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Granado Espada

Granado Espada is a Korean fantasy MMORPG developed by IMC Games Co., Ltd. Originally released in South Korea in February 2006, the English localizations were launched in the summer of 2007 in North America and Southeast Asia. Granado Espada won the 2006 Korean Presidential Award for Best Graphics and Game of the Year, with features previously unseen in an MMORPG (such as the ability for players to control multiple characters at the same time). Granado Espada features a unique art style based on the Baroque period of Europe, differing from the standard “sword and sorcery” fantasy themes of the genre.

Setting
The world of Granado Espada takes place on a newly discovered continent based on the Americas during the Age of Exploration. The world is divided into different maps and grouped into themed regions such as forests, tropical jungles, plains, swamps, deserts and ice fields.

The continent, currently under the control of the fictional Kingdom of Vespanola as a colony, is in a crisis due to negligence by the home nation due to a war in the Old World. On the continent itself, internal strife has arisen from the feud between the Royalists supporting the Vespanolan crown, and the Republicans campaigning for independence. Therefore, the Vespanolan Queen has ordered a policy of Reconquista for the continent by attracting more people from the Old World to settle there. The player takes the role of a pioneering family from the Old World, eager to explore the continent and eliminate elements that will threaten the survival of its people.

Multiple character control
Granado Espada distinguishes itself from many modern-day MMORPGs with a Multiple Character Control (MCC) system. Rather than playing one character at a time, or using multiple clients, a player may control a party of up to three characters simultaneously. This aspect of the game gives it more of the feel of traditional, non-networked role-playing video games. Up to three characters can be selected to be part of a team in the Barracks Mode or Quarters. Any member of the party can be selected to be part of a team, regardless of differences in levels or classes.

Areas and quests
Dungeons in Granado Espada are interspersed between towns and generally composed of three to five levels with successively more difficult mobs. Boxes and barrels are a unique feature of dungeons - and part of the anti-AFK features of the game. They randomly spawn throughout the dungeon, and if destroyed they release a group of monsters to attack the players.

The final levels of the first two dungeons - Al Quelt Moreza and the Tetra Ruins - end with a main quest storyline Mission Room for a single player, or a room in which a boss mob may be challenged by teams of players. Missions are instances, wherein players get their own "instance" of a specific map just for themselves. Thus there can be several players attempting to kill a boss in a dungeon, each within their own instances.

There are Waypoints or (player chosen) save locations that players may teleport to by using a warp scroll. Five locations may be saved initially. Up to five more waypoint locations may be purchased from the Cash Shop (Bazaar).

Teleporters or Warps also exist to teleport players to fixed areas in the game using an item called the Teleport/Warp scroll. A new player is able to visit the three main towns (Reboldeaux, Port of Coimbra and Auch) from the beginning, and is not required to conduct exploration trips to find them. Both zone maps and a global map is provided to help players navigate through the game.

Quests are an important part of the game, though the quantity and quality varies at different levels. They provide some rewards such as "Vis" (the game's currency), experience cards, Glaziums (polishers), equipments or recruitable NPCs cards. Various NPCs throughout the towns and in some dungeon locations may be approached to initiate quests, which, like in traditional MMORPG format, usually consist of killing a number of monsters and/or obtaining their drops. With the release of Pioneering quests, players are able to delve into the story revolving around Granado Espada and its colonial power, Vespanola, in addition to the various factions on the continent itself, allowing new players to build on their quests bit-by-bit.

Granado Espada has a main quest line that extends to the highest levels and zones: the Frozen Fields of the north, Errac (Zeia), the mysterious southwestern region of Castilla, as well as the isolated isle of Viron (Byron). Access to the high-level end game raids such as the Ice Wizard's Tower, Mufasa of the Occulta Fortress, Tower of Chaos in Castilla in addition to Lucifer Castle can only be gained by completing the main pioneering quest line and other prerequisite quests.

Shiny crystals are a new addition to the game since V5.0. These crystals are common drops from lower level mobs and can be turned in for pioneer weapons and armors designed to help a pre-veteran character gain levels more easily. In addition, all pioneer equipments at levels 1, 20, 40 and 60 have the base stats of items 20 levels higher, while level 80 pioneer equipments have the same stats as a normal level 96 equipment (currently removed).

Dueling, Player vs. Player & Baron Mode
Granado Espada has a Dueling System by which a player may issue a challenge to another player's team. Both teams then enter a combat arena separate from the rest of the actual game world to do battle. This feature is available by clicking on the other family's name for a duel and also available at PvP officers in the Major cities (Reboldoeux, Coimbra, Auch) where four types of battles are available.

Another method for PvP is through the Baron system. In Player-kill (PK) servers, players are able to forcibly attack another player without their consent, and in the process become a baron as a penalty like dropping their items in inventory from baron level 1 to 4, while at level 5 baron they would start to drop their equipped item. Barons are not able to speak with NPCs and are treated as mobs while on the field. Being in baron mode also allows player access to Los Toldos, a hideout for barons, and to get the opportunity to complete quests within there. To remove the Baron mode, players must kill mobs that enable them to decrease their Baron points. Once they reach zero, the player will be able to get out of Baron mode.

In the past, players would only be able to PvP with those playing in the same server. With the introduction of the Cross-World PvP system in Version 5.0, players from different servers are able to duel each other in individual or team modes. The individual or team which wins at least three rounds will be declared the winner. Points are acquired or deducted based on the number of matches the player wins or loses. Additional benefits including experience points and purchase points for the Cross-World PvP shop are also awarded to players regardless of whether they win or lose. To encourage participation, there is also a ladder system in which players are ranked according to the points they receive through winning or losing matches.

Characters
Initially, players are able to create their own family from five stock models, namely - the Fighter, Musketeer, Wizard, Scout, and Elementalist. As the player progresses through the game, NPC characters can be recruited into the player's family. The said characters' fighting abilities can be customized through learning and developing various fighting stances, in addition to equipping them with various armors and accessories with different options. Costumes also play a large role in the customization process, and many have been developed for both the stock characters and RNPCs.

Barracks system
All characters are assumed to be from the same family. They all share the same family surname that is used to identify a player in game. Characters are generated and maintained within a Barracks System. It allows players to see all of their active characters, and use the "Dressing Room" to create new characters if space permits. Each individual barrack may hold up to nine characters. Each country's version of Granado Espada provides a different number of initial starting slots with a new account. Using in-game money or the cash shop, users can expand their slots. Every ninth slot automatically opens a new barrack. Therefore, if the player has 20 slots, barracks one and two are full and the player has two characters in the third.

Based on the Korean regional server version, there are currently a maximum of twelve barracks (108 characters) per account.

Trading characters
Granado Espada allows the trading of RNPC (Recruitable NPCs) or UPC (Unique Playable Character) cards between different players, allowing combinations of teams with more than one of the same RNPC, as a player may only obtain a particular RNPC card once. The card is used up once the RNPC is created in the Barracks.

Some RNPCs may only be purchased by using items from the Cash Shop (Bazaar). Soso (Feng Ling), Baek-Ho (Baihu), Angie, Kurt and Eduardo (Edward) are examples of this class of RNPCs (No longer pay in cash shop). Their cards are not tradeable. Instead, one must purchase a Mercenary card from the Cash Shop (Bazaar). Using the said Mercenary License card, the RNPC is "Merced" and can then be traded.

Premium RNPCs, for example, Emilia the Sage, can be obtained by the code provided in the Granado Espada Limited Signature Edition Box Set. Depending on which regional server the player is on, other RNPCs such as Panfilo the Battlecook, Idge the Battlesmith can be purchased from the Cash Shop while Ralph is only available during promotions. The Japanese server has its own unique RNPCs Mifuyu, which can only be obtained for a limited period through a quest, and Andre de Lou-Oshiba, a recent addition based on the real-life Japanese comedian. Other regional servers starting from the Korean server has since modified Mifuyu and released her as Asoka, with different stats and stances. The Japanese server has since released an alternate Asoka with a dark-colored scheme compared the original Mifuyu, who sports a red/white-color scheme.

Factions/Clans
A Family may join a faction (clan). A faction can hold up to a hundred players. When a faction feels it is powerful enough, it may challenge and attempt to complete two quests to raise its faction/clan level to 51, then 52. Upon completion of the second quest, a faction may choose to join either the Royalist or Republican Party, in which faction members gain a buff which raises their family level.

Every Saturday evening (North American time) or Sunday evening (Singapore time) these factions compete against each other in a Colony War to control the colonies located in various zones of the world map. As an incentive, factions which occupy a colony are rewarded with vis based on the number of colonies they occupy.

With the V7.0 patch, factions may join either Lealtad (Esmero) or Gleichstellung (Souveran), which are the secret militant arms of the Royalist and Republican parties respectively. Individual faction members can also join these secret societies to gain access to side-quests as well as to raise their respective factions' levels. For every five members who join their faction's affiliated secret society, the faction's level will increase by one as well as increases its members' attack damage on mobs by 2% per level gained.

In addition, players belonging to these two opposing secret societies will square off in three different zones, namely the three towns of Cite de Reboldeoux, Port of Coimbra and the City of Auch. This full-scale Alliance War is available every Saturday, and lasts for 90 minutes. Opposing parties not only have to defeat enemy players, but also acquire items scattered all over the map or disarm the opposing party's leader and his/her followers to gain points to gain victory.

