text:
Talk:Brazil and weapons of mass destruction

Unfairness
How come the US enters another soveiring country, demands full access to technological secrets (who are allegedly cheaper, stronger and overall better) than the tech it uses, in the pretense claim that its inspections WMD (in a country like Brazil!), while NOT accepting inspections themselves?!?LtDoc 04:08, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

What would they inspect? The nature of inspections are to ensure that a state is using nuclear research for peaceful purposes only. What would inspections find? That the US had a nuclear weapons program? Ok, but the US is allowed a NW arsenal under the NPT. Brazil isn't, which is why Brazil, and every other member of the NPT who is a non-nuclear weapons state has inspections. Moreover, it is not the US that demands full acesss to technological secrets, or inspections, it is the IAEA, an body of the UN, that conducts inspections (which all non-nuclear weapons signatories agree to).

Waht does anyu of this have to do with wikipedia anyway? this section is supposed to be related to the article, it's not (and it's not supposed to be) in any way an open forum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.4.213.116 (talk) 00:24, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

US Perception
I think it is important to note that both Condolessa and Colin Powell has estated that they have no reason to believe that Brazil would ever use nuclear technologies to develop weapns. Also, Brazilian's costitution forbids it.

All the criticism from USA to Brazi's nuclear program came from crappy journalists -- not government. --Pinnecco 13:32, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Guinsberg remove information and ruling sources.
User:Guinsberg removed sourced information and ruled Veja (magazine) as not a reliable source by his own value judgements. The information is restored. Accusing a source of "rightwing" not only leads to bias, but violates the NPOV policy and relies on a simple I just don't like it maneuver. --Ciao 90 (talk) 18:25, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I accept your criticism, Ciao, but I also urge you to look at your edits:
 * The recent approach of Lula with Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad raised concerns about the possibility of Brazil confront OTAN in nuclear warfare.
 * Whose concerns are those? I have not heard political authorities - neither Brazilian nor foreign - manifest such doubts about Brazil. I challenge you to provide information on political authorities linking, directly or indirectly, Brazil's recent diplomatical efforts in the Iran affair, on the one hand, with alleged Brazilian plans to build nuclear weapons, on the other hand. Given the sensitivity of the subject, we cannot say that there are such doubts only because Veja magazine - a media well known to oppose current Brazilian government - has advanced such speculation. This applies to other media as well.
 * was claimed in the Brazilian press that left-wing socialist militancy desires to manufacter a bomb and reaffirm Brazil as a power and enemy of the United States.
 * That the above sentence is inflammatory and highly loaded with POV bias, I don't think I need to show. Veja, by-the-bye, is not the sole representative of Brazilian press. Is it fair to characterize speculations that, AFAIK, are limited to this media, as a stance of Brazilian press? If I look at articles on American politics, I doubt that stances of particular media such as conservative think tanks or Fox News will be characterized as something advanced by vaguely terms such as "American intellectuals" or "American media".
 * Now, I need to recognize that I am not as well informed on Wiki policy as you seem to be. But I believe my objections are sensible.
 * I will invoke a third party to judge on this matter.Guinsberg (talk) 19:06, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * It does not matter what policial view Veja magazine follows. It is, however, the largest magazine (in number of sales) in Brazil and that makes it a reliable source, others wanting or not. However, I agree with Guinsberg that the way that the text is written in misleading. Although one thing that I do know is that Veja magazine never said that the Brazilian government wants to make Brazil an enemy of the United States. It is correct that the present government has an anti-U.S. stance and many of its members have advocated once and there the possibility of Brazil fabricate a bomb of its own. But saying that there is already a research and production happening as we talk, or that the desire to create a bomb is to become an "enemy of United States" is going to far. Since VEJA magazine content can be seen in internet, I request that editor Ciao 90 present us the exact sentence, the page and what issue of magazine it came from. --Lecen (talk) 20:23, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Thanks for your input, Lecen. Please, look at the Article's history. Ciao has provided some links to Veja online on the issue. How, or how much, those links support Ciao's edits, I do not know, however.Guinsberg (talk) 20:35, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I know. As a reader of Reinaldo Azevedo (a very good journalist, BTW), I know the content. Nowhere he said of a "possibility of Brazil confront OTAN in nuclear warfare" or "reaffirm Brazil as a power and enemy of the United States". What he asked was for an national discussion over the Brazilian atomic project and where it might lead. And most important of all: it is a personal blog. That's all. A blog. And a blog can not be used a source in Wikipedia.

 * A warning to both of you: if you, Guinsberg, is a leftist, or you, Ciao 90, is a rightist, do not bring you own personal point of view in here. To dismiss VEJA magazine because it might have a rightist stance is wrong. But using a source to fabricate information that it does not have is very, very, very wrong. Doing that will ruin Wikipedia's image as reliable source. Ciao, do not do that again. --Lecen (talk) 20:46, 28 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Veja is indeed the best-selling magazine in Brazil, but it is however not appreciated by a considerable portion of Brazilian people, not only because of its conservative, right-wing, anti-Lula view (which does not justify the disaproval of those people, IMHO), but also because of its highly distorced texts. For instance, when my school decided to sign Carta na Escola, a magazine by CartaCapital designed for academic purposes, instead of Veja na Sala de Aula, by Veja magazine; the latter explicitly accused the school of intending to "obligate students to sign a pamphlet of Workers' Party propaganda". You can check it here, in Portuguese. As it was suggested above, the text by Reinaldo was written for a blog, it shouldn't be taken that serious, although it seems that the information was misundertood by the user. I just mentioned the issue involving my school for people to see how unreliable the magazine can be. Not that other magazines wouldn't do that, but Veja is not as reliable as it is considered to be. At least for such analysis. Victão Lopes  I hear you... 21:17, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Veja is extremely unreliable. Not because it is a right-wing magazine, which would make it merely POVed - as all magazines and newspapers are, in varying degrees -, but because it systematically distorts things to push its views. In short, it is a pamphlet, and one in bad quality. Yes, it is a best-seller, but popularity and reliability do not always walk hand in hand. Ninguém (talk) 10:58, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I recommend avoid using in this article words such as left-wing or right-wing to refer to the Brazilian government, as it a non-neutral point of view. Regarding the statement that Brazil wants to build nuclear weapons, it is very controversial and thus needs a very reliable source, otherwise it needs to be removed. For now it is probably better to remove that statement. Veja is in my opinion a reliable source, but when using such magazines as a source, it is better to explicitly mention the magazine in the text by writing something like that: "according to Veja magazine, the Brazilian government...", as the readers can decide by themselves if they agree with the magazine's opinion or not. Blogs should be avoided as sources, as they are not considered reliable. --Carioca (talk) 19:43, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Folks, I am sorry, but I don't agree with some of your opinion. Saying that a government is left-wing is not POV. Although I am quite surprise to see an "anti-VEJA" stance in here. Since the magazine is internationally known and is the highest selling in Brazil, ti could be used as source in wikipedia. The matter in here is that Ciao took an information not from VEJA, but from a blog that exists in VEJA official website. Not only that, but he also fabricated information that that blog did not tell (and Ninguém must remember, just as I do, from someone who does that). --Lecen (talk) 11:05, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

Deletion proposed
Deletion was proposed and the following reason was given:

 * No functional purpose. The article clearly states that Brazil doesn't posses or has ever possesed Weapons of Mass Destruction. The article limits itself to be a list of the current/past nuclear power plants, that have nothing to do with WMD. Similar articles (In the form "Country_name and weapons of mass destruction") are created when a country is officially or clearly considered to currently posses WMD by international organizations. This is not the case of Brazil.

