text:
Talk:Too Much (Spice Girls song)

film
There's also a film called too much, see here: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094164/ dreamcatcher23 22:41, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Too Much (Spice Girls song)


text:
Franz Ruff

Franz Ruff (1906 in Straubing – 1979 in Prien am Chiemsee) was a minor architect during the National Socialist regime in Germany, the son of Ludwig Ruff and responsible for completing the Nuremberg Party Congress Hall after his father's death in 1934. Along with Albert Speer, Paul Ludwig Troost and his father Ludwig Ruff, Ruff is one of the best-known architects of the 'Third Reich', who were entrusted with typical representative buildings and in this respect are considered to have set the style for this period. In 1944, Ruff was on the Gottbegnadeten list of the Reich Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Franz Ruff


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jerome Bruner on Cognitive Development

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Talrias (t | e | c) 16:55, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Jerome Bruner on Cognitive Development
Delete. Bad title, bad structure, looks more like an essay, and it seems to be POV. I think it might also qualify as original research. Toothpaste 15:15, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; this page has been on cleanup since October. It reads more like original research or a Jerome Bruner fanpage than an encyclopedia article, and I'm not sure what could be done to it to improve it.  --Ardonik.talk* 15:25, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 16:15, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and merge anything rescuable into Jerome Bruner. It's not original research, since it's presumably all from secondary sources, but it does look like a school essay. The author should be encouraged to contribute to the existing article on Bruner. — mendel ☎ 16:19, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV and original research. --jonasaurus 21:39, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (and merge salveable bits). Essay. David.Monniaux 22:22, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge whatever is rescuable into Jerome Bruner, then redirect or kill this title. Possibly redirect, to discourage recreation - David Gerard 22:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Polly Wolly Doodle

"Polly Wolly Doodle" is a traditional American children's song. It was sung by Dan Emmett's Virginia Minstrels, who premiered at New York's Bowery Amphitheatre in February 1843, and is often credited to Emmett (1815–1904).

It was known to have been performed by the Yale Glee Club in 1878, and was first published in a Harvard student songbook in 1880.

"Polly Wolly Doodle" appears in the manuscript for Laura Ingalls Wilder's novel, These Happy Golden Years (1943), exactly as it is used in the published version.

The melody of the song, as it is usually sung, formed the basis for Francis Blanche's 1946 song (recorded by Lily Fayol) "Le Gros Bill", Boney M.'s hit "Hooray! Hooray! It's a Holi-Holiday" in 1979, as well as for Alexandra Burke's song "Start Without You". The tune is also found in children's music, including the Sunday school song "O-B-E-D-I-E-N-C-E", "Radio Lollipop" by the German group die Lollipops, and the Barney & Friends songs "Alphabet Soup" (using only the tune of the first verse) and "If I Had One Wish" (which uses both verses).

Notable recordings

 * 1917: Harry C. Browne
 * 1926: Gid Tanner and the Skillet Lickers (as "Polly Wolly Doo")
 * 1939: Carter Family (as "Polly Wolly Doodle All Day")
 * 1940: Shirley Temple
 * 1961: Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs.
 * 1962: Alvin and the Chipmunks on their album The Chipmunk Songbook
 * 1964: Burl Ives
 * 1976: Leon Redbone on his album On the Track
 * 1979: Boney M. (as "Hooray! Hooray! It's a Holi-Holiday")
 * 1979: Baton Baton Mein (as "Uthe sabke Kadam" by Amit Kumar, Pearl, Rajesh Roshan and Yogesh)
 * 1982: Sandra Beech sings "Holi-Holiday" on her record, "Inch by Inch"
 * 1989: Wee Sing Fun 'n' Folk
 * 1991: The Singing Kettle (as "Mice on Ice" on their Christmas Cracker Show video; coincidentally two years later they recorded "Polly Wolly Doodle" with a different tune and set of lyrics for the Adventures in Kettleland video)
 * 2002: VeggieTales on their album on CD, Bob and Larry's Backyard Party
 * 2003: The Cheeky Girls (as "(Hooray, Hooray) It's A Cheeky Holiday")
 * 2009: Alexandra Burke (as "Start Without You")

Appearances in film and television

 * Shirley Temple sings "Polly Wolly Doodle" in the 1935 film The Littlest Rebel.
 * The song is featured in two Frank Capra films: You Can't Take It with You (1938) and Pocketful of Miracles (1961).
 * The song is the theme of the 1938 Donald Duck short film Good Scouts, in which it is played over the opening credits and sung by Donald and his nephews on their march.
 * Clark Gable sings the song while wildcatting in the 1940 film Boomtown.
 * Woody Woodpecker sings the song while driving his car in the opening scene of the 1947 short film Well Oiled.
 * Character actor Frank Puglia sings the song continually (and eventually gets the whole Anderson family to sing along) in the first episode of season three of the TV show Father Knows Best. This episode originally aired 12 September 1956.
 * The song appears towards the end of Sam Peckinpah's 1969 The Wild Bunch, sung by Strother Martin's character, Coffer.
 * Julie Andrews sings the song in the opening faux-musical set piece of S.O.B (1981) and the tune is heard several times throughout the film.
 * Robert Culp sings "Polly Wolly Doodle" in The Greatest American Hero - Season 3, Episode 4 (1982) - The Resurrection of Carlini
 * The Kidsongs kids sing the song in the 1987 video "A Day at the Circus".
 * The Juke Box Puppet Band performs the piece in an episode of Shining Time Station
 * Kimmy Gibbler (Andrea Barber) sings the song in a 1991 episode of Full House.
 * Mr. Hollywood sings the song constantly in episodes of 2 Stupid Dogs.
 * In the Freakazoid Episode, Island of Dr. Mystico, The villains sing the song, poorly, in the plane scene.
 * In the video games Pokémon Red, Green, Blue, and Yellow, as well as the Pokémon: Indigo League anime, the composition "Road to Viridian City Leaving Pallet Town" sounds similar to "Polly Wolly Doodle".
 * The song is played in a get-well card in the Monk season 4 episode "Monk Stays in Bed" (2005).
 * In the Even Stevens episode, “Little Mr. Sacktown”, Beans armpit farts to the tune of “Polly Wolly Doodle".
 * In the video game Red Dead Redemption 2, NPC's can occasionally be heard playing the song on a banjo.

title: Polly Wolly Doodle


text:
Jerry Berman

Jerry Berman (1903, Pikeliai, Kėdainiai, now Lithuania – 1979, Cape Town, South Africa) was a South African engineer. He was a witness of the Holodomor, who left vivid testimonies in his letters to relatives and friends, which are currently kept in the National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide in Kyiv.

Biography
Jerry Berman was born in 1903 in the territory of modern Lithuania in a Jewish family. In 1921 he emigrated to South Africa.

In 1923, he enrolled in the Faculty of Civil Engineering at the University of Cape Town.

From 1932 to 1935, he worked in the Soviet Union, in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, where he witnessed the Holodomor. He described his impressions in letters to his brother Israel, which the latter copied at Jerry's request and sent to several other recipients, including Jerry's friend Meyer Fortes in the UK. At his request, he was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod in Russia, where the food situation was better.

In 1935 he returned to South Africa. He supervised the construction of bridges and roads, achieved a high position in the ministry.

He got married in the 1940s, and a son was born in 1947. He retired in the late 1960s, died in 1979 in Cape Town.

In 2016, Alison Marshall, the granddaughter of Meyer Fortes, found Berman's letters. On the advice of the Ukrainian-British artist and researcher Sara Nesteruk, in 2021 she donated them to the National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide.

title: Jerry Berman


text:
Slavonian Military Frontier

The Slavonian Military Frontier (Slavonska vojna krajina or Slavonska vojna granica; Slawonische Militärgrenze; Славонска војна крајина; Szlavón határőrvidék) was a district of the Military Frontier, a territory in the Habsburg monarchy, first during the period of the Austrian Empire and then during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. It was formed out of territories the Habsburgs conquered from the Ottoman Empire and included southern parts of Slavonia and Syrmia; today the area it covered is mostly in eastern Croatia, with its easternmost parts in northern Serbia (mostly in Vojvodina region.)

Divisions
The Slavonian Military Frontier was divided between three regiments: Regiment N°VII, based at Vinkovci; Regiment N°VIII, based at Nova Gradiška and Regiment N°IX, based at Petrovaradin.

Other important towns in the area included Sremski Karlovci, Stara Pazova, Zemun, and Sremska Mitrovica.

History
During the history, name Slavonian Military Frontier referred to different territories. It was first located in what is now Central Croatia and was known as the Varaždin generalat. It was created from territories that had been part of medieval Banovina of Slavonia. Shortly after its creation in the 16th century, original Slavonian Military Frontier bordered the Ottoman Empire to the east, the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia (part of the Habsburg monarchy) to the west, the Croatian Military Frontier to the south-west, and the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, also part of the Habsburg Empire, to the north.

After the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), Habsburg monarchy expanded its territory towards east and new sections of the Military Frontier were founded along the Sava, Danube, Tisa and Mureş rivers. New parts of the frontier were divided into two generalats: the first one included territory from Gradiška to river Tisa and the second one included territories along the Tisa and Mureş rivers. Until the middle of the 18th century, the entire Slavonia region was under military administration. In 1745, northern parts of Slavonia were placed under civil administration and were organized into the newly formed Habsburg crownland known as the Kingdom of Slavonia. The southern parts of Slavonia that remained under military administration were organized into Slavonian Military Frontier, while former original Slavonian Military Frontier was organized as Varaždin section of the Croatian Military Frontier.

