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Bié Plateau

The Bié Plateau or Central Plateau of Angola is a plateau that occupies most of central Angola. The elevation of the plateau is from 1520 m to 1824.8956 m.

Several major rivers originate from the plateau such as the Cunene River, the Kwanza River, and the Kwango River. Its climate is cool and has enough rainfall to allow for the cultivation of coffee, corn, rice, sisal, sugarcane, and peanuts. Along the more elevated parts, more rain falls, but it gradually declines further within. About half of the rural population of Angola reside on the Bié plateau. The Benguela Railway connects it to the ocean and its principal towns are Huambo and Kuito.

title: Bié Plateau


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Charles Whistler

The Reverend Charles Watts Whistler MRCS, LSA, (14 November 1856 – 10 June 1913) was an English writer of historical fiction, who set his work between 600 and 1100 CE, usually based on early Saxon chronicles, Norse or Danish sagas and archaeological discoveries.

Life
Charles Watts Whistler was the oldest son of the Rev. Rose Fuller Whistler, Vicar of Ashburnham in Sussex, a Vice President of the Sussex Archaeological Society, and later Rector of Elton, Huntingdonshire, to which cure Charles Watts Whistler would succeed. The family descended from the Sussex branch of the Thames Valley family of Whistler, as did Rex Whistler and his brother the glass engraver Sir Laurence Whistler.

Whistler was educated at Merchant Taylors School, London and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, before studying medicine at St Thomas's Hospital, London, and becoming a member of the Royal College of Surgeons and a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries. After practising as a surgeon (like his maternal grandfather James Watts, MRCS, of Battle, Sussex), he was ordained deacon in 1884 and priest in 1885. He then served successively as curate of Woolton, Liverpool (1884–1885), Chaplain of the Fishermen's Chapel, Hastings (1885–1888), Vicar of All Saints' Church, Theddlethorpe, Lincolnshire (1888–1894), Rector of Elton, Huntingdonshire (1894–1895), Vicar of Stockland Bristol, Somerset (1895–1909), and finally Rector of Cheselbourne, Dorset (1909–1913).

Whistler was married on 3 March 1886 to Georgiana Rosalie Shapter Strange, daughter of William James Stevenson Strange, a master wool-dyer by then retired. His brother Alfred James Whistler married Georgiana's sister Mary Maud Strange. The two women's brother, W. R. P. Strange, had been Vicar of Stockland before Whistler.

Whistler's interest in the history of England before the Norman Conquest appears in his prolific work as a historical novelist. His works were popular in their day, but the archaism of language he adopted makes them less accessible to modern readers.

Works

 * A Thane of Wessex (1896)
 * Wulfric the Weapon Thane (1897)
 * King Olaf’s Kinsman (1898), a story of the Last Saxon Struggle against the Danes in the Days of Ironside and Cnut (set c. 1000 CE)
 * King Alfred's Viking (1899), a story of the First English Fleet
 * Havelok the Dane (1900), a legend of Old Grimsby and Lincoln (set c. 580 CE)
 * For King or Empress? (1903)
 * A Prince of Cornwall (1904), a story of Glastonbury and the West in the Days of Ina of Wessex (set 690-710 CE)
 * A King’s Comrade (1905), a story of Old Hereford (set c. 790 CE)
 * Gerald the Sheriff (1906)
 * A Sea Queen Sailing (1906, set c. 935 CE)
 * A Prince Errant (1908)
 * Early Wars of Wessex (1913)
 * Dragon Osmund (1914)
 * A Son of Odin (1914)

Summaries

 * Havelok plays around 580–600 CE in Denmark and England, one or two generations after mythical King Arthur (and his people's struggle with the Saxons) and shows early relations between the Danes and Saxons (now well-established in England with their own kingdoms) and the already Christianized Welsh in England. It also introduces dislike between the Danes/Jutes (cousins of the Saxons) and the Norse. It is based one of the most popular pre-Elizabethan sagas of the British Isles, which shares traits with the classic Nordic sagas.
 * Prince of Cornwall takes place about a hundred years or four generations later – c. 690–710 CE – and deals much with the relations between Welsh and Saxons, and some resident Danes in the country.
 * King's Comrade is again three generations later, c. 790 CE. It is mainly focused on inter-Saxon conflict (King Ethelbert, King Offa), and problems with the Welsh, who still would like to get their lost estates back. Introduces Norse campaigns on the Frankish coast, founding the Norse state of Normandy.
 * Wulfric the Weapon Thane shows how the Danes invade the English realm and found kingdoms, turning from fun-loving plunderers to competitive conquerors.
 * Thane of Wessex takes place shortly before King Alfred's rule. The hero is robbed of land and title through bitter intrigues, and banned from the realm. But as he tries to leave the kingdom, he is followed by pursuers who are after his life. Soon Whistler has one or two tasty conflicts of interest, and we have a man in a mess – how to do the right thing if you have no rights or honour in the eyes of your former peers?
 * King Alfred's Viking tells more of the battles between the English (united at last) and the Danes. It tells of the first navy of England, built by Alfred with help from Norse friends.
 * c. 935 CE: A Sea Queen's Sailing (1906)
 * c. 1000 CE: King Olaf's Kinsman (1896) – A Story of the Last Saxon Struggle against the Danes in the Days of Ironside and Cnut

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charles Whistler


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Wikipedia:Pokémon Adoption Center/FAQ

Pokémon Adoption Center FAQ

 * A quick guide to who we are and what we do

What is the Pokémon Adoption Center (PAC)?
The PAC, located at Pokémon Adoption Center, is a Wikipedia project intended to expand the many Pokémon stub articles on the English Wikipedia.

How do I join/expand an article?
It's good to see that you're interested in helping us! We have a separate guide for that. Please see Pokémon Adoption Center/Tutorial.

Why expand Pokémon stubs?
Our general reasoning is threefold... 1. Information value: Simply stated, an expanded, full article is more valuable to the reader than an unexpanded stub. 2. Keeping up appearances: Some users feel that an abundance of stubs makes Wikipedia look bad, as readers searching for information and finding only a stub will look elsewhere and possibly be left with negative feelings about Wikipedia as an information source. 3. Deletion prevention: A good-quality, fully-expanded article is much, much less likely to be nominated for deletion than a stub.

How did the PAC get started?
The PAC was created as a reaction to a policy proposal called the Poképrosal, in which many Pokémon stubs and articles were suggested for deletion or merging into lists. Naturally, there was opposition to this, and a quite spirited debate ensued. Almafeta made the comment that If everyone who had spent time arguing for and against this proposition had instead taken the same amount of time to finish up one or two stub articles each, there would be no more Pokémon stubs to clean up. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd, arriving rather late to the discussion, agreed entirely with Almafeta's assessment of the situation, and set out to prove it by starting an "adoption center" as a section of the Poképrosal page. The center was an immediate success, and a month later was moved off the Poképrosal page (which is concluded) and onto its own article. The center has only grown since then, with 80+ former stubs expanded as of late July. If the pace continues, there will be no remaining Pokémon unexpanded stubs by mid-Autumn 2005.

Who runs the PAC?
The Pokémon Adoption Center is currently being run by Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd, with User:Pidgeot assisting with quotidian maintenance issues. However, the PAC is built on consensus, and most changes will be put to an informal poll or otherwise discussed to determine consensus before proceeding. This is generally done on the PAC talk page, Wikipedia_talk:Pok%C3%A9mon_Adoption_Center.

Who can I contact, and how?

 * General comments, praise, or complaints about the PAC itself should generally go in the PAC talk page.
 * If you would like to talk privately about the PAC, feel free to send email to Andrew Lenahan. Please note that you'll only receive a reply if your Wikipedia account settings include a valid email address, or if you put your email or another contact method in your message.
 * If you're expanding an article and get stuck or need help, or if you need assistance finding reference materials, contact Andrew Lenahan either on his talk page or by email using the method above.
 * Comments or questions about a specific Pokémon article should go on that article's talk page,
 * Comments or questions about a specific user should go on that user's talk page, and if that doesn't work, follow the Wikipedia dispute resolution process. The PAC will not get involved in disputes among users.
 * When in doubt, or if your reason doesn't fit with the above, try the PAC talk page first.

Pokémon shouldn't have articles because Pokémon sucks!
Obviously, not everyone in the world likes Pokémon. There's never been a cartoon (or anything else, for that matter) that the entire world has loved or hated. Everything is subjective. Besides, even if Pokémon were the world's most hated cartoon, universal acclaim is not a requirement for a Wikipedia article. Even near-universally-recognised "bad things" like The Holocaust, 9-11, and Plan 9 from Outer Space all have articles, and for good reason.

Pokémon shouldn't have articles because Pokémon isn't important!
Though Pokémon's overall quality is open to debate, its cultural importance really is not, and would hopefully be obvious enough that it need not be examined here in any great detail. However, we'll list some of the main points...
 * Pokémon is big. With two anime series of over 400+ episodes (and still going), five feature films in the US (even more overseas), an outrageously successful card game with expansions, literally dozens of successful video games, several manga and chapter book series, two theme parks (in Japan and Taiwan) and countless ancillary items (toy line, board game, stage show, etc.)!  As of 2006, Pokémon video games have sold over 140 million units worldwide, and the anime series is being shown in 67 countries worldwide in 25 different languages.  It would be no exaggeration to say that it's one of the most successful fictional properties of all time.
 * Pokémon has had a profound impact on culture. Though far from being the first Japanese animated show to be shown in the US, its success has pushed anime and manga into the mainstream.  Currently, it's not at all unusual for mainstream bookstores to have whole sections devoted to manga, and anime is available nearly everywhere that sells videos and DVDs, as well as on major TV networks.  Before Pokémon, it was much more of a niche market, generally considered a small subgroup of sci-fi fandom.
 * Though it's likely impossible to measure Pokémon's entire financial impact, suffice it to say that it's huge. As of February 2006, Electronic Gaming Monthly reported that the Pokémon franchise has generated USD$15 billion in worldwide sales so far.  This is more than the yearly GDP of many countries, such as Iceland.
 * Pokémon has appeared on the cover of Time magazine (November 22, 1999) Here's a picture.
 * Pokémon and its impact on global culture has received serious study by academics and cultural historians. For just one example, see the book of essays Pikachu’s Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon (ISBN 0822332876), edited by Joseph Tobin and published by Duke University Press.
 * Pokémon has been for sale for nine years, going on 10 (since early 1996). Its duration is moving it out of the realm of passing fad (such as pogs) and into the realm of video-gaming (and, thanks to the CCG and anime, cultural) icons such as Link (Legend of Zelda), Mario, Mega Man, and Sonic the Hedgehog.  In terms of units sold, Pokémon is the most popular video game series of all time, with over 150 million units sold according to a 2005 press release.  To put this in perspective, the bestselling PC game of all time, The Sims, has sold about 16 million copies.  The latest Zelda game, Wind Waker, sold about 4 million.
 * Pokémon isn't going away anytime soon. There is some perception that Pokémon is slowing down, and such criticisms are not entirely unwarranted.  Indeed, it has slowed down in some countries (and in some countries it never caught on at all).  However, Pokémon is still going strong in Japan, the USA, and elsewhere.  For example, in 2005, Pokémon Emerald was the second highest-selling video game for any system (first was Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas).  A total of 5 Pokémon video games were released in Japan in 2005, and more are planned for this 2006.  The Pokémon anime series is still going strong on both sides of the Pacific, as is the toy line and collectable card game.  Simply put, Pokémon is not in the process of going away, nor will it be within the foreseeable future.

