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Talk:Option (finance)/Archive 1

Option Premiums
Could someone please explain how the options premium is caluclated? Is it always just the difference between the spot price and the forward price? or do financial instos set their own prems depending on sentiment? thanks.

Calculating Option Premiums
Here's a link to the page on it.

Switching option
Hello

could anyone explain what concretly a switching option is and how to calculate the option price?

 * I had never heard of a switching option and from the red link you can tell we don't have an article on them, but googling for exactly that phrase gives a few good results among the first few including this one, a 26 page pdf paper analyzing the pricing of switchin options. It never gives a clear definition, but notes they are a type of real option. - Taxman Talk 05:34, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

Vanilla Option merge
I went ahead and merged the Vanilla Option article into this one. The only trouble is that I couldn't find much in there that I thought was to the point. In any case the original text follows. If anybody wants to put some of this back in, be my guest. Smallbones 05:02, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

In finance, a vanilla option is a type of derivative. Though the term is very widely used throughout financial literature and the financial markets, it lacks a precise definition. Generally speaking a vanilla option is a 'simple' option in some sense. For example, a particular type of option may be described as vanilla if it is well-established in the financial markets and is easy to trade - vanilla options typically have good liquidity at a wide range of strike prices and maturities. The term vanilla option is almost always used in a context where there is a more complex or exotic option being considered. Thus in one context a particular instrument may be considered to be vanilla but exotic in an other. A striking example is the following sequence of instruments, each of which is exotic compared to the previous one in the list but rather vanilla compared to the next:

financial future → interest rate swap → european swaption → bermudan swaption  → rollercoaster bermudan swaption.

(Note the first two of these are instruments without optionality, the term vanilla is applied to these too).

Calibration and hedging are key factors in determining which instruments are called vanilla. For example a bermudan swaption may be hedged by a collection of european swaptions. Thus a trader in the bermudan market will likely think of european swaptions as the vanilla. Further a model developed to price bermudan options may be calibrated (i.e. have its parameters chosen) such that the model gives the same prices as those found in the market for european swaptions. That is, the model takes the european prices as given and uses them to determine a price for the more complex bermudan product. Again the term vanilla describes the european swaptions and exotic describes the bermudan.

Even with the above caveats there are instruments almost universally termed vanilla in various markets. In the foreign exchange and stock markets the most vanilla options are european call and put options. In the interest rate market swaps and caps are the vanilla instruments, although the former does not actually involve any optionality. European swaptions are sufficiently liquid to be called vanilla. The credit derivatives market is less mature. Here the three most traded instruments are total return swaps, credit default swaps and credit spread options. These are widely expected to become the mainstream vanilla products of the market in the coming years.

Conversely an exotic option is some instrument that is more complex than the current frame of reference. The term "third generation option" is also used to somewhat frequently - it is not clear exactly which other options would be placed in the first and second generations.

Option Pricing Models
I noted that this section was just taken out. It certainly could use some work. In particular the first sentence seemed a bit ad hoc, and there was little specific info on models. Nevertheless, I think something should be put in its place!

Capital Structure and Dividend Policy
Hi everyone.

Can someone please help me out here. I've got some questions. They are as follows:

1. How do taxes affect capital structure and dividend policy? 2. How do agency relationships affect capital structure and dividend policy? 3. How can capital structure and dividends be used as signals? 4. How can a company hedge an underlying position using a variety of derivative securities? 5. When should options, be exercised? 6. Comment on empirical tests of asset pricing models and theories of dividend policy and capital structure.

I will be extremely grateful if anyone can help me. I am studying at the University of Reading and I need these answers to enable me write my disertation.

Thank you very much in advance.

Obie. (obiokete@yahoo.com) 03 April 06

 * Maybe try reading a textbook! 1-3 and 6 have nothing to do with this article
 * Please also leave my discussion as posted. Perhaps it is a little bit blunt, but the gist is that if you're trying to get the answers for an (undergraduate?) disertation off of an on-line encyclopedia for topics that cover 60% of modern finance, you're really looking in the wrong place - the sooner you find out that you have to read a textbook for these kind of questions, the better.  That said, I do think that Wikipedia has lots of information (and some misinformation) on this stuff, but it still comes down to reading it, understanding it, and then writing it on your own.  Smallbones 14:30, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

More calls than puts trade
It is generally observed that liquidity for Call options is higher than that of Puts. That is, on any given day, the number of Calls traded is *typically* higher than that of Puts. For example, see - http://nseindia.com/marketinfo/fo/fomwatchsymbol.jsp?key=INFOSYSTCH I wish to know the reason behind this, and the answer may be added here as well. Google search didn't help. If anyone knows the reason behind this, please mail it to me at amu1983 (AT) rediffmail (DOT) C0M

 * I don't know of any scientific or "logical" explanation of this but you may take it as a "fact" that in all (or almost all) option markets calls are traded more actively than puts. My "explanation" is simply that people are more comfortable with the idea of purchasing something without paying for it (i.e. being long a futures contract) than of selling something that they don't own (i.e. being short a futures contract).  This carries over into options in that "buying the right to buy" is just more understandable to most people than "buying the right to sell."  In short - limited rationality.

 * The reason is that most brokers will not allow investors to do anything other than sell covered calls. This decision is due to their desire to reserve the 'right' to trade options to wealthy (they say sophisticated) clients.  In order to justify this refusal of access to the public, they use risk arguments like the ones presented here by Ronnotel.  This description of risk is wrong, but he refuses to allow any edits. Since most people think the stock market goes 'up', there will be a bigger market to buy the calls than puts.  For the buyers there is no downside risk.  The premium paid is a known certainty and a sunk cost at the start.  There is only unlimited upside.Retail Investor 17:48, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Retail Investor, I think you are mis-characterizing my comments and actions. First of all, I'm on record as pro-retail investor with official comments I have provided to the SEC. I would be happy to share with you a cite of this off-line. In short, I'm all for the wider use of options by retail investors. Second, I don't really think it's up to me to allow changes to this page - that's done by consensus. I happen to strongly disagree with your view of premium as a sunk cost and I think it's my responsiblity as an editor to argue my viewpoint. Option markets are highly liquid and far more option positions are closed rather than expire - how can you close an option position if you treat the premium as a sunk cost? BTW, I'm all in favor of recent discussion to apply the same margin rules that firms enjoy to customers. I think the current customer margin requirements are ridiculous and are in much need of reform. Ronnotel 19:19, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Opt as an abbreviation
Hi, can anyone here comment on weather opt is a common (enough an) abbreviation for option? There was recently put up a disambiguation for opt, and I'm not sure if the mention (well, actually not even the page entire) is warranted. --Swift 11:22, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

clearer understanding -- categories
i am new to stock, trading, etc... it would help if you could also include categories similar to those in Futures contract - Who trades Futures.. so like "Who trades Options"

Also, it would be make for better viewing if there was a Risks category (perhaps instead of having to search for the word 'risk' in the browser window) ... or Risks vs Return

Is this reasonable for this kind of thing? Knowsitallnot 08:01, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Examples
From the top of the front page: Is this an option? In this situation there is no future exchange to take place at the choice of the holder. This is a straight-up PURCHASE of RIGHTS. The fact that it is a right and not an obligation is coincidental and not related. Discuss before change. --Risce 13:52, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Film or theatrical producers often buy the right — but not the obligation — to dramatize a specific book or script.
 * That is an example of a real option and is definately an option by most definitions. The purchase of rights will only happen at exercise. In fact the rights to produce a film or theatre production are what will be transfered in the future. The option only gives them the option to buy the rights in the future which would entail a negotiated percentage of profits or whatever else is agreed upon. The option therefore has a current price less than actually buying the rights. If the option expires unused, the rights could be purchased by someone else in the future instead. - Taxman Talk 15:55, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Thank you.--Risce 18:13, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Aristotle and the Thales Option-Tale
The original text by Aristotle says nothing which permits the conclusion that Thales actually bought a call-option. It remains doubtful what the actual arrangement was. The Greek words misthôsamenon and arrabônas, which Aristotle uses, do not permit the conclusion that Thales did not owe the full rent for the olive presses at a later date regardless of the outcome of the harvest.

