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Kaduna State

Kaduna State (Jihar Kaduna, جىِهَر كَدُنا; مدينة كدونا; Leydi Kaduna, 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤳𞤢𞤣𞤵𞤲𞤢; Si̱tet Ka̱duna) is a state in the northwest geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The state capital is its namesake, the city of Kaduna, which was the 8th largest city in the country as of 2006. Created in 1967 as North-Central State, which also encompassed the modern Katsina State, Kaduna State achieved its current borders in 1987. Kaduna State is the fourth largest and third most populous state in the country, Kaduna State is nicknamed the Centre of Learning, owing to the presence of numerous educational institutions of importance within the state such as Ahmadu Bello University.

Modern Kaduna State is home to the sites of some of Africa's oldest civilizations, including the Nok civilization that prospered from c. 1500 BC to c. 500 AD. In the 9th century, geographer and historian Ya'qubi documented the existence of the Hausa Kingdoms, which existed until the region was incorporated into the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 1800s. During the colonial era, the city of Kaduna was made the capital of Northern Nigeria Protectorate by British leadership.

The state economy is dependent on agriculture, especially cotton and groundnut production. In the modern era, Kaduna State has been the site of violent ethnic and religious conflict, with the 2002 Miss World riots in the state capital over purported blasphemy leading to around 250 deaths and the loss of homes for around 30,000.

Etymology
The most widespread etymology for the word Kaduna is that, it is a corruption of the Hausa plural for crocodile, kadduna, as there used to be many crocodiles in the Kaduna River.

Another version of the etymology of the name is a narrative linked to the Gbagyi word/name 'Odna' for the Kaduna River.

History
Zazzau, a traditional state which lies within the province's capital, is said to have been founded in 1536. It would later be renamed to Zaria after the younger sister of Queen Amina. The Hausa people of Zaria are said to be the old ancestral of the region.

It is indicative that the name, Kaduna, was taken up by Lord Frederick Lugard and his colonial colleagues when they moved the capital of the then Northern Region from Zungeru to Kaduna City in 1916. This move of the colonial office to Kaduna city started in 1912–1918/20, with the initial effort having been made in 1902 from Jebba to Zungeru.

At the start of British colonial rule in northern Nigeria, the people groups who lived in the area became 'Northern Nigerians'- a construct which continues even today. By 1967 these people groups again carved into 'North Central State'; this was the case until 1975 that 'Kaduna State' was formerly created by the then military leader, Gen. Murtala Mohammed, with all distinct identities amalgamated into one state without a referendum. The state hence is the successor of the old Northern Region of Nigeria, which had its capital at Kaduna which is now the state capital to about 6.3 million people (Nigerian census figure, 2006).

In 1967, the old Northern Region was divided into six states in the north, leaving Kaduna as the capital of North-Central State, whose name was changed to Kaduna State in 1976. Meanwhile, Kaduna State was further divided in 1987, creating Katsina State. Under the governance of Kaduna are the ancient cities of Zaria, Kafanchan, and Nok. The most intriguing aspect of this area is that the colonial construction and its post-colonial successor called 'Nigeria' hardly documented the history or the method of how Kaduna State's people groups encompassed in these constructs define and identify themselves. As such, the people groups who populate the area have lived in near oblivion or obscurity as they are often thought of as Hausa people. In 2019 Kaduna State celebrated its 100-year anniversary, making it one of the oldest states in Nigeria.

In 2021, Kaduna State was the site of several major attacks done by bandits involved in the Nigerian bandit conflict. On 24 February, at least 34 were killed in attacks in Kaduna and neighboring Katsina state. On 11 March, 39 students were kidnapped when gunmen attacked the Federal College of Forestry Mechanization. On 20 April, in another raid by bandits on Greenfield University students and staff, 22 were kidnapped and 6 of them were killed. On 5 July, a further 140 students were kidnapped from Bethel Baptist High School. Attacks have continued into 2022, 2023,  and 2024.

Geography
The state is located at the Northern part of Nigeria's high plains. The vegetation cover is Sudan Savannah type, characterized by scattered short trees, shrubs and grasses. The soil is mostly loamy to sandy. A substantial amount of clay is found also.

Its northern half became Katsina state in 1987. The state is bordered by seven states: Zamfara for 117 km (73 miles) and Katsina for 161 km (100 miles) to the north, Kano to the north-east for 255 km, Bauchi and Plateau to the east, Nasarawa and Abuja Federal Capital Territory (for 45 km) to the south, and Niger to the west. The Kaduna state is located between latitude 10°38'58" N and 10°25'36" N and to longitude 7°22'14" E and 7°32'00" E.

The state was ranked number four by total area of land and number three by population.

The Kaduna River, a tributary of the Niger River, flows through the state. There are rocky stones in Zaria and Kogoro Hill. Many communities are prone to seasonal flooding during the rainy season.

Climate
The rainy season in Kaduna is hot, humid, and cloudy, while the dry season is hot and partly cloudy. Throughout the year, the temperature rarely falls below 50 °F or rises above 102 °F, usually ranging between 55 °F and 95 °F.

Government
The current governor of Kaduna state is legally under the control of Kaduna State Executives, Kaduna State House of Assembly and Kaduna State Judiciary. The current elected governor of the state is Senator Uba Sani and his deputy is Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe. In the state there 14 ministries that operate with the state government to improve the state: Ministries of Kaduna State. Within each Ministry there are multiple agencies with regulatory authority, such as the Kaduna State Environmental Protection Authority which overseas waste, water, and other environmental quality issues.

The governor of the state said he is trying to restore togetherness back in the state to make it hospitable for all Nigerians just as it has always been in the past. According to him, the city is now divided due to the frequent communal clashes that have been occurring in the last two decades.

Local government areas
Kaduna State consists of 23 local government areas. They are:

Economics
The Kaduna State economy was ranked 15th largest state in Nigerian economy from 2002 to 2008, and it made up 3.3% of Nigerian GDP. While agriculture contributed 30% of SGDP in Kaduna. Kaduna state cultivate cotton and peanuts (groundnuts) for exporting and domestic extraction of Peanut oil. In the state there is National Institute of Leather and Technology, to improve modern technology and traditional method.

Media
In Kaduna State there are many means of communication through mass media, broadcasting, internet communication and banking transaction. In Kaduna State, there are 21 radio stations and more than 4 television stations broadcasting. Many of them are owned by the state government or federal government, and a few are private. The following is a list of radio stations in Kaduna:

Ethnic groups
Kaduna State is populated by about 59 to 63 different ethnic groups, if not more, with the exactitude of the number requiring further verification through field work. The question as in the last paragraph with the Hausa and Fulani as the dominant ethnic groups followed by at least 60 others. These groups include:

Religion
The main religions in Kaduna State are Islam and Christianity while some minority ethnic groups practice traditional worshiping, mostly in the southern area of the state. The people of Kaduna are very religious, causing two religious crises in 2001 and 2002, the Miss World riots.

Languages
Other languages in Kaduna State are Bacama, Firan, and Sambe. Almost all of these languages are spoken in Southern Kaduna.

Education
Kaduna is one of the largest centres of education in Nigeria. The slogan of the state is Center of Learning because of the presence of many institution like Ahmadu Bello University (established 1962). There are many government schools, include primary schools and secondary schools. All secondary schools in Kaduna are owned by the state government, federal government or private organisations. there are many tertiary institutions in the state. The state also has colleges for transportation and agriculture.

Universities and institutes

 * Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
 * Air Force Institute of Technology (Nigeria)
 * Federal College of Education, Zaria
 * Greenfield University Kaduna
 * Kaduna Polytechnic (1968), Kaduna
 * Kaduna State University
 * National Open University of Nigeria, Kaduna Study Center
 * Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Palladan Zaria
 * Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA), Kaduna
 * Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria

Secondary schools and colleges

 * Barewa College
 * Essence International School
 * Nigerian Military School

Transportation
Federal Highways are:
 * A2 north from Abuja FCT at Sabon Wuse as the Abuja-Kaduna-Zaria Expressway via Kaduna and Zaria to Kano State as the Kaduna-Kano Rd or Zaria Rd at Gidan Mallam Idi (part of the African Unity Road or Trans-Sahara Highway or Trans African 2: TAH2),
 * A3 northeast from Nasarawa State at Barimaw as the Makurdi-Jos Rd to Plateau State at Jenta,
 * A11 east from A2 at Katabu to A236 at Pambeguwa,
 * A125 east from Niger State at Gishiri to A2 north of Kaduna,
 * A126 northwest from A236 in Zaria as the Zaria-Funtua Rd to Katsina State at Gangara,
 * A235 southeast from A2 south of Kaduna via Doka, Gumel and Kafanchan to A3 at Nimbia Forest Reserve,
 * A236 southeast from A2 at Zaria as the Zaria-Pambeguwa Rd to Plateau State at Jengre as the Pambeguwa-Jengre Rd.

Other major roads include:
 * the Dan Dume-Birnin Gwai Rd north from A125 via Malam Mudi to Katsina State at Ungwan Chitumu,
 * the Malam Mudi-Zaria Rd east to A2,
 * the Makarf-Gubuchi Rd southeast from A2 at Mai-Rijiya as the Ikara-Kargi Rd to Babinda on A236 as the Babinda-Nasari-Damau Rd,
 * south from A236 at Kubanni via Wuchichiri, Matari and Dan Jaba to A11 at Tama B,
 * the Tarau-Sabon Birni Rd north from A236 at Jaja to Bauchi State at Agaji,
 * the Lidin-Doka-Gidan Sarkin Rd south from A236 at Jaja via Lere and Doka to the Garun Kuama-Pari Rd via Mariri, Damakasuwa and Zaman Dabo to Samaru,
 * the Kagoro-Samaru-Pari Junction Rd continues south from Samaru to A235 at Kagoro,
 * the Kachia-Zonkwa Rd east from A235 at Gumel via Fadan Kamantan, and Zonkwa to Samaru to Manchok
 * the Jos-Kafanchan Rd east from Manchok to Plateau State,
 * west from A2 at Gidan Bahagu to Niger State at Gidan Wakili,
 * southwest from A2 at Dutsi Hill to Niger State near Rijana.

Railways: the 1435 mm Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Line is complete from Abuja via Minna in Niger State to Rigasa Station in Kaduna (2016), replacing part of the 1067 mm Cape gauge Western Line which continues north via Kano to Nguru. Kaduna is also connected by the Linking Line to Kafanchan with the Cape Gauge Eastern Line north from Lafia in Nasarawa State to Jos in Plateau State.

Airports: Kaduna International Airport (1982).

Architecture

Architecture includes the National Museum which was built in 1975 with archaeological and ethnographic exhibitions, the Kajuru Castle, Lugard Hall, Zaria walls and gates and Nok settlements. In the state there are many architectural buildings like Ahmadu Bello Stadium, Murtala Square, Investment house, Kaduna central market, and Sultan Bello Mosque. The palace of empire of Zazzau is one of the oldest traditional buildings in Kaduna state.

Traditional architecture

In Kaduna State there are a lot of ethnic groups, which lead to the variation of culture and architectural style, this include the city wall of Zaria. The walls constructed during the reigns of Queen Amina of Zazzau protected the city and they are between 14 and 16 km long, and are closed by eight gates, Also the Emir's Palace of Zaria is an important traditional heritage. The palace has luxurious interiors. The St. Bartholomew's Church Zaria, built by the Church Missionary Society in 1929, still stands in Zaria, the church was built based on Hausa traditional architecture.

