text:
Talk:Chesapeake and Ohio Railway

Untitled
This page (and related pages) cries out for the question of the name "Chesapeak and Ohio" to be addressed. Is it related to the Chesapeake and Ohio canal http://www.fred.net/kathy/canal.html, the Ohio Company and to president George Washington one of its principals, and reputedly an early surveyor of the route?

Plagiarism
Much of this article is plagiarized from http://www.cohs.org/history/history.htm. - Mmathu 04:17, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * We need to follow up on that. Vaoverland (talk) 00:04, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I was doing a research paper and noticed that the "C & O predecessors during the Civil War" section was lifted verbatim from the aforementioned website. Hope this helps

comparison:

 * The Historical Society page on October 9, 2004
 * first revision of our article on October 23, 2004

That feels fairly conclusive. (who said above, ambiguously, that "We need to follow up on that") is the original author. He passed away in 2011. Mackensen (talk) 20:35, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I had neglected to include the template on the article, but upon a second look it appears as if the entire History section (therefore, essentially the entire article) was at least mostly composed of material from the external source. I went ahead and added the template to the bottom of the article. Is there anything else I need to do at this point, like request revdel, or a speedy delete? Thanks for your help. DrOrinScrivello (talk) 14:39, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @DrOrinScrivello I don't know if a revdel is appropriate in this case; the article was "born" as a copyvio. That's unfortunate, given how prominent a topic this is within US railroading. I think we're better off with doing a clean rewrite. I'll make a post at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Trains. Mackensen (talk) 14:54, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Came here from the WT:TRAINS post. I happen to be between jobs at the moment IRL, so I have a short period in which I can devote more time than normal to editing. I'd be happy to help with rewriting, though I don't have any books specifically on the C&O as my focus is southern New England. I agree that the best thing to do is blow up the entire article and start fresh, to ensure any and all copyvio has been erased. Should we start a new version of the article in userspace or draftspae somewhere? This also begs the question: do we need to examine Vaoverland's other contributions for copyvio? Trainsandotherthings (talk) 18:42, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @Trainsandotherthings I'll help; my C&O holdings are weak at the moment. I have a work on their passenger service and my Michigan books cover the ex-Pere Marquette part of the system. Let's start at Chesapeake and Ohio Railway/rewrite. Regarding Vaoverland, I think we start by checking articles that he created in that period. If we turn up others, we head over to Contributor copyright investigations. I'll start on that checking now. Mackensen (talk) 21:46, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Both Southern Railway (U.S.) and Florida East Coast Railway have significant problems in their history; the former was noted in 2009 but nothing was done: Talk:Southern Railway (U.S.). Mackensen (talk) 21:59, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * You can add Sewell's Point and Battle of Hampton Roads as well. Looks like a CCI is probably in order. DrOrinScrivello (talk) 22:18, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @DrOrinScrivello @Trainsandotherthings FYI: Contributor copyright investigations. Mackensen (talk) 01:00, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

See Talk:Chesapeake and Ohio Railway/Temp. Trainsandotherthings (talk) 20:19, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I see MER-C has purged much of the history section as confirmed copyvio, but I am suspicious of what remains as it is virtually entirely uncited. Anyhow, it needs to be rewritten as an encyclopedia article instead of a personal essay. The puffery and weasel words are completely out of control. Trainsandotherthings (talk) 17:22, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I was just looking at the same thing. The article is still a 90% Earwig match to the cohs.org history. DrOrinScrivello (talk) 17:26, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Wow, it was still really bad. I've chopped everything that I could find as copied. Trainsandotherthings (talk) 17:31, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

C&O's passenger services ended in 1971 with the formation of Amtrak.
"C&O's passenger services ended in 1971 with the formation of Amtrak." - This statement in the introductory section seems wrong; the C&O RR handled passengers on the Lake Michigan car ferries until at least the early 1980s (the C&O ferries were sold to the Michigan & Wisconsin Trans. Co. in 1983). C&O's passenger totals were 197,000 in 1971, 126,000 in 1979. The 1970s were operated by and for the C&O RR; the early 1980s were a C&O contract service for the DOT. - See Lake ferry service to run this summer (The Milwaukee Journal - June 5 1981) — Mmathu (talk) 18:47, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Locale
The C&O operated in Wisconsin also; they had a permanent switcher assigned to the car ferry dock and had trackage there. See More Classic American Railroads by Mike Schafer (page 25). Mmathu (talk) 14:26, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
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Proposed merge of Kanawha Bridge and Terminal Company into Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
This company owned/operated one bridge and one mile of track for three years before it was purchased by the C&O. It does not seem to meet WP:GNG. MB 04:12, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
 * It seems more like it would be better suited for an article on the bridge itself. -User:DanTD (talk) 14:02, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with DanTD. --YoungstownToast (talk) 02:14, 25 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I found a little more historic info about this, specifically on Historic Aerials as well as the Open Railways Map. It's clear that this particular C&O Bridge that the Kanawha Bridge and Terminal Company was in charge of is now named the "Travis L. Castle Railroad Trestle," and is currently slated for transformation into a rail trail bridge. P.S., the "Kanawha and Michigan Railway" is now part of Norfolk Southern Railway's West Virginia Secondary. -User:DanTD (talk) 07:31, 25 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I've moved to a bridge-focussed page (Kanawha Bridge), but perhaps the title of the page should be changed. Klbrain (talk) 06:36, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

C&O Chicago Terminal
The pages on Chicago's train stations say the C&O used Central, then Dearborn, than Central again, but it says for the latter only until the 1930s and not what it used afterword. Given it was doing fairly well during the Great Depression I doubt it would have tried to stop all passenger services out of Chicago and even if they did I doubt even more the ICC would have let them. When it acquired the PM it used La Salle and later the C&NW terminal but only for services on ex-PM tracks I'm fairly sure. What Chicago station did the C&O use from the 1930s to Amtrak? 38.111.255.98 (talk) 18:40, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I think the B&O and PM used Grand Central (not the same as the IC's Central) from (edit) 1902 (B&O) and 1903 (PM). In 1969 it closed and the B&O and PM moved to the Northwestern Station until Amtrak. I don't know how C&O fits, but it must somehow? Moon Joon (talk) 19:23, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

Chesapeake and Ohio 1642
I don't understand what's going on with Chesapeake and Ohio 1642. The submission was declined, then it was moved into the main space, and "merged" (infobox and all) into this article, right into the top of the history section. Incidentally, said history section is in the middle of a copyvio investigation (see above). Mackensen (talk) 10:54, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chesapeake and Ohio Railway


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I was born in 1977, in Pennsylvania. I have a Ph.D. in Chemistry. Most of my contributions will therefore be in the area of Chemistry, Physics or related fields.

Pages I have started
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Talk:Gang of 14

Post Election 2006
It would be nice to have a section on which senators in this group lost their races on November 7 2006. I know DeWine is out, but I came here looking for information on who was left and didn't find any. Andrew Kintz 7:52 CST 8 November 2006

Moderate?
I'm not so sure calling the set of 14 senators "moderate" is appropriate. Sure, some of them are -- but not all IMO. John Warner (R-VA) wouldn't be described as a moderate, for example. In fact, it's pretty certain that he is a member of the Gang of 14 because he has a sense of Congressional history similar to Byrd (D-WV) and also remembers what it is like to be a member of the minority party in the Senate, unlike many Republicans since the GOP was last in the minority prior to the 1994 elections. Warner was concerned in protecting the "rights" of the minority party in the Senate, and maintaining a historical difference between the Senate and the House, where filibustering isn't possible.

So, calling them moderate is both inaccurate and not necessarily the point. Warner (and others, perhaps) were part of the deal not because of their political stance per se, but because of their interest in preserving history and their understsanding of the gamesmanship of the Senate. -- stomv 10:16 EST 1 November 2005

Update Needed
This article needs to be updated - I don't think these 14 are the 14 that are active now. Kind of a confusing article. Fox News just had a Senator who's part of the Gang of 14 so I had to check this article out to figure out what it is. I'm still confused :P Ash Lux 00:59, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

they are at it again and are expected to be the people that ok roberts.

Proposal to Merge This Article
Gang of fourteen has a little more information but its article quality is a bit lower. Combine the two and maybe we'll have one decent article ... FYI, "Gang of 14" seems to be the most common usage, so this should remain the primary article. --Dhartung | Talk 21:43, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

I just discovered that all of the discussion is here instead of at Talk:Gang of fourteen. I provided the names of the senators that were originally missing from Gang of fourteen, as well as all of its external links. I completely agree with Dhartung on the matter of the merger proposal. Who is authorized to perform the merger? John Rigali 07:29, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

I agree with the merge, and I also agree that I prefer the name and most of the material from "Gang of 14" article. However, I do question whether the name actually derived from the Chinese "Gang of 4". I doubt (but don't know for sure) that anybody had that in mind when the name was created. Is there evidence to back that derivation? Michael J. Hudson 04:56, September 26, 2004 (UTC)

I vote that these two articles ought to be merged. My opinion is that they should Phil 21:58, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

