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Hemiunu

Hemiunu (fl. 2570 BC) was an ancient Egyptian prince who is believed to have been the architect of the Great Pyramid of Giza. As vizier, succeeding his father, Nefermaat, and his uncle, Kanefer, Hemiunu was one of the most important members of the court and responsible for all the royal works. His tomb lies close to Khufu's pyramid.

Biography
Hemiunu was a son of prince Nefermaat and his wife, Itet. He is a grandson of Sneferu and a nephew of Khufu, the Old Kingdom pharaoh. Hemiunu had three sisters and many brothers.

In his tomb, he is described as a hereditary prince, count, sealer of the king of Lower Egypt (jrj-pat HAtj-a xtmw-bjtj), and on a statue found in his serdab (and now located in Hildesheim), Hemiunu is given the titles: king's son of his body, chief justice, and vizier, greatest of the five of the House of Thoth (sA nswt n XT=f tAjtj sAb TAtj wr djw pr-DHwtj).

Tomb
Hemiunu's tomb lies close to Khufu's pyramid and contains reliefs of his image. Some stones of his badly damaged mastaba are marked with dates referring to Khufu's reign. His statue can be found at the Pelizaeus Museum, Hildesheim, Germany.

His statue was found in the walled-up serdab of Hemiunu's mastaba by archaeologist Hermann Junker in March 1912. Ancient looters had ransacked the mastaba in their quest for valuable items and the wall to the serdab had a child-sized hole cut into it. The robber forcefully gouged out the statue's precious inlaid eyes and gold castings, in the process the right arm was broken and the head severed. The head has been restored, using a relief of Hemiunu as a guide for the nose's profile.

The seated statue is well-preserved, apart from the damage mentioned above (importantly, his head being severed), and is notable for its realism, not found in ancient Egyptian art depicting royal figures. Hemiunu's features are only lightly stylized and clearly based on his appearance. He is depicted as obese, with notable accumulation of fat in the pectoral region. This contrasts with the more idealized representation of male subjects in royal portraiture in this and most succeeding periods of ancient Egyptian art.

title: Hemiunu


text: User:Momotaro

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Momotaro


text: User talk:70.240.75.92

title: User talk:70.240.75.92


text:
Liam Cunningham

Liam Cunningham (born 2 June 1961) is an Irish actor. He is known for playing Davos Seaworth in the HBO epic-fantasy series Game of Thrones.

Cunningham has been nominated for the London Film Critics' Circle Award, the British Independent Film Award, has won two Irish Film & Television Awards, and shared a BAFTA with Michael Fassbender, for their crime-drama short film Pitch Black Heist. His film roles include A Little Princess (1995), Jude (1996), Dog Soldiers (2002), The Crooked Man (2003), The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2006), Hunger (2008), The Escapist (2008), The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008), Good Vibrations (2013), Let Us Prey (2014) and The Childhood of a Leader (2015). In 2020, he was listed at number 36 on The Irish Times list of Ireland's greatest film actors.

Early life
Cunningham was born in East Wall, which is an inner city area of the Northside of Dublin. He grew up in Kilmore West with his three sisters and a brother. Cunningham left secondary school at 15 and pursued a career as an electrician. In the 1980s, Cunningham moved to Zimbabwe for three years where he maintained electrical equipment at a safari park and trained Zimbabwean electricians. After returning to Ireland, Cunningham became dissatisfied with his work as an electrician and decided to pursue his interest in acting. He attended acting classes and began to work in local theatre, including the Royal Shakespeare Company. He appeared in a production of Studs at The Tricycle Theatre in Kilburn, London.

Career
Cunningham's debut film role came in Into the West (1992), where he played a police officer. His on-screen acting continued with roles in War of the Buttons (1994), and A Little Princess (1995), before making his role as Phillotson in Jude (1996). He continued with character roles in Falling for a Dancer (TV, 1998), RKO 281 (1999), Shooting the Past (TV, 1999), When the Sky Falls (2000) and Stranded (2002). Cunningham came to international prominence with his role as Captain Ryan in the critically acclaimed, independent horror film, Dog Soldiers (2002).

Cunningham starred in well-received films such as The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2006) which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival; Hunger; The Escapist (both 2008); The Guard; and Black Butterflies (both 2011). He also had roles in many high budget British and American films including The League of Gentlemen's Apocalypse (2005), The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008), Harry Brown (2009), Clash of the Titans, Centurion (both 2010). On television, he appeared as President Richard Tate in the BBC programme Outcasts. Cunningham was producer Philip Segal’s first choice to portray the Eighth Doctor in the TV movie of Doctor Who (1996), but was vetoed by Fox executives.

In 2012, Cunningham joined the main cast for the second season of HBO's Game of Thrones portraying former smuggler Davos Seaworth, and in 2013 he starred in The Numbers Station alongside John Cusack. He was also cast in season 5 of the BBC series Merlin as a sorcerer. He featured in the music video for "High Hopes" by Irish alternative rock band Kodaline from their EP The High Hopes. In April 2013, he appeared in the seventh series of the BBC One series Doctor Who in the episode "Cold War", where he played Captain Zhukov, the commander of a Russian submarine in 1983 facing one of the Ice Warriors. In 2015, he played the father in Brady Corbet's directorial debut film, The Childhood of a Leader.

In February 2020, it was announced that Cunningham would voice Man-At-Arms in the Netflix animated series Masters of the Universe: Revelation.

Personal life
Cunningham resides in Dublin with his wife Colette, with whom he has three children, daughter Ellen and sons Liam Jr. and Sean.

Politics
In 2015, Cunningham was one of over 100 artists who signed a letter to The Guardian announcing support for a cultural boycott of Israel. In light of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, he was one of over two thousand to sign an Artists for Palestine letter calling for a ceasefire and accusing western governments of "not only tolerating war crimes but aiding and abetting them."

Cunningham endorsed Solidarity–People Before Profit in the 2020 Irish general election.

title: Liam Cunningham


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Pierre Robert (DJ)

William Pierre Robert (born August 1, 1955) is a radio disc jockey is a highly popular on-air personality for 93.3FM WMMR in Philadelphia, one of the nation's most prominent rock music stations. He has been with WMMR since 1981.

Robert is WMMR's most identifiable personality, and is sometimes described as a hippie by locals. Robert is known for addressing his listeners as "citizens," and saying "Great day in the morning!"

Robert holds significant stature in the American rock music industry, where he is held in high esteem by many rock musicians and groups, many of whom have granted Robert rare interviews and appeared in person on his program.

Early life
Pierre Robert (pronounced "row-BEAR") was born August 1, 1955, in Truckee, California.

Career
Robert began his radio career at 94.9 KSAN-FM in San Francisco, one of the country's first progressive rock stations. When KSAN changed its format to an Urban Country and Western format in the early 1980s, Robert assumed the on-air name "Will Robertson" for a brief period of time because he was opposed to the new format.

Not long after, Robert drove a friend to school in Philadelphia in his 1970 Volkswagen van, nicknamed Minerva, which then had bald tires. He sent 93.3 WMMR a demo tape but was initially turned down for a position with the station, and took a job at Essene, a health food store and vegetarian restaurant. He later had a reading by a palm reader on South Street, who told him, "you're gonna get a letter very soon". He returned to find a letter from Joe Bonadonna, then WMMR's station manager, indicating there was an opening. Robert joined WMMR in 1981.

Robert has held several positions at WMMR, including broadcasting during morning, overnight, and midday shifts. His current time slot is from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., though his program frequently runs longer, an anomaly he describes as "Pierre Standard Time."

Features of his show include the "Coffee Break Music Marathon", "Pierre's Planner", and the Work Force Blocks, during which he plays three to four song blocks of a particular artist based on listener requests.

In the 1980s, Reginald the Butler joined Pierre in kicking off his work force blocks by ringing his lunchtime bell.

Robert also features the "Vinyl Cut", where he plays a track from one of the many vinyl records in the WMMR archive.

He is also known to play all 18 minutes and 20 seconds of Arlo Guthrie's "Alice's Restaurant" multiple times during his annual Thanksgiving broadcast.

Robert has admitted that he does not follow Philadelphia sports, which is unusually in the sports-obsessed city. He typically refers to all Philadelphia sports teams as "The Boys in Blue" regardless of the actual team colors. As a running joke, he is known to say the phrase "Sports Up!", mostly during his overlap towards the end of the Preston and Steve show in the morning.

In January 2024, Robert signed a multi-year contract extension with WMMR.

Notable events

 * Robert's first VW micro-bus "Minerva" was impounded by the Philadelphia Parking Authority and later crushed in a junkyard.
 * Robert often declared on the air, "God Bless the Grateful Dead." At the beginning of their concert at the Spectrum on October 7, 1994, Robert presented the Grateful Dead with a flag recognizing their 50th performance at the venue.
 * In 2001, WMMR threw a party at the Spectrum for Robert's 20th anniversary, and gave him a 1972 Volkswagen Type 2 (T2) Westfalia to replace his old 1970 VW mini-bus. This new bus was named "Minerva 2" in honor of the original Minerva that he drove from California to Philadelphia.
 * In 2002, "Minerva 2" was driven by Robert in the 93.3 WMMR Ozz-Fund, a four-day fundraiser to collect money for the Fox Chase Cancer Center in the name of Ozzy Osbourne's wife Sharon Osbourne. Robert drove all over the Delaware Valley collecting donations from fans and station listeners
 * Throughout the first 25 days of November 2006, WMMR paid tribute to Robert for his 25 years of service to the station.
 * In November 2011, Bob Beru of Beru Revue played a show at The World Cafe Live in honor of Robert's 30th year with WMMR.
 * In September 2012, the owners of the building that houses WMMR threatened to have "Minerva 2" towed. The car was in fairly rough shape with flat tires, holes in the floorboard, and a broken window. After considering all the options, Robert was approached by CollisionMax about restoring Minerva. Minerva was completely restored by CollisionMax with custom airbrushing done by Franny Drummond of PaintZoo. Rich Tornetta, CollissionMax's director of marketing, recorded weekly videos documenting the repair work done on the VW bus.
 * In October 2019, Robert was inducted into the Philadelphia Music Walk of Fame along with The Hooters, a Philadelphia band that is one of Robert's favorites.
 * In 2021, to celebrate his 40th year with WMMR, the studio that houses the station was renamed the "Pierre Robert Studio".

title: Pierre Robert (DJ)


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Hassi R'Mel

Hassi R'Mel (حاسي الرمل, Berber language: Ḥasi Eṛṛmel) is a town in Algeria located near the 18th largest gas field worldwide. Hassi R'Mel is located in Laghouat Province 60 km northwest of Ghardaïa. It is the capital of Hassi R'Mel District. Hassi R'Mel has an airport.

