thought it would be cool to get a bit of retribution in there." Vig also said he noted violence could also come from psychological standpoint by seeing the story of a sado-masochistic couple who could not keep away from each other. Lyrically, Manson claimed "'Vow' is about having feelings [of vengeance]. You have to face your feelings of revenge and work out why you feel that way. It's about that conundrum when you're really angry but in reality you're in a pitiful state. Angry, twisted, but deep down, vulnerable." During promotion for the song, Garbage joked to journalists that "Vow" was about John and Lorena Bobbitt.

Garbage had not initially planned to release "Vow" as their first single, as a single at all, or even include it on their debut album. The band felt that "Vow" was not representative of the album's genre-hopping body of work, although they later came to appreciate the situation that led to the song becoming their debut. Manson declared that "now we can do whatever and people won't know what to expect", but if the band had instead settled for "of the more clubby tunes" as a single, "we would have been pigeonholed as a dance band and that's a hard tag to shake".

United Kingdom
Midway through the recording sessions for the band's debut album, the band's label, Mushroom Records, secured the group an inclusion on Volume, a magazine that released compilation albums. However, the deadline given for accepting a track was only three days. The only song the band had completed in any shape or form was "Vow". After Volume was released in December 1994, "Vow" began to receive radio airplay from BBC Radio 1 DJs Steve Lamacq, John Peel and Johnnie Walker, and record stores in the United Kingdom began to receive requests for a single that did not yet exist. Word-of-mouth on "Vow" took the track back to the United States, where KROQ-FM in Los Angeles and KNDD in Seattle discovered the song, and put it into rotation on their station playlists. By May 1995, alternative radio stations across the country had picked up on "Vow", and it began to receive heavy rotation nationwide. Garbage were still putting the finishing touches to their debut set, which was still three months away from release.

On the back of the surprise attention that "Vow" had garnered, the band's UK record label Mushroom were keen to capitalise on the song. The terms of the licensing deal regarding the inclusion of "Vow" on Volume meant that the track could only be released on a limited basis. Concerned that at the time that their label was only known in the UK for the Neighbours theme tune, Mushroom founded the Discordant label for the sole purpose of launching Garbage. Prior to its release "Vow" had already topped NME's playlist chart for 5 weeks and received "Single of the Week" status in seven publications.

On March 20, 1995 "Vow" was issued in a limited edition 7" vinyl format, backed with a remix of the title track and packaged in an embossed aluminium sleeve. A total of 1,000 copies were pressed, of which only 934 were made available to buy, barely enough to reach the U.K. Top 100. "Vow" sold out in one day. The single was the first of six specially packaged Garbage singles Mushroom Records released between 1995 and 1996, which were costly investment - posting a 70p per-unit loss on each single - but the investment paid off as each subsequent single became bigger hits. The limited pressing helped the "Vow" single to become a highly sought collectible, with copies selling for £100 by the time Mushroom launched follow-up single "Subhuman".

United States
From the week of April 24, both KROQ in Los Angeles and KNDD in Seattle added "Vow" to their station playlists. The track had been picked up by the station DJs on import. The following week, Q101 in Chicago did the same. "Vow" was officially serviced by Almo Sounds/Geffen to radio on June 5; by this time 34 radio stations were already playing it and it was racking up almost 500 plays a week. "Vow" debuted on the Modern Rock Tracks chart at #39 in mid-June 1995. On June 20, Almo Sounds released the track to record stores on CD and cassette single, both formats backed-with the band's own "Vow" remix, titled "Vow (Torn Apart)". On its fourth week, "Vow" rose to #26, before dropping the following week and returning for a second peak at the same position in mid-July. During this time, airplay and single sales of "Vow" led to the song registering at #5 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, a chart which shows the most popular songs in the United States that have not yet reached the Billboard Hot 100. The same week that the track hit its second peak at alternative radio, "Vow" shot up to #1 on the Bubbling Under chart.

At the end of July, "Vow" debuted at #97 on the Hot 100, and due to being the only new entry on the list, broke the record for the lowest-ever "Hot Shot Debut" in the 37-year history of the Hot 100 chart. Billboard credited the song's debut on the charts to it being the most played record on the Austin radio station KNNC. "Vow" spent a second week at the #97 before leaving the Hot 100. By mid-August, "Vow" completed a nine-week run on the Modern Rock charts. Despite not being able to capitalize on the single's popularity at alternative radio, Almo Sounds released the band's self-titled debut album Garbage across the United States and Canada the following week, where it debuted at the end of the month on the developing artists Top Heatseekers album chart.

Other markets
Discordant's parent label Mushroom licensed "Vow" for distribution internationally at the same time as the North American release. In Australia and New Zealand, "Vow" was released by their White Records imprint; two CD singles, one of which was a limited edition packaged in an embossed rubber wallet; and a cassette single. All formats included two b-sides, both written during the sessions for the debut album: "Subhuman" and "#1 Crush". The single debuted at #53 on the Australian ARIA singles chart dated week ending August 20, 1995, and rose to #32 in its fifth week on the chart. In New Zealand, "Vow" debuted at #48 at the end of September, and peaked at #41 a week later. Mushroom also licensed "Vow" to local BMG labels across Europe and in South Africa as a CD single prior to the release of Garbage.

Aborted re-releases
Following the international release of "Vow", Mushroom Records planned to re-release the song in the UK; at the last minute, a decision was taken to issue "Subhuman" as the A-side, as they considered the song strong enough to support a single release. "Vow" was included as a bonus track on the "Subhuman" CD single. The "Vow" music video was sent to music channels to promote "Subhuman".

In 1996, when the band's third North American single "Only Happy When it Rains" had driven the sales of Garbage into the top half of the Billboard 200 for the first time, Almo Sounds considered re-releasing "Vow", feeling that on its initial release the song had not gotten a full chance at radio and video. Instead, the label ultimately chose to move forward with fourth single "Stupid Girl".

Music video
The music video for "Vow" was directed by Samuel Bayer and filmed over 12 hours in Los Angeles at the start of June 1995. The video premiered in the United States on June 12, 1995.

A performance piece, the video features strobe lighting and falling glitter cut into shots of Garbage performing against a golden backdrop surrounded by television sets relaying real time footage of the band playing. Throughout the clip, there is also shots of a semi-naked man with running black eyeliner crawling on the floor, an Australian born actor and model named Greg Brown who appeared in other Samuel Bayer projects such as videos for David Bowie and Nirvana.

Bayer asked the group to perform "Vow" live while he filmed the takes for the video shoot. Garbage had never performed live as group prior to this, and had initially had not considered ever performing live onstage. "We set up amps and played the guitars. Butch was pounding away and Shirley had a live mic. After the first run-through, we all looked at each other and said, 'This feels really good.'" Erikson later recalled. The group enjoyed the experience of performing together so much that they quickly changed their minds, and scheduled tourdates later that year.

The "Vow" music video was first commercially released on VHS and Video-CD on 1996's Garbage Video. A remastered version was later included on Garbage's 2007 greatest hits DVD Absolute Garbage.

