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Stepper

A stepper or wafer stepper is a device used in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). It is an essential part of the process of photolithography, which creates millions of microscopic circuit elements on the surface of silicon wafers out of which chips are made. It is similar in operation to a slide projector or a photographic enlarger. The ICs that are made form the heart of computer processors, memory chips, and many other electronic devices.

Stepper is short for step-and-repeat camera.

The stepper emerged in the late 1970s but did not become widespread until the 1980s. This was because it was replacing an earlier technology, the mask aligner. Aligners imaged the entire surface of a wafer at the same time, producing many chips in a single operation. In contrast, the stepper imaged only one chip at a time, and was thus much slower to operate. The stepper eventually displaced the aligner when the relentless forces of Moore's Law demanded that smaller feature sizes be used. Because the stepper imaged only one chip at a time it offered higher resolution and was the first technology to exceed the 1 micron limit. The addition of auto-alignment systems reduced the setup time needed to image multiple ICs, and by the late 1980s, the stepper had almost entirely replaced the aligner in the high-end market.

The stepper was itself replaced by the step-and-scan systems (scanners) which offered an additional order of magnitude resolution advance. Step-and-scan systems work by scanning only a small portion of the mask for an individual IC, and thus require much longer operation times than the original steppers. Step-and-scan systems became widespread during the 1990s and essentially universal by the 2000s. Today, step-and-scan systems are so widespread that they are often simply referred to as steppers. An example of a step-and-scan system is the PAS 5500 from ASML.

History
1957: Attempts to miniaturize electronic circuits started back in 1957 when Jay Lathrop and James Nall of the U.S. Army's Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories were granted a US2890395A patent for a photolithographic technique that could be used to deposit thin-film metal strips that in turn used to connect discrete transistors on a ceramic plate. It was also used to etch holes in the silicon dioxide (SiO2) layers to microfabricate diode arrays. Later, in 1959, Lathrop went to Texas Instruments, working for Jack Kilby, and Nall joined Fairchild Semiconductor.

1958: Based on their works, Jay Last and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor built one of the first «step-and-repeat» cameras that repeated identical patterns of the transistors on a single wafer using photolithography.

1959: (Or no later 1961); The David W. Mann division of GCA Corporation became the first company to make commercial step and repeat mask reduction devices called photo-repeaters, which were the predecessors of modern day photolithography steppers. The company was later sold to GCA Corporation/Mann and Perkin Elmer.

1970: the Cobilt company was founded by a group of three engineers from Germany and England (from Kasper Instruments), and one salesman Peter Wolken. The company made what would later be called wafer steppers or lithography machines, at the time referred as mask aligners. The throughput of this machine was one 2-Inches wide wafer at a time.

The Cobilt, which also traded abroad and had plants in Asia (Hong-Kong, Korea, etc.), in Europe was originally represented by a company called Advanced Semiconductor Materials (ASM) run by Arthur del Prado in Holland, who have founded the ASML in the mid of 1960s.

Around 1971 or so the Cobilt was acquired by Computervision, which had greatly automated Cobilt machine.

1973: Perkin-Elmer had introduced Micralign projection aligner. It helped to decrease amount of defective chips that resulted in low yields and greatly boosted IC industry by helping to lower prices on chips.

GCA introduced the first successful stepper, the DSW 4800, in 1975. It could reach critical dimensions of 1 micron, better than any other system at the time.

The stepper's role in photolithography
Integrated circuits (ICs) are produced in a process known as photolithography. The process starts with a large highly purified cylindrical crystal of the semiconductor material known as a boule. Thin slices are cut off the boule to form disks, and then undergo initial processing and treatment to create a blank silicon wafer.

Elements of the circuit to be created on the IC are reproduced in a pattern of transparent and opaque areas on the surface of a glass or plastic plate called a photomask or reticle. The wafer is coated with a photosensitive material called photoresist. The mask is positioned over the wafer and bright light, normally ultraviolet, is shone through the mask. Exposure to the light causes sections of the resist to either harden or soften, depending on the process.

After exposure, the wafer is developed like photographic film, causing the photoresist to dissolve in certain areas according to the amount of light the areas received during exposure. These areas of photoresist and no photoresist reproduce the pattern on the reticle. The developed wafer is then exposed to solvents. The solvent etches away the silicon in the parts of the wafer that are no longer protected by the photoresist coating. Other chemicals are used to change the electrical characteristics of the silicon in the bare areas.

The wafer is then cleaned, recoated with photoresist, then passed through the process again in a process that creates the circuit on the silicon, layer by layer. Once the entire process is complete, the wafer is sawn apart into individual chips, tested, and packaged for sale.

Aligners vs. steppers
Before steppers, wafers were exposed using mask aligners, which patterned the entire wafer at once. Masks for these systems would contain many individual ICs patterned across the mask. Between each step, the operator would use a microscope to align the wafer with the next mask to be applied. During the 1970s, aligners generally worked at a one-to-one magnification, which limited the amount of detail on the wafer to about whatever could be produced on the mask.

As feature sizes shrank, following Moore's law, the construction of these complex multi-chip masks became very difficult. In 1975, GCA introduced the first step-and-scan camera, which simplified the process of making masks. In this system, a single parent mask, known as the reticle, was produced at large scale so it could be mechanically robust. This was imaged through a photographic projector, shrinking the projected image 5 to 10 times. The mechanism imaged the reticle onto a photographic plate, moved the reticle to another position, and repeated this process. The result was a mask containing many precise images of the original reticle pattern.

GCA continued development of the hardware as a direct-to-wafer system, eliminating the need to produce a mask from the reticle and instead using the reticle to expose the wafer directly. Because the reticle was at a much larger scale than the final image, the resolution could be improved, as this was formerly limited to the resolution of the mask itself. To pattern the entire wafer, the mask is repeatedly moved, or stepped, across the surface of the wafer. This requires the stepping mechanism to be incredibly accurate, demanding precise alignment. The alignment process is normally automated, eliminating manual operation. As each exposure takes as long as the entire mask in an aligner, steppers are inherently slower to use than aligners, so aligners remain in use for roles where higher resolutions are not required.

Steppers increased the possible resolution many times over that of the aligners and were the first systems to allow features smaller than 1 micron. However, the relentless drive of Moore's law pushed the industry to the point where even the maximum magnifications possible in the projection system were not enough to continue shrinking the feature sizes. This led to the 1990 introduction of the step-and-scan systems, which combine a stepper system with a scanner that images only a portion of the mask at a time. Doing so allows much better focus over the tiny part of the mask, although it also makes the IC production process much slower. As of 2008, step-and-scan systems are the most widely used systems for high-end semiconductor device fabrication.

Major subassemblies
A typical stepper has the following subassemblies: wafer loader, wafer stage, wafer alignment system, reticle loader, reticle stage, reticle alignment system, reduction lens, and illumination system. Process programs for each layer printed on the wafer are executed by a control system centering on a computer that stores the process program, reads it, and communicates with the various subassemblies of the stepper in carrying out the program's instructions. The components of the stepper are contained in a sealed chamber that is maintained at a precise temperature to prevent distortions in the printed patterns that might be caused by expansion or contraction of the wafer due to temperature variations. The chamber also contains other systems that support the process, such as air conditioning, power supplies, control boards for the various electrical components, and others.

Basic operation
The silicon wafers are coated with photoresist, and placed in a cassette or "boat" that holds a number of wafers. This is then placed in a part of the stepper called the wafer loader, usually located at the lower front of the stepper.

A robot in the wafer loader picks up one of the wafers from the cassette and loads it onto the wafer stage where it is aligned to enable another, finer alignment process that will occur later on.

The pattern of the circuitry for each chip is contained in a pattern etched in chrome on the reticle, which is a plate of transparent quartz. A typical reticle used in steppers is 6 inches square and has a usable area of 104mm by 132mm.

A variety of reticles, each appropriate for one stage in the process, are contained in a rack in the reticle loader, usually located at the upper front of the stepper. Before the wafer is exposed a reticle is loaded onto the reticle stage by a robot, where it is also very precisely aligned. Since the same reticle can be used to expose many wafers, it is loaded once before a series of wafers is exposed, and is realigned periodically.

Once the wafer and reticle are in place and aligned, the wafer stage, which is moved very precisely in the X and Y directions (front to back and left to right) by worm screws or linear motors, carries the wafer so that the first of the many patterns (or "shots") to be exposed on it is located below the lens, directly under the reticle.

Although the wafer is aligned after it is placed on the wafer stage, this alignment is not sufficient to ensure that the layer of circuitry to be printed onto the wafer exactly overlays previous layers already there. Therefore, each shot is aligned using special alignment marks that are located in the pattern for each final IC chip. Once this fine alignment is completed, the shot is exposed by light from the stepper's illumination system that passes through the reticle, through a reduction lens, and on to the surface of the wafer. A process program or "recipe" determines the length of the exposure, the reticle used, as well as other factors that affect the exposure.

Each shot located in a grid pattern on the wafer and is exposed in turn as the wafer is stepped back and forth under the lens. When all shots on the wafer are exposed, the wafer is unloaded by the wafer loader robot, and another wafer takes its place on the stage. The exposed wafer is eventually moved to a developer where the photoresist on its surface is exposed to developing chemicals that wash away areas of the photoresist, based on whether or not they were exposed to the light passing through the reticle. The developed surface is then subjected to other processes of photolithography.

