text:
Entail (disambiguation)

Entail may refer to:

 * Fee tail, a term of art in common law describing a limited form of succession
 * Entailment, a logical relation between sentences of a formal language
 * Entailment (linguistics), the use of the term in linguistics
 * Textual entailment in natural language processing
 * In architecture (obsolete), an ornamental device sunk in the ground of stone or brass, and subsequently filled in with marble, mosaic or enamel: see inlay

title: Entail (disambiguation)


text: Category:German anthropologists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:German anthropologists


text:
Apedemak

Apedemak or Apademak (Meroitic:, originally, due to the absence of the /p/ phoneme in Meroitic, it was probably pronounced 'abedemak' ) was a major deity in the ancient Nubian and Kushite pantheon. Often depicted as a figure with a male human torso and a lion head, Apedemak was a war god worshiped by the Meroitic peoples inhabiting Kush. He has no Egyptian counterpart. As a war god, Apedemak came to symbolize martial power, military conquest, and empire. Apedemak is also closely associated with Amun, the state-sponsored Egyptian deity during the preceding Napatan period, and is assumed to hold an equal level of importance.

Origins
Because inlays of lions were originally used for highly-esteemed individuals in burials, it is possible that these early Kerman lion figures evolved to become Apedemak. However, it is unknown whether the Kermans venerated them as gods with dedicated temples, such as those in later Napatan and Meroitic periods, or if they were symbols of legend, oral tradition or folklore.

Apedemak primarily appears during the Meroitic Period. It is likely that precursors of Apedemak existed and that the deity has an origin in the mythology of Kerma culture, where lions had a significant presence in art and amulet designs. Depicted in anthropomorphic fashion, Apedemak seems to have been venerated in an animistic tradition, rather than the polytheistic style of other Nilotic cultures.

Nevertheless, at least by the 3rd century BCE, Apedemak appears to have become an important deity to the peoples living in Upper Nubia. Numerous temples to Apedemak are concentrated in the Butana region, south of the capital city of Meroë. The absence of cult places to him in areas further north points to his southern origin.

Characteristics
Apedemak is chiefly understood as a war god. By extension, he is also considered a god of conquest and military prowess. In reliefs found in both the Lion Temple at Musawwarat es-Sufra and the Sanctuary at Naqa, Apedemak wears leather armor or a cuirass and carries a bow and arrow in his hand, weapons that were associated with the Nubians throughout their history. Other representations show Apedemak killing an enemy, or holding a chain of an enemy captured in battle. At the Temple at Naqa, he is also depicted as a flying hawk with the winged sun-disc, suggesting that he has solar aspects and may have been also seen, in part, as a sun god. Since Apedemak mostly appears on reliefs in similar fashions, he is mostly associated with his role as a god of war.

Additionally, Apedemak is also considered to be a creator and fertility god. One hymn at the Lion-Temple at Musawwarat es-Sufra addresses him as "[the god] who provides nourishment for all manking in his name of 'one awakening unharmed'...lord of life'." Another example of Apedemak in this role is in a relief at the Sanctuary at Naqa. Here Apedemak is depicted holding cereals, a symbol of fertility. Though evidence for Apedemak appearing in this role is not as clear or conspicuous, it is significant that some evidence appears at these two important temples.

As the Meroitic god of empire, Apedemak is involved in the process of electing and legitimizing new leaders. Multiple reliefs depict kings and queens in the process of royal investiture, election, and coronation. In these scenes, Apedemak is one deity who invests the new royal by touching their elbow.

Apedemak has also been associated with being a warrior, courage, kingship and royalty, and with his consort Amesemi, a lunar deity.

Associations with Amun
During the New Kingdom periods, the Egyptian god Amun was adopted by the Nubians as the chief god of empire. After Apedemak's first attestations during the Meroitic period, it appears that Amun was either held in equal importance or was surpassed by the indigenous Apedemak. Amun's associations with water and fertility (connected to the Nile's inundation) also belonged to Apedemak. In addition, along with Amun, Apedemak was the god who conferred royal power and induct new leaders, as seen on column reliefs and the interiors of the Temple of Musawwarat es-Sufra. The fact that Apedemak and Amun hold similar roles in the Nubian pantheon might suggest a sort of tension, with either god vying for the spot of most importance in the pantheon.

Major temples
A number of Meroitic temples dedicated to this deity are known from the Western Butana region of Sudan. There are temples at Naqa, Meroe, and Musawwarat es-Sufra,. Information about Apedemak in the temples at Meroe are forthcoming. At present, the two main temples for Apedemak that have been studied and published are the Lion Temple at Musawwarat es-Sufra and the Apedemak Sanctuary at Naqa. It is likely, however, that there were many informal places where Apedemak's cult was practiced, as mentioned in some literary sources.

The Lion-Temple at Musawwarat es-Sufra
The earliest appearance of Apedemak is at the Lion-Temple at Musawwarat es-Sufra. Built in the late 3rd century BCE, during the reign of King Arnekhamani, this temple is believed to be the earliest representation of Apedemak. Though many different deities appear in this temple complex, Apedemak is understood to be the primary deity, as his depiction is the most prominent. On reliefs along the north wall, Apedemak appears with other Nubian and Egyptian deities, such as Ram-headed Amun, Satis, Horus, and Isis. The west wall, which is not as well preserved, contains only part of a figure recognizable as Apedemak. American Egyptologist Louis Vico Žabkar argues that some of the columns of the temple, though not including Apedemak in his usual lion-headed form, might still represent Apedemak in complete lion form. Several hymns inscribed on the walls mention the Butana region of Nubia, suggesting to some scholars that this might be where Apedemak's cult originated. Other hymns in this temple allude to Apedemak's role as a creator and fertility god.

The Apedemak Sanctuary at Naqa
Constructed during the leadership of Natakamani and Amanitore, the Sanctuary at Naqa is located about 120 kilometers northeast of Khartoum. This site dates to the end of the 2nd century to the end of the 1st century BCE and contains many edifices and temples. It is thought that this temple was derived from the earlier temple at Musawwarat es-Sufra. At this sanctuary, Apedemak appears carrying a bow and a quiver, highlighting Apedemak's character as both a hunter and a warrior god. The appearance of Amun and Apedemak together might suggest a sense of co-regency and between the deities in this region.

Alternative representations of Apedemak at Naqa
Two unusual representations of Apedemak at this site are without parallel and have been the cause behind much discussion. Along the side of a wall, Apedemak appears depicted as a three-headed leonine god with four arms. It may be that the artist decided to show Apedemak turning his head to three different subjects: the king on the left, the viewer in the center, and the queen to the right. Another column appears to show Apedemak as a tall, coiled snake with a human upper torso and Apedemak's characteristic lion head. In his book on Apedemak, Louis Žabkar discusses that Apedemak's snake form might be an indication of his apotropaic features. In other words, it is possible that Apedemak could have warded off snakes, and the representation on the column stressed so. These two depiction are unique, in that Apedemak is typically represented as a figure with a lion head and a male human body.

Other forms of worship
At present, Apedemak is best understood due to his depictions in temples. However, it is possible that other representations of lions, such as statutes and statuettes, may have been depictions of Apedemak. There are some small objects, such as seals and jewelry, that depict lions that might have represented Apedemak as well. The level by which people worshiped the deity outside of official temple worship is poorly understood at this time.