The Greek word misthoô is commonly translated with to let out for hire, farm out, let. Also the Greek word arrabônas, (arrabôn meaning earnest-money), which Aristotle uses to describe the legal nature of the payment does not give a definite answer regarding what the legal implications of the arrangement of Thales. The assumption is that the lessor could keep the earnest-money as a penalty if the lessee walked away from the contract but this assumption is based on the historically later use of the word arrabôn particularly on the use of the Latin word arra. So unless you equate a contractual penalty with an option-premium the downpayment which Thales paid to the lessors of the olive-presses had no legal similarity with a call-option. In economic terms the arrangemnt by Thales may have been a Real-Option if, and only if the lessor's only recourse was to keep the earnest-money as a penalty. Aside from this the context in which Aristotle reported the story of Thales deals not with financial instruments but with the issue of monopolizing trade.

As is not uncommon we tend to interpret a historical context with our present (legal) understanding were the lessee/buyer foregoes the deposit in the event he does not sign the final contract (jurisdiction pending), but we do not have a truly clear picture regarding the contractual details that Thales agreed upon since Aristotle does not elaborate on the details and the laws at the time Thales lived are poorly understood, if at all. Popeye2 17:18, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Thales done bit the dust. Smallbones

New Material
The new material, organization, re-write looks pretty good. Some grammer, spelling, mild POV statements should be corrected, and I'll attempt later. I did take out the following which seems extremely subjective. This type of statement might be applied to any model, thus seems to misunderstand the meaning of models.
 * "Even though there are pricing models, the value of an option is a personal decision, requiring multiple trade offs. As an example, the valuation of stock option calls can involve the comparison of various metrics.  The Excel model here [] automates some of there."

Smallbones 09:26, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Let me respond. It was my input. A huge problem I have with how options are presented to the public is the way they are valued. Everytime, people are told their value IS $XXX. This is always a model value (usually B-S). You may know that a 'model' is a 'model' but the public is left with a statement of fact. It leaves the impressison that THAT IS the value to everyone. But the value to YOU is your personal response to the risk/reward trade off. Depending what your investing objective (see the spreadsheet and discussion on website) there are different metrics that form the base of your decision. Value is subjective in options, just like in stocks. People should have access to the metrics for decision making. By the way those metrics in the spreadsheet come from the options 'Bible'. They are not my person POV. Will people please first look at the spreadsheet and then comment how it is subjective. Retail Investor 00:56, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Risks section removed
While I hate to be discouraging, I had to remove the section entitled Risks because it over-simplifies and quite honestly mis-states the risks faced by the buyer of an option. In fact, the buyer of an option faces numerous risks, much more than simply buying the underlier. These risks include:

 * Loss of entire premium paid for the option
 * Risk that implied volatility in the option will fall
 * Risk that the underlier, if it's a stock, changes it's anticipated dividend (can result in unexpected loss)
 * If long a call, risk that the underlier becomes hard to borrow, and therefore cannot be sold short as a hedge
 * etc.

I think there is room for a section on Risks, but I think it needs to be better sourced before it is included. As a starting point, consider the handbook from the OCC entitled Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options (link provided in article). Ronnotel 19:38, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I rewrote it to incorporate your POV that premiums are not a 100% certain, upfront loss. The other risks you list are detailed reasons for losing that really require a textbook. I think anyone actually trading options should read a textbook.  This is a good warning.207.102.255.231 17:22, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * As worded, I believe the section is somewhat unencyclopedic. If we are going to have a section on the risks of trading options, then it should explain all of the risks. It sounds like your purpose is to warn retail investors about trading options - I would argue that is not the purpose of this article or Wikipedia in general. Please give me three days to work up some candidate text - until then, as we don't have consensus, I suggest we leave the section out for now. Ronnotel 17:38, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I've provided some candidate text for the Risks section. My intent is to provide a more thorough overview of the topic. Ronnotel 20:15, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I would vote to delete all the stuff in the list of 'other risks'. 1) They represent only the different causes for the risk stated in the first paragraph.  2) Readers who don't already know all about options won't understand it.Retail Investor 17:16, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I can see your point - however as a general encyclopedia, I believe Wikipedia articles on specialist topics such as options should contain detailed information - even if it is not immediately helpful to the non-specialist. I tried to maintain the level of detail that's in line with articles on options elsewhere on WP. Ronnotel 17:30, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

I rewrote the risk because your list of risks is really just a rehash of the attributes determining value. The risk is that the value changes. Quantifying risk as known, limited, and unlimited is more useful.Retail Investor 18:12, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Fair enough - your rewrite is thoughtful and quite useful. However, I disagree with the lottery ticket analogue. In practice, most options are closed rather than expire. I think it would naive for a trader, even a retail investor, to forego this possibility by regarding the premium as a sunk cost when it quite clearly a tradable asset. Ronnotel 19:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Enough already207.102.255.229 20:03, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm - you appear to have arbitrarily removed edits that were made in good faith and for which justification was provided. Can you please provide some explanation other than this? Ronnotel 20:11, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Let me get this staight. You are complaining because someone removes your work?  Don't you remember deleting my whole new section, without even replacing it with anything.  And deleting everything I have written since within minutes? Retail Investor 01:25, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not complaining about having my work removed - the whole thing belongs to WP once you hit the Save page. I'm pointing out that you failed to 1) assume good faith on my part, and 2) strive for consensus before making edits. Yes, I removed some of your changes at first but not without engaging you and explaining my point of view. I've made an argument for removing some text - options are highly liquid instruments and I fail to see how it helps the article to characterize premium as a wasted asset. I think that is misleading. Ronnotel 02:49, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * You never bothered to create the section yourself. You did not "remove some of your changes at first".  You have deleted every single entry by me and the other guy as soon as it was posted, even without replacement, even after your POV was included.  None of your input included our POV.  You stated that my entry "oversimplified and misstates" when in fact it covered more ground than your replacement -  upside and downside risk.  You did not understand until you were told twice, that your perceptions of multiple risks were really just a list of factors deciding value.  You think that by referencing a textbook we will think you understand what you are talking about. The POV you use for justifying changes is "I represent Wiki", so you are the sinner. You still don't know the difference between a certainty and a risk.  I won't be changing your input.  You can stop lurking and get some sleep.Retail Investor 14:19, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * And I think you need to stop taking this so personally. Ronnotel 14:39, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Screening tools
"External links - remove link spam - there are lots of screening tools out there, why does this one need to be linked?"

