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Greuceanu

Greuceanu is a hero of the Romanian folklore. It is a brave young man who finds that the Sun and the Moon have been stolen by zmei. After a long fight with the three zmei and their wives (zmeoaice), Greuceanu sets the Sun and the Moon free so the people on Earth have light again.

"Greuceanu" is also the title of a fairy tale collected by Petre Ispirescu in Legende sau basmele românilor.

Summary
In the kingdom of the Red Emperor ("împăratului Roșu"), an ogre has stolen the sun and the moon from the sky, and the Red Emperor promises to give his daughter's hand in marriage and half of his kingdom to anyone brave enough to get them back. A youth named Greuceanu decides to take up on the offer. On his way to the castle, he meets two deserters who are to be beheaded on the king's orders, but Greuceanu thinks he may dissuade the king of his decision and offer them a pardon. The emperor agrees.

Greuceanu takes his brother and visits Faur, the "world's greatest smith" and his sworn brother ("Faurul pământului", in the original). Greuceanu and Faur work together to fashion an iron replica of him. Afterwards, Greuceanu and his brother go to a crossroads and each depart, giving each other a token of life (a kerchief) to signal that one has perished.

Greuceanu reaches the house of the ogre and his family, and turns himself into a dove, perching in a nearby tree. One of the ogresses sees the dove and considers it a bad omen for them. Greuceanu takes the form of a fly, enters the house and spies on their plans. Armed with this new knowledge, he departs to the bridge to the Green Forest, where the ogres will pass, one at evening, another at midnight and the third at dawn.

Time passes, and the ogres (the ogre father and his two sons-in-law) begin to reach the bridge on their horses, just as they have planned. However, each of the ogres' horses alert its rider of Greuceanu's presence. The hero appears and wrestles the three ogres. The last one, the father-ogre, is the fiercest of them all, which Greuceanu has trouble defeating at first. A raven flies over the battle, to whom Greuceanu bids bring him some water to drink, and the raven will gain three ogre corpses to devour.

Greuceanu wins and restores the Sun and the Moon. He returns to the crossroads and meets his brother. They embrace and go home. On the way, they notice a pear tree, and a cold spring of fresh water near a garden. Greuceanu stops his brother from picking up any pear and drinking the water, for they are the ogre's two daughters, disguised as natural things. The hero strikes the pear tree and the stem of a flower in the garden, killing the two ogresses.

Now back on the road, Greuceanu and his brother look behind them and see the mother ogress coming at them like a cloud of smoke. The duo reaches Faur's workshop to put their plan in action: the ogress demands to talk with Greuceanu. Faur and the hero give her the iron likeness to devour, filled with hot coals. The ogress bursts and dies. The trio celebrate their victory.

Greuceanu rides alone to the Red Emperor's kingdom to gain his reward, and meets a lame devil on the road. The lame devil steals Greuceanu's sword, a scimitar (the source of the hero's power), and delivers it to the Emperor's councillor, who has struck a bargain with the devil to take the credit for Greuceanu's job and marry the princess.

Classification
The tale of Greuceanu can be classified in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type 328A*, "Three Brothers Steal Back the Sun, Moon and Star". The tale also contains type 300A, "Fight on the Bridge", wherein the hero fights three dragons on bridges. Romanian scholarship also classifies the tale as types ATU 300A and 328A*, with the last episode falling under type ATU 302B, "(Hero with) Life Dependent on a Sword".

The narrative
Hungarian scholar Ágnes Kóvacs recognized some mythical components in the story: the theft of the celestial bodies; the confrontation between heroes and the serpents (dragons, etc.); the revenge of the dragons' wives; the presence of the "World Blacksmith" as the final helper.

According to scholar Linda Dégh, the hero in Hungarian variants can be characterized as a táltos, someone imbued with great power and knowledge, and the blacksmith figure is sometimes described as a smith of God or smith of the world.

Parallels
Similar stories about the theft of celestial bodies and their recovery by a human hero are attested in nearby regions. According to Hungarian scholarship (namely, János Berze Nagy and Ágnes Kovács), versions are attested in Romania, Serbia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Russia, Lithuania, Estonia, as well as some Asian/Siberian variants.

Ágnes Kovács also named this type Szépmezőszárnya ("Beautiful Wing-Field"), with similar tales in Romanian, Czech, Slovak, Ruthenia, Russia, Vogul, Chuvash, Tatar, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Caucasian and South Siberian. German scholar Kurt Ranke is reported to have collected one from East Prussia and another from Schleswig-Holstein.

Hungarian-American scholar Linda Dégh also reported that "parallels" were found in Romania, and stories with its "elements" were located among "the Russians, the Ural-Altaic Turks, and to [the Hungarians'] kindred nations of North Asia".

Russian folklorist Lev Barag claimed that East Slavic tale type SUS 300A, "Battle on the Bridge" (see below), is "frequent" in East Slavic tales, but located variants in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Livonia. In addition, according to Barag, in an article in the Enzyklopädie des Märchens, type AaTh 300A* becomes "contaminated" with the release of the celestial lights from devils in Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Czechia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine, as well as among the Chuvash and the Mari.

Romania
Romanian historian Andrei Oișteanu terms this narrative Furarea astrelor or Stealing of the Stars.

In tales
In a Muntenian variant collected by Petre Ispirescu with the title Voiniculŭ de plumbă, the Red Emperor's three daughters are kidnapped, and the Sun, the Moon and the Stars also vanish. In the same kingdom, an old man has three sons, the youngest so lazy he spends his days behind the oven, earning his name of "Voiniculŭ de plumbă". He offers to get the princesses back and goes to the Red Emperor to get provisions. He also commissions a large metal mace. Voiniculŭ de plumbă takes his brothers and begins his quest: he passes by a bridge of copper, a bridge of silver and a bridge of gold, and defeats the zmeis there. Later, he turns into a dove and invades the compound of the zmeis' wives and their mother. Still inside the zmeis' house, Voiniculŭ de plumbă breaks open 12 iron locks, and releases the luminaries and the princesses. Voiniculŭ de plumbă convines with his brothers, and the group makes his way back to the Red Emperor's kingdom, but find on the way a fountain, a rose in bloom and a pear tree with fruits, which are the zmeis' wives in disguise. Voiniculŭ de plumbă strikes them all dead. Then, the zmeis' mother goes after Voiniculŭ de plumbă; he goes to Moşă Călugără, drops a mace into her mouth and kills her. Later, Voiniculŭ de plumbă goes on a quest or Ileana Cosinziana, mistress of the flowers.

In another Romanian variant, Aripă-Frumoasă ("Wing-Beautiful"), three brothers are born on the same day, one in the evening (thus named Evening); another at midnight (thus named Midnight), and lastly the third in the morning (being called Break-of-Day). In this story, their mother reveals to them the king's quest to reclaim the sun, the moon and the star from the hands of the ogres. As they go on their quest, they meet an ogre on a copper horse on the copper bridge; another on a silver horse on the silver bridge, and the third on a gold horse on the golden bridge.

In a tale from Bukovina published by Sbiera with the title Mintă-Creață, Busuioc şi Sucnă-Murgă, the three heroes, named Mintă-Creață, Busuioc and Sucnă-Murgă, find the day star and Saint Peter's Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven, after defeating the villains.

In a Transilvanian tale published by Tuducescu with the title Aripa câmpului ("Field Wing"), in a certain empire, the emperor witnesses the theft of the Sun, the Moon and the Stars by the zmeis, and offers half of the kingdom and his daughter to anyone brave enough to take them back. Many go, but never return, until one day, Field Wing, the youngest of three brothers, asks for provisions for the quest. Field Wing passes by three forests, the first of silver, the second of gold and the third of diamond, and defeats a zmei in each one, gaining back the Sun, the Moon and the stars. In another meadow, three maidens (the zmeis' wives) and an ugly woman are bathing and commenting about the loss of their relatives. Field Wind turns into a mist and enters into the zmeis' wives' house and eavesdrops on their conversation: the wives will turn into a feather, an apple tree and a fountain to trick Field Wing. Discovering the deception, the hero strikes down each one. Lastly, the ugly old woman is drawn to the forge and killed there. The tale then segues into tale type ATU 513A, "How Six Made Their Way into the World", where Field Wing gathers a group of powerful individuals to look for a princess.

Other Romanian variants are Drăgan-Cenușă and Cu Odolean – fičioru Boldicuțî.

In colinde
Scholarship locates a very similar tale to Greuceanu in Romanian colinde (Christmas carols). In some of them, Judas is the one to steal the stars, the Sun and the Moon from the skies, and Saint John, Saint Elijah and Saint Peter are the ones to restore them.

Moldova
In a Moldavian tale published by author and folklorist Grigore Botezatu with the title Dragan-The-Bold (Russian: "Драган-удалец"; English: "Brave Dragan"), an old woman has three sons who grow up in days and develop the ability to fly. In the same kingdom, a dark cloud appears one day, and three dragons from the netherworld kidnap the king's three daughters and steal the sun, the moon and the stars, casting the kingdom in darkness. Dragan, the youngest, and his elder brothers take on the task. For three years, they venture in the world until they reach the center of the Earth, where there is a hole that leads to the netherworld. Dragan goes down the hole and, transforms into a bee to spy on a witch named Scorpion, mother of the dragons, and their wives. The wives talk about their husbands passing by a copper bridge, a silver bridge, and a golden bridge. Dragan-The-Bold kills each of the dragons in each of the bridges, and pockets the luminaries. After learning of the death of her sons, the witch Scorpion goes after Dragan to eat him. Dragan, however, remembers that his mother had a brother (his uncle) named Kozma Dimir, who lives in the netherworld and works as a blacksmith. After killing her with his uncle's help, Dragan finds the princesses and guides them to a rope that leads to the upper world. Dragan's brothers betray him and cut off the rope, stranding him in the nether world. Dragan returns to Kozma Dimir's smithy and asks him how he can get back to the surface. His uncle tells him to go to grandfather Valerian's orchard and climb the Apple-tree of life in his orchard.

