text:
User:Lachatdelarue/ER episodes

Season four (1997-1998)
Day for Knight 	9/24/1998  	5 - 1 94: Split Second 	10/1/1998 	467552 	5 - 2 95: They Treat Horses, Don't They? 10/8/1998 	467553 	5 - 3 96: Vanishing Act 	10/15/1998 	467554 	5 - 4 97: Masquerade 	10/29/1998 	467555 	5 - 5 98: Stuck on You 	11/5/1998 	467556 	5 - 6 99: Hazed and Confused 	11/12/1998 	467557 	5 - 7 100: The Good Fight (a.k.a. A Perfect Match) 	11/19/1998 	467558 	5 - 8 101: Good Luck, Ruth Johnson 	12/10/1998 	467559 	5 - 9 102: The Miracle Worker 	12/17/1998 	467560 	5 - 10 103: Nobody Doesn't Like Amanda Lee 	1/7/1999 	467561 	5 - 11 104: Double Blind 	1/21/1999 	467562 	5 - 12 105: Choosing Joi 	2/4/1999 	467563 	5 - 13 106: The Storm (1) 	2/11/1999 	467564 	5 - 14 107: The Storm (2) 	2/18/1999 	467565 	5 - 15 108: Middle of Nowhere 	2/25/1999 	467566 	5 - 16 109: Sticks and Stones 	3/25/1999 	467567 	5 - 17 110: Point of Origin 	4/8/1999 	467568 	5 - 18 111: Rites of Spring 	4/29/1999 	467569 	5 - 19 112: Power 	5/6/1999 	467570 	5 - 20 113: Responsible Parties 	5/13/1999 	467571 	5 - 21 114: Getting to Know You 	5/20/1999 	467572 	5 - 22 115: Leave It to Weaver 	9/30/1999 	225451 	6 - 1 116: Last Rites 	10/7/1999 	225452 	6 - 2 117: Greene with Envy (a.k.a. Lawrence of Northwestern) 	10/14/1999 	225453 	6 - 3 118: Sins of the Fathers 	10/21/1999 	225454 	6 - 4 119: Truth & Consequences 	11/4/1999 	225455 	6 - 5 120: The Peace of Wild Things 	11/11/1999 	225456 	6 - 6 121: Humpty Dumpty 	11/18/1999 	225457 	6 - 7 122: Great Expectations 	11/25/1999 	225458 	6 - 8 123: How the Finch Stole Christmas 	12/16/1999 	225459 	6 - 9 124: Family Matters 	1/6/2000 	225460 	6 - 10 125: The Domino Heart 	1/13/2000 	225461 	6 - 11 126: Abby Road 	2/3/2000 	225462 	6 - 12 127: Be Still My Heart 	2/10/2000 	225463 	6 - 13 128: All in the Family 	2/17/2000 	225464 	6 - 14 129: Be Patient 	2/24/2000 	225465 	6 - 15 130: Under Control 	3/23/2000 	225466 	6 - 16 131: Viable Options 	4/6/2000 	225467 	6 - 17 132: Match Made in Heaven 	4/13/2000 	225468 	6 - 18 133: The Fastest Year 	4/27/2000 	225469 	6 - 19 134: Loose Ends 	5/4/2000 	225470 	6 - 20 135: Such Sweet Sorrow 	5/11/2000 	225471 	6 - 21 136: May Day 	5/18/2000 	225472 	6 - 22 137: Homecoming (a.k.a. Indian Summer) 	10/12/2000 	226251 	7 - 1 138: Sand and Water (a.k.a. Way Too Soon) 	10/19/2000 	226252 	7 - 2 139: Mars Attacks 	10/26/2000 	226253 	7 - 3 140: Benton Backwards 	11/2/2000 	226254 	7 - 4 141: Flight of Fancy 	11/9/2000 	226255 	7 - 5 142: The Visit (a.k.a. I Loved You, God, How I Loved You) 	11/16/2000 	226256 	7 - 6 143: Rescue Me 	11/23/2000 	226257 	7 - 7 144: The Dance We Do (a.k.a. Rapid Cycling) 	12/7/2000 	226258 	7 - 8 145: The Greatest of Gifts 	12/14/2000 	226259 	7 - 9 146: Piece of Mind 	1/4/2001 	226260 	7 - 10 147: Rock, Paper, Scissors 	1/11/2001 	226261 	7 - 11 148: Surrender (a.k.a. Inside Out) 	2/1/2001 	226262 	7 - 12 149: Thy Will Be Done 	2/8/2001 	226263 	7 - 13 150: A Walk in the Woods 	2/15/2001 	226264 	7 - 14 151: The Crossing (a.k.a. Golden Hour) 	2/22/2001 	226265 	7 - 15 152: Witch Hunt 	3/1/2001 	226266 	7 - 16 153: Survival of the Fittest 	3/29/2001 	226267 	7 - 17 154: April Showers 	4/19/2001 	226268 	7 - 18 155: Sailing Away 	4/26/2001 	226269 	7 - 19 156: Fear of Commitment 	5/3/2001 	226270 	7 - 20 157: Where the Heart Is (a.k.a. Taking Care, a.k.a. Mea Culpa) 	5/10/2001 	226271 	7 - 21 158: Rampage 	5/17/2001 	226272 	7 - 22 159: Four Corners 	9/27/2001 	227251 	8 - 1 160: The Longer You Stay 	10/4/2001 	227252 	8 - 2 161: Blood Sugar Sex Magic 	10/11/2001 	227253 	8 - 3 162: Never Say Never 	10/18/2001 	227254 	8 - 4 163: Start All Over Again 	10/25/2001 	227255 	8 - 5 164: Supplies and Demands (a.k.a. Shadows and Fog) 	11/1/2001 	  	8 - 6 165: If I Should Fall from Grace 	11/8/2001 	  	8 - 7 166: Partly Cloudy, Chance of Rain 	11/15/2001 	  	8 - 8 167: Quo Vadis? 11/22/2001 	 	8 - 9 168: I'll Be Home for Christmas  	12/13/2001 	  	8 - 10 169: Beyond Repair 	1/10/2002 	  	8 - 11 170: A River in Egypt 	1/17/2002 	  	8 - 12 171: Damage Is Done 	1/31/2002 	  	8 - 13 172: A Simple Twist of Fate (a.k.a. Seven Sinners) 	2/7/2002 	  	8 - 14 173: It's All in Your Head 	2/28/2002 	  	8 - 15 174: Secrets and Lies 	3/7/2002 	  	8 - 16 175: Bygones 	3/28/2002 	  	8 - 17 176: Orion in the Sky 	4/4/2002 	  	8 - 18 177: Brothers and Sisters 	4/25/2002 	  	8 - 19 178: The Letter 	5/2/2002 	  	8 - 20 179: On the Beach 	5/9/2002 	  	8 - 21 180: Lockdown 	5/16/2002 	  	8 - 22 181: Chaos Theory (a.k.a. Unknown Origin) 	9/26/2002 	175151 	9 - 1 182: Dead Again 	10/3/2002 	175152 	9 - 2 183: Insurrection 	10/10/2002 	175153 	9 - 3 184: Walk Like a Man (a.k.a. Don't Call Me Mikey) 	10/17/2002 	175154 	9 - 4 185: A Hopeless Wound 	10/31/2002 	175155 	9 - 5 186: One Can Only Hope (a.k.a. The Lottery) 	11/7/2002 	175156 	9 - 6 187: Tell Me Where It Hurts 	11/14/2002 	175157 	9 - 7 188: First Snowfall 	11/21/2002 	175158 	9 - 8 189: Next of Kin 	12/5/2002 	175159 	9 - 9 190: Hindsight 	12/12/2002 	  	9 - 10 191: A Little Help From My Friends 	1/9/2003 	175161 	9 - 11 192: A Saint in the City (a.k.a. It's Hard to Be a Saint in the City) 	1/16/2003 	175162 	9 - 12 193: No Good Deed Goes Unpunished 	1/30/2003 	175163 	9 - 13 194: No Strings Attached 	2/6/2003 	175164 	9 - 14 195: A Boy Falling Out of the Sky (a.k.a. Shifts Happen) 	2/13/2003 	  	9 - 15 196: A Thousand Cranes 	2/20/2003 	  	9 - 16 197: The Advocate (a.k.a. Side Effects) 	3/13/2003 	  	9 - 17 198: Finders Keepers 	4/3/2003 	175168 	9 - 18 199: Things Change 	4/24/2003 	175169 	9 - 19 200: Foreign Affairs 	5/1/2003 	  	9 - 20 201: When Night Meets Day 	5/8/2003 	  	9 - 21 202: Kisangani 	5/15/2003 	  	9 - 22 203: Now What? 9/25/2003 	 	10 - 1 204: The Lost  	10/2/2003 	  	10 - 2 205: Dear Abby 	10/9/2003 	  	10 - 3 206: Shifts Happen 	10/23/2003 	  	10 - 4 207: Out of Africa 	10/30/2003 	  	10 - 5 208: The Greater Good 	11/6/2003 	  	10 - 6 209: Death and Taxes 	11/13/2003 	  	10 - 7 210: Freefall 	11/20/2003 	  	10 - 8 211: Missing (a.k.a. Mistaken Identity, a.k.a. Identity Crisis) 	12/4/2003 	  	10 - 9 212: Makemba 	12/11/2003 	  	10 - 10 213: Touch and Go 	1/8/2004 	  	10 - 11 214: NICU 	1/15/2004 	  	10 - 12 215: Get Carter 	2/5/2004 	  	10 - 13 216: Impulse Control 	2/12/2004 	  	10 - 14 217: Blood Relations 	2/19/2004 	  	10 - 15 218: Forgive and Forget 	2/26/2004 	  	10 - 16 219: The Student 	4/1/2004 	  	10 - 17 220: Where There's Smoke 	4/8/2004 	  	10 - 18 221: Just a Touch 	4/22/2004 	  	10 - 19 222: Abby Normal 	4/29/2004 	  	10 - 20 223: Midnight 	5/6/2004 	  	10 - 21 224: Drive 	5/13/2004 	  	10 - 22 225: One for the Road 	9/23/2004 	  	11 - 1 226: Damaged 	10/7/2004 	  	11 - 2 227: Try Carter 	10/14/2004 	  	11 - 3 228: Fear 	10/21/2004 	  	11 - 4 229: An Intern's Guide to the Galaxy 	11/4/2004 	  	11 - 5 230: Time of Death 	11/11/2004 	  	11 - 6 231: White Guy, Dark Hair (a.k.a. It Happens) 	11/18/2004 	  	11 - 7 232: A Shot in the Dark 	12/2/2004 	  	11 - 8 233: Twas the Night 	12/9/2004 	  	11 - 9 234: Skin 	1/13/2005 	  	11 - 10 235: Only Connect 	1/20/2005 	  	11 - 11 236: The Providers 	1/27/2005 	  	11 - 12 237: Middleman 	2/3/2005 	  	11 - 13 238: Just As I Am (a.k.a. Shortness of Breath) 	2/10/2005 	  	11 - 14 239: Alone in a Crowd 	2/17/2005 	  	11 - 15 240: Here and There 	2/24/2005 	  	11 - 16 241: Back in the World 	3/24/2005 	277867 	11 - 17 242: Refusal of Care 	4/21/2005 	  	11 - 18 243: Ruby Redux (a.k.a. Call Me Ruby) 	4/28/2005 	  	11 - 19 244: You Are Here 	5/5/2005 	  	11 - 20 245: Carter est Amoureux 	5/12/2005 	  	11 - 21 246: The Show Must Go On 	5/19/2005 	  	11 - 22 247: Season 12 Premiere 	9/15/2005 	  	12 - 1 248: Nobody's Baby 	9/22/2005 	  	12 - 2