"Mod Squad"
Any ref on the alternative name of Mod Squad? I haven't heard of that elsewhere. --BDD 08:09, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Nuclear option
I do not know who first coined the term, "nuclear option" whether Democrat Party or Republican Party. I believe that it was a hyperbole and sensationalism that became popular in usage. It refers to a supposed "total sweeping away" of the use of the fillibuster tactic, which may or may not be Constitutionally provided for, in the blocking of a President's judicial nominees. Persons upholding the use of the fillibuster to block judicial nominations viewed the tactic as viable, while persons opposed to the fillibuster of judicial nominations viewed it as outside the Constitutionally designated parameters of the fillibuster. The Nuclear Option was to be a straight "up or down" vote in the U.S. Senate to determine the Constitutionality of the use of the fillibuster rules to block a President's judicial nominations.76.169.98.0 (talk) 23:10, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Perhaps some mention of the fact that some liberal/progressive factions of the Democratic Party are now suggesting an exercise of the 'constitutional option'? In retrospect in seems they shouldn't have fought the Republicans on it 6 years ago. --ptaylor (1:04, 7 December 2010)

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Citation style
Hi! I plan on improving this article, and I am wondering if there are any objections to converting this article to use sfns? There are a good number of scholarly sources (e.g. ) with information across different pages, and my experience is that sfns are the cleanest way to cite different pages from the same source. Thanks, House Blaster  (talk · he/him) 19:59, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gang of 14


text:
User:Corribus/Sandbox

My Sandbox - Just for messin' around
$$\vec M_{l \rightarrow u}= \int \Psi_u^* \vec \mu \Psi_l \,d \tau$$

Even in the absense of vibronic coupling and spin-orbit coupling, which is not a great assumption for most polyatomic molecules,

$$ \Psi \approx \psi_{el} \psi_v \psi_r $$

and

$$\vec M_{l \rightarrow u}= \vec R_eS_Jq_{v^uv^l}$$

where

$$\vec R_e=\int \psi_{el^u}^* \vec \mu \psi_{el^l} \,d \tau $$ (Change in electronic dipole)

$$q_{v^uv^l}=\int \psi_{v^u}^* \psi_{v^l} \,d \tau $$ (Franck-Condon factor)

and $$S_J = \int \psi_{r^u}^* \psi_{r^l} \,d \tau $$ (Honl-London factor)

title: User:Corribus/Sandbox


text:
Eduard von Grützner

Eduard Theodor Ritter von Grützner (May 26, 1846 – April 2, 1925) was a German painter and professor of art. He was especially noted for his genre paintings of monks. He also repeatedly portrayed Falstaff.

Childhood
Grützner was born in 1846 into a noble family in Groß-Karlowitz near Neisse, Upper Silesia, Prussia (now Poland). His father was a prominent member of the church, and the local pastor often visited his parents' home. He recognized Eduard's talent and inclination for painting early on. The administrator of a ducal country house in the neighborhood got him paper, and eventually the pastor gained him entrance to the Gymnasium (a university preparatory school) of Neisse.

Studies
In 1864, the pastor brought Grützner to the private school of Hermann Dyck in Munich for art education, though his tenure at the Kunstgewerbeschule under Dyck was of short duration. In the first semester he transferred to the Classical Art class of Johann Georg Hiltensperger and Alexander Ströhuber, where the students learned about the aesthetic ideals of antiquity.

In 1865, Grützner joined the painting class of Hermann Anschütz at the Munich Academy. Meanwhile, he also sought advice and inspiration from Carl Theodor von Piloty; he was taken into Piloty's class in 1867. Piloty's class included aspiring artists from Hungary, Greece, Germany, Russia, and Poland. After three years under Piloty, Grützner left the academy.

Career
In 1870, Grützner moved into his own studio in the garden house of Schwanthalerstraße 18 in Munich. He quickly began to produce many paintings, and he became a very successful artist. It was reported by artist and writer Friedrich Pecht in the journal Die Kunst für Alle (Art for All) in 1886: "the painters Eduard Grützner and Ludwig Willroider were granted the title of 'professor' by Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria". In 1880, he was awarded the Order of Merit of St. Michael (Knight's Cross) first class. He was knighted in 1916.

Art collector
Grützner was an avid collector of art. Early on, he favored pieces from the German late Gothic and early Renaissance. In the last decade of his life, he turned from the late Middle Ages and collected art from the Far East. In his major compositions, however, he almost always included old pieces, mostly from his antique collection.

Family
In 1874, Grützner married Barbara Link. Two years later, they had a daughter named Barbara. In 1884, after ten years of marriage, his first wife died. In 1888, he became engaged to Anna Grützner Wirthmann, the daughter of a Munich garrison commander, and a short time later their son Karl Eduard was born. This second marriage was less harmonious and eventually his wife, who was seventeen years younger, left him for a Viennese singer.

In his old age he sought solace in Chinese philosophy, and began to collect items from the far east and learn Japanese. Occasionally he included a Buddha figure or a Chinese vase in some of his paintings. He also painted a number of ascetic-looking cardinals, often with harsh and unsympathetic features. He died on April 2, 1925, in Munich.

Legacy
Grützner was, along with Carl Spitzweg and Franz von Defregger, one of Munich's leading genre painters in the second half of the 19th century. Grützner's paintings are best known for their combination of detailed academic rendering with humorous and anecdotal subject matter.

Grützner was one of Hitler's favorite painters. Albert Speer quoted Hitler as saying that Grützner was "greatly underrated... Believe me, this Grützner will someday be worth as much as a Rembrandt. Rembrandt himself couldn't have painted that better."

title: Eduard von Grützner


text:
Sopwell Priory

Sopwell Priory (also known as Sopwell Nunnery) was a Benedictine nunnery founded around 1140 on the site of an ancient hermitage in Sopwell, Hertfordshire, England. After the Dissolution, the priory was torn down and a Tudor manor house constructed in its place.

Priory of St Mary
The priory was built c. 1140 by the Benedictine abbot of St Albans Abbey, Geoffrey de Gorham on the site of an old hermitage. It was founded as the Priory of St Mary of Sopwell and was a dependency of St Albans Abbey. The church was on the north side of the cloister with a chapter house and dormitory on the east side. At its height it comprised a prioress and nineteen nuns, and probably a number of servants. Many of the nuns came from well-off families. The prioress was appointed by the abbot of St. Albans. In 1247 Henry III granted a yearly stipend of 50 shillings to support a chaplain.

The priory was attacked in 1429 by the robber William Wawe and his men, who attempted to plunder the priory but were driven off by the intervention of some townsmen.

Juliana Berners, a prioress during the 15th century, is believed to be the author of the Boke of St Albans published in 1486.

Lee Hall
Following the dissolution of St Albans Abbey in 1539, Sopwell Priory was bought by Sir Richard Lee, a military engineer and commander of King Henry VIII. He tore the priory down and built a house on the site which he named Lee Hall. Lee retained some features of the priory, using the nave of the priory church as a hall with a fireplace.

Sopwell House
In the 1560s, Lee decided to build a larger house, named "Sopwell House", with a great hall between two perpendicular wings. The monastic cloister was turned into a courtyard. In 1669, the estate was sold to Sir Harbottle Grimston. Much of the house was pulled down, and materials reused at Gorhambury. What remained was modified to form a house which ceased to be used in the late 18th century, and became a ruin.

The ruins, which are now managed by St Albans Museums, remain today on Cottonmill Lane, near the centre of St Albans. In 2017 the ruins were tagged with graffiti. "Due to the fragile nature of the bricks, specialist teams were brought in to ensure cleaning chemicals did not cause damage."

title: Sopwell Priory


text:
Robin Oakley

Robin Francis Leigh Oakley (born 20 August 1941) is a British journalist. From 1992 to 2000 he was political editor at the BBC and from 2000 to 2008 he was European political editor at CNN International. He is from Kidderminster in Worcestershire.

Early life
Oakley was educated at Wellington College, Berkshire, and Brasenose College, Oxford.

Career
He started his career on the Liverpool Daily Post where he became political editor. He was then the Crossbencher columnist and assistant editor on The Sunday Express and was assistant editor of the Daily Mail from 1981 to 1986. Between 1986 and 1992, he was a columnist and political editor for The Times. He then moved to the BBC, where he was political editor between 1992 and 2000. During this period he regularly presented political news items on BBC television news. His predecessor as BBC political editor was John Cole.

Oakley was succeeded as political editor in summer 2000 by Andrew Marr, despite having intended to remain at the BBC to cover the upcoming general election. After leaving the BBC, Oakley became CNN International's European political editor. He is also an expert in horse racing, and has written the Turf column in The Spectator since 1994, as well as being the racing correspondent of the Financial Times for several years.

Author
His 2000 book Valley of The Racehorse is about the racing community in the Lambourn valley. His 2001 book Inside Track is based on his experiences as a political journalist.

Honours
He was awarded an Order of the British Empire in 2001 for his services to political journalism.

title: Robin Oakley


text:
Talk:No Place to Run (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:UFONoPlaceToRun.jpg
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release date
on the confusion over release dates, it was definitely released at the beginning of the year as I remember UFO toured the UK then to promote the album. I can find no reference to the later date on the article quoted so I've changed the sentence to only include the Jan date. Andrewself (talk) 15:40, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:No Place to Run (album)


text:
File:Porksodacover.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Primus album Pork Soda.

title: File:Porksodacover.jpg


text:
Talk:Call stack

Structure / Separate Stack Frame page ?
The "Structure" section is pretty good and comprehensive, it might make sense to consider putting the "stack frame"-related stuff on a separate "Stack Frame" page, what do you guys think?

Here are some additional pointers to help improve the "Stack Frame" related article:
 * http://www.codeguru.com/cpp/misc/misc/stack/article.php/c3875/
 * http://www.openasthra.com/cc-programming-concepts/frame-pointer-vs-stack-pointer/
 * http://www.issociate.de/board/post/141099/Frame_pointer_Vs_Stack_Pointer.html
 * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/79923/what-and-where-are-the-stack-and-heap
 * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/525660/how-are-variables-on-the-stack-accessed
 * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/429995/how-do-c-and-c-store-large-objects-on-the-stack
 * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/579262/what-is-the-purpose-of-the-frame-pointer
 * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/135262/how-to-preserve-stack-space-with-good-design

Functions of the call stack section
...One is that each task can have its own stack, and thus the subroutine can be reentrant, that is, can be active simultaneously for different tasks doing different things...

