text:
Talk:John Cotton (minister)

My Picture

 * Why is the top portion of my picture brown-black and the lower portion blue-black, with a couple of stripes through the center?
 * WB2 05:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Color issue's not obvious to me. Stripes are faint but may be inherent in original scan?  Chris Rodgers 06:42, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * You can quite clearly see, that when you go to the image itself, it is cut off exactly at the place where a strip of clear tape appears to go horizontally across the image.

 * This "tape" is not a part of the original image, and I have no way of knowing where the image will cut off after it uploads to your server.

 * That's something someone would only know after it got there given: that any one in particular image varies greatly in size.

 * Also, below this area, the image appears cloudy – as if someone from your end had done something to the image in transit or after it got there.

 * WB2 23:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Intro
The introductory assisted in the foundation of Boston, Massachusetts  is rather misleading, since Cotton arrived there in 1633, three years after the city had been founded. --Janneman 17:10, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 17:40, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

30 Sept. 2009 edit
Can somebody tell me what the anonymous edit on the 30th was all about? It almost looks like they were trying to delete one of the footnotes, but took out random bits of the first paragraph instead. I did a manual revert from 26 Sept., but if there's a valid reason, please fill us in. --Enwilson (talk) 22:30, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

I corrected two errors of fact (the English Civil War did NOT happen in 1788!) and (the description of the gravestone with Cotton's name on it suggests incorrect information: we don't know where his original stone or gravesite are, since the original building of King's Chapel I was plunked down on top of the earliest part of the old burying ground, probably courtesy of the much-disliked Royal Gov. Andros. I also "re-Englished' the term "paper battle" to the original term, "Pamphlet war," which is used to describe exchanges of published invective by contemporaneous controversialists). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dellaroux (talk • contribs) 03:32, 13 October 2009 (UTC) Dellaroux (talk) 03:37, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

This doesn't look right; I don't have time to look it up right now, but the dates don't make sense and it looks like someone playing with a Wolfman image as an anachronistic inclusion: ...."like his writing of the criticism of the lycanthropy of Tedford's Lycanthropious Diaramos (1587)...?? If true, it doesn't make much sense in relationship to the Westminister Catechism meetings... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dellaroux (talk • contribs) 03:36, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

OK, this also might be wrongly placed here: "The Brownist congregational movement within the Church of England had by this stage, in effect at least, become a separate church." Brownists are indeed associated with the Separatists; however, Cotton was a Puritan (different kettles of fish until later in the 1600s) and in fact was at first called the "vicar" of the First Church of Boston, a title which reflects the Puritans' greater tendency to retain certain traces of Anglicanism (like the rector/vicar titles for administrative church clergy) vs. the Calvinist four-fold ministery: "preacher/teacher/ruling elder/deacon" as outlined in the InstitutionesItalic text I'd remove the line but again hesitate to do so without more time to confirm my sense of this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dellaroux (talk • contribs) 03:48, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Comment, 5 Dec 2015
The following comment was added to this page on the above date, but no heading was used, nor was the comment signed and dated.Sarnold17 (talk) 10:12, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Nicely done article! Two issues that worth mentioning:

 * Somerby, H G. The English Ancestry of Rev. John Cotton of Boston. Boston, Mass.: Henry W. Dutton & Son, 1868. puts his year of birth as 1584, not 1585, as well as LOC;
 * Regarding displayed picture. It also might be Rev. John Cotton’s grandson, Josiah Cotton (1679-1756), Justice of the Peace in Plymouth, or a great grandson of Rev. John Cotton, John Cotton (1693- ), the third minister of Newton, Massachusetts. See details for additional information: RESEARCH INTO PORTRAIT/S OF REV. JOHN COTTON. So, the closest match would be: File:John Cotton's plaque (cropped).JPG. Cheers!

 * I concur with this questioning, wondering if this portrait was actually intended to portray our Cotton (who died in 1650)? His clothes appear to be in the fashion of the early 18th century, which leads to suspicion it might be a painting of a John Cotton the artist would have known in life.Cloptonson (talk) 13:31, 25 March 2017 (UTC)

Year of birth
This page has Cotton's year of birth as 1585, as in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, but Larzer Ziff's The Career of John Cotton (Princeton University Press, 1962), Everett M Emerson's John Cotton (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1965, revised edition Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990), The Dictionary of National Biography (1902), the Mather Project (http://matherproject.org/node/51), http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-and-religion/protestant-christianity-biographies/john-cotton and others all give his year of birth as 1584. The gravestone implies 1585. Does anyone have a definitive source? DigbyJames (talk) 22:50, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * This will likely remain unresolved, so we choose our sources. When it comes to dates, I use a reliable genealogical source, where the nuances of vital records and dating events is well understood, and for Cotton I used Robert Charles Anderson's 10-volume Great Migration compendium, which is a fairly recent work, and was produced using hundreds, if not thousands, of historical works.  This source gives the birth year as 1585, citing Cotton Mather's Magnalia.  Cotton Mather was a grandson of John Cotton, and a well-known preacher and historian, and may be the closest source we have to the actual event, since the original record of baptism appears to be no longer extant.  However, while using the year 1585, Anderson does acknowledge that "some sources" give the year as 1584, specifically citing Samuel Eliot Morrison's Founding of Harvard College.  I fully trust Anderson on this issue--that 1585 may be a more defensible position.Sarnold17 (talk) 07:50, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

Thank you for that. Perhaps we should add a footnote explaining this as I'm sure some people will spot the discrepancy and try correcting the date without having read this talk page.DigbyJames (talk) 14:07, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Misleading image
It is extremely improbable that the image purporting to show John Cotton is really him and misleading of Wikipedia to pretend that it is. A moment's look at the wig and clothes of the sitter shows that the painting was almost certainly done after 1652. Unless my judgement can be proved wrong, I suggest this is corrected soon. Clifford Mill (talk) 11:01, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

Edit warring
I had made a series of edits which were reverted wholesale by Dilidor. I am, of course, willing to accept that not every edit is perfect but find it hard to believe that there is not some good among the series as they include such minor matters as correcting mis-spellings (Tattersall => Tattershall), updates (a reference to Derby Heritage Centre which has closed and its Wiki-page renamed), spaces before citations, et al. The series of edits were clearly constructive and there can not be any justification for reverting as a block, particularly when any objections by Dilidor have been expressed in impossibly general terms. Nedrutland (talk) 15:07, 26 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I acknowledge that Nedrutland made some constructive edits, and I was initially hesitant to do a large revert; the problem was that there were some significant and sweeping changes made that were not as constructive, and to go through manually to adjust those would have entailed editing the entire article! For example: introducing syntax errors (e.g., "the church authorities had greatly increased its pressure…"); changing "Anglican church" and "English church" to "Church of England" throughout and linking it in nearly every instance; making subtle changes from American spelling to Brit (St Botolph vs. St. Botolph); over-linking in general throughout; adding a PhD dissertation (your own?) to the further reading list—which I had previously deleted because it is not "further reading" when it is not in print and not accessible to readers; etc.
 * However, many of your other edits were quite constructive and helpful, and I regret that I felt compelled to do the wholesale revert; I simply did not feel capable of going through and editing the entire article again to address these other problems, because they are spread throughout—particularly the severe over-linking issue. I would be happy to entertain other ideas. —Dilidor (talk) 18:40, 26 June 2018 (UTC)

 * "some constructive edits" - how very gracious! You were compelled to wholesale revert because it was easier is not a good line.

 * Now you have specified some of your concerns I am able to accommodate your issues. (You are mistaken about the PhD - that was an earlier edit by 칼빈500.) If I have introduced errors or overlinked then use a scalpel not a sledgehammer. The page is clearly and understandibly written from an US perspective; I am English and could see misunderstandings of his life in England and some clear errors. St vs St. is not a major issue but the pages for the two churches both use St so it was easier to follow that form. I will leave CofE vs Anglican for now. Nedrutland (talk) 07:05, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

 * A series of revisions have again been reverted en bloc. The revisions were sufficiently explained in the edit summaries and the reverted has restored evident errors and ridiculous overlinking. Nedrutland (talk) 11:50, 2 July 2018 (UTC)

I have explained to you repeatedly: stop over-linking! It is that simple. You persist in linking common words such as "vicar" and commonly understood concepts such as "MA degree" and so on, ad infinitum. I already pointed you to the manual of style [|entry] on this subject; please read it and follow its simple guidelines. —Dilidor (talk) 13:03, 3 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Even if you were right about overlinking, and my reading of the MoS is you are not, both here and on Anne Hutchinson by your wholesale reversions you are altering many other edits that are definitively not overlinking and are thus reinstating errors. Your block reversions also reinstate ridiculous levels of overlinking; Cotton Mather is linked by you five times, for example. While MA might be a commonly understood, this is a MA (Cantab.) which is not. Please stop your campaign of vandalism. Nedrutland (talk) 13:35, 3 July 2018 (UTC)

The vast body of your edits are simply adding links where there were none previously. You do make a few non-linking edits, but they are very few and very minor. The concept of "curate" is commonly understood and does not require a link. Please read the manual of style, which specifically says not to link common words and job titles. —Dilidor (talk) 13:52, 3 July 2018 (UTC)

 * If you genuinely thought that curate was so widely understood you would not feel the need to repeatedly add a gloss i.e. "(assistant priest)" to the word on Anne Hutchinson. Curate is currently linked more than 5,000 times so that is quite some project you are setting yourself. Nedrutland (talk) 13:54, 3 July 2018 (UTC)

 * A further reminder to Dilidor; you do not own this or any other page; see Ownership of content. Please end your campaign of vandalism. Nedrutland (talk) 15:53, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

I have enumerated some of the many errors which Nedrutland is inserting into this article and the Anne Hutchinson article. At one point, I even went through and manually corrected the errors in this article—only to have Nedrutland revert them wholesale. Nedrutland is persisting in a revert war which amounts to persistent vandalism. If Nedrutland will desist from this vandalous behavior, perhaps we can discuss these errors here on the talk page in a responsible fashion and make progress on advancing both of these articles. —Dilidor (talk) 16:18, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

 * If the "owner" will cease his wholesale reversions (thereby re-introducing blatant errors and ludicrous degrees of overlinking) then perhaps we can get on with improving Wilkipedia pages. Nedrutland (talk) 16:24, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

Well, I have attempted repeatedly to address these errors with Nedrutland, but the response is only truculence and evasion. This will require administrative intervention to resolve. —Dilidor (talk) 17:25, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

 * As the only specific objection of Dilidor is supposed overlinking, I have for now in a spirit of compromise de-linked curate, vicar, dean and fellow, in the hope that it will at least reduce the points at dispute.