title: User:Lachatdelarue/ER episodes


text:
Étienne Nzabonimana

Étienne Nzabonimana (born 1950), formerly a small businessman in Kirwa, Rwanda, was convicted in Belgium on June 29, 2005 for his role in the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Specifically, eyewitnesses argued that he was a leader of the Kibungo Club, which was allegedly planning the genocide in advance, and that he had overseen certain massacres in the Kibungo region. Prosecutors argued that he and his half-brother, Samuel Ndashyikirwa, provided vehicles to Rwandan soldiers along with weapons and beer. Found guilty of aiding Hutu militias in killing 50,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus, he will serve 12 years in prison, while his half-brother will serve ten.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Étienne Nzabonimana


text: User talk:Magnuspharao

title: User talk:Magnuspharao


text:
Black Wire

Black Wire were an English post-punk band formed in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England

Members

 * Daniel Wilson (vocals)
 * Si McCabe (guitars, backing vocals)
 * Tom Greatorex (bass)
 * Danny Prescott (drums)

History
Black Wire formed in January 2003, and played their first gig within a month of forming, at the Leeds club night Pigs. They then went on to tour extensively playing with such bands as Bloc Party, The Libertines, Hard-Fi, The Cribs, Kaiser Chiefs and The Futureheads. Their début single, "Attack! Attack! Attack!", was awarded NME 'single of the week' tag, followed by positive reviews of subsequent releases. The start of 2006 saw a European tour taking in Italy, France and Germany, and also an American tour, which included San Francisco, Chicago, Los Angeles and New York. The band toured Europe once again in June 2007, with the London-based band Art Brut.

The title of Kaiser Chiefs hit song "I Predict A Riot" was based on a show by Black Wire in 2004, when the band once again played the Leeds nightclub, Pigs. Their intense performance caused a stage invasion, at which point security guards began ejecting members of both the audience and band, causing Kaiser Chiefs' drummer Nick Hodgson to exclaim "I predict a riot".

Dan Wilson, having attended Art school, designed and drew the artwork for the first three singles.

Their eponymous début album was released in early 2005 on 48 Crash, a record label which they left in 2006, due to inconsistencies in the label's input and work ethic. They were working on new material set for release in 2007, but then disbanded in August of that year.

McCabe and Prescott performed under the name Lord Auch, while Wilson and Greatorex formed Televised Crimewave both disbanded in 2010.

In 2013, they reformed and played December gigs including the 13th at Birthdays (Dalston, London, UK).

In 2020, they released previously unreleased songs recorded in 2006 as their second album Confetti through Bandcamp.

Reunion
Black Wire reformed for a one-off gig supporting The Cribs in December 2013 at Leeds O2 Academy.

Albums

 * Black Wire (2005)
 * Confetti (2020)

Singles

 * "Attack! Attack! Attack!", 2004
 * "The Face" (Limited Edition), 2004
 * "Hard To Love, Easy To Lay", 2004
 * "Smoke And Mirrors", 2005
 * "Hung Up", 2006
 * "See The Blood", (limited edition AA sided Vinyl) 2007

title: Black Wire


text: User talk:69.120.82.104

title: User talk:69.120.82.104


text:
Metatarsalgia

Metatarsalgia, literally metatarsal pain and colloquially known as a stone bruise, is any painful foot condition affecting the metatarsal region of the foot. This is a common problem that can affect the joints and bones of the metatarsals.

Metatarsalgia is most often localized to the first metatarsal head – the ball of the foot just behind the big toe. There are two small sesamoid bones under the first metatarsal head. The next most frequent site of metatarsal head pain is under the second metatarsal. This can be due to either too short a first metatarsal bone or to "hypermobility of the first ray" – metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform bone behind it – both of which result in excess pressure being transmitted into the second metatarsal head.

Symptoms
Metatarsalgia is characterized by a sharp pain in the ball of the foot.

Causes
One cause of metatarsalgia is Morton's neuroma. When toes are squeezed together too often and for too long, the nerve that runs between the toes can swell and get thicker. This swelling can make it painful when walking on that foot. High-heeled, tight, or narrow shoes can make pain worse. This is common in runners, particularly of long distance. The ball of the foot takes a lot of weight over the years and if running on pavement or running in ill-fitting running shoes, the odds of developing Morton's neuroma increase. Changing to shoes that give the toes more room can help.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is often done by patient self-report.

If a patient feels pain in the ball of the foot a podiatrist is the best source for a diagnosis. A podiatrist is a trained expert who can offer treatment options.

Treatment
The most common treatments are: Removing excess callouses may be helpful. In extreme cases, injection or surgery may be indicated.
 * Rest
 * Ice
 * NSAID s
 * Properly fitted shoes
 * Metatarsal pads
 * Arch supports

title: Metatarsalgia


text:
User talk:Nanuganga

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Wikiacc (talk) 21:25, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Nanuganga


text:
Category:ECK masters

ECK masters are leaders in the religion Eckankar.

title: Category:ECK masters


text:
PPRC

PPRC may refer to:

 * Peer to Peer Remote Copy
 * Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China
 * Port Pirie Regional Council, South Australia
 * Power and Participation Research Centre, an independent non-profit organization based in Dhaka, Bangladesh
 * Paddy Processing Research Centre, a former name of the Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology

title: PPRC


text:
XRC

XRC may refer to:

 * XML Resource, a user interface markup language used by wxWidgets
 * Extended Remote Copy, a technology for data replication
 * X-ray crystallography, a scientific technique for analysing molecular crystal structure using X-rays.

title: XRC


text:
Özge Akın

Özge Akın (née Gürler, born June 17, 1985) is a Turkish sprinter competing in the 400 m events. She is the current Turkish record holder of the 400 m hurdles events. Following her marriage to her coach, her surname changed to Akın, although she was also subsequently known by the surname Akın-Gürler.

Competing initially in the long jump and running sprint and middle distance, she specialized in 400 m and 400 m hurdles following her coach's recommendation. Özge Gürler was a member of İzmir Gençlik sports club, Anadolu University, Ankara MTA and İzmir Metropolitan Municipality sports club before she transferred to Enkaspor in Istanbul. She studied Physical Education and Sports at the Ege University in İzmir.

Özge Gürler participated at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería, Spain in the 4 × 100 m relay, 400 m hurdles and 4 × 400 m relay events. She ran bronze medal with her teammates Birsen Bekgöz, Pınar Saka and Binnaz Uslu in 4 × 400 m relay.

She was admitted to the Turkey's national athletic team at the 2008 Beijing Olympics for the 400 m hurdles despite an injury at her foot. However, since her injury could not be cured out completely, she did not show at the competition's final run.

