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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Missing White Women Syndrome

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Postdlf 05:13, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Missing White Women Syndrome
Fascinating - perhaps true - but is it notable?? --Doc (?) 22:46, 12 July 2005 (UTC) **apologies to all - I misread this. Nomination withdrawn - keep speedily if poss - very sorry --Doc (?) 22:54, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep True and notable (lots of google hits) Forbsey 22:50, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and NPOV Passes the google test, but may not be NPOV Alba 22:58, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- a common accusation against the media with no particular political bias behind it. Very notable. Haikupoet 05:10, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Appears to be a notable term. JamesBurns 09:52, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Media bias: Noteworthy, but just one example of the many forms of media bias. Also primarily a phenomenon in US journalism. Peter Grey 16:14, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Media bias is already too long. Pages should be kept to a reasonable size.  CanadianCaesar 22:46, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well documented phenomenon, by now. -- BD2412 talk 23:05, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I understand that my article may have rubbed few. But it's the truth. I feel that we should address this controversial issue. I mean we have millions of missing people. Why are we devoting time to this type of news coverage to one certain person? I seen it through Elizabeth Smart and Nataliee Hollaway. Too much fingerpointing and devoted coverage to something that Amber Hagerman a 9-year old who is white go so much media coverage the United States Congress passed the controversial "AMBER" alert. The media is bias, look at CNN, Fox News Channel and MSNBC. Each channel was devoted to at least one major story that has coverage on a pretty white woman. So why don't we address this? Thank you for addressing the situation. Also feel free to edit and discuss this sitaution. Feel free to adjust it to Missing Pretty Girl Syndrome. This topic is something of consideration LILVOKA the creator of this article 15:56, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Important example of media bias; great idea for an article. Since that article is long, I wouldn't merge there... but I would rename to Missing Pretty Girl Syndrome, which is in fact the term that Malkin used (urrgh, citing her as an authority makes my skin crawl, but at least it makes it less neologistic), and has  86 Google hits to "Missing White Women Syndrome"'s 33.  Dcarrano 07:13, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this is a major reason people do not watch CNN, MSNBC, and the so called Fox News Channel. Relevant form of non-important news news media bias that is a result of these 24 hour news channels trying to fill time and get ratings. I recall when these networks actually had news, well maybe not Fox News! -- Spotteddogsdotorg 12:29, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete OR, neologism, racist shit.  Grue   19:51, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Bullshit. If you weren't a liberal colorblind pussy you'd notice the truth in this article. Keep, but cleanup and possibly rename. --FatherGuidoSarducci 24.251.143.179

 * Keep - actual thing and SOOooo annoying.--Deglr6328 03:49, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup. POV.  Almafeta 07:53, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but find a different name and have this term redirect. This isn't media bias but more where we crave light, heart warming or heart breaking stories over real news.  It's easier to listen to news of a pretty, missing women or a kitten stuck in a tree than it is to listen to stories of starving children.  We should probably write an article on the subject as a whole and have this included.
 * The name is sort of a POV neologism, but the fact that a dozen of these missing white women have their own Wikipedia articles already tends to suggest to me that an article is in order. Keep and rename to something more suitable. Eliot 20:03, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Perhaps under a different name.  --Rogerd 02:28, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Needs a lot of work though. 80.203.115.12 18:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Once we decide it's staying, Wikipedians will bring it up to par. The Peacemaker 06:50, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, perhaps under a different name - little black kids get the same in the UK - David Gerard 12:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this is probably more of an american phenomenon

 * Keep And link it to media hijacking Muzzle 13:30, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - This is opinion page stuff. - Tεx  τ  urε  14:55, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - This article accurately describes a phenomenon that is all-too-prevalent in today's American news media. Atlant 15:35, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Interesting, relevant. I have heard this refered to before in regular watercooler conversation. An explanation of an un-nPOV can be a nPOV. It could have a less specific name. --Darkfred 16:58, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Interesting and well documented. --Daemon8666 16:58, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep EdwinHJ | Talk 02:04, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is a biosphere reserve in the Nilgiri Mountains of the Western Ghats in South India. It is the largest protected forest area in India, spreading across Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. It includes the protected areas Mudumalai National Park, Mukurthi National Park, Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu; Nagarhole National Park, Bandipur National Park, both in Karnataka; Silent Valley National Park, Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, and Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala.

An ecosystem of the hill ranges of Nilgiris and its surrounding environments covering a tract of over 5000 square kilometers was constituted as Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in September 1986 under Man and Biosphere Programme. Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve is India's first and foremost biosphere reserves with a heritage, rich in flora and fauna. Tribal groups such as the Badagas, Toda, Kotas, Irulla, Kurumba, Paniya, Adiyan, Edanadan Chettis, Allar, and Malayan are native to the reserve.

Etymology
The word Nilgiri is derived from the Tamil word neelam meaning blue and the Sanskrit word giri meaning mountain. It is thought that the bluish flowers of kurinji shrubs gave rise to the name.

History
In the 1970s, an area of around 5670 km2 in the Nilgiri Mountains was proposed to be included in the list of biosphere reserves of India. This proposed area encompassed a forestry zone of 2290 km2, a core zone of 2020 km2, an agricultural zone of 1330 km2 and a restoration zone of 30 km2. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was established in September 1986 and is India's first biosphere reserve under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme.

Geography
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve extends over an area of 5520 km2 from the eastern part of Kodagu District to Erode District in the east and to the Palakkad Gap in the south with an elevation of 80 to 2600 m. It has a buffer zone of 4280 km2 and core areas of 1250.3 km2, comprising 701.8 km2 in Karnataka, 264.5 km2 in Kerala and 274 km2 in Tamil Nadu.

The reserve extends from the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, tropical moist forests of the western slopes of the Ghats to the tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests tropical dry forests on the east slopes. The rainfall range is 500-7000 mm per year. The reserve encompasses three ecoregions, the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, South Western Ghats montane rain forests, and South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests.

Flora
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve harbours more than 3,700 plant species, including about 200 medicinal plants; the 132 endemic flowering plants are contained in the list of endemic plants in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Stunted evergreen trees grow in shola forest patches above 1800 m and are festooned with epiphytes.

Tall trees above a height of 18 m are used by the giant honey bees (Apis dorsata) for building nests, including the species Tetrameles nudiflora, Indian laurel (Ficus microcarpa), Coromandel ebony (Diospyros melanoxylon), yellow snake tree (Stereospermum tetragonum), rusty kamala (Mallotus tetracoccus) and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius. During the peak flowering season from January to May, at least 73 species blossom including teak (Tectona grandis), red cedar (Erythroxylum monogynum), hiptage (Hiptage benghalensis), large-flowered bay tree (Persea macrantha), zunna berry (Ziziphus rugosa) and creeping smartweed (Persicaria chinensis). They depend on pollination by giant honey bee, Asiatic honey bee (Apis cerana), red dwarf honey bee (A. florea) and Trigona bees.

Birds
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve harbours 14 bird species that are endemic to the Western Ghats. Of these, the Nilgiri laughingthrush (Strophocincla cachinnans) inhabits only higher elevations above 1200 m. Other endemics and near-endemics include Nilgiri wood-pigeon, Malabar grey hornbill, Malabar parakeet, white-bellied treepie, white-bellied shortwing, grey-headed bulbul, grey-breasted laughingthrush, rufous babbler, black-and-rufous flycatcher, Nilgiri flycatcher, and Nilgiri pipit.

Mammals
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and adjacent areas host the largest Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population in India, estimated at 5,750 individuals by 2007. Herds move in 562 – large home ranges and congregate at perennial water sources during the dry season.

Fauna includes over 100 species of mammals, 370 species of birds, 80 species of reptiles, about 39 species of fish, 31 amphibians and 316 species of butterflies. It is home to mammals such as the Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, chital deer, gaur, sambar deer, dhole, golden jackal, Indian boar, Nilgiri tahr, Indian spotted chevrotain, black buck, Asian palm civet, sloth bear, four-horned antelope, Nilgiri marten, Indian crested porcupine, Malabar giant squirrel, honey badger, Indian grey mongoose, Indian pangolin, Indian fox, smooth coated otter, and painted bat. Primates include the lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, gray langur and bonnet macaque.

Amphibians and reptiles
Amphibians include purple frog, Silent valley brush frog, Malabar gliding frog, Beddomixalus. Around fifty percent of India's amphibian species are endemic to the region, and around ninety species of reptiles including the genera Brachyopihidium, Dravidogecko, Melanophidum, Ristella, Salea, Plectrurus, Teretrurus, and Xylophis.

Threats
Shola forests outside protected areas are threatened by fragmentation, especially in the vicinity of settlements. The rapid and dense growth of the invasive Passiflora mollissima inhibits the regeneration of native tree species in the Shola forest patches.

Poaching, deforestation, forest fires and dangers to native tribes are the main threats. Despite poaching banned by law in 1972, people still tend to illegally hunt animals such as tigers, elephants and chital for skin, fur or tusks. Forests are being destroyed for farming or livestock. Animals that kill livestock are killed by farmers. Forest fires destroy vegetation. Native tribes are being evacuated from their homelands, resulting in loss of tribal culture.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve


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Brück

Brück is a town in the Potsdam-Mittelmark district, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated 29 km southwest of Potsdam, and 28 km southeast of Brandenburg. Parts of Brück are located in the High Fläming Nature Park.

At Brück, there is an aerial test facility with two 54-metre tall metal-free wooden towers.

Sons and daughters of the city

 * Franz Griesbach (1892–1984), Generalmajor of the Wehrmacht in the Second World War
 * Lothar Koch (born 1943), district administrator

title: Brück


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Sergio Pignedoli

Sergio Pignedoli (4 June 1910 – 15 June 1980) was a prominent Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a top candidate for pope. He served as auxiliary bishop to Pope Paul VI when he was archbishop of Milan, and as President of the Secretariat for Non-Christians from 1973 to 1980. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973.

In his capacity of cardinal, Pignedoli was one of the electors in the conclaves of August and October 1978, which selected Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II respectively. He was considered by many as a papabile in both of those conclaves.

