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User talk:SpNeo/Archive1

Spelling tags
Please stop what you're doing and join the discussion on Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style. What you are doing (namely adding spelling tags at the beginning of articles) has little support and will soon annoy people. Kind regards, jguk 14:22, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think it does any harm. And I'd never do it in unclear cases. Just have a look at the NATO history, it's full of reverts to UK spellings. SpNeo 02:04, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The majority view on Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style was very much against such notices because people do think it causes harm. For instance, no article is owned by any particular nationality, and we should encourage all to contribute. Plus, your ideas of what is and what isn't acceptable variation of style are not shared by everyone. Please discuss what you're doing on Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style before proceeding, jguk 06:45, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, okay... SpNeo 15:28, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for your comment. However, I feel there's no need for it. WP's who copy-edit are sooner or later pointed in the direction of the MOS and should apply those rules. They do not need a special code for each article - and, indeed, I fail to see the benefit of the hidden additions you are proposing to make. If you wish to continue arguing for such hidden additions, please bring your case to Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style so all interested parties can consider them. Kind regards, jguk 14:09, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't call it a "special code", they are just comments. Comments are "used to leave comments in a page for future editors" (How to edit a page). They are not at all "policy" or in any way "authoritative". When I notice mixed spelling in an article, such information is really helpful for copy-editing purposes. I'll contribute to the discussion on the MoS talk page. SpNeo 02:24, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * By the way, after you (again) removed the spelling info in the NATO article, somebody changed all the spellings to U.S. English, just to be reverted. What a waste of time!
 * And this happens frequently, see the edit history. If that anonymous editor had seen the spelling info, he might not have done it! SpNeo 02:35, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the note, SpNeo. I agree that a language tag would prevent lots of wasted time, and also many cases of inadvertently mixing national forms of English.

The resistance to this seems to be based on the perception that it is somehow limiting editors, or being prescriptive. (jguk writes no article is owned by any particular nationality. On the other hand, WP:MOS says Each article should have uniform spelling and not a haphazard mix). I think it's very important to make it clear that the tag is documentary; merely making explicit what's already there, as you've done in the latest version which says Note for copy-editors: .

Also, the documentation (currently on your home page) should explicitly link to every national variety of English we can think of, so no one is left out.

Since these tags constitute metadata and are likely to appear in hundreds or thousands of pages, it's probably a good idea to start using a template for them early on. Something simple, like. Advantages:

 * You can globally change the code generated by a template when necessary.
 * Consequently, the usage will remain consistent.
 * It can be used for research; e.g., count the number of pages in each language form.
 * It can be updated to provide new functionality, e.g.,
 * generate html metadata:.
 * provide info for a hypothetical spelling-checker (server-side or client-side).
 * you could add code to your user style sheet to visually indicate the language form (e.g., a flag)
 * automatically change language form according to a user's preference (getting a little far-fetched here).
 * What else?

—Michael Z. 2005-03-24 14:27 Z

 * I agree, the tags shouldn't be perceived as prescriptive, but rather as documentary.
 * I'm not so sure about templates though... aren't templates always visible on the project page? Another user has proposed such templates (Template:AmE). Displaying such templates in articles will annoy many readers and editors. Spelling information is only intended to serve editors.
 * I think hidden comments have the following two advantages:
 * They are hidden
 * They are part of the wikicode, always visible to editors (only)
 * As long as a language tag like "en-GB" or "en-US" is included in the comment, automatically searches are possible in order to add new fuctionality as you described and for research...
 * SpNeo 02:46, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * A template can render any text, including an HTML comment, just like the proposed tags above. It can also include a wiki category tag, which lets the embedding pages be aggregated without any new search mechanism.

 * Only drawback is: someone seems to have altered the template code a couple of weeks ago, so it adds a single carriage return (not an HTML line break) at the front. This has no effect if the template is preceded by, or starts with white space, but will add a single space in the web page's rendering otherwise.   —Michael Z. 2005-03-25 06:59 Z

Whether you intend them to be perceived as prescriptive or not is irrelevant, it is whether they will be seen as prescriptive, and I find it hard that they can be perceived as anything else. I also question the value of them - I think we should encourage positive contributions from anyone who wants to contribute - not chastise them if they use -ize instead of -ise, or whatever, jguk 06:24, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * This is hardly chastising. I think it's more polite to inform an editor of the language before they start writing, than to go in and change their text without warning, if what they write is inadvertently inconsistent with the existing article.  If they don't know (e.g.) British English, then they won't be surprised when someone immediately does a copy edit on their work.  Anyway, we are all making assumptions here, and can't know what editors will perceive it as without trying it out.  —Michael Z. 2005-03-25 06:59 Z

Question about spelling
Hey SpNeo, you are doing noble work in fixing the spelling issues. Just one question. How do you decide which is the majority spelling? Do you count the words with each spelling in articles? I could not find this information on your user page. Thanks. Oleg Alexandrov 14:47, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I use a custom-written computer program that counts British and American spellings. It only considers unambiguous instances. For example, grey and gray are both correct in U.S. English, but in UK English, it's always grey. '-ize' endings are acceptable in UK English and the norm in U.S. English. '-ise' is only used in UK English and so on... SpNeo 16:09, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I've created a British/American Spelling Guide. If you're interested, check it out: User:SpNeo/Spelling Guide SpNeo 16:11, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot for your pointer to the spelling guide. I will take a good look at it, since I am doing spelling myself (some details about that are on my user page — Oleg Alexandrov). I have a couple more of questions. Could you tell me more about the custom written computer program you said you use? Meaning, what operating system you use, what language, and what libraries. Thanks a lot. 17:37, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * PS You can write here, so that we keep the conversation in one place. Oleg Alexandrov 17:37, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The program (Dev C++, Windows) counts British and American spellings in a given textfile. The output for London (for example) looks like:

Analysing en_check.txt Results: (text length 9144 words) UK total: 45 words: organisations (2x) / centres (3x) / centre (22x) / neighbouring (1x) / characterised (1x) / organised (1x) / neighbourhood (1x) / labour (3x) / modernised (1x) / favourable (1x) / specialises (2x) / organisation (1x) / computerised (1x) / centred (2x) / specialise (1x) / flavour (1x) / subsidised (1x) / US total 0 words: UK spelling ratio: 4.92126 / 1000 words. US spelling ratio: 0 / 1000 words. I've compiled three large wordlists (U.S., UK and -ise). The program uses these wordlists to determine if a spelling is British or American. It doesn't consider proper names and borderline cases. I think it's a good idea to search for typos and correct them (your math spellchecking project)! Standardizing articles to conform to American, British or other varieties of standard English is a quite sensitive issue... Generally, I prefer standardizing articles that are closely related to a certain English-speaking country. The longer the article the better! It doesn't make much sense to standardize a short article unless it is obvious that the article's length is sufficient. I use the Firefox SpellBound Extension (English spell checker), it's an excellent high quality tool. See. Using SpellBound, you can spell check HTML text areas, like the Wikipedia edit window. SpNeo 10:06, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Nice. How many articles did you spellcheck so far? Oleg Alexandrov 15:16, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know, I haven't counted... I don't check and standardize spelling on a regular basis.
 * SpNeo 11:03, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Spelling guide
You're welcome. Hope you didn't find it too presumptuous. I approve of what you're doing. Totally positive=good thing. Grace Note 16:13, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

License plates in Germany
Hi, you're welcome to edit the article as you see best, same as any other. I think I started it by clicking on a link. Saintswithin 18:58, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Flavours in particle physics
Hi, Thanks for taking care of the merge. Bambaiah 08:15, May 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SpNeo/Archive1


text:
Indiana Beach

Indiana Beach is an amusement park located on Lake Shafer in Monticello, Indiana. The resort was developed by the Spackman family, who owned it from 1926 to 2008. The park was then sold to Morgan RV LLC, Apex Parks Group, LLC, and now is owned and operated by IB Parks & Entertainment.

History
Originally named Ideal Beach, the amusement park began as a small lakeside beach with a bath house and refreshment stand opened by Earl W. Spackman. In 1927, the first thrill attraction opened, and from that point, it began to expand. In the 1930s and 1940s, it was popular for the Ideal Beach Ballroom, featuring well-known bands. In 1961, Indiana Beach added a paddle wheeler boat called the Shafer Queen, which operated for 11 years before being replaced by another paddle wheeler with the same name.

In February 2008, both the amusement park and Indiana Beach campgrounds were sold to Morgan RV LLC. On September 1, 2015, the park was sold to Apex Parks Group.

On February 18, 2020, Indiana Beach suddenly announced that it would permanently close after 94 years of operation, with no plans to reopen. Apex Parks Group cited financial difficulties for the closure and said they had "worked diligently" to find a new buyer for the park but had not been successful. In addition to dozens of seasonal workers, Indiana Beach employed 27 people in administrative and maintenance positions. Those workers were offered six weeks compensation.

In March 2020, Apex Parks Group said that it was in discussions with potential buyers of the park, and that it was possible that the park would be able to reopen that year. Because Indiana Beach generates a large part of the county's tourism revenue, White County officials agreed to offer $3 million from the White County Windfarm Economic Development Fund to the buyer after the sale was complete.

In April 2020, Indiana Beach announced that the park would be reopening that year. The park has been purchased by Chicago businessman Gene Staples, subject to approval of a $3 million loan from White County. The park reopened on June 27, 2020.