Hassi R'Mel is a hub for natural gas and oil pipelines running to coastal cities of Arzew, Algiers, and Skikda. The National Centre For Dispatching Gas is also the starting point for the Maghreb-Europe, Trans-Mediterranean, Medgaz and Galsi gas export pipelines supplying Southern Europe. The town is the planned final destination of the Trans-Saharan gas pipeline.

Hassi R'Mel is also home to an integrated solar combined cycle power station, the first of its kind in Algeria.

Geology
The Hassi R'Mel gas field is a Triassic gas field discovered in 1956 with the HR-1 well and located in a Cretaceous anticline of the M'zab dorsal structure separating the Western Org Paleozoic basin to the west and the Oued Mya basin to the east. Cambrian rhyolite forms the basement which is overlain by the Tassili Cambro-Ordovician sandstone group, a Siluro-Devonian shale and then Mesozoic sediments. The A, B and C reservoir sandstones are Permo-Triassic with a total thickness of about 115 m and sealed by Late Triassic salt and shale.

title: Hassi R'Mel


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Wonderful (Rick James album)

Wonderful is the 10th studio album by American musician Rick James, released in 1988 via Reprise Records. It includes the hit song "Loosey's Rap", which topped the US R&B Charts.

The album peaked at No. 148 on the Billboard 200.

Production
James wrote and produced the album.

Critical reception
The Orlando Sentinel wrote that "despite the dumb lyrics, Wonderful sports some great dance-party music." The Los Angeles Times praised "Loosey's Rap", writing that featured rapper Roxanne Shanté is "tougher than a truckload of leather-wearing Mary Jane Girls, and her B-girl boasting—which she sounds fully capable of backing up—makes her a formidable foil for James and his sly, teasing innuendoes."

Track listing
All tracks composed by Rick James.

 * 1) "Wonderful" – 4:19
 * 2) "Judy" – 4:58
 * 3) "Loosey's Rap" (duet with Roxanne Shanté) – 3:54
 * 4) "So Tight" – 4:28
 * 5) "Sexual Luv Affair" – 5:13
 * 6) "Love's Fire" – 4:43
 * 7) "I Believe in U" – 5:53
 * 8) "In the Girls' Room" – 4:41
 * 9) "Hypnotize" – 4:19
 * 10) "Sherry Baby" – 4:43
 * 11) "Hot Summer Nights" (duet with Chrissi Scinta) – 5:10

Note
 * Track 11 available on CD only.

Personnel
Adapted from the album's liner notes.

 * Rick James – lead vocals, backing vocals, bass guitar, drums, percussion, keyboards

Stone City Band:
 * Levi Ruffin, Jr. – strings, synthesizer, backing vocals
 * Tom McDermott – lead guitar
 * William Echols – bass guitar
 * Gregory Treadwell – keyboards, strings
 * Kenny Hawkins – guitar
 * Val Young – backing vocals
 * Jackie Ruffin – backing vocals

Other musicians
 * Roxanne Shanté – rapping (track 3)
 * Chrissi Scinta – vocals (track 11)

Production

 * Produced and arranged by Rick James
 * Mixing engineers: Rick James, Bruce Kane and Levi Ruffin, Jr.
 * Assistant engineer: Michael Nally
 * Recorded and mixed at The Joint Studios, Buffalo, New York
 * Mastered at Sterling Sound, New York by Jack Skinner
 * Album coordinators: Levi Ruffin, Jr and Ann Mabin
 * Art Direction and design: Mary Ann "My Thang" Dibs
 * Cover concept: Rick James
 * Photography: Caroline Greyshock, Stuart Watson
 * Executive producer: Benny Medina
 * A&R management: Karen Jones

title: Wonderful (Rick James album)


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Rodney Orr

Rodney Bryan Orr (November 6, 1962 – February 14, 1994) was an American stock car racing driver. The 1993 NASCAR Goody's Dash Series champion, he was killed in an accident during practice for the 1994 Daytona 500.

Career
Orr was born in Robbinsville, North Carolina. A graduate of Robbinsville High School, Orr was a resident of Palm Coast, Florida and started his racing career at Volusia County Speedway in the late 1980s. He was the rookie of the year in the NASCAR Goody's Dash Series in 1992, and won the series' 1993 championship.

1994 Daytona 500
Originally, Orr and his father Beacher had planned to advance to the second-tier series (currently the Xfinity Series). However, NASCAR planned a rule change that would make the current V6 engines obsolete by switching to a limited compression (9.5:1) V8 engine in 1995. As a result, the Orrs purchased a Ford Thunderbird during the 1993-1994 off-season from Robert Yates Racing with an engine built by Ernie Elliott in hopes of competing in selected 1994 Winston Cup Series races. Orr's No. 37 was one of seven cars to exceed 190 miles per hour at one test session that winter.

Until 2002, the qualifying procedure for the Daytona 500 featured multiple rounds. In the first round, only the top two cars qualified for the race.

In subsequent rounds, drivers could give up their starting position and attempt to qualify with a faster lap as backup. Only the top 14 drivers (excluding the driver starting first) in each heat race advanced to the Daytona 500. After both qualifying races, ten positions were based on non-qualifying drivers' qualifying lap, so drivers would give up starting position for a faster in case they failed to finish in the top 14, where fastest qualifying time determined who qualified.

During practice for second round Daytona 500 qualifying on February 14, 1994, Orr was making what was a mock qualifying run when he spun entering turn two. His car lifted up and slammed heavily into the outside retaining wall and catch fence with the roof at over 175 mph. The caution light was found pierced into the roof of the car. Although there were efforts to save him, Orr had instantly died of massive chest and head injuries. The 31-year-old driver was survived by his wife, Crystal, and daughter Ashton. It was later found that a mounting stud, a part that holds the shock absorber to the car, had broken, rendering the car uncontrollable. Orr's death came three days after that of Neil Bonnett on the same track.

These incidents were related to suspension failure caused by using extremely soft shocks and springs. Drivers complained about shocks and springs at the two fastest circuits, magnified after the Firecracker 400 moved to night in 1998 because of sparks, leading to NASCAR imposing rule changes mandating specification shocks and springs to solve the problem by 2000. As of 2022, NASCAR and suspension parts suppler Tenneco mandate specification shocks and springs for all Cup Series races.

Photo scandal
In 2001, Orr gained attention again after the death of Dale Earnhardt when his autopsy photos as well as those of Bonnett and pop star Lisa Lopes were displayed on the internet. Earnhardt's widow Teresa testified before Congress to ensure Earnhardt's autopsy photos would not be published in a similar fashion. Orr's father sued the owner of the website which had published the photos of his son, stating a claim for outrageous publication of a public record.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold - pole position awarded by qualifying time Italics - pole position earned by points standings or practice time * – most laps led. )

title: Rodney Orr


text: User talk:84.13.208.238

title: User talk:84.13.208.238


text:
User talk:Robjak34

Please stop with the vandalism
Consider yourself warned (as per regulations on Vandalism in progress). --Alynna 20:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robjak34


text:
2006 Oregon gubernatorial election

The 2006 Oregon gubernatorial election took place on November 7, 2006. Incumbent Democratic Governor of Oregon Ted Kulongoski ran for a second and final term as governor. Kulongoski faced several challengers in his primary, whom he dispatched to win his party's nomination a second time, while Republican nominee Ron Saxton, the former Chair of the Portland Public Schools Board and a candidate for governor in 2002 emerged from a crowded primary. Kulongoski and Saxton were initially going to be challenged in the general election by State Senator Ben Westlund, but Westlund withdrew his candidacy before the general election. There were multiple independent and third party challengers on the ballot as well. In a hard-fought campaign, Kulongoski won re-election by a surprisingly wide margin, winning his second term as governor.

As of 2023, this marks the last occasion in which the following counties have voted Democratic in a gubernatorial election: Clackamas, Columbia, Marion, and Wasco.

Democratic primary
[[File:Oregon Democratic gubernatorial primary results by county, 2006.svg|thumb|Democratic primary results by county: Ted Kulongoski

{{legend|#afb0ffff|50–55%}}{{legend|#cdcdffff|45–50%}}{{legend|#e1e1ffff|40–45%}} Jim Hill

{{legend|#b2ffb2ff|40–45%}}]]

Candidates

 * Ted Kulongoski, incumbent Governor of Oregon
 * Jim Hill, former Oregon State Treasurer, 2002 Democratic candidate for Governor of Oregon
 * Peter Sorenson, Lane County Commissioner

Republican primary
[[File:2006 Oregon gubernatorial election, Republican primary results map by county.svg|thumb|Republican primary results by county: Ron Saxton

{{legend|#f0676cff|50–55%}}{{legend|#f48d91ff|45–50%}}{{legend|#f8b3b6ff|40–45%}}{{legend|#ffcdcdff|35–40%}} Kevin Mannix

{{legend|#ffe48aff|35–40%}}{{legend|#fff29bff|30–35%}} Jason Atkinson

{{legend|#5bc75bff|45–50%}}{{legend|#98f998ff|35–40%}} ]]

Candidates

 * Ron Saxton, former Chair of the Portland Public Schools Board
 * Kevin Mannix, former Oregon State Representative, 2002 Republican nominee for Governor of Oregon
 * Jason Atkinson, Oregon State Senator
 * W. Ames Curtright
 * Gordon Leitch
 * William E. Spidal
 * David W. Beem
 * Bob Leonard Forthan, perennial candidate

Campaign
As the Democratic and Republican primaries intensified, State Senator Ben Westlund, a registered Republican, announced that he would run for governor as an independent. Though Westlund gathered the requisite signatures to be able to run, he eventually dropped out of the race in August, noting, "At the beginning of this campaign, I made a commitment to the people of Oregon, that I was in it to win it, and that I absolutely would not play a spoiler role." Constitution Party nominee Mary Starrett was widely perceived to win votes largely at the expense of Saxton's campaign.

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Clackamas (largest city: Lake Oswego)
 * Marion (largest city: Salem)
 * Wasco (largest city: The Dalles)

title: 2006 Oregon gubernatorial election


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Spiritualist church

A spiritualist church is a church affiliated with the informal spiritualist movement which began in the United States in the 1840s. Spiritualist churches exist around the world, but are most common in English-speaking countries, while in Latin America, Central America, Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa, where a form of spiritualism called spiritism is more popular, meetings are held in spiritist centres, most of which are non-profit organizations rather than ecclesiastical bodies.

History
The origin of mediumship is usually linked to the seances conducted by the Fox sisters at Hydesville, Arcadia, New York, in 1848, but some believers date the beginning of modern American spiritualism to the Shakers and similar religious groups. By 1853 the movement had reached San Francisco and London, and by 1860 was worldwide. The Fox family remained very active in spiritualism for many years. Other spiritualists of that era were Mercy Cadwallader, who became an advocate for the movement, and Emma Hardinge Britten, who wrote for the first spiritualist newspaper in Britain, The Yorkshire Spiritual Telegraph.

