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Netherlands national rugby league team

The Netherlands national rugby league team is the national rugby league team of The Netherlands. It was formed in January 2003. The national team played its first international match in 2003 against Scotland A, where they lost 22–18.

History
Rugby league foundation year was in 2003 where it has regularly being played since 2003 under the NNRLB and has seen small domestic growth along the way. The first rugby league club match was played between Te Werve Bustards (Den Haag) and touring Essex Eels. After rugby league ceased in 2008 a new board the Nederlandse Rugby League Bond (NRLB) was entrusted to administer and grow the game in the Netherlands in 2009. The Dutch participated in 1989 Student Rugby League World Cup in England, against Australia, England, France, New Zealand, Wales, Ireland and Scotland. The first rugby league match in Netherlands was a preparation match for the tournament against the French Army side at the Royal Military Academy in Breda. While in the late 1980s they faced Toulouse to earn a 20 all draw. Having played their first international against Scotland A in Sassenheim only narrowly losing 18 to 22, introducing the Rotterdam Cup in 2004 with a 24–14 loss to Scotland Students and debut 24 to 14 win against Serbia. 2005 saw the Netherlands build on the previous season with the national team playing four internationals. The Netherlands were defeated by Georgia 34 – 14 in April. They then went on to win their other three internationals against Serbia, Scotland and Germany

Serbia made the task of getting past the first round of European qualifiers all the more harder. The Netherlands suffered heavy defeats to Russia 40 – 14 and Georgia 57 – 16. As a consolation the Netherlands managed to defeat the other European newcomers Serbia 38 – 26. Netherlands finished 3rd in the Pool and failed to qualify for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. The Netherlands capped off 2006 with a win against the Czech Republic 34 – 28. Rotterdam hosted the Nederlandse International Rugby League Nines Festival for visiting European teams between 2004 and 2007. At present the NRLB are a nonprofit sports association for rugby league with their main goal to get the game exposure and attract more people to the sport. The NRLB have a short summer season (4 rounds + Finals) with the Netherlands 3V Sports Grand Prix 9's competition for clubs Capelle Spartans, Delft Rugby League, Nootdorp Musketiers and Te Werve Bustards, while they host teams for 13-aside matches including the annual clash with Oxford University Old Boys (in the Kermis Challenge) and varying teams from the UK. Netherlands as national and developmental squads have participated in away tours in tournaments such as the Heidelberg 9's in Germany and UK based events. In recent seasons the Dutch have also participated in a Cross Border Challenge with select German clubs, National Selection matches (Select GPN vs Residents) and promotional games (combined squad vs Capelle Spartans). At youth level this year, the Dutch staged a BARLA U17 tour against a Netherlands Tasman U17 select in July at Nootdorp and Delft. Like most developing rugby league nations there are restrictions that the Dutch board face within early stages of development like funding, sponsorship, support and promotion. The Dutch ten-year plan is to have a fully self-supportive domestic competition running for at least 6 months of the year and to have multiple self-standing Rugby League clubs all over the country. The national squad back on the international stage competing with the best. The Nederlandse Rugby League Bond gained Observer membership status from the Rugby League European Federation in February 2012.

In May 2013, Netherlands made 28th on the RLIF World Rankings after their match against Germany in a losing effort.

Matches
The Netherlands have played their first match in 2003 against Scotland A, losing 22 to 18. They then competed in the 2004 Rotterdam Cup,a tournament that saw Scotland Students, Scotland Students "A",Netherlands,Netherlands "A", Serbia and Serbia "A" playing six full games over five days The Dutch lost both "A" team games and also the senior game to the Scottish Students but opened their winning account by beating the senior side from Serbia.

The Netherlands failed to progress past the preliminary stages of qualifying for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, after being defeated by Georgia and Russia in 2006. They did however manage a victory against Serbia.

Following these matches, the national team went on hiatus following a dispute between the Netherlands Federation and the RLEF. In 2009, a new board " Nederlandse Rugby League Bond (NRLB) " was appointed to run the Dutch game and re-establish relations with the RLEF. The Netherlands were re-admitted to the RLEF in 2010, and resumed international competition in 2013 with a friendly match against Germany.

Jerseys
Primary Alternative

Current squad
Netherlands are able to call eligible players like Ryan Papenhuyzen, Jaylan De Groot or the Nikorima brothers.

Squad selected for the friendly against Spain on 17 September 2022.

Record
Below is a table of the representative rugby league matches played by the Netherlands national rugby league team at test level up until 8 October 2023.

title: Netherlands national rugby league team


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Samuel Bowles (journalist)

Samuel Bowles III (February 9, 1826 – January 16, 1878) was an American journalist and newspaper publisher. From 1844 to 1878, he was the publisher and editor of the Springfield Republican, which became a national model for regional newspapers. He was "a pioneer in the establishment of independent journalism".

Early life
Bowles was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, to Huldah (née Deming) and Samuel Bowles Jr. His father established the Springfield Weekly Republican newspaper in 1824. Growing up, Bowles shared a room with three of his father's apprentices and delivered newspapers to his father's subscribers. One biographer characterizes his childhood household as "frugal".

Bowles was educated in public schools, but was sent to Master George Eaton's private school in Springfield when he was thirteen. He wanted to attend college, but his father found college was unnecessary to train as a printer. It is also possible that the cost of college was a factor in his decision. At the age of seventeen, Bowles began work in the printing office of the Republican. For the first year, he was a general helper who did mechanical jobs, ran errands, and wrote articles on local topics.

Career
In 1844, Bowles convinced his father to expand the newspaper to include a daily edition. At the time, "daily journalism ... was pioneering work, calling for an exhausting expenditure of personal energy." The first issue of the Daily Evening Republican was published on March 27, 1844. Bowles took on general management of the daily newspaper, while his father continued to publish the weekly edition. The daily paper started with no advertisers and no subscribers. It lost $200 its first year, and only had 200 subscribers after two years. By comparison, the Weekly Republican started with a circulation of 350 copies. Not giving up, Bowles pivoted.

The Republican became a morning paper in December 1845. That change required its editors to work through the night. His father devoted more attention to the business office and finances, while Baldwin took on expanded editorial duties for both the daily and weekly Republican. He was assisted by writer and poet Dr. Josiah Gilbert Holland as editor. After two years, Holland purchased a 25% interest in the newspaper for $3,500. In addition to news, the Republican covered art, charity, farming, literature, local life, religious news, and social affairs, along with poetry, short fiction, political editorials, and sermons. By the fourth year, the morning edition of the Republican had 800 subscribers—giving it the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in New England, outside of Boston. Bowles reinvested profits into equipment and larger facilities.

In 1851 his father died, and the entire management of the newspaper went to the 25-year-old Bowles. He was involved in all aspects of the paper's operations and retained primary editorial control for most of his career. He gained a reputation "as an industrious, bold, and fearless journalist". In 1855, he expanded the paper from a single sheet to a double sheet. The paper gained a national reputation even though it remained mostly regional, focusing on Springfield and surrounding towns. Circulation grew to more than 5,000 for the daily edition and more than 10,000 for the weekly edition. The New York Tribune called it "the best and ablest country journal published on the continent".

After receiving offers for various jobs and newspaper partnerships, in early 1857 Bowles entered into a partnership to publish a new daily paper out of Boston Massachusetts, the Boston Traveller. This project lacked the credibility of other offers, but "was to be Republican, independent, and progressive". He invested $10,000 in the venture and resigned as editor of the Republican so he could be the editor of the Traveller for a salary of $3,000 a year. Unfortunately, the Traveller owners were not united on policy, and there was a lack of capital needed for a successful launch. For four months, Bowles struggled, feeling "thwarted and misunderstood". He resigned and took a trip out West before returning home to his wife and children in Springfield. Josiah Holland generously stepped down as editor-in-chief of the Republican, allowing Bowles to return to his prior role.

In 1857, Bowles decided to gain full editorial control by buying Holland's share of the business. However, Holland continued to contribute articles for the Republican until 1864''. '' In 1872, Bowles used his majority ownership of the newspaper's parent company, Samuel Bowles & Co., to split the organization. He retained the newspaper, giving the other investors, Bryan and Tapley, the binding and miscellaneous printing concerns. However, Bowles' approach alienated minor shareholder and twenty-year business partner Clark W. Bryan. Bryan, along with Tapley, purchased the Republican competition—the Springfield Union and vastly expanded its production. William M. Pomeroy, managing editor of the Republican, became editor of the Union. Another Republican staffer, Joseph Shipley, also joined the Union; he eventually replaced Pomeroy as editor of the Union in 1881. Bryan would go on to found Good Housekeeping.

The long-running success of Bowles's newspaper was attributed not only to its content and local relevancy, but also to its "lively, concise, and professionally written style". Biographer George S. Merriam wrote, "His style was admirable—simple, direct, pure, forcible without being passionate, pungent without being vulgar, often delicately sarcastic and deliciously humorous, never egotistical, never suggesting the writer, always representing the journal, and this as the voice of the people—he was by nature, by culture, by experience the model modern working journalist. He saw the world without, partly through others, but chiefly through its own words, interpreted to him by his own divine instincts."

