text:
Literary agent

A literary agent is an agent who represents writers and their written works to publishers, theatrical producers, film producers, and film studios, and assists in sale and deal negotiation. Literary agents most often represent novelists, screenwriters, and non-fiction writers.

Reputable literary agents generally charge a commission and do not charge a fee upfront. The commission rate is generally 15%.

Diversity
Literary agencies can range in size from a single agent who represents perhaps a dozen authors, to a substantial firm with senior partners, sub-agents, specialists in areas like foreign rights or licensed merchandise tie-ins, and clients numbering in the hundreds. Most agencies, especially smaller ones, specialize to some degree. They may represent—for example—authors of science fiction, mainstream thrillers and mysteries, children's books, romance, or highly topical nonfiction. Very few agents represent short stories or poetry.

Legitimate agents and agencies in the book world are not required to be members of the Association of Authors' Representatives (AAR), but according to Writer's Market listings, many agents in the United States are. To qualify for AAR membership, agents must have sold a minimum number of books and pledge to abide by a Canon of Ethics.

title: Literary agent


text:
Botanical Garden of the University of Coimbra

The Botanical Garden of the University of Coimbra (Jardim Botânico da Universidade de Coimbra or simply Jardim Botânico) is a botanical garden in Coimbra, Portugal.

History
It was founded in 1772 by Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo (the Marquis of Pombal). The location for the Hortus Botanicus—part of the farm of S. Bento's College in the Ursulinas Valley—was chosen by the vice-chancellor of the University of Coimbra (Francisco de Lemos). Domingos Vandelli was the first supervisor for the orientation of the garden, followed in 1791 by Félix Avelar Brotero, professor of Botany and Agriculture.

The botanist Luís Wittnich Carrisso, from the year he became a full professor, from 1918 until the date of his death in 1937, enriched the Garden with new plants, namely with exotic African plants, most of them originating in Angola. He developed relations with similar gardens, promoting exchanges of seeds and plants, reinforcing the offer in the publication of Index Seminum, which, at the time, was considered one of the six best in the world, given its variety and scientific rigor. He restored the greenhouses and modernized their heating, where he started to grow a greater number of exotic plants, including the much appreciated Victoria amazonica. He introduced important changes in the organization of the Garden, so that it could lend itself to perform its functions: to educate the public from the scientific, floricultural and landscape points of view; to support the teaching of Botany, in the preparation of students in the fields of taxonomy (vascular plants, non-vascular plants), anatomy, physiology, ecology and pharmacology; and have facilities where researchers can keep the materials necessary for their research activities. He made more space available to the public, planted a large number of trees, properly identified and labeled with plaques, with their respective scientific and common names, as well as the geographic distribution of the species. He also made space available for the installation of nurseries and founded the Escola das Monocotiledóneas.

Area
The garden, considered one of the most beautiful of Europe, occupies 13 hectares and can be divided in two parts.

The first part, located at the top of the valley, constitutes the most formal area and it is divided in terraces. The lower terrace, known as the Quadrado Central (The Central Square), is the most primitive part of the garden and is decorated like European gardens of the 18th century. In this terrace, adorned with a fountain from the 1940s, some trees planted during the time of Brotero can still be seen, such as: Cryptomeria japonica, Cunninghamia sinensis and Erythrina crista-galli. On the other terraces are:

a) The Order Beds, where plants, taxonomically grouped, are cultivated for the use of botany students and for exchange with similar institutions all over the world (Index Seminum et Sporarum).

b) The Greenhouses, where tropical and sub-tropical plants develop under different conditions of temperature and humidity, according to their various needs, among which Victoria cruziana is one of the best known and admired.

The second part of the garden, including the valley where once a small stream flowed, is the arboretum, usually known as Mata of the Botanical Garden. The arboretum includes the Monocotyledoneae collection, a splendid bamboo forest and dense vegetation with exotic trees, a collection of 51 species of Eucalyptus, and a notable specimen of Ficus macrophylla.

The Department of Botany of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra (Instituto Botânico Dr. Júlio Henriques), of which the garden is a component, includes the library, the herbarium, the museum and the laboratories dating from the period of Prof. Júlio Henriques' direction (end of 19th century). Botany classes were first held at the natural history museum; they were later transferred, by Avelar Brotero's initiative, to a house built in the garden for that purpose but later demolished.

Fauna
The Botanical Garden shelters several species of birds in their natural environment. The brown squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) has been part of the ecosystem since it was introduced in June 1994. The six couples of squirrels which were the initial population have adapted and bred successfully and are now an integral part of the environment.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Air transport agreement

An air transport agreement (also sometimes called an air service agreement or ATA or ASA) is a bilateral agreement to allow international commercial air transport services between signatories.

The bilateral system has its basis under the Chicago Convention and associated multilateral treaties. The Chicago Convention was signed in December 1944 and has governed international air services since then. the convention also has a range of annexes covering issues such as aviation security, safety oversight, airworthiness, navigation, environmental protection and facilitation (expediting and departure at airports).

In 1913, in what was probably the earliest such agreement, a bilateral exchange of notes was signed between Germany and France to provide for airship services.

One of the first ATAs following World War II was the Bermuda Agreement, which was signed in 1946 by the United Kingdom and the United States. Features of this agreement became models for the thousands of such agreements that were to follow, although in recent decades some of the traditional clauses in such agreements have been modified (or "liberalized") in accordance with "open skies" policies adopted by some governments, notably the United States.

In principle all ATAs should be registered by the International Civil Aviation Organization in DAGMAR, the ICAO's Database of Aeronautical Agreements and Arrangements, but this source is not absolutely comprehensive.

Air service agreements (ASA) are formal treaties between countries – accompanying memoranda of understanding (MoU) and exchanges of formal diplomatic notes. It is not mandatory to have an ASA in place for international services to operate, but the cases where services exist without treaty are rare.

ASAs cover the basic framework under which airlines are granted economic bilateral rights to fly two countries. The frequency, the designated airlines of the two signing countries, origin and intermediate points, traffic rights, type of aircraft and tax issues are normally covered by MoUs.

title: Air transport agreement


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jesus Juice

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:32, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Jesus Juice
Delete. It was insulting when it redirected to wine, confusing when it redirected to Michael Jachson, and is zero-content as is. Decapod73 23:17, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Forbsey 23:53, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No reason to keep such article. --Vizcarra 00:55, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to 2005_trial_of_Michael_Jackson. Dcarrano 00:45, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Dcarrano. --Angr/undefined 05:56, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic. JamesBurns 09:26, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete if it's not nonsense, it's a neologism. If it's not original research, it's still a dicdef. Nothing to merge here. And NO reason to redirect. Dystopos 15:00, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, all of the above, Moriori 20:32, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with delete votes above, article has no content. Justinc 13:40, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Abram Ioffe

Claim about Einstein
can someone provide a citation for the claim about Einstein Salsb 23:17, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It really doesn't belong in this article anyway. --Blainster 12:57, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Joffe and Einstein's 1905 papers
"That year Ioffe stated he saw the names of two authors, Einstein – Marić, on the Annus Mirabilis papers when they were submitted."

This is erroneous. Joffe did not say he saw the original papers, nor that there were two authors' names on the 1905 papers. For refutation of this story, see:

http://www.esterson.org/Stachel_Joffe.htm

https://webspace.utexas.edu/aam829/1/m/Maric_files/EvidenceMaric.pdf

"This seems to support the theory that the work was a co-authorship between Einstein and his wife.[1]" [Ref. "Einstein's Wife", PBS, 2003]

The "Einstein's Wife" documentary has been discredited for its numerous inaccuracies and misconceptions: http://www.pbs.org/ombudsman/2006/12/einsteins_wife_the_relative_motion_of_facts.html

I shall amend the paragraph appropriately. Esterson (talk) 08:48, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Abram Ioffe. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090511013531/http://www.ima.or.at/theremin/?page_id=55&cat=1 to http://www.ima.or.at/theremin/?page_id=55&cat=1

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:47, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:37, 23 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Abram Ioffe 1934.jpg

title: Talk:Abram Ioffe


text:
The Sea and Little Fishes

The Sea and Little Fishes is a short story by Terry Pratchett, written in 1998. It is set in his Discworld universe, and features Lancre witches Granny Weatherwax and Nanny Ogg. It was originally published in a sampler alongside a story called "The Wood Boy" by Raymond E. Feist, and later in a collection called Legends.

The story established a basis for various elements of the novel A Hat Full of Sky, but is not required to understand that novel.

Plot
A coalition of witches, led by self-appointed organiser Lettice Earwig, asks Granny Weatherwax not to participate in the annual Lancre Witch Trials, on account of her always winning. She agrees, becoming disconcertingly nice.

Commentary
It is revealed in later stories, most specifically the Tiffany Aching series, that this is because Granny has made it clear that she does not approve of Lettice Earwig's methods, and admitting that a rival is correct "at the time of her own choosing" is the greatest and most calculated insult Granny can possibly deliver to another witch, essentially having agreed with Lettice Earwig's own unwitting 'admission' that she cannot beat Granny.

The title has confused people; Pratchett has since explained that Granny is the sea, and the other witches are the fishes (at one point Nanny says that calling Granny 'full of pride' is like calling the sea 'full of water'; water is what the sea is).

It is based on the "ancient phrase" The big sea does not care which way the little fishes swim, which Pratchett made up at some point before the story, and finally used in Night Watch.