Early life and priestly ministry
Born in Felina di Reggio Emilia, Sergio Pignedoli studied at the seminary in Reggio Emilia, the Catholic University of Milan (where he received a doctorate in ancient studies), the Pontifical Lateran University (obtaining a doctorate in theology), and the Pontifical Gregorian University (master's in ecclesiastical history) before being ordained a priest on 1 April 1933. He then served as vice-rector of the seminary in Reggio Emilia until 1934, at which time he became a chaplain at the Catholic University of Milan. During World War II, from 1940 to 1943, Pignedoli served as a navy chaplain, and continued his work as a chaplain in Azione Cattolica and the Italian Boy Scouts. Named Monsignor on 5 September 1949, he was also the Secretary of the Central Committee for the 1950 Holy Year, on which he commented, "This year's great discovery is that in a world apparently skeptical and indifferent, there's a vigorous current of faith".

Episcopal ministry
On 22 December 1950, he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Iconium and Nuncio to Bolivia. Pignedoli received episcopal consecration on 11 February 1951 from Cardinal Adeodato Giovanni Piazza, OCD, with Archbishop Valerio Valeri and Bishop Beniamino Socche serving as co-consecrators, in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. After serving as Nuncio to Bolivia for four years, he was named Nuncio to Venezuela on 19 October 1954. On 15 April 1955, he was named Auxiliary Bishop of Milan, where he remained until 23 September 1960; during his time in Milan, Pignedoli established a deep friendship with Giovanni Battista Montini that continued into the latter's rise to the papacy. From 1960 until 1967, he held the positions of Apostolic Delegate to Western and Central Africa (1960-1964) and to Canada (1964-1967). Pignedoli also attended the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965).

Pope Paul VI appointed Pignedoli as Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples on 10 June 1967. He was created Cardinal-Deacon of S. Giorgio al Velabro by Paul VI in the consistory of 5 March 1973. On the following day, 6 March, he became the second President of the Secretariat for Non-Christians (later renamed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue by Pope John Paul II on 28 June 1988).

On 24 May 1974, before his trip to West Africa, Cardinal Pignedoli joined by Monsignor Verrazano, met with A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Together they had an hour-long dialogue about social analysis and outreach ministry. That same year, he wrote a letter to Benedictine Abbot Primate Rembert Weakland, in which he asked the monastic orders to take up a leading role in interreligious dialogue as the presence of monasticism in various religions provided an important bridge for this dialogue. This was the impetus for the later creation of the DIMMID (Dialogue Interreligieux Monastique - Monastic Interreligious Dialogue).

Pignedoli also established close friendships with Shōchō Hagami, a great acharya of Tendai Buddhism and one of the most prominent Japanese Buddhists of the 20th century, who played a leading role in promoting mutual respect and reconciliation among three monotheistic religions from an Asian side.

A towering figure in the Roman Catholic Church, cardinal Sergio Pignedoli was Pope Paul VI closest ally and confidant, and was widely expected to succeed him. Following the death of Paul VI in 1978, Pignedoli was the leading contender to be elected pope. He was featured in numerous publications around the world, including on the covers of Time and Newsweek. In the August 1978 conclave, Pignedoli, the progressive candidate, received nearly half of the votes of the cardinal electors. His main opponent was the conservative cardinal Giuseppe Siri of Genova, though since both of these legendary cardinals were unable to obtain a majority, a compromise candidate emerged, and Albino Luciani was elected as Pope John Paul I. Thirty three days later, following the sudden death of John Paul I, a second conclave convened in October 1978. Pignedoli was again the leading contender for the papacy, but ultimately Karol Józef Wojtyła of Poland was elected as Pope John Paul II.

Pignedoli died from a pulmonary embolism during a visit to his native Reggio Emilia, at age 70.

Trivia

 * During the conclave of August 1978, Pignedoli sat to the right of the altar in the Sistine Chapel.
 * Fluent in English and his native Italian, he claimed to have dreamed in French.

title: Sergio Pignedoli


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Sono (band)

SONO (Lat.: make a sound; be heard; Esperanto: sound) is a pop/electronic band from Hamburg, Germany formed in 2000 by Lennart A. Salomon (vocals, guitar), Florian Sikorski (keyboards) and Martin Weiland (keyboards, DJ).

History
F. Sikorski and M. Weiland have been producing music together since 1995 and pursuing careers within the music industry. F. Sikorski is a sound engineer and runs a music studio, "Maratone Music." Madonna, Britney Spears and Kelly Clarkson, among others, have recorded and mixed there. M. Weiland is active in the commercial music business in labels and sales.

L. A. Salomon, originally a drummer, singer and guitarist for a large number of local bands around Hamburg, joined in 2001, marking the founding of SONO. He works as a composer and musician and runs, among other things, the funk and rock band project Jerobeam.

Musically, SONO could be categorized widely as pop, with strong influences from techno, house and electro. This musical diversity has provided SONO with a considerable number of fans from various music scenes.

Aside from studio projects, SONO performs in various live constellations, from DJ live sequencing sets to stage performances including a large rhythm section.

Albums

 * Solid State (2002; Zeitgeist/Polydor)
 * Live in Cologne (2005) (iTunes exklusiv)
 * Off (2005; PIAS)
 * RMXD (2006; PIAS)
 * Panoramic View (2007; PIAS)
 * Plus (2009; Kontor Records)
 * Backyard Opera (2016; Kontor Records)
 * Human (2018; Kontor Records)

Awards

 * Keep Control: Billboard: 2001 Year-End Chart-Toppers "Top Hot Dance Club Play Singles" #01

Literature
Astrid Vits: Du und viele von deinen Freunden 1. 34 deutsche Bands und Solo-Künstler im Interview. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-89602-621-6

title: Sono (band)


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Aria (French airline)

Aria is an airline based in Mulhouse, France. It operates ad hoc passenger and cargo flights, as well as medevac flights. Its main base is Paris - Le Bourget Airport

History
The airline was established in March 2004 and started operations in September 2004. It operated a scheduled service between Basel/Mulhouse and Toulouse, but this was suspended on 25 January 2005. The airline hoped to resume and build a regional network, but this has not happened.

Fleet
The Aria fleet consists of the following aircraft (at March 2007):

 * 1 Raytheon Beech 1900C Airliner
 * 1 Raytheon Beech King Air C90B

title: Aria (French airline)


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Kiryat Mattersdorf

Kiryat Mattersdorf (קרית מטרסדורף) is a Haredi neighborhood in Jerusalem. It is located on the northern edge of the mountain plateau on which central Jerusalem lies. It is named after Mattersburg (formerly Mattersdorf), a town in Austria with a long Jewish history. It borders Kiryat Itri and Romema. The main thoroughfare is Panim Meirot Street, which segues into Sorotzkin Street at the neighborhood's eastern end. In 2015, Kiryat Mattersdorf had approximately 700 residents.

A lesser known name for the neighborhood is Kiryat Sheva Kehillos, in memory of the Siebengemeinden (Seven Communities) of Burgenland which were destroyed in the Holocaust, Mattersdorf being one of them.

History
Kiryat Mattersdorf was founded in 1958 by the Mattersdorfer Rav, Rabbi Shmuel Ehrenfeld, whose ancestors had served as Rav of the Hungarian, later Austrian town of Nagymarton (later Mattersdorf, now Mattersburg) for centuries, starting with his great-great-grandfather, the Chasam Sofer, in 1798. When the community was evicted from Austria during the Anschluss of 1938, the Mattersdorfer Rav re-established his yeshiva in New York. On one of his visits to Israel in 1958, accompanied by Rav Avrum Mayer Israel, Honyader Ruv, he purchased the land and established a new neighborhood, in commemoration of the seven communities of Burgenland, Mattersdorf among them, that had been destroyed by the Nazis. In 1959, he sent one of his sons, Rabbi Akiva Ehrenfeld, to supervise the construction and selling of apartments and public institutions in the new neighborhood.

Among the institutions that the Mattersdorfer Rav set up were Talmud Torah Maaneh Simcha; Yeshiva Maaneh Simcha; two synagogues named Heichal Shmuel, one for nusach Ashkenaz, and one for nusach Sefard; and the Neveh Simcha nursing home, named after his father. The outermost street in the neighborhood is named Maaneh Simcha, after his father's Torah work. Akiva Ehrenfeld moved to Kiryat Mattersdorf in the early 1990s, and served as president of all these institutions. Akiva Ehrenfeld also founded Yeshivas Beis Shmuel, named for his father, in the mid-1980s.

The cornerstone for the neighborhood was laid in spring 1963, and the first apartments were ready for occupancy in May 1965. The first occupants included Rabbi Chaim Pinchas Scheinberg and his wife Bessie; his son Rabbi Simcha Scheinberg and his family; his daughter Rebbetzin Fruma Rochel Altusky and her family; and more than 20 students from Rabbi Chaim Scheinberg's yeshiva, Torah Ore. Akiva Ehrenfeld was the one who encouraged Scheinberg to relocate his yeshiva to Jerusalem from Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, offering attractive terms for apartments and land for the yeshiva at the southeast end of the neighborhood. Ehrenfeld also encouraged other Torah institutions to populate the community.

Kiryat Mattersdorf was the first neighborhood to be built in northern Jerusalem; it was joined in subsequent years by Kiryat Itri, Kiryat Unsdorf, Kiryat Sanz, and HaMem Gimmel Street of northern Romema. For many years, the neighborhood was situated on Jerusalem's northern border, facing Jordanian strongholds across the valley in present-day Ramot. The main street has always been known as Rechov Panim Meirot (Panim Meirot Street), after the sefer Panim Meirot by Rabbi Meir Eisenshtadt.

Austrian ties
Akiva Ehrenfeld established close ties with the government of Austria to obtain funding for several institutions, including Neveh Simcha and a kindergarten. Following an official state visit to Israel by Austrian President Thomas Klestil in 1994, which included a side tour of Kiryat Mattersdorf, Klestil hosted Ehrenfeld at an official reception at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna on January 24, 1995.

Resident profile
Most of the inhabitants of Kiryat Mattersdorf identify with the Litvish style of Haredi Judaism. Many are olim from the United States and United Kingdom.