I don't really see the connection between each task having its own stack and reentrancy being possible. Reentrancy would be possible even in the case of a stack that is shared between multiple tasks (each task pushes its own stack frame onto the stack and voila one has reentrancy). Could be better written as ...One advantage of stacks is that they allow sub routines to be reentrant...

Another issue I saw is with this line:

...Another benefit is that recursion is automatically supported...

Again, recursion is merely a special case of re-entrance, so isn't this line a bit redundant?

Proposed merge with Stack-based memory allocation
Merge to main Call stack. Prev proposal Talk:Call_stack/Archive_1. Some parts may be merged to Stack (abstract data type). Widefox ; talk 16:04, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

 * The previous discussion has three votes for not merging. (One agrees that it should not merge, confusing if you don't read carefully.)  They are different things. Note, for one, that stack-based memory allocation does not require a stack.  Some systems implement it using a linked list, though the logic is stack-like. More generally, as noted in the name, stack is an abstract data type. A call stack is one not so abstract implementation, and as noted above doesn't even need a physical stack. Gah4 (talk) 04:24, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

 * I don't think it would be good to merge in the Stack-based memory allocation article. The call stack article already has a lot of ground to cover, and would suffer from having additional material on the memory allocation aspects.  Although Stack-based memory allocation is not too large an article at present, there could be more useful content added to it, and even if not, there is no essential problem in having a separate smaller article for that specific subject.  I note that Automatic memory allocation is also closely related to Stack-based memory allocation, but it is oriented to programming language semantics and I believe is also best left as an independent article.  It is not a bug or an inefficiency to have separate articles for related subjects, especially in a modern linkable reference. --R. S. Shaw (talk) 22:10, 15 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Don't merge. Different things. --Matthiaspaul (talk) 09:29, 23 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Closing, given the consensus not to merge. Klbrain (talk) 10:28, 6 January 2019 (UTC)

This needs to discuss calls that *don't* immediately push the return address onto the call stack
These days, most instruction sets used in general-purpose computing (including most if not all RISCs, as well as the CISC S/390+z/Architecture) have a call instruction that puts the return address into a register, leaving it up to the *called* routine to push that register onto the call stack *if* it will be using that register for other purposes such as a subsequent call; x86 may be one of the few remaining ISAs that do the push in the calling instruction.

We should discuss that. Guy Harris (talk) 17:50, 20 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Well, for one, it doesn't well describe the predecessors to ESA/390 and z, which don't have any stack instructions. IBM S/360 and S/370 Fortran compilers commonly store the return address as static data, since recursion didn't come until Fortran 90. The calling convention uses a doubly linked list instead of a physical stack, though logically it is related to a stack. Reentrant routines (either recursive or for multitasking) need to dynamically allocate a register save area, unless they are leaf routines. Note also that argument passing does not necessarily use the same stack as return addresses. (Some places should probably say a stack instead of the stack.) Gah4 (talk) 20:02, 20 May 2019 (UTC)

 * You don't need stack instructions to implement a call stack.

 * The calling sequences for IBM's OSes may be different from the simple stack-based calling sequences used on DEC's PDP-11 operating systems and their successors, as well as on UN*X and Windows, so they might deserve a separate discussion.

 * UN*Xes on System/370 and successors, however, use a stack-based calling sequence, in which, as far as I know, the prologue either always pushes the GPR used as the return address onto the stack or does so except in leaf procedures, and no stack-oriented instructions are needed or used - i.e., they work the same way as they do on other ISAs with "save the return address to a register" procedure call instructions. See, for example, the 32-bit S/3x0 ABI and the 64-bit z/Architecture ABI.

 * So it's not a question of "the predecessors to ESA/390 and z, which don't have any stack instructions", it's a question of "the operating systems that IBM shipped with the predecessors to ESA/390 and z" - and did those calling sequences change with OS/390? Guy Harris (talk) 20:53, 20 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Things have changed a little over the years, but not so fundamentally. XA/370 adds 31 bit addressing, but 24 bit addressing doesn't go away. It is necessary to be able to call routines that do 24 bit addressing, but also that put other data in the high bits. z/OS will load and run a load module from OS/360. Some things have been more standardized, to make inter-language calls work better.  There is LE (Langauge Environment) and CEE (I thought was named after the C languages, but turns out to be Common Execution Environment).  Efficient calling requires a fast way to allocate/deallocate save areas. z/OS extends data addressing to 64 bits, but code addressing, as well as I know, is still 31 bits. Save areas have to store the 64 bit registers, though. For some reason, many years ago I signed up for the Linux/390 mailing list, but pretty much never read what it sends me. Standard CALL linkage Conventions has some of the discriptions on how things work. Gah4 (talk) 01:58, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

This page is written currently written under the assumption that a simple stack discipline, in which, for example, a call is done by pushing arguments onto the stack, pushing the return address onto the stack, and then jumping to the called routine, is used.

At least for Unix/Unix-like systems, and Windows, the only current platform that works that way is 32-bit x86. Even in 64-bit x86, whilst the call operation pushes the return address onto the stack, the first few arguments are passed in registers. In most other instruction sets, even the return address is put into a register by the call operation, and it's the callee's job to save that register if necessary; the stack frame for a leaf routine won't contain the return address - that will be in a register, unless that register is a general-purpose register that's used for other purposes in the routine.

Updating the page to include non-simple stack disciplines such as those will require some additional work. Guy Harris (talk) 07:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I haven't checked this so recently, but the ones I remember still leave space on the stack, even when the values are in registers. The called routine can then write them to the stack. In that sense, then, keeping them in registers is an optimization only. Logically, it is not different. Similarly, the doubly linked list used by IBM since OS/360 is logically a stack, but not physically. The article, will then, have to make the distinction between physical and logical stack. Gah4 (talk) 10:33, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
 * "but the ones I remember still leave space on the stack, even when the values are in registers" Presumably they only do so if there's a requirement to write the registers to the stack, e.g. if either 1) there are caller-save registers with live values or 2) there's a need to spill a register to free it up for an operation. In a calling sequence in which the return address is put into a register, the return address register is caller-save, so a leaf routine, as it's never a calling routine, never needs to save it, so the compiler has no need to leave space on the stack for it, and shouldn't do so.  The same applies to parameters passed in registers.
 * "The article, will then, have to make the distinction between physical and logical stack." Or just note that, while it's logically a stack - which is the most important aspect - it isn't implemented physically as a single contiguous stack region, as it is on UN*Xes, Windows, OpenVMS, etc.. Guy Harris (talk) 19:27, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It was some years ago, that I was reading about Sun/SPARC calling conventions. The first words stay in registers. If a double precision value goes on the stack, half might be in a register and half on the stack. Programs would usually store the register so the whole value was on the stack. It is callee save, but the caller makes the stack frame. SPARC has register windows, with input and output registers, specifically so arguments in registers work. There is a different set in the called routine, unless the register stack is full. Gah4 (talk) 21:19, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It was some years ago, that I was reading about Sun/SPARC calling conventions. The first words stay in registers. If a double precision value goes on the stack, half might be in a register and half on the stack. Programs would usually store the register so the whole value was on the stack. It is callee save, but the caller makes the stack frame. SPARC has register windows, with input and output registers, specifically so arguments in registers work. There is a different set in the called routine, unless the register stack is full. Gah4 (talk) 21:19, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It was some years ago, that I was reading about Sun/SPARC calling conventions. The first words stay in registers. If a double precision value goes on the stack, half might be in a register and half on the stack. Programs would usually store the register so the whole value was on the stack. It is callee save, but the caller makes the stack frame. SPARC has register windows, with input and output registers, specifically so arguments in registers work. There is a different set in the called routine, unless the register stack is full. Gah4 (talk) 21:19, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Call stack


text:
PostSecret

PostSecret is an ongoing community mail art project, created by Frank Warren in 2004, in which people mail their secrets anonymously on a homemade postcard. Selected secrets are then posted on the PostSecret website, or used for PostSecret's books or museum exhibits.

History
The concept of the project was that completely anonymous people decorate a postcard and portray a secret that they had never previously revealed. No restrictions are made on the content of the secret; only that it must be completely truthful and must never have been spoken before. Entries range from admissions of sexual misconduct and criminal activity to confessions of secret desires, embarrassing habits, hopes and dreams. PostSecret collected and displayed over 2,500 original pieces of art from people across the United States and around the world between its founding on January 1, 2005 and 2007.

The site, which started as an experiment on Blogger, was updated every Sunday with 10 new secrets, all of which share a relatively constant style, giving the artists who participate some guidelines on how their secrets should be represented. From June 24 to July 3, 2007, the "Comments" section of the site was enabled. While a comments feature is frequently present on blogs, it had been previously absent from the PostSecret site. Many visitors felt that the new section contradicted the purpose of the site, as evidenced in numerous comments criticizing a postcard in which the author claims to have fed bleach to her cat. In October 2007, the PostSecret Community was launched. Since its inception, more than 80,000 users have registered for the online discussion forum.

According to Youth Trends' February 2008 "Top Ten List Report" PostSecret was the 10th most popular site among female students in the US, with 7% of those polled naming the site as their favorite.

