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Microdialysis

Microdialysis is a minimally-invasive sampling technique that is used for continuous measurement of free, unbound analyte concentrations in the extracellular fluid of virtually any tissue. Analytes may include endogenous molecules (e.g. neurotransmitter, hormones, glucose, etc.) to assess their biochemical functions in the body, or exogenous compounds (e.g. pharmaceuticals) to determine their distribution within the body. The microdialysis technique requires the insertion of a small microdialysis catheter (also referred to as microdialysis probe) into the tissue of interest. The microdialysis probe is designed to mimic a blood capillary and consists of a shaft with a semipermeable hollow fiber membrane at its tip, which is connected to inlet and outlet tubing. The probe is continuously perfused with an aqueous solution (perfusate) that closely resembles the (ionic) composition of the surrounding tissue fluid at a low flow rate of approximately 0.1-5μL/min. Once inserted into the tissue or (body)fluid of interest, small solutes can cross the semipermeable membrane by passive diffusion. The direction of the analyte flow is determined by the respective concentration gradient and allows the usage of microdialysis probes as sampling as well as delivery tools. The solution leaving the probe (dialysate) is collected at certain time intervals for analysis.

History
The microdialysis principle was first employed in the early 1960s, when push-pull canulas and dialysis sacs were implanted into animal tissues, especially into rodent brains, to directly study the tissues' biochemistry. While these techniques had a number of experimental drawbacks, such as the number of samples per animal or no/limited time resolution, the invention of continuously perfused dialytrodes in 1972 helped to overcome some of these limitations. Further improvement of the dialytrode concept resulted in the invention of the "hollow fiber", a tubular semipermeable membrane with a diameter of ~200-300μm, in 1974. Today's most prevalent shape, the needle probe, consists of a shaft with a hollow fiber at its tip and can be inserted by means of a guide cannula into the brain and other tissues. An alternative method, open flow micro-perfusion (OFM), replaces the membrane with macroscopic openings which facilitates sampling of lipophilic  and hydrophilic compounds, protein bound and unbound drugs,  neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins, antibodies,   nanoparticles and nanocarriers, enzymes and vesicles.

Microdialysis probes
There are a variety of probes with different membrane and shaft length combinations available. The molecular weight cutoff of commercially available microdialysis probes covers a wide range of approximately 6-100kD, but also 1MD is available. While water-soluble compounds generally diffuse freely across the microdialysis membrane, the situation is not as clear for highly lipophilic analytes, where both successful (e.g. corticosteroids) and unsuccessful microdialysis experiments (e.g. estradiol, fusidic acid) have been reported. However, the recovery of water-soluble compounds usually decreases rapidly if the molecular weight of the analyte exceeds 25% of the membrane’s molecular weight cutoff.

Recovery and calibration methods
Due to the constant perfusion of the microdialysis probe with fresh perfusate, a total equilibrium cannot be established. This results in dialysate concentrations that are lower than those measured at the distant sampling site. In order to correlate concentrations measured in the dialysate with those present at the distant sampling site, a calibration factor (recovery) is needed. The recovery can be determined at steady-state using the constant rate of analyte exchange across the microdialysis membrane. The rate at which an analyte is exchanged across the semipermeable membrane is generally expressed as the analyte’s extraction efficiency. The extraction efficiency is defined as the ratio between the loss/gain of analyte during its passage through the probe (Cin−Cout) and the difference in concentration between perfusate and distant sampling site (Cin−Csample).

In theory, the extraction efficiency of a microdialysis probe can be determined by: 1) changing the drug concentrations while keeping the flow rate constant or 2) changing the flow rate while keeping the respective drug concentrations constant. At steady-state, the same extraction efficiency value is obtained, no matter if the analyte is enriched or depleted in the perfusate. Microdialysis probes can consequently be calibrated by either measuring the loss of analyte using drug-containing perfusate or the gain of analyte using drug-containing sample solutions. To date, the most frequently used calibration methods are the low-flow-rate method, the no-net-flux method, the dynamic (extended) no-net-flux method, and the retrodialysis method. The proper selection of an appropriate calibration method is critically important for the success of a microdialysis experiment. Supportive in vitro experiments prior to the use in animals or humans are therefore recommended. In addition, the recovery determined in vitro may differ from the recovery in humans. Its actual value therefore needs to be determined in every in vivo experiment.

Low-flow-rate method
The low-flow-rate method is based on the fact that the extraction efficiency is dependent on the flow-rate. At high flow-rates, the amount of drug diffusing from the sampling site into the dialysate per unit time is smaller (low extraction efficiency) than at lower flow-rates (high extraction efficiency). At a flow-rate of zero, a total equilibrium between these two sites is established (Cout = Csample). This concept is applied for the (low-)flow-rate method, where the probe is perfused with blank perfusate at different flow-rates. Concentration at the sampling site can be determined by plotting the extraction ratios against the corresponding flow-rates and extrapolating to zero-flow. The low-flow-rate method is limited by the fact that calibration times may be rather long before a sufficient sample volume has been collected.

No-net-flux-method
During calibration with the no-net-flux-method, the microdialysis probe is perfused with at least four different concentrations of the analyte of interest (Cin) and steady-state concentrations of the analyte leaving the probe are measured in the dialysate (Cout). The recovery for this method can be determined by plotting Cout−Cin over Cin and computing the slope of the regression line. If analyte concentrations in the perfusate are equal to concentrations at the sampling site, no-net flux occurs. Respective concentrations at the no-net-flux point are represented by the x-intercept of the regression line. The strength of this method is that, at steady-state, no assumptions about the behaviour of the compound in the vicinity of the probe have to be made, since equilibrium exists at a specific time and place. However, under transient conditions (e.g. after drug challenge), the probe recovery may be altered resulting in biased estimates of the concentrations at the sampling site. To overcome this limitation, several approaches have been developed that are also applicable under non-steady-state conditions. One of these approaches is the dynamic no-net-flux method.

Dynamic no-net-flux method
While a single subject/animal is perfused with multiple concentrations during the no-net-flux method, multiple subjects are perfused with a single concentration during the dynamic no-net-flux (DNNF) method. Data from the different subjects/animals is then combined at each time point for regression analysis allowing determination of the recovery over time. The design of the DNNF calibration method has proven very useful for studies that evaluate the response of endogenous compounds, such as neurotransmitters, to drug challenge.

Retrodialysis
During retrodialysis, the microdialysis probe is perfused with an analyte-containing solution and the disappearance of drug from the probe is monitored. The recovery for this method can be computed as the ratio of drug lost during passage (Cin−Cout) and drug entering the microdialysis probe (Cin). In principle, retrodialysis can be performed using either the analyte itself (retrodialysis by drug) or a reference compound (retrodialysis by calibrator) that closely resembles both the physiochemical and the biological properties of the analyte. Despite the fact that retrodialysis by drug cannot be used for endogenous compounds as it requires absence of analyte from the sampling site, this calibration method is most commonly used for exogenous compounds in clinical settings.

Applications
The microdialysis technique has undergone much development since its first use in 1972, when it was first employed to monitor concentrations of endogenous biomolecules in the brain. Today's area of application has expanded to monitoring free concentrations of endogenous as well as exogenous compounds in virtually any tissue. Although microdialysis is still primarily used in preclinical animal studies (e.g. laboratory rodents, dogs, sheep, pigs), it is now increasingly employed in humans to monitor free, unbound drug tissue concentrations as well as interstitial concentrations of regulatory cytokines and metabolites in response to homeostatic perturbations such as feeding and/or exercise.

When employed in brain research, microdialysis is commonly used to measure neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA) and their metabolites, as well as small neuromodulators (e.g. cAMP, cGMP, NO), amino acids (e.g. glycine, cysteine, tyrosine), and energy substrates (e.g. glucose, lactate, pyruvate). Exogenous drugs to be analyzed by microdialysis include new antidepressants, antipsychotics, as well as antibiotics and many other drugs that have their pharmacological effect site in the brain. The first non-metabolite to be analyzed by microdialysis in vivo in the human brain was rifampicin.

Applications in other organs include the skin (assessment of bioavailability and bioequivalence of topically applied dermatological drug products), and monitoring of glucose concentrations in patients with diabetes (intravascular or subcutaneous probe placement). The latter may even be incorporated into an artificial pancreas system for automated insulin administration.

