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Urban planning in Singapore

Urban planning in Singapore is the direction of infrastructure development in Singapore. It is done through a three-tiered planning framework, consisting of a long-term plan to plot out Singapore's development over at least 50 years, a Master Plan for the medium term, and short-term plans, the first two of which are prepared by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) and the last by multiple agencies.

Planning in Singapore first began with the Jackson Plan in 1822, which divided Singapore town into multiple ethnic areas and established Singapore as a commercial and administrative centre. For a century, the colonial authorities in Singapore were not very involved in its development until they began engaging in urban regulation in the 1890s, in response to congestion and squatter settlements. When this proved inadequate, the British established the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) in 1927, which had limited powers and hence limited initial impact. Detailed urban planning for Singapore eventually started in the 1950s, with the goal to give Singapore a wider economic role in the Federation of Malaya. The 1958 plan was produced as a result, heavily influenced by British planning practices and assumptions.

After Singapore's independence in 1965, planning policies were revised, and the State and City Planning Project was initiated to produce a new plan for Singapore, which became the 1971 Concept Plan. This plan laid out the basic infrastructure for Singapore's development and brought about the integrated planning process used ever since. Planning in Singapore began to incorporate additional priorities from the 1980s, such as quality of life and conservation, while the 1991 revision of the Concept Plan introduced the concept of regional centres to promote decentralisation. To improve the implementation of the Concept Plan's strategies, Singapore was divided into multiple planning areas in the 1990s, and comprehensive plans for each area's development were produced and compiled into a new plan. In the 2001 and 2011 concept plan, Singapore's urban planners began to incorporate public feedback and opinions into the planning process, shifting towards liveability and sustainability, while prioritising economic development as the powerhouse of each plan's success. The 2011 Concept Plan also featured a distinct focus on sustainability and conservation. The most recent plan is the 2019 masterplan, which details Singapore's increasing consideration towards sustainability, cultural preservation, building communities and closing resource loops.

Colonial Town Planning (1819 - 1958)
When Stamford Raffles, who founded Singapore in 1819, returned to the colony, he was dissatisfied with the haphazard development he encountered. At this time, Singapore was considered the trading factory and warehouse of the British East India Company. As a result, commercial houses and wharves grew disorderly along the banks of the Singapore River, a location known for its accessibility to trading boats. A town committee was formed as a result, to ensure that Singapore developed and grew in an orderly manner, as part of Raffle's vision of Singapore as a commercial and administrative centre. The first official plan of the town, the Jackson Plan, was drawn up in December 1822 or January 1823.

The strict regularity of the plan placed Singapore's streets and roads in a grid network. An area south of the Singapore River was set aside as a commercial and administrative centre, while the river's east bank, the 'Forbidden Hill' (Fort Canning Hill) and south-western tip was used for defence purposes. Crucially, the plan divided Singapore into several ethnic subdivisions, the Europeans, Malays, Chinese, Indians, Arabs and Bugis were placed in separate ethnic enclaves. To make Singapore a commercial and administrative centre, haphazardly constructed buildings were discouraged and significant disruptions were caused by the massive movements of people to and from their designated areas. Furthermore, to add professionalism to the planning process, Raffles secured the services of G.P Coleman, an architect and surveyor, and appointed Jackson, an assistant engineer), to build and oversee the development of the island. It was Jackson who would have the most significant impact on the appearance of the town, building the earliest Raffles Institution and the earliest bridges across Singapore River.

The ethnic segregation was considered by some as part of a "divide and rule" strategy, a concerted effort by the British government to make residents reliant on them for matters related to race and ethnicity. The demarcations also allowed the British political and economic control over the separated indigenous population, depending on the European Quarter as an administrative and commercial centre. This perspective is part of the larger critique of British hegemonic rule, where only selected ethnic leaders (mostly wealthy, professional and business Chinese) were represented in the Municipal Committee, which regulates ethnic interests. Such policies gave the appearance of mass support for British planning policies, such as those involving ethnic segregation, without considering the interests of the working class or other under-represented ethnic groups.

The Jackson Plan formed the foundations of Singapore's Central Business District and morphologically, the grid street pattern provided the form for the central area. The rigidity of the street pattern also became one of the main reasons for traffic congestion post-war when private cars began to take to the streets. Long afterwards, the segregation of racial groups will continue to remain intact and only begin to change in the mid-1960s.

For the next century, until 1958, there was little involvement by the colonial authorities in the planning of Singapore, and while the authorities occasionally modified Raffles' plan, they did not make any official plans on a comprehensive scale. The authorities only became more involved in urban development from the 1890s, taking responsibility for development work under the Municipal Bill of 1896, constructing back lanes and introducing building regulations. Nevertheless, these efforts were far from able to control urban development, and by the 20th century, Singapore faced congestion and squatter problems. This observation was made with regards to Singapore in the 1920s:

"... a striking example of a planless modern city and regional growth undirected by any comprehensive general plan and complementary schemes of improvement and development. The outcome of their modern growth is much unnecessary disorder, congestion and difficulties for which remedial measures have long been overdue [sic]"

In 1918, in response to a Housing Committee's findings regarding unsanitary living conditions posing a health hazard, the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) was established in 1927. Tasked with carrying out urban improvement and rehousing works, the SIT was not empowered to prepare comprehensive plans or to control development, initially only handling minor development schemes. In the years preceding the Second World War, the SIT concentrated mostly on building and improving roads and open spaces, and constructing public housing.

Post-World War II Town Planning (1958 and 1965 Master Plan)
During the British Military Administration after World War II, the British government was focused on alleviating the housing shortage in Singapore, redeveloping the central area and to improve living conditions in the congested city centre. At this time, Singapore faced an urgent need for environmental management and to control land use. This was further motivated by the vision that Singapore will play a wider economic role in the Federation of Malaya. A comprehensive plan for Singapore's development was drafted, but was not implemented after the return of civilian rule. Nevertheless, to provide more housing and raise living standards in the central area, the SIT started preparing a Master Plan in 1951. The plan was passed to the government in 1955 and was adopted in 1958.

In order to formulate the plan, the 1958 Master Plan undertook detailed surveys and forecasts of major variables: land use, population, traffic, employment and possible industrial development. A blueprint planning approach was adopted for the plan, with a strong emphasis on rational use of land for zoning and physical elements of the plan. The plan consisted of zoning throughout all urban land uses, open spaces such as greenbelts, and several new towns away from the city centre for the purpose of decentralization. In addition, significant road network upgrades were proposed to handle predicted large increases in road traffic volumes, and two-thirds of slum residents were to be rehoused in formal housing. The plan was conceived with the expectation that Singapore would grow gradually and was unsuited for the social and economic change, rapid population growth and the Central Area's expansion in the early 1960s. Expected to last for 20 years, the Master Plan was formulated to be an instrument of control which could be expanded or retracted. Several British planning assumptions were evident in the plan, such as the slow and steady rate of social change and minimal public sector intervention in planning, ideas transmitted through the involvement of British planners overseas. Despite its short timeline, the 1958 Master Plan laid the groundwork for detailed urban planning in Singapore and came to be regarded as essential for the development of the country.

Singapore gained self governance in 1959 and was part of the Federation of Malaya for four years. The uneasy political arrangement and disputes over Singapore's status within the federation played a big influence on the planning process and the formulation of the 1965 Master Plan. While the 1958 Master Plan provided a guide for the control of development and land use, it became inadequate for the rapidly changing social and economic conditions in Singapore as a result of self governance and time lapses between policy formulation and implementation. The main problems that the plan had to target was the high rate of population growth, rapid expansion of central area, traffic congestion and deterioration of the city core.

Unlike the 1958 masterplan, the 1965 plan had a regional element, characteristic of the new government's priority that Singapore's future planning cannot be considered in isolation to its surrounding regions. Beyond basic standard of living and amenity, the 1965 Plan re-oriented Singapore from a mere commercial outlet to a centre of manufacturing export for Malaysia's industries and a centre for industrial expansion. The population basis for planning was raised to between 3.5 and 4 million, and plans to accommodate this expanded population took the form of a radial expansion. The '' Ring City' would have urban centres along the coast and at selected inland sites. A network of highways and a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system will be used to provide transport. The First Review of the plan included an area encompassing southern Johore and Singapore Island, in line with the plan's regional focus. However, with Singapore's direction of development unclear, the 1965 Plan was held back innovatively and was not expected to last past 1972.

Post-independence and the Concept Plan (1965 - 1980s)
Singapore officially separated from Malaysia on 9 August 1965 and attained independence. As a new nation, the government had a new set of goals and priorities: national survival, achievement, and making Singapore a global city. Survival was important to Singapore due to the communist confrontations experienced by the new administration in the early 1960s. Additionally, the rapid advance in information technology at the time made it essential for Singapore to become a global city. These goals, combined with the drive to attain excellence individually and organizationally as a new country, combine to produce the post-independence planning process.

Unlike the 1958 plan, post-independence planning was firmly set within the boundaries of main and offshore plans. The need for economic success was also urgently conveyed in the plans leading up to 1980s. To this end, planning began to become an institutionalized, professional act. Expertise was imported to prepare plans, specialist services were obtained in the fields of planning, and the State and City Planning (SCP) Department was created. Local professional staff were sent overseas to be trained. Post-independence planning was characterized by egalitarian goals and ensuring optimal land use. Land was considered a scarce resource, and allocation of land was seen as a communal or national act as opposed to an individual one. The SCP was focused on 'optimisation of the republic's land resources and resolving conflicting development proposals in the overall interest of the state for the common good'.

