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Class browser

A class browser is a feature of an integrated development environment (IDE) that allows the programmer to browse, navigate, or visualize the structure of object-oriented programming code.

History
Most modern class browsers owe their origins to Smalltalk, one of the earliest object-oriented languages and development environments. The typical Smalltalk "five-pane" browser is a series of horizontally-abutting selection panes positioned above an editing pane, the selection panes allow the user to specify first a category and then a class, and further to refine the selection to indicate a specific class- or instance-method the implementation of which is presented in the editing pane for inspection or modification.

Most succeeding object-oriented languages differed from Smalltalk in that they were compiled and executed in a discrete runtime environment, rather than being dynamically integrated into a monolithic system like the early Smalltalk environments. Nevertheless, the concept of a table-like or graphic browser to navigate a class hierarchy caught on.

With the popularity of C++ starting in the late-1980s, modern IDEs added class browsers, at first to simply navigate class hierarchies, and later to aid in the creation of new classes. With the introduction of Java in the mid-1990s class browsers became an expected part of any graphic development environment.

In modern IDEs
All major development environments supply some manner of class browser, including
 * Apple Xcode for macOS
 * Cincom Smalltalk
 * CodeWarrior for Microsoft Windows, classic Mac OS, and embedded systems
 * Dolphin Smalltalk
 * Eclipse
 * Embarcadero Delphi
 * Embarcadero JBuilder
 * IBM WebSphere
 * IntelliJ IDEA
 * KDevelop
 * Microsoft Visual Studio
 * NetBeans
 * Pharo Smalltalk
 * RStudio
 * Red Gate .NET Reflector
 * Smalltalk MT
 * Squeak Smalltalk
 * Step Ahead Javelin
 * Strongtalk
 * Visual Prolog
 * Visual Smalltalk Enterprise
 * Zeus for Windows IDE

Modern class browsers fall into three general categories: the columnar browsers, the outline browsers, and the diagram browsers.

Columnar browsers
Continuing the Smalltalk tradition, columnar browsers display the class hierarchy from left to right in a series of columns. Often the rightmost column is reserved for the instance methods or variables of the leaf class.

Outline browsers
Systems with roots in Microsoft Windows tend to use an outline-form browser, often with colorful (if cryptic) icons to denote classes and their attributes.

Diagram browsers
In the early years of the 21st century class browsers began to morph into modeling tools, where programmers could not only visualize their class hierarchy as a diagram, but also add classes to their code by adding them to the diagram. Most of these visualization systems have been based on some form of the Unified Modeling Language (UML).

Refactoring class browsers
As development environments add refactoring features, many of these features have been implemented in the class browser as well as in text editors. A refactoring browser can allow a programmer to move an instance variable from one class to another simply by dragging it in the graphic user interface, or to combine or separate classes using mouse gestures rather than a large number of text editor commands.

Logic browsers
An early add-on for Digitalk Smalltalk was a logic browser for Prolog rules encapsulated as clauses within classes. More recent logic browsers have appeared as BackTalk and SOUL (Smalltalk Open Unification Language with LiCor, or library for code reasoning) for Squeak and VisualWorks Smalltalk. A logic browser provides an interface to Prolog implemented in Smalltalk (Lisp engines have often been implemented in Smalltalk). A comparable browser can be found in ILog rules and some OPS production systems. Visual Prolog and XPCE provide comparable rule browsing. In the case of SOUL, VisualWorks is provided with both a query browser and a clause browser; Backtalk provides a constraints browser. The comments of Alan Kay on the parallel of Smalltalk and Prolog emerged in the same timeframe but with very little cross-fertilization. The interest in XSB prolog for XUL and the migration of AMZI! prolog to the Eclipse IDE are current paths in logic browser evolution. Rules encapsulated in classes can be found in Logtalk and several OOP Prolog variants such as LPA Prolog, Visual Prolog and AMZI! as well as mainstream SICStus.

Web-based versions
One variant of the Seaside web framework in Smalltalk permits a class browser to be opened at runtime in the running web browser: an edit to a method then takes immediate effect in the running web application. In the case of Vistascript (Vista Smalltalk) for Microsoft IE7, a right-click on the background opens a ClassHierarchyBrowser. This is somewhat like editing JavaScript prototypes in a web browser or Ruby, Groovy or Jython classes in an IDE running in a JVM.

title: Class browser


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Sandrin

Sandrin (Pierre Regnault) (c. 1490 – after 1561) was a French composer of the Renaissance. He was a prolific composer of chansons in the middle of the 16th century, some of which were extremely popular and widely distributed.

Life
He was probably born in St. Marcel, not far from Paris, though details of his early life are incomplete. He was a choirboy at the French royal court in 1506, and in 1517 was a singer for Louise of Savoy. From then until 1539 his name is absent from all records at the court, but other records suggest he may have been working as an actor during this time. By 1539 he was again at the French royal court, this time singing in the royal chapel itself; and within a few years he had established a reputation as one of the most noted composers of chansons in France, along with Claudin de Sermisy.

He went to Italy sometime in the early 1550s, and is known to have been maestro di cappella for the Ferrarese Este family at Siena, in 1554. By 1560 he had returned to Paris, though probably only briefly, for he came to settle a family estate, and by the next year he was in Italy again, this time in Rome. He disappears from the records at this point, and probably died in 1561 or shortly after, most likely in Italy.

Music
Sandrin apparently only wrote secular music, and only chansons, although as is the case with many composers of the era there is always the possibility that much of his music was lost. All of his music is vocal, and all for four voices.

Stylistically, Sandrin's music resembles that of Claudin de Sermisy, the more famous composer of Parisian chansons, although Sandrin's blends Italian influences with the native French style. His chansons tend to be homophonic, with occasional contrapuntal detail, but the later ones employ many of the rhythmic devices common in Italian secular music of the period, particularly the frottola, and also are filled with madrigalisms such as word-painting.

One of his chansons, Doulce memoire, became one of the most popular pieces of the entire 16th century, and exists in countless copies and arrangements in sources in many countries; it was a particular favorite of lutenists and keyboard players.

Recording

 * 2005 - Priest and Bon Vivant. Sounds of the City of Louvain from the 16th Century. Works by Clemens non Papa and his contemporaries. Capilla Flamenca, La Caccia and Jan van Outryve. Etc. 1287. Contains a recording of Elas amy by Sandrin.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sandrin


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User:Zackarotto

Zork 3 (born December 14, 1989), better known as Zackarotto, is a fictional character from the Citizen Cane manga metaverse; specifically, the 2005 remake. The character is an influential jazz musician from Toronto, Ontario. He repeats himself when under stress. He repeats himself when under stress. He repeats himself when under stress. He repeats himself when under stress. He repeats—

—The more he looks at it, the more he likes it.

I'm surprised that nobody has deleted my stupid user page yet
I sit in the bar, sipping iced White Russian.

Huh?
Without growth, all things die. The journey is the destination. If you immediately know the candlelight is fire,

Let's break for textual adventuresome.

 * Pick up the rope.
 * I don't know anything about rope.
 * Jupiter
 * It's a planet.
 * Go West
 * You can't go west.

Juffo-Wup
Thank's

Another Holiday Inn, another temporary home, and
A pyranometer is a type of actinometer used to measure broadband solar irradiance on a planar surface and is a sensor that is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (in watts per metre square) from a field of view of 180 degrees. The name pyranometer stems from Greek, "pyr - πῦρ" meaning "fire" and "ano - ἄνω" meaning "above, sky".

A typical pyranometer does not require any power to operate.

title: User:Zackarotto


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Welly Yang

Wellington "Welly" Yang (, born February 13, 1973) is a Taiwanese-American producer, actor, singer, and writer.

Family and childhood
Yang was born in New York City, the son of Tzu-Shong Yang (楊次雄) and Maysing Huang Yang (楊黃美幸). His parents emigrated from Taiwan in 1969. His father was a resident physician in UW Health University Hospital in 1967, and afterward President of "North American Taiwanese Medical Association in New York" in 1986. His mother returned to Taipei in 1991 to direct foreign affairs for the Democratic Progressive Party.

Yang grew up in Great Neck, New York, and graduated from the Lawrenceville School in New Jersey in 1990. He then attended Columbia University, graduating in 1994 with honors in political science/international relations.

Early work
In 1993, while a senior at Columbia, Yang was picked to star in the original Broadway production of Miss Saigon, where he went on to play the lead role of Thuy. He left the Miss Saigon company in 1995 to tour Asia in the title role of Aladdin in Cole Porter's Aladdin. That same year, Yang was cast by the American opera director Peter Sellars' to play one of the leading roles in John Adams (composer) world premiere of I Was Looking At the Ceiling and then I Saw the Sky. The opera's world tour included stops at Lincoln Center, Cal Arts in Berkeley, the Edinburgh International Festival, Hamburg's Thalia Theater, the Helsinki Festival, and the Paris Festival. These performances were called "dynamic" by Time Magazine, "passionate" by The New York Times, and "one of the most remarkable moments in recent operatic times" by the Scotland Times. Yang returned to the New York stage in 1998 as Whizzer in NAATCO's non-traditional casting of William Finn's Falsettoland. The production was lauded for its universal appeal and The New York Times added that "it's Mr. Yang as the cocky, athletic Whizzer who delivers the most smashing performance. He's persuasive from start to finish as the boy toy who becomes a man in the arms of Marvin and the hospital bed he's confined to after developing AIDS. His angry anthem You Gotta Die Sometime is equal parts fire and frustration and further confirmation that Mr. Finn's ethnically specific work can in fact be a moving, multicultural experience."

Yang has also appeared in numerous television shows such as Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, As the World Turns, National Geographic Explorer and Ghostwriter. In 2001, Yang also co-hosted the talk show Studio Y on MSG Metro Channels, where he interviewed celebrities that included Tina Fey, Ed McMahon, Leslie Bibb, and many others.

In 2005, Yang premiered the musical concert Finding Home, a show that paralleled the story of his parents to that of him and his then girlfriend Dina Morishita. The show premiered at UCLA's Royce Hall and was presented by TUF. It was at the end of that sold-out concert that Yang surprised Morishita by proposing to her in front of the sold-out audience. Finding Home later went on to play at Taiwan's National Concert Hall and Vancouver's Explorasian Festival in 2006.

Founding Second Generation
In 1997, Yang founded Second Generation, a New York-based theater company dedicated to bringing Asian American stories to the world's stage. Under his artistic leadership, the company cultivated the works of many emerging playwrights, many of whom went on to receive productions throughout the country. The company's In the Works program, helped to launch young playwrights such as Michael Golamco, Lloyd Suh, and Carla Ching.

The company also commissioned Yang along with co-writers Brian Yorkey and Woody Pak to write and develop the musicals Making Tracks and The Wedding Banquet (a musical adaptation of Ang Lee's Academy Award-winning film). Making Tracks first premiered in 1999 at the Taipei Theater in New York then went on to further development at Taiwan's National Theater in 2001, Seattle's Village Theater, in 2002, and San Jose Repertory Theater in 2004. The album was musically directed by Tom Kitt, and featured Lea Salonga, Sharon Leal, Hoon Lee, Deedee Lynn Magno, and Michael K. Lee, among others. The Wedding Banquet received its world premiere with productions in Singapore, Taiwan, and Seattle. in 2003. In this production of The Wedding Banquet, Yang and his team chose Dina Morishita (who had formerly played Eponine in Les Misérables and Kim in Miss Saigon) to play opposite Yang as Wei Wei.

In his work with Second Generation, Yang founded the "Concert of Excellence" to celebrate the achievements of Asian Americans in entertainment. Now presented as the Asian Excellence Awards, the awards show is the only nationally televised event celebrating significant Asian and Asian American achievements in entertainment, the arts and other disciplines that have had a profound impact on American culture.

