text:
Talk:Pistonless rotary engine

Untitled
Why does the article claim Mazda is the only Wankle producer? Article text should probably be changed to "the only automotive engine manufacturer", not "only commercial manufacturer."

Why is the MYT engine listed, when no running prototype has ever been demonstrated? There are videos of it running off compressed air in cheesy convention booths, or being turned by hand by an assistant. They claim to have run one for 1000 hours of testing- where's the video of it running? Where's a car with it installed, even just a prototype model? It is a great disservice to Wikipedia readers to not qualify/disclaim ANY mention of the MYT engine when discussing it alongside engine technology that has been in widespread use for decades. It implies credibility most would agree "MYT" doesn't deserve (yet- I'll shut up when they run an engine publicly on an independent dyno.)

What about the Mazda RX-series? The RX-8, which came out in (I think) 2003 has a Wankel-type rotary engine.

 * Please sign your posts on talk pages, user 192.35.35.36 (see also User talk:192.35.35.36), and consider creating a userid, it costs nothing and gives you a little more privacy.

 * All the Mazda RX- models are Wankel powered. See for example Mazda RX-3, also Mazda Wankel engine. Andrewa 14:57, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Removed text:

Sometimes these engines are referred to in somewhat erroneous shorthand as rotary engines, although the term rotary engine was first used to describe the rotary piston engine, a type of aircooled reciprocating aircraft engine, where in the reverse of the usual piston engine practice, the crankshaft is static and attached to the airplane, while a bank of cylinders rotates around the crankshaft and is attached to the airscrew.

This is not altogether accurate, and in any case belongs in the article on these engines, not here.

''The newest automotive rotary engines, however, are currently produced by Mazda. Recently, both the RX-7 and RX-8 have used Wankel-type rotary engines exclusively. The Mazda website has a history of their use of rotary engines .''

Again, the Wankel engine is already well described in several articles. This external link could perhaps be added to Mazda Wankel engine. Andrewa 20:30, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

See also Talk:Rotary piston engine. Andrewa 20:46, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

The Veselovsky seems to be a Wankel engine very similar to the LiquidPiston engine, with intake and exhaust through the central rotor. At least that's how I interpret it.impossiblefork (talk) 22:18, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

and many, many others...
See http://www.dself.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/POWER/rotaryIC/rotaryIC.htm and http://dmoz.org/Science/Technology/Energy/Devices/Internal_Combustion_Engines/Rotary/ for two excellent surveys, the first with diagrams. Andrewa 00:06, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Clarifying Statements
"An example of a pistonless rotary engine is the Wankel engine.
 * Guys, I added the following statements to clarify the article.
 * 1. In the starting sentance: "A rotary engine is an.." changed to "A pistonless rotary engine is an..."
 * 2. Added this line to the starting paragraph:

--Pavithran 23:03, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Disadvantages section
This section must have been written by the bloody frenchman that invented the Quasiturbine and for some bizarre reason continuously finds it necessary to attack the wankel as a bad engine and conclude from there that his engine be better. Well I do not know how to turn a page into "the content of this page is disputed not to be neutral" otherwise I d have done that. Anyway, the remarks fooling readers into believing that the quasiturbine is some kind of wankel improvement should be rewritten more neutrally, as should be the disadvantages of the wankel engine. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.165.18.225  (talk • contribs)
 * Well… I would say: please do. --Van helsing 13:43, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The bizarre reason is not hard to guess... people are making money out of promoting designs such as the Quasiturbine. But it's not necessarily those directly involved with these promotions who produce these questionable edits; Often they are the work of idealistic people who have been taken in by the persuasive promotional material associated with such projects. See Solar Tower Buronga.

 * The article as is certainly needs some cleaning up. Andrewa 11:47, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Non helpful editing
A message to Van Helsing: Please do not remove entries on the R.A.C.E. engine without reasonable grounds. Your edit removed a stub that other people were interested in expanding, as well as a link to the Atkinson cycle which is an important advantage in some rotary engine designs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sowilo (talk • contribs)

I fully agree with the above statement. Following some simple rules should help. Sowilo 04:25, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * Shall we keep this discussion on one place instead of four? --Van helsing 09:35, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

What gives that here?
Wankel Rotary Myths for Amateurs!? --90.186.119.176 21:53, 29 March 2007 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 90.186.119.176 (talk) 21:52, 29 March 2007 (UTC).

 * Quite so. What a mess. Andrewa 12:14, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Trochilic Engines
From http://www.trochilicengines.com/glossary/ : ''Trochilic Engines - A truly rotating piston, turbine by design that can function as a  Stirling cycle, internal combustion, and high-pressure gas engine. This highly efficient, clean, cost effective power source offers a solution to the worlds energy dilemma.''

It appears that the Trochilic Engine is a new proprietry engine design. Two similarly-shaped interlocking rotary piston segments (see this image of one segment) rotate in a cylindrical chamber. Ports are used instead of valves, a la Wankel, and the two piston segments are controlled by planetary gearing so that their angular displacement one from the other varies as they spin, so that the space between them varies in volume. Ingenious.

But according to http://www.trochilicengines.com/faq they haven't actually built one, all they have so far are some computer simulations and of course the idea. Mind you, this same FAQ also predicts We expect to introduce internal combustion trial and demonstration units early 2006 so it may not be quite up to date. Andrewa 12:14, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Trochilic Engine redirects to Swing-piston engine. If this is correct, it is not a pistonless engine. Biscuittin (talk) 17:25, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Non-encyclopedic engines
http://dmoz.org/Science/Technology/Energy/Devices/Internal_Combustion_Engines/Rotary/ gives a list of websites dedicated to proposed engine designs which includes the Trochilic. But all you need to appear on this list is an idea and a website. Several of them, by their own admission, have yet to be built, and there's no evidence that they ever will or even can be.

There are particularly interesting drawings of the Hula engine, see here and here, which appears to be a reinvention of the Sarich engine, and the Veselovsky which appears to be a variety of Wankel engine.

I'm skeptical as to whether any of them, including the Trochilic, should get a mention in this article. Andrewa 18:34, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Introduction is a bit tame
Introduction now reads An example of a pistonless rotary engine is the Wankel engine. In fact the only commercially successful pistonless rotary engine to date is the Wankel. So shouldn't the introduction reflect this?