Illumination and the challenges of improving resolution
The greatest limitation on the ability to produce increasingly finer lines on the surface of the wafer has been the wavelength of the light used in the exposure system. As the required lines have become narrower and narrower, illumination sources producing light with progressively shorter wavelengths have been put into service in steppers and scanners. An alternative to conventional light based lithography is nanoimprint lithography.

The ability of an exposure system, such as a stepper, to resolve narrow lines is limited by the wavelength of the light used for illumination, the ability of the lens to capture light (or actually orders of diffraction) coming at increasingly wider angles (called numerical aperture or N.A.), and various improvements in the process itself. This is expressed by the following equation:

$\mathrm{CD}=k_1\frac{\lambda}{\mathrm{NA}}$|undefined

$$\mathrm{CD}$$ is the critical dimension, or finest line resolvable, $$k_1$$ is a coefficient expressing process-related factors, $$\lambda$$ is the wavelength of the light, and $$\mathrm{NA}$$ is the numerical aperture. Decreasing the wavelength of the light in the illumination system increases the resolving power of the stepper.

Twenty years ago, the "g-line" (436 nm) of the mercury spectrum was used to create lines in the 750 nm range in steppers that employed mercury lamps as their illumination source. Several years later systems employing the ultraviolet "i-line" (365 nm) from mercury lamps were introduced to create lines as low as 350 nm. As the desired line widths approached and eventually became narrower than the wavelength of the light used to create them, a variety of resolution enhancement techniques were developed to make this possible, such as phase shifting reticles and various techniques for manipulating the angles of the exposure light in order to maximize the resolving power of the lens. Eventually however, the desired line widths became narrower than what was possible using mercury lamps, and near the middle of the 2000s, the semiconductor industry moved towards steppers that employed krypton-fluoride (KrF) excimer lasers producing 248 nm light. Such systems are currently being used to produce lines in the 110 nm range. Lines as low as 32 nm are being resolved by production-capable steppers using argon-fluoride (ArF) excimer lasers that emit light with a wavelength of 193 nm. Although fluoride (F2) lasers are available that produce 157 nm light, they are not practical because of their low power and because they quickly degrade photoresist and other materials used in the stepper. Since practical light sources with wavelengths narrower than these lasers have not been available, manufacturers have sought to improve resolution by reducing the process coefficient $$k_1$$. This is done by further improving techniques for manipulating the light as it passes through the illumination system and the reticle, as well as improving techniques for processing the wafer before and after exposure. Manufacturers have also introduced ever larger and more expensive lenses as a means of increasing the numerical aperture. However, these techniques are approaching their practical limit, and line widths in the 45 nm range appear to be near the best that can be achieved with conventional design.

Ultimately, other sources of illumination will have to be put to use, such as electron beams, x-rays or similar sources of electromagnetic energy with wavelengths much shorter than visible light. However, in order to delay as long as possible the vast expense and difficulty of adopting a whole new type of illumination technology, manufacturers have turned to a technique, previously used in microscopes, for increasing the numerical aperture of the lens by allowing the light to pass through water instead of air. This method, called immersion lithography, is the current cutting edge of practical production technology. It works because numerical aperture is a function of the maximum angle of light that can enter the lens and the refractive index of the medium through which the light passes. When water is employed as the medium, it greatly increases numerical aperture, since it has a refractive index of 1.44 at 193 nm, while air has an index of 1.0003. Current production machines employing this technology are capable of resolving lines in the 32 nm range, and may eventually be able to achieve lines of 30 nm.

Scanners
Modern scanners are steppers that increase the length of the area exposed in each shot (the exposure field) by moving the reticle stage and wafer stage in opposite directions to each other during the exposure. Instead of exposing the entire field at once, the exposure is made through an "exposure slit" that is as wide as the exposure field, but only a fraction of its length (such as a 9x25 mm slit for a 35x25 mm field). The image from the exposure slit is scanned across the exposure area.

There are several benefits to this technique. The field can be exposed with a lesser reduction of size from the reticle to the wafer (such as 4x reduction on a scanner, compared with 5x reduction on a stepper), while allowing a field size much larger than that which can be exposed with a typical stepper. Also the optical properties of the projection lens can be optimized in the area through which the image of the projection slit passes, while optical aberrations can be ignored outside of this area, because they will not affect the exposed area on the wafer.

Successful scanning requires extremely precise synchronization between the moving reticle and wafer stages during the exposure. Accomplishing this presents many technological challenges.

title: Stepper


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anthony Hutton

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge & redirect

Anthony Hutton
Not notable. brenneman (t) (c) 03:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect to Big Brother UK series 6 until more can be written about him than "he is a contestant," or possibly "he won Big Borther..." Keeping until the end of the series is pointless without encyclopaedic content. The JPS 09:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Big Brother UK series 6. Dcarrano 15:47, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Big Brother UK series 6. JamesBurns 04:02, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect all of them except Derek Laud who was a known political figure before becoming a contestant and I imagine will be again afterwards. There is nothing notable about any of the rest. Mrsteviec 11:55, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewrite and merge. As with most of the other BB contestant summaries, this truly is biased and unencylopaedic, as well as being not very notable. IINAG
 * Keep -- and Update, as he will probably win! -- The Time Killer

There was already a discussion taking place on Talk:Big Brother UK series 6 concerning merging all of these articles. Since there was no objection there, and since the consensus on VFD seems to be redirect, I have been bold and merged and redirected all of the individual contestant articles (except Derek Laud). —Stormie 21:40, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Guangzhou Uprising

The Guangzhou Uprising, Canton Uprising or Canton Riots of 1927 was a failed communist uprising in the city of Guangzhou (Canton) in southern China.

Background
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s Guangdong Provincial Committee had been preparing for an uprising in Guangzhou since September 1927. It originally planned to use a large group of communist-leaning soldiers who were heading into Guangdong after taking part in the failed Nanchang uprising. According to these plans, local workers and peasants were supposed to act as auxiliaries, while the soldiers would bear the brunt of the fighting. The troops from Nanchang were defeated at Shantou in early October, however, precluding any attempt to utilise them in the Guangzhou Uprising. CCP party head Qu Qiubai consequently decided that the communists had to persuade soldiers who were stationed in Guangdong to join their cause. Upon receiving orders from Joseph Stalin to launch the planned uprising in mid-December, over the course of November, a final plan for rebellion was worked out by the central party leadership and Guangdong secretary Zhang Tailei in Shanghai. Originally, the Chinese communist leadership opposed the plans, and made representations to the Soviet government to the effect that they had no chance at winning control of Guangzhou, but ultimately gave in to Soviet pressure. The CCP thought that fighting between the Kuomintang-aligned warlords Zhang Fakui and Li Jishen was imminent in Guangdong, potentially providing them with an opportunity to exploit the ensuing chaos by launching multiple simultaneous rebellions to seize power in the province.

Peasant insurgents were supposed to throw the countryside into chaos, while workers should take over the county seats, and a general strike would paralyze Guangzhou. A separate communist faction was to capture Hainan island, and an army from the Hailufeng Soviet attack Huizhou, and then advance against Guangzhou. In the end, however, the communists in Guangzhou did not follow this plan. The conflict between Zhang Fakui and Li Jishen already broke out on 27 November, with the former capturing Guangzhou from the latter in surprise attack. Thereafter, however, Zhang moved most of his troops out of the city to resist Li's counter-attacks. When the Guangdong Provincial Committee thus converged on 27 November, it concluded that the time was ideal for an insurrection in Guangzhou itself. It remains strongly disputed who exactly was responsible for the further course of events. The communists in Guangdong later claimed that their insurrection was based on the plans discussed with the party leadership, though historian Hsiao Tso-Liang argued that the former still acted completely autonomous and without the knowledge of the latter. Other historians consider this view too extreme, and have put forth evidence which suggests that the CCP's central leadership was informed about the ongoing events in Guangdong. Furthermore, it has been argued that Comintern agents who were present in the province might have decisively influenced the Guangdong Provincial Committee in its decisions about when and how to launch a rebellion.

Regardless of who was responsible for the decision, the Guangdong Committee began to prepare its uprising in earnest from 27 November. A Revolutionary Military Council was appointed with Ye Ting as commander-in-chief and Zhang Tailei as chairman. Sometime in early December, Comintern agent Heinz Neumann arrived in Guangdong, joining the local communists. According to CCP leader Zhang Guotao, Neumann came to wield great influence on the committee and took a leading role in the rebellion; others believe that he was just a messenger for Stalin. The core fighting force of the rebellion consisted of an ad-hoc "Red Guard" formed by 2,000 armed workers, and a communist-infiltrated cadet regiment of 1,200 soldiers.

