text:
Brachypodium sylvaticum

Brachypodium sylvaticum, commonly known as false-brome, slender false brome or wood false brome, is a perennial grass native to Europe, Asia and Africa. It has a broad native range stretching from North Africa to Eurasia.

The bunchgrass is most commonly found in forests and woodlands, preferring the shaded canopy, but may grow in open areas. It prefers well drained neutral and calcerous soils, and avoids wet conditions.

Description
Brachypodium sylvaticum is a tall tufted perennial bunchgrass that grows up to about a 0.9 m high.

The drooping leaf blade of the plant is dark green, or bright-yellow green, flat and up to 12 mm wide with a fringe of hairs surrounding the edge of the leaf. The leaves do not have auricles. The leaf blade is joined to the hollow culm by the leaf sheath. This hairy sheath is open and surrounds the culm. The culm is pilose (long, soft, hairy), and typically has 4 to 5 nodes. The ligules are blunt, 1 - 6 mm long.

The grass has drooping narrow long spikelets of flowers on very short pedicels. The flower head is 6 - 20 cm long, the plant flowering in July and August. Its awns are straight and 6 - 18 mm long, projecting out of the end of the spikelets.

Wildlife value
Its seeds can be dispersed by wildlife and humans. The caterpillars of some Lepidoptera use it as a foodplant, e.g. the chequered skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon) and the Essex skipper (Thymelicus lineola).

Invasive species in North America
The grass is an introduced species in North America. Brachypodium sylvaticum is an invasive species colonizing new areas and outcompeting native plants. As this species has spread to the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. it has demonstrated a capability of dominating forest understories and open grasslands to the exclusion of all other flora found in those areas.

Recent observations suggest that populations at the leading edge of the expanding range undergo an establishment phase before they can contribute to the local invasion, perhaps because newly colonized populations are suffering from inbreeding depression.

Brachypodium sylvaticum is a newly invasive brome species in Oregon that is rapidly expanding in the Pacific Northwest. Although B. sylvaticum appears to be in the early phases of invasion in North America, it has become a noxious weed throughout the Willamette Valley area of Oregon since the late 1980s. It is most likely that B. sylvaticum was first introduced to Oregon in range experiments when accessions from the native range were planted near Eugene and Corvallis in the Willamette Valley using seed obtained from the USDA Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction anywhere between 70 and 80 years ago.
 * Oregon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brachypodium sylvaticum


text:
Ali bin Hussein

Ali bin Hussein ('Ali the son of Husayn') is an Arabic name which may refer to:
 * Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (658–713), son of Husayn ibn Ali and fourth Shi'a Imam
 * Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn (died 680), youngest son of Husayn ibn Ali
 * Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn (652–680), another son of Husayn ibn Ali
 * Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz (1879–1935), last Hashemite King of Hejaz and Sharif of Mecca
 * Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein (1956–2022), claimant to the throne of Iraq
 * Prince Ali bin Hussein of Jordan (born 1975), younger half-brother of King Abdullah II of Jordan

title: Ali bin Hussein


text:
Talk:Intel 8085

Programming software
how can we program in 8085 microprocessors.

In the good-old-days you would start with 8085 datasheet, and paper and pencil.

Today the easiest way is to use some of the many 8085 simulators/emulators available on the net.

Take a look: type "8085 emulator" on Google. 8085 emulators/simulators are still quite popular as a teaching tool, so there are many (commercial) simulators/emulators available.

Here's couple of free emulators available:

Freeware simu&assembler

Freeware simulator

Virtual 8085 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.198.89.125 (talk) 04:24, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

And if you want to use just an assembler:

ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/crossasm/ps85a12.zip

ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/crossasm/as80_130.zip

If you want to use some higher level language (eg. basic, pascal, c, java, ..) instead of assembler, someone else may give you more hints of free/cheap software.

Agreed, this should probably be separately provided in the form of a corresponding software section that provides lists of simulators and emulators for various platforms, preferably freely available stuff (open source and freeware).

BTW: the 8085 is also generally considered a spaceborne processor: http://klabs.org/DEI/Processor/index.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by Parallelized (talk • contribs) 20:58, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

The ACK compiler supports 8080/5 and is free software. Under CP/M BDS C is free but old so can be used for compiling on the 8085 system itself if running CP/M 82.70.14.226 (talk) 15:58, 18 February 2019 (UTC)

Using INTR signal
In reference to Nazli's correction "Comprehensive use of INTR requires..." which is commented "rudimentary use of INTR is possible even without an external Programmable Interrupt Controller".

I guess this refers eg. to using pullup resistors in AD0..AD7. Using this configuration, activating INTR causes the INTR recognition cycle to read FFh, which is the opcode of RST 7 instruction. So, with minimal components, you have created a system in which INTR signal is serviced as RST 7 instruction.

All this is interesting, but I fail to see if this clarification is worth the effort in short and generalized discussion of almost antique processor. Comments anyone?

 * I see your point - however the previous sentence:

 * "Use of the INTR requires an external Programmable Interrupt Controller such as an Intel 8259"

 * was factually incorrect. Maybe the whole discussion on interrupts needs to be abbreviated?

 * Nazli 05:47, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You are right: facts are facts, and the use of "requires" is incorrect.
 * And reading the paragraph containing interrupts, I agree:
 * the discussion on interrupts should be abbreviated.
 * Perhaps, if we dump the references to pins, and condense the discussion
 * into one sentence?
 * All in all, I think the article is quite good.
 * It puts the 8085 in historical context, discusses historical facts, and
 * references details which have modern equivalents.
 * Maybe the article should be rewritten, but it isn't very long to begin with.
 * Omniwriter 14:52, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Overall the article seems ok. The section on interrupts could possibly be shortened. One suggestion:

Old section:

"The microprocessor has three hardware based interrupt operations which are found in pins 7 through 9, these are called RST 7.5, RST 6.5, and RST 5.5 respectively. The 8085 has a TRAP interrupt which cannot be disabled (that is, TRAP is a Non-Maskable interrupt or NMI) and an INTR interrupt. Comprehensive use of the INTR requires an external Programmable Interrupt Controller such as an Intel 8259."

Proposed new section:

"The microprocessor has three hardware based interrupt operations as well as a TRAP interrupt which cannot be disabled (that is, a Non-Maskable interrupt or NMI) and an INTR interrupt."

Nazli 11:08, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Your proposal is ok. Or how about this:
 * "The microprocessor has three maskable hardware interrupts (RST), one Non-Maskable hardware interrupt (TRAP), and
 * one externally serviced hardware interrupt (INTR)."
 * BTW, the articles on Non-Maskable Interrupts and 8259 are a way longer than this on 8085.
 * So, maybe this article could be longer and contain more details?
 * There are no details on opcodes of 8085.. What other aspects of 8085 are still missing?
 * Omniwriter 20:52, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Clock Frequency
"The 8085 runs on a 6.14 MHz crystal, connected to X1 and X2 (pins 1 and 2)"

This is not strictly necessary is it? Only the max frequency is 6.14 MHz I believe? --Gingerjoos 03:35, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

CPU Architecture
''The 8085 Architecture follows the von Neumann architecture, with a 16bit address bus, and a 8bit data bus. But it is actually based on harvard concept'' This abruptly ending sentence is confusing. What makes it based on Harvard-concept? Svofski 07:05, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The simple answer is that it is not a Harvard architecture, that claim is wrong. The program memory and the working memory share the same address space and word size. It is a von Neuman machine. Contrast this with a PIC microcontroller, which is a Harvard machine. --AJim (talk) 02:33, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Commercial 8085 Simulators
I didn't add commercial/shareware simulators, because doing so might be disputable and be considered advertising, however maybe some folks are still interested, thus I put it here:

