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Colebrooke, Devon

Colebrooke is a village and parish in Devon, England about 8 km west of Crediton. The main point of interest is the church and the connection to Henry Kingsley's novel The Recollections of Geoffry Hamlyn. Also Uncle Tom Cobley, of the folk song, signed his will at Pascoe House, but is buried 4 miles west at Spreyton. The champion Devon wrestler, Abraham Cann was born and buried here. He won the all-comers wrestling crown in London.

Colebrooke gave its name to Colebrook, Connecticut, United States.

Roman road
The remains of the agger can be seen in a field some 300m South of Rag Lane and just to the East of Five Acre Copse. This is also clearly visible from aerial views accessible online. The road follows the same line all the way from North Tawton to this point where the route becomes less obvious. A rather straight lane along the ridge of hills to the East of the railway line is suggestive of its line.

Other History
Colebrooke is also the supposed site of a Roman fort or marching camp just outside the village to the East. However, there is no evidence for this and it appears to refer to a square field that used to sit astride a straight run of hedgerows that was mistakenly identified as the course of the Roman road to Exeter in the 1980s (see 'Devon's Past an Aerial View' by Frances Griffith ISBN 0 86114-833-9). Two of this field's hedgerows have since been removed.

Coplestone
The Coplestone (or "Copplestone", "Copleston" etc.) family took its name from the manor of Copleston in the parish of Colebrooke. Pole (d.1635) states that the earliest record of this family he was able to find was in a deed dated during the reign of King Edward II (1307-1327). The great antiquity of this family thus seems somewhat overstated in the traditional Devon rhyme, dismissed by Hoskins as containing "not a word of truth":

 * "Crocker, Cruwys and Copplestone,
 * When The Conqueror came were all at home".

Several junior branches of the Copleston family existed seated at Eggesford, Bowden, Instow Upton Pyne, Kingdon and Woodland. Copleston Cross, the surviving shaft of a late Saxon large 10 foot high granite stone cross, named after the estate of Coplestone, is situated on the main Exeter to Barnstaple road at the junction of the parishes of Colebrooke, Crediton and Down St Mary. Coplestone House was the seat of the Coplestone family from the 13th century to 1659 and the surviving Georgian house was rebuilt on a new site in 1787 by its then owner Robert Madge.

Horwell
Horwell was the residence from the 16th century of the Prye (or Pryce ) family, one of the old armigerous gentry families of Devon which made a return in the 1620 Heraldic Visitations of Devon. Their armorials were: Ermine, a chevron gules (or sable according to Pole ) a chief azure fretty or. According to Risdon (d.1640): "In this family one thing is remarkable that although they have continued many generations yet was it never known to have brought forth a younger brother until this our age, insomuch as the name is nowhere to be heard of but in only this place". The present house known as Horwell Barton has an early 19th-century facade.

Church of St Andrew
In the parish church of St Andrew survive the following monuments:
 * Mural monument to Elizabeth Mills (d. 27 September 1667), daughter of John Mills of Colebrooke. She was buried in Colebrooke Church, where survives her mural monument with Corinthian columns and scrollwork pediment. She was the wife of Sir John Coryton, 1st Baronet (c 1621 - 1680).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Colebrooke, Devon


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Seku Amadu

Sheikhu Ahmadu (Seeku Aamadu; ) (c. 1776 – 20 April 1845) was the Fulbe founder of the Massina Empire (Diina of Hamdullahi) in the Inner Niger Delta, now the Mopti Region of Mali. He ruled as Almami from 1818 until his death in 1845, also taking the title sisse al-Masini.

Early years
Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Būbū bin Abī Bakr bin Sa'id al-Fullānī (Aamadu Hammadi Buubu) was born around 1776 and was raised by Hamman Lobbo, his father's younger brother. Amadu was a pupil of the Qadiriyya Sufi teacher Sidi Mukhtar al-Kunti. In the Inner Niger Delta region, alliances of Fulbe traders ruled the towns like Djenné, but non-Moslem Bambara people controlled the river. The Fulbe ardo'en were tributary to the Bambara of Ségou, and practiced a form of Islam that was far from pure.

Seku Amadu may have served in the Sokoto jihad before returning to the Massina region. He settled in a village under the authority of Djenné. When his teaching brought him a large following he was expelled, and moved to Sebera, under Massina. Again he built a large following and again he was expelled. Shaykh Usman dan Fodio, who founded the Sokoto Caliphate in Hausaland in 1809, authorized him to carry out jihad in region. Originally his conquests were to have been included in the western part of the Sokoto Caliphate under Abdullahi dan Fodio of Gwandu. As with other jihad leaders, Seku Amadu received a flag from Usman dan Fodio as a visible symbol of his authority.

Jihad
Amadu's views brought him into conflict with his local, pagan Fulani chief, who called for help from his suzerain, the Bambara king of Segu. The result was a general uprising under Amadou that established the Massina Empire, a theocratic Muslim Fulani state throughout the Inner Niger Delta region and extending to both the ancient Muslim centers of Djenné and Timbuktu. Amadu's jihad was probably continuous from 1810 through 1818. However, some sources suggest two events, one in 1810 and another in 1818. One estimate suggests a total of 10,000 deaths resulting from this jihad.

Seku Amadu accused the local Fulbe rules of idolatry, and at first the jihad was directed at them. The scope was soon extended to include the Bambara and other pagan groups in the region. Seku Amadu was supported by Tukolors and other Fulbe people in Massina, escaped slaves and others looking for freedom from their Bambara masters. Among the Fulbe, Seku Amadu was supported by literate Muslims, formerly nomadic, who were influenced by the Sufi revival and were enthusiastic about Islamic reform.

In his jihad he first defeated the Segu army, then captured Djenné, whose scholars welcomed him. He was invited to take control of Massina after a Fulbe revolt in that town. By 1818 he had won control of both Djenné and Massina. In Djenné, and later in Timbuktu, the temporal leader was overthrown and replaced by scholars, while the Fulba Dikko clan became the regional power. Seku Amadu founded a capital for his new Massina Empire called Hamdullahi ("Praise God!"), northeast of Djenné, just south of the present day city of Mopti. The capital was established in 1819. He set himself up as an independent ruler.

Massina Empire
Seku Amadu's theocratic state controlled the Inner Niger Delta, and exerted some authority over the nearby Timbuktu, Ségou and Kaarta. One of the main religious leaders of the jihad in Massina was Muḥammad al-Tāhir, also a student of al-Mukhtār al-Kunti. He issued a manifesto in which he declared that Seku Amadu was the spiritual heir of Askia Mohammad I, the sixteenth century ruler of the Songhai Empire. This was generally accepted in the Timbuktu region. There was little resistance to Timbuktu's informal incorporation into the new Massina empire, which soon became a center of Islamic learning. However, Seku Amadu gradually alienated the leaders of Timbuktu and of Sokoto by his extremely rigorous theology, and by his failure treat the senior Qadiriyya leaders with the respect that they felt was their due. He also assumed the title of Commander of the Faithful in the Sudan, which the Sokoto caliph considered to be his by right. He adversely affected the trade of both Jenne and Timbuktu.

The clerical leader of Timbuktu, Sidi Muḥammad bin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti, died in 1825/6. Seku Amadu asked for formal recognition of his sovereignty over the city. He sent an emissary with a large body of troops to al-Qā'id 'Uthmān bin Bābakr, the temporal ruler, asking him to give up use of the drum and other forms of ceremony, to which 'Uthmān agreed. In 1833 'Uthmān threw off his allegiance and marched against Hamdullahi, but was defeated. However, Sidi al-Muhtar al-Saghir, the spiritual leader of Timbuktu, arranged a truce between the Tuareg and Ahmadu Lobbo under which his Fulbe forces would not occupy Timbuktu. Fines were levied against those who had participated in attack on Hamdullahi.

Seku Amadu Lobbo died on 20 April 1845, leaving control of the Massina Empire to his son, Amadu II. Under his son, Timbuktu was included in the empire for some time. Aḥmadu bin Aḥmadu Lobbo ruled over Massina from 1844 to 1852. The period of stability lasted until the Jihad led by El Hadj Umar Tall in 1862 overthrew Aḥmadu's grandson, Amadu III, and threw the region into chaos.

Policy and influence
Seku Amadu ruled through a system of provincial governors, mostly his relatives, and a central council of forty elders. In Seku Amadu's theocratic state the law was based on strict observance of the Maliki interpretation of Sharia law. Qadis administered the Sharia in each province, playing an important role in the state. The rigid conformance to the law led one authority to call Masina "as near the ideal nomocratic state as is likely to be achieved."

Seku Amadu followed a policy of settling the formerly nomadic herders. He made vigorous efforts to promote Islam. Under Seku Aḥmadu Lobbo and his heirs, the Niger bend region was stable and trade flourished. However, some tension was caused by the extremely puritan attitudes of the rulers, such as banning the use of tobacco and requiring full segregation of women from men, counter to Tuareg custom.

At the height of the Empire's power, a 10,000 man army was stationed in the city, and Seku Aḥmadu ordered the construction of six hundred madrasas to further the spread of Islam. He also ordered alcohol, tobacco, music and dancing banned in accordance with Islamic law, and constructed a social welfare system to provide for widows, orphans, and the poor.

One of the most enduring results of his rule was a pastoral code regulating access to and use of the inland Niger delta region by Fula cattle herders and diverse farming communities.

Notes and references
Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

title: Seku Amadu


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Category:Special schools in the United Kingdom

This category is for special schools in the United Kingdom.


text:
List of storms named Linda

The name Linda has been used for eleven tropical cyclones worldwide.

In the Eastern Pacific:

 * Tropical Storm Linda (1985) – minimal tropical storm that crossed into the Central Pacific as a tropical depression.
 * Hurricane Linda (1991) – Category 3 hurricane which recurved out to sea.
 * Hurricane Linda (1997) – Category 5 hurricane that became the second-most intense hurricane in the Eastern Pacific basin with a minimum pressure of 902 mbar. Also the second strongest hurricane in the Pacific in terms of 1-min sustained winds.
 * Hurricane Linda (2003) – Category 1 hurricane that never affected land.
 * Hurricane Linda (2009) – Category 1 hurricane that caused no damages or deaths.
 * Hurricane Linda (2015) – Category 3 hurricane which affected Baja California, bringing heavy rainfall and deadly flash flooding to Utah.
 * Hurricane Linda (2021) – long-lived Category 4 hurricane that stayed out at sea.

In the Australian region:
 * Tropical Cyclone Linda (1976) – made landfall south of Darwin, Australia.
 * Tropical Cyclone Linda (2004) – persisted out to sea.
 * Tropical Cyclone Linda (2018) – never affected land.

