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Ecstasy (My Bloody Valentine album)

Ecstasy is the second mini album by the alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine, released on 23 November 1987 on Lazy Records. Released in a limited edition of 3,000 copies, it was the band's final release for Lazy Records and second to feature vocalist and guitarist Bilinda Butcher, who was recruited in April 1987 following the departure of original My Bloody Valentine vocalist David Conway. Ecstasy followed the noise pop and twee pop standards of My Bloody Valentine's earlier releases for the label, drawing influence from various artists including The Jesus and Mary Chain, Love and The Byrds, and the album distanced the band further from their earlier post-punk and gothic rock sound.

The album experienced several technical and financial problems during its recording sessions, including errors in the mastering process, and the band were dissatisfied with its outcome; although upon its release, Ecstasy received moderate critical acclaim and peaked at number 12 on the UK Independent Albums Chart. The album was later combined with My Bloody Valentine's preceding single, "Strawberry Wine", and reissued on the compilation album Ecstasy and Wine (1989), which was released on Lazy Records without the band's consent.

Background
Following minor success on the underground scene after the release of The New Record by My Bloody Valentine (1986) and 1987's "Sunny Sundae Smile", original My Bloody Valentine vocalist David Conway left the band due to a gastric illness, disillusionment with music and his ambitions to become a writer. The remaining members—guitarist Kevin Shields, drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig and bassist Debbie Googe—considered splitting up and forming a new band under a different name. However, the band placed advertisements for a vocalist in the local music press in London, which Shields referred to later as "pointless, … disastrous and excrutiating [sic]" due to the advertisements attracting a number of Morrissey inspired vocalists who he referred to as "fruitballs". Through mutual friends the band recruited two vocalists, Joe Byfield and Bilinda Butcher. After performing one show in April 1987 with both on vocals, My Bloody Valentine considered Byfield "unsuitable" for the band and he was subsequently fired. Butcher, whose prior musical experience had been playing classical guitar as a child, and singing and playing tambourine "with some girlfriends for fun", was chosen as My Bloody Valentine's new vocalist and began rehearsing with the band in the middle of 1987.

Lazy Records, on which the band released "Sunny Sundae Smile", requested a full-length album from My Bloody Valentine during summer 1987. The band refused the label's request, claiming their newly formed line-up "had only been together a couple of months and hadn't really had time to get settled". However, the band compromised and agreed to record a mini album, provided they could release a single beforehand. The preceding single, "Strawberry Wine", was released on 9 November 1987 and peaked at number 13 on the UK Independent Singles Chart.

Recording
The recording sessions for Ecstasy took place a week after the recording sessions for "Strawberry Wine". My Bloody Valentine spent a total of 10 days recording the album. According to Kevin Shields, the sessions "had no direction and [the band] didn't even know what [they] were doing" and "bashed out all these tunes quickly, very demo-like". A number of songs were recorded that did not feature on the final release, as the band considered them "awful". However, the sessions were "the first time [the band had] actually played around properly in the studio", which resulted in "extreme" and "quite nasty" guitar sounds, which My Bloody Valentine would later become associated with.

Ecstasy's recording was plagued by technical and financial errors, which impacted the eventual release of the album. The mastering process was affected by the album's engineer Steve Nunn, who mislaid the source material of the final mix prior to its transfer to the master recording. Shields subsequently "brought an independent engineer in to the studios to point out what was wrong" but Lazy Records refused to invest further finances into the album's recording process. As a result, "much of what was originally the sound of Ecstacy [sic] was lost, and much of the tone was dulled" and the album "showed a group who appeared to have run out of money half way through recording".

Composition
All of Ecstasy's seven tracks were written and composed by Kevin Shields, with Colm Ó Cíosóig credited as the co-writer of three tracks—"The Things I Miss", "Clair" and "(Please) Lose Yourself in Me". Regarding the lyrical content of the album in contrast to the music, Shields said that "the songs may sound sweet, but the subject matter isn't necessarily very nice. A lot of it is relationship-based, but it's always vague, and never just boy-meets-girl. It could easily be boy-meets-boy, or girl-meets-girl. Then there's hate, and whimsical thoughts you get from nowhere". Ó Cíosóig remarked that "it's more weird perversions of feeling you get in a relationship" and referred to the lyrics as being marked by "extremes, because we're entertained by extreme things". Shields noted that the lyrics were a progression from the band's earlier releases as "the idea of composing a sweet pop song that sugar-coated some lyrical horror and sending it hurtling up the charts appealed to our sense of humour" and considered the songwriting process for Ecstasy as "fresh after having made pure noise earlier".

My Bloody Valentine experimented with a noise pop sound on the album, a venture which was influenced by The Jesus and Mary Chain, and incorporated elements of twee pop similar to "Strawberry Wine". Shields used a twelve-string electric guitar during the Ecstasy's recording sessions and was influenced by The Byrds during the writing process, which resulted in the guitar tones being "too jingly jangly". Writer Colin Larkin described Ecstasy's sound as "bubblegum pop with buzzsaw guitars", which was similar to their prior releases and further diverged from their earlier post-punk and gothic rock sound. Jim DeRogatis noted that Ecstasy's overall sound "ushered in a sunnier, more optimistic vibe" for the band which was reminiscent of the sound of 1960s American psychedelia, in particular the Los Angeles based band Love. "Clair", one of the first recordings to feature Bilinda Butcher, features a sampled tape loop of audience screams from The Beatles' live album, The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl (1977). The sample was processed through audio filters to emulate guitar feedback.

However, the music on Ecstasy has been criticised as being "directionless and floundered about within the framework of songs which appeared to be only half formed ideas," which was due to the band's in-studio experimentation with different aspects of their guitar sound. In hindsight, Shields said that "even when we'd finished it we didn't like half the songs we'd done. The record never came out right and it made us realise that we were still too twee". In response to the band's "unwanted reputation for jangly feyness", My Bloody Valentine later incorporated elements of American indie rock music and Shields customised his guitars' tremolo systems, resulting in the band pioneering an alternative rock subgenre known as shoegazing. The term "shoegazing", which was considered derogatory, was coined by Sounds journalists in the early 1990s to describe certain bands' "motionless performing style, where they stood on stage and stared at the floor".

Release and reception
Ecstasy was released on 23 November 1987 on Lazy Records. It received a limited edition release of 3,000 LP copies distributed by Rough Trade Records and went out of print within three months of its release. The album entered the UK Independent Albums Chart in December 1987 and spent four weeks in total on the chart, peaking at number 12. The contents of the album were later combined with the band's preceding single, "Strawberry Wine", and reissued on the compilation album Ecstasy and Wine, released in February 1989 on Lazy Records. Ecstasy and Wine, however, was released without the band's consent and Kevin Shields retrieved 10,000 LP copies from the manager of Lazy Records soon after its release. Shields sold the records to various distributors in the early 1990s, after My Bloody Valentine were dropped from Creation Records, and used the funds to finance later recording sessions.

Upon its release Ecstasy received moderate critical acclaim. Melody Maker referred to the album as "a series of aloof, pastel washes of sound, suspended guitars, words from the back of beyond tying in to a large, shifting whole" and "larger than the sum of its parts". In Loveless, a book from the 33⅓ series about the My Bloody Valentine album of the same name, Mike McGonial referred to Ecstasy as a "rarified, effete and poppy approach to Byrdsian rock" and AllMusic rated the album two and a half out of five stars. In a separate review of Ecstasy and Wine, AllMusic writer Bradley Torreano described Ecstasy as the point where the band "started moving toward Cocteau Twins territory, using guitarist Bilinda Butcher's airy voice to define their image" and when "Shields and Butcher [were] exploring the guitar landscapes that would later become their trademark".

On Ecstasy's supporting tour My Bloody Valentine conceived the idea of an interlude of white noise during live performances which was later attributed to their song "You Made Me Realise" and often exceeded 130 decibels. The band toured small student venues and, according to Kevin Shields, at "one particular place, there were these guy playing pool in the background, shouting amongst themselves and being quite loud and not paying attention". Before performing "Clair", Shields said to the band "let's just do it until those guys stop" and performed a two-chord riff in the song that lasted for an approximate 30 minutes.

Personnel
All personnel credits adapted from Ecstasy's liner notes.

My Bloody Valentine
 * Kevin Shields – vocals, guitar
 * Bilinda Butcher – vocals, guitar
 * Debbie Googe – bass
 * Colm Ó Cíosóig – drums

Additional musicians
 * Nick Brown – violin (5)

Technical personnel
 * My Bloody Valentine – production
 * Steve Nunn – engineering
 * Lucy Smith – photography

title: Ecstasy (My Bloody Valentine album)


text:
Sam Kweskin

Irving Samuel Kweskin (February 24, 1924—June 23, 2005), who sometimes worked under the name Irv Wesley, was an American advertising and comic-book artist.

Early life and career
Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised there with a sister, Sally, and a father who died when Kweskin was 11, Kweskin learned to draw by copying Sunday newspaper comics, particularly those of Hal Foster, on sheets of grocery wrapping paper. Per differing accounts, he either won a scholarship at 16 to the Studio School of Art, and the following summer enrolled in a course at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, or before his senior year of high school won a scholarship to a summer course at the Academy. By both accounts one classmate was the future celebrated military cartoonist Bill Mauldin. At 16, through a neighbor who worked with Foster's brother, Kweskin visited Foster at the respected writer-illustrator's Evanston, Illinois, attic studio and subsequently "wrote a story about my visit for my high school newspaper." After high school, Kweskin worked as a night-shift copyboy for Chicago Tribune newspaper, and then entered the U.S. Army.

Private Kweskin did military service February 1943 to December 1945, during World War II, joining the 83rd Chemical Mortar Battalion in September 1944 as a military artist, contributing to the military periodicals Muzzleblasts and Rounds Away. and said he was among the Allied troops who helped liberate the Dachau concentration camp. After his discharge, he studied at the Art Institute of Chicago, receiving a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in early 1949. He worked for a year with former Walt Disney Pictures animator Sam Singer, doing two children's cartoon series for the local ABC-TV station. Kweskin then left to develop his own local children's-TV programs.