 * Would any other editor care to take a look at the page: ? Nedrutland (talk) 08:59, 12 July 2018 (UTC)
 * This seems like a good compromise. I would not tend to link those terms, except where there is a specific qualifier, e.g. Vicar of Rome, Abbot of Shrewsbury.  All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 07:27, 13 July 2018 (UTC).

Church of England/Anglican
The apparent owner of the page has objected to the use of Church of England.

As a rule of thumb in contemporary discussions, when the Church of England is specifically meant, use Church of England; if it is the wider Anglican Communion (which wasn't really a concept in C17) use Anglican. But the subject here is not contemporary. Until the American War of Independence (and more precisely until the ordination as bishop of Samuel Seabury in 1784), English settlers in the New World who were what would later be called some variant of the Episcopal Church, were members of the Church of England. To quote from the lede of Episcopal Church (United States) “The church was organized after the American Revolution, when it became separate from the Church of England ...”, therefore here Church of England is correct. Nedrutland (talk) 07:06, 12 July 2018 (UTC)

Boston in Lincolnshire
Here is the sentence:

"He had already built a reputation as a scholar and outstanding preacher when he accepted the position of minister at St. Botolph's Church, Boston in Lincolnshire, in 1612."

Dilidor objects, and proposes:

"He had already built a reputation as a scholar and outstanding preacher when he accepted the position of minister at St. Botolph's Church, Boston in Lincolnshire in 1612."

This is wrong, and I have replaced the comma. I think the first version is excellent. I will, however, moot two alternatives I am willing to accept, ahead of Dilidor's inevitable total rework on grounds having nothing to do with his refusal to accept MOS:GEOCOMMA:

"... minister at St. Botolph's Church, Boston, Lincolnshire, in 1612."

or:

"... minister at St. Botolph's Church, Boston (Lincolnshire), in 1612."

Both approaches are to be found further down in this article. Regulov (talk) 07:39, 4 January 2020 (UTC)
 * You appear to be more interested in creating conflict than in finding solutions. I have performed my "inevitable total rework on grounds having nothing to do with his refusal to accept MOS:GEOCOMMA" which was such a simple, painless edit. I will also point out your persistent aggressive and accusatory approach here. —Dilidor (talk) 17:49, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

 * The solution has already been found, Dilidor. It is in the Manual of Style. Regulov (talk) 20:48, 11 January 2020 (UTC)

Question
Was john cotton on the mary ship 2601:845:8100:F300:E071:C5A5:7514:C982 (talk) 21:58, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Cotton (minister)


text:
User:Liiint

Derek Young, aka Liiint, is a computer professional in a cubicle dependent corporate world. He has a vague distrust of crowds, discourages the baking of pecan pie, and maintains a great disdain for fake window shutters. He has a propensity for side projects including the often neglected Orangeslices.com and Exit133.com. He would look down on the wearing of flip-flops in the office if he didn't do it himself from time to time. He apologizes for the appearance of his toes in important meetings.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Liiint


text:
Progressive Labor Party

Progressive Labor Party or Progressive Labour Party may refer to:

 * Progressive Labor Party (United States), a Marxist–Leninist political party based primarily in the U.S.
 * Progressive Labour Party (Australia)
 * Progressive Labour Party (Bermuda)
 * Progressive Labour Party (Dominica)
 * Progressive Labour Party (Saint Lucia)
 * Progressive Labour Party (Sint Eustatius)
 * Progressive Labour Movement in Antigua and Barbuda
 * Progressive Labour Federation 47 in Suriname
 * Progressive Labour Party of Alberta, Canada

title: Progressive Labor Party


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (L)


text:
Continental Drifters

The Continental Drifters were an American rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1991 and dissolved in New Orleans, Louisiana, about a decade later. Though the line-up changed several times, at one point the band comprised a kind of college rock/indie-rock/power pop supergroup, including as it did Peter Holsapple of The dB's, Mark Walton of The Dream Syndicate, Bangle Vicki Peterson and Susan Cowsill of The Cowsills.

History
The band was formed in Los Angeles in 1991, initially consisting of Carlo Nuccio (drums, vocals), Ray Ganucheau (guitars, banjo, vocals), Mark Walton (bass), Gary Eaton (guitars, vocals) and Danny McGough (keyboards). The group gigged regularly at Raji's in LA, and were often joined by Susan Cowsill and Vicki Peterson on backing vocals and guitars, and Peter Holsapple (keyboards, guitars), though these three players were not yet official members.

Holsapple was asked to join the band, but initially declined, offering instead to produce the group's debut album. The resulting disc was not released at the time; after it was completed, Holsapple, Cowsill and Peterson all joined the band officially, while McGough dropped out.

Led by New Orleans natives Nuccio and Ganucheau, most of the band moved to New Orleans over a span of several months during 1993/94. Eaton was the only member who didn't make the move, and who consequently left the band. However, shortly after the move Ganucheau developed health problems, and was forced to drop out, being replaced by Robert Maché. This line up (Nuccio/Walton/Cowsill/Peterson/Holsapple/Maché) recorded the band's first issued album, Continental Drifters, in 1994.

Nuccio left the band after the tour for the first album. He was replaced by new drummer Russ Broussard, and this line up issued two albums: Vermilion (1998) and Better Day (2001).

Susan Cowsill and Russ Broussard left the group in early 2002. The remaining players drafted drummer John Maloney and the returning Ray Ganucheau to continue for several gigs, but at this point the group essentially wound down as a continuing concern.

In 2003, the band's unissued debut album was finally released, and a Continental Drifters line-up of Gary Eaton, Ray Ganucheau, Carlo Nuccio, Peter Holsapple, and Mark Walton played a gig to celebrate.

On April 28, 2009, the group reunited for the fifth annual Threadhead Patry in New Orleans, LA during Jazz Fest daze between, followed by a show on May 1 at Carrollton Station, playing to a sold-out crowd.

In 2015, Omnivore Recordings issued a double album retrospective focused on unreleased and live tracks from the band's long history. In September 2015, the band, including all members from both the Los Angeles era and the later New Orleans manifestations, came together for fundraising concerts in New Orleans and Los Angeles.

Founding member Carlo Nuccio died on August 24, 2022.

A book about the band and a tribute album are both slated for release in late 2024.

Discography

 * Singles
 * "The Mississippi" b/w "Johnny Oops" (7"/45rpm, 1992, SOL)
 * "Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway" b/w "Meet On The Ledge" (7"/45rpm, 1997, Black Dog)

 * 10"
 * Listen, Listen (CDEP/10", 2001, Blue Rose)

 * LPs
 * Continental Drifters (1994, Monkey Hill/2001, Razor & Tie)
 * Vermilion (CD, 1998, Blue Rose/1999, Razor & Tie)
 * Better Day (CD, 2001, Razor & Tie/Blue Rose)
 * Nineteen Ninety-Three (CD, recorded 1993/released 2003, Blue Rose)

 * Compilations and appearances
 * "When You Dance, I Can Really Love" (CD, 1995, This Note's for You, Too: A Tribute to Neil Young, Inbetweens)
 * "I Can't Let Go" (CD, 1995, Sing Hollies in Reverse, Eggbert)
 * Drifted: In The Beginning & Beyond (CD, released 2015, Omnivore Recordings)

Band members

 * Mark Walton - Bass, Acoustic Guitar, Vocals
 * Carlo Nuccio - Drums, Guitar, Vocals
 * Gary Eaton - Guitar, Vocals
 * Ray Ganucheau - Guitar, Banjo, Vocals
 * Dan McGough - Organ, Piano
 * Peter Holsapple - Guitar, Keyboards, Accordion, Mandolin, Vocals
 * Susan Cowsill - Acoustic Guitar, Vocals
 * Vicki Peterson - Guitars, Vocals
 * Robert Maché - Guitars, Mandolin, Vocals
 * Russ Broussard - Drums

title: Continental Drifters


text:
Carl Gustaf Pilo

Carl Gustaf Pilo (5 March 1711 – 2 March 1793) was a Swedish artist and painter. Pilo worked extensively in Denmark as a painter to the Danish Royal Court and as professor and director at the Royal Danish Academy of Art (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi), as well as in his native Sweden.

His prolific output in Denmark consisted mainly of portraits of royalty and the nobility, but included also genre paintings in the Dutch style. For over two decades, he was acknowledged as the foremost portrait painter in Denmark. In addition to Peder Als, other students of his were Per Krafft and Lorens Pasch. Pilo is most famous for his masterly painting, "The Coronation of Gustaf III" commissioned by King Gustav III of Sweden.

Early years
Carl Gustaf Pilo was born on the farm Göksäter in Runtuna Parish near Nyköping, Södermanland, Sweden to painter Olof (Oluff) Pilo (Pijhlou) and Beata Jönsdotter Sahlstedt. Early information about his career contains many inconsistencies, due to disagreement between two sources contemporary with his life. He probably received his early training from his father, who had earned his living as a young man as a decorative painter at Drottningholm and Stockholm Palace, although other indications say that he was trained by a painter named Crisman in Stockholm. Training for Pilo would have begun in Stockholm as early as 1723.

Pilo’s career began as a craft painter. He became an apprentice in 1731. According to Anton Friedrich Büsching (1754) Pilo traveled through Germany to Vienna 1734-36; this however is contradicted by Thure Wennberg (1794) who insists that Pilo never traveled out of Scandinavia but instead was a student at the newly established Swedish Drawing Academy in 1735. He probably worked as a craft painter between 1733 and 1738.

Career start in Skåne
Pilo lived 1738-1741 in Scania where he may have worked as a craft painter for two Scanian noble families; the Lewenhaupt family and the Baron Malte Ramel family. Pastoral drawings from this time indicate that he may have painted decorations at some estate. He was reputed to be a competent portraitist, and is reported to have painted a large family picture for the widow Countess Lewenhaupt. During these years in Skåne he also produced portraits, although it is not evident from the quality of his work that he ever received professional instruction at this point in his career.

Continued career in Denmark
In early 1741, Pilo left Skåne, and moved to Copenhagen, Denmark. He brought with him to Denmark a letter of introduction from Charlotte Amélie Dorothée Desmarez, governess at the Ramel residence and his future wife, to her brother-in-law C.G. Almer, language teacher at the National Cadet Academy (Landkadetakademiet) in Copenhagen. He started working as drawing teacher at the Academy on 4 April 1741, teaching the sons of Danish nobility, the royal pages and cadets.