Modern architecture

Modern architecture is present in the state as a result of civilization and development. Most of these architectural buildings were built by the federal or state government, while the residential ones are mostly built by individuals; these buildings include Ahmadu Bello Stadium, Ten storey building, Investment house, federal secretary, Ranchers Bees Stadium, and Murtala square.

Health
Kaduna State has over 1,000 primary healthcare facilities to cater to every resident, even in the most remote village or ward of the state. To further improve on healthcare delivery, in 2016, the Kaduna State Government partnered with the UK Department for International Development (DFID) to install over 1.3 megawatts of solar power in primary healthcare facilities across the state.

Sports
In Kaduna State many sports are played, such as football, golf, swimming, traditional wrestling and handball. The Kaduna State government run a football club called Kaduna United F.C. The club participated in playing Nigerian Professional Football League but are under relegation. the state also host Kaduna Marathon.

Entertainment and tourism
In Kaduna State an annual festival is organized by Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Kaduna State). The festival exposes folklore talent and through these process, to promote unity and encourage tourism and build culture in the State. It takes place every November or December. Cultural activities include Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha performed by the Muslims in the state; the Tuk Ham; the Afan National Festival; the Christmas and Easter celebrations, by Christians, and the Kallan-Kowa celebrations. Kaduna has a museum and a park, the Kofar Gamji park and Zoo. Lord Lugard's Residence, is also a tourist attraction and it currently houses the state assembly.

Festivals

 * Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha: This celebration is scheduled on the 1st of Shawwal and the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah respectively according to the Islamic Calendar for three days usually in Kaduna, Usually, Muslims all over the world celebrate the end of the Ramadan fasting period and the conclusion of the hajj (pilgrimage) rites. Most of the emirates in Kaduna State and other parts of the northern Emirates celebrate it with a colourful Hausa traditional dressing, horse decoration and Durbar.
 * Christmas celebrations: This takes place in every 25/26 December in Kaduna State to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ by Christians all over the state.
 * Easter celebrations: It takes place every March/April to remember the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ by all Christians in Kaduna State.
 * Afan National Festival: This is a celebration on every 1 January, in Kagoro. The festival has assumed an international standard with the sons and daughters of Agworok land coming together to discuss issues that required their attention and to show their extreme cultural heritage.
 * Kalankuwa Cultural Festival: It is a purely cultural festival that is celebrated in northern part of the state. It is a celebration to give thanks for good farm crops and to celebrate the season. It is celebrated in November/December. Young men and women come together in a peaceful manner to entertain themselves. It is celebrated in Bomo Village, Samara, in Sabon Gari local government area.

Other small festivals include the following:

 * Batadon Festival
 * Ayet Atyap annual cultural festival
 * Durbar Festival
 * Kaduna State Festival of Arts and Culture
 * Kafanchan Day
 * Kalankuwa Cultural Festival
 * Moro’a Cultural Festival
 * Ninzo Cultural Festival
 * Zunzuk Dance
 * Tuk-Ham Festival
 * Unum-Akulu Festival

Tourism

 * Kamuku National Park
 * Matsiriga Waterfalls
 * Kajuru Castle
 * Arewa House
 * Murtala Square

Notable people

 * Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab
 * Bashir Abubakar
 * Katung Aduwak
 * Martin Luther Agwai
 * Gwamna Awan
 * Harrison Bungwon
 * Bala Ade Dauke
 * Joe El
 * Maiwada Galadima
 * Ahmad Abubakar Gumi
 * Chris Delvan Gwamna
 * Shehu Idris
 * Toure Kazah-Toure
 * Matthew Hassan Kukah
 * Danjuma Laah
 * Zamani Lekwot
 * Audu Maikori
 * Ahmed Makarfi
 * Jonathan Gyet Maude
 * Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa
 * Christopher Gwabin Musa
 * Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai (born February 1960) Nigerian Politician and former Kaduna State Governor from 2015 to 2023.
 * Namadi Sambo (born 1954) Nigerian politician and former Vice President of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015.
 * Tagwai Sambo
 * Shehu Sani
 * Uba Sani (born 1970) Nigerian politician and Governor of Kaduna State since 2023.
 * Ishaya Shekari
 * Aisha Ahmad Suleiman
 * Sheikh Dahiru Usman
 * Patrick Yakowa
 * Andrew Yakubu
 * Mukhtar Ramalan Yero (born 1968) Nigerian politician, deputy Governor of Kaduna State (2010–2012) and Governor of Kaduna State (2012–2015).
 * Luka Yusuf
 * Ibrahim Zakzaky
 * Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria ( Sept. 1960 to Feb. 2014) Nigerian Islamic scholar.

Politics
The state government is led by a democratical elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Kaduna

Electoral system
The governor of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.

title: Kaduna State


text:
Katsina State

Katsina State (Jihar Katsina جىهر كثينا; Leydi Katsina 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤳𞤢𞥁𞤭𞤲𞤢) is a state in the northwestern geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Katsina State borders the Republic of Niger to the north for 250 km (155 miles) and the States of Jigawa for 164 km (102 miles) and Kano to the east, Kaduna to the south for 161 km (100 miles) and Zamfara to the west. States. Nicknamed the "Home of Hospitality", both the state capital and the town of Daura have been described "ancient seats of Islamic culture and learning" in Nigeria.

Katsina State was created in 1987, when it was split from Kaduna State. With over 5,800,000 residents as at 2006, Katsina State is the fifth most populous state in the country, despite the fact that it only ranks 17th out of 36 states in terms of area. Demographically, the Hausa people are the largest ethnic group in the state, and Islam is the most practiced religion. In 2005, Katsina became the fifth state in Nigeria to adopt Sharia law.

The current Governor of Katsina State is Dikko Umar Radda, a member of the All Progressives Congress and ally of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu. The state is considered a political stronghold of Buhari, a native of Daura, who won the state in the 2019 presidential election with almost 80% of the vote.

In recent years, Katsina has been one of the Nigerian states hit hardest by local banditry and terrorism. In 2020, over 300 children were kidnapped by the terrorist group Boko Haram in the town of Kankara.

Demography
Hausa are the largest ethnic group in the state

Religion
The state is predominantly Muslim where the Gobarau Minaret is an important building therein. Sharia is valid in the entire state but mainly for the Muslims. The Church of Nigeria has a Diocese of Katsina. The Redeemed Christian Church of God, the Roman Catholic Church and many other churches are present in the state.

Geography
Katsina State is about 23,938 km2. It is situated between latitude 11°07'49" and 13°22' 57" N and longitude 6°52'03" E and 9°9'02" E. The state is from the tropical grassland known as savannah to the north and the state has two major seasons which are the rainy season and dry season.

Climate
Katsina has a tropical steppe climate, bordering on a tropical savanna climate. The city's yearly temperature is 30.89 °C (87.6 °F) and it is 1.43% higher than Nigeria's averages. Katsina typically receives about 791.61 millimeters of precipitation and has 54.63 rainy days (14.97% of the time) annually.

Local government areas
Katsina State comprises 34 local government areas:

 * Bakori
 * Batagarawa
 * Batsari
 * Baure
 * Bindawa
 * Charanchi
 * Dan Musa
 * Dandume
 * Danja
 * Daura
 * Dutsi
 * Dutsin-Ma
 * Faskari
 * Funtua
 * Ingawa
 * Jibia
 * Kafur
 * Kaita
 * Kankara
 * Kankia
 * Katsina
 * Kurfi
 * Kusada
 * Mai'Adua
 * Malumfashi
 * Mani
 * Mashi
 * Matazu
 * Musawa
 * Rimi
 * Sabuwa
 * Safana
 * Sandamu
 * Zango

Education

Katsina State is a centre of both formal and informal education. Umaru Musa Yar'adua University is a public university owned by the state government. Al-Qalam University, the first Islamic university in Nigeria is privately owned. Federal University, Dutsin-Ma is owned by the federal government as well as Federal College of Education, Katsina (affiliated to Bayero University Kano ). National Open University of Nigeria, Isa Kaita College of Education Dutsinma (affiliated to Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria), a state owned college of education. Cherish Institute Batsari is a privately owned university awarding degree in health courses.

Federal highways

 * A2 (part of the African Unity Road or Trans-Sahara Highway or Trans-African Highway 2: TAH 2) north from Jigawa State via Daura to RN10 in Niger
 * A9 (part of the Dakar-Ndjamena Trans-Sahelian Highway or Trans-African Highway 5: TAH 5) north from Kano State near Gidan Mutum Daya as the Kano-Karkia-Katsina Rd via Gaci, Cheranchi, Rimi and Katsina to RN9 in Niger
 * A126 north from Kaduna State via Kwatangiri, Funtua, Galadima, Daudawa and Shemi to Zamfara State at Yankara

Eight roads to the Republic of Niger

 * from Jiba to RN18
 * A9 (TAH5) at Jibiya to RN9
 * the Kaita Rd north from Katsina Ring Rd at Shinkafi via Dan Kabba at Dankama to Magami
 * northwest from A2 at Kongodumm via Mefaru to N20
 * A2 (TAH 2) to RN10 at Kongodumm, Zango to Farwa via Beridji
 * the Rahamawa-Yardaji Rd east from Baure to RN12
 * north from the Birnin Mutum-Kanya Baba Miltara Rd in Mutum to RN11

Other major roads

 * the Katsina-Gusau Rd west from A9 to Zamfara State at Gidan Baure
 * the Daura-Katsina Rd east from Katsina
 * the Safana-Karida-Dishi Rd east from A2 at Sandamu to Rogogo Cidari
 * the Zango-Baure Rd northwest via Rogogo Massabka
 * the Baure-Tumfushi-Birnin Mutum Rd east
 * the Yashi-Daya Rd south from A9 at Gidan Mutum Daya via Jikamshi, Dan Janku, and Malumfashi to Mararraba Kankaro as the Furtua-Gobirawa Rd
 * the Gwarzo-Gangara-Dayi Rd east from Dan Tatashi to Kano State at Gangara
 * the Katsina-Kurfi Rd south from Katsina via Tsanni, Kurfi, Bichi, Dutsin Wai, Safana, Yan Tumaki, Kankara and Yargoje to Mararraba Kankaro as the Kankara-Sulubawa Rd
 * the Bakori-Funtua Rd northeast from A126 at Funtua via Bakori and Dutsin Makurdi Fore to Mararraba Kankaro as the Malumfashi Rd
 * the Funtua-Dan Dume Rd east from A126 at Sa Adu via Mahuta, Gyazama, Dan Dume and Mahazu to Zamfara State as the Bakin Dutsi-Farin Ruwa-Birnin Gwari Rd near Ungwan Kimba

Airport
Katsina State is serviced by the Katsina Airport which has regular services to Abuja and Lagos.