He later drew comic-book bible stories for David C. Cook Publishing in Elgin, Illinois. A friend put Kweskin in touch with New York City's Atlas Comics, the 1950s precursor of Marvel Comics, and Kweskin "flew into NYC in August or September 1952" to meet with Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee. Kweskin began freelancing for Atlas from Chicago before eventually moving with his family to New York City.

Atlas and advertising
Kweskin's earliest confirmed credits include penciling and self-inking stories in five Atlas comics cover-dated February 1953: The horror/mystery books Strange Tales #15, Adventures Into Terror #16, Astonishing #22 and Spellbound #12, and the war comic Battlefront #9. He continued drawing stories for such Atlas horror anthologies as Journey into Mystery, Marvel Tales, and Uncanny Tales, Western titles including Kid Colt, Outlaw and Wild Western, and even Bible Tales for Young Folk.

He recalled of his Atlas stint that he was: "moved by the fact that [editor-in-chief] Stan [Lee] was never stand-offish, and always found time to sit in his office with an artist to just talk. He immediately gave me another story, which I completed to his satisfaction. Eventually, I had to return to Chicago; after the first NY trip I took two more excursions that Fall/Winter to make certain that I might decide to move East — in fact, Stan had been sending me scripts and said that, '[O]f course, you could do more work if you lived here.' My wife was especially thrilled with New York — I had never been there except on a soldier's pass for a day or so — and so I moved first to NYC, found an apartment, and was followed by my wife and two small children."

After about a year, during a downturn in the comics industry, Kweskin returned to commercial illustration, saying in letters to two comics historians that he "went to work as a studio artist for a while" and then became an art director for an industrial film production company and later at "an agency doing mostly Latin American advertising," followed by a similar position at a different agency working on television commercials. He said he continued to do freelance work including medical illustrations for Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, "and, in a couple of years, maintained a small agency of my own."

In 1957, he freelanced briefly again for Atlas on science fiction / fantasy and war comics.

Marvel Comics
In the early 1970s, Kweskin briefly returned to freelancing for what was now formally Marvel Comics. He both wrote and penciled a six-page horror tale, "Revenge from the Rhine", in Journey into Mystery vol. 2, #3 (Feb. 1973), and then succeeded Sub-Mariner creator Bill Everett on that character's comic-book title following Everett's death; Kweskin and Everett together penciled issue #58 (Feb. 1973), with Everett inking and Kweskin variously penciled or laid out #59-60 and 62-63.

As Kweskin wrote in a 2002 e-mail excerpted in an article by comics historian Ken Quattro: "I did have lunch with Bill [Everett] one day after he had had a heart attack somewhat earlier that month, and [Marvel publisher] Stan Lee suggested we get together for me to get the 'feel' of Bill's approach to a strip that he had developed. And so I began doing Sub-Mariner. ... Whether [editor-in-chief] Roy Thomas or Stan or I decided it was not in the cards to continue it after a few issues, I can't remember, since at the time I was also president of my own small ad/art agency and responsible to several employees. Much of my time there had to be spent doing ad layouts and — on occasion — writing copy'."

Later career
Afterward he spent three years as an art director at Ziff-Davis magazines, and then freelanced for 10 years as an ad-agency storyboard artist. Kweskin also painted and sketched, including several works depicting Manhattan's Upper West Side, where he lived for approximately 40 years before moving to Boca Raton, Florida, in 1993. He exhibited his art work venues including New York City's Grand Central Galleries, the Salmagundi Club, and the Society of Illustrators. His latter-life freelance work included a cover for the Veterans of Foreign Wars magazine, and painted a commissioned canvas for a military museum in Louisiana.

Personal life
Kweskin at the end of his life was no longer with wife Corinne. He had three children: son Joel and daughters Jean and Barbara, the latter of whom predeceased him. The Barbara Kweskin Scholarship Fund at the Art Institute of Chicago is named for her.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sam Kweskin


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Talk:Female reproductive system

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 September 2020 and 14 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mwestrick1.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:16, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

No Mention of Birth Control
Would a subsection on birth control be an appropriate addition? There's no passing mention of its impacts in this article.Mwestrick1 (talk) 10:37, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

No Headers for External parts of the Female Reproductive system
I noticed that there were headers for each internal part of the female reproductive system, whereas there were none for the external parts. While one could argue that perhaps the external parts are not as important, I think that that belief is inherently biased. While this is an article on the female reproductive system, there should be equal importance on every part and not just on parts that are responsible for pregnancy and birthing processes.

There should be just as much of an emphasis on external parts as well, particularly when it comes to the clitoris and the importance of the female orgasm. Wikipedia is often people's first search to get an idea of a certain topic, and therefore every part of female reproductive anatomy should be treated with the same amount of importance. Women-history-editor (talk) 20:04, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

Gender balance
The About section should not refer to the male reproductive system. See Male Reproductive System, for a more respectful approach. Mrsbridget (talk) 08:58, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Female reproductive system


text:
Talk:Uraeus

Picture
Too many pictures? 19:45, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Friends of Sabbath Reference
I'm moving this section to the talk page for a bit of discussion. There are a couple of issues to discuss.

1) Can you please provide a proper citation for this reference. I am not the only editor that has brought up copyright concerns.  In that citation can you please provide a page number for the specific section you are quoting for this support?

2) Can you edit your submission for proper grammar, including capitalizations? Also please review a bit to ensure it is written in an encylopedic manner.

3) Can you offer a bit to support that this source meets WP:RS requirements?

Here is the relevant text:

Seraphim
The judaeo-christian angelic seraphim, frequently associated with serpents, are thought to have derived from the concept of uraeus. Multiple-winged uraei amulets are well represented in Palestine.

Thanks,

Squatch347 (talk) 17:32, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

 * @Squatch347 I fail to see the copyright issues. Are you seriously suggesting that Wikipedia's standards have declined so low that SOURCES DELIBERATELY MADE FREE BY THE WRITERS AND INSTITUTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM are off limits now?

I will restore the edits when I feel better.

 * @Falconfly, I see you've made that statement a couple of times, can you please elaborate? Where did the author's specifically state that they hold no copyright claims to the text?  Being free is not the same thing as not being copyrighted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights).

 * Additionally, can address the other two issues here before re-adding any text? Squatch347 (talk) 13:16, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

 * NM, didn't see A.Parrot's response in the other page, we can discuss it there. Thanks.  Squatch347 (talk) 13:20, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uraeus


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Wikipedia:Community portal/COTW

Collaboration of the week
Help edit Lee Smith (baseball), Wikipedia's current collaboration of the week! Please help to bring it up to featured article standard. Lee Arthur Smith (born December 4, 1957 in Shreveport, Louisiana) was a pitcher in Major Leagues. Smith played for eight teams in both the NL and AL in his 18-year career, beginning with the Cubs in 1980. Smith led the league in saves four times during his career and by the time of his retirement in 1997 (with the Expos), he was the all-time leader with 478 saves. Smith used his fastball and size (he stood 6'6") to intimidate batters during the late innings of the game and became one of the premier closers of the 1980's and early 1990's. You can still help with last week's article, Textile ([ see improvements]), or help pick next week's article.

title: Wikipedia:Community portal/COTW


text:
Talk:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council, 2003–2007

}

Untitled
Why has Elaine Nile been removed? She was an MLC for a small part of this period, so should be included. JPD 19:45, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * She was removed because I was an idiot and initially got the dates wrong. She actually resigned in 2002, so the Nile/Moyes change is now on Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council, 1999-2003. Ambi 22:27, 17 July 2005 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stephen Whittaker

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 23:32, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Stephen Whittaker

 * Delete: vanity page 82.44.213.192 19:46, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: vanity page --Tagishsimon (talk)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 09:23, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as above 194.60.38.10 09:33, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Integrity (band)

Integrity is a hardcore punk band originally from Cleveland, Ohio, but based in Belgium since 2003. It was formed in 1988 by lead vocalist Dwid Hellion.

The band has released nearly 50 recordings since 1988 as well as playing at hundreds of shows including numerous global festival appearances. Their sound is a mix of hardcore punk and heavy metal, with influences including industrial, noise and experimental music. Lyrical themes include religion, the supernatural, art, philosophy, horror, as well as mental illness and the occult.

Musical style and legacy
According to its bio on Relapse Records website, Integrity was formed in Cleveland in 1988 and is considered to be one of the first bands to mix metal and hardcore in a way that would later become popular.

They have cited influences including Celtic Frost, Septic Death, Black Sabbath, Samhain, Metallica, Joy Division, Bauhaus and Throbbing Gristle.

In the 2013 Decibel "Hall of Fame", Integrity's Systems Overload (1995, Victory Records) was referred to as "the landmark work in a grand and heretical oeuvre".

They have been cited as an influence by bands including All Pigs Must Die, Clear, Converge, Full of Hell, Hatebreed, Overcast, Pulling Teeth, Rise and Fall and Unbroken.

