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Je ne sais pas pourquoi

"Je ne sais pas pourquoi" ("I Do Not Know Why"), also known as "I Still Love You (Je ne sais pas pourquoi)" in Australia and New Zealand, is a song by Australian recording artist and songwriter Kylie Minogue from her debut studio album Kylie (1988). Released as a single on 10 October 1988 by PWL, the song has subsequently appeared on most of Minogue's hits compilations including Greatest Hits (1992), Ultimate Kylie (2004) and, most recently, Step Back in Time: The Definitive Collection, released in 2019. Like most of Minogue's material between 1988 and 1992, it was written and produced by Stock Aitken Waterman.

Background
The song, with its French inspired theme and accompanying video, was released as the fourth single in October 1988, and was taken from the debut studio album Kylie. It was written and produced by Stock Aitken Waterman, who produced Minogue's first four studio albums. "Je ne sais pas pourquoi" is a teen-pop ballad, which is also inspired by dance-pop, which features instrumentals including drum machine, synthesizers, and some minor guitar riffs. Producer Pete Waterman claimed the idea for the use of French in the song came from observing the fascination that many younger fans had with language and mastering pronunciation. Commercially, the song received good chart success, peaking in the top ten in countries including Finland (where it peaked at number one), Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, while peaking in the top twenty in countries like Australia, France, Germany, and Norway. Pete Waterman said he believed the song would not have been a hit had it not been for Minogue's huge appeal as a pop star. "Je ne sais pas pourquoi" had been performed at Minogue's world tours such as Disco in Dream/The Hitman Roadshow, Enjoy Yourself Tour, Rhythm of Love Tour, Let's Get To It Tour, Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour, and the Summer 2019 Tour.

Music video
The video is meant to look like it is shot in Paris in the 1940s or '50s as Minogue waits in the rain for her date to arrive and then heads to a café. Minogue's hair is set in waves and she is wearing a blue dress and matching angora cardigan. This is later intercut with a street scene that is filmed in black and white and depicts Minogue wearing a floral dress as she dances with a man. Minogue is the only colourful part of the scene.

"Made in Heaven"
"Made in Heaven" was released as the single's B-side and also was written and produced by Stock, Aitken and Waterman. It was a new song which was not included on the album Kylie and an extended remix was also included on the 12" single. A promotional video was produced for "Made in Heaven" which was first issued on the Stock Aitken Waterman hits compilation, The Hit Factory Volume 3 and later on the Greatest Hits 1987–1997 compilation.

In the UK territory, "Je ne sais pas pourquoi" was originally planned to be released as a double A-side with "Made in Heaven". The original plan was to heavily promote "Je ne sais pas pourquoi" during the singles' early chart run, and once the song had peaked, the single would be officially 'flipped' and promotional emphasis shifted to "Made in Heaven" which would become the listed A-side. This marketing tactic had been used similarly with Rick Astley's single "When I Fall In Love"/"My Arms Keep Missing You" with the latter song becoming the singles' 'official' A-side after Christmas 1987. However, after reaching number 2 for 3 consecutive weeks, "Je ne sais pas pourquoi", although included on the widely available Kylie album, performed so well on its own that the plans to release it as a double A-side single were changed. In 2023, Robert Moran of Australian daily tabloid newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald ranked the song as Minogue's 52nd best song (out of 183), considering it a "hidden gem" with a "chorus [which] has an echo of Spiller's "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" which came out over a decade later".

The video to "Made to Heaven" solely involves Minogue dancing in front of a bluescreen with images of her previous five videos sampled behind her. She was surrounded by a halo of light and it was the last video before she began to routinely involve dancers and choreographed routines in her videos and performances. Kylie performed "Made in Heaven" at the "Royal Variety Performance" in front of the Queen Mother where she announced it as her new song - "Made in Heaven" was however never released as an A-side anywhere but it was used as the B-side to the international releases of both "It's No Secret" and "Turn It into Love". "Je ne sais pas pourquoi" was the 20th biggest selling single of 1988 in the UK.

Chart performance
"I Still Love You (Je ne sais pas pourquoi)" debuted at number thirteen on the Australian Singles Chart and four weeks later, it rose to number 11. After this, it slowly fell off the charts. In New Zealand, it debuted at number thirty-eight on the New Zealand Singles Chart, until it peaked at number 9 the following week.

The song debuted at number 33 on the French Singles Chart, until peaking at number 15, and stayed in the chart for fifteen weeks. The song debuted at number 87 on the Dutch Top 40, and peaked at number 43. The song spent a sole week in Norway at number 10. In Switzerland, the song debuted at number 24, where it peaked, but stayed in the top twenty-five for four weeks, until completely dropping off the charts. In Germany, it peaked at number 14 and in Ireland, the song made number 2.

The song was most successful in the United Kingdom where it debuted at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart, until rising to number 2, staying there for three consecutive weeks (only behind Enya's "Orinoco Flow"), becoming Kylie's fourth consecutive Top 2 hit in less than a year. The song stayed in the charts for fourteen weeks and went on to sell 315,000 copies. In the United States, the song was released as "I Still Love You (Je ne sais pas pourquoi)", but did not reach the Billboard Hot 100.

Impact and legacy
In 2020, Alexis Petridis of British daily newspaper The Guardian ranked the song at number 11 in his "Kylie's 30 greatest singles" list, adding that it "saw [Stock, Aitken and Waterman] dial down the tinniness to something approaching subtlety: it also had a genuinely lovely tune". In 2023, in the same newspaper, he listed the song at number 13 in his "Stock Aitken Waterman's 20 greatest songs – ranked!", adding that it was "the first sign that the trio realised they had something special on their hands and stepped back from their blaring one-size-fits-all approach: a succession of earworm melodies that feels relatively subtle by their standards in the late 80s." In 2023, Robert Moran of Australian daily tabloid newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald ranked the song as Minogue's 57th best song (out of 183), adding, "The sort of wistful pop which, 35 years on, still feels like Kylie's bread and butter. Today, it would kill in a mix next to some Carly Rae (maybe listened to at 1.5x speed)".

Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Je ne sais pas pourquoi".

CD single (PWCD21)
 * 1) "Je ne sais pas pourquoi" (Moi Non Plus mix) – 5:55
 * 2) "Made in Heaven" (Maid in England mix) – 6:20
 * 3) "The Loco-Motion" (Sankie mix – long version) – 6:55

7-inch single (PWL21)
 * 1) "Je ne sais pas pourquoi" – 4:01
 * 2) "Made in Heaven" – 3:24

12-inch single (PWLT21)
 * 1) "Je ne sais pas pourquoi" (Moi Non Plus mix) – 5:55
 * 2) "Made in Heaven" (Maid in England mix) – 6:20

UK 12-inch remix (PWLT21R)
 * 1) "Je ne sais pas pourquoi" (The Revolutionary mix) – 7:16
 * 2) "Made in Heaven" (Maid in England mix) – 6:20

US 12-inch single (0-21247)
 * 1) "Je ne sais pas pourquoi" (Moi Non Plus mix) – 5:55
 * 2) "Je ne sais pas pourquoi" (The Revolutionary mix) – 7:16
 * 3) "Made in Heaven" (Maid in England mix) – 6:20

Live performances
Minogue performed the song on the following concert tours:
 * Disco in Dream/The Hitman Roadshow
 * Enjoy Yourself Tour
 * Rhythm of Love Tour
 * Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour
 * Summer 2019

Certifications

 * }

title: Je ne sais pas pourquoi


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Ashleigh Brilliant

Ashleigh Ellwood Brilliant (born 9 December 1933) is an English-born American author and cartoonist. He is best known for his Pot-Shots, single-panel illustrations with one-line humorous remarks, which began syndication in the United States in 1975.

Life and career
Brilliant was born in London, England. He attended Hendon County School, London, in the 1940s–50s. He graduated from the University of California at Berkeley with a PhD in history in 1964 and taught on a "floating university", an educational cruise ship that traveled around the world in the mid-60s. He later taught at a community college in Bend, Oregon.