Özge Akın qualified for participation in the 4 × 400 m relay event at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She won a silver medal in the 4 × 400 m relay event with her teammates Birsen Engin, Esma Aydemir and Sema Apak as well as a bronze medal in the 400 m hurdles event at the 2013 Islamic Solidarity Games held in Palembang, Indonesia.

title: Özge Akın


text:
Strathcona (territorial electoral district)

Strathcona was a territorial electoral district in the Northwest Territories from 1902 - 1905. In 1905 Alberta split from the North-West Territories. The provincial district of Strathcona district carried on from the old territorial district. It became Edmonton-South in 1913, then was abolished in 1921 when Edmonton started to elect its MLAs in one city-wide district (through Block Voting, then Single Transferable Voting). The "Strathcona" name was reborn in 1959 when Edmonton reverted to electing its MLAs in single-member districts (through First Past The Post). Under the name Edmonton-Strathcona it exists to the present day.


text:
Category:Languages of El Salvador

Articles on languages of El Salvador.

title: Category:Languages of El Salvador


text:
Extended Remote Copy

Extended Remote Copy or XRC is an IBM zSeries and System z9 mainframe computer technology for data replication. It combines supported hardware and z/OS software to provide asynchronous replication over long distances. It is complementary to IBM's Peer to Peer Remote Copy (PPRC) service, which is designed to operate either synchronously or asynchronously over shorter distances.

XRC as a z/OS copy services solution can be compared to Global Mirror for ESS, which is a controller-based solution for either the open systems or z/Series environments. Both Global Mirror for ESS (Asynchronous PPRC) and XRC (Global Mirror for z/Series) are asynchronous replication technologies, although their implementations are somewhat different.

Extended Remote Copy or XRC is now known as Global Mirror for z/Series (XRC).

XRC is a z/Series asynchronous disk mirroring technique which is effective over any distance. It keeps the data time consistent across multiple ESS (Enterprise Storage Server) or HDS (Hitachi Data Systems) disk subsystems at the recovery site.

XRC functions as a combination of disk (IBM ESS or HDS licensed) Microcode and application code running on a z/Series host and provides a recovery point that is time consistent across multiple disk subsystems.

The host component of the software is called the System Data Mover or SDM. The SDM ensures that no dependent writes are made out of sequence and data residing on the secondary volumes will always provide a time consistent copy of the primary volumes being mirrored.

title: Extended Remote Copy


text:
Murderous Maths

Murderous Maths is a series of British educational books by author Kjartan Poskitt. Most of the books in the series are illustrated by illustrator Philip Reeve, with the exception of "The Secret Life of Codes", which is illustrated by Ian Baker, "Awesome Arithmetricks" illustrated by Daniel Postgate and Rob Davis, and "The Murderous Maths of Everything", also illustrated by Rob Davis.

The Murderous Maths books have been published in over 25 countries. The books, which are aimed at children aged 8 and above, teach maths, spanning from basic arithmetic to relatively complex concepts such as the quadratic formula and trigonometry. The books are written in an informal similar style to the Horrible Histories, Horrible Science and Horrible Geography series, involving evil geniuses, gangsters, and a generally comedic tone.

Development
The first two books of the series were originally part of "The Knowledge" (now "Totally") series, itself a spin-off of Horrible Histories. However, these books were eventually redesigned and they, as well as the rest of the titles in the series, now use the Murderous Maths banner. According to Poskitt, "these books have even found their way into schools and proved to be a boost to GCSE studies". The books are also available in foreign editions, including: German, Spanish, Polish, Czech, Greek, Dutch, Norwegian, Turkish, Croatian, Italian, Lithuanian, Korean, Danish, Hungarian, Finnish, Thai and Portuguese (Latin America). In 2009, the books were redesigned again, changing the cover art style and the titles of most of the books in the series.

Poskitt's goal, according to the Murderous Maths website, is to write books that are "something funny to read", have "good amusing illustrations", include "tricks", and "explaining the maths involved as clearly as possible". He adds that although he doesn't "work to any government imposed curriculum or any stage achievement levels", he has "been delighted to receive many messages of support and thanks from parents and teachers in the UK, the United States and elsewhere".

Titles
The following are the thirteen books that are available in the series. Related puzzle books have been published also: One title that covers many different areas of mathematics has also been released:
 * Guaranteed to Bend Your Brain (previously Murderous Maths) (1997), ISBN 0-439-01156-6 - (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, percentages, powers, tessellation, Roman numerals, the development of the "10" and the place system, shortcomings of calculators, prime numbers, time - how the year and day got divided, digital/analogue clocks, angles, introduction to real Mathematicians, magic squares, mental arithmetic, card trick with algebra explanation, rounding and symmetry.)
 * Guaranteed to Mash your Mind (previously More Murderous Maths) (1998), ISBN 0-439-01153-1 (the monomino, domino, tromino, tetromino, pentomino, hexomino and heptomino, length area and volume, dimensions, measuring areas and volumes, basic rectangle and triangle formulas, speed, conversion of units, Möbius strip, Pythagoras, right-angled triangles, irrational numbers, pi, area and perimeter, bisecting angles, triangular numbers, topology networks, magic squares.)
 * Awesome Arithmetricks (previously The Essential Arithmetricks: How to + - × ÷) (1998), ISBN 0-439-01157-4 - (counting, odd even and negative numbers, signs of maths, place value and rounding off, manipulating equations, + - x ÷ %, long division, times tables, estimation, decimal signs, QED.)
 * The Mean & Vulgar Bits (previously The Mean & Vulgar Bits: Fractions and Averages) (2000), ISBN 0-439-01270-8 (fractions, converting improper and mixed fractions, adding subtracting multiplying and dividing fractions, primes and prime factors, reducing fractions, highest common factor and lowest common denominators, Egyptian fractions, comparing fractions, cancelling out fractions, converting fractions to decimals, decimal place system, percentages: increase and decrease, averages: mean mode and median.)
 * Desperate Measures (previously Desperate Measures: Length, Area and Volume) (2000), ISBN 0-439-01370-4 (measuring lines: units and accuracy, old measuring systems, the development of metric, the SI system and powers of ten, shapes, measuring areas and area formulas, weight, angles, measuring volume, Archimedes Principle, density, time and how the modern calendar developed.)
 * Do You Feel Lucky? (previously Do You Feel Lucky: The Secrets of Probability) (2001), ISBN 0-439-99607-4 (chance, tree diagrams, mutually exclusive and independent chances, Pascal's Triangle, permutations and combinations, sampling.)
 * Savage Shapes (previously Vicious Circles and Other Savage Shapes) (2002), ISBN 0-439-99747-X (signs in geometric diagrams, Loci, constructions: perpendicular bisectors; dropping perpendiculars; bisecting angles, triangles: similar; congruent; equal areas, polygons: regular; irregular; angle sizes and construction, tessellations and Penrose Tiles, origami, circles: chord; tangent; angle theorems, regular solids, Euler's formula, ellipses, Geometric proof of Pythagoras' Theorem.)
 * The Key To The Universe (previously Numbers: The Key To The Universe) (2002), ISBN 0-439-98116-6 (phi, Fibonacci Series, Golden Ratio, properties of Square, Triangle, Cube, Centred Hexagon and Tetrahedral numbers, "difference of two squares", number superstitions, prime numbers, Mersenne primes, tests to see if a number will divide by anything from 2-13 and 19, finger multiplication, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, perfect numbers, tricks of the nine times table, irrational transcendental and imaginary numbers, infinity.)
 * The Phantom X (previously The Phantom X: Algebra) (2003), ISBN 0-439-97729-0 (variables, elementary algebra, brackets, factorising, expanding, and simplifying expressions, solving quadratics and the quadratic formula, "Think of a number" tricks, difference of two squares, coefficients of (a-b)n, linear graphs: co-ordinates; gradients; y intercept, non-linear function graphs including parabolas, simultaneous equations: substitution and elimination, dividing by zero!.)
 * The Fiendish Angletron (previously  The Fiendish Angletron: Trigonometry) (2004), ISBN 0-439-96859-3 (scales and ratios in maps and diagrams, protractor and compass, SIN, COS and TAN ratios in right angled triangles, trig on a calculator; normal and inverse, sine and cosine formulas for non-right-angled triangles, triangulation, parallax angles and parsecs, sin/cos/tan relationships, sin wave, bearings.)
 * The Perfect Sausages (previously The Perfect Sausage and other Fundamental Formulas) (2005), ISBN 0-439-95901-2 (areas and volumes, ellipsoids and toruses, number formulas (e.g. triangle, hexagonal), speed, acceleration, stopping time, distance, force, gravity, projectiles, Money: percentages; simple and compound interest, permutations and combinations.)
 * The 5ecret L1fe of Code5 (previously Codes: How to Make Them and Break Them) (2007), ISBN 978-1-4071-0715-8 (patterns, logic and deduction, prime numbers, high powers, modular arithmetic.)
 * Easy Questions, Evil Answers (2010), ISBN 1-407-11451-4 (formulas, working out square roots by hand, π, Pythagoras, paradoxes, problem solving, metric prefixes, large numbers, vectors.)
 * Professor Fiendish's Book of Diabolical Brain-benders (2002), ISBN 0-439-98226-X (mazes, logic, coin problems, number crosswords, shape cutting/rearranging, number squares.)
 * ''Professor Fiendish's Book of Brain-benders (a smaller version of the above) (same as above)
 * Sudoku: 100 Fun Number Puzzles (2005), ISBN 0-439-84570-X
 * Kakuro and Other Fiendish Number Puzzles (2006), ISBN 0-439-95164-X
 * The Most Epic Book of Maths Ever (previously The Murderous Maths of Everything) (2010), ISBN 1-407-10367-9 (prime numbers, Sieve of Eratosthenes, Pythagoras' Theorem, triangular numbers, square numbers, the International Date Line, geometry, geometric constructions, topology, Möbius strips, curves (conic sections and cycloids Golomb Rulers, four-dimensional "Tic Tac Toe", The Golden Ratio, Fibonacci sequence, Logarithmic spirals, musical ratios, Theorems (including Ham sandwich theorem and Fixed point theorem), probability (cards, dice, cluedo etc.), Pascal's Triangle, Sierpinski Triangle, chess board, light years, size and distance of moon and planets, orbit, size of stars, shape of galaxy.)

