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Camptosaurus

Camptosaurus is a genus of plant-eating, beaked ornithischian dinosaurs of the Late Jurassic period of western North America and possibly also Europe. The name means 'flexible lizard' (Greek καμπτος (kamptos) meaning 'bent' and σαυρος (sauros) meaning 'lizard').

History of discovery
On September 4, 1879 William Harlow Reed in Albany County, Wyoming found the remains of a small euornithopod. That same year Professor Othniel Charles Marsh described and named the find as Camptonotus, or "flexible back", from Greek κάμπτω, "to bend" and νῶτον, "back", in reference to the presumed flexibility of the sacral vertebrae. The holotype was YPM 1877, a partial skeleton. The genus was renamed Camptosaurus by him in 1885 because the original name was already in use for a cricket. In 1879, Marsh named C. dispar (type species of the genus) for material he received from his collectors at Quarry 13 near Como Bluff, Wyoming in the Morrison Formation and C. amplus based on the holotype YPM 1879, a foot found by Arthur Lakes at Quarry 1A. The foot was later shown to have belonged to Allosaurus. Throughout the 1880 and 1890s, he continued to receive specimens from Quarry 13 and in 1894 named two additional species: C. medius and C. nanus, based in part on size. Charles W. Gilmore named two additional species, C. browni and C. depressus in his 1909 redescription of the Marsh specimens. In the Morrison Formation, Camptosaurus fossils are present in stratigraphic zones 2–6. Then in 1980, Peter Galton and H.P. Powell in their redescription of C. prestwichi (see following), considered C. nanus, C. medius and C. browni to be different growth stages or different gender of the larger C. dispar, and therefore only C. dispar was a valid species. They also considered a skull, YPM 1887, in 1886 referred to C. amplus by Marsh, later confirmed by Gilmore, to belong to C. dispar as well. Gilmore had used this skull to describe the skull of Camptosaurus, but the specimen was recently shown by Brill and Carpenter not to belong to Camptosaurus. In 2007, they put it into its own genus and species, Theiophytalia kerri. Camptosaurus depressus was recovered from the Lakota Formation near the town of Hot Springs, South Dakota. It was described by Charles Gilmore in 1909 based on the holotype and only known specimen USNM 4753, a fragmentary postcranium, by the "narrowness or depressed nature of the ilia". Carpenter and Wilson (2008) referred this species to Planicoxa, as P. depressa, on the basis of similarities between its ilium and the holotype ilium of Planicoxa venenica. However, McDonald and colleagues (2010), and McDonald (2011) found that the horizontal postacetabular process of C. depressus is more likely a product of distortion. Therefore, McDonald put it into its own genus, Osmakasaurus. An additional species, Camptosaurus aphanoecetes, was named by Carpenter and Wilson in 2008 for specimens from Dinosaur National Monument. It differs from C. dispar in the lower jaw, shorter neck vertebrae, and straighter ischium ending in a small "foot" among other features. An analysis by Andrew McDonald and colleagues in 2010 suggested that like C. aphanoecetes is actually more closely related to more advanced iguanodonts (Styracosterna). It has been moved to the new genus Uteodon. While Marsh was describing Camptosaurus species in North America, numerous species from Europe were also referred to the genus in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: C. inkeyi, C. hoggii, C. leedsi, C. prestwichi, and C. valdensis. C. inkeyi (Nopcsa, 1900) consists of fragmentary material, a dentary and articular from Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Haţeg Basin in Romania. It is almost certainly a rhabdodontid and is no longer considered valid (nomen dubium). C. valdensis consists of the holotype and only known specimen NHMUK R167, a poorly preserved left femur lacking the distal end. It was earlier believed to be a dubious dryosaurid, but a more recent analysis contends that the diagnostic features of Dryosauridae do not overlap with its material, instead considering it an iguanodontian. C. leedsi is probably a valid dryosaurid that has been moved to the new genus Callovosaurus. C. hoggii was originally named Iguanodon hoggii by Richard Owen in 1874 and was moved to Camptosaurus by Norman and Barrett in 2002. It has since been transferred to the genus Owenodon.

The remaining European species Camptosaurus prestwichii was recovered from Chawley Brick Pits, Cumnor Hurst in Oxfordshire in England. The fossil was found when a tramway was driven into the side of a hill. It was described by Hulke in 1880 as Iguanodon prestwichii, and then placed in its own genus Cumnoria by Seeley in 1888, but was soon sunk into Camptosaurus by Lydekker in 1889. However, Naish & Martill (2008), McDonald and colleagues (2010), and McDonald (2011) found that Seeley's original generic distinction was valid. Cumnoria has been recovered as a styracosternan, more closely related to advanced iguanodonts than to Camptosaurus dispar, similar to the case of Uteodon.

In 2022, the first confirmed European remains belonging to aff. Camptosaurus .sp were described by Sánchez-Fenollosa et al.. A single specimen was found in the Fuentecillas member of the Villar del Arzobispo Formation in Spain, consisting of an anterior cervical centrum; an anterior dorsal centrum; a dorsosacral centrum; four sacral centra; a caudosacral centrum; two anterior caudal centra; three medial caudal centra; and a distal fragment from the left humerus. The Fuentecillas specimen is seen to be closer to Camptosaurus than to Draconyx from the Jurassic of Portugal, hence its tentative placement within the Camptosaurus genus.

Description
Camptosaurus is a relatively heavily built form, with robust hindlimbs and broad feet, still having four toes. Due to the separate status of Uteodon it has become problematic which material from the Morrison Formation belongs to Camptosaurus. The specimens with certainty belonging to Camptosaurus dispar, from Quarry 13, have been recovered from very deep layers, probably dating to the Callovian-Oxfordian. The largest fragments from later strata indicate adult individuals around 6.79 m long. The Quarry 13 individuals are smaller though. They have been described as reaching 6 meters (19.7 feet) in length and 785 – 874 kg in weight. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul gave an even lower estimate: a length of five metres and a weight of half a tonne.

Earlier reconstructions, such as those by Marsh and Gilmore, were based on the skull of Theiophytalia and display an incorrect, more rectangular profile. The skull was in fact triangular with a pointed snout, equipped with a beak. Its teeth were more tightly packed in the jaw compared to other Morrison euornithopods. Museum curator John Foster describes them as having "thick median ridges on their lateral sides and denticles along their edges," these features were similar to, but "more fully developed" than those in Dryosaurus. Camptosaurus teeth frequently exhibit extensive wear, which indicates that individuals in the genus had a diet of relatively tough vegetation.

Classification
Marsh in 1885 assigned Camptosaurus to a family of its own: the Camptosauridae. Alternatively some authors considered it an early member of the Iguanodontidae.

Modern phylogenetics has made Camptosaurus by definition part of the clade Ankylopollexia, of which group it would then be a basal member. This would mean that the genus is closely related to the ancestor of later iguanodontid and hadrosaurid dinosaurs and was more derived than contemporaries such as Dryosaurus, Drinker, and Othnielosaurus.

In the 2010 and 2011 cladistic analyses of McDonald and colleagues, Camptosaurus was placed as follows:

Paleobiology
Based on studies of other iguanodonts (clade Iguanodontia), scientists believe they may have been able to achieve running speeds of 25 km per hour (15 mph). A tiny 9 inch fossilized embryo, referred to Camptosaurus, was retrieved from Morrison Formation strata at Dinosaur National Monument in Utah.

title: Camptosaurus


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Joshua Scottow

Joshua Scottow (England, ca. 1618 - Boston, Massachusetts, USA, January 20, 1698), was a colonial American merchant and the author of two histories of early New England: Old Men's Tears for Their Own Declensions (1691) and A Narrative of the Planting of the Massachusetts Colony Anno 1628 (1694).

Life
Scottow emigrated to Massachusetts between 1630 and 1634 with his widowed mother Thomasina and older brother Thomas. He settled in Boston and was admitted to membership in the Old (South) Church in 1639. He married Lydia (surname unknown) in 1640, and they had seven children. He acquired considerable wealth trading with Acadia, dealing in waterfront property, and developing frontier settlements near Scarborough, Maine. In November 1658, William Crowne, proprietor of Nova Scotia, leased a portion of the colony to Scottow and Captain George Curwin (grandfather of Salem Witch Trials high sheriff George Corwin). He served as a captain in King Philip's War alongside pardoned pirate Peter Roderigo. He was survived by his wife and four children, three daughters and a son Thomas, who graduated from Harvard College in 1677.

Writings
Scottow was a Puritan and self-described "Old Planter." Both of his histories declare that the founding generation of New England was “animated as with one soul” for the achievement of a millennial religious mission and that the present (1690s) generation has lost its focus and loyalties. Scottow’s language is replete with biblical and classical references.

Opposition to Witchcraft Trials
In 1656, Scottow seems to have opposed some aspect of the prosecution of Ann Hibbins, who was accused of witchcraft. Scottow wasn't alone. Another contemporary critic of the trial, Rev. John Norton (a hero of Scottow's) was said to have quipped that Hibbins "was hanged for having more wit than her neighbors." Ann Hibbins was executed on June 19, 1656 and Scottow was one of five men named in her will. The winter following her execution, Scottow was elected as a town selectman for the first time. Around the same time of his election, Scottow seems to have felt pressured to retract his original support for Hibbins and issue an apology to the court. "He stated that he did not intend to oppose the proceedings of the General Court in the case of Mrs. Ann Hibbins: " I am cordially sorry that anything from me, either in word or writing, should give offense to the honored Court, my dear brethren in the church, or any others."