In the Western Pacific:
 * Tropical Storm Linda (1997) – catastrophic system which killed over 3123 people in various parts of Southeast Asia. Considered the worst storm in southern Vietnam is over a century. Also called Openg in the Philippines, and BOB 08 in the North Indian Ocean.

title: List of storms named Linda


text: Category:Special schools by country

title: Category:Special schools by country


text:
Category:Special schools

This category is for special schools.

title: Category:Special schools


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Viktor Schütze

Viktor Schütze (16 February 1906 – 23 September 1950) was a German U-boat commander during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.

Schütze was born in Flensburg, and started his naval career in the Reichsmarine aboard German torpedo boats in April 1925, before transferring to the new U-boat division ten years later in October 1935. There he commanded GS U-19 (1936) for two years, before being relieved to take destroyer training - before returning to the U-boat arm in command of GS U-11 (1935). When war broke out he commanded GS U-25 (1936), with which he sailed on three patrols, mainly in the Bay of Biscay and off the Portuguese coast.

In July 1940 he assumed command over the Type IXB GS U-103 (1940), and commanded for four patrols in North Atlantic and African waters. In December he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his successes. In August 1941 he retired from front service, taking up positions as Flottillenchef of 2nd U-boat Flotilla. In March 1943 he became the FdU Ausbildungsflottillen (Commander of the training flotillas in the Baltic Sea) in Flensburg-Kappeln, in which position he served until the end of the war. He died in Frankfurt am Main in 1950.

Awards

 * Spanisches Marineverdienstkreuz, I. Class in white (21 August 1939)
 * Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (13 November 1939) & 1st Class (21 February 1940)
 * Italienisches Kriegskreuz with swords (1 November 1941)
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 * Knight's Cross on 11 December 1940 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-103
 * Oak Leaves on 14 July 1941 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-103
 * War Merit Cross with swords, 2nd Class (30 January 1944) & 1st Class (1 September 1944)

title: Viktor Schütze


text:
Herbert Schultze

Herbert Emil Schultze (24 July 1909 – 3 June 1987), was a German submarine commander during World War II. He commanded the GS U-48 (1939) for eight patrols during the early part of the war, sinking of shipping. Schultze was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.

Early life and career
Schultze was born in Kiel. He joined the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1930. Schultze underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik before transferring to the German cruiser Leipzig (2 October 1933 – 7 October 1934). During this assignment, he was promoted to Oberfähnrich zur See (senior midshipman) on 1 April 1934 and to Leutnant zur See (acting sub-lieutenant) on 1 October 1934. In May 1937, now an Oberleutnant zur See, Schultze transferred to the U-boat force, taking command of the Type IIA U-boat GS U-2 (1935) on 31 January 1938. U-2 was assigned to the U-Bootschulflottille (U-boat school flotilla); he spent the next year and a half training with the sub.

On 22 April 1939 Schultze commissioned GS U-48 (1939), a Type VIIB U-boat. U-48 was later to become the most successful submarine of the war. She was assigned to the 7th U-boat Flotilla, and spent the next four months in training. On 1 June 1939 Schultze was promoted to Kapitänleutnant.

World War II
On 19 August 1939, on the eve of World War II, Schultze took U-48 out on her first patrol. On this patrol, which took U-48 to the North Atlantic, southwest of Ireland and to the Rockall Bank before returning to Kiel on 17 September, Leutnant zur See Reinhard Suhren served as 1st watch officer. U-48's 2nd watch officer on this patrol was Leutnant zur See Otto Ites.

He was at sea when the war started on 1 September 1939. On 11 September 1939 he sank the British freighter Firby. After the sinking he sent the plain language radio message "cq - cq- cq - transmit to Mr. Churchill. I have sunk the British steamer "Firby". Posit 59.40 North and 13.50 West. Save the crew, if you please. German submarine." This message, addressed to the First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill directly. Schultze and his crew had already sunk Royal Sceptre on 5 September and Winkleigh three days later for a combined total of.

Schultze intercepted the freighter Browning some time later and ordered to pick up survivors from Royal Sceptre. Schultze's cease-fire action was on the provision that the British crew did not use their radios to report him. After returning to base, Schultze gave an interview to William L. Shirer, an American reporter, on 29 September 1939. The patrol yielded of shipping.

The second patrol began on 4 October and ended 21 days later. During the sortie he sank in 22 days. From 12–17 October 1939, Schultze sank five ships. Tanker Emile Miguet, Heronspool Louisiane , Sneaton  and  Clan Chisholm. Schultze abided by prize law in all but the sinking of Clan Chisholm which sailed in convoy HG 3. Nine men were killed aboard Schultze's first eight victims. During the attack he ordered the stern torpedo fired at a destroyer—probably HMS Escort—with no result. A number of the ships were photographed during their sinking by the German crew.

Schultze's third patrol lasted from 20 November to 20 December. The boat sank. Over 8 and 9 December Schultze intercepted Brandon and San Alberto  and the Germaine for  on 15 December. The patrol lasted only seven days. Upon Schultze's departure from the Atlantic Ocean on 19 December there were no U-boats in the sea for five days.

Knight's Cross
In January 1940 B-Dienst intercepted British naval signals suggesting Ark Royal was en route through the English Channel. Schultze was ordered to take up position at the Western end with two other boats—U-26 and U-37—and sink her. They were ordered to take up their stations on 12 February. Schultze, believing the other boats were joining him to attack a convoy he was shadowing, decided to stay with the convoy and ignored the orders of Befehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU). He proceeded to expend all but one torpedo and missed the carrier which docked in Portsmouth unmolested. Schultze received a mild reprimand by Dönitz. Schultze's fourth patrol yielded four more ships from 10–17 February 1940. Two Dutch ships and one Finnish ship accompanied the Sultan Star, sunk on 14 February 1940. Schultze was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his successes on 2 March. He had sunk of shipping.

On 9 April 1940 the Kriegsmarine executed Operation Weserübung. In support of the invasions of Norway and Denmark U-48 carried out combat operations against warships. On 14 April Schultze attacked the battleship Warspite but the torpedoes failed. U-25 made attacks against the battleship in Vestfjorden without success, and probably due to torpedo failure. In a third attack, U-47 commanded by Günther Prien attempted to sink the battleship but failed for the same reason. The widespread mechanical failures of torpedoes at this stage of the war threatened morale. Detailed reports were made to Dönitz. On 20 May 1940 Schultze handed command of U-48 over to Hans Rudolf Rösing due to illness stemming from a stomach and kidney disorder. Schultze was sent to a naval hospital to recuperate. From October 1940 Schultze became part of the naval staff of the 7th U-boat Flotilla, at St Nazaire, in France.

On 17 December 1940 Schultze resumed command of U-48, relieving Heinrich Bleichrodt. His resumption of combat operations coincided with the period known as the "First Happy Time." In the midst of his next patrol—6 February 1941—Hitler issued Directive 23. The order singled out the British sea lanes as a priority target for the navy and Luftwaffe.

On 20 January 1941 Schultze began his sixth patrol which ended on 17 February. Nicolas Angelos, a ship, was sunk from convoy OB 279 on 1 February and Nailsea Lass,  followed from convoy SLS 64 23 days later. The convoy was attacked by Admiral Hipper and several other U-boats. A seventh patrol from 17 March–8 April 1941 resulted in four sinkings. Schultze intercepted HX 115 on 29 March and sank three ships. The Hylton, Germanic, , and Limbourg,. The detached Beaverdale was sunk on 2 April which increased the tally by. In Schultze's eighth and penultimate patrol from 22 May–17 June 1941, he sank five ships. On 3 June Inversuir from convoy OB 327, on the 5th Wellfield  from convoy OB 328, and on the 6th and 8th Tregarthen  and then Pendrecht  from convoy OB 329. Empire Dew from convoy OG 64 was Schultze's final victim.

Ashore
Schultze was thus awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross on 12 June 1941. The presentation was made on 30 June 1941 by Hitler at the Führer Headquarter Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair) in Rastenburg (now Kętrzyn in Poland).

On 27 July 1941 Schultze left U-48 to take command of the 3rd U-boat Flotilla operating from La Rochelle, also in France. He served in this capacity until March 1942, when he was assigned to the staff of Marinegruppe Nord as Admiral Staff Officer for U-boats. He was assigned to the staff of Admiral Karl Dönitz in December 1942. On 1 April 1943 he was promoted to Korvettenkapitän. In March 1944 he was assigned as commander of Department II, Marineschule Mürwik, where he served to the end of the war.

Post-war
In August 1945 he was employed by the Allies as commander of the Naval Academy at Mürwik near Flensburg and the Heinz Krey-bearing. In November 1945, now a civilian, he took the job of manager of the naval facilities in Flensburg-Mürwik until October 1946.

On 2 July 1956, Schultze joined the Bundesmarine of West Germany and served in a string of staff positions. His first disposition was commander of the 3rd Ship Home Department. He served in this capacity from 2 July 1956 to 15 February 1959. He then served as Staff Officer Personnel (A1) on the command staff of the naval base, was commander of convoy ships, teaching group leaders at the Naval Academy and head of the volunteer adoption headquarters of the Navy until his retirement on 30 September 1968 with the rank of Kapitän zur See. Schultze died on 3 June 1987 in London.

Awards

 * Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class (2 October 1936)
 * Olympic Games Decoration (20 April 1937)
 * Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (25 September 1939) & 1st Class (27 October 1939)
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 * Knight's Cross on 1 March 1940 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-48
 * 15th Oak Leaves on 12 June 1941 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-48
 * Croce di Guerra with Swords (14 October 1941)
 * U-boat War Badge (1939) (25 October 1939), with Diamonds (15 July 1941)

title: Herbert Schultze


text: Talk:Julianne Malveaux

title: Talk:Julianne Malveaux


text:
Georg Lassen

Georg Lassen (12 May 1915 – 18 January 2012) was a German U-boat commander during World War II. He was a Watch Officer on GS U-29 (1936) at the outbreak of the war and later the skipper of the GS U-160 (1941) and recipient of the Knight’s Cross.

Whist aboard the U-29 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Otto Schuhart the crew sunk a total of 12 ships, including the British aircraft carrier HMS Courageous. Lassen became commander of U-29 on 3 January 1941 when Otto Schuhart was reassigned as a training instructor. The U-29 was under Lassen's command until from 3 January 1941 to 14 September 1941 during which the submarine was a training boat attached to the 24th (Training) Flotilla.

After his stint aboard the U-29, he was assigned command of U-160. On his first patrol with the crew of U-160 they sank and damaged a total of 6 vessels during the time between March and April 1942. A year later aboard U-160 during a patrol in South African waters Lassen and his crew sank and/or damaged 6 ships in under 5 hours. Lassen received the Oak Leaves for his Iron Cross for his success during the South African patrol.

In June 1943, Lassen was reassigned as a tactics instructor with the 1. U-Boot Lehrdivision, the same training division his former commander Otto Schuhart was reassigned to earlier.

