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Paranormal television

Paranormal television is a genre of reality television that purports to document factual investigations of the paranormal rather than fictional representations seen in traditional narrative films and TV. Over the years, the genre has grown to be a staple of television and even changed the programming focus of networks like the History Channel and the Travel Channel. By highlighting beliefs in topics ranging from Bigfoot to aliens, paranormal television continues to elevate popular interest in the paranormal.

Early precursors (1950s–1999)
Accounts of supernatural occurrences have always been common in the print media. The 1705 pamphlet "A True Relation of the Apparition of One Mrs Veal" by Daniel Defoe is a well-known example. Paranormal television proper can trace its genesis to local TV news programs in the UK and US, which have featured ghost stories since the 1960s. The earliest TV show devoted exclusively to the paranormal was One Step Beyond which broadcast 96 episodes on the ABC network from 1959 to 1961. The stories were promoted as being based on actual real-life experiences, including historically well-known events such as sinking of RMS Titanic, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

It was followed 15 years later by In Search of..., hosted by Leonard Nimoy which ran for six years from 1977 to 1982. Rod Serling was originally slated to host the series, but he died in 1975. In Search of... explored many paranormal topics, including UFOs, cryptozoological creatures (cryptids), lost civilizations, and other mysteries. Though the subject matter gradually lost popularity, the show gave way to future TV series following the same genre.

Unsolved Mysteries, which began airing in 1987 and ended in 2002, would feature paranormal cases from time to time, and further popularised the documentary aspect of paranormal television. Ghostwatch, a fictional news broadcast about a haunted house in the UK that aired in 1992, created controversy when a majority of viewers believed the televised show was real. Discovery Channel started to explore the genre with some success from 1996. The Fox Broadcasting Company aired a news-style oriented show Sightings which lasted for six years.

Reality Television (2000–present)
In 2000, MTV's Fear premiered, merging nascent reality television with the storytelling of traditional horror films. The innovative show established the visual look, music and editing style of the paranormal reality television genre; most iconically, the format of investigators filming themselves with portable cameras as they become frightened exploring dark, unnerving environments. By the end of 2000, shows inspired by MTV's Fear began production for a growing range of networks, starting with Fox Family's Scariest Places on Earth, followed by Murder in Small Town X in 2001, Scare Tactics in 2003. To-date, the genre has grown into a staple of television.

Ghost Hunters premiered in 2004 on Sci Fi (later Syfy) Sci Fi broadened into other paranormal shows, including Destination Truth. Ghost Adventures, another ghost-hunting program, which premiered on the Discovery Networks-owned Travel Channel in 2008, was the successor to a documentary film of the same name that aired on Sci Fi in 2007. A&E aired the prominent ghost-hunting series Paranormal State from 2007 to 2011, and History Channel began to compete in the general paranormal genre around this time with series such as UFO Files, MonsterQuest, UFO Hunters and the documentary special Ancient Aliens, which led to a successor series that began airing in 2010.

Syfy abandoned their focus on paranormal programming by 2015, and Ghost Hunters itself left the network in 2016 after 11 seasons. Around that time, Travel Channel moved completely into airing exclusively paranormal television series (the network initially centering programming around Ghost Adventures) frequently featuring ghost hunting, including series related to Ghost Adventures, as well as later productions featuring former Ghost Hunters members such as Kindred Spirits (2014–present) and Ghost Nation (2019–present). Destination America planned to compete with Travel Channel's paranormal programming (seasons 1-2 of Kindred Spirits aired on DA and TLC), but reversed course after it and TLC were reacquired by Discovery Networks during their acquisition of Scripps Networks Interactive in 2018. In 2019, Ghost Hunters was revived by A&E and aired a 12th season on the channel with a 13th season coming in 2020.

Reactions/critics
Noting the recent trend in reality shows that take the paranormal at face value, The New York Times Culture editor Mike Hale characterized ghost hunting shows as "pure theater" and compared the genre to professional wrestling or soft core pornography for its formulaic, teasing approach.