Attractions

 * Cap'n Crow's Bumper Boats
 * Dr. Frankenstein's Haunted Castle – A walk-through attraction
 * SkyCoaster

Kiddieland

 * Beach Buggies
 * Boogie Boats
 * Crazy Carp
 * First Flight
 * Leap Frog
 * Mini Motors
 * Rocky's Roundup
 * Wild Wagons

Former rides

 * Bullet
 * Chaos
 * Flying Bobs (Chance TM)
 * Grand Carousel
 * Dragon Wagon (roller coaster) (2014-2018)
 * Galaxi (roller coaster) (1971-2013)
 * Growler - Spinning Family Ride
 * Mystery Mansion
 * Pumpkin Ferris Wheel
 * Skydiver
 * Splash Battle
 * Superstition Mountain Mine Ride
 * Trabant
 * Twister
 * Viper
 * Zugspitz

Former attractions

 * Adventure Point
 * Boat Tag

Games

 * Fascination
 * Gallery of Ghouls – Shooting gallery
 * Skee Ball
 * Video Arcade

Lodging and cabins
Lodging at Indiana Beach includes hotel, motel and cabin accommodations with varying prices, sleeping capacities and amenities. There are also campground facilities named Indiana Beach/Monticello KOA containing approximately 1,000 camp sites.

Controversies
In 2011, former and current employees staged a protest due to working and safety conditions at the park, claiming that "Rides are continuously closed, or many times forced to be open using rigged components because the company will not or cannot pay for the parts that will allow maintenance to fix them properly." An inspector from the state's division of Homeland Security investigated as a result of the protest and found no major safety violations.

It was reported in December 2012 that Morgan RV LLC had sold 11 of its properties to Sun Communities Operating Limited Partnership LLC of Michigan for $135 million. Among the listed properties was Ideal Private Resorts LLC, whose website includes Indiana Beach Amusement Park and Indiana Beach Accommodations as destinations. Calls by news media to Morgan RV LLC requesting comment, including confirmation or denial that all or part of Indiana Beach was included in the sale, went unanswered.

In January 2013, local news affiliates reported Morgan RV LLC was delinquent paying property and innkeeper taxes totaling approximately $347,000 to White County, where Indiana Beach is located. The CEO of then-owner Morgan RV, Robert Moser, and Indiana Beach's general manager, Bob Gallagher, stated that the park would open for the 2014 season despite misgivings stated by Monticello residents and business owners.

On June 27, 2019, a twelve-year-old boy died after suffering a medical emergency on a roller coaster at the park; it was determined it was not caused by Indiana Beach or the ride.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Indiana Beach


text:
Polylactic acid

Polylactic acid, also known as poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA), is a thermoplastic polyester (or polyhydroxyalkanoate) with backbone formula or, formally obtained by condensation of lactic acid  with loss of water (hence its name). It can also be prepared by ring-opening polymerization of lactide, the cyclic dimer of the basic repeating unit.

PLA has become a popular material due to it being economically produced from renewable resources. In 2021, PLA had the highest consumption volume of any bioplastic of the world, although it is still not a commodity polymer. Its widespread application has been hindered by numerous physical and processing shortcomings. PLA is the most widely used plastic filament material in FDM 3D printing, due to its low melting point, high strength, low thermal expansion, and good layer adhesion, although it possesses poor heat resistance unless annealed.

Although the name "polylactic acid" is widely used, it does not comply with IUPAC standard nomenclature, which is "poly(lactic acid)". The name "polylactic acid" is potentially ambiguous or confusing, because PLA is not a polyacid (polyelectrolyte), but rather a polyester.

Synthesis
The monomer is typically made from fermented plant starch such as from corn, cassava, sugarcane or sugar beet pulp.

Several industrial routes afford usable (i.e. high molecular weight) PLA. Two main monomers are used: lactic acid, and the cyclic di-ester, lactide. The most common route to PLA is the ring-opening polymerization of lactide with various metal catalysts (typically tin octoate) in solution or as a suspension. The metal-catalyzed reaction tends to cause racemization of the PLA, reducing its stereoregularity compared to the starting material (usually corn starch).

The direct condensation of lactic acid monomers can also be used to produce PLA. This process needs to be carried out at less than 200 °C; above that temperature, the entropically favored lactide monomer is generated. This reaction generates one equivalent of water for every condensation (esterification) step. The condensation reaction is reversible and subject to equilibrium, so removal of water is required to generate high molecular weight species. Water removal by application of a vacuum or by azeotropic distillation is required to drive the reaction toward polycondensation. Molecular weights of 130 kDa can be obtained this way. Even higher molecular weights can be attained by carefully crystallizing the crude polymer from the melt. Carboxylic acid and alcohol end groups are thus concentrated in the amorphous region of the solid polymer, and so they can react. Molecular weights of 128–152 kDa are obtainable thus.

 * PLA from lactic acid & lactide.png

Another method devised is by contacting lactic acid with a zeolite. This condensation reaction is a one-step process, and runs about 100 °C lower in temperature.

Stereoisomers
Due to the chiral nature of lactic acid, several distinct forms of polylactide exist: poly- L -lactide (PLLA) is the product resulting from polymerization of L, L -lactide (also known as L -lactide). Progress in biotechnology has resulted in the development of commercial production of the D enantiomer form.

Polymerization of a racemic mixture of L - and D -lactides usually leads to the synthesis of poly- DL -lactide (PDLLA), which is amorphous. Use of stereospecific catalysts can lead to heterotactic PLA which has been found to show crystallinity. The degree of crystallinity, and hence many important properties, is largely controlled by the ratio of D to L enantiomers used, and to a lesser extent on the type of catalyst used. Apart from lactic acid and lactide, lactic acid O-carboxyanhydride ("lac-OCA"), a five-membered cyclic compound has been used academically as well. This compound is more reactive than lactide, because its polymerization is driven by the loss of one equivalent of carbon dioxide per equivalent of lactic acid. Water is not a co-product.

The direct biosynthesis of PLA, in a manner similar to production of poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s, has been reported.

Physical properties
PLA polymers range from amorphous glassy polymer to semi-crystalline and highly crystalline polymer with a glass transition 60–65 °C, a melting temperature 130-180 °C, and a Young's modulus 2.7–16 GPa. Heat-resistant PLA can withstand temperatures of 110 °C. The basic mechanical properties of PLA are between those of polystyrene and PET. The melting temperature of PLLA can be increased by 40–50 °C and its heat deflection temperature can be increased from approximately 60 °C to up to 190 °C by physically blending the polymer with PDLA (poly- D -lactide). PDLA and PLLA form a highly regular stereocomplex with increased crystallinity. The temperature stability is maximised when a 1:1 blend is used, but even at lower concentrations of 3–10% of PDLA, there is still a substantial improvement. In the latter case, PDLA acts as a nucleating agent, thereby increasing the crystallization rate. Biodegradation of PDLA is slower than for PLA due to the higher crystallinity of PDLA. The flexural modulus of PLA is higher than polystyrene and PLA has good heat sealability.

Although PLA performs mechanically similar to PET for properties of tensile strength and elastic modulus, the material is very brittle and results in less than 10% elongation at break. Furthermore, this limits PLA’s use in applications that require some level of plastic deformation at high stress levels. An effort to increase the elongation at break for PLA has been underway, especially to bolster PLA’s presence as a commodity plastic and improve the bioplastics landscape. For example, PLLA biocomposites have been of interest to improve these mechanical properties. By mixing PLLA with poly (3-hydroxy butyrate) (PHB), cellulose nano crystal (CNC) and a plasticizer (TBC), a drastic improvement of mechanical properties were shown. Using polarized optical microscopy (POM), the PLLA biocomposites had smaller spherulites compared to pure PLLA, indicating improved nucleation density and also contributing to an increase of elongation at break from 6% in pure PLLA to 140-190% in the biocomposites. Biocomposites such as these are of great interest for food packaging because of their improved strength and biodegradability.

Several technologies such as annealing,  adding nucleating agents, forming composites with fibers or nano-particles,   chain extending  and introducing crosslink structures have been used to enhance the mechanical properties of PLA polymers. Annealing has been shown to significantly increase the degree of crystallinity of PLA polymers. In one study, increasing the duration of annealing directly affected thermal conductivity, density, and the glass transition temperature. Structural changes from this treatment further improved characteristics such as compressive strength and rigidity by nearly 80%. Processes such as this may boost PLA’s presence in the plastics market, as improving the mechanical properties will be important to replace current petroleum-derived plastics. It has also been demonstrated that the addition of a PLA-based, cross-linked nucleating agent improved the degree of crystallinity of the final PLA material. Alongside the use of the nucleating agent, annealing was shown to further improve the degree of crystallinity and, therefore, the toughness and flexural modulus of the material. This example reveals the ability to utilize multiple of these processes to reinforce the mechanical properties of PLA. Polylactic acid can be processed like most thermoplastics into fiber (for example, using conventional melt spinning processes) and film. PLA has similar mechanical properties to PETE polymer, but has a significantly lower maximum continuous use temperature.

Backbone architecture of PLA and its effect on crystallization kinetics has also been investigated, specifically to better understand the most suitable processing conditions for PLA. The molecular weight of polymer chains can play a significant role in the mechanical properties. One method of increasing molecular weight is by introducing branches of the same polymer chain onto the backbone. Through characterization of a branched and linear grade PLA, branched PLA leads to faster crystallization. Furthermore, the branched PLA experiences much longer relaxation times at low shear rates, contributing to higher viscosity than the linear grade. This is presumed to be from high molecular weight regions within the branched PLA. However, the branched PLA was observed to shear thin more strongly, leading to a much lower viscosity at high shear rates. Understanding properties such as these are crucial when determining optimal processing conditions for materials, and that simple changes to the structure can alter its behavior dramatically.

