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NAT traversal

Network address translation traversal is a computer networking technique of establishing and maintaining Internet Protocol connections across gateways that implement network address translation (NAT).

NAT traversal techniques are required for many network applications, such as peer-to-peer file sharing and voice over IP.

Network address translation
Network address translation typically uses private IP addresses on private networks with a single public IP address for the router facing the Internet. The network address translator changes the source address in network protocols for outgoing requests from that of an internal device to its external address, so that internal devices can communicate with hosts on the external network, while relaying replies back to the originating device.

This leaves the internal network ill-suited for hosting services, as the NAT device has no automatic method for determining the internal host for which incoming packets from the external network are destined. This is not a problem for general web access and email. However, applications such as peer-to-peer file sharing, VoIP services, and video game consoles require clients to be servers as well. Incoming requests cannot be easily correlated to the proper internal host. Furthermore, many of these types of services carry IP address and port number information in the application data, potentially requiring substitution with deep packet inspection.

Network address translation technologies are not standardized. As a result, the methods used for NAT traversal are often proprietary and poorly documented. Many traversal techniques require assistance from servers outside of the masqueraded network. Some methods use the server only when establishing the connection, while others are based on relaying all data through it, which increases the bandwidth requirements and latency, detrimental to real-time voice and video communications.

NAT traversal techniques usually bypass enterprise security policies. Enterprise security experts prefer techniques that explicitly cooperate with NAT and firewalls, allowing NAT traversal while still enabling marshalling at the NAT to enforce enterprise security policies. IETF standards based on this security model are Realm-Specific IP (RSIP) and middlebox communications (MIDCOM).

Techniques
Various NAT traversal techniques have been developed:
 * NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP) is a protocol introduced by Apple as an alternative to IGDP.
 * Port Control Protocol (PCP) is a successor of NAT-PMP.
 * UPnP Internet Gateway Device Protocol (UPnP IGD) is supported by many small NAT gateways in home or small office settings. It allows a device on a network to ask the router to open a port.
 * Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) is a complete protocol for using STUN and/or TURN to do NAT traversal while picking the best network route available. It fills in some of the missing pieces and deficiencies that were not mentioned by STUN specification.
 * Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) is a standardized set of methods and a network protocol for NAT hole punching. It was designed for UDP but was also extended to TCP.
 * Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) is a relay protocol designed specifically for NAT traversal.
 * NAT hole punching is a general technique that exploits how NATs handle some protocols (for example, UDP, TCP, or ICMP) to allow previously blocked packets through the NAT.
 * UDP hole punching
 * TCP hole punching
 * ICMP hole punching
 * Socket Secure (SOCKS) is a technology created in the early 1990s that uses proxy servers to relay traffic between networks or systems.
 * Application-level gateway (ALG) techniques are a component of a firewall or NAT that provides configureable NAT traversal filters. It is claimed that this technique creates more problems than it solves.

Symmetric NAT
The recent proliferation of symmetric NATs has reduced NAT traversal success rates in many practical situations, such as for mobile and public WiFi connections. Hole punching techniques, such as STUN and ICE, fail in traversing symmetric NATs without the help of a relay server, as is practiced in TURN. Techniques that traverse symmetric NATs by attempting to predict the next port to be opened by each NAT device were discovered in 2003 by Yutaka Takeda at Panasonic Communications Research Laboratory and in 2008 by researchers at Waseda University. Port prediction techniques are only effective with NAT devices that use known deterministic algorithms for port selection. This predictable yet non-static port allocation scheme is uncommon in large scale NATs such as those used in 4G LTE networks and therefore port prediction is largely ineffective on those mobile broadband networks.

IPsec
IPsec virtual private network clients use NAT traversal in order to have Encapsulating Security Payload packets traverse NAT. IPsec uses several protocols in its operation which must be enabled to traverse firewalls and network address translators:
 * Internet Key Exchange (IKE) – User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port 500
 * Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) – IP protocol number 50
 * Authentication Header (AH) – IP protocol number 51
 * IPsec NAT traversal – UDP port 4500, if and only if NAT traversal is in use

Many routers provide explicit features, often called IPsec Passthrough.

In Windows XP, NAT traversal is enabled by default, but in Windows XP with Service Pack 2 it has been disabled by default for the case when the VPN server is also behind a NAT device, because of a rare and controversial security issue. IPsec NAT-T patches are also available for Windows 2000, Windows NT and Windows 98.

NAT traversal and IPsec may be used to enable opportunistic encryption of traffic between systems. NAT traversal allows systems behind NATs to request and establish secure connections on demand.

Hosted NAT traversal
Hosted NAT traversal (HNT) is a set of mechanisms, including media relaying and latching, that is widely used by communications providers for historical and practical reasons. The IETF advises against using latching over the Internet and recommends ICE for security reasons.

IETF standards documents

 * – Firewall Friendly FTP
 * – IP Network Address Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations
 * – Security Model with Tunnel-mode IPsec for NAT Domains
 * – Architectural Implications of NAT
 * – Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT)
 * – Protocol Complications with the IP Network Address Translator (NAT)
 * – Network Address Translator (NAT)-Friendly Application Design Guidelines
 * – IPsec-Network Address Translation (NAT) Compatibility
 * – Negotiation of NAT-Traversal in the IKE
 * – State of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Communication across Network Address Translators (NATs)
 * – Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT) Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols

title: NAT traversal


text:
Talk:Deception Point

Code?
I may be mistaken, but what code is this article talking about. I don't recall coming across any such code in the book, atleast not as an integral plot in the story. Could someone clarify? --Bluerain 14:09, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * In my edition there is a sequence of numbers after the main text.--J-Star 14:30, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Well, the article sounded as if it was an integral part of the story. Anyways, sorry, my bad. --Bluerain 08:48, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Two men, sentenced to die in the electric chair on the same day, were led down to the room in which they would meet their maker. The priest had given them last rites, the formal speech had been given by the warden, and a final prayer had been said among the participants. The warden, turning to the first man, solemnly asked, "Son, do you have a last request?" The man replied, "Yes sir, I do. I love Dan Brown Novels. Could you please read me a paragraph or two from one for me, one last time?" "Certainly," replied the warden. He turned to the other man and asked, "Well, what about you, son? What is your final request?" The condemned man said " For the love of all mercy! Please, kill me FIRST ! " —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.24.179.165 (talk) 20:39, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

Opinions or facts?
I believe this article is more about personal opinions (and a grudge against Dan Brown?) than it is about facts, and could use a re-write to a more neutral tone.

Does this qualification comes from a top-notch nanotech scientist? If so, quote him/her, else, be careful when making this kind of assumptions. Because it isn't publicly known, doesn't mean it doesn't exist.

About the "underwater rifle", this article states: "However it cannot be as powerful as the author claims." Why, is your word is better than his? Just to point out: where are the facts?

On the ice ammunitions: The article says "ice is unsuitable as ammunition". Not true. I use hard pieces of ice with a fling, it provides excelent ammo with devastating effects (if my aiming was a bit better). =)

Also, the reasoning behind the conclusion is that "it has been disproved by the Discovery Channel program MythBusters". Don't know you, but I don't really think the experiments made in a TV show are a great source of scientific knowledge. Although this can be mentioned in the article, it can hardly be used as fact. 85.138.0.26 07:44, 15 June 2006

 * I'd like someone to examine and comment on the DNA analyzer used to check Rachel's DNA at the NRO which claimed to be able to accurately determine that it was her in 4 seconds. I'm not an expert, but having done some molecular biology, this seems way to quick a turn around.  Comments?  Thanks, Matt ***

 * I have to agree, even though Mythbusters is very fun to watch their conclusions aren't what one can call scientific proof. -va.va

 * Totally needs a rewrite, I am sick of this Dan Brown bashing on Wiki, it needs to STOP. His books are FICTIONAL and need to be discussed as so.  Stop trying to poke holes in a fictional book...--SoxFanNH 22:09, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * A fictional book that claims that all mentioned technology exists. Which is not true. If we made just a footnote that the claim is not true without any explaination there would be people demanding sources/explaination, so I think this is the right solution. -mrbartjens 16:08, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

I agree that some things in the novel is based on expiriments that are in their infancy, but some things, such as ice bullets, are true. Ice bullets are coated with a substance that allows the bullet to not melt when being shot out of a gun, as for the mythbusters show. It shows that we can't shoot ice out of a regular gun, the military doesn't have to use gunpowder (ie. magnetic artillery guns) Anhvuti 00:01, 2 August 2006

 * Not sure magnetic guns answer the mail but as the point of the ice weapons was to concuss and not to kill a weapon very similar to a paintball gun (using compressed air) is inside the realm of possibility. --Sircolin 19:54, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

I've been checking out military jet articles on Wikipedia alot recently, no mach 2 F-14 exists, but is it possible Brown was possibly referring to the F-16XL ? Scratch that, the F-14A+ is actually listed as having supercruise ability. 71.232.129.208 01:02, 3 September 2006

 * This is what I figure - all the technology 'exisits' - but perhaps there is only one example of something, sitting somewhere in a research lab. And it depends on whether 'technology' is taken to mean the ability to do something using currently exisiting knowledge, or the actual implemention of it.  I doubt that the "Smoke and Mirrors" projected holographic bit for the helicopter is actually real (but then, if it were, it would be classified)..  But the pieces are there as far as I know - we can actually make digital holograms - it would just take a hell of a fast computer to make anything very complicated, and a very very powerful laser to project it (in full color..) - not to mention the cooling systems to keep such a laser from probably melting itself.  Still, DB should just stop with the "Facts" page - for a person who writes about "symbology" all the time, he gets Triton wrong, saying he was the Greek god of the sea.  Not according to Wikipedia - Triton was the messanger of the deep, Poseidon was the god of the sea (although perhaps this is one of the finer points of Greek mythology).  216.9.143.185 (talk) 20:28, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