The concept plan was developed in 1971, with the assistance of the United Nations Development Programme, which aimed to guide urban development in Singapore to the 1990s. The concept plan is based on the structure form of a 'Ring City', embodied by the ring-like structure of the transportation system. It is a 'comprehensive' plan, aiming to include all feasible planning variables and options. Specific areas were marked out for residential, industrial and other uses. The central area, about 2 kilometres north and south of the Singapore River, was marked to be redeveloped. Unlike previous plans, the concept plan placed immense confidence in the ability of science and technology to alleviate planning problems, believing that the future could be sculpted and moulded through new innovations and efficient planning. Through the cooperation of multiple agencies such as the Housing and Development Board (HDB), Planning Department, and the Public Works Department, the project released a draft plan in 1969, which, with several amendments, was approved in 1971 as the Concept Plan.

The plan was premised on the development of good infrastructure, which would facilitate economic growth, satisfy housing requirements and basic social needs of the population. Key infrastructure developments included the new international Changi Airport, a mass rapid transit system, and a new expressway system. High density housing would be concentrated along high capacity transportation routes, while the central area would be cleared of its residential population, in an effort to decentralise. Meanwhile, the city core would be redeveloped as an international financial, commercial, and tourist centre. Key developments in the city core include Shenton Way (Singapore's Wall Street) and Orchard Road (a shopping belt for tourists and higher-income Singaporeans). Other areas outside of the city core like Tampines New Town were transformed from rural wastelands to modern residential living areas, whereas Jurong Industrial Estate was developed into a thriving industrial and residential area. Industrial estates were also located at Sembawang, Yishun and Tanjong Rhu, forming one of the main engines for Singapore's growth. Singapore's highly efficient transportation system, the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), is also a product of the 1971 Concept Plan, speaking to its success in moulding Singapore today.

Key agencies tasked to execute the plan were the State City Planning Department (SCPD), Housing Development Board (HDB), Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) and the Public Works Department (PWD). In particular, the HDB suburbanized the population, providing quality accommodation as good as private housing, to more than four-fifths of the population. URA also played a key role in rejuvenating the old core of the city, demolishing 1500 acres of the old city core to build a new one. Through 'active programs' which involved both public and private participation, URA revamped the road system and drastically changed the built environment of central Singapore. Led by its three guiding principles of conservation, rehabilitation, and rebuilding, URA planned and created a city that is physically, economically, and culturally regarded as a modern metropolis.

At the foundation of the plan was the Compulsory Land Acquisition Act, introduced in 1966, which allowed the government to acquire, amalgamate, and redevelop land. The act allowed for unobstructed clearance of land for development. The simultaneous development of mass housing and urban renewal also allowed large amounts of the population to be systematically transferred from the city core to the suburbs. Since housing and urban renewal were at the top of the government's priorities, URA was given access to resources, capital, and manpower on a national scale for its development activities.

The 1971 Concept Plan marked a change in the nature of Singapore's urban planning from one based on the possible directions Singapore's development could take to one based on the path its development should take, and the introduction of an integrated planning process brought about by inter-agency cooperation. Moreover, it laid out the basic infrastructure from which Singapore developed further.

The 1980s and 1990s
While Singapore's development focused mainly on economic success during the initial post-independence years, as Singaporeans became more affluent in the 1980s, planners started taking into account quality of life factors. Additional land within new towns was allocated for parks and open spaces, while gardens and common facilities were incorporated into public housing estates to foster a sense of community between residents. Moreover, from 1980, industrial planning shifted towards infrastructure and areas suited for higher value industries, and industrial areas started to be constructed as "business parks". These "business parks" had cleaner environments than earlier industrial areas.

A review of planning of the Central Area culminated in the Structure Plan in 1984. Under this plan, several districts in the city centre were identified for conservation, open spaces and parks were clearly marked out, and other districts, such as the Golden Shoe and Orchard Road districts, were designated as areas for high-density development. More attention was also paid to conservation, with the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) setting aside certain parts of the city centre for conservation in 1986, and announcing the Conservation Master Plan in 1989, under which entire areas in the city centre could be conserved.

As the 1971 Concept Plan's plan period ended in 1992, a revised Concept Plan was released in 1991. In line with the shift towards making Singapore more liveable, the revised Concept Plan touched on all aspects of life, from business to leisure, powered by economic growth. Its main focuses include sustaining economic growth, increasing transport efficiency and providing comfortable accommodation for 4 million people and improving the quality of life for the population. Economic growth will be sustained through providing land to meet the needs of all industries, developing business parks, constructing four regional centres (Tampines, Seletar, Woodlands, Jurong East) and transforming the Marina Bay area into an international business hub. The plan for four regional centres is consistent with the policy of decentralisation that began in the 1970s. There will be a distinct identity and economic focus for each regional centre, which will be self-contained. Each regional centre would serve as a regional hub employment, shopping, business, entertainment and cultural activities. With the objective of economic decentralisation, companies were also encouraged to spread out to the regional centres. The plan also detailed that the transport system will be improved by focusing on areas of maximum accessibility and by expanding the transport network. New MRT stations, a new ferry system, light rail, cycleways and walkways were also planned to reduce automobiles on the road.

The revised Concept Plan also prioritised the need for Singapore to move away from manufacturing-oriented industries to professional and higher technology industries. Business parks were planned to be built along technology corridors, in close proximity to major transportation nodes and regional centres. These parks are geared towards image-conscious, knowledge based companies, with heavy landscaping and high quality working environments to attract companies which are higher in the value chain. To complement these business parks, the Marina Bay area will also become a downtown core area, with new hotels, shopping facilities, entertainment, convention centres and a new waterfront promenade. However, Singapore did not give up on their industrial planning entirely. In order to ensure that they stay competitive in the global market, Singapore shifted towards the development of industrial clusters in the 1990s. These clusters were industrial areas in which multiple businesses in the same industry were consolidated, in order to foster mutual support between companies and increase economies of scale. Furthermore, to ensure optimal land use, minimum plot ratios were introduced and older industrial areas were redeveloped for more productive industries. Land reclamation was also carried out to increase the land available for industrial use.

While Singapore pivots towards becoming an Asian economic powerhouse, the revised plan did not forget the importance of creating a beautiful city in facilitating this change. Urban development would be integrated with the natural environment, with an island-wide network of blue and green linkages and locating residential estates near waterfronts, parks and gardens. Development of more resorts, marinas, beaches, sports facilities, entertainment complexes and theme parks were also planned to provide the population a wider range of leisure options. Historic areas in the city were also strategically conserved to be developed into a 'Civic District' in order to attract tourists and maintain Asian roots in the city.

To aid the implementation of the Concept Plan's aims, Singapore was divided into 55 planning areas. Development Guide Plans, comprehensive plans for each planning area, were drawn up between 1993 and 1998, and the resulting plans were compiled into a plan for the whole island.

2000s to present
Public consultation and feedback started playing a greater role in Singapore's urban planning from the early 2000s, and for the preparation of the 2001 Concept Plan, focus groups were formed to discuss urban planning issues. The 2001 plan mainly focused on quality of life, proposing more diverse residential and recreational developments, and balancing the goals of liveability and economic growth. This included plans to build housing in mature estates, in the new downtown at Marina South and at the western area of the island. Green spaces would be expanded from 2000 to 4500 ha, with the opening of areas such as Pulau Ubin and the Central Catchment Reserve, which will be accessible by Park Connectors. Sport facilities will also be built for recreational purposes, complementing the opening of reservoirs, where residents can exercise and enjoy closer access to nature.

Much like the 1991 Concept Plan, the 2001 concept plan prioritized the shift towards higher-value industries, such as electronics and pharmaceuticals. It included the proposal of a new zoning system to differentiate business and industrial uses based on their impact to the environment. A new white zone was also introduced, designated for multiple industries, and were referred to by the government as "mixed-use developments". These areas consisted of plots that could be used in multiple ways, with multiple open spaces between developments, and were intended to foster the development of knowledge-based and creative industries in Singapore. Three regional centres were also added to the mix, with Tampines, Jurong East and Woodlands supported by an expansive train network which provides links to places island-wide. Furthermore, in response to population changes in the 2000s, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) released the Land Transport Master Plan 2008, which called for bus route planning to be handled by the LTA, a significant expansion of the rail network, and for the integration of the bus and rail systems in a hub-and-spoke network. The subsequent Master Plan, released in 2013, called for more sheltered walkways and cycling path networks within new towns to improve pedestrian and cycling access.

In response to recommendations by focus groups during the 2001 Concept Plan review to form a conservation trust to foster more public engagement, a Conservation Advisory Panel was formed in 2002. Consisting of members from many parts of society, it was intended to provide feedback on the URA's conservation proposals, and to encourage the public to learn more about Singapore's built heritage. In addition, Identity Plans were introduced in the same year for fifteen districts across Singapore. For these plans, studies of the districts were made, and public feedback and forums were handled by Subject Groups formed for each district. This was part of a larger effort to enrich Singapore's heritage, culture and diversity and to enhance Singapore's natural environment. By retaining cultural and historic landmarks and integrating them with the new developments, this can create a sense of continuity and history in the new towns. New towns will also be smaller and carry a unique sense of identity, to create a sense of ownership for residents.

