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Noodles & Company

Noodles & Company is an American fast-casual restaurant that offers international and American noodle dishes in addition to soups and salads. Noodles & Company was founded in 1995 by Aaron Kennedy and is headquartered in Broomfield, Colorado. The company went public in 2013 and recorded a $457 million revenue in 2017. In mid-2022, there were 458 Noodles & Company locations across 31 states.

Origins
The idea for Noodles & Company was conceived by former Pepsi marketing executive Aaron Kennedy, after eating at Mamie's Asian Noodle Shop in Greenwich Village, New York. He felt there were not enough restaurants that served noodle dishes, which are a staple for many international foods. Kennedy started developing recipes out of his mother-in-law's kitchen with the future COO, Joe Serafin, and head chef, Ross Kamens, in 1994.

Kennedy raised $72,000 ($ in dollars) in personal funds and $200,000 ($ in  dollars) in investments from 24 friends and family members. The first Noodles & Company was opened in October 1995, in the Cherry Creek neighborhood of Denver, Colorado. Kennedy was joined by partner and real estate developer Tom Weigand, whom he had met at Augustana College. They opened a second location in Madison, Wisconsin, the following March.

Early history
In the first three months, Noodles & Company lost $42,000 ($ in dollars), and almost went out of business in 1996 after a reporter with the Wisconsin State Journal published a negative review. The reviewer said Noodles & Company was "a killer idea" but "criticized nearly every dish he'd tried". The Denver Post and other newspapers had published similar reviews. In response, Kennedy started a "Redefine Noodles & Company" campaign "to redefine and refine nearly every aspect of the operation".

In mid-1996, the management team went to Chicago to observe other noodle restaurants and, the night of their return, the basement flooded at the Madison location. The next day, Kennedy made a list of 15 areas for improvement. Rocky Mountain News said: "the team completely revamped the Noodles concept, overhauling the menu, the prices, the decor and more. It worked." The restaurant implemented a warmer color scheme. Steam tables to keep food warm were replaced with saute lines to cook each dish as it is ordered. Two new managers were hired and an executive chef re-worked the menu. According to Inc. Magazine, within sixty days "the food had improved dramatically".

Growth
From 1996 to 2000, Noodles & Company's revenues grew from $330,000 ($ in dollars) to $13 million ($ in  dollars). Local food critics in many cities began naming Noodles & Company as the best fast-food restaurant in the city, and it was frequently listed as a "company to watch". It won a Hot Concept! award from Nation's Restaurant News. $1 million ($ in dollars) in stock was sold in 1998, which was followed by a $2.5 million ($ in  dollars) round of funding and a $5 million round in 2000. ($ in dollars)

The restaurant had 37 locations in 2002, 65 in 2003, and 142 by 2007. The company started franchising in 2003 and by 2007, 22 of its stores were franchises. The restaurants were redesigned in 2004 with lighter colors, new packaging, a greater emphasis on carryout orders and a floorplan that emphasized an open kitchen, where the saute line was visible to customers.

According to Rocky Mountain News, the company was growing "so fast that it has had to move every two years". In 2006, its headquarters were moved from Boulder to Broomfield, Colorado. The company's founder, Aaron Kennedy, stepped down from his position as CEO that same year and was replaced by Kevin Reddy. The number of Noodles & Company locations grew threefold from the beginning of the financial crisis of 2007–08 to 2013, reaching 339 locations.

Recent history

In 2010, a majority interest in Noodles & Company was acquired by an investment group led by Catterton Partners. In January 2013, bankers told the Financial Times that Noodles & Company was scouting for underwriters for an initial public offering (IPO). Two months later, the intent for a public offering was confirmed with a filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for $75 million in stock. Around this time, the company had reached 339 locations, 51 of which were franchises, and $300.4 million in revenues. Within a day following Noodles & Company's IPO on June 27, the stock price doubled. Fast Company and The Daily Beast called it "the hottest IPO of the year" and compared it to Chipotle's IPO.

On November 16, 2015, Noodles & Company announced that it had pulled out of Central Texas, closing all five of its locations in the Austin area. Restaurants in a handful of other cities had closed or were planned to close within the coming weeks, including locations in Lubbock and the Washington, D.C., area, according to published reports. Ultimately, 16 locations were closed by the end of the year.

On July 25, 2016, in Alexandria, Virginia, two Noodles & Company employees refused to serve a uniformed police officer. The officer left the restaurant and reported the incident, which gained regional news coverage. The company issued an apology and terminated the employees involved in the incident.

In 2017, the company planned to close 55 underperforming restaurants, but also planned to open 14 to 17 new locations. It also launched a pilot test in the Colorado Springs and Kansas City markets. The test included a new name, Noodles World Kitchen, as well as new menu items, customizations, rapid pick-up service, and a rewards program.

Menu and restaurants
Noodles & Company offers international and American noodle dishes, as well as soups, salads, and pasta. It also sells baguettes and desserts like Rice Krispies Treats.

Originally, most pasta entrees came vegetarian with optional protein toppings such as tofu, chicken, beef or shrimp. In 2017, menu items started being marketed and featured with specific proteins, increasing the menu prices. For example, the Buffalo Chicken Mac can be ordered with another protein for nearly the same cost (depending on the protein) or no protein for a lesser cost.

Customers order at the counter and are served at their table, usually within five to seven minutes. The average check is approximately $8 per person. The restaurants use soft lighting, furniture made from recycled bamboo and have bench seating and community tables. Orders can be made online for dine-in or to-go, with the majority of locations offering curbside pickup and select locations offering drive-up lanes for pickup.

Seasonal items were first introduced to supplement the menu in 2002. Two years later, noodle-less entrees were added in response to the trend for low-carb diets. The following year it introduced a whole-grain Tuscan fettuccine. Naturally raised pork was added as a meat option in 2012. Three seasonal items and a gluten-free fusilli were added in April 2013.

In 2015, Noodles & Company debuted customizable kids' meals.

Sometime between July 2016 and October 2016, sandwiches were quietly removed from the Noodles website, with the last web snapshot that recorded the inclusion of sandwiches on the menu having occurred at the end of that July.

Although they offer gluten-free and vegan options, they warn that cross-contamination may occur.

Advertising
From 1997 to 2002, Noodles & Company sponsored outdoor and print ads. By 2002 it had a $1.3 million advertising budget and began airing ads on major television networks. Afterwards, in the early 2000s, the company reduced its advertising resources, before a rebranding effort that started in 2008.

The slogan "Your World Kitchen" was introduced in 2013. The largest component of Noodles & Company's advertising is in outdoor ads like billboards, but it also invests in radio, digital media and news sites. The billboards emphasize the global cuisine. One points to a parking lot and says "Recipes imported from more countries than these cars."

Operations and franchises
Many Noodles & Company restaurants are owned and operated by Noodles & Company Incorporated, but some are operated in a franchise model. Franchise locations are operated by an independent franchisee that is trained by Noodles & Company and uses the same menu, pricing and branding as corporate-owned stores. As of 2010, the average Noodles & Company store generated more than $1 million in annual revenue, with a profit of 21 percent. Takeout orders account for approximately 25 percent of revenues. According to Inc. Magazine, Noodles & Company is more selective in franchise partners than other franchise-based restaurants, and has a higher ratio of corporate-owned stores than most franchising restaurants.

title: Noodles & Company


text:
Tonga national rugby league team

The Tonga national rugby league team (timi līki ʻakapulu fakafonua ʻa Tonga) represents Tonga in rugby league football. They are currently the fifth ranked team in the world. The team was formed to compete in the 1986 Pacific Cup, and have competed at six Rugby League World Cups, starting in 1995 and continuing consecutively until the most recent tournament. Their best result was at the 2017 Rugby League World Cup, where they were semi-finalists.

Formerly administered by the Tonga National Rugby League, the team is now in a state of limbo with administration. They wear a predominantly red uniform with white sides and are associated with the phrase Mate Ma'a Tonga (English: Die for Tonga). They are coached by Australian Kristian Woolf, and captained by Addin Fonua-Blake.

History
Rugby league first gained attention in Tonga when the Pacific Cup was partially held in the country during 1986. After this initial exposure to the Tongan people several clubs began to form or switch from rugby union to rugby league and by 1988 the nation had enough depth in their player pool to begin playing national fixtures and entered the 1988 Pacific Cup competition held in Apia, Samoa. During that Pacific Cup the Tongans played in three fixtures winning a sole match while losing the other two, with their first international victory coming against the American Samoa side a match that ended 38–14.