I heard some Antarctic explorer used frozen mercury to hunt in a Jules Verne novel. Ibn Fulan (talk) 19:43, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

Mariana Trench
Am I the only one who thinks the section on Mariana Trench is really poorly written? Citing Wikipedia? Using off-site hyperlinks to an on-site article? Could someone please rewrite that? VolatileChemical 01:44, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * You're not. I've re-written it to remove the internal quote/ref.  It now has an external source, and wikilinks to Marianas Trench.  Kuru  talk  04:04, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

MythBusters?
Okay, I'm sorry if I sound like I was paid to say this by Dan Brown, but citing MythBusters as pretty much conclusive evidence doesn't seem right to me. Fun show, yeah, but conclusive scientific evidence? Not really. It's kind of like putting a political poll up on a website and saying the results are an accurate representation of what the world believed politicly. WBHoenig 01:21, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Bathynomous giganteus
It is not correct to state that Browns spelling of the animal as Bathynomous Giganteus instead of Bathynomus Giganteus is a mistake. The spelling reflects a difference in English language usage worldwide. A quick google on B. Giganteus will turn up many articles and entries spelt with and without the O. --Brideshead 18:53, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

ICZN has only one approved name. Ibn Fulan (talk) 19:44, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

Disputed Technologies
I am putting the full disputed technologies section back up, because it is mostly accurate and relevant. Some argue that it isn't accurate, because everything technological in the book is possible. However, that's not what Dan Brown said, he said "All technologies described in this novel exist". Technology is the implementation of scientific concepts. So in order for a technology to exist, it can't just be possible, it has to,...exist. So the flying microbot right off the bat makes the statement incorrect, because although we have small flying robots, and wireless recharging technology, we don't have any technology that can make it that small and unified. Same with the other technologies. There has to be at least one concrete example the same as it was in the book in order for that tech to 'exist' --Jake11 03:01, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The section was removed in 2008 by an IP without comment, possibly because of the lack of sources. It would be interesting to have the claimed disputes backed up by reliable sources... --Roentgenium111 (talk) 17:41, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

I also find Mr Brown's assertion that "these are facts" in various books when plainly they aren't rather ridiculous. His research is generally dodgy, and if he pays for it he should ask for his money back. Having said all that, I don't think that this is noteworthy enough to be mentioned in every book where such errors are made. Basically, he's writing fiction, and I'm regarding this fiction to include the things he says are true. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.40.214.249 (talk) 09:40, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

Delta Force Question
The new comment concerning Delta Force operators being referred to as operators and not agents, does this have any validity other than what is mentioned in "Inside Delta Force"? It's a great book, but there is some dispute as to its accuracy. --pevarnj (t/c/@) 06:23, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Rachel Sexton Wound
I added a para on one glaring inconsistency at the end of the novel - where all the characters are petrified of sharks and two of the 'bad guys' are torn to shreds by the sharks. Ms Sexton, however, is able to fall into the water with a "graze" and have nothing happen. Shankargopal (talk) 11:52, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, she did. But all the sharks had been scared away by the explosion on the bottom. Ti83 (talk) 10:02, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Why was the code solution + other sections removed??
This unexplained "cleanup" edit removed a lot of relevant information that could've at least been moved to the talk page, and should have been discussed first before removal. -- OlEnglish (Talk) 19:05, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Section on foreign language editions
Hello. A complete list of links to all foreign language wiki articles seems a bit over the top. I think a sentence saying the number of foreign language editions released would be sufficient. I can not find any featured article books with a list such as this. The note at the top of the list, referring to wikipedia, also seems odd, in that it seems unusual to talk about the project within an article. Beach drifter (talk) 16:57, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I have responded to this message here. Nightscream (talk) 03:13, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

OH-58 Kiowa helicopter
Please don't let anymore Dan Brown fans try and inject this book as any sort of reference to popular culture in the aircraft article. What figures prominently in the book is not an OH-58 of any type, despite Mr. Brown's use of the nomenclature. (Born2flie 04:17, 10 September 2006 (UTC)). 204.191.184.80 (talk) 22:19, 23 September 2010 (UTC)The article says that the Kiowa was carrying Tomahawk missiles while the book say it was armed with Hellfires! Anyone care to make an edit?204.191.184.80 (talk) 22:19, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

 * First, please start new discussions/sections at the bottom of the page. Thanks. :-)

 * Second, if such an aircraft indeed appears in a given novel, then mentioning it in a popular culture section in an article on that craft is not unreasonable. Just out of curiosity, how is it that the helicopter in question is not the the one you mention, if Brown refers to it as such? Is it because he depicts it inaccurately?

 * Lastly, no one here has the authority to keep editors from adding such material, so long as it conforms to Wikipedia policy. If you feel that it does not, then we can discuss the matter on the talk page of either this article or that of the helicopter. Nightscream (talk) 23:02, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from 69.179.185.121, 7 November 2010
Please change: The helicopter slides off the ship into the sea, sinking to the bottom. When the intense heat at the bottom ignites the Tomahawk Missiles still on the helicopter...

TO: The helicopter slides off the ship into the sea, sinking to the bottom. When the intense heat at the bottom ignites the Hellfire Missiles still on the helicopter...

Source: http://books.google.com/books?id=1zC-xOnvBg4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=deception+point+hellfire&hl=en&ei=lazWTKmXCoKB8gbHg7yqCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=deception%20point%20hellfire&f=false

Show all results for the wold 'hellfire'. See pages 369, 377, 417, and specifically page 425.

I just finished the book and this was fresh in my memory.

69.179.185.121 (talk) 13:48, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

Already done. It looks like someone else changed Tomahawk to hellfire I n k a 888  19:49, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from Pradeep717, 5 December 2010
A new page for Deception point has been created in Malayalam language. Please insert a link to the same. ഡിസപ്ഷൻ പോയന്റ്

Pradeep717 (talk) 03:54, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅  My 76 Strat  06:07, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Hungarian edition
Hi! Hungarian edition is titled:"A megtévesztés foka", published in 2005, isbn: 9637318739. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.121.56.51 (talk) 15:17, 26 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi, yourself. Thanks for the info. I've just added it. :-) Nightscream (talk) 21:16, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

Edit request from 72.10.96.51, 21 January 2011
Senator Sexton's full name was Thomas Sedgewick Sexton and he's the main antagonist.

72.10.96.51 (talk) 15:50, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Not done: No need to give the full name, and calling him the "main antagonist" is borderline OR, so not really needed. Qwyrxian (talk) 12:03, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

Gister?
The character Rachel Sexton is described as a "gister" but the link to gister is a disambiguation page. What's the particular meaning of this term? 202.78.240.7 (talk) 20:01, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I believe that the term "Gister" as described for the character Racher Sexton means Central Idea or Main Substance of NRO, Dan Brown himself described her in chapter C paragraphs 17th of Deception Point as "Rachel worked here as a “gister.” Gisting, or data reduction, required analyzing complex reports and distilling their essence or “gist” into concise, single-page briefs." Igniel (talk) 03:36, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

Pruning the foreign language list
The list of foreign language translations is in discord with the usual way to solve it on Wikipedia, which is to use the other language articles describe it. The list as it was before my pruning is too much promo style in my opinion, readers are already provided with articles to the book in their language edition if they want to buy it. Saving a few links pruned here:
 * Morderisk Bedrag - Denmark
 * Mashtrimi i madh - Albania
 * El gran engany - Catalan
 * Αρκτικός Κύκλος - Greek
 * A megtévesztés foka - Hungarian
 * Bod klamu - Slovak

Refs
Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 16:52, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

Lack of info
Why an administrator destroyed this page? Ibn Fulan (talk) 19:46, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Deception Point


text: User talk:63.168.153.222

title: User talk:63.168.153.222


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Black Sun (symbol)

The Black Sun (Schwarze Sonne) is a type of sun wheel (German: Sonnenrad) symbol originating in Nazi Germany and later employed by neo-Nazis and other far-right individuals and groups. The symbol's design consists of twelve radial sig runes, similar to the symbols employed by the SS in their logo. It first appeared in Nazi Germany as a design element in a castle at Wewelsburg remodeled and expanded by the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, which he intended to be a center for the SS.

It is unknown whether the design had a name or held any particular significance among the SS. Its association with the occult originates with a 1991 German novel, Die Schwarze Sonne von Tashi Lhunpo (The Black Sun of Tashi Lhunpo), by the pseudonymous author Russell McCloud. The book links the Wewelsburg mosaic with the neo-Nazi concept of the "Black Sun", invented by former SS officer Wilhelm Landig as a substitute for the Nazi swastika.

The Anti-Defamation League notes that though the symbol is popular with white supremacists, imagery resembling the black sun features in many cultures, and that such imagery should always be analyzed in the context in which it appears, as it may not necessarily be intended to serve as a symbol of white supremacy or racism.

Wewelsburg mosaic and the Nazi period
The symbol that later became known as the "black sun" originated in the early 20th century, with the first depiction being the Wewelsburg mosaic. In 1933, Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS, acquired Wewelsburg, a castle near Paderborn in the German region of Westphalia. Himmler intended to make the building into a center for the SS, and between 1936 and 1942, Himmler ordered the building expanded and rebuilt for ceremonial purposes. Himmler's remodeling included the Wewelsburg mosaic that was composed of twelve dark-green radially overlaid sig runes, such as those employed in the logo of the SS, on the white marble floor of the structure's north tower known as the "General's Hall" (Obergruppenführersaal). The intended significance of the image remains unknown.