Translations

 * Rybki Małe Ze Wszystkich Mórz (Polish)
 * "Η θάλασσα και τα ψαράκια", translated by Nikos Manousakis, Anubis 2006. (Greek)

title: The Sea and Little Fishes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Keith and the Marzipan Soldiers

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:45, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Keith and the Marzipan Soldiers
Band meets none of the criteria for notability in WP:MUSIC Kertrats 23:38, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Doesn't meet WP:MUSIC criteria - Forbsey 23:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dcarrano 00:30, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete appears to be vanity page. Decapod73 00:35, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. --Etacar11 01:25, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. Fails WP:MUSIC guidelines. JamesBurns 09:28, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
ATLS

ATLS may refer to:

 * Advanced trauma life support
 * Automated truck loading systems

title: ATLS


text:
Władysław T. Benda

'''Władysław Teodor "W.T." Benda''' (15 January 1873 – 30 November 1948) was a Polish painter, illustrator, and designer.

Early life
The son of musician Jan Szymon Benda, and a nephew of the actress Helena Modrzejewska (known in the United States as Helena Modjeska), W.T. Benda studied art at the Kraków College of Technology and Art in his native Poland and at the School of Fine Arts in Vienna, Austria. He came to the United States in 1899, to visit his Aunt Helena, who then lived in California. He stayed, and moved to New York City in 1902, where he attended the Art Students League of New York and the William Merritt Chase School. While there, Benda studied under Robert Henri and Edward Penfield.

He joined the Society of Illustrators in 1907, the Architectural League in 1916, and became a naturalized American in 1911. He was also a member of the National Society of Mural Painters.

Personal life
He remained in NYC for the rest of his life. Benda married Romola Campfield, and they had two daughters, Eleonora and Basia, who were both artists.

Work

Starting in 1905, Benda was primarily a graphic artist. He illustrated books, short stories, advertising copy, and magazine covers for Collier's, McCall's, Ladies' Home Journal, Good Housekeeping, Theatre Magazine and many others. Many publishers regarded Benda as their go-to artist for his dependability and artistic abilities. In his time he was as well known as Norman Rockwell, N.C. Wyeth or Maxfield Parrish. During the 1920s/1930s every publication sought the look of "the American Girl", but Benda's beautiful women were often exotic and mysterious, not homespun pretty like the girls of Harrison Fisher or Howard Chandler Christy. Benda was fiercely proud of his Polish heritage and became closely associated with the Polish-American cultural institution, The Kosciuszko Foundation (see below). During the two World Wars, he designed many posters for both Poland and America. Many of these posters advocated for relief efforts. He was honored with the ‘Polonia Restituta’ decoration by the Polish government following World War I.

Beginning in 1914, Benda was also an accomplished mask maker and costume designer. His sculpted, papier-mâché face masks were used in plays and dances and often in his own paintings and illustrations. They were used in masques or miracle plays in New York City at venues like the New York Coffee House. Benda also created the masks for stage productions in New York and London for such writers as Eugene O'Neill and Noël Coward. He became so well known as a mask maker that his name became synonymous for any lifelike mask, whether it was of his design or not. Benda also created "grotesque" masks, which were more fantasy or caricature in nature. Benda created the original mask design for the movie The Mask of Fu Manchu, which was originally published as a twelve part serial in Collier's from May 7, 1932, through July 23, 1932. The cover of the May 7 issue presented a stunning portrait by Benda. In the latter stages of his career, Benda spent less time doing illustration and more time making masks.

At Busby Berkeley's behest, Benda created scores of masks for the spectacular conclusion of Broadway Serenade (1939), including the faces of “all the great composers”. According to TCM, that project earned Berkeley a contract with MGM.

Articles by and about Benda and his masks appeared regularly in many of the same magazines and publications that carried his illustrations. In the 1930s, he authored the Encyclopædia Britannica entry on masks. He also wrote a book, Masks, a study of his own designs and unique construction techniques.

The Polish Museum of America and the Pritzker Military Museum & Library possess collections of Benda's posters for the relief effort in Poland.

title: Władysław T. Benda


text:
Dora Irizarry

Dora Lizette Irizarry (born January 26, 1955) is a senior United States District Court Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.

Early life and education
Irizarry was born on January 26, 1955, in San Sebastian, Puerto Rico, and was raised in the Bronx in New York City. She attended the Bronx High School of Science and went on to graduate from Yale University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1976 and Columbia Law School with a Juris Doctor in 1979. After law school, she worked as an assistant district attorney in the Bronx and Manhattan from 1979 to 1981. Irizarry said she wanted to improve the quality of life in the neighborhoods in which she grew up, and specialized in drug and narcotics cases.

New York state court judge
She was appointed a New York City Criminal Court judge by former Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and then a judge of the New York Court of Claims by Governor George Pataki. As a Court of Claims judge, she served as an Acting Justice of the New York State Supreme Court, sitting in Brooklyn and Manhattan. She was the first Hispanic woman to serve as a state judge in New York.

She was an assistant district attorney of the Office of the Special Narcotics Prosecutor in the Bronx County District Attorney's Office from 1981 to 1987 and then in the New York County District Attorney's Office from 1987 to 1995. She then became a judge on the New York City Criminal Court from 1995 to 1997, and an Acting Justice on the Court of Claims in Kings County from 1997 to 1998, before serving in the same position in Manhattan from 1998 to 2002.

2002 New York Attorney General election
In 2002, Irizarry resigned from her judgeship to become the Republican nominee for Attorney General of New York, challenging Democratic incumbent Eliot Spitzer. She was the first Latina to seek statewide office in New York State. Irizarry lost the race by a 66%-30% margin, but ran a strong race in upstate New York. After the election, she entered private practice with the firm of Hoguet, Newman & Regal in Manhattan.

Federal judicial service
In 2003, Irizarry was nominated by President George W. Bush to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Although the American Bar Association determined her to be "not qualified," she was confirmed by the Senate on June 24, 2004, and received her commission on July 8, 2004, thereby becoming the first Hispanic judge in the Eastern District. She became Chief Judge of the Eastern District on April 15, 2016. Her judicial seat is in Brooklyn. She assumed senior status on January 26, 2020.

Notable cases
On December 15, 2010, Judge Irizarry sentenced Islamist militant and engineer Abdul Kadir, 58, of Guyana, to life in prison after the jury found him and co-defendant Russel Defreitas, a U.S. citizen born in Guyana, guilty of planning to blow up New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport by exploding fuel tanks and pipelines underneath it. She sentenced Defreitas to life in prison on February 17, 2011. One month previously, she had sentenced Abdel Nur, a co-defendant who pleaded guilty, to 15 years, and the following year, Kareem Ibrahim, who was tried separately, was also found guilty and given a life sentence by Judge Irizarry.

title: Dora Irizarry


text: Category:New Urbanism communities

title: Category:New Urbanism communities


text:
The Works (Nik Kershaw album)

The Works is the fourth studio album by the English singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Nik Kershaw. It was released in 1989 and was the last album he created for MCA Records. Kershaw chose the album's title as he felt the album represented "the collected works of Nik Kershaw". He did not release any new solo material until 15 Minutes, 10 years later.

The album was not commercially successful, though the lead single "One Step Ahead" reached No. #55 in the UK. "Elisabeth's Eyes", the second and final single, failed to chart altogether.

Although the album was produced by Peter Wolf and co-produced by Brian Malouf, both singles were written shortly after Kershaw became unhappy with Wolf's production and his direction for the album. They were produced by Kershaw and Julian Mendelsohn, with the two also re-working the production of the entire album, earning them an additional production credit.

After its original release, the album remained out of print on any format for years. However, in November 2006, the album became available via online MP3 download on major sites such as Amazon and iTunes.

Background
In an interview of the time, Kershaw spoke of the album's creation and production: ""In April 1987 I finished touring, after that I wrote songs for the new album. In August of that year I went to Los Angeles to record The Works album in four months with producer Peter Wolf. Back home in England I listened to the album and discovered that I hated it. I could never have promoted that album. How could I tell the people: it's a great product, buy it!, if I wouldn't have bought it myself. So I quickly wrote two more songs, among which was "One Step Ahead", and I did a lot all over again with Julian Mendelsohn in London. Eventually the record was only finished last year in October. But I must say that I'm a whole lot happier about it now.""

Speaking of working with Wolf, Kershaw said: ""American producers are used to having total control over their production. But I wanted to have a say about my own songs myself. Americans want predictable songs and sounds whereas I chose the opposite. We have been fighting like cats and dogs in that studio, we were constantly clashing. In the end we decided to make a compromise, but with the result that neither of us was happy with the final result. It was all very annoying, but I also learned from it.""

The track "One World" was later included on Kershaw's 1991 compilation album The Collection, while the German vinyl and Japanese CD editions of the compilation featured a re-recorded version of the track instead. In recent years, Kershaw stated via his Q&A sessions "Drum Talk" that the re-recorded version was to be a single after the release of "Elisabeth's Eyes", however this never materialised as he and the record label MCA parted company. In 1991, English pop singer Chesney Hawkes covered the song for his debut studio album Buddy's Song and it also appeared as the B-side to his third single "Secrets of the Heart". In the same year, Hawkes had scored a number one hit in the UK with the Nik Kershaw-penned song "The One and Only".

Track listing
All songs are written by Nik Kershaw, except where noted.