In 2011, the Concept Plan was revised yet again, with a focus on sustainability. A focus group on 'Sustainability and Identity' was assembled to discuss three key issues: Quality of Life, Sustainability, Ageing and Identity. Based on the feedback from this focus group, which emphasized strengthening green infrastructure, empowering green practices, and making Singapore an endearing home, the Concept Plan was formed. Green infrastructure would consist of green buildings which conserve energy and have better life cycles, green mobility such as cycling, walking infrastructure and green habits, which consist of making recycling and reducing waste part of Singaporean's daily consciousness. Efforts to make Singapore an endearing home include preserving heritage buildings, introducing more live-in population to heritage districts, adding sculptures and public art to parks and housing estates and fostering partnership between community members such as business-owners and residents.

Industrial areas in the 2010s were planned to be further integrated, with districts comprising residential, recreational and industrial developments closely linked together. In addition, building conservation saw the greater involvement of the public and the National Heritage Board, through the establishment of a Heritage Advisory Panel and the Our Heritage SG Plan for the heritage sector, while the Conservation Advisory Panel was replaced by a Heritage and Advisory Partnership in 2018. This partnership, besides providing feedback for conservation proposals, was intended to generate new proposals regarding building heritage in Singapore.

Current planning policy
Singapore's planning framework comprises three tiers, a long-term plan, the Master Plan, and detailed plans. The long-term plan, formerly called the Concept Plan, plots out Singapore's developmental direction over at least five decades. Intended to ensure optimal land use to meet economic growth targets and handle expected population increases, it is revised every 10 years. The Master Plan, intended for the medium term, comprises land use plans across Singapore, and is revised every five years, while the detailed plans, issued by agencies supervising certain aspects of urban development, plot out short-term development. Preparation of the long-term plan and Master Plan is done by the URA, while the URA carries out the planning process in cooperation with four other agencies, namely the LTA, the HDB, Jurong Town Corporation, and the National Parks Board.

Under Singapore's current planning policy, development outside the central area comprises independent new towns, with residential, commercial and industrial areas, linked by expressways and a rail network. These new towns are in turn served by four regional centres, one in each region of Singapore, which carry out some of the functions of the central area. Moreover, the new towns are planned out with the intent to foster community interaction, improve connectivity, and to improve quality of life, with common areas, integrated cycling and pedestrian path networks, and widespread greenery.

Transport planning in Singapore consists of the Land Transport Master Plan, which is revised every five years, and development plans for the rail and bus system. Built upon a spoke-hub distribution paradigm, Singapore's transport planning has several key aims, namely increased connectivity, improved public transport provision, and increasing the proportion of commuters using public transport.

The 2019 Master Plan
The current Master Plan, released in 2019, focuses on the themes of liveable and inclusive communities, sustainability, sustainable mobility, conservation of historic areas and Singapore as an international gateway. In order to create closer knit communities, new towns will be well-connected and amenities will be community-centric so that public spaces can become more vibrant and inclusive. The plan details working with communities and protecting built heritage, in order to create distinct and unique local identities, creating place character and continuity. Continuing their shift towards sustainable mobility in the 2001 Concept plan, mobility will be encouraged with better connectivity across Singapore by enhancing cycling and pedestrian networks, promoting public transport use, making business nodes closer to homes and more easily accessible, and increasing the efficacy of goods delivery. This includes four additional new rail lines, the Cross Island Line, Jurong Regional Line and Thomson East-Coast Line, which will be complemented by Integrated Transport Hubs which place rail and bus services in close proximity to MRT stations. A new Connectivity Special Detailed and Control Plan was also developed such that cycling and pedestrian paths can be designed to provide optimised connectivity and bike parking will also be integrated within the new developments. A Transit Priority Corridor is also in the works, where bus lanes and cyclists enjoy seamless journeys, encouraging residents to cycle or take public transport.

Like the plans before, the 2019 Master Plan also has a big focus on economic development in various distinct economic zones. The Northern area has been primed for growth industries and innovative sectors, with key developments such as Agri-Food Innovation Park at Sungei Kadut and the Punggol Digital District complementing the current Woodlands Regional Centre. The central area, home to Singapore's financial hub, will continue to grow, accommodating more nearby housing and a larger diversity of jobs in the future. The Eastern Gateway, bolstered by the recent opening of Jewel Changi Airport and the expansion of Changi Air Hub, will continue to be a gateway for Singapore to the rest of the world. An additional Changi East Urban District will join the current lifestyle-business clusters in the area, bringing more jobs to the East. Lastly, the Western Gateway will be anchored by the new Jurong Lake District (JLD), planned as the largest commercial node outside of the Central Business District, which is bolstered by its close proximity to world-class universities, the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University.

The 2019 Masterplan also reflected Singapore's worries about climate change and recent commitment to cut greenhouse gas emissions to half by 2050, with a strong emphasis on protecting Singapore against climate conditions and creating sustainable communities. This includes efforts to protect the coastline with flood walls and revetments, raising minimum platform levels, widening and deepening drains in order to mitigate increasing flood risk as a result of climate change and rising sea-levels. Other efforts to close resource loops and reduce energy use include strengthening current national water supply, exploring the use solar panels at Tengah Reservoir, building super-low energy buildings such as ALICE@Mediapolis and aiming for zero waste, with a recycling rate of up to 70%. The Masterplan also explores the use of underground space and co-location for pedestrian linkages, car parking and the expansion of the public transport network, in order to preserve space in land-scarce Singapore.

Singapore sees a distinct shift towards sustainability and addressing climate-change related fears in its recent planning policies. Beyond being an economic powerhouse, Singapore's planning priorities have expanded to sustainability, culture and resource preservation, bolstered by the use of advanced technology to create smarter cities.

Criticism
Singapore has been referred to by many as the "best-planned city" in the world, with planners lauding the rapid development from British colony to global city, world-class public infrastructure, efficient public transportation and wide-scale affordable housing. Over 90% of Singaporeans or Permanent Residents own their own home and at the 2010 Venice Architecture Biennale, it was calculated that with Singapore's land-use efficiency, the world's population could fit into 0.5% of the Earth's landmass. Common traits cited for Singapore's successful urban planning include clean streets, automobile restrictions, ubiquitous greenery and distinct lack of urban sprawl.

However, Singapore's highly curated, meticulously planned city is also not without its critics. Some have criticised Singapore's lack of spontaneous organic city growth and that the emphasis on a highly controlled urban plan has resulted in a sterile city. Others have also criticised the façade of high public-housing ownership, when in reality, due to the Land Acquisition Act which allows the government to own most of Singapore's underlying land, 80% of HDB residents only have 99-year leases on their flats, which depreciates in value as the 99-year term approaches. In the same vein, other planning outcomes such as low-car ownership were also a result of controversial policies. Car-owners have to obtain a 'Certificate of Entitlement' in order to own a car, which typically costs SGD$70,000 to SGD$100,000 (US$50,000 to US$75,000), which critics say makes cars unaffordable for lower-income families. Moreover, with an almost eagle-like focus on economic development in its early days, critics lament the loss of historical buildings for economic development, though conservation efforts have been increased in recent planning efforts. Much of the criticism stems from dissatisfaction against what critics regard as Singapore's semi-authoritarian political system and the impingement on personal freedoms as a result of planning policies.

Sustainability advocates have also been urging for even more sustainable planning policies, arguing that Singapore's commitment to slash carbon emissions by half by 2050 does not fulfil the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) requirements. Believing that Singapore should slash carbon emissions to zero by 2050, advocates argue against the unsustainable use of Pulau Semakau Island for waste incineration and disposal, citing that landfill space will run out by 2035, the use of petroleum and natural gas as a source of energy and the petrochemical industries located on Jurong Island. Many also criticise Singapore's heavy focus in flood and climate change protection in the masterplan, declaring that more attention should be given to Singapore's unsustainable economic and energy sources.

In February 2021, a woodland reserve the size of 10 football fields just Northwest of Kranji was accidentally cleared for construction purposes, drawing intense criticism from Singapore's conservation groups. They argued that the forest was an important ecosystem, green corridor and one of the few remaining forests in Singapore, using this incident to highlight their view that planning in Singapore should do more to protect and preserve existing forests and wildlife.

title: Urban planning in Singapore


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Short-eared dog

The short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis), also known as the short-eared zorro or small-eared dog, is a unique and elusive canid species endemic to the Amazonian basin. This is the only species assigned to the genus Atelocynus.

Other names
The short-eared dog has many names in the local languages where it is endemic, including cachorro-do-mato-de-orelha-curta in Portuguese, zorro de oreja corta ("short-ear fox") in Spanish, nomensarixi in Chiquitano, uálaca in Yucuna, cuachi yaguar in Guarayu, quinamco in Mooré, and achuj in Ninam and Mosetén.

Other common names in Spanish include zorro ojizarco ("blue-eyed fox"), zorro sabanero ("savannah fox"), and zorro negro ("black fox").

Evolution and systematics

After the formation of the Isthmus of Panama in the latter part the Tertiary (about 2.5 million years ago in the Pliocene), canids migrated from North America to the southern continent as part of the Great American Interchange. The short-eared dog's ancestors adapted to life in tropical rainforests, developing the requisite morphological and anatomical features. Apart from its superficial resemblance to the bush dog, the short-eared dog seems not to be closely related to any fox-like or wolf-like canid. It is one of the most unusual canids.

Two subspecies of this canid are recognized, A. m. microtis and A. m. sclateri.