Stances, Skills & Level Promotion
Each class has several Stances which have varying level and equipment dependencies. Each stance's level is independent from a character's level. As the character levels a stance they gain skill points that can be used within that stance in addition to increasing the stance's stat bonuses. A stance may have up to five different skills which are unlocked as the stance levels up. Additional generic stances may be purchased at the class Master, from Emilia for constellation expert stances, while some are rewarded via quests.

One feature of stances is that stances which have the same equipment requirements can be swapped on the fly using the F5-F8 keys (alternatively, using the number keys 4-7). The musketeer's Standing Shot and Kneeling Shot stances are examples of this, as well as the fighter's Back Guard and High Guard stances.

However, stances are limited in that only particular stances may be used with a certain equipment type, e.g., a fighter wanting to use the Roof Guard stance would have to use a Great Sword, rather than a sword and shield. A musketeer wanting to use the Flintlock stance would have to use a Rifle, rather than a pistol. A stance is usable only when it is learned; unlearned stances are greyed-out and unavailable for use.

When a new player starts out, their character starts out at Level 1, while the RNPCs he or she recruits start out at various levels. When the characters reach level 100, they are able to be promoted with the use of 25 Shiny Crystals to become Veterans, and in the process create a new leveling system. In later updates, players gain the ability to move beyond Veteran level to become Experts (Level 110-120) and Masters (Level 120 and above).

Licensing
HanbitSoft, the publisher of the Granado Espada, manages the Korean and Japanese (under its subsidiary Hanbit Ubiquitous Entertainment) servers by itself while regional servers are licensed to various online game companies based in their respective regions.

Localization History
K2 Network announced in January 2007 that they would be bringing Granado Espada to the North American and European markets in Summer 2007 under the title of Sword of the New World. Originally released under a pay-to-play model, the game later became free-to-play on August 21, 2007. K2 Network was subsequently renamed GamersFirst and changed the name of the North American server to Sword 2. GamersFirst announced on 31 October 2012, that due to the expiration of the licensing contract with IMCGames, North American operations of the game would be transferred to T3Fun, a subsidiary of the Korean publisher HanbitSoft. Although GamersFirst had a functional server for the European market, publishing rights for the EU market would be transferred to RNTS Media GmbH after the expiration of the contract. RNTSgames has announced the name of the EU regional server to be Granado Espada - Resurrection.

On 10 August 2007, IAHGames, the company which the game is licensed to in Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam as well as Australia and New Zealand, announced its business model for Granado Espada. Subsequently, they informed players that on August 30, 2007, the game would become commercial. IAHGames gave players a 90-day free trial if they achieved Level 20 by that time. New players had a free five-day trial period and after which, they are required to pay. On December 5, 2007, as with other regional servers, the game became free-to-play. On 27 April 2017, IAHGames ceased game service in SEA Server operation.

After more than three years of operation The9, licensee and operator of the mainland Chinese regional server, has announced that it would terminate Granado Espada's game service, citing the expiration of its contract with IMC Games. It has since stopped accepting new registrants from September 22, 2010, and began to wind down the regional server gradually. On the midnight of November 22, 2010, the servers officially went down. Game service in Mainland China subsequently resumed in March, 2011 under a new licensee. Astrum Nival, the operator of the Russian regional server, has ceased game service on November 30, 2012. This marked the first time that a Granado Espada regional server has completely ceased service without any transfer to another local operator.

On Jan 2024, the publisher from Taiwan announced that the TW service will be discontinued and shutdown by the end of February 2024 after 17 years long operation.

Version Updates
The latest content theme for the Korean server is "Return to Orpesia". After defeating the evil Viscount Montoro, the player gets the opportunity to return to the old continent of Orpesia, where Bristia, the defeated enemy of Vespanola, announces the opening of a sea route to the New World, linking the midway island of Viron (Byron) to the Bristian port city of Kielce. The player then gets involved in a new main quest line and aids the Bristian Liberation Army to free their homeland from Vespanolan hegemony.

With the release of the "Return to Orpesia" expansion, version numberings have returned to 1.0, with an added "B", which either stands for "Bristia" or "Beginning" to symbolize a major milestone in the game's content and storyline. As of April 2013, the Korean, Japanese, Taiwanese, Southeast Asian and North American regional servers have upgraded to the new "Return to Orpesia" series. However, the Korean servers reverted to the original version numberings on January 9, 2013, reason being that the new "B" version series caused confusion. Thus, IMC decided to revert to the original numberings which is still used by its internal development team. Subsequent patches to other regional servers also followed suit.

The current version is Symphonia Episode 2 in T3Fun server.

Reception
Critical reaction to the North American release has been mixed. IGN's Metacritic lists an average rating for the game at 66, which is also the listed industry average for all games at the site. GameRankings has the game listed at a similar figure of 70%. GameSpot gave a rating of 4.0 (out of 10.0) citing "tedious quests and little payoff". IGN expressed similar concerns, noting the familiar grind between many other Korean MMOs. "You know, it's frustrating because as much as you want to like this game, unless Korean is your preferred flavor of MMO, you probably just won't."

X play on G4 gave it a 4 out of 5; Reviewer Adam Sessler was pleased, noting that out of all the free MMORPGs this one was worth playing, saying it was refreshing to have a setting other than a fantasy world, and citing the unique gameplay mechanic of the MCC system. PC Gamer magazine, also gave it a positive review, giving the game a 90% out of 100% rating, saying it "offered a fresh feel through small improvements and one substantial innovation" compared to other Korean MMOs.

title: Granado Espada


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Project Eden (video game)

Project Eden is a 2001 action-adventure video game developed by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive. It was released for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 2. The planned Dreamcast version was cancelled. The development took approximately 4 years, the team having previously worked on Tomb Raider II. The plot involves a squad of four law enforcement agents investigating the disappearances of people by working their way downwards through layers of a towering mega-city. Project Eden's gameplay emphasises puzzle-solving, requiring the player or players to control each of the four characters and use their individual abilities to make progress. A single player can control any one of the characters, and jump between them at will or up to four players can play simultaneously as different members of the team.

Plot
The game starts with Urban Protection Agency (UPA) agents Carter, Andre, Minoko and Amber heading below city limits to find two technicians missing from the Real Meat Company (a corporation that ironically produces synthetic meat). The suspicions of the team revolve around a local and dangerous gang named The Death Heads. The UPA team tracks the gang down to their base in St. Lucia's Church; but on their way, the gang members and many animals also start mutating into strange creatures. Clearing their way through the Church, battling the mutants, the UPA Team finally get close to the technicians, only to see them being taken far below city limits, possibly to ground zero (the term used for the ground level of the earth itself). The UPA Control instructs the UPA Team to recover a creature, a live one, for analysis; which shows that it has been a regular dog which had been tampered with using an old gene splicer (this hints at the fact that genetic technology has advanced greatly). The analysis also reveals that the creatures they have been attacked by are being controlled by a signal; which is their next job, to both find and if possible, recover the technicians, and locate the source of the signal.

On their way the UPA Team encounter little girls who are blonde, wear a red dress and call themselves Lucy. After some talk they mutate into dangerous beasts. Minoko, while going to another sector of the city by a high-speed railcar, mentions that she once had a sister named Lucy, but that Lucy had died due to a genetic illness she and their mother suffered from. As they continue, the team starts to question if Minoko's family was involved in their situation. The train crashes before reaching its destination, and leaves Minoko trapped in by a group of cannibals. Upon their arrival, Carter asks Control to check out Minoko's father, Dr. Joseph Molenski, who was once a skilled technician and a biological engineer, and who was sacked from Real Meat for stealing machinery for his own research. As a fugitive, Molenski was never acquired by UPA, nor was Lucy. Minoko was taken to the UPA Recreation Program, and thus became a UPA Agent.

After traversing a former zoo that is now inhabited by cannibals and mutants, the team arrive at Ground Zero, the nominal ground level of the city. The team continues to levels below sea level. During their investigation, they stumble upon a video of Dr. Molenski, saying that he has found a nuclear bunker underneath, and has also rigged up a basic gene splicer. He also mentions that using it, he hopes to cure Lucy.

The UPA Team enter the Eden Bunker, and upon their entrance, they discover that Dr. Molenski was trapped in a time dilation field, a field that which stops time around a given area, or slows it down immensely; similar to the effect of the team's Timeshock weapon. Molenski appears to be reaching out towards a computer. After deactivating the time dilation field, Minoko is kidnapped. Lucy tells Minoko that she has been creating the creatures, and the girls that mutated (in attempt to find a new body for herself) were her failures due to the different DNA of those girl victims that were too much to deal with. Since Minoko is her biological sister, Lucy wishes to take her body.

Meanwhile, Molenski is told that fifteen years have passed, and asked what has happened. The answer is simple; in order to keep Lucy alive, Molenski had linked her mind to the computers, running half of her brain with them, while keeping her body in a time dilation field. However, since the computers were networked, Lucy took them over and tried to solve things her way. The other three UPA Team members rescue Minoko, and they deactivate Lucy's time dilation field causing her death. Molenski removes the computer connected to Lucy's head and inserts it into a robot body he has built for her to try to keep her brain alive. Mission accomplished, the UPA Team returns to the surface.