Los Angeles Times staff writer Ed Stockly wrote that "the paranormal/supernatural-investigation subgenre that has cropped up on cable television over the last few years, which includes Ghost Hunters, Destination Truth, Ghost Adventures, Ghost Hunters International and a few others" promises to "take a skeptical approach in its investigations and to rely on science to confirm or disprove paranormal claims. So far not one has been able to consistently keep that promise."

Writer Diane Dorby proposes that paranormal reality TV shows provide "plausibility structures" that people use for "interpreting the meaning and experience of death".

According to science writer Sharon A. Hill, "Paranormal reality TV shows are designed as entertainment for the curious, not science documentaries to discover truths. If the tempo is too slow it will be sped up by giving "reality" a boost".

title: Paranormal television


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Kevin Brophy

Kevin Michael Brophy (November 1, 1953 – May 11, 2024) was an American film and television actor. He is best known for his portrayal of the title character in Lucan (1977–1978).

Life and career
Brophy was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He appeared with his wife, Amy, in the 1994 film The Magic of the Golden Bear: Goldy III.

In addition to acting, Brophy found employment as a valet who parked cars at the Hotel Bel-Air between 1983 and 2009.

Illinois-based Ray Fulk, a man who died in July 2012 at the age of 71, bequeathed half of his estate to the actor in his will, the other half going to his former Hell Night castmate and The Young and the Restless star Peter Barton, despite never meeting them. Fulk, who had no family of his own, was a fan of both actors.

On June 16, 2024, it was revealed that Brophy died on May 11, 2024, at his home in Rancho Santa Fe, California, following a 10 year battle with stage IV cancer. He was 70.

Partial filmography

 * I'm Losing You (1998) .... Conductor
 * White Dwarf (1995) .... Hospital Orderly
 * Shattered Image (1994) .... Second Dr. Collins
 * The Magic of the Golden Bear: Goldy III (1994) .... Melvin
 * Hart to Hart: Hart to Hart Returns (1993) .... West
 * Fearless (1993) .... TV Reporter
 * Fatal Charm (1990) .... Deputy Williams
 * Code Name Vengeance (1989) .... Chuck
 * Easy Wheels (1989) .... Tony Wolf
 * The Delos Adventure (1987) .... Greg Bachman
 * Time Walker (1982) .... Peter Sharpe
 * The Seduction (1982) .... Bobby
 * Hell Night (1981) .... Peter Bennett
 * Trouble in High Timber Country (1980) .... Tony Aguella
 * The Long Riders (1980) .... John Younger
 * Lucan (1977) .... Lucan

Selected TV guest appearances

 * JAG
 * Just the Ten of Us
 * Growing Pains
 * Finder of Lost Loves
 * Zorro
 * Matt Houston
 * Trapper John, M.D.
 * The Love Boat
 * M*A*S*H
 * The Hardy Boys Mysteries
 * Star Trek: Deep Space Nine

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kevin Brophy


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Kim Hill (soul musician)

Kimberly Allise Hill (born August 7, 1970) is an American soul musician, best known for her work with the hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas.

Personal life
Hill grew up in Camillus, New York, a small suburb outside Syracuse, New York. She was raised by her single mother in a primarily white neighborhood.

Hill is divorced and has one son. She also has a brother.

Career
When Hill moved to Los Angeles, she found work as an extra on television for shows such as Living Single.

She joined Black Eyed Peas after meeting them backstage at a BMI showcase in 1995. She also signed to will.i.am's label I Am Music (an imprint of Interscope Records). Hill got to realize her childhood dream of performing on Soul Train when Black Eyed Peas were asked to perform in 1998.   Hill signed a solo deal with Interscope Records in 1998, but she later ended up releasing the record on her own. As the merger of Interscope's parent company Universal Music Group and PolyGram took full effect, Hill resisted pressure by Interscope to over-sexualize her image. She left the band in 2000, and was later replaced by Fergie in 2002.

Hill has since begun performing as a solo artist, and she occasionally acts in indie projects.

Hill began DJing in 2008.

