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Talk:Metabolic equivalent of task

Question the values
I would question the values given in the table, that "desk-work" = 1.8 and "strolling" = 2.0. There should be a much greater difference. Sitting work should be 1.0 or maybe 1.2 and standing work should be around 2. I came to this article to find the difference in METs between sitting work and standing work, but I don't believe the listing. Baruchatta (talk) 16:01, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Met-minutes Unclear
If a single MET is the resting metabolic rate, and a MET-minute is (duration of activity in minutes)*(METs of the activity), then doesn't everyone, by definition, acquire about 10,080 MET-minutes per week? This is well above the targets given in the article, and makes me think that either there are some additional facts that need to be included or the MET-minute concept is vapid. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.56.148.221 (talk) 01:04, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree. The article Heart failure says that the recommended minimum by U.S. guidelines is 500 MET-minutes/week. There are 10,080 minutes in a week, so what's the problem? Or let's say that resting doesn't count. So you can do 400 minutes (6 hours and 40 minutes) of 1.25 MET activity! Everybody does that. Something doesn't make sense. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 09:41, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Cooper Points
I would be particularly interested to read a discussion of the difference between METs/mile in a eg training run versus 'Cooper Points' for the same activity. See Talk Page for Kenneth H. Cooper. In brief, the higher METs for 6 minute miling over 10 minute miling are nearly compensated for by the reduced time to cover the distance :-). But the Cooper points on a per mile basis differ by nearly a factor of 2 (IIRC) (Numbers - Cooper says 3 miles at 30 to 36 minutes is 11 points, and if done in 20 to 24 minutes that rises to 20 points.

Now the METs for 12 minute miling is 8.5 and for 6 minute miling rises to 16. So per mile, it's nearly a constant...)

Surrogate formula cpm/kg
Some exercise machines estimate METs based on the formula: cpm/kg.  This convenient non-individualized approximation is often used, including in scientific literature. "No work requires only “basal metabolism,” or about 3.5 mL O2/kg/minute, also known as 1 MET."  "One MET is defined as the energy it takes to sit quietly. For the average adult, this is about one calorie per every 2.2 pounds of body weight per hour someone who weighs 160 pounds would burn approximately 70 calories an hour while sitting or sleeping."

These simple surrogate formulas are widely used. Please do not censor this information from the article. Please add details about how good or bad this approximation is, how much reality varies by plus or minus for who under what conditions.-69.87.204.9 14:39, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

SI Units Required
Please bring this article up to date and into the 2oth century (!!) by using SI units for energy and power. These are the Joule (J) and Watt (W). Expressing power in terms of kcal/hr seems absolutely bizarre to me, and to have to make this request in the 21st century is equally so. This is surely Wikki at its worst. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.46.12.25 (talk) 07:47, 21 June 2011 (UTC)
 * In general, I would agree with you but not here. If you want to understand how the MET came into being then you have to examine the history of exercise science and exercise physiology. Much was carried out in France and in Germany, but subsequently much was also carried out in the USA and in the UK.

 * The calorie is actually a very useful unit of energy because it is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gramme of pure water by one degree Celsius. Admittedly, this creates problems of its own because the energy needed depends upon the temperature and the pressure, so we end up with slightly different definitions of the calorie, for example the 15 degree Celsius calorie.

 * Nevertheless, as an easily remembered and visualised unit, the calorie like the inch, the foot, the yard, the fathom, the chain, the furlong and the acre all remain invaluable.

 * In exercise science, one calorie is a bit small. The kilocalorie is more useful. Hence, historically one MET was defined as the thermal energy expenditure of one kilocalorie of energy per kilogram of body mass per hour.

 * Intriguingly, as a rough rule of thumb this happens to approximate to the typical basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting metabolic rate (RMR), measured in kilocalories per kilogramme per hour, of the human subjects used in the early experiments. This was a healthy, adult human male of standard body mass (ie 70 kg as it was back in most western countries in the early decades of the last century), in his twenties or thirties, and of normal body fat and leanness. 58.165.123.47 (talk) 21:13, 18 February 2013 (UTC)

Multiple issues
I've tagged the article for the following reasons:

1. The article's introduction is too technical and/or becomes too technical too quickly. This is a wiki style issue.

2. There is almost no information in the article on the origins of METs

3. There is almost no information in the article on the derivation of the tables

4. Citations in the article are inadequate.

5. The criticism section (Limitations on the ...etc), although much needed, requires additional citations.

The bulk of the article appears to rely extensively in one source (Ainsworth) and at least one of the references is incorrect e.g the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 does not specifically deal with Metabolic rate, but "defines the range of indoor thermal environmental conditions acceptable to a majority of occupants".

IMO the article needs attention from a medical expert. There are other issues with the style of the article but imo the above issues are the most pressing.

LookingGlass (talk) 13:15, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

Confusing and incomplete
The textual context to the definition is inaccurate, incomplete, and misleading. The article first states the MET has units (power)/(kg). I would guess that the (power) is either: the body's output power or the energy burned per unit time. These are different! The definition does not state which to use. Also, the (kg) is not defined. I would guess the (kg) is intended to be body mass, but again, this is not stated. The next sentence says the MET is also defined as (power)/(m^2), where the (m^2) is body surface area. These are two different definitions! There should be a discussion on the differences: "Some authors [...] define a MET as power produced per body mass; other authors [...] define a MET as power produced per body surface area." Or something along those lines. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.135.186.216 (talk) 19:25, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

 * moved this comment to the end as per wiki protocol. It seems to add to my remarks above.  Should it be indented?  LookingGlass (talk) 18:57, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

Metabolic Equivalency Task
The heading of Wikipedia should read "MET (Metabolic Equivalency Task)" This would reduce a lot of confusion. Most trainers and fitness experts and healthcare researchers refer to "METs", as a basis for measuring workout intensity. Another factor which creates confusion is the exercises that can vary in intensity, such as running, unless other specific parameters are met, like miles per hour and the height and weight of the individual. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:30A:C0B4:EE30:E8F9:1668:FFAD:CED0 (talk) 17:07, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

METs and WATTs
Please add discussion and information about converting between METs and Watts. Many common exercise machines now use both those units. Conversion tables and formulas? -71.174.175.150 (talk) 23:32, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

specifying volume of oxygen
I've noticed that the oxygen consumed is specified in millilitres. That is not specific enough. Especially temperature and pressure should be specified. Otherwise I'd guess 293K & 100kPa, but that is not common knowledge. Tothphu (talk) 05:14, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

American usage of Calories (upper case "C") in MET calculations can be confusing
Common Source of Confusion about KCal in MET formula It might be useful to explain that common usage of the term Calorie (spelled with upper case "C") in American literature to express energy consumed by exercise actually means kilcalories, or in technical abbreviation, Kcal. This is unfortunate. Also, it might be useful to explain how one converts from VO2 measurements in mL O2/Kg/min to Kcal/kg/h. Deriving energy from glucose provides a good starting point. The heat of reaction (enthalpy) of glucose oxidation is about 677 Kcal/mole and it takes 6 moles of oxygen per mole of glucose. Each mole of oxygen equals 22.4 L at standard temperature and pressure. Therefore, 1 L of oxygen is 0.0447 moles, enough to oxidize 1/6 of 0.0447 moles of glucose or 0.00744 moles. It means that energy of glucose expended by 1 L of oxygen equates to 0.00744 mole x 677 Kcal/mole or 4.96 Kcal, or about 5 Kcal/L O2. To convert 3.5 mL O2 to Kcal, divide by 1,000 mL/L and multiply by 5 Kcal/L. To convert from min to h, multiply by 60. The rounded off result is 1 Kcal/Kg/h. Clean Jordan Lake (talk) 22:41, 6 February 2017 (UTC)

Additional Linked Information
This section should be used to add links to additional information about this subject.

Free article about METS and Activities

 * The above is a dead link... IiKkEe (talk) 20:17, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

Inconsistent handling of power and METs
The section which lists how many METs for a task is incorrect where "power" is given. For example, the number of METs using a stationary bicycle at 50 or 100 watts depends on the weight (mass ...) of the individual. I weight about 82kg, so 100 watts is close to 1.2 w/kg. A lighter rider -- say 50kg -- would be producing 2.0 w/kg, which is more METs. And obviously a heavier rider would be producing fewer. The examples should provide the weight of the example riders, with a footnote explaining how to translate to their own weight for an individual reading the article. Tall Girl (talk) 19:47, 15 March 2018 (UTC)

The information in this article is, IMHO, sound. I don't claim to be a medical expert, but that is not the type of person who is best suited for editing this information. The medical industry has, in general, about a week of health and nutrition education. Hence, a GP is of little value when questioned about the subject (although they will provide an opinion).

What's truly missing in this article, as already pointed out, is "layman" terminology to extrapolate what's documented. In other words, it needs to have layman terminology "added" to all of the technical information "within" the technical content.

I've been in the health, nutrition, diet and exercise industry for more than 40 years. My brother wrote the "Nutrition Desk Reference" (Robert H. Garrison, Jr.). Were he still alive I would confer with him to provide text that "anybody" could understand.

What I would like to offer is this. First, 100% of Calorie expenditure calculations - regardless of the formula - is an "estimate". It's not possible to calculate Calorie expenditure per-person without going to a lab and get hooked up to a lot of technology that monitors that one person. Therefore, whatever methods are used to "calculate" Calorie expenditure (and yes, Calorie or Calories with a capital "C" is proper - lower case means something other than the Calories to which we are referring) are simply a method of giving someone an "idea" of how much effort they are putting forth when they are doing..."anything".

We burn Calories 24/7/365. Or, we burn Calories as long as we are living and breathing. Weight, age, body composition, fitness level, daily diet, amount of sleep and the amount of oxygen a person intakes are all factors that effect the Calorie expenditure of any "single" person. So to specify that "X" number of Calories are burned for a "?" pound person is impossible. The only method of calculation is to estimate. Therefore, the MET is an estimate that can be used to "closely estimate" how many Calories "you" burn.