Side one Side two
 * 1) "One Step Ahead"  – 3:53
 * 2) "Elisabeth's Eyes"  – 4:40
 * 3) "Take My Place"  – 4:04
 * 4) "Wounded Knee"  – 3:53
 * 5) "Cowboys & Indians"  – 3:52
 * 1) "One World" (Nik Kershaw, Peter Wolf) – 4:39
 * 2) "Don't Ask Me"  – 4:02
 * 3) "Burning at Both Ends"  – 4:05
 * 4) "Lady on the Phone" (Kershaw, Wolf)  – 4:09
 * 5) "Walkabout"  – 4:56

Personnel

 * Nik Kershaw – vocals, guitar, keyboards, programming, arrangements
 * Peter Wolf – keyboards, synthesizer, arrangements
 * Dave Clayton – keyboards
 * Paul "Wix" Wickens – keyboards
 * Vinnie Colaiuta – drums
 * Paulinho Da Costa – percussion
 * Jeff Porcaro – drums on "Walkabout"
 * Dan Higgins – tenor, alto and baritone saxophone
 * Larry Williams – tenor saxophone
 * Gary Grant – trumpet
 * Jerry Hey – trumpet
 * Charles Loper – trombone
 * Gary Maughan – programming
 * Ina Wolf, Maxi Anderson, Michael McDonald, Nadirah Ali, Phillip Ingram, Sheri Kershaw, Siedah Garrett – backing vocals

Singles

 * "One Step Ahead" UK #55
 * B-side – "When I Grow Up"
 * "Elisabeth's Eyes"
 * B-side – "My Friend John"

title: The Works (Nik Kershaw album)


text:
Lists of North American place name etymologies

These are lists of North American place name etymologies:

 * Mexican state name etymologies
 * Canadian provincial name etymologies
 * Origins of names of cities in Canada
 * List of U.S. places named after non-U.S. places
 * U.S. state name etymologies
 * Lists of U.S. county name etymologies
 * List of Alabama county name etymologies
 * List of Alaska borough and census area name etymologies
 * List of Arizona county name etymologies
 * List of Arkansas county name etymologies
 * List of California county name etymologies
 * Etymologies of place names in Los Angeles, California
 * Etymologies of street names in San Francisco, California
 * List of Colorado county name etymologies
 * List of Connecticut county name etymologies
 * List of Delaware county name etymologies
 * List of Florida county name etymologies
 * List of Georgia county name etymologies
 * List of Hawaii county name etymologies
 * List of Idaho county name etymologies
 * List of Illinois county name etymologies
 * List of Indiana county name etymologies
 * List of Iowa county name etymologies
 * List of Kansas county name etymologies
 * List of Kentucky county name etymologies
 * List of Louisiana parish name etymologies
 * List of Maine county name etymologies
 * List of Maryland county name etymologies
 * List of Massachusetts county name etymologies
 * List of Michigan county name etymologies
 * List of Minnesota county name etymologies
 * List of Mississippi county name etymologies
 * List of Missouri county name etymologies
 * List of Montana county name etymologies
 * List of Nebraska county name etymologies
 * List of Nevada county name etymologies
 * List of New Hampshire county name etymologies
 * List of New Jersey county name etymologies
 * Etymologies of place names in Hudson County, New Jersey
 * Toponymy of Bergen, New Netherland
 * List of New Mexico county name etymologies
 * List of New York county name etymologies
 * List of North Carolina county name etymologies
 * List of North Dakota county name etymologies
 * List of Ohio county name etymologies
 * List of Oklahoma county name etymologies
 * List of Oregon county name etymologies
 * List of Pennsylvania county name etymologies
 * Etymologies of place names in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * List of Rhode Island county name etymologies
 * List of South Carolina county name etymologies
 * List of South Dakota county name etymologies
 * List of Tennessee county name etymologies
 * List of Texas county name etymologies
 * List of Texas county seat name etymologies
 * List of Utah county name etymologies
 * List of Vermont county name etymologies
 * List of Virginia county name etymologies
 * List of Washington county name etymologies
 * List of West Virginia county name etymologies
 * List of Wisconsin county name etymologies
 * List of Wyoming county name etymologies


text:
Talk:Don't Fear the Roofer

Untitled
So which episode was the real 350th episode of The Simpsons? Optichan 23:23, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Goofs & Plot holes ?
Would it be better if these were put underneath the one heading, like the most of the other Simpsons' articles episodes?Bitbitz.xx 11:49, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Cultural References?
I think the plot of this episode was similar to Sesame Street. You have a character (Homer/Big Bird) telling his friends about a new friend (Ray/Snuffleuphagus (sp)), but his friends don't believe he exists, and go out of their way to convince him that this friend doesn't actually exist. And when they do see that the friend is real, profusely apologize for doubting him.

No, I think it's more a take-off on A Beautiful Mind, because, like in that film, Homer is accused of imagining things and is forced to go through electroshock therapy. I'm amazed nobody's picked up on this yet. -Adamzanzie — Preceding unsigned comment added by Adamzanzie (talk • contribs) 05:44, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don't Fear the Roofer


text:
TPI

TPI may refer to:

Medicine

 * Tehran Psychiatric Institute, an Iranian research institute
 * Tianyin Pharmaceutical, a Chinese pharmaceutical company
 * TPI test, used to detect presence of Treponema pallidum bacteria
 * Triosephosphate isomerase, an enzyme

Technology

 * Tire Pressure Indicator, a product by NIRA Dynamics AB
 * TPI Specialties, an American auto parts manufacturer
 * True Performance Index, a measurement for AMD processors
 * Teeth per inch, on a saw blade

Units of measure

 * Thread count, or threads per inch, used in the textile industry
 * Threads per inch, used with threaded fasteners
 * Tracks per inch, of magnetic storage media
 * Twist per inch, or turns per inch, used in the textile industry

Other uses

 * MNCTV, an Indonesian television network formerly named TPI (Televisi Pendidikan Indonesia)
 * Tangail Polytechnic Institute, in Bangladesh
 * Tapini Airport, in Papua New Guinea
 * Tarup-Paarup IF, a Danish association football club
 * Technique Polytechnic Institute, in West Bengal, India
 * Ted Petty Invitational, an independent wrestling tournament in North America
 * Third-party inspection company
 * Tibet Policy Institute, a think tank of the Central Tibetan Administration
 * Tok Pisin, a language of Papua New Guinea
 * Town Planning Institute, later the Royal Town Planning Institute, a professional organisation in the United Kingdom
 * TPI Polene, a Thai cement manufacturer
 * TPI theory, in human resource management
 * Trading Places International, an American vacation services corporation
 * Triebold Paleontology Incorporated, an American fossil company
 * Tube Products of India, an Indian steel manufacturer
 * Two person integrity, a communications security measure

title: TPI


text:
Advanced trauma life support

Advanced trauma life support (ATLS) is a training program for medical providers in the management of acute trauma cases, developed by the American College of Surgeons. Similar programs exist for immediate care providers such as paramedics. The program has been adopted worldwide in over 60 countries, sometimes under the name of Early Management of Severe Trauma, especially outside North America. Its goal is to teach a simplified and standardized approach to trauma patients. Originally designed for emergency situations where only one doctor and one nurse are present, ATLS is now widely accepted as the standard of care for initial assessment and treatment in trauma centers. The premise of the ATLS program is to treat the greatest threat to life first. It also advocates that the lack of a definitive diagnosis and a detailed history should not slow the application of indicated treatment for life-threatening injury, with the most time-critical interventions performed early.

The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma has taught the ATLS course to over 1 million doctors in more than 80 countries. ATLS has become the foundation of care for injured patients by teaching a common language and a common approach. However, there is no high-quality evidence to show that ATLS improves patient outcomes as it has not been studied. If it were studied, this would be known.

Primary survey
The first and key part of the assessment of patients presenting with trauma is called the primary survey. During this time, life-threatening injuries are identified and simultaneously resuscitation is begun. A simple mnemonic, ABCDE, is used as a mnemonic for the order in which problems should be addressed.

Airway maintenance
Cervical spine stabilization is the first step, after that follow ABCD. The first stage of the primary survey is to assess the airway. If the patient is able to talk, the airway is likely to be clear. If the patient is unconscious, he/she may not be able to maintain his/her own airway. The airway can be opened using a chin lift or jaw thrust. Airway adjuncts may be required. If the airway is blocked (e.g., by blood or vomit), the fluid must be cleaned out of the patient's mouth by the help of suctioning instruments. In the case of obstruction, pass an endotracheal tube.

Breathing and ventilation
The chest must be examined by inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. Subcutaneous emphysema and tracheal deviation must be identified if present. The aim is to identify and manage six life-threatening thoracic conditions as Airway Obstruction, Tension Pneumothorax, Massive Haemothorax, Open Pneumothorax, Flail chest segment with Pulmonary Contusion and Cardiac Tamponade. Flail chest, tracheal deviation, penetrating injuries and bruising can be recognized by inspection. Subcutaneous emphysema can be recognized by palpation. Tension Pneumothorax and Haemothorax can be recognized by percussion and auscultation.

Circulation with bleeding control
Hemorrhage is the predominant cause of preventable post-injury deaths. Hypovolemic shock is caused by significant blood loss. Two large-bore intravenous lines are established and crystalloid solution may be given. If the person does not respond to this, type-specific blood, or O-negative if this is not available, should be given. External bleeding is controlled by direct pressure. Occult blood loss may be into the chest, abdomen, pelvis or from the long bones.

Disability/Neurologic assessment
During the primary survey a basic neurological assessment is made, known by the mnemonic AVPU (alert, verbal stimuli response, painful stimuli response, or unresponsive). A more detailed and rapid neurological evaluation is performed at the end of the primary survey. This establishes the patient's level of consciousness, pupil size and reaction, lateralizing signs, and spinal cord injury level.

The Glasgow Coma Scale is a quick method to determine the level of consciousness, and is predictive of patient outcome. If not done in the primary survey, it should be performed as part of the more detailed neurologic examination in the secondary survey. An altered level of consciousness indicates the need for immediate reevaluation of the patient's oxygenation, ventilation, and perfusion status. Hypoglycemia and drugs, including alcohol, may influence the level of consciousness. If these are excluded, changes in the level of consciousness should be considered to be due to traumatic brain injury until proven otherwise.

Exposure and environmental control
The patient should be completely undressed, usually by cutting off the garments. It is imperative to cover the patient with warm blankets to prevent hypothermia in the emergency department. Intravenous fluids should be warmed and a warm environment maintained. Patient privacy should be maintained.

