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Powder diffraction

Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization of materials. An instrument dedicated to performing such powder measurements is called a powder diffractometer.

Powder diffraction stands in contrast to single crystal diffraction techniques, which work best with a single, well-ordered crystal.

Explanation
The most common type of powder diffraction is with X-rays, the focus of this article although some aspects of neutron powder diffraction are mentioned. (Powder electron diffraction is more complex due to dynamical diffraction and is not discussed further herein.) Typical diffractometers use electromagnetic radiation (waves) with known wavelength and frequency, which is determined by their source. The source is often X-rays, and neutrons are also common sources, with their frequency determined by their de Broglie wavelength. When these waves reach the sample, the incoming beam is either reflected off the surface, or can enter the lattice and be diffracted by the atoms present in the sample. If the atoms are arranged symmetrically with a separation distance d, these waves will interfere constructively only where the path-length difference 2d sin θ is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength, producing a diffraction maximum in accordance with Bragg's law. These waves interfere destructively at points between the intersections where the waves are out of phase, and do not lead to bright spots in the diffraction pattern. Because the sample itself is acting as the diffraction grating, this spacing is the atomic spacing.

The distinction between powder and single crystal diffraction is the degree of texturing in the sample. Single crystals have maximal texturing, and are said to be anisotropic. In contrast, in powder diffraction, every possible crystalline orientation is represented equally in a powdered sample, the isotropic case. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) operates under the assumption that the sample is randomly arranged. Therefore, a statistically significant number of each plane of the crystal structure will be in the proper orientation to diffract the X-rays. Therefore, each plane will be represented in the signal. In practice, it is sometimes necessary to rotate the sample orientation to eliminate the effects of texturing and achieve true randomness.

Mathematically, crystals can be described by a Bravais lattice with some regularity in the spacing between atoms. Because of this regularity, we can describe this structure in a different way using the reciprocal lattice, which is related to the original structure by a Fourier transform. This three-dimensional space can be described with reciprocal axes x*, y*, and z* or alternatively in spherical coordinates q, φ*, and χ*. In powder diffraction, intensity is homogeneous over φ* and χ*, and only q remains as an important measurable quantity. This is because orientational averaging causes the three-dimensional reciprocal space that is studied in single crystal diffraction to be projected onto a single dimension.

When the scattered radiation is collected on a flat plate detector, the rotational averaging leads to smooth diffraction rings around the beam axis, rather than the discrete Laue spots observed in single crystal diffraction. The angle between the beam axis and the ring is called the scattering angle and in X-ray crystallography always denoted as 2θ (in scattering of visible light the convention is usually to call it θ). In accordance with Bragg's law, each ring corresponds to a particular reciprocal lattice vector G in the sample crystal. This leads to the definition of the scattering vector as:

 * $$|G| = q = 2 k \sin(\theta) = \frac{4 \pi}{\lambda} \sin(\theta) .$$

In this equation, G is the reciprocal lattice vector, q is the length of the reciprocal lattice vector, k is the momentum transfer vector, θ is half of the scattering angle, and λ is the wavelength of the source. Powder diffraction data are usually presented as a diffractogram in which the diffracted intensity, I, is shown as a function either of the scattering angle 2θ or as a function of the scattering vector length q. The latter variable has the advantage that the diffractogram no longer depends on the value of the wavelength λ. The advent of synchrotron sources has widened the choice of wavelength considerably. To facilitate comparability of data obtained with different wavelengths the use of q is therefore recommended and gaining acceptability.

Uses
Relative to other methods of analysis, powder diffraction allows for rapid, non-destructive analysis of multi-component mixtures without the need for extensive sample preparation. This gives laboratories the ability to quickly analyze unknown materials and perform materials characterization in such fields as metallurgy, mineralogy, chemistry, forensic science, archeology, condensed matter physics, and the biological and pharmaceutical sciences. Identification is performed by comparison of the diffraction pattern to a known standard or to a database such as the International Centre for Diffraction Data's Powder Diffraction File (PDF) or the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). Advances in hardware and software, particularly improved optics and fast detectors, have dramatically improved the analytical capability of the technique, especially relative to the speed of the analysis. The fundamental physics upon which the technique is based provides high precision and accuracy in the measurement of interplanar spacings, sometimes to fractions of an Ångström, resulting in authoritative identification frequently used in patents, criminal cases and other areas of law enforcement. The ability to analyze multiphase materials also allows analysis of how materials interact in a particular matrix such as a pharmaceutical tablet, a circuit board, a mechanical weld, a geologic core sampling, cement and concrete, or a pigment found in an historic painting. The method has been historically used for the identification and classification of minerals, but it can be used for nearly any material, even amorphous ones, so long as a suitable reference pattern is known or can be constructed.

Phase identification
The most widespread use of powder diffraction is in the identification and characterization of crystalline solids, each of which produces a distinctive diffraction pattern. Both the positions (corresponding to lattice spacings) and the relative intensity of the lines in a diffraction pattern are indicative of a particular phase and material, providing a "fingerprint" for comparison. A multi-phase mixture, e.g. a soil sample, will show more than one pattern superposed, allowing for the determination of the relative concentrations of phases in the mixture.

J.D. Hanawalt, an analytical chemist who worked for Dow Chemical in the 1930s, was the first to realize the analytical potential of creating a database. Today it is represented by the Powder Diffraction File (PDF) of the International Centre for Diffraction Data (formerly Joint Committee for Powder Diffraction Studies). This has been made searchable by computer through the work of global software developers and equipment manufacturers. There are now over 1,047,661 reference materials in the 2021 Powder Diffraction File Databases, and these databases are interfaced to a wide variety of diffraction analysis software and distributed globally. The Powder Diffraction File contains many subfiles, such as minerals, metals and alloys, pharmaceuticals, forensics, excipients, superconductors, semiconductors, etc., with large collections of organic, organometallic and inorganic reference materials.

Crystallinity
In contrast to a crystalline pattern consisting of a series of sharp peaks, amorphous materials (liquids, glasses etc.) produce a broad background signal. Many polymers show semicrystalline behavior, i.e. part of the material forms an ordered crystallite by folding of the molecule. A single polymer molecule may well be folded into two different, adjacent crystallites and thus form a tie between the two. The tie part is prevented from crystallizing. The result is that the crystallinity will never reach 100%. Powder XRD can be used to determine the crystallinity by comparing the integrated intensity of the background pattern to that of the sharp peaks. Values obtained from powder XRD are typically comparable but not quite identical to those obtained from other methods such as DSC.

Lattice parameters
The position of a diffraction peak is independent of the atomic positions within the cell and entirely determined by the size and shape of the unit cell of the crystalline phase. Each peak represents a certain lattice plane and can therefore be characterized by a Miller index. If the symmetry is high, e.g.: cubic or hexagonal it is usually not too hard to identify the index of each peak, even for an unknown phase. This is particularly important in solid-state chemistry, where one is interested in finding and identifying new materials. Once a pattern has been indexed, this characterizes the reaction product and identifies it as a new solid phase. Indexing programs exist to deal with the harder cases, but if the unit cell is very large and the symmetry low (triclinic) success is not always guaranteed.

Expansion tensors, bulk modulus
Cell parameters are somewhat temperature and pressure dependent. Powder diffraction can be combined with in situ temperature and pressure control. As these thermodynamic variables are changed, the observed diffraction peaks will migrate continuously to indicate higher or lower lattice spacings as the unit cell distorts. This allows for measurement of such quantities as the thermal expansion tensor and the isothermal bulk modulus, as well determination of the full equation of state of the material.

Phase transitions
At some critical set of conditions, for example 0 °C for water at 1 atm, a new arrangement of atoms or molecules may become stable, leading to a phase transition. At this point new diffraction peaks will appear or old ones disappear according to the symmetry of the new phase. If the material melts to an isotropic liquid, all sharp lines will disappear and be replaced by a broad amorphous pattern. If the transition produces another crystalline phase, one set of lines will suddenly be replaced by another set. In some cases however lines will split or coalesce, e.g. if the material undergoes a continuous, second order phase transition. In such cases the symmetry may change because the existing structure is distorted rather than replaced by a completely different one. For example, the diffraction peaks for the lattice planes (100) and (001) can be found at two different values of q for a tetragonal phase, but if the symmetry becomes cubic the two peaks will come to coincide.

Crystal structure refinement and determination
Crystal structure determination from powder diffraction data is extremely challenging due to the overlap of reflections in a powder experiment. A number of different methods exist for structural determination, such as simulated annealing and charge flipping. The crystal structures of known materials can be refined, i.e. as a function of temperature or pressure, using the Rietveld method. The Rietveld method is a so-called full pattern analysis technique. A crystal structure, together with instrumental and microstructural information, is used to generate a theoretical diffraction pattern that can be compared to the observed data. A least squares procedure is then used to minimize the difference between the calculated pattern and each point of the observed pattern by adjusting model parameters. Techniques to determine unknown structures from powder data do exist, but are somewhat specialized. A number of programs that can be used in structure determination are TOPAS, Fox, DASH, GSAS-II, EXPO2004, and a few others.

Size and strain broadening
There are many factors that determine the width B of a diffraction peak. These include:
 * 1) instrumental factors
 * 2) the presence of defects to the perfect lattice
 * 3) differences in strain in different grains
 * 4) the size of the crystallites

It is often possible to separate the effects of size and strain. When size broadening is independent of q (K = 1/d), strain broadening increases with increasing q-values. In most cases there will be both size and strain broadening. It is possible to separate these by combining the two equations in what is known as the Hall–Williamson method:

 * $$B \cdot \cos(\theta)=\frac{k \lambda}{D}+ \eta \cdot \sin(\theta),$$

Thus, when we plot $$\displaystyle B \cdot \cos(\theta)$$ vs. $$\displaystyle \sin(\theta)$$ we get a straight line with slope $$\displaystyle \eta$$ and intercept $$\displaystyle \frac{k \lambda}{D}$$.

