text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Melissadolbeer

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: 21:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)), the page will be delisted from WP:RFC. It may not be currently be deleted due to its having been added as evidence to a case at Requests for arbitration. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

 * Melissadolbeer (talk • contribs)

Statement of the dispute
''This is a summary written by users who dispute this user's conduct. Users signing other sections should not edit here.''

Dubious conduct by Melissadolbeer, using sockpuppets to preserve a version of a page that was justifiably merged. Several of the sock puppets use behaviour that could be viewed as harassment.

Description
''{Add summary here, but you must use the section below to certify or endorse it. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.}''

Melissadolbeer seems to refuse to allow the article Authentic Matthew to be edited in any way whatsoever.

Background
Some background to the article surrounding this behaviour - it contained
 * A very large source text. This was moved to WikiSource.
 * A badly formatted list of what Eusebius thought was and wasn't canon. This was dispersed to articles such as Biblical Canon and Eusebius.
 * Original research based on Jerome's discussion of the text in question. Most scholars apparantly view Jerome as having made an error and mixing up 3 texts thinking they were one - i.e. that they are different. The original research treated them as one item and did not note that this was a minority position, or that it is generally viewed as an error of Jerome.
 * Small snippets of salvagable content. This was merged to Gospel of the Hebrews, which was what it was discussing.

After transwiki of the source text, removal of original research, and salvaging of remaining material to appropriate articles, there was nothing left. Since the bulk of the content was merged with Gospel of the Hebrews this was where it was redirected.

Sockpuppets
There followed a series of reverts
 * 1) by Watcher1 (talk • contribs)
 * 2)  by Watcher1 (talk • contribs)
 * 3)  by Goodboy (talk • contribs)
 * 4)  by Goodboy (talk • contribs)

Neither "watcher 1" nor "Goodboy" have previous edits other than to their very odd user & talk pages.

Meanwhile a redirect was created by 202.176.97.230 (talk • contribs). Note this user currently only has 6 edits - all to similar articles.

This was followed by an edit to that redirect to turn it into an article from 202.176.184.118 (talk • contribs). Note this is essentially a copy+paste of the text, and that this user has currently only 1 edit.

Then there was a change of Authentic Matthew to redirect to the duplicate article by Poorman (talk • contribs).

This user subsequently makes a series of paper thin edits to the article. The user's total edits consist only of edits to this article -.

More recently, there has been removal of NPOV notices on the article by -Watcher1- (talk • contribs)

Even more recently, 202.176.97.116 (talk • contribs) attacked VfD (0 prior edits) in a non-voting manner and was reverted (by someone other than me). This IP also created -Angel77-.

From this, it is obvious that the following are all sockpuppets of each other
 * Poorman (talk • contribs)
 * 202.176.184.118 (talk • contribs)
 * Watcher1 (talk • contribs)
 * Goodboy (talk • contribs)
 * 202.176.97.230 (talk • contribs)
 * -Watcher1- (talk • contribs)
 * 202.176.97.116 (talk • contribs)
 * -Angel77- (talk • contribs)

Where Melissadolbeer fits in
From the history of the article - it is clear that Melissadolbeer was the main creator of its content -.

It should be noted that the source text was added by 203.144.210.225 (talk • contribs) almost all of whose other edits were to Gospel of the Hebrews. Note that their edits to Gospel of the Hebrews rendered it an almost exact copy of the article at Authentic Matthew -, and earlier -.

From this it is obvious to me that the following users are identical to each other
 * 203.144.210.225 (talk • contribs)
 * Melissadolbeer (talk • contribs)

Melissadolbeer has subsequently engaged in extremely peculiar edits bordering on harassment, duplicating negative comments from my talk page in their own talk page -

Previous behaviour
It struck me that prior editing may also be relevant. Having investigated the prior editors of the page, there is one more editor behaving in the same manner.
 * Angel77 (talk • contribs)

In particular, the similarity is in the bizarre insertion of large quantities from other pages into talk pages -, , , ,.

Summary
It is my opinion that the following are all sockpuppets, whose purpose is to preserve original research by Melissadolbeer, thus causing disruption to wikipedia (in particular, Angel77's postings to talk pages, including their own).
 * Poorman (talk • contribs)
 * Watcher1 (talk • contribs)
 * -Watcher1- (talk • contribs)
 * Goodboy (talk • contribs)
 * 202.176.97.230 (talk • contribs)
 * Angel77 (talk • contribs)
 * -Angel77- (talk • contribs)
 * 202.176.184.118 (talk • contribs)
 * 202.176.97.116 (talk • contribs)
 * 203.144.210.225 (talk • contribs)
 * Melissadolbeer (talk • contribs)

Additional Summary
To the above list should be added
 * Teenangel (talk • contribs)
 * Mikefar (talk • contribs)

whose edits speak for themselves. 19:48, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Indeed, Mikefar has admitted to being one of many sockpuppets at WP:RFAR. 18:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * 21:29, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~ )
 * I am not a sockpuppet, I am a man. Capitalistroadster 09:14, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

 * Issues

Ril's VfD accuses Melissa Dolbeer of:

a) sock-puppet abuse and lying;

b) original research.

I, --Melissadolbeer 05:39, 21 July 2005 (UTC) state, and the fact is that:

a) I have never used a sock-puppet, and Poorman is my lawfully wedded husband.  I am willing to provide Wiki administrators with full documentation to prove my innocence via snail mail.  (Also, Poorman has agreed to joint web cam interviews or a conference telephone call.)

b) the sources I have used are all published works which are still in print -- Jerome, etc., etc. (See my talk page.)--Melissadolbeer 06:40, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

One month cooling off period
As my mother-in-law has been in a life-threatening car accident, I request an adjournment of the arbitration proceedings for one month, as neither Poorman nor myself will be available for the next couple of weeks. --Melissadolbeer 05:39, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

Second Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

a) I admit to having used sockpuppets, but deny having done anything illegal.

b) I have been monitoring
 * -Ril- (talk • contribs)
 * 81.156.177.21 (talk • contribs)
 * Cheese Dreams (talk • contribs)
 * Fish Supper (talk • contribs)
 * Doc glasgow (talk • contribs)
 * Capitalistroadster (talk • contribs)

and believe one or more of them to be guilty of sockpuppet, verbal, editing, and voting abuse.

c) Here is an example of a conversation between Doc glasgow and Ril (From one sock to another)

(cur) (last) 19:37, 14 July 2005 -Ril- (→From one sock to another)

(cur) (last) 19:08, 14 July 2005 Doc glasgow (→From one sock to another - OK, but ....)

d) If one reads the edit and vote for deletion history of Authentic Matthew carefully, one will see the abuses.

e) Several of the votes for deletion "because of original research" are suspect, for although this article has many weaknesses, Melissa Dolbeer has cited an excessive number of published works that she used in writing this article. (Note-Ril deletes all views that show him to be in the wrong)

f) It is my request that Wikipedia fully investigate the situation and take the appropriate action.

Please see Evidence at --Mikefar 07:33, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

{Add summary here, but you must use the endorsement section below to sign. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.}

This is an improper RfC. First, it concerns a dispute over a single article, on which, secondly, no other action has been taken to reach resolution. It should be deleted (as I expect it to be, when no-one else signs in its support), and the matter dealt with in the normal manner.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:11, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) --AI 09:26, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Forgive me if this isn't the right place for this; I have no experience of this process. I have no wish to be involved in this dispute; I only wish to point out, that contrary to the suggestion above, I am certainly NOT a sockpuppet; I'm an individual Wikipedian living in Derby, England. I have a website at jamesgibbon.com. I can be contacted by telephone by an admin if necessary. I've added a similar comment to WP:RFAR. james gibbon 13:25, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

One other point: my name is included in a list of users who are alleged by Melissadolbeer to "have deleted some good articles, been rude on occasion and some have even been blocked". I have never deleted an article, never been rude to anyone here, and have never been blocked. james gibbon 13:34, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.


text:
Bashir ibn Sa'd

Bashir ibn Sa'd (بَشِيرٍ بْنُ سَعْدٍ) was one of the companions of Muhammad. He was a member of the Banu Khazraj and later became its leader. He was the first one who pledged of allegiance to the first caliph, Abu Bakr, in a meeting in Saqifa. He wisely handled the situation when there was a huge dispute and division on the matter of succession to Prophet.

Biography
He was among the early Muslims of Medina from the clan of Banu Khazraj. When he reached in his mature age he became the chief of Banu Khazraj. He was a companion who was present at the Battle of Badr. He became the chief of Banu Aus. He participated in the Battle of Badr. Muhammad's forces included Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, Hamza, Mus`ab ibn `Umair, Az-Zubair bin Al-'Awwam, Ammar ibn Yasir, and Abu Dharr al-Ghifari. The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses, meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel. However, many early Muslim sources indicate that no serious fighting was expected, and the future Caliph Uthman stayed behind to care for his sick wife Ruqayyah, the daughter of Muhammad. Salman the Persian also could not join the battle, as he was still not a free man.

He also led a military campaign as a commander known as the Expedition of Bashir Ibn Sa’d al-Ansari (Fadak). He was sent to Fadak, the event took place in Shaban, 7AH i.e. December 628 AD,3rd Month 7AH, of the Islamic Calendar.

Succession to Muhammad
It is mentioned in Seerat Ibn e Ishaq (the first biography of Muhammad)) and subsequently Seerat Ibn e Hatham (another authentic biography of Muhammad)) and all other history and biography books that when Muhammad died, companions of Prophet were busy in their final rituals then they were informed that there is a gathering of Ansar of Medina. They are discussing succession after Prophet, and Sa'd ibn Ubadah chief of Khazraj clan is a strong candidate for succession of leadership. Fearing of civil war Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah instantly reached there, the situation was quite tense. Ansars were almost agreed on the khilafat of Sa'd ibn Ubadah, Muhajirs mainly above three shaikhs disagreed then Habab ibn Mundhir who was motivating the Ansars to take control of the city, suggested to appoint to two Khalifas, one from Ansars and other for Muhajirs and if Muhajirs don't agree on that term then "take your swords and throw them out of Medina". Then Bashir ibn Sa'ad who belonged to clan of Banu Aws, intervened and handled the flared up situation. He said, "O Ansar you're the first who helped Prophet when His own people rejected him, now you should not be the first to destroy unity of Muslims after Him. And whatever you'he done for Islam you should seek its reward in afterlife and should not be divided on the issue of succession." After that Abu Bakr asked people to appoint as Khalifa either to Umar or Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah because both of them were Muhajirs from Quraysh, were among the very first who accepted Islam and were among the closest companions of Prophet. But Umar withdrew himself saying that he would never consider himself when Abu Bakr is present. Then Bashir ibn Sa'ad was the first one who pledged at the hand of Abu Bakr, then Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah and after that all people at Saqifah followed them.