Great Britain
By the 1870s there were numerous spiritualist societies and churches throughout the US and Britain, but there was little in the way of national organization of mediums in Britain or the United States although some regions of Britain had organized Federations that might have up to thirty circles of similar beliefs. In 1891 the National Federation of Spiritualists (NFS) came into existence and grew quite large before its name change to the Spiritualists' National Union (SNU) in 1902.

British spiritualists of this time were often adherents of the temperance and anti-capital punishment lobbies, often held radical political views and were frequently vegetarians. Some were active in the advocacy of women's rights and female suffrage, and a minority espoused Free Love. The popular perception of spiritualists was often of radicals in the Victorian period.

Two Worlds was the major British magazine of spiritualism and had a fairly large circulation, and it advertised the existence of local circles. D.D. Home one of the most renowned mediums of his era, did much to make spiritualism fashionable among the aristocracy by his high-profile activities. Trance mediumship flourished and table-turning was a popular craze, reputedly even reaching Buckingham Palace.

By 1924 there were 309 spiritualist churches affiliated to the SNU or one of the many other organisations. In 1932, a new magazine, Psychic News, joined Two Worlds on the newsstands of Britain and carried news of the doings in local spiritualist churches.

From 1920 to 1938 there was the British College of Psychic Studies (1920 to 1947) led by Mr. and Mrs. Mackenzie in London, but more successful was the Arthur Findlay College at Stansted which continues to exist.

In 1957 spiritualist churches in Britain divided between the Spiritualists' National Union, influenced by Arthur Findlay's beliefs and holding spiritualism to be a religion, and the circles of Christian Spiritualism, who hold spiritualism to be a denomination of Christianity. Spiritualists National Union churches form the large majority and are affiliated with the Spiritualist Association of Great Britain (SAGB), which is not a church per se, but an organization for mediums. The SNU also has some member churches in other English-speaking countries. Christian Spiritualist churches are mainly affiliated with The Greater World Christian Spiritualist Association (GWCSA).

Other spiritualist groups in the UK include the White Eagle Lodge, founded by the medium Grace Cooke, the Institute of Spiritualist Mediums and the Noah's Ark Society (the NAS) whose focus was physical mediumship and the support and development of physical mediums. (The NAS was dissolved c. 2005/2006 by its founder, the late George Cranley.)

International
There are spiritualist churches in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, The Republic of South Africa, Sweden and groups in many countries including Japan, the Scandinavian countries, Korea, Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary, The Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and Iceland. Many such groups and also individuals, are members of the International Spiritualist Federation (ISF) which was founded in Belgium in 1923 and is an umbrella organization for all spiritualists. The ISF holds biennial congresses in different parts of the world.

In Australia, the Associated Christian Spiritual Churches of Australia (ACSCOA), International Council of Spiritualists (ICS), Church of United Spiritualism of Australia (USoA) and the Victorian Spiritualists' Union (VSU) co-exist alongside independent churches, and Canada has the Spiritualist Church of Canada (SCC) founded in 1974, along with independent churches.

United States

American spiritualism has long been more individualistic than its British counterpart. Many North American spiritualist churches are affiliated with the National Spiritualist Association of Churches (NSAC), The National Spiritual Alliance (TNSA), or the United Spiritualist Church Association (USCA), but almost as many are independent churches with no national affiliation.

Spiritualist churches generally have, in addition to the church proper, an educational wing called a lyceum (the Greek word for "place of conversation"). These spiritualist lyceums function as a support system for the teaching of spiritualist history and doctrine outside of the liturgical services, and enable the booking of guest lecturers and visiting mediums.

A unique aspect of American spiritualism, which sets it apart from British church tradition, was the nineteenth century development and institutionalization of spiritualist camps, organized by urban spiritualist churches. These rural retreats, located in picturesque natural settings throughout the United States, allow spiritualist families to spend their summer vacations boating, hiking, attending spiritualist lectures, taking development classes in mediumship, and receiving messages from guest mediums. Among the best-known of the spiritualist camps are Lily Dale Assembly in Lily Dale, New York, Camp Cassadaga in Cassadaga, Florida, On-I-Set-Wigwam Spiritualist Camp in Massachusetts, Camp Chesterfield in Indiana, Sunset Spiritualist Camp in Kansas, and Wonewoc Spiritualist Camp in Wisconsin.

African American Spiritualist church
In 1922, during a time of rising Jim Crow laws and segregationism, the NSAC expelled its African American members. The Black spiritualists then formed a national organization called the Colored Spiritualist Association of Churches (CSAC), which included churches in Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, New York City, and elsewhere. The CSAC eventually fractured over leadership and doctrinal issues, and the historically African American spiritualist churches, since loosely referred to as the spiritual church movement, includes a variety of denominations such as the African Cultural Nationalist Universal Hagar's Spiritual Church and the protestant-Christian-oriented Pentecostal Spiritual Assemblies of Christ - International and Metropolitan Spiritual Churches of Christ. The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans are a diverse group of denominations that have separated from the denomination founded by the Wisconsin-born Mother Leafy Anderson in the early twentieth century. Their theology was grounded on a very original Black feminism, and particularly on the Gospel of John:4 (the encounter of Jesus and the Samaritan woman).

Most spiritual church movement churches incorporate theological spiritualism, including the utilization of traditional "Spirit Guides" in worship services, with a mixture of protestant and Catholic iconography. The names of individual churches in these diverse denominations tend to indicate the denominational Christian orientation of their founders or their congregations. Some, such as Divine Israel Spiritual Church (in New Orleans), recall typical Black Baptist churches, others, like Divine Harmony Spiritual Church (in Knoxville, Tennessee), have names evocative of the early twentieth century New Thought movement, and some, such as Infant of Prague Spiritual Church (in New Orleans), feature Catholic names and include statuary of Catholic saints on their altars. Unlike the NSAC Spiritualist churches, the denominations of the spiritual church movement generally do not maintain spiritualist camps or a lyceum system of extra-liturgical education.

Styles of worship
Spiritualist churches are places of worship for the practitioners of spiritualism. The spiritualist service is usually conducted by a medium. Generally, there is an opening prayer, an address, the singing of hymns, and finally a demonstration of mediumship. Healing circles may also be part of the formal proceedings.

Liturgical and iconographic variations
Some spiritualist churches maintain that spiritualism is a religion in its own right, and has no relationship to any other religion.

Other spiritualist churches draw inspiration from Christianity. African American spiritualist churches tend to encourage ecstatic worship styles derived from African-American Protestant Baptist and Pentecostal practices. The churches that directly descend from the teachings of Leafy Anderson are also distinguished by special services and hymns that honor the spirit of the Native American war chief Black Hawk, who lived in Illinois and Wisconsin (Anderson's home state).

A third group of spiritualist churches propose the idea of the Universe as the creator, and does not necessarily follow any specific religious doctrine or dogma.

Mediumship within the churches
Spiritualists believe that when people die physically an aspect of the personality or mind survives and continues to exist on a spirit plane, sometimes referred to as the spirit world. Spiritualists use the word spirit as a plural which describes all minds and entities who have entered into the spirit world. The purpose of the medium is to provide evidence that a human has survived by describing the person to their surviving relatives. The degree of accuracy with which the deceased are described goes some way to convincing the living relatives and friends that the medium has some contact with the spirit.

Spiritualists describe this as "survival evidence'".

There have been a number of famous practitioners of spirit communication connected to spiritualist churches. One of the principal advocates of spiritualism was the 20th century British writer Arthur Findlay. Findlay was a magistrate, farmer and businessman who left his mansion house as a place for the study and advancement of psychic science. It has become a psychic college in Stansted, England and is run by the SNU.

Mediums develop their ability by sitting regularly in development circles with other student psychics. Meditation usually plays a large role in spiritualist practice. Meditation is used to calm the "voices" of modern, hectic life so that the practitioner can better hear his or her guide. Meditation often includes the breathing practices of Buddhist meditation (ānāpānasati) and may also include the idea of chakras. The spiritualist may also focus on the tenets of their chosen religion to help them attain a higher existence. These may include standard prayers (Hail Mary, Shema Yisrael or salat etc.) focusing on the name of God (Jesus, YHWH or Allah etc.) or other aspects of a holy nature. Like most meditation techniques, imaging (intensely imagining a place or situation) is common. There are specific imagings used to "meet" one's guide, connect with those who have died, receive protection or support from God or simply calming the mind.

Through engaging their intuition, they attempt to contact the spirits of the dead. This is known as opening up. In Britain especially, such mediums are trained to produce clear evidence that the spirit contacted is the person they claim them to be before going on to give any "message" from the spirit. Such evidence can be details of where they lived, including addresses sometimes, particulars of illnesses suffered and notable events in their lives, often known only to the person in the congregation being given the information.

Healing circles within the churches
Spiritualist healing, as practiced in some spiritualist churches during formal liturgical services, is a form of mediumship which involves directing healing energy to the patient from a higher source. The healer uses his or her hands to effect repair of damaged or diseased tissue and it is claimed all or part of the patient's good health is sometimes restored.

title: Spiritualist church


text:
Family Favourites

Family Favourites (remembered by its later name Two-Way Family Favourites) was the successor to the wartime radio show Forces Favourites, broadcast at Sunday lunchtimes on the BBC Light Programme, later BBC Radio 2 from 1945 until 1980. From 1967 to 1972 it was also carried on BBC Radio 1. It was a request programme designed to link families at home in the UK with British Forces serving in West Germany or elsewhere overseas. The programme was a big success with listeners.

It had the memorable signature tune "With a Song in My Heart" (original played by Andre Kostelanetz and his Orchestra) and was presented by a variety of well-known radio personalities, including Cliff Michelmore and Jean Metcalfe who met while presenting the show and later married on 4 March 1950, Bill Crozier (in Cologne only), Michael Aspel, Judith Chalmers, Sarah Kennedy, and the final UK presenter Jean Challis. Both Pete Murray and Ed Stewart continued to use the title for segments only of their shows, often linking up with places such as Australia and New Zealand for another couple of years during the 1980s; during this time, the song "Hurry Home" by Wavelength became popular with the families of troops returning from the Falklands War. Aspel returned to host a one-off special edition of the show for BBC Radio 2's 40th Birthday celebrations, on 30 September 2007.

Internationally
When the programme expanded, it encompassed far-flung corners of the Commonwealth with, amongst others, Bill Paull being the link man in Canada, June Armstrong-Wright in Hong Kong, Ross Symonds in Australia, Don Durbridge in Gibraltar and Marama Martin in New Zealand.

title: Family Favourites


text:
Daytona 300

The Daytona 300, currently known for sponsorship reasons as the United Rentals 300, is the first race of the NASCAR Xfinity Series season, 300 mi held at Daytona International Speedway. It is held the day before the Daytona 500, and is considered the most prestigious event of the Xfinity Series. Until 2002, it was the only event of the Xfinity Series to be annually held at Daytona International Speedway. Austin Hill won the most recent race, in 2024.