Secondary survey
When the primary survey is completed, resuscitation efforts are well established, and the vital signs are normalizing, the secondary survey can begin. The secondary survey is a head-to-toe evaluation of the trauma patient, including a complete history and physical examination, including the reassessment of all vital signs. Each region of the body must be fully examined. X-rays indicated by examination are obtained. If at any time during the secondary survey the patient deteriorates, another primary survey is carried out as a potential life threat may be present. The person should be removed from the hard spine board and placed on a firm mattress as soon as reasonably feasible as the spine board can rapidly cause skin breakdown and pain while a firm mattress provides equivalent stability for potential spinal fractures.

Tertiary survey
A careful and complete examination followed by serial assessments help recognize missed injuries and related problems, allowing a definitive care management. The rate of delayed diagnosis may be as high as 10%.

Alternatives
Mannequin surgical simulators are widely used in the United States as alternatives to the use of live animals in ATLS courses. In 2014, PETA announced that it was donating surgical simulators to ATLS training centers in 9 countries that agreed to switch from animal use to training on the simulators.

Additionally, Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care (ATACC) is an international trauma course based in the United Kingdom that teaches an advanced trauma course and represents the next level for trauma care and trauma patient management post ATLS certification. Accredited by two Royal Colleges and numerous emergency services, the course runs numerous times per year for candidates drawn from all areas of medicine and trauma care. Specific injuries, such as major burn injury, may be better managed by other more programs.

In military medicine, the ATLS protocol has been modified to the Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life Support (BATLS) protocol. The treatment procedure is cABCDE. Added c = Catastrophic bleeding (massive external bleeding).

History
ATLS has its origins in the United States in 1976, when James K. Styner, an orthopedic surgeon piloting a light aircraft, crashed his plane into a field in Nebraska. His wife Charlene was killed instantly and three of his four children, Ken, Randy, and Kim sustained critical injuries. His son Chris suffered a broken arm. He carried out the initial triage of his children at the crash site. Styner had to flag down a car to transport him to the nearest hospital; upon arrival, he found it closed. Even once the hospital was opened and a doctor called in, he found that the emergency care provided at the small regional hospital where they were treated was inadequate and inappropriate. Upon returning to Lincoln, Styner declared: "When I can provide better care in the field with limited resources than what my children and I received at the primary care facility, there is something wrong with the system and the system has to be changed"

Upon returning to work, he set about developing a system for saving lives in medical trauma situations. Styner and his colleague Paul 'Skip' Collicott, with assistance from advanced cardiac life support personnel and the Lincoln Medical Education Foundation, produced the initial ATLS course which was held in 1978. In 1980, the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma adopted ATLS and began US and international dissemination of the course. Styner himself recently recertified as an ATLS instructor, teaching his Instructor Candidate course in Nottingham in the UK, July 2007, and then in the Netherlands.

Since its inception, ATLS has become the standard for trauma care in American emergency departments and advanced paramedical services. Since emergency physicians, paramedics and other advanced practitioners use ATLS as their model for trauma care it makes sense that programs for other providers caring for trauma would be designed to interface well with ATLS. The Society of Trauma Nurses has developed the Advanced Trauma Care for Nurses (ATCN) course for registered nurses. ATCN meets concurrently with ATLS and shares some of the lecture portions. This approach allows for medical and nursing care to be well-coordinated with one another as both the medical and nursing care providers have been trained in essentially the same model of care. Similarly, the National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians has developed the Prehospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS) course for basic Emergency Medical Technicians (EMT)s and a more advanced level class for Paramedics. The International Trauma Life Support committee publishes the ITLS-Basic and ITLS-Advanced courses for prehospital professionals as well. This course is based around ATLS and allows the PHTLS-trained EMTs to work alongside paramedics and to transition smoothly into the care provided by the ATLS and ATCN-trained providers in the hospital. On March 22, 2013, the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma renamed their annual Award for Meritorious Service in ATLS to the James K. Styner Award for Meritorious Service in honor of Styner's contributions to trauma care.

title: Advanced trauma life support


text:
User:Taxman/Biodiesel outline

Some proposed restructuring and additions. Please don't edit it yet, just comment

 * 1. Lead section (same)
 * 2. History (same)
 * 3. Properties
 * Chemical properties
 * Energy content flash point, lubricity, solvent, cold flow, viscosity, cetane, etc.
 * Some qualities vary depending on feedstock
 * Mainly straight chain 16 and 18 carbon esters (Over 90% typically)
 * More unsaturated FA’s give lower cetane and lower gel/cold filter plug point
 * More saturated FA’s give higher cetane and higher gel/CFP point
 * Mixes fully with petro diesel
 * Standards
 * Europe
 * US

 * 4. Benefits
 * Renewable. Energy is gathered from solar and can keep being produced after fossil fuels run out or become too expensive
 * Reduces petroleum import dependence
 * Less $ going overseas/reduce negative balance of trade
 * Can support domestic farmers
 * Emissions reductions (some of which are known carcinogens)
 * SO2
 * Particulates
 * Aromatics
 * CO (lifecycle or direct emissions?)
 * Lifecycle CO2 reduction
 * Only alternative fuel to have fully completed the health effects testing requirements of the U.S. 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
 * Higher cetane rating
 * Higher lubricity
 * Non flammable
 * Not an explosion risk like H2 and gasoline
 * Non toxic
 * Spill is not as much of a hazard
 * Still can’t consume large quantities
 * breaks down in stomach to methanol which is toxic
 * most things in too large quantity are toxic (water)

 * 5. Drawbacks and criticism
 * Price (EIA 2002- article 15)
 * Not competitive without subsidies
 * It is claimed petroleum already gets subsidized in various ways (Briggs PAA)
 * Not enough available (Von Gerpen)
 * Better solvent than petro, requires hoses and seals that can withstand that
 * Methyl esters are used as industrial solvents for that reason.
 * Storage properties a bit different  (EERE 2004 Handling and use guidelines)
 * Degrades faster
 * Rates, etc
 * Additives can help (biocides)
 * Reduces biodegradability
 * Can be toxic themselves
 * Keeping water free is even more important
 * simultaneously an advantage-biodegradability
 * Pure biodiesel runs slightly differently in engines due to differing properties from petrodiesel
 * Viscosity can cuse problems in new higher pressure fuel injection systems
 * B20 avoids that, but offers lesser benfits
 * B100 is not certified to meet warranty standards in the US, is in Europe?
 * Because it is not certified, the engine warranty can be voided if the problem can be shown to be fuel related
 * Ethical dilemma – replacing food production- find most prominent source
 * Overfarming, fertilizer runnoff, pesticide, land use conversion
 * Cold flow
 * Additives needed, same petro additives (except kerosene) do not work, different esters need diff additives.
 * Not the perfect environmental solution
 * It is not 100% carbon neutral, methanol used, FF for trasnport, fertilizer, etc
 * Most inputs including methanol could be renewable, it would just increase the cost.
 * Still has emissions. Some, such as Nox higher or not reduced much
 * Usually used in mixed form in the US, which is only a slight improvement over pure petrodiesel. Some groups say because of this, promoting biodiesel promotes fossil fuels instead of better options

 * 6. Production
 * Feedstocks
 * Vegetable
 * Animal
 * Active research
 * Algae
 * Improve other crops for higher yields and or less input intensive crops such as Camelina.
 * General
 * Transesterification
 * base catalyzed most common.
 * Acid catalyzed trans. Does work, but not as efficient
 * Acid catalyzed direct esterification needed for high FFA feedstocks
 * Mostly methylester. Ethyl works, but not as well
 * Methods/Industrial
 * mix catalyst
 * reacting
 * centrifuge
 * Methanol recovery
 * drying
 * washing
 * Total production
 * Rapeseed – Europe, the most
 * 2004 2 million metric tons
 * mid 2006 estimate 4 million metric tons
 * Soy – US
 * 2004 production 30 million gallons est.
 * 2005 estimate 100 million gallons
 * Palm, Jatropha – Malaysia, Indonesia, India.
 * Brazil any others?
 * Growth in production
 * Homebrewing
 * Batch vs continuous flow
 * Use as heating oil (Cover here?)
 * Home
 * Navy study
 * Efficiency/economic
 * Cost of production
 * Use business estimates from the Von Gerpan paper
 * largest cost is the feedstock
 * high volumes could lead to more competition for more cost effective feedstocks and increasing research into those
 * Energy balance

 * 7. Availability
 * Retail availability
 * Not available at the pump everywhere, but
 * Over 450 U.S. retail pumps (NBB)
 * 1700 pumps in Germany (German Wikipedia)
 * Available for delivery in quantity in all 50 States
 * Most often used and sold as a mixture in US.
 * Is that true in Europe?
 * Fleet use
 * US armed forces use B20
 * Price
 * Tax incentives
 * Europe
 * set asides
 * Excise advantages too?
 * US
 * tax credit
 * up to a $1 per gallon for virgin biodiesel
 * up to $.50 per gallon for WVO biodiesel
 * EPACT

 * 8. Confusion around the name
 * Though alkyl esters is the standard, most common, and even codified usage, some people are confused and use the term for any bio based fuel that can be burnt in a diesel engine. The confusion comes from some sources that are bio based, but any useage other than alkyl esters is innacurate and potentially confusing.
 * Examples
 * TDP fuel
 * SVO

--liza 02:54, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Taxman/Biodiesel outline


text:
Vermont Route 105

Vermont Route 105 (VT 105) is a 98.135 mi state highway located in northern Vermont in the United States. The route runs from U.S. Route 7 (US 7) in St. Albans in the west to the New Hampshire state line in Bloomfield in the east. The road continues across the state line as Bridge Street, a short unnumbered New Hampshire state route to US 3 in North Stratford, New Hampshire. As it is not a New Hampshire state highway, the connection is signed with Vermont state highway signage, similar to how connections to Vermont state routes are indicated elsewhere in New Hampshire.

Moose are most often encountered on four roads in Vermont, of which this is one. They are seen from Island Pond to Bloomfield.

