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User talk:Franck Ver Stut

Hello, and welcome to the English Wikipedia.

You might wish to know that we already have an article New Chronology (Fomenko).

Also, I note that your contribution is signed as if it was written by Fomenko. If this is directly translated from Fomenko's work, it is unlikely that Wikipedia can use this material. The reason is that any copyright issues give us problems with the GFDL license under which we release material to general use. Charles Matthews 10:43, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. . even if there was some notability to Fomenko's stuff, it should be placed in its proper article, and not quoted verbatim. You are in violation of Copyright. dab (ᛏ) 15:32, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * if you want to contribute seriously, write a coherent section about the point you want to make, in your own words. You may be blocked for uploading copyrighted text. I also draw your attention to WP:3RR: if you revert to your edits for more than three times, you will also be blocked from editing. Unless you try to make clear what you want to say on the talk page, your material will not be kept in the article. dab (ᛏ) 17:27, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia.

When you get a chance, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

I'm afraid most if not all of your contributions to date are unlikely to survive. Those that consist of a lengthy, unformatted essay added near the start of an existing article are a bad risk, particularly if they appear to promote a particular point of view.

I hope you'll get involved with other articles and discussions whatever happens to these ones. But you are off to a rather bad start. I'd suggest you take a wikibreak from editing the articles in question and see what the community does with your contributions. Perhaps a look at the NPOV tutorial would be a good thing too.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp. We normally do this on discussion pages as a courtesy, but not in articles. I notice that you have yet to contribute to a discussion page. This is the right place to discuss disputed edits, rather than the article itself or the edit summaries.

Some other links I hope you find useful:

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
 * Village pump is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

Please feel free to drop me a question on my talk page if there's anything you think I can help with. Andrewa 17:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

well, Wikipedia is just an encyclopedia, not a journal for scientific breakthrough. As soon as Fomenko's view becomes more accepted by mainstream science, this will be reflected on Wikipedia also, but not earlier. Until then, we have New Chronology (Fomenko), so you can hardly say the existence of his view is censored. I would also ask you to review WP:NOT and WP:DR for a better insight into how Wikipedia works. thanks, dab (ᛏ) 21:26, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree 100% that those are two very good pages to look at.

 * We regularly do get people starting off on the wrong foot like this. I wonder whether part of the problem might be that some critics of Wikipedia imply, and sometimes try to demonstrate, that Wikipedia's information quality is low because you can write anything you like here?

 * That's just not true, as we have been seeing. There are valid criticisms of Wikipedia, see why Wikipedia is not so great, and our quality control is not 100%, but we do have both policies and ways of enforcing them.

 * As I said before, I hope you get excited about this project and involved in it. You obviously have expertise, and a passion for determining and communicating the truth in your field. That's a good start, but one thing remains: Do you have an interest in being a contributing member of this particular community, in our particular project to collect information and make it available?

 * I find this a particularly exciting project, and hope you do too. But it's not for everyone. To find out whether it could be for you, you need to understand a little more of how we work, our strengths, weaknesses, joys and frustrations. I hope you won't let this bad start prevent you from doing this.

 * One of the challenges for someone with cutting-edge expertise is walking the line between up-to-the-minute accuracy and original research. Perhaps autobiography might help a little here. It's not exactly what we're talking about, but there are principles in common. As a Wikipedian, it's best to cite the work of other authorities rather than yourself. Let others do the job of citing your own research publications, and reporting any original ideas they contain.

 * If you feel that your work should be mentioned, there's no possible objection to citing it in an article talk page. But then it won't happen until someone else comes along who agrees with you about both the facts and their importance. That's community. If that doesn't appeal, then perhaps Wikipedia is not for you.

 * You might also have a look at rhetoric.

 * Does all that help any? Andrewa 04:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Reduce hearsay, add valid facts - respect NPOV
Salutations Gentlemen Wikipedians,

Anti-Fomenko “Damage Control” WiKiPedia page is openly biased; valid pro-Fomenko arguments are not admitted. Suggest the strict respect of NPOV.

Some remarks:

Frederick Barbarossa allegedly missed by Fomenko in “dynastic parallelism” fig.r6.5.1. is explicitly mentioned in the descriptive part of Annex 6.5. on p.534 of “History..”, ISBN 2913621058.., this layout mistake will be corrected in the next edition of the book.

The Lecture 2002 of H.Jeffreys vividly shows that in order to suite “ancient” datings of eclipses Moon-Earth system parameters have to be artificially twisted (fig.6), the length of the day and night changes at random. Tidal friction parameter stays linear constant, if you use Fomenko’s datings. Astronomical software calculates exact date to a minite, place to a meter and phase of solar eclipses up to 16800 years backwards or forwards. These exact calculations do not fit the any of the datings provided by allegedly “ancient”, in fact mediaeval  astronomers. To suite “ancient” datings they to stage a convoluted astronomical circus with unknown forces at play. There was NO TOTAL ECLIPSE in Babylon on 15.04.136 BC, look at fig.4 qv. Therefore the whole chronology attached to it is not valid.

The Lecture 2002 of H.Jeffreys also mentions the same source as Fomenko, i.e. translations of Babilonian datable texts by A.J.Sachs. Any astronomer will confirm that the number of astronomical units, i.e. planets and constellations quoted in these texts is not sufficient for a unique dating of such horoscopes.

“Moscow as III Rome is a formula”, recognized by official history of Russia. Was in use under Ivan III, alleged reign 1452-1505, introduced by Filofei (Philoteus), Russian monk.

Sincerely,

Franck Ver Stut

PS: We will supply you with datings of full solar eclipses in observed in Babilon, at request.

 * This all still sounds more like original research than encyclopedia material to me. But you're getting the idea. Some more references would help. Andrewa 00:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Franck Ver Stut


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Ariana (disambiguation)

Ariana is a historical term for a region of central Asia.

Ariana may also refer to:

 * Ariana (name), a given name

Places

 * Ariana Governorate, Tunisia
 * Ariana, or Aryanah, coastal town
 * Lake Ariana, in Sofia, Bulgaria

Other uses

 * Ariana beer, a Bulgarian beer brand
 * Ariana Brewery, a former Bulgarian brewery
 * Ariana Afghan Airlines, flag carrier of Afghanistan
 * Ariana Television Network, based in Kabul, Afghanistan
 * Ariana Afghanistan, a satellite television channel based in California, U.S.
 * Ariana Cinema, in Kabul, Afghanistan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ariana (disambiguation)


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User:Smartsmith

My Subpages

 * Welcome Note
 * LiveStrong HeadBand
 * Old Discussion Page
 * Greyscale
 * My GFDL Template
 * Userboxes

title: User:Smartsmith


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Garth Porter

Garth Ivan Richard Porter (born 24 September 1948) is a New Zealand-born Australian multi-instrumental musician, songwriter and record producer. He was a member, on keyboards and backing vocals, of the pop group, Sherbet (1970–84), and co-wrote both of their number-one singles, "Summer Love" (March 1975) and "Howzat" (May 1976). Porter is a co-writer and producer for country music singer Lee Kernaghan.

Early life
Garth Ivan Richard Porter was born on 24 September 1948 in Hamilton. His parents were farmers in the nearby rural area. He recalled that while growing up "I learnt piano for about six months so I had a rough idea of musical notation." The future songwriter spent two nights a week at his grandparents home in Hamilton, "I'd walk there from work and from their place, I would walk to night school and I vividly remember I used to really look forward to my walks. As I was walking, the pace of my footsteps would be the rhythm of a song and I was just making up words and melodies all the time I was walking to my grandparents and then to night school."

Early career
In 1969 Porter was a member of Swellfoot's Assembly while a student at University of Waikato, which included Marion Arts on lead vocals and Paul Baxter on bass guitar. Later that year he was in Sydney and joined Samael Lilith alongside Daryl Braithwaite on lead vocals, Ray Ferguson on guitar and backing vocals, Mick Parker on bass guitar and flute (replaced by Bruce Worrall on bass guitar), and Greg Wilder on drums. He left that group in the next year and was briefly a member of Toby Jugg, which issued a cover version of Amen Corner's "(If Paradise Is) Half as Nice" as a single in 1970.

Sherbet
In October 1970 Porter, on Hammond organ, electric piano, backing vocals and occasional lead vocals, joined the Sydney-based pop group, Sherbet. The group included his former bandmates Braithwaite and Worrall from Samael Lilith, as well as Alan Sandow on drums and Clive Shakespeare on lead guitar and co-lead vocals. Porter's first song writing effort for Sherbet, "One Man Team", was performed in late 1972 and early the next year but "We never recorded it... That was a pop/rock sort of thing I guess." The first Porter-written track recorded by Sherbet, "Back Home", was issued as the B-side of "You're All Woman" (August 1972).

Porter and Shakespeare co-wrote most of the group's early hits including, "Cassandra" (December 1973), which peaked at No. 5 on the Go-Set National Top 40. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described it as "the first real indication of the Porter/Shakespeare-penned pop masterpieces that were to follow" and it "made extensive use of Porter's newly acquired Mellotron, which gave Sherbet a distinctive edge and sound over other Australian pop groups of the day." Porter and Shakespeare's co-written top 10 hits for Sherbet include "Slipstream" (June 1974), "Silvery Moon" (August) and, the group's first number-one hit, "Summer Love" (March 1975). Julie Kusko of The Australian Women's Weekly described Porter, in March 1975, as "Tall, and good-looking, he worked in an accountant's office before giving way to music."

Tony Catterall of The Canberra Times reviewed their first live album, ... In Concert in April 1975, he praised Braithwaite's voice as their "one major strength" but found their major weaknesses were "an almost total lack of writing ability that, coupled with the band's extremely erratic musicianship, makes it hard to understand the frantic screams of adulation." He felt that Porter provides "some interesting mellotron and organ work... although his piano playing (on a Steinway Concert Grand!) is dreadfully pedestrian."

