text:
Trevor Hairsine

Trevor Hairsine is a British comics artist, whose detailed style has been compared to that of Bryan Hitch.

In August 2005 Marvel Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada named him as one of Marvel Comics's "Young Guns", a group of artists who have the qualities that make "a future superstar penciller".

Career
Hairsine began his professional career working for the Judge Dredd Megazine, where he co-created the character of Harmony Krieg, and at 2000 AD, as one of the artists of the anthology's flagship series Judge Dredd.

He worked on the first three issues of Cla$war but problems for the publisher Com.x caused a delay in publication and Hairsine had already got the attention of Marvel Comics and went on to provide the art for Captain America. He has since worked mostly for Marvel since, frequently illustrating scripts by Brian Michael Bendis and fellow-Brit Warren Ellis.

At the New York Comic Con it was announced that he would be providing the art for Killapalooza, a new title from Wildstorm, written by Adam Beechen.

Comics

 * Harmony: "Blood and Snow" (with Chris Standley, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol. 2) #55–60, 1994)
 * Judge Dredd:
 * "Wilderlands" (with John Wagner, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol.2) #63–67, 1994)
 * "The Three Amigos" (with John Wagner, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol.3) #2–7, 1995)
 * "Rise & Fall of Chair Man Dilbert " (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #1012–1013, 1996)
 * "Dredd of Drokk Green" (with Alan Barnes, in Judge Dredd Mega Special 1996)
 * "Lost in Americana" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #1034–1036, 1997)
 * "No More Jimmy Deans" (with John Wagner, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol.3) No. 39, 1998)
 * "Revenge of the Taxidermist" (with John Wagner, in 2000 AD #1087–1089, 1998)
 * Strontium Dogs: "Hate & War" (with Peter Hogan, in 2000 AD #993–999, 1996)
 * The Johnny Unit (with John Wagner, in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol.3) No. 31, 1997)
 * Missionary Man (with Gordon Rennie):
 * "Storm Warnings" (in Judge Dredd Megazine (vol.3) No. 38, 1998)
 * "The Promised Land" (in 2000 AD #1177, 2000)
 * Judge Anderson: "Lawless" (with Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #1102–1103, 1998)
 * Mercy Heights: "Mercy Heights Book 2" (with John Tomlinson, in 2000AD #1133–1137 & 1139–1148, 1999)
 * Downlode Tales: "Lone Shark" (with Dan Abnett, in 2000 AD #1144, 1999)
 * Pulp Sci-Fi: "Surgical Strike" (with Gordon Rennie, in 2000 AD #1148, 1999)
 * Cla$war #1–3 (with Rob Williams, 6-issue limited series, Com.x, January–July 2002, tpb, 2003, collects Cla$$war #1–3, hardcover, 210 pages, 2009, ISBN 1-60743-816-X)
 * Captain America: The Extremists (penciller, with John Ney Rieber, Marvel, 2002–2003, tpb collects Captain America #7–11, 120 pages, 2003 ISBN 0-7851-1102-6)
 * Ultimate Six (penciller, with Brian Michael Bendis, 7-issue limited series, Ultimate Marvel, 2004, tpb, Ultimate Spider-Man, Volume 9: Ultimate Six, 208 pages, June 2004, ISBN 0-7851-1312-6))
 * Ultimate Galactus: Ultimate Nightmare (penciller, with Warren Ellis, Marvel, 2005)
 * X-Men: Deadly Genesis (penciller, with Ed Brubaker, Marvel, 2005)
 * Young Guns Sketchbook 2004 (penciller, Marvel, 2005)
 * Black Panther vol. 4 No. 7 (penciller, with Reginald Hudlin, Marvel, 2006)
 * Wisdom (penciller, with Paul Cornell, 6-issue limited series, MAX, 2006, tpb, 144 pages, August 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2123-4)
 * X-Men Origins: Colossus #1 (penciller, with Chris Yost, one-shot, Marvel, 2008)
 * "Sentry" (penciller, with Fred Van Lente, in Origins of Marvel Comics, one-shot, Marvel, July 2010)
 * "Armor Hunters: Bloodshot" (penciller, with Joe Harris, 3-issue mini-series, Valiant Entertainment, 2014)
 * "Divinity" (penciller, with Matt Kindt, 4-issue mini-series, Valiant Entertainment, 2015)
 * "Divinity II" (penciller, with Matt Kindt, 4-issue mini-series, Valiant Entertainment, 2016)

Games

 * Rookie's Guide to the Justice Department (Mongoose, 2002)
 * Dungeons & Dragons Miniatures Handbook (Wizards of the Coast, 2003)
 * Magic: The Gathering:
 * Onslaught (Wizards of the Coast, 2002)
 * Mirrodin (Wizards of the Coast, 2003)
 * Darksteel (Wizards of the Coast, 2004)
 * Unhinged (Wizards of the Coast, 2004)
 * Future Sight (Wizards of the Coast, 2007)
 * Shadowmoor (Wizards of the Coast, 2008)
 * Eventide (Wizards of the Coast, 2008)
 * Shards of Alara (Wizards of the Coast, 2008)

title: Trevor Hairsine


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User talk:Seemagoel

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 11:15, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

exoticindia.com
Hi, I've noticed that a lot of your edits to Wikipedia have been links to exoticindia.com or exoticindiaart.com. You've also added some text from that site, which is shown as being under copyright. With regard to the text, I am removing it whenever I see it, because Wikipedia cannot use copyrighted material without permission. However, if you own the copyright and agree to release it to Wikipedia, then I will restore the text. As for the links, please make sure that each link you add links to the page. If you are the owner of the site in question, it is considered inappropriate to use Wikipedia for the purpose of creating links to it. Also, please do not add links to commerical pages, i.e. those that are selling something. - Nat Krause 16:13, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for getting back to me. It would be good if we could have a little additional confirmation that you are indeed authorized to release text and images under Wikipedia's license, which is called the GFDL (images may also use a Creative Commons license). Would it be possible to have someone from exoticindia.com or exoticindiaart.com send me an e-mail giving permission (I mean from an e-mail address that ends in @exoticindiaart.com or @exoticindia.com)? You can send me an e-mail by clicking here. Further, to avoid confusion in the future, when you add copyrighted text to Wikipedia, it would be good if you put a note in the edit summary saying something like, "Adding text from www.exoticindiaart.com, written by (include the name of the author if there is a byline), released to Wikipedia with permission." It's important for us to keep track of who the authors of the text in our articles are.

 * Thanks again for your contributions. - Nat Krause 07:05, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Ef62sm.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ef62sm.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. -- Longhair 11:34, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

India related links
--Pamri 04:22, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Df67sm.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Df67sm.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 17:39, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:Hargobind Singh.jpg
Hi,

I was wondering if you could describe the copyright details of this image? It appears that it was taken from your web site but is labelled as public domain.

For copyright purposes, how old is the painting? I'm a bit sceptical about it being mid-19th century because of how clear it is.

Thanks for your time. Sukh | ਸੁਖ | Talk 22:47, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Ratiratna Pradipika
I see lot of links from List of authors of erotic works missing and am mostly interested in Ratiratna Pradipika as part of Vijayanagara Empire article. Could you plase add a stub or article for it? mlpkr 14:57, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Tandava
Since you have made sensible contributions to the article on Lasya, you might be able to sort out a couple of other articles....

At the moment, Tandava redirects to Shiva Tandava Stotra, which doesn't seem to be about the dance, but about the hymn. But there's a very badly written article, Tandav Nritya, which seems to be about the dance Tandava - and never mentions the term that is the name of the article.

To me, it would seem to make more sense to change Tandava from a redirect to an article about the dance, and redirect Tandav Nritya to point there - but I know next to nothing about the subject; I came across the article while doing cleanup. Help? --Alvestrand 05:03, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Links to web sites
The link you placed to an external web site on Kama Sutra appears to have been well-intended, but the link was removed because the site is not a WP:RS for this topic. For information on external link policies, please see WP:EL. Additional guidelines on the placement of links are available at WikiProject Spam. Buddhipriya 18:36, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Please do not post copyrighted material to Wikipedia without permission from the copyright holder. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. -- Whpq 12:57, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Yoga poll
Hi! There's some discussion on whether using "asana", "yogasana" or "yoga asana" as the article title. If you are acquainted with the subject, you are invited to drop your opinion at Talk:Yogasana. Davin7 10:13, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Indian Tradition in Kama Sutra
Quiet opposite to Indian tradition, this article wrongly says "Indian tradition includes following the "four main goals of life",[12][13] known as the purusharthas:[14] 1). Dharma: Virtuous living. 2). Artha: Material prosperity. 3). Kama: Aesthetic and erotic pleasure.[15][16] 4). Moksha: Liberation." citing Hopkins and others. You ask most Indians and they will tell you the first 3 are total opposites of Indian traditions, Hinduism and what is taught in India. What is worst, is the citations are mainly of Western authors. Who knows Indian traditions better, an Indian or Mr. Hopkins? In Temples across India, people are taught to denounce pleasure, sexual pleasure, material gains and take part in meditation, but Mr. Hopkins decides to talk about some rare invaluable unheard of Indian traditions? It's like me saying in Jewish traditions they love to have sex with 3 year olds as it states in the Talmud. Sexual energy is considered the lowest of the lowest energy a human being can give off in Hinduism and certainly, illicit sex is the most denounced pleasure in Indian tradition and Hinduism. And second of all, as an Indian, you are welcome to go to India and ask about Kama Sutra, half wouldn't know what your talking about, some will tell you its a bad and denounced script of adulterers in the past, and most will tell you that Kama Sutra has nothing to do with Indian traditions. You will always find prostitutes, and sex-maniacs, even in the heavily Islamic country of Saudi Arabia, but that is far from generalizing such behavior as someones culture. Does Freud's irrational obsurd theories mean that European traditions reflect his views? Kama Sutra has been the most insignificant script in Indian and Hindu culture and history, untouched, unwanted, disliked, until some Western Jew managed to find it, and turn it into a multi-million dollar business. Please help change Kama Sutra article to show what Kama Sutra really is, and that is an seuxal orientated book written by an Indian many years ago, far from Indian or Hindu tradition or culture. It's the equilavent of any good old script, but it is certainly not any script to suggest a tradition or culture. It remained unknown for so many centuries amongst Indians until westerns decided to popularize it again and also help sexualize Indians. --78.86.117.164 20:51, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problems with Ratiratna Pradipika
Hello. Concerning your contribution, Ratiratna Pradipika, please note that Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images obtained from other web sites or printed material, without the permission of the author(s). As a copyright violation, Ratiratna Pradipika appears to qualify for deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. Ratiratna Pradipika has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message. If you believe that the article or image is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA) then you should do one of the following:

