text:
Vera Dua

Vera Agnes Roger Dua (Ghent, 25 October 1952) was the Party Chair of the Flemish green party Groen! between 2003 and 2007. She graduated in 1975 as agricultural engineer and attained a PhD in agricultural science 11 years later.

She has been a member of Agalev since 1984 and appeared in the local assembly of Ghent in 1989. Two years later she was elected to the Belgian Chamber. In 1995 she switched to the Flemish Parliament. After a few years of fierce opposition she became the minister of agriculture and environment. As minister she focused on expanding nature reserves and protecting people's health. After her party suffered a heavy blow in the 2003 federal election she resigned as minister.

On 15 November 2003 Agalev changed its name to Groen! and Vera Dua was elected chairman. In 2007 Mieke Vogels was elected as her successor. She was elected as a member of the Belgian Senate in 2007.

title: Vera Dua


text:
Catherine Isaac

Catherine Isaac is the president of the New Zealand political party ACT, and managing director of Awaroa Partners. She was formerly director of JM Communications.

Early life
Isaac was raised in Christchurch and completed a BA in English and Languages at the University of Canterbury in 1970. She is the niece of Diana Isaac.

Before politics
Isaac was communications and public affairs manager for the National Provident Fund through its extensive restructuring from 1988 to 1991. In the 18 month lead-up to the completion of the NPF tender process Isaac was also General Manager, Regional Operations, responsible for management of six regional offices and five branch offices.

Isaac was a member of the Board of the Wellington Community Trust from 1999 to 2003.

She was a founding director of the St Lukes' Group from 1993 to 1996. From 1990 to 1994 she was a Trustee of the Royal New Zealand Ballet. From 1995 to 2001 she served on the Board of Trustees of Wellington College.

Presidency of ACT New Zealand, 2001–2006
Isaac was elected President of ACT New Zealand in March 2001. Her bid for the presidency was support by the founders of ACT, Sir Roger Douglas and Derek Quigley. A key feature of her presidency was the Liberal Project, which was designed to focus the party on its classical liberal roots. However her moves to get the party more focussed on liberal issues were relatively unsuccessful, and in the 2002 election the party largely repeated its socially conservative positions which it had used in 1999.

Isaac was one of a handful of people that Richard Prebble confided in prior to announcing to the ACT caucus on 27 April 2004 that he intended to retire as leader of the party. Isaac oversaw the membership primary that the party ran to assist in selecting a new leader. Rodney Hide was selected following the primary and a caucus vote.

Isaac announced publicly in January 2006 that she would not be standing for re-election as party president. She stepped down at the March 2006 annual conference and was replaced by Hamilton businessman Garry Mallett.

Since retiring as president of ACT
Isaac stood for parliament in the 2011 election. She was ranked second on ACT's party list, but did not stand as an electorate candidate because of her husband's illness. Because of ACT's low vote-share, she was not elected to Parliament.

Isaac was involved in a number of the Fifth National Government's initiatives, including the Welfare Working Group, and the Partnership Schools/Kura Hourua Working Group. She was Chair of the Kura Hourua Authorisation Board. However, after the Sixth Labour Government was elected, the Board resigned in protest at the end of their term on 1 March 2018 because the Government was abolishing the Partnership Schools model.

Personal life
She is divorced from diplomat Hugo Judd. She subsequently married former Business Roundtable director Roger Kerr in 2010, who died in 2011.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Catherine Isaac


text:
Park Cities, Texas

Park Cities is a term used in reference to two communities in Dallas County, Texas – the Town of Highland Park and the City of University Park. The two municipalities, which share a border, are surrounded by the city of Dallas and comprise an enclave.

As of the 2010 census, the Park Cities had a population of 31,632.

The Park Cities have among the highest per capita incomes in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex and Texas.

In 2000 the Robb Report presented a report which stated that the Park Cities ranked No. 9 in a list of communities with the highest quality living in the USA.

Demographics

 * Total Population: 31,632
 * Total Households: 11,590
 * Total Families: 7,703
 * Racial makeup:
 * 95.14% White
 * 3.00% Hispanic or Latino of any race
 * 1.84% Asian
 * 1.14% African American
 * 0.89% from other races
 * 0.77 from two or more races
 * 0.20% Native American
 * 0.02% Pacific Islander
 * Per Capita Income: $80,211
 * Median Household Income: $121,084
 * Median Income (Males): In excess of $100,000
 * Median Income (Females): $43,801

In terms of formal education, the Park Cities rank as Texas' first and second most educated communities. 82.8% of adults in University Park age 25 years or older possess an associate degree or higher, and 80.5% obtained a baccalaureate degree or higher. 76.6% of adults in Highland Park age 25 years or older possess an associate degree or higher, and 74.7% obtained a baccalaureate degree or higher.

Culture
In 1982 the Park Cities Historical Society, which is intended to preserve the community, was founded.

Education
The Highland Park Independent School District serves most of the Park Cities. A small portion of Highland Park (areas west of Roland Avenue) is zoned to the Dallas Independent School District.

University Park is home to Southern Methodist University.

Schools

 * Boone Elementary
 * Armstrong Elementary
 * McCulloch Intermediate and Highland Park Middle School
 * University Park Elementary
 * Hyer Elementary
 * Bradfield Elementary
 * Highland Park High School

Media

 * The Dallas Morning News is the Dallas citywide newspaper.
 *  Park Cities News is the official community newspaper since 1938.

title: Park Cities, Texas


text:
Talk:Pistis Sophia

Monism is not Pantheism
No Christian religion is monistic in the Dharmic sense of the word, ie pantheistic. The author/s of the current article appear to have misundertood the term monism in relation to dualism and within a monotheistic framework. In this instance monism referes to a single ultimate principle, which is God. Gnostics have always insisted on the absolute transcendence of God and regarded matter and the material cosmos as evil, a mistake or fallen. In either eventuality the Gnostic God is not identical to the cosmos, which is the actual meaning of pantheism.

Gnostics would be horrified at the suggestion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.25.109.197 (talk) 13:16, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

[Untitled]
Look, this article thus far is really light on facts and heavy on "supposeds."

The subject material seems didactic, not historic, and suspiciously of the flavor of modern pseudo factual/historic philosophy.

So what are the facts? Is this document actually dated? Was it part of the Nag Hammadi? What is the context of the teaching? Was the concept of an 11 year post decease teaching only "high-concept?"

I might get back to do an edit. The above comment was unsigned.

 * According to Gnosticweb,
 * The Pistis Sophia was purchased by the British Museum in 1795 from a doctor and it wasn't until 1851 that work began on its translation. --Percevalles 01:25, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

That's right. The discovery of the Pistis Sophia predates the Nag Hammadi discoveries but the PS remains the longest and most complete Christian Gnostic text we have. Many of the NH texts are fragmentary and/or short. The PS runs to several hundred pages. Its very obscure and will be unrecogniscable to the orthodox Christian used to the vision of Christ in the Bible. Its cosmology is utterly Gnostic and Kabbalistic with Archons, Deccans and Aeons, several heavens etc and the central drama is the Gnostic/Kabbalistic drama of the fallen Sophia seeking to return to God from the dark world of matter. Its a head banger of a read and I take my hat off to anyone who's been able to get through it without his head spinning! But then its authors are thought to have seen it as a secret text for the initiated and not for the general reader or worshipper. It is in print: ISBN 1585092398 ThePeg August 2006 (UTC)

I've now read more of it. If you can get through the first chunk in which Christ talks about the Archons - very hard to understand - things get a bit clearer. Imagery of Light suffuses the book in a way similar to the beginning of John's Gospel. Christ comes from the Light-realms (the heavens) and his mission is to help us return to the Light. In addition, the Pistis Sophia has references to the Odes of Solomon which make up part of the Lost Books of the Bible. There are whole passages where Christ, Mary and the Disciples discuss the Odes and their meaning. This means that the Odes are Gnostic in nature and somehow related in terms of their version of the Christian message to the people who wrote the Pistis Sophia. Interesting. If I have one criticism of this article it would be that there is not enough description of the text. ThePeg 21:22, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Note that there's scholarly debate over whether the Odes are Gnostic. Just being quoted in a Gnostic text doesn't mean they're Gnostic, or we'd have to say that the Psalms and Isaiah are Gnostic too.  Nyttend 01:49, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

While that's true not only are they heavily featured in the Pistis Sophia and nowhere else in Christian literature but they contain clearly Gnostic imagery, to whit:

ODE 34

No way is hard where there is a simple heart. Nor is there any wound where the thoughts are upright: Nor is there any storm in the depth of the illuminated thought: Where one is surrounded by beauty There is nothing that is divided. The likeness of that which is below Is that which is above: For everything is above: What is below is nothing But the imagination of those that are without knowledge. Grace has been given for your salvation. Believe and live and be saved. Hallelujah!

