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Bauchi State

Bauchi State (Fula: Leydi Bauchi 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤦𞤢𞤵𞤷𞥅𞤭) is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria It is bordered by Jigawa to the north, Yobe to the northeast, Gombe to the east, Taraba and Plateau to the south, Kaduna to the west and Kano to the northwest. It takes its name from the historic city of Bauchi, which also serves as its capital. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State was broken up. It originally included the area that is now Gombe State, which became a distinct state in 1996.

Of the 36 states, Bauchi is the fifth largest in area and also fifth most populous, with an estimated population of over 8,308,800 as of 2022. Geographically, the state is divided between the West Sudanian savanna in the south and the drier, semi-desert Sahelian savanna in the north with a small part of the montane Jos Plateau in the southwest. A key defining characteristic of the state’s landscape is Yankari National Park, a large wildlife park in southern Bauchi State that contains large populations of waterbuck, African buffalo, patas monkey, hippopotamus, roan antelope, and western hartebeest along with some of Nigeria's last remaining West African lion, African leopard, and African bush elephant populations.

What is now Bauchi State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the Bolewa, Butawa, and Warji in the central region; the Fulani, Kanuri, and Karai-Karai in the north; the Bankal, Jaku and Gerawa in and around the city of Bauchi; the Zaar and the Gwak in the south; the Dugurawa in the southeast; and the Jarawa in the southwest. Religiously, the vast majority of the state's population (~80%) are Muslim with smaller Christian and traditionalist minorities at about 15% and 5%, respectively. Evangelicals are the dominant Christian denomination but there are also adherents of the Roman Catholic faith. The Anglican Diocese of Bauchi is part of the Province of Jos, within the Church of Nigeria.

In the early 1800s, the Fulani jihad seized much of modern-day Bauchi State and formed the Bauchi Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate. About 90 years later, a British expedition occupied the Emirate and incorporated it as Bauchi Province into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. Originally, modern-day Bauchi State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State. After the North-Eastern State was split, Bauchi State was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Twenty years after statehood, a group of LGAs in the state's west was broken off to form the new Gombe State.

As a major agriculture-based state, the Bauchi State economy partially relies on livestock and crops, such as cotton, groundnuts, millet, tomatoes, and yams with advanced irrigation schemes increasing agricultural production since statehood. Other industries include food processing and canning facilities, tin and columbite mining, and tourism in Yankari National Park and its Wikki Warm Springs.

Etymology
According to tradition, it was named after a hunter known as Baushe, who settled in the region before the arrival of Yakubu, the first traditional ruler of Bauchi emirate (founded 1800–10). Bauchi and Adamawa were the two main sources of freedom and tourism for the Fulani empire of Sokoto.

History
What is now known as Bauchi, was until 1976 a province in the then North-Eastern State of Nigeria. According to the 2006 census, the state has a population of 4,653,066.

Bauchi State has gone through tremendous transformation over the years. The Ajawa language was spoken in Bauchi State, but became extinct by 1940 as speakers shifted to Hausa.

During the colonial era up to independence, it formed part of the Bauchi Plateau of the then Northern Region, until the 1967 state creation exercise, when the Bauchi, Borno, and Adamawa provinces constituted the former North-Eastern State.

With the creation of Bauchi State in 1976, then comprising present Bauchi and Gombe State, it included 16 local government areas. The number of local government areas in the then Bauchi State was increased to 20 and later to 23. However, in 1997 when Gombe State was created out of Bauchi and additional local governments were created in the country, Bauchi State was left with 20 local government areas as shown below.

Sharia law was adopted in June 2001.

Local Government Areas
Bauchi State consists of twenty Local Government Areas (LGAs). They are:

Geography
Bauchi State occupies a total land area of 49119 km2 representing about 5.3% of Nigeria's total land mass and is located between latitudes 9° 3' and 12° 3' north and longitudes 8° 50' and 11° east.

The state is bordered by seven states, Jigawa to the north, Taraba for 54 km and Plateau for 360 km to the south, Gombe for 277 km to the east, Yobe for 188 km to the north-east, Kaduna to the west for 32 km, and Kano for 131 km to the north-west.

Bauchi state is one of the states in the northern part of Nigeria that span two distinctive vegetation zones, namely, the Sudan savannah and the Sahel savannah. The Sudan savannah type of vegetation covers the southern part of the state. Here, the vegetation gets richer and richer towards the south, especially along water sources or rivers, but generally the vegetation is less uniform and grasses are shorter than what grows even farther south, that is, in the forest zone of the middle belt.

The Sahel type of savannah, also known as semi-desert vegetation, becomes manifest from the middle of the state as one moves from the state's south to its north. This type of vegetation comprises isolated stands of thorny shrubs.

On the other hand, the southwestern part of the state is mountainous as a result of the continuation of the Jos Plateau, while the northern part is generally sandy.

The vegetation types as described above are conditioned by the climatic factors, which in turn determine the amount of rainfall received in the area. For instance, the rainfall in Bauchi state ranges between 1300 mm per annum in the south and only 700 mm per annum in the extreme north. This pattern is because in the West Africa sub-region, rains generally come from the south as they are carried by the southwesterlies. There is therefore a progressive dryness towards the north, culminating in the desert condition in the far north. So also is the case in Bauchi state. Consequently, rains start earlier in the southern part of the state, where rain is heaviest and lasts longer. Here the rains start in April with the highest record amount of 1300 mm per annum. In contrast, the northern part of the state receives the rains late, usually around June or July, and records the highest amount of 700 mm per annum.

In the same vein, the weather experienced in the south and the north varies considerably. While it is humidly hot during the early part of the rainy season in the south, the hot, dry and dusty weather lingers up north.

In addition to rainfall, Bauchi state is watered by a number of rivers. They include the Gongola and Jama'are rivers.

The Gongola River crosses Bauchi state in Tafawa Balewa Local Government Area in the south and in Kirfi and Alkaleri Local Government Areas in the eastern part of the state, while the Jama’are River cuts across a number of Local Government Areas in the northern part of the state. Moreover, a substantial part of the Hadeja-Jama'are River basin lies in Bauchi state, which along with various fadama (floodplain) areas in the state provides suitable land for agricultural activities. These are further supported by the number of dams meant for irrigation and other purposes. These include the Gubi and Tilde-Fulani dams. There also lakes such as the Maladumba Lake in Misau Local Government Area that further provide the necessary conditions to support Agriculture.

Climate
Bauchi has oppressive wet season while the dry season is partly cloudy, and it is hot year round. Over the year, the temperature also varies. Lik

ke every other state in Nigeria, Bauchi state have not been spared in devastating effects of climate change. On 11 July 2022, the acting Director-general of the Bauchi State Emergency Management Agency (BASEMA), Mr Bala Lame, said "no fewer than 100 houses and several farmlands have been destroyed by devastating floods in Darazo LGA of the state". This he attributed to flooding after three days of persistent rainfall in the area. The average annual temperature ranges from 57 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, with occasional exceptions when it falls below 51 or rises over 104.

The greatest time of year to visit Bauchi for warm-weather activities, according to the tourist score, is from early December to early February.

Average Temperature in Bauchi
From 28 February to 10 May is the hot season, which lasts 2.5 months and has an average daily high temperature of over 96 °F. Averaging a high of 99 °F and a low of 74 °F, April is the hottest month of the year in Bauchi.

From 15 July to 1 October, the cool season, which has an average daily high temperature below 86 °F, lasts for 2.6 months. With an average low of 58 °F and high of 90 °F, January is the coldest month of the year in Bauchi.

Air Pollution in Bauchi
Particulate matter, which has a diameter of less than 10 microns and is 1/7th the thickness of a human hair, is a significant source of air pollution in Bauchi. These particles, which can include smoke, soot, dust, salt, acids, and metals, pose a serious threat to health because they may be inhaled into the deepest parts of the lung.

Erosion
Gully erosion, which has swept away bridges, culverts, and homes, is causing alarm among residents of the settlements of Alkaleri and Kirfi in Bauchi State.

Population
Bauchi State has a total of 55 tribal groups which include Gerawa, Sayawa, Jarawa, Kirfawa, Turawa Bolewa, Karekare, Kanuri, Fa'awa, Butawa, Warjawa, Zulawa, Boyawa MBadawa.

There are cultural similarities in the people's language, occupational practices, festivals, dress and there is a high degree of ethnic interaction especially in marriage and economic existence. Some of the ethnic groups have joking relationships that exist between them, e.g. Fulani and Kanuri, Jarawa and Sayawa, etc.

The Durbar Festival is a major annual attraction.

Education
The Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University is located in the capital city Bauchi. Other educational institutions located in the state include Bauchi State University, Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic and Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi. Federal university of health science Azare

Transport
Federal Highways:

 * A3 northeast from Plateau State at Rafin Jaki for 294 km via Bauchi, Darazo, and Lanpo to Yobe State at Baino as part of the Dakar-Ndjamena Trans-Sahelian Highway (Trans-African 5).
 * A237 (as part of the Dakar-Ndjamena Trans-Sahelian Highway or TAH 5) east from Jigawa State near Garwa for 90 km as the Kano-Kari Rd via Zigau, Yana, Giade and Misau to A3 at Kari.
 * A345 as the Bachi-Bara-Gombe Rd east from Bauchi for 117 km via Alkaleri and Bara to Gombe State at Lariski.

Other major roads:

 * the Yana-Azare Rd north from A237 at Yana to Azare.
 * the Azare-Katagum Rd north from Azare via Gadau, Chibiyyi and Sakwa to Katagum.
 * southeast from Katagum via Gamawa and Lafia to Yobe State at Zindiwa.
 * the Azare-Potiskum Rd east from Azare via Bulkachuwa, Damban and Dagauda to Yobe State.
 * the Alkeleri-Kirfi Rd north from A345 at Budawaire along the east bank of the Gongola River to Gombe State as the Kunde-Riban-Gau Rd.
 * the Ningi Rd north from A3 in Bauchi via Kafin Madaki to Miya.
 * the Miya-Warji Rd north from Miya via Baima
 * the Warji-Gwaram Rd east to Jigawa State
 * the Jengre-Ningi Rd north from Plateau State at Zarya to Ningi.
 * the Ningi-Zakara Rd east to Zakara where the Zakara-Miya Rd continues east.
 * the Ningi-Shamaki Rd north to Jigawa State at Shabaki.
 * the Munchia-Zanabi-Jerkoya-Matugiwa Rd.
 * the Lumbu-Fulani Rd east via Jigawa and Gwom to Shabaki.
 * northeast from A3 at Darazo to Jigawa State at Basirka.

Railways:

 * The 1067 mm Cape gauge Eastern Line east from Jos in Plateau State to Gombe State.