Racemic PLA and pure PLLA have low glass transition temperatures, making them undesirable because of low strength and melting point. A stereocomplex of PDLA and PLLA has a higher glass transition temperature, lending it more mechanical strength.

The high surface energy of PLA results in good printability, making it widely used in 3D printing. The tensile strength for 3D printed PLA was previously determined.

Solvents
PLA is soluble in a range of organic solvents. Ethyl acetate is widely used because of its ease of access and low risk. It is useful in 3D printers for cleaning the extruder heads and for removing PLA supports.

Other safe solvents include propylene carbonate, which is safer than ethyl acetate but is difficult to purchase commercially. Pyridine can be used, but it has a distinct fish odor and is less safe than ethyl acetate. PLA is also soluble in hot benzene, tetrahydrofuran, and dioxane.

Fabrication
PLA objects can be fabricated by 3D printing, casting, injection moulding, extrusion, machining, and solvent welding.

PLA is used as a feedstock material in desktop fused filament fabrication by 3D printers, such as RepRap printers.

PLA can be solvent welded using dichloromethane. Acetone also softens the surface of PLA, making it sticky without dissolving it, for welding to another PLA surface.

PLA-printed solids can be encased in plaster-like moulding materials, then burned out in a furnace, so that the resulting void can be filled with molten metal. This is known as "lost PLA casting", a type of investment casting.

Consumer goods
PLA is used in a large variety of consumer products such as disposable tableware, cutlery, housings for kitchen appliances and electronics such as laptops and handheld devices, and microwavable trays. (However, PLA is not suitable for microwavable containers because of its low glass transition temperature.) It is used for compost bags, food packaging and loose-fill packaging material that is cast, injection molded, or spun. In the form of a film, it shrinks upon heating, allowing it to be used in shrink tunnels. In the form of fibers, it is used for monofilament fishing line and netting. In the form of nonwoven fabrics, it is used for upholstery, disposable garments, awnings, feminine hygiene products, and diapers.

PLA has applications in engineering plastics, where the stereocomplex is blended with a rubber-like polymer such as ABS. Such blends have good form stability and visual transparency, making them useful in low-end packaging applications.

PLA is used for automotive parts such as floor mats, panels, and covers. Its heat resistance and durability are inferior to the widely used polypropylene (PP), but its properties are improved by means such as capping of the end groups to reduce hydrolysis.

Agricultural
In the form of fibers, PLA is used for monofilament fishing line and netting for vegetation and weed prevention. It is used for sandbags, planting pots, binding tape and ropes.

Medical
PLA can degrade into innocuous lactic acid, making it suitable for use as medical implants in the form of anchors, screws, plates, pins, rods, and mesh. Depending on the type used, it breaks down inside the body within 6 months to 2 years. This gradual degradation is desirable for a support structure, because it gradually transfers the load to the body (e.g., to the bone) as that area heals. The strength characteristics of PLA and PLLA implants are well documented.

Thanks to its bio-compatibility and biodegradability, PLA found interest as a polymeric scaffold for drug delivery purposes.

The composite blend of poly( L -lactide-co- D, L -lactide) (PLDLLA) with tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is used as PLDLLA/TCP scaffolds for bone engineering.

Poly- L -lactic acid (PLLA) is the main ingredient in Sculptra, a facial volume enhancer used for treating lipoatrophy of the cheeks.

PLLA is used to stimulate collagen synthesis in fibroblasts via foreign body reaction in the presence of macrophages. Macrophages act as a stimulant in secretion of cytokines and mediators such as TGF-β, which stimulate the fibroblast to secrete collagen into the surrounding tissue. Therefore, PLLA has potential applications in the dermatological studies.

PLLA is under investigation as a scaffold that can generate a small amount of electric current via the piezoelectric effect that stimulates the growth of mechanically robust cartilage in multiple animal models.

Degradation
PLA is generally considered to be compostable in industrial composting conditions but not in home compost, based off of the results of tests done using EN 13432 and ASTM D6400 standards. However, certain isomers of PLA such as PLLA or PDLA have been shown to have varying rates of degradation.

PLA is degraded abiotically by three mechanisms:

 * 1) Hydrolysis: The ester groups of the main chain are cleaved, thus reducing molecular weight.
 * 2) Thermal decomposition: A complex phenomenon leading to the appearance of different compounds such as lighter molecules and linear and cyclic oligomers with different Mw, and lactide.
 * 3) Photodegradation: UV radiation induces degradation. This is a factor mainly where PLA is exposed to sunlight in its applications in plasticulture, packaging containers and films.

The hydrolytic reaction is:
 * -COO- + H2O → -COOH + -OH

The degradation rate is very slow in ambient temperatures. A 2017 study found that at 25 °C in seawater, PLA showed no loss of mass over a year, but the study did not measure breakdown of the polymer chains or water absorption. As a result, it degrades poorly in landfills and household composts, but is effectively digested in hotter industrial composts, usually degrading best at temperatures of over 60 °C.

Pure PLA foams are selectively hydrolysed in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) (a solution mimicking body fluid). After 30 days of submersion in DMEM+FBS, a PLLA scaffold lost about 20% of its weight.

PLA samples of various molecular weights were degraded into methyl lactate (a green solvent) by using a metal complex catalyst.

PLA can also be degraded by some bacteria, such as Amycolatopsis and Saccharothrix. A purified protease from Amycolatopsis sp., PLA depolymerase, can also degrade PLA. Enzymes such as pronase and most effectively proteinase K from Tritirachium album degrade PLA.

End of life
Four possible end-of-life scenarios are the most common:
 * 1) Recycling: which can be either chemical or mechanical. Currently, the SPI resin identification code 7 ("others") is applicable for PLA. In Belgium, Galactic started the first pilot unit to chemically recycle PLA (Loopla). Unlike mechanical recycling, waste material can hold various contaminants. Polylactic acid can be chemically recycled to monomer by thermal depolymerization or hydrolysis. When purified, the monomer can be used for the manufacturing of virgin PLA with no loss of original properties (cradle-to-cradle recycling). End-of-life PLA can be chemically recycled to methyl lactate by transesterification.
 * 2) Composting: PLA is biodegradable under industrial composting conditions, starting with chemical hydrolysis process, followed by microbial digestion, to ultimately degrade the PLA. Under industrial composting conditions (58 °C), PLA can partly (about half) decompose into water and carbon dioxide in 60 days, after which the remainder decomposes much more slowly, with the rate depending on the material's degree of crystallinity. Environments without the necessary conditions will see very slow decomposition akin to that of non-bioplastics, not fully decomposing for hundreds or thousands of years.
 * 3) Incineration: PLA can be incinerated without producing chlorine-containing chemicals or heavy metals because it contains only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. Since it does not contain chlorine it does not produce dioxins or hydrochloric acid during incineration. PLA can be combusted with no remaining residue. This and other results suggest that incineration is an environmentally friendly disposal of waste PLA. Upon being incinerated, PLA can release carbon dioxide.
 * 4) Landfill: the least preferable option is landfilling because PLA degrades very slowly in ambient temperatures, often as slowly as other plastics.

title: Polylactic acid


text:
Talk:Census metropolitan area

Unstandard Names
Many of the names used in this article are not the names used by Statistics Canada. It is therefore misleading. The Calgary Regional Partnership? Sounds like a civic group, not a metropolitan area.
 * Those are informal names for the metro areas, or organizations that cover the metro areas. -- Earl Andrew - talk 15:26, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a lot of disagreement about the names and borders of some of these areas. In the case of Calgary, the Calgary Regional Partnership is probably the best. It is not a civic group. Like Earl Andrew points out, it is and organization that covers the CMA. It is the corporate entity that represents Greater Calgary. This is no different than the GTA or Edmonton's ECR. The Calgary Economic Region is more like a civic group, but it is another possibility. Some people use health regions to define these borders... in which case the Calgary Health Region may be most appropriate. Some people consider Alberta census division #6 to represent Greater Calgary. Anyway, my point is that you have to pick one of these, and it so happens that the CRP is the same type of organization as the others on this list. --Tyson2k 01:43, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Unlabeled Comment
One time, the article Greater Sault Ste. Marie was put on VfD due to the fact it was described as a CMA in conjunction with the fact the population of the other cities near it does not add up to 100,000 or more. Despite that, I still consider Sault Ste. Marie to be a metroplex, I mean you got Echo Bay, Ontario as a suburb. Are all Canadian metropolises CMAs, or just those that exceed 100,000 in population? --SuperDude 04:37, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Metropilitan areas under 100,000 people are Census Agglomerations, not CMA's. Let's get articles on the CMA's before we move onto the CA's. -- Earl Andrew - talk 05:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Additionally, it would have to be 100,000+ within Ontario alone; population figures of American cities are never factored into Canadian "metropolitan area" definitions. Bearcat 00:30, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not about what you consider Sault Ste. Marie to be, SuperDude. There is a specific definition for what constitutes a metropolitan area, and SSM does not meet it. Bearcat 00:51, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Capitalisation
Not that it matters much, but Statistics Canada does not capitalise it within text (as opposed to titles where their style is to capitalise major words), so the move is OK by me. Luigizanasi 04:41, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Greater Toronto Area vs Toronto CMA;
From the article:

 * "All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts. A CMA may be consolidated with adjacent Census Agglomerations if they are socially and economically integrated. This new grouping is known as a consolidated CMA, and the component CMA and CAs are known as the primary census metropolitan area (PCMA) and primary census agglomeration(s) (PCA). A CMA may not be consolidated with another CMA."