Members

 * Current members
 * Dwid Hellion – vocals, keyboards (1988–present)

 * Touring members
 * Alex "The Beast" Henderson – drums (2011–present)
 * Francis "Darkest Prince" Kano – bass (2017–present)
 * Justin "Sexminn" Ethem – guitar (2018–present)

 * Former members

 * Aaron Melnick – guitar, vocals (1988–1998)
 * Frank Cavanaugh – guitar (1991)
 * Bill Mckinney – guitar (1991)
 * Chris Smith (II) – guitar (1991–1994)
 * Frank "3 Gun" Novineck – guitar (1994–1998)
 * Dave "Gravy" Felton – guitar (1998–2000)
 * Vee Price – guitar, bass, vocals (2000–2002)
 * John Comprix – guitar (2003)
 * Blaze Tishko – guitar, vocals (2003)
 * Mike Jochum – guitar (2003–2009)
 * Matt Brewer – guitar (2005–2006)
 * Rob Orr – guitar, bass, drums (2006–2014)
 * Domenic Romeo – guitar, bass, organ (2014–2023)
 * Tom Front – bass (1988–1989)
 * Leon "Micha" Melnick – bass (1989–1998)
 * Craig Martini – bass (1998–2000)
 * Steve Rauckhorst – bass (2003–2009)
 * Tiny Pines – drums (1988–1991)
 * David Nicholi Araca – drums (1991–1994)
 * Chris Dora – drums (1996–1998)
 * Steve Felton – drums (1998–2000)
 * Nate Jochum – drums (2005–2009)

Timeline

Discography
Source:
 * Those Who Fear Tomorrow (1991, Overkill)
 * Den of Iniquity (EP) (1993)
 * Hooked, Lung, Stolen Breath Cunt (EP) (1994)
 * Systems Overload (1995, Victory)
 * Humanity is the Devil (1996, Victory)
 * Seasons in the Size of Days (1997, Victory)
 * Integrity 2000 (1999, Victory)
 * Final Taste of Every Sin (EP) (1999)
 * Closure (2001, Victory)
 * In Contrast of Tomorrow (EP) (2001, 2006)
 * To Die For (2003, Deathwish)
 * Palm Sunday (live album) (2006, Aurora Borealis)
 * The Blackest Curse (2010, Deathwish)
 * Suicide Black Snake (2013, A389/Magic Bullet)
 * Howling, For the Nightmare Shall Consume (2017, Relapse Records)
 * All Death Is Mine: Total Domination (2024, Relapse Records)

title: Integrity (band)


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Haggertyite

Haggertyite is a rare barium, iron, magnesium, titanate mineral: Ba(Fe2+6Ti5Mg)O19 first described in 1996 from the Crater of Diamonds State Park near Murfreesboro in Pike County, Arkansas. The microscopic metallic mineral crystallizes in the hexagonal system and forms tiny hexagonal plates associated with richterite and serpentinitized olivine of mafic xenoliths in the lamproite host rock. It is an iron(II) rich member of the magnetoplumbite group. It is a light grey opaque mineral with calculated Mohs hardness of 5.

It was named for geophysicist Stephen E. Haggerty (born 1938) of the Florida International University.

title: Haggertyite


text:
List of social fraternities and sororities

Social or general fraternities and sororities, in the North American fraternity system, are those that do not promote a particular profession (as professional fraternities are) or discipline (such as service fraternities and sororities). Instead, their primary purposes are often stated as the development of character, literary or leadership ability, or to serve a more simple social purpose. This list of social collegiate organizations; other types of social fraternal organizations can be found under List of general fraternities.

Some organizations in this list have a specific major listed as a traditional emphasis. These organizations are social organizations that cater to students in those majors. Other organizations listed have a traditional emphasis on a specific religion or ethnic background, such as Christian fraternities and sororities. Despite this emphasis, most organizations have non-discrimination membership policies.

Fraternity is usually understood to mean a social organization composed only of men, and sorority one of women, although many women's organizations and co-ed organizations also refer to themselves as fraternities. This list of collegiate North American fraternities and sororities is not exhaustive and does not attempt to include local organizations that do not have Wikipedia articles.

Fraternities
Active chapters are indicated in bold. Inactive fraternities are indicated in italic.

Sororities and women's fraternities
Inactive sororities are indicated in italic.

Coeducational fraternities
Coeducational fraternities permit both male and female members. Inactive chapters are indicated in italic.


text: User:Markussep/Infoboxtest

title: User:Markussep/Infoboxtest


text:
AngloGold Ashanti

AngloGold Ashanti Limited is an independent and global gold mining company with a diverse high-quality portfolio of cooperation, projects and exploration activities formed in 2004 by the merger of AngloGold and the Ashanti Goldfields Corporation. As of 2022, it was a global gold producer with 21 operations on four continents, listed on the New York, Johannesburg, Accra, London and Australian stock exchanges, as well as the Paris and Brussels bourses, but left the Johannesburg exchange in 2023. As of May 2023, it was the world’s fourth-largest gold miner with assets in Ghana, Australia, the US and Argentina.

In 2019, the company was claimed to be the 'most sophisticated and technologically advanced' mining operations with strict adherence to safety regulations.

AngloGold Ashanti has a history of gross human rights violations and causing grave environmental problems for which it won one of the Public Eye Awards.

History
AngloGold Ashanti was formed on 26 April 2004, after the High Court of Ghana approved the merger of AngloGold and the Ashanti Goldfields Corporation three days earlier. AngloGold had been a gold mining company based in South Africa, majority-owned by the Anglo American group. This came almost a year after the merger was announced on 16 May 2003. In the transaction, Ashanti shareholders received 0.29 ordinary shares of AngloGold for every Ashanti share.

The new company sold its Union Reef Gold Mine in the Northern Territory of Australia in August 2004, followed by the sale of the Freda-Rebecca Gold Mine in Zimbabwe a month later.

In late 2007, Mark Cutifani replaced Bobby Godsell as CEO of AngloGold Ashanti, being appointed a director of the company on 17 September 2007 and as CEO on 1 October that year.

Alberto Calderon, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director of AngloGold Ashanti. Appointed on ( September 1, 2021-)

In 2008, AngloGold produced 4.98 million ounces of gold from its operations, estimated to be seven percent of the global production. In 2009, the company's gold output dropped to 4.6 million ounces.

As of early 2008, the company had hedged 11.3 million ounces of gold, under previous CEO Bobby Godsell.

In January 2009, AngloGold Ashanti sold its 33% stake in the Boddington Gold Mine in Australia to Newmont Mining for US$1.0 billion.

In February 2009, the company's Tau Lekoa Gold Mine in South Africa was sold to Buffelsfontein Gold Mines Limited with ownership being transferred on 1 August 2010.

In May 2010, Russell Edey, chairman of AngloGold since 2002 and, after the merger also of AngloGold Ashanti, was replaced by Tito Mboweni.

In October 2010, the company announced the elimination of the last of its hedge book. Under its new CEO, it gradually reduced the hedge to 3.22 million. In October 2010, this remaining amount was paid off with US$2.63 billion, or US$1,300 per ounce of gold.

In 2011, AngloGold Ashanti moved into Eritrea to explore the Arabian-Nubian Shield for gold through a 50/50 joint venture set up in 2009 with Thani Dubai Mining.

As of the third quarter of 2014, Anglogold was the world's third-largest producer of gold, behind Barrick Gold and Newmont Mining.

As of 2019, the company was claimed to be the 'most sophisticated and technologically advanced' mining operations with strict adherence to safety regulations.

In 2020, it sold its last South African mining assets to Harmony Gold for about R4.4 billion. It no longer has any operations left in South Africa but remains listed on the JSE.

On 1 September 2020, Chief Financial Officer Christine Ramon became interim CEO following the resignation of Kelvin Dushnisky. There has been speculation that Dushnisky stepped down after shareholders questioned a bonus payment he received from his prior employer Barrick Gold while also taking a signing bonus from AngloGold Ashanti when he was appointed CEO in 2018.

As of May 2023, AngloGold Ashanti was the world’s fourth-largest gold miner with assets in Ghana, Australia, the US and Argentina.

AngloGold Ashanti is a signatory participant of the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights.

Criticism
In August 2008 British charity War on Want published a report accusing Anglo American (who at the time owned 17% of AngloGold Ashanti) of profiting from the abuse of people in the developing countries in which the company operates. The company disclosed itself in 2006 or in 2008 for unacceptable safety performance in its platinum mines. Safety measures were taken. Additionally, in 2005 the staff of the AGA exploration team in Ituri made a US$8,000 payment to the FNI, which had been accused of committing various humans rights abuses.

In January 2011, AngloGold Ashanti was awarded the Public Eye Global Award at the Public Eye Awards hosted with Greenpeace in Davos, Switzerland by the Erklärung von Bern, known in English as the Berne Convention. The award has been interpreted as being for the "most irresponsible company". The nominating organisation, WACAM (Wassa Association of Communities Affected by Mining), said the company had a history of "gross human rights violations and environmental problems."

Colombia's Truth Commission found AngloGold Ashanti responsible for financing paramilitary groups that murdered peasants and community leaders. The same company has been accused of destroying water sources and forcibly displacing thousands of people in the Cauca region.

Financial
Financial figures for the company:

Gold production, 2004-2012
Gold production figures for the company's mines since 2004 in ounces per annum were
 * Figures for 2004 for Freda-Rebecca, Siguiri, Bibiani, Iduapriem and Obuasi are for the period from May to December, from the merger onwards, having belonged to Ashanti Goldfields Corporation before the merger.
 * Percentage figures behind names indicate the share of production of the mine belonging to AngloGold Ashanti. Production figures shown are those belonging to AngloGold Ashanti, not overall production.
 * 1 The Bibiani Gold Mine was sold 1 December 2006.
 * 2 The Moab Khotsong Gold Mine started production in 2006.
 * 3 The Freda-Rebecca Gold Mine was sold 1 September 2004.
 * 4 The Tau Lekoa Gold Mine was sold to Buffelsfontein Gold Mines Limited, with ownership being transferred on 1 August 2010.

Carbon footprint
AngloGold Ashanti reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2019 at 2,570 Kt (-1/ y-o-y).

Fatalities
Fatalities in the South African gold mining industry, especially the underground mines, are common. As of 2009, 100 to 120 were reported every year. This did represent an improvement since 2007: AngloGold Ashanti has reduced the number of fatalities in its operations by 70%. One of the main reasons for this development was a program led by CEO Mark Cutifani aimed at reducing the company's number of fatalities to zero by 2015. Of the 16 fatalities experienced by the company in 2009, 13 were in South Africa (2007: 27 of 34, 2008: 11 of 14). Statistics company fatalities since 2004 founding:

title: AngloGold Ashanti


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Hrefnesholt

Hrefnesholt is a location in Beowulf where the Geatish king Hæþcyn had taken the Swedish queen. The Swedish king Ongenþeow arrived to save her and killed Hæþcyn. The Geatish force was, however, reinforced by Hygelac, whereupon the Swedes sought refuge in a hillfort, but were stormed by the Geats. Ongenþeow was killed and Hygelac became their new king.