During the "Summer of Love" in San Francisco in 1967, Brilliant gave daily lectures near the Haight Street entrance of Golden Gate Park. He released a live album recorded in Golden Gate Park in 1967 on a small Hollywood, California, record label, Dorash Enterprises (Dorash LP-1001). The album, Ashleigh Brilliant in the Haight-Ashbury, is quite rare today. The material uses familiar public domain tunes and melodies and incorporates clever poetic lyrics about marijuana, the Diggers, San Francisco neighborhoods, and his personal experiences, all the while displaying a banter which ebbs and flows with his audience, who respond warmly to the performance and also participate in the songs. He states in the recording that he had been performing in this setting for approximately two hours each day the prior four weeks. He laughs throughout his performance, while the audience joins him in singing along and banging on percussive items. The album ends with a "Haight-Ashbury Farewell".

The Wall Street Journal described him in a 1992 profile as "history's only full time, professional published epigrammatist".

At one time, there was some confusion and controversy as to the ownership and recognition of his distinctive art form. In a copyright infringement suit filed by Brilliant, a United States federal judge ruled that while short phrases are not eligible for copyright, Brilliant's works were epigrams and therefore copyrightable (Brilliant v. W.B. Productions Inc., 1979).

While Brilliant employs a self-imposed limit of 17 words per epigram, he has actually written and published 41 with 18 words and one with 19 words. Once discovered, all these errors were corrected and then re-published.

In 1999 he authored the "Y1K Crisis" article which parodies the "Y2K Crisis" of 1999.

Part of the counter-culture scene in San Francisco in the late 1960s, Brilliant wrote and sang a series of parody songs about the hippie movement in Golden Gate Park as the hippie movement happened. Called The Haight-Ashbury Songbook, the songs now appear on a CD collection available on his website.

Brilliant lives in Santa Barbara, California.

Criticism
In his 1998 book Information Liberation, Brian Martin cites Brilliant as a "professional epigrammatist" who has been known to threaten legal action in order to display his market precedence over legally owned fragments of human language, thus managing to reveal one of the many absurdities behind "intellectual property", namely its ability to limit the free use and dissemination of human expression. When Brilliant finds someone who has "used" one of his epigrams, he contacts them demanding a payment for breach of copyright.

For instance, in 1991 television journalist David Brinkley wrote a book, Everyone is Entitled to My Opinion, the title of which he attributed to a friend of his daughter. Brilliant contacted Brinkley about copyright violation, concerned that this friend had been "subconsciously quoting" an aphorism that Brilliant had copyrighted in 1974. Random House, Brinkley's publisher, paid Brilliant $1000 without contesting the issue.

In a separate 1979 case, a company copied two of Brilliant's phrases – "I may not be totally perfect, but parts of me are excellent" and "I have abandoned my search for truth and am now looking for a good fantasy"—and altered a third phrase, all for sale on T-shirt transfers. The district court acknowledged that the phrases were distinguished by conciseness, cleverness, and pointed observation, ruling that they were protected by copyright.

Books
All books published by Woodbridge Press (Santa Barbara, California)
 * I May Not Be Totally Perfect, but Parts of Me Are Excellent, and Other Brilliant Thoughts (1979), ISBN 0-912800-66-6, ISBN 0-912800-67-4
 * I Have Abandoned My Search for Truth, and Am Now Looking for a Good Fantasy: More Brilliant Thoughts (1980), ISBN 0-912800-89-5, ISBN 0-912800-90-9 (paperback)
 * Appreciate Me Now, and Avoid the Rush: Yet More Brilliant Thoughts (1981), ISBN 0-912800-97-6, ISBN 0-912800-94-1 (paperback) at Internet Archive
 * I Feel Much Better, Now That I've Given Up Hope: And Even More Brilliant Thoughts (1984), ISBN 0-88007-145-1, ISBN 0-88007-147-8 (paperback)
 * All I Want Is a Warm Bed and a Kind Word and Unlimited Power: Even More Brilliant Thoughts (1985), ISBN 0-88007-155-9, ISBN 0-88007-156-7 (paperback)
 * The Great Car Craze: How Southern California Collided with the Automobile in the 1920s (1989), ISBN 0-88007-172-9.
 * Be a Good Neighbor, and Leave Me Alone: And Other Wry and Riotous Writings (1992), ISBN 0-88007-191-5, ISBN 0-88007-192-3 (paperback)
 * I Try to Take One Day at a Time, but Sometimes Several Days Attack Me at Once: More Brilliant Thoughts Than Ever (1987), ISBN 0-88007-161-3, ISBN 0-88007-162-1 (paperback)
 * We've Been Through So Much Together, and Most of It Was Your Fault: More and More Brilliant Thoughts (1990), ISBN 0-88007-182-6, ISBN 0-88007-183-4
 * I Want to Reach Your Mind... Where Is It Currently Located?: More Incredibly Brilliant Thoughts (1994), ISBN 0-88007-203-2, ISBN 0-88007-204-0 (paperback)
 * I'm Just Moving Clouds Today, Tomorrow I'll Try Mountains: And Other More or Less Blissfully Brilliant Thoughts (1998), ISBN 0-88007-221-0

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ashleigh Brilliant


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User talk:Captain Marvel

Image Tagging Image:Nikon FG.jpg
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If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 14:23, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

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Nomination of Marina Matsushima for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Marina Matsushima is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Captain Marvel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rod of rule

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:33, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Rod of rule
This article seems to be just speculation, and has no basis in Greek Mythology. The original page contained some wild theories which were subsequently whittled down by edits. But, to my knowledge, the whole notion that Agamemnon had some sort of magical staff called the "rod of rule" isn't correct. So this page should just be deleted. JW1805 18:45, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax/unverifiable. Dcarrano 21:13, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * A Google search for agamemnon "rod of rule" -wikipedia yields 4 hits, 3 of which are Wikipedia mirrors, the last of which is a Project Gutenberg text of a collection of Old English plays. Agamemnon and rod of rule do not appear in the same play in that text. I'm gonna go out on a limb here and say this is a fabrication. If not, a source needs to be produced for it. Delete, unverifiable. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  21:14, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - reasons above. --TheMidnighters 21:22, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete UnHoly 00:10, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 07:00, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone provides a source. DanMS 04:00, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Francis Wilkinson Pickens

Francis Wilkinson Pickens (1805/1807 – January 25, 1869) was a politician who served as governor of South Carolina when that state became the first to secede from the United States. A cousin of Senator John C. Calhoun, he was born into the Southern planter class. A member of the Democratic Party, Pickens became an ardent supporter of nullification of federal tariffs when he served in the South Carolina House of Representatives before he was elected to the United States Senate.

As state governor during the Fort Sumter crisis, he sanctioned the decision to fire on a ship bringing supplies to the beleaguered United States Army garrison, and to the bombardment of the fort. After the war, Pickens introduced the motion to repeal South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession, a short speech received in silence, in notable contrast with the rejoicing that had first greeted the Ordinance.

Early life and career
Pickens was born in Togadoo, St Paul's Parish, in Colleton County, South Carolina. His exact birth date varies depending on the source. Some give April 7, 1805; others give April 7, 1807. Pickens's gravestone uses the 1807 date. He was the son of former Gov. Andrew Pickens and a grandson of Gen. Andrew Pickens, an American Revolutionary soldier at the Battle of Cowpens and former U.S. Congressman. His mother was Susannah Smith Wilkinson. A cousin of his grandmother was South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun. He was also a cousin of Floride Calhoun, Calhoun's wife and a niece of his grandfather. His son-in-law was Confederate General and U.S. Senator Matthew C. Butler, a son of congressman William Butler (1790-1850); grandson of congressman William Butler and a nephew of Senator Andrew Butler.

Pickens was wealthy. According to the 1860 census, he owned $45,400 in real estate (the equivalent of approximately $1,247,000 today) and $244,206 in personal property (about $6,768,000 today). He also owned 276 slaves. Pickens was educated at Franklin College (now a part of the University of Georgia) in Athens, Georgia, and at South Carolina College in Columbia. He was admitted to the bar in 1829, the same year that he constructed "Edgewood," a mansion in Edgefield. He joined the Democratic Party and served in the South Carolina house of representatives from 1832 to 1834, where he was an ardent supporter of nullification. As chairman of a sub-committee, he submitted a report denying the right of Congress to exercise any control over the states.

