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Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Boothy443

These outside views seem to be conveniently leaving out Boothy's replies to people about his opposition to their adminship. -- BRIAN 0918  15:19, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Outside view (3)
This view should not be seen as an excuse for his behaviour, and those backing it should not be seen as seeing his behaviour as allowable. Contrary to popular belief, even some of the most abusive and persistently bad users make good edits. The bad edits overpower the good ones, and just because Boothy was a good RC patroller (he certainly does little of it now) does not mean he is allowed to make personal attacks, does not mean he can disrupt Wikipedia to 'prove' "ADMINS ARE EVIL" and does not mean he can behave in a way which is not acceptable. Those supporting view 3 (and the supporters include myself), if they have studied the RfC and situation correctly, will surely agree that good behaviour isn't an excuse for bad behaviour. Hedley 02:01, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As I indicated in my comment, I agree entirely with that. However, the view is narrowly phrased enough that it does not attempt to excuse the bad stuff with the good, hence I signed it. -Splash 02:05, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Exactly. I intended view (3) to be precisely focused.

 * There's WAY too much emphasis on negative behavior on Wikipedia. I don't know what happened to Boothy; he's obviously angry, disgruntled, maybe he fell off the deep end, whatever.  I strongly suspect that a part of his behavior is due to no one ever patting him on the back and saying "good work" -- sometimes you can get a person with erratic behavior to shape up just by acknowledging their good work, and getting bad behavior to stop using that method is a whole lot less painful than by beating them over the head with all of their offenses, threatening punishments, banishments, and so forth; indeed this is how we get most of our long-term vandals.  A kind word turneth away wrath. This is why I wrote view (3) and I stand by it. Antandrus  (talk) 16:04, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Analysis of edit history
When I was first trying to understand Jason's anomalous behaviour and his refusal to explain, I examined his edit history up to the point of his wholesale opposition to all open RFAs. I recorded my analysis. From this I was able to draw my own conclusion as to the basis of his behaviour. I did not record my conclusion. If anybody wishes to see this Microsoft Word document please email me with a promise that you will use it only as an aid to understanding and not as a stick with which to belabour Jason. Should I subsequently send you the document, that does not amount to a licence to distribute any part of the commentary. —Theo (Talk) 22:26, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Who is Jason? -- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 20:15, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * One would assume that Jason is the subject in question, no... --Sn0wflake 21:32, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, Jason is Boothy443. --Phroziac (talk) 17:08, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Antisocial behavior
I don't think that Boothy's behavior necessarily warrents punishment, but it is really too bad that he has to act in such an antisocial fashion. While I agree that users have the right to vote on RFAs however they wish, changing a vote just because someone comments on it seems to just be thumbing his nose at anyone who attempts to communicate. --BaronLarf 15:08, August 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Though I was hopeful at first I now fail to see the point of keeping this RFC open since Boothy seems to be entirely ignorning it and has not responded to it nor even given any indication that he notices that it exists and is continuing in the behavior questioned on the RFC. Jtkiefer  T - 20:19, August 11, 2005 (UTC)


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Majura

Majura may refer to:

Australia

 * Majura (district) of the Australian Capital Territory
 * Mount Majura in the Australian Capital Territory

India

 * Majura, Gujarat

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Majura


text:
Fibular veins

In anatomy, the fibular veins (also known as peroneal veins) are accompanying veins (venae comitantes) of the fibular artery.

Structure
The fibular veins are deep veins that help carry blood from the lateral compartment of the leg. They drain into the posterior tibial veins, which in turn drain into the popliteal vein. The fibular veins accompany the fibular artery.

title: Fibular veins


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Apocalypto

Apocalypto is a 2006 epic historical action-adventure film  produced and directed by Mel Gibson, who co-wrote the screenplay with Farhad Safinia. The film features a cast of Indigenous and Mexican actors consisting of Rudy Youngblood, Raoul Trujillo, Mayra Sérbulo, Dalia Hernández, Gerardo Taracena, Jonathan Brewer, Rodolfo Palacios, Bernardo Ruiz Juarez, Ammel Rodrigo Mendoza, Ricardo Diaz Mendoza, and Israel Contreras. Set in Yucatán around the year 1517, Apocalypto portrays the hero's journey of a young man named Jaguar Paw, a late Mesoamerican hunter and his fellow tribesmen who are captured by an invading force. After the devastation of their village, they are brought on a perilous journey to a Maya city for human sacrifice at a time when the Maya civilization is in decline.

Principal photography took place in Mexico from 21 November 2005 to July 2006. All of the indigenous people depicted in the film were Maya. Additionally, all dialogue is in a modern approximation of the ancient language of the setting, and the Indigenous Yucatec Mayan language is spoken with subtitles, which sometimes refer to the language as Mayan.

Apocalypto was distributed by Buena Vista Pictures in North America and Icon Film Distribution in the United Kingdom and Australia. The film was a box office success, grossing over $120 million worldwide, and received generally positive reviews, with critics praising Gibson's direction, Dean Semler's cinematography, and the performances of the cast, though the portrayal of Maya civilization and historical inaccuracies were criticized.

Plot
While hunting in the Mesoamerican rainforest, Jaguar Paw, his father Flint Sky, and their fellow tribesmen encounter a group of refugees fleeing from war and devastation. Returning to their village, Flint Sky notes that the refugees are sick with fear and urges Jaguar Paw to never allow fear to infect him. Later that night, the tribe gathers around an elder who tells a prophetic story about a being who is consumed by an emptiness that cannot be satisfied, despite having all the gifts of the world offered to him. The being will continue blindly taking until there is nothing left in the world for him to take, and the world is no more.

The next morning, the village is attacked by Maya raiders led by Zero Wolf, and many are killed, including Flint Sky, who is killed by the sadistic raider Middle Eye. During the attack, Jaguar Paw hides both his pregnant wife Seven and their young son Turtles Run in an empty well before he is captured. In the aftermath, the raiders round up the surviving villagers who are forced on a long march through the jungle. Meanwhile, Seven and Turtles Run remain trapped in the well and they struggle to escape it.

Along the way, the raiders and their captives encounter razed forests and vast fields of failed maize crops, alongside villages decimated by an unknown disease. They then encounter an infected little girl who prophesies the end of the Maya world. Arriving in the city, the captives are divided; the women are sold into slavery while the men are escorted to the top of a pyramid where they are brutally sacrificed to appease the gods. As Jaguar Paw is laid out on the altar, a solar eclipse occurs and the Maya take the event as an omen that the gods are satisfied, thereby sparing the remaining captives. However, the remaining captives are taken by the raiders to their barracks to be used as target practice; the raiders offer them freedom if they can dodge the missiles thrown at them, while Zero Wolf's son Cut Rock finishes off the wounded. The first pair of runners are easily struck down. Jaguar Paw follows thereafter, and is also wounded, drawing the attention of Cut Rock. However, Cut Rock is then distracted by one of the earlier wounded runners, whose sacrifice allows Jaguar Paw to fatally wound Cut Rock and escape.

An enraged Zero Wolf leads his men to hunt down Jaguar Paw. Reaching the jungle, Jaguar Paw uses its natural resources to kill his pursuers one by one. Among those he kills are Middle Eye, whom he bludgeons with a stone hatchet, and Zero Wolf, whom he lures into a trap made for tapir hunts, where he is impaled by a large wooden spike. The last two raiders continue to pursue Jaguar Paw on the outskirts of his village. Reaching the shores amidst a heavy downpour, all three are shocked and stunned to witness the arrival of Spanish conquistadors. While the two raiders go to meet the foreigners, Jaguar Paw races back to his village and rescues his family who are being drowned by the downpour. Jaguar Paw is also overjoyed to see his infant son who was born underwater.

Later, the reunited family gazes at the Spanish ships. Jaguar Paw chooses not to approach the foreigners, and he and his family depart to start a new life in the forest away from both the decadent Maya and the Spanish.

Cast
• The Village

• Rudy Youngblood as Jaguar Paw / Almost, a tribesman hunter who is the son of Flint Sky and the husband of Seven

• Dalia Hernández as Seven, Jaguar Paw's heavily pregnant wife

• Jonathan Brewer as Blunted, a fellow tribesman who suffers from fertility issues

• Morris Birdyellowhead as Flint Sky, the leader of the village tribesmen and Jaguar Paw's father

• Carlos Emilio Báez as Turtles Run, Jaguar Paw and Seven's son

• Amílcar Ramírez as Curl Nose, a fellow tribesman who is one of the first village hunters to be sacrificed at the temple

• Israel Contreras as Smoke Frog, a fellow tribesman

• Israel Ríos as Cocoa Leaf, a fellow tribesman

• María Isabel Díaz as Mother in Law, Blunted's mother in law who verbally attacks him for being infertile

• Espiridion Acosta Cache as Old Story Teller, the village's campfire story teller

• Mayra Serbulo as Young Woman

• Iazua Larios as Sky Flower, Blunted's wife

• Lorena Hernandez as Village Girl

• Itandehui Gutierrez as Wife

• Sayuri Gutierrez as Eldest Daughter

• Hiram Soto as Fish Hunter

• Jose Suarez as Eldest Temple Sacrifice

• The Holcane Warriors

• Raoul Trujillo as Zero Wolf, leader of the holcane warriors and Cut Rock's father

• Gerardo Taracena as Middle Eye, a sadistic and psychopathic fellow holcane warrior

• Rodolfo Palacios as Snake Ink

• Ariel Galván as Hanging Moss

• Bernardo Ruiz Juárez as Drunkards Four

• Ricardo Díaz Mendoza as Cut Rock, the son of Zero Wolf

• Richard Can as Ten Peccary

• Carlos Ramos as Monkey Jaw

• Ammel Rodrigo Mendoza as Buzzard Hook

• Marco Antonio Argueta as Speaking Winds

• Javier Escobar as Vicious Holcane

• The City

• Fernando Hernández as High Priest, the temple's priest who executes the human sacrifices

• María Isidra Hoil as Oracle Girl, a young girl infected with an unknown disease who prophesies the end of the Maya world

• * Aquetzali García as stunt double of Oracle Girl

• Abel Woolrich as Laughing Man

• Antonio Monroy as Chilam

• Nicolas Jasso as Man on Temple top

• Ronaldo Eknal as Slave Auctioneer

• Miriam Tun as Woman Auctioneer

• Rafael Vélez as King

• Diana Botello as Queen

• JoaQuin Rendon as Head Chac

Screenplay

Screenwriter and co-producer Farhad Safinia first met Mel Gibson while working as an assistant during the post-production of The Passion of the Christ. Eventually, Gibson and Safinia found time to discuss "their mutual love of movies and what excites them about moviemaking".

