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Wikipedia:WikiProject Television/ITC productions task force

Welcome to the ITC WikiProject! This page has been setup to help focus on the creation, editing and discussion of articles related to ITC Entertainment, Associated TeleVision and AP Films. If you're a fan of The Prisoner, The Saint, Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased), Thunderbirds. The Muppet Show or ITV history, then please consider joining! And if those names mean nothing to you, then why not join in and find out about some absolute gems of TV history... we're desperately short of (active) members.

For more information on WikiProjects, please see WikiProjects and WikiProject best practices.

Similar Projects
ITC WikiProject

 * WikiProject Television
 * WikiProject British TV shows

Scope
The scope of this project includes all articles about and related to the Incorporated Television Company including:
 * ITC Entertainment and all of the TV shows and films produced by and for the company:
 * Such as The Prisoner, Department S, The Adventures of Robin Hood

 * AP Films and Century 21 Productions and their productions:
 * Such as Stingray, Thunderbirds, Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons

 * Lew Grade and the other key people involved in the company:
 * Producers of associated companies (such as Hannah Weinstein for Sapphire Films)
 * Contract players (Roger Moore, Patrick McGoohan)
 * Regular staff (such as composer Edwin Astley or producer/writer Dennis Spooner)

 * Our productions bible, with links to each Wikipedia article, was created by Redvers and is affectionately titled the Lew List
 * Our staff bible, with links for each member of staff and a list of the ITC shows they worked on, is currently in progress.

News
Old news can still be viewed at the news archive.

 * Can't Stop the Music added to ITC Distributions category - nice to see that there are still some articles out there that we've missed... there could be more! Howie ☎  09:16, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, the Template:ITC_Distributions_Chronology has been created by me, a while back now, so take a look. Should we be using this on all ITC related pages like other TV articles do? Howie  ☎  09:18, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 'Added: The Adventures of William Tell - this page has too much info on guest stars (see discussion page) and needs to be broken down into sections; Sword of Freedom and The Scarlet Pimpernel (television series) - both stubs really, and The Scarlet Pimpernel should really be renamed to include "The Adventures of" beforehand. Howie ☎  10:00, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Major project page overhaul Howie ☎  11:01, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Article created for ATV Today. Needs more work and more references, but is a good start. TheRetroGuy (talk) 23:54, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Participants

 * User:HowardBerry.
 * ➨ ❝REDVERS❞
 * User:23skidoo
 * User:Wootking
 * User:CzechOut
 * User:TheRetroGuy
 * User:REVUpminster
 * User:SuperMarioMan
 * User:Jcamts
 * User:Ant_ie
 * User:Londonclanger
 * User:Sjones23

Goals

 * Create an informative article, which has in-depth information about each production, including:
 * ITC infobox
 * Introduction:
 * Production history
 * Number of episodes
 * Production team
 * Synopsis
 * Details of the typical kind of setup of the show - most of these were pretty formulaic remember!
 * Style
 * Swashbuckler? Action adventure? Spy-fi?
 * Cast and Guest Cast
 * Lead actors - what other ITC productions were they in?
 * Guest cast - how notable were they?
 * Music
 * Composer (theme and incidental)
 * Was it used in international broadcasts? (Danger Man example)
 * Has it been used in other productions since?

 * Make sure each page has an infobox with a picture from the title caption, or of the DVD release sleeve - preferably Region 2 European covers, as the UK is where these series originated.
 * Make each related page have a similar layout so that there is eventually a universal page layout for these entries.

Adopt an article
Similar to the Collaboration of the week, but on a smaller scale, you might want to "adopt" an article. This would involve doing the research, writing, and picture-taking (if possible) for either a non-existent article or a stub. Of course, everyone else can still edit an adopted article, and you can work on other things too, but the idea is to find a focus for a while, to try and build up the number of quality articles the Project has produced.

 * I'd really like to see the main ITC Entertainment article finally reach good article status. I think it's a shame we don't have any good or features articles in the scope of our project. Howie  ☎  10:52, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Userbox
There is a userbox available to place on your user page.

Project Banner
Use this template on a discussion page of a relevant article.

Page Layout Templates
Use this infobox for ITC related pages.

Renders an infobox displaying ITC's productions by category and date

Categories

 * Category:ITC Distributions

Wikipedia articles on ITC Productions

 * The above link lists the ITC articles on Wikipedia, although there were a few missing that I added today (Shirley's World, Whiplash, Moses the Lawgiver... and most incredibly, Raise the Titanic). There are a few still without an article though: Will Shakespeare, starring Tim Curry; and Ghost Squad''. Howie  ☎  19:12, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

New Wikipedia articles related to ITC Productions
Please feel free to list your new ITC Productions-related articles here (newer articles at the top, please). Any new articles that have an interesting or unusual fact in them should be suggested for the Did you know? box on the Main Wikipedia page. DYN has a 72 hr. time limit from the creation of the article.
 * Captain Scarlet vs the Mysterons, the terrible 1981 re-edit job, is now up as a stub. ➨ ❝REDVERS❞ 14:46, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't believe this one is worthy of a separate article. IMO it should be merged with the TV series article. I don't think there should be separate articles on the Space:1999 re-edits either as in my opinion they are covered sufficiently in the main article. This one runs the risk of being marked for AFD as a potential duplicate of the TV series article. 23skidoo 14:59, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay. Propose it on AfD and see what people think. ➨ ❝REDVERS❞ 15:11, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't say I would, but having spent a lot of time at AFD this is the type of article that would likely be nominated. I would probably vote merge with the TV series article if this were to occur. 23skidoo 15:27, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I think a merge would be a good idea. Same goes for The Persuaders! edit jobs if any are still out there.  I know there's certainly a redirect page for Mission: Monte Carlo (goes to the main Persuaders! article). HowardBerry 17:11, 12 November 2005 (UTC)  (I still have that Capt.Scarlet re-edit on video!)

 * Monty Berman ➨  ЯEDVERS
 * List of Thunderbirds episodes (4th January, 2007)
 * added Richard Harris (television writer) CzechOut 01:26, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * added Tony Williamson (television writer) CzechOut 01:26, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * greatly expanded Dennis Spooner CzechOut 01:26, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

New ITC stubs

 * The Adventurer (series) 10:33, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The Count of Monte Cristo (series) 11:03, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Court Martial (series) 11:36, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The Adventures of Ellery Queen 16:34, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The Zoo Gang 19:56, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The Beachcomber (series) 13:53, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Man of the World 15:13, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Seaway 16:17, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The Sentimental Agent 16:33, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Cannonball (series) 17:15, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The Buccaneers (series) 20:50, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The Des O'Connor Show 21:32, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Bonkers! 12:12, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Diver Dan 12:12, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Espionage (series) 13:21, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The Forest Rangers 14:20, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The Four Just Men 16:24, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * From a Bird's Eye View 19:42, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The Gale Storm Show 20:32, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The Halls of Ivy 10:43, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans 11:25, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Interpol Calling 12:59, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Sword of Freedom 16:03, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * This Is Tom Jones 16:29, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The New Adventures of Charlie Chan 17:15, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * New York Confidential 20:23, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The Invisible Man (1958 series) 11:19, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The Julie Andrews Hour 13:57, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * OSS (series) 14:40, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Television Programs of America 19:44, 9 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Robert S. Baker 09:45, 5 August 2007 (UTC)


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Supporterklubben Änglarna

Supporterklubben Änglarna ("Supporters' association the Angels"), often called only Änglarna, is the official supporters' association of the Swedish football club IFK Göteborg, from Gothenburg. Änglarna is not attached to the club, and is controlled and organised by people not hired by the club. It is a non-profit-making association which was started in 1969, although the year of foundation is often set as 1973, when the association really became active. It has around 3,500 members.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Supporterklubben Änglarna


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Doughnut Theory

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 01:42, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Doughnut Theory
Delete Silly hoax! Obviously inspired by The Bangles. UncleFloyd 14:02, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment "If you want to find all the cops, they're hanging out in the doughnut shop" is actually a lyric from The Bangles' song "Walk Like and Egyptian". UncleFloyd 17:11, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-encyclopedic.-Poli (talk • contribs) 14:11, 2005 July 23 (UTC)
 * Delete Stereotype, not encyclopedic information. --Measure 14:23, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * A very possible candidate for speedy deletion Renata3 16:20, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Had nominated for speedy delete earlier. Is a silly joke and must go. Balster neb 18:00, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Possible candidate for BJAODN. Reference to Walk Like an Egyptian by the Bangles. Capitalistroadster 18:16, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete: A joke that's really old, and insulting to law enforcement professionals. It's also technically original research. Peter Grey 05:08, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete All the cops in the dougnut shop say: Delete-o, Delete-o! FunkyChicken! 06:45, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete commonbrick 18:30, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It is a quirky Americanism. KiwiPunter 22:20, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Kuwolsan

Kuwŏlsan, or Mount Kuwol, is a mountain in South Hwanghae, North Korea. The mountain takes its name from the ninth month of the lunar calendar, because it is considered particularly attractive in that month. The mountain is a major summer resort in North Korea, attracting many domestic tourists.

Kuwolsan is home to the Sansong Revolutionary Site, the 9th century Woljong Temple and the stupas, as well as the 4th century Anak Tomb No. 3.

Environment
The highest peak of the mountain - the highest point in the short Kuwol range - is 954 m above sea level. There are several scenic routes through the mountain area. Natural attractions include rock formations, waterfalls and natural pools. Much of the mountain is covered by mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest and protected in an 18,000 ha national park. Some 1100 ha has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA).

title: Kuwolsan


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Cilegon

Cilegon (Indonesian: Kota Cilegon, Sundanese: ) is a major coastal industrial city in Banten province, Indonesia, covering 162.51 sqkm. It is located on the island of Java. The city had a population of 374,464 at the 2010 Census and 434,896 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 450,507 - comprising 228,360 males and 222,150 females.

Among the factories located in Cilegon are Krakatau Steel Company, a vital company in Indonesia, which produces steel for industrial (domestic and foreign) needs, and Asahimas Chemical Company. The other name for Cilegon is "Steel City" since the city is the largest steel producer in Southeast Asia, about 6 million tons of steel produced each year in the Industrial Area Krakatau Steel, Cilegon. Additionally Cilegon is one of the vital state objects. This is because in this town there is a wide range of other vital objects such as the Merak Harbour, Krakatau Steel Industrial Zone (including the PT. Krakatau Steel Tbk, Asahimas, Siemens, KS - POSCO joint venture, Chandra Asri, and Pertamina), PLTU Suralaya, Power plant Krakatau, Krakatau Tirta Industrial Water Treatment Plant, The Sunda Strait Bridge Construction (Lot Plan) & Sunda Strait Industrial Zones.

Geography
Cilegon is located on the most northwest coast of Java island, at the mouth of the Cilegon River on Ciwandan Bay, which is an inlet of the Sunda Strait. It is administratively a semi-enclave within Serang Regency, as it borders with Serang Regency in the east and south, while it borders with Sunda Strait in the north and west.

