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Recursive data type

In computer programming languages, a recursive data type (also known as a recursively-defined, inductively-defined or inductive data type) is a data type for values that may contain other values of the same type. Data of recursive types are usually viewed as directed graphs.

An important application of recursion in computer science is in defining dynamic data structures such as Lists and Trees. Recursive data structures can dynamically grow to an arbitrarily large size in response to runtime requirements; in contrast, a static array's size requirements must be set at compile time.

Sometimes the term "inductive data type" is used for algebraic data types which are not necessarily recursive.

Example
An example is the list type, in Haskell:

This indicates that a list of a's is either an empty list or a cons cell containing an 'a' (the "head" of the list) and another list (the "tail").

Another example is a similar singly linked type in Java:

This indicates that non-empty list of type E contains a data member of type E, and a reference to another List object for the rest of the list (or a null reference to indicate that this is the end of the list).

Mutually recursive data types
Data types can also be defined by mutual recursion. The most important basic example of this is a tree, which can be defined mutually recursively in terms of a forest (a list of trees). Symbolically: f: [t[1], ..., t[k]] t: v f A forest f consists of a list of trees, while a tree t consists of a pair of a value v and a forest f (its children). This definition is elegant and easy to work with abstractly (such as when proving theorems about properties of trees), as it expresses a tree in simple terms: a list of one type, and a pair of two types.

This mutually recursive definition can be converted to a singly recursive definition by inlining the definition of a forest: t: v [t[1], ..., t[k]] A tree t consists of a pair of a value v and a list of trees (its children). This definition is more compact, but somewhat messier: a tree consists of a pair of one type and a list another, which require disentangling to prove results about.

In Standard ML, the tree and forest data types can be mutually recursively defined as follows, allowing empty trees: In Haskell, the tree and forest data types can be defined similarly:

Theory
In type theory, a recursive type has the general form μα.T where the type variable α may appear in the type T and stands for the entire type itself.

For example, the natural numbers (see Peano arithmetic) may be defined by the Haskell datatype:

In type theory, we would say: $$nat = \mu \alpha. 1 + \alpha$$ where the two arms of the sum type represent the Zero and Succ data constructors. Zero takes no arguments (thus represented by the unit type) and Succ takes another Nat (thus another element of $$\mu \alpha. 1 + \alpha$$).

There are two forms of recursive types: the so-called isorecursive types, and equirecursive types. The two forms differ in how terms of a recursive type are introduced and eliminated.

Isorecursive types
With isorecursive types, the recursive type $$\mu \alpha. T$$ and its expansion (or unrolling) $$T[\mu \alpha.T / \alpha]$$ (where the notation $$X[Y/Z]$$ indicates that all instances of Z are replaced with Y in X) are distinct (and disjoint) types with special term constructs, usually called roll and unroll, that form an isomorphism between them. To be precise: $$roll : T[\mu\alpha.T/\alpha] \to \mu\alpha.T$$ and $$unroll : \mu\alpha.T \to T[\mu\alpha.T/\alpha]$$, and these two are inverse functions.

Equirecursive types
Under equirecursive rules, a recursive type $$\mu \alpha. T$$ and its unrolling $$T[\mu\alpha.T/\alpha]$$ are equal – that is, those two type expressions are understood to denote the same type. In fact, most theories of equirecursive types go further and essentially specify that any two type expressions with the same "infinite expansion" are equivalent. As a result of these rules, equirecursive types contribute significantly more complexity to a type system than isorecursive types do. Algorithmic problems such as type checking and type inference are more difficult for equirecursive types as well. Since direct comparison does not make sense on an equirecursive type, they can be converted into a canonical form in O(n log n) time, which can easily be compared.

Isorecursive types capture the form of self-referential (or mutually referential) type definitions seen in nominal object-oriented programming languages, and also arise in type-theoretic semantics of objects and classes. In functional programming languages, isorecursive types (in the guise of datatypes) are common too.

Recursive type synonyms
In TypeScript, recursion is allowed in type aliases. Thus, the following example is allowed.

However, recursion is not allowed in type synonyms in Miranda, OCaml (unless  flag is used or it's a record or variant), or Haskell; so, for example the following Haskell types are illegal:

Instead, they must be wrapped inside an algebraic data type (even if they only has one constructor):

This is because type synonyms, like typedefs in C, are replaced with their definition at compile time. (Type synonyms are not "real" types; they are just "aliases" for convenience of the programmer.) But if this is attempted with a recursive type, it will loop infinitely because no matter how many times the alias is substituted, it still refers to itself, e.g. "Bad" will grow indefinitely:  →   →   →.

Another way to see it is that a level of indirection (the algebraic data type) is required to allow the isorecursive type system to figure out when to roll and unroll.

title: Recursive data type


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Jarron Collins

Jarron Thomas Collins (born December 2, 1978) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is an assistant coach for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was selected in the second round of the 2001 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz, and played 10 seasons in the NBA. He has a twin brother, Jason, who also played in the league.

High school career
Jarron Collins was born in Northridge, California. He and his twin brother Jason, who also became an NBA player, graduated from Harvard-Westlake School in Los Angeles, California. Also on the team was actor Jason Segel, who starred in a slam dunk contest after Collins deferred to allow his teammate to participate.

Collins shot 72 percent from the floor and averaged 13.8 points and 9.2 rebounds during his senior year in high school.

College career
Collins attended Stanford University, where he was a two-time All-American and finished his Stanford career in the top ten all time in four career categories: rebounds, blocked shots, field-goal percentage and games played.

He was also recruited by UCLA, where he, his brother, and Earl Watson were the guests at the recruiting dinner that led to the firing of Jim Harrick at UCLA.

NBA career
Collins was selected by the Utah Jazz in the second round of the 2001 NBA draft and played eight seasons with the Jazz until becoming a free agent following the 2009 season.

Collins spent the 2009 NBA preseason with the Portland Trail Blazers. He was waived by Portland, but then claimed off waivers by the Phoenix Suns.

Collins later joined the Los Angeles Clippers, signing a 10-day contract on January 7, 2011. He renewed his tenure, later signing another 10-day contract on January 17, 2011. On March 1, 2011, he signed a 10-day contract with the Portland Trail Blazers, and was released after finishing a second ten-day contract. That second 10-day contract ended up being Collins' final days in the NBA, as his final game was on March 17, 2011 in a 111 - 70 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. In his final game, Collins played for 4 minutes and recorded no stats.

He retired from basketball after the season.

Post-playing career
In 2013, he was working for the Los Angeles Clippers as a scout.

He later worked as a college basketball analyst for Pac-12 Networks.

On July 3, 2014, Collins joined Steve Kerr's staff as a player development coach for the Golden State Warriors. Collins won his first championship when the Warriors defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2015 NBA Finals.

On July 29, 2015, he was promoted to assistant coach by the Warriors.

Collins won his second championship in three years when the Warriors defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2017 NBA Finals.

Collins won his third championship in four years when the Warriors defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2018 NBA Finals.

In June 2021, Collins and the Warriors mutually agreed to part ways.

On August 4, 2021, Collins was hired as assistant coach by the New Orleans Pelicans.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jarron Collins


text:
Broken Toy Shop

Broken Toy Shop is the second album by American singer-songwriter E (a.k.a. Mark Oliver Everett), released in December 1993 by Polydor Records. It was his last record as a solo artist before forming the band Eels.

Track listing
All songs written by E, except where noted.

 * 1) "Shine It All On" (E, Parthenon Huxley) – 4:04
 * 2) "Standing at the Gate" – 3:31
 * 3) "The Only Thing I Care About" (E, Huxley) – 2:40
 * 4) "Manchester Girl" – 3:21
 * 5) "L.A. River" (Jennifer Condos, E) – 2:28
 * 6) "A Most Unpleasant Man" – 3:18
 * 7) "Mass" (Sean Coleman, E) – 3:38 (includes unlisted track "Hello Are You There?")
 * 8) "Tomorrow I'll Be Nine" – 2:52
 * 9) "The Day I Wrote You Off" – 3:30
 * 10) "Someone to Break the Spell" (Anderson, Condos, E, Susanna Hoffs) – 2:51
 * 11) "She Loves a Puppet" (Condos, E) – 2:46
 * 12) "My Old Raincoat" (E, Huxley) – 3:57
 * 13) "Permanent Broken Heart" – 3:28
 * 14) "Eight Lives Left" – 2:52

Personnel

 * E – vocals, piano (tracks 1, 4, 6, 9), screaming (1) , Hammond B-3 organ (1–3, 6, 8, 9, 14) , keyboards (1–3, 6, 9, 12, 13) , percussion (1, 8) , electric guitar (2, 4, 9, 13, 14) , drums (2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 13) , glockenspiel (3, 4) , tambourine (3, 5, 6, 8–10, 12) , melodica (4, 6, 7a) , Fender Rhodes (4) , Bit One (4) , whistle (5) , congas (5) , slingshot (5) , sleigh bells (5) , fingersnaps (5) , guitar (7b) , baby (7b) , lead guitar (8) , acoustic guitar (14) , harmonica (14) , accordion (14) , celeste (14)

