text:
User talk:Mokeni

Welcome!
Hello, Mokeni, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
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I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  22:38, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Useful links
Hi, I thought you would find this useful:

Portal:Business/Tasks -- Pamri • Talk 12:28, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Makmende

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AfD nomination of Makmende
An article that you have been involved in editing, Makmende, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Woogee (talk) 23:57, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Mokeni


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Elder House of Welf

The Elder House of Welf (known as Rudolphins in Burgundy) was a Frankish noble dynasty of European rulers documented since the 9th century. Closely related to the Carolingian dynasty, it consisted of a Burgundian and a Swabian group. It has not been definitively clarified, however, whether the two groups formed one dynasty or whether they shared the same name by coincidence only. While the Elder House became extinct in the male line with the death of Duke Welf of Carinthia in 1055, his sister Kunigunde married into the Italian House of Este and became the ancestor of the (Younger) House of Welf.

Origins
According to a family tradition, the ancestry of the Welfs can be traced back to the Skirian prince Edeko (d. 469), a confidant of King Attila the Hun, and to his son Odoacer, King of Italy from 476. Nevertheless, an early ancestor may have been the Frankish nobleman Ruthard (d. before 790), a count in the Argengau and administrator of the Carolingian king Pepin the Younger in Alamannia.

The origin of the name Welf (also Guelph, from Guelfi) has not been conclusively established. A late medieval legend first documented in 1475 referred to a (non-historical) Duke Balthazar of Swabia, whose marriage had remained childless and who represented as his own heir and successor Bundus, the newborn son of one of his hunters. When Bundus came of age and was betrothed to a duchess of Guelders, his mother secretly informed him of the circumstances of his birth. The shocked young man waived both the duchess' hand and rule in Swabia. Retired, he spent the rest of his life at the Altdorf monastery. Only on his deathbed did he reveal the truth about his descendance and become known thenceforth as Herzog Wolf (Duke Wolf). Another popular version refers to the eleven (elf) sons of one Count Isenbart of Altdorf, whose mother wanted them to be drowned and years later was faced with those among them who escaped death.

Burgundian group
The older of the two groups was the Burgundian group. When the name first appeared in surviving documents, the family was already at the top of Francia society, with Welf, the first Count of Altdorf, the father-in-law of Emperor Louis the Pious (the son and heir of Charlemagne). He was mentioned in 819 as father of Empress Judith. The younger sons of the first count of Altdorf, Conrad and Rudolf accompanied their sister to the court of her husband, Louis the Pious, where their ambitious spirit maintained their hereditary rank, and where they shared the happy, as well as the adverse fortunes of that sister. When Judith was surprised and confined by her stepsons, her brothers were shaven as monks but claimed and obtained permission to stand beside the throne. Judith's sister Hemma (* 808 † 876) later married Judith's stepson Louis the German and became Queen of the Franks.

Conrad had two sons: Conrad II, who succeeded him; and Hugh, from his church preferment, styled the Abbot. He is traditionally given a third son, Welf I of the Swabian group.

Conrad II succeeded his father as Count of Paris, and recovered the Burgundian estates of his grand-uncle Otkarius. He left an only son Rudolph who assumed the royal crown at the abbey of St Maurice en Valais in 888, who confirmed his independence with two victories over Arnulf, and was then acknowledged emperor in a general diet of the empire. His son, Rudolph II succeeded to this new-formed state, which included the French or western part of Switzerland, Franche-Comté, Savoy, Dauphiné, Provence, and the country between the Rhine and the Alps, and was known as the kingdom of Burgundy. He twice attempted the conquest of Italy, and for a period of three years governed that kingdom.

His son and successor, Conrad III, reigned more than fifty-six years from 937 to 993 and enjoyed the friendship and support of the Saxon emperors. Otto I married his sister Adelaide, who was the mother of Otto II, and the grandmother of Otto III. Conrad was succeeded by his son Rudolph III, surnamed the Lossy. When Rudolph III died childless in 1032 without issue the sovereignty of the kingdom of Burgundy devolved as a fief or legacy to his nephew Conrad of Swabia, who was elected emperor in 1024. With Rudolph, this branch became extinct in the male line.

The last member of the Burgundian group was King Rudolph III of Burgundy, who died childless in 1032.

Notable members of the Burgundian group

 * Welf, Count of Altdorf
 * Judith, daughter of Welf, Empress
 * Rudolph I, King of Burgundy
 * Rudolph II, King of Burgundy
 * Conrad I, King of Burgundy
 * Gisela of Burgundy
 * Adelaide of Italy
 * Rudolph III, King of Burgundy

Swabian group
The oldest known member of the Swabian group was Welf I, a count in Swabia who was first mentioned in 842. According to legend, Welf I was a son of Conrad, son of Welf, count of Altdorf, the ancestor of the Burgundian group. This relationship is considered probable because both Conrad and Welf I were counts of Linzgau and Alpgau. The relationship between Welf I and all later members of the Swabian group (Welf, Duke of Carinthia, and his relatives, who were counts of Altdorf) is, again, known only through legend.

The Elder House of Welf became extinct when Welf, Duke of Carinthia, died childless in 1055. The property of the House of Welf was inherited by the elder branch of the House of Este that came to be known as the younger House of Welf, or House of Welf-Este.

Notable members of the Swabian group

 * Welf I
 * Saint Conrad of Constance
 * Welf, Duke of Carinthia (Welf III)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elder House of Welf


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User talk:John von Seggern

Welcome!
Hello, John von Seggern, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  22:38, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:John von Seggern


text:
User talk:Maximus 7

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Please do not create articles that are not of encyclopedic value. Pavel Vozenilek 22:39, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maximus 7


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File:Mother,Child,ReliefSculpture,SoldierField,Chicago.jpg

Mother, Child, detail of a relief sculpture, Soldier Field, Chicago

This is a beautiful sculpture


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Mickey Owen

Arnold Malcolm "Mickey" Owen (April 4, 1916 – July 13, 2005) was an American professional baseball player, coach and scout. He played as a catcher for 13 seasons in Major League Baseball between and  for the St. Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn Dodgers, Chicago Cubs and Boston Red Sox. Considered an outstanding defensive catcher, his career was nonetheless marred by a crucial error that he committed during the 1941 World Series.

Owen also was one of the better-known major league players who defected to the insurgent Mexican League in 1946, which resulted in a suspension that cost him over three prime seasons of his big-league career.

Career
As a major leaguer, Owen posted a .255 batting average with 14 home runs and 378 runs batted in during 1,209 games. His 929 hits also included 163 doubles and 21 triples. He threw and batted right-handed, stood 5 ft tall and weighed 190 lb.

Born in Nixa, in Southwestern Missouri, Owen was signed by the Cardinals in 1935 and made his major league debut in 1937, appearing in 80 games, spending the next three full seasons in St. Louis before being traded to the Brooklyn Dodgers for catcher Gus Mancuso, a minor league player and $60,000.

1941 World Series
From 1941 to 1944, Owen averaged 46 runs batted in per season for the Dodgers and played for the Brooklyn team which faced the New York Yankees in the 1941 World Series. During National League season, he set a then-record for most consecutive errorless fielding chances by a catcher (508) and finished with a .995 fielding average. Yet, ironically, Owen is most remembered in baseball lore today for a costly mistake that he committed during that year's World Series. The Yankees held a 2-games-to-1 lead entering Game 4 on October 5 at the Dodgers' home field, Ebbets Field. With the Dodgers leading 4–3 and 2 outs for the Yankees in the top of the ninth inning and the count 3–2 on Tommy Henrich, Henrich swung and missed at strike 3, which would have been the final out of the game, but the ball eluded Owen and went to the backstop, allowing Henrich to make it safely to first base. The Yankees then rallied and scored four runs in the remainder of the inning and won the game 7–4. Instead of the series being tied, the victory gave the Yankees a 3–1 lead. The next day, they beat the Dodgers 3–1 in Game 5 and won the World Championship. The Dodgers did not return to the World Series until 1947 and didn't win the series until 1955.

A member of the National League's All-Star team for four consecutive seasons, from 1941 to, in Owen became the first player to pinch-hit a home run in an All-Star game, and during the 1944 regular season, he became the third National League catcher to ever record an unassisted double play. Owen played for Brooklyn until the end of the 1945 season. He then served in the Navy at the end of World War II.

Mexican League
After his discharge from the military in 1946, Owen expected to return to Brooklyn, but he failed to reach an agreement with the Dodgers and signed a contract to be a player-manager with Unión Laguna de Torreón in the Mexican League, which was then outside of organized baseball and offering major league players constrained by the reserve clause higher pay to "jump" their contracts. Other big leaguers who fled to Mexico included Alex Carrasquel, Danny Gardella, Max Lanier, Sal Maglie, Luis Olmo, Fred Martin, and (briefly) Vern Stephens, attracted by very good salaries. In retaliation for the defections, Commissioner Happy Chandler suspended the "jumpers" from playing in MLB.