Administrative districts
The City of Cilegon is divided into eight districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan) in each district, and its postal codes.

Notes: (a) including 5 small offshore islands.

Climate
Cilegon has a hot and humid climate near the boundary between tropical rainforest (Af) and tropical monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen climate classification system. Despite being located relatively close to the equator, the city has distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season in Cilegon covers the majority of the year, running from October through May. The remaining four months forms the city's dry season. Located in the most western part of Java, Cilegon's wet season rainfall peak is January with average monthly rainfall of 319 mm, and its dry season low point is August with a monthly average of 71 mm.

Demographics
From 1991 to 2005 the population of Cilegon grew 47.18%, an average of 2.66% per year.

Cilegon is the fourth largest city in Banten. The high population growth rate of Cilegon is primarily caused by migrants entering the city.

Religious discrimination
In 2019 there are 382 mosques and 287 musallas in Cilegon, without any churches, Hindu temples, or Buddhist viharas, even though there are 6,740 Protestants, 1,743 Catholics, 215 Hindus, 215 Buddhists, and 7 Confucians in the city. A proposal to build a Batak Protestant Christian Church in Cilegon was rejected by local residents, which forces religious services to be conducted in Serang City.

Newspaper

 * Radar Banten (Jawa Pos)

Radio

 * 91.8 Top FM Cilegon
 * 95.3 FM Banten Radio
 * 96.9 FM Sam Radio
 * 102.0 Cilegon Mandiri FM (Siaran Pemda)
 * 105.2 Cilegon Pass FM
 * 107.7 Gema Suara Tercinta
 * 107.9 Flash Radio FM

Education

 * SMP Negeri 1

title: Cilegon


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Montefioralle

Montefioralle is a village in Tuscany, a frazione of the comune of Greve in Chianti. It is sometimes claimed to be the birthplace of Amerigo Vespucci. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

Geography
The village lies about a mile west of Greve.

History
Town and village were an important stronghold during the wars between Florence and Siena. In 1250 it became the headquarters of the League of the Greve Valley. The town was once endowed with two sets of walls. It had an octagonal shape with four gates. With the fall of the Sienese Republic, Montefioralle lost its prior importance and most of its inhabitants moved to Greve in Chianti.

The central church is currently undergoing renovations.

Notable residents
A house in the circular main street of Montefioralle is pointed out as the birthplace of Amerigo Vespucci. The doorway is identified by the wasp ("vespa") and V of the Vespucci family.

title: Montefioralle


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The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail

The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail is the first film soundtrack album by Monty Python, released in 1975. It features selected scenes from Monty Python and the Holy Grail interspersed with a large volume of new studio material, much of which centers on a spoof screening of the film at the Classic Silbury Hill Theatre. Also among the new items is the "Marilyn Monroe" sketch, which Graham Chapman co-wrote with Douglas Adams – the pair having recently collaborated on the fourth series of Monty Python.

The album is billed as the 'Executive Version' as a joke on popular 'special editions"' of albums that contained extra tracks unavailable on earlier versions. Naturally, no other version of this album existed when it was originally released. On the A-side of the original UK vinyl release, the engraved text by George Peckham around the label reads: " AN EXECUTIVE PORKY PRIME CUT ", while on the B-side it reads: " THIS IS THE SMALL DETAILED WRITING ON THE RECORD OF THE ALBUM OF THE SOUNDTRACK OF THE TRAILER OF THE FILM OF MONTY PYTHON AND THE HOLY GRAIL – THIS WRITING IS NOT INCLUDED ON THE EXECUTIVE VERSION OF THE ALBUM OF THE SOUNDTRACK OF THE TRAILER OF THE FILM OF MONTY PYTHON AND THE HOLY GRAIL ".

The album reached No. 45 in the UK album charts.

A CD reissue in 1997 contains extended versions of two sketches, "Arrival at Castle" and "French Taunter"; this CD reissue also contains "The Bridge of Death". These additions are not available on any other version of the album.

In 2006, a special edition was released containing three bonus tracks, consisting of two demos of unused Neil Innes songs and an audio extract of a documentary from the film's DVD release. This version of the CD does not contain "The Bridge of Death" or the two extended sketches.

Also in 2006, yet another CD reissue was included within Monty Python and the Holy Grail: 'The Extraordinarily Deluxe DVD Edition'. The bonus features disc had instructions on how to play the record; this CD does not contain "The Bridge of Death", the bonus tracks, or the two extended versions.

A limited edition picture disc of the album was released on 29 August 2020, as part of Record Store Day. This added the film's 40th anniversary trailer to the start of the album.

Side One

 * 1) Introduction to the Executive Version
 * 2) Tour of the Classic Silbury Hill Theatre
 * 3) Live Broadcast from London: Premiere of the Film
 * 4) Narration from the Silbury Hill Gentlemen's Room
 * 5) Arrival at Castle (extended version on 1997 CD)
 * 6) Bring Out Your Dead
 * 7) Constitutional Peasants
 * 8) Witch Burning
 * 9) Logician
 * 10) Camelot Song
 * 11) The Quest for the Holy Grail
 * 12) Live from the Parking Lot at the Silbury Hill Theatre
 * 13) French Taunter (extended version on 1997 CD)
 * 14) Bomb Scare

Side Two

 * 1) This Is Side Two!
 * 2) Executive Version Announcement – Apology
 * 3) The Story So Far
 * 4) Brave Sir Robin
 * 5) The Knights Who Say Ni!
 * 6) Marilyn Monroe
 * 7) Swamp Castle
 * 8) Tim the Enchanter
 * 9) Drama Critique
 * 10) Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch
 * 11) The Bridge of Death (1997 CD version only)
 * 12) Executive Version Addendum
 * 13) French Taunter – Part 2
 * 14) Last Word

Bonus tracks on the 2006 special edition

 * 1) Arthur's Song
 * 2) Documentary - Terry Jones And Michael Palin
 * 3) Run Away Song

Music credits
The following is the list of musical works included on the album. They comprise a mixture of De Wolfe library music, self-penned Python songs and specially composed music by Neil Innes.

 * 1) Jeunesse (A. Mawer)
 * 2) Honours List (K. Papworth)
 * 3) Big Country (K. Papworth)
 * 4) Homeward Bound (T. Trombey)
 * 5) God Choir (Neil Innes)
 * 6) Fanfare (Neil Innes)
 * 7) Camelot Song (Graham Chapman, John Cleese & Neil Innes)
 * 8) Sunrise Music (Neil Innes)
 * 9) Magic Finger (K. Papworth)
 * 10) Sir Robin's Song (Eric Idle & Neil Innes)
 * 11) In The Shadows (No.3) (Paul Ferris)
 * 12) Desperate Moment (K. Essex)
 * 13) Knights Of Ni (Neil Innes)
 * 14) Circle Of Danger (B. Holmes)
 * 15) Love Theme (P. Knight)
 * 16) Magenta (R. Webb)
 * 17) Starlet In The Starlight (K. Essex)
 * 18) Monks Chant (Neil Innes)
 * 19) The Promised Land (S. Black)


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Talk:Invariance theorem

Untitled
Why is it a theorem if it "follows trivially from the definition of a universal turing machine"? Is there something more to it that I'm missing?--208.120.106.136 (talk) 08:43, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Although not problematic to those familiar with the diatype, at its face, the main connective of this formula is ambiguous:

 * $$C(x)=C_U(x) \leq C_M(x) + c$$.

An explanation of the meanings of C(x), C_U(x) and C_M(x) will also be needed. These explanations will likely be found in Li and Vitanyí's book. Since I don't have it handy, can anyone help clarify this theorem?

Also, in my opinion, any math article concerning a theorem should have (1) an informal statement of the theorem, (2) why it is significant, (3) an informal sketch of one of its proofs, and (4) eventually show a more formal proof. Vonkje 14:06, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

'Universality'
I added the word 'universal' at the last sentence of the proof. It could read 'invariant', but some texts refer to prefix programming languages as needing the two properties: This seemed to give clarity, but I feel it leaves the rest of article open to reinterpretation, i.e. what do we really mean by 'optimal'? -- ☯ Lightbound ☯   talk   07:56, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Prefix-free
 * Universal (invariance theorem)

Entries without a link to a Wikipedia article
I think it is useful to list also entries for which no article exists yet. Wilkibur 00:18, 6 November 2016

title: Talk:Invariance theorem


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Anna Netrebko

Anna Yuryevna Netrebko (Анна Юрьевна Нетребко; born 18 September 1971) is a Russian and Austrian operatic soprano who has performed at the Salzburg Festival, Metropolitan Opera, Vienna State Opera, the Royal Opera and La Scala.

Discovered and promoted by Valery Gergiev, she began her career at the Mariinsky Theatre, collaborating with the conductor in the theater and performances elsewhere. She was noticed globally after playing Donna Anna in Mozart's Don Giovanni at the 2002 Salzburg Festival. She had been known for her rendition of lyric and coloratura soprano roles yet later proceeded into heavier 19th-century romantic roles, such as Leonora in Il trovatore and the role of Lady Macbeth in Macbeth. Since 2016, she has turned her focus to verismo repertoire. In 2015 she married Azerbaijani tenor Yusif Eyvazov, with whom she has been performing frequently since.

She has been an exclusive artist for Deutsche Grammophon since 2003. She has won multiple Echo Klassik Awards, and was included on the Time 100 list in 2007. She was named a People's Artist of Russia in 2008, and an Austrian Kammersängerin in 2017.

Early life and training
Netrebko was born in Krasnodar in a family of Kuban Cossack background. While studying at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, Netrebko worked as a janitor at Saint Petersburg's Mariinsky Theatre. Later when she auditioned for the theatre, conductor Valery Gergiev, recognizing her from her prior work, subsequently became her vocal mentor.

Early career (1994–2001)
Under Gergiev's guidance, in 1994 Netrebko made her operatic stage debut at the Mariinsky at age 22 as Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro despite initially being billed as Barbarina. In the same year, she also performed as the Queen of the Night in The Magic Flute with the Riga Independent Opera Avangarda Akadēmija under conductor David Milnes. She subsequently became associated with the Mariinsky Theatre.

In autumn 1995, Netrebko made her American debut with Lyudmila at the San Francisco Opera. Following this successful performance, she was enrolled in the Merola Opera Program in summer 1996 and became a frequent guest singer in San Francisco in the next seasons, performing in L'elisir d'amore (Adina), Betrothal in a Monastery, Idomeneo (Ilia), La bohème (Musetta), The Tsar's Bride (Marfa), Don Giovanni (Zerlina), Falstaff (Nannetta). In 1998, she performed Lyudmila when the Mariinsky production of the opera was presented at the Metropolitan Opera House, and made Salzburg Festival debut in Parsifal conducted by Gergiev. She sang her first Violetta in Verdi's La traviata in the same year in Saint Petersburg, and her first Amina in La sonnambula the following year. In October 1999, she performed Gilda in Rigoletto at the Washington National Opera.