A place by this name, Ramshult (the modern Swedish form), actually exists and it has a hillfort. It is located on the island of Orust, an island which was Geatish territory at this time according to Nordisk familjebok.

title: Hrefnesholt


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Tea gown

A tea gown or tea-gown is a woman's dress for informal entertaining at home. These dresses, which became popular around the mid-19th century, are characterized by unstructured lines and light fabrics. Early tea gowns were a European development influenced by Asian clothing and historical approach from the 18th century which led to the renaissance time period of long and flowing sleeves. Part of this European sense of fashion came from the Japanese kimono.

Tea gowns were intended to be worn without a corset or assistance from the maid; however, elegance always came first.

During the 19th century, it was not appropriate for women to be seen in public wearing a tea gown. They were intended to be worn indoors with family and close friends during a dinner party.

Although tea gowns were meant for midday wear, they could be worn into the evening. Women started wearing tea gowns in the evening for dinner or certain events at home with close friends and family by 1900. Tea gowns intended for day wear usually had high necks, while evening tea gowns had lower necks.

"Emily Post’s book, Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics, and at Home, contains some fascinating information on tea gowns; in fact, her introduction on tea gowns reads like a 19th Century novel."

title: Tea gown


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User:TheMusicMan

I joined WP to help clean up some of the music articles in dire need of improvement.

title: User:TheMusicMan


text: User talk:210.17.188.38

title: User talk:210.17.188.38


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Pete Palmer

Pete Palmer (born January 30, 1938) is an American sports statistician and encyclopedia editor. He is a major contributor to the applied mathematical field referred to as sabermetrics. Along with the Bill James Baseball Abstracts, Palmer's book The Hidden Game of Baseball is often referred to as providing the foundation upon which the field of sabermetrics was built.

Baseball work
Palmer began his career as a baseball analyst when he worked for the Raytheon Corporation as a radar systems engineer. At night, after his co-workers had left for the day, Palmer used the company's (at the time) cutting-edge computers to run advanced simulations analyzing historical baseball statistics. In 1982, he gained notoriety when he recognized a scorekeeper's error which counted a 1910 Detroit Tigers box score twice, crediting Ty Cobb with an extra two hits and three at-bats. That year Cobb was declared the batting champion, despite an unsuccessful effort by the St. Louis Browns to help Cleveland Naps star Nap Lajoie overtake Cobb. If the double-counted game were to be removed Cobb's average would finish second to Lajoie, though Major League Baseball still lists Cobb as the batting average leader. Palmer also innovated the Linear Weights method of estimating a player's offensive contributions, an invention that will likely be his lasting legacy. Palmer, with help from Dick Cramer, invented OPS (on-base plus slugging) in 1978, which now is universally accepted as a measure of batting ability.

Many of Palmer's early works were written in partnership with John Thorn, including The Hidden Game of Baseball and Total Baseball; the latter book also featured, in later editions, the contributions of editor Michael Gershman. Palmer edited or served as a consultant for many of the sports reference books produced by Total Sports Publishing. Palmer's most recent work has been in collaboration with Gary Gillette. Since 2003, the pair has produced five editions of the ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia, and several other baseball annuals. In 2010 he was named a charter member of the Henry Chadwick Society by SABR (Society for American Baseball Research) and also received a lifetime achievement award from them in 2018.

Football work
Palmer has also played a significant role in the field of football statistics. In the seventies, he served as editor for several editions of the A.S. Barnes football encyclopedia. In 1973, he joined the stat crew of the New England Patriots, compiling the official statistics for the team's home games. Palmer continued this task through the 2016 season.

In 1988, Palmer published The Hidden Game of Football, with co-authors Thorn and Bob Carroll. The book was updated and re-released in 1998 and is still considered the seminal work on football analysis. He was also co-editor (with Gillette, Sean Lahman, et al.) of the ESPN Pro Football Encyclopedia.

Personal life
Palmer is married to his wife Beth, together they have three children. Emily, the oldest, Stephen, the youngest, and Daniel. They resides in Hollis, New Hampshire.

title: Pete Palmer


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Ehyophsta

Ehyophsta ( "Yellow-Haired Woman") (b. circa 1826, d. 1915) was a Cheyenne woman warrior. She was the daughter of a chief, Stands-in-the-Timber, who died in 1849, and the niece of Bad Faced Bull. She fought in the Battle of Beecher Island in 1868, and also fought the Shoshone that same year, where she counted coup against one enemy and killed another. She fought the Shoshone again in 1869, and during battle she stabbed and killed an enemy, saving a member of her own people.

It is said that she rode her father's horse, and sang songs alongside a fellow woman warrior, Buffalo Wallow Woman of the Lakota. She was also a member of a secret society composed exclusively of Cheyenne women. During this period, Cheyenne women often participated in battle, dressed and armed the same as the male warriors were.

She died in August of 1915 at the Tongue River Reservation in Montana, aged eighty-nine.

She is one of the women in the Heritage Floor of the famous feminist installation art work, The Dinner Party, by Judy Chicago.

title: Ehyophsta


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Theodorus Bailey (politician)

Theodorus Bailey (October 12, 1758 – September 6, 1828) was an American lawyer and politician from Poughkeepsie, New York, who represented New York in both the U.S. House and Senate.

Early life
Bailey was born near Fishkill in the Province of New York on October 12, 1758 where he attended the rural schools and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1778 and commenced practice in Poughkeepsie, New York.

Career
He served with the New York Militia during the Revolutionary War. He also served in the State militia from 1786 until 1805 and attained the rank of brigadier general.

Bailey ran for Congress in March 1789, but was defeated by Federalist Egbert Benson. Bailey was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the 3rd and the 4th United States Congresses, serving from March 4, 1793, to March 3, 1797. He was elected again to the 6th United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1799, to March 3, 1801. In April 1801, he was elected to the New York State Assembly, but vacated his seat before the State Legislature convened, because he was elected to the 7th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas Tillotson, and served from December 7, 1801, to March 3, 1803.

In 1803, Bailey was elected a U.S. Senator from New York, and served from March 4, 1803, to January 16, 1804, when he resigned to accept the position of Postmaster of New York City, which he held until his death.

Personal life
Bailey was married to Rebecca Tallmadge (1779–1807). She was the daughter of Col. James Tallmadge (1744–1821) and the sister of Matthias B. Tallmadge (1774–1819), a federal judge from New York, and James Tallmadge Jr. (1778–1853), who was a U.S. Representative and who served as Lieutenant Governor of New York under De Witt Clinton. Together, they were the parents of:

 * Catherine Rebecca Bailey (1804–1844), who married William Cecil Woolsey (1796–1840) in 1829.
 * Ann Eliza Bailey (d. 1878), who married Arthur Bronson (1801–1844), a son of Isaac Bronson.

Bailey died in New York, New York County, New York, on September 6, 1828 (age 69 years, 330 days). He was interred at Dutch Burying Ground, Manhattan, New York; and was re-interred on January 8, 1864, at Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery, Poughkeepsie, New York.

title: Theodorus Bailey (politician)


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Talk:Genghis Khan/Archive 1

Chingis Khan is the actual way it is written and pronounced in rest of the world. Genghis Khan is the polluted version of his name, commonly used in the West. "...names Genghis Khan and Mongols are almost synonymous with unstoppability..."

Can people please help this article recover from a nasty attack of adjectives? I am sure you thing the guy was great, but saying it so many ways in the same sentence just makes it unreadable.Sandpiper 09:33, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Genius
Ok the thing I don't get is in wikipedia, Napoleon is described as possibly an administrative genius, why not Genghis Khan. What basis do you have to say he is not genius and Napoleon is genius. If Napoleon was genius, Genghis Khan is genius too, don't you see the problem here?

 * The convention is to add information to the bottom of talk pages, not the top, see my reply there, and please do sign your answers. --Goodoldpolonius2 8 July 2005 04:32 (UTC)

Genghis Khan's Insane genocidal policy
How could you make such a disgustingly revisionist account of Genghis Khan, and glorify his persona even though he is a mass murderer?

This is absolutely insulting to the millions of lives, and the nations, that were destroyed by this ethnic cleanser.

Even by the standards of the day, his policies were considered brutal and genocidal. It was unprecedant even in that time to try to depopulate an entire region of the world, a region that had produced a number of the preeminent scientists of the world at the time (i.e. Al-Khwarizmi the so-called "father of algebra" who created of algebra, Omar Khayyám, famous mathematician, astronomer and poet, who discovered a method for solving cubic equations, which he put down in the Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra and wrote the famous Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam) no less, in order to create grazing ground for Mongol nomads and to ensure no resistance.

How could you sugarcoat such hate and venom?

This is disgusting.

 * First of all he there wasn't a genocide, read the term. Genghis Khan didn't go after one ethnic group to exterminate them. He didn't tried to wipe out an entire race, just like Hitler tried to do. There is no hate and venom and ethnic cleansing. Read more about Genghis Khan.