Critical reception
"Vow" was acclaimed by critics. The song took on elements from various styles, including glam rock, punk, and art rock. The Times described it as "the missing link between Courtney Love and PJ Harvey" while Paul Yates of Q magazine said "Garbage's signature lies in songs like 'Vow', good pop tunes dealt a rough treatment and brazen vocals". NME's Emma Morgan wrote "it's the simplicity of the lyrics that strikes the winning goal", while earlier in the year NME had made "Vow" its Single of the Week, writing "["Vow" is] a shape-shifting squalling epic. It shimmers like Siouxsie's 'Christine'. It's a credit to the band's producing skills that such an ambitious thing is lashed together at all" Melody Maker also named "Vow" as Single of the Week, describing the song as "surreal pop heaven mixed with industrial nightmares". and later saying the song "has classic written all over it". Kerrang! magazine's Paul Rees described "Vow" as "edgy dislocated pop with a sparkling chorus" and "the most brilliant pop song of 1995". Select's Ian Harrison liked the song, but felt that it "pilfers from The Smiths 'How Soon Is Now?'". In a review for Billboard, Larry Flick rated "Vow" his Critic's Choice and wrote, "Move over Courtney Love. Garbage combine the tough-headed hooks of Hole with an unforgettable vocal prowl which rivals 'Miss World'. A numbed female vocal cries before a raging guitar riff begins to shatter a pain-filled pop texture. Commit to it." Dan Dinello, of Alternative Press, described "Vow" as "menacing tale of violence and revenge sounds like Patti Smith fronting The Clash while quoting the Beatles "No Reply"." Spin's Charles Aaron likened the band to "Bunnymen wannabes doing '90s reverb angst" and compared Erikson's guitar to Aldo Nova, but ultimately considered that "even though they sound totally prefab, the singer hints at a pleasantly pissed personality". Jude Rogers of The Guardian described the song as a "Kerrang-friendly rout of skronky rawk guitars, with Ms Manson offering a gentle hello: "I came to cut you UP/I came knock you DOWN/I came around to TEAR your little WORLD a-PART!"

"Vow" also appeared in a number of year-end lists: #45 in John Peel's Festive Fifty, #15 in Triple J's "Hottest 100 of 1995", and #66 in KROQ's "Top 106.7 of 1995".

Track listings

 * UK 7" vinyl, US CD and cassette single

 * 1) "Vow" – 4:30
 * 2) "Vow (Torn Apart)" – 5:09

Australian CD/cassette single'''
 * '''Europe and South Africa CD single,

 * 1) "Vow" – 4:30
 * 2) "Subhuman" – 4:36
 * 3) "#1 Crush" – 4:52

Credits and personnel
Garbage
 * Shirley Manson – vocals, guitar
 * Steve Marker – guitars, bass guitar, samples and loops
 * Duke Erikson – guitars, keyboards, six-string and fuzz bass
 * Butch Vig – drums, loops, noise and efx

Publishing
 * Written by Garbage
 * Copyright 1995 Vibecrusher Music / Irving Music, Inc (BMI) / Deadarm Music (ASCAP)

Production
 * Recorded & produced by Garbage
 * Recorded at Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin, USA
 * Second engineer: Mike Zirkel
 * Mastered: Howie Weinberg (Masterdisk)
 * Editing & post production: Scott Hull (Masterdisk)

"Vow (Torn Apart)"
 * Remix by Garbage

title: Vow (song)


text: User talk:82.42.134.98

title: User talk:82.42.134.98


text:
List of storms named Vance

The name Vance has been used for three tropical cyclones worldwide, twice in the Eastern Pacific and once in the Australian Region of the South Pacific.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Hurricane Vance (1990) – never approached land.
 * Hurricane Vance (2014) – a Category 2 hurricane that affected Mexico

In the Australian Region:
 * Cyclone Vance (1999) – caused extensive damage in Western Australia

title: List of storms named Vance


text:
Saurornithoides

Saurornithoides is a genus of troodontid maniraptoran dinosaur, which lived during the Late Cretaceous period. These creatures were predators, which could run fast on their hind legs and had excellent sight and hearing. The name is derived from the Greek stems saur~ (lizard), ornith~ (bird) and eides (form), referring to its bird-like skull.

History of discovery
Originally, only one or possibly two individuals of Saurornithoides were known, closely associated within the same layer of the Djadochta Formation of Mongolia. The fossils were found on 9 July 1923 by a Chinese employee of an American Museum of Natural History expedition, Chih. The material contained a single skull and jaw in association, and vertebrae, a partial pelvis, hindlimb and foot associated nearby. More bones were initially included but later shown to belong to Protoceratops. Henry Fairfield Osborn at first intended to name the animal "Ornithoides", the "bird-like one", and in 1924 mentioned this name in a popular publication but without a description so that it remained an invalid nomen nudum. He then formally described the remains in the same year, finding them to be a new genus and species, which he named Saurornithoides mongoliensis. The generic name was chosen because of the bird-like bones of the taxon, which was thought to represent a megalosaurian, translating as "saurian with bird-like rostrum". Saurornithoides was noted to resemble Velociraptor, although more sluggish according to Osborn. The holotype specimen is AMNH 6516. This specimen was the first troodontid skeleton found, though at the time the connection with Troodon, then known only from its teeth, was not realised.

In 1964, another specimen was described from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. The first specimen ever collected by a professional Mongolian palaeontologist, it was given the specimen number IGM 100/1. In 1974, it was described by Rinchen Barsbold as a new species, Saurornithoides junior. It was assigned to the genus based on cranial comparisons, as well as the similar provincialism. However, since the description, many more troodontids have been described with cranial material, and as such, a 2009 study on Saurornithoides reassigned this species to its own genus, Zanabazar.

In 1993, a juvenile specimen of S. mongoliensis was described. The highly ossified hindlimb suggested that Saurornithoides and other troodontids were well developed at birth and that they probably required little to no parental care.

Several other Saurornithoides species were named, though none of these is today seen as valid. In 1928, baron Franz Nopcsa coined Saurornithoides sauvagei. However, this was the result of a printing error: he had planned to name a Teinurosaurus sauvagei. In 1982, Kenneth Carpenter renamed Stenonychosaurus inequalis Sternberg 1932 into Saurornithoides inequalis. Today this is usually seen as a junior synonym of Troodon formosus. In 1991, George Olshevsky renamed Pectinodon asiamericanus Nesov 1985 into Saurornithoides asiamericanus. In 1995 he made it a Troodon asiaamericanus. In view of its provenance from the Cenomanian of Uzbekistan, it is usually seen as a different taxon from Saurornithoides. In 2000, Olshevsky renamed Troodon isfarensis Nessov 1995 into Saurornithoides isfarensis. In 2007, this was shown to have been a hadrosaurid fossil.

Description
Saurornithoides is a member of the troodontids, a group of small, bird-like, gracile maniraptorans. All troodontids have many unique features of the skull, such as closely spaced teeth in the lower jaw, and large numbers of teeth. Troodontids have sickle-claws and raptorial hands, and some of the highest non-avian encephalization quotients, meaning they were behaviourally advanced and had keen senses. Saurornithoides was a rather small troodontid. Though a possible adult, the type specimen has a midline skull length of 189 millimetres, compared to 272 millimetres for Zanabazar junior, itself estimated at 2.3 metres long. It had large eye sockets and stereoscopic vision, allowing for good depth perception. It probably had good vision in light and very good night vision. It had a long, low head, a depressed muzzle, sharp teeth and a relatively large brain. Swift and smart, like its North American cousin Troodon, Saurornithoides probably scoured the Gobi Desert, looking for small mammals or reptiles to eat. Like other troodontids, it had an enlarged retractable claw on the second toe of each foot, that in this case was of moderate size though rather curved.

A juvenile specimen of S. mongoliensis was described in 1993 and gave insights into the life history of the species as well as its relatives; the highly ossified hindlimb suggested that Saurornithoides and other troodontids were well developed at birth and that they probably required little to no parental care.

A revision of the genus in 2009 provided a differential diagnosis, a list of traits in which Saurornithoides differed from certain relevant relatives, especially concentrating on determining its place in the evolutionary tree. That Saurornithoides mongoliensis might be more derived, higher in the tree, than Sinornithoides and Sinusonasus, is indicated by the lack of a fenestra promaxillaris, a small opening at the front side of the snout, and the possession of large denticles on the rear tooth edges as well as the presence of the high number of six sacral vertebrae. That S. mongoliensis might be more basal, lower in the tree, than Zanabazar and Troodon, is shown by the presence of a recessus tympanicus dorsalis, the upper one of three small openings on the side of the braincase, in the inner ear region.