Hill crowdfunded her cosmetic line, Next of Kim, in November 2018.

title: Kim Hill (soul musician)


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Cynthia McQuillin

Cynthia McQuillin (July 25, 1953 – January 14, 2006) was a filk singer and writer as well as an author and artist. She lived in the San Francisco Bay area. Her songs touched the usual filk topics of science fiction, fantasy, and cats, but also feminism, love, Paganism, and Sizeism.

Her life partner and frequent musical collaborator was the filk singer James Robinson, who was then known as Dr. Jane Robinson. McQuillin reportedly said, upon meeting James for the first time, "At last I get to meet the man I fell in love with!"

Cynthia was inducted to the Filk Hall of Fame at FilKONtario in 1998.

A book of songs by McQuillin as the "Cynthia McQuillin Songbook, ("everything that Dr. Jim Robinson, Kristoph Klover & Margaret Davis, Harold Stein, Mary Creasey, Kay Shapero, Bob Kanefsky, Alan Thiesen, and Lee Gold could find in 2013") was compiled and published by Lee Gold in 2013.

Discography

 * Crystal Singer - 1981
 * Crystal Vision (with Phillip Wayne)
 * Singer in the Shadow - 1983
 * Minus Ten and Counting - 1983
 * Shadow Spun - 1986
 * Dark Moon Circle - 1987
 * Moon Shadows - 1989, reissued by Shadowsinger Records
 * Dreams of Fortune - 1991, reissued by Shadowsinger Records
 * Midlife Crisis - performed by Midlife Crisis: Cynthia McQuillin and Dr. Jane Robinson
 * Bedlam Cats - 1992 - performed by Midlife Crisis, plus Margaret Davis, Kristoph Klover, Patrick McKenna, and Sharon Williams
 * Uncharted Stars - 1993
 * This Heavy Heart - 1994
 * Witch's Dance - 1998

Pegasus Awards

 * 1999 Best Writer/Composer
 * 2006 Best Writer/Composer (awarded posthumously)

Pegasus Nominations

 * 1987 Best Filk Song, "Crimson and Crystal"
 * 1988 Best Writer/Composer
 * 1989 Best Writer/Composer
 * 1991 Best War/Vengeance Song, "The Tyrant's Tale"
 * 1992 Best Writer/Composer
 * 1993 Best Filk Song, "I Would Walk With You"
 * 1993 Best Writer/Composer
 * 1996 Best Filk Song, "Black Davie's Ride"
 * 1997 Best Writer/Composer
 * 1997 Best Sorcery Song, "Crimson and Crystal"
 * 1999 (w/ Jordin Kare) Best Fool Song, "Fool to Feed the Drive"
 * 2004 Best Classic Filk Song, "Black Davie's Ride"
 * 2006 Best Writer/Composer
 * 2007 Best Classic Filk Song, "Black Davie's Ride"
 * 2008 Best Tragedy Song, "Black Davie's Ride"

Convention Honors

 * Baycon, 1991: Special Guest of Honor (Filk)
 * OVFF, 1991: Guest of Honor
 * Fourplay, January 31-February 2, 1992: Guest
 * Conterpoint Too!, June 21–23, 1996: invited but unable to attend
 * ConFurence 10, April 1–4, 1999: Guest of Honor (along with Mary Hanson-Roberts, artist)
 * FilKONtario, 2003: Guest of Honor (along with Dr. Jane Robinson)
 * Fourplay (UK national filk convention #4), 1992 Guest of Honor (along with Dr. Jane Robinson)
 * Marcon 39, 2004: Filk Guest of Honor (along with Dr. Jane Robinson)

title: Cynthia McQuillin


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Cinque Ports (1703 ship)

 * Cinque Ports is also the name for a group of five English port towns, the namesake of this ship.

Cinque Ports was an English ship whose sailing master was Alexander Selkirk, generally accepted as a model for the fictional Robinson Crusoe. The ship was part of a 1703 expedition commanded by William Dampier, who captained the accompanying ship, the 26-gun St George with a complement of 120 men.

When the War of the Spanish Succession broke out in 1701, English privateers were recruited to act against French and Spanish interests. Despite a court-martial for cruelty to one of his crew in an earlier voyage, Dampier was granted command of the two-ship expedition which departed England on 30 April 1703 for the port of Kinsale in Ireland.