As his health declined in later years, Bowles turned over the operation of the newspaper to a team of men. During his lifetime, the Republican served as a school of sorts for young journalists, "especially in the matter of pungency and conciseness of style". His trainees, Charles R. Miller and Robert G. Fitch, went on to become editor of the New York Times and Boston Post, respectively.

Politics
Bowles believed in taking a strong moral and political stance through his newspaper, regardless of public sentiment. Once his father died, Bowles had editorial control of the Republican; his influence was felt immediately, not only through heated discussions about President James Buchanan's administration, but also during the Civil War itself. He "announced that the Springfield Republican was still devotedly Whig." When the Whig Party fell apart, he condemned "Know-Nothing" party and exposed its fallacies.

In the early 1850s Bowles's position on slavery was conservative. He wrote against the abolitionists and supported the Fugitive Slave Act. However, during the debate over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, he had a change of heart. Moving forward, the Republican had an anti-slavery agenda. He wrote about the need for a "new party of freedom" and headed efforts to create a Republican Party in Massachusetts in 1855. He was one of the first editors to support abolitionist John C. Frémont for president of 1856. He also denounced the execution of John Brown. In 1860, Bowles was a delegate for the Republican party's convention in Chicago where Abraham Lincoln was affirmed as a presidential candidate. Bowles told his readers, "Lincoln is a man of the most incorruptible integrity—firm as a rock against duplicity, dishonesty, and all dishonorable conduct, public and private." While he did support Abraham Lincoln's presidency and emancipation, Bowles also criticized the president's infringement upon civil rights.

After the war, Bowles attacked carpetbaggers and supported Lincoln's recommendations for a "mild and magnanimous policies of reconstruction". Rather naively, Bowles' "Yankee faith in human behavior convinced him that enlightened self-interest would compel Southerners to renounce the ideas and institutions for which they had fought." In contrast to Frederick Douglas and William Lloyd Garrison, Bowles believed freed slaves needed protection from potential exploitation from their former masters. He strongly supported the efforts of the Freedman's Bureau and other organizations providing education and guidance, with military backing if needed. He also suggested that confiscated plantations should be divided into small farms for sale to former slaves. Although Bowles acknowledged that free land was fair compensation for years of enslavement, he saw greater value in encouraging the emancipated to work for wages, as this would develop a middle class with "bargaining power". However such position was not needed to vote, according to Bowles. On March 8, 1865, the Republican favored giving anyone who could read and write the right to vote. Clearly, Bowles was also an advocate for women's suffrage. However, he was against universal suffrage, wanting to limit voting to those who were literate.

During Reconstruction and Grant's presidency, Bowles expressed Liberal Republican opinions. Once he decided on amnesty and equality were the right path, he grew increasingly impatient with Congress failing to implement either. In the Republican he wrote, "This indifference of public men to their public character and their public duties, and in the interests of the people is a sign of poison at the root." To Bowles there was only one solution—changing the leadership of the Republican party and the nation. Bowles played a major role in shaping what became Liberal Republican policies, along with identifying strategies and gaining support for a third party. With three other newspaper editors—Murat Halstead of the Cincinnati Commercial, Horace White of the Chicago Tribune, and Henry Watterson of the Louisville Courier-Journal—Bowles was part of the "Quadralateral" that tried unsuccessfully to secure Charles Francis Adams the nomination for president rather than Ulysses Grant. Although cautioned that his anti-Grant position could hurt the Republican circulation, Bowles was undeterred, remaining anti-administration once Grant was president. In 1872, the Republican supported Horace Greeley for president. In the disputed election of 1876, the paper favored the claims of Samuel J. Tilden, the reform candidate who won the popular vote but lost the Electoral College.

When "partisan fanaticism" slowed national progress, Bowles declared his paper independent of political parties. He stuck to these policies moving forward, pioneering today's independent journalism. He also advocated for "honest money" in government and public office, and tried to expose corruption. He wrote a scathing editorial about robber baron and Erie Railroad director James Fisk. Almost proving Bowles' word, Fisk used his "Tammany Hall henchmen" to arrest Bowles on trumped-up charges when he was visiting New York City. Bowles spent time in jail, and when he returned home to Springfield, he wrote about Fisk again. Later on, the Republican accused railroad builder and politician Willis Phelps of being a "public robber and corrupter", as well as the "Boss Tweed of Springfield". In 1875, Phelps filed a libel suit against the Republican, asking for $200,000 in damages. Fortunately for Bowles, the juryless trial was adjudicated by Judge Endicott who essentially agreed with Bowles; he assessed damages of just $100. Bowles "became a hero to most of America's newspaper editors as a champion of a free press."

Bowles wrote, "American journalism is not content to be just mere journalism, a mere historian of the day. It intrudes into other spheres; it preaches, it teaches, it legislates, it reforms. It is not content with reporting what the public mind is thinking about; it insists that the public mind shall think about the right things." Thus, Bowles considered the editorial to be as important as the news to the Republican. However, Bowles also revealed his limitations through his editorials. One modern critic notes, "Profound analysis was beyond him, he was incapable of elaborate or subtle thinking upon abstract topics. and his knowledge showed the deficiencies of a man who had never studied systematically and had read few books. He wrote for the crowd, not for the cultured few."

Travel writings
During the winter of 1844 and 1845, Bowles's health declined, and he went to the warmth of the South to recover. He extended his stay in New Orleans where he wrote a series of fifteen letters describing his travel experiences. These were published in the Republican and were very popular.

In 1865, Bowles made a journey from Kansas City to the Pacific coast and again sent letters describing his travels to Springfield. These were published in the Republican and were also edited into a nationally bestselling book, Across the Continent: A Summer 's Journey to the Rocky Mountains, the Mormons, and the Pacific States with Speaker Colfax (1865). As the title suggests, Bowles's traveling companion was Schyler Colfax, Speaker of the House of Representatives. Other members of their party included journalists from the Chicago Tribune and the New York Tribune. Although his series suggests that Bowles was following the popular trend for newspapers to "educate and entertain their readers with scenes of adventure in the West", Bowles had something else in mind. He later explained that this group wanted to use their respective platforms "to generate informed public interest in the West, to encourage economic development and investment, and to address escalating public issues such as national policies toward Mormons, Native Americans, and the transcontinental railroad." To do this, Bowles did not submit the usual articles from a corresponding journalist, but rather used the more personal approach of a letter or an epistolary, addressing his readership with purposeful intent. One reviewer said, the book includes "keen observation and graphic, incisive style". But from another perspective, Bowles also reflected prejudices toward Chinese, Native Americans, and Mormons that were common in his time.

In 1869, Bowles traveled to Colorado, resulting in another book, The Switzerland of America: A Summer Vacation in the Parks and Mountains of Colorado (1869). Beginning in 1869, the publisher Harford condensed and serialized the two books into Our New West: Records of the Travel Between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean, which was sold by subscription. In 1869, Bowles' book The Pacific Railroad Open, How to Go, What to See collected his articles that had previously appeared in the Atlantic Monthly. When his health declined in his later years, Bowles traveled to Europe in for seven months in 1862, returning in 1870, 1871, and 1874; the result was more travel articles for the Republican.

Emily Dickinson
Bowles had a strong friendship with Susan and Austin Dickinson and frequently visited The Evergreens, their home in Amherst, Massachusetts. Apparently, Bowles found The Evergreens a refuge during his bouts of illness and when he was attending trustee meetings for Amherst College. Of Bowles, Susan Dickinson wrote, "His range of topics was unlimited, now some plot of local politics, rousing his honest rage, now some rare effusion of fine sentiment over an unpublished poem which he would draw from his pocket, having received it in advance from the fascinated editor." Poet Emily Dickinson met Bowles at her brother's home. They shared common interests as reformers, both supporting ending slavery and suffrage for women. Subsequently, Dickinson wrote Bowles at least fifty letters, mostly between 1861 and 1862. Dickinson also sent some forty poems to Bowles, making him one of the most important recipients of her work. Bowles did publish some of Dickinson's poems in the Republican, but never any that she sent to him through these private correspondences.

Some scholars believe Bowles was Dickinson's infamous secret love interest; others consider him a confidant and publisher of her poetry. Richard Sewall, a Dickinson biographer wrote, "She was in deeply in love with him for several years and never ceased loving him at a distance for the rest of her life." However, John McDermott says Dickinson's letters to Bowles "do not suggest intimacy at all. Instead, they reveal a pattern that might be expected between friends (equals), but also a more formal, advisory nature". Regardless, the relationship between Bowles and Dickinson was complex; the two had a falling out in 1863 that lasted eleven years, despite the fact that he still visited her brother next door. Their conflict finally ended when her father, Edward, died in 1874. Other than family members, Bowles was the only person Dickinson spoke to at her father's funeral. She then broke the gap in their correspondence, sending a letter to thank Bowles for his kindness at the time of her father's death.

In 1875, Dickinson wrote Bowles again, saying, "We miss your vivid Face and the besetting Accents, you bring from Numidian Haunts." With her reference to Africa (Numidia), Dickinson is referencing Bowles' recent trip to the South—Washington, D.C. to be exact—where Bowles had gone to follow contentious Congressional discussions about the Force Bill which allowed the government to use force to protect African American politicians and voters from violence and intimidation. Bowles also liked to visit the warmer climate of Washington during the winters of Massachusetts. Therefore, this comment is an inside joke and also an indication that the two enjoyed political discourse.