title: Apedemak


text:
Talk:Las Vegas Valley

Related articles needed
If anyone in interested in Radio stations, take a look at Template:Las Vegas radio for some radio stations that need articles. There are also TV stations missing articles and you can find the redlinks at Template:Las Vegas TV. Vegaswikian 19:35, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Controversial reference
Vegaswikian has been deleting this link from the article because "Exactly what material in the article was taken from this refrence source? In any case, claims to be comentary & not fact so it should not be used". The article cited corroborates this article because it mentions several prominent Las Vegas casinos. Portions of it are naturally opinion, but, really, is "MGM Mirage buying Mandalay Bay Resorts and Harrah's buying Caesars" opinion or fact? It's of course a sub-par source, but a weak source is better than none. Insufficient referencing and vandalism are the two main reasons Wikipedia is not considered an accurate source of information. Citing third-party sources to corroborate our facts, even if those sources are not as perfect as we'd like them to be, is imperative. Johnleemk | Talk 07:42, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Vegaswikian's removal of the article. (a) it's an opinion/commentary piece (and listed as such on the Slate site); (b) the focus on the article is not about the "Las Vegas Metropolitan Area", but rather a look at the business side of gambling and where the market appears to be heading according to the author's observations and conclusions.  Other than a side reference to MGM and Harrah's and how consolidation may lead to slower growth, the article spends just as much time talking about Foxwoods and other non-Las Vegas (let alone non-Nevada) references.   This piece would be better suited to a Wiki article on the casino industry as a whole - and even then, because it's an opinion piece, may not be right there either. SpikeJones 15:18, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Searchlight Nevada & Other Areas
Is Searchlight part of the Las Vegas metro area? According to this article, Boulder City is generally considered part of the metro area. It is probally only about 25 minutes from the southern city limits of Boulder City to Searchlight. Michaelcox 06:30, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Boulder City is not a part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan area. Nor is Searchlight. But your suggestion shows how unbelievably crazy this article defines the area. The makers of this article would have a person believe that the entirety of Clark County, Lake Mead, and even Kingman belong under the guise of "Las Vegas Valley". I have taken the responsibility of editing out Boulder City and I will probably contact the Boulder City City's office and have them take care of similar misdeeds involving Black Mountain, Lake Mead, and any other innaccuracies. Hopefully this article can accurately describe what the Las Vegas valley is and not give it credit for things that do not belong. In the end, truth should prevail. TruthQuest
 * Have you considered the title of the article? Metropolitan area covers the surrounding areas.  Yes, Boulder City exists in its own world at times.  But it is connected to the other parts of the county.  Before changing a working definition that was a compromise it is generally best to discuss what you are planning to do.  This article covers the area in general and not the specifics of each city.  That's why Vegas and NLV and Henderson and Boulder City have their own articles.  Vegaswikian 07:48, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Boulder City is not defined by the people of Boulder City as being part of the metropolitan area of Las Vegas. It is not geographically linked to the Las Vegas Valley and it is not culturally linked to Las Vegas. It is not an adjoining city, in fact, the only similarity it shares with Las Vegas is that it's in Clark County. This does NOT mean that it is part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan area. Again, I am editing the article because Boulder City is not a part of the Metropolitan area of Las Vegas. TruthQuest 015:48, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I have thought about this issue and still see no reason to not conclude that Boulder City is in the metropolitan area. The changes made also seem to be targeted at Blue Diamond which is in no way related to Boulder City.  The change seems to be made to make the point that Boulder City does not want to be considered a part of the Vegas area.  Normally consenus is what helps to decide differences here.  With only two editors discussing this that's kind of hard.  I'm going to revert the changes again and try some rewording to try and reach consensus.  The definition that is there has been present for a while without any concern so it would appear that most editors believe that it is reasonable.  To say that Boulder City is not linked to Vegas is so wrong.  It was the creation of Boulder City to build the dam that may have really caused the growth that makes Vegas what it is today.  Vegaswikian 04:17, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The people of Boulder City and the culture of Boulder City are significantly independent. Furthermore, there is no geographic reason for Boulder City to be linked to Las Vegas. As such, I will make the appropriate edits and remove Boulder City completely from the discussion. The Las Vegas metropolitan area should more accurately describe the Las Vegas valley, and that is how it is referenced and thought of. Boulder City will not be in this article, and edits will be made until this is understood.
 * BC is included in the Clark County Regional Flood Control District, and the Southern Nevada Water Authority so it is tied to the metro area. It particiates in other regional activities and gets funding from the metro area communities.  So it is tied to other parts of Clark County.  The fact that it is different from the rest of Clark Country does not mean it is not a part of the metro area. Vegaswikian 00:16, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Once again I have appropriately edited out all references to Boulder City. The fact that Southern Nevada water services us is not important as we are a different community geographically and culturally than Las Vegas. Further destructions of the Boulder City name will continue to be edited out. Just because we are linked to some services in Nevada does not mean we are fully independent of the Las Vegas Valley.

Do not put Boulder City in discussion of the Las Vegas valley. It is incorrect and it will not stand. There are no arguments for the inclusion of Boulder City as a part of the metropolitcan area of Las Vegas.
 * Again your reasons here seem to be based on what some individuals want. You support your actions with statemements like 'Further destructions of the Boulder City name will continue to be edited out'.  There is nothing destructive about listing BC within the Las Vegas metropolitan area.  Your edits seem to be for making a point.  Also please read the articles.  We are not including BC in the Las Vegas Valley since it is clearly not in the valley.  I think most of those in the Vegas area consider BC as a unique part of the culure that is a critical component of what makes the Vegas area unique.  Discussion is the way to resolve issues so that a consensus to be reached.  Please consider workig towards consensus rather then trying to force a change that has appeared to have reached consensus by virtue of its being in the article for a long perion of time. Vegaswikian 05:46, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not what some individuals want. It's what the entirety of Boulder City feels. The only reason why it hasn't been changed is simply because a handful of people have managed this page. I have already established that Boulder City is not a part of the Las Vegas valley. This is the biggest reason for its exclusion. Other points include the fact that Boulder City did not start as a gaming city and never was a gaming city. It was born from the Dam, a fact exclusive to Boulder City. The Vegas area simply does not include Boulder City, and if you feel that it's part of Vegas's culture, then let's include the entirety of Las Vegas in the Las Vegas Metropolitan area. Boulder City is NOT a part of Vegas. While you might like to have a "cute" town apart of what you feel Vegas is, that's simply not the fact.
 * To Reiterate: Boulder City is NOT part of the Vegas Valley. Boulder City does NOT have gambling and was not born because of gambling. Boulder City has its own set of laws and ways of going separate from Vegas, as goes Vegas does NOT go Boulder City. Henderson/CC/NLV all have to carry the burden of Las Vegas metropolitan. NOT so for Boulder City. A correct explanation was included from the first editor of this page that understands the truth behind Boulder City.
 * Boulder City is clearly a part of the Las Vegas metropolitan area, your opposition not withstanding. I have explained this above based on facts and not on opinions which are not considered encylopedic material.  And for the record, Boulder City and the dam are what gave Las Vegas a push to being the city that it is today.  Check the history books.  Without the dam, Las Vegas might be a nothing town today in the middle of the desert.  Vegaswikian 00:13, 24 December 2006 (UTC)
 * My opposition is based on two clear facts. 1. Boulder City is not geographically linked to the Las Vegas Valley. 2.Boulder City was created by workers of the Dam for the needs of many different people, The dam, and by extension, Boulder City, was not created solely, or mainly, for the people of Las Vegas.
 * That, coupled with the fact that Boulder City operates on its own. It does not have gambling (Las Vegas big), it does not have an extensive growth plan like Las Vegas cities and it is completely dependant on its own attractions (The Dam, Art in the Park) that it's only dependance on Las Vegas is the McCarran airport.
 * Boulder City will not be included as an incorporated city of Las Vegas. This point is validated by fact. Any further perversions of the truth will be duly edited.
 * The southeast boundary of Henderson touches the northwest boundary of Boulder City. True, there is no developed part of Boulder City there yet, but it is part of the incorporated city limits of Boulder City.  If they touch (for several miles), how can one be part of the metro area and one not be?  Perhaps the best way to figure this out is to use the article Metropolitan area as a guide.  Does anyone really believe that the "only dependance on Las Vegas" that Boulder City has is the airport?  Michaelcox 04:55, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

 * To the anonymous editor who speakers for what is "Defined by the people of Boulder City" and "the entirety of Boulder City feels": Did you ask each of them? Was a vote taken?  Are you psychically aware of the personal feelings and opinions of every one of these thousands of individuals?  Or are you overreaching with hyperbole?  By the way, I agree with excluding Boulder City from a discussion of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area.  Boulder City's government web site and master plan discuss ambition for a small town feeling that makes the most of the natural resources of the area - and Vegas is conspicuous by its absence from these documents.  The U.S. Census Bureau refers to the "Las Vegas-Paradise MSA," not including a mention of Boulder City.  From Vegas to Boulder City, the highway exits the Vegas Valley (with Henderson straddling the southeast rim of the valley), then goes through miles of open desert before entering the clearly distinct town of Boulder City.  The Clark County urban planning area map (from http://gisgate.co.clark.nv.us/gismo/cpmapprod.htm) very clearly draws a county urban planning line around the Vegas valley and Henderson, excluding Boulder City (as well as Pahrump and Mt. Charleston).  Therefore, there's plenty of objectively verifiable evidence against calling Boulder City part of the Vegas metro area - with no need to speculate on what 15,000 people might say or feel inside their own minds. VisitorTalk 03:08, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Fine, next figure out what a metropolitan area is. This is not about BC, it is about a large area in southern Nevada. 20:21, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Just as a point of reference, Las Vegas-Paradise-Pahrump, NV CSA redirects to this article. Is Pahrump part of the Las Vegas metropolitan area?  If so, then why isn't Boulder City and Laughlin?  If it isn't, then why is this article redirected here?  Also, if Mesquite, Laughlin, etc, are not part of the metro area, why are their casino areas listed here? Michaelcox 05:01, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The gaming area section grew over time to include all of Clark County and no longer was limited to the metro area. That section was just moved to the Clark County article.  Your first point is more difficult to deal with. The census CSAs do not respect political subdivisions.  So adding this as a link is confusing especially if the link is a redirect.  Since the CSA is mostly the Las Vegas metro area, you might be able to justify the redirect.  The other solution would be to change the redirect to a disambiguation page and then list all of the municipal areas that it covers.  This would define in more detail what the CSA actually is and allow an interested reader to decide if that is all they wanted.  If they need more information they could simply link to the article they are interested in. Vegaswikian 06:02, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll change the redirect to a dab. I'm not sure exactly which articles should be included in the dab, so please feel free to add or change. Vegaswikian 07:53, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

 * What is the name of the Police Force that covers all of Clark County and the city of Las Vegas (but not Henderson, North Las Vegas, Boulder City, and Mesquite)? Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department.  Not "Clark County Police Department". Michaelcox 03:40, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

I'm not from Las Vegas but the words "valley" and "metro area", when speaking in terms of Las Vegas, may mean something different. For instance, the San Fernando Valley which covers northern Los Angeles, Burbank, and Glendale are part of the "valley" in that region, but cities like Anaheim and Long Beach are not in the "valley"; but they all are part of the Los Angeles "metro area". So, maybe Boulder City is or is not in the "Las Vegas Valley" per se, that's a depression of the land. It needs to be researched and determined if its in the valley; but there's no denying Boulder City is in the Las Vegas "metro area". And to answer a response above, the U.S. Census Bureau refers to the area as Las Vegas- Paradise because those are either the two main cities of the metro area or the two most populous cities. Just like Dallas-Fort Worth, Seattle-Tacoma, or Los Angeles-Long Beach. But it doesn't mean there are not a host of other surrounding cities in the metro area. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.192.176.30 (talk) 03:25, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

