text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert Foster

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep and merge to Beneath a Steel Sky. Eliot 17:12, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Robert Foster
I was going to redirect this - but I can't see how a character in a point-and-click game merits a redirect much less his own page - so delete please --Doc (?) 19:40, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and Redirect with Beneath a Steel Sky. -mysekurity 20:04, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Bob Foster. Champion boxer is more notable than a video game character. Pburka 21:39, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Beneath a Steel Sky, and disambig (Beneath a Steel Sky, Bob Foster, Robert Forster). Dcarrano 23:31, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Beneath a Steel Sky, very little if anything to merge. JamesBurns 08:43, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Hamilton v. Alabama (1961)

Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52 (1961), was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. Hamilton was charged in an Alabama court with breaking and entering a dwelling at night with intent to ravish, and had pleaded not guilty. He had then been convicted and sentenced to death. The Court ruled unanimously that the absence of counsel at the time of his arraignment violated Hamilton's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hamilton v. Alabama (1961)


text: File:Watashi cover.jpg

title: File:Watashi cover.jpg


text:
Charles Price Jones

Charles Price Jones Sr. (December 9, 1865 – January 19, 1949) was an American religious leader and hymnist. He was the founder of the Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.

Life
Jones was born in Floyd County, Georgia. He became a missionary Baptist preacher in Jackson, Mississippi, where he met Charles Harrison Mason in 1895. In 1896, Jones, Mason, and two other preachers held a faith healing revival in Jackson. The theory of entire sanctification as taught by the Wesleyan-Holiness movement was not accepted by the Baptists congregation, as Baptist hold to progressive sanctification. In 1897, Jones and Mason left their congregations and accepted the doctrine of Holiness Methodism. They started their own church, first preaching in supporters' homes and eventually in a former gin house.

Jones is the author of over 1000 hymns. Some of his known hymns which are still sung around the world are Deeper, Deeper; I Will Make the Darkness Light; Come Unto Me; Where Shall I Be; I'm Happy With Jesus Alone; and Jesus Only. He pastored churches in Arkansas, Mississippi, and California.

In 1907, there was a separation with Charles Mason and other ministers who returned from the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles led by William Joseph Seymour over the biblical interpretation of speaking in tongues as evidence of the baptism in the Holy Spirit. Mason carried the church name and approximately half of its congregation into Pentecostalism.

In 1909, the Christian Women Willing Workers (CWWW), now the United Christian Women's Ministries (UCWM) was established upon the recommendation of Sis. Maria Williams. Jones made his first trip to Los Angeles in 1915 to conduct a revival for Bishop William A. Washington and helped him organize and incorporate the Bethel Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.

In 1915, Elder Charles Mason, who became Bishop Charles Mason, incorporated the Church of God in Christ which he founded. Conflicts caused the holiness movement to separate into many denominations. It was first called 'the movement', and later Church of God, Church of Christ, Church of God in Christ, and Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.

In 1916, Bishop Jones' wife, Fannie Brown, died in Little Rock, Arkansas. He moved to Los Angeles in 1917 and organized Christ Temple Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A. in an upstairs hall at Washington and Central. Jones married Pearl E. Reed on January 4, 1918, to this union three sons were born, Charles Price Jones Jr., Vance Reed Jones and Samuel Sherman Jones. In 1921, the first property bought for Christ Temple was on 37th and Naomi. Then in 1926, a church and parsonage were purchased for $18,000 on the corner of 54th and Hooper.

In 1922 the church created a council of Bishops in the national convocation and he was chosen to be the first Senior Bishop. He actively maintained the spiritual leadership and operated as Senior Bishop of the church until he fell ill in 1943 and underwent major surgery. Because of his declining health, he attended his last convention in 1944 in Chicago, Illinois, where he was elected Senior Bishop and President Emeritus of the National Convention for life. Jones died in Los Angeles on January 19, 1949; his homegoing service was held at Christ Temple Church (54th and Hooper) on January 25, 1949, at 1:00pm. He is buried with his wife Pearl, who died on August 13, 1972, at Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles. He was succeeded by Bishop Major Rudd Conic who in 1967 relocated Christ Temple Church to its current location on 54th and 10th Ave.

title: Charles Price Jones


text:
John I, Duke of Alençon

John I of Alençon, known as the Wise (1385 – 25 October 1415), was a French nobleman, killed at the Battle of Agincourt.

John was born in Château d'Essay, the son of Peter II of Alençon and Marie Chamaillard. In 1404, he succeeded his father as Count of Alençon and Perche. He was made Duke of Alençon in 1414.

He commanded the second division of the French army at the Battle of Agincourt. When the English broke through the first division, he led a countercharge. He is sometimes credited with killing Edward, Duke of York, wounding Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and cutting an ornament from the crown of Henry V, King of England. He was overpowered by King Henry's bodyguard and slain before he could yield himself.

Family
In 1396, he married Marie of Brittany (1391–1446), daughter of John IV, Duke of Brittany. They had five children:
 * 1) Pierre d'Alençon (1407, Argentan – 1408)
 * 2) Jean d'Alençon, Duke of Alençon (1409–1476)
 * 3) Marie d'Alençon (1410, Argentan, – 1412, Argentan)
 * 4) Jeanne d'Alençon (1412, Argentan – 1420)
 * 5) Charlotte d'Alençon (1413, Argentan – 1435, Lamballe)

He also had two illegitimate children:
 * 1) Pierre d'Alençon (d. 1424, Battle of Verneuil), Lord of Gallandon
 * 2) Marguerite d'Alençon, married Jean de St-Aubin, Lord of Preaux

title: John I, Duke of Alençon


text: User talk:70.24.170.170

title: User talk:70.24.170.170


text:
Cranks' Ridge

Cranks' Ridge, sometimes called Hippie Hill, is a pine-covered ridge located on the way to Kasar Devi temple, above the town of Almora, Uttarakhand, India, the ancient capital of Kumaon.

Kasar Devi is a temple on the Kaashaay Hills, 7 km north from Almora, where Swami Vivekananda once came to meditate in the late 19th century. The place, got its popular name, Crank's Ridge, ever since Timothy Leary streaked on the ridge in the 1960s, when it became part of the Hippie trail, during the peak of hippie movement.

History

The ridge became a haunt for bohemian artists, writers and spiritual seekers in the 1920s and 1930s, including notable western Tibetan Buddhists, W. Y. Evans-Wentz, and Lama Anagarika Govinda, who in turn was visited by Anandamayi Ma and Neem Karoli Baba. Other early people connected to Crank's Ridge were Earl Brewster, an American artist and his wife Achsah Barlow Brewster, author John Blofeld and Danish mystic Alfred Sorensen. In 1934, Alfred Sorensen who was earlier introduced to Nehru by Tagore, visited the home of Nehru's sister and brother-in-law at their house Khali, Binsar where he stayed and used his horticultural skills in the garden, while still travelling during the summer. It was while staying with the Nehru family that one of their friends offered Sorensen a piece of land where he could live on Crank's Ridge, near Almora.

In the 1960s and 1970s, luminaries of the counter-culture, including Bob Dylan and Cat Stevens made pilgrimages to the ridge to visit these established inhabitants. In 1962, Allen Ginsberg came with Peter Orlovsky, Gary Snyder and Joanne Kyger to visit Lama Govinda. Ginsberg commented in a letter to John Kelley that "Rishikesh and Almora were not unlike the Catskills readily accessible, only more spiritual. " In late 1964, Ralph Metzner visited Lama Govinda on the ridge and was later joined by Timothy Leary on honeymoon with his wife Nena von Schlebrügge. The marriage did not last long. Leary wrote much of Psychedelic Prayers, a psychedelic version the Tao Te Ching composed from nine English translations of the book, on the ridge. Later in the decade Richard Alpert (Ram Dass), visited the ridge as a part of his own pilgrimage. Scottish psychiatrist, R. D. Laing spent some time there in the early 1970s; as did Robert Thurman, the Buddhist scholar, who spent six months with his wife Nena von Schlebrügge and family, including their 3-year-old daughter Uma Thurman, studying with Lama Govinda as a part of his doctoral dissertation over the summer of 1971. Lama Govinda's ashram was visited by many other spiritual seekers. Physician Karl-Heinz Gottmann, composer Peter Michael Hamel and the philosopher Volker Zotz visited his ashram. In the mid-seventies Alfred 'Sunyata' Sorensen was taken to San Francisco by the Alan Watts society.