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However, for textual content, you may simply consider rewriting the content in your own words. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with our copyright policy. Wikipedia takes copyright concerns very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. Thank you. ✤ JonHarder talk 02:51, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Seemagoel


text:
Eric Jacobson

Eric Jacobson (born January 15, 1971) is an American puppeteer. He is best known for his involvement with the Muppets, performing Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, and Sam Eagle for The Muppets Studio, as well as Sesame Street characters Bert, Grover, Oscar the Grouch, and Guy Smiley—all roles that he inherited from the characters' original performers, Frank Oz, Caroll Spinney, and Jim Henson.

Since 1994, Jacobson has been a regular performer for Sesame Street, where he has received Daytime Emmy Award and Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Since 2001, Jacobson has appeared as part of the Muppets cast in several feature films and television series, including The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005), The Muppets (2011), Muppets Most Wanted (2014), the ABC primetime television series, The Muppets (2015), and the Disney+ series, The Muppets Mayhem (2023).

Career
Eric Jacobson, a native of Fort Worth, was inspired to enter the field of puppeteering after the death of Jim Henson. In 1992, while attending film school, Jacobson interned at the Jim Henson Company, working in the archival library.

Jacobson began his career as a puppeteer on Sesame Street in 1994, where he worked alongside Frank Oz, often performing the roles of Grover and Bert when Oz wasn't available. Following Oz's retirement from the roles, Jacobson became the characters' primary performer. Since 2005, he has performed Guy Smiley, a role previously performed by Henson. Following Caroll Spinney's retirement in 2018, Jacobson became the full-time performer of Oscar the Grouch.

For his work on Sesame Street, Jacobson has been nominated for both a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in Children's Programming and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance in 2011 and 2019, respectively.

For the Muppets, Jacobson began performing Miss Piggy in 2001, debuting at the "MuppetFest" fan convention. The following year, he began performing Fozzie Bear and Animal, debuting in the roles in It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie. In 2005, he also began performing Sam Eagle beginning in The Muppets' Wizard of Oz. The aforementioned characters were also previously performed by Oz, whom Jacobson consulted with to accurately portray the proper characterization, physicality, and voice for the characters.

Other works
Beyond his work with Henson, Jacobson has contributed to several other children's television shows, including The Puzzle Place and Jack's Big Music Show. He has also performed live puppet theater with Basil Twist, The Puppet Company, The Cosmic Bicycle Theater, and The Swedish Cottage Marionette Theater in Central Park.

For Disney, Jacobson performed Harry the Duck on Bear in the Big Blue House and puppeteered Piglet on The Book of Pooh. In 2007, he served as both puppeteer and writer on Playhouse Disney's Bunnytown.

In 2013, Jacobson served as puppeteer for Shaggy Rogers for the DVD movie Scooby Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map, with Matthew Lillard providing Shaggy's voice.

Guest appearances
Jacobson has performed Miss Piggy during appearances on Rove Live, Live with Regis and Kelly, The Tony Danza Show, Good Morning America, This Morning, WWE Raw, and WWE Tribute to the Troops. Additionally, he has performed the character on various Disney Channel Original Series, such as Good Luck Charlie, So Random!, and Take Two with Phineas and Ferb. In 2019, he made an in-character voice cameo as Fozzie Bear in the animated series Big City Greens, voicing the character Dr. Enamel.

Jacobson has performed Fozzie Bear for several late-night television appearances, including Saturday Night Live, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, and @midnight. In 2005, Jacobson performed Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, and Animal for an appearance on Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.

For Sesame Street, Jacobson has performed Grover during appearances on Good Morning Australia, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and Rove Live. In 2001, he performed Bert for the character's appearance in the Between the Lions second season episode "Tweet! Tweet!".

Personal life
Jacobson is married to Mary Jacobson, whom he met during her time as a production assistant on Sesame Street.

title: Eric Jacobson


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Jules Vallès

Jules Vallès (1832–1885) was a French journalist, author, and left-wing political activist.

In 1883 he was entirely successful in restarting Le Cri du Peuple as a voice for libertarian and socialist ideas. At the same time he became increasingly ill with diabetes. During a health crisis in November 1884, he was taken to the house of doctor Guebhard and his secretary Séverine. He assigned Hector Malot to be the executor of his will and died on 14 February 1885.

His funeral was also a major public event, attracting a procession of some 60,000 following the coffin to Père Lachaise Cemetery.

title: Jules Vallès


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Tony Delroy

Anthony Eric Delroy (born 1 January 1953 ) is a retired Australian radio presenter. Delroy hosted ABC Local Radio's late-night talkback show Nightlife from 1987 to 2016 when he retired.

Background and career
Delroy commenced working in news radio on Sydney station 2SM while completing his schooling. He joined the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and worked on-air in Bathurst while studying journalism. After a short stint in Launceston, Delroy was appointed news director of 2UE. In 1987, he joined 702 ABC Sydney and soon took over the Nightlife program, at a period when broadcasts used to end about midnight or 1:00 am. In 1990 the program went national and the ABC replaced the state-based late night programming with the national show, a mix of talkback, current affairs and light entertainment, the highlight for some being a 25-question quiz.

The show's success as ABC Local Radio's highest rating weekday program was bolstered by a team of experts who are featured every week to discuss such topics as motoring, literature, movies, American politics, finance, superannuation and travel destinations. In a minor 2010 incident, Delroy received an official reprimand after he used abusive language at a security guard who asked Delroy to remove his car from the space reserved for Maurice Newman, the chairman of the ABC.

Delroy has a cat named Barbara, who was mentioned during his broadcasts, along with his fondness for football and horse racing.

Delroy retired on 2 September 2016, after 26 years hosting Nightlife and 30 years with the ABC.

title: Tony Delroy


text:
User:Qwm123

See qwm.

title: User:Qwm123


text:
Kelantan-Pattani Malay

Kelantan-Pattani Malay (bahasa Melayu Kelantan/Patani; ภาษายาวี; baso Taning in Pattani; kecek Klate in Kelantan) is an Austronesian language of the Malayic subfamily spoken in the Malaysian state of Kelantan, as well as in Besut and Setiu districts of Terengganu state and the Perhentian Islands, and in the southernmost provinces of Thailand. It is the primary spoken language of Thai Malays and used as a lingua franca by ethnic Southern Thais in rural areas, Muslim and non-Muslim and the Sam-Sam, a mostly Thai-speaking population of mixed Malay and Thai ancestry.

Kelantan-Pattani Malay is highly divergent from other Malay varieties because of its geographical isolation from the rest of the Malay world by high mountains, deep rainforests and the Gulf of Thailand. It is also influenced by Thai in Thailand.

Kelantanese-Pattani Malay is distinct enough that radio broadcasts in Standard Malay cannot be understood easily by native speakers of Kelantan-Pattani Malay, such as those in Thailand, who are not taught the standard variety of the language. Unlike Malaysia, where Standard Malay is compulsory in the school curriculum, no one is required to learn Standard Malay in Thailand and so there is potentially less language influence from Standard Malay but potentially more from Thai. It is also distinct from Kedah Malay, Pahang Malay and Terengganu Malay, but those languages are much more closely related to the Kelantanese-Pattani Malay language than Standard Malay.

Names
The language is often referred to in Thai as phasa Yawi (ภาษายาวี; ), which is a corruption of the Malay name for the modified Arabic alphabet for writing Malay, Jawi (Jawi: ; ). It is also referred to in Thai as phasa Malayu Pattani (ภาษามลายูปัตตานี; ) and similarly locally in Malay as bahasa Melayu Patani (Jawi:, Rumi: bahasa Melayu Patani, ). The language is often called bahasa Patani in Pattani.

Kelantanese is known in Standard Malay as bahasa Kelantan, and in Kelantanese as baso Kelate. It is also known as or  in Besut and Setiu of Terengganu State.

One variant of Kelantan-Pattani Malay is the Reman variant, also known as (according to the speakers of this area; the areas where this variant was spoken were under the Reman state of the Kingdom of Pattani that was abolished in 1902 in which the areas were Batu Kurau, inland Perak (Gerik, Pengkalan Hulu, Lenggong) and inland Kedah (Sik, Baling, Padang Terap)). The Reman viarants are known as various names such as, , , , , etc. It is also known as the Kedah Hulu dialect (in Kedah) and the Perak Hulu dialect (in Perak). However, these terms only apply to political and geographical factors rather than linguistic ones. This Reman variant has many dialects and subdialects across the areas where this variant is spoken.

Writing system
Kelantanese Malay is written both in Latin and in the Jawi alphabet, a writing system based on the Arabic script. This is in stark contrast to the rest of the general population of Malay speakers in both Malaysia and Indonesia that now mainly use the Latin script, known in Malay as rumi (رومي), for daily communication. Today, Pattani Malay is generally not a written language, though it is sometimes written in informal settings. An old-fashioned form of standard Malay is used when writing is needed rather than the local dialect. A phonetic rendering of Pattani Malay in the Thai alphabet has been introduced, but it has not been met with much success due to the socio-religious significance of Jawi to Muslim Malays.