Further Porter and Shakespeare co-written top 10 hits for Sherbet followed: "Life" (August 1975), "Only One You" (November) and "Child's Play (February 1976).  While a member of Sherbet, Porter also worked as a session musician and producer. In 1974 he appeared on band mate, Braithwaite's solo single, a cover version of Cilla Black's recording of "You're My World".  He also worked on The Mixtures album, The Mixtures, in that year. In 1975 Sherbet toured Australia to promote their fourth studio album, Life... Is for Living, their support act were Dalvanius and the Fascinations, a New Zealand-formed soul music band. Porter produced the group's single, "Canberra We're Watching You", which was a reworking of the Staple Singers' track "Washington We're Watching".

After Shakespeare left Sherbet in January 1976, Porter co-wrote mostly with Tony Mitchell (Worrall's replacement on bass guitar) including the group's second number-one hit, "Howzat" (May 1976). In June Catterall approved of Shakespeare's replacement, Harvey James, on lead guitar as "It frees Garth Porter on organ from having to carry the leads, a job which he could handle well enough for a pop band but not for rock, and allows him to concentrate more on filling in the inevitable holes in the sound." The associated album of the same title followed in July and also reached number one on the related Kent Music Report Albums Chart. It was co-produced by Richard Lush with Sherbet members, including Porter. From September Sherbet toured the United Kingdom where "Howzat" peaked at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart in October. Porter told The Australian Women's Weekly's Camilla Beach in November that "I've had two good feelings about it... One was a letter from my mother – she is so proud. And I hope Australia is proud of us too. But we haven't made it yet. That takes five years."

In 1977 Porter co-produced Rockwell T. James' album, Shot of Rhythm and Blues, he also supplied instrumental backing. Other top 10 singles co-written by Porter with various Sherbet members are "Rock Me Gently" (October 1976), "Magazine Madonna" (June 1977) and "Another Night on the Road" (August 1978). Porter sang lead vocals on "Matter of Time" (November 1975) and "Hollywood Dreaming" (June 1976) while with Sherbet. From the late 1980s to 1984 the group attempted to enter the United States market, which included re-branding themselves as Highway and then as the Sherbs before disbanding.

Later career
Porter initially had difficulty after the group's disbandment "I had a vague idea of a solo career, but not really, it was kind of there as an option but nothing that I really pursued... I found it really hard going as a songwriter, just out on your own in the middle of kind of nowhere. And especially the credentials of having been in Sherbet at that time were kind of, it was like having the plague really."

He helped launch Lee Kernaghan and co-wrote some of the songs for the live Musical theatre production The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (which toured Australian capital cities — twice). The Original Cast Album of the show won the ARIA award for Best Cast / Show Album).

Personal life
In March 1975 Julie Kusko of The Australian Women's Weekly described his hobbies as furniture collecting, fishing and camping. On 7 August 1978 Porter "married his long-time girlfriend" Mary Byrnes in Sydney.

Porter is a producer, arranger, composer, mixer

Porter plays keyboards, mellotron, organ (Hammond, Wurlitzer), clavinet, piano (string, electric, grand), synthesiser, vocals (backing, lead), percussion, harpsichord and saxophone.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.

 * 2015
 * Garth Porter for Spirit of the Anzacs by Lee Kernaghan
 * ARIA Award for Producer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Australian Songwriter's Hall of Fame
The Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame was established in 2004 to honour the lifetime achievements of some of Australia's greatest songwriters.

 * 2013
 * himself
 * Australian Songwriter's Hall of Fame
 * inducted
 * }
 * }

Country Music Awards of Australia
The Country Music Awards of Australia (CMAA) (also known as the Golden Guitar Awards) is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry. They have been held annually since 1973. (wins only)
 * rowspan="2"| 1993
 * himself
 * Producer of the Year
 * Won
 * "Boys from the Bush" (with Lee Kernaghan)
 * APRA Song of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 1994
 * himself
 * Producer of the Year
 * Won
 * "Three Chain Road" (with Lee Kernaghan)
 * APRA Song of the Year
 * Won
 * 1995
 * himself
 * Producer of the Year
 * Won
 * 1996
 * himself
 * Producer of the Year
 * Won
 * 1997
 * himself
 * Producer of the Year
 * Won
 * 1998
 * himself
 * Producer of the Year
 * Won
 * 1999
 * "That Old Caravan" (written by Colin Buchanan & Garth Porter, recorded by Colin Buchanan)
 * Bush Ballad of the Year
 * Won
 * 2000
 * "They Don't Make 'Em Like That Anymore" (written by Troy Cassar-Daley, Garth Porter & Colin Buchanan)
 * APRA Song of the Year
 * Won
 * 2004
 * "Raining On the Plains" (written by Sara Storer, Garth Porter & Doug Storer)
 * APRA Song of the Year
 * Won
 * 2007
 * "Close As a Whisper (The Gift)" (written by Lee Kernaghan, Garth Porter & Colin Buchanan, recorded by Lee Kernaghan)
 * Heritage Song of the Year
 * Won
 * APRA Song of the Year
 * Won
 * 2004
 * "Raining On the Plains" (written by Sara Storer, Garth Porter & Doug Storer)
 * APRA Song of the Year
 * Won
 * 2007
 * "Close As a Whisper (The Gift)" (written by Lee Kernaghan, Garth Porter & Colin Buchanan, recorded by Lee Kernaghan)
 * Heritage Song of the Year
 * Won
 * Heritage Song of the Year
 * Won

Tamworth Songwriters Awards
The Tamworth Songwriters Association (TSA) is an annual songwriting contest for original country songs, awarded in January at the Tamworth Country Music Festival. They commenced in 1986. Garth Porter has won two awards in that time. (wins only)
 * rowspan="2"| 1993
 * rowspan="2"| "Boys from the Bush" by Lee Kernaghan and Garth Porter
 * Contemporary Country Song of the Year
 * Won
 * Country Song of the Year
 * Won
 * Country Song of the Year
 * Won

title: Garth Porter


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Banská Bystrica Region

The Banská Bystrica Region (Banskobystrický kraj, ; Besztercebányai kerület, ) is one of the eight regions of Slovakia. It is the largest of the eight regions by area, and has a lower population density than any other region. The Banská Bystrica Region was established in 1923; its borders were last adjusted in 1996. Banská Bystrica consists of 514 municipalities, 24 of which have town status. Its administrative center is the eponymous town of Banská Bystrica, which is also the region's largest town. Other important towns are Zvolen and Lučenec.

Geography
It is located in the central part of Slovakia and has an area of 9,455 km2. The region is prevailingly mountainous, with several ranges within the area. The highest of them are the Low Tatras in the north, where the highest point, Ďumbier, is located. Some of the mountain ranges in the west include Kremnica Mountains, Vtáčnik and Štiavnica Mountains. The Javorie and Krupina Plain ranges are located in the centre. The Slovak Ore Mountains are running from the central areas to the east, along with its subdivisions (e.g. Poľana, Veporské vrchy, Muránska planina and Spiš-Gemer Karst). Lower lying areas are located in the south, represented by the Southern Slovak Basin, running along the borders with Hungary. Major rivers are the Hron in the northern half, Ipeľ in the south and centre, Rimava and for short length Slaná in the east. As for administrative division, the region borders Žilina Region in the north, Prešov Region in the north-east, Košice Region in the east, Hungarian Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county in the south-east, Nógrád county in the south and Pest county in the south-west, Nitra Region in the west and Trenčín Region in the north-west.

Demographics
The population density in the region is 68.14 PD/km2 (2020-06-30/-07-01), which is the lowest of all Slovak regions and much lower than the country's average (110 per km2). The largest towns are Banská Bystrica, Zvolen, Lučenec and Rimavská Sobota. According to the 2014 census, there were 655,359 inhabitants in the region, with a majority of Slovaks (83.7%), but there is a substantial Hungarian minority (11.8%) along the border with Hungary, as well as smaller minorities of Roma (2.3%) and Czechs (<1%).

Politics
The governor of Banská Bystrica region is Ondrej Lunter (Independent). He won with 48,5 %. In election 2022 was elected also regional parliament :

Administrative division
The Banská Bystrica Region consists of 13 districts (okresy).

There are 514 municipalities, of which 24 are towns, where the 56% of the region's population live.

Places of interest

 * Banská Bystrica with Banská Bystrica Castle, Saint Francis Xavier Cathedral, Museum of the Slovak National Uprising, etc.
 * Hronsek with its castles, articular church and belfry (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
 * Zvolen Castle
 * Kremnica with Saint Catherine Church, Kremnica Mint, etc.
 * Hronský Beňadik Monastery
 * Banská Štiavnica (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
 * Svätý Anton manor house
 * Modrý Kameň Castle
 * Lučenec Synagogue
 * Gemer churches with the medieval wall paintings: Medieval churches in Rákoš, Chyžné, Kameňany, Rimavské Brezovo, Rimavská Baňa, Rimavské Janovce, Kyjatice, Kraskovo, etc.
 * Predná Hora mansion
 * Telgárt viaduct
 * Špania Dolina - a town with a mining tradition
 * Low Tatras National Park
 * Muránska Planina National Park
 * Greater Fatra National Park
 * Cerová vrchovina Protected Landscape Area
 * Poľana Protected Landscape Area
 * Štiavnické vrchy Protected Landscape Area

title: Banská Bystrica Region


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Geodemography

Geodemography is the study of people based on where they live; it links the sciences of demography, the study of human population dynamics, and geography, the study of the locational and spatial variation of both physical and human phenomena on Earth, along with sociology. It includes the application of geodemographic classifications for business, social research and public policy but has a parallel history in academic research seeking to understand the processes by which settlements (notably, cities) evolve and neighborhoods are formed. Geodemographic systems estimate the most probable characteristics of people based on the pooled profile of all people living in a small area near a particular address.