In the second half of the 18th century, the Slavonian Military Frontier bordered the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia and the Croatian Military Frontier to the west, the Habsburg Kingdom of Slavonia and the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary to the north, the Banat Military Frontier to the east and the Ottoman province of Bosnia and Sanjak of Smederevo to the south. In 1783 it was placed under the unified control of the Croatian General Command (Kroatisches General-Commando) headquartered in Zagreb. The only changes of this province's borders and neighborhood before its integration into Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in 1881 were in 1848–1849 when autonomous Serbian Vojvodina included eastern parts of Slavonian Military Frontier and between 1849 and 1860, during the existence of Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, a separate Habsburg crownland which became a north-eastern neighbor of Slavonian Military Frontier. After the creation of the Principality of Serbia in 1815, this was their southeastern neighbor.

1776
In 1776, the rural population of the Slavonian military frontier was 177,212. The number of Roman Catholic men was 43,635, while number of Orthodox men was 33,970. The number of inhabitants of cities was 11,353, and that giving a total of 188,565 inhabitants.

In Brod and Gradiška regiments Catholics outnumbered the minority Orthodox, and in Petrovaradin regiment the Orthodox were more numerous.

1820
In 1820, population of Slavonian Military Frontier included 117,933 Catholics and 117,274 Orthodox Christians.

1870
In 1870, Slavonian military frontier had, according to official census, 246,901 inhabitants. Of that number 143,873 were Roman Catholic and 92,991 were Orthodox (living mainly in eastern Syrmia). Brod regiment had 82,540 inhabitants out of which 73,892 were Roman Catholic and 6,886 were Orthodox. Gradiška regiment had 61,596 inhabitants out of which 45,601 were Roman Catholic and 15,933 were Orthodox. Petrovaradin regiment had 102,765 inhabitants out of which 70,172 were Orthodox and 24,380 were Roman Catholic.

title: Slavonian Military Frontier


text: User talk:65.54.155.46

title: User talk:65.54.155.46


text:
Talk:GIR Goes Crazy and Stuff

WTF?
Why in the world would anyone make an article on this? --Geg 15:18, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:GIR Goes Crazy and Stuff


text: Category:French military personnel

title: Category:French military personnel


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scientology

The Miscavige coup : Power takeover after Hubbard's death
Has anyone noticed that Wikipedia has very little content related to David Miscavige's takeover of power and control of the Church of Scientology after L. Ron Hubbard's death? I also mentioned it at Talk:Pat Broeker § Broeker's role and the power struggle. There is quite a bit of material in several books about the power struggle, including Atack, Lamont, Miller, Reitman and Wright (four of which are available online) and possibly Rinder and Urban. Grorp (talk) 04:51, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Also called "the corporate sort-out" (CSO). Here is another source giving tips of this period of corporate reorganization. Grorp (talk) 07:31, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Today I added some of this information (in summary) into ... prompted by the auto-archival of this thread.   ▶ I am Grorp ◀  08:29, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Military career of L. Ron Hubbard
Military career of L. Ron Hubbard has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Spinixster  (chat!)  12:37, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for John W. Campbell
John W. Campbell has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Z1720 (talk) 13:34, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Blown for Good
Blown for Good has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. PARAKANYAA (talk) 21:42, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

Scientology officials has an RfC
Scientology officials has an RfC for possible consensus. A discussion is taking place. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. ▶ I am Grorp ◀ 06:42, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scientology


text:
Talk:Dennis Chávez

Removed Election Controversy section
I removed this from the page for two reasons:

 * 1) These elections were controversial, but Chavez's opponents were frequently the ones involved in voter fraud. This must be edited to include this point. All of New Mexico had a deeply entrenched PATRON system that Chavez fought against (but also participated in), and many election reforms came out of the state including the famous Hatch Act.
 * 2) He not only subsequently won the 1952 election... he went on to win the 1958 election as well. He may have been a target for a moment, but Chavez quickly regained the confidence of his constituents.

Once someone has edited this passage for clarity, I will replace it on the site.

Election Controversy
It was widely believed at the time that he was responsible for rigging his re-elections in 1946 and 1952. Both elections were won very narrowly by Chávez, and there was such rampant speculation of voter fraud in the 1946 election, it caused his popularity to fall significantly. This lead many New Mexicans to believe that it would not have been possible for him to win in 1952 without rigging the election. It was never proven that any election fraud took place, but the irregularities in the two elections could never explained either.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.42.155.31 (talk • contribs) 15:21, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * All of New Mexico had a deeply entrenched PATRON system that Chavez fought against (but also participated in), and many election reforms came out of the state including the famous Hatch Act. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.35.126.6 (talk • contribs) 20:42, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Role in Roswell Incident cover-up
Shouldn't his intimidation of Walt Whitmore Jr. -- part of the Roswell Incident cover-up -- be mentioned? (Details can be found in the bullet point for Walt Whitmore Jr. at Witness accounts of the Roswell UFO incident.) -John Rigali (talk) 03:21, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Problems

 * The article is unreferenced. The source of individual facts presented is unclear and difficult to verify. see Footnotes-Adimovk5 (talk) 21:23, 21 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I added a reference. --evrik (talk) 14:49, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The tone reads more like a fan page. Praise should be delivered as quotes or otherwise referenced not presented as if they are facts.  This needs to be reworked to be more like an encyclopedia article.-Adimovk5 (talk) 21:23, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dennis Chávez


text: User talk:194.200.0.2

title: User talk:194.200.0.2


text:
Hans Jacob Hansen

Hans Jacob Hansen (10 August 1855 – 26 June 1936) was a Danish zoologist, known for his contributions to carcinology (the study of crustacea). He was born in Bellinge and died in Gentofte. He participated on the first year of the Ingolf expedition to Iceland and Greenland in 1895.

title: Hans Jacob Hansen


text:
User talk:TonyBushido

YEH WHAT IS IT?

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. -- Karada 15:24, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Please do not vandalise articles or user pages, if you continue to do so you will be blocked. Rje 15:54, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:TonyBushido


text:
Sur le Pont d'Avignon

"Sur le Pont d'Avignon" ("On the Bridge of Avignon") is a French song about a dance performed on the Pont d'Avignon (officially Pont Saint-Bénézet) that dates back to the 15th century. The dance actually took place under the bridge and not on the bridge (sous le Pont d'Avignon, not sur).

Dance description

 * 1) The dance starts out with everyone in pairs, dancing around each other.
 * 2) When the chorus is done dancers must stop in front of their partners, and traditionally the male will bow on the first part then tip his hat on the second.
 * 3) When the chorus begins again the dancers repeat step one.
 * 4) When this stops, so does the dance. The girl curtsies to one side, then the other.
 * 5) For the first part, dancers repeat step one, and if they have an audience, turn on their heels and bow to them.

Chorus
Sur le Pont d'Avignon L'on y danse, l'on y danse Sur le Pont d'Avignon L'on y danse tous en rond. On the bridge in Avignon They are dancing there, They are dancing there

On the bridge in Avignon They all dance in circles there

First verse
Les beaux messieurs font comme ça Et puis encore comme ça.

The fine gentlemen go like this (bow) And then again like this.

Second verse
Les belles dames font comme ça Et puis encore comme ça.

The beautiful ladies go like this (curtsy) And then again like that.

Third verse
Les filles font comme ça Et puis encore comme ça.

The young girls go like this (salute) And then like that.

Fourth verse
Les musiciens font comme ça Et puis encore comme ça.

The musicians go like this (they all bow to women) And then like that.

Variation
American music publisher Cherry Lane Music Company has printed a different verse (1993):

Les jeunes filles font comme ça Les jeunes gens font comme ça The young girls go like this, The young people go like this.

In popular culture
In 1951, the National Film Board of Canada produced the 5-minute animated film Sur le Pont d'Avignon, in which extravagantly dressed marionettes pantomime the song.

The French fantasy comic book Hypocrite: comment decoder l'etircopyh by Jean-Claude Forest (pub. Dargaud 1973) centres around the destruction of the Pont de Avignon, here imagined as a giant petrified sabre-toothed tiger spanning the river. During the scenes set on the bridge itself, the characters sing this song, led by the ghostly Scottish piper Major Grumble.

In the 1978 American miniseries Holocaust, some of the children in the Warsaw Ghetto sing the song in class with Berta Weiss.

In 1990, The Simpsons' episode The Crepes of Wrath (season 1), Bart Simpson sings the song on the way to his accommodation during his student exchange program.

The Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Chain of Command" (1992) uses this song as a means for Captain Picard, an appreciator of philosophy and poetry born in France, to resist the effects of torture.

In 1992, a cartoon titled The Real Story of..... Sur le Pont d'Avignon was produced by CINAR and France Animation, featuring the song and a ghost story revolving around a clockmaker and an enchanted organ.

In the German-dubbed version of The Lion King (1994), Zazu sings the song to Scar after being forced by the latter to sing something more cheerful than "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen", and instead of singing "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts".

The song was played throughout the episode of Bluey called Library.

In the "769" episode of Lexx, President Priest sings and plays the song on an accordion to attempt to impress a group of French diplomats.