 * My opinion as a resident: Locally, "Las Vegas valley" is used as a synonym for "Las Vegas metro area" rather than to note a geographic area. The article itself is titled "LV metro area" with "valley" as just a redirect to that, which seems appropriate to me. Anyone who is talking about the geography of the area will point out that the "valley" is in fact a basin. The anonymous complaints above about Boulder City being included in the LV metro are downright ludicrous. Santa Monica is a distinct city, but no one would seriously dispute its inclusion in a discussion of the Los Angeles metro area. Simishag (talk) 03:54, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Exactly, Boulder City is definitely in the metro area. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.192.176.30 (talk) 04:10, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Boundaries
I requested a citation for the boundaries section. Currently it states "generally thought to be defined...". Which authority generally thinks that the borders are such as mentioned in the article? Isn't there a regional development council or something that oversees the area? What do they say is the extent of their jurisdiction? --Polaron | Talk 18:44, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I did find some references to State hydrographic area 212, but I could not find that in any online db I have access to. Does someone know where to find that source? Vegaswikian 20:57, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe the relevant authoritative reference is "Las Vegas Urban Planning Areas" map, available from the Clark County government GIS site at http://gisgate.co.clark.nv.us/gismo/cpmapprod.htm. This map shows a very clear line drawn around the Vegas valley, including Henderson but not Boulder City, and not including Mt. Charleston or Pahrump. VisitorTalk 03:10, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

I removed my question about climate because I looked in the wrong article - I see the climate graph is still in the city article. VisitorTalk 03:18, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

United States housing market correction & Subprime mortgage crisis
Isn't the Las Vegas Metro Area one of the metros most affected by the current United States housing market correction & Subprime mortgage crisis? What is the effect of this on Las Vegas Metro's astronomical rate of population growth? Has it slowed down?--Section8pidgeon (talk) 11:19, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA
As with most metropolitan pages, this page should really be structured around the defined Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA. This page doesn't even make mention to this government-defined area. --Criticalthinker (talk) 10:27, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, it did mention the MSA until September 11, 2008. Vegaswikian (talk) 06:28, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Skyline Photo Update
Someone should update that photo, being from 2006 which is ancient for the city. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.216.14.1 (talk) 20:14, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Focus of this article
The article was changed a while ago to move the focus from the area surrounding the valley to the MSA. Other then the introduction, I don't believe that the rest of the article has followed. There are several possible reasons why the article probably has not reflected the into change including the fact that the MSA overlaps Clark County. If this article covers the MSA then we have two articles that cover the same area using different names. So is there any object to changing the lead to focus back on the valley area? Vegaswikian (talk) 06:47, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Demographics
The first sentence in this section looks like this: "As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 1,375,765, 512,253 households, and 339,693 families residing within the MSA."

I'm sure "1,375,765" is supposed to have something else behind it besides the other numbers, but I'm not sure what it is. The way the sentence is now, it makes it seem like there is over a "trillion" households in the LVMA!Normstradamus (talk) 01:08, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Naming and scope of the article
At the beginnings of this article it was about the Valley as seen in the first version. Later in someone argued that since there was an official definition of a metropolitan area, Las Vegas-Paradise-Henderson Metropolitan Statistical Area, the article name should be changed to match. Now we have editors working to try and eliminate the focus on the valley. I don't think that expanding the focus of the article to all of Clark County and Pahrump would serve anyone. Maybe a reword of the introduction to put the focus back on the Valley and the suburbs would be the way to go. One could argue that the Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA and the valley have nothing in common other then the latter is within the boundaries of the former. And the former is within the even broader Las Vegas-Paradise-Pahrump, NV CSA. Given that the inclusion criteria for these government classifications can and does change at the whim of bureaucrats, it makes little sense to try and structure articles around these ignoring the geographic areas that exist naturally. At one time, these definitions actually included parts of Arizona.

So are there objections to resurrecting a Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA article and possibly renaming of this article back to Las Vegas Valley? Or is there a better solution? Vegaswikian (talk) 18:40, 12 July 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, this has been on the table for almost 5 months now is there support for this direct? Does anyone have an objection? I'll also note that we have Las Vegas Valley (landform) as a redirect that probably should be renamed to Las Vegas Basin since the valley is the common name and that may not match up with the geographic definition of the basin. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:42, 3 December 2010 (UTC)
 * No objection from me, nor better solution. Suggest WP:CYCLE. rkmlai (talk) 22:42, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, this has remained without any objections for 5 months. Today, I moved out the material into the MSA article.  What remains in moving the metro area article back to the valley name and then the cleanup rewriting can begin. I should add that Las Vegas Valley (landform) is no longer a redirect but an article, so we now have an article that defines the scope of the valley. Vegaswikian (talk) 20:11, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Underground city
I am interested in including the observations of this article: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1326187/Las-Vegas-tunnel-people-How-1-000-people-live-shimmering-strip.html Las Vegas tunnel people: How 1,000 people live under shimmering strip | Mail Online into the article. I think it would be under "communities".

There is coverage under : http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/2651937/The-people-living-in-drains-below-Las-Vegas.html

Beneath the Neon: http://www.beneaththeneon.com/

Shine A Light: http://www.beneaththeneon.com/shine-a-light.asp

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/subterranean-home-of-las-vegass-losers-1786877.html

http://blogs.lasvegascitylife.com/cityblog/2009/03/25/homeless-outreach-goes-underground/

Thoughts, comments ?

rkmlai (talk) 04:55, 7 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Bottom line is that it may well not be encyclopedic. This type of activity occurs in most cities.  Vegaswikian (talk) 05:22, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

Invitation
You are invited to discuss something of importance to this article and WikiProject Las Vegas at the project talk page. 08OceanBeach S.D. 03:41, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Las Vegas which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 00:15, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

Merge suggestion
I suggest a merge between Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA and Las Vegas Valley. These two pages are essentially about the same topic (Las Vegas metro area), just somewhat different definitions. The content at each page would compliment each other well, and the result would be better than both articles separately. D O N D E groovily  Talk to me  02:57, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment – if they're covered in one article, the distinctions between the valley and the MSA still need to be made. The MSA is the whole county, which is much more than the valley.  Dicklyon (talk) 03:01, 24 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, yeah, of course. The LV-Paradise MSA article is really nothing more than US Census demographics, which is missing from the Vegas Valley page, so as long as we note that the census uses the entire county instead of just the valley, it's fine. D O N D E groovily   Talk to me  04:02, 24 May 2012 (UTC)
 * As long as you ignore the fact that historically the MSA included parts of Arizona and Nye County, as I recall. The MSA has a separate history that is not restricted to the valley. Vegaswikian (talk) 23:32, 29 May 2012 (UTC)
 * You can merge the pages and acknowledge that fact, actually. Place the final article at a title like "Las Vegas metropolitan area" and give the multiple definitions. Vegas Valley is a geographic definition of the metro area and Clark County is the census definition, but they both define the same thing. D O N D E groovily   Talk to me  01:33, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