Owen quickly soured on the idea of managing, and tried to return to the Dodgers just a week after signing a contract. However, his appeals to general manager Branch Rickey fell on deaf ears, and Owen returned to Mexico, this time with the Azules de Veracruz, owned by league president Jorge Pasquel. Under the new contract, Owen would play in the 1946 season, and assume managerial duties in 1947. In 51 games with Veracruz in 1946, Owen batted .256 with 25 runs batted in.

Owen's time in the Mexican League was marked by several racially-charged altercations. He disliked the league's racially integrated nature, and reportedly told owner Pasquel that he would not catch non-white pitchers; accordingly, Pasquel traded away Azules pitchers Schoolboy Johnny Taylor, a reliever from the Negro leagues, and Alex Carrasquel, a Venezuelan who had played in the majors. Owen played in the 1946 All-Star Game for the Southern team, but only after an altercation where he refused to catch from the black All-Star starting pitcher Booker McDaniel. Later in the season, he was suspended for a fistfight with black player Claro Duany after a collision at home plate.

Owen left Mexico on August 5 and applied for reinstatement in MLB, alleging that Pasquel had voided his original contract with Torreón. However, Chandler denied the appeal. Pasquel filed a suit against Owen for breach of contract, where he also claimed that Owen had difficulties with blacks and Cubans; the suit continued until 1952, when a federal court in Springfield, Missouri ruled against Owen and ordered him to pay $35,000 for breach of contract.

Later career
Owen's suspension was lifted in June. By then, Roy Campanella and Bruce Edwards were entrenched as Brooklyn's catchers. Owen was claimed off waivers on July 2 by the Chicago Cubs and he returned to the majors on July 4 against the Cardinals at Wrigley Field. Starting at catcher, he went hitless in three at bats — ironically, against Lanier and Martin, whose suspensions had also been lifted the month before, and who pitched for St. Louis that day. Owen played for the Cubs through the 1951 season, became a player-manager with the Norfolk Tars in the Yankees' farm system, then finished his major league playing career with the Boston Red Sox in 1954.

Following his retirement as a player, Owen spent two seasons (1955–56) as a Red Sox coach, managed the Jacksonville Braves of the Sally League for part of the 1957 campaign, then worked for the Cubs as a scout.

He returned to the Ozarks and founded the Mickey Owen Baseball School on Route 66 near Miller, Missouri, in 1959. Owen sold the school in 1963, but remained an instructor until the 1980s. Notable alumni include Michael Jordan, Joe Girardi, Scott Siman, Charlie Sheen and Charlie Carroll.

Personal life
In 1964, Owen ran for Greene County sheriff and won. He also won three more elections, serving in office until 1981. Owen ran for Lt. Governor of Missouri in 1980 and finished third with 13% and 79,038 votes. Owen was still playing in old timers' games in the 1980s.

Owen lived the last years of his life in the Missouri Veterans Home in Mount Vernon. He died in Springfield, Missouri, at age 89.

In popular culture
In his 1942 book Many Happy Returns: An Unofficial Guide to Your Income Tax Problems, Groucho Marx — a lifelong Dodgers fan — referenced Owen's infamous World Series error: I wrote this book because I had to. It was a creative urge—the same thing that prompted Beethoven to compose the Eighth Symphony. This was actually a patchwork job, adding together snatches of the Third and Fifth, thus making the Eighth. The Ninth was when Catcher Owen dropped the ball and the World Series, but I'd rather not discuss it, because it cost me $14, not deductible.

title: Mickey Owen


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Hazeltine National Golf Club

Hazeltine National Golf Club is a golf club located in Chaska, Minnesota, a suburb southwest of Minneapolis, United States. It is a private club and therefore closed to guests not accompanied by a member. The golf course was designed by Robert Trent Jones and opened in 1962.

Hazeltine also hosts functions other than golf. The clubhouse has a ballroom and two restaurants.

History
Totton P. Heffelfinger, a former president of the United States Golf Association, saw the opportunity to build a new championship golf course after The Minikahda Club in Minneapolis (where Chick Evans won the 1916 U.S. Open) was threatened by the development of a freeway. After that club rejected plans for a new course, Heffelfinger met with Robert Trent Jones to design the golf course.

The course was originally named "The Executive Golf Club" and was initially intended to be part of a series of Executive Golf Clubs around the country. However, the name was not favorable and the other clubs did not materialize. The founders decided to call the new course Hazeltine National Golf club in honor of the adjoining Lake Hazeltine. The course opened for play to club members in 1962. Heffelfinger's ultimate goal was to have major championships played at Hazeltine. He got that wish when the 1966 U.S. Women's Open was played at Hazeltine; Sandra Spuzich won with a score of 297 (nine over par) on a course set to 6,305 yd.

Hazeltine hosted the U.S. Open in 1970 and the course received much negative press as many big names and nearly half the field didn't break 80 the first day. The weather had been very cool and windy. After his round on Friday, Dave Hill said that the only thing Hazeltine was missing was "80 acres of corn and a few cows." Tony Jacklin (that year's reigning Open Championship winner) won the tournament with a seven-under-par 281. The course played to 7,151 yd and Hill placed second.

After that, the club faced severe financial troubles, and it looked unlikely that the club would host a major championship again. The club almost secured a deal to host a PGA Championship, but ultimately lost the opportunity. However, the course was awarded the U.S. Women's Open for 1977. This was the first year that Nancy Lopez played in the championship as a professional, and she placed second. Hollis Stacy won the event with a four-over-par score of 292 on a course set at 6,313 yd.

Over the next few years, the course received a series of renovations. A number of dogleg holes were straightened. The par three sixteenth hole was abandoned and a new par four was laid out along Hazeltine Lake. The par four seventeenth was converted to a par three, keeping the original green site. The 1983 U.S. Senior Open was held at the redesigned course. Billy Casper and Rod Funseth were tied after four rounds with scores of four-over-par 288 (the course played as a par 71). After he and Funseth were still tied at the end of an 18-hole playoff, Casper made a birdie on the first hole of sudden death to win. The course played to 6,625 yd.

The course was awarded the 1991 U.S. Open in January 1986. Rees Jones, the son of Robert Trent Jones, made more changes to the course in preparation for the U.S. Open. The U.S. Open was remembered primarily for two things. One was the dramatic duel between Payne Stewart and Scott Simpson, who both finished at six-under-par 282. In the 18-hole playoff, Stewart was two strokes behind coming to the 16th hole. Then, as he had on Sunday, he rallied and won the U.S. Open for his second major championship win (and the first of his two U.S. Opens). Stewart made 57 pars during the 72 holes of regulation.

The 1991 U.S. Open is also remembered because of lightning that struck on Thursday, June 13, the first day of the championship. The day started out with bright blue skies, but a rainstorm soon came in. Spectators left the course or stood under trees for shelter. Six spectators stood under a tree near the famous sixteenth hole when lightning struck, with one fatality.

In 1994, the course hosted the U.S. Mid-Amateur Championship, one of the major events in amateur golf. In that competition, Tim Jackson defeated Tommy Brennan with a final score of one up (the Mid-Amateur final is held at match play). The course measured at 6,700 yd for that championship. In 2001 another amateur event, the USGA Men's State Team Championship, was held at Hazeltine. John Carlson, Jered Gusso, and John Harris comprised the Minnesota team which won that event with an even-par score of 432. The course played at 6,818 yd.

Hazeltine also hosted the 1999 NCAA Division I Men's Championship. The Georgia Bulldogs won the team tournament with a twenty-seven-over-par score of 1179. Northwestern Wildcats golfer Luke Donald won the individual championship with a four-under-par score of 284. The course played to 7,196 yd.

Rees Jones lengthened tees and added several new bunkers in preparation for the 84th PGA Championship in 2002. The course played at 7,360 yd as a par 72. Rich Beem was the winner of the championship, with a score of ten-under-par 278, holding off a surging Tiger Woods, who birdied the last four holes. The course's competitive course record was set in the 2002 PGA Championship as Beem, Robert Allenby, and Justin Leonard all shot 66 (six-under-par) during the second round.

In 2006 the course hosted the U.S. Amateur, which was won by Richie Ramsay of Scotland by defeating John Kelly of USA with a score of 4 & 2.

Hazeltine again played host to the PGA Championship in 2009. The tournament was won by Y.E. Yang of South Korea. Yang prevailed by three strokes over Tiger Woods, who had led by two going into Sunday. Yang's victory was significant, as it was the first men's major won by a golfer born in Asia. It also marked the first time that Woods had lost a major after holding at least a share of first after 54 holes.