What about the Google test?
The Google test is an admittedly imperfect way to determine the importance of a subject based on the number of hits for it on Google. Generally, it is safe to say that a topic with no Google hits is very obscure and probably unworthy of an article. Everyone's own threshold of how many hits is "enough" is different, but based on observation of VfD votes, it seems to hover between 500 and 2000 hits. Let's see how Pokémon and its characters stand up to other popular fictional properties...

Pokémon:
 * Pokémon (the word, with accented é): 3,130,000 Google hits
 * Pokémon (normal e): 3,090,000 Google hits
 * "Pocket Monsters": 70,000 Google hits
 * Pikachu (the most popular Pokémon character): 1,140,000 Google hits
 * Mewtwo: 170,000 Google hits
 * Meowth: 93,600 Google hits
 * Charmander: 90,900 Google hits
 * Bulbasaur: 89,500 Google hits
 * Jigglypuff: 65,200 Google hits, plus some 5000 more as "Jiggly puff"
 * Psyduck: 53,800 Google hits
 * Masquerain (an obscure Pokémon): 7,570 Google hits

Other popular fictional characters with articles (for comparison):
 * "Mickey Mouse" - 1,520,000 Google hits
 * "Bugs Bunny" - 817,000 Google hits
 * "Jean-Luc Picard" - 172,000 Google hits
 * "James T. Kirk" - 133,000 Google hits
 * "Elmer Fudd" - 146,000 Google hits
 * "Jabba the Hutt" - 110,000 Google hits
 * "Scrooge McDuck" - 48,000 Google hits
 * "Michigan J. Frog" - 12,700 Google hits
 * "Linus van Pelt" - 10,300 Google hits
 * "Buster Bunny" - 9,270 Google hits
 * "Strong Mad" - 5,320 Google hits
 * "Rerun van Pelt" - 845 Google hits

Though this is an imperfect test, the general results show that Pokémon (even the lesser-known ones) score roughly as well as other fictional characters with articles.

Why can't they all just be merged into one big article?
One reason is that the resulting article would be, well, big. Huge, in fact. With almost 400 Pokémon out there, even if each Pokémon only got 256 bytes worth of coverage, it would already be the largest Wikipedia article. If each Pokémon got a section as big as, say, Stantler's current article, it would be several megabytes in size... and that's not even counting all the pictures!

A further reason, though perhaps a subjective one, is that individual articles are just easier to work with... easier to read, organize, categorize, link to, search for, reference, and so forth.

Won't there be too many articles?
We believe not, for two reasons:
 * There is a finite amount of Pokémon. Nintendo has only added so many each generation, and the number of new species they add each new generation is going down.  Simply put, it's more practical for Nintendo to make old species more popular than to try to sell new species.
 * Most of the Pokémon that are being added lately are legendaries that star in movies, and not entirely new breeds or evolutionary lines. (An exception would be Munchlax.)  Less than a dozen new pokémon are added every year.

Who was the first to sign up for the PAC?
The first courageous user who signed up for an article was User:Pidgeot, who was given Skiploom.

Who has expanded the most articles?
Currently, Sinistro is far in the lead, with 100 articles expanded. It is practically impossible to pass his contributions now -- and we're grateful for it. Behind him is WindFish (previously known as RealWingus) with 40 articles. Despite joining the dance late, Sonic Mew updated stubs with blinding speed and has now made it to second place with 33 articles. Rounding the Top 5 are Almafeta with 21 articles and, tied at 19 articles, Celestianpower and Luigi2.

However, you don't need to expand a lot of articles for your work to be appreciated. Even one quality article is an important step towards our goal, and thus is valued by us. Don't hesitate to chip in - every little bit counts!

What happens to the PAC when all current Pokémon stubs are expanded?
We're all going out for a beer. Ok, ok... most likely, we'll enter a sort of dormant status until more Pokémon characters are introduced who need articles. There's also a possibility that at least some of us will continue on to similar projects, such as filling in other gaps of Pokémon coverage on WP, or trying to get one or more central Pokémon articles into Featured Article status. We may also have an organised but informal "audit": looking over the articles we've expanded one last time to catch any typos, etc.

A few of us may try to emulate the informal and communal PAC style of collaboration with other WikiProjects, but ones with more encyclopedic tones (such as the Nuttall WikiProject).

The official successor to the Pokémon Adoption Center is now the Pokémon Collaborative Project.

title: Wikipedia:Pokémon Adoption Center/FAQ


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pacem in terris (with Philip Hacket

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Dmcdevit·t 23:55, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

Pacem in terris (with Philip Hacket and Pacem in terris (by itself
I want this to be a speedy, but it isn't. I'm not quite sure exactly what it is, but it certainly doesn't seem encyclopedic. smoddy 13:05, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed, a selection of poems are not encyclopedic. Thue | talk 13:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So that's what it is... smoddy 13:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I know the feeling :). Thue | talk 13:45, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So it might also be a copyright violation. Koffieyahoo 13:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Possibly, not that it matters if it gets deleted through vfd. Thue | talk 13:45, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This is a collection of translated poems. Neither the poems nor the translator show up via google (though that's not shocking). If cited, sourced and cleaned up it might be a candidate for transwiking to wikibooks, but otherwise it's non-encyclopedic so nuke it. -Harmil 13:53, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Published works by a named author such as this go on Wikisource (in Wikisource:Wikisource:Authors), not Wikibooks, and even then only if they are GFDL or public domain. These are not.  This is the third instance where  has submitted an entire work by Youssef Rzouga as an encyclopaedia article.  Two hells in the heart is currently tagged as a copyright violation.  Poetic Works was deleted for being a copyright violation.  This (and Pacem in terris) should be, also. Copyvio. Uncle G 17:01, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A speedy would be fine with me. -R. fiend 14:50, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio/non-encyclopedic. --Ragib 02:23, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. JamesBurns 08:06, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Spaland

Stop adding your spam links here, they are NOT welcome. andy 15:51, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spaland


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Claude Le Roy

Claude Le Roy (born 6 February 1948) is a French football manager and former player, who gained prominence at international level as coach to the Cameroon, Senegal and Ghana national teams. He was most recently the manager of the Malaysia under-23 team.

Managerial career
Le Roy has had a varied managerial career, starting out at the small French club Amiens SC, after taking over as manager when his playing days ended. His achievements in leading the Cameroon national team to be runners-up in the 1986 African Cup of Nations, and then champions in the 1988 competition, are often cited as his greatest managerial accomplishments. He then took charge of Senegal when they reached the quarterfinals at the 1992 African Cup of Nations, and returned to Cameroon to lead them during the World Cup in 1998. In between, he also coached Malaysia national team from 1994 to 1995.

After undertaking the role of football adviser at A.C. Milan in 1996, Le Roy had a spell as Director of Football at Paris Saint-Germain in the 1997–98 season. Le Roy became manager of Cambridge United for a short spell in 2004, although he only ever signed a "moral contract", and now claims he was only ever assisting his protégé Hervé Renard: "I was just helping out a friend [then-manager Hervé Renard], but we saved that club". Following his departure from Cambridge, Le Roy was appointed as the head coach of the DR Congo. In September 2006, Le Roy was named by the Ghana Football Association as coach of the Ghana national team.

In February 2008, Le Roy led Ghana to 14th position in the FIFA World Rankings, their highest position ever, but quit the post in May 2008.

He started coaching the Oman national team in July 2008. Oman desperately needed a solid coach after disappointing Gulf Cup and Asian Cup performances, and in January 2009, Le Roy led them to victory in the 19th Arabian Gulf Cup held in Muscat. During the competition, Le Roy extended his deal with Oman for a further four years.

He became the new coach of the Syria national team in March 2011, but resigned in May of the same year.

On 5 December 2013, he became the new coach of the Congo national team. On 17 November 2015, Le Roy resigned after leading the team to the qualifying round of the World Cup in 2018.

On 6 April 2016, Le Roy was named as the new coach of the Togo national team, replacing Tom Saintfiet. He resigned on 12 April 2021 having failed to lead the side to the African Cup of Nations.

Awards
On 24 August 2018, Liberian president George Weah decorated Arsène Wenger and Le Roy with the insignia of Knight Grand Commander of the Humane Order of African Redemption.

As a manager
Cameroon

 * Africa Cup of Nations: 1988

Oman

 * Arabian Gulf Cup: 2009

Orders

 * Knight Grand Commander of the Humane Order of African Redemption: 2018

title: Claude Le Roy


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User:Nordheim

Well, I'm new here (on Wikipedia) My name is Billy, I am a practical, semi-knowledgable person. Nordheim literally means Home of the Nords, for anyone who is wondering. I will update as time progress'

title: User:Nordheim


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Marondera

Marondera, originally known as Marandellas, is a city in Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe, located about 72 km east of Harare.