Microdialysis has also found increasing application in environmental research, sampling a diversity of compounds from waste-water and soil solution, including saccharides, metal ions, micronutrients, organic acids, and low molecular weight nitrogen. Given the destructive nature of conventional soil sampling methods, microdialysis has potential to estimate fluxes of soil ions that better reflect an undisturbed soil environment.

Advantages

 * 1) To date, microdialysis is the only in vivo sampling technique that can continuously monitor drug or metabolite concentrations in the extracellular fluid of virtually any tissue. Depending on the exact application, analyte concentrations can be monitored over several hours, days, or even weeks. Free, unbound extracellular tissue concentrations are in many cases of particular interest as they resemble pharmacologically active concentrations at or close to the site of action. Combination of microdialysis with modern imaging techniques, such positron emission tomography, further allow for determination of intracellular concentrations.
 * 2) Insertion of the probe in a precise location of the selected tissue further allows for evaluation of extracellular concentration gradients due to transporter activity or other factors, such as perfusion differences. It has, therefore, been suggested as the most appropriate technique to be used for tissue distribution studies.
 * 3) Exchange of analyte across the semipermeable membrane and constant replacement of the sampling fluid with fresh perfusate prevents drainage of fluid from the sampling site, which allows sampling without fluid loss. Microdialysis can consequently be used without disturbing the tissue conditions by local fluid loss or pressure artifacts, which can occur when using other techniques, such as microinjection or push-pull perfusion.
 * 4) The semipermeable membrane prevents cells, cellular debris, and proteins from entering into the dialysate. Due to the lack of protein in the dialysate, a sample clean-up prior to analysis is not needed and enzymatic degradation is not a concern.

Limitations

 * 1) Despite scientific advances in making microdialysis probes smaller and more efficient, the invasive nature of this technique still poses some practical and ethical limitations. For example, it has been shown that implantation of a microdialysis probe can alter tissue morphology resulting in disturbed microcirculation, rate of metabolism or integrity of physiological barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier. While acute reactions to probe insertion, such as implantation traumas, require sufficient recovery time, additional factors, such as necrosis, inflammatory responses, or wound healing processes have to be taken into consideration for long-term sampling as they may influence the experimental outcome. From a practical perspective, it has been suggested to perform microdialysis experiments within an optimal time window, usually 24–48 hours after probe insertion.
 * 2) Microdialysis has a relatively low temporal and spatial resolution compared to, for example, electrochemical biosensors. While the temporal resolution is determined by the length of the sampling intervals (usually a few minutes), the spatial resolution is determined by the dimensions of the probe. The probe size can vary between different areas of application and covers a range of a few millimeters (intracerebral application) up to a few centimeters (subcutaneous application) in length and a few hundred micrometers in diameter.
 * 3) Application of the microdialysis technique is often limited by the determination of the probe’s recovery, especially for in vivo experiments. Determination of the recovery may be time-consuming and may require additional subjects or pilot experiments. The recovery is largely dependent on the flow rate: the lower the flow rate, the higher the recovery. However, in practice the flow rate cannot be decreased too much since either the sample volume obtained for analysis will be insufficient or the temporal resolution of the experiment will be lost. It is therefore important to optimize the relationship between flow rate and the sensitivity of the analytical assay. The situation may be more complex for lipophilic compounds as they can stick to the tubing or other probe components, resulting in a low or no analyte recovery.

title: Microdialysis


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Ultramarine

Criticisms of communism
No one doubts that Ultramarine invests a great deal of time and effort into finding and adding arguments that support his POV. The problems are that (1) he attempts to present them as established fact, and (2) he invests an equal amount of time and effort into misrepresenting and removing arguments for the other side. Consider the Criticisms of communism article, for example: The greatest differences between my version and Ultramarine's do not lie in the anti-communist arguments - which are almost identical in both our versions - but in the pro-communist arguments, which I attempt to present fairly and he attempts to misrepresent and dismiss out of hand. My version is meant to be a NPOV compromise that is satisfactory to all parties involved. Accusations that I have "made every attempt to stop him from criticising communism" are completely unfounded - see the "Anti-communist critique of Communist states" section in my version, for example, which thoroughly criticizes communism. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 10:58, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

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This is simply false. Here are some of the things deleted by 172 when he reverted to your version.

[[Image:Victim of Lenin's Famine.jpg|thumb|330px|left| During [[Russian Civil War]], Lenin started "requisitioning" supplies from the peasantry for little or nothing in exchange. This led peasants to drastically reduce their crop production. In retaliation,  Lenin ordered the seizure of the food peasants had grown for their own subsistence and their seed grain. The Cheka and the army  began by shooting hostages, and ended by waging a second full-scale civil war against the peasantry.

Official Soviet reports admitted that fully 30 million Soviet citizens were in danger of death by starvation. The White forces shared little of the blame and actually had a food surplus. The Civil War was essentially over by the beginning of 1920, but Lenin continued his harsh exploitation of the peasantry for yet another year. The famine of 1921 was thus much less severe in 1920, because after the reconquest of the White territories, the Reds seized the Whites' grain reserves, although they primarily sent them to cities with less hunger but more political clout. Some relief organizations suspended help when it was revealed that the Soviet Union preferred to sell food abroad in order to get hard currency rather than feed its starving people. Estimates on the deaths from this famine are 3-10 million. Lenin was also responsible for starting the slave labor camp system and for 100000-500000 summary executions of "class enemies" Sources and estimates of the number killed:  ]]

Cuba is often cited as a successful example of by communists. However, Cuba was one of most developed nations in Latin America before Castro. Other Latin American nations have seen greater increases in literacy than Cuba. Calories per person has declined in Cuba while it has increased in most other Latin American nations. Cubans eat less cereals and meat than before Castro.

After 1965, life expectancy began to decline in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe while it continued to increase in Western Europe. This decline accelerated after the change to market economy in the states of the former Soviet Union but has now started to increase in the Baltic states. In Eastern Europe, life expectancy has increased significantly after the fall of Communism. The continued poor situation in Russia and Ukraine has been strongly linked to alcoholism.

(On that social sciences are not falsifiable.) One response is that many social sciences like psychology, economics, and political science are increasingly being tested, for example by statistical methods.

Lenin did state the following:
 * "The so-called cultural element of Western Europe and America are incapable of comprehending the present state of affairs and the actual balance of forces; these elements must be regarded as deaf-mutes and treated accordingly....

 * "A revolution never develops along a direct line, by continuous expansion, but from a chain of outbursts and withdrawals, attacks and lulls, during which the revolutionary forces gain strength in preparation for their final victory....

 * "We must:

 * "(a) In order to placate the deaf-mutes, proclaim the fictional separation of our government ... from the Comintern, declaring this agency to be an independent political group. The deaf- mutes will believe it.

 * "(b) Express a desire for the immediate resumption of diplomatic relations with capitalist countries on the basis of complete non-interference in their internal affairs. Again, the deaf- mutes will believe it. They will even be delighted and fling wide-open  their doors through which the emissaries of the Comintern and Party Intelligence agencies will quickly infiltrate into these  countries disguised as our diplomatic, cultural, and trade representatives.

 * "Capitalists the world over and their governments will, in their desire to win Soviet market, shut their eyes to the above- mentioned activities and thus be turned into blind deaf-mutes. They will furnish credits, which will serve as a means of supporting  the Communist parties in their countries, and, by supplying us, will rebuild our war industry, which is essential for our future  attacks on our suppliers. In other words, they will be laboring to prepare their own suicide."(Stalin : The First In-depth  Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives, 1997, Edvard Radzinsky)(The Lufkin News, King Featurers  Syndicate, Inc., 31 July 1962, p. 4, as quoted by the Freeman Report, 30 Sept. 1973, p. 8).  . Ultramarine 16:56, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

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Yes, I encourage everyone to read Ultramarine's version carefully, particularly the paragraphs under the "Victim of Lenin's Famine" picture, in order to get a sense of the depth of his POV-pushing. Notice also that the extensive Lenin quote which he accuses me of removing does not appear in any of Lenin's works. Ultramarine cites a book by Edvard Radzinsky in which that quote allegedly appears, but has refused to give any further details surrounding it - such as the name of the secret document in which the quote is supposed to appear, the date of its publication, the subject of the secret document, or the method by which Edvard Radzinsky claims to have obtained it. And, for that matter, his entire section on "useful idiots" is dedicated to citing Western authors who say that communists are idiots. This does not belong in criticisms of communism, but in an article on pejorative political terms. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 18:09, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Also, please view the on-going debate (although it looks more like a monologue) at Talk:Criticisms of communism. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 18:30, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Outside view and Ultramarine's response
From my vantagepoint, Ultramarine's response is instructive. His announced ethic of relying on peer-reviewed studies is commendable, although of much less value than he seems to think. But note that he presumes that any criticism of the studies he cites comes from those who dislike the conclusions -- this is a breach of decorum, a misunderstanding of academics and appears to jaundice his view of those contrary views he has read.

