text:
Talk:Dingbat

Old comments
"ding"ing? "bat"ing? Can't figure out that sounds. Thanks, --Abdull 09:54, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

also it would be nice if we could see the dingbats, perhaps replace them or add a picture of them, all i see is ?

Didn't Archie Bunker call Edith dingbat in the TV series "All in the Family"? Notfound 00:04, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Indeed. For some reason, someone decided to move such information to the Dingbat disambiguation page. -- Infrogmation 02:44, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Why see also simlish? How is that relevant? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.169.107.30 (talk) 01:05, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Non-typographic
THIS DEFINITION IS TOTALLY WRONG!!!!

'Dingbat' is an Australian word meaning a person of low intelligence eg an idiot, a bonehead, etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.48.59.60 (talk) 05:14, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

 * NO, IT ISN'T!!!!
 * The word originated in the 1830s and was a generic term for an object or device that didn't have a specific name or whose name wasn't known (much like "doohickey", thingumajig", "dingus", etc.). It was later used to mean a foolish person since around 1905, probably because the sound of the word seemed appropriate, like "dipstick" or "nimrod".  Captain Quirk (talk) 21:46, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

 * See comment of "14:01, 31 October 2016" below... AnonMoos (talk) 04:09, 22 April 2018 (UTC)

"Invented by Eddie Dolon"
This part of the text is not a complete sentence. What was invented by Eddie Dolon?! Wegesrand (talk) 16:33, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Picture
I don't get the point of the picture. It shows a poem printed on a highly decorated page, but the decorations have nothing to do with dingbats, surely? They are typical late-19th-century book decoration. Unless the claim is that all decoration is dingbat, which would require completely different definitions, I think this picture does not belong here. --Doric Loon (talk) 14:02, 12 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The decorations have everything to do with dingbats, surely. There are examples of dingbats. Read the article for an explanation. Hope this helps! -- Infrogmation (talk) 00:19, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
 * No, these are not dingbats. The article also confuses printer's flowers (ornamental) with bullets, arrows, and other "special sorts" (a "sort" is an old name for a piece of type, probably because they had to be sorted into individual compartments in the type case, or tray, after use). The decorative cuts, or engravings, on the poem piece would have been on wooden blocks (likely faced with cooper or steel to hold the actual engraving) and not pieces of type. Dingbats are pieces of type. But I'm not sure where the usage came from, and maybe in some parts of the world "dingbat" was indeed used for any sort of decoration; I don't know. Terminology in the "desktop publishing" world was looser, too, because so many new people started using type. Barefootliam (talk) 09:40, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

Hedera
Ivy has a note at the top that says:

 * "Hedera" redirects here. For the use of the term in typography, see Dingbat.

But the term "Hedera" is not explained in this article. -- Beland (talk) 23:00, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Seems more like a fleuron than a dingbat anyway... AnonMoos (talk) 01:01, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Cross
The Christian cross should not be confused with the Dagger (typography). Strangely so, in the article's plate the dagger is missing, its place taken up by three or four crosses. Is there an expert here to amend this? --Chrysalifourfour (talk) 18:07, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Not sure what you mean by "plate". Anyway, ✝ ✞ ✟ are included in the official Unicode Zapf Dingbat character block, while "†" is in another character block... AnonMoos (talk) 20:00, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

 * By 'plate' I mean the 'table' where dingbats are presented in the article. Not sure what the correct term is anyway! So, where is the dagger? Is it not part of the Unicode dingbat block? Or is it part of some other character family, in which case why would it be encoded U+2020? Maybe I'm totally wrong here, I just thought that the dagger and the double dagger are standard symbols in most major font families. --Chrysalifourfour (talk) 13:07, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

 * The crosses are in the Unicode Dingbats block; see official documentation at http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2700.pdf . The dagger is in the Unicode General Punctuation block (see documentation at http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf ) and has traditionally been considered more of a typographic accessory than a purely ornamental or symbolic dingbat. AnonMoos (talk) 21:44, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

Symbols not displayed
Many symbols in the tables in this article are not correctly displayed in my browser (Firefox on Vista). As I expect this must be the case for very many users, please would someone knowledgeable add info to the article telling us all how to add the necessary fonts to our computers ? Many thanks ! Darkman101 (talk) 15:00, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Same thing for me, but as your message had no reply, I guess they don't care. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:8A8D:FE80:9F7:ED1:3427:35BE (talk) 23:45, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

 * It's dependent on which fonts you have installed on your computer -- and also, some older software and browser versions won't display Unicode characters outside the basic multilingual plane (BMP) no matter what fonts you have installed... AnonMoos (talk) 08:01, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

Origin of the Term
It would be a good idea to include a section on the origin of the word "dingbats" as the name for printer's ornaments. It might require some research in older paper books as I cannot find anything definitive in my google searches. Cshay (talk) 23:45, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

 * From OED 1933 supplement, it seems to have originated as an indefinite word like doohickey or thingumabob, and its first prominent use in the 19th century was to refer to Fractional currency (United States)... AnonMoos (talk) 14:01, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

Ornemental Dingbats shows nothing
Could you add a warning message explaining how to display them? ''-- 2a01:e35:8a8d:fe80:9f7:ed1:3427:35be 23:44, 24 November 2016''

 * It's dependent on which fonts you have installed on your computer -- and also, some older software and browser versions won't display Unicode characters outside the basic multilingual plane (BMP) no matter what fonts you have installed... AnonMoos (talk) 08:01, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

Typographic ornament =/= Dingbat
I disagree with the fact that the page for "typographic ornament" redirects directly to the page for "dingbat". "Dingbat" is a term used in American slang and only used in the field of typography since the 1930s, while typographic ornaments have a richer and longer history, and are not limited to tiny symbols with the same size as other characters (think of the metal-cast fleurons, wreaths and frames that used to adorn the pages of old books). Also, see the Commons page Typographic ornaments to see a great number of specimens that escape the narrow frame of the dingbats of today. I intend to write a history section about typographic ornaments (including the dingbats of digital fonts), but I don't think it would be appropriate to include it in a page called "Dingbat". I will probably create a page for "Typographic ornament", which would include a link to the detailed "Dingbat" page. On the confusion around the term "dingbat" (and what constitues a dingbat and what doesn't), there's this document (Els dingbats : orígens històrics i evolució) which explores the question further.Teknad (talk) 16:14, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

 * If it's not a "character" in any meaningful or useful sense, then it probably doesn't belong on the Dingbat article... AnonMoos (talk) 13:19, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

 * In that case, the page for "Typographic ornament" could be created. See for instance, the article about the topic on the French Wikipedia (fr::Ornement (typographie)), which includes many elements, like strokes, that can't not be considered as characters. Best regards, -Teknad (talk) 11:47, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

 * In US journalim, 'dingbat' as a typographical ornament can refer to the little headshot of a columnist to mark their column. From Dayton Daily News 19 March 1987 page 5 (link is behind firewall but it's here language is: 'In newspaper talk, this small photo and the type accompanying a column log is known as a dingbat. That's dingbat as in "typographical Ornament"'valereee (talk) 13:15, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

Unicode block description into separate page
I have split the extensive Unicode block description into Dingbats (Unicode block). Some remaining content may be duplicated. See also the talk there. -DePiep (talk) 19:32, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dingbat


text:
Port-Cros National Park

Port-Cros National Park (Parc national de Port-Cros) is a French national park established on the Mediterranean island of Port-Cros, east of Toulon. It also administers natural areas in some surrounding locales.

History
The park was founded in 1963 after the island of Port-Cros was bequeathed to the state; it became France's second national park after Vanoise National Park. The state is the sole land owner on the island, which is a natural protected area. The park's boundaries were extended in 2012 to encompass most of Porquerolles.

Geography
Port-Cros National Park is the first national park in Europe that unites terrestrial and maritime protection zones. The protected area is about 1,700 hectares of land and 2,900 hectares of sea at a 600 metre (656 yard) zone from the coast. Most of the area of the main islands of Port-Cros and Porquerolles are protected, as well as the small islands of Bagaud, Gabinière and Rascas. Until 2012, about 1,000 hectares of land on the island of Porquerolles had since 1971 been under the national park's administration (Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles).

Regulations
There are strict behaviour rules for the few inhabitants as well as daily tourists there. Sea bathing is only permitted on three beaches and smoking or taking dogs can result in an extensive fine.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Port-Cros National Park


text:
Cd101

CD101 or Cd101 may refer to:

 * IGSF2, a human gene
 * WWCD, an American radio station
 * Cadmium-101 (Cd-101 or 101Cd), an isotope of cadmium

title: Cd101


text:
Stanisław Broniewski

Stanisław Broniewski alias Stefan Orsza, Witold, K. Krzemień (29 December 1915 – 30 December 2000) was a Polish economist, Chief Scouts of the Gray Ranks and Second lieutenant of the Home Army during the World War II.

Biography
During Siege of Warsaw in September 1939, he co-organized the Scouts Emergency. During the German occupation Poland in the Gray Ranks. Commander of the Operation Arsenal. Participant of the Warsaw Uprising. Then, after his fall, a prisoner of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. From 1945, he was the commander of Scouts among Poles in Germany.

After war, he returned to the country in 1946. From 1946 to 1948 he was the deputy director of the Department at the Central Planning Office. Later he was employed as an official in Społem. In December 1956 he took part in the ZHP Congress in Łódź. He then joined the Supreme Scout Council of Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (ZHP), in which he remained until 1958. Together with a group of Catholic activists, he intended to run for the Sejm in the 1957 legislative elections, but his name was deleted by the communist authorities.