The reason I found this article today, and why I'm interjecting, is because I'm re-developing my own site - GarrisonBody.com - with a new look "and" trying to streamline the content so the general public not only understands, but doesn't have to be a health and nutrition expert to know what the funk I'm trying to say. I'm also trying to see the calculators I have in my site could be made any more accurate.

Please take a look at GarrisonBody.com/gbnew/ if you'd like to see where I'm going with the new site. And I'm only mentioning my site because - I'm saddled with the same situation. How to take technical data and "dumb-it-down" so that "anybody" can make sense of the information. It's not easy.

I'd be happy to consult with Wikipedia on this article to help resolve at least "some" of the issues. Please contact me using my account information so that I can get an alert via E-mail. I don't log in but every few years, although I do use Wikipedia a lot. And yes, I just donated in January.

Let me know if I can help. LTCreations (talk) 20:01, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

Valiant misplaced sympathies
For the record, my sympathies are 2 parts the reader, and 1 part the MOS. I just made edits that serve the reader 100% better, but the MOS 20% less well. Certain sticklers might not approve. Revise or revert at will; I'm done with this dog. — MaxEnt 00:16, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

 * By some miracle, I refrained from adding an assertion about the use of MET⋅hours/weakling of PT in boot camp. — MaxEnt 01:31, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metabolic equivalent of task


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Charles Seely MP, DL

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep --Tony Sidaway|Talk 07:04, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Charles Seely MP, DL
This article, and everything else created by anonymous user 63.117.78.2 last night, seem to be genealogical information on the Seely family, and probably copied from some database. Some individuals may be encyclopedic, but many, I'm sure, are just like this one. See What Wikipedia is not. Ken 13:42, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Having seen the error of my ways, I think this article should be kept and cleaned up, not deleted. Ken 19:57, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

I am the author and I note copyright violations. This is my family member listed. Are you suggesting that i re-write the entry? I cannot believe that i dont have a right to my family's biographical data. i know most of it by heart!? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.117.78.21 (talk • contribs) 9:32, 14 July 2005
 * Delete : Could someone add the other titles of articles created by anonymous user 63.117.78.2, to make cleaning things up easier for whatever admin comes along and closes the VfD? jglc | t | c 13:44, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I went through the contributions for this and the other IP this user was using last night and added all non-notable individuals to VfD. There were fewer than I expected, as most are peers. Ken 13:54, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * The others should go, but this man, as is pointed out below, was an MP. Keep. jglc | t | c 14:49, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - needs cleanup, obviously, but former members of parliament seem eminently encyclopedic to me. OpenToppedBus - My Talk 13:48, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, but MP 1847-48 and 1861-85? I would agree that a simple list of MPs might be useful, but there's nothing notable about most of them, just as there's really nothing notable about most members of Congress. Ken 13:54, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've taken the liberty of redirecting this one to Charles Seely, since it that the exact same content, and that had the correct name. Going to merge the VFD thingies now.  Morwen - Talk 13:55, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and tag for cleanup--all members of Parliament, like all members of U.S. Congress and all other national legislatures, are encyclopedic. I normally don't use this, but Wikipedia is not paper. Meelar (talk) 14:11, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Charles Seely was one of the longest serving Members of Parliament in the 19th Century. He was a well-known philanthropist and land owner in the United Kingdom and the Isle of Wight.  He hosted Guiseppe Garibaldi on his visit to London and Isle of Wight which is covered extensively by the London Illustrated News and other notable journals of the time.  Members of Parliament in the [United Kingdom]] during the 19th Century were influential given United Kingdom dominance in world affairs at the time, Industrial Revolution etc.
 * unsigned comment by User:Cseely
 * Speedy keep and wikify. All MPs are notable. David | Talk 14:46, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Also see: See UK National Archives for family estates []-note Barons Sherwood refers to great grandson of Charles Seely herein and Seely family is common to all associated Seely family entries and Isle of Wight record office for Seely family estates []. All Seely family MP entries can be verified.
 * unsigned comment by User:63.117.78.2
 * Keep a cleaned up article on this MP, but I do suspect the original contributor was merely cutting and pasting from another website. Average Earthman 15:58, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand with most of the information from Cseely's comment above. (Delete all the Seelys who weren't Members of Parliament.)  Barno 16:01, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep You can't be serious about nominating a member of Parliament. CalJW 16:22, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this one. MP=notable. But needs to rectify the current copyvio problem first. 23skidoo 17:36, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: You have a right to your family's biographical data. Wikipedia does not have a right to the copyrighted contents of a published reference work without proper citation of that work. If you truly have your entire family's genealogy memorised, it should be but the work of a few scant minutes to re-create it. jglc | t | c 19:41, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Will rewrite later and post.

thankyou--do you suggest i re-write the entries or site the reference work?
 * Personally I would rewrite of all the articles, rather than a citation added to them. The general test applied for a fair use claim is the percentage of the work that's copied, versus the percentage that isn't. Adding a citation leaves the copied material intact, and obviously copied. Rewriting it will change the format, even if the data is the same as presented in your source (which you should still cite). It may also let you add some biographical detail that's not present in your source, which would further differentiate your article from the source. You might want to create a custom template, since there are a lot of Seelys, it seems. :-) Ken 20:13, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

I have re-written all of the entries. How long do i have to wait for approval? Several of them are marked for copyright infringment, which i no longer believe is the case, since i have written them mostly from memory.
 * Per the copyright violation notice, if you've rewritten the articles and placed the rewritten versions in the correct location (temp pages under the main article) they'll replace the notice when it's cleaned up. There's a seven day waiting period for this. In the mean time, continue to maintain the articles in their current location; if you need to link to one, I think you would link to the main article.Ken 21:20, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it's a copyvio. JamesBurns 03:26, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewrite the copyvio, but we should have an article on all MPs. James F. (talk) 15:47, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Dolly Dots

Dolly Dots are a Dutch pop girl band that formed in 1979. With their style of upbeat dance/pop, they scored many hits throughout Europe. The sextet consisted of Angela Groothuizen, Angéla Kramers, Anita Heilker, Esther Oosterbeek, Patty Zomer and Ria Brieffies.

Biography
The Dolly Dots had many hits between 1979 and 1988. They were most successful in the Netherlands, but they also scored hits in the rest of Europe. Additionally, their single "Radio" was a big hit in Japan. "P.S." was a Top 50 Billboard Hot Dance Club Play hit in 1981. They also enjoyed hits in Turkey, Lebanon, Iceland, and toured through Egypt.

Although the band were never successful in the United Kingdom, they did feature on the 23 June 1983 edition of Top of the Pops when they were interviewed by DJ John Peel whilst on location in Amsterdam.

At the peak of their success in 1984, the Dolly Dots had their own TV series, Barbie Dolls, Wallpaper, and a #1 hit, "Love Me Just a Little Bit More (Totally Hooked on You)". At the end of the following year, Anita Heilker left the group to have a daughter. She later became the Dutch voice of Donald Duck. The rest of the band continued as a five-piece.

Heilker had already launched her own career. In 1986, she released four solo singles ("You've Got Me Keyed Up", "Into the Night", "Dancing on the Moon" and "Don't Treat Me Like This"), as well as a solo album (The Girl in Black).

Since the TV series' success in 1984, there had been plans to record a Hollywood film. In the summer of 1986, the five remaining Dolly Dots finally went to the US to work with an unfinished script and made a movie called Dutch Treat, which was released later that year. The movie (starring Lorin Dreyfuss and David Landsberg) and its soundtrack were modest successes in The Netherlands but were not released in the US due to poor reviews. The group broke up in 1988. Their last single was an attempt to break into the UK market. The Dolly Dots teamed up with hit producers Stock Aitken Waterman and released the song "What a Night". It reached number 18 in the Dutch charts, but was not successful in the UK.

On 2 October 1988, the Dolly Dots played a farewell show at the Amsterdam Escape. After more than 9 years, they felt the time was right to go their separate ways.

In 2016, the Dolly Dots returned for a special medley performance live on stage.

In 2021, the group revealed a brand new tour with dates across the Netherlands, however these had to be rescheduled due to the then Covid-19 pandemic.

Solo careers
In 1989, Anita Heilker taped a sitcom with satirical duo Henk Spaan and Harry Vermeegen (Die 2, "Those 2" in English) for early 1990 broadcast on Veronica. She also has been the Dutch voice of Donald Duck for many years.

Angela Groothuizen teamed up with Ruud Mulder, former guitarist of disco/funk-contemporaries Spargo, to record as Angela & the Rude. She also began a television hosting career for AVRO starting in 1990 with an adaptation of Challenge Anneka; this was followed by Sex with Angela and later, Who's the Mole?. Her contract expired in 2005 and was not renewed. Groothuizen has since moved to RTL 4 where she was a panel judge for X Factor, The Voice of Holland and The Voice Kids. She is also host of the show Een Nieuw Begin. Groothuizen is still making music and has her own theatre shows.

Patty Zomer became a fashion stylist for several well-known Dutch artists and magazines. In the early 2000s, she co-hosted The Fashion Police with former actress Nada van Nie.

On 1 October 1998, all six Dolly Dots were interviewed by Paul de Leeuw and surprised everyone by singing a medley of three of their biggest hits. Two months later they reunited for a one-off concert to celebrate the 10th anniversary of their split, and the release of a compilation album of all their hits, called The Collection.

In 2003, Aad Ouberg, who was closely involved with the group, was responsible for getting a Dolly Dots musical off the ground. The musical Love Me Just a Little Bit More played at The Chassé Theatre in Breda and around the Netherlands during 2004.

