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Talk:Prima scriptura

Anglicans
Why is the Anglican position (from which Wesley's derives) not discuss here? TheEvilPanda 16:56, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The description of Hooker's position on Church authority is a distortion of what the Lawes actually says. 169.229.11.167 (talk) 20:51, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

Cleanup
There are a number of items that should be done here. First, which denominations or theologians advocate this doctrine? (looking at the creator's orther edits, I'd guess it's at least an Adventist formulation.) Second, I don't think the article fairly represents sola scriptura. Many Protestants who believe the former do value tradition (especially for help interpreting the Bible) and would more accurately fit under prima scriptura. The only ones who wouldn't qualify would be radical Anabaptists, fundamentalists, etc., who actually reject tradition ("No creed but Christ" and all that). In what sense is tradition secondary to the Bible in prima scriptura? Third, the Roman Catholic view is caricatured unfairly, methinks. Their doctrine is not as fixed as it may appear from a distance. Just some thoughts. --Flex 15:42, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. I wandered upon this page accidentally, and clearly it needs some work.  KHM03 15:57, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The chief sin of this article is that it is a complete distortion of sola scriptura. Is it supposed to describe the Anglican view? Maybe the Quadrilateral? Mkmcconn (Talk) 16:50, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe Anglican; the Quadrilateral has its own article. KHM03 17:02, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I also believe it can probably be cleaned up fairly easily. I've heard the view before, though I've never heard it called "prima scriptura" (actually, I personally believe that all evangelicals are "prima scriptura" people...but that's another story).  KHM03 17:07, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * All evangelicals believe that the Bible's meaning is known by Christian people, and that this understanding is shared - faith is not a private interpretation, but a communion in truth. They believe in the holy catholic church (and many used to rehearse this confession as an element of their worship). They believe departure from orthodoxy can be so radical that there is no salvation in it, and that regardless of whether this apostasy is supposed to be justified by reference to the Bible, it is heresy.  Mkmcconn (Talk)

 * In other words, all evangelicals mean "Scripture first", when they say 'sola scriptura' if what someone thought is that they meant 'me + plus + the Bible, by myself'. On the other hand, ANYone can say "Scripture first".  Roman Catholics, Orthodox, ecclecticists, mystics and spiritualists, "Present truth" Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses, and believers in the charismatic gift of private prophetic guidance.  These all Speak as though sola scriptura/tota scriptura contradicts their belief.  They want a place for something else as an original source of authority for the Christian faith.  Perhaps that's what "prima scriptura" means.  Otherwise, prima scriptura is just another way of saying sola scriptura.  Mkmcconn (Talk)  17:45, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * If by sola scriptura one means "Scripture alone"...its literal meaning...then there are very few people who affirm that; as you make refernce to, we interpret Scripture through the lens of tradition. Tradition is not the opposite of "sola scriptura"...it's a vital companion.
 * Now, I've conversed with people who insist that sola scriptura means that tradition is to be entirely rejected. That's certainly not what Luther or Calvin meant by it; but many traditionalist Catholics see it that way.  That may be the origin of a more precise term like prima scriptura; I really don't know.
 * In my view, we all use the Wesleyan Quadrilateral, whether we realize it or not. For me, it wasn't so much an innovation of Wesley's as much as a recognition of reality...a good reality.  KHM03 19:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Made a minor edit to the first paragraph re: the Wesleyan quad. The sentence was a train of three complete clauses, each conjoined with a comma and "but." I broke apart the first clause to stand alone and offered a slight rewording. Smontg2 (talk) 09:15, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

sola scriptura
Since I'm not familiar with this term, I've looked around the internet to familiarize myself with how it's being used. It's as I thought - mostly people who think that "sola scriptura" overstates their case, but who want to affirm the primacy of Scripture. In most cases, they distort what sola scriptura originally meant (admittedly, the meaning has morphed). Modifying accordingly Mkmcconn (Talk) 21:00, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Check to see if I've accurately stated the views treated. Especially, is the Catholic view stated correctly, and is the Quadrilateral properly characterized as expressing this idea (I'm not really sure that it does - I have doubts). Mkmcconn (Talk)  21:44, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I personally don't have a problem with it, but I think John Wesley would; he maintained that he was faithful to "sola scriptura". But...let him come and edit the article!
 * I'm also uncomfortable with Wesleyan stuff being "on par" with Adventist & (esp.) JW stuff.
 * The Quad is a (Methodist) way of interpreting the Scriptures and "doing theology"...but the Bible is still paramount. KHM03 22:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That's what I'm uncomfortable with, yes. The "Quad" (especially as Oden explains it) is sola scriptura as I understand it - although he speaks with greater emphasis on earliness as being foundational, than I feel comfortable with.  I agree that history does mediate Scripture's meaning, but I think that early problems were often solved later; and most of what we have dividing us are early problems that are still in the process of being resolved. As Cyprian said: "Antiquity, without truth is an old error".  Please boldly correct the alignment of the Quadrilateral in this article, as you see fit.  As I've admitted, I am not confident that I understand this view (especially as it seems to mean very different things to different people). Mkmcconn (Talk)  22:46, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that we could combine the Quad section with the sola scriptura section (or maybe that we could combine this article with sola scriptura). Really, it seems that prima scriptura is just a more accurate term for what the Reformers meant by sola scriptura. It's unclear to me how many evangelicals accept what critics call "solo scriptura", which is what the original author meant to contrast with prima scriptura. See this link. --Flex 18:39, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Edits
Tried to clarify a few things; it seems to me that prima scriptura is a Catholic notion, and perhaps a minority view at that. I've asked Essjay to chime in, as he is a scholar of Catholicism. Hopefully, he can give some guidance here! KHM03 23:28, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Much improved. It has the ring of credibility, now. Mkmcconn (Talk)  00:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I'm a bit reluctant to get involved here; I really don't like to get involved in article disputes. However, from what I see, the "dispute" is basically between the established Wikipedia theology community and the anon who wrote the article two months ago and hasn't been seen since.

I would reject this section: Tradition in Catholicism is a key authority, and Catholic theologians maintain that a better understanding of tradition can develop over time utilizing the approach of prima scriptura. In correcting understanding, Scripture is primary, Church tradition is the interpreter of Scripture, and the bishops in submission to the Pope speak in God's name in a living way. Formally then, Roman Catholics subscribe to the idea of prima scriptura.

As it is defined here, prima scriptura refers to the belief that scripture is the primary authority while anything else (esp. Sacred Tradition) is secondary. While I don't doubt that some Catholics, and perhaps some high level Catholics, believe that Sacred Tradition is subordinate to Scripture, I think the Catechism is fairly clear on the accepted RC position:

One common source...

 * 80 "Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture, then, are bound closely together, and communicate one with the other. For both of them, flowing out from the same divine well-spring, come together in some fashion to form one thing, and move towards the same goal."40 Each of them makes present and fruitful in the Church the mystery of Christ, who promised to remain with his own "always, to the close of the age".

...two distinct modes of transmission

 * 81 "Sacred Scripture is the speech of God as it is put down in writing under the breath of the Holy Spirit."

 * "and [Holy] Tradition transmits in its entirety the Word of God which has been entrusted to the apostles by Christ the Lord and the Holy Spirit. It transmits it to the successors of the apostles so that, enlightened by the Spirit of truth, they may faithfully preserve, expound and spread it abroad by their preaching."

 * 82 As a result the Church, to whom the transmission and interpretation of Revelation is entrusted, "does not derive her certainty about all revealed truths from the holy Scriptures alone. Both Scripture and Tradition must be accepted and honoured with equal sentiments of devotion and reverence."

Apostolic Tradition and ecclesial traditions

 * 83 The Tradition here in question comes from the apostles and hands on what they received from Jesus' teaching and example and what they learned from the Holy Spirit. the first generation of Christians did not yet have a written New Testament, and the New Testament itself demonstrates the process of living Tradition.