Origins
The origins of geodemographics are often identified as Charles Booth and his studies of deprivation and poverty in early twentieth century London, and the Chicago School of sociology. Booth developed the idea of 'classifying neighborhoods', exemplified by his multivariate classification of the 1891 UK Census data to create a generalized social index of London's (then) registration districts. Research at the Chicago School – though generally qualitative in nature – strengthened the idea that such classifications could be meaningful by developing the idea of 'natural areas' within cities: conceived as geographical units with populations of broadly homogenous social-economic and cultural characteristics.

The idea that census outputs could serve to identify and to characterize the geographies of cities gathered momentum with the increased availability of national census data and the computational ability to look for patterns in such data. Of particular importance to the emerging geodemographic industry was the development of clustering techniques to group statistically similar neighborhoods into classes on a 'like with like' basis. More recently, data has become available at finer geographical resolutions (such as postal units), often originating from private commercial (i.e. non-governmental) sources.

Commercial geodemographics emerged from the late 1970s with the launch of PRIZM by Claritas in the US and Acorn by CACI in the UK. Geodemography has been used to target consumer services to 'ideal' populations based on their lifestyle and location. These parameters have been taken from geographical databases as well as from electoral lists and credit agencies. Combining these builds a picture of the population characteristics in different locations. The geodemographic data that this provides can then be used by marketers to target information towards those that they want to influence. This can be in the form of sales, services, or even political information. At heart, geodemographics is just a structured method of making sense of complex socio-economic datasets.

In the UK
In 2005 the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in collaboration with Dan Vickers and Phil Rees of the University of Leeds, released a free small scale social area classification of the UK based on 2001 UK small area census data. Similar classifications had been developed for earlier censuses, notably by Stan Openshaw and colleagues at Newcastle and Leeds Universities, but access to these generally was restricted to the academic communities.

The 2005 Output Area Classification (OAC) and the 2013 release of Acorn in the UK is a move to 'open geodemographics' and reflects a concern that applications of commercial geodemographics in policy and social research can otherwise be 'black box'. It is not always clear exactly what variables were used to classify small areas and to define their neighbourhood type, how those variables were weighted, or how similar (or otherwise) each of the neighbourhoods within a class type actually are. Open geodemographics provides such information (because it is not constrained by commercial interests) and is an important development for applied social research that also seeks to understand and to explain the roots causes or processes that generate aggregate spatial patterns of social behaviour and attitudes. The Output Area Classification is now supported by a user group here. CACI have also released detailed documentation on how their classification utilizes Open Data here.

Geodemographic profiles have widened their application in the UK. Many UK life insurance companies and pension funds using them to assess longevity for pricing and reserving.

In Australia
In Australia, general purpose geodemographic systems summarises a broad range of profiling data, largely derived from the Australian Census to create a thumbnail sketch of the type of people living in a particular small area. These small areas are either CCD (Census Collection District) or a sub-CD area, like a Meshblock.

The types of characteristics mainly taken into account in geodemographic system construction are:
 * Age distribution;
 * Socioeconomic status indicators like income, education, and occupational status;
 * Household and family composition;
 * Cultural factors, such as ethnicity, language spoken, country of birth, and (but not limited to) religion;
 * Employment factors, such as type of job, type of industry, and hours of work;
 * Household economic factors, like indebtedness, investments, and poverty;
 * Consumer behavior, like household expenditures;
 * Regional factors (e.g. whether the resided area is classified as metropolitan, provincial, or sparsely settled), and;
 * Residential stability.

In 1987, geodemographic systems were first introduced as social analysis tools with CCN's (later Experian) introduction of the MOSAIC system. In 1990, RDA Research built their first system, geoSmart.

Criticisms
Geodemographics has drawn critical attention. Some focus on the possible discriminatory and intrusive effects of geodemographic practices. Others wonder whether members of geodemographic groups really are sufficiently alike to be analysed together. The generally unknown variance within geodemographic groupings makes it difficult to assess the significance of trends found in data. This may not matter for commercial and service planning applications but is of some concern for public sector and social research. Others wonder if geography is the best way to group people together, e.g. if there is a retirement home next to a student residence, geography alone will not give the right answers. A way forward is to integrate geodemographics with more statistical frameworks of analysis, for example, using multilevel methods.

Commercial demography systems

 * PRIZM by Claritas
 * CanaCode Lifestyle Clusters by Manifold Data Mining
 * CAMEO by Callcredit
 * Censation by AFD Software
 * Acorn by CACI
 * OAC by ONS/University of Leeds
 * CLOUD CLIENT by Cloud Client Ltd
 * C-Australia by Pathfinder Solutions
 * C-New Zealand by Pathfinder Solutions
 * C-Japan by Pathfinder Solutions
 * Mosaic by Experian
 * MicroVision by NDS/Equifax
 * Crucible by Tesco
 * geoSmart by RDA Research
 * HomeTypes and ZoneTypes by Arvato Services (Bertlsmann)
 * P2 People & Places by Beacon Dodsworth

 * NuMaps DemographicDrapes

title: Geodemography


text:
LOCKSS

The LOCKSS ("Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe") project, under the auspices of Stanford University, is a peer-to-peer network that develops and supports an open source system allowing libraries to collect, preserve and provide their readers with access to material published on the Web. Its main goal is digital preservation.

The system attempts to replicate the way libraries do this for material published on paper. It was originally designed for scholarly journals, but is now also used for a range of other materials. Examples include the SOLINET project to preserve theses and dissertations at eight universities, US government documents, and the MetaArchive Cooperative program preserving at-risk digital archival collections, including Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs), newspapers, photograph collections, and audio-visual collections.

A similar project called CLOCKSS (Controlled LOCKSS) "is a tax-exempt, 501(c)(3), not-for-profit organization, governed by a Board of Directors made up of librarians and publishers." CLOCKSS runs on LOCKSS technology.

Problem
Traditionally, academic libraries have retained issues of scholarly journals, either individually or collaboratively, providing their readers access to the content received even after the publisher has ceased or the subscription has been canceled. In the digital age, libraries often subscribe to journals that are only available digitally over the Internet. Although convenient for patron access, the model for digital subscriptions does not allow the libraries to retain a copy of the journal. If the publisher ceases to publish, or the library cancels the subscription, or if the publisher's website is down for the day, the content that has been paid for is no longer available.

Methods
The LOCKSS system allows a library, with permission from the publisher, to collect, preserve and disseminate to its patrons a copy of the materials to which it has subscribed as well as open access material (perhaps published under a Creative Commons license). Each library's system collects a copy using a specialized web crawler that verifies that the publisher has granted suitable permission. The system is format-agnostic, collecting whatever formats the publisher delivers via HTTP. Libraries which have collected the same material cooperate in a peer-to-peer network to ensure its preservation. Peers in the network vote on cryptographic hash functions of preserved content and a nonce; a peer that is outvoted regards its copy as damaged and repairs it from the publisher or other peers.

The LOCKSS license used by most publishers allows a library's readers access to its own copy, but does not allow similar access to other libraries or unaffiliated readers; the system does not support file sharing. On request, a library may supply another library with content to effect a repair, but only if the requesting library proved that in the past that it had a good copy by voting with the majority. If the reader's browser no longer supports the format in which the copy was collected, a format migration process can convert it to a current format. These limits on the use that may be made of preserved copies of copyright material have been effective in persuading copyright owners to grant the necessary permission.

The LOCKSS approach of selective collection with permission from the publisher, distributed storage, and restricted dissemination contrasts with, for example, the Internet Archive's approach of omnivorous collection without permission from the publisher, centralized storage, and unrestricted dissemination. The LOCKSS system is far smaller, but it can preserve subscription materials to which the Internet Archive has no access.

Since each library administers its own LOCKSS peer and maintains its own copy of preserved material, and since there are libraries doing so worldwide (see the list of participating libraries below), the system provides a much higher degree of replication than is usual in a fault-tolerant system. The voting process makes use of this high degree of replication to eliminate the need for backups to off-line media, and to provide robust defenses against attacks aimed at corrupting preserved content.

Importance
In addition to preserving access, libraries have traditionally made it difficult to rewrite or suppress printed material. The existence of an indeterminate but large number of identical copies on a somewhat tamper-resistant medium under many independent administrations meant that attempts to alter or remove all copies of a published work would likely both fail and be detected. Web publishing, based on a single copy under a single administration, provides none of these safeguards against subversion. Web publishing is, therefore, an amenable tool for rewriting history. By preserving many copies under diverse administration, by automatically auditing the copies at intervals against each other (and, in the future, against the publisher's copy), and by alerting libraries when changes are detected, the LOCKSS system attempts to restore many of these safeguards in the now digital world of publication.

Implementation
Prior to implementing a LOCKSS system, some questions need to be considered carefully in order to make sure the content is verified, evaluated, and auditable by users. The user must ask questions such as, "What are your procedures?", "What are your methods?", "How is this system evaluated?", and "What is your disaster preparedness program?". These questions will enable the user to evaluate the system, create a successful maintenance plan for their materials, and enable the system to be reinforced by a carefully evaluated support structure.