Scottow finally returned to the same subject almost 40 years later in 1694. This was less than two years after the infamous trials at Salem, which he addresses at length in his, Narrative of the Planting making this work an important contemporary source. Scottow again seems to come down on the side of presumed innocence and against the accusers whose testimony was fickle and inconsistent ("said, and unsaid"). He further blames a departure from the non-superstitious theology taught by Jean Calvin ("Geneva") and embraced by the earlier teachers:, "Can it be rationally supposed:? that had we not receded from having Pastors, Teachers, and Ruling Elders, and Churches doing their duty as formerly... that the Roaring Lion [the father of lies] could have gained so much ground upon us..." Scottow includes a tally, "...above two hundred accused, one hundred imprisoned, thirty condemned, and twenty executed." In the previous decade, Increase Mather and his son Cotton Mather, had both been industrious in New England's government and written several enthusiastic books on witchcraft. Scottow was also a close neighbor to one of the judges Samuel Sewall. In bringing the witchcraft trials to an end, Scottow seems to give credit to the relatively un-zealous leadership of the swashbuckling and non-literary governor, the native born William Phips "who being divinely destined, and humanely commissioned, to be the pilot and steersman of this poor be-misted and be-fogged vessel in the Mare Mortuum and mortiforous sea of witchcraft, and fascination; by heaven's conduct according to the integrity of his heart, not trusting the helm in any other hand, he being by God and their Majesties be-trusted therewith, he so happily shaped, and steadily steered her course, as she escaped shipwreck... cutting asunder the Circean knot of Inchantment... hath extricated us out of the winding and crooked labyrinth of Hell's meander."

Works

 * A Narrative of the Planting of the Massachusetts Colony (1694) (an 1858 reprint in the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, volume IV of the Fourth Series, p 279-332)
 * Old Men's Tears for Their Own Declensions (1691) (Online edition, PDF)
 * Scottow edited and published a collection of early documents MASSACHUSETTS: or The first Planters of New-England,  The End and Manner of their coming thither, and Abode there: In several EPISTLES (1696) (Online edition, PDF) containing materials by John Winthrop, Thomas Dudley, John Allin, Thomas Shepard, and John Cotton.
 * Scottow is also credited with translating portions of an anti-Anabaptist or anti-Quaker work by Guido de Bres, La racine, source et fondement des anabaptistes ou rebaptisez de nostre temps (Rouen, 1565). This was published as Johannes Becoldus Redivivus (London, 1659) and as The Rise, Spring and Foundation of the Anabaptists, or Re-baptized of Our Time (Cambridge, Mass., 1668).
 * Anne Myles has recently shown that Scottow was the compiler of Divine Consolations for Mourners in Sion (1664), a work derived from Foxe's Book of Martyrs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joshua Scottow


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Teso people

The Iteso (or people of Teso) are a Nilotic ethnic group in eastern Uganda and western Kenya. Teso refers to the traditional homeland of the Iteso, and Ateso is their language.

Origins
The exact origins of the Iteso remain unclear. Iteso oral tradition holds that they originated from Djibouti thousands of years ago. The first generation of the Iteso was called ’Itunga’, a semi-hermitic group that was born by Oduk.The Iteso had six major clans, namely:- 1. Ikariwok – who were leaders and fighters 2. Ikomolo – who were foretellers 3. Irarak – who were gatherers 4. Igoria – who were builders 5. Ikatekok – who were peacemakers 6. Ikinom – who were the doctors.

The current generation of Iteso is the 12th. The Iteso is a hunter-gatherer group that also herded cattle, goats, sheep, carmels and poultry. The second generation of the Iteso was called ‘Omongoise’. This generation originated its name from a great herder who led a group of Iteso from Djibouti to Eritrea where they settled. The third generation of the Iteso was called ‘Okori’, named after Okori who led the Iteso from Eritrea to Ethiopia where they met the Oromo and gave birth to the following Iteso sub-tribes:- (a) Ingorok (present day Ngorokos in Ethiopia) (b) Ididinga (present day Dinkas in Ethiopia) (c) Idongiro (present day Dongiros in Ethiopia) (d) Lotuko (e) Jie (f) Toposa.

The fourth generation of the Iteso was called ‘Itikiro’, named after Otikir who led them from Ethiopia to along the banks of river Nile. Some also settled in Moru Kinyet and Lolibayi, a region full of shrubs in Southern Sudan. They later crossed to Moroto in Northern Uganda, where they now came to be called ‘Iteso’, a name coined by a group of young men who said ‘Ite so ibaren’ meaning they were on the move in search of pasture for their animals when the old men said they could no longer move because of old age and decided to settle in a place currently called ‘Karamoja’ occupied by Karamojong in Uganda Karamojong. there are notable cultural ties and linguistic similarities between the two groups; the word "Karamojong" literally means "the old ones who stayed behind."

The fifth generation of the Iteso was called ‘Ijureta’. This group of Iteso moved from Karamoja to the present day Tesoland in Uganda which begins from river Iriiri, the boundary between the Iteso and Karamojong. This river was so steep and slippery that some of the Iteso together with their animals drowned and got carried away by the strong waters. Those who managed to cross over called themselves ‘Ijureta’. They settled in Katakwi district in Uganda at a place called Moru Kabila where they built an altar for giving thanks to God for enabling them to cross the steepy and slippery river Iriiri safely and for overcoming other numerous problems in their movement.

The sixth generation of the Iteso was called ‘Asonya’. This group anticipated floods in their movement from Katakwi to Soroti since there were rivers that fed lake Kyoga between them. So, they were adequately prepared for the challenges they met along the way. Asonya kept cattle, goats, sheep and poultry only since their carmels succumbed to the harsh and hostile weather conditions. The seventh generation of the Iteso was called ‘Ilemelemen’. This group crossed river Auja along the boundary between Ngora and Soroti districts in Uganda led by Okapel. They settled on the eastern part of the river Auja and on top of Kapir hills while some spread to Kumi district in Uganda. Some still moved to Palisa through Akadot, Kanyum and Mkongoro.

The eighth generation of the Iteso was called ‘Ibwangeta’, named after a place called Kabwangasi where there was war with enemy tribes over their settlement in the area. The ninth generation of the Iteso was called ‘Imodingo’. This group moved from Kabwangasi and settled on the slopes of Mt. Elgon towards Mbale Uganda. The tenth generation of the Iteso was called ‘Ikutai’, named after a tree called Ekutat from which farming implements were made. This was because this group began traditional farming. Ikutai settled in Tororo Uganda and its environs.

The eleventh generation of the Iteso was called ‘Arionga’. They crossed the Uganda-Kenya border into Kenya around 1706 and settled along the border in the present day Tesoland in Kenya. This generation of Iteso went to school and got formal education with the coming of Missionaries who brought with them civilization of the west. The twelfth and present day generation of the Iteso is called ‘Emorimori’ which means unity of all the Iteso all over the world. Emorimori is led by the king of the Iteso based in Soroti Uganda called Papa Emorimori Augustine Osuban. This generation of Iteso is of age, well educated, civilized and largely Christian, rearing a wide range of animals both for domestic and commercial use, farming using modern techniques and engaging in economic activities beneficial to the society at large The current generation (Emorimori) occupies the Eastern parts of Uganda and western parts of Kenya.

Migration
It's believed there were two waves of migration. The first migration brought them to present day northeastern Uganda and western Kenya and was largely gradual and peaceful. The legendary hero Oduk and his wife Among'in supposedly helped the Iteso in this second migration to modern day Busia County circa 1500 AD, and by the 19th century, they controlled a vast swathe of territory. Their aggressive expansion drew them into conflicts with other already present ethnic groups. Oduk is credited with militarily organizing the Iteso and helping them defeat their rivals. However, their gains were reversed as neighboring ethnic groups allied with the British defeated them. Much of traditional Iteso culture and organization was lost when they were conquered by the Ganda people in the 19th century; the language of the northern Ateso is markedly influenced by Luganda due to this conquest. In contrast, southern Ateso has been influenced by the Turkana language.

British colonialism and independence
During the 20th century, the Iteso people underwent drastic changes in their lifestyles, transitioning from a pastoral lifestyle to prolific farmers. Many Iteso men travelled abroad to work in overseas British territories, such as Burma. In 1902, part of eastern Uganda was transferred to western Kenya, splitting the Iteso; despite this division, there's little cultural difference between the two. However, the two's economic and social paths have diverged greatly. At independence, Ugandan Iteso were wealthier, as they did not suffer from the economic marginalization Kenyan Africans did due to white settlers. However, the Kenyan Iteso did not suffer the same degree of political instability their Ugandan cousins have, and Kenya's more developed economic infrastructure allowed for Kenyan Iteso to overtake Ugandan Iteso in wealth.

During Milton Obote's first period of rule, many Iteso received army and administration posts, allowing them to gain relative prosperity, which they invested back into cattle herds. After Idi Amin was overthrown in 1979, the Karamojong acquired large amounts of arms, which they used to raid cattle from largely unarmed Iteso civilians; Iteso cattle herds were decimated, and many fell into poverty. During Obote's second period of rule, the Ugandan army was composed largely of the Iteso and Acholi. When Yoweri Museveni came to power, he disbanded a military unit meant to stop the Karamojong's cattle rustling and dismissed many Iteso, Acholi, and Kumam soldiers from the army for their previous service under Obote. These disgruntled soldiers, upon returning to their economically deprived homelands due to violent cattle raids, took up arms against the Museveni regime. The Teso insurgency lasted into the late 1980s, keeping the region undeveloped.

In 1992, the conflict was brought to an end through the combined effort of the local initiatives, indigenous mediators, churches, and the Presidential Commission for Teso (PCT). This led to the creation of a war memorial near the Iteso capital Soroti, and the installation of an Iteso king, Emorimor Papa Paphrus Imodot Edimu. While successful in ending the violence and mollifying Teso opposition to Museveni, the Teso sub-region remains one of the poorest regions in Uganda, and the Iteso feel politically and economically neglected, widely distrusting the Museveni administration.

Uganda
In Uganda, the Iteso live mainly in Teso sub-region, i.e., the districts of Amuria, Bukedea, Butebo, Kaberamaido, Kapelebyong, Katakwi, Kumi, Ngora, Serere and Soroti, but are also found in Bugiri and Pallisa, as well as in the Tororo and Busia districts.