"A CMA may not be considated with another CMA according to what?" What is the Oshawa CMA and part of the Hamilton CMA doing in the Greater Toronto Area (Ontario government administration area)? A qualifier is needed, such as, whatever Statistics Canada has to say about it, with a citation.

Too bad that there is no link for the Toronto CMA but it most certainly is not the Greater Toronto Area. And what documentation from Statistics Canada states anything about census tracts other than around census agglomerations that end up with 50,000 or more people in them? Show everyone the census tracts (and explain them, or provide citation that explains them) inside CMAs or even CAs with 50,000+ in "agglomerated" population. Note also that the Labrador "City" CA didn't have the requisite 10,000 between the CSDs making up the CA of Labrador "City", both of type T = Town, Labrador City (Town), Wabush (Town). CMAs, for no apparent reason, don't lose their "status" as such when, not if they do lose the requisite 100,000 in whatever alleged relationships, which is going to happen to the Thunder Bay and Greater Sudbury CMAs fairly soon if they keep losing the population they have been over the last couple of censuses, but not CAs.

Statistics Canada states nothing about CAs not losing their "status" when they lose the required 10,000 in alleged economic and cultural integration and Labrador Town, Wabush Town, don't have 10,000 in total population, period. Another StatsCon job.

The GTA is made up of Census Divisions (counties of whatever name, according to provincial legislation and unorganized nothings, type UNO): Toronto Division (nothing it in but the Toronto CSD), Peel, York, Durham and Halton Regional Municipalities make up the GTA. Everything federal, as usual, makes absolutely no sense around Toronto and its Toronto CMA thing is completely ignored, other than when there are no other stats to use around whatever, due to the Ontario feds not doing their jobs around Toronto as usual.

Greater Toronto Area vs. Toronto [census] metropolitan area, 2001

After each census subdivision (CSD) / municipality name the census division (CD) name is abbreviated as follows:

TD = Toronto Division

PR = Peel Regional Municipality

YR = York Regional Municipality

DR = Durham Regional Municipality

HR = Halton Regional Municipality

SC = Simcoe County

DC = Dufferin County

___________________________________________________________________                                                Population Name                              Type   2001      1996     Change ___________________________________________________________________ Toronto (TD)                        C 2,481,494 2,385,421 A 96,073 Mississauga (PR)                    C   612,925   544,382   68,543 Brampton (PR)                       C   325,428   268,251   57,177 Markham (YR)                        T   208,615   173,383   35,232 Vaughan (YR)                        C   182,022   132,549   49,473 Burlington (HR) * .................. C  150,836   136,976   13,860 Oakville (HR)                       T   144,738   128,405   16,333 Oshawa (DR) * ...................... C  139,051   134,364    4,687 Richmond Hill (YR)                  T   132,030   101,725   30,305 Barrie-unofficial or otherwise (SC) C   103,710    79,191   24,519 Whitby (DR) * ...................... T   87,413    73,794   13,619 Pickering (DR)                      C    87,139    78,989    8,150 Ajax (DR)                           T    73,753    64,430    9,323 Clarington (DR) * .................. T   69,834    60,615    9,219 Newmarket (YR)                      T    65,788    57,125    8,663 Caledon (PR)                        T    50,595    39,893   10,702 Halton Hills (HR)                   T    48,184    42,390    5,794 Aurora (YR)                         T    40,167    34,857    5,310 Georgina (YR)                       T    39,263    34,777    4,486 Milton (HR)                         T    31,471    32,104     -633 Whitchurch-Stouffville (YR)         T    22,008    19,835    2,173 [New Tecumseth] (SC) **             T    26,141    22,904    3,237 [Orangeville] (DC) **               T    25,248    21,498    3,750 [Bradford West Gwillimbury] (SC) ** T    22,228    20,213    2,015 [Whitchurch-Stouffville] (YR) **    T    22,008    19,835    2,173 East Gwillimbury (YR)               T    20,555    19,770      785 Scugog (DR) * ...................... TP  20,173     7,244    1,336 King (YR)                           TP   18,533    18,223      310 Uxbridge (DR)                       TP   17,377    15,882    1,495 Brock (DR) * ....................... TP  12,110    11,705      405 [Mono] (DC) **                      T     6,922     6,552      370 Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation (YR)                  R       273       201       72 [Mississaugas of Scugog Isand] (DR) * .............. R       51         ¶        ¶ ________________________________________________________________________ ¶ Incompletely enumerated Indian reserve or Indian settlement. For further information, see the “Special Notes”.

* ... Municipalities/CSDs with one asterisk and a line of periods are in the version of the Toronto city-region the Ontario feds created but are not in the confederate "[census] metropolitan area" ([C]MA) version.

[]** Municipalities in brackets followed by two asterisks are not in the "Greater Toronto Area" the Ontario feds created but are in the confederate version of the Toronto city-region ([C]MA).

Derived from: Statistics Canada - Population, Dwellings and Geography (Index), Census Subdivisions (CSDs) - Municipalities then by CMA and CD (Toronto Division, Peel, York, Durham and Halton Regional Municipalities) to get both alleged “official Toronto city-regions”.

Date modified (by source): 2002-07-16

Last updated/checked: 2005-02-18

_____

Census Subdivisions (Municipalities) not included in the Toronto CMA but included in the GTA

___________________________________________________________________                                                Population Name                              Type   2001      1996     Change ___________________________________________________________________ Burlington (HR) .................... C  150,836   136,976   13,860 Oshawa (DR) ........................ C  139,051   134,364    4,687 Barrie-unofficial or otherwise (SC) C   103,710    79,191   24,519 Whitby (DR) ........................ T   87,413    73,794   13,619 Clarington (DR) .................... T   69,834    60,615    9,219 Scugog (DR) ........................ TP  20,173     7,244    1,336 Brock (DR) ......................... TP  12,110    11,705      405 Mississaugas of Scugog Isand] (DR) ................ R       51         ¶        ¶ ___________________________________________________________________ TOTAL                                   583,178   503,889   79,289 ___________________________________________________________________

Barrie has a 400-series highway (the 400) running right to/from it at the 401 through Toronto, the 401 at the 400 is jammed pretty much all the time and it gets even worse on the weekends in the summers, because we don't know any "city folk" who have or ever will just hang around in Toronto all the time. If you can't get out of the province or country on a weekend, at least get up north to a cottage, campground, little provincial park, and usually via the 400, which runs right to Barrie, which, due to the amount of commuting involved on weekdays,should either be its own CMA given that it had over the 100,000 requisite population in 2001 and cannot possibly not be socially and economically integrated with itself (but it's still a CA because Abbotsford, BC became a CMA in the 2001 Census and so did Kingston, ON and how "fair" would it be to obey LAWS and regulations by adding two CMAs to south Ontario and only 1 to the Lower Mainland?), or become part of the Toronto CMA. But it's going to be part of the Toronto CMA anyway, so there's really no point in turning it into its own CMA then just adding it to the Toronto CMA.

Census Subdivisions (Municipalities) added to the Toronto MA (in exchange for the above) but not included in the GTA

___________________________________________________________________                                                Population Name                              Type   2001      1996     Change ___________________________________________________________________ New Tecumseth (SC) ................. T   26,141    22,904 A  3,237 Orangeville (DC) ................... T   25,248    21,498    3,750 Bradford West Gwillimbury (SC) ..... T   22,228    20,213    2,015 Mono (DC) .......................... T    6,922     6,552      370 ___________________________________________________________________ TOTAL                                    80,539    71,167    9,372 ___________________________________________________________________

Not Barrie, when if anything at all in Simcoe County is going to be part of the Toronto CMA, it's Barrie, not puny little New Tecumseth or or Bradford West Gwillumbury, or little Orangeville or whatever a Mono is from Dufferin County.

Burlington is allegedly part of the Hamilton CMA but is part of the GTA because we don't pay any attention to the confederates here, other than around the money they're constantly stealing from us to hand out to everyone else. Oshawa is a CMA but is part of the Greater Toronto Area, so either get a proper Toronto CMA article set up or drop the double brackets around it -- because no one can possibly refer to the GTA as any confederate CMA.

It is an outright lie, let alone misleading, and lies do not belong in any encyclopedia.

Oops. I forgot to propose a solution. Why not just get rid of the "Common/Corporate Name" column given that every CMA is called exactly what it's called by Statistics Canada according to this. And then get the links for every CMA from Census, "Show me data on the community I live in" and select the CMA links after entering Toronto, Montreal, etc., a bunch of CMA stats for each CMA? --S-Ranger 01:36, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

List of CMAs

 * All CMA external sources, Statistics Canada, 2001 Census by CMA name, All Data

_____
 * National ranking via Statistics Canada, Population Counts, Land Area, Population Density and Population Rank, for Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census

The thing is that most editors publishing stats on Wikipedia Canada for CMAs, CDs, CAs, CSDs, don't even know that these data exist (and often don't know what CMA, CD, CA, CSD even mean); or they are making very broad (completely worthless) interpretations, from nothing that any interpretation is needed for.

The same tables/templates (with different data) can be brought up for any CD ("county" by whatever name), CSD (municipality by whatever or no type) or CA (bizarre "town-regions" out in the middle of Nowhere in many cases, but not in south Ontario).