Airport:

 * Bauchi Airport Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa International Airport, 23 km north of Bauchi, near the village of Durum, replaced Bauchi Airport in 2014, with regular services to Abuja.

Languages
West Chadic language groups spoken in Bauchi State:

 * North Bauchi languages
 * South Bauchi languages

Languages of Bauchi State listed by LGA:

Other languages of Bauchi State are Ajawa, Beele, Berom, Kanuri, Kwaami, Manga, Pero, and Piya-Kwonci.

Government
See also: List of governors of Bauchi State

Like all Nigerian states, the executive arm of the state government is headed by a governor who is eligible for a re-election once.

As at 2019, the governor of Bauchi State is Bala Mohammed, who emerged victorious in the 9 March 2019 Governorship election with the political party PDP. He was sworn in on 29 May 2019, making him the 6th democratic governor of Bauchi State and the 16th governor of Bauchi State overall. Baba Tela serves as the deputy governor of Bauchi State.

Politics
The State government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The Capital city of the State is Bauchi.

The electoral system of to the state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.

Notable people

 * Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, first and only Prime Minister of Nigeria
 * Jude Rabo, vice-chancellor of Federal University, Wukari
 * Sa'adu Zungur, poet and revolutionary
 * Bala Muhammed, (born 1958) Nigerian politician and the Bauchi state Governor since 2019.
 * Muhammed Abdullahi Abubakar (born 1956) former Bauchi state Governor from 2015 to 2019.
 * Isa Yuguda, (born 1956) a Nigerian politician and former Bauchi State Governor from 2007 to 2015.

title: Bauchi State


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Edo State

Edo, officially known as Edo State, is a state in the South-South geopolitical zone of the federal republic of Nigeria. As of 2022, the state was ranked as the 22nd most populous state (4,777,000) in Nigeria. The estimated state population is around 4,777,000 in 2022. Edo State is the 22nd largest State by landmass in Nigeria. The state's capital and largest city, Benin City, is the fourth largest city in Nigeria, and the centre of the country's rubber industry. Created in 1991 from the former Bendel State, it is also known as the heart beat of the nation. Edo State borders Kogi State to the north for 133 km and across the Niger River for 81 km to the northeast, Anambra State to the east for about four km across the Niger River, Delta State to the southeast and south for 350 km (218 miles), and Ondo State to the west.

The modern borders of Edo State encompasses regions that were formerly the site of various empires and kingdoms of the second dynasty formed in the 11th century AD, the Benin Empire. The ancient city of Edo, the site of modern-day Benin City, was home to some of the largest earthworks in the world. In 1897, the British Empire conducted a punitive expedition of the region, destroying most of the ancient city of Edo and incorporating the territory into what would become the Southern Nigeria Protectorate.

Edo State is a diverse state that is predominantly inhabited by the Edoid people, including the Edo (or Bini), Esan, Ora, Akoko-Edo, Owan and Afemai people among others. The most common Edoid language spoken is the Edo language, which is commonly spoken in Benin City. Christianity is the dominant religion in Edo State. It was first introduced to the region by Portuguese missionaries during the 15th century. Islam and traditional religions are also practised.

History
The Mid-Western Region was a division of Nigeria from 1963 to 1991, formally known as Bendel state from 1976. It was formed in June 1963 from Benin and Delta provinces of the Western Region, and its capital was Benin City. It was renamed a province in 1966, and in 1967 when the other provinces were split up into several states, it remained territorially intact, becoming a state.

During the Nigerian Civil War, the Biafran forces invaded the new Mid-Western state, en route to Lagos, in an attempt to force a quick end to the war. While under Biafran occupation, the state was declared as the "Republic of Benin" as Nigerian forces were to retake the region. The republic collapsed a day after the declaration as Nigerian troops overtook Benin City. Edo State was established on 27 August 1991 when Bendel State was split into Edo and Delta States. The Edo people political organization is expressed in a three-tier age group system that cuts across kin groups and make age, rather than line-age affiliation, with criterion of authority. Benin city itself is organized on the basis of age-grades similar to those of the villages as well as on the basis of wards and chiefs, both hereditary and non-hereditary, serving the Oba in specialised functions. The Oba is the focal point of the Benin political system and institution is based squarely on that of divine kingship.

Climate
Edo state has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate with yearly temperature of 28.78°C (83.8°F) and it is -0.68% lower than Nigeria's averages. Edo typically receives about 183.49 millimeters (7.22 inches) of precipitation and has 265.91 rainy days (72.85% of the time) annually and at an elevation of 239.16 meters (784.65 feet) above sea level.

People
With Benin City as capital, the population of the entire state is approximately 5 million. It is made up of four major ethnic groups; namely Edo (Binis), Owan, Esan and Afemai (Etsako & Akoko Edo). However, the State has a high presence of residents from across the country and the world because of its cosmopolitan tendencies. Benin City has a history of being one of the foremost destinations of Europeans during their exploration of Africa continent many centuries ago. Some of these flash points have remained enviable tourists' attraction sites for the state. The people are known for having several Edo traditional food.

Demographics
The main ethnic groups in Edo State are Édo, Etsako, Esan, Owan, and Akoko Edo. Virtually all the groups trace their origin to Benin City, hence their dialects vary with their distance from Benin City. The Edo speaking people occupy seven out of the 18 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the state and constitute 57.54% of the total population. Others are as follows: Esan (17.14%), Etsako (12.19%), Owan (7.43%), and Akoko Edo (5.70%). There are also Igbira speaking communities in Akoko Edo, Itsekiri communities in Ikpoba-Okha, and Ijaw Izons and Urhobos in Ovia North East and South West Local Government Areas, especially in the borderlands. Also, Ika speaking communities exist in Igbanke (Ika) in Orhionmwon LGA.

Local Government Areas
Edo State consists of eighteen (18) Local Government Areas. They are:

 * Akoko-Edo
 * Egor
 * Esan Central
 * Esan North-East
 * Esan South-East
 * Esan West
 * Etsako Central
 * Etsako East
 * Etsako West
 * Igueben
 * Ikpoba-Okha
 * Oredo
 * Orhionmwon
 * Ovia North-East
 * Ovia South-West
 * Owan East
 * Owan West
 * Uhunmwonde

Edo State House Of Assembly (Fifth Assembly) Division List, 2013
Edo State House Of Assembly Division List 2013, consists of twenty-four (24) divisions:

 * Akoko-Edo 1
 * Ovia South-West
 * Orhionmwon I
 * Etsako East
 * Uhunmwonde
 * Esan South-East
 * Esan Central
 * Esan West
 * Igueben
 * Oredo West
 * Esan North-East I
 * Ikpoba-Okha
 * Etsako West I
 * Owan East
 * Orhionmwon II
 * Etsako Central
 * Owan West
 * Egor
 * Esan North-East II
 * Akoko-Edo II
 * Ovia North-East II
 * Oredo East
 * Ovia North-East I
 * Etsako West II

Edo State Judiciary
The Judiciary is the third arm of Government in the State, vested with the power to interpret the laws and resolve disputes in both civil and criminal matters in the State. The State Judiciary is headed by a Chief Judge. On 19 May 2023, Edo State Governor, Godwin Obaseki swore in Hon. Justice Daniel Iyobosa Okungbowa as Acting Chief Judge of Edo State, following the retirement of Justice Joe Acha.

Politics
Governor Godwin Obaseki is the current governor of Edo State and was sworn into office on 12 November 2016. His deputy is Rt. Hon. Comrade Philip Shaibu. The Edo State House of Assembly is the legislative body.

Electoral System
The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.

Languages
English is the official language of the state. The major tribal languages spoken in the state are Edo, Etuno, Etsako, Esan, Ake-Ievbu and Okpamheri. Edo State is home to several ethnicities, they are the Edo, Okpe, Esan, Afenmai, Akoko, Igbanke, Emai.

The Etsako/Afemai people of Edo state have the highest population of Muslims. They live in Six local government areas within the state and their major occupation is farming. Languages of Edo State listed by LGA:

Religion Practiced In Edo State
Christianity and Islam are the major religions practiced in Edo State, although a minority of the population adhere to indigenous religions.

The Catholic Church comprises the Archdiocese of Benin City (1884 as Upper Niger) with 84 parishes under Archbishop Augustine Obiora Akubeze  (2011) and three suffragan dioceses of Auchi (2002) with 56 parishes under Bishop Gabriel Ghiakhomo Dunia (2002), Issele-Uku (1973) with 94 parishes under Bishop Michael Odogwu Elue (2003), and Uromi  (2005) with 18 parishes under Bishop Donatus Aihmiosion Ogun  (2014).

The Anglican Province of Bendel (2002) in the Church of Nigeria under Archbishop Cyril Odutemu (2020) includes the Diocese of Akoko-Edo (2007) led by Bishop Jolly Ehigiator Oyekpen until he died 2022, the Diocese of Benin (1962) led by Bishop Peter Imasuen (2004), the Diocese of Esan (2000) led by Bishop Gabriel Elabor (2020), the  Diocese of Etsako (2007) led by Bishop Felix Unuokhe Olorunfemi, the Diocese of Oleh (1999) led by Bishop John Usiwoma Aruakpor  (2012), and the Diocese of Sabongidda-Ora (1993) led by Bishop Augustine Ohilebo (2004).

Economy
Tourist attractions in Edo State include the Emotan Statue in Benin City, Ise Lake and River Niger Beach in Agenebode, Etsako-East; Mike Akhigbe Square at fugar, Ambrose Alli Square, Ekpoma, River Niger Beaches at Ilushi, BFFM Building at Ewu, Obiemen lake in Agua Irrua, Igun Bronze Caster at Igun Street in Benin City, College of Agriculture and Aqua Culture Technology, Agenebode, Okpekpe with its hills and scenes and the Usomege Hills at Apana-Uzairue, Somorika hills in Akoko Edo, where a government-run tourist center at Ososo is set among spectacular scenery.

The state produces crude oil, and other mineral resources like limestone and quarry. The state has a cement factory at Okpella and a Flour Mill at Ewu which is moribund.

Mineral Resources In Edo State
The following are the Mineral Resources found in Edo State
 * Bitumen
 * Clay
 * Dolomite
 * Phosphate
 * Glass-sand
 * Gold
 * Gypsium
 * Iron-ore
 * Lignite
 * Limestone
 * Marble
 * Oil/Gas

Education
Notable tertiary learning institutions in Edo state include:

 * Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma
 * Auchi Polytechnic
 * Benson Idahosa University, Benin City
 * College of Agriculture, Iguoriakhi
 * Edo State Polytechnic Usen
 * College of Education, Ekiadolor
 * Edo Technical College
 * Edo University, Uzairue (formerly Edo University, Iyahmo)
 * Igbinedion University, Okada
 * Kings Polytechnic
 * Mudiame University, Irrua
 * Samuel Adegboyega University, Ogwa
 * Shaka Polytechnic
 * University of Benin
 * Wellspring University

Healthcare
List of Edo State Medical zones and associated local government areas.