The source code for the entire LOCKSS system carries BSD-style open-source licenses and is available from GitHub. LOCKSS is a trademark of Stanford University.

title: LOCKSS


text:
Damas

Damas may refer to:

Geography

 * Damas-aux-Bois, a village in northeastern France
 * Damas-et-Bettegney, a village in northeastern France
 * Damas, Egypt, a city in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt
 * Damas River (Chile), a river in southern Chile
 * Damas River (Eritrea), a seasonal river of Eritrea
 * Pichi Damas River, a river of Chile
 * Isla Damas, an island of Costa Rica
 * Damascus, the capital city of Syria

Surname

 * Arturo Rivera y Damas (1923–1994), fifth Archbishop of San Salvador
 * Claude Damas Ozimo (born 1939), Gabonese politician
 * François-Étienne de Damas (1764–1828), French general
 * Georges Aleka Damas (1902–1982), composer of "La Concorde", the national anthem of Gabon
 * Germán Carrera Damas (born 1930), a Venezuelan historian
 * Ivo Damas (born 1977), Portuguese football player
 * Joseph-François-Louis-Charles de Damas (1758–1829), French general
 * Juan Velasco Damas (born 1977), Spanish footballer
 * Léon Damas (1912–1978), French poet and politician
 * Miguel Gómez Damas (1785–1849), Spanish general during the First Carlist War
 * Vítor Damas (1947–2003), Portuguese goalkeeper
 * Carlos Damas (1973), Portuguese violinist

Family

 * House of Damas, one of France's oldest noble families since the 9th century

Other

 * Damas (skipper), a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae.
 * Daewoo Damas, a small van made by Daewoo
 * Draughts The board game draughts

title: Damas


text:
Talk:Ultramontanism

Unsupported?
"The Vatican Council issued numerous written attacks upon Ultramontanism." - This doesn't make any sense given the sentences following it. The Vatican Council was opposed to Catholics adhering to Rome? Kd5mdk 10:48, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Lack of Clarity
Someone please restructure /edit this page: it has no headings, is full of technical jargon, and leaves the reader (from the very opening) unclear as to what exactly 'Ultramontanism' means.Iamlondon 11:23, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Paleoconservatives = Ultramontanists?
If the "Paleoconservatives" in the U.S. are considered Ultramontanists then this definition requires a great deal more explication. Ultramontanism asserts Papal supremacy over the secular state, if this is so then how do Paleoconservatives fit in? Does the writer mean to say that Paleos are religious conservatives and would have religion dictate public policy? If so, then this needs elaboration. It's my understanding that most Paleos are of Evangelical Protestant orientation and the papalist analogy seems tenuous. LAWinans (talk) 05:43, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

clarification

 * Roman Catholic apologists argued that if the Pope has ultimate authority in the Church, then national churches would be more immune to interference from their governments. But subsequent history seems to have shown that states which had national churches grew increasingly secular, and have either granted charters of religious freedom or have disestablished the national church.

The word "But" at the start of the second sentence means that the second sentence is in contrast to the first sentence, but I don't see the contrast; they don't even seem to be talking about the same thing. The relationship between the church and the state, is the general scope of the discussion; but in one case it's saying religions would be freer if separated from the state; and in other case it's saying national churches/state religions have failed to survive into the modern age. The later developments presented in the second sentence quoted above in no way contradict the view of the unspecified "Roman Catholic apologists". I'm also concerned that the second one reads like original research.

—Felix the Cassowary 11:24, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ultramontanism


text:
Medical research

Medical research (or biomedical research), also known as health research, refers to the process of using scientific methods with the aim to produce knowledge about human diseases, the prevention and treatment of illness, and the promotion of health.

Medical research encompasses a wide array of research, extending from "basic research" (also called bench science or bench research), – involving fundamental scientific principles that may apply to a preclinical understanding – to clinical research, which involves studies of people who may be subjects in clinical trials. Within this spectrum is applied research, or translational research, conducted to expand knowledge in the field of medicine.

Both clinical and preclinical research phases exist in the pharmaceutical industry's drug development pipelines, where the clinical phase is denoted by the term clinical trial. However, only part of the clinical or preclinical research is oriented towards a specific pharmaceutical purpose. The need for fundamental and mechanism-based understanding, diagnostics, medical devices, and non-pharmaceutical therapies means that pharmaceutical research is only a small part of medical research.

Most of the research in the field is pursued by biomedical scientists, but significant contributions are made by other type of biologists. Medical research on humans has to strictly follow the medical ethics sanctioned in the Declaration of Helsinki and the institutional review board where the research is conducted. In all cases, research ethics are expected.

Impact
The increased longevity of humans over the past century can be significantly attributed to advances resulting from medical research. Among the major benefits of medical research have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the Human Genome Project. Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance and the obesity epidemic.

Basic medical research

Example areas in basic medical research include: cellular and molecular biology, medical genetics, immunology, neuroscience, and psychology. Researchers, mainly in universities or government-funded research institutes, aim to establish an understanding of the cellular, molecular and physiological mechanisms of human health and disease.

Pre-clinical research
Pre-clinical research covers understanding of mechanisms that may lead to clinical research with people. Typically, the work requires no ethical approval, is supervised by scientists rather than physicians, and is carried out in a university or company, rather than a hospital.

Clinical research
Clinical research is carried out with people as the experimental subjects. It is generally supervised by physicians and conducted by nurses in a medical setting, such as a hospital or research clinic, and requires ethical approval.

Role of patients and the public
Besides being participants in a clinical trial, members of the public can actively collaborate with researchers in designing and conducting medical research. This is known as patient and public involvement (PPI). Public involvement involves a working partnership between patients, caregivers, people with lived experience, and researchers to shape and influence what is researcher and how. PPI can improve the quality of research and make it more relevant and accessible. People with current or past experience of illness can provide a different perspective than professionals and compliment their knowledge. Through their personal knowledge they can identify research topics that are relevant and important to those living with an illness or using a service. They can also help to make the research more grounded in the needs of the specific communities they are part of. Public contributors can also ensure that the research is presented in plain language that is clear to the wider society and the specific groups it is most relevant for.

Funding

Research funding in many countries derives from research bodies and private organizations which distribute money for equipment, salaries, and research expenses. United States, Europe, Asia, Canada, and Australia combined spent $265.0 billion in 2011, which reflected growth of 3.5% annually from $208.8 billion in 2004. The United States contributed 49% of governmental funding from these regions in 2011 compared to 57% in 2004.

In the United Kingdom, funding bodies such as the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and the Medical Research Council derive their assets from UK tax payers, and distribute revenues to institutions by competitive research grants. The Wellcome Trust is the UK's largest non-governmental source of funds for biomedical research and provides over £600 million per year in grants to scientists and funds for research centres.

In the United States, data from ongoing surveys by the National Science Foundation (NSF) show that federal agencies provided only 44% of the $86 billion spent on basic research in 2015. The National Institutes of Health and pharmaceutical companies collectively contribute $26.4 billion and $27 billion, which constitute 28% and 29% of the total, respectively. Other significant contributors include biotechnology companies ($17.9 billion, 19% of total), medical device companies ($9.2 billion, 10% of total), other federal sources, and state and local governments. Foundations and charities, led by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, contributed about 3% of the funding. These funders are attempting to maximize their return on investment in public health. One method proposed to maximize the return on investment in medicine is to fund the development of open source hardware for medical research and treatment.

The enactment of orphan drug legislation in some countries has increased funding available to develop drugs meant to treat rare conditions, resulting in breakthroughs that previously were uneconomical to pursue.

Government-funded biomedical research
Since the establishment of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the mid-1940s, the main source of U.S. federal support of biomedical research, investment priorities and levels of funding have fluctuated. From 1995 to 2010, NIH support of biomedical research increased from 11 billion to 27 billion Despite the jump in federal spending, advancements measured by citations to publications and the number of drugs passed by the FDA remained stagnant over the same time span. Financial projections indicate federal spending will remain constant in the near future.

US federal funding trends
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the agency that is responsible for management of the lion's share of federal funding of biomedical research. It funds over 280 areas directly related to health. Over the past century there were two notable periods of NIH support. From 1995 to 1996 funding increased from $8.877 billion to $9.366 billion, years which represented the start of what is considered the "doubling period" of rapid NIH support. The second notable period started in 1997 and ended in 2010, a period where the NIH moved to organize research spending for engagement with the scientific community.

Privately (industry) funded biomedical research
Since 1980 the share of biomedical research funding from industry sources has grown from 32% to 62%, which has resulted in the development of numerous life-saving medical advances. The relationship between industry and government-funded research in the US has seen great movement over the years. The 1980 Bayh–Dole Act was passed by Congress to foster a more constructive relationship between the collaboration of government and industry funded biomedical research. The Bayh Doyle Act gave private corporations the option of applying for government funded grants for biomedical research which in turn allowed the private corporations to license the technology. Both government and industry research funding increased rapidly from between the years of 1994–2003; industry saw a compound average annual growth rate of 8.1% a year and slowed only slightly to a compound average annual growth rate of 5.8% from 2003 to 2008.

Conflicts of interests
"Conflict of interest" in the field of medical research has been defined as "a set of conditions in which professional judgment concerning a primary interest (such as a person's welfare or the validity of research) tends to be unduly influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain)."

Regulation on industry funded biomedical research has seen great changes since Samuel Hopkins Adams declaration. In 1906 congress passed the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906. In 1912 Congress passed the Shirley Amendment to prohibit the wide dissemination of false information on pharmaceuticals. The Food and Drug Administration was formally created in 1930 under the McNarey Mapes Amendment to oversee the regulation of Food and Drugs in the United States. In 1962 the Kefauver-Harris Amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act made it so that before a drug was marketed in the United States the FDA must first approve that the drug was safe. The Kefauver-Harris amendments also mandated that more stringent clinical trials must be performed before a drug is brought to the market. The Kefauver-Harris amendments were met with opposition from industry due to the requirement of lengthier clinical trial periods that would lessen the period of time in which the investor is able to see return on their money. In the pharmaceutical industry patents are typically granted for a 20-year period of time, and most patent applications are submitted during the early stages of the product development. According to Ariel Katz on average after a patent application is submitted it takes an additional 8 years before the FDA approves a drug for marketing. As such this would leave a company with only 12 years to market the drug to see a return on their investments. After a sharp decline of new drugs entering the US market following the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments economist Sam Petlzman concluded that cost of loss of innovation was greater than the savings recognized by consumers no longer purchasing ineffective drugs. In 1984 the Hatch-Waxman Act or the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 was passed by congress. The Hatch-Waxman Act was passed with the idea that giving brand manufacturers the ability to extend their patent by an additional 5 years would create greater incentives for innovation and private sector funding for investment.