Notable people

 * Abba Musa Rimi, Governor of Kaduna State 1980–1983
 * Abdulmuminu Kabir Usman, Emir of Katsina
 * Aminu Bello Masari, former speaker house of representatives 2003 to 2007 and former Governor of the State
 * Faruk Umar Faruk CON, current and 60th Emir of Daura
 * Habu Daura, Commissioner of Police; acting Administrator of Bayelsa State from February to June 1997
 * Hadiza Bala Usman, former Managing Director of Nigerian Ports Authority
 * Hamza Rafindadi Zayyad, former head of the Technical Committee on Privatization and Commercialization
 * Hassan Katsina, military governor of the northern region 1966–1967
 * Ibrahim Coomassie, Inspector General of Police 1993–1999
 * Ibrahim M. Ida, Senator for Katsina Central constituency of Katsina State, Nigeria, taking office on 29 May 2007; member of All Progressive Congress APC
 * Ibrahim Shema, Governor of Katsina State 2007–2015
 * Isa Kaita, first northern Nigeria minister of education and speaker of the house of parliament
 * Sheikh Ja'afar Mahmud Adam, Salafist Islamic scholar aligned with the Izala Society
 * Lawal Kaita, Governor of Kaduna State 1983
 * Lawal Musa Daura, Director General of the Nigerian State Security Service
 * Magaji Muhammed, former Minister of Internal affairs, former Minister of industries, former Nigerian Ambassador to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
 * Mahmud Kanti Bello, former Chief Whip of the Senate
 * Mamman Shata, Hausa griot/musician
 * Mohammed Bello, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
 * Mohammed Tukur Liman, former majority leader of the Nigerian Senate.
 * Muhammadu Buhari, Military Head of State 1983–1985, Chairman PTF and President of Nigeria 2015-2023
 * Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu Inspector General of Police 1975–1979
 * Muhammadu Dikko, Emir of Katsina 1906–1944.
 * Saddik Abdullahi Mahuta, former Chief Judge of Katsina State 1991–2013 and the 11th Galadiman Katsina, District Head of Malumfashi
 * Sani Ahmed Daura, Lagos State commissioner of police 1990, and first governor of Yobe State 1991–1992
 * Sani Zangon Daura, Federal Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development 1999–2000, Federal Minister of Environment 2000 – 2001
 * Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, politician, major general and Military Vice President 1976–1979
 * Sunusi Mamman, a two time Vice Chancellor of Umaru Musa Yaradua University, Katsina.
 * Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem, Pan-Africanist, Oxford Rhodes Scholar and former Deputy Director of United Nations Millennium Campaign for Africa 1961–2009
 * Umar Dikko Radda (born 1969), Nigerian politician and Governor of Katsina State since 2023
 * Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, sentenced to life imprisonment in the United States for attempting to bomb Northwest Airlines Flight 253 on Christmas Day, 2009.
 * Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, Governor of the State 1999–2007, and President of Nigeria 2007–2010
 * Umaru Mutallab, business and banking veteran; former Minister of economic development
 * Ummarun Dallaje, 39th Islamic Leader of Katsina; first Fulani emir; patriarch of the Dallazawa dynasty
 * Yakubu Musa Katsina, Islamic scholar
 * Yusufu Bala Usman, historian and Marxist

Politics
The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Katsina.

Electoral system
The governor of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two-thirds of the State local government areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Katsina State


text:
Image-forming optical system

In optics, an image-forming optical system is a system capable of being used for imaging. The diameter of the aperture of the main objective is a common criterion for comparison among optical systems, such as large telescopes.

The two traditional optical systems are mirror-systems (catoptrics) and lens-systems (dioptrics). However, in the late twentieth century, optical fiber was introduced as a technology for transmitting images over long distances. Catoptrics and dioptrics have a focal point that concentrates light onto a specific point, while optical fiber the transfer of an image from one plane to another without the need for an optical focus.

Isaac Newton is reported to have designed what he called a catadioptrical phantasmagoria, which can be interpreted to mean an elaborate structure of both mirrors and lenses.

Catoptrics and optical fiber have no chromatic aberration, while dioptrics need to have this error corrected. Newton believed that such correction was impossible, because he thought the path of the light depended only on its color. In 1757 John Dollond was able to create an achromatised dioptric, which was the forerunner of the lenses used in all popular photographic equipment today.

Lower-energy X-Rays are the highest energy electromagnetic radiation that can be formed into an image, using a Wolter telescope. There are three types of Wolter telescopes Near infrared is typically the longest wavelength that are handled optically, such as in some large telescopes.

title: Image-forming optical system


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Illuminatiary Electric Riot Society Of New York

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:42, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

The Illuminatiary Electric Riot Society Of New York
Delete. Probable utter nonsense; no google on "electric riot society" and no IMDb for Ms Zanzibar. knoodelhed 19:57, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN, well, almost, as we get this sort of thing all the time and this isn't a particularly outstanding example. Recommend the author check out Uncyclopedia. Kudos to Scott for going through all the research, though I wouldn't have required any damning evidence other than the article itself. JRM · Talk 20:02, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax. --Vizcarra 01:12, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete calling it a hoax is generous, patent nonsense. atomic kangaroo sharks and Mutant Land Whales indeed. But there really is a strange flamenco guitar player called george. ~ WCFrancis 01:18, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Utter nonsense that sounds like it came from someone who escaped from Bellevue (that is still where they keep the crazies in NYC, isn't it?). FunkyChicken! 05:53, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Kebbi State

Kebbi State (Jihar Kebbi; Fulfulde: Leydi Kebbi 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤳𞤫𞤦𞥆𞤭) is a state in northwestern Nigeria. Kebbi State is bordered east and north of Sokoto and Zamfara states, and to the south by Niger state while its western border forms part of the national borders with Benin Republic for 103 km (64 miles) and Niger for 207 km (129 miles). Named for the city of Birnin Kebbi—the state's capital and largest city, Kebbi state was formed from Sokoto state on 27 August 1991. Of the 36 states of Nigeria, Kebbi is the tenth largest in area and 18th most populous, with an estimated population of about 4.4 million as of 2016. The state is known as land of equity.

Geographically, the state is within the tropical West Sudanian savanna ecoregion. Important geographic features of Kebbi state include the Sokoto River, which flows through Kebbi into the River Niger, which continues south before reaching the Kainji Lake, half of which is in Kebbi. Among the state's nature are a number of fish species exhibited during the massive Argungu Fishing Festival, along with hippopotamus, West African manatee, and transient African bush elephant populations.

Ethnically, Kebbi state is inhabited by various ethnic groups, with the Fulani, Hausa, and Zarma peoples living throughout the state, while the Achipa (Achipawa), Boko-Bala, Dendi, Dukawa, Kambari, Kamuku, Lelna, Puku, and Shanga peoples live along the state's diverse western and southern borders. Religiously, the majority of the state's population (~84%) are Muslims while the remaining are followers of Christianity and traditional religions like Bori.

In the pre-colonial period, the area that is now Kebbi state was mainly controlled by the Kebbi Kingdom, a Hausa bakwai state, until the early 1800s, the Fulani jihad seized part of the area and attempted to incorporate it into the Gwandu Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate. Over the succeeding century, Kebbi rulers fought Sokoto on-and-off until the 1900s and 1910s, when the British seized control of the area as a part of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, which later merged into British Nigeria, before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. Originally, modern-day Kebbi state was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967, when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Western state. After the North-Eastern state was split, Sokoto state was formed in 1976 alongside ten other states. Twenty years afterward, a group of LGAs in Sokoto state's west and south was broken off to form the new Kebbi state.

Economically, Kebbi state is largely based around fishing and agriculture, mainly of sorghum, groundnuts, millet, onion, and rice crops. Other key industries are trading, especially in the city of Birnin Kebbi, and the livestock herding of camels, cattle, goats, and sheep. Kebbi state has the lowest Human Development Index and sixth lowest GDP in the country.

History
Kebbi state is traditionally considered by Sarki mythology as the homeland of the ƴan uwa bakwai states and Hausa kingdoms. According to research based on local oral traditions, king lists on the Kebbi Chronicle, the state of Kebbi was founded towards 600 BCE by refugees of the Assyrian empire, & later conqured by Babylonian & Median forces in 613 BCE. A major local event was the conquest by Songhai in the second half of the fifteenth century CE.

Kebbi resisted the Fulani jihad of the early 19th-century, but in the later 19th-century, the area largely converted to Islam through peaceful means.

History of Zuru
Zuru emirate is divided into five administrative chiefdom: Dabai, Danko, Fakai, Sakaba, and Wasagu. The third class chief, who is also member of the Zuru town in Dabai chiefdom, where the emirate headquarters is located, heads each of the towns. Zuru Emirate is located in the southern part of Kebbi state Nigeria, occupying an area of about 9000sq km. It is bordered by Gummi in Zamfara state in the North. To the south is Niger state, this borderline extends also arbitrarily on land to the west, to a point where it ends a few kilometers to the west of large tributary of the Dan Zari River, a northwest ward protrusion of Yauri Emirate of Kebbi.

In fact, going by history, Zuru people being multi-ethnic are grouped into categories. The first category is of those that claim long term settlement and the second category is of the much more recent settlers, who in fact regard themselves – and are also regarded by the others as recent immigrants or even as temporary strangers. In the first category are the Achifawa, Kambari, Dukkawa Fakkawa,'Dankawa, Worawa, Katsinawa and Lelna (Dakarkari' such as sindawa').

It is characteristic to find that some of them lay claim to have originated from the Hausas. Zuru as was said, is a result of upheaval, resulting from events such as Kanta's breakaway from Songhai and Nupe-Kororofa control. Moreover, the Katsinawa, who in fact see themselves as immigrants from the old state of Katsina, which had made political in road Zuru region, especially from the 16th century A.D. onward, and had enabled them to settle and to area's indigenous population.

Geography
Kebbi state was created out of the former Sokoto state on 17 August 1991. The state has a total population of 3,137,989 people as projected from the 1991 census, within 21 local government areas.

The state has Sudan and Sahel-savannah. The southern part is generally rocky with the Niger River traversing the state from Benin to Ngaski LGA. The northern part of the state is sandy with the Rima River passing through Argungu to Bagudo LGA, where it empties into the Niger. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people, especially in the rural areas. Crops produced are mainly grains. Animal rearing and fishing are also common. Christianity and Islam are the dominant religions of the people. There are 225 political wards, 3,000 settlements and 1,036 hard to reach settlements in the 21 local government areas in the state.

Climate
Like other Nigerian states, Kebbi state is also characterised with the tropical weather conditions of coldness, wetness and harmattan. The annual rainfall of Kebbi state has the average of 787.53 and 112.21mm, since rainfall is a climatic resource in the state, which aids agricultural production. The rainy season in the state is between mid-May and mid-September, while the dry season constitutes a period of seven months. The temperature of Kebbi state has an annual variation between 650F and 1040F. The cloud of Kebbi state is clearer around November to March of the succeeding month, while he state is usually cloudy between March and November at 68% annually. There is a relatively high humidity between seven months, April and November of every year, with November to July being the windiest.

Local Government Areas
Kebbi state consists of 21 Local Government Areas (LGAs), four emirate councils (Gwandu, Argungu, Yauri and Zuru), and 35 districts. The LGAs are as follows:

 * Aleiro
 * Arewa Dandi
 * Argungu
 * Augie
 * Bagudo
 * Birnin Kebbi
 * Bunza
 * Dandi
 * Fakai
 * Gwandu
 * Jega
 * Kalgo
 * Koko/Besse
 * Maiyama
 * Ngaski
 * Sakaba
 * Shanga
 * Suru
 * Wasagu
 * Yauri
 * Zuru

Demographics
Kebbi state is mainly populated by the Hausa people, with some members of Zarma, Fulani, Lelna (Dakarkari), Bussawa (generally speakers of Busa), Dukawa, Kambari, Gungawa and Kamuku ethnic communities.