Pickens served in Congress as a representative from South Carolina from 1834 until 1843. He was a member of the South Carolina state senate from 1844 until 1846. He was offered the position of Minister to England by President James K. Polk, and the Minister to France by President John Tyler, but declined these diplomatic posts. He served as a delegate to the Nashville Convention in 1850. Twice a widower, he married Lucy Petway Holcombe (1832–1899) on April 26, 1856, and in 1859 she gave birth to Douschka Pickens. Under President James Buchanan, Pickens was Minister to Russia from 1858 to 1860, where he and his wife were befriended by Czar Alexander II.

American Civil War
Under his administration as Governor of South Carolina (1860–1862), the state seceded and demanded the surrender of the Federal forts in Charleston harbor. He strongly advocated the secession of the Southern states but he did not sign the South Carolina ordinance of secession, as is commonly reported. He protested against Major Robert Anderson's removal from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, and offered to acquire the fort from the United States as part of an equitable settlement of the assets and debts of what Pickens considered to be now-dissolved federal union.

On January 9, 1861, Governor Pickens sanctioned the firing upon the relief steamship Star of the West, which was bringing supplies to Anderson's beleaguered garrison. In a letter dated January 12, 1861, Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that he surrender Fort Sumter because "I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina."

He also approved of the subsequent bombardment of Fort Sumter. He remained a fervent supporter of states rights. On December 9, 1862, Pickens quietly left the governorship and returned to his home in Edgefield, where he remained through the war.

Later life
Pickens was a member of the South Carolina constitutional convention called in September 1865 shortly after the end of the Civil War. He was one of more than 100 representatives from around the state, many of them drawn from the cream of South Carolina society. During the convention, Pickens introduced a motion to repeal the Ordinance of Secession. It was almost breathtakingly brief, according to proceedings recorded by the Charleston Courier:

"We, the Delegates of the People of the State of South Carolina, in General Convention met, do Ordain: That the ordinance passed in convention, 20 December 1860, withdrawing this State from the Federal Union, be and the same is hereby repealed."

According to the New York Times: "The passage was received in silence – strikingly suggestive when one remembered with what dramatic applause the ordinance of secession was proclaimed passed."

The motion passed by a vote of 105–3 with the only dissenting votes coming from three delegates from the Barnwell District: A.P. Aldrich, J.J. Brabham and J.M. Whetstone. Pickens counseled against inaction, according to historian Francis Butler Simkins.

"It doesn't become South Carolina to vapor or swell or strut or brag or bluster or threat or swagger," Pickens said. " ... She bids us bind up her wounds and pour on the oil of peace."

Pickens died in Edgefield, South Carolina, and was buried at Willow Brook Cemetery in Edgefield.

title: Francis Wilkinson Pickens


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Hawick Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)

Hawick Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1868 until 1918. It consisted of the Roxburghshire burgh of Hawick and the Selkirkshire burghs of Galashiels and Selkirk.

Election results
George Otto Trevelyan was returned without opposition at the 1868 general election and again after acceptance of office at a by-election on 14 January 1869.

Elections in the 1860s
Trevelyan was appointed Civil Lord of the Admiralty.

Elections in the 1880s
Trevelyan was appointed Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, requiring a by-election.

Trevelyan was appointed Secretary for Scotland, requiring a by-election.

Elections in the 1890s

Shaw was appointed Solicitor-General for Scotland, requiring a by-election.

Elections in the 1900s

Elections in the 1910s

General Election 1914–15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;
 * Liberal: John Barran
 * Unionist: Norman W. Grieve


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Lana Lane

Lana Lane is an American rock singer. She sings lead in her eponymous band, and has sung backing vocals for the band Rocket Scientists and guest sung on Ayreon and Erik Norlander albums.

She is married to music producer Erik Norlander, who co-produces her albums with her at their own studio, Think Tank Media in Placerville, California.

Her first album Love is an Illusion was released in 1995 and obtained a fair amount of success in Japan, as did Curious Goods – her second album, from 1996.

Lady Macbeth is a collection of songs based on William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth, from Lady MacBeth's point of view.

Lane appeared as a guest vocalist on two Ayreon CDs, Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer and Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator, singing lead and harmony vocals. She also provided the computer voice for both albums.

In 2003, Lane sang the part of Queen Guinevere on the concept album Once and Future King Part I by Gary Hughes.

In 2007, Lane released "Red Planet Boulevard", her 9th studio album. It was recorded in the Netherlands and San Francisco, California.

In 2009, Lane sang the primary vocals on Terra Incognita, an album composed by husband Erik Norlander in collaboration with science-fiction writer and lyricist Kevin J. Anderson.

In 2009, Lane also sang on another concept album composed by cousin Davy Vain based on a novel by German science-fiction writer Wolfgang Hohlbein, for the CD Blaze and Ashes by Delany.

In 2012, Lane released "El Dorado Hotel" after a five-year hiatus due, in part, to the death of her father.

Solo

 * Love Is an Illusion (1995)
 * Curious Goods (1996)
 * Garden of the Moon (1998)
 * Echoes from the Garden (1998) Japan only
 * Live in Japan (1998) Japan only
 * Ballad Collection (1998) Japan only
 * Queen of the Ocean (1999)
 * ''Echoes from the Ocean (1998) Japan only
 * Best of Lana Lane 1995 – 1999 (1999) Japan only
 * Secrets of Astrology (2000)
 * Ballad Collection II (2000) Japan only
 * Ballad Collection – Special Edition (2000)
 * Project Shangri-La (2002)
 * Covers Collection (2003)
 * Winter Sessions (2003)
 * Return to Japan (2004)
 * Storybook: Tales from Europe and Japan (DVD, 2004)
 * Lady Macbeth (2005)
 * 10th Anniversary Concert (DVD/CD set, 2006)
 * Gemini (2006)
 * Red Planet Boulevard (2007)
 * Best of Lana Lane 2000 – 2008 (2008) Japan only
 * El Dorado Hotel (2012)
 * Neptune Blue (2022)

Erik Norlander

 * Surreal (2016)
 * The Galactic Collective: Live in Gettysburg (2012)
 * The Galactic Collective (2010)
 * Looking Backward (2007)
 * Live in St. Petersburg (2006)
 * Stars Rain Down: Live In Europe 2001-2003 (2004)
 * Into the Sunset (2000)

Rocket Scientists

 * Looking Backward (2015)
 * Refuel (2014)
 * Supernatural Highways (2014)
 * Oblivion Days (1999)
 * Live In Bruchsal, Germany 21 September 1997 (1998)
 * Earth Below and Sky Above (1998)
 * Brutal Architecture (1995)
 * Earthbound (1993)

Delany

 * Blaze And Ashes (2009)

Roswell Six

 * Terra Incognita: Beyond the Horizon (2009)

Helloïse

 * Fata Morgana (2001)

Ayreon

 * Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer (2000)
 * Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator (2000)
 * Temple Of The Cat [EP] (2000)
 * Ayreonauts Only (2000)

Ambeon

 * Fate Of A Dreamer (2002)

Genius

 * Episode 1: A Human Into Dreams' World (2002)

Tribute albums

 * A Return To Fantasy: A Tribute To Uriah Heep (2003)

Aemen

 * Fooly Dressed (2003)

Gary Hughes

 * The Once and Future [King Part I and II] (2003)

title: Lana Lane


text:
Surrender (military)

Surrender, in military terms, is the relinquishment of control over territory, combatants, fortifications, ships or armament to another power. A surrender may be accomplished peacefully or it may be the result of defeat in battle. A sovereign state may surrender following defeat in a war, usually by signing a peace treaty or capitulation agreement. A battlefield surrender, either by individuals or when ordered by officers, normally results in those surrendering becoming prisoners of war.

Definition and etymology
Merriam-Webster defines "surrender" as "the action of yielding one's person or giving up the possession of something especially into the power of another", and traces the etymology to the Middle English surrendre, from French sur- or sus-, suz "under" + rendre "to give back"; this in turn is defined by the University of Michigan Middle English Dictionary as meaning "The giving up of an estate, a grant of land, or an interest in property to the person who holds the right to it", or, in law, "the relinquishing of letters patent to the king", or "the giving back or return of something".