He was martyred at 'Ayn at-Tamr, as az-Zurqani mentioned. states: "Others were Muhammad bin Maslama, Bashir bin Saad, and Zayd bin Thabit. They had shown great zeal in taking the oath of loyalty to Abu Bakr in Saqifa".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bashir ibn Sa'd


text:
User talk:Maynoth

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. --JYolkowski // talk 19:56, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maynoth


text:
Control lock

A control lock, guard lock or stop lock differs from a normal canal lock in that its primary purpose is controlling variances in water level rather than raising or lowering vessels. A control lock may also be known as a tide lock where it is used to control seawater entering into a body of fresh water.

Examples
The T. J. O’Brien Lock and Dam at Chicago, Illinois is a guard lock that controls the outflow of water from Lake Michigan into the Illinois Waterway while locking vessels through between the waterway and Lake Michigan.

Lock 8 near the south end of the Welland Canal at Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada is a guard lock. Due to the large expanse of shallow water in Lake Erie, changes in wind direction and force create water level changes as great as 11 feet (3.4 m) at Port Colborne. Lock 8 controls the water level in the canal, keeping it independent of the fluctuations of Lake Erie, but allows ships to enter Lake Erie regardless of its level.

title: Control lock


text:
Category:Government of Germany

This category is for the legally defined institutions and powers of the German government and its officers. See Category:Law of Germany for the official actions of these institutions. For the conduct and doctrines of German politicians, see Category:Politics of Germany.

tr:Kategori:Almanya'nın devlet yapısı

title: Category:Government of Germany


text:
Royal College of Science for Ireland

The Royal College of Science for Ireland (RCScI ) was an institute for higher education in Dublin which existed from 1867 to 1926, specialising in physical sciences and applied science. It was originally based on St. Stephen's Green, moving in 1911 to a purpose-built "Royal College of Science" building on Merrion Street, now known as Government Buildings. In 1926 it was absorbed into University College Dublin (UCD) as the faculty of Science and Engineering.

Foundation
The Museum of Economic Geology was founded by the Dublin Castle administration in 1845, with chemist Robert Kane as curator, and a focus on mining in Ireland similar to the Museum of Practical Geology in London. In 1847, Kane was promoted to director, expanding its remit, and renaming it the Museum of Irish Industry (MII). In 1853 a new Science and Art Department was created within the Whitehall administration, and in 1854 the MII placed under its remit. A School of Science applied to Mining and the Arts was created, modelled on the Royal School of Mines in London, with four professorships shared jointly by the MII school and the Royal Dublin Society (RDS). The MII and School shared premises at 51, St. Stephen's Green, acquired in 1846 and fitted out by 1852. In 1864, a select committee of the UK parliament recommended that the MII and School be entirely separated from the RDS and broadened into a government-supported College of Science for Ireland. In 1865, HM Treasury agreed and in 1867 a commission was appointed by the education committee of the Privy Council. The commission, headed by William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, outlined the scope and functions of the proposed college, and the RCScI mission statement on 11 September 1867 was:
 * The object of the Royal College of Science is to supply as far as practicable a Complete Course of instruction in Science applicable to the Industrial Arts, especially those which may be classed broadly under the heads of Mining, Agriculture, Engineering, and Manufactures, and to aid in the instruction of Teachers for the local Schools of Science

George Sigerson complained in 1868 that the RCScI was less open to Catholics than the MII had been.

Later development
The RCScI's remit was later changed to exclude agriculture and include "Physics and Natural Science". The number of students enrolled increased gradually.

By 1898 the RCScI had chairs of Mining and Mineralogy, Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Botany, Geology, Applied Mathematics and Mechanism, Descriptive Geometry and Engineering. In 1900, control was transferred from the Science and Art Department in London to the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction in Dublin, headed by Horace Plunkett. A new building was proposed in 1897 and a site from Merrion Street to Kildare Street was chosen in 1898; in 1899 the plan was extended to include government administrative offices as well as the new college. The new building was designed by Sir Aston Webb; the foundation stone was laid in 1904 by Edward VII and it was opened in 1911 by George V.

In 1926 the RCScI was absorbed into UCD where it became the UCD Science and Engineering faculties. Science moved to UCD's Earlsfort Terrace building, and on to Belfield in the 1960s; Engineering moved from Merrion Street to Belfield in 1989. The RCScI building was then absorbed into Government Buildings with the rest of Aston Webb's complex, lavishly renovated by Charles Haughey and used to house the Department of the Taoiseach.

title: Royal College of Science for Ireland


text: Grandiloquence

title: Grandiloquence


text:
Talk:Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging

Untitled
AFAIK the acronym "ATSUI" alludes to the Japanese word for "hot". – 84.178.73.245 20:00, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's a pun. lampi 01:00, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041012203414/http://developer.apple.com:80/documentation/Carbon/Conceptual/ATSUI_Concepts/index.html to http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Carbon/Conceptual/ATSUI_Concepts/index.html

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text: User talk:84.12.75.172

title: User talk:84.12.75.172


text:
Rathore dynasty

The Rathore dynasty or Rathor dynasty was an Indian dynasty belonging to the Rathore clan of Rajputs that has historically ruled over parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.

Subclans
Jodha, Vadhel, Jaitawat, Kumpawat, Champawat, Mertiya, Bikawat, Udawat, Karamsot, etc. are the branches or subclans of Rathore Rajputs.

Coverage
This article discusses the "Kanaujiya" Rathores of Marwar and lineages, thereof; Norman Ziegler had noted of 12 other similar branches ("shakhas") of Rathores — Sur, Shir, Kapaliya, Kherada, Abhepura, Jevamt, Vagula, Karaha, Parakra, Ahrao, Jalkheda, and Camdel. Scholarship about those branches are scarce to non-existent.

Rashtrakuta origin
A section of historians argue for a Rashtrakuta origin. Branches of Rashtrakutas had migrated to Western Rajasthan as early as late tenth century; multiple inscriptions of "Rathauras" have been located in and around Marwar dating from tenth to thirteenth century; the Rathores may have emerged from one of the Rashtrakuta branches.

Bardic origins
Muhnot Nainsi, employed by the Rathores of Marwar, chronicled Nainsi ri Khyat, a bardic genealogical history of the Rajputs in western Rajasthan c. 1660; one of the oldest extant historical records of the region, the Khyata collated information from existing oral literature, genealogies and administrative sources in a chronological fashion. Nainsi had noted of the Rathores to have originated from Kannauj before migrating to Marwar.

British indologist V. A. Smith theorized that the Rathores and Bundelas are offshoot of the Gahadavala dynasty. Roma Niyogi considers this claim to be of a later origin.

Accuracy
These bardic claims of descent have been since deemed to be largely ahistorical by Ziegler. Ziegler notes the theme of migrations to be common across Rajput genealogies; a construct, borrowed from literary canon of other regions. Later genealogies of Rathores went as far as to derive origin from Gods of the Hindu pantheon — Indra, Narayana et al.

Early history
The first Rathore chieftain was Siho Setramot, grandson of the last Gahadavala king Jayachandra. Setramot abdicated the throne of Kanauj to become an ascetic but got embroiled in a royal rivalry and eventually married the daughter of a Gujarati ruler, who birthed him three sons. Asthan, the eldest, was raised at Paltan after Siho's death (at Kanauj) and he went on to establish the first Rathore polity in Pali (and few adjoining villages), after winning over the local Brahmins by defeating an oppressive king named Kanha Mer. Other contemporary sources claim the same descent and construct slightly variable narratives about migration from Kanauj: Setramot fled the Ghurid Sultanate to Marwar and established the first Rathore polity. The Bithoor inscription provides the date of Siho's death in 1273 CE and calls him the son of Set Kunwar; however, it does not claim any Gaharwal origin.

Under Asthan's regime, and that of his successor-rulers, the Rathore territories significantly expanded courtesy confrontations and diplomatic negotiations with other pastoral groups; the primary base shifted multiple times. Marital alliances with any warrior-group operating out of Thar were especially favored and they were welcome to be inducted in the Rathore fold. Multiple new Rathore branches seem to have split out in these spans.

The precise accuracy of events which allegedly occurred across these spans is questionable and may not be relied upon except for a generic reconstruction.

Sovereignty
Chunda, who was ninth in descent from Asthan, married a Pratihara princess and was gifted the territory of Mandore as a dowry by the Pratihara clan. In return Chunda promised to defend Mandore against the Tughlaq Empire. Mandore thus became the new capital of the Rathore clan, c. 1400. This prompted a significant sociopolitical shift: the hitherto nomadic lifestyle frequented with cattle raids etc. would gradually give way to landed aristocracy. His son Ranmal was assassinated in 1438; Marwar was annexed by Sisodias whilst other parts were captured by Delhi Sultanate.

In 1453, Rao Jodha regained Marwar, and expanded his territories by entering into multiple alliances with fellow Rajputs; the Jodha line was established with his consecration of a new capital at Jodhpur. Rao Jodha was successful in annexing several territories from the Delhi Sultanate, due to which the Rathores of Marwar became the most powerful kingdom in Rajputana during his reign. Among his sons, Rao Bika found a new state in Bikaner in 1465; he and his successors would go on to expand territories therefrom, adopting similar tactics. This Bikawat branch became the new bearer of Rathore legacy, even bringing Gahdavala-time emblems and heirlooms from Marwar. Another of Jodha's sons Rao Varsingh found a new state at Merto in 1462, establishing the Mertiyo branch.