Kjartan has also written a book entitled Everyday Maths for Grown-Ups (2011).

Reviews
A recommendation of the series by Scientific American includes a quote from a Stanford engineer named Stacy F. Bennet, who described the series as "very humorous and engaging introductions to such topics as algebra, geometry and probability". On 22 November 1997, that same publication said of the series, "Have a look at Murderous Maths by Kjartan Poskitt. It is a truly addictive reading book, and was leapt on and devoured by my children. The book is full of awful jokes, fascinating facts, real murders and yes, the maths is good too. This is a brilliant book."

The Primary Times released a review of Professor Fiendish's Book of Diabolical Brain-benders on November 25, 2002, describing the title as "intriguing, fun to do, and not at all dry", and adding "I warn you, once you start, you'll be 'hooked'!". The Times Educational Supplement also published a review on the book on December 6, 2002, describing the title as being "action-packed" and reasoning that "behind the non-stop fun, serious mathematical principles are being investigated".

Kjartan did a presentation for 350 kids and 10 teachers at Wolfreton School, Hull in June 2004. Reporter Linda Blackbourne described it as a "stand-up maths routine [that] has children - and teachers - in fits of laughter". Carousel issue 16 (the guide to children's books) commented on the event: "...he possesses a prodigious gift of the (Yorkshire) gab, appears to be incapable of not enjoying himself, and plays his audience with the finesse of a maestro. Maths will never seem the same again".

The Times Educational Supplement described Murderous Maths as "A stand-up maths routine has children and teachers in fits of laughter... maths has never been so much fun". The Western Gazette said: "It is not often that you see a grown maths teacher cry with laughter...", while The Worthing Gazette said: "The kids went wild, they absolutely loved it...". The Stockton Evening Gazette said: "Headteacher Barry Winter said it was a stroke of genius inviting the quick-witted author to open the resource centre". The GCSE book in the Guardian said: "Those who have experienced Poskitt "live" will recognise his commitment to getting readers involved with the learning process" (Nov 6th 2001), and The Press (York) described it as "...charismatic..."

A review by science writer Brian Clegg described his views on Murderous Maths: Desperate Measures: "It's the usual clever mix of light historical context − mostly ancient from Israelites and Archimedes to the Romans − and real insights into fascinating aspects of something that sits nicely between maths and practical science. There's plenty to keep the reader and interested, and even adults perusing it will have one or two surprises along the way. Because it is very much applied maths, there is also a lot more opportunity to have fun with practical things to try out than has been the case with some of the Murderous Maths series. All in all this is a great addition to the fold."

Spin-offs

 * Killer Puzzles (Written by Kjartan Poskitt)
 * The Urgum The Axeman series (by Kjartan Poskitt and illustrated by Philip Reeve)

title: Murderous Maths


text:
Gromov–Witten invariant

In mathematics, specifically in symplectic topology and algebraic geometry, Gromov–Witten (GW) invariants are rational numbers that, in certain situations, count pseudoholomorphic curves meeting prescribed conditions in a given symplectic manifold. The GW invariants may be packaged as a homology or cohomology class in an appropriate space, or as the deformed cup product of quantum cohomology. These invariants have been used to distinguish symplectic manifolds that were previously indistinguishable. They also play a crucial role in closed type IIA string theory. They are named after Mikhail Gromov and Edward Witten.

The rigorous mathematical definition of Gromov–Witten invariants is lengthy and difficult, so it is treated separately in the stable map article. This article attempts a more intuitive explanation of what the invariants mean, how they are computed, and why they are important.

Definition
Consider the following: Now we define the Gromov–Witten invariants associated to the 4-tuple: (X, A, g, n). Let $$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{g, n}$$ be the Deligne–Mumford moduli space of curves of genus g with n marked points and $$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{g, n}(X, A)$$ denote the moduli space of stable maps into X of class A, for some chosen almost complex structure J on X compatible with its symplectic form. The elements of $$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{g, n}(X, A)$$ are of the form:
 * X: a closed symplectic manifold of dimension 2k,
 * A: a 2-dimensional homology class in X,
 * g: a non-negative integer,
 * n: a non-negative integer.
 * $$(C, x_1, \ldots, x_n, f)$$,

where C is a (not necessarily stable) curve with n marked points x1, ..., xn and f : C → X is pseudoholomorphic. The moduli space has real dimension
 * $$d := 2 c_1^X (A) + (2k - 6) (1 - g) + 2 n.$$

Let
 * $$\mathrm{st}(C, x_1, \ldots, x_n) \in \overline{\mathcal{M}}_{g, n} $$

denote the stabilization of the curve. Let
 * $$Y := \overline{\mathcal{M}}_{g, n} \times X^n,$$

which has real dimension $$6g- 6 + 2(k + 1)n$$. There is an evaluation map
 * $$ \begin{cases}

\mathrm{ev}: \overline{\mathcal{M}}_{g, n}(X, A) \to Y \\ \mathrm{ev}(C, x_1, \ldots, x_n, f) = \left(\operatorname{st}(C, x_1, \ldots, x_n), f(x_1), \ldots, f(x_n) \right). \end{cases}$$ The evaluation map sends the fundamental class of $$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{g, n}(X, A)$$ to a d-dimensional rational homology class in Y, denoted
 * $$GW_{g, n}^{X, A} \in H_d(Y, \Q).$$

In a sense, this homology class is the Gromov–Witten invariant of X for the data g, n, and A. It is an invariant of the symplectic isotopy class of the symplectic manifold X.

To interpret the Gromov–Witten invariant geometrically, let β be a homology class in $$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_{g, n}$$ and $$\alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_n$$ homology classes in X, such that the sum of the codimensions of $$\beta, \alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_n$$ equals d. These induce homology classes in Y by the Künneth formula. Let
 * $$GW_{g, n}^{X, A}(\beta, \alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_n) := GW_{g, n}^{X, A} \cdot \beta \cdot \alpha_1 \cdots \alpha_n \in H_0(Y, \Q),$$

where $$\cdot$$ denotes the intersection product in the rational homology of Y. This is a rational number, the Gromov–Witten invariant for the given classes. This number gives a "virtual" count of the number of pseudoholomorphic curves (in the class A, of genus g, with domain in the β-part of the Deligne–Mumford space) whose n marked points are mapped to cycles representing the $$\alpha_i$$.

Put simply, a GW invariant counts how many curves there are that intersect n chosen submanifolds of X. However, due to the "virtual" nature of the count, it need not be a natural number, as one might expect a count to be. For the space of stable maps is an orbifold, whose points of isotropy can contribute noninteger values to the invariant.

There are numerous variations on this construction, in which cohomology is used instead of homology, integration replaces intersection, Chern classes pulled back from the Deligne–Mumford space are also integrated, etc.

Computational techniques
Gromov–Witten invariants are generally difficult to compute. While they are defined for any generic almost complex structure J, for which the linearization D of the $$\bar \partial_{j, J}$$operator is surjective, they must actually be computed with respect to a specific, chosen J. It is most convenient to choose J with special properties, such as nongeneric symmetries or integrability. Indeed, computations are often carried out on Kähler manifolds using the techniques of algebraic geometry.

However, a special J may induce a nonsurjective D and thus a moduli space of pseudoholomorphic curves that is larger than expected. Loosely speaking, one corrects for this effect by forming from the cokernel of D a vector bundle, called the obstruction bundle, and then realizing the GW invariant as the integral of the Euler class of the obstruction bundle. Making this idea precise requires significant technical arguments using Kuranishi structures.

The main computational technique is localization. This applies when X is toric, meaning that it is acted upon by a complex torus, or at least locally toric. Then one can use the Atiyah–Bott fixed-point theorem, of Michael Atiyah and Raoul Bott, to reduce, or localize, the computation of a GW invariant to an integration over the fixed-point locus of the action.

Another approach is to employ symplectic surgeries to relate X to one or more other spaces whose GW invariants are more easily computed. Of course, one must first understand how the invariants behave under the surgeries. For such applications one often uses the more elaborate relative GW invariants, which count curves with prescribed tangency conditions along a symplectic submanifold of X of real codimension two.