According to the 2014 Ugandan Bureau of Statistics report, the Iteso number about 2.36 million (7.0% of Uganda's population). Until 1980, they were the second largest ethnic group in Uganda; this share of the population likely decreased due to Teso fleeing from political instability and violence. Some Iteso contend that they are still the second largest ethnic group in Uganda, and this figure has supposedly been deflated to restrict the political power of the Iteso, as the national budget is distributed based on population.

Kenya
There are around 578,000 Iteso in Kenya, living mainly in Busia County, south of Mt. Elgon. They primarily inhabit two sub-counties, Teso North and Teso South, but can be found in Bugoma and Trans Nzoia County.

Farming
The Iteso are noted for their quick adoption of the ox plow in the early 1900s. Women farmed and foraged while men herded their cattle.

Cotton is the primary cash crop among the Iteso. It's grown by both men and women in separate plots during the short rains. Another cash crop grown is tobacco. In the 1980s, Kenyan government-sponsored cooperative-ran cotton ginneries failed to pay for the cotton delivered by the Iteso and others. The Iteso then began experimenting with other cash crops like tobacco with the aid of loans from large agricultural companies. However, since the 1990s, the cotton industry has been partially revived.

Herding
Herding used to be the primary economic activity among the Iteso, particularly men. Cattle play a large social role among the Iteso, as they play a key role in negotiating bride-price and other important social events. When a father gives a son his own cattle, it signals the maturation of the son, able to manage his own estate and start his own family.

Cuisine
The staple food for the Iteso is finger millet (' akima ') and sorghum ('imomwa '). During colonization, cassava was introduced by colonial authorities as a dietary supplement. They also consume pumpkins, wild berries, peas, groundnuts, and beans. Domestic and wild animal meat was consumed, alongside milk, butter, and fish.

The cultural drink of the Iteso people is 'ajon ', a fermented brew made from dried finger millet (usually the emiroiti variety) that is commonly consumed in local ceremonies, social gatherings and important events. It can be consumed in a calabash, or a communal pot where participants sip the drink from long tubes. It is custom to keep a mother whose recently given birth confined to the home for three days, and afterwards, ajon is placed in the mouth of the infant. Some Christian Iteso criticize the customs surrounding ajon. In the modern age, the production of ajon has become commercialized, and its production and sale are an important source of income for the families that specialize in making it.

Traditionally, Teso people loved singing and dancing educative folksongs in different occasions. These songs include Ataikatiaka Kitiso, about the unity of the Teso people, Akidai Imojong, a song to respect and care for elders, and Iyalama Imojong to appreciate elders among others.

Afterlife
According to oral tradition, the legendary Oduk was responsible for the Iteso practice of exhuming bodies from bushes after a number of years. The Iteso traditional religion holds that upon death, the body is separated from its spirit ('eparait '), which leaves to live in the bush. Ideally, the spirit will move further and further into the bush, but discontent spirits may return to bother the living, demanding offerings of food and drink. Exhuming the bodies after a few years is meant to 'cool' them, and make them more amenable to the living. Many Iteso are reluctant or even afraid to be buried in coffins, believing they cannot be 'cooled', and thereby suffocating the dead.

Due to missionary influence, spirits of the dead have come to be associated with ajokin, small creatures of the bush, and both have come to be associated with the devil.

Religion
Prior to European missionary efforts, the Iteso believed in an omnipotent god called Akuj, and a God of calamity called Edeke.

Notable people

 * Jessica Alupo, Current Vice President of the Republic of Uganda
 * Anita Annet Among, Current Speaker of Parliament of Uganda
 * Jeje Odongo, Current Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Christine Apolot, Ugandan politician
 * Sospeter Ojaamong, Kenyan politician
 * John Bosco Ikojo, Ugandan politician
 * Kevin Ojinga Kaala, Ugandan politician
 * Mike Mukula, Ugandan politician
 * Musa Francis Ecweru, State Minister for Works and transport in the Ugandan Cabinet
 * Enoch Olinga, Prominent member of the Baha'i Faith, Knight of Baháʼu'lláh and was appointed as the youngest Hand of the Cause
 * Olubayi Olubayi, board member of Kiwimbi Organisation
 * Patricia Apolot, Ugandan female professional martial artist
 * Proscovia Alengot Oromait, Ugandan politician. At age 19, she was the youngest Member of Parliament in Uganda and in Africa.
 * Silas Aogon, Ugandan politician
 * Shaban Opolot, Ugandan military officer
 * Ferdinand Omurwa, Kenyan sprinter
 * Peter Elwelu (Major General), Current Ugandan Deputy Chief of Defence Forces.

title: Teso people


text: User talk:71.10.239.92

title: User talk:71.10.239.92


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title: User talk:81.213.213.187


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User talk:SickMonkey

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Friday 21:28, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.  FreplySpang (talk) 21:40, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:SickMonkey


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1853 in India

Events in the year 1853 in India.

Events

 * April 16 – The first Indian train steamed off from Bombay to Thane. The train was drawn by three steam locomotives and covered the 34 km distance in 57 minutes.
 * The Nizam of Hyderabad cedes Berar to the British so that its revenues could support the Hyderabad contingent in the British army.
 * Annexations of Jhansi and Nagpur.

Law

 * Coinage (Colonial Offences) Act
 * Customs Consolidation Act
 * Charter Act 1853

Births

 * Chattampi Swamikal, Hindu sage and social reformer (died 1924).

Deaths

 * Kerala Varma IV, monarch of Kingdom of Cochin died at Benaras.

title: 1853 in India


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title: File:Misty morning02.jpg


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John J. Mack

John J. Mack (born November 17, 1944) is a senior advisor to the investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and the former CEO and chairman of the board at Morgan Stanley, the New York–based investment bank and brokerage firm.

Early life and education
Mack was born in Mooresville, North Carolina, the son of Alice (née Azouri) and Charles Mack. Mack's father's original family name was Makhoul; he came to the United States from Lebanon when he was 12 years old, following Mack's grandfather, who had arrived at Ellis Island in 1909.

The family settled in North Carolina. Mack's father ran a wholesale grocery, clothing, and general merchandise store called John Mack & Son in Mooresville, North Carolina. The business occupied The John Mack Building from 1937 to the 1990s. Mack is the youngest of six sons. The family was Catholic.

In 1968, Mack graduated from Duke University, where he attended on a football scholarship and majored in history. Mack's first job in finance was as a clerk at a small brokerage house during his junior year at Duke, after a cracked vertebra made it impossible for him to continue on his football scholarship.

Morgan Stanley
Mack worked at several firms around Wall Street before starting his career at Morgan Stanley in 1972 as a salesman, and has since worked for the company for nearly thirty years. Rising steadily to positions of increasing responsibility, Mack eventually headed the firm's Worldwide Taxable Fixed Income Division from 1985 to 1992. In 1987, he became a member of the board of directors. In March 1992, he assumed responsibility for Morgan Stanley's day-to-day operations as chairman of the operating committee. He was named president of Morgan Stanley in June 1993. Mack served as president, chief operating officer and a director of Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. from May 1997 when the firm was created by the merger of Morgan Stanley and Dean Witter, two of the world's leading financial services companies.

In 2001, Mack left Morgan Stanley after a power struggle with Phil Purcell; Purcell became CEO of Morgan Stanley after the 1997 merger of Morgan Stanley and Dean Witter, of which Purcell was already CEO.

Credit Suisse
Six months later, in June 2001, Mack was hired as CEO of Credit Suisse, then known as Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB). Mack's time at Credit Suisse was marked by much restructuring and by compliances issues created by Frank Quattrone's Technology Group.

Morgan Stanley redux
On June 30, 2005, Mack returned to Morgan Stanley as chief executive officer and chairman of the board, replacing Purcell. Mack was noted for stabilizing the firm and reenergizing its culture and client franchise, despite an economic downturn.

Mack announced his retirement as chief executive officer on September 10, 2009, which was effective January 1, 2010. In 2011, Mack retired from Morgan Stanley after more than 30 years as an investment banker. Former co-president James P. Gorman succeeded him as CEO.

Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
In 2012, Mack joined Kohlberg Kravis Roberts as a senior advisor.

Rosneft
In 2013 Mack joined Rosneft, the Russian, state-owned, oil company that has BP as an investor of approximately 20%. In 2014 he announced his departure, shortly after the CEO Igor Sechin had sanctions imposed upon him by the US. Different reasons were given for his departure; Mack said his contract had only been for a year, while Rosneft spokespeople said he had decided to leave for personal reasons.

Insider trading accusations
In 2006, Mack was accused by former SEC investigator Gary J. Aguirre of insider trading. On October 5, 2006, the SEC recommended no action be taken against Mack. In late November 2006, Mack and Pequot were notified that the investigation had been closed and no action would be taken against them.

Compensation
While CEO of Morgan Stanley in 2006, Mack earned a total compensation of $41,399,010, which included a base salary of $800,000, stocks granted of $36,179,923, and options granted of $4,019,934.

In 2008, he earned a total compensation of $1,235,097, which included a base salary of $800,000 and other compensation of $435,097. He did not receive any cash, stock, or options.

In 2014, Mack defended the high fees paid to CEOs, saying on Bloomberg Television that the discussion of compensation was healthy, but that CEOs earn the rates.

Financial crisis of 2007–2008
Mack guided the firm through the financial crisis of 2007–2008, building its capital position and overseeing the firm's conversion to a bank holding company. To stabilize the firm, he forged strategic alliances with China Investment Corporation and Mitsubishi UFJ Group and entered into a joint venture with Smith Barney, forming at the time the world's largest wealth management firm. During the crisis, Mack was advised by U.S. Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson and the head of the Federal Reserve Bank Ben Bernanke to sell Morgan Stanley. He has stated that during negotiations he was under considerable pressure from the president of the New York Federal Reserve, Tim Geithner, to sell or merge Morgan Stanley to one of his competitors such as JP Morgan. Mack saw this as being contrary to the interests of Morgan Stanley shareholders and employees, similar to the demise of Bear Stearns in a forced sale to JP Morgan for $2 per share, (the deal was later revised to $10 a share), and insisted on finding other sources of financing instead.