History
On 11 December 1927, the political leadership of the CCP ordered about 20,000 communist-leaning soldiers and armed workers to organize a "Red Guard" and take over Guangzhou. The uprising occurred despite the strong objections of communist military commanders such as Ye Ting, Ye Jianying and Xu Xiangqian, as the communists were badly armed - just 2,000 of the insurgents had rifles. Nevertheless, rebel forces captured most of the city within hours using the element of surprise, despite a huge numerical and technical advantage held by government troops. The communist leaders officially renamed the city's political structure the "Soviet of Workers, Soldiers and Peasant Deputies" or "Guangzhou Soviet". After this initial success for the communists, however, the 15,000 National Revolutionary Army (NRA) troops in the area moved into the city and started to push back the insurgents. After five more NRA divisions arrived in Guangzhou, the uprising was quickly crushed. The insurgents suffered heavy casualties, while the survivors had to flee the city or go into hiding. The Comintern, especially Neumann, were later blamed for insisting that the communists had to hold onto Guangzhou at all cost. Zhang Tailei, the leading Red Guard organizer, was killed in an ambush as he returned from a meeting. The takeover dissolved by the early morning of December 13, 1927.

In the resulting purges, many young communists were executed and the Guangzhou Soviet became known as the "Canton Commune", "Guangzhou Commune" or "Paris Commune of the East"; it lasted only a short time at the cost of more than 5,700 communists dead and an equal number missing. Around 8 p.m. on 13 December, the Soviet consulate in Guangzhou was surrounded and all its personnel were arrested. In the accident the consulate diplomats Ukolov, Ivanov and others were killed. Ye Ting, the military commander, was scapegoated, purged and blamed for the failure, despite the fact that the obvious disadvantages of the communist force was the main cause of the defeat, as Ye Ting and other military commanders had correctly pointed out. Enraged by his unjustified treatment, Ye Ting left China and went into exile in Europe, not returning until nearly a decade later.

Despite being the third failed uprising of 1927, and reducing the morale of the communists, it encouraged further uprisings across China.

title: Guangzhou Uprising


text:
Talk:MB2 Motorsports

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Requested move 14 April 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) 🐶 EpicPupper (he/him | talk) 18:34, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

Ginn Racing → MB2 Motorsports – WP:COMMONNAME? Made sense for the page to be named as is when Ginn Racing was active in 2007, but the MB2 name lasted longer, especially after all those mergers that led to the team's bloodline being part of Trackhouse Racing Team now. FMecha (to talk|to see log) 10:25, 14 April 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. ASUKITE  14:42, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject NASCAR has been notified of this discussion. ASUKITE  14:42, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

Support - Proposal seems logical to me. HumanBodyPiloter5 (talk) 15:17, 22 April 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:MB2 Motorsports


text:
Madridejos

Madridejos may refer to:
 * Madridejos, Cebu, a 4th class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines
 * Madridejos, Toledo, a town in the province of Toledo, Spain

title: Madridejos


text:
Talk:Talca Province

Cleanup request
Seems to be about the city rather than the province; not great English --rbrwrˆ

title: Talk:Talca Province


text:
Morning Call

Morning Call may refer to:
 * A morning bugle call or trumpet call, used in the U.S. military
 * A wake-up call
 * Morning Call (TV program), a U.S. business-news television series on CNBC
 * Morning Call (film), a 1957 British thriller film
 * Morning Call, a band signed to Drive-Thru Records
 * Morning Call Coffee Stand, a coffeehouse in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
 * The Morning Call, a newspaper in Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States

title: Morning Call


text:
Talk:Exit sign

Red or Green

 * In some countries, Exit signs are red, because Emergency vehicles (fire engines) are red. This varies by state.
 * In Australia, Exit signs are green, because they are the way to go in an emergency.

Red or Green

I was doing some research for a friend on safety when she asked be about exit signs. I looked at this page, as well as the US Department of Labor (OSHA) for reference material. I noticed that there is a statement on this page that "In the US exit signs are both red and green, both colors being legal." I believe that is incorrect.

According to the US DOL site (http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10681):

"1926.200(d) Exit signs. Exit signs, when required, shall be lettered in legible red letters, not less than 6 inches high, on a white field and the principal stroke of the letters shall be at least three-fourths inch in width."

So there really is not a legal basis for green exit signs in the US. We may need to update this page to make this correction. Ferrett 11:22, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Actually, the federal government (including OSHA) has no authority over exit signs, as they are controlled by building codes. Building code laws are a shared responsibility of the states and localities. Most states allow either, but many have a recommendation for a specific color. It may also vary by locality. I updated the page to reflect this. Eaglescout1984 16:37 29 July 2006 (GMT)

It is also worth noting that 29CFR1926, the item referenced before is applicable only on construction sites, rather that applicable to finished buildings.--75.140.97.208 (talk) 16:31, 4 August 2013 (UTC)

Does someone have time to revisit examples of individual state color requirements? One of the examples in the article was a green requirement in Maryland, but I couldn't find any such requirement in the exit sign section of the Maryland building code. I know very little about building codes though, so I'm not sure where to look.

In any case, there's no citation on those examples and they need one anyway. Hopefully someone can look into it. Jhugh95 (talk) 20:34, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

I'm surprised that nobody seems to have had the idea of using both green and red, with green indicating normal egress paths and red indicating emergency-only exits. Is this not done anywhere? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:246:4B00:D12D:D97E:AB67:1161:C143 (talk) 18:38, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

Edge-lit exit signs
I have noticed that some exit signs are transparent sheets of plastic that are lit from above by LEDs. They can be read from either side, and the word "exit" never appears backward. Here is a link to a picture: http://www.prolighting.com/edlitexsi.html Can somebody tell me how these work? Thanks, Chris Allington cjalling@oakland.edu

Chris, I speculate you are talking about double-faced edge-lit exit signs. Double-faced exit signs have a special mirror placed in between the two faces. That is why the word "EXIT" does not "bleed through" to the other side. Just for the sake of completeness, I think I should mention that tritium exit signs with two faces use practically the same method, those having two separate exit signs screwed together (at least this is how Emergi-Lite assembles their double-faced tritium signs). I hope this information has been helpful to you! Compdude512 13:34, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

The edit I made...
I removed this weblink: because it referenced it as a "regular" exit sign. Although this is the standard symbol used on American passenger trains, it is used for emergency exits, usually window exits, in much the same way as "EXIT" is used for most exits in buildings.

I ride Amtrak regularly, and I will make an effort to take a picture of such a sign, and maybe the window sign too. I'll explain it in the caption.

LED fixture life
"As a rule, LEDs have a life that is as long as the fixture, and may last for 10 years or more of continuous use."

This does not make sense. Buildings have a life of much more than 10 years. EXIT signs are part of the building, in continuous use, and may well go untouched for decades, except for needed maintenance. LEDs generally are quoted as having a life of 50,000-100,000 hours. There are 8,760 hours in a year. So, the expected life would be 6-11 years, unless something else fails first. Therefore, LED EXIT signs will certainly need maintenance over the decades of desired life. Are they designed with replaceable standard LED assemblies, or must the whole sign be replaced? Is the sign assembly recyclable?-69.87.200.161 18:13, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Yes, it is recyclable. Many LED signs have a replaceable board, but as the sign ages the part will be likely discontinued by then, so it is not generally done. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.93.216.184 (talk) 01:45, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

Canadian regulations encourage LED
"Amendment to Regulations for Internally Lighted Exit Signs Bulletin (Update) - September 2004 INTERNALLY LIGHTED EXIT SIGNS

... The most recent Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standard for exit signs (CAN/CSA C860-01) was published in 2001. This standard contains voluntary minimum performance standards of 22 watts for signs 120 V or less, and 27 watts for signs greater than 120 V...

Technical criteria for ENERGY STAR® qualified exit signs are in effect in the United States and require 5 watts (W) per face. These criteria have applied to ENERGY STAR in Canada as well. To meet them typically requires that LED technology be employed. Current studies have projected that in five years 70 percent of the exit signs sold in Canada will meet the ENERGY STAR criteria....

MINIMUM ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDARDS (MEPS) The actual power consumed by an exit sign shall be not greater than 5 W per legend. Type 3 signs are allowed 5 W in addition to the 5 W per legend....

The energy efficiency standard for internally lighted exit signs comes into effect on November 1, 2004...." -69.87.203.202 21:37, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

INFORM recommends LED - comparative analysis
"Purchasing for Pollution Prevention Environmentally Preferable LED Exit Signs: Saving Money and Protecting the Environment Through Energy Efficiency

According to the US Department of Energy, there are more than 100 million exit signs in use in the United States. These signs are typically lit by incandescent lamps and are estimated to consume 30 to 35 billion kilowatt- hours of electricity annually. 1) Newer models of exit signs replace incandescent bulbs with either high-efficiency light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or compact fluorescent lamps. By specifying new exit signs (or retrofitting existing incandescent-lit signs 2) with LED technology, municipalities and facilities can conserve energy, save money, and reduce their exit signs’ impact on the environment by eliminating fluorescent bulbs that contain mercury.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION . Two-lamp exit signs use from 1 to 50 watts of electricity. LED, incandescent, and compact fluorescent lamps use dramatically different amounts of energy. Exit signs using LEDs typically use about 10 to 50 times less energy than those with incandescent bulbs.

LAMP LIFE . The length of time a lamp lasts is a critical factor, since lamp replacement costs (including lamp and labor costs, as well as the administrative cost of ordering lamps) will be incurred more frequently when lamps have a shorter rated life. An LED exit sign can last for 10 years with no lamp change-outs. During this time, a fluorescent bulb may need to be replaced six or more times and an incandescent bulb up to 30 times.