Well, hardly anyone said anything and I decided to be bold, so much for that. But the AfD crowd would rightly tell me where to shove it if I nominated, since AfD is not for merge proposals. Still, no good arguments from Vegaswikian that the Valley and metro area are genuinely different, and the huge territory covered by the census definition is hardly unique, but no other metro has separate pages. D O N D E groovily  Talk to me  03:37, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Historically this MSA of SMSA has covered counties in two states. Merging it into an article that covers 10% of the land area of only one of the counties does not make sense. This material on its own is notable and has an article.  Merging serves no purpose in informing the readers if anything and makes the definition of the MSA more difficult to locate.  This is especially true when the only clear source that provides links to sources is the wiki.  The Las Vegas library actually only had this wiki as a source for links when asked for more information.  The Census Bureau does not make it easy to source this material!  Rather then trying to merge this article on Las Vegas out of existence, I think your efforts would be better spent creating the Las Vegas Township article which is really needed.  It is larger then then city of Las Vegas in terms of population and has an elected constable and judges. Vegaswikian (talk) 01:32, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I have to disagree. We shouldn't have two articles, one on the valley and one on the census definition, but one article on the metropolitan area. Like all metropolitan areas, there are multiple definitions, and like many, the census definition covers a huge land area simply because it's easy to define. The Seattle metropolitan area, according to the US Census, includes Mt Rainier, which is in the middle of a huge national park that itself is surrounded by national forests, but no one has seen a need to create a separate article for just the urbanized area. We can use the valley article as a basis, add the census demographics data, and make it a single article about the metro area. D O N D E groovily   Talk to me  02:39, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * There are actually at least two metro areas being used. One is the Las Vegas Metro which basically maps to the valley based on what I have read and the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area as defined by the census bureau.  Eliminating articles when the uses are overlapping and ambiguous serves no one.  Redirects can help, but not when you do inappropriate merging of articles. Vegaswikian (talk) 02:48, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * It is absolutely not two metro areas. It is two definitions of the same metro area. Either way, it's the Las Vegas metro. Having them together helps readers better understand the overlapping and ambiguous definitions, while separating makes it harder to make comparisons. If you combine them, you could even put in a map showing the county versus the valley. Look in the history and look how I handled it when I merged them - this does a lot better at explaining than two pages ever could. D O N D E groovily   Talk to me  02:53, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Support merge. I agree with Dondegroovily that there is only one metro area.  This is the same underlying issue as with "Las Vegas" itself: just because there are multiple not identical but overlapping views of what exactly the topic is, doesn't justify having separate topics about each view of the topic.  In this case the topic is "Las Vegas metro area". Las Vegas metro area currently redirects to Las Vegas–Paradise, NV MSA.  Merging Las Vegas Valley and Las Vegas–Paradise, NV MSA, and placing that article at Las Vegas metro area, makes sense. The merged article at Las Vegas metro area should of course clarify what Las Vegas Valley and Las Vegas–Paradise, NV MSA each refer to, preferably in the intro.  --Born2cycle (talk) 03:21, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The MSA is a "Metropolitan Statistical Area" (see the defintion). But that two-hour drive through the desert from Las Vegas to Laughlin sure doesn't seem like something that could be called part of a "metropolitan area", and the Las Vegas Valley is only a small part of the MSA.  Check it out. Dicklyon (talk) 04:16, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * And two hours of crooked two-lane road thru forested mountains between Crystal Mountain, Washington and Tacoma in the Seattle MSA doesn't seem like a metro area either. Yet there is only one article on the Seattle Metropolitan area, and not a separate one for the MSA. D O N D E groovily   Talk to me  01:28, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Also, Boulder is undoubtedly part of the metro area and undoubtedly not in the valley (since there is a mountain pass between there and Vegas). Just another example of how there isn't and can't be a single definition for any metro area. D O N D E groovily   Talk to me  01:30, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
 * And then you have articles like Louisville metropolitan area which is my mind is an example of the information and types of data that can and should be in these articles. Vegaswikian (talk) 05:32, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * That page is terribly incomplete. What about economy? Government? Geography? The overall metro area economy, gov't and geography certainly have significant differences from what Louisville itself has. For Seattle, for example, the geography of the metro area will include several places not in the city, such as Lake Washington and Lake Sammammish and Auburn Valley, even if you exclude the distant unpopulated Cascade Mountains. The best model would be Las Vegas Valley+Las Vegas/Paradise MSA. D O N D E groovily   Talk to me  15:50, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm convinced that you are really having issues here. Las Vegas Valley+Las Vegas/Paradise MSA is nonsense.  the Las Vegas Valley is about 10% of the land mass in the Las Vegas-Paradise MSA.  So one already includes the other.  Or one is a part of the other with very different populations, urbanization, crimes, culture and so on. Vegaswikian (talk) 22:18, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I meant that combining the text from those two articles will be the best way to create a Las Vegas metro article. Las Vegas Valley is a well-written and mostly-complete article about the metro article. The only thing missing is demographics. Las Vegas/Paradise MSA has that missing information. Both "Las Vegas Valley" and "Las Vegas/Paradise MSA" are two different interpretations of the same thing, "Las Vegas Metro area." Thus, we only need one article, giving both definitions (as well as the earlier census definition) D O N D E groovily   Talk to me  22:48, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

Too many images
Manual of Style/Layout Images for one of the thousands of neighborhoods? An Audi from the auto show? So ***Many*** images. They go on longer than sections... they go on longer than entire article. At the least, it seems to me there are simply too many, and that if we need more than a few of these, they need to be piled into a gallery for those that are needed at all. I am not going to war over any of these (such as the one just re-added), but I argue most need to go, per the MoS. I encourage other editors who are interested to join the discussion. My thinking is that any image not directly tied to sourced content should go.Shajure (talk) 21:38, 27 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Hi Shajure! I really appreciate your opinion. I know I'm new here, but I personally think the images help to show the diversity of things within the valley, as well as driving forces behind the economy, tourism, etc. relevant to the article. Many other city articles on Wikipedia, including San Francisco have even more photos of various neighborhoods, events, etc. throughout the city. The images help the reader to get a sense of the Las Vegas Valley as a whole, rather than simply the preconceived notion held by many that Las Vegas is "just the Strip." The images help to build upon and expand the encyclopedia information. Rmvisuals (talk) 00:25, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

I'd like to add that the images in this article focus on the Strip too much. I realize that is a huge part of Las Vegas, but this is about the Las Vegas Valley and there should be some more photos of Henderson, Summerlin, Green Valley, etc. Of the 45 total pictures in this article, 27 of the photos are about the Strip and casinos (Including the collage where 5 of the 7 are of the Strip). Seeing all the images here, one gets the impression that the Las Vegas Valley is made up mostly by casinos LasVegasLocal414 (talk) 09:35, 28 June 2016 (UTC)

Neighborhood section
I believe this is a junk magnet. I did trim it down to those that had their own articles, though most of those look like real estate wp:advertising, and think they themselves need to go. Do we need the section at all? There was a proposed restore of the "some" in the section head... but lists are never never complete and accurate... there is no need to say so in each... "List of longest-lived humans" would not need to be "List of some of the longest-lived humans with a few errors and frauds"Shajure (talk) 21:38, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

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The most of any...
I promise that reverting to this did not remove any grammar error. The extraneous "the" did need to be removed. I have removed it now along with the "most of any".Shajure (talk) 23:17, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

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Merge Las Vegas Metropolitan Statistical Area into this article
Morning all. Since we already have an article on the metropolitan area of Las Vegas, having a separate one covering the specific counties of the US census agency seems like essentially duplication. I know that the census definition is a technical thing, but that could be covered easily enough in a section of the other article as I think we do for most metro areas. Thanks — Amakuru (talk) 07:48, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Las Vegas Valley


text:
Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton

Charles Alfred Euston FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton (4 June 1892 – 11 November 1970), known as Charles FitzRoy until 1936, was a British aristocrat, soldier, politician, and farmer.

Background and education
He was born at Euston Hall near Thetford, the eldest son of the Reverend Lord Charles Edward FitzRoy and of his wife, Hon. Ismay FitzRoy, daughter of Charles FitzRoy, 3rd Baron Southampton. His paternal grandparents were Augustus FitzRoy, 7th Duke of Grafton, and Anna Balfour. Another ancestor, Anne Warren, was the daughter of Admiral Sir Peter Warren and a descendant of the Schuyler family, the Van Cortlandt family, and the Delancey family, all from British North America.

He was educated at Wellington and then at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

Military career
In 1911, he joined the Royal Welch Fusiliers, who were stationed at Quetta in what is now Pakistan. In 1914, soon after the outbreak of the Great War, he went to France, and in 1917, he was appointed as aide-de-camp and comptroller to Lord Buxton, Governor General of South Africa. He remained in South Africa until 1920. In 1921, he retired from the army.

Farming
After retirement from the Army, he became a farmer at Coney Weston in Suffolk. From 1927 to 1936, he was land agent for his first wife's maternal uncle, Owen Hugh Smith, at Langham in Rutland. In 1936, he succeeded his cousin as Duke of Grafton and inherited the family estates based at Euston Hall.

Family
He married, firstly, Lady Doreen Maria Josepha Sydney Buxton (29 November 1897 – 28 July 1923), daughter of his commanding officer Sydney Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton, and his wife, Mildred Anne Smith, on 24 January 1918. They had three children:

 * Hugh Denis Charles FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton (3 April 1919 – 7 April 2011).
 * Lady Anne Mildred Ismay FitzRoy (7 August 1920 – 4 November 2019), married Major Colin Dalzell Mackenzie and had issue.
 * Lord Charles Oliver Edward FitzRoy (13 July 1923 – 6 August 1944), killed in action; unmarried.

A year after his first wife's death, he married, secondly, Lucy Eleanor Barnes (25 December 1897 – 11 September 1943), daughter of Sir George Stapylton Barnes and of his wife, Sybil de Gournay Buxton. The ceremony took place on 6 October 1924. Lucy was the first cousin of Charles' first wife. They had two children:

 * Lord Edward Anthony Charles FitzRoy (26 August 1928 – 25 November 2007), married Veronica Mary Ruttledge and had issue.
 * Lord Michael Charles FitzRoy (18 March 1932– 15 July 1954), died in the Solomon Islands (missing, presumed drowned).

The year after his second wife's death, he married, thirdly, Rita Emily Carr-Ellison (24 October 1911 – 24 August 1970), daughter of John Ralph Carr-Ellison and of his wife, Alice Ursula Lang. The ceremony took place on 18 July 1944.

He died at Bury St Edmunds on 11 November 1970.

title: Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton


text:
Antebellum South Carolina

Antebellum South Carolina is typically defined by historians as South Carolina during the period between the War of 1812, which ended in 1815, and the American Civil War, which began in 1861.

After the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, the economies of the Upcountry and the Lowcountry of the state became fairly equal in wealth. The expansion of cotton cultivation upstate led to a marked increase in the labor demand, with a concomitant rise in the slave trade. The Atlantic slave trade, or international buying and selling of slaves, was outlawed by the United States in 1808, as of which date South Carolina was the only state that had not already prohibited the importation of slaves. After that date there was a burgeoning domestic or internal, national slave trade in the U.S.

In 1822, free black craftsman and preacher Denmark Vesey was convicted for having masterminded a plan to overthrow Charlestonian whites. In reaction, whites established curfews for black people and forbade assembly of large numbers of blacks; the education of slaves was prohibited.

In 1828, John C. Calhoun decided that constitutionally, each state government (within their state) had more power than the federal government. Consequently, if a state deemed it necessary, it had the right to "nullify" any federal law (the Tariff of 1828 and the Tariff of 1832) within its boundaries. Calhoun resigned as Vice President, as he planned to become a South Carolina Senator to stop its run toward secession. He wanted to resolve problems which were inflaming his fellow Carolinians. Before federal forces arrived at Charleston in response to challenges of tariff laws, Calhoun and Henry Clay agreed upon a Compromise Tariff of 1833 to lower the rates over ten years. The nullification crisis was resolved for the time being.