The village of Kasar Devi has now become a cult destination, many incognito celebs visit frequently and it also has a small community of backpackers. Participants of the hippie movement settled there ever since the place gained the reputation of being a Power Centre during the 1960s counter-culture. This reputation is due to the alleged gap in the Van Allen Belt above the ridge, a perception arguably strengthened by the free and easy availability of hemp on the slopes.

There is also a Buddhist meditation center on the ridge. This Center is in a Buddhist Ashram (Bodh Ashram), originally the estate of Evans-Wentz, then of Lama Anagarika Govinda, then of a Tibetan-Ladakhi family. The Center is affiliated to the Drikung Kagyu order of Tibetan Buddhism.

title: Cranks' Ridge


text:
Talk:Hadhramaut

"Hadranis" or "Hadramis"
An anonymous editor has revised "Hadranis" for "Hadramis" throughout. Which is the better designation for the people of the Hadhramaut? --Wetman 19:43, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hadramis. There is no such thing as Hadranis in Yemen. --Karlosian 10:23, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Unless you came across الحضراني al-Ḥaḍrānī, a family name in Northern Yemen.9abdulla 08:47, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Origin of the name
Former text in the article: Though Bible dictionaries derive 'Hadhramaut' from Hazarmaveth, a son of Joktan in the Book of Genesis 10:26-28, the name 'Hadhramaut' actually derives from Greek hydreumata or enclosed (and often fortified) 'watering stations' at wadis. A hydreuma is a manned and fortified watering hole or way station along a caravan route. Juris Zarins, rediscoverer of the city of Ubar, described that site in a 'Nova' interview:

'The site that we uncovered at Shisur was a kind of fortress/administration center set up to protect the water supply from raiding Bedouin tribes. Surrounding the site, as far as six miles away, were smaller villages, which served as small-scale encampments for the caravans. An interesting parallel to this are the fortified water holes in the Eastern Desert of Egypt from Roman times. There, they were called hydreumata.'

Denials
The Origin of the name suggested in the article is completely preposterous. While the article as a whole needs to be rewritten giving due attention to the simple fact that Hadramaut has existed for thousands of years and not just since the British occupied it. The origin of the name is scientifically wrong. Hadramaut has been called that as far as Arabs can remember (written Arabic sources that confirm that would be about 14 years old). As such, it cannot possibly have a Greek origin. When did the civilizations of Yemen and Greece meet? How many other locales in the Arabian peninsula are named after Greek words? This is absolutely absurd. --Karlosian 10:23, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Whereas it's true that the contacts between Greece and South Arabia were minimal, they weren't totally non-existent. Certainly, the South Arabians had a peripheral knowledge of Greek civilization, as witnessed by the many South Arabian coins in the style of Athenian tetradrachms. I agree, though, that it's absurd to posit a Greek origin for the name "Hadramawt."

 * The popular etymology of the name means "the place of death." This, however, is probably also fanciful. (Unless, as hinted at by the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, there was a conscious effort on the part of the ancient inhabitants to protect themselves by overstating the perilousness of their terrain.) In my opinion, the most credible etymology is presented by Kamal Salibi (1991), wherein he posits that the name derives from "the green place"--a name that certainly fits the physical description of the Wadi Hadramawt when compared to its immediate surroundings. However, I'm not yet comfortable with the supposed Canaanite origin of the word. --Lugal 03:08, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

According to al-Dhafari ("kashkul al-Yaman" 14th October Newspaper,18 November, 1994, p. 10, later re-published in "Al-Yaman" journal, with the title The Meaning of Placenames in Yemen, published by the University of Aden), the name was originaly | ḥḍrmwt|, a combination of both | ḥḍr| "urban" (as opposed to |ʔʕrb|), "Bedouins") and |wt| which means a "place for settlement", while the |m| is the definte article. Therefore the name means, "place for the urban people". Versteegh (1997:23) maintains that " ... The population of the South Arabian empires did not call themselves "Arabs". [It is only] towards the end of the second century BCE, [that] some of the south Arabian inscriptions mention nomads called |ʕrb| (pl. |ʔʕrb|), who are contrasted with the sedentary  population (| ḥḍr|) of the south..." (9abdulla 08:39, 12 April 2007 (UTC))

 * The unbiased reader of Wikipedia may judge whether the suppression of sourced information, now entered above, is more revealing than these ullulations of denial. --Wetman 16:28, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Wetman, thanks for including the Zarins quote. Now that I see where the supposition comes from, I think, it's safe to remove the entire bit about the Greek origin of the name from the Hadramawt article on the following grounds: 1) In the final sentence of Zarins' quote, "there" refers to the Eastern Desert of Egypt, not to the area around Shisur. And 2) even if it had referred to the area around Shisur, it should be noted that that site is not in the Hadramawt. Contemporary archaeological sites in Hadramawt proper are not arranged in the manner described, so it is highly unlikely that the entire region would be named for this particular settlement pattern. --Lugal 13:41, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

whatever its etymology, there is no reason to spell the name with dh. I suggest we move it to Hadramaut or Hadramawt. I agree that the Greek etymology appears unlikely in view of an Arabic root HDr. dab (ᛏ) 12:19, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

The reason for spelling the name with a dh is because that's a frequent transliteration of the Arabic character ض. That said, the most common English transliteration is "Hadramawt"--with a d instead of a dh--so we should probably go with that. Other common transliterations are Hadhramawt, Hadhramaut, and Hadramut. My personal preference for technical writings is Ḥaḍramūt. Are there proper redirections for all the various spellings? --Lugal 14:15, 28 June 2006 (UTC) I agree with the spelling Ḥaḍramūt. At least this is the local pronunciation. Consider also the -ūt in some other place-names in the region like barhūt,  saiḥūt, ḥabrūt,and even when the South Arabians  (the Phoenicians) established new cities on the Mediterranean, we find names like  bairūt (Beirut). (9abdulla 08:39, 12 April 2007 (UTC))

Correction to Wetman's "Denials"
The inclusion of Wetman's idle speculation on the origin of the name "Hadramawt" has troubled me for years. As I now hold a PhD for archaeological work conducted in the Wadi Hadramawt, and as I am therefore quite concerned with the quality of this Wikipedia entry, I feel obligated to correct this mistake. In the coming days I intend to contact professor Zarins, and write a new section on the etymology of the name, highlighting the two major theories: "The Place of Death/Death has Come" vs. "The Green Place/The Urban Settlement." (In my opinion, these are two slightly different takes on the same argument, rather than four distinct arguments, though I am willing to entertain all reasonable contrary explanations--my expertise, after all is in archaeology, not religious history or comparative linguistics.) Lugal (talk) 02:54, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Lahij
Does the town/city of Lahij come in Hadhramaut? -Mlaheji 10:42, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
 * No, its actually in the Lahij province. Jidan 11:53, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * ODDLY ENOUGH, there is a place in the Israelo-Palestian state (specifically-speaking, in the Gaza strip) known from Biblical times called: La'heesh (לכיש). I wonder what the connection might be & if it means anything (it appears too "perfect" of "an identical twin-sounding" name to be just "conicidental"...! AK63 (talk) 09:16, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

Surnames that starts with "Ba" or "Bin"
From the article:

 * The original inhabitants of Hadhramaut are Hadhramis with the surnames that starts with "Ba" or "Bin." These are the among the Qahtan Original Arabs. The Sayyids are migrants from the Iraq about 400 years ago.

Wait, I thought every Arab and his cousin had a surname that started with "bin" (Arabic for "son-of", no?) Can it be that anyone with a lastname starting with Bin is a Qahtan Original Arab? The Arabic name article states:

 * The nasab is a patronymic or series of patronymics. It indicates the person's heritage by the word ibn (sometimes bin) which means "son". Thus Ibn Khaldun means "son of Khaldun" (Khaldun is the father's ism, or proper name). Several nasab can follow in a chain, to trace a person's ancestry backwards in time.

Can anyone provide some clarity on this? - Eric 15:37, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

You are correct. Ibn or just Bin means "son" in Arabic. Just like Ben in Hebrew. It usually signifies father's name, not ancestors e.g. Omar Bin Khattab means "Omar son of Khattab". However some Arabs e.g. Hadharmies use Bin to signify their tribe e.g. Omar Bin Ladin means "Omar of tribe of children of Ladin" because Omar is son of Osama, not Ladin. It is much similar to Arab tribes named as Banu Quresh meaning Tribe of descendants of Fahar aka Quresh, or Bani Israel meaning Tribe of descendants of Jacob aka Israel. In Europe the name Stevenson or Andersen does not mean a person is son of Steven or Andrew. Hassanfarooqi (talk) 16:17, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

 * These sentences have been removed:

 * The original inhabitants of Hadhramaut are Hadhramis with the surnames that starts with "Ba" or "Bin." These are the among the Qahtan Original Arabs. The Sayyids are migrants from the Iraq about 400 years ago.

