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Junayd of Baghdad

Junayd of Baghdad (الجنيد البغدادي) was a Persian mystic and one of the most famous of the early Islamic saints. He is a central figure in the spiritual lineage of many Sufi orders.

Junayd taught in Baghdad throughout his lifetime and was an important figure in the development of Sufi doctrine. Like Hasan of Basra before him, was widely revered by his students and disciples as well as quoted by other mystics. Because of his importance in Sufi theology, Junayd was often referred to as the "Sultan

".

Family Tree Of Syedna Junaid AlBaghdadi Rh

Ibn Abi Al-Qasim Al-Junaid Al-Baghdadi Ibn Muhammad Ibn Al-Junaid Al-Awal Ibn Muhammad Al-Awwad Al-Qawariri Ibn Musa Al-Araj Ibn Jaafar

The son of Ibrahim Al-Murtada, the son of Imam Musa Al-Kaazim, the son of Imam Jaafar Al-Sadiq, the son of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir, the son of Imam Zain

Al-Abidin Ali, son of Imam Hussein, son of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib bin Abdul Muttalib bin Hashim (Amr) bin Abdul Manaf

Early life and education
The exact birth date of Abu-l-Qāsim al-Junayd ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Junayd al-Khazzāz al-Qawārīrī (Arabic: أبو القاسم الجنيد بن محمد الخزاز القواريري) is disputed and ranges from 210 to 215 AH according to Abdel-Kader. His death is more certain and ranges from 296 to 298 AH (908 to 910 CE). It is believed that al-Junayd was of Persian ancestry, with his ancestors originating in Nihawand in modern-day Iran. Al-Junayd was raised by his uncle Sirri Saqti after being orphaned as a boy. Al-Junayd's early education included teachings from Abū Thawr, Abū 'Ubayd, al-Ḥārith al-Muḥãsibī, and Sarī ibn Mughallas.

Hagiography
As to the hagiography by Attar of Nishapur, the Tazkirat al-Awliya, had felt the pain of divine separation since childhood. Regardless of spiritual sorrow, he was known for his quick understanding and discipline when Sirri Saqti accepted him. According to Attar, Junayd was only seven years of age when Sirri Saqti took him along for the Hajj. In al-Masjid an-Nabawi, there were 400 sheikhs discussing the concept of ‘thankfulness’ whereby each expounded his own view. When Sirri Saqti told him to present his definition, Junayd said, "Thankfulness means that should not disobey God by means of the favour which he has bestowed upon you nor make of His favour a source of disobedience." The sheikhs unanimously agreed that no other words could define the term better. Sirri Saqti asked Junayd from where he could learn all this. Junayd replied, "From sitting with you."

Spiritual journey
His traditional hagiography continues by stating that Junayd went back to Baghdad and took up selling glasses. However, he spent most of the time in prayer. Hence, he retired to the porch of Sirri Saqti's house and kept himself away from worldly matters, devoting his thoughts only to God. People need to "relinquish natural desires, to wipe out human attributes, to discard selfish motives, to cultivate spiritual qualities, to devote oneself to true knowledge, to do what is best in the context of eternity, to wish good for the entire community, to be truly faithful to God, and to follow the Prophet in the matters of the Shari’a." This starts with the practice of asceticism (zuhd) and continues with withdrawal from society, intensive concentration on devotion (ibadah) and remembrance (dhikr) of God, sincerity (ikhlas), and contemplation (muraqaba) respectively; contemplation produces fana.

Junayd spend 40 years in his mystic course praying while sacrificing his sleep and any other worldly desires, but then a conceit in his heart arose that he has achieved his goal. By then he inspired by God that "He who is not worthy of union, all his good works are but sins." This meant that the prayers which become a source of pride are useless, as true prayer makes a person more humble and devoted to God. His name became famous in many parts of the world despite the persecution he faced and the tongues of slander shot at him. Even then, he did not start preaching until 30 of the great saints indicated to him that he should now call men to God. However, he chose not to preach as yet, saying, "While the master is there, it is not seemly for the disciple to preach." After witnessing Muhammad in his dream commanding him to preach, he had to listen to Sirri Saqtiy. The intensity of ishq poured out of a speech of Junayd such that out of the 40 people he first preached, 18 died and 22 fainted. His caliph and most dear disciple was Abu Bakr Shibli.

Works by Junayd
Junayd helped establish the "sober" school of Sufi thought, which meant that he was very logical and scholarly about his definitions of various virtues, tawhid, etc. Sober Sufism is characterized by people who "experience fana [and] do not subsist in that state of selfless absorption in God but find themselves returned to their senses by God. Such returnees from the experience of selflessness are thus reconstituted as renewed selves," just like an intoxicated person sobering up. For example, Junayd is quoted as saying, "The water takes on the color of the cup." While this might seem rather confusing at first, ‘Abd al-Hakeem Carney explains it as: "When the water is understood here to refer to the Light of Divine self-disclosure, we are led to the important concept of 'capacity,' whereby the Divine epiphany is received by the heart of any person according to that person’s particular receptive capacity and will be 'colored' by that person’s nature".

Also, according to Sells, "Junayd seems to presuppose that his hearer or reader has had the experience about which he is speaking – or, even more radically, that the hearer or reader is able to enter that experience, or some re-creation of it – at the moment of encounter with Junayd's words." This statement makes it seem like Junayd was writing to a specific sect of the elite that he described earlier. The elite that he refers to are the elect, or "a tightly knit group of 'brethren' that Junayd designates by such phrases as 'the choice of believers' or 'the pure ones'. They play significant roles in the community of believers."

title: Junayd of Baghdad


text: User talk:71.111.55.109

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User talk:Westbridgeschool

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User talk:Andymanj

Welcome!

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Hi, just to let you know you shouldn't sign edits you make to articles. Only sign your posts on talk pages. the wub  "?/!"  19:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

What Wikipedia is not
WP:NOT states that Wikipedia is not: ''Mere collections of external links or Internet directories. There is nothing wrong with adding one or more useful content-relevant links to an article; however, excessive lists can dwarf articles and detract from the purpose of Wikipedia. See Wikipedia:External links for some guidelines.'' The page you created, and which you keep adding to other articles, List of ska podcasts, does not fall within Wikipedia guidelines. Spylab 16:22, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your recent edit(s) to List of social networking websites
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Speedy deletion of Skaisyourfriend
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User talk:Dread13

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User talk:Km fan

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  02:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
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Wikipedia needs you
Hi,. You have helped with a number of articles in the past, but you haven't edited any articles in a while. Could you make some new contributions soon to help make Wikipedia better? I hope you decide to become a more active contributor again. Feel free to drop me a line on my talk page. -- ForteTuba 04:22, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Check out these articles chosen for you, based on your past edits, to help you find articles that need work.

title: User talk:Km fan


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User talk:JAJ

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  02:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
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Immunity from deportation
Hey JAJ. Have noted your work on nationalities, and saw something on New Zealand nationality law that intrigued me, namely that NZ citizens have "immunity from deportation". Does that mean that a New Zealander wanted by, say, police in the US, can not be deported to that country? Or have I misinterpreted? Cheers. Moriori 01:38, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * it only means immunity from deportation from New Zealand. This does not stop New Zealanders being extradited if a treaty exists to allow this, however they would be able to return to NZ after serving their sentence.  NZ cannot exclude a citizen no matter how severe that person's criminal record is.  JAJ 01:41, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that. I see the distinction. Cheers. Moriori 03:11, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Canadian citizenship
I am aware of Ireland's membership of the Commonwealth until 1949, and did not assert that Canada was the first member of the Commonwealth to have introduced its own citizenship - my editing was simply to remove the reference to British Commonwealth, or to qualify it as 'the then British Commonwealth'.

Quiensabe 15-09-2005 22:40 UTC

 * Thanks for the reply. I had got a contrary impression on first reading.  JAJ 10:28, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Electress Sophia
I see what you mean with your edit with regards to this, I misunderstood your post. I now agree with what you said, and removed section back. Sorry about that. BTW, how do you know so much about nationality law? Astrotrain 18:25, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comment. Nationality law is an interest of mine, I've been studying it for many years. JAJ 10:23, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

US Citizenship
I'm just pasting this from my talk page where you initially sent a question.