Classification
Osborn at first placed Saurornithoides in the Megalosauridae, noticing the resemblance to Velociraptor, named in the same paper. Only in 1974, Barsbold, while describing S. junior, understood the connection with American forms such as Stenonychosaurus and named an encompassing Saurornithoididae. In 1987, Philip John Currie showed that this concept was a junior synonym of Troodontidae, implying that Saurornithoides were a troodontid too. The cladogram below follows a 2012 analysis by Turner, Makovicky and Norell.

title: Saurornithoides


text:
List of storms named Roslyn

The name Roslyn has been used for five tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Tropical Storm Roslyn (1964) – strong tropical storm that did not impact land
 * Hurricane Roslyn (1986) – Category 4 hurricane that made landfall near Manzanillo at Category 1 intensity
 * Hurricane Roslyn (1992) – Category 2 hurricane that did not impact land
 * Tropical Storm Roslyn (2016) – moderate tropical storm that did not impact land
 * Hurricane Roslyn (2022) – Category 4 hurricane that struck Nayarit at Category 3 intensity

title: List of storms named Roslyn


text:
List of storms named Seymour

The name Seymour has been used for two tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

 * Hurricane Seymour (1992) – a Category 1 hurricane that stayed off the coast of Baja California.
 * Hurricane Seymour (2016) – a Category 4 hurricane that stayed out at sea.

title: List of storms named Seymour


text:
Talk:Snail darter

NPOV Discussion
This might better have been just put in the general cleanup list, but I think much of the prose, particularly after the Supreme Court ruling portion, is sensationalistic and as such does not conform to the NPOV policy. Partly it's that poor formatting makes it unclear what's a quote and what isn't. But as examples:

"Despite his credentials as one of the nation’s top economists, however, Charles Schultze was no more prepared to accurately predict future benefits than anyone else at the time."

"Wheeler and McDonald’s analysis is very insightful, and it does identify potential flaws with TVA’s method. At the same time all econometric models must make some assumptions, and nobody can predict the future. Of course this is why people like Red Wagner never liked such numbers to begin with. Congress and the president required them however, and it certainly made sense to at least try to quantify the benefits of any project of this scale. People could make estimates of benefits, but benefits would always be difficult, or impossible, to quantify. Once they were quantified they became legitimate targets for the opposition."

"He now found himself in the very unfortunate position of having to write a law that would flood the Little Tennessee River valley and drown a river that he, as much as any of the dam opponents, loved."

"Senator Baker’s statement was humorous. It was melodramatic. It was, no doubt, heartfelt."

"It meant the death of a river—a river that even those who supported the dam agreed was beautiful and unique."

Seriously in need of overhaul, this is. The Literate Engineer 17:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Bloody heck, this article is about a fish. A lengthy rant about US politics doesn't belong here. Move it to Snail darter controversy or something. — J I P | Talk 11:18, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

I created a new article, as you suggested. The POV mark is in the new article now, as I think what remains is not POV. --Gakrivas 13:36, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Importance of additional information
The snail darter is a fish, but it's also a word that has come to mean "environmental extremist." The additional information is now listed under snail darter controversy but is critical to this entry. The NYTimes and others frequently still refer to the snail darter decades after the infamous controversy. --Utahredrock 06:08, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snail darter


text:
List of storms named Tina

The name Tina has been used for five tropical cyclones worldwide:

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Hurricane Tina (1992) – long-lived Category 4 hurricane
 * Tropical Storm Tina (2016) – a short-lived, weak tropical storm

In the Western Pacific:
 * Typhoon Tina (1997) (T9711, 12W, Huling)

In the Southern Hemisphere:
 * Cyclone Tina (1974) – remained out at sea
 * Cyclone Tina (1990) – crossed western Australia

title: List of storms named Tina


text:
United States R-class submarine

The R-class submarines were a class of United States Navy submarines active from 1918 until 1945. With the first of the class laid down following the American entry into World War I, they were built rapidly. Although R-15 through R-20 were completed July–October 1918, they did not serve overseas, and the bulk of the class were not completed until after the Armistice.

Design

 * Group 1: The R-1 through R-20 boats, designed by Electric Boat and built by Fore River Shipyard and Union Iron Works, were known as the R-1-class submarines. These single-hull boats were structurally very similar to the preceding O class, but larger and therefore with more powerful machinery to maintain the required speed. For the first time in a US submarine class, 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted, a tube diameter that is still standard worldwide. A more powerful fixed 3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber deck gun replaced the retractable 3-inch/23 caliber gun found on previous classes.

 * Group 2: R-21 to R-27, which were slightly smaller and faster than the R-1s, were designed and built by Lake Torpedo Boat Co. and are sometimes regarded as a separate class, the R-21 class. Compared with the Lake-designed O-class group, these featured a double hull and had their diving planes more conventionally positioned fore and aft, but retained the Lake O-class' characteristic wide stern and 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes. They were equipped with the same 3-inch/50 deck gun as the Group 1 boats. Their smaller size compared with Group 1 allowed Lake to repeat the machinery of their O-class boats, which probably resulted in cost savings. Some Group 2 boats were fitted with a bow fairing to improve reserve buoyancy. This probably housed expanded ballast tanks. Unlike the Group 1 boats, most of which survived to serve in World War II, the Group 2 boats were scrapped in 1930 as part of the Navy's compliance with the London Naval Treaty. The Lake company's demise in 1924 and the obsolescent 18-inch torpedo armament probably also contributed to this.

Service
The Group 1 boats, after crossing the Panama Canal as a group of 20 on January 18, 1931 were decommissioned in 1931, but were recommissioned in 1940, patrolling in the Caribbean or being used as sonar targets at Key West, Florida, also patrolling between Submarine Base New London, Connecticut and Bermuda. At least two R-boats unsuccessfully fired torpedoes at German U-boats on the Bermuda patrols. Three (R-3, R-17, and R-19) were transferred to the United Kingdom's Royal Navy as HMS P.511, HMS P.512, and HMS P.514 in 1941-1942. P.514 was lost on 21 June 1942 in a collision with the Canadian minesweeper HMCS Georgian due to being mistaken for a U-boat. R-12 was lost on 12 June 1943 in an accident off Key West.

At some point between the wars the US R class were modified for improved rescue ability in the event of sinking. A motor room hatch was added, the motor room being the aftermost compartment. The tapered after casing became a step as a result of this modification.

At least one R-class submarine can be seen briefly in the 1943 movie Crash Dive, filmed at the New London submarine base.

Electric Boat built four R-class boats for the Peruvian Navy (R-1 to R-4). Built after World War I using materials assembled from cancelled S-class submarines, they were refitted in 1935–36 and 1955–56, and renamed Islay, Casma, Pacocha, and Arica in 1957. They were discarded in 1960.

In December 2020, the remains of R-8 were discovered off the coast of Ocean City, Maryland. The vessel sank there in 1936, after being used for target practice by bombers.

Ships in class
The 27 submarines of the R class were:

title: United States R-class submarine


text:
List of storms named Virgil

The name Virgil has been used for two tropical cyclones worldwide.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Hurricane Virgil (1992) – a late-season category 4 hurricane which struck southwestern Mexico, causing minimal damage.

In the Western Pacific:
 * Typhoon Virgil (1999) (T9921, 19W) – never approached land.

title: List of storms named Virgil


text:
Alireza Sagharchi

Alireza Sagharchi RIBA FRSA (born 1959) is a British-Iranian architect. He is an internationally renowned and leading practitioner of contemporary classical architecture and traditional urban design. During his professional career, he has been responsible for major master planning and building projects in the UK, Europe, North America and the Middle East.