The reasons are that "bin / ba" are not restricted to Qahtani tribes in Hadhramawt. Some other tribes have them, e.g. "bin Hashem", "bin 'Aqil", "ba 'Aqil", "ba 'Aboud" etc. The "Sayyids" came from Madina through Iraq and settled in Hadhramawt 1200 years ago (not 400 years). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.154.153.159 (talk) 17:22, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Is this article about the governanate or the ancient kingdom?
I don't understand what does the "independent" sultanate of Quaiti and Kathiri has to do with hadramout? is the article about them or about the pre islamic kingdom of hadramout or what exactly? — Preceding unsigned comment added by يوسف حسين (talk • contribs) 14:57, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * In answer to the question in the header, clearly Hadhramaut Governorate exists as an article about the governorate. We also need an article explaining the earlier Hadhramauts, which is a more inclusive subject, so this is it. Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 15:01, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * okay that would be the "kingdom of Hadramout" which was an ancient kingdom from 300 B.C to 275 AD.. again what the sultanates or claimed " descendants of Mohammed" have to do with this? --يوسف حسين (talk) 15:07, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't see anything about sultanates or Mohammed in the reference or map you removed. I don't get what you are doing, but will you please restore the map showing ancient Hadhramaut and the reference citing the fact that Hadhramaut is an ancient region? Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 15:15, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

why? because it shows
 * well don't you think the map you provided contradict the description? The article was clearly separatists talking about an imaginary independent sultanate in the introduction. again, is this article about the ancient kingdom or hadramout in general?--يوسف حسين (talk) 15:22, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * You are continuing to edit war to remove maps and references that pertain to the scope of the article, Hadhramaut. I don't want to get bogged into 3RR with you, Kendite, but since there should be no confusion about the scope when Hadhramaut Governorate exists, would you please restore the pertinent information yourself? Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 15:05, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * no i won't because first of all you do not know anything about the subject, i'm asking you again what is this article about exactly? Is it about the modern history of hadramout or the ancient kingdom? because the arabic link refers to the ancient kingdom. therefore your "independent" Sultanates have nothing to do with the introduction or the definition of hadramout. I don't know what "decendant of Mohammed" has to do with this ancient kingdom and what exactly is your source that ghassanid migrated from hadramout?--يوسف حسين (talk) 15:16, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * OK I see now that the previous lede statement you removed did mention these sultanates and stated that Hadhramaut was also the name of their formerly independent kingdom. You're right, I don't know enough about the subject to know if this is correct.  I will assume good faith if you say it is not, because I don't know who added that claim.  But would you at least restore the ancient map? Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 15:22, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Sure--يوسف حسين (talk) 15:25, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Hadramawt Map fixed
Sumharam inaccurate location Sumharam is a coastal town, but the map previously used on Hadramawt article shows it (inland)

Compare: The Old Map previously used in the Hadramawt article:

The new map I drew for the Hadramawt article, with accurate details:

An unregistered user, removed the map I drew from scratch (worked hours on) & I hope he can come here & explain why?

The actual location of Sumhuram is on the coast (17°2′20.4″N 54°26′4″E). Not inland as the older map

The second issue the map is used specifically for Hadramaut & Hadramite, so it will naturally focus on the subject which might be an issue? Tiwahi (talk) 19:00, 19 November 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:51, 9 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Hadhramaut sultanates and the Federation of South Arabia.jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:51, 18 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Flag of Hadramout.svg

Mountains
See this. Leo1pard (talk) 18:10, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

Re: Hadhramaut
Since the Semitic languages of Arabic, Hebrew (as well as Aramaic) are SO CLOSELY related to each other & often compared to gleen at one word of (when in doubt about its meanibg oe etymology), for the other. I thought I may suggest a VERY PLAUSIBLE LINGUISTIC connection which, if further discussed/analyzed by people who may perhaps (& hopefully!) be experts in the field-or, in a manner similar to FB-Specialty group style, it may yield some results as per the value or validity of my assumptions (or, stated connections).

In Hebrew, there are 2 words which sound very similar (& are closely-related to if not derived from same source) of the word:  حاضر. They are: He'der=חדר=room (from the verb to penetrate; get in) as well as: Ha'tser=חצר=court/yard. As per teh word موت, like in Arabic, Hebrew's word: Ma'vet=מוות (or, in the possessive: MOT...=...מות) means: Death. Can it then be that, for some traditional; historical &/or topographical/archaeological reason, the name of the place meant to be or dervied from the combination of words: The Court(yard) of Death...? AK63 (talk) 09:09, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

 * حاضر means arrived  Abo Yemen ✉  10:52, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hadhramaut


text: User talk:67.140.144.203

title: User talk:67.140.144.203


text:
Faint blue galaxy

A faint blue galaxy (FBG) is an inconspicuous, often small galaxy with low surface luminosity. In addition to being dim, they show a remarkable preponderance of sparsely scattered blue stars, but comparatively few red stars, which in most galaxies are by far the most common. They appear as dim, bluish smudges on old photographic plates, with no clear structure or shape, and do not register well on modern electronic cameras, which are more sensitive to red light. They are currently interpreted as small dwarf-irregular satellite-galaxies undergoing a burst of star formation.

Previously overlooked
Although some had been previously photographed as faint smudges in sky surveys, they were first noticed in the 1970s, posing a problem for then-current theories of galaxy formation. FBGs tend to be found in the peripheries of galaxy clusters and as remote satellites of large galaxies, and appear to be a now-finished stage of galactic growth. Any galaxy might appear faint because it is small or because it is far away. Neither explanation, nor any combination, matched the initial FBG observations.

The first faint blue galaxy problem
The faint blue galaxy (FBG) problem in astrophysics first arose with observations starting in 1978 that there were more galaxies with a bolometric magnitude > 22 than then-current theory predicted.

The distribution of these galaxies has since been found to be consistent with models of cosmic inflation, measurements of the cosmic microwave background, and a nonzero cosmological constant; that is, with the existence of the now-accepted dark energy. It thus serves as a confirmation of supernova observations requiring dark energy.

The second faint blue galaxy problem
A second problem arose in 1988, with even deeper observations showing a much greater excess of faint galaxies.

These are now interpreted as dwarf galaxies experiencing large bursts of stellar formation, resulting in blue light from young, massive stars. Thus FBGs are extremely bright for their size and distance.

Most FBGs appear between red-shift $z$ = 0.5–2. It is inferred that they merged with other galaxies and consequently disappeared as separate objects some time in the "recent" cosmological past.

title: Faint blue galaxy


text:
Power density

Power density, defined as the amount of power (the time rate of energy transfer) per unit volume, is a critical parameter used across a spectrum of scientific and engineering disciplines. This metric, typically denoted in watts per cubic meter (W/m3), serves as a fundamental measure for evaluating the efficacy and capability of various devices, systems, and materials based on their spatial energy distribution.

The concept of power density finds extensive application in physics, engineering, electronics, and energy technologies. It plays a pivotal role in assessing the efficiency and performance of components and systems, particularly in relation to the power they can handle or generate relative to their physical dimensions or volume.

In the domain of energy storage and conversion technologies, such as batteries, fuel cells, motors, and power supply units, power density is a crucial consideration. Here, power density often refers to the volume power density, quantifying how much power can be accommodated or delivered within a specific volume (W/m3).

For instance, when examining reciprocating internal combustion engines, power density assumes a distinct importance. In this context, power density is commonly defined as power per swept volume or brake horsepower per cubic centimeter. This measure is derived from the internal capacity of the engine, providing insight into its power output relative to its internal volume rather than its external size. This extends to advancement in material science where new materials which can withstand higher power densities can reduce size or weight of devices, or just increase their performance.

The significance of power density extends beyond these examples, impacting the design and optimization of a myriad of systems and devices. Notably, advancements in power density often drive innovations in areas ranging from renewable energy technologies to aerospace propulsion systems.

Understanding and enhancing power density can lead to substantial improvements in the performance and efficiency of various applications. Researchers and engineers continually explore ways to push the limits of power density, leveraging advancements in materials science, manufacturing techniques, and computational modeling.