History
Southern Thailand has continued to be a region affected by two cultural spheres: the mainly Buddhist, Thai-speaking Siamese kingdoms and the mainly Muslim, Malay-speaking sultanates. The region was a warehouse of trade where merchants from Europe, India, Arabia, China, Siam, and other parts of the Malay world met. At first dominated by Hindu-Buddhist Indian influences, the great kingdom of Srivijaya would later fall into chaos. Islam was introduced by Arab and Indian traders in the 11th century and has been the dominant religion ever since, replacing Buddhism and Hinduism that had held sway. By the 14th century, the area became vassals to Ayutthaya, but the region was autonomous and never fully incorporated into modern Thai nation-state until 1902. This political autonomy and isolation from the rest of the Malay world allowed for the preservation of the Malay language and culture but also led to the divergence of the dialect.

Variation
Kelantan-Pattani Malay can be divided into three major variants and several dialects (and a few subdialects):

Kelantan: Coastal (Narathiwat, Besut dialects), Central / River, Dabong / Inland

Pattani: Yala, Saiburi, Bana Taning, Chenok / Chana, Nonthaburi / Bangkok

Reman: Grik, Sik, Baling, Padang Terap, Batu Kugho / Selama, Southern Yala

 * The Reman variants of Kedah and Perak show some vocabulary influence from Perak Malay and Kedah Malay (e.g. ('you'),  ('you'),  ('brag/show off'), etc.).

Creole/Pidgin: Samsam Malay (a mixed language of Thai and Pattani Malay spoken by those of mixed Thai-Malay ancestry)

Distribution
Kelantanese is spoken in the Malaysian state of Kelantan, as well as in Besut and Setiu districts of Terengganu and the Perhentian Islands. It is also spoken in the Merapoh township, in the Lipis district of Pahang since this town borders the state of Kelantan.

Many people in the districts of Baling, Sik and Padang Terap in Kedah as well as the Hulu Perak district of Perak speak Kelantan-Patani language of Reman dialects, since most of the Malay people there are the descendants of Kelantanese migrants and Pattani refugees (in which whereby these regions were once parts of the Reman Kingdom of Pattani).

Pattani Malay is the main language of the Thai provinces Narathiwat, Yala and Pattani where ethnic Malays make up the majority of the population, it is also spoken in parts of Songkhla and Bangkok. It is less spoken in the province of Satun, where despite making up the majority, ethnic Malays generally speak Southern Thai and their Malay dialect is similar to Kedah Malay. It is also spoken in scattered villages as far north as Hat Yai. In the past, Malay was the main language as far north as the Isthmus of Kra, the traditional division between Central Thailand and Southern Thailand, based on the preponderance of etymologically Malay place names.

Phonology
There are 21 consonants and 12 vowels in Pattani Malay. The phonemes and  only appear in some loanwords or proper names.

Vowels
Note(s):

 * The close central unrounded vowel is believed to actually be a schwa  according to Teoh (1994) and Adi Yasran (2005)
 * Before a final and final  coda and in open-ended words,  is pronounced as:
 * Open back unrounded according to Adi Yasran (2006, 2010) and Zaharani (2006)
 * Open-mid back rounded according to Nawanit (1986)
 * Near-open central according to Teoh (1984)
 * Many such as Adi Yasran (2010) and Teoh and Yeoh (1988) believe that the nasal vowels of Kelantan-Pattani Malay do not count as phonemes

Comparison with Standard Malay
Kelantan-Pattani Malay is different enough from Standand Malay that it is often unintelligible to speakers of the standard language. Differences include some differences in vocabulary, and different sound correspondences. The influence of Southern Thai and the Kelantan-Pattani Malay in Pattani upon each other is great, and both have large numbers of loanwords from the other. The influence of the Thai language makes comprehension between the Pattani variety of Kelatan-Pattani Malay and Standard Malay a bit more difficult than comprehension between the Kelantanese variety of Kelantan-Pattani Malay and Standard Malay.

Vocabulary
Note(s):

 * The spelling used for the Kelantan-Pattani Malay words is an eye dialect.

Speakers in the Pattani region are also noted to use loans directly from Thai such as tahang "army" from ทหาร, torosak "telephone" from โทรศัพท์ and besek "receipt" from ใบเสร็จ.

Gemination
Gemination occurs for various purposes and in various forms in Kelatan-Pattani Malay. At the phonemic level, these geminations are transcribed as but they are pronounced as  so  is pronounced as.

Initial syllable reduction
These geminations are derived by deleting the initial syllable and replacing it with a geminated form of the initial consonant of the remaining word.

 * From simple words
 * betina >  'woman'
 * buwi >  'to give'

 * From prefixed words
 * berjalan >  'to walk'
 * berdiri >  'to stand up'

Initial morpheme reduction
These geminates are derived by deleting the initial morpheme of a reduplicated word and replacing it with a geminated form of the remaining morpheme. Unlike the geminations acquired from initial syllable reduction, these geminates are not free variants of their Standard Malay counterparts.

 * From the reduplicated form of a word
 * baik-baik >  'well'
 * molek-molek >  'properly'

 * From words that are reduplications of a single word
 * layang-layang >  'kite'
 * kura-kura >  'tortoise'

Functional word reduction
In this situation, a word with a function is deleted and the word afterwards is geminated. This sort of gemination is a free variant of its Standard Malay counterpart.

 * From a verbal linker
 * basuh buwi cuci >  'to wash clean'
 * taruh buwi panjang >  'to keep something so it'll grow long'

 * From preposition reduction
 * ke darat >  'to/at/from the shore'
 * sejak pagi >  'since the morning'

Loanwords
Many loanwords tend to have initial geminated consonants too.

 * tar >  'tar'

Stress
Kelantan-Pattani Malay has a set of stress rules that is quite different to that of Standard Malay.

Words with initial simple consonants
Generally, in Kelantan-Pattani Malay, the primary stress falls on the last syllable if the word starts with a single consonant.

 * nak >  'to want'
 * dalam >  'in'
 * gelisah >  'restless'

However, in words with more than one syllable, syllables with a schwa are unstressed.

 * petang >  'afternoon'
 * belakang >  'back'

Syllables that do not have the schwa and are not in the word-final position take the secondary stress.

 * jalan >  'path'
 * makanan >  'food'

Words with geminated consonants
If a word has an initial syllable with a geminated consonant, that syllable automatically takes the primary stress.

 * berjalan >  'to walk'
 * ke darat >  'to/at/from the shore'

title: Kelantan-Pattani Malay


text:
John Tartaglia

John Nicholas Tartaglia (born February 16, 1978) is an American puppeteer, actor, and singer.

Early life
Tartaglia was born in Maple Shade Township, New Jersey, and graduated from Upper Dublin High School in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1996.

Tartaglia joined Sesame Street's puppetry team in a part-time capacity at the age of 16, making him one of the youngest Sesame Street puppeteers in the show's history. He performed as a right hand and many minor characters, including Phoebe, and was the understudy for Kevin Clash's Elmo. He performed as Ernie for the second season of Play with Me Sesame and as Oscar the Grouch for Sesame Street 4D. Tartaglia was also a digital puppeteer for the "Elmo's World" segments and performed the character Tingo on Sesame English. He became a full-time part of Sesame Street at the age of 18.

Career
In 2003, Tartaglia performed as DJ 2 in Animal Jam. He created and puppeteered the roles of Princeton and Rod in the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical Avenue Q, which opened on July 31, 2003. He was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2004 and left the cast on January 30, 2005. Tartaglia reprised these roles in the Las Vegas production of Avenue Q from August to December 2005. He then appeared in Newsical 2006: The Next Edition in December 2005.

In 2006, Tartaglia joined the cast of Beauty and the Beast as Lumière until June 2007. He created, executive produced, and starred in the Playhouse Disney short series Johnny and the Sprites, which expanded to a full 30-minute series on January 13, 2007. In 2007, Tartaglia provided the voice for Mr. Bluelight in Kmart commercials.

Tartaglia played Pinocchio, Puss in Boots, and the Magic Mirror, and puppeteered the dragon in Shrek The Musical. The show opened on Broadway on December 14, 2008. Tartaglia performed until August 16, 2009, returned on December 14, 2009, and stayed until the production closed on January 3, 2010.

He created and wrote John Tartaglia's ImaginOcean, which ran Off-Broadway at New World Stages from March 31, 2010, to September 4, 2011. The show, featuring glow-in-the-dark puppets, was nominated for the 2010 Drama Desk Award for Unique Theatrical Experience.

Tartaglia performed in The Temperamentals at the Blank Theatre Company in Los Angeles from April 9 to May 22, 2011. He appeared at the 14th annual Broadway Bares in 2004, which raised $525,000 for Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS.

Tartaglia played Genie in the production of Aladdin at The Muny in St. Louis from July 5–13, 2012. In 2011, he was named a "Givenik Ambassador" by the Broadway/charity site Givenik. Tartaglia hosted a radio show on Sirius XM On Broadway called Sunday Funday with John Tartaglia. In 2016, he created the PBS Kids series Splash and Bubbles, voicing Splash and other recurring characters. In 2017, he performed Hank in the Netflix series Julie's Greenroom.

In January 2024, it was announced that Tartaglia had joined The Jim Henson Company's development team as creative supervisor of future Fraggle Rock projects, in addition to contributing to the development and production of new television and live show projects for the company.

Personal life
Tartaglia is gay. Regarding the matter, he has stated "I'm less worried about being a positive role model as a gay person than making sure there are no negative stereotypes of any sort."