The expression is a combination of the Scherrer equation for size broadening and the Stokes and Wilson expression for strain broadening. The value of η is the strain in the crystallites, the value of D represents the size of the crystallites. The constant k is typically close to unity and ranges from 0.8 to 1.39.

Comparison of X-ray and neutron scattering
X-ray photons scatter by interaction with the electron cloud of the material, neutrons are scattered by the nuclei. This means that, in the presence of heavy atoms with many electrons, it may be difficult to detect light atoms by X-ray diffraction. In contrast, the neutron scattering lengths of most atoms are approximately equal in magnitude. Neutron diffraction techniques may therefore be used to detect light elements such as oxygen or hydrogen in combination with heavy atoms. The neutron diffraction technique therefore has obvious applications to problems such as determining oxygen displacements in materials like high temperature superconductors and ferroelectrics, or to hydrogen bonding in biological systems.

A further complication in the case of neutron scattering from hydrogenous materials is the strong incoherent scattering of hydrogen (80.27(6) barn). This leads to a very high background in neutron diffraction experiments, and may make structural investigations impossible. A common solution is deuteration, i.e., replacing the 1-H atoms in the sample with deuterium (2-H). The incoherent scattering length of deuterium is much smaller (2.05(3) barn) making structural investigations significantly easier. However, in some systems, replacing hydrogen with deuterium may alter the structural and dynamic properties of interest.

As neutrons also have a magnetic moment, they are additionally scattered by any magnetic moments in a sample. In the case of long range magnetic order, this leads to the appearance of new Bragg reflections. In most simple cases, powder diffraction may be used to determine the size of the moments and their spatial orientation.

Aperiodically arranged clusters
Predicting the scattered intensity in powder diffraction patterns from gases, liquids, and randomly distributed nano-clusters in the solid state is (to first order) done rather elegantly with the Debye scattering equation:

 * $$I(q)=\sum_{i=1}^{N}\sum_{j=1}^{N}f_i(q)f_j(q)\frac{\sin(q r_{ij})}{q r_{ij}},$$

where the magnitude of the scattering vector q is in reciprocal lattice distance units, N is the number of atoms, fi(q) is the atomic scattering factor for atom i and scattering vector q, while rij is the distance between atom i and atom j. One can also use this to predict the effect of nano-crystallite shape on detected diffraction peaks, even if in some directions the cluster is only one atom thick.

Semi-quantitative analysis
Semi-quantitative analysis of polycrystalline mixtures can be performed by using traditional single-peaks methods such as the Relative Intensity Ratio (RIR) or whole-pattern methods using Rietveld Refinement or PONCKS (Partial Or No Known Crystal Structures) method. The use of each method depends on the knowledge on the analyzed system, given that, for instance, Rietveld refinement needs the solved crystal structure of each component of the mixture to be performed. In the last decades, multivariate analysis begun spreading as an alternative method for phase quantification.

Cameras
The simplest cameras for X-ray powder diffraction consist of a small capillary and either a flat plate detector (originally a piece of X-ray film, now more and more a flat-plate detector or a CCD-camera) or a cylindrical one (originally a piece of film in a cookie-jar, but increasingly bent position sensitive detectors are used). The two types of cameras are known as the Laue and the Debye–Scherrer camera.

In order to ensure complete powder averaging, the capillary is usually spun around its axis.

For neutron diffraction vanadium cylinders are used as sample holders. Vanadium has a negligible absorption and coherent scattering cross section for neutrons and is hence nearly invisible in a powder diffraction experiment. Vanadium does however have a considerable incoherent scattering cross section which may cause problems for more sensitive techniques such as neutron inelastic scattering.

A later development in X-ray cameras is the Guinier camera. It is built around a focusing bent crystal monochromator. The sample is usually placed in the focusing beam, e.g. as a dusting on a piece of sticky tape. A cylindrical piece of film (or electronic multichannel detector) is put on the focusing circle, but the incident beam prevented from reaching the detector to prevent damage from its high intensity.

Cameras based on hybrid photon counting technology, such as the PILATUS detector, are widely used in applications where high data acquisition speeds and increased data quality are required.

Diffractometers

Diffractometers can be operated both in transmission and reflection, but reflection is more common. The powder sample is loaded in a small disc-like container and its surface carefully flattened. The disc is put on one axis of the diffractometer and tilted by an angle θ while a detector (scintillation counter) rotates around it on an arm at twice this angle. This configuration is known under the name Bragg–Brentano θ-2θ.

Another configuration is the Bragg–Brentano θ-θ configuration in which the sample is stationary while the X-ray tube and the detector are rotated around it. The angle formed between the X-ray source and the detector is 2θ. This configuration is most convenient for loose powders.

Diffractometer settings for different experiments can schematically be illustrated by a hemisphere, in which the powder sample resides in the origin. The case of recording a pattern in the Bragg-Brentano θ-θ mode is shown in the figure, where K0 and K stand for the wave vectors of the incoming and diffracted beam that both make up the scattering plane. Various other settings for texture or stress/strain measurements can also be visualized with this graphical approach.

Position-sensitive detectors (PSD) and area detectors, which allow collection from multiple angles at once, are becoming more popular on currently supplied instrumentation.

Neutron diffraction
Sources that produce a neutron beam of suitable intensity and speed for diffraction are only available at a small number of research reactors and spallation sources in the world. Angle dispersive (fixed wavelength) instruments typically have a battery of individual detectors arranged in a cylindrical fashion around the sample holder, and can therefore collect scattered intensity simultaneously on a large 2θ range. Time of flight instruments normally have a small range of banks at different scattering angles which collect data at varying resolutions.

X-ray tubes

Laboratory X-ray diffraction equipment relies on the use of an X-ray tube, which is used to produce the X-rays. The most commonly used laboratory X-ray tube uses a copper anode, but cobalt and molybdenum are also popular. The wavelength in nm varies for each source. The table below shows these wavelengths, determined by Bearden (all values in nm):

According to the last re-examination of Hölzer et al. (1997), and quoted in the International Tables for Crystallography these values are respectively:

Other sources
In-house applications of X-ray diffraction has always been limited to the relatively few wavelengths shown in the table above. The available choice was much needed because the combination of certain wavelengths and certain elements present in a sample can lead to strong fluorescence which increases the background in the diffraction pattern. A notorious example is the presence of iron in a sample when using copper radiation. In general elements just below the anode element in the period system need to be avoided.

Another limitation is that the intensity of traditional generators is relatively low, requiring lengthy exposure times and precluding any time dependent measurement. The advent of synchrotron sources has drastically changed this picture and caused powder diffraction methods to enter a whole new phase of development. Not only is there a much wider choice of wavelengths available, the high brilliance of the synchrotron radiation makes it possible to observe changes in the pattern during chemical reactions, temperature ramps, changes in pressure and the like.

The tunability of the wavelength also makes it possible to observe anomalous scattering effects when the wavelength is chosen close to the absorption edge of one of the elements of the sample.

Neutron diffraction has never been an in house technique because it requires the availability of an intense neutron beam only available at a nuclear reactor or spallation source. Typically the available neutron flux, and the weak interaction between neutrons and matter, require relative large samples.

Advantages and disadvantages
Although it is possible to solve crystal structures from powder X-ray data alone, its single crystal analogue is a far more powerful technique for structure determination. This is directly related to the fact that information is lost by the collapse of the 3D space onto a 1D axis. Nevertheless, powder X-ray diffraction is a powerful and useful technique in its own right. It is mostly used to characterize and identify phases, and to refine details of an already known structure, rather than solving unknown structures.

Advantages of the technique are:
 * simplicity of sample preparation
 * rapidity of measurement
 * the ability to analyze mixed phases, e.g. soil samples
 * "in situ" structure determination

By contrast growth and mounting of large single crystals is notoriously difficult. In fact there are many materials for which, despite many attempts, it has not proven possible to obtain single crystals. Many materials are readily available with sufficient microcrystallinity for powder diffraction, or samples may be easily ground from larger crystals. In the field of solid-state chemistry that often aims at synthesizing new materials, single crystals thereof are typically not immediately available. Powder diffraction is therefore one of the most powerful methods to identify and characterize new materials in this field.

Particularly for neutron diffraction, which requires larger samples than X-ray diffraction due to a relatively weak scattering cross section, the ability to use large samples can be critical, although newer and more brilliant neutron sources are being built that may change this picture.

Since all possible crystal orientations are measured simultaneously, collection times can be quite short even for small and weakly scattering samples. This is not merely convenient, but can be essential for samples which are unstable either inherently or under X-ray or neutron bombardment, or for time-resolved studies. For the latter it is desirable to have a strong radiation source. The advent of synchrotron radiation and modern neutron sources has therefore done much to revitalize the powder diffraction field because it is now possible to study temperature dependent changes, reaction kinetics and so forth by means of time-resolved powder diffraction.

title: Powder diffraction


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Pregap

The pregap on a Red Book audio CD is the portion of the audio track that precedes "index 01" for a given track in the table of contents (TOC). The pregap ("index 00") is typically two seconds long and usually, but not always, contains silence. Popular uses for having the pregap contain audio are live CDs, track interludes, and hidden songs in the pregap of the first track (detailed below).

Computer data in pregap
The track 01 pregap was used to hide computer data, allowing computers to detect a data track whereas conventional CD players would continue to see the CD as an audio CD.