Annually, Bowles sent flowers to the Dickinson family on the anniversary of Edward Dickinson's death.

Personal
On September 6, 1848, Bowles married Mary Sandford Dwight Schermerhorn of Geneva, New York. Her grandfather, James S. Dwight, was a leading merchant in Springfield in the early 19th century. They had seven children. Bowles always regretted not attending college and, therefore, educated his children. His son Samuel Bowles IV attended Yale University and the University of Berlin, after traveling abroad for two years. Bowles' daughter Ruth Standish Bowles married William Henry Baldwin Jr., president of the Long Island Rail Road.

Bowles was driven but was described as intense, combative, and erratic. He was a perfectionist who could alienate people with his tactlessness and "unreserved criticism;" yet he "rarely admitted error" and was considered thin-skinned when it came to criticism about the Republican or himself. However, he could also be charming—Henry L Dawes wrote, "I never knew a man who knew him, who wouldn't rather have him at his table than any other man in the world." Susan Dickinson noted that Bowles' presence at her home "seemed to enrich and widen all life for us, a creator of endless perspectives".

Although he typically worked twelve to sixteen hours a day, Bowles also demonstrated a "nervousness" and was prone to periods of illness. He had a "nervous breakdown" in 1844 after putting too much energy into his daily newspaper start-up. Going on what he called a "tour for health", was a pattern throughout his adult life. In addition to his 1844-45 trip to the South, he took a six-month tour in 1862 to "restore his nervous system". One-time co-owner and editor of the Springfield Republication, Josiah Holland wrote, "The sparkle, the vivacity, the drive, the power of the Republican, cost life." Bowles was in poor health for the last twenty years of his life, suffering from dyspepsia, headaches, insomnia, neuralgia; he continued to seek the curative benefits of travel. He had a major stroke in December 1877, resulting in some paralysis.

Late in life, Bowles' commitment to being independent of outside influences impacted his family relationships. In 1874, he opposed his brother-in-law Henry Alexander Jr.'s run for the United States Congress because he did not think Alexander's health could take the stress. This resulted in "permanent family estrangement". In 1875, he wrote a letter firing his younger brother, Benjamin Franklin Bowles who managed the newspaper's counting room well but not to Bowles exacting standard. Benjamin was deeply hurt and moved to Paris where he died the next year. In 1878, Bowles died from a stroke in Springfield without reconciling with either sibling. Emily Dickinson was one of the numerous mourners at his funeral.

After his death, Bowles' son, Samuel IV became publisher and editor-in-chief of the Republican. In 1884, Bowles IV married Elizabeth Hoar. They had two sons: Samuel Bowles V, who became a journalist in Boston, and Sherman Bowles, who joined a newspaper in Philadelphia and took over the Republican when his father died.

title: Samuel Bowles (journalist)


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Battle Lines (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)

"Battle Lines" is the 13th episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures on Deep Space Nine, a space station located adjacent to a wormhole between the Alpha and Gamma quadrants of the galaxy, near the planet Bajor; the Bajorans have recently liberated themselves from a decades-long occupation by the imperialistic Cardassians. In this episode, the spiritual leader of Bajor, Kai Opaka, is stranded on a world where the dead are resuscitated.

"Battle Lines" aired on syndicated television the week of April 26, 1993.

Plot
Kai Opaka, the spiritual leader of the Bajorans, requests a tour of Deep Space Nine from Commander Sisko. During the tour, she subtly asks him to take her through the wormhole. Against his better judgment he complies, and he, Dr. Bashir, Bajoran liaison officer Kira, and Opaka travel to the Gamma Quadrant. There they receive a distress signal from an unknown source. Opaka tells Sisko not to hold back on her account, so the group goes to investigate.

They find a moon with a network of satellites, one of which is malfunctioning. The runabout approaches the moon and one of the satellites attacks it, forcing them to crash-land. Opaka dies in the landing, which devastates Kira; however, her mourning is interrupted by a group of people called the Ennis, led by Golin Shel-la (Jonathan Banks).

The Ennis explain that they are at war with a group called the Nol-Ennis, who could attack at any minute. They take Sisko, Bashir, and Kira to a cave-like dwelling, and as predicted the Nol-Ennis attack within minutes. Many of the Ennis are killed fending off the attack, but after the battle, Kai Opaka enters the cave, resuscitated by some form of nanotechnology that pervades the moon. The same technology revives the Ennis and Nol-Ennis, but rather than a blessing it is a curse; both groups were sent to the moon as punishment for centuries of conflict, doomed to die over and over.

As Deep Space Nine officers Dax and O'Brien search for the group, Sisko gets the Ennis and Nol-Ennis to agree to meet in an effort to negotiate peace. Meanwhile, the conflict between the groups reminds Kira of her own trauma, which she discusses with Opaka: years of fighting the Cardassians on Bajor have taken their toll on her and she has known nothing but violence since she was a child. However, while Kira is reconciling her problems, the Ennis and Nol-Ennis refuse to fix theirs and resume fighting.

The groups are revived once more and return to their respective camps, but by this time Bashir has discovered that the technology prevents those it revives (including Opaka) from leaving the moon. O'Brien and Dax find Sisko, and Opaka informs him that she will stay with the Ennis and Nol-Ennis. She says it is time for them to begin their healing process just as Kira has begun hers. Meanwhile, the Ennis and Nol-Ennis resume fighting. Before O'Brien transports Sisko, Bashir, and Kira to the runabout, Opaka tells Sisko that her work is there now, but reassures him that their paths will cross again.

Reception
In 2013, Keith DeCandido gave the episode a rating of 6 out of 10 for Tor.com, writing that it was "not a great episode by any means, but a pretty decent, if standard, science fiction story." Zach Handlen of The A.V. Club called the episode frustrating and promising, but that it is "filled with a lot of bland angry people, one that keeps hinting at more interesting directions, but never having the courage to follow them."

SyFy recommended this as an essential episode to watch for an abridged Star Trek: Deep Space Nine binge.

In 2015, Den of Geek's David Burszan called the episode one of Jonathan Banks' 10 most geek-friendly roles for his portrayal of Ennis leader Golin Shel-la, writing: "Apparently in the future, someone took that 'Send the mutants to the moon forever' protest sign from X-Men seriously, as the episode revealed that the two factions were sent there by their planet’s leaders because they couldn't stop fighting."

Home video releases
"Battle Lines" was released on LaserDisc on March 18, 1997. Published by Paramount Home Video and made by Pioneer USA, the double sided disc had runtime of 92 minutes and also included the following episode "The Storyteller".


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User talk:Darkeyedboy

Welcome
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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 10:41, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

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User talk:CGreen~enwiki

Welcome
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Jarrah (disambiguation)

Jarrah means "surgeon" in Arabic and is a common surname in the Levant, especially in Lebanon and Palestine.

Jarrah may also refer to:
 * Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), a common species of Eucalyptus tree in Western Australia
 * Jarrah (family), a Palestinian family from Akka
 * Jarrah (name), a name (and list of people with the name)
 * Jarrah (surgeon), Arabic word for surgeon

title: Jarrah (disambiguation)


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User talk:Rissole/Archive

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  10:42, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rissole/Archive


text:
User talk:PacoBell

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  10:43, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, even if this is just some boilerplate message passed off by a bot, thanks anyway! ^_^ PacoBell (talk) 00:51, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:PacoBell


text: Category:689 BC

title: Category:689 BC


text:
Wild (band)

Wild was a five-piece classical female group. It was often compared to Bond because of the very similar makeup and style of both groups.

Although most of the band was English, Iva Cojic and Andjelka Ristic were born in Serbia.

History
Wild played a range of different genres on their debut album Time, and their music ranged from Latin beats to Celtic inspired. Wild also played the main theme of the TV Show, 'Robinson Crusoe', exclusively at their concerts. Their album, Time, featured a version of the song "The Eve of the War" from Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds, which was produced by Wayne himself.

Wild made their debut in 2005, when they were the ambassadors for the Spring Racing Carnival in Melbourne, Australia. Their music was constantly used on Channel 7.

The band also toured Malaysia in 2005.

The group has since split up. Two of the members are now part of Escala, a similar four-piece classical group who supported McFly in 2005 and appeared on Britain's Got Talent in 2008. Iva Cojic continued her career as a solo artist under the name Iva Ikon (singer/ pianist / songwriter).