Lassen became a businessman after the war and later worked as a managing director for a large company. In a traffic accident he lost an arm. His wife died after 55 years of marriage. In old age he moved to a retirement home in Mallorca, where he died on 18 January 2012 at the age of 96.

Awards

 * Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class (5 April 1939)
 * Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (26 September 1939) & 1st Class (18 July 1940)
 * Memel Medal (26 October 1939)
 * U-boat War Badge (1939) (18 July 1940)
 * U-boat Front Clasp (22 October 1944)
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 * Knight's Cross on 10 August 1942 as Oberleutnant zur See and commander of U-160
 * Oak Leaves on 7 March 1943 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-160

title: Georg Lassen


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Tuskaloosa

Tuskaloosa (Tuskalusa, Tastaluca, Tuskaluza) (died 1540) was a paramount chief of a Mississippian chiefdom in what is now the U.S. state of Alabama. His people were possibly ancestors to the several southern Native American confederacies (the Choctaw and Creek peoples) who later emerged in the region. The modern city of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, is named for him.

Tuskaloosa is notable for leading the Battle of Mabila at his fortified village against the Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto. After being taken hostage by the Spanish as they passed through his territory, Tuskaloosa organized a surprise attack on his captors at Mabila, but was ultimately defeated.

Contemporary records describe the paramount chief as being very tall and well built, with some of the chroniclers saying Tuaskaloosa stood a foot and a half taller than the Spaniards. His name, derived from the western Muskogean language elements tashka and losa, means "Black Warrior".

"[Tuskaloosa]'s appearance was full of dignity he was tall of person, muscular, lean, and symmetrical. He was the suzerain of many territories, and of numerous people, being equally feared by his vassals and the neighbouring nations."

De Soto expedition
Tuskaloosa and his chiefdom are recorded in the chronicles of Hernando de Soto's expedition, which arrived in North America in 1539. De Soto had been appointed Governor of Cuba by King Carlos I of Spain, who directed him to conquer Florida, as adelantado. This was believed to comprise what is now the Southern United States.

In 1539, De Soto landed near Tampa, Florida, with 600–1,000 men and 200 horses and began a circuitous exploration of modern-day Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama, often engaging in violent conflict with the indigenous peoples. As they traveled, the expedition kidnapped natives to act as bearers and interpreters of the many different language families (Muskogean, Yamasee, Iroquoian, Cherokee, and others) of the Southeast. The conquistadors frequently took a local chief hostage to guarantee safe passage through his territory. By October 1540, the expedition had reached the middle of modern-day Alabama.

Province of Tuskaloosa
Tuskaloosa's province consisted of a series of villages, located mostly along the Coosa and Alabama rivers. Each village had its own chief, who was a vassal to Tuskaloosa, the paramount chief. After traveling through the Province Coosa, the de Soto expedition came to the village of Talisi on September 18, 1540; the modern town of Childersburg, Alabama developed near here. The chief of Talisi and his vassals had fled the town before them, but de Soto sent messages to the chief, who returned on September 25.

Once the Chief of Talisi had shown his obedience by supplying the Spaniards with requested deerskins, food, bearers, and women, de Soto released the paramount chief of Coosa, whom they had held hostage while traveling through his territory. The Coosa chief was angry that he had been taken so far from his home village and that de Soto still held his sister. She was likely the mother of his successor as chief, as the tribe had a matrilineal kinship system. De Soto evidently thought Talisi was subject to Coosa, although the village was closer to Tuskaloosa. As such the chief may have had dual allegiances to both chiefdoms and balanced between them.

Tuskaloosa sent an envoy led by his son and several head men to meet the Spanish in Talisi. The envoy intended to assess Spanish expedition in order to prepare a trap for them. The Spanish rested at Talisi for several weeks, then departed on October 5. During the next several days, they reached about one village of the Tuskaloosa province per day. These included Casiste, situated on a stream; and Caxa, another village on a stream, possibly Hatchett Creek, the boundary between the Coosa and the Tuskaloosa. The next day they camped on the Coosa River, across from the village of Humati, near the mouth of Shoal Creek. On October 8 they came to a newly built settlement named Uxapita, possibly near modern Wetumpka, Alabama. On October 9, de Soto crossed the Tallapoosa River, and by the end of the day, his party was within a few miles of Tuskalusa's village, Atahachi.

De Soto sent a messenger to tell the chief he and his army had arrived, and the chief responded that they could go to the court whenever de Soto liked. The next day de Soto sent Luis de Moscoso Alvarado to tell the chief that they were on their way. The paramount village was a large, recently built, fortified community with a platform mound and plaza. Upon entering the village, de Soto was taken to meet the chief under a portico on top of the mound.

"Chapter VII-In which is related what happened to the commander Hernando de Soto, in his intercourse with the Chief of Tascaluza...who was such a tall man that he seemed a giant: Sunday, October 10, 1540, the Governor entered the village of Tascaluça, which is called Athahachi, a recent village. And the chief was on a kind of balcony on a mound at one side of the square, his head covered by a kind of coif like the almaizal, so that his headdress was like a Moor's which gave him an aspect of authority; he also wore a pelote or mantle of feathers down to his feet, very imposing; he was seated on some high cushions, and many of the principal men among his Indians were with him. He was as tall as that Tony (Antonico) of the Emperor, our lord's guard, and well proportioned, a fine and comely figure of a man. He had a son, a young man as tall as himself but more slender. Before this chief there stood always an Indian of graceful mien holding a parasol on a handle something like a round and very large fly fan, with a cross similar to that of the Knights of the Order of St. John of Rhodes, in the middle of a black field, and the cross was white. And although the Governor entered the plaza and alighted from his horse and went up to him, he did not rise, but remained passive in perfect composure and as if he had been a king."

Moscoso and his men mounted their horses and galloped around the plaza, playing juego de cañas, a dangerous sport involving jousting with lances. The men occasionally feinted toward Tuskaloosa, hoping to frighten him, a technique of manipulation de Soto had used against the Inca Atahualpa at Cajamarca. The chief sat unmoved. Afterward the Indians served the Spaniards food, and the residents of Atahachi danced in the plaza. This reminded the Spaniards of rural dances in their own country. When de Soto demanded porters and women from the chief, the chief said that he was accustomed to being served, and not vice versa. De Soto had Tuskaloosa taken hostage. The expedition began making plans to leave the next day, and Tuskaloosa relented, providing bearers for the Spaniards. He informed de Soto that they would have to go to his town of Mabila (or Mauvila) to receive the women. De Soto gave the chief a pair of boots and a red cloak to reward him for his cooperation.

The expedition departed Atachaci on October 12, and the next day arrived in the village of Piachi, situated high on a cliff overlooking the Alabama River. Here the Spaniards began noticing signs of resistance from the native population. De Soto demanded canoes from the people of Piachi, but the chief claimed his people did not have any. The expedition was forced to wait two days as they built rafts to cross to the north side of the river. After crossing, they noticed that two Spaniards were missing, Juan de Villalobos (who liked to explore the countryside) and an unnamed man looking for a runaway Indian slave. De Soto ordered Tuskaloosa to have his people produced or he would be burned at the stake; the chief said only that the men would be returned at Mabila.

On October 18, de Soto and the expedition arrived at Mabila, a small, heavily fortified village situated on a plain. It had a wooden palisade encircling it, with bastions every so often for archers to shoot from. The Spaniards knew something was amiss: the population of the town was almost exclusively male, young warriors and men of status. There were several women, but no children. The Spaniards also noticed the palisade had been recently strengthened, and that all trees, bushes and even weeds had been cleared from outside the settlement for the length of a crossbow shot. Outside the palisade in the field, they saw an older warrior haranguing younger men, or leading them in mock skirmishes and military exercises.

Archaeology
The South Appalachian Mississippian culture Big Eddy phase has been tentatively identified as the protohistoric Province of Tuskaloosa encountered by the de Soto expedition in 1540. The Big Eddy phase Taskigi Mound is a platform mound and fortified village site located at the confluence of the Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Alabama Rivers near Wetumpka, Alabama. It is preserved as part of the Fort Toulouse-Fort Jackson State Historic Site and is one of the locations included on the University of Alabama Museums "Alabama Indigenous Mound Trail".

Battle of Mabila
As de Soto approached the town, the chief of Mabila came out to greet him, bringing him three robes of marten skins as a gift. De Soto and several of his men dismounted and entered the town, as the native bearers placed the Spaniards' supplies next to the palisade. The Mabilians danced and sang to the Spaniards, seemingly to allay their fears and to distract them. While the spectacle unfolded, Tuskaloosa told de Soto he was tired of marching with the Spaniards, and wished to stay in Mabila. De Soto refused, and the chief asked to confer with some of his nobles in one of the large wattle and daub houses on the plaza. De Soto sent Juan Ortiz to retrieve him, but the Mabilians refused him entrance to the house. Tuskaloosa told de Soto and his expedition to leave in peace, or he and his allies would force him to leave.

When de Soto sent men into the house to retrieve the chief, they discovered it was full of armed warriors prepared to protect their chief. De Soto asked the Chief of Mabila to demand the porters promised by Tuskaloosa, and the Spaniards would leave. The man refused, and a Spaniard grabbed him; in the ensuing scuffle, the chief had his arm cut off by the Spaniard's sword. With this, the Mabilians attacked the Spanish, who immediately ran for the gate and their horses. Natives came from all of the houses and attacked the Spaniards. The Mabilians grabbed the provisions and equipment left outside the palisade and brought the supplies into the town. After making it outside, the Spaniards regrouped and assaulted the village. After numerous assaults and many hours (the battle lasted eight or nine hours), the Spaniards were able to hack holes into the walls of the palisade and reenter the town.

"We entered the town and set it on fire, whereby a number of Indians were burned, and all that we had was consumed, so that there remained not a thing. We fought that day until nightfall, without a single Indian having surrendered to us- they fighting bravely on like lions. We killed them all, either with fire or the sword, or, such of them as came out, with the lance, so that when it was nearly dark there remained only three alive; and these, taking the women that had been brought to dance, placed the twenty in front, who, crossing their hands, made signs to us that we should come for them. The Christians advancing toward the women, these turned aside, and the three men behind them shot their arrows at us, when we killed two of them. The last Indian, not to surrender, climbed a tree that was in the fence, and taking the cord from his bow, tied it about his neck, and from a limb hanged himself."

Mabilians
The Spaniards burned down Mabila, and nearly all the Mabilians and their allies were killed, either in the battle, in the subsequent fires, or by suicide. Chief Tuskaloosa's son was found among the dead, although the chief was not. Biedma asserts that over five thousand were in the town, of which almost none was able to escape. For several weeks afterward, the Spanish made forays to neighboring villages for supplies of maize, deerskins, and other goods, finding many wounded and dead Mabilians in the houses. The natives had made two serious mistakes: they had not realized the Spaniards' advantage when mounted on horses, and they had relied too heavily on their palisade. Once the Spanish breached the palisade, the Mabilians were too crowded in the village to mount a successful defense.