I have observed at least four unfortunate consequences of this.

 * 1) Because Ultramarine is adamant about supporting the view with which he agrees, his fellow-editors are almost forced to become advocates for the opposite POV.
 * 2) Because Ultramarine insists, somewhat illogically, that only a peer-reviewed article can be used to critique a peer-reviewed article, he shoves aside valid criticisms of his pet theory.
 * 3) Because Ultramarine insists that every criticism be responded to in detail, the articles tend towards logorrhea, which injures Wikipedia.
 * 4) When another editor comes up with an obvious (but unsourced or poorly-sourced) criticism of his pet theory, a careful editor would help hunt down a better source, simply because it makes a better article.  Instead, Ultramarine exacerbates disagreement by accusing his fellow-editors of ignorance, or laziness.

This is truly regrettable, because a more collegial Ultramarine who sought actively to promote NPOV would (crystal ball warning: will?) be, I believe, a true asset to Wikipedia, and actually do a better job of presenting those opinions with which he agrees.

Robert A West 18:33, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * You make many claims without sources. As noted, I haved added many opposing views to Capitalism, although I support it. The same can be said for other articles. If this goes to arbitration, I will add them in more detail. (I am uncertain at the moment if I want arbitration, but that may be necessary in order to stop the deperate deletions on Criticisms of communism) Ultramarine 18:47, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Your demand that comments on the talk page be sourced is actually a good example of your non-collegial conduct. The use of talk as a way to raise issues where one does not have the source to hand is very common, and strikes me as useful.  I hoped to get you to see that there are numerous problems and issues with DPT research, which would help you write a better article.  Robert A West 21:29, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Just to comment, you could add this posting to the space below his response; fewer people will see your comments on the talk page. 172 | Talk 18:37, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

"Science"
Politically charged DOS reports, the Index of Economic Freedom, and Rummel are not scientific sources.

Economics is infinitely more subjective than physics or mathematics, and work in that field can not be definitively asserted as factual because there are other factors (i.e. political motives) that color the "research". The Heritage Foundation, a private institution, can rank countries lower in the list (than a so-called "objective" analysis would show) for the sole purpose of compelling them to further deregulate their economies. These are issues that are potentially up for debate. In contrast, the fact that the Earth is round is not negotiable, and anyone, even those outside a private think tank, can determine this.

My point is, economics is not physics. In physics (hard science), there are universal laws. In economics (political science), there are competing theories (any of which could be valid or successful, largely depending on global political and social structures and divisions) and hidden motives. Using the word "science" and citing a controversial think tank as if it possessed truth, as if capitalist economic functions are as non-negotiable as the laws of nature, is misleading and therefore not suitable for Wikipedia.

This is simply something to think about. I'm not accusing anyone. I'm not calling names. I'm not saying capitalism is bad. I'm not going to endorse any side in this dispute, and will not involve myself in the discussion regarding "criticisms of socialism/communism". I just don't have time to familiarize myself with the context of all disputes involving this user's conduct. — Sesel wa  21:09, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with the above summary, and think that this goes far to explain how Ultramarine's style manages to irritate even those who 90% agree with him. Robert A West 16:52, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I would add that reading Peer review, especially the first four paragraphs of (this text, confirms that peer review often warrants no more than freedom from obvious stupidity and blunder, even in the hard sciences. Septentrionalis 19:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:South African Army

title: Category:South African Army


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Bullace

The bullace is a variety of plum. It bears edible fruit similar to those of the damson, and like the damson is considered to be a strain of the insititia subspecies of Prunus domestica. Although the term has regionally been applied to several different kinds of "wild plum" found in the United Kingdom, it is usually taken to refer to varieties with a spherical shape, as opposed to the oval damsons.

Unlike nearly all damsons, bullaces may be either "white" (i.e. yellow or green) or "black" (i.e. blue or purple) in colour, and ripen up to six weeks later in the year. Though smaller than most damsons, bullaces are much larger than the closely related sloe. Their flavour is usually rather acidic until fully ripe.

Etymology and origin

The name probably originates from the Old French beloce, meaning "sloe", via Middle English bolas. Wild plums were formerly given the related name "bullies" in parts of Lincolnshire. They were also known as the "bullum-tree" in Cornwall; "bullison" in Wiltshire; "scad" in Sussex; and as the "wild damson" in Yorkshire. The similar word bwlas was used in the Welsh language.

Like other varieties of Prunus domestica, the bullace may have had its origin in hybrids between the sloe (Prunus spinosa) and cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera), though there is also evidence that domestica was solely descended from the latter. Another theory suggests that the bullace developed (or was selected) over time from the sloe, without the involvement of Prunus cerasifera. Prunus insititia is still, however, occasionally regarded as a separate (entirely native) species. It is possible that the bullace is genuinely native to Great Britain: the horticulturalist Harold Taylor, in his book The Plums of England, described it as "the only truly English plum", observing that all other hybrid varieties of plum and damson had at least some non-native origins.

Although once cultivated, and familiar to gardeners of the Tudor period, the bullace gradually fell out of favour as newer, larger or sweeter types of damson or plum displaced it, and it hung on at the fringes of cultivation. Its hardiness meant that, like the damson, it was occasionally planted as a windbreak or hedging tree, and until the 20th century was regarded as valuable for providing fruit very late in the year.

Varieties
Four main varieties of bullace are recognised in England: the White, Black, Shepherd's and Langley. The bullace may be found as a small tree, growing to around 8 metres in height, or as a bush, distinguishable from the sloe by its broader leaves and small number or complete absence of spines. There is, however, a wide variation between trees in different districts due to hybridization and local selection. Bullaces generally ripen in October–November, rather later than other types of plum, and fruit heavily. They may sometimes be found growing wild in woods or hedgerows, particularly near old farmhouses; others may be found in old gardens or orchards, or can still be purchased from some nurseries.

Black Bullace
The Black Bullace is the common "wild" bullace of woods in England, recognisable by its small, round black or dark purple fruit. It is sometimes classified as insititia var. nigra. It can be quite astringent until very ripe, or subject to a slight frost; a larger variety known as the "New Black Bullace" was later developed from it.

White Bullace

The White Bullace, sometimes classified as insititia var. syriaca, has small, yellowish fruit, with greenish flesh. A very old variety, it was once known in Cambridgeshire and Essex by the name "cricksies" or "crickses", formed on an earlier plural "creeks", and probably originating in Anglo-Norman creke. It was grown in large quantities in Norfolk in the 19th century, for use in preserving or cooking; Hogg described the flesh as "firm, juicy, sweet and subacid". It is also occasionally referred to as the "Golden Bullace".

Shepherd's Bullace
This variety has relatively large round fruit, ripening by October to a grass green or yellowish green colour, with small red spots on the sunward side. It was formerly common in Kent and Essex and may still be found in hedgerows in eastern England.

Langley Bullace
The Langley Bullace, or "Veitch's Black Bullace", is by far the newest variety, being first raised in 1902 by the Veitch nurseries at Langley, Berkshire. It was a cross between an Orleans plum and the Farleigh damson, and is therefore not considered a true bullace in some sources. This is the largest variety, and when ripe - which occurs in November - is much the sweetest.

Other varieties
Other names have appeared, but are likely to represent either the above broad types or variations of them; Abercrombie and Mawe, writing in 1779, described three types of bullace, the "white", "black" and "red". Loudon also mentions a black, white and red bullace, as well a double flowered variety flore pleno. Hogg described an "Essex Bullace", which appears in all respects identical to the Shepherd's Bullace, and a "Royal Bullace", said to bear very large, yellow-green fruit. A "New Large Bullace", probably synonymous with the Royal Bullace, was occasionally mentioned, described as very similar to the Shepherd's Bullace but with larger leaves, many of which were glandless, a much more vigorous habit, and lighter cropping.