We started to talk about what to do next, but we specifically spent a lot of time on the action-chase genre of filmmaking. Those conversations essentially grew into the skeleton of (Apocalypto). We wanted to update the chase genre by, in fact, not updating it with technology or machinery but stripping it down to its most intense form, which is a man running for his life, and at the same time getting back to something that matters to him. Farhad Safinia

Gibson said they wanted to "shake up the stale action-adventure genre", which he felt was dominated by CGI, stock stories and shallow characters and to create a footchase that would "feel like a car chase that just keeps turning the screws."

Gibson and Safinia were also interested in portraying and exploring an ancient culture as it existed before the arrival of the Europeans. Considering both the Aztecs and the Maya, they eventually chose the Maya for their high sophistication and their eventual decline.

The Mayas were far more interesting to us. You can choose a civilization that is bloodthirsty, or you can show the Maya civilization that was so sophisticated with an immense knowledge of medicine, science, archaeology and engineering ... but also be able to illuminate the brutal undercurrent and ritual savagery that they practiced. It was a far more interesting world to explore why and what happened to them. Farhad Safinia

The two researched ancient Maya history, reading both creation and destruction myths, including sacred texts such as the Popul Vuh. In the audio commentary of the film's first DVD release, Safinia states that the old shaman's story (played by Espiridion Acosta Cache, a modern-day Maya storyteller ) was modified from an authentic Mesoamerican tale that was re-translated by Hilario Chi Canul, a professor of Maya, into the Yucatec Maya language for the film. He also served as a dialogue coach during production. As they researched the script, Safinia and Gibson traveled to Guatemala, Costa Rica and the Yucatán Peninsula to scout filming locations and visit Maya ruins.

Striving for a degree of historical accuracy, the filmmakers employed a consultant, Richard D. Hansen, a specialist in the Maya and assistant professor of archaeology at Idaho State University. As director of the Mirador Basin Project, he works to preserve a large swath of the Guatemalan rain forest and its Maya ruins. Gibson has said of Hansen's involvement: "Richard's enthusiasm for what he does is infectious. He was able to reassure us and make us feel secure that what we were writing had some authenticity as well as imagination."

Other scholars of Mesoamerican history criticized the film for what they said were numerous inaccuracies. Hansen published an essay on the film and a critical commentary on the criticisms of the film.

Gibson decided that all the dialogue would be in the Yucatec Maya language. Gibson explained: "I think hearing a different language allows the audience to completely suspend their own reality and get drawn into the world of the film. And more importantly, this also puts the emphasis on the cinematic visuals, which are a kind of universal language of the heart."

Costumes and makeup
The production team consisted of a large group of make-up artists and costume designers who worked to recreate the Maya look for the large cast. Led by Aldo Signoretti, the make-up artists daily applied the required tattoos, scarification, and earlobe extensions to all of the on-screen actors. According to advisor Richard D. Hansen, the choices in body make-up were based on both artistic license and fact: "I spent hours and hours going through the pottery and the images looking for tattoos. The scarification and tattooing was all researched, the inlaid jade teeth are in there, the ear spools are in there. There is a little doohickey that comes down from the ear through the nose into the septum – that was entirely their artistic innovation." An example of attention to detail is the left arm tattoo of Seven, Jaguar Paw's wife, which is a horizontal band with two dots above – the Maya glyph for the number seven.

Simon Atherton, an English armorer and weapon-maker who worked with Gibson on Braveheart, was hired to research and provide reconstructions of Maya weapons. Atherton also has a cameo as the cross-bearing Franciscan friar who appears on a Spanish ship at the end of the film.

Set design
Mel Gibson wanted Apocalypto to feature sets with buildings rather than relying on computer-generated images. Most of the step pyramids seen at the Maya city were models designed by Thomas E. Sanders. Sanders explained his approach: "We wanted to set up the Mayan world, but we were not trying to do a documentary. Visually, we wanted to go for what would have the most impact. Just as on Braveheart, you are treading the line of history and cinematography. Our job is to do a beautiful movie."

However, while many of the architectural details of the Mayan cities are correct, they are blended from different locations and eras, a decision Farhad Safinia said was made for aesthetic reasons. While Apocalypto is set during the terminal Postclassic period of Mayan civilization, the film's central pyramid is a structure built in the classic period, six hundred years earlier. It is a later Mayan city built around a pyramid that had been erected centuries before, examples of which are found in places such as the Postclassic sites of Muyil, Coba, and others in Quintana Roo, Mexico. The temples are in the shape of those of Tikal in the central lowlands classic style but decorated with the Puuc style elements of the northwest Yucatán centuries later. Richard D. Hansen comments, "There was nothing in the post-classic period that would match the size and majesty of that pyramid in the film. But Gibson ... was trying to depict opulence, wealth, consumption of resources." The mural in the arched walkway combined elements from the Maya codices, the Bonampak murals (over 700 years earlier than the film's setting), and the San Bartolo murals (some 1500 years earlier than the film's setting).

Filming
Gibson filmed Apocalypto mainly in Catemaco, San Andrés Tuxtla and Paso de Ovejas in the Mexican state of Veracruz. The waterfall scene was filmed at Eyipantla Falls, located in San Andrés Tuxtla. Other filming by second-unit crews took place in El Petén, Guatemala. The film was originally slated for an August 4, 2006, release, but Touchstone Pictures delayed the release date to December 8, 2006, due to heavy rains and two hurricanes interfering with filming in Mexico. Principal photography ended in July 2006.

Apocalypto was shot on high-definition digital video, using the Panavision Genesis camera. During filming, Gibson and cinematographer Dean Semler employed Spydercam, a suspended camera system allowing shooting from above. This equipment was used in a scene in which Jaguar Paw leaps off a waterfall.

We had a Spydercam shot from the top of [the] 150-foot [46 m] waterfall, looking over an actor's shoulder and then plunging over the edgeliterally in the waterfall. I thought we'd be doing it on film, but we put the Genesis [camera] up there in a light-weight water housing. The temperatures were beyond 100 degrees [38 °C] at [the] top, and about 60 degrees [15 °C] at the bottom, with the water and the mist. We shot two fifty-minute tapes without any problemsthough we [did get] water in there once and fogged up.

A number of animals are featured in Apocalypto, including a Baird's tapir and a black jaguar. Animatronics or puppets were employed for the scenes injurious to animals.

Music
The music to Apocalypto was composed by James Horner in his third collaboration with director Mel Gibson. The non-traditional score features a large array of exotic instruments and vocals by Pakistani singer Rahat Fateh Ali Khan.

Distribution and marketing
While Mel Gibson financed the film through his Icon Productions, Disney signed on to distribute Apocalypto for a fee in certain markets under the Touchstone Pictures label in North America, and Icon Film Distribution in the UK and Australia. The publicity for the film started with a December 2005 teaser trailer that was filmed before the start of principal photography and before Rudy Youngblood was cast as Jaguar Paw. As a joke, Gibson inserted a subliminal cameo of the bearded director in a plaid shirt with a cigarette hanging from his mouth posing next to a group of dust-covered Maya. A clean-shaven Gibson also filmed a Mayan-language segment for the introduction of the 2006 Academy Awards in which he declined to host the ceremony.

On September 23, 2006, Gibson pre-screened the unfinished film to two predominantly Native American audiences in the US state of Oklahoma, at the Riverwind Casino in Goldsby, owned by the Chickasaw Nation, and at Cameron University in Lawton. He also commenced a pre-screening in Austin, Texas, on September 24 in conjunction with one of the film's stars, Rudy Youngblood. In Los Angeles, Gibson screened Apocalypto and participated in a Q&A session for Latin Business Association and for members of the Maya community. Due to an enthusiastic response from exhibitors, Disney opened the film on more than 2,500 screens in the United States.

Themes
According to Mel Gibson, the Maya setting of Apocalypto is "merely the backdrop" for a more universal story of exploring "civilizations and what undermines them". The filmmakers intended for the collapse of Maya to mirror issues seen in contemporary society. The problems "faced by the Maya are extraordinarily similar to those faced today by our own civilization," co-writer Safinia stated during production, "especially when it comes to widespread environmental degradation, excessive consumption and political corruption". Gibson has stated that the film is an attempt at illustrating the parallels between a great fallen empire of the past and the great empires of today.

The film serves as a cultural critique – in Hansen's words, a "social statement" – sending the message that it is never a mistake to question our own assumptions about morality. Gibson has defined the title, based on Greek word (ἀποκαλύπτω, apokaluptō), as "a new beginning or an unveiling – a revelation...Everything has a beginning and an end, and all civilizations have operated like that".

Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 65% based on 202 reviews, with an average rating of 6.40/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Apocalypto is a brilliantly filmed, if mercilessly bloody, examination of a once great civilization." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler on the television show Ebert & Roeper gave it "two thumbs up" rating. Michael Medved gave Apocalypto four out of four stars calling the film "an adrenaline-drenched chase movie" and "a visceral visual experience."

The film was released less than six months after Gibson's 2006 DUI incident, which garnered Gibson much negative publicity and magnified concerns some had over alleged antisemitism in his previous film, The Passion of the Christ. Several key film critics alluded to the incident in their reviews of Apocalypto. In his positive review for The New York Times, A. O. Scott commented: "say what you will about him – about his problem with booze or his problem with Jews – he is a serious filmmaker." The Boston Globe's review came to a similar conclusion, noting: "Gibson may be a lunatic, but he's our lunatic, and while I wouldn't wish him behind the wheel of a car after happy hour or at a B'nai Brith function anytime, behind a camera is another matter."