This method was made obsolete in mid 1996 when an update to Windows 95 in driver  made the pregap track inaccessible. It is unclear whether this change in Microsoft Windows' behavior was intentional: for instance, it may have been intended to steer developers away from the pregap method and encourage what became the Blue Book specification "CD Extra" format.

Hidden audio tracks
On certain CDs, such as Light Years by Kylie Minogue, HoboSapiens by John Cale, or Factory Showroom by They Might Be Giants, the pregap before track 1 contains a hidden track. The track is truly hidden in the sense that most conventional standalone players and software CD players will not see it.

Such hidden tracks can be played by playing the first song and "rewinding" (more accurately, seeking in reverse) until the actual start of the whole CD audio track.

Not all CD drives can properly extract such hidden tracks. Some drives will report errors when reading these tracks, and some will seem to extract them properly, but the extracted file will contain only silence.

Other CDs contain additional audio information in the pre-gap area of other tracks, resulting in the audio only being heard on a conventional CD player if the CD is allowed to "play through," but not if you jump to the next track.

Some CDs also contain phantom tracks consisting of only index 0 data, meaning the track can only be played on a conventional CD player by allowing the CD to play through a previous track to the next track.

OS support
Mac OS X:

Currently does not support more than a 2-second pre-gap in the first track under its CD burning utilities. Using a combination of Roxio Toast and a custom .cue file can provide a way around this.

Ripping of pregap audio is supported by the application X Lossless Decoder.

Windows:

 * Exact Audio Copy provides the functionality to write to Index 0

Linux:

 * cdrecord supports writing any kind of pregap
 * cdrdao supports writing any kind of pregap
 * K3B, a frontend for several CD/DVD burning/ripping utilities, supports hiding the first track in the pregap of the second one.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pregap


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Aquarius Dwarf

The Aquarius Dwarf is a dwarf irregular galaxy, first catalogued in 1959 by the DDO survey. It is located within the boundaries of the constellation of Aquarius. It is a member of the Local Group of galaxies, albeit an extremely isolated one; it is one of only a few known Local Group members for which a past close approach to the Milky Way or Andromeda Galaxy can be ruled out, based on its current location and velocity.

Local Group membership was firmly established only in 1999, with the derivation of a distance based on the tip of the red-giant branch method. Its distance from the Milky Way of 3.2 ±0.2 Mly (980 ±40 kpc) means that Aquarius Dwarf is quite isolated in space. It is one of the least luminous Local Group galaxies to contain significant amounts of neutral hydrogen and support to ongoing star formation, although it does so only at an extremely low level. Because of its large distance, the Hubble Space Telescope is required in order to study its stellar populations in detail. RR Lyrae stars have been discovered in Aquarius Dwarf, indicating the existence of stars more than 10 billion years old, but the majority of its stars are much younger (median age 6.8 billion years). Among Local Group galaxies, only Leo A has a younger mean age, leading to the suggestion that delayed star formation could be correlated with galaxy isolation.

title: Aquarius Dwarf


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Weh

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 02:42, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Weh
Tempted to label it nonsense but don't think it is. Rather, it is a neologism/dictdef. hence, delete. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 22:55, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Agree that it borders on nonsense. At best it is a neologism.   Weh.  Tobycat 23:01, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment If a neologism, how widespread/notable is it? Any rpg or chatroom will churn out 5 or 6 new 'words' every year. Just thought that might be a consideration before anyone's tempted to send it off to Wiktionary.  That being said, Delete.--DNicholls 23:05, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * And "wuh" means "where", "when", and "whoops". Delete. Chatoyant 23:08, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as per Tobycat. —Tokek 04:25, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 04:50, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Weh


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Justin Walter

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. humblefool®Deletion Reform 20:26, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Justin Walter
Drummer for a band that has not released a record yet. Joyous (talk) 22:56, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity - there will likely be articles for every band member soon. Harro5 23:02, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Doesn't meet Wikimusic Project guidelines. Capitalistroadster 00:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --*drew 10:32, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 04:49, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Granville Street Bridge

The Granville Street Bridge or Granville Bridge is an eight-lane fixed cantilever/truss bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, carrying Granville Street between Downtown Vancouver southwest and the Fairview neighborhood. It spans False Creek and is 27.4 m above Granville Island. The bridge is part of Highway 99.

First bridge (1889)
The first Granville Bridge opened in 1889, crossing from Beach Ave to 3rd Ave and was part of the scheme to clear Granville Street through to the North Arm of the Fraser River, where a bridge crossed to the farming community of Eburne. Granville Street was called Centre Street south of False Creek (until 1907) and the new slit through the forest heading south was initially known as North Arm Road. The 2,400 metre long, low timber trestle bridge opened on January 4, costing $16,000 to build, and was designed by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). It had a swing span near the downtown side, was wide enough for two wagons, had a 4 foot wide separated path on the west side for pedestrians, and was barely above high tide – children swam from it in the summer.

Two years after it was built, the CPR cleared the Fairview Slopes and opened them for settlement; the street railway company (predecessor of the BC Electric) ran a single-track on a trestle on the east side of the bridge for the "Fairview Belt Line" which connected Granville Street, 9th Avenue (now Broadway) and Main Street with downtown, hoping it would help spur development, which it did.

Second bridge (1909)
The second bridge was completed in 1909. It was a longer, medium-level steel bridge with a through truss swing span. During World War I, on April 29, 1915, a fire broke out on the bridge that was thought to be an arson attack. Four Germans were arrested.

Third bridge (1954)
On February 4, 1954, the current Granville Street Bridge opened to traffic after five years of planning and construction; its dedication ceremony was attended by 5,000 spectators after it had been delayed a week due to heavy snow. The Vancouver Sun arranged for the first driver across the 1909 bridge, Sidney Annoot, to repeat her feat in 1954. The city government self-funded the bridge project, which cost $16.5 million (equivalent to $ in dollars), with "no formal assistance given by any other government body" according to mayor Frederick Hume. A million vehicles crossed over the bridge in its first month.

The eight-lane structure was constructed from 1951 to 1954 on the same alignment as the first bridge. Steel plate girders salvaged from the second bridge were made into barges for constructing the foundations of the Oak Street Bridge. Initially only four lanes were open to traffic until the completion of the loop ramps on the north side on July 16. The bridge's wide design was meant to accommodate a future freeway that would serve downtown; those plans were cancelled in the 1960s.

Recent improvements to the bridge include increasing its earthquake resistance, and installing higher curbs and median barriers.

21st century
In December 2017, Vancouver City Council approved a plan to remove the "Granville Loops" - a pair of cloverleaf off-ramps connecting the bridge with Pacific Street - and open up the land to redevelopment.

The Granville Street Bridge underwent a seismic retrofit that began in late 2018 and was completed in September 2021.

In January 2019, Vancouver City Council announced a plan to improve pedestrian and cyclist access to the bridge from the surrounding neighbourhoods by creating a new separated bike and walking path located in the centre of the bridge roadway. The plan was opened up for public comment in April 2019 with the project approved. Construction on the pedestrian and bicycle lanes began in February 2023 and is expected to take two years to complete.

Resources

 * History of Metropolitan Vancouver
 * Bridges of Greater Vancouver

title: Granville Street Bridge


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Izzy Jannazzo

Isadoro Anthony "Izzy" Jannazzo (January 31, 1915 – June 18, 1995) was an American professional boxer who challenged Barney Ross for the NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring magazine world welterweight championship in November 1936, and took the Maryland version of the World Welterweight Championship in October 1940. In 1937, he fought national welterweight champions before large crowds in Australia and Germany. In 1940, he was listed as the world's top welterweight contender by some sources. His managers were Guy Anselmi and Chris Dundee.

Early life and career
Isadoro Jannazzo was born on January 31, 1915, in Ensley, Alabama to poor Sicilian Italian parents Francesca and Anthony Jannazzo. He would become part of a family of six, which included a sister Bernice and brothers Vincent and Sam and would live in his hometown until roughly the age of seventeen. He may have boxed in as many as one hundred amateur bouts, and once contended for a state bantamweight championship around the age of fourteen. After his family's move to New York around 1932, his mother died, causing him to shoulder additional financial responsibility for the support of his family. In 1941, Izzy married Francesca "Frances" Tombrello, who was five years his junior. Francesca's family, who had also lived in Ensley, Alabama, where she was born, had been friends of his family for many years. Francesca and her family moved to New York shortly after his. Izzy and his wife would settle on Troutman Street in Brooklyn, New York, in attached buildings near other family members.

Fighting in the New York City area, primarily Brooklyn or the Bronx between December 6, 1932, and January 13, 1934, he won nine of nineteen fights, losing six and drawing three times. He was not considered a power hitter yet won 65 of 126 bouts, though scoring only 8 knockouts.

Important early career wins
On April 21, 1934, he defeated Murray Brandt in a six-round points decision at Ridgewood Grove in Brooklyn. He had formerly lost to Brandt in a six-round decision.

On May 31, 1934, he defeated Stanislaus Loayza in a six-round points decision at Fort Hamilton Arena in Brooklyn, New York. Stanislaus would contend for the NYSE World Lightweight Title in July 1935 against Jimmy Goodrich and was well known in his native Chile.

On November 17, 1934, he defeated Joe Rossi at the Ridgewood Grove in Brooklyn, New York in a six-round points decision. Rossi was another well rated New York welterweight who had previously beaten Jannazzo in six rounds on September 30, 1933, in Brooklyn. He would draw with Rossi in a six-round Brooklyn bout shortly after.

On January 7, 1935, he defeated Tony Falco at the St. Nicholas Arena in New York in a ten-round points decision. Jannazzo, with a reach advantage landed effective rights in the first, had an even second, and fought fiercely and evenly in the third and fourth. Jannazzo took the fifth with clean rights to the body and face while eluding Falco. Falco took the sixth using both hands, but Jannazzo may have taken the eighth with two stiff rights to the head of Falco near the end of the round. Jannazzo may have taken the ninth with lefts to the face of Falco, though the tenth was even with both boxers too exhausted to land stiff blows.