Note the use of the word KNOWLEDGE (ie Gnosis - the Odes are originally in Greek) in ten as well as Hermetic/Gnostic/Kabbalistic/Alchemical/Hellenic imagery such as 'The likeness of that which is below/Is that which is above' ThePeg (talk) 02:47, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

For the record, much of this page is more or less copied from the Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines entry from 1887, and is thus well out of date. Significant further analysis has been done in the ensuing century (and then some) since it was written, so I would propose a thorough rewrite, cutting down some of the old theories and speculation a bit in the process. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7F:8C1F:800:ADC3:76B9:DBFC:3F34 (talk) 22:46, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

"Analysis"
I believe the section Analysis violates WP:NOTESSAY. Wikipedia is not a collection of personal essays, foremost not Primary (original) research. Wikipedia shall not provide analyses to provide any opinion. It is OK and well to review and refer to outside external analyses, but an encyclopedia cannot contain editor analyses. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 16:00, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * This section is from: . Edit as you wish. Kramden (talk) 18:09, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

Here is a suggested replacement for the first few sentences of the analysis section. It should clarify the origin source of the analysis section text is commentary from 1887 scholars and not a Wikipedia author opinion. Note from the source material the commentary uses "book" while this article uses "section."

If there are no scholarly objections I shall return make the changes and remove the "personal reflection or opinion essay" template:

Editors William Smith and Henry Wace( A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines, Vol 4, 1887; pp.405-415) offered a lengthy summation of the Pistis Sophia manuscripts. They credit another scholar, K. R. Kostlin for the first thorough investigation of the work.

According to their commentary, the four sections (or books) give insight into the changes and reconstructions to which the Gnostic systems were subjected. The fourth section presents a simpler form of Gnostic doctrine, and is variously connected with the older systems, such as Saturninus, the Ophites, Basilides, and some others. SteamWiki (talk)
 * Right! Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 09:02, 6 April 2017 (UTC)

Some confusion, perhaps?
Sections First Book and Pistis Sophia may contain a confusion, section First Book claims:
 * Unlike other versions of the Gnostic myth, such as the Apocryphon of John, here Pistis Sophia is a being of the lower, material aeons.

I believe there are two separate personae one Mother-of-the-Angels-Wisdom character variously called Pira/Barbelo/Sophia and another Fallen-Redeemed-Strayer variously called Sophia/Sophia Achamoth/Pistis Sophia, the Sophia of the lowest aeon. There is no Pistis Sophia in the Apocryphon of John, only a Sophia who is interacting with the invisible Virgin Spirit in some way. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 09:02, 6 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pistis Sophia


text:
Erzsébetváros

Erzsébetváros (Elisabethstadt, both names meaning Elizabethtown) is the 7th district of Budapest, situated on the Pest side of the Danube. The inner half of the district was the historic Jewish quarter of Pest. The Dohány Street Synagogue, the largest functioning synagogue in Europe, is located in this district. Currently it is the most densely populated district of Budapest with 29,681.3 person per km2. In 1910 Erzsébetváros had 152,454 inhabitants. During the socialist era Erzsébetváros's population decreased rapidly, because young people and families moved to the newer "panelized" boom districts (Újpest, Újbuda, Óbuda, Kispest etc.). Gentrification and recovery started in the middle of the 2000s.

Name
Erzsébetváros was named on 17 January 1882 after Queen Elisabeth (a.k.a. "The Empress Sissi"), the popular consort of Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary Franz Joseph I of the Habsburg Empire.

Until the unification of Budapest in 1873 this area was part of Terézváros. Between 1873 and 1882 it was named District VII without name.

Politics
The current mayor of VII. District of Budapest is Péter Niedermüller (DK).

The District Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 15 members (1 Mayor, 10 Individual constituencies MEPs and 4 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:

Twin towns – sister cities
Erzsébetváros is twinned with:

 * Karlovac, Croatia
 * 🇫🇷 Nevers, France
 * Požega, Croatia
 * 🇮🇱 Safed, Israel

 * 🇷🇸 Stari Grad (Belgrade), Serbia
 * 🇬🇷 Stavroupoli, Greece
 * 🇧🇬 Sveti Vlas (Nesebar), Bulgaria

title: Erzsébetváros


text:
Eric Crees

Eric Crees (born 1952) was appointed Principal Trombone of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (London) in 2000. Before that he spent twenty-seven years at the London Symphony Orchestra, twenty as Co-Principal Trombone. He is also a noted brass conductor, composer, arranger and teacher.

Education
Eric Crees was born in London in 1952 and studied at Wandsworth School, where he worked with professional orchestras & conductors in the boy's choir. Of particular importance was the school's long association with Benjamin Britten, who wrote a solo part for Eric in Children's Crusade.

While at school he was awarded a scholarship to study part-time at the Guildhall School of Music & Drama. He went on to study music at the University of Surrey and undertook an extensive period of work with the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble. He also won the Mechanical Copyright Protection Society's 'Joyce Dixey Award' for composition. Upon graduation he joined the London Symphony Orchestra.

Professor
As Professor of Trombone at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama he taught trombonists of the next generation of orchestral principals including Helen Vollam, Byron Fulcher and Graham Lee. He was made Fellow of the School in 1991.

Crees is also a coach at music colleges & specialist schools both in the UK & abroad, including the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain, the Ulster Youth Orchestra and the Pacific Youth Orchestra in Japan.

Conductor and Director
Crees is Director of the Royal Opera House Brass Soloists and for many years was Director of the London Symphony Orchestra Brass. With the LSO Brass they performed regularly at the Barbican Centre and made several recordings, including American Brass and Cathedral Brass for Collins Classics. These featuring many of his arrangements, including Bernstein's Suite from West Side Story which has been commercially recorded four times.

Other arrangements include Aaron Copland's El Salon Mexico and Charles Ives' Variations on 'America'. Crees also prepared a Performing Edition and directed the LSO Brass in a trio of CDs for Naxos covering the complete instrumental music by Giovanni Gabrieli.

In 1994, Crees was invited by Cala Records to arrange a number of pieces for 16 trombones from the London orchestras to record on a CD called "The London Trombone Sound". The popularity of Samuel Barber's Adagio and Eric Clapton's Layla led to more arrangements for The London Horn Sound.

Since 2011 Crees has been the artistic director of the live brass ensemble The Symphonic Brass of London. In 2020, the group released a CD of arrangements "Preludes, Rags and Cakewalks." This album "masterfully collated" the impressionism of Claude Debussy and the syncopated rhythms of Scott Joplin, as well as Auric, Milhaud and Satie. The CD is published on the MPR label.

Composer
Recent original compositions include

 * Silk Street Stomp written for the Guildhall School of Music Big Band
 * Two Antiphonal Fanfares Frighteners' Gallop for 8 horns commissioned by the British Horn Society
 * Orage for 16 trombones, written for Bone Lab and premiered at the Dartington Summer School
 * Processional for PJ written for large brass ensemble in memory of Philip Jones,
 * The Birth of Conchobar for symphonic brass and percussion commissioned by the Ulster Youth Orchestra
 * Three Sketches from Rackham for flute and harp.
 * Flourish for solo trombone
 * Carillons for six harps.

Juror
Crees is a juror for international competitions, such as the Donatella Flick Conducting competition, the Leonard Berstein Conducting Competition, in Jerusalem, the Narbonne International Quintet Competition, the National Brass Championships, the European Brass Band Championships and the All England Masters Brass Band Championship.

Recordings

 * Berg Kammerkonzert - Abbado, LSO (1985, Sony SMK64504)
 * Mahler Symphony No. 3 - Tilson Thomas, LSO (1987, CBS M2K44553, deleted)
 * American Brass - Crees, LSO Brass (1991, Collins Classics; re-issued 2013, Alto/Musical Concepts)
 * Cathedral Brass - Crees, LSO Brass (1991, Collins Classics)
 * Gabrieli Music for Brass, Vol. 1-3 - Crees, LSO Brass (1995-7, Naxos 8.553609 etc.)
 * London Trombone Sound (1995, Cala CACD 0108)

title: Eric Crees


text:
User talk:Teenangel~enwiki

Melissadolbeer has opened a request for arbitration that involves you as a member of "Party 1" (at WP:RFAR). 09:29, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Teenangel. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Teenangel~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:00, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:33, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Teenangel~enwiki


text: User talk:203.144.210.225

title: User talk:203.144.210.225


text: User talk:202.176.97.116

title: User talk:202.176.97.116


text:
Talk:Olvera Street

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Acarmona124.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:39, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Picture revert
I reverted user:AfC who had put the new larger version of the Olvera Street picture at the top of the article. At 800x600, having the larger picture at the top makes the intro text too narrow and hard to read. Blank Verse  ∅  09:30, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Burial Grounds disturbed
Construction has disturbed old burial grounds: http://www.whittierdailynews.com/ci_17306224 DocOfSoc (talk) 14:51, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Introduction + Edits
To Whom It May Concern,