Most people who live in Kebbi are Muslims.

Languages
The Hausa language is dominant throughout the State. Below is a list of some languages of Kebbi state listed by LGA:

Other languages spoken in Kebbi state include Fulfulde, Ut-Hun, and Sorko.

Government
Like the majority of Nigerian states, Kebbi state is governed by a governor and a State House of Assembly, under the current administration of Nasir Idris.

Agriculture
Kebbi state is one of the major producers of rice in Nigeria. The current participation of more than 70,000 farmers in the Anchor Borrowers Rice and wheat farming, is heading towards making Kebbi state a new destination and hub for agro-based commodities of the country.

To reiterate his commitment to ensure that Kebbi state is not only dependent on federal government allocation, the active governor of the state, Abubakar Atiku Bagudu paid a visit to Benin Republic last year and while on the trip, signed a number of bilateral trade protocols with the government and business community of Benin Republic with a view to fostering trade, industrial and tourism relationships with the country.

Abubakar Atiku Bagudu is also the Chairman, National Task Force on Rice and Wheat Production in Nigeria.

Tertiary learning institutions
The tertiary institutions of learning in Kebbi state, both federal government owned, state owned and private institutions are listed this:
 * Federal University, Birnin kebbi
 * Federal University of Agriculture, Zuru
 * Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero
 * Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin Kebbi
 * Kebbi State Polytechnic Dakin Gari
 * Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu
 * Kebbi State College of Nursing and Midwives Birnin Kebbi.
 * Kebbi State College of Health Sciences and Technology, Jega
 * Kebbi State College of Basic and Advance Studies, Yauri
 * Sajo College of Nursing Sciences, Birnin Kebbi

Federal Highways
A1 north from Niger State at Makirin via Yelwa, Koko, Sokoto State for 19 km from Tungan Ilo via Kuchi in Kebbe LGA to Maishaika, Jega, Sokoto State again for nine km from Illela via Tambawel in Kebbe LGA to Ungan-Bawa, and northeast to Sokoto State at Barkeji.

One road to the Republic of Niger
Southwest from Bunza at Kamba to RN8.

Other major roads

 * the Birnin-Kebbi-Anmawa Rd northwest from A1 at Jega to Kalgo,
 * the Birnin-Kebbu-Anmawa Rd north from Kalgo via Birnin Kebbi and Zauro to Argungu as the Birnin Kebbi-Argungu Rd,
 * the Dagawa-Argungu Rd east to Sokoto State near Fakwon Sarki as the Arugungu-Iyabo-Sokoto Rd,
 * the Maidahin-Daringari-Kalgo Junction Rd south from Kalgo to Bunza,
 * the Dakingari-Bunza Rd south from Bunza via Dakingari and Zagga,
 * the Bin Yauri-Rijau Rd east from A1 at Bin Yauri via Birnin Yauri and Gwanda to Niger State at Kambuwa as the Maburo Rijau Rd,
 * the Fakai-Iri-Rijau Rd north from Niger State via Bajida,
 * the Zuru-Mahuta Rd east from Fakai to Dabai, where one branch goes north via Donko to Zamfara State, and another branch goes south to Niger State as the Rijau-Zuru Rd.

Airports

 * Sir Ahmadu Bello International at Birnin Kebbi with regular flights to Lagos and Abuja, with Muslim pilgrims to Saudi Arabia during the Haji
 * Tuga Airstrip near Bagudo.

Natural resources
Kebbi state has many natural resources which boost the economy of the state and enhances the availability of raw materials for industrial purposes, these include:

 * Gold
 * Clay
 * Quartz
 * Magnesite
 * Manganese
 * Iron
 * Copper
 * Aluminium

Major incidents

 * Kebbi boat disaster on 26 May 2021.

Bandit attacks
Kebbi state is badly affected by the Nigerian bandit conflict. Banditory attacks in the state include the 2021 Kebbi massacre on 3 June 2021, the Kebbi kidnapping on 24 June 2021, the Dankade massacre on 14-15 January 2022 and the 2022 Kebbi massacres on 8 March of the same year.

title: Kebbi State


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Kwara State

Kwara State (Ìpínlẹ̀ Kwárà) is a state in Western Nigeria, bordered to the east by Kogi State, to the north by Niger State, and to the south by Ekiti, Osun, and Oyo states, while its western border makes up part of the international border with Benin Republic. Its capital is the city of Ilorin and the state has 16 local government areas.

Kwara is the ninth largest state in Nigeria, but the sixth least populous, with an estimated population of about 3.2 million as at 2016. Geographically, Kwara State is split between the West Sudanian savanna in the west, and the Guinean forest–savanna mosaic ecoregion in the rest of the states. Important geographic features of the state include rivers, with the Niger flowing along the northern border into Lake Jeba, before continuing as the border, while the Awun, Asa, Aluko, and Oyun rivers flow through the interior. In the far northwest of the State is the Borgu section of the Kainji National Park, a large national park that contains populations of grey heron, kob, hippopotamus, African bush elephant, olive baboon, and roan antelope, along with some of the last remaining West African lions on Earth. In the far southwest, a small part of the Old Oyo National Park contains crowned eagle, martial eagle, African buffalo, oribi, and patas monkey populations.

Kwara State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, primarily the majority Yoruba people that live throughout the state, but there are sizeable minorities of Nupe people in the northeast, Bariba (Baatonu) and Busa (Bokobaru) people in the west, and a small Fulani population in Ilorin, moving through the state as nomadic herders.

In the pre-colonial period, majority of the area that is now Kwara state was part of the Oyo Empire, with part of the western portions in the Borgu Kingdoms peopled by the Bariba, Boko and Bissa people, and Nupe Kingdom (1531–1835). In the mid-1800s, the Fulani jihad annexed some part of what is now the state of Kwara and placed the area under the Gwandu sphere of the Sokoto Caliphate. In the 1890s and 1900s, British expeditions occupied the area and incorporated it into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. The Northern Nigeria later merged into British Nigeria in 1914, before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. Originally, the modern-day Kwara state was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967, when the region was split and the area became the West Central State. In 1976, the state was renamed Kwara state and the name remained until the 1990s, when its southeast was split off to form a part of Kogi state and its far northwest Borgu division was annexed into the Borgu division of Niger state.

Economically, Kwara state is largely based around agriculture, mainly of coffee, cotton, groundnut, cocoa, oil palm, and kola nut crops. Other key industries are services, especially in the city of Ilorin, and the livestock herding and ranching of cattle, goats, and sheep. Kwara state has the joint-twentieth highest Human Development Index in the country and numerous institutions of tertiary education.

History
Kwara State was created on 27 May 1967, when the Federal Military Government of General Yakubu Gowon broke the four regions that then constituted the Federation of Nigeria into 12 states. At its creation, the state was made up of the former Ilorin and Kabba provinces of the then Northern Region and was initially named the West Central State but later changed to "Kwara", a local name for the River Niger, in the Hausa language.

Kwara state has since 1976 reduced considerably in size as a result of further state creation exercises in Nigeria. On 13 February 1976, the Idah/Dekina part of the state was carved out and merged with a part of the then Benue/Plateau state, to form Benue state.

On 27 August 1991, five Local Ggvernment areas, namely Oyi, Yagba, Okene, Okehi and Kogi were also excised to form part of the new Kogi state, while a sixth, Borgu Local Government Area, was merged with Niger state. The major populated local governments are Ilorin and Offa.

Kwara state has numerous mineral resources such as tourmaline, tantalite, and many mineral deposits in the northern part. Cocoa and Kolanut in the Southern parts Oke - Ero, Ekiti and Isin LGA.

Population
As of 2006, the population of Kwarans was 2.37 million, based on the Nigerian 2006 Census. This population size constitutes about 1.69% of the nation's total population having relied upon immigration for population growth and socioeconomic development. The principal ethnic groups are Yoruba, Nupe, Fulani, and Baruba. The population estimate of Kwara State, as at July 2024, is put at 3,009,755.

Residents of the state are referred to as Kwarans.

Languages
Languages of Kwara State listed by LGA:

Other languages spoken in Kwara State include Busa, Boko, and Sorko.

Local Government Areas
Kwara State consists of sixteen Local Government Areas. They are:

 * Asa
 * Baruten
 * Edu
 * Ekiti
 * Ifelodun
 * Ilorin East
 * Ilorin South
 * Ilorin West
 * Irepodun
 * Isin
 * Kaiama
 * Moro
 * Offa
 * Oke Ero
 * Oyun
 * Pategi

Governor of Kwara State
Like every other state in Nigeria, Kwara State has had a mix of civilian and military Governors. The first Governor of Kwara state was David Bamigboye. The current governor of Kwara State is Governor Abdulrazaq Abdulrahman, who emerged victorious in the 9 March 2019 governorship election, under the APC. Abdulrahman Abdulrazak was sworn in on 29 May 2019, making him the 4th democratic governor of Kwara State and the 20th governor of Kwara State overall. Kayode Alabi is the deputy governor of Kwara state under AbdulRahman's administration. On March 19, 2023, Abdulrazak won re-electon and will remain governor until 2027 when he will be constitutionally ineligible to re-contest for a third term in office.

Education
Kwara State has a federal university, the University of Ilorin, a state university, Kwara State University, and seven other privately owned Universities: Al-Hikmah University, Landmark University, Summit University, Offa Crown Hill University, Thomas Adewumi University, Ahman Pategi University and University of Offa. Kwara state also has five approved polytechnics; a federal polytechnic, Federal Polytechnic Offa, a state-owned polytechnic, Kwara State Polytechnic, and three privately owned: The Polytechnic Igbo Owu, Lens Polytechnic, and Graceland Polytechnic. Of the fifteen Colleges of Education in Kwara state, eleven are owned by private establishments: College of Education Ilemona, Muhyideen College of Education, Kinsey College of Education, Ilorin, Kwara State, Moje College of Education, Erin-Ile, Imam Hamzat College of Education, ECWA College of Education, College of Education Offa, Nana Aisha College of Education, Adesina College of Education and Pan African College of Education. Four colleges of education in Kwara state are funded by the star government: Kwara State College of Education Ilorin, College of Education Oro, Kwara State College of Education (Technical) Lafiagi, and one federal government's institution offering NCE, the Nigeria Army School of Education. There is also a Navy school, Nigerian Navy School of Health Science, Irra Road, Offa, and an aviation college, International Aviation College, Ilorin.