IMO the reason it doesn't is that some of our editors wish to promote other designs. Not a good reason. Andrewa 07:00, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

NEVIS Engine
what kind of engine is this? http://www.nevisengine.com/

--83.190.246.96 23:23, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Promotion of share scam engines?
I recently came upon this article after left a comment on my talk page about a new type of engine. I am very concerned that this article gives undue weight to a number of theoretical engine designs. I've seen plenty of theoretical engine designs come and go over the years, and the main thing that they have in common is a desire to sell shares in the company that is developing them. Once such shares are sold and the original inventors have made their money, the whole proposal quietly collapses. The only 2 engine types in this article that I am sure don't fit that category are the Wankel and Sarich. --Athol Mullen 01:04, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Rotary Engine Links
An interesting link to a history of rotary engines, particularly rotary steam engines: http://www.dself.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/POWER/rotaryengines/rotaryeng.htm A link to many innovative engine designs of all sorts (some, perhaps as crackpot or impractical as the previous commentator laments): http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Engines —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.148.36.138 (talk) 15:38, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Comparisons
I elaborated on some of the other methods of measuring displacement of a Wankel rotary as it originally said something to the effect of "There are many ways of calculating displacement of a Wankel" but went on to only mention one (i.e. the Japanese/industry standard of measurement). Feel free to expand on or scrutinize. Should i also add this information to the Mazda Wankel page and the Wankel page as i believe any information to this effect is missing. I believe it is necessary for understanding the abnormal specific output numbers of the Wankel rotary's have in comparison to piston engines. - Li7in6

That is not the Japan standard, in fact this is the scientific standard. The rotor surface is not the combustion chamber surface and the comparsion is a little bit tricky. The combustion chamber is stationary in the location of the spark spark plug. Then need a Wankel engine per surface 3 x 360° = 1080° (3 rev) against 2 x 360° (2 rev) for all four Otto cycle. Only the absence of the empty stroke make difference. A four stroke reciprocating piston engine has a empty stroke (only every second rotation one working cycle) this has a Wankel engine not (every rotation one ignition). Therefor is the power density of a Wankel engine higher. Chamber volume x 2 is the equivalent displacement. All other is orginal research! --HDP (talk) 10:04, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

This is not correct as in a Wankel rotary the combustion chamber is constantly movind due to the geometery of the rotor/housing relation. It is not directly comparable to a piston engine who's combustion chamber IS stationary within the block. Simply recognising 1/3rd of an engine's combustion chambers because you are attempting to adapt a piston displacement standard to an engine of a completely different design. in a wankel rotary a single rotor =/= a single piston. The rotors creates three completely seperate combustion chambers and taking all 3 of these chamebrs per rotor is the only way to determine maximum possible displacement of a Wankel rotary. Li7in6

Quasiturbine
Its own page gives links that puts it in development. --174.71.78.172 (talk) 08:55, 10 November 2011 (UTC)

Large content deletion
Anyone interested in this article, or in improving it, might find this revision useful. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:32, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

Oh, Boy, What Happened??
Seems like we have too many cooks in the kitchen. Pretty much anything of relevance got deleted at some point and what we have, now, makes no sense, whatsoever. That's a shame, because this used to be a very good, and thorough, discussion of how a rotary (Wankel) worked, and was used to power some commercially available motor vehicles. Mazda brought the rotary engine into the mainstream with it's RX-series. Ending the article with some tribute to Mazda seems appropriate, since they are the sole motor vehicle manufacturer to use a rotary powered car. My solution? Redirect everyone to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wankel_engine. Issues? Complaints? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Squonk64 (talk • contribs) 17:38, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
 * What happened is this blanking of unsourced content. You might defend it as policy, you might claim it's heavy-handed. Either way, the content is still there if you want to fix it up and source it.
 * As to Wankels, then I'd leave this article as far from Wankel as possible (there are other engines), link to Wankel and move any useful content to that with a summary remaining. Andy Dingley (talk) 17:49, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pistonless rotary engine


text: Category:Zen patriarchs

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Zen patriarchs


text:
Hobo–Dyer projection

The Hobo–Dyer map projection is a normal cylindrical equal-area projection, with standard parallels (there is no north-south or east-west distortion) at 37.5° north and south of the equator. The map was commissioned in 2002 by Bob Abramms and Howard Bronstein of ODT Inc. and drafted by cartographer Mick Dyer, as a modification of the 1910 Behrmann projection. The name Hobo–Dyer is derived from Bronstein and Abramms's first names (Howard and Bob) and Dyer's surname.

The original ODT map is printed on two sides, one side with north upwards and the other with south upwards. That, together with its equal-area presentation, is intended to present a different perspective compared with more common non-equal area, north-up maps. The goal is similar to that of other equal-area projections (such as the Gall–Peters projection), but the Hobo-Dyer is billed by the publisher as "more visually satisfying". To that end, the map stretches the low latitudes vertically less than Peters, but at the price of greater compression near the poles.

In 2002, the Carter Center used the Hobo–Dyer projection in a map of its global locations that it circulated to mark its founder Jimmy Carter's receipt of the Nobel Peace Prize.

title: Hobo–Dyer projection


text:
Julia (Beatles song)

"Julia" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as "the White Album"). It is performed as a solo piece by John Lennon. The song was written by Lennon (though credited to Lennon–McCartney) about his mother Julia Lennon, who died in 1958 at age 44.

The track is the final song on side two (disc one on CD) of The Beatles and was the last song recorded for the album. In 1976, it was issued as the B-side of the Beatles single "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da".

Composition
"Julia" was written by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) in the key of D major and features Lennon on vocals and acoustic guitar. It was written during the Beatles' 1968 visit to Rishikesh in northern India, where they were studying under the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. It was here that Lennon learned the song's finger-picking guitar style (known as 'Travis-picking') from the Scottish musician Donovan. Donovan later explained:

"He [Lennon] told me he wanted to write a song about his mother. He said, 'Donovan, you're the king of children's songs. Can you help me?... I want to write a song about the childhood that I never really had with my mother.' He asked me to help him with the images that he could use in lyrics for a song about this subject. So I said, 'Well, when you think of the song, where do you imagine yourself?' And John said, 'I'm at a beach and I'm holding hands with my mother and we're walking together.' And I helped him with a couple of lines, 'Seashell eyes / windy smile' – for the Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland feel that John loved so much."

No other Beatle sings or plays on the song. While Paul McCartney made several "solo" recordings attributed to the group, dating back to his famous song "Yesterday", this is the only time that Lennon played and sang unaccompanied on a Beatles track. The ballad itself was the final track to be composed during recording sessions for The Beatles.