Shareware

 * http://www.angelfire.com/electronic2/8085simulator/ (Shareware with free license)
 * http://www.freewebs.com/vikasenterprises/
 * http://www.angelfire.com/in3/myweb/mic8085.html
 * http://www.manurastogi.com/home/projects/8085-simulator —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.227.11.74 (talk) 10:44, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Commercial

 * http://www.oshonsoft.com/8085.html

extending 8085's memory
Can 8085's memory be extended from 64K to 16MB? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.28.34.97 (talk) 20:34, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The chip can only directly address 16 bits (64K). You could use a bank-switching scheme in external hardware to extend this, but you can do that with pretty much any CPU. Kaleja (talk) 22:30, 1 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I had the misfortune to use a Northern Telecom 585 computer which used an 8085 and bank switching to manage 1 megabyte of memory, and which supported a half-dozen users at a time. In retrospect, this was a Bad Thing and NT should have used a 68000 or a 80286 or something else instead - the machine was a dinosaur, with 8 inch hard drives storing 20 megabytes each. The CPU that once served the entire stores inventory system of a steel mill is now living a life of quiet retirement as the brains in my EPROM burner. --Wtshymanski (talk) 14:13, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

expansion of terms in microprocessor 8085
expansion of terms in microprocessor 8085 eg:SIM,RIM,OLE —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.164.161.108 (talk) 16:33, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

Useless Google Books
I thought the usual 5 minutes with Google Books would turn up a half-dozen high-quality references for this article. I've never seen so many illiterate texts before in my life! If you flip between a half-dozen pages in 45 seconds and find a spelling or grammar error every time your eye lands on a page, there's a severe problem. Evidently the editorial standards to get an 8085 textbook published are very low...not that this doesn't stop Google Books from scanning them all in. Think I'll apply to some of these publishing houses...looks like they'll print any old thing, no questions asked. --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:28, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

extended instructions
Long ago, in the 1970's, when I was building some new industrial products that incorporated the 8085, I came across an article in, as I remember, Electronics magazine, which described a small set, a half dozen or so, of undocumented op codes that the authors had discovered. I do not have a reference for the article at present. After I studied these new op codes, I became quite excited, because they were very useful extensions of the instruction set, with for instance, really useful indexing capabilities. These new instructions were far more useful that the horde of new op codes introduced with the Z80, most of which made code simultaneously longer and slower if used; we avoided all but a couple of the Zilog opcodes, even when the target machine was a Z80 and not an 8080. I asked management if I could use these 8085 op codes, the decision was not to. Our inquiry, through the grapevine, was that Intel, for marketing reasons, disowned them, because they were not compatible with the upcoming 8086/88, for which they had bright hopes, correctly as we see now. Anyway, anyone interested in the 8085 today, especially in an emulator, could benefit from these extensions. --AJim (talk) 18:43, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I had a different experience. I designed Western Digital's first disk controller that could sustain 1:1 interleave, the WD1003-SCS. I was pretty excited about the undocumented 16 bit right arithmetic shift instruction as it would help speed up the 24b x 8b divide routines. I demonstrated to management that all second sourced 8085s had these instructions. They approved using the undocumented instructions. To make sure there were no mishaps, the power-on test verified that all the undocumented instructions that I used were functional. RastaKins (talk) 14:37, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

 * List of 12 macros used for Pertec PCC 2000 8085 based CP/M system for the extended instructions, using | as a line separator:

ARHL   MACRO           ;ARITH RIGHT SHIFT HL           |  DB   10H |  ENDM DSUB   MACRO           ;HL=HL-BC                       |  DB   08H |  ENDM JNXC   MACRO   ADR     ;JMP IF NOT X CARRY (INX, DCX)  |  DB  0DDH |  DW  ADR |  ENDM JXC    MACRO   ADR     ;JMP IF X CARRY                 |  DB  0FDH |  DW  ADR |  ENDM LDHI   MACRO   IMM     ;DE=HL+IMM                      |  DB   28H |  DB  IMM |  ENDM LDSI   MACRO   IMM     ;DE=SP+IMM                      |  DB   38H |  DB  IMM |  ENDM LHLX   MACRO           ;HL=(DE)                        |  DB  0EDH |  ENDM RDEL   MACRO           ;ROTATE DE,CY LEFT              |  DB   18H |  ENDM RIM    MACRO           ;RESET INT MASK                 |  DB   20H |  ENDM RSTV   MACRO           ;RST IF V SET TO 40H            |  DB  0C8H |  ENDM SHLX   MACRO           ;(DE)=HL                        |  DB  0D9H |  ENDM SIM    MACRO           ;SET INT MASK                   |  DB   30H |  ENDM There was a project to convert the PCC2000 from 8085 | CP/M to 8088 | CP/M86 (with 256KB to 1MB of ram), using an Intel provided translator to convert 8080 source code to 8088 source code. The extended instructions had to be converted manually, but it wasn't that much additional effort. Although a few systems were made, the project was abandoned when IBM announced the PC, and Pertec switched to making 68000 based systems. Rcgldr (talk) 07:41, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Release date ?
In article there's written that the Intel 8085 was introduced in 1977. On the image there's 1976 written. Is it ok? --Filipadamer (talk) 16:57, 21 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The 1976 is the publishing date for copyright purposes. It is quite possible that pre production samples of the chip were released in 1976 (hence the date on the chip) even though the production chips were introduced in 1977. 86.151.114.31 (talk) 13:12, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I have to agree with Filipadamer. Most reliable sources give March 1976 as the release date. Softlavender (talk) 23:23, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

History
Might want to add a history section, mostly about "home" or CP/M computers based on the 8085, such as the Pertec PCC 2000. Rcgldr (talk) 15:32, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

microcontroller
There seems to be some interest in what is, and isn't, a microcontroller, as opposed to a microprocessor. First, it seems to me that all micro controllers are also microprocessors, though not all are used in general purpose computing. Some have features that make them less than ideal for general computing, such as the small stack in the 6502. That the 6502 became popular for computers like the Apple II, when more usable processors weren't so much more expensive, seems strange now. In any case, the 8085 was popular for embedded (microcontroller) use, and less for general use computing. It was plenty powerful compared to, for example, the 6502. Gah4 (talk) 20:18, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

 * In the English and German Wikipedia, microcontrollers are defined as containing a CPU along with memory and I/O devices on a single chip. In that sense, a microcontroller contains a microprocessor. So there is a distinction, if somewhat fuzzy. Drahtlos (talk) 20:27, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

 * I suppose. But with the 8085 multiplexed address/data bus, Intel made devices with demultiplexing latch, RAM/ROM/EPROM, and I/O ports, so a two chip system wasn't hard. I have taken embedded devices apart, and extracted the 8085 (or maybe 80C85) to play with, so I know it was often used that way. It is a little more capable than the 8x48 series. Gah4 (talk) 20:48, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

 * From Microcontroller: Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications Gah4 (talk) 21:59, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

 * In general, a microcontroller is regarded as a complete system on a single chip requiring just a crystal for the clock (or an external clock signal). By complete, I mean: incorporating the processor, ROM and RAM and usually some form of input/output and is thus able to function autonomously. The 8085 fails in this respect in almost the worst way because it lacks everything except the processor. 86.168.83.226 (talk) 17:04, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes, but that is somewhat more recent. For many years, the 8085 was used in embedded applications that might have been too complicated for a single chip solution. Also, the 8085 was rarely used for non-embedded systems. The 80C85 was used for some portable systems that needed the lower power demand. Gah4 (talk) 22:09, 12 May 2018 (UTC)
 * The 1980 Intel "Component Data Catalog" calls the 8085 "Single Chip 8-Bit N-Channel Microprocessor". In the same catalog, Intel calls their 8048 family "Single Component 8-Bit Microcomputer" - a microcontroller, or at least a different class of product than the 8085. --Wtshymanski (talk) 22:50, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