Related invariants and other constructions
The GW invariants are closely related to a number of other concepts in geometry, including the Donaldson invariants and Seiberg–Witten invariants in the symplectic category, and Donaldson–Thomas theory in the algebraic category. For compact symplectic four-manifolds, Clifford Taubes showed that a variant of the GW invariants (see Taubes's Gromov invariant) are equivalent to the Seiberg–Witten invariants. For algebraic threefolds, they are conjectured to contain the same information as integer valued Donaldson–Thomas invariants. Physical considerations also give rise to Gopakumar–Vafa invariants, which are meant to give an underlying integer count to the typically rational Gromov-Witten theory. The Gopakumar-Vafa invariants do not presently have a rigorous mathematical definition, and this is one of the major problems in the subject.

The Gromov-Witten invariants of smooth projective varieties can be defined entirely within algebraic geometry. The classical enumerative geometry of plane curves and of rational curves in homogeneous spaces are both captured by GW invariants. However, the major advantage that GW invariants have over the classical enumerative counts is that they are invariant under deformations of the complex structure of the target. The GW invariants also furnish deformations of the product structure in the cohomology ring of a symplectic or projective manifold; they can be organized to construct the quantum cohomology ring of the manifold X, which is a deformation of the ordinary cohomology. The associativity of the deformed product is essentially a consequence of the self-similar nature of the moduli space of stable maps that are used to define the invariants.

The quantum cohomology ring is known to be isomorphic to the symplectic Floer homology with its pair-of-pants product.

Application in physics
GW invariants are of interest in string theory, a branch of physics that attempts to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics. In this theory, everything in the universe, beginning with the elementary particles, is made of tiny strings. As a string travels through spacetime it traces out a surface, called the worldsheet of the string. Unfortunately, the moduli space of such parametrized surfaces, at least a priori, is infinite-dimensional; no appropriate measure on this space is known, and thus the path integrals of the theory lack a rigorous definition.

The situation improves in the variation known as closed A-model. Here there are six spacetime dimensions, which constitute a symplectic manifold, and it turns out that the worldsheets are necessarily parametrized by pseudoholomorphic curves, whose moduli spaces are only finite-dimensional. GW invariants, as integrals over these moduli spaces, are then path integrals of the theory. In particular, the free energy of the A-model at genus g is the generating function of the genus g GW invariants.

Research articles

 * Gromov-Witten theory of schemes in mixed characteristic

title: Gromov–Witten invariant


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kat Desktop Search Environment

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was Delete: Since the project is dead, it is no longer notable (by no sources, we cannot determine if it ever was notable). Cbrown1023 21:44, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Kat Desktop Search Environment

 * - (View AfD) (View log)

This project has been dead for over a year and the project home page has been shut down. Notability was somewhat arguable before, but at this point it appears that Kat will likely be a historical footnote in the development of Strigi. Additionally the article was written by the author of the software, which is a no-no in the first place. Scott.wheeler 12:46, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep - if the project is dead, say the project is dead. If the project has turned into strigi, merge with strigi. — Omegatron 17:12, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify, I'd argue that it's border-line on notability and I'd say the same with Strigi. i.e. the nomination wasn't because it's dead, but because I think it's below the threshold for notability and being dead isn't going to become more notable.  Strigi will likely at some point be notable, but it would be a bit odd for me to suggest the creation of another article that also wouldn't meet the notability requirements to merge Kat into.  ;-) Scott.wheeler 21:00, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Just keep as historical information; may be in the future it will be useful. Is there another more suitable project to store it?. 87.217.176.154 23:50, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Delete unless sourced. Addhoc 13:24, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Elemtilas

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Although I'm sure you know all of the above! Welcome to signed-in-ness, Padraic! Dewrad 21:31, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elemtilas


text:
Lejeuneaceae

Lejeuneaceae is the largest family of liverworts. Most of its members are epiphytes found in the tropics, while others can be found in temperate regions.

The main characteristics of the family are that:
 * 1) The leaves are incubous.
 * 2) Amphigastrium is usually present, sometimes reduced.
 * 3) Leaves are divided into lobe and lobule.
 * 4) Archaegonium in a perianth.

Some large genera of the family are Lejeunea, Ceratolejeunea (around 84 species, ) and Cheilolejeunea (around 275 species, ).

Taxonomy
The Lejeuneaceae are the largest family of liverworts with more than 1600 species, which equates to roughly 20% to 25% of all liverworts. These species are assigned to 95 genera.

List of genera

 * Acanthocoleus
 * Acantholejeunea
 * Acrolejeunea
 * Amphilejeunea
 * Anoplolejeunea
 * Aphanolejeunea
 * Aphanotropis
 * Archilejeunea
 * Aureolejeunea
 * Austrolejeunea
 * Blepharolejeunea
 * Brachiolejeunea
 * Bromeliophila
 * Bryopteris
 * Calatholejeunea
 * Capillolejeunea
 * Caudalejeunea
 * Cephalantholejeunea
 * Cephalolejeunea
 * Ceratolejeunea
 * Cheilolejeunea
 * Cladolejeunea
 * Cololejeunea
 * Colura
 * Crossotolejeunea
 * Cyclolejeunea
 * Cyrtolejeunea
 * Cystolejeunea
 * Dactylolejeunea
 * Dactylophorella
 * Dendrolejeunea
 * Dicladolejeunea
 * Dicranolejeunea
 * Diplasiolejeunea
 * Drepanolejeunea
 * Echinocolea
 * Echinolejeunea
 * Evansiolejeunea
 * Frullanoides
 * Fulfordianthus
 * Haplolejeunea
 * Harpalejeunea
 * Hattoriolejeunea
 * Kymatolejeunea
 * Leiolejeunea
 * Lejeunea
 * Lepidolejeunea
 * Leptolejeunea
 * Leucolejeunea
 * Lindigianthus
 * Lopholejeunea
 * Luteolejeunea
 * Macrocolura
 * Macrolejeunea
 * Marchesinia
 * Mastigolejeunea
 * Metalejeunea
 * Metzgeriopsis
 * Microlejeunea
 * Myriocolea
 * Myriocoleopsis
 * Nephelolejeunea
 * Neurolejeunea
 * Nipponolejeunea
 * Odontolejeunea
 * Omphalanthus
 * Oryzolejeunea
 * Otolejeunea
 * Phaeolejeunea
 * Physantholejeunea
 * Pictolejeunea
 * Pluvianthus
 * Potamolejeunea
 * Prionolejeunea
 * Ptychanthus
 * Pycnolejeunea
 * Rectolejeunea
 * Rhaphidolejeunea
 * Schiffneriolejeunea
 * Schusterolejeunea
 * Siphonolejeunea
 * Sphaerolejeunea, included in Lejeunea
 * Spruceanthus
 * Stenolejeunea
 * Stictolejeunea
 * Symbiezidium
 * Taxilejeunea
 * Thysananthus
 * Trachylejeunea
 * Trocholejeunea
 * Tuyamaella
 * Tuzibeanthus
 * Verdoornianthus
 * Vitalianthus
 * Yanoella

title: Lejeuneaceae


text:
Category:Languages of Belize

Articles on languages of Belize.

title: Category:Languages of Belize


text:
In Marge We Trust

"In Marge We Trust" is the twenty-second episode of the eighth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 27, 1997. It was the first episode of the series written by Donick Cary and was directed by Steven Dean Moore. The episode guest stars Sab Shimono as Mr. Sparkle, Gedde Watanabe as the factory worker, Denice Kumagai and Karen Maruyama as dancers, and Frank Welker as the baboons. In the episode, Marge replaces Reverend Lovejoy as the town's moral adviser, while Homer investigates why his face appears on a Japanese detergent box.

In its original broadcast, the episode was watched by approximately 9.8 million households, with a Nielsen rating of 10.1, and was the third-highest-rated show on Fox that week. The episode received critical acclaim for both story arcs, and was noted for its subtle humor contrasting with the surreal Mr. Sparkle ad.

Plot
After Reverend Lovejoy's sermon bores his congregation, Marge voices her concern over his lack of enthusiasm about helping people. Lovejoy explains that his passion faded as he dealt with Ned Flanders's constant trivial problems since the first day he served as Springfield's reverend. Marge begins working for the Church as the "Listen Lady", listening to people's problems and helping solve them. Lovejoy realizes his inadequacy and feels depressed; visions of the saints depicted in the church's stained-glass windows chastise him for doing little to inspire his congregation.

Homer takes Bart and Lisa to dispose of their Christmas tree at the Springfield dump, where they find a box of Japanese dishwasher detergent, Mr. Sparkle, whose mascot resembles Homer. Disturbed, Homer contacts the manufacturer in Hokkaidō, Japan. Homer is sent a promotional video that reveals that the mascot is a result of a joint venture between two conglomerates, whose mascots, a fish and a lightbulb, merge to form Mr. Sparkle; the similarity to Homer is a mere coincidence.