Rao Maldeo's regime (1532-1562) harbored another significant shift from clannish rule to monarchy; Malde forced his distant relatives, who conquered new territories, to submit to him or else be deprived of gains. Bikaner was raided, too. Large palaces were constructed and fortifications were committed to, in what signaled the effective end of pastoral lifestyle. By mid-sixteenth century, the Rathors had a firm hold over entire Rajasthan.

All these while, multiple matrimonial and military alliances with local Islamic kingdoms; the Delhi Sultanate have been noted; Hindu-Muslim relations were largely fraternal.

Mughal period
The situations deteriorated once Akbar was ordained as the Mughal Emperor, and rao Maldeo died. His son rao Chandrasen Rathore defended his kingdom for nearly two decades against relentless attacks from the Mughal Empire. The Jodhawat Rathores lost much of their territory rapidly and were effectively subsumed. The Bikawat Rathores entered into friendly relations with the Mughals, led their armies, and were extensively patronaged to the extent of being allowed to control the Jodhpur Fort. In 1583, Uday Singh finally accepted Mughal suzerainty and in return, was granted part of a Pargana in Jodhpur; this would enable the Jodhawat Rathores to become all-weather allies of the Mughals though punctuated with discords.

This span of cohabitation led to the introduction of strict endogamy into Rathore folds and hypergamy with Mughals. It was also under the Mughals, that bardic genealogies were crafted to present themselves as worthy appointees of the Mughals and distinguish themselves from other "once-fraternal" communities, thereby staking a claim to power irrespective of temporal situations. Also, by this time, the nomadic memories were better suppressed and the Rathores had themselves rebranded as the elite "protectors" of local cattle-rearers; in a couple of centuries, figures from early Rathore polity would be deified.

Many scions of the Rathore clan were able to establish their own kingdoms during the Mughal reign. Barbara Ramusack notes how a 23-year-old Ratan Singh Rathore, who was from a younger branch of the Jodhpur ruling family, was able to rise in rank by fighting against a mad elephant in Delhi. Shah Jahan was so impressed by his valour that he enlisted Ratan Singh in his army. Ratan Singh was able to rise to a rank of 3,000, received the Mahi-Maratib and Jagirs in Malwa, where he founded his own kingdom in Ratlam. The dynasty started by Ratan Singh would further breakaway and form the kingdoms of Sailana and Sitamau.

During Aurangzeb's reign major rebellions would break out resulting in a 30 year war between the Mughals and the Rathores. The rebellion would continue until Bahadur Shah I's reign. Durgadas Rathore played an instrumental role in protecting the Rathore dynasty of Jodhpur during this war.

British period
The Rathore ruler of Jodhpur Man Singh, initially refused to form treaties with the British. However in 1805-1806 he approached the British for military advice and paid the British to protect his state against the predatory actions of the Marathas and Pindaris. By 1816 the British changed this treaty and expelled all foreign influence in Jodhpur, they also started arbitrating in state matters. By 1818 the alliance was cemented and in 1832 the Rajputana agency was formed. Man Singh was not always cordial with the British during this time, in 1829 Man Singh gave shelter to Mudhoji II Bhonsle and antagonized the British. Mudhoji was zealously protected by Man Singh and lived his remaining life in Jodhpur till his death in 1840. Man Singh was finally caught with evidence, when his spy Dhumdas was arrested by the British. Man Singh was using ascetics as spies and messengers. The letters proved that Man Singh was part of an "anti-British cabal" which included Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab, Dost Muhammad, King of Afghanistan and the Russians. In September 1839 the British sent an army and captured Jodhpur. Man Singh chose to relinquish his throne and became an ascetic to avoid war. The exiled maharaja of Jodhpur died on 5 September 1843 due to poor health. The 1857 rebellion sparked uprisings amongst several Rajput chieftains of the Rathore clan in Jodhpur State. Prominent amongst them was Kushal Singh of Auwa. After several failed attempts by the British, the rebellion was quelled by the British army under the command of Brigadier Holmes.

During the 20th century the lower castes in India tried to uplift their social standing by adopting surnames of other castes. The Rajput clan name "Rathore" was adopted as a surname by the Teli community in 1931, who started calling themselves Vaishyas Rathore for caste upliftment. During the same period of British Raj, the Banjaras began styling themselves as Chauhan and Rathor Rajputs.

Princely states
The various cadet branches of the Rathore clan gradually spread to encompass all of Marwar and later founded states in Central India and Gujarat. The Marwar Royal family is considered the head house of Rathores. At the time of India's independence in 1947, the princely states ruled by various branches of the Rathore clan included:

 * Jodhpur (Marwar) in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1226 by Rao Siha.
 * Bikaner in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1465 by Rao Bikaji (son of Rao Jodha).
 * Kishangarh in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1611 by Maharaja Kishan Singh.
 * Idar in present-day Gujarat, founded in 1257 by Rao Sonag, reconquered in 1729 by Rao Anand Singh.
 * Ratlam in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1651 by Maharaja Ratan Singh.
 * Jhabua in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1584 by Raja Keshav Das.
 * Sitamau in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded 1701 by Raja Kesho Das.
 * Sailana in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1730 by Raja Jai Singh.
 * Alirajpur in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1437 by Raja Anand Deo.

title: Rathore dynasty


text:
Yarmouth 33

First established on June 8, 1887, Yarmouth 33 is a Mi'kmaq reserve located in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia. As of 2021, the population was 181, a 15.3% increase from 2016.

It is administratively part of the Acadia First Nation. Of the five Acadia First Nation reserves, the Yarmouth Reserve has the largest population and maintains the highest Band membership. It is considered the central hub of the Acadia First Nation, with the main office located there.

title: Yarmouth 33


text:
File:Dunston Power Station.jpg

Picture taken in 1971 from Scotswood This picture was taken by me, Ian Swan and put into the public domain.

title: File:Dunston Power Station.jpg


text:
Benson Syndicate

The Benson Syndicate was an unusual, 19th century organized crime organization in the western United States which received contracts from the United States General Land Office (GLO) to perform cadastral land surveys of the public lands. It was led by, and named after, John A Benson (1845–1910), originally from Illinois and later a US deputy surveyor in California.

The Syndicate operated from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, but was most active in California and headquartered in San Francisco. Its tenure ran from an uncertain origin in the mid 1870s to 1898 but was at its peak activity from 1880 to 1885. In California alone, at least 40 individuals were known to be involved, and very probably more actually were; a major uncertainty involves how many people were involved, and where. The group's modus operandi was to generate false demand for public land surveys from supposedly interested "settlers" (see Public Land Survey System) using fictitious applications for surveys of specified townships. Two successive California Surveyors General, who were part of the ring, then awarded surveying contracts to Benson associates for the surveys. These were then fraudulently executed, ranging in quality from skeletal surveys based on minimal data, to outright fabrications of all data and maps. The required survey output--official notes and plat maps--were then forged to make the surveys appear legitimate on paper. The scheme only worked as long as no ground-based inspections of the townships were conducted prior to survey approval, which however went on for at least five years. The group's downfall was only initiated when these were finally instituted in mid-1885, which then was very rapid.

The surveys were officially contracted to individual deputy surveyors other than Benson himself, some of whom were not even aware that the surveying contracts existed in their names, having been induced by Benson to sign blank papers which were later turned into contracts and other legal documents without their knowledge. At other times, people with minimal or no surveying experience, and/or lacking proper qualifications as deputy surveyors, performed the work without the contracted surveyor ever being physically present, which was also patently illegal. In the worst cases, entire contracted areas, consisting of several adjacent survey townships (~36 square miles each), were fabricated by Benson or his associates at his San Francisco office, with little or no work on the ground at all, as exemplified in quotes from GLO annual reports given below.

Extent of operations
Benson's organization infiltrated into very high levels of the government, and syndicate members in governmental positions as well as members of congress made the group's schemes possible. For example, in California two Surveyors General in the 1880s approved numerous fraudulent survey results and approved requests for government payment that were 200 to 700 percent of the originally estimated survey cost, which the government paid.

Theodore Wagner was especially notorious in this regard, and his appointment as California Surveyor General coincided with a large increase in the group's activities and power. Others approved contracts that had originally been rejected (after inspection by independent government examiners), without evidence or assurance that the surveys had been properly corrected or completed. Also, at least one such examiner in California was part of the syndicate, attempting to gain payment for some rejected surveys via bogus field "examinations" (which were themselves later rejected as fraudulent as the extent of the group's activities became known). Banks were also involved, providing the deposits and performance bonds required by the government, in exchange for a cut of the enormous profits generated. These banks later also paid for the syndicate's defense attorneys in trials brought by the government in its failed, ten-year effort to convict the syndicate members and recover funds paid for fraudulent work.

Extracts from Annual Reports of the Commissioner of the General Land Office
Detailed information on the Syndicate's history remains fairly sparse, but reasonably complete descriptions come from two Annual Reports of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, in 1887 and 1888

1887 Report

The 1887 Report, pp. 25–26, gives this summary of its schemes:

"In April last the United States grand jury at San Francisco returned forty one indictments for perjury and conspiracy in connection with fraudulent surveys of the public lands...The operations of this syndicate were not confined to California, but extended to the States of Nevada, Oregon and Colorado, and the Territories of Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Washington. Its purpose was to control all surveying contracts in these States and Territories under the deposit system, to manufacture settlers' applications for surveys, to file in the offices of the surveyors-general fictitious field notes of surveys and alleged surveys, and to draw from the Treasury of the United States large sums of money on fraudulent surveying accounts."

"The principal portion of the contracts were let in the names of thirty-four alleged deputy surveyors, of whom three were "dummies", two were intimately connected with the surveyor-general who approved the bulk of the contracts, and the remainder were relatives, partners, associates, or employees of the head of the syndicate. There was paid to the order or purported order, of these thirty-four pretended deputy surveyors upwards of $1,000,000, all of which went into the treasury of the syndicate, the parties used as tools being paid stated salaries by the syndicate for the use of their names and services. Three of the alleged deputies, to whom upwards of $190,000 appears from official records to have been paid, have sworn that their names were used without their knowledge, that they never had a surveying contract, and never received the amounts shown as paid them, and one swears that he never did a day's work in his life at land surveying and knows nothing of the business."