I find option screeners to be useful for the wikipedia community. This is one that I use frequently. It's content is related to this topic and provides information that you won't necessarily find on this page. If you don't like the screener I linked to, then find another one and put it there in it's place. But, I do feel like there needs to be one. If you disagree, then please explain.GeneralBob 22:40, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * To be honest, it seems like link spam - and how do you choose one screener above the others? If you feel option screeners are an important topic (which I don't doubt), how about writing an article on option screeners and linking to that? Ronnotel 23:17, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * That might be an option to consider. However, wouldn't that present the same problem as here?  Which one(s) do you pick without showing favoritism to one in particular?  Do you list all of them? GeneralBob 23:48, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, there are many pages talking about various services, software programs, etc. I think it could start out as just a stub with a favorite link or two, and then let WP handle the rest. What do you think? Ronnotel 01:06, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a plan to me. Although, I've never created a stub before.  Can you lend a hand in this area? GeneralBob 02:14, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I've got a paragraph or two written - why don't you take a look and see what you can add? Ronnotel 12:31, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks good. I'll take a deeper look later this afternoon and see what I can add. GeneralBob 13:47, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge Equity derivative into this page
See Talk:Equity derivative for discussion Ronnotel 21:30, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Up-side risk
My previous use of the term upside risk was recently deleted and reinstated. Obviously some people are not familiar with the term. 207.102.255.230 21:19, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The term is in common use, although there is some debate. That is why I gave the definition.  Do a google search on the term.
 * Investors use a presumed rate of return in their calculation of an asset's price. They presume a higher return for equity than for the certainty of t-bills.  But there is no guarantee of equity returns.  Any actual return that is lower than the presumed rate is a 'loss', because it means too much was paid for the asset.  If you demand that the word 'risk' apply only to risk of loss, then this explains what up-side risk is.
 * In finance, risk has a meaning that is different from the dictionary definition. Equity risk is measured by the variability of returns (standard deviation) around a mean.  The deviations ABOVE the mean are just as much a factor in the measure of risk as the fluctuations BELOW the mean.  Both contribute to risk.
 * Baked into the price of options is risk, measured by the implied volatility of the underlying asset. Because of arbitrage, the exact same measure of risk is used to price both the puts (downside) and calls (upside) of the stock.  Risk is applied to both upsides and downsides.

Other financial option contracts
I put in other uses of options to LEAD OFF the story, following my contribution to the Theatrical producer article. Ms. Retail Investor, who maintains an empty talk page, immediately removed it with no explanation. But these types of financial option transactions need to be dealt with at the start for the benefit of innocents who have no idea of the arcane world of options and won't look for "Historical uses of options." which should be at the start anyway not down there. Any thoughts on this? Anybody? JohnClarknew 18:57, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Silence, so the heck with it, I just made the change with links, and did not touch the body of the rest of the article which is excellent (imho) except at "history". JohnClarknew 21:44, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I would disgree that other uses of options needs to be described in the lead paragraphs as you have done here. Ronnotel 21:49, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Suggestion: at the top we add: For options involving real assets such as real estate, intellectual property, etc. see real options. and then revert to the previous text? Ronnotel 22:00, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The main problem Ronnotel, as I see it, is that the original sin was to claim the article title Option instead of Option (financial instrument). I have, and do, buy options in the stock market, film world and Broadway, and I remember once in property too (but not, so far, for a book). I am thinking of the reader who maybe wants to buy a play or film or book option (most of the entertainment world wants to do this, I know, I live in the middle of Hollywood), and would look where, and then how, to do it, and get lost and discouraged, they would never type out 'Real option, a coined word. Disambiguation won't help them. If you agree, with your WIKI experience (more than mine, I'm sure), then I suggest that the heading description be changed to Option (financial instrument), lose my intro, and the heading for Real options be changed to, simply, Option, where all these others can be introduced and linked. (Also, I think that article needs to be somewhat re-written for clarity.)
 * Is it possible to bring up pages, and delete and paste under a new heading, or does that do something strange to the system?
 * Short of that, and if we're stuck with the present problem as it developed, I strongly believe that the current Option article should be left as is. JohnClarknew 23:05, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I understand your point, however I suspect that there is a consensus among the contributors to this page that the definition of option as a financial instrument outweighs it's usage in terms a real option. I believe the proper WP style in a situation like this is to maintain the commonly accepted definition, while providing disambiguation text for the alternate meaning. Since you are proposing a major change to the sense of the article, I think it would be a good idea to get consensus on this before hand. What do others think? Ronnotel 23:16, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * OK. I hope new contributors will come in. I don't agree that the word option is commonly accepted and first recognized as a market strategy. Even those that do know that meaning, market investors, avoid it as high risk gamble for elite "insiders", and leave it to traders, a clubby circle of professionals.  JohnClarknew 01:00, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I think the page as it is doesn't make a lot of sense - it's primarily about financial options, but the lead paragraph is about real options - very confusing. How about this, turn Option into a disambiguation page, create Option (finance) with the current text, minus your additions to the lead. You can put a link on the disambiguation page to Real options or wherever and include whatever description you like as long as it conforms to WP style. Agreed? Ronnotel 13:46, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * As above, silence = consent - changes have been made. Ronnotel 18:26, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * While I agree with how the article are presently named ... Ronnotel essentially did a cut and paste move of the article (or of a previous version of the article) from Option to Option (finance). All of the edit history for the latter is still associated with the former. Why didn't you just move the article before redirecting Option to the disambiguation page? BTW, the disambiguation page should ultimately reside at Option, rather than at Option (disambiguation). Now some edit history surgery will be needed to merge the edit histories. older ≠ wiser 18:08, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Hijacking of Dictionary words
The title of this page did get fixed, eventually, but the simple word still got lost somewhere. Because I feel strongly, in principle, about the ease with which common meanings of words in the English language are manipulated in Wikipedia for the benefit of users with a narrow view, I placed the following on the Village pump (policy) page, and the responses are worth reading:

Somebody writes a specialized article based on a common word, and then claims to own the common word. Dr. Johnson would be horrified. Examples: I'm tired of arguing on their talk pages the merits in favor of Tenure and Option being allowed to retain their common meanings, letting the specialized versions take the hindmost in the shape of a parentheticised word describing the specialty, whatever it is. There should be a tag asking for an admin to either get the page name changed, or have it deleted. Meanwhile, I am sure many users who live outside the U.S. and U.K. are feeling deprived of information they have a right to. At the moment, any attempt to enlighten with an edit at the opening with an explanation that this is not the common usage of the word is reverted by a robocop reciting that Wikipedia is not a dictionary. JohnClarknew 07:04, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
 * JohnClarknew 17:47, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Why do we have two articles Option and Option (finance) that are essentially the same? This is a mess - it can't stay like this. Ronnotel 20:11, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I reinserted the redirect. John - can you please come up with a description for what you consider the standard defintition for an option - I simply have no idea what you're trying to say. You complained that most people would not accept the financial definition as the common one. So fine, I moved the existing text to Option (finance) and modified the disambiguation page to be more prominent. At first you agreed. However, you are now asserting that somehow that isn't good enough and you've reinstated a non-sensical version onto Option. The text somehow starts talking about everyday options (choices?, decisions? I have no idea what the point is) and then jumps into the nitty gritty of pricing and valuating financial options. It was a complete mismatch. You obviously feel strongly about the semantics of the word and I'm happy to back you up, but you need to be clear in what you are trying to do. I read what was written at the villiage pump and I fail to understand why that should be take as consensus for your most recent edit. What I'm asking for is a concise page for Options that doesn't try to mash whatever your definition is with Option (finance). Ronnotel 15:46, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The short answer to the question of why there are two articles is because you did a cut and paste move and John later undid the redirect you had placed in one but did not remove the content from the newly created article. I thik Options probably should be a disambiguation page, but this should be done by properly moving the page, not a cut and paste. older ≠ wiser 19:40, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it's something more than that. I believe John has a notion of what the option page should say - and that it shouldn't be tilted towards the description found at Option (finance). That's fine - because what John is describing really has little to do with that topic. Please feel free to perform whatever administrative steps are required - they are beyond my competence. However, my objection is to mixing up some sort of general purpose description of Option and the description found at Option (finance) Ronnotel 20:10, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Option (finance)/Archive 1


text:
J. W. Storm

Jeffrey Warner (born September 9, 1965) is a retired American professional wrestler and boxer best known by the ring name J. W. Storm.