The deletion tag should not be removed, until the editors discuss it. Thanks. Alex Covarrubias  ( Talk? )  08:49, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I do not agree with deletion. It is public knowledge that Brazil had a covert nuclear weapons program during the 1970s-1980s. Furthermore, the country has completed the nuclear fuel cycle technology and is capable of producing weapons of mass destruction if it so chooses. Therefore it is a relevant article about WMD. Limongi (talk) 20:12, 5 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Users are allowed (though discouraged) to remove the deletion tag at will, unless the removal is part of an obvious vandal edit. Once the article is deprodded, AfD procedures must be taken. At least that's what I read at WP:PROD. Victão Lopes  I hear you... 23:36, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

 * User:AlexCovarrubias re-inserted the deletion template (twice). The article was created on 4 January 2005, and User:AlexCovarrubias is the only user who has come forth proposing (imposing) deletion. User:AlexCovarrubias has a long history of vandalising Brazil-related articles. In fact, he was blocked for 1 month from Wikipedia for this exact reason (Requests for comment/AlexCovarrubias). Limongi (talk) 01:10, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Recent edits
Rather than getting into a reversion cycle, I wanted to start a discussion here. One editor has made multiple changes to the introduction of the article that suggest that Brazil has a nuclear weapons program and will soon have the capability to produce nuclear weapons. When I read these edits yesterday they struck me as unreliable, despite the citations. I checked a couple of the citations and they seemed either unreliable or misrepresented in the text. There may be parts of the recent edits that are worth keeping, but I think most of them are mistaken. That's why I took the uncomfortable step of reverting them all. Better to start with the article as it was and discuss the claims one at a time. NPguy (talk) 02:09, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * NPguy, did you actually read the article after the edits? Because nowhere does it state that Brazil ever had nuclear weapons. Infact, it states very clearly that it never did. If you took the time to compare the before and after you'd notice that I did not add much at all, besides the references and a history about the program. As for the references they are all reliable sources, including SIPRI, Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, Arms Control Association, GlobalSecurity.org, Global Security Institute, German Council on Foreign Relations, to name a few. So your reasoning is flawed. Every single sentence is supported by at least two reliable sources. Limongi (talk) 13:06, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't want to see an edit war break out here. The edits should be reverted, WP:AGF.  If NPguy believes them to be unreliable, pick one disputed one, and let's discuss it.  We're in no rush. patsw (talk) 13:49, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. We should always discuss before deleting sourced content. I reverted the article to my last edit.Limongi (talk) 14:09, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * One of the changes I made, was to the lead. As per Wikipedia's Manual of Style: "the lead serves both as an introduction to the article and as a summary of its most important aspects." In this article the lead should state the relationship between "Brazil" and "weapons of mass destruction", right? That is why I rewrote the lead (supported by 10 sources) to reflect that. The lead states Brazil's intention to develop a nuclear weapon in the past and it's current situation (free of weapons of mass destruction). The lead reads: "In the 1970s and 80s, during the military regime, Brazil had a secret program intended to develop nuclear weapons. The program was dismantled in 1990 and Brazil is considered free of weapons of mass destruction." (note the words "intended to develop", as none of the sources state that it actually built any WMDs)
 * Sources:
 * [1] "Brazil and Argentina embarked on a bilateral nuclear arms race in the 1970s and 80s. Through technology transfers from West Germany, which did not require IAEA safeguards, Brazil pursued a covert nuclear weapons program..." (Reaching Critical Will)
 * [2] "Brazil pursued a covert nuclear weapons program in response to Argentina's program", "...following the 1975 agreement Brazil transferred technology from its power plant projects to a secret program to develop an atom bomb. Code-named "Solimões," after a river in the Amazon, the secret program was started in 1975 and eventually came to be known publicly as the Parallel Program." (Globalsecurity.org)
 * [3] "It began developing a covert nuclear weapons program in 1975 but abandoned it in the late 1980s under a new government, which also included a prohibition on such activities in its 1988 constitution." (Arms Control Association)
 * [4] "In 1975 Brazil signed an agreement with West Germany for the supply of technology for a complete nuclear fuel cycle, including enrichment and reprocessing. Following the deal, Brazil transferred the technology from its power plant projects to a secret program, code named Solimoes, to develop an atom bomb." (PBS)
 * [5] "Brazil began a secret program to acquire nuclear weapons code-named "Solimoes" in 1978 under military rule." (Nuclear Weapon Archive)
 * [6] "Brazil already had three secret military nuclear programs between 1975 and 1990..." (Der Spiegel)
 * [7] "Rivalry between Argentina and Brazil led the two South American nations to embark on nuclear weapons programs in the 1970s and 1980s." (Global Security Institute)
 * [8] "Brazil possesses one of the most advanced nuclear capabilities in Latin America and is one of very few states with the indigenous capability to produce fissile material necessary to build a nuclear weapon. Alongside its civilian programme, in the 1970s and 1980s the military government pursued a parallel secret nuclear program..." (SIPRI)
 * [9] "In 1990, Brazil took the decision to quit the arms race and to help make Latin America a nuclear weapons-free zone.", "Brazil's generals came very close indeed to exploding the country's own nuclear device. The evidence, a bore hole 300 metres deep, is to be found at a remote site in the Amazon. It was intended for an underground atomic blast. Brazil's first civilian government made a very public show of stopping the secret work." (BBC)
 * [10] "During the 1980s, Brazil ran a secret effort to build an atomic bomb that ran in parallel with the public program to make electricity. It was administered by the military, and hidden from the IAEA. In 1990, the program was openly repudiated by Brazil's newly elected President, Fernando Collor de Mello." (Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control)
 * [11] "One part of Brazil's reach for international power identity has been its efforts at developing nuclear weapons during the 1970s, 80s and 90s." (American Thinker)
 * [12] "During a military junta in the late 1970s, Brazil began work on a secret nuclear-weapons program parallel to its civilian power program..." (Newsweek)
 * [13] "She [Madeleine Albright, US Secretary of State] noted that 15 years ago, Brazil had been striving to develop a nuclear weapons program." (Federation of American Scientists)
 * I would like to know how NPguy came to the conclusion that these sources are unreliable or misrepresented. Am I missing something here? Limongi (talk) 14:21, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Reverts at Brazil and weapons of mass destruction
The article Brazil and weapons of mass destruction was recently nominated for deletion. The result was keep and the case was closed yesterday. During the AfD, I inserted a rescue tag to see if we could improve the article. I edited the article and added about 20 reliable sources, including SIPRI, Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, Arms Control Association, GlobalSecurity.org, Global Security Institute, German Council on Foreign Relations, to name a few. I didn't make any major changes - I basically reworded some parts (to reflect the sources), improved the lead and added a history section. Now, User:NPguy has reverted all my edits, and with it, erased all the sources. Limongi (talk) 13:19, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I think Limongi's references were pretty damn solid and his formatting very good. I would offer if he removes some of the "what Brazil could do" content nobody could justify reverting his edits. It's speculatory and unnecessarily controversial. I think that's all I saw wrong. I don't agree with blanking it out and starting as it was, he had a lot of work in it. Middle ground looks easy here.Batvette (talk) 14:28, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I think there is a lot of merit to the edits that were unilaterally removed, and don't see most of them as unreliable (for example, GlobalSecurity.org is a pretty solid source). If there are specific concerns with the content, it would have been much better to discuss it before wholesale reversion. If there are still issues (especially with reliability), bring them up one by one; please don't revert again.  bahamut0013  words deeds 15:32, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Support (restoring Limongi's edits) It's important to understand that editors don't have to demonstrate that the accounts given by the secondary sources, either factual or speculative, are true, but that the summary and citation of them is correct. That's the essence of WP:V.  If an editor has a problem with what Der Spiegel, the BBC, the New York Times, etc. are reporting, you have to take your fight to them. patsw (talk) 14:38, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

 * The edits made by Limongi are fully grounded in reliable sources and must be restored. Like Batvette, I also think that quotes like "Brazil could do..." should be replaced, although there are several indications that Brazil is able to produce WMDs. Best regards; Felipe Menegaz 15:53, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * For balance, sources, assuming they exist, could be cited to show that "Brazil cannot..." patsw (talk) 15:56, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Support The discussion in the section above shows Limongi has done his work well at finding reliable sources.  D r e a m Focus  17:37, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * RFC Comment I support Limongis version of the article. If editors have issues concerning details of it, then those should be discussed separately, but e.g. SIPRI is a very reliable source that has excellent material and this stuff shouldn't be reverted wholesale. --Dailycare (talk) 19:18, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I was not impressed by the very first source. Reaching Critical Will is an NGO that does some things well but in this case seems to have done an quick and dirty job of compiling and interpreting information.  It is not an academic or journalistic source and does not have a reputation as a reliable source for this type of information.  Saying Argentina and Brazil undertook an arms race in the 1970s is a case in point.  Neither had nuclear arms.  I propose to delete this source.  It is used to justify some facts that are undoubtedly correct, but it should be possible to find more reputable sources. NPguy (talk) 02:41, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I've made some edits to fix some of the more obvious problems with the new text. There are more.  Sometimes getting these things right requires actual knowledge and not just the ability to use Google. NPguy (talk) 03:19, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

Plagiarism

 * 1) In September 1990, he symbolically closed a test site at Cachimbo, in Pará State. That October, he formally exposed the military's secret plan to develop an atom bomb. Within Brazil's Congress, a CPI looked into the Parallel Program. Members visited numerous facilities, including the Institute of Advanced Studies (Instituto de Estudos Avançados--IEAv) at the Aerospace Technical Center (Centro Técnico Aeroespacial--CTA) in São José dos Campos.
 * 2) In 1990, President Fernando Collor de Mello symbolically closed a test site at Cachimbo, in Pará and exposed the military’s secret plan to develop an nuclear weapon.[1] Brazil's National Congress looked into the Parallel Program.[2] Members visited numerous facilities, including the Institute of Advanced Studies (Instituto de Estudos Avançados - IEAv) at the Aerospace Technical Center (Centro Técnico Aeroespacial - CTA) in São José dos Campos.