History
It was first known as Marandella's Kraal, corrupted from Marondera, chief of the ruling VaRozvi people who lived in the area. British colonialists as they were colonizing Zimbabwe, first used it as a rest stop on the way to Harare. Later destroyed in the Shona resistance of 1896, the town was moved 4 miles (6 km) north to the Beira–Bulawayo railway line.

Constituted a village in 1913, it became a town in 1943. During the South African (Boer) War it was used by the British as a staging point for military operations into the Transvaal. During World War II, over 600 Polish refugees, mostly women and children, escaping from Soviet-occupied Poland, were admitted in Marondera. In 1946, the refugee camp was closed, and the Poles were relocated to Gatooma, from where they were eventually repatriated to Europe.

Demographics
Marondera is a multicultural city, with a variety of ethnic groups and a Shona majority. Within the African population is a notable proportion of people of Malawian origin whose parents migrated and took employment on the white owned tobacco farms. White Maronderans are overwhelmingly of British descent, with smaller groups of Dutch, Afrikaans, Greek and other European heritage. Other minorities include mixed race and Asian residents. Most residents of Marondera are traditional or syncretic Christians, predominantly mainline Protestants, Roman Catholics, evangelicals and mapostori (a sect of Old Testament bible followers who live like ancient prophets and may dress in white robes). Islam is practised by a very small minority of people in Marondera, almost all of whom are Asians and people of Malawian descent.

The indigenous people of Marondera descend mainly from the Shona royal families of Svosve, and the nearby royal households of Chikwaka, Nyashanu and others royal family lives there the Mashonganyika family etc. They are traditionally farmers.

Education
Marondera is renowned for its high quality educational institutions, which have educated many of the country's most prominent citizens. The junior schools include Godfrey Huggins, Tapfuma School, Dombotombo School, Springvale House, Digglefold, R.G Mugabe Primary School, Nyamei Primary School, Ruware Primary School and Ruzawi School and the senior schools are Marondera High School, Peterhouse Boys' School, Peterhouse Girls' School, Rakodzi High, Watershed College, Nyameni High, Cherutombo High, Chitepo Secondary, Bernard Mizeki College, Waddilove High School & Nagle House. The first black mayor of Marondera was T. K. Muronda in 1980. Marondera also boasts presence of private and public learning institutions such as Kushinga Phikelela Polytechnic to the east, along the Harare-Mutare road; University of Zimbabwe College of Agricultural Sciences located; and the Umaa Institute.

Marondera is perhaps best known as an academic and intellectual centre and is home to many schools and colleges notably:

Climate
Marondera is situated on the highveld plateau, and has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb). The city enjoys a sunny climate, with the summer months (October to April) characterised by warm to hot days followed by afternoon thundershowers and cool evenings, and the winter months (May to September) by dry, sunny days followed by cold nights. Temperatures are usually fairly mild due to the city's high elevation, with an average maximum daytime temperature in January of 25.6 °C (78.1 °F), dropping to an average maximum of around 16 °C (61 °F) in June.

Winter is the sunniest time of the year, with mild days and cool nights, dropping to 5 °C (39.4 °F) in June and July. The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causing frost.

Regular cold fronts pass over the city in winter bringing cool southeasterly winds but and grey skies. The annual average rainfall is 850 millimetres, which is mostly concentrated in the summer months. Infrequent showers can occur through the course of the year, especially during spring.

Notable people

 * Kate Nicholl, former Lord Mayor of Belfast, Northern Ireland and current Alliance Party MLA for Belfast South

title: Marondera


text: Category:Belgian cardinals

title: Category:Belgian cardinals


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User:Kt66

I am partially active on Wikipedia, again … – February/March 2014

Manipulations by New Kadampa Tradition Editors
Since the New Kadampa Tradition (NKT) "Truth Team(s)" and/or some devoted NKT 'truth-followers' have become active at Wikipedia – this started two weeks before NKT set up a world wide media campaign against the Dalai Lama via their front group the Western Shugden Society in April 2008 – some of the related Wikipedia articles have been strongly manipulated by them and a huge amount of WP:Reliable Sources have been deleted or were misrepresented.

I see no hope and use to make further contributions. Because the NKT editors are obviously not interested or able to follow the WP Guidelines and act in a massive manner as self-supporting group (which included socket puppetry), and because there were almost no editors with knowledge of academic material with respect to NKT & Shugden willing to help, I gave up to contribute.

Some of the Wikipedia articles as they were before NKT members started to manipulate them can be found here:
 * 1. The New Kadampa Tradition (NKT-IKBU) / Kadampa Buddhism 2. Geshe Kelsang Gyatso 3. Dorje Shugden Controversy

Wikipedia Manipulations and WP:Reliable Sources
A very brief documentation of manipulations in Wikipedia (I could provide quite a long list) you find here: Academic Research about Dorje Shugden / New Kadampa Tradition I summed here:
 * Wikipedia: Dorje Shugden’s Enlightened Lineage or How to Make ‘History'
 * Academic Research regarding Shugden Controversy & New Kadampa Tradition

However, not only WP editors that are members of religious extremist groups, like the New Kadampa Tradition or the Western Shugden Society, are a problem for Wikipedia (remember, Scientology members have been banned in the past from editing the Scientology article) but also Chinese editors that manipulate Tibet related articles are a problem. For a brief intro see here:
 * Tibet & Wikipedia

See also in German: “Wikipedia und Tibet - Das Ringen um Wahrheit”

Contributions
My edits started on 20th July, 2005. I retired in 2008 but made sometimes few edits or added templates and links here and there. Some of the contributions are huge some are minor.
 * New Kadampa Tradition, Dorje Shugden Controversy, Kelsang Gyatso, Dorje Shugden
 * Ole Nydahl, Michael Roach, Karmapa controversy,
 * Dorje Shugden, Soka Gakkai International, Fundamentalism
 * Kadampa, Je Tsongkhapa, Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, Gampopa
 * Atisha, Lamrim, Kadampa Buddhist Temple, Vajrayana
 * Schools of Buddhism, Rime movement, Tibetan Buddhism
 * Bodhicitta, Ganden Tripa, Pratimoksha, Gelug
 * Vinaya, Dharmaguptaka, Donald S. Lopez, Jr.
 * Buddhism, Bodhisattva vows, Dilgo Khyentse
 * Tibetan Buddhism, ordination, FPMT, Buddhism in France, Amitayus
 * Kadampa Buddhists, Kadampa Buddhism, Heruka Buddhist Centre
 * Peterborough, Thubten Yeshe, Avalokiteśvara, Amitabha
 * Five Dhyani Buddhas, Sangha, Sarvastivada; FWBO
 * Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Tibetan), Naming conventions (Tibetan)
 * Theravada, Mahayana, Early Buddhist schools, Hīnayāna, Germany
 * Buddhism in Germany
 * Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
 * Western Shugden Society

title: User:Kt66


text: User talk:128.95.53.59

title: User talk:128.95.53.59


text:
Friedrich Adler (architect)

Friedrich Adler (15 October 1827 – 15 September 1908) was a German architect and archaeologist.

After having studied at the Bauakademie (Academy of Architecture) in his native Berlin, he began teaching there in 1855, and was soon famous for building churches. In 1863, he was named a professor of architectural history at the academy.

Due to his profound knowledge of antique architecture, he took part of Ernst Curtius' archaeological expedition to Asia Minor.

He was part of the leading directory of the major excavations in Olympia (1874–81), and took part in the planning of the whole enterprise, which was at first scheduled to last no more than five years. At one point, he was even leader of the excavations. He was also the editor, together with Ernst Curtius, of the publication of the excavations report.

Adler died in his home city of Berlin, aged 80.

Archaeological works (as co-editor, together with Ernst Curtius)

 * "Olympia: die Ergebnisse der von dem Deutschen Reich veranstalteten Ausgrabung" (Olympia, Results of the Excavation). Tome I-V (1890–1897).
 * "Olympia und Umgegend" (Olympia and its surroundings); (2 maps and a plan, drawn by Adler's son-in-law Wilhelm Dörpfeld and Johann August Kaupert; 1882).

Architectural works
Adler designed and built many structures, among them 300 churches, some villas, castles and manor houses, holiday resorts, urban residential buildings etc.
 * Lutheran St. Peter's Church, Berlin, as master builder for Heinrich Strack as of 1850 (destroyed in WW II)
 * Babelsberg Palace, Potsdam, as master builder for Heinrich Strack as of 1850
 * Lutheran Village Church, Gräben, as architect, refurbish, as of 1855
 * Lutheran Christ Church, Berlin, as architect between 1862 and 1865 (destroyed in WW II)
 * Lutheran Saint Thomas Church (Berlin), as architect between 1865 and 1869 (severely damaged in WW II, rebuilt)
 * Meyenburg Castle as architect, refurbished in 1865/1866
 * Lutheran Christ and Garrison Church, Wilhelmshaven, as architect between 1869 and 1872 (severely damaged in WW II, rebuilt)
 * Lutheran St. Peter's Church, Bromberg (today's Bydgoszcz), as architect between 1872 and 1878 (converted into Catholic Sts. Peter and Paul Church on 2 July 1945)
 * Lutheran Redeemer Church, Jerusalem, as architect, built after his designs by his pupil Paul Ferdinand Groth between 1893 and 1898
 * Lutheran St. James Church, Luckenwalde
 * Lutheran Village Church, Atzendorf (a part of today's Staßfurt)
 * Lutheran St. Nicholas Church, Frankfurt upon Oder, as architect he designed and added a new double-towered façade
 * Lutheran Church, Schwetz (today's Świecie)
 * Calvinist Church, Insterburg (today's Chernyakhovsk)
 * Lutheran Castle Church of All Saints, Wittenberg, as architect he directed the intrusive renovation between 1883 and 1892
 * Lutheran St. Peter's Cathedral, Schleswig, as architect he designed and added a new western main tower between 1888 and 1894
 * Catholic St. Peter's Collegiate Church, Bad Wimpfen, as architect he renovated the church and designed and completed the unaccomplished towers between 1898 and 1902.

title: Friedrich Adler (architect)


text:
Talk:Coif

Interesting page. Familiar, somehow. Oh! I know why....because it's MY PAGE. You can check out the original at: http://costume.dm.net/headwear/coif.html.