 * Could people please sign their comments? Actual, Genghis Khan did wage at least one war of genocide, against the Tanguts. The Secret History says of this, "The Conqueror of the world had for his funeral rites the massacre of an entire people." See, for example: Grousset, Rene: Conqueror of the World, translated from French by M. McKellar and D. Sinor, Orion Press, New York, 1966 and R. J. Rummel's site. --Goodoldpolonius2 6 July 2005 03:21 (UTC)

 * I agree about signatures. I disagree on the authority of J R Rummell's site which seems to rely entirely on taking pre-modern historians absolutely literally in a way that is not justified by the reality. In relation to the Tangut issue even that site itself says: 'Quoted in Ibid., pp. 286-287. "The elimination cannot, however, have been quite total, since a considerable number of Tangut subjects were allotted to the Lady YesŸi." (Ibid., p. 287).' Historians writing in a pre-scientific age should not be cited as though they were writing with scientific precision. Even events as recent and well documented as the 1453 Siege of Constantinople are accompanied by gross exaggerations on both sides as to the forces involved and the number of dead. I obviously have no brief for genocide or for imperial conquest. I just do not see that reading a text according to an entirely different set of conventions from those under which it was written contributes much to real history. The death toll from the An Lushan Rebellion is estimated by modern authors at 36 million, but there is no demand to convict An Lushan of genocide. The death toll from the European invasion of the Americas was equally dramatic. Modern authors estimate that the population of Mexico fell by 90% within two generations of the conquest. We need to represent competing views where they exist. We do not need to exaggerate the precision of pre-modern authors or select Chingiz as the one conqueror to be drawn entirely in black. Alan 7 July 2005 10:43 (UTC)

After agreeing, you forgot to sign :) In any case, I was not arguing that we needed to insert that Genghis was genocidal, but merely to point out that his actions do meet the definition of genocide.  You do not need to wipe out every human of a particular race in order to be accused of genocide -- the intention is important as well.  If you don't like Rummell, take some other sources: None of this indicates that we need to call it genocide in this article, the case is probably arguable, as you suggest, and ancient authors are unreliable.  However, I think that Anonymous Guy #1 may have a point, even if the lanuage he used to state it is imprecise.  --Goodoldpolonius2 6 July 2005 05:17 (UTC)
 * Le Monde Diplomatique: "The destruction began with the genocide of the Tangut people of the Western Xia empire in northwest China. The Mongols razed many prosperous towns and reduced provinces to arid steppes, killing as they passed through: eventually they slaughtered some 600,000 Tanguts."
 * History of the Mongol Conquests, JJ Saunders, U. Pennsylvania Press, 1972: "The cold and deliberate genocide practiced by the Mongols, which has no parallel save that of the ancient Assyrians and the modern Nazis, perhaps arose from mixed motives of military advantage and superstitious fears..." From the really cool Google Print feature.
 * Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review edited by Israel W Charney, 1994, lists the invasion of Afghanistan by Genghis as a genocide
 * Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century by Benjamin A Valentino, gives the Mongols as one of the earliest examples

 * I will sign, I will sign, I will sign. I query the le Monde article. Among other thngs the author states that Mongols 'did not take prisoners' which we know to be untrue. In fact not only did Chingis Khan take prisoners but he frequently incorporated them into his army and court. Yeh-lu Chu-tsai, his principal mnister, was a Uighur prince. The author also extrapolates the treatment of Merv and Nishapur into standard Mongol policy. The Genocide Convention Alan 7 July 2005 10:55 (UTC)
 * Ok I don't think you still don't understand the meaning of genocide, and you should look at other people when trying to portray someone as genocidal. Hitler can be considered the biggest genocidal leader in the world, and he did it to try to erase an well respected human beings that didn't attack them. First of all, there is no evidence that he tried to eliminate the Tanguts. Tanguts are probably well known of resistance to Genghis Khan's rule, but that doesn't me he tried to exterminate them just because he didn't like them. We should be very careful in using the word genocide in Genghis Khan's rule. He didn't persecute people on race, religion and culture, on the opposite he respected them and included all of them as Mongols. Mongols term if you read them, doesn't necessarily include Mongolians in Mongolia. There was possible attack against the Tanguts and there is no saying or writing that Genghis Khan tried to erase their lineage or quotes, maybe he got pissed off of continious resistance of Tanguts. Maybe Tanguts were like Mongols who were strong and stood what they believed in. Everyone that time thought they were the rightful ruler of the world and Genghis Khan is no exception, at least he was very good at it. We should be careful not to confuse Hitler and Genghis Khan.

'''Would people please sign their comments? I have no idea how many people are in on this debate.''' As for whomever wrote the last comment, again, your assertions that I don't know the meaning of genocide do not make sense. First, I quoted above from many well-known historians who called Genghis's actions genocide in their works. Second, his attacks aimed at wiping out the Tanguts qualify as genocide by any definition, see the Wikipedia entry genocide, or simply read the UN convention on genocide. Again, note that I have not inserted the word "genocide" into the article, nor have I called him like Hitler. At the same time, whitewashing is not needed either. If you are going to argue that he did not commit genocidal acts, than please cite some sources. --Goodoldpolonius2 7 July 2005 01:23 (UTC)
 * Well my point is if Genghis Khan was white and was from Europe, he would be portrayed as the most successfull, powerful, influential and the founder of the largest empire. Please don't undermine and try to medicate centuries of Western-biased thoughts into this article. That's all I'm saying, if Genghis was white and killed all other non-Europeans he would be one of the greatest person on Wikipedia. By the way, how do you sign anonymously

 * You can sign (anonymously or not) with four tildes ( ~ ). siafu 7 July 2005 01:58 (UTC)

 * I am not sure what you mean by signing anonymously, but you can sign by clicking on the little signature box (second icon from the right above the edit window) [and thanks siafu!]. Also, our goal should not be to correct presumed Western historical bias by injecting bias in the other direction.  Khan was a great conquerer and a builder of an empire - that is included in the article.  He also caused a massive amount of destruction - that is also in the article.  You cannot reject every source you don't like as Western-biased, and you need to provide some sources of your own if you want your arguments to hold a lot of weight.  I appreciate your desire to give Genghis credit for his achievements, but we must also note the atrocities.  If you have evidence that they did not happen, please present them, but otherwise don't just remove or water them down. Additional note: in case 168.253.21.2 is confused, I did not write the first unsigned comment that started this section above, I only chimed in later to clarify the point about genocide. --Goodoldpolonius2 7 July 2005 01:56 (UTC)

Father's death (date)
The article for Yesugay Ba'atur shows his father's death to have occured in 1167, whereas this article says 1175. Which--if either--is correct? --Milkmandan 16:27, 2004 Sep 2 (UTC)

 * He died when Genghis was around 13 years old. So depending on which date of birth you think is correct (1155,1162 or 1165), you'd have different dates for Yesugei's death.

Literacy (see also below)
I've added the word 'likely' to the description of his illiteracy in light of possible new developments. See Reuters Article. 23/Aug/04

Meaning of his name
To Menchi. The meaning of chinggis is not completely ascertained, but I've never heard that it means ocean. Don't you mixed it up with the Dalai Lama? (sorry) The leading theory is that chinggis derived from an archaic Turkish word that means valorous. The Mongols forgot its etymology, so various folk etymologies have made. --Nanshu, revised Nanshu 13:31, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the insights. --Menchi 02:27 14 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * Yes I agree. The word Genghis doesn't sound anything like Mongolian. Maybe I'm not sure. I don't really know whether it means "Oceanic Ruler" or "Universal Ruler." It definitaly shouldn't be interpreted in one way or another, before language specialist comes in here. So we just generalize and mean something I guess.
 * posted by 38.112.5.146

I have to correct my mistake. See:
 * de Rachewiltz, Igor: The Title Činggis Qan/Qaɤan re-examined, Gedanke und Wirkung: Festschrift zum 90. Geburtstag von Nikolaus Poppe, ed. Walther Heissig & Klaus Sagaster, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, pp.281-298, 1989.

I knew that relatively new Mongolian chonicles like Altan tobchi and Erdeni-yin tobchi contain an episode: before the enthronement a bird sang, "chinggis, chinggis." It is obviously a folk etymology which was created by those who failed to understand what chinggis meant. And according to Okada Hidehiro, chinggis was a loan word from ancient Turkish that meant "fierce." But I didn't know other theories.

In that paper, Igor de Rachewiltz (incidentally, he is a descendant of Chinggis Khan in maternal line) dealt with various theories that had been proposed by predecessors and drew his own conclution:
 * 'Činggis Qan' would then no longer mean 'Universal Ruler', but rather 'The Fierce Ruler.'

Yes. There was/is "Universal Ruler" theory. Ramstedt and Pelliot claimed that činggis is, most probably, the palatalized Mongol form of Turkish teŋiz meaning 'sea, ocean', and by extension 'universal.' I feel ashamed of not knowing the big names' theory. As I said above, the author did not supprt this theory, and I don't know whether it is still widely supported or not.

He also examined the title of Khan/Khaghan. It is surely useful for expanding the article of Khan. --Nanshu 13:31, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Languages and scripts
We don't need Chinese characters here.

--Nanshu 04:23, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Chinggis and other words are Mongolian, not Chinese.
 * Chinese is only one of many source languages. Other than Mongolian and Chinese, Persian is indispensable in Mongolian history. Showing all these languages is cumbersome.
 * If you want to know Chinese representations, go to Yuan Dynasty.

Genghis Khan's name came across as the "The Very Mighty King." This is shown by the article "Genghis Khan establishes an empire c.1225." The article can be found on discover online edition. The link is http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/src.
 * I don't think this is correct. Your link is broken, and your edit to the death of Genghis Khan doesn't have outside reference. Do you have reference for the edit you made to the death section? I would be glad to see that, at least to verify that you didn't made that up. Thanks.

I think the meaning of Chinggis Khan is "Ruler of land and sea" or just "Oceanic Ruler"

Uniting the Tribes; Extent/size of conquests/empire
There is no information about uniting the tribes in this section.

 * Genghis Khan...was a Mongolian khan and military leader who unified the Mongolian tribes and then founded the Mongol Empire by conquering most of Asia, including China, Russia, Persia, and the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.

Genghis Khan certainly did not conquer most of Asia (more than 50%): it was his sons and grandsons who did, not him. He did not conquer China -- at least the whole of it: his grandson Kublai Khan did. Neither did he take Eastern Europe: he merely sacked Caucasus and then left it alone. This section could do with some rewriting.

He certainly did take almost the entire Central Asia, parts of China and Afghanistan; but his legacy is in pointing the way rather than making the final kill. []. Mandel 16:03, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Trivia
Some (barely consequential) trivia: Genghis/Chinggis Khan, at the height of his rule, is said to have had over 500 wives and concubines. He is said to have had red hair and green eyes. (This from The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe; James Chambers). He died from internal injuries sustained from a fall from his horse. Modern Mongols anticipate their great Khan's return, he is a figure to them much like King Arthur of Britain. Andreia Wilson

 * Genghis didn't have red hair and green eyes. How many people of Asian heritage has red hair? Have common-sense, Europeans have red hair and green eyes.