Board memberships

 * New York-Presbyterian Hospital: Chairman Emeriti, Board of Trustees – Joined 1992
 * Duke University: board of trustees
 * University Hospital of Columbia University: board member
 * University Hospital of Cornell University: board member
 * IMG: director
 * Bloomberg Family Foundation: board member
 * Business Council: member
 * Business Roundtable: member
 * China Investment Corporation: International Advisory Council
 * Mayor of Beijing: International Business Leaders Advisory Council
 * Monetary Authority of Singapore: international advisory panel
 * Partnership for New York City: executive committee, director
 * November 2011: Rev Worldwide: board of directors
 * 2012: LendingClub: board member

Philanthropy
Mack has donated to various entities through the Christy and John Mack Foundation, formerly known as C.J. Mack Foundation:
 * 1999: Duke University: $10 million to support various initiatives
 * 2004: Duke University: $10 million to support integrative medicine
 * 2005: United States Naval Academy Foundation: Endowment to support the Admiral Frank Bowman Scholar Program
 * 2007: Shaw University: $5 million to support academic scholarships to this historically black college

Mack has sat on the board of trustees of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital since 1992. He was chairman of the board for 5 years and was integral to the funding and construction of NYP Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, the only stand-alone children's hospital in New York City.

In media
Mack earned the nickname "Mack the Knife" for his cost-cutting prowess while managing the fixed income division at Morgan Stanley, and he lived up to his billing at CSFB, where he cut 10,000 jobs and returned the bank to profitability.

Mack was portrayed in the HBO film Too Big to Fail by Tony Shalhoub and in the BBC film The Last Days of Lehman Brothers by Henry Goodman. His career is also covered in detail in a 2007 book by Patricia Beard, Blue Blood and Mutiny: The Fight for the Soul of Morgan Stanley. The 2010 documentary Plunder: The Crime of Our Time by Danny Schechter opens with a demonstration outside his home by people who lost their houses in the Great Recession.

Mack's personal memoire and career retrospective, "Up Close and All in: Life Lessons from a Wall Street Warrior," was published by Simon & Schuster in October 2022.

Selected interviews

 * Mack, John. "Wharton Leadership Lecture: John Mack on Saving Morgan Stanley, Inside the Bunker." Knowledge at Wharton. University of Pennsylvania. October 14, 2009.
 * Mack, John and Hank Paulson. "Mack, Paulson full interview." CNN Money. NYU Stern School of Business. March 2010.
 * Rose, Charlie. "Zhou Wenzhong; John Mack, Chairman, Morgan Stanley; Kenneth Roth on Human Rights in China; An appreciation of Reynolds Price." Charlie Rose. January 20, 2011. Interview starts at 25:30.

Personal life
Mack is married to Christy Mack (née King). Mr. and Mrs. Mack reside in New York City. They have three children.

title: John J. Mack


text:
El Bulli

El Bulli was a restaurant near the town of Roses, Spain, run by chef Ferran Adrià, later joined by Albert Adrià, and renowned for its modernist cuisine. Established in 1964, the restaurant overlooked Cala Montjoi, a bay on the Costa Brava of Catalonia. El Bulli held three Michelin stars and was described as "the most imaginative generator of haute cuisine on the planet" in 2006. The restaurant closed 30 July 2011 and relaunched as El Bulli Foundation, a center for culinary creativity.

Restaurant
The restaurant had a limited season: the PIXA season, for example, ran from 15 June to 20 December. Bookings for the next year were taken on a single day after the closing of the current season. It accommodated only 8,000 diners a season, but got more than two million requests. The average cost of a meal was €250 (US$325). The restaurant itself had operated at a loss since 2000, with operating profit coming from El Bulli-related books and lectures by Adrià. As of April 2008, the restaurant employed 42 chefs.

Restaurant magazine judged El Bulli to be No. 1 on its Top 50 list of the world's best restaurants for a record five times—in 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009, and No. 2 in 2010.

History
The restaurant's location was selected in 1961 by Hans Schilling, a German, and his Czech wife Marketa, who wanted a piece of land for a planned holiday resort. By the year 1963, the resulting holiday resort included a small makeshift bar of the type known in Spanish as a "chiringuito", which bar was variously called "El Bulli-bar" and "Hacienda El Bulli"; this little bar was the nucleus of the future restaurant El Bulli. The name "El Bulli" came from a colloquial term used to describe the French bulldogs the Schillings owned. The first restaurant was opened in 1964.

The restaurant won its first Michelin star in 1976 while under French chef Jean-Louis Neichel. Ferran Adrià joined the staff in 1984, and was put in sole charge of the kitchen in 1987. In 1990 the restaurant gained its second Michelin star, and in 1997 its third.

El Bulli has published books on its development, menu and philosophy since 1993, in both large format, some including CD-ROMs, and small format for supermarket sales. Ferran Adrià, Juli Soler, and Albert Adrià published A Day at El Bulli in 2008. The book describes 24 hours in the life of El Bulli in pictures, commentary and recipes. Among the recipes included in the book are melon with ham, pine-nut marshmallows, steamed brioche with rose-scented mozzarella, rock mussels with seaweed and fresh herbs, and passion fruit trees.

Chef and writer Anthony Bourdain described Albert Adrià's contributions thus: "His book is a shockingly beautiful catalog of his latest accomplishments here ... Pastry chefs everywhere—when they see this—will gape in fear, and awe, and wonder.  I feel for them; like Eric Clapton seeing Jimi Hendrix for the first time, one imagines they will ask themselves 'What do I do now?'."

Commercial products
Texturas is a range of products by brothers Ferran and Albert Adrià. The products include the Sferificación, Gelificación, Emulsificación, Espesantes and Surprises lines and are the result of a rigorous process of selection and experimentation. Texturas includes products such as Xanthan and Algin which are packaged and labeled as Xantana Texturas and Algin Texturas respectively.

Xanthan gum allows the user to use a very small amount to thicken soups, sauces and creams without changing the flavour. Algin is a key component of the "Spherification Kit" and is essential for every spherical preparation: caviar, raviolis, balloons, gnocchi, pellets, and mini-spheres.

Closure
In 2010, Ferran Adrià announced he would close El Bulli in 2012, due to the massive monetary loss it was incurring. He was quoted by The New York Times as planning to replace it with a culinary academy. He later denied the announcement, saying that The New York Times had misquoted him, and stated that El Bulli would reopen in 2014 after a two-year hiatus, as "initially planned" and would still serve food. Adrià later confirmed, in an October 2010 Vanity Fair article, that the restaurant would be closing permanently after July 2011.

In 2011, their website stated: "On July 30th 2011 El Bulli will have completed its journey as a restaurant. We will transform into a creativity center, opening in 2014. Its main objective is to be a think-tank for creative cuisine and gastronomy and will be managed by a private foundation." Bourdain interpreted the goal of the new El Bulli Foundation to be an elite culinary and dining experience development workshop, hosting not only chefs but "architects, philosophers, [and] designers", and allowing them to "not just share [their] successes, but to share [their] mistakes or [their] process with the world as it's happening" by providing a forum to explore such concepts as "do we need a dining room?" In 2021, The Observer named the closure of El Bulli as one of the 20 "key moments in food" of the prior 20 years.

Film
El Bulli: Cooking in Progress is a documentary about the restaurant highlighting the iterative creative process that occurred behind the scenes. Directed by Gereon Wetzel, the film follows the creative team led by Ferran Adrià through the whole 2008–2009 season. It premiered at the 2010 International Documentary Film Festival in Amsterdam.

Somerset House
In July 2013, Somerset House in London hosted an exhibition dedicated to the food of Ferran Adrià and El Bulli. The exhibition looked back over the evolution of the restaurant's laboratory and kitchen. Multimedia displays examined the methods behind the creation of signature dishes and original sketches and hand written notes of the recipe creations were on display with plasticine models of the dishes that were served.

Publications

 * El Bulli 1983–1993 (with Juli Soler and Albert Adrià), 2004. w/CD-ROM.
 * El Bulli: el sabor del Mediterráneo (with Juli Soler), 1993. ISBN 84-7596-415-X
 * Los secretos de El Bulli 1997. Altaya. ISBN 84-487-1000-2
 * El Bulli 1994–1997 (with Juli Soler and Albert Adrià), 2003. w/CD-ROM. Rba Libros, 2005. ISBN 978-84-7871-078-2
 * Cocinar en 10 minutos con Ferran Adrià (with Josep M. Pinto), 1998. ISBN 84-605-7628-0
 * Celebrar el milenio con Arzak y Adrià (with Juan Mari Arzak), 1999. ISBN 84-8307-246-7
 * El Bulli 1998–2002 (with Juli Soler and Albert Adrià), Conran Octopus, 2003. w/CD-ROM. ISBN 1-84091-346-0; Ecco, 2005. ISBN 0-06-081757-7
 * El Bulli 2003–2004 (with Juli Soler and Albert Adrià), Ecco, 2006. ISBN 0-06-114668-4
 * El Bulli 2005 (with Juli Soler and Albert Adrià), 2006. w/CD-ROM. Rba Libros. ISBN 978-84-7871-607-4
 * A Day At El Bulli 2007 (with Juli Soler and Albert Adrià), 2008. ISBN 978-84-7901-741-5
 * FOOD for thought THOUGHT for food (El Bulli y Ferran Adrià), 2009 Actar Editorial. ISBN 978-84-96954-68-7
 * Modern Gastronomy A to Z: A Scientific and Gastronomic Lexicon (Alicia Foundation, El Bullitaller), 2010. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-1245-7
 * El Bulli 2005–2011 (Ferran Adrià, Albert Adrià, Juli Soler), 2014. ISBN 978-0714865485

title: El Bulli


text:
Category:Articles in translation

This is a category of all the articles currently in translation: Intranslation or Translation WIP

title: Category:Articles in translation


text: File:Colony (2000 Rob Grant book) cover.jpg


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Talk:The Innocents (1961 film)

Black Sabbath
Does Black Sabbath drew any influences on this movie ghost-in-the-lake scene to put the lady in black on their first album artwork? Even the storm approaching coincides.