As result of renewed interest in the group after the musical, Warner Bros. Records released a Dolly Dots greatest hits compilation album of the group as well as a DVD. In 2007, all six original members reunited for a series of guest performances during Vrienden van Amstel Live. Their success there led to three concerts of their own in Ahoy Rotterdam. The DVD of those concerts reached gold status in the Netherlands. In 2008, a tour followed, called 'Goodbye for Now'.

Ria Brieffies, who became a qualified manicurist/pedicurist, was diagnosed with cancer in November 2008; she died on 20 July 2009. Angela Groothuizen announced that without Brieffies, the Dolly Dots would never perform again.

In 2011, Anita Heilker made her comeback as a solo artist in a Dutch show called The Winner Is...

The remaining five members made a comeback as guest artists with the Toppers in May 2016.

Originally scheduled for 2020 but delayed because of the corona pandemic, the Dots embarked in 2021 on their Sisters on tour and released a new single.

title: Dolly Dots


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Roland Orzabal

Roland Jaime Orzabal de la Quintana (born 22 August 1961 ) is an English musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and author. He is the guitarist, co-lead vocalist, main songwriter, co-founder, and the only constant member of Tears for Fears. He is also a producer of artists such as Oleta Adams. In 2014, Orzabal published his first novel, a romantic comedy.

Early life
Orzabal was born Roland Jaime Orzabal de la Quintana in Portsmouth, Hampshire on 22 August 1961. He was initially raised in nearby Havant. Orzabal's father, George Orzabal de la Quintana, was a Frenchman of Argentinian and Basque/Spanish roots and was often so ill that he was rarely seen by his children. Orzabal began writing songs when he was 7 years old. The family later moved to Bath, where he attended Culverhay School (later Bath Community Academy) and became a member of the Zenith Youth Theatre Company.

Early career
Orzabal met Curt Smith while both were in their early teens in Bath, Somerset. In the late 1970s, they formed a mod music group, Graduate, along with three other members. Following the release of their debut album, Acting My Age, the group disbanded. Orzabal and Smith briefly joined Neon and then went on to form Tears for Fears, a new wave music/synthpop outfit directly inspired by the writings of the American psychologist Arthur Janov. Orzabal sings and plays guitar for the band, while Smith sings and plays bass guitar. Orzabal is also the band's main songwriter.

The band's debut album, The Hurting (1983), reached number one on the UK Albums Chart. Their second album, Songs from the Big Chair (1985), reached number one on the US Billboard 200, achieving multi-platinum status in both the UK and the US. Songs from the Big Chair included two Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits: "Shout" and "Everybody Wants to Rule the World".

After the release of their third album, The Seeds of Love (1989), Smith and Orzabal split in 1991. Orzabal continued recording under the Tears for Fears name, releasing the albums Elemental (1993) and Raoul and the Kings of Spain (1995). As Tears for Fears, Orzabal and Smith released Everybody Loves a Happy Ending in 2004. After almost a decade in development, the band's seventh album, The Tipping Point, was released in February 2022.

Solo work
In 2001, Orzabal released his first solo album, Tomcats Screaming Outside, under his own name.

Work as a producer/songwriter
As a songwriter, Orzabal is a three-time Ivor Novello Award winner. His first award was in 1986 for "Songwriter of the Year" following the release of Tears for Fears' second album Songs from the Big Chair.

Orzabal and Smith were responsible for discovering pianist/vocalist Oleta Adams, whom they invited to collaborate on their 1989 album The Seeds of Love. Adams appeared on several tracks on the album, most notably the hit single "Woman in Chains", which she performed as a duet with Orzabal. Orzabal then co-produced Adams' album Circle of One (1990). The album reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 20 in the US, and featured her transatlantic top ten hit "Get Here". Orzabal also co-wrote the lead track "Rhythm of Life" for the album, which was originally intended for The Seeds of Love. As well as playing guitar and singing backing vocals on the track, he also appeared in the song's accompanying promo video.

In 1999, Orzabal co-produced Icelandic singer-songwriter Emiliana Torrini's album Love in the Time of Science, along with Tears for Fears associate Alan Griffiths. The pair also wrote two tracks for the album.

Orzabal wrote the song "Mad World", recorded by Michael Andrews and Gary Jules for the film soundtrack Donnie Darko in 2001. Their version was released as a single in 2003 and became the Christmas number-one single in the UK that year, ultimately becoming the year's biggest-selling single. The song was originally composed by Orzabal and was Tears for Fears' first hit single in 1982. In 2004, the song won Orzabal his second Ivor Novello Award; he was awarded as the songwriter of the Best Selling UK Single of 2003. In September 2021, Orzabal was awarded his third Ivor Novello Award along with Curt Smith for the Outstanding Song Collection by Tears for Fears.

Novel
Orzabal wrote a novel, a romantic comedy entitled Sex, Drugs & Opera, published in 2014. It tells the story of a middle-aged pop star, Solomon Capri, who is semi-retired but is approached to take part in the reality show Popstar to Operastar. Capri sees the show as a way to rejuvenate his career and his waning marriage. The story was inspired by Orzabal's own experience; he was approached by the ITV show himself, though did not take part.

Relationships
In 1982, Orzabal married Caroline Johnston, whom he had been dating since his teenage years. Caroline sang the child vocal on the Tears for Fears song "Suffer the Children" from the band's debut album The Hurting, and also drew the hands cover artwork for the 1983 re-release of "Pale Shelter". Roland and Caroline Orzabal had two sons. Orzabal's wife, Caroline Orzabal, died in July 2017 aged 54 after suffering from alcoholism-related dementia and cirrhosis, which came about after being diagnosed with depression. Her death led the band to cancel its remaining tour dates that year.

In April 2022, Orzabal married Emily Rath, a photographer and writer.

Politics
After the re-election of Margaret Thatcher in June 1987, Orzabal took an interest in socialism in response to the Prime Minister's attitude towards the working class. His feelings on Thatcherism were reflected in the lyrics of "Sowing the Seeds of Love": "Politician granny with your high ideals / Have you no idea how the majority feels?".

"Everybody Wants to Rule the World" was permitted as the title theme to Dennis Miller Live on HBO, though the show espoused American centrist and libertarian viewpoints.

Solo albums

 * Tomcats Screaming Outside (2001)

with Graduate

 * Acting My Age (1980)

with Tears for Fears

 * The Hurting (1983)
 * Songs from the Big Chair (1985)
 * The Seeds of Love (1989)
 * Elemental (1993)
 * Raoul and the Kings of Spain (1995)
 * Everybody Loves a Happy Ending (2004)
 * The Tipping Point (2022)

with Mancrab

 * "Fish for Life" (1986)

title: Roland Orzabal


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Big Mutha Truckers 2: Truck Me Harder

Big Mutha Truckers 2: Truck Me Harder is a racing video game developed by Eutechnyx for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. It is the sequel to the 2002 game Big Mutha Truckers.

Gameplay
Like the previous game, Big Mutha Truckers 2 follows Ma Jackson and her children in their exploits running a haulage company and trading goods to raise enough money to hire a lawyer to get 'Ma' off the hook for tax evasion. The game has the player driving between towns, purchasing goods for cheap and delivering them to a different town, where the price is higher, to make a profit. The game also includes side missions, where the player drives other vehicles such as an SUV or pickup truck.

Reception
The PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions of Big Mutha Truckers 2: Truck Me Harder received "mixed" reviews, while the PC version received "unfavorable" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

Detroit Free Press gave the Xbox version a score of two stars out of four and stated: "The action is respectable when you're on the road with your 18-wheeler, dodging UFO invaders, smacking sinister bikers with your trailer and outrunning the cops, but the bare-bones production value is clear when you visit towns. You go to stores and bars to buy upgrades, meet people and find your next load to haul." The Sydney Morning Herald gave the PS2 version a score of two-and-a-half stars out of five and said, "Causing havoc behind the wheel of a big rig is fun but the novelty quickly wanes and the unsubtle gags often fail to amuse, especially when they are endlessly repeated." The Times gave the game two stars out of five and said that "The fact that the graphics are so impressive, and the road maps so brilliantly extensive, only adds to the disappointment of the overall experience." Maxim gave it a score of two out of ten and stated that "it ain't nuthin' we ain't seen before. When not running from the cops a la "Driver," you're making deliveries like in "Crazy Taxi"—both of which would be a lot more fun if your rig wasn't slow and sluggish like Eminem with his medicine."

title: Big Mutha Truckers 2: Truck Me Harder


text:
CESU-8

The Compatibility Encoding Scheme for UTF-16: 8-Bit (CESU-8) is a variant of UTF-8 that is described in Unicode Technical Report #26. A Unicode code point from the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), i.e. a code point in the range U+0000 to U+FFFF, is encoded in the same way as in UTF-8. A Unicode supplementary character, i.e. a code point in the range U+10000 to U+10FFFF, is first represented as a surrogate pair, like in UTF-16, and then each surrogate code point is encoded in UTF-8. Therefore, CESU-8 needs six bytes (3 bytes per surrogate) for each Unicode supplementary character while UTF-8 needs only four. Though not specified in the technical report, unpaired surrogates are also encoded as 3 bytes each, and CESU-8 is exactly the same as applying an older UCS-2 to UTF-8 converter to UTF-16 data.

The encoding of Unicode non-BMP characters works out to  (yyyy represents the top five bits of the character minus one). The byte values 0xF0—0xF4 will not appear in CESU-8, as they start the 4-byte encodings used by UTF-8.

CESU-8 is not an official part of the Unicode Standard, because Unicode Technical Reports are informative documents only. It should be used exclusively for internal processing and never for external data exchange.

Supporting CESU-8 in HTML documents is prohibited by the W3C and WHATWG HTML standards, as it would present a cross-site scripting vulnerability.

Java's Modified UTF-8 is CESU-8 with a special overlong encoding of the NUL character (U+0000) as the two-byte sequence.