'Having been born in the US, I decided to give up citizenship based on the fact that I was required to file for US taxes and was told I could not serve in HM Forces (which is a violation of US citizenship, as I was not required to serve). Similarly, since I live in the UK and have no intention of residing in the US, I thought it was somewhat pointless retaining two citizenships. However, as I do not hold a US passport, and have served in a 'foreign armed forces', I do not qualify for US citizenship automatically, so no declaration at an embassy was required. Nick Kerr 17:10, 4 December 2005 (UTC)'

Oh, and the other thing was that while the UK does not require loss by foreign nationality to retain British citzenship, the UK does not allow some nationals to service in various branches of government. For instance, a dual national may not serve in the Submarine Service, nor may dual nationals serve in the Regular Forces. Commonwealth citizens and Irish citizens are allowed to join the armed forces, but may not serve in all branches of the armed forces (an Irish citizen may serve in the British Army, but only British citizens may join the Submarine Service). So the possession of dual nationality is a hinderance in certain careers, as well as a right nuissance in many cases =) Nick Kerr 17:47, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

RE: Icelandic nationality law

 * 1) "the father is an Icelandic citzen and married to the mother (except in cases where the couple were separated at the time the child was conceived)."

How could the child be concieved when they're seperated? -- Rory 0 96 02:44, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Good question, however it appears to be in the Icelandic Nationality Act, Article 1.

I suppose that the couple could be legally separated at the time of the child's conception. What effect, if any, the conception would have on the legal status of the separation would depend on Icelandic law concerning marriage, divorce and defacto marriage/partnership. My guess is, however, that it would have no effect. RW 3 April 2006

 * LOL -- Knowing Icelandic society to some degree, I have to say this circumstance is not surprising in the slightest.
 * Actually, the reason I'm writing is to thank you for writing up Icelandic Nationality Law so nicely, I didn't expect to find it on Wikipedia. Thanks for a well-written and useful article.  Best regards, Icemuon 23:21, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

British nationality
Hello there. Your extensive comments on British nationaliry at the Emilio Palma article seam to be somehow disconnected to the article itself. You make no comments on the actual status of Palma, nor the implications of the British law on his case. Perhaps such information should be placed in some other article, say British Antarctic Territory, or at least be compacted and associated with Palma. Thank you and good wiking. Mariano (t/c) 06:14, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The article's now altered to make it clear that Mr Palma (apparently) has a fairly unique status in British law as a result of his birth in that Territory.   Had he been born in 1983 or later he would not have had British nationality this way, but the law was different before then.  JAJ 04:13, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Czech nationality law
You're quick! Isn't it 12:43 am here in Sydney? And I was wondering what those Latin words for the concepts were, jus soli and jus sanguinis and what's not. +Hexagon1 (talk)  14:43, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Hello, I'm happy to see you have been contributing to nationality law pages! I have written a number of them as well. (User_talk:Mediterraneo).

Ancestry Visa
Hi, I left a comment on the talk page clarifying the reasons for my proposal to move the page. Would you mind reviewing this to see whether you might change your position. Thanks--Spartaz 16:13, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Page now moved. i would be grateful if you could review the change when you have time and let me know of any follow up work that i have missed or whether you have any issues with the changes. Regards --Spartaz 21:39, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Northern Ireland mediation
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British honours system
I've removed your fact marker as the statement it was originally added to was simply wrong anyway. The version I've put may still need a citation but there probably won't be one suitable. As to the no hereditary peerages fact again 3 creations (two of which were for people with no children) puts us back to one non royal creation in forty years. I rather think we can state that as custom without ciation. I'll have a look again when I have time but the article has so many serious errors that need fixing asap. Alci12 17:41, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Dutch nationality law
You changed back a correction which I made recently (from another IP address). The Dutch law has a kind of double ius soli. See article 3, member 3 of the law:

Nederlander is het kind van een vader of moeder die ten tijde van de geboorte van het kind zijn of haar hoofdverblijf heeft in Nederland, de Nederlandse Antillen of Aruba en die zelf geboren is als kind van een vader of moeder die ten tijde van zijn of haar geboorte in een van die landen hoofdverblijf had, mits het kind ten tijde van zijn geboorte zijn hoofdverblijf heeft in Nederland, de Nederlandse Antillen of Aruba.

 * This page makes no reference to acquiring Dutch citizenship by birth in the Netherlands to non-citizen parents. Please provide an official reference in English to support your claim. JAJ 04:50, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

The source you quoted - an embassy - provides information for Dutch abroad, not complete information on all details of the law. See full text of the law http://www.st-ab.nl/wetten/0252_Rijkswet_op_het_Nederlanderschap_RWN.htm. I already quoted the relevant article. It translates into:

Dutch citizen is the child of a father or mother who at the time of the birth of the child has his or her main residence in the Netherlands, the Dutch Antilles or Aruba and who (him/her)self was born as a child of a father or mother who, at the time of his or her birth, had main residence in one of these countries, providing that the child, at the time of his or her birth, had main residence in the Netherlands, the Dutch Antilles or Aruba.

 * There is no proof that that article is correct. Please provide an official source in order to be credible. JAJ 05:33, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

www.st-ab.nl is a reliable source for full texts of the Dutch laws, which I consider definitely more reliable than any summary of the law. If you publish about Dutch law, the only reliable source is the text of the law. For extra verification of the text see the official government site http://wetten.overheid.nl/cgi-bin/deeplink/law1/title=Rijkswet%20op%20het%20Nederlanderschap. See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Sources_in_languages_other_than_English.

BIOT
Thanks for clearing up the section on the British Indian Ocean Territory in the Special member state territories and their relations with the European Union article. More thoughts are on the talk page; I will have to do more reading to see how many Chagossians have British citizenship and BOTC toghther and how many have BOTC alone. Thanks again. - Thanks, Hoshie 02:12, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Talk:British passport
Even though this is long time ago that you left that message, maybe I can try to clear it up a bit...

As you might well be aware of, all heads of state (and usually heads of government and foreign affairs ministers) will be granted special status (so long there are diplomatic relations between the two countries) and thus they will not be required to undergo immigration control and the need of passport is eliminated.

It is thus, very unlikely that any HoS or HoG will carry a passport and this includes the Governors-General of all Commonwealth Realms since they are the de facto head of state of that country.

I've sent emails to 3 GGs and I'll let you know the reply once I receive them.

Reply 1: Dianne Callahan (Official Secretary to the Governor-General) "Yes, the Governor-General is issued with an Australian passport"

Reply 2: Yes, Governor General of Canada does hold a Canadian Passport.

Cheers,--Cahk 02:29, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

British nationality law and the Irish
Hey JAJ,

I've gotten into an argument with User:Gaimhreadhan over the ability of Irish citizens to claim CUKC status after 1948 in Talk:Common Travel Area. Any input you might have would be appreciated. Caveat lector 14:00, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Perfect relevance
It will be interesting to see you show why Whitelaw's remarks are or were irrelevant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.41.51.240 (talk) 10:12, 2 January 2008 (UTC) You do not seem to like my remarks about British racialism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.4.21 (talk) 11:27, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Quick question about gaining British citizenship
Hi JAJ!

My fiance is going about applying to Register as a British national - her mother is British, and she was born before 1983, so it's apparent that she's eligible to apply for Registration via the UK Mother form.

However, part of the British citizenship article (which you've obviously contributed greatly to!) has stopped us in our tracks. Namely, "However those with permanent resident status in the UK, or entitled to Right of Abode, may instead prefer to seek naturalisation as a British citizen which gives transmissible British citizenship otherwise than by descent".

Now, obviously she DOES have Right of Abode, but we've not sure what the last part of this quote means - "transmissable British citizenship OTHERWISE than by descent". How is it that being Registered would be in any way different (or indeed, less desirable) than being naturalised? And would the naturalisation require the standard 5 years of living in the UK to be valid?

What we're hoping to do is get her Registered (and get a UK passport) in the next few months. We're getting married in April 2009. And around June 2009, we are hoping to move to the UK for a few years to do IT work for a 'life experience' sort of thing.

So, if anyone could clarify what would be the best method for us to get registered, and then legally, both be able to reside and work in the UK, we'd both appreciate it.

Thanks mate! cmdwedge —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmdwedge (talk • contribs) 05:47, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The difference is that a naturalised British citizen who has a child born in somewhere like Australia will be able to pass on British citizenship to the child, while a citizen who registers through the provision you mention will not necessarily be able to do so. However, it takes 5 years in the U.K. to become naturalised British.