 * In that case, the application was not a microcontroller one precisely because the 8085 required at least a ROM and a RAM chip to support it, and most likely some additional form of I/O to supplement the 8085's primitive serial capability. The Osborne 4 & 8-bit Microprocessor handbook, like Intel, describes what most people would describe as microcontrollers as microcomputers [on a chip]. The 8048 and 8078 series parts (with the exception of the 8035 and 8039 which lack inbuilt ROM and RAM) are described as microcomputers. The 8085 is described as a 'microprocessor' and not a 'microcomputer. 86.168.83.226 (talk) 12:32, 13 May 2018 (UTC)

 * If you use the 8085 with the 8155 and 8355 (or 8755), you have a three chip solution with RAM and ROM (or EPROM) and lots of I/O ports. The 8155, 8355, and 8755 have the address bus latch built-in. You can also add extra chips for extra I/O to an 8x48, if you need more I/O.  The 8085 instruction set is nicer than the 8x48, too. So, yes, it isn't a one chip solution, but some embedded problems are too big for the usual single chip controllers. Gah4 (talk) 04:36, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Intel 8085


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Ill Community

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 05:42, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

The Ill Community
Non-notable forum. Delete. A Link to the Past 19:28, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn semi-trolling forum. They go hack other sites. They get 61 unique Google hitsonly 2 of which are theirs (e.g. ill = inter library loan) and an Alexa rank of 4500 (surprisingly high). -Splash 01:35, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. -- Joolz 01:51, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Dont Delete This article is somewhat informative. -- Chea 11:18, 17 July 2005
 * No such user (as of my time stamp). Edit actually by 69.157.98.200. -Splash 03:29, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Dont Delete The reason you can't find the site is because its ILL community, not three straight I's. Heres the link: http://community.allhiphop.com Zelda 11:39, 17 July 2005
 * History shows this user did not make this edit. Actually made by 69.157.98.200, -Splash 03:29, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Both edits should be slashed. -- A Link to the Past 04:17, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 03:21, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn. forum. jni 14:10, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - just another stupid web forum. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:56, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Charles F. Hoffmann

Charles Frederick Hoffmann (February 29, 1838 – June 20, 1913) was a German-American topographer working in California U.S. from 1860 to 1880.

Life
Hoffmann was born in Frankfurt, Germany on February 29, 1838. After receiving an education in engineering, he emigrated to America. In 1857 he was topographer for Frederick Lander's survey to the Rocky Mountains. He came to California in 1858. He was recruited by Josiah Whitney to join the California Geological Survey because of his valuable skill as a topographer. Hoffmann is largely responsible for introducing topography to the United States. He helped explore the Sierra Nevada of California, from 1860 through 1870, and 1873 through 1874. As a member of the Survey, Hoffmann created the official maps from the expeditions made by the survey team. Hoffmann achieved a number of first ascents in the Sierra Nevada:
 * Mount Brewer
 * Mount Dana
 * Mount Silliman
 * Tower Peak

In 1870 he married Lucy Mayotta Browne. In 1871 and 1872 he was Professor of Topographical Engineering at Harvard University. Later, he was a mining engineer at Virginia City, Nevada, San Francisco, California, and Mexico. Charles Hoffmann died in Oakland, California on June 20, 1913.

Legacy
Mount Hoffmann, a high peak in central Yosemite National Park, is named after him.

title: Charles F. Hoffmann


text:
Regina (martyr)

Saint Regina (Regnia, Sainte Reine) (3rd century) was a virgin martyr and saint of the pre-schism Christian Church. Regina was born in Autun, France, to a pagan named Clement. Her mother died at her birth and her father placed her with a Christian nurse who baptized her. Regina helped out by tending the sheep. She communed with God in prayer and meditated on the lives of the saints. At the age of fifteen, she was betrothed to the proconsul Olybrius, but refused to renounce her faith to marry him, for which she was tortured and was beheaded at Alesia in the diocese of Autun, called Alise-Sainte-Reine after her.

Her martyrdom is considered to have occurred either during the persecution of Decius, in 251, or under Maximian in 286.

Veneration
Honored in many Martyrologies, Regina's feast is celebrated on 7 September or in the Archdiocese of Paderborn on 20 June. In the past, a procession was held in her honor in the town of Dijon. However, her relics were transferred to Flavigny Abbey in 864. The history of the translation of Regina was the subject of a 9th-century account.

The village of Alise-Sainte-Reine commemorates the saint each August with a procession from Flavigny to Sainte-Reine followed by the presentation of a mystery play, the "Mystery of Sainte Reine". A tradition that dates back to 866, it has become a cultural event in the area.

There are many places in France named Sainte-Reine after her.

title: Regina (martyr)


text:
Talk:Across 110th Street

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Autumnpfingsten.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:21, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Archives

 * 1

title: Talk:Across 110th Street


text:
List of Eritreans

The following is a list of notable Eritreans.

Athletes

 * Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda
 * Jemal Abdu
 * Abel Aferworki
 * Berhane Aregai
 * Hennos Asmelash
 * Natnael Berhane
 * Nat Berhe
 * Mossana Debesai
 * Mekseb Debesay
 * Joel Gerezgiher
 * Amanuel Ghebreigzabhier
 * Ghirmay Ghebreslassie
 * Biniam Girmay
 * Henok Goitom
 * Nebiat Habtemariam
 * Meb Keflezighi
 * Thomas Kelati
 * Yonas Kifle
 * Merhawi Kudus
 * Oliver Kylington
 * Golgol Mebrahtu
 * Teklemariam Medhin
 * Yidnekachew Shimangus
 * Zemenfes Solomon
 * Simret Sultan
 * Zersenay Tadese
 * Daniel Teklehaimanot
 * Alexander Isak

Artists

 * Michael Adonai
 * Yegizaw Michael
 * Hamid Barole Abdu
 * Saba Kidane
 * Abdulkadir Kebire
 * Fesshaye Yohannes
 * Osman Saleh Sabbe
 * Dawit Isaak
 * Ruth Simon
 * Genet Sium
 * Hannah Pool

Singers and musicians

 * Adiam
 * Abraham Afewerki
 * Afrob
 * Negash Ali
 * Yemane Baria
 * Eriam Sisters
 * Dehab Faytinga
 * Abeba Haile
 * Senait Ghebrehiwet Mehari
 * Helen Meles
 * Bereket Mengisteab
 * U-n-i (Yonas)
 * Winta
 * Tsehaytu Beraki
 * Abeba Haile
 * Deno
 * Abrar Osman
 * Nipsey Hussle
 * Rubi Rose

Actors and actresses

 * Zeudi Araya
 * Ella Thomas
 * Tiffany Haddish
 * Mereb Estifanos

Political figures

 * Haregot Abbai
 * Isaias Afwerki
 * General Oqbe Abreha
 * Ogbe Abraha
 * Ali Abdu Ahmed
 * Ibrahim Sultan Ali
 * Aman Mikael Andom
 * Hamid Idris Awate
 * Tedla Bairu
 * Osman Saleh Mohammed
 * Zerai Deres
 * Araya Desta
 * Ali Said Abdella
 * Sebhat Ephrem
 * Yemane Gebreab
 * Haile Samuel
 * Ghirmai Gebremariam
 * Umar Hassan
 * Abdalla Jabir
 * Abraha Kassa
 * Abdulkadir Kebire
 * Tekle Kiflay
 * Mohamed Omer
 * Osman Saleh Sabbe
 * Mahmood Sherifo
 * Petros Solomon
 * Semere Russom
 * Paulos Tesfagiorgis
 * Woldeab Woldemariam
 * Haile Woldense
 * Haile Menkerios
 * Saleh Meki
 * Kaleb Tedla
 * Filipos Woldeyohannes
 * Mahmoud Ahmed Sherifo
 * Mesfin Hagos
 * Hamid Himid
 * Estifanos Seyoum
 * Astier Fesehazion
 * Germano Nati
 * Beraki Gebreselassie

Scholars and educators

 * Semhar Araia
 * Haben Girma
 * Bereket Habte Selassie

Journalists

 * Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu
 * Dawit Isaak
 * Hannah Pool
 * Fesshaye Yohannes
 * David Fjäll

Doctors and professors

 * Haile Debas
 * Paulos Tesfagiorgis

Noble men

 * Abram Petrovich Gannibal
 * Bahta Hagos
 * Bahr negus Yeshaq
 * Woldemichael Solomon

title: List of Eritreans


text:
Dorf Clark Industries

Dorf Clark Industries Limited (commonly Dorf) is a division of GWA International Ltd and is an Australian manufacturer of taps & accessories, stainless sinks and tubs & commercial products.