Lyrics
"Julia" was written for John's mother, Julia Lennon (1914–1958), who was killed by a car driven by an off-duty probationary police officer when John was 17 years old. Julia Lennon had encouraged her son's interest in music and bought him his first guitar. But after she split with John's father, John was taken in by his aunt, Mimi, and Julia started a new family with another man; though she lived just a few miles from John, Julia did not spend much time with him for a number of years. Their relationship began to improve as he neared adolescence, though, and in the words of his half-sister, Julia Baird: "As he grew older, John would stay with us more often. He and Daddy got along well enough, and in the evenings when our daddy, a head waiter, was at work, John and Mummy would sit together and listen to records. She was an avid Elvis Presley fan, and she and John would jive around the room to 'Heartbreak Hotel' and other early Elvis recordings. John inherited his love of music from her, and she encouraged him to start with piano and banjo, making him play a tune again and again until he got it right."

"I lost her twice," Lennon said. "Once as a five-year-old when I was moved in with my auntie. And once again when she actually physically died."

The song was also written for his future wife Yoko Ono, whose first name, which literally means "child of the sea" in Japanese, is echoed in the lyric "Oceanchild, calls me." Towards the end of his life, he often called Yoko "Mother."

The line "Half of what I say is meaningless, but I say it just to reach you" was a slight variation of Kahlil Gibran's "Sand and Foam" (1926) in which the original verse reads, "Half of what I say is meaningless, but I say it so that the other half may reach you". Lennon also adapted the lines "When I cannot sing my heart, I can only speak my mind" from Gibran's "When life does not find a singer to sing her heart she produces a philosopher to speak her mind".

Personnel
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

 * John Lennon - double-tracked vocal, double-tracked acoustic guitar

Releases and legacy
"Julia" was originally released as the final song on side two of The Beatles on 22 November 1968. In 1976, it was released as the B-side of the "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" single. In 1988, "Julia" was one of the nine Beatles songs on the soundtrack album Imagine: John Lennon. In 2006, a portion was used for the Love album, mixed with "Eleanor Rigby".

Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of its release, Jacob Stolworthy of The Independent listed "Julia" at number 13 in his ranking of the White Album's 30 tracks. He commented: "The first disc ends on a sanguine note with Lennon's ode to his deceased mother, Julia. It remains the only Beatles song he wrote and performed by himself."

Other recordings

 * That same year, jazz pianist Ramsey Lewis included it on his Mother Nature's Son album. This version went to #76 on the US Hot 100 and #37 on the Best Selling Soul Singles chart.

title: Julia (Beatles song)


text:
Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi

Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi (September 3, 1930 – October 7, 1991) was an Argentine poet, novelist,  self-taught philosopher, essayist, educator and lecturer of Italian heritage best known for having founded and directed New Acropolis, an international philosophical educational and cultural organisation.

His works have been translated into several languages, titles in English include the novels The Alchemist and Ankor, the Last Prince of Atlantis, as well as The Spirits of Nature and Thebes, two studies on esotericism.

He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and died in Madrid, Spain.

Livraga was convicted for illegal arm possession in 1988 by Madrid's Provincial Court.

Biography
His mother, Victoria Rizzi, and his father, Ángel Livraga, an industrial engineer, were of Italian origin whose families had emigrated to Argentina in the late 19th century; (Livraga himself would later gain Italian citizenship). Livraga's father died when he was 15, and this led to a spiritual crisis, where, via his English teacher, he eventually came into contact with the Argentine Theosophical Society in the early fifties. He was a member of the Theosophical Society from 1950 to 1962.

At some point, he founded the magazine Estudios Teosóficos with Ada Albrecht, and founded New Acropolis, an association intended to promote Philosophy, along the lines of the classical Schools of Philosophy, such as Plato’s Academy. Livraga began to expand New Acropolis to other Latin American countries: Uruguay, Chile (in 1965), Perú, Brasil and Bolivia. Livraga's activities during this period consisted in writing the extensive course manuals.

He also had an interest in archeology, regularly organizing private expeditions and maintained a collection housed in a private museum, the Rodrigo Caro Museum. After his death, his natal home in Buenos Aires was converted into a museum in his name.

Claims
His official New Acropolis biography claims that he was an academic member of the Esoteric group known as the International Philo-Byzantine Academy and University (IPHBAU) that according to the James Randi Foundation gives doctorates in Divinity, and the New Acropolis-related publishing house International Burckhardt Academy in Italy. It also claims that he was a knight of the fictional Real Orden de San Ildefonso y San Atilano, and a recipient of the silver cross from the Société Académique Arts Sciences Lettres (France), nevertheless apart from his New Acropolis biography no second hand source confirms such claims. His official biography use to list him as archeologist and doctor in philosophy from the inexistent Aztec Academy of Arts, but once such Academy was proven to be fictional the claim was retired.

His official biography often claims that he won the Argentine National Poetry Prize with his book Lotuses, however no source of such claim exists outside of New Acropolis and he's not listed as such in any source of the Argentinean government.

Selected works (original Spanish editions)

 * Ankor, El Discipulo - (A novel about spiritual initiation in Atlantis)- 1972 - Cunillera. Nuevas Ciencias.
 * El Alqimista - (a historical novel) 1974 - ISBN 84-230-0041-9 - ISBN 978-84-230-0041-8 - Editorial Cunillera.
 * Manual de primer curso: [ética, socio-política, filosofía de la historia]- Madrid : Nueva Acrópolis, D.L. 1978. ISBN 84-300-0173-5
 * Moassy El Perro - (a novel about society)- 1980 - Nueva Acrópolis
 * Cartas a Delia y Fernando - (philosophical work) Madrid : Nueva Acròpolis, 1981. ISBN 84-300-4075-7
 * Pensamientos - (a collection of quotations)- 1982 -Nueva Acrópolis - ISBN 84-85982-02-9
 * Ideario - vols. I, II & III - (A compilation of magazine articles)
 * Los espíritus elementales de la naturaleza (The elemental spirits of nature, an esoteric study) - Madrid : Nueva Acrópolis, D.L. 1985. ISBN 84-85982-19-3
 * Tebas - (Thebes, a study of Egypt) Valencia : Nueva Acrópolis, D.L. 1986. ISBN 84-85982-26-6
 * Jorge Ángel Livraga. El teatro Mistérico en Grecia I. La Tragedia. (A study of ancient Greek theater) Ed. NA -1987 -Editorial Nueva Acrópolis - ISBN 84-85982-28-2
 * Magia, Religion y Ciencia para el tercer Milenio I, II, III & IV- (a collection of lecture transcripts) 1995 - Nueva Acropolis, A.C.-ISBN 84-85982-61-4

title: Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi


text:
Talk:Stamp Act Congress

Reverts
I reverted all the changes from the last two days. In addition to some random vandalism, an anonymous user inserted the entire text of the declaration of rights, without quotes or introduction. We could include the text, but I think the summary is adequate, and External links has a pointer to the full text. If we want the text we will need a section and an introductory sentence. Lou I 13:01, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Joe's comment
By the way there is more about the Stamp Act Congress and i'd appreciate it if what i added (to which is accurate) wasn't deleted! If you didn't know i actually am studying the vigorously studying the American Revolution and what i put is not vandalism. I find it hard to believe that the page on the Stamp Act Congress is not even referenced. I guess i shouldn't waste my time improving articles! If you want to improve the article i suggest finding the relevant infomation yourself. Even though i didn't reference it i'm very busy and don't always have the time and yes i was going to reference it but it doesn't matter now. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joehistorynut (talk • contribs) (04:06, 9 November 2007)