 * In your situation, if she registers as British now, then you can (if you get married) become naturalised British after 3 years in the U.K. (not 5). And if you later on return to Australia or Canada, any future children can get their British citizenship from you instead of her.  So it may make sense for her to go ahead and get her British citizenship now.  JAJ (talk) 04:20, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

JAJ, you're a genius. Thanks very much for your help - we'll do exactly that (get her Registered and go from there). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmdwedge (talk • contribs) 06:59, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

IoM citizenship
Thanks for your reply re the above on the British nationality talk page. I have posted a reply for those who (maybe you!) who would like to improve WP on this point. Regards. Redking7 (talk) 21:31, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Ten Pound Poms
I see that you were an early contributor to the above and believe that you wrote the final paragraph of "Details", which deals with citizenship. I've just been tidying up the article and added enough citations to feel able to remove the banner about their lack. However, I can't find a source for that final paragraph although I've waded though footnotes in other articles. I have put the "citation needed" marker after the paragraph in question and wonder whether you are able to add the necessary citation. (As a matter of possible interest, I was in the British MN in the late 1950s and a crew member of SS Orontes, which brought out many migrants.) Thanks in advance. Mikeo1938 (talk) 17:11, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

Hello! There is a DR/N request you may have interest in.
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text:
User talk:Dariustriplet

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  02:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Dariustriplet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Will Soderberg

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Please note however that I have counted the anonymous vote, because I see no evidence of it being cast in bad faith. Nonetheless, there is clearly a rough consensus to delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:15, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Will Soderberg
Artist vanity, I don't think that CSD past to here's the VFD =(. Delete, no evidence of notability, no allmusic.com or artistsdirect.com entry. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 02:38, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 02:59, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Borderline, yes, but I think that artists can be "notable" even when they work outside the music biz paradigm. Grace Note 03:26, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity. If he were notable for any reason, it would have been established immediately; but the only rationale given for his notability is hopelessly POV. --malathion talk 03:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN vanity, if over 10 years of making noises counts as an entry, wheres mine? Followed links led to CDR's by the group, for sale. Hamster Sandwich 05:12, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a difficult one. While he has been recording since the late 1980s and playing live since then, his lack of an Allmusic profile indicates that he probably just fails to meet Wikimusic Project guidelines. Weak Delete. Capitalistroadster 05:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 09:06, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Googling this artist reveals published discs, tours, interviews with him etc. I don't see how it could be vanity - however the article needs to be re-written to be encyclopedic.24.215.252.158 18:03, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You must be signed in to vote. Anyway, delete as vanity. Binadot 21:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure that's entirely true, anon voters are allowed to vote and contribute to consensus (as Wikipedia is not a democracy) but there votes are usually given less credibility by and the admin closing the VFD. Anyways, the consensus seems pretty clear on this one so I guess it doesn't really mattter (I may just be beating a dead horse). Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 22:22, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, that CSD did pass, and this article contains no assertion of notability. See the WP:CSD page as amended after the poll, and the examples cited for this particular new policy. -Splash 21:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It does contain some assertion of notability if you click through the links and what not, to defend my actions, I knew that the vanity page had passed but wasn't entirely confident that this fell under it as proposal C-3 did not pass. Just to clarify =). Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 22:15, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. -Splash 22:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity/promotion. -- Etacar11   23:49, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and improve. http://white-rose.net/shows.shtml indicates that they've toured in two countries, satisfying WP:MUSIC. 900 google hits is pretty notable, too. Pburka 00:41, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, I'm almost inclined to agree with you there except the page in its current state should be deletable... I'll see if I have some extra time to rewrite it today, until then, my vote remains. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 19:15, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn.  Grue   08:57, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Radiant_ >|< 12:27, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Pact of Madrid

The Pact of Madrid, signed on 23 September 1953 by Francoist Spain and the United States, was a significant effort to break the international isolation of Spain after World War II, together with the Concordat of 1953. This development came at a time when other victorious Allies of World War II and much of the rest of the world remained hostile (for the 1946 United Nations condemnation of the Francoist regime, see Spanish Question) to a fascist regime sympathetic to the cause of the Axis powers and established with the Axis assistance.

The 1953 accord took the form of three separate executive agreements that pledged the United States to furnish economic and military aid to Spain. The United States, in turn, was to be permitted to construct and to utilize air and naval bases on Spanish territory (Naval Station Rota, Morón Air Base, Torrejón Air Base and Zaragoza Air Base). The US Joint Chiefs of Staff saw these bases and the resulting military alliance with Spain as a necessary military option to allow an orderly retreat of its troops from Central Europe in case of Soviet attack on Western Europe.

Although not a full-fledged military alliance, the pact did result in a substantial United States contribution to the improvement of Spain's defense capabilities. During the initial United States fiscal years 1954 to 1961 phase, military aid amounted to US$500 million, in the form of grants. Between 1962 and 1982, a further US$1.238 billion of aid in the form of loans (US$727 million) and grants (US$511 million) was provided. During the period 1983 to 1986, United States military aid, entirely in the form of sales under concessional credit terms, averaged US$400 million annually, but it declined to slightly more than US$100 million annually in 1987 and in 1988. The military credits were scheduled to be phased out in the fiscal year 1989, in keeping with Spain's growing self-sufficiency in national defense. More than 200 officers and NCOs of the Spanish Armed Forces received specialized training in the United States each year under a parallel program.

title: Pact of Madrid


text:
Cinema of Portugal

The Cinema of Portugal started with the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Cinema was introduced in Portugal in 1896 with the screening of foreign films and the first Portuguese film was Saída do Pessoal Operário da Fábrica Confiança, made in the same year. The first movie theater opened in 1904 and the first scripted Portuguese film was O Rapto de Uma Actriz (1907). The first all-talking sound film, A Severa, was made in 1931. Starting in 1933, with A Canção de Lisboa, the Golden Age would last the next two decades, with films such as O Pátio das Cantigas (1942) and A Menina da Rádio (1944). Aniki-Bóbó (1942), Manoel de Oliveira's first feature film, marked a milestone, with a realist style predating Italian neorealism by a few years. In the 1950s the industry stagnated. The early 1960s saw the birth of the Cinema Novo (literally "New Cinema") movement, showing realism in film, in the vein of Italian neorealism and the French New Wave, with films like Dom Roberto (1962) and Os Verdes Anos (1963). The movement became particularly relevant after the Carnation Revolution of 1974. In 1989, João César Monteiro's Recordações da Casa Amarela won the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival and in 2009, João Salaviza's Arena won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. Several other Portuguese films have been in competition for major film awards like the Palme d'Or and the Golden Bear. João Sete Sete (2006) was the first Portuguese animated feature film. Portuguese cinema is significantly supported by the State, with the government's Instituto do Cinema e do Audiovisual giving films financial support.

Silent films
Portuguese film history began on 18 June 1896, at the Real Colyseu da Rua da Palma nº 288, in Lisbon, when Edwin Rousby presented Robert William Paul's Animatograph, using a Teatrograph projector. This places the debut of film in Portugal around six months after the Lumière brothers' inaugural presentation in Paris.

The early days
The Portuguese audience was familiar with photographic projection, first from cycloramas, dioramas and stereoscopic views and, later, from the magic lantern, with the projection of transparent photographs through a glass plate then coloured. On 28 December 1894, the German photographer Carlos Eisenlohr opened his "Imperial Exhibition" at the galleries of the Avenida Palace Hotel. He presented a novelty to this already knowledgeable Lisbon audience: the live photograph – shown not through an Edison Kinetograph, as announced at the time, but by the Elektrotachyscop or Schnellseher, also called the Electro-Tachiscópio Eisenlohr, an invention by Ottomar Anschutz. The device projected images of actions, of a dog passing by or the galloping of a horse, contained in small disks that produced moving images of extremely short periods.

In the beginning of 1895, the tobacco shop Tabacaria Neves presented Edison's Kinetoscope (in fact, a copy of said invention, built in London by Robert William Paul, ordered by the Greek George Georgiades, who presented the machine in Lisbon). Unlike preceding inventions, the Kinestoscope allowed individual viewing and a film made up of 1,380 photographs enabling a 20-second projection of 20 seconds.

The machine that was used for movies at the Real Colyseu was not the Lumiére brothers' Cinematograph, but a competitor, the Theatrograph, by Robert W. Paul. The machine projected behind the screen, allowing life-size images to appear for about a minute. The first presentation of it was well-received and in the following months, many of the same machines swirled in the cinemas of Lisbon, vying for the favour of movie audiences.

At the Real Colyseu of the Rua da Palma of António Santos Júnior, on 18 June 1896, Edwin Rousby showed films by Robert William Paul's production house, for whom Rousby worked. About a minute in length each, these "animated views" were shot by operators who worked for the British producer: "Parisian balls", "The Pont Neuf in Paris", "The Train", "The Serpentine Dance", "A Barber and Shoeshine Store in Washington".