Some scholars have suggested that the artist may have found inspiration from motifs found on decorative Merovingian period discs (Zierscheiben) from Central Europe, which have been suggested to represent the sun, or its passing through the year.

Neo-Nazism and far right

In the late 20th century, the Black Sun symbol became widely used by neo-fascist, neo-Nazi, the far-right and white nationalists. The symbol often appears on extremist flags, t-shirts, posters, websites and in extremist publications associated with such groups. Modern far-right groups often refer to the symbol as the sun wheel or Sonnenrad.

The name "Black Sun" came into wider use after the publication of a 1991 occult thriller novel, Die Schwarze Sonne von Tashi Lhunpo (The Black Sun of Tashi Lhunpo), by the pseudonymous author Russell McCloud. The book links the Wewelsburg mosaic with the neo-Nazi concept of the "Black Sun", invented by former SS officer Wilhelm Landig as a substitute for the Nazi swastika and a symbol for a mystic energy source that was supposed to renew the Aryan race.

A number of far-right groups and individuals have utilised the symbol in their propaganda, including the perpetrator behind the Christchurch mosque shootings, Brenton Tarrant and Australian neo-Nazi group Antipodean Resistance, and the symbol was displayed by members of several extremist groups involved in the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Along with other symbols from the Nazi era such as the Wolfsangel, the Sig Armanen rune, and the Totenkopf, the black sun is employed by some neo-Nazi adherents of Satanism. Scholar Chris Mathews writes: "The Black Sun motif is even less ambiguous. Though based on medieval German symbols, the Wewelsburg mosaic is a unique design commissioned specifically for Himmler, and its primary contemporary association is Nazi occultism, for which Nazi Satanic groups and esoteric neo-Nazis adopt it."

In May 2022, a mass shooting in Buffalo, New York occurred. The shooter, a white supremacist, wore the Black Sun symbol on his body armor and placed it on the front of his digital manifesto. Pro-Kremlin Telegram channels and influencers subsequently spread misinformation linking the shooter with the Azov Regiment and the Ukrainian nation more broadly. However, the shooter makes no reference to the Azov Regiment in his manifesto, and Ukraine receives only a single mention in a section plagiarized from an earlier mass shooter's manifesto that predates the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

On 1 September 2022, Fernando André Sabag Montiel, who has a Black Sun tattoo on his arm, attempted to assassinate Argentinian vice president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.

In July 2023, a member of the Ron DeSantis U.S. presidential campaign produced and shared a video on Twitter containing the Black Sun. The video was quickly retracted after garnering media attention and backlash, and the aide was fired.

Azov Battalion
The Ukrainian military unit Azov Brigade, founded in 2014, used the symbol as part of its logo. Political scientist Ivan Gomza wrote in Krytyka that the Nazi connotations of the symbol in that logo are lost on most people in Ukraine, and the logo rather has an association with "a successful fighting unit that protects Ukraine." WotanJugend, a neo-Nazi group based in Kyiv and connected to the broader Azov political movement, has also used the Black Sun symbol to promote its group. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, NATO tweeted a photo of a female Ukrainian soldier for International Women's Day. The soldier wore a symbol on her uniform that "appears to be the black sun symbol". After receiving complaints from social media users, NATO removed the tweet and stated "The post was removed when we realised it contained a symbol that we could not verify as official".

Other uses
According to Freedom House initiative Reporting Radicalism, the Black Sun is also used by some modern pagan and satanist groups as an esoteric symbol. They further note that it is sometimes used as a fashionable, aesthetic symbol, or misunderstood as having origins in ancient Scandinavian or Slavic cultures. The Anti-Defamation League notes that though the symbol is popular with white supremacists, imagery resembling the black sun features in many cultures, and should be analysed in the context it appears, and not necessarily interpreted as a sign of white supremacy or racism.

title: Black Sun (symbol)


text:
Nahuan languages

The Nahuan or Aztecan languages are those languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family that have undergone a sound change, known as Whorf's law, that changed an original *t to Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate before *a. Subsequently, some Nahuan languages have changed this to  or back to, but it can still be seen that the language went through a  stage. The best known Nahuan language is Nahuatl. Nahuatl is spoken by about 1.7 million Nahua peoples.

Some authorities, such as the Mexican government, Ethnologue, and Glottolog, consider the varieties of modern Nahuatl to be distinct languages, because they are often mutually unintelligible, their grammars differ and their speakers have distinct ethnic identities. As of 2008, the Mexican government recognizes thirty varieties that are spoken in Mexico as languages (see the list below).

Researchers distinguish between several dialect areas that each have a number of shared features: One classification scheme distinguishes innovative central dialects, spoken around Mexico City, from conservative peripheral ones spoken north, south and east of the central area, while another scheme distinguishes a basic split between western and eastern dialects. Nahuan languages include not just varieties known as Nahuatl, but also Pipil and the extinct Pochutec language.

Intelligibility
The differences among the varieties of Nahuatl are not trivial, and in many cases result in low or no mutual intelligibility: people who speak one variety cannot understand or be understood by those from another. Thus, by that criterion, they could be considered different languages. The ISO divisions referenced below respond to intelligibility more than to historical or reconstructional considerations. Like the higher-level groupings, they also are not self-evident and are subject to considerable controversy.

Nevertheless, the variants all are clearly related and more closely related to each other than to Pochutec, and they and Pochutec are more closely related to each other than to any other Uto-Aztecan languages (such as Cora or Huichol, Tepehuán and Tarahumara, Yaqui/Mayo, etc.)

Historical linguistic research
Little work has been done in the way of the historical linguistics of Nahuatl proper or the Aztecan (nowadays often renamed Nahuan) branch of Uto-Aztecan.

Lyle Campbell and Ronald W. Langacker (1978), in a paper whose focus was the internal reconstruction of the vowels of Proto-Aztecan (or Proto-Nahuan), made two proposals of lasting impact regarding the internal classification of the Aztecan branch. They introduced the claim, which would quickly be received as proven beyond virtually any doubt, that the well known change of Proto-Uto-Aztecan to  was a development in Proto-Aztecan (Proto-Nahuan), not a later development in some dialects descended from Proto-Aztecan. Second, they adduced new arguments for dividing the branch in two subdivisions: Pochutec, whose sole member is the Pochutec language, which became extinct sometime in the 20th century, and General Aztec, which includes the Pipil language and all dialects spoken in Mexico which are clearly closely related to the extinct literary language, Classical Nahuatl. This binary division of Aztecan (Nahuan) was already the majority opinion among specialists, but Campbell and Langacker's new arguments were received as being compelling. Furthermore, in "adopt[ing] the term 'General Aztec' ", they may in fact have been the ones to introduce this designation. Part of their reconstruction of the Proto-Aztecan vowels was disputed by Dakin (1983).

The most comprehensive study of the history of Nahuan languages is Una Canger's "Five Studies inspired by Nahuatl verbs in -oa" (Canger 1980), in which she explores the historical development of grammar of the verbs ending in -oa and -ia. Canger shows that verbs in -oa and -ia are historically and grammatically distinct from verbs in -iya and -owa, although they are not distinguished in pronunciation in any modern dialects. She shows the historical basis for the five verb classes, based on how they form the perfect tense-aspect, and she shows that all of the different forms of the perfect tense-aspect derives from a single -ki morpheme that has developed differently depending on the phonological shape of the verb to which it was suffixed. She also explains the historical development of the applicative suffix with the shape -lia and -lwia as coming from a single suffix of the shape -liwa.

In 1984 Canger and Dakin published an article in which they showed that Proto-Nahuan *ɨ had become in some Nahuan dialects and  in others, and they proposed that this split was among the oldest splits of the Nahuan group.

Dakin has proposed a historical internal classification of Nahuan, e.g., Dakin (2000). She asserts two groups of migrations in central Mexico and eventually southwards to Central America. The first produced Eastern dialects. Centuries later, the second group of migrations produced Western dialects. But many modern dialects are the result of blending between particular Eastern dialects and particular Western dialects.

Campbell in his grammar of Pipil (1985) discussed the problem of classifying Pipil. Pipil is either a descendant of Nahuatl (in his estimation) or still to this day a variety of Nahuatl (in the estimation of for example Lastra de Suárez (1986) and Dakin (2001)).

Dakin (1982) is a book-length study (in Spanish) of the phonological evolution of Proto-Nahuatl. Dakin (1991) suggested that irregularities in the modern Nahuatl system of possessive prefixes might be due to the presence in Proto-Nahuan of distinct grammatical marking for two types of possession.

In the 1990s, two papers appeared addressing the old research problem of the "saltillo" in Nahuatl: a lost paper by Whorf (1993), and Manaster Ramer (1995).

Modern Nahuan languages and their classification
A Center-Periphery scheme was introduced by Canger in 1978, and supported by comparative historical data in 1980. Lastra de Suarez's (1986) dialect atlas that divided dialects into center and peripheral areas based on strictly synchronic evidence. The subsequent 1988 article by Canger adduced further historical evidence for this division.(Dakin 2003:261).

Studies of individual dialects
Until the middle of the 20th century, scholarship on Nahuan languages was limited almost entirely to the literary language that existed approximately 1540–1770 (which is now known as Classical Nahuatl, although the descriptor "classical" was never used until the 20th century ). Since the 1930s, there have appeared several grammars of individual modern dialects (in either article or book form), in addition to articles of narrower scope.