Education & Career
Sagharchi was educated at Concord College, Acton Burnell, England and studied Architecture at the University of Westminster in London and received his Diploma in 1986. He is the founder and Principal of Stanhope Gate Architecture in London. Established in 2002, the firm specialises in master planning, and New Classical architecture.

He has been responsible for several high-profile master-planning, resort/leisure and private residential projects in the United Kingdom, Europe, and the Middle East. Notable among these projects are residential developments in Serris, France, resorts in Croatia and Romania, major listed and new buildings in London, a Palace complex in Madrid, equestrian facilities in Spain, and major residences in the Middle East and The Caucuses.

Before establishing his practice, Sagharchi was the Senior Associate at Porphyrios Associates, in London where his projects included the New Quadrangle for Magdalen College in Oxford, the King's Cross, London regeneration preliminary master plan, Princeton University Whitman College master plan and major office and Hotel buildings.

Sagharchi is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Chartered Architects. He is a trustee of the International Network for Traditional Building Architecture and Urbanism INTBAU and a member of The Prince’s Foundation. He was the Chair of the Traditional Architecture Group at the Royal Institute of British Architects, RIBA for over seven years, and a Built Environment Expert at the Design Council and the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. He has recently served on the jury for European Prize of Architecture, Philippe Rottheir.

Books and Publications
Sagharchi taught at the Prince of Wales' Institute of Architecture, now The Prince’s Foundation and has been a visiting lecturer at schools of architecture in the UK and the US. His work has been published in a recent monograph titled,Classicism at Home: Architecture of Alireza Sagharchi, published by Rizzoli New York, edited by Clive Aslet with a foreword by HRH The Prince of Wales (Prince Charles) and Léon Krier. He is also the co-author, with Lucien Steil, of books titled ‘New Palladians’ Artmedia and 'Traditional Architecture' by Rizzoli. His biography features in the book, ‘The Intellectual Life of the Architect Vol 1’ edited by Samir Younés, Papadakis Publishers.

Talks

 * Contextual Classicism, TAG Talk Traditional Architecture Group, London, UK
 * Cities Architecture and urban design, European Housing Forum, Berlin, Germany
 * Alireza Sagharchi, Recent Works, Premio Rafael Manzano Martos, Madrid, Spain
 * An Architectural Journey in search of Tradition, Robert A M Stern Lecture, University of Notre dame, USA
 * Persian Grace, National Romanticism in 20th Century Iranian Architecture
 * Conception of Architecture as Commodity, Masterclass for The Prince's Foundation - London, UK
 * The Durable & The Disposable, University of Notre dame, USA

Articles and Essays

 * Travel Sketches from Elsewhere Nowhere, Lucien Steil, Ediciones Asimetricas 2022
 * Country Life Magazine Feature 31 August 2022
 * Country Life Magazine Feature 24 August 2022
 * Stables, High Design for Horses, o.Riera Ojeda& v.Deupi, Rizzoli 2021
 * Intellectual Life of the Architect, Samir Younes, Papadakis, 2018
 * In the mood for Architecture, Lucien Steil Wasmuth 2018
 * How to imbue practice with tradition. INTBAU 2017 Event (pp. 22-30).
 * Val d’Europe A City Vision, M.Culot& B.Durand Rival, 2016
 * Durability in Construction, R. Economakis Papadakis 2015
 * The Architectural Capriccio, Lucien Steil, Routledge 2013
 * Architectural Digest feature 2016
 * RIBA Journal, May 2010
 * Architects Journal, May 2009
 * Jutarnjilist, Dubrovnik, Sipan island Project, July 2008
 * Luxury Hotelier, November 2007
 * Architecture Today, February 2006
 * The Times House, 12 December 2003

Exhibitions

 * Real Architecture, London
 * Traditional Architecture Group at The Prince's Foundation
 * Other Architecture, Philippe Rotthier European Prize for Architecture, Architecture Foundation, Brussels
 * The Venice Biennale Architecture, INTBAU Exhibition, Italy
 * New Palladians, The Prince's Foundation, London
 * New Palladians, Gorcums Museum, Holland
 * New Palladians, University of Notre Dame, U.S.A.

title: Alireza Sagharchi


text:
Arthur Button

Air Vice Marshal Arthur Daniel Button (26 May 1916 – 27 May 1991) was a Royal Air Force officer.

He was educated at Ilford County High School and University College, Southampton (later the University of Southampton; BSc Hons (Lond.)).

He joined the RAF Educational Service in 1938. He married Eira Waterhouse in 1944. He was on general duties, 1941–6; his pilot experience during this time was mainly for instructional purposes. In 1946 he received the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air, and returned to the RAF Education Branch. He was a senior maths instructor until 1949, followed by other varied duties such as armament staff officer at HQ RAF Bomber Command. He rose to become Director of the RAF Educational Services 1972–6.

After his retirement, he was director of the Association of Recognised English Language Schools (ARELS) Examinations Trust, 1976–86. He was a member of the council of the RAF Benevolent Fund and the RAF Association, 1980-9 and the Lord Kitchener National Memorial Fund, 1983–1991. He was Honorary President, ARELS-FELCO (Federation of English Language Course Organisations), from 1990 and a governor of the Duke of Kent School, 1981–6.

He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1959 and a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1976.

title: Arthur Button


text:
Northumbria Police

Northumbria Police is a territorial police force in England, responsible for policing the ceremonial counties of Northumberland and Tyne and Wear. It is the largest police force in the North East by geographical area and number of officers. The force covers an area of 2141 sqmi with a population of 1.46million.

Organisation
, it has 3,155 police officers, 125 special constables, 204 police community support officers and 1,649 police staff.

The force's headquarters are located in Wallsend, North Tyneside. However, significant numbers of functions have been dispersed to various locations throughout the force area as part of plans to reduce costs, with the stated intention of operating without a traditional headquarters function. , the chief constable is Vanessa Jardine.

The force uses a variety of vehicles, the most common of which are Vauxhall Corsa, Vauxhall Astra, Vauxhall Vivaro, Ford Transit, and BMW 3 Series.

Communication and Control Centres
Northumbria Police has two inter-operable communication centres:
 * Northern Communication Centre (NCC) – deals with all stations and commands north of the Tyne, based at Ponteland, Northumberland.
 * Southern Communication Centre (SCC) – deals with all stations and commands south of the Tyne, based at South Shields police station.

Area Commands
As of March 2024, Northumbria Police operate six 'area commands', equivalent to Basic Command Units within other forces. They are aligned to the six local government areas which Northumbria Police serve:

 * Northumberland
 * North Tyneside
 * Newcastle
 * Gateshead
 * South Tyneside
 * Sunderland

History
The force was formed in 1974 by merging the Northumberland Constabulary with part of the Durham Constabulary. The police forces for the county boroughs of South Shields, Gateshead, Sunderland, Newcastle upon Tyne and Tynemouth had already been amalgamated into their respective county forces in 1969, with the Berwick-upon-Tweed police having been merged into Northumberland County Constabulary in 1921.

Notable operations
Fugitive Raoul Moat was pursued by Northumbria Police in the 2010 Northumbria Police manhunt. Moat targeted Northumbria Police officers after his release from HM Prison Durham. A manhunt was initiated by Northumbria Police, calling upon mutual aid assistance from the armed response units of other police forces in support of Northumbria's armed officers. Neighbouring police forces offered support, as well as forces as far away as the Metropolitan Police, which deployed 40 firearms officers trained in the use of sniper rifles. The Police Service of Northern Ireland dispatched 20 specialist off-road armoured vehicles to help in the search on rough terrain in Northumberland. Since this operation, Northumbria Police has significantly increased its armed response capacity.