Rise to fame (2002–2010)
Netrebko made her debut with the Metropolitan Opera company in February 2002, as Natasha in the Met premiere of Prokofiev's War and Peace, and performed as Giulietta in I Capuleti e i Montecchi at the Opera Company of Philadelphia. Her international breakthrough came in August 2002, when she sang Donna Anna in Don Giovanni conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt at the Salzburg Festival, where she would be particularly associated. In September 2002, she returned to the Royal Opera for Servilia in La clemenza di Tito, and in next two seasons for Don Giovanni and Rigoletto. She then returned to Washington National Opera for Ilia in Idomeneo. In 2003, she made her Vienna State Opera and Bavarian State Opera debuts, both with Violetta in La traviata. In November 2003, she made her Los Angeles Opera debut with Lucia di Lammermoor, and would return in 2005 for Roméo et Juliette and in 2006 for Manon.

In February 2004, she returned to Vienna for Don Giovanni, and was subsequently invited as the guest performer at the Vienna Opera Ball, where she returned in 2007. She then starred in a Japan tour of La bohème in Robert Carsen's staging as Musetta conducted by Seiji Ozawa, and subsequently returned to San Francisco Opera in the same role. After withdrawing from two engagements, citing exhaustion, she returned to scene in November in Metropolitan Opera's La bohème as Musetta. In summer 2005, she starred in the premiere of Willy Decker's new staging of La traviata in Salzburg, conducted by Carlo Rizzi. In December 2005, she sang Gilda in Rigoletto at the Metropolitan Opera, and was featured in the premiere of Otto Schenk's new production of Don Pasquale and Japan tour of Don Giovanni in the same season.

In 2006 she sang Susanna in the new Claus Guth production of The Marriage of Figaro in Salzburg.

She sang Elvira in I puritani at the Metropolitan Opera in January 2007, and on 30 May 2007, Netrebko made her Carnegie Hall debut with Dmitri Hvorostovsky and the Orchestra of St. Luke's, which was originally scheduled on 2 March 2006 but she postponed due to not feeling artistically ready. She then performed Donna Anna at Covent Garden, but withdrew from some performances due to illness. She appeared at the Last Night of the Proms on 8 September of that year where she performed excerpts from La sonnambula and Giuditta, and the lied "Morgen!" by Richard Strauss with Joshua Bell. In the fall of 2007 she reprised her role as Juliette in Roméo et Juliette at the Metropolitan Opera.

In December 2007 Netrebko was invited to honor Martin Scorsese at the 30th Annual Kennedy Center Honors, performing the aria "O mio babbino caro". In January 2008 she performed Violetta at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden to triumphant acclaim on the opening night, opposite Jonas Kaufmann and Dmitri Hvorostovsky in performances conducted by Maurizio Benini. However, she cancelled three subsequent performances due to suffering a bronchial condition. In May 2008, she made her Paris Opera debut in Bellini's I Capuleti e i Montecchi at the Opéra Bastille, with Joyce DiDonato as Romeo. In her first performance after her maternity leave, Netrebko sang Lucia in Lucia di Lammermoor when it opened at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg on 14 January 2009, in a production from the Scottish Opera led by John Doyle. She then sang the same role in January and February 2009 at the Metropolitan Opera. Netrebko appeared as Giulietta in I Capuleti e i Montecchi at the Royal Opera House in Spring 2009, and as Violetta in La traviata in June 2009 at the San Francisco Opera.

She presented the Deutscher Medienpreis 2009 to Chancellor Angela Merkel and sang Strauss' "Cäcilie" at the ceremony in Baden-Baden on 9 February 2010.

Through April and May 2010, she made a series of appearances at the Vienna State Opera in La bohème, Carmen, Manon. Originally scheduled in I puritani as well, she cancelled the appearance citing illness. She starred in Laurent Pelly's new Manon production at the Royal Opera, and sang Juliette at the Salzburg Festival. In October 2010, she returned to New York's Metropolitan Opera for Norina in Don Pasquale, the matinee performance on 13 November of which was broadcast nationwide by PBS.

Heavier roles (2011–2022)
On 2 April 2011, she sang the title role of Gaetano Donizetti's Anna Bolena at the Vienna State Opera for a sold-out premiere there, and the repeat performance on 5 April 2011 was broadcast live to cinemas around the world. On 7 December 2011, she opened the new season at La Scala in Milan, making her house debut, as Donna Anna in Don Giovanni. She has the distinction of being invited to appear in three consecutive opening night new productions at the Metropolitan Opera: Anna Bolena in 2011, L'elisir d'amore in 2012, and Eugene Onegin in 2013. Her performance as Lady Macbeth in the Metropolitan's 2014 fall season's production of Macbeth, a revival of Adrian Noble's 2007 production, drew critical praise and demonstrated her voice is still expanding in range and volume. She continued her expansion into heavier Verdi roles at the Met the following year, singing the role of Leonora in Il trovatore to acclaim from both critics and audiences.

She participated in the gala concert inaugurating the Mariinsky Theatre Second Stage on 2 May 2013. She was invited to perform the Olympic Anthem, in Russian, at the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony.

In April 2016, Netrebko announced her withdrawal from productions of Bellini's Norma at the Royal Opera House's 2016/17 season and the Metropolitan Opera's 2017/18 season due to the change in her voice. The vacancies were filled respectively by Sonya Yoncheva and Sondra Radvanovsky. She then made her debut as Elsa in Lohengrin at the Semperoper in Dresden, and then went to Saint Petersburg for the same role at the Mariinsky Theatre.

She made several role debuts in 2017, including the title role of Adriana Lecouvreur at Mariinsky Theatre in June, the title role of Aida at Salzburg Festival in August, and Maddalena in Andrea Chénier at La Scala in December. In 2018, she debuted as Tosca at the Metropolitan Opera in April and performed at the Summer Night Concert Schönbrunn on 31 May.

In 2018, she performed in both gala concerts at the Red Square on 13 June and at the Bolshoi Theatre on 14 July, respectively commemorating the opening and closing of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 8 September 2018 she took part in the inauguration gala concert of Zaryadye Concert Hall in Moscow, which was streamed on Medici.tv. In February 2019, she opened the 2019 Vienna Opera Ball. She was featured in the opening ceremony of 2019 European Games in Minsk on 21 June and inaugurated the first concert season of the Congress Hall at the Yekaterinburg Expo on 30 August 2019.

In June 2020 Netrebko performed highlights from Verdi's Don Carlo in reduced concert form at the Semperoper as part of its "Aufklang!" series which reopened the theatre after the first COVID-19 lockdown in Germany. She went on debuting at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples for semi-staged Tosca with her husband and Ludovic Tézier. In September 2020 she had to self-isolate after her co-star in Don Carlo at the Bolshoi Theatre, Ildar Abdrazakov, was tested positive for COVID-19. She was soon hospitalised in Moscow, being treated for COVID-19-related pneumonia for about a week.

Boycott, March 2022
On 26 February 2022, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Netrebko released a statement in which she voiced her opposition to the war but disagreed with forcing one to voice one's political opinion. Despite her statement, she faced pressure from performance institutions for failing to distance herself from Russian president Vladimir Putin. On 1 March 2022, she said she would "retire from concert life until further notice". Immediately prior to this announcement, she withdrew from opera productions in Milan and Zürich, while the Bavarian State Opera cancelled existing engagements with both her and Valery Gergiev. Two days later, the Metropolitan Opera removed her from the upcoming Turandot, replacing her with the Ukrainian Liudmyla Monastyrska in the title role,   and from Don Carlos in the 2023 season. The Berlin State Opera and Festspielhaus Baden-Baden also cancelled her appearances, with the latter not ruling out future cooperation. Finn McRedmond of The Irish Times said that such a "wholesale boycott of Russia" would be "a dangerous departure from Western values".

On 30 March 2022, Netrebko released another statement where she announced plans to resume her public performances from May 2022, and repeated her condemnation of the war in Ukraine, distancing herself from Putin.

"I expressly condemn the war on Ukraine and my thoughts are with the victims of this war and their families. My position is clear. I am not a member of any political party nor am I allied with any leader of Russia. I acknowledge and regret that past actions or statements of mine could have been misinterpreted. In fact, I have met President Putin only a handful of times in my entire life, most notably on the occasion of receiving awards in recognition of my art or at the Olympics opening ceremony. I have otherwise never received any financial support from the Russian Government, and live and am a tax resident in Austria. I love my homeland of Russia and only seek peace and unity through my art. After taking my announced break, I will resume performing in late May, initially in Europe."

Netrebko was denounced as a traitor of Russia after her second statement, with her Russian performances cancelled and a Duma deputy suggesting that she resign from her Russian titles. Berlin State Opera manager Matthias Schulz later announced that he had been contacting Netrebko about performances scheduled in 2023.

In June 2022, Netrebko filed a labor grievance against the Met with the assistance of the American Guild of Musical Artists. In March 2023, an arbitrator ordered the Met to pay her over $200,000 for the cancelled performances while she pay a $30,000 penalty for making "highly inappropriate" statements following the invasion.

Later career
In April 2022, Netrebko stepped in for Maria Agresta in Manon Lescaut at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo. Her solo concerts in May 2022 at the Philharmonie de Paris and La Scala were described by the press as "triumphant". During summer 2022, she sang Aida and Turandot at the Arena di Verona with critical acclaim. In September 2022, she opened the 2022/23 season of the Vienna State Opera, singing Mimi in La bohème. Her attendance was met with mostly applause and boos from some protesters.

In June 2023, she opened the 100th edition of Arena di Verona Festival as Aida from Verdi. On 24 July 2023, she made her debuts at the Théâtre Antique d'Orange, closing the Chorégies d'Orange festival with a Verdi Gala also featuring Yusif Eyvasov and conducted by Michelangelo Mazza.

In May 2024, Netrebko performed Puccini's Turandot at the Internationale Maifestspiele Wiesbaden in a new production of the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden with stage direction and scenic design by Daniela Kerck. A reviewer from the Frankfurter Rundschau wrote that her heavy soprano was precise in all registers, with a velvety middle range, and her acting responsive to the story-line.

Use of face-darkening makeup
Netrebko has often performed the titular character in Aida, an Ethiopian princess, with face-darkening makeup, including her role debut at the Salzburg Festival in 2017, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 2018—despite the opera company's 2015 pledge to eliminate the use of face-darkening makeup in its productions. In June 2019 she defended such choice in the comments under her Instagram post for a performance.

In July 2022, Netrebko and the Arena di Verona Festival faced heavy criticism for performing in blackface, following the release of publicity photos for a performance of Aida. Subsequently, American soprano Angel Blue canceled her upcoming performances of La traviata at the Festival, citing the company's insistence on maintaining the practice. Blue's cancellation initiated heated discussion. Tenor Yusif Eyvazov, Netrebko's husband, called Blue's decision "disgusting," while mezzo-soprano Grace Bumbry offered a conciliatory perspective.