 * Additional musicians
 * Parthenon Huxley – electric guitar (1, 3, 9, 12), acoustic guitar (1, 3, 12) , keyboards (1) , background vocals (3) , rhythm guitar (9) , bass guitar (12) , Hammond B-3 (12)
 * Paul Martinez – bass guitar (1)
 * Winston Watson – drums (1, 8–10)
 * Patrick Warren – Chamberlin (1, 5, 7a, 10, 14), keyboards (1)
 * Chris Solberg – bass guitar (3, 5–7a, 8, 9, 14), organ hi note (3, 8) , acoustic guitar (5) , electric guitar (5) , Hammond B-3 (5, 10) , piano (5) , fingersnaps (5) , glockenspiel (8)
 * Michael Koppelman – fingersnaps (5), acoustic guitar (14)
 * Sean Coleman – acoustic guitar (7a), electric guitar (7a) , piano (7a)
 * Richard Greene – violin (7a)
 * Jeff Swartz – trombone (7a)
 * Rusty Anderson – acoustic guitar (10), electric guitar (10)
 * Jennifer Condos – bass guitar (10, 11), background vocals (11)
 * Mark Goldenberg – electric guitars (11), keyboards (11) , drums (11) , 6 string bass solo (11)

 * Technical
 * E – co-producer, string co-arrangements (2, 6, 12, 13), orchestral co-arranger (9) , inlay painting, shoe photo
 * Michael Koppelman – co-producer, engineer, mixing; additional recording (1)
 * Chris Solberg – assistant producer
 * Stephen Marcussen – mastering
 * Parthenon Huxley – co-producer (1)
 * Mike Fennel – engineer (1)
 * Mark Goldenberg – co-producer, engineer, mixing (11)
 * Brian Soucy – assistant engineer (11)
 * Brandon Harris – assistant engineer (11)
 * John Philip Shenale – string co-arranger, co-orchestrator (2, 6, 12, 13)
 * Scott Smalley – co-orchestrator (2, 6, 12, 13)
 * John Carter – orchestral engineer (2, 6, 12, 13)
 * Paul Buckmaster – orchestral arranger, conductor (4) ; orchestral co-arranger, conductor (9)
 * David Schoeber – orchestral engineer (9)
 * Marvin Sanders – MIDI
 * Mick Haggerty – art direction, design
 * Greg Allen – cover photo
 * Steve Samiof – cover photo manipulation
 * Terri Phillips – back cover photo
 * Hugh Everett III – CD photo

title: Broken Toy Shop


text: Talk:Numel

title: Talk:Numel


text:
Stafford services

Stafford services is a pair of motorway service stations on the M6 motorway near Stone, Staffordshire, England. In August 2011 it was rated as 4 stars (northbound - Moto) and 3 stars (southbound - Roadchef) by quality assessors at Visit England.

It is unusual, in that the facilities on the northbound (opened 1996) and southbound (1999) sides of the motorway are operated by separate companies: Moto (formerly Granada) and Roadchef respectively. They are 1 mi apart.

History
Prior to the construction of the station, a geophysical survey was undertaken to examine cropmarks which possibly marked the location of a ring ditch to ensure that an archaeological site was not destroyed. The ditch was not found, although medieval and post-medieval artefacts were recovered.

Blue Boar constructed the southbound services, in addition to their services at Watford Gap but shortly before completion in 1999 they were acquired by Roadchef, who now operate the site.

The 2019 Motorway Services User Survey found that Stafford's northbound side was in the top five motorway services in the UK for customer satisfaction.

Location
The services are located in Staffordshire on the M6 motorway between junctions 14 and 15, and are accessed directly from the motorway. Stoke on Trent is located about 10 mi to the north, Manchester about 60 mi to the north, and Stafford is about 8 mi to the south. By road they are about 150 mi from London and 30 mi from Birmingham.

title: Stafford services


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Skybridge (TransLink)

The SkyBridge is a cable-stayed railway bridge in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Built between 1987 and 1989, it carries trains of the Expo Line of TransLink's SkyTrain across the Fraser River between New Westminster and Surrey. The SkyBridge opened for revenue use on March 16, 1990, with the second half of the Phase II extension of SkyTrain to Scott Road station.

History
Construction of the bridge began on October 28, 1987. The first half of the bridge heading towards Surrey was completed first, with the New Westminster half being completed on March 19, 1990. The bridge was built by Hyundai Engineering & Construction and Kerkhoff Construction, a Chilliwack-based construction company with a total cost of CA$28million, or $ in dollars. Construction was completed by September 1988, and testing began in 1989.

Details
The SkyBridge has two tracks carrying Expo Line trains which run between King George station in Surrey and Waterfront station in Downtown Vancouver. A third set of rails in the middle, not connected to the SkyTrain tracks, is used by maintenance crews to truck equipment back and forth on the bridge. The deck is composed of 104 pre-fabricated concrete sections which were built in Richmond, transported via barge, and lifted into place with heavy machinery. When constructed, the concrete sections were glued together with an epoxy resin. The bridge does not carry road traffic, which uses the neighbouring Pattullo Bridge instead.

The bridge has two 123 m tall towers and carries trains 45 m above the Fraser River and valley. The main span is 340 m and the total length is 616 m. The bridge was the longest cable-supported transit-only bridge in the world from its opening in 1990 to 2019, it has since been surpassed by the Egongyan Rail Transit Bridge, the Nanjimen Yangtze River Bridge and tied with the Gaojia Huayuan Jialing River Rail Transit Bridge, all in Chongqing, China.

Delayed opening
The opening of the bridge faced some delay as the non-unionized consortium was accused of underbidding unionized firms. In response, labour organizers pressured other unions to boycott the project altogether. The issue was the climax of a series of defeats for construction unions as a result of the Social Credit Party's preference for non-union workers. The situation drew ire from the BC and Yukon Building and Construction Trades Council, who called it a "hot site".

title: Skybridge (TransLink)


text:
Langmuir–Blodgett film

A Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film is a nanostructured system formed when Langmuir films—or Langmuir monolayers (LM)—are transferred from the liquid-gas interface to solid supports during the vertical passage of the support through the monolayers. LB films can contain one or more monolayers of an organic material, deposited from the surface of a liquid onto a solid by immersing (or emersing) the solid substrate into (or from) the liquid. A monolayer is adsorbed homogeneously with each immersion or emersion step, thus films with very accurate thickness can be formed. This thickness is accurate because the thickness of each monolayer is known and can therefore be added to find the total thickness of a Langmuir–Blodgett film.

The monolayers are assembled vertically and are usually composed either of amphiphilic molecules (see chemical polarity) with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail (example: fatty acids) or nowadays commonly of nanoparticles.

Langmuir–Blodgett films are named after Irving Langmuir and Katharine B. Blodgett, who invented this technique while working in Research and Development for General Electric Co.

Historical background
Advances to the discovery of LB and LM films began with Benjamin Franklin in 1773 when he dropped about a teaspoon of oil onto a pond. Franklin noticed that the waves were calmed almost instantly and that the calming of the waves spread for about half an acre. What Franklin did not realize was that the oil had formed a monolayer on top of the pond surface. Over a century later, Lord Rayleigh quantified what Benjamin Franklin had seen. Knowing that the oil, oleic acid, had spread evenly over the water, Rayleigh calculated that the thickness of the film was 1.6 nm by knowing the volume of oil dropped and the area of coverage.

With the help of her kitchen sink, Agnes Pockels showed that area of films can be controlled with barriers. She added that surface tension varies with contamination of water. She used different oils to deduce that surface pressure would not change until area was confined to about 0.2 nm2. This work was originally written as a letter to Lord Rayleigh who then helped Agnes Pockels become published in the journal, Nature, in 1891. Agnes Pockels’ work set the stage for Irving Langmuir who continued to work and confirmed Pockels’ results. Using Pockels’ idea, he developed the Langmuir (or Langmuir–Blodgett) trough. His observations indicated that chain length did not impact the affected area since the organic molecules were arranged vertically.

Langmuir’s breakthrough did not occur until he hired Katherine Blodgett as his assistant. Blodgett initially went to seek for a job at General Electric (GE) with Langmuir during her Christmas break of her senior year at Bryn Mawr College, where she received a BA in Physics. Langmuir advised to Blodgett that she should continue her education before working for him. She thereafter attended University of Chicago for her MA in Chemistry. Upon her completion of her Master's, Langmuir hired her as his assistant. However, breakthroughs in surface chemistry happened after she received her PhD degree in 1926 from Cambridge University.

While working for GE, Langmuir and Blodgett discovered that when a solid surface is inserted into an aqueous solution containing organic moieties, the organic molecules will deposit a monolayer homogeneously over the surface. This is the Langmuir–Blodgett film deposition process. Through this work in surface chemistry and with the help of Blodgett, Langmuir was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932. In addition, Blodgett used Langmuir–Blodgett film to create 99% transparent anti-reflective glass by coating glass with fluorinated organic compounds, forming a simple anti-reflective coating.

Physical insight
Langmuir films are formed when amphiphilic (surfactants) molecules or nanoparticles are spread on the water at an air–water interface. Surfactants (or surface-acting agents) are molecules with hydrophobic 'tails' and hydrophilic 'heads'. When surfactant concentration is less than the minimum surface concentration of collapse and it is completely insoluble in water, the surfactant molecules arrange themselves as shown in Figure 1 below. This tendency can be explained by surface-energy considerations. Since the tails are hydrophobic, their exposure to air is favoured over that to water. Similarly, since the heads are hydrophilic, the head–water interaction is more favourable than head-air interaction. The overall effect is reduction in the surface energy (or equivalently, surface tension of water).