Classification
The history of research into Nahuan dialect classification in the 20th century up to 1988 has been reviewed by Canger (1988). Before 1978, classification proposals had relied to a greater or lesser degree on the three way interdialectal sound correspondence (the lateral affricate  of Classical Nahuatl and many other dialects corresponds to  in some eastern and southern dialects and to  in yet other dialects). Benjamin Lee Whorf (1937) had performed an analysis and concluded that was the reflex of Proto-Uto-Aztecan  before  (a conclusion which has been borne out). But in 1978 Campbell and Langacker made the novel proposal—which met with immediate universal acceptance—that this sound change had occurred back in Proto-Aztecan (the ancestor dialect of Pochutec and General Aztec) and that therefore the corresponding or  in Nahuatl dialects were innovations.

As a geographical note: the northern part of the State of Puebla is universally recognized as having two subgroupings. The northern part of the State of Puebla is a long north to south lobe. In the middle of it from east-northeast to west-southwest runs the Sierra de Puebla (as Nahuanist linguists call it) or Sierra Norte de Puebla (as geographers call it). The "Sierra de Puebla" dialects are quite distinct from the "northern Puebla" dialects, which are spoken in northernmost Puebla State and very small parts of neighboring states.

Eastern–Western division
Dakin (2003:261) gives the following classification of Nahuatl dialects (in which the word "north" has been replaced by "northern"), based on her earlier publications, e.g., Dakin (2000).

 * Nahuatl
 * Eastern Nahuatl
 * Huastec
 * Guerrero
 * Sierra Puebla
 * Tehuacán–Zongolica
 * Isthmus
 * Pipil
 * Western Nahuatl
 * Central Nahuatl
 * "Classical" Nahuatl
 * Tlaxcala–Puebla
 * Central Puebla
 * Ometepec
 * Northern Puebla
 * Western Peripheral
 * Mexicanero
 * Coatepec
 * Temascaltepec
 * Michoacán
 * Pochutec

Most specialists in Pipil (El Salvador) consider it to have diverged from Nahuatl to the point it should no longer be considered a variety of Nahuatl. Most specialists in Nahuan do not consider Pochutec to have ever been a variety of Nahuatl.

Center–Periphery division
Canger (1978; 1980) and Lastra de Suarez (1986) have made classification schemes based on data and methodology which each investigator has well documented. Canger proposed a single Central grouping and several Peripheral groupings. The Center grouping is hypothesized to have arisen during the Aztec Empire by diffusion of the defining feature (an innovative verb form) and other features from the prestigious dialect of the capital. The dialects which adopted it could be from multiple genetic divisions of General Aztec. As for the various Peripheral groupings, their identity as Peripheral is defined negatively, i.e., by their lack the grammatical feature which, it is proposed, defines the Central grouping. Canger recognized the possibility that centuries of population migrations and other grammatical feature diffusions may have combined to obscure the genetic relationships (the branching evolution) among the dialects of Nahuatl.

Some of the isoglosses used by Canger to establish the Peripheral vs. Central dialectal dichotomy are these:

Lastra de Suárez in her Nahuatl dialect atlas (1986) affirmed the concept of the Center/Periphery geographic dichotomy, but amended Canger's assignment of some subgroupings to the Center or the Periphery. The three most important divergences are probably those involving Huastec dialects, Sierra de Zongolica dialects, and northwestern Guerrero dialects. Lastra classifies these as Peripheral, Central, and Central, respectively, while in each case Canger does the opposite.

The dialectal situation is very complex and most categorizations, including the one presented above, are, in the nature of things, controversial. Lastra wrote, "The isoglosses rarely coincide. As a result, one can give greater or lesser importance to a feature and make the [dialectal] division that one judges appropriate/convenient" (1986:189). And she warned: "We insist that this classification is not [entirely] satisfactory" (1986:190). Both researchers emphasized the need for more data in order for there to be advances in the field of Nahuatl dialectology. Since the 1970s, there has been an increase in research whose immediate aim is the production of grammars and dictionaries of individual dialects. But there is also a detailed study of dialect variation in the dialect subgroup sometimes known as the Zongolica (Andrés Hasler 1996). A. Hasler sums up the difficulty of classifying Zongolica thus (1996:164): "Juan Hasler (1958:338) interprets the presence in the region of [a mix of] eastern dialect features and central dialect features as an indication of a substratum of eastern Nahuatl and a superstratum of central Nahuatl. Una Canger (1980:15–20) classifies the region as part of the eastern area, while Yolanda Lastra (1986:189–190) classifies it as part of the central area."

As already alluded to, the nucleus of the Central dialect territory is the Valley of Mexico. The extinct Classical Nahuatl, the enormously influential language spoken by the people of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, is one of the Central dialects. Lastra in her dialect atlas proposed three Peripheral groupings: eastern, western, and Huasteca. She included Pipil in Nahuatl, assigning it to the Eastern Periphery grouping. Lastra's classification of dialects of modern Nahuatl is as follows (many of the labels refer to Mexican states):

 * modern Nahuatl
 * Western Periphery
 * West coast
 * Western México State
 * Durango–Nayarit
 * Eastern Periphery
 * Sierra de Puebla
 * Isthmus
 * Pipil
 * Huasteca
 * Center
 * Nuclear subarea (in and near Mexico, D.F.)
 * Puebla–Tlaxcala (areas by the border between the states of Puebla and Tlaxcala)
 * Xochiltepec–Huatlatlauca (south of the city of Puebla)
 * Southeastern Puebla (this grouping extends over the Sierra de Zongolica located in the neighboring state of Veracruz)
 * Central Guerrero (so called; actually northern Guerrero, specifically the region of the Balsas River)
 * Southern Guerrero

List of Nahuatl dialects recognized by the Mexican government
This list is taken from the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI)'s Catálogo de Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales. The full document has variations on the names especially "autodenominaciones" ("self designations", the names these dialect communities use for their language), along with lists of towns where each variant is spoken.
 * Náhuatl de la Sierra, noreste de Puebla
 * Náhuatl del noroeste central
 * Náhuatl del Istmo
 * Mexicano de la Huasteca veracruzana
 * Náhuatl de la Huasteca potosina
 * Náhuatl de Oaxaca
 * Náhuatl de la Sierra negra, sur
 * Náhuatl de la Sierra negra, norte
 * Náhuatl central de Veracruz
 * Náhuatl de la Sierra oeste
 * Náhuatl alto del norte de Puebla
 * Náhuatl del Istmo bajo
 * Náhuatl del centro de Puebla
 * Mexicano bajo de occidente
 * Mexicano del noroeste (spoken by Mexicaneros)
 * Mexicano de Guerrero
 * Mexicano de occidente
 * Mexicano central de occidente
 * Mexicano central bajo
 * Mexicano de Temixco
 * Mexicano de Puente de Ixtla
 * Mexicano de Tetela del Volcán
 * Mexicano alto de occidente (spoken by Mexicaneros)
 * Mexicano del oriente
 * Mexicano del oriente central
 * Mexicano del centro bajo
 * Mexicano del centro alto
 * Mexicano del centro
 * Mexicano del oriente de Puebla
 * Mexicano de la Huasteca Hidalguense

List of Nahuatl dialects recognized in ISO 639-3, ordered by number of speakers
(name [ISO subgroup code] – location(s) ~approx. number of speakers)
 * Eastern Huasteca [nhe] – Hidalgo, Western Veracruz, Northern Puebla ~450,000
 * Western Huasteca [nhw] – San Luis Potosí, Western Hidalgo ~450,000
 * Guerrero [ngu] – Guerrero ~200,000
 * Orizaba [nlv] – Central Veracruz ~140,000
 * Southeastern Puebla [nhs] – Southeast Puebla ~135,000
 * Highland Puebla [azz] – Puebla Highlands ~125,000
 * Northern Puebla [ncj] – Northern Puebla ~66,000
 * Central [nhn] – Tlaxcala, Puebla ~50,000
 * Isthmus-Mecayapan [nhx] – Southern Veracruz ~20,000
 * Central Puebla [ncx] – Central Puebla ~18,000
 * Morelos [nhm] – Morelos ~15,000
 * Northern Oaxaca [nhy] – Northwestern Oaxaca, Southeastern Puebla ~10,000
 * Huaxcaleca [nhq] – Puebla ~7,000
 * Isthmus-Pajapan [nhp] – Southern Veracruz ~7,000
 * Isthmus-Cosoleacaque [nhk] – Northwestern Coastal Chiapas, Southern Veracruz ~5,500
 * Tetelcingo [nhg] – Morelos ~3,500
 * Michoacán [ncl] – Michoacán ~3,000
 * Santa María de la Alta [nhz] – Northwest Puebla ~3,000
 * Tenango [nhi] – Northern Puebla ~2,000
 * Tlamacazapa [nuz] – Morelos ~1,500
 * Coatepec [naz] – Southwestern México State, Northwestern Guerrero ~1,500
 * Durango [nln] – Southern Durango ~1,000
 * Ometepec [nht] – Southern Guerrero, Western Oaxaca ~500
 * Temascaltepec [nhv] – Southwestern México State ~300
 * Tlalitzlipa [nhj] – Puebla ~100
 * Pipil [ppl] – El Salvador ~500
 * Tabasco [nhc] – Tabasco ~30

Geographical distributions of Nahuan languages by ISO code:

title: Nahuan languages


text:
Magnes

Magnes may refer to:

 * Magnes (son of Aeolus), in Greek mythology, the eponym and first king of Magnesia
 * Magnes (son of Argos), in Greek mythology, son of Argos and Perimele, and father of Hymenaeus
 * Magnes the shepherd, possibly mythological, cited as the discoverer of natural magnetism
 * Magnes (comic poet) (5th century BC), Athenian victor of the Dionysia festival
 * Macarius Magnes (4th century), bishop of Magnesia
 * Judah Leon Magnes (1877–1948), reform rabbi in the United States and Palestine, first President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
 * Magnes (album), by Reni Jusis

title: Magnes


text: Talk:Put-Outer

title: Talk:Put-Outer


text:
Spinocerebellar ataxia

Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a progressive, degenerative, genetic disease with multiple types, each of which could be considered a neurological condition in its own right. An estimated 150,000 people in the United States have a diagnosis of spinocerebellar ataxia at any given time. SCA is hereditary, progressive, degenerative, and often fatal. There is no known effective treatment or cure. SCA can affect anyone of any age. The disease is caused by either a recessive or dominant gene. In many cases people are not aware that they carry a relevant gene until they have children who begin to show signs of having the disorder.