Uses
Bullaces are often stated to only be suitable for cooking. As well as being used for stewing and making various fruit preserves, they were also traditionally used to make fruit wine, and a bullace pie was stated to be one of the usual centrepieces of a 19th-century harvest home supper in the south of England. However, some bullaces are palatable raw when sufficiently ripe.

title: Bullace


text:
User talk:Mark Mukasa

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some helpful links:
 * Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages.
 * Wikipedia directory is also quite useful.
 * Meet other new users You may want to add yourself to the Wikipedia new user log.
 * Assign edits to your username from before you registered.
 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you
 * How to upload files and image copyright tags.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 11:24, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Afro Carribean
Afro Carribean

Afro Carribeans are generally referred to as descendants of the slaves brought from Africa to the West Indies (Carribean) during the slave trade. They mostly inhabit the islands Grenada, Jamaica, Dominica, St.Lucia, Trinidad & Tobago, Antigua, etc. Most Afro Carribeans born in the Carribean mostly refer to themselves as West Indians and are mostly referred to as "Afro Carribean" by the Media in some countries such as Britain. Their ancestry is said to be mostly West African although a lot may have few white ancestry as White Slave owners sometimes had children with their slaves. A few also could possibly have Carrib and Arawak heritage as sometimes runaway slaves were taken by the Carribs, although this is likely a small amount. On Trinidad and Tobago, inhabitants their might have indian ancestry as a large amount of Indian immigrants live and were born their.

title: User talk:Mark Mukasa


text:
Greatest Hits Radio East Yorkshire

Greatest Hits Radio East Yorkshire & Northern Lincolnshire is an Independent Local Radio station serving East Riding of Yorkshire and Northern Lincolnshire. The station was replaced by a relay of Magic UK, as part of a restructure, on 1 September 2020.

On 19 September 2022, GHR Hull & East Yorkshire became part of the Nation Radio network, and was relaunched as Nation Radio East Yorkshire following the end of the licensing name agreement which had allowed GHR to broadcast on the Nation-owned licence.

As of March 2024, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 133,000 listeners, according to RAJAR.

History
On 31 October 1988, Viking Radio permanently split its 1161 (originally said "Double-One-Six-One") medium wave frequency from its FM service when it launched "Viking Gold". Many different station names have been used over the years. "Viking Gold" was followed by "Classic Gold" (not to be confused with the service operated by UBC), "Classic Gold Radio", "Great Yorkshire Gold" and "Great Yorkshire Radio". Most of these formats, with the exception of "Viking Gold", shared programmes with the AM stations of the "Yorkshire Radio Network".

At the start of 1997, new owners Emap decided to scrap the regional Classic Gold station and replaced it with local stations under the brandname of Magic, with a new format of Hot Adult Contemporary music. Magic 1161 launched on 12 February 1997.

In December 2001, EMAP decided that it was more economical for the Magic network to share off-peak programmes and in line with the other Magic AM stations began networking between 10am-2pm, and 7pm-6am. During these hours it was simply known as Magic, although there were local commercial breaks, and local news on the hour.

In January 2003, after a sharp decline in listening, the station ceased networking with the London station, Magic 105.4, and a regional northern network was created with Magic 1152 at the hub at the weekend and the Newcastle station of the same name during the week. During networked hours, local adverts are aired, as well as a local news summary on the hour.

From July 2006, more networking was introduced across the Northern Magic AM network, leaving weekday breakfast as the only locally produced show. The local show was replaced with a regional breakfast programme from Leeds, which ran from March 2013 to December 2014.

On 5 January 2015, Magic 1161 was rebranded as Viking 2 as part of a revamp of the Bauer network and the station is now entirely networked with the other Bauer AM stations in the North although local news, weather and travel continue to be broadcast as opt-outs during the day.

On 7 January 2019, Viking 2 rebranded as Greatest Hits Radio East Yorkshire & North Lincolnshire.

Closure
On 31 August 2020, the station was replaced by a relay of Magic UK. On 19 September 2022, GHR East Yorkshire & Northern Lincolnshire returned on DAB only whist the Hull & East Yorkshire equivalent is now part of the Nation Radio Network. In February 2021, Bauer Media announced that the Goxhill transmitter will be switched off. Transmissions on 1161 medium wave ceased on 30 April 2021.

Reinstated
On 19 September 2022, GHR East Yorkshire & Northern Lincolnshire has been reinstated on DAB Digital radio only, whilst GHR Hull & East Yorkshire has become part of the Nation Radio Network as Nation Radio East Yorkshire.

title: Greatest Hits Radio East Yorkshire


text:
User talk:Humansdorpie

Welcome
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title: User talk:Humansdorpie


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User talk:Quantum Jim

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --malathion talk 11:28, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
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Hello
Hi again. In answer to your questions, yes, the greeting above is from a template created for this purpose. If you wish to leave it on another user's talk page, you can write in followed by your signature. My user page is based on the work of two other users and is free for anyone to copy or alter as they wish. Cheers --malathion talk 15:44, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling
Another user has created a stub for Greco-Roman wrestling and, noticing that Freestyle had a link in the main artical (Amateur wrestling) that re-directed back to it, I created a stub for freestyle. I noticed your July comment advising the creation of artical these articals, and was hoping you could assist me to expand these stubs as I have insufficiant knowlage to do so myself. Thank you in advance, -- Akako  |  ☎  19:21, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

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A tag has been placed on Ariel Gasperini requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

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For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Mhking (talk) 04:40, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Ariel Gasperini requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Mhking (talk) 06:00, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Your recent edits
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Proposed deletion of Ariel Gasperini

The article Ariel Gasperini has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * The subject does not meet notability requirements for an amateur athlete. There is no evidence of prolonged, non-trivial media coverage. Three of the five references are dead links, and there does not appear to have been any notable activity since 2007.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Nick Number (talk) 16:33, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quantum Jim


text:
User talk:Wolley3

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 11:29, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wolley3


text:
Oligopolistic reaction

An oligopolistic reaction is a concept from economics introduced by Frederick T. Knickerbocker (Oligopolistic Reaction and Multinational Enterprise, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973) to explain why firms follow rivals into foreign markets. Under conditions of growth in an economy, US firms match the investments of competitors into that economy. Also called follow-the-leader behavior. Used to understand the global flows of foreign direct investments (FDI) and thereby the structure of the world economy.

title: Oligopolistic reaction


text:
File:Prathervanish.jpg

Summary
Case of the Vanishing Beauty by Richard Prather

Fair use rationale
This book cover qualifies as fair use since the book and author are specifically referenced in the critical commentary.

title: File:Prathervanish.jpg


text:
User talk:Ik47 85

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. jni 11:31, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ik47 85


text:
Talk:Jim Aparo

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jim Aparo


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Ben Villaflor

Benjamin Villaflor (born November 10, 1952) is a Filipino former professional boxer who competed from 1966 to 1976. He was a two-time WBA and The Ring super-featherweight champion between 1972 and 1976.

Professional boxing career
According to records, Villaflor began his career as a professional boxer when he was only thirteen years old, on October 1, 1966, beating Flash Javier by decision in four rounds. Most of Villaflor's early bouts' records were not well kept, therefore, although October 1, 1966 appears to have been the date of Villaflor's professional debut, this is not known with certainty, and neither is the location where the fight took place. Villaflor ran a record of twelve wins without a loss, with eight knockouts before he suffered his first loss, against Roger Boy Pedrano, by an eight-round decision in a fight apparently held on July 1, 1967, at the Philippines.

After winning his next fight, he faced Pedrano and again lost by decision, in another fight without much documented data.

Villaflor had his first documented fight on February 1, 1968, at Manila. Villaflor and Rod Sario had a technical draw (tie) after four rounds. Villaflor would have a total of seven draws in his professional boxing career, a relatively large number in that category.

Although Villaflor won nine, lost two and drew two of his next thirteen bouts, his fighting in the Philippines exclusively represented a problem for him to become known overseas. He began the 1970s by losing two ten-round decisions in a row, to Pedro Martinez on March 7, 1970, and to Alfredo Avila, six weeks later.

Villaflor won his next seventeen bouts, however, eleven of them by knockout. He moved to Honolulu, Hawaii, so he could get more exposure in the United States and the rest of the world. Villaflor liked Honolulu so much that he still lives in the Hawaiian city. He beat Rafael López by a first-round knockout, on April 13, 1971, in what represented both his first fight in Honolulu and also his first fight abroad. He also beat former world champion Raul Cruz, beaten by knockout in ten rounds, November 11, 1971.

On April 25, 1972, Villaflor was given his first opportunity at a world title, when faced with WBA and Lineal Jr. Lightweight champion Alfredo Marcano of Venezuela. Villaflor became world champion by defeating Marcano by a fifteen-round unanimous decision at Honolulu.