Fateful voyage
William Dampier's original companions dropped out of the scheme and a new agreement was made with Captain Charles Pickering of Cinque Ports. Cinque Ports was fitted out with 16 guns and a crew of 63. The two ships left Kinsale on 11 September 1703 with the intention of attacking Spanish galleons returning from Buenos Aires. When this plan fell through the privateers decided to make for the South Sea by way of Cape Horn. While the ships were off the coast of Brazil, an outbreak of scurvy on board Cinque Ports led to the deaths of a number of men, including the captain who was replaced by 21-year-old Lieutenant Thomas Stradling.

After rounding the Horn and cruising up the South American coast as far as Panama, capturing several Spanish ships on the way, the two captains decided to separate. Captain Stradling stopped at one of the islands of the Juan Fernández Archipelago off the Chilean coast in September 1704 to resupply. There was a dispute between Stradling and Alexander Selkirk regarding Cinque Ports' seaworthiness, and Selkirk impetuously chose to be put ashore on the uninhabited island.

Selkirk remained on Juan Fernández in solitude for four years and four months, before being rescued by Woodes Rogers in 1709. His experience was one of the likely sources of inspiration for the character Robinson Crusoe in the novel by Daniel Defoe. Selkirk's suspicions were soon justified, as Cinque Ports foundered near Malpelo Island 400 km from the coast of what is now Colombia; Stradling and the surviving members of his crew were taken prisoner by the Spanish.

Aftermath
An eyewitness account of the last voyage of Cinque Ports was published by William Funnell, an officer on board St George, who went on to circumnavigate the globe after abandoning Dampier in January 1705. The owners of Cinque Ports subsequently took legal action against Dampier over the loss of their ship. According to a deposition given by Selkirk on 18 July 1712, Dampier's failure to advise the owners to have Cinque Ports and St George covered in protective wood sheathing had resulted in "the loss of both ships, for they perished by being worm eaten." Other witnesses supported this allegation. The shipowners would be disappointed, however, as Dampier died in 1715, leaving nothing but debts.

title: Cinque Ports (1703 ship)


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Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's standing long jump

The men's standing long jump was a track & field athletics event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was held on July 16, 1900. Four athletes from two nations competed in the standing long jump. The event was won by Ray Ewry of the United States, with his teammate Irving Baxter the runner-up; the two dominated all three of the standing jumps in 1900, finishing first and second in each. Ewry would take gold medals in all eight standing jump events from 1900 to 1908 (as well as both events at the 1906 Intercalated Games). The bronze medal was won by Émile Torchebœuf of France.

Background
This was the first appearance of the event, which was held four times from 1900 to 1912.

Competition format
There was a single round of jumping.

Records
There was no extant world record. This was the first appearance of the event at the Olympics, so there was no Olympic record either. Ray Ewry set the initial Olympic record with 3.30 metres.

Results
Ewry won all three of the standing jumps in 1900. Just as in the others, he had little difficulty winning the standing long jump, also setting the first Olympic record.


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Luna E-1 No.2

Luna E-1 No.2, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1958B, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1958. It was a 361 kg Luna E-1 spacecraft, the second of four to be launched. It was intended to impact the surface of the Moon, and in doing so become the first man-made object to reach its surface.

The spacecraft was intended to release 1 kg of sodium, in order to create a cloud of the metal which could be observed from Earth, allowing the spacecraft to be tracked. Prior to the release of information about its mission, NASA correctly identified that it had been an attempted Lunar impact mission.

Facing continued political pressure to beat the US, Sergei Korolev lost his temper and exclaimed "Do you think only American rockets explode!?" Once again, he knew that the Pioneer 1 probe was set for launch on October 11, but again decided to wait. Just like with the attempt in August, the US Moon shot failed to attain orbit.

Luna E-1 No.2 was launched on 12 October 1958 atop a Luna 8K72 carrier rocket, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. One hundred and four seconds after launch, pogo effect within the rocket's strap-on booster rockets caused the vehicle to disintegrate. This was the same problem which had caused the loss of Luna E-1 No.1 three weeks earlier.

title: Luna E-1 No.2


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David Card

David Edward Card (born 1956) is a Canadian-American labour economist and the Class of 1950 Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has been since 1997. He was awarded half of the 2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his empirical contributions to labour economics", with Joshua Angrist and Guido Imbens jointly awarded the other half.

