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Sur Empire

The Sur Empire was an empire ruled by the Afghan-origin Sur dynasty in northern India for nearly 16 or 18 years, between 1538/1540 and 1556, with Sasaram (in modern-day Bihar) serving as its capital. It was founded by Sher Shah Suri.

The Sur dynasty held control of nearly all the Mughal Empire territories along the Indo-Gangetic Plain, from eastern Balochistan in the west of Indus River to modern-day Rakhine, Myanmar in the east. Even as Sher Shah Suri consolidated his power over North India, Eastern India was still considered to be the seat of Sur power in India. This is demonstrated by the fact that 8 of the 16 silver mint cities he established were in the region between Chunar and Fathabad.

War with the Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1537–1540)
Sher Shah Suri's relentless campaigns on the Bengal Sultanate prompted its ruler to request aid from Humayun, who in turn mobilized a Mughal army in July 1537, and advanced to Chunar. He reached the fort in November 1537 and laid siege to it. The siege of the fort at Chumar would last over six months until it finally fell despite the attempts from Rumi Khan to make quick work of the city. Sher Shah then led a second invasion into Bengal, and besieged Gauda. Gauda fell to the Afghan forces in April 1538. With the fort of Rohtasgarh also falling under his control in March 1538, which he used as a place to situate Afghan families and loot he obtained during the war, also transferring the loot he obtained from Gaur to Rohtasgarh. With this victory, Sher Shah held his first coronation. Following the fall of Gaur, Sher Shah offered favorable peace terms to Humayun, offering 10,000,000 dinars, and that he would surrender Bihar in exchange for control of Bengal. Humayun did not wish to leave Bengal in the hands of a hostile state, especially with its rich resources, as well as the contributing factor that Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah, wounded, entered the camp of Humayun and requested the continuation of war against Sher Shah. Ghiyasuddin would die from his wounds not long after.

Following this, Humayun began his march to Bengal against Sher Khan, however the march of the Mughal army would be overwhelmed from poor weather conditions, with rains causing the loss of his baggage between Patna and Monghyr. Humayun eventually reached Gauda and seized it without any opposition on 8 September 1538. However, the city was abandoned by the Afghans, with no loot as they had stripped the treasury. Humayun remained at Gaur for months, stuck there due to the weather, however he restored order into the city. However, as this was happening, Sher Khan drove deep into his territory, seizing Bihar and Varanasi, while also recovering control over Chunar, and laying siege to Jaunpur, with other detachments of the Afghan army extending as far as Kannauj. As a result, Humayun was effectively stranded at Gauda with no communication lines. After learning of disturbances at Agra, Humayun rushed to settle for peace with Sher Khan, which was concluded. Humayun crossed the Karmanasa River, where he could easily be attacked by the Afghans. Sher Khan, seeing the fragile state of the Mughal army, attacked the Mughal army led by Humayun at the Battle of Chausa. The Afghans descended on the Mughals and caught them off guard, and resulted in the complete rout of the Mughals. Humayun barely escaped with his life, and the Mughals suffered over 7,000 dead, with many prominent noblemen dead.

Following his defeat, Humayun returned to Agra, and restored order after disturbances from his brother, Hindal Mirza. Humayun mobilized a large force, and advanced with an army of 40,000, while Sher Shah amassed 15,000. Humayun met Sher Shah at Kannauj, with both armies mirroring each other across the Ganges river. Humayun crossed the river and began skirmishing with Sher Shah's army. Amidst the fighting, Humayun's army saw many nobles hiding their insignia to prevent them from being recognized by the Afghans, with many nobles also fleeing from the battle. The Mughal army was defeated, which led to Humayun fleeing to Sindh. Following this victory, Sher Khan was crowned a second time on 17 May 1540 as Sher Shah, being declared as Emperor of Northern India, while also donning the epithet of Sultan Adil, meaning "Just King".

With the defeat and flight of Humayun, Sher Shah captured Delhi.

Reforms in Bengal (1540–1541)
Realizing the importance of Bengal, Sher Shah focused much of his administrative efforts in the region. Khijir Khan, the governor of Bengal under Sher Shah, led a revolt in March 1541. Sher Shah mobilized an army and lead it himself, defeating Khijir Khan and restoring Bengal under his suzerainty. Bengal was divided into 47 smaller administrative divisions, appointing them under a shiqdar, which would be oversighted by Kazi Fajilot as the chief supervisor of the Muqtars. These reforms saw the prominence of Afghans in Bengal, with many Afghans moving and settling in the region. Some of the Afghans who settled in the region would go on to establish the Muhammad Shahi dynasty, which ruled Bengal from 1553 to 1563, and the Karrani dynasty, which ruled from 1563 to 1576.

Advance into the Punjab and pacification of the Gakhars (1540–1542)
Following the flight of Humayun, Sher Shah continued in pursuit, advancing into the Punjab. Sher Shah advanced on Lahore, and caused panic among the Mughals. Kamran Mirza was not prepared to face Sher Shah, and as a result, retreated to Kabul, leaving the region to Sher Shah. Sher Shah captured Lahore in November 1540, with Afghan armies advancing as far as the Khyber Pass, but not extending his empire beyond the Indus as Sher Shah did not wish to incorporate many Afghans who enjoyed their independence and face difficulties with them. The Afghans also seized control of Multan in 1541, but did not pursue the retreat of the Mughals further, seeing them as no longer as a threat.

Not longer after, Sher Shah entered conflict with the Gakhars, who had always been difficult to subjugate, and caused issues amongst former rulers in the region. Sher Shah resorted to diplomacy, inviting the Gakhar chief and asking him to acknowledge him as the emperor of India. The Gakhar chief gave an insulting response, which enraged Sher Shah. Sher Shah marched through the Punjab and subjugated the Gakhars, laying waste to much of the countryside and taking many prisoner. Sher Shah also constructed the Rohtas Fort. To further secure his rule over the Gakhars, and to wade off any threat of Mughal return, he left 50,000 men in the Punjab, while he returned toward the Bengal, whose governor he placed was becoming unruly.

Conquest and consolidation of Malwa (1542)
In 1542, Sher Shah embarked on his campaign to Malwa. This was a result of fears of Malwa joining with the Mughals against Sher Shah. Sher Shah also faced the external threat of Humayun, who was attempting to forge a kingdom in Gujarat, and a forged alliance with the Malwa Sultanate would be threatening. As a result, the Afghan armies first began their march on Gwalior. Led by Shujaat Khan, Gwalior was subjugated under Afghan rule. With this, the threat of being flanked as the Afghans advanced further into Malwa were extinguished. After gaining the submission of Abul Qasim Beg, the Mughal wali of Gwalior, The Afghans continued their march to Sarangpur. Qadir Khan, the ruler of the Malwa Sultanate, being abandoned by his vassals who refused to support him, begged for the mercy of Sher Shah, who treated him well.

Despite former grudges, Sher Shah reconciliated and gave him gifts, and even gave Qadir Khan a Jagir in Bengal. Despite this, Qadir Khan did not like the generous offer, and instead, fled to Gujarat, with an attempt to re-capture him in a pursuit led by Shujaat Khan ending in failure. Sher Shah consolidated his new territories before returning to Agra. While returning to Agra, he received submission from the ruler of Ranthambore. Shujaat Khan was placed as the new governor of Malwa. Qadir Khan attempted to retrieve his lost territories, and entered in battle against Shujaat Khan on separate occasions. Despite numerical inferiority, Shujaat Khan decisively defeated the coalition of Qadir Khan. Shujaat Khan was awarded with over 12,000 horses due to his valiant efforts.

Conquest of Raisin (1543)
After the death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, Puran Mall recovered control of Raisin after it was annexed by Bahadur Shah in 1532. Upon his restored rule in the region, he led many tyrannical actions on the Muslim populace of the city. The survivors of this occasion developed a grudge against Puran Mall. Sher Shah, hearing of this, and seeking to obtain control of Raisen himself, began preparing for war. Sher Shah remarked:

"I did wrong when I said I would go towards Bengal. If Almighty God would vouchsafe me a recovery from this fever I will return with all speed, and Puran Mall who has enslaved the families of the Muslims in Chanderi and has made dancing girls of their daughters and did not accompany my son Qutab Khan — him will I so punish that he may be a warning to others."

Before resorting to war, Sher Shah offered Varanasi to Puran Mall if he ceded Raisin. Puran Mall refused to agree to any offer, and as a result, Sher Shah declared war. Jalal Khan led the Afghan army, reaching Vidisha, where he merged forces with Sher Shah. The Afghan forces then advanced to Raisin, besieging it. The siege of the city lasted for six months until the artillery of Sher Shah destroyed the cities defenses, which led to Puran Mall surrendering. The treaty observed the points that: Free passage to himself [Puran Mall] and his family with their belongings, The retirement of Sher Shah to a distance of two marches from the fort, and Adil Khan and Qutab Khan to bind themselves by solemn oaths that Puran Mall and his family will not be molested in any way.

Sher Shah and his army withdrew a distance of two marches from the fort per the agreement. However, Sher Shah then encountered widows of the chiefs of Chanderi, with many others waiting for Sher Shah along the roadside. They called out to Sher Shah:

"We have suffered from this inhuman and malignant infidel all kinds of tyranny and oppression. He has slain our husbands and our daughters he has enslaved, and made dancing girls of them, and has seized our lands, and all our worldly goods for a long time past. ... If you do not give us justice, hereafter, in the day of resurrection when the first and the last of all men shall be collected together, we will accuse you."