The 2016 Ryder Cup was awarded to Hazeltine in 2002 and was scheduled for September 27 – October 2. On February 24, 2015, Davis Love III was named captain for Team USA with Northern Ireland's Darren Clarke captaining Team Europe. The United States' 17–11 victory was their first victory in the event since 2008 at Valhalla and tied the record for the biggest American margin of victory on home soil set in 1979 at The Greenbrier, which was the first year that Great Britain and Ireland included continental Europe to create the current European team.

On March 26, 2018, Hazeltine National was announced as the host of the 2028 Ryder Cup. It will be the first American venue to host a second Ryder Cup.

2019 KPMG Women's PGA Championship
In late June 2019, the club hosted, for the first time, the KPMG Women's PGA Championship. This event, established in the mid-1950s, is the second-oldest of the LPGA Tour's five major championships, and is conducted by the PGA of America.

Major tournaments hosted at Hazeltine National
Bolded years are major championships on the PGA Tour

Course information
The golf course is hilly, and it has narrow fairways and small greens. Nine of the holes have water hazards. The signature hole at Hazeltine is the par four sixteenth. The tee shot on the sixteenth must carry 220 yards (201 m) over Hazeltine Lake. The green is a raised peninsula which falls off on all sides, including into the hazard in the back and on the right.

The seventeenth is a long par three that used to be a short par four. Four bunkers and two water hazards guard the green, which is one of the most undulating on the entire course. The finishing hole is a long, well-bunkered par four.

Keeping with the club's goal of improving the golf course as needed, a number of changes were made in the fall of 2005, including adding new tees (which will increase the length from the championship tees) and bunkers. The course was re-rated in 2006.

Prior to the changes, from the championship tees, the course measured 7360 yd and had a rating of 77.0/153. From the blue tees, the course measures 7010 yd and has a rating of 75.4/150. From the gold tees, the course measures 6646 yd and has a rating of 73.7/146. From the white tees, the course measures 6204 yd and has a rating of 71.8/142 for men and 77.2/144 for women. From the red tees, the course measures 5690 yd and has a rating of 74.3/138 for women.

During the 2008 summer, the club made many significant changes to the golf course in preparation for the 2009 PGA Championship. Some of these changes included adding bunkers onto the Par 4 2nd Hole; adding a new tee box on Hole 12, a par 4 which then played at almost 520 yd; and lengthening the course to 7678 yd. The rating was 78.0, and the slope was listed as 155.

title: Hazeltine National Golf Club


text:
User talk:XaViER

Welcome!
Hello, XaViER, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  22:39, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:XaViER


text:
User talk:Kürşat Can Çağlar

Welcome!
Hello, Kürşat Can Çağlar, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  22:40, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

population
Hi Kürşat,

You changed the population figures for the number of Turkish speakers. Do you have a reference we could share? Probably best to justify your edit on the talk page. Teşekür! Meanwhile, I'm reverting the edit to the supported numbers.

You've also listed 165M Turkic speakers and called them "Turkish". However, the Turkic languages are no more intelligible than the Slavic, Romance, or Indic languages, so to be consistant we should unify those as well. But you'll notice that not even "Arabic" is considered a language on that page, but is broken down into dozens of Arab languages. Anyway, I'm reverting this edit too. --kwami 23:45, 2005 July 16 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kürşat Can Çağlar


text:
Talk:Three-check chess

Inventor
Does anyone know who invented this game? It is implemented in ChessV, and I was hoping to give proper credit. Thanks in advance for any help you can provide!

 * The inventor is unknown. Pritchard only mentions in Encylopedia of Chess Variants "Probably of Soviet Origin. ... Karpov is said to have been invincible at the game in his youth." Andreas Kaufmann 13:59, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Encyclopedic value
Re. If checkmate is also a win, it is a completely different game (different strategies & tactics) than if not. (What WP:RS says mate is a win? Lichess online rules!? And what is their programming staff's basis for that, do you suppose?) --IHTS (talk) 03:30, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Mate is a win because the normal rules of chess still apply (outside of the winning conditions). If a mate were just counted as a check, how would the game proceed without breaking a rule (primarily, that the king cannot move into check)? — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 05:02, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * "Mate is a win because the normal rules of chess still apply." Where do you get that? (Nowhere. Your own head. That's WP:OR. As mentioned, the diff w/ that rule added changes the game's strategy & tactics in a big way.) Since you're inventing WP:OR logical arguments from yourself as a source ("If a mate were just counted as a check, how would the game proceed without breaking a rule?"), you can't do that, unless you want to fill the encyclopedia with what you think. The answer is obvious: The way to win is to check three times. Checkmate your opponent? That's not a win. Game over. Draw. (Or didn't/couldn't you think of that by yourself?) Stop wasting my time. --IHTS (talk) 07:00, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Both Lichess and Chess.com specifically state (and implement) that checkmate is a win, as well as . I see no reason why these sources should be discounted. Pritchard's text is consistent with these, as Pritchard generally omits the ways variants are similar to regular chess and discusses only the differences. I would strongly suspect Pritchard would cover how checkmate is dealt with if it were not as regular chess. --LukeSurlt c 08:40, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Give me a break. Those aren't WP:RSs. Your deciding what Pritchard "implies" throughout his encyclopedia, is total imagination on your part. His rules are genereally precise. You can't go around thinking what you want and putting text where it isn't stated, said, meant, implied, or suggested, then thinking its "encyclopedia-ready". Your "sources" are unaccountable, who wrote the chessandfun text, and based on what? You have no idea. --IHTS (talk) 09:39, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Your arguments are bull. (For example, Lichess and Chess.com implement w/ checkmate as a way to win. So what? Who decided that, their software people? Who? So what basis do you think that gives credence to the argument, to assert that here as fact? Who is their reseach body, what are their sources or justification? You have no idea.) --IHTS (talk) 09:43, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * "Pritchard generally omits the ways variants are similar to regular chess and discusses only the differences." No, you're wrong. (In many individual variant entries, he states "Other rules the same as orthochess" or simiilar. Why w/ he do that, repeatedly, if as you say, he "only discusses differences"? You don't know what you're talking about. --IHTS (talk) 09:48, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * "I would strongly suspect Pritchard would cover how checkmate is dealt with if it were not as regular chess." That's your WP:IDHT problem, thinking "this is what I think, because it makes sense to me", and not recognizing that as WP:OR. --IHTS (talk) 09:54, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I have asked at Reliable_sources/Noticeboard for additional input as to whether Lichess and Chess.com are reliable sources in this matter. For what it's worth, all games are inherently "made up", and considering these servers run thousands of three-check games, their implementation is at the very least a de facto variant (Lichess for instance has run over two million three-check games in it history). As stated above, I doubt its even a variant on what Pritchard was documenting. I can see no indication anywhere that Three-check is ever played without checkmate as a win, and, as User:Rhododendrites points out, this creates a need for an additional ruling that Pritchard doesn't document.
 * While we're here, your conduct here ("Stop wasting my time", "Give me a break", "Your arguments are bull") seems unnecessarily aggressive. --LukeSurlt c 09:57, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Quit destroying articles. --IHTS (talk) 10:01, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I never said at any time that "with checkmate as a win" isn't or can't be a variant of Three-Check Chess. (It can & probably should be in a new section titled "Variations".) But you guys don't get it: Three-Check Chess *has* a Soviet origin history, probably, per Pritchard, and therefore, that w/ be the game on which this article is based, not modern variations popular on servers. The alternative is to base the article entirely on popular server site rules, and take out any direct descriptors on "Soviet origin" and Pritchard references. Take your pick. --IHTS (talk) 10:08, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Your edit, LukeSurl, threw away the Pritchard/Soviet/original Three-Check Chess rules, in favor of modern server variations of same, without explanation or justfication. (I added back the original RS-based stuff, and now Rhododendrites has been fighting me on the point. With what? WP:OR!) --IHTS (talk) 10:11, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I have asked for a third (or fourth?)-opinion at reliable sources, and they agree that Lichess/Chess.com documentation are reliable sources for the rules of this game. I believe that Pritchard considered the standard checkmate rule to still be in effect (as for all other ortho-chess rules that are not explicitly stated), and The first player to deliver three checks wins is an additional win condition, not the only one. I realise we squarely differ on this, which is why I went through a dispute resolution process for additional input. --LukeSurlt c 10:26, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Your interpretation and projection of the "meaning" of what Pritchard doesn't say, is pure WP:OR. --IHTS (talk) 10:35, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * "They" believe??? (One person! One editor at that board, displaying bogus reasoning.) p.s. If I contact Anatoly Karpov, who played this game extensively sometime during its "probably Soviet orgin", w/ that convince you guys? Probably not!! You want your "server rules" and walk all over any scholastic presentation of the original game, which the server programmers did not know or research, implementing their own idea of the game, probably out of reasons of coding expediency, or their own OR what the rules "should" be, just like Rhododendrites has done here. --IHTS (talk) 10:32, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * One person at that board, displaying unqualified opinion, is not a consensus. You're a Wikipedia bully, LukeSurl! --IHTS (talk) 10:41, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * One person at that board, displaying unqualified opinion, is not a consensus. You're a Wikipedia bully, LukeSurl! --IHTS (talk) 10:41, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