Over the next few centuries, the Tuskaloosa, Coosa, Plaquemine Mississippian peoples from the Mississippi and Pearl River valleys, and other native peoples came together to form a confederacy that became the tribe known as the Choctaw.

title: Tuskaloosa


text:
Heinrich Liebe

Heinrich Liebe (29 January 1908 – 27 July 1997) was a German naval officer during World War II. He served as a U-boat commander. Liebe was credited with sinking of 34 ships for a total of.

Awards

 * Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class (2 October 1936)
 * Olympic Games Decoration (20 April 1937)
 * Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (8 October 1939) & 1st Class (6 April 1940)
 * U-boat War Badge (1939) (16 December 1939)
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 * Knight's Cross on 14 August 1940 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-38
 * 13th Oak Leaves on 10 June 1941 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-38
 * Italian War Cross with Swords (2 December 1941)
 * War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords (3 September 1944)

title: Heinrich Liebe


text:
List of storms named Lorena

The name Lorena has been used for five tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Hurricane Lorena (1983)
 * Hurricane Lorena (1989)
 * Tropical Storm Lorena (2001)
 * Tropical Storm Lorena (2013)
 * Hurricane Lorena (2019), a Category 1 hurricane that made landfall in Baja California.

title: List of storms named Lorena


text:
Richard T. Ely

Richard Theodore Ely (April 13, 1854 – October 4, 1943) was an American economist, author, and leader of the Progressive movement who called for more government intervention to reform what they perceived as the injustices of capitalism, especially regarding factory conditions, compulsory education, child labor, and labor unions.

Ely is best remembered as a founder and the first Secretary of the American Economic Association, as a founder and secretary of the Christian Social Union, and as the author of a series of widely read books on the organized labor movement, socialism, and other social issues.

Early years
Ely was born in 1854 in Ripley, New York, the oldest child of Ezra Sterling and Harriet Gardner (Mason) Ely. He grew up on his family's 90-acre farm near Fredonia, New York, carrying wood, milking cows, churning butter, and picking rock in the fields. He later recalled that life on the farm taught him much. Richard's father was a self-taught engineer and young Richard helped him lay out a railroad in Pennsylvania. However, Richard's father was not a successful farmer, relying too much on questionable ideas from popular farm magazines rather than local experience. Fluctuating prices further complicated farming.

Richard's father was a devout Presbyterian who avoided tobacco, allowed no work or play on Sunday, and refused to grow hops because they would have been used to make beer. Yet his stern father read poetry and studied Latin. Ely's mother painted and taught art in the local teachers' college. Ely transferred his affiliation to the Episcopal Church in college, and through his life remained devout and active.

Education and career
Ely attended Columbia University in New York City, from which he received a bachelor's degree in 1876 and a master's degree in 1879. He received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in economics from the University of Heidelberg in that same year, where he had studied with Karl Knies, who belonged to the historical school of economics, and Johann Kaspar Bluntschli. He later received a Doctorate of Laws from Hobart College, receiving the degree in 1892.

Ely was a professor and head of the Department of Political Economy at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland from 1881 to 1892.

In 1885, Ely was a founder of the American Economic Association, serving until 1892 as the group's Secretary. He later served a term as President of the organization, holding that position from 1899 to 1901. The AEA Distinguished Lecture series was formerly known as the Richard T. Ely Lecture; it was renamed in 2020. Ely also founded Lambda Alpha International in 1930. Its purposes included the encouragement of the study of land economics in universities; the promotion of a closer affiliation between its members and the professional world of land economics; and the furtherance of the highest ideals of scholarship and honesty in business and the universities. Richard T. Ely is known as the "Father of Land Economics".

In April 1891, Ely was a founder and the first Secretary of the Christian Social Union, a membership organization advocating the application of Christian principles to the social problems of the world.

From 1892 until 1925, he was professor of Political Economy and director of the School of Economics, Political Science, and History at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. In 1894 an unsuccessful attempt was made by Oliver Elwin Wells, Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin and ex officio member of the University's Board of Regents to expel Ely from his chair at Wisconsin for purportedly teaching socialistic doctrines. This effort failed, with the Wisconsin state Board of Regents issuing a ringing proclamation in favor of academic freedom, acknowledging the necessity for freely "sifting and winnowing" among competing claims of truth.

In 1906, Ely co-founded the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL) with other economists.

In 1925, Ely moved to Northwestern University in Chicago, where he accepted a position as professor of economics. He remained at Northwestern until his retirement in 1933.

Political views
Although regarded as a radical by his detractors on the political right, Ely was in fact opposed to socialism. "I condemn alike," he declared, "that individualism that would allow the state no room for industrial activity, and that socialism which would absorb in the state the functions of the individual." He argued that socialism was not needed, and "the alternative of socialism is our complex socio-economic order, which is based, in the main, upon private property." He warned that the proper "balance between private and public enterprise" is "menaced by socialism, on the one hand, and by plutocracy, on the other."

Ely's critique of socialism made him a political target of the socialists themselves. In his 1910 book, Ten Blind Leaders of the Blind, Arthur Morrow Lewis acknowledged that Ely was a "fair opponent" who had "done much to obtain a hearing for [socialism] among the unreasonable", but charged he was merely one of those "bourgeois intellectuals" who were "not sufficiently intellectual to grasp the nature of our position."

Ely was a product of the German historical school with an emphasis on evolution to new forms, and never accepted the marginalist revolution that was transforming economic theory in Britain and the U.S. He was strongly influenced by Herbert Spencer and strongly favored competition over monopoly or state ownership, with regulation to "secure its benefits" and "mitigate its evils". What was needed was "to raise its moral and ethical level." However, whereas Spencer believed that free competition was best served by deregulation and a smaller state, Ely believed that more regulation and a more interventionist state was the policy to follow. Also on social Darwinism, Spencer believed that the state should not get involved in supporting one ethnic group over another — whereas Ely believed that the state should support white "Nordic" people against people of other races (in line with the opinions of his colleagues at the University of Wisconsin, Edward Alsworth Ross and Charles R. Van Hise).

Ely favored eugenics, arguing the "unfit" should be kept from reproducing. Ely argued that blacks were "for the most part grownup children, and should be treated as such." Ely was an advocate for redlining (which entails racial segregation and discrimination in real estate), and has been considered influential in the institutionalization of redlining practices in the United States.

Ely did support labor unions and opposed child labor, as did many leaders of the Progressive Movement, and also some conservatives such as Mark Hanna. Ely was close to the Social Gospel movement, emphasizing that the Gospel of Christ applied to society as a whole, not merely to individuals; he worked hard to convince churches to advocate on behalf of workers. Ely strongly influenced his friend Walter Rauschenbusch, a leading spokesman for the Social Gospel.

During World War I, Ely worked to build popular support for the American war effort, taking part in the activities of the League to Enforce Peace. He headed the committee of arrangements for a "Win the War Convention" held in Madison from November 8–10, 1918. Ely's political activities during World War I included his campaign against Senator Robert M. La Follette. Although La Follette was a Progressive in politics, he did not support the war, and so Ely regarded him as unfit for office. Ely tried to have him removed from the United States Senate and end his influence in Wisconsin politics.

Ely edited Macmillan's Citizen's Library of Economics, Politics, and Sociology and its Social Science Textbook Series and Crowell's Library of Economics and Politics, and was a frequent contributor to periodical literature, both scientific and popular.

Death and legacy

Richard Ely died in Old Lyme, Connecticut on October 4, 1943, and was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Madison. A large portion of his library was purchased by Louisiana State University and is now a part of LSU's Special Collections division. Ely's papers are housed at the Wisconsin Historical Society.

The American Economic Association instituted the annual "Richard T. Ely Lecture" in 1960 in his memory, which, unlike the Association's other honors is also open to non-American economists. It was renamed the AEA Distinguished Lecture series in 2020.

His former home, now known as the Richard T. Ely House, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The television series Profiles in Courage did an episode in 1964 titled "Richard T. Ely" about the "sifting and winnowing" incident. Ely was played by Dan O'Herlihy; Wells by Edward Asner; and Ely's attorney, former Congressman Burr Jones, by Leonard Nimoy.

Works

 * French and German Socialism in Modern Times. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1883.
 * The Past and Present of Political Economy. (contributor) Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, 1884.
 * Recent American Socialism. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, 1885.
 * The Labor Movement in America. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1886.
 * Taxation in American States and Cities. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1888.
 * Problems of Today: A Discussion of Protective Tariffs, Taxation, and Monopolies. (1888). Revised and enlarged edition. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1890.
 * Introduction to Political Economy.'' New York: Chautauqua Press, 1889.
 * Social Aspects of Christianity, and Other Essays. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1889.
 * The Universities and the Churches: An Address Delivered at the 31st University Convocation, State Chamber, Albany, New York, July 5, 1893. Albany: State University of New York, 1893.
 * Outlines of Economics. New York: Flood and Vincent, 1893.
 * Socialism: An Examination of Its Nature, Its Strength and Its Weakness. (1894) New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1895. —Reissued as The Strength and Weakness of Socialism.
 * The Social Law of Service. New York: Eaton and Mains, 1896.
 * Monopolies and Trusts. New York: Macmillan, 1900.
 * The Coming City. New York: Thomas Y, Crowell & Co., 1902.
 * Studies in the Evolution of Industrial Society. New York: Macmillan, 1903.
 * Elementary Principles of Economics: Together with a Short Sketch of Economic History. With G.R. Wicker. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
 * Property and Contract in their Relation to the Distribution of Wealth. In two volumes. New York: Macmillan, 1914. Volume 1 | Volume 2.
 * "Private Colonization of Land," offprint from American Economic Review. Madison, WI: Office of the Secretary of the American Association of Agricultural Legislation, Sept. 1918.
 * Elements of Land Economics. With Edward Ward Morehouse. New York: Macmillan, 1924.
 * Hard Times: The Way In and the Way Out: With a Special Consideration of the "Seen and the Unseen." New York: Macmillan, 1932.
 * The Great Change: Work and Wealth in the New Age. With Frank Bohn. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1935.
 * Ground Under Our Feet: An Autobiography. New York: Macmillan, 1938.
 * Land Economics. With G.S. Wehrwein. New York: Macmillan, 1941.

title: Richard T. Ely


text:
List of storms named Lowell

The name Lowell has been used for six tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean:
 * Hurricane Lowell (1984), category 1 storm that remained away from land
 * Hurricane Lowell (1990), another category 1 storm that stayed away from land
 * Tropical Storm Lowell (2002), remained out to sea
 * Tropical Storm Lowell (2008), made landfall in Baja California and produced major flooding in the Midwest
 * Hurricane Lowell (2014), category 1 storm that remained out to sea
 * Tropical Storm Lowell (2020), also remained out to sea

title: List of storms named Lowell


text:
Luís Marques Mendes

Luís Manuel Gonçalves Marquez Mendes, GCIH (born 5 September 1957) is a Portuguese lawyer and politician, and a former Leader of the Social Democratic Party.