Now, I'm all about free research. If I had been asked whether this information could have been posted to Wiki, I'd have said sure, please do, just make sure you attribute the page to me.

However, since the poster chose not to do this, I am asking you to take it down.

I'll fetch the version before the copyvio out of history and put it on a temp page with some updated links. PKM 03:04, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Replacement page created. PKM 03:37, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Temp page has replaced the main article. RedWolf 05:13, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you. PKM 06:11, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Coif. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050807022723/http://costume.dm.net/headwear/coif.html to http://costume.dm.net/headwear/coif.html

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title: Talk:Coif


text: User talk:66.176.220.171

title: User talk:66.176.220.171


text: Category:Italian popes

title: Category:Italian popes


text:
Superman (Eminem song)

"Superman" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fourth studio album, The Eminem Show (2002), featuring guest vocals from his frequent collaborator, singer Dina Rae. Written by Eminem, Jeff Bass and Steve King, the song was released as the third single from The Eminem Show on January 21, 2003 in the United States only. It peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on the issue dated March 15, 2003, and received 2x Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Background
"Superman" is about the rocky relationships and promiscuous nature of the girls Eminem has had in his life and how he plans to deal with it. In his 2008 autobiography, The Way I Am, Eminem revealed that the song is, to an extent, about his alleged relationship with Mariah Carey. "Superman" is very similar to Eminem's song "Drug Ballad" and D12's song "Pimp Like Me".

In a 2021 interview with Raaj Bundles of SideShowRaaj, Dina Rae revealed that Carey originally sung the hook for "Superman" before being replaced with herself, due to personal conflicts between Eminem and Carey.

Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly editor described "In the creepy-crawly, mesmerizing 'Superman', he depicts himself as both sexual predator and commitment-phobic single guy." HipHopDX named the production "the southern bounce", lyrics as dealing with groupies and called the chorus "cheesy". Steve Juon described: "'Superman' features Eminem playing with his flow in a stuttered cadence, but he's done the gimmick before and his beat on this one inspires only partial attention to his flow." Rolling Stone concluded that his divorce fuels the slow Southern bounce of the hypermisogynist "Superman".

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Superman" features pornographic actress Gina Lynn. Shannon Elizabeth was Eminem's first choice, although this never came to fruition as they could not come to terms. The video can only be found on the 8 Mile DVD and contains an edit different from the album version. The uncensored video contains nudity and is rarely shown on MTV or BET, although it is available on YouTube, Vevo, and Dailymotion

Track listing and formats

 * Promotional CD single

 * 12-inch vinyl single

 * Notes
 * $undefined$ signifies an additional producer.

title: Superman (Eminem song)


text:
User:Duke33

Hey there...I'm Duke33, an admin of the They Might Be Giants wiki, TMBW.Net. I hang out here sometimes, but generally make only minor edits. My own wiki keeps me fairly busy!

title: User:Duke33


text:
User:Chrisyu357

News

title: User:Chrisyu357


text:
Shurugwi

Shurugwi, originally known as Selukwe, is a small town and administrative centre in Midlands Province, southern Zimbabwe, located about 350 km (220 miles) south of Harare, with a population of 22,900 according to the 2022 census. The town was established in 1899 on the Selukwe Goldfield, which itself was discovered in the early 1890s not long after the annexation of Rhodesia by the Pioneer Column.

The town lies in well wooded, hilly and picturesque country at an altitude of about 1,440 metres (4700') and is well watered having a typical annual rainfall of 89 cm (3'). On a clear day it is quite possible to see the hills around Masvingo and Great Zimbabwe, the latter being over 145 km (90 miles) away.

History
Selukwe was established in 1899 by the British South Africa Company and Willoughby's Consolidated Company. Its name was derived from a nearby bare oval granite hill that resembled the shape of a pigpen (selukwe) of the local Karanga people.

The district remains an important centre for gold, chrome and platinum mining, but is perhaps best known as the home district of Ian Douglas Smith, a former Prime Minister of Rhodesia, who owned the 4,000 acre Gwenoro Farm near Gwenoro Dam.

Industry and agriculture
The town is the terminus of a branch rail line from Gweru (formerly Gwelo), 32 km (21 miles) to the north. Shurugwi is one of Zimbabwe's largest producers of chrome; other metals also are mined there. Its healthful climate and scenic location attract tourists and retired people. The largest employers are ZIMASCO, Unki mine, a subsidiary of Anglo-American through its platinum wing, Angloplats, the government through education, agriculture and health.

Most farmers are peasant farmers who grow maize and other high grain producing crops. Animal husbandry is also practised to some extent.

Natural resources
The town is located on a mineral-rich Archaean greenstone belt, known in this area as the Selukwe Schist Belt, making it one of the most mineral-rich towns in the country. Chromite, gold and nickel are all mined around Shurugwi. The town is also located on one of the most beautiful places in Zimbabwe, Wolfshall Pass, commonly known as Boterekwa due to the winding of the road as it negotiates its way up and between mountains. This is very similar to the pass close to Louis Trichardt in South Africa since both were constructed by an Italian firm, the difference only being that there are tunnels in Louis Trichardt. It has been a scene of many road accidents with most of them fatal. The most notable of these accidents occurred in 1966 when a bus load of students from Chrome Secondary School overturned. Only three teachers survived the crash.

Facilities
Most of the infrastructure in Shurugwi is very old. There was only one hotel in the town center – the Grand Hotel, which used to operate as a bar before it was turned into a shop for building materials and motor spare parts. Slowly the town of Shurugwi is being transformed to suit all kinds of business activities unlike what it used to be only gold trade center. The population have doubled as compared to the last decade. Apart from mining, it is now growing into an agriculture sector.

Education
There are a number of schools in Shurugwi including Parkinson High, Chrome High, Shurugwi 2, Batanai High School, Charles Wraith Primary, Railway Block Primary School, Peak Mine Primary, Selukwe Primary, Ironsides Primary Impali primary (Owned by Unkie Mineetc. Most of the better secondary schools are found in Shurugwi rural area, such as Pakame Mission, one of the oldest schools in the country, a Methodist run mission school which is about 40 km (25 miles) by road on the South towards Zvishavane, close to Guruguru Mountain, a volcanic solid rock mountain in Shurugwi Rural Areas; Tongogara High School, a government operated boarding school 40 km (25 miles) to the East and Hanke Adventist High School, an SDA run school 10 km (6 miles) on the North of Tongogara. Next to Hanke there is a school called Svika High named after a nearby Svika mountain which are the rural areas of Francis Nhema the Zanu Pf Member of Parliament for Shurugwi North. All these schools offer up to Advanced Level ("A-Level") education.

There are also some post-independence-era schools with basically poor standards of education with pass rates of below 5% on Ordinary Level (O-levels) which is due to a lack of quality teachers who normally do not want to teach in rural areas. Rusununguko Secondary School which is along the Chivi/Beit Bridge road is one of the few schools to attain A-level status in its class.

Shurugwi also has rural primary schools such as Vungwi Primary School, Matamba Primary School, Tumba Primary Schools, Dhlemiti Primary school, Chironde Primary school, Zvizhazha Primary School, Mavedzenge Primary School, Musavezi Primary School and Nhema Primary School. Most of the graduates leave Shurugwi after primary/secondary education to pursue further education, usually A levels, in other towns as far as Harare. A relative minority ultimately end up studying at the University of Zimbabwe and other post independent universities in Zimbabwe or even at universities abroad. Shurugwi has produced a considerable number of professionals, notably in the fields of Chartered Accountants, lawyers, engineers, and medical doctors. There is a private college Institute of Business Technology popularly known as IBT College, founded by Dr Godfrey Gandawa, that offers academic school forms 1 to 6, and professional and computing courses at national foundation certificate, national certificate and national diploma levels with HEXCO examination status.(Now closed)

Mhangami Primary School is an Anglican church run school. Originally called St Pius, it was renamed Mhangami in honour of the local Chief Mhangami. The school was established in 1943 and offers up to grade 7.

Shurugwi has quite a number of notable schools that drive the academic excellence of the town which are notably:

Notable residents

 * Ian Smith, Rhodesian Prime Minister and Zimbabwean Member of Parliament
 * Nyaradzo Mashayamombe, founder of Tag A Life International Trust (TaLI)

title: Shurugwi


text:
James Moncreiff

James Moncreiff may refer to:
 * James Moncreiff, 1st Baron Moncreiff, Scottish lawyer and politician
 * Sir James Wellwood Moncreiff, 9th Baronet, Scottish lawyer and judge

title: James Moncreiff


text:
User:Nhatkyk1

Thảo luận gì thì ở đây

title: User:Nhatkyk1


text:
User talk:Wiki83

Images into Commons
hi Wiki83, thx for your image Image:Safearea.jpg, but could you please upload your pics into the commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Television , so that other language wikis can use them, too? would be nice, if you would do so. greets, --Andreas -horn- Hornig 13:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Lowerthirds 1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Lowerthirds 1.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. cohesion ★ talk 09:32, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Lowerthirds_2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Lowerthirds_2.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --OrphanBot 12:30, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Lowerthirds_3.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Lowerthirds_3.jpg. The image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, contact Carnildo.

title: User talk:Wiki83


text:
Talk:German auxiliary cruiser Widder

Untitled
Something tells me that someone is just messing around here.

The other naval commander?
While not exactly necessary in this article, it might be good to mention who was the other German naval officer convicted of war crimes. If not in this article, at least in von Ruckteschell's article.