He defended his Doctor of Philosophy and did a Habilitation in urban economics. In 1966 he became an assistant professor at the University of Łódź.

Awards

 * Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (1995)
 * Silver Cross of Virtuti Militari
 * Gold Cross of Merit (1973)
 * Silver Cross of Merit with Swords
 * Warsaw Uprising Cross
 * Army Medal for War 1939-45
 * Home Army Cross
 * Partisan Cross
 * Cross of Merit (Polish Scouting and Guiding Association)
 * Honorary Citizen of Warsaw
 * Honorary Citizen of Poznań

title: Stanisław Broniewski


text:
User:James7457

The Dreaming is pretty much my Wikipedia pet project, and I see it as the best way I can help my favorite band. I haven't really contributed anything else to the Wiki so I'd appreciate any help I can get with it. Thanks!

title: User:James7457


text:
Talk:Secret of Mana

Coming to iOS devices
Coming to iOS devices --Aizuku (talk) 01:26, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Which of the Mana games are set in the same continuity? Its getting quite confusing to keep track. Can you mark which one are set in the same continuity from the following? And their chronology as well: Final Fantasy Adventure -  Secret of Mana — Seiken Densetsu 3 — Legend of Mana — Sword of Mana - Children of Mana - Friends of Mana — Dawn of Mana - Heroes of Mana — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.93.197.164 (talk) 12:59, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

Which of the Mana games are set in the same continuity? Its getting quite confusing to keep track. Can you mark which one are set in the same continuity from the following? And their chronology as well: Final Fantasy Adventure -  Secret of Mana — Seiken Densetsu 3 — Legend of Mana — Sword of Mana - Children of Mana - Friends of Mana — Dawn of Mana - Heroes of Mana If you don't know the answer can you refer to anyone who can? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.93.197.164 (talk) 13:02, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

Famitsu
If you're interested in the Famitsu review, it's in issue 243 czar  ♔   12:11, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

Congratulations!
Congratulations to all the contributors to this featured article. You deserve a lot of applause, recognition and appreciation. What a wonderful article.
 *  Bfpage |leave a message 19:53, 5 May 2015 (UTC)

Emulated ports in the infobox
Per the infobox guidelines, emulated ports without any changes (Virtual Console, PSN, some of the mobile releases) are not to be listed in the infobox. "The unabbreviated console or operating system for which the game was specifically developed. This includes dedicated ports, but not games in emulation or services." If the mobile ports added/removed/changed anything, then it's not a direct emulated version, and deserves to stay. The VC version is a straight up ROM of the SNES version, so it doesn't belong.

I also removed the Mobygames and official mobile site in the external links, per WP:ELNO and WP:VG/EL which states "Only the English version of the page should be included if there are multiple languages, per WP:NONENGEL, WP:ELMINOFFICIAL." Don't see how this is a personal style if I'm just trying to follow guidelines. ~ Dissident93  (talk) 04:46, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The EL thing is fine. Removing emulations is fine. The mobile ports were not emulated, they were ported- I don't know the particulars about the JP phone version (other than that it wasn't an emulator), but the iOS/Android versions had changes and graphical updates, as mentioned in the article itself (and again, were not emulated). You also removed a period from a full-sentence caption, and most importantly, ripped bits out of the lead that you didn't like. -- Pres N  06:10, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, but listing personnel in prose in the lead doesn't violate any guidelines, but it's not something we normally do on game articles, even other FA ones. ~ Dissident93  (talk) 07:06, 9 December 2015 (UTC)

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Split remake into its own article
Seeing how there is a great abundance of coverage about the remake, I see no reason why it shouldn't have its own article. It clearly meets WP:GNG, and lets not forget that two of the three remakes from the original game already have their own articles. Alt (talk) 17:04, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * If you can find a bunch of development and reception info about the remake specifically, that's reasonable- it's fairly analogous to the Adventures of Mana version of SD1. It's finding dev info that's tricky (I haven't looked) - reviews are one thing, but if all we have are reviews then we should just expand the reception section. -- Pres N  16:45, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Secret of Mana


text:
Talk:Austrian Civil War

Untitled
Improvements very welcome

Especially creation of internal links to other articles

Tidying up / consolidation of all the different articles on the First Republic would be necessary. For instance, I have seen that there is a (very short) article on the same subject under the heading 'February Uprising'. I believe 'Austrian Civil War' is a more descriptive term, but one could of course mention that '(Austrian?) February Uprising' is a term also commonly used.

Comments on revisions as of 8 Sep 2005
This is the original author, once more. (maybe I should get an account to make things easier) Thanks for all the interest in the article and the concerted effort to improve it. I am especially thankful to Martg76 who took on the (always precarious) task of merging two pieces of writing.

As for my own latest changes (8 Sep 2005),

Austria Republic -> Austrian state

First of all a grammar thing, of course. But I also changed Republic to state, because we are talking about the times of Austrofacism here. "State" therefore seems to me to be the most neutral term. Cf. also the very last paragraph of the article which addresses precisely this issue.

Staendestaat -> Staendestaat

I think Staendestaat and Austrofacism can really be used interchangeably, so Staendestaat should probably redirect to Austrofacism (independently of this article). I will try to implement this.

deletion of 'ironically' in last paragraph

Ironic in the light of what? Since the conservative reasoning for keeping the portrait is outlined in the first part of the sentence, the result is no longer ironic. This has nothing to do with an endorsement of the stated position but merely with the internal coherence of the sentence.

Finally, I am unhappy with the internal link to 'Proporz'. Not because it is irrelevant, but because I am not very happy with the 'Proporz' article as such. However, I decided to keep the link and maybe spend some time working on improving the 'Proporz' article

Hi! Yes, please do get an account. I think this is a pretty good article. Also, please don't remove relevant links (such as Proporz, even if the article is bad. BTW, you can sign your comments here on the talk page by making four tildes. Martg76 21:37, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Neutrality
In the first paragraph it refers to conservatives as "fascists", a term meaning a person or group of people who won't allow others to think differently. The referring to conservatives as this is inaccurate, as socialists can just as easily be fascists. Hitler was a fascist, Osama Bin Laden is a fascist. But Christians in Austria cannot be referred to as fascists, no group can. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Rurounigoku78 (talk • contribs) 00:42, 29 March 2007 (UTC).

Dollfuß was definitely facist. Today´s "People´s Paty" actually took another name after World War 2 because they didn´t want to be associated with the old "Christian Democrats", who had turned into a facist party and installed the so-called "Staendestaat". You can trust me, I´m Austrian! --Mike F (German Wikipedia)

Schekuli 20:25, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

The problem is this - before the civil war, the conservatives were a force working within the constitutional framework of the first republic; the civil war marks the exact boundary when they turned from a conservative camp into a fascist regime.

So how to refer to the grouping in an article on the exact time period when the change happened? As the original author of the article (I wasn't yet registered back then, if you're wondering about the IP address), I wrote conservative, since it seemed to me to be a less partisan term. However, I can see why some people would prefer fascist.

I now changed the passage under discussion to the linguistically slightly awkward, but possibly most accurate formulation of conservative-fascist. I hope this solves the issue of neutrality. If I do not read anything to the contrary over the next month or so I will take the liberty to remove the POV-check tag from the article as well.

Schekuli 20:25, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

No dissenting opinions having been posted over the last 1.5 months, I will now proceed to delete the POV-check tag from the article. Schekuli 21:14, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think austrofascism (clerical fascism is the most correct term. --Oddeivind 10:00, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Alot of this article is written from the view point that both the conservatives were to blame for everything that happened and that Fascism is inheritly bad and all fascists along with it. Fascism is not dictatorship and it is not Nazism, it is a wide political ideology that took a quite different shape in each country, Austrofascism is what this article deals with, and they are not Nazis, the fact that the nazis went out of their way to kill them ought to make that clear. There is almost no neutrality in this article and changing a couple words wont change that, its written with the view point as the socialists as innocent victims, it was a civil war and there was fighting on both sides, dont forget it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.57.241.217 (talk) 04:03, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Dolfuss
Is it Dolfuss or Dolfuß? I am a native Anglophone with only a limited knowledge of German and a can see either being correct, but not in the same article and particulaly not in thr same paragraph. Since this is an English-language article in the English-language Wikipedia, I would suggest and prefer Dolfuss, but am open-minded, even though many English speakers are unaware that "ß" = "ss". As I said, either is correct but inconsistency within the article is NOT. 75.201.62.147 (talk) 23:00, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Just fixed. --Helium4 (talk) 12:44, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

Communists
Communists = members of the Austrian Communist Party / Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) should be mentioned, and not neglected.

Witness, activist and researcher has been Peter Kammerstätter (1911-1993) from Linz. Former social democrat, then, since 1933, communist. His main relief fills 26 m of shelf in the Archive of the city of Linz.

KPOE has been outlawed by 1933 https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunistische_Partei_Österreichs --Helium4 (talk) 12:47, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

Mural in Coit Tower, San Francisco
The mural "library" (better readable picture: File:Coit Tower Mural- Library (2701780386).jpg) of Bernard Zakheim in Coit Tower shows on its upmost, opened newspaper the headline "THOUSAND SLAUGHTERED IN AUSTRIA" together with the publising date "February 12th, 1934" (upper right corner), a clear reference to the start of the Austrian Civil War. (Moved me, from Linz, a lot, when I read it about in 1981, on site.) --Helium4 (talk) 13:39, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

Change of name. ?.
The so-called "Austrian Civil War" lasted, by most definitions, for less than a week. Calling it the "Austrian Civil War" is not unique to Wikipedia, but there are other names also widely used which are closer to what (I suggest) the typical wiki-reader would understand from what happened. How about "February Uprising (Austria)" or "Austrian uprising (February 1934)"?