Other notable singers to have publicly spoken out against the use of blackface in Opera include the mezzo-soprano Jamie Barton who named Netrebko directly, and Stephanie Blythe, who suggested an abstention from performing operas that have typically featured white singers made up to appear as other ethnicities.

Responding to the controversy surrounding blackface, the Arena di Verona Festival claimed it is "very hard to change" the production to avoid the use of blackface (this staging dates from 2002). The Festival also stated that when Blue signed her contract for La traviata, this staging of Aida was already planned and she should already have known that blackface was to be used.

Other activities
Netrebko serves as an honorary director of the Russian Children's Welfare Society and has featured in several editions of "Petroushka Ball", the major fund raiser of the charity. In 2007, she was announced to be an ambassador for SOS Children's Villages in Austria, and a sponsor for the Tomilino village in Russia. She has been supporting the association "projekt Anna - Kinderhilfe Kaliningrad e.V." since 2005, and became its patron in 2008. In May 2012, she and her then-partner Erwin Schrott jointly founded the charitable foundation "Anna Netrebko and Erwin Schrott 4 Kids", aiming to promote education, art, culture and youth welfare.

Netrebko made a cameo appearance as herself in the 2004 film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement.

She has worn several designs by Austrian fashion designer Irina Vitjaz, who is a close friend of hers.

Political activity and relationship with Vladimir Putin
As of 2022, there has been a debate over her association with Russian president Vladimir Putin. In 2012 she appeared on a list of 499 celebrities endorsing Putin in the 2012 Russian presidential election alongside Valery Gergiev and Denis Matsuev. She later explained this as a gesture of recognition of Putin's support for the arts. After a blogger published that she also appeared on a declaration of support for Putin in 2018 she stated several times that she did not sign this declaration, that her name was kept from the 2012 list without her approval and that she did not even participate in the vote.

In 2011, she rejected claims that she and Putin had formerly been romantically involved, though she said "I'd have loved to have been ... he's a very attractive man. Such a strong, male energy."

In December 2014, she gave a ₽1,000,000 cheque to Oleg Tsaryov saying she was donating to the Donetsk Opera and Ballet Theatre, and posed alongside him with a flag of Novorossiya, a self-proclaimed confederation in Ukraine. Tsaryov is one of the individuals sanctioned by the European Union for his role in the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine. Netrebko said in a statement, "I want to make clear, however, that this donation is not a political act."

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Netrebko has held varying public stances. In late February, she said on social media that she opposed the invasion, but subsequently described people who forced her to express her political position as "human s***s" who "are as evil as blind aggressors." After her second statement on 30 March 2022, where she repeated her condemnation of the war in Ukraine, distancing herself from Putin, the Putin-controlled Russian Duma denounced her a traitor to her nation.

Since January 2023, she was among the public figures who was sanctioned by the Government of Ukraine.

Public image
Time magazine placed her on its Time 100 list in 2007. She was named one of the Beautiful People in 2013 by Paper.

Personal life
Netrebko applied for Austrian citizenship in Vienna in March 2006. In response to the backlash in her native country, she cited the cumbersome and humiliating process of obtaining visas as a Russian citizen for her many performances abroad as the main reason for the decision. In late July, the Council of Ministers approved the application for her "special merits", despite the fact that she neither spoke German nor lived in Austria. Netrebko started a relationship with Italian bass-baritone Simone Alberghini when they met during performances of Rigoletto at the Washington National Opera in 1999. She announced their engagement but did not consider marrying due to a busy schedule. In May 2007 their relationship was confirmed as ended.

In December 2007 Netrebko became engaged to Uruguayan bass-baritone Erwin Schrott, whom she first met during a collaboration in 2003. In April 2008, she announced their marriage, but their wedding never in fact took place. Their son, Tiago Aruã, was born on 5 September 2008 in Vienna. On 25 November 2013, the couple announced their separation, after several months of largely separate lives.

In February 2014, during rehearsals for a staging of Manon Lescaut in Rome, Netrebko began a relationship with Azerbaijani tenor, her co-star in that opera. Five months later, the couple announced their engagement. They married in Vienna on 29 December 2015. Their official wedding ceremony took place at the Palais Coburg, and the following celebration at the Gartenpalais Liechtenstein welcomed 180 guests in attendance, including Plácido Domingo.

Netrebko has apartments in Saint Petersburg, Vienna, and New York City. Since her pregnancy she had been looking for a new residence in Vienna. In 2008, she purchased and renovated a penthouse apartment at Franziskanerplatz. The renovation was not finished and she still lived in her original apartment by 2010. The building was evacuated in February 2010 due to acute danger of collapsing and only reopened two months later. In November 2009, she moved into a new apartment above Lincoln Square, Manhattan, where she combined two units for additional space.

Musical awards
Netrebko won 2006 Bambi Award in the classical music category. She was awarded the "World Star" of the BraVo International Professional Music Awards 2018.

She won the 2007 Singer of the Year and the 2008 Female Artist of Year in the Classical Brit Awards. She was identified by the journal Musical America as "a genuine superstar for the 21st century" and was named Musician of the Year for 2008. Netrebko was one of the recipients of Leading Ladies Award 2012 awarded by Madonna magazine. She received another Leading Ladies Award in the category of Culture in 2016. She was presented an Opera News Award in April 2016.

Netrebko won the "Female Singer of the Year" (Sängerin des Jahres) in the 2014 and 2016 Echo Klassik Award. She was awarded "Best Vocalist in Classical Music" at the Russian National Music Awards in 2016, 2017 and 2018. She won the Best Female Singer in the 2017 International Opera Awards. On 26 October 2018, the Metropolitan Opera Guild honored her on its annual luncheon. In 2020 she was awarded the Swedish Polar Music Prize and the Victoire d'honneur in the Victoires de la musique classique.

In September 2022, she received an "Österreichischer Musiktheaterpreis" as Best Female Leading Role for her portrayal of Lady Macbeth in “Macbeth” in Wiener Staatsoper.

State honors and others
In 2004, Netrebko was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. In February 2008, she was named People's Artist of Russia. In May 2018, she received the Order of Friendship from the Azerbaijani president. In February 2017, the Austrian government named her Kammersängerin.

On 18 September 2021, Netrebko celebrated her 50th birthday with a concert held in the Kremlin in Moscow. The concert featured friends and stars as Eyvazov, Rolando Villazon, Plácido Domingo or Michael Volle. Putin congratulated from afar through Dmitri Peskov, because he had been exposed to Corona cases. Part of the proceeds from ticket sales will be donated to the Arithmetic of Good charity fund, which helps orphans.

Asteroid 31104 Annanetrebko was named in her honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 2018 (M.P.C. 108697).

Opera roles

 * Susanna, Le nozze di Figaro (Mozart)
 * Königin der Nacht, Die Zauberflöte (Mozart)
 * Lyudmila, Ruslan and Lyudmila (Glinka)
 * Pamina, Die Zauberflöte (Mozart)
 * Rosina, Il barbiere di Siviglia (Rossini)
 * Adina, L'elisir d'amore (Donizetti)
 * Micaëla, Carmen (Bizet)
 * Flower Maiden, Parsifal (Wagner)
 * Louisa, Betrothal in a Monastery (Prokofiev)
 * Xenia, Boris Godunov (Mussorgsky)
 * Ninetta, The Love for Three Oranges (Prokofiev)
 * Violetta, La traviata (Verdi)
 * Amina, La sonnambula (Bellini)
 * Teresa, Benvenuto Cellini (Berlioz)
 * Gilda, Rigoletto (Verdi)
 * Ilia, Idomeneo (Mozart)
 * Musetta, La bohème (Puccini)
 * Natasha, War and Peace (Prokofiev)
 * Lucia, Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti)
 * Zerlina, Don Giovanni (Mozart)
 * Marfa, The Tsar's Bride (Rimsky-Korsakov)
 * Antonia, Les contes d'Hoffmann (Offenbach)
 * Giulietta, I Capuleti e i Montecchi (Bellini)
 * Donna Anna, Don Giovanni (Mozart)
 * Servilia, La clemenza di Tito (Mozart)
 * Juliette, Roméo et Juliette (Gounod)
 * Mimì, La bohème (Puccini)
 * Norina, Don Pasquale (Donizetti)
 * Manon Lescaut, Manon (Massenet)
 * Elvira, I puritani (Bellini)
 * Iolanta, Iolanta (Tchaikovsky)
 * Anna Bolena, Anna Bolena (Donizetti)
 * Tatiana, Eugene Onegin (Tchaikovsky)
 * Giovanna, Giovanna d'Arco (Verdi)
 * Leonora, Il trovatore (Verdi)
 * Manon Lescaut, Manon Lescaut (Puccini)
 * Lady Macbeth, Macbeth (Verdi)
 * Sylva Varescu, Die Csárdásfürstin (Kálmán)
 * Elsa, Lohengrin (Wagner)
 * Adriana Lecouvreur, Adriana Lecouvreur (Cilea)
 * Maddalena de Coigny, Andrea Chénier (Giordano)
 * Aida, Aida (Verdi)
 * Floria Tosca, Tosca (Puccini)
 * Leonora, La forza del destino (Verdi)
 * Turandot, Turandot (Puccini)
 * Elisabetta, Don Carlos (Verdi)

title: Anna Netrebko


text:
Development regions of Romania

The development regions of Romania (Regiunile de dezvoltare ale României) refer to the eight regional divisions created in Romania in 1998 in order to better co-ordinate regional development as Romania progressed towards accession to the European Union (EU). The development regions correspond to NUTS 2-level divisions in EU member states. Despite becoming increasingly significant in regional development projects, Romania's development regions do not actually have an administrative status and do not have a legislative or executive council or government. Rather, they serve a function for allocating EU PHARE funds for regional development, as well as for collection of regional statistics. They also co-ordinate a range of regional development projects and became members of the Committee of the Regions when Romania joined the EU on January 1, 2007.

List
There are eight development regions in Romania, which (with the exception of București-Ilfov) are named by their geographical position in the country:
 * RO1 – Macroregiunea Unu:
 * Nord-Vest – RO11; 6 counties; 2,521,793 inhabitants; 34159 km2
 * Centru – RO12; 6 counties; 2,271,066 inhabitants; 34082 km2
 * RO2 – Macroregiunea Doi:
 * Nord-Est – RO21; 6 counties; 3,226,436 inhabitants; 36850 km2
 * Sud-Est – RO22; 6 counties; 2,367,987 inhabitants; 35762 km2
 * RO3 – Macroregiunea Trei:
 * Sud - Muntenia – RO31; 7 counties; 2,864,337 inhabitants; 34489 km2
 * București - Ilfov – RO32; 1 county and Bucharest; 2,259,669 inhabitants; 1811 km2
 * RO4 – Macroregiunea Patru:
 * Sud-Vest Oltenia – RO41; 5 counties; 1,873,606 inhabitants; 29212 km2
 * Vest – RO42; 4 counties; 1,668,921 inhabitants; 32028 km2

HDI index
[[File: NUTS 2 regions of Romania by HDI.svg |thumb|355x355px|Map of Romanian regions by HDI in 2021.