 * Tradition is to be distinguished from the various theological, disciplinary, liturgical or devotional traditions, born in the local churches over time. These are the particular forms, adapted to different places and times, in which the great Tradition is expressed. In the light of Tradition, these traditions can be retained, modified or even abandoned under the guidance of the Church's Magisterium. (Emphasis added.) (Taken from the Catechism of the Catholic Church)

As it stands now, the official RC position is that "Both Scripture and Tradition must be accepted and honoured with equal sentiments of devotion and reverence"; that is, Scripture and Sacred Tradition are equal sources. Scripture nor Sacred Tradition is superior; they are particularly intertwined and completely equal. Prima scriptura, as it is defined here, does not refelct the Church's position. -- Essjay ·  Talk 17:37, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Essjay, thank you. Do you think that it's possible that prima scriptura is not defined accurately, if this is supposed to be expressive of the Catholic position? Or, is it possible that this concept only represents certain (controversial?) Roman Catholic theologians or apologists? (The name of Scott Hahn seems to be connected with it, frequently, where it appears on the internet)

I'm also following the lead here <- to find Vatican II, Dei Verbum 11 Mkmcconn (Talk) 17:55, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think it is misdefined; the title "prima" scriptura is fairly self evident, even to the layperson, that the concept is the primacy of scripture. I'm sure that some Catholic theologian (perhaps Scott Hahn) has made the claim, and the original author took the theologian's opinion to be the Church's position. (That's why I always preface my contributions with "According to the Church" or "The official Church position.") Scholars propose many theories as to what is the de facto practice of the Church, but the ultimate authority rests with the Magisterium, and the Magisterium says they are equal. I've changed the article text to reflect the de jure teaching, and clarified that the suggestion that prima scriptura is authoritative is opinion, not fact. -- Essjay ·  Talk 18:11, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 *  Sacred theology rests on the written word of God, together with sacred tradition, as its primary and perpetual foundation.  It appears to me as though the Scriptures in combination with sacred tradition are the "primary and perpetual foundation" . Would this formula be equally accurate as a description of the Catholic view, if its terms were reversed? ... rests on sacred tradition, together with the written word of God ...  ? Mkmcconn (Talk)  18:04, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I believe so. The Church's position is that the two must be used together, but that neither in and of itself is better than the other. So I belive you could formulate it either way (ST + Scripture or Scripture + ST); in each it remains clear that the two, in coordination are the prime authority. -- Essjay ·  Talk 18:11, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Article worth
Essjay, a new administrator 'round these parts, has done his usual fine job clearing things up, but now I have to ask before we do any more work: is this subject worth article development, or should we just redirect to another, more worthwhile page? KHM03 18:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, that's what I suggested above! --Flex 18:45, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

You're the man, Flex. What do the rest of you (all 2 of you, it seems) think? KHM03 18:47, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that it's worth developing; but I'm just not sure that I know what this topic really deals with. I'm pretty sure that it isn't right, yet.  The Scott Hahn clue seems to be a promising direction, as he has a book out with this latin phrase in its title. Mkmcconn (Talk)  18:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

It's all yours, brother. Do you think the neutrality warning can be removed? Seems pretty fair & NPOV to me...your call. KHM03 19:05, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Mkmcconn, see the link above for some potential source material. --Flex 19:44, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with you, Flex, that the Quad belongs somewhere on a continuum of sola scriptura views. The distinction here, if the definitions are almost correct, is that prima scriptura implicitly "acknowledges other sources of divine revelation", which are normative for faith and practice, in a sense secondary to Scripture.

 * Sola scriptura also acknowledges divine revelation outside of Scripture, but "the light of nature, and the works of creation and providence ...  manifest the goodness, wisdom, and power of God", yet, general revelation is "not sufficient to give that knowledge of God, and of His will, which is necessary unto salvation".  (Westminster)

 * So the difference, if there is one we can put our finger on, concerns the sufficiency of Scripture. Mkmcconn (Talk)  20:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that some may indeed use it that way but that others may use it as synonomous for sola scriptura (as the Reformers meant it) -- for instance, our anonymous originator. The spectrum seems to run from Catholicism (Scripture and tradition on par) to sola/prima scriptura (scripture as the ultimate authority, whether or not there are is on-going special revelation) to solo scriptura (tradition is rejected -- sort of). Does that seem accurate to you? --Flex 21:00, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure. I'm going to find the fuller sources that have been excerpted, and those referred to in the article you pointed out, and see if I might be able to form a better idea of the difference intended by those who use this terminology; especially those who reject sola scriptura and accept prima scriptura.  If I can't get a clear idea, I probably won't revisit the article; but I do think that it's worth keeping. Mkmcconn (Talk)  21:14, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I think the page is fine in the context of those denominations that actually believe prima scriptura. Although I'm a bit worried the RC section might tend to misinform a reader who isn't familiar with the difference between the authority of the Magisterium/Catechism and the opinion of the one scholar cited, I think it's okay as it stands. Certainly, some of the information could be merged out, an entry added to sola scriptura suggesting that prima scriptura may be the more accurate term, and this page redirected to sola scriptura, as well. I'll go with the majority on this one. -- Essjay ·  Talk 15:45, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

Mild dispute of one small bit of this article...
Under "Others" I noticed that Jehoavh's Witnesses are listed as an example of Prima Scriptura. I believe this is an erroneous addition and would like to discuss my proposed change here. If no one objects within two weeks I will removing them as an example.

Jehovah's Witnesses hold the word of the Governing Body to be even superior to the Bible, since the Governing Body is held to be the only source properly authorized by holy spirit to interpret the Bible. (see Organized to Do Jehovah's Will chapter 3).

Jehovah's Witnesses defer any direct conflicts between policy and Scripture to the Governing Body and are required to wait for any changes to come from the Governing Body. They are not permitted to act in accordance with their own consciences in a way that contradicts Governing Body dogma without risking expulsion and shunning, a practice far more severly applied and enforced than mainstream Christianity. If a person chooses not to shun someone, they risk expulsion as well.

This is the reality and is demonstrable from primary source material. Jehovah's Witnesses do not hold the Bible as a superior authority to the interpretation and directives of the Governing Body, therefore, they do not fit the definition of Prima scriptura and should be removed from this article as an example.

Respectfully, --Evident 17:56, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

I'm confused
This article seems to be written by Roman Catholics, describing a supposed protestant doctrine. A quick search online found this to be a term primarily used by Roman Catholics. There is not problem with that, but lets define it as what it is: e.g., "prima scriptura is a term used by Roman Catholics to describe the position of some Protestants."

Also, I don't think that the term is actually used by the churches described, evidenced by the continued use of phrase like "another example may be ...

Did Yves Conger actually use the phrase "prima scriptura"? Is there a citation of this somewhere?

I'm sorry, I know this sounds a little beligerent. I don't mean it in that way at all. Pastordavid 21:44, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you may be confused about the (attempted) objectivity of the article. Referring to Protestants in the third person - i.e. as not part of the group being discussed - is not supposed to imply that the author is Catholic, only that the author is objectively looking at the other groups. "Prima-Scriptura" is not necessarily a term used exclusively by Catholics, but it does not matter whether it is or not. It is a position which many Catholics feel a close association with, and because it is so similar to the (mainline) Protestant definition of "sola-Scriptura" it could be a springboard for ecumenism. Lutheran churches and Anglican churches, for example, have a view of sola-Scriptura that is virtually indistinguishable from prima-Scriptura, and prima-scriptura is compatible - and some (including myself) would say supported by - Catholic teaching. So with the differences between the two views worked out, and the similarities focused, ecumenism is very possible with sola-Scriptura-ists. That is probably the reason you see it used primarily by Catholics. We want our brethren back. But that subjective desire should not detract from the objectivity of this article, which is why there is so much discussion and work being done. 76.1.4.142 (talk) 20:49, 17 December 2007 (UTC)Dmar198

Link to album
I'm changing the link to Sola Scriptura (album) to point instead to Sola Scriptura. It looked at first like subtle vandalism to me... the link to the album may belong in the Sola Scriptura page, but its relevance here is not obvious. But it was added by a now inactive  editor who seems generally OK. Interesting... Andrewa (talk) 19:21, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

Didn't work, so I'll try a different tack. The main point is of course not that the wikilink to Sola Scriptura is required, it clearly isn't (although that rule isn't hard and fast, see MOS:SEEALSO), the main point is the link to the album (however meritorious this album may be) is not appropriate at all. Andrewa (talk) 00:37, 20 May 2014 (UTC)

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Lucy Rokach

Lucienne "Lucy" Rokach is an English professional poker player from Stoke-on-Trent. She was born in Cairo, Egypt and is now regarded as one of the top female players in Europe. She also commentated on the popular Late Night Poker television series with Jesse May during its fourth season, and had a 3rd-place finish in the series 6 grand final (the highest-ever finish for a female player in a Late Night Poker grand final.)

She won the 2003 European Poker Top award for Lifetime Achievement after winning the Winter Festival in Dublin in both 2001 and 2003. Rokach cashed in the World Series of Poker $10,000 no limit hold'em main event in 1996 and 2004.

Rokach also commentates on The Poker Channel, alongside Gary "The Choirboy" Jones and Roy "The Boy" Brindley.

In his book Ace on The River, Barry Greenstein says he considers Lucy the best female no-limit hold 'em player in the world.

As of 2009, her total live tournament winnings exceed $1,200,000.

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title: Lucy Rokach


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Black Colossus

"Black Colossus" is one of the original short stories starring the fictional sword and sorcery hero Conan the Cimmerian, written by American author Robert E. Howard and first published in Weird Tales magazine, June 1933. Howard earned $130 for the sale of this story.

Set during the fictional Hyborian Age, Conan leads the army of Khoraja against an evil sorcerer named Natohk, "The Veiled One".

This story formed part of the basis for the later Conan novel, The Hour of the Dragon.