Signs and symptoms
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is one of a group of genetic disorders characterized by slowly progressive incoordination of gait and is often associated with poor coordination of hands, speech, and eye movements. A review of different clinical features among SCA subtypes was recently published describing the frequency of non-cerebellar features, like parkinsonism, chorea, pyramidalism, cognitive impairment, peripheral neuropathy, seizures, among others. As with other forms of ataxia, SCA frequently results in atrophy of the cerebellum, loss of fine coordination of muscle movements leading to unsteady and clumsy motion, and other symptoms. Ocular deficits can be quantified using the SODA scale.

The symptoms of an ataxia vary with the specific type and with the individual patient. In many cases a person with ataxia retains full mental capacity but progressively loses physical control.

Cause
The hereditary ataxias are categorized by mode of inheritance and causative gene or chromosomal locus. The hereditary ataxias can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked manner.

 * Many types of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias for which specific genetic information is available are now known. Synonyms for autosomal-dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA) used prior to the current understanding of the molecular genetics were Marie's ataxia, inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy, cerebello-olivary atrophy, or the more generic term "spinocerebellar degeneration." (Spinocerebellar degeneration is a rare inherited neurological disorder of the central nervous system characterized by the slow degeneration of certain areas of the brain. There are three forms of spinocerebellar degeneration: Types 1, 2, 3. Symptoms begin during adulthood.)
 * There are five typical autosomal-recessive disorders in which ataxia is a prominent feature: Friedreich ataxia, ataxia-telangiectasia, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency, ataxia with oculomotor apraxia (AOA), spastic ataxia. Disorder subdivisions: Friedreich's ataxia, spinocerebellar ataxia, ataxia telangiectasia, vasomotor ataxia, vestibulocerebellar, ataxiadynamia, ataxiophemia, and olivopontocerebellar atrophy.
 * There have been reported cases where a polyglutamine expansion may lengthen when passed down, which often can result in an earlier age-of-onset and a more severe disease phenotype for individuals who inherit the disease allele. This falls under the category of genetic anticipation. Several types of SCA are characterized by repeat expansion of the trinucleotide sequence CAG in DNA that encodes a polyglutamine repeat tract in protein.  The expansion of CAG repeats over successive generations appears to be due to slipped strand mispairing during DNA replication or DNA repair.

Classification
A few SCAs remain unspecified and can not be precisely diagnosed, but in the last decade genetic testing has allowed precise identification of dozens of different SCAs and more tests are being added each year. In 2008, a genetic ataxia blood test developed to test for 12 types of SCA, Friedreich's ataxia, and several others. However, since not every SCA has been genetically identified some SCAs are still diagnosed by neurological examination, which  may include a physical exam, family history, MRI scanning of the brain and spine, and spinal tap.

Many SCAs below fall under the category of polyglutamine diseases, which are caused when a disease-associated protein (i.e., ataxin-1, ataxin-3, etc.) contains a large number of repeats of glutamine residues, termed a polyQ sequence or a "CAG trinucleotide repeat" disease for either the one-letter designation or codon for glutamine respectively. The threshold for symptoms in most forms of SCA is around 35, though for SCA3 it extends beyond 50. Most polyglutamine diseases are dominant due to the interactions of resulting polyQ tail.

The first ataxia gene was identified in 1993 and called "Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1" (SCA1); later genes were called SCA2, SCA3, etc. Usually, the "type" number of "SCA" refers to the order in which the gene was found. At this time, there are at least 49 different gene mutations that have been found.

The following is a list of some of the many types of Spinocerebellar ataxia.

Others include SCA18, SCA20, SCA21, SCA23, SCA26, SCA28, and SCA29.

Four X-linked types have been described, but only the first of these has so far been tied to a gene (SCAX1).'''

Medication
There is no cure for spinocerebellar ataxia, which is currently considered to be a progressive and irreversible disease, although not all types cause equally severe disability.

In general, treatments are directed towards alleviating symptoms, not the disease itself. Many patients with hereditary or idiopathic forms of ataxia have other symptoms in addition to ataxia. Medications or other therapies might be appropriate for some of these symptoms, which could include tremor, stiffness, depression, spasticity, and sleep disorders, among others. Both onset of initial symptoms and duration of disease are variable. If the disease is caused by a polyglutamine trinucleotide repeat CAG expansion, a longer expansion may lead to an earlier onset and a more radical progression of clinical symptoms. Typically, a person with this disease will eventually be unable to perform daily tasks (ADLs). However, rehabilitation therapists can help patients to maximize their ability of self-care and delay deterioration to certain extent. Researchers are exploring multiple avenues for a cure including RNA interference (RNAi) technology, the use of stem cells, and several other avenues.

On January 18, 2017, BioBlast Pharma announced completion of Phase 2a clinical trials of their medication, trehalose, in the treatment of SCA3. BioBlast has received FDA Fast Track status and orphan drug status for their treatment. The information provided by BioBlast in their research indicates that they hope this treatment may prove efficacious in other SCA treatments that have similar pathology related to PolyA and PolyQ diseases.

In addition, Dr. Beverly Davidson has been working on a methodology using RNAi technology to find a potential cure for over 2 decades. Her research began in the mid-1990s and progressed to work with mouse models about a decade later and most recently has moved to a study with non-human primates. The results from her most recent research "are supportive of clinical application of this gene therapy".

Finally, another gene transfer technology discovered in 2011 has also been shown by Boudreau et al. to hold great promise and offers yet another avenue to a potential future cure.

N-Acetyl-Leucine
N-Acetyl-Leucine is an orally administered, modified amino acid that is being developed as a novel treatment for multiple rare and common neurological disorders by IntraBio Inc (Oxford, United Kingdom).

N-Acetyl-Leucine has been granted multiple orphan drug designations from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of various genetic diseases, including spinocerebellar ataxias. N-Acetyl-Leucine has also been granted Orphan Drug Designations in the US and EU for the related inherited cerebellar ataxia ataxia-telangiectasia U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).

Published case series studies have demonstrated the effects of acute treatment with N-Acetyl-Leucine for the treatment of inherited cerebellar ataxias, including spinocerebellar ataxias. These studies further demonstrated that the treatment is well tolerated, with a good safety profile. A multinational clinical trial investigating N-Acetyl-L-Leucine for the treatment of a related inherited cerebellar ataxia, ataxia-telangiectasia, began in 2019.

IntraBio is also conducting parallel clinical trials with N-Acetyl-L-Leucine for the treatment of Niemann-Pick disease type C and GM2 gangliosidosis (Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease). Future opportunities to develop N-Acetyl-Leucine include Lewy body dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, restless leg syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and migraine.

Rehabilitation
Physical therapists can assist patients in maintaining their level of independence through therapeutic exercise programmes. One recent research report demonstrated a gain of two SARA points (Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia) from physical therapy. In general, physical therapy emphasises postural balance and gait training for ataxia patients. General conditioning such as range-of-motion exercises and muscle strengthening would also be included in therapeutic exercise programmes. Research showed that spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) patients with a mild stage of the disease gained significant improvement in static balance and neurological indices after six months of a physical therapy exercise training program. Occupational therapists may assist patients with incoordination or ataxia issues through the use of adaptive devices. Such devices may include a cane, crutches, walker, or wheelchair for those with impaired gait. Other devices are available to assist with writing, feeding, and self care if hand and arm coordination are impaired. A randomised clinical trial revealed that an intensive rehabilitation program with physical and occupational therapies for patients with degenerative cerebellar diseases can significantly improve functional gains in ataxia, gait, and activities of daily living. Some level of improvement was shown to be maintained 24 weeks post-treatment. Speech language pathologists may use both behavioral intervention strategies as well as augmentative and alternative communication devices to help patients with impaired speech.

title: Spinocerebellar ataxia


text: User:FSO-

title: User:FSO-


text: User talk:210.18.215.2

title: User talk:210.18.215.2


text:
Wanshū

Wanshū (ワンシュー, also 腕秀 and 汪輯) is the name of several katas in many systems of karate, including Isshin-Ryu, Shotokan (under the name empi), Wadō-ryū, and others.

The name Wanshū (腕秀) in Mandarin means "Excellent Wrist" and refers to a typical technique of this form. The other way of writing the name of this kata (汪輯) means "Wang's Series (or Form)" and refers to the name of the diplomat Wang (1621 – 1689),. Wang was the leader of a large ambassadorial mission from China sent by the Qing government in 1683 to the village of Tomari. A poet, calligrapher, diplomat, and martial artist in the Shaolin tradition of Fujian White Crane, he is often credited with teaching chu'an fa to the gentry of Tomari.