Are LEDs environmentally preferable compared to incandescent or fluorescent lamps? Yes. Incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps use more power than LEDs, and that power may be generated by coal-burning power plants, which are the largest source of mercury releases in the US, according to the EPA. 4 The EPA estimates that, on average, 0.016 mg of mercury is emitted for each kilowatt-hour of electricity used in the US. 5 Though significantly more energy efficient than incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps contain mercury, which can be released to the environment when lamps break, either during use or after disposal. Mercury is a potent neurotoxin that is not readily broken down in the environment and can cause serious damage to the developing brains of infants and young children. The fluorescent lamps in one exit sign can contain more than 10 mg of mercury. 6 Thus, by switching to LEDs, a facility with 20 exit signs can reduce mercury use over a 10-year period from more than 750 mg to zero, and mercury emissions related to power use from 450 mg to 30 mg. 750 mg of mercury can contaminate over 1,000 fish to the point where they cannot be eaten."

INFORM, Inc. November 2003   -69.87.203.202 20:28, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Photoluminescent best
"The Exit-Sign Revolution Start paying more attention to the types of exit signs that you select

 * Tritium, LED, and photoluminescent exit signs all have pros and cons.
 * Photoluminescent technology is an excellent choice for many exit-sign applications...
 * LED exit signs and other electrically based technologies rely on emergency generators, battery back-ups, and light bulbs - all of which can fail during an emergency.

Most of the United States’ 100 million electrically powered exit signs use between 2 and 40 watts of power, and contain batteries and circuit boards that are now recognized as hazardous universal wastes by the Washington, D.C.-based U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). An increasing number of new buildings and renovation projects are now incorporating photoluminescent exit signs that are powered from nearby area lighting and constructed of non-hazardous recyclable materials.

Today, well over 90 percent of the exit signs being installed in new facilities employ the use of LED (light-emitting diode) technology, using lamps with 2 to 5 watts of power that have an expected service life of 20 to 25 years. Compare these numbers to the popular exit signs of the 1970s and 1980s (they used 20- to 40-watt incandescent and compact-fluorescent lamps with service lives of months, not years) and it’s easy to see how the current emphasis on LED exit signs has evolved.

Although they are a giant step forward with respect to energy conservation and lamp life, LED exit signs can have adverse safety, efficiency, and sustainability issues when compared to another evolving technology - the non-electrical, photoluminescent exit sign.

Not to be confused with industrial-looking radioluminescent tritium exit signs that glow from the radioactive decay of hydrogen to helium, photoluminescent (PL) exit signs use a non-toxic, non-radioactive compound of strontium oxide aluminate to store ambient light energy and, when the light is removed, to release the stored energy as an intense green/yellow glow. It’s the same “glow-in-the-dark” technology used in toys and other curios, but with a radiance that is much brighter and longer lasting....

New York City ... passed Local Law 26, requiring installation of PL exit signs and marker systems in many new and existing high-rise office buildings. This extraordinary measure is a result of studies about the World Trade Center events of 9/11, which confirmed that building occupants exited faster and safer in areas that were outfitted with PL technology. LEDs and other electrically based technologies rely on emergency generators, battery back-ups, and light bulbs - all of which can (and, unfortunately, do) fail during emergencies....

The operating costs of a PL exit sign are also significantly less than an LED exit sign since there are no power costs, no batteries or lamps to replace, and no monthly and/or annual testing procedures. ... One large condominium community in San Diego is realizing savings of $18,500 annually by using PL exit signs instead of LED exit signs in 70 percent of its exit-sign locations....

The radioactive nature of tritium exit signs increasingly precludes their use in many locations, including grade schools, college campuses, and corporate facilities. The United States Department of Defense’s Unified Facilities Criteria specifically prohibits tritium exit signs in military facilities.

Regulated by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), owners of tritium exit signs must notify the NRC if a sign is damaged or goes missing. Expressly prohibited from landfills, tritium exit-sign owners must also notify the NRC when a sign is decommissioned and sent to a nuclear-waste facility. Proper disposal typically costs about $75 per sign.

Despite their long lives, LED exit signs may not be considered as sustainable as photoluminescent exit signs for three reasons:

1. Contribution to greenhouse-gas inventory. Although 3 to 5 watts per sign is low...

2. Hazardous chemicals are used during fabrication processes. The housings of many exit signs are PVC...

3. Circuit boards and batteries are hazardous wastes. Federal regulations (EPA 40 CFR Part 273) now consider the back-up batteries inside many LED exit signs to be a universal waste ..."

Buildings November, 2006  -69.87.203.202 20:49, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

NiCd vs. NiMH
Modern exit signs with built-in battery backup seem to use NiCd. This seems crazy. Cadmium heavy-metal waste. Why not NiMH? Better for the environment!-69.87.203.114 01:38, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Also, many of them still use classic lead-acid battery technology. There are some economic incentives to recycle lead and cadmium, and large building owners (who typically have a large number of exit signs) are supposed to participate in programs to recycle used batteries. Reify-tech (talk) 12:43, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

How to replace bulb
Can't find any diagrams or instructions anywhere about how to maintain exit signs, how to open them up, how to replace the bulbs when they burn out, how to fix, etc. The only pic of innards so far is:  -69.87.203.114 01:38, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It varies from one to the next. Some require tools, some don't. Some are all "vandal proof", others aren't... 76.117.247.55 (talk) 02:10, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Inside
There are no pictures available of the insides of exit signs, and very little information.This is what was found inside two signs in 2007, in a building built 1987 on the East coast of the US:

Most of the signs are incandescent, which have been converted to fluorescent:
 * At the top: three lamp sockets: empty, 120V6W, adapter
 * The 120V6W bulb seems to be some sort of backup incandescent, but not clear what would make it turn on.
 * The adapter is wired to a loose transformer sitting in the bottom, which is wired to a socket, which has a fluorescent lamp: Sylvania Dulux 9W CF9DS/827 ECO Italy Hg
 * Because this has been retrofitted, it looks like it would be very easy to remove the old kit and put in new LED retrofit kit.

There is one modern LED sign: Labelling:
 * A strip of 12 red LEDs at the top, pointed down.
 * At the bottom, a NiCd? 4xAA? battery pack; circuit board; transformer.
 * Underneath: LED indicator, test button.
 * TCP Cat. NO. 20743D (tcpi.com Ohio US)
 * 800-324-1496 Date code:0305 Made in China (2005)
 * Emergency Lighting and Power Equipment
 * Input: 120/277VAC 60HZ  .045A/.017A  (5.4/4.7 V-A)
 * Battery P/N.D-AA650Bx4
 * Relamp only with EX-800/810R(12) LED Strips

Made of white polycarbonate. It is bad that it contains NiCd batteries, which will have to be replaced every few years at a cost of about $10, and then recycled as hazardous waste. It is nice that the LED strip is modular, but the replacement part does not exist, and will be even harder to find in ten years.

The fluorescent sign is brighter than the LED, but the LED is bright enough (with only 12 LEDs), and more evenly illuminated. Neither sign makes any serious attempt to arrange the internal design to use the light efficiently, so much further improvement would be possible.

Both signs have almost no labelling on the outside, and so are tricky to figure out how to open. The old sign opens by pressing in at the top, and pushing the sign face up. The new sign opens by popping the front face off, by pressing tabs in underneath at each corner with a screwdriver, and prying there with a screwdriver. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.87.202.161 (talk) 13:39, 13 May 2007 (UTC).

UL 924
What regulations apply to EXIT signs?

Here is one, used in the US and Canada:
 * UL 924 - Emergency Lighting and Power Equipment
 * Table of Contents for UL 924
 * Vendors of Exit Sign Conversion Kits

Technical letters discussing regulatory standards: -69.87.199.228 20:24, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Exitronix 2003
 * Gilbert Industries 2001

IEC 60598-2.22
International Regulation of emergency lighting

The International Electrotechnical Commision (IEC) is a global organisation that prepares and publishes international standards for electrical, electronic and related technologies. These serve as a basis for national standardization and as references when drafting international tenders and contracts.

One very important standard is part 1 of the IEC 60598, which specifies general requirement for luminaires incorporating electric light sources for operation from supply voltage up to 1000V. Section 22 of Part 2 (IEC60598-2.22) which is an additonal standard to part 1, specifiy requirements especially for emergency lighting including exit signs. This standard is the basis for all national regulations concerned with emergency lighting within the hole of Europe. Because it’s an international standard this should also apply on emergency lighting in Canada and the US.  Gonzaa6 23:53, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposal for Change: Accessible Exit Sign Project and new accessible formats of the exit sign design
There's been a recent move towards providing a more accessible, socially inclusive exit sign design, based on universal design principals. The Accessible Exit Sign Project started in Australia in 2014 and has spread to New Zealand and the United States already. The proposed new exit sign design features an Accessible Means of Egress Icon, which includes an adaptation of the 'running man' with a new wheelchair symbol. The design is considered an enhanced version of the ISO 7010 and ISO 21542 accessible exit sign that shows the 'running man' and International Symbol of Access at the end of the sign. The 'running man' and wheelchair symbol essentially share the same upper torso and the design shows the two moving through the door together. The new format of exit signs are also in production in Australia featuring Braille and tactile lettering on each sign, being a good design for people that have low vision or are blind. The proposed design is intended to show where wheelchair accessible exit routes are. Just Google search for the Accessible Exit Sign Project to learn more about it, I really think the page needs to consider the need for signs for people with disability and the move towards these types of signs around the world. The design also meets the intent of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities which requires signatory countries to consider the need for universal design in buildings. LeeWilsonAccess (talk) 11:37, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

Why not allow to showing Exit signs around the world
Exit signs have different design around the world and it is useful for the readers to see as reference. However, user Wtshymanski think that it is minor things. I think we should keep it.--Wpcpey (talk) 01:38, 9 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Per WP:IG: galleries of indiscriminate images that are not specifically referred to in the text of an article are discouraged.81.129.194.138 (talk) 11:30, 9 April 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Exit Sign (song) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 01:21, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Exit sign


text:
Minglanilla (disambiguation)

Minglanilla is a 1st class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines.