Ned telephones Marge for help: the delinquents Jimbo, Dolph and Kearney are loitering outside his store, the Leftorium. At her suggestion, he tries to shoo them away, but they harass him. Ned calls Marge again, but when the bullies cut the phone cord, Marge assumes that Ned has hung up and that everything is fine. The next morning, Maude informs Marge that Ned is missing. Marge goes to Lovejoy for help, and they track Ned to the zoo, where Japanese tourists think Homer is Mr. Sparkle. Lovejoy rescues Ned from the baboon enclosure and rediscovers his passion for his career, regaling his congregation with the tale of Ned's rescue.

Production
By season eight, the show had begun to explore episodes revolving around secondary characters. Reverend Lovejoy was selected for this episode because, aside from being noted as "the priest who didn't care", he had not had much character development. This was the first episode that Donick Cary wrote for The Simpsons. He was disappointed that his first story was about "Marge's crisis with faith."

The trip to the dump was inspired by Cary's youth, in which he would often go "dump picking". This led to the writers deciding to have Homer's face on a discarded box, which became the Mr. Sparkle subplot. To help create the advertisement, the writers watched videos of many Japanese commercials. The solution for how Mr. Sparkle resembles Homer was written by George Meyer, after hours of time had been spent trying to come up with a realistic ending. Matsumura Fishworks was named after Ichiro Matsumura, a friend of David X. Cohen.

An original scene from Lovejoy's flashback showed that Jasper Beardley preceded him as minister of the First Church of Springfield. After her lines in this episode were recorded, Yeardley Smith caught the flu, so she decided to record brief lines for the next two episodes at her house and felt better in time for recording sessions of "The Secret War of Lisa Simpson".

Reception
In its original broadcast, "In Marge We Trust" finished 25th in ratings for the week of April 21–27, 1997, with a Nielsen rating of 10.1, equivalent to approximately 9.8 million viewing households. It was the third-highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following The X-Files and King of the Hill. In Australia, the episode premiered on June 22, 1997, while in the UK it premiered on July 20, 1997.

The episode received critical acclaim. Authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, said: "A rare case of both storylines being worthy of full episodes in their own right, this is a cracking episode which highlights the unduly neglected Rev. Lovejoy and makes you realize Homer isn't the only one ready to kill Ned Flanders! Great stuff." The A.V. Club found the episode to be a "beautiful ... change of pace" from the show's usual ridiculousness, noting its subtle humour and Lovejoy's condensed character arc, and how Homer responds with "paranoid disquiet" instead of his usual anger and violence. It described the Mr. Sparkle ad as "a giddy explosion of surrealism" in the relatively mild episode, "perfectly constructed nonsense in which every little scene is utterly insane yet flows with perfect anti-logic from what preceded it."

In a 2000 Entertainment Weekly article, Matt Groening ranked it as his fifth favorite in the history of the show. Josh Weinstein described it as one of the best of the season, as well as being one of the most underrated episodes of all time. He also described the Mr. Sparkle commercial as his all-time favorite sequence.

The Fruity Oaty Bar commercial from the film Serenity was partially inspired by the Mr. Sparkle advertisement.

Since 2009, the show's opening sequence includes Mr. Sparkle detergent with Marge's supermarket purchases. On June 15, 2020, Comedian Eric Andre was a guest on The Last Laugh podcast and cited the episode as his favorite and "the hardest [he] had ever laughed" at anything on television.

title: In Marge We Trust


text:
KMA (art)

KMA is a collaboration between media artists Kit Monkman and Tom Wexler (UK). KMA's work is primarily focused on the use of projected light to transform spaces and the interactions of people within those spaces.

The idea of people gathering after dark to enact and / or watch a drama or ritual lies deep inside us and our ancestral history. It is surely one of the oldest, simplest and most essential of human responses to our fate.

KMA's work seeks to explore this impulse in the context of the modern city. By combining sophisticated interactive technologies with an emotional narrative the work choreographs pedestrian's movement; it builds, sustains, and develops complex, physically networked, relations between the body, the individual, the crowd, and the city.

KMA are best known for large scale public interactive works that use projected light and motion tracking technology to create immersive digital 'playgrounds' in existing public spaces. 'Flock' - based on 3 sections of Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake - typifies this approach, and was presented at Trafalgar Square, London as a co-commission by the Institute of Contemporary Arts and The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.

Congregation (2010) was commissioned to represent the UK Pavilion at the Shanghai World Expo.

title: KMA (art)


text:
Hassan Nooraddeen II

Sultan Sir Hassan Nooraddeen Iskandar II, KCMG (ސުލްޠާން ޙަސަން ނޫރައްދީން ދެވަނަ) was Sultan of the Maldives from 1935 to 1943, a son of Sultan Muhammad Mueenudheen Kuda Bandaarain. Sultan Nooraddeen was born on 21 April 1887.

He ascended the throne of Maldives on 22 February 1935; however his coronation ceremony was not held until 20 August 1938. After eight years of rule he abdicated on 8 April 1943, and lived thereafter at his own residence until his death on 15 April 1967, six days before his 80th birthday. The Prime Minister during his reign was Muhammad Fareed Didi.

Sultan Hassan Nooraddhin II was born in 21 April 1887 in Malé. He was the son of Sultan Mueenuddhin II. His mother is Dhan'dikosheegey Zuleikha Didi.He came to the throne on 23 February 1935, and was proclaimed Sultan on 20 August 1938.

The prime minister during his reign was Muhammad Fareed Didi. WWII began during this Sultan's reign and the British were given the use of some islands in Addu Atoll and a military facility for British army, Navy, and Air Force were built on the atoll. Kelaa Island in Thiladhummathi Atoll was also used by the British. Maldives faced famine and great hardship during the period of war. Sultan Hassan Nooraddhin was awarded the K.C.M.G. by the British in 1942 for services rendered by Maldives during the war.

The poll tax was abolished during Sultan Hassan Nooraddhin's reign, instead duty was levied on certain trade items. The Maldivian Government Bodu Store started in 1942 to ensure that islanders received better prices than those they obtained from the foreign traders in Malé.

Sultan Hassan Nooraddhin abdicated on 5 April 1943. He passed away on 15 April 1967 in Malé.

title: Hassan Nooraddeen II


text:
Double bridle

A double bridle, also called a full bridle or Weymouth bridle, is a bridle that has two bits and four reins (sometimes called "double reins"). One bit is the bradoon (or bridoon), is a modified snaffle bit that is smaller in diameter and has smaller bit rings than a traditional snaffle, and it is adjusted so that it sits above and in front of the other bit, a curb bit. Another term for this combination of curb and snaffle bit is a "bit and bradoon", where the word "bit" in this particular context refers to the curb.

Uses
Double bridles are most commonly associated with dressage and certain horse show classes where formal tack, attire and turnout are standard. They are required for upper level FEI dressage tests (Prix St. Georges (PSG), Intermediaries, and Grand Prix), and are optional at the USDF third and fourth levels. They are also permitted in the dressage phase of eventing at the Intermediate or Advanced levels, although not required. (In eventing, even at the advanced level, snaffle bridles are still the norm.)

Double bridles are fairly common for horse show purposes in Australia, and in the United Kingdom for show hunters and show hacks, but are less common at shows in the United States, except for Saddle seat, show hack and upper-level Dressage competition. Additionally, ladies riding side saddle traditionally use a double bridle. Double bridles used to be seen on show hunters in the United States, but have been replaced by the snaffle.

Double bridles are rarely used by show jumping riders and eventers in the stadium and cross-country phases. The double bridle is still sometimes used by cavalry and police horses.

While the snaffle bridle is more common, the double bridle, in the hands of an experienced rider, is able to transmit more nuanced commands and obtain more sophisticated responses from the horse. Thus, for advanced forms of riding, it is preferred.

History
Double bridles, originally called "full bridles", were much more common several hundred years ago. They were considered the "proper" equipment for a trained rider and horse, while a simple snaffle bridle was only for green horses and riders, young children, grooms, and poor riders. The double bridle is commonly seen in old paintings of hunt scenes, used by the well-trained gentry as they rode cross-country.

Although the modern ideal is for balance between the snaffle and the curb, and most riders today tend to employ the bradoon for the majority of commands, historically, the accomplished rider would "ride on the curb." Riding on the curb indicated lightness in the mouth, was a demonstration that both horse and rider had been highly trained, and that the rider had very good control of his or her hands, and was able to ride the horse mainly from the seat. The rider would keep a modest contact with the curb bit to regulate collection and only engage the bradoon bit to raise the head or reinforce leg and seat aids for impulsion and direction if those aids failed to achieve their effect. With a supremely trained horse and rider, not only would the horse be ridden on the curb only, but with placing both sets reins in one hand and carrying the whip upright in the other. Today, the tradition of riding only on the curb is preserved by classical and advanced military riders, and it is possible to see such performances at the Spanish Riding School. It is also used on finished horses in western riding. The tradition of riding with double reins in one hand is preserved by polo players, where double reins remain the norm but the double bridle has been largely replaced by the pelham bit or the gag bit.

The double bridle was once used frequently by fox hunters, as they could employ the bradoon at the beginning of the hunt, and then use the curb if the horse became excessively excited and forward as the hunt continued. Additionally, it allowed women, confined to riding sidesaddle at the time, to ride hotter horses, with the option of using the curb rein if the horse began to pull too much.