Asian Excellence awards
In 2003, Yang moved to Los Angeles where he launched the Asian Excellence Awards, that aired on Comcast's AZN Television and E! Network. As the pioneering Asian American awards show, it played a pivotal role in uniting emerging Asian American talent with established Hollywood figures, contributing to the path that paved the way for increased recognition of Asian talent in the industry. Stars and performances included Chow Fun-Fat, Steven Segal, Lucy Liu, Quentin Tarantino, Daniel Dae Kim, Lou Diamond Phillips, Pat Morita, Ralph Macchio, Russell Peters, Cirque du Soleil's Ka, Mike Shinoda, Carrie Ann Inaba, Bobby Lee, Tia Carrere, Kelly Hu, Margaret Cho, Rob Schneider, and B.D. Wong, among many others.

Other projects
Yang also turned his creative passion to architecture and design while in Los Angeles, designing and building several homes that earned recognition as 'Home of the Week' in the prestigious Los Angeles Times.

Taiwan productions and performances
Through the years, Yang returned frequently to his parents homeland of Taiwan to perform as a soloist with various symphonies, including the Taiwan National Symphony, the Taipei City Symphony, and to perform on the popular variety show Chang Fay's Big Brother Entertainment 綜藝大哥大.

In 2020, during the COVID=19 pandemic, he resettled temporarily with his wife and children in Taiwan. It was during this time that he returned back to performing after a long hiatus. With his wife Dina Morishita playing Elsa, they performed in the symphonic version of "Frozen" with the Evergreen Symphony, then in a series of solo concerts entitled "Welly and Dina" at Taiwan's National Concert Hall, Kaoshiung's Weiwuying, and Taichung's National Opera House. In 2022, he began working with Taiwan's Hua Musical to help the company develop Taiwan's musical industry. The company worked with Yang to redevelop the musical Wedding Banquet, after a 20 year hiatus. In the summer of 2023, they mounted a concert version of the revised musical with a local Taiwan ensemble and orchestra, and reuniting the original three principal performers: Yang, Dina Morishita, and Tyley Ross.

Plays and musicals

 * Miss Saigon
 * Cole Porter's Aladdin
 * I Was Looking At the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky
 * Making Tracks
 * The Wedding Banquet
 * Finding Home

Filmography

 * Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
 * Ghostwriter
 * The Cut Runs Deep
 * Studio Y
 * Popcorn Shrimp
 * Asian Excellence Awards

title: Welly Yang


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Training wheels

Training wheels, known as stabilizers outside North America, are a set of additional wheels attached to the rear wheel of a bicycle, effectively turning it into a tricycle as beginners learn to ride independently. Since the late 1990s, balance bikes have gradually replaced training wheels as a more effective tool for developing a sense of balance.

History
The American company Huffy introduced training wheels in 1949 with its 'Convertible' bike. The typical design for training wheels has not changed since this time. They are composed of two small wheels, one on each side of the rear wheel of the bicycle. They are attached laterally to a metal bracket or frame that extends outward from the bicycle frame, ideally keeping the training wheels just above the ground. The bracket is meant to be adjustable to accommodate different heights and angles of the training wheels, allowing for customization based on the rider's needs, but this is difficult to achieve in practice.

The concept of training wheels can refer figuratively in English to any artificial support for a machine, especially in software development.

Use
The functionality of training wheels is based on the premise that a learner rider can gradually develop their balance and coordination skills by relying on the support of the extra wheels. As the rider gains confidence and proficiency, the training wheels are gradually raised or removed, theoretically allowing the rider to transition to riding without additional support.

Limitations
Researchers have demonstrated that training wheels delay the development of proper balance and steering skills. Reliance on training wheels prevents riders from fully experiencing the dynamic nature of riding a bicycle and leads to difficulties in transitioning to riding without them. Training wheels that prevent the bike from leaning also prevent countersteering, so that, as with a tricycle, children learn to turn the handlebars the wrong way, which must be unlearned later.

 * 1) Limited balance development: Training wheels, while offering initial stability, inhibit the development of essential balance and coordination skills. The extra wheels prevent the rider from fully experiencing the natural side-to-side motion required for balance. As a result, riders may become overly reliant on the training wheels and struggle to transition to riding without them.
 * 2) Delayed confidence building: Training wheels can create a false sense of security for young riders. As they become accustomed to the stability provided by the training wheels, they may not feel confident enough to ride without them. This can lead to a longer learning period and hinder the development of self-assurance.
 * 3) Ineffective steering control: Training wheels limit the rider's ability to steer the bicycle effectively. Since the training wheels primarily support the weight, the rider has less control over the direction of the bicycle. This restriction can impede the development of essential manoeuvring skills and make it harder for the rider to navigate corners and obstacles.
 * 4) Difficulty transitioning: Removing training wheels can be a challenging and intimidating process for young riders. The sudden shift from a supported riding experience to unsupported riding can be overwhelming and frustrating. Many children experience setbacks and become discouraged during this transition phase, often requiring additional time and support to become comfortable riding without training wheels.

Training wheels particularly become an obstacle to learning if they are adjusted incorrectly, because they prevent the bike from leaning if they are too low, and inhibit braking if too much weight is taken off the rear wheel by training wheels that are too low. Adjusting training wheels correctly, and raising them higher as the child's skill increases, helps to mitigate but does not completely eliminate these problems.

Replacement by balance bikes
Returning to the bicycle's origin in the dandy horse, balance bikes rapidly gained favour in cycling pedagogy after their introduction in 1997. Balance bikes are bicycles without pedals that allow children to develop balance and coordination naturally without the use of training wheels. Learning to ride with a balance bike delivers greater long-term benefits for young riders than training wheels. Balance bikes began to supplant training wheels globally during the 2010s.

title: Training wheels


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User talk:Zackarotto

Email is zackarotto at gmail dot com. Talk all you want. - Zackarotto 23:42, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Music of Cowboy Bebop
left a message ther in case you want to further discuss things.Bread Ninja (talk) 05:38, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:KinoPictureCover.jpg
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:47, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zackarotto


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Rose Island

Rose Island may refer to:

Canada

 * Rose Island (Fraser River), adjacent to Kirkland Island, British Columbia
 * Rose Island (Georgian Bay), an island of Ontario

United States

 * Rose Island (Rhode Island), an island in Narragansett Bay
 * Rose Island Light
 * Rose Island (amusement park), an abandoned amusement park near Charlestown, Indiana
 * Rose Atoll, American Samoa
 * Rose Island, a community in Fairhaven Township, Michigan
 * Rose Island, an island in the Little Tennessee River opposite the Mialoquo archaeological site

Elsewhere

 * Republic of Rose Island, a late-1960s micronation on an artificial platform in the Adriatic Sea
 * Rose Island (Lake Starnberg), an island in Bavaria, Germany
 * Rose Island (New Zealand), an island in the Auckland Group
 * Rose Island, Bahamas
 * Rose Isle, in the River Thames in Oxfordshire, UK
 * Sacca Sessola, an island in the Venetian Lagoon, Italy, called "Island of Roses" by the hotel that occupies it
 * Sir Hugh Rose Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

Film

 * Rose Island (film), a 2020 Italian film based on the Republic of Rose Island

title: Rose Island


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Talk:Training wheels

This seems like a bit of a circular definition -- MacAddct1984 04:57, July 12, 2005 (UTC) This was referring to the original version of the article.
 * I can't get my head around that article (it's too late for me to think straight), but if you know how to improve the article please do so. Harro5 10:10, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Training wheels


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Operário Futebol Clube (MS)

Operário Futebol Clube, commonly referred to as Operário de Campo Grande, Operário-MS or simply Operário is a Brazilian professional club based in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul founded on 21 August 1938. It competes in the Campeonato Sul-Mato-Grossense, the top flight of the Mato Grosso do Sul state football league.

Operário is currently ranked third among Mato Grosso do Sul teams in CBF's national club ranking, at 179th place overall.

History
The club was founded on August 28, 1938, by civil construction workers of Campo Grande. The name Operário means Factory Worker in Portuguese.

In 1982 the club won the President's Cup, played in South Korea.

Since November 29, 1999, Operário is an enterprise. Because of this, the team name changed from Operário Futebol Clube to Operário Futebol Clube S/A. S/A means joint-stock company.

Currently Operário is in a very serious financial crisis and most of its debts are labor debts and tax debts.

Stadium
Home stadium is the Morenão, capacity 45,000.

Rivalries
Operário's biggest rival is Comercial, with whom he plays the Clássico Comerário (Comerário derby), the biggest of the Mato Grosso do Sul state and one of the largest in the central-west region of Brazil.

National unofficial

 * Copa União - Módulo Branco:
 * Winners (1): 1987

State

 * Campeonato Sul-Mato-Grossense
 * Winners (13): 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1997, 2018, 2022, 2024

 * Campeonato Mato-Grossense
 * Winners (4): 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978

 * Copa Campo Grande
 * Winners: 2007

Friendly tournaments

 * President's Cup (Korea)
 * Winners (1): 1982

title: Operário Futebol Clube (MS)


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Fernan

Fernan or Fernán is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:

 * Fernán Blázquez de Cáceres (fl. 14th-century), Spanish nobleman
 * Fernán Caballero (1796–1877), Spanish novelist
 * Fernando Fernán Gómez (1921–2007), Spanish actor
 * Fernán González of Castile (died 970), Castilian nobleman
 * Fernán Gutiérrez de Castro (1180–1233), Spanish nobleman
 * Fernán Mirás (born 1969), Argentine actor
 * Fernán Pérez de Guzmán (1376–1458), Spanish historian
 * Fernan Perez de Oliva (1492–1533), Spanish writer
 * Fernán Silva Valdés (1887–1975), Uruguayan writer
 * Juan Bello Fernán (born 1965), Spanish writer
 * Marcelo Fernan (1926–1999), Filipino lawyer and judge

title: Fernan


text:
List of Indian reserves in Saskatchewan

The following is the List of Indian reserves in Saskatchewan, Canada. There are over 700 Indian reserves in Saskatchewan.