In January 2014, Northumbria Police launched Operation Sanctuary to investigate sexual abuse gangs targeting vulnerable young white girls. By June 2014, the operation had identified 80 victims and the total number of arrests had reached a 104.

Public controversies
In May 2016, details emerged of an affair between former Chief Constable Mike Craik and then Assistant Chief Constable Carolyn Peacock. Peacock's husband – also then a serving police officer – found out about the affair at a barbecue, and attacked Craik. Officers from Northumbria Police were called to the incident, which was later removed from all police logs on order of the chief constable, and legally banned from reporting in the courts. The legal bans were lifted, after the former head of legal sued the force for unfair dismissal.

Proposed mergers
Under proposals made by the Home Secretary on 6 February 2006, Northumbria was to merge with Cleveland Police and Durham Constabulary to form a single strategic police force for North East England. Both Northumbria and Durham favoured this proposal, while Cleveland expressed a wish that it be merged with the southern area of the Durham force. All proposals regarding force mergers were subsequently dropped nationwide.

Funding cuts
Since 2010, Northumbria Police has suffered the most significant funding cuts of any UK police force due to the austerity, amounting to a 23% reduction in the force's budget. Former chief constable, Steve Ashman expressed fears Northumbria police could soon be unable to provide an adequate police service. Ashman said, "If the day of not being able to provide a professional service was here, I would say it is not here, but it is getting very, very close." Northumbria police received £259.6 million for the year 2017–18 which is up slightly from £259.5M in 2016–17. This small rise is insufficient to compensate for inflation currently at just under 3% per year. Northumbria police experienced a funding cut in real terms. Most Northumbrian police stations now close at 8.00 pm or earlier, and people needing the police after that time must use the telephone or an interactive service.

Chief officer team
, the chief officer team consists of the following:
 * Chief constable – Vanessa Jardine
 * Deputy chief constable – Jayne Meir
 * Assistant chief constable – Scott Young
 * Assistant chief constable – Alastair Simpson
 * Assistant chief constable (temporary) – Brad Howe

Chief constables

 * 1943–1946 : Sir Joseph Simpson (knighted KBE in the 1959 New Year Honours)
 * 1969–1975 : Clarence Harrington Cooksley
 * 1975–1991 : Sir Stanley Ernest Bailey
 * 1991–1996 : John Stevens
 * 1998–2005 : Crispian Strachan
 * 2005–2010 : Mike Craik
 * 2010–2015 : Sue Sim
 * 2015–2017 : Stephen Ashman
 * 2017–2023 : Winton Keenen
 * 2023–present : Vanessa Jardine

Officers killed in the line of duty
The Police Roll of Honour Trust and Police Memorial Trust list and commemorate all British police officers killed in the line of duty. Since its establishment in 1984, the Police Memorial Trust has erected 50 memorials nationally to some of those officers.

Since 1900, the following officers of Northumbria Police and its predecessors are listed by the Trust as having been killed while attempting to prevent, stop or solve a criminal act:
 * PC George Bertram Mussell, 1913 (shot)
 * Sergeant Andrew Barton, 1913 (shot)
 * PC George William Wheatley, 1957 (fell from roof while searching for a suspect)
 * PC Brian Armstrong, 1966 (stabbed)
 * PC Daniel Buckley, 1982 (fell through roof while pursuing a burglar)
 * PC Bernard Leslie Bull, 1991 (collapsed and died during an arrest)
 * Sergeant William Forth, 1993 (stabbed)
 * PC Joseph Geoffrey Carroll, 2006 (the prisoner he was transporting caused the vehicle to crash, fatally injuring the officer)

On 6 November 2017, Constable John Davidson of the Abbotsford Police Department in British Columbia, Canada, was shot and killed while trying to arrest a suspect who had allegedly opened fire in the car park of a shopping centre. Davidson had served with the Northumbria Police from 1993-2005, before emigrating overseas to Canada to join the Abbotsford Police.

title: Northumbria Police


text:
List of storms named Winifred

The name Winifred has been used for two tropical cyclones worldwide.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Hurricane Winifred (1992) – made landfall southeast of Manzanillo, Colima, causing minor damage.

In the Australian Region:
 * Cyclone Winifred (1986) – one of the worst cyclones to make landfall in northern Queensland on record.

title: List of storms named Winifred


text:
List of storms named Xavier

The name Xavier has been used for three tropical cyclones and one extratropical cyclone worldwide.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Tropical Storm Xavier (1992), a weak tropical storm that did not approach land.
 * Tropical Storm Xavier (2018), tropical storm that brushed southwestern Mexico.

In the South Pacific:
 * Cyclone Xavier (2006), a strong pre-season cyclone which formed to the north of the Santa Cruz Islands.

In Europe:
 * Cyclone Xavier (2017), a storm that affected Northern Europe in 2017.

title: List of storms named Xavier


text:
List of storms named Yolanda

The name Yolanda has been used for two tropical cyclones worldwide: one in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and one in the Philippines by PAGASA in the Western Pacific Ocean.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Tropical Storm Yolanda (1992) – remained in the open ocean.

In the Western Pacific:
 * Typhoon Haiyan (2013) (T1330, 31W, Yolanda) – Category 5 super typhoon, caused massive destruction in the Philippines and in Southern China.

The name Yolanda was retired by PAGASA after the 2013 typhoon season, and replaced with Yasmin.

The name Yolande has also been used for two tropical cyclone in South Pacific Ocean.
 * Cyclone Yolande (1972) – a tropical cyclone that churned in the open South Pacific.
 * Cyclone Yolande (2002) – a tropical cyclone that formed east of Tonga.

title: List of storms named Yolanda


text:
List of storms named Zeke

The name Zeke has been used for three tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere, one in the Eastern Pacific and two in the Western Pacific.

Eastern Pacific:
 * Tropical Storm Zeke (1992) – stayed off shore of southwestern Mexican coast

Western Pacific:
 * Typhoon Zeke (1991) (T9106, 06W, Etang) – passed over the Philippines before hitting Hainan
 * Typhoon Zeke (1994) (T9408, 12W) – stayed well east of Japan

title: List of storms named Zeke


text:
List of storms named Rosa

The name Rosa has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Hurricane Rosa (1978) – threatened Baja California.
 * Tropical Storm Rosa (1982) – brushed southwestern Mexico.
 * Hurricane Rosa (1994) – struck Mexico, killing 4.
 * Tropical Storm Rosa (2000) – made landfall in Mexico as a weak tropical storm, causing minimal damage.
 * Tropical Storm Rosa (2006) – never threatened land.
 * Tropical Storm Rosa (2012) – never threatened land.
 * Hurricane Rosa (2018) – made landfall in Baja California as a tropical depression, affected the southwestern United States.