Villaflor then engaged in a series of non-title bouts, including one against Roberto Durán world title challenger Jimmy Robertson, beaten by Villaflor by a ten-round decision on November 15 of that year. Prior to that, he had retained the title with a fifteen-round draw against Victor Echegaray, on September 25.

On March 12, 1973, Villaflor lost his title for the first time, being beaten on points by Japan's Kuniaki Shibata over fifteen rounds in Honolulu. But, after two knockout wins, Villaflor had a rematch with Shibata, also in Honolulu, and he recovered the WBA world Jr. Lightweight championship with a first-round knockout, on October 17, also at Honolulu.

Next for Villaflor was a widely expected fight across Asia, as he met Japan's top rated challenger, Apollo Yoshio, on March 14, 1974, at Toyama. The two boxers fought to a fifteen-round draw. After another non-title win, Villaflor met future world champion Yasutsune Uehara, on August 24 in Honolulu, knocking out Uehara in the second round. After that, Villaflor made his mainland United States debut, when he and perennial challenger Ray Lunny III fought to a six-round technical draw on November 14, a cut on Villaflor's head which had been caused by a headbutt being the determining factor for the fight to end with such result.

Villaflor retained the title twice more, then met Samuel Serrano for the first time, on April 13, 1976, in Honolulu, and the two combatants fought to a fifteen-round draw. The draw was so controversial that the WBA ordered an immediate rematch. After winning a non-title bout by knockout, Villaflor traveled to Puerto Rico for the rematch, held on November 16, at Hiram Bithorn stadium, in San Juan. Serrano outpointed Villaflor over fifteen rounds in what turned out to be Villaflor's last professional bout.

He is currently involved in managing other boxers' careers. Villaflor is the Sergeant At Arms for the Hawaii State Senate, a position to which he is appointed by a vote of the Senate each year.

title: Ben Villaflor


text:
Talk:Persepolis

Unfinished Persepolis
The "unfinished" persepolis insert refers to four videos which are essentially anti-semitic rants of a person with no credibility. It says that Iranians were all massacred by Jews during the Purim and no body lived in Iran after the reign of Xerxes. This is obviously rubbish and I am removing it. Also Persepolis was not built during the time of cyrus, it was built during the reign of Darius and Xerxes —Preceding unsigned comment added by DeusAhrimanus (talk • contribs) 23:47, 9 February 2008 (UTC) I have left the links for anyone interested to watch the videos. I have removed the 4 part videos because they all had error 404 messages. Here is a link to a videowhich shows Persepolis and the unfinished gate. Nikosia (talk) 18:45, 1 March 2008 (UTC) I viewed the videos. It was a documentary and it has something new to say. Everyone can see it with his/her eyes as everything is documented. You can not summarize it in two sentences. I have nothing to do with Purim, the slaughter and history of Iran after Xerxes. I just ask this question of everyone that has viewed the video completely (including you): Is Persepolis unfinished or not? Can you answer main questions proposed in the video? Engineering Association of Iran has issued an official letter according facts put forward in this video that Persepolis is unfinished.

 * The difficulty with these videos is that they are not science. They are propoganda videos.  They may even be true (unlikely) or interesting (to some), and I suggest you send them to your friends if you find them intriguing; but they do not belong on the wiki because they are not science and not reputable.  Read WP:RS and WP:EL. Ratagonia (talk) 01:27, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Nikossia (talk) 10:21, 22 March 2008 (UTC) What do you mean by "they are not science"? History is NOT a Science, it is a Theory (I hope you know the difference). Argue about facts instead of removing links. You are just preventing free flow of information.
 * What is ant-semitic here? Slaughter of Persian (Iranian) by Jews is documented in Torah. This is not something new and Purpirar is not the first person claiming this. You can read (and probably read) this in Book of Esther that says Jews killed 75000 Persian (Iranian) people in one day. You can also read a good article written by Bob Deffinbaugh published in Bible.org:

"...The Jews are given license to “kill, destroy, and to annihilate,” not just those who did attack them, but “the entire army of any people who might attack them.” And those whom they could kill included women and children. I may be reading between the lines, but it seems the Jews were granted to kill virtually anyone they perceived to be a threat—or even a potential threat.

''What I am about to say is not popular, but I believe it should be said. The Jews, from the days of Esther to the present, celebrate Purim, and thus the defeat of the “enemies of the Jews.” I think the law which permitted the Jews to kill their Persian enemies was no less a permit to practice genocide than were the German laws or principles which permitted their attempt to annihilate the Jewish race. Genocide is genocide, regardless of whether it is practiced against Jews or by Jews. I find it strangely inconsistent for Jews to fiercely protest against the brutality of the Germans and yet to celebrate the slaughter of Persians. The magnitude of these two atrocities may have been different, but the essence seems similar. The law of Mordecai made it legal for the Jews to practice the same brutality against the Persians as Haman had made legal against Jews.''..."

Find full article here:

 * Purim has occurred in the same era of building of Persepolis; in era of Ahasuerus (Xerxes).
 * You can find numerous cities in Iran that are burnt in that era: Marlik, Shahre Soukhte (Burnt City!!!), Tappe Hassanlu (Hassnlou Hill), Zeive, Jiroft etc. to name a few, but you can not find any city in Iran after that era!!
 * Everything is documented in movie it is a documentary. What you can see in real world is worth more that what you read in books written by someone that no one knows if ever exist.
 * Engineering Association of Iran has issued an official letter according to facts put forward in this video that Persepolis is unfinished.

3/26/08 - Yeah well, you could probably ask Ahmadinejad about it and get the same sort of anti-semitic garbage for an answer. Point being, anti-semitism is anti-semitism. So cut it out. And for the record, about 50% of "history" IS science, relying on archaeology, paleontology and various other sciences in order to draw conclusions about the evidence unearthed in research and excavations, as well as from deciphering and translating texts, inscriptions, reliefs, etc. - Myrddin_Wyllt

History is NOT a science. It is based upon interpretations of so called "Historians". It is predominantly biased and not based on true facts...even ancient historians practiced false information and exaggerations regarding events during their time. Archaeology is the study and interpretation of past cultures, some aspects of it are scientific such as dating, but the entire work is concluded through both personal interpretations, common theories of the time and some scientific methods (which are subject to criticism...Carbon dating). In order to "draw conclustions", one must interpret their findings, again leading to biased results. 24.84.65.222 (talk) 01:25, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

The 75000 were not just Persians, but enemies in all the Persian empire, which stretched from Ethiopia to India. Still a lot of people, but not just Persians. It was not an ethnic thing. Also, the letter specifically gave them permission to kill those who attacked them. This is not genocide, but self defence. It's unfair to say "but they probably killed more, therefore they were wrong" - this is merely assumption. Btw - the bit about women and children: Some translations say they can kill the enemy, including women and children. Others say they can kill an enemy who attacks them and attacks their women and children. I'm not saying which is right, just that it's evidently unclear. 86.170.89.164 (talk) 16:37, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

PERSIANS NAMING OF THE GREEKS & THE VARIOUS GREEKS TRIBES THEY WERE AT WAR WITH
There are several types of Yauna in the Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions:

(1) Yaunβ in general: the same as the Greeks known as "Ionians", i.e., those living in Asia Minor. They can already be found in the Behistun Inscription, when the Persian rule had not yet reached Europe. This identification is 100% certain.

(2) Yaunβ takabarβ, the 'Greeks with shield-shaped hats'. First mentioned in DNa ( http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/DNa.html ), where they are distinguished from the "normal" Yaunβ: an almost certain reference to the Macedonian sunhats.

(3 and 4) "The Yaunβ, near and across the sea": another division, for the first time found in DSe ( http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/DSe.html ) and in a slightly different form in the Daiva Inscription by Xerxes (XPh: http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/XPh.html ). The obvious reading is "the Asian Yauna and the European Yauna", i.e., -again- Asian Greeks and Macedonians.

On the other hand, Persian inscriptions are fairly stereotypical, and the fact that there is a small difference between the precise wording of DSe and XPh suggests that there is a difference. Perhaps, there is a difference between the "Yauna across the sea" and the sunhat-Yaunβ. If this is correct, the Yauna across the sea must be either Cypriot Greeks (but why didn't Darius, who seems to have subdued Cyprus, mention them?) or the Thessalians, Boeotians, and Athenians - nations that Xerxes could claim to have conquered.