In April 2008, Warren teamed up with 1-800-suicide to answer some of these anonymous cries for help through peer run crisis hotlines on college campuses.

In April 2011, it was announced that an app would be developed by Bonobo, and released for iPhone and Android later in the year. Launched for iPhone on September 3, 2011, it quickly reached the top-selling spot. Over 2 million secrets were shared over the next few months, but malicious entries became widespread and uncontrollable. The app was removed in December 2011.

Warren hosts events at numerous colleges to speak about the many different secrets of today's society. An art exhibition also travels the country, showcasing many of the hundreds of thousands of secrets he has received. In his book, My Secret, Warren talks about his experiences with encounters with people all around the world who were inspired by the postcards, and how it got many people addressing things that they would otherwise never discuss.

Breaks from weekly Secrets
Since its founding on January 1, 2005, the site has had new weekly Sunday Secrets with very few exceptions. On two occasions, Warren posted a personal video message rather than secrets. On Sunday, August 12, 2007, in lieu of posting secrets, Warren posted the link to a video he had uploaded to YouTube entitled New PostSecret Mini-Movie, expressing his feelings about the project.

On Sunday, September 16, 2007, the traditional PostSecret blog was gone. In its place was a new blog belonging to someone named "Nicole". The real PostSecret had been suddenly and mistakenly shut down, as Blogger thought it was a "spam blog". The error was fixed and Warren's site was put back up with the secrets from September 9.

On October 11, 2009, Warren took a break, posting a video and apology saying that he was busy touring, and urging readers to buy the book PostSecret Confessions on Life, Death and God.

Comments
On February 24, 2008, Warren posted multiple e-mail comments from viewers that attacked various secrets posted that week—notably one from a parent insulting a teacher, one from a call operator insulting a relative of a soldier, and one from a would-be mother insulting a woman desperate not to get pregnant. This revitalized previous discussions on whether or not commenting should be allowed at all on the secrets. While it was noted that sometimes such actions led to others passing judgment on the posters without granting them the opportunity to defend themselves, no action was taken, and the blog continued as normal the next week.

Questionable benefit
The secrets are meant to be empowering both to the author and to those who read them. Frank Warren claims that the postcards are inspirational to those who read them, have healing powers for those who write them, give hope to people who identify with a stranger's secret, and create an anonymous community of acceptance.

In an article for USA Today, Maria Puente wrote, "Evan Imber-Black, a family therapist and author of The Secret Life of Families, says telling secrets has no meaning except in the context of family relationships. We live in a time where people have the mistaken idea that you tell a secret to the multitudes on TV — and move on. But opening a secret is just the first step. (Posting on PostSecret) might offer some measure of relief, but I'm not sure how long it lasts. When a secret opens, it usually takes time and relational work to get a new equilibrium."

App abuse
The PostSecret app was released for iOS devices on September 3, 2011. Included in over two million submissions were some indecent, threatening, and abusive ones. During the month of December, volunteer moderators were unable to keep up, despite working 24/7. Warren was contacted by users, Apple, law enforcement and the FBI.

The app was removed from the App Store on December 28, 2011. On January 1, 2012, a formal announcement on the PostSecret website said that the app would not be returning due to its inherent inability to solve the problem of abusive submissions.

Murder confession hoax
On Saturday, August 31, 2013, the weekly update of Sunday Secrets contained as its first secret a Google map of a geographic area with the words, "I said she dumped me, but, really, I dumped her (body)," accompanied by a red arrow. The disturbing nature of this secret created an uproar in social media. Reddit users were able to pinpoint the location shown as Jackson Park in Chicago, and after making phone calls, the Chicago Police Department sent officers to explore the area. They found nothing, leading to speculation as to whether this secret was genuine. Homicide detectives investigated. On September 3, 2013, the supposed confession was "determined to be not bona fide" and a hoax, according to Chicago police.

PostSecret Archive
PostSecret Archive was a searchable database that allowed users to search all previous PostSecret posts by date or by keyword. It is no longer in operation. An archived version is available.

Media
Artwork from the site was blown up to poster size and used as the background in the 2005 All-American Rejects music video for "Dirty Little Secret." The blown up poster-size PostSecrets, along with thousands of regular size PostSecrets, were then featured in an exhibition with the Washington Project for the Arts.

In the sixth annual Weblog Awards, the PostSecret website received five Bloggies in 2006: Best American Weblog, Best Topical Weblog, Best Community Weblog, Best New Weblog, and Weblog of the Year. In the seventh annual Weblog Awards, the PostSecret website received Weblog of the Year for 2007.

In an episode of CSI: NY, titled "Dead Inside," the murder victim was linked to a website called "SecretsU," where viewers mail in the deepest, darkest secret and turn it into art.

In the CSI: Cyber episode “iWitness”, the murder victim tried to post a photo with a hidden message to a website called “miafina” (Malagasy for ‘secret’) where users post personal confessions.

PostSecret inspired another collaborative art project Snail Mail My Email, where volunteers handwrite strangers' emails and send physical letters to the intended recipients, free of charge.

From August 3, 2015 to September 2017, an exhibit at the National Postal Museum features more than 500 postcards submitted to PostSecret.

Books
To date Warren has published six books compiling submitted secrets, including some which were never posted on the website.
 * 1) PostSecret: Extraordinary Confessions from Ordinary Lives (December 1, 2005) (ISBN 0-06-089919-0)
 * 2) My Secret: A PostSecret Book (October 24, 2006) (ISBN 0-06-119668-1)
 * 3) The Secret Lives of Men and Women: A PostSecret Book (January 9, 2007) (ISBN 0-06-119875-7)
 * 4) A Lifetime of Secrets: A PostSecret Book (October 9, 2007) (ISBN 0-06-123860-0)
 * 5) Confessions on Life, Death, & God (October 6, 2009) (ISBN 0-06-185933-8)
 * 6) The World of PostSecret (November 4, 2014) (ISBN 0-06-233901-X)

Warren has stated that he includes a secret of his own in each of the PostSecret books. His "secret" is not anonymous like most; rather, Warren signs his. For example: "Sometimes when we think we are keeping a secret, that secret is actually keeping us. -Frank"

PostSecret has also contributed secrets as the foreword of The Educator's Guide to LGBT+ Inclusion

International versions

 * With permission from Warren, a French version of PostSecret was launched in October 2007 under the name "PostSecretFrance".
 * In February 2008, an official German version was started, called "PostSecret auf Deutsch".
 * In April 2010 a Portuguese version was launched as "PostSecretPT".
 * "Los Secretos Dominicales" is a Spanish version of the original PostSecret.
 * A Chinese version, under the name "PostSecretChina", is also available, but is not officially affiliated with PostSecret.
 * On 23 January 2010, "PostSecretUK" was launched, becoming the first spin-off to introduce email submissions. Like the Chinese version, it is not officially affiliated with PostSecret, but full credit is given to Warren and the original PostSecret. PostSecretUK discontinued a year later.
 * "Post Secret Kazakhstan", a trilingual (Russian, Kazakh, and English) project was launched in January 2011 by a Peace Corps volunteer inspired by Frank Warren's original. It also has no official affiliation.
 * The Norwegian page "Norske Hemmeligheter" was inspired by Warren but made its own version of the secrets. Secrets are sent through the webpage but illustrated by the two illustrators behind the page.
 * There is also a "Postsecret Korea", though there is no reference to credit or endorsement of Warren.
 * There is also an art-project called SecretumDoor, where one can find original secrets of 2005, both in Russian and English.

Historical analogues
The 1973 book Variable Piece 4: Secrets by the conceptual artist Douglas Huebler (one of many works in his Variable Piece series) was a compilation of nearly 1800 secrets written by random people.

title: PostSecret


text:
Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan)

Muhammad Khan (died July 1338) was a claimant to the throne of the Ilkhanate.

Ancestry
He was born Pir Husein, a great-grandson of Möngke Temür, a son of Hulagu. His ancestry is different in certain sources - in one source he is shown as a son of Yul Qutlugh b. El-Temür b. Anbarchi b. Mengu Timur and in Mirkhwand he was a son of Qutlugh b. Amir Timur b. Anbarchi b. Mengu Timur.

Reign
Hussein was still a child when he was raised to the throne by Jalayirid Hasan Buzurg and given the regnal name Muhammad Khan. This was done in opposition to his third cousin once removed, Musa. In a battle that took place on July 26, 1336, Hasan Buzurg and Muhammad Khan defeated the forces of 'Ali Padshah and his puppet, Ilkhan, Musa. Hasan Buzurg then installed his claimant in Tabriz. Jalal ad-Din Zakariyya (or Shams al-Din ) and late Mahmudshah Inju's son Masudshah were appointed as his viziers while Hasan's supporters reaffirmed their positions. Chupanid Sorgan and his mother Sati Beg gained Karabakh, Hajji Taghay reaffirmed in Diyar Bakr, Hajji Tughanak acquired Baghdad, Musa's would be killer, Emir Qara Hasan granted overlordship over Oirat tribes. However Qara Hasan and Hajji Tughanak couldn't manage to subjugate them and were utterly defeated, latter being killed. Remaining Oirats regrouped under Governor of Khorasan, Shaikh Ali (son of Emir Ali Quschi) and supported Togha Temür for Ilkhanid throne. They were further aided by Ögrünch and Mahmud Esen Qutlugh and even occupied Soltaniyeh for a while. However they were eventually defeated by Jalayirid army, Ali Padshah's brother Muhammed beg and his wife Qutlugh Malik Khatun (daughter of Gaykhatu) were killed by Kurdish tribesmen, while Oirat leader Shaikh Ali was executed by Arghunshah (son of Emir Nawruz), who wanted Togha Temür to be his own puppet. Ögrünch and Mahmud Esen Qutlugh were too eliminated.