The name Rosa has been used for one tropical cyclone in the Australian region.
 * Cyclone Rosa (1979) – struck northern Australia.

title: List of storms named Rosa


text:
List of storms named Rick

The name Rick has been used for six tropical cyclones worldwide.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Hurricane Rick (1985), strong Category 4 hurricane, never a threat to land
 * Hurricane Rick (1997), weak Category 2 hurricane, made landfall near Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca
 * Hurricane Rick (2009), powerful Category 5 hurricane, the third-most intense Pacific hurricane on record, made landfall near Mazatlán, Sinaloa, as a tropical storm
 * Tropical Storm Rick (2015), weak tropical storm, never threatened land
 * Hurricane Rick (2021), strong Category 2 hurricane, made landfall near Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán

In the Western Pacific:
 * Tropical Storm Rick (1996) (T9618, 22W), minimal storm that stayed away from land

title: List of storms named Rick


text:
Talk:Roger Pilon

Untitled
Willmcw, i don't quite understand the concern, but I defer to you. I meant no harm. I'm a newbie... --Nskinsella 17:31, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This article is a verbatim copy of copyrighted material. We don't allow that. Everything has to either be original content or released by the copyright holder under the GFDL. If you'd like to write an original biography of Pilon then please use Roger Pilon/Temp. When the copyvio is cleared that page can be swapped in. Alternatively, you can contact the copyright holder and ask for a license. There are some sample request letters here: boilerplate request for permission, Confirmation of permission. -Willmcw 17:40, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Why can't I just replace the problematic thing w/ a new one? Does the copyvio thing stay up forever unless someone does seomthing aobut it? Nskinsella 00:33, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There's a process. Don't worry, it'll happen. Usually takes ten days or so. There's a seven-day minimum comment period and then the backlog of files waiting to be cleared. -Willmcw 00:36, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Still waiting, shipdit. :) NSKinsella (Stephan Kinsella) 15:41, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Shipdit? What does that mean? -Willmcw 19:26, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, just a regional term of affection. Anyway, shipdit, I'm still waiting. Where is this alleged 10 day deadline? NSKinsella (Stephan Kinsella) 20:54, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Affection? In what region is a term of affection? And what does it mean? And what are you waiting for? -Willmcw 01:06, 1 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, in my local region. It just means, sortof, umm, like, Booloo. Waiting on the "copyvio" to be cleared so an original can be put in. Youclaimed it would happen within 10 days or so; that I should not worry; "there's a process", you claimed. Well? Where is it, DUDE? NSKinsella (Stephan Kinsella) 02:37, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
 * How sweet. I bet your parents called you their little "shipdit" when you were growing up. "Booloo"? Never heard of that one either. Cheers, -Willmcw 02:52, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * BTW, clearing the copyright violation/plagiarism that you posted only took nine days. It was finished July 29. Go ahead and write a new, original article. Thanks for contributing your own material to Wikipedia, -Willmcw 10:03, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks Booloo. I didn't know it was cleared, me. How was I supposed to have known that, Booloo? NSKinsella (Stephan Kinsella) 13:46, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
 * You could have looked. -Willmcw 19:41, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Will, what is the point of telling me what I could have done? There are a billion things I could have done. Can you just spell out for me explicitly and directly what you are trying to say? NSKinsella (please call me "Rothbardmxyzptlk" on Thursdays, "Hoppemxyzptlk" on Fridays, "Willow" on Saturdays, and "jumasesad" on other days) 05:07, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Questioning Article's veracity
Pilon is NO Libertarian. he is a Reagan era justice appointee who has been given a cushy Cato rock. Just because Cato says they are libertarian, doesn't make it so. The same for Pilon.

Cato's own May 30, 2002 release, which offered a nonlibertarian defense of the Bush sponsored post 911 extra FBI warrantless domestic spying upon US citizens, should be clear and convincing evidence of this: "No Problem With New FBI Surveillance Guidelines, Scholar Says".

Without pointing out Pilon's past in the Reagan Admin, and this Cato blurb, this article is deceptive propaganda, which serves Cato's interests, in this case, not the truth.

addendum
See: Roger Pilon v DOJ

Content regarding Pilon philosophy
Content regarding Pilon's philosophy can be [|found here]. It was removed from argumentation ethics, and can be integrated with some adaptations. --MeUser42 (talk) 19:27, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roger Pilon


text:
List of storms named Raymond

The name Raymond has been used for five tropical cyclones worldwide.

Eastern Pacific:
 * Hurricane Raymond (1983), tied with Hurricane Kiko for the strongest tropical cyclone of the 1983 Pacific hurricane season
 * Hurricane Raymond (1989), the strongest tropical cyclone of the 1989 Pacific hurricane season
 * Hurricane Raymond (2013), the strongest tropical cyclone of the 2013 Pacific hurricane season
 * Tropical Storm Raymond (2019), short-lived tropical storm which dissipated without affecting land

Australian Region:
 * Cyclone Raymond (2005), made landfall on the northern coast of Australia

title: List of storms named Raymond


text:
Steve Bauer

Steven Todd Bauer, MSM (born June 12, 1959) is a retired professional road bicycle racer from Canada. He won the first Olympic medal in road cycling for Canada and until 2022 he was the only Canadian to win an individual stage of the Tour de France (Ryder Hesjedal, Svein Tuft and Alex Stieda had been part of winning team time trial squads).

Cycling career
Bauer joined the Canadian national cycling team in 1977, competing in team pursuit. He would remain on the national team for seven years, winning the national road race championship in 1981, 1982, and 1983, competing in the Commonwealth Games (1978, 1982), the Pan American Games (1979).

He capped his amateur career with a silver medal in the men's cycling road race at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. This was the first medal in road cycling for Canada at the Olympics.

Bauer turned professional following the Olympics, and in his second professional race, won the bronze medal at the world cycling championship road race in Barcelona.

Between 1985 and 1995, he competed in 11 Tours de France. He began his professional career in 1985 on the La Vie Claire team of Bernard Hinault and Greg LeMond, where he stayed until leaving for Weinmann / La Suisse in 1988. Bauer finished fourth in the 1988 Tour, winning the first stage and wearing the yellow jersey for five days, the second Canadian to wear the jersey. The first was Alex Stieda in 1986, who was also the first North American to wear the yellow jersey.

At the 1988 world championship, Bauer disputed the final sprint with Belgium's Claude Criquielion, world champion in 1984, and Italy's Maurizio Fondriest. As Criquielion tried to pass against the barriers, Bauer sent him crashing into the barriers. Meanwhile, Fondriest passed and won the race. Bauer was immediately disqualified, even if once Criquielion sued Bauer for assault and battery, the municipal court of Oudenaarde ruled in Bauer's favour. The ruling was upheld in both the Appeal Court and the Supreme court, at which stage Criquielion was fined for bringing the case a third time in a process that lasted for more than five years.

In 1989 Bauer won the Züri-Metzgete. In 1990, he took second place in Paris–Roubaix to Belgian Eddy Planckaert. The finish was so close that the officials had to study the photo-finish for more than ten minutes before Planckaert was finally declared the winner. After 266 kilometers of racing, Planckaert had just edged Bauer by less than a centimeter, making it the closest finish of the race's history.

Riding for 7-Eleven, Bauer wore the Yellow Jersey for nine stages during the 1990 Tour, finishing 27th. For his 1993 Paris–Roubaix campaign, he had a bike built by the Merckx factory with "an extreme rearward seat position" to test his theory that it would "engag[e] the quadriceps more efficiently" and with it "more power to the pedals". He failed to make the top ten (finishing over 4 minutes behind the winner in 23rd place ) and never rode that bike again.

In 1994, he was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal (civil division) for having "paved the way for Canada's coming generations of cycling enthusiasts".

In 1996, with professionals allowed in the Olympics, Bauer became a member of the Canadian team for the 1996 Summer Olympics, finishing 41st in the road race. He announced his retirement later that year at 37. The following year, he co-founded Steve Bauer Bike Tours.

In 2005 Steve was inducted to the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame and the Canadian Sport Hall of Fame. Bauer also participated in the Red Bull Road Rage held on Tuna Canyon, Malibu, California.

In 2013, Bauer raced in the Canadian Cycling Championships in the Men's 50-59 road race and finished fourth.

In 2015, Bauer raced in the Canadian Track Championships in the Men's 50-59 and finished 1st in the Scratch race, 1st in the Individual Pursuit and 2nd in the Points Race.

Team management
In September 2007, Bauer co-founded Cycle Sport Management which developed and owned a UCI Continental men road cycling team from 2008 to 2010 and a UCI Pro Continental men road cycling team in 2011 and 2012.

Bauer was the co-owner and head directeur sportif of the team, which raced under a UCI Continental licence as in 2008,  in 2009 and  in 2010, before it stepped up to UCI Professional Continental status for 2011 and 2012 under the name.