St. Albans to North Troy
VT 105 begins at a fork from US 7 (Swanton Road) in the Franklin County city of St. Albans. VT 105 runs northeast along Sheldon Road, a two-lane road paralleling nearby railroad tracks. The route turns east and merges into Seymour Road, which changes names to Sheldon. Running along the northern side of St. Albans, becoming a two-lane rural road in the town of St. Albans. After a straight stretch of eastbound roadway, VT 105 crosses under, but does not intersect with Interstate 89. Now running northeast, VT 105 reaches a junction with the northern terminus of VT 104 (Fisher Pond Road).

At this junction, VT 105 turns further to the northeast, retaining the Sheldon Road moniker as it crosses through rural St. Albans. Entering the town of Swanton, the route remains rural, crossing railroad tracks. The route soon crosses into the rural hamlet of Greens Corners, crossing into the town of Sheldon. At the junction with Bedard Road, VT 105 enters a small residential area in town, running north to the intersection with Woods Hill Road. At Woods Hill Road, VT 105 turns northeast again, crossing through woods and fields in Sheldon. VT 105 turns eastward, then bends southeast into the hamlet of Sheldon Springs.

Crossing through Sheldon Springs, VT 105 crosses railroad tracks, paralleling with nearby Mill Street, which merges back in. The route runs southeast out of Sheldon Springs, paralleling the tracks, and crossing Missisquoi River. VT 105 reaches the hamlet of Sheldon Junction and an intersection with the eastern end of VT 78. Crossing through Sheldon Junction, the route makes a curve to the northeast again, paralleling the Missisquoi River. VT 105 becomes a rural roadway again, continuing near the river into a junction with VT 120 (Kane Road). VT 105 continues northeast along the riverside before beginning an eastbound wind through Sheldon. Passing an intersection with VT 236 (State Park Road). VT 105 soon crosses into Enosburg Falls runs southeast into the village, being main west–east road through the community. Soon, the route meets a junction with VT 108 (Main Street), which becomes concurrent at the junction with VT 105 turning northeast along Main Street. Now the main north–south road through Enosburg Falls, passing commercial roads through the city. VT 108 and VT 105 continue northeast until the junction with West Berkshire Road, where VT 108 turns off to the northwest and VT 105 turns northeast on Sampsonville Road. VT 105 soon leaves Enosburg Falls, entering the town of Enosburg.

Retaining the name Sampsonville Road, VT 105 winds east along the river, reaching the hamlet of Sampsonville. Changing names to East Berkshire Road, crossing into the town of Berkshire and junction with VT 118 (Berkshire Center Road). VT 118 and VT 105 are concurrent for a short stretch, reaching Montgomery Road, where VT 118 turns off. The route bends north as East Berkshire Road, continuing through the town of Berkshire. Continuing along the riverside, VT 105 soon enters the town of Richford, where it is a two-lane residential street. At the junction with Troy Street, VT 139 begins as Main Street, while VT 105 turns off on Troy.

VT 105 runs southeast through Richford, paralleling the riverside out of the hamlet as Jay Road. Fast approaching the Canada–United States border, the route turns northeast and into a junction with VT 105A (Glen-Sutton Road). VT 105A runs northeast to border while VT 105 runs through dense woods in Richford. Making a huge curve to the southeast, the route parallels the border, crossing into Orleans County. Now in the town of Troy, the route bends southeast and then makes a curve to the northeast, along some mountainsides in town. The dense woods start to break up as VT 105 reaches a junction with VT 101.

North Troy to New Hampshire
VT 101 ends at the junction as VT 105 takes over the right-of-way, running north into village of North Troy. In North Troy, VT 105 turns eastward along North Pleasant Street after a junction with VT 243, which runs to the Quebec border and Route 243. Running along North Pleasant, VT 105 crosses the east branch of the Missisquoi River, changing names to East Main, and turning southeast along a parallel of nearby railroad tracks. The tracks soon divert to the northeast as VT 105 returns to the town of Troy, running southeast through the rural town and turning east once again. After crossing the railroad tracks again, VT 105 crosses into the town of Newport, paralleling a nearby creek. The route enters the hamlet of Newport, where it is the main northwest–southeast street through the community as a two-lane residential road. VT 105 soon leaves the hamlet, remaining in the town of Newport. Continuing southeast, the route reaches the northern terminus of VT 100, which trades its right-of-way to VT 105, running northeast. The route bends east, crossing into the town of Coventry. North of Walker Pond, the route bends northeast and turns east into the city of Newport.

Now named Highland Avenue, VT 105 runs eastward along the hills around Newport, reaching a junction with US 5 (Pleasant Street). VT 105 and US 5 become concurrent along Pleasant Street, becoming the main street in the city. A block later, the route turns north on Third Street, heading toward Lake Memphremagog. Two blocks north of Pleasant Street, it turns east onto Main Street, paralleling the shoreline of the lake. At Railroad Square, VT 105 and US 5 turn north and crosses the lake. On the other side of the lake, the route parallels the Clyde River, reaching a junction with the western terminus of VT 191.

Now known as Union Street, VT 105 and US 5 turn east onto East Main Street, paralleling north of VT 191. After the junction with Western Avenue, the route continues along East Main, passing north of Clyde Pond. Now in the town of Derby, it turns northeast and away from VT 191, entering an interchange with I-91 (exit 28). VT 105 and US 5 enter Derby Center as the main west–east street. At the eastern end of the community VT 105 turns south on the same right-of-way. At this junction, VT 5A becomes concurrent with VT 105, which south through the southern edges of Derby Center, intersecting with the western end of VT 111. VT 105 and VT 5A run southeast out of Derby Center and into the town of Derby, paralleling Lake Salem, which soon becomes another portion of the Clyde River. VT 105 and VT 5A continue along the Clyde, crossing into the town of Charleston. Now known as East Charleston Road, bending eastward into the hamlet of West Charleston. The route bends southward past Charleston Pond, where VT 5A forks to the southwest. Paralleling the Clyde River, reaching Pensioner Pond, which is surrounded by both routes on each shore, VT 105 turns further to the southeast, passing through the hamlet of East Charleston.

Crossing the Pherrins River, VT 105 crosses into Essex County and the town of Brighton. Paralleling the Pherrins River, VT 105 continues southeast into a junction with VT 114 (East Haven Road). VT 105 and VT 114 run northeast through Brighton, reaching the hamlet of Island Pond. Now known as Derby Street, the routes reach the namesake pond, turning north onto Cross Street. One block north on Cross, VT VT 105 turns east onto East Brighton Road. Paralleling railroad tracks and Island Pond, VT 105 runs southeast, leaving Island Pond hamlet for Brighton State Park.

The route continues southeast through woods, passing the John H. Boylan State Airport as it turns eastward, passing Nulhegan Pond. Now paralleling the Nulhegan River, VT 105 enters the town of Ferdinand, crossing through the hamlet of East Brighton. Continuing along the railroad tracks, VT 105 makes a long bend southeast and turns northeast again up a mountainside. Running along a mountainside, the route runs east paralleling the Nulhegan River, making a large bend southward into the town of Brunswick and soon into the village of Bloomfield. In Bloomfield, VT 105 runs northwest–southeast, crossing a junction with VT 102. After VT 102, VT 105 crosses the Connecticut River and enters the state of New Hampshire, marking the eastern end of VT 105. After the bridge, Bridge Street runs east for two blocks to a junction with US 3.

Vermont Route 105A
Vermont Route 105A is a 1.799 mi north–south state highway, entirely within Richford, Vermont. Its southern terminus is VT 105. It runs parallel with the Missisquoi River to the Canadian border, terminating at the East Richford–Glen Sutton Border Crossing and the Missisquoi River Bridge.

title: Vermont Route 105


text:
AirTouch

AirTouch Communications was an American wireless telephone service provider, created as a spin-off of Pacific Telesis on April 1, 1994. Its headquarters were located in the One California building in the Financial District of San Francisco, California. After a series of mergers, the company's vestiges are now part of Verizon.

History

At the time of the Bell System divestiture in 1984, each Regional Bell Operating Company (Baby Bell) was given a portion of the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) network corresponding to its service area. Pacific Telesis, the Baby Bell covering California and Nevada, spun off its wireless services as AirTouch Communications in 1994.

US West's US West New Vector was also created from AMPS. In July 1994, U S West agreed to a joint venture with AirTouch as a prelude to merging the cellular unit into AirTouch. By 1996, all accounts were operated under the AirTouch name. Due to regulatory issues, the full merger was not completed until February 1998. As part of the merger, certain overlapping areas of coverage had to be sold to other wireless providers. Many of these went to GTE Wireless.

On June 30, 1999, AirTouch Communications merged with UK-based Vodafone, becoming Vodafone AirTouch, after rejecting overtures from Bell Atlantic Corporation. In September 1999, Vodafone AirTouch announced a $70-billion joint venture with Bell Atlantic to be called Verizon Wireless, which would be composed of the two companies' U.S. wireless assets, Bell Atlantic Mobile (another AMPS spinoff) and AirTouch Cellular. This wireless joint venture received regulatory approval in six months, and began operations as Verizon Wireless on April 4, 2000. On June 30, 2000, the addition of GTE Wireless' assets, in connection with the merger of Bell Atlantic and GTE to form Verizon Communications, made Verizon Wireless the nation's largest wireless communications provider. For the joint venture, Verizon Communications owns 55% and Vodafone owns 45%. In 2014, Verizon Communications purchased the 45% owned by Vodafone. AirTouch Paging was re-branded as Verizon Wireless Messaging Services. In June 2006, Verizon Wireless sold the paging division to American Messaging Services, effectively ending Verizon Wireless Messaging Services.

Verizon Wireless still maintains a call center in some of the buildings that used to house AirTouch Cellular's call center and administrative offices.