In a Moldovan tale titled How Ionike Fet-Frumos freed the Sun (Russian: "Фэт-Фрумос и Солнце"; English: "Fet-Frumos and the Sun"), the dragons steal the Sun, and many people in the kingdom assemble to get it back. On the outskirts of the kingdom, the male half of a poor couple leaves to join the others, and never returns. The wife gives birth to a son named Ion, whom she calls Ionike Fet-Frumos. After the boy is old enough, he decides to follow in his father's footsteps and try to rescue the Sun. He sings a song that draws the tsar's attention, who takes him in as his ward. When Ionike is old enough, he bridles a lame-looking colt in the stables, which becomes a might stallion, and both ride to restore the Sun. Ionike reaches three bridges, where he fights a dragon on each: Dusk on the first, Evening on the second, and Midnight on the third. During the third battle, however, Ionike and his foe are of equal standing, when a kite flying overhead is convinced by Ionike to bring some water to restore his strength. With renewed vigour, Ionike defeats Midnight and presses on. When he arrives near the dragons' castle, where the sun is being kept, his horse gives him a hair for him to shapeshift into a fly and spy on the meeting between the dragons' wives. It happens thus and he learns of the wives' wicked plan to kill him: one will turn into a well of poisoned water, the second into an apple-tree and the third into a grapevine. Ionike buzzes as a fly into the castle's dungeons and releases the Sun back to the sky. On the journey back, Ionike and his horse pass by the dragons' wives, transformed into the dangers they planned to become, and Ionike strikes them all dead. Finally, only the dragons' mother remains, who turns into a dark lightning cloud that chases after the hero. Ionike's horse takes him to a smithy by the road and they bolt the door. Inside the smithy, Ionike heats up a cudgel and makes a hole in the wall for the dragons' mother to place her large maw through. She does and Ionike feeds her the red-hot cudgel, killing her.

Hungary
In Hungary, the tale type is known as type AaTh 328A*, Freeing a heavenly body or Az Égitestszabadító ("The Celestial Saviour"): the dragons capture the celestial lights,; the hero and his companions seek the help of the smith of the world or the Earth.

This narrative was previously classified by Hungarian scholar János Berze Nágy in his own classification system as BN 319*, which, in the international index of Aarne-Thompson-Uther, corresponded to types 328A* and 300A. According to scholarship, Berze Nagy registered 30 Hungarian variants of type 319*.

Regional tales
In a Hungarian tale collected by Lájos Kálmány with the title Nap, Hold, Csillag kiszabadítása, the Sun, the Moon and the Star are being guarded by three multi-headed Sarkans (dragon-like creatures). Three brothers rise to take them back.

In a tale collected by Arnold Ipolyi with the title A tátos, the king laments that he must surrender his daughter to a twelve-headed dragon, else it will devour the sun. His three sons decide to stop their sister's sacrifice and march to deal with the dragon, but fail and the sun is taken by the dragon. As usual, the youngest son is the successful one, with the help of a horse with extraordinary abilities.

A related tale titled Zöldmezőszárnya ("Wings of the Green Field"; "Green Meadow's Wings") was collected from teller János Puji, in Marosszentkirály (Sâncraiu de Mureș) by ethnographer Olga Nagy (hu) and published in 1978. In this story, a king is prophesied to lose his three daughters when they are 18 years old. It so happens, and the Sun, the Moon and the stars also disappear in the same day. Elsewhere in the kingdom, three sons are born to a poor woodcutter in the same day, one during the night, the second at midnight, and the third at dawn. They each grow up in hours, take their horses and reach three bridges. On one they fight a 12-headed dragon, on a golden bridge a 24-headed one, and on the diamond bridge a 32-headed dragon. After rescuing the luminaries, their mission is to find the lost princesses. They go to the "Világkovács" ('The World Blacksmith') and have to contend with the mother of the three dragons.

In the tale Kiss Miklos, and the Green Daughter of the Green King, translated by Jeremiah Curtin, a father, on his deathbed, tells his three sons their kingdom is cast in darkness because the Sun and the Moon have been stolen, and that one of the three is destined to get them back. The three brothers begin their quest. Kiss Miklos takes a lame horse and waits by the silver bridge for the coming of the twelve-headed dragon riding the milk-white, black-maned steed of the moon. He defeats the dragon and moves to the golden bridge, where he springs a trap on the 24-headed dragon riding on the steed of the sun. The battle between both evolves to a magical duel where one becomes a blue flame and the other a red flame. Kiss Miklos kills the second dragon and takes the sun. Some time later, he arrives at a cabin where the dragons' wives and mother are discussing their plans. Later, after killing the wives, Kiss Miklos arrives at the abode of Lead Friend (or Lead-Melting Friend), buys a great quantity of molten lead and both pour it down on the witch mother's mouth, killing her. The tale segues into another tale type, ATU 513A, "How Six Made Their Way Into the World", where Kiss Miklos and another group of superpowered individuals work together to gain a princess.

East Slavic languages
According to Russian scholarship, similar stories are attested in the East Slavic tale corpus, under the classification 300A*, "Возвращение змееборцем похищенных змеем небесных светил" ("Returning the celestial lights stolen by a serpent"). Russian scholar Lev Barag, who updated this classification index in 1979, noted that the story of the recovery of the celestial lights led into East Slavic type 300A, "Fight on Kalinov Bridge", whose last episode is the killing of the witch with the aid of the smith. According to Russian scholarship and folklorists, this Kalinov Bridge appears in East Slavic folklore as a liminal space, since the bridge crosses over a swamp or a fiery river named Smorodina, and upon it the hero does battle with the wicked villain (e. g., Chudo-Yudo, Zmei Gorynych).

The name "Kalinov" has been variously interpreted to mean "blazing", "incandescent", in regards to it being made of iron; or "a type of tree or flower", such as the guelder-rose tree (Viburnum).

According to professor Jack V. Haney, stories about a fight between the hero and a villain on a bridge are "common" in East Slavic. In another work, Haney translated the term as "Kalin Bridge" and suggested that its appearance in the oral repertoire of other peoples is due to East Slavic influence.

Russia
In a South Russian tale translated by William Ralston Shedden-Ralston as Ivan Popyalof, the titular hero, who lay in the ashes of the stove for 12 years, decides to battle a villainous zmey (called 'Snake', in the story) to rescue the Sun for the day to return to his land. Ivan and two companions defeat the zmey, but the Snake's daughters and wife try to enact their revenge on the heroes. At last, the Snake's Wife pursues Ivan Popyalof to the forge of Kuzma and Demian. Haney argues for a certain antiquity in this tale, since it mentions the pair of smiths Kuzma and Demian.

Belarus
According to professor Andreas Johns, in one version from Belarus, the Sun, the Moon and the stars are stolen by sorcerer Koschei. The hero, then, has to contend with Koschei's sons, daughters and serpent wife.

Ukraine
In a Ukrainian tale translated as The brave lad that brought the Sun, the Moon and the stars back to the people, a couple (a landlord and lady) wishes to have a son, and the wife is advised by a sorceress to catch a magic fish in the sea. The woman's husband buys it from some fishermen and gives it to his cook to prepare it. The cook, a Hutsul woman, eats a bit from the dish and gives it to her lady. Nine months later, the lady and Hutsul woman give birth, respectively, to their sons. Years later, when the boys have grown up, the devils steal the sun, the moon and the stars. The Emperor promises to give his daughter, the princess, to whoever rescues the luminaries. The Hutsul woman's son agrees to fulfill the Emperor's quest after seeing the princess, and goes to the forest to wait for the first devil near a bridge. The first devil comes, and they fight in a magical combat: the devil becomes rain and the Hutsul boy fire, and he defeats the first devil, regaining the sun. He then spots a hut in the distance, turns into a fly and spies on the first devil's wife, who says she will turn into a pear tree. Next, the Hutsul lad kills the second devil in a magical transformation duel (him a pillar, the devil a stone), rescues the moon and spies on the second devil's wife (who will turn into a well); lastly, he faces the third devil and takes back the stars in a bag, save for one last star, given to the third devil's wife as a gift. The Hutsul youth takes the last star back and restores the luminaries to the sky, then goes back home. On the way there, he finds the pear tree and well, but pays no attention to them, fetches his mother and brings her to the Emperor's palace, where he marries the princess.

Slovakia
Author Ján Francisci-Rimavský published a Slavic tale titled Slncoví kuon ("The Sun's Horse"), which was sourced as Hungarian-Slovenish by Albert Wratislaw. However, author Josef Wenzig translated it into German as Das Sonnenroß and sourced it from Slovakia. In this tale, in a darkened land, the only source of light is a horse with a sun-shaped mark on its forehead that belongs to the king and shines its light on its daily voyage. However, the horse has disappeared, stolen by three enemy kings. The king knocks on the door of an old seer and begs him to take back the sun horse. The Seer leaves with a young companion. He turns into a little bird and visits the wives of each enemy king. In this shape, he overhears each queen lament over her husband's absence, but an old woman named Striga, mother of all three queens, enters her daughter's chambers abruptly demanding the queen kills the little bird. The Seer flies away and returns to his companion, knowing the location of the three kings. So he travels to a bridge and lies in waiting. The first two kings pass by the bridge and are killed by the Seer. When the youngest king passes by the bridge with the Sun Horse, he notices something amiss and challenges the Seer to a duel. The Seer and the king change into "waggon-wheels" and different coloured flames and face each other in a magical duel. An old man passes by the event and the Seer, in the shape of a flame, begs the old man to bring some water to put out the other flame. The old man does and the youngest enemy king dies. Sensing their sons-in-law have been defeated, the Striga takes her three daughters and fly away to enact her revenge. Meanwhile, the Seer has found the Sun Horse and makes his way back with his companion. On the way, the companion sees a fruit-bearing tree, a stream and a garden of flowers, but the Seer knows they are disguises for the Striga's three daughters, and strikes each one, drawing a pool of blood. The tale continues as type AaTh 468, "The Tree that Reached up to the Sky" and ATU 302, "The Ogre's Heart in an Egg". The tale was also translated into English as The Sun Horse and as The Flaming Horse: The Story of a Country where the Sun never shines.

Georgia
Georgian scholarship also registers variants of type ATU 300A in Georgia. In these tales, the hero defeats the ogres on a bridge, then kills the wives of the ogres, and at last kills his final foe with the help of the smiths.

Chuvash people
In a tale from the Chuvash people translated into Hungarian as Hogyan mentették meg a vitézek a napot meg a holdat ("How the Knights rescued the Sun and Moon"), a Great Dragon steals the Sun and the Moon, casting the world in darkness. Three knights are born in the meantime, named Earth-Knight, Oak-Knight and Mountain-Knight. They join forces to fight the Great Dragon and his sons and restore the luminaries.