Ex-Members

 * Iva Cojic (Piano & Vocalist) (now a solo artist under the name Iva Ikon www.ivaikon.com)
 * Katie Fenner (Violin)
 * Izzy Johnston (Violin) (now a member of Escala)
 * Chantal Leverton (Viola)(now a member of Escala)
 * Andjelka Ristic (Keyboard)

Albums
Time is the only album released by Wild. It contains 12 tracks with five of them composed by Tonči Huljić, who has composed tracks for Bond. It was released on 17 January 2004 in the UK.
 * Time

Track listing

 * 1) "Hipnotic"
 * 2) "Fiesta"
 * 3) "Time & Silence"
 * 4) "The Eve Of The War
 * 5) "Sun Forest"
 * 6) "Ave Maria"
 * 7) "Running Free"
 * 8) "No More"
 * 9) "The Thunder Anthem"
 * 10) "Princess Ashani"
 * 11) "String Fever"
 * 12) "Reload"
 * 13) "Living In The Land"

 * Japanese release includes "Hipnotic" (Promo video)Youth Mc

DVD
This DVD contains a concert performed by Wild in London, England, at the London Hippodrome. The quintet played all the songs from their album Time, including an extra song called "Robinson Crusoe".
 * Wild - The World Premiere Performance (DVD)

title: Wild (band)


text: Category:693 BC

title: Category:693 BC


text:
User talk:Marlon brando 04

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  10:44, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marlon brando 04


text: Category:694 BC

title: Category:694 BC


text: Category:697 BC

title: Category:697 BC


text:
Talk:Sexual dysfunction

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 July 2019 and 23 August 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kathrynngyn.

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title: Talk:Sexual dysfunction


text:
Talk:Warlpiri people

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Song about Mission(Yaloogarrie) Creek
The song is called "Down at Mission Creek where the Tjakargerries grow". Does anyone know where to find a copy of this song? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.108.221.147 (talk) 01:03, 9 July 2016 (UTC)

Long grassers
I've never heard this thing about 'long grasses', can anyone confirm that this is correct? And I think the history of contact with the Warlpiri is pretty clear, by 1980 all Warlpiri were living in communities. And I doubt there are any that don't speak 'a word of English'--even the oldest people would have at least some English. Dougg 10:46, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

More eyes needed
A lot of items in this article seem suspicious to me, but I'm not confident enough to correct it. I wish a few more people would come in and contribute.

In the language section, for example: I thought Warlpiri had clear relationships and partial mutual intelligibility with Warumungu and Warlmanpa. I hadn't heard about similarity to Luritja. And the story about this "causing confusion" seems a bit incoherent. More work, please. ACW 16:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * •You're right, there's some peculiar things in there--a lot of work needed. While I'm not a Warlpiri specialist (more Western Desert) I'll get out my references and try to fix it up as soon as I have some time. You're right that Warlpiri is more closely related to Warlmanpa and Warumungu than to Luritja, but they're all distinct languages so not mutually intelligible, although that's somewhat confused because of widespread bilingualism. Dougg 06:28, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

The reference to long grasser is incorrect. "Long grassers" refers to Aboriginal people who camp in the long grass surrounding urban areas such as Alice Springs and Katherine. It has no association with references to the long grass of the bush (which doesn't really make sense anyway). Warlpiri, in particular have often been referred to as long grassers because in towns such as Alice Springs and Katherine there has been in recent years a significant influx of people from Warlpiri communities. Often this influx has been associated with substance abuse (mostly alcohol) and significant social issues. As such there is a negative connotation to the term "long grasser".

you are wrong there are many natives in the northern territory who cant speak english, maybe they might know a word or two, but many cant speak enough to communicate more than basic concepts, such as the wish for a smoke or to beg some money.. normaly they will know just a term as "two dollah" or "one dollah" and hold out their hand,, you "yoogatsmok" without actualy undersanding the full use of these words in english.. most natives who grew up after the mid 1970s can speek enougth english to get by, but even then the bulk of the native population living in settelmens in the bush proably wouldnt be able to read the frint page of a news paper and maybe would only speek english once or twice a month.. as there is few english speakers in the settelments..

longgrasser is a term that does not apply to all blackfellahs.. and it is also not a term specificaly of race, as there is a lot of white longgrassers aswell. longgrassers can be found all over,

it is hard to define a longgrasser from the other natives.. i would say more it would be correct to say black longgrassers are natives who are not living togeather exsclucivly in their tribal unite, but are mixing with other ethnic groups from different areas and are then not belinging so exsclucivly to their original tribe,

many times in the towns like kathrine and darwin and gove, ect ect,, they are aboriginals who have leat their settelment due to a dispute or threat of punishment for some crime as black magic or having sexual relation with persons from a different "skin" that they should be or for stealing spouces and such.

there is very few young longgrassers and most younger natives prefer to reside among their tribal group.

although on a abboriginal settelment the natives of that area might act in all appearence like longgrassers many time,, id say if they re in their tribal homeland and among their tribal group then they would not be seen as such by them selves or by other australians,, white longgrassers however are all ways seen as a longgrasser weather they living among a tribal group along or weather they are living in the long grass around a town or city. as they are breaking the normal habit for people of  european race.

however a man who lives among the natives is not allways called a longgrass, as there is a good deal of mean who live with the blackfellahs but who still work and dress as a typical australian but have a aboriginal wife. these men generaly differ greatly from the white longgrassers and will not be found with the semi nomadic  aboriginal longgrassers but only among  aborigines living in their tribal units.

the name longgrasser comes from the long gras or spear grass that grows in northen australia the term is unknown in southern australia , the term comes from the fact that the longgrassers would push the gras flat and sleep on it with only a sheet or such and it makes a nice bead,,, when they wake you can see them commuing out of the grass along the side of the road, hence they are people who live in the grass, most re primarily drinking, maybe a small percent are not. many of the white longgrassers are convicted felons and drug ddicts or alcoholics,, and quite a good few are felons fleeing from criminal charges, they then teach the aborigines bad habits, such are improved begging techniques and incite them to try to steal, in general the black longgrasser is more inclined to rink that to commit any crimes of theft. aside from drinking the alcohol on the shelf in the supermanket,, they are not typicaly more likely to steal than any other australia, as their primary interest is drinking and hanging around not monetary profit, and with a 4 liter box of goon costing about 10$ they can drink all day on the wealfare payments they receive every 2 weeks

the white longgrassers however are typicaly disposed to commit some form of oppertunistic crimes and robberies  and are prime candidates for shop lifting and  petty theft from houses and property crimes.

hope this is make some information clear about this topic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.161.35.116 (talk) 19:13, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Removed section

 * "The Warlpiri people are often described as "long grasses" by other Central Australian Aboriginal people, due to the fact that they were amongst the last groups of traditional aboriginal peoples to be brought in to white society. Stories are that some "long grass" Warlpiri did not meet whites until as late as 1980. Many Warlpiri, unlike people from other aboriginal language and community groups, do not speak even a word of English.

 * Many Warlpiri people to this day live out in the bush, using the various communities as a base only, and they live more traditionally than perhaps any other aboriginal people."

This section had been removed from the article - its usual to move removed sections of articles to the talk page. Cfitzart 06:38, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, sorry, I didn't know that. I thought the fact that previous versions of articles are available through the 'Page history' was enough, but I'll remember to do this in future. Dougg 03:09, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

'Warlpiri designs'??
I think this section is strange and half-baked. The designs described are not unique to the Warlpiri, but are found across a large part of Australia. It's also a very long-winded and obscure description of a very common thing. I propose that it be removed. Maybe it could be put in Australian Aboriginal art, which could do with more information on traditional designs, rock-carving, etc. Dougg 02:10, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. Every time I come by I look at that section and waffle between removing it entirely and trying to fix it.  I think I'll remove it.  ACW 02:53, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I removed it. Here it is.  If you want to put it back, please let's talk about it here first.

 * Warlpiri design is a form of inscription that operates differently than most familiar forms or writing. The design includes neither phonological symbols that combine to record speech, nor pictorial glyphs that would represent specific objects or ideas.  In its entirety, it proposes a combination of the two.  It does provide pictographic symbols that are recombined to express ideas and things, but it abstracts elements so combined and reduces them to comparatively few.  The design does attempt to provide lexicons that associate the symbols with words or even with broad semantic domains prove unsuccessful and misleading.  The design relies on fairly discrete inventory of graphics that includes circles, dots, lines, semicircles and other simple shapes.  These symbols are often combined in ground paintings, body decoration, and special ceremonial objects.  These objects along with the symbols are often painted or carved into rocks or in caves.  The mean idea to the Warlpiri writing is that they provide ideas and objects in their writing rather than a form of speech.

 * Reference: The Anthropology of Globalization edited by Jonathan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo

Kinship
I added a fairly extensive section about the Warlpiri kinship/subsection system. I feel like I didn't quite nail it, and I might worry at it a bit more in the near future. More eyes are, of course, very welcome.

What I somehow didn't manage to say is that in traditional Warlpiri culture, it's really subsections that are considered primary, not actual family relationships. You can argue that the Warlpiri word that's usually translated "brother" doesn't really mean "brother", but rather means "another male in the my subsection". All one's actual brothers will of course be classificatory brothers, but Warlpiris don't assign great importance to the distinction. See? I'm still having trouble saying it. Anyway, I might whack at it a little more; please do likewise. ACW 03:11, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

I don't think it's correct to say that subsections are primary. Warlpiri have family relations and it is indeed these relations that are primary. Rather it is that subsection names are a shorthand notation for a series of classificatory relation that bind and determine social behaviour. Each Warlpiri assumes particular ways of relationg to a father, a maternal uncle, a mother in law, a wife, and there are also subsection names which place all walrpiri in a family relationship and to some extent require Warlpiri to behave as if that person was there uncle or their mother in law. They do, though, know the difference between an actual brother and a classificatory brother (although the distinction is certainly more blurry than in Western kinship constructions).--campdog 06:45, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Errors with kinship system?
I worked out the kinship relations using the rules given and there appear to be two false statements in the text.