A
Ahtahkakoop 104

Amisk Lake 184

Amiskosakahikan 210

Asimakaniseekan Askiy 102A

Asimakaniseekan Askiy 102B

Assiniboine 76

Atim Ka-mihkosit Reserve

B
Barkwell Bay 192I

Beardy's 97 and Okemasis 96

Beardy's & Okemasis' 96 & 97-A

Beardy's & Okemasis' 96 & 97-B

Beardy's & Okemasis' 96 & 97-C

Beauval Forks 192O

Big Island Lake Cree Territory

Big River 118

Big River 118A

Birch Portage 184A

Bittern Lake 218

Budd's Point 20D

Buffalo River Dene Nation 193

C
Cable Bay 192M

Cable Bay 192N

Canoe Lake 165

Canoe Lake 165A

Canoe Lake 165B

Carrot River 29A

Carry the Kettle 76-1

Carry the Kettle 76-2

Carry the Kettle 76-3

Carry the Kettle 76-4

Carry the Kettle 76-5

Carry the Kettle 76-6

Carry the Kettle 76-7

Carry the Kettle 76-8

Carry the Kettle 76-9

Carry the Kettle 76-10

Carry the Kettle 76-11

Carry the Kettle 76-12

Carry the Kettle 76-13

Carry the Kettle 76-14

Carry the Kettle 76-15

Carry the Kettle 76-17

Carry the Kettle 76-18

Carry the Kettle 76-19

Carry the Kettle 76-20

Carry the Kettle 76-21

Carry the Kettle 76-22

Carry the Kettle 76-23

Carry the Kettle 76-24

Carry the Kettle 76-25

Carry the Kettle 76-28

Carry the Kettle 76-29

Carry the Kettle 76-30

Carry the Kettle 76-31

Carry the Kettle 76-32

Carry the Kettle 76-33

Carry the Kettle 76-34

Carry the Kettle 76-35

Carry the Kettle 76-36

Carry the Kettle 76-37

Carry the Kettle 76-38

Carry the Kettle 76-40

Carry the Kettle 76-41

Carry the Kettle 76-42

Carry the Kettle 76-43

Carry the Kettle 76-44

Carry the Kettle 76-45

Carry the Kettle 76-46

Carry the Kettle 76-47

Carry the Kettle 76-48

Carry the Kettle 76-49

Carry the Kettle 76-50

Carry the Kettle 76-51

Carry the Kettle 76-52

Carry the Kettle 76-53

Carry the Kettle 76-54

Carry the Kettle 76-55

Carry the Kettle 76-56

Carry the Kettle 76-57

Carry the Kettle 76-58

Carry the Kettle 76-59

Carry the Kettle 76-60

Carry the Kettle 76-61

Carry the Kettle 76-62

Carry the Kettle 76-63

Carry the Kettle 76-64

Carry the Kettle 76-65

Carry the Kettle 76-66

Carry the Kettle 76-67

Carry the Kettle 76-69

Carry the Kettle 76-70

Carry the Kettle 76-71

Carry the Kettle 76-72

Carry the Kettle 76-73

Carry the Kettle 76-74

Carry the Kettle 76-75

Carry the Kettle 76-76

Carry the Kettle 76-77

Carry the Kettle 76-78

Carry the Kettle 76-79

Carry the Kettle 76-80

Carry the Kettle 76-81

Carry the Kettle 76-82

Carry the Kettle 76-84

Carry the Kettle 76-86

Carry the Kettle 76-87

Carry the Kettle 76-88

Carry the Kettle 76-89

Carry the Kettle 76-91

Carry the Kettle 76-110

Chicken 224

Chicken 225

Chicken 226

Chief Joseph Custer Reserve

Chief Philip Morin 232

Chitek Lake 191

Churchill Lake 193A

Clearwater River Dene 221

Clearwater River Dene 222

Clearwater River Dene 223

Cote 64

Cowessess 73

Cowessess 73A

Cumberland House Cree Nation 20

Cumberland 100A

D
Day Star 87

Denare Beach Indian Settlement

Deschambault Lake Indian Settlement

Dipper Rapids 192C

E
Eagles Lake 165C

Elak Dase 192A

English River 192H

F
Fishing Lake 89

Fishing Lake 89A

Fishing Lake 89D1

Flatstone Lake 192L

Flying Dust 105

Flying Dust 105D

Flying Dust 105E

Flying Dust 105F

Flying Dust 105H

Flying Dust 105I

Flying Dust 105J

Flying Dust 105L

Flying Dust 105O

Fond du Lac 227

Fond du Lac 228

Fond du Lac 229

Fond du Lac 231

Fond du Lac 232

Fond du Lac 233

Four Portages 157C

Fox Point 157D

Fox Point 157E

G
George Gordon First Nation 86

George Gordon First Nation 86-3

George Gordon First Nation 86-4

George Gordon First Nation 86-5

Gordon 86

Gladue Lake 105B

Gold Eagle Reserve

Grandmother's Bay 219

Grasswoods 192J

Grizzly Bear's Head 110 & Lean Man 111

H
Haultain Lake 192K

Haylands 75A

I
Île-à-la-Crosse 192E

J
James Smith 100

K
Kahkewistahaw 72

Kahkewistahaw 72A-1

Kahkewistahaw 72A-2

Kahkewistahaw 72B

Kahkewistahaw 72C

Kahkewistahaw 72D

Kahkewistahaw 72E

Kahkewistahaw 72F

Kahkewistahaw 72G

Kahkewistahaw 72H

Kahkewistahaw 72I

Kahkewistahaw 72J

Kahkewistahaw 72K

Kahkewistahaw 72L

Kahkewistahaw 72M

Kahkewistahaw 72P

Kahkewistahaw 72Q

Kahkewistahaw 72W

Kahkewistahaw 72X

Kawacatoose 88

Keeseekoose 66

Keeseekoose 66-CA-01

Keeseekoose 66-CA-02

Keeseekoose 66-CA-03

Keeseekoose 66-CA-04

Keeseekoose 66-CA-05

Keeseekoose 66-CA-06

Keeseekoose 66-CA-08

Keeseekoose 66-CH-01

Keeseekoose 66-CH-03

Keeseekoose 66-CH-04

Keeseekoose 66-CO-01

Keeseekoose 66-CO-02

Keeseekoose 66-KE-01

Keeseekoose 66-KE-02

Keeseekoose 66-KE-03

Keeseekoose 66-KE-04

Keeseekoose 66-KE-05

Keeseekoose 66-KE-06

Keeseekoose 66-SA-01

Keeseekoose 66-SA-02

Keeseekoose 66-ST-01

Keeseekoose 66-ST-02

Keeseekoose 66-ST-03

Keeseekoose 66-ST-04

Kimosom Pwatinahk 203

Kinistin Pwatinahk 203

Kinistin 91

Kinistin 91A

Kinoosao-Thomas Clarke 204

Kipahigan Sakahikan 222

Kiskaciwan 208

Kiskinwuhumatowin

Kistapinan 211

Kistapinânihk 231

Kitsakie 156B

Knee Lake 192B

L
La Plonge 192

Lac la Hache 220

Last Mountain Lake 80A

Lake Pitihkwakew 102B

Leaf Rapids 192P

Little Black Bear 84

Little Black Bear 84SC

Little Bone 74B

Little Hills 158

Little Hills 158A

Little Hills 158B

Little Pine 116

Little Red River 106C

Little Red River 106D

Lucky Man Reserve

M
Makaoo 120

Makwa Lake 129

Makwa Lake 129A

Makwa Lake 129B

Makwa Lake 129C

Manawanstawayak 230

Maskikopawiscikosik 229

Mawdsley Lake 192R

McKay 209

Meadow Lake 105A

Meadow Lake 105C

Min-a-he-quo-sis 116A

Min-a-he-quo-sis 116C

Ministikwan 161

Ministikwan 161A

Minoahchak 74C

Mirond Lake 184E

Mistahi Wasahk 209

Mistik Reserve

Mistawasis 103

Mistawasis 103A

Mistawasis 103B

Mistawasis 103C

Mistawasis 103D

Mistawasis 103E

Mistawasis 103F

Mistawasis 103G

Mistawasis 103H

Mistawasis 103I

Mistawasis 103J

Mistawasis 103L

Montreal Lake 106

Montreal Lake 106B

Moosomin 112A

Moosomin 112B

Moosomin 112E

Moosomin 112F

Moosomin 112G

Moosomin 112H

Moosomin 112J

Moosomin 112K

Moosomin 112L

Moosomin 112M

Moosomin 112N

Moosomin 112P

Moosomin 112S

Morin Lake 217

Mosquito 109

Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head-Lean Man

Muscowpetung 80

Muskeg Lake 102

Muskeg Lake 102B

Muskeg Lake 102C

Muskeg Lake 102D

Muskeg Lake 102E

Muskeg Lake 102F

Muskeg Lake 102G

Muskeg Lake 102H

Muskeg Lake 102J

Muskeg Lake 102K

Muskeg Lake 102L

Muskeg Lake 102M

Muskoday Reserve

Muskoday 99A

Muskoday 99B

Muskowekwan 85

Muskowekwan 85A

Muskowekwan 85-1

Muskowekwan 85-2

Muskowekwan 85-2A

Muskowekwan 85-3

Muskowekwan 85-4

Muskowekwan 85-6

Muskowekwan 85-7

Muskowekwan 85-8

Muskowekwan 85-9

Muskowekwan 85-10

Muskowekwan 85-11

Muskowekwan 85-12

Muskowekwan 85-13

Muskowekwan 85-14

Muskowekwan 85-15

Muskowekwan 85-16

Muskowekwan 85-17

Muskowekwan 85-18

Muskowekwan 85-19

Muskowekwan 85-20

Muskowekwan 85-21

Muskowekwan 85-22

Muskowekwan 85-23

Muskowekwan 85-24

Muskowekwan 85-25

Muskowekwan 85-26

Muskowekwan 85-27

Muskowekwan 85-28

Muskowekwan 85-29

Muskowekwan 85-30

Muskowekwan 85-31

Muskowekwan 85-32

Muskowekwan 85-33

Muskowekwan 85-34

Muskowekwan 85-35

Muskowekwan 85-36

Muskowekwan 85-37

Muskowekwan 85-38

Muskowekwan 85-39

Muskowekwan 85-40

Muskowekwan 85-41

Muskowekwan 85-42

Muskowekwan 85-43

Muskowekwan 85-44

Muskowekwan 85-45

Muskowekwan 85-46

Muskowekwan 85-47

Muskowekwan 85-48

Muskowekwan 85-49

Muskowekwan 85-50

Muskowekwan 85-51

Muskowekwan 85-52

Muskowekwan 85-53

Muskowekwan 85-54

Muskowekwan 85-55

Muskowekwan 85-56

Muskowekwan 85-57

Muskowekwan 85-58

Muskowekwan 85-59

Muskowekwan 85-60

Muskowekwan 85-61

Muskowekwan 85-62

Muskowekwan 85-63

Muskowekwan 85-64

Muskowekwan 85-65

Muskowekwan 85-66

Muskowekwan 85-67

Muskowekwan 85-68

Muskowekwan 85-69

Muskowekwan 85-70

Muskowekwan 85-71

Muskowekwan 85-72

Muskowekwan 85-73

Muskowekwan 85-74

Muskwaminiwatim 225

N
Nakaway Ahkeeng Reserve

Nakiskatowaneek 227

Nekaneet Cree Nation

Nemekus Sakahikan 221

Northern Lights 220

O
Ocean Man 69

Ocean Man 69A

Ocean Man 69B

Ocean Man 69C

Ocean Man 69D

Ocean Man 69E

Ocean Man 69F

Ocean Man 69G

Ocean Man 69H

Ocean Man 69I

Ocean Man 69N

Ocean Man 69S

Ocean Man 69U

Ocean Man 69X

Ochapowace 71-1

Ochapowace 71-2

Ochapowace 71-3

Ochapowace 71-4

Ochapowace 71-5

Ochapowace 71-6

Ochapowace 71-7

Ochapowace 71-8

Ochapowace 71-9

Ochapowace 71-10

Ochapowace 71-11

Ochapowace 71-12

Ochapowace 71-13

Ochapowace 71-14

Ochapowace 71-15

Ochapowace 71-16

Ochapowace 71-17

Ochapowace 71-18

Ochapowace 71-19

Ochapowace 71-20

Ochapowace 71-21

Ochapowace 71-22

Ochapowace 71-23

Ochapowace 71-24

Ochapowace 71-25

Ochapowace 71-26

Ochapowace 71-27

Ochapowace 71-28

Ochapowace 71-29

Ochapowace 71-30

Ochapowace 71-31

Ochapowace 71-32

Ochapowace 71-33

Ochapowace 71-34

Ochapowace 71-35

Ochapowace 71-36

Ochapowace 71-37

Ochapowace 71-38

Ochapowace 71-39

Ochapowace 71-40

Ochapowace 71-41

Ochapowace 71-42

Ochapowace 71-43

Ochapowace 71-44

Ochapowace 71-45

Ochapowace 71-46

Ochapowace 71-47

Ochapowace 71-48

Ochapowace 71-49

Ochapowace 71-50

Ochapowace 71-51

Ochapowace 71-52

Ochapowace 71-53

Ochapowace 71-54

Ochapowace 71-55

Ochapowace 71-56

Ochapowace 71-57

Ochapowace 71-59

Ochapowace 71-60

Ochapowace 71-61

Ochapowace 71-62

Ochapowace 71-63

Ochapowace 71-64

Ochapowace 71-65

Ochapowace 71-66

Ochapowace 71-67

Ochapowace 71-68

Ochapowace 71-69

