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Data (computer science)

In computer science, data (treated as singular, plural, or as a mass noun) is any sequence of one or more symbols; datum is a single symbol of data. Data requires interpretation to become information. Digital data is data that is represented using the binary number system of ones (1) and zeros (0), instead of analog representation. In modern (post-1960) computer systems, all data is digital.

Data exists in three states: data at rest, data in transit and data in use. Data within a computer, in most cases, moves as parallel data. Data moving to or from a computer, in most cases, moves as serial data. Data sourced from an analog device, such as a temperature sensor, may be converted to digital using an analog-to-digital converter. Data representing quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer are stored and recorded on magnetic, optical, electronic, or mechanical recording media, and transmitted in the form of digital electrical or optical signals. Data pass in and out of computers via peripheral devices.

Physical computer memory elements consist of an address and a byte/word of data storage. Digital data are often stored in relational databases, like tables or SQL databases, and can generally be represented as abstract key/value pairs. Data can be organized in many different types of data structures, including arrays, graphs, and objects. Data structures can store data of many different types, including numbers, strings and even other data structures.

Characteristics
Metadata helps translate data to information. Metadata is data about the data. Metadata may be implied, specified or given.

Data relating to physical events or processes will have a temporal component. This temporal component may be implied. This is the case when a device such as a temperature logger receives data from a temperature sensor. When the temperature is received it is assumed that the data has a temporal reference of now. So the device records the date, time and temperature together. When the data logger communicates temperatures, it must also report the date and time as metadata for each temperature reading.

Fundamentally, computers follow a sequence of instructions they are given in the form of data. A set of instructions to perform a given task (or tasks) is called a program. A program is data in the form of coded instructions to control the operation of a computer or other machine. In the nominal case, the program, as executed by the computer, will consist of machine code. The elements of storage manipulated by the program, but not actually executed by the central processing unit (CPU), are also data. At its most essential, a single datum is a value stored at a specific location. Therefore, it is possible for computer programs to operate on other computer programs, by manipulating their programmatic data.

To store data bytes in a file, they have to be serialized in a file format. Typically, programs are stored in special file types, different from those used for other data. Executable files contain programs; all other files are also data files. However, executable files may also contain data used by the program which is built into the program. In particular, some executable files have a data segment, which nominally contains constants and initial values for variables, both of which can be considered data.

The line between program and data can become blurry. An interpreter, for example, is a program. The input data to an interpreter is itself a program, just not one expressed in native machine language. In many cases, the interpreted program will be a human-readable text file, which is manipulated with a text editor program. Metaprogramming similarly involves programs manipulating other programs as data. Programs like compilers, linkers, debuggers, program updaters, virus scanners and such use other programs as their data.

For example, a user might first instruct the operating system to load a word processor program from one file, and then use the running program to open and edit a document stored in another file. In this example, the document would be considered data. If the word processor also features a spell checker, then the dictionary (word list) for the spell checker would also be considered data. The algorithms used by the spell checker to suggest corrections would be either machine code data or text in some interpretable programming language.

In an alternate usage, binary files (which are not human-readable) are sometimes called data as distinguished from human-readable text.

The total amount of digital data in 2007 was estimated to be 281 billion gigabytes (281 exabytes).

Data keys and values, structures and persistence
Keys in data provide the context for values. Regardless of the structure of data, there is always a key component present. Keys in data and data-structures are essential for giving meaning to data values. Without a key that is directly or indirectly associated with a value, or collection of values in a structure, the values become meaningless and cease to be data. That is to say, there has to be a key component linked to a value component in order for it to be considered data.

Data can be represented in computers in multiple ways, as per the following examples:

RAM

 * Random access memory (RAM) holds data that the CPU has direct access to. A CPU may only manipulate data within its processor registers or memory. This is as opposed to data storage, where the CPU must direct the transfer of data between the storage device (disk, tape...) and memory. RAM is an array of linear contiguous locations that a processor may read or write by providing an address for the read or write operation. The processor may operate on any location in memory at any time in any order. In RAM the smallest element of data is the binary bit. The capabilities and limitations of accessing RAM are processor specific. In general main memory is arranged as an array of locations beginning at address 0 (hexadecimal 0). Each location can store usually 8 or 32 bits depending on the computer architecture.

Keys

 * Data keys need not be a direct hardware address in memory. Indirect, abstract and logical keys codes can be stored in association with values to form a data structure. Data structures have predetermined offsets (or links or paths) from the start of the structure, in which data values are stored. Therefore, the data key consists of the key to the structure plus the offset (or links or paths) into the structure. When such a structure is repeated, storing variations of the data values and the data keys within the same repeating structure, the result can be considered to resemble a table, in which each element of the repeating structure is considered to be a column and each repetition of the structure is considered as a row of the table. In such an organization of data, the data key is usually a value in one (or a composite of the values in several) of the columns.

Organised recurring data structures

 * The tabular view of repeating data structures is only one of many possibilities. Repeating data structures can be organised hierarchically, such that nodes are linked to each other in a cascade of parent-child relationships. Values and potentially more complex data-structures are linked to the nodes. Thus the nodal hierarchy provides the key for addressing the data structures associated with the nodes. This representation can be thought of as an inverted tree. Modern computer operating system file systems are a common example; and XML is another.

Sorted or ordered data

 * Data has some inherent features when it is sorted on a key. All the values for subsets of the key appear together. When passing sequentially through groups of the data with the same key, or a subset of the key changes, this is referred to in data processing circles as a break, or a control break. It particularly facilitates the aggregation of data values on subsets of a key.

Peripheral storage

 * Until the advent of bulk non-volatile memory like flash, persistent data storage was traditionally achieved by writing the data to external block devices like magnetic tape and disk drives. These devices typically seek to a location on the magnetic media and then read or write blocks of data of a predetermined size. In this case, the seek location on the media, is the data key and the blocks are the data values. Early used raw disk data file-systems or disc operating systems reserved contiguous blocks on the disc drive for data files. In those systems, the files could be filled up, running out of data space before all the data had been written to them. Thus much unused data space was reserved unproductively to ensure adequate free space for each file. Later file-systems introduced partitions. They reserved blocks of disc data space for partitions and used the allocated blocks more economically, by dynamically assigning blocks of a partition to a file as needed. To achieve this, the file system had to keep track of which blocks were used or unused by data files in a catalog or file allocation table. Though this made better use of the disc data space, it resulted in fragmentation of files across the disc, and a concomitant performance overhead due additional seek time to read the data. Modern file systems reorganize fragmented files dynamically to optimize file access times. Further developments in file systems resulted in virtualization of disc drives i.e. where a logical drive can be defined as partitions from a number of physical drives.

Indexed data

 * Retrieving a small subset of data from a much larger set may imply inefficiently searching through the data sequentially. Indexes are a way to copy out keys and location addresses from data structures in files, tables and data sets, then organize them using inverted tree structures to reduce the time taken to retrieve a subset of the original data. In order to do this, the key of the subset of data to be retrieved must be known before retrieval begins. The most popular indexes are the B-tree and the dynamic hash key indexing methods. Indexing is overhead for filing and retrieving data. There are other ways of organizing indexes, e.g. sorting the keys and using a binary search algorithm.