Legend: {{legend|#00023aff|≥ 0.900}} {{legend|#000074ff|0.820 – 0.900}} {{legend|#4769ffff|0.800 – 0.819}} {{legend|#aabdefff|0.750 - 0.799}}]]

List of NUTS2 statistical regions of Romania by Human Development Index as of 2021

title: Development regions of Romania


text:
Open-jaw ticket

An open-jaw ticket is an airline return ticket where the destination and/or the origin are not the same in both directions. The name is derived from how it looks when drawn on a map.

Types
There are three types:

 * Destination open-jaw, where a passenger flies from one city to another, but returns to the original city from a different place. For example, depart London to New York, but on the return trip fly from Philadelphia to London.
 * Origin open-jaw, where the passenger leaves from one city to another but returns to a different place. For example, flying from London to New York, but returning from New York to Manchester.
 * Double open-jaw, where two totally separate fares exist. For example, flying from London to New York, but on the return trip flying from Boston to Manchester.

Using different airports in the same city is not considered an open-jaw, so a passenger on a London to JFK trip who returned from Newark would still be a simple round trip as both airports are considered to be serving metropolitan New York City.

ARNK
The open gaps between the cities show on the itinerary as ARNK, the same code that shows on an airline or agency's Global Distribution System. The term (pronounced arunk) means "arrival unknown".

The reason for this is that airline reservation systems (and major GDSs) require the segments following on sequentially, so arriving at one city, and then departing from another, will cause the system to return an error message. The ARNK field tells the system that this is intentional, and also allows for the ticketing system to blank the unused coupons of a ticket.

A typical destination open-jaw would look like this on an itinerary, with the ARNK on the second segment to show that it is not being flown on that ticket.

Reasons for using open-jaw tickets
In some cases, this type of arrangement is needed for boat cruises that do not return to the departure city. In other cases, the traveller wishes to explore between two points and using alternative transport (e.g. buses, trains, ferries or flights on another ticket). For example, a traveller might fly from London to Bangkok, travel around Thailand by public transport and fly back home to London from Phuket. Another example would be a traveller flying from New York City to London, travelling around different countries in Europe by taking buses / trains or low-cost carrier flights, then returning from Vilnius. Open-jaw tickets are a flexible and relatively inexpensive way of flying as they are priced as a round-trip ticket, in most cases less expensive than purchasing two one-way flights between the destinations visited.

Another market commonly traveled under an open-jaw itinerary is the one of local one-way tours. Take, for example, a tour of Florida, where a traveler flying into Jacksonville, Orlando, or Miami rents a car or joins a bus tour at their arrival airport, and returns the car or ends the tour in the town from which they will be flying home.

Restrictions
Some routing restrictions can apply to open-jaw tickets. The most common restriction is that the open-jaw segments must be shorter than the flown segments. In some circumstances, the destination and return origin must be in the same IATA region, or may be restricted to the same country.

title: Open-jaw ticket


text:
Cantabri

The Cantabri (Καντάβροι, Kantabroi) or Ancient Cantabrians, were a pre-Roman people and large tribal federation that lived in the northern coastal region of ancient Iberia in the second half of the first millennium BC. These peoples and their territories were incorporated into the Roman Province of Hispania Tarraconensis in 19 BC, following the Cantabrian Wars.

Name
Cantabri is a Latinized form of a local name, presumably meaning "Highlanders" and deriving from the reconstructed root *cant- ("mountain") in Ancient Ligurian. During the High and Late Middle Ages, as well as Modern Period, the name refers usually to the Basques.

Geography

Cantabria, the land of the Cantabri, originally comprised much of the highlands of the northern Spanish Atlantic coast, including the whole of modern Cantabria province, eastern Asturias, nearby mountainous regions of Castile and León, the northern of province of Palencia and province of Burgos and northeast of province of León. Following the Roman conquest, this area was, however, much reduced, making up only Cantabria and eastern Asturias.

Origins
The ancestors of the Cantabri were thought by the Romans to have migrated to the Iberian Peninsula around the 4th Century BC, and were said by them to be more mixed than most peninsular Celtic peoples. By the 1st century BC they comprised eleven or so tribes—Avarigines,, Camarici or Tamarici, Concani, Coniaci or Conisci, Morecani, Noegi, Orgenomesci, Plentuisii, Salaeni, Vadinienses, and Vellici or Velliques—gathered into a tribal confederacy with the town of Aracillum (Castro de Espina del Gallego, Sierra del Escudo – Cantabria), located at the strategic Besaya river valley, as their capital. Other important Cantabrian hillforts included Villeca/Vellica ( – Palencia), Bergida (Castro de Monte Bernorio – Palencia) and Amaya/Amaia ( – Burgos).

A detailed analysis of place-names in ancient Cantabria shows a strong Celtic element along with an almost equally strong "Para-Celtic" element (both Indo-European) and thus disproves the idea of a substantial pre-Indo-European or Basque presence in the region. This supports the earlier view that Untermann considered the most plausible, coinciding with archaeological evidence put forward by Ruiz-Gálvez in 1998, that the Celtic settlement of the Iberian Peninsula was made by people who arrived via the Atlantic Ocean in an area between Brittany and the mouth of the River Garonne, finally settling along the Galician and Cantabrian coast.

Early history
Regarded as savage and untamable mountaineers, the Cantabri long defied the Roman legions and made a name for themselves for their independent spirit and freedom. Indeed, Cantabri warriors were regarded as being tough and fierce fighters, suitable for mercenary employment, but prone to banditry.

The earliest references to them are found in the texts of ancient historians such as Livy and Polybius, who mention Cantabrian mercenaries in Carthaginian service in the late 3rd century BC. During the 2nd Punic War, a Cantabrian mercenary contingent is mentioned in Hannibal's army, whilst another Cantabri mercenary band led by a chieftain named Larus was recruited by Mago and fought in Celtiberia against the propraetor Marcus Junius Silanus in 207 BC. That same year, other Cantabrian mercenaries fought alongside the Astures' at the Battle of the Metaurus, and later Cantabrian war-bands fought for the Vaccaei and Celtiberians in the Celtiberian Wars of the 2nd century BC. Another author, Cornelius Nepos, claims that the Cantabrian tribes first submitted to Rome upon Cato the Elder's campaigns in Celtiberia in 195 BC. In any case, such was their reputation that when a battered Roman army under consul Gaius Hostilius Mancinus was besieging Numantia in 137 BC, the rumor of the approach of a large combined Cantabri-Vaccaei relief force was enough to cause the rout of 20,000 panic-stricken Roman legionaries, forcing Mancinus to surrender under humiliating peace terms.

The Cantabrian Wars
In the early 1st century BC, the Cantabri began to play a double game by lending their services to individual Roman generals on occasion but, at same time, supported rebellions within Roman Spanish provinces and carried out raids in times of unrest. This opportunistic policy led them to side with Pompey during the final phase of the Sertorian Wars (82–72 BC), and they continued to follow the Pompeian cause until the defeat of his generals Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius at the battle of Ilerda (Lérida) in 49 BC. Prior to that, the Cantabri had unsuccessfully intervened in the Gallic Wars by sending in 56 BC an allegedly 40,000-strong army to help the Aquitani tribes of south-eastern Gaul against the legate Publius Crassus, the son of Marcus Crassus serving under Julius Caesar, who succeeded in overpowering and destroying the combined Cantabri-Aquitani force of 50,000 men in their own camp and slaughtered 38,000 of them.

Under the leadership of the chieftain Corocotta, the Cantabri’s own predatory raids on the Vaccaei, Turmodigi and Autrigones whose rich territories they coveted, according to Florus, coupled with their backing of a Vaccaei anti-Roman revolt in 29 BC, ultimately led to the outbreak of the First Cantabrian Wars, which resulted in their conquest and partial annihilation by Emperor Augustus. The remaining Cantabrian population and their tribal lands were absorbed into the newly created Transduriana Province under the suffect consul Lucius Sestius Albanianus Quirinalis.

Nevertheless, the harsh measures devised by Augustus and implemented by his legate Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa to pacify the province in the aftermath of the campaign only contributed to further instability in Cantabria. Near-constant tribal uprisings (including a serious slave revolt in 20 BC that quickly spread to neighboring Asturias) and guerrilla warfare continued to plague the Cantabrian lands until the early 1st century AD, when the region was granted a form of local self-rule upon being included in the new Hispania Tarraconensis province.

Romanization
Although the Romans founded colonies and established military garrisons at Castra Legio Pisoraca (camp of Legio IIII Macedonica – Palencia), Octaviolca (near Valdeolea – Cantabria) and Iuliobriga (Retortillo – Reinosa), Cantabria never became fully romanized and its people preserved many aspects of Celtic language, religion and culture well into the Roman period. The Cantabri did not lose their warrior skills either, providing auxiliary troops (Auxilia) that served in two identified infantry cohorts (cohortes quingenariae peditatae – Cohors I Cantabrorum, Cohors II Cantabrorum) and in some cavalry units (Ala Hispanorum, Ala I Augusta, Ala Pannoniorum, Ala Batavorum or Baetasiorum, Cohors I Latobicorum) to the Roman Imperial army for decades, and these troops participated in Emperor Claudius' invasion of Britain in AD 43–60.

Early Middle Ages
The Cantabri re-emerged, as did their neighbors the Astures, amid the chaos of the Migration Period of the late 4th century. Thenceforward the Cantabri started to be Christianized and were violently crushed by the Visigoths in the 6th century. However, Cantabria and the Cantabri are heard of many decades later in the context of the Visigoth wars against the Vascones (late 7th century). They only became fully Latinized in their language and culture after the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century.

Culture
According to Pliny the Elder Cantabria also contained gold, silver, tin, lead and iron mines, as well as magnetite and amber, but little is known about them; Strabo also mentions salt extraction in mines, such as the ones existent around Cabezón de la Sal, and describes a post-childbirth ritual in which the mother had to get up and the father go to bed, to be cared for by the mother.

Religion
Literary and epigraphic evidence confirms that, like their Gallaeci and Astures neighbors, the Cantabri were polytheistic, worshipping a vast and complex pantheon of male and female Indo-European deities in sacred oak or pine woods, mountains, water-courses and small rural sanctuaries.