Have your way! This article is about the server game rules, not the original rules. Good job destroying that! --IHTS (talk) 10:49, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

Keep the Pritchard stuff out. You're misleading readers with it. Pritchard does not say checkmate is an optional way to win. You are implying he does, by including the rule, and saying Pritchard describes the game. You can't do that! Where's your source? The source can't be Pritchard, as he does not say that. You can't say "well he meant to say it, but didn't, because I think so". --IHTS (talk) 11:32, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm saying Pritchard catalogues three-check chess and mentions Karpov. Which is supported by the source. --LukeSurlt c 11:42, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * How about this as a compromise version? --LukeSurlt c 11:51, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Your clarifying text looks acceptable to me. Have a nice weekend. --IHTS (talk) 11:54, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Except I rmv'd word "explicitly". (That word is WP:WEASEL, implying he meant it, but didn't explicitly say it. You can't justify that!) --IHTS (talk) 11:59, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

 * (ec)Looks good to me. I think it reflects accurately what's in all the sources mentioned so far. Reyk YO! 11:56, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

Test your mettle
If you editors really had confidence in your assertions, instead of OR and bullying, and if you cared about encyclopedic value, then you'll agree with the following: If I can obtain a direct Email reply from Karpov, that he played w/o checkmate as optional way to win when he extensively played this game, w/ that convince you?? Yes or no. (Yes that the server rules aren't consistent w/ the original rules as described by Pritchard. Yes that the server rules are therefore a site-specific adaptation or variation of the game.) --IHTS (talk) 11:50, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

(And yeah, if Karpov says he played w/ the add'l rule back then, naturally I'll concede.) --IHTS (talk) 12:07, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Three-check chess


text:
Knez

Knez may refer to:

 * Knez (title), equivalent of "duke" or "prince", used in medieval Slavic countries such as Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia
 * Knez (Vlach leader), a leader of the Vlach (or Romanian) communities in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary.
 * Knez (surname), a South Slavic surname
 * Knez (singer), the stage name of Montenegrin singer Nenad Knežević

KNEZ may refer to:
 * KNEZ (FM), a radio station (107.3 FM) licensed to serve Hazen, Nevada, United States
 * KETF-CD, a low-power television station (channel 27, virtual 39) licensed to serve Laredo, Texas, United States, which held the call sign KNEZ-LP from 1999 to 2007

title: Knez


text:
Milo Andrus

Milo Andrus (March 6, 1814 – June 19, 1893) was one of earliest leaders in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Biography
Andrus was born in Wilmington, New York, to Ruluf Andress and Azuba Smith. He joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1832 in Florence, Ohio. He was one of the members of Zion's Camp. He helped build the Kirtland, Nauvoo, Salt Lake, and Saint George temples. He served as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ in England in the early 1840s. He led three wagon trains of pioneers from the Midwest to the Salt Lake Valley (1850, 1855, and 1861). He was a Bishop (Church of Jesus Christ) in Nauvoo, a Stake President in St. Louis, a member of the Quorum of the Seventy, and was serving as a Patriarch at his death.

In 1854, Andrus recommended that a new outfitting site for emigrants going to Utah be situated four miles west of the soon-to-be-town of Atchison, Kansas. Cholera at previous outfitting sites necessitated this new location. It was called Mormon Grove and was near the Missouri River and Atchison. Atchison needed laborers to build, and the emigrants needed work to earn money to outfit themselves for the overland trip to Utah—so this was a good place for an outfitting site. Milo Andrus oversaw the site in 1855. One hundred-sixty acres were obtained and a sod fence was built around it. Thirty to forty acres were planted so that the incoming emigrants would have food. The planted acreage was called the Perpetual Emigration Farm and soon Mormon Grove became a tent city. That year 2,041 people and 337 wagons left for Utah with Andrus leading one of the wagon trains. While in St. Louis, he preached many sermons. Among those who joined the church due to his preaching was Heinrich Eyring, who would later become a long-serving president of the Indian Territory Mission in Oklahoma, and who was the grandfather of the chemist Henry Eyring.

Andrus was a major in the Nauvoo Legion during the Utah War and was a chaplain of the Utah State Legislature. He built many roads in Utah and Southern Idaho.

Like many early Latter-day Saints, Andrus was a polygamist; he had eleven wives and fifty-seven children.

title: Milo Andrus


text: Template:Miami Heat roster

title: Template:Miami Heat roster


text:
Talk:Unitary authority

Official?
As far as I know the term "unitary authority" is only used officially in the UK. So I'm thinking that the UK should either be given prominence in the article, rather than being below other countries, or that the other countries should be moved to their own articles, with perhaps a mention in a "other countries" section. Any thoughts. G-Man 22:42, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Unitary authority is the official term in New Zealand for a territorial authority that has the functions of a regional council. The most authoritative source is possibly the definition given in section 5 of the Local Government Act 2002.

 * I think that the most significant jurisdictions to mention are those in which there is a legal concept of a unitary authority. We should even include jurisdictions where the concept goes by another name (we're writing an encyclopedia not a dictionary). The other name can redirect here.

 * On the other hand, some countries will have entities that look like a unitary authority, but aren't quite the same. In the United States, for instance, the structure of local government varies from state to state. A state that has a single tier of local government is not actually a state full of unitary authorities, so I agree it's not worth discussing that situation here except as a counter-example.

 * As much as possible we should factor out common characteristics of unitary authorities to the main part of the article, and only discuss the differences on a per-country basis.

 * Ben Arnold 00:42, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

"Unitary Authority"
A newbie (User talk:62.49.29.104) edited this page (and one or two others) yesterday, making the claim that ""unitary authorities" in the UK are specific to English local government". I have asked them exactly what they meant by that. But I think I understand what they mean: have a look at these pages: ... here "Hartlepool Unitary Authority" etc is being used as a proper noun: it is actually the official title of the body. This type of usage just does not occur in Scotland, or at least not since the time around the upheaval of 1996. Since then we have settled down to just calling them "Councils", thus: --Mais oui! 14:52, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Portsmouth Unitary Authority Area
 * Hartlepool Unitary Authority
 * Bristol Unitary Authority
 * "Highland Council", never "Highland Unitary Authority" (with caps)
 * "Clackmannnanshire Council", never "Clackmannanshire Unitary Authority" (with caps)
 * "Fife Council", never "Fife Unitary Authority" (with caps)

United Kingdom Legal Definition
The legal definition of a unitary authority given in the article is currently an extract from the "Dogs (Fouling of Land) Act 1996". Unfortunately it is currently claimed that this defines unitary authorities in England and Wales, but in fact it only covers England. I will change the description in the article shortly, but I thought I would explain my reasons here to prevent reversion. Road Wizard 12:58, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * As a second point, I have found an older definition for unitary authorities in England, which I will add to the article. The benefit of this second definition is that it comes specifically from local government reform legislation. Road Wizard 12:58, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Sub-national government
I have reverted an edit by User:129.12.200.49, which said that Unitary Authorities are responsible for all sub-national government functions. Unfortunately, this is not the case. In England where the term "unitary authority" exists in legislation as well as being an official title there are four primary tiers of government functions in unitary authority areas:
 * 1) European Parliament
 * 2) UK Parliament
 * 3) Regional Assembly - not directly elected but carries out government functions
 * 4) Unitary Authority

To say that the unitary authority carries out all sub-national functions is clearly missing out the regional level. Likewise a similar model exists in Scotland and Wales;

 * 1) European Parliament
 * 2) UK Parliament
 * 3) Scottish Parliament/Welsh Assembly
 * 4) Unitary Authority

Though Canada and the USA operate federal models, this does not discount the comparison that they have tiers of government similar in nature to Unitary authorities, and these sections should remain in the article for comparative purposes.

Finally, I am unsure what argument was intended for removing the comparison to Northern Ireland government structure.