The relationship that exists with industry funded biomedical research is that of which industry is the financier for academic institutions which in turn employ scientific investigators to conduct research. A fear that exists wherein a project is funded by industry is that firms might negate informing the public of negative effects to better promote their product. A list of studies shows that public fear of the conflicts of interest that exist when biomedical research is funded by industry can be considered valid after a 2003 publication of "Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research" in The Journal of American Association of Medicine. This publication included 37 different studies that met specific criteria to determine whether or not an academic institution or scientific investigator funded by industry had engaged in behavior that could be deduced to be a conflict of interest in the field of biomedical research. Survey results from one study concluded that 43% of scientific investigators employed by a participating academic institution had received research related gifts and discretionary funds from industry sponsors. Another participating institution surveyed showed that 7.6% of investigators were financially tied to research sponsors, including paid speaking engagements (34%), consulting arrangements (33%), advisory board positions (32%) and equity (14%). A 1994 study concluded that 58% out of 210 life science companies indicated that investigators were required to withhold information pertaining to their research as to extend the life of the interested companies' patents. Rules and regulations regarding conflict of interest disclosures are being studied by experts in the biomedical research field to eliminate conflicts of interest that could possibly affect the outcomes of biomedical research.

Transparency laws
Two laws which are both still in effect, one passed in 2006 and the other in 2010, were instrumental in defining funding reporting standards for biomedical research, and defining for the first time reporting regulations that were previously not required. The 2006 Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act mandates that all entities receiving over $25,000 in federal funds must report annual spending reports, including disclosure of executive salaries. The 2010 amendment to the act mandates that progress reports be submitted along with financial reporting. Data from the federal mandate is managed and made publicly available on usaspending.gov. Aside from the main source, usaspending.gov, other reporting mechanisms exist: Data specifically on biomedical research funding from federal sources is made publicly available by the National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA), data on health services research, approximately 0.1% of federal funding on biomedical research, is available through the Coalition of Health Services Research, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and the Veterans Health Administration.

Currently, there are not any funding reporting requirements for industry sponsored research, but there has been voluntary movement toward this goal. In 2014, major pharmaceutical stakeholders such as Roche and Johnson and Johnson have made financial information publicly available and Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the most prominent professional association for biomedical research companies, has recently begun to provide limited public funding reports.

Ancient to 20th century in other regions
The earliest narrative describing a medical trial is found in the Book of Daniel, which says that Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar ordered youths of royal blood to eat only red meat and wine for three years, while another group of youths ate only beans and water. The experiment was intended to determine if a diet of vegetables and water was healthier than a diet of wine and red meat. At the experiment endpoint, the trial accomplished its prerogative: the youths who ate only beans and water were noticeably healthier. Scientific curiosity to understand health outcomes from varying treatments has been present for centuries, but it was not until the mid-19th century when an organizational platform was created to support and regulate this curiosity. In 1945, Vannevar Bush said that biomedical scientific research was "the pacemaker of technological progress", an idea which contributed to the initiative to found the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1948, a historical benchmark that marked the beginning of a near century substantial investment in biomedical research.

20th and 21st century in the United States
The NIH provides more financial support for medical research than any other agency in the world to date and claims responsibility for numerous innovations that have improved global health. The historical funding of biomedical research has undergone many changes over the past century. Innovations such as the polio vaccine, antibiotics and antipsychotic agents, developed in the early years of the NIH lead to social and political support of the agency. Political initiatives in the early 1990s lead to a doubling of NIH funding, spurring an era of great scientific progress. There have been dramatic changes in the era since the turn of the 21st century to date; roughly around the start of the century, the cost of trials dramatically increased while the rate of scientific discoveries did not keep pace.

Biomedical research spending increased substantially faster than GDP growth over the past decade in the US, between the years of 2003 and 2007 spending increased 14% per year, while GDP growth increased 1% over the same period (both measures adjusted for inflation). Industry, not-for-profit entities, state and federal funding spending combined accounted for an increase in funding from $75.5 billion in 2003 to $101.1 billion in 2007. Due to the immediacy of federal financing priorities and stagnant corporate spending during the recession, biomedical research spending decreased 2% in real terms in 2008. Despite an overall increase of investment in biomedical research, there has been stagnation, and in some areas a marked decline in the number of drug and device approvals over the same time period.

As of 2010, industry sponsored research accounts for 58% of expenditures, NIH for 27% of expenditures, state governments for 5% of expenditures, non NIH-federal sources for 5% of expenditures and not-for-profit entities accounted for 4% of support. Federally funded biomedical research expenditures increased nominally, 0.7% (adjusted for inflation), from 2003 to 2007. Previous reports showed a stark contrast in federal investment, from 1994 to 2003, federal funding increased 100% (adjusted for inflation).

The NIH manages the majority, over 85%, of federal biomedical research expenditures. NIH support for biomedical research decreased from $31.8 billion in 2003, to $29.0 billion in 2007, a 25% decline (in real terms adjusted for inflation), while non-NIH federal funding allowed for the maintenance of government financial support levels through the era (the 0.7% four-year increase). Spending from industry-initiated research increased 25% (adjusted for inflation) over the same time period of time, from 2003 to 2007, an increase from $40 billion in 2003, to $58.6 billion in 2007. Industry sourced expenditures from 1994 to 2003 showed industry sponsored research funding increased 8.1%, a stark contrast to 25% increase in recent years.

Of industry sponsored research, pharmaceutical firm spending was the greatest contributor from all industry sponsored biomedical research spending, but only increased 15% (adjusted for inflation) from 2003 to 2007, while device and biotechnology firms accounted for the majority of the spending. The stock performance, a measure that can be an indication of future firm growth or technological direction, has substantially increased for both predominantly medical device and biotechnology producers. Contributing factors to this growth are thought to be less rigorous FDA approval requirements for devices as opposed to drugs, lower cost of trials, lower pricing and profitability of products and predictable influence of new technology due to a limited number of competitors. Another visible shift during the era was a shift in focus to late stage research trials; formerly dispersed, since 1994 an increasingly large portion of industry-sponsored research was late phase trials rather than early-experimental phases now accounting for the majority of industry sponsored research. This shift is attributable to a lower risk investment and a shorter development to market schedule. The low risk preference is also reflected in the trend of large pharmaceutical firms acquiring smaller companies that hold patents to newly developed drug or device discoveries which have not yet passed federal regulation (large companies are mitigating their risk by purchasing technology created by smaller companies in early-phase high-risk studies). Medical research support from universities increased from $22 billion in 2003 to $27.7 billion in 2007, a 7.8% increase (adjusted for inflation). In 2007 the most heavily funded institutions received 20% of HIN medical research funding, and the top 50 institutions received 58% of NIH medical research funding, the percent of funding allocated to the largest institutions is a trend which has increased only slightly over data from 1994. Relative to federal and private funding, health policy and service research accounted for a nominal amount of sponsored research; health policy and service research was funded $1.8 billion in 2003, which increased to $2.2 billion in 2008.

Stagnant rates of investment from the US government over the past decade may be in part attributable to challenges that plague the field. To date, only two-thirds of published drug trial findings have results that can be re-produced, which raises concerns from a US regulatory standpoint where great investment has been made in research ethics and standards, yet trial results remain inconsistent. Federal agencies have called upon greater regulation to address these problems; a spokesman from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, an agency of the NIH, stated that there is "widespread poor reporting of experimental design in articles and grant applications, that animal research should follow a core set of research parameters, and that a concerted effort by all stakeholders is needed to disseminate best reporting practices and put them into practice".

Regulations and guidelines
Medical research is highly regulated. National regulatory authorities are appointed in most countries to oversee and monitor medical research, such as for the development and distribution of new drugs. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration oversees new drug development; in Europe, the European Medicines Agency (see also EudraLex); and in Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The World Medical Association develops the ethical standards for medical professionals involved in medical research. The most fundamental of them is the Declaration of Helsinki. The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) works on the creation of rules and guidelines for the development of new medication, such as the guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (GCP). All ideas of regulation are based on a country's ethical standards code. This is why treatment of a particular disease in one country may not be allowed, but is in another.

Flaws and vulnerabilities
A major flaw and vulnerability in biomedical research appears to be the hypercompetition for the resources and positions that are required to conduct science. The competition seems to suppress the creativity, cooperation, risk-taking, and original thinking required to make fundamental discoveries. Other consequences of today's highly pressured environment for research appear to be a substantial number of research publications whose results cannot be replicated, and perverse incentives in research funding that encourage grantee institutions to grow without making sufficient investments in their own faculty and facilities. Other risky trends include a decline in the share of key research grants going to younger scientists, as well as a steady rise in the age at which investigators receive their first funding.

Commercialization
After clinical research, medical therapies are typically commercialized by private companies such as pharmaceutical companies or medical device company. In the United States, one estimate found that in 2011, one-third of Medicare physician and outpatient hospital spending was on new technologies unavailable in the prior decade.

Medical therapies are constantly being researched, so the difference between a therapy which is investigational versus standard of care is not always clear, particularly given cost-effectiveness considerations. Payers have utilization management clinical guidelines which do not pay for "experimental or investigational" therapies, or may require that the therapy is medically necessary or superior to cheaper treatments. For example, proton therapy was approved by the FDA, but private health insurers in the United States considered it unproven or unnecessary given its high cost, although it was ultimately covered for certain cancers.