For very small concentrations, far from the surface density compatible with the collapse of the monolayer (which leads to polylayers structures) the surfactant molecules execute a random motion on the water–air interface. This motion can be thought to be similar to the motion of ideal-gas molecules enclosed in a container. The corresponding thermodynamic variables for the surfactant system are, surface pressure ($$\Pi$$), surface area (A) and number of surfactant molecules (N). This system behaves similar to a gas in a container. The density of surfactant molecules as well as the surface pressure increases upon reducing the surface area A ('compression' of the 'gas'). Further compression of the surfactant molecules on the surface shows behavior similar to phase transitions. The ‘gas’ gets compressed into ‘liquid’ and ultimately into a perfectly closed packed array of the surfactant molecules on the surface corresponding to a ‘solid’ state. The liquid state is usually separated in the liquid-expanded and liquid-condensed states. All the Langmuir film states are classified according to the compressionality factor of the films, defined as -A(d ($\Pi$)/dA), usually related to the in-plane elasticity of the monolayer.

The condensed Langmuir films (in surface pressures usually higher than 15 mN/m – typically 30 mN/m) can be subsequently transferred onto a solid substrate to create highly organized thin film coatings. Langmuir–Blodgett troughs

Besides LB film from surfactants depicted in Figure 1, similar monolayers can also be made from inorganic nanoparticles.

Pressure–area characteristics
Adding a monolayer to the surface reduces the surface tension, and the surface pressure, $$\Pi$$ is given by the following equation:

 * $$\Pi = \gamma_0 - \gamma$$

where $$\gamma_0$$ is equal to the surface tension of the water and $$\gamma$$ is the surface tension due to the monolayer. But the concentration-dependence of surface tension (similar to Langmuir isotherm) is as follows:

 * $$\gamma_0 - \gamma = RTK_H C = - RT\Gamma$$

Thus,

 * $$\Pi = RT\Gamma$$

or
 * $$\Pi A = RT.$$

The last equation indicates a relationship similar to ideal gas law. However, the concentration-dependence of surface tension is valid only when the solutions are dilute and concentrations are low. Hence, at very low concentrations of the surfactant, the molecules behave like ideal gas molecules.

Experimentally, the surface pressure is usually measured using the Wilhelmy plate. A pressure sensor/electrobalance arrangement detects the pressure exerted by the monolayer. Also monitored is the area to the side of the barrier which the monolayer resides.

Figure 2. A Wilhelmy plate

A simple force balance on the plate leads to the following equation for the surface pressure:

 * $$\Pi = -\Delta \gamma = - \left[ \frac{\Delta F}{2(t_p + w_p)} \right] \approx - \frac{\Delta F}{2w_p},$$

only when $$w_p \gg t_p$$. Here, $$\ell_p, w_p$$ and $$t_p$$ are the dimensions of the plate, and $$\Delta F$$ is the difference in forces. The Wilhelmy plate measurements give pressure – area isotherms that show phase transition-like behaviour of the LM films, as mentioned before (see figure below). In the gaseous phase, there is minimal pressure increase for a decrease in area. This continues until the first transition occurs and there is a proportional increase in pressure with decreasing area. Moving into the solid region is accompanied by another sharp transition to a more severe area dependent pressure. This trend continues up to a point where the molecules are relatively close packed and have very little room to move. Applying an increasing pressure at this point causes the monolayer to become unstable and destroy the monolayer forming polylayer structures towards the air phase. The surface pressure during the monolayer collapse may remain approximately constant (in a process near the equilibrium) or may decay abruptly (out of equilibrium - when the surface pressure was over-increased because lateral compression was too fast for monomolecular rearrangements).

Figure 3. (i) Surface pressure – Area isotherms. (ii) Molecular configuration in the three regions marked in the $$\Pi$$-A curve; (a) gaseous phase, (b) liquid-expanded phase, and (c) condensed phase. (Adapted from Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr., Brazilian Journal of Physics, vol. 22, no. 2, June 1992)

Applications
Many possible applications have been suggested over years for LM and LB films. Their characteristics are extremely thin films and high degree of structural order. These films have different optical, electrical and biological properties which are composed of some specific organic compounds. Organic compounds usually have more positive responses than inorganic materials for outside factors (pressure, temperature or gas change). LM films can be used also as models for half a cellular membrane.

 * LB films consisting of nanoparticles can be used for example to create functional coatings, sophisticated sensor surfaces and to coat silicon wafers.
 * LB films can be used as passive layers in MIS (metal-insulator-semiconductor) which have more open structure than silicon oxide, and they allow gases to penetrate to the interface more effectively.
 * LB films also can be used as biological membranes. Lipid molecules with the fatty acid moiety of long carbon chains attached to a polar group have received extended attention because of being naturally suited to the Langmuir method of film production. This type of biological membrane can be used to investigate: the modes of drug action, the permeability of biologically active molecules, and the chain reactions of biological systems.
 * Also, it is possible to propose field effect devices for observing the immunological response and enzyme-substrate reactions by collecting biological molecules such as antibodies and enzymes in insulating LB films.
 * Anti-reflective glass can be produced with successive layers of fluorinated organic film.
 * The glucose biosensor can be made of poly(3-hexyl thiopene) as Langmuir–Blodgett film, which entraps glucose-oxide and transfers it to a coated indium-tin-oxide glass plate.
 * UV resists can be made of poly(N-alkylmethacrylamides) Langmuir–Blodgett film.
 * UV light and conductivity of a Langmuir–Blodgett film.
 * Langmuir–Blodgett films are inherently 2D-structures and can be built up layer by layer, by dipping hydrophobic or hydrophilic substrates into a liquid sub-phase.
 * Langmuir–Blodgett patterning is a new paradigm for large-area patterning with mesostructured features
 * Recently, it has been demonstrated that Langmuir–Blodgett is an effective technique even to produce ultra-thin films of emerging two-dimensional layered materials on a large scale.

title: Langmuir–Blodgett film


text:
Ergon, Inc.

Ergon, Inc. is a privately owned company based in Flowood, Mississippi. The company, founded by Leslie Lampton in 1954 with two employees, refines and distributes petroleum products and serves customers in over 90 countries.

Companies and subsidiaries

 * Ergon Inc. consists of companies that operate under four segments, as represented below.

Energy & Specialty Solutions

 * Ergon Refining, Inc. (ERI)
 * Ergon International, Inc.
 * Ergon Mexico
 * Ergon Latin America, Inc.
 * Ergon – West Virginia, Inc.
 * Process Oils, Inc.
 * MogOil GMbh

 * Ergon Chemicals, LLC
 * Resinall Corp

Pavement & Coating Resources

 * Ergon Asphalt & Emulsions, Inc. (EAE, Ergon A&E)
 * Ergon Asfaltos México HC, LLC (EAM)
 * Blueknight Energy Partners, L.P. and Subsidiaries (BKEP)
 * ErgonArmor, a Division of Ergon Asphalt & Emulsions
 * Paragon Technical Services, Inc.
 * Ergon Asphalt Holdings, LLC
 * Ergon Asphalt Partners, LP
 * Ergon Asphalt Holdings II, LLC
 * Associated Asphalt, Inc.
 * Associated Asphalt Partners, LLC
 * Bryan & Bryan Asphalt, LLC
 * Trinity Asphalt, Ltd.
 * Crafco, Inc.

Integrated Services & Logistics

 * Ergon Properties, Inc.
 * Ergon Construction Group, Inc.
 * ISO Services
 * Alliant Construction
 * Ergon Midstream, LLC
 * Ergon Oil Purchasing, Inc. (EOP)
 * Ergon Terminaling, Inc. (ETI)
 * Ergon Baton Rouge, Inc.
 * Ergon - St. James, Inc.
 * Ergon Trucking, Inc.
 * Magnolia Marine Transport Company (MMT)
 * Ergon Marine & Industrial Supply, Inc.
 * Big Valley, LLC
 * Tricor Refining, LLC (50%)

 * Lampton-Love, Inc., and Subsidiaries

Exploration & Production

 * Ergon Exploration, Inc.
 * MSLATX Pipeline Co.

 * Ergon Production, Inc.
 * Ergon Energy Partners, LP

Founder
Leslie B. Lampton, businessman, philanthropist and founder of Ergon, the energy-based company he established in 1954. He passed away Tuesday, April 17th, 2018, of natural causes at his home in Jackson, Mississippi. He was 92 years old.

After serving in the Navy during World War II, graduating from Ole Miss, and then serving again in the Navy during the Korean conflict, Mr. Lampton returned to his hometown of Jackson, Mississippi, with a plan to enter the oil business. With the support of his bride, the former Dorothy Lee Crum, Mr. Lampton embarked on a business career spanning 64 years that would see him at the helm of Ergon, a diversified empire that provides jobs to over 2,600 employees in Mississippi, 29 other states, and several other countries. While other businesses were moving to Texas during the oil boom years, Mr. Lampton made a commitment to remain in Mississippi, his home state.

He was a friend to many, but he was most comfortable talking with his employees, the persons he acknowledged as the success behind Ergon. He had a knack for hiring good people. He supported his employees in taking risks necessary for businesses to succeed, whether entering new markets or developing new products. He always reminded the employees that it was not all about profits. Mr. Lampton believed that you had to enjoy what you were doing in order to be successful in life.

Mr. Lampton had a gift for remembering the names of his employees and knowing something about their families. He was generous and supported activities for the children of his employees, from establishing academic scholarships to buying Girl Scout cookies. He also supported worthwhile charitable organizations in the communities where Ergon has a presence. Countless medical, educational and religious organizations have been the beneficiaries of his altruism.

