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Beatrice Foods

Beatrice Foods Company was a major American food conglomerate founded in 1894. One of the best-known food processing companies in the U.S., Beatrice owned many well-known brands such as Tropicana, Krispy Kreme, Jolly Rancher, Orville Redenbacher's, Swiss Miss, Peter Pan, Avis, Milk Duds, Samsonite, Playtex, La Choy and Dannon.

In 1987, its international food operations were sold to Reginald Lewis, a corporate attorney, creating TLC Beatrice International, after which the majority of its domestic (U.S.) brands and assets were acquired by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, with the bulk of its holdings sold off. By 1990, the remaining operations were ultimately acquired by ConAgra Foods.

1894-1912
The Beatrice Creamery Company was founded in 1894 by George Everett Haskell and William W. Bosworth, by leasing the factory of a bankrupt firm of the same name located in Beatrice, Nebraska. At the time, they purchased butter, milk, and eggs from local farmers and graded them for resale. They promptly began separating the butter themselves at their plant, making their own butter on site and packaging and distributing it under their own label. They devised special protective packages and distributed them to grocery stores and restaurants in their own wagons and through jobbers. To overcome the shortage of cream, the partners established skimming stations to which farmers delivered their milk to have the cream, used to make butter, separated from the milk. This led to the introduction of their unique credit program of providing farmers with cream separators so they could separate the milk on the farm and retain the skim milk for animal food. This enabled farmers to pay for the separators from the proceeds of their sales of cream. The program worked so well, the company sold more than 50,000 separators in Nebraska from 1895 to 1905. On March 1, 1905, the company was incorporated as the Beatrice Creamery Company of Iowa, with capital of $3,000,000. By the early 20th century, they were shipping dairy products across the United States, and by 1910 they operated nine creameries and three ice cream plants across the Great Plains.

1913-1955
In 1913 the company moved to Chicago, the center of the American food processing industry. By the 1930s, it was a major dairy company, producing some 30 e6USgal of milk and 10 e6USgal of ice cream annually. In 1939, Beatrice Creamery Company purchased Blue Valley Creamery Company, the other Chicago-based dairy centralizer. This acquisition added at least 11 creameries from New York to South Dakota. Beatrice's 'Meadow Gold' brand was a household name in much of America by the beginning of World War II. In 1946, it changed its name to Beatrice Foods Co. Their sales doubled between 1945 and 1955, as the post-war baby boom created greater demand for milk products.

Canada
From the late 1950s until the early 1970s, the company expanded into Canada and purchased a number of other food firms, leveraging its distribution network to profit from a more diverse array of food and consumer products. It became the owner of brands such as Avis Car Rental, Playtex, Shedd's, Tropicana, John Sexton & Co, Good & Plenty, and many others. Annual sales in 1984 were roughly $12 billion.

Beatrice's Canadian subsidiary, Beatrice Foods Canada, was founded in 1969 and became legally separate from its parent firm in 1978.

1955-1975
In 1968, Sexton Foods was approached by Beatrice with an offer to purchase John Sexton & Co. Beatrice was attracted to Sexton Quality Foods' distribution network, quality, variety of private-label products, specialized food offerings, sales force and profitability. Mack Sexton's initial response was no, but Beatrice Foods was very interested. Eventually both parties reached an agreement. Beatrice Foods increased the purchase price, pledged capital to expand Sexton Quality Foods' distribution network and introduce a new Sexton frozen product line, and pledged that the Sexton leadership would continue to lead and operate the company as a separate entity. On December 20, 1968, Beatrice acquired the business and assets of John Sexton & Co., exchanging about 375,000 shares of Beatrice's preferred convertible preference stock valued at $37,500,000. John Sexton & Co. became an independent division of Beatrice Foods, led by Mack Sexton (son of Franklin), William Egan (son of Helen), and William Sexton (son of Sherman). Mack became a vice president of Beatrice and a Beatrice board member. John Sexton & Co. put Beatrice Foods into the wholesale grocery business and Beatrice put John Sexton & Co. into the frozen foods business. Beatrice's and the Sexton's leadership were interested in maximizing the investment in John Sexton & Co. by growing the company.

1976-1980
Wallace Rasmussen was the chairman and CEO of Beatrice Foods from 1976 until 1980, retiring after 47 years with the company. During his tenure, Beatrice added several high-value acquisitions to its portfolio, most notably Tropicana Products, Inc.

1981-1984
During both the 1984 Winter and Summer Olympics, the corporation flooded the TV airwaves with advertisements advising the public that many familiar brands were part of Beatrice Foods. These ads used the tagline (with a jingle) "We're Beatrice. You've known us all along." After the Olympics, advertisements for its products continued to end with the catchphrase "We're Beatrice" and an instrumental version of the "You've known us all along" portion of the jingle, as the red and white "Beatrice" logo would simultaneously appear in the bottom right hand corner. The campaign was found to alienate consumers, as it called attention to the fact that many of their favorite brands were part of a far-reaching multinational corporation. One commercial also mispronounced the name of the founding city. The campaign was pulled off the air by autumn.

At the 87th annual Beatrice shareholders’ meeting on June 5, 1984, stockholders of record were asked to change the name of the company. "Recognizing this clear departure from the past, we are proposing a new name for the company. At our annual meeting in June, stockholders will be asked to change the name to Beatrice Companies, Inc. from Beatrice Foods Co. This change is appropriate given the company's evolution and present composition. It reflects Beatrice's wide range of separate and distinct businesses, many with operations totally unrelated to food processing, yet retains the company's goodwill and reputation for quality products and services." Annual Report, February 29, 1984.

In June 1984, Beatrice acquired Esmark. The Esmark acquisition was part of the company's strategy to focus Beatrice's assets in food and consumer products businesses. In addition to the Swift & Co. and Hunt-Wesson food brands, companies owned by Esmark included Avis Rent a Car, Playtex, Jensen Electronics, and STP. Because of Esmark's national brands, direct sales force, distribution network and research and development capabilities, its acquisition was expected to accelerate the attainment of Beatrice's marketing goals. The company also sought a higher public profile, adding their name to the end of their brands' television commercials, and sponsoring the Newman-Haas IndyCar and Haas Lola Formula One racing teams. Many analysts believe the Esmark acquisition, which was pushed by then Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President James L. Dutt, put too much of a debt load on Beatrice, which hurt Beatrice's credit rating and therefore deflated the value of Beatrice stock.

1985-1986
1985, Beatrice sold their Beatrice Chemical division to Imperial Chemical Industries. Stahl Finish, Paule Chemical, Polyvinyl Chemical Industries, Converters Ink Company, and Thoro System Products were the business units that formed Beatrice Chemical. Other divisions sold to pay off the debt from the Esmark purchase included Brillion Iron Works, World Dryer, STP, and Buckingham Wine (distributors of Cutty Sark whisky).

In 1986, Beatrice became the target of leveraged buyout specialists Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) and they ultimately purchased the firm for $8.7 billion. At the time this was the largest leveraged buyout in history — and over the next four years it was sold off, division by division.

Beatrice's Coca-Cola bottling operations (acquired by Beatrice in 1981) were acquired by The Coca-Cola Company for $1 billion in 1986. They were shortly spun off as Coca-Cola Enterprises Beatrice Bottled Water Division (acquired with the Coca-Cola operations) with brands such as Arrowhead Drinking Water, Ozarka Drinking Water, and Great Bear Drinking Water were also sold to Perrier in 1987.

In December 1986, a group of Company executives, together with Drexel Burnham Lambert bought International Playtex, Inc. in a leveraged buyout and named the newly private organization Playtex Holdings. Playtex included such former Esmark brands as Max Factor, Playtex Living Gloves, Playtex Products, Almay, Jhirmack, and Halston/Orlane.

The Beatrice Dairy Products subsidiary, which included the brands of Meadow Gold, Hotel Bar Butter, Keller's Butter, Mountain High Yogurt, and Viva Milk Products, to Borden, Inc. in December 1986 for $315,000,000.

Other divisions sold in 1986 included Americold and Danskin.

1987-1990
Brands like Samsonite, Culligan, Stiffel Lamps, del mar window coverings, Louver Drape window coverings, Aristokraft kitchen cabinets, Day-Timer planner, Waterloo Industries tool boxes, Aunt Nellies and Martha White were merged into a new entity called E-II Holdings, which was later purchased by American Brands for 1.14 billion. E-II was created in June, 1987, as an umbrella company for several non-food and specialty food businesses of Beatrice. Meshulam Riklis bought E-II from American Brands in 1988; American Brands bought back Aristokraft, Day-Timer, Waterloo, Twentieth Century and Vogel Peterson.

Tropicana Products was sold to Seagram for $1.2 billion in 1988.

All of the international operations were folded into a new entity called Beatrice International Holdings in 1987, which was later purchased that year through junk bond financing for $985 million by Reginald Lewis, a corporate attorney, creating TLC Beatrice International. TLC Beatrice International became the largest business in America owned by an African American and the first company to reach a billion dollars in sales, with a black man at its head. TLC Beatrice sold the Canadian operations; Beatrice Foods Canada, Ltd., in 1990 to Onyx, which later sold it to Parmalat in 1997.

In 1987, KKR had formed a new entity, with similar intent as E-II Holdings, called Beatrice Company, which was specifically created to include Beatrice Cheese, Beatrice-Hunt/Wesson, and Swift-Eckrich. In 1990, KKR sold Beatrice Company to Conagra Brands. Most of Beatrice's brand names still exist, but under various other owners, as trademarks and product lines were sold separately to the highest bidder.

Controversies
Through the 1980s, Beatrice was a co-defendant alongside W.R. Grace and Company in a lawsuit alleging that the Riley Tannery, a division of Beatrice Foods, had dumped toxic waste which contaminated an underground aquifer that supplied drinking water to East Woburn, Massachusetts. The case became the subject of the popular book and film A Civil Action. Federal judge Walter Jay Skinner ruled that Beatrice was not responsible for the contamination, although according to the book and film, based on new evidence brought forward by the EPA later found, Judge Skinner reversed his verdict and found both companies responsible.