Healthcare
Kwara State has many hospitals and medical health cares; these include:

 * General Hospital Illorin
 * University of Illorin Teaching Hospital
 * Life Line Hospital
 * Lifefount Hospital
 * Balm Hospital
 * Sadiku Hospital
 * kwara State Civil Service Hospital
 * Sobi Specialist Hospital
 * Anchormed Hospital
 * Mimtaz Hospital
 * Asa Dam Hospital

Tourism
Important tourist attractions in Kwara state include Esie Museum, Owu waterfalls, one of the highest and most spectacular waterfalls in West Africa. Imoleboja Rock Shelter, Ogunjokoro, Kainji Lake National Parks, now in Niger state, and Agbonna Hill—Awon Mass Wedding in Shao. There is also Sobi Hill amongst others, which is the largest landform in Ilorin, the state capital. A huge natural reserve also divides the state into East and West. Ero Omola waterfall is also a tourist attraction

Climate
Located at an elevation of 286.86 meters (941.14 feet) above sea level, Kwara has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate (Classification: Aw). The city's yearly temperature is 29.54 °C (85.17 °F) and it is 0.08% higher than Nigeria's averages. Kwara typically receives about 101.45 millimeters (3.99 inches) of precipitation and has 148.38 rainy days (40.65% of the time) annually. It is located at 4.3874051 longitude and 8.9668961 latitude.

The table below has data for the whole year as an average taken from last 12+ years of historical data for Ilorin.

Incidents
According to reports, a boat capsized and broke in two on 12 June 2023, in the Niger River close to Pategi, in Kwara State, Nigeria. The guests on the boat were originally arriving on motorcycles, but the intense rain left them stranded. It was confirmed that at least 108 people have died and many are absent.

On 25 October 2023, a tree fall killed two people and injured at least five.

On 2 February 2024, Ejire Adeyemi Toun, the traditional ruler was assassinated in his palace, and his wife was kidnapped.

Transport
The Nigerian Railway Corporation extends services from Lagos through the state to the northern part of the country. Ilorin Airport is a major center for both domestic and international flights and has now been built up into a hub for transportation of cargoes.

Economy
Agriculture is the main source of the state's economy and the principal cash crops are : cotton, cocoa, coffee, kola nut, tobacco, sesame and palm produce. Kwara state is home to Shonga Farms, a product of the Back-to-Farm project of one of the past administrators of the state, Dr. Abubakar Bukola Saraki. Shonga Farms is made up of 13 commercial farmers. Mineral resources in the state are Petroleum, Gold, limestone, marble, feldspar, clay, kaolin, quartz and granite rocks, and laterite found majorly in omuaran.

Infrastructure

 * Hygiene and Sanitation

The government of Nigeria is increasingly aware of problems emanating from poor environmental sanitation, and Kwara state is working on improving its environment and sanitation. On 22 September 2020, the Kwara state governor officially commenced the 'Clean Kwara' Campaign to end open defecation and promote good hygiene in the state. The state government is working to fix all the roads and waterways to ensure free water flow, putting in efforts to ensure water sanitation, building toilets, and making clean water accessible. This is also to promote Sustainable Development Goals 3 & 6 (general access to safe and affordable drinking water and access to adequate and equitable sanitation, hygiene for all, and end open defecation by 2030)

Sports
Sporting activities are managed by the State Sports Council. The importance attached to sports led to the construction of a stadium, named—Kwara State Stadium Complex. The facilities available at the stadium complex are mainbowl, indoor sports hall, hostel, recreational press center as well as an Olympic size swimming pool. The state is actively represented both in football and basketball. The state is the home to the Kwara United Football Club, ABS FC and Kwara Falcons Basketball Club.

Notable people

 * AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq, politician
 * Bukola Saraki, politician
 * David Abioye, cleric
 * Abimbola Abolarinwa, urologist
 * Cornelius Adebayo, politician
 * Femi Adebayo, actor and film producer
 * Tunde Adebimpe, musician
 * Kemi Adesoye, screenwriter
 * Abdulfatah Ahmed, banker and politician
 * Simon Ajibola, politician
 * Mustapha Akanbi (jurist), jurist
 * Mustapha Akanbi (academic), academic and lawyer
 * Sheik Adam Abdullah Al-Ilory, Islamic scholar
 * Sarah Alade, former CBN governor
 * Lola Ashiru, architect and politician
 * Kunle Afolayan, actor, film director and producer
 * Ayeloyun, musician
 * Joseph Ayo Babalola, cleric
 * David Bamigboye, soldier
 * Theophilus Bamigboye, soldier and politician
 * Salihu Modibbo Alfa Belgore, jurist and former Chief Justice of Nigeria
 * Oga Bello, actor and producer (real name Adebayo Salami)
 * Ibrahim Gambari, diplomat
 * Yusuf Gobir, administrator
 * Ola Ibrahim, naval officer
 * Rafiu Adebayo Ibrahim, politician
 * Tunde Idiagbon, soldier
 * Ahmed Mohammed Inuwa, politician
 * General Ayinla Kollington, musician
 * Joana Nnazua Kolo, Commissioner for Youth and Sports Development
 * Farooq Kperogi, journalist
 * Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi, politician
 * Lágbájá, musician
 * Salaudeen Latinwo, soldier
 * Mohammed Lawal, naval officer
 * Lai Mohammed, lawyer and politician
 * Saliu Mustapha, politician
 * Ibrahim Yahaya Oloriegbe, politician
 * Abdulkadir Orire, first Grand Khadi of the Kwara State Sharia Court of Appeal
 * Oye Owolewa, politician
 * David Oyedepo, cleric
 * Wasiu Alabi Pasuma, musician
 * Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki, politician
 * Olusola Saraki, politician
 * Toyin Saraki, healthcare philanthropist
 * Abdulfatai Yahaya Seriki, politician
 * AbdulRazzaq Ibrahim Salman, cleric
 * Bola Shagaya, businessman
 * Rukayat Shittu, journalist and politician
 * Tony Tetuila, musician
 * Rashidi Yekini, soccer player

title: Kwara State


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Carl Klinck

Carl Frederick Klinck (March 24, 1908 – October 22, 1990) was a Canadian literary historian and academic.

Born in Elmira, Ontario, he received a BA from Waterloo College (now Wilfrid Laurier University) in 1927, and a MA and PhD from Columbia University in 1929 and 1943. In 1928, he became an associate professor of English at Waterloo College, becoming head of the department in 1940. From 1943 to 1948, he was the Dean of Waterloo College. He was the editor of Literary History of Canada in 1965.

In 1973, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1978, was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Lorne Pierce Medal.

title: Carl Klinck


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Nasarawa State

Nasarawa State is a state in the North Central region of Nigeria, bordered to the east by the states of Taraba and Plateau, to the north by Kaduna State, to the south by the states of Benue and Kogi, and to the west by the Federal Capital Territory. Named for the historic Nasarawa Emirate, the state was formed from the west of Plateau State on 1 October 1996. The state has thirteen local government areas and its capital is Lafia, located in the east of the state, while a key economic centre of the state is the Karu Urban Area—suburbs of Abuja—along the western border with the FCT.

Of the 36 states of Nigeria, Nasarawa is the fifteenth largest in area and second least populous with an estimated population of about 2.5 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is mostly within the tropical Guinean forest–savanna mosaic ecoregion. Important geographic features include the River Benue forming much of Nasarawa State's southern borders and the state's far northeast containing a small part of the Jos Plateau.

Nasarawa State is inhabited by various ethnic groups, including the Koro and Yeskwa in the far northwest; the Kofyar in the far northeast; the Eggon, Gwandara, Mada, Buh, Ninzo, and Nungu in the north; the Alago, Goemai, and Megili in the east; Eloyi (Ajiri/Afo) in the south; the Tiv in the southeast; the Idoma in southwest; and the Gade and Gbagyi in the west while the Hausa and Fulani live throughout the state. Nasarawa is also religiously diverse as about 61% of the state's population are Muslims with the remaining 39% being Christian and followers of traditional ethnic religions.

In the pre-colonial period, the area that is now Nasarawa State was split up between various states with some states being tiny and village-based as others were part of larger empires until the early 1800s when the Fulani jihad annexed the region and placed the area under the Sokoto Caliphate as the vassal states of Keffi, Lafia, and Nassarawa. In the 1890s and 1900s, British expeditions occupied the area and incorporated it into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. The protectorate later merged into British Nigeria in 1914 before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. Originally, modern-day Nasarawa State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the Benue-Plateau State. After Benue-Plateau was split in 1976, what is now Nasarawa State became a part of the new Plateau State until 1996 when western Plateau was broken off to form the new Nasarawa State.

Economically, Nasarawa State is largely based around agriculture, mainly of sesame, soybeans, groundnut, millet, maize, and yam crops. Other key industries are services, especially in urban areas, and the livestock herding and ranching of cattle, goats, and sheep. The state has been beset by violence at various points throughout its history, most notably the ongoing conflict between herders and farmers primarily over land rights. Despite the conflict, Nasarawa has the nineteenth highest Human Development Index in the country and numerous institutions of tertiary education.

History
Nasarawa was established on 1 October 1996 by the Abacha government, splitting it from the today neighboring Plateau State which previously had contained both their territories.

Climate
Nasarawa has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate. The city's yearly temperature is 29.39 °C (84.9 °F) and it is -0.07% lower than Nigeria's averages. Nasarawa typically receives about 136.71 millimeters (5.38 inches) of precipitation and has 155.37 rainy days (42.57% of the time) annually.

In Nasarawa, the dry season is humid and partially cloudy, and it is hot all year long. The wet season is oppressive and overcast. The average annual temperature ranges from 63 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit, rarely falling below 57 or rising above 101.

From 29 January to 14 April, the hot season, with an average daily high temperature exceeding 93 °F, lasts for 2.5 months. Nasarawa's hottest month of the year is March, with an average high temperature of 95 °F and low temperature of 74 °F.

The 3.7-month cool season, which runs from 22 June to 13 October, has an average daily maximum temperature of less than 85 °F. Nasarawa experiences its coldest month of the year in December, with average lows of 64 °F and highs of 89 °F.

Boundaries
Nasarawa State is bounded to the north by Kaduna State for 169 km (105 miles), to the east by the states of Taraba for 109 km and Plateau for 219 km (136 miles), to the south by the states of Benue for 231 km, (mostly across the Benue River) and Kogi across the Benue River for 83 km, and to the west by Kogi for 68 km and the Federal Capital Territory for 156 km.

Transport
Nasarawa has a network of roads within the state, which link all rural areas and major towns.

Federal Highways are Other major highways are Railways:
 * A3 north from Benue State near Yerewata as the Makurdi-Jos Rd via Lafia and Wamba to Plateau State at Barimaw,
 * A234 east from Abuja as the Keffi-Akwanga Rd via Keffi and Garaku to A3 at Akwanga.
 * the Lafia-Shandam Rd east to Plateau State at Ungwan Mai Samari,
 * the Doma-Lafia Rd,
 * the Loko-Nassarawa Rd north from Benue State across the Benue River at Loko by the 1835 m Loko-Oweto Bridge (2022),
 * from the Abaji-Toto Rd to Nasarawa, * the Nasarawa-Keffi Rd.

The Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) operates train services with the 1067 mm Cape gauge Eastern Line north from Makurdi in Benue State via Lafia to Kafanchan in Plateau State.

Airports: Lafia Cargo Airport.

Population
Nasarawa State had a total population of 1,869,377 residents as of 2006, making the state the second least populated state in Nigeria after Bayelsa State.

Air Pollution
Particulate matter, a dangerous air pollutant that can lead to bronchitis, asthma attacks, and other serious lung conditions due to chemical interactions in the environment, poses a threat to Nasarawa.

Government
The Governor of Nasarawa State is the regional executive of Nasarawa. The state legislature, Nasarawa State House of Assembly, is located in the capital of Lafia.