Storm worked for World Championship Wrestling most notably, as a member of the tag team Maximum Overdrive with Tim Hunt. He also had stints in Pacific Northwest Wrestling and Pro Wrestling America, winning the tag team championships in both promotions.

Early career
Warner started wrestling in 1989 in the NWA's Pacific Northwest territory. He formed a tag team with Art Barr who was using a "Beetlejuice" gimmick called "The Juice Patrol" with Warner becoming "Big Juice". They feuded with Ricky Santana and Curtis Thompson, who formed the tag team "U.S. Male", until Warner was forced to leave the promotion in a "loser leaves town" match on June 30, 1990.

Warner also wrestled in Pro Wrestling America during the late-80s and early-90s and won the tag team titles as one half of Maximum Overdrive with Tim Hunt defeating Matt Derringer and Bret Derringer on June 24, 1989. Holding the titles for nearly a year, they finally lost them to the Steiner Brothers in Atlanta, Georgia on September 17, 1990. Warner, who had previously won the PWA Iron Horse Television title on April 5, 1990, would continue defending the title before jumping to the National Wrestling Alliance in June.

On April 15, 1989 Warner and Hunt received a tryout with World Championship Wrestling, defeating The Tokyo Bullets in Chicago, IL.

World Championship Wrestling (1990)
On the August 24, 1990 episode of WCW's Power Hour, an announcement was made about the forthcoming Clash of the Champions XII that stated that the then NWA/WCW U.S. Tag Team Champions Steiner Brothers would be facing one of three new tag-teams set to debut on that event, the duo known as Maximum Overdrive (the other newcomers being The Nasty Boys and The Master Blasters. The duo would be Tim Hunt (known as Hunter) and Warner, who was dubbed Silencer. Overdrive were defeated by the Steiners at the Clash on September 5, but that proved to be the only match for the tandem.

Twelve days later Warner was repackaged as singles wrestler J.W. Storm, with a look modeled after Steven Seagal from the movie Hard to Kill which had released earlier in the year. Storm defeated Brett Holliday in his debut at the taping for World Championship Wrestling in Macon, GA. Storm began a win streak, defeating Allen Iron Eagle and Tommy Rich before sustaining his first pinfall loss to Brad Armstrong, losing to him at Halloween Havoc '90 in a victory that announcer Jim Ross considered an "upset". This began a losing streak for Storm, who would sustain losses to Tom Zenk, Brad Armstrong, and fellow Portland wrestler The Juicer. Storm would go on to face Mike Rotundo, Terry Taylor, and Dave Taylor. His final match came on November 18 against Tommy Rich.

World Wrestling Federation (1990-1992)
Of the three new teams that were brought into WCW for the September Clash of the Champions XII, neither the Nasty Boys nor Maximum Overdrive appeared to have been on long-term deals. On December 11, 1990 the Nasty Boys made their World Wrestling Federation debut at a WWF Superstars taping in Tampa, Florida; at the same show J.W. Storm received a tryout match and defeated Ricky T. A day later he had another tryout at a Wrestling Challenge taping and was defeated by Shane Douglas. In February 1991 he received a second round of tryouts; on February 18 Storm was defeated by Jim Powers during a WWF Superstars taping. A day later in Ft. Myers, Florida he pinned Scott Allen at a Wrestling Challenge taping in Fort Myers, Florida. Storm received another set of tryouts in December 1991, when he returned on December 3 at a San Antonio, Texas house show and was defeated by Chris Chavis. He again wrestled Chavis the following night at a Superstars taping.

On February 14, 1992 Warner joined the WWF roster full-time. Substituting for Kerry Von Erich, Storm was defeated by The Undertaker in St Louis, Missouri. He saw extensive action in February and March, wrestling "The Model" Rick Martel, The Warlord and Hercules. Storm would gain several victories, pinning Steve Lombardi, Doug Summers, Jim Brunzell, and Kato of The Orient Express during the early part of 1992. Storm gained the services of Jimmy Hart at a Wrestling Challenge TV taping in Portland, Maine on July 21 as he faced the Dublin Destroyer, but this would be his final match of the year.

Personal life
Warner credits his wife Jennifer with saving his life from drug and alcohol abuse. He became a born again Christian and, in 2002, an ordained minister through the International Ministerial Fellowship. He now tours the United States with his Ultimate Strength show that combines preaching with feats of strength, such as breaking through a stack of concrete blocks. Warner and his wife have four sons, one of which is Hunter Warner.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Pacific Northwest Wrestling
 * NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Art Barr
 * Pro Wrestling America
 * PWA Iron Horse Television Championship (1 time)
 * PWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tim Hunt
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him # 335 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 1991

Boxing
Between 1989 and 2000, Warner went 22-2 in boxing, all by knockout.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: J. W. Storm


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Johnny Love

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 23:35, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Johnny Love
Finishing someone else's nomination. A search on the Focus on the Family website turns up no hits. The words Johnny and love together are sufficiently common that Google shows many hits but I can't find this guy on it. I conclude non-notable/vanity. Delete. --Dmcdevit·t 20:35, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable like vanity. He is "semi-controversial", which says it all, really. -Splash 22:19, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 09:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Peya

Welcome!
Hello, Peya, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:35, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

 * Thanks for the message. :) Here's how. For example, take the dog article. Click the 'edit this page' tab, and scroll to the bottom. Notice the label Chien ( Dog  on French Wikipedia). Simply replace 'Chien' and 'Dog' with the correct article titles. Regards,  Sango  123  02:57, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peya


text:
User talk:Bsalmons

Welcome!
Hello, Bsalmons, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
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I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:36, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Asexual_Reproduction_of_Plants
Bsalmons, welcome to Wikipedia, we're glad you have joined us. Thank you for your work on this article, however, there are a few things I would like to ask you to consider. You are a new contributor to Wikipedia, and while your contribution is highly valued, you might benefit from taking some time to learn a little bit more about what Wikipedia strives for in its articles, and get a better feel for the culture and conventions that are present here. Understanding these will allow you to contribute in a more meaningful way. Specifically for this article, I would like to ask if you considered what information was already present on Wikipedia about this topic. Did you by chance consult the Vegetative_reproduction article, to see if your information could improve it? I do not wish to discourage you, there is nothing wrong with your enthusiasm, I just want to encourage you to check out the encyclopedia, and try to get familiar with the project. Best regards, and I hope to see more of your work! EvilPhoenix talk 00:58, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bsalmons


text:
User talk:Ll

Welcome!
Hello, Ll, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
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I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:36, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Ll


text:
User talk:Luke-Jr

Welcome!
Hello, Luke-Jr, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
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I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:36, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Yandere?
Regarding your edits to Mafia - is this a common variant? I've not encountered it before, and can't find any obvious sources that back it up, apart from one IRC channel. --McGeddon (talk) 00:38, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Not too common, I suppose. There's about 4 IRC channels on FreeNode with it. --Luke-Jr (talk) 01:30, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