Occurrence and environment
The short-eared dog can be found in the Amazon rainforest region of South America (in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and possibly Venezuela). There is a single report of "three slender, doglike animals" of this species sighted in the Darien region of Panama in 1984 by German biologist Sigi Weisel and a native Embera-nation Panamanian; this rare species' presence in Panama is possible because of "the continuous mass of forest habitat that covers this region". It lives in various parts of the rainforest environment, preferring areas with little human disturbance. It lives in both lowland forests known as Floresta Amazônica and terra firme forest, as well as in swamp forest, stands of bamboo, and cloud forest. It is a solitary animal and prefers to remain under tree-cover, avoiding both human and other animal interaction.

Appearance
The short-eared dog has short and slender limbs with short and rounded ears. It has a distinctive fox-like muzzle and bushy tail. Its paws are partly webbed, helping adapt it to its partly aquatic habitat.

Its fur ranges from dark to reddish-grey, but can also be nearly navy blue, coffee brown, dark grey, or chestnut-grey to black, and the coat is short, with thick and bristly fur. It has a somewhat narrow chest, with dark color variation on the thorax merging to brighter, more reddish tones on the abdominal side of the body.

Diet
This wild dog is mainly a carnivore, with fish, insects, and small mammals making up the majority of its diet. An investigation led in the Cocha Cashu Biological Station in Peru into the proportions of different kinds of food in this animal's diet produced the following results:

 * {| style="text-align:right;"

 * fish ||     28% ||          ||  birds    ||   10%
 * insects ||       17% ||                              ||  crabs    || 10%
 * small mammals || 13% ||                              ||  frogs    ||   4%
 * various fruits || 10% ||                             ||  reptiles ||   3%
 * }
 * small mammals || 13% ||                              ||  frogs    ||   4%
 * various fruits || 10% ||                             ||  reptiles ||   3%
 * }
 * }

Reproduction and behavior
This species has some unique behaviors not typical to other canids. Females of this species are about one-third larger than males. The excited male sprays a musk produced by the tail glands. It prefers a solitary lifestyle, in forest areas. It avoids humans in its natural environment. Agitated males raise the hairs on their backs.

The lifespan and gestation period of the short-eared dog are unknown, although sexual maturity is reached at three years of age, relatively late compared to other canid species.

Threats, survival, and ecological concerns
Feral dogs pose a prominent threat to the population of short-eared dogs, as they facilitate the spread of diseases such as canine distemper and rabies to the wild population. The short eared dog suffers greatly from loss of habitat. There is a significant amount of disturbance in formerly remote South American forests, and almost no habitat except where daily human settler and prospector traffic destroys or exposes their dens. Humans also contribute to their extermination by degradation of the species' natural habitat and the general destruction of tropical rainforests.

Status of conservation
The short-eared dog is currently considered near threatened by the IUCN. No comprehensive ecological and genetic research has been carried out on the species.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Short-eared dog


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John Lucas (comics)

John Lucas is an American comic book inker and penciller, whose style has been compared with that of Russ Heath and Jack Kirby.

A prolific freelance contributor to both DC and Marvel Comics, Lucas has also produced a great deal of small press work, as well as "Valkyries" (with Steve Moore) for 2000 AD.

title: John Lucas (comics)


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Local Court of New South Wales

The Local Court of New South Wales is the lowest court in the judicial hierarchy of the Australian state of New South Wales. Formerly known as the Court of Petty Sessions and the Magistrates Court, there are more than 160 branches across New South Wales where the Local Court has jurisdiction to deal with the majority of minor civil and criminal matters.

Matters are heard before a single magistrate sitting without a jury, addressed as "Your Honour" or "Sir" (but no longer "Your worship"). The Local Court has no jurisdiction for claims in equity.

On appeal, matters may be heard by the District Court of New South Wales including appeals against the sentence or conviction decided in the Local Court.

The Chief Magistrate of the Local Court is Judge Peter Johnstone, former President of the NSW Children's Court, who was appointed in September 2021. Judge Johnstone succeeded Judge Graeme Henson, appointed in 2006.

History
In 1788, following the landing of the First Fleet and establishment of the Colony of New South Wales, the power and authority of the first criminal and civil courts in the Colony of New South Wales were vested by the Charter of Justice.

The first Court of Petty Session's courthouse was constructed in 1821 at Windsor, 56 km northwest of Sydney.

Structure and jurisdiction
The Local Court of New South Wales hears civil matters of a monetary value of up to $100,000; mental health matters; family law and/or child care matters; adult criminal proceedings, including committal hearings, and summary prosecutions for summary offences (i.e., offences of a less serious nature) and indictable offences; licensing issues (as the Licensing Court); industrial matters; and mining matters. In addition to this, the Local Court, via its Small Claims Division, hears claims for less than $10,000 and also hears applications for Apprehended Violence Orders (AVOs). The local court has limited jurisdiction under the to hear and determine family law matters. The local court can deal with applications such as property settlements and residence orders.

A magistrate can imprison offenders for no more than two years per sentence and no more than the maximum of five years for multiple sentences.

The Children's Court is a division within the Local Court that hears matters involving minors, or those that have not yet reached the age of 18, and is a closed court (i.e., the general public may not attend). The press can attend but may not publish the identity of the offender.

The Coroner's Court is another division within the Local Court that investigates violent or unnatural deaths, suspicious fires and/or explosions, but it cannot make orders to punish offenders. Coroners may, however, terminate their proceedings and pass on their findings onto state or federal Directors of Public Prosecutions for initiation of proceedings in another court at their discretion.

title: Local Court of New South Wales


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Archibald Howie

 Archibald "Archie" Howie (born 8 March 1934) is a British physicist and Emeritus Professor at the University of Cambridge, known for his pioneering work on the interpretation of transmission electron microscope images of crystals. Born in 1934, he attended Kirkcaldy High School and the University of Edinburgh. He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge, where he subsequently took up a permanent post. He has been a fellow of Churchill College since its foundation, and was President of its Senior Combination Room (SCR) until 2010.

In 1965, with Hirsch, Whelan, Pashley and Nicholson, he published the seminal text Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1978 and awarded their Royal Medal in 1999. In 1992 he was awarded the Guthrie Medal and Prize. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1995. He was head of the Cavendish Laboratory from 1989 to 1997.

title: Archibald Howie


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Lakeside Mental Hospital

Lakeside Mental Hospital, originally known as Ballarat Asylum, later as Ballarat Hospital for the Insane and finally, before its closure, as Lakeside Psychiatric Hospital, was an Australian psychiatric hospital located in the suburb of Wendouree, the north-western fringe of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.

The hospital first opened in 1877 for the "imbecile and idiot" (low intellect) class of patient rather than patients with acute insanity. It closed again soon after. A reformatory for boys also operated on the site, and some of its buildings were reused when the hospital was reopened in 1893, specialising in the treatment of epileptics. A brick building was converted into a ward to house 30 male patients. This was extensively damaged in a fire in 1917. A report in 1895 said that the patients did not have enough warm clothing, and that they were shivering during the cold Ballarat winter. Proposals to expand the asylum were mooted in 1909. Large scale extension and alteration were put forward by the state government in 1916.

In 1934, the Ballarat Asylum was renamed Ballarat Mental Hospital and, in 1969, the name changed again to Lakeside Hospital. Lakeside Hospital was decommissioned in 1996.

The hospital at its peak employed about 600 staff and could hold 1500 patients. The site was 83 hectares, of which 40 hectares was used as a farm. Crops planted in 1910 included leeks, cauliflowers, onions, rhubarb, potatoes, pumpkins, carrots, tomatoes, celery, beetroot, peas, beans and parsnips. In 1907, a Dr. Cherry reported that the patients helped to compress green fodder crops for storage by dancing jigs and reels on them to the accompaniment of a fiddle.

The site is now used for the Ballarat Aquatic Centre, a number of sporting facilities, and the Lake Gardens housing estate. Some original building are still standing and have been renovated and reused.

Incidents
An outbuilding burned down in 1898. In 1909, an incident between inmates resulted in the death of one by pick-axe. In 1917, a large fire destroyed one of the wings which was formerly the boys reformatory school. A patient committed suicide by drowning himself in Lake Wendouree in 1995 after it was announced by the Government that deinstitution would begin. The man was a long term patient. His disappearance was reported to the police, when staff took a group on a walk around the nearby lake. He was later found by a Lakeside nurse.

title: Lakeside Mental Hospital


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Aradale Mental Hospital

Aradale Mental Hospital was an Australian psychiatric hospital, located in Ararat, a rural city in south-west Victoria, Australia. Originally known as Ararat Lunatic Asylum, Aradale and its two sister asylums at Kew and Beechworth were commissioned to accommodate the growing number of 'lunatics' in the colony of Victoria. Construction began in 1864, and the guardhouses are listed as being built in 1866 though the list of patients extends as far back as the year before (1865). It was closed as an asylum in 1998 and in 2001 became a campus of the Melbourne Polytechnic (Previously known as NMIT) administered Melbourne Polytechnic's Ararat Training Centre.

Construction
The asylum was designed by G. W. Vivian and John James Clark (at this time Vivian's assistant), adapting Vivian's initial designs for a similar buildings in Kew and Beechworth. Building commenced at Kew (Kew Lunatic Asylum), Ararat and Beechworth (Beechworth Asylum) at roughly the same time, however Ararat was completed first. The building of Ararat was contracted to O'Grady, Glynn and O'Callaghan and not patients (or "inmates" as they were called) as many erroneously believe. The asylum was built as a town within a town with its own market gardens, orchard, vineyards, piggery and other stock kept on the grounds. At its height it had over 500 staff and as it stands today the complex is made up of 63 buildings ranging in age from the original wings built in the 1860s to the modern forensic unit which was built in 1991 - only two years before the facility closed. Despite being closed as an asylum the facility continued to house female prisoners during the building/renovation of Dame Phyllis Frost Centre right up until its current management took over in 2001.