Mordvin people
In a tale from the Mordvin people titled "Ивашка Приметлев" ("Ivashka Primetlev"), in a kingdom, something steals the Sun, the Moon and the stars, casting the realm in darkness. The king gathers the people and offers half of his kingdom as prize to anyone that can bring them back. A youth named Ivashka Primetlev offers to go. He is joined by a companion. They stop by a bridge. While his companion is asleep, Ivashka waits by the bridge for the coming of the five-headed Pryamaryalya. They engage in combat and the youth kills his many-headed foe. He continues his quest by going to another bridge and fighting a seven-headed Pryamaryalya, and a third bridge, where he fights a nine-headed Pryamaryalya. Later, Ivashka spies on the mother and the wives of the three many-headed foes, and learns them will avenge their fallen relatives: each of the wives will become a fountain, an apple tree and a storm to deceive Ivashka and his companion. However, Ivashka, wary of the deceit, kills the fountain and the apple tree. As for the third wife, the storm chases after Ivashka and his companion, until they find a forge on the road. With the help of the smith, Ivashka kills the third wife. Later, Ivashka gathers a group of skilled individuals to find the daughter of Baba Buryaga.

Mari people
Scholar S. S. Sabitov located a similar narrative in the "Catalogue of Tales of Magic from the Mari people", indexed as type 300A, "Бой на мосту" ("Fight on the Bridge"): the hero defeats the multiheaded snakes, then faces their sisters and their mother; at the end of the tale, he hides in the forge and destroys the snake mother with the help of the smiths.

Baltic languages
Lithuanian ethnologist Nijole Laurinkiene noted that in similar tales from Baltic mythology (mainly, Latvian and Lithuanian), the Sun and the Moon are stolen by Velns (Velnias), a creature that represents the underworld, while their liberator wields a hammer.

Lithuania
According to professor Jūratė Šlekonytė, Lithuania registers 51 variants of type ATU 300A, collected "mostly in central and northern" parts of the country.

Latvia
In the Latvian Folktale Catalogue, tale type ATU 300A* is titled Puisis iegūst ķēniņa meitu ("The Man gets the King's Daughter"). Its second redaction, titled Pazudusī saule ("The Stolen Sun"), pertains to the rescue of the luminaries by the hero.

Finnic languages
Nijole Laurinkiene noted that in the Finnish Kalevala and the Karelian legends, the luminaries are stolen by a being related to darkness and death, like Louhi, ruler of the northernmost land of Pohjola. The liberator of the luminaries, however, is a character related to smithing: the smith himself or his daughter (in the oldest versions, Laurinkiene supposes), or the Son of God, in more Christianized tales.

Karelia
In a Karelian tale, "Ольховая Чурка" ("The Block of Alder Wood"), an old man carves a son out of wood to fulfill his wife's wishes to rock a baby in a cradle. After three years, the wooden figure is given life and calls the old couple his parents. Due to his great strength, he leaves home and meets two other companions. The trio reaches a kingdom where the Sun has been stolen by a nine-headed serpent, the moon by a six-headed serpent, and the dawn by a three-headed serpent. After the heroes kill the serpents and rescue the celestial bodies, the serpents' mother, the witch Syöjätär, plans her revenge on the heroes. A nearly identical story was translated by Parker Fillmore as Log: The Story of the Hero Who Released the Sun, and sourced from Finland.

Ethnologist Nijole Laurinkiene reported another Karelian version of the theft and release of the celestial bodies. In this version, in an "hymn about the Sun's liberation", the world has been cast in darkness, and the Son of God (or the smith's daughter, in another version), journeys to Hiitola, "the land of devils", to free the Sun and the Moon.

Finland
In a Finnish tale translated as Leppä Polkky and the Blue Cross, an old man named Jukka and his wife long to have a child, so they bring home an alder stump and place it the cradle to rock it. For three years, they rock the alder stump as if a son, until one day a wizard turns the alder stump into a boy while both man and woman are away from the cradle. The boy grows up and is named Leppä Polkky ("Alder Stump"), and becomes incredibly strong. One day, all of a sudden, a thick darkness falls over the world. A Lapland wizard explains to the king that a witch named Loviatar and her three serpent sons stole the Sun ("Aurinko"), the Moon ("Kuu") and the Dawn ("Päivänkoitto"). Leppä Polkky finds two other companions and they depart on a journey. They meet a wise old woman named Leski-Akka, who reveals that the three serpent sons not only stole the celestial lights, but are threatening the country unless the king surrenders each of his daughters as sacrifice for the serpents. Leppä Polkky and his allies kill the serpent sons and restore the luminaries. The trio journey back to their kingdom, but Leppä Polkky sees a hut in the middle of the forest and takes a look inside: it is Loviatar, conspiring with fellow witches her terrible revenge. Loviatar will send them hunger and place a table with food before them, then thirst and create a pool of drinkable water, and lastly sleep and place beds in front of them, and casts a curse that, if anyone reveals her plans, they shall become a blue cross. Leppä Polkky and his allies defeat Loviatar's new plot. Leppä Polkky goes after Loviatar, but she orders him to bring Katrina of Kiijoki, the most beautiful princess in the world. With the help of new companions with strange and extraordinary powers (tale type ATU 513, "The Wonderful Companions"), Leppä Polkky brings Katrina of Kiijoki.

Estonia
Although the story seems to lack the first part (rescue of the celestial bodies), Estonian variants of type 300A, "Võitlus sillal", still follow the three heroes and the battle on the bridge against the "Evil One". As a continuation, the heroic trio descends into Hell, where the wives of the evil spirits conspire against them. The tales still ends with the blacksmith feeding the witch hot coals to kill her.

title: Greuceanu


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:CLW


text:
C.D. Esmeraldas Petrolero

Club Social, Cultural y Deportivo Esmeraldas Petrolero is a sports club based in Esmeraldas, Ecuador. It is best known for its professional football team, which has since folded after the 2017/2018 season.

The club was founded on December 29, 1977, by the workers of the nearby oil refineries in the province. By the 1980s, the team ascended to the top-level of football in the country, the Serie A, where it enjoy moderate success. The team finished 4th in 1984 and had the league's top-scorer in 1985, Brazilian Guga.

The 1990s proved to be a downtime for the club. They had been relegated down to the third tier of football, Segunda Categoria. By 1998, they had gained promotion to the Serie B, where it stayed until 2003. They quickly gained promotion the following season, only to be relegated back to the Segunda by the first stage of 2006.

title: C.D. Esmeraldas Petrolero


text:
Fuck You (magazine)

Fuck You/ A Magazine of the Arts was a literary magazine founded in 1962 by the poet Ed Sanders on the Lower East Side of New York City. Sanders later co-founded the musical group the Fugs. Sanders produced thirteen issues of Fuck You/ A Magazine of the Arts from 1962 to 1965.

The credo for the magazine, originated by Sanders, was I'll print anything. Its first issue contained the following dedication: "Dedicated to Pacifism, Unilateral Disarmament, National Defense thru Nonviolent Resistence [sic], Multilateral Indiscriminate Apertural Conjugation, Anarchism, World Federalism, Civil Disobedience, Obstructers & Submarine Boarders, and All Those Groped by J. Edgar Hoover in the Silent Halls of Congress."

Fuck You/ A Magazine of the Arts was produced on a mimeograph and printed on multi-colored construction paper.

Legacy
Fuck You/ A Magazine of the Arts was a core publication in the Mimeo Revolution. It was dedicated to free expression, and especially defying the taboos around sex and drugs, advocating free love promiscuity and the use of psychedelics long before those were picked up by the more widespread countercultural movements of the late Sixties. Ed Sanders and his collaborators served as a bridge between the Beat generation of the Fifties and the later Hippie counterculture of the mid Sixties.

List of issues

 * 1) Number 1 (Feb/April 1962)
 * 2) Number 2 (May 1962)
 * 3) Number 3 (June 1962)
 * 4) Number 4 (August 1962)
 * 5) Number 5, Volume 1 (Dec 1962)
 * 6) Number 5, Volume 2 (Dec 1962)
 * 7) Number 5, Volume 3 (May 1963)
 * 8) Number 5, Volume 4 (??? 1963)
 * 9) Number 5, Volume 5 (Dec 1963)
 * 10) Number 5, Volume 6 (April/May 1964)
 * 11) Number 5, Volume 7 (Sept 1964)
 * 12) Number 5, Volume 8 (1965)—Mad Motherfucker Issue (Andy Warhol cover)
 * 13) Number 5, Volume 9 (June 1965)

Participants
Issues included works by:

 * Antonin Artaud
 * W. H. Auden
 * Julian Beck
 * Ted Berrigan
 * Joe Brainard
 * William S. Burroughs
 * Gregory Corso
 * Robert Creeley
 * Diane DiPrima
 * Allen Ginsberg
 * Herbert Huncke
 * Leroi Jones
 * Tuli Kupferberg
 * Norman Mailer
 * Michael McClure
 * Charles Olson
 * Frank O'Hara
 * Peter Orlovsky
 * Gary Snyder
 * Andy Warhol
 * Philip Whalen

title: Fuck You (magazine)


text: User:DPD

title: User:DPD


text:
User talk:JungleKid

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

I am blocking this user and reverting his edits to vfd as disruptive; all the votes were keep votes without good reasons, aimed at trolling wikipedians. See fx, ,. Thue | talk 22:09, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JungleKid


text:
Zmeoaică

The Zmeoaică (plural: zmeoaice) is a character of the Romanian mythology. It is a negative character, the wife of a zmeu.

title: Zmeoaică


text:
Branch Barrett Rickey

Branch Barrett Rickey (born November 1, 1945) is a baseball executive who served as the 17th and final President of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), a Triple-A baseball league competing in Minor League Baseball (MiLB). He previously served as the President of the American Association from 1991 to 1997 before the league disbanded in conjunction with the 1998 Major League Baseball expansion and Triple-A realignment.

Early life and career
Rickey is the grandson of Branch Rickey, who is best known for spearheading the movement within Major League Baseball to break the color barrier and for creating the framework for the modern minor league farm system. His father, Branch Rickey Jr., served as farm system director for both the Brooklyn Dodgers and Pittsburgh Pirates.

Rickey competed in high school football, wrestling, and baseball. He attended Ohio Wesleyan University, where he majored in philosophy. Like his father and grandfather before him, he played soccer all four years and was co-captain in his senior year. He is a member of Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He graduated in 1967.

He entered the Peace Corps in 1969 where he was assigned to Venezuela. He later worked as a college campus recruiter in the Southern United States and subsequently as regional recruitment director in 1971.