Minglanilla may also refer to:

 * Minglanilla, Cuenca, Spain
 * Minglanilla Science High School or in context simply "Minglanilla", a public science high school in Cebu, Philippines

title: Minglanilla (disambiguation)


text:
Colin W. G. Gibson

Colin William George Gibson (16 February 1891 – 3 July 1974) was a Canadian politician, land surveyor and lawyer.

Career
He graduated from the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario in 1911 (cadet # 805), where Kenneth Stuart, a future Commander of the Canadian Army, was a fellow cadet. He served with the Royal Fusiliers of the British Army in 1914 and graduated from the University of Toronto in 1915 where he was a Member of Alpha Delta Phi. He was lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry from 1929 to 1934. He practiced law from 1919. He was a founding member of the Royal Military College of Canada ex-cadet club in Hamilton, Ontario in 1930. He became Commandant of Hamilton Garrison from 1935 to 1939.

As Member of Parliament for Hamilton West, he was reelected three times from 1940.03.26 to 1950. He was first elected as the Liberal Member of Parliament for Hamilton West in 1940, with 55.9% of the vote in a two candidate race. Following his election, he was appointed as Minister of National Revenue (1940.07.08 - 1945.03.07). Near the end of his first term, he was also appointed as the acting and later permanent Minister of National Defence for Air (1945.03.08 - 1946.12.11). He served as Secretary of State (1948.11.15 - 1949.03.31) and (1946.12.12 - 1948.11.14). He was Minister for Mines and Resources (1949.04.01 - 1950.01.17).

Following his re-election with 40.2% of the vote (in a three-way, four-party race), he continued as Minister of National Defence for Air (1945.01.11 - 1945.03.07). He was made the Secretary of State for Canada (1948.11.15 - 1949.03.31) and (1946.12.12 - 1948.11.14). Just before the end of his second term, he was moved to the post of Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources (Canada) (1949.04.01 - 1950.01.17).

He continued in this post after he was re-elected in 1949 (with 43.5% of the vote). He resigned from both cabinet and parliament upon his appointment as Puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Ontario. He died in 1974.

Family
Gibson was the son of Major General Sir John Morison Gibson, former Attorney General of Ontario. His son, Colin D. Gibson, held the riding of Hamilton—Wentworth from 1968 to 1972.

Legacy
The Gibson Medal at the Royal Military College of Canada is awarded to the top graduating student in the Arts Division.

Books

 * 4237 Dr. Adrian Preston & Peter Dennis (Edited) "Swords and Covenants" Rowman And Littlefield, London. Croom Helm. 1976.
 * H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada" 1997 Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969.
 * H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "Canada's RMC - A History of Royal Military College" Second Edition 1982
 * H16511 Dr. Richard Preston "R.M.C. and Kingston: The effect of imperial and military influences on a Canadian community" 1968
 * H1877 R. Guy C. Smith (editor) "As You Were! Ex-Cadets Remember". In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876–1918. Volume II: 1919–1984. Royal Military College. [Kingston]. The R.M.C. Club of Canada. 1984

title: Colin W. G. Gibson


text:
Talk:Snorri Thorfinnsson

Untitled
It is possible that Snorri was a male..as, duing that time, females most usually had the ending -dottir..

Mother's name ?
The entry for Freydís Eiríksdóttir mentions her as a possible mother, but then also states that other sources claim Gudridr Thorbjörnsdottir. This article lists Guðríður Eiríksdóttir as the mother's name (which looks very much like a mixture of those two earlier names). Any references for any of these would be appreciated. ThreeBlindMice 22:31, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I wrote a fairly detailed synopsis at Grœnlendinga saga and a quick glance at Eiríks saga rauða seems to agree that Guðríðr Þorbjarnardóttir was the mother. Haukur 22:36, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * And those are the only two detailed primary sources on the Norse exploration of North-America, if you read those two you're good. There are translations online but beware of the confusing nomenclature. Haukur 22:39, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the quick reply. Not being familiar with Icelanding names, can I take it that your reply means that the mother's name in this article should be changed to Gudridr Thorbjörnsdottir (I'm assuming that this is equivalent to ON:Guðríðr Þorbjarnardóttir)? If yes, then I take it that the entry for Freydís Eiríksdóttir should not make any reference to this article. I'm not asking you to make these changes, just whether that would be correct based on the information available. ThreeBlindMice 23:31, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

too much material about other unrelated stuff
fully half of this article is about others living over 500 years later -- a kind of useless rebuttal of the speculation that Snorri was the earliest euro birth. The whole section starting "The first documented" is irrelevant and should go. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 206.248.138.150 (talk) 03:26, 28 January 2007 (UTC).

Birth date
Islendingabok.is speculates that he was born around 1004, though I don't know how correct that may be.. The current article states that he was likely born between 1005 and 1013, and died c. 1090, so if no one minds, I'll just extend that range by one year. --MrGulli (talk) 12:22, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

"The celebarated sculptor, Thorvaldsen, was a descendant of this Snorri thorfinnsson, who was born in America, A.D.1008...Marthas Vineyard... Spontaniously growing wheat(maze or indian corn)"(Rudolph Keyser, religion of the northman 1854). note see "corn" King James Bible. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Americo Simoes (talk • contribs) 14:59, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Since Snorri seems to have been accepted by Wiki in 2009 as the first European child born in continental America, Why is he not shown elsewhere in Wiki as the first European child born in America, c. 1005? Vince Koers, vincekoers@aol.com 2601:241:C202:F2B0:75AC:2937:1F3:FCF4 (talk) 13:37, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

Family Tree
The Family Tree diagram was installed in the 12:57, 21 July 2009 edit of the article by. I made a few corrections on the earlier ancestors thus:
 * Thord Thorbrandsson-> Thord Bjarnarson at Hofdi
 * Snorri Thordsson-> Thordarson
 * Thordar Snorrisson->Snorrason

I followed "Index of Characters" of the Viking anthology The Sagas of the Icelanders on the patronymics (see ref in the article for further details). Don't know who Thord Thorbrandsson might be, but it is probably related to Alarichus confusing Snorri Thordarson (the grandfather) with Snorri Thorbrandsson (who accompanied Thorfinn to Vinland) saying these were aliases of the same person (in this edit: 16:52, 20 July 2009.

I make a log of my edits, though I think the issue is closed. Unless of course, I've made my own errors. I intend to update the Family tree by adding the branch from "Snorri Karlsefnisson had another daugher called Steinunn, etc." as occurs in the Hauksbok version, Magnusson & Palsson tr. I've already created a family tree on Thorfinn Karlsefni page which goes into further detail on the ancestry, which I would like others to fact-check. --Kiyoweap (talk) 14:07, 23 March 2013 (UTC).

Snorri Thorfinnsson's birth year 1005 and 1013
The line in the article that reads:
 * There are various speculations about the birthdate of Snorri Thorfinnsson like 1005, 1009, 1012, but all agree that he was born between 1005 and 1013.

is poorly sourced. The footnote is bogus, since as far as I can tell, this book says that Thorfinn's party embarked in the spring of 1007, and Snorri was born that winter (i.e. 1007 or 1008). I have modified the citation on the Mallet book also. Harvard is not the publisher but the owner of a copy of the book used to this google edition. I saw his url supplied in a previous edit, but it had an extra "%C" tacked on at the end that render the link bad, and must have subsequently removed. Also, the book was orignially written in French by Mallet, but it was translated by Bishop Percy, with notes by I.A. Blackwell, and additional material (abstract of Eyrbyggja saga) by Walter Scott. The location being quoted out of was a "Supplementary chapter" not written by Mallet, but supplied by "the editors", hence, it is bad referencing to attribute it solely to "Mallet". Again, in a previous edit, someone had supplied the additional authors, but it has since been deleted or reverted. Sorry I'm not being particular about which edits on this.

Anyways, if the 1005-1013 dating wants to be kept it needs better sourcing. --Kiyoweap (talk) 14:19, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snorri Thorfinnsson


text: Talk:Colin W. G. Gibson

title: Talk:Colin W. G. Gibson


text:
For Your Consideration (advertising)

For Your Consideration is a heading frequently used in advertisements specifically directed towards members of awards voting groups in the entertainment industry, like the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences that annually presents the Academy Awards celebrating the best in motion pictures, or the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences which presents the Primetime Emmy Awards for television. They are often found in entertainment trade publications such as Variety, Backstage, and The Hollywood Reporter, as well as outdoor advertising, direct mailers, and events in Los Angeles.