History
The race originates from races held at the Daytona Beach Road Course during the 1948 NASCAR Modified series season, the first sanctioned races held by the organization. Between 1950 and 1958, the race was held as part of the Modified/Sportsman Series, at the Daytona Beach Road Course. It was held the Friday or Saturday before the track's Grand National Series race.

In 1956–1959, a race in the short-lived NASCAR Convertible Division was also held.

The race moved to the new 2.5-mile Daytona International Speedway for 1959. It was scheduled the day before the Daytona 500, and ran a distance of either 200 or 250 miles. In 1966, the race became known as the Permatex 300, making it only the second race on the NASCAR schedule to be named for a corporate sponsor (the Motor Trend 500 at Riverside being the first). In 1968 the Permatex 300 was shifted from the Modifieds division to the newly organized NASCAR Late Model Sportsman Division. In 1982, the Late Model Sportsman Division was reorganized into the modern day NASCAR Xfinity Series, and the race was sponsored by Goody's for several years.

Incidents
In the 1970s and early 1980s, the race was often ridiculed and exploited by local media for its frequent crashes and massive pileups. Several major accidents and fires over the years were blamed on the low level of experience by several of the drivers, and the older equipment used. The level of prestige held by the event, along with the relatively large purses, attracted numerous independent and one-off entries, contributing to the inexperience of drivers in the field.

By the time the race had become part of a NASCAR touring series race, NASCAR tightened driver eligibility requirements, and the number of incidents has drastically been reduced. Under current NASCAR rules, drivers must be cleared to race at Daytona, Talladega (added to the second tier series in 1992), and Atlanta (after 2022 circuit changes) requiring enough experience at intermediate tracks to be cleared by NASCAR to participate at Daytona. Drivers who intend to run the 300 or the Truck Series NextEra Energy 250 will enter other lower-tier shorter support races, whether it was the former Dash Series race (which ended after 2004—it used less powerful cars) or until 2020, the ARCA race the week prior to gain NASCAR clearance, especially if a driver has turned 18 after the preceding October Talladega Camping World Truck Series race (the ARCA race was moved to the Xfinity race day in 2021). NASCAR will also require the driver first test in the January ARCA test at Daytona if they will turn 18 prior to the ARCA race or any national series race they intend to enter at Daytona or Talladega during a season before they are allowed to participate in an ARCA, Truck, or Xfinity race at either circuit and there are no intermediate tracks beforehand. (Drivers must be 18 to participate in any NASCAR national series race on a track 1.366 miles or longer; 16 and 17 year old drivers may enter a Truck race on shorter tracks.)

Inclement weather also plagued many early runnings.

The 1960 race is notable for having the largest pileup in NASCAR history. On the first lap, 37 cars crashed in turn four (out of a starting field of 68).

In 1981 and 2004, the race started on Saturday, but was halted by rain, and finished Monday, the day after the Daytona 500. The 1969 race was red flagged three times for rain and also saw the fatal crash involving Don MacTavish, which his whole front of the car ripped off.

The 1979 running was shortened by rain and won by Darrell Waltrip. A brutal crash erupted off Turn Two where fire exploded from the Preacher Cox Mercury of Joe Frasson; driver Don Williams was gravely injured in the crash and would die ten years later from the incident.

The 2013 race featured two large accidents. With five laps remaining, Michael Annett and Austin Dillon collided and a multi-car crash erupted in the first turn. The race was halted as a red flag was given to clean up the debris. Annett was hospitalized overnight after sustaining bruises on his chest, but was released the following day in time for the Daytona 500, but was ruled out for the following race at Phoenix because of a sternum injury. Following the red flag the race had two laps remaining. Regan Smith and Brad Keselowski moved into the lead on the final lap, but off the fourth turn, Keselowski turned Smith into the wall head on, causing the field to pile in. Kyle Larson had the most significant impact, as his No.32 Chevrolet flew into the tri-oval catch fence, causing its nose to snag a crossover gate, which tore open. The force of the collision dug the engine in, ripping it out of the car. The car's entire front half disintegrated and one front wheel lodged onto the engine and another flew approximately ten rows into the grandstand, injuring 30 spectators (two in critical condition). A total of twelve cars were involved in the crash, but all were unharmed. The two spectators that were seriously injured by the debris from Larson's crash were treated at the nearby Halifax Medical Center and were later released.

In 2015, two cautions in the final forty laps were caused by separate collisions that included eleven cars. In the first collision, Regan Smith's car flipped over once in the tri-oval, while in the second collision, Kyle Busch collided into a concrete wall head on, suffering a fracture in his leg and foot. As a result of his injuries, Busch was forced to miss the first 11 races of the Sprint Cup Series season however he would still manage to win the season championship.

The 2018 race produced the closest finish in any of NASCAR's top three series, when Tyler Reddick edged Elliott Sadler by 0.0004 seconds, making it the closest finish in NASCAR history. Since NASCAR scoring and timing does not measure beyond thousands of a second, the margin of victory was officially listed as 0.000 seconds (with video review which declared Reddick the winner by less than three inches). Analysis after the race by NASCAR timing and scoring officials placed Reddick's margin of victory at 0.0004 seconds. This race also had a record five overtime finishes, extending the race length to 143 laps.

On the final lap of the 2022 Beef. It's What's For Dinner 300 (under the National Livestock and Meat Board sponsorship, the event was also alternatively known as "Beef 300" in NASCAR media), Myatt Snider flipped into the catchfence coming into turn 3 at Daytona International Speedway on February 19, 2022. The driver of the 31 TaxSlayer Chevy walked away from the crash. This gave former NASCAR Camping World Truck Series driver Austin Hill his first career NASCAR Xfinity Series win.

Participation by Cup Series drivers
Since its inception, due to its prestige and prominent position on the Speedweeks calendar, the race has long attracted NASCAR Cup Series regulars. NASCAR Cup Series regulars have dominated the race since 1981, winning all but nine runnings. Notable Cup regulars who have won the race multiple times include Dale Earnhardt (7 wins), Tony Stewart (7), Darrell Waltrip (5), and Dale Earnhardt Jr. (3).

On four occasions, the driver of the race has gone on to win the Daytona 500, which is typically run on the following day: Bobby Allison (1988), Darrell Waltrip (1989), Dale Earnhardt Jr. (2004), Kevin Harvick (2007).

Because of current NASCAR rules, Cup driver participation has been reduced drastically. A five-race limit per year is in effect, and drivers would want to participate in events that would help them at certain circuits or sponsor's requests. Furthermore, after Kyle Busch's injuries from the 2015 crash, most teams do not want Cup drivers in the Xfinity race at Daytona (they are prohibited from both Talladega races because of bonus race rules in the spring and playoff races in the fall). The last Cup driver to win this race was Chase Elliott in 2016, a Cup Series rookie at the time.

Daytona Beach Road Course

 * 1955: Shortened from 125 kilometers (77.9 miles) due to a large crash and fire on the 17th lap which injured 3 drivers and 3 spectators.

title: Daytona 300


text:
Talk:Imhotep

Im hotep was Joseph, Son of Jacob and Rachel. Sold into Egypt by his jealous brothers. IAM Hotep was a title. He brought peace and prosperity to Egypt, just as it says in the Bible. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.43.207.135 (talk) 14:52, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

Most known information about him is based on hearsay and conjecture.[citation needed]
Surely the nature of the information to follow will qualify the statement without need of citation? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.180.23.41 (talk) 21:25, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Pharaoh
Pharaoh is a much later title, not applicable to old kingdom egyptian emperoros. --ppm 20:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The point is not to use words that were used then, but words that are understood now. Most egyptologists still call them all pharaohs, even Narmer. As do most people in the world at large, so by Wikipedia naming policy, it should be pharaoh.     21:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree with the fourfoldsquiggleman. The other is a technicality. –Hajor 22:02, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Is "king" a word not understood now? If we insist on using an ancient egyptian word not used now, it should be the correct one, otherwise it gives a false impression of authenticity. --ppm 18:53, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The word "king" is not really used much in the context of ancient egypt, not even for Narmer, wheras "pharaoh" is. Whether or not it is technically accurate.     21:33, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Valley of the Kings is a weird exception. Octaazacubane (talk) 03:08, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

Biblical words are fascinating, ain't they?--ppm 18:27, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * El certainly is.     19:07, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Added bit about Imhotep's tomb. I do have a book about the whole search and imhotep in general, but couldn't find it. It also is not really my expertise. Anyone want to expand on this? Garion96 21:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Imhotep's tomb is empty, because the Israelites took Joseph's mummy with them on the Great Exodus, when they crossed the divided Red Sea. The Bible is our oldest history book. 66.43.207.135 (talk) 15:00, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

 * It's my guess that Imhotep wasn't native to Egypt and hence was not buried there. But my reasons for such a guess are theologicaly based. I'm not an Egyptologist of any kind so take it with a grain of salt. But it would, in my view, explain why such a celebrated man's postmortum whearabouts are so hard to pin down in a culture that's renowned for making i's renowned renowned in death, and doing such in a glorified physical location such as one of the many grand tombs Egypt is known for among the average joe and/or jane in modern western civilization.

 * unsigned by anon

Almost all Egyptologists consider Imhotep to be native, or Nubian. The problem with the early period is that SO MUCH has yet to be discovered that we know very little, mostly only rumours, and hearsay, that was transmitted down the centuries. We don't know where the biblical Joseph is buried either, nor do we know the site of the tombs of King David or of Solomon. At least even the most critical scholars believe Imhotep really existed. --Victim of signature fascism 22:56, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Well...
The website that is in the fringe theories section seems to be very inaccurate, as I have looked up other websites for Imhotep on Google and NONE of the websites give the information that the website in the section has, which makes me think that they were just making stuff up to inflate the theory. Therefore, I believe that the link should be removed. Therealmikelvee 19:28, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

207.118.9.58 04:38, 7 November 2006 (UTC)There have been television documentaries on the theory that Imhotep was Joseph. These oddly enough include information regarding Imhotep's tomb, which the article says has never been found.