In 2021 he joined Israel–Premier Tech as a sporting director.

Major results

 * 1981
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Road race, National Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Points race, National Track Championships
 * Coors Classic
 * 1st Stages 9 & 11

 * 1982
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Road race, National Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Points race, National Track Championships
 * 2nd Silver medal blank.svg Road race, Commonwealth Games

 * 1983
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Road race, National Road Championships
 * 5th Gran Premio della Liberazione

 * 1984
 * 2nd Silver medal olympic.svg Road race, Olympic Games
 * 3rd Bronze medal blank.svg Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 3rd Gran Premio della Liberazione

 * 1985
 * 1st Grand Prix d'Aix-en-Provence
 * Coors Classic
 * 1st Stages 2, 11 & 16
 * 1st Stage 2a Route du Sud
 * 3rd Overall Tour du Haut Var
 * 3rd Züri-Metzgete
 * 4th Tour Méditerranéen
 * 8th Rund um den Henninger Turm
 * 9th Milan–San Remo
 * 10th Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 3 (TTT)
 * Held Jersey white.svg after Prologue–Stage 16

 * 1986
 * 2nd Overall Nissan Classic
 * 1st Stage 2
 * 2nd Züri-Metzgete
 * 2nd Rund um den Henninger Turm
 * 4th Tour of Flanders
 * 5th Gent–Wevelgem

 * 1987
 * 1st Stage 1 Critérium International
 * 3rd Overall Tour de Picardie
 * 4th Tour of Flanders
 * 6th Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
 * 8th Overall Three Days of De Panne
 * 10th Overall Giro d'Italia
 * 10th Züri-Metzgete

 * 1988
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Picardie
 * 1st Grand Prix des Amériques
 * 1st Trofeo Pantalica
 * 1st Stage 1b Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 * 2nd Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Stage 8
 * 3rd Giro del Lazio
 * 4th Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 1
 * Held Jersey yellow.svg after Stages 1 & 8–11
 * Held Jersey green.svg after Stages 1–2
 * 4th Overall Étoile de Bessèges
 * 1st Stage 1
 * 6th Amstel Gold Race
 * 6th Gent–Wevelgem
 * 8th Paris–Roubaix

 * 1989
 * 1st Züri-Metzgete
 * 1st Prologue Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 * 3rd Amstel Gold Race
 * 4th Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 5th UCI Road World Cup
 * 7th Omloop Het Volk
 * 10th Tour of Flanders

 * 1990
 * 2nd Paris–Roubaix
 * 5th Grand Prix des Amériques
 * 7th UCI Road World Cup
 * 8th Overall Nissan Classic
 * 9th Gent–Wevelgem
 * Tour de France
 * Held Jersey yellow.svg after Stages 1–9

 * 1991
 * Tour DuPont
 * Stage 7 & 10
 * 4th Paris–Roubaix

 * 1992
 * 1st Stage 2 Volta a Galicia

 * 1994
 * 1st Stage 3 Tour DuPont
 * 6th Paris–Tours
 * 8th E3 Prijs Vlaanderen

 * 1996
 * Rheinland-Pfalz Rundfahrt
 * 1st Stage 9 & 10
 * Niedersachsen Rundfahrt
 * 1st Stages 1b & 6

title: Steve Bauer


text:
List of storms named Olaf

The name Olaf has been used for six tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific.

The name is used on the modern six-year lists:
 * Hurricane Olaf (1985), never threatened land.
 * Tropical Storm Olaf (1997), made landfall twice.
 * Hurricane Olaf (2003), made landfall in Mexico as a tropical storm.
 * Tropical Storm Olaf (2009), approached Baja California.
 * Hurricane Olaf (2015), moved into the Central Pacific and then back into the Eastern Pacific while still tropical.
 * Hurricane Olaf (2021), made landfall in Baja California.

The name Olaf was also used for one tropical cyclone in the Southwest Pacific:
 * Cyclone Olaf (2005), a Category 5 cyclone that affected Samoa.

title: List of storms named Olaf


text:
Beth (song)

"Beth" is a song by American rock band Kiss, originally released on their fourth studio album Destroyer (1976). Composed by drummer Peter Criss, his friend Stan Penridge and producer Bob Ezrin, the song was published as a single by Casablanca Records in August 1976, after releasing it as the B-side of "Detroit Rock City". "Beth" is Kiss's biggest commercial hit in the United States, reaching #7 on the Billboard Hot 100, receiving a Gold Record certification from the RIAA, and winning the 1977 People's Choice Award for "Favorite Song".

The song, originally titled "Beck", was written by Criss and Penridge during their time with the band Chelsea. During the recording of Destroyer, Criss showed it to Ezrin, who made several changes to it and recommended changing its title to "Beth". Due to its positive commercial reception, the song appeared in many of Kiss' concerts, where Criss usually sang it over an instrumental track. "Beth" has appeared on most Kiss compilations and live albums, including Kiss Unplugged (1996), where the band performed it acoustically.

Background
During drummer Peter Criss's time in the band Chelsea, he and the group's guitarist Stan Penridge decided to write a song that mocked a woman named Becky, the wife of their bandmate, Mike Brand. According to Criss, she regularly called the group during rehearsals to ask when her husband would come home, and this gave them the idea of composing the first verse of the song: "Beck, I hear you callin', but I can't come home right now. Me and the boys are playin', and we just can't find the sound". Criss has said he composed the song for his first wife, Lydia.

By 1975, Kiss had released three studio albums, in which Criss's compositional contributions were minimal; the only track on which he appeared credited was the instrumental track "Love Theme from Kiss", written by the four members of the band and included on their self-titled debut. Criss assumed the role of vocalist in other songs created by his bandmates; however, for Destroyer, Criss set himself the goal of adding one of his own compositions. During a limousine ride, Criss sang an uptempo version of the demo, "Beck", for Simmons and Stanley, assuming they would not be interested in including a sentimental ballad on the album. Simmons and Stanley suggested that he sing it to producer Bob Ezrin, who agreed to record it and assured him that it would be a success. Ezrin's decision was motivated by the fact that the band's other songs were primarily about sex, and he believed that "Beck" was a love song that "everyone would relate to".

Composition and recording
Ezrin made several arrangements of the song's melody and wrote part of the lyrics. Gene Simmons suggested changing the name to "Beth" because it would be easier to sing and to avoid confusion with Jeff Beck. However, Lydia Criss later claimed credit for proposing the change for the same reason, and because the original Becky had a twin sister named Beth. Guitarist Ace Frehley attributed the modification to Ezrin, allegedly to make the name less androgynous.

In his autobiography, Simmons recounted that "I have never seen [Criss] compose a single song. Peter might have contributed a line or two of the lyrics, but after listening to Penridge's original demo, it's clear who made the original song". In a 2014 interview for Rolling Stone, Paul Stanley agreed with Simmons's assessment that Penridge was the main writer, and he commented that Criss had nothing to do with the composition of "Beth", adding that "if you write one hit, you should be able to write two". Criss, in his defense, asserted that Stanley was jealous because "he is the main vocalist of a group in which he did not write the greatest success. That's his problem. They hate the fact that I was the songwriter of a hit and won the People's Choice".

For the song's recording, Ezrin brought the New York Philharmonic orchestra and musician Dick Wagner into the A&R studio as a substitute for Frehley. According to Criss and Simmons, Frehley did not participate in the recording because he was engaged in playing cards with friends. Once the orchestra arrived at the studio, Ezrin suggested that all 25 members wear fake tuxedos and that Criss appear in the studio in his trademark makeup so he could take some pictures. For his part, Ezrin put on a top hat and played the grand piano. Finally, Criss recorded the vocals at the Record Plant studio.

Structurally, "Beth" lacks a solo; instead, the mid-octave section repeats the intro along with the chorus in an orchestral interlude. The sound of the violin and viola, led by the cello, change the key from C major to A minor and then the trumpets, tubas, trombones and French horns enter, accentuating the hook.