Also in 1969, Rickey began to pursue freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling officiating. He was certified to judge and referee at the Olympic level, which he did at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.

Professional baseball
Rickey began his professional baseball career with the Pittsburgh Pirates organization in 1963 at age 17 when he became business manager of their Rookie League affiliate, the Kingsport Pirates of the Appalachian League, in Kingsport, Tennessee. He continued in this capacity during his summers through 1965. After college, he returned to professional baseball in 1972 as assistant director of the Kansas City Royals Baseball Academy in Sarasota, Florida. The Academy was a major league experiment to take teenage players with overall athletic skill and develop them into major league players. When the Academy was closed by the Royals in 1974, Rickey rejoined the Pirates. Rickey continued in Major League Baseball for over twenty years with Pittsburgh and the Cincinnati Reds as a scout, assistant scouting director during the 1970s, and director of player development in the 1980s.

In 1991, he succeeded Randy Mobley as president of the Triple-A American Association. He remained in this role until after the 1997 season when the league dissolved in conjunction with the 1998 Major League Baseball expansion and Triple-A realignment. Up to this point, three Triple-A leagues had operated in the United States: the American Association, International League, and Pacific Coast League. The directors of each league voted to disband the American Association and disperse its teams among the other two.

Rickey was elected President of the Pacific Coast League in 1998, replaced the retiring Bill Cutler, who served as PCL president from 1979 to 1997. That same year, he was selected as the recipient of MiLB's Warren Giles Award, which honors outstanding service as a league president. He was again honored with the Giles Award in 2014.

title: Branch Barrett Rickey


text:
User talk:DPD

Hi. I like Animaniacs and I dislike idiots.

RIP James Doohan 1920-2005

Block
Another vandal sock-puppet in a long and tedious line of them. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DPD


text:
Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond

Esmé Stuart, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 5th Duke of Lennox (2 November 1649 – 10 August 1660) was the infant son and heir of James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond, 4th Duke of Lennox (1612–1655), of Cobham Hall in Kent, by his wife Mary Villiers (1622–1685), only daughter of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham.

His father, who had been a loyal supporter of King Charles I during the Civil War, died in 1655, and Esmé and his mother went into exile in France. He died of smallpox in 1660, aged 10, in Paris, when his titles passed to his first-cousin Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, 6th Duke of Lennox (1638–1672).

Monument
He was buried on 4 September 1660 in Westminster Abbey, in the Richmond Vault in the Henry VII Chapel (that king formerly having been Earl of Richmond) above which survives his simple monument comprising a black obelisk set against a wall and standing on four small skulls, surmounted by an urn containing his heart. On the plinth is an incised ducal coronet and the letters "ES RL" (for Esme Stuart, Richmond, Lennox). The Latin inscription may be translated as:

 * Sacred to his memory. In this urn is enclosed the heart, while below rests the body, of the most illustrious Duke, Esme Stuart. Let him who seeks his parentage know that he inherited from his father James, firstly Duke of Lennox and then of Richmond and Lennox, the same title and rank, while from his mother Mary, only daughter of George, Duke of Buckingham, he derived his life and spirit, which afterwards he breathed out at Paris in the 11th year of his age on 14 (sic, should be 10) day of the month of August, in the year of man's salvation 1660.

title: Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond


text:
User:JungleKid

(This user has been blocked indefinitely.)

title: User:JungleKid


text:
User:JungleKid/monobook.css

.usermessage {display:none}

title: User:JungleKid/monobook.css


text:
The Deserter

The Deserter or Deserter (s) may refer to:

Film and television

 * The Deserter (1912 film), a silent film by Thomas H. Ince
 * The Deserter (1933 film), a film by Vsevolod Pudovkin
 * The Deserter (1971 film), a film by Burt Kennedy
 * Deserter (2002 film), a film starring Tom Hardy
 * The Deserter (2008 film), a Canadian film by Simon Lavoie
 * "The Deserter" (Avatar: The Last Airbender), the sixteenth episode in the television series Avatar: The Last Airbender
 * "The Deserter" (Star Wars: The Clone Wars)

Literature

 * "The Deserter" (poem), a 1916 war poem by Winifred Mary Letts
 * The Deserter, a 1964 novel by Douglas LePan
 * The Deserter, a 2010 novel by Paul Almond
 * The Deserter, a 2019 novel by Nelson DeMille and Alex DeMille

Music

 * Deserter (song), a song by Matthew Dear
 * Deserters (album), a 1992 album by the Oysterband
 * "The Deserter", a traditional song featured on Fairport Convention's album Liege & Lief

Other

 * Deserters Group, a group of islands in the Queen Charlotte Strait region of the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada
 * Deserters Island, an island in that group
 * "The Deserter", an unpublished comics feature by DC Comics, with the first issue premiering in Cancelled Comic Cavalcade

title: The Deserter


text: User talk:129.44.155.71

title: User talk:129.44.155.71


text: User talk:80.6.151.230

title: User talk:80.6.151.230


text:
User talk:80.230.28.2

Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article "Saul Kaiserman" may not be well-known enough to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. By starting an account or logging in, each user is entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects. FreplySpang (talk) 21:39, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.230.28.2


text:
Ethel Grandin

Ethel Grandin (March 3, 1894 – September 28, 1988) was an American silent film actress.

Grandin was born in New York City. She was married to film director Ray C. Smallwood from 1912 until his death on February 23, 1964; they had a son named Arthur Smallwood. She began her acting career on stage appearing with Joseph Jefferson in Rip Van Winkle. She made her last film appearance in 1922. She died in Woodland Hills, California, of natural causes at age 94.

Partial filmography

 * Behind the Times (1911)
 * War on the Plains (1912)
 * The Deserter (1912)
 * The Invaders (1912)
 * When Lincoln Paid (1913)
 * Traffic in Souls (1913)
 * The Crimson Stain Mystery (1916)
 * Garments of Truth (1921)
 * The Hunch (1921)
 * A Tailor-Made Man (1922)

title: Ethel Grandin


text:
1919 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1919.

Events

 * 22 May: A. E. Douglass provides the first comparative dendrochronology datings, to Clark Wissler of the American Museum of Natural History for sites in New Mexico.

Explorations

 * Julio C. Tello makes the first scientific survey of Chavin de Huantar in Peru.
 * Late: Col. William Hawley begins work at Stonehenge in England.

Excavations

 * St Piran's Old Church, Perranzabuloe, Cornwall, England.
 * Excavation of Tell al-'Ubaid in Mesopotamia by Henry Hall of the British Museum begins.
 * 1919–1921: Graig Lwyd Neolithic stone axe factory in North Wales.

Finds

 * 12 May: Traprain Treasure of Roman silver found in Scotland.

Publications

 * Katherine Routledge – The Mystery of Easter Island: the story of an expedition.

Births

 * 13 March: Mualla Eyüboğlu, Turkish restoration architect (died 2009).
 * 23 October: Manolis Andronikos, Greek archaeologist (died 1992).

Deaths

 * 1 October: Francis J. Haverfield, English Romano-British archaeologist (born 1860).
 * 22 November: Sir Guy Francis Laking, keeper of the London Museum (born 1875).

title: 1919 in archaeology


text:
Nappy Roots

Nappy Roots is an American alternative Southern rap group. The group met in Bowling Green, Kentucky in 1995 while attending Western Kentucky University. They are best known for their hit singles "Po' Folks", "Awnaw", "Roun' The Globe" and "Good Day". They were the best selling hip hop group of 2002. The group consists of Milledgeville, Georgia native Fish Scales and Kentucky natives Skinny DeVille, B. Stille and Ron Clutch.

In 2006, R. Prophet left the group, and in 2012 Big V aka Vito Banga also left. Both are pursuing solo careers.

Biography
The group formed when the members were students at Western Kentucky University. Nappy Roots' debut independent album Country Fried Cess was released in 1998, which led to the group being signed by Atlantic Records. Their first album on Atlantic was 2002's best selling hip-hop album, Watermelon, Chicken & Gritz. The multi-platinum album featured the hit-singles "Headz Up", "Awnaw", and "Po' Folks". The "Awnaw (Remix)" featuring Marcos of P.O.D. appeared on Madden 2003.

In their home state, Paul E. Patton, the governor of Kentucky, sanctioned September 16 as "Nappy Roots Day".

Their next and last album with Atlantic Records was Wooden Leather, released in 2003, featuring the singles "Roun' the Globe", which was featured on Madden 2004, and "Sick and Tired" (featuring Anthony Hamilton). This critically acclaimed, major label follow-up album featured production from Kanye West, David Banner and Lil Jon. Also in 2003, Nappy Roots were on the soundtrack to Daredevil, with the song "Right Now", which featured Marcos Curiel of P.O.D. and was released on Windup Records. In 2004, three songs by Nappy Roots were included in the movie soundtrack to The Ladykillers, released on Sony Music.

Since the release of Wooden Leather they have gone back to being independent artists, and have started their own label, N.R.E.G. (Nappy Roots Entertainment Group) with distribution through Fontana/Universal Music Group. On July 31, 2007, they released their first album as independent artists, Innerstate Music, featuring singles "Good Day" and "Keep It Real". This was actually an internet album, similar to a modern-day mixtape. It was intended to be a precursor to their 2008 album, The Humdinger, which was released on August 5, 2008.

In 2007 Nappy Roots was featured on the original version of the Tantric song titled "Fall Down". The song had originally been intended for Tantric's album Tantric III, but due to the album being shelved, the song went unreleased. However, Tantric did re-record the song for their 2008 album The End Begins. The version featuring Nappy Roots can only be found on YouTube.

The critically acclaimed album The Humdinger features guest appearances from Anthony Hamilton, Greg Nice, Greg Street and Slick & Rose, with production from Sol Messiah, James "Groove" Chambers, BIG AL 360, Joe Hop and more. The album entered the Billboard Rap Charts at No. 7 and R&B/Hip-Hop Albums at No. 13.

In 2009 the single "We're Gonna Make it" by Skinny and Scales was released through Nappy Roots Entertainment Group.

Nappy Roots kicked off 2010 with their highly anticipated new album, The Pursuit of Nappyness, released on June 15, 2010. The album features songs by Phivestarr Productions, a production duo from Atlanta, Georgia.

In 2011, Nappy Roots teamed up with hip hop producers Organized Noize to create Nappy Dot Org. The first single, "Congratulations", was made available online on July 13, 2011, by way of XXL Magazine and 2DopeBoyz. On October 11, 2011, Nappy Roots released Nappy Dot Org, entirely produced by Organized Noize.