The Oracle database uses CESU-8 for its "UTF8" character set. Standard UTF-8 can be obtained using the character set "AL32UTF8" (since Oracle version 9.0).

title: CESU-8


text:
Big Jake

Big Jake is a 1971 American Technicolor Western film starring John Wayne, Richard Boone and Maureen O'Hara. The picture was the final film for George Sherman in a directing career of more than 30 years, and Maureen O'Hara's last film with John Wayne and her last before her twenty-year retirement. The supporting cast features Patrick Wayne, Christopher Mitchum, Glenn Corbett, Jim Davis, John Agar, Harry Carey Jr. and Hank Worden.

Plot
In 1909, near the Mexico-United States border, Martha McCandles runs a massive ranch with the help of her sons Jeff, Michael, and James. The Fain Gang (The Fain Brothers, the Devries Brothers, John Goodfellow, Kid Duffy, Breed O'Brien, Pop Dawson, and Trooper) attacks the ranch, slaying many members of the staff. Jeff kills the Devries brothers but is badly wounded; his son, Jacob "Little Jake," is kidnapped before the gang flees to Mexico, leaving behind a ransom note for $1 million.

Martha places the ransom in a strongbox, and delegates from both the United States Army and the Texas Rangers offer to take the box for her. Martha decides instead to send for her estranged husband Jacob "Big Jake" McCandles, who is generally thought to be dead but is really wandering the west as a gunfighter. Jake arrives with his black Rough Collie mix, simply named "Dog," and they confer in secret about what to do with the box.

Michael McCandles arrives on a motorcycle with news he has found the kidnappers. Martha decides to allow him and his older brother James to set off with the Rangers in REO Runabouts to try to overtake the kidnappers. Jake disapproves and sets off with the box, a mule, packhorses, and his elderly Apache friend Sam Sharpnose, preferring to do things the old-fashioned way. After the kidnappers ambush the Rangers, putting the cars out of commission, Jake allows his two sons to accompany him, although relations are strained between them.

John Fain, pretending to be only a messenger boy, intercepts the group and warns them that bandits are now after the box. He tells them the gang will kill Little Jake if Big Jake (who is pretending to be a hired hand) doesn't do things exactly the gang's way. He also arranges for the exchange to take place in the town of Escondero.

On arrival, the family checks into a hotel and lays a trap for the bandits, killing them. During the attack, the strongbox is accidentally opened, revealing the money has been replaced by newspaper clippings. Both boys believe Jake has stolen the money, until Jake reminds them of the people killed and wounded by the Fain Gang and tells them that he and Martha had decided that they should not profit from it.

Pop Dawson arrives with a message to meet the gang with the money in an old fort outside town. He tells them the conditions - they are to ride together, and not try anything until after the gang has left with the money because their own sharpshooter Duffy is hidden far away with a rifle trained on Little Jake at all times. Big Jake convinces Dawson that Michael was killed by the bandits, so he, James, Sam, and Dog follow Dawson to the fort.

Fain reveals he is the ringleader and reiterates Dawson's threats. Jake throws the key to Fain while Michael gets into position atop the fort with his rifle. Just as Fain opens the chest and realizes the deception, Big Jake opens fire and kills Fain's brother Will, who is holding Little Jake. Michael takes out Duffy, Sam kills Trooper, and James shoots down Dawson and O'Brien but breaks his hand.

Fain and Big Jake find themselves both wounded and in a stalemate from behind their respective hiding places, and Big Jake tells his grandson to run to James. Goodfellow slashes Sam and Dog with his machete, killing the Indian, and pursues Little Jake into a stable, where Dog attacks Goodfellow a second time and is killed. Big Jake, out of bullets, makes a run for it and kills Goodfellow with a pitchfork in the stables.

John Fain corners the weaponless grandfather and grandson outside the stable, but Michael, having come down from his perch, shoots Fain from behind. As Fain dies, Big Jake finally reveals his true identity to him, and to Little Jake, who has never met his grandfather before. Reunited at last, the family acknowledges their renewed bond and prepares to go home.

Cast

 * John Wayne as Jacob McCandles
 * Richard Boone as John Fain (Leader of Fain's Gang)
 * Maureen O'Hara as Martha McCandles
 * Patrick Wayne as James McCandles
 * Christopher Mitchum as Michael McCandles
 * Bruce Cabot as Sam Sharpnose
 * Bobby Vinton as Jeff McCandles
 * Glenn Corbett as O'Brien, aka Breed (John Fain's Gang)
 * John Doucette as Texas Ranger Capt. Buck Duggan
 * Jim Davis as Head of lynching party
 * John Agar as Bert Ryan
 * Harry Carey Jr. as Pop Dawson (John Fain's Gang)
 * Gregg Palmer as John Goodfellow (John Fain's Gang)
 * Jim Burk as Trooper (John Fain's Gang)
 * Dean Smith as James William "Kid" Duffy (John Fain's Gang)
 * Robert Warner as Will Fain (John Fain's Brother, John Fain's Gang)
 * Jeff Wingfield as Billy Devries (John Fain's Gang)
 * Everett Creach as Walt Devries (John Fain's Gang)
 * Roy Jenson as Gunman at bathhouse in Escondero
 * Virginia Capers as Delilah
 * Hank Worden as Hank
 * Ethan Wayne as Little Jake McCandles
 * William Walker as Moses Brown
 * George Fenneman as Narrator
 * Tom Hennesy as Mr. Sweet
 * Chuck Roberson as Texas Ranger

Production
Written as The Million Dollar Kidnapping, which was used as the shooting title, it was filmed from early October to early December 1970, in the Mexican states of Durango and Zacatecas, including scenes shot at the El Saltito waterfall and in the Sierra de Órganos National Park.

John Wayne's son, Patrick, portrays James McCandles. Robert Mitchum's son, Christopher, portrays Michael McCandles. Wayne's youngest son, Ethan, portrays Little Jake.

The picture was the final film for George Sherman in a directing career of more than 30 years, and Maureen O'Hara's last film with John Wayne and her last before her twenty-year retirement.

Reception
Howard Thompson of The New York Times encouraged theatergoers to "stick it out" until the exciting climax, to which the rest of the film was a "long prelude" that "simply jogs along fairly tediously on the rescue trail, with the star being his laconic self, plus conventional spurts of violence, likewise the saddle humor." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2 stars out of 4 and wrote, "With a little bit of restraint, the latest John Wayne Western, 'Big Jake,' might have been one of the veteran star's recent best. The most obvious excess, and this is unusual for a John Wayne film, is violence." Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote that the film had "[a]n above-average script, plus excellent direction by vet George Marshall and superior photography by William Clothire on Mexican locations," but was "gratuitously violent far beyond the legitimate requirements of the action plot." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times stated, "To say that 'Big Jake' is a typical John Wayne Western is pretty much to say it all. His fans should be well-satisfied with its tried and true combination of action and comedy. 'Big Jake' is scarcely distinguished but is certainly enjoyable." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it "a rather insufferable sort of 'typical' Wayne vehicle" with "an undercurrent of vindictiveness that spoils the ostensible humor. It's obvious that young actors are needed to appeal to younger viewers and to perform the kinds of physical action that require youth and dexterity and that Wayne is just too visibly massive and slow to accomplish these days—but they're treated almost exclusively as stooges ... There's no good reason why the young leads in a Wayne picture shouldn't be allowed to function with at least as much importance and dignity as Ricky Nelson in 'Rio Bravo' or the young actor who played opposite Joel McCrea and Randolph Scott in 'Ride the High Country' or, better yet, Montgomery Clift in 'Red River.'" Allen Eyles of The Monthly Film Bulletin declared, "Another genial celebration of Big John's ability to carry a film practically single-handed. Although supported by the group of dependables who usually appear in his films, as well as by a good proportion of his family, it is the Wayne personality—carefully catered for by the script—that accounts for most of the pleasure."

Box office
It grossed $7.5 million in the US.

Home media
Big Jake was released to DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment on April 29, 2003, as a Region 1 widescreen DVD and on May 31, 2011, as a Region 1 widescreen Blu-ray DVD.

title: Big Jake


text:
Schottenstift

The Schottenstift (Scottish Abbey), formally called Benediktinerabtei unserer Lieben Frau zu den Schotten (Benedictine Abbey of Our Dear Lady of the Scots), is a Catholic monastery founded in Vienna in 1155 when Henry II of Austria brought Irish monks to Vienna. The monks did not come directly from Ireland, but came instead from Scots Monastery in Regensburg, Germany. Since 1625, the abbey has been a member of the Austrian Congregation, now within the Benedictine Confederation.

History
In the early Middle Ages, Irish monks were actively involved in missionary work. Ireland was known in Latin as "Scotia Major"; therefore, in German, Irish monks were called "Schotten" (Scots) or "Iroschotten". The monasteries that they founded were called "Schottenklöster". In the foundation documents of the Schottenstift, Henry II specified that it was to be occupied exclusively by these "Iroschotten" ("Solos elegimus Scottos").

Henry II was elevated from the rank of Margrave (Markgraf) to that of Duke (Herzog) in 1156. He moved his residence from Klosterneuburg to Vienna and required a monastery for his new city. In the Middle Ages, monasteries were not only places for prayer, but also and above all, repositories of knowledge. The foundation of a monastery gave the ruler support for his administration (for example, schools to educate competent scribes). It also provided a library, a hospice and old age home, architects, educated men, and priests to conduct services in the new ducal city. The "Schotten" would also be involved with the University of Vienna, which was founded in 1365.

Henry granted the new monastery extensive privileges. Construction of the first monastery started in 1160, and the structure was consecrated in 1200. The monastery was outside the city walls of Vienna. The monks also built a hospice for pilgrims and crusaders, who often passed through Vienna on their way to Jerusalem.

The first church was a three-aisled, Romanesque, pillar church with a single apse. Henry II was buried there upon his death in 1177.

A fire in the year 1276 destroyed the cloister, along with many other buildings in Vienna.

In 1418, Duke Albert V seized the cloister during the Melker Reform, an attempt to revive the original ideals of Benedictine monasticism, and settled a community of Benedictines in their place. These new residents, however, continued to be known as the "Schotten".