If the editor would like to discuss this in more detail, please do so. Road Wizard 15:37, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, I see why the Northern Ireland section was removed - it is currently empty. I will remove it again. If someone wants to add text later they can easily recreate the section. Road Wizard 16:36, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Bedfordshire & Creation of authorities
Please, read this information from the Bedfordshire article:

"The Department for Communities and Local Government considered reorganising Bedfordshire's administrative structure as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England. The four proposals considered were:

 * Proposal 1, To abolish the three districts within the county to create a Bedfordshire unitary authority. (Luton would remain a separate unitary authority.)
 * Proposal 2, To create two unitary authorities: one based on the existing Bedford Borough, and the other, to be known as Central Bedfordshire, a combination of Mid Bedfordshire and South Bedfordshire Districts. (Luton would remain a separate unitary authority.)
 * Proposal 3, To create two unitary authorities: one a combination of Bedford Borough and Mid Bedfordshire District, and one a combination of Luton Borough and South Bedfordshire District.
 * Proposal 4, To form an "enhanced two-tier" authority, with the four local councils under the control of the county council, but with different responsibilities.

On the 6th March 2008 the DCLG finally decided to implement Proposal 2. This means that from 1 April 2009 there will be two unitary authorities for Bedfordshire - one for Bedford and a second for the rest of the County area. Bedfordshire County Council is challenging this decision in the High Court"

Someone should update the information about Bedfordshire at the "Creation of authorities" section. 201.252.215.225 (talk) 03:15, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Swindon
I see Swindon as created in 1998, but the site about Swindon here on wiki gives the date as April 1st, 1997. Which one is right ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.158.226.1 (talk) 13:16, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Japan, Taiwan, China
What of the East? What of prefecture-level municipalities? The city of Beijing, the metropolitan prefecture of Tokyo, the prefecture of Taipei? - these have no split between the municipal and "county" level, but they do have submunicipal division... which this article ignores (many cities have submunicipal divisions, called burroughs or wards... ) 76.66.195.196 (talk) 05:43, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Single-tier verse Unitary Authority
Through the article, single-tier and unitary authorities are conflated.

English Unitary Authorities are very powerful entities which control almost all elements of municipal government within their jurisdictions.

That is not true in, for example, Ontario, Canada, where even in places with single-tier tiers municipalities, school boards are separate legal entities.

Unitary Authority is a legal term that refers to a specific structure for a municipality, but it does not have a generic meaning outside of the context of the legal definition of that term in certain jurisdictions.

This article should be deleted and replaced with a disambiguation page to English Unitary Authorities and New Zealand Unitarian Authorities.

This article should be deleted and replaced with a disambiguation page for English Unitary Authorities and New Zealand Unitary Authorities. Vasusrir429 (talk) 20:39, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unitary authority


text:
Talk:4-8-2

Spain
--62.14.95.214 22:43, 16 July 2005 (UTC)hello. the 4-8-2 locomotive type was also common in SPAIN (here, we call 2-4-1). In the spanish railways, from private companies to nationalizated RENFE, roll more than 200 locomotives of that weel arrangement correwsponding to five tipes. Magí Aloguín i Pallach

 * Thanks! I have attempted to incorporate this into the text.  Have I got it right? —Morven 11:32, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, an anymouse has added a section on Spain recently (30 June 2013). I fixed up the grammar, etc. a few days ago but I would really appreciate it if someone could take a good look at it to make sure I didn't screw up some facts in the process... André Kritzinger (talk) 10:27, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

NPOV?
Is it just me, or is the edit by 210.246.8.40 not exactly from a neutral point of view?

Older text: "Contrary to popular belief, the 4-8-2 design originated in New Zealand, not the United States. The design was an obvious progression from the 4-6-2 "Pacific" type that had originated in New Zealand in 1901 with the Q class, and the first 4-8-2 was built in the New Zealand Railways' Addington Workshops in Christchurch in 1908. Designated as the X class, it was designed to haul heavy freight trains on the mountainous central section of the North Island Main Trunk Railway."

The edit: "Contrary to popular belief, the 4-8-2 design originated in New Zealand, not the United States. (There is no engineering connection between the New Zealand Q class 4-6-2 and the X class 4-8-2. The Q class was truly innovative in that the trailing truck supported a wide firebox. The X class had a narrow firebox and was a glorified 4-8-0, was not innovative, and went no further as a concept. The X were later rebuilt with wide fireboxes but were still not star performers. The X class were a 4-8-2 in wheel arrangement, but not in overall concept as a locomotive.)"

Glorified 4-8-0 perhaps (opinion anyway?), and it was an unspectacular performer, but not innovative? It was the first class built with the 4-8-2 arrangement, which I would consider significant and innovative enough. - Axver 00:34, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. The use of language like "glorified 4-8-0" makes the article seem less of an objective account and more of an opinion piece. Perhaps it would be better to rephrase along the lines of "although the X class was the first 4-8-2, the trailing truck was positioned well behind a narrow firebox which sat above the driving wheels. Later, more successful 4-8-2 designs were a progression of the classic 4-6-2 layout, which featured a wide firebox positioned above the trailing truck and behind the driving wheels." Zzrbiker 14:41, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good, especially with a reference. Make it so. Slambo (Speak)  14:47, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Done! I think I might also add a bit more detail on the various French 4-8-2 types - they're surely worth more of a mention. Zzrbiker 04:02, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Stored information - Bulgaria
I omitted the technical specifications table from the article since I considered it to be more suitable for inclusion in a locomotive-specific article. Stored here for easy retrieval. André Kritzinger 23:21, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

In 1941 Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ) placed an order with Henschel & Sohn – Kassel (Germany) for the building of 50 standard gauge express passenger locomotives of type 2′D1′h3S (axle arrangement 2-4-1, simple steam expansion, superheating, 3-cylinder, fast train service), capable of hauling heavy passenger trains over the often severe profiles of Bulgarian main lines with gradients up to 2.8% (1 in 35.7). The first two engines were delivered by the end of 1941 and quickly proved the correctness of the specification of the BDZ engineers, who had previously experienced the insufficient power and some construction problems with classes 01 (1′D1′h2S) and 02 (1′D1′h3S). Next year mass production began, but was interrupted by war restrictions introduced by the German authorities; delivery ceased before the order was filled. Only 10 more engines were built and delivered, at the end of 1942 through the beginning of 1943, so the total number of the new BDZ class 03 remained 12 engines (03. 01 – 03. 12 ). After 1958 they were gradually converted to mixed fuel oil and coal firing, which resulted in improved steam production and facilitated service, particularly on mountainous lines. For about 35 years of use they showed excellent performance and minor problems (oval wearing of leading axle's inside crank). One of these machines, 03. 12 (serial No. 26575) after factory repair was preserved in the depot of Gorna Oryahovitsa and is now completely restored and returned to operation under steam for tourist trains. Snimka.bg Picture Gallery

Technical specifications:

title: Talk:4-8-2


text:
User talk:Backpack

Welcome!
Hello, Backpack, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  22:43, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Dónde estoy yo?
Hey Backpack, my name is Giraman. I noticed that you have a basic knowledge of Spanish speaking, and an interest in Latin American History. If you ever need a hand with the language, feel free to contact me.

Qué tengas una buen dìa!!

Hey! How did you know that Grindr was going to be dropped by Apple last night? It is apparently true but no one has reported it yet? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.6.168.47 (talk) 16:10, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Backpack


text:
User:Kürşat Can Çağlar

Kürşat Can Çağlar

title: User:Kürşat Can Çağlar


text:
Don't Tell Me

Don't Tell Me may refer to:

 * "Don't Tell Me" (Avril Lavigne song), 2004
 * "Don't Tell Me" (Blancmange song), 1984
 * "Don't Tell Me" (Lee Ann Womack song), 1999
 * "Don't Tell Me" (Madonna song), 2000
 * "Don't Tell Me" (Ruel song), 2017
 * "Don't Tell Me (What Love Can Do)", a song by Van Halen, 1995
 * "Don't Tell Me", a song by Hoobastank from Every Man for Himself, 2006

title: Don't Tell Me


text:
User talk:FShah

Welcome!
Hello, KittenKiller, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  22:46, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Unified shaders
Vertex and pixel shaders are seperate and dedicated - unified shaders essentially combine them into the same architecture. The upside is better dynamic allocation, the downside is that dedicated shaders are more efficient; however, ATI (who backs this - Nvidia doesn't) found a work around having to do (I think) with threading in the chip. Microsoft, in addition to ATI, is pushing this and it's a planned feature in DirectX 10 IIRC (as well as Xbox 360). That's my understanding of all this; hope it helps. K1Bond007 05:26, September 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Apparently the mouse wants a glass of milk :) - unfortunately I either can't answer some of these because I flat out don't know without doing proper research myself, don't know enough about the subject, or am afraid that if I attempt to answer I'll just a get a ton more questions and we'd be back at this predicament :) so.. you should probably use Wikipedia to find out what you want to know. I'd start with Xbox 360, DirectX, vertex and pixel shaders, simultaneous multithreading (or Hyper-threading), and application programming interface. If you don't understand some of the data & information, I would suggest asking on the talk page of those articles, the people that edit those articles will be able to answer these questions far better than I can. K1Bond007 01:59, September 13, 2005 (UTC)