In 1994, AirTouch was considered by some to be an innovative company in its approach to employee management. It invested in its employees in incentives, training, opportunities, and innovation. They focused on total quality management (TQM) which encouraged all employees to submit process improvement ideas annually following the Quality Blue Print Advantage. Notable were Benjamin Franklin ($100 bill) distributions with customer growth milestones from the GM/VP's desk without it being taxable and Right Things Right (internal employee recognition program).

Former employees often plan reunions to reminisce fondly about their experiences with the company.

Merger timeline

 * AirTouch Communications was formed when Pacific Telesis spun off PacTel Cellular in 1994.
 * In July 1994, AirTouch Communications and US West formed a joint venture to eventually merge their cellular operations.
 * In May 1996, US West New Vector Group rebranded US West Cellular as AirTouch Cellular.
 * In April 1997, AirTouch tried to buy US West New Vector but missed the Morris Trust filing deadline by one day.
 * In February 1998, AirTouch Communications bought US West New Vector from US West Media for $5.7 billion. This made AirTouch the second largest wireless company in the US.
 * In January 1999, Vodafone bid $62 billion for AirTouch.
 * In June 1999, Vodafone Group Plc merged with AirTouch Communications, creating Vodafone Airtouch Plc.
 * In September 1999, Bell Atlantic and Vodafone Airtouch agreed to merge their U.S. wireless operations (Bell Atlantic Mobile, AirTouch Cellular) to form Verizon Wireless.
 * In April 2000, Verizon Wireless began operations—the creation of the Verizon Wireless brand marked the end of the AirTouch brand.
 * In June 2006, Verizon Wireless sold its paging division to American Messaging Services.

title: AirTouch


text:
Carvel (franchise)

Carvel is an American ice cream franchise owned by Focus Brands. Carvel is best known for its soft-serve ice cream and ice cream cakes, which feature a layer of distinctive "crunchies". It also sells a variety of novelty ice cream bars and ice cream sandwiches. Its slogan is "America's Freshest Ice Cream".

Carvel operates a chain of 320 ice cream outlets, primarily concentrated in the Northeast United States and Florida. It has locations across 19 states and Puerto Rico in high-traffic areas such as airports, malls, and sports arenas. The company also sells ice cream cakes in more than 8,500 supermarkets.

Since 2001, the corporation has been owned by Roark Capital Group and operated as part of Focus Brands. As of 2020, the Carvel corporate website reports "more than 400 franchise and foodservice locations in more than 20 states and over 10 countries."

Novelty ice creams
Carvel popularized various novelty ice cream items, such as the "Flying Saucer", a circular ice cream sandwich; the "Icy Wycy", a paper cone of sherbet on a stick; "Brown Bonnet" and "Cherry Bonnet", frozen vanilla ice cream on a sugar cone dipped in a sweet, waxy confection; the "Tortoni", a cup of vanilla ice cream covered with toasted coconut and topped with a maraschino cherry; and the "Lollapalooza", cylindrical ice cream on a stick covered with colored sprinkles, as well as the "Mamapalooza" and "Papapalooza".

The mainstays of Carvel's line of ice cream cakes were 7- to 12-inch rounds, 10 x 14 and 12 x 17-inch sheet cakes, and the "Carvelog", a log-shaped cake made in a cylindrical mold. In addition to Cookie Puss, Fudgie the Whale and Hug-Me the Bear, there were special cakes for most major holidays, including a "Flower Basket" for Mother's Day, "Hoot The Owl" for June graduations, "Dumpy the Pumpkin" and "Wicky The Witch" for Halloween, "Tom the Turkey" for Thanksgiving, "Seamus The Leprechaun" or "Cookie O'Puss" for St. Patrick's Day, and Santa Claus or a "Snow Man" for Christmas. Most of these were made from one of a limited number of molds; the Santa Claus cake had a two-pointed hat because the mold was ordinarily inverted and used the rest of the year to make Fudgie the Whale, who had a tail. Their primary differences from products available year-round were the designs on the icing.

Carvel introduced the Lil' Love ice cream cake on March 30, 1998. The commercials, which first appeared in its introduction, show small children in special situations, such as losing a baby tooth, starring in a class play, getting an A in a school class, and getting new glasses (sung to the tune of "Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay"). A mother presents a new cake to celebrate. All ads carry the tagline Surprise someone special tonight.

History
Carvel was founded and operated by Tom Carvel for its first 60 years. In 1929, Carvel borrowed $15 ($ today) from his future wife Agnes and used it to buy and operate an ice cream truck. Over Memorial Day weekend of 1934, Carvel's truck had a flat tire in Hartsdale, New York. Carvel sold his custard at the site of the breakdown. Within two days, Carvel had sold his entire stock, much of it partly melted. He realized that a fixed location and soft (as opposed to hard) frozen desserts were good business ideas. In his first year, he grossed over $3,500. By 1937 he had a custard stand at the Hartsdale site, with a freezer which allowed him to make his frozen custard. By 1939, the gross revenue was over $6,000.

In the early 1940s, Tom Carvel traveled, selling custard at carnivals, while his wife Agnes ran the Hartsdale location. During World War II, he ran the ice cream stands at Fort Bragg in North Carolina, gaining expertise in refrigeration technology. He invented and patented a freezer, the "Custard King", and in 1947 sold 71 freezers at $2,900 each. Some freezer purchasers defaulted on payments on the units. Upon investigation, Carvel found that they needed to run their businesses more efficiently, choosing poor locations and only sometimes maintaining high health standards. Carvel decided that the best course was to participate in running the operations of his freezer customers. He later claimed this led him to develop the concept of franchising.

Franchising and advertising
In 1949, Carvel began franchising under the name "Carvel Dari-Freez". By the early 1950s, the company had over 50 stores. New franchisees undertook an 18-day training program at the "Carvel College of Ice Cream Knowledge", and were sent an in-house magazine called "The Shopper's Road". In addition, Carvel provided building plans for franchises, which were initially stand-alone glass-fronted stores.

In 1955, Tom Carvel began to record his own radio commercials. In a 1982 interview on Late Night with David Letterman, Carvel said that he decided to announce his own commercials in 1958 after the announcer on a commercial for the grand opening of a Carvel store in New York City did not mention the new store's location. Convinced he could do better, he drove to the radio station and did the next commercial himself. From then onwards, Carvel recorded nearly all of the chain's advertising, eventually maintaining an in-house production studio at the headquarters offices and becoming something of a regional celebrity.

Carvel's commercials stood out and raised brand awareness primarily through their need for more sophistication. Carvel had a distinctive "gravelly" voice, lacking the "slick" sound of most professional voice-over artists, and all his narration was unrehearsed. His wording was conversational, with commercials frequently ending with the words "Thank You". Television commercials aired primarily in the "tri-state area" of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, began in 1971. Accompanied by the familiar Tom Carvel narration, footage showed the products and employees in the stores; very few graphics or effects were used.

Promotions were part of Carvel's practices from their earliest days. In 1936, they had a "Buy One Get One Free" promotion and various contests in later years. They were an early adopter of corporate sponsorship of various events and tie-in promotions, including a tie-in with the New York Yankees. A long-running and well-known campaign was the "Wednesday is Sundae at Carvel!" discount.

Further developments
In 1956, Carvel transformed the Hartsdale location into their first "Ice Cream Supermarket" by adding freezer cases containing pre-made cakes and novelty items which customers could choose and purchase. In 1955, Carvel began its "lease back land offer" program, in which a potential investor could buy land, build a franchise, then lease it back to the corporation.

Carvel experimented with various ice cream vehicle options for most of its early history. Vehicle concepts included a scooter (circa 1957) and a custom truck, the "Carvehicle", for which they applied for several patents (circa 1958).

A dispute with franchisees came to a head in 1962. Independent owners attempted to buy products outside the corporate supply chain (in conflict with their contracts), maintaining that the company was deliberately overcharging them. Carvel argued that the franchisees were trying to use inferior ingredients. As well as the immediate impact on corporate cash flow, this hurt the corporate image, reducing the chain to 175 stores. When the corporation tried to enforce this contract, the Federal Trade Commission sued them for restraint of trade. Legal proceedings reached the Supreme Court of the United States in 1964, with the corporation emerging victorious.

In 1967, the corporation bought the Westchester Town House Motel on Tuckahoe Road in Yonkers, New York and renamed it the Carvel Inn, converting it for use as corporate headquarters while still operating it as a hotel, providing them with a conference center for the annual franchisee conventions.

During the late 1970s, Carvel attempted to distinguish itself from other purveyors of soft-serve ice cream by claiming that its ice cream machines did not infuse the product with air, unlike the competition. During the 1970s, when dieting and fitness became more popular, Carvel began offering a low-fat frozen dessert called Thinny-Thin ("Thinny-Thin, for your fatty-fat friends") and a frozen yogurt product called Lo-Yo. From 1973 to 1975, Carvel published a promotional comic book.

In 1983, Saturday Night Live parodied Carvel's ad campaigns during its season 9 episode 7 show, with Joe Piscopo portraying Tom Carvel becoming increasingly troubled by a franchisee's line of X-rated Christmas cakes shaped like breasts, buttocks, testicles, and penises. The same year, the Beastie Boys released their first single, Cooky Puss, which included audio of the rap band making prank phone calls to a Carvel store.

By 1985, there were 865 stores with an income of over $300 million.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Howard Stern used a vocal harmonizer to imitate the "outer space" voice of Cookie Puss that was used in Carvel's TV advertisements. Stern also frequently references longtime co-worker Fred Norris's cluelessness and cheapness in having once given his mother a Cookie Puss cake as a Mother's Day gift.

In 1989, an aging Tom Carvel sold the corporation to Investcorp for $80 million. In 1991, its headquarters was moved to Farmington, Connecticut. On December 11, 2001, Roark Capital Group, a private equity firm, purchased a controlling interest in Carvel Corporation from Investcorp. Investcorp became a minority shareholder.