Cultural Impact
Regarding an item in the "Cultural Impact" section: Boris Karloff's character in the original Mummy film was Imhotep, not Kharis. Universal did make several movies about a mummy named Kharis, but the Boris Karloff film wasn't one of them. The name Kharis was introduced in the later films, in contrast to the way the article has it. --Frank

 * Since the Cultural Impact section was correctly tagged as a trivia section, but since the trivia was all about other uses for the name "Imhotep," I moved it all to Imhotep (disambiguation) and cleaned it up. Others may want to clean it up further there.
 * Fredwords 02:00, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The 2016 board game Imhotep is named after the ancient Egyptian architect. https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/191862/imhotep96.49.156.222 (talk) 00:25, 4 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Added in for you. Ckruschke (talk) 14:49, 9 January 2017 (UTC)Ckruschke

Request IP ban
I edited a comment added by this IP "189.156.152.2" since he/she edited the article to include several profanities in spanish. Im kinda new at wikipedia, but shouldn't that IP be baned? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Krasno (talk • contribs).
 * Responded on editor's talk. Garion96 (talk) 09:29, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

How was the I in Imhotep pronounced?
How was the "I" in "Imhotep" pronounced. Was it the short i sound as in bill and pick? It would be reasonably accurate to say something like "i(short)y-em-hotep Pamour (talk) 13:40, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Actually, nobody really knows with completely certainty how any ancient languages were pronounced. In the case of Afro-Asiatic languages, the vowels were not written (if you were a fluent speaker, you knew what they should be), as is still the case in Hebrew and Arabic inter alia today. Egyptologists learned the consonantal values by comparing personal names written in hieroglyphs to the same names written in Greek, and by searching for cognates in other languages. The vowels used to make Egyptian names pronounceable are little more than guesses, based on data from 1000–3000 years after Imhotep's time. So we know his name was imḥtp (is the dotted ḥ pharyngeal?); the i is a semivowel which could be pronounced like the English consonant y or like the i in machine. The lead sentence in the article shows a number of guesses for the vowels: different scholars differ. ''' '' Solo Owl '' ''' (talk) 17:23, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

Comment on Content: Age of Imhotep
I don't know how long he lived, but currently the article has him living to be a total of 19 years.
 * Yeah, that looks like a mistake. I removed it. Thanks, Garion96 (talk) 23:25, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Pharaoh
I agree with PPM above.

The Ancient Egyptians didn't call their kings Pharaohs until well into the New Kingdom... over a thousand years later.

Over a thousand years.

See the wiki entry Pharaoh. It was a title in a letter to Aknenaten and only LATER than THIS became a title for a king. Much later.

I do not believe it serves any good purpose to universally use the term Pharaoh as King. It creates the impression that kings in the Old Kingdom were Pharaohs. They were not. Imhotep did not serve a Pharaoh. Zoser (Djoser) was not a Pharaoh. The biblical Pharaoh was a thousand years (or more) later. People will come here and see this entry and believe that Pharaoh is correct. It is not.

And it isn't just a technicality.

I think it should say "King."

King is a better word. King is not the ancient word, it is a good, understandable word used and understood now. I'm not suggesting that we use an archaic and unknown Egyptian word (to be technically accurate). I'm suggesting that we use a conceptual word. King.

PPM is 100% correct

To use the word Pharaoh is to substitute a general conceptual word (King) with a title, which is WHOLLY inaccurate. Isn't wiki supposed to be a source of truth?

Hank01 22:19, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

=Interesting, but the word King is not Egyptian/Khemetic. We should use the original name, whatever that was. 68.173.189.62 (talk) 14:14, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

Question about the glyph order for Imhotep's name.
-BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1

- From a link that I found I believe the glyphs for Imhotep are reversed? http://www.ancient-egypt.org/glossary/people/imhotep.html It demonstrates the order of the glyphs on a stone referencing Imhotep in reverse order.

No expert here... so I defer to those who understand the writing.

-BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE- Version: GnuPG v1.4.7 (MingW32) - WinPT 1.2.0

iD8DBQFH06JIAS9dxxA237oRAjmvAJ9G6bt+uyE8tEN52eoL/7mH2+6KlwCeILf7 0TG5S9iWlrmAycxR7+mNVaI= =PWMH -END PGP SIGNATURE- Gnu invivo (talk) 08:45, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Well that was annoying... apparently we can't use GNUPG signed messages without wikipedia's browser-based editor messing them up? The ability to use GNUPG to encrypt and sign messages accurately so that the code can be accurately copied and pasted needs to be added to wikipedia.

This would permit encoded/signed or signed/encrypted contents for a page to be shared with less errors encoded and all changes (errors and corrections) could be preserved and verifiable by the author(s)/collaborator(s) so their work is passed on to others more reliably.

To whom do I report this "bug" (the obligatory GNUPG dashes and spacing gets altered with a wikipedia submission)?

I fail to understand how a string of tildes compares to a true GNUPG signed message. Certainly both could be used I suppose. However, I do respect the notion of preserving the ability of anonymous contributors to make changes. Being able to collaborate with trusted partners on parts of wikipedia by encrypting code to each other (or groups of collaborators) would permit a more reliable product that could also be contributed to by "untrusted"/anonymous readors and collaborators.

Respectfully yours,

GNUPG PUBLIC KEY ID: 1036DFBA NOTE: I do not correspond via the internet and e-mail in unencrypted form with anyone who does not have a public key. You may reply to me at my gmail account. Gnu invivo (talk) 09:13, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

--Klausok (talk) 12:50, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The order is the same. Hieroglyphs are read so that you meet the characters face on. In the hieroglyphs produced by Wikipedia, the characters (most obviously the owl) face left, so the characters are to be read left to right. In the text the link leads to, the characters face right, indicating that they are to be read right to left. Right to left is most common in ancient inscriptions.

Fringe theories
I'm sure the above is all very interesting to those who want to believe thee sorts of things, but Wikipedia has policies on only using reliable sources and not promoting fringe views. I'm afraid there's no way that content fits in this article. DreamGuy (talk) 14:53, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Note, I've deleted "all the above" as it was simply a fringe editor (see User talk:Drnhawkins pushing his pov as though this was a forum, which it is not. It's still in the history if anyone really wants to see it. Dougweller (talk) 07:56, 23 December 2012 (UTC)

You cannot find a more reliable source than the Bible. Read Genesis Chapters 37-50. --Drnhawkins (talk) 16:22, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The Bible is a religious document, not a historical one. Sorry. There may be historical accounts in it, but we can not use it as a whole as a record of history. Lady  of  Shalott  17:27, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Or alleged historical accounts anyway... DreamGuy (talk) 16:00, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Good point. Lady  of  Shalott  16:28, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I have to agree with the above. In academia, the reliability of the Bible, the Old Testament or Jewish Bible in particular, is highly disputed. Please see The Bible and history for a discussion of the subject. As such, citing the Bible without other independent reliable sources would be basically dealing with a fringe theory, as per WP:FT. We try not to give too much space to such theories in the main article of any subject. On that basis, including any content related to Joseph, whose historical existence independent of the Bible has to the best of my knowledge never been substantiated, in this article would be at best unlikely. This is not to say that independent articles on various books dealing with the subject could not be created if they met WP:NOTABILITY and WP:RS, but it would probably be unlikely that more than perhaps a link to such articles, were they to exist, would exist in any article of this type, as it would be giving too much weight to what is in the academic world not considered a particularly reliable source. John Carter (talk) 17:51, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * P.S. This is not to single out that document. The same would be said if you were trying to use the Qu'ran, Bhagatav-Gita Bhagavad Gita, Tao, etc. Lady  of  Shalott  17:30, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * (edit conflict)Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia reporting what reliable and verifiable sources say about a subject. On Wikipedia you can use the Bible, or rather a specific translation, as a source for what the Bible says. You can't use it as a source for historical claims (and, as I am sure you know, a lot of well qualified Christian academics, let alone non-Christian academics, would not agree that they are a reliabel historical source for anything like the time period you suggest, but that's another issue). Further to that, you need to read our policy on original research at WP:OR - what you have written above is original research and belongs neither in the article or indeed on this discussion page. Such edits are subject to removal and in fact I've left them there only out of courtesy to you. I'm not going to get into a discussion about it because that would be more original research, this time by me, and still wouldn't belong here. Ron Wyatt is not a reliable source by Wikipedia standards (and a number of Christian Creationists would say the same, which again I am sure you know). He could be used as a source in his own article for what he wrote, of course. You might be happier on Conservapedia which doesn't have the same standards as Wikipedia. And, as Lady Shallott wrote above while I was writing this edit, we aren't singling out any religion's sacred texts and treating them differently from others, the policies and guidelines are the same for all of them. Dougweller (talk) 17:34, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * If you are here to push what the Bible says or a particulr interpretation of what the Bible says (since so many people disagree on what it means) that you adhere to, then you are clearly violating Wikipedia's core principles of WP:NPOV, WP:RS and WP:NOT, among others. Any edits you make to any article to advance such a cause will be removed on sight by any number of editors. DreamGuy (talk) 16:00, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The Bible is a very accurate source about what the Bible says. Regardless, the Bible does not mention Imhotep at all and your attempt to link him to Joseph is a textbook example of original research. Edward321 (talk) 14:19, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Film character
I added a link to a page about the film character Imhotep--it seems odd not to mention that the historical figure is the namesake of a major popular culture icon, kind of like not noting that Vlad Tepes is the inspiration for Count Dracula. Nareek (talk) 18:14, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

Incorrect Reference
While looking up some of these references, I noticed that reference #10 does not exist as cited. A search on PubMed/Medline also revealed no such article by this author.

^ Mostafa Shehata, MD (2004), "The Father of Medicine: A Historical Reconsideration", J Med Ethics 12, p. 171-176 [176]. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nuprin (talk • contribs) 23:29, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Try Google Scholar. The full English name of the journal is Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics, Law and History (ISSN: 1303-4332). Here is a link to the abstract (and the name in Turkish): http://tipetigi.turkiyeklinikleri.com/abstract_35025.html I have not seen the paper itself, but the abstract asserts, "The original home of medical science is Egypt and not Greece". (An unobjectionable statement — Imhotep and his colleagues flourished more than a millenium before the Greeks took up writing.) Someone with access to medical literature might want to vet this article to see if it adds anything useful to the discussion; if it does, amend the citation and restore it. (The abstract describes Shehata as an otolaryngolist in Egypt. Google links to some pieces he has written on the history of Arab medicine.) ''' '' Solo Owl '' ''' (talk) 20:45, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

Imhotep/ages
The late Prof. W.B. Emery spent some 50 years looking for the tomb of Imhotep and thought that he was getting close after the discovery of a cache of some mummified animals dedicated to Imhotep.

I'm also very wary of the ages given to some historical individuals. It was always easier to count and record lunar months rather than solar years. After biblical records have gone through translations of say Aramaic, then Hebrew and Greek, the monthly record becomes, in error, fixed as years.