 * 1) First, it's claimed that the proper subsection of the spouse is one's maternal grandmother.  But in fact that should read paternal grandmother.  It's easy to prove the current statement is incorrect:  You are in the same matrimoiety as your mother, and the opposite one as your father, so father & mother (ie spouses) must be in different matrimoieties.  But your grandmother is the same matrimoiety as you, hence you could not marry someone from that subsection.
 * 2) The other error is the statement that some 1st cousins are marriageable -- namely your father's sister's kid, or your mother's brother's kid.  This doesn't seem to work out:  Suppose it did, and consider a daughter X of a couple who were such cousins (XM and XF).  XM's mother's brother's son is XF, her husband.  So X's maternal grandmother (XMM) is a sibling of X's paternal grandfather (XFF), therefore they (XMM & XFF) must be in the same subsection.  But from the rules one is clearly in the same subsection as one's paternal grandfather.  Hence X is in the same subsection as XFF.  But that's just the what I disproved in #1.

I'm not familiar with the actual Warlpiri customs, so does anyone know which is wrong -- these 2 facts, or the basic kinship rules given? Or did I make a mistake somewhere?

Also, it would be good to add a graphical representation of the inheritance. A 2-column, 4-row grid of subsections does this. The basic rules are then: From these rules, the only marriages allowed are between subsections situated on the same rising (lower-left to upper-right) diagonal line.
 * One is always in the same row as one's father, and the same column as one's mother.
 * If you're in the left row, you're directly above your mother; in the right row, and you're directly below your mother.

I'd put something like this in if folks verify that #1 & #2 above are really errors.

--Damgo 01:41, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Kinship table
I found the description fairly hard to understand so I've added a table which I think shows the interrelationships of the different subsections as described. I still can't say I quite understand the system though. ☸ Moilleadóir ☎ 06:54, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Unusual Greeting
Although there seems to be a lot of conjecture about a certain intimate greeting performed by men of the "Walibri tribe," I haven;t come across anything close to a reliable reference stating that members of this tribe shake members. Read more about this unexplained penis story on the many Google results.--OrinR (talk) 08:26, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation page
This should probably be a disambiguation page since "Warlpiri" can refer to the people and their language (by analogy with other such ambiguities; see Finnish). --N-k (talk) 15:46, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

Famous Warlpiri
Bullet point in Famous Warlpiri section: "Dorothy Napangardi, Highly respected female artist (Deceased, 2013)." Is this characterization necessary? I don't see Liam Patrick described as a "Highly respected Australian rules footballer..." Not sure if it is appropriate to remove. Lily.r.s (talk) 23:55, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

This struck me too as somewhat unusual, possibly patronising, and even meaningless (highly respected by who?). I came here to comment on that, so I am glad to see some else already noticed this. 92.29.40.9 (talk) 07:48, 22 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warlpiri people


text:
Philip Bailhache

Sir Philip Martin Bailhache KC  is a Jersey politician and lawyer who has served as a Deputy for St Clement since 2022 and the leader of the Jersey Liberal Conservatives party.

He served as Bailiff of Jersey from 1995 to 2009, before entering the States Assembly in 2011 as a Senator, serving as Jersey’s first Minister for External Relations from 2013 until he stood down from the States Assembly in 2018. He previously served as Deputy for Grouville from 1972 until 1975, before serving successively as Solicitor General, Attorney General and Deputy Bailiff between 1975 and 1995.

Early years and family
Bailhache was born in Jersey and was educated at St. Michael's Preparatory School and Charterhouse School, England.

His grandfather was a Jersey solicitor and served as Deputy for Grouville. His father was Lester Vivian Bailhache MA (1910–2005), a barrister called to the English Bar and an advocate in Jersey, he was Deputy of St Clement and subsequently a Jurat of the Royal Court of Jersey who served as Lieutenant-Bailiff of Jersey 1980–1982.

Bailhache read Law at Pembroke College, Oxford, was called to the English Bar in 1968 and the Jersey Bar on 7 August 1969. He practised from the family law firm, Bailhache and Bailhache in Hill Street, St Helier.

His brother, William Bailhache, was appointed HM Attorney General in 2000 and Deputy Bailiff in 2009, and he was sworn in as Bailiff on 29 February 2015.

Law Officer 1975–1993
Bailhache served as a Law Officer of the Crown for 19 years, first as HM Solicitor General (1975–1985) and subsequently as HM Attorney General (1986–1993).

Deputy Bailiff and Bailiff 1994–2011
In 1994, Bailhache became Deputy Bailiff of Jersey, following the controversial removal from office of the previous Deputy Bailiff Vernon Tomes. He was appointed Bailiff of Jersey in 1995, in succession to Sir Peter Crill. As Deputy Bailiff and Bailiff, he was an ex officio judge of the Court of Appeal of Jersey. He was a judge of the Court of Appeal of Guernsey from 1995 to 2009.

Bailhache introduced several modernisations to Jersey's legal system. In 1997, he was the founding editor of the Jersey Law Review (from 2007 the Jersey and Guernsey Law Review). In 1998, he led the setting up and became the first chairman of the Jersey Legal Information Board, a project designed to use technologies to streamline the administration of justice and make Jersey court judgments more easily accessible as part of the worldwide free access to law movement. In 2008, he became the first chairman of the Governing Body of Jersey's law school, the Institute of Law, a not-for-profit organisation providing courses for candidates sitting the Jersey advocates and solicitors examinations and students taking the University of London LLB degree via the International Programmes.

In July 2005, the Policy and Resources Committee of the States of Jersey established the Constitutional Review Group, with terms of reference 'to conduct a review and evaluation of the potential advantages and disadvantages for Jersey in seeking independence from the United Kingdom or other incremental change in the constitutional relationship, while retaining the Queen as Head of State'. Bailhache was invited to chair the Group, which produced a 'Second Interim Report' in December 2007, presented to the States by the Council of Ministers in June 2008.

He said the following in his May 2008 Liberation Day speech about international reporting of child abuse investigations on the island:

 * "All child abuse, wherever it happens, is scandalous, but it is the unjustified and remorseless denigration of Jersey and her people that is the real scandal."

His words were condemned by a support group for those who grew up in care on Jersey. Bailhache justified his comments. A vote of no-confidence in the Bailiff was proposed by Jersey Democratic Alliance member Deputy Shona Pitman on 15 July 2008, citing his speech and the fact he allowed a convicted paedophile - Roger Holland - to remain an honorary policeman in 1992 after being told about him. Jersey's Chief Minister and Jersey Evening Post proprietor, Frank Walker, whose own speech was criticised, defended Bailhache, describing him as "an honourable man"; the proposal was rejected by 47 votes to 3. Holland continued sexually abusing children over six years in the St. Helier honorary police; for eight such offences in total he was gaoled in 2008.

Bailhache retired from the office of Bailiff at the end of June 2009 and was succeeded by Mr Michael Birt. He was an active member of the Commonwealth Magistrates and Judges' Association and became its Executive Vice-President in September 2009, following the retirement of Sir Henry Brooke.

In 2016, referring to Roger Holland's earlier conviction, Bailhache told the Independent Jersey Care Inquiry that more was known about paedophiles now, saying, "It was reasonable to conclude he had been re-habilitated. What Holland did was put his hand up a girl's pullover. It was an unpleasant thing to do but across the range of sexual offences it was at the lower end of the scale," and "The action of suspending Roger Holland immediately after he had been sworn in would have been a very extraordinary thing to do." The completed Inquiry, published on 3 July 2017, commented on his Liberation Day speech: "We cannot accept that a politician and lawyer of his [Bailhache's] experience would inadvertently have made what he told the Inquiry was an 'unfortunate juxtaposition' of words", calling his link between Jersey's reputation and the child abuse investigation "a grave political error". Bailhache said he accepted the inquiry panel's comments and apologised for any distress caused.

Political career
Bailhache was elected to the States of Jersey as deputy of Grouville in 1972, resigning his seat in 1975 on his appointment as Solicitor General.

In 2009, Bailhache and his wife were among prominent islanders to give public support to a campaign to introduce civil partnerships for gay people in Jersey. For many years, Bailhache has promoted reconciliation between the peoples of Jersey and Germany, especially in Bad Wurzach, where many islanders were interned during the Second World War.

In written evidence to Lord Carswell's 2010 inquiry into reform of Jersey's Crown Officers, including the role of the Bailiff, Bailhache concluded that "the current system works extremely well and there is no reason for change".

In July 2011, he announced that he was standing in the elections for the four vacant Senatorial seats in Jersey's October 2011 general election. He came top of the poll, receiving 17,538 votes (80.2% of votes cast). He subsequently stood for election to the post of Chief Minister, but was defeated by 27 votes to 24 by Ian Gorst on 14 November 2011.

Bailhache has called for changes to the Channel Islands' relationship with the United Kingdom government, arguing that "at the very least, we should be ready for independence if we are placed in a position where that course was the only sensible option".