Cotton gin's effect in South Carolina
In 1786, leaders of the state agreed to ease tensions between Upcountry and Lowcountry citizens by moving the capital from Charleston to a location more convenient to both regions. With the capital in Charleston, Upcountry citizens had to travel two days simply to reach state government offices and state courts. The town of Columbia, South Carolina, the first city in America to take that name, was planned and erected. In 1790, the state's politicians moved in, although state offices remained in Charleston until 1865. The Lowcountry and Upcountry even had separate treasury offices with separate treasurers. In 1800, the Santee Canal was completed, connecting the Santee and Cooper Rivers. This made it possible to transport goods directly from the new capital to Charleston. In 1801, the state chartered South Carolina College (now the University of South Carolina) in Columbia.

Settled first because of its coastal access, the Lowcountry had the greater population. It had achieved early economic dominance because of wealth derived from the cultivation of both rice and long-staple cotton, a major crop. This was easier to process by hand than short-staple cotton. In the Upcountry's soil, only short-staple cotton could be cultivated. It was extremely labor-intensive to process by hand.

In 1793, Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin made processing of short-staple cotton economically viable. Upcountry landowners began to increase their cultivation of cotton and to import increased numbers of enslaved Africans and free blacks to raise and process the crops. The Upcountry developed its own wealthy planter class and began to work with Lowcountry planters to protect the institution of slavery.

The state's over-reliance on cotton in its economy paved the way for post-Civil War poverty in three ways: planters ruined large swaths of land by over-cultivation, small farmers in the upcountry reduced subsistence farming in favor of cotton, and greater profits in other states led to continued departure of many talented people, both white and black. From 1820 to 1860 nearly 200,000 whites left the state, mostly for Deep South states and frontier opportunities. Many of them took enslaved African-Americans with them; other slaves were sold to traders for plantations in the Deep South. In addition, because planters wore out new lands in-state or moved rather than invest in fertilizer or manufacturing, South Carolina did not begin to industrialize until much later.

Nullification crisis

In 1811, British ships plundered American ships, inspiring outraged "War Hawk" representatives into declaring the War of 1812. During the war, tariffs on imported goods were raised to support America's military efforts. Afterward, as the North began to create manufacturing centers, Northern lawmakers passed higher taxes on imports to protect the new industries. Because the South had an agricultural economy, it did not benefit from the tariffs and believed they interfered with the South's trade with Great Britain and Europe based on cotton and rice.

In the 1820s, many South Carolinians began to talk of seceding from the union to operate as an independent state with trade laws tailored to its own best interests. Even South Carolina-born John C. Calhoun, who had begun as a Federalist favoring a strong centralized government, began to change his views. He believed rights of his home state were being trampled for the "good" of the North, though he also recognized the political dangers of secession. In 1828, Calhoun decided upon the primacy of "states' rights", a doctrine which he would support for the rest of his life. He believed that constitutionally, the state government of each state had more power within that state than did the federal government. Consequently, if a state deemed it necessary, it had the right to "nullify" any federal law within its boundaries.

To most South Carolinians, this sounded like a reasonable compromise. Some in the state, such as Joel J. Poinsett, novelist William Gilmore Simms, and James L. Petigru, believed that while a state had the full right to secede from the Union if it chose, it had no right, as long as it remained part of the Union, to nullify a federal law. The federal government believed the concept of nullification was as an attack on its powers. When in 1832, South Carolina's government quickly "nullified" the hated tariffs passed by the full Congress, President Andrew Jackson declared this an act of open rebellion and ordered U.S. ships to South Carolina to enforce the law.

In December 1832, Calhoun resigned as Jackson's vice president. He was the only vice president to resign until Spiro Agnew did so, 141 years later. Calhoun planned to become a senator in South Carolina to stop its run toward secession. He wanted to work on solving the problems that troubled his fellow Carolinians. Before federal forces arrived at Charleston, Calhoun and Senator Henry Clay agreed upon a compromise. They had often worked effectively together before. Clay persuaded Congress to pass the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which lowered the tariff gradually over 10 years (see copy on the page). The passage of this tariff prevented armed conflict.

The debate about the relative importance of states' rights versus federal power became a dividing line between the North and South. The political discussion was related to the differing rates of growth of the regions. Increased immigration to the North had meant a faster rate of growth in its population and gave it an advantage in representation, despite the 3/5 compromise that allowed the South to use its enslaved population in figuring Congressional representation.

The 19th century religious revival in the South had first been led by Methodist and Baptist preachers who opposed slavery. Gradually they began to adopt the Southern viewpoint. The Methodist and Baptist churches grew as their preachers accommodated slaveholding as a principle of continuity. Southern slaveholders looked to the Bible for language to control slaves. Southern slaveholders generally saw abolitionists as dangerous, self-righteous meddlers who would be better off tending to themselves than passing judgement on the choices of others. Pro-slavery apologists argued that the Northerners had no place in the debate over the morality of slavery, because they could not own slaves and would therefore not suffer the societal impacts that manumission would mean to the South.

The effect of slave rebellions, such as the Denmark Vesey conspiracy of 1822, the Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion of 1849, and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859, was to reduce moderate abolitionists to silence, particularly in the South. These events inflamed fears and galvanized Southerners into an anti-abolitionist stance that effectively ended reasoned debate on the issue. South Carolinians had earlier tolerated slavery as a necessary evil. In an evolving concept, they came to proclaim slavery a positive good, a civilizing benefit to the enslaved, and a proper response to the "natural" differences between whites and blacks.

Apologists such as Thomas Harper argued that the wage-employee system of the North was more exploitative than slavery itself. So avid had this defense become that by 1856, Governor James Hopkins Adams recommended a resumption of the Foreign Slave Trade. A powerful minority of slaveholders had begun arguing that every white man should be legally required to own at least one slave, which they claimed would give an interest in the issue and instill responsibility. The Charleston Mercury denounced the slave trade; a number of newly captured slaves were imported into Charleston against federal law.

Vesey Plot and the Indian Removal Act
Since colonial times, South Carolina had always been home to a sizable population of free blacks. Many were descended from enslaved mulattoes freed by their white fathers/owners. Others had been freed for faithful service. Some African-Americans purchased their freedom with portions of earnings they were allowed to keep when being "hired out". As long as there had been free blacks, they made the white population nervous.

In 1822, a free black craftsman and preacher, Denmark Vesey, was convicted of having masterminded a plan for (both enslaved and free) African-Americans to overthrow Charlestonian whites. Afterward, whites established curfews and forbade assembly of large numbers of African- Americans. They prohibited educating enslaved African-Americans, as they believed slaves' learning to read and write would make them unhappy and less compliant. Free African-Americans posed a challenge to slavery by their very presence. South Carolina leaders prohibited slaveholders from freeing their slaves without a special decree from the state legislature. This was the same path that Virginia had taken when its slaveholders became uneasy about freedmen.

Like Denmark Vesey, most of South Carolina's free blacks lived in Charleston, where there were opportunities for work and companionship. A free African American subculture developed there. Charlestonian blacks held more than 55 different occupations, including a variety of artisan and craft jobs. Some African Americans, such as Sumter cotton gin-maker William Ellison, amassed great fortunes. He did so in the same fashion that most wealthy whites had — by using the labor of black slaves.

As settlers pressed against western lands controlled by Native Americans, violence repeatedly erupted between them. Andrew Jackson came to the Presidency determined to pave the way for American settlers. In 1830, he signed the Indian Removal Act, by which he offered Native Americans land in unsettled areas west of the Mississippi River, in exchange for their lands in existing states. While some tribes accepted this solution, others resisted. By this time, the Cherokee Nation had been mostly pushed west and south out of South Carolina into Georgia.

Mexican–American War
South Carolina strongly supported the Mexican–American War, as its leaders believed success would allow acquisition of additional lands open to slavery. They hoped for slaveholding states to acquire greater power in the U.S. Congress. The State raised a regiment of volunteers known as the Palmetto Regiment. The Palmetto Regiment was prepared and trained for the Mexican–American War by cadets and faculty at The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in Charleston. The Citadel created a training system which is known today as boot camp or recruit training, to prepare the men for combat. The Citadel cadets who trained the Palmetto Regiment were known as drillmasters, a term which later evolved into drill instructors. Under Pierce M. Butler, J.P. Dickinson, and A.H. Gladden, the Palmetto Regiment's flag entered Mexico City before any other. Chiefly due to disease, however, only 300 men returned alive of the 1,100 South Carolinian volunteers who fought.

As the Mexican–American War drew to a close, the introduction of the Wilmot Proviso in the U.S. Congress raised sectional tensions, this time over the issue of slavery. Introduced by a northern congressman as a rider on a war appropriations bill, the proviso specified that slavery would not be permitted in any territory ceded by Mexico. In the debate which followed, both national political parties split along sectional (regional) lines. The South had furnished more men for the war (435,248 versus the North's 22,136) and expected this sacrifice to be rewarded with new slave states carved out of the conquered lands. Although twice passed in the House of Representatives, the proviso was defeated in the Senate. However, the contention over extending slavery into new American territories was far from over; ultimately it was one of the causes of the American Civil War.

Protest of the Negro Act of 1740
John Belton O'Neall summarized the Negro Act of 1740, in his written work, The Negro Law of South Carolina, when he stated: "A slave may, by the consent of his master, acquire and hold personal property. All, thus required, is regarded in law as that of the master." Across the South, state supreme courts supported the position of this law.