In the 1980s, the firm operated in South Africa during apartheid. As it was a private company, the campaign of divestment could not lower its stock price and thus had no impact on its business activities.

Current era
The original Beatrice Companies (Beatrice Foods Co. before 1984, and Beatrice Creamery Company before 1946 ) went dormant in the late 1980s, but was revived in 2007. The Beatrice of today goes by its 1984 name of Beatrice Companies, which was approved by the 1984 stockholder meeting.

Former brands

 * Absopure distilled and spring water
 * Accurate Threaded Fasteners
 * Acryon leisure and household products
 * Advanced Nutrition Formula|Agri-Products
 * A.H.Schwab children's play products
 * A.J. ten|Doesschate, Holland
 * Airstream
 * Allison leisure apparel
 * All-Pro leisure apparel
 * Altoids
 * American Hostess ice cream
 * American Pickles
 * Antoine's food products
 * Aqua Queen garden equipment
 * Argosy recreational vehicles
 * Arist O' Kraft cabinets
 * Armitage Realty Co.
 * Arrowhead Water
 * Assumption Abbey wine products
 * Aunt Nellie's food products
 * Avan recreational vehicles
 * Avis
 * Banner painting equipment
 * Barbara Dee cookies
 * Barcrest beverage mixes
 * Beatreme dairy products and flavorings
 * Beatrice dairy products
 * Becky Kay's cookies
 * Beefbreak meat specialties
 * Beeforcan meat specialties
 * Beneke bathroom accessories
 * Best Jet painting equipment
 * Bickford food products
 * Bighorn specialty meats
 * Big Pete specialty meats
 * Bireley's orange drink (Asahi Soft Drinks)
 * Bloomfield Industries
 * Blue Ribbon condiments
 * Blue Valley Creamery Company
 * Body Shaper plumbing supplies
 * Bogene closet accessories
 * Boizet specialty food products
 * Bonanza mini-motorhomes
 * Binkers cat treats
 * Bosman barbecue equipment
 * Bowers candies
 * Bredan butter
 * Brenner candy
 * Brillion Iron Works
 * Brookside wine products
 * Brown Miller condiments
 * Brown 'N Serve
 * Bubble Stream plumbing equipment
 * Burny Bros. Bakery
 * Butterball
 * Butterchef Bakery
 * Buttercrust baked goods
 * Buxton leather accessories
 * Byrons barbecue
 * California Products beverage mixes
 * Campus Casuals sport clothing
 * Captain Kids food products
 * Cartwheels travel bags
 * CCA Furniture accessories
 * Chapelcord school and religious apparel
 * Charmglow barbecue grills and outdoor products
 * Checkers beverages
 * Chicago red wine products
 * Chicago specialty plumbing tools and supplies
 * Churngold condiments
 * Cincinnati Fruit condiments and fountain syrups
 * Citro Crest beverage mixes
 * Clark candy
 * Classic travel bags
 * Classy Crisps
 * Colonial Cookies|Canada
 * Colorado By-Products|Agri-Products
 * Converts Ink CONCO
 * Cremo Limited|Jamaica
 * Cook n' Cajun barbecue equipment
 * Costello's food products
 * Country Hearth baked goods
 * County Line cheeses
 * Cow Boy Jo's meat specialities
 * Culligan
 * C.W. pickles
 * Dannon yogurt
 * Day-Timers
 * Eckrich
 * E.R. Moore Co.
 * Etablissements Baud|Paris, France
 * Farboil Paint Co.
 * Fibreite Composites
 * Franprix
 * Gebhardt Mexican foods
 * Geerpres
 * Good & Plenty
 * Harman Kardon
 * Hart Skis
 * Helados Calatayud|Spain
 * Henry Berry & Co|Australia
 * Hunt's
 * Imperial Oil & Grease
 * JH Rhodes
 * Jolly Rancher
 * Kalise Menorquina
 * Kobey's
 * Krispy Kreme
 * La Choy
 * Lakeview Pure Milk, Ltd.
 * Little Brownie cookies
 * LouverDrape
 * Ma Brown jams, jellies, pickles
 * Mario olives
 * Market Forge Industries Inc.
 * Martha White
 * Melnor
 * Meadow Gold
 * Mid-America Container
 * Milk Duds
 * Monson Printing & Monroe Paper Company
 * Morgan Yacht Company
 * Mrs. Leland's Candy
 * Now and Later
 * Orville Redenbacher's
 * The Ozarka Spring Water Company
 * Patra Holdings Pty., Ltd.|Australia
 * Payco Foods Corporation|Puerto Rico
 * Pauly of Wisconsin
 * Peter Pan
 * Pfister & Vogel
 * Pik-Nik
 * Playtex
 * Polyvinyl Chemical Group
 * Premier Ice Cream Co.|Denmark
 * Red Tulip|Australia
 * Regal Packer By-Products|Agri-Products
 * Rosarita
 * Rudolph Foods
 * Rusty Jones
 * Samsonite
 * Sanson Gelati, S.p.A.|Verona, Italy
 * Sap's Donuts
 * Sexton Foods
 * Shedd's
 * Snowco
 * Soup Starter
 * Stahl Finish
 * Stiffel Lamps
 * Swift Ice Cream
 * Swift's Premium
 * Swiss Miss
 * Switzer licorice
 * Taylor Freezer Corporation
 * Termicold
 * THORO|Weatherproofing products
 * Treasure Cave
 * Tropicana
 * Utah By-Products|Agri-Products
 * V-H Quality Foods|Canada
 * Vigortone|Agri-Products
 * Vogel-Peterson
 * Wells Manufacturing
 * Western By-Products|Agri-Products
 * Waterloo Industries, Inc.
 * Wesson
 * World Dryer hand dryers

Beatrice Foods Canada
Beatrice Foods Canada is a Toronto, Ontario-based dairy unit of Parmalat Canada. The Canadian unit of Beatrice Foods was founded in 1969, and was separated from Beatrice Foods in 1978.

Consequently, Beatrice's Canadian unit was not affected by the buyout of its founders and remained in business as one of Canada's largest food processing concerns.

In 1997 Beatrice Foods Canada was acquired by Parmalat. At first, Parmalat dropped the Beatrice name from the company's products, but reinstated it in late 2005, while the Italian parent company was being investigated. Lactalis later acquired Parmalat and Beatrice Foods Canada is now a part of Lactalis Canada.

title: Beatrice Foods


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Tweakers

Tweakers (formerly called Tweakers.net) is a Dutch technology website featuring news and information about hardware, software, games and the Internet. The name is derived from the verb "tweaking", which is a word geeks use to refer to optimisation of hardware.

Tweakers has grown substantially since its founding in 1998. As of 2023, it publishes news, reviews, features and video reports about technology subjects, with a strong focus on the Netherlands and Belgium.

Tweakers has more features for the computer enthusiast, such as reviews, bi-monthly Best Buy guides, a classifieds section for jobs and used hardware, the Pricewatch and the Shop Survey, among others. While the majority of the reviews are written in Dutch, several articles covering non-standard topics are translated into English.

Tweakers has more than 1.000.000 members and its forum has over 29 million posts. It has won several awards, including "(Dutch) website of the year" in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014.

History
The website was founded in 1998 by Femme Taken, a computer enthusiast, under the name World of Tweaking as a student's hobby project to offer a Dutch alternative to hardware review sites such as Tom's Hardware Guide.

As of March 2006, Tweakers was taken over by the Dutch media conglomerate VNU, now known as The Nielsen Company. After The Nielsen Company sold its Business Media division to private equity firm 3i, VNU Media became owner of the Tweakers website.

In October 2012, Tweakers launched a new design, designed by Femme Taken, the founder; the community was critical of this change. A couple of days later, Tweakers launched a new feature that enabled the community to change the appearance of the website.

A number of changes and improvements were made in 2014. The current responsive design was introduced on 6 January that year. The Android and iOS apps were removed from their respective stores on 7 October 2014.

In February 2014 Tweakers significantly improved the price comparison tool for sim only contracts.

In June 2014 Tweakers added prices of Belgian webshops to the Pricewatch, which now shows prices from Dutch and Belgian webshops.

Changes continue. In April 2015 Tweakers launched a completely new logo to be uniformly used throughout the website.

Gathering of Tweakers
An important area of the site is the forum. Tweakers's forum is known as the Gathering of Tweakers (often abbreviated as GoT). The forum is focused mainly on technical subjects and tries to maintain a relatively high standard of posting. It has a fairly strong moderation policy, especially when compared to other online discussion forums. Users of the forum are strongly urged to read the FAQ and to have invested a fair amount of his/her own time into finding an answer, either on GoT using the search tools, or anywhere else on the Internet, before asking a question.

Tweakers Awards
Tweakers Awards (formerly known as "Tweakers Gouden Steeksleutel Awards" 2007 to 2011 ) is a contest in which members can choose the best products from different technology categories.

title: Tweakers


text: User talk:69.143.167.218

title: User talk:69.143.167.218


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Super Ape

Super Ape is a dub studio album produced and engineered by Lee "Scratch" Perry, credited to his studio band The Upsetters.

In Jamaica, the album was released under the name Scratch the Super Ape in July 1976 on Perry's own Upsetter label. The Jamaican version had a different track order than the international version that was released in August the same year on Island Records.

The album was listed in the 1999 book The Rough Guide: Reggae: 100 Essential CDs.

Super Ape was reissued on November 29, 2013 as Record Store Day Black Friday double vinyl release with three extra tracks: "Rastaman Shuffle", "Magic Touch" and "Corn Fish Dub". Side 4 featured an etching of the Super Ape album cover art.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Lee "Scratch" Perry

Side one

 * 1) "Zion's Blood"
 * 2) "Croaking Lizard"
 * 3) "Black Vest"
 * 4) "Underground"
 * 5) "Curly Dub"

Side two

 * 1) "Dread Lion"
 * 2) "Three in One"
 * 3) "Patience"
 * 4) "Dub Along"
 * 5) "Super Ape"

Personnel

 * Lee Perry – producer, percussion, conga
 * Michael "Mikey Boo" Richards – drums
 * Anthony "Benbow" Creary – drums
 * Noel "Skully" Simms – conga
 * Boris Gardiner – bass
 * Earl "Chinna" Smith – guitar
 * Keith Sterling – piano
 * Bobby Ellis – horns
 * "Dirty" Harry Hall – horns
 * Herman Marquis – horns
 * Vin Gordon – trombone
 * Egbert Evans – flute
 * Prince Jazzbo – toasting on "Croaking Lizard"
 * Barry Llewellyn – backing vocals
 * Earl Morgan – backing vocals
 * Tony Wright – cover art

title: Super Ape


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User talk:20040302/Atheism

arguments intending to demonstrate theistic concepts of godly omnipotence, omniscience, and/or transcendance are contradictory and/or internally inconsistent. Strong atheists tend to assert that belief in God is unhealthy for society.