Signs and gestures of surrender
A white flag or handkerchief is often taken or intended as a signal of a desire to surrender, but in international law, it simply represents a desire for a parley that may or may not result in a formal surrender. Normally, a surrender will involve the handing over of weapons; the commanding officer of a surrendering force symbolically offers his sword to the victorious commander. Individual combatants can indicate a surrender by discarding weapons and raising their hands empty and open above their heads; a surrendering tank commander should point the tank's turret away from opposing combatants, although they may have to leave the tank in order to clearly signal surrender. Flags and ensigns are hauled down or furled, and ships' colors are struck.

According to a leaflet given to British Empire troops before the Gallipoli landings, "Turkish soldiers as a rule manifest their desire to surrender by holding their rifle butt upwards and by waving clothes or rags of any colour." The leaflet also claimed that, "An actual white flag should be regarded with the utmost suspicion as a Turkish soldier is unlikely to possess anything of that colour," suggesting that a white flag would be used in an act of perfidy.

Process
When the parties agree to terms, the surrender may be conditional; that is, the surrendering party agrees to submit only after the victor makes certain promises. The leaders of the surrendering group negotiate privileges or compensation for the time, expense and loss of life saved by the victor through the stopping of resistance.

Alternatively, in a surrender at discretion (unconditional surrender), the victor makes no promises of treatment, and unilaterally defines the treatment of the vanquished party. An early example of a military surrender is the defeat of Carthage by the Roman Empire at the end of the Second Punic War. Over time, generally accepted laws and customs of war have been developed for such a situation, most of which are laid out in the Hague Convention of 1907 and the Geneva Conventions. Normally, a belligerent will agree to surrender unconditionally only if completely incapable of continuing hostilities. Traditionally, a surrender ceremony was accompanied by the honors of war.

The Third Geneva Convention states that prisoners of war should not be mistreated or abused. US Army policy, for example, requires that surrendered persons should be secured and safeguarded while being evacuated from the battlefield.

While not a formal military law, the Code of the US Fighting Force disallows surrender unless "all reasonable means of resistance [are] exhausted and ... certain death the only alternative": the Code states, "I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the members of my command while they still have the means to resist".

False surrender
False surrender is a type of perfidy in the context of war. It is a war crime under Protocol I of the Geneva Convention. False surrenders are usually used to draw the enemy out of cover to attack them off guard, but they may be used in larger operations such as during a siege. Accounts of false surrender can be found relatively frequently throughout history.

title: Surrender (military)


text:
Nelson Hackett

Nelson Hackett (born c. 1810) was a enslaved man who was extradited to the United States after having fled to Canada.

In 1841 he escaped from his Arkansas enslaver, Alfred Wallace of Fayetteville. Using a stolen horse, six weeks later, crossed the border and entered Canada West (present-day Ontario) near what today is Windsor.

Extradition
Despite slavery having been abolished throughout the British Empire in 1834, Wallace refused to let the matter drop. He was one of the wealthiest men in Arkansas and was well connected, particularly to the Governor of Arkansas, Archibald Yell. He wrote to the colonial governor in Canada, who ordered Hackett's arrest. Hackett was retained in Chatham.

Wallace and an associate, George C. Grigg, traveled to Canada and made out sworn dispositions against Hackett for stealing the horse, as well as a gold watch belonging to Wallace. Despite opposition from prominent Canadian politicians such as William Henry Draper, Hackett was extradited to the United States on the order of Governor General Sir Charles Bagot. In justifying his decision, Bagot cited the alleged theft of the watch, which exceeded what was necessary to facilitate his escape to freedom.

Public reaction from abolitionists in England, Canada, and the northern United States was strong. Politicians in the British House of Commons and the Canadian Parliament questioned the motives for the extradition and its legality.

Research indicates Hackett was returned to Fayetteville in the summer of 1842. He was not put to death for the alleged theft (a fate frequently suffered by enslaved people under similar circumstances) but was publicly whipped several times and tortured. Researchers have said he was sold to a new enslaver in Texas, from where he escaped again. Hackett's fate remains unknown.

Wallace's motives
Wallace's legal bills, travel costs, and related expenses were likely several times Hackett's market value, leading to debate regarding his motive(s) in going to such extraordinary measures to recover an escaped enslaved person:

 * Wallace may have believed the effort necessary to restore his honor, which Hackett's status as a domestic servant (as opposed to a mere common laborer) and his horse theft would have particularly aggrieved. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether the horse Hackett used to escape was Wallace's.
 * Wallace was intent on "teaching a lesson" to enslaved Americans (or, at least, wanted to deter the other people he enslaved) by demonstrating that Canada would not prove to be a haven for them.
 * Wallace may have had political ambitions and perhaps hoped to portray his actions as a "selfless" endeavor to defend the "rights" of all American enslavers.

In any event, while successful in its immediate objective, Wallace's mission soon proved highly detrimental to U.S. enslavers' interests. Hackett's escape brought more attention to Canada as a refuge for enslaved people. When the extradition clause of the Webster–Ashburton Treaty was finally negotiated, enslaved people were protected from extradition to their former American enslavers. Hackett was the last escaped enslaved person extradited from Canada before the U.S. abolishing chattel slavery in 1865.

Legacy
In 2022, Fayetteville, Arkansas renamed Archibald Yell Boulevard to Nelson Hackett Boulevard.

In June 2023, a historical marker honoring Hackett was unveiled in Fayetteville, Arkansas.

A mural along Nelson Hackett Boulevard, named "Remembrance" by its artist Joëlle Storet, depicts some important black Fayetteville residents, including Hackett.

title: Nelson Hackett


text:
Thomas Shaw, 1st Baron Craigmyle

Thomas Shaw, 1st Baron Craigmyle, (23 May 1850 – 28 June 1937), known as The Lord Shaw from 1909 to 1929, was a Scottish radical Liberal Party politician and judge.

Life
The son of Alexander Shaw of Dunfermline, Fife, Craigmyle was educated at the Dunfermline High School and at Edinburgh University. He was appointed an advocate in 1875 and became a Queen's Counsel in 1894. He gained an LLD from St Andrews University in October 1902 and from the University of Aberdeen in 1906 and was also Hamilton Fellow in Mental Philosophy at Edinburgh University.

Craigmyle sat as Member of Parliament (MP) for Hawick Burghs from 1892 to 1909 and served as Solicitor General for Scotland from 1894 to 1895 and as Lord Advocate from December 1905 to 1909. He resigned from parliament and ministerial office and was created a life peer as Baron Shaw, of Dunfermline in the County of Fife, on 20 February 1909, so that he could sit in the House of Lords and serve as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. He retired from this office in 1929 and was made an hereditary peer as Baron Craigmyle, of Craigmyle in the County of Aberdeen, on 7 Mar 1929.

Lord Craigmyle married Elspeth, daughter of George Forrest, in 1879. He died in June 1937, aged 87, and was succeeded in the hereditary barony by his son Alexander. Lady Craigmyle died in 1939.

title: Thomas Shaw, 1st Baron Craigmyle


text:
Egginton

Egginton is a village and civil parish in the local government district of South Derbyshire, England. The population of the civil parish as of the 2011 census was 574.

Location
The village is located just off Ryknild Street, otherwise known as the A38, between Derby and Stretton, Burton upon Trent. It is historically a farming community. Due to a historical legal situation, no alcohol is allowed to be sold in the village and hence there is no village pub.

It has been suggested that Egginton be twinned with the town Baconton, in Georgia USA. This would no doubt bring a splendid relationship between the two towns, which could result in visits to each other's towns, for the mutual benefit of the town officials.

In Fishpond Lane there is a row of tenants' cottages, some of which have their windows bricked up, dating back to the days of window-tax.

The village does not have a war memorial in the normal sense but it has a memorial hall that doubles as the village school and as a community hall.

The Facebook page for Egginton do NOT like outsiders. I recently attempted to join the Egginton facebook page, but was refused on 4 separate occasions. So, not a particularly friendly place to live.

Airfield
After the closure of the former Burnaston Airport nearby, Derby Airfield was established at Egginton. The small airfield houses a community of light aircraft owners, an aero club, and supporting aircraft maintenance firms.