Rousby then met Manuel Maria da Costa Veiga, a photographer with electrical and mechanical skills, who assisted him in preparing his sessions. Costa Veiga himself began acting as an exhibitor, acquiring a projectoscope from Edison that same year and showing films in Lisbon venues.

Robert W. Paul also sent his operator Henry Short to southern Europe, to record the animated views of landscapes for use by the English producing house. Short passed through Portugal, registering several views that, although destined to be shown in London, would be integrated into Rousby's program at his Portuguese sessions in 1897.

His success is overwhelming, and he prolonged his stays in Portugal and increased the sessions. However, when Rousby proceeded with his tour to the Teatro-Circo Príncipe Real, in Oporto, the animated photograph also gained a professional who would go on to found Portuguese cinema: Aurélio da Paz dos Reis. From July to August, Rousby presented his films at the Teatro do Príncipe Real (now the Teatro Sá da Bandeira), without achieving, however, the level of success in Lisbon.

The pioneers and the producing houses
Three years after beginning his exhibition business, Costa Veiga purchased a movie camera and made first film, Aspectos da Praia de Cascais ("Views of the Cascais beach"), with images of King D. Carlos bathing in Cascais. He began recording official visits and other relevant national political events. He founded the first Portuguese production house, Portugal Film, headquartered close to his home in Algés.

In 1909, Portugália Film, made up of João Freire Correia and Manuel Cardoso, was established in Lisbon, financed by D. Nuno de Almada, and the "Empresa Cinematográfica Ideal," Júlio Costa. Freire Correia, a photographer, bought a projector for the opening of the Salão Ideal ao Loreto in 1904, the first Portuguese cinema. He founded his production company five years later, for which he'd make several films, including Batalha de Flores ("Battle of Flowers") that garnered vast success. He was also the cinematographer of O Rapto de Uma Actriz ("The kidnapping of an Actress"), the first scripted Portuguese film, directed by Lino Ferreira in 1907.

Freire Correia directed two documentaries of significant success in 1909: A Cavalaria Portuguesa ("The Portuguese Cavalry") and the O Terramoto de Benavente ("The Earthquake of Benavente"). The first already showed some technique of image capturing, displaying the prowess of Portuguese cavalry in such a way to create a sense of danger, however fictitious, to the audience. The earthquake was filmed in April, and shown two days later – a remarkable speed – and 22 copies were exported abroad. He would also be responsible for the production of two versions of Os Crimes de Diogo Alves ("The Crimes of Diogo Alves"), whose direction he entrusted first to Lino Ferreira in 1909 but that remained incomplete, and a second with João Tavares directing one in 1911.

Early notable attempts at sound films include the incomplete Grisette (1908) directed by Freire Correia used adaptations of the Gaumont method by which he attempted to synchronise image and sound. Portugália also produced the first film adaptation of a literary work: Carlota Ângela was based in the work of the same name by Camilo Castelo Branco and was directed by João Tavares, in 1912.

Júlio Costa, partnering with João Almeida, acquired the Salão Ideal from Freire Correia and Nuno Almada in 1908 and started the Empresa Cinematográfica Ideal production and distribution house. Remodelled and appropriately refitted, the Salão Ideal presented a predecessor of the talkies, the "Animatógrafo Falado" (Spoken Animatograph), where a group of people read the script and produced sound in synch with the film's projection. The group was made up of volunteer firefighters of Ajuda, of which not only Júlio Costa but also António Silva, the actor of the Portuguese Golden Age comedies, were members.

While waiting for the construction of his studio at Rua Marquês Ponte de Lima, Júlio Costa began filming "views". He begins filming features with Chantecler Atraiçoado ("Chantecler Betrayed") and then with Rainha depois de Morta ("Queen After Dead"), by Carlos Santos, the first Portuguese film with a historic motif. Júlio Costa's company pioneered grouping, production, distribution and exhibition, together for the first time. The company would halt activity after a suspicious fire.

In 1918, Lusitânia Film was founded, a production company with an ambitious outlook, led by Celestino Soares and Luís Reis Santos. They remodelled the old Portugália Film studio, in São Bento, and began filming documentaries. The same year, two short films are made outdoors by Costa Veigam, directed by the young Leitão de Barros: Malmequer ("Daisy") and Mal de Espanha ("Evil From Spain"). The shooting of O Homem dos Olhos Tortos ("The Man with the Twisted Eyes") began, the story based on a Reinaldo Ferreira police serial and directed by Leitão de Barros. However, due to financial pressures, the film was never completed. A well-organized conspiracy would close down the company that intended to film A Severa as its next production.

After the closing of the "cycle of Lisbon", the first Oporto production house was founded, which ensured for some years the continuous production of cinema in the country.

Foreign cinematographers
After founding a production company bearing his name in 1910, the Oporto exhibitor Nunes de Mattos, added Invicta Film to its corporate name two years later. The company filmed current events and documentaries, among them O Naufrágio do Silurian ("The Sinking of the Silurian"), of which 108 copies were shipped to Europe. In November 1917, de Mattos founded the second "Invicta Film, Lda", increasing the number of partners and equity. Henrique Alegria took over art direction and they acquired the Quinta da Prelada, in Oporto, where the studios and laboratories of the producer were built.

In 1918 they left for Paris, and brought back a technical team from the Pathé studios led by Georges Pallu, a director who would author virtually all the feature films of the Oporto producing house. Also in the team were André Lecointe, architect-decorator; Albert Durot, camera operator and Georges and Valentine Coutable – the couple who would be, respectively, the chief lab and chief editor. Durot would later be replaced by Maurice Laumann, also from Pathé.

For six years, Invicta Film produced several films and documentaries, enriching the Portuguese film landscape. In 1924, however, the company experienced severe financial distress, leading to the laying off all its personnel and continuing only lab work. They shut down in 1928.

Rino Lupo, another milestone of cinematography, showed up on the scene through Pallu, who approved his direction of Mulheres da Beira ("Women from Beira"), after a tale by Abel Botelho, with photography by Artur Costa de Macedo. Though the financial disagreements and the unfulfilment of deadlines forced his removal from the company, Lupo still directed Os Lobos ("The Wolves"), another pearl of the Portuguese silent cinema. He directed others, but without the quality of his earlier works.

Three other companies are set up in the '20s to fill in the studios gap: Caldevilla Film, Fortuna Film and Pátria Film. These also follow the Portuguese pattern, hiring foreign technicians for their experience in Portuguese productions. Although the directors brought from French production houses were presented as recognised stars in their countries, in fact, they often built their careers without having the claimed background.

Raul de Caldevilla founded in 1920 his Caldevilla Film, placing production in Lisbon, at Quinta das Conchas, in Lumiar. Frenchman Maurice Mariaud was the director chosen for the works Os Faroleiros ("The Lighthouse Men") and As Pupilas do Senhor Reitor ("The Wards of the Dean"), for the studio's only two productions. The company would shut down due to an acute financial disagreement among its partners.

Virgínia de Castro e Almeida, a children's book writer, founded in Lisbon the studio Fortuna Film, and hires a French lawyer, Roger Lion, to direct productions based upon her books. Lion brought along his wife, actress Gil-Clary, Maxudian, and the cameramen Daniel Quintin and Marcel Bizot, and they shoot A Sereia de Pedra ("The Stone Mermaid") and Olhos da Alma ("Eyes of the Soul"), the latter shot in Nazaré, in what was its first screen register.

Henrique Alegria left Invicta Film in 1922, to found Pátria Film with Raul Lopes Freire. They bought Quinta das Conchas, where Maurice Mariaud directs O Fado. This company too would cease to operate after shooting Aventuras de Agapito – Fotografia Comprometedora ("Adventures of Agapito – Compromising Photograph"), the fourth film directed by Roger Lion in Portugal.

The new generation
At the end of the twenties, the "young Turks" begin the era of the cinema estates, with the return of Leitão de Barros and the emergence of young António Lopes Ribeiro (who would soon launch Manoel de Oliveira), Jorge Brum do Canto, Chianca de Garcia and Arthur Duarte. Their agenda was to move away from the previous productions, taking inspiration in the aesthetic designs of the French, German and Russian cinemas. Casts also follow this move, bringing to the screen the stars of the Revista, in contrast to the theatre world. Stars such as Eduardo Brazão, Brunilde Júdice, António Pinheiro or Pato Moniz fade, and a new school emerges with the presence of Vasco Santana, António Silva, Maria Matos, Ribeirinho or Maria Olguim.

At the same time, the state's relationship with cinema was also to change from the end of the '20s. The installed powers understood these young people dominated the cinema press and influenced the masses with their perspectives and wisely viewed the industry as a privileged means of propaganda for their new regime.