At 145 pounds, Jannazzo fought Jackie Davis twice on January 26, and February 16, in eight round points decisions at Ridgewood Grove in Brooklyn, losing the first, but winning the second. Jannazzo had roughly a four-pound weight advantage in each bout.

Defeating Kid Azteca and Steve Halaiko
On March 2, 1935, he lost to Kid Azteca at the Arena Nacional in Mexico City in a ten-round points decision. In 1936, Azteca, Mexico City born, would take and hold the Mexican Welterweight title and fight in five separate decades in his native land.

On May 4, 1936, Jannazzo, at 145 1/2, scored a small upset defeating top NYSE welterweight contender Billy Celebron at the St. Nicholas Arena in New York in a ten-round points decision. According to the United Press, Celebron won only three rounds with the fourth and seventh even.

On July 6, 1936, fighting at 145 1/2, he knocked out Steve Halaiko in the fourth of six rounds at the Dexter Park arena in Queens.

Win over former Light Welterweight Champion Johnny Jadick, draw with Ceferino Garcia
At 145 1/4 pounds, on July 22, 1936, he defeated former champion Johnny Jadick, in a ten-round points decision at the Dykman Oval in Manhattan. In a decisive win, Jannazzo put Jadick on the canvas in the first, fourth and sixth rounds. The fight was a benefit for the United Palestine Appeal. Jadick had previously taken the World Light Welterweight Championship on March 18, 1932, against Tony Canzoneri.

On October 30, 1936, he fought an important fifteen-round draw with Ceferino Garcia before a crowd of 5640 at New York's Madison Square Garden. In a fairly close bout, the Associated Press gave eight rounds to Garcia, six to Jannazzo, and one even. Jannazzo, a powerful hitter who had once floored Barney Ross, was thrown off in his attack by the scientific defense of Jannazzo, who was able to throw Garcia off balance from his attacks with his jabbing. Garcia scored the fight's only knockdown in the eighth for a count of one with a strong right. In the seventh through the fifteenth, both boxers changed the pace from the more cautious early rounds, and unleashed continuous punches. Garcia lost two of the first three rounds from penalties for low punches, and narrowly lost the other, but won most all of the remaining rounds through the ninth with a more aggressive display. The tenth through the twelfth went to Jannazzo who effectively used jabs to Garcia's head, interfering with his punching. Garcia would take the World Middleweight Championship in 1939.

Undisputed Welterweight Title bout against Barney Ross, November 1936
On November 27, 1936, he faced the incomparable triple division champion Barney Ross before 8,484 spectators in a NYSAC, NBA, and Ring Magazine recognized World Welterweight Championship at Madison Square Garden, losing in a fifteen-round unanimous decision. There were few serious knockdowns in the bout, a credit to Jannazzo, though Ross may have taken as many as nine rounds, clearly starting out with an edge in the first two. Jannazzo was knocked down only briefly in the second and the fifth, for counts of one, and two, both from rights from Ross, though he likely slipped backing away in the fifth. The Associated Press had Ross with ten of the fifteen rounds, with four to Janazzo and one even. Janazzo showed pluck lasting fifteen rounds with Ross, even scoring with hard right crosses in the seventh, eighth, and tenth, though the outcome of the bout was never strongly in doubt.

On June 18, 1937, he defeated Phoenix welterweight Freddie Dixon in a ten-round points decision at the Municipal Stadium in Phoenix, Arizona.

Boxing in Sydney, Australia, and Hamburg, Germany, December 1937–38
On December 21, 1937, and January 25, 1938, he fought Jack Carroll and Dick Humphries in Sydney, Australia, losing both bouts in ten round points decisions. The bout with Carroll, Australian Welterweight Champion, brought an enthused capacity crowd of 30,000, likely the largest crowd of Jannazzo's career. Jannazzo was badly pummeled by Carroll's blows to both body and head, but never tired in the bout, and attempted to return counterpunches after each encounter. The bout was described as one of Carroll's best. "Jack Carroll Wins from Izzy Jannazzo", The Winnipeg Tribune gave Carroll nine of the ten rounds.

On October 15, 1938, he fought a fifteen-round draw with Gustav Eder, German Welterweight Champion, at Hanseaten Hall in Hamburg, Germany. The bout was close, with Jannazzo scoring with fast lefts through the first seven rounds, but Eder scoring with rights to the head and body in the subsequent rounds. The decision was unpopular with the enthusiastic home crowd of 10,000, among whom may felt Jannazzo had shown more science in the boxing and landed the more telling blows. In a previous match in New York in September 1936 with Eder, Jannazzo had won a fifteen-round points decision.

On February 7, 1940, he defeated Jackie Burke in a ten-round points decision at the Watres Armory in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Jannazzo battered Burke with both hands throughout the bout.

On April 10, 1940, he defeated Steve Mamakos at Riverside Stadium in Washington, D. C., in a ten-round split decision.

On September 4, 1940, he defeated Holman Williams in a ten-round points decision at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C. In that year, Holman was rated seventh in the world among welterweights. He would become a boxer of some renown, taking the World Colored Middleweight Championship on October 16, 1942, against Charley Burley in New Orleans, Louisiana. Holman would lose the title to the "Cocoa Kid". Williams had previously beaten Jannazzo on March 27, 1940, in Scranton, Pennsylvania in a ten-round points decision. Williams, fighting at 150 in their March meeting, won from clever infighting in the later rounds, when Jannazzo may have tired from his strong opening rounds.

Taking the Welterweight Championship of the World (Maryland version), October 1940
He won the Welterweight Championship of the World (as recognized by Maryland state), fighting at 147 pounds against the Puerto Rican boxer "Cocoa Kid" on October 14, 1940, in a close fifteen round split decision before 3,000 fans at Carlin's Park in Baltimore, Maryland. Jannazzo took the bout using a strong left jab, and effective footwork that left him out of the range of his Puerto Rican challenger. The "Kid", who fought with a four-pound disadvantage, repeatedly tried to take the fight to Jannazzo but was stopped by Jannazzo's ever present left jab. Jack Dempsey refereed the bout.

Loss to future middleweight champion Georgie Abrams, December 1940
On December 12, 1940, Jannazzo lost to Georgie Abrams in a ten-round split decision at Carlin's Park in Baltimore. Though leading in the first two rounds, Jannazzo lost the third, being called for a low blow. In the late rounds, a strong attack by Abrams gave him the decision. Abrams dominated the infighting, but Jannazzo put on a more scientific and cautious defense.

Fighting at 145 1/2, on April 14, 1941, he defended the Maryland version of the World Welterweight Championship against Jimmy Leto in a fifteen-round split decision at the Coliseum in Baltimore, Maryland. Leto was a rated welterweight, and the victory was a significant one. Jannazzo once again used his strong left to win the bout, though the decision was somewhat disputed as the referee voted against Jannazzo, while both judges voted in his favor.

On September 21, 1942, in a lead-up to his fight with Sugar Ray Robinson, Jannazzo defeated Portuguese born Freddie Cabral in a ten-round points decision at the Valley Arena, in Holyoke, Massachusetts.

Bouts with Sugar Ray Robinson, October 1942 and March 1946
On October 19, 1942, he lost to the great Sugar Ray Robinson for the first time at the arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a ten-round unanimous decision. Immediately after on December 1, 1942, he fought a return bout with Robinson at the Arena in Cleveland, Ohio, losing in an eighth round Technical Knockout.

He defeated "Wild" Bill McDowell of Dallas on June 17, 1943, in a ten-round points decision at Moers Field in Richmond, Virginia. McDowell was unable to use his left hand for seven rounds, after injuring his right in the third. McDowell had a ten-pound advantage over Jannazzo who weighed in at 149 1/2 pounds. It was a noteworthy win considering the disadvantages with which Jannazzo fought.

On May 9, 1944, he defeated Johnny Green at Memorial Auditorium before 3,893 fans in Buffalo, New York in a ten-round unanimous decision. Jannazzo, fighting at 152, won the bout with a well placed left, which he was unable to use to equal advantage in previous bouts with Green. Green had defeated and drawn with Jannazzo the previous February at the same venue in Buffalo. Green was a black boxer from Buffalo who fought several of the same opponents as Jannazzo.

He defeated Charley Parham twice in July and September 1945 at the Auditorium in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Jannazzo took the September bout by a unanimous decision with Parham winning only one round, but their July bout was somewhat closer. Jannuzzo had "little trouble", however, in scoring the decision in their second meeting.

On November 16, 1945, he defeated Frankie Abrams before 3000 fans in a ten-round unanimous decision at Olympia Stadium in Detroit. Jannazzo took every round but the last, when Abrams made a late rally. Abrams scored four knockdowns in the second round, showing his dominance.

On March 14, 1946, he fought champion Sugar Ray Robinson for the last time in Baltimore, Maryland, losing in a ten-round unanimous decision before a somewhat disappointing crowd of 4100. All three judges voted for Robinson. Jannazzo at 154, was outboxed by Robinson throughout the fight, and Robinson won every round. He had formerly fought Robinson on October 13, 1944, in Boston Garden before a crowd of 7,347, losing in a second-round technical knockout. Robinson had returned to the ring after fourteen months in the army, but had no trouble dropping Jannazzo twice in the second with well placed lefts and rights to the head, before asking the referee to end the fight.

On June 17, 1946, fighting at 151 3/4, he defeated Ralph Zannelli at the Rhode Island Auditorium in a ten-round points decision.