In a negative review, Salon noted: "People are curious about this movie because of what might be called extra-textual reasons, because its director is an erratic and charismatic Hollywood figure who would have totally marginalized himself by now if he didn't possess a crude gift for crafting violent pop entertainment."

Responses from Hollywood
Apocalypto gained some passionate champions in the Hollywood community. Actor Robert Duvall called it "maybe the best movie I've seen in 25 years". Director Quentin Tarantino said: "I think it's a masterpiece. It was perhaps the best film of that year. I think it was the best artistic film of that year."

Martin Scorsese, writing about the film, called it "a vision," adding, "Many pictures today don't go into troubling areas like this, the importance of violence in the perpetuation of what's known as civilization. I admire Apocalypto for its frankness, but also for the power and artistry of the filmmaking." Actor Edward James Olmos said: "I was totally caught off guard. It's arguably the best movie I've seen in years. I was blown away."

In 2013, director Spike Lee placed the film on his list of all-time essential films.

In 2016, British director Edgar Wright named it as one of his 1,000 favorite films.

Response in Mexico
In Mexico, the film registered a wider number of viewers than Perfume and Rocky Balboa. It even displaced memorable Mexican premieres such as Titanic and Poseidon. According to polls performed by the newspaper Reforma, 80% of polled Mexicans labeled the film as "very good" or "good".

Representation of the Maya
Aspects of Maya culture and civilization depicted in Apocalypto are considered by some scholars to be historically inaccurate. According to Allan Wall of Banderas News, "The art, architecture and setting of the movie mixes aspects of different epochs and regions within the Mayan civilization." Some scholars have pointed out that the depiction of mass human sacrifices and widespread slavery was more typical of the Aztecs. In contrast, Mayanist David Stuart stated that human sacrifice was not rare and based on carvings and mural paintings, there are "more and greater similarities between the Aztecs and Mayas."

Aside from the controversy surrounding the alleged historical inaccuracies, scholars and indigenous activists were concerned over the film's highlighting the human sacrifices that occurred during the later years before the Spanish conquest. Anthropologist Traci Ardren felt that Apocalypto was biased because "no mention is made of the achievements in science and art, the profound spirituality and connection to agricultural cycles, or the engineering feats of Maya cities". The film has also been criticized by Guatemalan activist Ignacio Ochoa as "an offensive and racist notion that Maya people were brutal to one another long before the arrival of Europeans and thus they deserved, in fact, needed, rescue."

Richard D. Hansen, a historical consultant on the film, stated in an interview with The Washington Post that the film does "give the feeling [that the Maya were] a sadistic lot", and expressed being "a little apprehensive about how the contemporary Maya will take it." The film's focus on "gratuitous violence" led Julia Guernsey, a professor of Mesoamerican art and culture, to condemn the film, stating in an interview, "there's a lot of really offensive racial stereotyping. They're shown as these extremely barbaric people, when in fact, the Maya were a very sophisticated culture." Guernsey points out that the film is seen through the lens of Western morality and states that it is important to examine "alternative world views that might not match our own 21st century Western ones but are nonetheless valid."

Human sacrifice
Apocalypto has been criticized for its depictions of mass sacrifices that were more typical for Aztecs than Mayas. Human sacrifice was "arguably less common in ancient Maya society." According to Hansen, the film depicts the post-classic period when the Maya were influenced by the Toltecs and Aztecs. Hansen states, "We know warfare was going on. The Postclassic center of Tulum is a walled city; these sites had to be in defensive positions. There was tremendous Aztec influence by this time. The Aztecs were clearly ruthless in their conquest and pursuit of sacrificial victims, a practice that spilled over into some of the Maya areas."

Other disputed depictions of the Mayas include the sacrifice of commoners and mass graves. The Mayas sacrificed nobility and societal elites instead of commoners according to Anthropology professor Stephen Houston. Archaeological sites indicate that the Mayas used several methods for sacrifice such as "decapitation, heart excision, dismemberment, hanging, disembowelment, skin flaying, skull splitting and burning." Anthropologists have also pointed out that there is no evidence of mass graves in Maya as depicted in the film. Hansen states that this is "conjecture", saying that "all [Gibson was] trying to do there is express the horror of it". Another disputed scene, when Jaguar Paw and the rest of the captives are used as target practice, was acknowledged by the filmmakers to be invented as a plot device for igniting the chase sequence.

Ending
According to the DVD commentary track by Mel Gibson and Farhad Safinia, the ending of the film was meant to depict the first contact between the Spaniards and Mayas that took place in 1511 when Pedro de Alvarado arrived on the coast of the Yucatán and Guatemala, and also during the fourth voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1502. The arrival of the Europeans in Apocalypto and its thematic meaning is a subject of disagreement. Traci Ardren, anthropologist, wrote that the arrival of the Spanish as Christian missionaries had a "blatantly colonial message that the Mayas needed saving because they were 'rotten at the core.'" According to Ardren, Apocalypto "replays, in glorious big-budget technicolor, an offensive and racist notion that Maya people were brutal to one another long before the arrival of Europeans and thus they deserved, in fact, they needed, rescue. This same idea was used for 500 years to justify the subjugation of Maya people." David van Biema, in an article written for Time, questions whether the Spaniards are portrayed as saviors of the Mayas, since they are depicted ominously with Jaguar Paw acknowledging their arrival as a threat and deciding to return to the woods.

title: Apocalypto


text:
User talk:AlissaSoave

Hey, why did you mess with User talk:Bobbybuilder like that? Please don't do something like that again. Edward 00:07:26, 2005-07-26 (UTC)

Redirecting user and/or talk pages is a violation of Wikipeida policy and will result in being blocked. But something tells me you already know that. -- Essjay ·  Talk 00:11, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

I've blocked this account. It's the same guy who's been harassing User:Bobbybuilder and his and other talk-pages the last days. Shanes 00:18, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlissaSoave


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Dewi Nantbrân

Dewi Nantbrân (real name David or Dewi Powell; died 1781) was a Welsh Friar Minor. He wrote the "Catechism Byrr o'r Athrawiaeth Ghristnogol" (London, 1764), a short catechism of Christian doctrine in the Welsh language.

Powell, who came from Abergavenny, was described by Meic Stephens as the most notable Catholic writer of his century for his three Welsh-language books.

title: Dewi Nantbrân


text:
Talk:David Jackson (Pennsylvania physician)

Birth details
I usually include an external link to the congress website with these articles. The link would have been Congress bioguide. I didn't this time because of some confusing differences. The detail I used in the article conforms with Appleton's Biographies, the Dictionary of American Biography, and data from the University of Pennsylvania. This date (1747) makes more sense than 1730 in terms of other dated material.

This isn't the first mistake I've found in the Congressional bioguide. I have let them know, and after research they may correct it. Even if they do, it takes 12 to 18 months. Lou I 23:38, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Possible Incorrect Information
I've never contributed to Wikipedia, so I am unsure how to proceed with an edit to change information that seems to be in error. The Genealogy of the Jackson Family states that his father was Joseph, not Samuel. His Daughter of the American Revolution (DAR) record states that he was married to Elizabeth Reed, not Jane Mathers, and he did not have a brother named Paul, (see my first link). He also does not appear to have been married to Susan Kemper, or have 9 children with her,though, his 1st wife did die young, I see no source that supports this. Also, his Find a Grave link (under the Wikipedia external link) supports this, too. Would someone please assist in correcting this and adding citations, please? It would be much appreciated. Binx719 (talk) 10:16, 29 July 2017 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Prevenient grace/archive1

Prevenient grace
I'd love to get feedback on this article, which I believe to be a pretty good one, as I hope to nominate it for featured article status. Thanks for any help! KHM03 23:38, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) The "Doctrine in other sources" section needs more than one example, and the current one could do with some context/explanation.
 * 2) The "Objections to the doctrine" section could do with a bit more authority-if possible the criticisms of notable theologians or religious leaders could be cited to support the assertations made- "Some Christians (believe)" and "Wesleyans and Calvinists agree that man is totally depraved".
 * 3) "The article is official doctrine not only for The United Methodist Church but for many other Wesleyan denominations as well."-give some examples of other Wesleyan denominations that embrace this doctrine. Deus Ex 23:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)


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User:AlissaSoave

Lil' Hottie from Rome who loves my two favorite W's: Wine & Wikipedia!

title: User:AlissaSoave


text: Category:German physiologists

title: Category:German physiologists


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User talk:Mattsnyder

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! HKT talk 23:39, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Mattsnyder


text: Category:Sports venues in Norway

title: Category:Sports venues in Norway


text:
Tiger Inn

Tiger Inn (or "T.I." as it is colloquially known) is one of the eleven active eating clubs at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey. Tiger Inn was founded in 1890 and is one of the "Big Four" eating clubs at Princeton (the others are The Ivy Club, University Cottage Club, and Cap and Gown Club), the four oldest and most prestigious on campus. Tiger Inn is the third oldest Princeton Eating Club. Its historic clubhouse is located at 48 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, New Jersey, near the Princeton University campus. Members of "T.I." also frequently refer to the club as "The Glorious Tiger Inn."

The Tiger Inn clubhouse
The Tiger Inn clubhouse is the oldest of the Princeton Eating Club houses. It is both architecturally distinct, built in the Tudor style, and historically notable. "The Clubhouse is designed in the timbered style of the 15th century and modeled especially after an old inn in Chelsea.". The clubhouse was built in 1895 for an original club membership of 30 undergraduates. The clubhouse has been in continuous use since the facility first opened. The architect for the clubhouse's original plan was G Howard Chamberlain. According to The Tiger Inn's official history, "Princeton myth [also] credits [the original plans for the clubhouse] to Howard Crosby Butler, Class of 1892 (a [Charter] member of Tiger Inn and Princeton's first Professor of architectural history)." The clubhouse's central hall was filled with massive antique furniture presented to the club by Mrs. T. Harrison Garrett; these furnishings remain in use to this day. The funding for the original clubhouse, the land, and the club's other furnishings were provided by the club's membership, although all at the time recognized the extraordinary support and contributions of the Garrett family.