António Lopes Ribeiro launched his career benefiting from the 100 meters law. He films Uma Batida em Malpique ("A huntin Malpique") and Bailando ao Sol ("Dancing in the Sun") (1928), the latter with photography by Aníbal Contreiras. He later departed with Leitão de Barros in a visit to the main European studios, where he'll meet Dziga Vertov and Eisenstein.

De Barros, who screened at Lopes Ribeiro's home the 9,5 mm film he had made with his brother-in-law in Nazaré, was spurred by the trip and returned to filming with Nazaré, Praia de Pescadores ("Nazaré, Beach of Fishermen"). Again in Nazaré, de Barros films Maria do Mar ("Mary of the Sea"), the second ethnofiction in cinema history, and a milestone for up until then bleak Portuguese cinematography aesthetics. He also directed Lisboa, Crónica Anedótica ("Lisbon, an Anecdotal Chronicle") (1929), where in a series of multiple city scenes, he displays Chaby Pinheiro, repeat stars Adelina Abranches and Alves da Cunha, Nascimento Fernandes, and the unforgettable Vasco Santana and Beatriz Costa.

Inspired by Marcel l'Herbier, Jorge Brum do Canto opened with A Dança dos Paroxismos ("The Dance of the Paroxisms") in 1928, playing the main role with his own script. It opened only to a private audience in 1930, however, to only be seen again in 1984.

Manoel de Oliveira shot Douro, Faina Fluvial ("Douro, River Works"), with Lopes Ribeiro persuading him to take it to the V International Critics Congress, where it received the praise of Pirandello. But again it will be Leitão de Barros who leaves an imprint in movie history, with A Severa, based upon the work by Júlio Dantas, with the direction of the first Portuguese talkie. A new era of Portuguese cinema was about to begin.

1930s–1940s
Established in June 3, 1932, Tobis Portuguesa would become one of the largest film production and lab processing companies in the country. It would produce many of the major works in Portuguese cinema for three decades.

With the beginning of the Estado Novo right-wing dictatorship in 1933, a new genre of film started, based on the comedy and musical genres, famously the "comédia à portuguesa", with the focus on contemporary life and light matters, and the intention of taking the minds of the people from the difficult times faced.

1942 saw the release of Aniki-Bóbó, the first full-length fictional film from Manoel de Oliveira, who would only return to fiction film-making twenty-one years later. It marked a milestone in Portuguese film not only because it differed from the tone most in vogue at the time, as it dealt with social issues, but also because it predated the first Italian neo-realism movies by a few years.

The Golden Age, as it is known, began that same year with the release of A Canção de Lisboa, and dominated the country for the next two decades. Other famous titles from this popular era are Aldeia da Roupa Branca (1938), O Pátio das Cantigas and O Pai Tirano (1941), O Costa do Castelo (1943), A Menina da Rádio (1944) and O Leão da Estrela (1947).

During this period historic films also emerged as an important genre in the Portuguese industry, as a medium for the state party to develop its nationalist propaganda and conservative values, namely As Pupilas do Senhor Reitor (1935), Bocage (1936), Amor de Perdição (1943), Inês de Castro (1945), Camões (1946) and Frei Luís de Sousa (1950). A subgenre of these nationalist films were those related to the culture of Fado and the rise to popularity of Amália Rodrigues, the great name of Portuguese song. Some of those films were Capas Negras and Fado, História de Uma Cantadeira, both from 1947.

Camões, directed by José Leitão de Barros, was an official selection at the first Cannes Film Festival in 1946.

1950s
The Fifties were mainly years of stagnation with the continuity of the same movies made in the earlier decades, government censorship and glorification of the colonial empire – see Chaimite (1953); although the first signs of the winds to come were being given by films like Saltimbancos (1951) and Nazaré (1952), both directed by Manuel Guimarães and inspired by the Italian neo-realism.

In 1958 opens the Portuguese Cinematheque with a retrospective of American movies that inspired the French filmmakers of the Nouvelle Vague, an event lauded by then new critics Alberto Seixas Santos e António Pedro Vasconcelos.

In 1959 Portuguese Rhapsody, directed by João Mendes, was in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 1959 Cannes Film Festival.

1960s–1970s
The new decade brought a new generation of films, led by Dom Roberto (1962), Os Verdes Anos and Pássaros de Asas Cortadas (1963). The new phase was named Cinema Novo or Novo Cinema (New Cinema), and it refers to Portuguese cinema made between 1963 and the revolution in 1974 by directors such as Fernando Lopes, Paulo Rocha or António da Cunha Telles, amongst others. Like other new waves of the period, the influence of Italian Neo-Realism and the burgeoning ideas of the Nouvelle Vague could be felt keenly.

The term Novo Cinema is now used to avoid confusion with the Brazilian movement of the same name. This movement gains particular relevance after the Carnation Revolution, pursuing certain experiences of the French New Wave, both in the field of visual anthropology and of political cinema. The generation of the seventies, taking advantage of the new liberties, explores realism and legend, politics and ethnography, until the late eighties, in conjunction with some directors of the liberated colonies, such as Flora Gomes. Portugal has a notable tradition in the field of docufiction and ethnofiction since Leitão de Barros, who was a contemporary of Robert Flaherty.

Films during this period also include Belarmino (1964), Domingo à Tarde (1965), Sete balas para Selma (1967) and O Cerco (1969). In 1973 The Vows, directed by António de Macedo, was in competition for the Grand Prix at the 1973 Cannes Film Festival.

1980s
A Ilha dos Amores, directed by Paulo Rocha, was in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival. Other accolades from this period include, in 1985 Manoel de Oliveira winning an Honorary Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival; O Bobo, directed by José Álvaro Morais, winning the Golden Leopard at the 1987 Locarno International Film Festival; The Cannibals, directed by de Oliveira, in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival; and in 1989 Recordações da Casa Amarela, directed by João César Monteiro, winning the Silver Lion at the 46th Venice International Film Festival.

1990s
In 1994 Maria de Medeiros won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the 51st Venice International Film Festival for her work in Três Irmãos, directed by Teresa Villaverde. The Convent, directed by Manoel de Oliveira, was in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. Po di Sangui, directed by Flora Gomes, was in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival. In 1997 Genealogies of a Crime, directed by Raúl Ruiz, was in competition for the Golden Bear at the 47th Berlin International Film Festival. The Letter, directed by Manoel de Oliveira, was in competition for the Palme d'Or and it won the Jury Prize at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. Time Regained, directed by Raúl Ruiz, was also in competition for the Palme d'Or.

2000s
Notable accolades of this decade were I'm Going Home, directed by Manoel de Oliveira, in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival; The Uncertainty Principle, also directed by de Oliveira, was in competition for the same award the following year. In 2004 de Oliveira won an Honorary Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival.

In 2005, thirteen Portuguese feature films released, one an animation co-produced with Spain, Midsummer Dream. The most successful film of the year was O Crime do Padre Amaro, with more than 300,000 viewers and grossing more than 1.3 million euros. The following year, 22 feature films were released, five of them documentaries. The most successful film that year was Filme da Treta, with more than 270,000 viewers, grossing more than 1 million euros. In 2006 there were 19 feature films produced. In 2007, 15, in 2008, 21 and in 2009, 23. Colossal Youth, directed by Pedro Costa, was in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. Three years later, Arena, directed by João Salaviza, won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival.

The first Portuguese animated feature film, João Sete Sete, premiered in 2006 on Cinanima.

2010s
In 2010 Portugal produced 22 feature films. The next year, it produced 19, with the most commercially successful being Blood of My Blood by João Canijo with 20,953 views and a gross of €97,800. The share of native cinema at the Portuguese box office was 0.7%.

On the artistic side, one of the most successful films was Joaquim Sapinho's This Side of Resurrection, which premiered at the Visions programme at the Toronto International Film Festival with a US premiere at the Harvard Film Archive in Boston.

At the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival, in 2012, Tabu, directed by Miguel Gomes, was in competition for the Golden Bear and Rafa, directed by João Salaviza, won the Golden Bear for Best Short Film. The Lines of Wellington was in competition for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival. As of 11 November 2012, the highest grossing Portuguese film of the year was Balas & Bolinhos - O Último Capítulo with a €1.243 million gross, followed by Morangos com Açúcar – O Filme with €1.208 million.