Local Government Areas
The State has three National Senatorial Districts, the South, North and West.

Nasarawa State consists of 13 Local Government Areas (shown with 2006 population figures ):

List of current Local Government Area Chairmen.

Languages
Languages of Nasarawa State listed by LGA:

In Nasarawa State, there are 25 different ethnic groups. The major ones are Miligi (Koro), Alago, Mada, Gwandara, Kanuri, Hausa, Fulani, Gbagyi, Rindre,Buh, Afo, Eggon and Ebira

Religion
The dominant religions in Nasarawa State are Islam and Christianity, although a certain amount of traditional religion is still practised. The Emir of Lafia, Sidi Dauda Bage, is the head of the Tijaniyya Sufi Order, and the 3rd highest Muslim leader in Nigeria.

About 11% Roman Catholic with 296,087 followers (2021) in the Diocese of Lafia (2000) with 15 parishes under Bishop David Ajang (2021), a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Abuja.

The Anglican Diocese of Lafia (1999) led by Bishop Godwin Adeyi Robinson (2017), is part of the Ecclesiastical Province of Abuja within the Church of Nigeria.

Economy
Agriculture is the mainstay of Nasarawa State's economy with the production of a variety of cash crops throughout the year. It also contains various minerals such as salt, baryte, and bauxite, which are mostly mined by artisanal miners. These mineral resources are also found in Nasarawa State: Coal, Dolomite/Marble, coal, Sapphire, Talc, Quartz, Tantalite, Tourmaline, Mica, Chalcopyrite, Clay, Cassirite, Iron-Ore, Columbite, Galena and Feldspar

Education
The state has a College of Education in Akwanga, Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, Federal College of Education (Technical) Keana, College of Agriculture in Lafia, Isa Mustapha Agwai I Polytechnic Lafia, Nasarawa State University Faculty of Agriculture Lafia Campus, a newly established Federal University of Lafia, Mewar International University at Masaka, Bingham University at Karu, Hill College of Education Gwanje Akwanga, NACAP polytechnic Akwanga, Command secondary school Lafia, Command secondary school Rinze, Vocational And Relevant technology board, and many primary and secondary schools including the Federal Government Girls College, Keana

Tourism
Nasarawa State is home to the Farin Ruwa Falls in Wamba Local Government area of the state. Farin Ruwa falls is one of the highest falls in Africa.

The Salt Village in the Keana Local Government Area of the State produces naturally iodized salt from the lake located nearby. The town is also the cradle of Alago civilization, one of the major ethnic groups in the state. Also notable is the Eggon hills of the Eggon people which is situated around Nasarawa Eggon. This was the hills which the Eggon people had settled and established as an ancestral heritage as well. Tourists love to go hiking on this beautiful and high hill overlooking the Nasarawa Eggon local government and surrounding areas.

Another tourist site in Nasarawa State is the Maloney Hill.

Notable people

 * Ahmed Abdullahi - footballer
 * Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi
 * Abdullahi Adamu - former National Chairman, APC
 * Suleiman Adokwe - former senator representing Nasarawa South Senatorial District
 * Silas Ali Agara - Federal Commissioner, National Population Commission
 * Aliyu Doma - former governor Nasarawa state.
 * Abdulkarim Abubakar Kana- the Attorney General of Nasarawa State
 * Umaru Tanko Al-Makura - former governor Nasarawa state
 * Faisal Shuaib - executive director, NPHCDA
 * Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim – Director-General of NAPTIP
 * Ahmed Wadada

title: Nasarawa State


text:
Osun State

Osun State (Ìpínlẹ̀ Ọ̀ṣun), occasionally known as the State of Osun by the state government, is a state in southwestern Nigeria; bounded to the east by Ekiti and Ondo states for 84 km and for 78 km respectively, to the north by Kwara State for 73 km, to the south by Ogun State for 84 km and to the west by Oyo State, mostly across the River Osun. Named for the River Osun—a vital river which flows through the state—the state was formed from the southeast of Oyo State on 27 August 1991 and has its capital as the city of Osogbo.

Of the 36 states of Nigeria, Osun is the ninth smallest in area and 25th most populous state with an estimated population of about 4.7 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is divided between the Nigerian lowland forests in most of the state and the drier Guinean forest–savanna mosaic in the north. The major geographical features are rivers including the state's namesake, the River Osun which bisects the state's interior before forming much of the state's southwestern border with Oyo State and flowing south. Other important rivers are the Erinle and Oba rivers, both Osun tributaries which flow from the north before meeting the Osun along the southwestern border. Among the state's fauna are mona monkey, common kestrel, purple heron, and royal antelope, along with some of Nigeria's last remaining Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee and African forest elephant which inhabit the heavily threatened forests along the southern borders with Ondo and Ogun states.

Osun State is primarily inhabited by the Yoruba people, mainly of the Ibolo, Ifẹ, Igbomina, Ijesha, and Oyo subgroups.

In the pre-colonial period, the area that is now Osun State was split up between various Western Yoruba states with some states being town-based as others were part of larger empires like the Oyo Empire. From 1877 to 1893, Western Yoruba states fought the Kiriji War alongside other Eastern Yoruba groups against Eastern Yoruba groups; the war ended in a British-brokered stalemate before the area was colonized and incorporated into the British Southern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria in 1914. After independence in 1960, the area of now-Osun was a part of the post-independence Western Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the Western State. In 1976, the Western State was split and the state's west became Oyo State. Fifteen years later, Oyo State's east was broken off to form Osun State.

Economically, Osun State is largely based around agriculture, mainly of cocoa, cassava, millet, maize, potato and yam crops. Other key industries are services, especially in urban areas, along with artisanal mining and livestock herding. Osun is home to several of Nigeria's most famous landmarks, including the campus of Obafemi Awolowo University, one of Nigeria's pre-eminent institutions of higher learning. The university is located in the ancient town of Ile-Ifẹ, an important early center of political and religious development for Yoruba culture. Other important cities and towns include the ancient kingdom-capitals of Ila Orangun, Iragbiji, Ada, Ikirun, Oke-Ila Orangun, Ipetu-Ijesha, Ijebu-Jesa, Erin Oke, Ipetumodu, Ede, Iwo, Ejigbo, Ibokun, Ode-Omu, Otan Ayegbaju, Ifetedo, Esa-Oke, Ilesa, Okuku, Otan-Ile and Igbajo. Osun State is additionally noted for having the second highest literacy rate in the country.

History
The modern State of Osun was created on 27 August 1991 from part of the old Oyo State. The state's name is derived from the River Osun, the venerated natural spring that is the manifestation of the Yoruba goddess of the same name.

The former Governor Olagunsoye Oyinlola launched and laid the foundation for the groundbreaking of Osun State University with six campuses (Osogbo, Okuku, Ikire, Ejigbo, Ifetedo, and Ipetu-Ijesha) strategically located across the state. Important cultural events in the state include the Ori Oke and Egungun festival (masquerade festival) in Iragbiji, Olojo in Ife and the Osun Osogbo festival.

Culture
Every year, adherents and non-adherents of Osun, one of the Orisa (the traditional deities of the Yoruba people), travel from all over the world to attend the annual Osun-Osogbo festival in August. Visitors include nationals of Brazil, Cuba, Trinidad, Grenada, and other nations in the Americas with a significant Yoruba cultural heritage. Annual traditional festivities and invocations of the Osun goddess are held along the banks of the river bearing her name into which – according to Yoruba Oratory traditions – she transformed.

Ọsun-Ọsogbo Grove, the shrine of the annual rites of the deity and an important artistic center, was declared a World Heritage Site in 2005.

The former semi-official flag and seal of the state, adopted in 2012, depicted the Ori Olokun. However, the flag and seal were officially relinquished in 2023 by act of the Osun State House of Assembly following a January 21, 2017 ruling by the Osun State High Court that the legislation adopting it had been unconstitutional.

Demographics
The major sub-ethnic groups in Ọsun State are Ife, Ijesha, Oyo, Ibolo and Igbomina of the Yoruba people, although there are also people from other parts of Nigeria. Yoruba and English are the official languages. People of Osun State practice Christianity, Islam and the traditional faith.

Climate
The climate of Osun is tropical savanna usually warm, with a wet and dry season. It has a yearly average temperature of 64 °F and receives approximately 596 inches of rainfall. It is dry for 59 days throughout the year, with an average moisture in the air of 77% and a UV index of 7. Located at an elevation of 266.33 meters (873.79 feet) above sea level, Osun has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate (Classification: Aw). The city's yearly temperature is 28.35 °C (83.03 °F) and it is -1.11% lower than Nigeria's averages. Osun typically receives about 127.75 millimeters (5.03 inches) of precipitation and has 237.62 rainy days (65.1% of the time) annually. It is located at 4.5199593 longitude and 7.5628964 latitude.

Tourism
The State of Osun is home to a lot of tourist attractions based on its rich history and the cultural base of the Yoruba. This place is considered as an heritage site. It is located along the Osun river and it is home to the goddess of fertility, Yemoja.

Erin-Ijesha Waterfalls is located in Erin-Ijesha. It is a tourist attraction located in Oriade local. The fall features seven floors.

Mineral Resources in Osun State
The following are the mineral resources in Osun State
 * Gold
 * Granite
 * Columbite
 * Talc
 * Tantalite
 * Tourmaline

Christians and Muslims in Osun
Osun State was created from the old Oyo State in August 1991, has a large population of both[Muslims and Christians. Among the famous religious leaders from Osun State is the London-based Muslim cleric Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adelabu, who hails from the state's capital city, Osogbo and Pastor (Dr.) Johnson Ade Odewale of Christ Apostolic church, Calvary Assembly from Odeomu, who is based in Boston, USA. The popular Pastor E.A. Adeboye hails from Ifewara in Osun state. Also Pastor W. F. Kumuyi among others. The Osun State government claims to offer services to both Muslims and Christians in the state, especially through Pilgrims Welfare Boards.

The major traditional rulers in Osun State acclaim either the Faith of Islam or Christianity. While, for instance, Ooni of Ife Oba Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi (Ojaja II) and Owa Obokun Adimula of Ijesaland Oba Gabriel Adekunle (Aromolaran II), Oba Samuel Oyebode Oluronke II (Olokuku of Okuku), and Oba Sunday Olatokun (Olotan of Otan Ile) ascribe to Christianity, Orangun of (Ile) Ila-Orangun Oba Wahab Kayode Adedeji Oyedotun (Arutu-Oluokun Bibiire I), Ataoja of Osogbo Oba Jimoh Olaonipekun Oyetunji (Larooye II), Timi of Ede Oba Munirudeen Adesola Lawal (Laminisa I), Aragbiji of iragbiji (Oba Abdulrasheed Ayotunde Olabomi), Owa of Otan Ayegbaju Oba Lukman Ojo Fadipe (Olatanka III) and Oluwo of Iwo Oba Abdul Rasheed Adewale Akanbi (Ilufemiloye Telu I) practiced Islam. The dominant religions in Osun State are Islam and Christianity although a certain amount of traditional religion is still practiced.

2.2% Catholic in the Diocese of Osogbo (1995) with 74,440 followers in 56 parishes under Bishop John Akinkunmi Oyejola (2016), a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Ibadan.