History
Caroma Dorf was formed in 2006 by GWA International Limited as the Bathroom Fixtures and Sanitaryware business, which is now home to a number of well-known brands including Dorf, Caroma, Fowler, Irwell, Stylus, Clark, Epure and Radiant.

Dorf has a major manufacturing facility in Penrith, New South Wales and has sales offices in across Australia and New Zealand. Dorf also has agents in the Pacific Islands, South East Asia, Canada and the USA.

title: Dorf Clark Industries


text:
Enallagma cyathigerum

Enallagma cyathigerum (common blue damselfly, common bluet, or northern bluet) is a species found mainly between latitudes 40°N and 72°N; It is widely distributed in the Palearctic, and the Nearctic species Enallagma annexum was at one time considered to be synonymous with it. The species can reach a length of 32 to 35 mm (1.3 to 1.4 in). It is common in many different countries including Russia, Sweden, Norway, Finland, the United States of America, and South Korea. Damselflies are an important link between the health of the aquatic ecosystem and its response to climate change.

Habitat
These damselflies inhabit freshwater bodies whose conditions range, they have been seen in acidic fens as well as eutrophic ponds. They have been considered one of the more sensitive insects in an aquatic setting. They are important within the trophic levels as they are an intermediate predator. They consume smaller larvae and they are preyed on by fish and larvae bigger than them.

The larvae prefer a habitat that has a more complex structure in the ground composition as well as the plants. The larval stages spend most of their time within the plants, climbing and feeding. Although they do prefer a more complex habitat, they can also be found in habitats with simpler vegetation. They are efficient in both complexities equally, but the complex vegetation also serves as protection from fish.

These larvae are able to live in a dense population in shallow areas of water without showing signs of competition between the larvae. The damselfly larvae require a plant structure that can withstand the backward movement that occurs when the labium protracts to catch food.

Identification
The males of this species are a cerulean blue color with black markings, while the females have a larger variation in their coloring.

Within females there are a few different morphs in which they can take, andromorph and heteromorph. Andromorphic females resemble the cerulean blue males, but they have more black patterning on their bodies. The heteromorphic females are more of a brown or green brown color and do not resemble the males at all. The reasoning behind the different morphs is to attempt to limit the amount of attention the female receives when she is near the water for reproduction.

The common blue damselfly can be easily mistaken for the azure damselfly (Coenagrion puella), but on the back and the thorax, the common blue damselfly has more blue than black; for the azure damselfly it is the other way around. The second segment of the thorax has a distinctive spot with a line below connecting to the third segment.

Another difference can be observed when inspecting the side of the thorax. The common blue damselfly has only one small black stripe there, while all other blue damselflies have two.

Lifecycles
The lifecycle of this species begins in freshwater, they spend most of their time as larvae. The larval stage depends on the temperature, light, and the resource level. Once the temperatures drop the larvae can go into a state called diapause instead of dying. The damselflies that endure diapause effect the body size for the next season. Since these damselflies are flexible, they have two different lifecycles depending on latitude univoltine or semivoltine. The more north these damselflies are found, the more likely they are to be semivoltine. By being able to shift the lifecycle due to the conditions this allows for twice the amount of development time, so larger adults are typically found in more northern areas.

Once the larvae emerge as adults between May and August they have a brief time to feed before they are to find a mate and reproduce the next generation of larvae. Once emerged, there is an estimated sex ratio of 1:1 within the colony, allows for mating within the colony to be less of a competition. During mating, the male clasps the female by her neck while she bends her body around to his reproductive organs – this is called a mating wheel. The pair flies together over the water and eggs are laid within a suitable plant, just below the surface. The eggs hatch and the larvae, called nymphs, live in the water and feed on small aquatic animals. Nymphs climb out of the water up a suitable stem to molt into damselflies.

Behaviour
All Coenagrionid larvae have a broad range in diet, so they can live in many different habitats. The larvae are able to eat relatively large prey items, but the prey are typically less mobile and therefore easier to catch. The males in the colony show a higher mobility level compared to other species. There has also been pairings with Ischnura elegans and Coenagrion puella which are similar to Enallagma, although this occurs when there is same species mates are unable to be located. This damselfly requires a close look for a beginner to distinguish them from an azure damselfly. Typically, they fly low through the reeds and often fly well out over the water, unlike azure damselflies. They are also a brighter blue.

Mitogenome
The mitogenome was sequenced for this species. The circular DNA sequence is 16,661 base pairs long. Within the order Odonata it is one of the largest mitogenomes to be sequenced thus far. The composition of the sequence is 74.2% adenine and thymine and 25.8% cytosine and guanine. This knowledge assists with the placement within a phylogenetic tree.

Human impacts
Pesticides have a large impact on this species due to its sensitivity. These pesticides are introduced to the water by runoff and by being added directly. Being exposed to pesticides made these organisms less likely to be successful in metamorphosis with the effects being worse the longer the organism is exposed. The exposure to the larvae has effects on the adult life stage in regard to their fitness  Behaviour is lessened by the introduction of pesticides.

title: Enallagma cyathigerum


text:
T. E. D. Klein

Theodore "Eibon" Donald Klein (born July 15, 1947) is an American horror writer and editor.

Klein has published very few works, but they have all achieved positive notice for their meticulous construction and subtle use of horror. Critic S. T. Joshi writes, "In close to 25 years of writing Klein has only two books and a handful of scattered tales to his credit, and yet his achievement towers gigantically over that of his more prolific contemporaries."

Biography
Klein was born and lives in New York City and attended Brown University, where he wrote his honors thesis on H. P. Lovecraft, edited The Brown Daily Herald, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1969. In the 1970s, he studied film history at Columbia University, wrote short fiction and non-fiction, and worked as a movie script reader for Paramount Pictures.

In 1975, Klein, with a few others, conceived the idea of a World Fantasy Convention. The first such convention was held in Providence, Rhode Island, in honour of the life and work of H.P. Lovecraft. Klein's story "The Events at Poroth Farm" was a nominee for Best Short Fiction at the convention. (The story is reprinted in Gahan Wilson, ed. First World Fantasy Awards. Doubleday, 1977, pp. 97–135, and in the Library of America's American Fantastic Tales: Terror and the Uncanny from Poe to Now, edited by Peter Straub. )

He was the editor of Twilight Zone magazine from its inception in 1981 until 1985, and served as editor of the short-lived true crime magazine CrimeBeat from 1991 to 1993. He has also taught English at New York's John Jay College and been a longtime supporter of animal rights.

He added "Eibon" to his name – a reference to Clark Ashton Smith's Hyperborean wizard – so that when he used his initials in his byline, a la H. P. Lovecraft or M. R. James, they would spell out his nickname "Ted".

Klein has blamed his limited output of fiction on writer's block. He revealed in the book Faces of Fear (1985) that he had struggled with The Ceremonies for more than five years before finally finishing it, adding: "I'm one of those people who will do anything to avoid writing. Anything!"

On November 3, 1995, Klein attended the graveside ceremony at Woodlawn Cemetery to mark the passing of writer Frank Belknap Long.