I managed to locate the missing CSDs and also corrected the ranking and removed whatever Saguenay, Quebec is, because it's not a CMA or a CA. The ranking may not "make sense" to the oblivious but with the source for it, it's a no-brainer to look at the national population ranks and plenty are doubled up (certainly around CSDs) and there are CAs with higher populations than CMAs. Just click on the source and you'll see for yourself. --S-Ranger 06:15, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Census metropolitan area


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Louisville, Kentucky

Louisville, Kentucky
A comprehensive, well-written article on an important city. A labor of love, created by several residents. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 04:37, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * As the nominator, I of course support. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 04:37, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. – Updated. Lots of interesting information. Several sections have been recently combined or reorganized, improving writing. Dr. Cash 20:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak object. At first glance, the trivia section is not usually kept for FAs. Try to incorporate this into other sections, or seriously consider deleting the contents. Harro5 04:51, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm. We could do that, but I personally like the trivia section. Could I get a second (and third) opinion as to whether the trivia section is appropriate? – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 13:18, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK. Sorry, but I don't like trivia sections too much and, well—how to put this—I hate this one. There are a couple of very vague items : it's "perhaps" the most Catholic city in the South—that can't be really hard to confirm or disprove, and if proved, it's much too important for "Trivia", it needs to be expanded and put somewhere appropriate—and "Happy Birthday" is "reported to have been written" by people from Louisville—it should be possible to find out if the report is true. And secret ballot and chewing gum were invented in Louisville? The articles linked to in those very claims say they were invented respectively in Australia, and in Ancient Greece. Also, a completely different guy than your Lousvillean filed the first patent for modern chewing gum in 1869. Source the bourbon claim inline, please. The disco balls and the movies are fine. Yeah, try to incorporate those and the bourbon in the article, that's what I'd do. (Please don't mention the Interstate Highway thing, anywhere, ever.) Bishonen | talk 21:07, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, the crowd has spoken. The trivia section is gone. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 22:11, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object.
 * The images Image:Louisville pronunciationguide.jpg and Image:Disco ball.jpg need captions.
 * Good point. Done. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 13:30, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * The image Image:LouisvilleDowntownSkyline.jpg is under a license of permission. This is an unacceptable license for Wikipedia. --Carnildo 06:13, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right. I've e-mailed the author to ask for GFDL permission. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 13:30, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Update: Still no reply. Would you support if that image is simply removed until the issue is resolved or a replacement is found? (This question goes for Flcelloguy as well.) – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 17:31, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * The article really needs a lead image, but either Image:Louisville 1846.jpg or Image:Louisville pronunciationguide.jpg could substitute for the current one. --Carnildo 19:34, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The photo copyright issue has been resolved. I replaced the main image of the downtown skyline with one from my own personal collection that I took last summer from the Fall of the Ohio. The copyright is now GFDL. Dr. Cash 22:23, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Looks good. --Carnildo 22:50, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. Several sections do not appear comprehensive or are non-existent. The Economy section is merely a list (I get no sense of what the overall economy in Louisville is). Other sections that are missing are Infrastructure (utilities, hospitals, etc) and Culture (surely for a city of Louisville's size there must be some notable museums and events). Another thing that concerns me is that this article did not go through peer review first (but that is my own prejudice and should not be counted toward my objection). Please see featured articles on Seattle, Washington and San Jose, California as examples. Pentawing 18:46, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow, this objection requires a lot of work. The "culture" material is in List of Attractions and Events in Louisville, but we could move it to a Culture section here if you like. As for the others. . . I'll work on them. Hope I can get them up to snuff quickly. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth)
 * The Culture section now includes subsections on Demographics, Annual culture events and fairs, Museums and Art Collections, Media, Performing arts, and Sports. There is also in Infrastructure section with expanded subsections on Government, Schools, Transportation, and Utilities. Dr. Cash 22:10, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The economy section is now more comprehensive, though I would suggest removing the passage concerning Interstate highways (which is already mentioned in Transportation). As for the Cultural section, an overview of culture in Louisville would suffice (one might ask what makes Louisville culturally unique). Other things that could be added are some information about overall street layout and city landscape (especially architecture). Pentawing 00:29, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I rephrased the section on interstate highways in the economy section. I still think it should say something here about interstates due to their importance in the transportation industry. The transportation section regarding interstates has been modified slightly as well. Dr. Cash 03:18, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, now the Infrastructure and Culture sections are in place. For future reference, avoid hyperbole and the use of "you" (the last thing I want to see in an encyclopedia article is a travel brochure). The listing of references in Infrastructure is glaring. Could it be changed to a footnote? Also, the only thing left is cityscape. This includes landscape (is the city primarily industrial or park-like?), overall street layout (a crazy layout like Boston or grid-like?), and architecture (modern, old-style, or a balanced mix of the two?). Address these items, check the wording, and I see an article that is worthy of the main page. Pentawing 03:34, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The listing of references has been removed and replaced with footnotes (Infrastructure:Utilities). I've also added a Cityscape section under the Geography section, with details on the overall layout of the city and details on the architecture. More details on the road system are under the Transportation section. General wording throughout the article has also been checked. Dr. Cash 17:04, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Looked over the article and did some more copyediting. Right now it seems the article is indeed worthy of FA, though other issues may come up that I haven't thought of yet. Vote changed to Weak support Pentawing 23:57, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Object- remove trivia section (and incorporate into article, if possible). Also, perhaps a brief paragraph on "Sister Cities"? Finally, a partial list of high schools in the city does not seem appropriate for the article. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 19:09, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Trivia section has been removed. Most of this information has been migrated either to the History section, or to Economy or Demographics. Also, with regards to Sister Cities, not certain how much more of a paragraph to add there. Other cities such as New York City and Seattle, Washington, also simply list the sister cities there. Dr. Cash 20:52, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I still object to the list of high schools, as well as the various other lists in the article. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 22:17, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you saying we should remove information before you'll support? – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 23:00, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The list of high schools has been moved to a separate page, listed under See Also. The main education section has been revised to include education information without the listing. Dr. Cash 03:12, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I am saying that having a section consisting entirely of a bullet-pointed list does not make sense. Right now, I would have to agree with Pentawing- however, I will still object until the picture issue is resolved. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 16:31, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Copyright issue resolved. The photo has been replaced. See above. Dr. Cash 22:23, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OK. Support. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 19:08, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Support Makes me actually want to travel to Kentucky... MicahMN | Talk 14:11, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose – the entire article seems to be in lists. The 1) Geography section is poor, it hardle has enything related to geography other than the location which should be wikified using the coor dms template. 2) There seems to be a minor problem with the infobox. A table margin is missing. 3) Climate is absent. 4) I would prefer you promote the history section. 5) Remove lists from sports, make it into prose. I'll stop here for now, will critique once again after the above are taken care of. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  18:52, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * A couple of changes in response to your concerns: 1) geography section expanded with info on the Bluegrass region and the coor dms template is now used; 2) infobox has been fixed - all of the table margins look correct (at least in my browser, Firefox); 3) Climate information has been added to the Geography & Climate section; 4) Not sure what you mean by this? The history section primarily contained in a separate linked article. A brief synopsis appears on the main page; 5) Sports section has been changed. Lists removed and rearranged a bit. Dr. Cash 22:10, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Many, if not all, of the previous lists in the article have been changed to prose. Dr. Cash 17:04, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for taking care of my concerns. The 4th point was that the history was too low down in the page. Its corrected now. I've also taken the liberty of correcting the infobox and made a few changes in the history section. Here are some more additional points. 1) Too many subheadings. Avoid usage of so many headings. 2) You can also consider promoting some sub headings such as education, media, utilities and government to top level. 3) Please do not bold the text. Its not recommended in the Manual of Style 4) There are just names in the History section. You should also give their occupation/designation (eg. XYZ, a trapper, founded ABC). Only the colonel is correctly done. 5) It would be nice to have the extreme temperatures in the climate section. See 6) Avoid the usage of inline external links at all costs. Instead of having the external links to say [Youth Performing Arts School], a page on wikipedia can certainly be created and linked to it from here. 7) Page size is a bit too high at 42 kb. Please summarise sections such as transportation and other long sections such as sports and economy. I also find the =pronounciation= section unnecessary. A single sentence with the IPA text in the leadin would be more preferable. The image can be merged with the culture section with a small note there. 8) The Great Gatsby has to be italicised. 9) In the utilities section, the inline references are not formatted correctly. Please see Australia and Geography of India on how to format such inline references correctly. PS I may take a few days before I review again.  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  09:52, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm. (1) Other voters have complained about not enough subheadings. For instance, Pentawing argued "Other sections that are missing are 'Infrastructure' (utilities, hospitals, etc) and 'Culture'" I don't think removing subheadings will improve the article. [Update: Actually, I saw some headings that could safely go, and removed them. On review, I think I see what you meant, and I think I fixed it.] (2) Perhaps. . . I'd like to get some other opinions though. I think the organization makes it easier to follow. (3) Good point. Done. (4) Okay. Done. (5) True, thanks. Done. (6) Right, I agree. Done. (7) I strongly disagree. Several other voters have complained about not enough information, and we've done a lot of work adding useful information to the article. I don't think it should be removed. Also, in Louisville, pronunciation is a significant issue, and I really like the pronunciation section. (8) Good point. Done. (9) Okay, thanks. Done. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 11:28, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Regarding the page size issues, I have to disagree as well. 42 Kb is actually quite small in the overall scheme of things. With the widespread use of broadband, 42 Kb is virtually insignificant; even for a modem, it's not bad. A long article is not necessarily a bad thing, provided that it's well organized and readable. The Featured Articles of Seattle, Washington and San Jose, California are both 47 Kb and 55 Kb in size, respectively. Also, regarding the pronunciation section -- I think that is necessary as well. Louisville's many pronunciations, as well as its highly unusual pronunciation utilized by many of the natives, are one of the things that make the city stand out. The pronunciation is also highlighted by the Convention & Visitors' Bureau in town as well, and they've advertised it in a pretty unique and creative way. Granted, yes, the section is unconventional and atypical. But a few unconventional and atypical sections in city articles actually add to the interest and uniqueness of any city, making it stand out a bit more. Otherwise, every city article would look the same and things would get boring. Dr. Cash 14:56, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * At the time of he FAC process the two city articles were well under 40kb. You will agree that the articles undergo a change after they are featured. I distinctly remember the page size for Seattle as I had critiqued it. A larger page size does not necessarily mean that the article is more comprehensive. If you summarise sections, it becomes easier to read and carries more meaningful data. I'm asking for a summary, its much easier to read instead of a long section that mentions head coaches and schools that have won trophies along with the years. I'm sure that that info can be added to a more detailed article such as Sports in Louisville . Similarly, the list of pubs are certainly not important to this page. Add it in a sub page. Similarly the demographics can be moved to a dedicated article, I'm sure anybody who reads the article on the town are definately going to skip data such as ...female householder with no husband present... unless he/she is specifically interested in such info. Relevent topics in the demographics include population, density, race, religion, income and sex ratio. The rest can be moved to the dedicated article for those interested in details. It shouldn't take more than a day to write a summary.
 * The section on the pronounciation is vague: The variability of the local pronunciation of Louisville's name can perhaps be laid at the feet of the city's location on the border between the North and South of the United States. Louisville's diverse population has traditionally represented elements of both Northern and Southern culture. This can be surmised into one line, plus its more to do with culture. Now, it is mentioned that there are many pronounciations to the name. The picture alongside mentions five. Since it is thumbed, the yellow text is not clearly visible. Why don't you mention all five pronounciations in the text? It is definately more helpful instead of vague sentences which rely on the picture for an explaination.
 * The culture section has a whiff of a travelguide/non-encyclopedic type text:  This is an old... , ...core themes that he has taken to heart..., Attendance is approximately..., features some of the finest bourbon... (this may qualify as a POV or Weasel term).
 * Q: What's a resident of the city called? Can be mentioned in the page?
 * Q: In the climate, what do you mean by seasonal? Wouldn't continental be a more apt term?
 * Thanks for taking care of some of my concerns, It definately looks much better now. I know appreciate the hard work put in so far, but I would prefer a summary which would make it much better to read, and stay on track.  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  10:54, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment - Sam Stearman has been kind enough to release the Louisville skyline image under the GFDL. (See here for details.) Yay! (Dr. Cash, your picture is fine, but this one is even better, so I replaced yours in the article.) – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 16:13, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds great! The one thing I like about that photo is the picture of the bridge to the left. :-) Dr. Cash 16:41, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support I think perhaps this is a good city for people to learn about, and maybe the article is very well written. 內布拉斯加 01:01, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I abstained as I feel it's a conflict of interest for significant contributors to a candidate to vote on it. Also, at the time of its nomination, I didn't think the article was ready.  That all said, I'm honestly surprised at how much this article (and related articles) have recently seen so much progress.  I am honored that my city's article is one of the rare breed of articles to be proclaimed "featured".  I am deeply happy for my city and feel very very proud of the work we all did and continue to do.  A big "Cheers!" all the way around! —  Stevie is the man!  Talk 18:48, July 31, 2005 (UTC)