POV?
Blatantly biased discussion of film. ZephyrAnycon 21:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It appears a considerable amount of POV has been removed.K8 fan 03:45, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Upgrading from Stub
Is this article complete enough to no longer be classified as a Stub? It appears to meet all the criteria of a Start-class article now.K8 fan 03:48, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Innocentsfilmposter.jpg
Image:Innocentsfilmposter.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:16, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Citation, Cleanup, and Expansion
This article is incomplete and requires more attention be given to it. Some information is unsourced and either needs to be removed or given proper citations when necessary. Other pieces of information are placed in sections that don't pertain to its information. Information such as the film's release should be placed in a release section which should be created and split into sub-section detailing the film's theatrical and home media releases. The reception section appears to be disorganized and should be reorganized and rewritten whenever necessary. If there is enough information to suggest that the film had mixed to negative reception on its initial release, then the reception section should be split into sub-sections detailing its initial response and later response. This article has potential to become GA and FA status if enough attention is given to it. Hopefully someone will come along to give this article the attention it needs.--Paleface Jack (talk) 16:22, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Innocents (1961 film)


text: User talk:159.37.7.119

title: User talk:159.37.7.119


text:
Talk:Metropolitan Transportation Authority

External map
I love the map from Columbia.edu, but the man who produces it has said he will no longer be updating it, might not it be worth it for some wikipedian to take it over? mbisanz — Preceding unsigned comment added by MBisanz (talk • contribs) 21:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Tunnel dwellers
something should be said about the people who live underground — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.129.92.210 (talk) 05:40, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

MTA LOGO
There should a mention on how the MTA logo looks like Pac-Man —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.74.165.132 (talk) 18:05, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * For that, they'd really need to add some more letters and adjust the angle of the text shrinking, so it meets up at no more than one point on the other (right) side. However, I have herd the term 'pacman scheme' describing their bus livery. Jason McHuff 05:01, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

MTA museum
There should be a link or even an article on the MTA museum: http://www.mta.info/mta/museum/ 66.65.95.56 (talk) 17:37, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Related agencies
From other articles, it sounds like there might be no difference between a "subsidiary" and an "affiliated agency". Also, various articles refer to the SIRTOA as a subsidiary of the NYCTA. Can anyone verify with a reference? -- Beland (talk) 01:56, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Hopelessly confused with The Bronx
I'm sure that there are purely innocent, well-intentioned, good-faith mistakes involved, but this has become hopelessly entangled with an article I've been editing for months on The Bronx. I removed the MTA stuff from the Bronx, but now the MTA article has a Bronx infobox and footnotes. Can somebody research the history and unsnarl this mess? —— Shakescene (talk) 23:32, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, I've removed the MTA article from The Bronx and The Bronx from the top of this article. I hope that nothing has been lost in the process. –— Shakescene (talk) 23:53, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Criticism section?
Why isn't there one? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.82.12.210 (talk) 14:53, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. The incompetence of the MTA is so criminally extensive and such a fundamental characteristic of its nature that an honest article about it should include at least some gesture towards its incomprehensible failures on an hourly basis. You would be hard pressed to find a New Yorker who actually uses the transit system to say "I think the MTA does a good job." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.229.225.177 (talk) 21:07, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I would start with the MTA board's free EZ passes. http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2008/05/27/2008-05-27_kalikow__mta_cronies_get_passes_for_life.html
 * Then discuss construction delays. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/20/report-faults-mta-for-delays-in-big-construction-projects/
 * And then fare increases, their unacknowledged regressiveness, and de facto service cuts. http://gawker.com/5409464/new-york-city-just-gives-up-on-subway-service Jewpiterjones (talk) 04:34, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Here is a NYT article on contractor performance and a Post article on signal inspection .  MakeBelieveMonster (talk) 17:38, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

Orienting map
A map at least showing the counties served would be a useful addition. -- Beland (talk) 16:53, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:25, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York) → Metropolitan Transportation Authority – Looking at MTA (disambiguation), I don't see any other agencies that use this name. Even if it is, NYC is the primary use. LACMTA can be a hatnote. — Train2104 (talk • contribs • count) 14:28, 21 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose You've also got Maryland, Massachusetts, Erie County, Pennsylvania, and Miami-Dade County, Florida. Additionally, the last line of the Chad Mitchell Trio novelty song "Super Skier" refers to another "MTA."DanTD (talk) 11:11, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Maryland is "Maryland Transit Administration", not "Transportation". MTA would still be a dabpage. — Train2104 (talk • contribs • count) 18:22, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose: I once fiddled around creating disambiguation pages and hatnotes for Metropolitan Transit Authority, Municipal Transit Authority, Metropolitan Transport Authority, Metropolitan Transporation Authority, Municipal Transportation Authority, etc., etc., but someone rather wiser just cut the Gordian Knot and put them all into MTA. The average reader who's always heard and said "MTA" (or even sung it in MTA (song)) often can't remember, or doesn't even know, what the "M" or the "T" stand for anyway; just to make it marginally easier for those New Yorkers who happen to know the full, correct name of their own MTA, you'd be adding a lot of possible doubt, confusion and misdirection for many others. The purpose of article titles is not precision or even accuracy, but (1) to aid navigation and (2) to identify and distinguish articles readily (in an unbiased way) to the non-expert reader. In a parallel case, Metropolitan Transport Corporation used to redirect automatically to the one in Chennai (Madras), India, until I created a disambiguation page for some transit-related MTC's with some very similar names. —— Shakescene (talk) 22:19, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Transit Police
The article should mention that the Subway system had its own Transit Police. In the 1980s, the Transit Police was merged into the NYPD. 206.192.35.125 (talk) 19:27, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

Lamest edit war of the....
Epic -- please stop edit warring to hide the FA section under a lower level header. It is one of the more important subjects in the article. Should be at a higher level. That also allows readers who only see the higher level to know the content of that section. "Issues" doesn't do it. And issues/controversy are deprecated anyway as headers ... not that that matters. Frankly, this is one of the silliest and most juvenile and most ILIKEIT edit wars I've seen in a long time. Please cut it out. --Epeefleche (talk) 05:31, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Epee, why don't you post the issue on my talk page if you have an issue with my editing in particular?Anyway, they are both issues that are high-profile, so I guessed that the two budget and ads subsections could be placed under one larger issues super-section. Epic Genius (talk) 16:17, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge with MTA Capital Construction
I feel there is not enough information to hold up another article and it would make it easier for the reader to have it on one page RES2773 (talk) 13:09, 8 July 2015 (UTC)
 * i oppose this, since capital construction is a separate department of the MTA, like the LIRR, MetroNorth, and NYC subway is. 156.111.111.81 (talk) 15:19, 14 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Although it may be a separate department, I feel that (a) There is not enough in the article, and (b) If on the main article it may be updated more often. RES2773 (talk) 19:50, 19 July 2015 (UTC)RES2773

Re revert 00:02, 4 August 2015 Epicgenius
00:02, 4 August 2015 Epicgenius (talk | contribs) revert good faith edit, this broke markup and violated WP:MOS. Change was "Service animals, including service dogs" to "Guide dogs []". Reason for my change was Overview of ADA page "Beginning on March 15, 2011, only dogs are recognized as service animals under titles II and III of the ADA." I dont see a WP:MOS reason why this should be reverted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mtpaley (talk • contribs) 20:36, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

Photo montage should include one subway (underground) pic
Such as the nice E train image with new rolling stock on the New York City Subway article. B137 (talk) 21:40, 16 August 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 13 September 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved as follows:
 * * Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York) → Metropolitan Transportation Authority
 * * Metropolitan Transportation Authority → Metropolitan Transit Authority

— Amakuru (talk) 10:58, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

– Per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC and WP:CONCISE; all of the other entries at the disambiguation page "Metropolitan Transportation Authority" are either named "Metropolitan Transit Authority":
 * Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York) → Metropolitan Transportation Authority
 * Metropolitan Transportation Authority → Metropolitan Transportation Authority (disambiguation) (Could also be Metropolitan Transit Authority as per comments below. epicgenius (talk) 03:31, 13 September 2016 (UTC))
 * Erie Metropolitan Transit Authority, Pennsylvania
 * Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas
 * Metropolitan Transit Authority (Miami-Dade), Florida
 * Nashville Metropolitan Transit Authority, Tennessee
 * Topeka Metropolitan Transit Authority, Kansas
 * Metropolitan Transit Authority (Victoria), Melbourne, Australia

Or "XXX Transit Agency Metropolitan Transportation Authority":
 * Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, California

Also, this MTA serves Connecticut too, so the title is inaccurate. The proposed new name is shorter and doesn't have any of the inaccuracy problems associated with it. epicgenius (talk) 00:34, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Support moving this article as proposed, since it's the only one using the exact title (or primary use if you count the L.A. article, but that is more likely to be searched for under its working name, "Metro"). However, the dab page should be moved to Metropolitan Transit Authority rather than the proposed title, because all the other entries use "Transit" in their names, as shown above. Of course, a hatnote must be added to this article. Station1 (talk) 01:09, 13 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree with - clearly the dab page should be split according to the name. Perhaps my only concern is whether we will need to retarget the hundreds - maybe even thousands - of incoming links to the page to avoid double redirects and the such. <<< SOME GADGET GEEK >>> (talk) 02:20, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