For US readers interested in history "Civil War" brings to mind the Union's first civil war of the industrial age. More than a million(?) died. But no one really knows how many more. (Let us please avoid the endless discussion as to whether the unpleasantnesses involving George Washington were really a first American civil war rewritten by the winners as, in retrospect, a liberation struggle.  Please let us avoid that.)

For UK readers, historians - especially Scots and Irish historians - may again argue over whether "English Civil War" really cuts the mustard as an accurate definition. But a very large number of people died unnaturally young under horrible circumstances. Almost certainly more than 100,000 and maybe >200,000 depending on who's counting and whether you include Scotland and Ireland.

Both the "US Civil War" and the "English Civil War" lasted for a number of years and involved slaughter in a huge scale. The violence on the streets of Vienna and one or two other cities in the eastern part of Austria in February 1934 was brutal. Several hundred died and more than a thousand were arrested. But it lasted a matter of days. The scale of the thing is simply not comparable with what US and UK readers (and those in other continents who have learned - willingly and/or otherwise - about the history of England and the US) think of as a civil war. And, for that matter, something of a trifle compared to the horrors inflicted on Austria after 1938.

Does anyone else have thoughts to share on this, please? And thank you Charles01 (talk) 10:21, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Austrian Civil War


text:
User:StefanA

I just saw Wikipedia, imho great project.

title: User:StefanA


text: Category:Agronomy

title: Category:Agronomy


text:
Women's rights in Bahrain

Women face widespread discrimination within Bahraini society and the country's political institutions. Women's rights have been a cornerstone of the political reforms initiated by King Hamad. The extension of equal political rights has been accompanied by a conscious drive to promote women to positions of authority within government. However, women in Bahrain continue to face gender inequality in many areas of life.

Political participation
The move to give women the vote in 2002 was part of several wide-ranging political reforms that have seen the establishment of a democratically elected parliament and the release of political prisoners. Before 2002, women had no political rights and could neither vote in elections nor stand as candidates.

There was, however, some ambivalence towards the extension of political rights from sections of Bahraini society, not least from women themselves, with 60% of Bahraini women in 2001 opposing extending the vote to women.

Although many women stood as candidates in both municipal and parliamentary elections in 2002, none were elected to office. There were no women candidates in the lists of Islamist parties such as Al Wefaq, Al-Menbar Islamic Society and Asalah.

Following the poor performance of women candidates in the parliamentary elections, six women, including one Christian, were appointed to the upper chamber of parliament, the Shura Council. In 2004, Bahrain appointed its first female minister, Dr Nada Haffadh to the position of Health Minister, and in 2005, Dr Fatima Albalooshi, the second woman minister was appointed to the cabinet. In 2005, Houda Ezra Nonoo, a Jewish activist, who since 2004 also headed the Bahrain Human Rights Watch Society which has campaigned against the reintroduction of the death penalty in Bahrain, was also appointed to the Shura Council. In April 2005, Shura member Alees Samaan became the first woman to chair a parliamentary session in the Arab world when she chaired the Shura Council. The head of the main women's organisation, the Supreme Council for Women, Ms Lulwa Al Awadhi, has been given the title of 'honorary cabinet minister'.

In June 2006, Bahrain was elected head of the United Nations General Assembly, and appointed Haya Rashid Al Khalifa as the Assembly's President, making her the first Middle Eastern woman and the third woman in history to take over the post. Sheikha Haya is a leading Bahraini lawyer and women's rights advocate who will take over the post at a time of change for the world body. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan said of her, "I met her yesterday and I found her quite impressive. All the member states are determined to work with her and to support her, and I think she's going to bring a new dimension to the work here."

Several women's rights activists have become political personalities in Bahrain in their own right, or even gained international recognition, such as Ghada Jamsheer, who was named by Forbes magazine as one of the "ten most powerful and effective women in the Arab world" in May 2006.

Ghada Jamsheer, the most prominent women's rights activist in Bahrain has called the government's reforms "artificial and marginal". In a statement in December 2006 she said: The government is using the family law issue as a bargaining tool with opposition Islamic groups. This is evident through the fact that the authorities raise this issue when ever they want to distract attention from other controversial political issues. While no serious steps are taken to help approve this law, although the government and its puppet National Assembly had no trouble in the last four years when it came to approving restrictive laws related to basic freedoms.

All of this is why no one in Bahrain believes in Government clichés and government institution like the High Council for Women. The government used women’s rights as a decorative tool on the international level. While the High Council for Women was used to hinder non-governmental women societies and to block the registration of the Women Union for many years. Even when the union was recently registered, it was restricted by the law on societies.

Bahrain's move was widely considered to have encouraged women's rights activists in the rest of the Persian Gulf to step up demands for equality. In 2005, it was announced that Kuwaiti women would be granted equal political rights to men.

2006 Election
Eighteen female candidates stood at the 2006 Bahraini general election. Most of the female candidates ran for Leftist parties or as independents, with no Islamist party being represented by a woman, although salafist party Asalah was the only group to publicly oppose female candidature in parliamentary elections. Only one candidate, Lateefa Al Gaood, won; in her case by default before polling after her two opponents in her constituency dropped out of the race.

Personal status law
There is no unified personal status law in Bahrain that covers matters such as divorce and child custody, so that Sharia judges have discretion in such matters. In November 2005, the Supreme Council for Women in an alliance with other women's rights activists, began a campaign for change - organising demonstrations, putting up posters across the island and carrying out a series of media interviews.

However, changing the law has been resisted by the leading Shia Islamist party, Al Wefaq, resulting in a major political showdown with women's rights activists. Al Wefaq argued that neither Chamber of Deputies elected MPs nor the government have the authority to change the law because these institutions could 'misinterpret the word of God'. Instead, the right to change the law is the sole responsibility of religious leaders.

On 9 November 2005, supporters of Al Wefaq claimed to have organised Bahrain's largest ever demonstration with 120,000 protesting against the introduction of the Personal Status Law, and for the maintenance of each religious group having their own divorce and inheritance laws. On the same day, an alliance of women's rights organisations held a smaller rally calling for the unified law, which attracted 500 supporters.

The issue of the introduction of a unified personal status law has divided civil society into two camps, with women's rights and human rights groups wanting its introduction, opposed by Shia Islamist groups in alliance with the wahabbi Asalah:

For:
 * Supreme Council for Women
 * Bahrain Human Rights Society
 * Bahrain Human Rights Watch Society
 * Bahrain Women's Union
 * Women's Petition
 * Bahrain Young Ladies Association
 * National Democratic Action
 * Al Sharaka (Bahrain branch of Amnesty International)
 * Bahrain Centre for Human Rights

Against:
 * Al Wefaq
 * Asalah
 * Islamic Action Party
 * Islamic Awareness Society
 * Capital Transparency Society

title: Women's rights in Bahrain


text:
Alison Folland

Alison Folland (born August 10, 1978) is an American actress and filmmaker.

Folland was born in Boston to a travel agent mother and a cardiologist father. She grew up in Wellesley, and attended high school at Buckingham Browne & Nichols, a private school in Cambridge. She was nominated in 1997 for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead in All Over Me and had supporting roles in films such as To Die For, Good Will Hunting and Boys Don't Cry.

Filmography

 * To Die For (1995) - Lydia Mertz
 * Before and After (1996) - Martha Taverner
 * All Over Me (1997) - Claude
 * Good Will Hunting (1997) - M.I.T. Student
 * Boys Don't Cry (1999) - Kate
 * Pigeonholed (1999) - Eve
 * Finding Forrester (2000) - Jeopardy Contestant
 * Things Behind the Sun (2001) - Lulu
 * Milwaukee, Minnesota (2003)- Tuey Stites
 * The Ballad of Pinto Red (2004) - Pinto Pulaski
 * She Hate Me (2004) - Doris
 * Stay Until Tomorrow (2004) - Carla
 * Zerophilia (2005) - Janine
 * Diggers (2006) - Beth
 * I'm Not There (2007) - Grace
 * The Happening (2008) - Woman Reading on Bench with Hair Pin (opening scene)
 * The Fighter (2010) - Laurie Carroll (Micky Ward's ex)

Television

 * Homicide: Life on the Street (1997) - Grace Rivera
 * Law & Order (1998) - Gina Bowman
 * CSI: NY (2006) - Stacey Gale

title: Alison Folland


text:
Aurora Australis (icebreaker)

Aurora Australis was an Australian icebreaker. Built by Carrington Slipways and launched in 1989, the vessel is owned by P&O Maritime Services. It was regularly chartered by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) for research cruises in Antarctic waters and to support Australian bases in Antarctica.

Design and construction
Designed as a multi-purpose research and resupply ship, Aurora Australis was built by Carrington Slipways in Tomago, New South Wales. The vessel was launched in September 1989.

Aurora Australis is 94.91 m long, and has a beam of 20.3 m, draught of 7.862 m and moulded depth of 10.43 m. Her displacement is 8,158 tons, gross tonnage 6,574 and deadweight tonnage 3,911 tons.

Her propulsion machinery consists of two Wärtsilä medium-speed diesel engines in father-son arrangement, one 16-cylinder 16V32D producing 5,500 kW and one 12-cylinder 12V32D producing 4,500 kW. Both engines are coupled to a single shaft through a reduction gear, driving a single, left-hand-turning controllable-pitch propeller.