He continued his career as a portraitist in Denmark. He painted an enthusiastically received portrait of Crown Princess Louise of Great Britain, the wife of the future King Frederick V of Denmark, one of centenarian Christian Jacobsen Drakenberg in 1742 and another of Christian Lerche in 1743. He concentrated on developing his craft during the 1740s, and probably drew from model in 1744. His duties soon expanded at the Academy; when on 28 June 1745 he became supervisor of drawing instruction, and began making portraits for King Christian VI. In the years 1745-1747 he began to introduce rococo into his artwork, as seen in his portraits of Countess Louise Sophie of Danneskiold-Samsøe and Adam Gottlob Moltke.

Success at the Royal Court and Academy

In 1747, Pilo was named painter to the royal court under the newly crowned King Frederik V, whose duties also included the supervision and restoration of paintings at the royal residences. After several years development he became fully employed by the court and paintings streamed out of his studio.

In 1748 Pilo was named professor at the Drawing and Painting Academy (Tegne- og Malerakademiet), predecessor to the Royal Danish Academy of Art (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi), along with Marcus Tuscher and Johann Friedrich Gerhard. The Academy was then located in the Post Office (Postamts) building behind the Stock Exchange, and was then managed and supervised by Nicolai Eigtved, architect and royal building master. In late summer 1748 the Academy moved to the floor above the Crown Prince's stables at Christiansborg Palace, where Eigtved had his offices, while the model school continued on Gammelstrand, where Hieronimo Miani, former leader of the Academy, had started the studio. Eigtved, the first Dane to exercise some control in the Academy to this point, became the Academy's first Director in 1751.

Pilo painted a full figure portrait of the king, "Frederik V in Coronation Outfit" ("Frederik V i kroningsdragt") in 1751, which is now in the collection of the Danish National Gallery.

The Academy moved to Charlottenborg, and became dedicated as the Royal Danish Academy of Art on 30 March 1754, after inspiration from the French Académie française. Pilo gave the welcoming speech to King Frederick V, not Eigtved. Eigtved was removed from the Director's position a few days later, and the directorship went to a Frenchman, Jacques Francis Joseph Saly. Pilo became a member of the Academy that same year.

During the early years of the Academy most of the artists and architects who served in leading positions, both managerial and educational, were not Danish. It would be some time before Danes took a leading role in the Academy. Eigtved died two months later on 7 June 1754.

Around 1757 neoclassicism began to replace rococo as the popular style, and his works became more romantic and dramatic with focus on shadow and light effects, and with more attention paid to depicting the models. Another inspiration for his changing style was the possibility to study first-hand the works of Rembrandt and other great Dutch Masters from the 17th century, works that in these years were being collected by Moltke and the royal painting collection. Pilo was also inspired by French painter Louis Tocqué, who visited Denmark 1758-1759.

Pilo was drawing instructor for Crown Prince Christian VII in 1759. Around 1760 he made portraits of Adam Gottlob Moltke, his wife, and Anna Margrethe Juel which foreshadowed the arrival of Louis XVI style to Denmark.

He became a member of the Academy of Art in Augsburg 1759, and a member of the Academy of Art in St. Petersburg 1770. He exhibited at Charlottenborg in 1769.

The royal court set a high demand on Pilo’s productivity in the years 1748-1767, having purchased more than 50 portraits of King Frederik V.

Under the absolute monarchy of the times the Academy's fortunes were dependent on both the good will and the whims of the King and his emissaries. Pilo succeeded Jacques Saly in 1771 to the leadership of the Academy, and worked to get the Academy a protectorship under the Crown Prince Frederik VI, who was given an honorary title in 1772.

Downfall
Danish art was well served by the presence of foreign artists at the Academy until there was a reaction to foreigners in 1771-1772 after both the ouster of German Johann Friedrich Struensee from the Danish Royal Court, and Swedish King Gustav III's coup d'état which turned Danes against Sweden.

On 31 August 1772 Pilo received the newly established Cross of the Knight of the Order of Vasa by a Swedish emissary of Gustav III, which required Pilo to take an oath of allegiance to Sweden, the land of his birth. This was considered unacceptable for someone in service to the King of Denmark, and the ensuing royal intrigues cost him his position.

On 10 September he was ordered by Hereditary Prince Frederick to travel within two days to Schleswig to paint a life-size portrait of the King’s sister Louise, her husband Carl Count of Hesse-Kassel and their children.

Pilo rejected the assignment the same day, and submitted his resignation, which was accepted on 17 September. Thus he lost his position, ending a career of over 30 years of service to the Danish crown.

On 21 September he received orders to leave the country within 3–4 weeks. Pilo felt that he was set up in court intrigues by Ove Høegh-Guldberg, a central figure in the court ruling Denmark at the time, Peder Als and Secretary of the Cabinet Andreas Schumacher. Als had been one of Pilo’s best students, and had traveled to Rome and Paris, bringing back a strongly Italian-inspired painting style that became the rage. Als' criticism of the foreign element within the Academy helped lead not only to the downfall of Pilo himself, but to the disappearance of the many French artists at the Academy in the years after 1770.

Return to Sweden
Pilo left Denmark on 10 or 11 October and arrived in Stockholm in November, after having visited the Ramel family in Skåne. He appeared before the Swedish court but received no immediate commissions. He was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in 1773, and received the Royal Order of Vasa in 1784. He traveled about between Skåne and Stockholm during 1772-1775, until settling down in his childhood town of Nyköping in 1775. Gustav III looked him up, requesting him to paint the coronation. He wanted something to match Ehrenstrahl's picture, at Drottningholm, of Charles XI's coronation. Pilo was named Director of the Swedish Academy in 1777, but first took office in 1780 when he also received an apartment in Stockholm as part of his directorship at the Academy. He lived out his days at the Academy, both engaged in the Academy’s business and in painting his masterpiece, the painting of Gustav III’s coronation in Stockholm Cathedral, which he worked on until the very end.

Personal life
Piko became betrothed to Eva Maria Malmgren of Hofterup (between Malmö and Landskrona) in 1738. The engagement became legally annulled on 5 May 1747. Pilo married Charlotte Amélie Dorothée Desmarez (Desmars) on 5 January 1750 at Maltesholm Castle. He died in Stockholm on 2 March 1793, and was buried at Klara Church.

title: Carl Gustaf Pilo


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (M)


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (N)


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (O)


text: User talk:69.243.27.58

title: User talk:69.243.27.58


text:
Sopranino saxophone

The sopranino saxophone is the second-smallest member of the saxophone family. It is tuned in the key of E♭, and sounds an octave higher than the alto saxophone. A sopranino in F was also described in Adolphe Sax's patent, an octave above an F alto (mezzo-soprano), but there are no known built instruments.

The sopranino saxophone has a sweet sound and although it is one of the least common of the saxophones in regular use today, it is still being produced by saxophone manufacturers Orsi and Rampone & Cazzani in Italy, Henri Selmer Paris, and Yanagisawa of Japan. Due to their small size, sopraninos are usually built straight like a clarinet, although Orsi make both straight and curved sopraninos, with the appearance of a miniature alto.

The original patented saxophone family, as developed by Adolphe Sax, included E♭ and B♭ saxophones in the voices of sopranino, soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, bass, contrabass, and subcontrabass instruments, and the same seven in the keys of C and F, though only the soprano, alto, and tenor were ever made. Since the late 1990s the soprillo, an even smaller piccolo saxophone tuned in B♭ a fifth above the sopranino, was developed by the German instrument maker Benedikt Eppelsheim.

The sopranino saxophone is a transposing instrument, with the same written range as any saxophone, from B♭$3$ to at least F$6$. Sounding a minor third higher than written, like an E♭ clarinet or soprano cornet, this range corresponds to D♭$4$ to A♭$6$ in concert pitch.

Repertoire
In classical music, the most notable use of the sopranino saxophone is in French composer Maurice Ravel's orchestral work Boléro. Ravel's score calls for a "soprano saxophone in F", but it is likely no such instrument has ever been built; the part is usually performed on E♭ sopranino or B♭ soprano.

In recent years, rock band Violent Femmes have incorporated sopranino saxophone into the band's live performances as well as their newest albums. Saxophonist Blaise Garza plays a curved sopranino saxophone in the Violent Femmes' 2019 song "I'm Not Gonna Cry". Outside of classical and rock music, notable jazz and improvising musicians using this instrument include Carla Marciano, James Carter, Anthony Braxton, La Monte Young, Roscoe Mitchell, Christophe Monniot, Joseph Jarman, Paul McCandless, Lol Coxhill, Roger Frampton, Hans Koller, Wolfgang Fuchs, Douglas Ewart, Larry Ochs, Vinny Golia, Thomas Chapin, Martin Archer, Jon Irabagon, Massimo Falascone, Gianni Gebbia, and Ian Anderson (credited with having played the instrument on the Jethro Tull albums A Passion Play and War Child). The sopranino saxophone was also used in the six-member Nuclear Whales Saxophone Orchestra, played by Kelley Hart Jenkins.

title: Sopranino saxophone


text:
User talk:Chicagodotcom1

Yo this is a test

title: User talk:Chicagodotcom1


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (P)


text:
Ondangwa

Ondangwa (earlier spelling Ondangua) is a town in the Oshana Region of northern Namibia, bordering the Oshikoto Region. Ondangwa was first established as a mission station of the Finnish Missionary Society (the FMS) in 1890. In 1914, it became a local seat of government.

Ondangwa is said to mean the end of the Ondonga area. (Ondonga is one of the kingdoms of Ovamboland), and Ondangwa is located on the western edge of this kingdom.

Ondangwa is located about 60 km from the Angolan border, along the B1 road. It is one of the places of residence of the Kings of Ondonga; the current King Eliphas Kauluma, father to the reigning king, lives here. Most of the residents of the town speak Oshindonga.

Ondangwa is the district capital of the Ondangwa electoral constituency.

Economy and infrastructure
Ondangwa features various shopping centre, a large open market, and several tourism facilities. There are also shopping centres such as Gwashamba mall, Yetu complex, Ondangwa Industrial Park, Time Square Mall, Sun Square mall, Andimba Toivo yaToivo Complex, Three Sisters Mall and others. Many local authorities for the Oshana and Oshikoto regions are seated in the town, e.g. the Ministry of Education and Police. Onandjokwe State Hospital is situated nearby.