Distinctive features
The asylum complex is an example of the E-plan barracks type lunatic asylums based on the model 1850s asylum in Colney Hatch, England. Ararat is very similar in design to its sister asylums at Kew and Beechworth, however Ararat's use of linking bridges with an arcade on an arched gateways is unique. Kew is considered to be an example of Second Empire design, whereas Ararat and Beechworth are considered more typically Italianate, though both styles have similar characteristics. The buildings are constructed from oversize bricks, which were then rendered with cement. Two storeyed ward wings extend to each side, one for each sex. The ward wings were surrounded by courtyards lined with iron columned verandas,

Another distinctive feature of Ararat and other early Victorian asylums is the use of a variation on ha-ha walls around the patients' courtyards. They consisted of a trench, one side of which was vertical and faced with stone or bricks, the other side sloped and turfed. From the inside, the walls presented a tall face to patients, preventing them from escaping, while from outside the walls looked low so as not to suggest imprisonment.

Grounds and landscaping
In 1913 the landscape gardener Hugh Linaker was employed to layout the grounds of Mont Park. As landscape gardener for the State Lunacy Department, he commenced a program of landscape improvements and tree plantings at asylums in Victoria. Linaker was already familiar with the area, having previously laid out the grounds of Alexandra Park in Ararat. Only a few remnants of the Linaker's plantings remain.

J Ward
In December 1886, the old gaol at Ararat was proclaimed as "J Ward" of the Ararat Asylum. It was to cater for those persons who were detained in any jail, reformatory or industrial school or other place of confinement, who appeared to be insane. The ward was not a separate institution in its own right and has continued to function as a division of the Ararat Mental Hospital. "J Ward" was always regarded as a temporary measure.

A new institution was to be built at Sunbury for the retention of the criminally insane. However, when the building was nearing completion it was decided that it would house females only and males would remain at "J Ward". In May 1988, the then Minister for Health announced that "J Ward" was to be closed over the next year.

The decommissioning of Aradale began in the early 1990s, with patients transferred to community living and to other facilities. After December 1993, the Ararat Forensic Psychiatry Centre was the only remaining ward. In 1997, the remaining patients at AFPC were eventually transferred to Rosanna, until the new Thomas Embling Hospital in Fairfield was completed.

Current Use and the Paranormal
In 2001, the Victorian Government provided $7.4 million to Melbourne Polytechnic to establish a campus of the Melbourne Polytechnic's Ararat Training Centre on the site of the hospital. 30 hectares of vineyard and 10 hectares of olive grove were planted in 2002, and an olive processing facility and winery were later built on site. The first planting at the Ararat campus was of 28 hectares of vines, which produced the first vintage in 2005. Since commencing training and research at Aradale in 2002, Melbourne Polytechnic also established a 250 tonne winery, a four hectare lavender farm, and extensive training facilities. The Polytechnic campus was established to provide a world-class wine and hospitality training facility in Victoria.

There are regular paranormal investigations at the hospital, and it is considered one of the most haunted locations in Victoria, possibly all of Australia. The site was the subject of episode 11 of the "How Haunted?" podcast.

title: Aradale Mental Hospital


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Talk:Christian Heinrich Heineken

Untitled
Is this all that is known of him? I would like to know more if anyone has any sources. Thanks

 * I read somewhere that he wrote a history book at age three. I must admit though the claims about him are so extreme that a bit of skepticism seems warranted. Especially as many of the sites I've seen on him are paranormalist or believe that he proves the existence of reincarnation.--T. Anthony 08:09, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Extreme? They're patent bullshit. I move for a deletion of this article or that it be moved to a folklore or mythology section on the following grounds:
 * 1) It lacks any shred of reliable evidence
 * 2) It's scientifically/biologically/developmentally impossible, not just improbable
 * 3) It's so utterly ridiculous that it only makes a mockery of the real prodigies
 * 4) By keeping it on Wikipedia it perpetuates the falsity that the "facts" presented are genuine.
 * --24.126.30.46 08:53, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

To 24.126.30.46: it is a folk history, which may contain a mixture of true and fantastic elements, or may have been inspired by a true event and exaggerated in the retelling. The source cited for the information (which means you improperly used the "unreferenced sources" tag) is recounting the folk history, not saying that it is absolutely true. I've edited the entry to take note of this.

--David3565 11:16, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Adding the folklore deal was a good idea, but this should not be deleted. It was an important story in the history of stories about prodigies. Even though it's exaggerated and odd it's still culturally notable. Like the story about that Egyptian magician who supposedly lived a 120 years and could reattach the severed heads of chickens.(I'm not making this up, I just can't remember his name. He existed in the Pyramid building age, around the time of Khufu or Cheops) Anyway that story is likely bunk, but if we don't have an article on him we should.--T. Anthony 02:50, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * His name was Dedi. We don't have an article on him, but I'll start one.--T. Anthony 13:20, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree T. Anthony, but I also think it is plausible that has some basis in fact. For comparison, I pulled this bit from the article on Jean-François Champollion, the translator of the Rosetta Stone and father of Egyptology:

"He was born at Figeac, Lot, in France, used to live in Grenoble for several years, and showed an extraordinary linguistic talent, even as a child. By the age of 16 he had mastered a dozen languages and read a paper before the Grenoble Academy concerning the Coptic language. By 20 he could also speak Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Amharic, Sanskrit, Avestan, Pahlavi, Arabic, Syriac, Chaldean, Persian, and Chinese in addition to his native French."

And from what I remember from his being mentioned in the TV series Connections, Jean-François read the Bible twice by the time he was four (don't quote me on that). And as amazing as that story is, the details of it are true. It demonstrates that while the story of Christian Heinecken may, in fact, be severely exaggerated, it doesn't mean that the kernel of the story--that he was an amazing prodigy who died young--is unture. Butchering the article with redactions based purely on opinion destroys any chance of research; the details in the story provide important clues for tracking down the actual facts. And if those are changed or deleted, then you loose the chance of finding anything out. --David3565 05:54, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Folklore Note Placement
I think the folklore note should be moved to the top of the page just for clarity. The fantastic elements could make it hard to swallow for a reader, as we saw above. If you think it should go back to the bottom, I won't object. --69.19.14.36 21:40, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * This source from 1838 makes his story sound a bit more plausible or at least comparable to other prodigies. It states.

--T. Anthony (talk) 12:52, 16 August 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) He repeated words at ten months, not shortly after birth.
 * 2) He spoke three languages by age three, but could not necessarily read in them.
 * 3) He did not know how to write until shortly before his death.

The line about him lecturing on four dimensions is clearly a mistaken reference to the child progidy Willian Sidis (see http://hiqnews.megafoundation.org/William_Sidis.htm) who "delivered his famous two-hour lecture on “Four-Dimensional Bodies” to the Harvard Mathematical Club." I have deleted that sentence from the main article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.203.106.13 (talk) 01:46, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

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Nomination for deletion
nominating this for deletion as there is no real evidence of any of the claims 216.164.249.213 (talk) 07:12, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christian Heinrich Heineken


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Jamón

Jamón (: jamones) is a type of dry-cured ham produced in Spain. It is one of the most globally recognized food items of Spanish cuisine. It is also regularly a component of tapas.

Most jamón is commonly called jamón serrano in Spain.

Jamón is the Spanish word for 'ham'. As such, other ham products produced or consumed in Spanish-speaking countries may also be called by this name.

Description
Jamón is typically consumed in slices, either manually carved from a pig's hind leg held on a jamonero stand using a sharp thin slicing knife, or cut from the deboned meat with a meat slicer. It is also regularly consumed in any shape in small portions.

As a product, jamón is similar to Portuguese presunto and to Italian prosciutto, but the production differs by a longer curing phase (up to 18 months), giving a dryer texture, deeper color and stronger flavour.

A whole jamón leg is considerably cheaper by weight than its sliced counterpart because it includes the bone and non-edible fat. Once the external fat layers are removed and the meat is exposed, the product must be consumed as soon as possible since a progressive drying and deteriorating process starts. This is not an issue for restaurateurs and retailers, since they go through product much faster than an individual. Home users will typically choose sliced product, be it freshly cut from a deli stand, commercially pre-packaged or vacuum preserved. Jamón is safe to consume as long as the leg is kept in a dry and cool environment and out of direct sunlight, but it must be kept refrigerated once cut away from the leg.

Jamón may also be smoked in some regions, where it is used mostly for personal consumption. This form of ham is common in the southern areas of Castile and León as well as in parts of Extremadura. Such a jamón has a harder texture and a smoky-salty flavour.

Though widely available in Spain (even if on the expensive side) and accessible in some countries of the European Union, import duties and trade or food safety restrictions applied to foreign meat products in international markets may raise prices substantially while creating scarcity, often making jamón a prohibitively expensive product for other countries to import.

There are two main commercial labels for jamón, based on the pig breed and protected designations:

 * Jamón ibérico is made from the black Iberian pig, and may be consumed internationally as a delicacy.
 * Jamón serrano (meaning lit. 'sierra ham') includes most other varieties.