Railway
The railway line which passed through Egginton originally formed part of the Great Northern Railway's Derbyshire Extension route from Grantham to Stafford and was opened in April 1878. It ran from Grantham on the East Coast Main Line via Nottingham Victoria, over Bennerley Viaduct (which still stands today) to Derby Friargate Station. This section of the Great Northern Railway, also known as the Friargate Line, (for further history about this now closed railway see GNR Derbyshire and Staffordshire Extension), was built as a rival to the already established Midland Railway, which at the time had a monopoly over Derby, Nottingham and the surrounding areas.

Although most of the line was closed to passenger traffic in December 1939, Egginton station did not officially close until 3 March 1962. The station building survives as the HQ for a payroll company. The route of the line is now a cycle track and nature path with little to indicate its former status.

The section of line between Egginton Junction and Friargate was then acquired by the Train Control Group of the BR Research Division, as a suitable test track. It was singled between Friargate and Mickleover, but in 1973 the line was cut back to Mickleover since the eastern end of the track bed had been earmarked for the new A38 trunk road. Thereafter the line was used as a test track until 1990 when the A516 feeder road to the A50 by-pass was built over the trackbed and the line was closed and lifted.

title: Egginton


text:
Talk:Kosher (disambiguation)

Article seems heavily biased towards con. Article is a discussion of arguments against kosher slaughter, rather than an impartial overview of said methods. No sources are provided for the "numerous studies" cited proving the inhumanity of kosher butchering.--Eion 18:48, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Eion, let's pretend you have decided to commit suicide. In front of you is a sharp shehitah knife and a loaded gun. Which one will you pick up?

 * Eion is not a cow. JFW | T@lk  21:22, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Moo--Eion 21:33, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Eion, you said "No sources are provided for the "numerous studies" cited proving the inhumanity of kosher butchering." Here on Wikipedia, I looked up source. Under the category of Information it has this: in research: a source of information referred to by citation (see primary source, secondary source, tertiary source, or outside source) Therefore Eion, if you look at the References section of this article, you'll see this: Freedman, S.E. (1970) The Book of Kashruth: A Treasury of Kosher Facts & Frauds. New York: Bloch. Rhyne, et al. (1995) Dimensions of suicide: perceptions of lethality, time, and agony. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior 25(3), 373-380.

 * Cows do not commit suicide. JFW | T@lk  22:49, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Requested move
It is proposed to move Kosher to Kosher (disambiguation), and then redirect the title "Kosher" to the article Kashrut, as the primary topic for that term. Please comment below. --Russ (talk) 09:15, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

At first, it was this way. But I made the change after I saw that "Kashrut" was not the only article one may be looking for with the term "Kosher" There are actually a few articles that directly tie to the word "kosher," such as "Kosher foods." Many more related articles follow. Xyz7890 (talk) 15:26, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

I think in this case Kosher should show Kashrut, what we seem to be disambiguating are sub-articles from the main idea of Kashrut. Narson (talk) 19:34, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I originally made the change to the current way because I got confused, since there were articles titled "Kashrut" and "Kosher foods," besides all the subarticles.Xyz7890 (talk) 20:56, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, I wasn't maligning the original move, Xyz. It is a suprisingly complex situation (And a new situation) however I think having Kosher direct to Kashrut and then putting a disambiguation 'hat' on Kashrut would be a better way. Just my opinion and it could be (And often is, it seems) wrong Narson (talk) 20:59, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Surely, per Use English and Common names, the Kashrut article should be moved/renamed rather than redirected? Even the opening sentence says it "is termed kosher in English". Llamasharmafarmerdrama (talk) 21:02, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Probably, though, wouldn't that be a seperate move request? Sounds like an idea though Llama. Narson (talk) 21:44, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * This also struck me as a backward move. It seems to me that as stated above, Use English and Common names dictate that Kashrut should redirect to Kosher and not vice-versa, and Kosher should have a disambiguation tag directing to Kosher (disambiguation).  Just my 2¢.  Wilhelm meis (talk) 00:22, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Or do I misunderstand? Does "Kosher" refer not to "Kashrut" (the law), but rather to "that which is in accordance with Kashrut"? In which case, the two should link to each other, but there should be no redirect. Wilhelm meis (talk) 00:29, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Both. Kosher means both something that conforms with Jewish dietry law, but also is commonly used to refer to the dietry law itself. It is a suprisingly complex series of moves. The more I think about it, the more I am sure something needs to be moved somewhere, but not quite sure which is right. Narson (talk) 00:37, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kosher (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Military history of India

Who wrote the "Opposition:Indian National Army" piece
It's filled with baseless facts and talks about Sikhs. This is a piece on Azad Hind Fauj. I deleted the article and entered a few bits. I'll expand it considerably over the few days.

For the person who's responsible for this : What's your point ? Ok, What if Sikhs were part of the AHF. AHF was filled with Volunteers, Indian PoWs and German and Japanese Forces. Your argument is baseless and provides no sources.

I know mine (the piece I wrote) sounds a bit rusty, but give me a few days (or weeks)--Milki 17:24, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

This article
Im sorry to be so harsh but this article is a disgrace, its has nothing on WWI and WII and badly set out. I may nominate this for improvement drive CooldogCongo 11:56, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * note 8/22/05 I agree, I just did the Sepoy portion i'll do more later::

Agreed. Inaccuracies, bad grammar, and shoddy spelling abound. Can we put up a "cleanup" tag on this somehow?

I caught some bad grammar, fixed it; I'll definitely be taking a look at the article and adding some more information. I would encourage others to do the same.

AetherSage (talk) 04:30, 4 December 2008 (UTC) AetherSage

Subarticles
6000 years of claimed military history can't be put into one little article. This can at best be an overview. I've sectioned it up. Anyone interested should start up separate articles for each section, and then come back to this overview and fill in a para or so as an abstract of the detailed article. 158.144.51.19 18:05, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Military Establishments
We need to ask Sunder for some help here. When we say Military history, we need to give a little stress on the current and Post Independence period. Then cone DRDO, DLRL, BEL, etc..--Davy Jones 21:29, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Note by Bhaskar
(moved from article space)
 * Note by Bhaskar:::Even as an Indian I found this last passage in correct in many respects and also very pro-Indian, FIRST OF ALL INDIA HAS THE 3rd largest military behind China and the United States, just trailing the latter.

Also I really hate the comments about the ISI and "Pakistan's hostilites" since its not substantiated by any fact

Kingdom of Mysore
Too lazy to add to the article, so adding it here: Hyder Ali was also instructed by French military officers & he was one of the first Indian rulers to use rockets. See http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/FactSheets/rkhist.htm Pamri • Talk 16:31, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added it to the article. utcursch | talk 06:21, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Under Aryans
Hi,

I deleted the sentence regarding the Rig Veda talking about the subjugation of local people, since there is no such mention there. And if you disagree with me, I would like the one who posted the sentence to post those verses here.

Battles Against Europeans
During the early colonial time (1500-1800) India (atleast in the South) had many victories against Europeans. Did Indians use firearms in this period or did they win with some other weapon? Zachorious 18:23, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan (and other Muslim Rulers) might've used Fire Arms. But most Hindu Rulers (with notable exceptions) stuck with traditional weapons--Milki 17:26, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Imaginative terms
Imaginative terms have no place in wikipedia and they are removed. These kind of imaginations even did not provide any kind of infomation from any sources. --Chanakyathegreat 18:04, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Sino-Indian war, 1962
This section is highly POV and does not contain any sources. I'll remove it until someone fixes it. Thanks 216.99.61.249 01:05, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Article needs a major clean up!
Kargil war was not a brief border skirmish! It lasted 50 days and captured the attention of the entire world. No doubt sikhs are brave soldiers and have proved themselves again and again despite unimaginable odds. But they represent a small fraction of the Indian armed forces. Such biased coverage is not healthy. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 219.91.211.70 (talk) 10:15, 21 January 2007 (UTC).