In 2024, Haitian-American rapper and record producer Mach-Hommy released a song of the same name and chorus, with the addition of "...(Reparation #1)" in the title.

title: Sur le Pont d'Avignon


text: User talk:84.13.6.128

title: User talk:84.13.6.128


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Intellectual center

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Eugene van der Pijll 21:09, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Intellectual_center
This article is mainly a long, highly subjective list of cities that the creator of the article thought were intellectual centers. There are no clear criteria for inclusion on the list, and it's highly biased toward the modern U.S. (e.g., both Cambridge, MA and Boston, MA are listed, and both Berkeley and San Francisco). I think it should be deleted. Bcrowell 15:25, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but modify--I agree that there should be some criteria. For example, list could become a table with Place, When, Why. I think that the concept "intellectual center" is worthy of an article, and there are several pages that show up in What links here.  Elf | Talk 16:58, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There are several pages that link there, but I think they were all links put in by the anon who created the article. The reason I came across the article in the first place was that the anon added a link from Freethought, which wasn't even appropriate, IMO. I also don't think it's realistic to hope for the article to be improved. If you look at the edit history for Intellectual center, it was created today by an anon, and since then, the only edits have been by me and User:Zeimusu, both of us pointing out that there were problems with the concept. I don't see any evidence that there are people who are willing to improve it, and I also disagree that the concept is worth salvaging. I don't see how adding "why" information would help, since there are no agreed-upon, objective criteria for deciding what qualifies for the list.--Bcrowell 17:40, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I should also explain that after I noticed the bogus link from Freethought, I also went through and deleted some of the more spammish links to Intellectual center, from the following articles: History of the World, List of academic disciplines, Utopia.--Bcrowell 17:57, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete--this isn't a widely used or recognized term. Meelar (talk) 18:48, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Dicdef plus subjective list. Subject might have an article written about it, but not this. Delete. DJ Clayworth 18:59, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: I like the concept, but it's far too vague. The small number of places keeping intellectual heritage alive through the Middle Ages represent something very different from 'arts district'.   Peter Grey 19:43, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research. Dcarrano 20:07, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research, highly-subjective list. --Carnildo 20:56, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, subjective list. Martg76 21:38, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete this list is highly subjective and non encyclopedia as such. --jonasaurus 21:41, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete -- I agree. By the way, this vote came to my attention because I noticed in Recent Changes that the article's author stripped the Vfd tag from the article.  --Mysidia 02:25, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The description of the list is all-inclusive, and the criteria seem too subjective and not well known (it smells of original research). I would dispute that Berkeley, California or Atlantis are intellectual centers, Athens, Greece seems more reasonable to describe that way. The criteria are so weak and therefore the  quality of the list that just about any notable university, school, library, forum, or meeting place that ever existed in the world is an intellectual center. I say those should go into separate, independent lists.  --Mysidia 12:09, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Tentative keep, but needs clear criteria. It could be a very informative list, if we established useful criteria. I can't think of anything like this we've got, and it could be a very useful source of information if done well. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:40, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP! -- why would anyone want to delete this list? I agree that it does need MUCH WORK, but if you all delete this you page are crazy. This is what Wikipedia is all about -- pounding out a compromise instead of getting all delete happy. As for the bias someone mentioned, that's not true because in the US there are quite a few MAJOR intellectual centres so it makes sense that they should be on the list.  << since there are no agreed-upon, objective criteria for deciding what qualifies for the list. >>  Uhhh, read the heading and that tells you the criteria -- it must be or have been an intellectual centre sometime in the course of history. That's not a muddled criteria at all!  --Berlin Stark 07:29, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * (Invalid vote) keep -- You said << I don't see any evidence that there are people who are willing to improve it, ... >> Well, I just did. Do you by any chance realize that this article has only been alive for ONE DAY, and when you said this moronic statement it was on the SAME DAY THAT IT WAS MADE! DUH! No one on Wikipedia has even had a chance to read it much less improve upon it and you already want to delete it...quite fascist if you ask me. --  205.188.116.7 08:19, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Based on similarity of IP addresses, this appears to be a vote by the person who created the article.--Bcrowell 14:09, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * (Invalid vote) keep  This will be a good article once it is worked on a bit.  -- 64.12.116.7 12:42, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - inherently POV - Tεx  τ  urε  20:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Give this article a little bit of time and it will work.  --Buddyzine 07:03, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've restored the vfd tag, which you replaced with a cleanup tag. Vfd tags can't be deleted while the vfd is in progress. This is the third time the vfd tag has been deleted since the vfd began.--Bcrowell 15:08, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Buddyzine account was created July 29, and has only a single edit to any article, which is the one being voted on here.--Bcrowell 19:38, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * KEEP...this will be an interesting list once it is polished up. --Catgirl333 03:49, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Catgirl333 account was created July 29, and has only a single edit to any article, which is the one being voted on here.--Bcrowell 19:38, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Henry Huggins

Henry Huggins is a character appearing in a series of children's literature novels by Beverly Cleary, illustrated by Louis Darling, and first appearing in Henry Huggins. He is a young boy living on Klickitat Street in Portland, Oregon. In the novels, he is in elementary school. The novels take place in the 1950s, which is when Cleary wrote most of the books. The books describe adventures that he experiences in his neighborhood and his interactions with other neighborhood children. He has a dog named Ribsy and a part-time job doing a paper route in North Portland.

Cleary, a librarian, wrote the first Henry Huggins book in 1950, in response to the boys in her library searching for books "about boys like us." Cleary later launched a new series about one of the supporting characters, Ramona Quimby. The Ramona series ultimately surpassed the Henry Huggins series in popularity. Henry appeared only rarely in the Ramona series, as a supporting character. He was portrayed by Hutch Dano in the movie Ramona and Beezus.

Books in the Henry Huggins series

 * Henry Huggins, published in 1950
 * Henry and Beezus, published in 1952
 * Henry and Ribsy, published in 1954
 * Henry and the Paper Route, published in 1957
 * Henry and the Clubhouse, published in 1962
 * Ribsy, published in 1964

Characters in Henry Huggins series

 * Henry Huggins: Henry is a red-headed 11 year old, but starts out as an 8 year old.
 * Ribsy: Ribsy is Henry's dog; the dog was named "Ribsy" because when Henry found him, he was so thin, his ribs were showing.
 * Nosy: Nosy is Henry's cat. The cat was named "Nosy" because he was pecking his wet nose at Henry's dad when there were four kittens.
 * Beezus Quimby: Beezus, whose real name is Beatrice, is one of the children in Henry's neighborhood. In Henry's opinion, she's "pretty sensible for a girl". Beezus acquired her nickname because her younger sister, Ramona, was unable to say "Beatrice" when she was learning to talk. Everyone in the neighborhood, including Beezus and her family, adopted Ramona's pronunciation.
 * Ramona Quimby: Ramona is Beezus's younger sister. She wants to do everything her sister and Henry do, but because she is so young, the older children perceive her as a pest. In her preschool days, her favorite TV show was the Sheriff Bud show, a fictionalization of Howdy Doody.
 * Robert: Henry's best friend. Surname is unknown.
 * Scooter McCarthy: An older boy with a paper route; Henry is often irritated by Scooter's upperclassman attitudes.
 * Byron "Murph" Murphy: An older boy who is a genius, and friends with Henry. Murph moves to Henry's neighborhood in Henry and the Paper Route.
 * Mary Jane: A girl who lives down the street who is friends with Beezus. Surname is unknown. Henry does not really like her because she is too prissy.
 * The Grumbies: The Hugginses' neighbors. Henry gets along with Mr. Grumbie but dislikes Mrs. Grumbie because she does not like Ribsy, which is "the same thing as not liking Henry".

title: Henry Huggins


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Peggy Lipton

Margaret Ann Lipton (August 30, 1946 – May 11, 2019) was an American model, actress, and singer. She made appearances in many of the most popular television shows of the 1960s before she landed her defining role as flower child Julie Barnes in the crime drama The Mod Squad (1968–1973), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 1970.

After The Mod Squad, Lipton married musician Quincy Jones and began a 15-year hiatus from acting, during which she raised her two children, Kidada and Rashida Jones. She returned to acting in 1988, performing in many TV roles, including Norma Jennings in David Lynch's Twin Peaks.

Early life
Lipton was born into an upper middle-class Jewish family in New York City on August 30, 1946,  the daughter of artist Rita Benson (born Rita Hetty Rosenberg) and corporate lawyer Harold Lipton. Her paternal grandparents (surnamed Lipschitz) were Jewish immigrants from Russia, and her mother was born in Dublin, Ireland, to Jewish parents from Latvia. Lipton was raised in Lawrence, Nassau County, New York, on Long Island, with her brothers: Robert, who became an actor, and Kenneth. She attended Lawrence High School before transferring to the Professional Children's School. Sexually abused by an uncle, Lipton was a nervous and withdrawn child with a stutter so severe that she was sometimes unable to say her own name. In 1964, the family moved to Los Angeles, where Lipton became what she called a "Topanga Canyon hippie" who explored meditation and yoga.