Hello. I am a university student seeking to develop and revise this particular article as part of a course assignment. In order to prevent possible misunderstandings I am leaving this talk post to introduce my username for any it concerns regarding the article's revisions, changes, etc. Edits will include an expansion/revision of the lead section, and addition of increased subcategories such as Characteristics, History, Tourism, and more. Expansions of existing categories will also be expanded, along with additional citations and references to accompany these edits. Thank you.Acarmona124 (talk) 20:01, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

EDIT/UPDATE: Added a Characteristics/Controversy subtopic, added several new citations to respective topics, reworded lead/opener, added citation to a quote in Modern Day subtopic

title: Talk:Olvera Street


text: User talk:202.176.184.118

title: User talk:202.176.184.118


text:
User:Neiffer

Oh hey. I spend too much damn time on here.

title: User:Neiffer


text:
User talk:Neiffer

Yup. He does. Neiffer 09:30, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

File:145953340 5b6b3d89ac o(2).jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:145953340 5b6b3d89ac o(2).jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted.  F ASTILYsock  (T ALK ) 07:50, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neiffer


text:
User:Evilboy

I cleared this site because I'm going to completely redesign my user page soon. --Evilboy 19:04, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Evilboy


text:
User talk:-Angel77-

Melissadolbeer has opened a request for arbitration that involves you as a member of "Party 1" (at WP:RFAR). 09:30, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

hello
if you have any questions please ask on my talk page, or comments --Family Guy 04:41, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:-Angel77-


text:
IRT Pelham Line

The IRT Pelham Line is a rapid transit line on the New York City Subway, operated as part of the A Division and served by the 6 and <6> trains. It was built as part of the Dual Contracts expansion and opened between 1918 and 1920. It is both elevated and underground with Whitlock Avenue being the southernmost elevated station. It has three tracks from the beginning to just south of the Pelham Bay Park terminal. The Pelham Line also has a connection to Westchester Yard, where 6 trains are stored, just north of Westchester Square–East Tremont Avenue.

Planning
On March 1, 1905, the Board of Rapid Transit Commissioners laid out its tentative plans for new subway routes to expand the city's first subway, which had opened on October 27, 1904. A preliminary report was released on March 9, and the final report was completed on March 30, before two further amendments were made on April 13 and May 12, 1905. On June 1, 1905, the Board adopted resolutions laying out multiple routes across the city, including Route 19, a line along Southern Boulevard and Westchester Avenue. The route was planned to begin at 138th Street and Third Avenue, with connections either with new subway lines to Manhattan, or to Route 17, a planned subway under Gerard Avenue. The three-track line would have then continued east under 138th Street to Southern Boulevard. It would then emerge as an elevated structure and continue via Southern Boulevard and Westchester Avenue to the "former village of Westchester." It was decided to have a portion of the line be constructed on an elevated structure due to the higher cost of building subways in the Bronx, whose soil was irregular and rocky. On July 14, 1905, the New York City Board of Estimate adopted resolutions approving the routes planned by the Rapid Transit Board, including for this route.

On March 19, 1913, New York City, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) reached an agreement, known as the Dual Contracts, to drastically expand subway service across New York City. As part of Contract 3 of the agreement, between New York City and the IRT, the original subway opened by the IRT in 1904 to City Hall, was to be extended north from Grand Central along Lexington Avenue into the Bronx, with a branch running northeast via 138th Street, Southern Boulevard and Westchester Avenue to Pelham Bay Park.

Construction and opening
In November 1915, the New York Public Service Commission approved plans for the construction of Section 2 of the line, which would be its elevated section, and opened it up to bids on November 30. The contractor for the section was expected to complete work on it within eighteen months. As part of the construction of this section of the line, a new bridge would be built over the Bronx River, which would be 61 feet above high tide. Permission to construct a bridge over the river was obtained from the federal government after marked negotiations. At the time, work on Sections 1 and 1A, between 138th Street and Park Avenue and Southern Boulevard and Whitlock Avenue, was 75 percent complete.

The IRT Lexington Avenue Line opened on July 17, 1918, and the first section of the IRT Pelham Line opened to Third Avenue–138th Street on August 1, 1918. On August 1, 1918, a branch of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, the IRT Pelham Line was opened to Third Avenue–138th Street. On January 7, 1919, the Pelham Line was extended to Hunts Point Avenue. The extension was originally supposed to be finished by the end of 1918, but due to the difficulty in acquiring materials, the opening was delayed. In January 1919, the Public Service Commission was acquiring property for a subway yard at Pelham Bay Park.

On May 30, 1920, the Pelham Line was extended to East 177th Street. Service between Hunts Point Avenue and East 177th Street was originally served by a shuttle service operating with elevated cars. On October 24, 1920, it was extended to Westchester Square, and on December 20, it was extended to the western edge of Pelham Bay Park. Service to Pelham Bay Park was served by a mix of through and shuttle trains during the 1920s.

A report, "Proposed Subway Plan for Subway Relief and Expansion" by Major Philip Mathews, published on December 24, 1926, proposed a connection from the Pelham Line to a newly proposed four-track Third Avenue subway that would run to City Hall and Downtown Brooklyn.

When the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway was abandoned in 1937, one proposal for the replacement IRT Dyre Avenue Line was to connect the line to the IRT Pelham Line at Whitlock Avenue, rather than its current terminus at East 180th Street on the IRT White Plains Road Line.

Improvements
On June 6, 1946, the New York City Board of Transportation announced that a contract for the installation of signal equipment that would allow express service to run on the Pelham Line was jointly awarded to the Emerson–Garden Electric Company and L. K. Comstock & Company Incorporated for $129,516. The signals were to be installed between Third Avenue–138th Street and Parkchester.

Beginning October 14, 1946, weekday rush and Saturday morning rush peak direction express service started, with Pelham Bay trains using the middle track between East 177th Street and Third Avenue–138th Street. This express service saved eight minutes between Third Avenue and East 177th Street. During this time, 6 trains that ran local in the Bronx when express trains operated began to terminate at East 177 Street to make room for express trains to Pelham Bay Park. Express service did not start until this date because of the increase in ridership from the huge Parkchester housing complex at East 177th Street.

On November 8, 1947, Union Switch and Signal Company was awarded a contract for $819,375 for block signaling on the Pelham Line. This would have allowed an extension of express service from Parkchester to Pelham Bay Park.

The Westchester Yard was expanded between 1946 and 1949 and the scope of the project included a new signal tower, signal installations, and the elimination of the grade crossings between the yard and the Pelham Line north of the Westchester Square station. All of these projects would allow for quicker main line service and train movements in and out of the yard. The grade separation allowed trains to enter Westchester Yard without crossing the express track or the downtown local track and it allowed for the possibility of the extension of express service to Pelham Bay Park, which would save four more minutes. The increased capacity of the yard allowed for storage of 358 additional subway cars. With the additional space, it would no longer be required to lay up trains on the middle track of the line between East 177th Street and Pelham Bay Park, and it would allow for full day express service. The construction of substations would improve voltage conditions and allow for longer trains to be operated on the line. The work was projected to cost $6,387,000 and it was projected to be completed in 1950.

On August 27, 1953, the New York City Transit Authority approved a plan to lengthen trains along the Pelham Line from seven cars to eight cars during rush hours. The change took place on September 8, 1953.

The 2015–2019 Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Capital Program called for four of the Pelham Line's stations, along with 29 others, to undergo a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative. The stations receiving renovations are Third Avenue–138th Street, Brook Avenue, Hunts Point Avenue, and Westchester Square–East Tremont Avenue. Updates would include cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, and improved station lighting. However, in April 2018, it was announced that cost overruns had forced the MTA to reduce the number of subway stations included in the program from 33 stations to 20. The stations to be renovated on the IRT Pelham Line were among the 13 stations without funding, which will be pushed back to the 2020–2024 Capital Program.

Unrealized expansion plans
As part of a 1951 plan by the New York City Board of Transportation, the capacity on the Pelham Line would have been increased.

In March 1954, as part of a proposed $658 million construction program, the entire Pelham Line would have been connected to the Second Avenue Subway, with service being tripled on the Pelham Line.

The IRT Pelham Line would be very easily converted to B Division standards, and connected to the Second Avenue Subway as Route 132–B of the 1968 Program for Action. Second Avenue Subway trains would run east under 138th Street, then along the right-of-way of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor from 138th Street to a point near the Bruckner Expressway and Westchester Avenue as an express bypass of the Pelham line, after which the line would split into a Pelham branch and a Dyre Avenue branch. The Brook Avenue station just east of Third Avenue–138th Street on the IRT Pelham Line would be reconstructed to allow a cross-platform interchange. Further north, there would be a connection with the IRT Pelham Line near Westchester Avenue at the Whitlock Avenue station, and station platforms north to Pelham Bay Park would be narrowed and lengthened to accommodate the longer and wider B Division trains from the Second Avenue Subway. IRT local service on the Pelham Line would terminate at Hunts Point Avenue one stop south. This project would have helped relieve overcrowding on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, which is the busiest line in the country.