Jamón serrano
The term jamón serrano (lit. 'serrano ham', meaning ham from the sierra, or mountain range) is regularly applied as an umbrella culinary term for all dry-cured jamón produced in Spain, as opposed to jamón de York, which is cooked whole on the bone.

It is most precisely applied, though, to jamón produced from white and/or non-Ibérico breeds of pig. This is the most commonly produced and consumed range of jamón in Spain. The majority of jamones serranos are produced from a landrace breed of white pigs or from commercial breeds such as Duroc. Jamón serrano, described variously as jamón reserva, jamón curado, and jamón extra or any generic jamón nomenclature, is produced from compound-fed white pigs.

Jamón serrano has traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG) status in the EU and the UK. The TSG certification attests that a particular food product objectively possesses specific characteristics that differentiate it from all others in its category and that its raw materials, composition, or method of production have been consistent for a minimum of 30 years.

Production
Fresh hams are trimmed and cleaned, then stacked and covered with salt for about two weeks to draw off excess moisture and preserve the meat from spoiling. The salt is then washed off, and the hams are hung to dry for about six months. Finally, the hams are hung in a cool, dry place for six to 18 months, depending on the climate, as well as the size and type of ham being cured. The drying sheds (secaderos) are usually built at higher elevations, which is why the ham is called "mountain ham".

Jamón ibérico

Pork products made from Iberian-breed pigs receive the ibérico/a denomination. As such, jamón ibérico is the dry-cured jamón produced from livestock of these breeds. Ibérico encompasses some of the most expensive ham produced in the world, and its fatty marbled texture has made it very popular as a delicacy, with a hard-to-fulfill global demand comparable to that of kobe beef.

Since jamón ibérico production and export is limited, buyer should beware and not fall victim of bait-and-switch or quality fraud similar to that of olive oil, since it has been estimated that a sizable portion of both local market and exports are not actually ibérico. Spain regulation defines trade labeling for all ibérico products.

European Union protected designation of origin

Under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union (EU), certain well-established meat products, including some local jamón and jamón producers, are covered by a protected designation of origin (PDO) or protected geographical indication (PGI):

 * Jamón de Teruel has PDO status.
 * Jamón de Los Pedroches has PDO status.
 * Jamón Dehesa de Extremadura has PDO status.
 * Jamón de Guijuelo has PDO status.
 * Jamón de Jabugo from Alájar, Almonaster la Real, Aracena, Aroche, Arroyomolinos de León, Cala, Campofrío, Castaño del Robledo, Cañaveral de León, Corteconcepción, Cortegana, Cortelazor, Cumbres de Enmedio, Cumbres de San Bartolomé, Cumbres Mayores, Encinasola, Fuenteheridos, Galaroza, Higuera de la Sierra, Hinojales, Jabugo, La Granada de Río-Tinto, La Nava, Linares de la Sierra, Los Marines, Puerto Moral, Rosal de la Frontera, Santa Ana la Real, Santa Olalla del Cala, Valdelarco, Zufre has PDO status.
 * Jamón de Trevélez from Trevélez, Juviles, Busquístar, Pórtugos, La Tahá, Bubión, Capileira, and Bérchules has PGI status.

Paleta
The paleta de cerdo or paletilla is a product similar to jamón; it is made from the front leg of a pig, instead of the hind leg used for jamón, cured using the same process and consumed in the same way. Since whole legs are sold by weight and paletillas are lighter, they are often marketed towards home consumption.

A paletilla may be described or marketed as Ibérica when produced from the same livestock as jamón ibérico.

title: Jamón


text:
GMA Pinoy TV

GMA Pinoy TV is a Philippine pay television channel that was launched on March 14, 2005, by GMA Network. Operated by its subsidiaries, GMA International and GMA Worldwide Inc, it is targeted towards the Filipino diaspora.

Programming
The programming of GMA Pinoy TV consists mostly of shows from the Philippines from GMA Network as well as previously aired shows, documentaries, films, and sports events from the Philippines. Most weekend shows are up to date, with the exception of some shows that air on a one-episode delay basis.

History
GMA Pinoy TV was first launched on March 14, 2005 in Japan. It was later launched in several parts of the United States in the same year, such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, and the states of the East Coast. The channel was launched in San Francisco on July 23, 2005.

A second channel, GMA Life TV, was successfully launched on February 16, 2008 and soon grew to 109,000 subscribers. GMA Pinoy TV had 225,000 subscribers as of September 2009. The percent of subscribers has gone up 34% according to GMA New Media, Inc.

In December 2010, both GMA Pinoy TV and GMA Life TV has expanded its coverage area in the US to Chicago, Illinois, New York, Washington, D.C., Maryland, Alabama and Virginia, and internationally to Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom and Europe.

In 2011, the channels were launched in Australia and Papua New Guinea.

On October 5, 2011, GMA Pinoy TV accepted two awards from the National Association for Multi-Ethnicity in Communications (NAMIC) in New York for 2011 Excellence in Multicultural Marketing Awards.

On April 26, 2023, ABS-CBN Corporation and GMA Network, Inc. announced that GMA Pinoy TV will be available on ABS-CBN's iWantTFC for viewers outside of the Philippines on May 1 alongside GMA News TV and GMA Life TV.

title: GMA Pinoy TV


text:
Friedrich Brunstäd

Friedrich Brunstäd (22 July 1883, Hanover – 2 November 1944, Willershagen) was a German Lutheran systematic theologian and philosopher. He attempted a renewal of German idealism, from the point of view of Lutheranism.

From 1901 he studied philosophy, theology, political science and history at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin, receiving his doctorate in 1909 with the thesis Untersuchungen zu Hegels Geschichtstheorie (Studies on Hegel's theory of history). In 1911 he obtained his habilitation for philosophy at the University of Erlangen, where in 1918 he became an associate professor. In 1925 he was appointed as professor of systematic theology at the University of Rostock (academic rector in 1930/31).

From 1922 to 1934 he was head of the Evangelisch-Sozialen Schule (Evangelical Social School) at the Johannesstift in Berlin-Spandau.

Selected works

 * Beiträge zum kritischen Erkenntnisbegriffe, 1911 (habilitation thesis) – Contributions to critical knowledge forms.
 * Die Idee der Religion : Prinzipien der Religionsphilosophie, 1922 – The idea of religion: the principles of the philosophy of religion.
 * Deutschland und der sozialismus, 1924 – Germany and socialism.
 * Reformation und Idealismus, 1925 – The Reformation and idealism.
 * Adolf Stoecker; Wille und Schicksal, 1935 – Adolf Stoecker; will and fate.
 * Allgemeine Offenbarung : zum Streit um die "natürliche Theologie", 1935 – General revelation: the controversy over "natural theology".
 * Theologie der lutherischen Bekenntnisschriften, 1951 – Theology of the Lutheran confessions.

title: Friedrich Brunstäd


text:
Talk:Trifle

High Church
I am English (and therefore speak English) and have had many trifles (including one half an hour ago) but I cannot understand the sentence about "High Church". Could it be phrased better? At the moment I'm guessing what it might mean...could it be made clear?81.174.133.150 22:07, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

We couldn't agree more - what does " High Church " mean in this context? s

I have failed to find any reference to "High Church" connected to trifles so I am going to remove the reference. I'd be very interested if somebody could find such a reference. Arwhalley (talk) 17:50, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

British?
Why specifically British? Trifle is enjoyed in a lot of different places, I know here in New Zealand and in Australia it is certainly considered quite commonplace as a dessert, and a simple search on-line reveals that it's far from unknown in the U.S. and Canada. Number36 04:39, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * This site has some interesting info in regards to this too, including the different names like 'Tipsy cake', also this site Seems the quote from American Oliver Wendell Holmes might be appropriate for inclusion too.Number36 04:40, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe because all the places you mention are former British colonies??? Jonto 23:12, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Well that's silly, and not really a reason either, they aren't Britain, so not British, and the dessert is much a part of their culture as it is of Britain's. Therefore there's no reason to describe it as a specifically British dessert. Number36 02:15, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The majority of settlers in those countries were originally of British origin, and therefore it's a dessert of British origin, therefore is a British dessert. If I go to a Chinese restaurant in the UK and eat some food from an ancient Chinese recipe that happens to be ate all over the world, does that make the food any less Chinese?? Jonto

Your 'therefore' doesn't follow at all. It's origins don't relate to it's present status but to it's original status. My family's origins are British but my family isn't British now, because it spread beyond and become endemic in places other than Britain. Chinese food is a false comparison because of the relatively recent introduction of Chinese food in the western world compared to the influence of British culture which happened as these countries formed and was always as much a part of their shared cultures as it was Britain's. Also the strongly shared cultural identification that Chinese culture has at present. Come back in a few hundred years and see if a person of Chinese descent thinks of them-self as Chinese as little as a person of British descent in America today would think of themselves as British, then see if 'Chinese food' is still Chinese food, or just 'food'. I mean, by the same token, would we say that pies are an Egyptian food or Sausages are Sumerian? Calling it a British dessert suggests it is peculiar to those isles which is far from the truth, it is endemic in a number of different countries in the present day. Number36 05:25, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

 * There are two options:

 * Find a reference that explicitly states that trifle is a British dessert, and cite it in the article, as required by WP:V
 * Just call trifle a dessert and remove any references to it being British