Ondangwa remains an important transit point for Owambo contract workers going to or coming from the copper- and lead-mining town of Tsumeb, 270 km southeast.

There are several schools in the town, among them Andimba Toivo ya Toivo Senior Secondary School. Some schools extend far from the town - for instance Ekulo Senior Secondary School.In terms of education, there are many schools in Ondangwa such as Heroes Private School, Nangolo Secondary School, Iihenda Secondary School and Ondangwa Secondary School. There are also primary schools such as Olukolo Primary School and Ondangwa Prof-Private School and many other. Apart from schools that offer full time classes, there are also schools which offer part time classes to learners who want to improve their grade 10 and 12 results. These are schools such as Elite and NAMCOL. NAMCOL centre also offers other programmes such as ICDL which trains students on how to use computers and other ICT skills. The most well-known football team is KK Palace and Volcano.

Since independence, the government has settled up an industry in the north, to create jobs and improve the poor infrastructure. Rössing Foundation, Kayec and Cosdec are the three vocational skills schools training young people in building maintenance, sewing, cooking, and Internet Technology.

Safland Namibia is developing a multimillion-dollar shopping mall in Ondangwa.

Transport
In 2001, planning started on a railway line to link Tsumeb with Ondangwa, with extensions to Angola planned to follow. The rail line had its first official service on 11 May 2006. The passenger train Omugulugwombashe Star traveled once a week back and forth between Windhoek and Ondangwa before it broke down due to climatic conditions.

Ondangwa Airport is linked to Oshakati and Oshikango by a tarred road. Rental car services are available to tourists. There is Ekamuti Lodge, Ondangwa Town Lodge, Protea Hotel, Oshoto Pension Hotel, Anot Guest House, Ondangwa Restcamp and many others. All these places can give accommodation in Ondangwa Residents and car drivers are extra cautious when crossing and driving in town, because livestock permission in town is not strictly regulated by the authorities. As a result, cattle and many goats roam around streets, especially at night.

Geography
Ondangwa is situated amidst the dramatic scenery of the Kaoko and Damara regions, in the vicinity of Etosha National Park. The relatively pristine state of much of the local culture in the surrounding areas is balanced by the bustling markets and vibrant urban life of the town centre. For visitors, Ondangwa town has a variety of accommodation options, from camp sites to a range of hotels. Informal markets sell a variety of products including traditional clothes and local street food such as dried caterpillars and meat dishes.

Climate
Ondangwa has a semi-arid climate (BSh, according to the Köppen climate classification), with hot summers and warm winters (with mild days and cool nights). The average annual precipitation is 448 mm, with rainfall occurring mainly during summer. In the unusual rainy season of 2010/2011 rainfall was over 1000 mm, while in 2018/19 during the 2010s drought only 169 mm of rain fell. On October 28, 2020, a maximum temperature of 43.2 C was registered.

Politics and government
Ondangwa is governed by a town council that has seven seats. Current challenges faced include the growing demand for housing due to rapid urbanisation, as well unemployment. TIPEEG, a government project to create jobs, is intended to assist in curbing unemployment in the town. The council has produced a development plan with guiding documents in the hope of facilitating investment. In order to combat the shortage of housing, the council has entered into a private-public partnership with Namibou, for the intended construction of roughly a thousand houses. It has also declared the aim of making the local government "an engine for sustainable development" in the region, and joined ICLEI in 2013.

Oshana Region, to which Ondangwa belongs, is a stronghold of Namibia's ruling SWAPO party. In the 2015 local authority election SWAPO won by a landslide (2,582 votes) and gained six council seats. The remaining seat went to the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) which gained 158 votes. SWAPO also won the 2020 local authority election. It obtained 1923 votes and gained four seats. The Independent Patriots for Change (IPC), an opposition party formed in August 2020, obtained 1,744 votes and gained three seats. Paavo Amwele mayor of Ondangwa.

Finnish mission station
The Ondangwa mission station was founded by August Pettinen in 1890. It was located c. 15 km northwest of the Olukonda mission station. At that time it was said that the distance was equal to two hours of travel on an ox cart.

Before Ondangwa was founded, the Finns had experienced a string of setbacks in the territories of other Ovambo tribes, i.e. in the kingdoms of Uukwambi, Ongadjera in the west and Oukwanyama in the north, and circumstances dictated that their work had to be concentrated in Ondonga. Even in Ondonga, the Finns could only work in the west, because in eastern Ondonga, Prince Nehale had been acting in an erratic and despotic way and thus made it impossible for foreigners to work or even survive there.

In August 1889 the Finns received news that Nehale was planning to kill them and to plunder the mission stations in his realm. The reason for this was that Nehale thought, incorrectly, that the Finns would have much ammunition that he could acquire. Pettinen had brought with him a couple of Christian families, and some of his servants were also Christians, so a small congregation existed in Ondangwa right from the beginning.

In 1898 the FMS sent Hilja Lindberg and Anna Rautanen, daughter of Martti Rautanen, to Ovamboland and Ondangwa. They were the first unmarried female missionaries in Ovamboland. Both had been given a chance to practice healthcare work at the Helsinki Deaconess Institute, as the plan was that they would be engaged in this line of work in Ovamboland. Lindberg was also going to teach Ovambo women how to spin and weave cotton.

However, the cultivation and processing of cotton turned out to require too much labour and water, and the results were not in a reasonable proportion compared with the amount of work required. Furthermore, the Ovambos were used to getting material from the Finns and were not motivated to produce their own material. This experiment thus had to be abandoned.

In 1900 the director of the FMS, Jooseppi Mustakallio, came to Ovamboland to inspect the mission field. One of the sites inspected was Ondangwa. He was in general happy with what he saw there.

When August Hänninen arrived in Ovamboland in 1904, Ondangwa became for a short time the most important place of health care there. Hänninen was not trained for medicare work, but as a conscript in the army he had worked as a surgeon's assistant, or some kind of a paramedic, and he was eager to continue in this line of work in Ovamboland. Indeed, he soon became known as a famous healer. August Pettinen reported that in 1905, when many kinds of epidemics ravaged Ovamboland, some 7,000 visits by patients had been made in Ondangwa. Even the following year there were 3,700 visits by patients. It appears that sometime after this Hänninen moved to Oniipa, where he used 4–5 hours daily for taking care of patients.

Armed conflict in Ondangwa
In February 1906, there was an armed conflict in the immediate vicinity of the Ondangwa mission station. The battle was connected to an attempted coup on Ondonga. The nephews of King Kambonde, Albin and Martin had been baptised and were next in line for the throne. Their aunt, Kambonde's sister Amutaleni incited them to kill the king. Even before this, the brothers had started to sort out things in Kambonde's realm, without the consent of Kambonde. When Albin decided that he would not continue to act against the king, his brother Martin assassinated him. This led into an armed conflict between the supporters of these two brothers. Circa 40 Ondonga men were killed in this conflict, and as a result of the affair, two other brothers, also in line for the throne, had to go into exile.

It seems that most people in Ondangwa lost their fortunes in this conflict, since in 1908 it was reported that the people in Ondangwa could not support their parish in any way whatsoever.

Administrative outpost
In early 1914 the Finns had abandoned the Ondangwa mission station. When the British took over South West Africa during World War I, they also came to Ovamboland and in 1915 chose Ondangwa as the location of their administration. On Christmas Day that year they hoisted the Union Jack in Ondangwa for the first time. The commander of the English was Major C. N. Manning, whose title was the Resident Commissioner.

In October 1915 Lieutenant C. H. L. Hahn arrived in Ovamboland. He was the grandson of Carl Hugo Hahn, raised by the son of the latter, Pastor Carl Hugo Hahn Jr., in Paarl, Cape Province. He worked in Ovamboland as the highest administrator for 30 years and had a great influence on the relations between the Finnish missionaries and the colonial administration.

The official status of the government station in Ondangwa was not sorted out until several years later, when in 1921 the government finally bought it from the Finns.

In 1945, towards the end of World War II, the South African government sent an Organizer of Native Education to Northern Namibia, to oversee school work in Ovamboland and Kavango. The first such organizer was D. R. Rootman, who was based in Ondangwa. Later this moved to Grootfontein, and the organizer visited Ovamboland once a year.

During Apartheid
Due to its strategic airport, Ondangwa became an important staging area for the South African Defence Force during its campaigns in neighbouring Angola. Local road and rail links were also improved by authorities to facilitate the rapid movement of military vehicles. While prior to 1970 the highway was unpaved beyond Otjiwarongo, by the end of the decade the tarmac extended through Ondangwa to Oshakati.

As the Namibian War of Independence intensified, Ondangwa became a target for the South West African People's Organization until South Africa's withdrawal from the region in 1990.

Notable residents

 * Eddie Amkongo
 * Angelina Immanuel

title: Ondangwa


text: User talk:218.80.88.249

title: User talk:218.80.88.249


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Joyce Jimenez

Joyce Herrín Reintegrado-Egbalic, popularly known by her screen name Joyce Jimenez (born March 21, 1978) is an American-born former Philippine actress.

In the early 2000s, Joyce Jimenez was titled "Pantasya ng Bayan" (The nation's fantasy) after doing sexy films that did well at the box office under VIVA Films she worked with serious actors such as Richard Gomez, Albert Martinez and Jomari Yllana, later on in romantic comedies with Piolo Pascual and Diether Ocampo under Regal Films. In 2003, she was cast in Pinay Pie with Ai-Ai delas Alas and Assunta De Rossi under Star Cinema on her second film with Jose Javier Reyes after her pairing with Aga Muhlach in Narinig Mo Na Ba ang L8est?.

After her retirement in film and her regular television work for GMA Network at the time, she decided to go back to Los Angeles after marrying and starting a family. Her Ever Bilena brand Private Joyce disbanded in 2006.

Biography
Joyce Jimenez was born in Los Angeles, California to Philippine migrant parents. Her full name is Joyce Herrín Reintegrado-Egbalic. Jimenez grew up in the Los Ángeles area where she studied at Bishop Amat High School in La Puente, California. She was accepted at UCLA but decided to forgo schooling to move to the Philippines; most recently she had a college degree from a university in Australia.

In 1996, Jimenez participated in the Miss Taguig - Hollywood pageant. Although she did not win the title, she did win the Miss Photogenic title.