Fighting at 155 pounds on June 5, 1946, he defeated Joe Governale in a ten-round split decision at McArthur Stadium in Brooklyn, New York. He would lose to Governale at the same location in a ten-round decision one month later.

On January 28, 1947, he fought his last fight against Steve Belloise at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. Belloise scored a technical knockout in 2:20 of the third round, and his manager, Chris Dundee, announced Jannazzo's retirement after seventeen years in the ring.

Life after boxing
During WWII, Jannazzo worked as an air raid warden. After retiring from boxing in 1947, Jannazzo eventually worked for the city managing an incinerator for the department of sanitation. He retired at sixty-five to spend time with his children and grandchildren.

Around 1991, shortly after he moved to Columbus, Ohio, his family placed him in a nursing home, due primarily to the progressive boxing induced dementia from which he was suffering.

On June 18, 1995, Jannazzo died in Columbus, Ohio. He was buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Gardens in Columbus, where his wife had been buried three months earlier.

title: Izzy Jannazzo


text:
Jan Francis

Janet Stephanie Francis (born 5 August 1947) is an English actress. She appeared as Penny Warrender in the 1980s romantic comedy Just Good Friends.

Early life
Francis was born at the former Charing Cross Hospital London. She is the eldest child of Frank Francis, a clerical officer with the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and Marjorie (née Watling), an employment agent, who were married in 1944. She was brought up in Streatham and was educated at the Lady Edridge Grammar School.

After training as a dancer at the Royal Ballet Senior School from which she graduated in 1965, Francis performed with the Royal Ballet Touring Company in Britain, in the rest of Europe and the United States. Francis left the Royal Ballet in September 1969 to pursue an acting career.

Acting
Francis made the transfer to becoming an actress through choreography, and performed with the Cheltenham Repertory Company between 1969 and 1970. She first appeared on television in 1972 in the mini-series Anne of Green Gables playing the part of Diana Barry, before landing BBC Television drama roles including Kschessinska in Fall of Eagles and Lisa Colbert in Secret Army (1977–78). She appeared in Dracula (1979) as Mina Van Helsing with Laurence Olivier as Abraham Van Helsing.

She played the part of Susie Dean in Alan Plater's adaptation of the J. B. Priestley novel The Good Companions (1980) which was produced by Yorkshire Television. Writer John Sullivan met Francis and later created her best-known part, Penny Warrender, in the 1980s BBC sitcom Just Good Friends.

She later co-starred with Dennis Waterman as Sally Hardcastle in the 1989–1992 ITV drama series Stay Lucky. This was followed by an appearance in Heartbeat in 1993, in which she played Vivienne Keen in the episode Love Hurts.. She also played Nick's "old enough to be his mother" girlfriend in the sitcom My Family.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, she appeared in the Lloyds Bank television commercials alongside Nigel Havers and Leo McKern.

In 2006, she guest starred in ITV prison drama Bad Girls as interior designer Catherine Earlham, who was sent to Larkhall on remand for embezzlement. The character played a key role in the exit storyline for fellow inmate Darlene Cake (Antonia Okonma). She is also a regular performer, and part of the original cast, of the touring play Seven Deadly Sins Four Deadly Sinners.

In 2009, she appeared as Julia in the second series of Mistresses on BBC1. In November 2009, she appeared in the ITV drama Collision. She also played a love interest for Rodney Blackstock in ITV soap opera Emmerdale, in 2010.

In April 2014, she made a guest appearance as a patient in the BBC hospital drama series Casualty.

Personal life
Francis married the actor-writer Martin Thurley in Newton Abbot on 1 August 1977; he writes using the pseudonym Thomas Ellice. They have two daughters and reside in Woodchurch, Kent.

Theatre

 * The Sleeping Beauty (1969) ... Royal Ballet (1969)
 * The Farmer's Wife (1969) ... Cheltenham Repertory Company, as Susan Maine
 * Sleeping Beauty (1969–1970) ... Pantomime, as Fairy Dreamawhile
 * The Boyfriend (1970) ... as Maisie (& Lolita)
 * When Did You Last See My Mother (1970) ... at The Theatre Upstairs at the Royal Court, as Linda
 * Cinderella (1970) ... at the Manchester Opera House
 * Play It Again Sam (1971) ... at the New Theatre, Bromley as one of Barbara and the Dream Girls
 * The Heiress (1971) ... as Marian Almond
 * Romance! (1971) ... at the Duke of York's Theatre, London as Lotte
 * Out of Bounds (1973) ... Bristol Old Vic Company as Ermyntrude Johnson
 * Lend Me A Tenor (1986) ... at the Globe Theatre, London as Maggie
 * Hay Fever (1988) ... at the Chichester Festival Theatre as Myra Arundel
 * 'Dear Ralph' A Valentine's Day Gala (1993) ... at the London Palladium as a Host for the Evening
 * Seven Deadly Sins Four Deadly Sinners (2004–2008) ... at various theatres on tour
 * An Evening at Le Candide (2006) ... at the King's Head Theatre, London

title: Jan Francis


text:
Reactive distillation

Reactive distillation is a process where the chemical reactor is also the still. Separation of the product from the reaction mixture does not need a separate distillation step which saves energy (for heating) and materials. This technique can be useful for equilibrium-limited reactions such as esterification and ester hydrolysis reactions. Conversion can be increased beyond what is expected by the equilibrium due to the continuous removal of reaction products from the reactive zone. This approach can also reduce capital and investment costs.

The conditions in the reactive column are suboptimal both as a chemical reactor and as a distillation column, since the reactive column combines these. The introduction of an in situ separation process in the reaction zone or vice versa leads to complex interactions between vapor–liquid equilibrium, mass transfer rates, diffusion and chemical kinetics, which poses a great challenge for design and synthesis of these systems. Side reactors, where a separate column feeds a reactor and vice versa, are better for some reactions, if the optimal conditions of distillation and reaction differ too much.

Applicable Processes
Reactive distillation can be used with a wide variety of chemistries, including the following:

 * Acetylation
 * Aldol condensation
 * Alkylation
 * Amination
 * Dehydration
 * Esterification
 * Etherification
 * Hydrolysis
 * Isomerization
 * Neutralization
 * Oligomerization
 * Transesterification
 * Hydrodesulfurization of light oil fractions

Examples
The esterification of acetic acid with alcohols including methanol, n-butanol, ethanol, isobutanol, and amyl alcohol.

Another interesting feature of this system is that it is associated with the formation of a minimum boiling ternary azeotrope of ester, alcohol and water, which is heterogeneous in nature. Hence, in a typical reactive distillation column that consists of both reactive and non-reactive zones, the heterogeneous azeotrope or a composition close to the azeotrope can be obtained as the distillate product. Moreover, the aqueous phase that forms after the condensation of the vapor is almost pure water. Depending on the requirement either of the phases can be withdrawn as a product and the other phase can be recycled back as reflux. The pure ester i.e. butyl acetate, being the least volatile component in the system, is realized as a bottom product.

Removing organic acids from aqueous alcohol (ethanol, isopropanol) in dewatering columns is a simple example. An aqueous base (NaOH, KOH) is added to the top of the column, acid-base reactions occur in the column, and the resulting organic salts and excess base exit the bottom of the column with the separated water.

title: Reactive distillation


text:
User talk:Deppeler

As this page is actually dedicated to the surname 'Deppeler' (as say, in the surname Smith (surname)), I request the page to be moved from 'Deppeler' to 'Deppeler (surname)'.

title: User talk:Deppeler


text:
User:BaronLarf/WikiProject Wisconsin

This WikiProject was formed to foster better articles on the state of Wisconsin with a spirit of cooperation. This page and its subpages contain suggestions on formatting and layout of articles, which can be discussed at the project's talk page To participate, simply add your name at the participants section.

Scope
This project covers the creation and editing of articles related to the US State Wisconsin, its cities, counties, geography, transportation, culture, history and so on. It aims to expand Wikipedia's resources on Wisconsin in a fair and accurate manner.

Relations
The parents of this WikiProject are U.S. Regions and U.S. States.

Similar WikiProjects: California, Texas, Hawaii, Utah

Participants

 * BaronLarf (talk)

General strategy and discussion forums

 * /General
 * /Strategy

Templates
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title: User:BaronLarf/WikiProject Wisconsin


text:
Vladimir Chertkov

Vladimir Grigoryevich Chertkov (Влади́мир Григо́рьевич Чертко́в; also transliterated as Chertkoff, Tchertkoff, or Tschertkow (3 November 1854 – November 9, 1936) was one of the editors of the works of Leo Tolstoy, and one of the most prominent Tolstoyans. After the revolutions of 1917, Chertkov was instrumental in creating the United Council of Religious Communities and Groups, which eventually came to administer the Russian SFSR's conscientious objection program.

Family and childhood
Chertkov was born in 1854 in St. Petersburg, Russia into a wealthy and aristocratic family. His mother (to whom he felt especially close), Elizaveta Ivanovna, born Countess Chernysheva-Kruglikova, was known among her circle in St. Petersburg society for her beauty, intellect, authoritativeness and tact. His father, Grigorii Ivanovich, was aide-de-camp under Nikolai I, Adjutant-General under Alexander II and Alexander III, known in military circles for his front-line service and military bearing. The couple enjoyed imperial favour so much that Alexander II and Alexander III visited their home.

Describing his parents in one of his diary entries, he wrote: “That's how I grew up, assured of my own innate advantage over other people, proud of the dignity of my parents, their relatives and friends, entourage of servants, rising from their seats in the ante-room when I passed from my rooms into my parents’ part of the house, swimming in all kinds of luxury and almost not knowing rejection in satisfaction of my desires.”

The young Chertkov was considered very handsome – slender, tall, with big gray eyes under beaked brows – and had a talent for witty paradox.