Mr. Lampton preferred not to seek any recognition for his charitable donations, telling others who wanted to use his name that he was just doing what the Lord asked all of us to do. Mr. Lampton was a member of the Catholic Church, and his faith was the guiding influence in his life.

title: Ergon, Inc.


text:
Green darner

The green darner or common green darner (Anax junius), after its resemblance to a darning needle, is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae. One of the most common and abundant species throughout North America, it also ranges south to Panama. It is well known for its great migration distance from the northern United States south into Texas and Mexico. It also occurs in the Caribbean, Tahiti, and Asia from Japan to mainland China. It is the official insect for the state of Washington in the United States.

The green darner is a large dragonfly; males grow to 76 mm in length with a wingspan up to 80 mm.

Females oviposit in aquatic vegetation, eggs laid beneath the water surface. Nymphs (naiads) are aquatic carnivores, feeding on insects, tadpoles, and small fish. Adult darners catch insects on the wing, including ant alates, moths, mosquitoes, and flies.

Taxonomy
Dru Drury described this species as Libellula junius in 1773. There are not currently any recognized subspecies. There are three recognized synonyms: Anax spiniferus Rambur, 1842; Anax ocellatus Hagen, 1867; Anax severus Hagen, 1867.

Distribution
Common green darners are commonly found throughout the continental United States and southern Canada, occasionally ranging as far south as Panama, particularly in the winter. There are also populations in Hawaii and the Caribbean. Vagrant individuals have been seen far outside of their normal range including sightings in Alaska, Russia, China, Japan, France, the United Kingdom, India, and Bermuda. These vagrant sightings are likely migrating individuals blown off-course by strong winds or storms.

Characteristics
Common green darners are large dragonflies, ranging from 6.8 to 8 cm in length and a wingspan of up to 10 cm. Both sexes have an unmarked green thorax. Mature males have bluish-purple abdomens (the first few abdominal segments are the brightest) with a black dorsal stripe that broadens near the end of the abdomen. Immature males and most females have reddish-brown abdomens, but some females are patterned like adult males. Wings are initially clear but usually become amber-tinted with age, especially in females. Both sexes have a black ‘bulls-eye’ mark on the face (more precisely, the frons) in front of their eyes, a distinguishing field mark that separates them from the superficially similar comet darner (Anax longipes). This species oviposits in tandem which is a unique behavior among North American darners.

Diet and predators
Both the adult and the nymphal stage are predators. Nymphs prey upon immature aquatic insects (including conspecifics), small crustaceans, small tadpoles, and even small fish. Adults primarily prey on winged insects, including wasps, flies, butterflies, and other Odonates. The primary predators of common green darner nymphs are fish. Adults are preyed upon by birds and occasionally robber flies, spiders, and other large dragonflies.

Habitat
Nymphs develop in lakes, ponds, and slow streams and rivers. Adults are most frequently seen around nymph habitat but they are strong fliers and can be found in a wide variety of habitats including grasslands, forests, and urban areas.

Migration
There are several species of migratory dragonflies in North America, but common green darners are the best studied. Other migratory species include:

 * Tramea lacerata (black saddlebags)
 * Pantala flavescens (wandering glider)
 * Pantala hymenea (spot-winged glider)
 * Sympetrum corruptum (variegated meadowhawk)

The large geographic range and migratory behavior of the common green darner has made it a challenge to piece together its complex life history. Recent research has indicated that the annual life cycle of Anax junius is likely composed of at least three different generations. The first generation emerges in the southern end of its range in early spring and migrates northwards through spring and summer. The second generation emerges in the northern end of its range in summer and migrates southwards in fall. The third generation occurs in the south during the winter and does not migrate. Common green darners migrate in fall and spring but for several reasons the southward movement in fall is more noticeable.

By attaching micro-radio transmitters to common green darners, researchers have found them to be capable of migrating up to 140 km in a day, though they typically cover less distance per day. A group of researchers used stable isotope analysis on individuals collected between Ontario and Mexico during fall and documented that >90% of individuals moved southward, with an average distance of 900 kilometers.

A study published in 2019 attached miniaturized radio transmitters to common green darners in the Great Lakes region and tracked their movement with the Motus Wildlife Tracking System. Individuals moved at an average groundspeed of 16 km/h.

title: Green darner


text:
Kalwaria

Kalwaria may refer to any of the Polish towns named after Calvary (the site of Jesus's crucifixion):

 * Góra Kalwaria, sanctuary near Warsaw
 * Kalwaria Pacławska, sanctuary near Przemyśl
 * Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, sanctuary near Kraków
 * Kalwaria, Pomeranian Voivodeship

title: Kalwaria


text:
User:Eurosun

fr:User:Phl59 de:User:Phl59 es:User:laromaantika

title: User:Eurosun


text:
Talk:Publicly funded elections

[Untitled]
I just added the california clean money campaign link (my first edit on widipedia) - Jeff Marks

Deb Simpson
Should this page mention state senator of Maine Deb Simpson? She was a waitress before getting elected. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.226.192.133 (talk) 18:51, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

support/criticism
I think this article needs a support and criticism section. The only criticism I have heard about clean elections has to do with it restricting freedom of speech, too much government involvement, and increase of taxes to pay for it. I do not know if all these points are valid but it's what I gathered from the PBS's NOW transcript http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/242.html. 69.88.112.114 00:49, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

John McCain
I don't believe that John McCain is a supporter of (fully) clean elections. I am removing his name as there is no citation. Nealc9999 18:31, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Title of Page
I believe that the more a more formal title for this page should be publicly financed elections. I will not change as I am not sure exactly of the consequences of doing so, as well as the whether that is the general understanding of others. Nealc9999 18:35, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Why capitalized?
"Clean elections" is not a proper noun, yet this page is called "Clean Elections". I moved it to "Clean elections", and a few months later someone moved it back. Why?

If I see no response here in a while, I'll move it again. Cos (talk) 00:17, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Expansion beyond the US
This article could do with being expanded to cover the topic in the context of countries other than the United States. Hasbn (talk) 13:06, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

Serious Neutrality Issue
I haven't found a single source that is not in favor of or neutral to "clean elections" calling them as such, except in reference to a group that is supporting it. "Publicly financed campaigns" or "Fund Matching (campaign finance)" as titles would be much closer to what the article is actually describing. When the title is favorable to the subject, there's a problem. I'm a new editor, so I'm going to read more on NPOV tags before placing one on this, but right now I think it might require one. At the very least, the lead section needs to be rewritten. Nmproofer (talk) 14:01, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Publicly funded elections


text:
Khazar Lankaran FK

Khazar Lankaran FK (Xəzər Lənkəran Futbol Klubu) is an Azerbaijani football club based in Lankaran that last played in the Azerbaijan Premier League during the 2015–16 season.

Since the summer of 2016 the club has concentrated on youth football. It played in the Azerbaijan Premier League for twelve-seasons, winning the title once, and the Azerbaijan Cup three times. Khazar were also a member of the European Club Association, an organization that replaced the previous G-14 which consists of major football clubs in Europe.

Early years (2004–2012)
The club was founded in 2004 by Azerbaijani entrepreneur Mubariz Mansimov and dubbed by the local media as "Caucasian Chelsea" because of its strong financial position. Under Agaselim Mirjavadov club won Premier League title during the 2006–07 season and the Azerbaijan Cup twice. Khazar also won the CIS Cup in 2008, defeating Pakhtakor Tashkent in the final.

After Fabian Veldwijk's appointment, a string of Romanian players and footballers were signed from Liga I, but the club did not find success in European cup competition. On 4 December 2013, Khazar announced that Veldwijk had been sacked by the club due to a run of poor performances.

Recent years (2014–2016)
In July 2014, the club under Yunis Huseynov earned their first win in European competition by beating Nõmme Kalju. In March 2015, former Liverpool striker John Toshack was appointed as new manager after signing two-year deal with the club. In 2015–16 season, Khazar finished in 12th place, the club's lowest finishing position to date. Khazar Lankaran once again featured in European competitions during the 2015–16 season, featuring in the UEFA Europa League, where they were knocked out 3–0 on aggregate after suffering their heaviest European defeat ever, losing 8–0 to Maccabi Haifa.

Following the Professional Football League of Azerbaijan's decision to deny Khazar a licence for the 2016–17 season, the club announced their withdrawal from professional football.

Crest and colours
The club's crest includes stockless anchor with a football ball. The badge shaped like traditional compass with white-green background elements.

Shirt sponsors and kit manufacturers
Khazar's traditional kit is composed of white shirts, green shorts and white socks. The club's kits are manufactured by Puma and sponsored by Palmali, a multinational shipping company in Istanbul.

Stadium
Khazar Lankaran's home ground is Lankaran City Stadium. It has a capacity of 15,000 and is the third largest stadium in Azerbaijan. The stadium also known as Fırtınalar meydanı (Arena of Storms), named after club's local supporters Fırtına fan group.

On 17 July 2009, UEFA approved stadium for the usage during international football matches. The stadium hosted its first senior international match on 5 September 2009, between Azerbaijan and Finland.

Supporters
Khazar is one of the best supported clubs in Azerbaijan, having the highest attendance after FC Kapaz in the Caucasus region. Supporters of Khazar Lankaran are drawn from all over the Southern Region and beyond, with supporters' clubs all across the world. The club's supporters are also known as the Fırtına(Storm) the first established independent fan club in Azernaijan. Fan club's first president Ravan Bashirov also been appointed as vice- president of Khazar Lankaran FC. .

Rivalry with Neftchi Baku
There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in the Azerbaijan Premier League, and this is particularly the case in Azerbaijan, where the game between Khazar Lankaran and Neftchi Baku is known as Böyük Oyun (The Great Game).