Background
He is a son of António Marques Mendes and wife Maria Isabel Gonçalves.

Career
He is a Licentiate in Law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Coimbra.

He started his career as a lawyer.

As a member of the Social Democratic Party he became Secretary of State and Spokesman of the Government of Prof. Aníbal Cavaco Silva. He has also been a Deputy to the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic.

He was elected the President of his Party in 2005 after Pedro Santana Lopes and was succeeded in September 2007 by Luís Filipe Menezes.

He is also a Member of the Portuguese Council of State, elected by the Assembly of the Republic.

Family
He married in Guimarães, Vermil, on 24 April 1982, to Rosa Sofia Pinto Martins Salazar, born in Guimarães, Vermil, on 8 May 1957, a Licentiate in Modern Literatures and Languages (English and German), daughter of António Martins Fernandes Salazar (b. Guimarães, Vermil, Calçada, 19 May 1931), an Industrialist, one of the pioneers of the Ave, Subregion industrialization, and wife (m. Vila do Conde, São Miguel de Arcos, 21 April 1955) Berta da Silva Pinto (Penafiel, Penafiel, 23 May 1934 – Guimarães, Creixomil, 13 February 1995), and paternal granddaughter of José Fernandes Salazar (Guimarães, Vermil, 3 March 1890 – Porto, Miragaia, 1 December 1975), an Industrialist, one of the pioneers of the Ave, Subregion industrialization, and wife (m. Guimarães, Ronfe, 19 February 1925) Rosa Correia da Silva Martins (Guimarães, Ronfe, 2 January 1897 – Porto, Cedofeita, 31 August 1972). The couple has three children:
 * João Pedro Pinto Salazar Marques Mendes
 * Ana Sofia Pinto Salazar Marques Mendes
 * João Miguel Pinto Salazar Marques Mendes

Honours

 * PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (6 June 2008)

PSD leadership election, 2006
! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * bgcolor=orange|
 * align=center | Luís Marques Mendes
 * align=center | 18,525
 * align=center | 90.8
 * bgcolor=white|
 * align=center | Blank Ballots
 * align=center | 1,512
 * align=center | 7.4
 * bgcolor=white|
 * align=center | Invalid Ballots
 * align=center | 362
 * align=center | 1.8
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |  Turnout
 * align=center | 20,399
 * align=center | 36.76
 * }
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |  Turnout
 * align=center | 20,399
 * align=center | 36.76
 * }
 * }

 * (Source: Official results)

PSD leadership election, 2007
! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|%
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * bgcolor=orange|
 * align=center | Luís Filipe Menezes
 * align=center | 20,701
 * align=center | 54.1
 * bgcolor=orange|
 * align=center | Luís Marques Mendes
 * align=center | 16,334
 * align=center | 42.7
 * bgcolor=white|
 * align=center | Blank/Invalid Ballots
 * align=center | 1,235
 * align=center | 3.2
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |  Turnout
 * align=center | 38,270
 * align=center | 60.71
 * }
 * colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |  Turnout
 * align=center | 38,270
 * align=center | 60.71
 * }
 * }

 * (Source: Official results)

title: Luís Marques Mendes


text:
Category talk:Indie rock groups

-Check if they are on a major label or not, if they are, then its a false claim to Indie Rock, and would better be called Imitation Indie Rock, or some such. Are there any terms like that on here? Seems to me like there a hundred incorrect categorizations. Could do with a bot to fix it all. --VirianFlux 11:18, 1 July 2006 (GMT)

Why do certain bands have a subcategory? 152.163.100.134 01:30, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Hi all -- this category needs work. I've been browsing around Wikipedia's music pages, and all the indie-rock genre confusion has replicated itself on the site. Wikipedia needs to develop a single, consistent volcabulary to organize around, because right now, things that should be together are distributed in a half-dozen unrelated pages. The band Low, for example, was (until I edited the article) listed in "American Rock Groups" but not "Indie Rock Groups." There's also an "American Musical Groups" page with genre categories for The Beach Boys (why on earth is there a category devoted to one band??) and that includes a mixture of indie rock and bands like Blink-182. Not trying to say anything bad about Blink-182, but the organization doesn't make a whole lot of sense to me. 68.196.119.5 17:02, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not trying to bring up the obvious or anything but this category is somewhat subjective as far as the inclusion criteria goes. Who determines who is indie and who isn't?  I hope it's not the people at the record store where I go because they have a section for rock/pop and another for indie.  Death Cab for Cutie was in rock/pop while The Long Winters was in indie.  They are both on Barsuk (Death Cab actually left in 2005, but most of their recordings to date are on Barsuk), so I started wondering about what criteria they were using to separate the two categories.  I always thought label was a pretty good indicator.  Does anyone have any input?  I know there is always going to be subjectivity involved, but if anyone knows what criteria has been used for this category page I'd like to hear about it.--Hraefen 04:06, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

=Why do Arctic Monkeys have their own Sub-Category?= Because someone added it there in defiance of WP:STYLE. I'll remove it.--h i s  s p a c e   r e s e a r c h 11:33, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Indie rock groups


text:
Talk:Conflict in Transnistria and Gagauzia

Transnistria and Gagauzia should be independent. they are like wales,scotland,northern ireland,isle of man,jersey,florida,guernesey,faeroe islands,crete,sicily,sardinia,corsica,azores islands,cayman islands,bermuda,greenland.they are suppressed by the leading countries.

 * You forgot Ohio.

- The authority of this article is undermined by the authors' seeming illiteracy. They misspell words repeatedly. In addition, citations backing controversial topics are missing.

The corresponding article in Romanian is actually more neutral than this one. Kind of amusing, that... --Illythr 23:38, 1 July 2006 (UTC)


text:
Orfeón (Mexican record label)

Orfeón is a record label from Mexico, which has released many recordings for the Latin American market since at least the 1950s.

In 1961, after having released Mexican editions of several of their Decca Records singles, the label signed American rockers Bill Haley & His Comets and the band had numerous regional hits on the label, most notably the partial instrumental "Florida Twist" and the Spanish-language "Twist Espanol", during their tenure that lasted until early 1966. The label also sponsored a musical television series, Orfeón a Go-Go (which included appearances by Haley, among other acts from the label).

Orfeón was affiliated with the Dimsa label in the 1960s, releasing some material (including a number of Haley albums) under this label. Another major American act that recorded for the label was Big Joe Turner in 1966 (his recordings were backed by Haley's Comets, and Turner performed one of the songs along with Haley and the Comets on an episode of Orfeón a Go-Go).

title: Orfeón (Mexican record label)


text:
Barrio Fino

Barrio Fino ("Fine 'Hood") is the third studio album by Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee, released on July 13, 2004, in the United States by VI Music and El Cartel Records and internationally by Machete Music and Polydor Records. Released two years after his previous studio album, El Cangri.com (2002), the album was recorded in Puerto Rico between 2003 and 2004. It explores themes ranging from dance, sex, romance, introspection, and protest against political corruption and violence against women. Barrio Fino was instrumental in popularizing reggaeton in the mainstream market, enhancing Daddy Yankee's career, as well as cementing his status as one of the most successful Latin artists of the 2000s. The album is reported to have sold over 8 million copies in the world.

Daddy Yankee wrote all the tracks, with co-writing credits on seven, and is credited as executive producer. Four of the 21 songs were released as singles. The first single, "Gasolina", charted within the top 10 in Denmark, Italy, Norway, Ireland, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Austria, while "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" peaked at number two on the US Hot Latin Songs chart. Barrio Fino reached number one on the US Tropical Albums and the Top Latin Albums charts. It became the first reggaeton recording to debut and peak atop the latter chart. It ranked within the top 30 in the United States, Portugal, Switzerland and Spain.

The album was Daddy Yankee's first international commercial success, and garnered a Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Music Album, while "Gasolina" became the first reggaeton song to receive a nomination for a Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Barrio Fino produced two Billboard Hot 100 entries, but despite the album's success, none of its four Billboard Hot Latin Songs entries reached number one. Barrio Fino was ranked number 44 in the "Top 50 Records of 2005" list by Rolling Stone and was included in Billboard's "50 Greatest Latin Albums of the Past 50 Years" in 2015. The album received a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America, denoting shipments of over one million copies in the United States, where it became the top-selling Latin album of 2005 and the 2000s decade and is the seventh best-selling Latin album of all time in the country. In 2020, Rolling Stone updated their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list placing Barrio Fino at number 473.

Daddy Yankee appeared at the Billboard Latin Music Awards performing the "Gasolina" with a guest appearance from Sean Combs in 2005; it was recognized by Billboard as one of the best performances of the night.

Background
In 1991, Daddy Yankee began his musical career on a collaborative project with Puerto Rican disc jockey and producer DJ Playero. Daddy Yankee was later featured on Playero's 37 and 38 studio albums, before releasing his first solo record titled No Mercy in 1995. At the age of 17, while taking a break from a recording session, Ayala was shot in the leg after being caught inadvertently in the middle of a shootout, ending his aspirations of becoming a professional baseball player. Following his injuries, Daddy Yankee continued working on underground reggaeton records, and released his first album as a producer, El Cartel de Yankee (1997). After the release of his 2001 independent album El Cartel II: Los Cangris, Daddy Yankee released his second studio album El Cangri.com (2002), which is cited as the record that made him well known outside his natal Puerto Rico. Prior to Barrio Fino, Daddy Yankee released a compilation album titled Los Homerun-es, which became his first record to chart within the top 10 on the US Top Latin Albums, reaching number seven. Later that year, he was featured on Dominican duo Luny Tunes' debut studio album, Mas Flow, on the track "Cógela Que Van Sin Jockey", whose outro included Daddy Yankee promoting Barrio Fino. At first, the album was supposed to be titled El Cangri.com 2: Barrio Fino with a August 2003 release; however, those plans were scrapped. By 2004, Yankee caught on and established a steady career on his home island. His previous four albums had each sold more than 100,000 copies in Puerto Rico.

Composition
The album's lyrics explore themes ranging from dance, sex, romance, introspection, and social issues, which are recurring themes in the rapper's repertoire. The intro, performed by ex-convict poet Gavilán, is a poetic piece focusing on the humble side of Puerto Rico's poor neighborhoods or barrios. On the next track, "King Daddy", the rapper describes his career and predicts how Barrio Fino will revolutionize reggaeton music and validate his stage name as a successful Latin artist in the United States. "Dale Caliente" is a reggaeton dance song inspired by dancehall and Jamaican music, featuring backing vocals by Puerto Rican singer Glory and Jamaican artist Blacka-Nice. "No Me Dejes Solo" features lead vocals by Puerto Rican duo Wisin & Yandel and backing vocals by Glory. Its sexually suggestive lyrics are about the fears of losing a girlfriend.