Writings
He first attracted notice with the short story "The Events at Poroth Farm" (1972), in which a college lecturer, isolated in the countryside and reading horror literature for teaching in the next semester, gradually realises that genuine supernatural horror is taking place around him. The story is notable for the insidious way in which the narrator's responses to the works he is reading (including those of Charles Robert Maturin, Ann Radcliffe, "Monk" Lewis, Sheridan Le Fanu, Bram Stoker, Aleister Crowley, and Shirley Jackson) are conflated with his impressions of the supernatural threat.

In 1984 Klein published the novel The Ceremonies, which uses the same basic plot as the novella to more expansive ends; the threat this time is not to one man or one community, but to the entire world. The Ceremonies takes up and elaborates upon some of the mysteries of Arthur Machen's story "The White People" and is called "a modern classic" in an essay by Thomas F. Monteleone in the book Horror: 100 Best Books. The Ceremonies is described by Stephen King as "Wonderful, exciting and suspenseful, full of tension and a sense of deep brooding mystery", "the most exciting novel in the field to come along since Straub's Ghost Story". A revised edition was published by PS Publishing in 2017.

A second novel, Nighttown, was announced by Klein soon afterwards and described by him as "a paranoid horror novel set entirely in New York City", but it has not appeared in all the years since.

In 1985 Klein published the collection Dark Gods, which includes four novellas, "Children of the Kingdom", "Petey", "Black Man with a Horn", and "Nadelman's God". The last of these novellas was first published in this collection, whilst the others had been published previously.

In 1993, Klein co-wrote with Italian film director Dario Argento the screenplay of the giallo film Trauma, also known as Dario Argento's Trauma.

His previously unpublished short story "Growing Things" was collected in the 1999 anthology 999.

He has penned two critical essays on weird fiction: Dr Van Helsing's Handy Guide to Ghost Stories (1981), a series of articles for Twilight Zone magazine; and Raising Goosebumps for Fun and Profit (1988), originally written for Writer's Digest. As a critic, Klein was influential in encouraging the early career of Ramsey Campbell via an extensive review of his work up to the time of Demons by Daylight which was published in Nyctalops magazine.

In 2019, the Hippocampus Press published a collection of Klein's various essays, articles, and op-ed pieces entitled Providence After Dark and Other Writings (edited by S. T. Joshi).

Awards and recognition
The novella "Nadelman's God" won the 1986 World Fantasy Award for Best Novella. In 2012, Klein received the World Horror Convention's Grand Master Award.

title: T. E. D. Klein


text:
File:Being John Malkovich poster.jpg

Movie poster of Being John Malkovich (1999)

Fair use Being John Malkovich
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promote a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Being John Malkovich poster.jpg


text:
Marcus Garvey (album)

Marcus Garvey is the third album by reggae artist Burning Spear, released in 1975 on Fox Records in Jamaica and then internationally on Island Records later in the year. The album is named after the Jamaican National Hero and Rastafari movement prophet Marcus Garvey. A dub version of it was released four months later as Garvey's Ghost.

This was the first album by Burning Spear recorded for producer Lawrence Lindo, better known by his handle taken from the assassin of Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby. Apparently, Lindo and Burning Spear realized the opening track to this album, "Marcus Garvey", on their first meeting. Island Records, whose founder Chris Blackwell had been instrumental in breaking Jamaican reggae artists Jimmy Cliff, Toots and the Maytals, and Bob Marley to an international audience, then made a deal to release it internationally, but believed the original Jamaican mix of the album to be too threatening, or at least too commercially unviable, for white audiences and therefore remixed it into what they considered a more palatable form, outraging him. The Jamaican release also does not include the final track, "Resting Place", which had only been issued as a single there. The backing musicians, whom Lindo named the Black Disciples, had been assembled from the Soul Syndicate and the Wailers.

On July 27, 2010, this album was remastered and released by Universal's Hip-O Records reissue imprint in tandem with the dub version on one compact disc.

The album was listed in the 1999 book The Rough Guide: Reggae: 100 Essential CDs.

Track listing
All tracks written by Winston Rodney and Phillip Fullwood except as indicated.

 * 1) "Marcus Garvey" — 3:27
 * 2) "Slavery Days" — 3:34
 * 3) "The Invasion" (W. Rodney, Carl Paisley, Fullwood) — 3:22
 * 4) "Live Good" (Marcus Rodney, Mackba Rodney, Winston Rodney) — 3:14
 * 5) "Give Me" (W. Rodney) — 3:11
 * 6) "Old Marcus Garvey" — 4:03
 * 7) "Tradition" (D. Hines, R. Willington, W. Rodney) — 3:30
 * 8) "Jordan River" (W. Rodney, M. Lawrence, Fullwood) — 3:00
 * 9) "Red, Gold & Green" (A. Folkes, W. Rodney, Fullwood) — 3:14
 * 10) "Resting Place" (W. Rodney) — 3:10 (not on original Jamaican LP release)

Reception
Ed Ward in a 1976 review in Rolling Stone felt that the music was rootsy and compelling, but that it wouldn't be understood by American audiences, and that the lead song about Marcus Garvey wouldn't make sense to anyone who didn't know Jamaican culture.

Robert Christgau felt that it was the most African-sounding and most political reggae album to be released in America at the time.

Legacy
Jo-Ann Greene in an AllMusic retrospective summary feels that the album was a significant recording in roots reggae, though regrets that Island subsidiary Mango remixed the album too commercially, diluting some of the "haunting atmospheres" of producer Jack Ruby's original mix.

The album was included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die where Jim Harrington commented that he felt it had "a poignant blend of religious aspirations and cultural concerns".

Musicians

 * Burning Spear – lead vocals

The Black Disciples

 * Delroy Hines – harmony vocals
 * Rupert Willington – harmony vocals
 * Bobby Ellis – trumpet
 * Vincent "Trommie" Gordon – trombone, clavinet
 * Carlton "Sam" Samuels – flute
 * Herman Marquis – alto saxophone
 * Richard "Dirty Harry" Hall – tenor saxophone
 * Tyrone "Organ D" Downie – piano, organ
 * Bernard "Touter" Harvey – piano, organ, clavinet
 * Earl "Chinna" Smith – lead guitar
 * Valentine "Tony" Chin – rhythm guitar
 * Robbie "Rabbi" Shakespeare – bass
 * Aston "Family Man" Barrett – bass
 * Leroy "Horsemouth" Wallace – drums

Production credits

 * Engineers: George Philpott and Errol Thompson
 * Recorded at Randy's Recording Studio, North Parade, Kingston, Jamaica
 * Mixed at Joe Gibbs Studio, Retirement Crescent, Kingston, Jamaica
 * Special thanks to Lloyd Coxone

title: Marcus Garvey (album)


text:
Federico Krutwig

Federico Krutwig Sagredo (Getxo, 15 May 1921 – Bilbao, 15 November 1998) was a Spanish Basque writer, philosopher, politician, and author of several books, with Vasconia standing out in the political domain for its influence in the early stages of ETA, and as an advocate of classic Labourdin for the standardization of Basque. He distanced himself from Sabino Arana's brand of Basque nationalism, emphasizing language instead of race as pivotal for the Basque nation.

Along with Felix Likiniano, he tried to create some resistance to Franco's dictatorial regime after the Spanish Civil War. The thought of both authors, melding Basque nationalism and anarchism gave birth to a minor political current known as Anarkoabertzalism (Anarcho-independentism), which eventually merged within the hybrid of Marxism and Anarchism known as Autonomism.