Early life and career
David Card was born in Guelph, Ontario, in 1956. His parents were dairy farmers. Card was originally pursuing a degree in physics, before eventually switching to economics. He then earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Queen's University in 1978 and his Ph.D. degree in economics in 1983 from Princeton University, after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Indexation in long term labor contracts" under the supervision of Orley Ashenfelter.

Card began his career at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, where he was assistant professor of Business Economics for 2 years. He was on the faculty at Princeton from 1983 to 1997, before moving to Berkeley; from 1990 to 1991 he served as a visiting professor at Columbia University. From 1988 to 1992, Card was Associate Editor of the Journal of Labor Economics and from 1993 to 1997, he was co-editor of Econometrica. From 2002 to 2005, he was co-editor of The American Economic Review.

Academic work
In the early 1990s, Card received much attention for his finding, together with his then Princeton University colleague Alan B. Krueger that, contrary to widely accepted beliefs among economists, the minimum wage increase in New Jersey did not result in job reduction of fast food companies in that state. While the methodology (see difference in differences) and its claim have been disputed (see minimum wage for discussion), later studies of minimum wage increases have tended to confirm Card and Krueger's findings, and many economists, including Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Krugman, accept these findings.

David Card has also made contributions to research on immigration, education, job training and inequality. Much of Card's work centers on a comparison between the United States and Canada in various situations. On immigration, Card's research has shown that the economic impact of new immigrants is minimal. Card has done several case studies on the rapid assimilation of immigrant groups, finding that they have little or no impact on wages. For example, Card studied the economic impacts of the Mariel boatlift, and compared the economic effects in Miami to those in Atlanta, Houston, Los Angeles and Tampa, which receive fewer Cuban immigrants. Card found that despite the drastic increase in low-skilled labor in Miami by 7%, wages for the low-skilled workers were not significantly affected. Furthermore, he found that overall unemployment rates and wages for the labor market as a whole in Miami were unchanged by the sudden influx of immigrants. In an interview with The New York Times, Card said, "I honestly think the economic arguments [against immigration] are second order. They are almost irrelevant." This does not imply, however, that Card believes immigration should be increased, merely that immigrants do not pose a threat to the labour market.

Despite the fact that Card sometimes researches issues with strong political implications, he does not publicly take a stand on political issues or make policy suggestions. Nevertheless, his work is regularly cited in support of increased immigration and minimum wage legislation.

He served as the expert witness for Harvard in the Harvard admissions case.

Purpose
David Card and Alan B. Krueger utilized their work to challenge a widely held belief that a higher minimum wage would result in lower employment, a belief held by 90 percent of professional economists. They were dissatisfied with the existing approach that was used to evaluate minimum wage and employment, instead desiring natural experiments that would provide stronger evidence on the topic. Though a major purpose of the book was to showcase this misconception, perhaps an even greater purpose was present, through the usage of natural experiments the authors acted as a driving force in the establishment of empirical research to test the underlying economic model, furthering their purpose of further establishing economic research as a quantitative, research based field.