(5) There is a seal from the age of Xerxes ( http://www.livius.org/a/1/greece/yauna_seal.jpg ) in which the great king defeats someone looking like a Yauna. It is unique, because a second man appears to have a hand in the killing, and this man looks like a Yauna. Is this the Macedonian king Alexander who helps killing a Thessalian/Boeotian/Athenian??

Such instances are extremely rare since only a handful of original Persian texts have survived.There are of references by Darius I in the Behistun Inscription to Sardis (OP Sparda), Ionia (OP Yauna) and Cappadocia (OP Katpatuka). There are also a couple of statements concerning the Greeks and their tribes in the Babylonian tablets.

Persepolis Recreated - The Movie Documentary
Seized and burned by Alexander the Great's conquering army, shaken by uncounted earthquakes, eroded by 25 centuries of rain, fluctuating temperatures and scouring winds, Persepolis-the greatest of the royal residences of ancient Persia-is a definitive ancient ruin.

Yet, the place remains an awesomely impressive sight 2,500 years after it was built. Even today, those who step up to its gigantic terrace of 125,000 square meters and see its majestic columns are filled with a sense of awe drifting into a dream-like trance.

A dream in which one tries to visualize the beauty and dazzling splendor of Persepolitan palaces before their sad destruction.

"Persepolis Recreated" is the name of the most recent documentary film, which is available and you can view here online at this site:
 * PERSEPOLIS RECREATED Documentary Movie - -*** Reconstruction of Persepolis

History
This article badly needs a history section about who built it and when.. --K a s h Talk 23:04, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * No one built Persepolis. Persepolis was a city. You can't say who built New York City. Yes the Apadana Palace among with other Palaces such as Xerxes are built at the same area by different kings such as Darius The Great, Xerxes, etc. Different kings added their own Palace to the old Palace making bigger and bigger. 66.36.129.159 20:24, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Not to be a pedant, but Persepolis wasn't a city. It was a palace complex. When the Persian court wasn't there, who remained? It was a series of royal buildings built to accommodate a very specific purpose. If you look at other Persian sites, you'll see all sorts of non-royal buildings. However, what was on top of the Persepolis platform was not a city. We can make at least educated guesses about who built what.

 * As far I know Persepolis was actually 'build' - by Darius I (despite that article mentions Cyrus II). And there was a city around the palace complex. There was an occupation on the site after Achaemenids were defeated and Persepolis was burnt down.

 * Perspolis Was made by paid workers in 200 years ordered from Darius the great to Darius III ,The place is used only 30 days a year as a holly place,and maybe some other special meetings.It is built on the one of strongest grounds of fars.The time of using perspolis was at start of spring (When lion attacks the cow). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.191.122.15 (talk) 13:43, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Do you need any more pictures
I have pictures from when I visited persepolis if you need any -User: Farzon Lotfi

Farzon: If we can put a picture gallery up, it will be awesome. --Axamir (talk) 08:32, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

living rock
What is 'living rock'? Njál 15:01, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I have often wondered about why this phrase is used (since no rock is "living"). It does have a meaning in standard English, although the meaning is more poetic than scientific. "Living rock" is rock that is part of the planet - rock that has not been cut away from the earth.

 * It's hard to explain except with examples. A rock you can pick up in your hand is NOT "living rock," and a rock, no matter how large, that has been quarried (cut) and carried somewhere else, is also NOT "living rock." If you can move it, or see a break between it and the earth, it's NOT "living rock." If you dig through dirt or sand you will come down to "living rock."

 * In other words, if you could travel through the rock, you would not pass through it to something else - instead, you would come to the center of the earth. (Of course this is not necessarily strictly true - maybe there is something else down deep, like water or oil - but this is the spirit or idea conveyed by "living rock"). Does that make any sense?

 * Vcrs 23:09, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Rating explanations:
Think there would be no real contests about the top importance of Persepolis as a core topic on the History of Iran and as it belongs to the UNESCO list.

The article needs a coordinated work, being about daily edited with minor imports. Such work shall include a better ordered plan, developp some sections (history of the site, art & architecture, complex itself (terrace) including description and fonctionnal approach of each monument, other elements not being in the terrace (royal tombs, downtown, drains and water channels, garden, tablets). A chapter should also summarize the controversies about the site and its functions/occupations. The article is poorly sourced, notes and references should be seriously reworked.

One can have a look into the french wikipedia version to see what I mean 217.15.92.33 12:24, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree it needs cleanup.

 * Some sections are clear in themselves, but have information that is repeated in other places in the article, and/or information that does not belong under that heading.

 * Some sections are not clear at all, like "Archeological Research," which includes the internally contradictory sentence: "The bases and the capitals were always of stones, even on wooden shafts, but the existence of wooden capitals is probable." (Which is it? Capitals were always [only] stone, or, probably also of wood?) The last paragraph of that section has information that belongs (and mostly is) elsewhere, and the paragraph begins with a poetic (rather than encyclopedic) statement about the "hearts and beliefs of the ancient Iranians."

Capitals were of stone as the basis of the columns, but the columns themselve were either of stone such as in the apadana, or wood like in the 100 columns Palace. All references and explanations are detailed in the french article wich was featured or in its spanish version, also featured. In fact, a wikitranslator could help boosting the article's quality.

 * Also, when I was there, I thought someone said that there was some dispute about whether Alexander really did destroy Persepolis or whether he never went there? Could be I misunderstood, but if there are alternate theories they should be mentioned.
 * He did and also didn't: He arsoned some Palaces, but the site still existed and was used by the Seleucids and later by the Sasanians. Persepolis died itself being progressively abandoned with the developpement of Neighbouring Istakhr. Sources aloso in the two considered articleson Fr. and Es.

 * Vcrs 23:16, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

General
This report (in Persian) is of interest. --BF 17:44, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

BCE/BC usage
The article was formerly mixed usage, recently changed to BC. This is a pre-Christian subject and I believe it should use BCE and CE. Please share your thoughts. Editor2020 (talk) 22:28, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Prefer to stick with BC, especially for topics from antiquity. Greenshed (talk) 01:48, 9 August 2017 (UTC)
 * The earliest version back in 2002) was BC, and per [[WP:ERA] it should remain so, unless consensus here is different, which after 4 years isn't happening. Johnbod (talk) 02:26, 9 August 2017 (UTC)

persepolis
an astoundation of 36o01 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.76.190.14 (talk) 10:36, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:40, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

First drawing of Persepolis
The article says "The Dutch traveler Cornelis de Bruijn visited Persepolis in 1704. He was the first westerner who made drawings of Persepolis.[16]". I just found this drawing from a 1673 French book. --Z 17:46, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Indeed. A section of the French article, fr:Persépolis does a better job at explaining the sequence of European visitors to the ruins in modern times.  See in particular André Daulier Deslandes who clearly made drawings when he visited Persepolis around 1665-1666, and File:Tchelminar ou les ruines de l'ancienne Persépolis.jpg, an engraving based on his drawings.  Jean Chardin also visited in the 1660s and 1670s, sometimes with  artists who made drawings

File:Nowruz Zoroastrian.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Nowruz Zoroastrian.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on November 24, 2017. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2017-11-24. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 07:20, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

To add to article
Can a mention of the Persepolis Museum be added to this article? 173.88.241.33 (talk) 01:03, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

Confusing part on US inscriptions
I feel something was left out of an edit. It currently says ,''wage earners were paid." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.44.159.44 (talk) 20:02, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

Msssacre of persians by the jews
The contributor to state this kind of ferocity is historically right. It is stated in ebraic text of jewish religion. The rivalry between the islamic republic and israel (covered by the presidents and political men of USA) in our time (after the islamic take over of 1979) is the remarkable remainder of what happened that long time ago. In iran nowdays there still some 20.000 jews mainly in good economic condition as like as bazaar ruler, bank & industry managers, even high funcionaries of the leading political or military rulers. U know well Iran that I visited 4 times with 15 days visa each. The govern of israel promise 50.000 $ for each one to transfer to holy land. To my knoledge (from a pssaran source) no one or very few accepted the israeli offer. Thanks Putojudio (talk) 18:40, 7 March 2021 (UTC)

Self-contradiction
Here and at García de Silva Figueroa's own page, it is stated that he "was the first Western traveler to link the site known in Iran as "Chehel Minar" as the site known from Classical authors as Persepolis". That seems to be wrong based on the other content already here.