Fields of research
Fields of biomedical research include: • Aging

• Anatomy

• Behavioral health

• Biochemistry

• Biomaterials

• Biology

• * Cellular biology

• * Molecular biology

• Cardiovascular

• Biostatistics

• Cancer

• Chemistry

• Diabetes

• Endocrinology

• Epigenetics

• Epidemiology

• Genetics

• Immunology

• Microbiology

• Nanomaterials

• Neuroendocrinology

• Neuroscience

• Ophthalmology

• Pharmacology

• Physiology

• Preventive medicine

• Psychopharmacology

• Public health

• Tissue engineering

• Virology

• Otolaryngology

• Toxicology

• Angiology

• Palliative medicine

title: Medical research


text:
Tiong Bahru MRT station

Tiong Bahru MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the East West line in Bukit Merah, Singapore. This is the first and last underground station for eastbound and westbound trains respectively.

Directly connected to Tiong Bahru Plaza, this station serves the residential precincts of Tiong Bahru and Bukit Ho Swee.

History
On 5 April 1985, construction of Tiong Bahru MRT station and tunnels from Outram Park to Redhill was awarded to Ong Chwee Kou-Boris SAE joint venture under Contract 201.

Tiong Bahru station opened on 12 March 1988, which is part of the Phase 1B of the MRT line. It travels from Outram Park to Clementi.

To commemorate Total Defence Day in 2000, the Singapore Civil Defence Force conducted the first ever Shelter Open House at this station on 15 and 16 February, together with Somerset and Lavender.

Before the HarbourFront MRT station opened in 2003 on the North East line, it was the nearest MRT station to Sentosa. Shuttle bus services linking Sentosa to Tiong Bahru MRT operated for several years until it was eventually withdrawn in 2004.

The station's upgrading, which included a new lift for the disabled, was completed on 29 December 2005.

title: Tiong Bahru MRT station


text: Category:Geodemography

title: Category:Geodemography


text:
Munch Bunch

The Munch Bunch is a series of children's books, created in the UK by Barrie and Elizabeth Henderson. The books were written under the pen name Giles Reed by Barrie Henderson, Elizabeth Henderson, and British author Denis Bond, and illustrated by Angela Mitson. They were published between 1979 and 1984 by Studio Publications (Ipswich) Ltd. in the United Kingdom. United States publication rights were sold to Rourke Publications, Inc. The Munch Bunch are a group of unwanted vegetables, fruits, legumes and nuts who were swept to the corner of a shop but ran away together and set up home in and around an old, forgotten garden shed.

Television series
There was also an early 1980s marionette/puppet-based television show, produced by long-time Gerry Anderson associates Mary Turner and John Read for ITC Entertainment, that featured the characters from the books.

The stories for the television series were different from those contained in the books and were written mainly by Bond (this time under his real name), though other writers such as Rosemary Kingsland also contributed.

The characters in the series were voiced by the veteran husband-and-wife team of Judy Bennett and Charles Collingwood, well best known for their work in The Archers. 52 ten-minute editions were produced, thus originally airing between September 1980 and May 1982. The show was also broadcast in Hong Kong on TVB Pearl and New Zealand on TV One.

 * Series 1: 12 editions, first shown from 24 September 1980
 * Series 2: 13 editions, first shown from 25 March 1981
 * Series 3: 21 editions, first shown from 30 September 1981
 * Series 4: 6 editions, first shown from 7 April 1982

Deletion of the Munch Bunch
The books went out of print in the mid-to-late 1980s following a fire at a Studio Publications which destroyed all the original artwork.

Yoghurt
The Munch Bunch yoghurt brand was launched circa 1981 to coincide with the launch of the television series, with Mitson's characters as well as a few non-book characters such as Jenny Cherry and Charlie Chocolate but by the 1990s had struck out completely in their own right retaining only the logo and a few character names.

The brand had a resurgence in the UK during the 1990s, largely as a result of a popular TV commercial for the Munch Bunch "pot shots" range (a petits-filous type yoghurt aimed at the young) set in a pool hall, which ran from May 1994 until February 1996. This popularity proved short-lived, and only three of the Munch Bunch characters were featured in the "pot shots" range.

A completely different series of Munch Bunch books was published in 1998 by Ladybird Books in the UK to tie in with the yoghurts, following the resurgence brought about by the TV commercials of 1994–96. Denis Bond and Angela Mitson were not involved and the characters were different, although a few such as Sally Strawberry were similarly named.

The Munch Bunch yoghurt brand name continues to this day under the Nestlé umbrella: however, the "fruit and veg" characters have been superseded by a "cow" mascot named Munch.

Original character series 1979-82

 * Aubrey Aubergine
 * Adam Avocado
 * The Banana Bunch
 * Barnabus Beetroot
 * Billy Blackberry
 * Bounce (spring onion)
 * Button and Tiny (mushrooms)
 * Casper Carrot
 * Chunky Pineapple
 * Corky Coconut
 * Corny-on-the-Cob
 * Dick Turnip
 * Emma Apple
 * Lizzie Leek
 * Lucy Lemon
 * Merv Marrow
 * Nurse Plum
 * Olive
 * Olly Onion
 * Peanut
 * Pedro Orange
 * Pete Pepper
 * Penny Parsnip
 * Percy Prune
 * Pippa Pear
 * Professor Peabody
 * Rory Rhubarb
 * Rozzy Raspberry
 * Runner Bean
 * Sally Strawberry
 * Scruff Gooseberry
 * Spud (Potato)
 * Supercool (cucumber)
 * Suzie Celery
 * Tom Tomato
 * Wally Walnut

US character name differences

 * Aubrey Aubergine - Eddie Eggplant
 * Barnabus Beetroot - Barnabus Beet
 * Merv Marrow - Zack Zucchini

1979 group 'Munch Bunch' book series

 * Meet the Munch Bunch
 * The Munch Bunch at the Seaside
 * The Munch Bunch Have a Party
 * The Munch Bunch Go Camping
 * The Munch Bunch Welcomes New Friends (1982)

1983 series

 * Pete Pepper's Trip to the Zoo
 * Casper Carrot's Big Mistake
 * Lucy Lemon and the Birthday Post
 * Aubrey Aubergine and the Grandfather Clock
 * Spud's Sports Day
 * Adam Avocado and the Picnic Basket
 * Barnabus Beetroot's Blue Umbrella
 * Penny Parsnip Starts a School
 * The Banana Bunch Have Half a Holiday
 * Button and Tiny Buy Bicycles
 * Nurse Plum's Busy Week
 * Peanut Goes to the Circus
 * Emma Apple's Jumble Sale (1985)

1984 series

 * Spud and the Big Red Balloon
 * Sally Strawberry and the Painted Snake
 * Olly Onion's Fancy Dress Party
 * Casper Carrot's New Blue Jumper
 * Dick Turnip and the Crazy Clowns
 * Rozzy Raspberry's Wallpaper Machine
 * Billy Blackberry's Secret Tunnel
 * Corny-on-the-Cob's Not so Funny Day
 * Rory Rhubarb and the River Monster
 * Merv Marrow's New Police Car
 * Scruff Gooseberry and the Wishing Well
 * Emma Apple's Late Birthday Party

New Zealand character series 1985

 * Charlie Kumara
 * Kiri Kiwifruit
 * Patty Passionfruit
 * Ted Tamarillo

Yoghurt tie-in series 1998

 * Andy Apricot
 * Barney Banana
 * Bertie Blackcurrant
 * Ollie Orange
 * Rozzy Raspberry (different character though identically named)
 * Sally Strawberry (different character though identically named)

title: Munch Bunch


text:
Košice Region

The Košice Region (Košický kraj, ; Kassai kerület; Кошицький край) is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. The region was first established in 1923 and its present borders were established in 1996. It consists of 11 districts (okresy) and 440 municipalities, 17 of which have a town status. About one third of the region's population lives in the agglomeration of Košice, which is its main economic and cultural centre.

Geography
It is located in the southern part of eastern Slovakia and covers an area of 6,752 km2. The western part of the region is composed of the eastern part of the Slovak Ore Mountains, including its subdivisions: Slovak Karst, Slovak Paradise, Volovské vrchy, Čierna hora. The Hornád Basin is located in the northwest. The area between Slovak Ore Mountains and Slanské vrchy is covered by the Košice Basin, named after the city. The area east of Slanské vrchy is covered by the Eastern Slovak Lowland and there is a volcanic range, Vihorlat Mountains, in the northeast, close to the Ukrainian border. Bigger rivers include Slaná in the southwest, Hornád in the west and centre, Uh and Bodrog in the east, along with a small part of the Tisza river in the extreme southeast. As for administrative divisions, the region borders Prešov Region in the north, Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine in the east, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén counties of Hungary in the south and the Banská Bystrica Region in the west.

Demographics
The average population density in the region is 117.9 inhabitants per km2, which is very similar to the country's average (110 per km2). The largest towns are Košice, Michalovce, Spišská Nová Ves, Trebišov and Rožňava. According to the 2001 census, there were 766,012 inhabitants in the region, with a majority of Slovaks (81.8%), but there is a numerous Hungarian minority (11.2%) in the south, and there are minorities of Roma (3.9%) and Czechs (<1%).

Economy
The economy of the Košice region accounted for 11.47% of Slovakia's GDP in 2013, which made it the region with the second highest GDP in Slovakia after the Bratislava region. However, it lags behind the majority of Slovakia's regions in GDP per capita.

The salaries are on average 40% higher in the Bratislava region than in the Košice region, but the living costs are considerably higher there as well.

The unemployment in the region was at 15.6% in 2014.

Politics
Current governor of Košice region is Rastislav Trnka (Independent). He won with 37,8 %. In election 2017 was elected also regional parliament :

Administrative division
The Košice Region consists of 11 districts. In Košice city itself there are four districts; seven districts are outside the city. There are 440 municipalities, of which 17 are towns.

title: Košice Region


text:
West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2005

The West Indies cricket team toured Sri Lanka for two Test matches and an ODI tri-series in July and August 2005. West Indies were severely depleted owing to a contract dispute, which led to players like Brian Lara, Chris Gayle and Corey Collymore refusing to play. Thus, Sri Lanka went into the series as even more overwhelming favourites, their strong game at home and West Indies' poor form – with only one Test win in the last ten attempts. And they confirmed their favourite status, winning both Tests in rather emphatic style, although their batting showed worrying weaknesses against West Indian bowlers who bowled with more heart than talent at times.