Conclusion & Implications
Myth and Measurement is a monumental economic work, which contains two primary conclusions, minimum wage does not necessarily adversely influence employment and a need to establish new models that are applied to the low-wage market. Throughout the work the usage of numerous samples of minimum wage changes, state and federal, demonstrates that there is no notable decrease in employment when the wage floor level is raised, as demonstrated through all data in the work indicating either an increase, no change, or insignificant decrease in employment. The final conclusion derives from the many anomalies present in minimum wage when evaluated under the standard market model, such as differences in wages amongst same skill workers, workers of varying ability receiving the same pay, the spillover effect, and minimum wage employers attracting more applicants than if minimum wage was not present, these conclusions suggest that the low-wage market does not fall into accordance with the standard labor model. The proposed alternative models place an emphasis on avoiding the problems of the standard labor market, these models are non-static, placing an emphasis on being dynamic. These models would not make the same unambiguous predictions and would allow for consideration of other wage setting factors, thus allowing for a more complete encasement of the low-wage market. Card describes two key implications of the work, policy and economic research implications. The first described implication of the work describes that there is too great of an emphasis placed on minimum wage policy, with those in opposition exaggerating the influence on employment and those in favor overemphasizing the effects on poverty. The focus of the policy debate, according to Card, should be the distributional effects of minimum wage, how minimum wage influences wage inequality, which the findings present suggest that it will counteract the growth experienced in the 1980s. Finally, Card believes that this work will greatly influence economic research in two manners, establishing prespecified conditions and the importance of firm-level microdata. Prespecified conditions will allow for broad agreement amongst researchers in regard to methodology, he believed that this work would allow for acceptance of this standard in economics. The value of firm-level microdata which would allow for a deeper understanding of factors that determine wages and alter the analysis of a variety of topics allowing for greater precision in data sets. Card concludes the work through emphasizing the importance of empirical research to create a more complete understanding of the low-wage market.

Awards
He was the recipient of the 1995 John Bates Clark Medal, awarded to "that American economist under the age of forty who is judged to have made the most significant contribution to economic thought and knowledge" for his work related to the minimum wage as well as the economic effects of the Mariel boatlift. He gave the 2009 Richard T. Ely Lecture of the American Economic Association in San Francisco. A 2011 survey of economics professors named Card their fifth favorite living economist under the age of 60. Along with N. Gregory Mankiw, he was elected vice president of the American Economic Association for 2014.

He has received along with Richard Blundell the 2014 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Economics, Finance and Management category for "their contributions to empirical microeconomics," in the words of the jury's citation. "Motivated by important empirical questions, they developed and estimated appropriate econometric models, making significant methodological contributions in the process. Both are known for their attention to institutional detail, careful and innovative research design, rigorous application of econometric tools, and dispassionate reporting of results."

Card was elected as a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 2021. He won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2021 for research showing that an increase in minimum wage does not lead to less hiring, and immigrants do not lower pay for native-born workers.

Books and Papers

 * Card, David; Peri, Giovanni. (2016). Immigration Economics: A Review. American Economic Association.
 * Card, David; Devicienti, Francesco; Maida, Agata. (2013). Rent-sharing, Holdup, and Wages: Evidence from Matched Panel Data. The Review of Economic Studies. Vo. 81 (1).
 * Card, David. (2011). Origins of the Unemployment Rate: The Lasting Legacy of Measurement without Theory. American Economic Review. Vo. 101 (3).
 * Card, David; Dobkin, Carlos; Maestas, Nicole. (2008) The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health Care Utilization: Evidence from Medicare. American Economic Review. Vo. 98(5).
 * Card, David; Peri, Giovanni. (2016). Immigration Economics: A Review. American Economic Association.
 * Card, David; Devicienti, Francesco; Maida, Agata. (2013). Rent-sharing, Holdup, and Wages: Evidence from Matched Panel Data. The Review of Economic Studies. Vo. 81 (1).
 * Card, David. (2011). Origins of the Unemployment Rate: The Lasting Legacy of Measurement without Theory. American Economic Review. Vo. 101 (3).
 * Card, David; Dobkin, Carlos; Maestas, Nicole. (2008) The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health Care Utilization: Evidence from Medicare. American Economic Review. Vo. 98(5).
 * Card, David; Peri, Giovanni. (2016). Immigration Economics: A Review. American Economic Association.
 * Card, David; Devicienti, Francesco; Maida, Agata. (2013). Rent-sharing, Holdup, and Wages: Evidence from Matched Panel Data. The Review of Economic Studies. Vo. 81 (1).
 * Card, David. (2011). Origins of the Unemployment Rate: The Lasting Legacy of Measurement without Theory. American Economic Review. Vo. 101 (3).
 * Card, David; Dobkin, Carlos; Maestas, Nicole. (2008) The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health Care Utilization: Evidence from Medicare. American Economic Review. Vo. 98(5).
 * Card, David; Devicienti, Francesco; Maida, Agata. (2013). Rent-sharing, Holdup, and Wages: Evidence from Matched Panel Data. The Review of Economic Studies. Vo. 81 (1).
 * Card, David. (2011). Origins of the Unemployment Rate: The Lasting Legacy of Measurement without Theory. American Economic Review. Vo. 101 (3).
 * Card, David; Dobkin, Carlos; Maestas, Nicole. (2008) The Impact of Nearly Universal Insurance Coverage on Health Care Utilization: Evidence from Medicare. American Economic Review. Vo. 98(5).