Renovations to the clubhouse have continued since it was built in 1895. During 1922–1923 a room was added to the left of the front door and the second floor was remodeled; the second floor alterations were never used for their intended purpose as members quickly converted the new portion of the second floor space to a card room. In the fall of 1926 the clubhouse was substantially improved; during the six weeks of these alterations club members were required to take their meals at the surrounding clubs. By 1928 the kitchen had been moved to the south of the building. The changes to the clubhouse from 1926 to 1928 were well timed as this coincided with an expansion of the membership. The financing of the renovations placed Tiger Inn on the firm financial footing it would need to survive the Great Depression.

The distinctive clubhouse has recently undergone renovations, improvements and enlargements as part of its “21st Century Expansion and Renovation Project,”  for which the commissioned architect was Connolly Architecture, Inc. The project was completed with the formal dedication of the new club facilities on the weekend of 11-11-11. Funded entirely by the club's alumni, the expanded facilities include a new dining hall and improvements to the spaces normally reserved for social events. The new facilities provide a more suitable building to serve the club's Active Membership, now up from 26 to over 150 in any given year, and club alumni exceeding 2000 in 2012. Fundraising for the completed project continues.

Membership
Tiger Inn is a selective club, meaning membership is awarded after successful completion of a process called bicker. During bicker, prospective members interact with current members who then convene to vote on whether the prospective members should "receive a bid," or be invited to join the club.

The club has designated its 26 original founding members as "Charter Members:" at the time of the club's founding, these members were known within the Princeton University community as "The Sour Balls." The Active Membership is that portion of membership that uses the clubhouse on a daily basis and is composed principally of Princeton undergraduates, although graduate students have also been active members from time to time. Alumni Members frequently return to the Tiger Inn. The club also has two honorific categories of membership to recognize and honor those who have had a positive and notable association with the club, whether as members of the Princeton University community or as individuals whose principal affiliation with the Princeton community is their association with the Tiger Inn.

Tiger Inn's membership was once described by F. Scott Fitzgerald in This Side of Paradise (1920) as "broad-shouldered and athletic, vitalized by an honest elaboration of prep-school standards." In a 1927 essay on Princeton for the magazine College Humor, Fitzgerald elaborated: "Tiger Inn cultivates a bluff simplicity. Its membership is largely athletic and while it pretends to disdain social qualifications it has a sharp exclusiveness of its own."

Fitzgerald's comments were written during his time at Princeton University, when the membership of each of the Eating Clubs was male only. Women were not accepted as undergraduates at Princeton until 1969. Debate over co-ed Eating Club membership abounded from 1969 until 1991. In 1979, undergraduate Sally Frank filed suit against then all-male clubs Ivy Club, Cottage Club, and Tiger Inn for gender discrimination. While Cottage chose to coeducate during the intervening years, Ivy Club and Tiger Inn were forced to become co-ed organizations in 1991, after their appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court regarding Frank's lawsuit was denied. The New Jersey Supreme Court had ruled in Frank v. Ivy Club that the failure to open membership to women violated the state's anti-discrimination statute.

In modern times, the membership of The Tiger Inn is distinctly coed, and the club's membership and leadership, including members of both its Graduate Council and the undergraduate officers have included many notable Princeton alumnae and female students, respectively. In 2015 Grace Larsen was elected as the club's first female president. That same year Maria Yu was elected as treasurer, and Victoria Hammarskjold was elected as communication chair, thus making it the first time the club's undergraduate officers were gender-balanced, with three women and three men.

The full membership of the club, including all living alumni, have met four times to commemorate anniversaries of Tiger Inn. The highlight of the club's fiftieth anniversary celebration was the publication of the club's first official history, written by Charlie Mulduar and released in March 1940, just before America's involvement in World War II. The club's seventy-fifth anniversary was held on December 9, 1965, at the Hotel Roosevelt in New York. The celebrations for the 100th anniversary of the club began in 1988 with a small informal meeting of 40 alumni at the Princeton Club of New York who began to plan the centennial celebrations. The centennial celebrations peaked with the club's Hundredth Anniversary Dinner held on October 20, 1990, at the Hyatt in Princeton, following which many of the alumni insisted on continuing celebrations at the clubhouse. The centennial celebrations were concluded by the subsequent publication of the second club history entitled The Tiger Inn of Princeton, New Jersey, 1890–1997. In February, 2016 The Tiger Inn marked its 125th anniversary with a dinner held at the Westin in Princeton, followed by continued celebrations at the clubhouse.

Notable contributions to sport

Olympic athletes
Tiger Inn members acted to form the first American Olympics team for the first modern Olympic games in Athens in 1896. Most of the first American Olympic team came from Princeton, Harvard University and the Boston Athletic Association. Four Princetonians, including three Tiger Inn members, participated in those games. The TI members earned six medals in total: two gold, three silver medals, and one bronze; the four Princetonians earned 7 medals in total. The three TI members were Robert Garrett, Herb Jamison and Frank Lane; they were joined by Princetonian Al Tyler, who also medalled. These four Princeton athletes' 7 medals helped the 1896 American Olympic team earn 20 medals in total. Team Member Garrett delivered the most unexpected upset of the 1896 Games when he won Gold in the Discus, outperforming his Greek rival to win the most symbolic sport carried over from the ancient Olympics to the modern Olympic games.

TI members continued to participate in the Olympics after the 1896 Athens games. Garrett returned to the Olympics for the 1900 Paris games where he won two bronze medals. He was joined in the Paris games by John Cregan who won a silver medal in the 800 meters. John DeWitt competed in the 1904 St. Louis games; he was joined there by A. M. Woods, who earned a silver medal. Pete Raymond rowed in both the 1968 Mexico City and 1972 Munich games; he earned a silver medal in Munich.

Tiger Inn members have earned more than 11 Olympic medals. Garrett's lifetime record of 6 Olympic medals among Princeton athletes continues to stand.

American football
Tiger Inn members have been both Princeton football players, and professional football players. The College Football Hall of Fame lists many TI members in its ranks.

Tiger Inn alumni have returned to Princeton to serve as Head Coaches of Princeton's football program. As college football head coaches, Tiger Inn alumni through the class of 1900 compiled composite career coaching records of 175-31-5. They coached Princeton to at least one national championship. TI members who served as Princeton Football Head Coach include Garrett Cochran, Arthur Hillebrand and Robert Casciola. TI Members have also served as Head Coaches of Football at Annapolis, Berkeley, Bowdoin, Georgetown,  and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, among other colleges.

Charlie Gogolak and Cosmo Iacavazzi are two prominent TI members who became professional football players.

Other American collegiate sports
Through the club's history Tiger Inn members have also featured prominently in other collegiate sports in which Princeton competes.

In 2012 the Princeton men's squash team won the National Collegiate Championship powered by the performances of three Tiger Inn members.

Academia
Tiger Inn's sole winner of a Nobel Prize, thus far, is economist Michael Spence, the winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Economics together with George Akerlof (a Lawrenceville graduate) and Joseph Stiglitz. During his illustrious career Spence has served as Dean of the Stanford Graduate School of Business and is presently Chairman of the Commission for Growth and Development.

Princeton University's School of Architecture was founded in 1919 through the efforts of Tiger Inn Charter Member Howard Clark Butler and his fellow faculty members. He became the School of Architecture's Director in 1920. Professor Butler was only the second Princeton Professor to offer a course related to architecture, following the precedent set by Princeton Professor Marquand.

In addition to Spence, Tiger Inn has produced well over 100 members of Phi Beta Kappa. Its members have earned at least three Rhodes, and two Marshall, Scholarships. TI members serve as research scientists at the Bell Labs and NASA and in the research or "Think Tank" roles of such commercial organizations as international financial institutions and the BIG 4 accounting firms, among other organizations.

Tiger Inn alumni have served many universities, including Princeton, as faculty members and as non-faculty instructors and administrators. Spence has served Harvard University, New York University and Stanford University. Butler served Princeton as did noted philologist W K. Prentice. Chauncey Loomis was a Dartmouth professor, and from there, led 5 Arctic expeditions. James Harland was a professor of classics at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. John Fine joined the Princeton faculty in 1940 from Yale as a professor of Classics and retired in 1972. Richard H Williams is a professor of history at Southern Methodist University. Samuel Armistead is a professor of Spanish language and literature at UC Davis.

Sean Smith is a professor of computer science at Dartmouth. Joseph Haid is a professor at Wisconsin Polytechnique Institute.

Will Garwood continues to serve Princeton as vice chairman of advisory board to the James Madison Program On June 12, 2012, Robert J Hugin was elected a Charter Trustee of Princeton University

Cultural contributions
Tiger Inn's members have been active in literature and the arts. Jesse Williams won the first Pulitzer Prize in Drama. Frank Taplin was President of the Metropolitan Opera in New York, the Cleveland Orchestra, and the Cleveland Institute of Music. Thomas Hoving was the Director of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art. And Barry S Friedberg is the Chairman Emeritus of the New York City Ballet.

Jesse Williams, the author of Why Marry?, has been joined by several other Tiger Inn members as accomplished authors. William Edwards' book Football Days remains the definitive account of American Football in the 19th century. Classics Professor John Fine wrote several books, including The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History. Samuel Armistead wrote Spanish Tradition in Louisiana, which remains the definitive study on the use of the Spanish language in that state. H K Twichell wrote Regeneration in the Ruhr: The Unknown Story of a Decisive Answer to Communism in Postwar Europe. Henry Owsley is co-author of the leading book in his field, Distressed Investment Banking: To the Abyss and Back.

Chauncey Loomis remains Tiger Inn's only Arctic explorer.

Military
Several members of the Tiger Inn have served the United States as uniformed officers of its Armed Forces. TI was founded just over 20 years after the end of the Civil War. TI members have served in the Spanish–American War, World War I, World War II, the Korean war, the Vietnam war, Desert Storm and the more recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, among other armed conflicts.

TI Members who served in World War I include Brigadier General Coulter, Medal of Honor recipient Gordon Johnston, and decorated World War I Flying Ace, "Ace" Vaughn.

Tiger Inn lists well over 30 members who gave their lives in the service of their country. The memory of many of these TI alums are honored through their portraits kept at the clubhouse, mainly in the upstairs Library.