Abstraction and indirection
It is only after instantiation that an object of a specified class exists. After an object's reference is cleared, the object also ceases to exist. The memory locations where the object's data was stored are garbage and are reclassified as unused memory available for reuse.
 * Object-oriented programming uses two basic concepts for understanding data and software:
 * 1) The taxonomic rank-structure of classes, which is an example of a hierarchical data structure; and
 * 2) at run time, the creation of references to in-memory data-structures of objects that have been instantiated from a class library.

Database data

 * The advent of databases introduced a further layer of abstraction for persistent data storage. Databases use metadata, and a structured query language protocol between client and server systems, communicating over a computer network, using a two phase commit logging system to ensure transactional completeness, when saving data.

Parallel distributed data processing

 * Modern scalable and high-performance data persistence technologies, such as Apache Hadoop, rely on massively parallel distributed data processing across many commodity computers on a high bandwidth network. In such systems, the data is distributed across multiple computers and therefore any particular computer in the system must be represented in the key of the data, either directly, or indirectly. This enables the differentiation between two identical sets of data, each being processed on a different computer at the same time.

title: Data (computer science)


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Approved drug

An approved drug is a medicinal preparation that has been validated for a therapeutic use by a ruling authority of a government. This process is usually specific by country, unless specified otherwise.

United States
In the United States, the FDA approves drugs. Before a drug can be prescribed, it must undergo the FDA's approval process. While a drug can feasibly be used off-label (for non-approved indications), it still is required to be approved for a specific disease or medical condition. Drug companies seeking to sell a drug in the United States must first test it. The company then sends the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) evidence from these tests to prove the drug is safe and effective for its intended use. A fee is required to make such FDA submission. For financial year 2020, this fee was: for an application requiring clinical data ($2,942,965) and for an application not requiring clinical data ($1,471,483). A team of CDER physicians, statisticians, chemists, pharmacologists, and other scientists reviews the company's data and proposed labeling. If this independent and unbiased review establishes that a drug's health benefits outweigh its known risks, the drug is approved for sale. The center doesn't actually test drugs itself, although it does conduct limited research in the areas of drug quality, safety, and effectiveness standards.

As of the end of 2013, the FDA and its predecessors had approved 1,452 drugs, though not all are still available, and some have been withdrawn for safety reasons. Accounting for subsequent corporate acquisitions, these approvals were earned by approximately 100 different organizations.

European Union
In the European Union, it is the European Medicines Agency (EMA) that evaluates medicinal products.

Japan
In Japan, the agency regulating medicinal products is Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA).

Approval
On average, only one in every 5,000 compounds that makes it through lead development to the stage of preclinical development becomes an approved drug. Only 10% of all drugs started in human clinical trials become an approved drug.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Approved drug


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Talk:Himachal Pradesh

Archive 1

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Yp1998. Peer reviewers: Katrina0118.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:27, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

=dadaverag??(max=~7000m,,mention?
Elevation 	2,319 m (7,608 ft)

merge with Geography of Himachal Pradesh?
The article Geography of Himachal Pradesh looks small enough. Wouldn't it make sense at this stage to merge it here? – Uanfala (talk) 03:42, 24 February 2018 (UTC)

State stats
I've added GDP and per capita rank values and removed HDI and literacy rate in conformity with all other Indian states articles. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 15:25, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Himachal is considerably smaller than those states. I didn't see all details except for GDP (total and per capita) being mentioned in any of those state articles. Also, I removed just the values not rankings.
 * All the "smaller" state articles do not have these statistics mentioned. Uttarakhand, which is also similarly sized and populated has no stats in the article lede. Probably we should remove these things from this article as well.
 * All the states that have GDP and per capita mentioned also have precise values along with it. In my opinion rankings are rather vague if not supported by values. And this seems to be the norm in the articles. We should either keep ranking with values for the stats or remove it altogether.
 * No other state but Kerala has literacy rate, HDI mentioned. So I guess this line Himachal Pradesh has the 9th-highest Human Development Index (HDI) and 11th-highest literacy rate among the states and union territories of India. could be removed as well.
 * Since GDP and per capita GDP have been mentioned in this article's Economy section as well in the same detail as lead section and you've already removed content about HDI and literacy rate from the lead, I think it would be fair enough to remove GDP and per capita GDP as well from the lead section to avoid repetitiveness. Let the mention of all these stats be restricted to their specific sections in the article. Also, "22nd largest state economy" doesn't appear to be something big enough worth mentioning in the lead as well as economy sections. As you said, most of the similarly sized articles don't mention these stats at all in the lead. Even among bigger states, GDP and per capita income have been mentioned for only a few. So, I'm removing GDP and per capita also from the lead of this article. Actually, I had added the stats on HDI and literacy primarily because Himachal happens to be leading hilly state in these parameters. Vibhss (talk) 18:08, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

December 2019
Hi, regarding this edit of yours. Since most of the state articles have official/additional official languages mentioned in the infobox, for the sake of parity, I believe we should keep it. As for "Spoken languages", will it be that hard to add those in the infobox using "Hlist" or something like that? - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 15:23, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * My removal might have been too bold: I was only objecting to listing Sanskrit and Hindi to the exclusion of the actual native languages. If you would like to list them all, feel free. – Uanfala (talk) 15:32, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * It would be better IMO to list only the most commonly spoken languages i.e. "Hindi dialects/Pahari languages" like Mandeali, Kangri, Kullu, Bilaspuri using a parm titled something like "Commonly spoken". Or do you want me to list Punjabi, Nepali, Kashmiri, Kinnauri, Tibetan, Lahauli? - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 16:25, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, that's for you to decide :) You might want to avoid labelling the Pahari languages as "dialects" of "Hindi" (as that wouldn't be true when the usual meanings of those two words are involved, and the infobox doesn't have the space for an explanation of what exactly is meant). And as for which of the other languages to include, it's up to you to decide where the line should be drawn. Languages spoken by larger populations have a stronger claim than ones belonging to smaller communities, and regardless of numbers, indigenous languages (like Kinnauri) have more reason to be included than languages of immigrant groups (like Nepali). – Uanfala (talk) 01:32, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Obviously labelling Pahari languages as "dialects of Hindi" would be a counter productive thing to do since Hindi will be mentioned already under Official. I've decided to have a parm called "Native" under which I'm going to mention Mandeali, Kangri, Kullu, Bilaspuri, Kinnauri, Lahauli and Pattani which are native to that region, alongwith the Official and additional official language parms as before. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 10:20, 7 December 2019 (UTC)

Languages
I've removed the pie chart (ping to ). Census figures for the Pahari languages here aren't of much use because speakers of one and the same variety will variously identify their language using either the name of that variety, or the broader "Pahari", or sometimes even "Hindi". The census figures are only meaningful for languages that are consistently identified as such by their speakers (like Nepali or Pattani, and for them the figures are already given in the text).