 * I've now created a redirect page from "transcendance" (linked to above) to the correct spelling. To remember which is correct, ask yourself if you would say "transcendantal" or "transcendental". Michael Hardy 19:31, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:20040302/Atheism


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Delta Force 2

Delta Force 2 is a tactical first-person shooter video game developed by NovaLogic and released in 1999. It is the second game in the Delta Force series and was followed by Delta Force: Land Warrior one year later. The game was re-released in 2009 on Steam.

Gameplay
The player assumes the role of a Delta Force operative who takes part in missions across the globe. The action takes place in vast outdoor environments and combat distances reach up to several hundred meters. The game has an emphasis on realism, with human enemies and the player alike being very vulnerable to damage from weapons, and projectiles being subject to wind conditions.

Missions consist of a series of objectives while navigation points indicate what to do, the player is free to approach the targets as he sees fit. Objectives typically involve eliminating all hostile presence in a specific location, rescuing hostages, or destroying enemy vehicles and facilities. Many missions feature allied Delta Force teams which follow commands predefined by the mission design, and who can also be issued orders by the player. The player can view the positions of nearby enemies and friendly units through the use of a minimap on their HUD.

Game engine
The game continues to use NovaLogic's proprietary Voxel Space engine from its earlier games, including the original Delta Force and the Comanche series of helicopter combat simulators, known for its ability to render vast landscapes. This updated version of the engine is dubbed Voxel Space 32, as it is optimised for 32-bit graphics cards and does not support 16-bit cards anymore. All terrain is visualised by voxels while any characters, vehicles, structures or other details are polygonal. Unlike its predecessor, Delta Force 2 supports hardware acceleration. A new feature in Delta Force 2's version of the engine are stretched voxels which allow to simulate high grass, capable of masking characters at any distance.

Mission editor
The game includes a mission editor which allows the user to place objects, enemies, and objectives in one of the game's existing landscapes.

Reception
The game received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator GameRankings. Computer Gaming World's Brett Todd criticised the game for "abysmal graphics", non-existent sound effects and a lack of background information on the missions. He also criticised the need to carefully scan the screen for small enemies in the distance as well as the game's poor performance, forcing the player to play on a small resolution even on high-end hardware and further worsening the trouble with spotting enemies. He praised the mission design and multiplayer mode for up to 50 players, however. GameSpot's Michael E. Ryan was more enthusiastic. He particularly praised the mission design, calling it "generally excellent" and noting that the missions are usually "realistic and believable", with some exceptions more inspired by action films. He also praised the game's multiplayer mode and the sound design. Eric Bratcher of NextGen said of the game, "Not quite as tense or pretty as Rainbow Six, this is still a great game for Green Beret wanna-bes." PC Gamer's Gordon Goble remarked, "Delta Force 2, while not all it should have been, remains an intriguing slice of tactical action that should please most fans of the genre."

The game received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 units in the UK.

title: Delta Force 2


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User:Onefortyone

As a regular contributor to Wikipedia I am very interested in popular culture, gender studies and the biographies of celebrities, for instance, the open and closeted lives of Hollywood stars. As an Elvis Presley expert, who read lots of books and articles on the singer and the rock 'n' roll era, I did much research in order to improve the Wikipedia article on Elvis Presley, which was, and still is, a frequent target of vandalism and is in parts dominated by stuff that has only been produced by fans in order to sing the star's praise.

One of the biggest European fan groups set up for the celebration of the Elvis Presley cult is situated in Duisburg There are important Elvis meetings every year in Duisburg organized by "Friends through Elvis" and supported by EPFCI. The fan magazine regularly reports about these "important" events. In the January 2006 issue, for example, there is an account of Bill E. Burk's visit to Duisburg on the occasion of the Elvis Xmas meeting of 2005. His appearance showed that this guy is primarily interested in self-promotion. He claims to have been a friend of Elvis Presley but to my mind he is only a big fan of the singer who runs a fan site and wants to make money with self-published Elvis magazines.

In my opinion, the Wikipedia article on Elvis Presley should not be dominated by fans who only support 'favorable' views of the singer and endeavor to suppress any critical remark published in primary and secondary sources. In an article by Professor Wall there is an interesting discussion of radical policing strategies implemented over the years by Elvis fan clubs and organisations. The article clearly states that one of these strategies is
 * 'community policing' to achieve governance at a distance and typically effected through the various fan clubs and appreciation societies to which the bulk of Elvis fans belong. These organisations have, through their membership magazines, activities and sales operations, created a powerful moral majority that can be influenced in order to exercise its considerable economic power. Policing by mobilising the organic ‘Elvis community’ – the fan and fan club networks – has been achieved in a number of different ways, for example, when Dee Presley, nee Stanley, Elvis’s former step-mother, wrote a supposedly whistle blowing account of Elvis’s last years. The fan clubs refused to endorse the book and condemned it in their editorials. The combined effect of this economic action and negative publicity was ... the apparent withdrawal of the book. With a combined membership of millions, the fans form a formidable constituency of consumer power." See David S. Wall, "Policing Elvis: Legal Action and the Shaping of Post-Mortem Celebrity Culture as Contested Space."

Similar things happen with other publications that are not in line with the opinion of devoted Elvis fans, such as Albert Goldman's critical book, 'Elvis' (1981), of which Jonathan Yardley of the Washington Post says that it is a "nasty book, written in spectacularly execrable prose, but the view of Presley that it expressed dovetailed in many instances with my own, and in spite of itself I found things in it to admire."

I am of the opinion that critical remarks concerning a subject should not be suppressed and that all contributions to a Wikipedia article should be well sourced and, if possible, supported by several independent publications (books, articles, reviews, newspaper reports, university studies, manuscripts, web sites). In order to back up their contributions, all users who are adding new material to an article should add some direct quotes from published sources they have used. These may include primary and secondary sources.

Primary sources are documents or people very close to the situation you are writing about. Examples of primary sources include eyewitness accounts, photographs, historical documents such as diaries and letters, interviews with people who knew a celebrity well; but also artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. Secondary sources are summarizing other material, usually primary source material. Such sources are papers and books by academics, journalists, and other reputable researchers. Wikipedia articles should rely on reliable, published secondary sources wherever possible. This means that a Wikipedian should cite the opinions of reliable authors.

However, the reliability required with respect to popular culture may not exclude all material that can be characterized as celebrity gossip, as it is unrealistic to expect only peer-reviewed studies. Therefore, as far as biographical articles on celebrities are concerned, when a substantial body of material is available — e.g., that shown by a google search for a specific topic — the best material available is acceptable, especially when some comments on its reliability are included.

A usual way to show your work is not original research is to provide one or two reliable secondary sources supporting the same argument as you. The most reliable sources are published books and journals, particularly books and journals published by university presses; mainstream newspapers; and books, magazines and journals published by known publishing houses. Material that is self-published, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable enough.
 * For instance, Peter Guralnick, a writer and music critic of some reputation, has published two substantial Elvis biographies of 560 and 767 pages, which were published by a known publishing house in Boston. Therefore, this author is certainly a reliable source. His two volumes, Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley (1994) and Careless Love: The Unmaking of Elvis Presley (1999) may be quoted in the Wikipedia article on Elvis Presley. For example, on page 415 of his book, Last Train to Memphis, Guralnick writes on Elvis's alleged affairs with girls,
 * He was still seeing Yvonne Lime occasionally, but he was dating Anne Neyland, a former Miss Texas whom he had met on the MGM lot, and Venetia Stevenson, too, when a rumor that he was about to marry Yvonne in Acapulco broke at the end of May. "When I get married," he told the press, after the Colonel 's official denials, "it'll be no secret. I'll get married in my hometown of Memphis, and the whole town'll be there." He wasn't really serious about anyone for the time being, though. He was enjoying the single life, and when he got bored he just had to tell the guys to hunt up some girls in the lobby of the hotel. He would have them brought up to the suite, offered one observer, "and Elvis would go in the other room, he'd go in the bedroom or somewhere, and then when they came back with the girls, the girls would sit there for maybe ten or fifteen minutes, and finally one of the cousins would go in the bedroom and come out himself and another ten minutes would go by - and then in would come Elvis. And there would be like a silence, and then the cousins would say, 'Oh, Mary Jane, this is Elvis,' and the girls would be totally gone." For the more experienced girls it wasn't like with other Hollywood stars or even with other more sophisticated boys they knew. They offered to do things for him, but he wasn't really interested. What he liked to do was to lie in bed and watch television and eat and talk all night - the companionship seemed as important for him as the sex ...
 * So it may be a good idea to include the following quote in the "Relationships" section of the Elvis Presley article:
 * Guralnick writes that for "the more experienced girls it wasn't like with other Hollywood stars or even with other more sophisticated boys they knew." Although they offered to do things for Presley, "he wasn't really interested."
 * This short quote is a good summary of Elvis's attitudes toward girls, and in the Wikipedia article we don't need to go into all the other details mentioned by Guralnick.