Modeling and acting
Lipton's father arranged her first modeling jobs in New York, while her mother encouraged her to take acting lessons. At 15, Lipton became a Ford Agency model and enjoyed a successful early career. After she and her family moved to Los Angeles in 1964, Lipton signed a contract with Universal Pictures. She made her television debut at age 19 in the NBC sitcom The John Forsythe Show (1965). Between 1965 and 1968, she appeared in episodes of Bewitched, The Virginian, The Invaders, The Road West, The F.B.I., The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, and Mr. Novak. Lipton starred in The Mod Squad as one of a trio of Los Angeles undercover "hippie cops". Appearing waiflike and vulnerable, as David Hutchings wrote, her performance as "canary with a broken wing" Julie Barnes earned her four Emmy Award nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations during her tenure. In 1971, she won a Golden Globe Award for Best TV Actress in a Drama. Thin with long, straight, ash blonde hair, clad in mini-skirts, bell bottoms, and love beads, Lipton's Julie Barnes became a fashion icon and the hip "it girl" of her time.

After The Mod Squad, Lipton did no full-time acting for 15 years. In March 1988, she returned to television as the star of an ABC movie, Addicted to His Love. She eventually regained major attention for her performance as Norma Jennings in David Lynch's TV series Twin Peaks (1990–1991), and subsequently appeared in many TV shows, including recurring roles in Crash and Popular. In 2017 she reprised her character of Norma Jennings in the Twin Peaks revival. Also in 2017, she appeared in an episode of Angie Tribeca as the mother of the title character played by her daughter Rashida Jones.

Singing
As a singer, three of Lipton's singles landed on the Billboard charts: "Stoney End" (No. 121 Bubbling Under Hot 100, 1968, later a Top Ten hit for Barbra Streisand in 1970) and "Lu" (1970), both written by Laura Nyro. Her "Wear Your Love Like Heaven" (1970) was written by Donovan. "Stoney End" is included in her 1968 album Peggy Lipton (Ode Records), which was released on CD on July 29, 2014, by RealGone Music, along with other singles and previously unreleased material (nineteen tracks in all).

Lipton and her husband Quincy Jones, along with Alan and Marilyn Bergman, co-wrote the 1984 Frank Sinatra hit, "L.A. Is My Lady".

Personal life
Lipton was briefly linked with Paul McCartney. At the age of eighteen, she began using drugs in an attempt to alleviate her depression. After Lipton married musician and producer Quincy Jones in 1974, she took a hiatus from acting to concentrate on her family (with the exception of appearing in the made-for-TV movie The Return of the Mod Squad in 1979). The couple had two daughters, Kidada and Rashida, who both became actresses. Lipton and Jones separated in 1986, and divorced in 1989.

Death
After being diagnosed in 2004, Lipton died of colon cancer in Los Angeles on May 11, 2019, at the age of 72.

Discography

 * 1968 Peggy Lipton (Ode Records)
 * 2013 Peggy Lipton: The Complete Ode Recordings (Vivid Sound)

Singles

 * 1968 "Wear Your Love Like Heaven" b/w "Honey Won't Let Me" (45 rpm) (Record World AC #40)
 * 1968 "Stoney End" b/w "San Francisco Glide" (45 rpm) (Billboard #121)
 * 1969 "Red Clay County Line" b/w "Just A Little Lovin' (Early In The Morning)" (45 rpm)
 * 1970 "Lu" / "Let Me Pass By" (45 rpm) (#45 Canada, February 1970)
 * 1970 "Let Me Pass By" b/w "Hands Off the Man (Flim Flam Man)" (45 rpm)

title: Peggy Lipton


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File:Final Fantasy II party.jpg

Summary
Frioniel, Maria, Guy, and Leonhart from Final Fantasy II conceptual artwork by Yoshitaka Amano found at

Rationale for the fair use of this image in the article Final Fantasy II

 * Square-Enix has not released any such images to the public domain
 * The image is used to identify the subject of the article
 * The image is being used in an informative way and should not detract from the game.
 * The image is low resolution
 * The image's only purpose it to aid in the description of the fictional world of Final Fantasy II, and for no other purpose
 * The image does not limit Square-Enix's ability to sell the game.

title: File:Final Fantasy II party.jpg


text: User talk:129.170.75.13

title: User talk:129.170.75.13


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User:Ceremony1968

A card-carrying member of the American Academy of Religion, Ceremony1968 is a married father of three who spends most of his workdays as a Roman Catholic lay minister in Oklahoma City, OK. He can be found most of the time in Edmond, OK.

title: User:Ceremony1968


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Fourth Fret

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:43, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

The Fourth Fret
Google results Using query "fourth fret" no relevant results appeared in first 20 pages. Combine that query with the hometown and only 1 forum result appears. Doesn't meet music guidelines.

lots of issues | leave me a message 15:29, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nothing to establish notability here. Friday 16:17, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. --Etacar11 01:02, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fails WP:MUSIC. Dcarrano 01:09, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Team sport

List of team sports
Is there not a list of team sports anywhere? Hiding 15:30, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Check Category:Team sports. wS;✉ 14:54, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * And list of sports. --Yarnalgo 02:01, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

what about individually played team sports?
I think it should be worth mentioning somewhere that many team sports do not involve cocurrent activitys between the two teams, such as Darts. Also, that sports like baseball and cricket involve an entire team versus one or two of the opposition at any one time, while the two teams are not in direct competition with each other the entire game, it is still considered a team sport. One other thing, a mention of team sports where 'team' is very, very loose and the individual is more benefited from winning than his teammates, like a motor racing team. I am planning on rewriting this article to involve these aspects of team games. If no one has any major issues, of course Trjn 03:51, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Individual sports in high schools and college are competed as a team sport. For instance, in wrestling, the winning competitor will put in a certain number of points for his team in a dual meet. The team will score 6 points if he pins his opponent and 3 points for defeating in a slim margin. In a wrestling tournament involving three or more teams, each competitor will give the team a certain number of points based on the result and the round he is in at the bracket (i.e. prelims, semifinals, championship). Also, in an NCAA National Championship tournaments, there will be team points even if there is only one representative from a school competing. The school with the most participants competing in this tournament would more likely to become the NCAA National Champion. That means that this team will have better odds to earn the most points and more weight classes for representatives to place.

Any sport that involves teamwork should be included as team sport. For example, rowing.

I see here a much broader definition of team sports than what is used by for example the Olympic movement. I suggest to use that definition. This page also contradicts itself, as it says there are many teamsports, namely these and these, and then there are only 6 at the olympics, while many of the other sports mentioned are also played at the olympics. Of course there are often teams involved to exercise a sport, but that doesn't make it a team sport. Also the fact that individuals can score points for their team (country) on itself doesn't make it a team sport. Robijn (talk) 21:50, 24 June 2015 (UTC)

Template
Ages ago, I created template:infobox Teamsport. It has the following spaces:

is the name of the sport.

is an image of the sport in progress.

is a caption for the image.

is the governing body if it exists.

is the number of teams.

is the players per team.

is how long one standard game take to complete.

is the sport's country of origin.

is the (approximate) date of the first game.

Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 22:14, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

handball, pelota
Are handball and "Basque pelota (Frontenis, Jai alai, Xare)" represented here only or chiefly by team games, perhaps meaning two or more players? Or here in singles and doubles versions, too, perhaps because there is a tennis family that does not welcome them?

Perhaps the distinction goals/bases/volleys is more fundamental than individuals/pairs/teams. --P64 (talk) 15:09, 17 February 2009 (UTC)
 * At the same time I see a case for focusing on the degree of cooperation among teammates, so that Individual games may be played by teams of two or more, without becoming Team games, if the players simply take each other's places --as in doubles tennis for teams of two. --P64 (talk) 15:48, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Football
From the lede: "sports such as hockey, football, American football, association football, basketball, volleyball, tennis, water polo, ultimate, lacrosse, rowing, rugby league, rugby union, cricket, handball and many others." Is it really necessary to link the generic term football as well as 4 separate codes (American, association and the two rugby variants) of football? One way or the other guys. --Khajidha (talk) 17:29, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Could you also add "Australian Football" to the same sports code as American Football and the 2 Rugby codes? I would. Or is it more of the Association Football (Soccer) code? SFTEXFAN (talk) 08:22, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

Olympic team sports
Can anyone tell me what the following sentence is supposed to mean: "Six team sports are currently on the program of the sevens will debut in the Olympics in 2016." Aside from the fact that it isn't actually a sentence as there is no connection between the parts before and after the comma, it is linked to a disambiguation page. --Khajidha (talk) 16:45, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

History section
Could we have a section explaining the history of team sports? In which culture and when did they originate? Ancient Rome or Greece, China or Africa? Why did they start? Volleyball is a sport, where teamwork in a common pursuit was often essential. This would explain many sporting implements that resemble primitive weapons, and the ball representing the animal prey. Peteinterpol (talk) 20:34, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

Whoo, boy, this paragraph sucked. Please fix
"Late 20th and early 21st centuries With the advent of computer gaming and the Internet, Esports which is in vogue for quite a few years was recorded in October 1972 as a video game. A Space war tournament was organized by Stanford University which was titled "Intergalactic Spacewar Olympics" with a prize offering of one-year subscription to Rolling Stone.(see Hiltscher & Scholz 2015, p. 9.)"

External links modified
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Self-reference
Although I also would consider non-solo sailing and rowing as team sports, unfortunately the present source is problematic: Peter Baofu cites Wikipedia as his source, which makes this a circular reference. Bever (talk) 01:26, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

Discontinued Olympic Sports
This article has Baseball, Softball, Cricket (T20), and Lacrosse as defunct sports. All were reintroduced as Olympic Sports for the 2028 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles, California, USA along with Flag Football (American Football) and Squash. Both are team sports, Squash, is however, also a singles sports. Could someone who knows how to edit Wikipedia articles please include these changes. (source: https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-session-approves-la28-s-proposal-for-five-additional-sports ) SFTEXFAN (talk) 08:15, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I have edited the table to reflect the new team sports for LA28. Only squash, like tennis with doubles tennis, is not a pure team sport and is therefore not listed in the olympic team sports table (see also formations in team sports in the article). Miria~01 (talk) 19:06, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

Teams are sports? No.
The text now says Teams of two people are sports, such as dancesport or beach volleyball.