Jimenez started to venture out from films and into business. She owns Skin-Private Joyce, which specializes in bath and beauty products. She also opened a lingerie line Private Joyce Intimate Collection partnership with Ever Bilena Cosmetics Inc. Jimenez married Filipino-American Paul Ely Egbalic from Vallejo, CA on August 23, 2008, at Walnut, California and on October 16, 2009, Joyce & Paul welcomed their first baby girl named "Jorja".

On September 29, 2008, Jimenez suffered serious injuries in a car accident in Urdaneta City, Pangasinan (coming from a Baguio taping for ABC TV5's "Philippines Scariest Challenge"). Avoiding a truck, her Toyota 4Runner flipped four times and was totally wrecked when it rolled over in a rice field. She was treated at the Urdaneta City Sacred Heart Hospital and transferred to Medical City, Pasig. Her legs were badly injured, she had minor bruises, had to wear a brace on her neck, and had minor stitches on her face.

title: Joyce Jimenez


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (Q)


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (R)


text:
Talk:Civic Forum

"At the Civic Forum congress in January, 1990, Klaus's supporters stated that they would form a party with a clearer program" - that doesn't seem to line up with the other dates. Should it be 1991?

title: Talk:Civic Forum


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (S)


text:
American Cadet Alliance

The American Cadet Alliance (ACA), formerly the United States Army Cadet Corps (USAC) was founded under the name "Colonel Cody's Boy Scouts" by Captain James H. C. Smyth at the First Presbyterian Church, Manhattan, New York in 1909. The ACA is the oldest nationwide Cadet program in the United States. It is the National Cadet Program branch of the American Military Cadet Corps (AMCC), its parent organization. ACA and American Military Cadet Corps is an Independent National Cadet Program (similar to the Young Marines) and therefore is not a governmental agency, and is not an official entity of the United States Army.

The ACA (former USAC) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit youth education organization.

History
The American Cadet Alliance was founded as Colonel Cody's Boy Scouts by Captain James H. C. Smyth on 10 April 1909, at the First Presbyterian Church in Manhattan, New York. Shortly thereafter, the group was reorganized as the American Naval and Marine Scouts. The American Naval and Marine Scouts continued to evolve, and on 16 August 1927, the organization was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York as the New York Junior Naval Militia, Inc. In early 1929, the organization split and its founder, as well as a number of senior officers, incorporated the Junior Naval Reserve, Inc., on 19 February 1929.

Early in 1938, during the heightening of World War II, the War Department instructed the Secretaries of State to require all organizations using the words "naval", "militia" and "reserve" as a part of their corporate name to rename their organizations so as not to cause public confusion regarding their relationship to the armed services. To comply with this request, the Junior Naval Reserve, Inc. reincorporated on 14 June 1938 as the American Nautical Cadets, Inc., and on 2 November 1938, the New York Junior Naval Militia, Inc. changed its name to the Maritime Brigade, Inc.

As a result of this reorganization, due in part to a number of mergers with other, smaller Cadet organizations, the American Nautical Cadets, Inc. reincorporated on 3 October 1956 as the American Nautical Alliance, Inc. The organization came full circle on 15 September 1960 when the American Nautical Alliance, Inc. and the Maritime Brigade, Inc. merged to become the American Cadet Alliance, Inc.

The USAC (United States Army Cadet Corps) was created in 2000 and was the fastest-growing brigade in the ACA, in comparison with the Naval Cadets and Marine Cadets.

Then in 2007, the decision to phase out all of the brigades except for the Army was made. This decision was made due to the high interest in the Army brigade and lack of interest in the Marine and Naval brigade. Along with the support from the US Army Reserve and Army National Guard, in April 2009 this transition was completed. Starting in 2011 USAC decided to open a military school named Forest Hill Military Academy at its headquarters the former site of Millerburg Military Institute. This decision was not universally supported by the volunteer cadre of USAC and led to the eventual departure of many experienced adult leaders. All funding brought in by USAC, including that of its widely popular summer camp "Military Adventure Camp", went into operating the school, which eventually failed. The opening of the school led to the dismissal of the commandant Charles Tornow and his staff. The final commander for USAC was Jay Whitehead, a former politician who did not have a military background. When he took control of USAC, the majority of the cadre with any experience left. In 2015 there was an influx of fresh staff members who spearheaded the re-branding/re-organization of the ACA, and the decision to bring back Marine Cadetting and Naval Cadets was made in keeping with the spirit of the original intent of the founders of the program. Unfortunately, this initiative failed and under the management of Jay Whitehead, the organization attempted bankruptcy but was dismissed from bankruptcy court due to failure to cooperate. Creditors of USAC were never paid. Whitehead resigned his position with USAC without alerting the receiver appointed by the AG's office of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. He established a new non-profit Military Adventure Camp, Inc to run summer camps under the branding established by USAC. No assets or equipment owned by USAC were sold to pay creditors, leading many to question where Whitehead sourced the equipment needed to operate his new summer camp.

The Millersburg headquarters of USAC was foreclosed on in 2016.

Former Commandants of the American Cadet Alliance Include:
 * CAPT James H.C. Smyth (founder)
 * RADM Gilbert G. Murdoch
 * BG Peter Genovese
 * BG Charles Tornow

Organization
As of mid–2006, the ACA's organizational model is largely nominal and has been established to accommodate an expected upswing in membership and unit activations.

A unit is given a name reflecting its locality, as well as a unit designation indicating the company, battalion, and district. For instance, the designation of the Military Cadets of Selfridge (Michigan) is B Co., 5/1, or Bravo Company, Fifth Battalion, 1st CTR.

Most units drill on military installations, military reserve centers, or National Guard armories and most receive a great deal of cooperation and support from their host units. Drills are generally on the Guard/Reserve model, with one weekend drill per month.

Cadet membership
Cadets are members between the ages of 12 and 20 (although 11-year-olds can be accepted after 5th grade). They must be enrolled in school and receiving passing grades, be drug and crime-free, and be of weight proportional to their height. The applicant can not be overly obese. The prospective Cadet should be able to do basic exercises like push-ups and sit-ups and be able to run. The applicant must be able to pass a "sports-type" physical exam by a doctor and can not have any communicable diseases, chronic health problems, or severe allergies. Once a Cadet turns 18, they can choose to stay in the program as a cadet or become a junior cadre member. If they stay as a cadet, they can stay in the program only until they turn 21.

One of the features of the Cadet application process for the ACA is that the Cadet must volunteer and sign for themselves. The parents still must sign the appropriate permission forms, but overall the Cadet applicant cannot be forced to sign up. The ACA is not a delinquency program and the organization has strict policies regarding this issue.

The Cadet rank system in the ACA is the same as in the U.S. military enlisted system. Just like the U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps, the Young Marines, the Canadian Cadet Organizations, and the British cadet forces, Cadet ranks only encompass enlisted ranks and no officer ranks. Cadets enter at grade Cadet C-1 and work their way up to Cadet Sergeant Major (Army/ Marine Military Cadets) or Cadet Master Chief (Navy Military Cadets) C-9. However, cadets who continue in the program when they enter college can become an Officer Cadet until they turn 21, at which time they become an Officer Candidate. The title of each grade is based on the branch they are enrolled in, but all ACA Cadets begin their time in the program as "recruits". The new ACA Cadets remain recruits until their first summer camp, where they are given the chance to earn the title "Cadet". They can promote to C-2 before that first summer camp, but that promotion is provisional. Once at summer camp, a provisional E-2 will remove his rank and again become a C-1 recruit. Only after graduating from their first summer camp can a Cadet be actually called "Cadet" and be permanently promoted above the rank of C-1. They also hold company positions such as company first sergeant, platoon sergeant, or squad leader. The most senior ranking cadet is a Command Cadet, who serves as the Senior Cadet Advisor to the National Staff with the rank of Cadet Command Sergeant Major (Army Military Cadets), Cadet Sergeant Major (Marine Military Cadets) or Cadet Command Master Chief (Navy Military Cadets).

Adult membership
Membership in the ACA Officers' Corps is a privilege reserved for those individuals who desire to promote the objectives and purposes of the ACA and who meet the eligibility requirements. Leadership and command of the ACA, at all levels, is provided by a dedicated corps of non-paid professional officers, adult noncommissioned officers (NCO) and instructors. Each Officers' Corps applicant must complete a series of prerequisites and a thorough screening process prior to receiving a commission or appointment as an officer or NCO in the American Military Cadet Corps.

There are several categories for the Officer Corps, which are outlined below.

Instructor
An appointment as an instructor may be granted to individuals who wish to participate in ACA activities in a non-military capacity. Instructors do not wear a military uniform but are required to dress in appropriate ACA attire. This category of membership is extremely flexible and its requirements are not as high as a uniformed staff member, but a high level of professionalism and moral integrity is always required.

Adult Non-Commissioned Officers
An appointment as an Adult Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) is open to those individuals who have served honorably in the U.S. military in grades E-4 through E-9 who prefer to maintain their status as non-commissioned officers rather than to apply for a commission in the ACA Officers' Corps. Those individuals choosing to remain as Non-Commissioned Officers will be appointed to a grade comparable to the highest enlisted grade held while in the military. Adult NCOs are assigned a position within the unit, comparable with their rank and billet while on active duty or in the reserves. Adult NCOs are always needed in a training capacity to work directly with the Cadets.

Warrant Officers
A commission as a Warrant Officer is open to those individuals who are specialists in a field of endeavor and who desire to instruct in technical skills, or perform a single function within the unit, causing them to be best suited to apply for commissioning as a Warrant Officer in the ACA Officer's Corps.

Commissioned Officers
A commission as an ACA Officer is open to those individuals who have the desire, self-discipline, self-confidence, critical judgment, and moral integrity to put on the uniform. The American Cadet Alliance Officer Corps take this uniform seriously and expect any prospective commissioned officer to as well. ACA Officers are held to a higher standard.

Individual Training Company Membership
Individual Training Company (ITC) Cadets are Cadet members of the organization who are not located near a drilling unit. These Cadets and Officer Corps members function largely on their own throughout the year, often coordinating through their local military recruiter for assistance tasks and training. ITC members go to Annual Training in the summer with the rest of the ACA as a whole. The ITC is open to anyone who wishes to join the program (with parental consent and paperwork) and is then enrolled in the program as a member of ACA.