Biography
Federico Krutwig was born on 15 May 1921 in Getxo, the son of a bourgeois family of German origin. He taught himself the Basque language. He joined the Basque-Language Academy in 1943, where he favoured the standardisation of Basque around the Labourdine dialect of the first printed books in Basque, and with an etymological orthography. However, the Academy preferred the Guipuscoan dialect as the basis of Standard Basque. Krutwig's Basque language standardisation proposal was not to be applied beyond the members of the Jakintza Baitha ("House of Knowledge") Hellenophile society.

In 1952, after rejecting Luis Villasante joining the Basque-Language Academy, and after his criticisms of the position of the Catholic Church in reference to the Basque language, he went into exile in France. Once in Donibane-Lohizune he contacted members of the movement Jagi-Jagi. In 1963 he edited the book Vasconia, in which he questioned part of the traditional Basque nationalism of Sabino Arana and proposed a new Basque nationalism.

Krutwig collaborated with ex-militants of EGI and theorized about the use of violence for political purposes. In 1964 he was expelled from France and moved to Brussels, Belgium. Here he made contact with members of ETA. He elaborated some memoranda for ETA's V at Guethary, and put ETA in contact with the Czech weapon industry. In 1975 he abandoned ETA and established his residency back in Spain in Zarauz, to dedicate himself exclusively to literary production.

His main writings are:
 * Vasconia (1963): Published initially under the pseudonym of Fernando Sarrailh de Ihartza, in which Krutwig describes an ideal Greater Basqueland comprising all the supposedly historical territories, from the Garonne to the Ebro rivers.
 * La Nueva Europa (The New Europe, 1976): In this essay Krutwig extends his ideas on Greater Vasconia to Western Europe, claiming and hoping for an "internal decolonization" of the continent and proposing what could be grossly taken as the Europe of the Regions.
 * Garaldea: Sobre el origen de los vascos y su relación con los guanches (Garaldea: On the origin of Basques and their relation to Guanches, 1978): In this, maybe his most scientific and serious essay, Krutwig studies the origins of the Basques and explores a hypothetical Garaldea (land of "we are" or land of the flame), extending at some time in the past through all Western Europe and the Mediterranean basin. In the annexes, he analyzes transcriptions of Guanche (native Canarian) and Pictish inscriptions, concluding that their two extinct languages are not just related to Basque but that they are the very same tongue. This daring claim has not been corroborated by anyone so far, and nearly all specialists in the subject consider it erroneous.
 * La Nueva Vasconia (The New Vasconia, 1979): a substantially enlarged re-edition of Vasconia, after the death of Franco.
 * Computer Shock Vasconia Año 2001 (1984)

He spoke and read several ancient and modern languages. He translated works of Goethe and Mao Zedong into Basque. Krutwig died in Bilbao in 1998.

Influence
The Basque folk group Oskorri released an album Garaldea featuring collaborations with Canarian musicians.

While staying in Aosta Valley in the 1970s, he came into contact with Josèf Henriet, who was inspired by his ideology to create the first Arpitan movement, which Josèf (or Joseph/Giuseppe) called "Harpitan" spoken in the idealised country of "Harpitanya".

title: Federico Krutwig


text:
Category talk:GP2 Series

CSD

 * Hey! I just created this! I'm still editing it!!! 132.205.45.110 19:35, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The speedy deletion nomination is incorrect, it should go to CfD instead of CSD. 132.205.45.110 20:12, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The nomination is made in bad faith, as I only created it two minutes before it was nominated. 132.205.45.110 20:12, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, my bad. Found it on 'random article' and didn't notice it was so recent. Apologies. --Psyk0 15:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:GP2 Series


text:
User:Greatpoo

Ishmael Abdul-Muhammed
Special thanks to Scott Nazelrod for instigating my interest in the Wikipedia, and the wide world of wiki.

Hello, my name is Ishmael. I recently graduated from Paul M. Dorman High School, in Roebuck, South Carolina with the SC Academic Diploma.

Interests
My interests include, but are not limited to:
 * Thinking
 * Reasoning
 * Reading
 * Writing
 * Drawing

Quotes

 * Logic is not an option.
 * Brevity is the soul of wit

Articles

 * Box modeling

title: User:Greatpoo


text: Template:Golden State Warriors roster

title: Template:Golden State Warriors roster


text:
Renault Avantime

The Renault Avantime is a grand tourer marketed by the French manufacturer Renault, designed and manufactured by Matra, between 2001 and 2003. As a one-box design without B-pillars, styled by Patrick Le Quément, the Avantime combined the design elements of an MPV, estate or shooting brake with the style of a 2+2 coupé and elements of a convertible.

The name "Avantime" is a portmanteau of the French word "Avant" (meaning "ahead") and the English word "time" – with the latter using the English /taɪm/ rather than French pronunciation /tiːm/.

Conception and design
The Avantime was designed and developed in-house by Renault affiliate Matra and was conceived by Philippe Guédon, head of the automotive division at Matra, who "believed that the children of Espace owners remained loyal to the car even after they had grown up and left home. As a result, the renowned estate was gaining a generation of new drivers."

Styled by Patrick Le Quément, the Avantime was intended to combine the space of an estate with the four place pillarless qualities of a coupé. Regarding the styling, Thierry Metroz, design project manager, said, "We wanted someone walking around the car to be continually astonished." Anthony Grade, Renault's vice-president of design said, "The exterior and interior had to be coherent. Using the Espace as a base, for instance, meant we had the central instrument display, but that‘s part of the innovative character of the whole vehicle". Car magazine described the interior as architectural and luxurious. The one-box design eliminated B-pillars and featured an aluminium structure, aluminium panels for the greenhouse and a full sunroof of strengthened heat-reflecting glass. The interior featured four seats, each with built in seatbelts, and leather from Bridge of Weir.

To facilitate access to the rear seats, two long doors featured a double parallel opening hinge system (marketed as "double kinematic") that maximized access and minimized the door outswing. Front side windows lowered automatically when either of the front seats folded forward to further facilitate entry to the rear two seats. Windows featured power deployable sunshades, and the H-points of the rear two seats were higher than the forward two seats, giving the Avantime "theater seating." The luggage compartment featured a retaining system using retractable straps, and all Avantimes featured a two-tone look created by the exposed aluminium of the greenhouse. The windows and panoramic sunroof could open automatically via a single headliner-mounted control, to give the Avantime an 'open air' mode of previous decades hardtop coupes and sedans.

The design borrowed the automotive space frame of the first generation Renault Espace (load bearing galvanized structure with non-load bearing composite panels) and used the PSA 24 valve, 207 hp (152 kW) 3.0L V6 engine, which was coupled to a six-speed manual transmission or five-speed automatic transmission.

A facelift for the Avantime codenamed D67 was planned for 2004-2005 that would have seen the boot lip lowered.

Launch and reception
The Avantime was first shown in February 1999, in concept form at a press launch in the Louvre, and one month later to the public at the Geneva Auto Show – where it was referred to as a "Coupéspace" – and went into production two years later, after the subsequent engineering of the pillarless roof to meet safety standards. The Avantime's sales were poor. The car's fortunes were not helped by the introduction of the Renault Vel Satis (another large, upmarket Renault) around the same time. Renault considered selling the Avantime as an Infiniti in the United States and showed it to prospective buyers. It was quickly determined that it would not be worth the expense of federalizing the design.

When Matra decided to pull out of the automotive production business in 2003 (partly as a result of the financial loss incurred by the poor sales of the Avantime), Renault chose to discontinue the Avantime rather than move its production elsewhere. 8,557 were built from 2001 to 2003, a figure that makes it one of the worst-selling cars of all time. In 2002, Automobile Magazine said "Le Quement is clearly an outside the box thinker, and the product of his vision is a fascinating exercise, but American buyers' utilitarian expectations of the one box shape just don't jibe with the decadence and frivolity of a grand touring coupe."

title: Renault Avantime


text:
Portal:Business/Selected article/53

John Davison Rockefeller, Sr. (July 8, 1839–May 23, 1937) was an American industrialist and philanthropist who played a pivotal role in the establishment of the oil industry, and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller helped found the Standard Oil company. Over a forty-year period, Rockefeller built Standard Oil into the largest and most profitable company in the world, and became the world's richest man.