Over the next few years, Hasan Buzurg and Muhammad strengthened their hold over western Persia, but the appearance of the Chupanid Hasan Kucek interrupted their plans. Hasan Kucek claimed a Turkish slave of his father's deputy was in fact, his father Timurtash and arrived from Egypt. This news caused Chupanids to split off from Jalayirids and join Hasan Kucek. The two opposing sides then met in the Ala Tagh area near Van on July 16, 1338, with both Hasan Buzurg and Muhammad Khan suffering defeat. After Hasan Buzurg fled, Muhammad Khan was captured by the Chupanids and executed.

title: Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan)


text:
Missouri State Guard

The Missouri State Guard (MSG) was a military force established by the Missouri General Assembly on May 11, 1861. While not a formation of the Confederate States Army, the Missouri State Guard fought alongside Confederate troops and, at various times, served under Confederate officers.

Background
The Missouri General Assembly passed the "Military Bill" on May 11, 1861, in direct response to the Camp Jackson Affair in St. Louis the previous day. The final version of the act approved on May 14 authorized the Governor of Missouri, Claiborne Fox Jackson, to disband the old Missouri Volunteer Militia and reform it as the Missouri State Guard to resist a feared invasion by the Union Army. It also outlawed or prohibited other militia organizations except those authorized by the Guard's district commanders. This was primarily aimed at preventing Unionist Missourians from organizing "Home Guard" companies in the areas outside the metropolitan St. Louis area. This prohibition included the predominantly unionist German United States Reserve Corps regiments mustered in St. Louis in excess of the Missouri requirement under the Federal Militia Act of 1792. The law did allow for formation of new local Home Guards under the auspices of the MSG, but these were limited to 14–17 and 45+ year olds. It also specified that the language of all spoken commands was to be English, a specification intended to exclude ethnic Germans, who were predominantly Unionist in their political orientation. The act divided the state into nine Military Districts based on the Federal Congressional Districts and made men ages 18 to 45 years of age eligible for MSG service unless exempted due to occupation, office or other reasons. While the act termed each district a "division", they were organized along brigade lines. The actual forces of a district consisted of all the regiments, not of brigades of these regiments. Each district's division was to be commanded by a brigadier general who was a resident of the district, and elected by the commissioned officers of the district. An act was passed on May 15 for the appointment of a major general to act as field commander; the first to be commissioned Major General was Sterling Price, the popular former governor and one of the most influential men in Missouri.

History
Recruits for the Missouri State Guard began to quickly assemble in Jefferson City in mid-May. However, after an agreement, the Price–Harney Truce on May 20 between Price and the Federal department commander William S. Harney, the movement of Guardsmen to the state capitol was halted. The State Guard continued to be mobilized in their home districts. On May 30, Harney was relieved and Nathaniel Lyon took command of the department. On June 11, a meeting to resolve some disagreements resulted in the collapse of the truce. Price and Jackson fled St. Louis for Jefferson City. The next day Governor Jackson called for 50,000 volunteers to defend Missouri from the Union army; thousands of additional men answered the proclamation and enlisted in their respective districts/divisions.

The embryonic Missouri State Guard suffered a serious initial setback in a skirmish at Boonville on June 17 and began a retreat toward extreme southwestern Missouri. Two days later the Guard's path was cleared when a local MSG infantry and cavalry battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Walter S. O'Kane decisively defeated and captured the Benton County Home Guard at Cole Camp. Another victory on July 5 at the Battle of Carthage bought time for Price to begin training and organizing his raw recruits, many of whom had reported for military duty carrying only farm implements or antiquated hunting weapons. MSG organization and training was conducted at Cowskin Prairie, a former livestock auction site in southwest Missouri. A key figure in efforts to impose order on the embryonic organization was Adjutant General Lewis Henry Little, a native of Maryland and career Army officer.

Price, along with Confederate regulars and members of the Arkansas State Troops, defeated a smaller Union force under Nathaniel Lyon at Wilson's Creek on August 10, killing Lyon and driving back his army. Price, with 10,000 men, defeated a 600-man battalion of Kansas volunteer cavalry led by Senator James Lane at Big Dry Wood Creek on September 1–2, and then besieged and captured 3,600 Federal troops in the First Battle of Lexington (Battle of the Hemp Bales) in mid-month. As Frémont's Union army finally advanced toward Springfield, the Guard withdrew. A bold dash by Major Charles Zagonyi's mounted vanguard routed local MSG troops waiting in ambush on October 25, 1861, at the First Battle of Springfield. Fremont's offensive was subsequently recalled before engaging the main southern force when Fremont was relieved from command by order of President Lincoln.

Shortly afterwards, a session of exiled elements of the Missouri legislature convened in the southwest Missouri town of Neosho and claimed to have passed an Ordinance of Secession on October 30, with the Governor-in-Exile Jackson signing on October 31, 1861. While the vote was not endorsed by a statewide plebiscite, the Confederate Congress officially admitted Missouri at the 12th Confederate State on November 28, 1861.

While in winter camp, Price began enrolling many of his men into the regular Confederate service. Two brigades of the MSG participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge (Elkhorn Tavern), where Brig. Gen. William Y. Slack, the former commander of the 4th Division, was mortally wounded.

On March 17, 1862, Price merged the Missouri State Guard into the Confederate Army of the West. Later, former Missouri State Guard troops would make up the core of the Army of Missouri, which participated in Price's Missouri Expedition in 1864 in an attempt to capture the state. A small number of Guard units remained independent until the end of the war in 1865, seeing action in several engagements in the Trans-Mississippi Theater under generals Mosby M. Parsons and James S. Rains.

Strength
In 2007, the foremost authorities on the Missouri State Guard estimated that at least 34,000 and probably close to 40,000 Missourians served in the Guard at one point or another. The Guard's strength peaked at about 23,000 to 28,000 in September 1861 with about 5,000 in Southeast Missouri in M. Jeff Thompson's First Division operating independently of the main body surrounding Price near Lexington.

Divisions
The Guard's divisions were based on congressional districts and composed of the following counties: (Commanders are listed in parentheses)

 * First District/First Division: St Francois, Ste. Genevieve, Perry, Cape Girardeau, Bollinger, Madison, Iron, Wayne, Stoddard, Scott, Mississippi, New Madrid, Butler, Dunklin, and Pemiscot. (Nathaniel W. Watkins, M. Jeff Thompson)
 * Second District/Second Division: Scotland, Clark, Knox, Lewis, Shelby, Marion, Monroe, Ralls, Pike, Audrain, Callaway, Montgomery, Lincoln, Warren, and St. Charles. (Thomas A. Harris, Martin E. Green)
 * Third District/Third Division: Putnam, Schuyler, Sullivan, Adair, Linn, Macon, Chariton, Randolph, Howard, and Boone. (John B. Clark, Sr.)
 * Fourth District/Fourth Division: Gentry, Harrison, Mercer, Grundy, De Kalb, Daviess, Livingston, Clinton, Caldwell, Ray, Carroll, and Worth. (William Y. Slack)
 * Fifth District/Fifth Division: Atchison, Nodaway, Holt, Andrew, Buchanan, Platte, and Clay. (Alexander E. Steen, Col. James P. Saunders)
 * Sixth District/Sixth Division: Saline, Pettis, Cooper, Moniteau, Cole, Osage, Gasconade, Maries, Miller, Morgan, Camden, Pulaski, and Phelps. (Mosby Parsons)
 * Seventh District/Seventh Division: Dallas, Laclede, Texas, Dent, Reynolds, Shannon, Wright, Webster, Greene, Christian, Stone, Taney, Douglas, Ozark, Howell, Oregon, Carter, and Ripley. (James H. McBride)
 * Eighth District/Eighth Division: Jackson, Lafayette, Cass, Johnson, Bates, Henry, Benton, Hickory, Polk, St. Clair, Vernon, Cedar, Dade, Barton, Jasper, Lawrence, Newton, McDonald, and Barry. (James S. Rains)
 * Ninth District/Ninth Division: St. Louis, Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, and Crawford. (Never formally organized following the Camp Jackson Affair, units served with other commands.) (Meriwether Lewis Clark, Sr., Daniel M. Frost)

State flag
Missouri did not have an official flag until Major-General Sterling Price, commander of the Missouri State Guard, ordered on June 5, 1861:

title: Missouri State Guard


text:
Viscount Strangford

Viscount Strangford was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1628 for Sir Thomas Smythe. He was a son of John Smith (also Smythe) J.P., High Sheriff of Kent 1600–1601, also M.P. for Aylesbury (in 1584) and Hythe (in 1586, 1587 and 1604), and grandson of Thomas Smythe, of Westenhanger Castle, collector of customs for London, haberdasher, and M.P.

The sixth Viscount was British ambassador to Portugal, Sweden, the Ottoman Empire and Russia. In 1825 he was created Baron Penshurst, of Penshurst in the County of Kent, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, enabling him and his descendants to sit in the House of Lords. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the seventh Viscount. He was a Conservative politician, best known for his association with Benjamin Disraeli and the Young England movement. He died young and was succeeded by his younger brother, the eighth Viscount. He was a man of letters. The titles became extinct on his death in 1869, although his widow, Viscountess Strangford, lived until 1887.