Spruce up sultanate era
Pictures of the arms and armour used, diagrams of tactics, a bit more detail into how armies were levied by muslim and hindu kingdoms and comparisons with other militaries across the globe of the time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vloxul (talk • contribs) 05:09, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

dfdwfefw —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mughalnz (talk • contribs) 03:27, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

India didnt exist until 1947
so the article should be called by the name british india military history instead or pre partition india

India didnt exist until 1947 and should indtead be called British india —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mughalnz (talk • contribs) 03:33, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

Asian Indian American service during World War II
I am looking for assistance in finding references regarding Asian Indian Americans during World War II. During the 1940 US Census "Hindu Americans" were the fourth largest group of Asian Americans after the Japanese, Chinese, and Filipinos. So far I have not found significant sources which to create a paragraph for Indian Americans in the article Military History of Asian Americans. If anyone would like to assist, they can place references they find on the article's talk page. Thank you in advance. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 10:59, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

Lead requires cleaning up
The lead is unbalanced. There are far too many names of dynasties and no mention of the military exploits of each. Any ideas for cleanup are welcome. I intend to begin in a few days time. AshLin (talk) 05:03, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

Copy edit
I've just finished copy editing the article. It needs more sources; right now there are entire sections with nary a footnote in sight. Content-wise, it needs much more discussion of the colonial period and some general fleshing-out in all sections. What I know about the subject I know from this copy edit, so I'm not a good candidate to do this. Best wishes. Lagrange613 (talk) 22:29, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

Mughal Empire image
I've restored the original image of a Mughal cavalryman. This image shows a lot of details of the soldier's equipment that one couldn't really get from the new image. Lagrange613 15:35, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

No mention of Ahom Kingdom
This article has no mention of the Ahom Kingdom, which ruled significant portions of today's North East India. Most importantly Ahoms are considered significant in India's history because they were able to rule themselves and maintain their independence for almost 600 years. Despite repeated attempts by the Mughals, Ahoms did not become a Mughal vassal and successfully resisted the Mughal might. Ahom Kingdom's lack of mention on this page somehow indicates double standards and a one-sided approach. Hence I am adding it. Credible evidences about Ahom Kingdom mentioned hereby: Amit20081980 (talk) 12:36, 11 November 2015 (UTC)
 * https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WfSmsuO6QugC&pg=PA8&dq=ahom+maintained+independence+aurangzeb&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAWoVChMIiuzp4ayIyQIVxR-mCh2EKgh6#v=onepage&q=ahom%20maintained%20independence%20aurangzeb&f=false
 * http://www.britannica.com/topic/Ahom
 * https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AWL1pa8TUFYC&pg=PA590&dq=ahom+maintained+independence&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAGoVChMI35LjnayIyQIVSc9jCh1udgnU#v=onepage&q=ahom%20maintained%20independence&f=false

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Maratha Navy
Currently the naval arm of the Marathas has no mention at all, which certainly deserves a mention. Hence I am adding it (under Maratha Empire). Kindly do not make changes without discussing on talk page.

Amit20081980 (talk) 15:38, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 10 March 2017
Anga in what is today West Bengal to be changed to Anga in what is today Eastern Bihar. 112.133.246.87 (talk) 06:39, 10 March 2017 (UTC)
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Deletion of Jadunath Sarkar by
is deleting Jadunath Sarkar, the world renowed historian, from the article. His book on military history is also well known. Please discuss.
 * You have been plugging multiple of his books across different pages on Wikipedia. He is known for his work on the Mughal Dynasty. This page is far beyond that in terms of history and about military history. Adamgerber80 (talk) 01:04, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Sarkar has been called called the "greatest Indian historian of his time" and one of the greatest in the world, whose erudite works "have established a tradition of honest and scholarly historiography". While it is true that he is most well known for his work on Aurangzeb, he is  also well known for military history, not just Mughal history. Really, why not discuss first on the talk page  before reverting. I am now checking for references about the military history.
 * It is your imperative to discuss on the talk page after your edits have been reverted since you want the content to be added. Please provide proof here about the statements you have made. Also, be patient and let other editors also weigh in with their opinons. You are currently bordering disruptive editing and PROMO behavior. Adamgerber80 (talk) 01:12, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Please check this link for a list of books about military history and Sarkar, and this book about military history and Sarkar.  You are currently bordering disruptive editing and censorship behaviour. You have made no convincing argument that his books about military history are not notable, when they are being cited in numerous works. Sarkar was called the greatest Indian historian of his time", and his books on miliatry history are also well known.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.203.110.245 (talk) 01:20, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
 * There are other references which present have criticism of his work and might consider it biased (the same book you use A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000 von E. Sreedharan). Secondly and more importantly, he is not used as a reference on any content on that page which makes it not relevant to this page. Adamgerber80 (talk) 01:28, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The section is called further reading for a reason! Because it (like also the EL section) contains references to material that have not been adequately discussed in the article. This is so obvious. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.203.110.245 (talk) 01:31, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
 * There are enough reasons to believe that his works might be a biased version of history and so to me it does not makes sense to include it here. Secondly, his expertise is known to be something specific and your current editing behavior is to plug his work in every possible page on Wikipedia which seems to be much like promotion. Adamgerber80 (talk) 01:36, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Oh please the guy is dead since 60 years, who the fuck gains by promoting the work of a dead dude? But your belief that he is "biased" may explain why it seems like you are engaging in censorship. Many great historians have been accused of bias, so what? The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire has been accused of bias, see The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire, but that doesn't diminish its importance. You have made no convincing argument why his work on Military History of India is not notable, or why is only notable for his work on Mughals and nothing else, while I have shown some sources that discuss his books on military history.  Even if you were right and he is only notable for Mughal history, the book would still be relevant because Mughal military history is also part of military history of India.

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:52, 27 June 2022 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Military history of India


text:
User talk:David Coss

User:David Coss
I've added the "" template to your user page (User:David Coss), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).

Please note that the purpose of a user page is not as personal homepage or used as a general webhosting service, but as way for active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. If you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues here or on my user talk page. You may remove the deletion notice, and the page will not be deleted for the moment, but note that it may still be sent to Miscellany for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Calton | Talk 04:54, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) Redirect User_talk:davecoss

title: User talk:David Coss


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/66.6.66.6

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:34, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

66.6.66.6
Non-notable and non-encyclopedic IP. Unless there was some sort of very public flap over its use (if there was, Google doesn't know about it) I see no particular reason why this needs an article. FCYTravis 18:51, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable IP, just another IP. Jtkiefer 19:11, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This would apear to be an urban legend. A dogpile search gives the identical small story propagated accross lots of sites. A whois.arin.net query returns the fact that the range this IP is in has been allocated to the Connecticut Telephone Incorporated company since 1997... Lomedae 19:20, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Well spotted, Travis. -R. fiend 20:27, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable XmarkX 20:51, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Lomedae. Just another IP address. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  21:03, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * If this can be verified (which it looks like it can't), then keep. Otherwise delete.  JYolkowski // talk 21:04, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Microsoft.     22:25, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, completely inaccurate, and given that, the topic is completely non-notable. —Stormie 11:14, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, patent nonsense Eliot 14:59, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The article reports an unremarkable, trivial topic.Rintrah 15:24, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete 100% irrelevant. 100%MoreAwesomeThanYou 17:31, 18 July 2005
 * Delete. Non-notable urban legend.  Bart133 (t) 16:44, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and not merge with Microsoft. Unverifiable. --Vizcarra 18:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Factor (Scotland)

In Scotland a factor (or property manager) is a person or firm charged with superintending or managing properties and estates—sometimes where the owner or landlord is unable to or uninterested in attending to such details personally, or in tenements in which several owners of individual flats contribute to the factoring of communal areas.

Factors can be found in solicitors' firms, or employed by chartered surveyors, property companies or building firms. Property factoring has a wide range of responsibilities and roles. Typically, a person would encounter a factor when renting property or subcontracting for a building firm.

Duties
A factor deals with managing real property for the ultimate owner.

A factor could also be expected to deal with property repair, maintenance, cleaning, landscaping and snow removal, to be coordinated with the landlord's wishes. Such arrangements may require the factor to collect rents, service charges and pay necessary expenses and taxes, making periodic reports to the owner, or the owner may simply delegate specific tasks and deal with others directly.

A factor will often employ the services of a property services company to carry out the duties associated with the upkeep of the property (e.g. garden care, stair cleaning, car parking, etc.).

The Highland factor in history
Highland factors played an influential role during the 18th and 19th centuries. They were the implementers and, often, designers of the improvement programs that gave rise to the first phase of the Highland clearances, they managed famine relief, including during the Highland potato famine, they organised evictions and 'assisted passages' during the second phase of the clearances, they gave evidence to government enquiries such as the Napier Commission, and they were the object of much of the protest during the crofters' war in the 1880s.