Druidism does not appear to have been practiced by the Cantabri, though there is enough evidence for the existence of an organized priestly class who performed elaborated rites, which included ritual steam baths, festive dances, oracles, divination, human and animal sacrifices. In this respect, Strabo mentions that the peoples of the north-west sacrificed horses to an unnamed God of War, and both Horace and Silius Italicus added that the Concani had the custom of drinking the horse’s blood at the ceremony.

title: Cantabri


text:
Patna, East Ayrshire

Patna is a village in East Ayrshire, Scotland, straddling the traditional districts of Carrick and Kyle.

It was established in 1802 by William Fullarton to provide housing for workers on the coalfields of his estate. Fullarton's father had worked as an employee of the British East India Company, and the town is named after the city of Patna in the Bihar province of India. Patna lies southeast of Ayr on the A713 to Castle Douglas at its junction with the road to Kirkmichael just north of Dalmellington. Patna lies between the villages of Polnessan and Waterside, and the River Doon flows through it.

The Patna Campus was completed in 2012 and hosts Patna Primary School (a non-denominational school. Head Teacher - C. McPhail), St Xavier's Primary School (a Catholic primary school which was formerly located in Waterside but has been moved into Patna, and is also attended by pupils from Dalmellington, Bellsbank, Maybole and surrounding areas. Head Teacher - A. Rooney)

A secondary school, Doon Academy, is located in the nearby village of Dalmellington.

Patna also has a small library and fitness gym and a community centre contained within the Patna Campus, a health centre, some shops, a football field, a bar “The Wheatsheaf Inn”, access to numerous country walks, an orange and masonic lodge and a golf club (although the golf course is now closed). The River Doon is popular with local anglers. There are two bridges within the village, used as vehicle and pedestrian crossing points over the River Doon. These bridges are known locally as the 'ol brig' and 'new brig'.

The village was served until 1964 by Patna railway station. The platforms have been demolished and nothing remains of the station.

Famous residents

 * Sir David Campbell MC FRSE (1889-1978) was born and raised in Patna.

title: Patna, East Ayrshire


text:
Atok

Atok may refer to:

 * ATOK software
 * Atok, Benguet
 * Atok, Cameroon
 * Atok barangay in Flora, Apayao

title: Atok


text:
Bakun

Bakun may refer to:
 * Bakun, Benguet, a third class municipality in Benguet Province, Philippines
 * Bakun Dam, an embankment dam in East Malaysia
 * Bakun, a colloquial form of the Russian male first name Avvakum

title: Bakun


text:
Bokod

Bokod can refer to:

 * Bokod, Benguet: a municipality in Benguet province, Philippines
 * Bokod, Hungary: a village in Komárom-Esztergom county, Hungary

title: Bokod


text:
Kabayan (radio program)

Kabayan (KApangyarihan ng mamamayan, BAlita at talakaYAN; ) is a long-running radio program anchored by Noli de Castro that currently airs on DWPM and its television counterpart TeleRadyo Serbisyo and Prime TV. It is previously aired on DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and its television counterpart ABS-CBN TeleRadyo from 1986 to 2001 and from 2010 to 2023. It was also simulcast on ABS-CBN in 2010 and 2020 and on Kapamilya Channel from 2020 to 2023.

History
Kabayan (Kapangyarihan ng Mamamayan, Balita at Talakayan) premiered in late 1986 on DZMM with Noli de Castro, coinciding with his move from late-afternoons to early mornings after DZMM Balita (renamed Radyo Patrol Balita). The program focuses on issues relating to the political and social situation in the Philippines. Its efforts resulted to the show becoming DZMM's top-rating radio program.

In March 2001, it had to end its run in order to allow de Castro to run for the Senate. Replacement programs and eventually Todo Balita took over the timeslot.

On July 12, 2010, Kabayan returned to DZMM with de Castro as its host, replacing Todo Balita on the 5:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. time slot. During this period, approximately its first 15 minutes was also simulcast on free-to-air television via ABS-CBN. On January 10, 2011, the program was moved to the 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. time slot, combining it with Radyo Patrol Balita: Alas Siyete, wherein de Castro joined Ted Failon as the co-anchor of the newscast; Failon also joined de Castro as the co-anchor of Kabayan's 7:30am edition. In January 2020, the program updated its OBB and title card on DZMM TeleRadyo, in preparation for the 10th anniversary celebration of the program's return to air.

From March 18 to May 1, 2020, Kabayan and Radyo Patrol Balita Alas-Siyete were simulcast on ABS-CBN from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m., temporarily replacing Umagang Kay Ganda as provisional programming, due to the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The program was also simulcast alongside Radyo Patrol Balita: Alas Siyete (later as TeleBalita and TeleRadyo Balita) from June 15 to September 18, 2020, on Kapamilya Channel.

On September 21, 2020, Kabayan began airing at its new timeslot at 8:00 am, limiting it back to a runtime of one hour, to make way for the return of Gising Pilipinas at 6:00 am. The move temporarily ended its simulcast on Kapamilya Channel before resuming again on October 26.

On October 7, 2021, the program temporary stopped its broadcast as de Castro left the network to run for senator once again. TeleRadyo's special coverage on the last day of filing of certificate of candidacies for the 2022 elections and eventually TeleRadyo Balita and On the Spot took over the timeslot. However, de Castro withdrew his candidacy on October 13, thus making the program return on November 8 on the same timeslot.

Originally, Kabayan, along with other TeleRadyo programs, would air its final live broadcast on June 29, 2023 as TeleRadyo would supposedly cease its broadcast operations on pay TV and satellite at 10:15p.m. However, few days before the planned closure of the channel, ABS-CBN has decided not to push through with it and instead the program would continue to broadcast, this time on TeleRadyo Serbisyo and DWPM, which marked its return to AM radio on June 30 after three years.

Format
Kabayan is a commentary program where de Castro tackles the latest issues.

Among the notable features of the program was its signature closing song, What a Wonderful World by Louis Armstrong and Kenny G. The ending song was temporarily shelved in January 2019 and replaced by random old songs chosen by de Castro. However, it was reverted into the original song after a while.

Since May 8, 2020, the song was replaced again by Kapamilya Forever (and later Tinig ng mga Nawalan, Ikaw ang Liwanag at Ligaya, Ikaw ang Sunshine Ko, Isang Pamilya Tayo, Bawal Lumabas (The Classroom Song), Andito Tayo Para Sa Isa't Isa, Tayo Ang Ligaya Ng Isa't Isa and Pasko: Ang Pinakamagandang Kwento), in support of ABS-CBN and DZMM when both stations were closed due to a cease and desist order issued by the NTC. However, in 2021, the closing song had its replacement, Feel Good Pilipinas by KZ Tandingan and BGYO, until it was temporarily replaced by Tayo Ang Ligaya ng Isa't Isa, except when the program is overtime. On July 11, 2023, coinciding with the program returning to AM radio, it was reverted to its original signature closing song.

From 2011 to 2020, the program, when it was aired from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m., used to be combined with Radyo Patrol Balita: Alas Siyete (later rebranded as TeleBalita) from 7:00 a.m. to 7:30 a.m. wherein de Castro joins Ted Failon, who was later replaced by Ricky Rosales and then Joyce Balancio after Failon leaving the network on August 31, 2020.

On some occasions when de Castro would not appear on his program due to special assignments, health concerns, and other days off, an alternative anchor would host the program. The Radyo Patrol Balita: Alas Siyete/TeleBalita/TeleRadyo (Serbisyo) Balita portion would be anchored by Joyce Balancio and the designated substitute. Among his former relievers were the late Lito Villarosa, Ted Failon, Aljo Bendijo, Erwin Tulfo, Cheryl Cosim, Mon Ilagan, Ricky Rosales and Gerry Baja - with Villarosa being the most notable due to his vocal resemblance with De Castro; this lasted until 1993 and 2000 when his role as a lead reliever was taken over by Ted Failon.

Anchors

 * Noli de Castro (1986–2001, 2010–present)

 * Substitute anchors
 * Adrian Ayalin
 * Joyce Balancio
 * Johnson Manabat
 * Alvin Elchico
 * Robert Mano
 * Tony Velasquez
 * Danny Buenafe
 * Sherrie Ann Torres
 * Henry Omaga-Diaz
 * Doris Bigornia
 * Jeff Canoy
 * Jonathan Magistrado
 * Imee Estareja
 * Rica Lazo
 * Lyza Aquino
 * Jing Castañeda

 * Former anchors
 * Ted Failon (2011–2020)
 * Erwin Tulfo (1996–2001)
 * Mon Ilagan (1996–2001)
 * Cheryl Cosim (1996–2001)
 * Aljo Bendijo (2000–2001)
 * Lito Villarosa (1986–1993)
 * Gerry Baja (1993–2001, 2010–2020)
 * Ricky Rosales (2010–2022)

Awards

 * Finalist of 2012 New York Festival (NYF) for World's Best Radio Program

title: Kabayan (radio program)


text:
Monty Python Live at City Center

Monty Python Live at City Center is a US-only live album by Monty Python, recorded at the New York City Center in April 1976 and rush released by Arista Records the following month. In order to get the album out in the shops quickly, the recordings were made early on in the run, where some of the performances were affected by faulty microphones. The team were joined onstage by regular actress Carol Cleveland and musician Neil Innes, who also performed in some sketches.

The album was not released in the UK, due to its similarity to Live at Drury Lane. As with that album, Michael Palin provided new linking material.

A CD version was released in 1997.

Side one

 * 1) Introduction/The Llama
 * 2) Gumby Flower Arranging
 * 3) Short Blues
 * 4) Wrestling
 * 5) World Forum
 * 6) Albatross/Colonel Stopping It
 * 7) Nudge Nudge
 * 8) Crunchy Frog
 * 9) Bruces' Song
 * 10) Travel Agent

Side two

 * 1) Camp Judges
 * 2) Blackmail
 * 3) Protest Song
 * 4) Pet Shop
 * 5) Four Yorkshiremen
 * 6) Argument Clinic
 * 7) Death of Mary, Queen of Scots
 * 8) Salvation Fuzz
 * 9) Lumberjack Song

Monty Python Live at City Center was also broadcast on the King Biscuit Flower Hour radio show on 9 May 1976, with an introduction by John Cleese and Dave Herman.

Personnel

 * Graham Chapman
 * John Cleese
 * Terry Gilliam
 * Eric Idle
 * Terry Jones
 * Michael Palin

Additional performers

 * Carol Cleveland
 * Neil Innes

title: Monty Python Live at City Center


text:
User:Smito4u

LETTER TO THE YEAR.

Dear January,

I received your letter through February. How is March and April?

Tell May to inform June that July is on the way to see August because September is about to wed October.

Finally, extend my greetings to November.

Yours faithfully,

December.