By engaging with these educational resources and specialized coursework, students and professionals can deepen their understanding of power density and its implications across diverse industries. The pursuit of higher power densities continues to drive innovation and shape the future of energy systems and technological development.

title: Power density


text: User talk:70.187.199.2

title: User talk:70.187.199.2


text:
Motherwell (UK Parliament constituency)

Motherwell was a burgh constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1974. It was formed by the division of Lanarkshire. The name was changed in 1974 to Motherwell and Wishaw. It is famous for returning the first-ever SNP MP (Robert McIntyre in 1945) and arguably the first Communist Party MP (Walton Newbold in 1922).

Boundaries
From 1918 the constituency consisted of "The burghs of Motherwell and Wishaw, together with the part of the Middle Ward County District which is contained within the extraburghal portion of the parish of Dalziel."

Elections in the 1920s

 * Ferguson was associated with the Grand Orange Lodge of Scotland movement in Lanarkshire.

Elections in the 1910s

 * Ferguson was associated with the Grand Orange Lodge of Scotland movement in Lanarkshire.

title: Motherwell (UK Parliament constituency)


text:
Mount Flume

Mount Flume is a 4328 ft mountain at the southern end of the Franconia Range in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, United States. Mount Flume is the lowest in elevation of the peaks in the Franconia Range that are accessible by official hiking trails.

The summit marks the western border of the Pemigewasset Wilderness within the White Mountain National Forest. From the summit, there are outstanding views of Franconia Notch and the Kinsman Range to the west and the Franconia Range to the north, with limited views of the Pemigewasset Wilderness and the Twin Range to the east.

Hiking
The peak can be reached from the southeast by starting on the Lincoln Woods Trail and turning onto the Osseo Trail, for a total of 5.6 mi with a 3150 ft elevation gain. From the west the peak can be climbed via the Liberty Spring Trail, followed by the Flume Slide Trail, for a total of 4.1 mi with a 2950 ft elevation gain. From the north the summit is reached by the Franconia Ridge Trail coming from the summit of Mount Liberty. The Flume Slide Trail is a notably steep and slippery climb, and its use is discouraged in wet weather or snow. It is not recommended as a descending trail.

title: Mount Flume


text:
Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet

Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet, the "Hvitfeldtska High School" (gymnasium), is in central Gothenburg, Sweden. The school was founded in 1647 by Queen Christina and is the largest in Gothenburg. It was originally called "Göteborgs gymnasium" and later known as "Göteborgs högre latinläroverk" before being named after its benefactress, the Norwegian-Swedish noblewoman Margareta Hvitfeldt (1608–1683), who left the larger part of her estate to the school. Hvitfeldtska has a sister school in Nairobi, Kenya: Our Lady Of Fatima Secondary School.

It is typically attended by students aged 15–19 coming from all over Gothenburg, and occasionally from other Swedish regions. International student enrolment is small but significant. Because of admitting students from lower all the way through upper class, there is a high socioeconomic diversity within its student population.

The school runs a variety of student clubs. It serves as one of the limited number of exam centres in Sweden for the SAT, ACT, and Oxbridge admission tests. Annually, some Hvitfeldtska students (also called Hvitfeldtare) get accepted to top summer schools and universities worldwide, and represent Sweden in international competitions.

Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet is known for the events that occurred there during the Gothenburg riots of the EU summit of 2001. This did not involve the staff or the students as such, since, in the summer holidays, the school buildings were used for housing the participants of a youth convent.

The school is divided into three buildings: northern (the main building), western and southern. The library is in the southern building.

Education system
Hvitfeldtska is divided into four sections: Swedish/national (largest), French, German, and international (second largest). The school offers many Swedish secondary education programmes including "naturvetenskapsprogrammet" (natural sciences), "samhällsvetenskapsprogrammet" (social sciences), "Hvitfeldtskas affärsprogrammet" (business), "Estetiska programmet" (music), and "handels- och administrationsprogrammet" (management). Students enrolled in the French and German sections travel twice to, and ultimately earn a diploma enabling them to study in France or Germany respectively; they also take the corresponding language courses. In fact, Hvitfeldtska is Sweden's first CertiLingua-certified school. The international section consists of an English-medium International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) and Pre-IB, which each year have only around 100 and 60 places respectively.

Additionally, Hvitfeldtska provides Gothenburg's widest range of language courses, study/travel abroad grants, and Individual Alternatives (IAs). IAs are programmes covering counselling, education, vocational internships etc. for students in the Swedish school system who temporarily require additional support. There are also collaborations with Chalmers University of Technology, University of Gothenburg, and other organisations to improve the educational experience for students. Undertaking international exchange study programs and summer internships are also fairly common in the school.

Business

 * Ingvar Kamprad, founder of IKEA
 * Roger Holtback, Swedish industrialist, banker, and financier

Arts, media, and entertainment

 * José González (singer), Swedish-Argentinian singer-songwriter
 * Thomas Thorild, Swedish poet and critic
 * Roy Andersson, Swedish film director
 * Rune Andreasson, Swedish comic creator
 * Tomas von Brömssen, Swedish actor
 * Magnus Carlsson, Swedish singer
 * Ulf Dageby, Swedish musician
 * Arne Weise, Swedish TV personality
 * Sven Wollter, Swedish actor
 * Laleh Pourkarim, Swedish singer
 * Little Dragon, Swedish music band
 * Ebbot Lundberg, Swedish musician
 * Anna von Hausswolff, Swedish singer-musician
 * Bengt Lidner, Swedish poet
 * Ida Redig, Swedish actress and singer/musician
 * Sture Hegerfors, Swedish author and journalist
 * Bosse Hansson, Swedish journalist, TV host and philatelist
 * Kai Martin, Swedish musician and journalist
 * Amanda Werne, Swedish musician and songwriter

Athletics

 * Marcus Allbäck, football coach
 * Josefin Lillhage, Olympic swimmer

Government and politics

 * Dan-Axel Broström, Swedish shipowner
 * Ernst Trygger, Swedish professor and politician
 * Carl B Hamilton, Swedish politician
 * Susanne Rappmann, Bishop of Gothenburg
 * Lars Tobisson, Swedish politician
 * Axel Vennersten, Swedish politician
 * Jan Eliasson, Swedish diplomat
 * Albert Ehrensvärd, Swedish diplomat

title: Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet


text: User talk:68.114.103.117

title: User talk:68.114.103.117


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Lynx kitten

Lynx kitten
A picture by German Wikipedian Bernard Landgraf. This is of course nominated because it ably illustrates a juvenile lynx in its forest habitat — either that or because its just too cute. -- Solipsist 19:49, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Nominate and support. - Solipsist 19:49, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Fantastic image --Fir0002 04:29, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * support, nice image --Shivu 07:22, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Superb. Phoenix2 16:59, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Phoenix2 04:38, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * support-- ZeWrestler 14:15, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * -- brian0918 ™  [[Image:MontyPythonFootLeftSmall.jpg|Ni!|20px]] 03:08, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Longhair | Talk 07:27, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * awwww... fluffeh! Support -- the wub  "?/!"  21:25, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Very nice. Support. Enochlau 03:10, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Kaldari 05:40, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Yeah - that is so cute. Picture is good quality as well. • Thorpe • 11:55, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. -- Silversmith Hewwo 16:52, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, though higher resolution would be nice. James F. (talk) 23:16, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, but I think that the foliage surrounding the face should be sharper, and is a bit distracting. Overall a high-quality shot worthy of support. Alight 15:44, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Very good! — Stevey7788 (talk) 21:12, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This support vote is unneeded by now, but I need to chime in on "awwww" factor Circeus 11:45, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, although it doesn't show the animal itself all that well. Very high quality photo though. And to all of those who say it's cute: it's a wild animal! It'll bite you! Balster neb 17:37, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 --Spangineer (háblame)  21:52, July 25, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Motherwell North (UK Parliament constituency)

Motherwell North was a burgh constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1983 to 1997. It was formed by the division of Motherwell and Wishaw and was later merged into a new creation of the constituency.

Boundaries
The Motherwell District electoral divisions of Bellshill and Tannochside, Clydesdale, and Fortissat.


text:
Cranberry Township

Cranberry Township is the name of four townships in the United States:
 * Cranberry Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania
 * Cranberry, Venango County, Pennsylvania
 * Cranberry Township, Alleghany County, North Carolina
 * Cranberry Township, Avery County, North Carolina
 * Cranberry Township, Ohio

title: Cranberry Township


text:
Gebrauchsmuster

In German and Austrian patent laws, the Gebrauchsmuster (GebrM), also known as German utility model or Austrian utility model, is a patent-like, intellectual property right protecting inventions.