The Nappy Roots Presents Sh!ts Beautiful album/mixtape was released on June 27, 2012, through AllHipHop.

In 2015, Nappy Roots released their most recent album, The 40 Akerz Project.

In 2018, the Cincinnati Bengals featured Nappy Roots song "Good Day" in their promotional video "Seize the DEY". They also released a single at the same year together with Vitas called "Roll With the Beat".

2002

 * 2002 MTV Video Music Award nomination for the MTV2 Award for "Awnaw" – shared nomination with Jazze Pha

2003

 * 2003 American Music Award nominations for Favorite Band, Duo or Group – Hip-Hop/R&B and Favorite New Artist – Hip-Hop/R&B
 * 2003 Grammy Award nominations for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Po' Folks" – shared nomination with Anthony Hamilton and Best Long Form Music Video for "The World According to Nappy" – shared nomination with Gloria Gabriel, director; David Anthony
 * 2003 Soul Train Award nomination for Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist for "Awnaw"

2008

 * 2008 HipHopDX Award for "The Humdinger"

2011

 * 2011 SEA Award for "The Pursuit Of Nappyness" – Album of the Year nomination

title: Nappy Roots


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mayank Puri

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 19:49, August 5, 2005 (UTC)

Mayank Puri
Non-notable music band vanity. See also Andrew Meyers, Michael Werner, "Royale with Cheese", & Andrew and the Atlas Shruggeds. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 21:42, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per Votes for deletion/Andrew and the Atlas Shruggeds.  Athf1234 21:41, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity, and NN.Feydey 22:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Mayank Puri is perhaps the second most notable bassist in the world, behind Sting
 * Above vote by 216.164.30.179

 * Delete. More notable than Paul McCartney then. I don't think so. More to the point, Allmusic.com has never heard of him. Capitalistroadster 00:30, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 05:14, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Votes for deletion/Andrew and the Atlas Shruggeds.Hamster Sandwich 13:27, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:24.4.219.2

title: User talk:24.4.219.2


text:
Zodeia

Zodeia may refer to:

 * Kato Zodeia, a village in Cyprus
 * Pano Zodeia, a village in Cyprus

title: Zodeia


text:
William Fuld

William Fuld (July 24, 1870 – February 24, 1927) was an American businessman, inventor, and entrepreneur from Baltimore, Maryland who is best known for his marketing and manufacture of Ouija boards from the 1890s through the 1920s. Fuld is seen as the father of the Ouija board. Though Fuld never claimed to have invented the Ouija board, intense media coverage in the 1930s credited him with it. The misinformation was sustained by his own marketing, and his practice of stamping "Original Ouija Board" and "Inventor" on the back of his boards. By the end of his life he would have over 33 patents, trademarks, and copyrights credited to him.

Background
William Fuld was one of ten children. By the age of 26, he was working as a customs inspector in his hometown of Baltimore. Fuld also worked as a varnisher which led to his job as foreman at the Kennard Novelty Co. which was founded on October 30, 1890, the same year that Elijah Bond filed the first patent for a “talking board”. This patent was assigned to William H. A. Maupin and Charles W. Kennard.

For reasons unknown Kennard was removed from his company in 1891. By 1892 Fuld had taken over as supervisor and the company changed its name to The Ouija Novelty Company and moved into a new location. William Fuld filed for his first talking board patent in the same year. Under the direction of Fuld, the company increased production of Ouija boards to meet the growing demand and thwarted many of Kennard's attempts to manufacture other talking boards.

In 1898, William and his brother Isaac went into business together under the name Isaac Fuld & Brother, leasing the "Ouija" name from The Ouija Novelty Company. In addition to talking boards, the brothers also manufactured pool tables and other billiards accessories. William was the first person to file a trademark for the term "Return Pool" table.

By 1901, the brothers' partnership had ended in a bitter feud. William Fuld changed the name of his company to the William Fuld Manufacturing Company. Going against an injunction, Isaac continued to manufacture talking boards under the name "Oriole" that were exact replicas of the boards that he and his brother had made. William sued his brother in a case that remained open until 1919.

William Fuld’s first talking board trademark, "Oracle", was filed in 1902. A crafty businessman, Fuld sued companies whose talking boards infringed on his trademarks or patents. It cannot be said whether or not he actually took himself seriously. However his numerous publicity stunts made the talking board a very successful product for Fuld, claiming in 1920 that the Ouija board had made him more than $1 million in profit.

In order to combat the growing competition for other talking board manufacturers, Fuld knew that if he himself made a cheaper version of his own product he would get more business. In 1919, he introduced the "Mystifying Oracle", an exact replica of his Ouija board that sold for less money. He also launched a line of trademarked Ouija jewelry and Ouija Oil for rheumatism. Fuld also trademarked the names "Egyptian Luck board", "Hindu Luck board" and "WE-JA" as well as a trademark detailing the way the word "Ouija" would be displayed.

Death
William Fuld was a presbyterian and became a member of the Baltimore General Assembly in 1924. On February 24, 1927, Fuld climbed to the roof of his three-story factory to supervise the installation of a flagpole. When the rail against which he was leaning gave way, Fuld fell to the ground below. While being transported, a fractured rib pierced his heart and William Fuld died at the hospital.

After his death, Fuld's children took over the company. Catherine and William A. Fuld ran the company until the youngest brother, Hubert, became president of William Fuld, Inc., in 1942. Parker Brothers acquired the company and all of its assets in 1966.

title: William Fuld


text:
The Eidolon

The Eidolon was one of two games that were part of Lucasfilm Games' second wave in December 1985. The other was Koronis Rift. Both took advantage of the fractal technology developed for Rescue on Fractalus!, further enhancing it. In The Eidolon, Rescue's fractal mountains were turned upside down and became the inside of a cave.

In addition to common cassette formats, the Atari and Commodore 64 versions were supplied on a single floppy disk. One side had the version for Atari 8-bit computers and the other had the Commodore 64 version. The Atari version requires an XL/XE with 64kB or more memory.

Plot
The player discovers the Eidolon, a strange 19th-century vehicle, in an abandoned laboratory. As the player investigates this device, he is accidentally transported to another dimension and is trapped in a vast, maze-like cave. The creatures in this cave, sensing the energy emanating from the Eidolon, are woken from a long slumber, and the player soon finds that his only chance of survival lies in this mysterious vehicle and its powerful energy weapon.

Gameplay
The objective of The Eidolon is to successfully navigate through all of the game's levels, defeating the dragon guardian at the end of each level. The player navigates through each maze and collects energy orbs, which come in four different colors (red, yellow, green and blue). Along the way, various enemies wake up and attack the Eidolon, attempting to absorb its energy. Some enemies also fire orbs at the Eidolon, of which all but the red orbs can be absorbed by pressing the space bar at the right time to replenish the Eidolon's limited energy.

Green orbs also have the power to transform other enemies into different kinds of enemies. Blue orbs can freeze enemies temporarily, giving the player a momentary advantage in a fight.

Each level contains three diamonds, each guarded by an enemy of a specific color. After defeating each of these enemies and collecting the diamonds, the player can proceed to the dragon that guards the exit. There are eight levels in a game. The game is over when the player has successfully defeated the final dragon or runs out of time.

Reception
Zzap!64 gave the game a Gold Medal award, with an overall 97% score. The summary of the reviews from their three reviewers was "Lucasfilm's most original release yet, containing outstanding graphics and gameplay elements. The Eidolon is both immaculate in it's conception and execution. Not to be missed".

Gregg Williams of Computer Gaming World disliked The Eidolon. He stated that it was as difficult as Koronis Rift but with no save game feature. While praising the graphics and sound, Ardai criticized the game for "a lack of imagination. You get transported to god-knows-where ... and you basically shoot everything in sight. Is this a reasonable—let alone responsible—way to explore a new world?" Charles Ardai later described the game in the magazine as "one of the worst" of 1986.

The game was positively reviewed in a retrospective article in Retro Gamer magazine. It was praised for being "wonderfully atmospheric" due to the technical achievement of the fractally created environment. It was also considered to be the most ambitious and original release of the 3 Lucasfilm games which used fractal routines. Overall it was described as "a fascinating snapshot of gaming history that showed how innovative, immersive and tense a first-person style arcade-adventure could be on 8-bit platforms".

title: The Eidolon


text:
Lone Pigeon

Lone Pigeon is the working name of Gordon Anderson, a Scottish musician and co-founder of The Beta Band (which was formerly known as The Pigeons). Later he was a member of The Aliens with John Maclean and Robin Jones from The Beta Band.

Career
Anderson was a founding member of The Beta Band and co-wrote several of their early songs including "Dry the Rain" and "Dog's Got a Bone". Ill-health forced him to leave the band and return to Scotland, and he began to record solo under the name Lone Pigeon in 1997.

His earliest albums - 28 Secret Tracks, Moses, Auckley Craw and Honda Hedge - were released by himself and on Fence Records and are no longer for sale, but Concubine Rice (described by Allmusic as "an astonishing debut album") and Schoozzzmmii (described as "a zany but sunny folk-rock record") are available worldwide from Domino Records and (Lone Pigeon's own label) Whizzkidzz respectively.

The 'Honda Hedge' album, which was available only by mailorder, contains early versions of several of the songs later to appear on The Aliens' 'Astronomy for Dogs' (see below), including "Robotman", "Tomorrow", "Only Waiting" and "Honest Again".

After Anderson broke his shoulder falling out of a tree, he re-recorded "Robot Man" as "Robust Man".

In May 2006 an EP entitled Alienoid Starmonica was released, a collaboration with ex-Beta Band members John Maclean and Robin Jones under the name The Aliens. The Aliens have gone on to release two more singles: The Happy Song and Setting Sun. Their debut album, Astronomy for Dogs was released on 19 March 2007, published by EMI. Since the release, the band have parted company with EMI and released a new album Luna on 29 September 2008, to critical acclaim. He released a seven-disc box set entitled "Time Capsule" in 2011.

In 2015 Anderson wrote and performed "Aeolian Arietta", a track on Beta Band co-founder John Maclean's feature film debut, Slow West.

In 2016 Anderson co-produced Malcolm Middleton's first solo album in seven years, Summer of '13.

Personal life
He is the brother of Kenny Anderson, aka King Creosote.