Mergeinto
Discussion of proposed mergeinto is on the Stamp Act discussion page. BradMajors (talk) 18:52, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Whadda heck!
It is astonishing that Lou and Joe are parties to this terribly-written article. They both write as though they were texting each other. The main article is at this level too; it should be deleted and the subject started anew by someone with some knowledge of American history...Joe, i think not u. Dangnad (talk) 19:59, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

Dartmouth
The last section requires a citation. The reference to "Dartmouth" I assume means William Legge, Lord Dartmouth. in 1765 he was President of the Board of Trade, not Secretary of State for the Colonies, this didn't happen until 1772. In 1765 the American colonies were still under the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. I have not found a good historical reference as to where the declaration went, however it would most likely have gone to two places, the Board of Trade, but more importantly the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Starfurys483 (talk • contribs) 05:58, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

Not a Legislature
The Stamp Act Congress was not a legislature(neither was the Continental Congress), and it had no legal or constitutional jurisdiction. In English usage before 1789, a "congress" is a diplomatic body. But how to fix this in the infobox I don't know.Mikedelsol (talk) 19:32, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stamp Act Congress


text:
Special collections

In library science, special collections (Spec. Coll. or S.C.) are libraries or library units that house materials requiring specialized security and user services. Special collections can be found in many different organisations including research libraries, universities, colleges, schools, national libraries, public libraries, museums, art galleries, archives, historic houses, cathedrals, subscription libraries, learned societies, hospitals, companies and monasteries.

Materials housed in special collections can be in any format (including rare books, manuscripts, photographs, archives, ephemera, and digital records), and are generally characterized by their artifactual or monetary value, physical format, uniqueness or rarity, and/or an institutional commitment to long-term preservation and access. They can also include association with important figures or institutions in history, culture, politics, sciences, or the arts. Some special collections are recognised as being of global importance; the UNESCO Memory of the World Register includes documentary heritage material.

Individual libraries or archival institutions determine for themselves what constitute their own special collections, resulting in a somewhat mutable definition that is often a legacy of the institution's organisational structure. For example, archives may be part of a special collections department or managed separately, and whilst rare books and manuscripts are often kept within special collections some institutions may use the term exclusively for modern material. Larger, historically distinct collections may also be managed as part of a Special Collections department: for example, the British Cartoon Archive at the University of Kent is part of the Templeman Library's Special Collections & Archives.

For research libraries, a special collections area or division can be a fundamental part of their mission. Some special collections are standalone institutions that are privately funded, such as the Newberry Library or the American Antiquarian Society while others are part of a larger institution, such as the Beinecke Library at Yale University or Special Collections at University College London. Many American university special collections grew out of the merging of rare book rooms and manuscripts departments in a university's library system.

In contrast to general (or circulating) libraries, the uniqueness of special collections means that they are not easily replaced (if at all) and therefore require a higher level of security and handling.

Function
The primary function of a special collections division is to foster research by providing researchers and interested groups or individuals access to items while ensuring their longevity. Many staff members involved with special collections have either advanced degrees or specialized training related to the collections for which they are responsible.

Storage
Items in a special collection are usually stored in closed stacks (not directly accessible to the institution's patrons) which contain noncirculating items, meaning that items cannot be loaned or otherwise removed from the premises. Access to materials is usually under supervision. Depending on the policies of an institution holding special collections, researchers may be asked to present identification cards, letters of reference, or other credentials to gain access.

Most special collections are stored in areas in which the temperature, humidity, illumination, and other environmental conditions are carefully monitored to ensure the integrity of materials, and adequate security is provided to protect the materials from unauthorized access, theft, and vandalism.

Offsite storage facilities have become increasingly popular among institutions holding special collections. Most libraries consider it their mandate to maintain acquisition of new collections, although the limitations of their physical plants may not be able to handle all that is acquired. Storing materials offsite allows flexibility in how libraries design and apportion their space and provides security for materials. The 2010 "Taking Our Pulse" report cites a survey in which 67% of responding institutions use offsite facilities, with another 5% in planning stages.

Reading room characteristics
Special reading rooms are often provided to minimize the risk to holdings while being consulted by patrons, which are sometimes monitored by library personnel who also provide reference assistance and relay requests for materials. Rules often apply to use of materials in order to protect against inadvertent damage; Writing implements which use ink are very commonly prohibited, as well as flash photography, use of mobile phones (except for photography), and the presence of food and beverages. Protective gloves are sometimes required when consulting particularly delicate materials, photographs, and metal objects, and many libraries may require that books be read only while resting in special cradles. Research libraries are increasingly investigating offering virtual reading rooms and virtual teaching environments to support remote access to special collections - work which has been accelerated since the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: Special collections


text:
Everlasting Gobstopper

The Everlasting Gobstopper is a gobstopper candy from Roald Dahl's 1964 children's novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. According to its creator Willy Wonka, it was intended "for children with very little pocket money". It not only changes colours and flavours when sucked on, but also never gets any smaller or disappears. In 1976, the name of the fictional candy was used for a product similar to a normal gobstopper, or jawbreaker.

Although only briefly mentioned in the book and its 2005 film adaptation, the 1971 film adaptation Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory used the Everlasting Gobstopper as a plot device in which Wonka's business rival Slugworth attempts to bribe the children visiting the Wonka factory to steal one for him. This is later revealed as a lie; Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson, one of Wonka's workers. The proposal is a test Wonka set up to judge the worthiness of the ticket holders to take over the factory, given to all five children.

An actual Everlasting Gobstopper prop used in the 1971 film was sold for $100,000 to the owners of the television show Pawn Stars.

Nestlé Everlasting Gobstopper
A product called the Forever lasting Gobstopper was introduced in 1976 by the Chicago candy company Breaker Confections. Breaker Confections had licensed the "Willy Wonka" name in 1971 so that their candy could be used as merchandising tie-ins for the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, which was released the same year. The Willy Wonka Candy Company brand was later bought by Nestlé, and production has been moved to Itasca, Illinois.