I've expanded the list of languages in the prose. This is largely to account for the number of Pahari language articles recently created (the credits go to Nik9hil for that) – it didn't make much sense to list them before, when they were all redirects. I've followed last year's edition of Ethnologue, but I've omitted the following languages: I don't see the current version as definitive: for example, I'm not sure if it's good to give the population figures for Kinnauri as I don't know whether or not this includes the other related varieties like Chitkuli Kinnauri. But at least it's a start, and it hopefully doesn't mislead readers. Maybe some day, somebody will create a separate article, there's definitely scope for that. – Uanfala (talk) 13:38, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Bauria, Lambadi, Mundari, Pashto, Sansi – not native to the state, spoken by very small communities (if mentioning them, we'd need a better source than Ethnologue);
 * Bhadrawahi, Garhwali, Jaunsari, Dogri, Jad, Ladakhi: major languages of neighbouring regions, presumably some of them spoken by established native populations within Himachal. If this circumstance is pointed out, then they may be mentioned;
 * Kashmiri and Haryanvi – like above, though these are languages of immigrant communities; better not include them, or otherwise we'd need to list many other languages, like Bhojpuri, which according to the census are spoken by comparable numbers;
 * Mugom - subsumed under Tibetan.

 * I would like to take the stand that pie chart should be present & would explain you (ping to ) by giving my explanation. Let me start with the primary concern of yours, i.e. Pahari. This term in the Census 2011 data is majorly used by people of Shimla district (who speak Mahasu Pahari), Hamirpur district (who speak a variety of Kangri, Una district (who speak a variety of Kangri) & some from Solan district (who speak a Bagali, etc). The remainder from this is insignificant & are present in rest of the districts of the state. The actual language names of these remainder speakers are also mentioned in the Census like Kahluri, Kullui, etc. If you wanted I could've included the information of who majorly is constituting 'Pahari' in the Census.
 * People IN HP DON'T identify their language as HINDI; it is rather the diaspora who wrongly does that. I personally have had a hard time convincing people about the diversity of the languages & educate them on it. The pie chart was a long time personal effort which you have simply removed. Let me tell you more about my research on the Census. Following are the state's Pahari languages that are recorded as dialects of Hindi according to Indian Census:
 * 1. Kullui
 * 2. Chambeali
 * 3. Kangri
 * 4. Sirmauri
 * 5. Gaddi
 * 6. Mandeali
 * 7. Baghati Pahari
 * 8. Churahi
 * 9. Pangwali

 * Following are the state's Pahari languages that are recorded as dialects of Punjabi according to Indian Census:
 * 1. Bhattiyali dialect
 * 2. Kahluri

 * Pattani, a Sino-Tibetan language of Lahaul is very erroneously classified as dialect of Gujarati because there is a dialect of Gujarati called Pattani. It is a commoon snese that there won't be Guajarati speakers in Pattan Valley Lahaul or even in Kullu, given that non natives of the state cannot buy propoerty. Hence there is no conflation with the Gujarati speakers here.
 * Saraji, a Western Pahari language of Kullu is very erroneously classified as dialect of Kashmiri because there is a dialect of Kashmiri with the name Siraji. This language is divided into Inner & Outer Saraji & then classified as dialects of Kullui & Mahasui according to ethnologue, glottolog, etc. I can give you literary sources & grammar of Saraji of Kullu, Himachal, in case you think I have made this up. Speakers of this language are not even neighbors with Kashmiri's Saraji.

 * I can't help it if the nation's Census can be so ignorant to the very own citizens of the country.

 * I can give you the guarantee that none of these speakers consider there language as Hindi/Punjabi/Gujarati/Kashmiri or its dialect. They only acknowledge some similarities that may be present with Hindi or Punjabi. It is the other way round i.e. the system considers these as dialects. Other Wikipedia pages of Indian states state Bhojpuri, Magahi, etc. (which are much more similar to Hindi than Pahari languages are) separate from Hindi. I fail to understand why there doesn't seems to be any kind of problem over there but when it comes to Himachal, there is a problem!

 * Continuing with Kinnauri, yes the figure is inclusive of Chitkuli, etc varieties. You can cross check it with the total population of Kinnaur district & total Kinnauri speakers.

 * From the neighbouring states, I had included Punjabi, Nepali, Dogri & standard Hindi. The first three language's speakers have been very much involved in the history of Himachal. There is always a confusion regarding the percentage of Punjabi & Dogri speakers among the general mass. The pie chart was a good way to visualise it. Standard Hindi made an entry only after the independence. Note that I use the term Standard Hindi, because you will find Gurjari communities too, whose language is classified as dialect of Hindi according to Census, but present natively in the state & again don't consider it as a dialect of Hindi. For this, you can check out the Official languages of Jammu & Kashmir before turning it into a UT. There the Gurjari people were involved in making sure that there language is recognised separately according to the ex state's Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir.

 * Continuing with Ladakhi, Bhoti & Tibetan. Lahaul & Spiti were part of Ladakh kingdom. It was much later that they were separated. There language & culture is intertwined with each other. It doesn't make much sense to call the non-native. Tibetan is spoken by indigenous communities of border with Tibet as well as among the Tibetan refugee who are significant.