In the middle of the 15th century, the monastery was distinguished through the literary activities of its schoolmaster, Wolfgang Schmeltzl, and his successor, Johannes Rasch.

The collapse of the tower, struck by a lightning bolt in 1638, was seized as an opportunity to completely rebuild the church, a project undertaken by the architects Andrea d'Allio the Younger and Silvestro Carlone. The church was somewhat shortened, and the tower no longer stood directly beside the basilica. Joachim von Sandrart provided the church with a new altar piece, which today is kept in the prelates' hall. After the Turkish siege, the church was restored. As the Baroque west tower was barely higher than the façade itself, its extension has often been proposed, but this has never come to fruition.

Around 1700 the great Baroque musician Johann Fux was the organist at the Schottenstift.

In 1773 and 1774, a new priory, with school, was built by Andreas Zach in the grounds of an open air cemetery. As it resembled a piece of furniture, it became popularly known as the Schubladkastenhaus ("the chest-of-drawers house"). Directly next door stood the Hotel Römischer Kaiser, where the first public performance of a song by Franz Schubert was held.

In 1807 the Schottengymnasium, an institute for secondary education, was founded by imperial decree.

Around 1830, the auxiliary buildings of the Abbey, in particular those that bordered on the Freyung, were renovated and partially rebuilt by Joseph Kornhäusel.

In the 1880s the church was restored and partially renovated. From this period date the ceiling paintings by Julius Schmid, and a new high altar, built from sketches by Heinrich von Ferstel, with a mosaic by Michael Rieser.

In the court, there is a Schwarze Muttergottes (a "Black Madonna"), designed in 1825 by Peter Nobile. The fountain, with a statue of Henry II, is the work of Sebastian Wagner.

Museum
The museum has been reinstalled twice in recent history, in 1994/95 and in 2004/5. It contains, among other notable items, the Schottenmeisteraltar from ca. 1470, which is not only a significant work of late Gothic art, but also an important historical source, on account of its views of the city.

Open on Thursday until Friday, 11 am to 5 pm, and Saturday, 11 am to 4.30 pm. Guided Tour on Saturday, 2.30 pm (church, crypt, library and museum).

Location
The Schottenstift is located on the Freyung (Freyung 6, A-1010 Wien) in Vienna, Austria.

title: Schottenstift


text: Category:Soldiers by nationality

title: Category:Soldiers by nationality


text:
Talk:Pigmartyr

Needs to be updated. Album has long since been released. Information regarding the original title and band name is no longer necessary.

title: Talk:Pigmartyr


text: Wikipedia:Multilingual monthly statistics - new articles/2001


text:
Talk:Poecilia sphenops

Fresh or salt water?
Odd, the article Poecilia says they are fresh-water but the habitat entry for this article sounds like salt water (or I just don't understand it not being expert in zoology). Can someone check and add it to the article?

I came over here from the article on brackish water, which said that mollies are sold as a freshwater fish but can sometimes do better in brackish (not salt) water. Maybe that clears things up a bit. Arianna 05:02, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

I live in Central America (From where most of the molly typer are) and I can tell they do live in fresh wather river, lakes and some other water volumes.

They do Brakish as well but not Salt Wather.

Black/midnight confusion
Black molly and midnight molly are not synonims. Black molly is melanistic P. sphenos. Midnight molly is melanistic P. latipinna. Need sources before affirm black molly is P. sphenops x P. latipinna. Ankylosaurus08 (talk) 07:54, 13 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poecilia sphenops


text: Talk:Schottenstift

title: Talk:Schottenstift


text:
Talk:List of Billboard number-one dance club songs

Untitled
Dear Dance Music Lovers and Chart Watchers,

As a Billboard magazine disciple and house music DJ, I wanted to expand Wikipedia's entries on the history of the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart and the artists who have had the most impact on it - most specifically those who have hit #1 on that chart.

Aside from creating the Hot Dance Music/Club Play page, I also have created all of the year-by-year lists of #1 songs. This is a continuing project and I want to get rid of as many red links as possible.

My main sources for all of these pages (including artist pages) were:
 * Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002
 * Joel Whitburn's Hot Dance/Disco 1974-2003

At this point, any assistance is greatly appreciated to fill in as many holes as possible. Here's how you can help.

 * Dance music producers and remixers are notorious for using aliases and pseudonyms. I've attempted, as best I could, to link and redirect as many of them together as I can.  If you see something that is not linked, but should be, please do so.
 * I've created pages for all the artists who have hit #1, but I did not (at this time), link songs that may already have their own page. As of this writing I've noticed that some people have linked Mariah Carey, Gwen Stefani and Enigma songs to their repsective pages.  I encourage anyone to do so with any of the #1 US dance hits listed.
 * A majority of the new artist pages I created are stubs. Now that I have gone through all of the years one time, I am going to review every artist and see what I can add from sources other than my Whitburn books.  I know there are a lot of you out there who have knowledge on these artists that I don't, so please expand upon my entries.
 * My main source of dance music artist trivia is the Whitburn book listed above. As its stats end in 2003, there still are many artist links that are red in 2004 and 2005.  If anyone has any information on these artists, please create a new page!
 * A lot of "featured" vocalists have no other dance chart entries other than the #1 songs on which they sang, so I did not create links for them. If such an artist begins a string of dance hits on their own, feel free to create a page for them and link to it.
 * As I only have the Whitburn books pertaining to the Hot 100 and US Dance Chart, I welcome any input from people who may own Whitburn's book on the R&B/Hip Hop chart. Many big dance songs are by R&B artists and/or R&B songs that were remixed.  I am sure many of these big dance hits also did well on the R&B charts, and those stats should be added.

To anyone who contributes and/or expands to this: I thank you. This is my first major "project" in Wikipedia and I realize I may have made errors with formatting and such. Feel free to correct whatever I did wrong if I don't catch it first.

Have fun!!
 * eo 13:48, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Even though this is kinda off topic can someone help the new list of best-selling remix albums worldwide with its structure.

Adding borders to tables
I think the table class should be changed to "wikitable" so that there are visible borders. This makes it easier to line up (view) the date, song title and artist at once.

This was also posted in Talk:Number-one dance hits of 2008 (USA) but I thought posting it here would be more general.

Tjwallace87 (talk) 00:56, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Comment - this discussion is happening here. Please leave comments on that page. - eo (talk) 01:21, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Is a rename needed here?
Or is this to encapsulate #1 dance hits on all Billboard dance charts. There is Dance Club Play, Dance Airplay, Dance Singles Sales, and Dance Digital Songs. A #1 on any of these charts would qualify as a #1 dance hit, but the lists under dance hits/singles appear to be for club play only. --Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars (talk) 22:25, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

There is no template for all of the years.
Someone has removed the template and rendered this page useless. House Music Historian (talk) 04:20, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

 * If there is a template it is not accessible to iPhone users. This should be fixed so the page can be accessed by anyone House Music Historian (talk) 04:23, 17 October 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Banknotes of the Republic of Ireland

Sole printer?
It says on the page that the Central Bank's printer is the sole printer that the Bank commissions to print banknotes. But, if that's the situation, who commissions the production at De La Rue in the UK? Wouldn't it be most likely that CBOI commissions that production too? - Gerbon689

 * I wrote a lot of the article but not that section (the euro) - i assume what is meant from reading that section is that the Central Bank of Ireland is the only printer in Ireland of euro notes and that this does not, in itself, imply that it does not import notes which is a different matter? My assumption is that this section was written by User:Zoney. Djegan 14:02, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I just realised how you meant it. I'm not sure if its just me (it probably is), but it just gives me the impression that it is the sole printer for Ireland. - Gerbon689

 * Zoney has clarified. Djegan 20:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Governors of the Central Bank of Ireland.
Can any Irish editor please assist us in compiling this chart? - (Aidan Work 02:04, 23 December 2005 (UTC))

Currency divergence
In 1979, the currency became thoroughly independent of sterling (is this fact even mentioned in the article?). Although I remember the coins from the Republic being freely swappable for the equivalent sterling, does anyone know if the same thing applied with Series A banknotes? Did they circulate anywhere in the UK, or were the notes confined to the Republic of Ireland only? --82.4.221.60 20:43, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think Irish pound notes were ever generally acceptable in the UK, certainly I never saw any used. For much of the period that Series B notes circulated, Irish currency controls forbade the export of notes larger than £20. Irish coins did find their way to the UK, naturally enough as they were the same size, and I remember notices on buses in north Wales after 1979 announcing that they were no longer acceptable. -- Arwel (talk) 22:30, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
 * From what I gather Central Bank of Ireland banknotes from Southern Ireland were accepted throughout Northern Ireland until 1979 together with Bank of Ireland, Provincial Bank of Ireland, Northern Bank, and Ulster Bank (all printed in Belfast), as well as the Bank of England's banknotes and all the Scottish banks' banknotes. D.de.loinsigh (talk) 06:01, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

Confusion
The last banknote of the Series C issue was a £50 that was issued in 2001. - on careful re-reading, I think that means the last Series C note of any denomination to be issued before the euro was issued was a £50 in 2001, though at first reading I thought it was saying that the £50 was the last denomination to be issued, which isn't right as the £50 was issued in 1995 and the £100 in 1996. Perhaps it needs rephrasing, if it can be confirmed that this indeed is what was meant. -- Arwel (talk) 22:30, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Henry Parker Willis
I changed the redlink of Henry Parker-Willis to Henry Parker Willis. There is a problem that a lot of sources do refer to the hyphenated name, including the Central Bank website. However other sources, for example Time magazine, don't.

It gets more complicated. Some sources refer to him as being a Professor at Columbia, including the Central Bank and even the transcript of Ernest Blythe reporting on the Currency Bill, refer to him being a Professor at Columbia.