1 (globalsecurity.org) -2 (the articel) gives: +September -President Fernando Collor de Mello -That October, he formally

This plagiarism. If anybody want the material in than rephrase it 100% or make it a quote! I did not look in the rest of the article, but somebody should do so! --18:47, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

 * No it isn't plagiarism. The text you quoted was obviously rewritten to comply with WP:PLAG. Limongi (talk) 19:20, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

 * To leave out a word and make two sentences one is still plagiarism, sorry. You have to change more.--Stone (talk) 20:00, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

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text:
Pontevedra (disambiguation)

Pontevedra is a city in Galicia, Spain.

Pontevedra may also refer to:

Spain

 * Province of Pontevedra, Galicia
 * Pontevedra (comarca)
 * Pontevedra (Parliament of Galicia constituency)
 * Pontevedra (Senate constituency)
 * Pontevedra (Congress of Deputies constituency)

Other countries

 * Pontevedra, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * Pontevedra, Capiz, Philippines
 * Pontevedra, Negros Occidental, Philippines
 * Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, U.S.

Sports

 * Pontevedra CF, a Spanish football team

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pontevedra (disambiguation)


text:
Ti' punch

Ti' punch (Ti ponch, ; Petit Ponch) literally meaning "small punch", is a rum-based mixed drink that is especially popular in Martinique, Guadeloupe, Haiti, French Guiana, Réunion, and other French-speaking Caribbean islands. It is also the national cocktail of Martinique and Guadeloupe. It is very similar to the daiquiri, which is usually identified with Cuba, and the caipirinha, identified with Brazil. The ti' punch is distinguished from these by its use of rhum agricole, and by typically having less lime juice.

The drink is traditionally made with white rhum agricole, lime, and cane syrup. While aged rhum agricole can be used in place of white rhum agricole, other fruit flavors may be added on top of the lime, and sugar may be substituted for cane syrup, a Ti' punch can only be made with rhum agricole.

Service
Ti' punch is usually served as an apéritif. A popular tradition is that of chacun prépare sa propre mort ("each prepares their own death"), in which the bartender or host provides glassware, syrup, limes, and rum but does not prepare the drink so that each drinker may build their own to their taste. Ti' punch predates the wide availability of ice in the Caribbean, and both the traditional neat and contemporary iced preparation are prevalent today.

title: Ti' punch


text:
Patroon

In the United States, a patroon (from Dutch patroon ) was a landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the 17th-century Dutch colony of New Netherland on the east coast of North America. Through the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions of 1629, the Dutch West India Company first started to grant this title and land to some of its invested members. These inducements to foster colonization and settlement (also known as the "Rights and Exemptions") are the basis for the patroon system. By the end of the 18th century, virtually all of the American states had abolished primogeniture and entail; thus patroons and manors evolved into simply large estates subject to division and leases.

The deeded tracts were called patroonships and could span 16 miles in length on one side of a major river, or 8 miles if spanning both sides. In 1640, the charter was revised to cut new plot sizes in half, and to allow any Dutch American in good standing to purchase an estate. The title of patroon came with powerful rights and privileges. A patroon could create civil and criminal courts, appoint local officials and hold land in perpetuity. In return, he was required by the Dutch West India Company to – sources vary – establish a settlement of at least 50 families within four years on the land, or "ship fifty colonists to it within four year". As tenants working for the patroon, these first settlers were relieved of the duty of public taxes for ten years, but were required to pay rent to the patroon. A patroonship sometimes had its own village and other infrastructure, including churches.

Patroons were entitled to the acquisition of enslaved labor by the Dutch West India Company's Rights and Exemptions Charter. Patroons, often the wealthiest and most influential residents of New Netherland, procured and exploited slaves in almost every part of the colony, although a majority of the slave population remained near New Amsterdam, and farther north, were centered around Fort Orange (Albany, NY) and Rensselaerswijck. Moreover, patroons were essentially the only colonists in New Netherland to own slaves.

After the English takeover of New Netherland in 1664 and American independence in 1783, the system continued with the granting of large tracts known as manors, and sometimes referred to as patroonships.

Rensselaerswyck
The largest and most successful patroonship in New Netherland was the Manor of Rensselaerswijck, established by Kiliaen van Rensselaer. Rensselaerswijck covered almost all of present-day Albany and Rensselaer counties and parts of present-day Columbia and Greene counties in New York State.
 * Manor of Rensselaerswyck and Lower Manor at Claverack.

Original patents

 * Zwaanendael (Delaware Bay) – Samuel Blommaert and Samuel Godyn, abandoned after being devastated by indigenous population.
 * Pavonia (Hudson County) – Michael Reyniersz Pauw, re-sold to the West India Company becoming a company-managed holding.
 * Staaten Eylandt (Staten Island) – Cornelis Melyn, mired in conflict with Raritan tribe and company politics.
 * Achter Col (Hackensack River), aborted at the outset of Kieft's War.

Other large private land patents

 * Colen Donck (Bronx and Yonkers) – Adriaen van der Donck
 * Bronx – Jonas Bronck
 * Vriessendael – David Pietersen de Vries; de Vries also had the 1st patent for Staten Island.

English manorial grants

 * Fordham Manor 3900 acres in the Bronx owned by John Archer. Granted in  1671 this was the 1st Manor granted under English rule.
 * Bentley Manor – Christopher Billopp.
 * Cassilton Manor – John Palmer
 * Livingston Manor (Dutchess and Columbia counties) – Robert Livingston the Elder 160,000 acres (650 km²)
 * Lloyd's Neck Manor – James Lloyd
 * Pelham Manor – Thomas Pell

Notable English non-manorial grants

 * Cortlandt Manor – Stephanus Van Cortlandt (Westchester County) 85,000 acres (340 km²)
 * Schuyler Mansion – Pieter Schuyler (Albany and Saratoga County)
 * Castleton Manor – Thomas Dongan – now Dongan Hills, Staten Island
 * Morrisania – Lewis Morris

Resistance

 * Jacob Leisler and Leisler's Rebellion
 * Anti-Rent War

Abolition
The word patroonship was used until the year 1775, when the British parliament redefined the lands as estates and took away the jurisdictional privilege. Dutch Americans, who still formed a substantial portion of the American populace, resented the change and moved mostly toward the cause of American independence. After the war, the newly recognized New York state government refused to overturn the law.

Rensselaerswijck was dismantled in the early 19th century after its last sole proprietor, Stephen Van Rensselaer III, died. Two of his sons split the property and, after tenant farmers gained the right to refuse to pay rent, the sons sold off much of the property. The land was organized as different counties and towns in New York's Capital District.

In popular media

 * Albany Patroons, basketball team
 * Dragonwyck (film)

title: Patroon


text:
List of people from the Louisville metropolitan area

This is a list of people from the Louisville metropolitan area which consists of the Kentucky county of Jefferson and the Indiana counties of Clark and Floyd in the United States. Included are notable people who were either born or raised there, or have maintained residency for a significant period.

Actors and entertainment
• Marty Bass, television news reporter and weatherman; born and raised in Louisville

• Matt Battaglia, actor in and producer of more than 100 films; produced Brothers with Tobey Maguire, Jake Gyllenhaal and Natalie Portman; co-founder of Derby Eve cancer benefit the Mint Jubilee

• Ned Beatty, character actor of film, TV and stage; appeared in a wide variety of roles in movies such as The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean, Deliverance, Superman (1978), Network, 1941 and Toy Story 3

• James Best, character actor, known for his role as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane on The Dukes of Hazzard

• Lois Bewley, dancer and choreographer

• Foster Brooks, actor and comedian; known for his "Lovable Lush" character; long-time Las Vegas headliner; appeared on numerous TV programs from the mid-1960s to mid-1990s; cameo roles in The Villain and Cannonball Run II; perhaps best known for his frequent appearances on the Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts, and on the Dean Martin Show

• Tod Browning, film actor and director; directed several films starring silent screen legend Lon Chaney Sr., among them The Unholy 3 (1925) and West of Zanzibar (1928); known for directing the horror classic Dracula (1931) starring Bela Lugosi, and the cult classic Freaks (1932)

• John W. Bubbles, tap dancer, vaudevillian, movie actor, and television performer; performed in the duo "Buck and Bubbles", the first black artists to appear on TV; known as the father of "rhythm tap"; appeared in films A Star Is Born (1937) and Cabin in the Sky (1943); originated the role of the character "Sportin' Life" in George Gershwin's musical Porgy and Bess; first black entertainer to appear on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson

• Lance Burton, stage magician

• Jennifer Carpenter, actress best known as Debra Morgan on Showtime's Dexter

• Harry Carter, silent film actor; appeared in numerous films including the 1921 serial The Hope Diamond Mystery

• Andrew Colville screenwriter; worked on Mad Men, for which he won a Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award

• William Conrad, actor and narrator in radio, film and television from the 1930s through the 1990s; provided the voice for Marshal Matt Dillon in the radio version of Gunsmoke; later starred on television as private detective Frank Cannon in the series Cannon and prosecutor J. L. "Fatman" McCabe in the series Jake and the Fatman

• Iman Crosson, actor, internet celebrity and Obama impersonator who became an example of professional promotion using the Internet

• Tom Cruise, actor born in Syracuse, New York, lived in Louisville until his mid-teens; star of the films Risky Business, Top Gun, A Few Good Men, Jerry Maguire, and the Mission: Impossible film series

• Vadim Dale, Australian reality television personality (Outback Jack); officer with the Louisville Metro Police Department

• Josh Dallas, actor, best known for his roles as Prince Charming/David Nolan in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time and Fandral in the Marvel Comics film adaptation Thor

• Roger Davis, actor in Dark Shadows and Alias Smith and Jones; custom home designer and builder in Los Angeles

• Irene Dunne, actress, starred in 1931 Academy Award Best Picture Cimarron

• Scott Fischer, film producer

• Kelly Fisher, fashion model and ex-fiancée of Dodi Fayed

• Mayme Gehrue, Vaudeville dancer, on Broadway and silent film, also lyricist

• Billy Gilbert, film actor during the 1930s and 1940s; appeared in supporting roles in Laurel & Hardy shorts The Music Box and County Hospital; model and voice for Sneezy in Disney's Snow White

• William Girdler, director and producer of 1970s B-grade films such as Abby, Asylum of Satan and Grizzly

• Petey Greene, television and radio talk show host; two-time Emmy Award-winner

• Griffin Sisters, African-American Vaudeville performers and entrepreneurs

• D. W. Griffith, film director and innovator; credited with originating many camera techniques still commonly used in films today; directed The Birth of a Nation, Intolerance and Way Down East; lived several years in the Brown Hotel, until his death in 1948

• Gary Guthrie, radio programmer and consultant, best known for originating You Don't Bring Me Flowers (the Barbra Streisand and Neil Diamond duet) and the development and pioneering of the Classic Rock and Classic Hits radio formats.

• Heather French Henry, Miss America 2000

• John Hensley, television and film actor, regular cast member on the cable TV program Nip/Tuck

• Doan Hoang, movie director, movie producer, documentary Oh Saigon (2007) and short film Hard Times (2012); graduate of Seneca High School (1990) in Louisville

• Audrey Hollander, pornographic actress

• James Horan, television and film actor

• Henry Hull, stage and film actor, star of the 1935 film Werewolf of London

• Ken Jenkins, stage and film actor; co-founder of Actors Theatre of Louisville; Scrubs, Gone in 60 Seconds, I Am Sam

• Tom Kennedy, game show host

• Jennifer Lawrence, film actress, known for her Oscar-winning performance in Silver Linings Playbook and Oscar-nominated performances in Winter's Bone, American Hustle and Joy, as well as Mystique in the X-Men film series and Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games film series

• Maggie Lawson, television actress known for her role as Juliet on the detective drama/comedy Psych

• Tom London, bit player and stunt performer in numerous films, primarily westerns; began film career in early silent era; transitioned to TV roles in the early 1950s; listed in Guinness World Records as Hollywood's most prolific actor, with over 600 film appearances

• Desi Lydic, film actress, correspondent on The Daily Show

• William Mapother, film and television actor and entrepreneur; Lost, In the Bedroom

• Victor Mature, actor; My Darling Clementine, Kiss of Death, Samson and Delilah, The Robe

• Alexandra McVickers, film and television actor; co-starred in the TV series Vice Principals (2017) and in the film Action Point (2018)

• Terry Meiners, television and radio personality

• Milton Metz, television and radio personality

• Alexandria Mills, Miss World 2010

• Barbara Milton, theatre actress

• Jack Narz, game show host, television and radio personality

• Alanna Nash, author

• Grady Nutt, humorist and television personality (Hee Haw); lived in Louisville from 1960 until his death in 1982; graduate of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary

• Marty Pollio, stand-up comic and mime; has appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson; has performed his semi-autobiographical one-man show "Prisoners Of Cheese" at The Montreal Fringe Festival

• Wes Ramsey, television and film actor, daytime serial Guiding Light and independent film Latter Days

• Marisha Ray, voice actress and cast member of Critical Role

• Rob Riggle, actor on The Daily Show, The Office, and Saturday Night Live

• Martha Rofheart (née Jones), model, actress and author; born in Louisville 1917, moved to New York City in late 1930s; actress Lynn Fontanne's protege; appeared on Broadway; published six historical novels in 1970s and 1980s

• Diane Sawyer, television journalist, anchor of ABC World News; former co-anchor of ABC's Good Morning America

• Nicole Scherzinger, actress, singer and dancer; lead vocalist of the Pussycat Dolls and host of The Masked Singer

• Kevin M. Sullivan (author), true crime author, historian

• Gus Van Sant, film director, photographer, musician, and author

• Jack Warden, film and television actor; began his career in the early 1950s on TV shows such as Playhouse 90 and Studio One; later appeared in films such as Run Silent, Run Deep, Shampoo and All the President's Men

• Jess Weixler, film and television actress; starred in the film Teeth as well as a plethora of other independent films; graduated in 1999 from Atherton High School; also attended the Walden Theatre Conservatory Program and was in The River City Players acting group and in the Chamber Singers choral group.

• Sarah Wright, film and television actress; costarred in the film American Made among other films and TV series. Graduated from Seneca High School.

• Sean Young, film and television actress; had notable supporting roles in films such as Blade Runner, Stripes and Dune

Artists and designers
• Norris Embry, expressionist painter

• Fontaine Fox, nationally syndicated cartoonist; creator of The Toonerville Trolley (aka Toonerville Folks), one of the most popular strips of the World War I era

• Sam Gilliam, Abstract expressionist painter

• Ed Hamilton, sculptor who is noted for his many public monuments

• Barbara Tyson Mosley (born 1950), mixed media artist

• Don Rosa, illustrator of Scrooge McDuck, Donald Duck and other Disney characters

• Bob Thompson (painter), figurative abstract expressionist painter known for his bold and colorful canvases

• Paul Plaschke, cartoonist for various newspapers including The Courier-Journal; lived in Louisville and New Albany, Indiana

• Patty Prather Thum, painter and art critic

• Enid Yandell, sculptor

Business
• John McDougal Atherton, businessman; former proprietor of Atherton Whiskey

• Peter Lee Atherton, businessman

• Morris Burke Belknap, businessman with Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company; Republican nominee for governor of Kentucky

• W. B. Belknap, businessman, founder of Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company

• William Richardson Belknap, businessman, President of W. B. Belknap Company

• Ulysses "Junior" Bridgeman, Louisville businessman; basketball star at the University of Louisville; had a long NBA career, mostly with the Milwaukee Bucks; owner of Ebony magazine

• Charles T. Hinde, businessman, railroad executive, founder of the Hotel del Coronado

• Wade Houston, Louisville businessman; player and assistant coach at the University of Louisville; head men's basketball coach at the University of Tennessee

• Boland T. Jones, entrepreneur and executive

• Herbert Marcus, co-founder and CEO of Neiman Marcus

• Carrie Marcus Neiman, co-founder and chair of Neiman Marcus

• Colonel Harland Sanders, founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken; born, raised, and lived in Henryville, Indiana until adulthood

• John Schnatter, founder of Papa John's Pizza; born and raised in Jeffersonville, Indiana until founding his pizza chain

• James Breckenridge Speed, businessman and philanthropist, President of the Louisville Railway Company

• R. C. Tway, local business, agriculture whose Plainview Farms evolved into the Plainview neighborhood of Jeffersontown

• Evan Williams, early Kentucky settler and distiller

Educators

 * Abraham Flexner, educator, best known for his role in the 20th-century reform of medical and higher education in the US and Canada
 * Susan B. Merwin, educator, publisher, and superintendent of the Kentucky School for the Blind

Health care

 * Horace Signor Brannon, physician
 * William DeVries, cardiothoracic surgeon, mainly known for artificial heart transplantation; spent key period of career in Louisville
 * Simon Flexner, physician (see also under Science)
 * Linda Peeno, physician and health insurance whistleblower