Elected and appointed offices
TI members have also served their communities through various positions at the Federal, State and local levels. Tiger Inn members have served as United States Senator and United States Ambassador at the federal level, Speaker of the House in New Jersey at the state level, and Deputy Mayor of New York City at the local level. Senator John Danforth ranks as the senior-most elected politician as an Active Member of the club while a Princeton undergraduate. United States President Grover Cleveland accepted an Honorary Membership in Tiger Inn, making him the senior-most elected politician to have joined the club in this membership category.

TI alum Louis Le Guyader is among the first candidates ever to run for the new elective office of DEPUTE to the French National Assembly from his home in New York - his new electoral district was created under a change to the French Constitution in 2008 and is meant to represent French Citizens living in the United States and Canada. As such he is the first TI member ever to seek elective office abroad.

Commerce
Arthur M Wood was chairman and C.E.O. of Sears and credited with its turnaround in the 1960s. He was also responsible for the building of Sears Tower in Chicago, whose last steel beam bears his signature. George H Love led the reorganizations and turnarounds at two major corporations, the Consolidation Coal Company and The Chrysler Corporation, where he was chairman. Barry S Friedberg served as Head of investment Banking at Merrill Lynch, before its merger with Bank of America; under his leadership Merrill climbed to the top of the industry league tables in every category he managed.

Rudolph J. Schaefer ran his family's highly acclaimed Brooklyn brewery, the F & M Schaefer Brewing Company of Brooklyn, New York. His product, Schaefer Beer, was the world's best selling beer until the mid-1970s.

Robert Hugin is chairman and president of Celgene, the New Jersey pharmaceutical company. Michael Novogratz is President of the Fortress Investment Group

N.J. Nicholas Jr was president of HBO in its earliest days, president of Time Inc in 1986 and co-ceo of Time Warner in 1990. He served the GHW Bush administration on the PCEQ (presidential commission on environmental quality) and on the advisory board to the US Trade Representative. After retiring from Time Warner in 1992, he served for 15 years as a trustee of Environmental Defense Fund, including seven years as board chair. He also served as advisory board chair of the Columbia School of Journalism.

Controversies
In 2014, two officers of the club were removed from their positions after sending emails of ridiculing women. One of the emails included a sexually explicit photograph showing a woman engaged in a sex act with a man at the Tiger Inn. The woman in the photo was called an "Asian chick" and the email contained what has been described as a "crude joke". In a second email the club's treasurer wrote about the alumna whose lawsuit forced the club to admit women: “Ever wonder who we have to thank (blame) for gender equality. Looking for someone to blame for the influx of girls? Come tomorrow and help boo Sally Frank.”

Notable members

 * Gerardo "Gerry" Angulo - publisher of the only English-language daily newspaper in Puerto Rico, The San Juan Star
 * Samuel G. Armistead - Professor Emeritus of Spanish Language and History, UC Davis.
 * Ralph Bard - Under Secretary of the Navy and Assistant Secretary of the Navy during World War II, Roosevelt Administration
 * Dan M. Berkovitz - General Counsel of the CFTC, Obama Administration
 * Walter C. Booth - known as "Bummy," an American football coach serving as the head football coach at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln (the Huskers), compiling a career record of 46-8-1.
 * R. Manning Brown Jr. - former chairman of the board of New York Life Insurance Co. and former chairman of Princeton University's Board of Trustees
 * Howard Crosby Butler - Charter Member, one of the founders of Princeton's School of Architecture, and its Director from 1920
 * Robert Casciola - Head Football Coach at Princeton from 1973 to 1977.
 * Grover Cleveland - Honorary Member, President of the United States.
 * Garrett Cochran - head football coach at the University of California, Berkeley (1898–99), the United States Naval Academy (1900) and Princeton (1902), with a career coaching record of 29–5–3.
 * Richard Coulter Jr. - Charter Member, Brigadier General in the U.S. Army in WWI; professional football player
 * John F. Cregan - Olympic athlete; participated in the 1900 Olympic games earning a silver medal
 * John Danforth - former United States Senator, Missouri; ordained priest in the Episcopal Church
 * John R. DeWitt - Olympic athlete, St Louis Games of 1904; College Football Hall of Fame
 * Selden Edwards - best-selling novelist, author of The Little Book and The Lost Prince, educator, and secretary of the Princeton class of '63
 * William Hanford Edwards - author of Football Days, the definitive work on American Football in the 19th century; famous for saving the life of N.Y. Mayor William Gaynor by tackling his assailant.
 * Max Farrand - Charter Member, professor, first Director of the Huntington Library, past President of the American Historical Society
 * John V. A. Fine - Classics Professor at Princeton, noted author in Greek history
 * Barry S. Friedberg - former Executive Vice President of Merrill Lynch, and Head of Investment Banking, Chairman Emeritus of the New York City Ballet
 * Robert Garrett - the first modern Olympic champion in the discus; organized the 4 Princetonians who competed in the 1896 Athens games; won two golds and two silvers in Athens, 1896, and two bronzes in Paris, 1900.
 * Will Garwood - President of Cypress Asset Management and, at Princeton, vice chairman of the advisory board of the James Madison Program.
 * Charlie Gogolak - football placekicker noted for his innovations; initially with the Washington Redskins and then the New England Patriots
 * Hy Gunning - Associate Member, played professional baseball with the Boston Red Sox; he was noted for batting left-handed and throwing right-handed.
 * J. P. Harland - Professor of Classics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
 * John Grier Hibben - honorary member; president of Princeton, 1920–32; he opposed President Wilson's plans to replace the Eating Clubs with a system of residential quadrangles.
 * Arthur Hillebrand - head football coach at Princeton, 1903–05, his record was 27–4 and the team out-scored opponents 669–85; the 1903 team was 11–0 and was national champion.
 * Thomas Hoving – former director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * Robert J. Hugin - chairman and President of Celgene, Inc.; elected Charter Trustee of Princeton in June 2012.
 * Cosmo Iacavazzi - professional football player, a member of the New York Jets; inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
 * Herbert Jamison - member of the first U.S. Olympic Team at the first modern Olympic games in Athens, where he won a silver medal.
 * Gordon Johnston - Colonel, U.S. Army, recipient of the Medal of Honor, the highest military award of the U.S.A.; head coach of the University of North Carolina (the Tar Heels) football team in 1896.
 * Philip King - American football player, notable as a college football coach, especially at Georgetown University, compiling a career record of 73-14-1.
 * Howard Krongard - known as "Cookie;" head of the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of State; Bush "43" Administration.
 * Frank A. Lane - member of the first U.S. Olympic Team in Athens, 1896; technically, the first American to compete in the modern Olympiad; bronze medal winner
 * Louis Le Guyader - the first TI member to seek elective office outside the United States in a campaign to serve as a Depute in the French National Assembly in 2012
 * Chauncey C. Loomis - famous Arctic explorer who led 5 expeditions to the Arctic, and Dartmouth professor.
 * Donald Lourie - Under Secretary of State for Administration, Eisenhower Administration; declined a pro football career with the Cleveland Browns.
 * Roscoe Parke McClave - Head Football Coach, Bowdoin College; twice Speaker of the House, General Assembly of New Jersey.
 * Albert G. Milbank - founding partner of the law firm Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy
 * Joshua Miller - founder of Resilient Youth Foundation as a teen; founder of startup atroundtable.com which is being referred to as "the next facebook for internet conversations among experts"
 * Roland S. Morris - American Ambassador to Japan, 1917–20.
 * N. J. Nicholas Jr - President of HBO in its earliest days, President of Time Inc in 1986 and co-ceo of Time Warner in 1990
 * Michael Novogratz – president of the Fortress Investment Group
 * Henry Furlow Owsley III - Wall Street financier, noted as co-author of the leading book in his field, Distressed Investment Banking: To the Abyss and Back and in 2014, "Equity Holders Under Siege: Strategies and Tactics for Distressed Businesses," Beard Books LLC
 * W. K. Prentice - Princeton Professor, noted philologist.
 * Marc Rayman - Project Manager of Deep Space 1, NASA
 * Pete Raymond - two time Olympic oarsman, won the silver medal in Munich in 1972; "a god among men."
 * Wayne Rogers - actor, "Trapper McIntyre" for three seasons on "M.A.S.H."
 * Rudolf J. Schaefer - yachtsman and brewer, ran the F & M Schaefer Brewing Company of Brooklyn, New York.
 * Mawell "Max" Shaw - founder of Shawskaboy inc. and the Face Morpher and Pro Interval Timer iPhone Apps.
 * Michael Spence - a Nobel Prize winner in Economics; Rhodes Scholar; Former Dean of the Stanford Graduate School of Business.
 * Robert "Huck" Alston Stevenson - Charter Member, second headmaster of the Allen-Stevenson School the private elementary school in New York City, founded by his father
 * Frank E Taplin Jr. - a Rhodes Scholar; President of the Metropolitan Opera
 * H. K. Twitchell - Executive director of Moral Re-Armament, an international religious movement founded in 1938 in London, where it was founded to reshape the world through absolute morality; author of "Regeneration in the Ruhr: The Unknown Story of a Decisive Answer to Communism in Postwar Europe," Princeton University Press
 * George Augustus Vaughn, Jr. - known as "Ace," a  World War I Flying Ace: officially credited with downing 12 enemy planes and one balloon
 * Jesse Lynch Williams - Charter Member, prize winning author and dramatist, won the first Pulitzer Prize in drama in 1918 for the play Why Marry?
 * A. M. Woods - lacrosse player and Olympic Athlete, 1904 games, where he earned a silver medal.
 * John E. Zuccotti - former First Deputy Mayor of New York City
 * Zack Wall - actor, "The Village" (2004), "The Great New Wonderful" (2005), "Coda" (2014), and "SnapChat Guy" (2016).

title: Tiger Inn


text: User talk:24.171.131.133

title: User talk:24.171.131.133


text:
User talk:Brian0918/Archive 07

Featured picture candidates/Ocean map
Thanks for the nomination, that makes me very happy as I am proud of this image. Muito Obrigado --Alexandre Van de Sande 29 June 2005 22:56 (UTC)

MotoX pix
Hi Brian Hope you can have a look at these. Thanks --Fir0002 June 30, 2005 01:52 (UTC)

Norman Borlaug

 * http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/BeahrsELP/Borlaug/3%20Responses%20Borlaug%20and%20Dowswell%2012-30-03.htm
 * http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/wwwhpr0624d.html
 * http://agriculture.senate.gov/Hearings/hearings.cfm?hearingid=1523&witnessId=4333
 * http://agnews.tamu.edu/dailynews/stories/AGPR/Mar2803a.htm

PHC
Thanks for your contributions to Patrick Henry College. PHC isn't that strict in my opinion. They accept pretty much all Christians, and the statement of faith doesn't really exclude Catholics, even. There is a dress code during business hours in the academic buildings, but the code only states that we dress as if at a workplace (and modesty all the time).