"Gasolina", the album's lead single, was inspired by a Puerto Rican phrase about having a good time partying. Before the release of Barrio Fino, Daddy Yankee shared an apartment with his wife and three children in the Villa Kennedy housing project, where he occasionally heard people in the streets shouting "¡Cómo le gusta la gasolina!" ("How she likes gasoline!") at women who accepted rides from men with fancy cars. The hook "a mí me gusta la gasolina, dame más gasolina" ("I like gasoline, give me more gasoline") was born after he chanted rhythmically what he was hearing outside. He contacted his colleague and friend Eddie Dee to work with him on the song's lyrics.

"Like You" is Daddy Yankee's first Spanglish song. Musically, it is a fusion of reggaeton and rhythm and blues, featuring backing vocals by May-Be and Raymond Acosta and guitars by Puerto Rican producer Arnaldo "Naldo" Santos. Daddy Yankee decided to write a song with English-language lyrics, so he "could be understood by people who liked reggaeton but did not speak Spanish." "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó", the album's second single, fuses reggaeton and merengue music, giving it "a Caribbean tropical sound", with lyrics about a man who breaks up with a girl he was seeing after finding out she has a boyfriend. "Tu Príncipe" is a romantic track that features Puerto Rican duo Zion & Lennox, with lyrics describing the dilemmas of falling in love with a best friend and the fears following a revelation of one's feelings. "Cuéntame" is another romantic reggaeton song recorded in order to "balance the production" by creating a similar track to "Tu Príncipe".

"Santifica tus Escapularios" is a rap recording that allowed Daddy Yankee to "vent against all spiritual evil." "Sabor a Melao" fuses reggaeton and salsa music and features Puerto Rican singer-songwriter Andy Montañez, using a chorus from his Batacumbele orchestra. "El Muro" and "El Empuje" are "classic hardcore reggaeton" tracks that were recorded in order to balance the variety of the recording's offerings. The reggaeton and R&B-blended track, "¿Qué Vas a Hacer?", features vocals from May-Be and guitars by Jeorge Salgado and focuses on violence against women. The song was written as a conversation between a man and a woman. "Salud y Vida" is a hip hop track with Mexican banda influences with lyrics that suggest that people value materialistic objects more than their own well-being. Latin music journalist Ramiro Burr wrote that on this track, Daddy Yankee reflected on his neighborhood questioning "society's endless pursuit of material things." The song features backing vocals by American artist Norman "Notch" Howell and Marcelo Castro performing trumpet.

The interlude, performed by Gavilán, is another poem about the roughness of the barrio, serving as a prelude to the next track. "Corazones" is a socially conscious rap song that "describes how every heart in the world is different and feels different things. So intentions, emotions and even the most similar of situations are always unique to each individual." Daddy Yankee wrote the lyrics because he believes that the mass media focuses more on reporting negative news rather than positive ones. He also took notice about the needs of poor people and barrios. The track mentions politics, crime, hope and Christian spirituality. "Golpe de Estado" is a personal song featuring novice rapper Tommy Viera whose lyrics are about Daddy Yankee's, and Barrio Fino role in the reggaeton music movement. "Dos Mujeres", performed humorously, takes the point of view of a man who secretly maintains a relationship with two women. "Saber Su Nombre" fuses reggaeton and dancehall music, and tells the story of a man who shows interest in a woman he met at a nightclub. The album's outro, titled "Historia", was written to represent the people of Puerto Rican neighborhoods. Daddy Yankee stated that he wanted to "bring them to life in a story that's very humble but full of pride."

Production and packaging
Luny Tunes produced nine of the 21 tracks on Barrio Fino, including the singles "Gasolina", "Like You", and "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó". Puerto Rican production duo Monserrate & DJ Urba produced three songs, including the single "No Me Dejes Solo". Puerto Rican singer and producer Fido, one half of Alexis & Fido, and Puerto Rican pianist Eliel each produced two tracks. Puerto Rican producers Naldo, DJ Nelson, Echo, Diesel, Nely, Edgardo "Mattatracks" Matta, and Salvadoran production duo Crooked Stilo produced or co-produced one track on the album. The intro, interlude and outro were produced by Ramsis.

Barrio Fino was recorded between 2003 and 2004 at Daddy Yankee's El Cartel Studios in Villa Kennedy, San Juan, Puerto Rico and Luny Tunes' Mas Flow Studios in Carolina, Puerto Rico. The album was mixed by Luny Tunes, Paul "Echo" Irizarry and Jose "Hyde" Cotto at Mas Flow Studios and The Lab Studios. The mastering by Nestor Salomon at Digital Recording Services. The cover art features Daddy Yankee in a black-and-white aesthetic. He hired Elastic People music video director and designer Carlos Perez, who wanted to "position him as one of the founders of the movement and portray him on a sophisticated note." Daddy Yankee suggested a "monumental" black-and-white cover inspired from historical photographs involving American professional boxer and activist Muhammad Ali.

Release
Barrio Fino was released on July 13, 2004. In the week ending on July 31, the record debuted at number one on the US Top Latin Albums, becoming the first reggaeton album to peak and debut at the top of that chart. It also debuted at number one on the US Tropical Albums and at number 67 on the Billboard 200, selling almost 18,000 copies in it first week. The release of "Gasolina" as the album's lead single enhanced its chart performance and it topped the Top Latin Albums chart for a second week in 2005, remaining there for another 22 non-consecutive weeks, for a total of 24 weeks at number one. It also re-entered the Billboard 200 in the week ending on December 18, 2004, and peaked at number 26 on the April 16, 2005, issue. It topped the Tropical Albums chart for 28 non-consecutive weeks. It also charted for 54 weeks on the Billboard 200, and 42 weeks on Tropical Albums. A bonus track version of Barrio Fino, which includes a salsa remix of "Sabor a Melao" and a bachata remix for "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó", was released on May 23, 2005.

In 2005, the album became the first reggaeton record to chart in Europe, peaking at number 26 in Portugal and Spain, at number 28 in Switzerland, at number 46 in Italy, at number 51 in Austria, and at number 67 in France. On May 17, 2005, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified Barrio Fino platinum for having shipped one million copies in the United States. On March 3, 2006, it was also certified platinum by the Mexican Association of Producers of Phonograms and Videograms (AMPROFON) for sales of 100,000 units in Mexico. The album also received a platinum certification by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers (CAPIF) on March 22, 2005, for sales of over 40,000 units. Barrio Fino was the fourth and 10th best selling album of 2005 in Venezuela and Chile, respectively,  and was certified gold for selling 10,000 units across Central America.

In Canada, sales for Barrio Fino were considerably lower. Despite Daddy Yankee being one of the first reggaeton artists to receive airplay there, the album had sold only 9,300 units as of September 2005, according to Nielsen SoundScan. According to The Record, Barrio Fino shipped five million copies worldwide as of June 2006. In the United States, Barrio Fino became the best-selling reggaeton album of 2004, the best- selling tropical recording of 2004, and the best-selling Latin album of 2005 and the 2000s decade. , the record has sold 1,083,000 copies in the United States, making it the seventh best-selling Latin album in the country according to Nielsen SoundScan. As of August 2005, Barrio Fino has sold three million of copies.

The bonus track version was re-released for digital stores and streaming platforms on July 21, 2017, under El Cartel Records and The Orchard, celebrating the album's 13th anniversary. It subsequently re-entered the US Top Latin Albums chart at number 13 on August 12, 2017. On the US Top Latin Albums chart, Barrio Fino charted for 262 non-consecutive weeks from July 31, 2004, to July 22, 2006, and from August 12, 2017, onwards.

Singles
"Gasolina" became the first of the album's singles to enter the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 32 on the week ending January 29, 2005. It also reached number 10 and 17 on the US Hot Rap Songs and Hot Latin Songs charts, respectively. Leila Cobo of Billboard stated that it could not pass its number 17 peak on the Hot Latin Songs chart because of the lack of urban music played on US Spanish-language radio stations at the time. Internationally, the song ranked within the top five in Denmark, Italy, Norway, Ireland and the United Kingdom. "Gasolina" did not chart in Japan, despite the track having shipped 100,000 units in the country as of September 2005.

The album's second single, "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó", peaked at number two on Hot Latin Songs and number six on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles list, where it charted for 18 weeks without entering the Hot 100. It also became Daddy Yankee's first number one on the US Tropical Airplay chart on March 12, 2005. Internationally, "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" peaked at number 35 in Switzerland. The third single, "No Me Dejes Solo", peaked at number 32 on Hot Latin Songs and at number eight on Tropical Airplay. The fourth and final single from Barrio Fino, "Like You", peaked at number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Tu Príncipe" peaked at number 35 on the US Hot Latin Songs chart on the issue dated April 8, 2006. Daddy Yankee stated in October 2014 that "Tu Príncipe" was not released as a single nor a promotional song, and that it charted "on its own, because of the fans."

Critical reception
Jason Birchmeier of AllMusic gave the album a 4.5 out of 5 score, praising its first half as "remarkably solid" but commenting that its final quarter "begins to grow tiresome" because of the record's length. He states that Daddy Yankee "deserves a lot of credit for the success of Barrio Fino, for his charisma, energy level, and command of the proceedings are well evident and often infectious." Birchmeier selected "Gasolina" and "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" as the album's highlights, with minor highlights including "Dale Caliente," "No Me Dejes Solo," "Tu Príncipe," and "¿Qué Vas a Hacer?". He ended the review by saying that Barrio Fino is "a milestone reggaetón release for its time" alongside Don Omar's The Last Don.

Rolling Stone magazine's Christian Hoard gave it a 3.5 out of 5, stating that Barrio Fino is "the blingiest and most modern disc in current reggaeton" and highlighted the track "Gasolina" for its "slinky hook." The album was later ranked by the magazine as the 44th best record of 2005. On the 2005 year-end ranking of Rolling Stone Argentina, the album was ranked as the 47th best record of 2005, with the comment that "Daddy Yankee exploits a boricua version of 50 Cent's style." The magazine praised the album for its "elegant and fabulous rhythms" and ended the review by adding that "Barrio Fino is an agitated excursion to reggaeton's most rough pleasures."

Adam Webb of the BBC stated in his review that Daddy Yankee's "sheer energy" is where he "reigns supreme over the majority of his hip hop peers." He felt that the fusion of salsa, dancehall and hip hop on "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó", "Sabor a Melao" and "Gasolina" "is like being strapped to a particularly lascivious booty." Journalist Ramiro Burr gave a positive review of the album. He said that "Gasolina" is "the engine driving this collection," describing the song as a basic reggae beat with a catchy chorus, and highlighted the dance tracks "No Me Dejes Solo" and "Like You". He also gave credit to Andy Montañez's vocals on "Sabor a Melao", which added "a soulful flavor to the track."