I'd also have to say that the German name "Helmut" is normally written without an H at the end, although since I don't have any direct references on this man's name, I'll restrain myself from editing it. It's quite possible that the German spelling of this name has changed over time, considering that he was born in the 19th century. If anybody has any sources to back up my statement that'd be good, as for myself, I can't claim to have 100% certainty on this. Neoncitylights 02:46, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * For the first point,I’m not clear why; a link to a page on war criminals of WWII, or of the Kreigsmarine, (if there was one) might make more sense. The editor is probably thinking of the Peleus incident, for which several of the officers of U-852 were later convicted and shot.
 * For the second point, Muggenthaler gives “Hellmuth�? as the spelling.Xyl 54 08:13, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:German auxiliary cruiser Widder


text: User talk:67.149.32.29

title: User talk:67.149.32.29


text:
Okikatsu Arao

Colonel Okikatsu (Koko) Arao (荒尾 興功) was one of the original plotters in a scheme to prevent the Emperor's declaration of surrender at the end of World War II. He was the chief of the War Affairs section of the Military Affairs Bureau of the Imperial Japanese Army.

Conspiracy
Given his relatively high station, Arao acted as the representative of the plotters to some extent, hoping to enlist the aid of Minister of War Korechika Anami. Meeting with Anami on the night of August 13 (two days before the surrender), Arao was informed that the Minister stood behind the Emperor's decisions, and that in any case, Japan could not afford to continue fighting. Unthinkable as it was, surrender was the only option.

As one of his chief contributions to the coup, Arao drafted an 'Instruction to the Troops' which was to be broadcast to all of Japan's soldiers, encouraging them to keep fighting. This was originally supported and approved by General Anami; however, while he spoke with the War Minister, several of the more rash members of the conspiracy broadcast an earlier, more inflammatory, draft.

The following morning, Arao and the other conspirators met to plot the actual details of their plan to take over the Imperial Palace, placing the Emperor under house arrest, and preventing the surrender speech from being delivered. Arao drafted the orders that were to be given to those elements of the Imperial Guards Division and other groups involved in the coup. The conspirators then met with Anami once more; the Minister, having wavered back and forth several times in his support of their plan, once again told them the coup would have to be abandoned. He said that Army Chief of Staff Yoshijirō Umezu felt that employment of armed forces within the Palace grounds would be sacrilege.

Though he was one of the original conspirators, Arao in the end turned his back on the coup, and helped write the generals' agreement document stating that those military commanders who signed swore to abide by the Emperor's decision.

Unlike many of the other conspirators, Arao survived through the events of August 15, 1945, and would, many years later, continue to admire General Anami, and the devotion and strength it took to bring the war to an end in the way he did.

title: Okikatsu Arao


text:
Metro Toronto Parks and Culture

Metro Toronto Parks and Culture was a department within the former regional municipality of Metropolitan Toronto.

The department was responsible for maintaining major parks and cultural sites around Metro Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Parks – now under Toronto Parks and Recreation
 * Morningside Park
 * Glen Rouge Park and stables
 * Humber Bay Park
 * Colonel Samuel Smith Park
 * Sunnybrook Park and stables
 * Toronto Islands and the Toronto Island ferries
 * Bluffers Park
 * Colonel Danforth Park
 * Lower Don Parkland / Don Valley Brickworks
 * Marie Curtis Park

Culture
 * O'Keefe Centre – now the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts
 * Metro Toronto Zoo – now Toronto Zoo
 * Black Creek Pioneer Village
 * Toronto Heritage
 * Exhibition Place – park used by the Canadian National Exhibition or "The Ex"
 * Museums other than the Royal Ontario Museum, Bata Shoe Museum

Post-amalgamation
After 1997 these services under this department is now under Toronto Parks and Recreation.

title: Metro Toronto Parks and Culture


text:
Fusitriton oregonensis

Fusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae.

The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846.

It was declared the state seashell of Oregon in 1989 by the 65th Legislative Assembly.

Distribution
The Oregon hairy triton is native to the northwestern coast of North America. The shells are found from Alaska to California, as well as in northern Japan. The shells often wash up on the coast during high tides.

Shell description
The shells grow from 3 to 5 in long. The shell is light brown in color and is covered with gray-brown bristly periostracum, hence the name "hairy." The shell is an elongate cone with six whorls (or turns) around a central axis.

Habitat
This species is common subtidally.

Life habits
Little is known of the snail's feeding habits, but they are believed to feed on other mollusks, ascidians ("sea squirts"), and more rarely, sea urchins. The species also holds the record for longest larval development period of any marine invertebrate, able to delay metamorphosis for over 4 years until presented with appropriate habitat. Under laboratory conditions, the larvae showed no signs of senescence at that point. According to some authorities, four years is long enough to drift completely across the Pacific Ocean.

title: Fusitriton oregonensis


text:
User talk:Nhatkyk1

Thảo luận
Bản thân wiki mang tính thảo luận, trong tương lai nó sẽ thay thế mail và IM

title: User talk:Nhatkyk1


text:
Talk:Chevrolet 9C1

Comments
I believe that 9C1 is the RPO code for police spec Caprices only. The Camaro police spec is called B4C for instance.

B4C was the Camaro RPO only, 9C1 was used for at least the Caprice, the Malibu and the Nova.

Really I think 9C1 is used on the Tahoe also B4Ctom1 00:35, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

the 9c1 is the "standard" police patrol vehicle (PPV). A detective variant of the model was also available, known as 9c3. It retained most of the performance upgrades of the 9c1, but was styled to look like a civilian model. Interestingly, there were no civilian models offered in the US, as the car was built in Australia on the Holden Commodore platform. (this info is from memory and therefore, subject to editing for accuracy). Badstdad (talk) 03:46, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chevrolet 9C1


text:
Matsudaira clan

The Matsudaira clan (松平氏) was a Japanese samurai clan that descended from the Minamoto clan. It originated in and took its name from Matsudaira village, in Mikawa Province (modern-day Aichi Prefecture). During the Sengoku period, the chieftain of the main line of the Matsudaira clan, Matsudaira Motoyasu became a powerful regional daimyo under Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi and changed his name to Tokugawa Ieyasu. He subsequently seized power as the first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan during the Edo period until the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, many cadet branches of the clan retained the Matsudaira surname, and numerous new branches were formed in the decades after Ieyasu. Some of those branches were also of daimyō status.

After the Meiji Restoration and the abolition of the han system, the Tokugawa and Matsudaira clans became part of the new kazoku nobility.

Origins
The Matsudaira clan originated in Mikawa Province. Its origins are uncertain, but in the Sengoku era, the clan claimed descent from the medieval Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan. According to this claim, the founder of the Matsudaira line was Matsudaira Chikauji, who lived in the 14th century and established himself in Mikawa Province, at Matsudaira village.

National historic sites
The location of Matsudaira village is within the borders of the modern city of Toyota, Aichi. A number of locations associated with the early history of the clan were collectively designated a National Historic Site of Japan in the year 2000. These include:

 * 1) The ruins of a Sengoku period fortified residence on the eastern bank of the Tomoe River (Asuke River) which was the birthplace of Tokugawa Ieyasu. The site is now part of a Shinto Shrine, the Matsudaira Tosho-gu, which was built in 1615, after Tokugawa Ieyasu's death and deification.
 * 2) Matsudaira Castle, from which the Matsudaira clan ruled over a portion of Mikawa Province during the Sengoku period.
 * 3) Ōgyū Castle, built around 1507 and used by the clan to 1575
 * 4) Kōgetsu-in, a Buddhist temple and bodaiji for the Matsudaira clan

Minor power between major neighbors
In its territory in Mikawa Province, the Matsudaira clan was surrounded by much more powerful neighbors. To the west was the territory of the Oda clan of Owari Province; to the east, the Imagawa clan of Suruga. Each generation of Matsudaira family head had to carefully negotiate his relationship with these neighbors.

Branches of the Matsudaira clan
Before the Edo period, there were 19 major branches of the Matsudaira clan: Takenoya (竹谷), Katanohara (形原), Ōgusa (大草), Nagasawa (長沢), Nōmi (能見), Goi (五井), Fukōzu (深溝), Ogyū (大給), Takiwaki (滝脇), Fukama (福釜), Sakurai (桜井), Tōjō (東条), Fujii (藤井), Mitsugi (三木), Iwatsu (岩津), Nishi-Fukama (西福釜), Yata (矢田), Udono (鵜殿), and Kaga (加賀). Each of these branches (with the exception of the Kaga-Matsudaira, which relocated to Kaga Province) took its name from the area in Mikawa where it resided. Also, many of the branches often fought with each other.

Matsudaira of Okazaki
It was the main Matsudaira line residing in Okazaki Castle which rose the highest during the Sengoku period. During the headship of Matsudaira Hirotada, it was threatened by the Oda and Imagawa clans, and for a time was forcibly brought into Imagawa service. After the death of Imagawa Yoshimoto and the fall from power of the Imagawa clan, Hirotada's son Matsudaira Motoyasu was successful in forming an alliance with Oda Nobunaga, the hegemon of Owari Province. Motoyasu is better known as Tokugawa Ieyasu, who became the first Tokugawa shōgun in 1603.

Pre-Edo branches
Several of the pre-Edo branch families survived into the Edo period; some of them became daimyōs. The Takiwaki-Matsudaira family became daimyōs of the Ojima Domain, and from 1868 to 1871, ruled the Sakurai Domain. The Nagasawa-Matsudaira, also known as the Ōkōchi-Matsudaira, had several branches, one of them ruled the Yoshida Domain of Mikawa Province. A prominent Nagasawa-Matsudaira is the early Edo-period politician Matsudaira Nobutsuna. The Fukōzu-Matsudaira ruled the Shimabara Domain. The Sakurai-Matsudaira ruled the Amagasaki Domain. The Ogyū-Matsudaira had many branches, one of which ruled the Okutono Domain. Nagai Naoyuki was a prominent Bakumatsu-era descendant of the Ogyū-Matsudaira of Okutono. Other pre-Edo branches of the family became hatamoto.