His business career was controversial. He was bitterly attacked by muckraking journalists; his company was convicted in the Federal Court of monopolistic practices and broken up in 1911. He gave up active management of Standard Oil in the late 1890s, while keeping a large fraction of the shares. He spent the last forty years of his life focused on philanthropic pursuits, primarily related to education and public health. He donated most of his wealth using multiple foundations run by experts. He was a devout Northern Baptist and supported many church-based institutions throughout his life.

Rockefeller may ultimately be remembered simply for the raw size of his wealth. In 1902, an audit showed Rockefeller was worth about $200 million, compared to the total national wealth that year of $101 billion. His wealth grew significantly after as the demand for gasoline soared, eventually reaching about $900 million, including significant interests in banking, shipping, mining, railroads, and other industries. By the time of his death in 1937, Rockefeller's remaining fortune, largely tied up in permanent family trusts, was estimated at $1.4 billion. Rockefeller's net worth over the last decades of his life would easily place him among the list of wealthiest persons in history. As a percentage of the United States economy, no other American fortune—including Bill Gates or Sam Walton—would even come close.

title: Portal:Business/Selected article/53


text:
Eston Hemings

Eston Hemings Jefferson (May 21, 1808 – January 3, 1856) was born into slavery at Monticello, the youngest son of Sally Hemings, a mixed-race enslaved woman. Most historians who have considered the question believe that his father was Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States. Evidence from a 1998 DNA test showed that a descendant of Eston matched the Jefferson male line, and historical evidence also supports the conclusion that Thomas Jefferson was probably Eston's father. Many historians believe that Jefferson and Sally Hemings had six children together, four of whom survived to adulthood. Other historians disagree.

Jefferson freed Eston and his older brother Madison Hemings in his will, as they had not yet come of age at his death. They each married and lived with their families and mother Sally in Charlottesville, Virginia, until her death in 1835. Both brothers and their young families moved to Chillicothe, Ohio, to live in a free state, where Eston Hemings earned a living as a musician and entertainer.

In 1852 Eston moved with his wife and three children to Madison, Wisconsin, where they changed their surname to Jefferson and entered the white community. Their sons both served in the Union Army, and the older one, John Wayles Jefferson, achieved the rank of colonel. He moved to Memphis, Tennessee, becoming a wealthy cotton broker and never married.

Eston's other children, Beverly and Anna Jefferson, married into the white community, and their descendants have identified as white. Beverly Jefferson's five sons were educated and three entered the professional class as a physician, attorney, and manager at the railroad. One of their male-line descendants was tested in the 1998 DNA study that found the link to the Jefferson-male line.

Early life
What is known of Eston's life is derived from his brother Madison's 1873 memoir, a few entries in Thomas Jefferson's Farm Book, a handful of contemporary newspaper accounts, various census and land/tax records, and the family history of his descendants.

Eston was born into slavery as the youngest son of the enslaved Sally Hemings. As she was one of the six mixed-race children of Betty Hemings and John Wayles (Jefferson's father-in-law), she and her siblings were half-siblings to Jefferson's wife Martha Wayles and were three-quarters European in ancestry, as their mother had a white father. The historians Philip D. Morgan and Joshua D. Rothman have written about the numerous interracial relationships in the Wayles-Hemings-Jefferson families and the region, often with multiple generations repeating the pattern. The large Hemings family, with Betty Hemings as matriarch, was at the top of the slave hierarchy at Monticello; its members working as domestic servants, chefs, craftsmen and artisans.

Sally Hemings had light duties, and as children, Eston and his siblings "were permitted to stay about the 'great house', and only required to do such light work as going on errands." Like their older brother Beverley, at age 14 Madison and Eston each began training in carpentry, under tutelage of their uncle John Hemmings, the master woodworker at Monticello. All three brothers learned to play the violin (Jefferson also is known to have regularly played when he was younger, and his younger brother Randolph, according to the ex-slave Isaac Granger, "used to come out among black people, play the fiddle & dance half the night".)

Madison and Eston were freed in 1827, in accordance with President Jefferson's will. (Madison was 22; Eston was freed at 19.) Additionally, Jefferson's will petitioned the legislature to allow the Hemingses to stay in Virginia after being freed, unlike most freed slaves. In his 1873 memoir, Madison said the Hemings children were freed as a result of a promise Jefferson made to Sally Hemings.

After Jefferson's death, Sally Hemings was "given her time" by his daughter. The older woman lived freely with her two sons in Charlottesville. In the 1830 census, the census taker in Charlottesville classified all three Hemings as white, showing how others perceived them by appearance because of their overwhelming European ancestry. Sally was of three-quarters white ancestry. Her children were seven-eighths white and thus legally white under the Virginia law of the time. It was not until 1924 that Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act, which classified anyone as black who had any known African ancestry, under the "one drop rule".

Post-slavery life
Upon gaining freedom, Hemings initially pursued a career in woodworking and carpentry in Charlottesville, Virginia. In 1830, Eston Hemings purchased property and built a house on Main Street, where his mother lived with him until her death in 1835.

Marriage and family
In 1832, Eston married a free woman of color, Julia Ann Isaacs (1814–1889). She was the daughter of the successful Jewish merchant David Isaacs, from Germany, and Nancy West, a free woman of mixed race. Nancy West was the daughter of Priscilla, a former slave, and Thomas West, her white master. Thomas West left property to his children Nancy and James West in his will. Prohibited by law from marrying, David Isaacs and Nancy West maintained separate households and businesses for years (she was a successful baker). They had seven children together, and later in their lives shared a household.

Eston and Julia Ann Hemings had three children: John Wayles Jefferson (1835–1892), Anna Wayles Jefferson (1837–1866), and Beverly Frederick Jefferson (1839–1908) (their surname was changed from Hemings to Jefferson as the family moved to Wisconsin after 1850.) The first two were born in Charlottesville. And Beverly was born in Ohio shortly after their arrival in Ohio.

About 1837 Hemings moved with his family to Chillicothe, a town in southwest Ohio (a free state) with a thriving community. Numerous free blacks and white abolitionists had support-stations linked to the Underground Railroad to aid escaping slaves. There Hemings became a professional musician, playing the violin or fiddle and leading a successful dance band. The children were educated in integrated schools. Anna for a time attended the Manual Labor School at Albany, Ohio. A former classmate later wrote that she was introduced as "Miss Anna (or Ann) Heming[s] [sic], the grand daughter of Thomas Jefferson".

In a 1902 article of the Scioto Gazette, a correspondent wrote that while Hemings lived in Ohio in the 1840s, it was widely said that he and his brother Madison were the sons of Thomas Jefferson. In addition, several neighbors of Eston had traveled together to Washington, DC, where they saw a statue of Jefferson; they commented on how much Hemings resembled him. The correspondent also recollected:

"Eston Hemings, being a master of the violin, and an accomplished 'caller' of dances, always officiated at the 'swell' entertainments of Chillicothe."

Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 increased pressure on the black communities in Ohio and other free states bordering slave states. In towns along the Underground Railroad, slave catchers invaded the communities, sometimes kidnapping and selling into slavery free people as well as fugitive slaves. In 1852, Eston decided to move the family further north for security, and migrated to Madison, Wisconsin. There they took the surname Jefferson, and they passed into the European-American (white) community. Eston Hemings Jefferson died in 1856.

Their eldest son John Wayles Jefferson served as a white officer in the regular United States Army during the American Civil War, achieving the rank of colonel. John W. Jefferson led the Wisconsin 8th Infantry. He was wounded twice in battle. During the war, he published letters home, and after the war, published articles about his experiences. Before the war, John Jefferson ran the American House hotel in Madison, which was taken over by his younger brother Beverley. After the war and the end of slavery in the U.S., John Jefferson moved to Memphis, Tennessee. He became a successful cotton broker, supported his mother, and left a considerable estate at his death in 1892. He never married or had known children.