Military service
Nineteen-year-old Chertkov voluntarily joined the Life Guards of the Cavalry. Yet while yielding to all the enjoyment that was offered by life in the circle of golden youth, unaware of either external or internal obstacles for the realization of his desires, Chertkov from time to time felt that there was something wrong in his life and strove to find some moral law that would subordinate his behavior. In order to understand these doubts, to look closer at other ways of life and remain alone with himself, he decided for a time to abandon his accustomed life, take a vacation for several months and go to England.

At the end of December 1879, Chertkov wrote his mother a letter from England:
 * "I can tell you a few fragments of my last thoughts:

 * 1) In order to be useful, a person must define his position in the world around him;
 * 2) He must therefore look at himself not subjectively but objectively; and
 * 3) He can only reach such a view when the strength of all his aspirations is concentrated not upon himself, but on some kind of high goal, located outside himself.”

And he wrote further that concentrating all his thought on Christian study could be useful to deal with the problems of his life.

Lizinovka
In 1880, he resigned from military service, left Petersburg, and settled in his family's estate in Lizinovka, where he planned to help the peasants at whose expense he lived, although he had an unclear understanding of their needs.

Scrutinizing the work of the zemstvo and finding weaknesses, he conceived the idea of implementing on his parents' estate some measures disregarded by the zemstvo. He organized a trade school for peasant children.

Influence of Tolstoy
In October 1883 his first meeting with Leo Tolstoy took place in Moscow, changing the entire course of his life. It would be said of him that he was more Tolstoy than Tolstoy himself.

Fulfilling the ideal of moral self-improvement, Chertkov gave all his heart and soul to educational activity. Following Tolstoy's initiative, in 1885 Chertkov organized and financed a publishing house called Intermediary (Посредник) which specialized in the release of art and moralizing literature for people. Intermediary succeeded in publishing works aimed at the education of the Russian people, despite the pressure of the Imperial censorship and the hostile attitude of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The new publishing house was supported by many of the most outstanding writers of the country: Tolstoy, Chekhov, Korolenko, Garshin, and Leskov all wrote for Intermediary.

Books were sold unusually cheaply. Reasonable prices and good publicity, in which Repin, Surikov, Kivshenko and other Russian artists were engaged, helped distribution.

Conflict with Tolstoy family
Chertkov had a troubled relationship with most of the Tolstoy family, and tried actively to destroy the relationship between Tolstoy and his wife Sophia. Tolstoy's final flight, for example, is described as having been greatly influenced by Chertkov. Sophia was especially troubled by what she felt was his hypocritical philosophy: he decried wealth, but had his own fancy estate. His associates lay about her house and ate free and paid no rent and criticized her materialism, while she raised several children and ran the entire business side of Tolstoy's writing (at Tolstoy's wish), which provided a major source of income for Yasnaya Polyana and enabled their lifestyle.

Additionally, Chertkov convinced Tolstoy to sign a secret will and give control of his works to Chertkov instead of Sophia. He then used this control to publish versions of Tolstoy's collected works as he wanted. He also criticized Sophia, discredited her diaries and her own writing, and played up his own relationship with the Count. Chertkov also fostered a positive relationship with the newly formed Soviet state, which he used to suppress Sophia's version of Tolstoy's life story and his relationship with her.

Rossosh
Chertkov’s closest employees were often engaged in editing and drawing up his plans on his farmstead in Rossosh, located in the Ostrogozhsk District. Rossosh had a manor house on top of a hill, as well as an extensive courtyard and subsidiary buildings; at the base of this mountain were three ponds in succession, and behind them 20 desyatina of forest. Soon the small village of Rossosh turned into a large publishing center. From here Chertkov conducted extensive correspondence on the affairs of Intermediary with Russian writers and artists. Tolstoy came to visit his friend here in the spring of 1894.

Life in exile
Since the autocracy considered Tolstoyism an enemy, Chertkov left for England in 1897. He was an avid Anglophile like his mother, admired the English tradition of free speech, and was already corresponding with a small collective based at Purleigh in Essex, who were looking to put Tolstoy's ideas into practice. It was to Purleigh, therefore, that Chertkov initially gravitated and it was here that he set up a publishing company, the Free Word Press (Свободное слово), producing Russian-language versions of Tolstoy's works and kindred literature, much of which was smuggled back into Russia. A separate branch of this business, the Free Age Press, producing English-language texts, was set up in 1900. Chertkov's wife, Anna Konstantinovna, born Dieterichs (1859–1927), was trustee of the Free Word Press and produced several texts for both arms of the business.

The Purleigh group began to split up towards the end of 1900, at which point Chertkov moved with his family and followers to Tuckton House, at Tuckton in Bournemouth, purchased for him by his mother. The group used the defunct waterworks in nearby Iford Lane as their printing works, and continued to churn out Free Word and Free Age Press texts until July 1908, when most of the colony returned with Chertkov to Russia. (The Tsar had granted a pardon to all political exiles three years previously.) The Free Age Press continued to flourish, with a single member of the Tolstoy colony based at Tuckton House as translator and editor, until 1916. There was, of course, less and less appetite for Tolstoy's mainly pacifist writings as Britain drifted into war. Chertkov remained in Russia where, as Tolstoy's literary executor, he was editor-in-chief of one last project: a complete edition of Tolstoy's works in Russian, which ultimately extended to ninety volumes, and was still in motion when Chertkov died in Moscow, after a series of strokes, in 1936. He is buried in Vvedenskoye Cemetery.

Film
Actor Aleksey Petrenko portrayed Chertkov in the 1984 film Lev Tolstoy. Actor Paul Giamatti portrayed Chertkov in the 2009 film The Last Station.

title: Vladimir Chertkov


text:
Lisa Goldstein

Lisa Goldstein (born Elizabeth Joy Goldstein on November 21, 1953) is an American fantasy and science fiction writer whose work has been nominated for Nebula, Hugo, and World Fantasy Awards. Her 1982 novel The Red Magician won a National Book Award in the one-year category Original Paperback

and was praised by Philip K. Dick shortly before his death. Her 2011 novel, The Uncertain Places, won the 2012 Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature, and her short story, "Paradise Is a Walled Garden," won the 2011 Sidewise Award for Best Short-Form Alternate History.

Biography
Goldstein's father was Heinz Jurgen "Harry" Goldstein (June 8, 1922, in Krefeld, Germany – May 24, 1974, in Los Angeles), a survivor of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp; her mother, Miriam Roth (April 8, 1922, in Mukachevo, Czechoslovakia – October 12, 2011, in Los Angeles), survived the extermination camp Auschwitz. Her parents came to the United States in 1947 and met in an ESL class.

She has written two high fantasy novels, Daughter of Exile and The Divided Crown, under the pen name "Isabel Glass". Her publisher recommended a pseudonym because they differ so much from her other work. "Isabel" is from Point Isabel Regional Shoreline, a local park which includes a dog run. "Glass" fits the Tor Books standard for pseudonyms, short surnames in the first half of the alphabet.

She married Douglas A. Asherman in 1986, and lives in Oakland, California.

Novels

 * The Red Magician (1982)
 * The Dream Years (1985)
 * A Mask for the General (1987)
 * Tourists (1989)
 * Strange Devices of the Sun and Moon (1993)
 * Summer King, Winter Fool (1994)
 * Walking the Labyrinth (1996)
 * Dark Cities Underground (1999)
 * The Alchemist's Door (2002)
 * Daughter of Exile (as Isabel Glass; 2004)
 * The Divided Crown (illustrated by Kinuko Y. Craft) (as Isabel Glass; 2005)
 * The Uncertain Places (2011)
 * Weighing Shadows (2015)
 * Ivory Apples (2019)

Collections

 * Daily Voices (1989)
 * Travellers in Magic (1994)

Awards

 * National Book Award (1983) for The Red Magician
 * Sidewise Award for Alternate History (2011) for "Paradise is a Walled Garden"
 * Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature (2012) for Uncertain Places

Nominations

 * John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer finalist (1983) for The Red Magician
 * John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer finalist (1984) for The Red Magician
 * World Fantasy Award for Best Novel nominee (1986) for The Dream Years
 * Hugo Award for Best Short Story nominee (1988) for "Cassandra's Photographs"
 * Nebula Award for Best Short Story nominee (1988) for "Cassandra's Photographs"
 * Arthur C. Clarke Award nominee (1990) for A Mask for the General
 * World Fantasy Award for Best Short Story nominee (1993) for "Alfred"
 * Nebula Award for Best Short Story nominee (1994) for "Alfred"
 * World Fantasy Award for Best Collection nominee (1995) for Travellers In Magic
 * Nebula Award for Best Short Story nominee (1996) for "The Narcissus Plague"
 * World Fantasy Award for Best Short Story nominee (1998) for "Fortune and Misfortune"
 * Nebula Award for Best Short Story nominee (1999) for "Fortune and Misfortune"

 * Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature nominee (2000) for Dark Cities Underground
 * Nebula Award for Best Novelette nominee (2009) for "Dark Rooms"

title: Lisa Goldstein


text: User talk:201.133.210.33

title: User talk:201.133.210.33


text:
Stew Leonard's

Stew Leonard's is a regional chain of seven supermarkets in Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey, which Ripley's Believe It or Not! deemed "The World's Largest Dairy" and Fortune magazine listed as one of the "100 Best Companies to work for" in 2011.

Opened in 1969 with seven employees in Norwalk, Connecticut, the chain now includes six stores in Connecticut and New York. The newest location opened on May 17, 2024 in Clifton, New Jersey.