Transport
Federal Highways are
 * A2 north from Warri to Delta State via Benin City to Okene in Kogi State,
 * A121 (part of TAH8: Trans-African Highway 8 Lagos-Mombasa) west from A2 in Benin City via Okokpon and Ugbogui to Ondo State at Ofosu,
 * A122 north from Benin City via Odighi to Ondo State at Sobe,
 * A232 (part of TAH8) east from Benin City via Iguomo, Ugoneki, Ugomoson, Abudu and Ossiomo and Ogan to Agbor (Delta State).

Other major roads include
 * the Siuko Rd northwest from Benin City via Ogheghe and Okoro to Okokpon,
 * the Ekiadoro-Olumoye-Uhen Rd north from A121 at Ekiadoro to Ondo State at Ogbesse,
 * the Auchi-Ekpessa Rd to Federal Rd Uwhosi to Kogi State at Lankpeshi,
 * the Auchi-Agenebode Rd east from A2 at Auchi via Ivioghe as the Ayoguri-Agenebode Rd,
 * north from Fugar to Kogi State,
 * the Uromi Igbanke Rd south to A232 at Agbor to Delta State,
 * the Sakpoba Rd northeast from Ugbeka to Agbor in Delta State,
 * the Warri-Sakpoba Rd southwest from Otefe to A2 at Ogharefe Junction in Delta State.

Airports: Benin City is served by Benin Airport with flights to Abuja, Kano, Lagos and Port Harcourt.

Notable people

 * Oba of Benin
 * John Odigie Oyegun, First Governor of Edo state and former national chairman of the ruling APC
 * Godwin Obaseki, former chairman of the State's economic team and present Executive Governor of the State
 * Erhabor Emokpae, pioneer of modern arts in Nigeria
 * Admiral Mike Akhigbe, former vice president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
 * Dele Giwa, Nigerian journalist, editor and founder of Newswatch magazine.
 * Senator Albert Legogie, former deputy senate president in the defunct Third Republic and a pioneer member of the Board of Trustees of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).
 * Pa Michael Imoudu, labour leader and founder of the Nigeria state,
 * Chief Julius Momo Udochi, first Nigerian ambassador to the United States,
 * Gen. George Agbazika Innih, one-time military governor of Bendel and Kwara State,
 * Major-General Abdul Rahman Mamudu former Commander Nigerian Army Signals Corps and military administrator Gongola State,
 * Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede, co-founder of Access Bank Plc and founder of Africa Initiative for Governance (AIG)
 * Ruth Kadiri, movie producer and actress
 * Adams Oshiomhole, past president of the Nigeria Labour Congress and former governor of Edo State; he built Edo University of Iyamoh, Edo State.
 * Pastor Chris Oyakhilome, founder of the Believers Loveworld Nation
 * Prince Tony Momoh, former Minister of Information and Culture
 * Maymunah Kadiri, mental health advocate
 * Professor Ambrose Alli, former governor of the defunct Bendel State. He created the Bendel State university now named after him.
 * John Momoh, Nigerian broadcast journalist and CEO of Channels TV
 * Professor Osayuki Godwin Oshodin, former vice chancellor of University of Benin
 * Jacob U. Egharevba, a Bini historian and traditional chief
 * Dr Samuel Ogbemudia, former governor of the midwest region of Nigeria and later Bendel state
 * Chief Anthony Enahoro, anti-colonial and pro-democracy activist and politician
 * Professor Festus Iyayi, novelist and first African to win the Commonwealth Writers Prize
 * Odia Ofeimun, poet and former president of the Association of Nigerian Authors
 * Abel Guobadia, educator and former Nigerian ambassador to the Republic of Korea, former Chairman Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)
 * General Godwin Abbe, former Nigerian Minister for Interior and Defence
 * Archbishop John Edokpolo, founder of Edokpolo Grammar Schools and Political Activist
 * Sir Victor Uwaifo, musician
 * Archbishop Benson Idahosa, Pentecostal Church Leader
 * Sonny Okosun, musician
 * Augustine Eguavoen, former professional Nigerian footballer and coach
 * Felix Idubor, artist
 * Festus Ezeli, basketball player formerly with the Golden State Warriors
 * Modupe Ozolua, body enhancement and reconstructive surgery
 * Chief Tony Anenih, chairman of board of trustees (PDP) Once Minister of Work.
 * Gabriel Igbinedion, international business mogul, Bini high chief, and owner of ITV
 * Raymond Dokpesi, owner of Africa's largest private television network and politician
 * Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen, film director, screenwriter and producer
 * Suyi Davies Okungbowa, fantasy and speculative fiction author
 * Osaze Peter Odemwingie, professional footballer
 * Chris Aire-Iluobe, jeweler and timepiece designer
 * Francis Edo-Osagie, businessman
 * Kamaru Usman, professional mixed martial artist, former UFC Welterweight Champion.
 * Yakubu Ayegbeni, former professional footballer
 * Rema, musician
 * Philip Shaibu (born 1 December 1969, in Kaduna), lawmaker, politician businessman, and deputy governor of Edo State
 * Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo, politician, coordinator of Michael Agbonifo shoe a child foundation
 * Prof T. M. Yesufu, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Benin, economist.
 * Odion Jude Ighalo, professional footballer.
 * Victor Osimhen, professional footballer.
 * Aisha Yesufu, socio-political activist.
 * Yvonne Jegede actress, film producer, model, and television personality
 * Zakariyau Oseni, professor of Arabic and a scholar of Islamic studies, guardian of Arabic language and literature, an imam and poet.
 * Mike Ozekhome, legal practitioner and a human rights activist.
 * Mike Oghiadomhe, chief of staff to President Goodluck Jonathan in 2014.
 * Solomon Arase, former inspector general of police in Nigeria
 * Julius Aghahowa, former professional footballer
 * Sam Loco Efe (1945-2011), former Nollywood veteran actor and producer
 * Admiral Augustus Aikhomu, former chief of staff in the General Ibrahim Babangida administration.
 * Helen Paul, stand-up comedian and actress and popularly known as Tatafo
 * Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen, film director and Nollywood producer
 * Hon. Joe Edionwele, politician and member of the 8th and 9th National Assembly, Nigeria representing Edo Central Senatorial District
 * Lucky Igbinedion politician and former democratic governor of Edo State.
 * Oserheimen Osunbor, a lawyer and former governor
 * Osagie Ehanire medical doctor and politician
 * Skales rapper, singer and songwriter.
 * Nancy Isime actress, model and media personality.
 * Adesua Etomi, actress
 * Olumide Akpata, Former president of the Nigerian Bar Association
 * Queen Blessing Ebigieson, actress
 * BB02, musician
 * Loretta Ogboro-Okor
 * Peter Akpatason, politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edo State


text:
Borno State

Borno State is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria.It is bordered by Yobe to the west for about 421 km, Gombe to the southwest for 93 km, and Adamawa to the south while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon for about 426 km (265 miles, partly across the Ebedi and Kalia Rivers). Its northern border forms part of the national border with Niger for about 223 km, mostly across the Komadougou-Yobe River, and its northeastern border forms all of the national border with Chad for 85 km (53 miles),.It is the only Nigerian state to border up to three countries. It takes its name from the historic emirate of Borno, with the emirate's old capital of Maiduguri serving as the capital city of Borno State. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State was broken up. It originally included the area that is now Yobe State, which became a distinct state in 1991.

Borno is the second largest in area of the 36 states, only behind Niger State. Despite its size, the state is the eleventh most populous with an estimated population of about 5.86 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is divided between the semi-desert Sahelian savanna in the north and the West Sudanian savanna in the centre and south with a part of the montane Mandara Plateau in the southeast. In the far northeast of the state is the Nigerian portion of Lake Chad and the Lake Chad flooded savanna ecoregion; the lake is fed by the Yobe River which forms the state's border with Niger until it reaches the lakebed. In the centre of the state is part of the Chad Basin National Park, a large national park that contains populations of black crowned crane, spotted hyena, patas monkey, and roan antelope along with transient herds of some of Nigeria's last remaining African bush elephants. However, a section of the park, the Sambisa Forest, was taken over during the Boko Haram insurgency in the early 2010s forcing many fauna to flee; large animals were not seen until 2019 and 2020 when a massive herd of migratory elephants returned to Borno.

Borno State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the Dghwede, Glavda, Guduf, Laamang, Mafa, and Mandara in the central region; the Afade, Yedina (Buduma), and Kanembu in the extreme northeast; the Waja in the extreme south; and the Kyibaku, Kamwe, Kilba, and Margi groups in the south while the Kanuri and Shuwa Arabs live throughout the state's north and centre. Religiously, the vast majority of the state's population (~85%) are Muslim with smaller Christian and traditionalist minorities (especially in the south) at around 7% each.

From the 700s, what is now Borno State was within the territory of the Kanem Empire, an empire spanning from modern-day southern Libya (Fezzan) south through most of now-Chad into modern-day Borno State. In the late 1300s, the Kanem Empire was forced to move after unsuccessful wars, becoming the Bornu Empire before regaining strength and ruling the wider area for the next 500 years. It was not until the early 1800s when the Fulani jihad significantly weakened the Empire, that Bornu began to decline. Much of modern-day southern Borno State was seized in the wars and incorporated into the Adamawa Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate. About 80 years later, Rabih az-Zubayr, a Sudanese warlord, conquered the Empire and ruled until he was killed by French forces in the 1900 Battle of Kousséri. The Adamawa Emirate was also defeated by colonial powers, losing the Adamawa Wars to Germany and the British Empire. Both Rabih's lands (later reconstituted as the Borno Emirate) and the Adamawa Emirate were then divided among colonial powers with modern-day Borno State being split between Germany and the British Empire.

The British-controlled area was incorporated into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. The German-controlled area (territory along the modern-day border with Cameroon) formed Deutsch-Bornu as a part of German Kamerun until allied forces invaded and occupied Kamerun during the Kamerun campaign of World War I. After the war, what is now the eastern periphery of Borno State became a part of the Northern Cameroons within the British Cameroons until 1961, when a referendum led to merger with Nigeria. Originally, modern-day Borno State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State. After the North-Eastern State was split, Borno State was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Fifteen years after statehood, a group of LGAs in the state's west was broken off to form the new Yobe State. Years later, in the early 2000s, the state became the epicentre of the Islamist group Boko Haram since it began its insurgency in 2009. From 2012 to 2015, the insurgency escalated dramatically with much of the state falling under the control of the group, which soon become the world's deadliest terror group in 2015 and forced millions from their homes. Following a 2015 mass multinational offensive along with infighting within the terrorists between the original Boko Haram group and the Islamic State – West Africa Province breakaway, the group was forced from its strongholds into the Sambisa Forest and some islands in Lake Chad by 2017; however, terrorists continue to be a threat statewide with frequent attacks on both civilian and military targets.