National

 * Azerbaijan Premier League
 * Winners (1): 2006–07

 * Azerbaijan Cup
 * Winners (3): 2006–07, 2007–08, 2010–11

 * Azerbaijan Supercup
 * Winners (1): 2013

Regional

 * CIS Cup
 * Winners (1): 2008

Individual records
Lists of the players with the most caps and top goalscorers for the club, as of 30 August 2014 (players in bold signifies current Khazar player). Zaur Ramazanov is the club's all-time top scorer with 33 goals in 69 games.

Notable managers
The following managers have all won at least one trophy when in charge of FK Khazar Lankaran:

In popular culture
A number of television programmes have included references to Khazar Lankaran over the past few decades. In the sitcom Aramizda Galsin, the character Jasarat is a Khazar supporter. Khazar have also featured on several occasions in meykhana.

title: Khazar Lankaran FK


text:
Talk:Beer die

Cornell Challenge
The Zeta Psi Fraternity of Cornell challenges players from every school, particularly those schools in Maine to come to Ithaca for a challenge or perhaps a tournament. If you are interested, go to the Psi Chapter's website and e-mail the contact person there.

'''Challenging Colby students to a game of beer die just because your fraternity tosses a bit would be like you guys challenging a Brazilian soccer team to a match because you've been kicking the ball around the quad. Colby students were born to play the game, and we're not going to waste the time, the money, or the energy to come to Ithaca to beat you.'''

That sounds to me like someone who's just afraid that him and his friends in their little worthless school in the middle of nowhere, Maine, would be completely destroyed and humiliated by the great Zetes of Cornell University. We're willing to back up what we say, and you guys aren't. It seems the person at the bottom from the University of Maine, who wrote a scathing commentary on your pathetic lives, understands this as well, you guys talk a lot but run and hide when push comes to shove. And another gentleman on here also agreed that the best way to see who is the best is to play. You guys appear to be the only school that talk a big game and aren't willing to back it up. To me, it sounds like you guys are just scared of being embarassed by another school at the game you (wrongfully) claim to have "invented". Even if you guys did invent it, we know we're better at it than you, and we're willing to prove it.

Stop hiding behind wikipedia and accept the challenge. The Zetes from Cornell are.

·Shouldn´t you have learned how to write at Cornell University, which is also in the middle of nowhere. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.89.129.17 (talk) 15:00, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Spitting the die
I've always seen this game played where if a plunk occurs, the victim of the plunk gets a chance to spit the die across the table at his opponents. Though no points can be earned, a plink or plunk from this spit die result in the normal drinking penalty for the other side.

Is this just a local (University of Illinois) rule, or have others heard of this? --Gunmetal 19:38, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * In the version of the game I play, after a plunk the player who's cup was plunked must "chug" their beer and eventually spit the die onto the table. The die must come to rest on the table.  If the spitted die falls off the table, then the team who spit the die must refill and chug.  If the spitted die comes to rest on the table showing biz, then the team who spit the die must refill and chug.  I have never seen anyone try to spit the die into the opponent's cup, but by the rules, wherein "A plunk is a plunk is a plunk", the result would be a bona fide plunk.  --Laserpig

-Cornell plays the same way for a plunk. The team that was plunked gets a chance to spit out the die on the table (if the die falls out the table they have to repeat the plunk process). If it lands bizz-up, the other team acts as if they have just been plunked, complete with the die-spitting process. In theory, it could go on forever if both teams kept spitting out bizzes. If you plunk yourself, you must spit the die out to see if you have to do it again (hence the rule about spitting it off the table).

-I do recall the spitting of the die after a plunk and if it landed on either a bizz or buzz, there were ramifications. I don't recall the endless back and forth plunk, spit, chug, spit, etc. I recall it ended after the spit and the consequences of the landed die (off table, bizz, buzz, etc.). A major tenet of the game is to consume copious amounts of beer. However, much of the game's spirit and fun comes from throwing and catching...and the tipsy sorority Beer Die groupies.

-Idaho State University- In the variation we play, you don't have to spit the die at all. After a plunk (we call them sinks) both players on the side have to chug their beer. Instead of catching the die in your mouth, you drink all the beer, and then in a gentleman's way, roll the die out of the cup towards the team that just sunk it. In many cases a few tablespoons of beer will also go toward the opposite team, and this style of returning the die is what gives our beer die table a nice beer sheen to it.

At the MIT chapter of Zeta Psi, spitting the die occurs after a plunk (obviously by the team plunked), and if a bizz results, the team that has just chugged must chug again immediately. There is typically no spitting of the die at the other teams cups, as the primary purpose is to determine whether a bizz falls, though I feel certain that should a plunk occur, the opposing team would be forced to chug ("plunk is a plunk"). However, this would certainly be considered ungentlemanly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.45.158.156 (talk) 00:20, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Colby? Prove it.
I've heard it alleged more than once the Beer Die originated at Colby College, but I've never heard of any evidence of it being true. Considering that Beer Die brings so much happiness to so many people, I would think it proper to have a more thorough exploration of Beer Die's origins. --Laserpig

 * I hadn't heard that before reading it in this very article. I have looked around, but have found no evidence to support the claim.  A lot of colleges seem to claim it's invention.  --Gunmetal 22:02, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Any school should be proud to claim their campus as the spot of the first Beer Die game. Having gone to school in New England, I've had the opportunity to play a few Colby kids at Beer Die.  Most of them claim that Colby is where Beer Die was first played.  To be sure, Colby does have a good Beer Die program as everyone I've ever played who went to Colby is top drawer, but just because they can toss a die doesn't mean they can claim they created it without offering up evidence. --Laserpig

 * Well, regardless, its an absolute fallacy to have Colby actually NAMED in the article as a place where it was invented. At the very least, the two best claims of it appear to be UMaine AND Colby (and I submit to you - who's more likely to invent a drinking game with dice and cups, spoiled douche rich kids, or state school kids).  Regardless of my jab at Colby, its absolute nonsense that they constantly edit this article to have themselves inserted - damned glory hounds.  I think a statement something to the effect of, "many Maine schools claim to have invented it, but the claims of UMaine and Colby seem to have the most validity."  Or shit - just take out school names all together "many universities in Maine claim to have invented it, but it is impossible to verify where it originated".  We are about accuracy in this article, right?  Not some glory hound preppies looking for recognition.

Having grown up in Maine, 20 minutes from the UMO and an hour from Colby, I have played die my whole life and long before ever going to college. The school i currently attend is not in New England, however when I began playing in the late 90s in Maine, before anyone had head of Wikipedia, it was always said that Colby kids invented dice in the late 80's. I do not have any proof that this is the case, however having been exposed to this story of origin my whole life I tend to believe it. Also for any other non-maine college, whether it be those in NY or somewhere in the Midwest, I highly doubt these school can claim any credit in starting this game. In Maine people play beer die... thats it. Sure we all know what beruit or flip cup is, but those are considered girls games (no offense to any of the ladies out there who play dice). If you were to walk into a high school or college party in Maine and request a game like beruit you would probably be laughed at and kindly pointed in the direction of the closest stag bar.

'''I went to Colby starting in 1989, and not only had they invented beer die, but they had already been playing it for YEARS. The guy from Cornell is correct - EVERYONE at Colby knows what beer die is.... whether they are a drinker or not.'''

SO YOU WANT TO KNOW WHO INVENTED NEER DIE? I DID (Gary McCarthy '79)....along with a handful of my friends at COLBY COLLEGE (Andy Huber '79, Bill O'Donnell '79 and a handful of others) in the Winter of 1978 in the fraternity- DU. We were fired up to play some beer pong...not Beirut mind you but the REAL Beer Pong- with paddles....lobs only...no driving the ball like they do at Dartmouth. Well, we went into the basement of DU...the floors sticky with last night's spilled beer...but all the paddles were broken and the balls were smashed....well anyway we were bent on playing some kind of drinking game.

We went upstairs to the DU Library (on the first floor of our fraternity), pulled out a board game and found a some dice. the Library table was about 8 or 9 feet long. We designed the game with the following rules: (*) 2 players on each end of the table (*) 2 Judges are in charge to imposing the rules- (1) God and (2) Jesus Christ (*) Beer cups are placed about one hand in from the end and from the side of the table....filled with beer (*) The die is lobbed towards the other player's cups....a hit is a drink UNLESS the die is caught before it hits the ground (by the team hit) (*) The receiving player's butts must stay on the chair (or take a penalty drink) (*) In the case of a plunk God steps in to determine the number on the die in the bottom of the cup...if a 3 comes up the plunking team chugs, and if a 6 comes up everyone in the room chugs...if any other number comes up the plunked team chugs.

So there you go. That was the origin of Beer Die....1978- COLBY COLLEGE.

University of Maine
It wasn't Colby - don't let those elitist pricks tell you any different. Yes, it did originate in New England. Yes, it did originate in the state of Maine - but every peice of evidence proves to the original game coming from the University of Maine (Orono, ME). Specifically it appears to have been played in the student apartments in Old Town and Orono, and especially at the fraternity houses.

I don't even go to UMaine, so I don't even care who really invented it. I do know one thing, the Colby people always claim to have invented it, and never back it up. If you go to the microfilm at the University of Maine library, you will find The Maine Campus articles mentioning "a new drinking game taking campus by storm" and specifically stating that it hasn't been seen at other campuses.