The Gebrauchsmuster is slightly different from the patent. It mainly differs from the patent in that processes and methods cannot be protected by a Gebrauchsmuster, only products can. Furthermore, the term of a Gebrauchsmuster, that is its maximum lifetime, is 10 years from the date of registration. In contrast, a patent has usually a term of 20 years from the date of filing of the application.

Germany
The German utility model has some interesting characteristics, when compared to the German patent or to the European patent designating Germany:
 * Prior art considered for examining novelty and inventive step is somewhat more limited:
 * Oral disclosures are not taken into account, only written disclosures are taken into account;
 * Public prior use outside Germany is not taken into account;
 * A six-month grace period before the priority date is provided for written disclosures or prior public use made by applicants or their predecessors in title.
 * They are not substantially examined. Only registration is sufficient to obtain a utility model.

German utility models are made available to the public directly when they are registered (Eintragungstag, the date of entry of the German utility model in the register of utility models of the Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt (DPMA)), i.e. before the publication date (Bekanntmachung): The date of entry [in the register of utility models, or Eintragungstag] corresponds to the date on which a list (typically containing several hundred entries and indicating the IPC class and the DPMA file number of German utility models for each entry) is laid open for inspection at the premises of the DPMA. A member of the public is allowed to inspect any file from that list as of said date. In contrast, patents are made available to the public 18 months after the filing date, unless the applicant requests early publication.

The German Gebrauchsmuster is regulated by German Gebrauchsmuster Act (in German: Gebrauchsmustergesetz) and German Gebrauchsmuster Ordinance (in German: Verordnung zur Ausführung des Gebrauchsmustergesetzes).

Austria
The Austrian utility model is similar to the German utility model. The main differences are:

 * A search report is carried out within 6 to 8 months. No additional searching fee is required.
 * The range of protection is broader than the German utility model. There is additional protection for:
 * Logic algorithm for computer software
 * Processes
 * Therapy methods for animals

title: Gebrauchsmuster


text:
Motherwell South (UK Parliament constituency)

Motherwell South was a burgh constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1983 to 1997. It was formed by the division of Motherwell and Wishaw and was later merged into a new creation of the constituency.

Boundaries
The Motherwell District electoral divisions of Clydevale, Dalziel, and Wishaw.


text:
James Bassett (author)

James Elias Bassett Jr. (October 18, 1912 – September 26, 1978) was an American newspaper editor and author, most notably of the best-selling novel Harm's Way, which was later adapted into the motion picture In Harm's Way.

Biography
The son of James E. and Lucille R. Bassett, Bassett was born in Glendale, California.

Raised in Mamaroneck, New York, from 1914 on, in 1934 he graduated cum laude from Bowdoin College in Maine, where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. After college, he returned to Los Angeles and joined the Los Angeles Times as a reporter. He later served the paper as aviation writer, political analyst and director of the editorial pages until he was named associate editor in 1971. At the Mirror, the Times' sister publication, he held the posts of political editor, feature editor and city editor.

Bassett entered the United States Navy as lieutenant (junior grade) in February 1941. He and his wife were in Hawaii during the attack on Pearl Harbor, as Bassett was serving on the public relations staff of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel. Bassett went on to become public relations officer for Fleet Admiral William F. (Bull) Halsey and was awarded the Bronze Star with combat V. Bassett later retired from the service as a captain, and returned to work at the Times.

Bassett took leaves from the Times to serve in Richard Nixon's vice presidential and presidential campaigns of 1952, 1956 and 1960. He was public relations director for the Republican National Committee in 1954.

Bassett drew on his World War II experiences for his novel Harm's Way, which became a bestseller after its publication in 1962 and was made into the motion picture In Harm's Way starring John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, and Henry Fonda and directed by Otto Preminger. Other works by Bassett include Commander Prince, USN, published in 1971, a novel dealing mainly with the events surrounding the Battle of the Java Sea, and The Sky Suspended, published in 1968.

Bassett retired October 1977 after serving 43 years on the staffs of the Los Angeles Times and Mirror. He was working on two books at the time of his death—one an autobiography and the other a volume on great sea admirals he had observed in the Pacific Theater of World War II. He died in Malibu, California, and was survived by his wife and a daughter. His ashes were scattered at sea.

title: James Bassett (author)


text:
Scott v. Illinois

Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367 (1979), was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. In Scott, the Court decided whether the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments required Illinois to provide Scott with trial counsel. To emphasize the importance of court-appointed counsel, the Court opined, "[T]he interest protected by the right to have guilt or innocence determined by a jury... while important, is not as fundamental to the guarantee of a fair trial as is the right to counsel."

Background
After being denied a request for court-appointed counsel, Scott was convicted in a bench trial of shoplifting and fined $50. The statute applicable to his case set the maximum penalty at a $500 fine and one year in jail.

Supreme Courts decision
A plurality held that Illinois had not violated the Constitution. Writing for four of the justices, Rehnquist clarified the Court's holding in Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972) and argued that states could sentence a convicted criminal to imprisonment only if that person had been represented by counsel. Since Scott was not sentenced to imprisonment, even though the applicable statute allowed for it, the state was not obligated to provide counsel. Rehnquist called that line of reasoning "the central premise of Argersinger."

Justice Brennan dissented, drawing a distinction between "actual imprisonment" and "authorized imprisonment." He read Argersinger as saying that the right to jury trial existed when (1) a non-petty offense punishable by more than 6 months of jail time and (2) actual imprisonment was likely despite the authorized maximum penalty.

Brennan viewed authorized imprisonment as a more accurate standard because criminal statutes were written with this standard in mind and the social stigma attached to a crime took it into account.

Brennan also said the majority's reason for going with the actual imprisonment standard was budgetary. He said that this was an inappropriate standard when dealing with constitutional guarantees.

title: Scott v. Illinois


text:
Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz

Ali bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi (علي بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي; 1879 – 13 February 1935), was King of Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca from October 1924 until he was deposed by Ibn Saud in December 1925. He was the eldest son of King Hussein bin Ali and a scion of the Hashemite family. With the passing of the kingship from his father he also became the heir to the title of caliph, but he did not adopt the office and the style of caliph.

Early life
The eldest son of Hussein, Ali bin Hussein was born in Mecca and was educated at Ghalata Serai College (Galatasaray High School) in Constantinople. His father was appointed Grand Sharif of Mecca by the Ottoman Empire in 1908. However, his relationship with the Young Turks in control of the Empire increasingly became strained, and, in 1916, he became one of the leaders of the Arab Revolt against Turkish rule. Following the Revolt's success, Hussein made himself the first King of Hejaz with British support. While Hussein's sons Abdullah and Faisal were made kings of Jordan and Iraq, respectively, Ali remained the heir to his father's lands in Arabia.

Ruling Hejaz
King Hussein soon found himself embroiled in fighting with the House of Saud, based in Riyadh. Following military defeats by Abdulaziz ibn Saud, King Hussein abdicated all of his secular titles to Ali on 3 October 1924. (Hussein had previously awarded himself the religious title of Caliph in March of that year.)

In December of the following year, Saudi forces finally overran the Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz, which they eventually incorporated into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ali and his family fled to Iraq.

Ali bin Hussein died in Baghdad in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq in 1935. He had four daughters and one son, 'Abd al-Ilah, who went on to become the regent of the Kingdom of Iraq during the minority of King Faisal II.

Marriage and children
In 1906 Ali married Nafissa Khanum, daughter of Emir Abdullah bin Muhammad Pasha, Grand Sharif and Emir of Mecca at Yeniköy, Bosphorus. They had one son and four daughters:
 * Princess Khadija Abdiya – born 1907 – died 14 July 1958.
 * Princess Aliya – born 1911 – died 21 December 1950, married her first cousin, Ghazi I King of Iraq, becoming Queen Aliya of Iraq.
 * Crown Prince Abd al-Ilah – born 14 November 1913 – died 14 July 1958, married three times first to Melek el-Din Fauzi in 1936 divorced in 1940, then to Faiza al-Tarabulsi in 1948 divorced 1950 and finally to Hiyam 'Abdu'l-Ilah in 1958.
 * Princess Badiya – born June 1920 - died London 9 May 2020, married Sharif Al-Hussein bin Ali. They had a son, Sharif Ali bin Al-Hussein and 2 daughters.
 * Princess Jalila – born 1923 – died 28 December 1955, married Sharif Dr. Ahmad Hazim Bey.

title: Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz


text:
Kelvin probe force microscope

Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), also known as surface potential microscopy, is a noncontact variant of atomic force microscopy (AFM). By raster scanning in the x,y plane the work function of the sample can be locally mapped for correlation with sample features. When there is little or no magnification, this approach can be described as using a scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). These techniques are predominantly used to measure corrosion and coatings.