In 1848, O'Neall was the only one to express protest against the Act, arguing for the propriety of receiving testimony from enslaved Africans (many of whom, by 1848, were Christians) under oath: "'Negroes (slave or free) will feel the sanctions of an oath, with as much force as any of the ignorant classes of white people, in a Christian country.'"

title: Antebellum South Carolina


text:
Timeline of 8th- and 9th-century Portuguese history

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

8th century

 * 711, March 15 – Muslim Umayyads, faithful to the Emir of Damascus and under the Berber Tariq ibn-Ziyad, invade and eventually conquer the Iberian Peninsula (Visigothic King Roderic is killed while opposing the invasion), except for the northernmost part - the Asturias. Resistance to Moorish rule (Reconquista) starts from this stronghold.
 * 713 - Musa ibn Nusayr, governor of North Africa, conquers Medina-Sidonia, Seville and Mértola.
 * 714-715 - Abd al-Aziz, Musa ibn Nusayr's son, conquers Évora, Santarém and Coimbra.
 * 715 - Abd al-Aziz is left in charge and makes his capital the city of Seville, where he marries Egilona, widow of Visigothic King Roderic. The Umayyad Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, a paranoid ruler, will have Abd el-Aziz assassinated and sends Musa ibn Nusayr into exile in his native Yemen village to live out his days as a beggar.
 * 716 - Lisbon is captured by the Moors.
 * 717 - Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim holdings in the Al-Andalus.
 * 718 - Pelayo establishes the Kingdom of Asturias. This is considered to be the beginning of the Reconquista.
 * 722 - A powerful Moorish force sent to conquer Asturias once and for all is defeated by king Pelayo at the Battle of Covadonga. Today, this is regarded as the first significant Christian victory of the Reconquista.
 * 737
 * King Pelayo of Asturias dies.
 * Favila, son of Pelayo, becomes King of Asturias.
 * 739
 * Alfonso, son of Peter, Duke of Cantabria, and married to Ermesinda, daughter of Pelayo of Asturias, becomes King of Asturias.
 * the Moors are driven out of Galicia by Alfonso I of Asturias.
 * 740-742 - Berber revolts against Arab Umayyad overlords.
 * 755 - Abd al-Rahman I of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Iberia to escape the Abbasids and would be responsible for creating "the Golden Caliphate".
 * 756 - The Umayyad Abd al-Rahman I defeats Yusuf al-Fihri and becomes Commander of al-Andalus Muslims, proclaiming himself Emir of Córdoba.
 * 757 - Fruela I becomes King of Asturias.
 * 763 - Abd al-Rahman I suppresses an Abbasid inspired revolt.
 * 768 - Aurelio becomes King of Asturias.
 * 768-777 - a Berber reformer rebels in central Iberia and occupies Mérida and other towns to the north of the Tagus. The rebellion is suppressed after nine years.
 * 774 - Silo becomes King of Asturias. In this period this is a lot of unrest in Galicia towards the rule of Asturias.
 * 783 - Mauregato the Usurper becomes King of Asturias. He was an illegitimate son of Alfonso I of Asturias, supposedly by a Moorish woman.
 * 788
 * Death of Abd al-Rahman I, founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba. His successor is Hisham I.
 * Bermudo I becomes King of Asturias.
 * 791
 * Alfonso II becomes King of Asturias in Oviedo and conquers a number of Moorish strongholds and settles the lands south of the Douro River.
 * A Muslim force raids into Galicia.
 * 794 - Asturians defeat the Muslims at the Battle of Lutos.
 * 796 - Al-Hakam I becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdoba.
 * 798 - In a raid on Muslim lands, Alfonso II of Asturias enters Lisbon but cannot occupy it.

9th century

 * 800 - 10 year rebellion against the Muslims breaks out in the fringes of Al-Andalus (Lisbon, Mérida, Toledo). Each rebellion is bloodily suppressed by the central Islamic authorities.
 * 809 - An Umayyad prince defeats and executes Tumlus, a Muslim rebel who had seized power in Lisbon some years before.
 * 813 - The grave of James the Apostle is "discovered" near Santiago de Compostela, in Galicia, beginning the cult of St. James that would unite Iberian Christians of many different petty kingdoms.
 * 822 - Abd ar-Rahman II becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.
 * 825 - Moors attempt to invade Christian territory from Coimbra and Viseu but are driven back.
 * 839 - Alfonso II of Asturias commands a military force in the region of Viseu.
 * 842 - Ramiro I becomes King of Asturias.
 * 844
 * Vikings raid the Galician estuaries, are defeated by Ramiro I of Asturias, attack Lisbon, Beja and the Algarve, and sack Seville.
 * Battle of Clavijo, legendary battle between Christians led by Ramiro I of Asturias and Muslims, where St. James is said to have helped the Christian Army.
 * 850 - Ordoño I of Asturias becomes King of Asturias in Oviedo. Beginning of Christian repopulation. Rise of the county of Castile.
 * 852 - Muhammad I becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.
 * 859 - Ordoño I of Asturias defeats Musa ibn Musa at Albelda.
 * 866 - Alfonso III the Great, son of Ordoño I of Asturias, becomes King of Asturias. He initiates the repopulation of Porto, Coimbra, Viseu and Lamego.


text: User talk:71.101.116.141

title: User talk:71.101.116.141


text:
Douglas XA-2

The Douglas XA-2 was an American prototype attack aircraft converted from a Douglas O-2 observation aircraft in the spring of 1926 by Douglas Aircraft. Only one prototype aircraft was built and the type was not ordered into production.

Design and development
One Douglas O-2, serial number 25-380, was modified for the new role as an attack aircraft. While the basic structure of the aircraft remained, there were several modifications made. The water-cooled Liberty engine (V-1650) of the O-2 was replaced by an inverted air-cooled Allison VG-1410 engine. The lower engine cowlings were omitted to allow for more cooling air flow over the engine.

Second, the XA-2 was more heavily armed than the O-2. It had six forward-firing .30-caliber Browning machine guns - two in the nose forward of the cockpit, and two each in the mid-upper and lower wings. Two .30-caliber Lewis guns were put on a flexible mount for use by the observer-gunner in rear defense of the aircraft. The aircraft also had the capacity for a small bomb load of 100 lb (45 kg).

The Douglas XA-2 was evaluated against the Curtiss XA-3 (a conversion of the Curtiss O-1B observation plane). The Douglas Aircraft won the initial competition, but the Army realized that the Liberty engine was both underpowered and in dwindling supply. It ordered a second competition with both models upgraded with Packard 1A-1500 engines. The Curtiss aircraft won this time and became the U.S. Army Air Corps' frontline attack aircraft (Curtiss A-3 Attack Falcon) from 1928 to 1935.

Operators

 * United States Army Air Corps
 * United States Army Air Corps

title: Douglas XA-2


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Durbar (court)

Durbar is a Persian-derived term (from ) referring to the noble court of a king or ruler or a formal meeting where the king held all discussions regarding the state. It was used in South Asia for a ruler's court or feudal levy. A durbar may be either a feudal state council for administering the affairs of a princely state, or a purely ceremonial gathering, as was increasingly the case during British rule in India.

The most famous durbars belonged to powerful emperors and kings. In the north of India, cities like Baroda, Gwalior, Udaipur, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Agra, and the city of Lahore in Pakistan have palaces and forts that adorn such halls. The Mughal emperor Akbar had two halls—one for his ministers, and the other for the general public. Usually, durbar halls are lavishly decorated with the best possible materials available at the time.

In the south of India, the Mysore Palace had a number of such halls, especially the Peacock Hall, having colour tinted glasses imported from Belgium, which were used for marriage ceremonies. The Durbar Hall in the Khilawat Mubarak, in the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, was the Durbar Hall of the Nizams of Hyderabad.

Beneath the main dome of the Rashtrapati Bhavan is the Grand Durbar Hall. As the building now serves as the presidential palace, many state functions are currently carried out there, presided upon by the President of India.

State Council

In the former sense, the native rulers of the Indian subcontinent such as the Marathas and Rajputs, other Hindu or Muslim monarchies, like the Mughals and emirs of Afghanistan, and even Western colonial rulers received visitors in audience, conferred honours, and conducted business in durbar.

A durbar could also be the executive council of a native state. Its membership was dual: the court's grandees, such as the vizier and major jagirdars (feudal landholders), shone at the ceremonies but the real political and administrative affairs of state rather rested with an inner circle around the prince, often known as divan. There was some overlap between the two groups. This was originally another word for audience room and council, but in India, it also applies to a privy council and chancery.

British India

The word durbar has come to be applied to great ceremonial gatherings called "the Delhi Durbar" in Delhi and elsewhere during the period of the British Raj, held as demonstrations of the loyalty to The Crown, which also proved vital in various wars in which the United Kingdom engaged.

The practice was started with Lord Lytton's Proclamation Durbar of 1877, celebrating the proclamation of Queen Victoria as the first Empress of India. Durbars continued to be held in later years, with increased ceremony and grandeur than their predecessors. In 1903, for instance, the Coronation Durbar was held in Delhi to celebrate the accession of Edward VII to the British throne and title of Emperor of India. This ceremony was presided over by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon.

The practice of the durbar culminated in the magnificent spectacle that was the Delhi Durbar, which was held in December 1911 to officially crown the newly enthroned George V and his wife Queen Mary as Emperor and Empress of India. The King and Queen attended the Durbar in person and wore their Coronation robes, an unprecedented event in both Indian and Imperial history held with unprecedented pomp and glamour. They were the only British monarchs to visit India during the period of British rule.