Under Phase 2 of the Program for Action, the Pelham Line would have been extended to a modern terminal in the Co-op City housing complex. Due to the 1975–1976 fiscal crisis that affected the city, most of the remaining projects did not have funding, so they were declined. Expected to be completed by the mid-1970s and early 1980s, lines for the Program for Action had to be reduced or canceled altogether due to the 1970s fiscal crisis.

Extent and service
The following services use part or all of the IRT Pelham Line: Express service operates between Parkchester and Third Avenue–138th Street during weekdays from approximately 6:30 a.m. to 8:45 p.m. At those times, Pelham Bay Park cannot handle the large number of 6 and <6> trains in service. As a result, 6 trains run local on the Pelham Line south of Parkchester and short turn there. <6> trains make all stops north of Parkchester, then run express using the center track between that station and Third Avenue–138th Street in the peak direction. At all other times, 6 trains run local on the entire line.

Route description
Beginning at a junction with the IRT Jerome Avenue Line north of the Lexington Avenue Tunnel at 135th Street, the IRT Pelham Line runs beneath 138th Street for the first three stations in Mott Haven, then curves to the northeast along eastbound Bruckner Boulevard before shortly curving north again along Southern Boulevard. After 145th Street at Samuel Gompers High School, the line curves to the northeast continuing to run under Southern Boulevard. The line returns under eastbound Bruckner Boulevard again, only to leave at Whitlock Avenue and begins to emerge from underground at Aldus Street. The line is transformed into an elevated line over Whitlock Avenue at East 165th Street, but shortly after this encounters the Whitlock Avenue Subway station and curves east over Westchester Avenue which runs over Sheridan Boulevard, the Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad line, and the Bronx River. The line remains over Westchester Avenue throughout the rest of its journey.

East of Morrison Avenue station, the road runs over the Bronx River Parkway, and enters Parkchester. The station named after the neighborhood runs over the Hugh J. Grant Circle, which is also over the Cross Bronx Expressway. East of Castle Hill Avenue station, Westchester Avenue branches off to the northeast at Waterbury Avenue (which runs in the same direction prior to that branching), and the line follows. After the Westchester Yard the line runs over the Hutchinson River Parkway interchange just west of Middletown Road station. The line finally ends at Pelham Bay Park station, which contains a pedestrian bridge across Bruckner Expressway leading to the eponymous park.

Depiction in fiction
The train that is hijacked in the novel The Taking of Pelham One Two Three by Morton Freedgood (writing as John Godey) departs from Pelham Bay Park at 1:23 pm, hence the name "Pelham 123". After the release of the 1974 film adaptation, the New York City Transit Authority banned any schedule of a train leaving this station at 1:23 am or 1:23 pm. Eventually this policy was rescinded, but due to the superstitions involved, dispatchers have continued to avoid scheduling a Manhattan-bound train to leave at 1:23.

title: IRT Pelham Line


text:
User talk:202.176.97.230

"Original Matthew" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Original_Matthew&redirect=no Original Matthew] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Veverve (talk) 07:13, 11 June 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:202.176.97.230


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Haxors

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Redirect --Allen3 talk 22:09, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

Haxors
''Finishing someone else's nomination, so no vote from me. (Although I will say from a cursory look without research it looks like non-notable/vanity/hoax, and even if not, certainly unencyclopedic in it's current state.) --Dmcdevit·t 09:32, July 16, 2005 (UTC)''
 * Delete and Redirect to Leet. Non-notable. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 09:33, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Changing my vote to Delete and '''Redirect. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 22:36, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete and redirect to Leet. Pburka 16:24, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect to leet, yes. This is a pretty common term (haxor already redirs to leet), but doesn't warrant an article on its own IMO. Brighterorange 21:44, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * delete/redirect. Pavel Vozenilek 22:34, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to leet, as haxor does. Dcarrano 22:37, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Revolución 02:50, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to leet, as haxor does. Ravedave 21:08, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Leet. JamesBurns 03:00, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Haxors


text:
Jan Kleyna

Jan T. Kleyna is a postdoctoral astronomy researcher at the University of Hawaiʻi Institute for Astronomy. His area of interest is galaxy dynamics, and he has worked to develop codes for the real-time detection of moving objects such as Jovian satellites. He has also co-discovered several of Saturn's moons.

title: Jan Kleyna


text:
User talk:Goodboy~enwiki

Melissadolbeer has opened a request for arbitration that involves you as a member of "Party 1" (at WP:RFAR). 09:32, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Goodboy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Goodboy~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:15, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:23, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Goodboy~enwiki


text:
Talk:Glossary of Internet-related terms

Transwiki to Wiktionary
Alot of this should be moved to wiktionary I believe... (Erebus555 09:33, 16 July 2005 (UTC))
 * Agreed. Also, in considering transfering this content to Wiktionary, I suggest using this link for internet terminology: . -- backburner001 15:43, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Seconded; this doesn't belong on Wikipedia. 70.64.123.219 (talk) 06:11, 16 December 2008 (UTC)
 * third.Panpog1 (talk) 20:12, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

Copypasta
Although copypasta is mentioned in Urban Dictionary and similar less-reliable sources, I can find no reliable third-party sources that mention the term. (There appeared to be some on Google Books, but those all turn out to be OCR errors for Copy ・ Paste.) The term may need to be removed. This in turn will require RfD for the page Copypasta. Cnilep (talk) 15:09, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

requesting cleanup
Adding a quality request, even if this page is a glossary, it's still awful (spelling, tone and sourcing). Arguably you could add citation needed on every item.wren337 (talk) 17:57, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

alphabetical links don't work
The A-Z links to move down to those sections in the text do not work.128.100.71.45 (talk) 14:54, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Me too be merged into this article. The only information at that article (after I pulled out all of the unsourced information) is an explanation of how the phrase was used, along with sources designed to guide new users (in 1994-2000) about how to use or not use the phrase. As such, that article does not have enough information to be an independent article (per WP:NEOLOGISM), and should be deleted. As such, I propose that we merge in that information here as a new entry on this glossary and redirect that article to here. Qwyrxian (talk) 12:09, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, I forgot about this. Given that there's been no comments in the past nearly 5 months, I'm going to go ahead with the merger. Qwyrxian (talk) 06:42, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Win fail
The definitions of win and fail fail. Surely the Jargon File has something better. And should mention epic fail and of course epoch failRich Farmbrough, 14:17, 16 February 2012 (UTC).

What is this page for?
Is it a list of technical Internet-related terms like hypertext, DNS, registrar, etc.? Should it include neologisms that have something to do with the Internet but aren't related to its infrastructure? e.g. "mouse potato" stuck out (also, that's not even mentioned in the article it links to). Should it include slang like 1337, ROFL, etc.? Coming to this page from the AfD for away from keyboard, which seemed like it would be at home as a little line in some list of acronyms or Internet terms.

I do know that list of Internet slang (which now redirects to internet slang) was more or less moved off to wiktionary:Appendix:English internet slang. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 15:07, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I think it could be usefully expanded to include notable slang terms. It's obviously difficult, probably sometimes impossible, to identify the point at which something ceases to be slang and becomes an accepted term (e.g. "spam" and "blog" were slang at some point I suppose), so trying to exclude all slang terms/neologisms would probably be impossible. On the other hand, it could easily become unwieldy. Note also that List of Internet phenomena also exists, and, though there's a distinction between Internet phenomena and the sort of terms one would include in a glossary, it's similarly difficult to draw.
 * There's also a separate problem of outdatedness: no doubt a glossary defining terms like "blogging" and "Googling" was useful in 2003, when they were relatively new and unfamiliar, but in 2019 the utility of entries like this is less obvious. Presumably for something to be worthy of listing in a glossary it ought to be at least somewhat obscure, and for a glossary to be worthwhile there should be a certain number of obscure terms with which to populate it. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 19:14, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Oh, and in addition to the list of Internet phenomena there's an Index of Internet-related articles and an Outline of the Internet. Some kind of merge might be appropriate. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 19:55, 14 July 2019 (UTC)

Win and fail
Cogsan, I never said that win and fail were zoomer or alpha terms, I just said that if we included all terms that originated from internet, this page would turn into Urban Dictionary. "Win" and "fail" are not Internet-related. (ex IP user) IvicaInsomniac (talk) 20:16, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