 * On the other hand, publications by Bill E. Burk are not reliable enough for an inclusion in an Elvis-related Wikipedia article, because these are all published either by Burk Enterprises, Memphis, TN, or by a Memphis publisher called Propwash, i.e. Burk's own publishing company, which only publishes fan books and magazines about Presley, some of these "books" no more than 50 pages in length (incl. illustrations). Burk's recent book, Elvis Aaron Presley: A Candle In The Wind (2005), for instance, is illustrated with many attractive full-page photographs of Elvis in order to feed the fans' ravenous appetites for anything related to the perfect image of the mega star. It is on Elvis's generosity to others, includes "first hand accounts" of his relationships with early girlfriends and relates what the singer's female co-stars thought about the nice guy Elvis. Other topics include: Elvis with the King and Queen of Thailand; Elvis with three Scandinavian princesses; Elvis's first four-wheeler; the day young Tanya Leny met Elvis, etc. etc. There are no critical voices to be found in this and the other books written by this author, who also runs an internet fan site on which he endeavors to disparage all those who have published critical material on Presley.
 * And what about the content of unpublished manuscripts by authors who may be called eyewitnesses or lived together with the close relatives of a celebrity for a considerable period of time? In my opinion, these sources are not unimportant, especially if the claims about celebrities they include are also mentioned or discussed in published secondary sources. For instance, there is an unpublished manuscript by Elvis's stepmother, Dee Presley, entitled "The Intimate Life and Death of Elvis Presley" (see ). It claims, among other things, that Elvis had an incestuous relationship with his mother Gladys, which had resulted in her drinking herself to death, and that Elvis's father Vernon had known about this. The manuscript further says that Elvis had raped his wife Priscilla upon learning that she was leaving him for good, ostensibly to prove that he was still a man, that Elvis had a homosexual affair with his friend Nick Adams; and that the singer had committed suicide because he had been suffering from bone-marrow cancer. Finally, Dee Presley reveals how Elvis had coerced a teenage fan into a three-day orgy, and fed her an entire bottle of Hycodan on which she had overdosed. The content of the manuscript is well known as a summary of these accusations was published in the National Enquirer in 1993, and parts of the claims have also been mentioned in Greil Marcus's book, Double Trouble: Bill Clinton and Elvis Presley in a Land of No Alternatives (2000) and by Professor David S. Wall in his critical article on the world-wide Elvis industry. The latter has demonstrated how Elvis fan groups have suppressed Dee Presley's book. See . Therefore, in my opinion, it may be O.K. to mention this material in a Wkipedia article. However, a few other editors are of the contrary opinion, so I have decided not to include it again, though I am not sure if this is the right decision.

The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth. Therefore, only facts, assertions, theories, ideas, claims, opinions, and arguments that have already been mentioned and discussed by other authors in books, articles, etc. may be included in a Wikipedia article.

The prohibition against original research limits the possibility of an editor presenting his or her own point of view in an article. Therefore, it is important to include verifiable research produced by other authors. Thus multiple points of view may be included in an article if the sources are given, as in many cases there are different views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position is authoritative, and it is important that editors situate the research and may provide contextual information about the different points of view, thereby indicating how prevalent a position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority. If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with several quotes from mainstream texts. If your viewpoint is held by a minority, then it should be backed up by some references to published sources, including the exact page numbers.

It could happen that some other users question your contributions. Therefore, any material that is challenged by another editor needs a reliable source, which should be cited in the article, at least in a footnote.

title: User:Onefortyone


text:
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text:
USS Henderson (AP-1)

The first USS Henderson (AP-1) was a transport in the United States Navy during World War I and World War II. In 1943, she was converted to a hospital ship and commissioned as USS Bountiful (AH-9).

Named for Marine Colonel Archibald Henderson, she was launched by Philadelphia Navy Yard on 17 June 1916; sponsored by Miss Genevieve W. Taylor, great-granddaughter of General Henderson; and commissioned at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 24 May 1917.

World War I, 1917–1918
Henderson arrived New York on 12 June 1917 and sailed two days later with Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves' Cruiser and Transport Force, which carried units of the American Expeditionary Force to France. In her holds she had space for 1,500 men and 24 mules. Reaching Saint-Nazaire on 27 June she disembarked troops and returned to Philadelphia on 17 July 1917. Subsequently, Henderson made eight more voyages to France with troops and supplies for the allies in the bitter European fighting. She established two large base hospitals in France during 1917. In constant danger from submarines, the transport was steaming near Army transport USAT Antilles on 17 October 1917 when the latter was torpedoed. Henderson escaped attack by wrapping herself in an envelope of smoke. But torpedoes were not her only danger.

She sailed for her seventh voyage on 30 June 1918 to France. A serious fire broke out in a cargo hold on 2 July 1918. Working throughout the night, and with Henderson listing as much as 15 degrees, and heavily rolling at times, making landing abreast possible on only one side, the destroyers USS Mayrant (DD-31) and USS Paul Jones (DD-10) transferred her 1,600 troop passengers and baggage to the transport USS Von Steuben (Id. No. 3017) without loss of life, completing the transfer by 6:00 am on 3 July. Von Steuben continued on to Brest, France carrying 3,500 troops and their equipment. Determined firefighting crews soon brought the flames under control and Henderson returned to the U.S. with destroyers escorting. On 27 February, one day after departing Saint-Nazaire, troopship Finland 's steering gear jammed, forcing her into the path of Henderson. That ship was able to maneuver such that Finland only dealt her a glancing blow. Finland suffered only superficial damage; Henderson was holed below the waterline, but her crew took advantage of unusually calm February seas to repair the damage, and were soon able to proceed to New York. The transport was carrying a number of wounded soldiers back, to the United States. She sailed again from Philadelphia Tuesday 13 August 1918 and arrived at Brest, France Monday 25 August 1918.

The Henderson may have rammed a U-boat that had just sunk tanker Frank W. Kellogg off the New Jersey coast on August 13, 1918. Lookouts sighted a submarine that was attempting to dive for a torpedo attack and Captain William R. Sayles ordered the rudder hard right attempting to run the enemy down. When the ship was next docked, it was found that her starboard bilge keel had been partly bent and broken. As there is no other explanation, it is believed that this damage was caused by striking the conning tower of the submarine as she was in the act of submerging. After the Armistice U-139 was inspected at Brest where it was noted that not only are the periscopes broken but the thin metal weather screen on the forward side of the conning tower was badly bent as the result of the collision. A German crew member, still on board, stated “the U-139 had encountered an American transport off the Atlantic coast, which had attempted to ram her, and had succeeded in breaking off both periscopes, so that for the remainder of the cruise the submarine was unable to attack while submerged." U-139 was commanded by Lothar von Arnauld de la Periere, the most successful submariner in the Kaiserliche Marine.

Caribbean, 1918–1923

Following the armistice, Henderson made eight more transatlantic voyages bringing home members of the A.E.F. She carried more than 10,000 veterans before returning to Philadelphia on December 27, 1919. She then took up duty as troop rotation ship for Marine units in the Caribbean, carrying Marines, their dependents, and supplies to bases in Cuba, Haiti, and other islands. She also participated in Marine training maneuvers in Florida before returning to Philadelphia on July 6, 1920. After an extended period of repairs, the transport resumed her duties in the Caribbean. This was interrupted from June 21 until July 21 as Henderson carried military and civilian leaders to observe the historic bombing tests off the Virginia Capes.

During the next few years, she also performed ceremonial duties, embarking a congressional party to observe fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean in the spring of 1923, and carrying President Warren G. Harding on an inspection tour of Alaska in July. The President called at Metlakatla, Ketchikan, Wrangell, Juneau, Skagway, Seward, Valdez, Cordova and Sitka in Alaska, as well as Vancouver, Canada. When approaching Seattle on July 27 in heavy fog, Henderson collided with the destroyer USS Zeilin (DD-313), which was badly damaged, but with no loss of life. The President's review of the fleet from the transport in Washington state's Elliott Bay then took place, before he disembarked at Seattle, only six days before his death. After departure for San Francisco the following morning, Henderson, was in collision again in fog, causing serious damage to the American barkentine Monterey.

Pacific, 1924–1941
During Fleet Problem III in early 1924, Henderson participated in a mock amphibious invasion of the Panama Canal Zone. This major training operation by the fleet helped practice assault techniques and led to improved landing craft as well. The ship also aided in the protection of American interests in the volatile Caribbean states and in the Far East.

Henderson arrived in Shanghai on 2 May 1927 with Marines for the garrison there, and remained in China for six months protecting American nationals in the war-torn country. Here members of her crew originated the "Domain of the Golden Dragon," having cruised back and forth across the International Date Line. The troop transport was engaged in carrying replacements for the fleet and the Marines in China for the next fourteen years.

World War II, 1941–1943
Henderson was berthed beside Battleship row and had both troops and women and children on board. On December 6, Marines from the USS Oklahoma and Sailors stationed in Pearl Harbor volunteered to escort the women and children back to California in exchange for extra shore leave. When the attack happened, Japanese attack on 7 December 1941, the Henderson was outbound from Pearl Harbor. The Henderson cleared Pearl Harbor at the end of the attack. The captain feared that the Japanese flotilla would continue on to California, having eliminated any opposition from Hawaii. Henderson would be a slow, conspicuous, and solitary target in their path. He set course for Alaska to avoid being overcome, maintaining strict radio silence even in the face of repeated attempts by the Navy to contact the ship and verify its survival. Henderson then hugged the Pacific Northwest coast down to San Francisco Bay, arriving eleven days after it had been presumed missing in action. During the Pacific War, Henderson continued its service as a transport between California and Hawaii, making over 20 such voyages with fighting men, civilian passengers, and cargo. On her last voyage, she departed Port Hueneme on 18 July 1943 and arrived at Nouméa with 71 much-needed nurses. The transport then sailed to the Solomon Islands with SeaBees before returning to San Francisco on 24 September 1943.

Henderson was decommissioned on 13 October 1943 for conversion to a hospital ship at General Engineering & Dry Dock Company, Oakland, California.

Hospital ship, 1944–1946

The ship was recommissioned as USS Bountiful (AH-9) on 23 March 1944.

Bountiful departed San Francisco on 1 April 1944 for Honolulu, returned later that month, and sailed once more on 1 May for the western Pacific. After brief service at Honolulu and Eniwetok, the ship arrived on 18 June at the Saipan invasion beaches. She made three passages to the hospitals on Kwajalein with casualties of the Marianas invasions. About this time Bountiful established one of the few blood banks in a Naval ship.