Slow speed manoeuvring is achieved with three manoeuvring thrusters, one forward and two aft. Aurora Australis has a maximum speed of 16.8 kn, and a cruising speed of 13 kn. The vessel can break level ice up to 1.23 m thick at 2.5 kn.

Aurora Australis had a crew of 24 and could carry up to 116 passengers accommodated in three or four-bunk cabins with attached bathrooms. The ship has a cargo capacity of 1700 m3 for break bulk or 29 twenty-foot equivalent containers, and a supply tank that can hold 1000 m3 of fuel. The ship is fitted with laboratories for biological, meteorological, and oceanographic research, and was designed with a trawl deck for the deployment and recovery of research instruments while at sea. The ship's hangar and helideck allow for the operation of up to three helicopters, usually Eurocopter Squirrels or Sikorsky S-76s.

Operations
Aurora Australis was chartered by the AAD over the southern summer for research purposes, and to support the Antarctic bases operated by the AAD. The vessel spent most winters in port in Hobart, as the AAD headquarters is in the nearby town of Kingston. P&O sometimes chartered the ship for other work during winter.

On 8 May 2011, Aurora Australis was chartered by the Department of Defence for a two-month deployment, ending 30 June, as an amphibious transport ship supporting the Royal Australian Navy. The charter, costing A$3.375 million, was to assist in the Australian government response to humanitarian crises and natural disasters that occurred while the naval heavy lift ship HMAS Tobruk (L 50) underwent maintenance.

In late December 2013, Aurora Australis, Chinese research vessel Xuě Lóng and French icebreaker L'Astrolabe attempted to rescue Akademik Shokalskiy, which had become stranded in thick Antarctic ice in Watt Bay. None of the three ships were able to reach the Russian icebreaker, with Aurora Australis aborting efforts on the morning of 30 December, due to the risk of the ship also becoming stuck. On 2 February, the 52 passengers from Akademik Shokalskiy were transported by helicopter to Aurora Australis by Xuě Lóng's helicopter, the Chinese icebreaker having become trapped as well. After the rescue, Aurora Australis continued on her original mission to resupply Casey Station, before returning to Hobart on 22 January.

The Aurora Australis returned from its final voyage in March 2020. After 31 years of service to the Australian Antarctic Program, the last trip was a two-week voyage to resupply Macquarie Island and transport expeditioners to the south. Suggestions have been made that the ship could be used as an emergency vessel if acquired by the Australian Government. Another possible use that was suggested for the ship was as an Antarctic-themed museum berthed in Hobart. A not-for-profit organisation, the Aurora Australis Foundation, was established to explore this option. However, by June 2020 it looked like the most likely outcome for the Aurora Australis was to be sold to the Government of Argentina for further Antarctic deployment.

Engine Room Fire
At 2.25am on 22 July 1998 whilst en route to Antarctica a fire broke out in the engine room. The researchers were on the first winter voyage to the Antarctic, a seven-week expedition to explore, the Mertz Glacier Polynya.

On 14 January 1999 whilst en route to Antarctica a fire caused by leaking high pressure diesel igniting on the hot STBD main engine caused a major fire. The fire resulted in zero visibility in the engine room and was suppressed by the release of halonium ion fire suppression system. Re-entry to the compartment resulted in successful restoration of power and propulsion to the ship and it returned to Fremantle under its own power for an investigation by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau and major repairs.

Grounding
On 24 February 2016, the vessel was damaged when it ran aground in Horseshoe Harbour, near Mawson Station, Antarctica, during a blizzard, after a shackle on a forward mooring line came undone, causing the other three lines to break. It was refloated on 27 February 2016 and returned to Western Australia for repairs.

Replacement
In October 2015, the Australian government announced a plan to acquire a new icebreaker to replace Aurora Australis by 2019. Nuyina entered service in 2021.

Aurora Australis was decommissioned in 2020, amid attempts to retain the vessel in Hobart as a floating museum. Although these efforts were unsuccessful, the ship's tender, Aurora Australis II, was acquired by the Aurora Australis Foundation with the aim of making it the centrepiece of an Australian Antarctic Museum.

title: Aurora Australis (icebreaker)


text:
1956–57 in Scottish football

The 1956–57 season was the 84th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 60th season of the Scottish Football League.

Scottish League Division One
Champions: Rangers

Relegated: Dunfermline Athletic, Ayr United

Scottish League Division Two
Promoted: Clyde, Third Lanark

County
$$ - aggregate over two legs

Scotland national team
Key:
 * (H) = Home match
 * (A) = Away match
 * WCQG9 = World Cup qualifying - Group 9
 * BHC = British Home Championship

title: 1956–57 in Scottish football


text:
Gepps Cross, South Australia

Gepps Cross is a suburb and major road intersection in the north of Adelaide, South Australia. Gepps Cross is traditionally seen as the end of the inner suburbs and the start of the outer northern suburbs, as it was home to a major abattoir (now closed and demolished) with holding yards and other open space. It is the first significant open space encountered after the North Parklands. It retains the open nature, even with warehouses, a velodrome, hockey stadium, Adelaide Raiders – a Croatian soccer club, and karate training facilities.

Gepps Cross is best known for the five-way intersection with Grand Junction Road going east and west, Main North Road south and north-east, and Port Wakefield Road going north. The intersection is not grade-separated. It is controlled by traffic lights, and all five roads have at least three lanes in each direction. These roads include the main highways from Adelaide to Western Australia and the Northern Territory (via Port Wakefield Road), New South Wales (via Main North Road), the northern suburbs of Adelaide and the northern parts of South Australia (both roads). Port Adelaide is to the west, and the major freight hubs are northwest of Gepps Cross. A major route from Port Adelaide towards Victoria and the south and east of South Australia is east along Grand Junction Road then south along Portrush Road to the South Eastern Freeway. It was a holding place for people that came from England in 1952; from there they went interstate to find new homes.

Etymology
Gepps Cross was named for Isaac Gepp who arrived in South Australia in July 1840 with his wife Ann and son aboard Fairlie. He opened the Gepp's Cross Inn on the southwest corner of the busy intersection of Main North Road and Grand Junction Road in 1848. The earliest known record of Gepp's Cross being apparently accepted into colloquial speech as a location name without reference to the inn, was in April 1849, one year after Isaac Gepp named his 'Gepp's Cross' Inn. In a court case Dr Mayo in evidence referred to the mill at Gepp's Cross and John Harris gave his address as Gepp's Cross. In the same month William Raines, a butcher, baker and storekeeper, advertised he would supply customers at their residences at Gepp's Cross. After the names Blair Athol and Enfield were assumed, respectively, for the land on the southwest and southeast of the intersection, the placename Gepps Cross became more heavily associated with land to the north, where the present-day suburb is bounded.

Gepps Cross Inn
In March 1848 Isaac Gepp opened an inn on the north eastern corner of land Section 360 bordered to the north and east by Grand Junction Road and Main North Road. Isaac Gepp, with his wife Ann and a child, had arrived in the province on the Fairlie in July 1840. The child passenger was probably his nephew Henry Francis Gepp (1836–1871), the natural born son of Thomas Gepp (c. 1809–1894) and Ann Francis (1816–1868). Gepp first worked as a water carrier and in 1845 he became the publican of the Windmill Inn on Great North Road near Adelaide.

In May 1846, Gepp gave notice of his application to license a new public house called the Miller's Friend on land being Part Section 360 he had acquired from William Webber the previous year. The name Miller's Friend may be linked to the Ragless flour mill on land, Part Section 97, immediately north east of the junction and Gepp's new premises. Section 360 was originally occupied by James Pitcher about 1842 and he named the land Section Bushy Farm. About the time Pitcher sold the north eastern corner to Webber, John Merritt, a farmer and copper carrier for the Burra Burra mine, acquired the southern forty acres of Section 360 with a cottage and used it as a residence, to farm and to keep his working bullocks.

At the time of his licence application for the Miller's Friend, Gepp had contracted to sell his interest in the Windmill Inn to Robert Carter, the licence for which was transferred from Gepp to Carter in June 1846. Carter failed to stop Gepp's original application for the new licensed premises on Section 360; he claimed Gepp had contracted with him not to hold another licence in the neighbourhood. In March 1847 Gepp's publican's licence was renewed under the new name of the Miner's Arms. Before the licensing bench on 13 March 1848, Isaac Gepp nominated his premises to be the 'Gepp's Cross' Inn. Gepp leased his inn to Joseph Ladd in 1849 who continued to call it the Gepp's Cross Inn.

Charles Mathews owned 13 acres of land, Part of Section 337, across the Main North Road from the Gepp's Cross Inn, on the south eastern corner of Gepp's Cross intersection, where he operated a blacksmith shop. In December 1848 Mathews applied for a publican's licence for the 'Blacksmiths Arms Hotel' on his premises, but Isaac Gepp objected on the grounds that two hotels being placed exactly opposite each other would probably cause the road to be obstructed by drays. The bench ruled that competition for custom would induce a disregard for order or public convenience and the application of Charles Mathews was refused. John Merritt who farmed next to the Gepp's Cross Inn and across the road from Mathew's blacksmith shop took out an option to purchase Mathews' 13-acre property. Merritt relinquished this option after he became publican of the Grand Junction Inn in 1851. In 1850 Isaac Gepp transferred his licence and lease of the Gepp's Cross Inn on land Section 360 to Charles Mathews. In 1851 Mathews dropped the former licensee's name from the inn name and changed it to the Victoria Cross. It obviously didn't sit well with the patrons who by then referred to the area around the inn as Gepp's Cross and in all likelihood continued to call the inn by its colloquial name. Mathews reverted to the accepted name in 1852. Gepp sold his Part Section 360 to Charles Mathews in November 1854 for the sum of £900, with repayment set out in the terms of a mortgage and two lease payments of £50 per year each for inn and surrounding land until the purchase was complete. Months before he purchased the Gepp's Cross Inn and land Part Section 360 Charles Mathews had let the inn run down. In March 1854 he was cautioned to keep his house in a proper state of cleanliness. By the end of 1858 Matthews was in financial difficulty and he sold one acre of his Part Section 360 bordering John Merritt's farm to the council, which wanted the land to erect a civic hall and stray animal pound. Once built the hall was used as a council office and school until 1899 when it was used as a dwelling.