 * if you want to be technical, neither are the game, lag, lurk, and troll
 * win and fail have pretty concrete definitions in the context of the internet, so i think they get to stay here  cogsan (give me attention)  (see my deeds) 21:22, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Sure, trolling happens IRL, but how do you figure lagging and lurking? IvicaInsomniac (talk) 22:14, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glossary of Internet-related terms


text:
Talk:Censorship by organized religion

I think this should go up for VfD. At best, it should be redirected and/or merged. At worst, it should be deleted. Comments? -- A Link to the Past 09:33, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Hmm.. maybe it should just be tidied up and merged with the "blasphemy law" section of blasphemy, as religiously-motivated censorship tends to be of things considered blasphemous. However, censorship links to this article, so perhaps it should be expanded? --StoatBringer 21:34, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

As written, this is nothing more than an anti-religous screed. None of the assertions are documented, and it is biased against the traditional mono-theistic religious of the western tradition. It should be removed, until someone can come forward to produce a scholarly analysis of the topic. --TheJeffMiller 23:23, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Pull the plug like you're startin a mower. DELETE! ToddCrowder 04:02, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

have removed some pov material, which may be re-inserted in npov form. do not think this article shld be deleted, but agree that it requires lots of rewriting and expansion.

do not think this shld be merged with blasphemy. while censorship of blasphemous material is certainly censorship by organised religion, the latter includes lots more, importantly, censorship of opposition/dissention to religious authority and leaders, which is not strictly blasphemy (as i understand).

this short list of examples shows the significance and scope of this article.
 * 1) heliocentric theory - conflicts b/w science and religion
 * 2) satanic verses - ditto arts
 * 3) taliban, iran ... etc. theocratic states' use of this form of censorship to suppress disssent
 * 4) the inquisition
 * 5) censorship of pornography ... etc, religious versus moral basis for.
 * 6) current debate on US TV censorship - profanity, sex ... etc and its link to the christian conservative base.

have voted to keep the article, and hoping that it improves considerably. Doldrums 12:57, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

I think we ought to maybe add the suppression of Darwinism to this article.

And let's not forget the attempts at censorship by the scientologists! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.138.4.141 (talk • contribs).

move to "religious censorship"?
the "organised" qualifier is unnecesary, i think, especially with the rewritten definition the article starts with. Doldrums 04:48, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

If you want to include Salman Rushdie you'll have to. Islam is not an "organized" religion, despite common misconception. Or at least sunni Islam. I often find that the phrase "organized religion" is more often than not a weasle way of reffering to Abrahamic faiths despie the fact that numerous religions implied are not organized, there are plenty of smaller sects of Christianity which are not organized for example. Either define organized, or don't use it. I don;t recommend trying to define it either. Angrynight 01:44, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I concur. The word "organized" in the title is a problem. "religious censorship" Or "censorship by religion"?DanielDemaret 21:52, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

"Censorship by religion" is more appropriate since more general - it dosen't focus on why the censoring is done (which is clear in the expression "religious censorship"). / Abjad 23:05, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

So let's put it up to a vote, then.Angrynight 02:05, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

"Despite modern conservative Christian perceptions that there is a War on Christmas, " This statement should be removed. I agree with the renaming of the article. Android1st 00:10, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

If there are no objections I will move the article in one week. Angrynight 03:36, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

AFD debate link
This article has been kept following this AFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:37, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Censorship by organized religion


text:
Onex

Onex or OneX or variation may mean:

 * Onex, Switzerland, a city in the canton of Geneva
 * Onex Corporation, a Canadian investment firm
 * Sonex Aircraft Onex, a homebuilt aircraft undergoing development
 * Xbox One X
 * HTC One X smartphone
 * One-X, a 2006 album by Three Days Grace

title: Onex


text:
Wenzel Thomas Matiegka

Wenzel Thomas Matiegka (Czech: Václav Tomáš Matějka; baptized 6 July 1773 – 19 January 1830 ) was a Czech composer and one of the most celebrated guitarists of the 19th century.

Life
Wenzel Thomas Matiegka was born in the town of Choceň in the Kingdom of Bohemia, then part of the Habsburg monarchy during the rule of Joseph II. Upon completion of his primary studies, he continued his musical education under Abbé Gelinek, becoming accomplished on the pianoforte while reading law at the University of Prague. After legal employment in the service of Prince Ferdinand Kinský, one of Beethoven's original sponsors, Matiegka moved to Vienna while in his late twenties, during the first years of the 19th century. There he was quickly acknowledged as a guitarist, composer and teacher of the piano.

His ready acceptance in the musical circles of Vienna was evident by those to whom he dedicated several of his chamber works. Franz Schubert, as a young man, added a cello part to Matiegka's Notturno Op. 21 (originally for flute, viola and guitar; Schubert arrangement D.96) for the important patron of music, Count Johann Karl Esterházy (1775 – 1834), an enthusiastic cellist to whom Matiegka's original music was dedicated. Indeed the work was attributed to Schubert for many years.

Matiegka married and settled in the Vienna suburb of Leopoldstadt where he was also Kapellmeister at the St. Joseph Church from 1817 until his death. He was survived by his wife and six children, none of whom took up a musical career. His output, as it is known to this day, includes 33 guitar works including solo works, transcriptions, chamber music, and lieder as well a dozen liturgical works for small orchestra, voice and organ.

Selected compositions
Guitar solo
 * Zwölf leichte Ländler op. 1
 * Sonatas opp. 2, 11, 16, 17, 23, 31
 * 12 Pièces faciles op. 3
 * Fantaisie op. 4
 * Variations opp. 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 27, 28, 29
 * 12 Menuets brillantes op. 15
 * 6 Pièces progressives op. 20
 * transcriptions of works by Beethoven, Mozart, Zumsteeg and others

Duos
 * Serenade op. 19 for violin and guitar
 * Trois Sérénades concertantes op. 22 for violin and guitar
 * Potpourri op. 30 for cello and guitar

Trios
 * Trio op. 18 for horn, clarinet and guitar
 * Notturno op. 21 for flute, viola and guitar
 * Grand Trio op. 24 for violin, viola and guitar
 * Notturno op. 25 for flute, viola and guitar
 * Serenade op. 26 for flute, viola and guitar

Sheetmusic

 * Sheetmusic Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Denmark
 * Boije Collection The Music Library of Sweden

title: Wenzel Thomas Matiegka


text:
User talk:Dana Chivers

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Dana Chivers


text:
Marceau (disambiguation)

Marceau is a French name.

People with the surname

 * Félicien Marceau (1913–2012), Belgian-French writer
 * François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers (1769–1796), French general
 * Gilles Marceau (1928–2008), Canadian lawyer and politician
 * Jean-François Marceau (born 1976), Canadian judoka
 * Joseph Marceau (1879–1955), Canadian contractor and political figure
 * Marcel Marceau (1923–2007), French mime
 * Olivier Marceau (born 1973), French athlete
 * Richard Marceau (born 1970), Canadian politician
 * Sophie Marceau (born 1966), French actress
 * Theodore C. Marceau (1859–1922), American photographer

Fictional characters

 * William (Bill) Marceau, long running character in the crime/mystery serial The Edge of Night (1957–1979)

People with the given name

 * Marceau Fourcade (fl. 1905–1936), French rower
 * Marceau Pivert (1895–1958), French schoolteacher, trade unionist, Socialist militant and journalist
 * Marceau Somerlinck (1922–2005), French football player

title: Marceau (disambiguation)


text:
Marici (Buddhism)

Mārīcī (मारीची; ; Japanese: ) is a Buddhist deity (deva), as well as a bodhisattva associated with light and the Sun. By most historical accounts Mārīcī is considered a goddess, but in some regions she is depicted as a male god revered among the warrior class in East Asia. Mārīcī is typically depicted with multiple arms, riding a charging boar or sow, or on a fiery chariot pulled by seven horses or seven boars. She has either one head or between three and six, with one shaped like a boar. In parts of East Asia, in her fiercest forms, she may wear a necklace of skulls. In some representations, she sits upon a lotus.

Some of the earliest iconographies of Marici are found in India and Tibet, particularly near the ancient port city and Buddhist site Salihundam of Andhra Pradesh, where Māricī is depicted as riding on a chariot pulled by seven horses in a manner similar to Surya (sun deity with goddesses Usha and Chaya). In Mahayana Buddhist texts, Marici is the goddess of dawn, one introduced by the Buddha at Shravasti. In some aspects, she is comparable to, and likely a fusion deity derived from the feminine version of, Surya and, in other ways, to Usha, Durga, and Vajravārāhī. She is one of the goddesses (or gods) invoked in Buddhist dharanis.

In Tibetan Buddhism, she is depicted as the goddess of dawn or light, a healer, or the one who seeks enlightenment of all beings. In Japanese Buddhism, she is depicted as a warrior goddess – the protector of the bushi or Samurai and their passion for justice. Alternatively, she is also a healer from the wrong state to the right state of existence.

In Chinese Buddhism, she is among the lists as one of the guardian devas, specifically the Sixteen Devas, the Twenty Devas and the Twenty-Four Devas (Chinese: ). In Taoism and Chinese folk religion, Doumu is considered to be synonymous with Mārīcī within Chinese Esoteric Buddhism.