Plot overview
An ancient wizard named Thugra Khotan is awoken from his 3,000 year slumber by Shevatas, a Zamoran thief (he doesn't survive the experience). Soon, Thugra remembers his dream of world domination. He assumes the alias of Natohk (The "Veiled One"), assembles an army of desert nomads, and begins his strategy of conquering the Hyborian nations. But the tiny kingdom of Khoraja - with a mixed Hyborian-Shemite population, culture, and religion - stands in his way. Khoraja is ruled by the beautiful Yasmela, sister of the king, who is now a prisoner in neighboring Ophir. Fearing Natohk's invasion, Yasmela seeks advice from the god of her ancestors, Mitra. Yasmela is told to travel into the streets and offer her kingdom's defenses to the first man she meets.

The first man she encounters is Conan the Cimmerian. Conan already has a position in Yasmela's army. Now, he's given full command over Khoraja's royal military, much to the confusion of his more cultured comrades. The arrogant officers now under Conan's command ridicule their new commander. However, they soon fall victim to Natohk's magic. Meanwhile, Natohk has made it clear conquering the world isn't the only goal on his agenda; he also desires Queen Yasmela for himself.

Conan and his soldiers defeat Natohk's army, and the wizard devises a final attempt to capture Yasmela. Conan confronts him near the ruins of a Stygian temple.

Themes
The story marks an important stage in the career of Conan. Due to the direct intervention of Mitra, Conan - who had never commanded more than a "company of cut-throats" - is given the opportunity to become a general and emerge victorious from an epic battle involving tens of thousands of soldiers while affecting the future of the whole world. Though Conan's career would know many more ups and downs, this was an important step towards him eventually becoming a king, which is foreshadowed in the story, and which Howard and his readers already knew since "The Phoenix on the Sword" was already published half a year earlier..

At the climax of Leonard Carpenter's Conan the Great, set years later when Conan is King of Aquilonia, it is revealed that Conan's relationship with Yasmela resulted in the secret birth of a son. Conan never knew about his son, who eventually becomes the king of Koth. This revelation is important to the plot of Carpenter's book.

The expression: "A short life and a merry one", used by the character Amalric in Howard's story, is attributed to the Australian bushranger Steve Hart (1859 – 1880).

Publication history
"Black Colossus" was first published in Weird Tales, June 1933.

A version of the story that was edited by L. Sprague de Camp was first published in the collection Conan the Barbarian (Gnome Press, 1954). It was republished in several collections entitled Conan the Freebooter (Lancer Books, 1968; Sphere, 1974; Prestige, 1977; Ace, 1981) and The Conan Chronicles Volume 1 (Sphere, 1989).

The original version was first republished in Black Colossus (Grant, 1979). It has more recently been published in the collections The Conan Chronicles Volume 1: The People of the Black Circle (Gollancz, 2000), Conan of Cimmeria: Volume One (1932-1933) (Del Rey, 2003), The Weird Writings of Robert E. Howard Volume 1 (Girasol Collectables, 2006), The Complete Chronicles of Conan (Gollancz, 2006), Valley of the Worm (Wildside Press, 2006) and Three Tales of Conan the Barbarian (Echo Library, 2007).

Adaptations
The story was adapted in comics form by Roy Thomas, John Buscema, and Alfredo Alcala in 1974, in the B&W Marvel Comics magazine Savage Sword of Conan #2. "Black Colossus" also forms the basis of part of Conan the Barbarian #248 and all of 249. (Conan serves as a mercenary captain for Khoraja, fighting rebels and Natohk's Stygian allies, in #246 and 247.)

The Savage Sword comics adaptation was reprinted in full color in the large sized Marvel Treasury Edition #15 in 1977.

In 2008, the Marvel adaptation was reprinted in black and white in the Savage Sword of Conan trade paperback published by Dark Horse.

In 2009, Timothy Truman and Tomas Giorello adapted the story in Dark Horse Comics' Conan the Cimmerian #8-13.

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The Saga of Seven Suns

The Saga of Seven Suns is a series of seven space opera novels by American writer Kevin J. Anderson, published between 2002 and 2008. The books are set in a not-too-distant future where humans have colonized a number of other planets across the galaxy, thanks in part to technological assistance from an ancient alien race, the Ildirans. The series chronicles the universe-spanning war that erupts when humans inadvertently ignite the fury of a hidden empire of elemental aliens known as the hydrogues. Internal conflict is sparked within both the human and Ildiran empires as other ancient elemental races reappear to renew their own ancient war with the hydrogues.

A sequel trilogy, The Saga of Shadows, includes the novels The Dark Between the Stars (2014), Blood of the Cosmos (2015) and Eternity's Mind (2016).

Setting
In the future, the human race has colonized multiple planets in the Spiral Arm, most of which are governed by the powerful Terran Hanseatic League (Hansa). Though ostensibly ruled by kings, the Hansa is actually controlled by its chairman, and the puppet monarchs merely follow orders. Centuries before, several generation ships had set out from Earth to find new worlds; one of these had encountered the Ildirans, an ancient alien race who shared their stardrive technology (which allows faster-than-light travel) and led the humans to habitable planets. The Ildirans themselves, psychically linked to their leader the Mage-Imperator, have become stagnant and eschew both expansion and innovation.

As the series begins, the arrogant Hansa Chairman Basil Wenceslas begins grooming a replacement for the aging King Frederick. Basil looks to expand the human empire further through the discovery of alien technology from the extinct Klikiss race that will allow scientists to create a new star from a gas giant, turning cold moons into planets ripe for colonization. The most prominent human world aside from Earth is Theroc, a planet covered in semi-sentient worldtrees that is quietly independent from the Hansa. Theroc's "green priests" are able to commune with the trees and communicate telepathically across space when touching a treeling, making them indispensable for instantaneous communication across the galaxy. The Roamers are clans of industrious humans living a clandestine existence in the fringes of space, managing a profitable economy centered on the sale of the valuable stardrive fuel ekti and other commodities. The ignition of the gas giant Oncier reveals the existence of the elemental hydrogues, and the inadvertent hydrogue genocide at the hands of the humans incites the ire of the other hidden hydrogue populations across the galaxy. Their brutal retaliation and forced cessation of ekti collection threaten to cripple both the human and Ildiran civilizations, and serve as an effective declaration of war. The aggression of the hydrogues reawakens the verdani, the worldtree entities who had fled to Theroc after losing an ancient war with the hydrogues. Meanwhile, the Ildiran Mage-Imperator Cyroc'h struggles to hide his race's secrets and keep the centuries-old plan for ultimate Ildiran survival on track. And the amnesiac black Klikiss robots, left behind after their parent race's mysterious destruction, have secrets of their own.

The war escalates simmering rivalries among the human factions and ignites a schism in the Ildiran consciousness. Later, the fire-based faeros and aquatic wentals also reappear as the war with their ancient hydrogue enemies escalates. The long-held secrets of the Ildirans and the Klikiss robots are revealed amidst much destruction, and after 10,000 years the Klikiss return to reclaim their own empire at any cost.

Book 1: Hidden Empire (2002)
Hidden Empire is the first book in The Saga of Seven Suns series by Kevin J. Anderson, published on July 24, 2002. Publishers Weekly called it a "stellar launch of a new series" and a "fascinating future epic", and praised its "engaging characters." Harriet Klausner of TheBestReviews.com wrote, "The tale grabs the audience from the start as Kevin J. Anderson ... blends the players and worlds into the thrilling plot. Thus, the audience does not receive an extended prologue as often seen in first novels. Instead readers obtain a powerful futuristic epic that contains a robust stand-alone story line yet provides a puissant cliffhanger that will keep the audience wanting to continue non-stop." However SF Signal described it as "A rather pedestrian space opera that nonetheless has some cool ideas."

Plot
Having colonized many worlds in the Spiral Arm, humanity is divided into three branches: the Earth-based Terran Hanseatic League (Hansa) and its subordinate planets, the independent world Theroc with its telepathic green priests, and the Roamers, interplanetary traders who prefer starships and hidden bases to a conventional planet-based civilization. The only other known intelligent species in the galaxy are the Ildirans, an ancient civilization at its peak, and the long-extinct Klikiss, whose planets remain empty but for their unusual ruins.

As the novel begins, the Hansa's test of a recently discovered ancient Klikiss technology that can convert gas giant planets into suns is a success. The ignition of the planet Oncier will eventually make its satellite moons into habitable worlds perfect for human colonization, but it has also murdered millions of hydrogues, a previously unknown race of gas elementals living in the high-pressure core of the planet. Confined in crystalline globe ships, the hydrogues retaliate by systematically destroying several Roamer skymines, floating factories which harvest the hydrogen used to produce the vital stardrive fuel ekti from the atmosphere of gas giants. The powerful warglobes also destroy the moons of Oncier and the scientific space station there before warning the human race to stay away from all gas giants or be destroyed. This ultimatum is punctuated by the murder of the Hansa's puppet king Frederick and everyone in his vicinity.