Tour match, Sri Lanka Cricket XI v West Indians, 9–10 July
Match drawn

West Indies didn't impress in their first tour match, but still hung on for a draw in this two-day game without first-class status. A mix of young, talented Sri Lankan bowlers and players close to the national side bowled them out for 110, and Marvan Atapattu and Kumar Sangakkara lifted Sri Lanka to 382. However, 32 overs wasn't enough to bowl out the West Indies, who were still thoroughly outplayed.

1st Test, Sri Lanka v West Indies, 13–16 July
A depleted West Indies put in a surprisingly good effort against a strong home side, and actually attained a first-innings lead at the Sinhalese Sports Club Ground. It was a respectable effort from what was effectively an A side, only Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Daren Powell regular features in the normal Test side. Chanderpaul won the toss and opted to bat, and almost immediately lost Xavier Marshall – who had hit two fours in his 11-ball 10. However, the two 26-year-olds Sylvester Joseph and Runako Morton played responsible knocks against the unpredictable bounce from Lasith Malinga, adding 58 for the second wicket. Even Muttiah Muralitharan was ineffective. However, two wickets in three balls from Malinga just after lunch turned the game the way Sri Lanka wanted, as West Indies were 113 for 5 with captain Chanderpaul and debutant wicket-keeper Denesh Ramdin at the crease.

However, West Indies fought back. Ramdin took care of both spinners and seamers in style, driving his way to 56 before dragging a delivery from Test debutant Gayan Wijekoon onto his own stumps, but he had lifted West Indies to a respectable 192 for 6. Chanderpaul and spinner Omari Banks saw them through to stumps on day one, with an unbeaten partnership of 79. However, the second day opened with a nightmare for West Indies. Malinga and Chaminda Vaas took care of the remaining four wickets in 40 deliveries in the morning, for only fourteen runs, as the tail rolled over for 285.

That wasn't nearly as embarrassing, however, as Sri Lanka's top order collapse. Marvan Atapattu, Sanath Jayasuriya and Mahela Jayawardene – all experienced Test batsmen – rolled over to Daren Powell and Jermaine Lawson, as Sri Lanka first went to 7 for 2 and then 47 for 4. Thilan Samaraweera and Tillakaratne Dilshan staged a small recovery, with 11 and 32 respectively, but when Lawson and Omari Banks got the pair of them out, things were promising for West Indies, with Sri Lanka on the rack at 93 for 6. With Gayan Wijekoon playing an obviously premeditated slash to a ball from Tino Best, which went to the hands of Sylvester Joseph, West Indies were hopeful of getting a first innings lead of 100-odd.

But that was as good as it got. Rangana Herath made 24 in a little over ten overs, before being dismissed by Lawson, Vaas paired up with Muralitharan for a partnership of 66, as both players played one of their most mature innings of their careers – Vaas made 49 and Muralitharan 36, and Sri Lanka salvaged 227 all out, trailing by 58. But the fizz had gone out of the West Indies. In 10.2 overs before bad light stopped play, Vaas took two wickets – both lbw – and Muralitharan one, and West Indies ended the day on 17 for 3.

It wasn't to be much better. Vaas' inswingers on the overcast third day claimed two more wickets lbw, Narsingh Deonarine and Dwayne Smith, and then Muttiah Muralitharan took care of Denesh Ramdin before the umpires judged the light was too poor to play in. West Indies had added 42 runs in 23 overs, and on the fourth day, Muralitharan wrapped up proceedings. Only a 54-run partnership between skipper Chanderpaul (who ended stranded on a not-out 48) and Tino Best saved West Indies from a sub-100 score, but Muralitharan finished with six for 36 – still not as remarkable as Vaas' figures, which read 18 overs, 9 maidens, 15 conceded runs and 4 wickets.

Jermaine Lawson was the lone wicket-taker for West Indies in the second innings, but the target of 172 was always going to be too small, although there was hope with the score on 49 for 3. Mahela Jayawardene with 41 not out and Thilan Samaraweera with 51 steadied the ship with a partnership of 86, and Jayawardene and Dilshan saw Sri Lanka to the predictable six-wicket win – but, in all fairness, West Indies had overperformed.

2nd Test, Sri Lanka v West Indies, 22–25 July
The hosts Sri Lanka were yet again stunned by the West Indies' accurate and fierce pace bowling, as they chose to bowl first at Kandy. In the third over, they got immediate reward, having Sanath Jayasuriya caught behind off Daren Powell for 2 – however, TV replays indicated that the decision was unjustified. To the West Indians, that mattered little, as it gave them a much needed confidence boost. Ten overs later, Tino Best and Powell had dug out a further three wickets, and Sri Lanka were staring down the barrel at 42 for 4. Thilan Samaraweera and Tillakaratne Dilshan paired up for 56 for the fifth wicket before Best ran out Dilshan, but this time there was little wagging from the tail, only Muttiah Muralitharan making an unbeaten 18, as Powell took the last three wickets – both Rangana Herath and Lasith Malinga ending up caught behind – and Sri Lanka subsided for 150.

However, Chaminda Vaas was determined to make up for his batting failure, and in his second over two West Indian wickets fell. First, Ryan Ramdass and Xavier Marshall confused themselves to have Ramdass run out. Next ball, Xavier Marshall launched a drive to Marvan Atapattu at mid-off, and both openers had gone – with the West Indies 9 for 2. Surviving seven balls to tea without further loss, West Indies were in for a nasty surprise, as the new batsman Runako Morton departed in Vaas' next over. However, Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Sylvester Joseph tried to rebuild, but were shaken – often beaten by Vaas and Malinga's deliveries. It had to end, and it did six overs later, when the only experienced batsman Chanderpaul was dismissed by Vaas – lbw for 13.

Cautious defence was needed for the West Indians, and Sylvester Joseph and Narsingh Deonarine provided it, eking 48 runs in 18 overs before Joseph edged to Dilshan at second slip. Deonarine survived, however, as the West Indians were 92 for 5 overnight. That did not last long, though, as Deonarine spooned a return catch to Jayasuriya with the fifth ball of the second morning, and Vaas followed up with inswingers that deceived Denesh Ramdin who was lbw for 13 and Powell who inside-edged for 0. Omari Banks, Tino Best and Jermaine Lawson staged a mini-recovery, however, with the two last partnerships eking out 47 runs, Muttiah Muralitharan removing both while conceding 37 runs. Vaas, meanwhile, was easily the pick of the bowlers, taking six for 22 with his left-arm pace.

After a frantic first four sessions, in which twenty wickets had fallen, Sri Lanka's batsmen again showed control in the second innings. Marvan Atapattu and Sanath Jayasuriya hit boundaries with ease in the opening twelve overs, taking runs at nearly five an over, before Powell and Lawson broke through in successive overs, Powell getting lucky as Atapattu sliced a cut straight to a diving Banks at backward point, while Jayasuriya gave a routine outside edge to Runako Morton. Then, Best entered with a fiery five-over spell that had Kumar Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene shaken up, and Jayawardene required medical treatment after one bouncer had smacked into his glove. After that, the batsmen settled into their groove, and lasted until rain stopped play on the second day, with Sri Lanka well on the way to building a challenging target.

Coming out on the third morning, it looked as though West Indies would get something back when Jayawardene and Samaraweera fell in quick succession to Jermaine Lawson, who had been reported to the ICC for chucking (or throwing) the ball, in the second over of the day, but Sangakkara and Dilshan stood firm amid showers, as Lawson and Powell worked diligently without reward. In 35 overs, the pair added 109 runs, as Sri Lanka worked their way towards a big lead. Sangakkara made it to stumps with an unbeaten 135 having hit a 200-ball century, while Omari Banks got two wickets – of Dilshan and Vaas. However, at stumps Sri Lanka were 340 for 7.

Herath and Sangakkara added 35 in nine overs on the fourth morning, as Sri Lanka declared on 375 for 7. Set 378 to win, West Indies were left to face the variations of Muralitharan – who bowled doosras and normal off-spin mixed up together as the West Indian batsmen were comprehensively deceived. Four catches went to the hands of Jayawardene who fielded at silly point – not normally the position where most catches are taken, but then again, this wasn't a usual innings. The West Indians were shown up for what they were – run-of-the-mill domestic players who should never have played international cricket, bar possibly Chanderpaul who made 24, Deonarine who even had the cheek to smash Muralitharan for six before being deceived, bowled for 29, and Denesh Ramdin who scampered together 28. Muralitharan registered his fourteenth ten-wicket haul in a match, it was the fourth time he had taken more than eight wickets, and Sri Lanka cruised to another 240-run victory – although, in all fairness, it was a difficult pitch to bat on, and the tourists had shown some promise with the bat. It showed that the West Indies desperately needed to sort out their contract problems before the next home season, however – their next away series being against Australia, which even a full-strength West Indies would struggle with.

External sources
CricketArchive


text:
User talk:Dicky583

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. – drw25 (talk) 10:53, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

The heads email is on the school website, so its hardly a secret.--LukeSurl 11:56, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Plus it's not as if it's his personal e-mail - it'll all go to his secretary. – drw25 (talk) 12:17, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Warnings
Removing your warnings does not mean they didn't exist. See http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Dicky583&oldid=19014188. – drw25 (talk) 22:46, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dicky583


text:
Talk:Mireuksa

Untitled
The coordinates of this site are 36,00,43 north and 127,01,51 east.122.38.247.25 (talk) 21:45, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Datation ?
Datation 602 given in the lead in not backed by quotations, and moreover not clear. For such a big monument, we should have a time for decision and a time for reception. The Korean web page suggests that reception=638 and says nothing about construction. The other references are even more evasive, saying between 600 and 641 (the whole range of King Mu's reign). Another example: Koreana.