Upon hearing this, and further seeing the ruined families of Muslim survivors, Sher Shah was reported to have tears dropped from his eyes, and his idea of the destruction of oppression overtook him. Furthermore, demanded by his army to take action, Sher Shah ordered an army led by Isa Khan Hajjab to lead a forced march, which caught up to the retreating detachment of Puran Mal. The Rajput forces put up resistance, but were entirely annihilated.

Second Punjab campaign and subjugation of upper Sindh (1543)
After conquering Multan in 1541, it was later overrun by Baloch tribes. As a result, Sher Shah began assembling for a campaign in 1543. It also aligned with his ideas of building a new road from Lahore to Multan. During this, a certain raider named Fateh Khan Jat looted the routes between Lahore and Delhi, which surmounted to numerous complaints in return. As a result, Sher Shah ordered Haibat Khan to put an end to the raids of Fateh Khan. Haibat Khan successfully trapped Fateh Khan in a mud fort around Fatehpur. Seeking no possible way of escaping the situation, Fateh Khan surrendered to Haibat Khan. However, the garrison of the fort led by Hinda Baluch made a sortie, breaking out of the fort and successfully fleeing. Despite this, Hinda Baluch was captured during the sortie. With this, the Balochi leaders were executed. Following the campaign, Haibat Khan would subjugate upper Sindh as far as Sehwan.

Conquest of Marwar (1543–1544)
In 1543, Sher Shah Suri with a force of 80,000 cavalry set out against Maldeo Rathore, the Rajput king of Marwar. Maldeo Rathore with an army of 4,000-12,000 cavalry and archers advanced to face Sher Shah's army. Instead of marching to the enemy's capital Sher Shah halted in the village of Sammel in the pargana of Jaitaran, ninety kilometres east of Jodhpur. After one month of skirmishing, Sher Shah's position became critical owing to the difficulties of food supplies for his huge army. To resolve this situation, Sher Shah resorted to a cunning ploy. One evening, he dropped forged letters near the Maldeo's camp in such a way that they were sure to be intercepted. These letters indicated, falsely, that some of Maldeo's army commanders were promising assistance to Sher Shah. This caused great consternation to Maldeo, who immediately suspected his commanders of disloyalty. Maldeo left for Jodhpur with his own men, abandoning his commanders to their fate. Following this, Maldeo's generals, Jaita and Kumpa, fought with a few thousand men against the Afghans, who wielded a force of 80,000 men and some cannons. In the ensuing battle of Sammel (also known as battle of Giri Sumel), Sher Shah emerged victorious, but several of his generals lost their lives and his army suffered thousands of casualties.

After this victory, Sher Shah's general Khawas Khan Marwat took possession of Jodhpur and occupied the territory of Marwar from Ajmer to Mount Abu in 1544.

Death of Sher Shah (1545)
Following the conquest of Marwar, Sher Shah besieged Kalinjar Fort in 1544. While leading the siege, he was mortally wounded from a gunpowder explosion from one of his cannons bursting. Sher Shah was taken to his tent where he remained for two days. When he received the news that the fort finally fell, he remarked: "Thanks to Almighty god". Sher Shah succumbed to his wounds and died on 22 May 1545, at the age of 73 or 59. He was succeeded by his son, Jalal Khan, who took the title of Islam Shah Suri. Sher Shah was buried in the Sher Shah Suri Tomb (122 ft high), stands in the middle of an artificial lake at Sasaram, a town on the Grand Trunk Road. The tomb finished its construction on 16 August 1545, three months following the death of Sher Shah.

Legacy
The Sur dynasty held control of nearly all the Mughal territories, from Balochistan in the west to modern-day Bangladesh in the east.

Despite its short reign, the Sur Empire significantly influenced Mughal administrative reforms when they returned to power, most notably under Mughal Emperor Akbar.

"It was at the time of this bounty of Sultán Bahlul [Lodi], that the grandfather of Sher Sháh, by name Ibráhím Khán Súr,* The Súr represent themselves as descendants of Muhammad Súr, one of the princes of the house of the Ghorian, who left his native country, and married a daughter of one of the Afghán chiefs of Roh. with his son Hasan Khán, the father of Sher Sháh, came to Hindu-stán from Afghánistán, from a place which is called in the Afghán tongue 'Shargarí',* but in the Multán tongue 'Rohrí'. It is a ridge, a spur of the Sulaimán Mountains, about six or seven kos in length, situated on the banks of the Gumal. They entered into the service of Muhabbat Khán Súr, Dáúd Sáhú-khail, to whom Sultán Bahlol had given in jágír the Parganas of Hariána and Bahkála, etc., in the Panjáb, and they settled in the pargana of Bajwára."

Government and administration
The system of tri-metalism which came to characterize Mughal coinage was introduced by Sher Shah. While the term rūpya had previously been used as a generic term for any silver coin, during his rule the term rūpee came to be used as the name for a silver coin of a standard weight of 178 grains, which was the precursor of the modern rupee. The Rupee is today used as the national currency in India, Indonesia, Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka. Gold coins called the Mohur weighing 169 grains and copper coins called Paisa were also minted during his reign. According to numismatists Goron and Goenka, it is clear from coins dated AH 945 (1538 AD) that Sher Khan had assumed the royal title of Farid al-Din Sher Shah and had coins struck in his own name prior to the battle of Chausa.

Sher Shah was responsible for greatly rebuilding and modernizing the Grand Trunk Road, a major artery which runs all the way from modern day Bangladesh to Afghanistan. Caravanserais (inns) and mosques were built and trees were planted along the entire stretch on both sides of the road to provide shade to travelers. Wells were also dug, especially along the western section. He also established an efficient postal system, with mail being carried by relays of horse riders.

Provincial and local administration
The Sur empire consisted of many subdivisions, referred to as Iqtas. Some of these provinces were ruled by military governors, such as Haibat Khan, who governed the Punjab. Haibat Khan had control of over 30,000 men, and was able to give jagirs to his own soldiers. Khwas Khan was another military governor, who ruled over Rajasthan, and assembled over 20,000 men. The head of Iqtas were known by different names, such as Hakim, Faujdar, or Momin. These head of Iqtas had their own bodies of men, which were usually less than 5,000 men. The responsibility of these heads were instilling order and law in the subdivisions they controlled.

Iqtas themselves were divided into districts, named Sarkars. Sarkars had two chief officers, the Shiqar, and Munsif. Shiqars were tasked with the responsibility of civil administration, and themselves could field 200-300 soldiers to maintain law and order in their districts. The Munsif of a Sarkar was responsible for revenue collection, and civil justice. The chief Shiqars would often handle cases of criminal justice.

Sarkars were also in turn divided into two or three Parganas. A Pargana was a moderately sized town and surrounding villages. In every Pargana, there was a Shiqar, Munsif, and one treasurer who went under the title of Fotdar. They were also accompanied by a Karkun who could write in Hindi and Persian. The Shiqar of a Pargana would be a military officer under the oversight of the Shiqar of the Sarkar. The responsibilities of a Shiqar in a Pargana were to maintain stability, and assist the Munsif in collection of land revenues, and measuring land. While the Munsif in the Pargana would be under the oversight of the chief Munsif in the Sarkar.

Villages were often autonomous and were governed by their own assemblies called Panchayats. This was respected by Sher Shah during his reign. Each assembly consisted of elders of a village who looked after the needs of villagers and instructed their own punishments in respect to the customs of the community. The chief of a village would be a form of a diplomat between the villages and the higher government.

Religious policy
The religious policy of Sher Shah is debated amongst historians. Dr. Qanungo states that Sher Shah upheld religious tolerance toward Hindus. Ram Sharma states that Sher Shah Suri was heavily devoted to his faith, always praying the five prayers. And on other occasions, claimed that Sher Shah's wars against the Rajputs were a Jihad. The war against Puran Mall was described as a Jihad, and his treatment of Maldeo was argued as signs of religious intolerance. However, he was always tolerant of Hindus, and did not hold any grudges against them, or wage propaganda.

According to Srivastava, Sher Shah's balance made his fellow Muslims content with his lenient treatment of Hindus. Sher Shah's evaluated policy was seen that Islam should hold supremacy over the lands he had conquered, but not to displace Hinduism.

Army
Sher Shah's army defeated the Mughal Empire and drove them out of India. Sher Shah invited Afghans from across the empire and gave them high positions, with himself taking interest in recruiting troops. Sher Shah also promoted out of Merit. The Afghan army utilized heavy emphasis on their cavalry, while his infantry were armed with muskets. One of his reforms included splitting up his armies into divisions, which was led by a commander. Discipline was strict, with provisions being given by Banjaras, who accompanied the army. Men were also assigned roles, attributing to the system of the Dagh, with spys being able to be rooted out using this method.

Sher Shah also considered Pashto a sign of friendliness, and gave higher salaries to Afghans who could speak Pashto in his army.

In 1540, Sher Shah's army consisted of over 150,000 cavalrymen, 25,000 infantrymen, and over 5,000 war elephants.

Social Justice
One of the things Sher Shah Suri was renowned for was giving justice. Courts were held by Qadis, with Sher Shah as well observing civil cases. Hindus settled their disputes in Panchayat assemblies, while in criminal cases, nobody was exempt from the law of the empire. The criminal law of the empire was extremely harsh, and done so to prevent others from doing a crime out of fear of the repercussions. Sher Shah gave heavy punishments for people in high posts, including government officials.