Notable rabbis who live in Kiryat Mattersdorf include Rabbis Zelig Pliskin, Moshe Sacks, Nota Schiller, Chaim Brovender, and Yosef Savitzky. Rabbis Simcha Wasserman, Chaim Pinchas Scheinberg, Mendel Weinbach, and Shlomo Lorincz were long-time residents. Rabbi Yitzchok Yechiel Ehrenfeld, grandson of Shmuel Ehrenfeld and son of Akiva Ehrenfeld, is the Rav of Kiryat Mattersdorf.

Schools
The Torah Ore Yeshiva, founded by Rabbi Chaim Pinchas Scheinberg, and the Chasan Sofer network of schools and Yeshiva, formerly headed by Rabbi Akiva Ehrenfeld, are the major institutions for boys and young men in the neighborhood. Girls' schools include Beis Yaakov of Mattersdorf and the Vizhnitz School for Girls.

title: Kiryat Mattersdorf


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Ida Rubinstein

Ida Lvovna Rubinstein (И́да Льво́вна Рубинште́йн; 3 October 1883 – 20 September 1960)  was a Russian dancer, actress, art patron and Belle Époque figure. She performed with Diaghilev's Ballets Russes from 1909 to 1911 and later formed her own company. Boléro by Ravel (1928) was among her commissions.

Early life and family
Rubinstein was born into one of Russian Empire's richest families, to Jewish parents in Kharkov (now in Ukraine), and grew up in Saint Petersburg. For many years, it was a mystery whether she was born in Kharkov or Saint Petersburg, complicated by the rumour that "Ida" was short for "Adelaida". Rubinstein herself would not confirm where she was born, nor if Ida was a nickname, preferring the aura of mystery. Years after her death, the record was discovered in the archives of the Kharkov Choral Synagogue, where her father had been a board member: the birth of a daughter, Ida Lvovna, on 21 September (O.S., N.S. 5 October), to father Lev Ruvimovich, Honorary Citizen of Kharkov, and mother Ernestina Isaakovna Rubinstein, had been dutily recorded in the registry for 1883. She had an older sister, Rachel, born in 1876.

Ida's grandfather, Ruvim (Roman) Rubinstein, had been a successful sugar trader in Kharkov. He moved to Saint Petersburg, where he founded the company Roman Rubinstein & Sons with his two sons, Lev (Leon) and Adolf (Anton). The family multiplied their investment many times over, becoming millionaires by the time Ida was born. The family expanded to own several banks, including the First Bank of Kharkov, sugar mills and breweries.

The family donated large sums of money to charities, particularly the arts. Lev and Adolf were both well educated; they regularly hosted prominent intellectuals and artists in their home. Adolf's son Iosif became a successful pianist who studied under Franz Liszt.

Her mother died when Ida was very young, and in 1892, her father died in Frankfurt, leaving her a vast fortune. In 1893, the 8-year-old Ida was sent to Saint Petersburg to live with her aunt, socialite "Madame" Gorvits (Horwitz). Rubinstein grew up in her aunt's mansion on the city's famed Promenade des Anglais, where she was given the best education. She became fluent in English, French, German and Italian. When she became interested in Ancient Greece, a Greek professor was invited to tutor her in Saint Petersburg.

She was also given the best instruction in music, dance and theatre, including lessons from instructors from the Russian imperial theatres. She lacked natural dance ability, but she worked constantly on her posture, movements and pirouettes. Eventually, secretly intent on going on stage herself, she went to Paris under the guise of continuing her education.

Professional years
In Paris, Rubinstein began her career as an actress, appearing on stage in various stages of "indecent" garb. The news reached Saint Petersburg and the ears of her conservative Orthodox family. While it was perfectly respectable for the upper class to be seen at the theatre, being an actress was no different from being a prostitute in the eyes of her horrified relatives. Her brother-in-law, a Parisian doctor named Lewinsohn (Levinson), had her declared legally insane in order to commit her to a mental asylum to save the family's honor.

Her family in Kharkov and Saint Petersburg, unhappy with her being in an asylum, demanded she be released and sent home. Once in Saint Petersburg, she was chaperoned at all times by her governess, as was customary for an unmarried young woman of her social class. To earn her freedom and right to control her fortune, she married her first cousin Vladimir Gorvits, who was madly in love with her and allowed her to travel and perform.

She had, by the standard of Russian ballet, little formal training. Tutored by Mikhail Fokine, she made her debut in 1908. This was a single private performance of Oscar Wilde's Salomé, in which she stripped nude in the course of the Dance of the Seven Veils.

Sergei Diaghilev took her with the Ballets Russes and she danced the title role of Cléopâtre in the Paris season of 1909, and Zobéide in Scheherazade in 1910. Both exotic ballets were choreographed by Fokine, and designed by Léon Bakst. The finale of Cléopâtre inspired Kees van Dongen's Souvenir of the Russian Opera Season 1909. Her partner in Scheherazade was the great Vaslav Nijinsky. Scheherazade was admired at the time for its racy sensuality and sumptuous staging, but these days it is rarely performed; to modern tastes, it is considered too much of a pantomime and its then fashionable Orientalism appears dated.

Rubinstein left the Ballets Russes in 1911.

Rubinstein companies
After leaving the Ballets Russes, Rubinstein formed her own dance company, using her inherited wealth, and commissioned several lavish productions. In 1911, she performed in Le Martyre de Saint Sebastien. The creative team was Michel Fokine (choreography); Bakst (design); Gabriele d'Annunzio (text) and score by Debussy. This was both a triumph for its stylized modernism and a scandal; the Archbishop of Paris prohibited Catholics from attending because St. Sebastian was being played by a woman and a Jew.

After the First World War, Rubinstein appeared in a number of plays, and in Staat's Istar at the Paris Opera in 1924. She also played the leading role in the 1921 silent film La Nave based on D'Annunzio's play of the same name and directed by his son.

Between 1928 and 1929, she directed her own company in Paris with Nijinska as choreographer. She commissioned and performed in Maurice Ravel's Boléro in 1928. Other works developed in 1928 were Massine's David, with music by Sauguet; and Le Baiser de la fée, with music by Stravinsky, and choreography by Nijinska. The repertoire also included The Firebird (L'Oiseau de Feu) with music by Stravinsky, and choreography by Michel Fokine; this had been one of the most sensational creations for the Ballets Russes. The company was revived in 1931 and 1934, with new works. She closed the company in 1935, and gave her last performance in the play Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher in Paris, 1939.

Rubinstein often staged free ballet events and continued to dance until the start of the Second World War.

Later life
Rubinstein is not considered to be in the top tier of ballerinas; she began her training too late for that to have been possible. She did, however, have tremendous stage presence and was able to act. She was also a significant patron and she tended to commission works that suited her abilities, works that mixed dance with drama and stagecraft. In 1934, the French government awarded her the Légion d'honneur, and then in 1939 the Grand Cross of the Légion, its highest honor. In 1935, she was awarded honorary French citizenship, and in 1936 she converted to Roman Catholicism.

In 1940, she left France during the German invasion, and made her way to England via Algeria and Morocco. There she helped wounded Free French soldiers until 1944. Walter Guinness (later Lord Moyne), her long-term lover and sponsor, remained supportive, providing a suite at the Ritz Hotel, until he was assassinated by the Stern Gang in late 1944. She returned to France after the war, living finally at Les Olivades in Vence.

Rubinstein lived the final 10 years of her life in relative quiet. She died in 1960 in Vence, France, and is buried nearby.

Images and paintings
Rubinstein was much celebrated in art. Her portrait by Valentin Serov in 1910 marks the most complete realization of his mature style. The Art Deco sculptor Demetre Chiparus produced a Rubinstein figurine, and she was also painted by Antonio de la Gandara and Jacques-Émile Blanche. Costume designer Léon Bakst created numerous images of Rubinstein in various roles. Rubinstein did not like long sittings and earned the reputation of being a difficult subject. For this reason, Blanche and others preferred to work from photographs.

Rubinstein was bisexual, and in 1911 she began a three-year affair with the painter Romaine Brooks, who created several striking portraits, including one of the dancer as a nude model for Venus. Brooks' portraits were based on "an extraordinary series of photographs taken by Brooks at the time".

Brooks explained Rubinstein's allure to her audiences and artists as follows:

"It was Ida Rubinstein's elusive quality that fascinated. She expressed an inner self that had no particular denomination. Her beauty belonged to those mental images that demand manifestation, and whatever period she represented she became its image. In reality she was the crystallization of a poet's image, a painter's vision, and as such she possessed further significance ... It was her gift for impersonating the beauty of every époque, that marked Ida Rubinstein as unique."

Additional references

 * Toni Bentley (2005) Sisters of Salome, Bison Books, ISBN 0-8032-6241-8
 * Michael de Cossart, Ida Rubinstein (1885–1960): A Theatrical Life, Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-146-X
 * Vicki Woolf, The Story of Ida Rubinstein: Dancing in the Vortex, harwood academic publishers, 2000, ISBN 90-5755-087-3
 * La nave (directed by Gabriellino d'Annunzio) on the Internet Movie Database

title: Ida Rubinstein


text:
Chess composer

A chess composer is a person who creates endgame studies or chess problems. Chess composers usually specialize in a particular genre, e.g. endgame studies, twomovers, threemovers, moremovers, helpmates, selfmates, fairy problems, or retrograde analysis. Moreover, composers have their own preferred style of composing, allowing their sorting according to composition schools.

Some chess composers produce huge numbers of chess compositions, while others try to achieve as much quality as possible and present new works only rarely.

It is possible for chess composers to gain official FIDE titles, usually for a given number of problems published in FIDE Albums. For example, Milan Vukcevich was an International Grandmaster of Chess Composition, as well as an International Master player.

The WFCC (World Federation for Chess Composition), formerly known as PCCC, is a branch of FIDE regulating the awarding of titles such as International Grandmaster, International master, Master FIDE and International Judge for chess composition.