No durbar was held for later British monarchs who were Emperors of India. Edward VIII reigned only a brief time before abdicating. On the accession of his brother George VI, it was decided to hold no durbar in Delhi, due to several reasons: the cost would have been a burden to the government of India, rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal couple would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence of the King from the United Kingdom would have been undesirable in the tense period before World War II.

Durbar Hall – Fateh Prakash Palace, Udaipur
The Durbar Hall at the Fateh Prakash Palace in Udaipur, Rajasthan, is one of the most lavish Durbar Halls in India and one of the grandest chambers in Udaipur. It is decorated with paintings of Maharanas and various weapons adorn the walls. The hall has an exquisite ceiling and is surrounded by viewing galleries from where the ladies of the palace could view the proceedings while remaining veiled. Lord Minto, the Viceroy of India, laid the foundation stone for the Durbar Hall in 1909.

Durbar Hall – Khilawat Mubarak, Hyderabad

Located in the old city of Hyderabad in close proximity to the Charminar, the Khilawat complex, originally spread over 60 acre, had numerous palaces and structures in its vast sprawl. One of the most important buildings to have survived the passage of time is the Durbar Hall. The symbolic seat of power, it housed the "Gaddi-e-Mubarak", the hereditary throne of the Asaf Jahi dynasty.

First constructed in 1750 by the Nizam, Salabat Jung, the Khilwat complex has been added to by successive nizams. Sikandar Jah shifted his residence to the Khilawat complex from the Purani Haveli in 1803 and was responsible for the first major constructions.

The plan of the Durbar Hall is in traditional Moghul style. Subsequent remodelling, at a time when European architecture was gaining acceptance, resulted in a unique and harmonious mix of diverse architectural styles. European architectural influences, although dominant, blend smoothly with the vernacular, to create one of the best examples of Indo-European architectural synthesis. The resulting style was to become a distinctive feature of many later buildings in Hyderabad as it provided for a change without compromising the spatial needs of eastern lifestyle and social requirements.

Durbar Hall – Mysore Palace, Karnataka

The Durbar Hall at the Amba Vilas Palace in Mysore, Karnataka, is the official residence of the Wadiyar dynasty and the seat of the Kingdom of Mysore. The last palace, now known as the Old Palace or the Wooden Palace, burned to ashes during the wedding of Jayalakshammani, the eldest daughter of Chamaraja Wodeyar in 1896. Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV and his mother Maharani Kempananjammanni Devi commissioned the English architect Henry Irwin to build a new palace.

Designed by Irwin, the style is that of Indo-Saracenic architecture, with elements from Islamic, Rajput, and Gothic architecture styles. It is a three-story, gray granite, structure, about 245 ft long and about 156 ft wide. There are square towers, five stories tall, at each of the cardinal points, topped with pink domes. The tallest tower, 145 ft tall, is at the centre of the palace and is topped with a gold plated dome.

Malaysia
In Malaysian history, the durbar was the council comprising the four rulers of the Federated Malay States under British protectorate. First held in 1897, it was a platform for the rulers to discuss issues pertaining state policies with British officials.

When the Federation of Malaya was formed in 1948, the Durbar transformed into the Conference of Rulers, with the inclusion of the other states of Malaya. The membership was further enlarged with the addition of new states in the formation of Malaysia in 1963.

Since the Malayan Declaration of Independence in 1957, the Malay rulers in the Conference of Rulers function as the electoral college for the election of the federal king, the King of Malaysia.

title: Durbar (court)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Justin Collins

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted. Dmcdevit·t 19:49, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Justin Collins
Obviously vanity, but I didn't think it nonsensical enough for a speedy delete. Chatoyant 19:39, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Doesn't need to be nonsense. Speedied per CSD: A7, with no assertion of notability. --Dmcdevit·t 19:49, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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J. O. Bailey

James Osler Bailey (August 12, 1903 – 1979) was a professor of literature who taught at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He wrote on a wide slate of topics ranging from the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Thomas Hardy to science fiction and utopian literature.

Bailey was born at Raleigh, North Carolina, to Thomas Benjamin Bailey, a city employee, and Nancy Priscilla (née Smith). He was educated at the University of North Carolina (A.B. 1924, M.A. 1927, Ph.D 1934) and taught English there from 1930.

The Science Fiction Research Association gives recognition in the form of the Pilgrim Award in honor of his seminal work Pilgrims Through Space and Time. Reviewer Willy Ley, however, found the volume disappointing; while praising the core of the work, the master's thesis and doctoral dissertation written by Bailey years earlier, he faulted the remainder of the book as inferior, "obviously pasted to the original dissertation both loosely and clumsily."

He was struck by a car and died later from a blood clot, in 1979.

Books

 * Supplementary Exercises for Use in English Courses for Engineers: Prepared to Accompany Howell's Handbook of English in Engineering Usage with Cross References to Woolley and Scott's College Handbook of Composition and Greever and Jones' The Century Collection, Chapman & Hall, (1931)
 * Poe's "Stonehenge", University Press, (1941)
 * Sources for Poe's Arthur Gordon Pym, "Hans Pfaal," and Other Pieces, Modern Language Association of America, (1942)
 * Hardy's "Imbedded Fossil", North Carolina University, (1945)
 * Pilgrims Through Space and Time: Trends and Patterns in Scientific and Utopian Fiction, (1947)
 * The Southern Humanities Conference and Its Constituent Societies, University of North Carolina Press, (1951)
 * Proper Words in Proper Places, (1952)
 * Victorian Poetry, by Edward K. Brown & J. O. Bailey, Ronald Press, (1962)
 * British Plays of the Nineteenth Century: An Anthology to Illustrate the Evolution of the Drama, ed. by J. O. Bailey, (1966)
 * The Poetry of Thomas Hardy: A Handbook and Commentary, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, (1970)
 * Pilgrims Through Space and Time: Trends in Scientific and Utopian Fiction, with a foreword by Thomas D. Clareson, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, (1972)
 * Thomas Hardy and His Cosmic Mind: A New Reading of the Dynasts, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, (1977)
 * Symzonia: A Voyage of Discovery, by Adam Seaborn, a facsimile reproduction with an introduction by J. O. Bailey, n.d.

Library collections
He donated his correspondence with playwright Eugene O'Neill to The Museum of the City of New York. His correspondence with publisher William Terry Crouch and playwright Paul Green are at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill library.

title: J. O. Bailey


text: Category:German entertainers

title: Category:German entertainers


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NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database

The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) is an online astronomical database for astronomers that collates and cross-correlates astronomical information on extragalactic objects (galaxies, quasars, radio, x-ray and infrared sources, etc.). NED was created in the late 1980s by two Pasadena astronomers, George Helou and Barry F. Madore. NED is funded by NASA and is operated by the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC) on the campus of the California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA.

NED is built around a master list of extragalactic objects for which cross-identifications of names have been established, accurate positions and redshifts entered to the extent possible, and some basic data collected. Bibliographic references relevant to individual objects have been compiled, and abstracts of extragalactic interest are kept on line. Detailed and referenced photometry, position, and redshift data, have been taken from large compilations and from the literature.

NED also includes images from 2MASS, from the literature, and from the Digitized Sky Survey.

As of March 2014, NED contains 206 million distinct astronomical objects with 232 million cross-identifications across multiple wavelengths, with redshift measurements for 5 million objects, 1.9 billion photometric data points, 609 million diameter measurements, 71 thousand redshift-independent distances for over 15 thousand galaxies, 310 thousand detailed classifications for 230 thousand objects, and 2.6 million images, maps and external links, together with links to 65 thousand journal articles, notes and abstracts.

title: NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database


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2005–2006 Niger food crisis

The 2005–2006 Niger food crisis was a severe but localized food security crisis in the regions of northern Maradi, Tahoua, Tillabéri, and Zinder of Niger from 2005 to 2006. It was caused by an early end to the 2004 rains, desert locust damage to some pasture lands, high food prices, and chronic poverty. In the affected area, 2.4 million of 3.6 million people are considered highly vulnerable to food insecurity. An international assessment stated that, of these, over 800,000 face extreme food insecurity and another 800,000 in moderately insecure food situations are in need of aid.

Background
The crisis had long been predicted after swarms of locusts consumed nearly all crops in parts of Niger during the 2004 agricultural season. In other areas, insufficient rainfall resulted in exceptionally poor harvests and dry pastures affecting both farmers and livestock breeders. An assessment carried out by the government of Niger, the United Nations and international Non Governmental Organizations reached a general consensus that the crisis, while locally severe, had not reached the level of famine according to famine scales.

Demographic causes
The population of Niger increased more than fivefold between 1950 and 2005, from 2.5 million to 13.5 million. The fertility rate in Niger is the highest in the world at 7.6 children per woman, and the population of the country is projected to increase tenfold in the 21st century to more than 200 million people in 2100.

Crisis
The Sahel region as a whole registered a grain surplus of 85,000 tons. However, Niger and Chad suffered grain deficits of around 224,000 and 217,000 tons, respectively. An increase in food prices fuelled the food crisis, especially in Niger, which was the most affected area. Access to food staples became increasingly difficult and severe cases of child malnutrition were reported. The scarcity of water and fodder also adversely affected the health of the cattle, camels, sheep and goats that comprise virtually the only source of food and income for nomadic communities. Competition for limited resources also resulted in some local conflicts. Acute malnutrition rates rose to 13.4 per cent in the southern Niger Maradi and Zinder departments, with 2.5 per cent of this group identified as severely malnourished children under age five, according to UNICEF.