Both Anna and Beverley Jefferson married white spouses, and their descendants have identified as white. Anna married Albert T. Pearson, a carpenter who was a captain during the Civil War. Their son Walter Beverly Pearson became a wealthy industrialist in Chicago.

Beverley Jefferson was also a Civil War veteran of the Union Army. Returning to Madison, he moved from the American House to run the Capitol House hotels. He founded the first omnibus line in the Wisconsin capital, and was a popular figure among politicians in the city. He married Anna Smith from Pennsylvania. Their five sons gained educations and three entered the professions: one became a doctor in Chicago, another an attorney, another worked in railroad management.

The Eston Hemings Jefferson family is buried in Forest Hill Cemetery, Madison.

Descendants
In the 1970s, Jean Jefferson, unaware of her connection to the Hemings family, read Fawn Brodie's biography, Jefferson: An Intimate Portrait. She recognized Eston Hemings Jefferson's name in the book from family stories and contacted Brodie. The historian helped Jefferson start putting the pieces of the family history back together.

They discovered that in the 1940s, her father and his brothers had decided against continued telling of the Hemings-Jefferson story to their children, out of fear the younger people would be discriminated against. The family's new knowledge of their history enabled DNA researchers in 1998 to locate Jean's cousin, John Weeks Jefferson, a male descendant of Eston Hemings Jefferson, for testing. His Y-chromosome matched the rare haplotype of the Thomas Jefferson male line. The Carr male line did not match, partly calling into question the oral history of Thomas Jefferson Randolph that Peter Carr was the father of Sally Hemings' children. Whether or not the Carr male line matches Hemings' other children is unknown as DNA tests were only performed on a descendant of one of her children, Eston Hemings.

Jefferson–Hemings controversy
Historians had long disputed accounts that Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with his mixed-race slave Sally Hemings and fathered children by her. In the late 20th century, historians began reanalyzing the body of evidence. In 1997, Annette Gordon-Reed published a book that analyzed the historiography and noted how historians since the 19th century had accepted accounts by Jefferson descendants while rejecting accounts by Madison Hemings, a son of Sally Hemings, and Israel Jefferson, another former slave at Monticello. Both said that Thomas Jefferson fathered Hemings' children. She said historians failed to adequately assess which version was supported by known facts.

A Y-DNA analysis in 1998 showed no match between the Carr male line, proposed for more than 150 years as the father(s) of the Hemings children, and the male Hemings descendant of Eston Jefferson tested. It did show a match between the Jefferson male line and the Eston Hemings descendant. Sally Hemings is believed to be the half-sister of Thomas Jefferson's wife Martha; her mother was Elizabeth Hemings, a mixed-race slave, and her father was John Wayles, also Martha's father.

Since 1998 and the DNA study, many historians have accepted that the widower Jefferson had a long intimate relationship with Hemings, and fathered six children with her, four of whom survived to adulthood. The Thomas Jefferson Foundation (TJF), which runs Monticello, and the National Genealogical Society conducted independent studies; their scholars concluded Jefferson was probably the father of all Hemings's children.

Critics, such as the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society (TJHS) Scholars Commission (2001), have argued against the TJF report. They have concluded that there is insufficient evidence to determine that Jefferson was the father of Hemings's children. The TJHS report suggested that Jefferson's younger brother Randolph Jefferson could have been the father, and that Hemings may have had multiple partners. No previous accounts had suggested that. However, in his memoirs, Isaac Jefferson, a slave at Monticello, described Jefferson's younger brother as having socialized with the slaves at the plantation. He recounted that “Old Master’s brother, Mass Randall, was a mighty simple man: used to come out among black people, play the fiddle and dance half the night”.

In 2012, the Smithsonian Institution and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation held a major exhibit at the National Museum of American History: Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty; it says that "most historians now believe that ... the evidence strongly support[s] the conclusion that a member of the Jefferson family was the father of Sally Hemings' children." The exhibit toured in Atlanta and Saint Louis into 2014 after leaving Washington.

title: Eston Hemings


text:
Super Chicken

Super Chicken is a segment that ran on the animated television series George of the Jungle. It was produced by Jay Ward and Bill Scott, who earlier had created the Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoons. It debuted September 9, 1967, on ABC.

Series overview
Super Chicken (voiced by Bill Scott) is an anthropomorphic chicken and superhero who is the alter-ego of wealthy Henry Cabot Henhouse III (whose name was a play on Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.). He has a vegetarian lion sidekick named Fred (voiced by Paul Frees impersonating Ed Wynn) who wears an inside-out sweatshirt with a backwards F on it and acts as Henry's servant when in his civilian lifestyle. When danger rears its ugly head, Henhouse takes his "Super Sauce" (often from a martini glass), prepared by Fred, and dons his "Super Suit," which consists of a plumed cavalier's hat, cape, Wellington boots, mask and sword. In a running gag, Henhouse typically makes some comment on the taste of the Super Sauce (e.g., "No bay leaf?") but is cut off in mid-sentence as the "Super Sauce" begins to take effect, subjecting Henhouse to wild gyrations before he emerges, changed into Super Chicken.

Super Chicken usually begins his adventures with the battle cry, "To the Super Coop, Fred!", whereupon Fred would reply, "Roger Wilcox" (a malapropism of Roger Wilco).The Super Coop is an egg-shaped air vehicle flown by Super Chicken and Fred to the rescue of innocent victims of crime. When Fred comments on his latest injury, Super Chicken responds with a variation of the theme, "You knew the job was dangerous when you took it, Fred!" Following his own mistakes, Super Chicken remarks, "I'm glad no one was here to see that!" Once Super-Chicken and Fred finally arrest the criminal, the episode always ends with a narrator voicing: "So, when you hear that cry in the sky...", (followed by Super Chicken "clucking" the Charge (bugle call) "you'll know it's SUPER CHICKEN!" (frequently humorously adapted to the circumstances of the episode).

Super Chicken was a parody of the well-off WASP of the 1950s, horn-rimmed glasses wearing, martini drinking, numeraled surname bearing, and having a sense of social obligation (fulfilled in this case by suiting up and fighting bizarre menaces to society). A similar, contemporary fictional character was Bruce Wayne, a millionaire who fought crime as Batman. Earlier uses of the theme included Zorro and the Scarlet Pimpernel.

The first pilot featured an all-star comedy cast, including both Don Knotts, as the voice of Super Chicken, and Bill Dana. The project was shelved and eventually recast.

Theme song
The theme song was written by the team of Stan Worth and Sheldon Allman, with Worth primarily composing the music and Allman handling the lyrics. The lyrics are as follows:

 * When you find yourself in danger
 * When you're threatened by a stranger
 * When it looks like you will take a lickin' (puk, puk, puk, puk)
 * There is someone waiting who
 * Will hurry up and rescue you
 * Just call for Super Chicken! (puk ack!)

 * Fred, if you're afraid you'll have to overlook it
 * Besides you knew the job was dangerous when you took it (puk ack!)

 * He will drink his super sauce
 * And throw the bad guys for a loss
 * And he will bring them in alive and kickin' (puk, puk, puk, puk)
 * There is one thing you should learn
 * When there is no one else to turn to
 * Call for Super Chicken! (puk, puk, puk, puk)
 * Call for Super Chicken! (puk ack!)

Appearances in other media
In 1969, Gold Key Comics published two issues of a George of the Jungle comic book. Each issue contained a story featuring Super Chicken. Issue #1 presented "The Stolen State", and #2 "The Astounding Dr. Gizmo!", both adaptations of cartoon episodes.

title: Super Chicken