Also, in the future, when you use a talk page, don't forget to sign your name to your comments. You can accomplish this by typing 4 tildes like so: ~. It'll look like this → K1Bond007 02:03, September 13, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Dancing GIR.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Dancing GIR.gif. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 22:25, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Cell question
I don't know to be honest. I don't know much about the Cell, but hopefully I can point you in the right direction. Try asking on the article's talk page and see if you get a response. A better place might be the Reference desk (a place where other users - users typically in the know) will answer your questions). K1Bond007 06:51, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Faizon.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Faizon.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:03, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Crysis System Requirements
All you have to do is go to the history section to see your previous edits. There were no sources. Furthermore, as I said, what's the point of even having that section at the moment when most of the information is already elsewhere in the article? Wikipedia has a no speculation/rumors policy, and pretty much any system requirements at the moment are pure speculation. Enfestid 20:12, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I have posted the reply of your query on my talk page. Please visit my talk page and for the time being, you may please add my talk page in your watchlist. Regards, Shyam  ( T / C ) 04:58, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Your username change request
I have completed your request and your account username is now FShah. :-)

Important note: Now that your username is FShah, you need to start logging into Wikipedia using your new username instead of your old username. If you don't, your login credentials will not work and you'll be given a "wrong username or password" error.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to let me know. Best regards -  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   18:00, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:FShah


text:
Topock, Arizona

Topock (Mojave: Tuupak) (pronounced /'Toe-pock'/ by locals) is a small unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population within the CDP was 2. Topock and the surrounding region have a ZIP Code of 86436; in 2010, the population of the 86436 ZCTA was 2,104, almost all of whom live in the Golden Shores CDP to the north.

Topock lies between Bullhead City and Lake Havasu City and southeast of Needles, California, on the California–Arizona border.

It is known for being a boating town as well as being home to the Old Trails Arch Bridge which used to be the old Route 66 bridge featured in the film The Grapes of Wrath. The crossings of the Colorado River at Topock, including the Old Trails Arch Bridge, are also featured prominently in the opening credits of the movie Easy Rider.

Topock Marina is located just off I-40 on Historic Route 66. Situated on the Colorado River between Needles and Lake Havasu City, the marina is the traditional refueling point for boaters traveling between these two cities.

Topock is the site of one of Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E)'s recompression stations on its super-rich natural gas pipeline from Texas to San Francisco completed in 1930.

History
Topock was originally called Mellen, a railroad station and steamboat landing, at the site where the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad built the Red Rock Bridge, a steel cantilever bridge across the Colorado River in May 1890 after three of its earlier less well-built bridges had been washed away by the river upstream at a poorly chosen site at Eastbridge, southeast of Needles, California. The town was named for Captain "Jack" Mellon, a 40-year veteran Colorado River steamboat captain and an owner of the Colorado Steam Navigation Company, though it was misspelled as "Mellen". From 1903 to 1909 Mellen had its own post office.

Topock PG&E compressor station
PG&E began delivering natural gas to San Francisco and northern California in 1930 through the longest pipeline in the world, connecting the Texas gas fields to northern California with compressor stations that included compressor stations with cooling towers every 300 mi, at Topock, Arizona, on the state line, and near the town of Hinkley, California. Today there is a network of eight compressor stations linked by "40,000 miles of distribution pipelines and over 6,000 miles of transportation pipelines" serving "4.2 million customers from Bakersfield to the Oregon border."

In the 1950s and 1960s, at both Topock and Hinkley compressor stations, hexavalent chromium in the form of an additive was used in rust-prevention in "the cooling towers that prepared the gas for transportation through PG&E's pipeline to northern and central California." These cooling waters were then disposed of "adjacent to the compressor stations."

Topock Compressor Station is located in eastern San Bernardino County, California, approximately 12 mi southeast of Needles, along the Colorado River. In 1996 following the Hinkley groundwater contamination lawsuits related to the dumping of hexavalent chromium, PG&E began "an investigation and cleanup process governed by the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). PG&E continues to provide reports on their soil investigation and remedial activities at the Topock compressor station site regarding potential future impacts to the Colorado River and to Arizona's groundwater.

title: Topock, Arizona


text:
User talk:Crippler45

Welcome!
Hello, Crippler45, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  22:47, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Crippler45


text:
User:FShah

Hello, my name's Fahad Shah.

About

Intro
This is my official Wikipedia page.

title: User:FShah


text:
Haggle (game)

Haggle is a party game designed by Sid Sackson and intended for a large number of players. It is rather complex and involved compared to many party games and, as a result, is often played only at gatherings of people who are known to enjoy gaming at other times.

At the start of the game, each player receives a secret, random, collection of plain, colored cards plus one or more slips, each one explaining one of the many valuation rules. These rules are made up by the game organiser before the game is played, and are not told to the players. Instead, different players will have different sets of knowledge about the rules. (Typical rules might be "red cards are worth two points each" or "each yellow card doubles your final score".)

The objective is for each player to accumulate the highest scoring collection of cards that they can. The players are given a particular amount of time - anything from twenty minutes to the whole party - to mix with each other. Players may trade cards on any terms they choose. They may also trade information about the rules. Before the end of the game, each player is required to hand in their final card collection in an envelope. The referee, who knows all the rules, then scores each hand and the player with the highest score wins. Typically, the winner will get a small prize of some type.

The game very strongly encourages people to mix with each other, but is rather complex for some players. Care must also be taken to ensure that the starting hands are similar in value.

Haggle is one of the games presented in Sackson's book, A Gamut of Games.

title: Haggle (game)


text:
Risako Sugaya

Risako Sugaya (菅谷 梨沙子) is a former Japanese singer and actress. She first gained recognition when she joined Hello! Project Kids and later became one of the lead vocalists of the girl group Berryz Kobo from 2004 to 2015.

2002–2004: Hello! Project Kids, 4Kids
Sugaya was born in Kanagawa, Japan. In 2002, she auditioned for Hello! Project Kids with the song "Minimoni Hinamatsuri" by Minimoni. Her audition tape was aired on Morning Musume's variety show Hello! Morning. She was placed in the group with 14 other girls. She made her first appearance as an angel in the 2002 film Mini Moni ja Movie: Okashi na Daibōken!; she also was one of the featured artists in the movie's ending song as a member of 4Kids.

In 2003, Sugaya starred in the movie Hotaru no Hoshi (蛍の星), as Hikari, a fragile elementary school student who, with the help of her caring teacher, has a chance to be momentarily reunited with her deceased mother and overcome her emotional problems. She also starred in the drama, Shonan Kawarayane Monogatari. That year also marked her first appearance on Kōhaku Uta Gassen, as one of Aya Matsuura's backup dancers, during the 54th edition of the renowned NHK New Year program.

2004–2015: Berryz Kobo
In early 2004, Sugaya became part of the newly formed group Berryz Kobo. Since joining the group, she has also participated in the band's weekly radio show ''Berryz Kobo Kiritsu! Rei! Chakuseki!''. She has also, like other Hello! Project members, appeared in the Musume Dokyu! segments, namely episodes 39, 40, 54, 55, and 56. Additionally, Sugaya has done a commercial for the Nihon Shokuniku Shōhi Sōgō Center in October 2003.

Later, in 2004, she participated in singing "All for One & One for All!", a collaboration single released by all Hello! Project artists under the name "H.P. All Stars."

In August 2006, Sugaya was interviewed by MC Maki Goto in the 12th installment of the online only show Hello! Pro Hour. She later re-appeared alongside Momoko Tsugunaga on the 20th and final episode.

On 12 October 2006, Sugaya became the first member of Berryz Kobo, and the youngest of all the Hello! Project members, to release a solo photobook. Even prior to its release, the photobook was met with mixed feelings both by Japanese and overseas fans. Sugaya herself admitted, in an interview with Sanspo.com, to initially having doubts regarding the photoshoot, but claims to have had a pleasant experience and hopes her fans enjoy the various facets of her personality.

On 31 December 2006, Sugaya once again took the stage at the 57th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen as a backup dancer in Morning Musume's performance of Aruiteru, along with the remaining members of Berryz Kobo, Country Musume and Cute. In mid-2009, Sugaya became a member of new unit Guardians 4.

On 2 August 2014, it was announced that Berryz Kobo would be going on an indefinite hiatus from 3 March 2015. Further, Sugaya announced she would be taking a break from show business following the cessation of group activities.

Personal life
In October 2017, Sugaya announced her marriage to a man whose identity is undisclosed, and they met through a mutual friend. In addition to this, she was five months pregnant at that time. She gave birth to a girl at 1 March 2018. She had her second child in 2020.