Each year television studios and the television networks spend large sums of money on For Your Consideration ads extolling the alleged virtues of their films or programs released over the previous year. In recent years, these ads have begun to appear online at websites popular with voting members of the applicable academies.

In the mid-1990s, in addition to print advertising, networks began releasing special editions of their programming (screeners) to allow voters a chance to review the content before casting their votes. Mailing DVD sets to Emmy voters became a common practice; clever packaging has been credited with garnering Emmy nominations for otherwise forgotten programs, and the ever-increasing complexity of mailers has been likened to an arms race. Some studios, however, have begun moving their content online to lessen environmental impact and avoid the high cost of postage. Online applications have their own benefits: In 2009 Showtime launched a password-protected site that allowed voters to download streaming video of "For Your Consideration" programming to mobile devices. AMPAS added a streaming option on their website for film screeners in 2019.

title: For Your Consideration (advertising)


text:
Talk:Nicktoons (American TV channel)

Comments
The sentence "Nicktoons plays or has played every Nickelodeon cartoon to first air in later or earlier." in the article does not make sense, previously it was "Nicktoons plays or has played every Nickelodeon cartoon to first air in 2002 or earlier." I'd correct it but I don't have knowledge about Nicktoons. Can someone else who knows what this sentence is supposed to mean correct it? Qutezuce 03:33, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

By the way, Nicktoons Network is only similar to Cartoon sister channels like Toon Dinsey or Cartoon Network's Boomerang. Now please, only sister channels. Cartoon Network is NOT a sister channel.

Well, Nicktoons started in 1991, so what I guess it means is that it has aired every Nicktoon in between 1991 and 2002 at least once, but they (whoever "they" is) have the right to kick a show off the air as long as it had aired one episode. However, with the fact clearly stated that All Grown Up! will be airing in the future, I'd say the only thing to correct is that a Nicktoon won't be aired if it has a post-2002 airdate. --Wack'd About Wiki 13:32, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Advertising.
As told in the article, Nicktoons was supposed to have commercials by August, 2005. However, as of this writing (January 16, 2006), I still haven't seena single commercial, other than their bumps for their shows/network and the in-between cartoons between features. For the record, I'm on DirecTV. --65.146.17.220 13:05, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Well, I've seen some commercials on Nicktoons Network, but not that many of them. Squirepants101 23:49, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with 65.146.17.220, I have not seen a single ad on the network. And I generally have it on for at least half an hour everyday. captbananas 10:54, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Ok, there is probably 1 0r 2 per every hour. You just need to keep watching!-GD1223

Comcast not a satellite company
the infobox shows Comcast as a satellite channel/company but it is a cable company. Also, cable channels are generally not congruent among different regions. Mike Richardson 07:23, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

AAAHH!!! Real Monsters! is gone
AAAHH!!! Real Monsters has been dropped from regular scheduling.

I hear AAAHH!!! Real Monsters is returning to nicktoons starting january 3, 2011 along with Kaput & Zosky.

Regarding Programs That Were "Formerly" Broadcast
I want to make it known that while shows such as Charlie Brown, Tiny Toons, and Animaniacs are OBVIOUSLY not returning, Nicktoons originals such as The Wild Thornberrys could just be currently off the schedule. Those shows could come back some day, and I think the article needs to be edited to reflect that.

 * Roger that. Both The Wild Thornberrys and Oh Yeah! Cartoons are back.

 * Copy that. Both As Told By Ginger, Chalkzone, Rocket Power are back.

GF to headquarters. Wh yare we talking like astronauts? Over. --Glitch Freak

Logos
There was one more logo you forgot that they used it was a gray,Black,and white version of the nickelodeon splat

Capital T
Please stop spelling "Nicktoons" with a capital T. It is not capitalized. The network site does not spell it like "NickToons Network"69.141.79.71 03:21, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Skyland
I think it should be noted that it preimered in January.

Angry Beavers
Although many websites and TV guides still list the Angry Beavers on their schedules, all of its airings have been replaced with Rocko or Ren & Stimpy. So please keep the beavers in the "formerly broadcast" section. Thank you. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.46.245.225 (talk) 22:34, 18 January 2007 (UTC).

Also - Planet Sketch has been picked up by Nicktoons Network for a debut in the spring (see external references on Planet Sketch page). Please leave it in the "programs soon to be broadcast" section.

Check the website Nicktoons Network-GD1223

:(
Why was the Angry Beavers cancelled in Nicktoons Network?

Sklocke 03:10, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

It probably had something to do with legal stuff. Sorry, Sklocke. I liked the show too. --Glitch Freak

Don't worry this has happened before, it will probably be back soon.--68.220.111.227 03:45, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Hopefully, it'll return like Rocko did after a little break. Rusty5 16:34, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Rusty5, your theory is incorrect.

 * Sure, other classics like Ren & Stimpy, ZIM, Rocko, & CatDog has returned to the line-up.

 * But, unfourtunatley, we can't say the same 4 the Beavers.

 * The last time we saw them was in the 2007 "SuperStuffed NickToons Weekend", and we haven't seen the show since.

 * D:>

 * WHY, NICKTOONS, NICKELODEON, MTV, VIACOM, AND THEIR PARENT COMPANYS!?!? WHY!?!?!?!?!?!?!

 * [sobbing]

 * [stops sobbing]

 * Um...... that wasn't me. It was a guy who saw a rainbow.

 * Anywho, no. Angry Beavers is not returning to the spotlight.

 * Go 2 YouTube if you wanna see them again.

 * You'll thank me for this!!

 * D:<

 * Baee!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.243.23.219 (talk) 22:38, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

Infobox
It's needing to be fixed. 91 BOY  |   talk  04:19, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Nicktoons Network Becoming A New Channel
According to senior producer Tracey Cleland, the network will soon be redesigned again in a way that will "combine live action and 3D animation realistically".

thats crap. its not true69.141.79.71 03:02, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

NICKTOONS US IS NOT REBRANDING
Please stop adding bullshit about tracey cleland and live action idents and whatnot. Tracey Cleland works for Nicktoons IN THE U.K. Did anyone read the article and notice it talks about Sky Digital? Also, Nicktoons UK has a different logo now. Nicktoons UK has already rebranded. So it proves that Nicktoons US is staying the same. (Which i think is a good thing). Live action has no place on a cartoon channel, ident or not.69.141.79.71 17:54, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Danny Phantom, All Grown Up and Catscratch
Why ain't this shows in the soon to be sectionSonicrules2 01:37, 7 April 2007 (UTC)Sonicrules2

Danny Phantom is Now On Nicktoons Network.

Catscratch returns 8/2/07

Yakkity Yak Returned To Nicktoons Network
They are returning Yakkity Yak on Nicktoons Network on Monday, April 30, 2007. But Will Aaahh!!! Real Monsters,Kaput and Zosky,The Angry Beavers Returned To Nicktoons Network verry soon?
 * We can keep praying they will. Keep in mind that Yakkity Yak is getting a very small, inconvenient slot. I'm suspecting not much better will be given to the oldies if they do return. I blame the new shows they're bringing in, which they think the audience does want. Rusty5 17:17, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I watched Nicktoons as long as I can remember. And I gurantee you, Nicktoons ain't gonna return that said show anytime soon.

Kaput & Zosky Is Returning
kaput and zosky returning in September 1, 2007.
 * i clearly doubt it. they stopped showing that show in 2006 and as to today and that's final. old school nicktoons tv is downhill. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.243.23.219 (talk) 21:27, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

TWF
The Thumbs are back, so I'm going to take it out of the "Former Block" Section. However, that would require taking out the section all together because that's the only thing in there. Just saying, I'm the one who's doing this, so you can rant and rave all you want, but TWF is back on. See ya. Spottedstripe 12:46, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Stop changing Show off Your Show!!
Whoever keeps changing "Show Off Your Show (Nicktoons Network)" to jsut "Show off Your Show" on the "Network Blacks" section, stop! "Show off Your Show" is not a link, but "Show Off Your Show (Nicktoons Network) is. I should know, because I created the article!  Regards, Spottedstripe 01:27, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I moved Show Off Your Show (Nicktoons Network) to Show Off Your Show to simplify the name. --Caldorwards4 01:29, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I just redirected it. People are bound to get confused at just "Show Off Your Show".  Spottedstripe 01:31, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Current Schedule
The TV guides have not yet updated with the change, but Thornberrys, My Dad the Rock Star, Chalkzone, and Ginger HAVE all been removed from the network.

My Dad the Rock Star Returned To Nicktoons Network
They are returning My Dad the Rock Star on Nicktoons Network on September 9, 2007.

New Current Schedule
The TV guides have not yet updated with the change, but Invader Zim, Oh Yeah! Cartoons, Rocko's Modern Life, The Ren & Stimpy Show, and The X's have all been removed from the network.
 * Nicktoons Network returned Invader ZIM quite a while ago, so you can watch that if you're a ZIM fan. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.243.23.219 (talk) 21:23, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

Rocket Power
Is Rocket Power off the schedule or not! TV Guide says it's off until 10/1/07. However, episode summary is not updated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Idol 2006 (talk • contribs) 22:30, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Hey Arnold
Hey Arnold Returned to Nicktoons Network. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.254.5.195 (talk) 18:14, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Censoring
Last time I watched Nicktoons, during certain Wild Thornberries episodes, those times when Eliza had up skirt shots have seem to been edited out, I'm I the only person who noticed that. 75.179.153.39 (talk) 01:27, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I gurantee you 100% that they cut it out due to content. Skirt shots are too sexuall to be in a kid's show. MattBoo

Rocko's Modern Life
Rocko's Modern Life Returned to Nicktoons Network.