 * If it's a "not too common" name that's only used on four IRC channels, then it isn't really appropriate to list it as an "alternate name" in the lead of the article. If only four groups of people in the world refer to something by a particular obscure name, we don't need to document that in an encyclopaedia entry. (If you want to read some relevant policy that explains why, take a look at WP:V.) Let me know if you have any questions. --McGeddon (talk) 12:32, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

October 2012
You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war  according to the reverts you have made on Bitcoin. Users are expected to collaborate with others, to avoid editing disruptively, and to try to reach a consensus rather than repeatedly undoing other users' edits once it is known that there is a disagreement. Please be particularly aware, Wikipedia's policy on edit warring states: If you find yourself in an editing dispute, use the article's talk page to discuss controversial changes; work towards a version that represents consensus among editors. You can post a request for help at an appropriate noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases it may be appropriate to request temporary page protection. If you engage in an edit war, you may be blocked from editing. Jprg1966   (talk)  21:41, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) Edit warring is disruptive regardless of how many reverts you have made; that is to say, editors are not automatically "entitled" to three reverts.
 * 2) Do not edit war even if you believe you are right.

You should also refresh yourself on what vandalism is and is not. -- Jprg1966  (talk)  21:47, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Notice of Edit warring noticeboard discussion
Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion involving you at Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring regarding a possible violation of Wikipedia's policy on edit warring. Thank you.--Bbb23 (talk) 23:35, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Discussion about Bitcoin at my user talk
Please see Howard's response at User talk:EdJohnston. Please clarify for us what (if anything) is still in dispute. EdJohnston (talk) 13:05, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

Notice of Conflict of interest noticeboard discussion
Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Conflict of interest/Noticeboard regarding a possible conflict of interest incident in which you may be involved. Thank you.--HowardStrong (talk) 13:29, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

Please stop attacking other editors, as you did on Wikipedia talk:Article Incubator/Litecoin. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. SudoGhost 21:45, 27 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I guess Wikipedia blocks people for stating facts while ignoring the repeated vandalism he does... Although I notice I was wrong about HS creating that article initially. --Luke-Jr (talk) 22:33, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
 * No, Wikipedia blocks editors for attacking others, for calling others "trolls" and accusing them of "repeated vandalism" when there is no evidence of such behavior. See WP:NOTVAND, if it doesn't fit a specific criteria, it isn't vandalism by Wikipedia's definition of the term. Comment on content, not on the contributor. - SudoGhost 22:40, 27 October 2012 (UTC)

 * If you think the editor's behavior needs to be addressed, discuss it at WP:DRN if it is article specific, but resorting to name-calling isn't going to solve anything. - SudoGhost 22:41, 27 October 2012 (UTC)

 * There is plenty of evidence of his trolling and vandalism. Nitpicking semantics over Wikipedia definitions not consistent with the ordinary English language doesn't change his harmful actions themselves. It was already brought up on DRN, and basically went unresolved. --Luke-Jr (talk) 22:47, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
 * If you want to be "right" and unable to edit Wikipedia because you were unable to be civil then be my guest. Otherwise, please stop with the ad hominem attacks.  It may seem like you're doing Wikipedia a favor by pointing out your opinion, but that's not the case.  It makes you look like the bad guy, and makes the person you're attacking look like the victim.  Nobody is going to see your comments and go "oh, he's a troll!  I had no idea!  I'd better completely agree with the person who called him a troll!"  instead they are going to look at your comment and think "Luke-Jr called him a troll?  Guess Luke-Jr has no valid comment and is trying to attack the editor instead, I guess the other editor is in the right here."  You can either contribute to Wikipedia by improving the content and commenting on the content and stop calling anyone you disagree with a "troll" and accusing them of "vandalism" when nothing of the sort has happened, or you can continue to attack other editors and find yourself unable to edit Wikipedia.  Either way, it's completely up to you. - SudoGhost 23:06, 27 October 2012 (UTC)

SudoGhost, you may find some context helpful here: The view that Atlas is a troll is widely— if only just shy of universally— held one in Bitcoin communities he frequents. He's also been quite open about his unfortunate mental illness and the obsessive behavior it creates and the huge amounts of disruption, sockpuppetry, etc. elsewhere are well established. Someone from the Bitcoin community calling Atlas a troll is pretty similar to someone from the Wikipedia community calling Andrew Morrow a troll, or someone from the Linux community calling Jeff Merkey a troll— it's intented as a simple statement of fact and not as a personal attack in any case. It may be acceptable to make the decision to ignore an editors unlawful, unethical, and abusive behavior external to Wikipedia as a matter of policy but the people they've harmed don't suddenly stop being people, and don't suddenly have a surplus of tolerance for someone they know beyond all doubt is unable to work with anyone in an honest and professional manner. As it stands Atlas is basically excerting complete control of the Bitcoin article with agressive and frequent edits imposing his fringe politics and incorrect technical understanding and driving other thoughtful people away from editing it and the article is suffering for it, and I say this as a well established authority on the subject. So please cut Luke a little slack— he's at least trying to do something about it, which is more than I can say about myself as I won't even bother to try editing against Atlas... I'll come help out with the article again after he inevitably gets himself banned. --Gmaxwell (talk) 23:49, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I understand that someone may be considered a troll on a forum unrelated to Wikipedia, but that doesn't mean an editor can make personal attacks on Wikipedia. If the editor is truly a troll, they will get themselves blocked all on their own, but ad hominem attacks towards that editor doesn't do a bit of good.  "Troll" is a subjective, opinionated, negative label that doesn't serve any useful purpose in this situation. - SudoGhost 00:11, 28 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Just wanted to let you know that as I said, if the editor truly is a troll, they will get themselves blocked all on their own, and that's exactly what happened. - SudoGhost 02:49, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for January 3
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Bitcoin, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Tips (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

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Disambiguation link notification for April 28
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Litecoin, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Per se (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

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April 2013
Your recent editing history at Litecoin shows that you are currently engaged in an edit war. Being involved in an edit war can result in you being blocked from editing—especially if you violate the three-revert rule, which states that an editor must not perform more than three reverts on a single page within a 24-hour period. Undoing another editor's work—whether in whole or in part, whether involving the same or different material each time—counts as a revert. Also keep in mind that while violating the three-revert rule often leads to a block, you can still be blocked for edit warring—even if you don't violate the three-revert rule—should your behavior indicate that you intend to continue reverting repeatedly.

To avoid being blocked, instead of reverting please consider using the article's talk page to work toward making a version that represents consensus among editors. See BRD for how this is done. You can post a request for help at a relevant noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases, you may wish to request temporary page protection. SudoGhost 01:01, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

RfC: New helper policy
Hello member of ! You are invited to join an ongoing discussion on Wikipedia talk:IRC/wikipedia-en-help aimed at defining a policy for prerequisites to being a helper in the "" channel in a section titled "New helper policy".

To prevent future mailings about IRC, you may remove your user page from. Assistance is available upon request if you can't figure out where it is being added to your user page. This message has been sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 11:59, 27 April 2015 (UTC) on behalf of —

JavaScript RegExp problem
I noticed you have experience in JavaScript. I'm hoping you can help me with a problem I've run into writing a userscript.

Please see my post at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject JavaScript.