Taking Methusalah as an example, the biblical 999 (months) turned into years then becomes mid 80s at death. A fantastic age for such a disease ridden period but back within the usual range of human life span. Using this method Egyptian and even biblical characters seem to have normal human life spans. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.93.199.154 (talk) 09:34, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

Wouldn't it be easier just to say that ages, sizes, numbers of enemies vanquished, etc., tend to get exagerrated in the ancient stories of all cultures? ''' '' Solo Owl '' ''' (talk) 17:41, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

Confusing
In the Legacy section, it says: "Imhotep was also identified with Thoth, the Egyptian god of writing, education, literacy and scribes through the Greco-Roman Period." I think this need clarifying and explaining as it really doesn't make sense. "Identified with Thoth" in what way and by who? It also needs sourcing to a reliable source, otherwise it really just looks like someone's original research. I'm going to remove the sentence for now. If someone restores it, can they please explain what it means and provide a cite? Thanks. 124.181.221.245 (talk) 01:29, 28 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Also, the quotes in that section need to be properly sourced to reliable and verifiable sources. Writing "According to the Encyclopedia Britannica" and "says Sir William Osler" is not sufficient for sourcing. You need to provide a full and complete citation so the information can be checked and verified by other editors as well as readers. 124.181.221.245 (talk) 01:37, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Imhotep, oldest known bearer of the papyrus scroll.
Imhotep is the oldest known bearer of the papyrus scroll, suggesting that Imhotep was (very likely) the inventor of the papyrus scroll. If Imhotep himself was not the actual inventor of the papyrus scroll, he certainly was a notable personality in the invention process or contributed significantly to its improvement. Imhotep is the oldest known personality who handled the papyrus scroll. We do not know of any humans older than Imhotep who handled the papyrus scroll.

Descriptions of Imhotep by James Henry Breasted et. al :

"In priestly wisdom, in magic, in the formulation of wise proverbs; in medicine and architecture; this remarkable figure of Zoser's reign left so notable a reputation that his name was never forgotten. He was the patron spirit of the later scribes, to whom they regularly poured out a libation from the water-jug of their writing outfit before beginning their work." '

'Imhotep extracted medicine from plants.'

'Imhotep was portrayed as a priest with a shaven head, seated and holding a papyrus roll. Occasionally he was shown clothed in the archaic costume of a priest.'

'Of the details of his life, very little has survived though numerous statues and statuettes of him have been found. Some show him as an ordinary man who is dressed in plain attire. Others show him as a sage who is seated on a chair with a roll of papyrus on his knees or under his arm. Later, his statuettes show him with a god like beard, standing, and carrying the ankh and a scepter.'

'He is represented seated with a papyrus scroll across his knees, wearing a skullcap and a long linen kilt. We can interpret the papyrus as suggesting the sources of knowledge kept by scribes in the "House of Life". The headgear identifies Imhotep with Ptah, and his priestly linen garment symbolizes his religious purity.' — Preceding unsigned comment added by Okoloko (talk • contribs) 23:41, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

 * This is incorrect. The oldest known papyrus scroll dates to 3000 BC, the first dynasty. And that's just the first papyrus roll we know about. The invention of papyrus and the papyrus scrolls likely dates back to a much earlier time (likely pre-dynastic). There is an uninscribed roll found in a tomb which dates to the reign of a king from the First dynasty of Egypt. So Imhotep had nothing to do with the invention of papyrus, scrolls, etc. And I don't see anything in what you mention above that indicates anyone else thinks Imhotep invented papyrus. A description mentioning Imhotep was depicted with a scroll does not mean much. And it should be noted that many of the depictions of Imhotep date to a period much later than the reign of Djoser.
 * See for instance The evolution of the book by Frederick G. Kilgour, Oxford University Press, 1998, p 28-29 link --AB (talk) 01:02, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

All pronunciations of Himotep
Tell me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.44.86.92 (talk) 16:51, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Nobody really knows exactly how to pronounce ancient languages. Sorry about that. (It bothers me, too.) See my comment above. ''' '' Solo Owl '' ''' (talk) 20:48, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

Another article mentions Joseph as Imhotep. Interested in reviewing it?
I removed the worst of it and tagged the rest dubious. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven#Divine_right_in_other_countries

My edit summary: (→Divine right in other countries: Removed mention of Joseph, who was not a pharaoh. Marked the rest with Template:dubious. If Imhotep was not a pharaoh, does his inspiration count as a mandate of heaven?)

Sorry that this is all I can do. Thanks! --Geekdiva (talk) 09:00, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

 * No problem, I've just deleted it. It's a biblical story that was being presented as fact. And what do dreams do with the Mandate of Heaven anyway? Also added a fact tag - do Celtic societies have an equivalent? Thanks for mentioning it here. Dougweller (talk) 09:40, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

"new" sources
I took this bibliography from we need to rebuild this page with better sources J8079s (talk) 01:22, 29 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Cormack, Maribelle. Imhotep: Builder in Stone. New York: Franklin Watts, 1965. A simply and imaginatively written account of Imhotep's development and achievements as an architect. Part of a series called Immortals of Engineering. Contains an outline of the chronology of Egyptian history from 3200 B.C. to A.D. 640 and an index.
 * Dawson, Warren R. Magician and Leech: A Study in the Beginnings of Medicine with Special Reference to Ancient Egypt. London: Methuen, 1929. A short account of Egyptian medicine, based on the study of the Egyptian papyruses relating to medicine and on the study of techniques of mummification. Contains illustrations and index.
 * Garry, T. Gerald. Egypt: The Home of the Occult Sciences, with Special Reference to Imhotep, the Mysterious Wise Man and Egyptian God of Medicine. London: John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, 1931. This study by a physician contains a substantial chapter on Imhotep. Outlines the scholarly arguments about the existence of Imhotep. Serves as a brief but useful introduction to the problems of Egyptology.
 * Hurry, Jamieson B. Imhotep: The Vizier and Physician of King Zoser and Afterwards the Egyptian God of Medicine. 2d ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1928; New York: AMS Press, 1978. The single most informative source about Imhotep, this monograph contains a short bibliography, an index, illustrations, and appendices referring to the construction and variants of the name Imhotep, his pedigree as architect, and the statuettes and murals depicting him.
 * Sigerist, Henry E. A History of Medicine. Vol. 1, Primitive and Archaic Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955. Written by one of the most promising historians of medicine (although he did not live to complete the series), this book includes a substantial chapter on ancient Egypt. Contains illustrations, an index, and appendices on histories of medicine, sourcebooks and medical history, museums of medical history, and literature of paleopathology since 1930.
 * I agree. In particular, the first accounts of Imhotep being a healer are from the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt, 2200 years after his death, at the time at which he began to be worshipped as the god of medicine. There is no proof whatsoever that the historical Imhotep was a physician. We know very little about him, considerably less than what is confidently affirmed in this article. Almost all serious Egyptological sources claiming that Imhotep was a physician were written before 1926, the time at which the historicity of Imhotep was verified by the find of a statue pedestal on which Imhotep is mentioned with 8 of his titles. None of these titles mentions that he was a physician. Claims such as that of William Osler (1849-1919), "Imhotep is the real father of medicine", are not tenebale in view of the information that we have today. Unfortunately, these 19th century Egyptological speculations continue to be cited today by non-specialists. Nicolas Perrault (talk) 11:27, 6 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Nicolas Perrault (talk) 20:58, 22 June 2017 (UTC)

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South tomb
During my 1967 visit to south Sakkara the late Professor WB Emery was supervising digs in the area of the Step Pyramid. Prof Emery's life work was to find the tomb of Imhotep and had surmised that it was in the area of the Step Pyramid.

The mysterious South Tomb part of the Step Pyramid has so far apparently defied explanation but in 1967 there was some circumstantial evidence that the South Tomb may have been intended as the final burial place of Imhotep following the earlier style of "contracted" burials.

Has any further information become available about this possibility?AT Kunene 123 (talk) 13:39, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

joseph from the bible
he sounds like he is joseph from the bible. why no mention of this? Meel11223 (talk) 11:30, 11 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Because no reliable sources claim such an equation. They don't seem to have anything in common besides a pale assonance of their names. Imhotep lived almost a thousand years before Joseph's purported office; furthermore, even if most of Imhotep's attestations are posthumous and magnified by later legends, Joseph is academically considered a fictional character from the very start. Khruner (talk) 11:16, 26 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I believe we should consider including this information because there really is a great number of people who believe Imhotep is Joseph. Possibly just a little bit that said something like "Some scholars today identify him as the same exact person as the biblical character Joseph." cheezejack | talk | contributions - 00:39, 10 September 2021 (UTC)
 * scholars? But in any case, it's not in Joseph, and I don't see any point in having such a fringe postion here, it won't add to the article. Doug Weller  talk 09:34, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Imhotep lived before the events of the bible. Octaazacubane (talk) 03:11, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

Was Imhotep a vizier?
My question is pretty well summarized into the headline. Since I was a kid and until few years ago, all I knew about Imhotep was what is basically found in all history books of the first year: he was a vizier and the architect of Djoser's step pyramid, period. Googling imhotep+vizier gives quite an amount of results although this does not mean anything (even if a namesake vizier is attested during the early New Kingdom, but he is a relatively unknown figure). This article does not call him a vizier, yet he appears as such in Vizier (Ancient Egypt). So, I'm looking for at least a reliable source claiming that Imhotep indeed bore the tjati (vizier) title. Khruner (talk) 11:42, 26 May 2019 (UTC)

 * It seems most likely that he didn't actually hold the title of tjati, but many sources that are usually reliable call him a vizier anyway. The best sources of information I found are Dietrich Wildung's book Egyptian Saints, which includes a chapter on Imhotep and specifies the contemporary inscriptions naming him, and Toby Wilkinson's Early Dynastic Egypt, which includes the Third Dynasty and looks closely at the organization of the royal administration. It seems that Imhotep's titles were: royal seal-bearer, sometimes translated as chancellor, which was the position that headed the treasury; jrj-pꜤt, or "member of the elite"; wr-m3(w), "greatest of seers", which in later times referred to the high priest of Ra at Heliopolis but may not have originally meant that; chief lector priest; and "chief of the sculptors, of the masons and of the producers of stone vessels". So he was one of the highest officials in Djoser's court, but he does not seem to be called tjati. If he were, one would expect these sources to mention it. The title of tjati certainly existed in Imhotep's time, as the earliest texts to use the word, which apply it to a man called Menka, were actually found under the Step Pyramid complex. These texts are often thought to date to the mid-Second Dynasty, but Wilkinson raises the possibility that the position was created in Djoser's reign to manage the greater organizationsl effort that was required to build the Step Pyramid. In that case I assume Menka would have been Djoser's vizier. So it seems unwise to call Imhotep a vizier, even if many Egyptological sources carelessly do so. A. Parrot (talk) 03:25, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot, just as I expected. This is enough for removing any mention of Imhotep being a vizier. The problem may arise if someone will add the title by using one of the sources mentioned by you. The only solution would then be finding a source explicitly pointing out that Imhotep is often referred to as vizier although there is no evidence of this. Khruner (talk) 12:17, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Lead: "Today, outside the Egyptological community, he is referred to as a polymath,[2] poet,[3] judge,[3] engineer,[4] magician, scribe,[4] astronomer,[5] astrologer,[5] and especially a physician;
This isn't discussed in the article and I'm not at all sure about all of the sources. Anthony C. Pickett for instance was a student at Howard University when he wrote that. Doug Weller  talk  —Preceding undated comment added 05:34, 19 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Agreed. In fact, none of the sources in that sentence before the phrase "especially a physician" look reliable. Most are experts in medical fields working outside their expertise. I've cut most of that sentence, limiting it to what I could reliably source at short notice. A. Parrot (talk) 03:08, 20 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Outside the Egyptological community, the idea that Imhotep was a polymath is widespread. I suspect most readers that are not specialists coming to this page will falsely think of Imhotep as a physician and polymath, if they have heard of him. So did I before I researched the subject. I in fact wrote this sentence some years ago when I reworked the article. Before this work, the article presented the myth that Imhotep was a polymath as fact. I kept a number of these unreliable sources and added some more to give the reader an idea of how Imhotep is viewed outside the Egyptological community. The idea in this sentence was not to give reliable Egyptological sources (as indicated by the phrase "outside the Egyptological community"), but rather to warn the reader of being careful when reading on Imhotep. I guess you could argue this is original research. But I very much felt the article needed to acknowledge the chasm between how Imhotep is seen by non-specialists (genius polymath) and by the Egyptological community (chancellor, priest, and architect). Egyptologists base their conception of Imhotep on the 1926 discovery of the contemporary inscriptions mentioning him. But the obsolete speculations of 19th century historians and physicians (such as those brought up in the next section of this talk page) live on fiercely in the minds of the public. Nicolas Perrault (talk) 23:30, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

1st Physician
The main Wikipedia article regarding Imhotep makes the erroneous point that: Imhotep was not a physician. The article is incorrect.