Tokugawa branches and the Matsudaira surname
The Tokugawa surname was not granted to all of the sons of the shōgun or the heads of the six main Tokugawa branches. Only the inheritor received the Tokugawa name, while all of his siblings would receive the Matsudaira surname. For example, the last shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu was not the firstborn heir of his father (Tokugawa Nariaki of Mito). Consequently, Yoshinobu was known as Matsudaira Shichirōma during his minority. Some of these sons, particularly of the 3 main Tokugawa branches (the Gosanke), formed their own families, and received their own fiefs. These included Takamatsu, Shishido, Fuchū, and Moriyama (branches of the Mito Tokugawa); Saijō (a branch of the Kii Tokugawa); and Takasu (a branch of the Owari Tokugawa). Notable Matsudaira of these branches include Matsudaira Yoritoshi of Takamatsu, and Matsudaira Yoritaka of Fuchū. Yoritsune Matsudaira and his son Yoriaki Matsudaira, who were 20th-century composers, were descendants of the Matsudaira of Fuchū.

Yūki-Matsudaira clan (Echizen)
The Yūki-Matsudaira clan was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu's son Yūki Hideyasu. Several branches of the Yūki-Matsudaira came into existence during the Edo period. Though the Yūki-Matsudaira retained control of Kitanoshō (later renamed Fukui), the main Yūki line was not there, but in Tsuyama instead. Branches of the family ruled the Fukui, Hirose, Mori, Matsue, Tsuyama, Akashi, Itoigawa, and Maebashi domains. Famous Yūki-Matsudaira include Matsudaira Naritami and Matsudaira Yoshinaga, two daimyōs of the late Edo period. Matsudaira Yoshinaga in particular was very important to Japanese politics of the early Meiji period, and his leadership put the Fukui Domain on the side of the victors in the Boshin War (1868–69).

Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan
The Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu's half-brother Hisamatsu Sadakatsu. Due to his close relation to Ieyasu, Sadakatsu was allowed the use of the Matsudaira surname. Eventually, some of the branches of the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira were also allowed the use of the Tokugawa family crest, as well as being formally recognized as Tokugawa relatives (shinpan), rather than simply being a fudai family. Branches of the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira ruled the Kuwana, Imabari, and Iyo-Matsuyama domains. Famous Hisamatsu-Matsudaira include the political reformer Matsudaira Sadanobu, the final Kyoto Shoshidai Matsudaira Sadaaki, and shogunate politician Itakura Katsukiyo. In the Meiji era, the heads of all the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira branches received titles in the new nobility.

Ochi-Matsudaira clan
The Ochi-Matsudaira clan was founded by Matsudaira Kiyotake, the younger brother of the 6th shōgun Tokugawa Ienobu. The Ochi-Matsudaira ruled the Hamada Domain. The family lost most of its territory in 1866, when the castle town was occupied by Chōshū Domain forces under Ōmura Masujirō during the Chōshū War. Matsudaira Takeakira, the last daimyō, escaped Hamada and went to Tsuruta, one of the domain's non-contiguous territories; there he set up the Tsuruta Domain, which existed until the abolition of the domains in 1871. In the Meiji era, Takeakira's son Matsudaira (Ochi) Takenaga received the title of viscount.

Hoshina-Matsudaira clan (Aizu)
The Hoshina-Matsudaira clan was founded by Hoshina Masayuki. Masayuki, a son of the second shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada, was adopted by Hoshina Masamitsu, the lord of the Takatō Domain. Masayuki was recognized as a relative of the Tokugawa family by his half-brother Tokugawa Iemitsu; after Iemitsu's death, Masayuki served as a regent for his nephew, the underaged shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna, thus effectively running the shogunate. It was at this time that Masayuki received rulership of the fief of Aizu (with an income of 230,000 koku). Two generations later, during the reign of the 3rd lord Masakata, the family was allowed the use of the Matsudaira surname and crest. The family remained prominent in shogunate affairs and in security duty in Ezo (Hokkaido). It also sponsored several schools of martial arts, as well as working to develop and spread the production of local crafts. In the Bakumatsu period, the 8th lord Matsudaira Katataka assisted with security duties during and after the arrival of the Perry Expedition; Katataka's successor, 9th lord Matsudaira Katamori served as Kyoto Shugoshoku, but his clan was later defeated in the Boshin War. The Aizu-Matsudaira survived the Meiji Restoration, and were ennobled with the title of viscount. Katamori's son Morio Matsudaira served as an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The family survives to the present day. Isao Matsudaira, who was governor of Fukushima Prefecture in the 1980s, was a descendant of this family. Princess Chichibu Setsuko, the wife of Emperor Hirohito's brother Prince Chichibu Yasuhito, was another.

Matsudaira as an honorific
Over the course of the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate granted the use of the Matsudaira surname to certain families as an honorific. These families included both fudai and tozama daimyō families. The Date clan of Sendai, the Shimazu clan of Satsuma, the Mōri clan of Choshu, the Maeda clan of Kaga (and its branches at Daishōji and Toyama), the Yamanouchi clan of Tosa, the Kuroda clan of Fukuoka, the Asano clan of Hiroshima (and its branch at Hiroshima-shinden), the Nabeshima of Saga, the Ikeda of Tottori (as well as its branches of Okayama, Shikano, Wakazakura, Hirafuku, as well as hatamoto-level Ikeda), and the Hachisuka of Tokushima were all tozama families that had the use of the Matsudaira surname. The Yanagisawa clan of Yamato and Honjō clan of Miyazu were two fudai families among those who had the right to use the Matsudaira surname. In addition, if a Tokugawa princess married into another family, her husband had the right to use the Matsudaira surname and the Tokugawa crest for one generation.

Present day
Prominent Matsudaira in the present day include Ryūmon Matsudaira (actor), and Iyo-Matsuyama Domain Matsudaira Hisamatsu family of branch family bannermen hits the descendants Sadatomo Matsudaira (ja; former anchor for NHK), among others.

Main line (Tokugawa shōgun)

 * Serata Arichika
 * Matsudaira Chikauji
 * Matsudaira Yasuuji
 * Matsudaira Nobumitsu
 * Matsudaira Chikatada (1431–1501)

 * Matsudaira Nagachika (1473–1544)
 * Matsudaira Nobutada (1486–1531)
 * Matsudaira Kiyoyasu (1511–1535)
 * Matsudaira Hirotada (1526–1549)
 * Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616)

 * Tokugawa Hidetada (1579–1632)
 * Tokugawa Iemitsu (1604–1651)
 * Tokugawa Ietsuna (1641–1680)
 * Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1646–1709)
 * Tokugawa Ienobu (1662–1712)

 * Tokugawa Ietsugu (1709–1716)
 * Tokugawa Yoshimune (1684–1751)
 * Tokugawa Ieshige (1712–1761)
 * Tokugawa Ieharu (1737–1786)
 * Tokugawa Ienari (1773–1841)

 * Tokugawa Ieyoshi (1793–1853)
 * Tokugawa Iesada (1824–1858)
 * Tokugawa Iemochi (1846–1866)
 * Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1837–1913)
 * Tokugawa Iesato (1863–1940)

 * Iemasa Tokugawa (1884–1963)
 * Tsunenari Tokugawa (born 1940)

Hoshina-Matsudaira clan (Aizu)

 * Hoshina Masayuki (1611–1673)
 * Hoshina Masatsune (1647–1681)
 * Matsudaira Masakata (1669–1731)
 * Matsudaira Katasada (1724–1750)
 * Matsudaira Katanobu (1744–1805)

 * Matsudaira Kataoki (1779–1806)
 * Matsudaira Katahiro (1803–1822)
 * Matsudaira Katataka (1806–1852)
 * Matsudaira Katamori (1836–1893)
 * Matsudaira Nobunori (1855–1891)

 * Matsudaira Kataharu (1869–1910)
 * Morio Matsudaira (1878–1944)
 * Morisada Matsudaira (1926–2011)
 * Morihisa Matsudaira

Yūki-Matsudaira clan (Echizen)

 * Yūki Hideyasu (1574–1607)
 * Matsudaira Tadanao (1595–1650)
 * Matsudaira Tadamasa (1598–1645)
 * Matsudaira Mitsumichi (1636–1674)
 * Matsudaira Masachika (1640–1711)

 * Matsudaira Tsunamasa (1661–1699)
 * Yoshinori (the former Masachika)
 * Matsudaira Yoshikuni (1681–1722)
 * Matsudaira Munemasa (1675–1724)
 * Matsudaira Munenori (1715–1749)

 * Matsudaira Shigemasa (1743–1758)
 * Matsudaira Shigetomi (1748–1809)
 * Matsudaira Haruyoshi (1768–1826)
 * Matsudaira Naritsugu (1811–1835)
 * Matsudaira Narisawa (1820–1838)

 * Matsudaira Yoshinaga (1828–1890)
 * Matsudaira Mochiaki (1836–1890)

Ochi-Matsudaira clan (Hamada)

 * Matsudaira Kiyotake (1663–1724)
 * Matsudaira Takemasa (1702–1728)
 * Matsudaira Takemoto (1714–1779)
 * Matsudaira Takehiro (1754–1789)
 * Matsudaira Nariatsu (1783–1839)

 * Matsudaira Takeoki (1827–1842)
 * Matsudaira Takeshige (1825–1847)
 * Matsudaira Takeakira (1842–1882)
 * Matsudaira Takenaga

Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan (Kuwana)

 * Matsudaira Sadatsuna (1592–1652)
 * Matsudaira Sadayoshi (1632–1657)
 * Matsudaira Sadashige (1644–1717)
 * Matsudaira Sadamichi (1677–1718)
 * Matsudaira Sadateru (1704–1725)

 * Matsudaira Sadanori (1680–1727)
 * Matsudaira Sadayoshi (1709–1770)
 * Matsudaira Sadakuni (1720–1790)
 * Matsudaira Sadanobu (1759–1829)
 * Matsudaira Sadanaga (1791–1838)

 * Matsudaira Sadakazu (1812–1841)
 * Matsudaira Sadamichi (1831–1859)
 * Matsudaira Sadaaki (1847–1908)
 * Matsudaira Sadanori (1857–1899)

Ogyū-Matsudaira clan (Okutono)

 * Matsudaira Sanetsugu
 * Matsudaira Noritsugu (1632–1687)
 * Matsudaira Norinari (1658–1703)
 * Matsudaira Norizane (1686–1716)
 * Matsudaira Mitsunori (1716–1742)

 * Matsudaira Noriyasu (1739–1783)
 * Matsudaira Noritomo (1760–1824)
 * Matsudaira Noritada (1777–1818)
 * Matsudaira Noriyoshi (1791–1827)
 * Matsudaira Noritoshi (1811–1854)

 * Matsudaira Norikata (1839–1910)
 * Matsudaira Noritake

title: Matsudaira clan


text:
The Leaky Cauldron

The Leaky Cauldron may refer to:

 * The Leaky Cauldron (pub), a fictional pub in Harry Potter
 * The Leaky Cauldron (website), a Harry Potter fan site named after the pub

Lieux dans l’univers de Harry Potter

title: The Leaky Cauldron


text:
Metro Toronto Roads and Transportation

Metro Toronto Roads and Traffic (later Metro Transportation) was a department within the former Municipality of  Metropolitan Toronto.