Musicians
• Terry Adams, musician, founding member of NRBQ

• Mickey Baker, blues guitarist and singer; had million-seller hit in 1956 with "Love Is Strange" with wife Sylvia

• Odell Brown, jazz organist

• EST Gee, rapper

• Harvey Fuqua, musician, member of The Moonglows (1929–2010), songwriter, record producer, and record label executive

• Eric Genuis, pianist and composer

• Sid Griffin, musician and founder of the bands The Long Ryders and Coal Porters, and author of books on Bob Dylan, Gram Parsons and bluegrass music

• David Grissom, guitarist for Storyville, Joe Ely, The Allman Brothers Band, John Mellencamp

• Gary Guthrie, the original producer of You Don't Bring Me Flowers for Barbra Streisand and Neil Diamond, and recognized as a chief pioneer of the Classic rock radio format

• Lionel Hampton, bandleader and jazz musician

• Jack Harlow, rapper, songwriter, co-founder of Private Garden

• Jonathan Hay, jazz record producer who landed at the top of Billboard Charts

• Mildred and Patty Hill, music composers of the song "Happy Birthday to You"

• Telma Hopkins, singer and actress, member of the 1970s pop music trio Tony Orlando and Dawn

• Jim James, born as "Jim Olliges"; musician, lead singer of My Morning Jacket

• Karen Kamensek, orchestral and opera conductor known for her work with Philip Glass, including the Metropolitan Opera production of Akhnaten

• James Kottak, drummer for metal band Scorpions; Yamaha drums endorser and clinician; drummer for Kingdom Come, Warrant and Wild Horses

• Tim Krekel, musician, recording artist, hit songwriter, member of Jimmy Buffett's band

• Paul Laird, Musicologist, professor at University of Kansas

• Patty Loveless, country music singer-songwriter; moved to Louisville at the age of 12

• Sara Martin, blues singer, prominent in the 1920s, recorded with King Oliver and Fats Waller

• Josephine McGill (1877–1919), composer, music historian, and folk song collector

• Brian McMahan, rock musician known for work in Squirrel Bait, Slint, Palace Brothers, The For Carnation, and King Kong

• Will Oldham, songwriter and musician

• Joan Osborne, singer-songwriter

• David Pajo, indie musician known for work in Slint, Tortoise, and Zwan

• Buddy Pepper, songwriter, pianist, and actor, best known as co-writer of Les Paul and Mary Ford song "Vaya Con Dios," the most popular song of 1953

• Wilson Pickett, R&B singer, buried at Evergreen Cemetery

• Artimus Pyle, drummer for the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd

• Jimmy Raney, jazz guitarist

• Johnny "Hammond" Smith, jazz organ player

• Static Major, record producer who gained fame posthumously for featuring in Lil Wayne's "Lollipop"

• Bryson Tiller, singer-songwriter and rapper

• Mary Travers, folk singer with Peter, Paul and Mary

• Alicia Van Buren, composer and poet

• Vory, rapper

• Britt Walford, drummer for Slint

• Hannah Welton, drummer for Prince's backing band, 3rdeyegirl

• Keke Wyatt, R&B singer, most prominent in the late 1990s and early 2000s

• Mia Zapata, murdered singer of the Seattle punk band The Gits

Politicians, military, civil service, activists
• Jerry Abramson, Former Louisville Mayor, Lt. Governor of Kentucky and Director of Intergovernmental Affairs for the Obama Administration

• Jon Ackerson, Louisville lawyer who formerly served in both houses of the Kentucky State Legislature

• Robert Anderson (Civil War), Union Army officer in the Civil War, known for his command of Fort Sumter at the start of the war

• S. Thruston Ballard, politician, philanthropist, and miller, who served as the 33rd Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky

• Anna Simms Banks, first African-American female elected as a delegate at the 7th Congressional District Republican Convention in Kentucky

• Thomas Barlow, member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky's 1st congressional district

• J. C. W. Beckham, the 35th Governor of Kentucky and a United States Senator from Kentucky.

• Morris B. Belknap, Republican nominee for Governor of Kentucky in 1903

• William Burke Belknap, served two terms as a representative in the Kentucky General Assembly

• Andy Beshear, 63rd Governor of Kentucky, 2019–present; 50th Attorney General of Kentucky (2016–2019)

• Steve Beshear, 61st Governor of Kentucky, 2007–2015; 49th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky (1983–1987); 43rd Attorney General of Kentucky (1979–1983)

• Charles Booker, Director of Kentucky's Office of Faith-Based Initiatives and Community Involvement, former Kentucky House Representative (2019-2021), and the first African American to be a major party nominee for U.S. Senate in Kentucky.

• Marion L. Boswell, Air Force lieutenant general who was assistant vice chief of staff, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.; served as chairman and senior Air Force representative, United States Delegation to the Military Staff Committee, United Nations

• Anne Braden, civil rights activist

• Carl Braden, trade unionist, journalist, and civil rights activist

• Louis Brandeis, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States; namesake of the University of Louisville School of Law

• Alice Barbee Castleman, social leader, philanthropist, and suffragist

• George Rogers Clark, preeminent military leader on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War

• William Clark, co-leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, grew up in Louisville and considered it his home

• Richard Frymire, Kentucky State Representative (1962–1964), State Senator (1966–1968), Adjutant General (1971–1977)

• Craig Greenberg (born 1973), businessman, lawyer, and politician; Mayor of Louisville

• William Birch Haldeman, state adjutant general for the Kentucky Army National Guard and part owner of The Courier-Journal and The Louisville Times

• Frank Kerr Hays, flying ace in WWI

• Alexander Pope Humphrey, judge of chancery court

• James R. Lindsay, U.S. Army brigadier general

• William E. McAnulty, Jr., first African American to serve on the Kentucky Supreme Court

• Mitch McConnell, United States Senator, U.S. Senate Minority Leader

• James J. Nash, Medal of Honor recipient for his service during the Spanish–American War

• Carl Nett, Kentucky State Representative (1970–1990)

• Anne Northup, U.S. Representative from Louisville, 1997–2007; member of the Consumer Products Safety Commission; sister of Mary T. Meagher

• Zach Payne, member of the Indiana House of Representatives

• Clarence M. Pendleton, Jr., Chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, from 1981 until his death in 1988; born in Louisville in 1930

• Dean Schamore, member of the Kentucky House of Representatives

• James Speed, lawyer, politician, and professor, the 27th United States Attorney General

• John C. Squires, Medal of Honor recipient for his service during World War II

• Evan B. Stotsenburg, President Pro Tempore of the Indiana Senate; Indiana Attorney General (1915-1917)

• Amelia Tucker, first African-American woman to serve in the Kentucky House of Representatives (1961–1963)

• John Yarmuth, U.S. Representative from Louisville, 2007–present; founder of the alt-weekly Louisville Eccentric Observer

Religion

 * LaVerne Butler, pastor of 9th & O Baptist Church in Louisville, 1969–1988; president of Mid-Continent University, 1988–1997
 * Edward Porter Humphrey, Presbyterian minister, gave dedicatory address for Cave Hill Cemetery
 * Edward William Cornelius Humphrey, lawyer, Presbyterian leader, author, trustee of Centre College and Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary
 * Adolph S. Moses, rabbi of Adath Israel Temple, 1881–1902
 * Eugene Ulrich, theologist and chief editor for interpretation of the Dead Sea Scrolls

Science
• James S. Albus, engineer and Senior NIST Fellow; developer of digital solar aspect sensor, Real-time Control System, Robocrane

• John James Audubon, ornithologist, naturalist and painter; lived in Louisville for two years

• James Gilbert Baker, astronomer and designer of optics systems; president of the Optical Society of America; helped found the Louisville Astronomical Society; born and raised in Louisville; attended the Louisville duPont Manual High School and the University of Louisville

• Dixie Lee Bryant, geologist and educator, born in Louisville in 1862

• Frederick Detweiler, Sociologist, born in Louisville in 1881

• George Devol, inventor of the first industrial robot

• Thomas Alva Edison, inventor and businessman; before fame he lived in Butchertown during 1866–1867 around age 19; a house near where he lived is now a museum in his honor

• Louis B. Flexner, researcher who studied the biochemistry of memory

• Simon Flexner, pioneer of scientific medicine

• Dian Fossey, former nurse at Kosair Children's Hospital; ethologist interested in gorillas

• Edwin Hubble, astronomer, astrophysicist; basketball coach at New Albany High School; namesake of the Hubble Space Telescope; lived in the Highlands

• Thomas MacGillivray Humphrey, economist, historian of economic thought, author, Federal Reserve Bank editor, grandson of Eleanor Silliman Belknap Humphrey