As a partially agriculturally-based state, the rural Borno State economy relied heavily on livestock and crops prior to the Boko Haram insurgency while state capital Maiduguri is a major regional trade and service center. However, after years of the insurgency affecting development and forcing farmers from rural areas in the state, Borno has the thirteenth lowest Human Development Index in the country but as the insurgency has slightly abated since 2016, development has renewed.

As of 2022, much of Borno State has been occupied by ISWAP.

History
The state has a predominance of Kanuri people, while other ethnic groups such as Lapang, Babur/Bura, Mafa and Marghi are also found in the southern part of the state. Shuwa Arabs are mainly the descendants of Arab people and are an example of the endurance of traditional political institutions in some areas of Africa. The emirs of the former Kanem–Bornu Empire have played a part in the politics of this area for nearly 1,000 years.

The current Kanemi dynasty gained control of the Borno Emirate in the early 19th century after the Fulani jihad of Usman dan Fodio. Conquered by Rabih in 1893, Borno was invaded by the British, French and Germans at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1902, the British officially incorporated Borno into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and in 1907 established a new capital at Maiduguri, which remains the capital to this day.

After Nigerian independence in 1960, Borno remained fairly autonomous until the number of states in Nigeria expanded to 12 in 1967. Local government reform in 1976 further reduced the power of the emirs of the former dynasty, and by the time of Nigeria's return to civilian rule in 1979, the emirs' jurisdiction has been restricted solely to cultural and traditional affairs. Mala Kachallah was elected governor of Borno State in 1999 under the flagship of the then APP (All Peoples Party), later renamed the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP). Ali Modu Sheriff was elected governor of Borno State in Nigeria in April 2003.

Boko Haram's insurgency began in 2009, with Borno being the worst-affected area. On 14 May 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in northeastern Nigeria, including Borno State along with the neighboring states of Adamawa and Yobe. This happened after fighting between Boko Haram and the state armed forces killed 200 people in the town of Baga. A spokesman for the armed forces declared that the offensive would continue "as long as it takes to achieve our objective of getting rid of insurgents from every part of Nigeria."

In July 2014, the state's governor Kashim Shettima said that "176 teachers had been killed and 900 schools destroyed since 2011." After the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in April 2014, most schools in Borno State were closed.

In November 2014, UNICEF reported it has increased its Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) centres in Borno State "from 5 to 67." In Borno State, the agricultural sector has suffered mostly because of the insurgency, and many people have experienced acute food insecurity.

Climate
The climate of Borno state is characteristic of rainfall variability, with strong latitudinal zone, which is drier in this north eastern state. The commencement of the rainy season in this north-east state is around June/July of every year, which far behind the south eastern states. The trade wind, also regarded as the harmattan season is often experienced in the state between the months of December and February. There is a reduction in rainfall from 3,800 mm to below 650 mm in the state, hence it rains in the state between 4 and 5 months annually. The state experiences high relative humidity annually. The hottest period in the state is in the month of May, with an average of 340C while the month of January is the coldest with an annual average of 230C. The wettest month is August with an average of 118.6 mm while the windiest month is December with an average of 11 km/h.

Education
Borno has many higher institutions, these include:
 * Borno State University
 * Mohammed Goni College of Legal and Islamic Studies.
 * Nigerian Army University Biu
 * University of Maiduguri
 * Al-Ansar University
 * Federal Polytechnic Monguno.
 * Federal University of Agricultural Technology Damboa
 * Maiduguri College of Nursing and Midwifery.
 * Mohamet Lawan College of Agriculture, Maiduguri.

Local Government Areas
Borno State consists of twenty-seven (27) Local Government Areas, grouped into three Senatorial Districts (shown below with their areas and 2006 census population figures): In addition, there are eight Emirate Councils (Borno, Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani and Uba Emirates), which advise the local governments on cultural and traditional matters.

Languages
A wide variety of Biu–Mandara languages are spoken in Borno State, particularly in the Mandara Mountains. Languages of Borno State listed by Local Government Area:

Other languages of Borno State are Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, and Tedaga.

Religion
Islam continues to be the dominant faith practiced in Borno State, with much smaller numbers of adherents of Christianity and other faiths spread throughout and living within the region. Sharia operates as the primary foundation for the development, interpretation, and enforcement of most civic codes and laws. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Maiduguri has its seat in the State. The Anglican Diocese of Maiduguri (1990) within the Province of Jos, is led by Bishop Emmanuel Morris (2017). Ekklesiar Yan'Uwa A Nigeria (EYN) buildings in Maiduguri were destroyed by Boko Haram as a part of their uprising, which were later rebuilt.

Transport
Federal Highways are:
 * A3 east from Yobe State at Ngamdu via Benisheikh, Maiduguri, Mafa and Dikwa to Gamboru as part of the Trans-Sahel Highway (Trans-African Highway 5),
 * A4 north from Numan in Adamawa State at Mada via Biu, Damboa and Bulabulin to A3 near Maiduguri as the Maiduguri-Numan Rd, and then east via Konduga, Kabuiri, and Bama as the Bama-Maiduguri Rd to Cameroon at Banki,
 * A13 north from Adamawa State near Limankara via Gwoza Wakane and Burari to A4 near Bama.

Two border crossings to Niger across the Komadougou Yobe:
 * Damasak to Difa
 * Bisagana to Bosso.

Three roads to Cameroon:
 * A3 from Gamboru at Ngala (TAH 5) at Fotokol to N2 to Maltam,
 * from A4 in Bama via Dipchari to Mora via Kolofata,
 * from Pulka at Kerawa to Mora.

Other major roads include:
 * the Biu or Gombe Rd west to Gombe State at Vuradale,
 * the Waranya-Buratai-Biu Rd north to Yobe State at Maza,
 * the Dikwa-Gulumba-Gana-Bigoro Rd north from A4 at Banki to A3 at Dikwa,
 * the Monguno-Marte-Dikwa Rd north to Monguno,
 * the Maiduguri-Monguno or Gajiram-Bolon Rd,
 * the Monguno-Barwa-Kauwa Rd,
 * the Kukawa-Kauwa Border Rd east from Damasak (as the Damasaak-Kukawa Rd) via Kauwa to Doro Gowon,
 * the Gwoza-Damboa Rd east from A13 at Gwoza Wakane via Bitta, Gazal and Bukar Kwareri to A4 at Dumboa,
 * the Ngamdu-Damboa Rd east via Yobe State to A3 at Ngamdu,
 * south from Damboa via Chibok and Zadawa Yama to Adamawa State at Uba,
 * southeast from Biu to Adamawa State at Garkida.

Railways:

Maiduguri lies at the terminus of the 1067 mm (3ˈ6") Cape Gauge Eastern Line east from Bauchi in Gombe State.

Airports:

Served by the Maiduguri International Airport.

Notable people

 * Mohammed Indimi, businessman
 * Abba Kyari businessman and politician
 * Abba Kyari, military officer
 * Mohammed Ali Ndume, Politician
 * Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini, Islamic cleric and Mufti
 * Kyari Magumeri, soldier
 * Zakariya Maimalari, Nigerian soldier
 * Abogu Largema, Soldier
 * Kashim Shettima, politician and Vice President
 * Professor Babagana Umara Zulum, Executive governor of Borno

Natural resources
Borno State is rich with abundant natural resources, which are highly demanded by industries and for commercial purposes. These include:

 * Kaolin
 * Clay
 * Diatomite
 * Trona
 * Natural salt
 * Iron ore
 * Silica sand
 * Mica
 * Quartz
 * Magnetite
 * Uranium

Companies/Industries

 * Borno textile
 * Flex foam Nigeria Limited
 * Simba Industries Limited

title: Borno State


text:
Enugu State

Enugu State (Ȯra Enugu) is a state in the South-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria, bordered to the north by the states of Benue and Kogi, Ebonyi State to the east and southeast, Abia State to the south, and Anambra State to the west. The state takes its name from its capital and largest city, Enugu. The city acquired township status in 1917 and was called Enugwu-Ngwo. Due to the rapid expansion towards areas owned by other indigenous communities, it was renamed Enugu in 1928.

Of the 36 states, Enugu is the 29th largest in area and 22nd most populous with an estimated population of over 4.4 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is divided between the Niger Delta swamp forests in the far south and the drier Guinean forest–savanna mosaic with some savanna in the rest of the state. Other important geographical features are the Udi-Nsukka Plateau and Ekulu River, which flows through the city of Enugu.

Modern-day Enugu State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, primarily the Igbo people with minorities of Idoma and Igala peoples in Etteh Uno a community in Igbo Eze North Local Government Area. In the pre-colonial period, what is now Enugu State was a part of the medieval Kingdom of Nri and the Arochukwu-based Aro Confederacy before the latter was defeated in the early 1900s by British troops in the Anglo-Aro War. After the war, the British incorporated the area into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, which was later merged into British Nigeria in 1914; after the merger, Enugu became a symbol of anti-colonial resistance after the 1949 massacre of striking coal miners in the Iva Valley.

After independence in 1960, the area of what is now Enugu was a part of the post-independence Eastern Region until May 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the East Central State. Less than two months afterwards, the former Eastern Region attempted to secede in the three-year long Nigerian Civil War with what is now Enugu State as a part of the secessionist state of Biafra. The city of Enugu was named the Biafran capital until October 1967 when it was captured by federal forces; the rest of the state was hard-fought over but much of it fell by June 1968. At the war's end and the reunification of Nigeria, the East Central State was reformed until 1976 when Anambra State (including what is now Enugu) was formed by the Murtala Muhammed regime. Fifteen years afterwards, Anambra State was divided with the eastern part being broken off to form the new Enugu State; in 1996, part of Enugu State's east was removed to form a part of the new Ebonyi State.

Economically, Enugu State is based around trading, manufacturing mainly plastic manufacturing (but recently, China opened a factory called Dongfeng) and services along with agriculture, mainly of yams, rice, cocoyam, oil palm, and cassava. A key minor industry was mining, especially of coal in the Udi Hills around the city of Enugu. Enugu State has the tenth highest Human Development Index in the country and is considered the heart of Igboland, the cultural region of ethnically Igbo areas.

Geography
Enugu State is one of the states in the eastern part of Nigeria located at the foot of the Udi Plateau. The state shares borders with Abia State for about 25 km to the south, Ebonyi State to the east, Benue State to the northeast for 84 km, Kogi State to the northwest for 112 km (70 miles) and Anambra State to the west for 139 km (86 miles).