The floating hospital remained at Manus until 17 September when she sailed for the Palaus to bring casualties of the Peleliu landing to hospitals in the Solomons. After November Bountiful operated between Leyte and the rear bases carrying veterans of the Philippines campaign. She departed Manus on 24 February 1945 for Ulithi and Saipan to receive casualties of the bitter Iwo Jima assault, and in the next months sailed to rendezvous with the fleet to take on wounded from Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and the fleet units themselves. Returning to Leyte Gulf on 15 June, she remained until 21 July, and then got underway for California. Bountiful arrived after war's end, sailing into San Francisco Bay on 21 August 1945.

Bountiful was then assigned as hospital ship at Yokosuka, Japan, departing San Francisco 1 November 1945. She arrived on 24 November to support the occupation forces, and remained until 27 March 1946 when she sailed for San Francisco. After delivering her patients, the ship sailed on 26 May for the atomic tests at Bikini Atoll, and after providing medical services during the series of nuclear blasts during "Operation Crossroads", she returned to Seattle on 15 August 1946.

Decommissioning and sale
Bountiful was decommissioned on 13 September 1946, and was sold for scrap by the Maritime Commission on 28 January 1948 to Consolidated Builders, Inc., Seattle.

Awards
Bountiful received four battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Henderson (AP-1)


text:
Atomik Harmonik

Atomik Harmonik is a pop-folk music group from Kamnik, Slovenia. Their debut single "Brizgalna Brizga" stayed at #1 in the Slovenian pop charts for several months. Their other hits include "Hop Marinka", "Na seniku", "Od hr'ma do hr'ma", and their European hit "Turbo Polka", which hit the charts in Germany and Austria, bringing the group fame across Europe.

Members

 * Jani Pavec
 * Miha Ojsteršek
 * Mateja Poročnik
 * Anže Turk
 * Maja Ramšak

Former members

 * Mateja "Matejči" Mohar (2015–2015)
 * Uroš Kržan (2011-2011)
 * Vesna Kociper (2010–2011)
 * Petra Crnjac (2010–2011)
 * Gašper Krek (2010–2011)
 * Darja Gajšek (2010)
 * Špela Grošelj (2004–2010)
 * Mateja ("Tejči") Vuk (19 September 2006 – 2010)
 * Tomo Primc (2009-2011)
 * Dejan "Frai Toni" Čelik (2004–2009)
 * Iris Soban (10 April 2006 – 24 April 2006)
 * Špela ("Špelca") Kleinlercher (2004–2006)

Singles
From Brizgaaaaj!:

 * 2004 "Brizgalna Brizga"
 * 2005 "Na seniku"

From Brizgaaaaj! Še več in dlje!:

 * 2005 "Turbo Polka"

From Vriskaaaj!:
 * 2006 "Polkaholik"

From Traktor polka:
 * 2011 "Traktor polka"

title: Atomik Harmonik


text:
Fox 5

Fox 5 is a television station call sign associated with the Fox Broadcasting Company.

Fox 5 may also refer to:

Fox owned-and-operated

 * WAGA-TV, Atlanta, GA
 * WNYW, New York, NY
 * WTTG "Channel 5", Washington, D.C.

Fox-affiliated stations

 * KFBB-DT2, Great Falls, Montana
 * KFYR-DT2, Bismarck, North Dakota
 * KSWB-TV, San Diego, California (cable channel; broadcasts on channel 69)
 * KVVU-TV, Henderson (Las Vegas, Nevada)
 * KXPI-LD, Idaho Falls, Idaho (cable channel; broadcasts on channel 34)

Formerly Fox stations

 * KIVV-TV (now KHSD-TV), Lead / Rapid City, South Dakota (1996 to 2016)
 * KRBK, Springfield, Missouri (broadcasts on channel 49; branded as Fox 5 from 2014 to 2018)

Other uses

 * FOX-5, the Distant Early Warning site at Qikiqtarjuaq, Nunavut, Canada (formerly Broughton Island)

title: Fox 5


text:
Vermont Valley Railroad

The Vermont Valley Railroad was a 20.8 mi line in Vermont and New Hampshire, running from Brattleboro to the Vermont-New Hampshire line at Windsor, now part of the Connecticut River Line. Hugh H. Henry (1814-1869) of Chester, Vermont was an original incorporator, and was chosen as its first president. He served from 1848 until his death. In New Hampshire, the line was operated as the Sullivan County Railroad. The line was eventually owned by the Connecticut River Railroad, who in turn leased the line to the Boston and Maine.

In 1988, the Interstate Commerce Commission ordered the Boston and Maine (B & M) to sell it to Amtrak, with trackage rights staying with the B & M. Amtrak was allowed to sell it to the Central Vermont Railway, part of the Canadian National Railway. The CV obtained the line on September 9. The sale was made because the track condition was not suitable for running Amtrak's Montrealer passenger trains, and Amtrak had to discontinue service on April 5, 1987. Service resumed in July 1989 after Amtrak paid the CV to upgrade the line.

The companies were unable to agree on a permanent trackage rights agreement, and in 1990, the ICC imposed terms, in which the B&M could serve all "existing shippers and shippers' facilities" located on the line and in operation during the 12 months prior to the sale to the CV. The New England Central Railroad acquired the line from the CV in 1994, and the Springfield Terminal Railway has since acquired the trackage rights assigned to the B&M.

title: Vermont Valley Railroad


text:
Stefan Wolff

Stefan Wolff is a German political scientist. He is a specialist in international security, particularly in the management, settlement and prevention of ethnic conflicts. He is currently Professor of International Security at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom. Born in 1969, He studied as an undergraduate at the University of Leipzig and holds a Master's degree from Magdalene College, Cambridge, and a PhD from the London School of Economics, where he studied under the supervision of Brendan O'Leary. His doctoral thesis, dated 2000, was titled Managing disputed territories, external minorities and the stability of conflict settlements: A comparative analysis of six cases.

Research interests
Wolff specializes in the prevention, management and settlement of ethnic and religious conflicts and in post-conflict reconstruction in deeply divided and war-torn societies. He has expertise in Northern Ireland, the Balkans and the Middle East, and has also worked on a range of other regions, including Central and Eastern Europe, Africa, and Central and Southeast Asia.

Career
Wolff is a consultant for national and international governmental and non-governmental organizations and the private sector. He is part of a small team of experts studying and developing complex institutional design solutions for self-determination conflicts, funded, among others, by the Carnegie Endowment. He is also coordinating a research group examining the influence of external factors on the development and stability of ethnic autonomy regimes. Other research and consulting projects in this area have been funded by the UK Foreign Office, the Westminster Foundation for Democracy and the British Academy. He is convener of the Political Studies Association's Specialist Group on Ethnopolitics and the European Consortium for Political Research's Standing Group on Security Issues. Wolff is a member of the executive committee of the Ethnicity, Nationalism and Migration Section of the International Studies Association and a member of the executive board of the Association for the Study of Nationalities.

Previously Professor of Political Science at the University of Bath, and chair in Political Science at the University of Nottingham, he is now based in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham. Since the academic year 2003/4 he has also held concurrent appointments as Professorial Lecturer in International Relations at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, Bologna Center, and as Resource Fellow of the Open Society Institute's Academic Fellowship Program. Since 2005, he has also been a Teaching Fellow at the Joint Services Command and Staff College of the British Ministry of Defence. In 2003, he was appointed Senior Non-resident Research Associate at the European Centre for Minority Issues in Flensburg, Germany.

Monographs

 * Disputed Territories: The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict Settlement (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2003, paperback 2004) ISBN 1-57181-657-7
 * The German Question. An Analysis with Key Documents (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003) ISBN 0-275-97269-0
 * Germany's Foreign Policy Towards Poland and the Czech Republic: Ostpolitik Revisited (co-authored with Karl Cordell) (London: Routledge, 2005) ISBN 0-415-36974-6
 * Ethnic Conflict (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) ISBN 0-19-280587-8

Edited volumes

 * Autonomy, Self-governance and Conflict Resolution: Innovative Approaches to Institutional Design in Divided Societies, ed. by Marc Weller and Stefan Wolff (London: Routledge, 2005) ISBN 0-415-33986-3
 * The Ethnopolitical Encyclopaedia of Europe, ed. by Karl Cordell and Stefan Wolff (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004) ISBN 0-333-97124-8
 * Managing and Settling Ethnic Conflicts. Perspectives on Successes and Failures from Africa, Asia, and Europe, ed. by Ulrich Schneckener and Stefan Wolff (New York and London: Hurst, 2004; US edition: Palgrave) ISBN 1-4039-6623-0
 * Minority Languages in Europe: Framework, Status, Prospects, ed. by Stefan Wolff and Gabrielle Hogan-Brun (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2003) ISBN 1-4039-0396-4
 * Peace at Last? The Impact of the Good Friday Agreement on Northern Ireland. With a Foreword by Lord Alderdice, ed. by Jörg Neuheiser and Stefan Wolff (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2003, paperback 2004) ISBN 1-57181-658-5
 * Coming Home to Germany? The Integration of Ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe in the Federal Republic, ed. by David Rock and Stefan Wolff (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2002), ISBN 1-57181-729-8
 * German Minorities in Europe: Ethnic Identity and Cultural Belonging, ed. by Stefan Wolff (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2000) ISBN 1-57181-504-X

title: Stefan Wolff


text:
User talk:Faku48

Fakhar e alam
You keep creating this article but it does not make any claim for notability. Wikipedia only keeps articles where the subject has done something worth writing about. Please do not create articles unless the subject actually belongs in an encyclopaedia because Wikipedia is not a collection of every bit of knowledge. David | Talk 19:33, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Faku48


text:
User talk:TruthPoem

If anything, I dislike your behavior because it forces me to take the side of someone who's poitical POV I really don't care for. But then again, you seem incapible of grasping that. -Loren 19:33, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Then tell me why I was blocked a few days ago for something I didn't do in the first place? --TruthPoem 19:35, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I am not an admin so I wouldn't know about their decision making process. All I know is that your behavior from then until now has done little to demonstrate to anyone that it wasn't you in the first place. Again, if it wasn't you then I suggest that you let it go, the admins are not infallible and Wikipedia allows anyone to make a fresh start. If anything, your behavior reflects poorly not only on yourself but all of us here who don't support the PRC POV. YOU have the power to end this right here right now.