Controversy at Military Adventure Camp
In March 2013 a Pendleton County, Kentucky mother filed a lawsuit stating that her son and daughter had been sexually molested while attending Military Adventure Camp. The suit described two separate cases of abuse starting in 2010 - sexual advances by a camp instructor against her son, and misconduct against her daughter by a fellow cadet. Filed on 5 March 2013, the suit alleged negligence, intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligent hiring, and improper training and supervision by the corps. The employee, a non-instructor staff member, was fired from his position and investigated by law enforcement. The charges by the family were later dropped, some speculate due to the disbarring of their attorney.

In June 2013, Paris Fire Department Inspector Battalion Chief Mike Duffy ordered the U.S. Army Cadet Corps to evacuate about 70 teenage cadets and adult staffers from two buildings at Military Adventure Camp after an anonymous complaint. Electrical wiring problems and other issues were discovered by the investigator. Among the reported problems were "bare walls down to the studs", "electrical wiring dangling from the ceiling", and "kids sleeping within inches of exposed electrical wiring sticking out of the wall". Chief Duffy also cited other problems, including out of date, empty and missing fire extinguishers, inoperative fire alarm systems and missing or defective smoke and heat detectors.

USACC spokesman Brian Lehnhardt said the situation involved the Rankin and McIntyre buildings, both more than 80 years old. According to Lehnhardt cadets and adults had been living in the buildings temporarily during summer camp and the buildings were to be renovated. Despite the findings of the fire inspector's investigation, Lehnhardt stated that "at no time were any of our cadets, recruits or staff in any danger", and that the USAC leadership believed the building was up to code and safe.

In July 2013 the Army Cadet Corps announced plans to tear down the Rankin Building. Lehnhardt stated, "There's just been one issue after another finding more problems with the building than we expected". The adjoining McIntyre Building was to be renovated and brought up to modern fire codes. A press release from the time stated that "After careful re-evaluation by the state and county building inspectors, it was deemed that the only way to save the adjoining McIntyre building would be to demolish Rankin".

Reorganization
Following the controversy from the incident that happened at Military Adventure Camp, the leaders of the USACC resigned their positions and a court-appointed receiver was put in place. Jay Whitehead the business manager brought in to save the finances of USAC's military school took control despite having no military background himself. The United States Army Cadet Corps name was dropped, but Forest Hill Military Academy maintained itself and the cadet units and renamed itself the American Military Cadet Corps (AMCC). AMCC is not endorsed by the U.S. Army and has no relationship with the Army. The AMCC leadership had experience in the military, leading cadets and youth, and was going in a much different direction, with the academy returning with the original historical name, Millersburg Military Institute. In June 2015, it was announced that a merger would occur between the AMCC and another Cadet program. Additional information and details would be announced later, but the headquarters would remain at the National Cadet Training Center in Millersburg for the time being. The AMCC name would remain as the corporate name for the umbrella of the two programs under its command: the National Cadet Program which would be returning to its previous name of American Cadet Alliance, and the Millersburg Military Institute itself serving as the headquarters.

Unfortunately, this initiative failed. Under the management of Jay Whitehead, the organization attempted bankruptcy but was dismissed from bankruptcy court due to failure to cooperate. Creditors of USAC were never paid. Jay Whitehead resigned his position with USAC without alerting the receiver appointed by the AG's office of the Commonwealth of Kentucky and established a new non-profit Military Adventure Camp, Inc. to run summer camps under the branding established by USAC. No assets or equipment owned by USAC were sold to pay creditors, leading many to question where Whitehead had sourced the equipment needed to operate his new camp.

The Millersburg headquarters of USAC was foreclosed on in 2016.

Since the implosion of this once great, thriving, and strong organization, other Officers of the Corps strived in new directions. As Mr. Whitehead took his version of the program one way, several other Staff have brought their pieces of Knowledge and experience forward. Though Mr. Whitehead and some others claim that these splinter programs are not of true heritage. But looking at the Program Historically From COL Cody's Scouts, which was actually a splinter off of the Boy Scouts of America, Splinter programs are the ones who had upheld and cherished that exact heritage. Some went on to success in their programs others went to for Profit programming and others are still carrying the torch to revive Community Cadetting and offer a model that aligns their interests providing some core programming needs for each participating unit with uniform rules on advancement, membership and youth protection guidelines. All of this while allowing Unit CDRs with enough Autonomy to feel they have direct control over their unit. The Board of Directors (BoD) should be elected by the membership and an agreement to operate under Roberts Rules of Order for any Regulation that would affect the Corps.

As of 2022, the website is largely non-functional and included spam links.

title: American Cadet Alliance


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (T)


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (U)


text:
Telluric acid

Telluric acid, or more accurately orthotelluric acid, is a chemical compound with the formula Te(OH)6, often written as H6TeO6. It is a white crystalline solid made up of octahedral Te(OH)6 molecules which persist in aqueous solution. In the solid state, there are two forms, rhombohedral and monoclinic, and both contain octahedral Te(OH)6 molecules, containing one hexavalent tellurium (Te) atom in the +6 oxidation state, attached to six hydroxyl (–OH) groups, thus, it can be called tellurium(VI) hydroxide. Telluric acid is a weak acid which is dibasic, forming tellurate salts with strong bases and hydrogen tellurate salts with weaker bases or upon hydrolysis of tellurates in water. It is used as tellurium-source in the synthesis of oxidation catalysts.

Preparation
Telluric acid is formed by the oxidation of tellurium or tellurium dioxide with a powerful oxidising agent such as hydrogen peroxide, chromium trioxide or sodium peroxide.
 * TeO2 + H2O2 + 2 H2O → Te(OH)6

Crystallization of telluric acid solutions below 10 °C gives telluric acid tetrahydrate Te(OH)6*4H2O. It is an oxidising agent, as shown by the electrode potential for the reaction below, although it is kinetically slow in its oxidations.
 * Te(OH)6 + 2 H+ + 2 e- ⇌ TeO2 + 4 H2O, Eo = +1.02 V

Chlorine, by comparison, is +1.36 V and selenous acid is +0.74 V in oxidizing conditions.

Properties and reactions
The anhydrous acid is stable in air at 100 °C but above this it dehydrates to form polymetatelluric acid, a white hygroscopic powder (approximate composition (H2TeO4)10), and allotelluric acid, an acid syrup of unknown structure (approximate composition 3*H2TeO4*4H2O).

Typical salts of the acid contains the anions [Te(O)(OH)5]− and [Te(O)2(OH)4](2−). The presence of the tellurate ion TeO4(2−) has been confirmed in the solid state structure of Rb6[TeO5][TeO4]. Strong heating at over 300 °C produces the α crystalline modification of tellurium trioxide, α-TeO3. Reaction with diazomethane gives the hexamethyl ester, Te(OCH3)6.

Telluric acid and its salts mostly contain hexacoordinate tellurium. This is true even for salts such as magnesium tellurate, MgTeO4, which is isostructural with magnesium molybdate and contains TeO6 octahedra.

Other forms of telluric acid
Metatelluric acid, H2TeO4, the tellurium analogue of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is unknown. Allotelluric acid of approximate composition 3*H2TeO4*4H2O, is not well characterised and may be a mixture of Te(OH)6 and (H2TeO4)_{n}.

Other tellurium acids
Tellurous acid H2TeO3, containing tellurium in its +4 oxidation state, is known but not well characterised. Hydrogen telluride is an unstable gas that forms hydrotelluric acid upon addition to water.

title: Telluric acid


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Iowa Highway 9

Iowa Highway 9 is the most northern of Iowa's east–west highways, traversing the entire northern tier of counties. It runs from the eastern terminus of South Dakota Highway 42 at the South Dakota border east of Sioux Falls, South Dakota near Benclare, to the Wisconsin border at Lansing where it continues as Wisconsin Highway 82. It is largely rural in character, bypassing any large city. Making a few dips north and south, the highway largely follows a very straight east–west alignment.

Northwest Iowa
Iowa 9 enters Iowa from South Dakota as a continuation of South Dakota Highway 42. At the same place the highway passes by Grand Falls Casino. The highway's entry point is 4+1/2 mi east of Iowa's northwestern corner. It heads south and east through Lyon County until it reaches Larchwood. There, it turns south for about a mile (1.5 km) where it meets the northern end of Iowa 182. From here, the highway runs due east for 12 mi. During this straight stretch, it passes just to the south of Lester. Just west of Rock Rapids, it meets U.S. Highway 75 (US 75). The two routes overlap one another for 1 mi as the travel through northern Rock Rapids. US 75 splits away to the south and Iowa 9 heads into downtown Rock Rapids, where it crosses the Rock River.

East of Rock Rapids, the highway follows a section line that is 4+1/2 mi south of the Minnesota state line. Halfway between Rock Rapids and Little Rock, Iowa 9 intersects the northern and southern legs of County Road L14, which were previously Iowa 91 and Iowa 339, respectively. The highway passes Little Rock to the south and enters Osceola County. It continues east for 7+1/2 mi until it reaches an interchange with Iowa 60 north of Sibley, that highway's final exit before entering Minnesota. Shortly thereafter, Iowa 9 meets US 59. The highway eases to the south as it follows the section line. It passes to the north of Ocheyedan and to the south of Rush Lake and Harris.

As Iowa 9 enters Dickinson County, it goes south of Silver Lake and Lake Park. It crosses the western and eastern branches of the Little Sioux River, which converge just south of the highway. The intersection with Iowa 86 marks Iowa 9's entry into the Iowa Great Lakes region. It becomes a four-lane divided highway for a short distance as it curves slightly to the south. In northwestern Spirit Lake, Iowa 9 is joined by US 71 from the south and they travel east through the downtown area. The highways turn sharply to the northeast in order to cross a narrow portion of East Okoboji Lake. They briefly follow the shore before turning back to the east and exiting Spirit Lake. 4 mi east of town, US 71 turns to the north and Iowa 9 continues towards Superior. Iowa 9 enters Emmet County and curves to the southeast as it approaches Estherville. There, it crosses the West Fork Des Moines River and Iowa 4. It continues due east for 15 mi. Just west of Armstrong, it dips to the south and enters the southern part of town. It is overlapped by Iowa 15 for two blocks, a mere 600 ft.

North Central Iowa
In Kossuth County, Iowa 9 passes through Swea City. East of Swea City, it is joined by U.S. Route 169. It passes north of Lakota, where US 169 turns north. Travelling through Buffalo Center in Winnebago County, the route takes a short southerly dip to pass northeast of Thompson, continues east, and then south overlapping U.S. Route 69 to the northern edge of Forest City where it again turns east. In Worth County, it travels past the northern edges of Fertile and Hanlontown, where it soon crosses Interstate 35. East of I-35, it passes through the south side of Manly.