Enugu, the capital city of Enugu State, is on the railroad from Port Harcourt, 150 miles (240 km) south-southwest, and at the intersection of roads from Aba, Onitsha, and Abakaliki. It is approximately 4 hours drive away from Port Harcourt, where coal shipments exited Nigeria. Enugu is also located within an hour's drive from Onitsha, one of the biggest commercial cities in Africa and two hours' drive from Aba, another very large commercial city, both of which are trading centres in Nigeria. The average temperature in this city is cooler to mild ~17°C (60°F) in its cooler months and gets warmer to hot in its warmer months ~28°C (upper 80°F).

Enugu has good soil-land and climatic conditions all year round, sitting at about 223 m above sea level, and the soil is well drained during its rainy seasons. The mean temperature in Enugu State in the hottest month of February is about 87.16 F, while the lowest temperatures occur in the month of November, reaching 60.54 F. The lowest rainfall of about 0.16 cc is normal in February, while the highest is about 35.7 cc in July.

Climate
Enugu state has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate. The city's yearly temperature is 28.27°C (82.89°F) and it is -1.19% lower than Nigeria's averages. Enugu typically receives about 158.57 millimeters (6.24 inches) of precipitation and has 192.73 rainy days (52.8% of the time) annually.

History
The name of the state was derived from its capital city, Enugu. The word "Enugu" (from Enu Ugwu) means "the top of the hill". The first European settlers arrived in the area in 1909, led by a British mining engineer named Albert Kitson. In his quest for silver, he discovered coal in the Udi Ridge which is why the state is regarded as coal city state. The Colonial Governor of Nigeria Frederick Lugard took a keen interest in the discovery, and by 1914 the first shipment of coal was made to Britain. As mining activities increased in the area, a permanent cosmopolitan settlement emerged, supported by a railway system. Enugu acquired township status in 1917 and became strategic to British interests. Foreign businesses began to move into Enugu, the most notable of which were John Holt, Kingsway Stores, the British Bank of West Africa and the United Africa Company.

From Enugu, the British administration was able to spread its influence over the Southern Province of Nigeria. The colonial past of Enugu is today evidenced by the Georgian building types and meandering narrow roads within the residential area originally reserved for the whites, an area which is today called the Government Reserved Area (GRA).

From being the capital of the Southern Provinces, Enugu became the capital of the Eastern Region (now divided into nine States), the capital of the now defunct Federal Republic of Biafra, thereafter, the capital of East Central State, Anambra State, (old) Enugu State, and now the capital of the present Enugu State through a process of state creation and diffusion of administrative authority.

Politics
The State Government and the Local Government are the two levels of government in Enugu State and in all other states of Nigeria. Peter Mbah is the current executive governor of Enugu State. He was elected by the people in April 2023 and was sworn in on 29 May 2023 Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi is the immediate past governor succeeding Sullivan Chime. Chime was elected by the people of Enugu State in April 2007 and was sworn into office on 29 May 2007. The governor is above a group of commissioners who he has placed as heads of ministries that oversee various portfolios such as Health and Housing; both the governor and the commissioners form the Executive Council of Enugu State. Government House, Enugu is where the government of the state is based.

Electoral system
The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas.

Local government areas
Enugu State consists of 17 Local Government Areas. They are:

 * Aninri
 * Awgu
 * Enugu East
 * Enugu North
 * Enugu South
 * Ezeagu
 * Igbo Etiti
 * Igbo Eze North
 * Igbo Eze South
 * Isi Uzo
 * Nkanu East
 * Nkanu West
 * Nsukka
 * Oji River
 * Udenu
 * Udi
 * Uzo-Uwani

Economy
Economically, the state is predominantly rural and agrarian, with a substantial proportion of its working population engaged in farming, although trading (18.8%) and services (12.9%) are also important. In the urban areas trading is the dominant occupation, followed by services. A small proportion of the population is also engaged in manufacturing activities, with the most pronounced among them located in Enugu, Oji, Ohebedim and Nsukka. The state boasts of a number of markets especially at each of the divisional headquarters, prominent of which is the Ogbete Main market in the State capital, Enugu. There is also one of the largest grains market East of the Niger, the Orie Orba Market which plays host to most farmers from the North Central States of Benue, Kogi, Nassarawa and Plateau who use the market to dispose their produce for consumers in South-East and South-Southern Nigeria. Every four days, grains and other farm produce are found in large quantities and at highly competitive prices.

Natural resources
The following Natural Resources are found in Enugu State:
 * Coal
 * Lead
 * Zinc
 * Limestone

Energy
Electricity supply is relatively stable in Enugu and its environs. The Oji River Power Station (which used to supply electricity to all of Eastern Nigeria) is located in Enugu State. With the deregulation of electricity generation in Nigeria and the privatisation of the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), it is hoped the State Government would assist private investors to negotiate the take over and reactivation of the Oji Power Station. This is more so with the proximity of the Enugu coal mines to the power station, a driving distance of about 20 minutes. There are also traces of crude oil in Ugwuoba, in the same Oji-River Local Government area of the state. The state will also negotiate with investors interested in investing in the coal mining in Enugu. The coal industry used to be one of the biggest employers of labour in the state and the state is looking to attract investors in the industry.

Education
Every community in Enugu State has at least one Primary/Elementary school and one Secondary school, funded and run by State Government. There are also large numbers of private nursery, primary and secondary schools in Enugu State.

Nigeria's first indigenous university, (University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN)), is located in Enugu State. The state also hosts the Enugu State University of Science & Technology (ESUT), Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Federal Cooperative College, Oji River (FCCO); Enugu State College of Education Technical, Enugu; Caritas University, Amorji-Nike, Renaissance University, Ugbawka; Command Day Secondary School Enugu, Federal Government College Enugu, Federal School of Dental Technology & Therapy, College of Immaculate Conception, Enugu, Queen's School Enugu a Prominent high school for girls in the Eastern region; St. Theresa's College, Nsukka; Special Science Boys' Secondary School Agbani, Nkanu West L.G.A; [St. Patrick's Secondary School], Emene, Bigard Memorial Seminary, Enugu; Awgu County College, Nenwe; Community Secondary School, Ugbo-Okpala, Ugbo; Corpus Christi College, Achi, Royal Crown Academy, Nsukka, Enugu State, Enugu]; Our Saviour Institute of Science and Technology, Enugu; and the Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu, Seat of Wisdom Secondary School Trans Ekulu Enugu, Osisatech boys secondary school. There are also a host of private computer schools and training centres concentrated in Enugu and Nsukka. There are also notable private Tertiary Institutions in Enugu such as Caritas University, a Catholic university founded by a Catholic Priest: Father Edeh, and Renaissance University.

Healthcare
The University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) is located in Enugu State, as is the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital and College of Medicine, which is located in the capital city, Enugu. In addition to numerous private hospitals and clinics in the state, there are seven District Hospitals at Enugu –Urban, Udi, Agbani, Awgu, Ikem, Enugu-Ezike, and Nsukka – and at least one health centre or cottage hospital in every one of the 17 Local Government Areas and 39 Development Centres in the state. The University of Nigeria Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) is also located in Enugu.

Among the notable Medical Institutions in Enugu are Niger Foundation Hospital and Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (Popularly known as Park Lane)

Transport
Three Federal Highways: Other major highways include:
 * A3 north from Abia State via Enugu and Ngwo to Benue State,
 * A232 (part of Trans-African Highway 8 Lagos-Mombasa) east from Anambra State at Ugwuoba to Enugu,
 * A343 continues TAH8 from Enugu to Ebonyi State.
 * the Enugu Ezike-Obolo Rd northwest from A3 at Obolo,
 * the Obolo-Idah Rd west from A3 at Obolo and north via Enugu-Ezike and Unadu to Kogi State at Akpanya,
 * the Obolo-Afor-Nkalagu Rd southeast from A3 at Obolo via Obolo Eke to Ebonyi State near Eha Amufu,
 * the Nsukka-Onitsha Rd southwest from Nsukka to Anambra State at Adani as the Adani Rd,
 * the Ekwegbe-Effokwo Rd north from A3 in Enugu to A3 in Opi as the Amangwu Rd,
 * the Enugu Rd north from A3 in Opi to Nsukka,
 * the Enugu-Otukpo Rd south from A3 at Opi to Idedu as the Nsukka Rd,
 * the Mbalaze-Udi Rd east from Idedu via Ozalla on the A3, Agbani, Amagunze and Iheuokpara to Ebonyi State as the Omomiko or Isu-Ndiagu-Amagunze Rd,
 * the Udi-Ngwo Rd east from A232 near Ojinato via Oji River to Idedu as the Mbalazw-Udi or Old Enugu-Onitsha Rd.

Railways:

the Cape Gauge Eastern Line is 240 km from Port Harcourt to Enugu which connects with Aba and Umuahia.

Airport: Akanu Ibiam International Airport, closed for renovation February-December 2010

Religion

Enugu State is predominantly Christians. There are few adherents of traditional religion, and people from Northern and Western Nigeria practices Islam and Pentecostalism.

Churches
The churches in Enugu State include Catholic, Anglican, and Pentecostal churches — both Orthodox and unorthodox. The Catholic Cathedral is Holy Ghost Cathedral located close to Ogbete Main Market. The Catholic Church comprises three suffragan dioceses of the Archdiocese of Onitsha: Enugu (1962) with 206 parishes under Bishop Callistus Chukwuma Valentine Onaga (2009), Nsukka (1990) with 193 parishes under Bishop Godfrey Igwebuike Onah (2013) , and Awgu (2005) with 48 parishes under Bishop John Ifeanyichukwu Okoye, (2005).

The Anglican Cathedral is Cathedral Church of Good Shepherd located at 11 Achi St, Independence Layout. The Anglican Province of Enugu under Archbishop Emmanuel Chukwuma (2014) includes the Dioceses of Enugu North under Bishop Sosthenes Ikechukwu Eze (2007), Awgu/Aninri (2007) under Bishop Benson Chukwunweike (2020), Eha-Amufu under Bishop Daniel Christian Nkemjika Olinya, Nike (2007) under Bishop Christian Onyia (2019), Nsukka under Bishop Aloysius Agbo (2008), Oji River under Bishop Amos Madu (2014) and Udi under Bishop Chjioke Aneke.

Enugu State also has numerous Pentecostal churches like Assemblies of God Church, Redeemed Christian Church of God, House on the Rock, Dominion City, Dunamis, Winners Chapel, Christ Embassy, etc.

Demographics
Enugu State had a population of 3,267,837 people at the census held in 2006 (estimated at over 3.8 million in 2012). It is home of the Igbo of southeastern Nigeria and a few Idoma/Igala people in Ette (Igbo-Eze North) of Enugu State, Nigeria.