 *  Weak support The only ones there that use the word "transportation" are the New York and LA County agencies, true, but the difference between "transit' and 'transportation" is easy to confuse. As Station1 noted, the LACMTA is either referred to as that or just as "Metro", so that one is pretty naturally disambiguated. I agree with him that if there are page moves, the the disambiguation page should be at Metropolitan Transit Authority. (As an aside, I would disagree with calling the current disambiguator inaccurate, though, as the MTA is a public benefit corporation owned by New York state and Connecticut has no governing authority over it. The New Haven Line in Connecticut is operated by Metro-North under contract to the Connecticut Department of Transportation, which owns that portion of the line (the MTA owns nothing in CT) and while it would be exceedingly illogical, it is possible that CDOT could contract with a different operator, leaving Metro-North to operate its own trains on only the Westchester County portion of the line. Incredibly unlikely, but it illustrates that the MTA is a New York state agency, not a Connecticut one.) oknazevad (talk) 02:29, 13 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Good point. CT isn't really a naming problem; it's more like disambiguation is not really needed for this article. epicgenius (talk) 03:33, 13 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Personally, I think the reasons stated prove otherwise. -User:DanTD (talk) 12:00, 13 September 2016 (UTC)
 * A hatnote from here can go to Metropolitan Transit Authority, though. epicgenius (talk) 14:30, 13 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose, for the reasons stated by oknazevad. Furthermore the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority was once called the Metropolitan Transit Authority. If anything, the only redirect that should take place is Metropolitan Transportation Authority → Metropolitan Transportation Authority (disambiguation). -User:DanTD (talk)  03:04, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Support MTA (New York) to MTA. The MTA has operations and owns cars and equipment used in New Jersey and Connecticut through Metro-North. It doesn't matter who owns the tracks and stations, so long as the MTA operates in those states. I also support moving Metropolitan Transportation Authority to Metropolitan Transit Authority. ɱ  (talk) · vbm  · coi) 16:51, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://www.ny1.com/content/news_beats/transit/147316/mta-launches-interactive-online-map-ahead-of-difficult-weekend-for-subways
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External links modified (January 2018)
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:29, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

On-time rate and budgetary specifics
Why doesn't this article include the most basic information associated with public transportation systems, i.e., on-time rates or level of service and budgetary information or tax burden on state ratepayers? On the Hong Kong MTR wikipedia page, the introductory section indicates that the MTR has an on-time rate of 99.9% and is one of the most profitable metro systems in the world. Note that Hong Kong is a city with a similar population, economic system (e.g., is a capitalist financial center of the Asian world that was once a British protectorate), and way of life? Why not allow for easier comparison between a role model of public infrastructure and the MTA? (in before EpicGenius and his protectionist friends intervene...) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Smellyshirt5 (talk • contribs) 18:44, 2 November 2018 (UTC)

I did some digging for sources of information for my most humble and basic request above, if the ... politburo or whomever monitors this approves of them. A Daily News article says the MTA budget for 2018 is $16.6 billion that burdens taxpayers. There is also the 2015-2019 MTA Capital Program web page here detailing $33.2 billion in capital improvements that tax payers have to contribute to. Lastly, here is the 2018 adopted budget from the MTA website. Here is an article that indicates an on-time rate of 65% during the weekday. Finally, here is another one from the nytimes indicating the same on-time rate of 65 percent. Thanks... er. comrades, for taking the time out of your busy coffee break to review my most humble suggestions on your most glorious infrastructure system.Smellyshirt5 (talk) 19:21, 2 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Intervened. Here's the problem: you only included the on-time information for one subsidiary agency, the New York City Subway, and you claimed that the MTA's total budget was only the budget of another agency, the Metro-North Railroad. I've moved it to the appropriate articles. If you want to re-add the information, please be aware that edit warring is highly frowned upon. epicgenius (talk) 00:05, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

 * I believe that is fine since most people living in the City of New York associate on-time rates with the subway, not to mention that you guys have 5 different pages on here for all your various organizations. If edit warring is frowned upon, how do you still have an account on wikipedia, being as you seem to want to hide and conceal every single interesting and enlightening fact about the MTA, for whom you seem to act as a political war dog more than anything else. Thanks for your interest in my posts!Smellyshirt5 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 00:19, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

 * I'm going to break down your comment in pieces:
 * I believe that is fine since most people living in the City of New York associate on-time rates with the subway - This article is about the MTA, an agency encompassing 12 counties in the NYC metro area, not about the New York City Subway. The on-time rates can be found in the article about the NYC Subway. People looking for on-time rates for the NYC Subway can find it there.
 * not to mention that you guys have 5 different pages on here for all your various organizations - The subsidiaries have to be organized into their own articles because they are notable as well.
 * If edit warring is frowned upon, how do you still have an account on wikipedia - Anonymous users can also edit-war. Also, you have kept on reverting when your edits are modified, and then you make ad-hominem attacks and bad-faith assumptions when confronted. It's not helpful, so please don't do that.
 * being as you seem to want to hide and conceal every single interesting and enlightening fact about the MTA - My edit history within the last three years is composed mainly of improving articles about MTA-related topics.
 * for whom you seem to act as a political war dog more than anything else - That's a mischaracterization of my edits. I'm trying to improve coverage about the MTA while still keeping the content balanced, as per our neutral point of view policy. That's exactly what I was doing when you reverted my edit, while I was still trying to add info about the MTA transit crisis!
 * I am not trying to antagonize or patronize you, and neither are the other editors. We are trying to point out the mistakes in your edits, so you can improve from this experience. We are telling you why these revisions need to be improved. However, it doesn't seem like you are taking the criticism well. If you don't understand why your edit was revised, please ask why rather than just trying to take an argumentative stance. Any of us would be happy to explain what needs to be improved, so we can make the article better. Thanks. epicgenius (talk) 00:51, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Why did User:Mackensen remove my reply comment (see View history tab). I've posted to many other wikipedia pages besides this Metro-North page, without incident, but whenever I post anything here, it is either removed, hidden, moved to a more difficult to find sub-page or position. All these comments in response to an initial post trying to get people here to provide basic and vital budgetary and infrastructure performance data in an introductory paragraph. Then my profile and user name are berated and patronized with responses that parse my own response in a very lawyerly fashion, with additional statements as to my inexperience on the wikipedia platform, again, a very lawyer-type smear move. Thanks again, for your comments, and I hope this reply is not removed. Your non-lawyer friend,Smellyshirt5 (talk) 16:27, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Your comment made you look foolish, and I thought to spare you the embarrassment. My mistake. Mackensen (talk) 23:40, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Rkamal83.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:59, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 22 February 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Clearly no support for the move. MTA is a fairly common acronym, and refers not only to many transportation agencies, but to names and concepts in numerous fields. Fuzheado | Talk 03:26, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

– Per WP:PRITOP and MOS:ACROTITLE ---   Tbf69   P • T 15:15, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Metropolitan Transportation Authority → MTA
 * MTA → MTA (disambiguation)

 * Oppose - The MTA in New York is the most notable by far but there are simply too many entries for it to be a primary topic with a disambiguation. Plus, as MOS:ACROTITLE cites the CIA, there are numerous other organizations with common acronyms that are not used such as the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), etc. Estar8806 (talk) 17:06, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:ACRONYMTITLE and WP:PRECISE. Rarely should an abbreviation serve as an encyclopedia article title, and especially not when the abbreviation can refer to many other things, as indicated on a dab page needing that title. Station1 (talk) 19:36, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The other reasons cited by above users are reasonable, and the current title is just much more ambiguous, as MTA can mean way too many other things, including other transit agencies. This is basically as ridiculous as making Washington Metro the primary topic for Metro. Fastfoodfanatic (talk) 17:28, 23 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:PRECISE. The MTA is not well-known outside the NYC area. Also, WP:NCA says: One general exception to this rule deals with our strong preference for natural disambiguation. Many acronyms are used for several things; naming a page with the full name helps to avoid clashes. The current title is already naturally disambiguated; there's no need to make it more confusing for non-New Yorkers. – Epicgenius (talk) 20:33, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose as this is an appropriate natural disambiguation. MTA can have many meanings, and I have not seen clear evidence that this is the most used of all possible meanings. Furthermore, the MTA's full name is indeed Metropolitan Transportation Authority; why would we use the abbreviation which is clearly just a shortening of the actual name? This is the same reason CSX is at CSX Transportation, BNSF is at BNSF Railway, and the MBTA is at Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Trainsandotherthings (talk) 00:04, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose per all of the above. MTA isn't speciic. Kew Gardens 613 (talk) 01:19, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.


text:
Will Haven

Will Haven is an American metal band from Sacramento, California. Formed in 1995, the group released albums through several labels and toured with acts such as Deftones and Soulfly before going on hiatus in 2002. They regrouped in 2005 and have continued to record and tour since. Throughout their history, they have released seven full-length albums (the latest being VII in 2023) as well as two EPs and a live DVD. Their musical style has been described as a combination of many metal and hardcore subgenres.

History
Named after a fictional, self-created character, Will Haven formed in 1995, and released a six-track demo. The band was formed from members of Sock, a band that was formed with Shaun Lopez of Far. Will Haven's debut self-titled seven-track EP was released in 1996 to positive reviews. A year later the quartet was signed to Revelation. Singer Grady Avenell guested on two Far tracks - 9 Miles, and a cover of Band Aid's Do They Know It's Christmas Time? with Chino Moreno of Deftones.

1997 saw the release of full-length El Diablo bringing them an increasing amount of attention and a growing fanbase. In 1999, they released WHVN, arguably their heaviest album to date. The song Jaworski is named after Red Tape's frontman and friend Jeff Jaworski, who was Jeff Irwin's guitar tech at the time; and Slopez is named after Shaun Lopez, who was the guitarist for Far. During this time, the band recorded a track called The Regulator for the Bad Brains' Never Give In tribute album, and toured with Deftones throughout Europe.

In 2000, long-time drummer Wayne Morse left the band. He was replaced by Mitch Wheeler. Later that year, Grady guested on Soulfly's track Pain, to be featured on the album Primitive. Chino Moreno also guested on that track.

In 2001, they released the critically acclaimed Carpe Diem, which saw a world-tour promotion, headlining shows in the US, UK, and Japan, and playing the Vans Warped Tour in Australia. Single Carpe Diem featured Chino Moreno in the promotional video; similarly, members of Haven are in the promotional video for Deftones' Bored, a single from their album Adrenaline.