As a lack of ekti will cripple both the human and Ildirian civilizations, and the hydrogues refuse to negotiate or even respond to human overtures of peace, their ultimatum is effectively a declaration of war. The humans and Ildirans mount a defense to protect their interests, but the virtually indestructible hydrogue ships and their lightning and ice weapons seem an unconquerable enemy. Arrogant Hansa Chairman Basil Wenceslas, the real power behind the Hansa, installs the young Prince Peter as Frederick's successor. Hand-picked by Basil from obscurity and specially trained for his role as Hansa figurehead, the new King Peter is soon at odds with the chairman, whose governing style seems more to Peter like a self-serving consolidation of power than a means to lead the human population in a meaningful way. Meanwhile, the sudden appearance of the hydrogues complicates matters for Ildiran Mage-Imperator Cyroc'h; he and his predecessors have kept the existence of the hydrogues a secret for millennia as they plotted a means to neutralize the threat should the hydrogues return. Cyroc'h's own heir, Prime Designate Jora'h, has fallen in love with the human green priest Nira Khali, and Cyroc'h soon comes to believe that her telepathic abilities could be of use to his failing hydrogue plan.

Book 2: A Forest of Stars (2003)
A Forest of Stars is the second book in The Saga of Seven Suns series by Kevin J. Anderson, published on July 17, 2003. Calling Anderson's characters "well-drawn," Publishers Weekly wrote that the author "weaves action, romance and science with a rousing plot reflecting the classic SF of Clarke and Herbert and the glossy cinematic influence of Lucas and Spielberg."

Plot
Five years after the war began, the hydrogues maintain absolute control over the galaxy's gas giant planets. On Earth the government is tightening its grip on rebellious colonies while seeking to dominate the other humans throughout the galaxy, unaware that the seemingly-benign Klikiss robots, left behind when the Klikiss died out, are actually planning the destruction of the human race as they did their parent Klikiss. The Roamer skymines have been abandoned or destroyed, but innovative clans have come up with smash-and-grab tactics to acquire what ekti they can. The worldtrees of Theroc have been revealed as the verdani, ancient rivals of the hydrogues. Though a heartbroken Jora'h believes she is dead, Nira is secretly a captive being used in the clandestine breeding scheme of Mage-Imperator Cyroc'h to create an Ildiran capable of communicating with the hydrogues. So far the best candidate appears to be Osira'h, the secret daughter of Nira and Jora'h. The Hansa begins building military robots (Soldier compies) to fight the war using technology copied from Klikiss robots. Two new races of elemental entities are rediscovered—the fire-based faeros and aquatic wentals—who join in the war against their ancient enemies, the hydrogues.

Book 3: Horizon Storms (2004)
Horizon Storms is the third book in The Saga of Seven Suns series by Kevin J. Anderson, published on July 29, 2004. Publishers Weekly wrote that the novel was "Crackling with energy and buzzing with action," calling it "thrilling" and a "hot summer read."

Plot
The elemental war between hydrogues and faeros continues to sweep across the Spiral Arm, extinguishing suns and destroying planets. Hansa Chairman Basil Wenceslas (and his figurehead King Peter) attempts to unify all branches of the human race to stand together against the threat, even if they must resort to deception and oppression to do so. The Roamer clans and the people of Theroc do not give up their independence easily, however, and Basil's policies soon force the disparate civilizations to forge alliances of their own. Partly as a distraction from their peril and partly as a desperate hope, the Hansa launches an ambitious new colonization program using the network of recently discovered Klikiss transportals, instantaneous gateways that take colonists to many abandoned Klikiss worlds. On the planet Ildira, newly crowned Mage-Imperator Jora'h faces the responsibilities and secrets his predecessors have imposed upon him: a breeding program forced upon a colony of human captives and an uneasy pact with the Klikiss robots that could result in the extinction of the human race. But Jora'h must also survive an open rebellion among the Ildirans unleashed by his own brother Rusa'h, the first in 10,000 years.

Book 4: Scattered Suns (2005)
Scattered Suns is the fourth book in The Saga of Seven Suns series by Kevin J. Anderson, published on July 18, 2005. Publishers Weekly wrote that "Anderson delivers more on-the-edge-of-your-seat SF thrills" and that he "handles a huge cast and complicated plot with élan."

Plot
Ildiran Mage-Imperator Jora'h is preoccupied with the bloody rebellion that his brother Rusa'h has launched across the Ildiran planets, with the help of Jora'h's own first-born son Thor'h. But as the war between the hydrogues and faeros continues, the hydrogues offer the Ildirans peace if they help destroy the humans. On Earth, Hansa Chairman Basil Wenceslas continues his red-herring war against the Roamer clans. With some of their hidden bases found and destroyed, the wandering Roamers scatter into hiding, trying to keep their culture and government intact, even when faced with enemies from all sides. Speaker Cesca Peroni, leader of the Roamers, finds herself stranded on a small icy outpost where miners have uncovered a hibernating army of Klikiss robots. It soon becomes clear to Cesca that the black robots are anything but benign.

Book 5: Of Fire and Night (2006)
Of Fire and Night is the fifth book in The Saga of Seven Suns series by Kevin J. Anderson, published on July 13, 2006. Publishers Weekly wrote that the "fabulous fifth volume ... combines glitzy space-opera flash with witty, character-driven action on a cosmic scale," and again complimented Anderson's ability to manage multiple plotlines and a large cast of characters.

Plot
With the fate of the Hansa seeming darker than ever, the increasingly desperate and irrational Chairman Basil Wenceslas's punitive treatment of Hansa colonies and free-spirited Roamers, as well as his refusal to aid the burned forest world of Theroc, has made enemies all around. Earth's own Soldier compies have rebelled thanks to secret programming by the Klikiss robots, taking over most of the Earth Defense Force battleships across the Spiral Arm. Pushed into a corner, Ildiran Mage-Imperator Jora'h has reluctantly agreed to assist the hydrogues in exterminating the human race so that the Ildirans will be spared. Ancient verdani thorny tree battleships arrive after a long journey across the universe to aid Theroc, while the Roamers' plan to seed aquatic planets with wentals to rejuvenate the elemental race comes to fruition. The final hydrogue assault on Earth is put in motion, and with the Hansa's loss of military might and allies, the outlook is grim.

Book 6: Metal Swarm (2007)
Metal Swarm is the sixth book in The Saga of Seven Suns series by Kevin J. Anderson, published on December 10, 2007. Publishers Weekly noted that while the series "has been compared to some of the genre's grandest epics with good reason," Metal Swarm itself "fails to satisfy on its own merits" and "much of the action-packed conflict remains relatively predictable." The review placed blame on the novel's "unwieldy cast of characters, tapestry of intertwining subplots and eon-spanning backstory." Paul Di Filippo of SciFi.com agreed that Metal Swarm is "just more of what has come before" and suggested that the story arc did not really justify such a long series. He commented that by the sixth installment "one would hope for a kind of summing-up or accelerando or intensification of pitch" but felt that "the initial states of the protagonists remain essentially static."

Plot
The hydrogues have been defeated across the galaxy thanks to the combined efforts of the Earth Defense Forces, the Ildiran Empire, the Roamer clans, the wentals and the verdani. But as the various factions try to recover, Hansa Chairman Basil Wenceslas intends to brutally crush any resistance to his rule. King Peter and Queen Estarra, having escaped Earth and Basil's plot to kill them and their unborn child, have fled to Theroc and declared a new Confederation. Peter embraces the Roamer clans, denouncing Basil and assuring that the essential Theron green priests across the galaxy will not aid the Hansa until Basil abdicates. An ever-growing number of colony worlds, already devoted to Peter and tired of their treatment by the Hansa, also declare their independence from Basil's government and ally themselves with Peter. Despite several losses in their bid to seize control of the galaxy, the Klikiss robots continue to attack helpless worlds with stolen Earth battleships. They are stunned to come face to face with their ancient enemies the Klikiss, who have returned after 10,000 years intent on reclaiming their former worlds and willing to annihilate anyone who happens to be in the way. Jora'h's brother Rusa'h, thought killed when his rebellion was crushed, returns as an avatar of the faeros, devouring the souls of planet after planet of Ildirans to rejuvenate the weakened fire elementals and destroy Jora'h.

Book 7: The Ashes of Worlds (2008)
The Ashes of Worlds is the seventh book in The Saga of Seven Suns series by Kevin J. Anderson, published on July 1, 2008.

Plot
At the end of his rope, Hansa Chairman Basil Wenceslas has alienated all of the other factions in the Spiral Arm in his increasingly myopic and destructive struggle to reconsolidate the power he once held over the human race. With the Ildiran Mage-Imperator his hostage to thwart an Ildiran alliance with King Peter's Confederation, Basil installs a new puppet king of the Hansa: Peter's own brother Rory, thought killed years before. Rusa'h and the faeros have seized control of Ildira and Theroc with much loss of Ildiran and human lives.

Prequel: Veiled Alliances (Graphic novel) (2004)
Veiled Alliances is a prequel graphic novel to The Saga of Seven Suns series by Kevin J. Anderson, published on February 1, 2004. Publishers Weekly commended its "superlative art" but noted that the plot "feels more like the rushed synopsis of a story than the story itself."