Smith Chinenye Nwokocha

Copyright ©2005 Smith Chinenye Nwokocha

title: User:Smito4u


text:
Sablan

Sablan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

People

 * Anthony Sablan Apuron, former archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agaña, Guam.
 * Fred Sablan, musician from Cupertino, California
 * Gregorio Sablan, Northern Mariana Islander politician
 * Jesus Sablan, Northern Mariana Islander politician
 * Pascale Sablan, African-American architect
 * Rudy Sablan, Guamanian politician
 * Tina Sablan, Northern Mariana Islander politician
 * Vinnie Sablan, Northern Mariana Islander politician

Places

 * Sablan, Benguet, municipality in the Philippines

title: Sablan


text:
List of IFK Göteborg records and statistics

This article is about the records and statistics of the football section of IFK Göteborg. For the statistics of other sections, see IFK Göteborg (sports club).

Domestic

 * Swedish Champions
 * Winners (18): 1908, 1910, 1918, 1934–35, 1941–42, 1957–58, 1969, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2007

League

 * Allsvenskan:
 * Winners (13): 1934–35, 1941–42, 1957–58, 1969, 1982, 1984, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2007
 * Runners-up (13): 1924–25, 1926–27, 1929–30, 1939–49, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1988, 1997, 2005, 2009, 2014, 2015
 * Svenska Serien:
 * Winners (5): 1912–13, 1913–14, 1914–15, 1915–16, 1916–17
 * Fyrkantserien:
 * Winners (2): 1918, 1919
 * Mästerskapsserien:
 * Winners (1): 1991
 * Division 2
 * Winners (3): 1938–39, 1950–51, 1976
 * Runners-up (2): 1972, 1975

Cups

 * Svenska Cupen:
 * Winners (8): 1978–79, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1991, 2008, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2019–20
 * Runners-up (5): 1985–86, 1998–99, 2004, 2007, 2009
 * Allsvenskan play-offs:
 * Winners (5): 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990
 * Runners-up (1): 1985
 * Svenska Mästerskapet:
 * Winners (3): 1908, 1910, 1918
 * Svenska Supercupen:
 * Winners (1): 2008
 * Runners-up (4): 2009, 2010, 2013, 2015
 * Kamratmästerskapen:
 * Winners (11): 1909, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1940
 * Runners-up (2): 1906, 1908

European

 * UEFA Cup:
 * Winners (2): 1981–82, 1986–87
 * European Cup/UEFA Champions League:
 * Semi-finals (2): 1985–86, 1992–93
 * Quarter-finals (3): 1984–85, 1988–89, 1994–95
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:
 * Quarter-finals (1): 1979–80
 * Royal League:
 * Runners-up (1): 2004–05

Doubles

 * Fyrkantserien and Svenska Mästerskapet (Swedish Champions):
 * Winners (1): 1918
 * Allsvenskan play-offs (Swedish Champions) and Svenska Cupen:
 * Winners (1): 1983
 * Allsvenskan and Allsvenskan play-offs (Swedish Champions):
 * Winners (2): 1984, 1990
 * Svenska Cupen and Svenska Supercupen:
 * Winners (1): 2008

Trebles

 * Allsvenskan, Allsvenskan play-offs (Swedish Champions) and the UEFA Cup:
 * Winners (1): 1987
 * Allsvenskan, Mästerskapsserien (Swedish Champions) and Svenska Cupen:
 * Winners (1): 1991

Quadruples

 * Allsvenskan, Allsvenskan play-offs (Swedish Champions), Svenska Cupen and the UEFA Cup:
 * Winners (1): 1982

Records

 * Home victory, Allsvenskan: 9-1 vs. IK Sleipner, 10 May 1925; 8-0 vs. Hammarby IF, 2 June 1925; 8-0 vs. Stattena IF, 21 April 1930
 * Away victory, Allsvenskan: 9-2 vs. IFK Eskilstuna, 8 October 1933; 7-0 vs. IK Sleipner, 20 April 1941
 * Home loss, Allsvenskan: 2-9 vs. Malmö FF, 10 September 1949
 * Away loss, Allsvenskan: 0-7 vs. IFK Norrköping, 1 May 1960
 * Highest attendance, Nya Ullevi: 52,194 vs. Örgryte IS, 3 June 1959
 * Highest attendance, Gamla Ullevi: 31,064 vs. GAIS, 27 May 1955
 * Highest attendance, Slottsskogsvallen: 21,580 vs. AIK, 25 October 1931
 * Highest attendance, The New Gamla Ullevi: 18,276 vs Djurgårdens IF
 * Highest average attendance, season: 23,796, 1977
 * Most appearances, total: 609, Mikael Nilsson 1987–2001
 * Most appearances, Allsvenskan: 348, Bengt Berndtsson 1951–1967
 * Most goals scored, total: 333, Filip Johansson 1924–1934
 * Most goals scored, Allsvenskan: 180, Filip Johansson 1924–1934
 * Most goals scored, season, Allsvenskan: 39, Filip Johansson 1924/25


text: Template:Ecuador-geo-stub

title: Template:Ecuador-geo-stub


text:
Unlimited atonement

Unlimited atonement (sometimes called general atonement or universal atonement) is a doctrine in Protestant Christianity that states Jesus died as a propitiation for the benefit of all humans without exception. It is normally associated with Amyraldism (four-point Calvinism), as well as Arminianism and other non-Calvinist tradition. It is a doctrine distinct from other elements of the Calvinist acronym TULIP and is contrary to the Calvinist doctrine of limited atonement.

A doctrinal issue that divides Christians is the question of the extent of the atonement. This question typically goes as follows: "Did Christ bear the sins of the elect alone on the cross, or did his death expiate the sins of all human beings?" Those who take this view read scriptures such as John 3:16; ; ; ;  to say that the Bible teaches unlimited atonement.

Historical background
In response to the Remonstrants' Five articles of Remonstrance, the Synod of Dort published the Canons of Dort which included limited atonement.

One of the stronger, more vocal proponents of unlimited atonement was Methodist leader John Wesley. George Whitefield opposed the view. The namesake of the Calvinist systematic theological viewpoint, John Calvin, seemingly expressed an unlimited atonement position in several passages from his published Commentaries.

Doctrine
The terms unlimited, universal, and general are somewhat of a misnomer and have been adopted primarily to distinguish this doctrine from a Calvinist understanding of limited atonement. More accurately, the call of the Gospel is universal and there are no limits on who can believe through faith, but the legal payment is still regarded as limited only to those that respond through faith in Jesus. Thus, it is not the same as the doctrine of universal salvation, which holds that all souls will ultimately be reconciled to God, irrespective of faith.

The following statements regarding what it states and what it does not state are subject to close scrutiny of which many distinguished theologians on both sides of this issue disagree.

 * What it states
 * The purpose of the atonement was universal—Jesus died on behalf of all people, not just the elect.
 * The atonement makes a way for all to respond to the Gospel call—Part of the effect of the atonement is the restoration of the ability to respond to God's call of salvation (see Prevenient grace).
 * Salvation is available for all—The doctrine of unlimited atonement rejects the predeterminism associated with Calvinism and states that every human has the opportunity to accept Jesus through faith.
 * The atonement legally pays for the sins of those who believe on Jesus—Only those who believe on Jesus are forgiven—only the believers' sins are paid

 * What it does not state
 * Jesus paid the penalty for those who deny faith in Him, and His death was a substitutionary atonement for those who deny Him—Though the term unlimited atonement can easily give the incorrect assumption that Jesus' payment encompassed all people, unlimited atonement maintains a limit on the legal effect. Jesus' death was indeed an offer of a substitutionary atonement to all, but this offer was resistible; though salvation is offered to all, not all are saved.

Amyraldism (commonly called "four-point Calvinism" holds to a view of Unlimited atonement that is very similar but not synonymous with the traditional Arminian understanding) teaches that God has provided Christ's atonement for all alike, but seeing that none would believe on their own, he then elects those whom he will bring to faith in Christ, thereby preserving the Calvinist doctrine of the unconditional election of individuals.

Unlimited atonement has a number of important points in common with traditional formulations of limited atonement. Both positions affirm that:
 * The call of salvation can genuinely be made universally
 * Jesus paid the penalty only for those who have faith in Him
 * Jesus' death was a substitutionary atonement only for those who accept Him

Biblical passages
All quotes from the NKJV unless otherwise noted, emphasis added:

Scriptures used in support of unlimited atonement
These are Scriptures commonly used by those who support Unlimited atonement:
 * —"The next day John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world."
 * —"And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life. For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life. For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world through Him might be saved. He who believes in Him is not condemned; but he who does not believe is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God."
 * —"For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life."
 * —"For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, and are justified by his grace as a gift, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus"
 * —"Therefore, as one trespass led to condemnation for all men, so one act of righteousness leads to justification and life for all men."
 * —"For the love of Christ compels us, because we judge thus: that if One died for all, then all died; and He died for all, that those who live should live no longer for themselves, but for Him who died for them and rose again."
 * —"[I]n Christ God was reconciling the world to himself, not counting their trespasses against them, and entrusting to us the message of reconciliation."
 * —"Here is a trustworthy saying that deserves full acceptance: Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners—of whom I am the worst."
 * —For this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Savior, who desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. For there is one God and one Mediator between God and men, the Man Christ Jesus, who gave Himself a ransom for all, to be testified in due time."
 * —"For to this end we both labor and suffer reproach, because we trust in the living God, who is the Savior of all men, especially of those who believe."
 * —"For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation for all people."
 * —"But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels, now crowned with glory and honor because he suffered death, so that by the grace of God he might taste death for everyone."
 * —"They will secretly introduce destructive heresies, even denying the sovereign Lord who bought them." This appears to indicate that Christ "bought" some who are not among the elect.
 * —"The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness; but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance."
 * —"And He [Christ] Himself is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the whole world."
 * —"And we have seen and we testify that the Father has sent His Son as the world’s Savior."

Scriptures used to criticize unlimited atonement
These are Scriptures commonly used by those who deny Unlimited atonement:

 * "—But he who enters by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. To him the doorkeeper opens, and the sheep hear his voice; and he calls his own sheep by name and leads them out. And when he brings out his own sheep, he goes before them; and the sheep follow him, for they know his voice. Yet they will by no means follow a stranger, but will flee from him, for they do not know the voice of strangers...I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd gives His life for the sheep...I am the good shepherd; and I know My sheep, and am known by My own. As the Father knows Me, even so I know the Father; and I lay down My life for the sheep." This is usually reconciled by pointing out that Jesus died for everyone in theory, but He did it particularly for those who would follow Him.
 * —"...I do not pray for the world but for those whom You have given Me, for they are Yours." This is usually reconciled by claiming that this does not refer to the atonement itself.
 * Acts 20:28—"Therefore take heed to yourselves and to all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood." This again is often reconciled by saying that Christ's death is only effective for those who come to the church, even though it is potentially effective for all.
 * —"Who shall bring a charge against God's elect? It is God who justifies. Who is he who condemns? It is Christ who died, and furthermore is also risen, who is even at the right hand of God, who also makes intercession for us." Attempts to reconcile this may point to the fact that in the unlimited view, Christ still only intercedes for those who follow Him.
 * —"Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ also loved the church and gave Himself for her." This is usually reconciled by saying that He did it particularly for those who would follow Him, although it was potentially effective for all.
 * —"“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life." This clearly shows that only those who believe in Jesus will receive eternal life, which essentially limits the atonement to those who belief.

title: Unlimited atonement


text:
Talk:Unlimited atonement

Redirect
I redirected this page to Atonement; we can change this when there's more to add. KHM03 14:12, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Question
The following question was asked (inappropriately) in the text of the article by User:74.195.235.211. I have moved it here for comments.