Thank you. The Transhumanist 12:22, 5 May 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Luke-Jr


text:
User talk:Lorenzokahn

Welcome!
Hello, Lorenzokahn, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:36, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Lorenzokahn


text:
User talk:MichaelDHarris

Welcome!
Hello, MichaelDHarris, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:36, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

---

Hi, UCSB is just as much in SB as the airport is. Check out the address: University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Perhaps a note about the odd shape of the city might be appropriate, but it is in SB. -- Serapio 17:38, 2005 July 23 (UTC)

title: User talk:MichaelDHarris


text:
User talk:Officertjhooker

Welcome! (We can't say that loudly enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

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 * Meet other new users
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You can sign your name on talk pages and votes by typing ~~~~; our software automatically converts it to your username and the date.

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page. Or, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions.

We're so glad you're here! KHM03 20:36, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Officertjhooker


text:
User talk:Gerhard51

Discussion in German Wikipedia

Welcome!
Hello, Gerhard51, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:37, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Nordstrom
Please do not change this anglicized spelling of Nordstrom to Nordstrøm. You disable the wiki links and it was not the usage of the person. If you have created the links and know the usage of the person in question, fine, in this case the entries were correct. Thanks. Doc 22:32, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

ø vs. o

Sorry for the unneeded work I caused, it happened in the heat of corrections and Dagmar came into my way. Gerhard51 22:35, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Not a problem...but thanks for your reply and thanks for your areas of expertise and additions Doc 02:30, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Stargelman
Sorry, I know nothing about him. All I did on his article was stub sort and fix a category. -- Etacar11   01:11, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Gerhard51, PLEASE DO NOT VANDALIZE THE PAGE ABOUT STARGELMAN AGAIN. We can give you proof if you really need it. -- Stargelman Fans   20:56, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

And finally the article was deleted.

German_fire_department
Moin! Wenn ich mal zitieren darf: "Heiliger Strohsack, war sicher viel Arbeit, aber kann so nicht stehenbleiben." Mit Ersterem hast Du Recht, es war viel Arbeit, die ganzen Informationen zusammenzutragen und aufzubereiten. Aber was meinst Du mit dem zweiten Teil? Außerdem verstehe ich nicht, warum es peinlich sein soll, die Dienstgradstrukturen "durchzukauen". Vielleicht köntest Du mir das näher erläutern MfG Winnie-MD 16:22, 13 September 2006 (UTC) Nachtrag: Hat sich gerade erledigt, ich hab den Beitrag auf der Diskussionsseite nicht gesehen. Danke für die Blumen! OfGWinnie-MD 16:24, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Change to Common.css
Per recent discussions, the way in which Persondata is viewed by Wikipedia editors has changed. In order to continue viewing Persondata in Wikipedia articles, please edit your user CSS file to display table.persondata rather than table.metadata. More specific instructions can be found on the Persondata page. -- ShakingSpirit talk  on behalf of Kaldari 01:06, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

User:Dantheox/players
Thanks for your fixes to User:Dantheox/players. Have you found this list useful? --dantheox 17:39, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Found it useful, hope you'll find the changes useful too. Gerhard51 16:53, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Greetings from from the Opera Project
Greetings from from the Opera Project. Thank you for your edit of Viktor Nessler. We'd be delighted if you like to join us. Thee is a lot of good material on the German Wiki we'd like to use - also currently a discussion about the Biography Project banner bots. Best --Kleinzach 03:06, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your invitation. But I'm already booked out in WP-DE, what I constantly do is to synchronize those articles which I have to overhaul in German, which was the case with Nessler. Kind regards Gerhard51 19:20, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Noch'n Deutscher
Deutsche Modellbahn in Großbritannien. Ist das Interesse so groß? --SonniWP 19:38, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Keine Ahnung. Ich editiere hauptsächlich Übersetzungsfehler, versuche Links von synonymen aber sprachlich verschiedenen Lemmata herzustellen. Vermutlich war auch mal die Eisenbahn dabei. Ciao, Gerhard51 20:16, 1 June 2007 (UTC).

Marcin Dunin
I've got problem with this soucre: "Józef Knja´z Walkowski: Wazne zródlo do historyi arcybiskupa Dunina; Ks. Józefa Walkowskiego Pami¸etniki pisane w niewoli kolobrzeskiej. Wyd. i wst¸epem poprzedzil Ks. Tadeusz Trzcínski. Posen: Ksieg. ´sw. Wojciecha"

It need correct of spelling. I see that it is written in XIX century Polish ortography, but there are some mistakes. I supose that orginal was named:
 * Józef Kniaź (in old-Polish "priest") Walkowski (or mayby Wałkowski): Ważne źródło do historyi (modern spelling "historii") arcybiskupa Dunina; Ks. Józefa Walkowskiego (Wałkowskiego) Pamiętniki pisane w niewoli kołobrzeskiej. Wyd. i wstępem porzedził Ks. Tadeusz Trzcinski (or Trzciński). Poznań (i supose that orinal was signed by Polish or both - polish and German names, due to character of publisher): Księgarnia św. Wojciecha"
 * Could You confrontate this version wit book You cite? Radomil talk 17:07, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Hello Radomil, you can check the title by yourself in the State Library of Berlin. All titles at last I found with KVK. Kind regards, Gerhard51 15:26, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Not at all. I've changed Bydgoszcz-Bromberg to standard of other cities of Partitioned Poland, and Rome doesn't need Polish or German name. P.S Err... what for was that comment? ("Revert of nationalist nonsense") Radomil talk 23:19, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Counties of Germany
Hi Gerhard, could you please contribute to the discussion at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Counties_of_Germany re. your change of the title from "district" to "county". "District" is not, as you suggested, my invention, but the official translation used in the EU for "Kreis". After a discussion some time ago, it was agreed to use the term "district" so that all Leo entries would share the same terminology. I didn't want to offend you by simply changing the title back, however, so a comment on the talk page wuld be much appreciated. Thanks, Saint|swithin 12:16, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Please also make no further linkchanges until the discussion is finished. Thanks Agathoclea 13:03, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I already made no further changes after I noticed the mass of information behind the links, I only went at the peak. And I didn't find the discussion about the naming of the EU, sorry Saintswithin, no offends were intented. Anyway it is nice to find out that the EU developed naming conventions differing from those of the German government and outside of any practical use. I'll read the whole thing with some time about the weekend. Kind regards, Gerhard51 20:22, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Blocked out
My current IP 217.233.89.20 is blocked out. It is an IP of Deutsche Telekom, most probably one of the big providers. I even can't communicate with the administrator who blocked me. I could switch the provider with some effort, but what a nuisance..... Gerhard51 (talk) 20:53, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Germany Invitation
--Zeitgespenst (talk) 23:49, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

User talk:Charles
Hi. This user wishes not to receive talk page comments for now, as he is semi-retired until further notice. Please refrain from recreating the talk page. Thanks, PeterSymonds (talk)  20:35, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * May I ask what behaviour concerns you? I see no talk page interaction in the last 50 edits. There are the redirects, which admittedly seems a little excessive, but I see nothing that would warrant behaviour warnings. Thanks, PeterSymonds (talk)  20:49, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Gross-Aktion
Please don´t change a Lemma before having a short glimpse at the discussion. German language is not a measure for English names concerning historical events. Your opinion here is highly welcome though. --ThePiedCow (talk) 11:17, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Thanks...
... for the work you've done on Ludwig Hupfeld. I was hoping someone would be able to tidy up/add to the article.