The reputation of Sher Shah was formidable in this regard as a just ruler, to the point where merchants could travel through and sleep in deserts without fear of being harassed by bandits or robbers. The soldiers of Sher Shah acted as police, with the duty of these soldiers to look for thieves and robbers. Sher Shah Suri also implemented the reform of self-responsibility. It was the duty assigned to officials to find the culprits of different cases in examples such as murder, lest the officials be held responsible themselves and be hanged. As a result of these reforms, historians praise it for its effectiveness.

Buildings
Sher Shah built several monuments including Rohtas Fort (now a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Pakistan), many structures in the Rohtasgarh Fort in Bihar, the Sher Shah Suri Masjid in Patna, the Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque inside the Purana Qila complex in Delhi, and the Sher Mandal, an octagonal building also inside the Purana Qila complex, which later served as the library of Humayun. He built a new city, Bhera, in present-day Pakistan in 1545, including within it a grand masjid named after him.

The mausoleum of Sher Shah Suri is described as one of the most beautiful monuments in India, due to its grandeur and dignity. Cunningham even was inclined to prefer it over the Taj Mahal.

Trade
Amongst his magnitude of reforms while consolidating the empire, Sher Shah Suri abolished taxes that were held on the borders of provinces. This was due to Sher Shah wishing to invigorate trade throughout India, and only two levies remaining in place, with them being upon goods being brought into the country, and the second for when goods were sold. Customs as a result, were entirely removed.

title: Sur Empire


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Talk:Yellow Peril

"Sublimated Antisemitism" seems off topic
The entire "sublimated antisemitism" section feels off-topic for this article. The only connection it makes is that both von Ehrenfels and the Freikorps used water metaphors to describe Asians and Jews/Communists respectively, which is a very tenuous connection to make, since using drowning as a metaphor is fairly common and not very notable. The speculation about sexuality and masculinity also comes across as armchair psychology, and the whole thing about the Freikorps wanting to prove themselves as "hard men" against Jews and Communists has absolutely nothing to do with the Yellow Peril. It seems like someone just really wanted to talk about this book, rather than a genuine attempt to add to the article. 2A02:C7C:C8FF:6300:95B8:3F57:E7F1:DADD (talk) 20:01, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree and deleted this very weak speculative section that has not gained support from other reliable sources. A "flood" of trouble is a too common a metaphor to support this speculation. Rjensen (talk) 20:33, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Yellow Peril


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Injo of Joseon

Injo (7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), personal name Yi Jong, was the 16th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was a grandson of King Seonjo and the eldest son of Prince Jeongwon. He ascended to the throne after leading a coup d'état against his uncle, Gwanghaegun, in 1623. Today, Injo is considered a weak and incompetent king, as during his reign the country experienced Yi Gwal's Rebellion, the Later Jin invasion, the Qing invasion, and an economic recession, while the government was corrupt and ineffective.

Birth and background
King Injo was born in 1595 as a son of Prince Jeongwon, whose father was the ruling monarch King Seonjo. In 1607, Prince Jeongwon's son was given the title, Lord Neungyang (綾陽都正, 능양도정) and later Prince Neungyang (綾陽君, 능양군); and lived as a royal family member, unsupported by any political factions that were in control of Korean politics at the time.

In 1608, King Seonjo fell sick and died, and his son, Gwanghaegun, succeeded him to the throne. At the time, the government was divided by various political factions and the liberal Eastern political faction came out strong after the Japanese invasions of 1582–1598, as they fought most actively against the Japanese. The Eastern faction split during the last days of King Seonjo into the Northern and Southern political factions. The Northern faction wanted radical reform, while the Southern faction supported more moderate measures. At the time of Seonjo's death, the Northern faction, which gained control of the government at the time, was divided into left-wing Greater Northerners and more moderate Lesser Northerners. As Gwanghaegun inherited the throne, the Greater Northern political faction, which supported him as heir to the crown, became the major political faction in the royal court. Meanwhile, the conservative Western political faction remained a minor player, unable to gain power; however many members of the Western faction continued to look for opportunities to return to politics as the ruling faction.

The coup of 1623
Although King Gwanghaegun (光海君, 광해군) was an outstanding administrator and great diplomat, he was largely unsupported by many politicians, scholars, and aristocrats because he was not the first-born and he was born of a concubine. Greater Northerners tried to stomp out those opinions, suppressing Lesser Northerners and killing Prince Imhae (臨海君, 임해군), the oldest son of Seonjo, and Grand Prince Yeongchang (永昌大君, 영창대군), the queen's son. It was not Gwanghaegun's plan to keep his throne; and in fact, he actually tried to bring minor factions into the government, but was blocked by opposition from members of the Greater Northerners, such as Jeong In-hong and Yi I-cheom. The actions made Gwanghaegun even more unpopular among wealthy aristocrats, and they finally began plotting against him.

In 1623, members of the ultra-conservative Westerners faction, Kim Ja-jeom, Kim Ryu, Yi Gwi and Yi Gwal, launched a coup that resulted in the dethroning of Gwanghaegun, who was sent into exile on Jeju Island. Jeong In-hong and Yi Yicheom were killed, and this was followed suddenly by the Westerners replacing the Greater Northerners as the ruling political faction. The Westerners brought Injo to the palace and crowned him as the new King of Joseon. Although Injo was king, he did not have any authority since almost all of the power was held by the Western faction that had dethroned Gwanghaegun.

Yi Gwal's Rebellion
Yi Gwal thought he was mistreated and received too small a reward for his role in the coup. In 1624, he rebelled against Injo after being sent to the Northern front as military commander of Pyongyang to fight against the expanding Manchus, while other significant leaders of the coup were rewarded with positions in the King's court. Yi Gwal led 12,000 troops, including 100 Japanese (who defected to Joseon during Japanese invasions of Korea), to the capital, Hanseong, where Yi Gwal defeated a regular army under the command of General Jang Man (张晚) and surrounded Hanseong in what is known as the Battle of Jeotan. Injo fled to Gongju, and Hanseong fell into the hands of the rebels.

On February 11, 1624, Yi Gwal enthroned Prince Heungan (興安君, 흥안군) as the new King. However, General Jang Man soon returned with another regiment and defeated Yi Gwal's forces. The Korean army recaptured the capital soon after, and Yi Gwal was murdered by his bodyguard, ending the rebellion. Even though Injo kept his throne, the uprising displayed the weaknesses of royal authority while asserting the superiority of the aristocrats, who had gained even more power by fighting against the rebellion. The economy, which was experiencing a slight recovery from Gwanghaegun's reconstruction, was again ruined, and Korea would remain in a poor economic state for a few centuries.

War with Later Jin and Qing
King Gwanghaegun, who was considered a wise diplomat, kept his neutral policy between the Ming dynasty, which was Joseon's traditional ally, and the growing Jurchens (later Manchus and Qing dynasty). However, following the fall of Gwanghaegun, conservative Westerners took a hard-line policy toward the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty, keeping their alliance with Ming dynasty. The Later Jin, who had up until that time remained mostly friendly to Joseon, began to regard Joseon as an enemy. Han Yun, who participated in the rebellion of Yi Gwal, fled to Manchuria and urged the Later Jin ruler Nurhaci to attack Joseon; thus the friendly relationship between the Later Jin and Joseon ended.

In 1627, 30,000 Manchu cavalry under General Amin (阿敏) and former Korean General Gang Hong-rip invaded Joseon, calling for the restoration of Gwanghaegun and the execution of Westerners leaders, including Kim Ja-jeom. General Jang Man again fought against the Later Jin, but was unable to repel the invasion. Once again, Injo fled to Ganghwa Island. Meanwhile, the Later Jin had no reason to attack Joseon and decided to go back to prepare for war against the Ming, and peace soon settled. The Later Jin and Joseon dynasties were declared brother nations and the Later Jin withdrew from the Korean peninsula.

However, most Westerners kept their hard-line policy despite the war. Nurhaci, who had generally good opinion toward Korea, did not invade Korea again; however, when Nurhaci died and Hong Taiji succeeded him as ruler, the Later Jin again began to seek another chance for war. King Injo provided refuge to Ming general Mao Wenlong and with his unit, after they fled from the Later Jin and came to Korea; this action caused the Later Jin to invade Korea once again.

In 1636, Hong Taiji officially renamed his dynasty the Qing dynasty, and proceeded to invade Joseon personally. The Qing forces purposely avoided battle with General Im Gyeong-eop, a prominent Joseon army commander who was guarding the Uiju Fortress at the time. A Qing army of 128,000 men marched directly into Hanseong before Injo could escape to Ganghwa Island, driving Injo to Namhan Mountain Fortress instead. Running out of food and supplies after the Manchu managed to cut all supply lines, Injo finally surrendered to the Qing dynasty ceremoniously bowing to the Hong Taiji nine times as Hong Taiji's servant, and agreeing to the Treaty of Samjeondo, which required Injo's first and second son to be taken to China as captives.

Joseon then became a tributary state to the Qing dynasty, and the Qing went on to conquer the Central Plain in 1644.

Death of the Crown Prince
After Qing conquered Beijing in 1644, the two princes returned to Korea. Injo's first son, Crown Prince Sohyeon, brought many new products from the western world, including Christianity, and urged Injo for reform. However, the conservative Injo would not accept his ideas and persecuted the Crown Prince for attempting to bring in foreign Catholicism and Western science into Korea.