The Wanshū kata was either a creation of Wang's, or composed by his students and named in tribute to him. Regardless, many karate traditions include a kata bearing the name of Wanshū or a variant (Ansu, Anshu) which vary in schematics but carry certain distinctive similarities. One translation of the word "Wanshū" is "dumping form," "dragon boy dumping form" (in Shuri-ryū), and "Strong Arm Form" for the dramatic grab-and-throw technique seen in most versions. Also Shimabuku Tatsuo is credited for being the dragon boy (though Tatsuo means "dragon man").

The two main versions are Matsumura-Wanshū and Itosu-Wanshū, Itosu most likely having learned it from his teacher, Gusukuma of Tomari. Wanshū, while still bearing this name in certain karate styles, was renamed Empi by Gichin Funakoshi for use in Shotokan. This kata is also practiced in various Korean styles such as Tang Soo Do and Soo Bahk Do and depending on the organization is called Wangshū, Wang Shu, or Yun Bi in Korean. Due to its difficulty, this kata is often reserved for advanced students.

title: Wanshū


text:
Talk:12 Oz Mouse

Untitled
This article has been kept due to lack of strong consensus to delete at this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:49, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:12 Oz Mouse


text:
Puberty Blues (film)

Puberty Blues is a 1981 Australian coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by Bruce Beresford, based on the 1979 novel of the same name by Kathy Lette and Gabrielle Carey.

Plot
The story focuses on two teenage girls from the middle-class Sutherland Shire in Sydney. The girls attempt to create a popular social status by ingratiating themselves with the "Greenhill gang" of surfers, a group of boys with a careless attitude toward casual sex, drugs and alcohol, over the course of one Sydney summer.

Cast

 * Nell Schofield as Debbie Vickers
 * Jad Capelja as Sue Knight
 * Jeffrey Rhoe as Garry
 * Tony Hughes as Danny
 * Sandy Paul as Tracy
 * Leander Brett as Cheryl
 * Rowena Wallace as Mrs. Knight
 * Charles 'Bud' Tingwell as The Headmaster
 * Kate Sheil as Mrs Velland

Production
Television writer Margaret Kelly was working at a writing workshop at a suburban theatre where she met Kathy Lette and Gabrielle Carey, who had written a number of unpublished stories about growing up in the surfing beaches of southern Sydney. Kelly showed the stories to producer and writer Joan Long, and optioned the film rights. Carey and Lette went on to write a column in The Sun-Herald as The Salami Sisters and the stories were published under the title Puberty Blues.

Long first approached Gillian Armstrong to direct but she turned it down. Then Bruce Beresford read the book and wrote asking to direct: "I bought it [the novel] while I was waiting for a bus in North Sydney. I went to get a chocolate or something and I saw a pile of these things sitting on the counter. I thought I'd buy one and read it on the bus going home. It was remarkable, a very well-expressed book. And the girls were only fifteen. It was a sort of insight into the way of life of those kids, which was a revelation to me... Kathy Lette was a real livewire and so was the other girl, Gabrielle Carey." The movie was made with the assistance of the Australian Film Commission, who provided $413,708. The lead roles were cast after an extensive selection process.

Nell Schofield, said that "It's a very honest and realistic movie. It touches on this and it touches on that. I really like it. It's subtle and doesn't preach: 'This is the way of life.'" Schofield felt that "Different sections of the audience will perceive different levels. The parents who go and see it will come out and either believe it or it will give them a bit of a jolt. They'll start looking at their kids a different way and try to bridge the generation gap." She added that "The film is feminist in a way. I think it is also a comment on peer group pressure, male chauvinism in teenage groups, school and parent hassles."

Schofield found the surfing scenes easy because she was an avid surfer in real life. "Like Debbie, I wanted to be a surfie chick. But once I was, I wanted out before it got too heavy. I hated the alcohol and the drug scene. I saw so many kids fall down on the ground after taking drugs." Of making the film Schofield said "We didn't expect any glitter, and we didn't get any. It was hard work."

Changes from book to film
For censorship reasons, in the film their age was increased to 16. Much of the content of the novel appears in the film, with several passages of text recounted by the film's protagonist, Debbie, in a voice-over narration. The film closely follows the story and character trajectory of the novel. Some of the novel's characters are composites in the film. The tone of the novel is generally darker than that of the film, and in the novel Debbie and Sue are shown to be much more willing participants in activities than they are in the film. The film adds a comedy beach brawl between the surfers and the lifeguards not present in the novel.

Lette complained that "the film sanitised the plot by omitting central references to miscarriage and abortion. The movie depicts a culture in which gang rape is incidental, mindless violence is amusing and hard drug use is fatal, but it was unable to address the consequences of the brutal sexual economy in which the girls must exist."

Much of the obscure surfer slang of the novel was omitted from the film. The novel features some discussion about television series Number 96. One passage of the novel that mentions the title is recounted by the film's protagonist in a voice-over narration, but because the series had ended by the time of the 1981 film the series title is replaced by the generic term "television".

Soundtrack
The theme song "Puberty Blues" was written by Tim Finn. In the film it was sung by Sharon O'Neill. It was released by Jenny Morris as a single on Mushroom Records in December 1981.

Box office
Puberty Blues grossed $3,918,000 at the box office in Australia.

Home media
Puberty Blues was first released on home video in the early 1980s. It made its debut on DVD with a new print by Umbrella Entertainment in 2003. The DVD is compatible with all region codes and includes special features such as the trailer, interviews with Nell Schofield and Bruce Beresford, trivia and biographies.

In 2013, Umbrella Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray.

Umbrella Entertainment has also released a three-disc DVD set with Monkey Grip and Dimboola.

title: Puberty Blues (film)


text:
Coachwhip

Coachwhip may refer to:

 * a type of whip used by the driver of a horse-drawn coach, usually provided with a long lash
 * Coachwhip (snake), various North American snakes
 * Coachwhip (comics), a character of the Marvel Universe
 * Coachwhips, a noise/punk band

title: Coachwhip


text:
Wang Ji

Wang Ji may refer to:

 * Wang Ji (Han dynasty) (王吉), Eastern Han official
 * Wang Ji (Three Kingdoms) (王基; 190-261), Wei general
 * Wang Ji (Ming dynasty politician) (王驥; 1378-1460), Ming dynasty politician
 * Wang Ji (physician) (汪機; 1463-1539), Ming dynasty physician
 * Wang Ji (philosopher) (王幾; 1498–1583), a.k.a. Wang Longxi (王龍溪), Ming dynasty Chinese philosopher in the school of Wang Yangming
 * Wang Ji (Qing dynasty), scholar of the Ming and Qing period, editor of the Ming History
 * Chi Wang or Wang Ji, co-founder of U.S. China Policy Foundation
 * Wang Ji (actress) (王姬, born 1962), Chinese actress

title: Wang Ji


text:
Sobrarbe

Sobrarbe is one of the comarcas of Aragon, Spain. It is located in the northern part of the province of Huesca, part of the autonomous community of Aragon in Spain. Many of its people speak the Aragonese language locally known as fabla.

The administrative capital is Boltaña and the economic development capital is Aínsa.

History
Sobrarbe was one of the Christian principalities of the Marca Hispanica, with obscure origins. Legend says there was a Kingdom of Sobrarbe, where a cross appeared upon a tree Supra Arbore. It became part of the County of Aragon, but in the early 9th century was held for five years by Amrus ibn Yusuf, the governor of Zaragoza, being retaken after his death. Sobrarbe was joined to the County of Ribagorza in the early 10th century through the marriage of Bernard I of Ribagorza to Toda Galíndez of Aragon, daughter of Galindo Aznárez II. However, in the late 10th and early 11th century, a series of incursions from the south left it disorganized and depopulated, and for a time it again fell under Muslim control. This was reversed by Sancho the Great of Pamplona, who reconquered the region in 1015, similarly extending his power into Ribagorza over the subsequent years. Whatever hereditary claim might have existed was subsequently brought to Sancho through his wife Muniadona of Castile, heiress to the Ribagorza counts.

Sancho divided the territories he had united, and his third son, Gonzalo, was given the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. After the death of Gonzalo in 1038, his illegitimate half-brother Ramiro I of Aragon brought Sobrarbe and Ribagorza into his hands, creating the nucleus of the Kingdom of Aragon.

Sobrarbe Geopark
The entire territory of Sobrarbe is "Sobrarbe Geopark" which is a member of the European Geoparks Network (2004-) and Global Geoparks Network (2006-) on account of its outstanding geological heritage, educational programs and projects, and promotion of geotourism.

Municipalities
Abizanda, Aínsa-Sobrarbe, Bárcabo, Bielsa, Boltaña, Broto, Fanlo, Fiscal, La Fueva, Gistaín, Labuerda, Laspuña, Palo, Plan, Puértolas, El Pueyo de Araguás, San Juan de Plan, Tella-Sin, Torla

title: Sobrarbe


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Alex Radcliffe

Alex Radcliffe (July 26, 1905 – July 18, 1983) was a baseball player in the Negro leagues. He is widely acknowledged to have been the best third baseman in the history of the Negro American League. He was the brother of Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe. He is also sometimes referred to as Alex Radcliff.

Early life
Radcliffe was born in Mobile, Alabama. He started his baseball life as a batboy when he moved to Chicago in 1917; he served as the team batboy before eventually using his sandlot baseball skills for the Chicago Giants.