Over the next two years the national side sporadically played international fixtures but it was not until the 1992 Pacific Cup when they again began playing with some regularity. At the 1992 Cup competition the side showed significant improvement on their previous inaugural cup effort with victories over, , and the New Zealand Maori. This run of victories earned them a place in the final of the 1992 Pacific Cup against the Western Samoan side but they eventually lost a close fought match by four points 18–14. The following tournament two years later saw the Tongan side show further improvement with several comfortable victories again earning them a spot in final of the Pacific Cup this time against the Fijians who had never defeated the Tongans at that time. The Mate Ma'a were again victorious over Fiji 34–11 and claimed their maiden Pacific Cup title.

During 1995 Tonga qualified for their first World Cup and were seeded in the strong group B with both and. They narrowly lost to the New Zealand team by a single point and earned a draw against Papua New Guinea. The next four years saw the Tongan side appear in a further Pacific Cup in 1997 and then qualify for the 2000 World Cup with comfortable victories over, and. Prior to appearing at the 2000 competition the Tongans arranged a friendly fixture against the New Zealand side but lost 74–0.

After the heavy defeat to New Zealand their next international fixture was during their second World Cup where the Tongans were again placed in a group with, again, and. Tonga faced South Africa in their first match of the tournament where they won 66–18, however they lost to both France and Papua New Guinea meaning the Tongans again failed to make it past the first stage of the tournament.

The Pacific Cup saw the Tongans again qualify for the tournament final with victories over both the Cook Islands and Fiji but the side suffered defeat at the hands of neighbouring Samoa 51–18. 2006 saw the Tongan side re-enter the Pacific Cup where again they performed strongly qualifying for their second consecutive final where this time they reversed their previous effort with a strong victory over Fiji 22–4 giving them their second Pacific Cup title. 2006 continued to be a busy year of international fixtures for the Tongans which saw them gain qualification into the 2008 World Cup after they finished top of their Pacific group ahead of the Cook Islands, Fiji and Samoa and then defeat the Samoans 18–10 in the qualifying final. They also entered the inaugural Federation Shield competition along with England, France and Samoa and eventually finish second. England to face Tonga in League final to the English in the final 32–14 after they had defeated both France and Samoa.

In April 2013, Tonga took on in the '2013 Pacific Rugby League Test' at Penrith Stadium. The International was created as a World Cup warm-up match. Tonga beat Toa Samoans by 36–4.

Tonga automatically qualified for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup after participating in the 2008 tournament. They took on, and the  in the pool stage. In their first match they took on 'the Scots'. It was a tight and intense rugby league battle, but Scotland won 26–24. Tonga then went on and beat 'the Kukis', 22–16, and Italy, 16–0, but it wasn't enough. Scotland finished the group stage unbeaten, sealing their place in the quarter-final and ending Tonga's World Cup campaign in the process.

In May 2015, Tonga took on in the 2015 Polynesian Cup at Cbus Super Stadium. The International was part of a triple header which also included the Melanesian Cup, between Papua New Guinea and Fiji, and the Junior Kangaroos against the Junior Kiwis. Samoa beat Mate Ma'a Tonga to win the Polynesian Cup by 18–16.

In October 2015, Tonga took on the in the Asia-Pacific elimination play-off to determine which of the two Asia-Pacific nations qualified for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. After a tight first half, Mate Ma'a Tonga went on win the match scoring 16 points within the last 20 minutes of the game.

In May 2016, Tonga took on in the 2016 Polynesian Cup at Pirtek Stadium. The International was part of a triple header which also included the Melanesian Cup, between Papua New Guinea and Fiji, and the Junior Kangaroos against the Junior Kiwis. The match resulted in a 12-point defeat to Samoa in the 2016 Polynesian Cup.

Tonga fielded its strongest ever team at the 2017 World Cup after Jason Taumalolo and Andrew Fifita chose to represent their Tongan heritage rather than their respective birthplaces, and. At the time, they were considered to be among the best forwards in the world. Both players cited a desire to honour family and strengthen the Tongan team as motivating factors for their defections, while Taumalolo's relationship with Tonga head coach Kristian Woolf was also acknowledged.

In addition, Manu Maʻu declined a likely position in the New Zealand squad, while David Fusitu'a, Solomone Kata, Tuimoala Lolohea, and Sio Siua Taukeiaho dismissed any possibility of a New Zealand re-call in order to represent Tonga. Michael Jennings also committed himself to Tonga after declining an opportunity to represent.

Tonga quickly became the most heavily backed team in the World Cup, dropping from $81 odds to $17. Entering into the tournament as the 11th ranked team in the world, Tonga comfortably won their opening two group matches, outclassing 50–4 and  32–18. In their third and final group match, Tonga upset New Zealand 28–22 after trailing 16–2 at half-time. This marked the first time since the introduction of the tiered-nation system that a tier-two team defeated a tier-one team, and the first time since  defeated  18–16 in 1995 if applied retroactively. Tonga beat 24–22 in a hard-fought quarter-final, and then lost 18–20 to England in the semi-final. England were leading 20–0 with 8 minutes remaining until Tonga scored three tries in quick succession, however, a contentious refereeing decision in the last seconds of the game denied them scoring a fourth try and progressing to the World Cup final.

After Tonga's semi-final against England, which was attended by King Tupou VI, 29 November 2018 was declared a public holiday in Tonga as Mate Ma'a Tonga Day and the entire Tongan squad was invited to the Royal Palace. Every player was honoured as Knight Commander of the Most Illustrious Order of Queen Sālote Tupou III for their contribution to sports. At the conclusion of the tournament, Tonga jumped to 4th in the RLIF world rankings.

After the tournament, several players publicly reaffirmed their allegiance to the Tongan team as the media speculated whether they would return to their tier-one nations, assuming they were to be welcomed back. Addin Fonua-Blake also announced his intention to represent Tonga after playing for New Zealand at the World Cup, commenting "I really enjoyed my time with the Kiwis but it just didn't feel like home." As a consequence, New Zealand's squad for their match against England on 24 June 2018 contained just one Tongan-eligible player, Dallin Watene-Zelezniak, who reportedly pledged his loyalty to the Kiwis to honour his great-grandfather Puti Tipene Watene, the first Māori to captain the side.

Tonga faced for the first time ever on 20 October 2018, losing 34–16.

On 22 June 2019, Tonga faced New Zealand again at Mount Smart Stadium as part of the 2019 Oceania Cup. The Kiwis won 34–14 in a dominant display. After the NRL season ended, Tonga played against the touring on 26 October, winning 14–6 at Waikato Stadium in Hamilton. This was Great Britain's first match after a twelve-year hiatus. The following week at Auckland's Eden Park, Tonga faced the Australia in an Oceania Cup match. Tonga stunned the world number one nation, winning 16–12, their best win in their history.

This match was labelled one of the greatest upsets in rugby league history, marking the first time Australia had lost to a tier 2 nation since 1978. Jason Taumalolo rated the win above his 2015 NRL Grand Final victory with the North Queensland Cowboys.

Tonga competed at the 2021 Rugby League World Cup in England, having qualified automatically as semi-finalists of the 2017 tournament. The tournament was delayed until 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The team won all three group games, before falling 18-20 against Samoa in a 'classic' quarter-final that was lauded for its 'athleticism, power and superb ball-handling skills'.

Kit supplier
Tonga's kit suppliers are ISC since 2018. Classic (1995 RLWC), Mitre (2000 RLWC), Kombat (2004–2005), KooGa (2006–2012) and FI-TA (2013–2018) were previous suppliers. As of 2019, the current kit supplier is Dynasty Sport.

Coaching Staff
Also see Category:Tonga national rugby league team coaches.

Current squad
The Tongan squad for the 2023 Tonga rugby league tour of England. The squad was announced on 4 October 2023. Jersey numbers in the table are those used in the Third Test against England. Statistics in this table are compiled from the website, Rugby League Project, and are up to 5 November 2023, including the Third Test.

Notable former players
Since rugby league was introduced to the nation of Tonga in 1986 many players of Tongan birth or heritage have gone on to attain notability by participating in NRL or Super League, or both. Additionally many Tongan heritage players have represented other nations (mainly Australia or New Zealand) in addition to Tonga.

A list of seventeen former notable Tongan heritage players below that have played in NRL & Super League all played internationally for Tonga, with twelve of them also having played for other nations.

Records

 * Bold- denotes that the player is still active.

Competitive Record
The following table underneath shows Tonga's all-time rugby league results record. Matches include those played as the Tonga Invitational XIII side. They have been participating in International fixtures since 1986.

Honours

 * Pacific Cup: 2
 * 1994, 2006

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tonga national rugby league team


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KWID

KWID (101.9 FM, "La Buena 101.9") is a commercial radio station that is licensed to Las Vegas, Nevada. The station is owned by Lotus Communications and broadcasts a Spanish-language adult hits format. The KWID studios are located in the unincorporated community of Spring Valley in Clark County and its transmitter is on Black Mountain in Henderson.