In December 1859 Mathews transferred his licensed business across the Main North Road from land Section 360 to the premises on land Section 337 that in 1848 he had tried to open as the Blacksmith's Arms Hotel. Trade at the Gepp's Cross Inn on land Section 337 was poor and in April 1861 Charles Mathews was certified insolvent. Mathews defaulted in his mortgage and lease payments to Isaac Gepp who seized the Inn and land on Section 360 and Mathews' premises on Section 337 that had been put up as collateral. Between 13 June 1861 and the first week in October 1861 there was no premises licensed at Gepp's Cross. The Gepp's Cross Hotel licence was reinstated to premises on Section 360 when Patrick Connaughty was granted a publican's licence for the inn who transferred it to George Eldridge in December 1861. The premises known primarily as the Gepp's Cross Inn or Gepps Cross Hotel has been licensed at the site continuously for over 150 years.

Facilities
There are multiple shopping centres with home furnishings and retail stores all grouped in the same vicinity near the intersection of Main North Road and Matthews Road.

Drive-in-theatre
A drive-in movie theatre, the Mainline Drive-In, situated between Port Wakefield and Main North roads less than a kilometre north of the Gepps Cross intersection, was opened on 7 October 1955, as "Australia's first drive-in walk-in theatre". It originally had a capacity for 500 cars with patrons viewing while seated inside, and additional parking for 500 cars, with seating for 400 people. When it opened, it was a subject of debate in parliament, with speakers concerned about the effect on the morals of young people. It has been operated by Wallis Cinemas. In November 2021, the family business announced the closure of the drive-in at the end of February 2022, owing to various factors which have affected its viability over the years, including "the changing nature of the cinema industry, the introduction of daylight saving, film piracy and now the lengthy COVID-19 epidemic".

The Gepps Cross Treasure Market, held at the site of the drive-in each Sunday morning, will continue to operate after the drive-in is closed.

Transport
Gepps Cross is bounded on the south by the east–west road freight route of Grand Junction Road and is bisected east to west by the arterial Main North Road and Port Wakefield Road. Until 1995 the Northfield railway line which ran along the suburb's northern boundary crossed Port Wakefield Road. The line further east crossing Main North Road had been closed in 1987.

Sport
Gepps Cross is home to local association football side Adelaide Raiders, participating in the South Australian National Premier Leagues for the 2014 season, as well as the North Adelaide Lacrosse Club, which is the oldest lacrosse club in South Australia and second oldest lacrosse club in Australia. Gepps Cross also has the ServiceFM Stadium, a soccer facility, used by multiple National Premier League teams, and for multiple extracurricular activities by Roma Mitchell Secondary College, who is located next to the facility

The suburb is also the location of the State Sports Park, which incorporates the State Hockey Centre, also known as The Pines, and cycling velodrome Adelaide Super-Drome, the latter of which is currently used as the base and main venue for the South Australian Futsal League (SAFL) from 2013 onwards.

Gepps Cross Futsal Club also takes its name from the suburb, and competes in the aforementioned South Australian Futsal League, starting in March 2014.

title: Gepps Cross, South Australia


text:
Talk:El Alamein

Can a moderator please revert the edit to the German Ossuary description? I'm pretty sure there aren't any canadian hockey players buried there.--Alexub 23:50, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

I personally think that this article should be renamed to Al Alamayn to be consistent with other Egypt city articles eg. Al 'Arish, Al Mansurah, Al-Hibah. Maybe redirect from El Alamein? --FarQPwnsJoo 10:07, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

It depends on if your talking about the battle or the town. --El Froggo

Yes, in a historical context El Alamein is correct eg. Battle of El Alamein but the actual city article should be called Al Alamayn primarily.--FarQPwnsJoo 07:17, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Cost of war
I largely reworded "Rows upon rows of gravestones stand witness to the folly of humanity fighting and dying for a worthless strip of desert, thousands of miles away from their homelands." because I don't think it was folly to end Axis agression in WWII. Rlevse 17:28, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * We don’t need POV stuff about the folly of war. I think there were quotations from commanders on both sides about the insignificance of the location, relative to the cost of capturing it. Valetude (talk) 16:33, 5 June 2021 (UTC)

Name Meaning
Just wondering if anyone knows what Al Alamayn (El Alamein, etc.) means when translated into English?? --Trippz 04:06, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Means "the two flags", named long before the war and has no signficance to two seperate forces fighting in the region. Mooodi (talk) 15:52, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

History
Before the section on Tourism, there should be some history about thw city/town. I'm sure there must be some relevant history about this town prior to world War II. For example, the section on the War Museum mentions "the 'civil war'." What civil war?

Either before or after the History section - perhaps at the end - there should be some information about the modern status of El Alamein - something beyond its population and climate. An earlier edit in the history of this article mentioned that it now primarily serves as a port for oil exportation. Is this true?

There must be more to this place than cemetery tourism. Unfortunately I don't know much about it; that's why I am here. I was trying to find out why it is named "two flags." There should be a call out to someone with knowledge of Egyptian history and present day Egypt to flesh this out. Ileanadu (talk) 22:09, 16 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Following page Ileanadu (talk) 01:02, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Here's an article with some history if anyone has time to add it. Also the old name of the site is mentioned. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/16489/47/Holidays-at-Al-Alamein.aspx Level C (talk) 04:47, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:El Alamein


text:
Dysaesthesia aethiopica

In psychiatry, dysaesthesia aethiopica (literally "Ethiopian bad feeling", "black bad feeling") was an alleged mental illness described by American physician Samuel A. Cartwright in 1851, which proposed a theory for the cause of laziness among slaves. Today, dysaesthesia aethiopica is not recognized as a disease, but instead considered an example of pseudoscience, and part of the edifice of scientific racism.

History
Applied exclusively to African Americans, dysaesthesia aethiopica – called rascality by the overseers – was characterized by partial insensitivity of the skin and "so great a hebetude of the intellectual faculties, as to be like a person half asleep." Other symptoms included "lesions of the body discoverable to the medical observer, which are always present and sufficient to account for the symptoms." Cartwright contended that the existence of dysaesthesia aethiopica was "clearly established by the most direct and positive testimony," but other doctors had failed to notice it because their "attention [had] not been sufficiently directed to the maladies of the negro race."

Cartwright felt that dysaesthesia aethiopica was "easily curable, if treated on sound physiological principles." Insensitivity of the skin was one symptom of the disease, so the skin should be stimulated: "The best means to stimulate the skin is, first, to have the patient well washed with warm water and soap; then, to anoint it all over in oil, and to slap the oil in with a broad leather strap; then to put the patient to some hard kind of work in the sunshine."

Author Vanessa Jackson has noted that lesions were a symptom of dysaesthesia aethiopica and "the ever-resourceful Dr. Cartwright determined that whipping could ... cure this disorder. Of course, one wonders if the whipping were not the cause of the 'lesions' that confirmed the diagnosis."

According to Cartwright, after the prescribed "course of treatment" the slave will "look grateful and thankful to the white man whose compulsory power ... has restored his sensation and dispelled the mist that clouded his intellect."

According to Cartwright, dysaesthesia aethiopica was "much more prevalent among free negroes living in clusters by themselves, than among slaves on our plantations, and attacks only such slaves as live like free negroes in regard to diet, drinks, exercise, etc." – indeed, according to Cartwright, "nearly all [free negroes] are more or less afflicted with it, that have not got some white person to direct and to take care of them." He explicitly dismissed the opinion which assigned the causes of the "problematic" behaviour to the social situation of the slaves without further justifications: "[The northern physicians] ignorantly attribute the symptoms to the debasing influence of slavery on the mind."

title: Dysaesthesia aethiopica


text:
Ranfurly

Ranfurly may refer to the following places:

 * Ranfurly, Alberta, Canada
 * Ranfurly, Renfrewshire, Renfrewshire, Scotland
 * Ranfurly, New Zealand, Otago, New Zealand

Ranfurly may also refer to:
 * Ranfurly Shield, one of New Zealand's most important trophies in the sport of Rugby Union
 * Uchter Knox, 5th Earl of Ranfurly, a Governor-General of New Zealand

title: Ranfurly


text:
Talk:Wonka's welcome song

Please do not revert my redirect again. This article is not neccessary, and posting song lyrics is not allowed on Wikipedia. If this is reverted again, I will submit the article to VfD. EvilPhoenix talk 10:12, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wonka's welcome song


text:
Bembeya Jazz National

Bembeya Jazz National (originally known as Orchestre de Beyla) is a Guinean music group that gained fame in the 1960s for their Afropop rhythms. They are considered one of the most significant bands in Guinean music. Many of their recordings are based on traditional folk music in the country and have been fused with jazz and Afropop styles. Featuring guitarist Sekou "Diamond Fingers" Diabaté, who grew up in a traditional griot musical family, the band won over fans in Conakry, Guinea's capital city, during the heady days of that country's newfound independence. Bembeya Jazz fell onto harder times in the 1980s and disbanded for a number of years, but reformed in the late 1990s and toured Europe and North America in the early 2000s.