Festivals

 * MOTELx - Lisbon International Horror Film Festival
 * Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival
 * IndieLisboa
 * Curtas Vila do Conde - International Film Festival
 * DocLisboa
 * Monstra
 * Caminhos do Cinema Português
 * Fantasporto

title: Cinema of Portugal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Katherine Frances Galea

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. FCYTravis 06:59, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Katherine Frances Galea
non-notable vanity. delete. Alynna 02:39, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 03:00, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, briefly, to see whether it's a misplaced User page. Peter Ellis 05:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity. Although I would read an article about a horse psychiatrist. Hamster Sandwich 05:14, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete non-notable--Forig 11:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Agree with Hamster Sandwich! - Lucky 6.9 22:39, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. -- Etacar11   23:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bato

Bato may refer to:

Given name

 * Bato (Illyrian name)
 * Bato (Dardanian chieftain) (fl. 206–176 BCE), chieftain of the Dardani in Illyria
 * Bato the Daesitiate (fl. 35 BCE–9 CE), chieftain of the Daesitiates in Illyria
 * Bato the Breucian (fl. 8 CE), chieftain of the Breuci in Illyria

Surname

 * István Bató (1812–1890), Hungarian businessman
 * Joseph Bato (1888–1966), Hungarian artist, film art director and costume designer
 * Mohammad Zainoden Bato (1944 or 1945–2021), Filipino Moro revolutionary and politician

Nickname

 * Bahrudin Čengić (1931–2007), Bosnian screenwriter and film director
 * Ronald dela Rosa (born 1962), Filipino politician and former Director General of the Philippine National Police
 * Bato Govedarica (1928–2006), Serbian-American National Basketball Association player

Philippines

 * Bato, Camarines Sur, a 3rd class municipality
 * Bato station, a railway station
 * Bato, Catanduanes, a 5th class municipality
 * Bato, Leyte, a 4th class municipality
 * Lake Bato, Camarines Sur

Elsewhere

 * Bato or Vato, a small mountain town in Burma, site of a battle in the Burma Campaign
 * Bato, Tochigi, Japan, a former town, now part of Nakagawa

Arts and entertainment

 * Bato: The General Ronald dela Rosa Story, a 2019 Filipino biographical film
 * Bato, a character from the TV series Avatar: The Last Airbender
 * "Bato", lead track of the 1994 album Circus by Eraserheads

Other uses

 * Bato (culture), pre-Columbian culture of the present Central Chile; for example, see El Quisco
 * Dutch ship Staaten Generaal, renamed Bato in 1798

title: Bato


text:
Kotturu, Karnataka

Kotturu is a town and taluk in the Vijayanagara district of the Indian state of Karnataka. It was the home of Guru Kottureshwara, a 15th-century Shaivite saint. Every year, over 200,000 people congregate during the car festival (rathotsava) held in February.

Kotturu is legendary for a dish called mandakki-menasinakayi, a mixture of puffed rice with savories, accompanied by chili pepper fritters. The chilli peppers are slit along their lengths, stuffed with a condiment of salt and crushed cumin, dipped in lentil batter, and deep-fried.

Historically, Kotturu was well-known for its cotton gin industry and as the terminus of a train route from Hospet. In 2019, that railway line was extended to Harihara and upgraded to the meter gauge.

History
Kottur is named after Saint Kottureshwara, so its history stems from the history of Guru Kottureshwara. Legend has it that, when the Lingayath Dharma was leaning towards Vedic Sanathana style, to refine and to create awareness about Basavadi pranitha sharana Dharma to people and to make them understand about shatsthala, Ashtavarana Lord Kottureswara spent his lifetime here. That is why devotees call him as Astavarana Tatvopadeshi Guru. It is believed that he placed in his heart all the people and solved everyone's problems.

The Virasaiva religion was brought into practice by Lord Basavanna in the 12th century and lord Kottureswara was the continuity of same sharana parampare established by Basavanna and sharanas. Kottu or Kodu in Kannada means give and Eshwar means God (Kotu + Eshwara= Kottureshwara). No one knows about the birth and childhood of Kottureswara, but he reached Shikhapura at a young age. He travelled from North Kashmir to Kanyakumari. During the ruling of Akbar in Delhi, Lord Kottureswar appeared in the bedroom of Akbar's wife as an Old saint and blessed her. Hearing the voice of the old man, the guard informed this to the emperor. Akbar in anger came in to the queen's bedroom and saw the mid aged person sleeping in the queen's bed. For the Queen Kottureshwara appeared as a saint and for Akbar he appeared as an ordinary man. In his fury, he attacked Kottureshwar with sword but to his astonishment the sword became a flower Garland. By this Akbar realized his mistake and surrendered to the Lord. Lord Kottureshwar blessed Akbar and the Rajput queen. Akbar presented Lord Kottureshwar with his Sword and the Cot on which lord Kottureshwara was sleeping. This Cot is located at Gachchina Mutt of Kotturu even now. He also offered him Sarsipura or Shikapura an independent territory which was under his ruling.

Lord Kottureswara's temples are divided into 4 shrines in Kottur
 * 1) Murkalmutt (3 stone shrine)
 * 2) Thotalmutt (shrine with cradle)
 * 3) Darbarmutt or Doddamutt (king assembly shrine or big shrine)
 * 4) Gachina mutt (shrine where saint returns kailsa by meditating)

In first mutt is the one where the Lord appeared first in the land of Kotturu. Second mutt is where the lord blessed a child. Third Is the mutt where he used give sadare (preaching on religion) and solve the problems of the people. The fourth is the mutt where Guru Kottureswara entered Ikya Stala the final stage of Shudstala (Yoga Samadhi).

There is another story related to the Gachhina mutt. Earlier this used to be a temple of Lord Veerabhadra. Once people started visiting Lord Kottureswara to get the blessings, and begin to lessen the worship of lord Veerabhadra. Lord Veerabhadra complained about this to Lord Kottureshwara. Then the guru asked him to occupy another place called Kodathgudda where Lord Veerabhadra's temple is situated now. This is also an equally famous temple in this region.

Lord Kottureshwara visited a village near Mysuru and noticed the devotion of a priest in the temple (named Karilingeswara). He requested him to come with him and be his disciple and henceforth the priest of the temple in Kotturu. There is also a saying that he ordered only the children from his family should to be the priests for the forthcoming generations. Hence to take care of the priest's family a land was given in the nearby village called K. Ayyanahalli. There is a temple dedicated to Karilingeswara in this village. Some of the descendants of his family continue to do the worship at the Hiremath and stay in this village.

In memory of Lord Kottureshwara, devotees name their sons as Kotresh and daughters as Kotturamma. These names are commonly found in and around Kotturu.

There is an annual fair which happens just before MahaShivaratri. Devotees from all over assemble to witness the fair and the car festival. Some of the devotees even reach Kottur by walk from their native place. During the month of December there will be Karthikotsava.

There is a temple of Kotturamma (Parvathi) on the outskirts of Kottur. Kotturamma is neither the wife or related to Lord Kottureshwara but a form of Goddess Parvathi. The Karnam family of Kottur maintains the temple. There is a festival in every August where in which lakhs of people attend the festival. The place is famed by a veteran theater person Kotturappa, a legendary actor, whose performance in the role of Danashoora Karna is widely known throughout Karnataka. Deshi, Devaramane Shivanandappa, is the first Writer from this place who was also a sub editor of the local daily, RAITA, from Bellary. Bhadrashhetty Sanna Rudrappa, Gorali Sharanappa, Dr. Alabur Nanjappa are a few freedom fighters from this place.

Geography
Kottur is located at 14.82°N, 76.22°W. It has an average elevation of 587 metres (1925 feet).

Demographics
India census, Kottur had a population of 22,667. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Kotturu has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 61%. In Kotturu, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Transport
Currently, there is only one express train through Kotturu, which connects Bellary to Hosapete Davanagere. A new train is to be started from Vijayapura to Yeshwanthpur via Hosapete, Kotturu, Harapanahalli, Davanagere every day.

title: Kotturu, Karnataka


text:
User:Ataru

All right, I suppose I should have at least this much on my wiki page. I haven't contributed enough (yet) to warrant anything more exciting. Ciao.

Editing acronymns:

YAB - Yet Another Bug, typically of my own making. A screwup.

CIAD - A screwup that is not a bug per se.

title: User:Ataru


text:
Atlantic menhaden

The Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) is a North American species of fish in the herring family, Alosidae.

Atlantic menhaden are found in North Atlantic coastal and estuarine waters from Nova Scotia south to northern Florida. They are commonly found in all salinities of the Chesapeake Bay and Mid-Atlantic water. They swim in large schools that stratify by size and age along the coast. Younger and smaller fish are found in the Chesapeake Bay and southern coastline while older, larger fish are found along the northern coastline.