Playing career
He played seventeen seasons (five partial), beginning in 1926. He played one game that year and two games the following year before taking 1928 off. He played in one documented game in 1929 and then did not return until 1932. He then played the next eight seasons with the Chicago American Giants. In his first full year of play in 1932, he batted .268 in forty games. It was the last time until 1939 that he would not make an East-West All-Star Game. In the 1932 Championship Series for the Negro Southern League pennant (the only season in which the league was considered a major league), he made an appearance in one game and had two hits while Chicago eventually won the series.

1933 began a stretch of seven straight years where he made at least one selection in the Negro leagues east–west game. In 1933, he batted .338 in 37 games while collecting fifty hits. He participated in the first East-West All-Star Game on September 10 of that year, which was held in Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois. He went 2-for-4 with two runs batted in. The next year, he batted .304 and had 49 hits. In the 1934 Negro National League Championship Series against the Pittsburgh Crawfords, he played in six games and batted .217 with three runs batted in (RBI) in the loss. In 1935, he led the league in at-bats with 217 while batting .313 in 48 games. He played in just nineteen games for the New York Cubans in 1936 but batted .350. He returned to Chicago in 1937 and batted .303. He collected fifty hits and was even awarded an intentional walk. In the 1937 Championship Series for the Negro American pennant against the Kansas City Monarchs, he batted .353 in four games with two RBI but the Giants lost. He regressed in 1938-39 by batting just under .260 but managed to be selected to the East-West Game in each year (1939, where he had 35 hits in 34 games, was the only time in this stretch where he made two All-Star games).

He barnstormed for the Palmer House All Stars in 1940 before returning to the Negro leagues for two games in 1941. In 1942, he returned to the Giants and played all but one game of a 29-game stretch (one played with Birmingham). In 1943, he hit a league-high .369 in thirty games with 45 hits. He played just one game with the Giants in 1944, playing fourteen games with the Cincinnati-Indianapolis Clowns while making another All-Star Game. In the 1943 series for the NAL pennant against Birmingham, he batted .143 in two games in the loss. Records show he played just six games with the Memphis Red Sox and batted .240 in 1946, but he was elected to both east–west games that year.

From 1932 to 1944, Radcliffe ranked in the top five in his position at third base in games played (nine times, where he was first twice), putouts (six, leading once), assists (five, leading once), double plays (five, leading twice), and errors (six).

Death
He worked as a bouncer at his brother's bar in Chicago, Illinois until his death.

title: Alex Radcliffe


text:
Kliptown

Kliptown is a suburb of the formerly black township of Soweto in Gauteng, South Africa, located about 17 km south-west of Johannesburg. Kliptown is the oldest residential district of Soweto, and was first laid out in 1891 on land which formed part of Klipspruit farm. The farm was named after the klipspruit (rocky stream) that runs nearby. From 1903 the area was home to informal settlements (squatter camps), and the area now contains a mixture of purpose-built housing and many shacks and other informal homes which form the Chris Hani and Dlamini settlements.

History
In June, 1955, Kliptown was the home of an unprecedented Congress of the People, organised by the African National Congress, the South African Indian Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats and the Coloured People's Congress. This Congress saw the declaration and adoption of the Freedom Charter, which set out the aims and aspirations of the opponents of apartheid.

Economy
In 2005 Kliptown had an unemployment rate of 72%. In that same year Johannesburg City Council announced plans for renewal of the Kliptown area, including a large-scale housing project.

In popular culture
American DJ and producer Skrillex released the single "Kliptown Empyrean" in 2020. Inspired by his experience working with the Kliptown Youth Program alongside the late rapper Riky Rick, the track heavily incorporates samples created with local residents.

title: Kliptown


text:
Talk:University and college admission

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mehayla.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:06, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Request for Update
The Brazil section needs to be revised to take into account recent changes in university admissions brought by the introduction of the national ENEM exam and the use by the federal universities of a racial quota system. Here is a proposed revised text:

"Brazil is a federal republic consisting of different states, each of which has its own local government. All public universities in Brazil are 100 % tuition-free and funded either by the federal government or one of the individual state governments with tax-payer money. Until recently, admission to undergraduate courses in all public universities (federal or state alike) was based solely on the marks obtained in a competitive entrance exam popularly known as Concurso Vestibular. Candidates would apply to a course of interest within a given university and available first-year places assigned to that particular course would be filled according to the ranking of the candidates in descending order based on their overall final mark in the Vestibular.

Generally speaking, each public university was responsible for organizing its own Vestibular and the format of the exam varied greatly from institution to institution. In most cases, candidates had to take multiple papers including both multiple-choice tests, write-in problems, and written essays. Irrespective of the format however, the entrance exam syllabus had to be based on the curriculum guidelines set by the federal Ministry of Education for secondary schools (Ensino Médio) and therefore any Vestibular exam typically consisted of a mix of questions on core subjects such as Portuguese (Language and Literature), Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, and Geography, plus a foreign language (usually English). Due to the relatively high number of tested subjects, Vestibular  exams were typically spread out over several days and were often divided into two parts (in Brazilian terminology, "fases"). Candidates were normally required to achieve a minimum cutoff score in Part I to be eligible to take Part-II papers.

In recent years however, university admission criteria have been considerably changed by the introduction by the federal government of a national secondary school exam known as ENEM (Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio) and the creation of a unified, national university application system known as SISU (Sistema de Seleção Unificada). Candidates in any Brazilian state can now apply for admission into courses available in the SiSU system, even if the course of interest is offered by an out-of-state university. Places in any given course within the system are then filled based on the ranking of the applicants in descending order according to their overall mark in the ENEM. The application process is divided into three stages and candidates who fail to get a place in their course/university of interest in a given stage may re-apply either to the same or to a different course/university in subsequent stages.

In theory, any Brazilian university, either public or private, is free to join the SISU system and select their incoming freshman class based on ENEM marks. As of today, most public universities have joined SISU, but a few of them, most notably some of the most prestigious federal universities (e.g. UNIFESP, UFRJ, UFMG, UFSC) have retained their own independent Vestibular exams, on top of the national ENEM, either for admission into all or part of their undergraduate courses. Sometimes the ENEM replaces the old Part I ("primeira fase") of the Vestibular. Alternatively, ENEM results may be used as part of the final overall mark in the Vestibular and may account for up to 1/3 of the final score. More rarely, a few public universities have decided not to use ENEM marks at all and continue to base their admission criteria on the Vestibular only. Notable examples in the latter group include the highly prestigious federal military schools like ITA and IME and, as of 2010, the prestigious state research universities in the state of São Paulo (USP and UNICAMP). Resistance to the ENEM among some top public universities comes mostly from the perception that the national federal exam is less selective/rigorous than the older independent Vestibular.

Another important recent development in university admissions in Brazil has been the introduction in most federal universities of a quota system where a certain number of places are reserved a priori to applicants of a certain racial/ethnic background who have completed their pre-university studies in a public (i.e state-funded) school. Candidates who qualify may apply to a course of interest under the quota system either through the national SISU system or directly at their university of choice ( in case that university uses both its independent Vestibular and the national ENEM exam to select applicants). Again as a notable exception, the selective federal military schools and the state universities in São Paulo have so far refused to use any quota system based on race or schooling background. USP and UNICAMP, however, have instituted a race-blind "social inclusion program" that gives a bonus in the final Vestibular mark to candidates who come from the public secondary schools, thus boosting their chances of securing a place in certain university courses of interest without necessarily using a pre-determined quota. "

Please review.161.24.19.112 (talk) 20:48, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

I think that in the United Kingdom section it should be added that admission tests are not identified as the most important as the main factors that determine a college admission. Surveys show that strong grades in college-prep classes are important factors that can help you get in universities in easier way.--Fcovi1 (talk) 17:27, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

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Many sections veer into off-topic territory
Lots of sections here, but so many of them are long (and deserve elaboration on their own articles) and so many of them are just stubs. Likely some major reorganization needed (doesn't help that many of the main articles suffer from the same kinds of issues). 19:19, 28 January 2021 (UTC)
 * If you have specific suggestions then we'd love to hear them (or see them implemented)! ElKevbo (talk) 19:51, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:University and college admission


text:
User talk:Shai Gar

Born 27th September 1983. Still Awesome.

Welcome
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The content of Richard Whereat was not sufficently noteworthy to merit an article on Wikipedia, and was removed. You are entitled to incorporate that information into your personal user page. However, a subject must be notable to merit inclusion in the actual encyclopedia.

Again, welcome. Stewart Adcock 11:02, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

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User talk:Spudnickator

YER MUM

Don't make nonsense pages. Evil Monkey∴Hello 09:59, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

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Peter Boro

Peter Boro was a performer of Croatian music, best known for his playing of the gusle and misnice. In the 1930s and 1940s, he brought Croatian music to an American audience, and is featured on the Library of Congress's California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collection.

title: Peter Boro


text:
Template:Today's second feature/TodaysSFBar2005

Today's second feature archive 2005 January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December --- (Today is Monday, July 29, 2024; it is now UTC) --


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Association of Chief Police Officers

The Association of Chief Police Officers of England, Wales and Northern Ireland (ACPO) was a not-for-profit private limited company that for many years led the development of policing practices in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Established in 1948, ACPO provided a forum for chief police officers to share ideas and coordinate their strategic operational responses, and advised government in matters such as terrorist attacks and civil emergencies. ACPO coordinated national police operations, major investigations, cross-border policing, and joint law enforcement. ACPO designated Senior Investigative Officers for major investigations and appointed officers to head ACPO units specialising in various areas of policing and crime reduction.

The last ACPO president, from April 2009 until its dissolution, was Sir Hugh Orde, who was previously the chief constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland.