Kitty Empire of The Guardian wrote about "Gasolina" as a song that has "a spendidly infectious lurch." She also stated that the rest of the album "doesn't let up" by "updating the subgenre of Spanish-language hip-hop with a new swagger." An editor of the Indian music magazine The Record wrote a mixed review of Barrio Fino, stating that anyone who is not intimidated by the Spanish language barrier "will find this to be a good album," praising his "strong rhyming skills." The reviewer criticized the record because it "is not nearly as catchy or accessible as you might have expected it to be" but says that Daddy Yankee almost "lives up to the promise of the hype surrounding him." The album received a score of 3 out of 5.

Accolades
Barrio Fino received a Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Music Album at the 6th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. The lead single, "Gasolina", was nominated for Record of the Year, becoming the first reggaeton song to be so honored. The album also received a Billboard Music Award for Latin Album of the Year at the 16th Billboard Music Awards, ceremony where "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" was nominated for Top Latin Song and Daddy Yankee was awarded Latin Albums Artist of the Year. Barrio Fino also received a Billboard Latin Music Award for Reggaeton Album of the Year, a Lo Nuestro Award for Urban Album of the Year, and a Latin Music Fan Award for Album of the Year.

"Gasolina" also received the Catchiest Tune award at the 2nd Premios Juventud. Its music video received a Latin Music Fan Award for Music Video of the Year and was nominated for a MTV2 Award at the 22nd MTV Video Music Awards and a MTV Video Music Awards Japan for Best Reggae Video. "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" won an Urban Song of the Year award at the 18th Lo Nuestro Awards.

In 2006, Daddy Yankee received an ASCAP Award for Latin Songwriter of the Year for his work on "Gasolina", "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" and "No Me Dejes Solo", among other songs. He was also awarded Artist of the Year at the 13th Billboard Latin Music Awards, and Urban Artist of the Year at the 18th Lo Nuestro Awards. He received the Premios Juventud award for Voice of the Moment and Favorite Urban Artist at the 2nd Premios Juventud awards show, and was also nominated for a Favorite Latin Artist award at the 33rd American Music Awards.

In 2015, Billboard included Barrio Fino on their unranked "50 Greatest Latin Albums of the Past 50 Years" list and, in 2017, named "Gasolina" the 10th best Latin song of all-time and the eighth best reggaeton chorus of the 21st century. On September 22, 2020, Rolling Stone updated their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list placing Barrio Fino on the 473rd position. In 2022, Rolling Stone ranked "Gasolina" as the greatest reggaeton song of all time, while "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" was placed at number 16.

Legacy
The success of the album brought wealth to Daddy Yankee, who became the "messiah of reggaeton" according to Billboard, and inked a multi-year deal with the global athletic footwear company Reebok, launching a signature sport collection called DY in 2006. In August 2005, he signed a five-year contract with American record label Interscope Records, which distributed his subsequent albums Barrio Fino en Directo (2005), El Cartel: The Big Boss (2007) and Talento de Barrio (2008). That year, he produced and starred in his own semi-autobiographical feature film, Talento de Barrio, distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film, released in 2008, grossed $1.6 million at the box office in the United States as of November 2008.

Barrio Fino made history as the first reggaeton record to peak at number one on the US Top Latin Albums chart, as well as becoming the best-selling Latin album in the United States in 2005 and the 2000s decade. According to Billboard magazine, the commercial success of Barrio Fino "introduced Daddy Yankee to the mainstream market and made reggaeton an international [music] genre." In 2015, the magazine included the recording on its list of "50 Essential Latin Albums of the Last 50 years" (1965–2015). That same year, "Gasolina" was ranked ninth on Billboard's 50 Greatest Latin Songs of All Time, described as "the track that internationalized reggaeton" by making the genre a global phenomenon. Billboard included Daddy Yankee on its list of "The 30 Most Influential Latin Artists of All Time", citing "Gasolina" as the song that "brought the underground urban sound of the [Puerto Rican hoods] to the world."

In the United States, Latin album sales grew a startling 17.6% in the first half of 2005 in comparison to the previous year. Billboard's Leila Cobo cited that one of the reasons for this was the emergence of reggaeton and the commercial success of Barrio Fino. The commercial success of "Gasolina" in the country led to the creation of a new radio format and a Billboard chart, Latin Rhythm Airplay, in which Daddy Yankee eventually became the artist with the most total entries.

The album also enhanced Luny Tunes' production career. They were later recognized as the genre's hit-makers following the release of their studio albums Mas Flow 2 in 2005 and Mas Flow: Los Benjamins in 2006. Daddy Yankee credited Wisin & Yandel's collaboration on the track "No Me Dejes Solo" as the boost they needed to be internationally recognized. He considers "No Me Dejes Solo" as a "nightclub anthem" and "Lo Que Pasó, Pasó" a "Latin anthem" saying that both are contemporary and well received by fans. According to Leila Cobo of Billboard, the success of Barrio Fino "detonated a global reggaeton explosion that irrevocably altered the business, sound and aesthetic of Latin music."

According to Nestor Casonu, CEO of Casonu Strategic Management, "Daddy Yankee and 'Gasolina' triggered the explosion of urban Latin music worldwide." Daddy Yankee has claimed that the album's success gave impoverished children from barrios the hope of fame through a music career. Rachel Grace Amelda of Vice stated that "Daddy Yankee transcended being reduced to a one-hit wonder and started a movement that sent one resounding message to barrio kids: if Yankee can, I can too." On "I'm the Boss", a track from his 2013 mixtape King Daddy, Daddy Yankee revealed that "he is still spending his Barrio Fino money." In 2019, he celebrated the 15th anniversary of the album by posting on social media that it "changed the culture around the world, broke frontiers, and opened the doors for reggaeton music and the [urban movement] around the globe".

Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic and Discogs.

 * Raymond Acosta – back vocals (6)
 * Mark Allen – typography
 * James Begera – design
 * Martin Betz – photography
 * Marcelo Castro – trumpet (15)
 * Eddie Dee – songwriting (5)
 * Diesel – producer (17)
 * Echo – producer (17), mixing (all)
 * Eliel – producer (8)
 * Fido – producer (3, 4, 7, 14)
 * Nestor Salomón - mastering
 * Gavilán – lead vocals (1, 16)
 * Glory – back vocals (3–5, 13)
 * Hyde – mixing (all)
 * Edgardo Matta – producer (20)
 * May-Be – lead vocals (14), back vocals (6)
 * Monserrate & DJ Urba – producer (3, 4, 7, 13, 14)
 * Andy Montañez – lead vocals, songwriting (12)
 * Naldo – producer (14), guitar (6)
 * Notch – back vocals (15)
 * DJ Nelson – producer (12)
 * Nely – producer (18)
 * Blacka-Nice – back vocals (3)
 * Dino Olavarrias – songwriting (18)
 * Joan Ortíz – songwriting (8)
 * Carlos Perez – design, art direction
 * Janice Quijano – wardrobe stylist
 * Ramsis – producer (1, 16, 21)
 * Jeorge Salgado – guitar (14)
 * Sosa – producer (13)
 * Crooked Stilo – producer (15)
 * Luny Tunes – producer (2, 5, 6, 8–11, 19), mixing (all)
 * Tommy Viera – lead vocals (18)
 * Wisin & Yandel – lead vocals, songwriting (4)
 * Daddy Yankee – lead vocals (all), songwriting (all), executive producer
 * Zion & Lennox – lead vocals, songwriting (9)

title: Barrio Fino


text: File:The pillows - LITTLE BUSTERS.jpg

title: File:The pillows - LITTLE BUSTERS.jpg


text:
List of storms named Madeline

The name Madeline has been used for nine tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and one in the Western Pacific Ocean.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Tropical Depression Madeline (1961) – downgraded in post-analysis, should not have been named
 * Tropical Storm Madeline (1968) – never threatened land
 * Hurricane Madeline (1976) – strong Category 4 hurricane that made landfall near Zihuatanejo, causing heavy damage
 * Tropical Storm Madeline (1980) – short-lived storm, stayed out to sea
 * Tropical Storm Madeline (1986) – not a threat to land
 * Tropical Storm Madeline (1992) – stayed out to sea
 * Hurricane Madeline (1998) – Category 1 hurricane that threatened Islas Marías and parts of Mexico before dissipating, caused no damage
 * Hurricane Madeline (2016) – Category 4 hurricane that threatened Hawaii but took a different route before approaching the islands
 * Tropical Storm Madeline (2022) – caused some damage as it moved along the coast of southwestern Mexico

In the Western Pacific:
 * Typhoon Madeline (1949) (T4912)

title: List of storms named Madeline


text:
List of storms named Manuel

The name Manuel was used for four tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Hurricane Manuel (1983) – strong Category 3 hurricane that never made landfall
 * Tropical Storm Manuel (1989) – paralleled the coast of Mexico
 * Tropical Storm Manuel (2001) – formed from the remnants of Hurricane Iris
 * Hurricane Manuel (2013) – Category 1 hurricane that made landfall twice in Mexico (Colima, Sinaloa); killed at least 169 people

After the 2013 storm, the name Manuel was retired and replaced with Mario for the 2019 season.

title: List of storms named Manuel


text:
St Catherine's School, Ventnor

St Catherine's School, in Ventnor, on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom, is an independent non-maintained residential special school for children and young people aged seven to 19 years who have speech, language and communication needs. The school has charitable status. Many students have multiple conditions and a range of abilities are supported.

Early history
The school was previously a nursing home for adults with tuberculosis. It was called St Catherine's Home and opened in 1879. The original nursing staff were the Anglican Sisters of St Margaret's, East Grinstead. The building taken over for the home had originally been called Peak House; in 1890 an additional building, originally called Grove House, was bought. Hansard notes in 1912 that people with tuberculosis were being sent to St Catherine's Home.

In 1915 Sister Kathleen re-organised the home as a children's home and school for children with tuberculosis. An additional building, Elm Grove, was acquired in 1923. In 1926 numbers 1 and 2 Grove Hill Cottages (opposite the main building) were acquired for accommodating the older girls. Berkshire Villa was taken over in 1936 and renamed 'St. Anne's’ and was used as a residence for the Sisters. A chapel was consecrated in 1925.

In the 1930s and 1940s the school was known as St. Catherine's Home Residential Open Air School.

It was during the 1930s that the number of children at St Catherine's Home reached its peak. Sometimes there were up to 160 children in residence. During the war, a large house known as The Hermitage in Whitwell was taken over and all the children in the younger age groups were housed there. Only the older boys remained in Ventnor. They were divided between the buildings to minimise the number of casualties should any bomb damage occur. In the summer of 1945 all the children returned to Ventnor.

In 1960 Sister Kathleen was reluctantly compelled to give up her position as Sister-in-Charge as she was then 87 years old. Sister Joanna was appointed as Sister-in-Charge and she introduced the going home of children for School holidays at Christmas, Easter and August.