I'm certain that something has gone wrong here. I can't, however, see what. :) Fomalhaut76 (talk) 11:31, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Team sport


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Brahmachari

Brahmachari may refer to:

 * Brahmachari, a male who practices brahmacharya, a type of living as per Hindu Vedic Scriptures, feminine Brahmacharini
 * Brahmachari, an Indian surname
 * Dhirendra Brahmachari (1924–1994), Indian Yogi
 * Shuddhaanandaa Brahmachari (born 1949), motivational speaker from Kolkata, India
 * Samir Kumar Brahmachari (born 1952), Indian biophysicist
 * Brahmachari (1938 film), a 1938 Indian Marathi-language film starring Meenakshi Shirodkar and Master Vinayak
 * Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film), a 1968 Indian film starring Shammi Kapoor, Rajshree and Pran
 * Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film), a 1968 Indian film starring Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Jayalalitha
 * Brahmachari (1972 film), a 1972 Indian Malayalam-language film
 * Brahmachari (1992 film), a 1992 Indian Tamil-language film
 * Brahmachari (2019 film), a 2019 Indian Kannada-language film

title: Brahmachari


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Jazz Jackrabbit (2002 video game)

Jazz Jackrabbit is a 2002 platform game developed by Game Titan and published by Jaleco under license from Epic Games. It is the third (not counting the unreleased Jazz Jackrabbit 3) and last game in the Jazz Jackrabbit series.

Gameplay
The game is a side-scroller run 'n gun platformer. Unlike previous titles in the Jazz Jackrabbit series, the player can aim their gun in all eight cardinal directions, being able to fix their aim by firing while standing still. Ammunition for various weapons can be found during stages, though those are fairly rare. During the stages the players can also find money, which can be used in the intermissions between stages to buy ammunition or extra lives.

Multiplayer
This title brings back the multiplayer mode from the second title, with 11 unique levels and support to up to four players through the GBA Link Cable. Only one copy on the game is necessary to enable the multiplayer mode.

Plot
The game begins as Jazz, during a routine mission, is captured by the Chameleon army on their home planet. Upon escaping, Jazz decides to retire from his job, but is prevented from doing so by R.A.B.T. HQ, which gives him a new mission to investigate a Saurian attack with the promise of a good money reward. Jazz discovers the involvement of the Turtle Army behind the attack, and upon following them he discovers his old nemesis Dark Shell, whom he believed dead, is seeking revenge on him for his previous defeat.

Reception
GameSpot named Jazz Jackrabbit the second-best Game Boy Advance game of January 2003, behind Karnaaj Rally.

title: Jazz Jackrabbit (2002 video game)


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Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53

The Polonaise in A♭ major, Op. 53 (Polonaise héroïque, Heroic Polonaise; Heroiczny) for solo piano, was written by Frédéric Chopin in 1842. This composition is one of Chopin's most admired compositions and has long been a favorite of the romantic piano repertoire. Pianist Arthur Rubinstein once called it "the composition which is the closest to my heart." The piece requires exceptional piano skills and great virtuosity to be interpreted at a high degree of proficiency. It is also very physically demanding, and according to his student Adolphe Gutmann, Chopin played it more gently than most performers. The polonaise was dedicated to Auguste Léo, a German banker and friend of Chopin.

The autograph manuscript of the work is preserved in the Morgan Library & Museum.

Origin of the sobriquet 'Heroic'
George Sand, Chopin's longtime lover and companion, responded vigorously to the Revolutions of 1848 as did many intellectuals of the day. When the 1848 Revolution began in France, women had fewer rights than men. Sand believed women's rights were necessary for progress. Around this time, Sand started her own newspaper which was published in a workers' co-operative. This allowed her to publish more political essays, expressing her strongly felt convictions. In one of these, for example, she wrote, "I cannot believe in any republic that starts a revolution by killing its own proletariat."

On hearing Chopin's Polonaise, Sand was left with a deep symbolic impression which she communicated to Chopin in their private correspondence. In one of their letters, she wrote passionately, "L'inspiration ! La force ! La vigueur ! Il est indéniable qu'un tel esprit doit être présent dans la Révolution française. Désormais cette polonaise devrait être un symbole, un symbole héroïque ! ("The inspiration! The force! The vigour! There is no doubt that such a spirit must be present in the French Revolution. From now on this polonaise should be a symbol, a heroic symbol"). In spite of Chopin's reluctance to bestow descriptive names on his music, music scholars and concert pianists have nevertheless associated the grand architecture of the music with this sobriquet, "Heroic."

Technical aspects
The polonaise features many difficult technical aspects, including:
 * Fast ascending chromatic perfect fourths
 * Rapid, highly difficult octave scaling
 * Trills with the weaker fingers
 * Quick scales
 * Fast arpeggios
 * Broken chords
 * Chords with wide fingering
 * Use of a wide range of the piano keyboard
 * Large notational jumps

Structure
The tempo of the piece is Alla polacca e maestoso ("like a polonaise and majestic"). The form may be viewed as intermediate between ternary (A-B-A) and rondo (A-B-A-C-A), since the first interlude is much shorter than the second (16 vs. 74 bars). The main theme is preceded by an introduction of about thirty seconds in length.

The piece features a grand introduction with fast ascending chromatic notes in both hands, setting the mood of the piece; also, it shows the heroic side of Chopin's art. The first theme is a dance-like theme in the tonic key of A♭ major. It is the familiar part of the piece and has the left hand moving in pounding octaves. The theme is repeated up an octave with short trills that fill some of the auditory gaps in the theme. The first interlude presents a series of chord progressions that lead into a recount of the traditional polonaise melody, with the polonaise rhythm employed in the left-hand accompaniment. The main theme then repeats once more.

The second, main interlude (or trio section) opens with six loud arpeggio chords before switching to a very soft bass ostinato of descending octaves first in the key of E major and then in E♭ major (written as D♯ major). A march-like melody follows the descending octaves and this occurs twice, and then a long lyrical interlude firstly with harmonic chord progressions and frequent modulations. This ends in a descending passage before the main theme is replayed. The theme is played louder and more dramatically and ends in a coda including material derived from the main theme. A typical performance of the polonaise lasts six and a half minutes.

The piece is written in time but includes many implicit deviations from this metre.

Influence
The polonaise is quoted in the piano composition Anton Notenquetscher by Moritz Moszkowski.

title: Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53


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Cotiso

Cotiso, Cotish or Cotison (flourished c. 30 BC) was a Dacian king who apparently ruled the mountains between Banat and Oltenia (modern-day Romania). Horace calls him king of the Dacians. Suetonius calls him king of the Getae. He is mentioned also by Florus, who wrote that Cotiso and his armies used to attack towards south when the Danube froze.

Several scholars believe he is identical to Coson, a Dacian king whose name appears on many gold staters found in Transylvania.

Background
After the death of Burebista, the Dacian kingdom fell apart amid turmoil and civil strife. Cotiso appears to have emerged as the dominant figure in Dacia at this time, but nothing is known about his background. The new king found himself courted by the two Roman antagonists, Octavian and Mark Antony. Cotiso was in a strong position to dictate terms of any alliance to either of the conflicting parties. Octavian/Augustus worried about the frontier and possible alliance between Mark Antony and the Dacians, and plotted an expedition around 35 BC. Despite several small conflicts, no serious campaigns were mounted. Cotiso chose to ally himself with Antony. According to Alban Dewes Winspear and Lenore Kramp Geweke he "proposed that the war should be fought in Macedonia rather than Epirus. Had his proposal been accepted, the subjection of Antonius might have been less easily accomplished."

Proposed marriage
According to Appian, Antony is responsible for the statement that Augustus sought to secure the goodwill of Cotiso, king of the Getae (Dacians) by giving him his daughter, and he himself marrying a daughter of Cotiso. According to Suetonius, Cotiso refused the alliance and joined the party of Antony. Suetonius (LXIII, Life of Augustus) says Mark Antony wrote that Augustus betrothed his daughter Julia to marry Cotiso (M. Antonius scribit primum eum Antonio filio suo despondisse Iuliam, dein Cotisoni Getarum regi) to create an alliance between the two men. This failed when Cotiso betrayed Augustus. Julia ended up marrying her cousin Marcus Claudius Marcellus.

According to Dio, the story about the proposed marriages is hardly credible and may have been invented by Mark Antony as propaganda to offset his own alliance with Cleopatra.

Conflicts and death
After Augustus's victory in the civil wars, the Romans punished the Dacian ruler, who was apparently defeated in battle around 25 BC. In an ode dedicated to his protector, Horace advises him not to worry about Rome's safety, because Cotiso's army has been crushed. In his account of his achievements as emperor, the Res Gestae, Augustus claimed that the Dacians had been subdued. This was not entirely true, because Dacian troops frequently crossed the Danube to ravage parts of Pannonia and Moesia. He may have survived until the campaign of Marcus Vinicius in the Dacian area c.9 BC. Vinicius was the first Roman commander to cross the Danube and invade Dacia itself. Ioana A. Oltean argues that Cotiso probably died at some point during this campaign. He may have been killed in the war. According to Jordanes Cotiso was succeeded by Comosicus, about whom nothing is known beyond the name.