I am not a German-speaker, so although I "tidied up" the machine translation of the dewiki article, I knew that there was lots of room for improvement.

Regards,  Phantom Steve / talk | contribs \ 22:33, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

Mathilde Carré
Hi, I believe the date of death is correct, but can you give a source? SOE2009 (talk) 12:50, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I took it from the French Wikipedia, where it was corrected by Fabrice Dury who is more or less specialized in WWII in France. The date 1970 at last couldn't be correct after I found the book published in 1980.Gerhard51 (talk) 11:25, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for February 26
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User talk:BoW Bank Employee31

Welcome!
Hello, BoW Bank Employee31, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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User talk:Xperience~enwiki

Please do not add commercial links or links to your own private websites to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- BMIComp (talk) 20:37, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Xperience. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Xperience~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Xperience~enwiki


text: User talk:200.67.169.246

title: User talk:200.67.169.246


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User talk:Bsmith66

Welcome!
Hello, Bsmith66, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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I Saw Her Standing There

"I Saw Her Standing There" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon. It is the opening track on the band's 1963 debut UK album Please Please Me and their debut US album Introducing... The Beatles.

In December 1963, Capitol Records released the song in the United States as the B-side on the label's first single by the Beatles, "I Want to Hold Your Hand". While the A-side topped the US Billboard chart for seven weeks starting 1 February 1964, "I Saw Her Standing There" entered the Billboard Hot 100 on 8 February 1964, remaining there for 11 weeks, peaking at No. 14. The song placed on the Cashbox chart for only one week at No. 100 on the same week of its Billboard debut. In 2004, "I Saw Her Standing There" was ranked No. 139 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

Composition
Originally titled "Seventeen", the song was conceived by McCartney when driving home from a Beatles' concert in Southport, Merseyside as a modern take on the traditional song "As I Roved Out", a version of "Seventeen Come Sunday" that he had heard in Liverpool in 1960. According to Beatles biographer Mark Lewisohn, McCartney first worked out the chords and arrangement on an acoustic guitar at the family home of his Liverpool friend and fellow musician Rory Storm on the evening of 22 October 1962. Two days later, McCartney was writing lines for the song during a visit to London with his then-girlfriend Celia Mortimer, who was seventeen at the time herself. The song was completed about a month later at McCartney's Forthlin Road home in collaboration with Lennon and performed as part of their set in December 1962 in the Star-Club in Hamburg. It is also possible John Lennon had more to contribute than has been reported since there is more than one photo of both John & Paul working on the song with guitars in hand taken by Michael McCartney. John very likely contributed some chord ideas as well since he was already actively writing songs on his own by late 1962.

McCartney later described in Beat Instrumental how he went about the song's composition: "Here's one example of a bit I pinched from someone: I used the bass riff from 'Talkin' About You' by Chuck Berry in 'I Saw Her Standing There'. I played exactly the same notes as he did and it fitted our number perfectly. Even now, when I tell people, I find few of them believe me; therefore, I maintain that a bass riff hasn't got to be original." Berry's "I'm Talking About You" was performed by The Beatles and the song appears on their albums Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962 and On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2.

The lyrics were written in a Liverpool Institute exercise book. Remember: The Recollections and Photographs of the Beatles, a book by McCartney's brother Mike McCartney, includes a photograph taken in the front room of his home of Lennon and McCartney writing the song while strumming their acoustic guitars and reading the exercise book. It typified how Lennon and McCartney would later work in partnership, as McCartney subsequently reflected: "I had 'She was just seventeen,' and then 'never been a beauty queen'. When I showed it to John, he screamed with laughter, and said 'You're joking about that line, aren't you?'" According to McCartney, "We came up with, 'You know what I mean.' Which was good, because you don't know what I mean." In a 1988 interview, McCartney stated that "It was one of the first times he ever went 'What? Must change that ...'" Lennon said: "That's Paul doing his usual good job of producing what George Martin used to call a 'potboiler'. I helped with a couple of the lyrics." The songwriting credit on the Please Please Me liner notes is "McCartney–Lennon" which differs from the more familiar "Lennon–McCartney" that appears on subsequent releases.

Recording
The first live recording (a slow version of the song) was made at the Cavern Club at the end of 1962. Lennon did not play rhythm guitar; he played harmonica in the introduction and during the verses. Lennon and McCartney laughed when they sang "Well we danced all night/And I held her tight/And I held her hand in mine" the second time.

The song was recorded at EMI Studios on 11 February 1963 and engineered by Norman Smith, as part of the marathon recording session that produced 10 of the 14 songs on Please Please Me. The Beatles were not present for the mixing session on 25 February 1963. It was not common practice for bands to be present at such sessions at that time.

On the album, the song starts with a rousing "One, two, three, four!" count-in by McCartney. Usually count-ins are edited off the final audio mix; however, record producer George Martin wanted to create the effect that the album was a live performance: "I had been up to the Cavern and I'd seen what they could do, I knew their repertoire, and I said 'Let's record every song you've got, come down to the studios and we'll just whistle through them in a day'". Martin took the count-in from take 9, which was considered 'especially spirited' and spliced it onto take 1. Music journalist Richard Williams suggested that this dramatic introduction to their debut album was just as stirring as Elvis Presley's "Well, it's one for the money, two for the show ..." on his opening track, "Blue Suede Shoes", for his debut album seven years earlier. It also made the point that the Beatles were a live band as, at that time, they opened their set with this song. On the first American release of the song, issued on Vee Jay Records, the count was edited out—but the "Four!" is still audible.

The full take 9 version of the song appears on the "Free as a Bird" CD single as a B side, released for the first time.

Take 2 of the song was released on The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963, which was an album released exclusively to iTunes in 2013.

Reception
In its contemporary review of the US single, Cash Box described it as an "engaging" song that is "hard-hitting teen stuff."

Releases

 * British LP: Please Please Me
 * British EP: The Beatles (No. 1)
 * American LP: Introducing... The Beatles
 * American single: "I Want to Hold Your Hand"
 * American LP: Meet the Beatles!
 * Canadian LP: The Beatles' Long Tall Sally

Personnel

 * Paul McCartney – lead vocals, bass guitar, hand claps
 * John Lennon – harmony vocals, rhythm guitar, hand claps
 * George Harrison – lead guitar, hand claps
 * Ringo Starr – drums, hand claps
 * Personnel per Ian MacDonald

John Lennon
A live version was recorded at Madison Square Garden on 28 November 1974 by the Elton John Band with John Lennon, and released as the B-side to the former's "Philadelphia Freedom" single. The song is available on the Lennon box set, and on Elton John's To Be Continued... box set as well as the expanded CD edition of his 1976 live album Here and There and Elton John's Rare Masters. Lennon's introduction: "I'd like to thank Elton and the boys for having me on tonight. We tried to think of a number to finish off with so I can get out of here and be sick, and we thought we'd do a number of an old, estranged fiancé of mine, called Paul. This is one I never sang, it's an old Beatle number, and we just about know it."

This was the last major live performance by Lennon. After Lennon's death, the track was released as a single and reached No. 40 on the UK Singles Chart in March 1981, making it the first time that any version of the song had entered the UK charts.

Paul McCartney
McCartney included "I Saw Her Standing There" on his live albums Tripping the Live Fantastic (1990), Back in the US (2002) and Back in the World (2003). In 1987, he recorded a new version for his album CHOBA B CCCP, but left it to outtakes. The song has become a mainstay of McCartney's live sets, and a special version was played when McCartney and his band returned to Liverpool in June 2008. It featured special guest drummer Dave Grohl, the lead singer of the Foo Fighters and ex-drummer of Nirvana. In 2007, McCartney performed a secret gig at Amoeba Music in Hollywood – this performance appeared on the EP Amoeba's Secret and earned him a Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance nomination in 2009.