Characteristics
Atlantic menhaden are silvery coloured fishes characterized by a moderately compressed body and a black spot on their shoulder behind their gill openings. They can reach a size of approximately 15 inches.

Diet
The Atlantic menhaden is a filter feeder; it collects food by filtering water through modifications of the branchial apparatus (gill arches and gill rakers). Its diet depends on the size of their gill rakers, which change as menhaden age. When the rakers are smaller (typically less than 1 year old) Atlantic menhaden feed primarily on zooplankton. As they age and their gill rakers grow larger, menhaden shift their diet to primarily consume phytoplankton.

Life cycle
Atlantic menhaden can spawn year round in inshore waters off the Atlantic coast, with the highest spawning rates near North Carolina in the late fall. The eggs hatch in the open ocean and the larvae drift to sheltered estuaries via ocean currents. The young spend a year developing in these estuaries before returning to the open ocean. At this early stage, they are commonly known as "peanut bunker". Atlantic menhaden usually do not become sexually mature until the end of their second year, after which they reproduce until death. A young, sexually mature female can produce roughly 38,000 eggs, while a fully mature female can produce upwards of 362,000.

Eggs are buoyant and hatch within 2 to 3 days depending on the temperature. The larvae will spend 1 to 3 months in waters over the continental shelf. The Chesapeake Bay is a popular nursery for juvenile menhaden. Larval fish will enter the Bay in late winter and early summer. The larval fish will move into lower salinity waters in estuarine tributaries while juvenile and immature fish remain in the Bay until the fall. Atlantic menhaden can live up to 10 to 12 years.

Predators
Atlantic menhaden are preyed upon by fish such as striped bass, weakfish and bluefish, and by birds such as ospreys and eagles. Humpback whales off the coast of New Jersey feed on Atlantic menhaden. Other cetaceans, such as fin whales and dolphins also eat menhaden. Dolphins can eat up to 20 pounds of Atlantic menhaden a day.

Historical uses
Menhaden have historically been used as a fertilizer for crops. It is likely that menhaden is the fish that Squanto taught the Pilgrims to bury alongside freshly planted seeds as fertilizer. Other uses for menhaden include: feed for animals, bait for fish, oil for human consumption, oil for manufacturing purposes and oil as a fuel source.

In the early years of the United States, Atlantic menhaden were being harvested by thousands of fishing ships. The Atlantic coastline was lined with processing facilities to quickly transform the fish into a product of worth, typically oil but later fish meal became more popular. Tragedy of the commons set in and the menhaden population began to dwindle. Many of these small companies could not manage, which left only a handful of menhaden fishing companies to remain on the Atlantic coast.

While many sources today claim that the menhaden is inedible, the fish were once consumed as sardines might be, or fried. Maine fishermen, for example, would eat fried pogies for breakfast. The fish that were not sold for bait would be sold to the poorer classes for food.

Commercial fishery
In the Atlantic, menhaden are targeted by two types of fisheries, a reduction fishery and a bait fishery. They are also taken directly by recreational fishing for use as bait.

The reduction fishery processes whole menhaden into fish meal, fish oil, and fish solubles while the bait fishery supplies fishermen with menhaden as bait for key commercial and recreational fisheries. Both menhaden fisheries use a process known as purse seine fishing, in which two fishing boats surround a single school of fish with a large net. Purse seining is one of the most efficient methods of fishing available, with one of the lowest levels of bycatch. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization has cited the Atlantic and Gulf menhaden fisheries as having one of the lowest levels of bycatch in the world. The reduction fishery is largely based in the Chesapeake Bay and nearby Atlantic waters, and its season runs annually starting in May through the fall.

The bait fishery operates throughout the Atlantic coastline, ranging from North Carolina to New England. Cast nets are also used for bait catch in the recreational fishing sector.

The fishery's sustainability has also been certified by independent organizations. Friend of the Sea, an international seafood sustainability certification program, has recognized both the Atlantic menhaden and Gulf menhaden fisheries as sustainable. This is both due to the healthy status of the stock as well as the fishery's low levels of bycatch, which it achieves with the use of purse seine nets.

Management
Atlantic menhaden are managed by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC), an interstate compact formed under an agreement by the 15 Atlantic coast states. Like with other species, the ASMFC manages menhaden to prevent overfishing and to keep the stock from being overfished. There is a subtle but distinct difference between the two designations. Overfishing occurs when too many fish are being taken from the population of a fish stock. A stock is considered overfished when it is not able to produce enough new fish to maintain the population.

The ASMFC uses two biological measurements, or reference points, to measure the health of the menhaden stock. To determine if the stock is overfished, the ASMFC measures fecundity (FEC), the number of mature eggs in the menhaden population, which indicates the stock's reproductive capability. To measure overfishing, the ASMFC monitors fish mortality (F), the measure of the amount of fish removed from the water. In 2010, the ASMFC's stock assessment found that the stock's mortality levels were high enough that overfishing was occurring, but its fecundity level indicated that it was not overfished.

Because the ASMFC's 2010 assessment concluded that Atlantic menhaden was experiencing overfishing, some conservation, fishing and other organizations began urging the commission to impose new harvest restrictions, and the ASMFC began the process of drafting new catch limits. This culminated the development of Amendment 2 to the menhaden Fishery Management Plan that established a total allowable catch (TAC) of 170,800 metric tons (376,549,544 pounds), effectively reducing the coastwide harvest by 20 percent compared to average landings from 2009 to 2011.

The cuts followed a sustained campaign by environmental groups like Chesapeake Bay Foundation, as well as authors like Paul Greenberg, who called for a ban on fishing menhaden in US federal waters and the Chesapeake Bay. The decision was opposed by many working in the menhaden fishery, who considered the cuts unnecessary and economically harmful.

The TAC created the first ever coastwide catch limit, though the ASMFC had earlier instituted a harvest cap on the number of menhaden that can be caught in the Chesapeake Bay to address concerns of localized depletion. According to recent reports, the stocks are not overfished in the Chesapeake Bay.

Critics have since evaluated several claims made about the status of menhaden during the development of the 2012 management measures. For example, claims about historic overfishing of menhaden made by the Pew Charitable Trusts were rated “mostly false” by the Providence Journal's Politifact column, which took issue with Pew saying 90 percent decline in abundance had occurred in recent years, rather than citing the 88 percent decline from 1982 to 2008.

The latest stock assessment, published in early 2015, indicates that the stock is not currently subject to overfishing and has not been at an overfished population level since the 1990s. The ASMFC unanimously accepted the stock assessment to use for management in May 2015 and increased the TAC to 187,880 metric tons (414,204,498 pounds). They also voted to begin Amendment 3 to consider changes to the current state‐by‐state allocation scheme and establish ecological reference points to help them, as Menhaden Management Board Chair Robert Boyles stated in the ASFMC's May 6, 2015 press release, fully evaluat[e] the ecological role of Atlantic menhaden through the amendment process.”

Dead zone
While popularly cited as filter feeders that remove excess algae and nutrients from the water, evidence suggests that menhaden do not significantly impact water quality. Adult menhaden largely do not eat phytoplankton, whose excessive growth leads to dead zones, instead feeding mainly on zooplankton. There is evidence that, because menhaden secrete nitrogen, that they may actually be a net contributor to phytoplankton growth.

Separate, but related, to the issue of dead zones are fish kills, where large numbers of menhaden or other fish will turn up dead in a single area. According to the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, which investigates fish kills in the Chesapeake Bay, the causes of fish kills are varied, but often are related to environmental factors such as low amounts of oxygen in the water, algal blooms, and water temperatures that are either too hot or too cold. Other factors, such as the dumping hazardous materials or excess bycatch, can also contribute.

Striped bass
Due to the change in striped bass population many have begun to cite the commercial harvesting of menhaden as the reasoning behind the shift. Several claims state that menhaden are a key staple in the striped bass diet. However, other studies see the striped bass as an opportunistic feeder with a variety of aquatic creatures that it consumes and therefore does not completely rely on the menhaden. In fact, menhaden has been represented as low as 8% of the striped bass diet.