Upon her discovery by the western world, colonial-era writers such as Giorgi conjectured on phonetic grounds that she might have been copied from or inspired by the Christian concept of the Virgin Mary after the earliest Spanish travelers reached the Philippines. However, this conjecture was rejected following the discoveries of numerous older artworks and texts.

Origins
The origins of Mārīcī are obscure. She appears to be an amalgamation of Indic, Iranian, and non-Indo-Iranian solar goddesses.

She is also thought to have originated from the Vedic goddess Uṣas, the Vedic goddess of the dawn. She also shares some similarities with Surya, the solar god.[Source?] In her martial or warrior depictions, she shares some similarities with Durga, as both appear with multiple arms carrying various weapons while riding an animal or chariot.

Iconography
Mārīcī is depicted in several ways. Some examples included:

 * As a man or woman on an open lotus, the lotus occasionally is perched on the back of seven sows.
 * As a male deity, often with two or six arms, riding a boar.
 * Riding a fiery chariot pulled by seven savage boars or sows.
 * As a multi-armed woman with a different weapon in each hand, standing or sitting on the back of a boar.
 * As having three faces and six or eight arms.

In Tibetan literature, the Bari Gyatsa contains five different descriptions of Mārīcī:
 * Oḍḍiyāna Mārīcī
 * Kalpa Ukta Mārīcī
 * Kalpa Ukta Vidhinā Sita Mārīcī
 * Aśokakāntā Mārīcī
 * Oḍḍiyāna Krama Mārīcī

The Drub Tab Gyatso has six descriptions:

 * White with five faces and ten hands
 * Yellow with three faces and eight hands
 * Yellow with three faces and eight hands
 * Dharmadhātu Īśvarī, red with six faces and twelve hands
 * Picumī, yellow with three faces and eight hands
 * Red with three faces and twelve hands

The Nartang Gyatsa and Rinjung of Taranata describe one form.

The Vajravali and Mitra Gyatsa describe a mandala of Mārīcī that includes twenty-five surrounding figures.

This is not an exhaustive list, and many more depictions of Mārīcī exist throughout the Buddhist world.

In Tibetan Buddhism

Three texts are preserved in the Kriya Tantra of the Tibetan Kangyur in which Mārīcī (Tibetan: Ozer Chenma) is the primary subject:

 * The Incantation of Mārīcī (Skt. ārya mārīcī nāma dhāraṇī, Wyl.  'phags ma 'od zer can zhes bya ba'i gzungs, D 564)
 * The Sovereign Practices Extracted from the Tantra of Māyāmārīcī (Skt. Māyāmārīcījāta tantrād uddhitaṃ kalparājā, Wyl. sgyu ma'i 'od zer can 'byung ba'i rgyud las phyung ba'i rtog pa'i rgyal po’’, D 565)
 * The Seven Hundred Practices of Mārīcī from the Tantras (Skt. ārya mārīcī maṇḍalavidhi mārīcījāta dvādaśasahasra uddhitaṃ kalpa hṛdaya saptaśata, Wyl. ‘phags ma 'od zer can gyi dkyil 'khor gyi cho ga 'od zer can 'byung ba'i rgyud stong phrag bcu gnyis pa las phyung ba'i rtog pa'i snying po bdun brgya pa’’, D 566)

Several more texts may be found in the Dergé Tengyur commentaries.

Ozer Chenma is also sometimes seen as a form of Tara. In the Nyingma tradition of the 21 Taras, she is the 21st Tara.

A key mantra for her is: Sanskrit: Oṃ mārīcyai svāhā

Tibetan: om ma ri tsyai soha (ཨོཾ་མཱ་རི་ཙྱཻ་སྭཱ་ཧཱ།)

Dzogchen
Ozer Chenma is particularly important in Nyingma schools Dzogchen tradition. Her importance is due to the symbolism of the sun and its rays for Dzogchen thought, as well as the use of the sun as an aid in the Dzogchen practice of thogal. The Self-Arisen Vidya Tantra states: "In order to demonstrate the source of light rays, there is the tantra known as the Marici Tantra." In this tradition, her main seed syllable is MUM, and her mantra is "OM MARI ZEYE MUM SVAHA".

In East Asian Buddhism

In China, Mārīcī is worshiped as both a Buddhist and Taoist deity. She is highly revered in Esoteric Buddhism. She is often depicted with three eyes on each of her three faces and four arms on each side of her body. Two of her hands are held together, and the other six hold a sun, moon, bell, golden seal, bow, and halberd. She is either standing or sitting on a lotus or pig, or on a lotus on top of seven pigs. She is celebrated on the 9th day of the 9th lunar month. As one of the Twenty-Four Devas, she is usually enshrined along with the other devas in the Mahavira Hall of most Chinese Buddhist temples, flanking the central altar. Mārīcī is sometimes considered an incarnation of the Bodhisattva Cundī, with whom she shares similar iconography. She is also worshiped as the goddess of light and the guardian of all nations, whom she protects from the fury of war.

In Taoism, Doumu remains a popular deity and is often referred to as the Queen of Heaven and is widely worshiped as the Goddess of Beidou (the Chinese equivalent of Ursa Major except that it also includes 2 "attendant" stars). She is also revered as the mother of the Nine Emperor Gods who are represented by the nine stars in the Beidou constellation. Legend has it that a queen bathed in a pond one spring day. Upon entering the bath, she suddenly felt "moved," and nine lotus buds rose from the pond. Each of these lotus buds opened to reveal a star, which became the Beidou constellation. She is also identified with Cundi and with Mahēśvarī, the wife of Maheśvara, and therefore also has the title Mātrikā (佛母 Fo mǔ), Mother of the Myriad Buddhas.

She is worshiped today in Taoist temples like the White Cloud Temple and the Tou Mu Kung Temple which have both Taoist and Buddhist influences.

Doumu is chronicled in three canonical Daozang texts, from which the above stories have been extracted. These three texts were compiled during the Song-Yuan, according to each entry's preface in the Zhengtong daozang (Numbered according to Schipper, 1975). They are Dz 45: 'Yùqīng Wúshàng Língbǎo Zìrán Běidǒu Běnshēng Jīng' 玉清無上靈寶自然北斗本生經, True and Unsurpassed Lingbao Scripture from the Yuqing Heaven on the Spontaneous Origin of the Northern Dipper; Dz 621: Tàishàng Xuánlíng Dǒumǔ Dàshèng Yuánjūn Běnmìng Yánshēng Xīnjīng 太上玄靈斗姆大聖元君本命延生心經, Heart Scripture of Original Destiny and Extending Life of the Great Sagely Goddess Dipper Mother;  and Dz 1452: Xiāntiān Dǒumǔ Qíngào Xuánkē 先天斗姆秦告玄科, Mysterious Rite for Petitioning the Dipper Mother of Former Heavens.

Japan
Mārīcī, an important deity in the Shingon and Tendai schools, was adopted by the Samurai in the 8th century CE as a protector and patron.

While devotions to Mārīcī predate Zen Buddhism, they appear to use a similar meditative model. It was thought that in a meditative state, warriors would lose interest in issues of victory and defeat or life and death, leading them to become better warriors.

Devotion to Mārīcī was expected to achieve selflessness and compassion through mastery of the self. Some martial arts schools also worshiped Mārīcī as a guardian deity of their lineage. For example, the school of Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū's blood pledge chart (Keppan) ordered the disciples to submit to Futsunushi-no-Mikoto and accept Mārīcī's punishment if they acted against school rules.

Samurai would invoke Mārīcī at sunrise to achieve victory. Mārīcī, meaning "light" or mirage, was invoked to escape the notice of one's enemies. But, as the goddess of illusion and invisibility, Marishiten was also particularly revered by the ninja, who recited her mantra to acquire her power of invisibility.

Mārīcī was also worshiped in the later Edo period as a goddess of wealth and prosperity by the merchant class, alongside Daikokuten (大黒天) and Benzaiten (弁財天) as part of a trio of "three deities" (三天 Santen). Her cult peaked in the Edo era but declined after that due to the dismantling of the feudal system, the abolishment of the samurai class, and the rising popularity of Benzaiten, who, in modernity, has largely replaced her as an object of veneration.

title: Marici (Buddhism)


text:
Tarkine

The Tarkine (Indigenous name: takayna), officially takayna / the Tarkine, is an area containing the Savage River National Park in the north west Tasmania, Australia, which contains significant areas of wilderness. The Tarkine is noted for its beauty and natural values, containing the largest area of Gondwanan cool-temperate rainforest in Australia, as well as for its prominence in Tasmania's early mining history. The area's high concentration of Aboriginal sites has led to it being described by the Australian Heritage Council as "one of the world's great archaeological regions".