Schools of composition
Composition school in chess composition is a particular style of creating chess problems, putting emphasis on different aspects of the problem contents and attracting the interest of an important number of chess composers. The best-known composition schools, as they evolved historically, are:

 * Old German school put emphasis on complexity and difficulty of solution and model mate in the main variation, the most suitable genres being fourmovers and fivemovers;
 * Bohemian school puts emphasis on artistic beauty and number of variations finished by model mates, the most suitable genres being threemovers and fourmovers;
 * English school demanded dual-free play in all variations and put emphasis on varied motivation in high number of variations;
 * American school puts emphasis on originality and presence of surprising elements in the solution;
 * New German school (also known as logical school) requires logical structure of solution and purity (or economy) of aim, the longer genres are more suitable;
 * New Bohemian school combines requirements of new German school and Bohemian school;
 * Strategical school puts emphasis on complexity of motivation in high number of variations, both defence and harmful motifs should be unified whenever possible, mostly in twomovers and threemovers;
 * Soviet school is a highly developed level of strategic school;
 * New-strategical school requires changes of variations or move functions between phases;
 * Slovak school requires changes of motifs between phases.

Many chess problems are clearly attributable to a specific one of these schools, but there are many problems that might be attributed to none of these or to more than one of them. Today, many chess composers regularly do work in the area of multiple schools.

Notable chess composers

 * Fadil Abdurahmanovic
 * Edith Baird
 * Pal Benko
 * Gijs van Breukelen
 * Vladimir Bron
 * André Chéron
 * Eugene Cook
 * Thomas Rayner Dawson
 * Vincent Lanius Eaton
 * Karl Fabel
 * Edgar Holladay
 * Bernhard Horwitz
 * Genrikh Kasparyan
 * Cyril Kipping
 * Josef Kling
 * Leonid Kubbel
 * Sam Loyd
 * Comins Mansfield
 * William Meredith
 * Geoffrey Mott-Smith
 * Vladimir Nabokov
 * Geoffrey Peckover
 * Vasily Platov
 * Henri Rinck
 * Aleksei Selesniev
 * William Shinkman
 * Alexei Troitsky
 * Milan Vukcevich
 * Alain Campbell White

title: Chess composer


text:
Talk:Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)

External links modified
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I have just modified 14 external links on Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Page formatting looks weird
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Is it okay? Stephenfryfan (talk) 10:05, 30 September 2020 (UTC)
 * apparently it wasn't
 * generally not a good idea to make any changes to quoted text. small changes of CASE don't normally require discussion. -- 109.76.196.168 (talk) 07:13, 1 January 2021 (UTC)


text:
Talk:List of municipalities and communities of Greece by prefecture

Previous comment
I find this request interesting...It is listed as the most wanted page with 206 links to it, but when I check the linked references many of them are the welcome notes sent out by the administrator to new Wikipedians. Is there a better way to measure requests for page development than this?

I have also searched Wikipedia and noticed there is already a list of municipalities with various statistics. Is this a duplication or a more specific request? Anyone with information about this??? Tim Graff 22:49, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Update needed
This is the arrangement that prevailed before 2011 under a different law. It was all reorganized by the Kallikratis Law of 2010. Different now. Fewer regions. Needs to be updated. If you want to do it the new arrangement was cited in a note under Therapnes. It is a file in modern Greek giving a big table organized hierarchically. If you just know the Greek alphabet and a little minimal Greek you can probably do it. If you copy phrases Google will translate them for you.Dave (talk) 14:49, 29 August 2011 (UTC) PS Should we keep this arrangement also as the previous one so people can cross-refence?


text:
Alternative Press Expo

The Alternative Press Expo (APE) was a comic book festival and alternative comics convention that operated from 1994 to 2017. Founded by Slave Labor Graphics publisher Dan Vado, APE focused on self-published, independent, and alternative cartoonists and comic publishers.

History
APE was organized by Vado in 1994 as an event for artists to "promote themselves without having to drown out a 50-million-watt display by some huge publisher." The first APE was held as a one-day event in San Jose, California.

Vado transferred management of APE to Comic-Con International in 1995. The organization Friends of Lulu produced its first LuluCon (held at the Hyatt Sainte Claire) in conjunction with the 1997 Alternative Press Expo.

The event expanded to two days of programming in 1998, and included special guests Mike Allred, Jhonen Vasquez, Terry Moore, Batton Lash, Shannon Wheeler, and Jill Thompson. In 2000, APE moved to San Francisco, where it was held a one-day event at the Herbst Pavilion in Fort Mason, before moving to the Concourse Exhibition Center in 2003. The programming available at the event expanded under Comic-Con International, with APE 2005 offering panels, seminars, exhibitions and special guests. APE was moved to the fall beginning in 2008.

The final APE organized by Comic-Con International was held in 2014. Vado re-assumed management of the event that year, and returned APE to San Jose in 2015. The most recent APE was held in 2017, with special guests Jhonen Vasquez and Derf Backderf. , the event is no longer produced.

Event dates and locations

 * 1994: June 4 — Parkside Hall, San Jose
 * 1995: May 19 — San Jose
 * 1996: March 23 — San Jose
 * 1997: February 1 — San Jose
 * 1998: February 21–22 — San Jose
 * 1999: February 27–28 — San Jose
 * 2000: February 5 — Herbst Pavilion, Fort Mason, San Francisco
 * 2001: February 17–18 — Herbst Pavilion, Fort Mason, San Francisco
 * 2002: February 9–10 — Herbst Pavilion, Fort Mason, San Francisco
 * 2003: February 1–2 — Concourse Exhibition Center, San Francisco
 * 2004: February 21–22 — Concourse Exhibition Center, San Francisco
 * 2005: April 9–10 — Concourse Exhibition Center, San Francisco
 * 2006: April 8–9 – Concourse Exhibition Center, San Francisco
 * 2007: April 21–22 — Concourse Exhibition Center, San Francisco
 * 2008: November 1–2 — Concourse Exhibition Center, San Francisco
 * 2009: October 17–18 — Concourse Exhibition Center, San Francisco
 * 2010: October 16–17 — Concourse Exhibition Center, San Francisco
 * 2011: October 1–2 — Concourse Exhibition Center, San Francisco
 * 2012: October 13–14 — Concourse Exhibition Center, San Francisco
 * 2013: October 12–13 – Concourse Exhibition Center, San Francisco
 * 2014: October 4–5 – Festival Pavilion, Fort Mason, San Francisco
 * 2015: October 3-4 – San Jose Convention Center, San Jose
 * 2016: October 8-9 – San Jose Convention Center, San Jose
 * 2017: September 23–24 – San Jose Convention Center, San Jose

title: Alternative Press Expo


text:
RG-58

RG-58/U is a type of coaxial cable often used for low-power signal and RF connections. The cable has a characteristic impedance of either 50 or 52 Ω. "RG" was originally a unit indicator for bulk RF cable in the U.S. military's Joint Electronics Type Designation System. There are several versions covering the differences in core material (solid or braided wire) and shield (70% to 95% coverage).

The outside diameter of RG-58 is around 0.2 inches (5 mm). RG-58 weighs around 0.025 lb/ft (37 g/m), exhibits approximately 25 pF/ft (82 pF/m) capacitance and can tolerate a maximum of 300 V potential (1800 W). Plain RG-58 cable has a solid center conductor. The RG-58A/U features a flexible 7- or 19-strand center conductor.

Most two-way radio communication systems, such as marine, CB radio, amateur, police, fire, WLAN antennas etc., are designed to work with a 50 Ω cable.

RG-58 cable is often used as a generic carrier of signals in laboratories, combined with BNC connectors that are common on test and measurement equipment such as oscilloscopes.

RG-58 in versions RG-58A/U or RG-58C/U was once widely used in "thin" Ethernet (10BASE2), for which it provides a maximum segment length of 185 meters. However, it has been almost completely replaced by twisted-pair cabling such as Cat 5, Cat 6, and similar cables in data networking applications.

RG-58 cable can be used for moderately high frequencies. Its signal attenuation depends on the frequency, e.g. from 10.8 dB per 100 m (3.3 dB per 100 feet) at 50 MHz to 70.5 dB per 100 m (21.5 dB per 100 feet) at 1 GHz.

title: RG-58


text: File:Westward Logo.jpg

title: File:Westward Logo.jpg


text:
Kodiak College

Kodiak College is a public, two-year college in Kodiak, Alaska, that is a satellite campus of the University of Alaska Anchorage. It has a student body of approximately 1,000 and is also home to the Carolyn Floyd Library.

History
Kodiak College opened in 1968. There were only eight courses available with a total of 95 students enrolled in the college's first year, and all courses were personally taught by Carolyn Floyd. In 1972, Kodiak had completed its first building that was dedicated to classrooms allowing for the college's first departure from the High School campus onto its own. In 1987, Kodiak College changed its previous designation as a community college to be absorbed by and become an extension to the University of Alaska Anchorage.

The campus sits on 50 acre approximately 2 miles from the city of Kodiak. During the winter semester of 2014, there were 915 students enrolled and approximately 100 courses were offered each semester. The college employs approximately 50 faculty members each semester. Kodiak College's only bachelor's degree is in education but there are multiple associate degree options.

Academics
===Two-Year Degrees ===
 * Associate of Arts, General Program (AA)
 * Accounting (AAS)
 * Computer Information & Office System (AAS)
 * Computer Systems Technology (AAS)
 * Early Childhood Education (AAS)
 * General Business (AAS)
 * Nursing (AAS)
 * Technology [applied/vocational] (AAS)

===Certificates ===

Computer Information and Office Systems

 * Office Foundations
 * Office Support
 * Bookkeeping Support
 * Medical Office Support
 * Office Digital Media
 * Technical Support

Other Certificates

 * Health Care Assistant

title: Kodiak College


text:
Ratlines

Ratlines are lengths of thin line tied between the shrouds of a sailing ship to form a ladder. Found on all square-rigged ships, whose crews must go aloft to stow the square sails, they also appear on larger fore-and-aft rigged vessels to aid in repairs aloft or conduct a lookout from above.

Rat-boards
Rat-boards are lower courses in a ratline, often made of slats of wood (battens) for support where the distance between shrouds is greatest. In some instances holes in these slats guide and organise low-tension lines between the deck and the rig.