Singer Grady Avenell left not long after the tour, to raise a family and attend college. Haven released a DVD called Foreign Films featuring what, at that point, was to be their last ever show in January 2003 - in a small coffeehouse in their hometown of Sacramento, called The Capitol Garage - and a wealth of footage from the final tour. Members of the band went on to form Ghostride (with members of Tinfed and Oddman), the Abominable Iron Sloth, and Death Valley High, as well as their own label, Distruktor Records.

Regrouping
On October 12, 2005, Will Haven officially regrouped and began writing new songs with original singer Grady Avenell and had initially planned to release a five-song EP with B-sides; however, during the writing process, the band decided to put out a full-length album. Haven, now a five-piece with guitarist Cayle Hunter from Ghostride and Oddman, went to Los Angeles to record 12 songs for the new album; guitarist Jeff Irwin told Rocksound: "If this is the last record we ever do, then i want it to be our ultimate one -- the one that's absolutely perfect".

In January 2006, Haven returned to the stage with a show in Sacramento's Boardwalk. In February, new song "Handlebars to Freedom" was uploaded to their MySpace profile. In March, they traveled to the UK, for a co-headlining tour with Crowbar. Avenell was announced unable to perform at the Will Haven dates in Glasgow and Newport, due to problems with his wife in Paris, so Simon Neil of Biffy Clyro, Craig B of Aereogramme, Mikey Dee of Skindred, Crowbar frontman, Kirk Windstein and XSheepX of The Seventh Cross were asked to do guest vocals for both nights. Grady rejoined the band at the following dates. The band had plans for tours through Europe, Australia and a summer tour with the Deftones, but so far, this hasn't happened yet.

As of August 2006, Will Haven signed a record deal with indie label Bieler Bros. Records. The demos that have been online won't appear on this record. One of the demos, "Handlebars To Freedom", will appear on a compilation disc of new Australian label Static Migration Records. Second guitarist Cayle Hunter was fired by the band and focused on his band Armed for the Apocalypse.

On February 19, 2007, Will Haven played a free show at the Troubadour in Los Angeles, promising a 'big announcement' would be made at the show – namely that Avenell had left the band and been replaced by longtime friend of the band (and vocalist for Sacramento punk band Red Tape) Jeff Jaworski. In spring 2007, the band went to Europe with Deftones.

The band released the album The Hierophant on June 18, 2007 (UK) and June 19, 2007, in the US. A post made by guitarist Jeff Irwin on an unofficial message board stated that the band intend to tour the new material later on in 2007.

A headline UK tour eventually followed in November 2007 without Mike Martin on bass; however no explanation has been given for his absence. Bass duties for the tour were covered by long-time friend Rey Osburn.

In September 2008, Will Haven embarked on a headlining European tour with French band My Own Private Alaska and further support differing per city. Again Reyka Osburn played bass, as Mike Martin was raising a family.

On October 12, 2009, the following was said about Grady rejoining the group: "After a little time off and doing a few benefit shows for our brother Chi Cheng of the Deftones, we are back to work. As some of you may have seen Grady did join us for a few of the benefit shows we did for Chi and also an amazing show in San Francisco a few months ago. After those shows we had a few discussions about will havens future and Grady expressed that he would like to be a part of it. So after working out details I am very happy to say that we are currently working on a new record with Grady handling the vocal duties. Jeff Jaworski will still be a big part of the band and helping with the writing process on the new record. So we are more than excited to be all working together on making an amazing record."

In April 2010, the band announced that Chris Fehn would be assuming bass duties for their upcoming album and tours, replacing Mike Martin.

An EP titled Open the Mind to Discomfort was released in May 2015 via Artery Recordings.

A full-length LP titled Muerte was released via Minus Head in March 2018, with guest appearances from Mike Scheidt of Yob and Stephen Carpenter of Deftones.

Their seventh album, VII, was released via Minus Head Records on July 7, 2023. A Carpe Diem/VII tour of the US was announced for August 2023, with UK and French dates following in October.

Current members

 * Grady Avenell – vocals (1995–2002, 2005–2007, 2009–present)
 * Jeff Irwin – guitar (1995–2002, 2005–present)
 * Mitch Wheeler – drums (2000–2002, 2005–present)
 * Anthony Paganelli – guitar (2007–present)
 * Adrien Contreras – bass (2012–present), keyboards (2010–2012)
 * Sean Bivins - keyboards, guitar (2023-present)

Former members

 * Mike Martin – bass (1995–2002, 2005–2010)
 * Jeff Jaworski – vocals (2007–2009)
 * Cayle Hunter – guitar (2005–2006)
 * Wayne Morse – drums (1995–2000)
 * Dave Hulse – drums (2000)
 * Chris Robyn – drums (2000)
 * Chris Fehn – bass (2010–2012)

Touring members

 * Reyka Osburn – bass (2008–2009)

Other appearances

 * 1995 – Far – Grady guests on the song "9 Miles"
 * 1995 – Far The Bands That Stole Christmas – Grady guests on "Do They Know It's Christmas?" together with Chino Moreno from Deftones
 * 1999 – Every Day Life - Moment of Clarity – Gady guests on the song "Relocate"
 * 2000 – Soulfly - Primitive – Grady guests on "Pain" together with Chino Moreno from Deftones

title: Will Haven


text: User talk:86.131.145.188

title: User talk:86.131.145.188


text:
User talk:Johnny C

Please don't use Wikipedia as a forum for insulting your acquaintances. There are plenty of other forums for that. FreplySpang (talk) 21:35, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Rhobite 21:51, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Also, please stop changing the words of Wikipedia articles. FreplySpang (talk) 21:57, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johnny C


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Paul Laurence Dunbar High School (Lexington, Kentucky)

Paul Laurence Dunbar High School (PLD/PLDHS), also known as Dunbar High School, is a public high school located at 1600 Man o' War Boulevard on the southwest side of Lexington, Kentucky, United States. The school is one of six high schools in the Fayette County Public Schools district.

The school was opened in 1990. With an enrollment of over 2100 students (in 2008–2009), it is one of the largest public high schools in Kentucky, It also houses the Math, Science, and Technology Center.

Academics
Since opening in 1990, Dunbar has averaged more than 15 National Merit Semifinalists a year, with 71 in the last four years. Of the Class of 2008, 75% continued on to four-year colleges or universities, with another 17% attending two-year colleges or technical schools. As of 2017, Dunbar offers Advanced Placement (AP) courses in twenty subject areas.

Academic team
The PLD Academic Team has a long and illustrious history. It is considered one of Kentucky's strongest teams and a longstanding favorite in both the Governor's Cup tournament and the NAQT State Championships.

1998 was the team's first championship at the Governor's Cup State Tournament. Both from 2000 to 2003 and from 2007 to 2010, the team won 4 back-to-back state championships. Shortly afterward, the team won Governor's Cup twice in 2012 and 2013. However, the PL Dunbar Academic Team wouldn't win the tournament for the next decade, often losing to their rivals, DuPont Manual High School and Russell High School. After placing 2nd in 2021 and 3rd in both 2022 and 2023, the team ended a decade-long drought and won the Governor's Cup State Championship in 2024. In the 2024 tournament, they also won the Quick Recall State Tournament, marking the first time since 2011 that they were Quick Recall State champions.

The Academic Team is also one of the best quiz bowl teams in the state and has done well at the national tournament held in Atlanta. They were state champions in multiple years (2008–2011, 2013–2014, 2019, 2023–2024). In 2024, Dunbar became the first team from Kentucky in almost 15 years to place in the top 10 at NAQT's High School National Championship.

In 2000, Dunbar's United States Academic Decathlon team won the state division for the first time and proceeded to nationals.

Math, Science, and Technology Center
The Math, Science, and Technology Center, also known as MSTC, is a magnet program housed in Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. The program accepts at least 55 students each year, selected from the 2500 incoming high school freshmen in Fayette County. MSTC alumni have matriculated into many top colleges across the country and have an average ACT score of 34.

Pre-history (1922–1967)
The Dunbar High School was a segregated public high school for African-American students founded in 1922, and located at 545 North Upper Street in the Northside neighborhood in Lexington. It was named after the 19th century African-American poet and writer, Paul Laurence Dunbar, whose parents were from Kentucky. The Bearcats were the schools mascot, and the school colors were red and black (and green and white during the 1940s). In 1953, the Russell School, another segregated public school for African American students, was located on the same block and they shared a field.

When Fayette County's schools integrated, Dunbar High was closed in 1967, with its students being bused to four previously segregated white schools.

The building of the original high school at 545 North Upper Street has since been converted to the Dunbar Community Center, which serves myriad cultural, educational and recreational needs for the city of Lexington. The Dunbar Community Center is operated by the city's department of Parks and Recreation.

Paul Laurence Dunbar High School (1990)
The Paul Laurence Dunbar High School is a public high school opened in 1990 and located at 1600 Man o' War Boulevard in the southeastern part of Lexington. The school name was part of a political deal made in 1965 with the city's African-American community. The county school board agreed that the next high school to open in Lexington would bear Dunbar's name, principally at the urging of the Rev. William Augustus Jones Sr., minister of Lexington's oldest and largest Black church and a civil rights leader whose five oldest children had graduated from Dunbar and embarked on careers of distinction.

Both schools used the name Paul Laurence Dunbar High School and the Dunbar High School, but they are not the same school. The former school was frequently referred to as the "Dunbar High School". In an attempt to differentiated, the new school was given the poet's full name and is more frequently referred to by the full name.

As an additional tribute to the old Dunbar High School, the gymnasium was named the "S.T. Roach Sports Center" for basketball coach Sanford T. Roach, who led the school to a 512–142 record from 1942 to 1965, and is a member of the National High School Sports Hall of Fame and the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame.

The new PLD adopted the original school colors of the old Dunbar High (which were red and black, but changed to green and white during the 1940s). The new high school did not, however, retain the former school's "Bearcats" mascot. A vote of the school's future students shortly before the school's opening favored "Bulldogs" and selected "The Victors", by Louis Elbel, as the basis of the fight song.