 * Pashto, Lambadi, Mundari, Sansi, Bauria, Jad, Bhadrawahi, Jaunsari, Kahshmiri, Haryanvi & Mugom wasn't explicitly stated in that pie chart. I hope you will restore it back to normal ASAP.
 * Nik9hil (talk) 08:14, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
 * My mention of Pashto, Lambadi etc. was in the context of my expansion of the text (rather than the removal of the pie chart) – I was just enumerating languages I haven't included even though they were listed by Ethnologue as spoken in the state. likewise for Ladakhi, but if there are significant indigenous populations, feel free to add a mention of it in the list (though according to the census it's spoken by only 0.017% of the state's population). As for the pie chart, the issue is that it's not an accurate representation of the languages spoken in the state. It can't be one as long as it's based on the census figures. It lists the most widely spoken language as "Pahari", but that stands for a number of languages, and so is a superordinate category to the other languages listed further down, like Gaddi or Chambeali. That's the problem of using the census figures: they mix up individual languages with language groups. But even if we somehow ignored the Pahari, most of the the remaining figures won't be accurate either: Sirmauri for example isn't spoken by just 1.56% of the population, this figure is for those Sirmauri speakers who during the census have identified their language as such, but there are Sirmauri speakers who have instead opted for "Pahari" and so aren't included in this figure. I don't think there's a way we can extricate the speaker numbers of individual languages from those of Pahari: the percentages for Pahari are significant throughout the state, and in all but three districts they're in the two-digit range. What we have in the chart is the big phantom of "Pahari", and underestimates across the board for the individual Pahari varieties. What is done in other articles isn't always a good guide: Uttar Pradesh rightly omits giving census figures for the languages; Uttarkhand or Bihar do give them, though they probably shouldn't.  – Uanfala (talk) 12:13, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
 * (ping ) From the pie chart, it was clearly visible that a majority of people identify their language with their native names. For those in Pahari, I have already mentioned who majorly constitute under it, so kindly go through it again. Instead of worrying about a remainder of speakers from my explanation of Pahari, it is much better that we explain what the term Pahari is in the article & keep the pie chart. If you want, I will prove it with the numbers. I wonder what can be a reliable source apart from Indian Census. Nik9hil (talk) 18:28, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I am extremely disappointed from this lax attitude; you still haven't replied. Since you are the superior on this platform, I have no power to do anything. I hereby announce I won't be engaging with any kind of discussion with you, for you are simply a bigot . In the dominance of Hindi, these languages will die & you all will be mere spectators. Nik9hil (talk) 07:18, 26 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi, no one on this platform is a 'superior', edit counts are merely a function of time spent editing and not a way to determine seniority. You are also not entitled to 's attention as Wikipedia is primarily a volunteer service and people are busy in real life. I suggest you wait patiently for to return and reply at their convenience.  Pro lix  💬 08:38, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Actually the person has been replying to other pages recently, that's why I claimed them to be ignoring. As for the seniority, I didn't know about it. If he doesn't replies with apt explanation, I will be reverting the changes. Thanks for the information. Nik9hil (talk) 10:21, 26 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I haven't replied because I've already said what I meant to say, and it didn't seem this was taken on board. I don't see the point of restating the same points again and again. Nik9hil, I really don't understand what kind of bigotry you seem to associate me with. I'm arguing that we can't use the census figures because they miss the actual numbers of speakers by a wide margin. We simply don't have reliable data. The census severely under-reports the numbers for individual Pahari languages; in fact, if we did use those figures then we'd be making Himachal appear a lot less diverse than it actually is. – Uanfala (talk) 11:18, 26 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Maintain WP:CIVILITY. Calling someone "bigot" in this forum is not a good thing and might go against you. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 11:22, 26 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The pie chart shown by me was diverse. It literally listed all of the Pahari languages of the state. For the term 'Pahari' I had told you who majorly constitute them in my previous replies & I also had asked to simply put an asterick with caption saying that it considers various Pahari speakers for people's understanding. I specifically mentioned Standard Hindi to avoid any kind of loss that might happen due to associating these languages with Hindi. I no where pointed that Census's classification is right. If we provide a small explanation for the term Pahari, it should go perfectly fine. I don't how else should I explain to you the same point. Nik9hil (talk) 15:12, 26 September 2020 (UTC)
 * What you're describing will make sense in a separate article about the languages of the state, to be given after the actual distribution of the languages as a sort of explanatory supplement focusing on the census results and explaining why they don't match the actual numbers. But here, if a reader sees this chart, they will assume – footnotes or not – that it represents the actual distribution of the languages spoken. You know this is not the case. There's no sense in which we can say that 32% of the population speak the Pahari language (because at least three quarters speak one or another of the Pahari langauges). There's no sense in which we can say that 1.56% are speakers of Sirmauri, because the real number is probably at least twice as big (because of all the Sirmauri speakers who in the census gave their language as "Pahari"). – Uanfala (talk) 14:45, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I recently added citations to a pie chart that was added by another user, and after it was removed I was referred to this thread. I’ve gone through this thread and I have a proposal that might make sense. I agree with that the pie chart as it was included was definitely misleading. I do understand that census figures for any state with a significant “Hindi” speaking population are bound to be overstating Hindi’s speakers, however, for Himachal the all-encompassing ’Pahari’ also presents a problem: many speakers of individual western Pahari languages are undercounted separately since many are counted under ‘Pahari’. However,  also has a point that the pie chart is important to represent the actual linguistic demography of the state, and to dispel any misconceptions about Hindi being the native tongue of the majority in Himachal. After all, the article is supposed to be encyclopaedic in nature.
 * I propose that we include all individual western Pahari languages and ‘Pahari’ under a single unit, say “Western Pahari Languages”, with a footnote explaining the diversity within western Pahari (with names, not figures since those are not reliable). Hindi, Punjabi etc can be included separately as well. How does this sound to you both? —UnpetitproleX (talk) 01:17, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I believe the text already does a decent job of dispelling any misconceptions about the dominance of Hindi. But if there is going to be a chart, then this proposal definitely makes sense and is an obvious improvement on the past versions. Still, it seems to be open to two objections. In grouping together all the Pahari languages, it may appear to downplay their internal diversity (a point that Nik9hil was keen to emphasise). And it still has to reckon with the ghost of Hindi, which will have to occupy a full 15% of the chart. – Uanfala (talk) 11:14, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed that the 15% figure for Hindi might also not be completely accurate given that the census probably overstates the number of Hindi speakers in general and Hindi speakers in “Hindi states” in particular, but the census figures are still used in many articles across wikipedia. Besides, it's hard to ascertain the extent of this and it could be very slight anyway (perhaps it is us undermining the impact of several decades of official use of Hindi), and many people indeed identify Hindi to be their mother tongue in Himachal Pradesh (15% according to the census), and by specifically including only those who explicitly mention Hindi, we’d be at the closest to an accurate figure as we can be using the census. And given the issues with the census figures specifically for the Pahari languages, I can't think of a better way to address the internal diversity of the Pahari languages than a brief explanatory footnote. Lets wait to see if  or anyone else has any objections. —UnpetitproleX (talk) 18:52, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

Draft:Kuhls: Communal Irrigation Systems of Himachal Pradesh
Please consider incorporating material from the above draft submission into this article. Drafts are eligible for deletion after 6 months of inactivity. ~Kvng (talk) 20:29, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I've accepted the draft. I don't think there's anything that can be merged or copied here, as the topic is really narrow. However, maybe a single-sentence mention could probably be weaved somewhere into the article text. – Uanfala (talk) 21:37, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Tallest mountain?
Some sources list the height of Shilla as 7,025 meters, while others list 6,132. This is important because the former would make it the tallest peak in the state, while the latter would leave Reo Purgyil the tallest. Does anyone know the reason for this and/or which is actually taller? Kornatice (talk) 05:54, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

Meaning of name of Himachal Pradesh.....edits by User:Ron.Tyler1995
Dear User:Ron.Tyler1995 or User talk:Ron.Tyler1995 or Pulkit....The literal meaning of the word is 'Lap in Ice' or 'Lap of Ice'..... But as Himachal....in name Himachal...Him means Ice (बर्फ)...so as per official documentation of the state Himachal Pradesh Government, the literal meaning of the word Himachal is 'Snow laden' or 'Lap of Ice'...Also let me clear in the language hindi, in case of etymology, the articulation(or even also disarticulation) doesn't work same as for other languages, so the meaning of the word Himachal is 'Province in Lap of Ice' or province or land of snow-laden, as articulation is not same in case of Hindi language as of English language. Aj Ajay Mehta 007 (talk) 18:46, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

Now,Pulkit apart from this,are you from Himachal? I think,As the discussion will be far better after knowing this...Aj Ajay Mehta 007 (talk) 18:56, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

Hi User:Ajajaymehta, The word Himachal is composed of 2 words 'Him' and 'Achal', not 'Aanchal'. Otherwise it would be Himanchal. Further, if you look up the hindi synonym of 'parvat'(Mountain) on google - it gives following names- पहाड़, गिरी, अचल, नग, भूधर, महीधर, शैल, नगपति, शिखर, अद्री, तुंग, धरणीधर. You can see here that Achal is a synonym of 'Parvat'(Mountain). Further, one of its synonyms is 'अद्री' which if combined with 'हिम' becomes 'हिमाद्रि'. Himadri is a mountain range of greater Himalayas, just like 'हिमाचल' range, which is Lesser himalayas, and people called it by this name long before Himachal Pradesh as a state existed. Further, in our National Anthem, there is a line ' विंध्य-हिमाचल, यमुना-गंगा, उच्छल जलधि तरंग' in which, the word 'हिमाचल' comes next to Vindhya(विंध्य) which is another mountain range in western-Central India & its full name is विंध्याचल (Vindhyachal) ie Vindhya Mountains. National anthem was composed by Rabindranath Tagore in 1911, way before idea of Himachal Pradesh as a state existed. Therefore Himachal= Him+ Aanchal might be a convenient and easy translation of himachal, but it is not a correct one. it is believed so because many people lack the knowledge of sanskrit names and synonyms. My only purpose is to let the People of Himachal know the true meaning of the name of their state. If you are convinced with my explanation, then please change it yourself, otherwise keep it as it is. I am not going to revert the changes you have made. And Yes, I am from Palampur, Himachal. Ron.Tyler1995 (talk) 14:51, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

Dear or pulkit, well, good to hear from Himachal Pradesh...