Add to that the fact that while the Colby kids are respectable at die, the kids from Orono, Farmington, UMPI and Fort Kent can easily embarrass them. The students at the Zeta Psi fraternity at Cornell would be more than happy to play (and of course beat) any students from any other college, Colby, Maine, or any other institution.

No my friends, Colby most certainly did NOT invent the game - until I see anything resembling recorded evidence placing the game at Colby before what I saw in the records of Maine, you should stop talking about how impressive it is that Colby invented the game. You didn't do it, you just want to take credit for it (which is basically what the BBC schools (Bowdoin, Bates, Colby) are good for - elitism, and taking credit for stuff the kids at the public universities do.

What we need is a beer die tournament to be held somewhere neutral. Just a suggestion from a Cornell graduate.

I actually attended UMaine and was the originator of the Huff Gambit. I vaguely recall playing Beer Die not only at UMaine but also earlier on in high school. This game carries a lot of significance in Maine and I'd be lying if I told you I knew where it originated. I do know that Mainers take their Beer Die and baseball, especially Red Sox baseball, very very seriously. I agree with the Cornell graduate. Let's be true gentlemen about this and have a tournament in a neutral venue and with a neutral "God", and the winners get to claim origination rights or some other type of booty. Or maybe have a playoff type of tournament as they do in baseball, with x games at home and x games away. That's the Beer Die way of settling scores...sit your @ss down and play (-er drink). At least that's how old schoolers like me settled things.

 * This Colby kid would like to submit that Beer Die was indeed invented at Colby, specifically in the 1950s in what was then the Lamda Chi fraternity (now Treworgy Hall). The Dartmouth did a report a few years ago that suggested this as well. A comprehensive history of beer die is indeed necessary and should certainly attempt to trace its roots at Colby, Maine and Dartmouth, among other places. If anyone knows any more specifics (especially dates), those would be helpful. It appears, though, that Beer Die is most commonly a Maine thing, like Moxie and Marden's. --WhiteMule, 25 May 2006

 * See - AGAIN, you have no proof to back that up. I have seen newspaper articles of the Maine Campus dating back to the late 40s mentioning it while I was in the archives writing a paper.  You probably are a Lamda Chi kid FROM Colby who just wants to claim credit for something you didn't actually invent.  Quit trying to give yourself credit for something you didn't do.

-Even if it started at a school in Maine, be it Colby, or U of M, or Bates or wherever, doesn't change the fact that Cornell University is still waiting for someone to respond to our challenge. The guy above agreed, but someone should contact us (visit the website link above) and some sort of "National Beer Die Tournament" should be arranged.

Looking for sources for UMAINE
Hey I doubt anyone will see this but im looking for a source to narrow this done once and for all. For the guy who said that there is an article from the Maine Campus in the late 1940s, try to figure out when exactly that was. I just looked through them and couldn't find anything but I mightve missed it. If anyone else has any info about that source or any other let me know.

Dartmouth
I played a Colby kid in Beer Die back in 1998. He agreed the game did not orginate at Colby or even in Maine. He said the game came from Dartmouth college about 30 - 40 years ago. I also have played the game on the Hamilton campus, there are some avid players there. Hamilton College is in Central New York. None of the players knew where it came from, but they played a great game.

- The Mullins brothers brought it to Hamilton in 2000. One brother went to Colby, and one went to Hamilton. When the elder visited for a weekend or two, the game caught on and had been played there ever since.

Colby
The game was invented at Colby, and that is also where the game is played the most. I do not go to Colby, in fact I go to Cornell (which is in the Ivy League. Ever heard of it?), but I know for a fact that at Colby Beer Die is played by nearly every student on Campus, as my brother goes there. They also invented the system of the die name. Every student there has one. Ask a random student who does not party at any school mentioned, be it Cornell, Yale, Dartmouth, or UMaine, and you will see that only a small percentage knows the game. But at Colby every student knows the game and has tossed some die.
 * I went to UMaine for 4 years Captain, and I can't name one single person who didn't know how to play beer die, and who couldn't skunk the shit out of a Colby student. 69.137.233.3 (talk) 09:15, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

KEENE STATE COLLEGE

Birthplace of Beer Die!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.168.255 (talk) 14:42, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

This article is awful
This may be one of the worst articles on Wikipedia. Complete lack of sources for over a year and a half? OR? Assertions with no claims? It has it all. AnyPerson (talk) 03:16, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

This article is not awful at all. Yes, some of the back-and-forth rants should be cleaned out, but otherwise it is no different than many other research ventures on Wikipedia. Wikipedia is a venue by which those involved are (or at least should be) trying to get to the bottom of a problem, using facts and references as much as possible in order to do so. However, many notable items in history, such as those for Atlantis, for example, just don't have the typical references that might accompany a discussion...and this on Beer Die is yet another example.

Realistically, how many newspaper articles, pictures, or references do you expect to see about a drinking game played in the basement of a frat house back in the 1950s? Answer: none. What we are left with, therefore, are historical accounts from those who actually participated in the event, or at least we hope.

I ask that the Wikipedia "gatekeepers" not raise their noses at the game of Beer Die or other similar cultural idiosyncrasies that don't quite fit the "mold of science" or "actual fact". I am saddened that the article about Beer Die has been removed from Wikipedia and am having second thoughts about it being one of my main sources of information on the Internets besides the Google. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.176.27.31 (talk) 07:45, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

PLEASE do something with this article
This article is a disgrace, full of unsourced frat-boy rubbish and unverifiable rules that only pertain to one or two small colleges, if any. It has been so for years. It should be reduced to a stub with only the verifiable information. 82.113.133.21 (talk) 09:25, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Beer Die League on 1st of April
Hi there, After following the link to the official beer die league, which was supposed to start on april first (instant red flags), it showed me that there had been no league at all. The daily updates and postings aren't there, the site seems like a thoroughly failed project. Since I'm no experienced user, I don't quite know how to go from here, but I suggest removing the entire paragraph, or at least making it factual, since right now the information provided here is false. I think the entire page deserves a banner, stating it's a work in progress and some serious changes need to be made, since right now no one should trust it as being factual or in any way flawless. I'll see if there's a place these concerns are heard, since it seems no one checks this Talk-page. 83.83.88.133 (talk) 13:07, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beer die


text: User:U193581/legal stuff

title: User:U193581/legal stuff


text:
Infinity focus

In optics and photography, infinity focus is the state where a lens or other optical system forms an image of an object an infinite distance away. This corresponds to the point of focus for parallel rays. The image is formed at the focal point of the lens.

In simple two lens systems such as a refractor telescope, the object at infinity forms an image at the focal point of the objective lens, which is subsequently magnified by the eyepiece. The magnification is equal to the focal length of the objective lens divided by the focal length of the eyepiece.

In practice, not all photographic lenses are capable of achieving infinity focus by design. A lens used with an adapter for close-up focusing, for example, may not be able to focus to infinity. Failure of the human eye to achieve infinity focus is diagnosed as myopia.

All optics are subject to manufacturing tolerances; even with perfect manufacture, optical trains experience thermal expansion. Focus mechanisms must accommodate part variations; even custom-built systems may have some means of adjustment. For example, telescopes such as the Mars Orbiter Camera, which are nominally set to infinity, have thermal controls. Deviations from its operating temperature are actively compensated to prevent shifts of focus.

title: Infinity focus


text:
Doctrine of worthier title

In the common law of England, the doctrine of worthier title was a legal doctrine that preferred taking title to real estate by descent over taking title by devise or by purchase. It essentially provides that a remainder cannot be created in the grantor's heirs, at least not by those words.

The rule provided that where a testator undertook to convey an heir the same estate in land that the heir would take under the laws of inheritance, the heir would be adjudged to have taken title to the land by inheritance rather than by the conveyance, because descent through the bloodline was held to be "worthier" than a conveyance through a legal instrument.

History
The doctrine of worthier title, like the Rule in Shelley's Case, had its origin in attempts by royal courts to defeat various devices contrived by lawyers during the era of feudalism to retain lands in their families while avoiding feudal duties, and to secure its free alienability. The creation of family settlements designed to preserve land within the family, transfer it without feudal duties due to the lords of the fee upon transfer at death, and preserve it from claims of creditors, occupied the ingenuity of many common lawyers during the late Middle Ages. So did efforts to undo the restrictions placed by ancestors once they became inconvenient. These concerns underlie the explanation given in Coke on Littleton:

"But if a man makes a gift in tail, or a lease of life, the remainder to his right heirs, this remainder is void, and he hath the revision in him; for the ancestor during his life beareth in his body in judgment of law all his heirs, and therefore it is truly said that haeres est pars antecessoris. ("the heir is a part of the ancestor") And this appeareth in a common case, that if land be given to a man and his heirs, all his heirs are so totally in him as he may give the land to whom he will."

The law deemed that since no one is an "heir" until the person he or she inherits from dies, an attempt to create a remainder interest in the heir created no present interest at all. This interpretation draws strength by analogy from the common words of a conveyance in fee simple, "to N. and his heirs." This conveyance creates no present interest in any heir; why should a remainder do the same?

Importance
If the heir receives the same interest in the property that he would have received either way, the doctrine of worthier title would appear at first impression to be a distinction without a difference.