I get that this is apparently blindly repeating the words of its source. I get that Odoric and Barbaro might not've actually known where they were. However, Hakluyt's account of "The fift voiage into Persia made by M. Thomas Banister, and master Geofrey Ducket, Agents for the Moscouie companie, began from England in the yeere 1568, and continuing to the yeere 1574 following. Written by P. I. from the mouth of M. Lionel Plumtree"—inexplicably misrepresented and left vague as "an English merchant" here—was either wrong (which should be noted) or had already identified the correct ruins as those of ancient Persepolis. The fact that they didn't use the name "Chehel Minar" has no bearing on the issue.

He may have been the first to transcribe the local Persian name into a modern European language, but that's an entirely different (and lesser) thing than having already correctly identified the ruins as those of Persepolis. — Llywelyn II   18:22, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Era
I suggest we change from the anno domini year structure here to CE/BCE since this is non-Christian subject matter. TY — Moops  ⋠ T ⋡ 14:22, 15 December 2022 (UTC)
 * No. The idea that BC is only for Christian subjects is complete nonsense - see WP:ERA (and thousands of articles on ancient subjects). Johnbod (talk) 05:09, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Persepolis


text:
Monika Treut

Monika Treut (born April 6, 1954, in Mönchengladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) is a German filmmaker. She made her feature film debut with Seduction: The Cruel Woman (co-directed by Elfi Mikesch), a film that explores sadomasochistic sex practices. She has made over 20 films, including the short documentaries Annie and My Father is Coming. Treut’s involvement extends across writing, directing, editing and acting.

Education and career
Treut attended high school at an all-girls state school. She studied literature and Political Science at Philipps-University, Marburg. She wrote her PhD thesis about The Cruel Woman: Female Images in the Writing of Marquis de Sade and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. After passing the state examination she graduated in 1978.

During her studies at university in the mid-1970s she began working with video. She worked as a media associate in Marburg, Frankfurt, and Berlin. In 1984, Treut earned her doctorate degree in philology from the University of Marburg. That same year she founded Hyena Filmproduktion together with Elfi Mikesch, and began producing, writing, and directing independent feature films. The following year Treut made her feature film debut with Seduction: The Cruel Woman, a film that explored sadomasochistic sex practices. Treut also spent time in America during the 1980s. Traveling and working in San Francisco and New York City, Treut met and worked with Annie Sprinkle and Werner Schroeter, while also producing some of her own films. These relationships led to the films Annie (documentary short), My Father is Coming and Encounter with Werner Schroeter (documentary short).

Famous for her queer films, Treut also makes documentaries. Her films have explored many interests around the world. The subject matter varies from film to film; whether queer-themed, or about one woman's efforts to help street kids in Rio de Janeiro, or about the culinary arts of Taiwan—her documentaries find interesting, real people to focus on.

Throughout her film career Treut has been involved in several aspects of filmmaking, including acting, directing, producing, writing, filming, and editing. Her film catalogue includes over 20 films, both in her native language German and in English.

Works

 * How Does the Camel Go Through the Needle's Eye? (Wie Geht das Kamel durchs Nadelöhr?, 1981)
 * Unknown Gender. Das Dritte Geschlecht (1983)
 * Bondage (1983)
 * Seduction: The Cruel Woman (Verführung: Die Grausame Frau, 1985)
 * Virgin Machine (Die Jungfrauenmaschine, 1988)
 * Annie (1989)
 * My Father is Coming (1991)
 * Dr. Paglia (1992)
 * Max (1992)
 * Female Misbehavior (1992)
 * Erotique (Let's Talk About Sex, 1994)
 * Didn't Do It For Love (1998)
 * Gendernauts: A Journey Through Shifting Identities (1999)
 * Warrior of Light (Kriegerin des Lichts, 2001)
 * Encounter with Werner Schroeter (Begegnung mit Werner Schroeter, 2003)
 * Tigerwomen Grow Wings (Den Tigerfrauen wachsen Flügel, 2004)
 * Jumpcut: A Travel Diary (Axensprung: Ein Reisetagebuch, 2004)
 * Made in Taiwan (2005)
 * Ghosted (2008)
 * Lesbian Nation (2009)
 * The Raw and the Cooked (Das Rohe und das Gekochte, 2012)
 * Of Girls and Horses (2014)
 * Zona Norte (2016)
 * Genderation (2021)

Awards
Treut has been recognized on several occasions for her excellence in filmmaking, having taken home the following awards for her work: * 2017 Honorary Award for lifetime achievement at the Tel Aviv LBGT Film Festival
 * 1991 Best Feature Film for "My Father is Coming" at the Torino International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival
 * 1999 Best Documentary Film for "Gendernauts: A Journey Through Shifting Identities" at the Torino International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival
 * 1999 Audience Award for "Gendernauts" at the São Paulo International Film Festival
 * 2002 Audience Award for "Warrior of Light" at the Thessaloniki Documentary Film Festival
 * 2007 Judges Award for "Tigerwomen Grow Wings" at the San Diego Women Film Festival
 * 2016 Teddy Best Documentary Film Award for "Zona Norte" at the Berlin International Film Festival
 * 2017 Teddy Award for lifetime achievement at the Berlin Film Festival

Humanitarian work
Treut has been involved with "PROJETO UERE", an organization founded by Yvonne Bezzerra de Mello, the subject of Treut's film Warrior of Light. "PROJETO UERE" is a program created to help the street kids of Rio de Janeiro.

Recent work
Her most recent film, Genderation, is a documentary that revisits the subjects of Treut's previous film, Gendernauts: A Journey Through Shifting Identities, 20 years later. The film looks at how the city of San Francisco has changed from being a center for the lgbtq+ community, to being take over by gentrification, and the Trump administration. It was released in Germany in 2021.

Zona Norte revisits the human rights activist working with traumatized children in the streets Rio, Yvonne Bezerra de Mello, 15 years after the 2001, award-winning documentary, Warrior of the Light. The film follows up on the lives and progress of the children from the previous documentary, who have now grown into young adults. It premiered in Germany in February 2016.

Of Girls and Horses focuses on the relationship that develops between 16-year-old high school dropout Alex and upper-class Kathy at a horse farm. Alex works at the horse farm for a school internship, supervised by lesbian riding instructor Nina. In an interview from the website Afterellen, conducted by Marcie Bianco, Treut reveals her intentions for the movie and the message she hopes it will send. She says, "In this film, I just wanted to picture [the insecurities that queer teenagers face] and find a way of coming out of it...".

In The Raw and the Cooked, Treut travels around Taiwan, exploring its rich culinary traditions and their relationship to the island's unique culture. The film also seeks out people who attempt to create a sustainable food system through innovative projects. The film had its world premiere at the Culinary Film section of the Berlin International Film Festival on February 12, 2012.

In a book written by Ya-chen Chen, an author known for her work regarding Chinese Feminism, there is a section of the book that mentions Monika Treut’s film, Ghosted. Chen praises Treut for her ability to, “…exceed not only the essentialist restriction of physiology but also the corporeality that ghosts lose after deaths…” Chen also says that Treut did a good job at portraying a variety of different Chinese Religions and their beliefs regarding ghosts.

Teaching
Since 1990, Treut has been teaching, lecturing and curating retrospectives of her work at colleges across the United States (Vasser, Hollins, Dartmouth), at art institutes (SFAI) and at universities (IU Bloomington, UI Chicago, UC San Diego and Cornell U ).

title: Monika Treut


text: User talk:81.176.116.242

title: User talk:81.176.116.242


text:
Absurd (band)

Absurd is a German black metal band that has been classified as a "right-wing extremist" group by the Thuringian Landesbehörde für Verfassungsschutz.

The band was founded in Sondershausen by Hendrik Möbus (also known as Randall Flagg / Jarl Flagg Nidhögg / JFN) and Sebastian Schauseil (Dark Mark Doom) in 1992, with a third member, Andreas Kirchner, joining at a later stage.

Their lyrics concern nationalistic, pagan (Hendrik Möbus is the founder of the Deutsche Heidnische Front), pro-heathen revivalist Germanic, and anti-Judeo-Christian themes.

The band achieved infamy because its original members (not in the band since 1999) murdered Sandro Beyer, a 15-year-old boy, in 1993. The canonical motive is that Beyer was privy to an illicit relationship of Schauseil's with a married woman, and had been spreading rumours about this and other activities of the band. On 29 April in Sondershausen, the then-17-year-old band members Möbus, Schauseil, and Kirchner enticed Beyer to a meeting, and strangled him there with an electrical cord. Kirchner, in a now infamous quotation, was reported as saying: "Oh shit—now I've completely ruined my life." Schauseil claimed to have heard a voice in his head saying the nonsensical phrase "Kuster Maier", which he interpreted as "Töte Beyer" ("Kill Beyer").