Cotiso and Coson
In the 16th century a large number of gold coins were discovered in hoards in Romania. They were patterned after Roman coins, with a depiction of a Roman consul accompanied by lictors apparently copied from coins issued by Marcus Junius Brutus. The coins bore the name "Coson" or "Koson" written in Greek lettering. Theodor Mommsen argued that Koson was probably a Dacian ally of Brutus, since the imagery was taken from Brutus's coins. Recent scholars have argued that he is very likely to be identical to Cotiso, since "Cotiso[n]" is an easy transcription error for Coson. Horace always spells the name with an "n" at the end. Ioana A. Oltean, however, argues that Coson and Cotiso are different people, suggesting that Cotiso was Coson's successor.

title: Cotiso


text:
James J. Andrews

James J. Andrews (c. 1829 – June 7, 1862) was a Kentucky civilian who worked for the Union Army during the early years of the American Civil War. He led a daring raid behind enemy lines on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, known as the Great Locomotive Chase. Andrews and seven fellow raiders were caught at the end of the chase and executed by the Confederates on the charge of spying.

Biography
Andrews was born in Holiday's Cove, Virginia (now Weirton, West Virginia). He moved to Kentucky, where he found employment as a house painter and singing coach. During the Civil War, he was engaged in buying contraband merchandise (including quinine) and smuggling it between the military lines. While serving as a secret agent and scout in Nashville, Tennessee, for Major General Don Carlos Buell in the spring of 1862, he devised a plan to take eight men to steal a train in Atlanta, Georgia, and drive it north. They would disrupt Confederate communications in western Tennessee and burn the long railroad bridge over the Tennessee River at Bridgeport. The mission failed when the required engineer failed to show up at the designated meeting place. In April, Andrews proposed a new scheme to Major General Ormsby M. Mitchel to seize a locomotive in northern Georgia and drive it to Chattanooga, Tennessee, where he would rendezvous with Mitchel's attacking Union Army. On April 12, 1862, Andrews, another civilian, William "Bill" Campbell, and 22 volunteers from three Ohio infantry regiments garbed in civilian clothes, stole a locomotive known as The General at Big Shanty, near Kennesaw, Georgia. They headed north, destroying tracks and telegraph wires along the way in an effort to discourage pursuers and render the railroad useless for supplying the Confederate troops in Tennessee. William Allen Fuller, the conductor of the stolen train, pursued the train hijackers on foot, by handcar, and in a variety of other locomotives, most notably the "Texas", in which he gave chase for 51 mi in reverse. After an 87 mi chase, the General lost power just north of Ringgold, Georgia, and Andrews and his raiders scattered. He was captured soon afterwards and identified as the leader.

He was court-martialed in Chattanooga and sentenced to hang in one week as a spy. Andrews escaped from Swims Jail on June 1, but was quickly recaptured the next day. On June 7, he was taken to Atlanta ahead of the advancing Union army by train over the same tracks that he had used during the raid. Andrews was ineptly hanged at about 5:00 that afternoon (the scaffold was so low that his feet touched the ground and he most likely died of strangulation as opposed to the internal decapitation that causes death in a proper hanging), near the present day intersection of 3rd and Juniper Streets, NE. Andrews' body was temporarily buried at the site of execution. His remains were removed to the Chattanooga National Cemetery on October 16, 1887, and a gravestone and monument to the raid was erected near the Ohio Memorial (Section H, Grave No. 12,982).

Legacy
He was engaged to Elizabeth Layton of Flemingsburg, Kentucky at the time of his execution. After learning of her fiancé's death, Layton became distraught and apparently never recovered and died two years later, her family believed of a "broken heart".

The first recipients of the Medal of Honor were made to military survivors of the raid. As a civilian, Andrews was ineligible for the Medal of Honor that was presented to most of the raiders.

Walt Disney made a movie of Andrews' exploits in 1956 called The Great Locomotive Chase starring Fess Parker as Andrews. Buster Keaton's 1927 feature-length comedy masterpiece The General was also loosely based on the incident.

title: James J. Andrews


text:
Talk:Kenzer & Company

Untitled
I put a request for expansion for this article on July 14th, 2005.--Azathar 15:36, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

What part of this article needs to be referenced further to have the "Unreferenced" tag removed. I'll gladly do the research needed but I need to know what required research needs to be done. --Greylond —Preceding unsigned comment added by Greylond (talk • contribs) 17:08, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, the tag mentions that there's no references, so anything should do. However, to avoid any doubts about the notability of K&C, find a good third-party article talking about them, and add references based on what they say (even adding appropriate content based on the article to do so). However, I also note that the second paragraph starting with "They are known for..." would be a great place to provide references. Show that they are known for these titles. --Rindis (talk) 22:01, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Doing a search in an attempt to prove Kenzer's notability: I've found the following reference, an article about the release of the 4th Edition verision of Kingdoms of Kalmar that I think proves notability - but I'm not entirely sure how or where to edit it into the text (this being my first main space edit) .

I also found the following on a Monty Python fansite, which can stand as a source on the Python card game:

I also found this which appears to be a direct copy of the wikipedia article (even down to the use of the stub template) - do we know if they have the right permissions/licences? I couldn't tell.

And that's just the stuff on the first three pages that wasn't from blogs or online bookshops. NullofWest (talk) 16:27, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

I've now added the refernce for the Monty Python game to the main article NullofWest (talk) 16:36, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Okay, I'm going to be bold and add as a new section. I think there's probably still concerns around refernces, but until I can dig up some more I'm going to downgraded the template to the "More References" from the current "No References". NullofWest (talk) 20:49, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kenzer & Company


text:
Talk:Kentrosaurus

On how to handle references in this article
I've consolidated all reference data in the references section, sorted alphabetically by first author, so that the main text only contains call-outs. This helps in not creating duplicate entries, and it allows calling out specific sections (e.g. pages) within a reference in one instance but not in another without it appearing several times in the list. To that end I have added a NOTES section. The way to call out specific pages etc. is via this tag:, where PAGE is the element you wish to cite (e.g., "page 223"), TEXT_NAME_OF_REF is the reference name as you want it to read (e.g., "Paul (2010)") and REFNAME is the name given to the reference in the References section (e.g. "Paul2010").

Please stick to these rules; when bringing Plateosaurus to FA status it helped a LOT in avoiding chaos with the references. HMallison (talk) 22:51, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

Old discussions
I started this article before I had an account and am pleased to see that it's evolved into something far more complete. Any chance of us finding a picture in the public domain? Agentsoo 15:36, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Done! Took this piccy in 1995 at the really cool museum in Berlin Cas Liber 12:11, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Was the spike really over the hips? It's more commonly placed over the shoulders (though of course there might have been something more recent I don't know about. Also this paragraph:

 * "Kentrosaurus also differed from Stegosaurus in one other key feature — the pronounced spines on the backbone, near the hip and tail region, that characterise the vertebrae of a Stegosaurus were absent from Kentrosaurus. Therefore, Kentrosaurus could not rear up on its hind legs. Indeed, the length of the thigh bone compared with the rest of the leg indicates that Kentrosaurus was a slow and inactive dinosaur."

...isn't logically sound, and needs a reference or a re-write. John.Conway 17:16, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Stegosaurus
I don't particularly like the constant comparisons to Stegosaurus. The article reads like the differences between Kentrosaurus and Stegosaurus, not like an article about the animal itself. John.Conway 17:16, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Since Stegosaurus is already well-known to the public, it's only natural to base descriptions of Kentrosaurus on Stegosaurus, noting both the similarities and the differences. If you can find a better way to write the article, so that the description loses no detail and the reader can still picture what Kentrosaurus looked like, feel free to do so. :) -- Firsfron of Ronchester 18:14, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I can see both sides. I tried to reorganize the headings like the other dino pages. Could probably streamlime the stego refs a bit.Cas Liber 23:25, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yesterday afternoon, I did a sort of 'compromise' edit, which I hope will improve the situation, by keeping the 'best of both worlds' - sorry not to have flagged it up on this discussion page before now - Ballista 06:51, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Mbielu Mbielu Mbielu
Any links appropriate to this cryptid? - Mbielu-Mbielu-Mbielu - which some cryptozoologists think may be a Kentrosaurus - like stegasaur --ZayZayEM (talk) 00:09, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

lost Berlin specimens
quite some important stuff has re-appeared. Also, "An almost-complete skeleton was at one time recovered and mounted in the Humboldt Museum, of the University of Berlin but the museum was bombed during World War II and many specimens were lost." makes it sound