 * While this is new to me, it isn't totally out of the question - the Tocharians of what is not Xinjiang were red-haired, green-eyed Indo-European-speaking people - the description comes from contemporary Chinese sources, their own illustrations and mummies. There were also nomadic people to the north of them who were reported to be red haired and green eyed, although there is no physical evidence of the appearance of those people (as far as I can tell).  The Tocharians (and their neighbours) were probably absorbed by the surrounding Mongol and Turkic people, although some apparently migrated to Bactria.

 * I am not expressing an opion was to whether the trivia above is true or not - all I am saying is that it is not as implausible as it might seem. Guettarda 21:52, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The Takla Makan Mummies, who were European and had red hair, were found in the Takla Makan Desert in China. They are 3000 years old and were found wearing a plaid-patterned material (a very old variation of The Kilt). They were found along the old Silk Road, along with some of their things: a horse's saddle, leather mittens, ornamental mirror and a baby bottle.     One mummy had been sewn up with horse hair stitches.   Also, near the Chinese city of K'u-ch'e in the Tian-Shan mountains cave wall paintings which have the Tocharians of three thousand years ago with red or blonde hair, long noses, blue or green eyes.

Google "Takla Makan Mummies baby bottle" for more interesting info. Here is a link with photos of the mummies :). http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/chinamum/taklamakan.html

His dying of inernal injuries from falling of horse is alleged. We don't really know how he died. Some people say he died because of age, caught spiritually poisened by the Chinese, etc. We don't know for sure.

Military tactics
Shouldn't there be a section here about Genghis Khan's military tactics? I mean, he is considered the greatest general of all time and everything.

 * I wrote the Military tactics section with high reliance on outside source. I could definitely be expanded with more facts. We need reliable sources.

Also, there seems to be an inordinate amount of detail in the sections dealing with Genghis's Chinese campaigns, especially the final one. I think this either needs to be balanced out (more detail in the other military campaigns) or shortened. Brutannica 20:23, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

(Il)Literacy
Regarding Chinggis' (il)literacy, there have been reports in newspapers regarding the findings of an academician which confirmed a handwritten note as being written by Chinggis. The note was regarding a Taoist sermon by a famous monk, to which Chinggis wrote 'I will read it personally'. I will update the relevant section accordingly.

-TheSeez

 * Nanshu brought this up already. Brutannica 23:47, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Values of Genghis Khan?
The piece on the "values" of Genghis seems to contradict other portions of the article. Also it has horrible grammar.

 * I agree. Although I enjoy how it offers an opposing viewpoint to traditional Western images of Temujin being barbaric, it's a bit POV. I was considering editing it, but it might be deletable or at least moved to some other part of the article. Even better, someone knowledgeable could write about the "good/bad" views of Temujin -- see the Christopher Columbus article for an example. Brutannica 01:10, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * P.S.: Regarding the rodent post -- it came from The Cartoon History of the Universe III, which I believe to be a more reliable source than it sounds.

 * I would vote for capturing both sides of the discussion. That would provide the complete picture, no? —iFaqeer | Talk to me! 19:12, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * About eating rodents, yes Mongols and presently Mongolians eat rodents sometime, but I don't think it's necessary to say they only ate rodents. There are many other things that Mongols ate like drink milk, eat yogurt, etc. It seems a little biased, and I'll try that change that. Also Mongols doesn't eat all rodents, just specific ones without any diseases of course.

 * I wrote that article, and the reason why I did it is to try to eliminate the Western emotional POV that is so prevelant in the West. I try to be matter-of-factly as possible in writing Genghis Khan article, and somewhat be respectful the Mongolians who they respect Genghis very much. I'm a Mongolian so I know these kinds of things, and please, please don't introduce your emotional arguments into the article. Let's be respectful on both sides, because I will still continue to introduce "Eastern view" of Genghis Khan consistently. Read "Genghis Khan and the Mongols" - try google-ing it. We need balance in this article and it is filled with so much emotional gibbirish, and I try to edit-out that much as possible.

 * I like that Columbus model.
 * Also, I would advice not dismissing a contribution just because of the quality of the English. The way I see it, the whole idea behind the Wikipedia and the only justfication for my spending time here is to be able to collect and present a more complete picture than the mainstream encyclopedias have done—and that is only possible if we include and encourage voices from all perspectives and around the globe (and beyond?) Including encouraging people not to keep off posting if they can't do it in flawless English. Once they have posted, others of us can help copy-edit, etc. And if one of us sees an entry that has grammar issues, please help edit and improve the language. Or refer it for attention. Please see Why aren't these pages copy-edited for details.  —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 22:37, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * I like that suggestion. Columbus model is pretty good and we need it in this article than any other. I'll try to research it a bit and brainstorm it a bit.

Rodents
That is probably marmot, isn't it? Marmot is actually considered a delicacy, and they are quite common in most parts of Mongolia. Other common species are sqirrels and mice, but those are usually not eaten. 12:17, Feb. 28, 2005

Regarding Genetic Survey
Interesting fact. However, does anyone have a link or at least some information on who conducted the survey, etc? It'd be good to have that in the article. Jsan 21:06, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. Guettarda 23:02, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Largest Contiguous Empire?
I find it curious that people see the need to say contiguous. The only non-contiguous empire that comes even close to rivalling the Mongol Empire is the British Empire and according to sources on this site it was less than thirty million square kilometres (considerably smaller than almost forty million for the Mongol Empire. The other empire that rivals this is Tsarist Russia/USSR but this is also contiguous and also smaller. I think it suffices to say "the largest empire" in history - this gives the full credit the Mongol Empire deserves.

I'm also curious as to why people feel the detail of the descriptions in the Chinese campaigns is a problem. Surely the more detail the better. Even if other campaigns aren't covered in as much detail we should be aiming to increase the detail on those campaigns, not decrease detail on the Chinese campaigns. Besides - China is by far the most populous, technologically advanced and all round most significant nation the Mongols invaded, so it makes sense to make the descriptions of the campaigns there more detailed. In the Napoleonic Wars article no one is suggesting we give the Carribean Campaigns equal detail to the German ones. The more important the area is the more people will wish to know about the campaigns there. This is common sense. 211.26.76.169

 * Well said. We need more articulate and bold people around here.
 * But then the problem could be that for such a large article, people don't notice such details when reading, or simply do not know enough details to add onto particular sections. Wiki is relatively new, and people who are actually THE experts in each respective field may not have yet come across wiki as they may be busy perfecting what they do.  LG-犬夜叉 13:05, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

image copyrights
Some of these images - those not obviously 100 yrs old - may not in fact be PD or even fair use... particularly when they exist in high-res formats. Please double-check. Being 'from a museum' is not enough to guarantee they are PD. +sj  +  10:50, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Error?
"In his funeral, as secrecy, it is said that 40 baby camels were buried in Genghis Khan's grave, so that their mothers could not even locate the location where the baby camels were buried"

This doesn't make sense at all, can the author of this clarify this?

 * I believe the intent was so that the camels would remember the spot. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 19:47, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)

Chinese
I will later make a case for putting Chinese characters in this article. Colipon+(T) 03:54, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Can somebody add pronunciation to all those names? Any discussion? I've always heard "jeen-ghees-haan" in Polish and in English usually "jin-ghis-kan". Which is the Mongolian pronounciation?
 * I think chi ng'g s han is the Mongolian pronunciation
 * Which is in the IPA (I believe), which I'm going to add to the article. I have a semi-related question, which is, why is his name not transliterated , and his true name ? --Whimemsz 18:28, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Chinggis Khaan is definitely the Mongol pronounciation, with strong "gg" and long "aa" It's definitely not starts with "geng", it's more like "chin". Yes "Temuujin" is the Mongol pronounciation with long "uu" with strong "j". I hope that helps. Khaan is not pronounced like "Kaan", its more like hard "h" like "haan".
 * Unfortunately, terms like "hard", "soft", "long", "strong, "weak", and "short" don't help much outside of the context of the specific language (e.g., describing sounds in Mongolian as "hard" only makes sense to speakers of Mongolian). If you're familiar with IPA, would you mind explaining in those terms? siafu 00:50, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

...due to the enormous amount of rape he committed
I have to put in a word for that—not my own suggestion. No, it's too blunt, too POV. But there must be some truth in it, cf. the famous quote--well famous to Conan the Barbarian fans anway, although from that Persian historian whose name slips my mind. Lectiodifficilior

There is definatly truth in it, its what he's well known for. For a actual source see the BBC documentary of last week. It was standard practice amongst even many of the nicer militaries of the time never mind the emperor of a horde rampaging around the place destroying all in its path. As it is without that it just says that there are some people with a chromosome from sometime around his life- so what? It needs to mention further into what this study actually means in relation to Genghis- that he got around in a bit in the women stakes.--Josquius 17:37, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Name in different languages

 * af:Genghis Khan
 * ar:جنكيز خان
 * bs:Džingis Kan
 * ca:Genguis Khan
 * cs:Čingischán
 * da:Djengis Khan
 * de:Dschingis Khan
 * es:Gengis Kan
 * eo:Ĝingis-Ĥano
 * fa:چنگیزخان
 * fr:Gengis Khan
 * fy:Genghis Khan
 * ko:칭기즈 칸
 * hr:Džingis kan
 * id:Genghis Khan
 * it:Gengis Khan
 * he:ג'ינגיס חאן
 * lb:Dschingis Khan
 * lt:Čingis Chanas
 * jbo:Tcingis xan
 * hu:Dzsingisz kán
 * ms:Genghis Khan
 * nl:Genghis Khan
 * ja:チンギス・ハーン
 * pl:Czyngis-chan
 * pt:Genghis Khan
 * sl:Džingiskan
 * 1) simple:Genghis Khan
 * fi:Tšingis-kaani
 * sv:Djingis Khan
 * tr:Cengiz Han
 * tt:Çıñğız xan
 * vi:Thành Cát Tư Hãn
 * zh:成吉思汗

Yuan Dynasty
I'd contest the statement: 'Many Chinese revere him as the founder of the Yuan Dynasty.'

(1) The Yuan dynasty dates from 1271 when Kublai Khan transferred his capital from Mongolia to Beijing and took a Chinese dynastic name.