Ms. Rosen is doing a great job reporting on the school, as far as reporters go.

We make fun of our sheltered status a lot, but many students didn't live sheltered childhoods (the majority did, including me). The school taught me how to think, how to reason, and to not assume what I always believed was correct.

Saw your comments to User:Papetti How are you interested in PHC? I'd be happy to answer any questions you have. DDerby 1 July 2005 14:35 (UTC)

Email
Unfortunatly, my mother does not allow me to access our email. Sorry. :(

However, if you would like to send me something, she can read it and save it to my computers hard drive for me to read, and if I ask, she might let me send you a message. It is dianag4@adlephia.net

--Admiral Roo July 1, 2005 17:13 (UTC)

Here is the story, if you want to hear it. On the forum here, a user kept harrassing (sp?) me in 2003. He/She (not sure which) peeved me off so much I emailed him/her and threatend to kill him/her. I was banned from that site and I kept re-registering, and they contacted my ISP, and they contacted mom. Not long after that, I had to be sent to a psych ward, since thier were many other things at that time due to my unstability at that time, that incident was only the top of the iceburg, but was the worst infraction I committed during the time. Since then, I have not gotten into trouble. But to this day for that, I cannot get into email. --Admiral Roo July 1, 2005 17:18 (UTC)

Home page banner
I think the addition of the watch list bug banner to the home page shows very poor judgement, and am pleased to see it has been removed. Moreover, defacing the home page like that cannot be considered a minor edit. The Village Pump would have been a more appropriate place. --Tagishsimon (talk)

 * I'm not sure the banner was appropriate, either, but I did find it useful because I had been wondering about the phenomenon myself. Thanks. Rl 1 July 2005 18:27 (UTC)

 * About this bug, I am facing the same thing, but trying to report it was like reading Greek to me. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 1 July 2005 18:32 (UTC)

Warning
Brian, note that you are about to break the 3 revert rule. Please amend anything wrong with my new wording (Dinosaur article) if you think it is justified. RossNixon 2 July 2005 08:28 (UTC)

Sandbox
Brian: Are you aware that posting a Template:Test -style message on the talk page of a registered user can seem aggressive and insulting. Please do not do what you did to User talk:Rossnixon to any other talk pages. If you have a problem with the changes introduced by a registered editor, it is more constructive to describe your problems than to characterise them (even implicitly) as vandalism.—Theo (Talk) 2 July 2005 18:42 (UTC)

Brian: In my opinion the placing of such templates is incivil. The fact that you are not alone in so doing does not make it seem less aggressive to the recipient. Any suggestion that an editor's well-intentioned edit is vandalism is likely to be seen as insulting. Making such a charge against a registered user (who has made an implicit acceptance of community guidelines) is discourteous at best. Your request that I cite policy to support a request that you avoid behaviour that "can seem aggressive and insulting" disappoints me.—Theo (Talk) 2 July 2005 21:03 (UTC)

Brian: I am not condoning Ross's behaviour. His characterisation of evoloution as pseudoscience was inappropriate. Using a test template on him was inflammatory, however. It is possible that he would have responded as fiercely to a personal message asking him to remove the inappropriate categorisation. Now we can never know, but I feel certain that the use of the template cannot have improved things. I will ask him to apologise to you and I hope that you will apologise unconditionally to him.—Theo (Talk) 2 July 2005 21:28 (UTC)

 * I hereby apologize to Brian for adding Category:Pseudoscience to Evolution without any justification/discussion. I also apologise for blanking his comments on my talk page (I was unaware that the 3RR rule applied to those pages).RossNixon 3 July 2005 06:01 (UTC)

"Merge" template voting
I've set up two separate votes on the "merge" templates' discussion page. One pertains to the templates' wording, and the other pertains to the templates' visual design. Users may vote on neither, either or both of these issues.

Please note that I've posted this invitation on the talk pages of everyone who has expressed a preference for either wording and/or visual design. —Lifeisunfair 3 July 2005 19:48 (UTC)

Druidic polytheism, Celtic Polytheism, and Celtic polytheism
Is it just me, or are these three articles essentially copies of one another? In any event, my Wikisenses are tingling, as something about them is ...just not right. -- BD2412 talk July 5, 2005 18:31 (UTC)

Scientology and Pyschology
I've noticed 205.227.165.244 has been adding links from CCHR, the Scientology front-group attacking psychology, to a range of psychology related articles. You've reverted several of his changes, someone else added text about how controversial the group is, and I removed some links when they seemed clearly inappropriate to me. Is there anything else that can/should be done ? Salsb 6 July 2005 03:09 (UTC)

Michel Foucault
Brian what is with your edit of the picture of Michel Foucault? Firstly, replacing a photograph with an identifiable book cover featuring a photograph seems very unencyclopedic. Secondly, why did you flag this edit as 'minor' when it clearly was not? 129.78.64.100 9 July 2005 02:34 (UTC) XmarkX 9 July 2005 02:36 (UTC)

Like the laziness defence on the minor edit thing - I've done this myself, but it's a fine example for an administrator to set.XmarkX 9 July 2005 03:07 (UTC)

Patrick Henry College edits
I was suprised to see you revert all of my recent edits to Patrick Henry College and I have re-reverted them. Since reverting a revert is an extreme action, I need to justify myself. Here are the reasons for my edits:

 * Removed reference to unaccredited status
 * since PHC has only existed for 5 years and is actively working on accreditation, the reference to its status was misleading - few 5-year-old schools are accredited. However, simply removing the reference as I did was a terrible solution. My new edit discusses the whole situation.

 * "from its inception" in place of "from the start"
 * grammatically, the first is more precise; the second leaves a slight ambiguity about what is starting and what "starting" means.

 * "The college is non-denominational and its students have diverse denominational backgrounds."
 * This is supported by the college's website, and as a student I have observed it to be true. This information is helpful in clarifying the college's religious position.

 * Removed textbook listings:
 * Most articles about schools don't list examples of textbooks they use, and it seems to be trivial information.

 * Student life/rules
 * as I noted in my edit summary, the rules have changed in the last semester, and students are allowed in social lounges of opposite-sex dorms (which some may interpret "living area" to include).

If you still disagree with any of my edits, please revert the specific edits and let us resolve them by input on the talk page. Thanks for your work, and my offer is still open to answer any questions you have about PHC. DDerby 04:41, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Image:Caribou from Wagon Trails.jpg
-- Enochlau 14:37, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Image:Oceans.png
-- Enochlau 14:38, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Heeeeey!!! :P

 * P :P :P :P Hey! no fair picking on the computer scientist! RfC! RfC! Cabal! Cabal! :D I can do research :P I am doing it right now, working on some articles about Software engineering. I'll have to report you to the Ministry of Silly Walks next time you make such a derogatory term about computer science hehehe :D Project2501a 17:01, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

PS speciation :P

red whiskered bubul
can you edit 'auto brightness/contrast' with CS2, at ur free time. for Featured picture candidatesthank u. --Shivu 13:33, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * thank u Brian for time and encouragement. -- Shivu § Mesg 4 Mè §  13:00, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Parrot
Do you feel this can be for Featured picture candidates? thank u.

 * have updated, pls have a look.
 * thank u. -- Shivu § Mesg 4 Mè §  13:00, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Norman Borlaug
Allow me to be the first to congratulate you! –Hajor 15:38, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Mind Benders
Hello! I've noticed your past interest in Mind Benders and wanted to let you know that round one is now officially open! Consisting of ten challenging, puzzling questions, it is sure to be tons of WikiFun! In addition, take a look at all 9 of our great artistic entries and vote for one of them! Hope to see you there! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 16:29, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Image:Map-of-human-migrations.jpg
Damn I shouldn´t ! I have plenty of work to do today! But I couldn´t resist improving that image, it´s one of my favorites... If you manage to find me a high resolution dymaxion map I´ll update the image, as all the rest is just vector... --Alexandre Van de Sande 18:12, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

ACW victim list
Thanks for the heads-up. May I ask, from a purely mechanical standpoint, how you decide when to create a list versus a category? (I've been scratching my head just today about a guy who created a category for every article relating to George Custer. I hope that sort of thing doesn't proliferate.) Hal Jespersen 21:12, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

List of victims of the 1913 Great Lakes storm yet again
I am pushing for removal of the line about accepting lists from the Wikisource documentation. If that happens, something needs to be done with all these lists. I know you would probably rather not deal with this issue again but I just wanted to give you the heads up. I think the idea of moving lists to commons is a good idea. Did anyone take it up with the commons group? CSN 01:44, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

No I agree with you completely. The list is great work and definately should not be deleted. I would just like to move it whereever it belongs long term before a precedent is set for source. Yesterday someone added List of dead in Bolivian Gas War and List of "Shit happens" jokes to source. I don't think source should become the repository for lists. Shit, I already added a question to the commons village pump asking if they accept lists... Should I delete it? I don't want to stir up a hornets nest. CSN 02:07, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Okay, I deleted the request from commons and changed the link on the wikipedia article to point to the commons version. I'm going to try to get this deleted from source now if you don't have any further objection, and I'll move all future lists I come across there as well. CSN 02:19, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Combined logo
it looks great, i really like it. --Haham hanuka 11:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