1960s
In the aftermath of the Guinean Independence in 1958 and through the cultural policy of "authenticité", which encouraged cultural pride, numerous bands were created throughout the regions of Guinea. Guinea's President, Ahmed Sékou Touré, disbanded all private dance orchestras and replaced them with state-supported groups, such as Keletigui Et Ses Tambourinis and Balla et ses Balladins. The most popular was Bembeya Jazz National, formed in 1961.

Bembeya Jazz, also referred to as the Orchestre de Beyla in the early days, started as the regional orchestra from the town of Beyla in southern Guinea. They were formed with the help of the local governor, Emile Kondé, to act as the region’s "orchestre moderne". The initial line up included Sékou Camara and Achken Kaba in the brass section on trumpets, Sékou Diabaté on guitar who was the youngest member at the time, Hamidou Diaouné on bass and Mory "Mangala" Condé on drums. Leo Sarkisian (who went on to join the Africa Service of the Voice of America in 1963 ) recorded Orchestre de Beyla in 1961 for the Hollywood based Tempo International label (Tempo 7015). The band were just being formed in Beyla and according to Sarkisian, called themselves Orchestra Bembeya, after a local river. The session also featured the female singer Jenne Camara as part of the band. The recording, one of ten Tempo LPs featuring a variety of Guinean music recorded by Sarkisian, was not released commercially. All 10 LPs were pressed in limited editions of 2,500 and released in 1962, but the majority of them were sent to the Guinean government. Bembeya's album was titled ''Sons nouveaux d'une nation nouvelle. République de Guinée. 2 Octobre 1962. 4ème anniversaire de l'independance nationale. Orchestre de Beyla'' and included the songs "Présentation", "Yarabi", "Lele", "Din ye kassila", "Wonkaha douba", "Seneiro", "Wassoulou" and "Maniamba".

They became better known as Bembeya Jazz after the release of their first album, and added singers Aboubacar Demba Camara and Salifou Kaba to the band. Specializing in modern arrangements of Manding classic tunes, Bembeya Jazz National won first prize at two national arts festival's in 1964 and 1965 and were crowned "National Orchestra" in 1966.

Initially an acoustic group, featuring a Latin-flavored horn section of saxophone, trumpet, and clarinet, Bembeya Jazz National reached its apex with the addition of lead singer Aboubacar Demba Camara. The group toured widely, and became one of the most well-known groups in Africa. Among their biggest hits were the songs "Mami Wata" and "Armee Guineenne".

Bembeya Jazz National’s most ambitious album, Regard Sur Le Passe, released in 1968, was a musical tribute to the memory of Samory Touré, who founded a Mande conquest state in much of what is now northern Guinea in 1870, and who became a nationalist emblem following 1958.

They released music exclusively on the Guinean Syliphone label until 1974.

1970s and 1980s
A live album, 10 Ans De Succes, was recorded during a 1971 concert, but set-back for the band came on April 5, 1973 when Demba Camara was killed in an auto accident on his way to a concert in Dakar. Although they remained together, Bembeya Jazz National was unable to duplicate the success of their earliest years. The group disbanded in 1991 with Sekou Diabaté and Sekouba Bambino Diabaté going on to successful solo careers.

Reformation
The band reformed in the late 1990s. Bembeya Jazz came together again in 2002 to perform at the Musiques Metisses d’Angoulême world music festival in France. They remained there to record their first new album in 14 years for the director of the festival, Christian Mousset's Marabi label. The album, Bembeya, is a reworking of orchestra's greatest hits. They went on to tour Europe and North America.

In 2007 they were featured in the documentary film Sur les traces du Bembeya Jazz.

Discography
Graeme Counsel, an Honorary Fellow in the Faculty of Music at the University of Melbourne, Australia has published a complete discography for Bembeya Jazz.

Tracks on Syliphone compilations

 * The Syliphone Years (2009), Sterns Music

Various artist compilations

 * Authenticite - The Syliphone Years (2008), Sterns Music
 * Golden Afrique (2005), Network Germany

title: Bembeya Jazz National


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chua Seng Leng'

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy deleted. GarrettTalk 13:52, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Chua Seng Leng'
Vanity and doesn't appear to be notable. DarthVader 10:14, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as vanity. --Ngb 10:21, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Doesn't exist anymore: 10:20, 24 July 2005 Fuzheado deleted "Chua Seng Leng'" (nonsense vanity) DarthVader 10:27, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
William Hales Hingston

Sir William Hales Hingston (29 June 1829 – 19 February 1907) was a Canadian physician, politician, banker, and Senator.

Biography
Born in Hinchinbrooke near Huntingdon, Quebec, he received his MDCM from McGill University in 1851.

In 1875, he became Mayor of Montreal and was re-elected by acclamation for a second and final term.

He was president of the Montreal City and District Savings Bank (today the Laurentian Bank of Canada).

In 1896, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of Rougemont, Quebec. He sat as a Conservative and died in office.

He was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1895. Pius IX made him a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great in 1875.

Family
He married Margaret Josephine Macdonald, the daughter of Donald Alexander Macdonald, and Catherine Fraser, at Toronto, Ontario 16 September 1875, Margaret was born at Alexandria, Ont., and educated in Montreal. Lady Hingston volunteered for the St. Patrick's Orphan Asylum and the Catholic Sailors' Club. She served as a director of the Women's Historical Society, and vice-president of the Aberdeen Association, Montreal. She was a founder and later President, of the Society of Decorative Art. She championed the preservation of Mount Royal Park, and served as a member of the advisory board of the Parks and Play-grounds Association. She was identified with the movement for the prevention of tuberculosis.

Their oldest son, William F. Hingston (1877–1964), was rector of Loyola College from 1918 to 1925.

title: William Hales Hingston


text:
San Bernardino Pass

San Bernardino Pass (Passo del San Bernardino, Bernhardinpass, 2066 m) is a high mountain pass in the Swiss Alps connecting the Hinterrhein and the Mesolcina (Misox) valleys between Thusis (canton of Graubünden) and Bellinzona (canton of Ticino). Located in the far eastern side of the Western Alps it is not to be confused with the Great St Bernard Pass and the Little St Bernard Pass. The top of the pass represents both the Italo-German language frontier and the watershed (drainage divide) between the Po basin and the Rhine basin. Marscholsee is within the pass at an elevation of 2053 m.

The route first became important as a mule track in the fifteenth century when the route between Thusis and Splügen was known as the Via Mala. A road for wheeled vehicles was opened in 1770; this road was significantly improved between 1821 and 1823, financed in part by the Kingdom of Sardinia, keen to improve a trade route connecting Genoa and Piedmont to the Graubünden that was not directly controlled by Austria.

Traffic flow was much facilitated when in 1967, the San Bernardino road tunnel was completed: since then vehicle traffic on the pass has been reduced, benefiting those taking the time to avoid the tunnel. The pass road is only open from May to November.

Climate
The average climatic conditions for San Bernardino village at the entry point to the San Bernardino tunnel at 1639 m are given in the following chart.

title: San Bernardino Pass


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Langer 2

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 17:48, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Langer

 * Also note the name disambiguation at Langer/Temp.