Discography

 * Moses (1997), Fence
 * 28 Secret Tracks (2000), Fence
 * Auckley Craw (2000), Fence
 * Touched by Tomoko EP (2001), Bad Jazz/Fence
 * Rocks EP (2001), Bad Jazz/Fence - split with James Yorkston & the Athletes
 * Concubine Rice (2002), Fence/Domino
 * Schoozzzmmii (2004) The Whizz Kiddzz Records
 * "Alienoid Starmonica" (2006) The Aliens, EMI
 * "Astronomy For Dogs" (2007) The Aliens, EMI
 * "Luna" (2008) The Aliens, Petrock Records
 * "Time Capsule 001-010" (7-CD Boxset 2011), Domino

title: Lone Pigeon


text:
Category:Mosfilm films

Films made by the Soviet/Russian Mosfilm studio.

title: Category:Mosfilm films


text:
David Quinn

David Quinn may refer to:

 * David Quinn (actor), American actor who became a teacher and co-founder of Allrecipes
 * David Quinn (artist, born 1970), Irish artist
 * David Quinn (bird artist) (born 1959), British bird artist
 * David Quinn (columnist), Irish commentator on religious and social affairs
 * David Quinn (ice hockey) (born 1966), ice hockey coach and former player
 * David Quinn (visual artist) (born 1971), Irish artist and painter
 * David Quinn (writer), writer of comics
 * David Beers Quinn (1909–2002), Irish historian

title: David Quinn


text:
Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond

Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond KG (7 March 1639 – December 1672) was an English peer who was the fourth cousin of Charles II of England, being both descended in the male line from John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox.

Early life
He was the only son and heir of George Stewart, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny by his wife Lady Katherine Howard, a daughter of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk. He was a grandson of Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox.

Career
On 10 December 1645, he was created Baron Stuart of Newbury, Berkshire, and Earl of Lichfield, titles conferred on him "to perpetuate the titles which were intended to have been conferred on his uncle" Lord Bernard Stewart, youngest son of the Duke of Lennox, who had been killed in the Battle of Rowton Heath in the English Civil War in September of that year.

In January 1658, Charles Stewart went into exile in France, and took up his residence in the house of his uncle, Ludovic Stewart, 10th Seigneur d'Aubigny. In the following year he fell under the displeasure of The Protectorate's Council of State, and warrants were issued for seizing his person and goods.

He returned to England with King Charles II in 1660, on the Restoration of the Monarchy and sat in the Convention Parliament, showing great animosity towards the supporters of the Commonwealth. On the death of his 10-year-old cousin Esmé Stewart on 10 August 1660, He succeeded as 3rd Duke of Richmond and 6th Duke of Lennox. In that same year he was created Hereditary Great Chamberlain of Scotland, Hereditary Great Admiral of Scotland, and Lord-Lieutenant of Dorset. On 15 April 1661 he was invested with the Order of the Garter.

Around 1660 he built Richmond House on the site of the bowling green of Henry VIII's Palace of White Hall. He also owned (and extended) Cobham Hall in the County of Kent.

On the death of his uncle, Ludovic Stuart, he succeeded him as 12th Seigneur D'Aubigny, for which title he did homage by proxy to King Louis XIV of France on 11 May 1670. In July 1667, on the death of his cousin, Mary Butler, countess of Arran, he became Baron Clifton. On 4 May 1668 he was made Lord Lieutenant and Vice Admiral of Kent, jointly with the Earl of Winchilsea, and commanded one of the regiments of Kent Militia

In 1671 he was sent as ambassador to the Danish court to persuade Denmark to join England and France in a projected attack on the Dutch. Whilst there at Elsinore in 1672 he died by drowning, aged 33.

Personal life
Charles Stewart married three times, but had no children. Firstly, after June 1659, to Elizabeth Rogers, and after her death, secondly, on 31 March 1662, to Margaret Banaster, widow of William Lewis, who died in 1666.

His third marriage was in March 1667, to Frances Teresa Stewart (1647–1702), granddaughter of Walter Stewart, 1st Lord Blantyre, known at court as "La Belle Stuart" who had been desired by Richmond's cousin, King Charles II, as a mistress.

Richmond died in December 1672 and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 20 September 1673. As he died without issue, his titles became extinct, with the exception of that of Baron Clifton, which passed with most of his property to his sister Katherine, Lady O'Brien. His wife, however, had been granted the Lennox estates for life. In 1675, the titles Duke of Richmond, Duke of Lennox and Earl of March, were resurrected for Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond and Lennox, the illegitimate son of King Charles II by his mistress Louise de Kérouaille.

title: Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond


text:
Yatuta Chisiza

Yatuta Chisiza (born 1926 – died October 1967, near Blantyre, Malawi) was a Malawi minister of home affairs who led a brief guerrilla incursion into the country in October 1967. He is considered one of the most important figures in pre and post colonial politics in Malawi.

He entered Mwanza district from Tanzania with nine others. In the following clash with security forces on 9 October 1967 he and two other members of insurgent forces were killed, five captured, others fleeing.

Early years
Chisiza was born in the Karonga district of northern Malawi (then Nyasaland) in 1926, to Kaluli Chisiza, a Group Village Headman. He was educated at Uliwa Junior Primary School and at the mission school at Livingstonia. He subsequently worked as an Assistant Inspector of Police in Tanzania (then Tanganyika) and returned to Malawi in 1958. For a short time he, together with his brother Dunduzu Chisiza, attempted to go in business operating a butcher's shop in Blantyre market, but this venture soon failed.

Nyasaland Independence Movement
After the historic Nyasaland African Congress convention in January 1959, he was appointed as bodyguard to Hastings Kamuzu Banda, who later became the first premier of Malawi. He was arrested along with hundreds of others (including his brother) in the dawn raids of Operation Sunrise on 3 March 1959, when the colonial administration declared a state of emergency in Nyasaland. In 1960 he was named as Secretary General of the MCP under Banda's presidency. He was imprisoned in Khami Prison near Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia. He was released, some months after Banda, in September 1960.

Political career
After the death of his brother, Dunduzu Chisiza, in September 1962, Yatuta was elected to the Legislative Council for Karonga district and Banda appointed him Minister of Home Affairs.

Nyasaland cabinet crisis
Not long after Malawi had gained independence from Great Britain in July 1964, he was one of several cabinet ministers who, chafing under an increasingly autocratic leadership, were ousted by Banda in the Cabinet Crisis of 1964. He fled the country and, allegedly after undergoing military training in China, later conducted guerilla operations against the Banda regime from Tanzania. Here, Chisiza founded the Socialist League of Malawi (LESOMA), the most radical Malawian party in opposition to the Banda regime. Chisiza was succeeded by Attati Mpakati. Another exiled Malawian and important member of LESOMA was Mahoma M. Mwaungulu.

Paul Theroux and the bread van affair
In 1964 Paul Theroux, an outspoken American Peace Corps Volunteer in Nyasaland, was declared persona non grata by Dr. Hastings Banda for supporting Yatuta, who was accused of attempting to overthrow the government. Theroux delivered a letter from an exiled opposition leader, David Rubadiri, to Chisiza in Tanzania. He also carried a coded messages from Chisiza to a "Greek fellow" in Blantyre. According to an account by Theroux in Esquire Magazine, when Theroux delivered the message on October 16 to the Greek baker, who was en route to delivering his bread to Ntcheu, the baker "trembled and went pale". " : guessed the Greek baker had been caught, interrogated by the Malawi Criminal Investigation Department about bread van", and exposed Yatuta's whereabouts and Theroux's involvement. Banda told the American ambassador that he had proof Theroux was plotting to kill him, and demanded the volunteer be sent home. He found out later that in his final day, instead of finding bread waiting in a van, Chisiza found Malawi soldiers, who ambushed and killed the revolutionary gunman from Tanzania where he was plotting against Banda. Paul Theroux was thrown out of the Peace Corps for his role in Malawi and is now a renowned novelist.

His death
Chisiza was killed by a single shot to the head in October 1967, apparently by Malawian security forces, although rumours have attributed a role to security forces of the Ian Smith regime in Southern Rhodesia. His body was put on display at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital near Blantyre as a warning to other potential insurgents.

He was survived by two sons, Vyande Yatuta Chisiza and Kwacha Chisiza with spouses Jane Munde and Theresa Mutale respectively. Yatuta's grandchildren: Millie, Bakalele, Mphikwa, Matebe, Mutale, Lusayo, Atupele, Mbakaya and Chikosa. He is the brother of Dunduzu Chisiza, and uncle to Du Chisiza Jnr.

title: Yatuta Chisiza


text:
Q92

Q92 (or 92Q) may refer to:

Canada

 * CFQR-FM, in Montreal, Quebec (identified as Q92 from 1992 to 2009)
 * CJRQ-FM, in Sudbury, Ontario
 * CJQQ-FM, in Timmins, Ontario

United States

 * KBLQ, in Logan, Utah
 * KQRQ, in Rapid City, South Dakota
 * KQRS-FM, in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota
 * WDJQ, in Canton, Ohio
 * WERQ-FM, in Baltimore, Maryland (as 92Q)
 * WRNQ, in Poughkeepsie, New York
 * WYRQ-FM, in Little Falls, Minnesota
 * KQVT, in Victoria, Texas
 * WKRK-FM, in Cleveland Heights, Ohio (identified as 92Q from 1985 to 1989)
 * WMEQ-FM, in Menomonie, Wisconsin (identified as Q92 from 1980 to 1993)

Other uses

 * Al-Lail, a surah of the Quran
 * FRENCH SUBMARINE Gustave Zédé

title: Q92


text: User talk:70.49.201.62

title: User talk:70.49.201.62


text:
Ksawery Wyrożemski

Ksawery "Big Bill" Wyrożemski ("Tso-very Veera-zhem-ski") (23 July 1915 – 15 February 1967) was an exile Polish fighter pilot who flew Hawker Hurricanes and Supermarine Spitfires as an officer with the Polish Air Forces's 308 and 315 "City of Dęblin" Fighter Squadrons from April 1942 until the end of World War II. One of the aircraft he piloted in 1942 was Spitfire Mk. Vb, BM597, now flying with the Historic Aircraft Collection at Duxford.

Wyrożemski later flew the North American Mustang Mk. IIIs when No.315 Squadron converted in March 1944.

He scored no kills but was awarded the Polish Cross of Valour (Krzyz Walecznych) plus bar.