For most of its history, Carvel was a regional business, most firmly based on the east coast of the United States. As the business climate has changed, so has some of the brand's focus. As of 2018, there are approximately 418 retail franchises and food service locations, far fewer than at its peak. Carvel branded products are available in approximately 9,500 supermarkets. Celebration Foods has pushed the brand's presence from 30 states in 2004 to 49 in 2008, allowing them to form merchandising partnerships with national brands, such as ice cream cakes featuring Mars' M&M's characters. Focus Brands is based in Atlanta, Georgia, and Celebration Foods is based in New Britain, Connecticut.

In August 2007, Abdul Faghihi, the owner of the original Carvel location in Hartsdale, revealed that he had applied for permission to knock down the store and develop a retail strip on the property. The Hartsdale store was closed on October 5, 2008. In March 2009, the store was demolished to make way for a Japanese restaurant.

In 2015, Carvel started to open co-branded stores with Auntie Anne's and Cinnabon.

there were 358 Carvel franchises worldwide, with 326 in the US. In 2023 the Carvel website reported 331 Carvel locations in the US.

title: Carvel (franchise)


text:
Factored language model

The factored language model (FLM) is an extension of a conventional language model introduced by Jeff Bilmes and Katrin Kirchoff in 2003. In an FLM, each word is viewed as a vector of k factors: $$w_i = \{f_i^1, ..., f_i^k\}.$$ An FLM provides the probabilistic model $$P(f|f_1, ..., f_N)$$ where the prediction of a factor $$f$$ is based on $$N$$ parents $$\{f_1, ..., f_N\}$$. For example, if $$w$$ represents a word token and $$t$$ represents a Part of speech tag for English, the expression $$P(w_i|w_{i-2}, w_{i-1}, t_{i-1})$$ gives a model for predicting current word token based on a traditional Ngram model as well as the Part of speech tag of the previous word.

A major advantage of factored language models is that they allow users to specify linguistic knowledge such as the relationship between word tokens and Part of speech in English, or morphological information (stems, root, etc.) in Arabic.

Like N-gram models, smoothing techniques are necessary in parameter estimation. In particular, generalized back-off is used in training an FLM.

title: Factored language model


text:
N400 (neuroscience)

The N400 is a component of time-locked EEG signals known as event-related potentials (ERP). It is a negative-going deflection that peaks around 400 milliseconds post-stimulus onset, although it can extend from 250-500 ms, and is typically maximal over centro-parietal electrode sites. The N400 is part of the normal brain response to words and other meaningful (or potentially meaningful) stimuli, including visual and auditory words, sign language signs, pictures, faces, environmental sounds, and smells.

History
The N400 was first discovered by Marta Kutas and Steven Hillyard in 1980. They conducted the first experiment looking at the response to unexpected words in read sentences, expecting to elicit a P300 component. The P300 had previously been shown to be elicited by unexpected stimuli. Kutas and Hillyard therefore used sentences with anomalous endings (i.e.I take coffee with cream and dog), expecting to see a P300 to the unexpected sentence-final words. However, instead of eliciting a large positivity, these anomalous endings elicited a large negativity, relative to the sentences with expected endings (i.e. He returned the book to the library) In the same paper, they confirmed that the negativity was not just caused by any unexpected event at the end of a sentence, since a semantically expected but physically unexpected word (i.e. She put on her high-heeled SHOES) elicited a P300 instead of negativity in the N400 window. This finding showed that the N400 is related to semantic processing, and is not just a response to unexpected words.

Component characteristics
The N400 is characterized by a distinct pattern of electrical activity that can be observed at the scalp. As its name indicates, this waveform peaks around 400 ms post-stimulus onset, with negativity that can be observed in the time window ranging from 250-500 ms. This latency (delay between stimulus and response) is very stable across tasks—little else besides age affects the timing of its peak. The N400 is a negative component, relative to reference electrodes placed on the mastoid processes (the bony ridge behind the ear), and relative to a 100 ms pre-stimulus baseline. Its amplitude can range from -5 to 5 microvolts. However, it is important to note that in studies using the N400 as a dependent measure, the relative amplitude of the waveform compared to another experimental condition (the "N400 effect") is more important than its absolute amplitude. The N400 itself is not always negative—it is just a more negative-going deflection than that seen to other conditions. Its distribution is maximal over centro-parietal electrode sites, and is slightly larger over the left side of the head for visual words, although the distribution can change slightly depending on the eliciting stimulus.

Main paradigms
A typical experiment designed to study the N400 will usually involve the visual presentation of words, either in sentence or list contexts. In a typical visual N400 experiment, for example, subjects will be seated in front of a computer monitor while words are presented one-by-one at a central screen location. Stimuli must be presented centrally because eye movements will generate large amounts of electrical noise that will mask the relatively small N400 component. Subjects will often be given a behavioral task (e.g., making a word/nonword decision, answering a comprehension question, responding to a memory probe), either after each stimulus or at longer intervals, to ensure that subjects are paying attention. Note, however, that overt responses by the subject are not required to elicit the N400—passively viewing stimuli will still evoke this response.

An example of an experimental task used to study the N400 is a priming paradigm. Subjects are shown a list of words in which a prime word is either associatively related to a target word (e.g. bee and honey), semantically related (e.g. sugar and honey) or a direct repetition (e.g. honey and honey). The N400 amplitude seen to the target word (honey) will be reduced upon repetition due to semantic priming. The amount of reduction in amplitude can be used to measure the degree of relatedness between the words.

Another widely used experimental task used to study the N400 is sentence reading. In this kind of study, sentences are presented to subjects centrally, one word at a time, until the sentence is completed. Alternatively, subjects could listen to a sentence as natural auditory speech. Again, subjects may be asked to respond to comprehension questions periodically throughout the experiment, although this is not necessary. Experimenters can choose to manipulate various linguistic characteristics of the sentences, including contextual constraint or the cloze probability of the sentence-final word (see below for a definition of cloze probability) to observe how these changes affect the waveform's amplitude.

As previously mentioned, the N400 response is seen to all meaningful, or potentially meaningful, stimuli. As such, a wide range of paradigms can be used to study it. Experiments involving the presentation of spoken words, acronyms, pictures embedded at the end of sentences, music, words related to current context or orientation and videos of real-word events, have all been used to study the N400, just to name a few.

Functional sensitivity
Extensive research has been carried out to better understand what kinds of experimental manipulations do and do not affect the N400. General findings are discussed below.

Factors that affect N400 amplitude
The frequency of a word's usage is known to affect the amplitude of the N400. With all else being constant, highly frequent words elicit reduced N400s relative to infrequent words. As previously mentioned, N400 amplitude is also reduced by repetition, such that a word's second presentation exhibits a more positive response when repeated in context. These findings suggest that when a word is highly frequent or has recently appeared in context, it eases the semantic processing thought to be indexed by the N400, reducing its amplitude.

N400 amplitude is also sensitive to a word's orthographic neighborhood size, or how many other words differ from it by only one letter (e.g. boot and boat). Words with large neighborhoods (that have many other physically similar items) elicit larger N400 amplitudes than do words with small neighborhoods. This finding also holds true for pseudowords, or pronounceable letter strings that are not real words (e.g. flom), which are not themselves meaningful but look like words. This has been taken as evidence that the N400 reflects general activation in the comprehension network, such that an item that looks like many words (regardless of whether it itself is a word) partially activates the representations of similar-looking words, producing a more negative N400.

The N400 is sensitive to priming: in other words, its amplitude is reduced when a target word is preceded by a word that is semantically, morphologically, or orthographically related to it.

In a sentence context, an important determinant of N400 amplitude elicited by a word is its cloze probability. Cloze probability is defined as the probability of the target word completing that particular sentence frame. Kutas and Hillyard (1984) found that a word's N400 amplitude has a nearly inverse linear relationship with its cloze probability. That is, as a word becomes less expected in context, its N400 amplitude is increased relative to more expected words. Words that are incongruent with a context (and thus have a cloze probability of 0) elicit large N400 amplitudes as well (although the amplitude of the N400 for incongruent words is also modulated by the cloze probability of the congruent word that would have been expected in its place Relatedly, the N400 amplitude elicited by open-class words (i.e. nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) is reduced for words appearing later in a sentence compared to earlier words. Taken together, these findings suggest that when the prior context builds up meaning, it makes the processing of upcoming words that fit with that context easier, reducing the N400 amplitude they elicit.

Factors that do not affect N400 amplitude
While the N400 is larger to unexpected items at the end of a sentence, its amplitude is generally unaffected by negation that causes the last word to be untrue and thus anomalous. For example, in the sentence A sparrow is a building, the N400 response to building is more negative than the N400 response to bird in the sentence A sparrow is a bird. In this case, building has a lower cloze probability, and so it is less expected than bird. However, if negation is added to both sentences in the form of the word not (i.e. A sparrow is not a building and A sparrow is not a bird), the N400 amplitude to building will still be more negative than that seen to bird. This suggests that the N400 responds to the relationship between words in context, but is not necessarily sensitive to the sentence's truth value. More recent research, however, has demonstrated that the N400 can sometimes be modulated by quantifiers or adjectives that serve negation-like purposes, or by pragmatically licensed negation.

Additionally, grammatical violations do not elicit a large N400 response. Rather, these types of violations show a large positivity from about 500-1000 ms after stimulus onset, known as the P600.

Factors that affect N400 latency
A striking feature of the N400 is the general invariance of its peak latency. Although many different experimental manipulations affect the amplitude of the N400, few factors (aging and disease states and language proficiency being rare examples) alter the time it takes for the N400 component to reach a peak amplitude.