In the 17th century, Highland landowners with large estates typically used a family member to carry out the management. This was essentially a role of maintenance: collecting rents, negotiating leases (tacks) and dealing with the ordinary population of the estate. When agricultural improvement got underway in the latter part of the 18th century, new skills were required: an understanding of the latest ideas in agronomy, business acumen, together with accounting and legal knowledge. Combining these in one person created the role of the Highland factor. In addition to the technical skills, he needed to be a person of sufficient social standing to deal with larger tenants and to act as representative of the landowner in local society.

Given the size of many Highland estates, and the remote and inaccessible locations under the charge of a factor, the job required substantial physical stamina. A 20 mi round trip on foot would not be unusual. Duties had to be performed in all weathers; when Patrick Sellar went to collect rents and issue eviction notices in the winter of 1813–1814, one of his guides lost several toes to frostbite in the severe conditions. Alcoholism could be the result of the isolation that a Highland factor endured, together with the unrelenting hard work. The physical and mental health of many brought an early end to their careers. However, the job was well paid, with a typical salary being £200 per annum in the middle of the 19th century, with some earning twice that amount. In addition most factors would be provided with a house and a home farm to run for their own profit (thereby giving an example of the latest agricultural methods to the tenants).

Highland factors had immense power over the populations that they lived within. The security of tenure of many Highland tenants was poor (though some had longer leases that put them in a slightly better position). This caused a fear of eviction, to the extent that, at the time of the crofters' war, a speaker at a land reform meeting said "I am ashamed to confess it now that I trembled more before the factor than I did before the Lord of Lords". Factors were generally despised by the communities in which they lived, even after the clearances had ceased. The gaelic-speaking tenants would blame the factor for unpopular policies, but often would not criticise the landowner whose instructions he was following. This tied in with the peasantry clinging to the old values of Highland life, such as dùthchas, something that was steadily abandoned by the ruling classes as their estates became commercialised.

The large landholdings in the Highlands meant that only a small group of people were needed to fill all the positions. Those who were able to take this career path were usually trained by working under the direction of an experienced factor. Many sons followed their fathers into factorship, thereby saving some of the costs of training. Those without a family background often came from accountancy or the legal profession.

The opinions of factors on their work are available from a few published accounts. In the main era of clearance, Patrick Sellar emphatically made the case for the changes made under him and on other estates – an opinion from which he never deviated. He felt that his own family had benefited from the clearance of his grandfather (who had been a stonemason), starting the Sellars on a path of upward mobility. In a later generation of factors, Evander McIver steadfastedly criticised the existence of overcrowded crofting communities that had been created in the first phase of the clearances. He believed that the economic system was flawed, with neither the estate nor the crofters able to make a decent income from the resources available. This was a widely held view among post-clearance factors, so explaining their support of emigration programs from the congested districts.

title: Factor (Scotland)


text:
C data types

In the C programming language, data types constitute the semantics and characteristics of storage of data elements. They are expressed in the language syntax in form of declarations for memory locations or variables. Data types also determine the types of operations or methods of processing of data elements.

The C language provides basic arithmetic types, such as integer and real number types, and syntax to build array and compound types. Headers for the C standard library, to be used via include directives, contain definitions of support types, that have additional properties, such as providing storage with an exact size, independent of the language implementation on specific hardware platforms.

Main types
The C language provides the four basic arithmetic type specifiers char, int, float and double, and the modifiers signed, unsigned, short, and long. The following table lists the permissible combinations in specifying a large set of storage size-specific declarations.

The actual size of the integer types varies by implementation. The standard requires only size relations between the data types and minimum sizes for each data type:

The relation requirements are that the  is not smaller than long, which is not smaller than int, which is not smaller than short. As char's size is always the minimum supported data type, no other data types (except bit-fields) can be smaller.

The minimum size for char is 8 bits, the minimum size for short and int is 16 bits, for long it is 32 bits and  must contain at least 64 bits.

The type int should be the integer type that the target processor is most efficiently working with. This allows great flexibility: for example, all types can be 64-bit. However, several different integer width schemes (data models) are popular. Because the data model defines how different programs communicate, a uniform data model is used within a given operating system application interface.

In practice, char is usually 8 bits in size and short is usually 16 bits in size (as are their unsigned counterparts). This holds true for platforms as diverse as 1990s SunOS 4 Unix, Microsoft MS-DOS, modern Linux, and Microchip MCC18 for embedded 8-bit PIC microcontrollers. POSIX requires char to be exactly 8 bits in size.

Various rules in the C standard make  the basic type used for arrays suitable to store arbitrary non-bit-field objects: its lack of padding bits and trap representations, the definition of object representation, and the possibility of aliasing.

The actual size and behavior of floating-point types also vary by implementation. The only requirement is that  is not smaller than double, which is not smaller than float. Usually, the 32-bit and 64-bit IEEE 754 binary floating-point formats are used for float and double respectively.

The C99 standard includes new real floating-point types float_t and double_t, defined in. They correspond to the types used for the intermediate results of floating-point expressions when FLT_EVAL_METHOD is 0, 1, or 2. These types may be wider than.

C99 also added complex types:,  ,. C11 added imaginary types (which were described in an informative annex of C99):,  ,. Including the header  allows all these types to be accessed with using complex and imaginary respectively.

Boolean type
C99 added a boolean (true/false) type. Additionally, the  header defines   as a convenient alias for this type, and also provides macros for   and. functions similarly to a normal integer type, with one exception: any assignments to a  that are not 0 (false) are stored as 1 (true). This behavior exists to avoid integer overflows in implicit narrowing conversions. For example, in the following code:

Variable  evaluates to false if   has a size of 8 bits. This is because the value 256 does not fit in the data type, which results in the lower 8 bits of it being used, resulting in a zero value. However, changing the type causes the previous code to behave normally:

The type _Bool also ensures true values always compare equal to each other:

Bit-precise integer types
Since C23, the language allows the programmer to define integers that have a width of an arbitrary number of bits. Those types are specified as _BitInt(N), where N is an integer constant expression that denotes the number of bits, including the sign bit for signed types, represented in two's complement. The maximum value of N is provided by  and is at least. Therefore, the type _BitInt(2) (or signed _BitInt(2)) takes values from −2 to 1 while unsigned _BitInt(2) takes values from 0 to 3. The type unsigned _BitInt(1) also exists, being either 0 or 1 and has no equivalent signed type.

Size and pointer difference types
The C language specification includes the typedefs  and   to represent memory-related quantities. Their size is defined according to the target processor's arithmetic capabilities, not the memory capabilities, such as available address space. Both of these types are defined in the  header (  in C++).

is an unsigned integer type used to represent the size of any object (including arrays) in the particular implementation. The operator sizeof yields a value of the type. The maximum size of  is provided via , a macro constant which is defined in the   header (  header in C++). is guaranteed to be at least 16 bits wide. Additionally, POSIX includes, which is a signed integer type of the same width as.

is a signed integer type used to represent the difference between pointers. It is guaranteed to be valid only against pointers of the same type; subtraction of pointers consisting of different types is implementation-defined.

Interface to the properties of the basic types
Information about the actual properties, such as size, of the basic arithmetic types, is provided via macro constants in two headers:  header (  header in C++) defines macros for integer types and   header (  header in C++) defines macros for floating-point types. The actual values depend on the implementation.