 * (A Request: Would someone who understands the position of unlimited atonement explain in this section what those who hold it specifically believe about what Christ did on the cross so that He is now able to "offer a substitutionary atonement to all"? There's still some confusion on this topic concerning that. Seeing that this position says "He died on behalf of all men" but "does not pay for the penalty for those who deny Him" - it would be very useful. Thanks.)

--Fl e x (talk|contribs) 15:50, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Majority Position?
The author indicates that unlimited atonement has been the majority view. Yet while this might currently be the majority view amongst Christians in the Western world, it seems that the majority of Protestants over the course of church history have maintained the doctrine of limited atonement (Lutherans, Presbyterians, many Baptists, Congregationalists, Reformed Churches, etc.) And so it seems like the author(s) of this article may be presenting the view to which he, she, or they hold in a way that bolsters unlimited atonement over and against limited atonement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.145.16.78 (talk) 14:38, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

"However it is the position of a majority of professing Christians that the atonement was held as unlimited by most of the early Church Fathers (ECF)" This statement needs citation and is of dubious worth. Of what value is it that "the majority of professing Christians" attest to a certain element of history? What do historians of the early church have to say on this matter? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.88.112.129 (talk) 04:36, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Non-Protestant Christian views
The article begins by saying that this is the majority doctrine in Protestant Christianity, yet gives no mention of other Christian churches that accept it, most notably the Roman Catholic Church. I propose editing the wording for the sake of inclusiveness and completion. 2607:EA00:104:1C00:69B8:8D15:14AB:23D4 (talk) 16:30, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

"DEAD LINK"
At the end of the "Historical background" section of the article there is a broken link and someone has put the text "DEAD LINK" in the article after the broken link.

I'm not sure what should have happened here, but I don't think appending a link with "DEAD LINK" is the correct action. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.68.58.126 (talk) 16:34, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Hebrews 9:28
I was surprised not to see Hebrews 9:28 quoted either for or against "So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto salvation. (KJV)" - my emphasis - as this has been a sensitive issue in the wording of modern Eucharistic Prayers. 2A00:23C6:148A:9B01:3194:C94C:9B8A:E216 (talk) 13:00, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unlimited atonement


text:
Bob Sinclar

Christophe Le Friant (born 10 May 1969), better known by his stage name Bob Sinclar, is a French record producer, DJ and remixer. He is the owner of the record label Yellow Productions.

Musical career
A native of Paris, Le Friant began DJing in the 1980s under the name Chris the French Kiss. During this time he was more influenced by hip hop and jazz music and created music projects such as The Mighty Bop and Reminiscence Quartet, the latter with an ensemble of musicians and where Le Friant used the alias Desmond K.

In 1998 Le Friant adopted name of Bob Sinclar after the titular character from the 1973 film Le Magnifique. He became known for popularising the "French touch" of house music with heavy use of sampled and filtered disco strings. He describes his musical style as inspired by "peace, love, and house music".

In the 2000s, several of Sinclar's releases became international hits, being particularly popular in Europe. Some of his most popular hits include "The Beat Goes On" (2002), "Love Generation" (2005, featuring Gary "Nesta" Pine) and "World, Hold On (Children of the Sky)" (2006, featuring Steve Edwards). In 2006, Sinclar received the TMF Award Best Dance International (Belgium), and released the song "Rock This Party (Everybody Dance Now)", which samples the 1990 C+C Music Factory's song "Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)", under the label Defected Records. In 2008, Sinclar also recorded, along with Steve Edwards, "Together". In 2009, he released "Lala Song" with the band The Sugarhill Gang, a remix of the band's 1979 hit "Rapper's Delight", that was one of the very early hip hop songs and the first to hit the top 40 charts.

In the 2010s, Sinclar became a very prolific music producer. In 2011, he released a song with Italian showgirl Raffaella Carrà called "Far l'amore", a remixed version of Carrà's 1976 song "A far l'amore comincia tu". In 2013, Sinclar released a single called "Summer Moonlight", while in 2015 he collaborated with Dawn Tallman for a track titled "Feel the Vibe". In 2016, he released the track "Someone Who Needs Me", under the label Spinnin' Records, with whom he also released a collaboration with Akon, titled "'Til the Sun Rise Up". In June 2018, he released a single called "I Believe", that was very popular, particularly in Italy and other parts of Europe. In May 2021, he collaborated with the vocalist Molly Hammar to produce the song "We Could Be Dancing".

Sinclar has produced dozens of official remixes over his long career, including those of songs by artists such as Jamiroquai, Moby, James Brown, Madonna, Annalisa and Rihanna.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Paradise (1998)
 * Champs Elysées (2000)
 * III (2003)
 * Western Dream (2006)
 * Soundz of Freedom (2007)
 * Born in 69 (2009)
 * Disco Crash (2012)
 * Paris by Night (2013)

title: Bob Sinclar


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Pohyonsa

Pohyon-sa is a Korean Buddhist temple located in Hyangsan county in North Pyong'an Province, North Korea. It is located within the Myohyang Mountains. Founded under the Koryo dynasty at the start of the 11th century, the temple flourished as one of the greatest centers of Buddhism in the north of Korea, and became a renowned place of pilgrimage. Like most other temples in North Korea, the complex suffered extensive damage from US bombing during the Korean War. The temple is designated as National Treasure #40 in North Korea, with many of its component buildings and structures further declared as individual national treasures.

History
Pohyon Temple was founded under the Koryo dynasty in 1024 and named for the Buddhist deity Samantabhadra (known as Pohyon Posal in Korean).

During the Imjin Wars, when Japanese warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered several attempted invasions of Korea, the temple became a stronghold for bands of warrior monks led by the great saint Sosan. At age 73, he led bands against the Japanese armies, even assisting recapture Pyongyang from the Japanese. He died at the temple in 1604. During the war, the temple was charged with protection the Chonju copy of the four Annals of the Yi Dynasty, which was secured in the nearby Puryong Hermitage. This copy was the only one to survive the war.

In 1951, at the start of the Korean War, the complex was bombed by US forces, who destroyed over half of its 24 pre-war buildings, including the main prayer hall. Several have since been reconstructed.

Composition
Pohyon temple features extensive grounds. While most of the important buildings are located along an axis centered on Taeung Hall, much of the center of the temple is taken up by a large lawn surrounded by various other halls and shrines.

Pohyon Temple was once entered through a series of three ceremonial gates, though visitors now enter through a gate at the temple's side. The outer gate, Jogye Gate, was built in 1644 and houses two Deva statues; it is now closed to through traffic. Between this gate and Haetal Gate (, "Gate of Nirvana"), the temple's middle gate, is a long, tree-lined path lined with commemorative stele detailing the temple's history. Some of these still bear shrapnel scars from the Korean War. The inner gate of Pohyon Temple is Chonwang Gate, ''Gate of the Four Heavenly Kings"), which contains statues of the Buddhist deities of the same name.

Directly through Chonwang Gate is Manse Pavilion (, "Pavilion of Ten Thousand Years"), a former meditation hall. Destroyed by American bombing in 1951, Manse Pavilion was reconstructed in 1979 but using concrete rather than its original wood. In front of the pavilion stands the nine-story Tabo Pagoda (, "Pagoda of Many Treasures"), erected in 1044 and designated National Treasure #7.

The main hall of the temple, Taeung Hall was also destroyed during the Korean War by U.S. bombing; reconstructed in 1976, it stands as faithful replica of the 1765 original. In the courtyard between it and Manse Pavilion stands the 13-storey Sokka Pagoda, erected in the 14th century and designated National Treasure #144.

To the right of Taeung Hall, and past a small garden, sits Kwanum Hall. Named after the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara (known as Guanyin in Chinese), Kwanum Hall was built in 1449 and is the oldest building in the temple compound. It is designated as National Treasure #57. To the east of this hall is Ryongsan Hall

In the northeast corner of the temple is the walled Suchung Shrine (, "Shrine of Rewarding Loyalty"). Constructed in 1794, this small walled compound honors the priests who led bands of warrior monks to repel the Japanese invasions of 1592-1598. Inside, memorial services were once held for the great monk Sŏsan, who once resided in this temple and was instrumental in driving out the invasion forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Inside the compound is a portrait hall, which contains paintings and relics related to three patriotic monks, and a Monument Pavilion, which houses a stele erected in 1796 to records Sŏsan's patriotic deeds. The compound is designated as National Treasure #143.

South of the shrine, on the east side of the lawn, is the temple archive, also known as Changgyong Pavilion. This is a modern structure, as the original library burned down during the US bombings of 1951. It houses a copy of the Tripitaka Koreana, a UNESCO-designated cultural relic; the original wooden printing blocks, however, are located at Haeinsa.

title: Pohyonsa


text: Category:Ecuador geography stubs

title: Category:Ecuador geography stubs


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Neonomianism

Neonomianism in Christian theology is the doctrine that the Gospel is a new law, the requirements of which humanity fulfills by faith and repentance, often including a distinction between initial and final justification, the latter being merited through good deeds. Neonomianism is most often associated with the theology of Richard Baxter (1615–1691) and James Hadow (1667–1747). The theology of Richard Baxter has caused much controversy among Reformed theologians, because his teachings have been seen as opposing justification by faith alone. Neonomianism was significant within the Marrow Controversy.

Richard Baxter defended this view when he wrote,

"In our first Believing we take Christ in the Relations of a Saviour, and Teacher, and Lord, to save us from all sin, and to lead us to glory. This therefore importeth that we accordingly submit unto him, in those his Relations, as a necessary means to the obtaining of the benefits of the Relations. Our first faith is our Contract with Christ….And all Contracts of such nature, do impose a necessity of performing what we consent to and promise, in order to the benefits….Covenant-making may admit you, but it's the Covenant-keeping that must continue you in your privileges."

- Richard Baxter

William Styles defined Neonomianism as a doctrine associated with the theologian Daniel Williams, "which held that God has receded from the demands of the Moral Law, and given up its original obligations—and that the Gospel is a New Law, but of milder requirements, in which Faith, Repentance, and sincere though imperfect Obedience, are substituted in the room of the perfect and perpetual Obedience required by the original Law." (William Styles, A Manual of Faith and Practice)

Isaac Chauncy (1632–1712) was one of the leading opponents of neonomianism. He set forth his arguments against Williams in his book Neonomianism Unmask'd.

The Neonomian controversy with the Marrow Brethren has been compared to the Lordship salvation controversy.

title: Neonomianism