Shows Are Not In The TV Schedule Lineup
My Dad the Rock Star and The X's Are Not On The TV Schedule Lineup but Corneil & Bernie is on the Schedule Lineup only on Saturday and Sunday. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.245.15.25 (talk) 18:00, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

why, nicktoons!? why!?!?!
I WANT NICKTOONS TV BACK ON THE AIR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! i dont wanna watch stupid shows for idiots, like thier dumb! teenage robot is all about being poupular, hip and how da be a robot! I SHALL DESTROY NICKTOONS NETWORK ONCE AND FOR ALL!!!!!!! the mighty b started to brodcast eight months after it started on nickelodian and are they liars? it's a good thing spongebob and and fairy oddparents are still on the network, but other shows like doug and yakkety yak has been deleted by the time nicktoons started sucking. newer shows that had never been shown on the network might be the powerpuff girls phineas and ferb teletubies and boobah. i love the powerpuff girls and phineas and ferb are my faverite disney cartoon and a little bit of teletubies and boohbah arent that good 'cause teletubies dont know how to treat themselfes right, they are loud and foul mouthed dimwited bottomfeders and boohbah has these dumb scary dimwitted furballs which dance like idiots. the only thing that i like about teletubies and boohbah are about thier educational. tom 'n jerry should go on the network too, 'cause thier funny. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.243.17.185 (talk) 14:01, 12 February 2009 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thebigfan2 (talk • contribs)

 * Dude, Tom & Jerry, Boohbah, Telletubies, Powerpuff Girls, and P + F aren't, weren't, and never will be broadcast on Nicktoons. And watch the potty mouth. But I do agree with you. Nicktoons's current programming line-up sucks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.214.234.124 (talk) 12:49, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

End of current logo?
I see people keep changing the page (without any source whatsoever) and saying that the current logo will be retired on September 27. They say that the reason for this is that all Nick networks are getting a logo change on that day. I don't really think that's an excuse. There is no source. What do you guys think? - Sm1ttenzd 15:34, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Is it that hard to cite sources? Other than that, until the logo actually changes on their material, it should remain the same here. --CCFreak2K (talk) 06:51, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I shouldn't have to go around looking for sources for stuff that probably isn't true anyway. - Sm1ttenzd 15:52, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Nicktoons Network New Logo
I don't know what the new logo looks like, but here's a source that there will be a new logo:

http://www.idsgn.org/posts/nickelodeon-cleans-up/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.37.66.81 (talk) 15:01, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The new logo for "Nicktoons" yes, as evidenced by the new logo, "Network" will be removed from the name, can be seen here: . I don't have upload capabilites yet but I was able to provide the link here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Piepie2 (talk • contribs) 05:22, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

 * So, you're saying that Nicktoons Network will become Nicktoons again. If that's true, please make a note of it on this article.--68.37.66.81 (talk) 19:11, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

Logos
If anyone would like to discuss the old logos being removed from this article please do it at Media copyright questions. Powergate92  Talk  02:13, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Undo Redirects
I don't want Nicktoons TV and Nicktoons (TV channel) redirecting here. I would like to make separate articles for them in disambiguation pages.

For Nicktoons TV, it will link to Nicktoons TV (TV channel) (the United States version), and Nicktoons (UK & Ireland) (because the international Nicktoons was formerly called Nicktoons TV).

For Nicktoons (TV channel), it will link to Nicktoons (2003 TV channel) (the 2003 version; replaced by Nicktoons Network), Nicktoons (2009 TV channel) (the 2009 version; will replace Nicktoons Network), and Nicktoons (UK & Ireland) (the current version).

The reason I want to do this is because I don't want the logos for Nicktoons TV and Nicktoons deleted. Please respond to my request. --68.37.66.81 (talk) 23:42, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * They're the same channel. No need to change it at all.  Nate  • ( chatter ) 00:33, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Can we just keep the logos on the Nicktoons Network article? If yes, then I'll be happy, since I can't have the logos deleted. Also, I suggest that you add the future logo. --68.37.66.81 (talk) 12:59, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Just rename NickToons Network to Nicktoons because it isn't NickToons Network anymore. It's called NICKTOONS as of 6am/3amP 11:18, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Get The NickToons TV Back On The Air!!
At least NN is NickToons again, but they didn't change the programming like I told them on my "why, nicktoons!? WHY!?!?!" section! WHY DIDN'T THEY!?!?!?!?!? At least they have some classic Nicktoons remaining (CatDog, Rocko, Rugrats, ect.), but not all!!! AND THEY'RE ON IN THE FRIKIN' MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT!!! F*** you, Nickelodeon!!! YOU USED TO BE COOL!!!!!! I fell bad for all of those Youtube users whose child paradises were KILLED BY SUCKELODEON!!!! In all, I don't like the NickToons Network that we see now than the good one that we remember from 2002-2005).

Catdog & Rocko's Modern Life Are Back On Nicktoons
Catdog & Rocko's Modern Life Are Back On Nicktoons TV Schedule Lineup. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.245.9.237 (talk) 17:14, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Finally! It's about time those cocks began to rerun two of the best NickToons ever made.. Rocko and Catdog! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.243.23.219 (talk) 21:17, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree, but they're on during the early morning. And, I'll get a bar of soap for using such language, mister! :D (4 returning rocko & catdog) D:< (4 swearing). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.243.23.219 (talk) 22:24, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Uh... dude, Nicktoons stopped airing those two shows and Rugrats around September. <:_( — Preceding unsigned comment added by MattBoo (talk • contribs) 20:48, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Logo Problem
Yes, it is sad to say that someone keeps removing the Nicktoons TV, Nicktoons (first era) and Nicktoons Network's logos so the reader may never know what they were like. These words go specifically to MikeWazowski, the one responsible. As if TeenNick, Nick Jr, and Nickelodeon do this, Nicktoons should too. Notshane ( Talk  |  Contributions ) 00:18, August 9, 2010 (UTC)

Dubious
Dragon Ball Z Kai is not exclusive to Nicktoons. It also airs on The CW's Toonzai block. Cutecutecuteface2000 (Cutecuteface needs attention) 20:38, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

Nicktoons On Latin america? hi,is confirmed or is a joke from a bastard? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.58.190.222 (talk) 00:37, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

Why was the page, "Nicktoons" (Not the channel), deleted?
Now that Nicktoons has been deleted, it's very hard for me to find what I need to find. I have to dig very hard to get concrete info now. I don't see what was wrong with the original article. It only simplified things and added more information on Nicktoons. The template, in my opinion, should still be up for the same reasons. I'm (and I'm sure many others are, too) having a lot of frustration here. Anybody who says "It isn't necessary" really isn't aware of the importance of this article. --Toonipedia (talk) 13:58, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 1

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No move. It seems there's no consensus that the network is more prominent than Nickelodeon's general animated programming called "Nicktoons". Discussion about splitting the animated programming off of the main Nickelodeon programming list can continue at that article. Cúchullain t/ c 19:01, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Nicktoons (United States) → Nicktoons – The title, Nicktoons, currently redirects to List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon, which is United States-specific. Nicktoons (United States) could be effectively internationalized by merely rewording the first sentence to say "Nicktoons (formerly called Nicktoons TV and Nicktoons Network) is a group of digital cable and satellite television networks originating in the United States and owned by Viacom". With this change, the current proposal at Talk:Nicktoons (disambiguation) could be resolved as well, as it would make clear that all of these channels originate with a single entity, and there is therefore no ambiguity in the name, "Nicktoons". bd2412 T 15:18, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose "Nicktoons" has described Nickelodeon's animated shows for a couple of decades now. I'm not convinced that this network is WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for it. --BDD (talk) 21:19, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
 * List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon also contains a large number of live action shows. If the term is synonymous with animated shows, then a separate article should be broken out to restrict this identity to the animated shows. The current redirect might suggest that both the cartoons and the live action shows are "Nicktoons". bd2412  T 23:24, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree that Nicktoons really should just be an article about Nickelodeon's animated programming, but I'm afraid that seems to go against the spirit of the AfD, and may even be seen as a workaround (although I didn't participate in that discussion). Perhaps such an article could be viable if the full programming list becomes large enough to merit a split. --BDD (talk) 03:15, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 2

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Jafeluv (talk) 06:50, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

Nicktoons (United States) → Nicktoons – I see that this subject has been brought up before, but I would like to add a few points and make my own request that the contents of this page be moved to "Nicktoons". 75.142.30.100 (talk) 03:49, 16 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose you haven't added any points at all, you just opened a new request without a rationale other than that you want it renamed. -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 09:13, 16 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose per 76.65.128.222. What are these new points you talk of? — Amakuru (talk) 17:46, 16 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose as it is since it had its AFD in May. JJ98 (Talk) 21:13, 16 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Nicksports
Should I get more detailed on Nicksports?