This article was VfDed (Votes for deletion/Langer), the result being to move it to Wiktionary. This VfD is to confirm what I take to be the intentions of those voting in the first VfD — to move it by deleting it from Wikipedia and placing it in Wiktionary. There's little if anything here that's encyclopædic; a slang term from a small locality isn't a suitable article subject. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:20, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (just to make sure that things are completely clear). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:20, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Mel Etitis. Hamster Sandwich 10:26, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete per criteria: "Any article that has been discussed at Votes for Deletion, where the outcome was to transwiki, and where the transwikification has been properly performed and the author information recorded." --DNicholls 10:30, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as per DNicholls. Capitalistroadster 11:05, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Even being generous and applying such criteria retrospectively without time limit, the speedy criterion doesn't apply; The article at Wiktionary bears no resemblance to the article under discussion, and no version in that article's history even remotely resembles the current Wikipedia article Langer. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:28, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's because it's formatted in wiktionary house style. It's still a dicdef. Dunc|☺ 20:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You clearly didn't actually read the history of the Wiktionary article. The very first version of that article, with the prominent comment "Transwiki of page :en:Langer", is almost word-for-word identical to the Wikipedia article.  That is, of course, because the Wiktionary article is the Wikipedia article transwikied, as that edit comment says. Uncle G 20:56, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment' The above statement is completely false; I'm shocked and repelled to see that repeated falsehoods are being used here to defend the deletion of this article.  Compare the first version of the Wiktionary article with Langer.  There is no resemblance. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:33, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The only falsehood here is that that hyperlink is to the first version of the Wiktionary article. Follow that link, and click on the "Older revision" hyperlink (that is right there at the top) several times, to find the actual first version of the article, which you will find to be, as I said, almost word-for-word identical to the Wikipedia one.  I find it dismaying to see an editor pointing to the wrong version of the article, incorrectly labelling it as the first version when it is quite obviously (from reading the page or the article history) not, and then claiming to be "shocked and repelled" at supposed falsehoods on the parts of many other editors.  Uncle G 22:21, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The article history has been manipulated in order to include an earlier version than was previously present on Wiktionary.  I am not impressed. That's very naughty, you know.  Please do not repeat utterly false accusations in defence of your own patently false claims. Please avoid resort to subterfuges like this.  I'd also like to point out that the current version of the Wiktionary article is clearly inadequate in function when compared to the Wikipedia article that a number of people are still, perversely, trying to delete from Wikipedia. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 00:04, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The only person who has manipulated any article history here has been you, as per the deletion log (given below) where you undeleted the article several times. No-one else has undeleted any article history, either on Wiktionary or Wikipedia.  Yet again, you accuse everyone else of doing what in fact only you have been doing.  Your campaign of accusations of "falsehoods", "naughtiness", and "subterfuge" on the part of other editors is beginning itself to resemble naughtiness, subterfuge, and disingenuousness; and smacks of assuming bad faith on the parts of all of the rest of us.  It also insults the intelligence of everyone here, who can quite easily read the deletion logs and the article histories themselves and find that this article was transwikied, was deleted, and that the first version of the article on Wiktionary is almost word-for-word identical to the Wikipedia article that you undeleted here.  Please stop asserting falsehoods that we can all easily look up in the logs and histories and find to be false (or indeed just follow the hyperlinks that you give and find to be false), and please stop accusing everyone else of doing various things that in fact only you yourself have actually done here. And if you can improve the Wiktionary article, do so.  Please stop complaining that it's inadequate.  Wiktionary is a wiki, too, and  applies equally as much there as here. Uncle G 01:22:42, 2005-07-25 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems like a good encyclopedia article. No good reason to delete has been given. This vfd was improperly closed before the five day lag time so I have opened it again. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:10, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The closure as a speedy delete was quite proper. The article text that was improperly restored on 2005-07-22 had gone through VFD and had been deleted in 2004, and had not gone through VFU and gained a consensus to undelete.  Even without CSD criterion A5 applying (which it does — I've double-checked that the author information was properly transferred.), CSD criterion G4 applies. Uncle G 22:21, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Again you falsely represent the deletion of a transwiki'd article (the context is late last year) as "quite proper." Absolutely not.  Repeating a false claim umpteen times won't make it true.  You describe the restoration on July 22 as improper.  False again.  Why do you repeat these patent falsehoods?  A5 could not possibly apply since the article was VfD'd some time ago and at the time the current version was created A5 did not exist. You then falsely invoke G4: "A substantially identical copy, by any title, of an article that was deleted according to the deletion policy".  Since there was no deletion policy applying at the time and no VfD result for delete is on record, again you're piling falsehood upon falsehood, for reasons I find inexplicable. What, precisely, is it that offends you about this article?  I'm utterly flummoxed. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 00:18, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Just like the Wikipedia article history, the Wiktionary article history, and the deletion log, which all show what you assert to be the case to be false, the VFD discussion is right there, too. Repeating a false claim umpteen times won't make it true. —  Indeed.  So please stop doing so.  We can all see, right there in the deletion log and the article history, your undeletion of the VFDed, transwikied, and (way back in in 2004) deleted version of the article, and we can all see that it is identical to the first version of the Wiktionary article.  And we can all see that Wikipedia had a deletion policy in 2004, too, and that the statement that "there was no deletion policy applying at the time" is also false. Uncle G 01:33:00, 2005-07-25 (UTC)
 * Either keep - or merge into the wiktionary article, and delete (can that be done?) --Doc (?) 19:39, 24 July 2005 (UTC) silly me, just remembered WP:NOT a dictionary. --Doc (?) 19:41, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete dicdef. Should have been speedied per Votes for deletion/Langer. Dunc|☺ 20:16, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It has been, several times. From the deletion log:
 * 17:10, 24 July 2005 Tony Sidaway restored "Langer"
 * 12:55, 24 July 2005 Duncharris deleted "Langer" (recreation of previously vfded material)
 * 12:06, 23 July 2005 Tony Sidaway restored "Langer"
 * 08:44, 23 July 2005 Mel Etitis deleted "Langer" (recreated article that has been Vfded (result: moved to Wiktionary))
 * 23:22, 22 July 2005 Tony Sidaway restored "Langer"
 * 22:56, 22 July 2005 Mel Etitis deleted "Langer" (delete (yet again) disguised personal attack)
 * 17:54, 22 July 2005 Tony Sidaway restored "Langer"
 * 14:25, 22 July 2005 Master Thief Garrett deleted "Langer" (nonsense dicdef; content was: 'Langer. Cork (Ireland) slang, meaning "penis" or obnoxious person". Examples:John is some langer: John is an obnoxious person.I showed her...' (and the only contributor was '[[Special:Contributions/213.78.71.168|213.78)
 * 15:13, 5 July 2005 Mel Etitis deleted "Langer" (nonsense, personal attack)
 * 09:51, 1 July 2005 Mel Etitis deleted "Langer" (content was: 'Langer is a Cork slang word. Meaning drunk, penis, fool. EG: Starchaser is a langer, starchaser was langers, or starchaser has a tiny langer.' (and the only contributor was '213.202.154.220'))
 * 15:18, 23 June 2005 Mel Etitis deleted "Langer" (nonsense)
 * 00:10, 25 March 2005 Duncharris deleted "Langer" (content was: 'Langer is a term used (for the most part) by people from the beautiful city of Cork. Although it can be used as a term of endearment, ...')
 * 02:24, 10 February 2005 Curps deleted "Langer" (patent nonsense; content was: 'Langera highly selfish insidious person, normally male, devoid of moral and character, who will, under no circumstances do no man no favour....')
 * 18:36, 2 February 2005 Deb deleted "Langer" (content was: 'Person from Ireland, who is know as a bit of a fool. Slang word for idiot.')
 * Uncle G 21:05, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. as can be seen from the more recent deletions, increasingly indefensible reasons for deletion have been invoked to justify further wrongful speedy deletions after the article has been restored. It's been claimed that this is a "disguised personal attack" (it obviously isn't), the recreation of an article previously correctly deleted as a result of a VfD which it isn't). --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:33, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The content was properly deleted, as per VFD consensus, all the way back in 2004. It was re-created and deleted several times since, as the log shows.  It was the undeletion of it that was "improper" and "wrongful".  That undeletion should have been done through WP:VFU.  It was not.  Uncle G 22:21, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Repeating a falsehood does not make it true.  You simply repeat the false claim that the article was deleted as a result of a VfD. It was not.  The VfD result was transwiki.  The transwikied article bears no resemblance to the article we're discussing.  This VfD discussion would be considerably more brief if I didn't have to continually correct you on simple matters of verifiable fact. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:41, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Once again: The first version of the transwikied article is almost word-for-word identical with the article that you undeleted. If you want to "continually correct" people "on simple matters of verifiable fact", please make sure that you actually have a leg to stand upon before you attempt to do so.  In this case, it's pretty easy to verify that you're asserting falsehoods.  The deletion log is right there for all to see, and shows the article being deleted several times, and you (and only you) undeleting it.  The Wikipedia article history is there for all to see, and shows its deletion after VFD and transwiki (on or after 2004-12-06), the various re-creations of the article from scratch beginning on 2005-02-02, and your subsequent reversion on 2005-07-22 to the VFDed version from 2004 that you had undeleted 2 minutes earlier that same day.  The Wiktionary article history is right there for all to see, and the first version of the Wiktionary article is simple to compare with the Wikipedia article that you undeleted.  Uncle G 01:22:42, 2005-07-25 (UTC)
 * Delete. – ishwar  (speak)  21:07, 2005 July 24 (UTC)
 * Delete this version. However, there should be a disambiguation for the family name Langer at this entry. Martg76 21:11, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As per Martg76 there is such a name disambiguation at Langer/Temp. Uncle G 22:21, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and disambiguate per Martg76. The dictdef should stay at wiktionary. Flowerparty talk 23:16, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the temp file should be copied to this article and the current article deleted. I can think of at least three notable Australians with this surname namely Albert Langer the activist, Justin Langer the cricketer and Allan Langer the rugby league player. Capitalistroadster 00:44, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm going to have to say keep. I'm a Cork man, and i feel that this word is used all the time in ever day life in this part of the world. It has become a way of life and a way in which we distinguish ourselves from the rest of the countys. It has also produces many books and songs that have centered around the phrase, meaning, history and evenmore nowadays the identity it has for the county. If you delete it your going to be fighting a long loosing battle. Us Corkonians are very stubern and will just keep trying to get an entry into the encyclopedia. If it comes to a Delete decision, give it a few months and i'm sure the article will be up again. Ablaze 07:39, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete - I was going to abstain - but Ablaze changed my mind. With all due respect, that is the worst argument for keep I've ever heard -'vote with us - because we won't accept any decision from the community' is a violation of all that WP stands for. Further WP:NOT a dictionary (not even for Corkonians) - I'd go off and create an article for evey bit of Glaswegian, except for WP:POINT. --Doc (?) 09:36, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I never meant to sound like that. True that you could put an article for every different type of slang out there and that’s not what WP is about. I was trying to put across the point that the term itself is more than just a dictionary entry or piece of slang in Cork. It a term that makes us distinct from other counties in Ireland. It’s a cultural entry about Cork people and how they use it. I think it deserves a bit more than a wikitionary entry as it has been used in songs and is the subject of many books, and these books are not just on slang. I never meant to sound like you gotta vote for us or whatever, I’ll accept the decision whatever it is, but isn't this the second time its up for debate? Ablaze 11:19, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * First, I'm appalled that you should think that what makes Cork distinct from other counties is a slang term for penis... I wonder how many natives of Cork would agree with you. If it's true, then I'm glad that my roots are in Limerick.
 * Secondly, yes, it has been discussed before, and the vote was to transfer the article to Wiktionary as it wasn't suitable for Wikipedia. It was then recreated out of process, and an admin has insisted on recreating it despite near-universal consensus that it should have either stayed deleted or been put through the normal Requests for undeletion procedure. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:09, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It is one of many things that is associated with cork. If you asked any Irish Person about the term Langer, what county would they think of? Ablaze
 * That's not the point, though — a term might be associated particularly with one group without its being particularly significant, much less definitive of that group. I suspect that in the attempt to defend this article you're grossly exaggerating the significance of this one little bit of vulgarity. (And I have asked Irish friends and relatives, and none of them knew what I was talking about.) --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:32, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I’m not exaggerating the significance of the term at all. If you read the article you will see that the term got country wide recognition last summer with the song. So much so, i found it strange that friends from Dublin and Mayo were using the phrase in a less harsh meaning, like we use it down in Cork. The word has meanings alright to be vulgar, but also used in every day between friends (as it says in the article). I'm just saying what i know is true. Your friends must of been on holidays last summer! :o) Ablaze 13:45, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If I understand things correctly the sequence of events is thus. The page is put on VfD and the result is transwiki and delete. It is transwikied, and it is deleted. The page is undeleted, and this appears to be out of proccess, so it was deleted again as a recreation (ad nauseum). This second VfD was brought about to end the deletion war (although I suppose maybe a VFU should have been brought about). Therefore, in line with the original decision to delete, this is my vote. -- Joolz 16:04, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the damned thing already! --Carnildo 19:58, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Could there be a compromise in deleting this - but adding the additional material to the Wiktionary article? --Doc (?) 21:59, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete: Let me explain why, lest folks think that I'm just responding to the putative ambiguity of policy. The new material here is, IMO, not sufficient.  There has been an attempt to make this into an article.  I readily grant that.  However, although the article says that the story of the word is complex, there are no complexities given.  There's no philology at all.  It's just "this word has many meanings."  Well, duh.  Most regional sexual slang does.  There is a great deal of wheel spinning and smoke generating, but when you boil this down, all you get is, "It means X, Y, Z, and it's regional."  I.e. it's still lexical and not philological.  Patruriunt montes nascetur ridiculus mus.  Geogre 18:14, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: For the record, I think there is no ambiguity about the transwiki policy. After transwiki, an article is deleted.  This is not spelled out, per our law gamers, because it isn't needed.  One criterion for speedy delete has always been "duplicate material."  If something exists on one of our projects, we speedy delete from the other project, where it doesn't belong.  Thus, no need to say, "And after you transwiki it, you delete it."  Geogre 18:16, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I dont think its just regional. True that it did originate in Cork but since the song, the remix and the word of mouth around the country, For example, I was at Oxyegen a few weeks ago and the amount of people (not from cork) that i heard using the word was really suprising. The term has a grip on the whole country. I also dont think that you could compromise by adding info on the song etc as it doesn't belong in a Wiktionary.Ablaze 18:58, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The song information would not belong in the Wiktionary. However, it does not make this non-lexical.  Personally, I'd say, rather, that the effect of the song is null at this point, as it's quite a bit too early to determine if it has caused a real spread of the term or just a pop-culture reference that will fade in a few weeks.  However, were we to assume that it is an important fact and one in need of explication (because it's confusing people), the Wiktionary will answer the meaning of the term, and the song, if it's really that popular and important, would be a fit subject for an article.  Personally, I don't think so, though, and I think the song is, at this point, just extranneous. Geogre 21:12, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I wouldn't write the song off as a fade, considering it was released over a year ago and was top of charts for several weeks. Details on the song. And By now most people in Ireland know more or less what a langer is.Ablaze 23:14, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete slang dicdef already transwiki'd. JamesBurns 07:07, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Mind control