(2) I do not think the Chinese revere Genghis Khan, if anything they have the same attitudes as other nations conquered by the Mongols.

Alan 12:42, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * While "revered" may not be the proper word, Genghis Khan is the founder of the Yuan dynasty, according to both Kublai Khan himself and Chinese historians. Our own article, Yuan dynasty says: Timüjin, later to be more prominently known as Ghengis Khan, was the first in the line of Yuan rulers. It's true that Genghis Khan never referred to his line as the "Yuan Dynasty", but this is actually common with the founders of Chinese dynasties (e.g. Cao Cao was only posthumously made emperor Wu of the Wei Dynasty). siafu 14:15, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Cao Cao is a special case in that the Wei dynasty was a regional formation that did not achieve sole control. Far from being posthumous, most dynastic founders not only proclaimed their own dynasty but chose the dynastic name. At Genghis Khan's death he had gravely weakened the Jin in North China but the Southern Song remained in control of south China with a greater share of both population and wealth. Our own article on Genghis says that Ogodei finally destroyed the Jin in 1234. The standard academic histories do not list Genghis as a Chinese emperor or as the Yuan founder. I'll do some library research and post some citations in a day or so. Alan 00:22, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"De Facto" Chief?
Maybe someone who is familiar with this topic can answer this question: Upon his father's death, did Gengis become "de facto" chief, or "de jure"? Was he chief in fact--acting chief--or chief in law or custom--chief in name only? The sentence which follows makes it sound like he was chief in name only, so I have omitted the "de fact." If this was done in error, please do correct it .--Smallwhitelight 00:53, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I added "de facto" without thinking about the possibility of saying "de jure"; I just meant that he was technically chief upon his father's death, but was not recognized as such by the tribe. De jure is probably better. siafu 02:22, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Future
This article has received a great deal of work recently; in recognition of this I removed the cleanup and copyedit templates from the main article. I think this article could be featured sometime in the future (hopefully near), but I think it would be good to put together a to do list first, and to do that we need to hear from more people than just me. In the humble opinions of my fillow editors:

 * Has this article been sufficiently copyeditted?
 * Has this article been sufficiently cleaned up?
 * Does it now represent a more global view?
 * Would a request for peer review be benificial?
 * What parts need expansion the most?
 * &c.

Please weigh in. siafu 02:34, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm willing to check over the editing portion, but the content issues will need to be addressed by another user. What I corrected earlier seemed to be errors of haste--typos, wording, etc--none of the non-native English errors I was expecting from previous discussion.  Someone must have gotten to that.  I'll look over the entire thing very soon.  I had intended to do that tonight, but I decided that I was neglecting the details of my non-wiki life.  Funny, here I am again, but now I'm off to read paper books.--Smallwhitelight 02:42, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think it needs much more work.

(1) Genghis was not present at the 1223 raid on the Crimea or at the Battle of Kalkha River.

(2) The section Uniting the Tribes omits anything between Genghis' adoption by Wang Khan and his election as khagan. There is no mention of Jamuga or of the rebellion against Wang Khan. The section is also unclear that 'Wang Khan' is a title the Jin granted to Toghril of the Kerait.

(3) The section on the invasion of North China needs more detail.

(4) The reference to the conquest of South East Asia should be deleted or it should be clarified as the work of his successors. Ditto the conquest of Russia.

(5) A number of subordinates - Yeh-lü Ch'u-ts'ai, Jebe, Subedei and so forth - should be included.

Alan 06:11, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Death and Burial v. Tangut
The Tangut's are here referred to both at the Tangut's and by their Chinese name the 'Western Xia' and perhaps more problematic is that there are links for both. Tangut is the normal English term, which got it from Russian. The indigenous term is Minyag. --Nathan hill 11:43, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC) Never mind, I think I have fixed it now. --Nathan hill 11:57, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Some brave soul should really address the cluster of redirects to the Kara-Khitan Khanate and Liao Dynasty articles. Alan 01:33, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

RV
I reverted this paragraph from the article:

However, the view that the (objective) slaughtering of masses of people cannot justify a purely positive evalution of a historical figure is a genuine occidental one, which has partially its roots in the tradition upholding of human rights, most notably the right to life. This might in parts help to explain the the different views that "the West" and "the East" have of Genghis Khan. It should also be noted that Adolf Hitler (who is almost always portrayed as negative in western historical tradition) has repeatedly expressed his admiration for Genghis Khan and his ability to and achievement of having wiped out entire tribes.

If Hitler praised Genghis Khan, it would need a reference (and preferably a quote) to even be considered for inclusion (see reductio ad hitlerum). Also, claiming that upholding human rights is a purely occidental idea is rather a radical claim (presented here unsourced), and not necessarily relevant to the issue at hand. siafu 19:00, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I would have reverted it as well, not because it's Reductio ad Hitlerum (if anything the writer seems to think Hitler is an authority) but because it's factually inaccurate. The Mongols may have practised a brutal warfare, especially aganst cities, but that is not genocide and there is no record of the Mongols seeking to deliberately exterminate an ethnic group. Alan 01:36, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

One comment on this: it appears that Genghis did in fact do commit the occasional deliberate genocide -- I think the campaign against the Tatars shortly after 1206 should be counted as such -- it's even in the Secret History, if I am not utterly mistaken. --Dietwald 17:02, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Reading bits of this article seems a LOT of it has come from Paul Ratchnevsky's Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy I don't know how different it has to be for copyrights, but some of it is pretty close.

title: Talk:Genghis Khan/Archive 1


text:
Steve Regal

Steve Regal (born August 25, 1951) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with the American Wrestling Association.

Professional wrestling career
Born in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, Regal started wrestling in 1977 and later achieved his biggest success in the American Wrestling Association (AWA) during the mid-1980s. During his tenure there, Regal defeated Buck Zumhofe for the AWA World Light Heavyweight Championship in 1984. In 1985, the AWA began teaming him with "Gorgeous" Jimmy Garvin and, with the help of the Fabulous Freebirds, defeated The Road Warriors to win the tag title. Regal and Garvin lost the tag title to Curt Hennig and Scott Hall four months later. Regal also made appearances with World Class Championship Wrestling during this time period, challenging Brian Adias for the Texas Heavyweight Title.

The pair then signed to wrestle with the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA)'s Pacific Northwest Wrestling, where he held the NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship twice. He vacated the title in December 1981 due to an injury.

Jim Crockett Promotions (1986)
In 1986, he joined Jim Crockett Promotions and made his debut on May 17 at a house show in Baltimore, MD where he fought Denny Brown to a draw for the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship. They would wrestle several more times to draws during the month. Regal made his first televised appearance on the May 24th edition of World Championship Wrestling, facing George South, then appeared on the May 31st edition of NWA Worldwide, facing Rocky King. On the June 7th edition of NWA Pro Wrestling Regal joined heel Jimmy Garvin in attacking Wahoo McDaniel.

On June 4 he sustained his first loss, falling to Denny Brown at a house show in Raleigh, NC. Through June and July Regal continued to face Brown for the title on the Great American Bash house show summer tour; on the final night of the series, he defeated Brown to win the NWA Junior Heavyweight Championship in front of 12,000 at the Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta, GA on August 2. Regal would successfully defend his title several times in August against Brown before finally losing the championship back to him at a house show in Greensville, NC on September 1. Following a match with Héctor Guerrero on September 4, he departed for the World Wrestling Federation.

World Wrestling Federation (1986)
While with the AWA and NWA, Regal's career appeared to be on the rise, but by 1985, the WWF roster was full of large athletes and bodybuilders, and the primary focus was on brawling and personality over science. Despite his talent, Regal was used exclusively as a jobber, a fate shared by many WWF wrestlers at the time who were not large bodybuilders and didn't have an over-the-top gimmick. Regal was still billed as "Mr Electricity", but did not receive the promotional vignettes that many of the other incoming wrestlers received who joined the WWF in the second half of 1986, such as Koko B. Ware, Superstar Billy Graham, Dick Slater, Outback Jack, or The Honky Tonk Man.

Regal made his first WWF appearance on September 16, 1986, when he teamed with Terry Gibbs to take on the Junkyard Dog and George Steele in a match that would be televised on the October 11th edition of WWF Superstars. On September 22 he gained his first victory, pinning jobber Jose Luis Rivera at Madison Square Garden. From this point onward however, Regal was winless for several weeks, facing Nick Kiniski, Billy Jack Haynes, Dick Slater, and the Honky Tonk Man. He defeated Jerry Allen on October 22 in Richfield, OH and won a dark match at a WWF Superstars taping on October 28; these would be his last wins. His final WWF match was a loss the following day to Tito Santana and Pedro Morales at Wrestling Challenge, after which he left the promotion.

Jim Crockett Promotions (1988)
Regal returned to the NWA at an event in Peoria, IL on March 20, 1988. He faced and defeated Spike Huber, marking his first wrestling match since leaving the WWF.

Windy City Wrestling (1988–1995)
Regal joined the startup Windy City Wrestling promotion shortly afterwards and was crowned their World Heavyweight Champion. He would hold the title for 619 days, defending the belt against Jim Brunzell, Ken Patera, and Colonel DeBeers. After losing the title he continued to make appearances for WCW through 1995. His final appearance came in a disqualification victory against Jerry De Camillo on February 18, 1995, at a TV taping in Chicago. He retired in 1996.

Personal life
Regal is the son-in-law of wrestler Wilbur Snyder.

Championships and accomplishments

 * American Wrestling Association
 * AWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * AWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Jimmy Garvin
 * Central States Wrestling
 * NWA Central States Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Dewey Robertson
 * Continental Wrestling Association
 * AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Hector Guerrero
 * International Association of Wrestling
 * IAW Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 * IAW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Jerry De Camillo
 * Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
 * NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pacific Northwest Wrestling
 * NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Matt Borne
 * Pro Wrestling America
 * PWA Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * World Wrestling Association (Indianapolis)
 * WWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Spike Huber
 * Windy City Pro Wrestling
 * WCPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * WCPW Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Other Titles
 * FWA America's Championship (1 time)
 * FWA Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

title: Steve Regal


text: User talk:217.23.37.90

title: User talk:217.23.37.90


text:
Viratnagar

Viratnagar previously known as Bairat (IAST: ) or Bairath (IAST: ) is a town in Kotputli-Behror district of Rajasthan, India.