Escape to exile
Wyrożemski was a Polish Army officer when the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939. Wyrożemski served with 217 Eskadra Bombowa equipped with PZL.37 Łoś twin-engine bombers as an observer before he fled the German advance. He made his way to Istanbul where he signed onto a freighter bound for England and reported to the Polish Embassy in London.

Richard L. Holm, former CIA Directorate of Operations member, stated in an article about his African experiences that Wyrożemski was "fiercely loyal to Poland, [and] he wanted to fight against the Germans. Wyrożemski claimed he had been a pilot in the Polish Air Force, and he apparently had flown a small plane in his youth. He joined other Poles and flew a Spitfire in the Battle of Britain."

Wyrożemski's serial number was RAF P-O779, with rank of F/Lt & Captain in Polish. He served with the 315th Polish Fighter Squadron in Great Britain from April 1942 until the end of WW II.

Last mission of WW II
On 25 April 1945 Wyrożemski participated in the longest (five hours, fifty minutes) and last mission flown in World War II by fighters of the Polish Air Force. He flew as part of some 240 Mustangs from RAF 11 Group and the USAAF VIII Fighter Command, escorting 225 Avro Lancaster bombers on a Ramrod mission to hit Nazi headquarters in the Bavarian Alps.

Some pilots landed in liberated territory on the European continent to refuel on the return leg of the mission while others calculated their loads sufficient to reach their bases in England. Wyrożemski fell one kilometer short of Andrews Airfield and dead-sticked his Mustang into a pasture where several horses slowed his fighter sufficiently such that he was not injured. The livestock were not so fortunate. Fellow squadron mate Tadeusz Pinkowski, recounted "Seeing him approaching the airfield and then going down, we climbed [into] (sic) a jeep and sped toward him. We found him O.K. Those two horses were O.K. not! Leaving the scene we even joked a little; somebody pointed to the horse liver lying around and asked: 'Say, Ksawery. Didn't you forget something?' We all had a good laugh and that helped to release the tension."

Emigration to the United States
Wyrozemski and his wife Emilia Ann, known as "Lila", (a Warsaw native who had survived a German concentration camp after arrest for partisan involvement), emigrated to the United States from the United Kingdom with their three-year-old young son, Ksawery M. R. Wyrozemski in 1959 and settled in Fort Walton Beach, Florida,[4] home of Eglin Air Force Base and the Air Proving Ground Center. Wyrozemski was employed by the Central Intelligence Agency where he was ostensibly involved with the Lockheed U-2 program as a Lockheed "employee".

More likely, he was one of the contract pilots operating C-54 Skymaster flights out of Eglin AFB, probably out of Duke Field, for the Development Projects Division, the Agency's air arm, in support of Operation Pluto, the ill-fated Bay of Pigs Invasion, in 1960-1961. A temporary C-54 unit, the 1045th Operational Evaluation and Training Group, Headquarters Command, Eglin AFB, as the Air Force designated it, but which was a DPD operation, was temporarily based at Eglin's Auxiliary Field Three (Duke Field) from late 1960 to June/July 1961. “There was a total of about 20 Polish airmen at Eglin at the time, all of them 'employed' by Lockheed, so there should be enough of them to form at least two crews.” The DPD operated independently of "the organizational structure of the project, in which it had a vital, central role, including air drops to the underground, training Cuban pilots, operation of air bases, the immense logistical problems of transporting the Cuban volunteers from Florida to Guatemala, and the procuring and servicing of the military planes."

Last assignments
"After 18 years as a contract officer in Agency air operations, Bill's eyesight weakened and he could no longer fly. There was a need for air ops officers on the ground in the Congo, however, and soon he was in Africa," said Holm. In 1964 he served as an airfield commander and trained Cuban exile pilots, hired by the CIA. He also gathered intelligence material. Holm continues that "Big Bill" was transferred to Albertville on the Congo's eastern border [in 1965]. "Shortly after his arrival, he was concerned about a possible rebel force moving toward Albertville from the west, and Bill got approval from Leopoldville to make a short reconnaissance of the area. He had been instructed not to go alone, but no one else was readily available." Returning to Albertville, he was killed when the Land Rover he was in was hit head-on by a Congolese Army truck speeding on the wrong side of a narrow road. He was 51. A local Playground Daily News account of his death stated that "Mr. Wyrozemski was a civil service employee with the United States Army." It also stated that "no details are available on the accident in which he lost his life." He is buried in Fort Walton Beach.

Recognition
On 28 May 2016, Wyrożemski was recognized with a star at the Langley headquarters of the CIA as an employee who lost his life while in the service of the agency.

title: Ksawery Wyrożemski


text: Category:ESPN.com

title: Category:ESPN.com


text:
User:Sf2070/Articles

A List of Articles I have created and/or heavily contributed to.

Kanye West

Kanye west production discography

MIDI Production Center

Consequence (rapper)

Freshmen Adjustment

G.O.O.D. Music

GLC (rapper)

Late Registration

Quality (album)

title: User:Sf2070/Articles


text:
User talk:Macbeach

Ǐ ĽįĶĚ ßĖÁÇĦ

þ

title: User talk:Macbeach


text:
Talk:Finglas

Deletions??
Why were the following mass-deletions made? Should these be re-instated? - Pete C ✍ 21:50, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * They don't look very encyclopaedic to me, tbh... --Kiand 19:20, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

I dont agree with deleting geography section I think it is good. For the record look at a map and you'll see that Cabra and Ashtown are due south and Glasnevin is southeast, and in-between places like Ballygall and Glasnevin North (Finglas East) dont exist and I know this because I work in An Post. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dotsey (talk • contribs) 13:56, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Linkfarm/directory issues
A few weeks ago a number of unexplained reverts occurred. I raised with the relevant editor at the time. However, as I received no response I'm going to re-raise here before taking action. To my eye, these reversions introduced several dead and irrelevant links, and (re)introduced content which is not within the relevant guidelines. (Specifically the changes effectively created a business and clubs directory in the middle of the article.) As arbitrary directories (of services, sports clubs or whatever) are not recommended, and long lists of web links are outside the guidelines, I'm tempted to remove. Unless anyone has any other thoughts on this, I'm going to replace with prose (again). Guliolopez (talk) 12:07, 16 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Support proposal. Laurel Lodged (talk) 13:15, 16 September 2011 (UTC)
 * OK. ✅. Guliolopez (talk) 21:22, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

People list
Why was William Rowan Hamiltons name removed from this page? He lived in Dunsink and Dunsink is afterall a part of Finglas. — Preceding text originally posted on Finglas by 137.191.227.58 (talk⋅contribs)
 * It was removed on the basis that no cite or evidence was provided that WRH lived in Finglas. Certainly he lived at the Dunsink observatory for a time. However, Dunsink wouldn't have been considered part of Finglas at that time (being 2+ miles from Finglas village), and possibly arguably not strictly part of Finglas now. (Related article describes Dunsink as a townland near Finglas.) Guliolopez (talk) 12:43, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

Twinning
The claim, that Finglas is twinned with Canton, Massachusetts was added (without explanation of reference or otherwise) by an anon in 2006. It has been tagged as uncited and problematic since 2018. In that time, I have gone looking for sources to support this statement. I can find none. The only thing I can find which is remotely in the same ballpark/wheelhouse is this 1991 report of a local Vocational Education Committee. This report (page 12) vaguely talks about a student exchange program called the "Finglas and Canton Exchange". In which there was apparently a student exchange program running for a few years. An agreement between schools or school boards doesn't sound like a "town twinning" arrangement to me. The website of the administration of the "Town of Canton" makes no mention of Finglas. And, when the Finglas Village Renewal Partnership reportedly proposed other town twinning arrangements a few years ago, none of the resulting news reports made any reference to any existing twinning agreements. Which, if there were any, I would imaging they probably would have. Anyway, unless this can be cited, I'm going to remove it. Guliolopez (talk) 10:10, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I suggest just take it out - I also see no evidence on a quick check (all I've got time for today, having put in extra time yesterday), and at 14 years, this one has had enough time, and twinning is not important enough to go all-out to verify. SeoR (talk) 13:17, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll probably leave it a day or so. In case someone has access to stuff that I/we don't. And because leaving it another 14 hours or so (in the context of the past 14 years or more) is a drop in the ocean :) If/when I do remove it, I'll also remove it from the Canton, MA article. Where it was added by the same anon at effectively the same time. Also uncited and unexplained. Where it has also sat for the same period. (I would note that, of the two "partnerships" listed in the Canton, MA article, there does seem to be material support for the other one listed. I just can't anything at all, and certainly nowhere near the same level, for the claimed Finglas connection...) Anyway, I'll leave it a day or so. And remove this claim from both articles. Guliolopez (talk) 14:17, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Good call - I spoke to a couple of people over there, and indeed it was a thing, Finglas <-> Canton, Mass., for some years. But it ended years ago.  Now that I know what to look for, I will try newspaper archives to try to substantiate it (briefly) as an historic point. SeoR (talk) 18:08, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
 * And OK, from the Journal, Finglas wants to build ties with North Korea 22-Aug-2016, "Finglas was previously twinned with a town in Massachusetts, adding that this pairing was “very tame by comparison” and the Dublin village got “very little” benefit from it." - Canton is not named, so not quite enough, but... As for North Korea, I imagine that this North Korean aspect never came to pass. SeoR (talk) 18:14, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Nary a reference with Canton named. So either out it comes, or we use a ref to "past twinning with a town in Massachusetts" - and it seems no current twinning, though a try was made in 2017 to secure a suburb of Liverpool. SeoR (talk) 20:05, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

 * The Finglas-Canton Massachusetts twinning was definitely a thing years ago. I remember the sign well from when I was a kid. As you entered Finglas, there it was, saying that it was twinned with Canton, Massachusetts. One of those things that always stuck in my head because I'd never seen or heard of anything like it before. 78.18.245.203 (talk) 22:01, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

Is Finglas a tough/rough neighborhood??? Poor? Crime ridden?
With the news out today about a cocaine "super cartel" getting busted in Dubai, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, etc, there were mentions of the Kinahan crime family, the Hutch crime family, and numerous other Irish criminals (many of them dead), and it seems that a lot of them come from Finglas or operated there. Is Finglas a tough/rough neighborhood? Poor? Crime ridden? The article is silent on any aspect of this. Thanks in advance to anybody who knows, and can insert this aspect with links. Betathetapi454 (talk) 19:12, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Finglas


text:
Euthymius of Tarnovo

Saint Euthymius of Tarnovo (also Evtimiy; Свети Евтимий Търновски, Sveti Evtimiy Tarnovski) was Patriarch of Bulgaria between 1375 and 1393. Regarded as one of the most important figures of medieval Bulgaria, Euthymius was the last head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the Second Bulgarian Empire. Arguably the best esteemed of all Bulgarian patriarchs, Euthymius was a supporter of hesychasm and an authoritative figure in the Eastern Orthodox world of the time.