Firstly...Wikipedia doesn't simply work on results come after a Google search.

And about your info on himachal word like "Jan gan man etc.....before creation himachal etc." I have to say that...(Mentioned in puranas)Himachal is mentioned in the skand purana also....So leaving that apart.........The point is, I haven't fully changed your info on etymology in article, What I can say is that I had tried to add both kind of etymology in better way, hopes it is quite good.

Well far apart from that, personally I think somewhere you are right on Him+Achal     (...But what concern is if it is a sanskrit articulation then somehow it could be like हिम्+अचल which can't be equal to हिमाचल, this will be हिमचल, and also As the first word (in sanksrit articulation) is हिम् then second word should be आचल to form word हिमाचल, As आचल not relevant word, so it contrdicts, now If it is हिम+अचल then it will be हिमाचल, then you may be right)      will be Himachal.

As I am not fully denying your fact, so I haven't delete your etymology on the page. Instead of removing of your topology, I had added in a better way, that is in Or section(i.e. somehow and somewhere which fits to the both ideas).Well, Achal's literal meaning is not mountain, it is used in a metaphorical sense. But I think to write down both of ideas is a better way, you might be agree! Also plz be free to go through-

https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/himachal-day-2021-date-history-significance-and-10-facts-about-himachal-pradesh-2413589

https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/himchal-pradesh-305386-2016-01-25

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/others/how-indian-states-got-their-names/articleshow/68206288.cms

Aj Ajay Mehta 007 (talk) 18:28, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

Hi User:Ajajaymehta, 1> First of all, the synonyms of पर्वत(Mountain) are not invented by me, they are made by rishi munis and authorities on sanskrit grammar like Panini. So, it does not matter, where I get the synonyms of पर्वत. You will also find same results in any grammar book of any standard. So, you telling me that wiki pedia does not run on google searches is itself a flawed argument. 2> You are saying हिम्+अचल equals to हिमचल and not हिमाचल. This is where you are wrong. In Hindi, whenever word, which starts with 'अ', is used as suffix- it becomes 'आ' in combined word. Ex. महाराज+ अधिराज becomes महाराजाधिराज मूल्य+अंकन becomes मूल्यांकन अधिक+ अंश becomes अधिकांश. Moreover, the links that you have provided me to go through are just copy paste from most convenient sources, without any reference to the original source from which they have been taken. So, it is another tragedy that, most people will believe these articles as authentic. It is not my intention to prove you wrong. I am just trying to make my fellow himachali realize the true meaning of our state name. Even I used to believe that Him + Aanchal= Himachal. But, when i delved deeper into hindi and sanskrit grammar, then i realized that I did not even know the true meaning of my state's name. I hope that you are not having the same misconception as others are having or even I used to have.Ron.Tyler1995 (talk) 04:34, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

Adding of two infobox in article- infobox Government by Ron.Tyler1995
Dear Pulkit, I think, you are not trying to understand the wikipedia policy. Try to understand What Wikipedia is not and WP:NOTPAPER. Also read How infobox should be. What matters is navigation to page of Government of HP. There is an another page for Government of Himachal Pradesh, if you want to improve, improve that. As there is already a section of Government (a navigation to Government page) exist in already given infobox. Important things have been given in the section. Aj Ajay Mehta 007 (talk) 05:04, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

. There is nothing in wiki's policy that says one can't add 2 infoboxes in same article. I have already made infobox as consise as possible. So, don't revert the changes. This revert war won't do any good. Ron.Tyler1995 (talk) 05:19, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

, Firstly, I haven't said that you can't add two infobox to a page,(but writing down only important info in one infobox is preferred in acc. policy) also you are trying to add same information again in another infobox, that either has been given already in infobox or has a navigation to wiki page for that. And in section of edit summary, you were saying that Himachal has existence because of government (firstly there is no relevance of your this idea, even if it is considered, what about Antarctica, place at another planets Mars etc. Is there government.)

Well,Indeed government is a part that need to added, it has been added in the government section in already given infobox, also there is this-- Government of Himachal Pradesh. No but you want to add everything here, like this minister, that minister, this portfolio that etc. Uff.....

Also I think you have done this earlier with an IP address, don't do this, handling things on wiki in this way, may result in block you and your IP address from further editing on wiki.

And I am seeing you are still not understanding What Wikipedia is not and WP:NOTPAPER and How infobox should be, but still want argue over here.

, Please refrain from giving threats to me like blocking me and my IP addresses. You are not a content moderator. If you want to report me and my IP address, just do it, but don't give threats. You have no authority to decide what information to add and what not to add. and moreover, I added collapsible list of Council of Ministers in the infobox. If you are using mobile version of wiki, then it is your fault. As far as antarctica is concerned, it does not have a government, because it is not a state or country. Here, this page, yes buddy, this page!!!, ie. Himachal Pradesh is a state and state by definition means a geographical area governed by an organized form of government. As expected, Your logic is flawed again. Instead of coming at me again and again, give a moment about what others are trying to say. With your aggression levels, I am guessing that you might be in early or mid 20's. Please learn to respect the perspective of others. You have a very long journey ahead of you. Cheers!!! Ron.Tyler1995 (talk) 15:15, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

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 * Himachal Pradesh locator map.svg

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 * Languages of Himachal Pradesh.jpg

Infobox Montage
The montage in the infobox needs an overhaul. It has seen major changes in the last few months (one such, admittedly, made by me). The current one doesn't seem very representative, and uses some bad quality images. I'll try and improve it, using featured and quality images as far as possible. Leaving this here for any objections since the montage has been changed several times. UnpetitproleX (talk)

This is the montage that I've come up with. It includes: However, I believe that there's still room for improvement. Please suggest changes that you believe could make it better. UnpetitproleX (talk) 02:07, 14 April 2022 (UTC) Updated UnpetitproleX (talk) 21:47, 19 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Two featured pictures: Shimla and Key Monastery; and a WP:POTD on Odia wiki: Kinner Kailash
 * Three Quality images: Dharamsala stadium, Bhimakali temple and Tosh (Paravati valley)
 * Has symmetry, which I believe makes it much more visually pleasing.
 * Actually includes three structures (HPCA stadium, Key Gompa and Bhimakali temple) instead of just pictures of mountains, as representative for the architectural styles and cultures of the people of the state rather than monotony of just the natural environment and topographical features of the earlier version.
 * I've kept the Kalpa image from before and replaced the Khajjiar one with a better Khajjiar picture.