Willis, according to the Wikipedia article, but also according to other sources, was a Professor at George Washington University, which was for a few decades called the Columbian University - there is an explanation in the The George Washington University article - and the mix-up between Columbia and Columbian seems to have been copied by a couple of sources.  FlowerpotmaN ·(t) 00:14, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Striking a lot of my last. Good grief, he was at both Columbia and Columbian/George Washington.  FlowerpotmaN ·(t) 00:25, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * But at least I removed a redlink in the process. :O)  FlowerpotmaN ·(t) 00:27, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Euro Serial number prefix
The serial number prefix for Irish Euros is really T, not X. You can see that in the Euro banknotes article and in this source (from that article) https://www.ecb.eu/bc/faqbc/design/html/index.en.html#q10. 131.155.217.229 (talk) 08:43, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Language track

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Language track
Delete dicdef at best. Actual, encylopedic information could easily go into DVD instead if needed. Friday 13:49, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dicdef. Dcarrano 20:22, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dicdef. --jonasaurus 21:37, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. JamesBurns 03:27, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Kyiv Metro

Sourcing and Detail Issues
I've noticed there's extensive parts of this article that seem lacking in references and/or are unnecessarily detailed. Do we need to know, for example, who exactly ran the first test train, what the PA systems announce at certain stations, or what the exact reasoning for the second failed proposal for the metro was (WP:Overquote)? The whole Architecture section seems almost entirely unsourced, not to mention it seems written in a promotional tone.

I've done some cursory searching for anything to back up some of these and I can't find anything. If anyone's got better sources for some of these, please let me know; I'm not an expert on this topic and don't know Ukrainian. Otherwise, I might get around to cutting down some of these sections if I got time.

Also I'm relatively inexperienced, much obliged if y'all have any other suggestions. Cheers. Desan 五 | Talk  04:22, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

Expansion
History needs to be updated to reflect wartime usage. Will insert template Borgenland (talk) 13:43, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kyiv Metro


text:
Checked and free vowels

In phonetics and phonology, checked vowels are those that commonly stand in a stressed closed syllable, while free vowels are those that can stand in either a stressed closed syllable or a stressed open syllable.

Usage
The terms checked vowel and free vowel originated in English phonetics and phonology; they are seldom used for the description of other languages, even though a distinction between vowels that usually have to be followed by a consonant and other vowels is common in most Germanic languages.

The terms checked vowel and free vowel correspond closely to the terms lax vowel and tense vowel respectively, but linguists often prefer to use the terms checked and free, as there is no clearcut phonetic definition of vowel tenseness and because by most attempted definitions of tenseness and  are considered lax, even though they behave in American English as free vowels.

Checked vowels is also used to refer to the kind of very short glottalized vowels heard in the Zapotecan languages of Oaxaca, Mexico, that contrast with laryngealized vowels. The term checked vowel is also used to refer to a short vowel followed by a glottal stop in Mixe, which has a distinction between two kinds of glottalized syllable nuclei: checked ones, with the glottal stop after a short vowel, and nuclei with rearticulated vowels, a long vowel with a glottal stop in the middle.

English
In English, the checked vowels are the following:
 * as in pit
 * as in pet
 * as in pat
 * as in pot (in varieties without the cot–caught merger or the father–bother merger)
 * as in put (in varieties without the foot–goose merger)
 * as in putt

There are a few exceptions, mostly in interjections: eh and meh with ; duh, huh, uh, uh-uh, and uh-huh with ; nah with or ; and yeah with  (in accents that lack the diphthong ) or. There are also the onomatopoeia baa for and the loanword pho for  when pronounced in American English, as well as sometimes milieu and pot-au-feu. The proper names Graham and Flaherty are sometimes pronounced with a prevocalic.

The free vowels are the following:
 * as in pea
 * as in pay
 * as in too
 * as in Poe
 * as in paw
 * as in bra
 * as in pie
 * as in plow
 * as in ploy

The schwa is usually considered neither free nor checked because it cannot stand in stressed syllables.

In non-rhotic dialects, non-prevocalic instances of as in purr, burr and  as in letter, banner pattern as vowels, with the former often being the long counterpart of the latter and little to no difference in quality:. In rhotic dialects, they pattern as vowel+consonant sequences, following the historical situation, even though they often surface as rhotacized vowels: (or, in other analyses, syllabic postalveolar/retroflex approximants:  etc.)

The same applies to, and , which are realized as centering diphthongs or long monophthongs in non-rhotic varieties of English, but as vowel+consonant sequences (alternative analysis: centering diphthongs with a rhotacized offset) in rhotic English.

The term checked vowel is also useful in the description of English spelling. As free written vowels a, e, i, o, u correspond to the spoken vowels, , , , ; as checked vowels a, e, i, o, u correspond to , , , ,. In spelling free and checked vowels are often called long and short, based on their historical pronunciation, though nowadays some or all of the free vowels are diphthongs, depending on the dialect, not long vowels as such. Written consonant doubling often shows the vowel is checked; the i of dinner corresponds to checked because of the double consonants nn; the i of diner corresponds to free  because of the single consonant n. This, however, interferes with the differences in doubling rules between American and British styles of spelling. Similarly, an "e" following a single consonant at the end of a word often indicates that the preceding vowel is free where it would otherwise be checked; for example, the a of tap corresponding to whereas that in tape corresponds to.

title: Checked and free vowels


text:
Aventicum

Aventicum was the largest town and capital of Roman Switzerland (Helvetia or Civitas Helvetiorum). Its remains are beside the modern town of Avenches.

The city was probably created ex nihilo in the early 1st century AD, as the capital of the recently conquered territory of the Helvetii, across the road that connected Italy to Britain, built under Claudius. Under the rule of Emperor Vespasian, who grew up there, Aventicum was raised to the status of a colonia in 72 AD, whereupon it entered its golden age. The town wall was 5.6 km long but was impracticable for defensive purposes and was doubtless intended as a display of the status of the city.

In the Christian era Aventicum was the seat of a bishopric. The most famous of its bishops was Marius Aventicensis. His terse chronicle, spanning the years 455 to 581, is one of the few sources for the 6th-century Burgundians. Shortly after the Council of Macon, in 585, Marius moved the seat from Aventicum, due to the rapid decline of the city, to Lausanne.

Prehistoric Aventicum
The area around Aventicum was occupied before the Romans founded the city. There have been numerous lake-dwellings discovered within the adjoining Lake Murten, with at least 16 stilt house settlements having been found. In the largest site, the piles extend over an area of 460 m2 thus forming a large station or village. A great number of objects have been found buried in the mud amongst the piles, consisting of implements of stone and bone, such as hatchets, chisels, needles, awls, besides a vast quantity of the bones of animals. The pottery is a coarse, dark red kind of earthenware containing numerous grains of quartz, and there are 12 or 15 varieties.

Migration of the Helvetii
The Helvetii probably reached southern Germany around the year 111 BC and soon invaded Gaul. During their invasion of the Roman province Gallia Narbonensis, they defeated a Roman army under L. Cassius Longinus near Agendicum in 107 BC and killed the consul. They continued to march into Spain, Gaul, Noricum, and northern Italy. Suffering defeats in the year 102–101 BC the surviving Helvetii retreated across the Alps.

In 58 BC, the nobleman Orgetorix instigated a new Helvetian migration, in which the entire tribe was to leave their territory (which is now described as corresponding more or less to the Swiss plateau) and establish supremacy over all of Gaul. They marched from their villages, but were stalled by Julius Caesar on the banks of the Rhône. The Helvetii then marched around and across the Jura Mountains, to an area near the Aeduan oppidum Bibracte. There Caesar caught up and defeated the Helvetii in the Battle of Bibracte. This resulted in the Helvetii's retreat and the capture of most of their baggage by the Romans. Following their surrender, the Helvetii became foederati, an allied civitas required to provide soldiers, but not granted Roman citizenship.

The Helvetii likely lost their status as foederati six years later, when they supported Vercingetorix in 52 BC. Sometime between 50 and 45 BC, the Romans founded Colonia Iulia Equestris at the site of the Helvetian settlement Noviodunum (modern Nyon). This colony was most likely established as a means for controlling one of the two important military access routes between the Helvetian territory and the rest of Gaul, blocking passage through the Rhône valley and the Sundgau.

During the following half century, the Helvetii would become increasingly romanized. During this time, there were two settlements near where Aventicum would be founded. The first was the oppidum on Mont Vully between Lake Murten and Lake Neuchatel, which was given up in the 1st century BC. The second was the Bois de Châtel, which was fortified in the second half of the 1st century BC. The Bois de Châtel would be destroyed early in the 1st century AD and the population moved to Aventicum.

Foundation of Aventicum
In the course of Augustus’ reign (27 BC – 14 AD), Roman dominance became more concrete. Some of the traditional Celtic oppida were now used as legionary garrisons, or relocated. While the exact date of the founding of Aventicum is not exact, it was likely established during or shortly after Augustus' reign.

By 5 AD there was a dock on the shore of Lake Murten, which is the first evidence of a settlement at Aventicum. A grave has also been discovered in the city that dates to 15 AD. During that time there was a small settlement built, in the north east corner of modern Avenches, in the Roman square style. However, this site can only be dated to the reign of Tiberius (14–37 AD). Aventicum would have grown in 16-17 AD as the Roman legion camp Vindonissa was built (today in Windisch, Aargau). Aventicum was a major location on the Roman road from Lausanne to Vindonissa.

During the reign of Claudius (41–54 AD), a trade route was completed spanning from Italy to the recently conquered province of Britannia over the Gotthard Pass. This route passed through Aventicum allowing the city to expand.

It later became part of Germania Superior and then part of the Diocletian province of Maxima Sequanorum. The former territories of the Helvetii and their inhabitants were, by this time, as romanised as the rest of Gaul.