The Crown Prince was mysteriously found dead in the King's room, bleeding severely from the head. Legends say that Injo killed his own son with an ink slab that Sohyeon brought from China; however, some historians suggest he was poisoned by the fact that he had black spots all over his body after his death and that his body decomposed rapidly. Many, including his wife, tried to uncover what happened but Injo ordered immediate burial and greatly reduced the grandeur of the practice of Crown Prince's funeral. King Injo even shortened the funeral period for his son. Later, Injo also executed Sohyeon's wife who tried to find out the real reason for her husband's death.

King Injo appointed Grand Prince Bongrim as new Crown Prince (who later became King Hyojong) rather than Prince Sohyeon's oldest son, Prince Gyeongseon. Soon after, Injo ordered the exile of Prince Sohyeon's three sons to Jeju Island (from which only the youngest son, Prince Gyeongan, returned to the mainland alive) and the execution of Sohyeon's wife, Crown Princess Minhoe, for treason.

Legacy
Today, Injo is mostly regarded as a weak, indecisive and unstable ruler; for he caused the Yi Gwal Rebellion, two wars with the Qing dynasty, and a devastation of the economy. He is often compared negatively to his predecessor, Gwanghaegun, who was dethroned, while Injo had almost no achievements during his reign and was still given a temple name. Blamed for not taking care of his kingdom, many people regard King Injo as a model for politicians not to follow; yet, he is credited for reforming the military and expanding the defense of the nation to prepare for war, since the nation had several military conflicts from 1592 to 1636. Injo died in 1649. His tomb is located in Paju, Gyeonggi Province.

Family
Consort(s) and their respective issue
 * Father: Wonjong of Joseon (2 August 1580 – 29 December 1619)
 * Grandfather: King Seonjo of Joseon (26 November 1552 – 16 March 1608)
 * Grandmother: Royal Noble Consort In of the Suwon Kim clan (1555 – 10 December 1613)
 * Mother: Queen Inheon of the Neungseong Gu clan (17 April 1578 – 14 January 1626)
 * Queen Inyeol of the Cheongju Han clan (16 August 1594 – 16 January 1636)
 * Yi Wang, Crown Prince Sohyeon (5 February 1612 – 21 May 1645), first son
 * Yi Ho, Grand Prince Bongrim (3 July 1619 – 23 June 1659), second son
 * Yi Yo, Grand Prince Inpyeong (10 December 1622 – 13 May 1658), third son
 * Yi Gon, Grand Prince Yongseong (24 October 1624 – 22 December 1629), fourth son
 * First daughter (1626–1626)
 * Fifth son (1629–1629)
 * Sixth son (12 January 1636 – 16 January 1636)
 * Queen Jangnyeol of the Yangju Jo clan (16 December 1624 – 20 September 1688)
 * Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Okcheon Jo clan (1617 – 24 January 1652)
 * Princess Hyomyeong (1637–1700), second daughter
 * Yi Jing, Prince Sungseon (17 October 1639 – 6 January 1690), seventh son
 * Yi Suk, Prince Nakseon (9 December 1641 – 26 April 1695), eighth son
 * Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Deoksu Jang clan (1619–1671)
 * Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Na clan
 * Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Park clan
 * Royal Consort Suk-won of the Jang clan
 * Court Lady Yi (? – 1643)

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Kim Dong-hoon in the 1981 KBS1 TV series Daemyeong.
 * Portrayed by Yu In-chon in the 1986–1987 MBC TV series 500 Years of Joseon: Namhan Mountain Fortress.
 * Portrayed by Ahn Dae-yong in 1995 KBS TV series West Palace.
 * Portrayed by Lee Byung-joon in the 2000–2002 MBC TV series Tamra, the Island.
 * Portrayed by Kim Chang-wan in the 2008 SBS TV series Iljimae.
 * Portrayed by Choi Jung-woo in the 2008 KBS2 TV series Strongest Chil Woo.
 * Portrayed by Kim Kap-soo in the 2010 KBS2 TV series The Slave Hunters.
 * Portrayed by Sunwoo Jae-duk in the 2012–2013 MBC TV series The King's Doctor.
 * Portrayed by Lee Deok-hwa in the 2013 JTBC TV series Blooded Palace: The War of Flowers.
 * Portrayed by Kim Myung-soo in the 2014 tvN TV series The Three Musketeers.
 * Portrayed by Kim Jae-won in the 2015 MBC TV series Splendid Politics.
 * Portrayed by Park Hae-il in the 2017 film The Fortress.
 * Portrayed by Kang Tae-oh in the 2019 KBS2 TV series The Tale of Nokdu.
 * portrayed by Lee Min-jae in 2021 MBN TV series Bossam: Steal the Fate.
 * Portrayed by Jo Kwan-woo in the 2021 tvN TV series Secret Royal Inspector & Joy.
 * Portrayed by Yoo Hae-jin in the 2022 film The Night Owl.
 * Portrayed by Kim Jong-tae in the 2023 MBC TV series My Dearest.

title: Injo of Joseon


text:
143 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force

The 143 Squadron "Phoenix" of the Republic of Singapore Air Force currently operates twelve F-16 Fighting Falcon Block 52. Based in Tengah Airbase, the squadron's motto is "We Dare".

History
143 Squadron was formed on 15 February 1975 in Changi Air Base. Operations first started on 1 April 1975 with 9 A-4Bs and 13 pilots. The first singaporean instructors and pilot were sent for training on the new aircraft to NAS Lemoore, California. They returned to Singapore in 1974 to form the nucleus of 2 new squadrons, namely No. 142 (Gryphon) and No. 143(Phoenix), with the latter actually being the first to achieve operational status in 1975.

The squadron moved to Tengah Air Base on 26 Aug 1975. On the 1st January 1976, 143 Squadron was nationalized with Cpt Ronald Lim Tze Chiow as the new commander taking over from Maj Kao Pi Ti, a Taiwanese expatriate.

The year 1989 was a memorable year for the Squadron as it became the first squadron to receive the re-engined A-4SU Skyhawks. On 1 March 1989, 143 Squadron was officially inaugurated as the first Super Skyhawk Squadron by BG (Res) Lee Hsien Loong. Later in the year, it won the Best Fighter Squadron.

The emblem of 143 Squadron was changed to a phoenix resting on the blunt edge of the sword on 1 March 1989. The bird on the new emblem is more aggressive-looking than the previous one, to match the improved capabilities of the skyhawk, and also to uphold the motto of the Phoenixians - "We Dare"!

In the following year, 143 Squadron had to honour to form the Black Knights aerobatics display team which made its debut performance at the Asian Aerospace 1990 under the CO then Teo Shi Onn. The squadron operated the A-4SUs until the squadron was deactivated momentarily in 1997.

The F16C/D Fighting Falcons were inaugurated into 143 SQN on 27 Oct 2000. The ceremony was officiated by RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean, Minister for Education and 2nd Minister for Defence.

Information
The squadron insignia is based on a mythical bird. A phoenix with only one of its kind, that after living five or six centuries in the Arabian Desert that rises from the ashes with renewed youth to live through another cycle.

This is especially true for 143 Squadron as it was deactivated in 1997, after flying the A-4 Skyhawks since 1974, and then re-activated in 2000 to fly the newly acquired F-16C/D Fighting Falcons.

The tail is adorned with a yellow & black checkered tailband. The squadron's logo is centered with the serial number on the base of the tail.

Motto
The motto of the squadron, "We Dare" aptly describes the people in the Squadron as they face any challenge with boldness, courage and resilience, just like the Phoenix.

Achievements
The squadron won the Best Fighter Squadron in the following years: 1989, 1990, 2017, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023.

The squadron accolades include Top Gun II Champion 2022 Top Ace Champion 2021 Top Gun Champion 2020

The strong culture of excellence within the squadron, coupled with its psychologically safe environment, are amongst some of the key factors leading to its continuous success.