The everlasting gobstopper is like a normal gobstopper or jawbreaker and is composed of several discrete layers. The layers allow for the colour and flavour changing effects described in the book. They are available in a variety of different flavour combinations and usually have a chalky center with a cherry flavour. A version with a chewy center is also available.

The everlasting gobstopper product resembles the gobstopper from the book and its 2005 film adaptation far more than the ones in the 1971 film. The versions from the 1971 film are a multi-coloured, bumpy, spiky candy, while ones in the book and the 2005 film are round, single-coloured spheres.

Seasonal variants such as "Gobstopper Snowballs" and "Gobstopper Heart-breakers" are available during winter holidays and around the time of Valentine's Day, respectively. An example is the Gobstopper Candy Cane, which is the company's only non-spherical Gobstopper: the product is modelled after the regular candy canes that are popular during the Christmas season.

title: Everlasting Gobstopper


text:
Talk:21 July 2005 London bombings

Explosions
The article says that the explosions were caused by detonator caps. But the standard method of detonation is electrical. Is there any specific reference to caps ? It was reported that the explosions were caused by the detonators, I suggest that the most likely explanation is an electrical fuse, could be a bit of fuse wire or a low voltage bulb broken open, or a photographic flashbulb broken open, with semtex filaments carrying the fire throughout the body of the charge. The article should not be more specific than what is certain. Reg nim (talk) 00:28, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

nc —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.255.47.120 (talk) 19:51, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

"terrorist attack"
Per WP:Avoid the words "terrorist" and "terrorism" should be avoided. This guideline is inconsistently followed, and is less likely to be followed on pages documenting attacks on or in Western countries than on or in 3rd World or non-NATO countries. This amounts to Systemic bias. This page is a prominent example of the use of these words when they could be avoided.

The article currently says "It was immediately apparent that the explosions were the result of a terrorist attack..." I propose replacing "terrorist" with "intentional". It changes the meaning of the sentence only slightly--by being more specific if anything.

I am discussing this rather than simply changing the word because I have attempted to remove all references to "terrorist" and "terrorism" from the article once already (in the process making the unfortunate and embarrassing choice to use the word "extremist"--also part of the guideline). This particular instance of the word was reverted. However, I still think the article would be better off without it, and I would like to change it with consensus. Revcasy (talk) 17:38, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://itn.co.uk/news/3967b7a45c8a1847f5ba6d060069a0ec.html
 * In 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot on 2011-05-26 02:25:19, 404 Not Found
 * In 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot on 2011-06-14 22:27:34, 404 Not Found
 * In 21 July 2005 London bombings on 2011-06-19 05:25:16, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 05:25, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

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"Islamic terrorism"
Whoever keeps adding the words "islamic terrorism" and related templates to the article, should better find reliable sources for this. As it stands now, the perpetrators were found guilty of an "intention to murder" and not of terrorism. The article, based on sources, also makes it clear that the motive behind the attack was "revenge" and not religion (i.e., a sense of a religious obligation). Will be removing these POV templates added fairly recently. — kashmīrī  TALK  08:53, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:21 July 2005 London bombings


text:
Dinnington, Somerset

Dinnington is a village and civil parish in the English county of Somerset, situated 4 mi north of Crewkerne in the South Somerset district. The village has a population of 65.

History
The name Dinnington means the settlement of Dynne's people.

The parish was crossed by the Fosse Way and nearby there is evidence of a Roman villa, which was excavated by the archaeological television programme Time Team in 2002 and 2006. The Romano British site has been the site of surface finds of tesserae, roofing slates and pottery. A number of coins have been found and also a small bronze dog.

The manor was held at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 by Siward the falconer. The parish of Dinnington was part of the South Petherton Hundred. In the 15th century the manor passed to the Pouletts of Hinton St George.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Chard Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Yeovil county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, and was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Religious sites
The Anglican parish Church of St Nicholas was established by 1207. The current building is mostly from the 15th century with restoration in 1863. It was originally a chapelry to Seavington St Mary.

In 1873 a Bible chapel was built and continued to be used by the Methodists until 1956. In 1964 it was taken over by the Elim Pentecostal Church at Merriott.

title: Dinnington, Somerset


text:
Donyatt

Donyatt is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated at the source of the River Isle 5 mi north of Chard in the South Somerset district. The village has a population of 347. The parish includes the hamlet of Peasmarsh.

History
The village was recorded as Dunnyete meaning Dunna's gate in 725.

In the Domesday Book a park at Donyatt was held by Drogo from the Count of Mortain.

Donyatt was part of the hundred of Abdick and Bulstone.

In 1328 it was the birthplace of William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, whose family held the manor and built a castle or fortified manor house. It had a manorial chapel and it is from this that a Sheela na Gig was recovered and is now incorporated into a private house.

The almshouses in Church Street date from 1624, and were founded under the will of John Dunster of London (died 1625). Next to them is the old school house, which was built in the early 19th century, and the old school which dates from 1871.

The Old clay puddling house, a circular thatched building, is a former pottery dating from the 18th century, when there were also woollen-mills in the village. Thirty-three examples of pottery from Donyatt have been identified from five sites in Virginia and Maryland. They were part of a wider pottery industry during the 17th and 18th centuries. Sites from which were excavated in the 1960s and 1970.

The "Sea Bridge" carries the road over a stream. It was built in the 18th century with three semi-circular arches.

Donyatt had a small halt along the Chard Branch Line just before Ilminster, which served the local community, it was constructed from sleepers laid horizontally and pegged together to form a basic platform structure, a small over canopy "shed" served as a shelter during the winter months, access to the platform was gained by crossing over the bridge and accessing an inclined path. The Halt is next to some World War II defences used on the Taunton Stop Line, with anti-tank traps around the station. During the threat of invasion, an inspection post could be quickly set up between Donyatt and Ilminster to stop and check the trains before proceeding on the down line "to" and "from" Chard. This was achieved by placing a barrier on some cut out stones entering the Donyatt Halt, you can see these if you wonder why there are two opposite stones on the cycle path, one will have a hole cut into it to act as a pivot for the barrier.