Notable people

 * Allison Madueke - Rear admiral and Former Chief Naval Staff
 * Justice Anthony Aniagolu
 * Commodore Anthony Ogugua - Military Governor of Imo state
 * Justice Augustine Nnamani
 * Ayogu Eze
 * Nuzo Onoh - Renowned Author, popularly known as "The Queen of African Horror" and first African recipient of the Bram Stoker Lifetime Achievement Award.
 * Bartholomew Nnaji - professor and former Minister of Power
 * Bianca Ojukwu Nee (Onoh)
 * Lolo Cecelia Ezeilo - The first female Deputy Governor of Enugu State.
 * Justice Charles Onyeama - Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, and International Court of Justice
 * Senator Chimaroke Nnamani - Ex Governor Enugu State
 * Chiwetel Ejiofor - British Actor
 * Christian Chukwu - Ex super eagles captain and coach
 * Chief C.C. Onoh - Governor Old Anambra, First Indigenous Chairman Coal Co-operation
 * Prof Onwumechili Cyril - The first Nigerian Nuclear Physicist and First African Professor of Agricultural Science
 * Daniel Kanayo Daniel
 * Dillibe Onyeama - Nigerian Author and publisher, the first black person to finish his studies at Eton College
 * Akuabata Njeze - Former Minister of Aviation and Ambassador
 * Frank Edward
 * Frank Nweke - Former Minister and DG Nigerian Economics Summit Group
 * Geoffrey Onyeama - Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi - Governor Enugu state, Former Three times member House of Representative
 * Senator Ike Ekweremadu - Longest Serving Deputy Senate President in Nigeria and First Nigerian Speaker of ECOWAS Parliament
 * Commodore James Aneke - Military Governor of Imo state
 * Jim Ifeanyichukwu Nwobodo - Ex Governor Old Anambra state, Minister and Senator
 * John Nnia Nwodo - President Ohaneze Ndigbo and Former Minister of Information
 * John Okafor (Aka Mr. Ibu)
 * Group Capt. Joe Orji - Military Governor Gombe state
 * Justina Eze - Ambassador
 * Senator Ken Nnamani - Former Senate President
 * Kenneth Okonkwo
 * Mike Ejeagha
 * Nkem Owoh
 * Ogbonna Onovo - I.G.P
 * Ogonna Nneka Nnamani - American indoor volleyball player, former member of the United States National and Olympic Team
 * Dr. Okwesilieze Nwodo - Governor Old Enugu State and Former National Secretary PDP
 * Prof. Chinedu Nebo - Former V.C. University of Nigeria Nsukka and Federal University Oye Ekiti, Former Minister of Power
 * Prof Osita Ogbu
 * Patience Ozokwor
 * Peter Mbah
 * Justice Nnaemeka Agu
 * Racheal Okonkwo
 * Sullivan Chime - Former Governor Enugu State
 * Uche Ogbodo
 * Whitemoney Winner of Big Brother Naija season 6 (Shine Ya Eye)
 * William Onyeabor
 * Zain Ejiofor Asher - British News Anchor at CNN
 * Owoh Chimaobi Chris (Aka Zoro)

title: Enugu State


text:
Jigawa State

Jigawa State (Jihar Jigawa; Leydi Jigawa 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤮𞤤 𞤶𞤭𞤺𞤢𞤱𞤢) is one of the 36 states of Nigeria, located in the northern region of the country. Jigawa was created on 27 August 1991, under the General Ibrahim Babangida military administration. Jigawa State was formerly part of Kano State and was located in the northeastern-most region of Kano State, and it forms part of Nigeria's national border with the Republic of Niger. The state capital and largest city is Dutse. Jigawa state has 27 local governments.

The eighth largest state by population, residents of Jigawa State are predominantly of Hausa or Fulani background. The vast majority of the residents of Jigawa State are Muslim, and it is one of the twelve states in the country to be governed by Sharia law. Jigawa State is famous for the Dutsen Habude cave paintings in the town of Birnin Kudu, which have been dated back to the Neolithic period. The town of Hadejia (formerly Biram) is notable as being one of the traditional "seven true Hausa states".

The Jigawa State economy remains largely dependent on agriculture. Due to state's semi-arid climate, outward migration by workers to neighboring states such as Kano State in search of off-season work is common. Scarcity of arable land within the state has become increasingly problematic in recent years, with arable farmland increasingly vulnerable to national disasters like flooding, which will become more prevalent due to climate change. As a result, tensions between farmers and nomadic Fulani herdsmen over arable land have turned violent in recent years.

Location
Jigawa State is one of thirty-six states that constitute the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It is situated in the northwestern part of the country between latitudes 11.00°N to 13.00°N and longitudes 8.00°E to 10.15°E. Borders Kano State for 355 km (221 miles) and Katsina State for 164 km (102 miles) to the west, Bauchi State to the east and Yobe State for 193 km (120 miles) to the northeast. To the north, Jigawa shares an international border with Zinder Region in The Republic of Niger for 70 km, which is a unique opportunity for cross-border trading activities. The government readily took advantage of this by initiating and establishing a free trade zone at the border town of Maigatari in Niger.

Climate
Jigawa has a yearly average temperature of 31.23 °C (88.21 °F) and it is 1.77% higher than Nigeria's averages.

Topography
The state has a total land area of approximately 22,410 square kilometres. Its topography is characterized by undulating land, with sand dunes of various sizes spanning several kilometres in parts of the State. The southern part of Jigawa comprises the basement complex while the northeast is made up of sedimentary rocks of the Chad Formation. The main rivers are Hadejia, Kafin Hausa and Iggi Rivers with a number of tributaries feeding extensive marshlands in north-eastern part of the State. Hadejia – Kafin Hausa River traverses the state from west to east through the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands and empties into the Lake Chad Basin.

Vegetation
Most parts of Jigawa lie within the Sudan Savannah with elements of Guinea Savannah in the southern part.Total forest cover in the state is below national average of 14.8%. Due to both natural and human factors, forest cover is being depleted, making the northern part of the state highly vulnerable to desert encroachment. The state enjoys vast fertile arable land to which almost all tropical crops could adapt, thus constituting one of its highly prized natural resources. The Sudan savannah vegetation zone is also made up of vast grazing lands suitable for livestock production.

Flood
Jigawa state is prone to perennial floods which have constantly ravaged the state, causeing extensive damage and destruction, wreaking havoc on farm lands.

Population
The socio-cultural situation in Jigawa State could be described as homogeneous: it is mostly populated by Hausa/Fulani, who can be found in all parts of the state. Kanuri are largely found in Hadejia Emirate, with some traces of Badawa mainly in its Northeastern parts. Even though each of the three dominant tribes have continued to maintain their ethnic identity, Islam and a long history of inter-marriages have continued to bind them together.

About 3.6 million people inhabit Jigawa State. Life expectancy as at 2001 was about 52 years with a total fertility rate of about 6.2 children per woman of childbearing age (a little above the national average). Although population of the state is predominantly rural (90%), the distribution in terms of sex is almost equal between male (50.8%) and female (49.2%). This pattern of population distribution is same across various constituencies and between urban and rural areas. The 2002 CWIQ Survey indicated that 45.2% of the population was made up of young people below the age of 15; 49.0% between the ages of 15 and 59 while 5.8% were people aged 60 and above. This survey reveals a dependency ratio of almost 1; meaning that there is almost one dependent to every economically active person in the population.

Average household size was about 6.7 almost all of which were headed by males. About 60% of household heads were self-employed with agriculture as their main occupation, and nearly 67% of these households were monogamous families. The overall literacy rate was about 37% in 2002 (22 percent for women and 51 percent for men). School enrolment ratio is fairly high with very good improvements in the last few years, even though there is still clear disparity between boys and girls.

Basic indicators for water supply sector show that access to potable water is over 90%, which is among the highest in the country. The 2002 CWIQ Survey however, indicated that access to high quality safe drinking water (pipe born, hand pump boreholes and protected wells) is low at about 63%, while nearly 67% of households have good means of sanitation. In terms of health services, about 40% of the population have access to medical services which is, however, higher in urban areas where access was found to be about 55%. The CWIQ Survey found that an average of 70% of those who consulted a health facility expressed satisfaction with the services provided.

Deforestation
Jigawa State is struggling with desertification, and timber cutting equipment is contributing to the destruction of trees. Low timber output rates lead to socioeconomic problems and endanger the survival of priceless and beneficial trees.

Languages
The Bade language is spoken in Guri LGA, Manga is spoken in Birniwa, Kiri Kasama, parts of Malam Madori, Kaugama and Guri LGAs. The Warji language is spoken in Birnin Kudu LGA, and the Duwai language is spoken in Hadejia LGA. Major languages are Hausa, Kanuri and Fula (spoken by the Fulani).

Politics
The State government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The Capital city of the State is Dutse.

Electoral system
The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.

Religion
There are two major religions in Jigawa state, they are Islam and Christianity but the most common religion is Islam. In Jigawa State about 99 percent of the population practice Islam. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Kano (1991) has 36 parishes, including Jigawa. The Anglican Diocese of Dutse (1996) within the Province of Kaduna, is led by Bishop Markus Yohanna Danbinta (2016).

Government
Jigawa State—created out of the old Kano State in August 1991—is one of the 36 states in Federal Republic of Nigeria. The agitation for the creation of the state was led by Malam Inuwa-Dutse, a former commissioner in the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources during the governorship of late Audu Bako, the governor of old Kano State (comprising present Kano and Jigawa states). By the 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria, the state comprises 27 local government councils, which are divided into 30 state constituencies, grouped into 11 federal constituencies and 3 senatorial districts. These 27 local government councils were further subdivided into 77 development areas by law No. 5 of 2004 of the State House of Assembly. In line with the democratic setting in the country, the governments at both the state and local government levels are elected, and comprise an executive with a unicameral legislature. The state legislature has 30 elected members each representing one of the state constituencies. To complete the state governance structure, there is an independent state judiciary as the third arm of government.

The State Government administrative apparatus is organized into ministries, extra-ministerial departments and parastatals, which are located across the three senatorial districts in the state since 1999. This decentralized approach to governmental administrative structure was seen as a move towards stimulating economic activities socio-economic development and empowerment over a wider area since government is the largest employer, perhaps second only to agriculture. In addition, this was also seen as a way for spreading even development among major urban centers and a shift from "city-state syndrome" that obtained in the old Kano State.