He considers "nothing more addictive than the sound of an audience laughing" and, regarding the possibility of being "pigeonholed" as a children's entertainer, stated, "If I get pigeonholed, I get pigeonholed. When I do my dark, one-hour miniseries on Lifetime, you'll know!"

In 2004, he helped to raise $525,000 for Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS.

Tartaglia married Michael Shawn Lewis in New York in 2012. They divorced in 2016.

Film

 * Elmopalooza - Additional Puppeteer
 * Love the Hard Way - Jack (uncredited)
 * Antwone Fisher - Dancer (uncredited)
 * Honey 2 - Ballet Dancer
 * The Women in Black - Jewelry Salesman (uncredited)
 * The Happytime Murders - Additional Voices

Television

 * Animal Jam - DJ 2
 * Bear in the Big Blue House - Additional Puppeteer
 * Between the Lions - guest Sesame Street puppeteer (Elmo/Bert "Dance with Smartypants" segments)
 * Dog City - Additional Puppeteer
 * Play with Me Sesame - Ernie (Season 2)
 * Fraggle Rock: Rock On! - Gobo Fraggle (taking over from Jerry Nelson); Boober Fraggle, Uncle Traveling Matt, and Wembley Fraggle (puppetry only)
 * Julie's Greenroom - Hank
 * Elmo's World: Computer Graphic Puppeteer
 * Johnny and the Sprites: Johnny, Sage
 * Sesame English: Tingo
 * Sesame Street: Alfred Duck, Phoebe (2002), The Great Quackini, Trey, Cookie Monster's Mommy (2004), Brandeis, Safety Chicken, Yip-Yip Martian, Various
 * Splash and Bubbles: Splash, Various
 * Word Party: Kip the Wallaby (voice)
 * The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss: Bird, Delivery Man

title: John Tartaglia


text:
Stanford-le-Hope

Stanford-le-Hope is a town, former civil parish and Church of England parish in the unitary authority area of Thurrock, in the ceremonial county of Essex, England. Often known locally simply as Stanford, the town is located 24 miles (38.4 km) east of Charing Cross in London. In 2011 it had a population of 28,765.

Early modernist author Joseph Conrad lived in Stanford-le-Hope from 1896 to 1898. Other notable figures are author Emma Robinson, comedian Phill Jupitus and television and radio presenter Rylan Clark.

Geography
Stanford-le-Hope is bordered to the north by the A13 road and to the south by the Thames Estuary. It is located 12.7 miles (20.5 km) west of Southend-on-Sea. The town centre has a village feel with its 800-year-old church, St Margarets making a prominent and attractive landmark around which shops, pubs and restaurants have grown to create a lively core to the town.

As Stanford-le-Hope grows in size, it has started to incorporate neighbouring settlements such as Corringham, Mucking and Fobbing, the latter of which was the scene of one of the uprisings which led to the Peasants' Revolt.

The River Hope, a tributary of the Thames, runs through the town. The town name is derived from Norman settlements and refers to Stanna's Ford over the river Hope.

Locally there are a number of parks and nature reserves, notably Thurrock Thameside Nature Reserve, with a visitor centre providing views up and down the Thames across both industrial and natural landscapes including the Mucking Flats and Marshes SSSI.

In 2014, a group of residents led a restoration project which raised funds to finance a restoration of the war memorial, as part of the commemoration of the 1914–1919 conflict in Europe.

Transport and industry
The town is served by Stanford-le-Hope railway station. The town is home to many commuters working in London, thanks to its proximity to the capital and its c2c-operated London, Tilbury and Southend line rail connections.

Many residents also travel along the nearby A13 to work in the Lakeside Shopping Centre, as well as the industrial and commercial businesses along the north bank of the Thames running west towards the Port of London.

Until 1999 the town was home to two refineries located on the nearby Thames, Shell Haven and Coryton. The Shell site ceased operating in 1999 and has since been redeveloped as the London Gateway deepwater container port, with attendant logistics and commercial development.

Media
Stanford-le-Hope is within the BBC London and ITV London region. Television signals are received from Crystal Palace TV transmitter, BBC South East and ITV Meridian can also be received from Bluebell Hill TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Essex on 95.3 FM, Heart Essex on 96.3 FM, Radio Essex on 105.1 FM and Time 107.5, a community based station which broadcast from its studios in Romford on 107.5 FM.

The town is served by the local newspapers, Thurrock Gazette and The Evening Echo.

Politics
, Stanford-le-Hope is represented on Thurrock Council by seven councillors from the Conservative Party – Shane Hebb, Terry Piccolo, James Halden, Gary Collins, Jack Duffin, Shane Ralph and Alex Anderson, and one Thurrock Independent councillor, Gary Byrne.

The 2021 Thurrock Council local election saw the Conservatives win every contested seat in East Thurrock, including – for the first time ever – neighbouring ward East Tilbury which saw the reelection of Cllr Sue Sammons who stood for the Conservative Party.

Stephen Metcalfe of the Conservative Party represented the area in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament from 2010 until the 2024 UK general election which saw Metcalfe lose his seat, dropping to third place with 25.7% of the vote in the South Basildon and East Thurrock constituency. The serving Member of Parliament is now James McMurdock of Reform UK, who was elected in 2024 with a 98 vote majority. The close electoral race necessitated a recount, seeing James McMurdock win with 12,178 votes, narrowly beating the Labour candidate Jack Ferguson who received 12,080 votes.

In 1931 the civil parish had a population of 4311. On 1 April 1936 the parish was abolished to form Thurrock.

title: Stanford-le-Hope


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Every Tuesday Sometimes Sunday

Every Tuesday Sometimes Sunday is the debut solo album by Australian singer-songwriter, Bernie Hayes, which was issued in October 1999. Three of its tracks were released as singles, "Mission in Life", "Matchbox Cars and Marbles" and "Your Boyfriend's Back in Town". "Mission in Life" received wide airplay on national youth radio, Triple J. Every Tuesday Sometimes Sunday is an acoustically based album and included songs written by Hayes over his musical career.

The Whitlams recorded a version of Hayes' track, "You Made Me Hard" (see "Made Me Hard"), on that group's double platinum album, Love This City, in November 1999. It was released as its third single in 2001. Hayes used to play a version of the song with his brother Anthony Hayes a.k.a. Stevie Plunder (1963–1996), who had been a founding member of the Whitlams.

Track listing

 * 1) "Falling Over Backwards"
 * 2) "Speak Memory Speak"
 * 3) "Matchbox Cars and Marbles"
 * 4) "You Made Me Hard"
 * 5) "Your Boyfriend's Back in Town"
 * 6) "Last Time"
 * 7) "Mission in Life"
 * 8) "South Perth"
 * 9) "Slumber"
 * 10) "Casting Couch"
 * 11) "Test the Water"
 * 12) "Kibonki"
 * 13) "You Don't Even Know My Name"
 * 14) "Lullaby"

title: Every Tuesday Sometimes Sunday


text:
User:Mark83/Major contributions

Last updated July 2005 What are some big things that it or that thing has done to change the world.

Architecture and engineering
BBC Television Centre - Laganside Corporation - TransManche Link

Aviation
Airbus A310 - Airbus A310 MRTT - Airbus A330 MRTT - BAE Hawk - BAE Sea Harrier - Boeing X-32 - Bombardier Global Express - Brimstone missile - British Airways ethnic liveries - Eurofighter Typhoon - F-16 Fighting Falcon - Future Offensive Air System - Future Strategic Tanker Aircraft - General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136 - General Electric GENX - Joint Combat Aircraft - KC-10 Extender - MBDA Meteor - Pratt & Whitney JT3D - RAF Chinook - RAF Harrier II - RAF Tornado GR4A - RAF Typhoon F2 - Rolls-Royce Olympus - Rolls-Royce PWR - Timeline of British Airways - Westland Sea King ASaC7

Companies
AlliedSignal - British Airways (history, formatting) - BAE Systems - Image:BAE Evolution - BAE Systems Avionics - BAE Systems Land Systems - BAE Systems North America - Boeing Satellite Systems - BAeSEMA - British Aerospace - British Satellite Broadcasting - British Sky Broadcasting - related Image:UK satellite TV evolution.png - British Shipbuilders - Daily Mail and General Trust plc - dba - DCN - Ferranti - Finmeccanica S.p.A. (major formatting only) - Fore Systems - The General Electric Company (some history, major formatting) - GE Aircraft Engines - Homebase - Hughes Aircraft - Hughes Electronics - International Signal and Control - J Sainsbury plc - Lockheed Martin Aeronautics - Marconi Communications - Marconi Company - Marconi Electronic Systems - Matra - Messier-Dowty - Mobil - Plessey - Pratt & Whitney - Rolls-Royce plc - SAFRAN - SAGEM - SELEX Sensors and Airborne Systems - Smiths Group - Stena Line - Summa Corporation - Thales Air Defence Limited - Thiepval Barracks - Tracor - United Defense - Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd - Vitro

Military
Al Yamamah - ALARM - Conformal Fuel Tank - Defense contractor - Delivering Security in a Changing World - Greenham Common - Hardened Aircraft Shelters - HMNB Clyde - Horizon CNGF - Laser designator - La Fayette class frigate - LITENING targeting pod - NFR-90 - RAF Lakenheath - RAF Odiham - Rosyth Dockyard - Royal Navy CVF programme - Strategic Defence Review - TIALD - United States Air Forces in Europe - Vanguard class submarine

Other
Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977 - BBC coat of arms - BBC News - BBC News 24 - Grand Prix Drivers' Association - James Bond music - Special relationship - United Devices Cancer Research Project - Westland affair (from redirect page)

People
Robert Ayling - David Burnside - Rod Eddington - Noël Forgeard - Geoff Hoon - John Leonard King - Justin King - Ken Morrison - Michael Turner (businessman)

title: User:Mark83/Major contributions


text:
Jennifer Barnhart

Jennifer Barnhart (born March 11, 1972) is an American actress and puppeteer, with a portfolio of television and theatre performances.