Plot
A few hundred years before the events of Hidden Empire (2002), eleven generation ships had been dispatched from an overpopulated Earth to find new planets to colonize. One of the ships, the Caillié, ultimately stumbles upon the Ildirans, an advanced race capable of faster-than-light travel. The Ildirans help the inhabitants of the Caillié settle the planet Theroc and rescue most of the remaining human ships, then send an envoy to Earth seeking an alliance. Earth is now governed by the wizened King Ben, with Hansa Chairman Malcolm Stannis pulling the strings behind the scenes.

Critical reception
The series has received varied reviews. Publishers Weekly called 2002's Hidden Empire a "stellar launch of a new series" and a "fascinating future epic", and praised its "engaging characters." Harriet Klausner of TheBestReviews.com wrote, "The tale grabs the audience from the start as Kevin J. Anderson ... blends the players and worlds into the thrilling plot. Thus, the audience does not receive an extended prologue as often seen in first novels. Instead readers obtain a powerful futuristic epic that contains a robust stand-alone story line yet provides a puissant cliffhanger that will keep the audience wanting to continue non-stop." However SF Signal described it as "A rather pedestrian space opera that nonetheless has some cool ideas." By the sixth book, Metal Swarm (2007), Publishers Weekly noted that while the series "has been compared to some of the genre’s grandest epics with good reason," Metal Swarm itself "fails to satisfy on its own merits" and "much of the action-packed conflict remains relatively predictable." Paul Di Filippo of SciFi.com agreed that Metal Swarm is "just more of what has come before" and suggested that the story arc did not really justify such a long series.

Sequel trilogy
Anderson announced a sequel trilogy called  The Saga of Shadows on his blog in December 2011. The first novel, The Dark Between the Stars, was released by Tor Books on June 3, 2014. The second book in the series, Blood of the Cosmos, was published on June 2, 2015. The third novel, published September 13, 2016, is called Eternity's Mind.

title: The Saga of Seven Suns


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Handball in Spain

The Spanish handball league is divided into divisions. The top teams play in the Liga ASOBAL. In each division, a team plays all other teams twice, once at home and once away.

The Spanish league teams compete in Europe under the European Handball Federation, most notably in the EHF Champions League. The teams also compete in a domestic cup competition each year, called the Copa del Rey. The winners of the Liga ASOBAL play the winners of the Copa del Rey in the Supercopa ASOBAL (Super Cup).

Current hierarchical divisional breakdowns

 * División de Honor (16 teams)
 * División de Plata (16 teams)
 * List of handball clubs in Spain

For a list of teams, see List of handball clubs in Spain

The Spain men's national handball team represents the whole country, who has won two World Championships.

Current female hierarchical divisional breakdowns

 * División de Honor Femenina (14 teams)

For a list of teams, see List of handball clubs in Spain

The Spain national women's handball team represents the whole country.

Others Competitions

 * Copa del Rey de Balonmano
 * Copa de la Reina de Balonmano
 * Supercopa ASOBAL
 * Copa ASOBAL

title: Handball in Spain


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The Slithering Shadow

"The Slithering Shadow" is one of the original short stories starring the fictional sword and sorcery hero Conan the Cimmerian, written by American author Robert E. Howard and first published in the September 1933 issue of Weird Tales magazine. "The Slithering Shadow" is the original title, but the story is also known as "Xuthal of the Dusk" in further publications. It is set in the fictional Hyborian Age, and concerns Conan discovering a lost city in a remote desert while encountering a Lovecraftian demon known as Thog.

The story was republished in the collections The Sword of Conan (Gnome Press, 1952) and Conan the Adventurer (Lancer Books, 1966). It has more recently been published in the collections The Conan Chronicles Volume 1: The People of the Black Circle (Gollancz, 2000) as "The Slithering Shadow" and in Conan of Cimmeria: Volume One (1932–1933) (Wandering Star, 2002) and The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian (Del Rey, 2003) as "Xuthal of the Dusk."

Plot summary
Conan and his ally, Natala the Brythunian, are the sole survivors of Prince Almuric's army which swept through the Lands of Shem and the wilderness of Stygia. With a Stygian host on their heels, Almuric's soldiers had cut their way across the kingdom of Kush, only to be annihilated near the edge of Stygia's southern desert.

In the resulting conflict, when the Stygians and Kushites surrounded the trapped remnants, Conan sliced his way through the Stygian militia and fled on a camel, with Natala, into the southern desert. For days, the two pushed on, seeking water, until their camel died. Then, they continued on foot.

When their canteen is empty, Conan prepares to slay Natala in an act of mercy-killing. However, they spy the distant city of Xuthal. Eventually, Conan and Natala enter Xuthal while pursued by an entrance guard. They soon encounter Thalis, a beautiful Stygian mage, who reveals the history of her fabled city and the existence of Thog. Thog is a monstrous demon from the city-states of ancient Valusia, his current form summoned by the sorcerers of Xuthal from the darkness between the stars. For an ageless time, Thog has haunted the depths of Xuthal in search of living flesh to support the continuing manifestation of his body on the physical plane.

Thalis falls in love with Conan and, to eliminate her rival, kidnaps Natala in the hopes of sacrificing her to Thog. Thalis first strips Natala of her tunic and flagellates her with a jewel-handled whip. Thog suddenly appears, snatches Thalis, and devours her. The demon returns for Natala, but Conan intervenes and saves her. Conan fights Thog with all his might, but is scarcely harming the demon's supernatural form, while receiving hideous wounds in the coils of its pseudopods and tentacles. However, Conan manages to pierce what he perceives as the head of the monster and throws it down a well. Conan frees Natala, who sets forth to help him, but he is rapidly dying. Fortunately, the Brythunian girl soon brings him a jade goblet full of golden wine, retrieved from a room with a dreaming woman of Xuthal in it. The beverage proves to be a life-giving elixir briefly mentioned by Thalis in a previous conversation, which miraculously heals all of Conan's wounds. Finally, the couple retrieve enough food and water for their journey through the rest of the desert. The two depart while Natala jokingly blames Conan for having aroused Thalis' lustful nature. He retorts playfully about the jealous nature of women.

Reception
Fritz Leiber rated it as one of three of the worst Conan stories, which he said were "repetitious and childish, a self-vitiating brew of pseudo-science, stage illusions, and the 'genuine' supernatural."

Howard Andrew Jones reviewed the story in 2015 as part of a "Conan Re-Read" series of articles and was more positive. He stated that the story is "short, atmospheric, crammed with mystery and action, and doesn’t overstay its welcome."

Adaptation
The story was adapted by Roy Thomas, John Buscema and Alfredo Alcala in Savage Sword of Conan #20, then by Fred Van Lente and Guiu Vilanova in Conan the Avenger #13-15 (2015).

title: The Slithering Shadow


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SEAT 128

The SEAT 128 is a 3-door hatchback coupé manufactured by the Spanish automaker SEAT from 1976 to 1980. It is essentially a sporting, three-door hatchback version of the Fiat 128. In Spain it was available with two engine options from the Fiat 124 engine family, the 1.2-litre and the more powerful and well-known 1430 engine.

Designed at Fiat Centro Stile, the Fiat 128 3P went on sale in Italy a year earlier; the body panels were shipped from Turin to SEAT's Barcelona assembly plant. It was marketed as "Three Times SEAT" in order to underline its triple combination of sportiness, versatility, and looks. The car was aimed at rich, young drivers. However, the 128 never enjoyed great commercial success, since in this period of economic recession and transition in Spain most people opted for the smaller, less expensive SEAT 127.

A total of 31 893 units were built by SEAT in four years of production.

Technical data
SEAT 128 (1977)

title: SEAT 128


text:
User:BoW Bank Employee29

This user has been blocked as a probable sockpuppet of Willy on Wheels (see Vandalism in progress/Willy on Wheels for further information.)

title: User:BoW Bank Employee29


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John Jeremiah Bigsby

John Jeremiah Bigsby  (14 August 1792 – 10 February 1881), was an English physician who became known for his work on geology, an interest developed while on military service in Lower and Upper Canada, 1818-1826. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society (elected in 1825). Before moving to London, he was Alderman and Mayor of Newark-upon-Trent, 1827–1830. In 1850, he published a lively book recounting his life and travels in British North America, The Shoe and Canoe. In 1868, he published his most important scientific work, Thesaurus Siluricus, being a list of all the fossils which occur in the Silurian formation across the world. He contributed about twenty seven papers to various scientific societies in London. He published Thesaurus Devonico-Carboniferus but died shortly before completing Thesaurus Permianus. In 1874, he was awarded the Murchison Medal. In 1876, he endowed the Bigsby Medal.

Early career
Born 1792 at Nottingham, he was the eldest son of John Bigsby (1760–1844) M.D., F.R.C.P., of Clareborough Cottage, East Retford, Nottinghamshire, and Mary (d.1821), only daughter of John Chamberlin (d.1815), J.P., of Red Hill, High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire. His brother, Thomas, lived at Retford and married a daughter of Colonel John Kirke (1777–1826), J.P., of Markham Hall and Retford. His second brother, Charles, graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, and became a clergyman. Bigsby Road in Retford is named for his family.