In Mitchell County, it makes a straight run to and through Osage, where it begins a concurrence with U.S. Route 218. East of where US 218 turns south, Iowa 9 swings back north and resumes going east to Riceville, crossing the Wapsipinicon River in the process.

Northeast Iowa
In Howard County, the highway makes a transition into the Driftless Area of Iowa, with progressively more rugged terrain evident as one travels east. West of Cresco, and south of Lime Springs, it crosses U.S. Route 63 before going through Cresco. In the process, it crosses two tributaries of the Turkey River. In Winneshiek County, it runs southeasterly, straightening out to go through Decorah in the valley of the Upper Iowa River. In Decorah, it crosses U.S. Route 52. It again takes a southeasterly drift. In Allamakee County, the highway becomes crooked. Just east of the county line, Iowa Highway 51 meets its northern terminus. Running south of Waukon, it then turns north through Waukon, briefly joined by Iowa Highway 76. In the northern part of Waukon, it curves north and east, into Lansing, through the valley of Clear Creek and downtown Lansing. Just before crossing the Mississippi River, it meets the southern terminus of Iowa Highway 26. It then turns onto the Black Hawk Bridge, where it joins Wisconsin Highway 82.

title: Iowa Highway 9


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (V)


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Philippine Open (golf)

The Philippine Open was one of the world's longest-running men's golf tournaments. First held in 1913, it is also Asia's oldest golf tournament.

History
The event was held in a variety of different golf courses around the Philippines and was an official money event on the Asian Tour from 1999 to 2015, having previously been a founding tournament on the Asia Golf Circuit. In March 2006 the National Golf Association of the Philippines granted all marketing rights for the tournament from 2006 to 2010 to the Asian Tour, which announced an aspiration to increase the prize fund from the 2006 level of US$200,000 to $1 million. In 2014, the prize fund was $300,000.

The 1967 event included a full-field of 160 players.

Venues
The following venues have been used since the founding of the Philippine Open in 1913.

Multiple winners
The players who have won the Philippine Open more than once are the following:
 * 12 wins
 * Larry Montes (1929, 1932, 1936, 1937, 1941–1944, 1948, 1951, 1953, 1954)
 * 6 wins
 * Celestino Tugot (1949, 1955–1958, 1962)
 * 5 wins
 * J.R.H. Mason (a) (1913, 1914, 1918, 1921, 1927)
 * 3 wins
 * Lu Liang-Huan (1965, 1974, 1978)
 * Ben Arda (1961, 1963, 1979)
 * 2 wins
 * Ian Collier Trotter MacGregor (a) (1919, 1920)
 * Norman Von Nida (1938, 1939)
 * Hsieh Yung-yo (1970, 1977)
 * Lu Hsi-chuen (1980, 1983)
 * Frankie Miñoza (1998, 2007)

title: Philippine Open (golf)


text:
Category:Early Korean history

People, events, or things associated with Korean history prior to the Three Kingdoms period.

title: Category:Early Korean history


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (W)


text:
Return of the Living Dead Part II

Return of the Living Dead Part II is a 1988 American comedy horror film written and directed by Ken Wiederhorn, and starring Michael Kenworthy, Marsha Dietlein, Dana Ashbrook, Thom Mathews, James Karen, and Phil Bruns. It is the first of four sequels to The Return of the Living Dead.

Return of the Living Dead Part II was released by Lorimar Motion Pictures on January 15, 1988, and was a minor box office success, making over $9 million at the box office in the United States against its $6.2 million budget.

Plot
Set some time after the events of the first film, a U.S. military truck is transporting barrels of Trioxin, when one breaks loose and falls into a river without the driver noticing. The next morning, pre-teen bullies Johnny and Billy take a reluctant Jesse Wilson to a cemetery mausoleum for an initiation into their club. Frightened, Jesse flees into a nearby storm drain, where the three stumble across the rogue barrel. Upon opening it, they find a corpse inside and run away screaming as the toxic gas contained within begins to leak out. When Jesse proposes calling the Army from a phone number listed on the barrel, the bullies trap and leave him in the derelict mausoleum.

Billy and Johnny return to the barrel and open it, releasing the Trioxin gas that begins to permeate the whole cemetery. Grave robbers Ed and Joey, along with Joey's girlfriend Brenda, arrive at the cemetery in a van. While Brenda stays behind in the van, Ed and Joey open the mausoleum to loot the tombs within, allowing Jesse to run home. Meanwhile, acid rainfall causes the Trioxin to begin seeping into the ground and reanimating the corpses.

At home, Jesse is ordered to do his homework by his older sister, Lucy. However, Jesse sneaks out when a cable repairman, Tom, arrives at the house. Jesse goes to Billy's house, where Billy has fallen ill. Suffering from the effects of Trioxin, Billy warns Jesse not to tell anyone what they found. Jesse returns to the sewer to examine the barrel. Upon seeing a tar-covered zombie, Jesse flees to the cemetery, where the newly resurrected bodies begin to dig their way out of the ground. In the mausoleum, Ed and Joey witness a corpse come to life. Joey strikes its head with a crowbar, and they flee the building. They run into a hysterical Brenda as a mob of zombies grows.

Jesse gets home and tries to tell Lucy about the zombie uprising, but she dismisses him and locks him in his room. He starts a fire to set off the smoke alarm, which distracts Lucy so he can escape. Jesse calls the Army and gets through to Colonel Glover, but the call gets disconnected. Ed, Joey, and Brenda steal Tom's van but are unable to get through the zombie horde, so they barge into Jesse's house. Joey begins to fall ill from Trioxin exposure. As the zombies close in on the house, the survivors attempt to find a getaway car. They manage to break into a doctor's house, where they convince him to let them use his car, and they drive to a hospital emergency room that appears to be deserted.

At Billy's house, Billy's father is attacked and eaten by zombies. Fully turned, Billy proceeds to attack his mother. Elsewhere, Tom, Lucy, and Jesse drive through the town—which has apparently been abandoned—to Lucy and Jesse's grandfather's house, where they arm themselves with guns. They return to the hospital where Ed and Joey are experiencing symptoms of rigor mortis. Jesse is attacked by a zombie that both he and Tom shot multiple times. The group, including Joey and Ed, leave in the car and come across National Guardsmen. A fully zombified Ed attacks and kills one of the soldiers, causing his squadmates to flee. Brenda drives away with Joey, leaving Ed behind. Brenda is attacked by a zombified Joey and willfully lets him cannibalize her.

Fleeing in a stolen ambulance, the survivors come to a roadblock, and the National Guard opens fire on them, thinking they are zombies. Realizing that the whole town has been evacuated, Tom drives them to a meat packing plant. They take a truck and distribute brains to the zombies to lure them to a power plant, intending to electrocute them all. Billy opens the gate, but zombies corner them in the truck. The only one to slip out, Jesse activates the plant's power, electrocuting all the zombies. Billy tries to kill Jesse, but Jesse pushes him into a transformer, killing him. Glover and his men arrive to contain the scene and lead the others away.

Production
Following the success of The Return of the Living Dead, producer Tom Fox opted to personally bankroll the sequel believing it to be a safe investment having been inspired by the successful sequelization of other works such as the Friday the 13th film series. Fox hired Ken Wiederhorn to serve as writer and director on the film, and while Fox had initially wanted the sequel to be played as a straightforward horror film, Wiederhorn wanted to increase the amount of humor that was seen in the prior, which Fox allowed. Fox had stated his intent with the film was to make a long lasting horror series much like Friday the 13th.

Actors James Karen and Thom Mathews, who appeared in The Return of the Living Dead as medical supply warehouse employees Frank and Freddy, respectively, appear again in Return of the Living Dead Part II, although they play different characters than in the first film. Like in the previous film, their characters gradually devolve into zombies after being exposed to toxic gas; during the production of Part II, Mathews remarked to Fangoria that, "This time I get to eat the girl's brains".

Soundtrack
Released on Island Records in 1988.

 * 1) Space Hopper" by Julian Cope
 * 2) "High Priest of Love" by Zodiac Mindwarp and the Love Reaction
 * 3) "I'm the Man (Def Uncensored version)" by Anthrax
 * 4) "Big Band B-Boy" by Mantronix
 * 5) "Monster Mash" by the Big O (lead vocal by Christian Gossett)
 * 6) "Alone in the Night" by Leatherwolf
 * 7) "A.D.I./Horror of It All" by Anthrax
 * 8) "Flesh to Flesh" by Joe Lamont
 * 9) "The Dead Return" by J. Peter Robinson

 * The soundtrack was released in Japan with the additional songs "Looking For Clues" and "Bad Case of Loving You (Doctor, Doctor)" by Robert Palmer.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 5% rating from 21 reviews. On Metacritic it has a rating of 45 based on 6 critic reviews indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Home media
Return of the Living Dead Part II was released on DVD in 2004, containing a heavily altered soundtrack.

Actress Marsha Dietlein was asked in an August 2012 interview if the film would receive a newer and perhaps "special" DVD release, as was recently done for the first installment in the franchise. "I wish they would do a retrospective, but I haven't heard anything about it," she said.

The film received a Blu-ray release in 2018 by Shout! Factory (under license from Warner Bros.). It contains a new 2K scan of the interpositive, plus a bunch of new special features that were not on the DVD. Along with that, it also restores the original theatrical soundtrack that was omitted on the DVD release.

title: Return of the Living Dead Part II


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International Water Management Institute

The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) is a non-profit international water management research organisation under the CGIAR with its headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and offices across Africa and Asia. Research at the Institute focuses on improving how water and land resources are managed, with the aim of underpinning food security and reducing poverty while safeguarding the environment.

Its research focuses on: water availability and access, including adaptation to climate change; how water is used and how it can be used more productively; water quality and its relationship to health and the environment; and how societies govern their water resources. In 2012, IWMI was awarded the prestigious Stockholm Water Prize Laureate by Stockholm International Water Institute for its pioneering research, which has helped to improve agricultural water management, enhance food security, protect environmental health and alleviate poverty in developing countries.

IWMI is a member of CGIAR, a global research partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for sustainable development, and leads the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems. IWMI is also a partner in the CGIAR Research Programs on: Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS); Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); Dryland Systems; and Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics.