Viscounts Strangford (1628)

 * Thomas Smythe, 1st Viscount Strangford (1599–1635)
 * Philip Smythe, 2nd Viscount Strangford (1634–1708)
 * Endymion Smythe, 3rd Viscount Strangford (died 1724)
 * Philip Smythe, 4th Viscount Strangford (1715–1787)
 * Lionel Smythe, 5th Viscount Strangford (1753–1801)
 * Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe, 6th Viscount Strangford (1780–1855)
 * George Augustus Frederick Percy Sydney Smythe, 7th Viscount Strangford (1818–1857)
 * Percy Ellen Algernon Frederick William Sydney Smythe, 8th Viscount Strangford (1825–1869) married Emily Anne Beaufort

title: Viscount Strangford


text:
User talk:PhillipJKaplan

Don't add nonsense links to articles. Evil Monkey∴Hello 01:04, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing. Evil Monkey∴Hello 01:14, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You have been blocked indefinitely from editing due to vandalism and personal attacks. Evil Monkey∴Hello 01:18, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:PhillipJKaplan


text: User talk:69.86.52.67

title: User talk:69.86.52.67


text:
Jack Doan

Jack Daniel Doan (born June 12, 1972) is an American veteran professional wrestling referee who worked with WWE from 1991 to 2013.

Career
Doan joined WWE in October 1991 as a truck driver. From there, he took robes from Superstars at ringside, played music at shows, worked as part of the ring crew, and continued to drive the company's trucks from town to town. After a while, he became a part-time referee, immediately taking advantage of several opportunities to fill in whenever he could. Shortly after, Doan's referee status changed to full-time.

One of the more notable incidents in Doan's career came when he participated in an angle on the January 22, 1996 episode of Raw, where Vader made his World Wrestling Federation (WWF) television debut following his debut at the Royal Rumble the prior night. Vader punched Doan twice in the face, picked him up and power-bombed him to the mat. When on-screen WWF president Gorilla Monsoon intervened, Monsoon picked Doan up off the mat and placed him in the corner. While Monsoon tended to the wounded official, Vader avalanched both of them, kayfabe knocking Doan into unconsciousness. He was out of action for several weeks, selling the injuries he received at the hands of Vader, but eventually reappeared at WrestleMania XII, refereeing another Vader match.

Doan was out of action for about a month with legit stretched ligaments in his knee after Gigolo Jimmy Del Ray, one half of The Heavenly Bodies, accidentally clipped him during a tag match. Doan also suffered a concussion at the 1998 Royal Rumble when Phineas Godwinn was thrown over the top rope and inadvertently kicked him in the back of the head. The Legion of Doom performed a Doomsday Device on Doan at In Your House: Unforgiven 1998.

During The Invasion, he bickered with Alliance referee Charles Robinson.

During the 24/7 ruling of the WWE Hardcore Title where anyone could challenge the champion any time and anywhere, Doan attempted to beat Crash Holly in an impromptu match to win the belt, and went as far as to remove his referee's shirt and persuade fellow referee Jimmy Korderas to count the fall. His attempt, however, was unsuccessful.

On a July 2007 episode of Raw, Doan took the microphone from Santino Marella and made a match between him and Umaga, who had just made his entrance during a promo being cut by Marella. Doan is also known for refereeing more diva matches than any other ref on Raw.

He was taken off the road in mid-summer 2007 with a shoulder injury that required surgery. He returned to television on January 21, 2008, officiating a Divas match. He reinjured the shoulder a few months later and returned to officiate Victoria's last match against Michelle McCool on January 16, 2009, episode of SmackDown. Doan was released by WWE in March 2013 and was the second longest tenured referee on the WWE roster at that time behind Mike Chioda.

title: Jack Doan


text:
Talk:Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari

Songs
Ermanno Wolf Ferrari also wrote a number of songs for voice and piano. 2 such sets are called "Quattro Rispetti" (Opus.11 and Opus 12). They are charming little songs of old italian verses. (Rispetti is a poetic term referring to verses of 8 lines, each line having 11 syllables, and where the author of the poem is unknown). He also composed various other songs, loosely grouped in a collection called "Il Canzoniere" (Op. 17). Funnilly, this collection includes '"The Italian Songbook" which was also set by Hugo Wolf in German. It is my understanding that Wolf Ferrari alternated the language he set them in, writing the first in Italian, the second in German and so on. I have searched for the sheet music for these songs and can not trace them anywhere. As I have a CD recording of them I know that they do exist and would love to learn them. If anyone can suggest a way of getting hold of them I would be most appreciative.

title: Talk:Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari


text:
Black Moon (group)

Black Moon (backronymed as Brothers Lyrically Acting Combining Kicking Music Out On Nations) is an American underground hip hop group from Brooklyn, New York. Formed in 1992 by East Coast rappers Buckshot and 5ft and record producer DJ Evil Dee, they debuted in 1992 with the release of the single "Who Got da Props". The group was most notable for their debut album Enta da Stage, and their affiliation with the Boot Camp Clik. As of 2024, the group has released four studio albums.

Early years
The roots of Black Moon go back to Brooklyn's Bushwick High School, where Kasim "5ft" Reid and Ewart "DJ Evil Dee" Dewgrade met and formed a group called Unique Image. The two later met a former backup dancer Kenyatte "Buckshot" Blake in the Brownsville, Brooklyn and formed a friendship based on similar musical aspirations.

The trio released their first single "Who Got da Props" in 1992, which became an underground hit, peaking at number 86 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. With the help of DJ Chuck Chillout, the group signed a record deal with New York-based independent label Nervous Records, becoming the first hip hop act on then-house music-oriented record label.

The group recruited Evil Dee's older brother Walter "Mr. Walt" Dewgrade for recording the pre-production of their debut studio album, which eventually led to the formation of hip hop production team Da Beatminerz between Dewgrade brothers. Black Moon premiered its debut studio album, Enta da Stage, on October 19, 1993, including "Who Got da Props?", "Son Get Wrec", "How Many MC's...", "Buck Em Down" and another Hot 100 hit single "I Got Cha Opin (Remix)". The album featured guest appearances from Havoc of Mobb Deep, Nervious Records' intern and promoter Drew "Dru-Ha" Friedman, and debuting hip hop duo Smif-N-Wessun. Enta da Stage went on to sell over 350,000 copies in the U.S. and is now regarded as an underground hip hop classic. Following the album's release, the group temporarily broke up.

Departure from Nervous Records
Member Buckshot and Dru Ha formed Duck Down Management in 1994 to formally manage Black Moon and Smif-N-Wessun. The year 1995 saw the release of Smif-N-Wessun's debut album Dah Shinin' through Nervous Records' sub-label Wreck Records, which featured contributions from Evil Dee with his extended production team Da Beatminerz and Buckshot, who recruited fellow Brooklyn local groups Heltah Skeltah and Originoo Gunn Clappaz to form a supergroup called the Boot Camp Clik.

Due to the group's hiatus, Black Moon refused to submit a new album for Nervous Records and were dropped from the label. However, in late 1996 Nervous Records released a Black Moon compilation album titled Diggin' in dah Vaults, which featured a number of remixes and b-side tracks. The album was not authorized by the group as the label bootlegged it and became entangled in a legal battle over the licensing rights of their group name, which lasted for a number of years. The case was finally settled in 1998, and the group was able to license its name through Nervous.

In 1999, the group released its long-awaited second album War Zone through Priority Records. The album saw a change in the group's musical style, with a more mature and more serious lyrical delivery from member Buckshot, more vocal contributions from member 5 ft (who appeared on three songs from Enta da Stage and six songs on War Zone), and also featured a new lo-fi production sound from the original two members of Da Beatminerz. Alongside several Boot Camp Click members, it features guest appearances from rappers Busta Rhymes, Heather B., M.O.P., Q-Tip and Teflon. Despite its singles "Two Turntables & a Mic" and "This Is What It Sounds Like (Worldwind)" made small impact on the Billboard charts, the album reached number 35 on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart and remains the group's highest charted full-length.

Later the same year, Buckshot released his debut solo studio album, The BDI Thug, to mediocre reviews and poor sales.

2000s
Four Black Moon songs were included in 2000 compilation Basic Training: Boot Camp Clik's Greatest Hits. Black Moon, together with Lord Have Mercy, was featured on the track "Devastatin' .... That's Us!" from Da Beatminerz debut album Brace 4 Impak, released in 2001.

Black Moon returned in 2003 for the release of its third album Total Eclipse, which is the first Black Moon album featured production from outside record producers other than Da Beatminerz (such as Nottz and MoSS). It produced the underground hit "Stay Real" and "Pressure is Tight", as well as two music videos, shot for the singles "Stay Real" and "This Goes Out to You". The album, like the group's previous efforts, received good reviews, but it wasn't able to reach outside the underground hip hop audience.

DJ Evil Dee continued production work with Da Beatminerz, and Buckshot continued to work with the Boot Camp Clik. In 2004 the group released a documentary film Behind the Moon. In 2005, Buckshot released a collaborative album with producer 9th Wonder titled Chemistry. In 2006, DJ Evil Dee and Mr. Walt released a mixtape titled Alter the Chemistry, which paired Buckshot's vocals from the Chemistry album with classic Black Moon beats. Member 5 ft provided his first appearance on Boot Camp Clik album Casualties of War with the song "BK All Day". From 2008 to 2009, Buckshot has released his second collaborative album with 9th Wonder titled The Formula, followed by a studio album with KRS-One titled Survival Skills, both to appear on the Billboard 200.