Hendrik Möbus
In prison, Möbus (born 20 January 1976) was able to carry on with the band under the temporary name "In Ketten" (German for "In Chains"). After the murder in Sondershausen, Absurd became a cult band within Neo-Nazi groups. A live album was recorded in prison and had since been released on vinyl. The tape Thuringian Pagan Madness shows on its cover the grave of the murdered Sandro Beyer, and inside says: "The cover shows the grave of Sandro B. murdered by horde ABSURD on 29.04.93 AB".

The band members were released on parole in 1998, because they had been under eighteen when they had committed their crime. Shortly after release, Möbus violated the terms of his parole when at a concert he performed the Hitler salute, which is illegal in Germany. Hendrik and his brother Ronald "Wolf" Möbus also posed together in a series of photographs at Auschwitz death camp, holding up Nazi banners inside a gas chamber and outside barracks. His parole was consequently revoked. He managed to flee to the United States, where he met William Luther Pierce, but was captured there. During his stay in America he also got in a conflict about money with some of his contacts who he stayed with for some time, one of them being the then neo-Nazi pagan occultist Nathan Pett, who later left the far-right scene, and was apparently beaten with a hammer and threatened with a pistol by two persons. At first this was just a rumour, but Möbus later admitted in an interview for a neo-Nazi site that the incident had taken place. He was arrested by U.S. marshals. In 2001, after his request for asylum was denied, he was sent back to prison for the remaining three years for murder. For mocking his victim and for the Hitler salute, he was sentenced to a further twenty-six months. On 15 May 2003, he was again sentenced to four years in prison. Möbus has since been freed and runs his own music label, called Darker Than Black Records (founded in 1994), which distributes NSBM albums and merchandise on an organized scale since 2007. Antifascist Action in Germany has organized at least one demonstration in late 2014 to protest against the racist music shop Möbus owns together with one other person. Two cars belonging to Möbus were damaged in an arson which the Antifascist Action Germany claimed responsibility for, during a campaign in Berlin where there were also posters with Möbus' face and personal information put up, and graffiti with messages against him and the label. When released from the last prison sentence, Möbus appeared on stage during a neo-Nazi event, although did not play anything.

Schauseil is still involved with the underground metal scene; he performed between 1999 and 2004 with the folk-influenced nationalist band Halgadom, the black metal project Wolfsmond (also featuring bassplayer Unhold, who played drums in Absurd), and the neofolk band In Acht und Bann. He has distanced himself from National Socialism and politics in general, as evidenced by the current direction of Wolfsmond and as stated in an interview he conducted with Vampire Magazine.

In 2002, Pantheon (USA) released a tribute album to Möbus, called Jarl die Freiheit ('Jarl of Freedom').

In 2019, Hendrik Möbus was confronted by parts of the audience during a concert in Denmark. A fight erupted and Möbus was attacked by a group of unidentified people from the audience who left the concert afterwards, but returned and threw pepper spray at Möbus, which interrupted the show for a while.

Band history since 1999
The band Absurd has continued in existence since 1999, going through many changes of personnel, and losing all of its original members. The main line-up features Wolf, Hendrik's brother, handling vocals and Sven "Unhold" Zimper handling the instruments, with Sebastian Schauseil performing the occasional clean vocal part on releases such as Asgardsrei (1999), Werwolfthron (2001), and Totenlieder (2002). Wolf and Unhold also released further albums as a duo; Blutgericht (2005), Der fünfzehnjährige Krieg (2008) and Weltenfeind (2009), a split with Grand Belial's Key and Sigrblot.

In 2017 Hendrik Möbus assembled a lineup to perform live as Absurd at Asgardsrei, neither Wolf nor Unhold authorized the performances. In 2019, Gelal Necrosodomy of Arghoslent and Grand Belial's Key joined the band and was featured in the EP's Pure Darkness (2020) and Grabgesang (2021), Wolf performed vocals in the latter EP but has since left the band permanently to focus on a different project. In 2022, Hendrik Möbus released a new album as Absurd, titled Schwarze Bande, and both his version and Unhold's version are separately claiming to be the "real band".

Band members

 * Unhold's Absurd
 * Sven Zimper – bass, drums, guitar, vocals (2000–2012, 2019–)
 * Alexander Halac – guitar (2019–)

 * JFN's Absurd
 * Hendrik Möbus – drums (1992–1994, 1998–1999) vocals (2017–)

Past members

 * Andreas Kirchner – bass (1992–1994)
 * Hendrik Möbus – drums (1992–1994, 1998–1999) vocals (2017–2019)
 * Udo H. – bass, guitar (1992)
 * Sebastian Schauseil – bass, guitar, vocals (1992–1994, 1998–1999)
 * Ronald Möbus – vocals (1992–1994, 2000–2012, 2019)
 * Tormentor – bass, guitar (2004)
 * Thorns – drums (2017–2019)
 * Ansuz – guitar (2017–2018)
 * Vinzent – guitar (2017–2018)
 * Deimos – guitar (2017–2019)

Music style
The demos and the first album Facta Loquuntur have strong Oi! and Rock Against Communism (RAC) influences. Their musical idols were bands like Mercyful Fate/King Diamond, Manowar, Danzig and especially Der Fluch, a band covered by Absurd on both Der fünfzehnjährige Krieg and the split release Weltenfeind, whereas the Scandinavian bands were no significant musical or lyrical influence. On the other hand, the band called itself a black metal band from the very beginning; in an interview with the student magazine at his school, Hendrik Möbus said Absurd would play the hardest, rawest and most ingenious black metal in Germany. Michael Moynihan and Didrik Søderlind classified the band's early recordings "more akin to '60s garage punk than some of the [...] Black Metal of their contemporaries", and according to Christian Dornbusch and Hans-Peter Killguss, the second demo Death from the Forest had no similarities to black metal, neither of the first nor the second wave, but was rather a mixture of primitive hard rock and punk rock elements. Due to its musical dilettantism, the band was not taken seriously by black metallers for a long time. In an ad in Sub Line magazine, the same demo was praised as "unholy, hard guitar rock, wild and boisterous; for all the dark souls out there" ("unheiliger, harter Gitarrenrock, wild und ungestüm; für all die schwarzen Seelen dort draußen"). The Mansion of Metal site classified it as "essentially crappy punk rock/RAC" and claimed the Thuringian Pagan Madness demo to have black metal influences.

Hendrik Möbus called the Asgardsrei EP the band's first holistic piece of work, with adjusted concept and layout, representing the band's step away from its former musical dilettantism; however, he still described some of it as dilettante, and Ronald Möbus criticised the final mixing.

Demos

 * Eternal Winter (1992)
 * God's Death (1992)
 * Death from the Forest (1993)
 * Sadness (1993)
 * Out of the Dungeon (1994)
 * Ubungsraum (1994)
 * Thuringian Pagan Madness (1995)
 * Sonnenritter (1999)

Albums

 * Facta Loquuntur (No Colours, 1996)
 * Werwolfthron (Nebelfee Klangwerke, 2001)
 * Totenlieder (Nebelfee Klangwerke / World Terror Committee, 2003)
 * Blutgericht (Nebelfee Klangwerke / World Terror Committee, 2005)
 * Der Fünfzehnjährige Krieg (Nebelklang Klangwerke / World Terror Committee, 2008)
 * Schwarze Bande (Darker Than Black, 2022)

EPs/splits

 * God's Death / Sadness (self-released, 1994)
 * Totenburg / Die Eiche split with Heldentum (Burznazg / Silencelike Death, 1997)
 * Asgardsrei EP (IG Farben, 1999)
 * Wolfskrieger/Galdur Vikodlaks split with Pantheon (Nebelfee Klangwerke, 2002)
 * Raubritter EP (Nebelfee Klangwerke, 2004)
 * Ein kleiner Vorgeschmack single (Nebelfee Klangwerke, 2005)
 * Grimmige Volksmusik EP (Nebelfee Klangwerke, 2005)
 * Raubritter / Grimmige Volksmusik (Darker Than Black, 2007)
 * Weltenfeind split with Grand Belial's Key and Sigrblot (WTC, 2008)
 * Größer als der Tod EP (Darker Than Black, 2014)
 * Pure Darkness EP (Weltenfeind, 2020)
 * Grabgesang EP (Weltenfeind, 2021)
 * Welcome to the Anarchy split with Abyssic Hate (Darker Than Black, 2022)

title: Absurd (band)