Location
The Tarkine is gazetted by the Tasmanian government as unbounded locality in north-west Tasmania The generally accepted definition is the area between the Arthur River in the North, the Pieman River in the south, the ocean to the west and the Murchison Highway in the east. It was first officially recognised in May, 2013, following a recommendation by the Nomenclature Board of Tasmania which was accepted by Bryan Green. He declared that the name applied to the whole north-west region of Tasmania, but this interpretation was rejected by the Cradle Coast Authority, which had requested the official naming. The name does not appear in maps, but in recent decades has featured prominently in the Australian media as a subject of contention between conservationists and mining/logging interests.

The Tarkine can be entered from several points, with the most common being via Sumac Road from the north, Corinna in the south, Waratah in the west and Wynyard from the north-east. Wynyard has an interstate airport and sealed road access into the Tarkine.

Etymology
The name "Tarkine" was coined by the conservation movement and was in use by 1991. It is a diminutive of the name "Tarkiner", which is the anglicised pronunciation of one of the Aboriginal tribes who inhabited the western Tasmanian coastline from the Arthur River to the Pieman River before European colonisation.

Natural and archaeological values
The Tarkine contains extensive high-quality wilderness as well as extensive, largely undisturbed tracts of cool temperate rainforest which are extremely rare. It also represents Australia's largest remaining single tract of temperate rainforest. It contains approximately 1,800 km² of rainforest, around 400 km² of eucalypt forest and a mosaic of other vegetation communities, including dry sclerophyll forest, woodland, buttongrass moorland, sandy littoral communities, wetlands, grassland and Sphagnum communities. Significantly, it has a high diversity of non-vascular plants (mosses, liverworts and lichens) including at least 151 species of liverworts and 92 species of mosses. Its range of vertebrate fauna include 28 terrestrial mammals, 111 land and freshwater birds, 11 reptiles, 8 frogs and 13 freshwater fish. The Tarkine provides habitat for over 60 rare, threatened and endangered species of flora and fauna.

The area comprises a number of rivers, exposed mountains, globally unique magnesite and dolomite cave systems and the largest basalt plateau in Tasmania to have retained its original vegetation.

There are also large sand dune areas extending several kilometres inland. Some of these contain ancient Aboriginal middens.

The Tarkine played a central role in the development of Tasmania's early mining industry, and remains of early mining activity can still be seen in many rivers and creeks in the area that were mined for gold, tin and osmiridium. Nowadays the remains of approximately 600 sites of historic mining activity in the area are still evident. The majority of these mining operations were alluvial workings or small hard-rock mines, consisting often of single adits. Larger scale mining has been carried out mainly at Luina, Savage River and Mt Bischoff. Part of the area is contained in the Arthur – Pieman Conservation Area managed by the Tasmania parks and wildlife service.

Early conservation movement
The campaign to protect the Tarkine began in the 1960s. A formal conservation proposal was put forward by the then Circular Head Mayor Horace Arnold 'Jim' Lane for the establishment of a 'Norfolk Range National Park'. Lane's proposal was ahead of its time, though his proposal wasn't seen to fruition.

From the late 1990s, the area came under increasing national and international scrutiny in a similar vein to the environmental protests surrounding Tasmania's Franklin River and Queensland's Daintree Rainforest. The case for protecting the Tarkine was significantly advanced with the Federal Government's Forestry Package in 2005 adding 70,000 ha to reserves in the Tarkine.

Only 10% of takayna/the Tarkine area is protected as National Park, with the 180km2 Savage River National Park. which protects the largest contiguous area of cool temperate rainforest surviving in Australia.

Current land tenure and legislation
The Tasmanian reserve management system is one of the most comprehensive and sophisticated in Australia. The Nature Conservation Act 2002 (NCA) and the National Parks and Reserves Management Act 2002 (NPRMA) are the two key pieces of Tasmania legislation that empower reserve management.

Tasmania has eight separate public reserve classes with each class having detailed values and purposes for reservation defined in legislation. Just because a parcel of land is placed in the formal reserve system, does not mean that all activities are banned within the area. Some reserves, like National Parks and State Reserves, are set aside for conservation as well as ecologically sustainable tourism. One such example is the Corinna Wilderness Village, which empowers the region by allowing tourists to experience the southern end of takayna/the Tarkine in an accessible and ecologically friendly way. Game reserves are set aside for conservation purposes and also allow the ecologically sustainable taking of designated game species (i.e. hunting).

Two classes of reserve - Regional Reserves and Conservation Areas are both reserve classes aimed at conserving biological and geological diversity whilst also allowing for mining and the controlled use of other natural resources including sustainable harvesting of special timbers.

Whilst some in the environment movement claim that Tasmanian legislation was changed in 2014 to allow for special timbers harvesting in Regional Reserves and Conservation Areas, the legislative record does not support this contention. This issue was closely examined in 2015 by the Director of National Parks in his report to the Tasmanian Planning Commission on public representations received on the Draft Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Management Plan. In the section of the report discussing specialty timber harvesting the Director clearly stated that "The management objectives for conservation areas and regional reserves (s5 and s7, Schedule 1 NPRMA ) have included ‘the controlled use of natural resources’, since the NPRMA commenced in 2002 and prior to that they were in the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970" and "The 2014 legislation did not provide anything that was not already implicitly or explicitly provided for in regional reserves and conservation areas."

The Tarkine contains a variety of reserve tenures including; National park, State Reserve, Regional Reserve, Conservation Area and nature Recreation Areas. Some reserves, such as the Savage River Regional Reserve, provide protection for core wilderness areas, acting as buffers as can be seen in the Draft Savage River National Park and Savage River Regional Reserve Management Plan 2001.

Proposed Tarkine National Heritage listing
In December 2009, the Tarkine was listed as a National Heritage Area following an Emergency National Heritage Listing. The Emergency Listing was in response to a proposed Tarkine Road, which would have coursed through old growth forest and detrimentally affected the natural values of undisturbed areas. In December 2010, the incoming Environment Minister Tony Burke allowed the emergency listing to lapse in the face of numerous mining proposals in the Tarkine. This was despite recommendations from the Australian Heritage Council to permanently list takayna/the Tarkine. Minister Burke had further extended the period for reassessment of the Tarkine, with the Australian Heritage Council due to re-report on the suitability of takayna/the Tarkine as a National Heritage location by the end of December 2013. Conservation groups declared this an unacceptable delay, and had voiced concerns that this left the Tarkine unprotected from mining while the reassessment took place.

On 8 February 2013 Minister Tony Burke announced that he would reject advice from the Australian Heritage Council that 433,000 hectares should be heritage listed and instead apply a National Heritage Listing only to the 21,000 hectares contained in a 2 km wide section along the coastline.

Proposed Tarkine National Park
The environmentalist organisation Tarkine National Coalition, headed by Scott Jordan, proposed the Tarkine be officially declared a national park. However, the process of securing such a declaration has been complicated by the processes of the Tasmanian Forests Intergovernmental Agreement. This legislation was signed on 7 August 2011 by Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard and Tasmanian Premier Lara Giddings. The agreement established a $276 million package to transition Tasmania out of native forest logging, while conserving large areas of high conservation value vegetation. Julia Gillard stated that the Agreement would better protect the Tarkine, describing the wilderness area as "very important".

Subsequent related state legislation (the Tasmanian Forests Agreement Bill 2013) passed through the Tasmanian House of Assembly on 23 November 2012 and then passed to the Tasmanian Legislative Council where it was debated and referred on to a Select Committee. It was ultimately passed on 30 April 2013. The Hobart Mercury noted that "Despite a raft of controversial amendments from the Upper House, all but one of the Tasmanian Greens MPs supported the Bill in the Lower House"

Following enactment of the TFA Act 2013 an initial tranche of land was placed in the Tasmanian Reserve System (approx 100,000ha of the 572,000ha sought by the ENGOs) with the remainder sitting as "future reserve land" that could be added to the state's reserve system once key conditions of the TFA Act were met. Thes conditions included meeting guaranteed wood supply, a lack of substantive protest and Forestry Tasmania (now Sustainable Timbers Tasmania) achieving Forest Stewardship Council certification. The Tasmanian EDO provided information on the reserve making process under the TFA and clearly stated "there is no guarantee under the TFA Act that any reserves will be created, or what category any reserves may be in."

An explanation of land reserved or proposed to be reserved under the TFA Act 2013 can be seen in former Federal Green's leader, Senator Christine Milne's document here.

Following a change in Tasmanian state government in 2014, the TFA Act was repealed and the TFA future reserve lands were reclassified as Future Potential Production Forest(FPPF) land under the Forestry (Rebuilding the Forest Industry) Act 2014. The initial tranche of TFA reserves including those in the 2013 Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area extension was not repealed under this legislation and remain in place today. Similarly, 198 former forest reserves (approx 200,000ha) whose tenure was changed to Regional Reserve and Conservation Area under Labor's Forest Management (Consequential Amendments) Act 2013 remain in place.