Early life
Barnhart was born and grew up in Hamden, Connecticut. She graduated from the University of Connecticut with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in acting with a concentration in puppetry.

Puppetry career
In 1996, Barnhart began her puppeteer career performing on Once Upon a Tree performing Mara the Beaver and Mrs. Peeper the Owl. She made her Broadway debut in 2003 and is a featured performer in the Tony Award-winning musical Avenue Q, in which she also appeared Off-Broadway. She was a regular puppeteer on the Nickelodeon series Oobi, playing Mrs. Johnson and various incidental characters. She also stars as Cleo on PBS's literacy education series, Between the Lions, and performed the puppetry for Kanga and Owl on Disney Channel's The Book of Pooh. She is a Sesame Street Muppet performer who took over the roles of Mama Bear in 2001 and Gladys the Cow in 2002.

Barnhart also worked as a puppeteer in Johnny and the Sprites, a Disney Channel children's show created by her Avenue Q co-star John Tartaglia.

As of season 46 of Sesame Street, she performs the role of Zoe, following the retirement of Fran Brill in 2014.

Acting career
She appeared on screen as a puppeteer in the "Web" episode of Law & Order: SVU in May 2006. In regional theatre, she played the angel in Angels in America (Gallery Players), Olivia in Twelfth Night, and Cassie in Rumors (Connecticut Repertory Theatre). In 2011 she appeared as police officer Randy Osteen in Tracy Letts's new play "Superior Donuts" at the Arden Theatre in Philadelphia. In 2010, she portrayed Chicago Police Department detective Lorna Diamond in the Law & Order: SVU episode, "Behave".

TV credits

 * Helpsters, 2019-present
 * Julie's Greenroom, 2017-2019
 * The Chica Show, 2012-2014
 * Law & Order: SVU, 2010
 * Lomax, the Hound of Music, 2008
 * Johnny and the Sprites, 2007
 * Law & Order: SVU, 2006
 * Exposing the Order of the Serpentine, 2006
 * Sesame Street, 2001–present
 * Smart Cookies, 2016
 * Oobi, 2000–2005
 * The Book of Pooh, 2001
 * Between the Lions, 2000-2010
 * Bear in the Big Blue House, 1997–1998
 * Once Upon a Tree, 1996

title: Jennifer Barnhart


text:
James Martin (premier)

Sir James Martin, QC (14 May 1820 – 4 November 1886) was three times Premier of New South Wales, and Chief Justice of New South Wales from 1873 to 1886.

Early career
Martin was born in Midleton, County Cork, Ireland but emigrated with his parents to Sydney, Australia at the age of one. He was educated at Dame's School, Parramatta and, despite his family's poverty, the Sydney Academy and Sydney College under the tutelage of William Timothy Cape, and left school at the age of 16 to become a reporter.

In 1838, Martin published the Australian Sketch Book, a series of character sketches he dedicated to Sydney barrister Bob Nichols, for whom he was then working as an articled clerk in 1840.

Martin qualified as a solicitor in 1845, and combined his legal career with employment as a newspaper editor and publisher. He married Isabella Long on 20 January 1853 and together they produced 15 children.

Early political career
In February 1848 Martin nominated as a candidate for a by-election for the electorate of Durham in the New South Wales Legislative Council, but withdrew before polling day. In the general election held later in the same year he was a candidate for the electorate of Counties of Cook and Westmoreland, which he won with a margin of 16%. His election however was declared void on the grounds that he did not meet the property qualifications to stand, however he was re-elected unopposed. Martin subsequently sued the Speaker of the Legislative Council, Charles Nicholson and the Sergeant at Arms, William Christie, for trespass for having him removed when there had been no decision of the Electoral Court in accordance with the Electoral Act 1843. The Full Court of the Supreme Court held that under the Electoral Act 1843 it was only the Electoral Court that could determine there was a vacancy and not the Governor.

Martin was an effective legislator but his sharp tongue and intemperate speeches to the House made him few friends among his parliamentary colleagues. His most notable political achievement in his first eight years in office was to initiate the Parliamentary debate that led to the establishment of a branch of the royal mint in Sydney.

In 1856 the partly elected unicameral Legislative Council was abolished and replaced with a new parliament with elected members of the Legislative Assembly and appointed members of the Legislative Council. Martin was elected as one of two members for Cook and Westmoreland. When that electorate was largely replaced by the single member electorate of Hartley, Martin successfully stood for the new four member electorate of East Sydney. He was subsequently the member for Orange, Tumut, Monaro, Lachlan and East Macquarie. In August 1856 he was made Attorney-General of New South Wales in the first ministry of Charles Cowper. The appointment was controversial, as Martin was the first holder of the office who had not been admitted as a barrister. He had to resign his seat as a result of accepting the office, however he was re-elected unopposed. The appointment was brief, as the government was defeated in a no-confidence motion in October 1856 and Martin returned to the backbench.

Martin was admitted to the bar in 1856 and was made a Queen's Counsel in 1857. He returned as Attorney General in the second Cowper Ministry in September 1857, and was again re-elected unopposed. As Attorney General however, his reputation for intemperate language continued and after a series of conflicts with fellow Ministers he resigned the office in November 1858.

Premier of New South Wales
In October 1863, Martin was asked by the Governor of New South Wales to form a government with a mandate to address rising State deficits and rural unemployment. As Premier and Colonial Secretary Martin promptly introduced measures to reduce immigration and increase tariffs, but was unable to secure Parliamentary support for many of his reforms. With limited achievements to its credit, the government suffered a substantial swing at the 1865 election and Martin stepped down to make way for the return of Charles Cowper.

Cowper was once again defeated in a no-confidence motion in December 1865, and in January 1866 Martin became Premier for the second time as leader of a coalition government with former rival Henry Parkes. His government resigned in October 1868, but he returned to the Premiership for a third and final time between December 1870 and May 1872.

After politics
Martin retired from Parliament in November 1873 and was immediately named to the vacant position of Chief Justice of New South Wales. He held the post for 13 years, despite considerable ill health in later life.

James Martin died at home in Potts Point, Sydney on 4 November 1886 and buried in St Judes churchyard in Randwick, NSW. in 1909 his remains were moved to a new underground vault in the impressive Waverley Cemetery.

Honours
Martin was made a Queen's Counsel in 1857, and was knighted in 1869. Martin Place, a pedestrian mall in the central business district of Sydney was named after him in 1892. 'Lady Martin Beach' a small beach accessible to the public from Wolseley Road, Point Piper, New South Wales is named after his wife, Isabella who resided at nearby Woollahra House. Late in 2020, two new identical statues were put up in Parramatta and Martin Place as he used to go from Parramatta to Martin Place for school.

title: James Martin (premier)


text:
Horizontina

Horizontina is a municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil, with 19,389 inhabitants in 2020. It is located 496 km north of the state capital. The first settlers were German, Italian and Polish immigrants who arrived in the region in 1927. Nowadays, most of the inhabitants are of German-Brazilian descent.

The city has an average annual temperature of 20.8 °C. Horizontina's human development index is 0.783, considered high by the United Nations Development Programme, ranking 110th in Brazil, 11th in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and 1st in its micro-region.

The colonization of the city occurred in 1927, when the first German colonists arrived in the region. A year later came more families from other ethnic groups, causing the place to develop. The first name of the city council was Belo Horizonte, later becoming Vila Horizonte and Horizonte before settling on the current name, Horizontina, in 1944. Before being elevated to a municipality, it was a district in the municipality of Santa Rosa. Only in December 1954 was the district emancipated.

The city is known as the "Cradle of National Automotive Harvesters," due to the construction of the first Brazilian automotive harvester in the city in 1965. A unit of US company John Deere is installed in Horizontina, generating about 80% of the city's tax revenue.

Supermodel Gisele Bündchen was born and raised in Horizontina. Her grandfather, Walter Bündchen (died 2010) also once served as the municipality's mayor.

Regional language
The German dialect Riograndenser Hunsrückisch is the most-spoken German dialect in Brazil and as such an integral part of the history of many municipalities throughout the state of Rio Grande do Sul, including Horizontina. In 2012 the Legislative Assembly voted unanimously in favor of official recognition of Riograndenser Hunsrückisch as a piece of cultural heritage to be preserved and protected.

title: Horizontina


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Salt Range

The Salt Range is a mountain range in the north of Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt. The range extends along the south of the Potohar Plateau and the north of the Jhelum River. The Salt Range contains the great mines of Khewra, Kalabagh and Warcha which yield vast supplies of salt. Coal of a medium quality is also found. The Salt Range starts from the Bakralla and Tilla Jogian ridges in the east and extends to the west of River Jhelum.

In the Himalayan and Salt Range, rock containing fossil of marine life go back to the Ediacaran period (up to 570 million years ago), which shows these rocks have developed out of sea sediments, and that where the Himalayas are now was once a sea.

 * Sakaser is the highest peak of the Salt Range.
 * Namal Lake, Khabikki Lake and Uchhali Lake are lakes in the Salt Range.

History
An inscription found at Kura in the Salt Range records the building of a Buddhist monastery by a person named Rotta Siddhavriddhi during the reign of the Huna ruler Toramana. The donor expresses the wish that the religious merit gained by his gift be shared by him with the king and his family members.

The Awans, Khokhars, Gakhars, and Janjuas had engaged in an endless battle for sovereignty over the Salt Range.