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 * Himachal Pradesh Flag, India.png

Infobox replacement
The Infobox settlement used on this page is going to be replaced with Infobox Indian state or territory as per the Proposal and Consensus of RFC. Any questions/suggestions? Discuss Here.

You can also contribute by replacing Infobox settlement with Infobox Indian state or territory on other pages, or by improving this one. Tojoroy20 (talk) 07:57, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Replaced — Tojoroy20 (talk) 21:14, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Himachal Pradesh


text:
Talk:URJ Kutz Camp

I added the previous logo (pre-2005) because the only version of the new logo I could find was a header. If anyone finds a good copy of the new logo as seen here, feel free to upload/update it. Thanks! --Hersch 19:05, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

I was a NFTY Leadership Academy camper (and JFTY/ NFTY-GER winter conclavee) in the 1990s and what I wrote was based on my memories. I invite other contributors to correct me wherever I'm wrong, update info, etc. - if you know about Kutz Camp, come on in an' write something! — Rickyrab | Talk 03:33, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:URJ Kutz Camp


text:
Calumet, Inc.

Calumet, Inc. (NASDAQ: CLMT) is a publicly traded U.S.-based company that was incorporated in 1919. It specializes in the manufacture of lubricating oils, solvents, waxes, packaged and synthetic specialty products, fuels and fuel-related products. The company operates 12 production, blending, and packaging facilities across North America. This includes locations in Princeton, Cotton Valley, and Shreveport, Louisiana; Burnham, Illinois; Dickinson, Texas; Muncie, Indiana; Karns City, Pennsylvania; and Great Falls, Montana. Calumet's specialized hydrocarbon products are distributed around the world to approximately 2,700 global customers.

Products
Calumet, Inc. is a producer of specialty hydrocarbon products. The company processes crude oil and other feedstocks into a wide variety of customized lubricating oils, solvents, waxes, synthetic lubricants, and other products. Calumet's specialty products are sold to domestic and international customers who purchase them primarily as raw material components for various industrial and consumer applications. Calumet also blends, packages, and markets specialty products through their Royal Purple, Bel-Ray, and TruFuel brands. Calumet's fuel products segment processes crude oil into a variety of fuel and fuel-related products, including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, asphalt, and others, and occasionally resells purchased crude oil to third-party customers. Calumet's portfolio includes:

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Gelled Hydrocarbons are essentially highly refined hydrocarbon products that are thickened into a gel using special polymer additives. The thickness varies according to which and how much polymer is introduced. Gelled hydrocarbons are used extensively in the cosmetics industry as thickeners for, among other products, lotions, shampoos and lip glosses.

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White Mineral Oils are used as a base emollient, lubricant, release agent, binder, or excipient in numerous product applications.

Waxes produced by Calumet include fully refined paraffin waxes, scale wax, slack wax, soft wax, unfinished and finished petrolatum, and microcrystalline waxes that are used for a wide variety of applications, including candles, boxboard saturation and coating, hot melt adhesives, and rubber and PVC processing. The company is one of the last remaining North American producers of these products.

Renewable Diesel products will be available from Calumet's Montana Renewables business beginning in 2022. These products, including diesel, gasoline and aviation fuel, are produced from renewable feedstocks such as oil seed crops and food waste byproducts.

Finished Lubricants and Chemicals are sold through Calumet's retail brands, including Royal Purple, Bel-Ray, and TruFuel.

Fuels including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.

Asphalt is produced at three different Calumet facilities, and is used for everything from road construction and repair to the production of roofing shingles.

Brands
Headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, Calumet, Inc. employs approximately 1,500 workers in North America. Calumet products are available in more than 90 countries, serving more than 3,000 corporate clients. Its products can be found under several brand names including, Bel-Ray, Orchex, Penreco, Royal Purple, TitanWax, and TruFuel.

Bel-Ray offers lubricants for (among others) the aerospace, automotive, steel, mining and textile industries. It also produces lubricants for motorcycles, ATVs, UTVs and other power sports vehicles.

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History
1919 Calumet Refining Company formed

1953 Princeton, Louisiana refinery constructed

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2006 Calumet listed on NASDAQ, becomes publicly traded company

2008 Calumet acquired Penreco

2012 Calumet acquired numerous companies, including Montana Refining Company; Royal Purple; and TruSouth Oil

2013 Among other acquisitions and developments, Calumet acquired Bel-Ray and broke ground on Dakota Prairie Refining, the first greenfield hydrocarbon processing facility built in the United States since 1976

2014 Listed in the Fortune 500 for the first time

2020 Expanded specialty wax business with acquisition of Paralogics

2022 Montana Renewables joins Calumet family

2024 Calumet converts from the MLP structure to a C-Corp

title: Calumet, Inc.


text: Category:Iran-related lists

title: Category:Iran-related lists


text:
Talk:Madhya Pradesh

Bhopal on map
In the map near the top of the page, Bhopal is in the wrong place. Believe it or not, the capital of Madhya Pradesh is actually IN Madhya Pradesh! :) However, I don't know how to edit a map. Troglo (talk) 07:31,

Gorakhpur ?
While writing an article about Narendra Hirwani, I found that according to the Cricinfo/Cricketarchive pages he was born in Gorakhpur, Madhya Pradesh. I have seen other sources which mention that he was born in *the* Gorakhpur in UP. CI/CA is probably in error here, but just to be on the safer side, wanted to confirm that there are no prominent towns or cities by that name in MP.

If you know any such place, please put in a word here. Thanks Tintin 11:11, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Gorakhpur is a township of Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh. burdak 09:59, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

What are people from MP Called??? madhya pradeshi —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.95.109.82 (talk) 10:05, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MPseal.gif
Image:MPseal.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:11, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Madhya Pradesh workgroup Addition
WP India with Madhya Pradesh workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Madhya Pradesh or one of its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the irrelavent categories to the article  --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 12:58, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Divisions of Madhya Pradesh
Till date we are known to the seven divisions in Madhya Pradesh as per official record. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.95.104.100 (talk) 15:17, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Majority Ethnic Group
Being more specific than just "Indo-Aryan", can anyone name the majority ethnic group(s) in Madhya Pradesh? --Maurice45 (talk) 15:32, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

No population figures?
It struck me as odd that there were no figures for the state´s population. The again, maybe I just over-read it. KoopaTroopa (talk) 19:48, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

'Common era' or 'Christian era'?
I have just reverted the changes made which converted 'Common era' notations (BCE and CE) for 'Christian era' notations (BC and AD) as per WP policy. This states:

 * AD and BC are the traditional ways of referring to these eras. CE and BCE are becoming more common in academic and some religious writing. No preference is given to either style.
 * Do not use CE or AD unless the date or century would be ambiguous without it (e.g. "The Norman Conquest took place in 1066" not 1066 CE or AD 1066). On the other hand, Plotinus was a philosopher living at the end of the 3rd century AD.
 * BCE and CE or BC and AD are written in upper case, unspaced, without periods (full stops), and separated from the year number by a space or non-breaking space (5 BC, not 5BC).
 * Use either the BC-AD or the BCE-CE notation, but not both in the same article. AD may appear before or after a year (AD 106, 106 AD); the other abbreviations appear after (106 CE, 3700 BCE, 3700 BC).
 * Do not change from one style to another unless there is substantial reason for the change, and consensus for the change with other editors.