McCartney performed "I Saw Her Standing There" at the 1986 Prince's Trust Rock Gala, as part of the 10th anniversary celebration of HRH Prince Charles' charity. He was supported by an all-star band featuring Elton John, Eric Clapton, Phil Collins, Mark Knopfler, and Ray King. Interviewed at the time, McCartney said: "It is a good thrill playing with musicians of this calibre ... since it was a birthday thing, they wanted to do something silly at the end, and that's me".

George Harrison and Ringo Starr
George Harrison and Ringo Starr also performed the song with Bruce Springsteen, Billy Joel, Mick Jagger, and Bob Dylan, amongst others, at the Beatles' induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. This makes it the only song by the Beatles that all four members performed on stage during their respective solo careers to any extent.

Tiffany version
The song was covered by American pop singer Tiffany, released on February 12, 1988, as the third single from her first album Tiffany. It was released in the United Kingdom on May 23, 1988. Tiffany and her producer George Tobin changed the pronouns from "her" to "him".

The song peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100, and charted highly in seven other countries.

Critical reception
Tiffany's version of the song was universally panned by critics. Richard Lowe of Smash Hits considered this cover "an affront to taste and decency and will visibly cringe every time they hear that nasty little 'synth' 'riff'." Music critic Robert Christgau stated that it "drags a rock and roll classic through the mud by its cheesy Prince-schlock synth riff." Wayne Robins of Newsday reviewed it poorly, commented that it "sounded wrong." In a review for the Delaware County Daily Times, Len LaBarth criticized the cover as being "quite horrid." Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone reviewed that the song is a "conceptual disaster". In his review, Agnes Torres of The Orlando Sentinel ranked the song as the worst of the songs in her self-titled album.

Track listings and formats
Cassette single and 7-inch single

 * 1) "I Saw Him Standing There"
 * 2) "Gotta Be Love"
 * 3) "Mr. Mambo"

12-inch single
 * 1) "I Saw Him Standing There"

UK 7-inch single
 * 1) "I Saw Him Standing There"
 * 2) "Mr. Mambo"

Japanese 3-inch CD single
 * 1) "I Saw Him Standing There"
 * 2) "Can't Stop a Heartbeat"

Japanese CD EP
 * 1) "I Think We're Alone Now (extended version)"
 * 2) "I Saw Him Standing There (dance mix)"
 * 3) "Can't Stop a Heartbeat (long version)"
 * 4) "Mr. Mambo"
 * 5) "Can't Stop a Heartbeat (singalong version)"

Chart performance
Tiffany version

title: I Saw Her Standing There


text:
Professional fraternities and sororities

Professional fraternities, in the North American fraternity system, are organizations whose primary purpose is to promote the interests of a particular profession and whose membership is restricted to students in that particular field of professional education or study. This may be contrasted with service fraternities and sororities, whose primary purpose is community service, and social fraternities and sororities, whose primary purposes are generally aimed towards some other aspect, such as the development of character, friendship, leadership, or literary ability.

Professional fraternities are often confused with honor societies because of their focus on a specific discipline. Professional fraternities are significantly different from honor societies in that honor societies are associations designed to provide recognition of the past achievement of those who are invited to membership. Honor society membership, in most cases, requires no period of pledging, and new candidates may be immediately inducted into membership after meeting predetermined academic criteria and paying a one-time membership fee. Because of their purpose of recognition, most honor societies will have much higher academic achievement requirements for membership.

Professional fraternities, on the other hand, work to build brotherhood among members and cultivate the strengths of members to promote their profession and to provide assistance to one another in their mutual areas of professional study. Membership in a professional fraternity may be the result of a pledge process, much like a social fraternity, and members are expected to remain loyal and active in the organization for life. Within their professional field of study, their membership is exclusive; however, they may initiate members who belong to other types of fraternities.

History
The first professional fraternity was founded at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky in 1819: the Kappa Lambda Society of Aesculapius, established to bring together students of the medical profession. The fraternity lasted until about 1858.

Of the professional fraternities still in existence, the oldest is Phi Delta Phi founded at the University of Michigan in 1869; however, Phi Delta Phi changed its mission in 2012 to become an honor society for law school students.

Title IX applied to professional fraternities
In the United States fraternity system, professional fraternities are usually co-educational in accordance with Federal Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (commonly referred to as "Title IX"). This federal law discourages discrimination based on sex in any college or university receiving federal financial assistance. However, the membership practices of social fraternities and sororities are exempt from Title IX in section (A)(6)(a). The U.S. Department of Education (DOE) regulations adopted under Title IX also allow such an exception for "the membership practices of social fraternities and sororities." (34 C.F.R. Sec. 106.14(a)).

Before Title IX, many professional fraternities were all male and most professional sororities/women's fraternities were all female. Several of these professional fraternities and sororities even considered themselves both professional and social organizations because they often emphasized the social aspects of their activities. During the ensuing years since the enactment of Title IX, single-sex professional fraternities and sororities became coeducational to conform to Title IX. Several organizations simply opened their membership to both men and women. For example, Phi Chi (medicine) opened membership to women in 1973; Phi Beta (music and speech) opened membership to men in 1976; and Delta Omicron (music) opened membership to men in 1979. A few single-sex groups merged with other organizations, such as Phi Delta Delta, a women's professional law fraternity, merged with Phi Alpha Delta (law) in 1972.

Even though Title IX was enacted in 1972, there are still professional fraternities and sororities or their chapters that have not become coeducational and therefore, do not conform to Title IX. Generally, these groups still claim to be both professional and social organizations, for instance, Alpha Gamma Rho (men in agriculture), Alpha Omega Epsilon (women in engineering), and Sigma Phi Delta (men in engineering).

Several social fraternities and sororities have membership practices of selecting their members primarily from students enrolled in particular majors or areas of study, including Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, Phi Sigma Rho, and Triangle. Nevertheless, these groups are social, rather than professional, organizations. Although they select members from students in a particular field of study, like a professional fraternity, they are single-sex social organizations because their purposes focus only on the social development of their members. Examples of groups that have been officially granted exemption from Title IX by the DOE to remain single-sex include Sigma Alpha Iota in 1981 and Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia in 1983.

Umbrella organizations
Many professional fraternities, particularly those of the highest esteem and reputation, are members of the Professional Fraternity Association (PFA). This group resulted in 1978 from a merger of the Professional Interfraternity Conference (PIC) (for men's group) and the Professional Panhellenic Association (PPA) (for women's groups). In 2013, faced with an increase in campus policies that require student organizations to take all students, the PFA adopted a resolution against All Comers policies.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Clubs/Templates/England

This page lists templates used for of the WikiProject on Football manual of style for clubs from England.


text:
User talk:Haylie Mathis

Welcome!
Hello, Haylie Mathis, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:38, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Image Tagging Image:Aris.gif
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Thanks for uploading Image:Cheryl boyd-waddell.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Proposed deletion of Jorge Cano

The article Jorge Cano has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Fails all notability criteria for musician biographies. I have not been able to find any reliable sources for this subject. All sources listed in this article are mirrors of Wikipedia, sourced from Wikipedia, or self-published

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Voceditenore (talk) 08:42, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Haylie Mathis