Critical reception
Project Eden received "average" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. The Electric Playground gave the PC version a favorable review and said, "A few minor annoyances like poor enemy AI and some puzzles that seem almost too difficult keep it from a higher score, but if you’re looking for a game you can invest some time in and not feel like you came away with nothing, welcome to Eden." AllGame gave both console versions three stars out of five each, saying of the PC version, "Playing Project Eden at least once is worthwhile, but the linear puzzles, bad combat engine, and a multiplayer component that utilizes it limit hard-drive life considerably. Once finished, it's doubtful any gamer will return to the city depths"; and of the PlayStation 2 version, "It is designed specifically for those who enjoy using their minds, and it will occasionally even frustrate the best of those players."

Kevin Rice reviewed the PC version of the game for Next Generation, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "This game needs a coat of wax and a buffing, but the creativity in its design and execution warrant playing through."

IGN ranked it as the 87th best PlayStation 2 game. Project Eden was a nominee for GameSpot's 2001 "Best Adventure Game" award, which ultimately went to Myst III: Exile.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Project Eden (video game)


text:
User talk:Herve661

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --JYolkowski // talk 16:53, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
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Maurice Utrillo
Why did you change his birthdate from 1883 to 1896? — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-10-18 12:18 I thought there was an error, but I checked again, and the birthdate is indeed 1883. Sorry for that. Herve661 21:28, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Sorry
I had reverted your edits before you replied that it was an accident. Just another case of me being too hasty. :) — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-10-20 23:00

Carl Barks
Hi, I just saw your statement on Image:CarlBarksWithDuck.jpg regarding the image of Carl Barks you have. I was just wondering if you had any success on finding it, since it really would be great to have a free image to be used in the article. Also for the other language wikipedia's who don't accept fair use. Cheers, Garion96 (talk) 00:29, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Lostintheandes.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Lostintheandes.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Ilse@ 23:20, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Hi actually the image I uploaded was meant as a replacement of a scan of the same comic-book for which there is fair-use rationale. The scan I uploaded was of better quality.

AfD nomination of INDUCKS
An editor has nominated INDUCKS, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

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Speedy deletion of Phil DeLara
A tag has been placed on Phil DeLara requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

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Oh of course.
Thanks for letting me know. Next time you should give an edit summary, so you won't be reverted again. TheBlazikenMaster (talk) 15:30, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:NeighborJones.jpeg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:03, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Herve661


text:
Talk:6 Street SW station

VFD
On 7 July 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was merge to List of stations on the C-Train. See Votes for deletion/4 Street Southwest/6 Street Southwest (C-Train) for a record of the discussion. – ABCD✉ 16:53, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.calgarytransit.com/html/lrt_ridership.html
 * In Erlton/Stampede (C-Train) on 2011-03-18 08:11:28, 404 Not Found
 * In Fish Creek – Lacombe (C-Train) on 2011-03-19 07:19:41, 404 Not Found
 * In Franklin (C-Train) on 2011-03-19 12:44:39, 404 Not Found
 * In 1 Street Southwest/Centre Street (C-Train) on 2011-05-25 06:49:40, 404 Not Found
 * In 1 Street Southwest/Centre Street (C-Train) on 2011-06-09 12:27:37, 404 Not Found
 * In 6 Street Southwest/7 Street Southwest (C-Train) on 2011-06-19 20:49:15, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 20:50, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on 6 Street Southwest/7 Street Southwest. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070608132311/http://www.calgarytransit.com/html/lrt_ridership.html to http://www.calgarytransit.com/html/lrt_ridership.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070608132311/http://www.calgarytransit.com/html/lrt_ridership.html to http://www.calgarytransit.com/html/lrt_ridership.html

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Discussion about splitting this article
Is located here. --kelapstick(bainuu) 19:09, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:6 Street SW station


text:
Talk:No. 119 Squadron RAF

We need more information on RAF Squadrons. Please find info on this article aswell.

120 or 119 squadron?
Which squadron - title says 119, tex6t says 120? Jaraalbe 08:58, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I hadn't noticed that. I had originally copied this article over from another article because of a misspelled title. Johann Wolfgang 00:36, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:No. 119 Squadron RAF


text:
Executive Intelligence Review

Executive Intelligence Review (EIR) is a weekly newsmagazine founded in 1974 by the American political activist Lyndon LaRouche. Based in Leesburg, Virginia, it maintains offices in a number of countries, according to its masthead, including Wiesbaden, Berlin, Copenhagen, Paris, Melbourne, and Mexico City. As of 2009, the editor of EIR was Nancy Spannaus. As of 2015, it was reported that Nancy Spannaus was no longer editor-in-chief, that position being held jointly by Paul Gallagher and Tony Papert.

EIR is owned by the LaRouche movement. The New Solidarity International Press Service, or NSIPS, was a news service credited as the publisher of EIR and other LaRouche publications. New Solidarity International Press Service was supplanted by EIR News Service because New Solidarity newspaper was closed in 1987, after the massive 1986 Federal raid on LaRouche's headquarters in Leesburg, Virginia.

History
John Rausch writes that the magazine emerged from LaRouche's desire in the 1970s to form a global intelligence network. His idea was to organize the network as if it were a news service, which led to his founding The New Solidarity International Press Service (NSIPS), incorporated by three of LaRouche's followers in 1974. According to Rausch, this allowed the LaRouche movement to gain access to government officials under press cover. As NSIPS's funds grew, EIR was created. EIR "exposés" contributed information for LaRouche's various conspiracy theories.

The EIR was originally modeled on the Business International Corp (BI) newsletter "Business International" that was subsequently acquired by The Economist Group. The idea at the time was to publish a weekly magazine that could serve as a briefing on world affairs for international governments and businesses.

In the 1980s an annual subscription cost $400. Nora Hamerman, an EIR editor, said in 1990 that the magazine had a circulation of 8,000 to 10,000. She indicated the magazine was owned by the EIR News Service, but declined to say who owned the news service. An ad on a LaRouche website urged readers to subscribe: "As you will quickly discover, the Executive Intelligence Review is not an ordinary weekly news magazine."

EIR offices were searched in 1986 as part of an investigation into LaRouche-related businesses in the indictment of certain individuals for  credit card fraud involving the organization. In 1988, EIR offices shared with another LaRouche entity, Fusion Energy Foundation, were seized to pay contempt of court fines related to the investigation. Contributing editor Webster Tarpley said that the closure was an effort by "the invisible, secret, parallel government" to silence LaRouche because of his presidential campaigns. LaRouche and several EIR staff members were eventually convicted of mail fraud and other charges.

Reports and claims
The magazine has published many contentious articles, including claims that Queen Elizabeth II is the head of an international drug-smuggling cartel, that another member of the British royal family killed Roberto Calvi, the Italian banker who died in London in 1982, and that the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 was the first strike in a British attempt to take over the United States. In 1997 it published review of the book "La face cachee de Greenpeace" (The hidden face of Greenpeace), which claimed that Greenpeace "is an irregular warfare apparatus in the service of the British oligarchy". The magazine occasionally expands its articles into book-length pieces, which have included Dope, Inc: The Book that Drove Henry Kissinger Crazy (1992) and The Ugly Truth about the ADL.

In 1998, one of its senior writers, Jeffrey Steinberg, was interviewed on British television regarding LaRouche's theory that Prince Philip had ordered British intelligence to assassinate Diana, Princess of Wales. EIR has been described as the "foremost exponent of the 'murder, not accident' theory" of Diana's death. In 1999, EIR made international news when it listed on its website the names of 117 agents of the United Kingdom's MI6 intelligence service, a list claimed to have been obtained from renegade agent Richard Tomlinson (although the government later conceded that the list did not originate with him). An EIR spokesman said they received the information unsolicited.

In 1992, the EIR published The Ugly Truth About the ADL, a 150-page pamphlet with conspiratorial allegations about the Anti-Defamation League, which LaRouche had promised to "crush". The pamphlet alleged that the group was "one of the most pernicious agencies working to destroy the United States".

Following criticism of financier George Soros by Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in 1997, Malaysian news media began printing vitriolic reports of Soros, some of them sourced to EIR or even copying text from the magazine verbatim. Ahmad Kassim, a politician who was instrumental in introducing LaRouche's ideas to Malaysians, described EIR as a "news service like Reuters or anything else" and compared LaRouche to Abraham Lincoln.

Executive Intelligence Review published the English edition of a book by Sergei Glazyev entitled Genocide: Russia and the New World Order which alleged that forces of the New World Order worked against the interests of Russia in the 1990s to create economic policies that amounted to "genocide". It contained a preface by LaRouche.

Related publications

 * Investigative Leads, described as "an offshoot of the Executive Intelligence Review, which deals with antiterrorism, terrorist and drug-running activities."

Notable staff and contributors

 * Lyndon LaRouche, founder and contributing editor
 * Nicholas Benton, former Washington D.C. bureau chief and White House correspondent
 * Michael Billington, Asia editor
 * Anton Chaitkin, history editor
 * Robert Dreyfuss, former Middle East intelligence director
 * F. William Engdahl, former contributor
 * David P. Goldman, former contributor
 * Laurent Murawiec, former editor and contributor
 * Webster Tarpley, former contributing editor

Books and reports

 * Dope, Inc.: Britain's Opium War Against the World (1978)
 * AIDS Global Showdown: Mankind's Total Victory or Total Defeat for Victory (1988)
 * The "Greenhouse Effect" Hoax: a World Federalist Plot (1989)
 * The Ugly Truth About the Anti-Defamation League. Washington, D.C.: Executive Intelligence Review (1992).
 * The Depression of the 1990s: America's Existential Crisis (1992)

title: Executive Intelligence Review


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/ThomasK/1

ThomasK
final (7/15/1) ending 16:35 30 July 2005 (UTC)

May I nominate myself: First offical edit at 09:35, July 15, 2004, this was a few thousand edits ago. I participate in vfd, revert a lot of vandalism, and did not fight an edit war, but solve it. Of course I use edit summaries. I prefer correctness and NPOV in the articles. --ThomasK 16:54, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Final word by the candidate: Alright, the nomination failed. But that some people accused me of insulting or attacked somebody is wrong.I did not do that.