The department was responsible for maintaining major arterial roads, bridges and local freeways systems (Gardiner Expressway, Don Valley Parkway and W.R. Allen Road) in Metropolitan Toronto and all traffic signal-controlled intersections. Metro roads were akin to county roads, but were not signposted with numbers.

The department did have influence over the design of the city. One example is the width of Yonge Street. When the Toronto Eaton Centre was built, it was setback from the street as to allow the possibility of a future lane of traffic. It wasn't until the late 1990s that the mall was allowed to expand out towards Yonge.

Metro Toronto Roads and Traffic bronze plaques are found on bridges throughout Toronto, but some are being replaced with City of Toronto signs as they are refurbished by Toronto Transportation.

Metro Roads
Most major roads in Toronto were under the authority of Metro Roads and Traffic and a few expressways:

 * Gardiner Expressway
 * W.R. Allen Road
 * Don Valley Parkway

Streets:

 * Yonge Street within Metro Toronto
 * Kipling Avenue within Metro Toronto
 * Islington Avenue within Metro Toronto
 * Royal York Road
 * Jane Street within Metro Toronto
 * Keele Street within Metro Toronto
 * Weston Road within Metro Toronto
 * Parkside Drive
 * Dufferin Street within Metro Toronto
 * Bathurst Street within Metro Toronto
 * Spadina Road, Spadina Avenue and Spadina Crescent
 * Avenue Road
 * York Street
 * University Avenue
 * Jarvis Street
 * Mount Pleasant Road
 * Bayview Avenue within Metro Toronto
 * Leslie Street within Metro Toronto
 * Don Mills Road
 * Victoria Park Avenue
 * Warden Avenue within Metro Toronto
 * Kennedy Road within Metro Toronto
 * McCowan Road within Metro Toronto
 * Markham Road within Metro Toronto
 * Morningside Avenue
 * Steeles Avenue within Metro Toronto
 * Finch Avenue within Metro Toronto
 * Albion Road
 * Sheppard Avenue within Metro Toronto
 * Wilson Avenue
 * York Mills Road
 * Ellesmere Road
 * Lawrence Avenue
 * Eglinton Avenue within Metro Toronto
 * Burnhamthorpe Road within Metro Toronto
 * St. Clair Avenue
 * Bloor Street within Metro Toronto
 * Dundas Street within Metro Toronto
 * Richmond Street
 * Adelaide Street
 * Lake Shore Boulevard
 * The Queensway

Other tasks assigned to Metro Roads:
 * snow removal on Metro Toronto managed roads including use of 5 Trecan Metromelters
 * road repair on Metro Toronto managed roads and bridges

Post amalgamation
The department merged with local departments in 1998 under the Transportation Services Division, which now handles both major arterial and minor local roads across the city. Some vehicles bearing Metro Toronto Roads and Traffic symbols can still be found in the city, but they will disappear once they are retired or repainted.

title: Metro Toronto Roads and Transportation


text:
Principality of Orange

The Principality of Orange (French: Principauté d'Orange) was, from 1163 to 1713, a feudal state in Provence, in the south of modern-day France, on the east bank of the river Rhone, north of the city of Avignon, and surrounded by the independent papal state of Comtat Venaissin.

It was constituted in 1163, when Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I elevated the Burgundian County of Orange (consisting of the city of Orange and the land surrounding it) to a sovereign principality within the Empire. The principality became part of the scattered holdings of the house of Orange-Nassau from the time that William the Silent inherited the title of Prince of Orange from his cousin in 1544, until it was finally ceded to France in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht. Although permanently lost by the Nassaus then, this fief gave its name to the extant Royal House of the Netherlands. The area of the principality was approximately 12 mi long by 9 mi wide, or 108 mi2.

History
The Carolingian counts of Orange had their origin in the 8th century, and the fief passed into the family of the lords of Baux. The Baux counts of Orange became fully independent with the breakup of the Kingdom of Burgundy after 1033. In 1163 Orange was raised to a principality, as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire.

In 1365, Orange university was founded by Charles IV when he was in Arles for his coronation as king of Arles. In 1431, the Count of Provence waived taxation duties for Orange's rulers (Mary of Baux-Orange and Jean de Châlons of Burgundy) in exchange for liquid assets to be used for a ransom. The town and principality of Orange was a part of administration and province of Dauphiné.

In 1544, William the Silent, count of Nassau, with large properties in the Netherlands, inherited the principality. William, 11 years old at the time, was the cousin of René of Châlon who died without an heir when he was shot at St. Dizier in 1544 during the Franco-Imperial wars. René, it turned out, willed his entire fortune to this very young relative. Among those titles and estates was the Principality of Orange. René's mother, Claudia, had held the title prior to it being passed to young William since Philibert de Châlon was her brother.

When William inherited the Principality, it was incorporated into the holdings of what became the House of Orange. This pitched it into the Protestant side in the Wars of Religion, during which the town was badly damaged. In 1568 the Eighty Years' War began with William as Stadtholder of Holland leading the bid for independence of the Netherlands from Spain. William the Silent was assassinated in Delft in 1584. It was his son, Maurice of Nassau (Prince of Orange after his elder brother died in 1618), with the help of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, who solidified the independence of the Dutch republic.

As an independent enclave within France, Orange became an attractive destination for Protestants and a Huguenot stronghold. William III of Orange, who ruled England as William III of England, was the last Prince of Orange to rule the principality. The principality was captured by the forces of Louis XIV under François Adhémar de Monteil Comte de Grignan, in 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War, and again in August 1682, but William did not concede his claim to rule. In 1702, William III died childless and the right to the principality became a matter of dispute between Frederick I of Prussia and John William Friso of Nassau-Dietz, who both claimed the title 'Prince of Orange'. In 1702 also, Louis XIV of France enfeoffed François Louis, Prince of Conti, a relative of the Châlon dynasty, with the Principality of Orange, so that there were three claimants to the title.

Finally in 1713 in the Treaty of Utrecht, Frederick I of Prussia ceded the Principality to France (without surrendering the princely title) in which cession the Holy Roman Empire as suzerain concurred, though John William Friso of Nassau-Dietz, the other claimant to the principality, did not concur. Only with the treaty of partition in 1732 did John William Friso's successor William IV, Prince of Orange, renounce all his claims to the territory, but again (like Frederick I) he did not renounce his claim to the title. In the same treaty an agreement was made between both claimants, stipulating that both houses be allowed to use the title.

In 1713, after Orange was officially ceded to France, it became a part of the Province of the Dauphiné.

Following the French Revolution of 1789, Orange was absorbed into the French département of Drôme in 1790, then Bouches-du-Rhône, then finally Vaucluse.

In 1814, after the defeat of Napoleon, the Dutch Republic was not revived but replaced into the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, under a King of the House of Orange-Nassau. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna took care of a French sensitivity by stipulating that the Kingdom of the Netherlands would be ruled by the House of Oranje-Nassau – "Oranje", not "Orange" as had been the custom until then. The English language, however, continues to use the term Orange-Nassau.

Today, Dutch crown princess Amalia carries the title "Princess of Orange" in the official form of Prinses van Oranje.

Constituent parts

The territory of the principality was 180 square km (70 sq. mi.), 19 km (12 miles) long and 15 km (10 miles) wide. It was oriented with its base on the eastern bank of the Rhône extending east to west towards Dentelles de Montmirail. It also included several enclaves in the Dauphiné.

The principality comprised the following towns:
 * Bouchet (only the 13th through the 14th century);
 * Causans (today part of the Jonquières );
 * Châteauneuf-de-Redortier (today part of the Suzette );
 * Condorcet (enclave in the Dauphiné);
 * Courthézon;
 * Derboux (today, part of Mondragon );
 * Gigondas;
 * Jonquières;
 * Montbrison (enclave in the Dauphiné, bordering on the Comtat Venaissin);
 * Montmirail;
 * Montréal-les-Sources;
 * Montségur until its reattachment to the County of Grignan in Provence;
 * Orange;
 * Chapelle Saint-Blaise de Bollène, today a dependency of Bollène (it consists of the ruin of a castle and a Roman era chapel);
 * Suze-la-Rousse;
 * Suzette;
 * Saint-André-de-Ramières (today part of Gigondas);
 * Tulette, from the 12th to the 16th century, when it was annexed to the Dauphiné;
 * Villebois-les-Pins (enclave en Dauphiné), where, in 1256, there was a tribute from Lord Guillaume des Baux, Prince of Orange, to the Seneschal of Provence;
 * Violès.

Geography

The capital of the principality was the castle, fortress and town of Orange. The castle and fortress sat on an outcropping of rock from the Colline Saint-Eutrope with the town below. The natural defense provided by the escarpment allowed the princes to control all the approaches to Orange and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean. It also made the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time until Louis XIV overwhelmed it with his armies in 1672.

 * « Du sommet de la colline, s'élevant à une centaine de mètres au-dessus de la plaine, et dominant la Ville d'Orange, la vue embrasse l'admirable paysage du Comtat jusqu'au-delà d'Avignon, et des Cévennes au mont Ventoux.
 * Enfin ses flancs plantés d'arbres forment un décor grandiose aux imposants vestiges romains, constituant dans leur ensemble un site dont la protection et la conservation s'imposent au premier chef. »

The Château
In the 12th century, Tiburge d'Orange, daughter of Count Raimbaud of Nice, rebuilt the Roman walls of the town and rehabilitated the ancient "castrum Aurasice". In the 14th century, the Les Baux princes of Orange consolidated the donjon and rampart of the chateau in order to resist the assaults of the "grandes compagnies" that were devastating Provence at the time. The population of the town was concentrated around the fortress in an area much smaller than the ancient Roman town. Prince Jean de Chalon added three wings to the dungeon in the last years of the century, which gave it a square shape.