2010s
It was recently confirmed by the group in 2011 that it started recording its fourth album together called Dark Side of the Moon and to be entirely produced again by Da Beatminerz, with possible new members to its production team. However, the event did not happen until 2019, when the group scheduled to reunite for their first album in 16 years. The trio's fourth studio album entitled Rise of da Moon was released on October 18, 2019, featuring guest appearances from Method Man, Rock of Heltah Skeltah, and the group's long time collaborators Swif-N-Wessun.

Studio albums

 * Enta da Stage (1993)
 * War Zone (1999)
 * Total Eclipse (2003)
 * Rise of da Moon (2019)

Compilation albums

 * Diggin' in dah Vaults (1996)

Remix albums

 * Alter the Chemistry (2006)

title: Black Moon (group)


text:
Tonga Plate

The Tonga Plate is a small southwest Pacific tectonic plate or microplate. It is centered at approximately 19° S. latitude and 173° E. longitude. The plate is an elongated plate oriented NNE - SSW and is a northward continuation of the Kermadec linear zone north of New Zealand. The plate is bounded on the east and north by the Pacific Plate, on the northwest by the Niuafo’ou Microplate, on the west and south by the Indo-Australian Plate. The Tonga plate is subducting the Pacific plate along the Tonga Trench. This subduction turns into a transform fault boundary north of Tonga. An active rift or spreading center separates the Tonga Plate from the Australian Plate and the Niuafo’ou microplate to the west. The Tonga Plate is seismically very active and is rotating clockwise.

These were the plates that moved when the 2009 tsunami hit Samoa.

title: Tonga Plate


text:
Akhtar Naraghi

Akhtar Naraghi is a Canadian poet, writer and scholar. She founded the International Organization of the Helen Prize for Women.

Biography
She holds a doctorate in English literature from McGill University and works in English. Her novels are all written in the first person, and revolve around the narrator's efforts to make a home in new surroundings, in different cultures. She has published four novels, in the first three of which – The Big Green House (1994; short-listed for the QSPELL Hugh McLennan Prize for Fiction in 1995), Blue Curtains (1999) and With Mara That Summer (2004) – the narrator-protagonist recounts episodes from her life, beginning in early childhood and ending with her declining years. Her latest novel, On the Train to My Village (2011), is a story of love and the artist's existence partly inspired by the author's time spent in the Gaspé region of Quebec. Her work has been translated into French, Persian and German.

Naraghi is also the author of three collections of verse, Legacy (1992), Solitude (1996) and Autumn Bird (2011), in addition to having contributed forewords, articles and short stories to numerous journals.

In 1987, she founded the International Organization of the Helen Prize for Women, named for Dr. Helen Caldicott, the creator of Physicians for Social Responsibility. The Helen Prize annually honors the achievements of women of the world, whatever their backgrounds or fields of endeavor.

title: Akhtar Naraghi


text:
Talk:Jack Doan

Untitled
I removed the segment about him being a poor referee, this is opinion

title: Talk:Jack Doan


text:
Dorothy Ashby

Dorothy Jeanne Thompson (August 6, 1932 – April 13, 1986),  better known as Dorothy Ashby, was an American jazz harpist, singer and composer. Hailed as one of the most "unjustly under loved jazz greats of the 1950s" and the "most accomplished modern jazz harpist," Ashby established the harp as an improvising jazz instrument, beyond earlier use as a novelty or background orchestral instrument, proving the harp could play bebop as adeptly as the instruments commonly associated with jazz, such as the saxophone or piano.

Ashby had to overcome many obstacles during the pursuit of her career. As an African-American female musician in a male dominated industry, she was at a disadvantage. In a 1983 interview with W. Royal Stokes for his book Living the Jazz Life, she remarked of her career, "It's been maybe a triple burden in that not a lot of women are becoming known as jazz players. There is also the connection with black women. The audiences I was trying to reach were not interested in the harp, period—classical or otherwise—and they were certainly not interested in seeing a black woman playing the harp." Ashby successfully navigated these disadvantages, and subsequently aided in the expansion of who was listening to harp music and what the harp was deemed capable of producing as an instrument.

Ashby's albums were of the jazz genre, but often moved into R&B, world music, and other styles, especially her 1970 album The Rubaiyat of Dorothy Ashby, where she demonstrates her talents on another instrument, the Japanese koto, successfully integrating it into jazz.

Early life and education
Ashby was born Dorothy Jeanne Thompson and grew up in the jazz community in Detroit, where her father, Wiley Thompson, a self-taught jazz guitarist, often brought home fellow jazz musicians. Even as a young girl, she would provide support and background to their music by playing the piano.

She attended Cass Technical High School, where fellow students included such future musical talents and jazz greats as Donald Byrd, Gerald Wilson, and Kenny Burrell. While in high school she tried her hand at a number of instruments including the saxophone and string bass before, influenced by her father and piano teacher, coming upon the harp. Instructed by Velma Froude, Ashby learned the strict classical style of harp playing influenced by French harpist Carlos Salzedo.

Aged 17, Ashby continued her music studies at Wayne State University in Detroit, where she majored in piano and music education.

Career
After she graduated, she began playing the piano in the jazz scene in Detroit, though by 1952 she had made the harp her main instrument. At first her fellow jazz musicians were resistant to the idea of adding the harp, which they perceived as an instrument of classical music and somewhat ethereal in sound in jazz performances. Ashby overcame their initial resistance and built support for the harp as a jazz instrument by organizing free shows and playing at dances and weddings with her trio. She recorded with Jimmy Cobb, Ed Thigpen, Richard Davis, Frank Wess and others in the late 1950s and early 1960s. During the 1960s, she also had her own radio show in Detroit where she would occasionally perform live shows with her husband, and talk.

Ashby partially contributed to the spread of unstereotypical music education in Detroit, Michigan during 1967. Robert H. Klotman, a divisional director of music education was inspired by her and Cass Technical Highschool’s harp and vocal ensemble, placing 10 Troubadour harps in 5 inner city schools.

Ashby's trio, including her husband, John Ashby, on drums, regularly toured the country, recording albums for several record labels. She played with Louis Armstrong and Woody Herman, among others. In 1962, Ashby won Down Beat magazine's critics' and readers' awards for best jazz performers.

Her first full jazz LP, The Jazz Harpist, was recorded for Savoy in 1957, with Frank Wess on flute, Eddie Jones and Wendell Marshall on bass and Ed Thigpen on drums. The album was a mix of standards, such as “Thou Swell” and “Stella by Starlight”, and Ms. Ashby's originals. It was critically well received, but the record buying public ignored it. Her next album Hip Harp, (1958) on Prestige, was one of her best, with Frank Wess, Dave Brubeck's bassist Gene Wright and Art Taylor on drums. In all Dorothy led ten sessions between 1957 and 1970 for Atlantic, Cadet and many other labels. She was fearless in her musical choices as she played not just bop, but soul, Brazilian, African, Middle Eastern and like her contemporary (and other great jazz harpist) Alice Coltrane, free jazz. Ms. Ashby pioneered the use of the Japanese koto in jazz on her 1970 album The Rubaiyat of Dorothy Ashby, which was somewhat maligned in its time, but has become appreciated as an iconoclastic marriage of soul, world music and free jazz.

The Ashby Players and theatre work
In the 1960s, Ashby, together with her husband, formed a theatrical group to produce plays that would be relevant to the African-American community of Detroit. This production group went by several names depending on the theater production.

They created a series of theatrical musical plays that Dorothy and John Ashby produced together as this theatrical company, the Ashby Players of Detroit. In the case of most of the plays, John Ashby wrote the scripts and Ashby wrote the scores. Ashby also played harp and piano on the soundtracks to all of her plays. She starred in the production of the play 3–6–9 herself. Most of the music that she wrote for these plays is available only on a handful of the reel-to-reel tapes that Ashby recorded herself. Only a couple of the many songs she created for her plays later appeared on LPs that she released. Later in her career, she would make recordings and perform at concerts primarily to raise money for the Ashby Players theatrical productions.

The theatrical production group The Ashby Players not only produced black theater in Detroit and Canada but provided early theatrical and acting opportunities for black actors. Ernie Hudson (of Ghostbusters, credited as Earnest L. Hudson) was a featured actor in the Artists Productions version of the play 3–6–9. In the late 1960s, the Ashbys gave up touring and settled in California, where Dorothy broke into the studio recording system as a harpist through the help of the soul singer Bill Withers, who recommended her to Stevie Wonder. As a result, she was called upon for a number of studio sessions playing for more pop-oriented acts.

Death
Ashby died from cancer on April 13, 1986, in her home located in Santa Monica, California. Her body was cremated, and her ashes were scattered over Santa Monica Bay after a memorial service.

Influence
In the 1990s, Pete Rock, Rahzel and Ugly Duckling sampled Ashby's harp music for their own works.

In 2018, Drake included a sample of Ashby's rendition of "The Windmills of Your Mind" in his song "Final Fantasy" from the album Scorpion.