Early years
Born around 1325 (between 1320 and 1330) and possibly an offspring of the eminent Tsamblak family of the capital Tarnovo, Euthymius was educated at the monastery schools in and around the city and became a monk. He joined the Kilifarevo Monastery around 1350, attracted by the fame of Theodosius of Tarnovo. Theodosius appointed him his first assistant in 1363 and the two went together to Tsarigrad, with Theodosius dying soon afterwards.

Euthymius then consecutively joined the Studion monastery and the Great Lavra of Athanasius the Athonite on Mount Athos. He was influenced by outstanding scholars and reformers of Southeastern Europe's spiritual life, such as Gregory the Sinaite, Gregory Palamas, Callistus Philotheus and John Kukuzelis. He was sent into exile on the island of Lemnos by Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos and, upon his release, returned to the Bulgarian Zograf Monastery on Mount Athos. It was there that he first reflected on the spelling reforms and planned corrections to the translations of the clerical books.

Activity in Bulgaria
Around 1371 Euthymius returned to Bulgaria and founded the Holy Trinity Patriarchal Monastery near Tarnovo, where he grounded the Tarnovo Literary School. He established orthographic rules and corrected inaccurately translated religious books by comparing them to the Greek originals. These corrected texts became models for the Orthodox churches using Church Slavonic language: Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, and Russia. Gregory Tsamblak, his biographer, compared Euthymius' work to that of Moses and Egyptian king Ptolemy I.

In 1375, following the death of Patriarch Joanicius, Euthymius was elected to become his successor. A supporter of asceticism, Euthymius aimed to persecute heresies and moral decay. Euthymius became a prominent figure in the Orthodox world and a number of metropolitans and hegumens addressed him to interpret theological matters.

There are 15 known works by Euthymius, including liturgical books, laudatory works, passionals and epistles. Among his literary disciples are Gregory Tsamblak, Metropolitan of Kiev; Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow; Joasaph of Bdin and Constantine of Kostenets.

Establishment of Tarnovo Literary School and language reform
During the time of patriarch Theodosius of Tarnovo Euthymius founded and ran the Tarnovo literary school, which was to quickly become an important cultural center of the Slavic Christian world.

Euthymius initiated a language reform in Old Bulgarian that was widely influential to the standardized literary languages of Serbia, Walachia, Moldova, and the Russian principalities. Gregory Tsamblak describes Euthymius' language reform in the following manner.

"When he [Euthymius] had destroyed all the old [books], this second lawgiver, descending from the top of the spiritual mountain and carrying in his hands [the books] (similar to the Tablets written by God) at which he had labored, delivered to the Church in truth a heavenly treasure – all new, all true, in accord with the Gospel, unshakable in the force of the dogmas, like the water of life for the souls of the pious, like a knife for the tongues of the heretics, like fire for their [heretics’] faces. And he cried out with Paul: ‘The old has passed away. Behold! Everything has become new’ [2 Cor. 5:17]."

Works
Partial list of works:

 * Hagiographies
 * "Hagiography of St. Ivan of Rila"
 * "Hagiography of St. Ilarion Maglenski"
 * "Hagiography of St. Philothea Temnishka"
 * "Hagiography of St. Petka of Tarnovo"
 * Praises
 * "Praise for Mikhail Warrior"
 * "Praise for Ioan Polivotski"
 * "Praise for St. Nedelya"
 * "Praise for St. Constantine and Helena"
 * Letters
 * "Letter to Cyprian"
 * "Letter to metropolitan Arsenius"
 * "Letter to Nikodim – monk of Tismana"

Fall of Tarnovo and its consequences
In the spring of 1393 the son of Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I, Suleyman Çelebi, laid siege to the Bulgarian capital Tarnovo with his sizable forces. With Tsar Ivan Shishman out of the city (leading the remnants of his troops to the fortress of Nikopol), Euthymius was the one entrusted with the defense of Tarnovo. After a three-month siege on 17 July 1393, the Ottomans captured the capital despite its ferocious resistance; Gregory Tsamblak several years later suggested the conquest was due to treason from one of the non-Christian neighborhoods of Tarnovo.

Joasaph of Bdin, Metropolitan of Vidin, a contemporary of the event, described it as follows: "A great Muslim invasion happened and total destruction was done with this city and its surroundings." According to Gregory Tsamblak, churches were turned into mosques, priests were expelled and substituted with "teachers of shamelessness." 110 noted citizens of Tarnovo and boyars were massacred, but Patriarch Euthymius was reprieved and sent into exile in the theme of Macedonia (contemporary Thrace), possibly in the Bachkovo Monastery. He is supposed to have died there in 1402–1404. The Tarnovo Patriarchate thereupon ceased to exist as the Bulgarian church lost its independence and became subordinate to the Patriarchate of Constantinople until 1870.

Patriarch Euthymius has been canonized and his memory is honored on the same day as that of his namesake Euthymius the Great, 20 January.

Commemoration
St. Evtimiy Crag on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Patriarch Euthymius of Bulgaria.

title: Euthymius of Tarnovo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Marta Krupa

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 23:33, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Marta Krupa

 * Delete - unnotable from content. Delete/merge w/ sister's page.  Athf1234 21:51, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Merging isn't a good idea, in my opinion. Deb 22:28, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete under the new criteria as non-notable, and making no assertion of notability. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 22:30, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and no-merge.--DNicholls 08:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Now back to the Marta Krupa synchopated style. Erm, I mean, delete if notability can't be established.   — J I P | Talk 11:23, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless proof of notability is presented.-Poli (talk • contribs) 14:33, 2005 July 26 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. -- Etacar11   00:15, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:82.43.213.24

title: User talk:82.43.213.24


text:
List of England Test cricketers

This is a list of England Test cricketers. A Test match is an international two-innings per side cricket match between two of the leading cricketing nations. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his Test cap by playing for the England cricket team. Where more than one player won his first Test cap in the same Test match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. In the text, the numbers that follow the players' names correspond to their place in the chronological list of English Test cricketers. Current players have their chronological number on the front of their shirts.

Statistics are correct as of 12 July 2024 after the first Test against West Indies.

Early years: 1877–1889
The early years of Test cricket saw a number of tours to Australia. Most of these tours were professional in nature, and as the sea voyage was around 42 days and the tours lasted many months, the sides were selected as much on availability as on cricketing aptitude. As a result of this, coupled with there only being a small number of Tests being played, there are many early cricketers with Test records of only a few matches. The key players who had their Test debut during this period include the great professional all-rounders George Ulyett (11), who played 25 Tests, and Billy Barnes (21), who played 21. England's Champion cricketer WG Grace (24) first played Test cricket in 1880. Although Test match cricket had not been invented in his heyday of the late 1860s and 1870s, he continued playing into his fifties, finally retiring from Test cricket at the turn of the century. Shrewsbury (35) and Stoddart (56) go down amongst the great captains of the period, as well as two of the many cricketing suicides. Johnny Briggs (47), who, bedevilled by mental illness, died young, notched up the most Test caps of the earliest era of Test match cricket.

Golden Age: 1890–1914
The period between 1890 and immediately before the First World War is known as the Golden Age of cricket. It saw great amateur players such as CB Fry (95), the Indian Prince Ranjitsinhji (105) and captains Stanley Jackson (82), Archie MacLaren (92) and Plum Warner (118) as the leading lights in an era eulogised by Neville Cardus and others. In reality, it was not quite the great age of the amateur related in Cardus's writings. Sydney Barnes (129) became the best paid cricketer by spurning county cricket to play in the Lancashire leagues. However, the sheer volume of greats, that include Jack Hobbs (157), Tom Hayward (97), Gilbert Jessop (122) and Wilfred Rhodes (121) means that the age retains a fond place in the memory of England's cricket fans. It was also an era in which Bernard Bosanquet (137) invented the googly and Tip Foster (138) became the only man to captain England at both cricket and football, and Rhodes, at 30 years, 10 months and 11 days, had the longest spanning Test career of all.

Shirt number history
Since the 2019 Ashes series, there has been an introduction of names and numbers on all Test players' shirts in an effort to engage new fans and help identify the players. This forms part of the inaugural ICC World Test Championship, a league competition between the top nine Test nations spread over a two-year period, culminating in a Final between the top two teams.

title: List of England Test cricketers


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Gular skin

Gular skin (throat skin), in ornithology, is an area of featherless skin on birds that joins the lower mandible of the beak (or bill) to the bird's neck. Other vertebrate taxa may have a comparable anatomical structure that is referred to as either a gular sac, throat sac, vocal sac or gular fold.

In birds
Gular skin can be very prominent, for example in members of the order Phalacrocoraciformes as well as in pelicans (which likely share a common ancestor). In many species, the gular skin forms a flap, or gular pouch, which is generally used to store fish and other prey while hunting.

In cormorants, the gular skin is often colored, contrasting with the otherwise plain black or black-and-white appearance of the bird. This presumably serves some function in social signalling, since the colors become more pronounced in breeding adults.

In frigatebirds, the gular skin (or gular sac or throat sac) is used dramatically. During courtship display, the male forces air into the sac, causing it to inflate over a period of 20 minutes into a startling huge red balloon.

Because cormorants are closer relatives of gannets and anhingas (which have no prominent gular pouch) than of frigatebirds or pelicans, it can be seen that the gular pouch is either plesiomorphic or was acquired by parallel evolution.

In other vertebrates
The orangutan is the only known great ape to have this characteristic, where it is only present in males. In addition, the walrus and some species of gibbon, such as the siamang, have a throat sac. Many amphibians will inflate their vocal sac to create certain vocalizations in order to communicate, scare off rivals (to proclaim territory or dominance), and to locate and attract a mate. The gular sac in this instance amplifies their voice to be heard louder and seemingly closer. Some species of lizard also have a gular fold and consequently, gular scales.

The theropod dinosaur Pelecanimimus, which lived in the early Cretaceous Period 130 million years ago, also had a gular pouch, similar to the pelican after which it is named.

Invertebrates
The conus snail has a throat sac.

title: Gular skin