text:
The Anthology (1968–1992)

The Anthology (1968–1992) is a two-CD compilation distilling the best tracks from American comedian Richard Pryor's seven albums he recorded and/or released on Warner Bros. Records or its subsidiary Reprise, and is essentially the digest version of his 2000 nine-CD box set ...And It's Deep Too! The Complete Warner Bros. Recordings (1968–1992). Pryor and his wife/manager Jennifer Lee Pryor assisted in and authorized the compilation, which was produced by the same team responsible for the ...And It's Deep Too box set, Reggie Collins and Steve Pokorny.

Disc one

 * 1) "Super Nigger" – 3:15
 * 2) "Prison Play" – 9:10
 * 3) "Nigger With A Seizure" – 5:24
 * 4) "Have Your Ass Home By 11:00" – 2:30
 * 5) "Black And White Life Styles" – 3:42
 * 6) "Exorcist" – 1:53
 * 7) "Niggers Vs. The Police" – 1:41
 * 8) "Wino Dealing With Dracula" – 2:06
 * 9) "Wino And Junkie" – 7:05
 * 10) "Mudbone - Intro" – 5:42
 * 11) "Mudbone - Little Feets" – 11:45
 * 12) "When Your Woman Leaves You" – 6:27
 * 13) "Cocaine" – 4:08
 * 14) "Acid" – 4:53
 * 15) "Bicentennial Prayer" – 6:39
 * 16) "Bicentennial Nigger" – 2:24

Disc two

 * 1) "New Year's Eve" – 3:50
 * 2) "Discipline" – 7:57
 * 3) "Heart Attacks" – 8:09
 * 4) "Monkeys" – 4:04
 * 5) "Being Sensitive" – 7:53
 * 6) "Africa" – 10:30
 * 7) "Freebase" – 8:12
 * 8) "Hospital" – 10:14
 * 9) "I Like Women" – 6:20
 * 10) "M.S." – 10:36

Track origins

 * Disc One, Tracks 1-2:
 * From the album Richard Pryor, Dove/Reprise #RS-6325 (released November 1968)
 * Produced by Robert Marchese
 * Engineered by Ron Johnson
 * Recorded live at The Troubadour, West Hollywood, CA (September 1968)

 * Disc One, Tracks 3-9:
 * From the album That Nigger's Crazy, Partee/Stax #2404 (released May 1974); Reissued as Reprise #MS-2241 (November 10, 1975)
 * Produced by Richard Pryor
 * Recorded by Haji Sound Recording Co., Los Angeles, CA
 * Recorded live at Don Cornelius' Soul Train, early 1974

 * Disc One, Tracks 10-13:
 * From the album ...Is It Something I Said?, Reprise #MS-2227 (released July 25, 1975)
 * Produced by David Banks
 * Engineered by Biff Dawes
 * Edited and Remixed by Rudy Hill
 * Recorded live at the Latin Casino, Cherry Hill, NJ, May 26, 1975

 * Disc One, Tracks 14-16:
 * From the album Bicentennial Nigger, Warner Bros. Records #BSK-2960 (released September 10, 1976)
 * Produced by David Banks
 * Engineered by Biff Dawes
 * Recorded live at The Comedy Store, Hollywood, CA, February 1976 and The Roxy Theatre, West Hollywood, CA, July 1976

 * Disc Two, Tracks 1-5:
 * From the album Wanted/Richard Pryor - Live In Concert, Warner Bros. Records #2BSK-3364 (released November 17, 1978)
 * Produced by Richard Pryor and Biff Dawes
 * Engineered by Biff Dawes
 * Recorded live at John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Washington, DC, City Center of Music and Drama, New York City, and Auditorium Theatre, Chicago, IL with the Wally Heider Remote.

 * Disc Two, Tracks 6-8:
 * From the album Richard Pryor: Live on the Sunset Strip, Warner Bros. Records #BSK-3660 (released March 24, 1982).
 * Produced by Richard Pryor and Biff Dawes
 * Engineered by Biff Dawes and Jack Crymes
 * Recorded live at Circle Star Theater, San Carlos, CA, October 1981 and December 1981 with the Record Plant Mobile Studios, Los Angeles, CA.

 * Disc Two, Track 9:
 * From the album Here And Now, Warner Bros. Records #23981 (released October 12, 1983)
 * Produced by David Banks
 * Engineered by Jeff Dodge
 * Re-Edited by Rudy Hill
 * Recorded live at The Saenger Theatre, New Orleans, LA, August 9, 1983
 * Edited at The L.A. Studios, Los Angeles, CA

 * Disc Two, Track 10:
 * First issued on That African-American's Still Crazy: Good Shit From The Vaults, the CD of unreleased material included on the box set ...And It's Deep Too! The Complete Warner Bros. Recordings (1968–1992), Warner Archives/Rhino #76655 (released October 17, 2000).
 * No producer credit given
 * Edited by Dan Hersch, Reggie Collins and Steve Pokorny.
 * Recorded live at Circle Star Theater, San Carlos, CA, October 1992.

Personnel

 * Richard Pryor - performer, spoken word, writer, "assistance and cooperation"
 * Jennifer Lee Pryor - "assistance and cooperation"
 * Reggie Collins - compilation producer, discographical annotation
 * Steve Pokorny - compilation producer
 * Pat Kraus – Remastering
 * Mike Engstrom - product manager
 * Jo Motta - project coordination
 * Gary Peterson - discographical annotation
 * Shawn Amos - liner notes coordination
 * Julee Stover - editorial supervision
 * Cory Frye - editorial supervision
 * Maria Villar - art direction
 * Maria DeGrassi-Colosimo - design
 * Henry Diltz - cover photo, inside photos
 * Bruce W. Talamon - back cover photo, inside photos
 * Michael Ochs Archives - inside photos
 * Globe Photos - inside photos
 * NBC - inside photos
 * Photofest - inside photos
 * Patrick Milligan - project assistance
 * Quincy Newell - project assistance
 * Amy Utstein - project assistance
 * Randy Perry - project assistance

title: The Anthology (1968–1992)


text:
Hillside Festival

The Hillside Festival is an annual three-day, five-stage (including one kids' stage) summer festival occurring in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, hosting musicians, spoken word artists, workshops and more. The Hillside Festival occurs in late July on Guelph Lake Island.