Many eventers also used to ride with the double bridle when going cross-country on exceptionally high-strung horses. However, this practice has fallen out of favor, with most riders preferring the pelham instead, which is less harsh should the rider accidentally make a mistake. Additionally, the pelham could be used with bit converters, which allowed for one rein and made the bit much easier to handle.

Adjustment and parts
The double bridle differs from the usual snaffle bridle in that it consists of four reins attached to two separate bits: the bradoon-style snaffle and a curb. The curb bit hangs down from the main headstall, and the bradoon has a separate, simpler headstall made from a narrow piece of leather known as a "bradoon hanger" or a "slip head." The bradoon headstall lies under the curb headstall, with the browband of the bridle holding both pieces, as well as the cavesson all together as a single unit.

A bradoon is a snaffle bit designed specifically for use in the double bridle. The bit mouthpiece is usually single-jointed, and the bit ring is usually a loose-ring, less often an eggbutt, or baucher. The rings are smaller in diameter (maximum 8 centimeters) than a regular snaffle bit, and for USDF competition, the mouthpiece must be at least 3/8 in in diameter when used on a horse, with smaller diameters allowed for ponies. It is especially important to choose a bradoon that is the correct width. A bradoon that is too wide may get caught on top of the port of the curb bit and push the bridoon's joint upward into the upper palate, while one that is too narrow will pinch the horse's skin against his molars. Both cases are painful and should be avoided. In general, the bradoon should be about 1/2 in wider than the Weymouth.

The curb bit, or Weymouth, consists of a mouthpiece with shanks and a curb chain. In USDF competition, the lower shank may be no longer than 10 cm (about 4 in) in length. With a sliding mouthpiece, this measurement is taken when the mouthpiece is at its highest point. The width of the curb bit is also important: a curb that is too narrow will cause the shanks to pinch the lips, one that is too wide will cause the lips to be pinched between the curb and the curb chain and may also cause it to lie unevenly in the mouth. The upper shank should bend slightly outward, to prevent it from pinching when the reins are pulled. The severity of the curb is determined by several factors: longer shanks are considered more severe, as are tighter or thinner curb chains and higher ports.

The bradoon always lies higher in the horse's mouth than the curb bit, and is placed above the curb chain. It is common to place the bradoon a bit higher in the mouth than a snaffle used alone, because it is less likely to get caught on the curb. However, it is important that the bits do not lie too far apart from each other within the mouth, as the tongue may be caught between the two. In general, both bits are chosen to be slightly thinner. Although this increases their severity, most horses prefer thinner bits because it allows for more room for the tongue, which can be uncomfortably cramped with two thick bits sharing the space.

The bradoon rein should be wider than the rein used on the curb bit and in sport horse disciplines is often a bit more grippy (laced or, less often, rubber reins are popular), while the curb rein is thinner and smooth. This makes it easy for the rider to distinguish the two by feel. The extra grip provided by the snaffle rein also helps prevent the horse from pulling it through the rider's hands, which would make the curb rein shorter in comparison and encourage the rider to over-use the curb rein.

When using a double bridle, a cavesson is always used. It should not be adjusted too low, as it may cause the skin and lip to pinch between it and the bradoon. Some riders use a padded crownpiece because the curb places pressure on the poll.

Action
The bradoon bit works like any other snaffle, placing pressure on the lips, tongue, and to some extent the bars of the mouth. In the classical dressage tradition, the bradoon is used to regulate horizontal flexion (bending the horse left and right) and impulsion (faster and slower). Any action that is meant to place pressure on one side of the mouth must be performed with the bradoon, because the curb is designed in such a way that a pull on one rein will produce equal pressure across the tongue and bars, unless it is extremely harsh. Additionally, use of only one rein of the curb causes the bit to twist in the mouth and the chain to pinch.

The curb bit places pressure on the bars, the palate (especially if the port of the curb bit is fairly large), and via the curb chain, the poll and chin groove. It is used to regulate vertical flexion (cresting the neck and collecting the body through an arched spine), and the poll pressure asks the horse to lower the poll and telescope the neck to raise the base of the neck. If the horse tries to push his nose outward without permission from the rider, the curb reins will automatically come into play and tighten, asking the horse to flex. If the horse stiffens, adding slight poll and tongue pressure with the curb can ask him to relax at the poll.

A rider may increase pressure on the curb alone by lifting their hands forward and upward. The hands remain the same distance from the bradoon because they move around a circle that is a radius equal to that of the bradoon rein. Therefore, the action of the bradoon does not come into play. However, because the curb rein is several inches below the bradoon, raising the hands pull upward on the bit and engages the shank.

When used in Saddle seat tradition, particularly in the United States, the bradoon is used both to raise the head and turn, while the curb is used to lower the head, soften the jaw, and to slow the horse. In saddle seat riding, contact is to be maintained equally on all four reins.

In modern dressage, most riders employing the double bridle "ride on the bradoon." In other words, they keep a steady contact with the bradoon bit and only engage the curb bit to when necessary to encourage the horse to collect. As a result, the bradoon rein keeps slightly more pressure, and the curb rein, although in contact, is much softer. In competition, total loss of rein contact of the curb (which will result in the rein being bowed) will cause a severe deduction from the rider's score. To ride mainly from the bradoon while still keeping a soft contact on the curb, the rider must have steady, soft hands and a correct hand position. To activate the bradoon separately from the curb, if the rider is using the most common rein holds (described below), the rider simply rotates the lower fingers into the hand and slightly upward, which will tighten pressure on the bradoon. The upper part of the hand, where the curb is held, remains in the same point in space and acts as a pivot, so that the pressure on the curb does not change.

Dangers of misuse
Riders must be skilled before attempting to use the double bridle, and the horse should be far enough along in his training that the double bridle would be accepted and understood. It is a refined piece of equipment that can greatly enhance the riding in good hands, or destroy the animal's training and mouth. Because it uses two bits, it has a much greater chance of damaging the horse's mouth if used incorrectly.

The rider must have an independent seat and soft hands. Additionally, they should be able to keep their horse moving uphill with elevated shoulders, or else activating the curb will cause him to hollow, fall onto the forehand, and flex incorrectly at the 3rd vertebra rather than the poll. The rider must also take care to determine if a double bridle is proper for the individual horse's training and temperament. Certain sensitive horses will do better if kept in a snaffle for a longer period of time. Horses that tend to be lazy or behind their rider's leg will also become more so if ridden in double bridle before they are consistently forward.

Overuse of the curb will cause the horse to go behind the bit, open his mouth, draw his tongue back in his mouth to escape the pressure, or damage the tongue. Additionally, it can cause unpure gaits, including a "pacey" walk, a stiff trot, and a 4-beat canter. Overuse of the somewhat thin bradoon can lead to a hard mouth, and in severe cases, cause sores or bleeding at the corners of the mouth.

Martingales
If a running martingale is used with a double bridle, only the snaffle reins should run through the rings. Running curb reins through the martingale creates excessive amounts of leverage and can cause pain to the horse if misused. While fox hunters once were known to ride with a running martingale attached to the curb rein, today this practice is relatively non-existent, partly because the double bridle is only common in equestrian disciplines that usually do not use a running martingale. However, if a running martingale is used on the curb, however ill-advised, it is extremely important to use rein stops, as the martingale ring is sometimes larger than the ring on the curb bit shank, and can get caught on the bit with potentially disastrous consequences.

Holding the reins
When first learning to use the double bridle, it can be helpful to gain experience holding and manipulating two reins without actually using the more severe curb. To do so, the rider may place two reins on the snaffle. A rider may also ride on contact with the snaffle rein, keeping the curb rein loose until the hold becomes comfortable and familiar.

There are several types of rein holds which offer various degrees of action between both bits.

Military rein hold (4 reins in one hand)
The traditional cavalry hold has the rider place all four reins in the left hand; in this way, the right hand is left free to hold a sword, lance, or other weapon. The precise order of reins has varied from era to era, from country to country, and to suit specific circumstances of battle or pageantry. In every case, a great deal of precise control is needed to selectively engage the bradoon or curb independently. Less schooled troopers may ride while engaging only a single pair of reins for one bit, and allowing the reins for the second bit to bow and thereby apply only the passive effect of gravity on that bit.

This rein hold is also seen in competitive dressage, during FEI freestyle tests. It demonstrates the horse's throughness, self-carriage, and obedience due to the fact that the rider has little control with the reins except to create flexion. When used, it can increase the difficulty of the movement, thereby helping the rider attain a higher score if executed well.

"2 to 2" rein holds, with more pressure on the bradoon
"2 to 2 holds" involve the rider holding two reins in each hand. The two most commonly used in the United States allow for softer use of the curb rein. In one such hold, the rider holds the bradoon rein under the fourth finger (pinkie or little finger), and the curb between the third and fourth fingers. In the second method, the bradoon is held between the third (ring) and fourth finger, and the curb between the second and third fingers. The latter is in some ways preferable, because the rider continues to hold the snaffle rein between the ring finger and pinkie, in the same manner as when riding with a snaffle alone, and so will already have the feel developed for that use. Additionally, pressure from the bradoon rein pushing on the underside of the little finger can encourage riders to raise their hands, because it will feel as if there is not longer a perfectly straight line from elbow to bit. In either case, the reins cross one another, the rider should be sure that the curb rein crosses under the bradoon when the horse is viewed from the side, so that it is closer to the neck. Both these holds allow for the rider to flex his or her hand and apply slightly more contact to the bradoon than to the curb, allowing it to be softer.