1) as if the mount was gone

2) as if it was a complete animal that was mounted. HMallison (talk) 14:05, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Huh. Odd.  It's good that more has been relocated.  The mount itself is certainly extant; we've got pictures in the article. J. Spencer (talk) 03:58, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Sounds much better now ;) I'll find the reference (Galton 19something) for the cranial material that was found again in some drawer in the basement ASPA. Also, next month (after a conference in Berlin) I will have time to go through the material and see what is still there, what is in Tübingen, and what is still missing or destroyed. I can also list, from Janensch 1925, what is real in the mount - most of the back and ribs is not from the 'nearly complete individual' (which is not really very complete). HMallison (talk) 11:12, 18 July 2009 (UTC) added info on the mount, as well as references. btw: the Museum für Naturkunde is now part fo the Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, and no loger of the Humboldt-University. Once I find time... HMallison (talk) 12:09, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much! What I did was more of a placeholder to clear out the least accurate parts. J. Spencer (talk) 17:53, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

hey, if us guys actually working on the specimens didn't know, that'd be really really embarrassing ;)I'll update as I go along in my research. Spikes placement also needs a few comment. HMallison (talk) 19:27, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Revamp
Part 1: I am revamping the entire article, trying to get away from the Kentro-is-an-almost-stegosaurus style, too. Please feel free to fix typos etc. in the new sections, or alter the old ones, which I will consult for the new version constantly.HMallison (talk) 20:35, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Kentrosaurus longispinus
It appears that Kentrosaurus longispinus comes from a Dinogeorge article (see here for a brief discussion). Having said that, I think the only other people who really took it up were dinosaur buffs on the Internet. J. Spencer (talk) 05:12, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I have not yet found time to look into that; thank you very much for the hint! I know that a lot of Stegosaurus material is being re-assessed, and I know the people to talk to, maybe they can shed some light on this HMallison (talk) 06:51, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

image copyrights
Under German copyright laws, only the exterior, not the interior of museums, is in the public domain. While taking photographs inside is usually allowed when not using a tripod, and sometimes even when doing so, it is always explicitly forbidden (unless the museum expressly permits it) to use the images for anything but "private use". Releasing images for commercial use is not covered. Thus, I am removing all questionable images for now. The Museum für Naturkunde Berlin has, to my certain knowledge, not released anything for use on wikipedia.HMallison (talk) 10:51, 23 January 2010 (UTC)
 * update here: talk:DiplodocusHMallison (talk) 19:23, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

Yippee! Permission granted :) Casliber (talk · contribs) 14:08, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Added the pic! :) HMallison (talk) 21:54, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * On images, is the environment depicted here in any way accurate? If so, I could crop out the bottom graphics to make it more useful in the palaeoecology section here. I'm also a bit concerned about this image. Feet and spikes? This brain endocast image is also interesting, but not mentioned in the text. FunkMonk (talk) 17:36, 11 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I tried to find a paper on Kentrosaurus brain but no avail. I'm not share about the first image. LittleJerry (talk) 18:38, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

 * The background is in no way accurate. No angiosperm trees in the Tendaguru. What we need are conifers, seed ferns (Pteridospermatophyta), cycads. You get the picture. The size comparison image isn't too bad. The main problem is that the hindlimbs are bent at the knee. Not an impossible posture of course, but not the normal one for locomotion and very misleading when the intention is to indicate the height of the animal. Perhaps this kentrosaurus was crouching to stalk an unsuspecting cycad :o). The spikes should be more inclined to the rear near the tail end. This is known from the base-shaft angle. Indeed both feet and hands are too long: the ankle and wrist joints should be shown much lower. Perhaps Paul is correct in providing rear padding; he is certainly correct in letting the toes and fingers protrude more; they had no elephantine nails. The endocast could be shown. It is probably treated in Galton (1988) but I have no copy of this paper...--MWAK (talk) 17:01, 12 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I'll see what I can do for the spike and feet, can't do much about the crouch I think... FunkMonk (talk) 21:02, 12 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Let me talk to an artist I know who made an absolutely wonderful reconstruction for me. Maybe he is willing to let me use the pic here. HMallison (talk) 21:19, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

re-write
draft is here: User:HMallison/DraftKentrosaurus

 * Go for it, you are an expert in the field so I'll happily defer. It'd be great to get this up to GA/FA as well. I can help copyedit or make maps etc. In general, most of these pages are so quiet one can happily tinker quite extensively in mainspace without needing to resort to drafts etc. Casliber (talk · contribs) 20:48, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I'll throw in some support, too. Kentrosaurus was always one of my favorite dinosaurs. Abyssal (talk) 21:05, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

Chronostratigraphic range
The article currently reads " Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, dated to the Kimmeridgian stage, between about 155.7 ± 4 Ma and 150.8 ± 4 Ma (million years ago)." There does not appear to be a citation backing up this age range. Furthermore, the Kimmeridgian stage is dated from 157.3 ± 1.0 Ma to 152.1 ± 0.9 Ma according to the current official ICS timescale. Is there a verifiable source for the 155.7 ± 4 Ma and 150.8 ± 4 Ma age range? If so, shouldn't the range of Kentrosaurus be summarized as mid Kimmeridgian through early Tithonian? Dinoguy2 (talk) 11:39, 5 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Very good questions :o). The 150.8 boundary is simply the previous calibration Kimmeridgian-Tithonian boundary. It is not an estimation for the Kentrosaurus fossils per se. However, it would still be a good idea to indicate a Tithonian presence for Kentrosaurus, as the Upper Dinosaur Beds where it has been found also, are indeed probably Tithonian! At least, that is what I conclude from: Robert Bussert, Wolf-Dieter Heinrich and Martin Aberhan, 2009, "The Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, southern Tanzania): definition, palaeoenvironments, and sequence stratigraphy", Fossil Record 12(2) 2009: 141–174. Apparently the data allow for only very rough estimates for the strata themselves, let alone the Kentrosaurus quarries.--MWAK (talk) 05:40, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

Post GA comments
After promoting the article I came across some things to add, that do not affect the overall quality of the article. Mallison published a new article, found here, that can add more info to the article. It is on the affect of osteoderms on the centre of gravity. It is also under a CC-By Attribution 3.0 license, with one figure on Kentrosaurus with different possible osteoderm arrangements. I think some of the info can be added to the size and posture section, and the image might be uploaded, although HMallison might want to do the uploading himself. IJReid (talk) 22:50, 10 July 2014 (UTC)
 * that image is not useful, as it shows hypothetical distributions that are nonsense - the papers is on what nonsense one has to do to kae the COM shift significantly. HMallison (talk) 09:52, 13 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I know you weren't too fond of your last FAC experience, HM, but how about nominating this one? Iif you don't have too much time, a bunch of us could help out solve the more mundane issues. FunkMonk (talk) 17:54, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I'd rather wait. A year or so. I have some pretty amazing stuff ready for submission, and that will make a big part of a re-write ;) HMallison (talk) 10:53, 12 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Cool, looking forward to that! FunkMonk (talk) 12:30, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

Pronunciation of dinosaur names and Centrosaurus vs Kentrosaurus
The article says "because both the spellings and the pronunciations are different (Centrosaurus is pronounced with a soft C), both Doryphorosaurus and Kentrurosaurus are unneeded replacement names". This might be true for the traditional English pronunciation of Latin, but in Classical Latin pronunciation the letter C always sounds like /k/ (there's no "soft C"). Kentrosaurus and Centrosaurus sound the same to anyone speaking Classical Latin, which is the reason why two replacement names were proposed. Isn't this justified? I'm not saying Wikipedia or anyone else should stop using Kentrosaurus and start calling this genus Kentrurosaurus or Doryphorosaurus, but it doesn't seem correct to dismiss the replacement names as "unneeded" because the argument used ("the pronunciations are different") is not universally/objectively valid. Kiwi Rex (talk) 13:54, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Pronunciation is a red herring here; what matters is the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which says that two genus names are different if their spellings are different. I removed the mention of pronunciation from the article. Ucucha (talk) 02:38, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Today maybe, but this is a historical issue, so there is no reason to remove it from the article if it is validly sourced. We need to see it in the context of its time. FunkMonk (talk) 06:59, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kentrosaurus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kanji Reference:Seki

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete. Thryduulf 16:57, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Kanji Reference:Seki
Useless, and would belong in Wiktionary anyway Wereon 15:36, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete nonsense. Friday 16:18, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Joel Myers

Joel N. Myers is an American businessman who is the founder and executive chairman of AccuWeather, an American commercial weather service and media company.

Background
Myers is a native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He founded AccuWeather in State College, Pennsylvania, in 1962. Myers was on the faculty of Penn State from 1964 until 1981 as instructor, lecturer, and assistant professor; he estimates that by the time he retired from teaching he had taught weather forecasting to approximately 17% of all practicing meteorologists in the United States. Additionally, he was on the Pennsylvania State University board of trustees for 33 years, and continues as an Emeritus Trustee.

Myers received the American Meteorological Society’s 2018 Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Advancement of Applied Meteorology, and the National Weather Association’s 2017 Lifetime Achievement Award, in addition to numerous other accolades. He is a trustee of the board of directors for the Committee for Economic Development (CED), where he also is on the education subcommittee, and he is a Fellow of the Nantucket Project.

In 2007, Myers appointed his younger brother Barry Lee Myers, a business attorney, as AccuWeather's chief executive officer. The younger Myers was nominated by President Donald Trump to head the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in October 2017. Dr. Myers resumed his position as CEO in 2019 following his brother's departure from the company. In June 2023, Myers stepped down as CEO to became executive chairman of the company.

Political activities
Myers faced criticism in 2005 when he supported the National Weather Service Duties Act of 2005, a bill introduced by U.S. Senator Rick Santorum (R-PA) that would have prohibited the National Weather Service from publishing weather data to the public when private-sector entities, such as AccuWeather, perform the same function commercially. Myers has been a long-time large donor to the Republican Party, its candidates, and to Santorum, a former home-state Senator.