List of past performers
Notable performers who have played at Hillside include:

 * Acorn, The (2008, 2010)
 * ALX (2012)
 * Arkells (2009, 2012, Inside 2011)
 * Akron/Family (2008, 2013)
 * Arcade Fire (2004, 2005)
 * Joseph Arthur (2008)
 * BADBADNOTGOOD (2012)
 * Barenaked Ladies (1989, 1991)
 * Basia Bulat (2007, 2010, 2014)
 * Beardyman (2010)
 * Be Good Tanyas (2005, 2011)
 * Bedouin Soundclash (inside 2009)
 * Bombay Bicycle Club (2012)
 * Bourbon Tabernacle Choir (2008)
 * Broken Social Scene (2003, 2005, 2008)
 * Emerald City, The (2010)
 * Buck 65 (2003, 2005)
 * Burning Spear (2000)
 * By Divine Right (1999, 2002)
 * Cadence Weapon
 * Neko Case (2002)
 * City and Colour (Dallas Green) (Inside 2007)
 * Bruce Cockburn (1998, 2019)
 * Jason Collett (2008, 2010)
 * Constantines (2001, 2002, 2006, 2015)
 * Cowboy Junkies (2008)
 * Cuff the Duke (2003, 2005, 2006)
 * Dears, The (2003, 2007)
 * Ani DiFranco (2007, 2009)
 * Julie Doiron (2001, 2009)
 * Gord Downie (2001, 2010)
 * Feist (2000, 2006, 2014)
 * Ferron
 * Final Fantasy (2006, 2009)
 * Sarah Harmer (2003, 2006, 2010, Inside 2011, 2017)
 * Hawksley Workman (2001, 2008)
 * Hayden (2002, 2008)
 * Hey Rosetta! 2014 (Inside 2015)
 * Hidden Cameras, The
 * Hollerado (2011, 2014)
 * Islands (2008)
 * k-os (2002, 2005 surprise guest)
 * K'naan (Inside 2009)
 * Lights (2008, 2011)
 * Los Campesinos! (2007)
 * Los Lobos (2010)
 * Lowest of the Low, The (2005,2013)
 * Loreena McKennitt (2009)
 * Sarah McLachlan
 * Metric (2003, 2004)
 * Joel Plaskett (2012)
 * Serena Ryder (2002, 2011)
 * Sam Roberts (2005, Inside 2009)
 * Xavier Rudd (2006, Inside 2008, 2009, 2017)
 * Sadies, The (2008, 2016)
 * Buffy Sainte-Marie (2009, 2016)
 * Tokyo Police Club (Inside 2008, 2009)
 * Jane Siberry/Issa (1993, 2009)
 * Sarah Slean (2005, 2008)
 * Sloan (1999, 2011)
 * Stars (2005, Inside 2009, 2010)
 * Stills, The (2006)
 * Weakerthans, The (2002, 2006, Inside 2008)
 * Wintersleep (2006, Inside 2008, 2013)
 * Yukon Blonde (2010, 2013)
 * Zeus (2010, 2012)
 * Weaves (2017)
 * Walk Off the Earth (2012)
 * Lizzie No (2022)
 * Julian Taylor (2022)

Notable spoken word artists who performed at the festival include Sandra Alland (2005), Stuart McLean (2008), Robert Priest (2005), Tony Leighton (2007, 2008), Tom King (2007), and Shane Koyczan (2010, Inside 2011, 2013). Barenaked Ladies played a concert before the festival to celebrate the construction of the permanent Hillside main stage that had recently been built.

title: Hillside Festival


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Admira Ismić and Boško Brkić

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Hedley 01:28, 31 July 2005 (UTC) no consensus (5 keep, 1 rename, 5 delete). GarrettTalk 14:21, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Admira Ismić and Boško Brkić
A touching story, and a pity it can't have a home somewhere in Wikimedia. Denni ☯ 04:41, 2005 July 24 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm the fastest delete-finger in the West, and I am not so sure this should be deleted.  It certainly is notable, if for no other reason than a reputable major American news show devoted a story to them.  My biggest problem is that with all those accents in the name, no one will ever find the article. Nandesuka 04:51, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I remember that story! Keep and make more accessible.--DNicholls 04:56, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If this article is kept, make sure to have redirects from Admira Ismic and Bosko Brkic to this article. --Metropolitan90 05:01, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I remember that incident too. Definitely notable enough to deserve own article in Wikipedia.--Jyril 15:17, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Scanning the story, I have to say that if it is to be kept it really needs cleanup. Right now it reads like something out of people magazine. -R. fiend 15:36, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You appear to have accidentally changed the title of this nomination, making it a red link. I've switched it back. No vote at this time. Pburka 16:25, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It is a very sad story, but the article does not establish notability over millions of other victims of violent conflict. Coverage in an American news broadcast does not establish that it's encyclopedic, either. Not every news item can be included here. Martg76 21:05, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, although suggest renaming to Romeo and Juliet of Sarajevo, and describing the documentary itself. Pburka 21:14, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per Pburka. David | Talk 21:16, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Memorial to non-notable couple. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 03:44, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment It was quite notable at the time, and for the subject. I'd support the renaming, too. --DNicholls 04:00, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. WP is not a memorial. Quale 05:40, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, clean up, expand and move to Romeo and Juliet of Sarajevo per Pburka. Dystopos 15:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, wikipedia is not a memorial. JamesBurns 06:53, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sad story to be certain, but there are thousands, possibly millions, of stories just like it.  We would be opening the floodgates to articles on all of them.  --Cholmes75 21:08, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
The X (TV series)

The-X is a Canadian children's TV program on CBC Television, televised during the 2004-2005 television season. It was replaced by The Void in 2005, and The Outlet in 2006.

The show is targeted to children between the ages of eight and 12. Sally Gifford and Anthony McLean are in-studio hosts, who interview celebrities and do various comedy segments. The roles of the cast are not fixed and often vary. Morgan Waters goes on the road, across the country, interviewing children, ordinary people, and sometimes celebrities as well. At its inception, the program was named the InfoMatrix, was hosted by McLean and provided Canadian history. Gifford then joined the cast, followed by Morgan Waters, then Kythrine Butcher.

Anthony left at one point (there was a special episode dedicated to his leaving), and Waters moved on to The Morgan Waters Show.

Recurring segments

 * In each Professor Peabody segment, the professor thinks he has invented something new, but finds out his inventions are hardly original. The resulting humiliation then causes the professor to explode.
 * The Daredevil Hedgehog performs various stunts (or attempts to).
 * The character Bad Dog Tremblay is a professional wrestler, who normally only wrestles inanimate objects.
 * The Naughty Pig, played by Julie Zwillich, is a small finger sized toy pig, which teaches children assorted lessons on life. However, usually the "lessons" are really what children should not do.  He ends each "lesson" by relieving himself.
 * The music and lyrics for the recurring segments were composed, written, and performed by Greg Fisher and Derek Treffry a.k.a. FISH-FRY MUSIC AND SOUND

Celebrity appearances
Some of the celebrities that have appeared as guests on the show are Claire Danes (actress), Fefe Dobson (singer), Hilary Duff (actress/singer), JoJo (singer), Nelly Furtado (singer), Katie Holmes (actress), Jude Law (actor), Lindsay Lohan (actress/singer), Christina Milian (actress/singer), Gwyneth Paltrow (actress), Kalan Porter (singer), Ashlee Simpson (actress/singer), and Skye Sweetnam (singer). Rather than just ask the typical interview questions, hosts usually ask odd questions such as what type of superhero power would they like to have, or what girls do when they go together to the bathroom all at once.

Cast

 * Sally Gifford - Host
 * Anthony McLean - Host
 * Morgan Waters	- Host of Rollin' X segments
 * Kristyn Butcher - Host of Rollin' X segments
 * David Reale (2004-)
 * Caroline Lesley (2004) - Host
 * Jeff Kassel - Mr. Peabody
 * David J. MacNeil - Bad Dog Tremblay
 * Ramona Pringle (2004-)
 * Julie Zwillich- Voice of Naughty Pig, Alissa, Sandra

title: The X (TV series)


text:
Talk:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand

Untitled
I'm unclear about whether His Holiness has spiritual authority over all branches of Thai Buddhism, including those outside the borders of Thailand?

For instance, does His Holiness hold a position of supreme spiritual authority over, say, Amaravati in England? Or Abhayagiri in America?