Also it is funny, how the self-designated yo-yo smoody, changed always his/her/it opinion. Oppose,Support,Oppose, Support, Oppose and so on.

 * His.  [[smoddy ]] 12:03, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here:

Support
 * 1) As the nominator. ThomasK
 * 2) Deryck C. 08:24, 24 July 2005 (UTC). Wikipedia is, as specified on "What wikipedia is not", an encyclopedia, and not a battlefield. Therefore the lacking number in wikipedia and user namespace edits should not affect his nomination for admin status.
 * 3) Support Indeed, long history and good edits.--StefanA 10:00, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support This user has experience, certainly he will be doing a good job.--ATM 02:57, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I have reconsidered. My only criterion for adminship is that I believe the user to be acting in good faith.  I feel that Thomas is editing in good faith.  My concern about self-voting stands.  [[smoddy ]] 09:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Geni 12:22, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support Good user, he will make the job. --Thekey 19:38, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support He does good work, very good edits. --AFS 15:37, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support Well,he now archived his talk page. Also he has many useful edits. E.g reverts vandalism and contributes in many votes. --MGLCM 08:59, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Oppose

 * 1) Weak oppose. He has a nice number of total edits, has been here a decently long time, and seems to be a good vandalism-fighter on articles that really need it, but I'd like to see more edits in the Wikipedia and User talk namespaces (he only has 42 edits in WP: and 26 in User talk: ). Vandals who come by here do need to be warned about their vandalism on their user talk pages, and the Wikipedia: namespace has a lot of important admin pages, such as WP:VfD, WP:VIP, etc. --Idont Havaname 18:47, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose for lack of experience. Despite his claims, his edit history shows no recent participation in VFD and only incidental vandalism reverts. Good user, but no reason to adminify. Radiant_ >|< 19:16, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) ThomasK, you have not enough experience on janitorial tasks such as VFD, TFD, CFD, etc. Also you need to post more messages on various talk and discussion pages so we can get a better feel of how you interact with other users. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:04, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Oppose, as insufficient participation in admin-like tasks of WP, much as earlier voters have pointed out. Spend some time on RC patrol and interact with some users a bit (RC patrol will soon bring that...). Also, 1200 edits in a year is rather few; the last 1000 of those go back over 7 months. Those edits are good, of course, but needs more interaction with the community at large for a while. -Splash 16:41, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't support someone who doesn't understand Wiki procedure enough to know that you don't support yourself. I don't see enough admin-related stuff, or enough edits to override this.   [[smoddy ]] 09:02, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, let me say that actually it is my democratic right to self-vote. Secondly, I understand the Wiki procedure. Could you please specify in your opinion the "admin-related stuff" ? --ThomasK 09:17, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not even going to get into that first debate. As to the second, I mean stuff such as reverting vandalism (I count around eight such edits in the last 500), and work on VfD (3 in the last 500).  Sorry, but this exchange has convinced me further as well.  [[smoddy ]] 09:32, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If you count more carefully,then you see there are much more of such edits. However, I accept your decision.--ThomasK 09:48, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Oppose, still needs experience and more interaction with other editors. Self-vote and rationale for it makes me slightly cautious, as well. --Sn0wflake 15:29, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose - doesn't use talk pages very much, and blanks his own. CDThieme 18:59, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As I said, the issues there were solved and will be solved within a few days.If requested I leave the message on my talk page.--ThomasK 19:28, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Strong Oppose That fact that you voted for yourself is proof that you aren't ready for this job. Come back when you learn humility and make a few hundred more edits. Ryan 06:05, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is my democratic right to vote for myself and I have humility. What about you? Just one week here,you don´t know how to format your statement and you are rude. Be polite. --ThomasK 08:08, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I may have only been here one week, but at least I took the time to read WP:NOT. It clearly states that Wikipedia is NOT a democracy. Therefore, your "democratic right to vote" doesn't do you much good. And while we are on the topic of formatting, please remember to place a space after commas. You forgot one after "here," Have a nice day! Ryan 02:26, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Oppose. Sorry, but self-voting on your own adminship nomination does make it look like you haven't understood how the things work on Wikipedia, and your response to Ryan doesn't help either. Some more experience is needed and I may well support in the future. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:25, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Is there any notice that forbid someone to self-vote? No. It is a democratic right. I know how the things on Wikipedia works. Could you specify the experience in your opinion? --ThomasK 14:17, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I changed my vote to support as a measure of good faith. I am now reconsidering that, as you, ThomasK, seem extraordinarily insistent on this "democratic right".  Wikipedia is not a democracy.  This isn't a general election.  RfA is about gaining consensus support.  It is taken as read that you have your own support to become an administrator.  There are some rules on Wikipedia that are not written down.  Rules-lawyering will not encourage supporters of you.  You should know now that your vote certainly would not be counted by a bureaucrat, and all it is doing is discouraging other voters.  [[smoddy ]] 14:29, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Alright, I withdraw this democratic right. Shit happens. Did someone told me before, that this isn´t allowed? No. This is odd. With all due respect, you are funny. Initially you opposed,then supported, now once again opposed. What´s your final decision? --ThomasK 14:55, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't actually change my vote before, and your withdrawal of that vote is appreciated, and strenghtens my support vote. It takes a stronger person to admit when they are wrong.  I hope the other users will reconsider their votes in this light.   [[smoddy ]] 15:23, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It is assumed that candidates for adminship understand that the Wikipedia - and by extension, RfA - works on a consensus basis, and votes are used merely to give a general idea of how much of the community supports the candidate and his behavior. Bureaucrats will generally take into more account the comments made regarding the editor than the amount of votes cast in support or opposition. Of course, if there is a smashing difference, it does not matter, but on tight decisions such as this, your nomination would basically reach "no consensus", even if you have more support than oppose votes. Again, you do not yet have enough experience to be an admin. Come back in a few months with a trustworthy nominator backing you up and I am sure you will be given the holy bucket/mop/shotgun. --Sn0wflake 15:42, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Weak Oppose Mostly based on response to Ryan (Err the user Acedic_Acid)... he wasn't exactly in the right but retaliating against a user with an insult would not send a very good message. I really don't have a problem with anything else but I think a month and practicing a bit of user interaction would help. --RN 16:50, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I insulted nobody.--ThomasK 08:49, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't make a big deal out of this... that's the problem. Just come back in a few weeks when you're calmer and you'll get my vote. --RN 09:22, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'am calm.--ThomasK 09:51, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Oppose. I'd like to read the user page without wading through the history. Without that, there are too few positive interactions and collaberations to review. Willing to support in the future when, I hope, there has been progress in those areas. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jonathunder (talk • contribs)
 * 2) Aside from voting in VfD, no notable contributions to WP-space areas or projects. Harro5 11:02, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Your statement is wrong. Look for example on the featured article Albert Einstein and much more articles.--ThomasK 11:22, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * A WP-space refers to a Wikipedia space area. Quite frankly, when it comes to choosing admins, it doesn't matter if you have a featured article. You don't seem to be involved in any stuff that you would contribute to any better if you were an admin. No interest in rollbacks, no record of RC patrol or new page tagging, therefore no need for adminship. Also, it doesn't look good if you attack so many opposing votes on your own nomination - admins must maintain a certain amount of civility. Harro5 10:31, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is odd that some of you feel I attacked or insulted somebody. That's wrong. I did not. If I want do that, there will be a different manner.--ThomasK 08:49, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I do feel like a yo-yo. However, ThomasK's more recent discussions do not fill me with any confidence whatsoever.  I have three rules for supporting an adminship nomination: 1) is the user good faith (here, yes); 2) will the user abuse the tools (here, I don't think so); 3) would this user give a good impression of senior Wikipedia users to newcomers (here, mainly on account of these proceedings, I say no).  Therefore, much as I hate to say it, I think I am opposing again.  [[smoddy ]] 10:44, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Oppose. ThomasK seems to be a trifle belligerent, and didn't understand what WP-space was. I wouldn't be doing this if he'd had run-ins with other users and could show his handling it in a calm, reasonable manner.  However, his primary run-ins seem to be on this page, and they've left me with a negative impression. --Scimitar parley 23:27, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not belligerent and I'm calm. I attacked nobody.
 * 1) Oppose. I feel ThomasK is a little too quick to flag pages for deletion, in some cases mere minutes after they stubbed -- he really should give people a chance. Ewlyahoocom 10:16, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Because of one mistake, you make mistakes too. --ThomasK 11:29, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would suggest, ThomasK, that any future RfA is not conducted in an atmosphere where you are attacking every oppose vote. It does not lend confidence in your temperament.  You need to seriously adjust your attitude in future if you are to succeed.   [[smoddy ]] 12:03, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know, why you and maybe some other feel it like that. I don't attack every opposed vote. Again, If I want to attack,insult and I mean really insult someone, I will do it.  Rather y'all attacked me with this rude oppose statements. Could y'all not without attacks and accusation of my e.g (only one example) humility ,make a oppose statement? Obviously not. I would like with that response come to an end in this discussion. Maybe even with my work on Wikipedia. RickK is right with his remarks. --ThomasK 13:47, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Oppose. While ThomasK has done some nice work cleaning up articles on wikipedia, I do not think he needs adminship at the moment (for the same reasons stated by Radiant).  I am also concerned with how he deals with criticism.  -- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 22:49, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) I'm torn. With a long history (and plentiful edits) and relatively little controversy, he seems in some ways like a "adminship should be no big deal" candidate.  I certainly don't buy that a prospective admin needs to be well versed in the arcana of CFD and TFD (yes, it would be ideal, but it's a lot to ask of someone that they be involved in a lot of the deletion pages).  But at the same time, his talk page has been very scarcely edited, and his desire to blank almost immediately after every entry makes me nervous.  I guess I'd have to see a better rationale for promotion from the candidate, and some kind of promise about different talk page behavior in the future.  I want to be confident that, if a new user leaves Thomas a question, they will be able to back the next week and find an answer, not a blank page. Jwrosenzweig 05:43, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, yes I blank my talk page. However, the issues there were solved and will be solve within a few days.If requested I leave the message on my talk page. --ThomasK 06:06, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