Prior to the use of the call letters in Las Vegas, there was an unrelated shortwave radio station called KWID during World War II. Based in San Francisco, the original KWID was commissioned by the federal government to reach an international audience. It served as the basis for what later became the Voice of America radio network.

Early years
The station at 101.9 FM in Las Vegas signed on in 1963 as KRGN with an easy listening format. It took its call sign from its owner, E. W. Cragin. The Gilday Broadcasting Company bought the station in 1968.

In 1974, the station changed its call sign to KFMS and flipped to an automated top 40 format branded "KFM 102". From 1978 to 1980, KFMS was an album-oriented rock outlet. On January 1, 1981, KFMS flipped to a country music format, retaining the "KFM 102" name.

Jacor/Clear Channel era (1997-2008)
In 1997, Jacor Communications purchased Regent Communications and its stations, including KFMS, for $184.7 million. Jacor subsequently was purchased by Clear Channel Communications in 1999.

On January 7, 2000, at 3 p.m., KFMS flipped to top 40 as "101.9 KISS-FM". KFMS simulcast KIIS-FM in Los Angeles, including Rick Dees' weekday morning program, while Buck Head from WFLZ-FM in Tampa hosted weeknights. The Buck Head Show was later syndicated back to KYSR (Star 98.7) in Los Angeles until he was eventually transferred to that market.

The grouping of KIIS-FM (102.7 FM) in Los Angeles, KIIS (1220 AM) in Santa Clarita, California, KAVS (97.7 FM) in the Antelope Valley, KYHT (105.3 FM) in Barstow/Victor Valley, and KFMS in Las Vegas created nearly continuous coverage of KIIS-FM between Los Angeles and Las Vegas. However, KFMS was branded as "KISS" instead of "KIIS".

Over time, KFMS began adding more local disc jockeys, including Kate and Rick Kelly from KQOL-FM (93.1 FM). After KYHT flipped to hot adult contemporary in 2001, KFMS discontinued its simulcast of KIIS-FM, adjusted its format to include more hip hop music, and added a local morning show hosted by Trejo and Nikki. The station continued to air the nationally syndicated Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 program.

In December 2002, 101.9 Kiss-FM signed off and KFMS began stunting for several days with a loop of "Welcome to the Jungle" by Guns N' Roses. In January 2003, the station debuted a rhythmic contemporary format with the branding "Wild 102" and the slogan "Where Hip Hop Lives"; the call letters changed to KWID. On November 15, 2004, KWID flipped to Mexican oldies as "La Preciosa 101.9".

Lotus era (2008-present)
In May 2008, Lotus Communications acquired KWID in a three-station swap with Clear Channel. In exchange for KZEP-FM in San Antonio, Lotus also received KBKO-FM in Bakersfield, California. The new owner changed KWID to a Spanish adult hits format, branded "La Buena 101.9".

title: KWID


text:
SEC Rule 10b-5

SEC Rule 10b-5, codified at, is one of the most important rules targeting securities fraud in the United States. It was promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), pursuant to its authority granted under § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The rule prohibits any act or omission resulting in fraud or deceit in connection with the purchase or sale of any security. The issue of insider trading is given further definition in SEC Rule 10b5-1.

History
In 1942, SEC lawyers in the Boston Regional Office learned that a company president was issuing pessimistic statements about company earnings while simultaneously purchasing the company's stock. Although the Securities Act of 1933 prohibited fraudulent sales of securities, no regulation existed at that time which would have precluded fraudulent purchases. Rule 10b-5, issued by the SEC under section 10(b) of the Exchange Act, was implemented to fill this regulatory void. The commissioners approved the rule without debate or comment, with the exception of Commissioner Sumner Pike who indicated approval of the rule by asking, "Well, we are against fraud, aren't we?"

Language of the rule
"Rule 10b-5: Employment of Manipulative and Deceptive Practices":

 * It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, by the use of any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce, or of the mails or of any facility of any national securities exchange,
 * (a) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud,
 * (b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or
 * (c) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security."

Elements of the offense
To establish a claim under Rule 10b-5, plaintiffs (including the SEC) must show (i) Manipulation or Deception (through misrepresentation and/or omission); (ii) Materiality; (iii) "In Connection With" the purchase or sale of securities, and (iv) Scienter. Private plaintiffs have the additional burden of establishing (v) Standing - Purchaser/Seller Requirement; (vi) Reliance (presumed if there was an omission); (vii) Loss Causation; and (viii) Damages.

These are roughly comparable to the elements of common law fraud, which are i) Deception; ii) Materiality; iii) with Intent to Cause Reliance; that iv) causes Actual Reliance; and v) Harm.

In a case for insider trading, anyone who uses insider information can be held liable. A tippee can be liable if the tipper breached a fiduciary duty and the tippee knew or had reason to know that the tipper was breaching the duty.

Deceit and reliance
Deceit can be in the form of an affirmative misrepresentation or of an omission of fact which, in context, makes other facts misleading.

Furthermore, for a private party to recover damages, they must be able to show that they were injured because they relied on the fraudulent claim. Alternately, fraud can occur through omission of a material fact, where the injured party does not have to prove reliance, because it is assumed to have occurred. If the defendant had publicly made a fraudulent statement, every investor could sue if it could be shown that the statement affected the market as a whole. This is the "fraud on the market" theory the Supreme Court enunciated in Basic Inc. v. Levinson. This "fraud on the market" presumption of the plaintiff's reliance upon the deceit is only available in situations (like in Basic) where the security is traded on a well organized and presumably efficient market. The same can be said for an omission of material information.

Forward-looking statements
Both the "bespeaks caution" doctrine and the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act offer protection for forward-looking statements if they are accompanied by cautionary language identifying specific factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statement and may be sufficient to absolve a defendant of liability. However, in Iowa Public Employees' Retirement System v. MF Global Ltd., the US Second Circuit Court of Appeals overturned a decision by the District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling that the "bespeaks caution" defense to securities disclosure claims applies exclusively to forward-looking statements and not to characterizations that communicate present or historical fact.

Materiality
In the case of TSC Industries, Inc. v. Northway, Inc., the word "material" was defined by the U.S. Supreme Court - "an omitted fact is material if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable shareholder would consider it important in deciding how to vote." There are four elements of materiality laid out in TSC: a fact must assume "actual significance" in the deliberations of a "reasonable shareholder" because the fact would have "significantly altered" the "total mix" of information available to that shareholder in making its decisions. Each of those elements is itself the subject of extensive litigation.

Scienter
Negligence is not sufficient for a claim under 10b-5; plaintiffs or prosecutors must show at least recklessness, purpose, or knowledge.

Standing
The purchaser/seller requirement is the requirement that, to bring an action under 10b-5, a private plaintiff must be either a buyer or a seller of the company's stock. Potential buyers who were defrauded into not buying stock may not bring a claim under 10b-5.

Loss causation and damages
To recover, plaintiffs must be able to show that the fraud proximately caused their losses. Standard damages in fraud cases are expectation or benefit of bargain damages.

Insider trading
To what extent Rule 10b-5 prohibits insider trading is a matter of some dispute. The SEC has long advocated an "equal access theory" with regard to 10b-5, arguing that anyone who has material, non-public information must either disclose that information or abstain from trading. However, the Supreme Court rejected the strongest version of that theory in Chiarella v. United States, holding a person with no fiduciary duty to the shareholders had no duty to disclose information before trading on it. In 1997, the Supreme Court has embraced a "misappropriation" theory of omissions, holding in United States v. O'Hagan that misappropriating confidential information for securities trading purposes, in breach of a duty owed to the source of that information, gives rise to a duty to disclose or abstain.

Enforcement
Both the SEC and private citizens can enforce the requirements of the rule through lawsuits. In Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores, the Supreme Court held that only purchasers or sellers of securities may bring a private action for damages under Rule 10b-5; however any member of the public may provide information to the SEC regarding possible violations of the federal securities laws.

SEC Rule 10b5-1
SEC Rule 10b5-1, codified at, was enacted as a regulation by the SEC in 2000. The SEC stated that Rule 10b5-1 was enacted in order to resolve an unsettled issue over the definition of insider trading, which is prohibited by SEC Rule 10b-5. In March 2023, in the first-ever indictment for insider trading based on an executive's use of a Rule 10b5-1 plan, the Department of Justice charged Terren Peizer with one count of engaging in a securities fraud scheme and two counts of securities fraud for insider trading. The SEC alleged that Peizer sold $20 million of Ontrak Inc. stock while he was in possession of material nonpublic negative information. Peizer was the CEO and chairman of Ontrak. In addition, the U.S. Department of Justice announced criminal charges of securities fraud against Peizer, charging that thereby he had avoided $12 million in losses; he was arrested. The case is assigned to the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California before U.S. District Judge Dale S. Fischer. If convicted, Peizer could face up to 65 years in prison.

title: SEC Rule 10b-5


text:
User talk:Tautvydas

Please try to discuss best fitting solution before engaging in revert war on Emilia Plater. There are enough of rules available on English Wikipedia to handle such situation. Pavel Vozenilek 01:16, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm trying, as you see can see firstly I wrote to the disccusion page, but Witkacy reverted without any explanation...