Ochapowace 71-70

Ochapowace 71-71

Ochapowace 71-72

Ochapowace 71-73

Ochapowace 71-74

Ochapowace 71-75

Ochapowace 71-76

Ochapowace 71-77

Ochapowace 71-78

Ochapowace 71-79

Ochapowace 71-80

Ochapowace 71-82

Ochapowace 71-83

Ochapowace 71-84

Ochapowace 71-86

Ochapowace 71-87

Ochapowace 71-88

Ochapowace 71-89

Ochapowace 71-91

Ochapowace 71-92

Ochapowace 71-93

Ochapowace 71-94

Ochapowace 71-95

Ochapowace 71-96

Ochapowace 71-97

Ochapowace 71-98

Ochapowace 71-99

Ochapowace 71-100

Ochapowace 71-101

Ochapowace 71-102

Ochapowace 71-103

Ochapowace 71-104

Ochapowace 71-105

Ochapowace 71-106

Ochapowace 71-107

Ochapowace 71-108

Ochapowace 71-109

Ochapowace 71-110

Ochapowace 71-112

Ochapowace 71-115

Ochapowace 71-116

Ochapowace 71-117

Ochapowace 71-118

Ochapowace 71-119

Ochapowace 71-120

Ochapowace 71-121

Ochapowace 71-122

Ochapowace 71-123

Ochapowace 71-124

Ochapowace 71-125

Ochapowace 71-126

Ochapowace 71-127

Ochapowace 71-129

Ochapowace 71-130

Ochapowace 71-131

Ochapowace 71-132

Okanese 82

Okanese 82A

Okanese 82B

Okanese 82C

Okanese 82D

Okanese 82E

Okanese 82F

Okanese 82G

Okanese 82H

Okanese 82I

Okanese 82J

Okanese 82K

Okanese 82L

Okanese 82M

Okanese 82N

Okanese 82O

Okanese 82P

Okanese 82Q

Okanese 82R

Okanese 82S

Okanese 82T

Okanese 82U

Okanese 82V

Okanese 82W

Okanese 82X

Okanese 82Y

Okanese 82Z

Okanese 82AA

Okanese 82BB

Okanese 82CC

Okanese 82DD

Okanese 82EE

Okanese 82FF

Okanese 82GG

Okanese 82HH

Old Fort 157B

One Arrow 95

One Arrow 95-1A

One Arrow 95-1B

One Arrow 95-1C

One Arrow 95-1D

One Arrow 95-1E

One Arrow 95-1F

One Arrow 95-1G

One Arrow 95-1H

One Arrow 95-1I

One Arrow 95-1J

Onion Lake 119-1

Onion Lake 119-2

P
Pasqua 79

Peepeekisis 81

Pelican Lake 191A

Pelican Lake 191B

Pelican Lake 191C

Pelican Lake 191D

Pelican Narrows 184B

Pelican Narrows 206

Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation

Pheasant Rump 68

Pheasant Rump 68A

Pheasant Rump 68B

Pheasant Rump 68C

Pheasant Rump 68D

Pheasant Rump 68E

Pheasant Rump 68F

Pheasant Rump 68H

Piapot 75

Piapot 75E

Piapot 75F

Piapot 75G

Piapot 75H

Piapot 75I

Piapot 75J

Piapot 75K

Piapot 75T

Piapot Urban Reserve

Pine Bluff 20A

Pine Bluff 20B

Pinehouse Lake Indian Settlement

Pisiwiminiwatim 207

Poorman 88

Potato River 156A

Poundmaker 114

Poundmaker 114-1A

Poundmaker 114-2A

Poundmaker 114-2B

Poundmaker 114-2C

Poundmaker 114-3A

Poundmaker 114-3B

Poundmaker 114-4A

Poundmaker 114-5A

Poundmaker 114-5B

Poundmaker 114-6A2

Poundmaker 114-6A3

Poundmaker 114-6B2

Poundmaker 114-6C2

Poundmaker 114-7A

Poundmaker 114-8A

Poundmaker 114-9

Poundmaker 114-9A

Poundmaker 114-10A

Poundmaker 114-11A

Poundmaker 114-12

Poundmaker 114-13

Poundmaker 114-15

Poundmaker 114-15C

Poundmaker 114-16

Poundmaker 114-17

Poundmaker 114-17A

Poundmaker 114-18A

Poundmaker 114-18B

Poundmaker 114-19

Poundmaker 114-21

Poundmaker 114-22

Poundmaker 114-28

Poundmaker 114-29

Primeau Lake 192F

R
Red Earth 29

Red Pheasant 108

Roadside 165F

S
Sabitawasis Beach 89 C-1

Sakimay 74

Sakimay 74A

Sakimay 74B

Sakimay 74C

Sakimay 74-1

Sakimay 74-2

Sakimay 74-3

Sakimay 74-4

Sakimay 74-5

Sakimay 74-6

Sakimay 74-7

Sakimay 74-9

Sakimay 74-10

Sakimay 74-11

Sakimay 74-12

Sakimay 74-14

Sakimay 74-16

Sakimay 74-17

Sandy Bay Indian Settlement

Sandy Narrows 184C

Saulteaux 159

Saulteaux 159A

Saulteaux 159B

Saulteaux 159C

Saulteaux 159D

Saulteaux 159E

Saulteaux 159F

Saulteaux 159G

Saulteaux 159H

Saulteaux 159I

Saulteaux 159J

Saulteaux 159L

Saulteaux 159M

Saulteaux 159N

Saulteaux 159O

Saulteaux 159P

Saulteaux 159Q

Saulteaux 159R

Saulteaux 159S

Saulteaux 159T

Saulteaux 159U

Saulteaux 159V

Saulteaux 159W

Saulteaux 159X

Saulteaux 159Y

Saulteaux 159Z

Saulteaux 159AA

Saulteaux 159BB

Saulteaux 159CC

Saulteaux 159DD

Saulteaux 159EE

Saulteaux 159FF

Saulteaux 159GG

Saulteaux 159HH

Saulteaux 159II

Saulteaux 159JJ

Saulteaux 159KK

Saulteaux 159LL

Saulteaux 159MM

Saulteaux 159NN

Seekaskootch 119

Shesheep 74A

Shoal Lake 28A

Slush Lake 192Q

Sokatisewin Sakahikan 224

Sounding Sky Reserve

Southend 200

Southend 200A

Standing Buffalo 78

Stanley 157

Stanley 157A

Star Blanket 83

Star Blanket 83B

Star Blanket 83C

Star Blanket 83D

Star Blanket 83E

Star Blanket 83F

Star Blanket 83G

Star Blanket 83H

Star Blanket 83I

Star Blanket 83J

Star Blanket 83K

Star Blanket 83L

Sturgeon Lake 101

Sturgeon Lake 101A

Sturgeon Lake 101B

Sturgeon Lake 101C

Sturgeon Lake 101D

Sturgeon Lake 101E

Sturgeon Lake 101J

Sturgeon Weir 184F

Sturgeon Weir 205

Sucker River 156C

Sweetgrass 113

Sweetgrass 113A

Sweetgrass 113B

Sweetgrass 113-C7

Sweetgrass 113-C19

Sweetgrass 113-D12

Sweetgrass 113-E22

Sweetgrass 113-F16

Sweetgrass 113-G7

Sweetgrass 113-H1

Sweetgrass 113-I4

Sweetgrass 113-J3

Sweetgrass 113-K32

Sweetgrass 113-L6

Sweetgrass 113-M16

Sweetgrass 113-N27

Sweetgrass 113-O28

Sweetgrass 113-P2

Sweetgrass 113-S6

T
Thomas Morin Reserve

The Key 65

Thunderchild First Nation 115B

Thunderchild First Nation 115C

Thunderchild First Nation 115D

Thunderchild First Nation 115E

Thunderchild First Nation 115F

Thunderchild First Nation 115G

Thunderchild First Nation 115H

Thunderchild First Nation 115I

Thunderchild First Nation 115J

Thunderchild First Nation 115K

Thunderchild First Nation 115L

Thunderchild First Nation 115M

Thunderchild First Nation 115N

Thunderchild First Nation 115Q

Thunderchild First Nation 115R

Thunderchild First Nation 115S

Thunderchild First Nation 115T

Thunderchild First Nation 115U

Thunderchild First Nation 115V

Thunderchild First Nation 115W

Thunderchild First Nation 115X

Thunderchild First Nation 115Z

Tipamahto Aski 95A

Treaty Four Reserve Grounds 77

Turnor Lake 193A

Turnor Lake 193B

Turnor Lake 194

W
Wahpaton 94A

Wahpaton 94B

Wapachewunak 192D

Wapaskokimaw 202

Waskwaynikapik 228

Waskwiatik Sakahikan 223

Waterhen 130

Wa-pii-moos-toosis 83A

Wepuskow Sahgaiechan 165D

White Bear 70

Whitecap 94

Willow Cree Reserve

Witchekan Lake 117

Witchekan Lake 117D

Wood Mountain 160

Woody Lake 184D

Y
Yellow Quill 90

Yellow Quill 90-8

Yellow Quill 90-9

Yellow Quill 90-10

Yellow Quill 90-11

Yellow Quill 90-18

title: List of Indian reserves in Saskatchewan


text:
Aircrew Badge

The Aircrew Badge, commonly known as Wings, is a qualification badge of the United States military that is awarded by all five branches of armed services to personnel who serve as aircrew members on board military aircraft. The badge is intended to recognize the training and qualifications required by aircrew of military aircraft. In order to qualify as an aircrew member and receive the Aircrew Badge, such personnel typically undergo advanced training in aircraft in-flight support roles.

U.S. Army

The first version of the Aircrew Badge was issued by the Army Air Forces during the Second World War. The badge was similar in design to the Aviator Badge, however, and displayed an emblem denoting enlisted status on its circular shield, or escutcheon, centered between two wings. The emblem featured the arms of the United States of America, in clear relief generally against a horizontally lined background, on a disk with a raised rim.

Anyone trained in flight operations was authorized to wear this badge, including pilots, bombardiers, navigators, flight engineers, radio men and gunners. The badge was also awarded to certain ground personnel at the discretion of their commanding officer. Non-crewmembers eligible for the badge were individuals with flying status such as aircraft maintenance supervisors and technical inspectors. For example, aircrew badges were issued to Automatic Flight Control Equipment (A.F.C.E.) and Bombsight Shop personnel and others essential to "keep 'em flying" who flew instructional and maintenance flights but who did not actually take part in combat missions during World War II.

With the creation of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of service in 1947, the Army was left without an Aircrew Badge until the Korean War. At that time, to recognize the continued use of Army aviation, the Aircraft Crewman Badge was created. The badge was issued in three degrees: Basic, Senior, and Master. The level of seniority depended on the number of flight hours obtained and years of service in the United States Army.

On February 29, 2000, the Department of the Army officially changed the name of the Aircraft Crewman Badge to the Army Aviation Badge. The badge itself was not altered; however, the change was made retroactive to 1947, requiring updates to military records upon request from the military service member. This change essentially made army aircrew wings an "MOS Badge" awarded to all aviation MOSs, including non flying jobs such as Aviation Operations and Air Traffic Controllers. Thus, a crew chief who actually engages in aerial flight has no distinction from an air traffic controller because both are on flight status.

Although the Army Aviation Badge is intended for enlisted personnel, in rare cases the decoration can be awarded to officers.

For non-rated Army members who qualify for the Astronaut Badge, but have not yet participated in a qualifying spaceflight, the Army Aviation Badge may be awarded with the astronaut device appearing on the central shield.