The First Physician: Sir William Osler described Imhotep as ‘the first figure of a physician to stand out clearly from the mists of antiquity’. His medical practices deviated from the use of magic and prayer that other Egyptian healers used and were remarkably advanced for the time.

Although there are no confirmed writings by Imhotep, the famous Edwin Smith papyrus, named after the dealer who bought it in 1862, is considered by many to have originally been written by him. This ancient text is the oldest known written manual of surgery and trauma and describes 48 cases of wounds, fractures, dislocations, and tumours. Among the treatments described are suturing of wounds, splinting, bandaging, managing infections with honey and resins and the use of raw meat for the purpose of haemostasis. Immobilisation was advised for lower limb fractures and spinal cord injuries and it also describes reasonably detailed anatomical and physiological descriptions. 68.173.189.62 (talk) 14:05, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Our article on the Edwin Smith Papyrus says "Authorship of the Edwin Smith Papyrus is debated. The majority of the papyrus was written by one scribe, with only small sections copied by a second scribe. The papyrus ends abruptly in the middle of a line, without any inclusion of an author. It is believed that the papyrus is an incomplete copy of an older reference manuscript from the Old Kingdom, evidenced by archaic grammar, terminology, form and commentary. James Henry Breasted speculates - but emphasises that this is pure conjecture based on no evidence - that the author might be Imhotep, an architect, high priest, and physician of the Old Kingdom, 3000–2500 BCE. "

 * A 19th century physician is hardly an authoritative source compared to James Peter Allen who we quote in the article. Doug Weller  talk 14:52, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Its also just his opinion which carries essentially no weight considering his overall lack of notability. Ckruschke (talk) 18:25, 29 July 2019 (UTC)Ckruschke
 * All speculations of who Imhotep was that were written before 1926 (when the inscriptions from his lifetime describing who he was were discovered) are obsolete and should not be used as references. The very quote from Osler that you are giving used to be part of the article to show what was believed pre-1926. Nicolas Perrault (talk) 22:47, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

tomb location
I'm really puzzled by " among the few non-royal Egyptians who were deified after their deaths, and until the 21st century, he was one of nearly a dozen non-royals to achieve this status". 21st century seems oddly specific because its modern times. Prompts the question are they still deifying ancient Egyptians ? Hmcst1 (talk) 06:22, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * That puzzled me as well. I've tagged it for clarification. Schazjmd   (talk)  13:07, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imhotep


text:
File:The Reverse of the Medal cover.jpg

Cover image from the novel The Reverse of the Medal

Fair use rationale
It is believed in good faith that the use of a low-resolution image of this book cover, to identify the book in question, in the article about that book (The Reverse of the Medal) and the Aubrey-Maturin series, constitutes fair use on the English Wikipedia. It is being provided for educational use only, at a resolution too low to allow accurate reproduction of the book cover, and is believed not to diminish the value of the copyright in the material.Dabbler 14:53, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

title: File:The Reverse of the Medal cover.jpg


text:
Turkey at the 2005 Mediterranean Games

Turkey (listed as TUR) participated in the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería, Spain. With one hundred female and one hundred ninety-six male athletes participating, Turkey garnered seventy-three medals, marking this as its most successful participation in an international multi-sport gaming event in its history.

Archery
Men's individual
 * Mehmet Darılmaz - 14th place
 * Doğan Gürsel - 7th place
 * Okyay Tunc Küçükkayalar - 11th place

Women's individual
 * Derya Bard Sarıaltın Bronze medal
 * Damla Günay - 14th place
 * Zekiye Keskin Şatır - 11th place

Women's team
 * Derya Bard Sarıaltın, Damla Günay, Zekiye Keskin Şatır – defeated Italy by 236-232 - Silver medal

Artistic gymnastics

 * Göksu Üçtaş
 * Ebru Karaduman

Athletics
Men's
 * İsmail Aslan 100 m, 200 m
 * Tuncay Örs 400 m Hurdles – 52.55' – 8th place
 * Selahattin Çobanoğlu 800 m
 * Ramazan Çuğlan 1500 m
 * Halil Akkaş 3000 m Steeplechase
 * Abdülkadir Türk Half marathon – 1:08:10.00 - 9th place
 * Ercüment Olgundeniz Discus throw 59.16 m - Bronze medal
 * Eşref Apak Hammer throw – 77.88 m -  Gold medal
 * Ferhat Çiçek Long jump  – 7.50 m – 11th place
 * Ferhat Çiçek Triple jump  – 16.03 m – 11th place
 * Fatih Yazıcı Shot put

Men's handicap
 * Ömer Cantay 1500 m wheelchair 3:30.94 – 6th place

Women's
 * Saliha Memiş 100 m - 12.09' 13th place at the semifinals
 * Esen Kızıldağ 100 m Hurdles  13.97' – 7th place
 * Birsen Bekgöz 200 m - 24.33' 9h place at the semifinals, 400 m Hurdles - 50.03' 14th place at the semifinals
 * Pınar Saka 400 m – 54.75 – 7th place
 * Özge Gürler 400 m Hurdles - 58.24' 11th place at the semifinals
 * Anzhela Atroshchenko, Birsen Bekgöz, Özge Gürler, Saliha Memiş, Pınar Saka 4 × 100 m Relay – 45.93' – 6th place
 * Anzhela Atroshchenko, Birsen Bekgöz, Özge Gürler, Saliha Memiş, Pınar Saka, Binnaz Uslu 4 × 400 m Relay – 3:40.75' - Bronze medal
 * Binnaz Uslu 800 m – 2:02.68' - Bronze medal
 * Türkan Bozkurt Erişmiş Half marathon – 1:17:56.00 - 5th place
 * Yeliz Ay 20 km Walk - not finished
 * Candeğer Kılınçer Oğuz  High jump – 1.82 m – 5th place
 * Filiz Kadoğan Shot put  16.45 m - 5th place
 * Anzhela Atroshchenko Heptathlon (100 m Hurdles: 14.15' – 4th place -, 200 m: 25.26' 4th ace, 800 m: 2:16.61' – 4th place, High jump: 1.70 m – 5th place, Javelin throw: 40.73 m – 4th place, Long jump: 6.17 m – 3rd place, Shot put: 13.22 m – 3rd place) - 5,870p - Bronze medal

Basketball
Men
 * Ender Arslan, Fırat Aydemir, Volkan Çetintahra, Hüseyin Demiral, Ermal Kurtoğlu, Reha Öz, Barış Özcan, Cevher Özer, Valentin Pastal, Kaya Peker, Kerem Tunçeri, Erkan Veyseloğlu - 4th place

Women
 * Gülşah Akkaya, Korel Engin, Yasemin Horasan, Şaziye İvegin, Arzu Özyiğit, Esmeral Tunçluer, Birsel Vardarlı, Nilay Yiğit, Aylin Yıldızoğlu, Nevriye Yılmaz, Serap Yücesır, Müjde Yüksel Gold medal

Beach volleyball
Men
 * Semih Çıtak, Mehmet Akif Gürgen, Bülent Kandemir, Erkan Togan

Women
 * Ebru Bayram, Nejla Güçlü, Zülfiye Gündoğdu, Müjgan Keskin

Boxing

 * Abdülkadir Koçak Light flyweight (48 kg) Bronze medal
 * Atagün Yalçınkaya Flyweight (51 kg) Gold medal
 * Serdar Avcı Bantamweight (54 kg) Bronze medal
 * Yakup Kılıç Featherweight (57 kg) Bronze medal
 * Selçuk Aydın Lightweight (60 kg) Silver medal
 * Önder Şipal Super lightweight (64 kg) Bronze medal
 * Bülent Ulusoy Welterweight (69 kg) Gold medal
 * Savaş Kaya Middleweight (75 kg) Silver medal
 * İhsan Yıldırım Tarhan Light heavyweight (81 kg) Silver medal
 * Kurban Günebakan Super heavyweight (+91 kg)

Canoe, flat
Men's
 * Akın Ağzer Çiçek K1 500 m
 * Fırat Akça K1 1000 m
 * Gökhan Bahadır, Tolga Turan K2 500 m
 * Abdurrahman Demir, Murat Zeki Güçlü K2 1000 m

Women's
 * İclal Maviş K1 500 m
 * Gamze Togay K1 500 m K1 1000 m

Cycling, road
 Individual time trial
 * Kemal Küçükbay – 13th place
 * Mehmet Mutlu – 15th place

 Road race
 * M. Mustafa Karaselek
 * Kemal Küçükbay
 * Mustafa Maral
 * Mehmet Mutlu
 * Orhan Şahin
 * Behçet Usta

Equestrian
Individual jumping
 * Sencer Can
 * İhsan Sencer Horasan
 * Hulki Karagülle
 * İskender Pisak
 * Ata Zorlu

Team jumping
 * Sencer Can, Sencer Horasan, Hulki Karagülle, Ata Zorlu

Fencing
Men's individual épée
 * Ulaş Barış Badoğlu

Men's individual foil
 * Adnan Özsanat
 * Utku Uluşahin

Men's individual sabre
 * Erdoğan Kızıldağ
 * Kerem Seyfi Yıldırım

Women's individual épée
 * Emel Işık

Women's individual foil
 * Ilgın Güçlüer
 * Tuğba Nilay Güngör

Football
Men
 * Volkan Babacan, Can Arat, Cafercan Aksu, Ertan Aktepe, Serhat Akyüz, Serkan Atak, Bulut Basmaz, İbrahim Dağaşan, Emre Hamzaoğlu, Bekir Irtegun, Ramazan Kahya, Doğa Kaya, Serdar Kurtuluş, Muhammet Reis, Soner Sakarya, Feridun Sungur, Arda Turan, Sezgin Yılmaz – lost to Spain by 0-1 - Silver medal