Controversies
The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs compiled a report by federal investigators that started after a complaint filed Sept. 6, 2016, alleging a “hostile work environment and termination based on sexual orientation and sex.” The investigators found rampant workplace sexual harassment and female employees receiving favors while having sexual relations with their supervisors, including an unnamed executive. The report found Accuweather “did not take reasonable action to prevent and remedy harassing conduct.” Joel Myers, who was president of Accuweather during the period covered by the agreement, signed a settlement where AccuWeather agrees to pay out $290,000 to at least 39 women, institute in-person training for managers to identify harassment, and send harassment complaints to a 3rd party till at least 2018.

title: Joel Myers


text:
White-bellied duiker

The white-bellied duiker (Cephalophus leucogaster) is a duiker found in central Africa. Little is known on the ecology of the species, and only some information on habitat and diet is available.

Duikers are a fairly small species of antelope that originate from, and still reside in, sub-Saharan Africa.

The white-bellied duiker ranges in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon, while it is likely to have been extirpated in Uganda.

title: White-bellied duiker


text:
Talk:Voltmeter

Article needs quite a bit of work
This really isn't all that informative. I would want to see alot more details on how DVM's work... I made one at one point, but I don't think I know enough that I should be editing this. I originally came looking for information on high impedence measurements - hopefully done with a low impedence DVM. It looks like it's possible, but requires a buffer which I will not have time to work out. Simon.p.hastings (talk) 06:02, 8 July 2010 (UTC)
 * What, specifically, were you looking for? The DVM section does point at A to D converter. There's lots of techniques for making electical measurements, but this article is about one instrument, not a tutorial on electrical measurement techniques. --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:12, 8 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I didn't mean that the article should cater to my specific purpose of coming, but the information I wanted is fairly basic - what would the typical electrical layout of a digital voltmeter look like. Some examples of problem I see with this article at the moment: The section of oscilloscopes needs reworking or should be removed. As you say, this is not an article on voltage measurement techniques, and so an oscilloscope article really is seperate. If it should remain in - please be clear that you are refering to an analog 'scope. Most people will not see those anymore, although I'm hardly an expert on the topic. The DVM section also needs reworking. The article should probably focus on them - analog devices are rarely used in practice, so why is there just 3 or 4 lines on them, and so much on the other stuff? I understand that you point to the basic principle of the integrating circuit, but the specific implementation is what I was interested in when I came here. Also, claiming that a 10 MOhm impedence is universal without citation is just plain dangerous. If people don't have a citation for that, it really needs to be corrected. I'm sure I've seen/heard of 1 MOhm and much higher impedence devices. Simon.p.hastings (talk) 02:30, 9 July 2010 (UTC)
 * 1 megohm is less than 10 meg ohm. No-one on the Wikipedia ever says something is 'universal', the article says 'generally' 10 megohms. Are you aware of models of DMM that don't have 10 meg input impedance, if so, they must also come with their own models of hv probes, which generally work with 10 meg inputs (my Hall and Horowitz is packed away at the moment). The scope measurement of voltage is independent of analog or digital scope, agreed, not relevant to voltmeters. The article is about voltmeters, not just one type of voltmeter, so over-emphasis on one type is inappropriate. What do you mean by "layout" of a DVM?  Physically, there's a myriad of choices, electronically they all pretty much have an input network, a/d converter, display (and sometimes a microcontroller, etc.). Would a block diagram help? --Wtshymanski (talk) 03:16, 9 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I think a block diagram would be helpful - and citations to appropriate references outside of WP if there are many such designs. That you can't say something general about them is no reason to not provide examples of design choices one might see made. And while an emphasis on one type is inappropriate, I think the section needs expanding in either case. A couple extra sentances on the topic of impedance of the voltmeter may also be helpful. A brief search on wikipedia turned up plenty of DVM's with impedances both below 10 MOhm and above it. I think it's fair to say that 10MOhm is common, and perhaps the majority, but there are markets for higher value meters(For cases exactly like mine) - as well as a myriad of do it yourself solutions for constructing them, as well as I suspect a pile of bargain-bin meters with lower impedance. And of course, external probes change this situation extensivly. In any event, I'm not trying to argue for specific changes - my original point was that the section as it is needs work. In the time we've been typing these messages, the changes could easily have been made. You seem to know more about it than I - and my grammer is not good for this sort of editing. Can we agree it needs expanding, and I leave it to you as you see fit? Simon.p.hastings (talk) 03:38, 9 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Grammar is the least of a Wikieditor's worries; put something up and within minutes someone will be fixing "that" and "which" and un-splitting your infinitives. Unfortunately, Wikipedia editors don't work on assignments - if you see an omission in the article, fix it, and be bold!.  Saying an article is no good is no help to editors...be specific, and don't be afraid to put in additions of your own. --Wtshymanski (talk) 12:05, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Drop in voltage
Hello, can someone add how to compute the drop in voltage when we add a voltmeter ? It would be very nice for me.--Youssef 15:37, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * A voltmeter is basically a resistance in a circuit that draws a small current. Adding that resistance during a measurement will interfere with that circuit, but if that resistance is very high then that interference can be neglected. Voltmeters can be rated as so many Ohms per Volt. 70.27.152.243 (talk) 14:05, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

Voltmeter/currentmeter
Could someone explain how it is possible to convert a current meter to a volmeter via a resistance?

.......VOLTMETER>>>>> Why is a voltmeter connected in parallel in a circuit? BUBBLES
 * Voltmeters are connected between any two points. They contain a large resistance and the voltmeters measure the small current in that resistance.70.27.152.243 (talk) 17:59, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

Because if it were connected in series the current would flow through the voltmeter and you would get the voltage drop due to the resistance of the voltmeter, not the circuit. eg. say you had your voltmeter connected in parralel over a switch and were measuring votlage applied through the switch. When closed the current would take the path of least resistance, this being the switch which has no resistance and therefore the voltage drop reading is zero. If the switch was open the current would be forced to travel through the voltmeter which has very high resistance and the reading would be that of the applied voltage.

DVM -- Can anyone tell me what the 4th connection point is on a Digital Volt meter and how it is different than the DVM that only hast 3 connections.

please give details about quadrant type voltmeters, too —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.198.130.243 (talk) 13:27, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Electromechanical movements
I was redirected here from moving coil meter which I need to illustrate another article...how about a d'Arsonoval movement diagram? I know, I know...if I want one I have to draw one....--Wtshymanski (talk) 17:00, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Major changes recently made?
Does anyone know why the most recent changes were made? They look like the new page must be an old revision... The changes were made anonymously. Comment? The diff takes away 2600 lines! —TedPavlic | (talk) 19:15, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It was vandalism. Revert it. I've tried to put the missing text back as it should have been, hopefully without missing any good edits made in the last month. A good rule of thumb is that if you see a large decrease in article size after an anon IP has edited, check to see if it should be reverted - these are rarely positive edits in my experience. --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:01, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

about the class of the instrument
the page should include some discussion about the definition of the concept of "class", related to error specifications

The explanatory illustration
Sorry, but this is quite different from reality, to the extent of being misleading. Please see my comments on the Talk page for ammeters. I mean no personal offense, though.Nikevich (talk) 08:17, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Could you explain what's misleading? The current illustration looks pretty much like every textbook picture I've seen, and would allow our proverbial bright 12-year old to identify all the parts of a meter movement he/she was busily taking apart. Unless you're worrying about which way the coil is wound! --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:26, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Technicalities about what a voltmeter really measures
First of all, normally a voltmeter does not measure differences in electrostatic potential, but rather in electrochemical potential of electrons a.k.a. Fermi level. There are some subtleties here with thermoelectric effect, band bending and so on where this is important.

Also, if there are changing magnetic fields then the voltmeter does not measure voltage simply between two points but also depends on what path the leads take.

I'd like to update the article but it's a really nice article, and I hope to keep it simple. Any thoughts? --Nanite (talk) 18:23, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes. It measures differences in electrostatic potential. Andy Dingley (talk) 21:00, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, think about it this way: consider a piece of copper wire. What point do you choose to represent its electric potential: right next to the copper nucleus, or half way between neighboring nuclei, or in the points furthest from any nucleus? These places can differ in electrostatic potential by hundreds of volts, and yet when I attach a voltmeter (no matter how sharp my voltmeter's probes are) I measure zero volts on the wire. --Nanite (talk) 09:51, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopedia. Its goal is to explain concepts to an audience, at a level appropriate to that audience. This is a hard task, as we don't know the audience and their level of prior knowledge. However it's a reasonable bet that those looking for information on a simple voltmeter are unlikely to be thinking in terms of Fermi levels. Andy Dingley (talk) 12:48, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's the conundrum. Unless I can think of a clever and simple way to do it, I'll leave it as is. --Nanite (talk) 13:33, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Any Voltmeter is just a high resistance plus a current measuring device. measuring the current flowing thru that resistance. 70.27.152.243 (talk) 14:27, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

 * One could also say that any current measuring device is an extremely low resistance plus a voltage measuring device, measuring the voltage drop across its own resistance. This doesn't aid to anyone's understanding. Jeh (talk) 23:18, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

VTVM and FET
For anyone looking to add examples to this section, VTVms are fairly common (Hickok, RCA, HP, and others). FET examples seem to usually be called field-effect meters, and Sencore is an example. It may also be of interest that a Field Effect meter can measure resistance in circuit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:200:4203:91D2:99B2:1F8E:55C9:8835 (talk) 01:00, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

Voltmeter symbol
This article needs to have a volmeter circuit symbol ! Darkman101 (talk) 02:26, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voltmeter