Creation of the Helvetii capital
In the 1st century AD Aventicum and the Helvetii land was incorporated into the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. Tacitus, writing about 69 AD, speaks of the Helvetians as originally a Gallic people, renowned for their valour and exploits in war, and he designates Aventicum Caput gentis, or capital of Helvetia. It acquired this title most probably on account of its comparatively advanced state of civilization and its conspicuous position on the main route between Italy and Germany. It was also the centre of a network of well used military roads. Aventicum and Nyon (Colonia Equestris) located on the shores of Lake Geneva were the starting points for all mile-stones in Helvetia.

During the first three-quarters of the 1st century AD, Aventicum became a center of the Imperial cult in the Civitas Helvetiorum. However, the Helvetii came into conflict once more with Rome shortly after the death of emperor Nero in 68 AD. Like the other Gallic tribes, the Helvetii were organised as a civitas and enjoyed a certain inner autonomy, including the defence of certain strongholds by their own troops. In the civil war and Year of Four Emperors which followed Nero's death, the civitas Helvetiorum supported Galba; unaware of his death, they refused to accept the authority of his rival, Vitellius. The Legio XXI Rapax, stationed in Vindonissa and favouring Vitellius, stole the pay of a Helvetian garrison, which prompted the Helvetians to intercept the messengers and detain a Roman detachment. Aulus Caecina Alienus, a former supporter of Galba who was now at the head of a Vitellian invasion of Italy, launched a massive punitive campaign, crushing the Helvetii at Mount Vocetius, killing and enslaving thousands. Aventicum was then besieged and quickly surrendered. The city was nearly ordered destroyed by the Romans, but owing to the pleas of one Claudius Cossus, a Helvetian envoy to Vitellius, and, as Tacitus puts it, "of well-known eloquence" the city was spared.

Raised to a Colonia
During the Year of Four Emperors (69 AD) Vitellius, who nearly ordered Aventicum destroyed, was the third. The fourth, Vespasian, had a much more positive influence on Aventicum. While he was born in Falacrina, in the Sabine country near Reate. His father, Titus Flavius Sabinus, was a banker on a small scale in Aventicum, where Vespasian lived for some time. About two years after Vespasian was declared emperor, he raised Aventicum to the status of a colonia, granting exceptional civic status. A colonia was a town that was a specific residential location for legionaries who upon retirement were granted land and became citizens. This encouraged land development and stability and not least the extension of Roman culture. Previously, Aventicum had been the capital of a non-citizen nation. The increased prestige that being a colonia brought ushered in a golden age for Aventicum. During this time Aventicum was known as Pia Flavia Constans Emerita.

Destruction and rediscovery
The Alemanni sacked the city in the 280s, and neither Aventicum nor its hinterland recovered from both the impact of the attack and the subsequent changes of the Roman frontier which no longer granted security to the area. By the collapse of Rome in the 5th century, this area was already fully under the control of Germanic tribes, whose dialects became the basis for Swiss German. In the 6th century some Christian life continued in the acropolis of the Roman town: the amphitheatre became a fortress as did the theatre. By the 7th century, however, the focus of the church had moved to Lausanne, Aventicum is only mentioned as an old ruined city though it had fallen into ruins previously. Over the following centuries it is mentioned but always as ruins.

In 1710, Marquard Wild was the first to argue that Aveticum had been the capital of Helvetia, and not Antre as was formerly believed. In 1783–86 the Marquess of Northampton led an archaeological expedition to Aventicum and in 1788 he put his discoveries on display. His discoveries encouraged many treasure seekers to travel to Aventicum to search for artefacts. In response to the finds, the Musée Vespasien was opened in 1824. In 1838, it was taken over by the Canton of Vaud, renamed the Roman Museum, and installed in the tower of the Amphitheatre.

In 1884, the association Pro Aventico was founded with a goal of discovering and preserving the ruins. Aventicum was a well-known location in the Grand Tour and J. M. W. Turner made a drawing of Avenches: the Roman Column,'Le Cicognier' in 1802, which shows the old town behind. Archaeology benefited curiously from the First and Second World Wars when foreigners interned in Switzerland, and local unemployed, were engaged to excavate the main buildings of the Roman city and to renovate and open to the public the theatre, "Cigognier" and the gates and one tower of the wall. With the advent of the national highway scheme in the late 1960s a programme of rescue archaeology was set up under the association Pro Aventico under the remarkably capable direction of Professor Hans Bogli, after whom the Roman museum has since been named. Early work uncovered the Forum and associated temple area including a possible "Capitolium".

In 1985, during the construction of the A1 highway, further portions of the Roman town were discovered. In 1987 the road was moved to avoid the site. Further and extensive work over the succeeding decades opened up much of the insulae – the rectangular street system of the focus of the Roman town. Much of the area within the walls was not a densely occupied city at all, but rather, like Rome itself, was occupied by "urban villas', large houses surrounded by substantial tracts of garden and small-holdings. The more recent work also uncovered a remarkable palace building, much of the centre of the Roman town, and outside the walls a canal and roadway leading from the nearby lake, doubtless assisting in the transport of stone from the Jura by lake and canal, and cemeteries and aqueducts outside the line of the Roman walls. Pro Aventico is also responsible for the constant round of restoration of the buildings opened up in the early part of the 20th century, including sections of the wall and the original Roman tower-raised and protected through its use as a mediaeval watch tower, and the northern gate.

Near to the line of the Roman walls, and benefiting from reuse of stone from the walls is the small Romanesque church in Donatyre, which possesses excellent early 12th century fresco paintings.

Amphitheatre
The Amphitheatre, as was common in the Roman Empire, was used for gladiator and animal combat as well as staged hunts. It served political, social and religious purposes and was a central feature of most Roman towns. As the capital city, the amphitheatre in Aventicum was quite large. It was built in two stages, first about 130 AD then expanded around 165 AD. The first amphitheatre was built when the hillside was terraced. The arena floor was laid out and flattened. This first structure had 24 rows of seats built mostly of wood rising up the hillside. The stairs, the wall around the arena floor, the upper walls, and the entrances were built of stone. The outer walls of the amphitheatre measured 98.85 x and the arena floor was 51.63 x. The first amphitheatre could hold about 9,000 people.

The second phase expanded the amphitheatre considerably. A total of 31 rows of stone seats were built, which increased the capacity to about 16,000. The walls were expanded and alcoves were added. On the east side a monumental main portal was built out of massive stone cubes. The expanded amphitheatre was (without the outer courtyard or the east main portal) 105.01 x, while the arena floor remained the same size. The outer walls were 18 m high.

During the 4th century the amphitheater was abandoned and much of the structure was removed and used as construction material. In the 11th century the Bishop of Lausanne had a tower house built over the east entrance, starting at about the 20th row of benches. This tower is now the home of the Roman Museum.

Theatre
The theatre was built during the early 2nd century in an area that was previously occupied by scattered houses. It was rebuilt and renovated numerous times, though details are unclear. In the last third of the 3rd century it was rebuilt as a fortified refuge and a moat was added. It was used for this purpose until the middle of the 4th century.

The theatre is built in the style of a classical Roman theatre, but does have some Gallo-Roman modifications. Both the orchestra and the cavea (spectator seating) are nearly horseshoe shaped. The actual stage is a simple wooden platform. The scaenae frons or background wall had three doors leading to the relatively small (10 x) stage building (postscaenium) which is built projecting out behind the wall. The scaenae frons was built with a gap in the wall which showed the Cigognier Temple to the audience. The theatre was used for comedies and tragedies, but there is also a "cult niche" at the foot of the audience's section with the stage forming an altar. This indicates that the theatre may have also been used for "dedicating plays" for religious ceremonies.

The theatre is 106.25 m wide and 66.4 m deep. The orchestra area is 17.75 m across and 21 m deep. The capacity of the theatre was about 12,000 people, with over 50 rows for seating. It was entered through 11 vomitoria (covered entrances) which each had two arched passageways. At the bottom of the spectators seating there was a 1.6 m wide box for the nobility.

Cigognier Temple
The name of the temple (Cigognier) comes from a stork's nest that had occupied the top of a pillar since at least 1642. The nest was removed during a restoration in 1978, but the name has remained.

The Cigognier Temple was built as a massive and impressive temple and may have been the chief temple of the Imperial cult in the entire civitas Helvetiorum state. At the temple the Roman Empire, symbolized by the divine Emperor, would be worshipped by the citizens and inhabitants of the state. Supporting this theory, a gold bust of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius was found hidden in drains on the site of the temple. Additionally, the temple was laid out in the same manner as the Temple of Peace in Rome. Finally, the temple was built near the Theatre, which also may have had a role in the worship of the Emperor.

The temple was started in 98 AD, the first year of the reign of Emperor Trajan, according to dendrochronological analysis of the numerous oak posts that support the walls. It appears that the temple wasn't part of the original plan of Aventicum and so it may have been added under the direction of Trajan. Trajan had served with the Roman army along the Rhine, and after his ascension to the throne may have had the temple built to represent his power over the northern reaches of the Empire.

The temple was built with a wide inner courtyard with an avenue running along the long axis. The eight pillared portico of the temple rose high above the north courtyard. The actual temple was built on a high podium with a neighbouring seating area hall, with three rows of seats. A wall surrounded the entire complex except toward the south which formed the outer courtyard. The wall had a gate that connected the temple to the Theatre and the new, main east–west road in the city.

The Cigognier Temple is the largest temple in Aventicum. The outer dimensions were 111.58 x. The temple was 42.17 x, the height of the roof peak was 23.1 m of which 2.4 m is the height of the podium. The hall for the seating area was 64 x and the roof height was 19.50 m, also with a 2.4 m podium. The outer courtyard was 15.14 x.

The Temple of the Grange-des-Dîmes (2nd century AD)
The Roman Temple of the Grange-des-Dîmes dates from the end of the 1st or the early 2nd century. It was built on the site of an earlier 1st-century gallic chapel. The temple is built in a typical Roman fashion, however the cella is nearly square instead of a more rectangular shape. The Temple is raised above the ground on a podium. The cella was surrounded by pillars and the entrance was crowned with a pediment. Inside the temple there was an altar, a fountain and four pillars that supported a canopy over a statue.