The history of this region (the Salt Range) from the thirteenth century onward had been a record of wars between various landowning dominant and ruling clans of Punjabi Muslims including the Khokhars, Janjuas, Awans and Gakhars for political ascendancy.

According to the Emperor Babar, the Jude and the Janjua were "two races descended from the same father, " who from old times had been rulers of the hills between Nilab and Bhera, that is, of the Salt Range. "On one-half of the hill lived the Jud, and on the other half the Janjua." The Awans now occupy western half of these hills towards Nilab and Janjuas (Rajputs) on eastern part of these Hills. Juds are actually a sub-clan of Janjuas and there are still 7 seven villages of Juds near Dhrabi area of Chakwal including Dhrabi village and dam. They are descendants of Raja Jodh who was 2nd Prince of Janjua King Raja Mal Dev Khan Janjua. There are several forts on these hills and all of them were built by Janjua Rajputs and their ancestors the Pandavs at Katas Raj as well as the Janjua Shahi Dynasty of 2nd Kabul Shahis at Nandna fort. Also this area is known as the first ever Muslim Rajputs Kingdom and Raja Mal Dev Khan Janjua was the founder of this kingdom. He was from the Chandravanshi Rajput clan and was from the bloodline of famous Indian Mahabharata Warrior Prince Arjun Dev Pandav.

About 1500 Janjua Rajputs warrior cavalry fought in the battle of Panipat from this area in support of Babur under the command of Malik Hast Khan Janjua (Asad). Sultan Lashkar Janjua and Raja Sanghral Ali Khan Janjuas were also commanding their own Muslim Janjua Rajputs during the battles of Panipat and Khanwa against Rana Sanga. All of them were rulers of these Hills and chieftains of this ruling Rajput clan. These hills were earlier known as Koh-e-jodh, named after Raja Jodh Janjua, son of Raja Mal Dev Khan Janjua.

Kathwai
Two interesting sites are close to Kathwai, Kutte Mar, and Tulaja Fort. At Kuttee Mar to the Northeast of Kathwai are Muslim graves made of Kangar and the purported grave of a dog that is said to have died defending the wedding procession of its owner from an attack by bandits. Kutte Mar may have been the place where the Khura inscription of Toramana was found (Buhler 1891–92, 238–41; Sircar 1965: 422–4). If this assessment is correct, a Buddhist monastery was established here around 500. A.D. This inscription and another fragmentary inscription found at Sakaser (Pakistan Archaeology 5, 1968: 284–70) confirm that this area was a flourishing, center for Buddhism, which is borne out by the extensive archaeological remains. The Tulaja fort is located on a huge rock outcropping with sheer cliffs overlooking the shrine of Kacchianwalla and the Punjab plains. The entire area is covered with the ruins of defensive walls, houses, and other structures made of large stone blocks. Although one building has been identified as a mosque, it is very difficult to distinguish other religious, military or civil structures. One of the most interesting features is a large square tank made of the flat rectangular bricks, which may have supplied water so that the fort could withstand a siege. Comparing this tank with those in other forts may help in assigning a relative date to its construction. In addition to architectural styles, evidence from any coins, which are found here, may help to indicate if this city belonged to the period of the Turk Sultans, Lodhis or Mughals. Extensive remains of a cemetery and other settlements are on the slopes below the fort. There are also supposed to be some remains on Tulaji across the valley from Talaja.

Habitat
The Salt Range has a high level of biodiversity and is home to a number of wildlife sanctuaries (ChumbiSurla, Jahlar Lake, Sodhi, Khabekki Lake and KundalRakh) and protected areas, including the Chinji National Park and several forest (e.g. Simli Reserved Forest and Noorpur Reserved Forest) and wetland areas (including Ucchali, Jahlar and Khabbiki lakes).

Geology
The Salt Range is the youngest and the most southern part of the western Himalayan Ranges in Pakistan. The range is unlike other Himalaya type thrusting due to the mechanical strength of the Eocambrian salt near the base of the sedimentary strata overlying Indian basement rock. The mechanical difference between the salt and other sedimentary rock that have collided elsewhere in the greater Himalaya mountain range is that salt acts like a lubricant, not allowing friction between thrust sheets to build up higher topography. Instead, the thrust sheets slide easy on the salt and do not build high topographic relief. This is also why the Salt Range is further south and appears separated from the rest of the greater Himalaya thrust sheets.

The Eocambrian salt in the Salt Range has been moved on the base of thrust sheets and has high flow characteristics. The salt flowed until it hit an obstruction in the basement rock. Seismic data of the area has been interpreted to suggest that normal faults in the basement rock acted as an obstruction for the salt to pile up against, building higher and higher topography until the salt overcame the obstruction at depth. The salt then flowed and bulged through the overlying strata, intruding Cambrian aged salt on top of Cenozoic strata.

title: Salt Range


text:
Talk:Chase Bridge Primary School

Untitled
This article has been kept following this VFD debate, Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:29, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chase Bridge Primary School


text:
Neil Churchill

Neil O. Churchill (February 13, 1891 – September, 1969) was a car dealer in Bismarck, North Dakota who funded an integrated baseball team in the mid-thirties more than a decade before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball.

Business
Churchill joined Wickham Corwin's Bismarck automobile dealership in 1925 and the company became Corwin-Churchill Motor Co. A colleague said he "was a hell of a salesman—a smart fellow and real promoter." In 1937, when Corwin moved to Fargo, Churchill stayed in Bismarck. When Churchill retired in 1952 he sold his share of the business to the Corwin family.

He also owned the Prince Hotel, Bismarck.

Baseball
Immediately after World War I Churchill took up baseball with the Bismarck semi-pro team and became their star player. He bought the team in 1933 and, from his experience of playing against black touring teams, he decided that recruiting black players would strengthen his new team. He called Abe Saperstein to recruit some Negro league players.

The first three black players to join the Bismarck Churchills were Quincy Trouppe (Chicago American Giants catcher, Red Haley (Memphis Red Sox (infielder), and Roosevelt Davis (Pittsburgh Crawfords) pitcher. When these proved insufficient to beat Bismarck's great rivals in Jamestown, Churchill recruited Satchel Paige from the Crawfords. Gus Greenlee, the Crawfords' owner, threatened to knife Churchill for the 'theft' of Paige.

Paige arrived from Chicago on the day of the game in October 1933. It was the first time that he had played alongside white players. Churchill won his bet of $1000 with a Jamestown politician that his team would win. A rematch was held a few days later in Jamestown before a crowd of 4000. After twelve innings the game was ended, unresolved, by darkness. Churchill challenged Jamestown to a three-game series in Bismarck. Bismarck won that series and the state championship.

Next season (1934), Churchill spent $5,000 (using personal and city funds, and federal emergency relief labor) improving on the Bismarck ball park. He built a 3000-seat grandstand, children's bleachers, and a 500-space car park, with a clear view of the game along the outfield fence.

Churchill's 1935 team included Satchel Paige, Hilton Smith, Quincy Trouppe (who joined the team in early June), and Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe (who joined on June 21 after securing his release from the Brooklyn Eagles).

Politics
Churchill was mayor of Bismarck from 1939 to 1946.

title: Neil Churchill


text:
Jane Henson

Jane Ann Henson (née Nebel; June 16, 1934 – April 2, 2013) was an American puppeteer and co-founder of Muppets, Inc. with her husband Jim Henson.

Early life
Jane Ann Nebel was born and raised in St. Albans, Queens. She met Jim Henson when she was a senior and he a freshman at the University of Maryland, College Park.

Nebel was a member of Alpha Xi Delta sorority.

Career
Jane Nebel and Jim Henson worked together on the live 1950s television show Sam and Friends, where Jane collaborated with Jim in performing Muppets and devising several of the show's technical innovations, including the use of television monitors to watch their performances in real time. When, in the late 1950s, Jim took a year off from Sam and Friends to travel in Europe, Jane ran the show with the help of a University of Maryland classmate.

Christopher Finch wrote, "Among the first of [Jim's] assignments at WRC-TV was Afternoon, a magazine show aimed at housewives. This marked his first collaboration with Jane Nebel – the woman who later became his wife." They did not begin dating until Jim returned from Europe, a trip which he undertook in order to be inspired by European puppeteers who viewed their work as an art form. They were married on May 28, 1959 at Jane's family home in Salisbury, Maryland.

When she quit full-time puppeteering in the early 1960s to raise their children, Jim hired Jerry Juhl and Frank Oz to replace her. She helped Oz learn how to lip sync, and continued to perform non-speaking muppets on Sesame Street from time to time through at least the 1980s. She was also responsible for the hiring of puppeteer Steve Whitmire in 1978 after he gave her an impromptu audition in an airport restaurant. Whitmire took over performing Kermit the Frog and Ernie of Sesame Street after Jim Henson's death in 1990.

In 1990, the Henson Company forged an agreement with Disney to present a live stage show, Here Come the Muppets, at Disney-MGM Studios. Jane was the main developer in the training of performers and profile creation for the walkaround versions of the Muppets. She was able to share the Henson spirit of the ten characters that joined Disney at the time: Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Gonzo the Great, Bean Bunny, as well as five members of the Electric Mayhem.

Towards the end of her life, Jane conceived the idea of a stylized puppet show based on the Gospel accounts of the birth of Jesus. Together with a small group of collaborators, she created a live theatre piece featuring tabletop manger figure puppets built by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. Jane Henson's Nativity Story premiered at the 2010 Orlando Puppet Festival. After Jane Henson's death in 2013, vignettes from the stage show were used in the CBS television special A New York Christmas to Remember, narrated by Regis Philbin. A tribute to Henson from family and friends was part of the national broadcast.