Local Government Areas
Jigawa State consists of twenty-seven (27) Local Government Areas, They are:

 * Auyo
 * Babura
 * Biriniwa
 * Birnin Kudu
 * Buji
 * Dutse
 * Gagarawa
 * Garki
 * Gumel
 * Guri
 * Gwaram
 * Gwiwa
 * Hadejia
 * Jahun
 * Kafin Hausa
 * Kaugama
 * Kazaure
 * Kiri Kasama
 * Kiyawa
 * Maigatari
 * Malam Madori
 * Miga
 * Ringim
 * Roni
 * Sule Tankarkar
 * Taura
 * Yankwashi

Economy
The economy of Jigawa State is largely characterized by informal sector activities with agriculture as the major economic activity. Over 80% of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Trade and commerce are undertaken on small and medium scale, especially in agric goods, livestock and other consumer goods. Other informal sector activities include blacksmithing, leather-works, tailoring services, auto repairs, metal works, carpentry, tanning, dyeing, food processing, masonry etc. Even though modern industrial sector is yet to gain a solid footing, the seed for their development was planted through establishment of small-scale industries particularly in areas of food processing and other agro-allied activities such as the Jigawa ethanol programme. These industries have been helped by the Information Communication Technology program initiated by the Saminu Turaki, the states former governor.

The Federal Office of Statistics, in 2001, classified Jigawa State among those with relatively high severity and incidence of poverty in the country, with a Gross Per Capita Income of N35, 000 per annum (US$290), which is below the National Average; till date Jigawa State is being rate among the poorest states in Nigeria. However, the 2002 Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) Survey indicated that over two-fifths of the population do not consider themselves poor.

The State of infrastructure for economic development such as roads, electricity, telecommunication and information technology have recently witnessed tremendous improvements through massive rehabilitation and expansion works. With massive road rehabilitation projects already undertaken throughout the State during the last five years, coupled with efforts made towards power generation via Independent Power Platforms, and the Internet Broadband Project, investment climate in Jigawa State in terms of economic infrastructure is quite promising.

Schools
Currently the state has a Federal University which is situated in the state capital, Dutse and a state-owned University situated at Kafin Hausa Local Government Area of the state. There is also Federal Polytechnic in Kazaure, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, and a two state owned polytechnics; Binyaminu Usman Polytechnic, Jigawa State Polytechnic situated at Hadejia and Dutse respectively and a number of Monotechnics across the state. Established in 2011.

Tertiary institutions
The following tertiary Institutions are located in Jigawa State

 * Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State
 * Jigawa State Polytechnic Dutse
 * Sule Lamido University, Kafin Hausa, Jigawa State
 * Jigawa State Institute of Information Technology, Kazaure
 * Khadija University, Majia, Jigawa State

Transport
Federal Highways:
 * A2 (part of the African Unity Road or Trans-Sahara Highway or Trans Africa 2: TAH2) north from Kano State at Galoru for 29 km via Kazaure, Sada and Achilafia to Katsina State near Korare.
 * A237 (as part of the Dakar-Ndjamena Trans-Sahelian Highway or TAH 5) east from Kano State at Kafin Gana for 76 km as the Kamo-Kari Rd via Birnin Kudu to Bauchi State at Zandan.

One road to Niger from Gumel at Maigatari to RN13 to Dungass.

Other major roads:
 * northeast from Kano State at Sabon Gari Ungua Do via Kanya Baba, Jigawa, and Babura to Katsina State as the Birnin Mutum-Kanya-Baba-Mitara Rd
 * the Babura-Gumel Rd east from Babura
 * the Gumel-Hadejia Rd east from Gumel as the Kano-Gumel Rd via Malummaduri to Hadejia,
 * the Gumel-Gujungui Rd south via Gagarawa to Gujungu,
 * the Kano-Nguru Rd northeast from Hadejia as the Nguru-Hadejia to Yobe State near Birniwa,
 * the Kano-Gumel Rd northeast from Kano State at Farin Gidan via Babushe, Garki and Digawa to Gumel,
 * the Kano-Ringim Rd east from Kano State at Kijawal to Gujungu,
 * the Gaya-Kirrikasamma Rd east from Kano State at Chaichai via Jahun, Keffin Husa and Kirrikasamma to Bauchi State at Malamawa Kiri as the Katagum-Zago Mamajo Rd,
 * the Giya-Shiwari Rd east from Kano State at Dundubis via Shiriwari, Andaza and Kiyawa to Bauchi State as the Azara-Dutse Rd,
 * southeast from A237 at Zandan Nagogo across the Belwa River via Gwaram to Bauchi State at Basirika.

Railway:

The 1067 mm Cape gauge Western Railway Line northeast from Kano via Gagarwa, Kaugama and Malum Maduri terminates at Nguru in Yobe State.

Airports:

Dutse International with flights to Abuja.

Relation with multilateral agencies
Government of Jigawa State relates very well with multilateral agencies in the country particularly the World Bank, UNDP, UNICEF, DFID and other international donor agencies and NGOs. Multilateral agencies have been a veritable source of development funds and technical assistance to State Government. Presently, the State partners with DFID, UNDP, UNICEF, IBRD, IFAD, ADF and some other International Development Agencies in pursuit of several development projects and programmes, particularly in the sphere of pro-poor growth, poverty reduction, education, and positive reform programmes such as Public Expenditure Management, Health Systems and Justice System Reforms.

Notable people

 * Senator Bello Maitama Yusuf Sardaunan Dutse
 * Abubakar Sani Birnin Kudu Academician, preacher
 * Sule Lamido Former governor
 * Mohammed Badaru Abubakar Defence Minister of Nigeria
 * Hameem Nuhu Sanusi emir of Dutse

title: Jigawa State


text: User:Hiyya54/Missing articles toolbox

title: User:Hiyya54/Missing articles toolbox


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gian Andrea Scarello

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete per user consensus agains new user votes. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 23:59, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

Gian Andrea Scarello
A bit on a non-article, although more complete versions are on the Italian and German wikis. However the artist appears non-notable (Google only give self-authored links) and this may be self promotion. There is a related article at Contemporary Baroque Art which is also dubious, but I've yet to form a view on that one. Delete, or ask the Italian wiki whether they believe he is notable. Solipsist 19:56, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Further comment - I'm not convinced that SpeedyDeletion is appropriate. Its not vandalism, its not patent nonsense, and although there is little content, the interwikis to the Italian article shows it has the capacity to expand. The real question is whether he is notable. -- Solipsist 20:19, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I can see your point, but the .it CBA article used to invalidate the "no content" reasoning reads as a Scarello fan club register. But you're right, it does fall to notability, so I'll change my vote accordingly. --Gunmetal

 * Speedy, "very short article providing little or no context." WP:CSD Dcarrano 20:01, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as expanded. Article does still appear to need some cleanup, however.--Blu Aardvark | (talk) 12:18, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as above, but let the redlinks stand. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 20:03, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Speedy, like I originally tagged it. -- Gunmetal 20:10, 13 July 2005 (UTC) Delete NN per Solipsist. --Gunmetal 22:00, 13 July 2005 (UTC) Mr.Gunmental to change the own opinion, it means not to have idea on the article! Not credible ballot --Peterloud 19:41, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Please don't mark out my vote. You've had enough of your own, I think I am due at least one. --Gunmetal 20:43, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * your ballot is not ' credible, to change continuously is not credible, of it you make one issue of personal pride without having acquaintanceof the argument --Peterloud 19:21, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Please show me the rule that says I am not free to change my vote to better accord with the rules laid forth in the deletion policy (a policy you would be well served to investigate fully... please stop striking out all my entries.) I have not made this an issue of personal pride, you have.  I have only asked you to provide some sort of proof of notability (from multiple independant sources), which you either refuse to or can not do.  Questioning MY credibility is not going to serve you well in this discussion. --Gunmetal 21:21, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete unless expanded to show notability. --Etacar11 01:09, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 08:43, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this and Contemporary Baroque Art (a straight translation of the article on it.wiki). On balance, I'm not convinced by either. It may be a neoclassicism for our times, but one artist does not make a movement: it looks like a commercial promotion. On the other hand, who would have thought that Tracey Emin's unmade bed would be high art? --Red King 09:30, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep Verifiable NPOV info can be kept as a stub. There is a hint of commercial promotion, though - so I suspect the claims are neither verifiable nor NPOV. Perhaps someone who reads Italian or German could check on it? Dystopos 14:51, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

" Strong- Keep " All the artists cannot be famous as leonardo da vinci ,we must clear what means: to be or not to be famous. All the painters are not famous..... only when they are died. The career of this artist is much rich one of happening This type of art is a movement,It does not take advantage itself of the classicism.  this art has many fans. etc.... --Yermet 17:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment None of these linked pages reference Scarello, they are merely isolated usages of the term "contemporary baroque art" (except the last one, which isn't even that). Nothing here indicates a defined art style or lends credibility to the importance of Scarello. Dystopos 17:46, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Comment : Keep We do not have to use only material that we find in Internet.

for knowing to write sure critical comments ,on the artistic disciplines, before we must go to the school....but not of poor journalism...sorry my Friend. As an example, If you want to visit an of this painter, you can go in Quanzhou, in China, One of the more famous Exposure of contemporary art; where to a smaller number of European artists (only much famous and a lot important)can participate. In adding: if the critics of art  estimate its paintings,so very expansive (as an example 60000 US Dollar and more!!!) will be a reason... O.K. it is not famous as the statues of my Greece but we must to do attention...not to offend sure personalities.

Friend, I understand you, do not exaggerate, do not write a long article...But the short biography I find it just --Yermet 20:19, 18 July 2005 (UTC) ( As you might expect, a new user with 5 edits, most in relation to Gian Andrea Scarello. -- Solipsist 21:04, 18 July 2005 (UTC) )
 * Comment I have not (yet) voted to delete the article, but I have mentioned that I suspect the information is not verifiable. Nothing has been added to this discussion to shed any light on the verifiability of Scarello's standing or importance (which is subtly different than his fame or acclaim). If you have access to resources which would verify the claims, then please share them with us. From what I can tell, not being a reader of German, it seems that if Scarello has any note, it is as a founder of a small Commedia dell'Arte theater company in Mainz, and certainly not as the founder of school or style of art, or as a painter. Dystopos 21:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Comment: Very-Strong- Keep If you have doubts that it is also a painter, I invite to you to watch some paintings of he: --Yermet 09:40, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've seen those. Evidently he paints, too. And wants a whole lot of money for the paintings. No evidence that his influence or accomplishment as a painter is in any way notable. If you have doubts that he is not a notable painter, I invite you to the same gallery. Dystopos 13:35, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The crux of the matter is that we are not art critics, we are encyclopedia editors. I have yet to see anything from an independant reliable source that validates his inclusion in this encyclopedia. --Gunmetal 13:42, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Comment: Very-Very-Strong- Keep It is not an argument on the personal pleasure. The painting is one free and conceptual art.The painters who make commerce are not important and they do not cost more than 3000 US dollar..., the art is not commerce even if the paintings cost...