 * We can't extrapolate from various sources, as this violates WP:NOR

 * Ben 09:43, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with the above but would add that it should state that trifle is exclusively a British dessert, which is what describing it as a British dessert implies. (but it shouldn't 'cos it ain't ;) )Number36 22:30, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Zuppa Inglese
Having just read the page on this (which in my opinion is pretty much describing a slightly different way to make a trifle), and having seen a few sites that talk about it as a variant type of Trifle (as opposed to the English kind) including the first of those two sites I link to above, rather than a similar but different kind of dessert. I'd forward that they should be merged, but perhaps there is some bigger difference that I'm not seeing? Anybody actually familiar with this first-hand who can comment?Number36 05:01, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Why Trifle? Or, what's in a name?
Enjoying a trifle last weekend and wondered as a group, why do they call it a trifle? Is it to do with "tri" or "three" layers? Must be more to it!71.59.124.234 02:41, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Think I just found something that responds: http://www.themediadrome.com/content/articles/food_articles/trifle.htm. Excellent history!! "The first trifles were very much like fools (an old confection of pureed fruit mixed with cream), indeed the two terms were used almost interchangeably for many years. The very first known recipe, for example, bears almost no resemblance to what we now call a trifle. It was in The Good Huswife's Jewell, written by Thomas Dawson and published in 1596..." and "The word "trifle" comes from the Old French "trufle," and literally means something whimsical or of little consequence. It should be quick to make..." . What a wonderful historical reference under That Charming Confection: Trifle by Helen Stringer 71.59.124.234 02:51, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Klop Family?
This was recently added by an anonymous user;

''The original trifle comes from Utrecht in The Netherlands where it has been the traditional local desert for centuries. It was first brought to England by the family Klop, a family of ill repute forced to flee the country.''

Sounds more than a little dodgy to me, is a major claim about the desserts origins, and couldn't confirm anything from a quick look on google.Number36 02:01, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

How old?
This article needs a history section if sources could be found. How old is trifle? Does it pre-date modern refrigeration? - Fayenatic (talk) 14:54, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

Louisiana?
I'm intrigued by the categorisation of trifle as "Louisiana cuisine". A quick Google search seems to suggest that the English brought trifle to Louisiana where it is popular. The same could be said of Australia, New Zealand, etc. If there are no objections I will remove that categorisation. El T (talk) 12:53, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Now removed. El T (talk) 06:50, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Seasponge?
Seriously, where did that come from? I've never heard of trifle containing seasponge... It does usually contain sponge cake, however. A Google search revealed that this article was the only place referring to the bizarre ingredient, and I have therefore updated the article accordingly. --Beeurd (talk) 20:59, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Second Image
I've removed the second picture of a trifle added back in December since it didn't seem to add or show anything not already shown with the first picture, and cluttered up the text by the inclusion of too many images.Number36 (talk) 20:26, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Book & sites could be used for refs
The book, Trifle by Helen Saberi and Alan Davidson would no doubt be an invaluble resource for the page if someone has a copy.

 * I think i've got a copy LOL! somewhere, I'll see if I can dig it out. Rohanuk (talk) 22:56, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

This link, is very relevent also, and refers to the book above, it deals with the evolution of the trifle, the etymology of the name, and it's relation to two other desserts.

There's also this site which also has some very good info on its history. Got a couple of things out the two links, but don't have a lot of time to go through them and write stuff into the article at the moment, so I'll include them here if someone else wants to use them.Number36 (talk) 21:51, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Traditional Trifle
err, I'm just some random person, but why does it say traditional trifles do not contain jelly, when about 4 lines above that is a sentence describing that trifle recipes have been recorded with jelly since the mid 1700's? The source is just an online recipe entitled "traditional trifle". Seems like removing that line would be logical, so I went ahead and did it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.136.117.131 (talk) 06:01, 4 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Historical trifle contained no gelatin, but modern trifles now conditionally contain gelatin. The Jade Knight (talk) 07:53, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

Mrs Beeton image
While it's a nice illustration from Mrs Beeton, that shows jellies from jelly moulds, not trifle.90.218.34.198 (talk) 09:36, 18 July 2013 (UTC

Punschtorte?
I'm sorry to tell, but our german Punschtorte is really something completely different and has nothing in common with trifle. It is a layer cake from bisquit, punch, marmelade and a thin sugar-frosting with a typical cobweb-pattern on the top. A little bit old-fashioned, but some like it on New Year's Eve (so I do).
 * I second this. Punschtorte is a cake, which can't be said for trifle. The recipe in the link doesn't describe a Punschtorte - it describes the filling of a Punschtorte, which would normally be filled between two slices of sponge cake. Therefore I'm going to remove that sentence. --Suhusa2 (talk) 21:12, 10 January 2022 (UTC)

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Alcohol
Does the article at present give too much weight to the dish having alcohol in it? The lede section says; "commonly soaked in sherry or another fortified wine", which, while that's certainly not uncommon of course, as a type of trifle, it's just as common to see trifles with no alcohol at all.219.88.68.195 (talk) 06:02, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trifle


text:
Johann Friedrich Cotta

Johann Friedrich, Freiherr Cotta von Cottendorf (27 April 1764 – 29 December 1832) was a German publisher, industrial pioneer and politician.

Ancestors
Cotta is the name of a family of German publishers, intimately connected with the history of German literature. The Cottas were of noble Italian descent, and at the time of the Reformation the family was settled in Eisenach in Thuringia.

Johann Georg Cotta (1631–1692), the founder of the publishing house of J. G. Cotta, married in 1659 the widow of the university bookseller, Philipp Braun, in Tübingen, and took over the management of his business, thus establishing the firm which was subsequently associated with Cotta's name. On his death, in 1692, the undertaking passed to his only son, also named Johann Georg; and on his death in 1712, to the latter's eldest son, also named Johann Georg, while the second son, Johann Friedrich, became a distinguished theologian.

Although the eldest son of the third Johann Georg, Christoph Friedrich Cotta (1730–1807), established a printing-house to the court at Stuttgart, the business languished.

Life
It was reserved to the youngest son of Christoph Friedrich, Johann Friedrich, to restore the fortunes of the firm. Born in Stuttgart, Johann Friedrich Cotta attended the gymnasium of his native place, and was originally intended to study theology. He, however, entered the university of Tübingen as a student of mathematics and law, and after graduating spent a considerable time in Paris, studying French and natural science, and mixing with distinguished literary men. After practising as an advocate in one of the higher courts, Cotta, in compliance with his father's earnest desire, took over the publishing business at Tübingen. He began in December 1787, and laboured incessantly to acquire familiarity with all the details. From 1793 to 1794, Orell Füssli in Zürich published Marianne Ehrmann's Die Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen, the first magazine that was published by a woman in Switzerland; her early death stopped the further issues. Because the self-publishing could not handle the success of her former magazine, Marianne and her husband agreed on a takeover by Cotta, but in 1793 occurred irreconcilable conflicts; Cotta founded the journal Flora with the subscriber base, and Marianne Ehrmann continued the magazine Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen. The house connexions rapidly extended; and, in 1794, the Allgemeine Zeitung, of which Schiller was to be editor, was planned. Schiller was compelled to withdraw on account of his health; but his friendship with Cotta deepened every year, and was a great advantage to the poet and his family. Cotta awakened in Schiller so warm an attachment that, as Heinrich Döring tells us in his life of Schiller (1824), when a bookseller offered him a higher price than Cotta for the copyright of Wallenstein, the poet firmly declined it, replying "Cotta deals honestly with me, and I with him." In 1795 Schiller and Cotta founded the Horen, a periodical very important to the student of German literature. The poet intended, by means of this work, to infuse higher ideas into the common lives of men, by giving them a nobler human culture, and "to reunite the divided political world under the banner of truth and beauty." The Horen brought Goethe and Schiller into intimate relations with each other and with Cotta; and Goethe, while regretting that he had already promised Wilhelm Meister to another publisher, contributed the Unterhaltung deutscher Ausgewanderten, the Roman Elegies and a paper on Literary Sansculottism. Fichte sent essays from the first, and the other brilliant German authors of the time were also represented. In 1798 the Allgemeine Zeitung appeared at Tübingen, being edited first by Posselt and then by Huber. Soon the editorial office of the newspaper was transferred to Stuttgart, in 1803 to Ulm, and in 1810 to Augsburg; it is now in Munich.

In 1799 Cotta entered on his political career, being sent to Paris by the Württemberg estates as their representative. Here he made friendships which proved very advantageous for the Allgemeine Zeitung. In 1801 he paid another visit to Paris, also in a political capacity, when he carefully studied Napoleon's policy, and treasured up many hints which were useful to him in his literary undertakings.

He still, however, devoted most of his attention to his own business, and, for many years, made all the entries into the ledger with his own hand. He relieved the tedium of almost ceaseless toil by pleasant intercourse with literary men. With Schiller, Huber, and Gottlieb Konrad Pfeffel (1736–1809) he was on terms of the warmest friendship; and he was also intimate with Herder, Schelling, Fichte, Richter, Voss, Hebel, Tieck, Therese Huber, Matthisson, the brothers Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt, Johann Müller, Spittler and others, whose works he published in whole or in part. In the correspondence of Alexander von Humboldt with Varnhagen von Ense we see the familiar relations in which the former stood to the Cotta family. In 1795 he published the Politischen Annalen and the Jahrbücher der Baukunde, and in 1798 the Damenalmanach, along with some works of less importance. In 1807 he issued the Morgenblatt, to which Schorn's Kunstblatt and Menzel's Literaturblatt were afterwards added.