Early focus on irrigation
The institute was founded under the name International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) in 1985 by the Ford Foundation and the Government of Sri Lanka, supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and the World Bank. During the Green Revolution of the 1940s to 1970s, billions of dollars had been spent building large-scale irrigation systems. These contributed, along with new fertilizers, pesticides and high-yielding varieties of seeds, to helping many countries produce greater quantities of food crops. By the mid-1980s, however, these irrigation systems were no longer performing efficiently; IIMI's job was to find out why.

IIMI's researchers discovered that problems affecting irrigation were often more institutional than technical. It advocated ‘Participatory Irrigation Management’ (PIM) as the solution, an approach that sought to involve farmers in water management decisions. In 1992, the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit gave credence to this approach by recommending that water management be decentralized, with farmers and other stakeholders playing a more important role in managing natural resources. Initially met with resistance, PIM went on to become the status quo for governments and major lending agencies. IIMI became a member of the CGIAR system in 1991.

Wider perspective
By the mid-1990s, competition for water resources was rising, thanks to a larger global population, expanding cities and increasing industrial applications. Viewing irrigation in isolation was no longer relevant to the global situation. A new approach was needed that would consider it within a river basin context, encompassing competing users and the environment. IIMI began developing new fields of research, on topics such as open and closed basins, water accounting, multiple-use systems, basin institutions, remote sensing analysis and environmental flows. In 1998, its name changed to the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), reflecting this new wider approach.

Although it was becoming evident that water could no longer be considered an "infinite resource", as had been the case in the 1950s when there were fewer people on the planet, no one knew just how scarce the resource was. This prompted IWMI to try to find out. Its research culminated in publication of Water for food, Water for life: A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture. A map within the report showed that a third of the world's population already suffered from ‘water scarcity’. The report defined physical water scarcity, as being where there are insufficient water resources to meet the demands of the population, and economic water scarcity as where water requirements are not satisfied because of a lack of investment in water or human capacity.

Averting a global water crisis
IWMI's approach towards defining water scarcity provided a new context within which the scientific debate on water availability subsequently became centred. For example, the theme of the UN World Water Day in 2007 was Coping with Water Scarcity; The USA's Worldwatch Institute featured a chapter on water management in its assessment State of the World 2008; and reports published in 2009 by the World Economic Forum and UNESCO concluded that water scarcity is now a bigger threat than the global financial crisis. Dr. Rajendra K. Pachauri, Chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, also highlighted water scarcity at the 2009 Nobel Conference.

If current trends continue, global annual water usage is set to increase by more than two trillion cubic metres by 2030, rising to 6.9 trillion cubic metres. That equates to 40 per cent more than can be provided by available water supplies. At Stockholm World Water Week 2010, IWMI highlighted a six-point plan for averting a water crisis. According to the institute, the following actions are required: 1) gather high-quality data about water resources; 2) take better care of the environment; 3) reform how water resources are governed; 4) revitalize how water is used for farming; 5) better manage urban and municipal demands for water; and 6) involve marginalized people in water management.

In 2011, IWMI celebrated its 25th anniversary by commissioning a series of essays on agricultural and development.

Using water management to reduce poverty
IWM's work in Gujarat, India, exemplifies how improving water management can have an influence on peoples' livelihoods. The state faced the dual problem of bankrupt electricity utilities and depleted groundwater storage following the introduction of electricity subsidies to farmers from around 1970. The situation arose because the subsidies enabled farmers to easily pump groundwater from ever-increasing depths. The Asian Development Bank and World Bank both indicated that governments should cut the electricity subsidies and charge farmers based on metered consumption of power. However, when some state governments tried to do so, the farmers formed such powerful lobbies that several chief ministers lost their seats. A different solution was clearly required.

IWMI scientists who studied the problem suggested governments should introduce ‘intelligent rationing’ of farm power supply by separating the power cables carrying electricity to farmers from those supplying other rural users, such as domestic households and industries. They should then provide farmers with a high-quality power supply for a set number of hours each day at a price they could afford. Eventually Gujarat decided to include these recommendations in a larger programme to reform the electricity utility. A study conducted afterwards found its impacts to be much greater than anticipated. Prior to the change, tube-well owners had been holding rural communities to ransom by ‘stealing’ power for irrigation. After the cables were separated, rural households, schools and industries had a much higher-quality power supply, which in turn boosted individuals’ well-being.


text:
User:Nickolas1492

I Am a Wiki Editor
I am a user to Wikipedia. I enjoy uploading images.

The Angel Of Independence []

title: User:Nickolas1492


text:
Talk:Rondout Creek

Untitled
Nope, no no no. The Rondout is an entirely separate watercourse. Look at a map before you do these things.Daniel Case 06:04, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rondout Creek


text:
Ceramic, North Carolina

Ceramic is a ghost town in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States, approximately ten miles southeast of the county seat of Danbury, near Belews Lake.

Ceramic as a community ceased to exist at least 6 decades ago. The community was started by a ceramic pipe and drain tile manufacturing company, presently the "Pine Hall" brick company. Only remnants of the factory exist, it appears that fire may have caused its demise. The huge clay pits are surrounded by overgrown trees and underbrush and are nearly impossible to find. The only residents are small game and coyotes.

title: Ceramic, North Carolina


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (Y)


text: List of members of the Senate of Canada (Z)


text:
Al Molinaro

Albert Francis Molinaro (born Umberto Francesco Molinaro; June 24, 1919 – October 30, 2015) was an American actor. He played Al Delvecchio on Happy Days and Officer Murray Greshler on The Odd Couple. He also appeared in many television commercials, including On-Cor frozen dinners.

Early life
Umberto Francesco Molinaro was born and raised in the Columbus Park neighborhood of Kenosha, Wisconsin, the second-youngest of ten children of Raffaele and Teresa Molinaro, who had emigrated from Marano Principato in the province of Cosenza, Calabria, Italy.

Molinaro's father was a prominent tavern/restaurant/hotel owner, and a leader of the Kenosha Italian community who financially sponsored hundreds of Italians to immigrate to the United States. Molinaro's brother Joseph was Kenosha County's longest-serving district attorney and retired as a municipal judge, and his brother George served 30 years in the Wisconsin State Assembly, including one session as Speaker.

At school Al discovered a talent for public speaking, although he struggled at high school, staying on an extra year to graduate. In 1940, he left home, taking a bus to seek fame and fortune as an actor in Los Angeles. In 1948, Molinaro married Jacquelin Martin, with whom he had a son, Michael. The couple later divorced.

From real estate to acting career
Molinaro moved to California working in odd jobs on the edge of the television industry, finally saving enough money to start his own collection agency. He eventually sold his business and became interested in southern California real estate speculation. His investments paid off when one of his properties were purchased by a conglomerate which used the land to build a shopping mall which provided a windfall to launch a career in acting. As a result, he was financially independent when he decided to pursue his longtime dream of being an actor.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Molinaro studied acting and was offered guest roles and bit parts on television sitcoms, including Bewitched, Get Smart, Green Acres and That Girl. He took an improvisation class, in which Penny Marshall was one of the other students. In 1970, Marshall introduced him to her brother, producer Garry Marshall, who offered Molinaro the role of police officer Murray Greshler on the television sitcom The Odd Couple.

During this time, he lived in a hotel in midtown New York City. "The first time I went to New York City", said his son Michael, "it was because he had moved there to do a number of commercials. He did not merely play a cop walking the beat on 'The Odd Couple'. He used to walk the streets of New York City and loved it." The show aired for five years until 1975.

In 1976, Garry Marshall hired Molinaro to replace Pat Morita on another sitcom he produced, Happy Days. Molinaro's character was the owner of Arnold's malt shop, Al Delvecchio, who was known for the sighing catchphrase "Yep-yep-yep...". Happy Days was set in Milwaukee, in Al's home state of Wisconsin. It ran for eleven seasons, from 1974 to 1984. For one episode, "My Favorite Orkan", it was Molinaro who suggested Robin Williams be cast when the original guest player, John Byner, declined the role and thus gave the young comedian his major opportunity to display his talent and become a major star.

In 1981, Molinaro remarried, to Betty Farrell. He left Happy Days in 1982, when tapped by Garry Marshall to play the Al Delvecchio role on the short-lived Happy Days spin-off Joanie Loves Chachi.

Molinaro starred in a failed TV pilot called The Ugily Family (1982) as the patriarch of an unattractive clan who is constantly correcting mispronunciations of his surname as "ugly".

Later career
In 1987, Molinaro and fellow Happy Days cast member Anson Williams opened a chain of diners called Big Al's. The business went defunct. He revealed in 1990 that he declined acting roles in movies offered to him by Garry Marshall. Molinaro said at the time,"'I can't work in movies with Garry because I'm so square that I won't be in a movie that has four-letter words in it. . . . That puts me pretty much totally out of films these days. . . . You get to a point where you don't want to do just anything for the career. You gotta live with yourself'." Starting in 1990, Molinaro played grandfather Joe Alberghetti on the CBS sitcom The Family Man. The show was produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, which also produced Happy Days.

Molinaro was proud of his role on Happy Days and defended its anachronistic look as authentic and a genuine show that did not sentimentalize the past. Its success was down to syndication of the series into a franchise that was marketed around the world in many countries. Molinaro was a frequent guest on the Don and Mike Show, a nationally syndicated radio show that aired from 1985 to 2008.

Molinaro reprised his role as Al Delvecchio from Happy Days in Weezer's 1994 music video of the song "Buddy Holly", which was set in Arnold's diner. He introduced the band by saying, "Okay kids, Arnold's is proud to present Kenosha, Wisconsin's own Weezer!"

His somewhat laid-back laconic sideways glance at the humour led him to remark, "In the industry, they used to consider us like a bubble-gum show. But I think they overlooked one thing. To the public in America Happy Days was an important show, and I think it still is."

In 1992, he appeared in the Happy Days Reunion Special on ABC.

He retired from acting in television and films in the early 1990s, but continued to appear in TV commercials until the early 2000s. He appeared in 42 commercials for On-Cor frozen foods between 1987 and 2003. He also starred in television advertisements for Cortaid hydrocortisone cream and Mr. Big paper products.

In reflecting on his acting career in 2004, Molinaro said, "I spent 20 years here before I got anything going...You've just got to be lucky and in the right place at the right time."

Death
Molinaro died of complications from an infected gallbladder at a hospital in Glendale, California on October 30, 2015, at the age of 96. He was cremated.

title: Al Molinaro