Comments Questions for the candidate
 * ThomasK has approximately 1279 edits, according to WP:KT. See here for full report. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 18:03, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As an unrelated suggestion, I would like to ask the candidate to please remember that whenever he posts a reply, he should keep the # parameter consistent. --Sn0wflake 13:35, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * On the Albert Einstein article, I'd like to point out that ThomasK did not have a large role in writing it; he merely nominated it for feature status. --Scimitar parley 23:33, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually this is not true --ThomasK 08:49, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * I would help close up the VFDs and especially I would make good use of the revert button as well as the speedy deletes.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * Well, actually I´m pleased with any of them. However, I achieved with my contribution and nomination the article Albert Einstein to be featured.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * Nobody has ever caused me stress, if in case I will solve it calmly.


text:
Tavener

Tavener may refer to:

 * Tavener (surname), notable people with this surname
 * "Tavener" in a musical context often refers to John Tavener (1944–2013), English composer
 * Tavener, Texas, an unincorporated community in Fort Bend County, Texas, U.S.
 * Tavener-Sears Tavern, a historic building in Mount Sterling, Muskingum County, Ohio, U.S.

title: Tavener


text: User:Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

title: User:Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious


text:
Talk:Women's pole vault world record progression

Untitled
The data for the records set during 2003 can't be right, as records with earlier dates are put after later records. Someone who knows which dates that are the right ones? Gunnar Larsson 16:55, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

I fixed a couple of the dates that were erroneously listed as 2003 when they happened in 2004, researching press releases and such... ...however there is still a discontinuity in the list that I find conflicting information on, regarding the Russian records set in February and March of 2004. Some lists of records omit these while others list them -- including the discontinuity with Dragila's 2004 jump (one page also had the 2003 error, however press releases found via Google showed that this was false). Either Dragila's vault was not actually a record, or the two Russian records were disqualified for some reason. 134.50.7.201 07:43, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

I've fixed the record progession, using files I had from Track and Field News. There were a few errors, such as Dragilla's record set at the 1999 World Championships was set in August, not in October.

The confusion early in 2004 arose because the IAAF started to ratify some marks set indoors as outdoor records, as long as the conditions were equilivant. Accordingly, Yelena Isinbayeva's Feb 15 2004 indoor record of 4.83 set as Donets'k Ukraine was also considered the outdoor record. That record was broken by Svetlana Feofanova Feb 22 2004 with a 4.85 leap, also set indoors. Finally, Isinbayeva leaped 4.86 indoors at the World Indoor Championships Mar 6 2004, and this was also considered the outdoor record.

Then, Stacy Dragila leaped 4.83 at Ostrava June 8 2004 to apparently set a new world record (the previous outdoor best being 4.82 by Isinbayeva July 2003), that is until the IAAF ruled that they considered those above-mentioned marks to have been "outdoor" records. So, though Dragila had leaped highest outside to that point, she didn't hold the record, Isinbayeva did.

The issue was quickly settled when Isinbayeva leaped 4.87 in Gateshead June 27 2004.

I hope that clears up a rather murky and confusing sequence of events... (Johnny Canuck 18:28, 19 May 2006 (UTC))

One added point (I used to be "Johnny Canuck"): "Outdoor" records are somewhat misleading in that they aren't specifically designated "outdoor" records by the IAAF, just as records. That is why some records set indoors also qualify as world records as those records aren't defined as being "outdoor" per se.

Canada Jack 22:18, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Record clean-up
With the benefit of the recently published by the IAAF of progression lists of all events, I have cleaned up the page to include the progression list of world records. It differs somewhat from other progression lists I've seen (especially in regards to regarding some indoor marks as "world records"), however since the IAAF is the ultimate sanctioning body for the sport, the list here should be seen as definitive. I've added the IAAF reference as per the indoor marks question, and I made a special note regarding Feofanova's 4.85 in 2004 - the IAAF list has Isbyaneva as setting it, but Feofanova in fact did it, a fact confirmed by the IAAF itself on their website.

The other major discrepancy is in terms of some of the early records in the mid-90s. But, again, this is straight from the IAAF itself and should be regarded as definitive unless there is information (such as a particular mark being ratified and then subsequently rescinded) otherwise, the list should stand as is.

I also took out the chart showing the progression as it is now incorrect, but if one is to be re-inserted we should take care to put it above or below the table, otherwise the information in the table gets squeezed and it becomes a mess for those with narrower screens. Canada Jack (talk) 20:11, 30 July 2009 (UTC)


text: Category:Boeing people

title: Category:Boeing people


text:
Southern Cameroons

The Southern Cameroons was the southern part of the British League of Nations mandate territory of the British Cameroons in West Africa. Since 1961, it has been part of the Republic of Cameroon, where it makes up the Northwest Region and Southwest Region. Since 1994, pressure groups in the territory claim there was no legal document (treaty of union) in accordance to UNGA RES 1608(XV) paragraph 5, and are seeking to restore statehood and independence from the Republic. They renamed the British Southern Cameroons as Ambazonia (from Ambas Bay).

League of Nations mandate
Following the Treaty of Versailles, the German territory of Kamerun was divided on June 28, 1919, between a French and a British League of Nations Mandate, the French, who had previously administered the whole occupied territory, getting the larger. The French mandate was known as Cameroun. The British mandate comprised two adjacent territories, Northern Cameroons and Southern Cameroons. They were administered from, but not joined to, the British territory of Nigeria through the British Resident (although some incumbents had the rank of District Officer, Senior Resident or Deputy Resident) with headquarters in Buea.

Applying the principle of indirect rule, the British allowed native authorities to administer populations according to their own traditions. These also collected taxes, which were then paid over to the British. The British devoted themselves to trade and to exploiting mining resources of the territory. South Cameroons students, including Emmanuel Mbela Lifafa Endeley, created the Cameroons Youth League (CYL) on 27 March 1940, to oppose what they saw as the exploitation of their country.

Trust territory
When the League of Nations ceased to exist in 1946, most of the mandate territories were reclassified as UN trust territories, henceforth administered through the UN Trusteeship Council. The object of trusteeship was to prepare the lands for eventual independence. The United Nations approved the Trusteeship Agreements for British Cameroons to be governed by Britain on 6 December 1946.

Southern Cameroons was divided in 1949 into two provinces: Bamenda (capital Bamenda, hence also thus named) and Southern (capital Buea). Yet the residential type of administration was continued with a single British Resident at Buea, but in 1949 Edward John Gibbons was appointed Special Resident, and on 1 October 1954, when political power shifted to the elected government, succeeded himself as first of only two commissioners.

Following the Ibadan General Conference of 1950, a new constitution for Nigeria devolved more power to the regions. In the subsequent election thirteen Southern Cameroonian representatives were elected to the Eastern Nigerian House of Assembly in Enugu. In 1953, however, the Southern Cameroons representatives, unhappy with the domineering attitude of Nigerian politicians and lack of unity among the ethnic groups in the Eastern Region, declared a "benevolent neutrality" and withdrew from the assembly. At a conference in London from 30 July to 22 August 1953, the Southern Cameroons delegation asked for a separate region of its own. The British agreed, and Southern Cameroons became an autonomous region with its capital still at Buea. Elections were held in 1954 and the parliament met on 1 October 1954, with E.M.L. Endeley as Premier. As Cameroun and Nigeria prepared for Independence, South Cameroons nationalists debated whether their best interests lay with union with Cameroun, union with Nigeria or total independence. Endeley was defeated in elections on 1 February 1959 by John Ngu Foncha. Referendums were held in 1959 and 1961 in the Cameroons to determine union with Nigeria or Cameroun. In 1961, Northern Cameroons voted for union with Nigeria and Southern Cameroons for union with (the formerly French) Cameroun.