Like his father, John Jeremiah Bigsby was educated at Edinburgh University where he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1814. That year he published his thesis and became a physician at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. In 1816, he joined the British Army as an assistant surgeon and was stationed at the Cape of Good Hope in 1817. The following year, he was appointed medical officer to a German Rifle Regiment in the English service and posted with them to British North America. He was stationed at Quebec City but was sent to Hawkesbury in Upper Canada to treat a typhus epidemic among Irish immigrants.

Geology
He developed a great interest in geology and was commissioned in 1819 to report on the geology of Upper Canada. He was the first person to investigate and describe the Oak Ridges Moraine.

In 1822 he was appointed British secretary and medical officer to the Boundary Commission, and for several years he made extensive and important geological researches, contributing papers to the American Journal of Science and other scientific journals; and later embodying an account of his travels in a book entitled The Shoe and Canoe (1850).

Returning to England in 1827 he practised medicine at Newark-on-Trent until 1846 when he removed to London, where he remained until the end of his life. He now took an active interest in the Geological Society of London, of which he had been elected a fellow in 1823. In 1869 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1874 he was awarded the Murchison Medal by the council of the Geological Society of London. During the last twenty years of his long life he was continually at work preparing, after the most painstaking research, tabulated lists of the fossils of the Palaeozoic rocks. His Thesaurus Siluricus was published with the aid of the Royal Society in 1868; and the Thesaurus Devonico-Carboniferus in 1878. In 1877 he founded the Bigsby Medal to be awarded by the Geological Society of London, with the stipulation that the receiver should not be more than forty-five years old. He died in London on 10 February 1881.

title: John Jeremiah Bigsby


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Jean Le Fèvre de Saint-Remy

Jean le Fèvre de Saint-Remy or Jean Lefebvre de Saint-Remy (c. 1394 – 16 June 1468) born in Abbeville, was a Burgundian chronicler during the Hundred Years' War and lord (seigneur) of Saint Remy, la Vacquerie, Avesnes and Morienne. He is also known by the formal title of authority Toison d'or (Golden Fleece) because he served as the King of Arms to the Order of the Golden Fleece.

Biography
Of noble birth, he adopted the profession of arms and with other Burgundians fought in the English ranks at the Battle of Agincourt. Following the foundation of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1430 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, at the Order's chapter meeting in Lille (November 1431) Le Fèvre was appointed its king of arms and he soon became a very influential person at the Burgundian court. As counsellor to the duke of Burgundy, he frequently assisted Philip III in conducting negotiations with foreign powers, and he was an arbiter in tournaments and authority on all questions of chivalry, where his wide expert knowledge of heraldry was highly respected. Recognition of distinction for his services in the form adoubement and knighthood ensued late in Le Fèvre's life: the medieval chronicler Georges Chastellain describes a moving scene at the occasion of the Order's chapter meeting in Bruges in May 1468, where the King of Arms Le Fèvre retired from service on the grounds of old age. Shortly after the Order's tribute in his honour, Le Fèvre died at Bruges of natural causes on 16 June 1468.

Le Fèvre also wrote a chronicle or history of Charles VI of France. The greater part of this chronicle is a resumption of the work of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, but Le Fèvre is an original authority for the years between 1428 and 1436 and makes some valuable additions to our knowledge, especially about the chivalry of the Burgundian court. He is more concise than Monstrelet, but is equally partial to the dukes of Burgundy. The chronicle has been edited by F. Morand for the Société de l'histoire de France (Paris, 1876): Chronique de Jean le Fèvre Seigneur de Saint Rémy. Le Fèvre is usually regarded as the author of Livre des Faits de Jacques Lalaing, a chronicle biography on the events of the Burgundian knight Jacques de Lalaing.

title: Jean Le Fèvre de Saint-Remy


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Slieve Bloom Mountains

The Slieve Bloom Mountains (Sliabh Bladhma; Bladinae montes) is a mountain range in Ireland. They rise from the central plain of Ireland to a height of 527 m. While not very high, they are extensive by local standards. The highest points are Arderin (527 m) at the southwestern end of the range and Baunreaghcong (509 m) at the end of the Ridge of Capard.

The Slieve Bloom Mountains stretch from near Roscrea in the south west to Rosenallis in the north-west, forming a link between County Laois and County Offaly. Looped walking trails have been developed at six trailheads in the Slieve Blooms, Glenbarrow, Clonaslee, Cadamstown, Kinnitty, Glenafelly Forest Car Park and Glen Monicknew. Walking trails are colour-coded by difficulty. The 75 km Slieve Bloom Way can be accessed from any of these trailheads. The Silver River Eco Trail is near Cadamstown.

Glenbarrow Falls are located a few miles from Rosenallis. Some walking trails go to the falls and up to the Ridge of Capard. There is a significant population of red grouse in the hills.

There are also mountain biking trails in the Slieve Blooms. The trails can be accessed from two trailheads, one at Kinnitty Village and the second at Baunreagh near Mountrath.

The Slieve Blooms, along with the Massif Central in France, are one of the oldest mountain ranges in Europe; they were once also the highest at 3700 m. Weathering has reduced them to 527 m. On a clear day, one can see the high points of the four ancient provinces of Ireland.

Toponymy
According to the Bodleian Dinnshenchas, here are two theories of how the mountains were given their name:

[11. SLIAB BLADMA.] Bladma or Blod, son of Cú, son of Cass Clothmín, killed the cowherd of Bregmael, the smith of Cuirche, son of Snithe, King of Húi Fuatta. Then he went in his little boat till he set up at Ross Bladma — Ross n-Áir, "Wood of Slaughter," was its name at first. Thence he went to the mountain. Hence is "Sliab Bladma" (Bladma’s Mountain). Whence the poet said: ‘Blod, son of Cú, son of Cass Clothmín, Killed the cowherd of fair Bregmael, The smith of Cuirche Mór, son of Snithe: He set up at Ross Tíre ind Áir.’ Or it is Blod, son of Breogan, that died there; and from him the mountain of Bladma was named.

Edward J. Gwynn's The Metrical Dindshenchas give a longer account and another origin story (bleda mara "sea-monsters" cf. Modern Irish bleidhmhíol "monster; whale" ):

Sliab Bladma Blod, son of Cu, son of Cass the renowned, son of Uachall the many-shaped, killed Bregmael the famous smith of Cuirche, son of Snithe the swimmer. Curche Cendmar was a daring king over Medraige and over Herot; through him Blod, son of Cass Clothmin, found never sure protection. He fared in his ship–clear purpose from the Bottom of pure-cold Galway, from Ath Cliath in wide Herot to Ath Cliath in Cualu. Thence he came after many a turn to the Point of Nar, son of Edliuc, and possessed, as his special portion, the mountain whose name derives from Blod. A valiant man who used to wage battle died at Sliab Bladma–vast renown even Blad, son of Bregon, with troops of warriors, died of disease in the monster-haunted Sliab Blod.

Or, it is from the son of Bregon the wrathful that it is named Sliab Bladma, with onsets of women their increase is not far from the cattle was the mountain where it happened through strong Blad.

Or the monsters of the sea that was not calm, beasts–ruisenda was their name–came throughout the land of the tribes, so that from them is named Sliab Bled. Blod, son of Cu, son of Cass Clothmin, slew the herd of Bregmael the smith of Curche, son of Snithe, he settled at Ross Tire Nair.

The Modern Irish meaning of bladhm is "flame; flare up", bladhma being the genitive case.

History and mythology
The mountains formed the northern border of the kingdom of Osraige, and later Upper Ossory. Fionn Mac Cumhaill was brought up in Sliabh Bladhma by his aunts, his mother's sisters the poets Bovmall and Lia Luachra, so that he would be safe from Clann Morna, who had killed his father.

Highest points
The following table lists the 10 highest major mountain peaks of the Slieve Bloom Mountains, all with a topographic elevation of at least 406 m.

title: Slieve Bloom Mountains


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Drum (1976 film)

Drum is a 1976 American drama film based on the 1962 Kyle Onstott novel of the same name. It was released by United Artists and is a sequel to the film Mandingo, released in 1975. The film stars Warren Oates, Pam Grier and Ken Norton, and was directed by Steve Carver.

Plot
Drum has been born to a white prostitute, who raises him with her black lesbian lover. Drum grows up to be a fighter and is often forced to bare-knuckle-box other slaves to the brink of death for the entertainment of the owners, one of whom is a gay Frenchman named Bernard DeMarigny. DeMarigny wants to sleep with Drum, but his advances are rejected by the slave and DeMarigny vows revenge against Drum. Drum and his friend Blaise are eventually sold to plantation owner Hammond Maxwell, and are both taken to his plantation to work. Regine is purchased by Maxwell as well and is taken to the plantation for his own personal desires as a bedwench.

After arriving at Maxwell's plantation, Regine is set up in the bedroom above Hammond. Augusta Chauvel, Maxwell's fiancé is jealous and has other plans for Regine. Maxwell's daughter Sophie wants to sleep with Drum, but he won't for fear of being killed. Sophie also attempts to sleep with Blaise, and after being rejected, tells her father that Blaise has raped her. Blaise is put in chains and Maxwell decides that he must be castrated for the alleged rape. Sophie gets sent off to boarding school after getting caught showing Blaise what he's been missing, while he is chained up.