• Rudy Rucker, Computer scientist and science fiction author

• Gary J. Sullivan, Electrical engineer who led the development of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC international standards for video coding; created the DirectX Video Acceleration (DXVA) API/DDI video decoding feature of the Microsoft Windows operating system

• Jacek M. Zurada, professor of electrical engineering at the University of Louisville J. B. Speed School of Engineering, specializing artificial neural networks

Sports
• 2 Tuff Tony, professional wrestler; real name Anthony Borcherding

• Marcelo Acosta, the first swimmer from El Salvador to qualify for the Olympic Games

• Muhammad Ali, multiple heavyweight boxing champion; iconic figure of 20th-century American sports

• Derek L. Anderson, former Kentucky Wildcat basketball player; played on the 1996 NCAA Championship team; former 12-year NBA basketball player drafted by Cleveland in 1997; won an NBA Championship with Miami in 2006

• Chuck Armstrong, former president of the Seattle Mariners

• Ralph Beard, attended Louisville Male High School; former Kentucky Wildcat basketball player; played on the 1948 and 1949 NCAA Championship teams; won gold medal with Team USA Basketball in the 1948 Summer Olympics

• Grace Berger, WNBA player for the Indiana Fever

• Rob Bironas, professional football player for Tennessee Titans of the NFL

• Chase Boldt, football player for the NFL Louisville Brecks (1921–23)

• Phil Bond, professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets

• Brian Brohm, football player; former University of Louisville and Buffalo Bills quarterback

• Jeff Brohm, football player; former University of Louisville and NFL quarterback; current head coach at Louisville

• Pete Browning, 19th-century Major League Baseball player; first to use custom bats; uncle of Tod Browning

• Clark Burckle, Member of the 2012 United States Olympic Swim Team, where he placed 6th in the final of the 200 meter breaststroke

• Paul Byrd, professional baseball player for the Boston Red Sox

• David Cohen (born 1984), jockey

• Jim Cornette, professional wrestling manager and promoter

• Bernie Crimmins, the University of Notre Dame football player; head football college football coach at Indiana University; assistant football coach at Notre Dame and Purdue University

• Denny Crum, University of Louisville men's basketball head coach; member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach

• Kelsi Worrell Dahlia, Olympic swimmer and 7 time gold medalist

• Hugh Durham, former college basketball coach

• Adam Duvall, Major League Baseball outfielder for the Atlanta Braves

• Jerry Eaves, Basketball player; former University of Louisville and NBA player; head coach for North Carolina A&T

• Jimmy Ellis, heavyweight boxing champion

• Pervis Ellison, basketball player; born in Savannah, Georgia; "Never Nervous Pervis" was the starting center for the University of Louisville for four years, including the 1986 national championship year; second freshman to be named the Most Outstanding Player of the NCAA Final Four; first overall pick in the 1989 NBA Draft by the Sacramento Kings

• Andrew Farrell, professional soccer player

• Jazzmarr Ferguson, professional basketball player who last played for Vanoli Cremona of the Lega Basket Serie A

• Salem Ford, halfback for University of Louisville (1914–16) and the NFL Louisville Brecks (1922–23)

• Brooke Forde, Olympic swimmer and silver medallist

• Gertrude Ganote, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player, 1944–1945

• Darrell Griffith, basketball player; won 1980 NCAA basketball championship and John R. Wooden Award, 1980 NCAA basketball tournament Most Outstanding Player, 1981 NBA Rookie of the Year Award; played 11 seasons with the Utah Jazz; nicknamed "Dr. Dunkenstein" for aerial exploits

• Scott Harrington, racing driver; Indianapolis 500 veteran and Indy Car Rookie of the Year

• Marvin Hart, heavyweight boxing champion

• Paul Hornung, football player with the National Football League's Green Bay Packers and Notre Dame Fighting Irish; member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame

• Allan Houston, NBA player, New York Knicks; son of Wade Houston

• Matt Hughes, Canadian steeplechase runner and Olympian

• Anna May Hutchison, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player, 1944–1949

• Jessica Javelet, Olympian and multi-sport athlete

• Joe Jacoby, Football player for the Washington Redskins

• Wesley Korir, Kenyan marathoner; winner of the 2012 Boston Marathon; member of the National Assembly of Kenya; ran track at, and graduated from, the University of Louisville; before his election to the National Assembly, he kept a home in Louisville

• Stefan LeFors, quarterback for University of Louisville, and in the NFL and CFL; head football coach for the high school team of the Christian Academy of Louisville

• Sarah Logan, professional wrestler

• Joe E. Martin, Olympic boxing coach who trained World Heavyweight Champions Muhammad Ali and Jimmy Ellis, and several National Golden Gloves champions

• Oksana Masters, paralympic medalist in rowing and cross-country skiing; graduate of Atherton High School

• A'dia Mathies, WNBA player for Los Angeles Sparks

• Mary T. Meagher, Olympic gold medalist and multiple world record holder in swimming

• Angel McCoughtry, Olympic gold medalist and professional WNBA basketball player

• Bobby Nichols, professional golfer, known for winning the 1964 PGA Championship, one of the Majors in men's golf

• Jimmy Osting, Major League Baseball player

• Bo Otto, football player for the NFL Louisville Brecks (1922–23)

• Scott Padgett, former Kentucky Wildcat basketball player, played on the 1996 and 1998 NCAA Championship teams;  former 7-year NBA basketball player drafted by Utah in 1998; now head men's basketball coach at Samford University

• Greg Page, heavyweight boxing champion

• Bubba Paris, offensive tackle for the 1982 Super Bowl-winning San Francisco 49ers; graduate of Louisville's DeSales High School

• Devante Parker, former University of Louisville Football Wide Receiver; currently plays in the NFL for the Miami Dolphins

• Fred Pfeffer, Major League Baseball player

• Rick Pitino, men's basketball coach at St. John's University; former head coach at the University of Louisville, Iona University, Providence College, Boston University, the University of Kentucky and the Boston Celtics

• John Quast, NFL player for the Louisville Brecks

• Steve Raible, NFL player for the Seattle Seahawks; co-anchor of local KIRO News in Seattle

• Jon Rauch, professional baseball player for the Arizona Diamondbacks

• Pee Wee Reese, Hall of Fame shortstop for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers; noted for his acceptance of Jackie Robinson when the latter broke baseball's color line

• Desmond Ridder, quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons

• Rajon Rondo, former Kentucky Wildcat basketball player; won an NBA Championship with the Boston Celtics in 2008, and the Los Angeles Lakers in 2020; participated in several NBA All-Star games

• D'Angelo Russell, current NBA player for the Los Angeles Lakers

• Phil Simms, quarterback for the NFL's New York Giants; television sportscaster

• Donta Smith, professional basketball player for Maccabi Haifa, 2014 Israeli Basketball Premier League MVP

• Will Smith (catcher), professional baseball player for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball

• Rudell Stitch, welterweight boxer

• Danny Sullivan, race car driver and winner of the 1985 Indianapolis 500

• Grigoriy Tarasevich, olympic swimmer known for his meldonium doping scandal

• Justin Thomas, golf player, major winner and former World Number One

• Dan Uggla, former professional baseball infielder in Major League Baseball

• Johnny Unitas, quarterback at University of Louisville; went on to a Hall of Fame career, mainly with the Baltimore Colts

• Wes Unseld, basketball player and coach in the NBA; member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a player

• Jimmy Van Dyke, football player for the NFL Louisville Brecks (1921–23)

• Jeff Walz, women's basketball coach at the University of Louisville

• George Wanless, football player for the NFL Louisville Brecks (1922–23)

• Brent Weedman, mixed martial artist

• Todd Wellemeyer, Major League Baseball player, Chicago Cubs, Florida Marlins, Kansas City Royals, St. Louis Cardinals

• Gus Weyhing, MLB pitcher for 11 teams

• Albert Wolff, French-born American Olympic fencer

• Will Wolford, Pro Bowl NFL offensive lineman, played for Pittsburgh Steelers, Buffalo Bills, and Indianapolis Colts; head football coach at his alma mater of St. Xavier High School; radio color analyst for the Indianapolis Colts

• Logan Wyatt, professional baseball first baseman in the San Francisco Giants organization

• Fuzzy Zoeller, professional golfer; winner of two major championships (1979 Masters, 1984 U.S. Open); born, raised, and lives on the Indiana side of the metropolitan area in Floyd County

Writers, publishers, journalists
• Cynthia Arrieu-King, poet; raised in Louisville

• Barry Bingham Jr., publisher of The Courier-Journal

• Barry Bingham Sr., publisher of The Courier-Journal and The Louisville Times; led both papers to national prominence