On 7 March 2012, the States appointed Bailhache as chairman of Jersey's Electoral Commission. The Electoral Commission was set up to examine the constitution of the States Assembly.

On 24 June 2021, Bailhache announced he would launch a new political party called the Jersey Liberal Conservatives.

The JLC garnered sufficient support to field candidates in the 2022 Jersey general election, and entered into a coalition with the Progress Party.

Honours
In 1989 he became one of the first two Queen's Counsel learned in the law of Jersey. He received a knighthood in the 1996 Birthday Honours. In 2006, he was awarded l'Ordre de la Pléiade (Grand Officier class) by l'Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie. He is an honorary fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford (elected 1995) and an Honorary Bencher of the Middle Temple (2003).

title: Philip Bailhache


text:
Talk:Birefringence

Image
I found the text in the current image ("Healthy Eating") to be rather distracting. I took a calcite crystal and took a different photo: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3310.calcite_%28Iceland_Spar%29_birefringence.jpg - would suggest switching to that or something similar. --Furrfu (talk) 17:30, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

.
The refractive index is referred to several times as a tensor. This is incorrect, because the property does not transform by the laws of tensors (although permittivity does). See for example "Modern Crystallography IV" Springer series in solid state science v.37, L. A. Shuvalov (Ed.) --FPD.

Could someone also include a discussion on how the ionosphere is birefringent for HF radio waves?

(No) Serious Errors in Mathematical Description
The description contains a very serious error in equation 3a

$$

This is not correct for anisotropic materials as it has used the assumption that the electric field vector E and the electric flux vector D are parallel. In fact, the whole point of anisotropic materials is that these vectors are not parallel to each other. See Born and Wolf. The author appears to have used an isotropic form of Maxwell's Equations in his derivation.

I'm taking the liberty of removing the entire section in question as it is seriously wrong. You should of course, consult a registered expert on this. 193.1.100.105 17:21, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, my bad. Sorry. The epsilon mentioned was a tensor, not a scalar. The section actually seems fine. ObsessiveMathsFreak 00:29, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Errors in formal definition
The "formal" definition section is wrong, I think, because it fails to take into account that the divergence constraint on the electric field is changed by the anisotropy: now we have $$\nabla \cdot \varepsilon \mathbf{E} = 0$$. This means, among other things, that the electromagnetic wave equation has to be written in its full form $$- c^2 \nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf{E} = \varepsilon \frac{\partial^2\mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2}$$, which does not simplify to $$c^2 \nabla ^2 \mathbf{E} = \varepsilon \frac{\partial^2\mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2}$$ if the electric field is not divergence-free.

The easy way to see the error is that the conclusion is absurd: if $$\mathbf{E}$$ simply lies along one of the principal axes of ε, then for most directions of $$\mathbf{k}$$ there will be no eigensolutions that satisfy the divergence constraint $$\nabla \cdot \varepsilon \mathbf{E} = i\mathbf{k} \cdot \varepsilon \mathbf{E} = 0$$.

I don't have time to fix it now, but I tagged the article as disputed.

(By the way, the subsection on fibers is goofy too, because it mixes up nonlinearity and birefringence when the two have nothing to do with one another. It's also kind of obscurely written, because the semi-vectorial Schrodinger(-like, it's not quantum mechanics) equation is simply an approximation that can be used in low-contrast waveguides.)

—Steven G. Johnson 20:29, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Sorry for the error in the definition - and thanks for pointing it out. Using the wave equation properly as you quote, I get $$ k^2 \mathbf{E_0} -\mathbf{(k.E_0) k} = \frac{\omega^2}{c^2}\mathbf{\varepsilon. E_0}$$, which then satisfies the divergence constraint. I will try to correct it, unless you do first.

User:Salthebad

 * The "new" version comes to the same conclusion, and is still wrong. The solution electric fields for propagating waves are not simply eigenvectors of the dielectric tensor, nor are they restricted to propagate in only three directions in the crystal.  There are propagating solutions in every direction, but the dispersion surface depends upon polarization.  Again, you made the same mistake: equation (4a) does not follow from equation (3a) because the divergence of E is not zero.  I suspect that you are doing something like commuting the ∇ and ε operations, which you can't do if ε is not isotropic. —Steven G. Johnson 18:57, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Note that this problem is, I think, much easier to describe in terms of the magnetic field, since to use the electric field you must inherently solve a generalized eigenproblem (matrices on both sides) or a non-Hermitian problem if you move both matrices to one side. For the magnetic field, you get an ordinary eigenproblem:
 * $$-\mathbf{k} \times \left( \frac{1}{\varepsilon} \mathbf{k} \times \mathbf{H}_0 \right) = \frac{\omega^2}{c^2} \mathbf{H}_0$$

with the constraint $$\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{H}_0=0$$, where we have written the magnetic field as:
 * $$\mathbf{H} = \mathbf{H}_0 \exp(i\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{x} - i\omega t)$$

This is an ordinary 3×3 eigenproblem for $$\mathbf{H}_0$$, which is Hermitian if we neglect material absorption (i.e. if ε is Hermitian) and thus has three orthogonal solution vectors and corresponding eigen-frequencies ω. One of these solutions is ω=0 but violates the divergence constraint, so it is discarded. The other two solutions have magnetic fields $$\mathbf{H}_0$$ orthogonal to k, and correspond to the propagating transverse waves. The corresponding electric field amplitude is given by:
 * $$\mathbf{E}_0 = -\frac{c}{\omega \varepsilon} \mathbf{k} \times \mathbf{H}_0$$

The electric field amplitude is not in general orthogonal to $$\mathbf{k}$$, nor does it generally lie along one of the principal axes of ε. Nor are the two electric field polarizations orthogonal; rather, they satisfy $$\mathbf{E}_0 \cdot \varepsilon \mathbf{E}_0' = 0$$.

Note also that k is the direction of the phase velocity, but is not generally the direction of the group velocity for anisotropic media, and it is the group velocity that determines the direction in which the refracted beams propagate. Note also that the "effective index" $$c|\mathbf{k}|/\omega$$ is not in general one of the three eigenvalues of $$\sqrt{\varepsilon}$$, but rather lies in between the eigenvalues. (I seem to recall that it forms an ellipsoid, or at least an ellipse for each possible orientation of $$\mathbf{E}_0$$.

My own research involves media more complicated than simple homogeneous dielectrics such as this, so I'm probably forgetting some interesting details here, and there might be simpler analysis tricks. e.g. there seem to be all sorts of graphical methods for analyzing these birefringent systems that I've never looked into. But I think I can still spot erroneous approaches.

Note also that for a particular plane of incidence, the resulting solutions have a phase velocity that lies in the same plane, and I believe there are only two refracted solutions even when ε has three distinct eigenvalues. Hence the errors at trirefringence. (The reason that there are only two refracted solutions is obvious from above: for a particular k, there are only two eigenfrequencies corresponding to the two transverse polarizations. Correspondingly, in a given plane of incidence there are only two solution ellipsoids that can be coupled to.)  This comes back to the basic misconception that the refracted rays do not in general lie along the principal axes nor are they polarized in those directions.

—Steven G. Johnson 20:27, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * whoops - please check eqns 3-4 again. Do they not follow now? If $$E_0$$ is an eigenvector of n, then surely k is perpendicular to $$E_0$$. A general $$E_0$$ can be written in the basis of these eigenvectors, so as far as I can see, they can then be treated independently. However, I now understand that that does not make them different rays. My use of birefringence is a lot simpler than this stuff, and I agree that your discussion is more sensible, so please edit as you see fit. User:salthebad Salman Rogers

 * Your equation (4a) looks okay now (although 3a has a typo...the time derivative should be 2nd deriv). And yes, you can always write any vector in the basis of the eigenvectors of ε, but that's misleading because the eigenvectors of ε are not themselves solutions (except when k lies along certain directions), so they cannot be treated independently.  (Because the polarization is not generally an eigenvector of ε, it is not in general orthogonal to k.) Because of this, your equation (7) and the subsequent discussion are wrong.  The phase velocity is not given by c divided by one of the eigenvalues of √ε.
 * I would want to look it up in a textbook or two before writing it up myself (I can't because I'm on vacation now). Not so much because I think my analysis is wrong, but there may be a more standard approach, terminology, and perhaps some algebraic tricks that I haven't seen.  —Steven G. Johnson 01:36, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Third time lucky... I hope! Birefringence is more complicated than I thought. My rewrite follows KD Moller Optics p238ff, and it should be correct although it is still not a complete description of course. —Salman Rogers

 * It looks okay now, although I haven't checked the detailed algebra I assume it's okay since you took it from the textbook. It's a bit unsatisfying because I think you can't quite see the forest for the trees in this kind of approach (I think that's a common weakness of textbooks that dive into the component equations without investigating the higher-level algebraic structure of the problem), but it will do for now.  Thanks for looking it up. —Steven G. Johnson 23:43, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