The Anglican Province of Ibadan within the Church of Nigeria includes the Dioceses of Oke-Osun (1993) led by Bishop Oluwagbemiro Fabuluje (2021), Osun (1987) led by Bishop Foluso Olugbenga Babatunji (2019), Osun North led by Bishop Abiodun Olaoye, Osun North East (2009) led by Bishop Ebenezer Akorede Okuyelu (2019), Ife led by Bishop Olubunmi Akinlade, Ife East (2008) led by Bishop Oluseyi Oyelade (2010), Ijesa North East (2009) led by Bishop Joseph Olusola (2009), Ijesha North Missionary Diocese led by Bishop Isaac Oluyamo (2015), Ilesa led by Bishop Samuel Olubayu Sowale (2000), and Ilesa South West led by Bishop Samuel Egbebunmi (2009).

Education
A list of tertiary institutions in Osun state includes:
 * Adeleke University, Ede
 * Bowen University Iwo
 * Federal College of Education Iwo
 * Federal Polytechnic, Ede
 * Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji Arakeji
 * National Open University of Nigeria Iwo Study centre
 * Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife
 * Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke
 * Osun State Polytechnic, Iree
 * Osun State University
 * Westland University Iwo

 * Federal University of Health Sciences Ila Orangun
 * Fountain University Osogbo
 * Iwo City Polytechnic Feesu, Iwo
 * Kings University, Ode-Omu
 * Mercy College of Nursing Ìkirè Ile, Iwo
 * Osun State College of Education, Ilesa
 * Osun State college of Health Technology, Ilesa
 * Redeemers University, Ede*
 * Royal College of Public Health Technology, Iwo
 * Seventh-day Adventist School of Nursing, Ile-Ife
 * Seventh-day Adventist College of Health Technology, ile-ife
 * Wolex Polytechnic Iwo

Economy
The state is one of the richer and more developed ones in Nigeria and has a low incidence of extreme poverty (around 4% of the population against a national average of 31%) according to World Bank data from 2018.

Transportation
Federal Highway:
 * A122 east from Oyo State at Erinmi via Ife to Ondo State at Igbara Oke.

Other major roads include:
 * the Iwo-Osogbo Rd east from Iwo for 46 km,
 * Ajasse Ipo-Osogbo Rd northeast from Osogbo via Ikirun to Kwara State at Ila-Odo,
 * the Ikirun-Ila Orangun Rd northeast from Ikirun to Ila Orangun,
 * the Ora Rd east from Ila Orangun to Kwara State near Ila,
 * the Ikokum-Ijero Ekiti Rd southeast from Igbajo to Igbeja in Ekiti State,
 * northeast from A122 at Iwaraja via Erimo to Ekiti State as Erimo-Effon Alaiye Rd,
 * Ipetu-Ondo Rd south from A122 at Ikeji Oke to Ondo State near Onipou,
 * Ondo-Ife Rd southeast from Ife to Ondo State at Okeigo,
 * Fatimo Rd southeast from A122 at Apomu as the Mokore-Allabameta-Omisere Rd to Ondo State at Omisore,
 * Ibadan-Iwo Rd southwest from Iwo to Oyo State at Alagbon Village,
 * the Ojongbodu-Awe-Alabo-Iwo Rd northwest from Iwo at Kiyeseni to A1 in Oyo,
 * Ede-Ejigbo Rd northwest from the Iwo-Osogbo Rd at Ede to Oyo State at Afaro,
 * Oke Elerin Rd west from Ikirun by ferry to Oyo State at Ilie.

During Governor Aregbesola’s term 2010-18 his administration completed 368 km of state roads and built five bridges where none existed before, and 216 km of local council roads.

Railways:

Osogbo is on the 1067 mm Cape Gauge the Western Line north from Lagos to Kano.

Local Government Areas
Osun State is divided into three federal senatorial districts, each of which is composed of two administrative zones. The state consists of thirty Local Government Areas and Area offices, the primary (third-tier) unit of government in Nigeria.

Osun State's 30 Local Government Area headquarters:

List of current Local Government Area Chairmen.

Notable people

 * Enoch Adeboye – General Overseer, Redeemed Christian Church of God
 * Gbenga Adeboye – musician, comedian and radio presenter
 * Toyin Adegbola- actress
 * Chief Dr. Oyin Adejobi- former actor, dramatist and popular poet
 * Sheikh Abu-Abdullah Adelabu – scholar and cleric.
 * Sen. Ademola Adeleke - 2022 Governor elect
 * Isiaka Adeleke – politician and former Governor
 * Chief Adebisi Akande- former Governor of Osun State
 * General Ipoola Alani Akinrinade (RTD) - former Chief of Army Staff and the First Chief of Defence Staff in Nigeria.
 * Akinloye Akinyemi – former Nigerian major
 * Bolaji Amusan - Nigerian ICT entrepreneur
 * Olusola Amusan – entrepreneur, speaker
 * Ogbeni Rauf Aregbesola – former State Governor
 * Lanre Buraimoh - artist
 * Davido – musician
 * Patricia Etteh, Nigerian politician and first female Speaker of the Nigerian House of Representatives
 * Daddy Freeze- radio presenter
 * Bola Ige SAN-(1930–2001) politician and lawyer
 * William Kumuyi – General Overseer, Deeper Life Christian Church
 * Duro Ladipo – actor and dramatist
 * Gabriel Oladele Olutola - President of the Apostolic church of Nigeria and LAWNA Territorial Chairman.
 * Iyiola Omisore – politician and engineer
 * Prince Olagunsoye Oyinlola – former Governor of Osun State and former Military Governor of Lagos State
 * Abideen Olasupo,- Nigerian businessman
 * David Oyedepo - Preacher and Founder of Winners Chapel International Church
 * Hameed Adekunle Makama Oyelude - Tegbosun III popularly known as Olowu of Kuta

Politics
The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Osogbo

Electoral System
The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.

title: Osun State


text: Category:German orchestras

title: Category:German orchestras


text:
Oyo State

Oyo State is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Its capital is Ibadan, the third most populous city in the country and formerly the second most populous city in Africa. Oyo State is bordered to the north by Kwara State for 337 km, to the southeast by Osun State  for 187 km, partly across the River Osun, and to the south by Ogun State, and to the west by the Republic of Benin for 98 km. With a projected population of 7,976,100 in 2022, Oyo State is the sixth most populous in the Nigeria.

The vast majority of Oyo State residents are Yoruba. Nicknamed the "Pace Setter State", present-day Oyo State sits on territory formerly ruled by various kingdoms and empires.

The Oyo Empire was a powerful Yoruba empire that ruled in much of the area from c. 1300 to 1896. Built in the 1830s, modern city of Oyo is considered a remnant of the imperial era, being referred to as "New Ọyọ" (Ọ̀yọ́ Àtìbà) to distinguish itself from the former capital to the north, 'Old Oyo' (Ọ̀yọ́-Ilé). The Alaafin of Oyo continues to serve a ceremonial role in the city.

Oyo State is noted for being the site of the first university in Nigeria, the University of Ibadan, founded in 1948. The state economy remains largely agrarian, with the western city of Shaki being described as the state's breadbasket. cassava, cocoa, and tobacco are among the most important crops to Oyo State's economy.

Geography
Oyo State covers approximately an area of 28,454 square kilometers and is ranked 14th by size. The landscape consists of old hard rocks and dome shaped hills, which rise gently from about 500 meters in the southern part and reaching a height of about 1,200 metres above sea level in the northern part. Some principal rivers such as Ogun, Oba, Oyan, Otin, Ofiki, Sasa, Oni, Erinle and Osun river originate in this highland. The southern and south eastern parts of the state form a continous plain.

Oyo State contains a number of natural features including the Old Oyo National Park, Agodi parks and gardens. In this location there was earlier habitat for the endangered African wild dog, Lycaon pictus; however, this canid is thought to have been locally extirpated at the present.

Climate
The climate is equatorial, notably with dry and wet seasons with relatively high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to March while the wet season starts from April and ends in October. Average daily temperature ranges between 25 °C and 35 °C, almost throughout the year.

History
It was formed in 1976 from Western State, and included Ọsun State, which was split off in 1991. Oyo State is homogenous, mainly inhabited by the Yoruba ethnic group who are primarily agrarian but have a predilection for living in high-density urban centres. The indigenes mainly comprise the Oyos, the Oke-Oguns, the Ibadans and the Ibarapas, all belonging to the Yoruba family and indigenous city in Africa. Ibadan had been the centre of administration of the old Western Region since the days of British colonial rule.

Other notable cities and towns in Ọyọ State include Ọyọ, Ogbomọsọ, Ibadan, Isẹyín-Okeogun, Ipapo-Okeogun, Kíṣì-Okeogun, Okeho-Okeogun, Saki-Okeogun, Igbeti-Okeogun, Igboho-okeogun [Igboho], Eruwa-Ibarapa, Iroko, Lanlate, OjeOwode-Okeogun, Sepeteri-Okeogun, Ilora-Oyo, Jobele-Oyo, Awe-Oyo, Ilérò-Okeogun, Okaka-Okeogun, Igbo Ora-Ibarapa, Idere

Records and landmarks
The first degree awarding institution in Nigeria is the University of Ibadan (established as a college of the University of London when it was founded in 1948, and later converted into an autonomous university in 1962). The other universities in the state are: Lead City University, Ibadan, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Koladaisi University, Dominican University, Ibadan, and Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso. The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igbo Ora, Adeseun Ogundoyin Polytechnic, Eruwa are located in Oyo State.

There are 324 secondary schools and 1,576 public primary schools in the state. Other noteworthy institutions in the city include the University College Hospital, Ibadan; the first teaching hospital in Nigeria and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Cocoa House located in Ibadan was the first skyscraper built in Africa.

The state is home to NTA Ibadan, the first television station in Africa, and the Obafemi Awolowo (formerly, Liberty) Stadium, a stadium with a capacity of 35,000.

Other major tourist attractions located in the state include: Agodi Botanical Garden, Ado-Awaye Suspended lake, Mapo Hall, University of Ibadan Zoological Garden, Ido Cenotaph, Trans-Wonderland Amusement Park, Old Oyo National Park located in the historical site of the ancient capital of the famous old Oyo Empire, Iyamopo and Agbele Hill in Igbeti, Bowers Tower and the Cultural Centre, Mokola. The state hosts the first FM radio, and the first private television station, Galaxy Television in the country.

Government and politics
Under the Nigerian 1999 constitution the government of Oyo State, and those of the other 35 Nigerian States, is divided into three branches to be in line with the government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria which is also three tier: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judiciary. The executive branch of Oyo State government is headed by an elected executive governor who presides over the State Executive Council made up of appointed cabinet members. The present governor of Oyo State is Seyi Makinde with Bayo Lawal serving as deputy governor. The legislative branch is headed by an elected Speaker of the House of Assembly. The current Speaker is Hon. Debo Ogundoyin. And lastly, the judiciary is headed by the Chief Judge of Oyo State High Court. The present Chief Judge of the state is Muktar Abimbola.

Education
Presently, Oyo State has 2,004 public schools, 971 private nursery/primary schools, 969 public secondary schools including 7 schools of Science and 57 private secondary schools. The state also has five government technical colleges at Oyo, Ogbomoso, Ibadan, Shaki-Okeogun and Iseyin-Okeogun with enrolment of 2,829 students in the 2000/2001 academic session. The National Youth Service Corp (NYSC) permanent orientation camp is located in Iseyin.