"Every expedient known to legal ingenuity has been resorted to by defendants and their confederates to avoid and defeat trials on the indictments found, but it is hoped and expected that at the next term of the court the trial and merited conviction of guilty parties to this stupendous scheme of fraud, perjury, and public robbery which has been developed, will be secured."

1888 Report

The 1888 Report, pages 186-187, provides this example description of a fictitious survey of three survey townships in the high Sierra Nevada, southeast of what is now Yosemite National Park:

"Township 7 South, Range 25 East and Township 8 South, Ranges 24 and 25 East, Mount Diablo Meridian: These townships are very rough, intersected by deep canyons and very steep, almost impassable mountains, in part covered with dense chaparral. Six weeks before the deputy claims to have commenced his surveys, all the people who live there in the summer are driven out by the snows, all business is suspended, and the mountain country abandoned. A comparison of the original field notes, transcript notes, plats and report of the examiner, shows that at the season of the year (from December 1, 1884, to January 3, 1885) when the deputy pretends to have made the surveys, the deep snows made the survey at that time impossible; that in the original notes (which are now in this office) much is omitted that is found in the transcripts and data supplied from memory, or rather made up; that disregarding clerical errors the transcripts are not in any sense copies of the original notes; that triangulations omitted in originals are audaciously given in detail in the transcripts, just as if they had really been made in the field, that the high speed, more than 6 miles per day, at which it is pretended the work was executed, surpasses belief when we take into consideration the nature of the ground, and bear in mind that the surveying was done during the shortest days of the year; that the deputy gives descriptions of erroneous bearing trees where no such trees, either as regards size or species, are to be found; that in the face of all the embarrassing conditions, big canyons, high and steep mountains, deep snow, impenetrable chaparral, precipices impossible to ascend or descend, the deputy with his two parties of four men each, frequently with the impassable San Joaquin river between them, pretends to have subdivided T8SR24E at the rate of more than 6 miles per day, and then accomplishes the feat of recording all this work in one'' field book. The conclusion is that the deputy did not make the surveys of these townships according to his field notes and that the notes are in large part fictitious and fraudulent''."

Government action
It was completely implausible survey results such as these, as well as the sworn testimony of disenchanted employees or associates, that led to the recognition of the widespread fraud of Benson's group. Beginning about 1886, contracts held by certain surveyors thought to be aligned with Benson were not paid by the government, leading to various lawsuits. In 1887, forty one federal indictments for conspiracy and perjury were brought against Benson and several others, as mentioned in the Report quote above. However the trials, in federal district court, did not even occur until 1892, and when they did all were found innocent on legal technicalities. However their actual guilt was clear to everyone familiar with the facts, and surveyors associated with Benson had difficulty getting work. Because of this, Benson proposed what came to be known as the "Benson Compromise" in 1895 to the California Surveyor General, which proposed to correct or finish the survey work on several contracts that had never been paid out because government examiners had declared the work bogus. This compromise was accepted by the government, but little of this supposedly "corrected" work is reported to have ever been accepted by the Surveyor General as valid.

title: Benson Syndicate


text:
Osbern Bokenam

Osbern Bokenam (c. 1393 – c. 1464, also spelt Bokenham) was an English Augustinian (Austin) friar and poet. He was a follower of Geoffrey Chaucer.

Life
Osbern Bokenam was born, according to his own account, on 6 October 1393. His name suggests he may have been a native of Bokeham, now Bookham, in Surrey, or of Buckenham in Norfolk. In a concluding note to his Lives of the Saints, Bokenam is described as a "Suffolke man, frere Austyn of Stoke Clare" (friar at Clare Priory in Suffolk).

Bokenam travelled in Italy on at least two occasions, possibly living for a time in Venice and Rome. In 1445 he was a pilgrim to Santiago de Compostela in Spain.

Writings
Bokenam wrote a series of 13 legends of holy maidens and women, chiefly in seven and eight-lined stanzas. Nine of these have prologues. Bokenam was a follower of Chaucer and Lydgate, and doubtless had in mind Chaucer's Legend of Good Women. His chief, but by no means only source was the Legenda Aurea of Jacobus de Voragine, Archbishop of Genoa, whom he cites as "Januence". The first of the legends, Vita S[an]c[t]ae Margaretae, virginis et martyris (Life of St Margaret, Virgin and Martyr), was written for a friend, Thomas Burgh, a Cambridge monk. Others are dedicated to pious ladies who desired the history of the patron saints after whom they had been named.

The Arundel MS. 327 (in the British Museum) is a unique copy of Bokenam's work. It was finished, according to the concluding note, in 1447, and presented by the scribe, Thomas Burgh, to an unnamed convent "that the nuns may remember him and his sister, Dame Betrice Burgh."

The poems were edited in 1835 for the Roxburghe Club with the title Lyvys of Seyntys..., and by Dr Carl Horstmann as Osbern Bokenams Legenden (Heilbronn, 1883), in Eugen Kölbing's ''Altengl. Bibliothek, vol. i. Both editions include a dialogue written in Latin and English, taken from William Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum'' (ed. 1846, vol. vi, p. 1600), between a "Secular asking and a Frere answerynge at the grave of Dame Johan of Acres [who] shewith the lyneal descent of the lordis of the honore of Clare fro... MCCXLVIII to... MCCCLVI". Bokenam wrote, as he tells us plainly, in the Suffolk speech. He explains his lack of decoration on the plea that the finest flowers had been already plucked by Chaucer, Gower and Lydgate.

In 2004 a manuscript copy of Bokenam's version of Legenda Aurea was found in the library of Abbotsford House, Scotland. It had been bought in 1809 by Sir Walter Scott and then forgotten.

title: Osbern Bokenam


text:
I Should Have Known Better

"I Should Have Known Better" is a song by English rock band the Beatles composed by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney), and originally issued on A Hard Day's Night, their soundtrack for the film of the same name released on 10 July 1964. "I Should Have Known Better" was also issued as the B-side of the US single "A Hard Day's Night" released on 13 July. An orchestrated version of the song conducted by George Martin appears on the North American version of the album, A Hard Day's Night Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.

Origin
"I Should Have Known Better" was one of several songs written and recorded specifically for the Beatles' debut movie, "A Hard Day's Night".

Recording
The first recording session for the song was on 25 February 1964 at EMI Studios when three takes were attempted, but only one was complete. Take two was aborted when Lennon broke into hysterics over his harmonica playing. The song was re-recorded the next day after making some changes to the arrangement.

Lennon's harmonica playing opens the track, the last occasion the Beatles were to feature this instrument on an intro ("I'm a Loser", recorded 14 August 1964 has a harmonica solo). The song's middle sixteen section features George Harrison's new Rickenbacker 360/12 12-string guitar.

The mono and stereo versions have slightly different harmonica introductions. In the stereo version, the harmonica drops out briefly. Also, a noticeably clumsy and audible tape edit is heard during the second chorus between "You're gonna say you love me too, oh," and "And when I ask you to be mine."

United Kingdom
In the UK, "I Should Have Known Better" was included on A Hard Day's Night, which was released on 10 July 1964. A single was not issued at that time, but in 1976, the song was released as a B-side to "Yesterday".

United States
In the US, "I Should Have Known Better" was released on 13 July 1964 as the B-side to "A Hard Day's Night" and reached number 53 in the Billboard Hot 100, and number 43 on the Cash Box chart.

As part of the film contract, United Artists acquired album rights for the American market. The company released a soundtrack album on 26 June 1964 with eight Beatles songs and four instrumentals. "I Should Have Known Better" was performed in the film, and it appears on the soundtrack. Capitol Records released Something New a month later with songs from the UK version of A Hard Day's Night that were not used in the film. The songs were also later released by Capitol on the Hey Jude compilation album in 1970.

Continental Europe
"I Should Have Known Better" was released as a single in a number of continental European countries, including Norway, where it reached number one, Italy where it spent a week at number 15, West Germany, where it reached number six, and Sweden, where it topped the Kvällstoppen Chart for four weeks.

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald:
 * John Lennon – double-tracked vocal, acoustic rhythm guitar, harmonica
 * Paul McCartney – bass guitar
 * George Harrison – twelve-string lead guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums

On film
The song is performed in the train compartment scene of A Hard Day's Night. It was in fact filmed in a van, with crew members rocking the vehicle to simulate the action of a train in motion. Paul McCartney is seen lip-syncing in the song, both in the train scene and in the live performance at the end of the film, despite not singing in the actual recording.

Cover Version
I Should Have Known Better, single released by The Naturals, Parlophone R5165. It reached number 24 in the UK charts in August 1964 (British Hit Singles/The Official Charts Co)

title: I Should Have Known Better


text:
User:Lar

 * I am extremely proud that User:Josette was my wife.
 * My real name is Larry Pieniazek and I am probably not notable. I like LEGO ® Brand building elements. The WMF has seen validation of my identity (see credentials box at right). I have means to validate my identity and credentials independently if necessary. Contact me if for some reason you have a valid need to do this. Be prepared to explain the need in great detail or for me to decline to validate for you, because I've already done so with the WMF.

Roles:
 * I served on the WMF Ombudsman commission for the 2010 term. (While serving, I was temporarily suspended from all Checkuser roles. These suspensions were noted with strikeouts )
 * I was an English Wikipedia administrator and checkuser but I stepped down in April 2011.
 * I was also an administrator on Wikisource, the wiki for making source text available but I stepped down in October 2008.
 * I was also an administrator, bureaucrat, and checkuser on Commons, the multiwiki media repository but I stepped down in April 2011.
 * I was also an administrator, bureaucrat, and checkuser on Meta, the wiki for coordination of Wikimedia projects.
 * I was formerly (for two "terms" in 2008 and 2009) a steward, which gave me certain roles and responsibilities on every WMF wiki. After the early 2010 confirmation process, marked by controversial secret proceedings that went against apparent steward consensus, I no longer hold those rights.

Let me know if you have any questions or issues with any of these roles or wikis, and I'll do what I can to help.

Other things:
 * Other accounts I openly acknowledge having: User:Larbot (for rote edits), User:Larpersona, User:Larzilla (both for fun) User:Larry_Pieniazek (anti-impersonation) ...  did I forget any? LMK!, preferably by leaving me a note on my talk or email.
 * I have userids at various non WMF wikis. For some of them, see my wiki matrix.
 * I am "Lar" at Wikipedia Review. For why I participate there, see.