The temple was, most likely, dedicated to the Gallo-Roman god Mercurius Cissonius, a syncretic combination of Mercury and the gallic god Cissonius. The temple worships Mercury as the god of travellers and trade and being located on the main street through the city would have been visited by both. Its close proximity to the Cigognier Temple, the center of worship for the Imperial Cult, indicates that this temple was also an important one.

The temple is partly restored. A section of the foundation of the south wall of the cella, originally 10.8 x, and part of the podium, originally 20.2 x, are visible today. While the stairs leading up the podium are gone, the location of the altar and the fountain as well as the partially reconstructed canopy are also visible on the podium. The rear of the podium is on the north side of the Avenue Jomini. The rest of the temple site is covered by the Avenue, though the floor plan of the temple is laid out in stones embedded in the road. Based on reconstructions, many of the dimensions of the temple are known. The podium was 1.8 m high, with a cella that was about 20 m high and covered with a four sided roof. The cella is surrounded by a narrow colonnaded portico facade with pillars that are .51 m in diameter, 4.5 m high and the trusses above the pillars were 1.16 m thick. The entrance to the temple was set off with 4 pillars (.89 m in diameter).

City wall and gates
The main road through Aventicum ran from east to west. The east gate was built during the reign of Vespasian. The gate was built to protect and control the road before the city walls were built.

Baths
The Baths (known as Thermen von En Perruet or Baths at the Forum) were located directly east of the Forum of Aventicum. They were built during the expansion to a colony, sometime after 77 AD. They were financed by a wealthy romanized Helvetii family known as the Camilli.

title: Aventicum


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Movota

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was ALREADY SPEEDIED, but not by me. -Splash 01:31, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Movota
Found nothing on google about it, seems suspiciously like nonsense. Manik Raina 13:51, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete too short, no context, looks like nonsense, no evidence that any such religion exists. Friday 14:32, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: I already had this speedy'd. Offending anonymous IP user re-created article after it was destroyed. jglc | t | c 14:38, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as a short article with no context. --Carnildo 20:55, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete Patent nonsense. siafu 23:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Very speediable. I will try again. Denni ☯ 02:45, 2005 July 15 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Movota


text:
Talk:CESU-8

rewrite
I have started a rewrite at CESU-8/temp as per the instructions in the copyvio template i am reporting it here. Plugwash 13:51, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Temp page has replaced the main article. RedWolf 03:34, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

examples
Can yu please give an example of a string encoded in CESU-8 and in which case it is treated in a special way? -- Nichtich 00:23, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Advantages
What are the advantages to UTF-8? --Apoc2400 09:15, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I can think of three
 * 1: if used for serialisation of strings in languages where strings are natively UTF-16 it won't break if someone decides to use string types for something other than valid UTF-16 data.
 * 2: if sorted using a byte orientated sort the result will be the same as using a word orientated sort on UTF-16
 * 3: conversion between CESU-8 and UTF-16 is simpler than conversion between UTF-8 and UTF-16

 * But as the name suggests the main reason it is used is compatibility with old software. Software that was built to use UCS-2 internally and UTF-8 in externally and that does not explicitly reject surrogate codepoints can be made to store surrogates (for supplementry characters) by feeding its external interfaces with CESU-8 data (which will be converted to UTF-16 for storage internally). Plugwash 23:07, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Comments
The reference to MySQL utf8mb3 is a bit weird, since MySQL utf8mb3 does not support characters outside BMP while CESU-8 will support them through utf8 encoded surrogate pairs. Bernt (talk) 07:24, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

 * utf8mb3 "supports" surrogate pairs exactly the same way as CESU-8 (ie it turns them into two 3-byte sequences). Whether this is considered support for non-BMP is questionable, but the answer would be the same for both utf8mb3 and CESU-8.Spitzak (talk) 17:11, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Don't think so. Below is from MySQL 5.6

Bernt (talk) 14:51, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Your test is converting to UTF32 internally, then converting UTF32 to utf8mb3/4. You need to trigger the code that goes DIRECTLY from UTF-16 to utf8mb3, unless the programmers are total masochists it will not check if a surrogate half is "paired" or not before converting it to 3 bytes.Spitzak (talk) 17:00, 16 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I think I finally get it. CESU-8 is what you get when you convert to UTF-8 from UTF-16 with supplementary characters present, but as though the input is UCS-2. So said test, using UTF-16 character 0xD801DC00 as above, would look like:

Six bytes. I get it now. What I don't know is what happens when you just try to encode a supplementary plane character directly, without specifying UCS-2; it appears that you get garbage, as the _utf32 example above shows. So, while I now see that utf8mb3 can be used to store CESU-8 encoded data, it seems to me that you'd have to really want to do it, as opposed to being something that happens organically or automatically. I'm going to poke around at it some more, but I'd still welcome a demonstration where a supplementary character is automatically stored as two bytes in utf8mb3 (without specifying UCS-2). Ivanxqz (talk) 10:02, 18 September 2020 (UTC)
 * This is simply programmer oversight, they failed to write the UTF32->utf8mb3 converter so that UTF16->UTF32->utf8mb3 produces the same result as UTF16->utf8mb3. All of these CESU/utf8mb3/WTF8 variations are from a mindset where "Unicode" means 16-bit code units and it is never converted to anything other than UTF-16/UCS-2 or UTF-8, in particular at no point do they think of a non-BMP character as anything other than 2 supplementary characters. When you think of it that way, CESU and utf8mb3 are identical. The only real difference is the document for CESU tries to encourage the UTF32<->CESU converter to be written to consume/produce non-BMP characters, as you can see that they did not do this for utf8mb3 in the UTF32->utf8bm3 conversion case. WTF8 is a somewhat more thoughtful attempt to preserve the primary benefit of these encodings, which is that they can store unpaired surrogate halves (necessary to store all possible Windows filenames). It specifies that paired surrogate halves must be translated to non-BMP characters always.Spitzak (talk) 19:23, 18 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:CESU-8


text:
User:SamuelLsamson~enwiki

Sam is a British 30-something jobbing journalist located in Derby. --SamuelLsamson 13:53, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:SamuelLsamson~enwiki


text:
List of islands called Eilean Dubh

Eilean Dubh means 'Black Island' in Scottish Gaelic. Several islands in Scotland are called Eilean Dubh, including:

 * Eilean Dubh, Balnakeil Bay, an island in Balnakeil Bay, near Durness in Sutherland
 * Eilean Dubh, Kyles of Bute, an island in the Kyles of Bute
 * Eilean Dubh, Loch Craignish, an island in Loch Craignish, south of Oban in Argyll
 * Eilean Dubh, Sound of Jura, an island in the Sound of Jura
 * Eilean Dubh, Summer Isles, an island in the Summer Isles group
 * Eilean Dubh, two separate islets neighbouring Erraid, Inner Hebrides
 * Eilean Dubh a small fresh water island in Loch Shiel
 * Eilean Dubh, an islet connected to Eilean Mòr, Loch Dunvegan at low tide
 * Eilean Dubh a' Chumhainn Mhòir, an island in Loch Tarbert, Jura
 * Eilean Dubh Mòr an island in the Firth of Lorne
 * Eilean Dubh Beag an island in the Firth of Lorne
 * Eilean Dubh Beag an islet north of Eilean Dubh in Loch Dunvegan
 * Eilean Dubh Mòr, a freshwater islet in Loch Sgadabhagh, North Uist
 * Dubh Eilean, a tidal islet west of Oronsay

title: List of islands called Eilean Dubh


text:
User talk:Alark1

Welcome from Redwolf24
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Kui Yuanyuan

Kui Yuanyuan (Simplified Chinese: 奎媛媛; born June 23, 1981) is a former artistic gymnast from China who competed in the 1996 and 2000 Olympic Games.

Gymnastics career
Kui won the floor exercise at the 1996 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, becoming the first Chinese woman to do so. She then competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics, finishing 4th with the Chinese team. She recorded the highest score of the entire Olympics on the balance beam, a 9.875 during the team optionals, and in doing so, became the only gymnast to top the 9.862 scored three consecutive times by Olympic balance beam champion Shannon Miller. However, a fall from the beam during the team compulsories (resulting in a score of 8.925) prevented Kui from making the beam finals. She also failed to make the floor exercise final, despite her world title on that event.

Kui went on to win two bronze medals at the 1997 World Championships, with her team and on the balance beam. The balance beam result was controversial: Kui performed the most difficult routine of all the competitors in the final—including a full-twisting back layout, as well as three split leaps to a back handspring and two layout step-outs—but finished .012 behind Romania's Gina Gogean. She lost the silver medal to Svetlana Khorkina of Russia in a tie-breaker. The results prompted the president of the International Federation of Gymnastics to publicly chastise the judges.

The following year, Kui won two gold medals at the 1998 Asian Games in Bangkok and two medals at the World Cup Final. In 1999, she had an injury and could not compete. She recovered in time for the 2000 Olympics, where she hoped to win the individual gold medal on the balance beam that eluded her in 1996. However, she injured her knee while vaulting during the preliminary round of competition and could not compete in the finals. She admitted that it was emotionally devastating for her to watch her teammate Liu Xuan take the beam gold.

The Chinese team finished 3rd, but the medal was stripped by the International Olympic Committee in 2010 after one of the team members, Dong Fangxiao, was found to have been underage during the competition.

Post-gymnastics life
After retiring from gymnastics, Kui had surgery on her knee. She began studying French at the Beijing University of International Business and Economics, but dropped out after a few semesters. In March 2006, she married her boyfriend of two years, a football player. A year later, she gave birth to a daughter.

Kui remains close friends with former teammates Peng Sha (her daughter's godmother) and Bi Wenjing.

title: Kui Yuanyuan