With KPFM, the work function of surfaces can be observed at atomic or molecular scales. The work function relates to many surface phenomena, including catalytic activity, reconstruction of surfaces, doping and band-bending of semiconductors, charge trapping in dielectrics and corrosion. The map of the work function produced by KPFM gives information about the composition and electronic state of the local structures on the surface of a solid.

History
The SKP technique is based on parallel plate capacitor experiments performed by Lord Kelvin in 1898. In the 1930s William Zisman built upon Lord Kelvin's experiments to develop a technique to measure contact potential differences of dissimilar metals.

Working principle
In SKP the probe and sample are held parallel to each other and electrically connected to form a parallel plate capacitor. The probe is selected to be of a different material to the sample, therefore each component initially has a distinct Fermi level. When electrical connection is made between the probe and the sample electron flow can occur between the probe and the sample in the direction of the higher to the lower Fermi level. This electron flow causes the equilibration of the probe and sample Fermi levels. Furthermore, a surface charge develops on the probe and the sample, with a related potential difference known as the contact potential (Vc). In SKP the probe is vibrated along a perpendicular to the plane of the sample. This vibration causes a change in probe to sample distance, which in turn results in the flow of current, taking the form of an ac sine wave. The resulting ac sine wave is demodulated to a dc signal through the use of a lock-in amplifier. Typically the user must select the correct reference phase value used by the lock-in amplifier. Once the dc potential has been determined, an external potential, known as the backing potential (Vb) can be applied to null the charge between the probe and the sample. When the charge is nullified, the Fermi level of the sample returns to its original position. This means that Vb is equal to -Vc, which is the work function difference between the SKP probe and the sample measured.

The cantilever in the AFM is a reference electrode that forms a capacitor with the surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation. The cantilever is not piezoelectrically driven at its mechanical resonance frequency ω0 as in normal AFM although an alternating current (AC) voltage is applied at this frequency.

When there is a direct-current (DC) potential difference between the tip and the surface, the AC+DC voltage offset will cause the cantilever to vibrate. The origin of the force can be understood by considering that the energy of the capacitor formed by the cantilever and the surface is

 * $$E = \frac{1}{2}C[V_{DC} + V_{AC}\sin(\omega_0 t)]^2 = \frac{1}{2}C[2V_{DC}V_{AC}\sin(\omega_0 t) - \frac{1}{2}V_{AC}^2 \cos(2\omega_0 t)]$$

plus terms at DC. Only the cross-term proportional to the VDC·VAC product is at the resonance frequency ω0. The resulting vibration of the cantilever is detected using usual scanned-probe microscopy methods (typically involving a diode laser and a four-quadrant detector). A null circuit is used to drive the DC potential of the tip to a value which minimizes the vibration. A map of this nulling DC potential versus the lateral position coordinate therefore produces an image of the work function of the surface.

A related technique, electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), directly measures the force produced on a charged tip by the electric field emanating from the surface. EFM operates much like magnetic force microscopy in that the frequency shift or amplitude change of the cantilever oscillation is used to detect the electric field. However, EFM is much more sensitive to topographic artifacts than KPFM. Both EFM and KPFM require the use of conductive cantilevers, typically metal-coated silicon or silicon nitride. Another AFM-based technique for the imaging of electrostatic surface potentials, scanning quantum dot microscopy, quantifies surface potentials based on their ability to gate a tip-attached quantum dot.

Factors affecting SKP measurements
The quality of an SKP measurement is affected by a number of factors. This includes the diameter of the SKP probe, the probe to sample distance, and the material of the SKP probe. The probe diameter is important in the SKP measurement because it affects the overall resolution of the measurement, with smaller probes leading to improved resolution. On the other hand, reducing the size of the probe causes an increase in fringing effects which reduces the sensitivity of the measurement by increasing the measurement of stray capacitances. The material used in the construction of the SKP probe is important to the quality of the SKP measurement. This occurs for a number of reasons. Different materials have different work function values which will affect the contact potential measured. Different materials have different sensitivity to humidity changes. The material can also affect the resulting lateral resolution of the SKP measurement. In commercial probes tungsten is used, though probes of platinum, copper, gold, and NiCr has been used. The probe to sample distance affects the final SKP measurement, with smaller probe to sample distances improving the lateral resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement. Furthermore, reducing the SKP probe to sample distance increases the intensity of the measurement, where the intensity of the measurement is proportional to 1/d2, where d is the probe to sample distance. The effects of changing probe to sample distance on the measurement can be counteracted by using SKP in constant distance mode.

Work function
The Kelvin probe force microscope or Kelvin force microscope (KFM) is based on an AFM set-up and the determination of the work function is based on the measurement of the electrostatic forces between the small AFM tip and the sample. The conducting tip and the sample are characterized by (in general) different work functions, which represent the difference between the Fermi level and the vacuum level for each material. If both elements were brought in contact, a net electric current would flow between them until the Fermi levels were aligned. The difference between the work functions is called the contact potential difference and is denoted generally with VCPD. An electrostatic force exists between tip and sample, because of the electric field between them. For the measurement a voltage is applied between tip and sample, consisting of a DC-bias VDC and an AC-voltage VAC sin(ωt) of frequency ω.

 * $$V = (V_{DC} - V_{CPD}) + V_{AC} \cdot \sin (\omega t)$$

Tuning the AC-frequency to the resonant frequency of the AFM cantilever results in an improved sensitivity. The electrostatic force in a capacitor may be found by differentiating the energy function with respect to the separation of the elements and can be written as

 * $$F = \frac{1}{2} \frac{dC}{dz} V^2$$

where C is the capacitance, z is the separation, and V is the voltage, each between tip and surface. Substituting the previous formula for voltage (V) shows that the electrostatic force can be split up into three contributions, as the total electrostatic force F acting on the tip then has spectral components at the frequencies ω and 2ω.

 * $$F = F_{DC} + F_{\omega} + F_{2 \omega}$$

The DC component, FDC, contributes to the topographical signal, the term Fω at the characteristic frequency ω is used to measure the contact potential and the contribution F2ω can be used for capacitance microscopy.

 * $$F_{DC} = \frac{dC}{dz} \left[\frac{1}{2}(V_{DC} - V_{CPD})^2 + \frac{1}{4} V^2_{AC}\right]$$

 * $$F_{\omega} = \frac{dC}{dz} [V_{DC} - V_{CPD}] V_{AC} \sin(\omega t)$$

 * $$F_{2 \omega} = - \frac{1}{4} \frac{dC}{dz} V^2_{AC} \cos(2 \omega t)$$

Contact potential measurements
For contact potential measurements a lock-in amplifier is used to detect the cantilever oscillation at ω. During the scan VDC will be adjusted so that the electrostatic forces between the tip and the sample become zero and thus the response at the frequency ω becomes zero. Since the electrostatic force at ω depends on VDC − VCPD, the value of VDC that minimizes the ω-term corresponds to the contact potential. Absolute values of the sample work function can be obtained if the tip is first calibrated against a reference sample of known work function. Apart from this, one can use the normal topographic scan methods at the resonance frequency ω independently of the above. Thus, in one scan, the topography and the contact potential of the sample are determined simultaneously. This can be done in (at least) two different ways: 1) The topography is captured in AC mode which means that the cantilever is driven by a piezo at its resonant frequency. Simultaneously the AC voltage for the KPFM measurement is applied at a frequency slightly lower than the resonant frequency of the cantilever. In this measurement mode the topography and the contact potential difference are captured at the same time and this mode is often called single-pass. 2) One line of the topography is captured either in contact or AC mode and is stored internally. Then, this line is scanned again, while the cantilever remains on a defined distance to the sample without a mechanically driven oscillation but the AC voltage of the KPFM measurement is applied and the contact potential is captured as explained above. It is important to note that the cantilever tip must not be too close to the sample in order to allow good oscillation with applied AC voltage. Therefore, KPFM can be performed simultaneously during AC topography measurements but not during contact topography measurements.