Regards,flainzumaklonoarules.68.12.69.107 (talk) 04:03, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 30 June 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: ❌ (page mover closure)  Dr Strauss   talk   16:25, 8 July 2017 (UTC)

Nicktoons (TV channel) → Nicktoons (U.S. TV channel) – This channel was launched only two months before the British channel, and quite frankly, even though this is the original American channel "Nicktoons", I really don't think this is the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for the TV channels, especially the British Nicktoons, considering the timespan of their respective launches. 2601:8C:4001:DCB9:30E8:FB79:2979:709C (talk) 19:45, 30 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose All of the other Nick networks in the UK have the 'UK & Ireland' suffix, which keeps things organized. No matter how much Nick UK has actually made Nicktoons a prime channel, this is the mother channel of them all and doesn't need further disambiguation.  Nate  • ( chatter ) 02:47, 3 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose as per Nate, and as per this one being the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC . --IJBall (contribs • talk) 05:28, 3 July 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Shall we use this?
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Nicktoons_2023_%28outline%29.png

There's this new Nicktoons logo I noticed and idk if we should use it on this page or not. The Nicktoons splat logo did debut on a screenbug promoting TMNT Mutant Mayham (as well as TeenNick i think), but I do not know whether these outline version shall be used. DarkModeEditor (talk) 15:23, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

2024 Update- 24/7 Spongebob
As of summer 2024 (though the shift might've started as early as Dec 2023), Nicktoons programming has transitioned to solely airing Spongebob episodes. As of July 2024, a broadcast of the Kids' Choice Awards was still scheduled for the channel, but with commentary by Spongebob and Patrick (similar to the Superbowl simulcast). The decision has prompted speculation across the internet regarding 24/7 programming of singular shows on a variety of cable channels, how they reflect the "death of cable," and concerns regarding future media investments and Paramount's perspective on AI production. 99.145.186.17 (talk) 22:05, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicktoons (American TV channel)


text:
Conditioned taste aversion

Conditioned taste aversion occurs when an animal acquires an aversion to the taste of a food that was paired with aversive stimuli. The Garcia effect explains that the aversion develops more strongly for stimuli that cause nausea than other stimuli. This is considered an adaptive trait or survival mechanism that enables the organism to avoid poisonous substances (e.g., poisonous berries) before they cause harm. The aversion reduces consuming the same substance (or something that tastes similar) in the future, thus avoiding poisoning.

Studies on conditioned taste aversion that involved irradiating rats were conducted in the 1950s by Dr. John Garcia, leading to it sometimes being called the Garcia effect.

Conditioned taste aversion can occur when sickness is merely coincidental to, and not caused by, the substance consumed. For example, a person who becomes very sick after consuming tequila-and-orange-juice cocktails may then become averse to the taste of orange juice, even though the sickness was caused by the over-consumption of alcohol. Under these circumstances, conditioned taste aversion is sometimes known as the "sauce-bearnaise syndrome", a term coined by Seligman and Hager.

Garcia's study
While studying the effects of radiation on various behaviors in the mid to late 1950s, Dr. Garcia noticed that rats developed an aversion to substances consumed prior to being irradiated. To examine this, Garcia put together a study in which three groups of rats were given sweetened water followed by either no radiation, mild radiation, or strong radiation. When rats were subsequently given a choice between sweetened water and regular tap water, rats who had been exposed to radiation drank much less sweetened water than those who had not.

This finding was surprising in that the aversion could occur after just a single trial and with a long delay between the stimuli. Most research at the time found that learning required multiple trials and shorter latencies. Many scientists were skeptical of Garcia's findings because they did not follow a broad array of previous results: that any neutral stimulus could be made aversive or reinforcing by pairing it with aversive or reinforcing stimuli. However, Garcia's results were clear, and replicated in different settings. A compelling experiment compared pairing of nausea with taste, versus pairing with light and sound stimuli ("bright noisy water"). Strong aversions developed to the taste stimuli but not to the light and sound. This demonstrated that the particular stimulus used in conditioning can matter: some stimulus pairings generate stronger aversion than others. Conditioned taste aversion can also be species-specific, which was also a challenge to previous results.

In humans
Taste aversion is common in humans. When humans eat bad food (e.g., spoiled meat) and get sick, they may later find that particular food aversive. The food does not have to cause the sickness for it to become aversive. A human who eats sushi for the first time and who happens to come down with an unrelated stomach virus may still develop an aversion to sushi. Even something as obvious as riding a roller coaster (causing nausea) after eating the sushi will influence the development of taste aversion to sushi. Humans might also develop aversions to certain types of alcoholic beverages because of vomiting during intoxication. This is the mechanism of disulfram, a drug used to treat alcohol dependence by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase which causes a rapid buildup of the hangover-causing compound acetaldehyde when consuming alcoholic beverages, thereby pairing a negative stimulus with consumption of alcohol. Certain other cephalosporin antibiotic medications, like cefotetan and cefazolin are metabolized to a compound that has similar effects at blocking acetaldehyde metabolism, 1-methylthiotetrazole (1-MTT), and can cause the same hangovers upon alcohol ingestion.

Taste aversion is a common problem with chemotherapy patients, who become nauseated because of the drug therapy and then develop aversions to food.

Applications
Taste aversion has been demonstrated in a wide variety of both captive and free-ranging predators. In these studies, animals that consume a bait laced with an undetectable dose of an aversion agent avoid both baits and live prey with the same taste and scent as the baits. When predators detect the aversion agent in the baits, they quickly form aversions to the baits, but discriminate between these and different-tasting live prey.

Stimulus generalization
Stimulus generalization is another learning phenomenon that can be illustrated by conditioned taste aversion. This phenomenon demonstrates that we tend to develop aversions even to types of food that resemble the foods which caused us illness. For example, if one eats an orange and gets sick, one might also avoid eating tangerines and clementines because they smell and taste similar to oranges.

Stimulus generalization applies beyond food tastes and aversion. Trauma and aversive events of all kinds create aversion and generalizations to other events. And like taste aversion, the generalization may or not be conscious. Stimulus generalization is a factor in "superstitious behavior", racism and prejudice of all kinds.

Compared with taste avoidance
Although the terms "taste avoidance" and "taste aversion" are often used interchangeably, studies with rats indicate they are not necessarily synonymous. A rat may avoid a food yet still enjoy it and choose it over others. Rats tested with a sucrose solution paired with a drug that gave positive, euphoric effects, such as amphetamine, cocaine, and morphine emitted positive reactions to the drugs, yet they avoided approaching these solutions. When one of these solutions was placed next to another solution the rats had been given a conditioned taste aversion, the rat would choose the aversive. Scientists theorize that in terms of evolution, because rats are unable to vomit and immediately purge toxins, rats have developed a strong "first line of defense", which is their sense of taste and smell. This further shows the importance of taste and the correlation between taste and any change in physiological state, whether it be good or bad. Because rats rely upon taste and pairing it with a reaction rather than relying on later responses that involve the gastrointestinal tract, taste avoidance is just as prevalent as taste aversion, though the two don't necessarily go hand in hand.

title: Conditioned taste aversion


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User talk:Themissinglint

Featured article candidacy for an Hugo Chavez subarticle
I noticed you have listed yourself in Category:Leftist Wikipedians. That said, you will probably be interested in an Hugo Chávez Featured Article Candidacy (FAC). Chavez himself happens to be a socialist politician. As usual, please use your own higher judgment in deciding how to vote on this FAC, if you should decide to devote a few seconds to the matter. Regards, ← S ARAVASK —  01:52, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Deletion of 'left wing wikipedians' category
Hi. I saw you're (like me) listed in this category which is up for deletion. Hoped you'd like to vote in favor of keeping it... Thanks! Larix 02:43, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Wikify
Hi Themissinglint. I know that you've been involved in wikifying articles in the past, so I thought I'd draw your attention to this new project. We currently have a backlog of over 6500 articles, so any help you can offer would be greatly appreciated, even if it's only one or two articles! Alternatively, if you know anyone else who might like to help out, please tell them about it. Thanks :)

Minnesota meetup
A meetup of Wikipedians in Minnesota is proposed: please stop by the discussion page if interested. Jonathunder 03:39, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Reminder: Meetup October 29, one o'clock, Mall of America. Jonathunder 16:31, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Michelle Obama = Michelle Robinson
Please see my comment on Talk:Michelle Robinson - there is no need for a separate page using her maiden name - she has her own page as Michelle Obama - separate from Barack Obama which is appropriate. All that is suggested is that when someone goes to Michelle Robinson they be brought directly to Michelle Obama where the content is. So would you withdraw your objection to the redirect? Thanks Tvoz | talk 03:33, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Meetup RSVP
 Minnesota Meetup Sunday, 2007-10-07, 1:00 p.m. (13:00) Pracna on Main 117 Main SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota Map Please pass this on! RSVP here.  Spam delivered by -Susanlesch 15:24, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Minnesota Meetup
 2009 Proposed date: Saturday, October 10. Details under discussion. Please share this with anyone who may be interested.  Delivered by Jonathunder (talk) 22:39, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 22:27, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Themissinglint


text:
User talk:ReginaLynn

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Ragib 03:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:ReginaLynn