3 Revert Rule
Please refrain from undoing other people's edits repeatedly. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia under the three-revert rule, which states that nobody may revert an article to a previous version more than three times in 24 hours. (Note: this also means editing the page to reinsert an old edit. If the effect of your actions is to revert back, it qualifies as a revert.) Thank you. Thryduulf 22:28, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Baltijoskelias.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Baltijoskelias.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image copyright problem with Image:Cross_of_Vytis.jpg
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WP:LITH
Hello, maybe you will be interested in WikiProject Lithuania. Cheers, M.K. 10:19, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Just try and you will see how it works :) M.K. 21:52, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tautvydas


text:
User:Yijisoo~enwiki

Ji Soo Yi is an assistant professor at Purdue University, studying the combination of decision making and information visualization. Please visit his personal page to see more of his research.

title: User:Yijisoo~enwiki


text:
User talk:Bobak

Welcome to my talk page!

Please add new comments to the bottom of the page.

'''Something regarding my Photos? You're welcome to look/comment at my Photo Gallery's talk page.'''

title: User talk:Bobak


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The Spirit of St. Louis (film)

The Spirit of St. Louis is a 1957 aviation biography film in CinemaScope and Warnercolor from Warner Bros., directed by Billy Wilder, produced by Leland Hayward, and starring James Stewart as Charles Lindbergh. The screenplay was adapted by Charles Lederer, Wendell Mayes, and Billy Wilder from Lindbergh's 1953 autobiographical account of his historic flight, which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1954.

Along with reminiscences of his early days in aviation, the film's storyline largely focuses on Lindbergh's lengthy preparation for, and accomplishment of, his history-making transatlantic flight in the purpose-built Spirit of St. Louis high-wing monoplane. His takeoff begins at Roosevelt Field and ends 33 hours later on May 21, 1927 when he lands safely at Le Bourget Field in Paris. The film ends with actual newsreel footage of Lindbergh's ticker tape parade in New York.

Plot
On May 19, 1927, after waiting a week for the rain to stop on Long Island, New York, pilot Charles A. "Slim" Lindbergh tries to sleep in a hotel near Roosevelt Field before his transatlantic flight from New York to Paris. His friend Frank Mahoney guards his hotel-room door from reporters. Unable to sleep, Lindbergh reminisces about his time as an airmail pilot.

In a flashback sequence, Lindbergh lands his old de Havilland biplane at a small airfield to refuel on the way to Chicago. Despite bad weather, he takes off, unaware that heavy snow has closed the Chicago landing field. Lindbergh is forced to bail out in a storm after running out of fuel. Recovering mail from his crashed DH-4, he continues to Chicago by train. A suspender salesman tells him that two airmen just died competing for the Orteig Prize for the first nonstop flight from New York City to Paris.

Lindbergh calls Columbia Aircraft Corporation in New York from a small diner at the Lambert-St. Louis Flying Field. Quoted a price of $15,000 ($0 today) for a Bellanca high-wing monoplane, Lindbergh lobbies St. Louis financiers with a plan to fly the Atlantic in 40 hours in a stripped-down, single-engine aircraft. The backers are excited by Lindbergh's vision and dub the venture Spirit of St. Louis.

When the Bellanca deal falls apart because Columbia insists on selecting the pilot, Lindbergh approaches Ryan Airlines, a small manufacturer in San Diego, California. Frank Mahoney, the company's owner and president, promises to build a suitable monoplane in just 90 days. With Ryan's chief engineer Donald Hall, a design takes shape. To decrease weight, Lindbergh refuses to install a radio or other heavy equipment, even a parachute, and plans to navigate by "dead reckoning". With no autopilot function available, Lindbergh will not be able to sleep during the flight. With the deadline pressing, Ryan workers agree to work around the clock, completing the monoplane in just 62 days. However, by the time it is completed, Nungesser and Coli have begun their attempt, which is ultimately tragically unsuccessful.

Lindbergh flies The Spirit of St. Louis to New York, stopping at Lambert Field (St. Louis Lambert International Airport) on the way to show the aircraft to his investors. He prepares for the flight at Roosevelt Field, ensuring that 450 gallons of fuel is on board for the long flight. In the cramped cockpit, which does not allow direct forward view, the magnetic compass must fit above his head; a young woman offers her compact mirror, which is attached with chewing gum so that Lindbergh can read the compass. Mahoney secretly slips a Saint Christopher medal into a bag of sandwiches on board.

As the weather clears, The Spirit of St. Louis trundles down the muddy runway and barely clears electric lines and treetops. An American newspaper's headline reads: "Lindy Is Off!" Every hour, Lindbergh switches fuel tanks to keep the airplane's weight balanced. As he flies over Cape Cod, Lindbergh realizes that he has not slept in 28 hours. He recalls past times when he had slept on railroad tracks, short bunk beds, and under a windmill. When he begins to doze, he is awakened by a fly. Over Nova Scotia, he sees a motorcyclist below, remembering his own Harley-Davidson motorcycle that he had once traded as partial payment for his first aircraft, a World War I war-surplus Curtiss Jenny.

Over the seemingly endless Atlantic, Lindbergh remembers barnstorming across the Midwest in a flying circus. After 18 hours, ice forms on the wings and engine, and the aircraft begins losing altitude. Lindbergh changes course and the ice breaks off in the warmer air; the engine, which had stopped, is restarted. Back on course, his compasses begin malfunctioning, forcing him to navigate by the stars. By dawn, he falls asleep, and the monoplane slowly descends in a wide spiral toward the ocean. Sunlight reflecting off the compact's mirror finally awakens him in time to regain flight control.

Seeing a seagull, Lindbergh realizes that he is close to land. He tries without success to hail a fisherman below. Sighting land, he determines that he has reached Dingle Bay, Ireland. Pulling out a sandwich from a paper bag, Lindbergh discovers the hidden Saint Christopher medal and hangs it on the instrument panel. Crossing the English Channel and the coast of France, Lindbergh follows the Seine up to Paris as darkness falls.

Finally seeing the city lights ahead of him, Lindbergh approaches Le Bourget Airfield in the dark, becoming disoriented by panning spotlights aimed into the sky. He glimpses strange movements and lights below, in reality huge crowds of people and traffic in and around Le Bourget. Confused by this chaos, Lindbergh begins his landing approach, quickly becoming panicked. As he goes lower, he whispers "Oh, God, help me!"

Landing safely and bringing The Spirit of St. Louis to a full stop, Lindbergh is rushed by hordes of people while sitting in the plane. As flash powder ignites and photos are taken, Lindbergh is carried triumphantly on people's shoulders toward a hangar. An exhausted Lindbergh eventually realizes that the crowds, numbering 200,000, are cheering for him and his achievement. On returning to New York City, Lindbergh, having now become a national hero, is given a huge ticker tape parade, with four million people lining the parade route.

Cast

 * James Stewart as Charles Lindbergh
 * Murray Hamilton as Harlan A. "Bud" Gurney
 * Patricia Smith as Mirror Girl
 * Bartlett Robinson as Benjamin Frank Mahoney
 * Arthur Space as Donald A. Hall
 * Marc Connelly as Father Hussman
 * Charles Watts as O.W. Schultz
 * Aaron Spelling as Mr. Fearless (uncredited)
 * Richard Deacon as Charles A. Levine (uncredited)

Production
When production began in August 1955, Jack Warner offered the role of Lindbergh to John Kerr, who turned it down. Numerous sources indicate that Stewart was lobbying Warner Bros. executives for the role as early as 1954. Stewart did not take a salary for the role in return for a share of the gross. At age 47 when the film was shot, Stewart underwent a strenuous diet and regimen to more closely resemble the 25-year-old Lindbergh of 1927. Stewart (with hair bleached blond) was ultimately cast as Lindbergh, but his age was pointedly an issue in post-production reviews.

Stewart had a lifelong passion for aviation and Lindbergh's story. Later in his life, he recalled Lindbergh's famous flight as among the most significant events of his youth, one that led him to seek a career as an aviator. Like Lindbergh, Stewart had been an USAAF pilot, and both eventually retired from the U.S. Air Force Reserve at the grade of brigadier general.