In the 1960s, the school was for younger children with asthma only, as a "feeder" school to a school in East Sussex, called Pilgrims.

The nuns left St Catherine's in the late 1970s and a speech and language unit was installed.

More recent history
The school expanded its site in 2019. It also opened a sports centre for pupils in the same year.

Inspections

 * In 2004, the Commission for Social Care Inspection (CSCI) inspected boarding welfare provision at the school and judged that "The school provides good, person centred support for a group of students who have diverse and complex needs".
 * In 2006, a further CSCI inspection found no areas needing development.
 * A further unannounced inspection the same year judged that "the boarding department was operating effectively and addressing the assessed care needs of the young people being accommodated".
 * In 2007 and 2008, Ofsted inspections judged the school as Good.
 * In 2009, Ofsted inspected again and judged the school Outstanding.
 * In 2010 and 2011, Ofsted inspections judged the school Good.
 * In 2012, Ofsted inspection judged the school Good with some Outstanding features.
 * In 2013 and 2015, Ofsted inspections judged the school Good.
 * In 2017, 2018 and 2019, Ofsted inspections judged the school Outstanding.
 * As of 2020, the school's most recent judgement was from March 2020, when Ofsted found that the school requires Improvement. The sub-judgement on Leadership and Management was Inadequate. There were concerns about staff understanding of online safety, and of the conditions of buildings following extreme weather. Managers told Ofsted that they would take the findings of the inspection seriously.

title: St Catherine's School, Ventnor


text:
List of storms named Marie

The name Marie has been used for fourteen tropical cyclones in the eastern and western Pacific Ocean tropical cyclone basins.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Hurricane Marie (1984), a Category 1 hurricane that stayed offshore Baja California in early September
 * Hurricane Marie (1990), a Category 4 hurricane that had no effects on land; briefly threatened the Hawaiian islands
 * Hurricane Marie (2008), a Category 1 hurricane that had no effects on land
 * Hurricane Marie (2014), a rare Category 5 hurricane that produced some flooding in coastal Mexico while producing large swells that caused damage and multiple deaths along Baja California and Southern California
 * Hurricane Marie (2020), a Category 4 hurricane that had no effects on land

In the Western Pacific:
 * Typhoon Marie (1954) (T5415), a relatively weak typhoon which nonetheless devastated Japan and killed 1,361 people; also sank the Tōya Maru, hence becoming known as the Toyamaru Typhoon
 * Typhoon Marie (1958) (T5827), a strong typhoon that had no effects on land
 * Tropical Storm Marie (1961) (T6117, 49W), made landfall in Shikoku as a tropical depression
 * Typhoon Marie (1964) (T6416, 20W, Undang), an erratic system which meandered in the Ryukyu Islands
 * Typhoon Marie (1966) (T6631, 33W), another strong typhoon that stayed at sea
 * Tropical Storm Marie (1969) (T6919, 23W), the final storm of the 1969 season; did not affect land areas
 * Typhoon Marie (1972) (T7224, 26W), which destroyed many crops and coconut palms in the Northern Mariana Islands
 * Typhoon Marie (1976) (T7603, 03W, Konsing), a strong early-season typhoon which did not affect land
 * Typhoon Marie (1997) (T9705, 06W), a typhoon which formed in the Northern Mariana Islands but ultimately did not impact any major landmass

title: List of storms named Marie


text:
Asaita

Asaita (አሳይታ, Asayəta; Aysaqiita), known historically as Aussa (Awsa), is a town in northeastern Ethiopia, and until 2007 served as the capital of the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Afambo woreda, part of the region's Awsi Rasu zone, the town has a latitude and longitude of 11.56667°N, 41.43333°W and an elevation of 300 m.

Aussa was known by its full known name Aussa Gurêle which was founded upon a rock bound by the rivers Awash, Raheita and Assab. According to Huntingford's opinion the term Gurêle represented the name of a hill 90 miles north-west of Lake Abbe.

Asaita was briefly the capital of the Adal Sultanate and Imamate of Aussa as well as seat of the Aussa Sultanate, the chief Afar monarchy, but is 50 km south by unpaved road from Awash–Asseb highway. A telephone line from Kombolcha to Asaita was in operation in 1964. The town of Semera, a planned settlement situated squarely on this highway, at some point before 2007 became the new capital of the region.

To the southeast of Asaita, located at the southern edge of the Danakil Desert, are a group of twenty salt lakes which cover the territory to the border with neighboring Djibouti. These lakes include Lake Gummare, known for its flamingos, and Lake Abbe, the final destination of the Awash River.

Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, the town has an estimated total population of 22,718, of whom 12,722 were males and 9,996 were females. According to the 1994 national census, the town had a population of 15,475.

History
In its early history Aussa appears to neighbor the powerful Mora state in medieval times. Aussa was once home to the extinct Harla people, their moniker still exists within clans in rural areas. Aussa is unique to the Afar region since it is the only area today that Afar people are engaged in agriculture. Farming was established by Harla as far back as the fourteenth century. The town also seems to have been a haven for mutineers of the Harari kingdom early on.

In the middle of the 16th century Aussa is mentioned in texts as part of the Harar based Adal Sultanate, the ruler of Aussa in this period was known as Hegano. Aussa became prominent when it served as capital of the Adal Sultanate in 1577. After Adal's demise, the Imamate of Aussa was established by Hararis and continued ruling the southern parts of Afar region until they were overthrown in the eighteenth century by the Mudaito dynasty of Afar who later established the Sultanate of Aussa.

In 1960 it was reported Aussa consisted of numerous clans with various origins, who each had a religious leader with the title Kabirto, Sharifa, Saido or Harara.

Asaita was flooded by the Awash River in August 1954, and again in September, 1998.

In late June 1971 a fight during the market between the Afar and highland people left 16 workers dead and 34 wounded. Of more than 1,000 small farmers who had moved from the highlands to Awsa there were only 250-300 still living in Asaita after the violence.

In March 1975 the Derg nationalized all rural lands, including those of Ras Bitwoded Alimirah Hanfadhe, Sultan of the Afar. When they offered to fly him to Addis Ababa to negotiate the transfer of his lands, he refused the offer. That June, the Derg dispatched a battalion of troops to capture the sultan. Although the Ottaways note their sources agree that the ensuing two-day battle was a "massacre", they differ in the details:
 * The sultan claimed that the army killed as many as 1,000 Afar in the attack and alleged that airplanes and armoured cars had been used. The government said that the massacre was carried out by the sultan's forces which incited the Afar to turn against non-Afar highland plantation workers at Dit Bahari, killing 221 persons. Probably the death toll lay somewhere between the two figures and the victims included both Afar and highlanders.

Jon Kalb, who was working in the Afar region at the time, provides a narrative which reconciles the two accounts. According to Kalb, Ras Alimirah had fled in May across the border to Djibouti, where his brother-in-law was in charge.
 * Apparently the flight coincided with a preemptive strike by the Afar on several key bridges and military garrisons to aid the Sultan's [Alimirah] escape. The ensuing attack on the Tendaho Plantation by the Afar, and the killing of the several hundred highlanders, may have also been a spontaneous reaction by the Awsa population to the news that the Sultan had been forced to flee. Whatever the cause, the retaliation by the military was predictably brutal. A battalion of troops was sent to Awsa... [and] a two-day battle ensued, during which a reported 1000 Afar were killed in and around Aysaita.

Following the fall of the Derg, Ras Alimirah, who had in the meantime founded the Afar Liberation Front (ALF), returned to Asaita with his son, Hanfadhe Alimirah. However, on 8 November 1995, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) troops surrounded their family residence in Assayita, then after exchanging gunfire overpowered Alimirah's guards, and entered the residence, where they confiscated weapons and other items. According to observers, this action against the Sultan and the ALF was another effort to reduce his influence in the Afar Region. Despite the EPRDF's persistent efforts to bring the group under its control, the ALF is said to have remained independent.

Climate
Asaita is located in the central of Afar Region.

title: Asaita


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Tom Marshall (singer)

Tom Marshall is an American lyricist, keyboardist, and singer-songwriter best known for his association with Trey Anastasio and the rock band Phish. He has been the primary external lyricist for Phish during their career (1983–2000, 2002–2004, 2009–present), with songwriting credits for more than 95 originals. In addition to his songwriting work, Marshall also fronted the rock band Amfibian and hosts the Phish podcast Under the Scales. Marshall is the co-founder of Osiris, a podcast network in partnership with Jambase.

Personal life
Marshall attended Princeton Day School in New Jersey with Anastasio. The duo began writing songs together as early as the eighth grade (the reggae tune "Makisupa Policeman" is often regarded as the duo's first collaboration and the very first Phish original song). Other early collaborations include Bivouac Jaun, a project recorded by Marshall, Anastasio, and their friend Marc Daubert (who occasionally played percussion with Phish in 1984 and wrote the lyrics to their classic "The Curtain With"). Many of the pieces recorded on Bivouac Jaun appeared on The White Tape. Marshall also was instrumental in influencing The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday, a Phish concept album and song cycle about the mystical land of Gamehendge written by Anastasio and used as his senior thesis at Goddard College in 1987.

Marshall, Anastasio, and friends would meet at The Rhombus, a giant piece of art located in a park next to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and embark on lengthy songwriting sessions. Many characters and locations mentioned in early Phish songs reference these songwriting sessions. In one instance, Marshall wrote the original lyrics to the Gamehendge song "McGrupp and the Watchful Hosemasters" and nailed them to Anastasio's front door. By 1985, Anastasio and Marshall had parted ways as Anastasio became more involved with Phish at the University of Vermont.

Years later in 1989, Marshall apparently heard Phish's Junta album and thought to himself, "these guys really need lyrics." Marshall and Anastasio reunited and began a long songwriting partnership that resulted in over 100 songs over the next fifteen years. Anastasio's 2005 solo album Shine marks the first time since the pre-Junta years that he has not worked with Marshall.

In addition to working closely with Anastasio, Marshall fronts his own band, Amfibian, currently on hiatus.

In the fall of 2010, Marshall collaborated with CT jam band The McLovins to co-write "Cohesive", recorded with Marshall and Anthony Krizan (of Spin Doctors fame) at Krizan's Sonic Boom studios. In mid-November 2010, Marshall joined his longtime friend Trey Anastasio on stage at the historic Richardson Auditorium in Alexander Hall Princeton University bringing them back to their roots.

Marshall has a wife named Lea-Lea, a daughter named Anna and a son named Brodie.

List of songs
This is an incomplete list of titles whose lyrics Tom Marshall has written or co-written.

Discography

 * Amfibian Tales (August 2000)
 * Trampled By Lambs and Pecked by the Dove (with Trey Anastasio) (November 1, 2000)
 * From the Ether (June 2004)
 * Skip the Goodbyes (July 2007)

title: Tom Marshall (singer)


title: User:Andy29/FU3