Applications
The Volta potential measured by SKP is directly proportional to the corrosion potential of a material, as such SKP has found widespread use in the study of the fields of corrosion and coatings. In the field of coatings for example, a scratched region of a self-healing shape memory polymer coating containing a heat generating agent on aluminium alloys was measured by SKP. Initially after the scratch was made the Volta potential was noticeably higher and wider over the scratch than over the rest of the sample, implying this region is more likely to corrode. The Volta potential decreased over subsequent measurements, and eventually the peak over the scratch completely disappeared implying the coating has healed. Because SKP can be used to investigate coatings in a non-destructive way it has also been used to determine coating failure. In a study of polyurethane coatings, it was seen that the work function increases with increasing exposure to high temperature and humidity. This increase in work function is related to decomposition of the coating likely from hydrolysis of bonds within the coating.

Using SKP the corrosion of industrially important alloys has been measured. In particular with SKP it is possible to investigate the effects of environmental stimulus on corrosion. For example, the microbially induced corrosion of stainless steel and titanium has been examined. SKP is useful to study this sort of corrosion because it usually occurs locally, therefore global techniques are poorly suited. Surface potential changes related to increased localized corrosion were shown by SKP measurements. Furthermore, it was possible to compare the resulting corrosion from different microbial species. In another example SKP was used to investigate biomedical alloy materials, which can be corroded within the human body. In studies on Ti-15Mo under inflammatory conditions, SKP measurements showed a lower corrosion resistance at the bottom of a corrosion pit than at the oxide protected surface of the alloy. SKP has also been used to investigate the effects of atmospheric corrosion, for example to investigate copper alloys in marine environment. In this study Kelvin potentials became more positive, indicating a more positive corrosion potential, with increased exposure time, due to an increase in thickness of corrosion products. As a final example SKP was used to investigate stainless steel under simulated conditions of gas pipeline. These measurements showed an increase in difference in corrosion potential of cathodic and anodic regions with increased corrosion time, indicating a higher likelihood of corrosion. Furthermore, these SKP measurements provided information about local corrosion, not possible with other techniques.

SKP has been used to investigate the surface potential of materials used in solar cells, with the advantage that it is a non-contact, and therefore a non-destructive technique. It can be used to determine the electron affinity of different materials in turn allowing the energy level overlap of conduction bands of differing materials to be determined. The energy level overlap of these bands is related to the surface photovoltage response of a system.

As a non-contact, non-destructive technique SKP has been used to investigate latent fingerprints on materials of interest for forensic studies. When fingerprints are left on a metallic surface they leave behind salts which can cause the localized corrosion of the material of interest. This leads to a change in Volta potential of the sample, which is detectable by SKP. SKP is particularly useful for these analyses because it can detect this change in Volta potential even after heating, or coating by, for example, oils.

SKP has been used to analyze the corrosion mechanisms of schreibersite-containing meteorites. The aim of these studies has been to investigate the role in such meteorites in releasing species utilized in prebiotic chemistry.

In the field of biology SKP has been used to investigate the electric fields associated with wounding, and acupuncture points.

In the field of electronics, KPFM is used to investigate the charge trapping in High-k gate oxides/interfaces of electronic devices.

title: Kelvin probe force microscope


text: Template:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation


text:
Talk:Tenacious D (album)

Good review links

 * Rolling Stone
 * PopMatters Tenacious D Fan (talk) 19:29, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 10:43, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Axzeb97uskrgt

Second printing back cover modification
Shouldn't it be mentioned somewhere in the article that the second printing of the CD removed the slightly controversial dead babies under the demon? --8.225.218.63 (talk) 01:13, 7 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:Tenacious D (album)


text:
George Broussard

George Broussard is an American video game producer and designer. He is one of the creators of the Duke Nukem series, along with Todd Replogle, Allen Blum, and Scott Miller.

Broussard released his early games under the name Micro F/X. In 1991, Broussard partnered with Scott Miller as co-owner of Apogee Software. Broussard is perhaps best known for his 12+ year development with many hurdles of Duke Nukem Forever as the lead project manager, before he asked Gearbox Software to take over, which ultimately finished the project. The 3D Realms website notes that he is probably the only person in the industry to have misspelled his own name (as "Broussad") on a shareware title he created on his own, Pharaoh's Tomb.

In 2013, Broussard competed in the indie game competition Ludum Dare with The Road, a side-scrolling browser game that reflects on the futility of existence.

Broussard suffered a minor stroke in May 2014 and recovered quickly.

title: George Broussard


text:
Talk:Air Miles

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An unexpected charge to the company is something that doesn't happen every year. It is something that is unexpected or unusual, like a factory burning down or some other drastic change that happens one year, and was not anticipated. That being said it could also be an anticipated change, such as a charge of actually building a factory or a major reworking of operations. Anticipating on a one time gain that doesn't happen is not either, and not classified as a one time charge. I changed the wording. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TVGarfield (talk • contribs) 03:02, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

I have now added an update about Staples (Canada), Safeway (Canada), and Sobeys pulling out of this program. Further departures may ensue, but that is not yet proven. We will see. Dmacgr 22 (talk) 23:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

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Air Miles Card Issue
I have a card but it’s old. When I swipe it didn’t work. Can I get a new card and you can mail it my home address. Thanks Zahid Sheikh Email: Zahid_1965@hotmail.com Address: 40 Provincetown Road Scarborough, ON M1C4A6 2605:8D80:6A1:FD68:54BA:5136:8B6A:3E65 (talk) 17:30, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I have a airmiles card it don’t collect airmiles no more number. 8407-715-1930 47.55.14.183 (talk) 16:34, 7 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Air Miles


text:
Talk:Dan Aykroyd

Tequila? New Orleans?
It's quite well known that Dan is heavily involved with Il Patron Tequila. He wears the t-shirt wherever he goes, talks about it on TV and radio all the time, and does everything he can to promote it. But the word tequila doesn't actually appear anywhere on the page. A related video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kS-B38TeLSQ

Also, he appears in the current New Orleans Tourism campaign, in their TV commercials (which also feature John Goodman): http://www.neworleansonline.com/pr/ads.html You'll see him about half way through the "Summer TV Commercial", in what appears to be the House of Blues, wearing his Patron Tequila t-shirt.

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Diagnosis? Really?
Dan Aykroyd may have Asperger's syndrome, but his inaccurate statements put that in doubt. He wasn't diagnosed in childhood as claimed in the Wikipedia article, nor even in the 1980s as claimed elsewhere, because the papers upon which the diagnostic criteria are based weren't even translated into English until 1991 by Uta Frith.

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:07, 16 August 2018 (UTC)
 * BluesBrothers.png

Missing citations
Under the heading "Other Film and Television Work", 6th para: The article says it needs a citation for "He was the second SNL cast member to be nominated for an Oscar, the first being Joan Cusack.[citation needed]"

The Oscars search page shows Joan Cusack was nominated twice: 1988 (61st Oscars) & again in 1997 (70th Oscars), both for "Best Actress in a Supporting Role":

NEXT:

Under the heading "Business ventures", the article says it needs a citation for "In 1992, Aykroyd and Hard Rock Cafe co-founder Isaac Tigrett founded the House of Blues, a chain of music venues, with the mission to promote African-American cultural contributions of blues music and folk art.[citation needed]"

At the website:, it says it was founded in "Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1992". I looked at the MA business filings,, which shows it was Registered in MA on 1-21-1993, but that it is listed in MA as a "foreign corporation" from DE. That then led the search to the DE Secretary of State's business filings,, and that shows a formation date of 12/4/1992.

I don't know that's it germane to this particular article on "Dan Aykroyd", the person, but for clarity purposes: It may, or may not, be important to note that there were a few corporate entity structure changes along the way, which is not unusual. The entity name was "House of Blues, Inc." but is now "HOB Entertainment, Inc.". A bit of further checking revealed they are using the name "House of Blues" as the prefix for the restaurants, in many different states, i.e.: "House of Blues ___, Inc." (with the individual location being filed in the blank), likely a driving force in changing the name of the corporate umbrella. There are also several other, related entities, such as a foundation, etc. Some legal filings also indicate that at one time there was a "House of Blues, LLC" which could be a related entity, it could be the original name/entity structure, or could have been changed from an "LLC" to an "Inc." for a variety of other reasons. The DE Secretary of State's page states records are only available for the last 10 years, which will likely compound issues in corporate unraveling, should anyone chose to do so.

Susangerlarcos (talk) 22:54, 22 September 2019 (UTC)SusangerlarcosSusangerlarcos (talk) 22:54, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dan Aykroyd


text: User talk:71.128.93.46

title: User talk:71.128.93.46


text:
Bruriah

Beruriah (also Bruriah; ברוריה or ברוריא) is one of several women quoted as a sage in the Talmud. She was the wife of the Tanna Rabbi Meir and the daughter of Haninah ben Teradion.