To accurately depict the transatlantic flight, three replicas, at a cost of $1.3 million (equal to $0 million today), were made of the Spirit of St. Louis for the various filming units stateside, in Europe and in the studio. Stewart purchased a similar Ryan Brougham that was modified under Lindbergh's supervision. In 1959, Stewart donated the aircraft to the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. The second replica was donated to the San Diego Aerospace Museum but was destroyed in 1978 when a fire gutted the Electric Building in Balboa Park that housed the museum. The third replica is displayed in the Missouri History Museum in St. Louis.

Filming took place at the Santa Maria Public Airport in Santa Maria, California, at what is currently the site of Allan Hancock College. A non-flying replica for ground shots was also built, which currently hangs in the Minneapolis−Saint Paul International Airport. Aerial sequences were directed by Paul Mantz and were taken from a North American B-25 bomber converted as a camera platform for photography.

During pre-production in August 1955, a small film crew was sent to New York to shoot footage at Roosevelt Field on Long Island and later to film aerial sequences over the Appalachian Mountains in Nova Scotia and at St. John's, Newfoundland, recreating the initial stages of the transatlantic flight. Principal photography began on September 2, 1955, with filming taking place at L'aérodrome de Guyancourt, near Versailles, which would stand in for Le Bourget. Difficulties with Stewart's schedule led to the abandonment of aerial sequences that had been planned with Stewart actually flying one of the replicas over European locales. Ultimately, staged scenes using a mock-up on a sound stage had to suffice. The film's schedule was disrupted throughout the fall and only resumed in November when Stewart had completed two other films. The original 64-day schedule ballooned into a 115-day marathon, as weather and Stewart's unavailability hampered the production, with final sequences shot in March 1956. The film eventually cost $7,000,000.

Aaron Spelling appears as Mr. Fearless in an uncredited role that marks an early foray into acting.

Reception
The film garnered mixed reviews. When the movie premiered at the Radio City Music Hall, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised the "... exciting and suspenseful episodes" while noting that Stewart's performance as Lindbergh did not convey the human side well:"'We see very little of his basic nature, his home life or what makes him tick. As Mr. Stewart plays him, with his usual diffidence, he is mainly a type. That's too bad, for after all these years of waiting, it would be interesting if we could see what it was about the fellow that made him uniquely destined for his historic role."However, the film was commended for its special effects and Stewart's performance. Time in its 1957 review describes the actor's success in conveying on screen the public's perception of Lindbergh's feat three decades earlier:"Stewart, for all his professional, 48-year-old boyishness, succeeds almost continuously in suggesting what all the world sensed at the time: that Lindbergh's flight was not the mere physical adventure of a rash young 'flying fool' but rather a journey of the spirit, in which, as in the pattern of all progress, one brave man proved himself for all mankind as the paraclete of a new possibility."

The film opened at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on February 21, 1957 and helped set a Broadway record gross of $829,500 for Washington's Birthday week with its gross of $160,000 (also a record for Washington's Birthday).

Overall, early results had not been promising, and when put into general release on April 20, 1957, The Spirit of St. Louis was a box-office failure.

In recent years, the film has regained some of its luster, and a modern reevaluation has centered on the screenplay's characterization of Lindbergh and the methodical depiction of the preparations for the momentous flight. The Smithsonian Institution periodically screens the film as part of its "classic" series, and the DVD re-release in 2006, with remixed and digitized elements and a small number of special features, has evoked commentary such as "captivating" and "suspenseful".

Awards and honors
At the 1958 Academy Awards, Louis Lichtenfield earned a nomination for Best Special Effects.

The film was ranked #69 on the American Film Institute list AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers.

title: The Spirit of St. Louis (film)


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Susan Rook

Susan Rook (born c. 1961) is a journalist best known for her years as a CNN anchor and original host of CNN's Talkback Live.

Rook started anchoring overnight news cutins, then moved up to more visible anchor assignments: co-anchoring "Newsnight" with Patrick Emory and later PrimeNews and "Evening News" (later renamed to World News), co-anchoring with Bernard Shaw and later hosting the topical daily talk show TalkBack Live. Rook was one of the three panelists, along with Helen Thomas and Gene Gibbons, in the 3rd 1992 United States presidential election debate with then president George H. W. Bush and future president Bill Clinton. She was also a general assignment reporter in New Orleans and Ft Myers, FL before coming to CNN. She is a graduate of George Mason University

She originally turned down the offer to Anchor on CNN. She took the job after the News Director in New Orleans spiked her investigative story about political corruption. She turned the story over to Ron Ridenhour (an investigative reporter for City Business). Ridenhour was the soldier who sent the letter to Congress that sparked the investigation into the My Lai Massacre.

Early life
Susan Rook was born c. 1961 to Bill, a CIA psychologist, and Edie, a teacher; her brother Bill was born about a year earlier. She was homeschooled for much of her young life and skipped 6th and 12th grades. As a result, she was younger than normal when she began attending George Mason University.

Career
Rook was a reporter for WBBH-TV in Fort Myers, Florida, and WVUE-TV in New Orleans, Louisiana, before she was hired at CNN in 1987.

On October 19, 1992, Rook was a panelist, alongside Gene Gibbons of Reuters and Helen Thomas of UPI, for the third debate of the 1992 presidential election, hosted by Jim Lehrer of The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour on PBS.

Rook was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa, the National Leadership Honor Society at East Tennessee State University in 1994 as an honoris causa initiate.

At CNN, Rook co-hosted CNN PrimeNews with Bernard Shaw and was the host of Talkback Live from its inception in 1994.

Rook left CNN in 1997. She hosted a panel on education for the Republican Governors Association in November 1998.

Rook was a part of the coverage of the millennium celebrations for PBS in 1999–2000.

Personal life
Rook married Ed Turner, former executive vice president of CNN, in 1993. They divorced in 1994. Turner died of cancer in 2002.

Rook is a recovering alcoholic and drug addict.

title: Susan Rook


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Dingmans Ferry, Pennsylvania

Dingmans Ferry is an unincorporated community in Delaware Township, Pike County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of 2014, it had a population of just over 1,000 people. It was originally sited on the Delaware River, in an area now included in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. When the Corps of Engineers acquired the land by eminent domain in the mid-twentieth century for the creation of the proposed Tocks Island Dam project, it relocated the community further up the hill.

Local objections to the dam and purchasing of land willingly or by eminent domain had delayed the project for years, but preparations ended for certain when it was learned that the proposed dam site was on a fault line. When the dam project was cancelled, the National Park Service was tasked with managing the property for the Corps so far as public use was concerned. The land purchased by the Corps was converted to the Delaware National Recreation Area.

Nearby attractions include Factory Falls, Fulmer Falls, and Deer Leap Falls in Childs Recreation Area and Silverthread Falls and Dingmans Falls, all on Dingmans Creek. Dingmans Ferry is located at 41°13'North, 74°52'West.

Dingmans Ferry is now the name of the post office (ZIP Code 18328) that serves Delaware and Porter townships. The post office is located within the borders of Delaware Township. Delaware Township is governed by a Board of Supervisors; there is no mayor of Dingmans Ferry. The community is served by area codes 570 and 272.

The Dingmans Ferry Bridge is the last privately owned toll bridge on the Delaware River, and one of the few remaining in the country.

The Dingman's Ferry Dutch Reformed Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It was converted to a residence in 1957 but was not altered on the exterior, which had wooden columns modelled after Roman marble ones.

Dingman-Delaware Primary, Elementary and Middle Schools are located in the area.

Communities
Birchwood Lake Estates, New Marcel Lake Estates, Old Marcel Lake, Pocono Mountain Water Forest, Pocono Mountain Lake Forest, and Pocono mountain lake estates Wild Acres.

title: Dingmans Ferry, Pennsylvania


text: User talk:69.156.10.151

title: User talk:69.156.10.151


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Talk:Galactic Civilizations

Untitled
Guys- this wiki article absolutely sucks. It's waaaay too chatty and of totally the wrong tone for an encyclopedia. Remember this isn't that Star Wars Annual Fact Book you got for christmas when you were 10. - Kholint

I believe that there was also an earlier Galactic Civilizations that Stardock made for OS/2. If anyone know's much about this version, they ought to at least mention it briefly on the page.

 * There was indeed. I shall do that. Fortunately Brad is just a few cubes over so I can ask him direct. :-) GreenReaper 02:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Done! GreenReaper 04:50, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Re: Criticisms Removal
I am moving this section to talk. It's full of weasel words and original research (a la "some feel" (translation: I feel)), plus it ruins NPOV because there is no matching "Praises" section. Wikipedia is not a hobby-horse. -Kasreyn 09:21, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Copy of Removed Section: "Criticisms"
Some people have expressed some disappointments for GalCiv. While developers have defended many of these for varying reasons, many of the people with complaints feel that, no matter the reasoning, certain game aspects are simply wrong for the genre of game.