In 2017, the village was part of an ITV News special, focussing on the 2017 United Kingdom general election and how it had repercussions for residents of the area.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Chard Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Yeovil county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Religious sites
The Anglican parish Church of St Mary is a 15th rebuild of earlier church, where the first recorded rector was in 1255. It has been designated as a grade II* listed building.

title: Donyatt


text:
User talk:Mky

Currently, I'm trying to built up an organigramm for a group of students who have different skills in common... cf. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer_Diskussion:Michaelk--Mky 13:06, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Michaelpraesent11.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Michaelpraesent11.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 10:00, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I just forgot to specify my upload! Thank you very much.--Mky 10:57, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Followed your example...
...and created a user page here. Bussi --Sonjab 05:28, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mky


text:
Luke Burrage

Luke Burrage (born 26 August 1980) is a British juggler, musician, entertainer and author. He was born in Kent though lived most of his life in the north-east of England (North Yorkshire, County Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne). He has lived in Berlin, Germany since 2005.

Juggling
Luke Burrage is a professional juggler who often works on cruise ships and at street show festivals in Europe. He is also very well known in the juggling community.

Burrage is a proficient numbers juggler. In 2003, he and Ben Beever set a new ball passing world record at 18 balls. They broke this world record again in 2008 by passing 19 balls between two people. Burrage was also the fourth person to claim to have juggled 12 balls for 12 catches.

Burrage is a popular guest at many national and international juggling conventions, where he performs and leads workshops. In 2004 he won the International Jugglers' Association People's Choice Award for his contribution to their festival. In 2007 Burrage and Pola Braendle performed a full-length show at the Israeli Juggling Convention entitled "Tonight", and their duo show "The Art of Juggling". They also performed in "Solas Circus", the European Juggling Convention Gala Show, Ireland, in 2006. Burrage is a popular show host and leads workshops on the subject.

He is a prominent figure in the development of modern juggling; popularising techniques such as squeeze catches performances that incorporate video projection, and alternate forms of juggling notation such as beatmap. Luke also helped develop the rules for two popular variations on the popular juggling game called Combat or Gladiators, called Team Combat and Fight Night, which are now regular events at many large juggling conventions.

In 2005 Burrage founded the British Young Juggler of the Year event, a show and competition that takes place at the British Juggling Convention, and was its organiser till 2009. The aim of the show is to encourage young jugglers to develop material for the stage and to showcase the best of young British juggling talent.

Burrage has written many articles, interview features, reviews, workshops and columns for Kaskade, the European juggling magazine. Between 2006 and 2009 he produced 63 episodes of the Juggling Podcast. He has also been active in the online juggling community since 1999, hosting a very popular juggling website between 2000 and 2003, releasing many juggling videos, and compiling the Top 40 Most Popular Jugglers of the Year chart since 2003.

Other activities
Since January 2008, Burrage has produced and presented the Science Fiction Book Review Podcast, in which he reviews "every single science fiction book that I read, as I read it." On the podcast, Luke reports a regular listenership of between 3000–4000 per episode, plus a few hundred downloads of each old episode per month. He has also been a guest participant on the SFFaudio.com Podcast and Starship Sofa's Sofanaut Podcast.

title: Luke Burrage


text:
Anne Griffith-Jones

Anne Laugharne Phillips Griffith-Jones OBE (15 April 1891 – 28 November 1973) was a British educationalist who founded Singapore's Tanglin Preparatory School, which is now known as the Tanglin Trust School.

Early years
Born in London, England, Griffith-Jones was the youngest of 11 children and daughter of a Welsh barrister Griffth Jones and Anne Laugharne Phillips, who were married in 1873. (Her brother, John, was father of Mervyn Griffith-Jones, the prosecuting barrister [later judge] involved in the 1960 prosecution of Penguin Books for the publication of D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover and the 1963 trial of Stephen Ward relating to the Profumo affair. )

She, along with many women of her time, had no formal qualifications. During World War I, she served as a welfare officer at a munitions factory in Wales, for which she was awarded an MBE.

In 1923, Griffith-Jones came to Singapore to spend a three-month holiday with her brother, Oswald Phillips Griffith-Jones. After her vacation, she chose to stay in Singapore to dedicate her life to the education of expatriate children, founding the Tanglin Day School which later became the Tanglin Preparatory School, where she became widely known as “Miss Griff”. When the school first opened in March 1925, it functioned from a disused supper shed within the premises of the Tanglin Club. It began with five students but soon began to grow rapidly. The school served the needs of children up to the age of eight. At the time, many British expatriates living in Singapore had to send their children to Britain to attend boarding school at an early age. This meant being separated from their children for a lengthy period of time. Griffith-Jones saw the need to provide a British-style education in Singapore so that parents could postpone boarding school until their children were of an older age.

In 1934, she opened a second school, the Tanglin Boarding School, in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. The school was intended to serve as a "near-by" alternative for expatriate families living in the region who would otherwise have to send their children to boarding schools in Britain. Many of the children who attended the school in Singapore then went on to the boarding school in the Cameron Highlands, which catered for students up to the age of 13. At the end of 1938, the number of pupils at the school grew to 68. At both schools, there was much emphasis on the British Empire. In preparing the boys for English Preparatory Schools, she would teach them football, taking the forward line across the playing field and showing them how to pass the ball. Similarly at cricket, she demonstrated the "straight bat" and footwork at the crease.

Second World War

The two schools continued to grow until the outbreak of the Second World War (1942–1945). The Japanese Occupation of the Malay Peninsula forced the closure of both schools, as British expatriates in the region (including Griffith-Jones) were interned by the Japanese at Singapore's Changi Prison and Sime Road Camp. Throughout her confinement, she displayed the same qualities of organisation and leadership that were a feature of her everyday life. In the course of her imprisonment, she rose to the challenge of internment and set about establishing a school for the internees.

After the war, the two schools reopened, but the school at the Cameron Highlands failed to flourish. In 1948, it had to close due to an outbreak of poliomyelitis.

A second closure occurred during the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960). The school had to be placed under full-time armed guard after the Malayan National Liberation Army surrounded the school. In 1950, it was forced to close by the Federal Government for security reasons. Thereafter, the property was sold to the British War Office.

Retirement
In 1958, Griffith-Jones retired to the Cameron Highlands and the British European Association, now the British Association of Singapore, took over the private company, 'Tanglin School Limited'.

While residing at the resort, Griffith-Jones became actively involved in sport and social work. For many years, she served as Secretary of the Cameron Highlands Church (which is presently known as All Souls' Church).

In mid-1958, she offered to donate a site adjoining the former Slim School grounds for the erection of a school chapel. However, after consultation with the District Officer, it was established that the State Government would not alienate any further land to the British Forces based at the retreat. Subsequently, she transferred the land to the Anglican Diocese on the understanding that a small church would be built on it.

The construction of the church commenced in 1958. The Nissen hut structure was completed in September that same year. The name 'All Souls' Church' was given at the church's consecration on Thursday, 30 April 1959. The Right Rev H W Baines, Bishop of Singapore and Malaya, conducted the services.