• Emily Lucas Blackall, writer; philanthropist

• Jon Bois, writer

• Tracy Clayton, writer and co-host of BuzzFeed's podcast Another Round

• Joe Creason, journalist for The Courier-Journal, known for his columns on the everyday lives of Kentuckians

• Reuben T. Durrett, lawyer, jurist, linguist, poet, editor, journalist, history writer, and Kentucky bibliographer; a founder of the Louisville Free Public Library

• Pat Forde, sportswriter; reporter and columnist for The Courier-Journal, ESPN.com, and Yahoo! Sports

• C. W. Grafton, author, crime novelist

• Sue Grafton, writer

• Walter Newman Haldeman, founder and publisher, Louisville Courier-Journal; founder of Naples, Florida; Major League Baseball owner of Louisville Grays

• Anna J. Hamilton, educator, journalist, writer, and editor; one of the editors for Kentucky on "A Woman of the Century", helped edit the National Encyclopedia of America

• Agnes Leonard Hill, journalist, author, poet, newspaper founder/publisher, evangelist, social reformer

• Lewis Craig Humphrey, Editor of Louisville newspapers The Evening Post and The Herald-Post

• Annie Laurie Wilson James, journalist

• Nelly Nichol Marshall, author

• Jane Mayhall, poet

• Beverle Graves Myers, author of mystery novels and short stories

• Marsha Norman, playwright; won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Drama

• ZZ Packer, writer; born in Chicago; lived in Louisville in her teens and graduated from Seneca High School in 1990

• Bill Plaschke, Los Angeles sports columnist, panelist on ESPN's Around the Horn

• George Dennison Prentice, newspaper editor and journalist for the Louisville Journal

• Scott Ritcher, magazine publisher of K Composite Magazine, musician

• Hunter S. Thompson, journalist and author, long-time contributing writer for Rolling Stone magazine

• Henry Watterson, founder of The Courier-Journal; namesake of the Henry Watterson Expressway

Other

 * William Burke Belknap, philanthropist, breeder of American saddlebred horses, owner of Land O' Goshen Farms
 * Squire Boone, frontiersman and brother of Daniel Boone
 * Kathy Cary, chef and a seven-time James Beard Award nominee
 * Jennie Casseday, philanthropist
 * Laura Miller Derry, attorney, first woman to defend a court-martial case brought by the United States Army
 * Bob Edwards, broadcaster for National Public Radio
 * Lillian Haydon Childress Hall, first professionally trained African American librarian in Indiana
 * Increase A. Lapham, surveyor, naturalist, helped found the U.S. Weather Bureau
 * Frank Neuhauser, winner of the first National Spelling Bee, held in 1925
 * Jeffrey Wigand, 60 Minutes tobacco industry whistleblower
 * York, William Clark's manservant and participant in Lewis and Clark Expedition
 * John Ziegler, radio talk show host


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Philippine sailfin lizard

Hydrosaurus pustulatus, commonly known as the Philippine sailfin lizard or the Philippine sailfin dragon, is a large semiaquatic agamid lizard endemic to all of the major island groups of the Philippines, with the exception of the Palawan islands. Like other sailfin lizards, they are characterized by large sail-like dorsal crests on their tails. They can grow to a maximum length of around 3 to 4 ft. They are strong swimmers, and smaller juvenile lizards can run briefly on the water surface. They inhabit areas of heavy vegetation near coastlines and low-lying rivers, particularly in mangrove forests. They are also known locally as layagan or balubid in Tagalog and ibid in the Visayan languages, among other names.

H. pustulatus is a protected species in the Philippines, as it is a target for the international exotic pet trade for their unique dorsal crests and bright coloration. The heavy deforestation of mangrove habitats in the last few decades is also a concern to their conservation.

Taxonomy
Hydrosaurus pustulatus was first described as Istiturus pustulatus in 1829 by the Baltic German naturalist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz. The specimens were collected from Luzon, Philippines by Eschscholtz during the circumnavigational voyage of the Imperial Russian expeditionary ship Predpriaetie from 1823-1826. It is one of five species currently recognized under the genus Hydrosaurus, the sailfin dragons, and the only species found in the Philippines (the other species are native to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea).

Hydrosaurus pustulatus is highly variable in terms of coloration and scale patterns across geographic populations. A genetic study in 2014 has discovered that H. pustulatus is divided into six distinct genetic clusters. The most divergent of the group are the populations in Aurora, Luzon and the Polillo Islands.

Distribution and habitat
The Philippine sailfin lizard is found throughout the Philippine islands with the exception of the Palawan islands. Populations of Philippine sailfin lizards have been documented in Luzon (Aurora, Bicol), Polillo Islands, Samar, Leyte, Dinagat Islands, Camiguin, Bohol, Negros, Panay, Romblon (Romblon, Tablas, Sibuyan), Mindoro, and Mindanao (Zamboanga). The Philippine sailfin lizard lives in tropical wooded habitats near water, like rivers, riverbanks, rice-fields and mangrove. The Philippine sailfin lizard also lives in moderately high densities in these habitats. The Philippine sailfin lizard also prefers the bodies of water that they reside nearby being freshwater.

Behavior and appearance
Philippine sailfin lizards are large and usually grow to a length between two and three feet, including its tail, but males are larger than females and can grow up to between 3 and 4 feet long (91 - 120 centimeters). These lizards typically weigh between 3 and 5 pounds (1.4 - 2.3 kg). Additionally, this species of lizard has a unique characteristic being its crest or sailfin, which is an upright part of its body that occurs from the base of the tail to the lower area of the back. This crest or sailfin is used not only to help with its ability to swim efficiently in water, but is also thought to assist with the lizard's ability to do territorial displays and heat/cool in different environments. The crest also makes the Philippine sailfin lizard's body look like a sail with regard to its structure. Overall, the body and tail of the Philippine sailfin lizard is largely cylindrical.

The juvenile Philippine sailfin lizard is an excellent swimmer and has flattened toes along with smaller mass compared to adults that enable it to run across water, similar to the basilisks. The adult Philippine sailfin lizard does not usually retain a smaller mass and loses the ability to run across water, but it uses these flattened toes to swim very effectively. The flattened toes also have scale fringes that can be used for swimming and running on top of water as mentioned before. Males have a larger crest on their back than the females. The males also have bigger heads, taller sails on their tails, and darker limbs. During mating season, the head of the Philippine sailfin lizard becomes violet while only the neck area of a female's crest can become violet. In terms of coloration, Philippine sailfin lizards have dark green and brown skin, and can also have yellow patches on the back side of their body and near their heads.

The Philippine sailfin lizard has a flattened tail that is used to propel in water more quickly, adding to its natural born ability to be agile and swift in water to evade prey. In the presence of predators, the Philippine sailfin lizard either drops from the tree branch it is residing on, runs, or swims to the bottom of the body of water it is closest to and can hold its breath for up to 15 minutes. Philippine sailfin lizards are also diurnal and spend most of the day time resting in vegetation out in the sun. In general, the Philippine sailfin lizard utilizes running to move around its habitats and away or toward predators and competitors, and their lifespan can be anywhere between 10 and 20 years. The Philippine sailfin lizard also has a unique physical feature being a vestigial eye (which is also known as parietal or pineal eye) on the top of the lizard's skull that can detect differing angles of light from the sun and is thought to be used to find a sense of direction.

Life cycle and reproduction
Philippine sailfin lizards utilize their sailfins/scales for territorial displays in the presence of competing males or threats. They only breed once every year with potentially multiple clutches of eggs. In order for female Philippine sailfin lizards to lay their eggs after mating and birth, they dig relatively shallow holes in soil near their watery-habitats, and these eggs then incubate for approximately two months. The eggs then eventually become hatchlings during the rainy season, which actually are born with a natural swiftness and agility that allows them to evade their predators by running across the water unlike adult lizards that swim. These female Philippine sailfin lizards are able to lay several clutches of eggs a year that each can contain anywhere between 2 and 8 eggs. It's also important to note that these eggs are laid above the flood line.

Conservation
Philippine sailfin lizards are classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, though they are increasingly becoming vulnerable. Their main threats are habitat loss, being hunted for food, and collection for the pet trade. Habitat loss is particularly critical, as only an estimated 7.5% of the mangrove forests of the Philippines are in protected areas. Over the last 75 years, 75% of the mangrove forests of the Philippines have been lost, mainly due to the repurposing of the land for urban development and aquaculture.

Philippine sailfin lizards are a protected species in the Philippines. It is illegal to capture them from the wild or to export them out of the country. Philippine sailfin lizards were sold in higher frequency between 1980 and 1990, before it became illegal. However, a black market for Philippine sailfin lizards still exist. Forensic examination of lizards in the exotic pets black market in Manila found that a majority of them were poached from the Bicol Region. Other major black markets for the species include Puerto Princesa, Cebu, and Davao.