The food shortage impacted 3.3 million people —including 800,000 children under age five— in 3,815 villages. Officials estimated cereal deficits at 223,448 tons and livestock feed deficits at 4,642,219 tons.

Response
Although UN's Food and Agriculture Organization already warned of an upcoming crisis in late 2004, donor support came slowly throughout the first half of 2005. In late August 2005, the profile of the crisis was raised after UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan visited President Tandja Mamadou in Zinder. The visit was seen as an attempt to draw attention to the crisis, and also address accusations that the UN had responded slowly. Donors had given less than half of the US$81 million appealed for by the UN.

On January 16, 2006, the UN directed an appeal for US$240 million of food aid for West Africa to feed at least 10 million people affected by the food crisis, with Niger being the worst-affected country.

Media coverage controversy
Several authorities, including the President of Niger at the time, called into the question the veracity of claims made by international media. They argued that, while chronic malnutrition has been issue for populations of Niger, the media erroneously and deliberately portrayed common local dietary habits as signs of widespread famine to appeal to donors' sympathy. On March 3, 2008 TV2 Norway aired the documentary "Sultbløffen" (The Famine Scam) which voiced the view that there was no famine in Niger in 2005– 06, but rather chronic malnutrition no different from the previous years. BBC's Hilary Andersson, UN Emergency Relief Coordinator Jan Egeland as well as international media and aid organizations in general were accused of severely overstating and lying about the food situation in the country by misrepresenting the situation. The sources, among them a Norwegian-Swedish foundation of agricultural development and their local assistants, gave a version picturing western media and relief agencies as ignorant towards local agriculture and flora and common dietary habits. They cited so-called "food-racism": the perception that local, traditional food and food plants are useless and poisonous, even though locals have eaten them for millennia. They also denounced the perception that the people of Niger are incapable of living without support from the west, and argued that large food donations overwhelmed the local supply, making it harder for local agriculture to compete. The film was awarded 3rd prize in the Monte Carlo TV festival of 2008, and won Den Store Journalistprisen in Norway in 2009. The BBC claimed to have refuted TV2's allegations unequivocally, and attempted to block the international release of the documentary by withdrawing TV2's license to news footage from the summer of 2005.

title: 2005–2006 Niger food crisis


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The Siege of Rhodes

The Siege of Rhodes is an opera written to a text by the impresario William Davenant. The score is by five composers, the vocal music by Henry Lawes, Matthew Locke, and Captain Henry Cooke, and the instrumental music by Charles Coleman and George Hudson. It is considered to be the first English opera.

Special permit
Part 1 of The Siege of Rhodes was first performed in a small private theatre constructed at Davenant's home, Rutland House, in 1656. Special permission had to be obtained from the Puritan government of Oliver Cromwell, as dramatic performances were outlawed and all public theatres closed. Davenant managed to obtain this by calling the production "recitative music", music being still permissible within the law. When published in 1656, it was under the equivocating title The siege of Rhodes made a representation by the art of prospective in scenes, and the story sung in recitative musick, at the back part of Rutland-House in the upper end of Aldersgate-Street, London. The 1659 reprinting gives the location at the Cock-pit in Drury Lane, a well-known theatre frequented by Samuel Pepys after the Restoration (1660). Pepys himself later read the text and commented in his Diary that it was "certainly (the more I read it the more I think so) the best poem that ever was wrote."

Production
The Rutland House production included England's first professional actress, Mrs Coleman. Part 2 of The Siege of Rhodes followed in the 1657–1659 season and was first published in 1663.

In 1661, the piece was rewritten to take advantage of the skills of the young actresses now in Davenant's Company, and this revival introduced Hester Davenport as Roxalana.

Lost score
The plot was based on the 1522 siege of Rhodes, when the island was besieged by the Ottoman fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent. The score of the opera is believed to be lost. However, the original sketches by John Webb for the stage sets, themselves an innovation of the day, are extant.

title: The Siege of Rhodes


text:
WXTU

WXTU (92.5 FM) is a commercial radio station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Owned by Beasley Broadcast Group, the station broadcasts a country music format. Its studios and offices are located at 1 Bala Plaza on East City Avenue in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, while its transmitter is located in the Roxborough section of the city.

WXTU broadcasts in HD; its HD2 sub-channel airs a contemporary country format known as "NuTune Country".

Early years
The first Philadelphia FM station on 92.5 was Westinghouse-owned KYW-FM, the sister station to KYW. In 1942, Westinghouse put the station on the air in the old FM band and in 1948 moved it to 92.5 MHz. The development of FM radio in the post-war years was slow and Westinghouse decided not to continue operating KYW-FM, relinquishing its license in 1955. The 92.5 frequency stayed empty for three years.

In September 1958, WIFI signed on at 92.5 MHz, owned by Hi-Fidelity Broadcasters Corporation. Although it was always licensed as a Philadelphia station, WIFI in its early years was essentially a local station serving Norristown, Pennsylvania and neighboring communities in Montgomery County. It aired Middle of the Road music and talk along with some specialty music shows and local high school sports. At the end of the 1960s, WIFI brought some of the first "progressive rock" or "underground" programming to the airwaves with Johnny Devereaux and other hosts. By 1970, WIFI had been acquired by General Cinema Corporation and had dropped local programming, replacing it with a syndicated music service known as "Hit Parade," playing automated adult contemporary music and pre-recorded announcements, with no live disc jockeys needed. WIFI later switched to Hit Parade's companion oldies format, known as "Solid Gold Rock and Roll", and also tried other automated programming.

Top 40 and alternative rock years
On January 1, 1973, WIFI instituted a high-energy Top 40 format known as the Boogie Format with the slogan "Let's Boogie." It was one of the first stand-alone, live FM Top 40 stations in the United States. John Tenaglia served as Vice President of General Cinema Corp., George Burns as consultant and Steve "Shotgun" Kelly as Program Director. The legendary Hy Lit from WIBG was brought on board as the morning drive time personality along with Bill Figenshu (Wild Bill Elliot) middays, Steve "Shotgun" Kelly in afternoon drive, Fritz Coleman (Bobby Walker) and John Rivers nights. The Boogie Bug was created from a Volkswagen Bug and then the VW Thing was added along with Boogie book covers for school books and "Let's Boogie" billboards all over town. Later well-known personalities were Byron and Tanaka, Jeff "Mutha" Robbins, Bill Gamble, and Pat McKay. WIFI was the only true Top 40 station in Philadelphia following WFIL's evolution into an Adult Contemporary format in the late 1970s.

When WCAU-FM (now WOGL) debuted its Hot Hits format in October 1981, WIFI's ratings fell as WCAU-FM quickly grabbed most of the teen audience. In March 1983, a move to a new wave/alternative rock format, branded as "I-92" and "Rock of the Eighties," attracted press attention, but ratings fell to a 0.5 share in the Arbitron Spring 1983 Book.

Switch to WXTU
In August 1983, the station was sold to Beasley Broadcast Group. The new owners instituted a dance music/rhythmic contemporary format as "92X," with a call sign change to WXTU (reminiscent of New York City's WKTU). That format failed to find an audience and was gone in a matter of months. On March 1, 1984, at 1 p.m., the station switched to its current country format. The first country song on WXTU was "Are You Ready For The Country" by Waylon Jennings.

In 2007, the station was nominated for the Radio & Records Magazine "Country Music Station of The Year Award" for the top 25 markets. Other nominees included WUSN Chicago, KYGO-FM Denver, WYCD Detroit, KEEY-FM Minneapolis, and KSON-FM San Diego.

Changes in ownership
On October 2, 2014, Beasley Broadcast Group announced that it would trade WXTU and four other radio stations in Miami and Philadelphia to CBS Radio in exchange for 14 CBS stations located in Tampa and Charlotte, with one station in Philadelphia, AM 610 (now WTEL), going to Beasley. (AM 610 was traded because keeping it would have put CBS over the FCC limit for stations in one media market.) The swap was completed on December 1, 2014.

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th.

On July 19, 2018, Entercom announced that it would sell WXTU back to Beasley for $38 million as part of its purchase of WBEB. The sale closed on September 28, 2018.

Awards and nominations
CMA Awards

 * 2002 Radio Station (Major Market) (Nominated)
 * 2005 Radio Station (Major Market) (Nominated)
 * 2006 Radio Station (Major Market) (Nominated)
 * 2007 Radio Station (Major Market) (Nominated)
 * 2008 Radio Station (Major Market) (Nominated)
 * 2013 Radio Station (Major Market) (Nominated)
 * 2013 Broadcast Personality of the Year "Doc and Andie Show" (Major Market) (Won)
 * 2014 Broadcast Personality of the Year "Razz on the Radio" (Major Market) (Nominated)
 * 2020 Radio Station (Major Market) (Nominated)

ACM Awards

 * 2007 Radio Station (Major Market) (Nominated)
 * 2008 Radio Station (Major Market) (Nominated)
 * 2012 Radio Station (Major Market) (Nominated)
 * 2014 Radio Station (Major Market) (Won) (Tied with KUPL/Portland)
 * 2015 On-Air Personality of the Year - Major Market (Nominated)

Industry Achievement Awards

 * 2007 Radio Station (Major Market) (Nominated)
 * 2007 Personality (Bob Marly) (Nominated)
 * 2017 Country Music Station of the Year (Won)

title: WXTU