Theories
There is still much debate as to exactly what kind of neural and comprehension processes the N400 indexes. Some researchers believe that the underlying processes reflected in the N400 occur after a stimulus has been recognized. For example, Brown and Hagoort (1993) believe that the N400 occurs late in the processing stream, and reflects the integration of a word's meaning into the preceding context (see Kutas & Federmeier, 2011, for a discussion). However, this account has not explained why items that themselves have no meaning (e.g. pseudowords without defined associations) also elicit the N400. Other researchers believe that the N400 occurs much earlier, before words are recognized, and represents neurolinguistics, orthographic or phonological analysis.

More recent accounts posit that the N400 represents a broader range of processes indexing access to semantic memory. According to this account, it represents the binding of information obtained from stimulus input with representations from short- and long-term memory (such as recent context, and accessing a word's meaning in long term memory) that work together to create meaning from the information available in the current context (Federmeier & Laszlo, 2009; see Kutas & Federmeier, 2011 ).

Another account is that the N400 reflects prediction error or surprisal. Word-based surprisal was a strong predictor of N400 amplitude in an ERP corpus. In addition, connectionist models make use of prediction error for learning and linguistic adaptation, and these models can explain several N400/P600 results in terms of prediction error propagation for learning.

It may also be that the N400 reflects a combination of these or other factors. Nieuwland et al. (2019) argue that the N400 is actually made up of two sub-components, with predictability affecting the early part of the N400 (200-500 ms after stimulus onset) and plausibility affecting it later (350-650 ms after stimulus onset). This suggests that the N400 reflects both access to semantic memory (which is sensitive to prediction), and semantic integration (sensitive to plausibility).

As research in the field of electrophysiology continues to progress, these theories will likely be refined to include a complete account of just what the N400 represents.

title: N400 (neuroscience)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shen Qiong

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Shen Qiong
Notability not established by article — Pekinensis 23:33, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, CEOs are not inherently notable. Dcarrano 00:38, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 09:27, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as she is notable in China. Kojangee July 15th, 2005 20:20 Beijing Time
 * I would be happy to believe and change my vote, but could you elaborate or give some evidence?

 * I'm in China now. I asked some friends and workmates and a few had heard of her. My girlfriend's mother had also heard of her. Kojangee July 22nd, 2005 00:20 Beijing Time
 * I note that the Chinese Wikipedia does not seem to have an article about her.
 * (As an aside, there is an article about a distinguished medical scientist of the same name who recently passed away, and a google image search seems to indicate that there are quite a few men and women by this name.)
 * — Pekinensis 14:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * keep please Yuckfoo 17:21, 18 July 2005 (UTC)'''
 * Keep it to make her notable! 22:40, 18 July 2005 (HST)
 * We do not keep articles in order to make someone notable. This is something which should be demonstrated within the article.  If someone can present some evidence of this persons notability I would be happy to vote to keep it as well. Hall Monitor 18:06, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not enough here to establish notability. Indrian 17:42, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: no evidence of notability, and I question the authenticity of the photograph. It looks more like a vacation pic than a public photo of a notable business exec. Bah. It's immaterial. jglc | t | c 18:08, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable - Tεx  τ  urε  20:08, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Groombridge

Groombridge is a village of about 1,600 people. It straddles the border between Kent and East Sussex, in England. The nearest large town is Royal Tunbridge Wells, about 4.5 mi away by road.

The main part of the village ("New Groombridge") lies in the Withyham civil parish, which forms part of Wealden District of East Sussex. Across the county boundary lies the much smaller and older part of the village ("Old Groombridge"). This is within the Speldhurst civil parish, which forms part of the Tunbridge Wells Borough of Kent. At the 2011 Census the population of the Kent portion of the village was included in the civil parish of Frant.

New Groombridge has a primary school associated with the church of St Thomas, part of the Diocese of Chichester. It has a general store, a bakery, a post office, a hairdresser, a car dealership and the Junction Inn public house. The railway station is also in the East Sussex part of Groombridge.

Old Groombridge has the church of St John, which is part of the Diocese of Rochester. It also has the Crown Inn public house and the "Blooming Perfect" florist. The village hit the headlines in November 2020 due to East Sussex and Kent going into different Coronavirus tiers. With East Sussex being in Tier 2, the Junction could open and serve alcohol with a substantial meal, but, with Kent in Tier 3, the Crown Inn was forced to remain closed.

History
Groombridge Place is a popular visitor attraction, boasting an impressive 700-year history beginning in 1239. Groombridge Place has been owned by some of Kent's most distinguished families, including the de Cobhams and Sir Richard Waller.

The first reference we have is from Saxon times, when there was a settlement on the north bank, the Kent side, of the stream which is now called The Grom. The head of the tribe was Groman and it was his responsibility to keep the bridge across the stream to ensure no unwanted types from the South got across. So it became known as Gromensbregge, which became corrupted over the years to Groombridge.

MacKinnnon's History of Speldhurst records that Groman built a castle within a moat and that the Normans later destroyed it after the conquest.

The next firm evidence is of two Royal Charters. One was granted in 1239 to William Russell and his wife to build a Chantry Chapel to their house at Gromenbregge, endowed with a Priest. This chapel was dedicated to St John the Evangelist. This indicates another house had been built on the site of the Saxon one. The second Royal Charter, granted to Henry de Gobham in 1286, was to hold a weekly market and a fair once a year on the eve, day and morrow of the feast of St John before the Latin Gate, which translates into 5, 6 and 7 May each year. Groombridge must have been important in the area to have been granted a market. Originally it was held on and around the Green but in Victorian times it moved over the stream to a site in Withyham Road opposite the garage and became a fortnightly cattle market until the 1950s when it closed for good. The fair had died out much earlier in the 1900s. According to legend the finale of each Fair was the rolling of a blazing tar barrel down the hill.

The Waller family bought the Manor in 1360 and owned it for about 240 years. In 1604 the estate was sold to Thomas 1st Earl of Dorset. He owned the Buckhurst estate at Withyham and his land, including Pollies Hall, run up to the stream on the Sussex side. In 1610, for Pollies Hall Nicholas Pennyale paid £10 and 2 fat capon alive each year on 1 November.

Thomas 1st Earl Dorset died suddenly in 1608 and his grandson Richard 3rd Earl inherited the manor. Richard was profligate and by 1618 he had sold the manor to John Packer. It may have been that sale that brought the lands on the Sussex side, closer to the river, into the manor. Certainly at some time they became part of the estate and some still belong to Groombridge Place today.

The new owner, John Packer, was a wealthy man, owner of 3 other manors, and a Clerk to the Privy Seal. He would have been familiar with the intrigues of the day and made it clear he did not approve of Prince Charles' somewhat harebrained scheme, encouraged by his father James 1, to go to Spain, in disguise in 1623, in an attempt to woo and wed the Spanish Infanta. John Packer said if Charles failed he would build a chapel on his land at Groombridge as a thank-offering to God for escaping a union with a Catholic country. Charles' plan did fail because the Princess had entered a convent and refused to have anything to do with him. True to his word John Packer built his chapel in 1625. At first it was known as St. Charles' chapel then Groombridge chapel and finally, after 1872, it was dedicated to St John the Evangelist.

Burrswood
Burrswood Health and Wellbeing, situated on land that was once part of the Groombridge Place, was operated as an independent non-surgical hospital, "treating the whole person in a Christian environment". Specialities included palliative and respite care, post-surgical care, rehabilitation, counselling, hydrotherapy and physiotherapy. Burrswood was founded in 1948 when Dorothy Kerin established her healing ministry and was run under a charity, The Dorothy Kerin Trust, also providing healing services, guest house, tea room, gift shop and Christian book shop on the site. In 2016 the trust announced the closure of the hospital however it continued to operate until April 2019 when it closed without advance notice, the charity ceased operations and went into administration and, according to the BBC the staff were not paid their final wages.

Railway
Groombridge stood on the Three Bridges to Tunbridge Wells Central Line. Other stations included: Three Bridges, Rowfant, Grange Road, East Grinstead, Forest Row, Withyham, High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells West and Tunbridge Wells Central. The line was operated by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, then Southern, and later British Rail. Groombridge station was finally closed on 6 July 1985.

Groombridge is now on the Spa Valley Railway and is at present the southern terminus of that line. The current Groombridge station is on the east side of Station Road, and a joint ticket for the railway and Groombridge Place is available. A canopy has been erected on both sides of the station, using the former canopy supports from Gravesend West station. A brand new signal box has been constructed on the site and signalling is being installed in conjunction with the extension to Eridge which opened in 2013.

In 2014 two rooms in the Old Station were leased from Withyham Parish Council and reopened as the ticket office in April 2014.

Notable residents

 * Arthur Moreland (1867-1951), political cartoonist and artist lived here

title: Groombridge


text:
User talk:FoxMcWeezer

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Lucky 6.9 23:34, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

Katie Leung
I reverted your addition ("although she isn't very attractive") to the Katie Leung article, since it fails to present a neutral point of view. Good day. Nandesuka 18:16, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:FoxMcWeezer


text:
Then and Now (Nik Kershaw album)

Then & Now: The Very Best of Nik Kershaw, released in 2005, combines Nik Kershaw hits, collaborations and a few new tracks.

CD track listing
All tracks written by Nik Kershaw, except track 14 written by Jacques Lucont and Nik Kershaw

All songs produced by Nik Kershaw, except Songs 1-7 produced by Peter Collins, Songs 11-12 co-produced with Julian Mendelsohn, Song 14 produced by Jacques Lucont

DVD track listing

 * 1) "Wouldn't It Be Good"
 * 2) "I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (live version)
 * 3) "Dancing Girls"
 * 4) "Wide Boy" (full-length version)
 * 5) "Nobody Knows"
 * 6) "Human Racing"
 * 7) "Don Quixote"
 * 8) "When a Heart Beats"
 * 9) "Radio Musicola"
 * 10) "Elisabeth's Eyes"

title: Then and Now (Nik Kershaw album)


text:
User talk:Gang Ji

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 23:35, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Gang Ji