Articles relating to mind control, the concept that the human mind can be altered or controlled by certain psychological techniques. Brainwashing is said to reduce its subjects' ability to think critically or independently, to allow the introduction of new, unwanted thoughts and ideas into their minds, as well as to change their attitudes, values and beliefs.

title: Category:Mind control


text:
Agostino Nifo

Agostino Nifo (Latinized as Augustinus Niphus; c. 1473 – 1538 or 1545) was an Italian philosopher and commentator.

Life
He was born at Sessa Aurunca near Naples. He proceeded to Padua, where he studied philosophy. He lectured at Padua, Naples, Rome, and Pisa, and won so high a reputation that he was deputed by Leo X to defend the Catholic doctrine of immortality against the attack of Pomponazzi and the Alexandrists. In return for this he was made Count Palatine, with the right to call himself by the name Medici.

Work
In his early thought he followed Averroes, but afterwards modified his views so far as to make himself acceptable to the orthodox Catholics. In 1495 he produced an edition of the works of Averroes; with a commentary compatible with his acquired orthodoxy.

In the great controversy with the Alexandrists he opposed the theory of Pietro Pomponazzi, that the rational soul is inseparably bound up with the material part of the individual, and hence that the death of the body carries with it the death of the soul. He insisted that the individual soul, as part of absolute intellect, is indestructible, and on the death of the body is merged in the eternal unity.

Writings
His principal philosophical works are:
 * Liber de intellectu (1503).
 * De immortalitate animae libellus (1518).
 * Dialectica ludicra (1521).
 * De regnandi peritia (1523).
 * Quaestio de infinitate primi motoris (1526, written in 1504).
 * Prima pars opusculorum (1535) reprinted by Gabriel Naudè with the title Opuscula moralia et politica (1645).
 * Quaestio de infinitate primi motoris (1526, written in 1504).
 * Prima pars opusculorum (1535) reprinted by Gabriel Naudè with the title Opuscula moralia et politica (1645).

His numerous commentaries on Aristotle were widely read and frequently reprinted, the best-known edition being one printed at Paris in 1645 in fourteen volumes (including the Opuscula).

Other works were De Auguriis (Bologna, 1531), De Pulchro Liber Primus, De Amore Liber Secundus (Lyon, 1549), and a commentary on Ptolemy.

The famous phrase, to 'think with the learned, and speak with the vulgar' is attributed to Nifo.

English translations

 * Leen Spruit (ed.), Agostino Nifo: De intellectu, Leiden: Brill, 2011 (Brill's Studies in Intellectual History).

title: Agostino Nifo


text:
Free variation

In linguistics, free variation is the phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speakers.

Sociolinguists argue that describing such variation as "free" is very often a misnomer, since variation between linguistic forms is usually constrained probabilistically by a range of systematic social and linguistic factors, not unconstrained as the term "free variation" suggests. The term remains in use, however, in studies focused primarily on language as systems (e.g. phonology, morphology, syntax).

Effects
When phonemes are in free variation, speakers are sometimes strongly aware of the fact (especially if such variation is noticeable only across a dialectal or sociolectal divide), and will note, for example, that tomato is pronounced differently in British and American English ( and respectively), or that either has two pronunciations that are distributed fairly randomly. However, only a very small proportion of English words show such variations. In the case of different realizations of the same phoneme, however, free variation is exceedingly common and, along with differing intonation patterns, variation in realization is the most important single feature in the characterization of regional accents.

English's deep orthography and the language's wide variety of accents often cause confusion, even for native speakers, on how written words should be pronounced. That allows for a significant degree of free variation to occur in English.

Phonology

 * The rhotic consonant is in a free variation between the alveolar approximant, retroflex approximant, alveolar flap and alveolar trill, although all but the first one are considered dialectal and rare.
 * Glottalization of voiceless stops in word-final position: for example, the word stop may be pronounced with a plain unaspirated, , or with a glottalized , , also called a glottal stop or glottal plosive.

Pronunciation
Pronunciation of many English words may vary depending on the dialect and the speaker. Although individual speakers may prefer one or the other pronunciation and one may be more common in some dialects than others, many forms can often be encountered within a single dialect and sometimes even within a single idiolect.
 * In some words, some speakers might use a different vowel than the others. This includes words like:
 * economics, which may pronounced with or  in the first syllable, or data, which can be pronounced as either  or ;
 * either and neither, in which "ei" can be pronounced as either or, even by the same speaker;
 * some loanwords, especially of French and Latin origin, such as route, which can be pronounced as either (a more anglicized pronunciation) or  (a pronunciation more akin to French);
 * some proper names, especially geographic state names such as Colorado, which can be pronounced as either or.
 * Pronouncing a word with a different consonant or using a completely different pronunciation is also sometimes found in English. This can be found in words like:
 * schedule, which may be pronounced either with the consonant cluster or the  sound. The former is more common in American English, the latter in British English; with /sk/ and /ʃ/ phonemically distinct in both varieties (e.g. scout/shout, skin/shin), identical spelling obscures the fact that different phonological structures underlie the phonetic contrast;
 * some loanwords like guillotine which can be pronounced with either or.

Grammar

 * Years from 2010 onwards can be expressed in English as either, e.g., two thousand ten or twenty ten.

title: Free variation


text:
José Ramón Larraz

José Ramón Larraz Gil (1929 – 3 September 2013) was a Spanish director of exploitation and horror films such as the erotic and bloody Vampyres (1974), The House that Vanished (1973), Symptoms (1974), Black Candles (1982) and Rest in Pieces (1987) among others.

Early life
Born in Barcelona, Larraz earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree and moved to Paris in 1952, where he started his career as a comics writer for magazines like Pilote and Spirou. His most known creation was the action-comic series "Paul Foran", which he wrote under the name "Gil" and also made some artistic contributions to.

Career
Larraz moved to England, where he began making films, then in 1976 apparently relocated his operations back to Spain. He made many different types of films, but is best known for his horror films. Symptoms was an official British entry at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival. His last few horror films were Spanish-American co-productions. He apparently retired from filmmaking in 1992 at age 63.

Death
Larraz died, aged 84, in Málaga on 3 September 2013.

title: José Ramón Larraz