Athletics
Paul Laurence Dunbar offers many sports, including football, boys' and girls' basketball, soccer, baseball, softball, boys' lacrosse, tennis, golf, track and field, cheerleading, swimming, dancing, wrestling, and ice hockey.

Basketball
PLD had a competitive boys' basketball program almost from the beginning. In 1993 the team, led by Darnell Burton, were State Runners-Up, and in 1994, led by Cameron Mills, the team repeated as State Runners-Up. In 1997 the team again reached the Sweet Sixteen, losing in the first round.

The Bulldogs boys basketball team captured the 2016 KHSAA Boys Sweet 16 Championship over Doss 61–52. PLD was led by tournament MVP Tavieon Hollingsworth.

Football
The first football playoff appearance was in 1995. For the first five and a half years, the PLD football team played their "home" games at other Lexington high schools. Midway through the 1999 season, PLD's football stadium opened, and that year the school advanced to the playoffs for the second time. In 1996 they were the AAA state runners-up, losing the championship game in overtime.

The football stadium was later named for Jon R. Akers, PLD's first principal and the father of National Football League placekicker David Akers.

Swimming
The Swim Team has one state championship, which was won with the 2001 girls team. They have won the combined team state championships 6 times: in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2021, 2022, and 2023. Dunbar has dominated their region winning multiple region titles. In 2016, PLD was runner up in team scores at the KHSAA Swimming and Diving Championships. This is a strong sport at the high school with the multiple regional titles and the 5 star elite athletes.

Soccer
Dunbar has 6 state championships in soccer. In 1992, 2001, 2005 and 2013 PLD Soccer were the State Champions. The first four championships were under Todd Bretz, who was the head coach since the program's inception with one of the highest records of any Kentucky high school soccer coaches (493–169–38), until Fayette County schools sidelined him in September 2019. Zach Byrd also won a Kentucky Mr. Soccer in 2010 when Dunbar lost in the elite eight against Henry Clay. Dunbar won back to back state championships in 2021 and 2022 under coach James Wray.

Cheerleading
PLD Cheerleading is nationally competitive. They have been UCA National Champions in the Large Varsity Division (all girls) in 1995, 2004–2008, 2011 and 2013. They are the only squad to ever be national champions five times in a row. They were UCA National Runners-Up in 1994, 2002, 2003, 2017 and Third Place in 1993 and 2009, Cheersports National Champions in 2003, KAPOS State Champions in 1994, 1997, 2000–2013, and KHSAA State Champions in 2016 and 2017.

They have been nationally ranked for twelve years and have been featured in American Cheerleader magazine.

In 2001, MTV's True Life series prominently featured Dunbar's cheerleading team in the episode "I'm a Cheerleader." On November 28, 2005, Lifetime Television announced a reality series featuring the PLD cheerleaders, and "Cheerleader Nation" premiered in early 2006.

Baseball
In 2003, PLD Baseball were state champions. That year they also set a Kentucky record for the most wins in one season, winning 41 games and losing only 4. Josh Ellis went a perfect 12–0 in 2003, despite knee injury suffered in a PLD football game, and was named Kentucky's Mr. Baseball. Dunbar was once again state champions in 2007, where they finished with a 38–6 record, and a state record 1.32 ERA.

Track and field
In 2005, the girls' track and field team tied as AAA state champions.

Both the boys' and girls' teams have won the Lexington City Championships each year since 2000. The boys placed second in 2007 to Henry Clay High School in a loss by 3 points. The girls won Region 5 AAA in 2001, 2006, and 2007.

Cross country
Laura Steinmetz was the girls AAA individual state champion in 2005 and 2006. The girls team were AAA state champions in 2005 and placed third in 2006.

Lacrosse
Lacrosse is not sanctioned by the KHSAA. Dunbar's team went undefeated and won first place in the 2009 Bluegrass State Games, the first time lacrosse was included in the Games. In the 2011 season, the Dunbar lacrosse team broke a 7-year streak of losses to Lexington Catholic in the second round of the state tournament. They went 12–2 and concluded their season with a 9–7 victory over Ballard in the D-II Championship game. In 2015 the lacrosse team was runner up, losing to Henry Clay in the Championship Game.

Ice hockey
Like lacrosse, ice hockey is not sanctioned by KHSAA. Dunbar's team began as a combination of travel and house league players in 2001, and are one of ten teams in the state of Kentucky. However, in 2002 the PLD Ice Hockey team went from being a "metro" team to a strictly all Dunbar student team with the help of PE/Health teacher Mr. Jonas. Dunbar ice hockey has played in both the "A" (varsity) and "B" (junior varsity) levels of Kentucky state hockey.

Music
The Paul Laurence Dunbar band, has earned national acclaim; they are one of a handful of high school band programs to receive the Sudler Shield award twice, for outstanding high school marching band. The Dunbar band earned the title of state champion in years 1991 (Class AAA), 2003 and 2004 (Class AAAA), and 2005, 2007, 2010, and 2011 (Class AAAAA), and State Runners-Up in 1992, 1994, 1995, and 2002 (Class AAAA), and 2006 and 2008 (Class AAAAA). The band was a finalist in 1993, 1996–1999, 2001 (AAAA), 2009, and 2012–2015 (AAAAA).

The band performed twice in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City: first in 2007 and again in the 2014.

Notable alumni
Band

 * Kelly Pratt (1992–1996) – Trumpet player, composer

Fencing

 * Lee Kiefer (2009–2012) – Four-time NCAA champion, ten-time team Pan American champion, nine-time individual Pan American champion, 2018 team world champion, three-time Olympian, and 2021 individual Olympic champion.

Journalism

 * Gil Duran is the California opinion editor for The Sacramento Bee and the former Press Secretary for California governor Jerry Brown.

Baseball

 * A. J. Ellis (1995–99) – A two-time first team All-City selection, A.J. was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2003, has played for on all minor-league levels for the Dodgers, and made his debut for the Dodgers in 2008 as a pinch-runner for Nomar Garciaparra. He was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for the 2016 season.

Soccer

 * Sean Kelley (2002–06) – Named Kentucky's Mr. Soccer, an NSCAA HS All-American, and the Gatorade Player of the Year as a senior, while leading his team to a state championship.


text:
Category talk:American scientists

Untitled
There seem to be two categories for American scientists - Category:American scientists and Category:United States scientists. Which one is to be used? Twthmoses 21:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * as "United States" is a noun and "American" is an adjective, I'd go with "American scientists". Gentgeen 23:44, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:American scientists


text:
Capilano Suspension Bridge

The Capilano Suspension Bridge is a simple suspension bridge crossing the Capilano River in Upper Capilano, British Columbia, Canada, in the District of North Vancouver. The current bridge is 140 m long and 70 m above the river. It is part of a private facility with an admission fee and draws over 1.2 million visitors per year.

History
The bridge was originally built in 1889 by George Grant Mackay, a Scottish civil engineer and park commissioner for Vancouver. It was originally made of hemp ropes with a deck of cedar planks and was replaced with a wire cable bridge in 1903. In 1910 Edward Mahon purchased the Capilano Suspension Bridge. "Mac" MacEachran purchased the Bridge from Mahon in 1935 and invited local natives to place their totem poles in the park, adding a native theme. In 1945, he sold the bridge to Henri Aubeneau.

The bridge was completely rebuilt in 1956.

The park was sold to Nancy Stibbard, the current owner, in 1983. Annual attendance increased, and in May 2004, Treetops Adventures was opened, consisting of seven footbridges suspended between old-growth Douglas fir trees on the west side of the canyon, forming a walkway up to 30 m above the forest floor.

In June 2011, a new attraction called Cliffwalk was added to the park.

Incidents
In September 1999, a woman dropped her 18-month-old child with Down syndrome off the bridge. She claimed she stumbled accidentally and the child slipped from her grasp. The child was not seriously injured. The woman lost legal custody of her child to the child's father as a result of the incident. The woman took legal action against the owner of the bridge, her ex-husband, and the Federal Department of Justice. The case against the owner of the bridge was settled in 2004.

In 2006, a 300-year-old, 46-tonne Douglas fir tree toppled during a heavy snowstorm, falling across the western end of the bridge. Park officials closed the bridge temporarily while repairs were performed.

On June 6, 2010, a teenage tourist on a class trip from California climbed over a railing and fell more than 30 m from a fenced-off viewing platform near the bridge. By the time rescue workers came to his aid, the victim was dead. The official RCMP finding was that the teen was under the influence of LSD at the time of the incident.

On June 2, 2012, a 30-year-old tourist from Ontario died after falling near the bridge. Police say the victim was hiking through trails near the popular attraction when he climbed over a railing and fell to the riverbed below.

Popular culture
The bridge has been featured as a setting in episodes of several television series, including MacGyver, Sliders, The Crow: Stairway to Heaven, and Psych.

In 1974, social psychologists Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron conducted a well-known experiment on the bridge. Men approached by a female researcher on the bridge were more likely to call her later than men approached on a more solid bridge across the river. Dutton and Aron argued that this supported the theory that the men were mis-attributing the arousal caused by fear to sexual attraction toward the woman. This research supported Stanley Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion.

In June 2019, Korean Pop group NCT 127 created a video of their visit to the Capilano Suspension Bridge as part of the social media documenting their world tour NCT 127: The Origin.

The bridge has appeared in the racing games Mario Kart Tour and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe as a part of the first lap in the "Vancouver Velocity" race track.

title: Capilano Suspension Bridge


text:
Olena Boytsun

Olena Boytsun (born 22 March 1983) is a Ukrainian chess player. She has an MA in International Economics, having graduated from the Dnipropetrovsk National University. She is currently doing research for her PhD on "The effects of financial globalization on developing countries".

Boytsun has been playing chess since her childhood. Her current title is Woman International Master. For the last four years she has been cooperating with Internet and regular newspapers, writing mainly (but not only) about economics. Boytsun is a regular contributor to the ChessBase news page.

title: Olena Boytsun