 * Computer enemies, while they do not cheat, know the locations of suitable worlds at the beginning of the game. While the player knows where stars are, they do not know where the best planets are located. As such, the player can oftentimes find him or herself outpopulated quickly, with little chance of effective recovery. However, this can be explained by the backstory: Humans have recently made contact with the alien races who have been spacefaring for millennia, and when the humans developed the hyperdrive, they lacked any knowledge of the outside universe while the other races have already thoroughly charted out much of it.

 * "Minor" races have been, through recent patches, improved considerably. While some enjoy the extra challenge, other players consider them too powerful for "minor" races. They have been reported to be immune to certain financial limits the player and other Major races suffer from; purchasing ships and improvements after they are broke, and expand into valuable living space extremely early. In Altarian Prophecy this was partially addressed, an option to disable and enable the "minor" races added into the game customization screen.

 * Shocking many turn-based fans, opponents in GalCiv act much more like rushers in the early-game. Instead of creating large amounts of weak units to attack early, GalCiv AIs modify their economy to quickly produce colony ships. Combined with them knowing where the greatest number of suitable worlds exist, some feel that this technique should remain in the realm of the player, not an already omnipresent AI.

Suggestions for improvement
For somebody who has the time and inclination (i.e. likes the game better than I do): Ham Pastrami 08:39, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Expand the gameplay section to describe how the player goes about colonizing planets and managing production, and how this affects the course of the game.
 * Summarize the information found in the Civilizations section to make it meaningful in terms of plot (because currently it is just fancruft). Then delete that section and add the plot summary to the Story section. I suggest using the Altarian Prophecy campaign as a starting point.

Umm..
..does anyone see any similarity to a certain other game? Not in terms of 4X, but concerning plot and terminology? I'm not saying its not a great game or even a rip-off, but shouldnt the obvious inspiration source be mentioned? --Echosmoke 14:13, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * See the same discussion at Talk:Galactic Civilizations II: Dread Lords. GreenReaper 14:24, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Altarian Prophecy
A separate article for the expansion pack, Altarian Prophecy, would be good, espescially since both expansion packs of GalCivII have their own articles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.234.163.130 (talk) 13:25, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Distinguishing the 1990s OS/2 versions
This article is a little confusing because it talks about the recent version of GalCiv from 2003 (or whenever), but has a note buried in the middle about the old OS/2 versions. It would be helpful if someone could differentiate between the a bit more in this article. And if it eventually expands to enough information to support a split, then we should split it. Randomran (talk) 15:20, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Latest version of GalCiv1 seems to be 1.2, not 1.4 as stated in the article
As mentioned in the headline, it seems that there never was a version 1.4 for GalCiv1. Even the official website of the game only has a 1.2 patch: http://www.galciv1.com/download.asp Furthermore, a quick google search for "Galactic Civilizations 1.4" yields almost no results, except for this article and a few obscure sites. I'm changing the article to say the latest version is 1.2. If someone can find a reliable source that states otherwise, they're welcome to reverse my edit. --Akuen (talk) 08:11, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Source

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20010310000651/http://interactfiction.about.com/games/interactfiction/library/weekly/aa101998.htm
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20031004005718/http://www.gamespy.com/articles/may03/galcivpostmortempc/
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20020202163117/http://gamespot.com/gamespot/features/pc/history_spaceempire/p3_01.html

title: Talk:Galactic Civilizations


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Historic New England

Historic New England, previously known as the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA), is a charitable, non-profit, historic preservation organization headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. It is focused on New England and is the oldest and largest regional preservation organization in the United States. Historic New England owns and operates historic site museums and study properties throughout all of the New England states except Vermont, and serves more than 198,000 visitors and program participants each year. Approximately 48,000 visitors participate in school and youth programs focused on New England heritage.

Historic New England is a museum of cultural history that collects and preserves buildings, landscapes, and objects dating from the seventeenth century to the present and uses them to keep history alive and to help people develop a deeper understanding and enjoyment of New England life and appreciation for its preservation.

History
William Sumner Appleton Jr. founded the Society for the Preservation of new England Antiquities in 1910 for "the purpose of preserving for posterity buildings, places and objects of historical and other interest." Fearing that "our New England antiquities are fast disappearing because no society has made their preservation its exclusive object," Sumner Appleton and a small group of like-minded individuals founded SPNEA in 1910. By 1920, Director of Museums Harry Vinton Long wrote in his report that the museum’s purpose is "to preserve and illustrate the life of New Englanders..." The history of New Englanders encompasses the stories of family life, immigration, school girls' routines, servants' duties, the enslaved Africans, and the products of masons, carpenters, and furniture makers. The first annual meeting was held at the 41 Brimmer Street Boston home of Mary Lee Ware, a noted philanthropist in the area as well at the patroness of Harvard University's famed Glass Flowers collection.

Accession records for 1910 list 19 items. Appleton considered everything from the mundane to the singular worth preserving, and so Historic New England's collection today ranges from everyday cakes of soap to extraordinary specimens of fine furniture. As a comprehensive heritage organization, Historic New England today cares for historic properties and landscapes; holds preservation easements and undertakes preservation advocacy work to protect historic properties; develops, maintains and interprets artifact collections; operates a library and archive; researches and publishes books and Historic New England magazine; and provides educational programs for children and adults. The organization's mission statement outlines its goals: "We serve the public by preserving and presenting New England heritage." The organization focuses on New England domestic architecture, collections, and stories.

Founder William Sumner Appleton was succeeded as Director by Bertram K. Little, Abbott Lowell Cummings and Nancy R. Coolidge before the title of the chief executive officer was changed to President, with Jane C. Nylander being the first to serve under that title. Carl R. Nold was President following Nylander, and since 2020 Vin Cipolla has served as the President and CEO of Historic New England.

The organization formerly included one of America's most prominent architectural conservation centers (the SPNEA Conservation Center), which pioneered a number of conservation techniques under research leader Morgan W. Phillips and his apprentices. Phillips is credited with coining the term architectural conservation.

Properties
Historic New England currently owns and operates 37 house museums and 1,284 acres of farmland and landscapes across five New England states, representing nearly 400 years of architecture. It also owns a wide-ranging collection of more than 100,000 objects of historical and aesthetic significance, the largest such assemblage of New England art and artifacts in the country. It also archives more than one million items documenting New England architectural and cultural history, including photographs, prints and engravings, more than 20,000 architectural drawings and specifications, books, manuscripts, and other ephemera. The Collections Access Project, which provides Internet-based access to catalog data about many of the collections, went online during the organization's centennial in 2010. A Collections and Conservation Center is located in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in a former shoe factory building. While not open to the public, this facility provides for the proper care of collections and access to collections and collections information for curators, students and scholars. Other museums also rent space for collections storage in this facility. Historic New England also owns the Plum Island Airport, a small public general aviation airport located in Newburyport, Massachusetts on a site used for aviation since 1910. The airport is located on the property of the historic Spencer-Peirce-Little Farm, donated to the organization in 1971 and operated as a museum since 1986.

Exhibition programs
A traveling exhibition program presents collections and research to the general public, in cooperation with other museums throughout the region. Exhibitions have included America's Kitchens, which appeared at the New Hampshire Historical Society in 2009; Drawing Toward Home, an architectural drawing exhibition that opened at the Boston University Art Gallery in November 2009 and traveled to the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. during 2010; and a centennial exhibition entitled The Preservation Movement Then and Now, which appeared in all six New England states beginning in late 2009 and continued through 2013.

On line exhibitions include Jewelry at Historic New England, The Preservation Movement Then and Now, From Dairy to Doorstep: Milk Delivery in New England, 1860-1960 and New England Photographs of Verner Reed.

Stewardship easement program
Through a conservation easement program established in the early 1980s, Historic New England holds easements on more than 120  privately owned New England properties. It works with the owners of these properties to ensure the preservation of their character-defining historic features. The program provides comprehensive protection of exterior, interior, and landscape features and is considered a national model for the protection of buildings that remain in active use and private ownership. Approximately one-third of the properties in the program were previously owned by Historic New England and were returned to private ownership with preservation restrictions that continue in perpetuity. The balance of the properties were enrolled by current or former owners, who donated the deed restrictions to the organization along with endowment fund contributions. Endowment funds provide for the monitoring and enforcement of the easements, carried out by a full-time staff dedicated to that purpose.