DVDs

 * "Making Of Mini Moni. the Movie: Okashi na Daibōken!" (メイキング・オブ ミニモニ. じゃムービー お菓子な大冒険!) (21 January 2003)
 * "Mini Moni. the Movie: Okashi na Daibōken!" (ミニモニ. じゃムービー お菓子な大冒険!) (18 June 2003)
 * "Hello! Morning. Mini Moni. Kappa no Kadō" (ハロー!モーニング. ミニモニ. 河童の花道) (30 June 2004)
 * "Hotaru no Hoshi" (ほたるの星) (22 December 2004)
 * "Shōnan Kawara-yane Monogatari" (湘南瓦屋根物語 vol.1 – 3) (7 December 2005)
 * "Musume Dokyu! vol.2" (娘DOKYU! vol.2) (14 December 2005)
 * "Hello Kids! vol.2" (ハローキッズ! vol.2) (22 February 2006)
 * "Hello Pro Hour Vol. 5" (ハロプロアワー Vol.5) (24 January 2007)

Limited edition DVDs

 * "Go→50 Vol. 2–4" (ゴ→50 Vol.2・4) (13 December 2005, 15 March 2006)
 * "Bishōjo Kyōiku II ~Mori no Obenkyō Kaihen~ (美少女教育II 〜森のお勉強会編〜) (14 February 2006)
 * "Risako Sugaya DVD on Hello! Project Sports Festival 2006" (1 July 2006)
 * "Risako Sugaya on Berryz Kōbō Summer Concert Tour 2006 [Natsu Natsu! ~Anata wo Suki ni Naru Sangekusō] (菅谷梨沙子 on Berryz工房サマーコンサートツアー2006 『夏夏!〜あなたを好きになる三原則〜』) (16 December 2006)
 * "Berryz Kōbō DVD Magazine Vol. 8 Risako Sugaya" (Berryz工房 DVD MAGAZINE Vol.8 菅谷梨沙子) (1 April 2007)
 * "Risako Sugaya on Berryz Kōbō Concert Tour 2007 Summer ~Welcome! Berryz Kyūden~" (菅谷梨沙子 on Berryz工房コンサートツアー2007夏 〜ウェルカム!Berryz宮殿〜) (26 January 2008)
 * "Ura Uta Dokii! Vol.2" (ウラ歌ドキッ! Vol.2) (16 March 2008)
 * "Risako Sugaya Shashinshū Ring 3 ~Ring Ring Ringg!~ -Making DVD Special Edition-" (菅谷梨沙子写真集 Ring3〜リンリンリンッ!〜 -Making DVD Special Edition-) (1 April 2008)

Radio

 * "Berryz Kobo Kiritsu! Rei! Chakuseki!" (Berryz工房 起立! 礼! 着席!) (30 March 2005 – 31 March 2009)
 * "Tsuukai! Berryz Okoku" (痛快! Berryz王国) (3 July 2009 – 30 March 2012) (Co-hosts: Miyabi Natsuyaki and Yurina Kumai)

Photobooks

 * "1st Solo Photobook 'Risako' (1stソロ写真集「Risako」) (12 October 2006, Wani Books) ISBN 978-4-8470-2964-6
 * "2nd Solo Photobook 'pure+' (2ndソロ写真集「pure+」) (20 July 2007, Wani Books) ISBN 978-4-8470-4019-1
 * "3rd Solo Photobook 'Ring 3 ~Ring Ring Ringg!~'" (3rdソロ写真集「Ring3〜リンリンリンッ!〜」) (6 February 2008, Kadokawa Group Publishing) ISBN 978-4-04-895013-8
 * "4th Solo Photobook 'Risō'" (4thソロ写真集「梨想」) (27 November 2009, Wani Books) ISBN 978-4-8470-4215-7

title: Risako Sugaya


text: User talk:67.80.98.165

title: User talk:67.80.98.165


text:
Geneva and Lyons Railroad

The Geneva and Lyons Railroad was a railroad in New York State, constructed and owned by the New York Central Railroad. Chartered in 1877 and opened in 1878, it served as an outlet for coal trains on the Syracuse, Geneva and Corning Railroad to reach the main line of the New York Central. The Fall Brook Coal Company, which operated the Syracuse, Geneva and Corning, and the Lehigh Valley Railroad both used the line to deliver coal to Lyons. A branch of the New York Central since its completion, the Geneva and Lyons was formally absorbed by the New York Central in 1890.

History
Chartered on October 5, 1877, the Geneva and Lyons was built to improve the connections between the New York Central and the Syracuse, Geneva and Corning Railroad. The latter line was leased by the Fall Brook Coal Company, a major supplier of coal to the New York Central. The Fall Brook already connected to the Auburn Road of the New York Central at Geneva, but the new railroad allowed trains to run through Geneva directly to the main line of the New York Central at Lyons. This allowed the rerouting of coal traffic which was overloading the single track of the Auburn Road.

Construction of the Geneva and Lyons was underway by the spring of 1878. The first passenger train over the railroad ran on November 11, 1878, and was operated by the Fall Brook, continuing south to Corning. While the new railroad was owned and operated by the New York Central, which had advanced the funds for its construction, the Fall Brook continued to operate trains over the Geneva and Lyons and the Northern Central Railway also arranged for trackage rights over the railroad in 1878. George J. Magee, of the Fall Brook, was also a director of the Geneva and Lyons.

Coal trestles or chutes were built for the New York Central's locomotives at Lyons, and in August 1879, 1000 ST of coal per day were shipped over the Geneva and Lyons to the trestles there. About 400 ST were used to fuel locomotives at Lyons and the remainder shipped elsewhere on the New York Central system. By 1886, this amount had increased to 230000 ST in a month, both bituminous coal from the Fall Brook's mines and anthracite from connections southward. At the time, it was reported that the Lehigh Valley Railroad, was also running over the Geneva and Lyons to deliver coal. In January 1887, the coal shipments had increased again, to 22000 ST daily. In August 1881, work began to double-track the line. By April 1882, the double track had been finished from Geneva to Bennett's and from Lyons to Thompson's. However, the complete double-tracking was still unfinished in 1893. 12.67 mi of the line, which totaled 14.08 mi, had been double-tracked as of 1914.

The Geneva and Lyons was absorbed by the New York Central, which had operated it as a branch. The line was leased by the Fall Brook in 1893, but was itself taken over by the New York Central in 1899.

title: Geneva and Lyons Railroad


text: User talk:68.194.136.1

title: User talk:68.194.136.1


text:
Air Link

Air Link Pty Ltd is an airline and air charter company based in Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia. It operates air charter services and recommenced regular passenger services in November 2019. As of 2024, Aviation Logistics Holdings (ALH) who owns Air Link, Air Med and Chart Air, employs nearly 300 staff and owns and operates 70 aircraft across its 7 bases in 4 states. Aviation Logistics Group operates one of Australia's largest fleet of general aviation aircraft across its subsidiaries and associated companies. Air Link has bases in Dubbo, Brisbane (Archerfield), Sydney (Bankstown) and Melbourne (Essendon).

History
The airline was formed and started operations in 1974 as an aircraft charter operation based in Dubbo. In 1989 the company was acquired by David and Barbara Miller. Regular regional airline services across western New South Wales were commenced in 1991, when Hazelton Airlines divested itself of its piston-engined aircraft and the routes served by those aircraft. On 30 November 2005 Regional Express Holdings acquired all the shares in Air Link, with David Miller appointed as Chief Executive, and it was run as an independent airline within the Regional Express group. On 10 November 2008 Regional Express Holdings announced that Air Link would cease all scheduled operations on 20 December and concentrate on its air charter and aircraft maintenance business. Scheduled services resumed again in 2014 with a daily return service between Dubbo and Sydney operated on behalf of Regional Express Airlines. In 2015, services commenced to Cobar in the company's Beech 1900D and in December 2017 Air Link ceased these flights. At the start of 2018 the company ceased all RPT operations for Regional Express, with the sole remaining Beech 1900D being sold in March and soon after suspended all charter flights. In September 2018, Regional Express Holdings sold the Air Link business to Aviation Logistics Holdings. From November 2019, Air Link recommenced regular passenger services with flights to Bourke, Lightning Ridge and Walgett using its Piper Chieftain fleet. From 2019, the fleet has been progressively refurbished, particularly to incorporate the company's new stylised logo.