Personal life
Jane and Jim Henson married in 1959; together they had five children: Lisa (b. 1960), Cheryl (b. 1961), Brian (b. 1963), John (1965–2014), and Heather Henson (b. 1970). Although Jane and Jim had separated in 1986, they remained close until his death in 1990. In 1992, she established The Jim Henson Legacy to preserve and perpetuate the work of her husband. She served on the boards of the Jim Henson Foundation and the American Center for Children's Television.

Illness and death
On March 20, 2013, her daughter Cheryl revealed that her mother had cancer and was paralyzed; she asked fans to keep Jane in their prayers. Jane Henson died at the family home in Greenwich, Connecticut, on April 2, 2013, at the age of 78. She was buried at Saint Bridge Cemetery, Cornwall, Connecticut. The 2014 film Muppets Most Wanted was dedicated to her and to fellow Muppet puppeteer Jerry Nelson who died in 2012.

title: Jane Henson


text:
User:Sam Vimes/edit milestones

1st edit: 19 Dec 2004, 18:40 UTC: European Women's Handball Championship 100th edit: 19 May 2005, 16:53 UTC: Lancashire County Cricket Club in 2005 200th edit: 22 May 2005, 17:57 UTC: Bangladeshis in England in 2005 300th edit: 23 May 2005, 20:50 UTC: The Ashes 400th edit: 1 June 2005, 08:40 UTC: Talk:Cricket 500th edit: 5 June 2005, 17:50 UTC: Kent v Warwickshire 20-23 April 2005 - part of a mass categorisation of articles 600th edit: 5 June 2005, 18:12 UTC: Derbyshire v Kent 17 May 2005 - part of a mass categorisation of articles 700th edit: 8 June 2005, 20:55 UTC: 2005 UEFA Women's Championship  800th edit: 14 June 2005, 11:33 UTC: Talk:Essex_County_Cricket_Club_in_2005 900th edit: 20 June 2005, 14:18 UTC: 2005 English cricket season (15-30 June)  1000th edit: 25 June 2005, 15:27 UTC: Aftab Ahmed 1100th edit: 29 June 2005, 14:31 UTC: West Indies A in Sri Lanka in 2005  1200th edit: 4 July 2005, 16:14 UTC: Johan Galtung 1300th edit: 8 July 2005, 20:19 UTC: Northamptonshire v Somerset 29 June 2005 1400th edit: 13 July 2005, 15:03 UTC: Votes for deletion/Indian Rugby Team  1500th edit: 14 July 2005, 10:05 UTC: User:Sam Vimes 1600th edit: 16 July 2005, 15:05 UTC: User talk:83.205.129.229 1700th edit: 17 July 2005, 14:50 UTC: Joe Hendron 1800th edit: 20 July 2005, 12:09 UTC: Surrey v Sussex 6 July 2005 1800th edit: 20 July 2005, 12:15 UTC: Surrey County Cricket Club in 2005 1900th edit: 22 July 2005, 20:22 UTC: User:Sam Vimes/Cricket reports 2000th edit: 23 July 2005, 10:47 UTC: Jeff Thomson - part of a mass recategorisation that was later reverted 2100th edit: 24 July 2005, 20:29 UTC: Durham County Cricket Club in 2005 2200th edit: 26 July 2005, 21:33 UTC: Hampshire v Worcestershire 26 July 2005 2300th edit: 29 July 2005, 11:39 UTC: 2005 English cricket season [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2005_English_cricket_season&diff=prev&oldid=19847722 2400th edit: 1 August 2005, 11:17 UTC: Talk:Deaths in 2005 2500th edit: 3 August 2005, 14:00 UTC: Northamptonshire County Cricket Club in 2005 2600th edit: 5 August 2005, 19:50 UTC: Template:International cricket in 2005 2700th edit: 8 August 2005, 20:13 UTC: England v Australia 4-8 August 2005 2800th edit: 10 August 2005, 19:59 UTC: User:Sam Vimes/Cricket reports 2900th edit: 13 August 2005, 11:28 UTC: Gloucestershire v Sussex 10-13 August 2005 3000th edit: 14 August 2005, 21:43 UTC: Nottinghamshire v Middlesex 10-13 August 2005 3100th edit: 16 August 2005, 22:42 UTC: Ajit Wadekar - part of a mass restubbification project 3200th edit: 17 August 2005, 08:51 UTC: 2005 English cricket season (1-15 August) 3300th edit: 17 August 2005, 12:09 UTC: Derek Underwood - part of a mass restubbification project 3400th edit: 17 August 2005, 12:50 UTC: Nayan Doshi - part of a mass restubbification project 3500th edit: 17 August 2005, 13:28 UTC: Tillakaratne Dilshan - part of a mass restubbification project 3600th edit: 18 August 2005, 08:24 UTC: National League Division One Current Table 3700th edit: 20 August 2005, 10:23 UTC: User:Tintin1107/WI 3800th edit: 20 August 2005, 19:05 UTC: List of Sri Lankan ODI cricketers 3900th edit: 22 August 2005, 06:56 UTC: User:Sam Vimes/Cricket reports 4000th edit: 24 August 2005, 20:21 UTC: Videocon Tri-Series 2005 4100th edit: 26 August 2005, 11:39 UTC: International cricket in 2005 4200th edit: 27 August 2005, 19:39 UTC: Current sports events 4300th edit: 29 August 2005, 17:30 UTC: Current sports events 4400th edit: 31 August 2005, 21:42 UTC: Bandula Warnapura Current edit count (as of 2 September 2005, 13:20 UTC): 4482

title: User:Sam Vimes/edit milestones


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Film reel

Film reel

This image I chosen to be a candidate is of high-quality and it is just of one thing. It must be a very good-quality image because if you go on the image page you'll see it is on few articles and on article's talk pages too. The reason for this is because it is on a template named FilmsWikiProject. It also listed on the Commons.

 * Nominate and support. - • Thorpe • 11:30, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Very narrow focus. —Cryptic (talk) 13:44, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The film in the foreground seems blurred. Can anything be done about it? TomStar81 00:49, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it would be too advanced for me to do. • Thorpe • 11:01, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the limited depth of focus adds to this picture. David D. 17:55, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Coffee 05:51, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose--ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 20:19, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support--TomStar81 20:30, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose This pic just doesn't "grab me" and the focus is slightly off in too many places - Adrian Pingstone 21:46, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Composition is a bit weird, and it doesn't really show the parts of a film reel all that well. Enochlau 12:21, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * ( − ) Oppose Agree with Enochlau --Fir0002 09:24, August 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Oppose even though this is a nice picture and a little bit out of focus would be good to convey depth, I have to oppose since just from the angle it doesn't look great, the focus is off in a lot of places and the angle leads a bit to be desired. Jtkiefer  T - 05:55, August 5, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Army Intelligence

Army Intelligence may refer to:

 * The intelligence component of a given nation's army.
 * In the United States, army intelligence is usually referred to as military intelligence.

title: Army Intelligence


text: User talk:81.215.193.105

title: User talk:81.215.193.105


text:
User:Legomancer

What is the meaning of life, and be prepared to offer support.

title: User:Legomancer


text:
WinVi

WinVi can refer to:

 * WinVi (text editor), Windows text editor based on Vi
 * Windows Vista - Microsoft Windows release

title: WinVi


text:
Hirofumi Uzawa

Hirofumi Uzawa (宇沢 弘文) was a Japanese economist.

Biography
Uzawa was born on July 21, 1928, in Yonago, Tottori to a farming family.

He attended the Tokyo First Middle School (currently the Hibiya High School ) and the First Higher School, Japan (now the College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo). He graduated from the Mathematics Department of the University of Tokyo in 1951; he was a special research student from 1951 to 1953. At that time, he discovered the true nature of economics in the words of John Ruskin, “There is no wealth, but life.” which was quoted in the foreword to Tale of Poverty (貧乏物語) by Hajime Kawakami, and decided to study economics.

His paper on decentralized economic planning caught the eye of Kenneth Arrow at Stanford University. He went to study Economics at Stanford University in 1956 with Fulbright fellowship, and became a research assistant, then assistant professor in 1956, then assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1960, and then associate professor at Stanford in 1961. In 1962, he received a Ph.D. from Tohoku University. He became a professor at the University of Chicago in 1964, and a professor of University of Tokyo's Department of Economics in 1969. He also taught at Niigata University, Chuo University, and United Nations University. Joseph E. Stiglitz and George A. Akerlof did research under Uzawa at the University of Chicago and David Cass studied under Uzawa at Stanford University.

Uzawa was a senior fellow at the Research Center of Social Common Capital at Doshisha University. He held the position of the president of the Econometric Society from 1976 to 1977. He also held the position of Counsel for the Development Bank of Japan's Research Institute of Capital Formation (RICF) from 1968 until his passing.

Contributions
Uzawa initiated the field of mathematical economics in postwar days and formulated the growth theory of neoclassical economics. This is reflected in the Uzawa–Lucas model, the Uzawa iteration, the Uzawa condition, and Uzawa's Theorem, among others.

In his 1962 paper, Uzawa proved that the two of Walrasian equilibrium and Brouwer's fixed-point theorem are equivalent.

His 1965 model in which technical change is a result of macroeconomic investment was an early approach to endogenous growth theory. In these models, investments in R&D or education are chosen and have the effect of raising future economic growth rates.

Recognition

 * 1983 - Person of Cultural Merit
 * 1989 - Member of Japan Academy
 * 1995 - National Academy of Sciences Visiting Fellow
 * 1997 - Order of Culture
 * 2009 - Blue Planet Prize
 * Econometric Society Fellow (Lifetime)

Working Papers

 * Koopmans, Tjalling C.; Uzawa, Hirofumi (1982). "Constancy and Constant Differences of Price Elasticities of Demand," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 654, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.

title: Hirofumi Uzawa


text:
Ijaz-ul-Haq

Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq (born 20 February 1952) is a Pakistani politician who is the president of the Pakistan Muslim League (Z). A son of military dictator Gen Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, he served as Minister for Religious Affairs and Minorities in the government of General Pervez Musharraf from 2004 to 2007, after having served as Minister for Labour, Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis in the government of Nawaz Sharif from 1990 to 1993.