Tongue in check : the author of Mireuksa: When Fact Meets Fable tries to use "the Queen of 639 was the daughter of Jwapyeong Sataek Jeokdeok (佐平沙乇積德)" to prove "the Queen of 602 was not" ... and he gives the Seodongyo's picture of Princess Wooyoung instead of the picture of Seonhwa ! Pldx1 (talk) 18:48, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mireuksa


text:
Medknow Publications

Medknow Publications also known as Wolters Kluwer Medknow or simply Medknow, is a publisher of academic journals on behalf of learned societies and associations. Previously an independent Indian publisher, Medknow is now part of within Wolters Kluwer's Health Division, and is part of Wolters Kluwer India.

Medknow is not a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association. Some, but not all of its journals are listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals. The publisher briefly appeared on Beall's list in 2011, but was taken down, being described as "[a] publisher for many well-respected Indian professional societies and is disseminating abundant, high-quality research."

History
Medknow Publications was founded in 1997 in Mumbai, India by Devkumar Sahu. Sahu opted for the open access model of publishing services. In 2006, Medknow had 33 scientific technical and medical journals in its portfolio, at the time, one of the largest open access publishers of medical content in the world.

Medknow was acquired by Wolters Kluwer in December 2011, extending its publishing partnerships in China, the Middle East, and other regions. As of August 2016, Medknow publishers over 370 medical society journals in over 40 specialties.

In 2013, John Bohannon submitted a fake paper to the Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals, published by Medknow, as part of the Who's Afraid of Peer Review? sting investigating open-access publishing. The journal accepted the fake paper, and was subsequently closed by Wolters Kluwer, citing 'deep concerns'. Some of their journal website are now hijacked by spam websites.

title: Medknow Publications


text: User talk:64.157.7.133

title: User talk:64.157.7.133


text:
User talk:Chingwakabungya

Your district in Staffordshire
Hey Neil,

Your district in Staffordshire is the Borough of Stafford.

David.

Image copyright problem RE: Image:Woodseaves Chapel, Dusk.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Woodseaves Chapel, Dusk.JPG. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law. We need you to specify two things on the image description page:
 * The copyright holder, and
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The copyright holder is usually the creator. If the creator was paid to make this image, then their employer may be the copyright holder. If several people collaborated, then there may be more than one copyright holder. If you created this image, then you are the copyright holder.

Because of the large number of images on Wikipedia, we've sorted them using image copyright tags. Just find the right tag corresponding to the copyright status of this image, and paste it onto the image description page like this:.

There are 3 basic ways to licence an image on Wikipedia:
 * An open content licence
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 * The copyright holder gets the best protection of their work by licencing it under an open content license such as the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence. If you have the express permission of the copyright holder to licence their work under the above licence, use the image copyright tag: cc-by-sa-2.5. The GNU Free Documentation License is another option. Again, if you have the express permission of the copyright holder, use the tag GFDL.

 * The copyright holder can also release their work into the public domain. See here for examples.

 * Images from certain sources are automatically released into the public domain. This is true for the United States, where the Wikimedia servers are located. (See here for images from the government of the USA and here for other governments.)  However, not all governments release their work into the public domain. One exception is the UK (see here for images from the UK government). Non-free licence governments are listed here.

 * Also, in some cases, an image is copyrighted but allowed on Wikipedia because of fair use. To see a) if this image qualifies, and b) if so, how to tag it, see Fair use.

For more information, see Image copyright tags. Please remember that untagged images are likely to be deleted.

If you have uploaded other images without including copyright tags, please go back and tag them. Also, please tag all images that you upload in the future.

If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks again. --Admrboltz 01:11, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Differences in English Spellings
Before listing something from a different dialect as a "spelling error" (as in your recent edit to List of recurring non-robot characters from Futurama), please consult Manual of Style. --Eyrian 10:15, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Trick or Treat
About the fact on trick or treat, I only put this because of The Sun report. I am not a vandal, even though you have not said this. SimsFan Talk to Me • Sign Here and Get a Thank You Award 21:35, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello, Chingwakabungya, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the New contributors' help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   and your question on this page, and someone will show up shortly to answer. Here are a few good links for newcomers: We hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Active Banana    (bananaphone  00:03, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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A page you started has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Hyde Lea, Chingwakabungya!

Wikipedia editor Anne Delong just reviewed your page, and wrote this note for you:

"It would be good to see more than one citation. Perhaps Hyde Lea is mentioned in a local history book? Good luck with your editing. —Anne Delong (talk) 01:17, 11 March 2013 (UTC)"

To reply, leave a comment on Anne Delong's talk page.

Learn more about page curation.

 * It's absolutely fine as it is 192.76.8.77 (talk) 20:12, 24 July 2021 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chingwakabungya


text:
DIN rail

A DIN rail is a metal rail of a standard type widely used for mounting circuit breakers and industrial control equipment inside equipment racks. These products are typically made from cold rolled carbon steel sheet with a zinc-plated or chromated bright surface finish. Although metallic, they are meant only for mechanical support and are not used as a busbar to conduct electric current, though they may provide a chassis grounding connection.

The term derives from the original specifications published by Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) in Germany, which have since been adopted as European (EN) and international (IEC) standards. The original concept was developed and implemented in Germany in 1928, and was elaborated into the present standards in the 1950s.

Types
There are three major types of DIN rail:
 * Top hat section (TH), type O, or type Ω, with hat-shaped cross section.
 * C section
 * G section

Top hat rail IEC/EN 60715

This 35 mm wide rail is widely used to mount circuit breakers, relays, programmable logic controllers, motor controllers, and other electrical equipment. The EN 60715 standard specifies both a 7.5 mm (shown above) and a 15 mm deep version, which are officially designated Some manufacturers catalogues also use the terms: Top hat section / TH / TH35 (for 35mm wide) / Type O / Type Omega (Ω).
 * top hat rail IEC/EN 60715 – 35 × 7.5
 * top hat rail IEC/EN 60715 – 35 × 15

The rail is known as the TS35 rail in the USA.

Module width
The width of devices that are mounted on a 35 mm "top hat" DIN rail generally use "modules" as a width unit, one module being 18 mm wide. For example, a small device (e.g. a circuit breaker) may have a width of 1 module (18 mm wide), while a larger device may have a width of 4 modules (4 × 18 mm = 72 mm). Equipment enclosures also follow these module widths, so an enclosure with a DIN rail may have space for 20 modules, for example. Not all devices follow these module widths.

Module widths are usually abbreviated as "M" (e.g. 4M = 4 modules). Some manufacturers (including Mean Well) use "SU" (likely stands for "standard unit", e.g. 4SU = 4 modules).

C section
These rails are symmetrical within the tolerances given and referenced by the norm EN 50024 (abrogated). There are four popular C section rails, C20, C30, C40 and C50. The number suffix corresponds to the overall vertical height of the rail.

G section
G-type rail (according to EN 50035 (abrogated), BS 5825, DIN 46277-1).
 * G-Schiene EN 50035 (G32).svg

G rail is generally used to hold heavier, higher-power components. It is mounted with the deeper side at the bottom, and equipment is hooked over the lip, then rotated until it clips into the shallower side.

Others
In addition to the popular 35 mm × 7.5 mm top-hat rail (EN 50022, BS 5584, DIN 46277-3), several less widely used types of mounting rails have also been standardized:
 * Miniature top-hat rail, 15 mm × 5.5 mm (EN 50045, BS 6273, DIN 46277-2);
 * 75 mm wide top-hat rail (EN 50023, BS 5585);

Related equipment

 * European Standard EN 50022: Specification for low voltage switchgear and control-gear for industrial use. Mounting rails. Top hat rails 35 mm wide for snap-on mounting of equipment. (formerly: German Standard DIN 46277, British Standard BS 5584)
 * IEC International Standard 60715: Dimensions of low-voltage switchgear and control-gear. Standardized mounting on rails for mechanical support of electrical devices in switchgear and control-gear installations.
 * Australian Standard AS 2756.1997: Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Mounting rails for mechanical support of electrical equipment.

title: DIN rail


text: User talk:69.168.70.15

title: User talk:69.168.70.15


text:
Colvin Smith

Colvin Smith RSA (1795 – 21 July 1875) was a Scottish portraitist.

Life
Smith was born at Brechin, in Angus, the son of John Smith, a merchant, and his wife, Cecilia Gillies. He studied art in London at the Royal Academy Schools and worked in Joseph Nollekens's studio. He then proceeded to work in Italy, where he executed some fine copies after Titian; and at Antwerp he made studies after the works of Rubens.

Returning to Scotland in 1827, he settled in Edinburgh, occupying the house and studio which had formerly belonged to the Scottish painter Raeburn at 32 York Place. Soon he attained a wide practice as a portrait-painter, and among his sitters were Lord Jeffrey, Henry Mackenzie, author of The Man of Feeling, and many of the most celebrated Scotsmen of the time.

In 1840 he was living at 32 York Place, Edinburgh. The property was purpose-built as an artist's studio by its predecessor, Sir Henry Raeburn

His portrait of Sir Walter Scott was so popular that he executed some twenty replicas of it, for seven of which he received fresh sittings. His works are distinguished by excellent draftsmanship, by directness and simplicity of treatment, and by well-marked individuality. His portrait of Thomas Brown of Lanfine and Waterhaughs hangs in the Court Office of the University of Glasgow.

He died in Edinburgh on 21 July 1875. He is buried with his parents in the churchyard of Brechin Cathedral. The grave lies south of the round tower.

Influence
Smith's students included James Irvine, who went on to be one of Scotland's best portrait painters.

title: Colvin Smith