Awards
Griffith-Jones received three awards during her lifetime. Her MBE, which she received in her twenties, was elevated to an OBE for her services to education. In 1962, the Sultan of Pahang bestowed on her the Pingat Jasa Kebaktian award for meritorious service.

Death
Griffith-Jones died in 1973 at the Ipoh General Hospital after suffering a severe stroke. She was buried in Tapah, Perak, in the foothills of the Cameron Highlands. In 2015, her grave was visited by a group of students from Singapore's Tanglin Trust School. They read out a prepared text and placed a floral tribute on her grave before leaving.

title: Anne Griffith-Jones


text:
Stewart Milne

Stewart Milne CBE, DBA, DTech (born 23 July 1950) is a Scottish businessman and former football club chairman, from Alford, Aberdeenshire.

Milne is a major shareholder in Aberdeen F.C., and joined the club's board of directors in 1994 to replace Dick Donald, subsequently becoming chairman in 1998. In November 2019, shortly after opening a new training facility on the western outskirts of the city, he announced that he would be stepping down as chairman.

He has an honorary doctorate in business administration from Robert Gordon University (December 2000), and an honorary doctorate of technology from Edinburgh Napier University (November 2007), and an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University, in recognition of his outstanding entrepreneurial contribution to the housebuilding, construction and property development industry and to the Scottish economy, also for services to higher education in Scotland. He earned the 2005 Scottish Entrepreneur of the Year award. In the 2008 New Year Honours, he was awarded a CBE for services to the housebuilding industry in Scotland.

Milne has most recently been appointed to the newly formed "Football Monitoring Board" at Aberdeen. This taskforce has been assembled outwith of any AGM, EGM nor was there any public knowledge of such group. Fellow members are Dave Cormack, Willie Garner and Steven Gunn.

Stewart Milne Group
Milne founded the Aberdeen-based Stewart Milne Construction Group, a housebuilding contractor, in 1975. He started off his business renovating bathrooms.

Stewart Milne Group sold its timber frame manufacturing subsidiary to Fife-based James Donaldson & Sons in 2021. In April 2022, the group announced that the housebuilding business was up for sale. In January 2024, the Scottish housebuilding business went into administration with the loss of 217 jobs, due to "the slump in the oil-linked property market around Aberdeen and the firm's hesitance to buy land during Covid". The group's English subsidiary, Manchester-based Stewart Milne Homes North West England (Developments) Ltd, also went into administration, on 12 January 2023, with Homes England set to lose up to £9.2m as a result. The group collapsed owing suppliers and subcontractors £153m.

title: Stewart Milne


text:
Chalk (military)

In military terminology, a chalk is a group of paratroopers or other soldiers that deploy from a single aircraft. A chalk often corresponds to a platoon-sized unit for air assault operations, or a company-minus-sized organization for airborne operations. For air transport operations, it can consist of up to a company-plus-sized unit. Frequently, a load of paratroopers in one aircraft, prepared for a drop, is also referred to as a stick.

The term was first coined in World War II for airborne troops during Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Europe. The aircraft flight number was placed on the troops' backs with chalk. It was later used during the Vietnam War, when it was common practice to number with chalk the sides of the helicopters involved in an operation.

In current military terminology a "chalk" may mean either passengers or equipment loaded as cargo. Equipment is loaded in the order it will be needed on arrival. It is not uncommon for planners to refer to aircraft loads by their chalk number, "You are in chalk five but your gear will be shipped in chalk two."

In the Army 75th Ranger Regiment they use the term chalk. A chalk can be made of a Company or as small as a four man fire team. It takes at least four men to make a fire team so that is the smallest number of men that can be called a chalk.

In some instances, when a convoy clearance cannot be obtained, a convoy will be divided up into different groups with four or fewer trucks in each group. Those groups will be referred to as chalk one, chalk two, chalk three, etc. This is to avoid having to obtain a convoy clearance while still maintaining power in numbers while traveling.

title: Chalk (military)


text: User talk:80.169.173.1

title: User talk:80.169.173.1


text:
Drayton, Somerset

Drayton is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, focussed less than a mile from Curry Rivel and five miles southwest of Somerton in the South Somerset district. It adjoins the River Isle, near its confluence with the Parrett, and the former Westport Canal. The parish includes the hamlet of Midelney.

The village has a population of 379 and is home to St Catherine's parish church and the Drayton Crown pub.

History
It is trite in Anglo-Saxon language the name of the village means literally "drawing-town", the word dray being largely obsolete save for dray horse being one that drags or draws a load, at a time when the inceptive form of town ton had not turned into its larger sense today. Locally this may refer to "ledges or drays" being used for boats or for the drawn plough as in most other examples.

The probable site of a Roman house has been identified west of the vicarage.

Drayton was part of the hundred of Abdick and Bulstone.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Langport Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Somerton and Frome county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Landmarks
Midelney Manor is a Grade I manor house in landscaped grounds. It is sited on a former island site, and was the property of Muchelney Abbey, passing to the Trevillian family after the dissolution of the monasteries. The present house was built in the late 16th century in two distinct halves by Richard and Thomas Trevillian. Drayton Manor is more recent and was built in the late 18th or early 19th century.

Religious sites
St Catherine's exterior is Blue Lias and golden hamstone. It dates from the 15th century, being restored in 1855 by Maurice Davis of Langport and again in 1896. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building. The 15th century cross in the churchyard has a sculpture of St Michael with a sword and shield in the act of vanquishing a dragon. The rectory, known as Drayton Court, which dates from the early 19th century, is now a private house and the seat of the Earls of Cromer.

Drayton Wassailers
Drayton is one of the few villages in the UK that still practice house-visiting wassailing, not to be confused with orchard-visiting wassailing, which has now been almost entirely displaced by carolling. The annual event is held on 5 January and involves the Wassailers traveling to a handful of houses around the village before ending at the Drayton Crown. In 2021, the event was held though online video due to the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK.

title: Drayton, Somerset


text:
Double tap

A double tap is a shooting technique where two shots are fired in rapid succession at the same target with the same sight picture (as opposed to the controlled pair, whereby a second sighting is acquired for the second shot). Instruction and practice of the double-tap improves accuracy as shooters often do not have the gun fully extended on the first shot meaning the second shot of a double tap is usually more accurate. The term hammer is sometimes used to describe a double tap in which the firearm's sights are not reacquired by the shooter between shots.