Ambazonian independence movement

Southern Cameroons became part of Cameroon on 1 October 1961. Foncha served as Prime Minister of West Cameroun and vice-president of the Federal Republic of Cameroun. However, the English-speaking peoples of the Southern Cameroons (now West Cameroun) did not believe that they were fairly treated by the French-speaking government of the country. Following a referendum on 20 May 1972, a new constitution was adopted in Cameroun which replaced the federal state with a unitary state. Southern Cameroons lost its autonomous status and became the Northwest Province and Southwest Province of the Republic of Cameroun. The Southern Cameroonians felt further marginalised. Groups such as the Cameroon Anglophone Movement (CAM) demanded greater autonomy, or independence, for the provinces.

Pro-independence groups claim that UN Resolution 1608 21 April 1961, which required the UK, the Government of the Southern Cameroons and Republic of Cameroun to engage in talks with a view to agreeing measures for union of the two countries, was not implemented, and that the Government of the United Kingdom was negligent in terminating its trusteeship without ensuring that proper arrangements were made. They say that the adoption of a federal constitution by Cameroun on 1 September 1961 constituted annexation of the Southern Cameroons.

Representatives of Anglophone groups convened the first All Anglophone Conference (AAC1) in Buea from 2 April to 3 April 1993. The conference issued the "Buea Declaration", which called for constitutional amendments to restore the 1961 federation. This was followed by the second All Anglophone Conference (AAC2) in Bamenda in 1994. This conference issued the "Bamenda Declaration", which stated that if the federal state was not restored within a reasonable time, Southern Cameroons would declare its independence. The AAC was renamed the Southern Cameroons Peoples Conference (SCPC), and later the Southern Cameroons Peoples Organisation (SCAPO), with the Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC) as the executive governing body. Younger activists formed the Southern Cameroons Youth League (SCYL) in Buea on 28 May 1995. The SCNC sent a delegation, led by John Foncha, to the United Nations, which was received on 1 June 1995 and presented a petition against the 'annexation' of the Southern Cameroons by French Cameroun. This was followed by a signature referendum the same year, which the organisers claim produced a 99% vote in favour of independence with 315,000 people voting.

Armed members of the SCNC took over the Buea radio station in Southwest Province on the night of 30 December 1999 and in the early hours of 31 December broadcast a tape of a proclamation of independence read by Judge Ebong Frederick Alobwede.

Amnesty International has accused the Cameroun authorities of human right violations against Southern Cameroons activists.

Southern Cameroons, since then renamed to Ambazonia, is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) since 2005 and a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States (OEAS).

Complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights
On 9 January 2003, the SCNC and SCAPO filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights against the Republic of Cameroun. Among other allegations, the complainants alleged that the Republic of Cameroun is illegally occupying the territory of Southern Cameroons. The Complainants alleged that the Republic of Cameroon has violated Articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7(1), 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17(1), 19, 20, 21, 22, 23(1), 24 of the African Charter. The SCNC and SCAPO ultimately seek the independence of the territory of Southern Cameroons. In a decision reached at its 45th Ordinary Session on May 27, 2009, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights found that the Republic of Cameroun has violated Articles 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7(1), 10, 11, 19 and 26 the Charter. The Human Rights Commission determined that Articles 12, 13, 17(1), 20, 21, 22, 23(1) and 24 have not been violated.

The Human Rights Commission further recognized that under the African Charter and broad international law, Southern Cameroons meets the definition of a "people" under international law "because they manifest numerous characteristics and affinities, which include a common history, linguistic tradition, territorial connection, and political outlook". The Human Rights Commission declared itself incompetent rationae temporis, to rule on allegations that occurred prior to 18 December 1989, date on which the African Charter came into force for the Respondent State (Republic of Cameroun). Hence, the Human Rights Commission declared itself incompetent to rule on the complainants' allegations with respect to events that occurred from the 1961 United Nations plebiscite to 1972 when the Federal and Union Constitutions were adopted to form the United Republic of Cameroon during which the Complainants claim the Respondent State (Republic of Cameroun) "...established its colonial rule there, complete with its structures, and its administrative, military and police personnel, applying a system and operating in a language alien to the Southern Cameroon." The Human Rights Commission stated, however, that, if the Complainants can establish that any violation committed before 18 December 1989 continued thereafter, then the Commission shall have competence to examine it.

The Human Rights Commission addressed the question, whether the people of Southern Cameroons are entitled to the right to self-determination contextualizing the question by dealing, not with the 1961 UN Plebiscite, or the 1972 Unification, but rather the events of 1993 and 1994 on the constitutional demands vis-à-vis the claim for the right to self-determination of the Southern Cameroonian people. The Human Rights Commission stated that to invoke Self Determination as prescribed by Article 20 the African Charter, the Complainant must satisfy the Commission that the two conditions under Article 20(2), namely oppression and domination have been met. Based on events that occurred after December 18, 1989, the Human Rights Commission noted that the Complainants have not demonstrated if these conditions have been met to warrant invoking the right to self-determination. The Human Rights Commission also noted that in their submission, the Respondent State (Republic of Cameroun) implicitly accepted that self-determination may be exercisable by the Complainants on condition that they establish cases of massive violations of human rights or denial of participation in public affairs.

The Human Rights Commission noted that autonomy within a sovereign state is acceptable, in the context of self-government, confederacy, or federation while preserving the territorial integrity of a State party, can be exercised under the African Charter.

The Human Rights Commission recommended that the Respondent State (Republic of Cameroun) should among other things enter into constructive dialogue with the Complainants, and in particular SCNC and SCAPO, to resolve the constitutional issues, as well as grievances.

Bakassi Peninsula
Following the International Court of Justice ruling of 10 October 2002 that sovereignty over the Bakassi peninsula rested with Cameroon, SCAPO claimed that Bakassi was, in fact, part of the territory of Southern Cameroons. In 2002, SCAPO took the Nigerian government to the Federal High Court in Abuja to require it to take a case before the International Court of Justice to establish the right of the people of the Southern Cameroons to self-determination. The court ruled in their favour on 5 March 2002. On 14 August 2006, Nigeria handed over the Bakassi peninsula to Cameroon. SCAPO responded by proclaiming the independence of the Republic of Ambazonia, to include the territory of Bakassi.

Sources and external links

 * SCNC official website
 * WorldStatesmen - Cameroon

title: Southern Cameroons


text:
User:Shifter55

Hollar!!!!!!!

So a page about me....

I started using Wikipedia in April 2005 for research/entertainment purposes. I spend 8 hours in front of a computer 5 days a week, and after a while the Internet gets.... well rather dull. So then I came upon the Wikipedia by accident (thanks firefox preset web links) and I loved it, the whole site premise, the articles, the way people can share what they are passionate about....yea, it's the hotness.

Now, this is the first place I come to start research on any topic. I created an account and began editing in May 2005, when I found I actually had considerable knowledge I could add to the Disney pages and also added a whole new section about the Walt Disney World College Program (as I just experienced the CP) and also a ton of random unrelated articles.

Jack of all trades, Master of none (almost), beginner at all; my interests and areas of knowledge are extensive and varied - I basically study any subject which happens to catch my fancy. I found myself letting experiences happen to me and then I run with the subject for a bit until something new appears.

So, if you enjoy some of my work, leave me some love on my talk page.

L8r, Shifter55

Current Projects;
I am constantly working on the WDWCP pages as more info becomes avaliable, as well as the pending change in the Disney College Program's name and organization. Try to help update the list of US Casino's List of casinos

Current Work in Progress.....sorta CyberEdit

CyberEdit, Inc is a California-based online editing company, founded in 1997 by Jeff Cook, which developed and operates three consumer websites ResumeEdge.com, EssayEdge.com and TermPaperEdge.com" before it's acquisition by the Lawrenceville, NJ based educational company,Thomson Peterson's on October 28, 2002.

ResumeEdge
ResumeEdge.com is CyberEdit's resume services division. It has become one of the leading resume writing and editing services in the nation, providing instruction and support from Certified Professional Resume Writers (CPRWs). ResumeEdge.com powers the resume writing services of The Wall Street Journal's CareerJournal.com, Lycos SallieMae's TrueCareers, Yahoo!'s HotJobs.com and many other leading job-search Web sites.

The resume service is offered for several different carrer levels; Student, Entry Level, Professional, Execuative, Federal and Military Transitions for over 40 different job industry's. ResumeEdge also offers several related add-on services such as cover letters, follow up & thank you letters, KSA's (Federal), ECQs (Executive Core Qualifications), PTQs (Professional and Technical Qualifications) and MTQs (Managerial and Technical Qualification Statements) as well as a resume posting service and a personal salary report through partnerships with ResumeRabbit.com and Salary.com.

EssayEdge
Since CyberEdit's founding in 1997, EssayEdge.com has become the largest, most popular source of assistance to college, graduate, and professional school applicants seeking help editing admissions essays and personal statements. For professionals, ResumeEdge.com has become one of the leading resume writing and editing services in the nation, providing instruction and support from Certified Professional Resume Writers (CPRWs). ResumeEdge.com powers the resume writing services of The Wall Street Journal's CareerJournal.com, Lycos, SallieMae's TrueCareers, and many other leading job-search Web sites.