The store is notable for its customer service policy, which greets shoppers at each store's entrance, etched into a three-ton rock:

1. The customer is always right. 2. If the customer is ever wrong, reread rule #1.

Clover Farms Dairy
Charles Leonard, a hatter in a sweatshop, founded Clover Farms Dairy in Norwalk, Connecticut, in the early 1920s.

First store
In 1969, Stew Leonard Sr. opened the Clover Farms Dairy store in Norwalk as a retail outlet for the family dairy's products.

Expansion
Stew Leonard acquired land for a second store in Danbury, Connecticut, in the mid-1980s. The store opened in 1991.

Stew Leonard's announced plans to open a store in Yonkers, New York, in 1997. The store opened in September 1999.

In 2002, the Leonard family began working to open a store on Long Island. However, plans to open a store across from the Republic Airport in Farmingdale fell through. In 2015, Stew Leonard's announced plans to open a store in Farmingdale in early 2016; the store opened in January 2016.

A store in Newington, Connecticut was announced in February 2006 and opened in April 2007.

The original Stew Leonard's store earned a position in the Guinness Book of World Records for having the highest dollar of sales per square foot of selling space and for a 3,500-pound sculpture made of sharp cheddar cheese.

Death of Stew Leonard Sr.
Stew Leonard Sr., the founder of the Stew Leonard's chain, died on April 26, 2023, at the age of 93.

Tax fraud
In 1993, Stew Leonard Sr. was convicted of having committed tax fraud via an elaborate scheme to divert more than $17.1 million in cash register receipts over a 10-year period. The fraud, which involved a computer program designed to skim off sales, was directed by Stew Leonard Sr., in concert with the company's CFO and store manager. Skimmed cash was placed in bundles in Leonard Sr.'s office fireplace, to be later moved offshore or disguised as gifts. Leonard Sr. was caught in June 1991 carrying $80,000 cash en route to the Caribbean island of Saint Martin.

Leonard Sr. pled guilty to the charges and, in 1993, was sentenced to 52 months in prison. He ultimately served 44 months before being released in June 1997.

Contamination death
On January 11, 2024, New York City resident Órla Baxendale died from anaphylactic shock shortly after eating a mislabeled cookie product sold under Stew Leonard's brand name. The product did not mention that peanuts were a key ingredient in the recipe. Stew Leonard's has claimed that the company where they buy the cookies from, Cookies United in Islip, New York, changed the recipe without Stew Leonard's prior notice. The former came forward with multiple emails proving that they did inform the sellers about the change as well as adding that Stew Leonard's packages the cookies themselves.

Stores

There are currently three stores in Connecticut: There are currently three stores in New York: There are currently two stores in New Jersey:
 * Norwalk, opened in 1969
 * Danbury, opened in 1991
 * Newington, opened in 2007
 * Yonkers, opened in 1999
 * Farmingdale, opened in 2016
 * East Meadow, opened in 2017
 * Paramus, opened in 2019
 * Clifton, opened in 2024

Features and layout
The New York Times called Stew Leonard's the "Disneyland of Dairy Stores." The stores are not set up like traditional grocery stores; the aisle configurations guide customers to walk through the entire store (although there are short cuts). As customers walk through the aisles, they are greeted by various employees dressed up in costumes and by animatronic characters, called the "Farm Fresh Five", that perform songs and dance. Perhaps their most famous animatronic is Clover, the head of Jersey cow known for her bloodcurdling moos. Stew Leonard's famous "Stew Burger", the nickname given to the store's hamburger, is often displayed by the entrance of each location. The stores also feature petting zoos and outdoor cafes in the warmer months, and offer tasting booths and a variety of prepared meals year round.

"Anyone who comes from Connecticut or thereabouts knows this landmark chain of grocery stores where mechanized cows sing and roosters crow," according to a writer for the Sun-Sentinel of Florida.

title: Stew Leonard's


text:
Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor

Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor (DSRCT) is an aggressive and rare cancer that primarily occurs as masses in the abdomen. Other areas affected may include the lymph nodes, the lining of the abdomen, diaphragm, spleen, liver, chest wall, skull, spinal cord, large intestine, small intestine, bladder, brain, lungs, testicles, ovaries, and the pelvis. Reported sites of metastatic spread include the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, brain, skull, and bones. It is characterized by the EWS-WT1 fusion protein.

The tumor is classified as a soft tissue sarcoma and a small round blue cell tumor. It most often occurs in male children. The disease rarely occurs in females, but when it does the tumors can be mistaken for ovarian cancer.

Signs and symptoms
There are few early warning signs that a patient has a DSRCT. Patients are often young and healthy as the tumors grow and spread uninhibited within the abdominal cavity. These are rare tumors and symptoms are often misdiagnosed by physicians. The abdominal masses can grow to enormous size before being noticed by the patient. The tumors can be felt as hard, round masses by palpating the abdomen.

First symptoms of the disease often include abdominal distention, abdominal mass, abdominal or back pain, gastrointestinal obstruction, lack of appetite, ascites, anemia, and cachexia.

Other reported symptoms include unknown lumps, thyroid conditions, hormonal conditions, blood clotting, kidney and urological problems, testicle, breast, uterine, vaginal, and ovarian masses.

Genetics
There are no known risk factors that have been identified specific to the disease. The tumor appears to arise from the primitive cells of childhood, and is considered a childhood cancer.

Research has indicated that there is a chimeric relationship between DSRCT and Wilms' tumor and Ewing sarcoma. Together with neuroblastoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, they form the small-cell tumors.

DSRCT is associated with a unique chromosomal translocation (notated as t(11;22)(p13:q12)) that merges the EWSR1 FET family gene normally located on band 12 of the long (or "q") arm of chromosome 22 with part of the WT1 transcription factor gene normally located on band 13 of the short arm of chromosome 11. The resulting EWSR1-WT1 fusion gene is converted to a fusion transcript that directs the formation of an EWSR1-WT1 chimeric protein. The EWSR1-WT1 chimeric protein contains the N-terminal transactivation domain of EWSR1 and the DNA-binding domain of WT1. This translocation is seen in virtually all cases of DSRCT.

The EWS/WT1 translocation product targets ENT4. ENT4 is also known as PMAT.

Pathology
The entity was first described by pathologists William L. Gerald and Juan Rosai in 1989. Pathology reveals well circumscribed solid tumor nodules within a dense desmoplastic stroma. Often areas of central necrosis are present. Tumor cells have hyperchromatic nuclei with increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio.

On immunohistochemistry, these cells have trilinear coexpression including the epithelial marker cytokeratin, the mesenchymal markers desmin and vimentin, and the neuronal marker neuron-specific enolase. Thus, although initially thought to be of mesothelial origin due to sites of presentation, it is now hypothesized to arise from a progenitor cell with multiphenotypic differentiation.

Differential diagnosis
Because this is a rare tumor, not many family physicians or oncologists are familiar with this disease. DSRCT in young patients can be mistaken for other abdominal tumors including rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and mesenteric carcinoid. In older patients DSRCT can resemble lymphoma, peritoneal mesothelioma, and peritoneal carcinomatosis. In males DSRCT may be mistaken for germ cell or testicular cancer while in females DSRCT can be mistaken for ovarian cancer. DSRCT shares characteristics with other small-round blue cell cancers including Ewing's sarcoma, acute leukemia, small cell mesothelioma, neuroblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Wilms' tumor.

Treatment
DSRCT is frequently misdiagnosed. Adult patients should always be referred to a sarcoma specialist. This is an aggressive, rare, fast spreading tumor and both pediatric and adult patients should be treated at a sarcoma center.

There is no standard protocol for the disease; however, recent journals and studies have reported that some patients respond to high-dose (P6 Protocol) chemotherapy, maintenance chemotherapy, debulking operation, cytoreductive surgery, and radiation therapy. Other treatment options include: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, radiofrequency ablation, stereotactic body radiation therapy, intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion, and clinical trials.

Prognosis
The prognosis for DSRCT remains poor. Prognosis depends upon the stage of the cancer. Because the disease can be misdiagnosed or remain undetected, tumors frequently grow large within the abdomen and metastasize or seed to other parts of the body.

There is no known organ or area of origin. DSRCT can metastasize through lymph nodes or the blood stream. Sites of metastasis include the spleen, diaphragm, liver, large and small intestine, lungs, central nervous system, bones, uterus, bladder, genitals, abdominal cavity, and the brain.

A multi-modality approach of high-dose chemotherapy, aggressive surgical resection, radiation, and stem cell rescue improves survival for some patients. Reports have indicated that patients will initially respond to first line chemotherapy and treatment but that relapse is common.

Some patients in remission or with inoperable tumor seem to benefit from long term low dose chemotherapy, turning DSRCT into a chronic disease.

Research
The Stehlin Foundation currently offers DSRCT patients the opportunity to send samples of their tumors free of charge for testing. Research scientists are growing the samples on nude mice and testing various chemical agents to find which are most effective against the individual's tumor.

Patients with advanced DSRCT may qualify to participate in clinical trials that are researching new drugs to treat the disease.

The Cory Monzingo Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization that supports the research for treatments and a cure for DSRCT. The Cory Monzingo Foundation provides funding to MD Anderson Cancer Center and may also provide funding to other nonprofit cancer research organizations.

In 2002, Nishio and al, established a novel human tumor cell line derived from the pleural effusion of a patient with a typical intra-abdominal DSRCT, called JN-DSRCT-1 that can now be used in research.

St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital has, in 2018, make available resources from the Childhood Solid Tumor Network, that upon request gives access to patient-derived orthotopic xenografts.

Alternative names
This disease is also known as: desmoplastic small round blue cell tumor; intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round blue cell tumor; desmoplastic small cell tumor; desmoplastic cancer; desmoplastic sarcoma; DSRCT.