Meanwhile, a dinner party has been arranged to celebrate the engagement of Maxwell and Chauvel. DeMarigny has been invited to attend the celebration and the guests end up discussing the best way to castrate a slave at the dinner party. While the party is taking place, Drum frees Blaise from his chains and there ends up being a revolt from the slaves at the engagement party. An agreement was made that they would not shoot Blaise; while Drum is attempting to deescalate a possible revolt, DeMarigny shoots Blaise. Drum then turns and grabs hold of DeMarigny's privates and rips them off. Telling the slaves to take the house and the revolt begins. Both slaves and slavers are killed during the battle, but Maxwell and Chauvel are all saved by Drum. Maxwell tells Drum he must run during the revolt because if the slavers catch him after the revolt he will have to kill him. Chauvel tells Maxwell that all he has to do is tell the slavers that Drum was loyal and they won't kill him, but Maxwell says he still must kill Drum. Drum is then seen running from the plantation.

Cast

 * Warren Oates as Hammond Maxwell
 * Pam Grier as Regine
 * Ken Norton as Drum
 * Isela Vega as Marianna
 * Yaphet Kotto as Blaise
 * John Colicos as Bernard DeMarigny
 * Fiona Lewis as Augusta Chauvel
 * Paula Kelly as Rachel
 * Royal Dano as Zeke Montgomery
 * Lillian Hayman as Lucretia Borgia
 * Rainbeaux Smith as Sophie Maxwell
 * Brenda Sykes as Calinda
 * Clay Tanner as Mr. Holcomb
 * Lila Finn as Mrs. Holcomb

Development
The film was initially being directed by Burt Kennedy, but he was replaced due to creative differences with the executive producer, Dino De Laurentiis. Carver then took over as director with only four days of preparation, the film's print made use of material filmed by both Kennedy and Carver. According to a 2020 interview with Carver, Burt Kennedy had only shot the opening sequence in Puerto Rico. Embarrassed by the script, Kennedy walked off the picture. Carver stated that "a lot of the actors followed him off of the picture". Carver then had to recast several roles and brought on "Pam Grier, Royal Dano and Brenda Sykes and several others".

Home media
A restored edition of Drum has been released on DVD and blu-ray by Kino Lorber (2014), which includes an audio commentary by director Steve Carver.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 11% based on nine reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "Life on the old plantation was horrendous, I agree, but movies like this are less interested in information than titillation, which, in turn, reflects contemporary obsessions rather more than historical truths."

title: Drum (1976 film)


text:
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 railway station

Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 railway station (also known as Heathrow Central) serves Terminal 2 and Terminal 3 (and formerly Terminal 1 before its closure in 2015) at London Heathrow Airport.

It is served by Heathrow Express trains direct to central London and Elizabeth line trains that stop at local stations. It is 14 mi down-line from London Paddington.

Travelcards from Transport for London are not valid on Express services from the station, although they are valid on the Elizabeth line. Passengers transferring between any of the terminals at Heathrow may use the trains free of charge.

Services
The station was opened on 23 June 1998 upon the completion of the Heathrow Express Rail Link linking Heathrow Airport with direct non-stop services to Central London. In contrast to the station at Terminal 5, the platforms at Heathrow Central do not lie adjacent to the London Underground Piccadilly line platforms at Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 station. Instead they lie perpendicular, and at a far deeper level. This is because the railway line from Paddington was tunnelled into Heathrow from the north, whereas the Piccadilly line approaches from the east. Access to the station is reached via an underground pedestrian walkway which links Terminal 3 to the Central Bus Station and the Piccadilly line's Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 station.

Trains towards Paddington use the Great Western Main Line, joining it at Airport Junction, just west of Hayes and Harlington. Elizabeth line trains continue beyond Paddington through new tunnels, stopping at stations in the West End and the City of London and on to either Abbey Wood in southeast London via Canary Wharf or, since May 2023, Shenfield on the Great Eastern Main Line.

As of the December 2023 timetable, the typical Monday to Friday off-peak service is:
 * 4 tph (trains per hour) westbound to Heathrow Terminal 4 (Elizabeth line)
 * 6 tph westbound to Heathrow Terminal 5 (2 tph Elizabeth line, 4 tph Heathrow Express)
 * 4 tph eastbound to London Paddington (Heathrow Express)
 * 4 tph eastbound to Abbey Wood (Elizabeth line, from Terminal 4)
 * 2 tph eastbound to Shenfield (Elizabeth line, from Terminal 5)

Connections
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 railway station is close to London Underground Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 tube station where Piccadilly line trains run to Terminals 4 and 5 and to central London.

There are underground walkways connecting to Heathrow Central bus station, which has local and long-distance bus and coach services.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abreaction photography

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Abreaction photography
Neologism describing a technique used by, apparently, but one photographer, and one whose notability is questionable at best. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 15:49, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable yet. -Harmil 15:55, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agree. --Hooperbloob 18:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Henry Samuel Boase

Dr Henry Samuel Boase FRS (2 September 1799 – 5 May 1883) was a 19th-century British geologist and author.

Life and work
Boase was born in Knightsbridge, London on 2 September 1799, the eldest son of Henry Boase (1763–1827), banker, of Madron, Cornwall. Henry Boase, the son, was educated at Blundell's School in Tiverton and then in Dublin, where he studied chemistry. He later proceeded to Edinburgh University and took the degree of M.D. in 1821. He then worked for some years as a medical practitioner at Penzance; there geology engaged his particular attention, and he became secretary of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, and a committee member of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society.

The results of Boase's geological observations were embodied in his Treatise on Primary Geology (1834), a work of considerable merit in regard to the older crystalline and igneous rocks and the subject of mineral veins. In 1837 he moved to London, where he remained for about a year, being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1837. In 1838 he became a partner in a firm of bleachers at Dundee, and managing director in 1846. He then lived at 5 Fleuchar Craig in Dundee.

Boase was a Christian creationist, he authored A Few Words on Evolution and Creation, 1883. The book was negatively reviewed by George Romanes in the Nature journal.

Until 1865 he worked for the Turnbull brothers at the Claverhouse Bleachfield. He then went into partnership with George Ireland purchasing the Wellfield Works at Lilybank to create Ireland & Boase, flax and jute spinners. They made tarpaulins and sacks.

By 1870 he was living with his family at Claverhouse in Dundee and running three companies: Boase & Co, Ireland & Boase and Small & Boase. Boase retired in 1871 but stayed in Dundee. He died at Seafield House on Magdalen Place in Dundee, close to the River Tay, on 5 May 1883. He is buried in the Western Cemetery, Dundee. The grave lies on the west wall just before the enclosed mausoleum on that side.

Family
He married Elizabeth Valentina Stoddard (1799–1876) daughter of William Stoddard of Melcombe Regis in Dorsetshire. They had ten children including Mary Valentina Boase and Laura Bingham Boase. His son Alfred Boase (b.1829) married Ellen Bradley Boase, Henry's niece. Arthur Boase (1833–1852) was born in Dundee and educated at Glenalmond College.

His grandson Captain Edgar Leslie Boase was killed at High Wood in the First World War serving with the 4th battalion Black Watch. He stood as the Unionist candidate against Churchill in the 1915 election in Dundee.

Selected publications

 * A Treatise on Primary Geology (1834)
 * The Philosophy of Nature (1860)
 * The Second Adam, the Seed of the Woman (1876)
 * A Few Words on Evolution and Creation (1883)

title: Henry Samuel Boase


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Huo Yuanjia

Huo Yuanjia (18 January 1868 – 9 August 1910), courtesy name Junqing, was a Chinese martial artist and co-founder of the Chin Woo Athletic Association, a martial arts school in Shanghai. A practitioner of the martial art mizongyi, Huo is considered a hero in China for defeating foreign fighters in highly publicised matches at a time when Chinese sovereignty was being eroded by foreign imperialism, concessions and spheres of influence. Due to his heroic status, the legends and myths surrounding events in his life are difficult to distinguish from facts.

Early life
Huo was born in Xiaonanhe Village in Jinghai County, Tianjin, as the fourth of Huo Endi's ten children. The family's main source of income was from agriculture, but Huo Endi also made a living by escorting merchant caravans to Manchuria and back. Although he was from a family of traditional wushu practitioners, Huo was born weak and susceptible to illness. He had asthma and, at an early age, he contracted jaundice, which would recur periodically for the rest of his life. It is theorised that he may have had a mild form of congenital jaundice known as Gilbert's syndrome. Due to his frail frame, his father discouraged him from learning wushu.

Huo Endi hired Chen Seng-ho, a tutor from Japan, to teach his son academics and moral values. In return, Chen was taught the Huo family's style of martial arts, mizongyi. Huo still desired to learn wushu, against his father's wishes, so he observed his father teaching his students martial arts in the day and secretly practised at night with Chen.