Aircraft operated

 * 1) 16× T/A-4SU Super Skyhawks (1975–1997)
 * 2) 16× F-16C/D Fighting Falcons (2000–present)


text:
Talk:Australian Republic Movement

Misleading use of poll
The article claims that at the time of the 1999 referendum, a majority of Australians supported becoming a republic. That in itself needs a citation, however the statistics used in that sentence (namely A January 2007 Newspoll survey shows that 45% of Australians favour or partly favour Australia becoming a republic, with 36% opposed and 19% uncommitted.) are misleading as they were generated some 8 years after the referendum. I have removed the statistics accordingly. However, if you want the statistics in the article, then please don't come whingeing to my talk page and instead just rewrite the article appropriately. DirectEdge (talk) 12:43, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

"Arguments" severely lacking
The Arguments section is currently severely lacking - it does not list any actual arguments but simply states what the movement is proposing. An argument is not what the movement wants, as that is already covered in the rest of the article, it is the reasons why they want it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rikeus (talk • contribs) 07:54, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Agreed, section should be renamed. --LJ Holden 21:52, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

The ARM is not associated with any political party.
Assuming that the ARM was not founded in July 1991, following the Australian Labor Party's adoption of republicanism as a policy at its conference in June of that year. And that in 1993, the Republic Advisory Committee created by the Keating Labor government, didn't lay the foundations for proposed Constitutional change. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.208.226.40 (talk) 13:57, 31 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry, what point are you making? --LJ Holden 21:48, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110218115449/http://www.republic.org.au/page/australian-republican-movement-policy to http://www.republic.org.au/page/australian-republican-movement-policy

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The intro needs more context
A lot of people may not know that Australia is somehow in the dominion of the queen and the British royals. I don't know enough about this to explain it. But the intro as it is now doesn't provide much of a clue to it. It would be a big improvement (and easy) if someone who understands it would write a sentence or two to explain the current situation. Thanks if you can help.CountMacula (talk) 15:41, 17 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Hi, CountMacula. I have added more detail to the introduction. What do you think? Essentially from my own knowledge and what I have read, Australia became an independent country of the British Empire in 1942 through the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942. However this Act did not give Australia the right to independence of the British monarchy. I have included the act as a link in the 'see also' section as it does not really mention the monarchy from what I have skimmed from it. Essentially Australia remains a Commonwealth realm within the Commonwealth of Nations, whereby former countries that were ruled by Britain as part of the British Empire retain the current ruling British monarch as head of state. Helper201 (talk) 02:28, 20 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I have been teaching about this for some time and have made the wording more exact: covering clause 2 is the key. Hope you like. Wikiain (talk) 23:52, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

Add further details regarding the States, and potential office of Vice-President?
A lot has been discussed in the article on the effect of transitioning to a republic on a federal level, but should we discuss what implications would arise for a state level? Do any sources mention what would happen if the subnational states remained monarchical, say the Governor of Queensland still being the viceregal representative of the King, but then having an independent federal President? Does the republic movement cover whether the state governors would assume the structure of state governors in the US, with a Lieutenant Governor as the understudy? What about the potential federal office of Vice-President and establishing a Presidential line of succession which would be required. It seems like a lot of important details either haven't been considered by republicans, or we have not come across adequate sources to support further details. 203.46.132.214 (talk) 06:53, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Australian Republic Movement


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/You Need More Money

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect. Eugene van der Pijll 15:53, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

You Need More Money
Stub, doesn't warrant inclusion in an encyclopedia. Essjay ·  Talk 13:29, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect per users below; it's been here for a year, and hasn't had a content edit since last September (that is, all the edits since then have been spelling fixes etc.) -- Essjay ·  Talk 19:11, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - I did not know that criteria for deletion included whether articles or stubs had had a content edit within the last 12 months--AYArktos 02:13, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It doesn't; I was making the point that it was unlikely to be de-stubbed, as nobody has paid any attention to it in over a year. It should be redirected. -- Essjay ·  Talk 22:12, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, but only if notability is not established. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 13:31, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Hillsong Church--Porturology 13:37, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Published book available on amazon. Pburka 15:00, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Hillsong Church. The book is already mentioned in that article. Doctor Whom 16:58, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Hillsong Church. Dcarrano 18:52, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per above. -Splash 22:29, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've heard of the book before, and it's a fine example of the ideology behind Hillsong and why Houston is such scum. Ambi 14:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. I believe this is a self-published book, and I find these are vanity creations, not independently notable. Xoloz 17:38, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - the church is extremely notable in Australia for its controversial (for many Australians) approaches which are in fact shifting the religious and political landscape in this country. The book merits a separate article as the sentiments are very different to the values of many Australians. There are separate articles for other Christian books such as This Present Darkness, Come Holy Spirit and Charismatic Chaos (book) - this book is at least as notable.--AYArktos 22:04, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect--Cyberjunkie | Talk 07:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Hillsong Church with expanded entry there. Peter Ellis 04:25, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Dmcdevit

Dmcdevit
final (38/1/1) ending 13:29 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Dmcdevit is a hard-working contributor who specializes in the Transwiki process and cleanup related to that, but has also worked with the Stubsensor Cleanup Project - and of course wrote several articles in the meantime. He would be a worthwhile addition to the admin team. Radiant_ >|< 13:30, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

(for those who want numbers, WP:KATE says about 5k edits).

 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here:
 * Thank you for the kind words! I accept more humbly than anyone else has ever accepted (yep, think about it). My one request here is that people ignore all rules nominees try to make at the top with their acceptance. --Dmcdevit·t 20:04, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Support Long overdue, I've found him helpful in the past, and he could do his cleanup work better with the admin extra buttons.  NoSeptember -  13:52, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support.  Cooperative user who has done hard work in Transwiki, but has broader experience.  -   BanyanTree 17:08, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) It doesn't get any hotter than this. Mike H (Talking is hot) 18:51, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support Give this guy adminship already gkhan 19:00, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) El_C 19:38, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:52, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support Very active doing cleanup and janitorial work. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 01:49, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Supoort yes indeed. Grutness...  wha?  02:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support, great work on transwikis and other janitor tasks, and could make good use of admin tools--nixie 04:10, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support goes around doing lots of good stuff and doing it well. Plenty of time spent in the areas of WP that admins are needed in most. Admin tools in his hands will speed along the improvment of Wiki wonderfully. -Splash 05:38, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support. Excellent janitor. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:03, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Support - Guettarda 16:47, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Support. --Scimitar parley 16:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Support Only had good experiences so far--Sophitus 17:30, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Support. He's a very good janitor, gives useful (though short) edit summaries, has done nice work with Transwiki, and has shown good interactions with other users.  He's not an admin?  Let's fix that! --Idont Havaname 22:00, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Support Stirling Newberry 05:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Support, why not. --Sn0wflake 05:23, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Most definitely – top notch editor. --Spangineer (háblame)  10:52, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 11:15, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Yep! Dedicated to making WP better. · Katefan0(scribble) 15:48, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Support  WBardwin 16:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) Support Stewart Adcock 21:50, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) Support. utcursch | talk 10:14, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 24) Support- I thought he was one already. --Bhadani 11:00, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 25) Support. All together now – I thought he was one already! A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  13:15, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 26) Cool. JuntungWu 14:52, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 27) Support - RFA Cliché no. 1 definitely applies here! Thryduulf 15:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 28) SupportBluemoose 21:18, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 29) Support. Hall Monitor 23:46, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 30) Support, on the condition that the nominee teaches me the mythical secrets of the transwiki process. -- BD2412  talk 01:22, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Absolutely, help welcome! You could start out at transwiki (though it is general and overly complicated). And I'll always answer any questions that you have to the best of my ability, even in excruciating detail. :) --Dmcdevit·t 01:40, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks - a good place to start, indeed. The questions will come soon enough. -- BD2412 talk 20:53, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support excellent member of the wiki-community. Poli (talk • contribs) 03:29, 2005 July 21 (UTC)
 * 2) Support - shows good judgment & clear dedication to Wikipedia. Gblaz 17:53, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. Looks like a great contributor. Sorry it took so long to get you nominated. - Taxman Talk 20:49, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support. Great work, showing good judgement. Feydey 00:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support Shows good judement and does great work on wikipedia -- Jtkiefer 04:16, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Baaaa... Fire Star 04:24, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support. Dmc? You didn't tell me you were up for an adminship. Shame on you. Shaaaaaaaaaaaaaaame. :-) --Woohookitty 06:07, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. Mackensen (talk) 12:11, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:38, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * May I ask why you are in opposition of Dmcdevit receiving adminship? Hall Monitor 23:46, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Because Boothy is onto us - admins are 3vil hypnotized tools of the Cabal that is taking over the world, and Boothy wishes to save Dmc from the same dire fate. Radiant_ >|< 07:54, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) Neutral. Two months short of my personal threshold for supporting potential admins. Denelson83  21:11, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Comments

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. Lately, I've found myself tagging a lot of speedy deletes, especially when going through the transwiki log and finding either recreations, or articles with VfD decisions to transwiki and delete, but were never deleted after being transwikied. I certainly see myself helping out with speedies, and any closing XfD backlog. I'm sure Theo and Radiant and any other admins I've been asking to do chores for me will want me off their backs. And I know I'll find other places to help out too.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. Well, I guess there is of course the transwikiing job, and you can take a look at the transwiki log (which is in dire need of more helpers!) and its archives for an idea of the sheer amount of definitions moved and then subsequently cleaned up. Article-wise, I'm more of a stub-starter than an FA producer, but the one article I've worked most extensively on, actually the one that I found Wikipedia because of, and so some of the early anon edits are mine, is Black Death. I got a little burnt out on the topic after an extensive peer review, and so I haven't done some needed touchups necessary to bring it up to FA status. I do, however, have one featured list, list of countries where UN peacekeepers are currently deployed and one soon to be FL (no objections on the nom as of yet), list of UN peacekeeping missions. And other stuff, too.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A. I tend not to be in situations where there will be conflicts. However, as the single transwikier-to-Wiktionary for a time, there have been some minor tussles with editors ignorant of the transwiki process (a common afliction) who were afraid tagged articles were going to be deleted when they're simply duplicated. I can't think of any other conflicts, but I think the way to resolve any of them is to talk it out calmly, hear out all opinions and be willing to compromise.


text:
Moon Hill

Moon Hill is a hill with a natural arch through it a few kilometers outside Yangshuo in southern China's Guangxi autonomous region. Moon Hill is part of the Guilin Mountains. It is so named for a wide, semicircular hole through the hill, all that remains of what was once a limestone cave formed in the phreatic zone. Like most formations in the region, it is karst. It is also a popular tourist attraction.