Destinations
Prior to the cessation of scheduled services in December 2008, Air Link operated to the following destinations:

 * Bathurst
 * Bourke
 * Cobar
 * Coonamble
 * Lightning Ridge
 * Mudgee
 * Sydney
 * Walgett

Prior to the second cessation of scheduled services, Air Link operated to the following destinations on behalf of Regional Express Airlines:

 * Cobar
 * Dubbo
 * Sydney

Destinations from the recommencement of services in November 2019:
 * Bourke
 * Lightning Ridge
 * Walgett

Fleet
As of February 2024, the Air Link fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Formerly operated

 * Beechcraft 1900D

title: Air Link


text:
Indian bay leaf

Indian bay leaf is a common name for several plants with leaves used in cooking and may refer to:

 * Cinnamomum tamala, also known by the common name tejpatta
 * Syzygium polyanthum, also known as Indonesian bay leaf

title: Indian bay leaf


text:
Talk:Chillon Castle

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 April 2019 and 7 June 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wik0524. Peer reviewers: Spinckney, DonPapucho.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:27, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Earliest date
According to publication Chillon by Auguste Guignard (former secretary of the Association for the Restoration of the Chillon Castle), published by Ruckstuhl SA (Renens, Switzerland) in 1996:

"The oldest historical document relating to Chillon bears the date 1005, and from this it is seen that the castle belonged to the bishops of Sion, who confided its care to the d'Alinge family." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.3.242.29 (talk • contribs) 22:54, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Page name
The article name should either be "Château de Chillon" (French), or "Chillon Castle" (English). "Chateau of Chillon" is a horrid mixture of the two. I would go for the english name as this is english wiki. Any other preferences? :Supergolden:: 12:06, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. Moving to Château de Chillon for consistency in naming. Emeraude 11:17, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Doh! Made a typo and got DU Chillon. Wil attempt to rectify. Emeraude 11:18, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

I fixed eight(!) redirects from "what links here", seems to be all sorts of ways to refer to it. -- Stbalbach 17:14, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Moved per request (no particular opinion whether it should be "Chillon Castle"). User:Werdnabot is going to fix double redirects soon. Duja ►

The name of the lake
The name of the lake is as far as I know Lake Geneva and not Lake Léman. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.233.187.194 (talk) 08:03, 15 April 2012 (UTC)
 * corrected. mge o  talk 11:26, 15 April 2012 (UTC)
 * The name of the lake is Lac Léman in French. This is, of course, the English wikipedia. Opera hat (talk) 12:39, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

Using the French entry
Although the French article has more information, it lacks in-line citations that would make the content authoritative. Please use caution. LTC (Ret.) David J. Cormier (talk) 18:15, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

Photoshop?
Hi, the main picture looks very weird. Broad daylight on the castle, but the mountains, although the light is also coming from the right, look like they are photoshopped in from another exposure on a different day. I'm trying to account for haze and cloud cover, but is there any way of checking the authenticity of the postcard view? PS: I went there when I was 11 years old, and it is well worth the visit. The steps are worn about 1 1/2 in the middle from use over the centuries very cool. Billyshiverstick (talk) 02:40, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

Wik0524 (talk)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that File:001 Chateau_de_Chillon_and_Dents_du_Midi_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg, a featured picture used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for February 10, 2024. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2024-02-10. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! — Amakuru (talk) 10:37, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chillon Castle


text:
Mask of Agamemnon

The Mask of Agamemnon is a gold funerary mask discovered at the Bronze Age site of Mycenae in southern Greece. The mask, displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, has been described by the historian Cathy Gere as the "Mona Lisa of prehistory".

German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered the artifact in 1876, believed that he had found the body of the Mycenaean king Agamemnon, leader of the Achaeans in the ancient Greek epic of the Trojan War, the Iliad. Modern archaeological research suggests that the mask dates to about the 16th century BC, pre-dating the period of the mythical Trojan War by 300–400 years.

Discovery
Schliemann found the gold funeral mask in 1876, in a shaft tomb designated Grave V, at the site Grave Circle A, Mycenae. A total of eight men were discovered in Grave Circle A, all of whom had weapons in their graves, but only five had masks; those were in Grave IV and Grave V.

The quantities of gold and carefully worked artifacts indicate honor, wealth and status. The Mask of Agamemnon was named by Schliemann after the legendary Greek king Agamemnon of Homer's Iliad. Schliemann took this as evidence the Trojan War was a real historical event.

The Mask of Agamemnon was created from a single thick gold sheet, heated and hammered against a wooden background with the details chased on later with a sharp tool. Following his discoveries at the site, Schliemann notified King George of Greece. He is supposed to have told the king in a telegraph, "I have gazed upon the face of Agamemnon". Schliemann later named his son after the legendary king. Close to the end of his life, the archaeologist accepted doubts as to the mask's true owner and is quoted as saying, "So this is not Agamemnon... these are not his ornaments? All right, let's call him Schulze."

Authenticity
In the latter half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the authenticity of the mask has been formally questioned, primarily by William Calder III and David Traill. Archaeology magazine has run a series of articles presenting both sides of the debate. By the time of the excavation of the Shaft Graves, the Greek Archaeological Society had taken a hand in supervising Schliemann's work (after the issues at Troy), sending Panagiotis Stamatakis as ephor, or director, of the excavation, who kept a close eye on Schliemann.

Proponents of the fraud argument center their case on Schliemann's reputation for salting digs with artefacts from elsewhere. The resourceful Schliemann, they assert, could have had the mask manufactured on the general model of the other Mycenaean masks and found an opportunity to place it in the excavation.

The defending advocate(s) point out that the excavation was closed on November 26–27 for Sunday holiday and rain. It was not allowed to reopen until Stamatakis had provided the work with credible witnesses. The three other masks were not discovered until the 28th. The Mask of Agamemnon was found on the 30th.

A second critique is based on style. The Mask of Agamemnon differs from three of the other masks in a number of ways: it is three-dimensional rather than flat, one of the facial hairs is cut out, rather than engraved, the ears are cut out, the eyes are depicted as both open and shut, with open eyelids, but a line of closed eyelids across the center, the face alone of all the depictions of faces in Mycenaean art has a full pointed beard with handlebar moustache, the mouth is well-defined (compared to the flat masks), the brows are formed to two arches rather than one.

The defense presented prior arguments that the shape of the lip, the triangular beard and the detail of the beard are nearly the same as the mane and locks of the gold lion-head rhyton from Shaft Grave IV. Schliemann's duplicity, they claim, has been greatly exaggerated, and they also claim that the attackers were conducting a vendetta.

Modern archaeological research suggests that the mask is genuine but pre-dates the period of the Trojan War by 300–400 years. Others date the contents of the find even earlier, to approximately 2500 BC.

title: Mask of Agamemnon


text:
Sulfone

In organic chemistry, a sulfone is a organosulfur compound containing a sulfonyl (R\sS(\dO)2\sR’) functional group attached to two carbon atoms. The central hexavalent sulfur atom is double-bonded to each of two oxygen atoms and has a single bond to each of two carbon atoms, usually in two separate hydrocarbon substituents.

By oxidation of thioethers and sulfoxides
Sulfones are typically prepared by organic oxidation of thioethers, often referred to as sulfides. Sulfoxides are intermediates in this route. For example, dimethyl sulfide oxidizes to dimethyl sulfoxide and then to dimethyl sulfone.

From SO2

 * [[Image:Sulfolane synthesis.png|upright=1.5|right|thumb|Synthesis of sulfolane by [[hydrogenation]] of sulfolene.]]

Sulfur dioxide is a convenient and widely used source of the sulfonyl functional group. Specifically, Sulfur dioxide participates in cycloaddition reactions with dienes. The industrially useful solvent sulfolane is prepared by addition of sulfur dioxide to buta-1,3-diene followed by hydrogenation of the resulting sulfolene.

From sulfonyl and sulfuryl halides
Sulfones are prepared under conditions used for Friedel–Crafts reactions using sources of derived from sulfonyl halides and sulfonic acid anhydrides. Lewis acid catalysts such as AlCl3 and FeCl3 are required.

Sulfones have been prepared by nucleophilic displacement of halides by sulfinates:

Reactions
Sulfone is a relatively inert functional group, typically less oxidizing and 4 bel more acidic than sulfoxides. In the Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction and the Julia olefination, sulfones are converted to alkenes by the elimination of sulfur dioxide. However, sulfones are unstable to bases, eliminating to give an alkene.

Sulfones can also undergo desulfonylation.

Applications
Sulfolane is used to extract valuable aromatic compounds from petroleum.

Polymers
Some polymers containing sulfone groups are useful engineering plastics. They exhibit high strength and resistance to oxidation, corrosion, high temperatures, and creep under stress. For example, some are valuable as replacements for copper in domestic hot water plumbing. Precursors to such polymers are the sulfones bisphenol S and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone.

Pharmacology
Examples of sulfones in pharmacology include dapsone, a drug formerly used as an antibiotic to treat leprosy, dermatitis herpetiformis, tuberculosis, or pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Several of its derivatives, such as promin, have similarly been studied or actually been applied in medicine, but in general sulfones are of far less prominence in pharmacology than for example the sulfonamides.

title: Sulfone