A graduate of Southern Illinois University, Ijaz worked as a banker prior to entering in politics in 1988, following the death of his father and military ruler president Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. He was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from November 1990 to October 1993, from November 2002 to November 2007, and from June 2013 to May 2018. He is mostly active during dictatorial regimes in Pakistan.

Early life and education
Ijaz was born on 20 February 1952 in Peshawar to General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who was born in Jalandhar, and Shafiq Jahan, who was born in Uganda.

He received his master's degree in business administration from Southern Illinois University, United States. He worked as a banker, with Bank of America in Bahrain, for around a decade prior to entering politics in 1990.

Political career
Upon the death of his father in a plane crash in 1988, Haq returned to Pakistan and entered politics.

Ijaz was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan for the first time in the 1990 Pakistani general election from NA-39 Rawalpindi-IV and NA-72 Toba Tek Singh-II as a candidate of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI), defeating the Pakistan Democratic Alliance (PDA) candidates. The elections were declared manipulated and rigged by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2012.

Ijaz was re-elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan for the second time in the 1993 Pakistani general election from NA-54 Rawalpindi-IV as a candidate of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML(N)), defeating the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) candidate.

In 1994, he was imprisoned with other PML(N) leaders in Adiala Jail.

Ijaz was re-elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan for the third time in the 1997 Pakistani general election from NA-54 Rawalpindi-IV as a candidate of the PML(N), defeating the PPP candidate. Following the election, he was appointed as the Federal Minister for Labour, Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis where he served from 1997 to 1999 during Nawaz Sharif's second ministry until the Sharif government was overthrown soon afterward in the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état by General Pervez Musharraf.

Following differences with Nawaz Sharif, Ijaz created his own party, the Pakistan Muslim League (Z) (PML(Z)) in 2002.

He was re-elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan for the fourth time in the 2002 Pakistani general election from NA-191 Bahawalnagar-IV as a candidate of the PML(Z), defeating the PPP candidate.

He allied with the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML(Q)) and was appointed as the Federal Minister for Religious Affairs and Federal Minister for Minorities.

He ran in the 2008 Pakistani general election from NA-191 Bahawalnagar-IV as a candidate of the PML(Q) but lost the seat to a PPP candidate. Following the defeat in the elections, he resigned from the PML(Q) in 2008.

In 2012, it was reported that he may join the PML(N) and get their ticket to run in the upcoming general elections from NA-191 Bahawalnagar-IV. In 2013, he allied with, but didn’t join, the PML(N).

Ijaz ran for two seats in the National Assembly in the 2013 Pakistani general election. He lost from NA-190 Bahawalnagar-III, losing to a PML(N) candidate, and won NA-191 Bahahwalnagar-IV, defeating a PML(N) candidate.

He ran from NA-169 Bahawalnagar-IV in the 2018 Pakistani general election, but lost to Noorul Hassan Tanvir, a PML(N) candidate. Ijaz received 72,461 votes.

On 19 March 2023, Ijaz merged the PML(Z) into the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) after a meeting with Imran Khan, the former Prime Minister, and the chairman of the PTI. He further said that he would contest the next general elections on a PTI ticket. On 29 May 2023, he later denied the rumours of PML-Z getting merged into PTI.

Writings
He has written columns for different Urdu publications, including Daily Jang and Dunya News.

title: Ijaz-ul-Haq


text:
Patentable subject matter

Patentable, statutory or patent-eligible subject matter is subject matter of an invention that is considered appropriate for patent protection in a given jurisdiction. The laws and practices of many countries stipulate that certain types of inventions should be denied patent protection. Together with criteria such as novelty, inventive step or nonobviousness, utility, and industrial applicability, which differ from country to country, the question of whether a particular subject matter is patentable is one of the substantive requirements for patentability.

The problem of patentable subject matter arises usually in cases of biological and software inventions, and much less frequently in other areas of technology.

Legislation
The subject-matter which is regarded as patentable as a matter of policy, and correspondingly the subject-matter which is excluded from patentability as a matter of policy, depends on the national legislation or international treaty.

Canada
According to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) patents may only be granted for physical embodiments of an idea, or a process that results in something that is tangible or can be sold. This excludes theorems and computer programs per se. However, business methods are patentable.

European Patent Convention
The European Patent Convention (EPC) does not provide positive guidance on what should be considered an invention for the purposes of patent law. However, it provides in a non-exhaustive list of what are not to be regarded as inventions, and therefore not patentable subject matter:

"The following in particular shall not be regarded as inventions within the meaning of paragraph 1:

 * (a) discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods;
 * (b) aesthetic creations;
 * (c) schemes, rules and methods for performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers;
 * (d) presentations of information."

then qualifies Art. 52(2) EPC by stating:

"The provisions of paragraph 2 shall exclude patentability of the subject-matter or activities referred to in that provision only to the extent to which a European patent application or European patent relates to such subject-matter or activities as such."

(In a previous version of the EPC, some further items were excluded under, as formally being not industrially applicable, notable medical methods as applied by a physician or a veterinarian. Nowadays these methods are excluded directly under Art. 53 EPC, together with other policy exclusions.)

Practice at the European Patent Office (EPO)
Under, "European patents shall be granted for any inventions, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are susceptible of industrial application." So, four questions need to be assessed:
 * 1) Is there an invention?
 * 2) Is the invention susceptible of industrial application?
 * 3) Is the invention novel?
 * 4) Does the invention involve an inventive step?

The first question "Is there an invention?" is equivalent to: "Is the claimed subject-matter as a whole within the realm of patentable subject-matter?" The invention question or patentable subject-matter question precedes the three further questions, which cannot, and need not, be assessed if there is no invention.

According to the case law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO, the question "Is there an invention?" also implicitly implies the further question: "Does the claimed subject-matter have a technical character?" "Having technical character is an implicit requirement of the EPC to be met by an invention to be an invention within the meaning of ".

Patentable subject-matter considerations also intervene again at a secondary level, during the inventive step assessment. In T 641/00 (Comvik/Two Identities), the Board held that, "An invention consisting of a mixture of technical and non-technical features and having technical character as a whole is to be assessed with respect to the requirement of inventive step by taking account of all those features which contribute to said technical character whereas features making no such contribution cannot support the presence of inventive step." The non-technical features are the ones that are excluded from the realm of patentable subject-matter as a matter of policy. T 258/03 (Hitachi/Auction Method) further developed this test for patentable subject-matter.

Under this test, a patent application or patent which does not provide a technical solution to a technical problem would be refused (under ) or revoked (under ) as lacking inventive step.

The EPO provides guidelines for evaluating the patent-eligibility of computer-implemented inventions (CII), such as in particular based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). For instance, AI-based image processing programs are considered technical and therefore patent-eligible. Conversely, AI-based text processing programs with a text classification only based on the content of the text are not considered technical. These are excluded from patentability because attaching meaning to words is a cognitive task and not a technical implementation.

Practice in the United Kingdom
Following the 2006 Court of Appeal judgment in Aerotel v Telco and Macrossan's application, which contains a lengthy discussion of case law in the area, the UKPO has adopted the following test:
 * (1) properly construe the claim
 * (2) identify the actual contribution
 * (3) ask whether it falls solely within the excluded subject matter
 * (4) check whether the actual or alleged contribution is actually technical in nature.

The Court decided that the new approach provided a structured and more helpful way of applying the statutory test for assessing patentability which was consistent with previous decisions of the Court.

This test is quite different from the test used by the EPO, as expressed in T 641/00 (Comvik/Two Identities) and T 258/03 (Hitachi/Auction Method), but it is considered that the end result will be the same in nearly every case.

United States
Patentable subject matter in the United States is governed by 35 U.S.C. 101. The two particularly contentious areas, with numerous reversals of prior legislative and judicial decisions, have been computer-based and biological inventions. The US practice of patentable subject matter is very different from that of the European Patent Office. Whereas the EPO adopted a negation approach by specifically excluding specific types of inventions (discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods; aesthetic creations; schemes, rules and methods for performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers; presentations of information), the US Supreme Court in its Alice-Mayo framework proposed a positivity approach: instead of categorically excluding certain types of invention, an additional "inventive concept" is required to limit the scope of the patent claims to certain applications of a newly discoved algorithm or a law of nature.

There is an important relationship between patent eligibility and non-obviousness tests in the US patent law. The non-obviousness criterion can be easily met if a claim is based on a discovery of new natural phenomenon/principle/law. In the patentable subject matter analysis, however, this "discovery" is assumed to be prior art, and an "additional inventive concept" must be present in the claim.

Things (including living organisms and nucleic acids) found in nature are not patent-eligible (Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.) even, when isolated from their natural environment (e.g. a protein-encoding gene from a chromosome), but things (even alive) "made by man" may be (Diamond v. Chakrabarty, Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.), provided that they are different in a useful manner from their natural predecessor(s).

In the case of computer-implemented methods, the algorithms (even new and non-obvious) per se are not patentable (Gottschalk v. Benson, Parker v. Flook), and an additional "inventive concept" is required to limit the algorithm to new and useful application(s) (Diamond v. Diehr).

Legal controversies
The question of what should and should not be patentable subject matter has spawned a number of battlegrounds in recent years, setting against each other those in each area supporting patentability, claiming that patents would cause increased innovation and public good, against opponents with views that patentability is being sought only for private good but would do public harm.

Flashpoints have included the patenting of naturally occurring biological material, genetic sequences, stem cells, "traditional knowledge," programs for computers, and business methods.

title: Patentable subject matter