Golf
Men's Individual
 * Mustafa Hocaoğlu – 295p- 5th place
 * Gencer Özcan – 299p- 6th place
 * Hamza Hakan Sayın – 294p - Bronze medal

Team
 * Mustafa Hocaoğlu, Gencer Özcan, Hamza Hakan Sayın – 583p - Silver medal

Women's Individual
 * Nejla Gerçek – 316p – 9th place
 * Zakire Korkmaz – 336p – 17th place
 * Elçin Ulu – 331p – 15th place

Team
 * Nejla Gerçek, Zakire Korkmaz, Elçin Ulu – 641p – 4th place

Handball
Men
 * Şevket Altuğ, Şenol Boyar, Oğuzhan Büyük, İbrahim Demir, Ramazan Döne, Bülent Erkol, Cavit Eyövge, Okan Halay, Enis Kahya, Volga Karslıoğlu, Ümit Kırkayak, Taner Öymen, Hüseyin Pamuk, Ömer Savaş, Okan Yalçıner, Yasin Yüzbaşıoğlu

Women
 * Sevda Akbulut, Güneş Atabay, Duygu Aydoğan, Asiye Çelik, Sevilay İmamoğlu, Serpil İskenderoğlu, Eda Maden, Seda Maden, Gonca Nahçıvanlı, Melda Deniz Olcay, Yeliz Özel, Esra Sarı, Serpil Soylu, Nergis Türkay, Ceren Üstün, Yeliz Yılmaz – 5th place

Judo
Men's
 * Halil İbrahim Uzun -60 kg – 4th place
 * Bektaş Demirel 60–66 kg Bronze medal
 * Sezer Huysuz 66–73 kg Silver medal
 * İrakli Uznadze 73–81 kg
 * Burhan Koçan 81–90 kg Bronze medal
 * Murat Gemalmaz 90–100 kg
 * Selim Tataroğlu +100 kg Gold medal

Women's
 * Neşe Şensoy Yıldız -48 kg Bronze medal
 * Aynur Samat 48–52 kg Silver medal
 * Özge Nur Akyüz 52–57 kg
 * Canan Kastan 57–63 kg
 * Ebru Aktan 63–70 kg
 * Seda Karadağ 73–78 kg Bronze medal
 * Belkıs Zehra Kaya +78 kg Gold medal

Karate
Men's
 * Şevket Baştürk -60 kg Bronze medal
 * Bahattin Kandaz 60–65 kg
 * Haldun Alagas 65–70 kg
 * İsmail Hakkı Şen 70–75 kg
 * Zeynel Çelik 75–80 kg Bronze medal
 * Okay Arpa +80 kg
 * Yusuf Başer Open Bronze medal

Women's
 * Vildan Doğan -50 kg Bronze medal
 * Gülderen Çelik 50–55 kg
 * Esra Sertdemir 55–60 kg
 * Gülcihan Ustaoğlu 60–65 kg Bronze medal
 * Yıldız Aras +65 kg  Silver medal
 * Yıldız Aras Open  Gold medal

Rhythmic gymnastics
All-Around
 * Gizem Oylumlu – 48.275p – 10th place
 * Berfin Serdil Sütcü – 49.425p – 9th place

Rowing
 Men's
 * Hasan Özcan Single sculls
 * Saim Kaya, Saim Kaya Double sculls   Silver medal
 * İhsan Emre Vural, Ahmet Yumrukaya Lightweight coxless pair  Bronze medal
 * Mete Yeltepe Lightweight single sculls   Silver medal
 * Atakan Çolak, Murat Türker Lightweight double sculls

Sailing
 Men's Single-handed Dinghy-Laser
 * Kemal Muslubaş – 96p – 11th place
 * Güray Zümbül – 125p – 13th place

Double-handed Dinghy-470
 * Okan Akdağ, Levent Peynirci – 118p – 12th place
 * Efe Karakaplan, Hakan Karakaplan – 135p – 13th place

Windsurfer - Mistral
 * Koray Ezer – 77p - 7th place

 Women's
 * Ayda Ünver Single-handed Dinghy-Laser – 88p – 9th place

Shooting
Men
 * Yusuf Dikeç 10 m Air pistol – 681p -  Silver medal
 * Aydın Güçlü 10 m Air pistol
 * Halil İbrahim Öztürk 10 m Air rifle – 694.7p (Turkey record)  Bronze medal
 * Halil İbrahim Öztürk  50 m Rifle 3 positions
 * Abdurrahman Akgün 50 m rifle prone - 7th place
 * Murat Şahin 50 m Rifle prone
 * Yusuf Karamuk Skeet
 * Güçhan Olker Skeet
 * Oğuzhan Tüzün Trap – 4th place

Women
 * Saliha Kurteş 10 m Air rifle
 * Nihan Gürer Trap

Swimming
Men's
 * Emre Çelik 100 m Backstroke, 200 m Backstroke
 * Ömer Aslanoğlu 50 m Breaststroke, 100 m Breaststroke
 * Engin Can Eter 50 m Breaststroke, 100 m Breaststroke, 200 m Breaststroke
 * Mert Karşıyakalılar 50 m Butterfly, 100 m Butterfly
 * Onur Uras 50 m Butterfly, 100 m Butterfly, 200 m Butterfly
 * Eren Onurlu 50 m Butterfly, 100 m Freestyle
 * Aytekin Mindan 200 m Freestyle

Men's Handicap S/10
 * İsmet Ayık 100 m Freestyle
 * Mustafa Yılmaz 100 m Freestyle

Women's
 * Gizem Papila 50 m Freestyle
 * Derya Erke 100 m Backstroke – 1:04.84' - 8th place
 * Gülşah Gönenç 200 m Butterfly 2:15.57' Turkey record
 * Özlem Yasemin Taşkın 800 m Freestyle

Table tennis
Men's
 * Halil Hacı Single, Double
 * İrfan Tavukçuoğlu Single, Double

Women's
 * Azize Baş Single, Double
 * Ayşe Şen Single, Double

Tennis
Men's
 * Haluk Akkoyun Single, Double
 * Ergun Zorlu Double
 * Ümit Barış Ergüden Single

Women's
 * Çağla Büyükakçay Single
 * Pemra Özgen Single
 * Çağla Büyükakçay, Pemra Özgen Double lost to Italy by 0-2 - 4th place

Volleyball
Men
 * Hakan Akışık, Osman Babagiray, Orhan Cinoğlu, Arslan Ekşi, Barış Hamaz, Özkan Hayırlı, İzzet C. Kartaltepe, Ulaş Kıyak, İsmail Cem Kurtar, Ömer Laçin, Soner Mezgitçi – lost to Greece by 2-3 - 8th place

Women
 * Elif Ağca, Neslihan Demir, Deniz Hakyemez, Natalia Hanikoğlu, Gülden Kayalar, Eda Erdem, Gözde Kırdar, Aysun Özbek, Özlem Özçelik, Fatma D. Sipahioğlu, Seda Tokatlıoğlu, Bahar Mert – won Greece by 3-0 - Gold medal

Water polo
Men
 * Halil Beşkardeşler, Hakan Çalışır, Emre Coşkun, Orkun Darnel, Can Güven, Yiğithan Hantal, Sezai Kayhan Kızıltan, Oytun Okman, Atilla Sezer, Cahit Sılay, Anıl Sönmez, Michael Taylan, Aytaç Yeğin – 8th place

Weightlifting
Men's
 * Gülbeyi Aktı 56 kg Snatch: 113 kg Gold medal, Clean and jerk: 141 kg Silver medal
 * Sedat Artuç 62 kg Snatch: 126 kg Silver medal, Clean and jerk: 160 kg Gold medal
 * Yasin Arslan 69 kg Snatch:Silver medal
 * Ekrem Celil 69 kg Snatch:Bronze medal, Clean and jerk Gold medal
 * Reyhan Arabacıoğlu 77 kg Clean and jerk: Silver medal
 * Mehmet Yılmaz 77 kg Snatch:Silver medal, Clean and jerk Bronze medal
 * İzzet İnce 85 kg
 * Bünyamin Sudaş 105 kg : Snatch: 178 kg Silver medal, Clean and jerk: 226 kg (MR) Gold medal

Women's
 * Sibel Özkan 48 kg Snatch: 70 kg 4th place, Clean and jerk: 90 kg Silver medal
 * Emine Karademir 53 kg Snatch: 77 kg – 6th place, Clean and jerk: 90 kg – 7th place
 * Nurcan Taylan 53 kg Snatch: 87 kg (MR), Gold medal, Clean and jerk: 108 kg (MR), Gold medal
 * Emine Bilgin 58 kg Snatch: 91 kg - Gold medal, Clean and jerk: 110 kg Bronze medal

Wrestling
Men's Greco-Roman style:
 * Erkan Dündar 55 kg Bronze medal
 * Uğur Tüfenk 60 kg Bronze medal
 * Selçuk Çebi 66 kg Gold medal
 * Mahmut Altay 74 kg Gold medal
 * Serkan Özden 84 kg Silver medal
 * Mehmet Özal 96 kg Bronze medal
 * Yekta Yılmaz Gül 120 kg Silver medal

Men's freestyle
 * Ramazan Demir 55 kg Bronze medal
 * Tevfik Odabaşı 60 kg Silver medal
 * Levent Kaleli 66 kg Bronze medal
 * Fahrettin Özata 74 kg Silver medal
 * Serhat Balcı 84 kg Gold medal
 * Hakan Koç 96 kg Gold medal
 * Aydın Polatçı 120 kg Gold medal

Women's
 * Zeynep Yıldırım 51 kg Silver medal
 * Nadir Uğrun Perçin 59 kg

title: Turkey at the 2005 Mediterranean Games


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User:Goodgerster/MSN

Ben

title: User:Goodgerster/MSN


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User talk:Vanderdien

Please stop creating article about non-existing country you made up yourself. These are and will be deleted quickly anyway, so you are wasting both your and our time. andy 20:31, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vanderdien


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Stad Rotterdam Verzekeringen

Stad Rotterdam Verzekeringen was the name of a Dutch insurance company, later known as ASR Nederland.

History
Stad Rotterdam Verzekeringen (City of Rotterdam Insurance in English) was founded in 1720. Until the merger with Fortis it was the oldest European mainland insurance company, at that time only Lloyd's of London was older. The full name of the original company was "Maatschappij ter discontering ende beleening der Stad Rotterdam anno 1720". In 1997, it changed its name to ASR Nederland when it merged with De Amersfoortse insurance company. ASR representing the first letters of Amersfoort and Stad Rotterdam.

ASR Nederland was taken over by the insurance division of Fortis in 2000, but was re-established as an independent insurance company by the Dutch government after it bailed out Fortis in 2008.

title: Stad Rotterdam Verzekeringen