Divesting heirs of interests under instruments
The rule makes a difference when property owners make inter vivos gifts of less than fee simple interests. Suppose Adam owns title to lands, is married to Beulah, and executes a deed "to Beulah for life, and then to Adam's heirs", Caleb and Dinah. Adam's intent in these words of conveyance would appear to be to grant Beulah a life estate, and then create a vested remainder interest in his apparent heirs Caleb and Dinah. The remainder interest is vested because Beulah is mortal; her death is certain to happen. But, since Caleb and Dinah are already Adam's apparent heirs, their interest under the laws of descent is "worthier" than the interest they take under the instrument, and the deed is construed as if Adam had stopped with "to Beulah for life." A reversion is created in the grantor (Adam), so if Beulah dies before Adam, the property will return to him. This doctrine is further complicated by the fact that although Caleb and Dinah are Adam's heirs apparent, it is legally impossible to determine who is an heir until the death of the grantor.

The remainder interest Caleb and Dinah were meant to have in the land subject to Beulah's life estate would have been a vested interest as the conveyance was written, but that vested interest is wiped out by the doctrine of worthier title. Imagine then that Adam then falls on hard times, and his creditors take judgments against him. If the deed were given effect as written, Caleb and Dinah's vested rights to the remainder interest would have existed prior to any judgment liens, and would therefore be prior in right to the claims of Adam's creditors. The doctrine of worthier title, preferring title by intestate succession over title by the instrument, wipes out that vested interest and prefers the rights of Adam's creditors over the rights of Adam's heirs. This illustrates that although the doctrine of worthier title, by its terms, does not affect the right passed from the ancestor to the heir, it can operate to cut off rights of the heirs against third parties.

Designation of heirs
The doctrine of worthier title can also affect estates created by will, when those estates are in people who would not take by intestate succession. Suppose once more that Adam is a testator; Adam's good friends in life were Edward and Fran, and Adam's surviving child is Dinah. Under applicable state laws of intestate succession, Dinah would be Adam's heir if Adam had no will.

But Adam does have a will: It firstly leaves his land "to Edward for life, then to Adam's heirs", and it also contains a residuary clause that leaves the remainder of Adam's estate to Fran. By the operation of the instrument, Edward would have a life estate in the land, while Fran would inherit the rest of the estate immediately; then "Adam's heirs" – i.e., Dinah – would have a vested remainder interest in the land, and expect to inherit it upon Edward's death. The doctrine of worthier title intervenes, however, with unexpected results. The doctrine prefers the interest "Adam's heirs" would have taken to the interest created by an instrument. Here, however, Adam's will designates Fran as his heir at law. Instead of a life estate in Edward, followed by a vested remainder in Dinah, the doctrine of worthier title operates to disinherit Dinah completely, treats the interest of the heirs as a mere reversion, and upon Edward's death gives the land, as well, to Fran.

Obsolescence
The doctrine of worthier title can be avoided by naming specific people, or classes of people (e.g. "my children"), instead of using the phrase "my heirs." As such, the doctrine of worthier title seldom comes into play. The doctrine has also been abolished, either by statute or by judicial decisions, in many common law jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, the rule survives, but only as a presumption or a rule of construction, that can be rebutted by evidence that the grantor meant otherwise.

title: Doctrine of worthier title


text:
Lake Whatcom

Lake Whatcom (from the Lummi word for "loud water") is located in Whatcom County, Washington, United States. It is the drinking water source for approximately 85,000 residents in the city of Bellingham as well as Whatcom County. It is approximately 10 mi in length and 1 mi in width at its widest. Lake Whatcom is located and managed within three political jurisdictions: the city of Bellingham, Whatcom County, and the Lake Whatcom Water and Sewer District. The lake is a popular area for motor boating, swimming, fishing, and other recreational activities.

The lake is divided into three basins. Basin 1, the Silver Beach Basin, is the furthest north, and has a maximum depth of 100 ft. Land use in Basin 1 is primarily residential development, with one large park and several small parks. Basin 2, the Geneva Basin, is the central basin where the drinking water for the city of Bellingham is withdrawn. This basin is the shallowest, with a maximum depth of just 40 to 60 ft. Land use is primarily residential, with a mix of lake protection program properties and some rural forestry. Basin 3 is the southernmost basin and is the most remote. At its greatest depth, Basin 3 is 328 ft deep, and is estimated to contain 96% of the lake's total water volume. Land use in Basin 3 is composed of scattered residential development, mostly in the community of Sudden Valley, as well as rural and commercial forestry. The total area of the Lake Whatcom Watershed is 142 sqkm.

There are nine annual streams and approximately 25 additional small creeks and tributaries that flow into Lake Whatcom, accounting for 23 sub-watersheds in all. Lake Whatcom drains into Bellingham Bay by way of Whatcom Creek.

The lake has only one island, the 3 acre Reveille Island, owned by Camp Firwood, which is believed to be the site of past ceremonies by Native Americans, due to the presence of pictographs and a zoomorphic stone bowl found on the island.

Brief history
The earliest known settlement was a Northwest Coast Salish village at the south end of the lake, occupied by the Saquantch tribe. Around 1800 the Saquantch were pushed out by the Lummi tribe. In the 1850s came the first known settlement of Westerners on Lake Whatcom. The first claim of private land was reported for $8. Most of the area surrounding the lake was extensively logged by the end of the 19th century. Large coal mining operations also existed near the lake from the late 19th century through 1919, when the Whatcom Mining Company closed down. In 1946 J.H. Bloedel donated 12.5 acres to the city for what would eventually become Bloedel Donovan Park. In 1962 water was diverted from the Middle Fork of the Nooksack River, through a tunnel, to supply water to a then-new paper mill on the Bellingham waterfront.

Reservoir

Lake Whatcom is a reservoir of drinking water for the city of Bellingham, and its level is actively managed by control gates. The city manages the outflow to control the maximum level, to store the inflow, to provide for drinking water demand, and to keep the flow in the creek adequate for the threatened Chinook salmon.

As a drinking water source, Lake Whatcom Reservoir's quality is in compliance for all tested chemicals, bacteria and turbidity. Bellingham is a participant in the Partnership for Safe Water, and the City’s drinking water also meets the higher standards set by this group. For the past 10 years the City of Bellingham Public Works has received the Partnership for Safe Water’s Director Award for commitment to providing safe drinking water.

Pollution
Lake Whatcom was placed on the Environmental Protection Agency's 303(d) list for impaired water bodies in 1998, due to low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, which are directly related to the amount of phosphorus Lake Whatcom receives. Low DO levels do not directly affect drinking water quality. As required by the 303(d) listing, the Washington State Department of Ecology (DOE) created a computer model to find the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) of phosphorus the lake can receive while maintaining adequate dissolved oxygen levels. In 2008 the DOE estimated that in order to achieve acceptable levels of DO, impervious/run off surfaces need to be returned to pre-1988 levels.

Most of the phosphorus enters the lake through non point sources, such as water runoff from storms in parks and lands surrounding the lake. A small portion is attributed to lawns, gardens, and streets containing some phosphorus. Aging septic systems serving development in the watershed possibly could leach phosphorus into the water body. In 2005 fertilizers containing phosphorus were banned to try to reduce the amount of phosphorus entering the lake. The city of Bellingham and Whatcom County have also restricted development activities such as land clearing, from October 1 through May 31 annually to prevent runoff from exposed soil during high precipitation months.

A 2010–2014 management program work plan for Lake Whatcom was approved by the councils of the City of Bellingham, Whatcom County, and Lake Whatcom Water & Sewer District (formerly Water District 10.) Annual analysis and progress reports are prepared to support of the five year management program.

Hydrology
Lake Whatcom is a monomictic lake. The water body is stratified for part of the year (late spring through mid-fall) and mixed during the rest. This phenomenon is important to the hydrology of the lake. The top layer of water (epilimnion) is warmed by the sun and sits atop the metalimnion (also a thermocline). In this middle layer water temperatures take a pronounced decline and eventually a distinct third layer forms (hypolimnion), much colder and isolated from the rest of the water body. Minimal oxygen from the air diffuses down to the hypolimnion, causing very low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. This combined with sediment oxidation, cause for near or complete anoxic conditions in the deeper levels of the lake. This stratification is more pronounced in Basin 3 where water is deepest. This layering of the lake, as well as the distinct physical barriers (sills) between basins cause for slow movement of water through the lake. (Ecology TMDL, 2008)

Another important hydrological phenomenon on Lake Whatcom is the occurrence of seiches. A seiche is the slow sloshing of water from one side of the lake to the other, due to winds in Lake Whatcom’s case. Winds will push water to one side of the lake, causing water levels to rise on one end and lower on the other. When the wind stops, the water rebounds back and forth until it is settled again. This up and down movement of the water causes the thermocline to rise and fall as well, which can result in the cold, anoxic water from Basin 3, to spill over the Strawberry Sill into Basin 2.

Major outputs of lake water are Whatcom Creek (77.5% of outflow), City of Bellingham intake (11.3%), evaporation (7.9%) and hatchery (2.5%). The estimated residence time of water entering the lake until it leaves is 7.4 years.

Invasive species
Invasive species of particular threat to Lake Whatcom include zebra mussel, New Zealand mud snail, Asian carp, and viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). Currently, none of the fifteen species identified by the state of Washington as "most unwanted" are found in the lake. Eurasian water milfoil is the only species on Washington's list of 50 unwanted species (13 of which are freshwater) that is known to exist in Lake Whatcom.