Ancient era
According to Huen Tsang, visitor to China, Tonk was under Bairath State or Viratnagar previously known as Bairat or Bairath.

The present-day site of Bairat corresponds to the ancient city of Virāṭanagara, which was the capital of the Iron Age Matsya kingdom (c. 1400-c. 350 BC), which was one of the solasa (sixteen) Mahajanapadas (great kingdoms) according to the 6th BCE Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya. Matsya kingdom had Kuru and Surasena mahajanapadas to its north and east respectively.

Medieval era
Bairat was a part of the Mauryan Empire. The ruins of the Bijak-ki-pahadi (Bairat Temple), a Buddhist Chaitya (chapel) from the 3rd century BCE located in Bairat, are the oldest free-standing Buddhist structures in India. The town is also home to ruins of a Buddhist monastery, a wood and timber shrine, and two rock-cut edicts (Bairat Edict and Bhabru Edict) from Emperor Ashoka; these date from the Mauryan period (circa 250 BCE). However, Akhnoor, a town in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir is also considered by many as the ancient Virat Nagar.

Early modern era
The town has a number of Mughal structures, including a Chhatri (cenotaph) with some of the earliest surviving murals in Rajasthan, and a lodge where the Mughal emperor Akbar hunted and stayed overnight on his yearly pilgrimage to Ajmer.

Geography
Bairat is located at 27.45°N, 76.18°W. It has an average elevation of 430 m.

title: Viratnagar


text:
Orville Schell

Orville Hickock Schell III (born May 20, 1940) is an American sinologist. He is currently Arthur Ross Director of the Asia Society's Center on U.S.-China Relations. He previously served as dean of the University of California, Berkeley's Graduate School of Journalism.

Early life and education
Schell's father Orville Hickok Schell, Jr., was a prominent lawyer who headed the New York City Bar Association and also the New York City Ballet. The senior Schell also chaired the human rights group Americas Watch from its founding in 1981 until his death in 1987, co-founded Helsinki Watch, forerunner to Human Rights Watch, and became the namesake of the Orville H. Schell, Jr. Center for International Human Rights at Yale Law School. Orville Schell III is the older brother of writer Jonathan Schell.

Schell attended Pomfret School in Pomfret, Connecticut, after which he attended Harvard University, leaving in 1960 after his junior year to study Chinese, first at Stanford University and then at National Taiwan University from 1961 to 1964. While in Taiwan, Schell began writing columns for the Boston Globe as its "Man in Asia". He then returned to Harvard and took Asian history, culture and politics courses under John Fairbank and Edwin Reischauer, and completed his bachelor's degree in 1964.

In 1964–65 Schell worked for the Ford Foundation in Jakarta, Indonesia. He then pursued Chinese studies at the University of California, Berkeley, earning a master's degree in 1967, becoming researcher for sociology and history professor Franz Schurmann (head of the school's Center for Chinese Studies) on a three-volume work, The China Reader (1967, Random House). Schell was named as a co-author, establishing him as a China scholar.

Schell continued his graduate studies at University of California, Berkeley, reaching an all but dissertation stage. As anti-Vietnam War protests shook the campus, he became involved in anti-war activism and journalism, and in 1967 he signed the Writers and Editors War Tax Protest pledge, vowing to refuse to pay tax as a protest against the Vietnam War.

Journalism career
In 1969 Schell and Schurmann co-founded Pacific News Service (PNS) to create and distribute news and commentary from a broader spectrum of voices, especially viewpoints from abroad. The PNS was critical of the United States role in Indochina during the Vietnam War and supportive of establishing diplomatic relations with the PRC.

Before his 1974 departure for China, Schell had already published three books, The China Reader, Starting Over: A College Reader and Modern China: The Story of a Revolution.

In 1975 Schell and his younger brother Jonathan Schell (who later wrote the bestseller The Fate of the Earth, and joined The Nation and the Nation Institute) became correspondents at The New Yorker. Schell has also served as a correspondent for the Atlantic Monthly and the New Republic. He has written widely for many other magazine and newspapers, including The New Yorker, Time magazine, Harper's, The Nation, The New York Review of Books, Wired, Foreign Affairs, Newsweek, the China Quarterly, and The New York Times, The Washington Post and Los Angeles Times.

In 1980 Schell won an Alicia Patterson Journalism Fellowship to research and write about the reliance on drugs in the U.S. meat industry.

He has also been a co-producer for the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) production center WGBH-TV in Boston (1984), NBC Nightly News (1987), CBS's 60 Minutes (1991), and helped produce Peter Jennings's specials at ABC Television. In 1994 he worked for the PBS documentary program Frontline.

In 1992 Schell won an Emmy Award and an Alfred I. duPont Award - Columbia University Silver Baton for producing 60 Minutes's Made in China, a documentary about the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre. In 1997, Schell won a George Peabody Award for his production of Frontline's documentary "Gate of Heavenly Peace".

Schell's selection as Dean of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism elicited an attack from right-wing radio talk show host, Michael Savage, who alleged the head of the search committee, sociology professor Troy Duster, had refused to interview him. Savage considered himself a qualified conservative journalist for the job, and claimed that Schell's appointment constituted political patronage, which is illegal under California's labor laws. The suit also argued that a political litmus test for the deanship illegally denied public employment and First Amendment rights to a conservative applicant. The lawsuit was dropped as having little merit and when all conservative applicants withdrew from consideration.

During his tenure Schell was responsible for the hirings of Christopher Hitchens, Michael Lewis, Cynthia Gorney, Michael Pollan, Louis Rossetto, Charles Ferguson, Barbara Ehrenreich, Mark Danner, Steve Wasserman, Stephen Talbot and Tom Engelhardt, among others.

In April 2006, Schell announced his intention to resign as dean.

Schell is now the Arthur Ross Director of the Center on U.S.–China Relations at the Asia Society in New York, which focuses on multimedia journalism, original research and public events to bring attention to areas of mutual interest to the United States and China. Since its inception, the Center has focused primarily on issues of energy and global climate change. Schell oversaw "The China Boom Project", "On Thinner Ice", a joint multimedia project with David Breashears's Glacier Research Imaging Project (GRIP) and MediaStorm, and a new policy effort to maximize American interest in response to investment from China.

A frequent participant in the World Economic Forum, Schell is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Climate Policy Initiative, GE's Eco Imagination Advisory Board and the Council on the Future of Media, which claims to be "championing a new global, independent news and information service whose role is to inform, educate and improve the state of the world-one that would take advantage of all platforms of content delivery from mobile to satellite and online to create a new global network".

Schell is also a senior research scholar at Columbia University's Weatherhead East Asian Institute.

Farming career
Schell has criticized factory farming. In 1976 he published The Town That Fought to Save Itself, about the San Francisco suburb of Bolinas, where he has a ranch. In 1978 he co-founded the company Niman Ranch (then named "Niman-Schell") with Bill Niman with the objective of raising cattle in a humane and environmentally sound manner. He left the company in 1999. In 1984 he published the book Modern Meat: Antibiotics, Hormones, and the Pharmaceutical Farm, criticizing meat production in the United States.

Views on China
Schell first visited the People's Republic of China in 1974, during the last years of Mao Zedong. After Mao's death, Schell wrote: "He conceived of the Chinese revolution, and then helped cause it to happen.  And, in the process, the thought of Chairman Mao became inculcated in almost every Chinese.  The word almost literally became flesh.  And it seemed clear, even before Mao died, that his death could not erase the way in which he had almost become transubstantiated in his people."

In 2004 Schell called China's Communist-Capitalist mix "Leninist capitalism".

In an interview with Terry Gross of NPR's Fresh Air broadcast November 19, 2009, Schell stated that whether or not China's "autocratic capitalism" could deliver economic growth better than democracy was a question he faced "with some trepidation." He suggests the Chinese form of government may be more adaptive than democracy because it is not encumbered by the special interest power blocs found in the United States, and can sometimes be able to act more decisively to deal with the complexities of the world of today, although it can also more quickly implement poor decisions. But, he emphasized that he personally preferred living in an open society.

After Xi Jinping's ascension to power in 2013, Schell has become increasingly critical of China's authoritarian model of governance, and in 2020 wrote an essay about the "death of engagement" between the US and China.

Publications

 * The China Reader (with Franz Schurmann) (1967).
 * Starting Over: A College Reader (1970) (with Frederick Crews).
 * Modern China: The Story of a Revolution (with Joseph W. Esherick) (1972)
 * Modern China: The Making of a New Society from 1839 to the Present (with Joseph W. Esherick) (1972)
 * The Town That Fought to Save Itself (1976)
 * In the People's Republic: An American's First-Hand View of Living and Working in China (1977)
 * Brown (1978) (biography of California governor Jerry Brown)
 * Modern Meat: Antibiotics, Hormones, and the Pharmaceutical Farm (1984)
 * To Get Rich Is Glorious: China in the Eighties (1984)
 * Discos and Democracy: China in the Throes of Reform (1988)
 * Mandate of Heaven: A New Generation of Entrepreneurs, Dissidents, Bohemians, and Technocrats Lays Claim to China's Future (1994)
 * Mandate of Heaven: The Legacy of Tiananmen Square and the Next Generation of China's Leaders (1995)
 * Virtual Tibet: Searching for Shangri-La from the Himalayas to Hollywood (2000)
 * The China Reader: The Reform Years (co-edited with David Shambaugh) (1999)
 * Empire: Impressions of China (2004)
 * Wealth and Power: China's Long March to the Twenty-First Century (with John Delury) (2013)
 * The Treacherous Silicon Triangle, Foreign Affairs, July 17, 2023 (co-authored with Larry Diamond and Jim Ellis)
 * The Treacherous Silicon Triangle, Foreign Affairs, July 17, 2023 (co-authored with Larry Diamond and Jim Ellis)

title: Orville Schell