However, I should point out that there is one hidden assumption in the algebra as you presented it: you are assuming that the eigenvectors of ε are real and orthogonal. This is in general true only for materials in which absorption loss is negligible (or can be treated as a first-order perturbation) and in the absence of magneto-optic effects, in which case ε is a real symmetric matrix. Does your textbook comment on this? —Steven G. Johnson 23:51, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your approval :-) I agree that component equations are not very satisfying, but in this case, I think the fact that they neatly end up with the isosurfaces of a sphere and ellipsoid multiplied together, is satisfying enough. As for absorption - the textbooks that I've seen, as well as research papers on optical anisotropy in liquids/soft matter generally reserve birefringence for retardation only (real n), and dichroism for any absorptive component. --Salman Rogers

More errors?
Hello. According to :$$-\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf{E}=\frac{1}{c^2}\mathbf{\epsilon} \cdot \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2} $$     (3a)

the $$\epsilon $$ is wrong. I just checked it out and I am sure. Any idea? with regards MSchwarz

 * Looks right to me (neglecting material dispersion and assuming μ=1). $$\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = - \mu \partial\mathbf{H}/\partial ct$$ and $$\nabla \times \mathbf{H} = \varepsilon \partial\mathbf{E}/\partial ct$$, so combining these two one gets $$\nabla \times \frac{1}{\mu} \nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\varepsilon}{c^2} \partial^2\mathbf{E}/\partial t^2$$. —Steven G. Johnson 03:06, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Hi, MSchwarz again. Please have a look! $$\nabla \times \mathbf{E}=-\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t} $$ (2.Maxwell) $$\nabla \times \mathbf{E}=-{\mu}\frac{\partial \mathbf{}}{\partial t} \mathbf{H}$$ $$\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf{E}=-{\mu}\frac{\partial \mathbf{}}{\partial t} \nabla \times \mathbf{H} $$ and with $$\nabla \times \mathbf{H}= \mathbf{j}+\frac{\partial \mathbf{D}}{\partial t} $$ (1.Maxwell)      (and $$ \mathbf{j}= 0$$ and $$ \varrho = 0 $$ ) $$\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf{E}=-{\mu}\frac{\partial \mathbf{}}{\partial t} \frac{\partial \mathbf{D}}{\partial t} $$ $$\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf{E}=-{\mu}\epsilon \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{}}{\partial t^2} \mathbf{E} $$ $$-\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf{E}=\frac{1}{c^2} \cdot \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2} $$ .....and there is no $$\epsilon $$ anymore...... furthermore you easily can get to the 'wave-equation' with the "großmann-Identität" (german-word, sorry, I dontknow): $$\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf{E}=\nabla(\nabla \mathbf{E}) -(\nabla \nabla)\mathbf{E} $$ and as mentioned : $$\nabla \mathbf{E}=0 $$   (3.Maxwell:$$\nabla \mathbf{D}= \varrho$$ ! and $$\varrho = 0 $$ ) $$\nabla \times \nabla \times \mathbf{E}=-\nabla^2 \mathbf{E}$$

which is : $$ \nabla^2 \mathbf{E} = \frac{1}{c^2} \cdot \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2} $$ You`ll find it in any book. And that was the reason for getting into this. Im sure. Greetings from Hamburg, MSchwarz 05:51, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You assumed that $$\mu \varepsilon = 1/c^2$$, which is only true in vacuum. (c always denotes the speed of light in vacuum.)  (If you're confused by the c factors in my explanation, above, it's because I was instinctively using cgs units.  Actually, I tend to set all the dimensionful constants to unity, myself.)   You also assumed that the medium was homogeneous (so that you could pull μ through the derivatives), which I did not, above.  In your final equation, you assumed that the medium was not only homogeneous, but also isotropic, in order to get $$\nabla\cdot\mathbf{E}=0$$, which is definitely not the case here.      —Steven G. Johnson 15:31, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Birefringence values for ice
I suppose checking birefringence values for water ice. Now it stands: 1.309 1.313 +0.014 which are wrong, because 1.313-1.309=0.004, not 0.014. It looks like the mistake is copied from the source website. I have no idea of proper values, if someone has the sources - please check it.

Fiber Optic subsection.
On 16 December 2005, Steven Johnson wrote:

(By the way, the subsection on fibers is goofy too, because it mixes up nonlinearity and birefringence when the two have nothing to do with one another. It's also kind of obscurely written, because the semi-vectorial Schrodinger(-like, it's not quantum mechanics) equation is simply an approximation that can be used in low-contrast waveguides.)

This is Adrian Keister, and I wrote that section on fiber optics. I'm not quite sure I follow your comments.

1. I realize that nonlinearity and birefringence are not the same thing. In what way does the subsection mix them up? It is true that the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation takes birefringence into account and is thus a model for birefringence in a fiber optic cable, among other things. See C. Menyuk, Application of multiple-length-scale methods to the study of optical fiber transmission, Journal of Engineering Mathematics 36: 113-136, 1999, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, for the derivation of the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations starting from Maxwell's equations, and applying the boundary conditions for a fiber optic cable.

 * Nonlinearity and birefringence are independent physical concepts. Yes, you can have both in the same fiber, but there is no reason to include both here, and it is misleading to imply that you need to include nonlinearities in order to model birefringence.

2. The coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations are called that because in applying the Inverse Scattering Transform, the forward scattering problem uses a Lax Pair $$L$$ and $$M$$, and the $$L$$ operator is typically the Schrödinger operator. The eigenvalue problem, therefore, is the time-independent Schrödinger equation from quantum mechanics. There is thus quite a close link between the Inverse Scattering Transform and quantum mechanics. These equations are not called the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger-like equations.

 * I'm quite familiar with what the NSE is, although I think your terminology is unneccessarily obscure (the standard terminology for the derivation can be expressed in four words: slowly varying envelope approximation = SVEA). In any case, you're not seeing the forest for the trees here. First, most readers will have heard of the Schrodinger equation in the context of quantum mechanics where it has a specific physical interpretation which does not apply here (the solution is not the quantum probability amplitude, the terms are not kinetic/potential energy, etcetera).  The only reason for the name is that the linear part has the same form as the quantum Schrodinger equation, but it does not have the same interpretation. This confuses people if it is not presented carefully.

 * Second, any mention of the NSE in this context is incomplete if it does not mention that it is only an approximation (a first-order approximation at that) for weak nonlinearities and slowly varying wave envelopes.

 * In any case, semi-vectorial slowly-varying envelope approximations are simply one of many ways to model birefringence in optical fibers, and it's a bit strange to single them out here. (For one thing, that approximation, as applied in the linear or nonlinear Schrodinger equation, only models the effect of birefringence; in order to actually predict birefringence for a particular geometry or perturbation you need other methods.)

3. Naturally, since actual solitons do not exist, only a soliton-effect, no one is saying that the equations model the physical situation perfectly. But saying that the equations model the physical situation perfectly is not the same thing as saying that the equations model the physical situation.

 * Why are you bringing up solitons? Again, a concept quite independent of birefringence.  (FYI, the SVEA is only an approximation even in the linear case, too.)

4. I'm not sure why the fact that the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation is only an approximation renders the subsection "obscurely written."

I would appreciate any comments you might have in reply.

Regards, Adrian

Biological subsection
Can anyone comment on the role of birefringence in the eye?

Is the crystalline lens a multifocal lens?

Sapoty 06:50, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Also - maybe someone who knows about synovial fluid analysis - for diagnosis of gout or pyrophosphate arthropathy - could add something here? Would be useful - this is probably the only application most medical students will find for birefringence.

Just a thought! (G) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.145.153.48 (talk) 08:53, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Negative/positive birefringence
One reference is made to negative birefringence, in the context of microscopy. No other reference is made to birefringence having a polarity. Please could somebody explain the difference between -ve and +ve birefringence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.80.19.201 (talk) 14:46, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Collagen fibres are birefringent
Collagen fibres because of their anisotropic properties exhibits berefringency under polarised light. When collagen is stained with picrosirius red, the birefringency becomes even enhanced because picrosirius red posseses anisotropic property too.145.107.12.33 (talk) 13:52, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Uncomprehensible
This article as it stands now is almost impossible to understand without a physics background. I wanted a way to explain birefringence to group of non scientists and got no help at all from the article. ping (talk) 04:24, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Try http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence —Preceding unsigned comment added by Furrfu (talk • contribs) 20:26, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Unclear sentence in "Electromagnetic waves in an anisotropic material"
under "Mathematical description" the sentence:

"...., with a relative permittivity tensor ε, where the refractive index n, is defined by $$n\cdot n = \epsilon$$."

is not clear to me. Perhaps a problem with bolds and non-bolds. I also think the comma after "where the refractive index n" shouldn't be there.