U.S. Air Force

The Air Force Aircrew Badge is a direct successor to the Army Air Forces version of the decoration. Originally known simply as the Aircrew Badge, the Air Force began issuing the decoration to enlisted Aircrew members in 1947. By the time of the Korean War, regulations had been established for a senior and master version of the badge, indicated by a star and wreath above the decoration. As with the Army Aviator Badge, seniority of the Aircrew Badge was determined by flight hours obtained and years of service in the Air Force.

With the decline of the Observer Badge, a need quickly arose to award an Aircrew Badge to officers who had been trained as in-flight support personnel. By the time of the Vietnam War, the Air Force had created an Officer Aircrew Badge which was issued to non-rated officers trained for in-flight operations. These badges began to lose a bit of value, as they became easier to obtain for Aircrew members, but was still considered extremely prestigious in regards to the Air Force. The enlisted version of the Aircrew Badge remained relatively the same and was now referred to as the Enlisted Aircrew Badge.

In the modern United States Air Force, the Enlisted Aircrew Badge is still issued to 1A0X1 (Inflight Refueling), 1A1X1 (Flight Engineer), 1A2X1 (Aircraft Loadmaster), 1A3X1 (Airborne Mission Systems Specialist), 1A4X1 (Airborne Operation Specialist)(now merged with 1A3X1), 1A6X1 (Flight Attendant), 1A8X1 (Airborne Cryptologic Language Analyst), 1A8X2 (Airborne Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance (ISR) Operator), 1A9X1 (Special Missions Aviator), and X4N0X1 (Aeromedical Evacuation Specialist). Enlisted RPA (Remotely Piloted Aircraft) Sensor Operators (1U0X1) were previously awarded their own aircrew wings, beginning in 2010. On 4 Nov 2016, Air Force Instruction 11-402 was published, replacing the Enlisted RPA wings with the Enlisted Aircrew wings.

The Officer Aircrew Badge is less often awarded, usually to Information Integration Officers (IIO), Airborne Intelligence Officers (AIO), Airborne Surveillance Officers (ASO), Flight Test Engineers (FTE), as well as selected communications and weather officers depending on assignment, such as Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Officers (ARWO). The single exception to this policy was an Air Force FTE who was subsequently selected as a NASA Mission Specialist Astronaut for the Space Shuttle program. Since there was no provision for the USAF Officer Aircrew Badge with the Astronaut "shooting star" symbol, the Air Force opted to award this officer the Senior Navigator (now Senior Combat Systems Officer) Badge with the Astronaut "shooting star" symbol following her first space flight, this despite her never having completed either the Undergraduate Navigator Training (UNT) or Undergraduate Combat Systems Officer (UCT) flight training syllabi. The rationale of the USAF leadership for doing so at the time was under a little used codicil that the Navigator / CSO insignia could also be awarded as an "Air Force Observer" Badge. The number of officers awarded the Aircrew Badge dropped considerably in 1999, when Air Battle Managers became a rated career field, and thus began being issued their own separate aviation badge.

Initial award of the Officer and Enlisted Aircrew Badges occurs upon completion of training. Permanent award of the badges occurs upon 36 months of paid flying service or upon the completion of 10 combat missions. Award of the Senior Officer or Senior Enlisted Aircrew Badge occurs when all of the following criteria are met: 7 years aviation service, and 72 months of paid flying service. Award of the Master Officer or Chief Enlisted Aircrew Badge occurs when all of the following criteria are met: 15 years aviation service, and 144 months of paid flying service.

Civil Air Patrol
A Civil Air Patrol member who has qualified as a Mission Scanner, Aerial Digital Imaging System Operator, Airborne Photographer, ARCHER Operator, ARCHER Trac Technician, Geospatial Information Interoperability Exploitation Portable Operator, Surrogate Unmanned Aerial System Green Flag Sensor Operator, or Highbird Radio Operator is considered to hold the CAP Aircrew Rating and may wear the CAP Aircrew Badge.

U.S. Navy – U.S. Marine Corps – U.S. Coast Guard

The United States Navy, United States Marine Corps and United States Coast Guard issue the same version of the Aircrew Badge. The badge is a variation on the Naval Aviation Observer Badge with the letters AC centered on the badge's front.

In 2009, the Navy converted the badge from a qualification to a warfare designator like the Enlisted Aviation Warfare Specialist (EAWS), Enlisted Submarine Warfare Specialist, and Enlisted Surface Warfare Specialist (ESWS). The title was changed from Naval Aircrew (NAC) to Naval Aircrew Warfare Specialist (NAWS) and permitted USN Naval Aircrewman who also held the EAWS to place the Naval Aircrewman insignia in a senior position over their ribbons.

Known as Naval Aircrew Wings and Coast Guard Aircrew Wings, it is authorized for personnel who have undergone extensive training in flight operations of naval aircraft. Such training includes weapons management, electronic warfare, and water survival. Contrary to most other services, naval aircrewmen do not receive their wings after aircrew school. Rather, they receive (not awarded) their wings only after completing their platform respective Personnel Qualification Standards (PQS) (roughly 1 year past the completion of training). Marine Crew Chiefs before Dec. 1971 were allowed to wear them, after 1971 the Marine Corps started awarding them to Crew Chiefs & all Aircrewman.

The Naval and Coast Guard Aircrew Wings are issued in a single degree with no upgrade devices used or authorized. A Naval enlisted person who has qualified for his or her Naval Aircrew Badge places the initials "NAC" in parentheses after his or her rate and rating; for example, a Chief Cryptologic Technician Interpretive, after having qualified for their NAC Badge, is identified as a CTIC (NAC).

Most Officer Aircrew members who are not Naval Aviators (i.e., pilots) are Naval Flight Officers and receive the Naval Flight Officer insignia after completion of a flight training syllabus nearly as long as that of their pilot counterparts. Certain naval officers (most notably selected intelligence and cryptology officers assigned to P-3 Orion, P-8 Poseidon, E-6 Mercury and EP-3E Aries II aircraft missions) can qualify for the Naval Aviation Observer Badge following completion of a structured Personnel Qualification Standard (PQS) syllabus and a check flight qualifying them for observer duties on that aircraft. The Marine Corps also previously used this badge for Aerial Observers in the since-retired OV-10 Bronco and OA-4M Skyhawk II until eventually inputting these officers into SNFO training and designating them as Naval Flight Officers. Unlike Naval Aviators, Naval Flight Officers and Naval Flight Surgeons, Naval Aviation Observers have not completed a formal undergraduate flight training syllabus under the auspices of the Chief of Naval Air Training (CNATRA) and are not considered to be "aeronautically designated" officers in the Navy or Marine Corps.

Aircrew wings are issued almost exclusively to enlisted aviation ratings, with the exception of other sailors in other naval ratings who are assigned to aircrew billets, including but not limited to Cryptologists (CT), Information Technicians (IT), Intelligence Specialists (IS), and Hospital Corpsmen (HM). Former enlisted personnel who attain officer status are permitted to continue wear of the insignia. However, for the first three years of enlistment these wings are unobtainable due to recent changes in qualification requirements.

Combat Aircrew Insignia
During World War II, numerous fleet requests occurred to recognize the work of the enlisted aircrew members flying in combat, the result was the creation of the Air Crew Insignia on 18 May 1943. While primarily an enlisted insignia, officers were eligible if they met the same criteria of Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) Circular Letter 90-43. The design was essentially the same as today's insignia except all pewter silver with no gold. A subsequent BUPERS Circular Letter 395-44 dated 30 Dec 1944, changed the design to the same as today with the modification of the gold center disc. In 1958, the insignia was redesignated the Combat Aircrew Insignia. In 1978, the Navy removed the insignia as authorized wear and then in 1994, the Marine Corps reestablished the insignia as it is known today as the Marine Combat Aircrew Badge. It is a decoration of the United States Marine Corps which is awarded to those enlisted personnel who have served as aircrew members on board combat flights. For those who have participated in actual combat missions, gold service stars are worn pinned to the top of the decoration. MCO 1000.6G Para 3310.4 Upon earning more than three gold stars, silver stars are awarded in recognition of three gold stars, meaning three silver equates to nine gold plus the initial award of the combat aircrew device. MCO P1020 Para 4002.1F

The Marine Combat Aircrew Badge can be issued to service members of both the Marine Corps and United States Navy (while serving in a Marine Corps aviation squadron). Current regulations require a set number of combat 'points' to be earned before wear is authorized. It is not authorized to wear both the Combat Aircrew and Naval Aircrew pins at the same time. If an individual service member has been awarded both badges, they may decide which pin to wear on their uniform. A sailor who has qualified for the Combat Aircrew Badge and at least one gold star places the initials "CAC" in parentheses after their rate and rating; for example, a Hospital Corpsman 2nd Class (HM2), after having qualified for their CAC Badge, is identified as a HM2 (CAC).

title: Aircrew Badge


text:
Funky Diamonds

Funky Diamonds was a German based girl group. They released two albums their self-titled debut was released in 1997 and their second one was Diamonds Are Forever and disbanded in 1999. The group's debut album, Funky Diamonds, was certified gold in Japan for 100,000 copies shipped.

Albums

 * Funky Diamonds (1997)
 * Diamonds Are Forever (1999)

Singles

 * Bad Girls (1996)
 * I Know That You Want Me (1997)
 * It's My Game (1997)
 * Get It On (1997)
 * It's All About You (1998, Promo Single)
 * Get Funky Go Sista (1998)
 * Night Fever (1998, released only in Japan)
 * I Wanna Have… (1999)
 * + Go Hand in Hand for Christmas Day (1997, charity single together with Sista Sista / Bed & Breakfast / 3Deep / Lorenza / Joy, Sugar & Cream / Michael Evans / Amex Love / R&B)
 * + The Day Before Christmas (exklusiv 1997 auf dem Charity-Album "Go Hand in Hand for Christmas Day" erschienen so wie als B-Track der japanischen Single-Version von "Get it on"

title: Funky Diamonds


text:
Voice of Peace

Voice of Peace (קול השלום, Kol HaShalom) was an offshore radio station that broadcast in the Middle East for 20 years from the former Dutch cargo vessel MV Peace (formally MV Cito), anchored off the Israeli coast in the Eastern Mediterranean. Founded by Abie Nathan and the New York-based Peace Ship Foundation, the station broadcast almost continuously between 19 May 1973 and November 1993. The station was relaunched but solely as an online station in August 2009. A second online channel called The Voice of Peace Classics was added in 2014.

History
The aim of the Voice of Peace was to communicate peaceful co-existence to the volatile Middle East. The output was popular music presented by mostly British DJs broadcasting live from the ship. The main on-air studio consisted of a Gates Diplomat mixer, Technics SL-1200 turntables, Sony CD Players, and Gates NAB cartridge machines, on which the jingles and commercials were played. The second studio, for production, had a Gates turntable, reel-to-reel tape recorders, and an NAB cartridge recording unit.

Voice of Peace was Israel's first offshore pop station and the first commercially funded private operation. The station's American PAMS, CPMG, JAM, and TM Productions jingles, English-speaking DJs, and Top 40 hits attracted many advertisers. Initially, the station transmitted on 1539 AM (announced as 1540 AM) and in 1980 added a signal at 100.0 FM.

Notable personalities were involved in broadcasting. The Carpenters, Johnny Mathis and others recorded messages of peace. John and Yoko Lennon signed hundreds of peace posters which Abie Nathan could sell in hard times. During the mid-1970s, the station boasted more than 20 million listeners from the Middle East to southern Europe and Turkey, thanks to the format used by professional broadcasters led by Keith Ashton.