 * If of course, you decide that you'd rather waste your time and ours by continuing to pursue this ridiculous vendetta; well, so be it. I'm done trying to reason with you. -Loren 19:41, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:TruthPoem


text:
Wikipedia:How to create charts for Wikipedia articles

Graphs, charts, and other pictures can contribute substantially to an article. Here are some hints on how to create a graph. The source code for each of the example images on this page can be accessed by clicking the image to go to the image description page.

Guidelines
These should be followed whenever possible.

 * 1) Use the SVG format.
 * 2) Upload to Wikimedia Commons using the Commons Upload Wizard.
 * 3) Be sure to include a licensing tag (GFDL, CC, public domain, etc.).
 * 4) Don't use any natural language in the plot - numbers and symbols only.
 * 5) Place descriptive text in the caption. If needed you can also write extended information in the image description page.
 * 6) Use only the fonts supported by MediaWiki (listed here). Don't convert the text into paths. Use Unicode characters. You can find the complete Greek alphabet on Commons. Check character display after uploading.
 * 7) Check colorblind display of your chart with Vischeck. See . Use dashed or dotted lines or differently-shaped symbols to identify different objects, in addition to color. Blue can be distinguished from other colors by most color-deficient people. Avoid shadows or cross-hatching.
 * 8) Include a self-contained script by which you created the plot on the image description page. Ideally someone else can copy and paste and reproduce the same result with minimal effort. Commenting your code is also helpful to make your code more understandable.
 * 9) Avoid legends - place labels and data explanations directly on the graphic itself.

See also Help:Pictures on how to include them in articles.

Exceptions

 * No SVG output
 * If you can't use SVG, you can create the plot in a bitmap format but make it very large, for instance 6000×4500 pixels. Increase the proportions as well, for example font size 48 and a line thickness of 17 pixels. Then use software like Photoshop or GIMP to Gaussian blur it at 2 pixels. Finally reduce it down to about 1000 pixels on a side (e.g. 1300×975) using bicubic interpolation. This gives a plot with no jagged lines that is also big enough so that someone could download it and use it for projection purposes without apparent pixellation. Save the image as PNG.

 * Non-free license
 * There may be rare situations where it is acceptable to use the File Upload Wizard.

 * Plot requires natural language
 * The main reason to avoid natural language is so that the plots may be used in any language version of Wikipedia. It is fine if the plot requires it, but considering naming it "Plot en.svg" to encourage translation. If you do need to use text, keep it clear, precise, and modest. Spell out words. Write them in your standard language direction and sentence case, with serifs. Use Unicode. Here are some additional recommendations for text legibility.

 * Symbol font or other specialized font
 * The most common problems are with characters in the Symbol font which does not display correctly in MediaWiki. If, for instance, " π " is rendered as " p " in Mediawiki's output, your software is generating characters with the Symbol font and needs to be reconfigured. MediaWiki's fonts have good Unicode coverage so it is generally possible to replace these with proper Unicode characters. As a last resort, you may convert the text into paths or use PNG.

 * Plot requires color
 * Consider making multiple plots to display the information carried by color, or removing information from the plot. If space considerations mean that color coding is the only way to concisely differentiate parts of the graph, ensure the description provides sufficient information that colorblind users can still guess the colors and understand the picture.

 * Script is not reproducible
 * It is fine if your script requires specialized libraries, or data that is encumbered or too large to include - simply note this in the script and provide as much information as is feasible.

Design
Edward Tufte, in his book The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, distinguishes between friendly and unfriendly data graphics as follows:

gnuplot
Many of the graphs on Wikipedia were made with the free software program gnuplot. It can be used by itself or in conjunction with other software.

For example, to plot the data in file "data":

There is additional discussion of plotting with gnuplot on.

SVG
Now that MediaWiki supports SVG, it's usually best to generate SVG images directly. SVG images have many advantages, like being fully resizable, easier to modify, and so on, though they are sometimes inferior to raster images. Decide on a case-by-case basis.

A typical plot file could start with:

 * size : Sets the size of the plot. This controls the size of features in the PNG rendered by Wikipedia.
 * fname : Sets the font
 * fsize : Sets the font size. Also sets the size of plotted points
 * set output : Sets the filename for saving the SVG information

Raster

Gnuplot can also generate raster images (PNG):

For the best results, a PostScript file should be generated and converted into PNG in an external program, like the GIMP. PostScript is generated with the line set terminal postscript enhanced:

 * color : Make a color plot instead of black-and-white
 * solid : Make all lines solid instead of dashed. You may want to remove this to make dashed lines which are distinguishable on both color and black and white versions of the same plot.
 * lw 2 : Sets the linewidth of all the lines at once.
 * "Times-Roman" 20 : Sets the font and font size
 * set output : Sets the filename for saving the Postscript information

You should use a large number of samples for high-quality plots:

This is important to prevent aliasing or jagged linear interpolation (see File:Exponentialchirp.png and its history for an example of aliasing). Labels are helpful, but remember to keep language-specific information in the caption if it's not too inconvenient. Including the source code and/or an image without text helps other users create versions in their own language, if text is included in the image.

The legend or key is positioned according to the coordinate system you used for the graph itself:

Most other options are not Wikipedia-graph-specific, and should be gleaned from documentation or the source code included with other plots. An example of a plot generated with gnuplot is shown on the right, with source code on the image description page.

Maxima

Maxima is a computer algebra system licensed under the GPL, similar to Mathematica or Maple. It uses gnuplot as its default plotter, though others are available, such as openmath. Plotting directly to PostScript from Maxima is supported, but gnuplot's PostScript output is more powerful.

The most-used commands are plot2d and plot3d:

Since the plot is sent to gnuplot as a series of samples, not as a function, the Maxima nticks option is used to set the number of sampling points instead of gnuplot's set samples. Additional plot options are included in brackets inside the plot command. To use the same options as in the above gnuplot example, add these lines to the end of the plot command:

PostScript output: [gnuplot_term, ps] [gnuplot_ps_term_command, ""]

SVG output: [gnuplot_term, ps] [gnuplot_ps_term_command, ""]

Output filename: [gnuplot_out_file, "filename.ps"]

Additional gnuplot commands: [gnuplot_preamble, ""]

Like so:

Similar for svg output:

Note that the font and labels are in single quotes now, nested inside double quotes. Multiple commands are separated by semicolons.

An example of a plot generated with gnuplot in Maxima is shown on the right, with source code on the image description page.

GNU Octave
GNU Octave is a numerical computation program; effectively a MATLAB clone. It uses gnuplot extensively (though also offers interfaces to Grace and other graphing software).

The commands are plot (2D) and splot (surface plot).

Matplotlib
Matplotlib is a plotting package for the free programming language Python. Its  interface is procedural and modeled after MATLAB, while the full Matplotlib interface is object-oriented.

Python and Matplotlib are cross-platform, and are therefore available for Windows, OS X, and the Unix-like operating systems like Linux and FreeBSD.

Matplotlib can create plots in a variety of output formats, such as PNG and SVG. Matplotlib mainly does 2-D plots (such as line, contour, bar, scatter, etc.), but 3-D functionality is also available.

Here is a minimal line plot (output image is shown on the right):

Save this script as e.g. lineplot.py and then run it with python lineplot.py. After a few seconds, a window with the interactive graphical output should pop up, and the SVG will also be in the folder.

Numerous examples with Python source code are available, for example the Matplotlib gallery and commons:Category:Valid SVG created with Matplotlib code.

Wikimedia SVG Chart
Wikimedia SVG Chart is a graph generator using the templates functionality of Wikimedia Commons. This template generates line and point charts in a structured and readable svg format. The original values are provided unmodified for the SVG file. Therefore the data of the chart may be checked and added at any time directly in the native file with any text editor.

Instructions for a simple line plot:

Xfig
Xfig is an open source vector graphics editor that runs under X on most Unix platforms. In xfig, figures may be drawn using objects such as circles, boxes, lines, spline curves, text, etc. It is possible to import images in many formats, such as GIF, JPEG, SVG, and EPSF. An advantage of Xfig consists in its ability to display nice mathematical formula in the labels and legends using the TeX language.

R

The free statistical package R (see R programming language) can make a wide variety of nice-looking graphics. It is especially effective to display statistical data. On Wikimedia Commons, the category Created with R contains many examples, often including the corresponding R source code. Other examples can be found in the R Graph Gallery.

In order to output postscript, use “postscript” command:

The last command will close the postscript file; it won't be ready until it's closed.

With an additional (free) package, it's also possible to generate SVG-graphs with R directly. See an example with code on Image:Circle area Monte Carlo integration2.svg.

Other packages (lattice, ggplot2) provide alternative graphics facilities or syntax.

Here is another example with data.

Gri
The Gri graphical language can be used to generate plots and figures using a script-like commands. Unlike other tools Gri is not point and click, and requires learning the Gri script syntax.

Maple
Maple is a popular proprietary computer algebra system. Maple can export graphs in Encapsulated PostScript format, which can then be converted to SVG for example in Inkscape. To do this using the standard GUI interface, follow these steps:

 * 1) Display the graph and adjust it until it looks like you want it to.
 * 2) Right-click on the graph and select "Export" → "Encapsulated Postscript" from the menu which appears.  Choose a file name to save the graph as.
 * 3) In Inkscape, import the graph using "File" → "Import...".  After importing, select "File" → "Document Properties..." and click "Fit page to selection".  Save the SVG file and upload it.

GeoGebra

GeoGebra is a dynamic geometry program that can be used to create geometric objects free-hand using compass-and-ruler tools. It can also be used to plot implicit curves, parametric curves, and loci of points. It supports SVG, PNG, EPS, PDF, EMF, PGF/TikZ and PSTricks as export formats and has support for LaTeX formulas within text objects.