There is no connection to peritoneal mesothelioma which is another disease sometimes described as desmoplastic.

title: Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor


text:
Eugene Speicher

Eugene (Edward) Speicher NA (April 5, 1883 – May 11, 1962) was an American portrait, landscape, and figurative painter. He was one of the foremost realists of his generation who closely upheld the mantle of his mentor, Robert Henri.

Biography
Speicher was born in Buffalo, New York. He began his studies in art at the Albright Art School. He moved to New York in 1907 and began attending the Art Students League where he studied with William Merritt Chase and Frank Vincent Du Mond. In 1908, he won the school's Kelley Prize with a portrait of fellow student Georgia O'Keeffe. In 1909 took life classes with Robert Henri at the New York School of Art, which he found of great importance to his formative style. Through Henri, with whom he became close friends, he also became acquainted with George Bellows, with whom he also became close, and with Rockwell Kent, Edward Hopper, Guy Pène du Bois, Leon Kroll, and a coterie of realist artists with whom he associated. In 1910, he went to Europe, where he remained for two years to study the Old Masters in Paris, the Netherlands, and Spain. Upon his return, he settled in New York, and soon became known as one of the most promising of the younger group of American painters. He discovered Woodstock, New York, soon after and began to split his time between Manhattan and Woodstock, where he became an important and popular figure in the art colony.

From the teens, Speicher began to receive a steady stream of awards and honors. By the 1920s Speicher was considered a leading portrait artist in America, practicing a form of realism. Among the awards he received was the Beck Gold medal for portraiture at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia in January 1920, for his painting Russian Girl. In 1926 he was awarded the Potter Palmer Gold medal at the Art Institute of Chicago for The Lace Scarf. In 1936 Esquire magazine called him America's most important living painter. He was also awarded the Temple Gold Medal at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1938 for Marianna.

Recognized for his work in portraiture, Speicher’s renown allowed him to support himself with commissions, and he also executed many flower still lifes and landscapes. Always favoring female subjects, he was also one of the few moderns to undertake nudes for which he became known. With a strong technique and great capability as a draughtsman, Speicher’s compositions are analytical and methodical in their design and execution.

He was nominated an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1912 and a full academician in 1925. Speicher was appointed director of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1945. His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

Works

 * "Morning Light" (1912), a charming landscape (Metropolitan Museum)
 * "The Girl in Rose" (1913)
 * John Nelson Cole (1914)
 * Miss Helen Appleton (Thomas R. Proctor Prize, National Academy, 1911)
 * Charles Dana Gibson
 * Miss Mary Stuart Snyder
 * Actress Katharine Cornell in her role as Candida

title: Eugene Speicher


text:
Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award

The Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award, initially named Raj Kapoor Award for Lifetime Achievement after Raj Kapoor is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films.

List of honourees
† - Indicates the person also won the Dadasaheb Phalke Award

Superlatives

 * In 58th Filmfare Awards, Yash Chopra became the first artist to become a posthumous winner.
 * Oldest Winner – Manna Dey in 56th Filmfare Awards (aged 91)
 * Youngest Winner – Amitabh Bachchan in 36th Filmfare Awards & Rekha in 48th Filmfare Awards (both aged 48)
 * Number of Female recipients – 21
 * Number of Male recipients – 28

title: Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award


text:
Union City station

Union City station is a Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station in Union City, California. The station sits near Decoto Road east of Alvarado-Niles Road, directly behind the James Logan High School campus. The station is served by the Orange and Green lines. Local bus service is provided by Union City Transit and AC Transit.

History
The BART Board approved the name "Union City" in December 1965. Service at the station began on September 11, 1972. Due to a national strike that year by elevator constructors, elevator construction on the early stations was delayed. Elevators at most of the initial stations, including Union City, were completed in the months following the opening. The fare lobby features tile mosaics designed by Jean Varda and constructed by Alfonso Pardiñas. The station was not originally served by buses. "The Flea" (now Union City Transit) began operating in Union City in 1974. AC Transit service was expanded to Fremont in November 1974, and to Newark that December, with some routes serving Union City station. AC Transit began operating service between Union City station and Palo Alto station over the Dumbarton Bridge – later branded Dumbarton Express – on September 10, 1984.

As built, the station only had access from Union Way. In 2008, construction started on a reconfiguration of the parking lots, which included a new station roadway connecting to Decoto Road. The work was intended to improve access to the station, particularly from new development on the east side of the tracks. A commuter rail platform for existing Capitol Corridor service and the proposed Dumbarton Rail Corridor was also proposed in 2008. (Later plans have called for the Capitol Corridor to be rerouted over the Coast Line to the west, which would not permit a Union City stop). The parking lot and roadway work was completed in March 2012, with buses using new stops adjacent to the station entrance.

The next round of changes to the station were made in anticipation of a future entrance on the east side of the station. This would allow direct access from transit-oriented development (TOD) of former industrial sites east of the station. A expanded ground-level fare lobby with provisions for future pedestrian pass-through outside the paid area was completed in 2017. That year, the California Public Utilities Commission approved plans for an at-grade pedestrian crossing of the Union Pacific Railroad Oakland Subdivision in lieu of a more expensive grade-separated crossing. Construction work on Phase 2A, which added two new escalators to the east (northbound) BART platform, took place from 2019 to December 2022. , construction on the pedestrian crossing is expected to be complete by 2025. , BART anticipates soliciting a developer between 2029 and 2033 for TOD to replace existing surface parking lots at the station.

Some Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) services are planned to be expanded to Union City, with a new platform on the Oakland Subdivision adjacent to the BART station. Three daily ACE round-trips are proposed to serve the station by 2030: two Union City–Merced round trips and one Union City–Natomas round trip.

title: Union City station


text:
Granville Bridge

Granville Bridge may refer to:

 * Granville Bridge, Maryborough, a bridge in Maryborough, Queensland, Australia
 * Granville Street Bridge, a bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia

title: Granville Bridge


text:
University of California Press

The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish scholarly and scientific works by faculty of the University of California, established 25 years earlier in 1868.

As the publishing arm of the University of California system. The press publishes over 250 new books and almost four dozen multi-issue journals annually, in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, and maintains approximately 4,000 book titles in print. It is also the digital publisher of Collabra and Luminos open access (OA) initiatives.

The press has its administrative office in downtown Oakland, California, an editorial branch office in Los Angeles, and a sales office in New York, and distributes through marketing offices in Great Britain, Asia, Australia, and Latin America. A Board consisting of senior officers of the University of California, holds responsibility for the operations of the press, and authorizes and approves all manuscripts for publication. The Editorial Committee consists of distinguished faculty members representing the university's nine campuses.

The press commissioned as its corporate typeface University of California Old Style from type designer Frederic Goudy from 1936 to 1938, although it no longer always uses the design.

Notable books

 * Language As Symbolic Action, Kenneth Burke (1966)
 * The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge, Carlos Castaneda (1968)
 * Technicians of the Sacred: A Range of Poetries from Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania, Jerome Rothenberg (1968; 50th anniversary edition 2017)
 * The Mysterious Stranger, Mark Twain (definitive edition) (1969, based on work first published in 1916)
 * Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution (1969)
 * The Making of a Counter Culture, Theodore Roszak (1970)
 * Self-Consuming Artifacts: The Experience of Seventeenth-Century Literature, Stanley Fish (1972)
 * The Ancient Economy, Moses I. Finley (1973)
 * Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism, Marina Warner (1981)
 * Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education, Nel Noddings (1984, 2nd edition 2003)
 * Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age, Benjamin R. Barber (1984)
 * Art in the San Francisco Bay Area, Thomas Albright (1985)
 * Religious Experience, Wayne Proudfoot (1985)
 * The War Within: America's Battle over Vietnam, Tom Wells (1994)
 * George Grosz: An Autobiography, George Grosz (translated by Nora Hodges) (published 1998, written in 1946, translated in 1955)
 * Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy, Kevin Bales (1999)
 * Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn, Karen McCarthy Brown (2001)
 * A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America, Michael Barkun (2003)
 * Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History, Norman G. Finkelstein (2005)
 * Autobiography of Mark Twain: Volume One, Mark Twain (2010)
 * Revival from Below, Brannon D. Ingram (2018)
 * Perfecting Women, Barbara D. Metcalf (1992)

Open access (OA) programs at UC Press
Collabra is University of California Press's open access journal program. The Collabra program currently publishes two open access journals, Collabra: Psychology and Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, with plans for continued expansion and journal acquisition.
 * Collabra

Luminos is University of California Press's open access response to the challenged monograph landscape. With the same high standards for selection, peer review, production, and marketing as its traditional book publishing program, Luminos is a transformative model, built as a partnership where costs and benefits are shared.
 * Luminos

Notable series
The University of California Press re-printed a number of novels under the California Fiction series from 1996 to 2001. These titles were selected for their literary merit and for their illumination of California history and culture.
 * The Ford by Mary Austin
 * Thieves' Market by A.I. Bezzerides
 * Disobedience by Michael Drinkard
 * Words of My Roaring by Ernest J. Finney
 * Skin Deep by Guy Garcia
 * Fat City by Leonard Gardiner
 * Chez Chance by Jay Gummerman
 * Continental Drift by James D. Houston
 * The Vineyard by Idwal Jones
 * In the Heart of the Valley of Love by Cynthia Kadohata
 * Always Coming Home by Ursula K. Le Guin
 * The Valley of the Moon by Jack London
 * Home and Away by Joanne Meschery
 * Bright Web in the Darkness by Alexander Saxton
 * Golden Days by Carolyn See
 * Oil! by Upton Sinclair
 * Understand This by Jervey Tervalon
 * Ghost Woman by Lawrence Thornton
 * Who Is Angelina? by Al Young

title: University of California Press