Transmitters
The original AM/MW transmitter was installed in New York before 1972 and consisted of two 25,000-watt Collins units and a Collins combiner, giving the station a potential 50 kW AM signal. The MW signal was broadcast from a centre-fed horizontal antenna slung between the fore and aft masts, a design similar to those used by Radio Veronica and later Laser 558. The station normally ran at 35 kW until late 1976, when it was decided to operate just one transmitter at a time, keeping the other in reserve. In 1985, Keith York's repair of the combiner enabled the two Collins units to be run together again, resulting in a large mailbag from Turkey, Crete, Greece, and Cyprus, areas the Voice of Peace message hadn't reached for nine years. After these AM transmitters became unserviceable, a Canadian Nautel 10 kW AM transmitter was installed.

A shortwave transmitter was used briefly on 6240 kHz but this was abandoned due to interference problems.

The 20 kW FM transmitter installed in Israel was manufactured by Harris. This, with the antenna array, delivered around 80 kW ERP (Effective Radiated Power) of stereo. A second 20 kW Harris FM transmitter was also installed on board the peace ship.

DJs / Presenters
Presenters with Voice of Peace included Tony Allan, Chris Phelan, Peter Quinn, Chris Pearson, Nathan Morley, Nigel Harris, Richard West (real name Richard Harding), 'Steaming' Steve Cromby, Steve Richards (real name Steve Joy), Paul Adams (real name Paul Dunnington), Arik Lev, Neil Armstrong, Martin Murphy, Mike O' Sullivan, John Mc Donald, Gavin McCoy, Dave Asher, Chris Garrod, and Grant Benson, Don Stevens, Keith York, Tony Mandell, Steve Marshall, Steve Greenberg, who became a Grammy-winning producer and president of Columbia Records, was another early-1980s broadcaster. Kenny Page was one of the longest-serving presenters, on board from the 1970s to the 1990s.

Programming
The Voice of Peace was primarily in English, but a small output included Hebrew, Arabic, and French. Several shows ran for nearly its entire life, including Twilight Time (daily at 18:00, using the Platters hit of the name as its theme), the Classical Music Programme (daily from 19:30), and Late Night Affair (00.00-03.00).

The telephone forum chaired by Abie Nathan called "Kol Ha Lev" (Voice of the Heart) and then Ma La'asot? (?מה לעשות, "What to do?") was the only uncensored direct public dialogue between Israelis and Palestinians.

Government reaction
The Voice of Peace was tolerated by the Israeli Government, as Abie Nathan was a personality in the country; however, the IBA was alarmed at its popularity and set up a state-run pop service, Reshet Gimel, in May 1976. Nathan was imprisoned on several occasions for violating laws forbidding contact with enemy states and the PLO.

The sinking of the peace ship
Nathan decided to intentionally sink the ship in international waters on November 28, 1993 after promises of a broadcast license and mooring in Jaffa port failed, and he closed the station due to heavy losses and following the signing of the Oslo peace accords, which he assumed was validation of the station's mission. On the final day, he instructed the presenters to play the Beatles non-stop. The presenters on the final day included Nathan Morley, Matthew French, Bill Sheldrake and Clive Sinclair.

Abie Nathan's illness and death
Abie Nathan had a stroke in 1997 that left him partially paralyzed. He died in Tel Aviv on 27 August 2008 at 81. On 10 June 2007 Tel Aviv-Yafo decided to post a plaque on the Tel Aviv boardwalk at Gordon Beach, opposite where the Peace Ship had been anchored. This memorial plays recordings of Voice Of Peace, including the station callsign in Nathan's voice and an explanation in Hebrew and English.

Israeli radio station Radius 100 (on VoP's FM frequency) airs weekday tribute programs. The first hour is music in the format of Twilight Time. The second plays hits mostly from the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s. Presenters include Gil Katzir, Mike Brand, and Tim Shepherd.

In 2003, NMC Music released a CD called the Voice of Peace, featuring songs and jingles from the station. As the Sun Sets, a film about Abie Nathan, soon followed, directed by Eytan Harris. Double CD compilations followed in 2007 and 2008.

Relaunch
In August 2009, The Voice of Peace launched online streaming at 128 kbit/s. It returned on Saturday November 7, 2009 at 12.00 UTC at http://www.thevoiceofPeace.co.il In 2014, a second channel was added besides the mainstream Voice of Peace. While the main channel continues to offer a mix of contemporary music and oldies, the new 24-hour channel called The Voice of Peace Classic concentrates exclusively on oldies and classic hit songs.

The station had to shut down its broadcasts on 18 July 2020 as maintaining the station had become very difficult because of the COVID-19 epidemic adding that "we will do everything possible to come back to you in the near future." as the announcement read.

title: Voice of Peace


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User:Kimun

Will edit

 * Donald McKenna

title: User:Kimun


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Entrance (liturgical)

In Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches, an entrance is a procession during which the clergy enter into the sanctuary through the Holy Doors. The origin of these entrances goes back to the early church, when the liturgical books and sacred vessels were kept in special storage rooms for safe keeping and the procession was necessary to bring these objects into the church when needed. Over the centuries, these processions have grown more elaborate, and nowadays are accompanied by incense, candles and liturgical fans. In the liturgical theology of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the angels are believed to enter with the clergy into the sanctuary, as evidenced by the prayers which accompany the various entrances.

Divine Liturgy
During the course of the Divine Liturgy (Eucharist), there are two entrances. Both of the Entrances, as well as the ritual of the Liturgy of Preparation, are viewed by liturgical scholars as later additions to the Liturgy, and may not have been used by Saints Basil the Great or John Chrysostom, the authors of the most commonly used forms of the Divine Liturgy.

Little Entrance
The Little Entrance occurs during the portion of the service known as the Liturgy of the Catechumens, in preparation for the scriptural readings. The priest takes the Gospel Book from the Holy Table (altar), and hands it to the deacon (if there is no deacon, he carries the Gospel Book himself.) They go counterclockwise around the Holy Table and out the North Door of the Iconostasis, and come to stop in front of the Holy Doors, while the priest prays silently the Prayer of the Entrance:

O Master, Lord our God, Who hast appointed in heaven ranks and hosts of Angels and Archangels for the ministry of Thy glory: Cause that with our entrance may enter also the holy Angels with us serving Thee, and with us glorifying Thy goodness. For unto Thee are due all glory, honour and worship, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto the ages of ages. Amen.

The deacon presents the Gospel Book for the priest to kiss (if the bishop is present, it is presented to him instead) The deacon then points to the Holy Doors with his orarion, and bowing says to the priest, "Bless, Master, the holy entrance." The priest blesses with his hand and says, "Blessed is the entrance of Thy holy ones, always, now and ever, and unto the ages of ages." When the choir finishes singing the Third Antiphon (usually the Beatitudes), the deacon (or priest) lifts up the Gospel Book and says, "Wisdom! Let us attend!" (if it is a Great Feast of the Lord, he first says a special entrance verse, usually taken from the Psalms) The choir then sings the Entrance Hymn: "Come let us worship and fall down before Christ! O Son of God, save us who sing to Thee: Alleluia!" and the Troparia and Kontakia of the day. Meanwhile, the deacon and priest go in through the Holy Doors, the deacon replaces the Gospel Book on the Holy Table, and both he and the priest kiss the Holy Table. The priest silently says the Prayer of the Trisagion.

This entrance is quite elaborate when the bishop is present and a Hierarchical Divine Liturgy is being served, since it is at this time that the bishop himself also enters the sanctuary for the first time. Until that point he has been standing upon the episcopal kathedra (ambo) in the center of the church. Also, when a bishop is to be consecrated, the rite takes place at the Little Entrance. This is also the point in the Liturgy when the bishop will bestow ecclesiastical awards and honours.

After the troparia and kontakia, the choir begins the Trisagion: "Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal One, have mercy on us!" The chanting of the Trisagion at the Little Entrance is said to have been miraculously revealed to St. Proclus, Patriarch of Constantinople (434 -447). On certain Great Feasts of the church year, the Trisagion is replaced by another hymn, taken from "As many as have been baptized into Christ, have put on Christ! Alleluia!" On Feasts of the Cross, the Trisagion is replaced by the hymn, "Before Thy Cross, we bow down in worship, O Master, and Thy holy Resurrection we glorify!" During the Trisagion, or its alternate hymn, the priest and deacon go to the High Place (seats for the bishop and priests to the east of the Holy Table) to prepare for the reading of the Epistle and Gospel.

The Little Entrance symbolizes the Incarnation of Christ and his baptism in the Jordan River: the deacon representing John the Baptist, and the priest representing Christ. Because the first coming of Christ was in humility, the priest is instructed in the rubrics to make the entrance with his hands at his side.

Great Entrance

The Great Entrance occurs at a later point during the Divine Liturgy, near the beginning of the Liturgy of the Faithful, when the Gifts (bread and wine) to be offered are carried from the Chapel of Prothesis (a table on the north side of the sanctuary sometimes occupying its own apse), to be placed on the Holy Table.

This entrance is made during the chanting of the Cherubic Hymn The Cherubikon that accompanies the Great Entrance was apparently added by the Emperor Justin II (565 - 578) However, the Divine Liturgies celebrated on Holy Thursday and Holy Saturday have their own unique Cherubic Hymns.

When the Choir begins the Cherubic Hymn, the deacon begins a censing of the sanctuary, iconostasis, clergy and faithful while the priest prays a long silent prayer known as the "Prayer of the Cherubic Hymn". After the prayer and the censing are finished, the priest and deacon make three metanias (bows) in front of the Holy Table, raise their hands, and say the Cherubic Hymn three times (the priest saying the first half and the deacon(s) saying the second half), each recitation followed by another metania. They then kiss the Holy Table, and bow to each other. The deacon goes behind the Holy Table to the Table of Oblation (Prothesis) and the priest comes out of the Holy Doors to bow to the people, asking their forgiveness. He then goes to the prothesis, censes the offering, and places the Aër (a large veil which covers the diskos and chalice) on the deacon's left shoulder—if there is no deacon, he places the veil over his own back so that it makes a cape covering his shoulders—and gives the diskos (paten) to the deacon, while he carries the chalice. The deacon, still holding the censer, raises the diskos so that it is at the level of his brow. The procession forms with servers (acolytes) holding candles and (depending upon the jurisdiction) ceremonial fans.

As soon as the choir finishes the first half of the Cherubic Hymn the procession goes out the North Door, into the nave and halts in front of the Holy Doors. During the procession, the deacon and priest make a series of intercessions formulated according to local custom. During the last intercession, the priest blesses the faithful with the chalice. The choir sings, "Amen." and chants the second half of the Cherubic Hymn, during which the clergy enter the sanctuary through the Holy Doors and place the gifts on the Holy Table. The priest removes the smaller veils from the diskos and chalice and censes the gifts, saying special prayers together with the deacon

The Great Entrance symbolizes the triumphal entry of Christ into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday.

Vespers

There is also an Entrance made during Great Vespers (served on Sundays and feast days). This follows exactly the same format as the Little Entrance at Liturgy, except that the censer is carried instead of the Gospel Book, and the silent prayer said by the priest is different:

"In the evening, and in the morning, and at noonday we praise Thee, we bless Thee, we give thanks unto Thee, and we pray unto Thee, O Lord of all: Direct Thou our prayer before Thee as incense, and incline not our hearts unto words or thoughts of wickedness: but deliver us from all who seek after our souls. For unto Thee, Lord, O Lord, lift we up our eyes, and in Thee have we trusted. Put us not to shame, O our God. For unto Thee are due all glory, honour and worship, to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto the ages of ages. Amen."

If there will be a reading from the Gospel during Vespers that day, as occurs during Holy Week or the Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, the deacon will carry the Gospel Book instead of the censer.

This entrance occurs during the singing of the dogmatikon that concludes the verses of Lord I have cried (Psalm 140 LXX, etc.) and immediately prior to the singing of O Gladsome Light. This entrance is not performed during either Daily Vespers (the ordinary weekday celebration of Vespers) or Little Vespers (an abbreviated form of Vespers served before an All-Night Vigil).