I believed that:

Wiki is not an advertising newspaper. Wiki is not a Chat for poor arguments. Wiki is one free encyclopedia. But it does not have to be manipulated... Everyone of we gives its knowledge on specific topics. Without valid scientific goals they do not provoke argument. I it respects your opinion, but me he does not seem reliable. Too much mistaken and with contained not expert. I do not allow myself to write arguments on articles that of which I am not much expert. Even if sure times if these me seem improbable, I do not make comments.... I could be mistaken and write stupid things. For this I understand some various reactions in the argument, it must make much attention... In adding this artist is the much most famous one than other personages who fill up the pages of wiki... I would want to end the argument here (I already I am admonished in order to have too much written ). I want to leave all your common sense and, I hope, to logic of the disciplines of the academic knowledge, etc. ...Thanks and good continuation--Yermet 14:46, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable -  Tεx  τ  urε  20:01, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment 39 English language Google results on "Gian Andrea Scarello", all of them either from his personal webpage, its various mirrors, or adspace that links back to a mirror. How can we still be arguing about notability? --Gunmetal 20:57, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Keep Notable --Forig 12:10, 20 July 2005 (UTC) <-- just created account today, and looks like a sock puppet. --Gunmetal 16:49, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Keep Important Italian artist,famous for his paintings about the Italian Theatre. Also in Austria, it will be possible to admire some beautiful works of him.From May to November 2006, in the Castle of in Trauten_fels. Organized from the Landes_museum Joanneum-Graz Peterloud 14:58, 20 July 2005 (UTC) <-- just created account today, one hour after the last post by Forig. Also looks like a sock puppet. --Gunmetal 16:49, 20 July 2005 (UTC) <-- ???What you allow to write these stupid things about of me? I am entered from one hour (only), but it is better than you go outside! I am not a sock or puppet! Shame! I am not the Mafia)--Peterloud 18:11, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Gunmetal meant no great offense. A sockpuppet is a user account created by someone for the purposes of trying to vote more than once and sway a VFD vote (usually).  See WP:SOCK for more info.  Someone who creates an account and immediately votes on a VFD is always looked on with a bit of suspicion. --  Etacar11   19:47, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * explanation - The term sockpuppet has a specific meaning on Wikipedia, and VfD is one of the more battle-tested sites for dealing with the phenomenon. Basically what we are looking for with this vote is a consensus of the Wikipedia community. The WP community is made up of editors that are objectively concerned with the project as a whole. Therefore, in determining a consensus, the comments of people whose concerns extend only to single issues can be justifiably ignored. People who have apparently only registered to enter a vote on VfD can be assumed not to be part of the community yet. The comments of people who do not assume good faith or who engage in personal attacks will also be ignored. Furthermore, these tactics tend to reflect poorly on the possibility of legitimately justifying the article being disputed. It is presumed that strident arguments that have no substance to them indicate that no valid arguments exist, or they would have been brought to bear already. Dystopos 20:03, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks of the information to Etacar11 and Dystopos : but this user (Gunmetal)is not reliable, it  changes continuously the idea on the argument,It does not possess valid arguments and it "attacks" the others user.. It is also a newcommer in wikipendia: perhaps the sock... he must to give it to... him --Peterloud 20:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I have not changed my thoughts on this argument. I only agreed, after Solipsist's point, that this is simply a Delete instead of a Speedy Delete.  My point remains the same, there is simply not enough third party information available on this individual to claim notability.  I'm sorry if you feel that by having this opinion I am personally attacking you; that is not my intent. --Gunmetal 20:40, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Comment Not problem my friend, dear Gunmetal( and all Wikipedia-Friens), I want to ask You to find a compromise, it is important that  this argument supplies a good Wikipedia-example. The opinions are too much various: too much negative or  too much positive .What I propose? As an example, with a short article(but not too mutch) Me it seems just to propose a not long article, a compromise for all the opinions...This argument resists from too many days, it is right to allow the administrators to close it, with wisdom and intelligence. Pleasing all we. --Peterloud 12:15, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Changed to No vote - I just took a whack at correcting the grammar in the recent edits. It was a difficult task and the original text made the subject unclear.  Can someone verify that we are talking about an artist?  Many references to "it" made me unsure.  If the subject is actually a type of art just revert my attempt and start over. -  Tεx  τ  urε  13:28, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

dear Tεxτurε, please, do You want to control this German article? , perhaps you can translate it: --Peterloud 13:50, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * No one controls an article. I made a first attempt to clean up the syntax.  Hopefully, the next person can take it from there.  I am not knowledgable about the subject and probably someone else can give it the proper perspective.  I hope I have done some good. -  Tεx  τ  urε  16:50, 26 July 2005 (UTC)) Dear friend Texture, I believe that You have made a good job, I would make the article little more short--Peterloud 19:09, 26 July 2005 (UTC))

 * Comment I know that inclusionists like to include every article no matter what, but many people seem to have a skewed view of artist notability. Its really not sufficient to have just sold a painting or something, for the most part that is a level of notability equivalent to having a job. Cambridge, where I live, is less than half the size of Venice yet has several hundred active artists (you can find a subset here), very few would really merit an encyclopedia article.
 * Now this weekend I started an article on Afewerk Tekle, Ethiopia's most famous artist - we didn't have anything before, although there was an article on the German wiki. In the process, I came across this list of other Ethiopian artists. Notice how many of them have had solo exhibitions, have exhibited internationally, and have their work in national collections. I doubt we will have articles on any of these artists any time soon, but these are the sort of criteria that should be considered with respect to notability. I'm sure that for most of the artists in that list online verifiability will be difficult, but I'm equally sure that if asked, many of them could point to publications where their work is discussed.
 * In general, self promotion is one of the required skills of a modern artists. However, if an artist is writing articles about themselves, but isn't able to point to their national and international shows, or their work being discussed in art journals and the like, it is a fair bet that their notability falls well below the professor test. I can't see why Wikipedia should help promote their work over and above the work of the several million similar artists. -- Solipsist 14:21, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Comment Your doubts are the test of Yours little acquaintance on the argument. They are not only famous,the Africans artists who work in England. Other artists, that You do not know, and that they work in other regions, they come just recognized like "famous". This does not mean, that those that You do not know, they are automatically not famous.I do not believe that someone tries to make "promotion" of if same (!?) (an accusation without reason, my user-search on i.p. number ). I Believe, that the artists of Cambridge, they are not happy of what You write, Yours opinion are without critical-explanation ... You remove they every hope ....but Your opinion is not new: many other sages,many years ago, it had the doubt on the importance of "Van Gogh"..... p.s. perhaps I have time to visit Your article aboute the Africans artists, and to open one new nice discussion) --Peterloud 16:07, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You seem confused. Afewerk Tekle does not live and work in England, although he did go to school there. As it says in the article, apart from a year or two traveling and giving lecture tours, he has spent most of his life living and working in Addis Ababa. -- Solipsist 17:37, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

'Comment You have reason, as You can well understand, I do not know the artist, famous (?), of which you write, exactly as You do not know the artist, famous (?), of which I write in this page....perhaps we are confused, both... --Peterloud 18:58, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * (Invalid Vote) Keep Yes, personality --April12 11:28, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * A smarter than average Sock puppet. Got rid of the red name immediately.  Here's April12's contributions:
 * * 06:41, 27 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Authentic Matthew (→Keep) (top)
 * * 06:28, 27 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Gian Andrea Scarello (→Gian Andrea Scarello) (top)
 * * 06:26, 27 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Cape Lookout, North Carolina (→Cape Lookout, North Carolina) (top)
 * * 06:09, 27 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Steve Bennett (manga artist) (→Steve Bennett (manga artist)) (top)
 * * 06:01, 27 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/George Howeth (→George Howeth) (top)
 * * 05:59, 27 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Playstation 4 (→Playstation 4)
 * * 05:58, 27 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User:April12 (top)
 * * 05:51, 27 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/6 o'clock in the morning (→6 o'clock in the morning) (top)
 * It would have been more convenient if they had chosen the username July27... -- Solipsist 13:53, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

My Friend I believe that You have reason Mr.Solipsist. April me seems a not fidabile "month" ....or "girl" --Peterloud 16:01, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Definitely a familiar voting method.... we've seen that a few times in this particular VfD so far. At least this time he kept the vote text short, so his writing style isn't as identifiable. --Gunmetal 14:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC) Definitely a familiar voting method ? You are too much against to the article in discussion . It is "April" parent of your "family voting method" ? It is only my thought, naturally without offense ...  but I begin to believe that You are a sock puppetIf it is not true ,what I say, then I excuse with You, Mr.Gunmetal --Peterloud 16:01, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd love to form a quality retort to that, but I've read it 5 or 6 times and I still can't figure out what you're trying to say. Instead of attacking me, perhaps you should focus on providing some evidence of notability for Scarello.  That is, after all, the only issue of importance here. --Gunmetal 17:10, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Last Comment

In every case, dear "Tandem Company" Thank You for Your denied supporting comment.Please you do not take this like a personal attack, but in this argument it is important to donate tests and not only words. I repeat my Vote it remains: KEEP. Thanks--Peterloud 13:39, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) But this is not discussed! If You are not expert, it cannot be discussed. About the "Scarello" there are more information than what You ask , and of what the Vote of Wikipedia demand . I Do not want more to discuss with You.You provoked to an enormous pressure against this article (intellectual violence), To my opinion, Your reliability  dont convince  me.On Your opinion , there is something of strange, without reason: something that does not have relationship with the article on the Scarello. Like suspicion a Tandem-Voting-job  with the User "Solipsist" ("Familiar voting method" ? Or , perhaps, it is a a new mode for convincing :"Vanity-Tandem-Vote voting method" ? )
 * 2) About Notability: In your voting, used too many different measures. As an example: between the article of Scarello and the article on the African artist, that You have written, it appears clearly that: Your African artists,Afewerk Tekle,has very, very, much less of the evidence of notability  of Scarello ,that you do not recognize, also against every strongly personality evidence.For this example I do not want more to discuss about your incompetence about this ! If you do not have idea of this Scarello-article, please not  tried to deny,  with strange comments and without reason,  the Voting of the other Users.
 * 3) 'I ask,kindly, that an administrator puts this argument in the archives.
 * 4) After this comment I do not want more to write and to answer to you . Now You can try to convince other Users, Your attempt with me has not had effect. The Voting is democratic and free,like a Your opinion,  but now You cannot hide behind the evidence of my affirmations. Getlteman I pray You not to call itself more in cause on this disussion.
 * Though I take great offense at the implication that Solipsist and I are involved in some mastermind scheme to destroy this article, I'm going to let it go because it will serve no one to argue with you any further. I hope your experieces on this VfD don't keep you from contributing useful articles in the future.  Best of luck. --Gunmetal 14:00, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong Keep, cleanup and expand . Notable --Allredy 19:18, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * (This is this user's first entry --Gunmetal 19:28, 28 July 2005 (UTC))
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.