The Citadel of the Princes

By the 17th century, the chateau had suffered damage due to the French Wars of Religion. Much of the essential defenses were in need of complete rebuilding. The incumbent prince of Orange, the celebrated general Maurice of Nassau, executed a plan by the architect Servole to build a fortress incorporating the modern science of fortification he had pioneered in his wars in the Netherlands. The fortress was composed of three parts: the 14th century castle, the curtain wall, and the "Vignasse", an esplanade, says Joseph of Pisa, capable of containing 10,000 men at arms. The entire complex and the city were surrounded by moats and Bastion fort walls to protect against cannon fire similar to the fortifications of towns in the Netherlands.

When completed, the citadel consisted of 11 bastions connected by curtain walls and ditches. It was built with walls of extraordinary thickness extending over the whole hill. It was heavily fortified and garrisoned. In 1672, in reprisal for the young William III, prince of Orange and "stadtholder" of Holland defending the interests of his nation and of the Protestant religion, Louis XIV instructed the count of Grignan to lay siege to the citadel and to destroy it. Gunpowder was used to demolish the enormous walls of which one can see today some vestiges on the hill. In 1991, an excavation studied the architectural and military features.

title: Principality of Orange


text:
User:Peterloud

== PETER-ONLINE ==

I am a lot interested to Articles of Sport: especially Basketball and Baseball, but also other things amuse to me. I am native of Vienna : you have some questions about my City? I am to your disposition. After the study I amuse many hours in my preferred Internet coffee.

title: User:Peterloud


text:
Talk:Süßkind von Trimberg

Untitled

 * Article: de:Süßkind von Trimberg
 * Corresponding English-language article: Süßkind von Trimberg
 * Worth doing because: no article
 * Originally Requested by: --Sheynhertz-Unbayg 8 July 2005 15:13 (UTC)
 * Status: done -Tydaj 21:27, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Other notes: Now the English version has more info than the German. -Tydaj 21:27, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Supported:

Sùßkind = Sùsskind, NOT Suezkind

Blood
Does anyone know the theories concerning the blood in the Codex Manesse picture? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Johnbod (talk • contribs) 16:57, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

The codex was collated in Zurich between 1300 and 1330 and illustrated by various artists. Süßkind's picture was crafted by one of the "additional painters" in his usual manner. The "provocation" (to many, to his day) lies in the very fact that the Jewish minstrel is treated exactly like all the other poets in the collection - not in a hidden "Süßkind-code". Fuxmann (talk) 14:00, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I mean the blood clearly coming down his face and onto his cape, apparently from a head-wound. Johnbod (talk) 14:17, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I read it as a purple string, tied underneath Süßkind's chin, to keep his "Judenhut" in place. Fuxmann (talk) 15:59, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Hmm! I hadn't thought of that. It looks like blood to me - the gestures of the other figures are rather confrontational. Johnbod (talk) 18:09, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Copy to Wikisource
There is an annotation to move this piece to WS. To do that we would need to confirm the translator and source of the published translation. -- billinghurst (talk) 05:06, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Süßkind von Trimberg


text:
James Maidment

James Maidment (1793 in London – 1879 in Edinburgh) was a British antiquary and collector. He passed through Edinburgh University to the Scottish bar, and was chief authority on genealogical cases.

Maidment's hobby was the collection of literary rarities. He edited and published editions of ancient literary remains including A Book of Scottish Pasquils, 1568-1715, a selection from the papers of the family of Boyd of Kilmarnock from the 16th and 17th centuries, state papers and miscellaneous correspondence of Thomas, Baron Melros (from the 17th century), letters and state papers during the reign of King James the Sixth, chiefly from the manuscript collections of Sir James Balfour of Denmylne, constitutions, charters etc. of the nunnery of Sciennes, 1512–88, and Scottish Ballads and Songs: Historical and Traditionary.

Maidment was also a poet and a friend of Sir Walter Scott. A collection of his poems is held at the Kenneth Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas.

Life
He was born in London about 1795; his father was a solicitor. Called to the Scottish bar in 1817, he soon took a high position as an advocate in cases involving genealogical inquiry, and was much involved in disputed peerage cases. In 1832 he lived at 103 Princes Street looking onto Edinburgh Castle. He moved soon after to 10 Forres Street on the Moray Estate in west Edinburgh. He later lived at 25 Royal Crescent on the northern edge of the Second New Town in Edinburgh.

He died in Edinburgh, 24 October 1879, and was buried with his family in the Dean Cemetery. The grave lies in the first northern extension.

He was an extensive collector, and the sale, in May 1880, of his library occupied fifteen days.

Family
He was married to Isabella Jane Stewart (1822-1862). They had several children before she died aged only 40.

Works
Maidment showed an early taste for antiquarian and historical research, and he became friends with Sir Walter Scott, Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, and other men of letters. His publications were very numerous, though many were anonymous, and several were privately printed in small editions. He published generally with John Stevenson and his son Thomas George Stevenson. He edited works for the Bannatyne, Maitland, Abbotsford, and Hunterian Clubs, and for the Spottiswoode Society; and he was the main editor of John Kay's Edinburgh Portraits, 2 vols. 1837. One of his major works is the Dramatists of the Restoration,’ 14 vols. Edinburgh, 1877, in the editorship of which he was assisted by William Hugh Logan.

Other compilations of Maidment's were:
 * Nugæ Derelictæ: Documents illustrative of Scottish Affairs, 1206–1715, with Robert Pitcairn, 1822.
 * Reliquiæ Scoticæ: Scottish Remains in Prose and Verse, from Original MSS. and Scarce Tracts, 1828.
 * Letters from Bishop Percy, John Callander of Craigforth, David Herd, and others, to George Paton (late of the Custom House, Edinburgh), with an Appendix of Illustrative Matter, Biographical Notices, &c., 1830.
 * Historical Fragments relative to Scotish Affairs from 1635 to 1664, 1832–3.
 * The Argyle Papers, from the manuscripts of Robert Mylne, 1834.
 * Galatians: an Ancient Mystery, 1835, taken down from the recitations of the Guisards at Stirling about 1815.
 * Fragmenta Scoto-Dramatica, 1715–1758, from Original Manuscripts and other Sources, 1835.
 * Bannatyniana: Notices relative to the Bannatyne Club, instituted in February M.DCCC.XXIII.; including Critiques on some of its Publications; with a curious Prefatory Notice, including Letters to and from Sir Walter Scott, Notes, &c., 1836.
 * Analecta Scotica: Collections illustrative of the Civil, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of Scotland, chiefly from Original Manuscripts, 2 vols. 1834–7.
 * Roxburgh Revels, and other relative Papers; including Answers to the Attack on the Memory of the late Joseph Haslewood, with Specimens of his Literary Productions, 1837.
 * Court of Session Garland: with an Appendix, 1839.
 * Scottish Elegiac Verses on the Principal Nobility and Gentry, from 1629 to 1729, with interesting Biographical Notices, Notes, and an Appendix of illustrative Papers, 1842.
 * The Spottiswoode Miscellany: a Collection of Original Papers and Tracts, illustrative chiefly of the Civil and Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, with Biographical Notices and Notes, 2 vols. 1844–5.
 * Genealogical Fragments, 1855.
 * Scottish Ballads and Songs, with illustrative Notes, &c., 1859.
 * A Book of Scottish Pasquils, 1568–1715, edited with Introductory and Prefatory Remarks, 1868.
 * A Packet of Pestilent Pasquils, a supplement to the Book of Scottish Pasquils, privately printed, 1868.

His publisher, Thomas George Stevenson, compiled a bibliography of his works, Bibliography of James Maidment, Esq., advocate, Edinburgh; From the year M.DCCC.XVII to M.DCCC.LXXVIII. Edinburgh: Printed for private circulation, 1883 (A new ed. of his "Bibliographical list of the various publications by James Maidment ... 1817-1859." Edinburgh, 1859.)

title: James Maidment


text:
Business (song)

"Business" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fourth studio album, The Eminem Show (2002). "Business" was released as the final single from the album on July 22, 2003, but it was not released as an official single in the United States.

Composition & reception
"Business" is a hip hop song of four minutes and eleven seconds in length. It sees Eminem comparing himself and Dr. Dre, the song's producer, to fictional crime-fighting duo Batman and Robin, a comparison first explored in the music video for the previous Eminem single "Without Me". The lyrics are backed by a "cartoonish" beat: one of several Dr. Dre productions on The Eminem Show which, according to CultureDose writer Marty Brown, affords Eminem a "perfect sound-scape" to inspire emotions in the listener, calling the beat "a launchpad equally effective for humor or anger". Writing for Pitchfork Media, Ethan P. noted the "cartoonish" production to be similar in style to several of Eminem's early singles, claiming it to be fitting to the Batman and Robin theme on "Business", but noted that "this time he's actually talking about Batman and Robin!!". DX Magazine editor J-23 called this "classic" with Dre beats. Kris Ex On "Business": "Em names himself the gatekeeper of hip-hop and obliquely claims to be the best rapper alive: 'The flow's too wet/Nobody close to it/Nobody says it, but everybody knows the shit.'"

Track listing

 * UK CD1

 * UK CD2

 * UK Cassette

 * German CD single

 * Australian CD single

 * German 3" CD single

 * The Singles version

In popular culture
The song was used in the 2022 San Diego Comic-Con trailer of the film Shazam! Fury of the Gods.

title: Business (song)


text:
Metro Toronto Hostel Services Division

Metro Toronto Hostel Services was a department within the former Regional Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto.

It was responsible for providing housing and shelters for homeless in Metro Toronto not run by non-profit organizations. It was an operating division under Metro Toronto Community Services.

This department is now under Toronto Community Services department.

title: Metro Toronto Hostel Services Division