In 1810 he removed to Stuttgart; and from that time till his death he was loaded with honours. State affairs and an honourable commission from the German booksellers took him to the Vienna congress; and in 1815 he was deputy-elect at the Württemberg diet. In 1819 he became representative of the nobility; then he succeeded to the offices of member of committee and (1824) vice-president of the Württemberg second chamber. He was also appointed Prussian Geheimrat, and knight of the order of the Württemberg crown; King William I. of Württemberg having already revived the ancient nobility in his family by granting him the patent of Freiherr (Baron) Cotta von Cottendorf. Meanwhile, such publications as the Polytechnische Journal, the Hesperus, the Württembergische Jahrbücher, the Hertha, the Ausland, and the Inland issued from the press. In 1828–1829 appeared the famous correspondence between Schiller and Goethe. Cotta was an unfailing friend of young struggling men of talent.

In addition to his high standing as a publisher, he was a man of great practical energy, which flowed into various fields of activity. He was a scientific agriculturist, and promoted many reforms in farming. He was the first Württemberg landholder to abolish serfdom on his estates. In politics he was throughout his life a moderate liberal. In 1824 he set up a steam printing press in Augsburg, and, about the same time, founded a literary institute at Munich. In 1825 he started steamboats, for the first time, on Lake Constance, and introduced them in the following year on the Rhine. In 1828 he was sent to Berlin, on an important commission, by Bavaria and Württemberg, and was there rewarded with orders of distinction at the hands of the three kings. He died on 29 December 1832 in Stuttgart, leaving a son and a daughter as coheirs.

Successors
His son, Johann Georg, Freiherr Cotta von Cottendorf (1796–1863), succeeded to the management of the business on the death of his father, and was materially assisted by his sister's husband, Freiherr Hermann von Reischach. He greatly extended the connections of the firm by the purchase, in 1839, of the publishing business of G. J. Göschen in Leipzig, and in 1845 of that of Vogel in Landshut; while, in 1845, "Bible" branches were established at Stuttgart and Munich. He was succeeded by his younger son, Karl, and by his nephew (the son of his sister), Hermann Albert von Reischach. Under their joint partnership, the before-mentioned firms in Leipzig and Landshut, and an artistic establishment in Munich passed into other hands, leaving on the death of Hermann Albert von Reischach, in 1876, Karl von Cotta the sole representative of the firm, until his death in 1888. In 1889 the firm of J. G. Cotta passed by purchase into the hands of Adolf and Paul Kroner, who took others into partnership. In 1899 the business was converted into a limited liability company.

Cotta's publishing company survives today, although no longer owned by the family, under the name Klett-Cotta. Its contemporary offerings include German-to-Elvish dictionaries tied into the Lord of the Rings movies.

title: Johann Friedrich Cotta


text:
Talk:Eugene Sully

NPOV
I think that it is three years now since Big Brother 6 was aired and since then this gentleman has done very well for himself and has moved on in leaps and bounds, but there has been talk that this man suffers with Aspergers' Syndrome and has never been formally diagnosed and admits it. Eugene now has a slot on Seahaven FM in the Seaford area of Sussex and is mow an Internet-only station and has just broadcast on FM throughout March and returns in August, but in the meantime can be heard on Saturday mornings between 1100 and 1400 hours.

title: Talk:Eugene Sully


text:
Talk:Janice Huff

Untitled
This article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:24, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

NATIVE OF MANHATTAN VS. HIGH SCHOOL IN SOUTH CAROLINA

Well, I know that the WNBC web site says that she's a "native of Manhattan" but that doesn't mesh with the high school site linked here as well so I made a judgement call and took one out. TV sites have been wrong with biographies before (CBS's site for the show "Joan of Arcadia" used to say that Becky Wahlstrom grew up in Israel which started a big Internet urban legend, turned out that in reality she grew up in Chicago and wasn't even Jewish, but was very coy about giving a "real" biography when the show first came out because A) she thought a few would object to a non-Jew to play a Jew (even though this and the reverse happens all the time), and more so B) Didn't want people to know that a young-looking 30 year old was playing a teenager).

I could swear that she said on her newscasts that she actually grew up in Queens but without proof I left it at this. hairymon (Check!)  15:09, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Funny you should mention that. She was out here in SF for years, and she always spoke as if she was a native here too. Then she vanished. On a business trip to NYC I happened to catch her act again, and realized she'd been promoted to the Big Apple. I thought that was nice. Our local girl makes good. And then, as I watched, I think she was predicting good beach weather, she gushed, "Coney Island hot dogs on the first day of summer! Weren't they always the BEST when you were growing up? When your folks would take you for that first Nathan's hot dog!" Just the way she talked about the Bay Area. And I realized it was part of her act, playing the audience's home girl. I mean, who cares, she's just the weather. (I was researching KRON and saw her name.) But it bothered me somehow and now I see it bothered some other people too. Sweet little Janice Huff just an act. Profhum (talk) 23:44, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

Janice went to FSU as I did and I can assure you she is an S.C. native and did go to the high school mentioned. Noles1984 14:29, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Should be added, that in late 90s, Janice hosted a brief Game Show on NBC, New York Wired

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title: Talk:Janice Huff


text:
FA Futsal Cup

The FA Futsal Cup is a national competition organised by the Football Association in the game of futsal.

In 2005, Doncaster College for the Deaf became the first disability side to win a major open football competition.

Winners (Men)

 * 2003 - Sheffield Hallam
 * 2004 - Team USSR
 * 2005 - Doncaster College
 * 2006 - White Bear
 * 2007 - Ipswich Wolves
 * 2008 - Helvécia
 * 2009 - Helvécia
 * 2010 - Helvécia
 * 2011 - Manchester Futsal Club
 * 2012 - competition cancelled
 * 2013 - competition cancelled
 * 2014 - Baku United FC
 * 2015 - Baku United FC
 * 2016 - Oxford City Lions
 * 2017 - Baku United FC
 * 2018 - Helvécia
 * 2019 - Helvécia

Winners (Women)

 * 2014 - University of Gloucestershire
 * 2015 - Bristol City Futsal Club
 * 2017 - South London Ladies Futsal Club
 * 2018 - South London Ladies Futsal Club
 * 2019 - Manchester Futsal Club

title: FA Futsal Cup


text:
Tropidonophis mairii

The common keelback (Tropidonophis mairii), also known as Mair's keelback, is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Australasia.

Etymology
The specific name, mairii, is in honor of "Dr. Mair", an army surgeon with the 39th Regiment of Foot, who collected the holotype.

Geographic range
T. mairii is found in Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, and Papua New Guinea.

Description
Dorsally, T. mairii is olive, brown, or blackish, with small black spots, or with black crossbars anteriorly. Ventrally, it is lighter. The subcaudals and often also the ventrals are edged with black. The dorsal scales are strongly keeled, and arranged in 15 rows at midbody.

T. mairii resembles some Australian venomous snakes, the taipans (genus Oxyuranus) and the rough-scaled snake (Tropidechis carinatus).

T. mairii rarely grows over 1 m in total length (including tail).

Diet
Mair's keelback feeds mainly on amphibians and small lizards. It is one of the few snakes that can eat cane toads (Rhinella marina), up to a certain size, without being harmed.

Reproduction
T. mairii is oviparous.

title: Tropidonophis mairii


text:
Talk:Friedrich Brunstäd

Brunstädt is also a spelling I have found. Charles Matthews 10:27, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Friedrich Brunstäd


text:
Kimilili

Kimilili is a town and area in Kenya's Bungoma County. The area is occupied mainly by the Bukusu and a few Teso communities. It is a trading center for agricultural goods and services. The town has a population of 56,050

The surrounding region is mainly farmland with the main cash crops being coffee, maize, beans, sunflower seed sugarcane and bananas.

The main town centre has several economic activities which include retail grocery stores, supermarkets, schools and computer colleges.

There are numerous non-governmental organizations in Kimilili, the two main ones being ICFEM and Omwabini.

Kimilili is home to the Western Provincial Police Training Center. Due to its strength in trade and education, Kimilili's urban population is on the rise. It was home to many government workers who held office positions in the former Mt Elgon District, which was merged into Bungoma County in 2010.

History
In past years, this region has suffered from land conflicts that have resulted in the displacement of thousands. The Sabaot Land Defence Force, who were the aggressors and the main agitators of this conflict, have, however, been subdued by the government.

Education
Kimilili has one of the best schools in Kenya based on Friends School Kamusinga's consistent academic and sports excellence. Other high schools are Moi Girls High School Kamusinga, Kimilili Boys High School, Maeni Girls Secondary School and St. Theresa's Girls Secondary School. Four primary private schools are found: PHIM Primary School, Shekinah School, Dreamland Education Centre and Farcon Academy. Public primary schools are Kimilili R.C. Boys, Kimilili R.C. Girls, Kimilili D.E.B, Kamusinga Primary, Khwiroro Primary, Bituyu, Buko and Maeni primary schools. Additionally, Matili F.Y.M Primary, Matili R.C, and Namawanga Primary School are a few schools which have produced scholars. Kimilili has a teachers' training center (Shima TTC).

title: Kimilili


text:
Talk:Liz Cho

Untitled
This article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:27, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

n/a

I deleted the speculation part of this article that states that Liz Cho will be joining Diana Williams, that is untrue and is false information.

Liz Cho annual salary 69.119.24.139 (talk) 22:15, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liz Cho