GeoGebra is not a drawing tool, and therefore suffers from some caveats that people accustomed to programs such as Inkscape or Illustrator might not be expecting. However, if your requirements with regard to pixel-perfect results are not too stringent, then you can quickly and easily create graphs and diagrams in GeoGebra.

If you want to set the dimensions (in pixels) of the graphical output as close to exact as possible, you should start by referring to the instructions in this discussion, and note the observations in this discussion. I.e. the resulting image may still be off by a few pixels. Alternatively, you can export to SVG and fix the file using a text editor. Having done this, you can then use Inkscape to convert the SVG file to PNG or JPEG.

C.a.R.
C.a.R. (standing for "compass and ruler") is very similar to GeoGebra in that both programs are free, point-and-click, dynamic geometry applications running under Java and supporting PNG, SVG and other output formats. It is not nearly as feature-rich as GeoGebra, but at the same time overcomes some of GeoGebra's limitations with respect to vector and raster image export.

POV-Ray
POV-Ray is a free general-purpose constructive solid geometry ray-tracing package with a scene description language very similar to many programming languages. It can also render parametric surfaces and algebraic surfaces of degree up to seven, as well as triangle mesh approximations using the "mesh" and "mesh2" object types and "param.inc". An updated version of the file "screen.inc" can be used to output the exact two-dimensional screen coordinates of any three-dimensional object so as to facilitate the addition of labels or other 2D elements in post-processing, for instance in Inkscape.

Other surface tools
Other usable tools include: These tools are only capable of producing raster output.
 * surf, which is specialized for algebraic curves and surfaces;
 * surfex, which is built on top of surf.
 * Blender (software) is a free triangle-based 3D modeler. It's possible to create mathematical surfaces in tools such as K3DSurf and import them into Blender. It's also possible to export Blender renders to SVG using a third-party plugin.

Graphviz
For graph-theory diagrams and other "circles-and-arrows" pictures, Graphviz is quick and easy, and also able to make SVGs.

Inkscape
Next to being useful for post-processing (see the next section), Inkscape is a point-and-click tool that can be used to create high-quality figures. It is a particularly easy tool for creating vector graphics, though GeoGebra and C.a.R. may be better suited for mathematical graphics. Also, Inkscape's design concepts differ in some fundamental ways from SVG. For instance, in SVG element widths are applied before stroke widths, whereas in Inkscape they are applied after.

LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice
LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice are two free office suites (both forked from the now-discontinued OpenOffice.org suite) that contain among other things means of creating line, bar and pie charts based on data contained in spreadsheets and databases, as well as a program for drawing vector graphics called Draw. There is also a plugin for importing SVG images into OpenOffice.org and SVG import and export is included in current LibreOffice Draw by default. As of 2010, support for the full range of options offered by Inkscape and many other vector formats was still preliminary at best.

Gnumeric
Gnumeric is a fairly lightweight spreadsheet and charting application, part of the GNOME Free Software Desktop Project. It is available for Linux and other Unix-like systems, as well NT-based versions of Windows. Charts are generated by the usual method of selecting a data range and clicking a toolbar icon. The approach is to start minimally, but double clicking the chart opens a tabbed dialogue, giving a high level of control over all elements of the chart, which are arranged in a hierarchical, nested structure. New elements can be added by clicking on the appropriate level and the Add button. The most important feature from the point of view of Wiki charts, is that Gnumeric charts can be exported as graphics simply by right clicking anywhere on the finished chart and selecting Save as Image. A range of formats is supported, including SVG and PNG. The accompanying population chart is a typical result.

Modifying SVG images
SVG images can be post-processed in Inkscape. Line styles and colors can be changed with the Fill and Stroke tool. Objects can be moved in front of other objects with the Object→Raise and Lower menu commands.

Saving from Inkscape also adds information that isn't present in Gnuplot's default output – neither Firefox nor Mozilla will render the file natively without it. These browsers can be persuaded to render Gnuplot's SVG output if the  tag has the following attribute: , as described at the Mozilla FAQ.

Converting PostScript to SVG

 * PostScript can be converted to SVG with pstoedit (it works both on Linux and Microsoft Windows). On Linux, this tool can be invoked for example as

 * Also you can use Scribus.

Direct SVG output is probably better if the program supports it. See WikiProject Electronics/How to draw SVG circuits using Xcircuit for an example.

Editing PostScript colors and linestyles manually
Setting colors and linestyles in gnuplot is not easy. They can more easily be changed after the PostScript file is generated by editing the PostScript file itself in a regular text editor.

This avoids needing to open in proprietary software, and really isn't that difficult (especially if you are unfamiliar with other PS editing software).

Find the section of the .ps file with several lines starting with /LT. Identify the lines easily by their color ("the arrow is currently magenta and I want it to be black. Ah, there is the entry with 1 0 1, red + blue = magenta") or by using the gnuplot linestyle−1 (for instance, gnuplot's linestyle 3 corresponds to the ps file's /LT2). Then you can edit the colors and dashes by hand. corresponds to gnuplot's linestyle 1. The  represents a solid line. is the color of the line; an RGB triplet with values from 0 to 1. This line is red. corresponds to gnuplot's linestyle 3. The  represents a dashed line. There are 2 units of line followed by 3 units of empty space, and so on. represents the color blue. corresponds to gnuplot's linestyle 6. The  represents a dash-dot line. There are 5 units of line (the dash) followed by 2 units of empty space, 1 unit of line (the dot), 2 more units of empty space, and then it starts over again. represents the color gray.

/LTb is the graph's border, and /LTa is for the zero axes.

Converting PostScript to PNG and editing with the GIMP
To post-process PostScript files for raster output (though vector is preferred):

 * 1) Open the file in the GIMP (make sure you have ghostscript installed! — Windows Ghostscript installation instructions)
 * 2) * Enter 500 in the "resolution" input box
 * 3) * You may need to uncheck "try bounding box", since the bounding box sometimes cuts off part of the image.
 * 4) ** Enter large values for Height and Width if not using the bounding box
 * 5) * Select color
 * 6) * Select strong anti-aliasing for both graphics and text
 * 7) Crop off extra whitespace (shift+C if you can't find it in the toolbox)
 * 8) Image → Transform → Rotate 90 degrees clockwise
 * 9) Filters → Blur → Gaussian blur (No need to blur if you use strong anti-aliasing during conversion. No significant difference between end results.)
 * 10) * 2.0 px
 * 11) Image → Scale Image...
 * 12) * 25%
 * 13) * Cubic interpolation
 * 14) You can view at normal size if you want by pressing 1, Ctrl+E
 * 15) Save as File_name.png

Converting PostScript to PNG with ImageMagick
Another route to convert a PS or EPS file (postscript) in PNG is to use ImageMagick, available on many operating systems. A single command is needed:

convert -density 300 file.ps file.png

The density parameter is the output resolution, expressed in dots per inch. With the standard 5x3.5in size of a gnuplot graph, this results in a 1500x1050 pixels PNG image. ImageMagick automatically applies antialiasing, so no post-processing is needed, making this technique especially suited to batch processing. The following Makefile automatically compiles all gnuplot files in a directory to EPS figures, converts them to PNG and then clears the intermediate EPS files. It assumes that all gnuplot files have a ".plt" extension and that they produce an EPS file with the same name, and the ".eps" extension:


text:
Template:Infobox airline/doc

is intended for use at the start of articles about airlines and is designed to present a summary of an airline's key aspects.

Usage
Some of the parameters below have guidelines that should be followed to achieve a consistent appearance and/or allow other computers to parse their data. Please see the descriptions of each and the example below.

With comments
= character  = numeric character

 Note: If the following is used to create an instance of this template, please remove any of its comments and their tags (i.e. ) that remain.

Parameters

 * airline : The full brand name of the airline.
 * Examples:
 * When an airline typically uses both an English and a non-English name, format the airline field as:
 * Examples:
 * When an airline typically uses both an English and a non-English name, format the airline field as:
 * Examples:
 * Examples:

 * logo : Filename of the logo.
 * logo_size : To set the logo's width.
 * logo_alt : A prose description of the image to aid sight impaired readers using electronic text readers.
 * logo_caption : The caption for the logo.
 * logo_upright : The upright parameter of the logo.
 * image : Filename of an image depicting the airline's current logo.
 * image_size : To set the image's width.
 * image_upright : The upright parameter of the image.
 * alt : A prose description of the image to aid sight impaired readers using electronic text readers.
 * caption : A caption for the image.

 * IATA : The two-character, alphanumeric International Air Transport Association airline designator in capital letters (see ).
 * ICAO : The three-letter International Civil Aviation Organization airline designator in numerals and capital letters (see ).
 * callsign : The airline's radio call sign in capital letters (see ).

 * founded : The date and place the airline was founded, in the form, ,  .  Month and day can be omitted if unknown. The founding date is typically the date upon which an airline becomes a legal entity, but not necessarily the date that the airline first offers revenue service to customers. See Microformat below for information about the importance of using the  template in this field.
 * commenced : The date the airline commenced operations, in the form .  Month and day can be omitted if unknown. This date may or may not be the same as the founding date.  See Microformat below for information about the importance of using the  template in this field.
 * ceased : The date the airline ceased to exist, in the form  Month and day can be omitted if unknown. This date is typically the date an airline ceases to exist as a legal entity due to a business failure (including bankruptcy that halts revenue generating operations) OR the date an airline brand first ceases use due to activities associated with a purchase by or merger with another airline. See Microformat below for information about the importance of using the  template in this field.
 * aoc : Canada AOC available at Operator List Search. Template for use available at TCAOC. United States 14 CFR Part 121 Air Carrier Operator's Certificate number (see FAA Air carrier Operator's Certificate number search).

For more information about the following four parameters, see the Notes section below.
 * bases : Operating bases used by the airline, listed alphabetically by airport name, in the form CityName1, linked to airport page

CityName2, linked to airport page or using plainlist, if applicable.
 * hubs : Major hub airports used by the airline, listed alphabetically by airport name, in the form CityName1, linked to airport page

CityName2, linked to airport page or using plainlist, if applicable.
 * secondary_hubs : Secondary hub airports used by the airline, listed alphabetically by airport name, in the form CityName1, linked to airport page

CityName2, linked to airport page or using plainlist, if applicable.
 * focus_cities : Focus city airports used by the airline, listed alphabetically by airport name, in the form CityName1, linked to airport page

CityName2, linked to airport page or using plainlist, if applicable.