Description
It takes roughly 20 minutes to climb up to the arch (about 800 steps), or considerably longer for those who wish to reach the summit. Visitors must pay an entrance fee in order to climb the hill. Souvenir and refreshment vendors often follow climbers up and down the path.

In addition to a concrete tourist path which passes through the arch, and a somewhat rougher, steeper path leading to the summit above the arch, Moon Hill has several rock climbing routes, many of which were pioneered by the American climber Todd Skinner in the 1990s. It has also been used for abseils in several adventure races.

Moon Hill offers broad panoramic views of the surrounding countryside which is characterized by the knobby karst hills found throughout the region.

Geography
Moon Hill is located to the south of Yangshuo across the Jingbao river along China National Highway 321. It has an elevation of 380 m, while the hill is 230 m in relative height and 410 m in length. The arch is about 50 meters in height.

Climbing ban
Moon Hill had a two-year rock climbing ban lifted in 2019. The climbing ban, which went into effect in the first half of 2017, was in place due to a security guard on the viewing deck nearly being hit on the head with a piece of falling debris. During this time, climbing was only allowed during the annual Yangshuo climbing festival in late October. Moon Hill was leased by a new private company and, after meeting with the Yangshuo Climbers Association, they decided to remove the ban at the end of 2019. The ban was removed under the condition that the climbing routes be inspected annually, with the funding provided by the climbers' mandatory climbing insurance.

title: Moon Hill


text:
Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?

Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya is a 2005 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film directed by David Dhawan. It is a remake of the 1969 English film, Cactus Flower. It stars Salman Khan, Sushmita Sen and Katrina Kaif along with Sohail Khan, Arshad Warsi, Beena Kak, Rajpal Yadav and Isha Koppikar in supporting roles. The film revolves around the relationships of a womanizing doctor who gets ultimately stuck between two women: a patient with suicidal tendencies and his nurse.

Plot
Sameer is a very successful doctor: He not only looks after his patients' maladies, but he also looks after his female patients' hearts. Most women fall for him and his irresistible charms. The only person who has not fallen for him is his dutiful nurse Naina

Whenever a girl gets too close to Sameer and starts talking about marriage, he sends her off by telling her he is already married. However, one day, he meets Sonia, a beautiful young woman and Sameer is smitten. He lies to her about having a wife, but the marriage is failing. When she learns of his 'wife', she wants to meet her. Sameer introduces Naina, as well as her niece and nephew, as his wife and children.

Sameer then arranges a fake divorce from his fake wife with the help of his best friend, lawyer Vicky who, despite having a steady girlfriend, frequently flirts with Naina. To complicate things further, Sameer’s mother suddenly appears and doesn't want her son get divorced from Naina (when he is not married to her in the first place). And then, there is Sonia's neighbour Pyare, who does not want Sonia to marry Sameer: He wants Sonia for his own and she seems to like him, too.

The web of lies around everyone grows thicker and thicker, but finally, Sameer is able to persuade Sonia to marry him. Before leaving for the airport, Naina confronts Sonia and reveals the web of lies formed by Sameer, to persuade Sonia for marriage. At the altar, Sonia makes Sameer realize that she isn't the right wife for him but Naina who has proved her love since she played along, pretending to be his wife. Sameer agrees and rushes to the airport because Naina wants to escape to Canada, while Sonia marries Pyare. At the airport, Sameer arrives in time: He apologizes to Naina and convinces her to stay. Naina agrees to stay with Sameer and his family.

Cast

 * Salman Khan as Dr. Sameer Malhotra: Sonia's boyfriend and Naina's fake husband
 * Sushmita Sen as Naina Kapoor: Sameer's nurse and fake wife
 * Katrina Kaif as Sonia Bharadwaj: Sameer's girlfriend
 * Sohail Khan as Pyare Mohan Singh: Sonia's neighbour
 * Beena Kak as Anjali Malhotra: Sameer's mother
 * Arshad Warsi as Vikrant "Vicky" Roy
 * Isha Koppikar as Nishi Gupta
 * Punita Trikha as Jewellery Designer
 * Rajpal Yadav as Army Officer Pramod Kumar Thapar aka Thapa: Sameer's patient
 * Arbaaz Khan as Shrikant Sharma (guest appearance)
 * Shahid Kapoor as Ahmed Bilal (cameo)
 * Dolly Bindra as Dolly Verma: Naina's friend
 * G. P. Singh as Judge Brahmadutt Gupta

Box office
The film grossed 55 crores. It also emerged as the fifth-highest-grossing film of the year.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack consists of 7 original tracks and 4 remixes composed by Himesh Reshammiya According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 1,250,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was one of the year's best-selling.

Reception
A critic from Rediff.com wrote that "In terms of its body and colour, Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya is a sunshine romantic comedy. It has it all -- cool, summery colours, trendy hip-shaking music, rocking choreography, pretty looking actors and amusing banter". Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama wrote that the film "is a Salman Khan film all the way. The good looking actor has specialized at aimed-at-gallery roles and his performance plus charisma is what makes the goings-on so pleasurable".

title: Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?


text:
Talk:Most Wanted (Hilary Duff album)

Beat Of My Heart Should Stay.
I personally think this page should stay because of the following reasons: a) It is an official single b) It has an official music video released for it c) There is enough information on the "page" to be considered a page. d) The song is quite popular, and has entered into some countdowns and will probably enter into the Billboard Hot 100. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mylipsareduffed (talk • contribs) 03:30, 29 November 2005.

Merging Singles
I don't believe any of the singles should be merged, because they are seperate CD's and other artists don't have their singles merged WestJet

 * To quote user:FuriousFreddy: if a song article is nothing but a recounting of how the song was made, and how well it did, without explaining that it was, in some way, important and influential to the music industry, there's really no reason for it. Just write good album articles, and selected articles on the important singles and album tracks, and let's keep the encyclopedia balanced. Encyclopedias aren't supposed to be "complete"; they are supposed to provide overviews and guide users to further information on a subject if they want to go beyond the standard level. Something like a Hilary Duff fan wiki would be a fine place to have an article on every Duff song, but a general-purpose encyclopedia is not. See Requests for comment/Pop music issues and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Music/Notability and Music Guidelines/Songs. Why write dozens of short articles on singles, with no chances of actual expansion short of padding and marketing-report material (chart positions), when they can be combined into one album article? Extraordinary Machine 00:54, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

This is ridiculous, I started looking for Hilary Duff single articles and eventually realized there are none—they've all been redirected. All those articles need to be restored. People went and wrote content on those singles, and then somebody came along and just got rid of it all? The standard on Wikipedia is to have a separate article on every popular song. This is part of having comprehensive coverage. The battle has been fought before, the community's viewpoint is clear, this should be a non-issue by now. Everyking 06:11, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * There, I think all the damage is fixed now. Please do not do it again. It is almost painful to see that much work people put into those articles lost (until now). Well, now those articles can continue to develop normally into comprehensive articles like the rest of Wikipedia's similar articles. Everyking 06:34, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't get rid of everything, I merged what I felt was important with the album articles. As Requests for comment/Pop music issues and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Music/Notability and Music Guidelines/Songs indicate, there definitely isn't a consensus on this issue, so to say that "the community's viewpoint is clear" is somewhat misleading. In my opinion, "it's a popular song" is not in and of itself a strong enough argument for including an article about a song or single, especially when a) a lot of them could be merged into the album's articles, and b) some of them aren't actually very popular at all. Extraordinary Machine 18:00, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Convention seems clear; other artists have independent single articles. Anyway, at the very least, any of her songs which charted, or at least charted above a certain level (top 50?) should have articles. Her more minor singles, maybe you can argue that, but the major hits she's had should without a doubt have articles. Everyking 20:47, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I still believe that the size of the album articles should be considered before creating articles about the singles. For example, Chris Brown's "Run It!" went to number one in the U.S. a few weeks ago, but I merged it with the article for the album it came from because it was only a paragraph long. I also find it annoying having to go through several articles to find out whether a single was a hit or not. I think that if an album article consists of only about two or three paragraphs of prose, then efforts should be made to develop it rather than spinning off single articles, and that the single articles should only be created if there is enough material besides chart and music video information to create a comprehensive article. Anyway, I think that the discussion should be continued at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Music/Notability and Music Guidelines/Songs. Extraordinary Machine 17:19, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Why does not it fulfill the quality standards?
For that there is a sign of which the page does not fulfill the qualit standards?, what is it necessary to change?