Please note the last sentence which I have placed in bold and kindly remember that many non-Christians find the use of abbreviations standing for "Before Christ" (BC) and "Anno Domine" (AD = 'Year of our Lord') uncomfortable and even distasteful. In any case, many Christian scholars ageree that the dates are not really accurate in describing when Jesus was born - and are out of synch by several years. So please do not revert Common era notations unless the Christian era ones were used first in the article. Thank you, John Hill (talk) 00:26, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Major cities
Could we try to figure out here on the talk page some standard by which to judge which are the "Major Cities"? I'm tempted to just remove the whole section, because it seems to be generating a lot of unsourced changes, adding and removing various cities. I'm not sure we could every really get a policy compliant (i.e., based on reliable sources) version, so I'm not sure it should be there at all. However, if someone has some sort of source, or even if we could just agree, then I'd be fine with keeping it. Qwyrxian (talk) 08:21, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

Reliable sources
Such a big article and it has only selected reference which might be unreliable. I will try to add sources. Till that do not remove maintenance tag.-- 25 CENTS VICTORIOUS ☣ 10:30, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120516022406/http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0904/tab_104.pdf to http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0904/tab_104.pdf

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080035/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16 to http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16

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Semi-protected edit request on 12 December 2018
PerfectEditor181 (talk) 11:13, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. AntiCedros (talk) 11:33, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

chief minister edit
change the chief minister "vacant" to kamalnath

https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/kamal-nath-named-mp-cm.html

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections/congress-picks-kamal-nath-as-the-next-chief-minister-of-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/67077575.cms

https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/kamal-nath-madhya-pradeshs-news-cm-congress-announces-on-twitter/321698 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikiloverboy6676 (talk • contribs) 04:52, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

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Official flower
Information on state flower of Madhya Pradesh is not clear. The article reads 'White Lily' without a believable citation and shows picture of 'Butea'.

Mranmolv1 (talk) 07:04, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Possible OR
The edits by @Bhartiojha99 - https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhya_Pradesh&type=revision&diff=1027712389&oldid=1027598699&diffmode=source might be OR. Please verify. -- DaxServer (talk) 16:07, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

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 * Languages of Madhya Pradesh.jpg

 * What I think should be changed: It will add removed things that reverted by someone else.
 * Why it should be changed: Everyone will show the page and tell the information
 * References supporting the possible change (format using the "cite" button): N/A

Vikhyat Dubey Virat 4.0 (talk) 09:51, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. -- Asartea   Talk  |  Contribs  10:29, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 August 2021
The map of republic of India is not proper. In the shown image redclif line is violated

GK
3.Collect information of given states find out about their capital, language, food and festivals. • Madhya Pradesh 139.5.242.194 (talk) 07:16, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

Infobox replacement
The Infobox settlement used on this page is going to be replaced with Infobox Indian state or territory as per the Proposal and Consensus of RFC. Any questions/suggestions? Discuss Here.

You can also contribute by replacing Infobox settlement with Infobox Indian state or territory on other pages, or by improving this one. Tojoroy20 (talk) 21:18, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Replaced — Tojoroy20 (talk) 20:46, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Madhya Pradesh


text:
User talk:Azazell0

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Phroziac (talk) 19:06, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Category:Organic compounds
Hello, are you sure it is useful or necessary to fill this category with individual compounds? You want to put there every organic compound ? Maybe we should then consider creating new categories like "things" or so. I think it would be better if category "Organic compounds" would contain subcategories like hydrodarbons, esters, alkaloids, ... and the individual compounds would be sorted by these subcategories only. What do you think about it? Mykhal 02:14, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I was about to say something similar. All those alkaloids you have placed in this category are organic by definition. JFW | T@lk  11:50, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * A category is not only for browsing purposes, the category links themselves may contain useful information, too. For example, some layman may not know that caffeine, in fact, is an organic compound. (That's right.) So my stance is to include every organic molecule in the organic compounds category, but, of course, in its appropriate subcategories as well. However, if you like it so, let's do it your way - after all, you're more experienced in Wikipedia's editing customs. But that means we need to purge organic compounds from all specific molecules, since everything can be assigned to some subcategory. I'm just looking for some sort of uniformity here. (By the way, there were a few alkaloids, like dihydroquinine or dihydroquinidine which were assigned to organic compounds only.) -- Azazell0 13:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Categories do not serve the purpose you are using them for. They are for classification, not for giving information. If a molecule is an organic compound, this should be made clear in the article text. By the way, why would a reader be so desperate to learn whether a compound is organic or not? JFW | T@lk  16:05, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * PS it is accepted policy that articles should not be in a parent and a subcategory at the same time, unless there are strong overriding arguments. JFW | T@lk

 * OK - you convinced me. After all, I'm a beginner. I'll take back the changes I made, and in the future will follow these rules, too. Do you agree with the second part of my last post?

 * By the way, maybe this is the page for all organic compunds?

Yeah, that is the main list (although probably incomplete). As for dihydroquinine or dihydroquinidine, you may have spotted correctly that these should really be in the "alkaloids" category.

Category contains more information on the category system. Sometimes things aren't really clear-cut. Please leave a message on my talk page if you need any further help. JFW | T@lk  11:04, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Hi, thanks for contributing to the alkaloids sone helpful short pieces, such as hygrine - we need knowledgable chemists such as yourself contributing. I for one particularly appreciate you updating the list of organic compounds with your new entries. I would encourage you to look at the chemicals wikiproject, too. Keep up the good work, Walkerma 15:57, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Wikiproject Actors and Filmakers
Hey see my proposals at WikiProject Council/Proposals and the main WP Film and Biography talk page. Know anybody who is interested? Actors and all film people articles need a body on wikipedia to upkeep them asthey need more focus -it would be a part of Biogrpahy and Film. If you are interested or know somebody who would be, please let them know and whether you think it is a good progession for the project or not. Please leave your views at the council or biogrpahy main talk page. THanks ♦ Sir Blofeld ♦  "I've been expecting you" 14:48, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

All files in category Unclassified Chemical Structures listed for deletion
One or more of the files that you uploaded or altered has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it/them not being deleted. Thank you.

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of MGA73 (talk) at 17:38, 28 November 2011 (UTC).

ArbCom elections are now open!
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Azazell0


text:
Yes to Everything

Yes to Everything is a 2005 album by Canadian alternative rock band 54-40. This was the first 54-40 album recorded with the band's new guitarist, Dave Genn (former guitarist of Matthew Good Band). The album was recorded at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver using former Midnight Oil and Matthew Good producer Warne Livesey.