Knotting
"Although the name clove hitch is given by Falconer in his Dictionary of 1769, the knot is much older, having been tied in ratlines at least as early as the first quarter of the sixteenth century. This is shown in early sculpture and paintings."

- The Ashley Book of Knots

title: Ratlines


text:
Combatant Status Review Tribunal

The Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRT) were a set of tribunals for confirming whether detainees held by the United States at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp had been correctly designated as "enemy combatants". The CSRTs were established July 7, 2004 by order of U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz after U.S. Supreme Court rulings in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld and Rasul v. Bush and were coordinated through the Office for the Administrative Review of the Detention of Enemy Combatants.

These non-public hearings were conducted as "a formal review of all the information related to a detainee to determine whether each person meets the criteria to be designated as an enemy combatant." The first CSRT hearings began in July 2004. Redacted transcripts of hearings for "high value detainees" were posted to the Department of Defense (DoD) website. As of October 30, 2007, fourteen CSRT transcripts were available on the DoD website.

The Supreme Court of the United States found these tribunals to be unconstitutional in Boumediene v. Bush.

Existing U.S. and the Combat Status Review Tribunals
The CSRTs are not bound by the rules of evidence that would apply in court, and the government's evidence is presumed to be "genuine and accurate." The government is required to present all of its relevant evidence, including evidence that tends to negate the detainee's designation, to the tribunal. Unclassified summaries of relevant evidence may be provided to the detainee. The detainee's personal representative may view classified information and comment on it to the tribunal to aid in its determination but does not act as an advocate for the detainee. If the tribunal determines that the preponderance of the evidence is insufficient to support a continued designation as "enemy combatant" and its recommendation is approved through the chain of command established for that purpose, the detainee will be informed of that decision upon finalization of transportation arrangements (or earlier, if the task force commander deems it appropriate). The rules do not give a timetable for informing detainees in the event that the tribunal has decided to retain their enemy combatant designations. Article 5 creates a particularized limited process, intended to sort individuals when any doubt exists as to their status. The sole question for determination is whether the captive meets the definition of POW in Article 4 of the Prisoner of War Convention.

Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England stated:

"As you will recall, in last June's Supreme Court decision in "Hamdi," Justice O'Connor explicitly suggested that a process based on existing military regulations—and she specifically cited Army regulation 190-8—might be sufficient to meet due process standards. You'll also perhaps know that that Army regulation is what the U.S. uses to implement Article 5 of the Geneva Convention that deals with prisoners of war. So [if] our CSRT process incorporates that guidance from Article 5, Army regulation 190-8..."

Thus, the tribunals themselves are modeled after the procedures—AR 190-8 Tribunals—the military uses to make determinations in compliance with the Article 5 of the Third Geneva Convention (that states "Should any doubt arise as to whether persons, having committed a belligerent act and having fallen into the hands of the enemy, belong to any of the categories enumerated in Article 4, such persons shall enjoy the protection of the present Convention until such time as their status has been determined by a competent tribunal.") This is most likely because, in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, a plurality of the Supreme Court suggested the Department of Defense empanel tribunals similar to the AR 190 to make factual status determinations. The mandate of the CSRTs and the AR 190-8 Tribunals differed in that AR 190-8 Tribunals were authorized to determine that captives were civilians, who should be released, and "lawful combatants", whom the Geneva Conventions protect from prosecution.

Conduct of Combatant Status Review Tribunals
The exact location of the current CSRT hearings is unknown, but prior CSRT hearings were held in trailers in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Images of the trailers, with the white, plastic chairs the detainees sat in shackled to the floor and the large, black leather chair behind a microphone where the President sat can be found on the DoD website.

Presiding officers
The identity of the presiding officers at CSRTs hearings is classified. In the CSRT transcripts released on the DoD website, that information has been removed from the transcripts. The ranks of those present, however, and their service branch remain in the documents. For example, at Guleed Hassan Ahmed's CSRT in April 2007, the CSRT President was a Lieutenant Colonel from the U.S. Air Force. Other services present include the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Army; the only other rank mentioned in the transcript was Gunnery Sergeant. In other CSRTs, the ranks, services, and persons present varied. At certain CSRTs, a non-military language analyst was present.

Role of the CSRT Recorder
The CSRT Recorder had several tasks. First, he or she was charged with keeping a record of the CSRT process by recording the CSRT process. Second, the Recorder swore in all the CSRT participants by administering an oath. Third, the Recorder was also charged with presenting classified and unclassified material during the CSRTs. Fourth, the Recorder was often asked to explain or clarify facts or information during the CSRT. In Guleed Hassan Ahmed's CSRT transcript one finds the following exchange:

PRESIDENT:[The]Tribunal has completed its review of the unclassified evidence provided. We do have one question for the Recorder. Is Somalia, Ethiopia, and/or Kenya a coalition partner? RECORDER: Somalia is not; Ethiopia is; and Kenya is, a coalition partner of the United States.

Role of the Detainee at CSRTs
Detainees had the option of attending their CSRTs, but attendance was not mandated. Some detainees protested the CSRTs by not attending, opting instead to send personal, written statements to be read before the CSRT in their absence. The reading of a detainee's written statement was the task of The Personal Representative, and this occurred, in one case, with Guleed Hassan Ahmed who did not attend his CSRT and instead sent a statement. When detainees did attend, if required, a translator was typically present to assist the detainee and tribunal members. They are given a copy of the unclassified summary of information, and aided by a "Personal Representative".

Presence of observers at CSRTs
The question of the presence of outside, neutral observers at the CSRTs is debated.

Murat Kurnaz, an example
Murat Kurnaz is a young Turkish citizen who was born in, and had grown up, in Germany. When captured, he was close to being granted German citizenship, which children of guest workers are required to apply for in a separate process when they come of age. While on a trip to Pakistan in the fall of 2001, he was taken off a tourist bus and detained, then transferred to United States custody. When his case was reviewed by a CSRT in the fall of 2004, the tribunal's determined there was enough evidence that Kurnaz had ties to terrorism to classify and hold him as an enemy combatant.

Through a bureaucratic slip-up, Kurnaz's file was declassified. During the brief window when it was declassified in March 2005, The Washington Post reviewed all the evidence against him and published a summary.

Joyce Hens Green, a US District Court judge for the District of Columbia, was assigned in 2004 to coordinate the nearly 60 habeas corpus cases filed following the US Supreme Court's decision in Rasul v. Bush (2004) that detainees had the right to due process and to habeas corpus challenges of their detention. Kurnaz' case was one which she reviewed, and she had the clearance to review both the classified and declassified materials.

Green found that Kurnaz' file contained some 100 pages of documents and reports explaining that German and American investigators could find no evidence whatsoever that Kurnaz had any ties to terrorism. Shortly before his tribunal an unsigned memo had been added to his file concluding he was an al Qaeda member. Green's comment on the memo was that it:

"fails to provide significant details to support its conclusory allegations, does not reveal the sources for its information and is contradicted by other evidence in the record."

Green stated that Kurnaz' case was an "extreme example of illegal detention" at Guantanamo.

Eugene R. Fidell, a Washington-based expert in military law, said:

"It suggests the procedure is a sham; if a case like that can get through, what it means is that the merest scintilla of evidence against someone would carry the day for the government, even if there's a mountain of evidence on the other side."

Critics
Principal arguments of why these tribunals are inadequate to warrant acceptance as "competent tribunal" are:
 * The CSRT conducted rudimentary proceedings
 * The CSRT afforded detainees few basic protections
 * Many detainees lacked counsel
 * The CSRT also informed detainees only of general charges against them, while the details on which the CSRT premised enemy combatant status decisions were classified.
 * Detainees had no right to present witnesses or to cross-examine government witnesses.

Some specific cases that call attention to what critics assert is a flawed nature of the CSRT procedure: Mustafa Ait Idir, Moazzam Begg, Murat Kurnaz, Feroz Abbasi, and Martin Mubanga.

James Crisfield, the legal advisor to the Tribunals, offered his legal opinion, that CSRT

"do not have the discretion to determine that a detainee should be classified as a prisoner of war -- only whether the detainee satisfies the definition of 'enemy combatant'"

Determining whether a captive should be classified as a prisoner of war is the purpose of a "competent tribunal". On June 29, 2006, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Geneva Conventions should be applied, but only Article 3, which does not require a competent tribunal.

Results
Specific Combatant Status Review Tribunal hearings have resulted in a variety of outcomes. Many detainees are still being detained, others have been released to return to their homeland, and still others have been classified and cleared for release but remain at Guantanamo Bay and in U.S. custody because their home countries cannot assure their safety.

According to the prior Secretary of the Navy Gordon England,

"The basis of detaining captured enemy combatants is not to punish but, rather, to prevent them from continuing to fight against the United States and its coalition partners in the ongoing global war on terrorism. Detention of captured enemy combatants is both allowed and accepted under international law of armed conflict."

2007 Combatant Status Review Tribunals for 14 "high-value detainees"
In a surprise move President George W. Bush announced the transfer of 14 "high-value detainees" from clandestine CIA custody to military custody in Guantanamo in the fall of 2006. Prior to the transfer legal critics had repeatedly stated that the men in covert CIA custody could never be tried because they had been subjected to abusive interrogation techniques, which would invalidate any evidence that flowed from their interrogations. Nevertheless, Bush said the transfer would allow the men, most of whom were considered to be members of the inner circle of al Qaeda's senior leadership, to be tried at Guantanamo Bay using the CSRT procedures.

U.S. Judicial appeals
The Bush Presidency asserted that the captives had no right to appeal and that they were outside the US judicial systems. Captives who had "next friends" willing to initiate the habeas corpus process filed appeals before US District Courts. Rasul v. Bush (2004) was the first appeal to make its way to the Supreme Court of the United States. The court ruled that detainees had the right to challenge the basis of their detention, and that the government needed to distinguish between POWs, civilians, and enemy combatants.