History of the names

 * Menhaden - comes from the Native American word munnawhatteaug or Narragansett munnawhatteaûg which means "that which manures" (fertilizer). The Native Americans would use the menhaden to fertilize their crops.
 * American sardine - in the 1800s Americans would prepare and consume the menhaden like the European sardine.
 * Bony-fish, hard-head- describes the structure of the fish.
 * Bug-fish, bug-head - the name comes from the presence of a parasitic crustacean (Olencira praegustator) that is found in the mouth of the menhaden.
 * Bunker - a regional slang term used by fishermen in the Northeastern United States.
 * Fat-back - used to describe the oily flesh found on the menhaden.
 * Mossbunker- comes from the Dutch word Marsbanker that translates to horse mackerel, which is a similar looking fish found in the Netherlands. The Dutch colonists began reusing the name to describe the menhaden.
 * Pogy- comes from the Native American (possibly Eastern Abenaki) word pauhagen or pookagan which holds the same meaning as Munnawhatteaug.
 * White-fish- used to describe North American fresh-water fish.
 * Yellow-tail, yellow-tailed shad, green-tail- used to describe the tint of the caudal fin.
 * Shad, alewife, and herring - terms representing the herring family have come to be used to describe the menhaden.

title: Atlantic menhaden


text:
Walter Case Jr.

Walter H. Case Jr. is an American harness racing driver from Maine.

Career
Walter Case Jr. has held several driving records, including the all-time record for most driving wins in one calendar year (1998) with 1,077. (This record was broken on November 27, 2007, by Tim Tetrick). He has won driving titles at many racetracks such as Yonkers Raceway and Northfield Park. He was voted the Harness Tracks of America Driver of the Year in 1991, 1992, and 1998.

Domestic violence and prison term
In 2003, Walter Case Jr. was convicted of stabbing his then-estranged wife with a steak knife. He served four years of a five-year sentence at the Belmont Correctional Institution in Ohio.

title: Walter Case Jr.


text:
Dulag

Dulag may refer to:

 * Macliing Dulag, an assassinated Filipino indigenous peoples' rights activist
 * Dulag, Leyte, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Dulag or Durchgangslager, the German term for a prisoner transit camp

title: Dulag


text:
User talk:Ormanbotanigi

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ormanbotanigi


text:
Jaro

Jaro may refer to:

 * Jaro, Iloilo City, a district of Iloilo City, Philippines
 * Jaro, Indonesia, a subdistrict in Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan
 * Jaro, Leyte, a municipality in the province of Leyte, Philippines
 * Jaro Medien (Jaro Media), a German music company
 * JARO Records, an American subsidiary of Rank Records Ltd (UK)
 * Jaro–Winkler distance
 * FF Jaro, a Finnish football club
 * Jaro, a character in the book The Letter for the King
 * Killamanjaro, nicknamed Jaro, a Reggae sound system

title: Jaro


text:
User:Dzzl/mick

(Irish)

title: User:Dzzl/mick


text:
Javier (name)

Javier is the Spanish spelling of the masculine name Xavier.

The name derives from the Catholic saint called Francis de Xavier, where Xavier refers to the saint's birthplace. This birthplace name, in turn, has Basque roots, etymologically originating in the word etxaberri (etxe berri in standard spelling), meaning "castle" or "new house".

The original place name went through a Romance phonetic change in Navarro-Aragonese, a Romance language spoken in the neighbouring Romanzado (cf. Leire) from the Early Middle Ages. Like examples can be found in Irunberri > Lumbier, Erronkari > Roncal. It was later borrowed by Castilian. Other variations of this name include Xaverius, Xever, Javiero, and Saverio. The feminine names Javiera, Saveria, Zaviera, and Saverina are less common.

Etxeberria, Echeverría, Echevarría, Etxebarri, and Chávarri are Basque surnames related to the name by etymology.

Its diffusion is due to the fame of Jesuit priest and missionary Saint Francis Xavier (San Francisco Javier). When he was canonized, places and people were named after him, which popularized the name.

Contemporary use of the name Javier is found in Spain, Equatorial Guinea and Latin American countries, where it is popular.

Etymology: from Etxaberri to Javier

 * Loss of the initial e
 * Loss of the ending i
 * Middle, accentuated, e became the diphthongized form ie
 * Old Spanish X was pronounced as in Basque, like an English sh. Old Spanish  then merged with J (then pronounced the English and later the French way) into, which is now spelled J and pronounced like Scottish or German ch or as English h.

Pronunciation
In the English-speaking world, especially in the British media, the pronunciation of "Javier" is frequently confused with the pronunciation of French words or names ending in "-ier" such as Xavier or Olivier. The resulting pronunciation "HAV-ee-ay" is a hybrid of Spanish, French and English. In Spanish, correctly spoken, the final syllable sounds much like the English word "air", not the English word "eh".

In other languages

 * Aragonese Chabier
 * Asturian: Xabel
 * Basque: Xabier
 * Castilian: Javier
 * Catalan Xavier
 * 🏴 English: Xavier
 * 🇫🇷 French: Xavier
 * Galician: Xabier
 * 🇩🇪 German: Xaver
 * 🇮🇹 Italian: Saviero or Saverio
 * 🇻🇦 Latin: Xaverius
 * 🇲🇹 Maltese: Saverju
 * Leonese: Xabiere
 * 🇵🇭 Philippine languages: Javier or Xavier
 * 🇵🇱 Polish: Ksawery
 * 🇵🇹 Portuguese: Xavier
 * 🇷🇺 Russian: Ксаверий (Ksavierij)

Fictional Characters

 * Javier Escuella, a supporting character in the Red Dead Redemption video game series
 * Javier "Javi" Garcia, the protagonist of The Walking Dead: A New Frontier video game

title: Javier (name)


text:
User:Karl-Friedrich Lenz~enwiki

Hello, my web page is here and I write Lenz Blog. I am a law professor at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo.

policies and guidelines

title: User:Karl-Friedrich Lenz~enwiki


text:
Julita

Julita may refer to:

 * Julita, Leyte, municipality in the province of Leyte, Philippines
 * Julița, a village in Vărădia de Mureș Commune, Arad County, Romania
 * Julița, a tributary of the Mureș in Arad County, Romania
 * Julita parish in the county of Södermanland, Sweden, site of Julita manor
 * Julita Abbey (former)
 * Saint Julitta or Julietta

title: Julita


text:
Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved

The Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved is an appellate court within the hierarchy of ecclesiastical courts of the Church of England. Hearing cases involving church doctrine, ceremony, or ritual, the court has jurisdiction over both the Province of Canterbury and the Province of York. Appeals from the court are heard in a Commission of Review.

Activity
The Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved was created in 1963 with appellate jurisdiction in matters of doctrine, ritual or ceremonial.

Complaints against priests or deacons may be vetoed by their bishop and those against a bishop by the appropriate archbishop. Before a case is heard, a preliminary enquiry by a committee decides whether there is a case to answer. In the case of a priest or deacon, the Committee of Inquiry consists of the diocesan bishop, two members of the Lower House of Convocation of the province, and two diocesan chancellors. There are other provisions where the accused is a bishop.

If the committee allows the case to proceed, the Upper House of Convocation appoints a complainant against the accused in the Court for Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved, where the procedure resembles that of an assize court exercising jurisdiction but without a jury. However, the court sits with five advisers chosen from panels of theologians or liturgiologists.

As of 2012, the court has sat in only two cases:
 * Re St Michael and All Angels, Great Torrington
 * Re St Stephen Walbrook

The first case dealt with the introduction of an icon and candlestick into a church without a faculty (exemption from the usual practice) being granted beforehand. The second case allowed the use of a marble sculpture by Henry Moore as an altar table.

Composition
The court's five judges are appointed by the Sovereign. Two must be judges (or have held high judicial office), and must also be communicant members of the Church of England; the remaining three must be (or have been) diocesan bishops.

In criminal cases there must be not be fewer than three nor more than five advisers, who are selected by the Dean of the Arches and Auditor from a panel of eminent theologians and liturgiologists.

Current members
The following were appointed to the court by royal warrant under the royal sign manual for a five-year term beginning on 1 December 2021:
 * Martin Warner (Bishop of Chichester)
 * Rachel Treweek (Bishop of Gloucester)
 * Guli Francis-Dehqani (Bishop of Chelmsford)
 * Keith Lindblom (a Lord Justice of Appeal)
 * Stephen Males (a Lord Justice of Appeal)

title: Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved


text:
Kleinruppin Forever

Kleinruppin forever is a German romantic comedy film, released in late 2004.

The film is set in 1985 and stars Tobias Schenke as Tim Winter, a West German teenager from Bremen with aspirations of being a professional tennis player. On a school trip to East Germany, Tim meets his identical twin brother Ronny (also played by Tobias Schenke). Ronny switches places with Tim, forcing Tim to experience life and love in East Germany.

The film can be seen as part of the Ostalgie movement, similar to the films Good Bye, Lenin! (2003) and Sonnenallee (1999), which look back nostalgically at life in East Germany.

title: Kleinruppin Forever