In both cases, the ends of the reins usually leave the fist between the thumb and index finger, as seen when riding with just a snaffle rein. However, another variation allows the end of the snaffle rein to leave between the first and second fingers, and the end of the curb to leave between the thumb and first finger. This allows the rider to easily identify each rein and adjust the tension on each. It also helps to avoid too much tension on the curb rein.

"2 to 2" rein holds, with more pressure on the curb
There are several rein holds which increase the ratio of curb to bradoon pressure. In all these cases, the curb rein is held lower down in the hand than the bradoon, so that the two reins do not cross when the horse is viewed from the side. As the distance increases between where the two reins insert into the hand, the curb reins becomes more and more prominent when rein pressure is applied. This is because the curb has greater action when the lower part of the hand is flexed back. This hold is usually used if the horse is especially hard-mouthed, easily distractible, or needs a bit more curb action because he tries to raise his head. It should only be applied by riders with exceptionally soft hands who have a good foundation in using the double bridle.

Two of the mild forms of this type of hold involve the curb rein either under the fourth finger, or between the fourth and third finger, while holding the bradoon between the second and third fingers.

The most extreme form of this is called the "Fillis Hold", named after James Fillis. It involves the curb rein being held under the pinkie, and the bradoon rein held like a driving rein, between the thumb and first finger. The two reins therefore insert into the hand as far away as they possibly could and allow each set to be used with considerable leverage. Therefore, either rein can be used without the influence of the other, simply by rotating the lower or upper part of the hand back. This hold is commonly seen used (correctly) by the dressage rider Philipe Karl. However, when used incorrectly, which can be extremely easy to do even by excellent riders, it causes the horse to flex at the third vertebra instead of the poll, a major fault.

"3 to 1" rein hold
In the 3 to 1 rein hold, one hand (historically, the left hand) holds three reins and the other only one rein. The three-rein hand controls both curb reins and the bradoon rein which belongs to that side, and the other hand simply holds the other bradoon rein and the whip. It is a hold that was common to the classical dressage tradition. Today the 3 to 1 rein hold is used while training, rather than competition, although it is still seen used by the Spanish Riding School.

The left hand holds the left bradoon rein below the fourth finger (pinkie), the left hand curb rein between the third and fourth fingers, and the right hand curb between the second and third fingers. It is held right over the pommel of the saddle. The right hand holds the bradoon as it would normally hold a snaffle (between the third and fourth fingers), and the hand is held very close to the left hand. This hold has several important consequences: it decreases the action of the curb, it prevents the rider from riding with their hands too wide or performing an overzealous opening rein with their left hand, and it shows when the horse is not properly straight, because the rider can no longer make the rein pressure on one side of the mouth any stronger than the other, since reins from both sides are held in the left hand. The rider must ride off the seat and legs to bend the horse, and the horse must therefore be properly "through".

Riding on the curb only (auf blanker Kandare reiten)
The bridoon reins are dropped on the neck near the withers, and contact is kept only with the curb, both reins being held in the left hand. This means that the rider must have good hands, a well-developed seat, and the horse must accept the bit, or else the horse will end up overbent. The rider can only create bend in the horse with the seat and legs, not the hands.

The whip is held upright in the right hand, going back to the tradition where the sword would be held in such a way as a salute. This method is rarely practiced today, although still seen used by the Spanish Riding School, the Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre, and the mounted troops of the household cavalry in London, England.

The method is also mandatory at the higher levels of the equestrian discipline of Working Equitation.

Western riding
A distantly related variation on the English double bridle is the "two rein" setup used in the western riding classic vaquero tradition (also known as the "buckaroo" or "California" tradition) of developing a "spade bit" horse. Rather than use of a bit and bradoon, the trainer uses a thin bosal style hackamore over a complex type of curb bit known as a spade. This tradition originated with the same haute ecole and military uses of horses in the Middle Ages, but developed differently from classical dressage since approximately the 16th century, when Spanish horse trainers arrived in the Americas. In this tradition, the ultimate goal is use of one hand on the spade alone. A young horse is started in a bosal, then is transitioned into the spade by wearing both the spade bit with progressively smaller diameter bosals, with the rider usually carrying the reins in the 3 in 1 hold. The reins of the spade bit are romal style, with light chains or small lead weights added between the bit and the rein so that it balances perfectly in the mouth of the horse. Over time the trainer uses the bosal less and less until the horse travels with lightness and collection on the spade alone. The process of moving from a bosal alone to a "straight up" spade bit horse using the spade alone can take many years, as long as it takes to bring a Dressage horse to Grand Prix level. For practical working purposes, the modern cowboy of the vaquero or "buckaroo" tradition usually keeps a light bosal on the finished horse as a type of noseband.

title: Double bridle


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Category:Languages of Honduras

Articles on languages of Honduras.

title: Category:Languages of Honduras


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Superfecundation

Superfecundation is the fertilization of two or more ova from the same cycle by sperm from separate acts of sexual intercourse, which can lead to twin babies from two separate biological fathers. The term superfecundation is derived from fecund, meaning able to produce offspring. Homopaternal superfecundation is fertilization of two separate ova from the same father, leading to fraternal twins, while heteropaternal superfecundation is a form of atypical twinning where, genetically, the twins are half siblings – sharing the same mother, but with different fathers.

Conception
Sperm cells can live inside a female's body for up to five days, and once ovulation occurs, the egg remains viable for 12–48 hours before it begins to disintegrate. Superfecundation most commonly happens within hours or days of the first instance of fertilization with ova released during the same cycle.

Ovulation is normally suspended during pregnancy to prevent further ova becoming fertilized and to help increase the chances of a full-term pregnancy. However, if an ovum is atypically released after the female was already impregnated when previously ovulating, a chance of a second pregnancy occurs, albeit at a different stage of development. This is known as superfetation.

Heteropaternal superfecundation
Heteropaternal superfecundation is common in animals such as cats and dogs. Stray dogs can produce litters in which every puppy has a different sire. Though rare in humans, cases have been documented. In one study on humans, the frequency was 2.4% among dizygotic twins whose parents had been involved in paternity suits.

Cases in Greek mythology
Greek mythology holds many cases of superfecundation:
 * Leda lies with both her husband Tyndareus and with the god Zeus, the latter in the guise of a swan. Nine months later, she bears two daughters: Clytemnestra by Tyndareus and Helen by Zeus. This happens again; this time Leda bears two sons: Castor by Tyndareus and Pollux by Zeus.
 * Alcmene lies with Zeus, who is disguised as her husband Amphitryon; Alcmene later lies with the real Amphitryon and gives birth to two sons: Iphicles by Amphitryon and Heracles by Zeus.
 * Chione lies with both Apollo and Hermes on the same night, and falls pregnant. She bears two sons; Autolycus for Hermes and Philammon for Apollo.

Selected cases involving superfecundation
In 1982, twins who were born with two different skin colors were discovered to be conceived as a result of heteropaternal superfecundation.

In 1995, a young woman gave birth to diamniotic monochorionic twins, who were originally assumed to be monozygotic twins until a paternity suit led to a DNA test. This led to the discovery that the twins had different fathers.

In 2001, a case of spontaneous monopaternal superfecundation was reported after a woman undergoing IVF treatments gave birth to quintuplets after only two embryos were implanted. Genetic testing supported that the twinning was not a result of the embryos splitting, and that all five boys shared the same father.

In 2008, on the Maury Show a paternity test on live television established a heteropaternal superfecundation.

In 2015, a judge in New Jersey ruled that a man should only pay child support for one of two twins, as he was only the biological father to one of the children.

In 2016, an IVF-implanted surrogate mother gave birth to two children: one genetically unrelated child from an implanted embryo, and a biological child from her own egg and her husband's sperm.

In 2019, a Chinese woman was reported to have two babies from different fathers, one of whom was her husband and the other was a man having a secret affair with her during the same time.

In 2022, a 19-year-old Brazilian from Mineiros gave birth to twins from two different fathers with whom she had sex on the same day.

title: Superfecundation


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Talk:Vesicular texture

Are amygdales sources of precious stones, or semi-precious stones?
The article says: ''amygdales ... can be sources of semi-precious stones such as diamonds.\'' I believe diamonds are considered to be precious stones, not semi-precious. Soo... either amygdales are sources of precious stones (such as diamonds), or the example of diamonds is wrong. I am no geologists, so I don't know which one is actually right. Can someone who knows fix the article? --Šedý (talk) 22:39, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

Title
Correct article's title should be "Vesicular structure". Structure and texture are slightly different things in petrology. Siim 21:37, 24 July 2005 (UTC) it is also a skin lesion —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.1.207.145 (talk) 01:08, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Actually, the OCR geology textbook lists Vesicular as one of five igneous textures, not structures, along with Porphyritic, Flow Banding, Equigranular and Amygdaloidal.The Talking Toaster (talk) 02:04, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vesicular texture


text: User talk:70.144.154.97

title: User talk:70.144.154.97


text: Category:Languages of Nicaragua

title: Category:Languages of Nicaragua