To respond to the Court's ruling, the Bush administration established the Combatant Status Review Tribunals to review whether detainees were properly classified as enemy combatants and began reviews in 2004. It was not until they had determined if a detainee was an enemy combatant that they could proceed to trials by military commissions. In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Court ruled that the system of military commissions as established by the DoD was illegal and needed to be replaced by a system authorized by Congress. Through the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 and the Military Commissions Act of 2006, in accordance with Bush administration goals, the United States Congress moved to limit, and then curtail the detainees' ability to file habeas corpus appeals. The Supreme Court ruled on the outstanding habeas corpus appeals in Al Odah v. United States and Boumediene v. Bush (2008), discussed below.

The Military Commission Act provides a process by which captives can appeal the decisions of the Combatant Status Review Tribunal and whether it properly followed OARDEC's rules in reaching its determination. If and when captives are able to file these appeals, they would be heard before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. Emma Schwartz, in the U.S. News & World Report, on August 30, 2007, reported that her sources told her: "...Up to one fourth of the department's own civil appellate staff has recently opted out of handling the government's cases against detainee appeals."

Several amalgamated cases have been initiated in the DC Circuit Court. There is controversy over whether the Appeal Court will have access to all of the evidence against the captives. As of May 2008, none of the cases have proceeded to the point when the judges would consider the merits of the case.

Witnesses requested by detainees
Detainees in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps in Cuba were initially not provided with any mechanism with which to challenge the allegations that kept them detained. Lawyers who volunteered to represent the detainees challenged various aspects of the legal basis of the Bush and Obama administrations policy on detainees in the war on terror. As a result of Rasul v. Bush, the US Supreme Court ruled that detainees needed to be provided with a mechanism whereby they could challenge the laws that kept them in detention. In July 2004 the Department of Defense responded by instituting Combatant Status Review Tribunals. Detainees were allowed to request witnesses. The Presidents of the Tribunals had the authority to rule whether those witnesses would be "relevant." If the president ruled a witness relevant, the Tribunals officers were to undertake good faith efforts to find the witnesses.

Supreme Court 2008 ruling
On June 12, 2008 the Supreme Court ruled in the case Boumediene v. Bush, 5–4, that Guantanamo captives were entitled to access the US justice system.

Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote in the majority opinion:

"The laws and Constitution are designed to survive, and remain in force, in extraordinary times."

The Court also ruled that the Combatant Status Review Tribunals were "inadequate". Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, David Souter and John Paul Stevens joined Kennedy in the majority.

Chief Justice John Roberts, in the dissenting opinion, called the CSR Tribunals:

"... the most generous set of procedural protections ever afforded aliens detained by this country as enemy combatants."

Samuel Alito, Clarence Thomas and Antonin Scalia joined Roberts in the dissent.

Vincent Warren, executive director of the Center for Constitutional Rights, the organization that initiated the case that the Supreme Court ruled on, said:

"The Supreme Court has finally brought an end to one of our nation's most egregious injustices. It has finally given the men held at Guantánamo the justice that they have long deserved. By granting the writ of habeas corpus, the Supreme Court recognizes a rule of law established hundreds of years ago and essential to American jurisprudence since our nation's founding. This six-year-long nightmare is a lesson in how fragile our constitutional protections truly are in the hands of an overzealous executive."

title: Combatant Status Review Tribunal


text: User talk:68.77.39.189

title: User talk:68.77.39.189


text:
Scota

In medieval Irish and Scottish legend, Scota is the daughter of an Egyptian pharaoh and ancestor of the Gaels. She is said to be the origin of their Latin name Scoti, but historians say she (and her alleged ancestors and spouses) was purely mythological and was created to explain the name and to fit the Gaels into a historical narrative.

Early sources
Edward J. Cowan traced the first mention of Scota in literature to the 12th century. Scota appears in the Irish chronicle Book of Leinster, in a redaction of the Lebor Gabála Érenn. The 9th-century Historia Brittonum contains the earliest surviving version of the Lebor Gabala Erenn story (centred on an unnamed Goídel Glas), but this earliest version does not mention Scota even indirectly.

The Lebor Gabála Érenn states that Scota was the mother of Goidel Glas, the eponymous ancestor of the Gaels. This Scota was the daughter of an Egyptian pharaoh named Cingris, a likely reference to Pharaoh Chenchres from the kings list of Jerome (who is called Akenkheres in Egyptian records). She marries Goidel's father Niul, son of Fénius Farsaid (the inventor of letters and legendary ancestor of the Phoenicians).

Niul son of Fénius returns to Babylon as part of an effort to study the confusion of languages. He is a scholar of languages and is invited by Pharaoh Cingris to Egypt to take Scota's hand in marriage. Scota and Niul's son, Goídel, who was saved by a prayer from Moses after being bitten by a snake, is said to have created the Gaelic language by combining the best features of the 72 languages then in existence. In Fordun's early Scottish version, Gaythelos, as he calls Goídel Glas, is the son of "a certain king of the countries of Greece, Neolus, or Heolaus, by name", who was exiled to Egypt and took service with the Pharaoh, marrying Pharaoh's daughter Scota. The Lebor Gabála Érenn describes him as a Scythian, yet the famed Irish genealogist John O'Hart notes that Niul's father was a Phoenician, the brother of the legendary Cadmus.

Other twelfth-century sources state that Scota was the wife of Geytholos (Goídel Glas), rather than his mother, and was the founder of the Scots and Gaels after they were exiled from Egypt.

Other manuscripts of the Lebor Gabála Érenn contain a legend of a Scotia who was the wife of Goidel's descendant Míl Espáine of ancient Iberia. This Scotia's Grave is a famous landmark in Munster.

The Gaels, known in Gaelic as Goídel and in Latin as Scoti, are said to be named after Goidel and Scota. However, historians say they were characters created to explain the names and to fit the Gaels into a historical narrative.

Scota and the Stone of Scone
Baldred Bisset is credited with being the first to connect the Stone of Scone with the Scota foundation legends in his 1301 work Processus, putting forward an argument that Scotland, not Ireland, was where the original Scota homeland lay.

Bisset wanted to legitimize a Scottish (as opposed to English) accession to the throne when Alexander III of Scotland died in 1286. At his coronation in 1249, Alexander himself heard his royal genealogy recited generations back to Scota. Bisset attempted to legitimize a Scottish accession by highlighting Scota's importance as the transporter of the Stone of Scone from Ancient Egypt, during the Exodus of Moses, to Scotland. In 1296, the Stone was captured by Edward I of England and taken to Westminster Abbey. In 1323, Robert the Bruce used Bisset's legend connecting Scota to the Stone in an attempt to return it to Scone Abbey in Scotland.

The 15th-century English chronicler John Hardyng later attempted to debunk Bisset's claims.

Later sources
Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland and John of Fordun's Chronica Gentis Scotorum (1385) are sources of the Scota legends, alongside Thomas Grey's Scalacronica (1362). Hector Boece's 16th-century Historia Gentis Scotorum ("History of the Scottish People") also mentions the Scota foundation myth.

Walter Bower's 15th-century Scotichronicon included the first illustrations of the legends. The 16th-century writer Hector Boece included the story of Scota in his Historia Gentis Scotorum, and William Stewart made a verse translation in the Scots language for the Scottish royal court.

Scota's Grave

"Scota's Grave" or "Scotia's Grave" is a rock feature in Gleann Scoithín or 'Glenscoheen', south of Tralee in County Kerry, Ireland. According to the National Monuments Service, "Following a site inspection in 1999 it was concluded that the evidence was not sufficient to warrant accepting this as an archaeological monument".

title: Scota


text:
Rambler Channel Bridge (railway bridge)

The Rambler Channel Bridge is a quadruple-track railway bridge in Hong Kong. It carries the MTR's Airport Express and Tung Chung line over the Rambler Channel, linking Tsing Yi station and Lai King station.

History
In 1994, the Mass Transit Railway Corporation awarded the contract to design and construct the bridge to Dragages et Travaux Publics, in partnership with Penta-Ocean Construction. The contract was worth $490 million. The bridge was designed by Bouygues Travaux Publics. Construction began in October 1995. It was structurally completed in February 1997. The bridge began carrying revenue passengers with the opening of the Tung Chung line on 21 June 1998.

1996 construction accident
Six construction workers were killed when a metal work platform collapsed on 6 June 1996. The platform, which held four men, plunged 20 metres and crushed two workers below. The men were rushed to Yan Chai Hospital in nearby Tsuen Wan and declared dead shortly after arrival at 6:00 pm.

Those killed were engineer Tam Wai-shing, 40; Yeung Sung-po, 50; Shek Shing, 58; Wong Kam-wo, 30; and brothers-in-law Law Tai-yau, 36, and Cheng Chi-ming, 33.

The Labour Department launched an investigation to determine the cause of the accident. It was aided by specialists from the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department and the Buildings Department. Construction of the bridge was temporarily halted and the Labour Department inspected all similar work platforms across the territory.

The tragedy was blamed on the wrong type of bolt being used to affix the work platform to a concrete pillar. A Coroner's Court inquest before coroner David Thomas heard that the anchor bolts were only half the length required, were designed to hold electric cables, and were screwed into plastic sockets. The platform collapsed after two of the bolts detached. The weight on the platform exceeded four tonnes, or three times more than the bolts could support.

On 4 December 1996, the Labour Department issued summonses to Dragages et Travaux Publics; its manager, Didier Noel; and subcontractor Takamura Limited (which built the platform), under charges of breaching general duties provisions under the Factory and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance. Dragages was accused of not providing sufficient training to workers, and failing to ensure the safety of the platform. A representative for Takamura argued against prosecuting the company as it was only responsible for installing the platform.

Dragages et Travaux Publics was found solely responsible for the collapse. The company was fined HK$105,000 on 8 August 1997 after admitting to three charges of failing to ensure safety and failing to maintain properly built scaffolding. In October 1997 Takamura Limited (also known as Pacific Island Consultants) was cleared of responsibility for the accident.

The tragedy was the single greatest loss of life during the Airport Core Programme.

Description
The bridge is 1,100 metres long. It is made up of precast concrete segments lowered into place by a launching gantry. The bilevel main deck segments are eight metres high and weigh 120 tonnes each. The segments are held together with epoxy glue and high-strength steel tendons.

title: Rambler Channel Bridge (railway bridge)


text:
Talk:Snuff (film)

Query re: additions
I am not sure what the following comments are supposed to mean exactly.