The Ebedi Writers' Residency situated at the hill-side of barracks area of Iseyin is an international residency that has brought great writers, journalists and authors all over the world including Africa's first Nobel Laureate, Prof. Wole Soyinka, Jumoke Verissiomo, Funmi Aluko, Richard Ali, Paul Liam and others.

Historically prominent secondary schools include St Anne's School Ibadan (1869), Wesley College, Ibadan (1905), Ibadan Grammar School (1913), Government College, Ibadan (1927), St Theresa's College Ibadan (1932), Ibadan Boys' High School (1938), Olivet Heights Oyo (1945), Queen's School, Ibadan (1952), Loyola College, Ibadan (1954), St. Bernadine's Oyo (1957), Lagelu Grammar School Ibadan (1958), Iseyin District Grammar School Iseyin (1964), Methodist High School, Ibadan (1961) St Patrick's Grammar School Ibadan (1962) and several others. It is also home to Africa's leading fountain of knowledge, the iconic University of Ibadan (The university was originally instituted as an independent external college of the University of London, then it was called the University College, Ibadan ).

Two new technical colleges located at Iseyin, Iseyin Local Government area and Ikija in Oluyole Local Government area were established in the 2001/2002 academic session. A college of education, Oyo State College of Education, Oyo. There is a Polytechnic, The Polytechnic, Ibadan with 2 satellite campuses at Eruwa and Shaki-Okeogun, (now known as The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic) and a State-owned University, The Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso which is jointly owned by Oyo and Osun State Governments. The federal premier university The University of Ibadan is also located in the State capital. A private Polytechnic (SAF Polytechnic, Iseyin) is located in Iseyin. There is a vocational Institute in Saki West Local Government named: The Kings Poly, Shaki-Okeogun.

There are also the Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan; Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, the Federal School of Surveying, Oyo; Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), the Nigerian Institute of Science Laboratory Technology (NISLT), the Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan (FEDCOFOR), a subsidiary of Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) and the Nigerian Institute Of Social And Economic Research (NISER), all in Ibadan.

Similarly, there are 15 Nomadic schools in the State. They are Gaa Jooro and Gaa Baale, both in Kisi (Irepo Local Government); Baochilu Government; Arin-Oye, Abiogun, Okaka and Baba-Ode (Itesiwaju Local Government); Iganna (Iwajowa Local Government); Igangan and Ayete (Ibarapa North Local Government); Gaa Kondo and Igbo-Ora, (Ibarapa Central Local Government) and Sepeteri (Saki East Local Government). There are 213 continuing education centres spread all over the State.

15 special primary schools and 8 special units in secondary schools cater for handicapped children. There are 11,732 teaching staff in the state public secondary schools and 2,789 non-teaching staff.

The Agency for Adult and Non-formal Education (AANFE) caters for illiterate adults who had no opportunity of formal education. The agency has 455 classes in existence in the 33 Local Government areas of the State, while 200,000 illiterate adults and over 80,000 post-illiterate adults have been trained recently.

List of universities
The following are universities located within Oyo State;
 * Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo
 * Koladaisi University
 * Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso
 * Lead City University, Ibadan
 * University of Ibadan

 * Àtìbà University, Ọ̀yọ́
 * Dominican University, Ibadan
 * Oyo State Technical University, Ibadan, Oyo State

List of polytechnics

 * Adeseun Ogundoyin Polytechnic, Eruwa
 * Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igbo-Ora
 * The Polytechnic, Ibadan

 * Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Ogbomoso
 * Oke-Ogun Polytechnic

List of specialized tertiary institutions

 * Federal College of Agriculture, Ibadan
 * Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan
 * Federal Cooperative College, Ibadan
 * Federal School of Statistics, Ibadan
 * Federal School of Surveying, Oyo

List of special colleges

 * Emmanuel Alayande College of Education
 * Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo
 * Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igbo-Ora

 * Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Moor plantation Ibadan (FCAHPT)
 * Federal College of Agriculture Ibadan
 * Oyo State College Of Nursing and Midwifery, Eleyele, Ibadan
 * Oyo State College of Health Science and Technology, Eleyele, Ibadan
 * The College of Education, Lanlate.

List of registered private polytechnics

 * Bolmor Polytechnic, Ibadan
 * City Polytechnic, Ibadan
 * Kings Polytechnic, Saki
 * SAF Polytechnic, Iseyin
 * Tower Polytechnic, Ibadan  Transport

Federal Highways
These include:
 * A1 as part of the African Unity Road TAH2: Trans-African Highway 2 north to Ibadan and northeast via Oyo and Ogbomosho to Kwara State at Oterere,
 * A5 east from Ogun State at Omin Adio to Ibadan,
 * A7 northwest from Kwara State at Olorulekan via Igbeti and Kishi to Kwara State again at Batabi,
 * E1 Lagos-Ibadan Expressway north to Ibadan,
 * A122 east from Ibadan to Osun State at Erinmi.

Other major roads include:
 * the Shaki-Gwanara Rd northwest to Kwara State at Owode,
 * the Shaki-Alabafi Rd north to Kwara State at Ifelodun,
 * the Saki-Igboho/Ilorin/Saki-Ogbooro Rd east from Shaki to Igboho,
 * the Oko-Elerin Rd southeast from Ogbomosho via Ajomo to Osun State at Ilie,
 * the Oko-Iresa-Aadu Rd/Olokun-Iresa-Pa Rd south from Ajomo via Oko to Osun State at Afaro as the Ejigbo-Oko Rd,
 * the Awe Rd southeast from A1 in Oyo to Osun State at Kiyeseni as the Ojongbodu-Awe-Alabo-Iwo Rd,
 * the Ibadan-Iwo Rd northeast to Osun State,
 * the Orita-Aperin-Beere Rd southeast from Ibadan to Odi Aperin,
 * the Olorunda Rd from Odi Aperin as the Akaran Rd to Ogun State at Olugbuyi as the Ibadan-Ijebu-Igbo Rd,
 * the Ijebu-Ode-Idi-Ayunre Rd south from Ibadan to Ogun State at Mamu,
 * the Igbara-Orile-Ijeun Rd south to Ogun State at Ijade.

Railways
Ibadan is a major terminus on the Western Railway from Lagos to Kano (1899) on the 1067 mm (3ˈ6") Cape Gauge, with a new 1435 mm (4ˈ8½") standard gauge line from Lagos to Ibadan opened 2021.

Airport
Ibadan Airport has services to Abuja and Lagos by Air Peace and Overland Airways.

Agriculture
Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of Oyo State. The climate in the state favours the cultivation of crops like maize, yam, cassava, millet, rice, plantains, cocoa, palm produce, cashew etc. There are a number of government farm settlements in Iseyin/Ipapo, Ilora, Eruwa, Ogbomosho, Iresaadu, Ijaiye, Akufo and Lalupon. There is abundance of clay, kaolin and aquamarine. There are also vast cattle ranches at Saki, Fasola and Ibadan, a dairy farm at Monatan in Ibadan and the statewide Oyo State Agricultural Development Programme with headquarters at Saki. A number of international and federal agricultural establishments are located in the state.

Local Government Areas
Oyo State consists of 33 Local Government Areas. They are:

 * Afijio Jobele
 * Akinyele Moniya
 * Atiba Ofa Meta
 * Atisbo Tede-Okeogun
 * Egbeda Egbeda
 * Ibadan North Agodi Gate
 * Ibadan North-East Iwo Road
 * Ibadan North-West Dugbe/Onireke
 * Ibadan South-East Mapo
 * Ibadan South-West Ring Road
 * Ibarapa Central Igbo Ora
 * Ibarapa East Eruwa
 * Ibarapa North Ayete
 * Ido Ido
 * Irepo Kisi-Okeogun
 * Iseyin Iseyin-Okeogun
 * Itesiwaju Otu-Okeogun
 * Iwajowa Iwereile-Okeogun
 * Kajola Okeho-Okeogun
 * Lagelu Iyanaofa
 * Ogbomosho North Ogbomoso
 * Ogbomosho South Arowomole
 * Ogo Oluwa Ajawa
 * Olorunsogo Igbeti-Okeogun
 * Oluyole Idi Ayunre
 * Ona Ara Akanran
 * Orelope Igboho-Okeogun
 * Ori Ire Ikoyi
 * Oyo East Kosobo
 * Oyo West Ojongbodu
 * Saki East Agoamodu-Okeogun
 * Saki West Shaki-Okeogun
 * Surulere Iresa Adu

Notable people

 * 9ice (born Alexander Abolore Adegbola Akande, on 17 January 1980), musician
 * Wande Abimbola, retired academic, religious leader and politician.
 * Joseph Adebayo Adelakun, evangelist
 * Lamidi Adedibu, aristocratic power broker
 * Benjamin Adekunle, general
 * Akinwumi Adesina, President African Development Bank, AfDB
 * Lam Adesina, former Governor Oyo State (1999–2003), Leader of the Action Congress of Nigeria.
 * Otunba (Dr) Christopher Alao-Akala, former Governor of Oyo State (2007-2011)]
 * Senator Abiola Ajimobi, former Governor of Oyo State (2011-2019)
 * Oba Lamidi Adeyemi III, Alaafin of Oyo
 * Oba Saliu Adetunji, the 41st Olubadan of Ibadan land
 * Olaniyi Afonja, actor and comedian
 * Benjamin Akande, academic
 * Richard Akinjide, lawyer and politician
 * Oluyombo Awojobi, rural surgeon
 * Ladoke Akintola, politician, lawyer and orator
 * Quadri Aruna, table tennis player
 * Adebayo Johnson Bankole, politician
 * Sikiru Ayinde Barrister, musician
 * Abdulfatai Buhari, senator
 * Samuel Ajayi Crowther, priest and historian
 * Sunday Akin Dare, journalist and politician
 * Adebayo Faleti, actor, poet and writer
 * Toyin Falola, historian and academic
 * Tade Ipadeola, poet
 * Samuel Johnson, historian
 * Senator Rasheed Ladoja, former Governor of Oyo State (2003–2007)
 * Kase Lukman Lawal, businessman
 * Abass Akande Obesere, Fuji musician and entertainer
 * Chief Akinpelu Obisesan, diarist, and founder of Cooperative Bank
 * Latunde Odeku, medical doctor, teacher and poet
 * Professor Dibu Ojerinde, former registrar, Joint Matriculation Board of Nigeria
 * Tunji Olaopa, founder and executive vice chairman, ISGPP
 * Oba Olasunkanmi Abioye Opeola, Kurunloju I, Oniroko of Iroko
 * Saheed Osupa, Fuji and Hip-Pop artist
 * David Oyelowo, actor
 * Afeez Oyetoro, actor, comedian and Academic
 * Sade, R&B/Soul artist, born in Oyo State.
 * Senator (Rt. Hon.) Monsurat Sunmonu, first female Speaker OYHA and first female Senator from Oyo state.
 * Ibrahim Taiwo, general and politician
 * Bode Thomas, politician and Lawyer
 * Tosin Eniolorunda, CEO & Cofounder, Moniepoint Inc

Politics
The state government is led by a democratical elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Ibadan.

Electoral system
The governor of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.

title: Oyo State