Membership programs
A Historic Homeowner program, available to all for an annual membership fee, provides information to those who own historic houses of any age, up to and including mid-20th-century homes. The annual membership includes two consultations with staff experts, one on historic paint colors, and a second on a topic chosen by the member, ranging from window repair to roofing materials, hardware source or historic wallpaper selections, or other topics needed for the care of historic homes. Other specialized membership programs focus on Gardens and Landscapes, and on young adults through the Young Friends program, and an upper-level membership society called the Appleton Circle provides benefactor support for organizational programs.

Governance
Historic New England is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt non-profit organization operating under the direction of a 15-member board of trustees.

Museum properties
The following properties are open to the public. Most are open only during the warmer months (typically June to mid-October), and many are open only for limited days on selected weekends. Particularly fragile properties are open only a few days each year. The grounds and facilities of some properties (notable ones being the Lyman Estate and the Langdon House) are available for private functions.

 * Connecticut: Roseland Cottage.
 * Maine: Bowman House, Castle Tucker, Hamilton House, Sarah Orne Jewett House, Marrett House, Nickels-Sortwell House, and Sayward-Wheeler House.
 * Massachusetts: Beauport, Sleeper-McCann House, Boardman House, Browne House, Codman House, Coffin House, Cogswell's Grant, Cooper-Frost-Austin House, Winslow Crocker House, Dole-Little House, Eustis Estate, Gedney House, Gropius House, Lyman Estate, Merwin House, Harrison Gray Otis House, Pierce House, Josiah Quincy House, Rocky Hill Meeting House, Spencer-Peirce-Little Farm, Stephen Phillips House and Swett-Ilsley House.
 * New Hampshire: Barrett House, Gilman Garrison House, Richard Jackson House, Governor John Langdon House, and Rundlet-May House.
 * Rhode Island: Arnold House, Casey Farm, Clemence-Irons House, Watson Farm.

title: Historic New England


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Barbara Babcock

Barbara Babcock is an American actress. She began her career on television in mid-1950s with guest-starring appearances in more than 60 television series through her career. She made several appearances on Star Trek: The Original Series, Mannix and Murder, She Wrote and had a recurring role in the CBS prime time soap opera, Dallas from 1978 to 1982.

In 1981, Babcock received Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for her role as Grace Gardner in the NBC police drama series, Hill Street Blues (1981–87). She later starred in a number of short-lived television series, most notable The Law & Harry McGraw (1987–88). From 1993 to 1998, Babcock starred as Dorothy Jennings in the CBS Western series, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, for which she was nominated for an Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1995. Babcock also appeared in films Day of the Evil Gun (1968), Heaven with a Gun (1969), Chosen Survivors (1974), The Black Marble (1980), The Lords of Discipline (1983), Far and Away (1992) and Space Cowboys (2000).

Early life
Born in the United States, Babcock spent a large part of her childhood in Tokyo, Japan, where her father, U.S. Army Gen. Conrad Stanton Babcock, Jr., was stationed. She learned to speak Japanese before English.

Babcock studied at University of Lausanne in Switzerland and in Italy at the University of Milan. She also attended Miss Porter's School and graduated from Wellesley College, where she was a classmate of Ali MacGraw's.

Career
Babcock made her television debut appearing in an episode of anthology series The United States Steel Hour in 1956. The following years she made many guest-starring appearances on television, notable in The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis as a cousin to the rich boy nemesis of the title character. She made appearances on The Lieutenant, The Munsters, The Green Hornet, The Lucy Show, Judd, for the Defense and Mission: Impossible. From 1967 to 1969 she appeared in several episodes of the original series of Star Trek, although much of her work on the show consisted of uncredited voice roles. She also appeared in three episodes of Hogan's Heroes from 1967 to 1970.

In 1968, she made her big screen debut on the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Western film Day of the Evil Gun starring Glenn Ford, followed by role in the Heaven with a Gun (1969) also with Glenn Ford. She appeared in a number of made-for-television movies and miniseries in 1970s, including The Last Child (1971), Christmas Miracle in Caufield, U.S.A. (1977), The Survival of Dana (1979) and Salem's Lot (1979). She had supporting roles in films Bang the Drum Slowly (1973), Chosen Survivors (1974), The Black Marble (1980), Back Roads (1981), The Lords of Discipline (1983), and That Was Then... This Is Now (1985), Heart of Dixie (1989) and Happy Together (1989). She also made appearances on The F.B.I., Cannon, Love, American Style, Medical Center, Starsky & Hutch and The Rockford Files, as well four appearances on Mannix. She had regular role on the CBS daytime soap opera Search for Tomorrow in 1976 and from 1978 to 1982 had a recurring role of Liz Craig in the CBS prime time soap opera, Dallas.

In 1981, Babcock received critical acclaim for playing Grace Gardner in the NBC police drama series Hill Street Blues. She won the 1981 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for her work on Hill Street Blues. She appeared in 17 episodes from 1981 to 1987. After her break with show, Babcock went to star in a made-for-television movies Quarterback Princess (1983), Attack on Fear (1984) and News at Eleven (1986). She starred in the short-lived CBS drama series The Four Seasons in 1984, based on 1981 film The Four Seasons. She also starred in the short-lived sitcom Mr. Sunshine in 1986, and the detective series The Law & Harry McGraw from 1987 to 1988. During 1980s, Babcock also guest-starred on Cheers, Hotel, Remington Steele, and starred in an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents — receiving the 1987 CableACE Award for Outstanding Actress in a Dramatic Series. She made five appearances on Murder, She Wrote from 1985 to 1993, and also appeared on The Golden Girls, Empty Nest, China Beach, Wings, and Sisters. She played the mother of Nicole Kidman's character in the 1992 Western film Far and Away.

From 1993 to 1998, Babcock played the role of Dorothy Jennings in the CBS Western series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, for which she was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1993. (However, the Emmy Awards website lists the nomination for 1995.) She was voted one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World by People in 1994. She reprised her role in the 1998 made-for-television movie Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Movie. In 1999 she played the leading role in A Vow to Cherish opposite Ken Howard. In 2000, Babcock made her final big screen appearance in the science fiction film Space Cowboys with Clint Eastwood and James Garner. She also made guest appearances on The Pretender, Chicago Hope, Frasier, and Judging Amy. From 2001 to 2002, she played the role of the mother of Dana Delany's character in the Fox drama series, Pasadena. In 2002, she appeared in a made-for-television comedy Home Alone 4.

Personal life
In 2004, Babcock was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and resided in Carmel, California.

In 1982, Babcock and actress Susan Bjurman received for a combination solid stick scalp cleanser and hair shampoo-conditioner gel that they developed.

title: Barbara Babcock


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Talk:U.S. Route 199

Panic of 1855?
The history section mentions a panic of 1855, should it be panic of 1857 instead? Kevink707 (talk) 17:33, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:U.S. Route 199


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Shimono-shima

Shimojima (下島) is the southern end of Tsushima Island, which lies in the Korea Strait between the East China Sea to the south and the Sea of Japan to the north, and Korea to the west and mainland Japan to the east.

title: Shimono-shima


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Flat Rock, Stokes County, North Carolina

Flat Rock is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States, approximately five miles east of the town of Pilot Mountain.

It is one of three places in North Carolina named Flat Rock.


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The Groove Tube

The Groove Tube is a 1974 American independent comedy film written and produced by Ken Shapiro and starring Shapiro, Richard Belzer and Chevy Chase. It features the song "Move On Up" by Curtis Mayfield in its opening scene.

The low-budget movie satirizes television and the counterculture of the early 1970s. The film was derived from sketches shot on videotape and shown at the Channel One Theater on East 60th St. in New York, a venue that featured R-rated video recordings shown on three television sets, which was a novelty to the audiences of the time. Compilations of sketches from these presentations were taken on tour to college venues, and based on audience responses, the best-received sketches were restaged on film with most of the original actors reprising their roles. The news desk satire, including the signature line "Good night, and have a pleasant tomorrow," was later used by Chase for his signature Weekend Update piece on Saturday Night Live, although in the film he does not appear in that segment.

Randa Haines, who later directed Children of a Lesser God, was script supervisor.