As leader

 * 1957: The Jazz Harpist (Regent) – with Frank Wess
 * 1958: Hip Harp (Prestige) – with Frank Wess
 * 1958: In a Minor Groove (New Jazz) – with Frank Wess
 * 1961: Soft Winds (Jazzland)
 * 1962: Dorothy Ashby (Argo)
 * 1965: The Fantastic Jazz Harp of Dorothy Ashby (Atlantic)
 * 1966: The Sounds of Christmas (Tab) – with Jimmy Clark and Tom Montgomery
 * 1968: Afro-Harping (Cadet)
 * 1969: Dorothy's Harp (Cadet)
 * 1970: The Rubaiyat of Dorothy Ashby (Cadet)
 * 1984: Django/Misty (Philips)
 * 1984: Concierto de Aranjuez (Philips)

As sidewoman
With Bill Withers With Bobbi Humphrey With Minnie Riperton With Wade Marcus With Stanley Turrentine With Stevie Wonder With Sonny Criss With Gene Harris With Freddie Hubbard With Billy Preston With Bobby Womack With Osamu Kitajima
 * +'Justments (Columbia, 1974)
 * Fancy Dancer (Blue Note, 1975)
 * Adventures in Paradise (Epic, 1975)
 * Metamorphosis (ABC/Impulse!, 1976)
 * Everybody Come On Out (Fantasy, 1976)
 * Songs in the Key of Life (Motown, 1976)
 * Warm & Sonny (Impulse!, 1977)
 * Tone Tantrum (Blue Note, 1977)
 * Bundle of Joy (Columbia, 1977)
 * Late at Night (Motown, 1979)
 * The Poet (Beverly Glenn, 1981)
 * The Poet II (Beverly Glenn, 1984)''
 * The Source (1984)

title: Dorothy Ashby


text:
Talk:Ash (deity)

"Boyfriend"
"Consort" is used in numerous mythological articles, not just Egyptian ones. Further, "Boyfriend" in this context is a completely incorrect term. The term and concept of boyfriend are only as old as our modern concept of courtship; dating. Ancients did not date, nor did their deities. -Tydaj 01:09, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Yes they did. Especially the greek deities. Courtship is certainly not a modern concept, the ancient greeks had an institutionalised courtship procedure, specifying what gifts were and were not acceptable for example.

And Set was married to Nepthys, so Ash can never be Set's consort. Set's consort was always Nepthys, but he was dating Ash. 07:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Even if he's not Set's consort, I'm sure there's a better term than "boyfriend". Courtship has been around for ages, dating has not. -Tydaj 16:10, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * What is wrong with "boyfriend" ? It explains exactly what the situation was in the clearest manner.     18:46, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Per discussion on Talk:Set (mythology), does anyone know the source of the claim that Ash and Set were lovers? I have not been able to find it. - AdelaMae (talk - contribs) 14:33, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

For example, the inscriptions of Peribsen. For a modern reference, you could check out some of the writing of Professor James Dunn.

I have no idea why you think the opinion of the Kemetic orthodox is relevant. Kemetic orthodoxy is a modern religious movement, not academically qualified egyptologists. --Victim of signature fascism 18:45, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * This discussion was continued on Talk:Set (mythology); please read that page for more information. - AdelaMae (talk - contribs) 08:54, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Moved pending cite
One of Ash's titles–"Beloved of Set"–has led to interpretations that Set and Ash were lovers. Many Pharaohs had similar titles connected with one or another Gods, but very few, if any, Gods bore such epithets.

title: Talk:Ash (deity)


text:
Gosta Green

Gosta Green is an area in the city of Birmingham, England. It lies at the edge of the city centre, 3/4 mi northeast of Birmingham New Street station.

University
Gosta Green is the home of the Aston University campus. The campus is also adjacent to the Aston Science Park.

Pubs
There are two pubs – the "Gosta Green" on Great Lister Street, and "The Sacks of Potatoes" near Aston Street. The "Gosta Green" pub was originally called the "Pot of Beer". During the 1980s and early 1990s, it was a venue for indie music. Bands who performed at the pub include Pop Will Eat Itself and Blur. It later became a Scream pub; part of the Firkin chain, known as the "Faculty and Firkin" in the late 1990s. The Pub has recently been changed (2015) from being a Scream pub to the Common Room brand owned by Stonegate. It is now called the 'Gosta Green'.

History
Historically Gosta Green ('Gosty Green') was part of the parish of Aston.

Probably named from its holding by William de Gorsty in the early 14th century. It was known as Gostie Green by the mid 18th century, the name being a corruption of Gorsty to gorse (i.e. gorse bushes, locally called 'goss', which were common nearby).

The Green was actually two greens by the mid 18th century; Lower Gorsty Green being the larger, encircled by a road.

It was the location of Bishop Ryder Memorial Church from 1838 to 1960.

Methodist preacher John Wesley was roughly handled while preaching on Gosta Green. In 1840, the Chartists Lovett and Collins, directly on their release from prison, gave speeches to 30,000 people on Gosta Green.

The Gosta Green Gun Quarter was visited by Queen Victoria in 1858, when it was described as: "the centre of the locality in which the gun-trade carried on", and the local gun-makers guild spent around £6,000 on street decorations.

During the 19th century, until the late 1880s, Gosta Green was the location of a regular market. The surrounding streets were filled with back-to-back houses, small workshops, and a dozen pubs. Only a few pubs now remain to remind visitors of its Victorian past.

Eccles Motor Transport Ltd., a pioneer in the production of automobile pulled caravans, established its Gosta Green factory in 1919.

Gosta Green's Birmingham Arts Lab was formerly the Centre for the Arts as which it had been an important centre for theatre and music in the late 1970s having been established for Aston University by Theatre Organiser Nick Arnold, Music Organiser Tony Pither and Technical Manager Cliff Dix during that decade in the former Delica Cinema (later the BBC Midland television studios before the opening of Pebble Mill in 1971). Following the Lab take over the building became The Triangle Cinema, then the frontage became a Waterstones bookshop. The building has subsequently become the home of the European Bio-Energy Research Institute (EBRI), part of Aston University.

title: Gosta Green


text:
Talk:Force It

External links modified
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Redo of earlier undo relating to the 2-CD release of 10-09-2021
Hi co-contributors, I became aware of the 2-CD release and wanted to look it up here in Wikipedia. I found the tracks for CD 2 were deleted a while ago directly after they were added, plus also that undo was not properly executed (1 track of the 2-CD version remained listed). I Digged a bit on Musicbrainz and found that the 2-CD is an official release, read https://musicbrainz.org/release/bf0e23b4-1f27-4a48-9653-27b2919522dc for proof of this. Jeffrodo von Rivendell am Rhein (talk) 08:25, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Force It


text:
Architectural mythology

Architectural mythology means the symbolism in real-world architecture, as well as the architecture described in mythological stories. In addition to language, a myth could be represented by a painting, a sculpture, or a building. It is about the overall story of an architectural work, often revealed through art.

Not all stories surrounding an architectural work incorporate a level of myth. These stories can also be well hidden from the casual viewer and are often built into the conceptual design of the architectural statement. "The value of a built environment, therefore, is a conglomerate of its actual physical existence and the historical memories and myths people attach to it, bring to it, and project on it."

- Oliver, P.

Ancient Greek architecture
Before 600 BC worship was done in the open, but when the Greeks began to represent their Gods by large statues, it was necessary to provide a building for this purpose. This led to the development of temples. The ancient Greek temples were often enhanced with mythological decorations from the columns to the roof. The architectural functions of the temple mainly concentrated on the cella with the cult statue. The architectural elaboration served to stress the dignity of the cella.

The South, West, and North sides of the Parthenon frieze show a procession of human figures. The East side contains Greek gods in various positions. The gods on the left side of the frieze tend to have stronger associations with the underworld while the gods on the right reside over spheres of fertility and optimism. This creates a story of life and death across the East Frieze.

Ancient Egyptian Architecture
The great pyramids are an architectural feat constructed as a means to house the remains of ancient Egyptian rulers. Inscribed on the interior pyramid walls are hieroglyphic texts describing the afterlife and ancient Egyptian mythology. There are as many as 900 individual compositions in each pyramid.

The sphinx was a mythical creature with the body of a lion and head of a man wearing a pharaoh headdress. Sphinx statues were commonly found in or near ancient Egyptian temples and tombs. The sphinx was thought to be a guardian for the ancient rulers of Egypt. These sphinxes like the pyramids had inscriptions on their bases and bodies. These inscriptions were references to the Egyptian gods such as Horus, Nekhbet, Wadjet and many others.

Ancient Roman Architecture
Many ancient Roman temples were constructed for religious purposes. The most influential example is the Pantheon. While there is very little surviving written information about the building historian Cassius Dio remarked:"Perhaps it has this name because, among the statues which embellished it, there were those of many gods, including Mars and Venus; but my own opinion on the origin of the name is that, because of its vaulted roof, it actually resembles the heavens."

Books

 * Giedion, S.: The Beginnings of Architecture: The Eternal Present: A Contribution on Constancy and Change, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1981
 * Lethaby, William Richard: Architecture, Mysticism and Myth Cosimo (first published 1892), English, 288 pages, ISBN 1-59605-380-1 (Online PDF)
 * Mann, A.: Sacred Architecture, Shaftesbury: Element, 1993
 * Donald E. Strong, The Classical World, Paul Hamlyn, London (1965)

title: Architectural mythology


text: User talk:220.233.87.119

title: User talk:220.233.87.119


text: User talk:64.250.203.226

title: User talk:64.250.203.226


text:
Moronga

Moronga, rellena, morcilla or mbusia is a kind of blood sausage. It is found in Argentina, Cuba, Colombia, Puerto Rico, Central America, Mexican and Paraguay cuisine. Spices, herbs (such as ruta, oregano, and mint), onions and chili peppers are added and then boiled in the pig's large intestines for casing for several hours. It is served in a sauce, either "chile rojo" or "chile verde". It is also served in central Mexico as a filling in gorditas and tacos after it has been pan-fried with fresh onions and jalapeño peppers. This sausage is called "morcilla" in the Yucatán Peninsula, and it is almost always served along with other sausages (buche) and a mix of pickled onion, cilantro, and spices.

title: Moronga