OR...

You can help with Wikipedia's most pressing problem:

Avocations

 * I'm a LEGO community activist, I guess you could say, getting involved in lots of LEGO related projects... some might say more to the detriment of the project than the benefit! In the past, I've been involved in BrickWiki a MediaWiki based wiki concerned with LEGO, LEGO fans, and LEGO creations. My personal website is Milton Train Works. (yes I realise that the WP:MoS says LEGO isn't to be written in all caps. I'll do my articles that way, but this is my user page!!! Deal!)
 * I'm a gamer. Board games, computer games, fusball.
 * I like trains. Real ones, and models (especially LEGO ones)
 * I like cars. At one time we had 8 in our family but we're doing better now.
 * I like planes. Always wanted to get a license, don't have one, but am always willing to spring for gas or rental if you'll take me up in yours.
 * I like music. Especially live music. All kinds but especially blues, rock, classical, and things that mix one or more of those together.
 * I like space. Especially SpaceX. Elon Musk is a hero of mine (even though he can be a bit of a jerk from time to time)

In Real Life
Professionally I am a System architect / Data engineer, working on data and application integration projects and (until COVID) I traveled for work a lot (most of the states and countries below are due to work related travel). I live in Michigan.

Beliefs
I believe in WP:NPOV so these beliefs are listed so you know how I feel about stuff and (VERY IMPORTANT) you should call me on any editing that looks like I'm POV pushing!!!! Seriously. Please do if you see it. Mostly I edit technical stuff so hopefully it's not that big an issue, but if you see it, call me on it.

 * Politically I'm a libertarian, or a freedom advocate. I come out in the far upper right on the Nolan Chart almost to anarchy. I don't think government is good socially for much of anything except protecting our individual liberties. I've belonged to the ACLU on and off for years.
 * Economically I'm a libertarian too, or a free market capitalist if you prefer. I don't think goverment is good economically for much of anything except protecting people from fraud and theft and suchlike.
 * I'm pro choice on *everything*. Legalise everything and expect people to do the right thing, or suffer the consequences.
 * I'm an atheist, or at best a very skeptical agnostic. Personally I think religions as a whole have done more harm than good, overall, to society since we've been civilised. I oppose any sort of state imposition of a particular religion, but if you want to have one, by all means, be my guest. Just don't impose your views on me and mine.

Wikipedia
I'm a Wikipedia novice apprentice  journeyman  administrator, -holic with only a few  a few hundred  less than just over two  three  four  five  nine  eleven  fourteen I don't know how many thousand edits to my credit, mostly typos I spotted and WP related advocacy in Wikiproject space, but I have created a few articles here and there.

 * I am an inclusionist but not enough to join an association.
 * User:Karmafist identified me as a metawikipedian. He's probably right.
 * I may (see above) have a bit of editcountitis (d'ya think??).
 * When I get too proud of my edits, I need to go look at WP:1000
 * When I get too proud of my adminship, I need to remember that not everyone looks favorably on my actions here, or in my previous community activities: 1 and 2... (don't discount that user just because they chose to speak anonymously)

Some comments:

 * Feel free to mail me with comments or concerns, my mail link should work.
 * One annoying habit I have, I forget to hit preview before save, or preview, but miss some typo causing multiple edits. I hate that!

Other Wikis... I have the ID "Lar" on many other places. See my WikiMatrix for details on many of them. (Note: Since that matrix has links to all of my accounts, and since I link to it from here, and since only I edit it, it fulfills the requirement for a "link to my account on wiki X" for any wiki X that I have listed there, by transitive closure, for any page of mine that links to it on any wiki. This reduces the N squared problem to 2N)

Projects

 * Wikiproject Lego

Note: I'm not very active in any of these and will not be upset if my name is moved to the inactive list or removed.

Vandalisms
1, 2, 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

title: User:Lar


text:
If I Fell

"If I Fell" is a song by English rock band the Beatles which first appeared in 1964 on the album A Hard Day's Night in the United Kingdom and United States, and on the North American album Something New. It was written primarily by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. "That's my first attempt at a ballad proper. ... It shows that I wrote sentimental love ballads way back when", Lennon stated in his 1980 Playboy interview. Paul McCartney stated that he contributed to the song: "We wrote 'If I Fell' together."

Recording and performance
Lennon and McCartney shared a single microphone "for their Everly Brothers-like close harmonies".

Like much of the Beatles' early work, the song was released in two different mixes for mono and stereo. Lennon's opening vocal is single-tracked in mono but double-tracked in the stereo mix.

"If I Fell" was a part of the Beatles repertoire during their US and Canadian tour in 1964. The group typically performed the song faster than the studio version, and Lennon and McCartney often sang it with barely suppressed laughter. On more than one occasion it was introduced as "If I Fell Over".

Single releases
"If I Fell" was released as the B-side of the US single "And I Love Her" on Capitol 5235. As the B-side, it reached number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100. It reached number 28 in Canada. The song was also released as a single in Norway, where it reached number one.

In the UK, it was released on 4 December 1964 as the A-side of a single (b/w "Tell Me Why") on Parlophone DP 562. The single was intended for export, but some retailers sold it in the UK anyway. It did not chart there and is generally not considered an "official" UK single.

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald, except where noted:

 * John Lennon – double-tracked vocal, acoustic rhythm guitar
 * Paul McCartney – double-tracked vocal, bass
 * George Harrison – twelve-string lead guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums

title: If I Fell


text:
Georgios Karaiskakis

Georgios Karaiskakis (Γεώργιος Καραϊσκάκης), born Georgios Karaiskos (Γεώργιος Καραΐσκος; 1782 – 1827), was a Greek military commander and a leader of the Greek War of Independence.

Early life
Karaiskakis was a Sarakatsani. His father was the armatolos of the Valtos district, Dimitris Iskos or Karaiskos, his mother Zoe Dimiski (from Arta, Greece, who was also the niece of a local monastery abbot) and cousin of Gogos Bakolas, captain of the armatoliki of Radovitsi. There is some debate regarding the birthplace of Karaiskakis. Historians have generally put it either at a monastery in Skoulikaria in Epirus or a cave near the village of Mavrommati in Thessaly. A committee set up by the Ministry of the Interior in 1927 to resolve the issue concluded that Mavrommati was his birthplace. Nevertheless, in 1997, as part of the Kapodistrias reform, it was decided to give the name "Georgios Karaiskakis" to the newly established municipality of which Skoulikaria belongs to. In 2005, by presidential decree, a public holiday of local importance was officially established in Skoulikaria in honor of Karaiskakis, further intensifying the controversy regarding his birthplace.

At a very early age he became a klepht in the service of Katsantonis, a famous local Agrafiote brigand captain. He rose quickly through the ranks, eventually becoming a protopalikaro, or lieutenant.

At the age of fifteen he was captured by the troops of the Albanian ruler Ali Pasha and imprisoned at Ioannina, where he learned Albanian. Ali Pasha, impressed by Karaiskakis' courage and intelligence, released him from prison and had him serve as a member of his personal bodyguards.

During his service under Ali Pasha, he fought against another Ottoman warlord, Osman Pazvantoğlu, in 1798.

Greek War of Independence
Karaiskakis served in the army of Ali Pasha in his war against the Ottomans (1820-22), but after his defeat and death, Karaiskakis fled to Vonitsa.

In July 1821 he joined the Greek rebels in the Battle of Komboti against Pliasa Ismail Pasha, but he soon left to pursue his long-held ambition of seizing the armatolik of Agrafa, then held by the family of Ioannis Boukouvalas. Karaiskakis gathered supporters from Valtos and other areas, and was joined by Yannakis Rangos. In this way, he was able to take over Agrafa and was recognized as holder of the armatolik not only by the local captains, but also by the Ottoman authorities, who were too busy with suppressing the Greek uprising in the Morea (Peloponnese).

Despite his recognition by the Ottomans, he attacked the Ottoman army retreating from the failed first siege of Missolonghi in early 1823, Battle of Agios Vlasios that tried to cross the Agrafa area at the pass of Agios Vlasios. When Mustafa Pasha Bushatli, the Pasha of Scutari, arrived at Larissa in 1823, he ordered Karaiskakis to come before him and reaffirm his loyalty in person, rather than through a representative as was usual. Instead, Karaiskakis although heavily ill, left Agrafa with about 300 men and made for Prousos Monastery. There he stayed to recuperate, while his men joined Markos Botsaris' Souliotes, and eventually fought with them in the Battle of Karpenisi. As his health did not improve, Karaiskakis left for Ithaca, then ruled by the British, to consult with local physicians. In his absence, Yannakis Rangos declared himself as leader of Karaiskakis' men.

Karaiskakis' reputation grew during the middle and latter stages of the war. He helped lift the second siege of Missolonghi in 1823, and did his best to save the town from its third siege in 1826.

That same year (1826), he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Greek revolutionary forces in Rumeli, achieving mixed results: while failing to cooperate effectively with other leaders of the independence movement or with the foreign sympathizers fighting alongside the Greeks, he gained some military successes against the Ottomans.

His most famous victory was at the battle of Arachova, where his forces crushed a force of Turkish and Albanian troops under Mustafa Bey and Kehaya Bey.

In 1827, Karaiskakis participated in the failed attempt to raise the siege of Athens and later also participated in the massacre of the Ottoman garrison stationed in the convent of Saint Spyridon in Piraeus.

He was killed in action on his Greek name day, 23 April 1827, after being fatally wounded by a rifle bullet during the Battle of Phaleron. He was buried in the church of Saint Dimitrios on the island of Salamis, according to his expressed desire to be buried on the island.

Honours and popular culture

King Otto of Greece posthumously conferred Karaiskakis the Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer.

Karaiskakis was famous among the fighters of the revolution for his tirade manner of speaking.

Karaiskaki Stadium in Neo Faliro, Piraeus is named after him as he was mortally wounded in the area.

Dionysis Savvopoulos wrote both the music and lyrics to the popular Greek song "Ode to Georgios Karaiskakis" ("Ωδή στο Γεώργιο Καραϊσκάκη"). Savvopoulos wrote the song for Che Guevara, but he chose this title to pass the censorship of the Greek military junta.