The mystery continued when Michael Findlay was killed in a helicopter accident.

Neither his wife Roberta, nor the argentinian actors Aldo Mayo, Alfredo Iglesias and Mirtha Massa wanted to talk about the making of the film

What was the mystery that continued after Michael Findlay's death? I didn't know there was a mystery; all discussions I've read about this film all state that it was an old horror film with a tacked-on faked-murder new ending. No mystery there. The other comment is difficult to disprove. I've never really read interviews from any of these people, just a single comment by Roberta Findlay which apparently assesses the quality of the script of the film. Did they actually *refuse* to talk about the film or is it just that few comments or interviews have surfaced? MinorEdit 22:53, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * OK I'm deleting the text quoted above from the main article. MinorEdit 07:05, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Identifying the cast
In an interview on The Rialto Report, producer Jack Bravman says the Argentine beauty queen Mirta Massa was in this film. I've linked her name accordingly. (Her given name is apparently misspelled on the film's poster as "Mirtha".) Bravman also says his girlfriend Xanthe Ellis had a "lead role" in Slaughter/Snuff, and also appeared in Invasion of the Blood Farmers. (Ellis's name also appears on the poster for Slaughter.) Having skimmed both (terrible) films on YouTube, the actress who plays Ana in Snuff does bear a strong resemblance to the actress who appears 59 minutes into Blood Farmers. This leads me to think the names of the Snuff actresses and characters as listed here and on IMDb are mixed up - but I guess that's WP:OR. --Muzilon (talk) 15:25, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

Theatrical release in 1971?
Is there any proof the film was ever screened theatrically under the title Slaughter? The Skeptical Inquirer article says it was, but producer Jack Bravman seems to imply it was shelved due to potential distributors being uncomfortable about its parallels to the Tate murders. I searched Newspapers.com for advertisements or theatrical listings, but only got hits for the 1972 Blaxploitation film of the same name.--Muzilon (talk) 09:09, 25 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snuff (film)


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Formerly Known as the Justice League

Super Buddies are a team of comic book superheroes in the DC Comics universe who appear in the six-issue Formerly Known as the Justice League miniseries in 2003, and its 2005 sequel, I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League (published in JLA Classified). The team is put together by former Justice League bank roller Maxwell Lord as a superhero team "accessible to the common man". The team is considered more or less inept and incapable of being of any help by many (including the actual Justice League). The team was created by writers Keith Giffen and J. M. DeMatteis, and artists Kevin Maguire and Joe Rubinstein.

Giffen, DeMatteis, and Maguire had previously created the tongue-in-cheek Justice League International comic book in the 1990s, and revived a similar style of comedy as that series featured.

Formerly Known as the Justice League
Most of the Super Buddies recruited by Maxwell Lord and his robot sidekick L-Ron are former members of Justice League International when Giffen, DeMatteis, and Maguire worked on the series: Blue Beetle, Booster Gold, Fire, Ralph Dibny (The Elongated Man) and his wife Sue, and Captain Atom. A seventh former member, Captain Marvel, is recruited by L-Ron, but he turns down the offer. His sister, Mary Marvel, joined in his place.

The Super Buddies do not and cannot get along: Blue Beetle and Booster Gold, formerly the self-proclaimed "Abbott and Costello" of the JLI, now find themselves constantly arguing and fruitlessly attempting to prove to one another that they have matured. No one takes Booster or Ralph Dibny seriously, though not without good reason. Fire runs a website, "blazingfire.com", where she makes sensual pictures of herself available for (paid) download, and cannot get along with the polite and innocent Mary Marvel, whom Fire dubs "Mary Poppins". In addition, Fire convinces Sue that Ralph rates as "a four" (out of ten), giving Ralph an inferiority complex as a result. Captain Atom has no idea why he even joined the team, and is constantly tense and frustrated around the others. To top it all off, Maxwell Lord plans to fully exploit his employees' images; he sets their headquarters up in a Queens, New York strip mall storefront, making the team available for contact through a 1-800 number and producing a Super Friends-esque television commercial for the Super Buddies.

This new team successfully defeats the E-Street Bloodsuckers, a gang of Harvard drop-out super-powered hoodlums, thanks to a well-timed slap from Mary. The Super Buddies are then kidnapped during their first team meeting by Roulette, who brainwashes them into serving as gladiators in her intergalactic metahuman arena. Mary Marvel and Captain Atom are pitted against each other, and the mind-controlled Mary nearly beats Atom and Fire to death before she overcomes her programming and the team is released from captivity.

While Beetle and Booster rush a seriously injured (and radioactively leaking) Captain Atom to a hospital, the others find that Manga Khan, L-Ron's former master, has come to Earth to reclaim the robot. Khan offers to trade G'nort, another former JLI member, for possession of L-Ron, but when this offer is refused, and Booster accidentally knocks over several rows of Khan's sentries, Khan declares war on Earth. Only by the intervention of the real Justice League (who have been spying on the Super Buddies all this time in anticipation of such a faux pas) is an intergalactic crisis avoided.

Formerly Known as the Justice League proved a popular miniseries, and won the 2004 Eisner Award for Best Comedy Series.

I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League

A six-issue sequel to Formerly Known as the Justice League, I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League, was produced by Giffen, DeMatteis, and Maguire in 2004, but its publication was held off until 2005, after DC's Identity Crisis, in which a pregnant Sue Dibny is killed, had run its course. There is a running gag in the miniseries involving whether or not Sue is pregnant.

I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League, published in JLA Classified #4-9, finds the Super Buddies settling into their roles as superheroes for hire. The Elongated Man is bragging about Sue allegedly being pregnant, when she is, in fact, not pregnant. Fire and Mary Batson (Mary Marvel's alter ego) become roommates, much to the distaste of Mary's brother Billy Batson (a.k.a. Captain Marvel). Captain Atom has quit the team because of the incident with Mary from the previous miniseries and sued Maxwell Lord, leading him to attempt to recruit both Power Girl and Guy Gardner to join the team. Gardner causes several problems of his own: he is opening a bar next door to the Super Buddies' strip mall headquarters, and he takes delight in sexually harassing Fire, Sue, Power Girl, and Mary Marvel.

While visiting the Justice Society of America headquarters, Booster Gold begins messing around with Doctor Fate's talisman and inadvertently wishes the team to Hell. From the depths of Hell, Fire calls Sue for help (on her cell phone, which is then accidentally destroyed), and Power Girl and Guy Gardner are recruited to follow the team to Hell and save them. While in Hell, the Super Buddies work at a labyrinthine version of Big Belly Burger called "Beelze Burger". The demons use Mary Batson as a hostage, since her magic word — "Shazam!" — does not work in Hell (since the wizard Shazam himself is not present in that plane of existence). Ralph uses his stretching abilities to help foil the demons' plan to torture the Buddies. To the amazement of both Fire and Gardner, the Super Buddies discover Ice, another former JLI member, among the denizens of Hell. Sickened by Fire and Gardner's displays of sorrow, the demons free the group, allowing them to take Ice with them as long as they do not look back on their way out. Fire accidentally looks back, and Ice is snatched back to the afterlife. It is implied that Ice will be sent to Valhalla.

The group makes its way out of Hell, but soon find themselves trapped in an alternate universe populated by a team of sinister versions of themselves and their fellow heroes called the "Power Posse". This team is a group-for-hire who operated out of a strip club owned by a sleazy, or sleazier, version of Maxwell Lord and his moll, a degraded and somewhat dimwitted version of Sue Dibny. The Power Posse consisted of a giant-sized G'nort who began a destructive rampage, sado-masochistic incestuous versions of Captain Marvel (who talked with a lisp) and Mary Marvel, who called herself Mistress Mary, a murderous Ice, now a stripper using the name Tiffany, an even stupider version of Booster working as a bartender, and bouncer Metamorpho. The Fire of this universe had been killed by Tiffany and Sue had divorced Ralph. Doctor Fate finally brings the team back to their correct dimension after they have to do battle with doppelgängers of themselves. Most of the battle takes place on the hairy, insect-infested body of G'nort himself.

Infinite Crisis
It was revealed in the eighty-page one shot Countdown to Infinite Crisis (2005) that Maxwell Lord was in fact Checkmate's latest Black King, and had been collecting information on the Justice League members' weaknesses so that he could annihilate them. Blue Beetle had broken into Lord's secret headquarters and discovered his secret, but was murdered by Lord before he could warn anyone.

In The OMAC Project #5, the remnants of the Super Buddies (Mary Marvel included) are shown trying to avenge the Blue Beetle's murder, with no success.

title: Formerly Known as the Justice League


text:
Giuliani

Giuliani is an Italian family name, which can refer to:

 * Beatrice Giuliani, Italian rower
 * Carlo Giuliani, who died during the demonstrations against 2001 G8
 * Carlo Giuliani (bishop), died 1663, bishop of Ston
 * Caroline Giuliani, American filmmaker, political activist, and writer
 * François Giuliani, (1938–2009) Algerian journalist and publicist
 * Gilda Giuliani, Italian singer
 * Laura Giuliani, Italian football goalkeeper
 * Luca Giuliani, professor at the Humboldt University, specialising in Greek and Roman archaeology
 * Lui Giuliani, Australian businessman
 * Mauro Giuliani, guitarist and composer
 * Reginaldo Giuliani, better known as Father Giuliani, Dominican friar, soldier and Italian writer
 * Rudy Giuliani, former mayor of New York City and former candidate for United States president in 2008
 * Regina Peruggi Giuliani, his first wife, American educator
 * Donna Hanover Giuliani, his second wife
 * Judith Giuliani, his third wife
 * Andrew Giuliani, his son; American Special Assistant to President Trump.
 * Caroline Giuliani, his daughter; American filmmaker, political activist, and writer
 * Simone Giuliani, Italian musician, composer, arranger and record producer
 * Stefano Giuliani, former Italian professional cyclist
 * Tony Giuliani, catcher in Major League Baseball from 1936 to 1943
 * Veronica Giuliani, mystic and saint

title: Giuliani


text: User talk:81.156.115.106

title: User talk:81.156.115.106


text:
Lystrosaurus

Lystrosaurus ('shovel lizard'; proper Greek is λίστρον lístron ‘tool for leveling or smoothing, shovel, spade, hoe’) is an extinct genus of herbivorous dicynodont therapsids from the late Permian and Early Triassic epochs (around 250 million years ago). It lived in what is now Antarctica, India, China, Mongolia, European Russia and South Africa. Four to six species are currently recognized, although from the 1930s to 1970s the number of species was thought to be much higher. They ranged in size from that of a small dog to 8 feet (2.5 meters) long.