Fish
Lake Whatcom is home to 13 species of fish. Among these are six native species: kokanee salmon (non-anadromous form of Sockeye), coastal cutthroat trout, longnose sucker, peamouth chub, sculpin and three-spined stickleback. Three species have been introduced to the lake by fisheries authorities: bluegill, rainbow trout, and smallmouth bass. Four species have been illegally introduced: brown bullhead, largemouth bass, pumpkinseed and yellow perch. The Department of Health has consumption advisories for smallmouth bass and yellow perch, which can be found at the DOH website

Lake Whatcom watershed land use

Based on the 2014 Lake Whatcom Watershed Annual Build-Out Report there are currently 6,877 dwelling units in the Whatcom County watershed with appropriate assessor's residential land use codes, and improvement values of greater than 10,000 dollars. Of these units, 1,595 are zoned within the city of Bellingham, 1,551 are zoned within the urban growth boundary, 2,566 are zoned in the Sudden Valley neighborhood, and 1,165 are zoned as rural. There are 1,811 existing vacant lots with improvement values of greater than $10,000 and an estimated 8,688 total units with build-out potential.

Currently, based on the city of Bellingham’s 2007 guide to Lake Whatcom, the Lake Whatcom watershed is zoned for residential use, private commercial forest use, public land, urban growth area, and watershed protected properties, along with non-residential reconveyance areas. There are 31,127 total acres in the Lake Whatcom watershed. Of these, 4,007 are developed, 5,552 are zoned for development but are currently undeveloped, and 2,519 are protected under conservation easement, as a result of land use acquisition by the city of Bellingham and private individuals.

title: Lake Whatcom


text:
Roy Kiyooka

Roy Kenzie Kiyooka (January 18, 1926 – January 8, 1994) was a Canadian painter, poet, photographer, arts teacher.

Biography
A Nisei, or a second generation Japanese Canadian, Roy Kenzie Kiyooka was born in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan and raised in Calgary, Alberta. His parents were Harry Shigekiyo Kiyooka and Mary Kiyoshi Kiyooka. Roy's grandfather on the maternal side, a samurai Ōe Masamichi, was the 17th headmaster of the Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū school of swordsmanship. Roy Kiyooka's brother Harry Mitsuo Kiyooka also became an abstract painter, a professor of art, and sometimes a curator of his brother's work. Roy's youngest brother Frank Kiyooka became a potter.

In 1942, after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the family moved to Opal, Alberta.

From 1946 to 1949, Kiyooka studied with at the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art. In 1955, he studied at the Instituto Allende in San Miguel de Allende. From 1957 to 1959, Kiyooka took part in the Emma Lake Artists' Workshops of the University of Saskatchewan, where he worked with famed art American critic Clement Greenberg and abstract expressionist painter Barnett Newman.

In 1956, Kiyooka began teaching at the Regina College of Art. He moved to Vancouver in 1959, and began to shift his practice away from painting and towards photography and eventually filmmaking. In 1971-1972 he taught at the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design in Halifax; he documented his trip across the country to Halifax in the work Long Beach BC to Peggy’s Cove Nova Scotia, which formed part of his 1975 Transcanada Letters. From 1973 to 1991, he also taught at the Fine Arts Department of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.

Kiyooka used the ellipse form in the Art Gallery of Ontario's Barometer No. 2 (1964). In 1965, he represented Canada at the Eighth Sao Paulo Biennial. In 1969, he created the sculpture, Abu Ben Adam’s Vinyl Dream, for the Canadian pavilion at Expo ‘70 in Osaka, Japan. In 1975, the Vancouver Art Gallery organized a twenty-five-year retrospective of his work. That same year saw Kiyooka publish his Transcanada Letters, a book project which weaved together photography, his own letters and experimental writing to examine his experience of the nation as a second-generation Japanese-Canadian. In 1978, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada. Kiyooka’s Pear Tree Pomes, illustrated by David Bolduc (Coach House Press, 1987), was nominated for a Governor General's Literary Award.

While in Japan, he made the StoneDGloves: Alms for Soft Palms photographic series, shown at the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa. He also made16 Cedar Laminated Sculpture series, shown alongside the Ottoman/Court Suite of silk-screen prints, at the Bau Xi Gallery in Vancouver in May 1971.

Books

 * Kyoto Airs. designed and printed by Takao Tanabe at Periwinkle Press, Vancouver 1964. (Inspired by a visit to Japan in 1963).
 * Dorothy Livesay: The Unquiet Bed. Illustrations by Roy Kiyooka.
 * Nevertheless These Eyes. Printed at the Coach House Press, Toronto 1967.
 * The Fountainebleau Dream Machine: 18 Frames from A Book of Rhetorick. Coach House Press, Toronto 1977
 * “Wheels, a trip thru Honshu’s Backcountry” was published by Coach House Press, Toronto 1981.
 * StoneDGloves. Coach House Press, Toronto 1970. Repr.: 1983.
 * transcanada letters. Talonbooks, Vancouver 1975. Repr.: 2004.
 * Pear Tree Pomes 1987. Illus. by David Bolduc. Coach House Press, Toronto 1987. Nominated for the 1987 Governor General Award.

Books published posthumously include:
 * Daphne Marlatt (ed.): Mothertalk: Life Stories of Mary Kiyoshi Kiyooka. NeWest Press, Edmonton 1997. Roy Kiyooka's mother, Mary Kiyoshi Kiyooka's, story from a series of interviews by Matsuki Masutani and reworked by Roy Kiyooka.
 * Roy Miki (ed.): Pacific Windows: Collected Poems of Roy K. Kiyooka. Talonbooks, Burnaby, B.C. 1997.
 * Smaro Kambourelli (ed.): Pacific Rim Letters. NeWest Press, Edmonton 2004.
 * Roy Miki (ed.): Roy Kiyooka: The Artist & the Moose: A Fable of Forget. LINEbooks, Burnaby, B.C., 2009.

Exhibitions
Roy Kiyooka: Accidental Tourist (Doris McCarthy Gallery, Scarborough, Ont), 17–22 March 2005.

Roy K. Kiyooka: 25 Years (Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, BC), 21 November-16 December 1976.

Awards

 * 1973 Victor Martyn Lynch-Staunton Award

title: Roy Kiyooka


text:
House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian: Predstavnički Dom Bosne i Hercegovine, Croatian: Zastupnički Dom Bosne i Hercegovine and Serbian Cyrillic: Представнички Дом Босне и Херцеговине) is one of the two chambers of the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the other being the House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The chamber consists of 42 members which are elected by party-list proportional representation. 28 members are elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 14 from Republika Srpska. Members serve for terms of four years. The current membership of the chamber was elected on 2 October 2022.

Electoral system
The house is elected by party-list proportional representation with open lists. For the first two elections, representatives were elected from nationwide lists, but in 2000, local representation was introduced. Eight constituencies, known as electoral units, each elect between three and six representatives, giving a total of 30. To ensure proportionality, a further 12 representatives are elected on a entity-wide basis. Each entity is allocated a number of these entity-wide seats, 7 members from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 5 from Republika Srpska. When a party is entitled to one of these entity-wide seats, it is given to the candidate from the party who receives the most votes without being elected in his or her electoral unit, located in one of the two entities.

Brčko District voters are entitled to vote in only one of the two entities. Their vote is allocated to the corresponding electoral unit, depending on which entity the voter is voting from.


text:
User:Aristk

About myself
Arist Kojevnikov, PhD-student in Laboratory of Mathematical Logic, Steklov Institute of Mathematics at St.Petersburg, Russia.

Links

 * Home page
 * ru:Участник:Arist

title: User:Aristk


text: User talk:81.159.148.235

title: User talk:81.159.148.235


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MetroGel

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to Metronidazole. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:46, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

MetroGel
Delete Product promotion. Icelight 19:40, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, obvious ad. No need to merge with rosacea since that article already mentions metronidazole; brand names need not be given.  Dcarrano 19:56, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Metronidazole, nothing really to merge. JamesBurns 08:42, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Spam spam spam spam. Lovely spam! Wonderful spam! Spam spa-a-a-a-a-am spam spa-a-a-a-a-am spam. Lovely spam! Lovely spam! Lovely spam! Lovely spam! Lovely spam! Spam spam spam spam! -- FunkyChicken! 05:50, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Metronidazole--Forig 12:03, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:44, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

The Illuminatiary Electric Riot Society Of New York
Delete. Probable utter nonsense; no google for "electric riot society" and no imdb on Arabella Zanzibar. knoodelhed 19:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax/nonsense. Dcarrano 19:58, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete could be real, I suppose, but no notability established. probably unverifiable.  Friday 21:02, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 08:41, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonsense--Forig 12:05, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:European orchestras

title: Category:European orchestras


text:
User talk:Narenvarmap

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as ThreadX, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from web sites. For more information, take a look at our policy library. Happy editing! --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 19:41, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Narenvarmap


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Tripoli

Tripoli

 * Nominated on 19:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC); needs 10 votes by July 27.

Is one of the most important cities on the Med. and has a very long and important history. Needs expanding

Support:
 * 1) Falphin 19:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Elefuntboy 02:46, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) EatAlbertaBeef 15:52, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Youngamerican 13:31, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 20:43, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Comment:
 * 1) Not a stub. D AVODD  22:41, July 20, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Network redirector

In DOS and Windows, a network redirector, or redirector, is an operating system driver that sends data to and receives data from a remote device. A network redirector provides mechanisms to locate, open, read, write, and delete files and submit print jobs.

It provides application services such as named pipes and MailSlots. When an application needs to send or receive data from a remote device, it sends a call to the redirector. The redirector provides the functionality of the presentation layer of the OSI model.

Networks Hosts communicate through use of this client software: Shells, Redirectors and Requesters.

In Microsoft Networking, the network redirectors are implemented as Installable File System (IFS) drivers.

title: Network redirector