 * frequent_flyer : The name of the airline's frequent flyer program, if applicable.

 * alliance : The name of the multi-airline alliance to which the airline belongs, if applicable.
 * subsidiaries : Legal names of the airline's major subsidiaries, in the form or using plainlist, if applicable.

 * fleet_size : The number of aircraft currently in service. Only aircraft in service should be listed here –i.e. no orders, options or aircraft in storage should be included.
 * destinations : The number of airport destinations currently served by the airline (former or future destinations should not be included).

Examples:
 * parent : The full legal name of the airline's parent company, if applicable.
 * traded as : If applicable, the stock exchange/exchanges where the company is traded, each followed by their stock ticker symbol/symbols for the company (use stock ticker templates where possible; see ). Information about the company's status as a component of a major index can also be added. If more than one exchange or symbol is involved, use ublist to format them.
 * nasdaq: MSFT

sehk: 4338

component

component

component

 * ISIN :
 * headquarters : The city, state and country of the airline's headquarters location, in the form, ,.
 * key_people : A selection of key executives or airline founders, in the form FirstName1 LastName1 (JobTitle1)

FirstName2 LastName2 (JobTitle2) or using plainlist. For defunct airlines, use key leaders at the time the airline became defunct.

For more information about the following seven finance-related parameters, see the Notes section below.
 * revenue : The airline's total income in its most recent fiscal year before any deductions, in the form XXX million (FY YYYY) where XXX is the revenue in millions and YYYY is the fiscal year from which the data is taken.
 * operating_income : The airline's operating income in its most recent fiscal year determined by subtracting operating expenses from revenue, in the form US$ XXX million (FY YYYY) where XXX is the revenue in millions and YYYY is the fiscal year from which the data is taken. If the "US$" has not already been linked in revenue, link it here (as shown in revenue above).
 * net_income : Profit (or loss) recognized by the airline in the most recent fiscal year, in the form US$ XXX million (FY YYYY) where XXX is the revenue in millions and YYYY is the fiscal year from which the data is taken. If the "US$" has not already been linked in revenue or operating_income, link it here (as shown in revenue above).
 * profit : See.
 * assets : Total monetary value of the airline's assets, in the form US$ XXX million (FY YYYY) where XXX is the revenue in millions and YYYY is the fiscal year from which the data is taken. If the "US$" has not already been linked in an earlier finance-related entry, link it here (as shown in revenue above).
 * equity : Total equity held in the company, in the form US$ XXX million (FY YYYY) where XXX is the revenue in millions and YYYY is the fiscal year from which the data is taken. If the "US$" has not already been linked in an earlier finance-related entry, link it here (as shown in revenue above).

 * num_employees : The number of company employees. If the year for this data is known, append it in parentheses, preferably with a reference.

 * website : The URL of the airline's primary website, in the form example.com (see the Microformat section below for information about the importance of using the template in this field.

 * notes : For any short notes, qualifications, annotations, etc. pertaining to the infobox data, especially if indicated by e.g. superscripted lowercase letters (see example).

Example
The data in the example below is not necessarily factually accurate and is for demonstration purposes only.

TemplateData
{	"params": { "airline": { "label": "Airline name", "description": "The full brand name of the airline", "example": "Southwest Airlines", "required": true },		"IATA": { "label": "IATA Designator", "description": "The two-character, alphanumeric International Air Transport Association airline designator in capital letters", "example": "UA", "required": true, "type": "string" },		"ICAO": { "label": "ICAO Designator", "description": "The three-letter International Civil Aviation Organization airline designator in numerals and capital letters", "example": "UAL", "required": true },		"callsign": { "label": "Callsign", "description": "The airline's radio call sign in capital letters", "example": "UNITED", "required": true },		"aoc": { "label": "Air Carrier Operator's Certificate # (AOC)", "description": "United States 14 CFR Part 121 Air Carrier Operator's Certificate number", "example": "YENA176J", "suggested": true },		"hubs": { "label": "Major hubs", "description": "Major hub airports used by the airline, in the form ", "example": "", "type": "wiki-template-name", "suggested": true },		"focus_cities": { "label": "Focus Cities", "description": "Focus city airports used by the airline, in the form ", "example": "", "type": "wiki-template-name", "suggested": true },		"frequent_flyer": { "label": "Frequent Flyer Program", "description": "The name of the airline's frequent flyer program", "example": "AAdvantage", "type": "unknown", "suggested": true },		"alliance": { "label": "Airline Alliance", "description": "The name of the multi-airline alliance to which the airline belongs", "example": "Star Alliance" },		"fleet_size": { "label": "Current Fleet Size", "description": "The number of aircraft currently in service", "example": "652", "type": "number", "suggested": true },		"destinations": { "label": "Number of Destinations", "description": "The number of airport destinations currently served by the airline", "example": "99", "type": "number", "suggested": true },		"parent": { "label": "Parent Company", "description": "The full legal name of the airline's parent company", "example": "United Continental Holdings", "suggested": true },		"num_employees": { "label": "Number of Employees", "description": "The number of company employees", "example": "35,000", "type": "number", "suggested": true },		"founded": { "label": "Founded", "description": "The date and place the airline was founded, in the form, , . Month and day can be omitted if unknown.  The founding date is typically the date upon which an airline becomes a legal entity, but not necessarily the date that the airline first offers revenue service to customers. ", "type": "date" },		"commenced": { "label": "Commenced operations", "description": "The date the airline commenced operations, in the form . Month and day can be omitted if unknown. This date may or may not be the same as the founding date. ", "type": "date" },		"ceased": { "label": "Ceased operations", "description": "The date the airline ceased to exist, in the form Month and day can be omitted if unknown.  This date is typically the date an airline ceases to exist as a legal entity due to a business failure (including bankruptcy that halts revenue generating operations) OR the date an airline brand first ceases use due to activities associated with a purchase by or merger with another airline. ", "type": "date", "aliases": [ "defunct" ]		},		"bases": { "label": "Operating bases", "description": "Operating bases used by the airline, listed alphabetically by airport name, in the form or using . This term is primarily used by airlines based in the United Kingdom and is approximately equivalent to \"focus city\".", "type": "wiki-template-name" },		"secondary_hubs": { "label": "Secondary hubs", "description": "Secondary hub airports used by the airline, listed alphabetically by airport name, in the form or using, if applicable.", "type": "wiki-template-name" },		"subsidiaries": { "label": "Subsidiaries", "description": "Legal names of the airline's major subsidiaries, in the form or using, if applicable.", "type": "wiki-template-name" },		"traded_as": { "label": "Traded as", "description": "If applicable, the stock exchange/exchanges where the company is traded, each followed by their stock ticker symbol/symbols for the company (use stock ticker templates where possible; see Category:Ticker symbol templates). Information about the company's status as a component of a major index can also be added. If more than one exchange or symbol is involved, use to format them.", "example": "nyse: DLB nasdaq: MSFT

sehk: 4338

component

component

component",			"type": "wiki-template-name"		},		"ISIN": {			"label": "International Securities Identification Number",			"type": "string"		},		"headquarters": {			"label": "Headquarters",			"description": "The city, state and country of the airline's headquarters location, in the form, , ."		},		"key_people": {			"label": "Key People",			"description": "A selection of key executives or airline founders, in the form FirstName1 LastName1 (JobTitle1)

FirstName2 LastName2 (JobTitle2) or using. For defunct airlines, use key leaders at the time the airline became defunct."		},		"revenue": {},		"operating_income": {},		"net_income": {},		"profit": {},		"assets": {},		"equity": {},		"website": {},		"notes": {},		"founders": {			"label": "Founders (plural)",			"description": "Use this parameter for multiple founders. Takes precedence over \"founder\" (singular)",			"example": "Jane Doe|John Smith",			"type": "line"		},		"founder": {			"label": "Founder (singular)",			"description": "Use this for a single founder. Over-ridden by \"founders\" (plural)",			"example": "John Smith",			"type": "line"		},		"logo": {			"label": "Logo",			"description": "Filename of an image depicting the airline's current logo",			"example": "Delta logo.svg",			"type": "wiki-file-name",			"suggested": true		},		"logo_size": {			"label": "Logo size (px)",			"description": "Desired image width in pixels",			"example": "500px"		},		"logo_alt": {			"label": "Logo alt text",			"description": "An unformatted, prose description of the image to aid sight impaired readers using electronic text readers.",			"type": "string"		},		"logo_caption": {			"label": "Logo caption",			"description": "A caption for the logo",			"example": "American Airlines logo",			"type": "string"		},		"logo_upright": {			"label": "Logo upright",			"description": "Upright parameter for the image",			"example": "1.5",			"type": "number"		},		"image_upright": { "label": "Image upright", "description": "Upright parameter for the image", "example": "1.5", "type": "number" },		"CDD": {}, "image": { "label": "Image", "description": "An image representing the airline", "type": "wiki-file-name", "suggested": true },		"image_size": { "label": "Image size (px)", "description": "Overrides the size of the image", "example": "200px" },		"alt": { "label": "Alt", "description": "Alt text for the image", "type": "string" },		"caption": { "label": "Caption", "description": "Caption for the image", "type": "string" }	},	"description": " is intended for use at the start of articles about airlines and is designed to present a summary of an airline's key aspects", "format": "block", "paramOrder": [ "airline", "logo", "logo_alt", "logo_upright", "logo_caption", "logo_size", "image", "alt", "caption", "image_upright", "image_size", "IATA", "ICAO", "callsign", "founded", "commenced", "ceased", "aoc", "bases", "hubs", "secondary_hubs", "focus_cities", "frequent_flyer", "alliance", "subsidiaries", "fleet_size", "destinations", "parent", "traded_as", "ISIN", "headquarters", "key_people", "founders", "founder", "revenue", "operating_income", "net_income", "profit", "equity", "assets", "num_employees", "website", "notes", "CDD" ] }

title: Template:Infobox airline/doc