Family
Karaiskakis was married to Engolpia Skylodimou, and had four children: daughters Pinelopi and Eleni, and sons Spyridon and Dimitrios.

title: Georgios Karaiskakis


text:
Lucy Kibaki

Lucy Muthoni Kibaki (13 January 1936 – 26 April 2016) was the wife of former Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki and was First Lady of Kenya from 2002 to 2013.

Biography
Lucy Muthoni was born in 1936. Her parents were Rev. John Kagai, a pastor of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa and Rose Nyachomba, in Mukurwe-ini, Nyeri County, (formerly Nyeri District in Central Province), Kenya. She was educated at Alliance Girls High School, then trained as a teacher, working first at Kamwenja Teachers College and later at Kambui College in Kiambu, where she rose to the post of principal.

She met Emilio Mwai Kibaki in 1959. After a two-year romance, they married in 1961, with Lucy quitting her teaching career in 1963. They had four children: Judy Wanjiku, Jimmy Kibaki, David Kagai, and Tony Githinji. She was a grandmother to Mwai Kibaki jnr Sean Andrew, Rachael Muthoni, and others. Kibaki was a patron of the Kenya Girl Guides Association.

Lucy Kibaki died on 26 April 2016 at Bupa Cromwell Hospital in London, after a brief hospitalization at the Nairobi Hospital for chest pains. She was 80.

Charitable work
Lucy was known for supporting disadvantaged and disabled people. She chaired the Organization of the 40 African First Ladies Against HIV/AIDS.

title: Lucy Kibaki


text:
I'm Happy Just to Dance with You

"I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" is a song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and recorded in 1964 by the English rock band the Beatles for the film soundtrack to A Hard Day's Night. Lead vocals are by George Harrison, whose performance in the film marked the first mass media depiction of Harrison singing lead.

Composition
The song was written specifically for George Harrison to sing at a time when he lacked the confidence to compose his own material. Years later, McCartney described it as a "formula song", and Lennon said, "I would never have sung it myself."

The song features a hectic style rhythm guitar in juxtaposition with Harrison's placid vocal. Its composers give it an unexpected choice of chord at the crux of its chorus, augmenting the B7th on "I'm happy just to dance with you". The song is also distinctive in that it begins not with a verse or chorus but with the last four bars of the bridge. According to musicologist Ian MacDonald, its guitar part derives its inspiration from the Rolling Stones' cover of Buddy Holly's song, "Not Fade Away".

Cash Box described it as "a stomp-a-rhythmic delight."

Recording
The Beatles recorded "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" on a Sunday, the first time they had used Abbey Road Studios on a day other than a normal work day. United Artists released the song on the album A Hard Day's Night on 26 June. It was also included on the album Something New, released by Capitol Records on 20 July. It hit #95 on the Billboard Top 100 chart on 1 August 1964, its only appearance on that chart. It is one of only two Lennon–McCartney songs sung by Harrison during the group's career, the other song being "Do You Want to Know a Secret".

The group also recorded a version for the BBC's From Us to You radio show. The session took place on 17 July 1964 at the BBC Paris Studio in London, and was first broadcast on 3 August that year. An instrumental piano-only version is heard in the A Hard Day's Night film, during rehearsals for a musical television broadcast.

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald:
 * George Harrison – lead vocal, lead guitar
 * John Lennon – backing vocal, rhythm guitar
 * Paul McCartney – backing vocal, bass
 * Ringo Starr – drums, African drum
 * George Martin – producer
 * Norman Smith – engineer

Anne Murray cover
Anne Murray included a cover of "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" on her 1980 album Somebody's Waiting. Murray had had some success in previous years covering other Beatles songs such as "You Won't See Me" and "Day Tripper." Unlike the Beatles' original, Murray's version of "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" is an adult-contemporary ballad. Murray's version of the song was released as a single in mid-1980, reaching No. 64 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 23 on the Billboard country chart, and No. 13 Adult Contemporary.

Chart performance

 * The Beatles
 * Anne Murray

Other cover versions

 * The Cyrkle released a version of the song on their 1967 album, Neon.
 * Randy Bachman and Burton Cummings included a cover of the song on their 2007 album Jukebox. The Smithereens also released a cover on their 2008 album, B-Sides The Beatles.

Later uses
Tori Kelly sang the song as the character Millie Pede in Beat Bugs, an Australian-Canadian animated children's television series.

title: I'm Happy Just to Dance with You


text: User talk:144.96.209.12

title: User talk:144.96.209.12


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Kangri

Kangri can mean:
 * of, from, or related to the Kangra Valley or the Kangra district of northern India
 * Kangri language, the Indo-Aryan language of the valley
 * Kanger, or kangri, a pot filled with hot embers used by Kashmiris beneath their clothing to keep warm

title: Kangri


text:
Dal Khalsa (organization)

Dal Khalsa is a radical Sikh organisation, based in the city of Amritsar. The outfit was formed in 1978 by Gajinder Singh, the hijacker of Indian Airlines Flight 423. It came to prominence during Insurgency in Punjab along with Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale in 1981. Members of the Dal Khalsa have also been accused of the assassination of Lala Jagat Narain. The primary aim of Dal Khalsa is to form a Punjabi Sikh nation state called Khalistan.

Origin
On 13 April 1978, the members and leaders of the Sant Nirankari Mission (regarded by orthodox sikh as heretics) held a convention at the Golden Temple. Opposed to this mission, Damdami Taksal and Akhand Kirtani Jatha formed a procession to protest the convention. Soon a clash broke out between the two sides in which 2 Nirankaris and 13 orthodox Sikhs were killed. This clash was termed the 1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash.

Dal Khalsa (DK) was founded in the immediate aftermath of this incident by Gajinder Singh at a convention held at a Gurdwara in Chandigarh with the objective of establishing an independent Sikh state called Khalistan, governed by Sikh religious laws.

Noted journalist Mark Tully in his book claimed that Sanjay Gandhi and Giani Zail Singh were instrumental in the formation of DK in order to promote Bhinderawale and to harass Akalis.

At its first annual conference held in Gurdaspur in December 1979, the DK, with the support of All India Sikh Students Federation, passed a resolution demanding that Amritsar be officially declared a "holy city". This was later taken up with the Indian government by the SGPC in 1980 but the demand was rejected by the government. Sikh Students Federation organised a procession on 31 May 1981 which was opposed by a Hindu procession.

On 1 August 1981, DK Activists raised the Khalistan Flag at the location of the 1978 Sikh-Nirankari clash. The flag was also raised at various places in the Punjab state during India's Independence Day on 15 August 1981.

During 1981 the DK along with other Sikh organisations such as the Sikh Students Federation, SGPC and Shiromani Akali Dal demanded associate membership in the United Nations for the 'Sikh Nation'.

Militancy and Ban
A 10-year ban was put on the DK by the Indian government in 1982 following militant activities carried out by the organization.

These included the hijacking of the Indian Airlines Flight 423 on 29 September 1981. The plane was hijacked by five members of the DK including the founder Gajinder Singh. The hijackers forced the plane to land in Lahore and demanded 500,000 USD random and the release of Khalistani militant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Pakistani authorities were able to convince the release of most of the passengers and eventually Pakistani military conducted a commando operation to apprehend the hijackers and free the captives. Even though General Zia Ul-Haq promised full cooperation to the Indian authorities, the hijackers were never extradited to India. The hijackers were identified as Gajinder Singh, Satnam Singh of Paonta Sahib, Jasbir Singh of Ropar, Tejinderpal Singh of Jalandhar and Karam Singh of Jammu.

The DK and National Council of Khalistan were banned by the Indian government in May, 1982 after which the DK went underground. Two years later, the DK announced its "Government in Exile" in June, 1984.

Revival of Dal Khalsa
The ban imposed on DK was lifted in 1992. The leader of the organisation, Gajinder Singh continued to reside in Pakistan even after this lift of the ban. In 1996, Gajinder Singh tried to escape to Germany but he was deported back to Pakistan. Since the lifting of the ban, DK has openly operated in India.

On 30 September 2005, Gajinder Singh stepped down as chairman of the organisation with Satnam Singh Paonta, one of the co-founders, chosen as his successor.

In June 2005, the DK became a constituent member of the Punjab Rights Forum.

Currently Harcharanjit Singh Dhami is the president of DK, and Kanwarpal Singh is the secretary general.

In February 2007 the DK broke from its earlier stance regarding participation in Indian politics by supporting two candidates in the Punjab polls, most notably SGPC member Karnail Singh Panjoli. During the Punjab legislative assembly elections the DK also supported candidates from the Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) led by Simranjit Singh Mann.

Recent activity
In September, 2008, DK named the expatriate Sikh leader Manmohan Singh vice president. Singh had already been placed on an Indian government blacklist for past militant activities.

On 3 November 2009, marking 25 years of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots following the assassination of then PM Indira Gandhi, DK called for a Bandh.

In November 2009, Kanwarpal Singh and other noted Sikh representatives from various organizations, under the leadership of Justice (retd) Ajit Singh Bains met Shalini Dewan, the director of United Nations Information Centre at New Delhi and urged the UN to intervene in getting justice for victims of 1984 incident.

In January 2010, DK along with other separatist organisations in India, namely the National Socialist Council of Nagaland and All Parties Hurriyat Conference of Jammu Kashmir came together to demand "early solution to the impasse" of Kashmir, Nagaland and Punjab. On 26 January 2010, DK wrote a letter to prime minister Manmohan Singh highlighting constitutional and legal discriminations faced by Sikhs in India. It demanded that Indian state should immediately abrogate Article 25 (2)(b) of the Indian constitution as it violates the fundamental recognition of Sikhs as a separate religion. On 12 May 2010, the important day of victory of Banda Singh Bahadur, DK participated in parades where flags of Khalistan was unfurled pictures and slogans of Sikh militants were openly displayed.

In 2015, DK demanded opening of Cow-Slaughterhouses in Punjab and also questioned Beef-Ban in Jammu and Kashmir.

In September 2015, DK and Shiromani Akali Dal (Panch Pardani) merged into a single entity by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the main aim to achieve a separate Sikh home land.