Track listing

 * 1) "Easy to Love" – 3:48
 * 2) "Can't Get Enough" – 3:58
 * 3) "Golden Sun" – 4:35
 * 4) "Stop Line" – 6:05
 * 5) "This Is Here, This Is Now" – 4:21
 * 6) "All About Love" – 3:12
 * 7) "Blue Plate Special" – 3:44
 * 8) "Beautiful Self" – 3:38
 * 9) "Calling You Out" – 3:00
 * 10) "Another Kiss" – 3:06
 * 11) "On the Road Home" – 3:58

title: Yes to Everything


text:
File:Leaving Here (song).jpg

Cover of Motorhead song single "Leaving Here". Alf 19:06, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: File:Leaving Here (song).jpg


text:
User talk:NDM

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Phroziac (talk) 19:07, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:NDM


text: User talk:12.150.177.2

title: User talk:12.150.177.2


text:
File:Dontueva.jpg

Licensing
Cover art for the Don't U Eva single by Sarah Blasko.

title: File:Dontueva.jpg


text: File:Leaving Here (song) A.jpg

title: File:Leaving Here (song) A.jpg


text:
Talk:Answering machine

Additions
Other than the 70's song mentioned near the end of the article, there is no indication of when answering machines and their respective storage mediums started appearing. I don't have this information, but it would certainly be a start to cleaning up this article.

In particular, when did cassette-based answering machines -- whether single or dual -- appear? When did they become mass-marketed or widely available? What did they cost at first appearance, and how quickly did their cost structure make them broadly affordable? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.169.38.21 (talk) 22:19, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

Answering machines in fiction & film
Often when the police are seen investigating a murder they find an important clue on the answering machine.

No verifying links. How can we say this? NPOV, people. 141.222.213.5 19:08, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

In German detective TV shows, the police often check who the victim last called. They don't check answering machines that often, though. J I P | Talk 17:25, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

What about Cheaper by the Dozen, when they all try to record an answering message, but are cut off before all of them can finish? (Near the end, however, they do finish it.) --Yeah, it's me again. 22:31, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Early use in the movies, Kiss Me Deadly (1955). Not sure whether this is a particular brand or something made up for the film. Verne Equinox (talk) 17:59, 6 September 2021 (UTC)

History
According to history as I recall, Benjamin Thornton was the first one to invent the answering Machine in 1935, not Willy Muller. There seems to be no info on Wikipedia about Benjamin Thornton yet elsewhere online and in the libraries. Surprisingly, Benjamin Thornton was African-American, and like most African-Americans, they are discredited for their contributions to society. You look up a about Thomas Edison, you'll find a lot of info about that Caucasian male and his inventions. This article is misinforming and needs revision.

Source: http://inventors.about.com/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dew3 (talk • contribs) 23:20, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I removed this citation because it didn't support the statement in the article which was specifically the invention (and patent) of a digital answer machine.Calltech (talk) 22:28, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Willy Mueller in Switzerland invented the device *independently* from Benjamin Thornton, but at about the same time. You have to realise that they probably just filed patents at their local offices, and lines of knowledge and communication between countries over an entire ocean in the 1930s are not what they are now. 91.85.186.195 (talk) 13:42, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

(What a pitiful article!) Standard-sized cassettes were used, in about the 1970's -- one for incoming and one for outgoing messages. (The outgoing msg cassette was sometimes a special "continuous loop" version, that did not have to be re-wound; a very short loop, about one minute.) The cassettes would eventually wear out and have to be replaced, but the contents survived power failures well, and the cassette could be swapped out to save a message long-term. Cheaper models were developed that used just one cassette: the outgoing msg was stored at the beginning of the tape, and the incoming msgs were tacked on at the end. This system adds a delay between the time the outgoing msg is played and the time an incoming msg can be recorded -- the delay grows longer and longer as more incoming msgs are added. Smaller versions used mini-cassettes or micro-cassettes instead of standard sized.

There were some hybrid systems that used solid state memory for the outgoing msg, but magnetic tape for recording the incoming msgs. Before flash memory was common, this volatile memory would require battery backup, or be lost in a power outage.

By 2000 solid state memory was so common that magnetic tape was being phased out. But most such systems offered only a limited amount of built-in memory, typically about 20 minutes of total recording time, less than typical cassette systems. The use of simple home or office stand-alone answering equipment became less popular, as centralized voice-mail functions were often purchased from telephone service providers, and business PBXs became more computerized and included this function.

A proper modern stand-alone answering machine would include a moderate amount of internal flash memory for incoming and outgoing msgs, and offer USB and/or memory card slots for augmenting the incoming msg memory. It would use standard FAT formatting, so that the modular external memory msgs could be easily transferred and copied by computer. But does such equipment actually exist? They have become so cheap and common that there seems little competition to offer better features.-69.87.193.240 18:45, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Symbian based smartphones can have answering machine functionality. (and also ability to record ordinary calls)(at least here most software generates beeps every 5 sec). These devices usually have memory card slot. -Yyy 15:04, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Kiss Me Deadly
Not sure if you want to add this but there is a 1955 Film called Kiss Me Deadly where the protagonist is seen using an answering machine in his apartment several times. Perhaps someone could add a screen shot of it. (I Dan tha Man I (talk) 03:51, 11 July 2015 (UTC))

Commercial Links Allowed
Under the list of links right above references is this: Novelty Greetings for Telephone Answering Machines  which sends the reader to a commercial site from which novelty greetings can be purchased. I'm not certain about the rules, but is that allowed? It feels an awful lot like an advertisement placement and I'm pretty sure you guys don't like that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.142.90.206 (talk) 14:20, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Comments and questions
Hi, y'all. I find the image of the packaged cassette tape to look shabby. If you concur, please add a photo request to this page.

Additionally, it is necessary to mention the brand name in the other image? Too promotional? Cheers! 00:54, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Answering machine


text:
LLL

LLL may refer to:

Businesses and organisations

 * L3 Technologies, an American defense contractor formerly with the NYSE stock symbol LLL
 * La Leche League, an organization that promotes breastfeeding

Education

 * LL.L (Legum Licentiatus), a degree in civil law at various Canadian universities (especially in Québec)
 * Lifelong learning
 * Lambda Lambda Lambda, a co-ed fraternity

Entertainment

 * Leisure Suit Larry in the Land of the Lounge Lizards, the first of a series of video games
 * Love's Labour's Lost, a comedy by William Shakespeare
 * Landau, Luckman, and Lake, a fictional holding company in Marvel Comics
 * LLL, the production code for the 1972 Doctor Who serial The Sea Devils
 * "L. L. L.", a 2015 song by Myth & Roid
 * "Loo Loo Land", a 2020 episode of Helluva Boss

Military units

 * Loyal Lusitanian Legion, a foreign volunteer corps of the British Army, that fought in the Peninsular War

Religion

 * Lutheran Laymen's League, also known as Lutheran Hour Ministries, a Christian outreach ministry
 * "Lunatic, Liar, or Lord", a common summary of Lewis's trilemma, a theological argument from C. S. Lewis

Science, technology, computing

 * Low-level programming language, such as machine code or assembly
 * Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovász lattice basis reduction algorithm, a polynomial time lattice reduction algorithm
 * Lowest Landau level, wave functions in quantum mechanics
 * Lovász local lemma, a lemma in probability theory
 * Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, now known as Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, a scientific research laboratory in the United States
 * One of the programming languages used in Ethereum

title: LLL


text:
Talk:Bus enthusiast

Vfd results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was merge into bus spotting; this merge has been completed. For details, please see Votes for deletion/Bus enthusiast. -- BD2412 talk 19:09, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bus enthusiast


text: Category:No frills

title: Category:No frills