Since CyberEdit's founding in 1997, EssayEdge.com has become the largest, most popular source of assistance to college, graduate, and professional school applicants seeking help editing admissions essays and personal statements. For professionals, ResumeEdge.com has become one of the leading resume writing and editing services in the nation, providing instruction and support from Certified Professional Resume Writers (CPRWs). ResumeEdge.com powers the resume writing services of The Wall Street Journal's CareerJournal.com, Lycos, SallieMae's TrueCareers, and many other leading job-search Web sites.

http://tools.thomsonlearning.com/press/petersons/tl_prdisplay_new.asp?PressReleaseID=596&TheUserIs=EndUser&Comp=Peterson's

title: User:Shifter55


text:
Liberty (magazine)

Liberty magazine may refer to:

 * Liberty (1881–1908), a political magazine published from 1881 to 1908 by Benjamin Tucker
 * Liberty (general interest magazine), published from 1924 to 1950
 * Liberty (libertarian magazine), published from 1987 to 2010, transitioned to online-only starting in 2011
 * Liberty (Adventist magazine), a religious liberty magazine published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church

title: Liberty (magazine)


text:
Talk:Liberty (magazine)

Piping
I replaced the "piping" of links. The piping is to add italics to magazine titles only - it does not change the text of the article name. Aesthetically this way looks better, and appears on many pages - as only the magazine title should be italics. Colin MacLaurin (talk) 01:22, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liberty (magazine)


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Ayub Medical College

Ayub Medical College (Urdu, Hindko:, د ايوب طب پوهنځی, or AMC) is a public medical institute located in Abbottabad, Pakistan. It is one of the medical colleges affiliated to Khyber Medical University. AMC is the second oldest medical college of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

History
In the late 1960s, a government study concluded that more medical colleges were needed in Pakistan to improve medical education, research, and healthcare in the country. In particular, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was in dire need of health reforms - a decision was thus made in 1972 to construct another medical college outside of the Peshawar region.

In 1975, four cities were shortlisted for the site of the new college; Abbottabad, Dera Ismail Khan, Mingora and Chitral. A decision was made in 1978 to build the new college in Abbottabad and on 9 May 1979, classes started at Ayub Medical College.

The first batch consisting of 100 students (class of 1984) was accommodated at the Education Extension Centre, while the present college campus and teaching hospital were later on constructed north of the town. On 30 December 1990, the new campus opened its doors to students and faculty. Abbottabad District Headquarters Hospital remained affiliated to Ayub Medical College upon opening of Ayub Teaching Hospital in 1998. AMC was named after former President Ayub Khan, who hailed from nearby Haripur. The first Principal of AMC was Dr. Abdul Jamil Khan. Today AMC hosts one of the largest medical college campuses in Pakistan.

On 20 December 2023, Prime Minister Anwaar ul Haq Kakar, during a speech to the 46th annual meeting of Association of Physicians of Pakistani Descent of North America (APPNA), announced that the status of AMC would be upgraded to a medical university.

Academics
The Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery is awarded to students after five professional years of theoretical and clinical training. AMC features most of the clinical and basic science departments. Annually, AMC educates and trains approximately 1000 medical students along with 200 resident physicians and fellows. In 2010, AMC introduced Community Oriented Medical Education (COME), a form of problem-based learning in a bid to convert from the annual system to a semester system. However, the transition has been slow and faced a lot of problems regarding its acceptance.

Undergraduate programs

 * Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS)

Postgraduate programs

 * Fellow of College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan (FCPS)
 * Member of College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan (MCPS)

Recognition
AMC is fully recognized by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC). The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan has recognized many of its departments for post-graduate training in Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Pathology. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Britain has granted recognition to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at AMC for clinical training of MRCOG candidates.

Departments

 * Basic sciences
 * Anatomy
 * Physiology
 * Biochemistry
 * Pharmacology
 * Forensic Medicine
 * Pathology
 * Community Medicine
 * Medical Education

 * Medicine and allied departments
 * General Medicine
 * Pediatrics
 * Behavioural Sciences
 * Cardiology
 * Dermatology
 * Neurology
 * Psychiatry
 * Radiotherapy
 * Urology
 * Social & Preventive Medicine

 * Surgery and allied departments
 * General Surgery
 * Obstetrics and Gynaecology
 * Orthopedics
 * Ophthalmology
 * Otorhinolaryngology
 * Cardiac Surgery
 * Thoracic Surgery
 * Pediatric Surgery
 * Anesthesiology
 * Neurosurgery
 * Radiology

Attached hospitals

 * Ayub Teaching Hospital (1998–present)
 * District Headquarters Hospital, Abbottabad (1979–1998)

Campus
The Ayub Medical Complex 133 acres campus consists of a medical school, teaching hospital, nursing school, dental school and paramedical institute with supporting amenities for all students and staff. The campus is also home to the Abbottabad CPSP Regional Centre and the Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy (INOR).

Medical school
The medical school building has four air-conditioned, spacious lecture halls with sophisticated audiovisual teaching aids, well-equipped laboratories and museums.

Nursing school
The Ayub School of Nursing is the nursing education unit at AMC, however, most teaching and training occurs at Ayub Teaching Hospital.

Library
The library provides various learning resources for both students and faculty. There are three main sections of the library - the main hall, a reading room, and a self-learning resource center. The main hall houses a collection of over 10,000 medical books along with various medical journals. The self-learning resource center consists of 20 computers with access to the digital library of Higher Education Commission.

Accommodations
The campus also provides hostel accommodation for up to 500 medical students, 300 internees, 100 nurses, and a colony comprising 10 flats for non-teaching staff. The hostels are named after famous Pakistani personalities and regions. • Quaid-e-Azam Hostel

• Fatima Jinnah Hostel

• Allama Iqbal Hostel

• Ayub Khan Hostel

• Khyber Hostel

• Doctors Hostel

Sports complex
A sports complex including the PCB-AMC stadium for cricket and hockey ground has also been built.

Journal of Ayub Medical College
The Journal of Ayub Medical College is published by the Faculty of Ayub Medical College since January 1988. It is a peer reviewed journal and is the first medical journal available with illustrations free online.

Administration

 * Dean and CEO: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Asif Karim
 * Medical Director: Prof. Dr. Alam Zeb khan Swati
 * Hospital Director: Dr. Athar Lodhi
 * Associate Dean (Undergraduate): Dr. Saima Gillani
 * Associate Dean (Research ): Prof. Dr. Ruqiyya Sultana
 * Associate Dean(postgraduate): Dr. Nasir Jameel

Former Principals/Deans • A. J. Khan (1979–1986)

•  Mujahid Akbar (1986–1992)

•  Syed Jamil-ur-Rehman (1992–1994)

•  Muhammad Abdul Khaliq (1994–1999)

•  Khurshid Khattak (1999–2002)

•  Muhammad Aftab (2002–2003)

•  Nazir Ahmed (2003)

•  Muhammad Ayub (2003–2006)

•  Abdul Rashid (2006–2007)

•  Jaffar Khan (2007)

•  Tariq Saeed Mufti (2007)

•  Syed Humayun Shah (2008)

•  Muhammad Ayub (2008–2011)

•  Shahid Sultan (2011–2016)

•  Prof. Dr. Azizun Nisa (2016–2018)

•  Prof. Dr. Salma Kundi  (2018)

•  Prof. Dr. Umer Farooq (2018–2024)

Student life
Students and alumni of the college are referred to as Ayubians. Students actively partake in clubs and societies within the college. Some societies which are medical-oriented are governed by professors along with an associate society master who serves as "academic advisers" to students. Other societies are strictly governed by students. Due to its unique "crossroad" location, Ayub Medical College has one of the most ethnically diverse campuses in Pakistan with students from various backgrounds including, Balochs, Pashtuns, Hindkowans, Chitralis, Punjabis, Saraikis, Kashmiris, Kalash, Burusho, Shina and Baltis.

Publications
Karakoram is the annual college magazine published at Ayub Medical College and maintained by the Ayubian Literary Society.

Alumni

 * Anam Najam, physician and psychiatrist
 * Ayub Medical College Alumni Association of North America
 * AMC Alumni Association Europe

 * Misbah Ullah, Pediatrician, Ayub Medical College Alumni, Works at Khyber Teaching Hospital

title: Ayub Medical College


text:
User:ProfessorSpice

Nina Amenta is a professor of Computer Science at the University of California at Davis. Her particular area of expertise is computational geometry. She uses Wikipedia in her teaching.

title: User:ProfessorSpice


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Cord blood

Cord blood (umbilical cord blood) is blood that remains in the placenta and in the attached umbilical cord after childbirth. Cord blood is collected because it contains stem cells, which can be used to treat hematopoietic and genetic disorders such as cancer.

Constituents
Cord blood is composed of all the elements found in whole blood – red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets. Compared to whole blood some differences in the blood composition exist, for example, cord blood contains higher numbers of natural killer cells, lower absolute number of T-cells and a higher proportion of immature T-cells. However, the interest in cord blood is mostly driven by the observation that cord blood also contains various types of stem and progenitor cells, mostly hematopoietic stem cells. Some non-hematopoietic stem cell types are also present in cord blood, for example, mesenchymal stem cells, however these are present in much lower numbers than what can be found in adult bone marrow. Endothelial progenitor cells and multipotent unrestricted adult stem cells can also be found in cord blood. Unlike embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent, cord blood stem cells are multipotent.

Medical uses
Cord blood is used the same way that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is used to reconstitute bone marrow following radiation treatment for various blood cancers, and for various forms of anemia. Its efficacy is similar as well.