Nanakshahi calendar
On 14 March 2010 DK commemorated 227th anniversary of the historic event when Sikh warrior Baba Baghel Singh, unfurled Nishan Sahib atop the historic Red Fort in 1783. At a well-attended convention at a village gurdwara built in memory of Baba Baghel Singh, DK rejected the amended version of the SGPC Nanakshahi Calendar which went back to the original Sikh calendar with Bikrami dates (moon dates). They released the Nanakshahi calendar (Mool Nanakshahi Calendar) created by SGPC sponsored Sikh scholar Pal Singh Purewal. The calendar has been dedicated to the great Sikh warrior Baba Baghel Singh.

DK spokesperson Kanwarpal Singh rued that the SGPC has killed the letter and spirit of Nanakshahi calendar by mixing it with Bikrami calendar, which had its roots in Hinduism. "We had mentioned dates of Gurpurabs [Sikh religious days] according to original calendar adopted in April 2003 as we believe that the amended version has an imprint of RSS ideology," Singh said. "DK fully recognises the conspiracy behind this which is led by Hindutva Fanatics and the RSS. In principle, we are totally against the changes as per Bikrami calendar made by the SGPC on the dictates of SAD (Badal) to appease Sant Samaj," he alleged. On 3 January 2010, SGPC executive members had given approval to bring amendments in Nanak Shahi Calendar, following the green signal from Akal Takht. However, several Sikh organisations have condemned the changes brought in the calendar.

Sit-in and hunger strike
DK party activists held 72 hours sit-in protest at outside the main entrance gate of Darbar Sahib Complex from 3 June to 6,2010.

March 2023 controversy
On March 23, 2023, news reports showed Gurcharan Singh, a leader from Dal Khalsa UK, giving a controversial speech while addressing a group of protestors near the High Commission of India in London. A part of his speech in Punjabi translated to: "Bhagat Singh was a bootlicker and a traitor who showed the Sikh community as terrorists. He should not be called a great martyr (Shaheed-e-azam)."

Death of Gajinder Singh
Gajinder Singh, the founder of the organization, died due to a heart attack in July 2024 in Pakistan.

title: Dal Khalsa (organization)


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And I Love Her

"And I Love Her" is a song recorded by English rock band the Beatles, written primarily by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership. It is the fifth track of their third UK album A Hard Day's Night and was released 20 July 1964, along with "If I Fell", as a single release by Capitol Records in the United States, reaching No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The Beatles performed "And I Love Her" just once outside EMI Studios; on 14 July 1964 they played it for an edition of the BBC's Top Gear radio show, which was broadcast two days later. "And I Love Her" has been covered by a variety of artists, including Esther Phillips, Kurt Cobain and Santo & Johnny.

Composition
A majority of the composition shifts back and forth between the key of E and its relative minor C♯m. It also changes keys altogether just before the solo, to F. The final chord is a D major. This technique of ending is known as Picardy third resolution.

McCartney called "And I Love Her" "the first ballad I impressed myself with". Lennon called it McCartney's "first 'Yesterday'". Though the song was written mainly by McCartney, John Lennon claimed in an interview with Playboy that his major contribution was the middle eight section ("A love like ours/Could never die/As long as I/Have you near me").

Beatles publisher Dick James lends support to this claim, saying that the middle eight was added during recording at the suggestion of producer George Martin (an early take of the song was released on Anthology 1 in 1995, and the middle eight had not yet been added). According to James, Lennon called for a break and "within half an hour [Lennon and McCartney] wrote ... a very constructive middle to a very commercial song." McCartney, on the other hand, maintains that "the middle eight is mine ... I wrote this on my own. I would say that John probably helped with the middle eight, but he can't say 'It's mine'." McCartney has credited George Harrison with composing the signature guitar riff, saying it "made a stunning difference to the song".

"The 'And' in the title was an important thing – 'And I Love Her,' it came right out of left field, you were right up to speed the minute you heard it," McCartney said. "The title comes in the second verse and it doesn't repeat. You would often go to town on the title, but this was almost an aside: 'Oh ... and I love you.'"

Cash Box described the song as an "extremely pretty, soft beat cha cha opus" that the Beatles "wax in soft and tender fashion."

An instrumental version of "And I Love Her", orchestrated by George Martin, was released as a single with "Ringo's Theme (This Boy)" as the B-side on 18 July 1964. It failed to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 105, while "Ringo's Theme (This Boy)" peaked at number 53 later that year. "And I Love Her" was included on Martin's Parlophone album Off the Beatle Track and the EP Music From A Hard Day's Night by the George Martin Orchestra, released on 19 February 1965. It was also included on the American A Hard Day's Night soundtrack album.

Recording
Recorded by the Beatles over three days, in Abbey Road Studio Two, the sessions were produced by George Martin and engineered by Norman Smith. The second engineer was Richard Langham.

Day 1
Work began at 2:30pm on Tuesday 25 February 1964 (George Harrison's 21st birthday) for the first day of the sessions for the Hard Day's Night soundtrack and the accompanying album. Two takes were recorded. Take 1 was incomplete, but Take 2 was complete. However, the Beatles decided a lighter touch was required. Take 2 was eventually released on Anthology 1 in 1995. This version was missing the middle-eight.

Instrumentation on this session was
 * Paul McCartney – lead vocal, 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass guitar through Vox AC-100 bass amp.
 * John Lennon – 1964 Rickenbacker 325 electric guitar through Vox AC-50 guitar amp
 * George Harrison – 1964 Rickenbacker 360-12, 12 string electric guitar through Vox AC-50 guitar amp
 * Ringo Starr – Ludwig drum kit

Day 2
The following day, Wednesday 26 February, a further 17 takes (Takes 3–19) were made in a session lasting from 7:00–10:00pm. Although Starr swapped his drums for bongos and claves halfway through the session, they were still not happy. It was during this session that they stopped for a tea break and to write the middle eight. A brief fragment of Take 11 can be heard in the closing credits of Episode 8 of Anthology, where Paul sings "And if you saw my love, I'd love her [too]..." before the take breaks down.

Instrumentation on both this session and Day 3 was
 * Paul McCartney – lead vocal, 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass guitar through Vox AC-100 bass amp
 * John Lennon – Harrison's 1962 Gibson J-160E acoustic-electric guitar through Vox AC-50 guitar amp
 * George Harrison – 1964 José Ramírez Guitarra de Estudio classical guitar
 * Ringo Starr – Ludwig drum kit, switching to bongos and claves

Day 3
An additional two takes (Takes 20 and 21) were recorded on the morning of Thursday 27 February, beginning at 10:00am. Take 20 saw the basic track laid down, while Take 21 was an overdub of McCartney's double-tracked lead vocal and Starr's claves.

Mixing and release
All mixes were prepared from Take 21.

Mono Mix 1
This initial mono mix was made in the Abbey Road Studio One control room on Tuesday 3 March. As for the recording session, Martin and Smith were producer and engineer. The second engineer was A.B. Lincoln.

The mix features McCartney's single-tracked vocal, with only selected phrases (for example, the title) highlighted by double tracking.

This mix was sent to Capitol and United Artists on Tuesday 9 June, and released on the US mono version of the A Hard Day's Night soundtrack album on Friday 26 June 1964. The stereo version of the album used a fake stereo version of this mono mix.

This mix was also used on the mono version of the Capitol album Something New, released on Monday 20 July 1964.

This mix was also used on the film print of A Hard Day's Night except the speed was slower in a low pitch.

It can currently be found as part of The Capitol Albums, Volume 1 box set.

Mono Mix 2
This second mono mix was made in the Abbey Road Studio One control room on Monday 22 June. Martin and Smith were again producer and engineer. The second engineer was Geoff Emerick.

In this mix, McCartney's vocal is double-tracked throughout, except for the first two lines of the third verse.

This mix was released on the UK mono version of A Hard Day's Night on Friday 10 July 1964.

It can currently be found on The Beatles in Mono box set.

Stereo Mix
A stereo mix of "And I Love Her" was made on Monday 22 June immediately after Mono Remix 2. As with Mono Remix 2, McCartney's vocal is double-tracked throughout, except for the first two lines of the third verse.

This mix was released on the UK stereo version of A Hard Day's Night on Friday 10 July 1964.

This mix was also used on the stereo version of the Capitol album Something New, released on Monday 20 July 1964.

It can currently be found on the A Hard Day's Night CD, and as part of The Capitol Albums, Volume 1 box set.

Extended Stereo Mix
The German version of Something New contained an edited version of the 22 June stereo mix, repeating the closing guitar riff six times instead of four. This version also appeared on the American Rarities album in 1980. It is not known when this edit was made. It has not yet been released on CD.

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald:
 * Paul McCartney – vocals, bass guitar
 * John Lennon – acoustic rhythm guitar
 * George Harrison – classical lead guitar
 * Ringo Starr – bongos, claves
 * George Martin – producer

Covers and other versions
As with many Beatles songs, this has been covered by many artists in varying styles. Notably, Esther Phillips reversed the gender of the song in 1965; her "And I Love Him" reached No. 54 that year on the Billboard charts.

An instrumental cover by Santo & Johnny topped the Mexican charts in 1965. Jazz pianist Brad Mehldau included an extended instrumental trio version on his 2016 album Blues and Ballads, which an AllMusic review describes as "transfiguring the minor/major-key centers into something sweeping and operatic."

An outtake from the original studio sessions, Take 2 recorded 25 February 1964, was released on the 1995 issue of Anthology 1.

McCartney recorded a live version during an appearance on MTV Unplugged, which was released on his Unplugged (The Official Bootleg) album, with Hamish Stuart on lead vocal.

Kurt Cobain cover
In 2015, a solo version by Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain was discovered, and subsequently used in his biopic, Kurt Cobain: Montage of Heck. It was also released on the soundtrack album Montage of Heck: The Home Recordings as well as a 7-inch vinyl single.

Chart performance

title: And I Love Her


text:
Tell Me Why (Beatles song)

"Tell Me Why" is a song by English rock band the Beatles from their album A Hard Day's Night. In North America, it was released on both the American version of A Hard Day's Night and the album Something New. Credited to Lennon–McCartney, it was written by John Lennon in either Paris or New York City, and recorded in eight takes on 27 February 1964.