Presanctified Liturgy
The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts is celebrated on Wednesdays and Fridays during Great Lent and is a Vespers service combined with the distribution of Holy Communion that had been consecrated the previous Sunday. The Little Entrance here is the same entrance of Great Vespers; however, when a Gospel reading is prescribed (during Holy Week or on feast days), the Gospel Book is used instead of the censer. The Great Entrance is performed in absolute silence (rather than the choir singing, as at the normal Divine Liturgy). while all prostrate themselves. The reason for this is because the elements carried in the Great Entrance are not simply bread and wine (as at the normal Liturgy), but have already been Consecrated, and are believed to be the actual Body and Blood of Christ.

title: Entrance (liturgical)


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Talk:Startide Rising

Untitled
Infobox inserted. Xentrion

The Tides of Kithrup
trying to use google for this, it looks like it was a a novella/novellete (i think the sfwa makes quantified distinction between the two based on word count) published in an issue of analog in 1981, and that the title wound up on uncorrected proofs that might work their way into the hands of collectors. i have an old bantam paperback of startide rising that actually lists the tides of kithrup as a book to be bought, but doesnt list SR. it's one of those checkbox lists of books bantam published around the time, so content of the list could be older than the book, or it could be a different book altogether. Nateji77 05:01, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, what you put in the article is right on. --Etacar11 05:05, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * the proofs are here. someone claimed it had been published serially in analogue, but the copyright page of st contradicts that well enough. Nateji77 03:20, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Book Cover image
Could someone please get the book cover designation on the image working? Everytime I try to do it it comes up with a copyright violation error thing.

Xentrion 03:16, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

... of 6
I think there are 8 total, since there are two trilogies. I'll fix it when I get a chance if no one beats me to it ++Lar: t/c 22:33, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * There are six: Sundiver, Startide Rising, Uplift War, Brightness Reef, Infinity's Shore, and Heaven's Reach. I don't know how you are getting 8. Raul654 20:56, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * He might be including the two lesser-known short stories: The Aficionado (aka. Life in the Extreme), which is available free on Brin's Web site; and Temptation, which appeared in a multi-author collection called "Far Horizons." The second is a direct sequel to a loose end from the second trilogy, nicely tying that up while opening a huge can of worms. The first isn't explicitly in the same universe, but involves early Uplift and could be considered a very early prequel. -Kris Schnee 11:11, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Trilogy means 3. There are 2 trilogies.  Sundiver, Startide Rising, and The Uplift War make up the Uplift Trilogy.  Brightness Reef, Infinity's Shore, and Heaven's Reach make up the Uplift Storm Trilogy.  Hydrazulu 01:08, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Film version
Since the film version of this movie has been 'tabled' would it make sense to delete this section of the article, or perhaps re-word it to say that the rights were purchased and remove the currently in development? Captain-tucker (talk) 02:46, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Startide Rising


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Swan View Tunnel

The Swan View Tunnel is a former railway tunnel located on the southern side of the Jane Brook valley in the outer Perth suburb of Swan View in the John Forrest National Park on the edge of the Darling Scarp. After its closure as a railway tunnel, it reopened as part of the John Forrest Heritage Trail, a rail trail.

Prior to the construction of tunnels and the sinking of the Subiaco railway station in 1999, the Swan View Tunnel was the only tunnel on the Western Australian railway network.

Construction
Swan View Tunnel was built on an alignment which replaced the original Eastern Railway passing through Smiths Mill, (now Glen Forrest), and Mundaring. The project to build the new line, including the Swan View Tunnel, was managed by the Western Australian Government Railways Engineer-in-Chief,  O'Connor.

The tunnel was erroneously stated in contemporary reporting to be 13 chains long, which is undefined m. Modern authorities give the length as 340 m. Inspection of open source aerial imagery confirms that the tunnel is 340.7 m in length.

Work began in 1894, with the two bores meeting on 18 April 1895. The tunnel opened on 22 February 1896. The unstable nature of the jointed granite, along with clay seams, caused difficulties during construction of the tunnel. A masonry-lined face prevented rock falls, but reduced the inner diameter.

The deviation from the original railway line, and the tunnel in particular, was a "significant technical feat for the time"; Engineers Australia awarded the deviation an Engineering Heritage Marker as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program.

Problems
The tunnel's small diameter combined with the steep gradient (1:49) caused smoke accumulation. Incidents involving near-asphyxiation of train crews started in 1896, and continued throughout the tunnel's operating life. The first serious incident of this nature was in 1903.

The tunnel's design was incompatible with the ASG class Garratt steam locomotives used by the Western Australian Government Railways in the 1940s. The subsequent Royal Commission into the ASG dealt with design of the locomotive, and the very dangerous clearances.

"The cause of industrial trouble arose in regard to the taking of the ASG locomotives through the Swan View tunnel. This tunnel was constructed many years ago and provides very little clearance for a modern locomotive. In the case of the ASG the distance between the sides and top of the locomotive and the structure of the tunnel is a matter of inches."

The worst accident in the tunnel was on 5 November 1942, when both drivers and firemen were overcome by carbon monoxide, one driver dying, when a fully laden double-header train passed through the tunnel at walking pace. Further cases occurred in 1943 and 1944 on up trains.

Subsequent industrial strikes, a Royal Commission and union agitation for the locomotives' withdrawal was a significant issue in the 1940s.

Deviation
Between 1934 and 1945, a signal cabin was located at Tunnel Junction, on the eastern end of the tunnel, for managing the transition from the tunnel's single line to the dual lines of the system.

The single line tunnel was considered unsafe for eastbound (climbing) trains, and a diversion was added on the northern side of the hill that the tunnel passed through.

It was known as the deviation, and due to rock instability included a fence of 16 wires to be used as a detector of rock falls. The diversion was completed on 25 November 1945.

Railway closure
The railway line through the tunnel was lifted after the closing of the older and steeper Eastern Railway and the opening of the Avon Valley diversion that opened in February 1966.

After the 1960s, gates/doors were put at either end of the tunnel though these were later removed.

The tunnel remains intact and has reopened as part of the John Forrest Heritage Trail, part of the larger Railway Reserve Heritage Trail. During the 1990s, the government authority in which the tunnel land was vested, the Department of Environment and Conservation allowed a number of night time "ghost walks" in the tunnel as part of the Hills Forest programmes.

title: Swan View Tunnel


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User talk:Lkajdnklaf

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Seeaxid 05:02, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Lkajdnklaf


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Twilight of the Gods

Twilight of the Gods may refer to:

 * Ragnarök, in Norse mythology, a series of major events foretold to result in the death of a number of gods

Music

 * Twilight of the Gods (opera) (Götterdämmerung), the last of the four operas by Richard Wagner that make up The Ring of the Nibelung
 * Twilight of the Gods (album), a 1991 album by Bathory
 * Twilight of the Gods, a Bathory tribute band and supergroup, fronted by Alan Averill
 * "Twilight of the Gods", a song by Helloween from Keeper of the Seven Keys: Part I
 * "Twilight of the Gods" (Blind Guardian song), a 2014 song and a single by Blind Guardian from Beyond the Red Mirror
 * "Twilight of the Gods", a song by Virgin Steele from The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part II

Fiction

 * "Ragnarok, the Twilight of the Gods", a short story from The Age of Fable, or Stories of Gods and Heroes, an 1855 collection by Thomas Bulfinch
 * "The Twilight of the Gods", a short story from Norse Stories, Retold from the Eddas, an 1882 collection by Hamilton Wright Mabie
 * The Twilight of the Gods and Other Tales, an 1888 collection of short stories by Richard Garnett
 * "The Twilight of the Gods", a short story from Myths of the Northern Lands, an 1895 collection by H. A. Guerber
 * "The Twilight of the Gods", a short story from The Children of Odin, a 1920 collection by Padraic Colum
 * Twilight of the Gods (Hamilton collection), a 1948 collection of short stories by Edmond Hamilton
 * "The Twilight of the Gods", a narrative poem from The Dark Chateau, a 1951 collection of poems by Clark Ashton Smith
 * Twilight of the Gods, a 1985-87 trilogy of novels by Dennis Schmidt
 * Twilight of the Gods (Bulis novel), a 1996 novel by Christopher Bulis from the Virgin Missing Adventures series
 * Twilight of the Gods (Clapham and Miller novel), a 1999 novel by Mark Clapham and Jon de Burgh Miller from the Virgin New Adventures series
 * Twilight of the Gods, a 2020 novel by Scott Oden
 * Twilight of the Gods, a 2022 novel by Ann Chamberlin

Non-fiction

 * Twilight of the Gods: The Beatles in Retrospect, a 1973 book about The Beatles by Wilfrid Mellers
 * Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944-1945, a 2000 history book, the third volume in The Pacific War Trilogy, by Ian W. Toll

Television and film

 * Twilight of the Gods (TV series), an upcoming 2024 Norse mythology-inspired adult animated series
 * "Twilight of the Gods" (Inspector Morse), an episode of Inspector Morse
 * Twilight of the Gods, a 1995 short starring Marton Csokas

title: Twilight of the Gods


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Cats (disambiguation)

Cats are small domesticated mammals of the Felis catus species.

Cats may also refer to:
 * The cats, common name for Felidae, the biological family of the big cats, including lions, tigers, pumas, leopards and wildcats
 * Cats (surname)

Entertainment and media

 * Cats (musical), a 1981 Andrew Lloyd Webber musical
 * Cats (1998 film), a video version of the musical
 * Cats (2019 film), a film based on the musical
 * Cats (1925 film), a 1925 silent British comedy film
 * Cats (2018 film), an animated Chinese film
 * "Cats", an episode of the television series Zoboomafoo

Sports

 * Geelong Cats, an Australian football league team
 * The former name of the Lions rugby team in South Africa
 * Kilkenny GAA teams (County Kilkenny, Ireland)

Acronyms and abbreviations
CATS or C.A.T.S. may stand for:

Arts and entertainment

 * Critics' Awards for Theatre in Scotland, an annual awards event in Scotland
 * C.A.T.S., fictional Home Office team from C.A.T.S. Eyes, a British television series aired between 1985 and 1987
 * CATS, a character from the 1989 video game Zero Wing known for speaking the phrase "All your base are belong to us"
 * Crash Arena Turbo Stars, an online multiplayer video game

Education

 * Commonwealth Accountability Testing System, the assessment process for K-12 schools in Kentucky, United States
 * Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme, a scheme used by many UK universities to evaluate modular degrees

Science, medicine and technology

 * CATS (astronomy), Categorizing Atmospheric Technosignatures, listing related to the atmospheres of astronomical bodies.
 * CATS (software), electronic design automation software
 * Children's Acute Transport Service, UK Children's Intensive Care Transport Service (publicly funded)
 * Cloud Aerosol Transport System, a meteorological instrument on the International Space Station
 * Cognitive analytic therapy, a psychological therapy initially developed in the United Kingdom
 * Computer Active Technology Suspension, an automotive technology that controls the movement of the wheels

Transport

 * CATS pipeline, a natural gas pipeline in North Sea
 * Canadian American Transportation Systems, a defunct Fast Ferry company serving Rochester, New York and Toronto, Ontario
 * Capital Area Transit System, a transit system in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
 * Charlotte Area Transit System, the regional transit authority for metropolitan Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
 * Chicago Area Transportation Study, the former metropolitan planning organization for the Chicago region
 * Children's Acute Transport Service, UK Children's Intensive Care Transport Service (publicly funded)
 * City of Anderson Transit System, a transit agency in Anderson, Indiana

Other uses

 * CATS (trading system), Computer Assisted Trading System, an automated trading system developed by the Toronto Stock Exchange
 * Central Autónoma de Trabajadores Salvadoreños, a trade union in El Salvador
 * Citizens for an Alternative Tax System, a national tax reform public interest group in the United States (1990–2005)

title: Cats (disambiguation)


text:
1888 North-West Territories general election

The 1888 North-West Territories general election elected members of the 2nd Legislative Council of the North-West Territories. The 2nd Legislative Council of the North-West Territories replaced the 1st Council of the North-West Territories. The 2nd Legislative Council of the North-West Territories was replaced by the 1st North-West Assembly in 1891 when the quota of elected members was reached. (A different 2nd Council of the Northwest Territories (1905-1951) was created in 1905, when the NWT lost most of its population, to differentiate the new one from the two legislative councils of the NWT that had existed 1876 to 1891.)