Following the repeal of the TFA Act, Tasmanian Labor acknowledged that the TFA had not provided a workable outcome for the special timbers sector and subsequently provided bi-partisan support for specialty timber harvesting in land tenures where such an activity is permitted. This position is similar but more restrictive than Labor's position contained within the TFA Act 2013 where special timber harvesting could occur on any land tenure including inside the TWWHA.

The Tarkine area currently contains some lots of FPPF land which may be available for forestry activity after 2020. Sustainable special timber harvesting has been available in FPPF land since October 2017 following the finalisation of the Special Species Timber Management Plan.

The campaign for a Tarkine National Park continues.

Specialty timber harvesting in the Tarkine
State legislation allows for sustainable specialty timber harvesting within some land tenures within the Tarkine. These tenures include Regional Reserves, Conservation Areas and FPPF land. It is important to note that mining is also allowed on these tenures. According to a policy initiative of ENGOs The Wilderness Society, Australian Conservation Foundation, and 17 others including Tarkine National Coalition and Melbourne Tarkine Action Group labour-intensive boat building, fine furniture and craft-based timber industries use a volume of special species timber which is 18,500m3 p.a.. This initiative stated "By shifting woodchip production from native forests to plantations, it becomes possible to focus native forest production on low-volume, high-quality products, such as specialty timbers. This would require managing some areas on long intervals between logging operations as well as the planting of suitable species on private land."

Similar support for sustainable special timber harvesting also was expressed from the Australian and Tasmanian Greens. In his letter to Br Bill Kelty, dated 6 March 2011, former Senators Bob Brown and Christine Milne called "for agreed areas to be set aside for sustainable selective logging of high-quality, specialty timbers."

Later in 2011, former Senator Brown also stated in an article in The Examiner newspaper "The Greens have always wanted to provide for specialty timbers for craft work, furnishings, the things Tasmania are so famous for and proud of, in an ongoing forestry industry," he said "If the Libs find fault with that, crikey, is there anything they can agree too?"

Research into post-harvest forest regeneration systems for rainforest commenced in north-western Tasmania in 1976 with fourteen rainforest harvesting and regeneration trials being established over the following decade. Subsequent monitoring of these sites has shown that dense regeneration of myrtle and other rainforest species occurs after harvesting on fertile sites if the seedbed is exposed and trees are retained for seed and shelter. One such trial established in the Tarkine was the Sumac forest harvest trials. Commenced in 1976, this trial was conducted to establish the best silviculture method for regenerating Myrtle dominated forest post harvesting to ensure an ongoing supply of special timbers. Harvesting techniques trialled included; selective harvesting, strip felling, shelterwood, clearfell with cull retention and clearfell.

Regeneration techniques trialled included; ground scarification, post-harvest burning and for the selective harvest areas no treatment beyond natural canopy openings from felled trees and minor soil disturbance from harvesting equipment.

The trial site was successfully regenerated and monitored over decades with the resultant research informing silvicultural prescriptions. In 2015, the World Heritage Committee Reactive Monitoring Mission toured the Sumac trial site with forest ecologists and stated what they had seen was "world's best practice". In 2017, aerial video footage was taken of the key trial site in the Sumac region which can be seen in this video.

In 2014-17, a study into special timber location, standing volumes and perpetual sustainable yields was carried out. This project commenced under the Tasmanian Forest Agreement process with funding from the former federal Labor government and was completed in October 2017. Utilising best available modelling techniques including LiDAR, a standing volume of special timbers (14.3 million cubic metres) and subsequent annual sustainable yields in perpetuity were developed. Areas assessed included parts of the Tarkine where underlying land tenure allowed for sustainable harvesting. The subsequent work was publicly released in the 2017 Special Species Timber Management Plan.

Given that significant areas of special timber forests were included in the 2013 Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area extension, the Tarkine area remains a vital resource for the culturally significant special timbers sector.

Although ENGOs had previously shown strong support for the special timbers sector, this has now largely been withdrawn due to the conflict between resource location and reservation aspirations.

Mining in the Tarkine
The areas of Corinna - Long Plains, as well as the Savage, Donaldson and Whyte rivers, were important early goldfields, exploited since the 1870s. Tasmania's two largest gold nuggets, of 7.6 and 4.4 kg, were found near the confluence of the Whyte and Rocky rivers. Tin mining was prominent in both the Mt Bischoff - Waratah area, starting in the 1870s, and the Meredith Range - Stanley River - Wilson River area. The Mt. Bischoff mine in Waratah was in its heyday one of the richest tin deposits in the world. From the 1880s onwards, osmiridium was extensively mined in many creeks and rivers in the catchments of the Savage, Haezlewood and Wilson rivers, and particularly the Bald Hill area. Tin, copper and tungsten were mined at Balfour, and, from the 1890s, the Magnet mine was exploited for silver. It continues to be an significant amateur fossicking area for mineral specimens to this day.

Historically, approximately 600 mine tenements have been worked in the Tarkine area, but most of them were small alluvial workings, involving the sifting of gravels from riverbeds. Mining activity in the Tarkine has continued uninterrupted since the 1870s, and two modern industrial mines are currently operating in the area: a small silica quarry, and a large open-cut iron ore mine at Savage River.Both these existing mines are outside of the proposed Tarkine National Park boundary. In addition, 38 exploration licenses are currently held over areas of the Tarkine, and 10 mines have been proposed over the 2012-2017 period. Of these proposed mines, nine are proposed to be open cut mines.

The issue of mining in takayna/the Tarkine is highly contentious, as conservationists oppose the environmental damage caused by modern mining methods. The Tarkine is highly prospective for economically-important minerals, and proponents argue that current and proposed mines would take up just 1% of the Tarkine. Conservationists argue that this impact is greater when considering transport routes and damage to water catchments. They point to the acid mine drainage affecting the Whyte River, rendering it orange-stained and devoid of aquatic life for six kilometres, due to the now-closed Cleveland mine at Luina, and similar impacts downstream from historic operations of the Savage River mine and the closed Mt Bischoff mine. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is the leaching of sulphuric acid, caused by the chemical reaction between sulphides in the ore and oxygen that can occur once ore is exposed to atmosphere. Start-up mining company Venture Minerals has proposed three open-cut mines within the existing reserves and moratorium area, with plans to explore over an additional 37 km of potentially ore-bearing skarns.

Conservation groups, such as the Tarkine National Coalition and Operation Groundswell, oppose new mines and mining exploration in the Tarkine, and are warning of a campaign to surpass the Franklin River campaign of the 1980s. Alternatively, significant local support for mining has also been evidenced, with over 3500 people attending one pro-development rally, and the mayors of the four affected council areas publicly condemning the environmental groups.

title: Tarkine


text:
Oldham Werneth railway station

Oldham Werneth railway station was situated on the Oldham Loop Line, 6+1/4 mi northeast of Manchester Victoria. The station was situated on Featherstall Road South, in the Werneth area of Oldham, in Greater Manchester, England. Opened on 31 March 1842 it was the oldest of the six railway stations that at one time existed in Oldham.

It predominantly served local Chadderton, Westwood and Werneth residents. The station was operated and served by Northern Rail.

The station was built originally to serve the Platt Bros. of Oldham, a huge cotton spinning engineering company, who had their headquarters in Werneth. However, this company no longer exists.

The Middleton Junction and Oldham Branch Railway formerly ran from Werneth Station down to Middleton Junction. The line included the Werneth Incline which had a gradient of 1 in 27, and was one of the steepest stretches of line regularly used for passenger traffic in the country. The branch line closed on 7 January 1963.

The Oldham Werneth to Thorpes Bridge Junction, Newton Heath line which opened on 17 May 1880 was built to avoid the Werneth Incline. It approached Werneth station from the Manchester direction on a separate two track formation adjacent to the Incline. There was a flat junction between the two lines just beyond Werneth Signal Box and close to the platform ends of the station.

Access to the platforms was through walkways connected to Featherstall Lane, west for the platforms.

On 3 October 2009, the Oldham Loop Line closed, with the line being converted to light rail service (forming the Oldham and Rochdale Line of Manchester Metrolink). The station was not retained for use by Metrolink, but the old line was temporarily used while the tram line through Oldham town centre was built. The new tram line diverges just west of the old Werneth station.

As Oldham Mumps was retained as a temporary tram stop during the construction of the Oldham town centre line (completed in 2014), Oldham Werneth was the only heavy-rail station not to be re-used by Metrolink.

The area is now served by the nearby Westwood and Freehold tram stops.

The site where the platforms used to be has been overbuilt, and is now (November 2022) occupied by a logistics company.

Old line
The Oldham Loop line, closed 3 October 2009. Stations, anticlockwise from Manchester:
 * Dean Lane
 * Failsworth
 * Hollinwood
 * Oldham Werneth
 * Oldham Mumps
 * Derker
 * Shaw and Crompton
 * Newhey
 * Milnrow

title: Oldham Werneth railway station


text: Template:Lang-pt

title: Template:Lang-pt