Composition
Paul McCartney said: I think a lot of these [Lennon's] songs like "Tell Me Why" may have been based in real experiences or affairs John was having, or arguments with Cynthia [Lennon’s wife] or whatever, but it never occurred to us until later to put that slant on it all. Lennon described the song as resembling "a black New York girl-group song". Its basic structure of simple doo-wop chord changes and block harmonies over a walking bass line "creates an illusion of sincerity through its sheer attack".

The song is in the key of D major. John, Paul, and George sing a three-part harmony. In the chorus, John's lead vocal part sits higher than George's, and more unusual in this case, Paul's harmonies.

Release
"Tell Me Why" was performed in the Beatles' debut feature film, A Hard Day's Night. The song was part of the "studio performance" sequence, which was filmed at the Scala Theatre, London, on 31 March 1964. That marks the only time the song was ever performed in front of a live audience, which consisted of 350 paid actors, one of whom was a thirteen-year old Phil Collins. The song was mimed by the Beatles and the words were lip-synced on stage.

Releases

 * Included on the British LP A Hard Day's Night.
 * Included on the British EP Extracts from the Film A Hard Day's Night.
 * Included on the North American LP A Hard Day's Night.
 * Included on the North American LP Something New.
 * B-side of the Parlophone single "If I Fell". It was one of three singles that Parlophone produced for export but not for release in the U.K.
 * On Italian and French releases, "Tell Me Why" is featured as the B-side of "I Should Have Known Better."

Personnel

 * John Lennon – lead vocal, rhythm guitar
 * Lennon's vocal is double-tracked in the stereo version, but single-tracked in the mono mix.
 * Paul McCartney – harmony vocal, bass
 * George Harrison – harmony vocal, lead guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums
 * George Martin – piano
 * Personnel per MacDonald

Covers

 * In 1965, The Beach Boys covered "Tell Me Why" on their Beach Boys' Party! album.
 * In 1982, April Wine covered it on their album Power Play. It reached #46 in Canada.
 * In 1986, The Chenille Sisters covered the song, as a medley with "Chains", on their self titled first album.
 * In 2002, The Punkles did a cover of the song on their second album, Punk!.

title: Tell Me Why (Beatles song)


text:
Ashover

Ashover is a village and civil parish in the English county of Derbyshire. It is in the North East Derbyshire district of the county. The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 1,905, increasing to 1,959 for the 2021 census. It sits in a valley, not far from the town of Matlock and the Peak District national park.

Geography
The centre of the village is a conservation area. The River Amber flows through the village. Although Ashover is a small settlement, the actual parish boundaries of the village extend for some 15 sqmi, including the nearby settlements of Alicehead, Alton, Ashover Hay, Farhill, Kelstedge, Littlemoor, Milltown, Spitewinter, Stone Edge and Uppertown. The two major roads, running through the parish, are the A632 from Matlock to Chesterfield, and the A615 from Matlock to Alfreton. The area along that part of the A615 is named Doehole. Slack is a small hamlet, within the parish, which is south west of Kelstedge on the A632; nearby to there, on Robridding Road (off Wirestone Lane), is the Eddlestow Lot Picnic Site, which has been developed in the former Wirestone Quarry: it is surrounded by heathland vegetation. The picnic site provides a good base to explore the local Public Rights of Way. Circular walks are waymarked from the car park, a leaflet is available by contacting the County Council. There is public access into many of the adjacent Forestry Commission owned woodlands. The site has plants including heather and bilberry. The other numbered roads in the parish are the B5057 from near North Brittain to Stone Edge, the B6036 between Kelstedge and Dalebank running past Ashover itself, and the B6014 from near Butterley to just past Ashover Hay. Fallgate is a hamlet beside the River Amber, in the south-east corner of the parish, off the B6036 to Woolley Moor and Handley.

History
Known in Saxon times as Essovre (possibly 'beyond the ash trees' or 'ash tree slope' ), Ashover was probably in existence during the first taxation survey of England by King Alfred in 893. However, the first written reference to the village occurs in the Domesday Book of 1086, in which Ashover is owned by Ralph fitzHubert and is credited with a church, a priest, several ploughs, a mill. It had previously had a taxable value of four pounds, but it was revalued at thirty shillings. Ashover was the scene of a confrontation between the Royalists and the Roundheads during the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Roundheads, short of ammunition, demolished the windows of the church and used the lead to make bullets. They also reduced nearby Eastwood Hall to ruins; all that can be seen today are the ivy-clad remains. Royalists slaughtered livestock and drank all the wine and ale in the cellars of Eddlestow Hall while the owner Sir John Pershall was away. Job Wall, the landlord of the Crispin Inn public house, refused entry to the army, telling them they had had too much to drink. But they threw him out and drank the ale, pouring what was left down the street. Outside, affixed to the front wall of the pub is a signboard with a history of the inn.

Ashover's industrial history is linked with lead mining and quarrying, both of which date back to Roman times. Butt's Quarry is a large disused example, previously excavated by the Clay Cross Company for its works 3 mi away. During the Second World War, prisoners of war held at Clay Cross were taken daily to the quarry to make concrete blocks. It is now home to a wide range of different species, including jackdaws which nest on the quarry face. Part of the village was home to the stocking frame knitting industry, which once rivalled lead mining in importance. The area is called Rattle, which is believed to be a reference to the noise made by the machinery.

Electricity came to the valley in the 1920s, but the village was not connected to the National Grid until a decade later. Some outlying settlements were not connected until after the Second World War. It was not until 1967 that gas street lights were replaced by electric lighting.

Until 1963, there was a hydro in the village, sourcing its own private water supply from a tank on a hillside. Ashover had two such institutions, which were popular in the 19th century due to the belief in 'healing water'. Subsequently, purchased by the electricity board, the building is today divided into private apartments, with further expensive new houses built in the grounds.

Ashover Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1905. The club disappeared in the late 1920s.

The Fabrick
To the east of the village is a gritstone boulder and viewpoint locally known as 'The Fabrick' or 'Ashover Rock'. The Fabrick sits on an area of heathland 299 metres above sea level. It is the highest viewpoint for a considerable distance, and the majority of the landscape east of this point to the coast is lower. Consequently, on a clear day, views can be seen of nearby Chesterfield with its Crooked Spire, Bolsover Castle, Hardwick Hall, some suburbs of the South Yorkshire city of Sheffield, the surrounding counties of Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire.

Next to The Fabrick is a disused Royal Observer Corps monitoring station, which was abandoned in 1991. However, it is opened up occasionally by enthusiasts. For many years, The Fabrick was privately owned by the "Bassett" sisters who were descendants of the family known for creating "Bassetts Liquorice Allsorts", but in 2006 was donated to Derbyshire County Council. In the Victorian period, there was a stone folly on the top of the Fabrick, no trace of which remains.

On certain days in the pagan calendar, morris dancers gather.

Gladwin's Mark
In present times, this is the site of Gladwin's Mark Farm and Gladwin's Mark Wood, to the far north west of the parish.

By the 18th century, there were several thousand acres of unenclose d moorland in the parish of Ashover, principally covered with heath. The only paths across this wilderness for roads were tracks in the sand or heath with here and there a stone post on the hills or elevations to serve as guides to the traveller and packhorses which traversed one point of the area to another.

Local legend was that, a man by the name of Gladwin, possibly William was crossing the moor in deep snow, late on a December afternoon. Before he had got half way night suddenly closed in and soon after a storm brought with it heavy snowfall which blinded and bewildered him enough to lose his way. Weary, tired and trembling, Gladwin stumbled on until he came to a cairn or heap of loose stones on which he sat down to rest and reflect on his situation, and realising that if he remained inactive he would be in grave danger of death from frostbite. He began with all his remaining energy to build and pile up the stones, this being summarily completed only to be pulled down and rebuilt, and repeated many times during what must have seemed to Gladwin a long and dreary night, however his life was saved by this exercise. When the welcome daylight came to his rescue, it found the pile just perfected where it still remains and bears the name of Gladwin's Mark.

What was the turnpike road from Chesterfield to Rowsley passes about one hundred yards to the right of the Mark. Two farm houses, one on each side of the road, built by Sir Joseph Banks, a local landowner of nearby Overton Hall, were both called Gladwin's Mark, later being separated. In a croft to the left, tourists would have found the pile of stones which gives the name to these local features, and was the means of saving the life of poor Gladwin.

Popular culture and awards
The village is known for the Ashover Light Railway, which was owned and operated by the Clay Cross Company from 1925 to 1950. Along with Crich and Matlock, the village was used for a time as a location for the ITV drama series Peak Practice. Ashover won the Calor Village of the Year competition in 2005.

title: Ashover


text:
Any Time at All

"Any Time at All" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. Credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership, it was mainly composed by John Lennon, with an instrumental middle eight by Paul McCartney. It first appeared on the Beatles' A Hard Day's Night album.

Origin
In his 1980 interview with Playboy, Lennon described the song as "An effort at writing 'It Won't Be Long'. Same ilk: C to A minor, C to A minor—with me shouting."

Lyrically, the song appears similar to the 1963 song "All I've Got to Do" from the album With the Beatles.

Lennon's handwritten lyrics for "Any Time at All" were sold for £6,000 to an unidentified individual at an auction held at Sotheby's in London, on 8 April 1988.

Recording
Incomplete when first brought into EMI Studios on Tuesday 2 June 1964, Paul McCartney suggested an idea for the middle eight section based solely on chords, which was recorded with the intention of adding lyrics later. But by the time it was needed to be mixed, the middle eight was still without words and that is how it appears on the LP. McCartney sings the second "Any time at all" in each chorus because Lennon couldn't reach the notes. "Any Time at All" reprises a George Martin trick from "A Hard Day's Night" by using a piano solo echoed lightly note-for-note on guitar by George Harrison.

Releases
In addition to A Hard Day's Night, "Any Time at All" was included on:
 * Extracts from the Album A Hard Day's Night British EP.
 * Capitol album Something New
 * Rock 'n' Roll Music compilation LP.

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald, except where noted:
 * John Lennon – lead vocal, acoustic rhythm guitar, electric guitar (concluding chord)
 * Paul McCartney – backing vocal, bass, piano
 * George Harrison – 12-string lead guitar, classical guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums, cowbell

title: Any Time at All