Release
Casablanca Records released "Beth" in August 1976 as Destroyer's fourth single. The album, released on March 4, peaked at #11 on the Billboard 200, but quickly began to decline. Its first two singles, "Shout It Out Loud" and "Flaming Youth", failed to match "Rock and Roll All Nite" - at that time the group's most successful song in the United States - and Casablanca Records executives had to choose another song from the album to release as a single. Casablanca president Neil Bogart asked promoter and disc jockey Scott Shannon for his honest opinion on which of Destroyer's tracks was a potential hit. To his surprise, Shannon chose "Beth", although Bogart asked him to forget it because he felt the song had only been included as a favor to Peter Criss. In the face of Bogart's refusal, Shannon contacted vice president Larry Harris, who revealed that Bogart disliked "Beth" because it was his ex-wife's name and he felt the lyrics reflected the process of their divorce.

Before the release of the third single, Bogart took a vacation in Acapulco, but not before giving the order to release "Beth" as the B-side of the next single, in order to reduce its chances of commercial success. During Bogart's absence, "Detroit Rock City" was released as a single, accompanied by "Beth", and was sent out to radio stations. To the bewilderment of the Casablanca executives, the jockeys chose to broadcast "Beth". The song soon became one of the most requested by listeners, and Harris made the decision to reissue the single with "Beth" as side A. One significant contributor to "Beth"'s popularity was Rosalie Trombley, at the time the music director at "The Big 8" CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, immediately across the Detroit River from Detroit, Michigan. Trombley's daughter had a copy of "Detroit Rock City", but was hooked on "Beth" and convinced Trombley to add it to CKLW's playlist. After "Beth" became a hit, Kiss presented Trombley's daughter with a gold record. Upon Bogart's return, he was forced to accept the situation due to the song's positive commercial reception. "Beth" reached #7 on the US chart, the best in Kiss' career, and achieved a gold record certification from the RIAA on January 5, 1977. The impact of the song boosted Destroyer's sales and enabled the album to go platinum. "Beth" received the award for Favorite Song at the 1977 People's Choice Awards.

Reception
According to Kiss manager Bill Aucoin, "'Beth' was so much of a departure that the fans didn't quite know what to make of it. They were shocked". Critic Allan Orski wrote in the book Musichound Rock: The Essential Album Guide that the song "set the mark for myriad (lesser) power ballads spewed by various hair bands during the 80s". One reason of its success, according to Jason Josephes of Pitchfork, was that it was a song "that the girls dug (therefore the guys could dig it)". Regarding the lyrics, Shawn S. Lealos of AXS noted that it is a "perfect example" of how "the life of a rock and roll musician is not one for people who want to settle into a serious relationship".

Eduardo Rivadavia of Ultimate Classic Rock highlighted Aucoin's importance to the track's inclusion on Destroyer, describing it as "uncharacteristic and exceedingly schmaltzy" and arguing that "perhaps its greatest utility, though, was helping many among the band’s predominantly male fanbase convince their old ladies to tag along to the show". Classic Rock called it a "twinkling piano ballad" that provided "a useful breather amid the blood and thunder of Kiss’s live shows". Regarding its unusual impact, Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic remarked that "It's kind of weird that Kiss' highest-charting hit was sung by drummer Criss. And weirder still that it's an orchestrated ballad expressing a shockingly empathetic view of women and what they're made to go through when they're dealing with the likes of Kiss".

Live and media performances
Following the commercial success of Destroyer, Kiss included "Beth" in their concert repertoire due to popular demand. According to Criss, his bandmates did not want to perform it live, but Aucoin insisted that some new fans would be coming to their concerts because of the song. The rehearsals to play "Beth" live were described by Criss as a "nightmare" as none of the other band members played on the original track and Frehley could not play acoustic guitar. However, Aucoin and his partner Sean Delaney proposed using a pre-recorded instrumental track and having Criss sit on a drum case to sing it.

The song's television debut was on The Paul Lynde Halloween Special on October 29, 1976, where Criss lip-synced a shortened version of the song while miming on piano. The song appears in Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park (1978) in a scene in which Stanley plays acoustic guitar while Criss sings.

The acoustic version featured on Kiss Unplugged is the only recording with members of Kiss solely backing up Criss. The version of "Beth" featured on the group's 2003 Kiss Symphony: Alive IV DVD and subsequent album would be the only time the song was performed live with an ensemble. In 2010, the song was performed live for the first time with Eric Singer on acoustic guitar during their Sonic Boom Over Europe Tour and again on their The Hottest Show on Earth Tour in 2011. Later, it was again removed from setlists, but the band occasionally performed the song at meet and greet sessions. On the 2019 End of the Road World Tour, the song was performed by Singer, miming it on the piano.

Kiss' final show at Madison Square Garden in 2023 was broadcast live via pay-per-view. Although Singer's performance of "Beth" was shown on the live broadcast, a message was shown on replays notifying viewers that the performance could not be made available due to "copyright requirements". Some fans speculated that Criss himself denied the band permission to rebroadcast the song due to old animosity towards Stanley and Simmons.

Personnel

 * Peter Criss: lead vocals
 * Bob Ezrin: piano and production
 * Dick Wagner: acoustic guitar
 * New York Philharmonic: orchestra

Other versions
Eric Carr, who replaced Criss as the band's drummer in 1980, never performed the song live during his stay, although he provided vocals to a studio version for the Smashes, Thrashes & Hits (1988) compilation album. Criss recorded an acoustic version of "Beth" for his limited edition EP Criss (1993). Criss described the recording as "a way to say to the fans, 'I'm back and I love you and only you the KISS fans can get this'". The same version appeared on his studio album Cat 1 (1994).

In 2012, a version of "Beth" was included in Destroyer: Resurrected, a remixed version of Destroyer. Criss derided the release in an interview with Eddie Trunk, remarking, "Why touch a masterpiece?".

title: Beth (song)


text:
Ontera

Ontera is a telecommunications company in Ontario, Canada and a subsidiary of Bell Aliant. It provides local telephone service in the Northern Ontario towns of Bear Island, Iroquois Falls, Marten River, Moosonee, Moose Factory and Temagami, and also offers long-distance services in most of area code 705.

History
Ontera was founded as the Ontario Northland Telecommunications division of the Ontario Northland Transportation Commission, a Crown agency of the Government of Ontario, in 1902. It was the exclusive provider of long-distance calling services in many rural Northeastern Ontario markets until the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved long-distance competition in 2000. The name was changed to O.N.Tel Inc. in the 1990s, then changed its trading name to O.N.Telcom in 2000, and then renamed to Ontera in 2004.

Divestment
In April 2014, the Ontario government announced it would sell Ontera to Bell Aliant. According to the Public Accounts of Ontario prepared by the provincial treasury board, the CA$6.3 million sale was made at a loss of $61 million.

The acquisition was completed in October 2014. Bell Canada, which had been the largest shareholder in Bell Aliant and most of its predecessors throughout their respective histories, took full ownership of Bell Aliant in late 2014.

Following its divestment, Ontera did not maintain investments in network infrastructure and stopped accepting new customers. The municipal council of Temagami approved a resolution in September 2020 to lobby the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission to require Ontera upgrade its infrastructure and allow third-party resellers.

Network Infrastructure
Ontera provides customer-premises LAN, VoIP and Internet security systems, DSL, fibre optic and wireless data services. The company owns and operates an extensive fibre optic telecommunications network throughout most of Northeastern Ontario.

In September 2008, Ontera announced plans to install a ring network, to strengthen network reliability, which was completed by spring 2009.

title: Ontera


text:
User:Pointyfingers

ello

title: User:Pointyfingers