If you are going to advocate you will have to defend
How do you deal with the problem in Firefox of searching in a text box. Edit in something other then Wiki I suppose, or do you have a magic solution? Dedicated to FF (until IE7) MeltBanana 17:31, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Mind Benders
Hello,. Thank you for submitting an entry to the pre-round and/or participating in round one of WP:MIND. I sincerly hope you enjoyed it. Round Two, which I have made a bit more difficult than round one, will open at approximately 2 PM EST, Sunday, July 24. In addition, the voting for pre-round has also been extended until the end of round two. I hope to see you at Round Two, so prepare for some WikIFun!!! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 17:37, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Kdbuffallo
What's your take on this chap? He's given up the username User:Creationist (talk • contribs) and switched to User:Kdbuffalo (talk • contribs). Often doesn't log in and uses the IPS User:128.205.191.56 (talk • contribs) User:128.205.191.56 (talk • contribs), User:210.61.156.8 (talk • contribs) (etc). I've been following him around too. Quite what he's done to Charles Darwin's illness is beyond me. He's a YEC so grip on reality might be lacking, but he seems to be civil, not causing too much damage (if only because everyone reverts him) and wants to respect NPOV although I think his concept of neutrality might be a little wayward. Dunc|☺ 20:54, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Charles?
What is the meaning of this silliness? -Casito⇝Talk 16:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Benny Hinn...
Can you provide the source for the False Prophecies. I like them, but I'd like the source to deal with the eventual storm they will bring. Wikibofh 22:23, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Boothy RfA
You made a comment, "These outside views seem to be conveniently leaving out Boothy's replies to people about his.." on Boothy's RfA page which belongs which belongs on the corresponding discussion page. However, I didn't want to change another user's edit, therefore I have not moved it. -- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 23:35, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

"unnecessary addition"
I have restored my casual query. While not the most brilliant thing I've written on WP, it was friendly, relevant to the Wikipedia space content and asked a question that was mildly interesting. The most objectionable thing about it is that it is in a rather obscure location. I would be delighted if you would enlighten me as to what speedy deletion criterion your comment "unnecessary addition" refers to. -  BanyanTree 03:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brian0918/Archive 07


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Anna Maria Alberghetti

Anna Maria Alberghetti (born May 15, 1936) is an Italian-American actress and soprano. Alberghetti sang in concert from the time she was a child and performed at Carnegie Hall at age 13.

She began working in American films at age 15 with Frank Capra's 1951 musical Here Comes the Groom. She continued to act in film throughout the 1950s, before turning her focus to theater in the 1960s. In 1962, she won a Tony for her performance in Carnival! Her stage work also included roles in Kismet, West Side Story, and Cabaret.

Alberghetti appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show more than 50 times.

Biography
Born May 15, 1936, in Pesaro, Marche, in central Italy, she starred on Broadway and won a Tony Award in 1962 as Best Actress (Musical) for Carnival! (she tied with Diahann Carroll for the musical No Strings).

Alberghetti was a child prodigy. Her father was an opera singer and concert master of the Rome Opera Company. Her mother was a pianist. At age six, Anna Maria sang in a concert on the Isle of Rhodes with a 100-piece orchestra. She performed at Carnegie Hall in New York at the age of 13. At 15, she was introduced to American film audiences in Frank Capra's 1951 musical Here Comes the Groom, which starred Bing Crosby. At 16, she was Red Skelton's opening act during his Sahara Hotel engagement in Las Vegas.

Her younger sister, Carla, also became a musical artist, who appeared in many stage productions. She eventually became Anna Maria's replacement in her Tony Award-winning role on Broadway. She has a brother, Paul Alberghetti, who is an entertainment attorney and film producer. He is married to filmmaker Michele Noble.

Professional career
Alberghetti appeared twice on the cover of Life magazine. She appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show more than 50 times. She guest-starred in 1957 on NBC's The Gisele MacKenzie Show. That same year, she performed in the premiere episode of The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom on ABC. She co-starred with Dean Martin in 1957's Ten Thousand Bedrooms and with Jerry Lewis in  The Jazz Singer in 1959, and Cinderfella 1960, not long after the Martin and Lewis comedy team parted ways.

Alberghetti also appeared in 1955's The Last Command, which starred Sterling Hayden, and had the female lead in the Western Duel at Apache Wells in 1957.

In 1959, the 22-year-old Alberghetti played the lead in "The Conchita Vasquez Story" of NBC's Wagon Train. She was cast as part of a gang of Comancheros who intend to attack the wagon train to steal rifles headed to the United States Army. Instead, she decides to leave the Comancheros and move west after she falls in love with scout Flint McCullough, played by Robert Horton. Tragically, as the episode ends, Conchita is killed by a bullet from her own people when they ambush the wagon train.

On March 1, 1961, she appeared as a guest contestant on the television series I've Got a Secret. She guest-starred on The Andy Williams Show on March 28, 1963 and performed on The Hollywood Palace variety program's episode of May 2, 1964.

She appeared as a mystery guest on What's My Line on November 23, 1958. She appeared for a second mystery-guest appearance on April 30, 1961. In 1965, Alberghetti went on tour and performed on stage with Bob Hope in Okinawa for U.S. servicemen.

She also appeared as herself in an episode of the comedy show Fractured Flickers, talking with the host Hans Conreid.

Alberghetti has toured in many theatrical productions and continues with her popular one-woman cabaret act. She had roles in a pair of 2001 films: The Whole Shebang and Friends & Family.

Alberghetti appeared in television commercials for Good Seasons salad dressing during the 1970s and early 1980s, where she was cast as "The Good Seasons Lady".

There are some references to Alberghetti in the novel Rosemary's baby by Ira Levin, amongst which, in a vision of Rosemary, she is seen, tiny, in the stone of the pope's ring.

Personal life
Alberghetti became a U.S. citizen in 1961.

She was married to television producer-director Claudio Guzmán from 1964 to 1974. They had two children: Alexandra (b. 1966) and Pilar (b. 1970).

Stage work

 * Rose-Marie (1960)
 * Carnival! (1961)
 * Fanny (1963; 1968)
 * The Fantasticks (1968)
 * West Side Story (1964)
 * The Most Happy Fella (1969)
 * Cabaret (1970)
 * Kismet (1971)
 * The Student Prince (1976)
 * The Sound of Music (1978; 1985)
 * Side by Side by Sondheim (1980)
 * Camelot (1981)
 * The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies (2000)
 * Senior Class (2007)

Discography

 * Songs By Anna Maria Alberghetti (Mercury Records, 1955)
 * I Can't Resist You (Capitol Records, 1957)
 * Warm And Willing (Capitol Records, 1960)
 * Love Makes The World Go Round (MGM Records, 1962)
 * Merry Christmas from Anna Maria Alberghetti And Introducing Reino Moisio (Celebrity House, 1984)

title: Anna Maria Alberghetti


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Risk perception

Risk perception is the subjective judgement that people make about the characteristics and severity of a risk. Risk perceptions often differ from statistical assessments of risk since they are affected by a wide range of affective (emotions, feelings, moods, etc.), cognitive (gravity of events, media coverage, risk-mitigating measures, etc.), contextual (framing of risk information, availability of alternative information sources, etc.), and individual (personality traits, previous experience, age, etc.) factors. Several theories have been proposed to explain why different people make different estimates of the dangerousness of risks. Three major families of theory have been developed: psychology approaches (heuristics and cognitive), anthropology/sociology approaches (cultural theory) and interdisciplinary approaches (social amplification of risk framework).

Early theories
The study of risk perception arose out of the observation that experts and lay people often disagreed about how risky various technologies and natural hazards were.

The mid 1960s saw the rapid rise of nuclear technologies and the promise of clean and safe energy. However, public perception shifted against this new technology. Fears of both longitudinal dangers to the environment and immediate disasters creating radioactive wastelands turned the public against this new technology. The scientific and governmental communities asked why public perception was against the use of nuclear energy when all the scientific experts were declaring how safe it really was. The problem, as non-experts perceived it, was a difference between scientific facts and an exaggerated public perception of the dangers.

A key early paper was written in 1969 by Chauncey Starr. Starr used a revealed preference approach to find out what risks are considered acceptable by society. He assumed that society had reached equilibrium in its judgment of risks, so whatever risk levels actually existed in society were acceptable. His major finding was that people will accept risks 1,000 times greater if they are voluntary (e.g. driving a car) than if they are involuntary (e.g. a nuclear disaster).

This early approach assumed that individuals behave rationally by weighing information before making a decision, and that individuals have exaggerated fears due to inadequate or incorrect information. Implied in this assumption is that additional information can help people understand true risk and hence lessen their opinion of danger. While researchers in the engineering school did pioneer research in risk perception, by adapting theories from economics, it has little use in a practical setting. Numerous studies have rejected the belief that additional information alone will shift perceptions.

Psychological approach
The psychological approach began with research in trying to understand how people process information. These early works maintained that people use cognitive heuristics in sorting and simplifying information, leading to biases in comprehension. Later work built on this foundation and became the psychometric paradigm. This approach identifies numerous factors responsible for influencing individual perceptions of risk, including dread, novelty, stigma, and other factors.

Research also shows that risk perceptions are influenced by the emotional state of the perceiver. The valence theory of risk perception only differentiates between positive emotions, such as happiness and optimism, and negative ones, such as fear and anger. According to valence theory, positive emotions lead to optimistic risk perceptions whereas negative emotions influence a more pessimistic view of risk.

Research also has found that, whereas risk and benefit tend to be positively correlated across hazardous activities in the world, they are negatively correlated in people's minds and judgements.

Heuristics and biases
The earliest psychometric research was done by psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, who performed a series of gambling experiments to see how people evaluated probabilities. Their major finding was that people use a number of heuristics to evaluate information. These heuristics are usually useful shortcuts for thinking, but they may lead to inaccurate judgments in some situations – in which case they become cognitive biases.
 * Representativeness: is usually employed when people are asked to judge the probability that an object or event belongs to a class / processes by its similarity:
 * insensitivity to prior probability
 * insensitivity to sample size
 * misconception of chance
 * insensitivity to predictability
 * illusion of validity
 * misconception of regression
 * Availability heuristic: events that can be more easily brought to mind or imagined are judged to be more likely than events that could not easily be imagined:
 * biases due to retrievability of instances
 * biases due to the effectiveness of research set
 * biases of imaginability
 * illusory correlation
 * Anchoring and Adjustment heuristic: people will often start with one piece of known information and then adjust it to create an estimate of an unknown risk – but the adjustment will usually not be big enough:
 * insufficient adjustment
 * biases in the evaluation of conjunctive and disjunctive event (conjunction fallacy)
 * anchoring in the assessment of subjective probability distributions
 * Asymmetry between gains and losses: People are risk averse with respect to gains, preferring a sure thing over a gamble with a higher expected utility but which presents the possibility of getting nothing. On the other hand, people will be risk-seeking about losses, preferring to hope for the chance of losing nothing rather than taking a sure, but smaller, loss (e.g. insurance).
 * Threshold effects: People prefer to move from uncertainty to certainty over making a similar gain in certainty that does not lead to full certainty. For example, most people would choose a vaccine that reduces the incidence of disease A from 10% to 0% over one that reduces the incidence of disease B from 20% to 10%.