Reviews were mostly negative, not positive

 * Please stop saying that the reviews for the album were "somewhat positive" when 95% of the reviews were negative. Please tell the facts.72.94.46.100 23:01, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:HilaryDuff-WakeUp.ogg
Image:HilaryDuff-WakeUp.ogg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:10, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:BeatofmyHeart.ogg
Image:BeatofmyHeart.ogg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:13, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

compilation not greatest hits
get over it, the album IS considered a compilation album by duff & hollywood records. rather than a greatest hits. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eddiep803b (talk • contribs) 22:27, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * If you don't have a source for this information, it won't be changed. Sorry. Edit warring and vandalizing isn't going to do anything about it. – Chase  ( talk ) 23:12, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

References for Expansion
— Status  {talkcontribs  05:18, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Cheaper By The Duo? Hilary Duff Teams Up With Madden Brothers For New LP
 * Hilary Draws The Line At Collaborating With Good Charlotte
 * New Releases: Hilary Duff, Click Five, Rick James, 311, Taproot, Idlewild, Cowboy Junkies

— Status  {talkcontribs  05:33, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Duff's 'Most Wanted' To Boast New Songs
 * Duff Finalizes 'Most Wanted' Track List
 * HUH? JamesAlan1986 *talk 09:38, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Most Wanted (Hilary Duff album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120527221955/http://articles.boston.com/2007-09-01/news/29227047_1_hilary-duff-malibu-barbie-pop to http://articles.boston.com/2007-09-01/news/29227047_1_hilary-duff-malibu-barbie-pop
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151019184225/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Hilary%20Duff&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=Artist&perPage=25 to https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Hilary%20Duff&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=Artist&perPage=25
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130727024757/http://www.cria.ca/gold/1205_g.php to http://www.cria.ca/gold/1205_g.php

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:57, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Most Wanted (Hilary Duff album)


text:
Informavore

The term informavore (also spelled informivore) characterizes an organism that consumes information. It is meant to be a description of human behavior in modern information society, in comparison to omnivore, as a description of humans consuming food. George A. Miller coined the term in 1983 as an analogy to how organisms survive by consuming negative entropy (as suggested by Erwin Schrödinger ). Miller states, "Just as the body survives by ingesting negative entropy, so the mind survives by ingesting information. In a very general sense, all higher organisms are informavores."

An early use of the term was in a newspaper article by Jonathan Chevreau where he quotes a speech made by Zenon Pylyshyn. Soon after, the term appeared in the introduction of Pylyshyn's seminal book on Cognitive Science, Computation and Cognition.

More recently the term has been popularized by philosopher Daniel Dennett in his book Kinds of Minds and by cognitive scientist Steven Pinker.

title: Informavore


text:
Roscoe Parrish

Roscoe Parrish (born July 16, 1982) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver and kick returner. He was selected by the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL) in the second round (55th overall) of the 2005 NFL draft. He played college football at the University of Miami.

Collegiate career and early life
Parrish played quarterback at Miami Senior High. He then attended the University of Miami and converted to the wide receiver position and finished his college career with 81 receptions. He is the cousin of NFL running back Branden Oliver.

Track and field
Parrish was also a track star at the University of Miami, where he ran the 60 meters, 100 meters and 200 meters, posting personal bests of 6.89 seconds, 10.65 seconds and 21.13 seconds, respectively.

He also competed in the 55 meters, posting a personal best time of 6.38 seconds.

Buffalo Bills
The Buffalo Bills drafted Parrish in the second round (55th overall) during the 2005 NFL draft.

2005 season
Parrish's NFL career with the Buffalo Bills got off to a slow start, with Parrish missing the first six games due to injury. Parrish played in a limited role for the next 10 games, finishing the 2005 season with 15 receptions for 148 yards (9.9 avg.) and one touchdown. He also returned several punts and kickoffs for the team.

2006 season
Parrish served as the Bills fourth wide receiver. Parrish finished the year with 23 receptions for 320 yards (13.9 avg.) and 2 touchdowns. As a punt returner, Parrish gained 364 yards on 32 attempts (11.4 avg.) and one score.

Parrish's finest moment came when he ran back an 82-yard punt return for a touchdown in a win against the Jacksonville Jaguars. In the same game, he caught a 30-yard pass from quarterback J. P. Losman to set up the Bills' game-winning field goal.

2007 season
Parrish returned his first punt return of the season for a touchdown against the Denver Broncos. He became the first player in the 2007 season to score a rushing touchdown, a receiving touchdown, and a punt return touchdown. For the second season in a row, Parrish finished the season with over 300 receiving yards and 360 total return yards, achieving 352 receiving yards on 35 receptions, 440 punt return yards, and 126 kickoff return yards.

2008 season
In the Bills season opener against the Seattle Seahawks, Parrish returned a punt return 63 yards for a touchdown. His return stats ultimately declined this year as he shared return responsibilities with rookie cornerback Leodis McKelvin. He caught 24 passes for 232 yards, receiving his lone touchdown against the Oakland Raiders to help the Bills win 24–23.

2009 season
Parrish's role as a receiver decreased in 2009 as the Bills signed superstar receiver Terrell Owens in the off-season, as he only caught 3 passes for 44 yards. Parrish had a notable blunder during a game against the Cleveland Browns, muffing a punt in the fourth quarter that set up the Browns' game-winning field goal in a low-scoring 6–3 affair.

2010-11 seasons
After the departures of both Owens and Josh Reed in free agency, Parrish resumed his role as a prominent receiver for the Bills. In just 8 games, he caught a career-high 400 receiving yards on 33 catches with two touchdowns before suffering a season-ending hand injury against the Chicago Bears that would require surgery. In week 2 of the following season, Parrish was injured again after catching his first and only reception of the year for 16 yards. The Bills placed him on injured reserve for the second year in a row.

San Diego Chargers
On April 3, 2012, Parrish signed with the San Diego Chargers, but was released on August 27, 2012.

Oakland Raiders
Later that same day, Parrish was signed by the Oakland Raiders, who needed a returner to fill in for a hurt Jacoby Ford. However, in the following preseason game against the Seattle Seahawks, Parrish fumbled both punt return attempts, did not see the field again, and was cut the following day.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On September 25, 2012, Parrish was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to replace Jordan Shipley as the team's kick returner. He retired after this season, finishing his career with over 1,500 receiving yards and nearly 2,700 return yards.

Legal issues
On August 12, 2019, Parrish was arrested in Fort Lauderdale, Florida with criminal charges of stalking and written threats to kill. He had allegedly begun harassing a former girlfriend and her daughter after the relationship ended in July 2018.

title: Roscoe Parrish


text:
Talk:Injo of Joseon

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:08, 17 January 2020 (UTC)
 * 인조의 항복.jpg

title: Talk:Injo of Joseon


text:
Actiniidae

Actiniidae is the largest family of sea anemones, to which most common, temperate, shore species belong. Most members of this family do not participate in symbioses with fishes. Three exceptions are the bubble-tip anemone (with anemonefish and certain cardinalfish), snakelocks anemone (with Incognito goby) and Urticina piscivora (with painted greenling).

The systematics of Actiniidae is often quite difficult. The problem with identification of genera within this family is that most species are readily distinguishable when alive but when fixated lose their color and some other features. Arrangement of tentacles is important in defining genera for Actiniaria families. There may be one tentacle per space between mesenteries or there may be more than one tentacle between each two mesenteries. Members of the family Actiniidae have one tentacle per space.

Genera
Genera in this family include:

 * Actinia Linnaeus, 1767
 * Actinioides Haddon & Shackleton, 1893
 * Actinopsis
 * Actinostella
 * Anemonia Risso, 1826
 * Antheopsis Simon, 1892
 * Anthopleura Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860
 * Anthostella Carlgren, 1938
 * Asteractis Verrill, 1869
 * Aulactinia Verrill, 1864
 * Bolocera Gosse, 1860
 * Boloceropsis McMurrich, 1904
 * Bunodactis Verril, 1899
 * Bunodosoma Verrill, 1899
 * Cladactella Verrill, 1928
 * Condylactis Duchassaing de Fombressin & Michelotti, 1864
 * Cribrina Hemprich & Ehrenberg in Ehrenberg, 1834
 * Cribrinopsis Carlgren, 1922
 * Dofleinia Wassilieff, 1908
 * Entacmaea Ehrenberg, 1834
 * Epiactis Verrill, 1869
 * Glyphoperidium Roule, 1909
 * Gyractis Boveri, 1893
 * Gyrostoma Kwietniewski, 1898
 * Isactinia Carlgren, 1900
 * Isanemonia Carlgren, 1950
 * Isantheopsis Carlgren, 1942
 * Isoaulactinia Belém, Herrera & Schlenz, 1996
 * Isosicyonis Carlgren, 1927
 * Isotealia Carlgren, 1899
 * Korsaranthus Riemann-Zurneck, 1999
 * Leipsiceras Stephenson, 1918
 * Macrodactyla Haddon, 1898
 * Mesactinia England, 1987
 * Myonanthus McMurrich, 1893
 * Neocondylactis England, 1987
 * Neoparacondylactis Zamponi, 1974
 * Onubactis Lopez-Gonzalez, den Hartog & Garcia-Gomez, 1995
 * Oulactis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851
 * Parabunodactis Carlgren, 1928
 * Paracondylactis Carlgren, 1934
 * Paranemonia Carlgren, 1900
 * Parantheopsis McMurrich, 1904
 * Paratealia Mathew & Kurian, 1979
 * Phialoba Carlgren, 1949
 * Phlyctenactis Stuckey, 1909
 * Phlyctenanthus Carlgren, 1949
 * Phyllactis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851
 * Phymactis Milne Edwards, 1857
 * Phymanthea
 * Pseudactinia Carlgren, 1928
 * Spheractis England, 1992
 * Stylobates Dall, 1903
 * Synantheopsis England, 1992
 * Tealianthus Carlgren, 1927
 * Urticina Ehrenberg, 1834
 * Urticinopsis Carlgren, 1927

title: Actiniidae


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Media

WikiProject Media has a two-fold purpose: 1) To improve the organization and quality of existing articles, categories, lists and resources, of or related to print or electronic media and to help generate ideas for new items and expansion to same. 2) To improve the organization and quality of existing articles, categories, lists and resources, of or related to mass media and to help generate ideas for new items and expansion to same.