In 1890, a martial artist from Henan visited the Huo family and fought with Huo's elder brother, who lost. To the surprise of his family, Huo fought with his brother's opponent and defeated the latter. As Huo proved that he was physically able to practise wushu, his father accepted him as a student. As he became older, Huo went on to challenge martial artists from neighbouring areas and his fame grew as he defeated more opponents in bouts.

Huo joined his father at work as a caravan guard. One day, while escorting a group of monks, Huo was confronted by a group of bandits, who threatened to attack the monks. Huo fought the bandit chief and defeated him. News of his feat spread and added on to his growing fame. In 1896, Huo went to Tianjin and made a living there by working as a porter in the Huaiqing pharmacy and by selling firewood.

Rise to fame
In 1902, Huo responded to a challenge advertised by a Russian wrestler in Xiyuan Park, Tianjin. The wrestler openly called the Chinese "sick men of Asia" because no one accepted his challenge to a fight. The Russian forfeited when Huo accepted his challenge and told Huo that he was merely putting on a performance to make a living and apologised for his earlier remark in the newspaper.

Between 1909 and 1910, Huo travelled to Shanghai twice to accept an open challenge posed by an Irish boxer, Hercules O'Brien. The two of them had arguments over the rules governing such boxing matches and eventually agreed that whoever knocked down his opponent would be the victor. O'Brien supposedly fought Huo and lost. Huo's victory was a great inspiration to the Chinese people and had them questioning the basis of imperialistic dominance. However, there is a lot of controversy over whether the fight ever took place. A recent article states that O'Brien opted to leave town instead.

Chin Woo Athletic Association
Between 1909 and 1910, Huo founded the Chin Woo Physical Training Centre (精武体操会) (later renamed to "Chin Woo Athletic Association") with his close friend Nong Jinsun, who served as the president of the association. Huo was encouraged by his close friends and was sponsored by Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren, who were living in Tokyo. The centre was meant to be a school for learning the arts of self-defense and improvement of health and mind.

Huo suffered from jaundice and tuberculosis and started seeing a Japanese physician for medication and treatment. The physician, who was a member of the Japanese Judo Association in Shanghai, invited Huo to a competition upon hearing of the latter's fame. Huo's student, Liu Zhensheng, competed with a judo practitioner. Although there were disputes over who won the match, both sides generally agreed that the disagreement culminated in a brawl and that members of the judo team, including the head instructor, were injured, some with broken fingers and hands.

Death
Huo died in 1910 at the age of 42. He was survived by his wife Ms. Wang (王氏; given name unknown) (1869?–1960), two sons Huo Dongzhang (霍東章) and Huo Dongge (霍東閣), and three daughters Huo Dongru (霍東茹), Huo Dongling (霍東玲) and Huo Dongqin (霍東琴).

The historian Chen Gongzhe, who was also one of Huo's students, believed that the cause of his master's death was hemoptysis. Chen wrote that Huo was introduced to a Japanese physician by the judo instructor as his health declined. The physician prescribed some medicine for his condition, but Huo's health continued to deteriorate. Huo was admitted to the Shanghai Red Cross Hospital, where he died two weeks later. Although Chen did not mention that the medicine prescribed by the Japanese physician contained arsenic or any other poison, some leaders of the Chin Woo Athletic Association speculated that Huo was poisoned around the time of his death. People believed that the Japanese were jealous of his fame and his martial arts.

In 1989, Huo's and his wife's graves were excavated and their remains were relocated elsewhere. Black spots were discovered in Huo's pelvic bones. The Tianjin Municipality Police Laboratory confirmed that they contained arsenic. However, it is difficult to ascertain whether Huo's death was caused by malicious poisoning or by the prescription of medicine. This was because arsenic trioxide has been used therapeutically for approximately 2,400 years as part of traditional Chinese medicine.

Legacy
Huo died months after co-founding the Chin Woo Athletic Association. Before his death, he invited Zhao Lianhe of the Shaolin Mizong Style to teach in Chin Woo and Zhao agreed. Subsequently, a number of other martial arts masters agreed to teach at the school. They included Eagle Claw master Chen Zizheng, Seven Star Praying Mantis master Luo Guangyu, Xingyiquan master Geng Xiaguang, and Wu Jianquan, the founder of Wu-style taijiquan. In June 1910, the Eastern Times announced the establishment of the Chin Woo association in Huo's name. It was the first civil martial arts organisation in China that was not associated with a particular school or style.

In popular culture
Huo's life has been adapted into films and television series. In these adaptations, Huo is typically depicted as a heroic martial artist who fights to uphold the dignity of the Chinese people in the face of foreign aggression. He is secretly poisoned to death by foreigners, usually the Japanese, who see him as a threat to their exploitation of China. A notable feature in some of these adaptations is the appearance of Chen Zhen, a fictional character first portrayed by Bruce Lee in the 1972 film Fist of Fury (released in the U.S. as The Chinese Connection). In the film, Chen Zhen is one of Huo's apprentices. He brings his teacher's murderers to justice and ensures that Huo's legacy, the Jingwu School and "Jingwu Spirit", continues to live on. Notable actors who have portrayed Huo on screen include Wong Yuen-sun in The Legendary Fok (1981), Bryan Leung in Legend of a Fighter (1982), Eddy Ko in Fist of Fury (1995), Vincent Zhao in Huo Yuanjia (2001), Jet Li in Fearless (2006), and Ekin Cheng in Huo Yuanjia (2008).

title: Huo Yuanjia


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Panama Canal/archive1

Panama Canal
I self nominated this as a candidate because the article explains rather well the details, current problems and history of one of the largest man-made waterways in the world. Raskolnikov The Penguin 15:54, 2005 July 19 (UTC)
 * Refer to peer review--no references section. Also, on a quick read-through, the article is somewhat lacking in detail--for example, it fails to note any controversy over the treaty under which the U.S. surrendered control of the canal. Meelar (talk) 15:58, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with above. Apart from not having any general references, the article has specific unsourced quotations which need sourcing.  Morwen - Talk 16:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support contingent on the resolution of Meelar and Morwen's objections. Good work, Raskolnikov. Tracing the history is not an easy task, especially in the space and organizational constraints of an encyclopedia article, and your work is a comprehensive overview. 172 | Talk 18:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object
 * The image Image:Panama Canal Locks.jpg does not have copyright information.
 * The images Image:Stamp-ctc-panama-canal-opens.jpg and Image:Panama canal.png are claimed as fair use. Wikipedia is not just an encyclopedia, it is a free content encyclopedia, so fair use images should be avoided if at all possible.
 * --Carnildo 19:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * For everyone's info, I recently came back from Panama and took WAY TOO MANY PICTURES of the Panama canal and placed them in the Commons. Most of them were so similar that I only bothered to put the ones I liked the most.  You may want to take a look at them in case they are useful to the article.  Especially the pictures Image:Ship passing through Panama Canal 02.jpg and Image:Ship passing through Panama Canal 01.jpg may be useful, even though there is already a picture of the Miraflores locks.  There is no picture of the little trains that guide the boats though, as in Image:Trains guiding boats at Panama Canal.jpg.  If slightly different shots are needed, I can see what I can find if you leave a message on my talk page. On other critiques, couldn't there be more on the French attempt at the canal (especially with the panama scandals article being as small as it is), on the exacerbation of the disease problem during construction when they believed the disease to be spread by rats and dug water-filled trenches around all the beds which only increased the mosquito population, and on the economic impact of the canal on the country currently?  Some of it may be unncessary, but these are just suggestions.  - Dozenist  talk  03:06, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Refer to peer review - an excellent start, but it needs references; it seems rather choppy in places, with one sentence paragraphs; and the lead section is too short. -- ALoan (Talk) 22:33, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I added a reference section and edited the return to Panama part (anonymously, I didn't see I wasn't logged in), also referred it to peer review, I'll work on the picture related problems.  Raskolnikov The Penguin 00:29, 2005 July 20 (UTC)
 * Why are you putting this article on FAC and peer review at the same time?Borisblue 01:44, 20 July 2005 (UTC)


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Werkraum

Werkraum is the creative music works of German musician Axel Frank.

Overview
Frank released material on CDRs and multiple compilations in the late 1990s and early 2000s until debuting with a full-length LP on Cold Spring Records in 2004. In 2005 the release Kristalle, Werkraum's second album followed. With Early love Music in 2008, Werkraum receive a more and more worldwide recognition.

Frank was a member of the band Sturmpercht, where he played under the pseudonym Hanns Aufschring, while his work for live sessions and for studio- and mastering engineering continued. New and more progressive works for Werkraum were announced for 2009 and 2010. He's still active under different monikers in the electronic music scene and works as producer.

Official

 * Official Werkraum Site
 *

Interviews

 * September 2005 interview with Axel Frank by Malahki Thorn, (USA)
 * Interview in Folkworld Magazine from 2008 (UK)

Reviews

 * Review of Unsere Feuer Brennen! by Malahki Thorn/Heathen Harvest (USA)
 * Review of Kristalle by Tony Dickie/Compulsion (UK)
 * Review of "Early Love Music" by The Shadows Commence (Sweden)

title: Werkraum