 * The Sangharaj holds authority over all monks ordained in the Thai sangha, whether inside or outside of Thailand. For example, it is through the Sangha council that monks are authorized to perform ordinations and through which the title of 'Somdet' is awarded.  However, the two monasteries you mention are slightly different from most Thai wats you find outside of Thailand.  Most Thai wats, for example here in San Francisco, are closely associated with the Sangha council which is heavily involved in the wat's operation.  (I think)

 * Amaravati and Abhayagiri pretty different because they are 'forest monasteries' and also because they are for Westerners. Most forest monasteries tend to be fairly uninvolved with the formal Sangha administration, and doubly so the Westerners.  The various branches of Wat Nanachat tend to do their own thing, but still are bound by the Thai Sangha in certain ways.  For example, only Ajahns Sumedho and Pasanno are authorized by the Sangharaj to perform ordinations, so all ordinations within the branches of Wat Nanachat in the West are done by one of those two, whether here in America or in Australia, etc.  Obhaso 15:57, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

History
Founded by Rama I. --Pawyilee (talk) 12:19, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

Acting Supreme Patriarch?
I am uncertain why Somdet Chuang Varapunno is not mentioned as acting Supreme Patriarch? --S Khemadhammo (talk) 02:35, 3 December 2016 (UTC)

Mahanikaya anachronism?
Describing Supreme Patriarchs from before the time of the arising of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya as Mahanikaya seems an anachronism, as the term Mahanikaya was only coined when the Dhammayuttika arose. Are there any reliable sources on how the fraternities were called before the time of Dhammayauttika Nikaya, in each period? --S Khemadhammo (talk) 15:05, 10 February 2017 (UTC)
 * There was a distinction between the gāmavāsī (city-dwelling) and araññavāsī (forest-dwelling) monkhood (with the former being further divided into left and right during the Ayutthaya period), but I'm not sure how official or established this division was. --Paul_012 (talk) 03:16, 11 February 2017 (UTC)
 * This paper seems to provide a good overview. --Paul_012 (talk) 03:19, 11 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks, ! I will take a look at it. --S Khemadhammo (talk) 04:34, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

Continuing on this. So does it make sense to call the supreme patriarchs prior to the founding of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, Maha Nikaya? I realize Maha Nikaya is basically just anything not Dhammayuttika Nikaya, but even if there was a distinction in forest and city dwelling monks shouldnt we use the terms used back then rather than Maha Nikaya for the supreme patriarchs prior to Dhammayuttika? otherwise i would say just leave that section blank for the supreme patriarchs that predate dhammayuttika. Wikiman5676 (talk) 06:34, 2 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, it should be corrected. There was no Mahānikāya before the Dhammayuttika split-off.-- Farang Rak Tham   (Talk) 13:43, 2 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Coming to speak about this, the source referred to above appears to be more of a political essay than a reliable scholarly source, despite it being written by a Chulalongkorn University scholar. The article includes suggestions for restructuring the Sangha, which makes it suspicious IMHO. Moreover, it cites mostly government documents. There should be better sources out there. I have serious doubts about whether the author with a royal surname did any fact-checking, or just copied pro-establishment propaganda.-- Farang Rak Tham   (Talk) 13:52, 2 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Also, either way we need to call them by what they were actually called back then. So even if the source was reliable we need a way to use it to determine what order to categorize the Pre-Dhammayuttika monks. Given that i think this warrants removing Maha Nikaya from Supreme patriarchs that precede the use of the term. Wikiman5676 (talk) 03:12, 3 January 2020 (UTC)
 * It shouldn't be too difficult to check whether those earlier patriarchs were araññavāsin or gāmavāsin.-- Farang Rak Tham   (Talk) 09:35, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

Contradiction?
Is the current Supreme Patriarch:
 * 1. Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana (Amborn Ambaro)
 * or
 * 2. Somdet Phra Maha Muneewong

Are they the same person? Kortoso (talk) 20:22, 4 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, they are. The latter is his name as a Patriarch (พระราชคณะ), the former his name as Patriarch. In Thailand, it is common for monks in high positions to receive new honorifics every ten years or so, which is another reason why these honorifics should not be used too much on an English Wikipedia, in which this Thai practice is not well-known. Another problem is that the very use of such honorifics may go against WP:NEUTRALITY, since its usage is part of the Thai state's patronage of the Thai Sangha. Many Thai intellectuals have criticized this patronage, however, especially those who propose a separation of religion and state. I  propose to limit the use of honorifics to position titles like Supreme Patriarch, Somdet, Luang Por and Luang phi, followed by monastic names, which do not change anymore after a person ordains. Please indicate whether you support or disagree with this.--Farang Rak Tham (talk) 08:37, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * Somdej Phra Yannasangwon (Suvaddhano) in 1956.jpg

title: Talk:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand


text:
1955–56 in Scottish football

The 1955–56 season was the 83rd season of competitive football in Scotland and the 59th season of the Scottish Football League.

Overview
Following league reconstruction, the top tier was expanded from 16 to 18 teams with Airdrieonians and Dunfermline Athletic being promoted. The second tier was expanded from 16 to 19 teams with Berwick Rangers, Dumbarton, East Stirlingshire, Montrose and Stranraer joining the league from the third tier.

The leagues were rebranded at the start of season 1955–56. Division A was now the newly named Division One and Division B was now the newly named Division Two. Division C was disbanded, with most of its members, which were reserve teams, moving to a separate Scottish (Reserve) League).

Scottish League Division One
Champions: Rangers

Relegated: Clyde, Stirling Albion

Scottish League Division Two
Promoted: Queen's Park, Ayr United

County
$$ - aggregate over two legs † - replay

Scotland national team
1956 British Home Championship - Joint winners with 🏴 england, and 🏴 wales

Key:
 * (H) = Home match
 * (A) = Away match
 * BHC = British Home Championship

title: 1955–56 in Scottish football


text:
Roosevelt Municipal Golf Course

The Roosevelt Municipal Golf Course is a 9-hole golf course located in the Griffith Park area of Los Angeles, California.

It currently measures 2478 yd from the back tees.

title: Roosevelt Municipal Golf Course


text:
Matt Kunitz

Matt Kunitz (born November 5, 1968) is an American television executive producer known for his work on reality television programming. In July 2008, the Los Angeles Times dubbed Kunitz "The King of Reality TV."

Biography
Kunitz was supervising producer of The Real World, one of the first reality television shows to gain a national audience, and was executive producer of NBC's Fear Factor. The Wall Street Journal called Fear Factor "one of the biggest hits on TV -- and an important cash cow for NBC." Kunitz spent six years in an overall production deal with NBC Universal Studios. While at his career with NBC, Kunitz also was the executive producer of Dog Eat Dog and Late Friday and served as a consultant on Lost and Treasure Hunters. In March 2006, Kunitz left NBC Universal and began a new two year overall deal with reality powerhouse Endemol USA, producers of Fear Factor, Deal or No Deal, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, and Big Brother. Kunitz's first assignment at Endemol was to adapt and executive produce Endemol's U.S. version of the singing competition "Operacion Triunfo" for ABC, retitled The One: Making a Music Star.

In 2008, Kunitz was the executive producer of Celebrity Circus for NBC. Kunitz executive produced Wipeout, a stunt based competition he created for ABC. Wipeout became the highest rated new summer series of 2008. The Wipeout format has been sold to more than 37 territories and Endemol has created an obstacle course in Argentina for those international editions. The second season of Wipeout premiered on May 27, 2009. It topped the 8 o'clock demos — So You Think You Can Dance included. With an audience of 9.69 million, Wipeout bested its Season 1 average and gave ABC its best numbers in the Wednesday-at-8 slot since November 2007. Kunitz explained to The New York Times  that Wipeout "turned out to be a real family show" and that has led to its success. Wipeout began its sixth season in May 2013. On March 29, 2014, the series won the 2014 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Reality Show for the third year in a row. On August 10, 2014, the series won the 2014 Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer TV Series.

On March 26, 2010, Variety announced a new two-year deal between Endemol USA and Kunitz. On June 10, 2010, Variety announced that Kunitz will executive produce a new series for ABC, "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow" On August 15, 2010, Wipeout was renewed for a fourth season. In March 2011, ABC announced a summer pick up of "101 Ways to Leave a Game Show" In June 2011, NBC announced the return of Fear Factor. NBC ordered 10 hours of the series to return in the fall.

After six years at NBC Universal and six at Endemol, It was announced on March 20, 2012, that Kunitz would join FremantleMedia North America in a multi-year overall deal with the company behind Fox's American Idol and The X Factor and NBC's America's Got Talent to develop and produce new unscripted shows.

On December 2, 2014, it was announced that Kunitz had signed a new multi-year deal with Lionsgate, the studio behind the Twilight and Hunger Games franchises, Mad Men, Nurse Jackie and Orange Is the New Black. At Lionsgate, Kunitz will develop and produce unscripted programming through his Pulse Creative banner.

On January 19, 2016, Fox announced the pick up of Kicking & Screaming, created and executive produced by Kunitz. The series is a comedic competition that teams 10 expert survivalists with pampered partners.

On October 18, 2016, CBS announced that Kunitz created and will executive produce Candy Crush. The series will take the most popular mobile app and turn it into a live-action game show.

On May 4, 2017, YouTube announced that Kunitz created and will executive produce Kevin Hart: What The Fit. Kevin Hart will team up with celebrity friends and YouTube stars as they attempt to master a different trending, grueling and sometimes ridiculous workout.

On July 12, 2017, Vice News dubbed Kunitz "the Orson Welles of prime-time game shows."

On May 3, 2018, YouTube announced a second season of Kevin Hart: What The Fit.

On January 4, 2019, The Producers Guild of America nominated Kevin Hart: What The Fit for the award for outstanding short form program.

On May 2, 2019, YouTube announced a third season of Kevin Hart: What The Fit stating the first two seasons had driven over 275 million total views.

On April 29, 2020, TBS announced a revival of Wipeout with a twenty-episode run. Kunitz was slated to return. The reboot premiered on April 1, 2021, as 2021's highest rated new unscripted cable show. Just one month after its premiere, TBS announced a second season pickup of an additional twenty episodes.

In 2023, Kunitz was brought on to executive producer and show run the inaugural season of Deal or No Deal Island for NBC. On May 7, 2024, NBC announced a second season pickup for the series. The first season averaged 5.8 million total viewers across all platforms and ranked as the top NBC unscripted series on Peacock.

Kunitz was named number 69 on Bernard Goldberg's list of 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America.

title: Matt Kunitz