The 1888 election was the first general election in the history of the North-West Territories, Canada. Elections were held in various districts between 20 June and 30 June 1888. Although considered a general election, the writs were issued to return on various days. (1891 North-West Territories general election would be the first election where all the seats came empty on the same day.)

Prior to 1888, the elected members of the 1st Council of the North-West Territories were elected in by-elections to supplement members appointed by the Government of Canada. In order to have an elected member, a constituency needed to be set up in an area 1000 sqmi in size that had 1,000 residents. This created a patchwork of represented and unrepresented areas across the sprawling and sparsely-settled territory.

Twenty-one members were elected in this election.

Robert Brett, the member for Red Deer, was appointed government leader by Lieutenant Governor Joseph Royal. His official title was Chairman of the Lieutenant Governor's Advisory Council.

Three judges were appointed to the legislative assembly to provide legal advice, but they were not able to vote. They represented the territory at large.

Voters in this election cast their votes by telling the returning officer who they wanted to vote for. This system lasted until 1894 when a secret ballot was first used in a by-election in the Whitewood district.

Election results
Voter turnout cannot be established as no voters lists were in use. Candidates were all elected on non-partisan basis. Decisions in the Council were decided by majority vote.

Three members were elected by acclamation. One was re-elected; two were newly-elected.

Calgary and Edmonton elected two members through Plurality block voting.

Election summary

Legal advisors
Three members were appointed by Lieutenant Governor Joseph Royal after the election: James Macleod, Hugh Richardson and Charles Rouleau. The purpose of these three legal advisors was to bring experience in procedure, protocol and amending and introducing legislation. The legal advisors held seats at large, were allowed to participate in debates (but not vote) and were paid a salary of $250.

The three members of the assembly had already served as members of the Assembly previously. There were no legal advisors reappointed after dissolution of the 1st North-West Legislative Assembly in 1891.

Members of the Legislative Assembly elected
For complete electoral history, see individual districts

Medicine Hat
In the Medicine Hat electoral district, candidate William Finlay had withdrawn before election day. The returning officer declared Thomas Tweed elected by acclamation. Finlay lost his nomination deposit of $200.00


text: User talk:69.180.100.118

title: User talk:69.180.100.118


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ABC Radio Brisbane

ABC Radio Brisbane (callsign: 4QR) is an ABC Local Radio station in Brisbane, Queensland. It is one of the largest stations in the network, serving as a base for Queensland programming – many programs are broadcast across the ABC Local Radio network in regional and rural areas of Queensland when those stations are not carrying local programming.

General history
Radio broadcasting began in Brisbane in 1925 when the Government of Queensland commenced its own broadcasting operations with the callsign 4QG – 4 denoted the state of Queensland; QG stood for Queensland Government. 4QG became a part of the ABC's radio network at its inception in 1932.

The ABC started a second Brisbane station on 7 January 1938, using the callsign 4QR. The new station carried national programming—the forerunner of Radio National—while 4QG aired mainly local content. On 28 July 1963, the two stations quietly switched schedules, with 4QR becoming the local outlet for Brisbane while 4QG picked up the national schedule. ABC officials wanted to minimise interruptions of regular programming by parliamentary sessions. 4QG now operates under the callsign 4RN, in common with all other Radio National services in Queensland.

Until December 2006, ABC Radio Brisbane's studios were located at 600 Coronation Drive in the Brisbane inner-city suburb of Toowong. A number of breast cancer cases at the ABC's Toowong studios led to the permanent evacuation of the entire site in December 2006 with 350 staff, from ABC television, radio and online relocated. For the next five years, the station broadcast from an office building in Lissner Street, Toowong. In January 2012, ABC Radio Brisbane moved to a newly built facility in South Bank. The old Coronation Drive site was sold to Sunland Group in 2014 and subsequently demolished.

In September 2006, ABC Radio Brisbane was "host radio broadcaster" for naturalist Steve Irwin's memorial service at Australia Zoo, Beerwah. Breakfast announcers Spencer Howson (from ABC Radio Brisbane) and John Stokes (from the ABC Sunshine Coast station) were chosen to host the broadcast, made available to radio stations around the world.

The ABC Brisbane Centre, which was designed by Richard Kirk and built by Leighton Contractors, opened in 2012.

Technical history
Radio 4QR commenced operation on 7 January 1938.

At commencement the station was owned by the Commonwealth of Australia and under the legislation of the day required no licence. The Postmaster-General's Department maintained the transmission system and the station's studios, while the Australian Broadcasting Commission (subsequently Australian Broadcasting Corporation from 1 July 1983) created the programme content to be transmitted. A licence was issued for the first time in 1992 in accordance with the newly legislated Broadcasting Services Act.

Initially it operated on a frequency of 940 kHz within the then current 10 kHz channel spacing plan. On 1 September 1948 the station changed frequency to 590 kHz to accord with a revised Australia / New Zealand 10 kHz channel spacing plan which involved many changes to Australian station frequencies, particularly those in Queensland and New South Wales. In 1972/1973 the 4QR frequency was changed slightly to 580 kHz. Finally, on 24 November 1978 the frequency was changed to 612 kHz to accord with the 9 kHz channel spacing plan which had been agreed by Australia at Geneva in 1975 ("The 1975 Geneva Agreement").

Station 4QR has seen several power increases since its commencement, both to increase its coverage area and to ameliorate increasing levels of man-made radio noise and night-time skywave interference levels. Initial operation was at 500 Watts. Power was increased to 1 kW in 1942/1943 and again to 2 kW in 1944/1945 to support the many military personnel in Brisbane during World War II. Power was increased to 10 kW in 1948/1949 and finally to 50 kW in 1962/1963.

At the time of initial establishment Radio 4QR operated from a city location. For many years now Radio 4QR has shared (with Radio 4QG, now 4RN) a tall dual anti-fading guyed and sectionalised vertical radiator of 198 metres AGL with structural capacitative top hat located at Bald Hills on the northern outskirts of Brisbane. The mast is a very prominent feature visible from major highways in the vicinity. There is a shorter (81 metres AGL) vertical guyed radiator on the site which provides a standby capability during main antenna maintenance.

Local Programs
Breakfast is heard on ABC Radio Brisbane each weekday between 5am and 7:45am, and features news, sports, weather forecasts, financial information, discussions about the day's news and live traffic reports. ABC News bulletins are broadcast throughout the program on the half-hour from 5am until 8am. The program has won numerous ratings surveys in the Brisbane radio market throughout recent years.

Spencer Howson presented the program for eleven years, from the beginning of 2006 and to the end of 2016. In November 2016, Howson announced he was stepping down from hosting the breakfast show. In December 2016, it was announced that Queensland Country Hour presenter Craig Zonca would be the new host of the station's breakfast show commencing in 2017. In December 2017, ABC announced that Rebecca Levingston would join Craig Zonca to host Breakfast from January 2018.

In yet another on-air shakeup, Rebecca Levingston claimed the coveted Mornings slot from January 2019, and Zonca was paired with Loretta Ryan, relegating Emma Griffiths to Weekend Mornings.

Mornings is broadcast from 8:30am until 11:00am with the first 30 minutes devoted to the main news stories of the day. Prime ministers, premiers and other politicians will lobby to be interviewed in this first half-hour. After 9:00am talkback callers are encouraged to contribute to the day's debate. Mornings has proved almost as controversial as the stories normally covered on the local current affairs show. Several people have presented the show over the years with their departure often making headlines.

Recent presenters have been Steve Austin (2011-7), Madonna King (2006–11), Steve Austin (2004-5), Kirsten Macgregor (2003), Susan Mitchell (2002), Andrew Carroll (2000-1), Cathy Border (2000), John Barton, Carolyn Tucker (1998–99), Anna Reynolds and Rod Henshaw. In 2002, the ABC was forced to apologise to Andrew Carroll and admit he was unfairly sacked. Carroll was taken off-air after commenting, during an interview with Queensland Premier Peter Beattie, that he would have to "reconsider the terms of his contract" (or similar). Carroll's story was featured on the ABC's own media watchdog program Media Watch. In October 2011, King announced that she would be leaving the station to spend more time with her children.

In December 2011, Steve Austin was announced as King's replacement. In December 2017, ABC announced that Breakfast with Craig Zonca and Rebecca Levingston would extend to 10am and a new show Focus Brisbane with Emma Griffiths will replace the Mornings show. In 2019, further changes saw the Brisbane Focus program discontinued - and the Mornings resumed with Rebecca Levingston as host.

Afternoons is broadcast on ABC Radio Brisbane between 12.30pm and 3.30pm and is presented by Katherine Feeney. Between 12.30pm and 1.30pm the program is only heard on ABC Radio Brisbane and ABC Gold Coast. From 1.30pm to 3.00pm the program is statewide on the ABC Local Radio Queensland network. Between 3.00pm and 3.30pm the program is only heard on ABC Radio Brisbane.

Drive is heard between 3.30pm and 6:30pm and is presented by Steve Austin.

Evenings is heard from 7pm until 10pm Monday to Thursday and is simulcast on the regional ABC Local Radio Queensland network. Due to daylight saving time, the show is only broadcast from 7pm until 9pm during summer months. On Fridays, a national edition of Evenings hosted by Christine Anu is heard. Former ABC News television presenter David Curnow was appointed host of Evenings in late 2013. However, in December 2017, ABC announced that Kelly Higgins-Devine would replace David Curnow from January 2018.

Saturday Breakfast is broadcast between 6am and 7:45am each week with Kate O'Toole. The first hour of the program is dedicated to taking talkback calls with Gardening questions.

Weekend Mornings is broadcast between 8:30am and 12pm on Saturdays and from 10am and 12pm on Sundays with Kate O'Toole. The program is simulcast on the ABC Local Radio Queensland's regional network between 10am and midday on both days.

ABC Radio Brisbane is managed by Local Manager Anthony Frangi and Content Director Matthew Connors.

title: ABC Radio Brisbane


text:
Somosomo

Somosomo is a chiefly village in Taveuni, which is the island where the International Date Line crosses on land in Fiji. This island is part of the Cakaudrove Province and the holders of the title of Tui Cakau, the Paramount Chief of the Tovata Confederacy, are historically and traditionally linked to this village.

The island was visited by the US Exploring Expedition in 1840. In 1873, work commenced on a double-canoe called Ramarama at Somosomo, which was 99 ft in length with a crew of 50 paddlers, although the vessel could carry an additional 200 warriors. Her steer oars were 34. ft. The builders included Manase Gauamo, an expert Tongan canoe maker, who worked for five years to complete Ramarama. The double-canoe was built for the Tui Cakau, who later gave Ramarama to Seru Epenisa Cakobau. The double-canoe made three voyages to Tonga.

Famous persons from Somosomo
Fiji's first President, Penaia Ganilau, was Tui Cakau and therefore a native of Somosomo.

Chief Komaibatiniwai was from the noble family of Somosomo.

Rugby league player Semi Radradra hails from the village.

Mythology
According to the myth, the god who ruled over this village is Qurai. There is a short discussion of traditional religion as practiced on Somosomo in J. G. Frazer's famous work, The Golden Bough. Frazer describes belief in a continuity of divine nature between humans and deities, in which certain priests and chiefs were considered to be "sacred persons."

title: Somosomo