160.45.24.185 (talk) 12:16, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

True, there is a weird mix of fonts that puzzled me. But also, isn't there a big assumption at this point ? The usual expression of $$n$$ in the scalar case is $$n = \sqrt{\epsilon_r \mu_r}$$. If we make the parallel with $$n.n=\epsilon$$, then we see that we assumed $$\mu_r=1$$ (or identity matrix). Also, mix of absolute and relative. I don't know if it's a problem or not. Niriel (talk) 16:37, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

 * The whole section assumes $$\mu=1$$ (relative permeability), because μ would otherwise show up in the eigenproblem too. However, at visible and infrared wavelengths there is almost always negligible magnetic response, so this is usually a valid assumption there. — Steven G. Johnson (talk) 18:38, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Ok! Then in the Maxwell-Faraday-Ampere equation ($$\nabla \times \nabla$$) I'm fine with the $$\epsilon 1/c^2$$ with $$c$$ speed of light in vacuum and $$\epsilon$$ relative permittivity.  I'm more confused with the $$\epsilon$$ in Maxwell-Gauss: $$\nabla \cdot D = \rho$$ with $$D = \epsilon E$$ but that epsilon is not the relative permittivity, it's $$\epsilon = \epsilon_r \epsilon_0$$.  Isn't an $$\epsilon_0$$ missing there? Niriel (talk) 08:46, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

some help at identifying the axes would be nice
This article does not clarify at all in its table where exactly the x, y and z axes lie with respect to the incident ray and the optical axis in the images. John Riemann Soong (talk) 05:31, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Diagram wrong?
The diagram shows the parallel polarised light refracted more than the perpendicular polarised light, but the caption text says the opposite. Which way is it? -- cheers, Michael C. Price talk 09:07, 25 March 2011 (UTC)
 * If it's this diagram, the caption was indeed stating what you said. It hopefully gives accurate information now, but I'd appreciate a little peer-review just in case. Mikael Häggström (talk) 04:50, 20 May 2011 (UTC)
 * The caption below the diagram also refers to the parallel (s) and perpendicular (p) polarizations which is the incorrect nomenclature. (p) refers to the parallel polarization and (s) to the perpendicular polarization (s being derived from 'senkrecht', the German word for perpendicular) 1.128.97.77 (talk) 04:24, 3 May 2017 (UTC) Kim.
 * IP editor, you're right, see Plane of incidence. ('s' and 'p' polarizations are so confusing in English...). It's possible the 'parallel' and 'perpendicular' in the figure are meant to be relative to the optic axis, however this is just adding even more confusion. --Nanite (talk) 15:31, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

Revert to what was given in source
I saw the edit on positive versus negative birefringence, but reverted it to what was given by the source (ref name=McClatchey509). However, I'm not an expert on the subject myself, so if anyone would give a good reason for these changes, or provide a better reference, then I'd very likely change my mind. Mikael Häggström (talk) 04:42, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

Birefringence as a property or phenomenon
The first sencente now reads Birefringence, or double refraction, is the decomposition of a ray of light into two rays.... Birefringence is thus refered to as a phenomenon. I think the most common usage of the word is instead as a property of birefringent materials. E.g. Crystals possessing birefringence include...[]. The lede section is about the phenomenon and referes to the property $$\Delta n=n_e-n_o\,$$ as the birefringence magnitude. The rest of the article on the other hand is all about birefringent materials and the anisotropy of the refractive index, not focusing on the phenomenon of splitting rays. I think the lede should be rewritten to reflect the topic discussed in the rest of the article. I intend to do so when I find time unless someone objects. Ulflund (talk) 17:17, 2 November 2011 (UTC)
 * There are cases where the phenomenon occurs in a material that is not intrinsically birefringent, e.g. the Faraday effect. I think the ambiguity in language here is common - very often something that is considered a phenomenon in physics ("calcite exhibits birefringence") will be considered a property in materials science ("calcite is a birefringent material"). I think the lede is all right as it stands - it's in line with ScienceWorld's definition. The anisotropy of the refractive index is how birefringence is characterized, and the splitting of rays is one way it is commonly observed - I would say both are part of the definition, and if some parts of the article emphasize one more than the other, that's okay. Sho Uemura (talk) 23:20, 3 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree that different sections should be allowed to emphasize phenomenon/property differently, but not the lede. The lede should reflect the article. As it is now the lede is about splitting of rays, and the rest of the article about anisotropic refractive index. Ulflund (talk) 17:13, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Looking in the What links here list for birefringence i notice that out of the first 20 pages all except Luminiferous aether referes to birefringence as a material property. [] might be considered notable, and it makes a distinct difference between double refraction (phenomenon) and birefringence (property). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ulflund (talk • contribs) 19:01, 6 November 2011 (UTC)
 * All right, sounds good to me. Sho Uemura (talk) 12:29, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

Peridot vs. olivine; uniaxial and biaxial vs. crystal system
I am a mineralogist, and while I am no expert on optical properties, I was surprised to see peridot listed as a uniaxial substance, but olivine listed as a biaxial one, for two reasons:

Peridot is the gem name for coarsely crystalline, pretty olivine. They are the identical phase. Their optical properties should not differ in such a fundamental way.

Every basic textbook on optical mineralogy, including every basic textbook on mineralogy with a chapter on optical (e.g., Klein and Dutrow 2007, Manual of Mineral Science 23rd edition, see p. 300), that I have seen states that uniaxial crystals are in the tetragonal, hexagonal, or trigonal/rhombohedral crystal systems; and biaxial crystals are orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic. Are there really exceptions to this, and in particular, is there really a gemmy variety of olivine that is one, while most olivine is not? Def-Mornahan (talk) 16:30, 15 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Removed peridot from uniaxial list. Thanks, Vsmith (talk) 21:40, 15 September 2012 (UTC)

Picture of an airbus windshield
The fringes observed on the airbus windshield is wrongly attributed to birefringence, event if it looks similar to a stressed polymer viewed through a polarizer. They are due to thin film interference caused by a conductive Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) thin film deposited on the window for electrical defrosting/defogging. The fringes are strongly visible because the thin film thickness is highly non-uniform on purpose : as the voltage is applied on two opposite points of the window, a uniform conductive film (uniform sheet resistance) would lead to non-uniform current density, and non-uniform defrosting. Some window parts, especially on the sides and far from the electrical contacts, would dissipate less heat, and defrosting would be significantly less efficient here. The ITO thickness pattern is cleverly designed to provide a rather uniform heat dissipation over the whole window.

I worked for 5 years in thin film R&D for the building & automotive industry, including conductive coatings. Now developing a polarized & thin film raytracer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.164.16.51 (talk) 18:16, 10 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for your detailed correction. I will consequently move the picture to thin film interference article and change the caption accordingly. Etan J. Tal(talk) 21:01, 11 June 2013 (UTC)
 * You're welcome! I saw the picture was removed from thin film interferences which has already too many pictures. It could be added to Indium Tin Oxide(ITO) which has no real life application picture. Also the article mentions many applications such as transparent electrode or EMI shielding, but never defrosting, while there are number of patents such as this one : http://www.patentstorm.us/applications/20080176084/description.html for ITO defrosting - Etienne

Biaxial materials table -- specific values given for solid solutions are ill-defined
The table that gives specific values of the indices of refraction α, β and γ for biaxial materials includes several solid solutions with compositional ranges: biotite K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2, muscovite KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2, olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, and topaz Al2SiO4(F,OH)2. But the indices of refraction of all these materials are composition dependent. Indeed, one way of measuring the composition of, for example, olivine (that is, it's Fe/Mg ratio) is to measure an index of refraction and use the well-known linear relationship between index of refraction and composition in this mineral.

In any case, this means the table values are ill-defined. Olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 can have a value of α anywhere between 1.635 (pure Mg end member) and 1.825 (pure Fe end member), yet here a value is given to four significant digits as if it were a constant applicable to the whole solid solution series. In fact, for olivine the values given all correspond nicely to Mg0.95Fe0.05 composition (source: Deer, Howie and Zussman, An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd edition (1992), Longman Scientific and Technical (Essex, England)), which is an unusual but not extremely rare natural composition.

For topaz the three values gives all correspond to a particular specimen with about 19 weight percent F, but natural topaz ranges from ~14 to 20.7 weight percent fluorine.

For biotite and muscovite, the numbers given are within the ranges of natural specimens, but the point remains that these values go with a particular composition along the solid solution series, not with the entire family of compositions. Either that, or these are to be interpreted somehow as average or mid-point values of the range, but if so they should not be given to such high precision (the range, for example, for α for biotite is 1.530-1.625 (variation in 1st decimal place).

Solution: some indication needs to be given that these are example values corresponding to fixed compositions along the indicated solid solutions, or specific values need to be replaced with explicit ranges (this is how they are given in Deer, Howie and Zussman, a fundamental mineralogy reference), or as lower-precision values that can encompass the full range of values within the solid solution. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Asimow (talk • contribs) 20:57, 4 November 2013 (UTC)

Multiferroics
I have removed the following sentence and reference from the birefringence section in the refractive index article since it seemed to specialized. It might fit somewhere in this article though.

In materials simultaneously lacking time-reversal and spatial inversion symmetry (for example multiferroics), refractive indices can be different even for counter-propagating light beams, which effect is termed as directional birefringence.

Ulflund (talk) 19:51, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:43, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

 * It's also no help at all to a scientist because it talks about birefringence, but never says what it is.
 * What is birefringence? --2600:387:6:80D:0:0:0:57 (talk) 17:29, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

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Image that came through the Wiki Science Competition
Leaving this image here in case editors of this page find it useful (the subject is far outside my wheelhouse, but I find it interesting, and the image striking). Uploaded by the creator for the Wiki Science Competition (it was one of the finalists in its category). The person who made it has a website explaining how he did it with some other nice images, for anyone interested. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 06:05, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Birefringence