Biography
Beruriah lived during the first and second century in Roman Judaea and was the daughter of Haninah ben Teradion, one of the Ten Martyrs, who was burned to death for his faith, as was Beruriah's mother. She had two known siblings: a brother, Simon ben Hananiah, who turned to a life of crime after failing to match Bruriah's success as a teacher, and an unnamed sister, who was sold into sexual slavery and later rescued from a Roman brothel by Beruriah's husband, Rabbi Meir, all according to Avodah Zarah 18a and Bava Kamma 4:17.

She is greatly admired for her breadth of knowledge in matters of both halachah and aggadah and is said to have learned 300 halachot from the rabbis on a single cloudy day, according to Pesachim 62b. Her parents were put to death by the Roman Empire for teaching Torah, but she carried on their legacy.

Bruriah was very involved in the halachic discussions of her time and even challenged her father on a matter of ritual purity according to Tosefta Kelim Kamma 4:9. Her comments there are praised by Judah ben Bava. In another instance, Joshua ben Hananiah praises her intervention in a debate between Tarfon and the sages, saying "Beruriah has spoken correctly": Keilim Metzia 1:3 Metzia 1:3

She was also renowned for her sharp wit and often caustic jibes. The Talmud relates in Eruvin 53b that she once chastised Jose the Galilean when he asked her, "By which way do we go to Lod?" claiming that he could have instead said, "By which to Lod?" (two Hebrew words rather than four), and thereby keeping the Talmudic injunction not to speak to women unnecessarily.

It is told that Bruriah taught her husband, Rabbi Meir, to pray for the repentance of the wicked, rather than for their destruction. According to the story, she once found Rabbi Meir praying that violent men in their neighborhood would die. Appalled by this, she responded to him by pointing out that the verse does not say "Let the sinners be consumed from the earth, and the wicked shall be no more", but rather states: "Let sin be consumed from the earth," with the result that "the wicked shall be no more" because they have repented. Another interpretation of the passage, one that fits with the Tiberian vocalization, suggests that Bruriah explained that the verse does not refer to "those who sin" (as a participle), but habitual "sinners" (as an agent noun).

She is described as having enormous inner strength. Midrash Proverbs tells that her two sons died suddenly on Shabbat, but she hid the fact from her husband until she could tell him in a way that would comfort him. In response, Rabbi Meir quoted the verse, "A woman of valour, who can find?"

The Bruriah incident
Avodah Zarah 18b mentions that, in the middle of his life, Rabbi Meir fled to Lower Mesopotamia, which is referred to as "Babylonia" in Jewish works. It mentions two possible motivations. The second of these is "the Beruriah incident" (מעשה דברוריא), a phrase that is not explained.

Various post-Talmudic commentaries offer explanations of this incident. According to Rashi, Commentary to Avodah Zarah 18b, Beruriah made light of the Talmudic assertion that women are "light-minded" in Kiddushin 80b. Rashi explains the phrase "women's minds weigh lightly upon them" as indicating a lack of sexual inhibition. To vindicate the Talmudic maxim, Rabbi Meir sent one of his students to seduce her. Though initially resisted the student's advances, she eventually acceded to them. When she realized what she had done, she committed suicide out of shame. (Other sources have it that she fell ill emotionally due to shame, and a group of rabbis prayed for her death and peace.) Rabbi Meir, in turn, exiled himself from Israel out of shame and fled to Babylonia.

This explanation has no recorded source earlier than Rashi, who lived 900 years after the time of Bruriah. It is also surprising in that it attributes serious crimes not only to Beruriah and Rabbi Meir's student (who allegedly committed adultery), but to Rabbi Meir himself (who encouraged them to commit adultery). Traditional rabbis such as Yosef Shalom Elyashiv, as well as academic scholars such as Eitam Henkin, have argued that Rashi did not write this story, but rather inserted later into his commentary by a mistaken student.

Nissim ben Jacob of Kairouan provides a different explanation that is closer to the text. According to him, Rabbi Meir and Bruriah had to flee to Babylonia after the Roman Empire executed her father, sold her mother into slavery and her sister into sexual slavery at a brothel (to be rescued by Rabbi Meir) and were looking for her. Other rabbinic sources also take issue with Rashi's commentary, and indeed, there exists a tradition among Orthodox rabbis to name their daughters Bruriah, as an assertion of her righteousness.

The commentators explain that she was really able to overcome that test but God punished her for speaking badly of the sages, saying that if she had said the rabbis are correct, but that she was an exception, there would have been no problems. The commentators also posit that there was no actual sin committed because the student was sterile; those that say there was an act of sexual intercourse hold that Rabbi Meir pretended to be his own student.

Legacy
Several modern Jewish schools for women have been named after Bruriah:
 * Midreshet Lindenbaum, originally named Michlelet Bruria
 * Bruriah High School for Girls, an all girls yeshiva located in New Jersey

title: Bruriah


text:
Goderich–Exeter Railway

The Goderich–Exeter Railway is a short line freight railway that operates around 70 mi of track in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Created in 1992, it was the first short line railway in Canada to be purchased from a class I railway, in this case Canadian National Railway (CN). It took over operation of further CN trackage in 1998. As of 2004, the railway had 44 employees. Its headquarters are in Stratford, Ontario, and owned by short-line railroad holding company Genesee & Wyoming.

History
The Goderich–Exeter Railway was created in 1992 by its owner, RailTex (subsequently purchased by RailAmerica in 2000, and Genesee & Wyoming in late 2012), to operate over Canadian National Railway's Goderich Subdivision, 46 mi of track between Stratford and Goderich, Ontario; and its Exeter Subdivision, 24 mi of track between Centralia, Ontario and Clinton Jct. that was acquired from CN. The railway started operation on April 3, 1992. On November 15, 1998, the Goderich–Exeter Railway took over operation of CN's Guelph Subdivision, which runs over 89 mi between Silver Junction (in Georgetown) and London, Ontario.

The railway had expressed an interest in acquiring the former CN branchline from Stratford to Owen Sound, but was unable to do so as a result of changes to Ontario labour law which made the acquisition uneconomic.

On February 1, 2021, train 581 ran away down the hill in Goderich, Ontario. They hit a pickup truck, semi truck and a shed. Some cars and the locomotives derailed as a result.

Freight services
The railway handles around 25,000 carloads of freight annually, consisting mainly of automobile parts, salt and fertilizer, wheat, grains, soy meal and rice. From Stratford the line serves the east west corridor of Huron and Perth Counties serving Mitchell, Dublin, Seaforth, Clinton, and Goderich. There is also a spur line running south from Clinton, serving, Brucefield, Hensall, Exeter, and Centralia.

Traffic on the Goderich Subdivision mainly consists of agricultural products and salt from the Sifto Canada salt mines in Goderich, and construction equipment produced by a Volvo Motor Graders plant in Goderich (closed 2010). It also connects with the port facility at the Port of Goderich.

As of 29 August 2020, GEXR operates on the Guelph Junction Railway.

Interchanges
The Goderich–Exeter Railway interchanges with CN in Stratford yard.

Locomotives

As of 2017, the railway owned 13 locomotives, which were acquired used. Its first four locomotives, purchased between 1992 and 1994, were given names of Shakespearean characters (#177 was named "Titania", #178 "Paulina", #179 "Portia", and #180 "Falstaff"), as Stratford is the home of the Canadian Shakespearean Festival. Units 178, 179, and 180 have since been sold to other railways. GEXR was acquired by Genesee & Wyoming in 2012. The railway also leases a few locomotives. All of its locomotives were made by General Motors Electro-Motive Division and include EMD GP38s, EMD GP35s, EMD GP40s, and EMD SD40-2s. As of March 2017, some of its locomotives are owned by subsidiaries of Genesee & Wyoming.

Roster
List of GEXR's active units (as of July 2019)

EMD GP40 4095, built in May-1966 Nee SOR 4095 Nee Canadian National 4004

EMD GP38-3 2073, rebuilt April 2017 Nee GEXR 3821

EMD GP38-2 2117, built in Dec-1972 Nee RLHH 2117

EMD GP35 2500, built in March 1965 Nee QRGY 2500

Return of CN
After a 21-year lease to GEXR, CN took over GEXR's yards and the Guelph Subdivision on Nov. 15, 2018. Metrolinx assumed ownership and responsibility for the Guelph Sub from Georgetown to Kitchener. However, GEXR still runs on the Goderich and Exeter Sub.

title: Goderich–Exeter Railway