Adverse effects in transplantation
Adverse effects are similar to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, namely graft-versus-host disease if the cord blood is from a genetically different person, and the risk of severe infection while the immune system is reconstituted. To assure that the smallest amount of complications occur during transplantation, levels of engraftment must be present; specifically both neutrophils and platelets must be being produced. This process of neutrophil and platelet production after the transplant, however, takes much longer than that of stem cells. In many cases, the engraftment time depends on the cell dose, or the amount of stem cells obtained in the sample of blood. In Dr. Moise's article about umbilical cord blood, it was found that there is approximately 10% less stem cells in cord blood than there is in bone marrow. Therefore, a sufficient amount of cord blood must be obtained in order to collect an adequate cell dose, however this amount varies from infant to infant and is irreplaceable. Given that this idea is quite new, there is still a lot of research that needs to be completed. For example, it is still unknown how long cord blood can safely be frozen without losing its beneficial effects. There is a lower incidence with cord blood compared with traditional HSCT, despite less stringent HLA match requirements.

Collection and storage
Umbilical cord blood is the blood left over in the placenta and in the umbilical cord after the birth of the baby. There are several methods for collecting cord blood. The method most commonly used in clinical practice is the "closed technique", which is similar to standard blood collection techniques. With this method, the technician cannulates the vein of the severed umbilical cord using a needle that is connected to a blood bag, and cord blood flows through the needle into the bag. On average, the closed technique enables collection of about 75 ml of cord blood.

Collected cord blood is cryopreserved and then stored in a cord blood bank for future transplantation. Cord blood collection is typically depleted of red blood cells before cryopreservation to ensure high rates of stem cell recovery.

History
The first successful cord blood transplant (CBT) was done in 1988 in a child with Fanconi anemia. Early efforts to use CBT in adults led to mortality rates of about 50%, due somewhat to the procedure being done in very sick people, but perhaps also due to slow development of immune cells from the transplant. By 2013, 30,000 CBT procedures had been performed and banks held about 600,000 units of cord blood.

Regulation
The AABB has generated voluntary accreditation standards for cord blood banking facilities.

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration regulates any facility that stores cord blood; cord blood intended for use in the person from whom it came is not regulated, but cord blood for use in others is regulated as a drug and as a biologic. Several states also have regulations for cord blood banks.

In the European Union, Canada, and Australia use of cord blood is regulated. In the United Kingdom the NHS Cord Blood Bank was set up in 1996 to collect, process, store and supply cord blood; it is a public cord blood bank and part of the NHS.

Private and public banks
A cord blood bank may be private (i.e. the blood is stored for and the costs paid by donor families) or public (i.e. stored and made available for use by unrelated donors). While public cord blood banking is widely supported, private cord banking is controversial in both the medical and parenting community. Although umbilical cord blood is well-recognized to be useful for treating hematopoietic and genetic disorders, some controversy surrounds the collection and storage of umbilical cord blood by private banks for the baby's use. Only a small percentage of babies (estimated at between 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 200,000) ever use the umbilical cord blood that is stored. The American Academy of Pediatrics 2007 Policy Statement on Cord Blood Banking stated: "Physicians should be aware of the unsubstantiated claims of private cord blood banks made to future parents that promise to insure infants or family members against serious illnesses in the future by use of the stem cells contained in cord blood." and "private storage of cord blood as 'biological insurance' is unwise" unless there is a family member with a current or potential need to undergo a stem cell transplantation. The American Academy of Pediatrics also notes that the odds of using a person's own cord blood is 1 in 200,000 while the Institute of Medicine says that only 14 such procedures have ever been performed.

Private storage of one's own cord blood is unlawful in Italy and France, and it is also discouraged in some other European countries. The American Medical Association states "Private banking should be considered in the unusual circumstance when there exists a family predisposition to a condition in which umbilical cord stem cells are therapeutically indicated. However, because of its cost, limited likelihood of use, and inaccessibility to others, private banking should not be recommended to low-risk families." The American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists also encourage public cord banking and discourage private cord blood banking. Nearly all cord blood transplantations come from public banks, rather than private banks, partly because most treatable conditions can't use a person's own cord blood. The World Marrow Donor Association and European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies states "The possibility of using one's own cord blood stem cells for regenerative medicine is currently purely hypothetical....It is therefore highly hypothetical that cord blood cells kept for autologous use will be of any value in the future" and "the legitimacy of commercial cord blood banks for autologous use should be questioned as they sell a service which has presently no real use regarding therapeutic options."

The American Academy of Pediatrics, or AAP, supports efforts to provide information about the potential benefits and limitations of cord blood banking and transplantation so that parents can make an informed decision. Cord blood education is also supported by legislators at the federal and state levels. In 2005, the National Academy of Sciences published an Institute of Medicine (IoM) report titled "Establishing a National Cord Blood Stem Cell Bank Program".

In March 2004, the European Union Group on Ethics (EGE) has issued Opinion No.19 titled Ethical Aspects of Umbilical Cord Blood Banking. The EGE concluded that "[t]he legitimacy of commercial cord blood banks for autologous use should be questioned as they sell a service, which has presently, no real use regarding therapeutic options. Thus they promise more than they can deliver. The activities of such banks raise serious ethical criticisms."

Research
Though uses of cord blood beyond blood and immunological disorders is speculative, some research has been done in other areas. Any such potential beyond blood and immunological uses is limited by the fact that cord cells are hematopoietic stem cells (which can differentiate only into blood cells), and not pluripotent stem cells (such as embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into any type of tissue). Cord blood has been studied as a treatment for diabetes. However, apart from blood disorders, the use of cord blood for other diseases is not in routine clinical use and remains a major challenge for the stem cell community.

Along with cord blood, Wharton's jelly and the cord lining have been explored as sources for mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and as of 2015 had been studied in vitro, in animal models, and in early stage clinical trials for cardiovascular diseases, as well as  neurological deficits, liver diseases, immune system diseases, diabetes, lung injury, kidney injury, and leukemia.

Cord blood is being used to get stem cells with which to test in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The stem cells from umbilical cord blood are also being used in the treatment of a number of blood diseases including blood cancers.

Cord blood is also being studied as a substitute for normal blood transfusions in the developing world. More research is necessary prior to the generalized utilization of cord blood transfusion.

Cord blood stem cells are being studied for treatment for COVID-19 cytokine storms since these and other perinatal (cord tissue and placental tissue derived) stem cells can secrete anti-inflammatory molecules. Dozens of clinical trials are under way to see if they can help patients with COVID-19.

Some clinical studies show that one year after the transplant of UM171 (a haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal agonist), transplant-related mortality was 5% and relapse incidence was at 21%. Furthermore, only 3 of 22 patients (~14%) who received the UM171-expanded cord blood transplantation died.

A woman was reported to have been cured of HIV, the third person ever to be cured of the disease, using a transplantation of cord blood.

title: Cord blood


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Baptist University of Florida

The Baptist University of Florida is a private Baptist College in Graceville, Florida. It is affiliated with the Florida Baptist Convention (Southern Baptist Convention).

History
The Baptist University of Florida was founded in 1943 and is a cooperating ministry of the Florida Baptist Convention. The school first opened its doors in Lakeland, Florida as the Florida Baptist Institute. Two years later, in 1945, it was renamed as the Baptist Bible Institute. The school moved to its present location in Graceville, Florida in 1953. In 1988, the school was renamed as the Florida Baptist Theological College and in 2000 it was renamed the Baptist College of Florida. Finally, in November 2023 it took on its current name as the Baptist University of Florida.

It was originally focused on training Baptist ministers but now offers degrees in theology, music, counseling, education, and business. It is nationally accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music and regionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

Accreditation
It is affiliated with the Florida Baptist Convention.

title: Baptist University of Florida


text:
1902 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1902.

Excavations

 * Leopoldo Batres initiates first major excavations at Monte Albán.
 * E. A. Wallis Budge begins project at Meroë.
 * Ludwig Borchardt leads Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft excavations at the Ancient Egyptian necropolis of Abusir.
 * Georgios Sotiriadis excavates the tomb of the Macedonian warriors at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC).

Finds

 * May 17 – Antikythera mechanism found by Valerios Stais
 * Lansing Man found near Lansing, Kansas on the western bank of the Missouri River
 * Etruscan chariot at Monteleone di Spoleto
 * Tuxtla Statuette
 * Böyük Dəhnə ancient artifacts
 * Saimaluu Tash petroglyphs
 * Tomb KV45 (Userhet) in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, discovered by Howard Carter working for Theodore M. Davis.
 * Neolithic settlement of Magoula Balomenou near Chaeronea, discovered by Georgios Sotiriadis.

Miscellaneous

 * Images of bison on the ceiling of the Cave of Altamira, Spain (discovered in 1879), accepted as authentic of c. 12000 BC.
 * Restoration of Lion of Chaeronea begins.

Births

 * February 19 – Humfry Payne, English Classical archaeologist (d. 1936).
 * May 10 – Ian Richmond, British archaeologist of Ancient Rome (d. 1965).
 * August 25 – Clarence Hungerford Webb, American archaeologist (d. 1991).
 * Arvid Andrén, Swedish classical art historian (d. 1999).

Deaths

 * March 2 – Kate Bradbury Griffith, English Egyptologist (b. 1854)
 * October 7 – Henry Syer Cuming, antiquarian, collector and secretary of the British Archaeological Association (b. 1817)

title: 1902 in archaeology


text:
Talk:David Phillipe Desrosiers

VfD Results
This article has been changed to a redirect as result of a VfD discussion. See Votes for deletion/David Phillipe Desrosiers for details. --Allen3 talk 17:00, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Phillipe Desrosiers