Sketches

 * The Dawn of Man - a parody of the opening sequence of 2001: A Space Odyssey, involving ape-like creatures having their first contact with a television set;
 * The Hitch-hiker - a hippie-ish hitch-hiker (played by songwriter and the film's soundtrack supervisor Buzzy Linhart) is picked up by a pretty woman who suggests an escapade in the woods, leading to them both getting naked and the hitch-hiker getting a rude surprise;
 * Koko the Clown - a mock children's television show in which Shapiro, as the show's Bozo-esque host, reads erotica (specifically a page from Fanny Hill, with promises of the Marquis de Sade the next day) on the air during "Make Believe Time";
 * Mouth Appeal - a commercial parodying toothpaste and mouthwash, with an attractive couple getting the whitish product smeared on their lips;
 * Babs & Roy Dolls - a commercial parodying the Barbie fashion doll and the decline of her relationship with her male doll partner;
 * Kramp TV Kitchen - a parody of sponsored television cooking shows in which Shapiro, as a female baker seen from the shoulders down, mixes and bakes a complicated July 4th "Heritage Loaf" while repeatedly using handfuls of the fictitious "Kramp Easy Lube" brand of shortening (a spoof of Kraft Foods);
 * The Geritan Girl - a parody of the vitamin tonic Geritol and its then-controversial ad campaign tag line, "My wife, I think I'll keep her." Chevy Chase plays the narrating husband while adult film actress Jennifer Welles plays the energetic wife;
 * Food for Thought - participants in a public broadcasting-style news-of-the-day panel program become distracted from their topic by a steadily increasing offering of coffee and snacks;
 * Let Your Fingers Do It - a parody of the '70s Bell System-era AT&T "Walking Fingers" ad campaign for the Yellow Pages telephone directories;
 * The Dealers in “Wasted” - a lengthy sketch about a pair of urban drug dealers (Shapiro and Belzer) introduced by a wildly overdone, hip title segment in the style of a police action drama;
 * Butz Beer - a parody of '70s beer commercials, with the name "Butz" meant to suggest a portmanteau of Blatz and Schlitz, featuring a takeoff of Schlitz's tag line, "When you're out of Schlitz, you're out of beer;"
 * Channel One Evening News - Shapiro portrays a desk anchor reporting on countries and character names based in obscene puns. Segments involve Belzer playing a vain President of the United States heckling a visiting dignitary meant to suggest India's Indira Gandhi played by Shapiro in drag and brownface, and Shapiro as another field reporter visiting a prostitute played by Belzer in drag and blackface;
 * Uranus Corporation - a series of commercials interspersed with the news sketch, with the company name pronounced with the stress on the second and third syllables. One Uranus commercial touts the amazing properties of its space-age polymer product "Brown 25" (which looks suspiciously like human feces): "It has the strength of steel, the flexibility of rubber, and the nutritional value of beef stew."
 * International Sex Games - a sports program features announcers doing play-by-play over video footage of a couple (played by adult film actors Paul Norman and Mary Mendum) having sex, with the most explicit portions of the act obscured either by distortion or a "Please Stand By" card while the sportscasters describe what the audience cannot see;
 * Democratic Mumbles - news footage of '70s Democratic hearings where participants appear to be singing the Clark Terry scat singing nonsense song "Mumbles;"
 * I'm Looking Over a Four-Leaf Clover - Chase and Shapiro, dressed in red-and-white striped barbershop music-style outfits, perform the 1927 standard, with Chase singing as Shapiro slaps Chase's head for percussion;
 * Safety Sam - a public service announcement warning against venereal disease that covertly (though more and more obviously as the camera zooms in, to humorous and/or shocking effect) used a real human penis as its puppet spokesman;
 * Just You, Just Me - Shapiro, dressed in a seersucker suit, exuberantly sings the 1929 standard on the streets of New York to other pedestrians then engages in a choreographed dance number with a policeman.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 13% based on 8 reviews with an average rating of 3.80/10.

Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote, "It is indeed wild, and often hilarious. But much of it is blandly dull." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 stars out of 4 and stated, "Television is such a ripe subject for satire that a new comedy film roasts the medium quite well without taking a poke at such natural targets as bigot-led situation comedies, educational kiddie shows, station editorials, or the 'happy-talk' news format." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times stated, "Silly, sophomoric and scatological 'The Groove Tube' undoubtedly is for much of its 75 minutes. But so gleeful and zany is it in its sheer outrageousness that the result is virtually nonstop hilarity." John M. Dower of The Washington Post said, "There are sequences in 'The Groove Tube' that are absolutely inspired, and, unfortunately, not describable in a family newspaper; there are others that make you wonder how the same perceptions could think them funny or amusing or even conceivable."

The film was reissued in 1975, 1976 and 1977, and as of July 1, 1977, had grossed $28,572,438.

title: The Groove Tube


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Cummins L-series engine

The Cummins L-series engine is a straight-six diesel engine designed and produced by Cummins. It displaces 8.9 litre, and began production in 1982 as the L10 at the Jamestown Engine Plant in Jamestown, New York. After lengthening its stroke from 136 to 147mm, its displacement was enlarged to 10.8 litres and the engine renamed ISM 11, later M11.

The ISL 9 and current L9 engines are not related to the L10 engine, but instead based on the smaller C-series platform with the 135mm stroke of the C8.3 enlarged to 144.5mm, together with 4 valves per cylinder, giving it 8.9 litres displacement.

The L10 displaced 10.0 litre, and was available in either a vertical form, for upright use in trucks and buses, or horizontal form, for underfloor use in buses and trains. The L10 was Cummins's first competitive offering in the British bus market, as their earlier production had been too large and heavy. However, it had a troublesome introduction to the British market, with high oil consumption and sealing problems.

By 1994, it had been developed into the M11, and in 1998, Cummins ceased production of the old L-series engine. After the original L10 evolved into the M11 engine, the new ISL9 engine was introduced to operate in this market segment, yet with a better power-to-weight ratio, by enlarging the piston stroke of the older C8.3 engine. The Cummins L10 also has a sister engine which runs on compressed natural gas (CNG). The engine was introduced in 1992 as the L10G before being replaced by the L Gas Plus in 2001 until it became the ISL G in collaboration with Westport Innovations in 2008, now based on the C-series engine architecture. The ISL engines were manufactured at plants in Rocky Mount, North Carolina and Darlington, England.

In 2016 onwards, the ISL9 was simplified to L9, though physically it shares no resemblance to the old L10 engine: The current L9 engine is a stroked version of the C8.3 engine platform, while the current M11 engine is a stroked version of the original L10 engine platform.

In February 2023, Cummins announced that the L9, alongside the X12, would be replaced by the X10 engine, which is slated for introduction in 2026 for the North American market.

Popular power ratings
Diesel-powered urban bus
 * 730 lbfft at 1300 rpm, 250 hp electronically governed at 2200 rpm
 * 900 lbfft at 1300 rpm, 280 hp electronically governed at 2200 rpm
 * 1100 lbfft at 1300 rpm, 330 hp electronically governed at 2200 rpm

Natural gas-powered urban bus (L Gas Plus, ISL G, ISL G NZ, L9N)
 * 900 lbfft at 1300 rpm, 280 hp electronically governed at 2000 rpm
 * 860 lbfft at 1300 rpm, 300 hp electronically governed at 2100 rpm
 * 1000 lbfft at 1300 rpm, 320 hp electronically governed at 2000 rpm

 * Firetruck/motorhome/truck
 * 1050 lbfft at 1300 rpm, 310 hp electronically governed at 2100 rpm
 * 1150 lbfft at 1300 rpm, 330 hp electronically governed at 2100 rpm
 * 1200 lbfft at 1300 rpm, 400 hp electronically governed at 2200 rpm

title: Cummins L-series engine


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Lucinda Dickey

Lucinda Dickey (born Lucinda Marie Henninger; July 9th, 1960) is an American former dancer and actress. She is best known for her leading roles in the film Breakin' (1984) and its sequel Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo (1984).

Early life
Dickey was born and raised in Hutchinson, Kansas, where at the age of four, she began dancing in her mother's studio. While attending Kansas State University, she majored in dance and competed as Miss Manhattan/Kansas-State in the Miss Kansas pageant, where she won the talent division and finished third runner-up.

Career
In 1980, Dickey moved to Los Angeles and won a dance scholarship with the Roland DuPree Dance Academy. After 10 months, she became one of the lead dancers for the movie Grease 2. In fall 1982, she landed a stint as a dancer on Solid Gold.

Her first leading role was in Ninja III: The Domination, which premiered in 1984. In 1984, Dickey appeared in the role of jazz dancer turned breakdancer Kelly in Breakin' and its sequel, Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo. Next, Dickey played the mascot in the horror flick Cheerleader Camp, in 1988.

Dickey's last onscreen acting role was in the 1990 Perry Mason television movie, Perry Mason: The Case of the Defiant Daughter.

She appeared as a dance judge on TLC's 2008 series Master of Dance.

Personal life
She retired from acting in 1990, and lives in California with her husband, Craig Piligian, a co-executive producer of, among others, the reality TV game show Survivor. They have two children, Joseph Michael (b. 1986) and Amanda Marie (b. 1989).

title: Lucinda Dickey


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User talk:JackyJ

Articles for deletion nomination of X-Moto
I have nominated X-Moto, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/X-Moto. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Marasmusine (talk) 11:33, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:JackyJ