Properties of integer types

 * – size of the char type in bits, commonly referred to as the size of a byte (at least 8 bits)
 * ,,  ,  ,  (C99) – minimum possible value of signed integer types: signed char, signed short, signed int, signed long, signed long long
 * ,,  ,  ,  (C99) – maximum possible value of signed integer types: signed char, signed short, signed int, signed long, signed long long
 * ,,  ,  ,  (C99) – maximum possible value of unsigned integer types: unsigned char, unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned long, unsigned long long
 * – minimum possible value of char
 * – maximum possible value of char
 * – maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character
 * (C23) - bit width of, always 1
 * (C23) - bit width of ; ,   and   are equal to   by definition
 * ,,  ,  ,   (C23) - bit width of  ,  ,  ,  , and   respectively
 * ,,  ,  ,   (C23) - bit width of  ,  ,  ,  , and   respectively

Properties of floating-point types

 * ,,   – minimum normalized positive value of float, double, long double respectively
 * ,,   (C11) – minimum positive value of float, double, long double respectively
 * ,,   – maximum finite value of float, double, long double, respectively
 * – rounding mode for floating-point operations
 * (C99) – evaluation method of expressions involving different floating-point types
 * – radix of the exponent in the floating-point types
 * ,,   – number of decimal digits that can be represented without losing precision by float, double, long double, respectively
 * ,,   – difference between 1.0 and the next representable value of float, double, long double, respectively
 * ,,   – number of  -base digits in the floating-point significand for types float, double, long double, respectively
 * ,,   – minimum negative integer such that   raised to a power one less than that number is a normalized float, double, long double, respectively
 * ,,   – minimum negative integer such that 10 raised to that power is a normalized float, double, long double, respectively
 * ,,   – maximum positive integer such that   raised to a power one less than that number is a normalized float, double, long double, respectively
 * ,,   – maximum positive integer such that 10 raised to that power is a normalized float, double, long double, respectively
 * (C99) – minimum number of decimal digits such that any number of the widest supported floating-point type can be represented in decimal with a precision of  digits and read back in the original floating-point type without changing its value.   is at least 10.

Fixed-width integer types
The C99 standard includes definitions of several new integer types to enhance the portability of programs. The already available basic integer types were deemed insufficient, because their actual sizes are implementation defined and may vary across different systems. The new types are especially useful in embedded environments where hardware usually supports only several types and that support varies between different environments. All new types are defined in  header (  header in C++) and also are available at   header (  header in C++). The types can be grouped into the following categories:

 * Exact-width integer types that are guaranteed to have the same number n of bits across all implementations. Included only if it is available in the implementation.
 * Least-width integer types that are guaranteed to be the smallest type available in the implementation, that has at least specified number n of bits. Guaranteed to be specified for at least N=8,16,32,64.
 * Fastest integer types that are guaranteed to be the fastest integer type available in the implementation, that has at least specified number n of bits. Guaranteed to be specified for at least N=8,16,32,64.
 * Pointer integer types that are guaranteed to be able to hold a pointer. Included only if it is available in the implementation.
 * Maximum-width integer types that are guaranteed to be the largest integer type in the implementation.

The following table summarizes the types and the interface to acquire the implementation details (n refers to the number of bits):

Printf and scanf format specifiers
The  header (  in C++) provides features that enhance the functionality of the types defined in the   header. It defines macros for printf format string and scanf format string specifiers corresponding to the types defined in  and several functions for working with the   and   types. This header was added in C99.

Printf format string
The macros are in the format. Here {fmt} defines the output formatting and is one of  (decimal),   (hexadecimal),   (octal),   (unsigned) and   (integer). {type} defines the type of the argument and is one of,  ,  ,  ,  , where   corresponds to the number of bits in the argument.

Scanf format string
The macros are in the format. Here {fmt} defines the output formatting and is one of  (decimal),   (hexadecimal),   (octal),   (unsigned) and   (integer). {type} defines the type of the argument and is one of,  ,  ,  ,  , where   corresponds to the number of bits in the argument.

Additional floating-point types
Similarly to the fixed-width integer types, ISO/IEC TS 18661 specifies floating-point types for IEEE 754 interchange and extended formats in binary and decimal:
 * for binary interchange formats;
 * for decimal interchange formats;
 * for binary extended formats;
 * for decimal extended formats.

Structures
Structures aggregate the storage of multiple data items, of potentially differing data types, into one memory block referenced by a single variable. The following example declares the data type  which contains the name and birthday of a person. The structure definition is followed by a declaration of the variable  that allocates the needed storage.

The memory layout of a structure is a language implementation issue for each platform, with a few restrictions. The memory address of the first member must be the same as the address of structure itself. Structures may be initialized or assigned to using compound literals. A function may directly return a structure, although this is often not efficient at run-time. Since C99, a structure may also end with a flexible array member.

A structure containing a pointer to a structure of its own type is commonly used to build linked data structures:

Arrays
For every type, except void and function types, there exist the types "array of   elements of type  ". An array is a collection of values, all of the same type, stored contiguously in memory. An array of size  is indexed by integers from   up to and including. Here is a brief example:

Arrays can be initialized with a compound initializer, but not assigned. Arrays are passed to functions by passing a pointer to the first element. Multidimensional arrays are defined as "array of array …", and all except the outermost dimension must have compile-time constant size:

Pointers
Every data type  has a corresponding type pointer to  . A pointer is a data type that contains the address of a storage location of a variable of a particular type. They are declared with the asterisk type declarator following the basic storage type and preceding the variable name. Whitespace before or after the asterisk is optional.

Pointers may also be declared for pointer data types, thus creating multiple indirect pointers, such as char ** and int ***, including pointers to array types. The latter are less common than an array of pointers, and their syntax may be confusing:

The element  requires ten blocks of memory of the size of pointer to   (usually 40 or 80 bytes on common platforms), but element   is only one pointer (size 4 or 8 bytes), and the data it refers to is an array of ten bytes (sizeof *pa == 10).

Unions
A union type is a special construct that permits access to the same memory block by using a choice of differing type descriptions. For example, a union of data types may be declared to permit reading the same data either as an integer, a float, or any other user declared type: The total size of  is the size of   – which happens to be the sum of the sizes of   and   – since   is larger than both   and. When assigning something to, some parts of   may be preserved if   is smaller than.

Reading from a union member is not the same as casting since the value of the member is not converted, but merely read.

Function pointers
Function pointers allow referencing functions with a particular signature. For example, to store the address of the standard function  in the variable  :

Function pointers are invoked by name just like normal function calls. Function pointers are separate from pointers and void pointers.

Type qualifiers
The aforementioned types can be characterized further by type qualifiers, yielding a qualified type. and C11, there are four type qualifiers in standard C:  (C89),   (C89),   (C99) and   (C11) –  the latter has a private name to avoid clashing with user names, but the more ordinary name   can be used if the   header is included. Of these,  is by far the best-known and most used, appearing in the standard library and encountered in any significant use of the C language, which must satisfy const-correctness. The other qualifiers are used for low-level programming, and while widely used there, are rarely used by typical programmers.

title: C data types


text:
Temporal logic of actions

Temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic developed by Leslie Lamport, which combines temporal logic with a logic of actions. It is used to describe behaviours of concurrent and distributed systems. It is the logic underlying the specification language TLA+.

Details
Statements in the temporal logic of actions are of the form $$[A]_t$$, where A is an action and t contains a subset of the variables appearing in A. An action is an expression containing primed and non-primed variables, such as $$x+x'*y=y'$$. The meaning of the non-primed variables is the variable's value in this state. The meaning of primed variables is the variable's value in the next state. The above expression means the value of x today, plus the value of x tomorrow times the value of y today, equals the value of y tomorrow.

The meaning of $$[A]_t$$ is that either A is valid now, or the variables appearing in t do not change. This allows for stuttering steps, in which none of the program variables change their values.

Specification Languages
There are multiple specification languages that implement Temporal Logic of Actions. Each language has unique features and use cases:

TLA+
TLA+ is the default and most widely used specification language for TLA. It is a mathematical language designed to describe the behavior of concurrent and distributed systems. The specification is written in functional style.

PlusCal
PlusCal is a high-level algorithm language that translates to TLA+. It allows users to write algorithms in a familiar pseudocode-like syntax, which are then automatically converted into TLA+ specifications. This makes PlusCal ideal for those who prefer to think in terms of algorithms rather than state machines.

Quint
Quint is another specification language that translates to TLA+. Quint combines the robust theoretical basis of the Temporal Logic of Actions (TLA) with state-of-the-art type checking and development tooling. Unlike PlusCal, the Quint operators and keywords have one-to-one translation to TLA+.

FizzBee
FizzBee is a higher level specification language using Python like syntax designed to bring formal methods for mainstream software engineers working on distributed systems. While based on Temporal Logic of Actions, it does not translate to or use TLA+ under the hood unlike PlusCal or Quint.

title: Temporal logic of actions


text: User talk:80.177.160.133

title: User talk:80.177.160.133