Another key finding was that the experts are not necessarily any better at estimating probabilities than lay people. Experts were often overconfident in the exactness of their estimates, and put too much stock in small samples of data.

Cognitive Psychology
The majority of people in the public express a greater concern for problems which appear to possess an immediate effect on everyday life such as hazardous waste or pesticide-use than for long-term problems that may affect future generations such as climate change or population growth. People greatly rely on the scientific community to assess the threat of environmental problems because they usually do not directly experience the effects of phenomena such as climate change. The exposure most people have to climate change has been impersonal; most people only have virtual experience through documentaries and news media in what may seem like a “remote” area of the world. However, coupled with the population’s wait-and-see attitude, people do not understand the importance of changing environmentally destructive behaviors even when experts provide detailed and clear risks caused by climate change.

Psychometric paradigm
Research within the psychometric paradigm turned to focus on the roles of affect, emotion, and stigma in influencing risk perception. Melissa Finucane and Paul Slovic have been among the key researchers here. These researchers first challenged Starr's article by examining expressed preference – how much risk people say they are willing to accept. They found that, contrary to Starr's basic assumption, people generally saw most risks in society as being unacceptably high. They also found that the gap between voluntary and involuntary risks was not nearly as great as Starr claimed.

Slovic and team found that perceived risk is quantifiable and predictable. People tend to view current risk levels as unacceptably high for most activities. All things being equal, the greater people perceived a benefit, the greater the tolerance for a risk. If a person derived pleasure from using a product, people tended to judge its benefits as high and its risks as low. If the activity was disliked, the judgments were opposite. Research in psychometrics has proven that risk perception is highly dependent on intuition, experiential thinking, and emotions.

Psychometric research identified a broad domain of characteristics that may be condensed into three high order factors: 1) the degree to which a risk is understood, 2) the degree to which it evokes a feeling of dread, and 3) the number of people exposed to the risk. A dread risk elicits visceral feelings of terror, uncontrollable, catastrophe, inequality, and uncontrolled. An unknown risk is new and unknown to science. The more a person dreads an activity, the higher its perceived risk and the more that person wants the risk reduced.

Anthropology/sociology approach
The anthropology/sociology approach posits risk perceptions as produced by and supporting social institutions. In this view, perceptions are socially constructed by institutions, cultural values, and ways of life.

Cultural theory
One line of the Cultural Theory of risk is based on the work of anthropologist Mary Douglas and political scientist Aaron Wildavsky first published in 1982. In cultural theory, Douglas and Wildavsky outline four “ways of life” in a grid/group arrangement. Each way of life corresponds to a specific social structure and a particular outlook on risk. Grid categorizes the degree to which people are constrained and circumscribed in their social role. The tighter binding of social constraints limits individual negotiation. Group refers to the extent to which individuals are bounded by feelings of belonging or solidarity. The greater the bonds, the less individual choice are subject to personal control. Four ways of life include: Hierarchical, Individualist, Egalitarian, and Fatalist.

Risk perception researchers have not widely accepted this version of cultural theory. Even Douglas says that the theory is controversial; it poses a danger of moving out of the favored paradigm of individual rational choice of which many researchers are comfortable.

On the other hand, writers who drawn upon a broader cultural theory perspective have argued that risk-perception analysis helps understand the public response to terrorism in a way that goes far beyond 'rational choice'. As John Handmer and Paul James write:

In the area of embodied risk, people are not as fearful of themselves as perhaps they should be on the issues of illicit drug use, unsafe sex and so on. Yet with the compounding of both more abstract and more embodied risk this package appears to have met its goal to generate support for government policy. Fear of 'outsiders' and of a non-specific, invisible and uncontrollable threat was a powerful motivator in shaping perception.

National Culture and Risk Survey
The First National Culture and Risk Survey of cultural cognition found that a person's worldview on the two social and cultural dimensions of "hierarchy-egalitarianism," and "individualism-solidarism" was predictive of their response to risk.

Social amplification of risk framework
The Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF), combines research in psychology, sociology, anthropology, and communications theory. SARF outlines how communications of risk events pass from the sender through intermediate stations to a receiver and in the process serve to amplify or attenuate perceptions of risk. All links in the communication chain, individuals, groups, media, etc., contain filters through which information is sorted and understood.

The framework attempts to explain the process by which risks are amplified, receiving public attention, or attenuated, receiving less public attention. The framework may be used to compare responses from different groups in a single event, or analyze the same risk issue in multiple events. In a single risk event, some groups may amplify their perception of risks while other groups may attenuate, or decrease, their perceptions of risk.

The main thesis of SARF states that risk events interact with individual psychological, social and other cultural factors in ways that either increase or decrease public perceptions of risk. Behaviors of individuals and groups then generate secondary social or economic impacts while also increasing or decreasing the physical risk itself.

These ripple effects caused by the amplification of risk include enduring mental perceptions, impacts on business sales, and change in residential property values, changes in training and education, or social disorder. These secondary changes are perceived and reacted to by individuals and groups resulting in third-order impacts. As each higher-order impacts are reacted to, they may ripple to other parties and locations. Traditional risk analyses neglect these ripple effect impacts and thus greatly underestimate the adverse effects from certain risk events. Public distortion of risk signals provides a corrective mechanism by which society assesses a fuller determination of the risk and its impacts to such things not traditionally factored into a risk analysis.

title: Risk perception


text:
User:Househippie

Househippie updates trivial things that relate to hippy pop culture. Email is moocowmoo.sean@gmail.com.

title: User:Househippie


text:
User talk:Hoffnung

Please do not remove comments from VFD. It is considered vandalism. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 23:42, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hoffnung


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Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon

The men's marathon was a track & field athletics event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was held on July 19, 1900. 13 athletes from five nations competed in the marathon, which used a distance of 40.26 kilometres.

The winner, Michel Théato, was a native of Luxembourg who was living in Paris. At the time, competitors were not selected and entered by National Olympic Committees. As such, Théato was recorded as being French. Decades later, after his true nationality was determined, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg lodged a complaint with the International Olympic Committee and petitioned to change the Olympic record of Théato's nationality; this complaint was rejected in 2004.

In 2021, the IOC online data and medal table for the 1900 Games were changed to reflect medalists' nationalities in this and eight other events, including for Michel Théato. This led some to believe that Luxembourg had officially recovered this Olympic title. This change in the IOC online data was later reversed.

Summary
The marathon race, which began at 2:30 p.m. in temperatures of 39 °C (102 °F ), wound through the streets of Paris.

While 20 runners entered, only thirteen started, with seven finishing the race: one dropped out during the four laps around the track that preceded the road running. Touquet-Daunis led until he was overcome by the heat, and subsequently retired from the race.

Fast took the lead, but had tired himself trying to keep pace with the Frenchman, and was passed by Théato and Champion before the end.

Background
This was the second appearance of the event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics. None of the runners from 1896 returned. The marathon, invented specifically for the 1896 Olympics, was not quite as much a novelty as four years prior; the Boston Marathon had been run every year starting in 1897, and the 1898 winner, Ronald MacDonald of Canada, was among the runners at the 1900 Olympics.

Canada, Great Britain, and Sweden appeared in the event for the first time. France and the United States were the only nations to have runners in both of the first two Olympic marathons.

Competition format
The marathon was a single-race competition. The distance for the event had not yet been standardized; the 1900 version used a course that was 40.26 kilometres in length (compared to the approximately 40 kilometres of 1896 and the 42.195 kilometres later set as the standard). The course started with four laps of the track in the stadium (2 kilometers), before running through the streets of Paris.

Records
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in hours) prior to the 1900 Summer Olympics. Marathon distances were not standardized, and world records or bests were not officially recognized, until 1924.

(*) Distance was 40 kilometres


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/India Joy Eisley

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. --Tony Sidaway Talk 11:44, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

India Joy Eisley
Can't verify this - and don't look notable in any case. 11 year-old girl - daughter of actress Olivia Hussey (that's verifiable). She has alledgedly had a part in a movie now in pre-production, but IMDB does not credit her - and would that be notable anyway. --Doc (?) 23:44, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no evidence of any notable acting roles CDC   (talk)  23:53, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Olivia Hussey Sonic Mew | talk to me 23:59, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK but her existence is already noted there - and everything else is unverified at present --Doc (?) 00:07, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Carla Alberghetti

Carla Alberghetti (born 24 June 1939) is an Italian soprano singer. She was born on the Greek island of Rhodes.

Alberghetti made her singing debut at the Hollywood Bowl with the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra in 1955, singing "Un bel di" from Puccini's Madama Butterfly. In 1960 she appeared in a touring production of the musical Kismet opposite baritone Gordon MacRae.

Carla Alberghetti took over the role of Lili in Carnival from her older sister, Anna Maria Alberghetti, who had won a Tony Award as Best Actress (Musical) for the part, before it closed on Broadway in 1963, and took the show on the road, starring opposite Ed Ames and Ray Danton. In July 1961, she played Cinderella in the musical "Cinderella" at the Starlight theatre in Kansas City. The production was choreographed by Harding Dorn and the cast included Hal LeRoy, Joe Ross, Patti Karr, Mimi Randolph and Tommy Rall.

Alberghetti made guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show, Tonight Starring Jack Paar and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. She headlined at many nightclubs and resorts, including the Riviera, Tropicana and Harrah's in Las Vegas.

title: Carla Alberghetti


text: User talk:68.103.66.4

title: User talk:68.103.66.4