Our aim is to have this WikiProject assist other Wikipedians in positive and constructive ways, for the betterment of this universe of articles and resources and to Wikipedia as a whole.

If you are new to WikiProjects, take some time to get familiar with what WikiProjects are all about. For new and experienced Project participants, your comments are invited at the Project's talk page.

Goals
This project was formed primarily to develop an objective approach to a conceptual framework, that might shed some light on systemic bias within the Mass media industries. The scope has been expanded to be inclusive of the circumstances of the technology involved, as it applies to the cultures it effects.

Scope
Log line -- A broadbased WikiProject covering 1) the technical and creative factors required for print and electronic media, and 2) the economic and social issues related to media.
 * 1) Technical and application:
 * 2) All articles relating to Media, mediums of all types and formats, covering -- acquisition, editorial, creative, authoring, delivery, transmission, storage, archiving, consumer and professional equipment and formats, networks, broadcast, cable, microwave, satellite transmission and low-power broadcasting.
 * 3) Theory, analysis, economics, ethics, criticism
 * 4) Articles dealing with specific issues in mass media, media regulatory issues, media culture, electronic journalism, media bias, news propaganda, criticism, media ethics, standards and practices, media economics, news industry, political media, media creative specialties and skill sets.

Participants
Put # in this section in order to become a part of the project:
 * 1)  (medically retired concert and recording pianoforte technician - instrumental in the introduction of computer technology into the music industry during the 1980s with special emphasis on the adoption of various media types for music, music literature and music education presentation)
 * 2)  (mathematics  student)
 * 3)  (study media for few years)
 * 4)  interested in improving news and sports TV channel articles, as well as local TV stations, radio stations and local sports TV and radio networks articles.
 * 5)  - Looking to deepen and refine articles about social media, technology and media in general.
 * 6)  - I love to participate here in Wikiproject. I will also share about my ideas about the television network here in my country Philippines.
 * 7)  - Focused on pages at the convergence of belief, society, and media. That and the Simpsons.
 * 8) Kylestewart98 (talk) 02:35, 11 November 2012 (UTC)
 * 9)  Former communications & media scholar
 * 10)  Cyberhetoric & Media Studies
 * 11)  Editor and Master's candidate in New Media Journalism
 * 12)  Bachelor's degree in Communication Arts with some experience in news writing and editing
 * 13)  MSc in Media and Communications, professional
 * 14)  Bachelor's in Organizational Communications, professional in publishing, technology and online education
 * 15)  BA with media / journalism experience. Interested in media psychology, history of media.
 * 16)  Interested in helping add to lesser known media, television, and communication.
 * 17)  Ethics in communication and media, PhD in Media and Communication.
 * 18)  Media, Media, Media!!!
 * 19)  Journalist in all media: TV, radio, print and online
 * 20) CaptureCode (talk) 14:18, 14 September 2021 (UTC)
 * 21)  Major in digital culture
 * 22)  Historian
 * 23)  Interested in the use of propaganda in media and public relations, especially the use of the third party technique and front groups to undermine science
 * 24)  Interested in new forms of media, background in traditional reporting
 * 1)  interested in improving news and sports TV channel articles, as well as local TV stations, radio stations and local sports TV and radio networks articles.
 * 2)  - Looking to deepen and refine articles about social media, technology and media in general.
 * 3)  - I love to participate here in Wikiproject. I will also share about my ideas about the television network here in my country Philippines.
 * 4)  - Focused on pages at the convergence of belief, society, and media. That and the Simpsons.
 * 5) Kylestewart98 (talk) 02:35, 11 November 2012 (UTC)
 * 6)  Former communications & media scholar
 * 7)  Cyberhetoric & Media Studies
 * 8)  Editor and Master's candidate in New Media Journalism
 * 9)  Bachelor's degree in Communication Arts with some experience in news writing and editing
 * 10)  MSc in Media and Communications, professional
 * 11)  Bachelor's in Organizational Communications, professional in publishing, technology and online education
 * 12)  BA with media / journalism experience. Interested in media psychology, history of media.
 * 13)  Interested in helping add to lesser known media, television, and communication.
 * 14)  Ethics in communication and media, PhD in Media and Communication.
 * 15)  Media, Media, Media!!!
 * 16)  Journalist in all media: TV, radio, print and online
 * 17) CaptureCode (talk) 14:18, 14 September 2021 (UTC)
 * 18)  Major in digital culture
 * 19)  Historian
 * 20)  Interested in the use of propaganda in media and public relations, especially the use of the third party technique and front groups to undermine science
 * 21)  Interested in new forms of media, background in traditional reporting
 * 1)  Media, Media, Media!!!
 * 2)  Journalist in all media: TV, radio, print and online
 * 3) CaptureCode (talk) 14:18, 14 September 2021 (UTC)
 * 4)  Major in digital culture
 * 5)  Historian
 * 6)  Interested in the use of propaganda in media and public relations, especially the use of the third party technique and front groups to undermine science
 * 7)  Interested in new forms of media, background in traditional reporting
 * 1)  Interested in the use of propaganda in media and public relations, especially the use of the third party technique and front groups to undermine science
 * 2)  Interested in new forms of media, background in traditional reporting
 * 1)  Interested in new forms of media, background in traditional reporting

Infoboxes

 * Infobox storage medium

Stub templates

 * publish-stub

Project templates

 * Project Templates gallery (subpage)

The following templates are in use in this project:
 * WikiProject Media
 * templateMedia - template for internal project use
 * MediaProjectTemplate - for possible use in articles related to the project

Project relevant Wikipedia articles
Articles can be found at: Category:WikiProject Media articles
 * The media (disambiguation) page.

New Wikipedia articles related to Media
Please feel free to list your new Media-related articles here (newer articles at the top, please). Any new articles that have an interesting or unusual fact in them should be suggested for the Did you know? box on the Main Wikipedia page. DYK has a 72 hr. time limit from the creation of the article.

 * Above Average Productions - An online comedy network and a branch of Broadway Video. Any feedback/adive welcome! -Kev.w.pri (talk) 23:02, 21 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Serial (podcast) - Spinoff of This American Life. DYK on 26 October 2014. Requesting assessment, please? Grand'mere Eugene (talk) 20:49, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Women in journalism and media professions
 * The White Hands Campaign is a new article about a feminist media campaign in the Arab world. Input from Arabic speakers would be especially appreciated.
 * Disability in the media is a new article created by members of WikiProject Disability. We would welcome participation from members of this project. The article is intended to be an overview of the way the media deals with topics related to disability. It is just a rough stub at present so there is a lot of scope for expansion.

Article improvement drive

 * Mass media (a VA article)
 * Media (communication)
 * Media consumption

Collaboration of the week

 * Media Bias

Good Articles

 * Al Jazeera
 * BBC
 * BBC News 24
 * BBC UK regional TV on satellite
 * DuMont Television Network
 * Film
 * Monty Python
 * Napster
 * Nelvana
 * Thomas Edison

Featured articles

 * Blues
 * Compact Cassette
 * Panavision

Categories and subpages

 * List of
 * Category:Mass media

Ongoing Wikipedia surveys

 * Requested moves:
 * Requests for Comments:

Votes for deletion

 * Votes for deletion (Article deletion):
 * Votes for undelete (Article undeletion}:
 * Templates for deletion:
 * Templates for deletion/Log/2008 December 27
 * See talk page Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Media

 * Categories for deletion:
 * Images for deletion:
 * Redirects for deletion:

Request for comment

 * 1) May I make a request for comment (RfC) on the article Dominant group (art) that has been AfD here: Articles for deletion/Dominant group (art).
 * 2) Please comment and reassess the article Dhammakaya Media Channel, which has recently been updated greatly. Thanks.--Farang Rak Tham (talk) 21:46, 5 April 2017 (UTC)
 * 3) Could I request assessment or comment on the article Junk Food News, I made some decent contributions and would really appreciate any advice for improvement. Thank you! User:RekNek42 (talk) 17:16, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

Requested articles

 * Journal of Physics Special Projects

Suggestions for new projects

 * 1) Read Wikiproject Best practices for tips on leading a WikiProject.
 * 2) Create the main project page at Wikipedia:WikiProject projectname. (See Starting a new page)
 * 3) Create an outline on your project page:
 * 4) *Add {{subst:WikiProject|projectname}} into your main project page and save. (See m:Help:Template for details.)
 * 5) Identify pages within the scope of your project:
 * 6) * A good way to do this is to copy the listings of Special:Whatlinkshere for the most important articles related to your project.
 * 7) * You will probably want to save a copy of the list on a project status subpage.
 * 8) Create a project  to-do list to focus and coordinate your collaborative efforts.
 * 9) If possible, link to a sample article to give other Wikipedians a feel for the project's goals.
 * 10) Advertise!
 * 11) * Create a project notice template, and insert it at the top of the talk page of related articles.

Related WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Films
 * WikiProject Filmmaking
 * WikiProject Journalism
 * WikiProject History of photography
 * WikiProject Music genres
 * WikiProject Newspapers
 * WikiProject Professional sound production
 * WikiProject Stagecraft
 * WikiProject Technology
 * WikiProject Telecommunications
 * WikiProject Video games

Descendant WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Magazines
 * WikiProject Comics
 * WikiProject Books
 * WikiProject Academic Journals

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Media


text: Category:FIFA World Cup stadiums

title: Category:FIFA World Cup stadiums