History
The origin of the double-tap technique is credited to William Ewart Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes, British police chiefs working in Shanghai during the 1930s who developed the technique in order to overcome the limitations of full-metal-jacketed (FMJ) ammunition. FMJ ammunition is commonly used by militaries for feeding reliability, adherence to the Hague Conventions regarding non-expanding ammunition, and improved penetration. FMJ rounds can sometimes fail to cause sufficient damage (at least when compared to expanding bullets), requiring more hits and better shot placement. In Ian Dear's book Sabotage and Subversion about British Special Operations Executive (SOE) and United States Office of Strategic Services (OSS) forces, Fairbairn is reported to have instructed SOE personnel in the double tap from 1944 to 1945 at the SOE training school directed by Fairbairn and Sykes near Arisaig in Scotland. The term double tap is now used to describe the more general technique of firing two rounds quickly and accurately to disable an opponent. The tactic is still used by firearms handlers, police tactical teams, military personnel, counter-terrorist combat units, and other special operations forces personnel.

The Russian assault rifle AN-94 can automatically shoot two bullets in a rapid burst; this feature was intended to improve the single shot hit probability of the rifle.

Double taps are an integral part of the El Presidente combat pistol shooting drill developed by Jeff Cooper during the 1970s and published in the January/February 1979 issue of American Handgunner. Also developed by Cooper during the 1970s is the Mozambique Drill or Failure Drill, for a situation whereby a double-tap to the torso fails to stop an attacker, adding a third shot to the head.

Technique
In the double-tap technique, after the first round is fired, the shooter quickly reacquires the sights for a fast second shot. This skill can be practiced by firing two shots at a time, taking time between the shots to reacquire the sights. With practice, the time between shots becomes briefer and briefer until it seems to an observer as if the shooter is just pulling the trigger twice very quickly.

According to a U.S. Army training manual, "There is a natural arc of the front sight post after the round is fired and the recoil kicks in. The soldier lets the barrel go with this arc and immediately brings the front sight post back on target and takes a second shot. The soldier does not fight the recoil. In combat, soldiers shoot until the enemy goes down. For multiple targets, each target should receive a double tap. After all targets are engaged, soldiers engage the targets again as needed."

title: Double tap


text:
Shag (tobacco)

Shag, also known as baccy, rolling tobacco or loose tobacco, is fine-cut tobacco, used to make self-made cigarettes by hand rolling the tobacco into rolling paper or injecting it into filter tubes. It got its name from the finely cut strands appearing like 'shag' fabric and was originally considered poor quality. Various types of cut are used; most shag blends use a simple mixture of cutting styles, consisting mostly of loose cut but also krumble kake, ribbon cut and flake may be used. Some shag blends use cuts reminiscent of pipe tobacco. These were imported to the United Kingdom by Rory Innes following the Virginia tobacco plantations in North America.

A cigarette made with shag tobacco may be called a rollie, a roll-up/dole-up or hand-rolled. The flat bags in which shag is typically packaged for commercial sale are often called tobacco pouches. Oppositely, pre-processed and packaged cigarettes may be referred to colloquially as tailor-mades, tailies, tailors or straights.

Shag styles
There are several shag blends or tobacco styles using different tobaccos, curing techniques and cutting types. Sometimes additives like sugar, glycerol and fruit flavors are added.

 * American shag is typically a mixture of domestic and/or imported tobacco and air cured Burley.
 * Virginia or Light blends are mainly made up of Virginia tobacco.
 * Smooth adds Georgia tobaccos to a Light blend.
 * Halfzware, meaning "half heavy" in Dutch, is a combination of Light and Zware shag, nowadays called Stevige or Volle.
 * Turkish is a blend that mainly consists of Turkish Tobaccos like Yenidje, Samsun, Bafra etc.
 * Zware, meaning "heavy" in Dutch, consists mainly of fire cured Kentucky, Latakia and air cured Paraguay.

Netherlands
Shag tobacco has always had a high market-share in the Dutch tobacco-market, although it is declining. In 1989 some 53% of the combined shag and cigarette market was for shag-tobacco while in 2010 it was about 42%. Smoking shag is cheaper than smoking ready-made cigarettes. The price of a standard pouch tobacco (originally 50 grams, now often 42.5 grams) is about the same as a packet of cigarettes. As the average self-rolled cigarette will contain less than one gram of tobacco often 50 or more cigarettes are rolled from a pouch for nearly the same price as 19 or 20 ready-made cigarettes, though not accounting for the cost of rolling paper and filters.

Besides the hand rolled cigarette using brands like Drum, Samson or Van Nelle, many people also smoke homemade cigarettes: with the help of a special tool they fill empty tubes with tobacco. The longer pieces of tobacco used for shag are not ideal for this use. For these smokers many (smaller) tobacco companies sell tobacco that resembles the type that is used for cigarettes: it is cut in much smaller pieces and is also "drier" than the normal shag. This "home cigarette" tobacco comes in packs or drums of 200 gram. Although the same tobacco-firms produce both shag as well as this "cigarette" tobacco it isn't sold under the name of their major brand-names.

Production
The three main producers of shag-tobacco are Van Nelle, Drum and Niemeyer - where Van Nelle and Drum are both part of Imperial Tobacco since Sara Lee sold their tobacco interests, while Niemeyer is a subsidiary of British American Tobacco. Six of the top 10 brands of shag tobacco are brands of these two companies, while three of the remaining brands are "economy" brands sold in some of the large discount supermarkets.

Cultural references
The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes frequently solved crimes whilst smoking as much as a pound of shag tobacco, as in 'The Hound of the Baskervilles'

In his song, 'Under Me Sensi' (released in the UK in 1984), Barrington Levy disabuses a police officer that he is not smoking marijuana by explaining that he only smokes cigarettes and "shag".

Irish singer-songwriter Gavin Friday's 1995 album was titled Shag Tobacco.

In the British sitcom Only Fools and Horses the character Uncle Albert claims to smoke his own recipe of "Navy shag and Dutch tobacco".

title: Shag (tobacco)


text:
The Chinnocks

The Chinnocks are three villages in Somerset, England, south west of Yeovil in the South Somerset district: The origin of the name Chinnock is uncertain. It may be derived from the Old English cinu meaning ravine or cinn meaning a chin shaped hill, with the addition of ock meaning little. An alternative derivation may be an old hill-name of Celtic origin.
 * East Chinnock
 * Middle Chinnock
 * West Chinnock

The three villages have been separate since at least 1066. East Chinnock and West Chinnock are some 3 km apart. Middle Chinnock is close to West Chinnock and since 1884 has been in the civil parish of West Chinnock, now named West and Middle Chinnock.

The three parishes were part of the hundred of Houndsborough.

title: The Chinnocks


text: Talk:All the Best

title: Talk:All the Best