Diet
The Philippine sailfin lizards are omnivores. They eat plant leaves and fruits, in addition to insects and crustaceans. Juvenile Philippine sailfin lizards start out preferring meat more than plants, but the balance comes as they age. Their diet is easy to replicate, which is why they are a target for exotic pet collectors, but they're not as docile compared to other lizards. The Philippine sailfin lizard's omnivorous diet is also reflected by its relatively simple dental complexity, specifically with the posterior teeth of the mouth having less defined tricuspid teeth and the posterior teeth being tricuspid. As a result, the lizard cannot primarily be a carnivore since its teeth were not designed to do so.

In captivity
In terms of keeping a Philippine sailfin lizard in captivity, they are typically kept in large enclosures with tropical-styled heating, semi-arboreal resources, access to submerging in water to mimic their natural environment. Breeding in captivity has only been done in a few cases, but this explanation has also been used as a method of smuggling the Philippine sailfin lizards out of their native habitats for sale. Since it is common in many parts of the Philippines, the pet trade in many regions still continues and some are even unrecognized by the government. It's also important to note that the Philippine sailfin lizards are to be approached with caution when held captive as they are extremely nervous and can scratch people, but studies have shown that hand-feeding these lizards helps them become less nervous and gain trust.

title: Philippine sailfin lizard


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Lane County Fair

Lane County Fair is a fair that is held in the middle of the summer every year, at Eugene, Oregon, and it features cuisine, entertainment, and music. Excellent family entertainment, cuisine, and artwork can be found at the Lane County Fair. A Lane County Agricultural Society was established in 1858, and on October 9, it hosted its inaugural show, which was still not regarded as fair. In 1860, a state agricultural association was established, and it was planned to host a state fair. From October 3 to October 4, 1860, a state fair was conducted close to Oregon City. On October 9 and 10, 1861, there was another fair. Finally, the inaugural "Lane County Fair" was held for three days on September 25, 1884. Excellent family entertainment is available at the Lane County Fair, including performances, rides, games, and fun. Examine the arts and crafts, agricultural, and animal exhibits in the exhibition hall. Enjoy the fair classics like cotton candy, elephant ears, BBQ, and ice cream from your favorite food vendors. There will be a big Ferris wheel at the fair that will allow you to see Eugene and the fairgrounds from above. horses, cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, and poultry will be presented and evaluated for both adult and juvenile competition.

History
Before 1858 at Eugene, Oregon. Due to its favorable terrain and fertile soil, Eugene has been described as a natural center for agriculture. But farmers appear to make little money. this is due to the lack of suitable roadways for transporting goods between Eugene and the marketplaces in Portland. The only option to move such products was to use a steamship that sailed up the Willamette, but the cost of shipping was high. In response to these circumstances, farmers begin to get together and formed farmer's clubs, which are essentially communities where farmers share knowledge and methods to advance the American agricultural system. They exchange growing techniques and shipping advice.

Later in 1858 a Lane County Agricultural Society was formed and held the first exhibition on 9 October but still not considered fair. In 1859 Lane County Agricultural Society had another meeting on 7 April. The meeting was big enough that it was considered the advisability of holding a fair. This led to another meeting in the same year 7 December with the representative of other county societies. In another meeting on 22 February 1860, a state agricultural society was formed and decided to hold a state fair in 1860. Thus the first state fair was held from 3 October to 4 October 1860 near Oregon City. Another fair was on the 9th and 10 October 1861. After that Apparently, there were no fairs held. Finally, On 25 September 1884, The first official "Lane County Fair" was held for three days with the officers and members of Lane County Agricultural Society sponsorship. It was a success and the fairs were continuously held until 1910 with the help of granges the best exhibits were sent to Portland for advertisement and became known across the country. It stated that 1910 is the end of the pioneer fairs and the beginning of our present-day modern fairs.

There were no fairs in 1917-18, 1942-45 nor 2020-21.

Events
The Lane County Fair has excellent family entertainment, including shows, carnival rides, games, and fun. The fair will have a variety of carnival rides, including a sizable Ferris Wheel that will give you a bird's-eye perspective of the fairgrounds and Eugene. Each ride requires nine to ten tickets, and single ride tickets cost 50 cents. Enjoy your favorite food vendors serving up traditional fair delicacies like cotton candy, elephant ears, BBQ, and a ton of ice cream. Explore the exhibition hall, arts and crafts, and agricultural and animal displays. Beer & Wine, Floral, Food Preservation, Textiles, Photography, and more are among the inventive displays this year. For both adult and youth competition, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, and poultry will be displayed and judged.

Animal Exhibits
Animal Exhibits is about the animal and 4-H exhibits can be found at the south side of the fair indoors, along with the judgment of livestock to see a horse show.

All-Alaskan Racing Pigs
All-Alaskan Racing Pigs is the pig racing track that is one of the Lane County Fair's most famous attractions.

There is a team of pigs that are trained to run and jump over obstacles.

Tractor Pull
Tractor Pull is the tractor pedal pulling that kids can ride a mini tractor and ground-shaking at the fair.

Washboard Willy’s Jamboree
Children's entertainer Washboard Willy is a distinctive and engaging character. Washboard Willy has transformed into a Pied Piper of Rhythm for kids of all ages thanks to his benevolent spirit. Their collection of rhythmic toys inspires creative musical expression. He leads a procession and stroll through the fair, and performs on the stage in the kids' area. "In Washboard Willy's wake, smiles emerge."

Professor Smart, Family Fun stage
According to the fair's description, Professor Smart, a skilled juggler and comic, "brings science to life with narrative and cool demonstrations."

Toddler Zone
Toddler Zone is a family-run soft play rental business that brings a safe, entertaining environment. It engages the little children in imaginative and inquisitive activities.

Balloonacy
Balloonacy is a very talented balloon carver who can create over 100 different animals with balloons. They perform throughout the event in family and community fun arenas.

Balloon Ride
Younger children can go on the balloon ride. Cars revolve when hung from balloons.

Dragon Wagon
For smaller children, there is a multi-car dragon-shaped attraction called the Dragon Wagon. It follows an oval-shaped trajectory on a wavy surface.

Vertigo and Kamikaze
There are two rides for adults and older children. Chairs began to spin and rise in vertigo. Unseen below the frame, Kamikaze pulls a sitting car in a wide arc.

The Elephant Ride
For older children and perhaps parents, there is an elephant ride. Elephants rotate around it, each with an adjustable arm.

Power Jump
On the Power Jump, children can flip and jump quite high. Each child jumps on a trampoline while hung from elastic cords. The addition of the elastic cords to the leap allows for extremely high jumps and the freedom to flip.

Foods and beverages
Featured foods include elephant ears (crunchy, cinnamon and sugar coated circles of fried dough, commonly referred to as fry bread) fried ravioli, grilled cheese with blackberries, pizza, beer, wine, barbecue, and ice cream.

2020
There was no fair held this year due to COVID-19 pandemic.

title: Lane County Fair


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User talk:William1000

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Ragib 04:14, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Herbert P. Wilkins Sr., but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from web sites. For more information, take a look at our policy library. Happy editing! - ulayiti 14:16, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Publicity through Wikipedia
I understand your point of view in wanting to create publicity to your family through Wikipedia. I understand perfectly the feeling of not getting the recognition you deserve, but I also believe Wikipedia is not the forum to vent that feeling. There are probably millions of people right now that feel the same way (myself included), and if they all tried to attain that recognition by writing articles on themselves in Wikipedia, it would collapse into a veritable chaos. I'm sure you understand that, and that is why Wikipedia has a strong policy regarding what are called vanity pages. The creation and editing of Wikipedia articles is constantly monitored by dedicated Wikipedians who take care of taking all the correct actions towards them. This is the reason why Wikipedia is so popular and so effective, and loosening those principles would kind of destroy the idea.

You surely understand that if you are currently not a notable personality (in the sense that the general public is not largely aware of your historical importance, however great it is), you cannot expect to transform yourself into such a personality by creating a Wikipedia article about yourself. Wikipedia has hundreds of thousands of articles, and the chances of a user landing on the article about you or your uncle are extremely small, especially when the articles are not linked to from other, more popular articles. In addition, they are of very limited interest to any readers, and instead pose a strain on Wikipedia's precious server space.

The Votes for Deletion process currently being carried out on one of the articles you wrote is free for any Wikipedia user to vote on. Already the fact that nobody has voted to keep the article at Wikipedia should tell you something about the public's opinions on matters such as this. - ulayiti 18:51, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Duely noted. Best, Bill. Bill Wilkins 03:10, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:William1000