ACPO was funded by Home Office grants, profits from commercial activities and contributions from the 44 police authorities in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

Following the Parker Review into ACPO, it was replaced in 2015 by a new body, the National Police Chiefs' Council, set up under a police collaboration agreement under Section 22A of the Police Act 1996.

Background
UK policing sprang from local communities in the 1800s. Since the origins of policing, chief officers have regularly associated to discuss and share policing issues. Although ACPO as now recognised was formed in 1948, records of prior bodies go back to the early 1900s. The UK retains a decentralised model of policing based around the settlement which emerged from the Royal Commission on the work of the Police in 1962.

ACPO continued to provide a forum for chief officers across 44 local police forces and 13 national areas across England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and provided local forces with agreed national policies and guidelines. Originally more of a gentleman's club, it soon evolved into an effective body for representing senior ranks in the police service.

ACPO failed to convince its sponsors to contribute to its survival and in May 2011 the BBC reported that ACPO would run out of money in February 2012 without extra funding. ACPO was half-funded by the Home Office and half by 44 police authorities. A third of police authorities refused to pay in 2010 and another third were undecided. The Association of Police Authorities said the withdrawal of funding by police authorities was "partly due to a squeeze on their income". ACPO was due to wind up formally in April 2015.

Constitutional status
Over time, demands for coordination across the police service increased as society changed, for example to take account of new developments in international terrorism and organised crime, or roles such as monitoring offenders on release from prison or working with young people to divert them from crime.

In 1997, ACPO was incorporated as a private company limited by guarantee. As a private company, ACPO was not subject to freedom of information legislation. It was not a staff association; the staff association for senior police officers was a separate body, the Chief Police Officers Staff Association (CPOSA).

The change in structure from a "band of volunteers" to a limited company allowed the organisation to employ staff, enter into contracts for accommodation and publish accounts.

A number of options were considered for the status of ACPO, including charitable status, but all were discounted.

Chief constables and commissioners are responsible for the direction and control of policing in their force areas. Although a national body and recognized by the government for consultation, ACPO had no powers of its own, nor any mandate to instruct chief officers. However, the organisation allowed chief officers to form a national policy rather than replicate the work in each of their forces. For example, after the 1980–81 riots in 27 British cities including in St. Pauls and Brixton ACPO began to prepare the Public Order Manual of Tactical Operations and Related Matters. Police forces began training in its tactics late in 1983.

Membership
ACPO was not a staff association. It acted for the police service, not its members. The separate Chief Police Officers Staff Association acts for chief officers.

ACPO was composed of the chief police officers of the 44 police forces in England and Wales and Northern Ireland, the deputy chief constable and assistant chief constable of 42 of those forces and the deputy commissioner, assistant commissioner, deputy assistant commissioner and commanders of the remaining two – the Metropolitan Police and City of London Police. Certain senior non-police staff and senior members of national police agencies and certain other specialised and non-geographical forces in the UK, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands were also members.

, there were 349 members of ACPO. The membership elected a full-time President, who held the office of Chief Constable under the Police Reform Act 2002.

ACPO bodies
ACPO was responsible for several ancillary bodies, which it either funded or which received Home Office funding but which reported to ACPO:

ACPO Criminal Records Office
The ACPO Criminal Records Office (ACRO) was set up in 2006 in response to a perceived gap in the police service's ability to manage criminal records and in particular to improve links to biometric data. The initial aim of ACRO was to provide operational support relating to criminal records and associated biometric data, including DNA and fingerprint recognition.

It also issues police certificates, for a fee, needed to obtain immigration visas for countries including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Cayman Islands, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States.

The organisation continues under the style "ACRO Criminal Records Office" under the control of Hampshire Constabulary.

Between 17 January 2023 and 21 March 2023, a two-month cybersecurity incident affected the ACPO Criminal Records Office (ACRO) website. On 21 March 2023, ACRO announced that applications were no longer available online. Applications for police certificates, crucial for some visas to New Zealand, the United States, and Canada, are being processed manually by email, during the forced shut down, until the systems are fixed.

ACPO Vehicle Crime Intelligence Service
The Association of Chief Police Officers Vehicle Crime Intelligence Service (AVCIS), later the National Vehicle Crime Intelligence Service (NAVCIS), was managed by ACPO, and was responsible for combating organised vehicle crime and the use of vehicles in crime.

National Community Tension Team
The National Community Tension Team (NCTT) was an ACPO body which monitored religious, racial, or other tensions within communities, and provided liaison between police forces and community organisations.

National Counter Terrorism Security Office
The National Counter Terrorism Security Office was funded by, and reported to, ACPO and advised the British government on its counter terrorism strategy.

Police National Information and Co-ordination Centre
ACPO was responsible for coordinating the national mobilisation of police resources at times of national need through the Police National Information and Co-ordination Centre (PNICC), which it set up in 2003. This included ensuring policing resilience during major events such as emergency response to serious flooding or the investigation of a terrorist attack. PNICC sat alongside the government in COBR (Cabinet Office Briefing Room) to advise on national issues. PNICC also handled support to overseas crises involving UK nationals.

It employed three full-time staff, with other staff seconded to it as needed and is funded by contributions from each of the police forces.

Counter Terrorism Internet Referral Unit
The Counter Terrorism Internet Referral Unit (CTIRU) was set up in 2010 by ACPO (and run by the Metropolitan Police) to remove unlawful terrorist material content from the Internet with a focus on UK based material.

The December 2013 report of the Prime Minister's Extremism task force, said that it would "work with internet companies to restrict access to terrorist material online which is hosted overseas but illegal under UK law" and "work with the internet industry to help them in their continuing efforts to identify extremist content to include in family-friendly filters" which would likely involve lobbying ISPs to add the CTIRU list to their filters without the need for additional legislation.

National Wildlife Crime Unit
The National Wildlife Crime Unit is a national police unit that gathers intelligence on wildlife crime and provides analytical and investigative support to law enforcement agencies.

Freedom of information
ACPO had been criticised as being unaccountable to Parliament or the public by virtue of its limited company status. In October 2009, Sir Hugh Orde stated that ACPO would be "more than happy" to be subject to the Freedom of Information Act. On 30 March 2010, the Ministry of Justice announced that ACPO would be included under the FOI Act from October 2011. In its response, the organisation stated that "Although organisations cannot voluntarily comply with the Act, a large proportion of ACPO's work is public already or available under FOI through any police force". In January 2011 its website still said it: "is unable to do is to respond to requests for information under the Act. The organisation is too small and there are too few members of staff to be able to conduct the necessary research and to compile the responses". From November 2011, however, FOI requests could be made to ACPO.

Apartments
The organisation was criticised in February 2010 for allegedly spending £1.6million per year from government anti-terrorist funding grants on renting up to 80 apartments in the centre of London which were reported as being empty most of the time. The organisation responded that it had reviewed this policy and would reduce the number of apartments.

Undercover activities
As a result of The Guardian articles with regards to the activities and accusations of PC Mark Kennedy of the National Public Order Intelligence Unit within the National Extremism Tactical Co-ordination Unit, and the collapse of the subsequent trial of six activists, a number of initiatives and changes were announced:
 * Acknowledging that "something had gone very wrong" in the Kennedy case to the Home Affairs Select Committee, Home Office minister Nick Herbert stated that ACPO would lose control of three teams involved in tackling domestic extremism. Herbert announced that the units would be transferred to the Metropolitan Police, with acting commissioner Tim Godwin confirming that this would occur at the earliest possible timescale.
 * Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary announced that Bernard Hogan-Howe would lead an investigation into ACPO, to assess whether undercover operations had been "authorised in accordance with law" and "proportionate".
 * The Association of Police Authorities said it was ending its annual £850,000 grant to ACPO.

DNA database
ACPO has supervised the creation of one of the world's largest per-capita DNA databases, containing the DNA profiles of more than one million unconvicted people. ACPO's guidelines that these profiles should only be deleted in "exceptional circumstances" were found to be unlawful by the UK Supreme Court in May 2011. They were found to be incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights, following the ruling by the European Court of Human Rights in S and Marper v United Kingdom. On 1 May 2012, the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 completed its passage through Parliament and received Royal Assent. Up until it ceased to exist in 2015, ACPO did not reissue revised guidelines to replace its unlawful DNA exceptional procedure. Big Brother Watch, in a report of June 2012, has adopted the view that, despite the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012, the retention of DNA in England and Wales remains an uncertain and illiberal regime.

Fake uniforms
During the summer of 2011, Hugh Orde, then president of the ACPO, was seen wearing a dark blue police-style uniform with ACPO insignia, and was accused of wearing a fake uniform. Senior police officers claimed that the uniform was not that of any police force in the country but "closely resembled" the uniform worn by former Metropolitan Police commissioner, Paul Stephenson. Sam Leith, an author, journalist and literary editor of The Spectator, mocked Orde's decision "to wear this Gadaffi-style pretend uniform on television", and suggested it was "a subliminal pitch for the Met Commissioner's job." Brian Paddick, at the time the police commander for the London Borough of Lambeth, said: "It's unusual for the president of ACPO to appear in all these interviews in uniform. He is sending a clear signal: how would I look in the commissioner's uniform?"

Parker Review
In 2013, an independent review of ACPO by General Sir Nick Parker was published. It recommended that ACPO be replaced by a new body, in the interests of greater transparency and cost effectiveness. On the basis of these recommendations, a new organization, the National Police Chiefs' Council, was set up to replace ACPO, which it did on 1 April 2015.

Notable members

 * Commander Christine Jones (Metropolitan Police), lead on mental health issues

title: Association of Chief Police Officers