As a dicynodont, Lystrosaurus had only two teeth (a pair of tusk-like canines), and is thought to have had a horny beak that was used for biting off pieces of vegetation. Lystrosaurus was a heavily built, herbivorous animal. The structure of its shoulders and hip joints suggests that Lystrosaurus moved with a semi-sprawling gait. The forelimbs were even more robust than the hindlimbs, and the animal is thought to have been a powerful digger that nested in burrows.

Lystrosaurus survived the Permian-Triassic extinction, 252 million years ago. In the Early Triassic, they were by far the most common terrestrial vertebrates, accounting for as many as 95% of the total individuals in some fossil beds. Researchers have offered various hypotheses for why Lystrosaurus survived the extinction event and thrived in the early Triassic.

History of discovery

Dr. Elias Root Beadle, a Philadelphia missionary and avid fossil collector, discovered the first Lystrosaurus skull. Beadle wrote to the eminent paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh, but received no reply. Marsh's rival, Edward Drinker Cope, was very interested in seeing the find, and described and named Lystrosaurus in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society in 1870. Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek words listron "shovel" and sauros "lizard". Marsh belatedly purchased the skull in May 1871, although his interest in an already-described specimen was unclear; he may have wanted to carefully scrutinize Cope's description and illustration.

Plate tectonics
The discovery of Lystrosaurus fossils at Coalsack Bluff in the Transantarctic Mountains by Edwin H. Colbert and his team in 1969–70 helped support the hypothesis of plate tectonics and strengthen the theory, since Lystrosaurus had already been found in the lower Triassic of southern Africa as well as in India and China.

Distribution and species
Lystrosaurus fossils have been found in many Late Permian and Early Triassic terrestrial bone beds, most abundantly in Africa, and to a lesser extent in parts of what are now India, China, Mongolia, European Russia, and Antarctica (which was not over the South Pole at the time).

Species found in Africa
Most Lystrosaurus fossils have been found in the Balfour and Katberg Formations of the Karoo basin in South Africa; these specimens offer the best prospects of identifying species because they are the most numerous and have been studied for the longest time. As so often with fossils, there is debate in the paleontological community as to exactly how many species have been found in the Karoo basin. Studies from the 1930s to 1970s suggested a large number (23 in one case). However, by the 1980s and 1990s, only six species were recognized in the Karoo: L. curvatus, L. platyceps, L. oviceps, L. maccaigi, L. murrayi, and L. declivis. A study in 2011 reduced that number to four, treating the fossils previously labeled as L. platyceps and L. oviceps as members of L. curvatus.

L. maccaigi is the largest and apparently most specialized species, while L. curvatus was the least specialized. A Lystrosaurus-like fossil, Kwazulusaurus shakai, has also been found in South Africa. Although not assigned to the same genus, K. shakai is very similar to L. curvatus. Some paleontologists have therefore proposed that K. shakai was possibly an ancestor of or closely related to the ancestors of L. curvatus, while L. maccaigi arose from a different lineage. L. maccaigi is found only in sediments from the Permian period, and apparently did not survive the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Its specialized features and sudden appearance in the fossil record without an obvious ancestor may indicate that it immigrated into the Karoo from an area in which Late Permian sediments have not been found. L. curvatus is found in a relatively narrow band of sediments from shortly before and after the extinction, and can be used as an approximate marker for the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods. A skull identified as L. curvatus has been found in late Permian sediments from Zambia. For many years it had been thought that there were no Permian specimens of L. curvatus in the Karoo, which led to suggestions that L. curvatus immigrated from Zambia into the Karoo. However, a re-examination of Permian specimens in the Karoo has identified some as L. curvatus, and there is no need to assume immigration.

L. murrayi and L. declivis are found only in Triassic sediments.

Other species
Lystrosaurus georgi fossils have been found in the Earliest Triassic sediments of the Moscow Basin in Russia. It was probably closely related to the African Lystrosaurus curvatus, which is regarded as one of the least specialized species and has been found in very Late Permian and very Early Triassic sediments.

L. murrayi, in addition to two undescribed species presently assigned to L. curvatus and L. declivis, is known from the Early Triassic Panchet Formation of the Damodar Valley and the Kamthi Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Basin in India. Seven Lystrosaurus species have been described from the Early Triassic Jiucaiyuan, Guodikeng and Wutonggou formations of the Bogda Mountains in Xinjiang, China, although it is possible that only two (L. youngi and L. hedini) are valid; unusually, no Chinese Lystrosaurus specimens are known below the Permian-Triassic boundary in this region. L. curvatus, L. murrayi, and L. maccaigi are known from the Fremouw Formation in the Transantarctic Mountains of Antarctica.

Description
Lystrosaurus was a dicynodont therapsid, between 0.6 to 2.5 m long with an average of about 0.9 m depending upon the species.

Unlike other therapsids, dicynodonts had very short snouts and no teeth except for the tusk-like upper canines. Dicynodonts are generally thought to have had horny beaks like those of turtles, for shearing off pieces of vegetation, which were then ground on a horny secondary palate when the mouth was shut. The jaw joint was weak and moved backwards and forwards with a shearing action, instead of the more common sideways or up and down movements. It is thought that the jaw muscles were attached unusually far forward on the skull and took up a lot of space on the top and back of the skull. As a result, the eyes were set high and well forward on the skull, and the face was short.

Features of the skeleton indicate that Lystrosaurus moved with a semi-sprawling gait. The lower rear corner of the scapula (shoulder blade) was strongly ossified (built of strong bone), which suggests that movement of the scapula contributed to the stride length of the forelimbs and reduced the sideways flexing of the body. The five sacral vertebrae were massive but not fused to each other and to the pelvis, making the back more rigid and reducing sideways flexing while the animal was walking. Therapsids with fewer than five sacral vertebrae are thought to have had sprawling limbs, like those of modern lizards. In dinosaurs and mammals, which have erect limbs, the sacral vertebrae are fused to each other and to the pelvis. A buttress above each acetabulum (hip socket) is thought to have prevented dislocation of the femur (thigh bone) while Lystrosaurus was walking with a semi-sprawling gait. The forelimbs of Lystrosaurus were massive, and Lystrosaurus is thought to have been a powerful burrower.

Mummified specimens recovered from the Karoo Basin and described in 2022 revealed that Lystrosaurus had dimpled, leathery, and hairless skin.

Dominance of the Early Triassic
Lystrosaurus is notable for dominating southern Pangaea for millions of years during the Early Triassic. At least one unidentified species of this genus survived the end-Permian mass extinction and, in the absence of predators and herbivorous competitors, went on to thrive and re-radiate into a number of species within the genus, becoming the most common group of terrestrial vertebrates during the Early Triassic; for a while, 95% of land vertebrates were Lystrosaurus. This is the only time that a single species or genus of land animal dominated the Earth to such a degree. A few other Permian therapsid genera also survived the mass extinction and appear in Triassic rocks—the therocephalians Tetracynodon, Moschorhinus, Ictidosuchoides and Promoschorhynchus—but do not appear to have been abundant in the Triassic; complete ecological recovery took 30 million years, spanning the Early and Middle Triassic.

Several attempts have been made to explain why Lystrosaurus survived the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the "mother of all mass extinctions", and why it dominated Early Triassic fauna to such an unprecedented extent:

 * Growth marks in fossilized tusks suggest that Lystrosaurus living in Antarctica ~250 Mya could enter a prolonged state of torpor analogous to hibernation. This could be the oldest evidence of a hibernation-like state in a vertebrate animal and indicates that torpor arose in vertebrates before mammals and dinosaurs evolved.
 * One of the more recent theories is that the extinction event reduced the atmosphere's oxygen content and increased its carbon dioxide content, so that many terrestrial species died out because they found breathing too difficult. It has therefore been suggested that Lystrosaurus survived and became dominant because its burrowing life-style made it able to cope with an atmosphere of "stale air", and that specific features of its anatomy were part of this adaptation: a barrel chest that accommodated large lungs, short internal nostrils that facilitated rapid breathing, and high neural spines (projections on the dorsal side of the vertebrae) that gave greater leverage to the muscles that expanded and contracted its chest. However, there are weaknesses in all these points: the chest of Lystrosaurus was not significantly larger in proportion to its size than in other dicynodonts that became extinct; although Triassic dicynodonts appear to have had longer neural spines than their Permian counterparts, this feature may be related to posture, locomotion or even body size rather than respiratory efficiency; L. murrayi and L. declivis are much more abundant than other Early Triassic burrowers such as Procolophon or Thrinaxodon.
 * The suggestion that Lystrosaurus was helped to survive and dominate by being semi-aquatic has a similar weakness: although temnospondyls become more abundant in the Karoo's Triassic sediments, they were much less numerous than L. murrayi and L. declivis.
 * The most specialized and the largest animals are at higher risk in mass extinctions; this may explain why the unspecialized L. curvatus survived while the larger and more specialized L. maccaigi perished along with all the other large Permian herbivores and carnivores. Although Lystrosaurus generally looks adapted to feed on plants similar to Dicroidium, which dominated the Early Triassic, the larger size of L. maccaigi may have forced it to rely on the larger members of the Glossopteris flora, which did not survive the end-Permian extinction.
 * Only the 1.5 m–long therocephalian Moschorhinus and the large archosauriform Proterosuchus appear to be large enough to have preyed on the Triassic Lystrosaurus species, and this shortage of predators may have been responsible for a Lystrosaurus population boom in the Early Triassic.
 * According to Benton, "Perhaps the survival of Lystrosaurus was simply a matter of luck".

title: Lystrosaurus