title: David Card


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User talk:UnCubano~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Gblaz 02:30, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
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Isle of Youth
Hi, i see you had some comments on Isle of Youth, go ahead and make the changes yourself! --Awiseman 19:33, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called UnCubano. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name UnCubano~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:05, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:UnCubano~enwiki


text: User talk:70.21.174.84

title: User talk:70.21.174.84


text:
User:Lyuokdea

I'm just opening this for the purposes of having it open, or if somebody wants to post on the talk, go ahead.

~Lyuokdea

title: User:Lyuokdea


text:
Talk:Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone

Inaguration image
This image is not one of O'Neill being inagurated. What's the source?

2005 post
What on earth are you doing referring to the Uí Néill as a figure in "British political history"? The British state wasn't even invented when Ó Néill was in action. He was a Prince of Gaelic Ireland and if you must put a modern description on him you could call him an Irish statesmen because of his involvement with European powers in his struggle against the English crown. And why can't you have the historical accuracy- not to mention respect- to refer to him by his real name, Aodh Mór Ó Néill? Would you anglicise a Chinese, Japanese or other name? Lastly, how in the name of God can you say he resisted the seventeenth century plantation when he fled from Rathmullen in 1607 (Flight of the Earls), the very year the plantation commenced? Instead of an independent Prince, Ó Néill was reduced to being an extremely powerful landowner after the Treaty of Mellifont in 1603. His resistance was between 1594-1603 and it was inspired primarily by a realisation that, because he was a Gael, he would never become the most powerful man in Ulster under English rule. Ó Néill would have sold his granny, had the English been able to contain their hatred for the "barbarous" Irish a bit better. It had nothing to do with resisting a plantation which was implemented in order to subdue Ulster after the Nine Years War 1594-1603.

Why does Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone get directed to this page which says '3rd Earl of Tyrone' ? I haven't seen anywhere else O'Neill (1540-1616) labelled as the 3rd Earl of Tyrone. Tehmasp

 * Blunders are made - there's a similar one in relation to Gerald Fitzgerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, who should in my opinion be listed as the 14th. As for resistance to plantation - it was a creeping policy of the crown from the mid-1550's. O'Neill had seen the first effort in Ulster in Clandeboye under Essex in the 1570's, and would have realised that William Fitzwilliam's push toward the Ulster borders in the 1590's - especially his execution of the MacMahon, following that of the O'Rourke a few years earlier - not only reduced his influence but left his territory vulnerable to various legal claims (see later the Case of the Bann Fishery in 1609, which asserted a legal entitlement stemming from the Norman conquest that had been extinct for hundreds of years) and a splintering off of his dependents. Eventually, he would have been surrounded in Tyrone by English landowners with a more direct line to the English court. The same thing happened to Desmond and, to a lesser extent, Ormond. It was not a good time to be overmighty and Irish (Gaelic or Norman).---shtove 22:54, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * So which is he, 2nd or 3rd? He can't be both. And if you have a problem with it why don't you correct it? Mike Hayes (talk) 06:48, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Minor but important change
Just revised "Uí Néill Dynasty Today" to "Ó Neill Dynasty Today". People constantly confuse the two, which is understandable, but leads to deep misunderstanding. Fergananim 18:08, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Mór
On the recent edit to his name - does Mór make him Hugh the Great, or Big Hugh?--Shtove 22:21, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Definitely "The Great" Irishpolitical (talk) 15:28, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

It is literally 'big', but definitely translates as 'the Great'. Iamdmonah (talk) 22:15, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

Birth date confusion
The birth date given in the text and infobox is c. 1565; but the birth category is 1540s; should it be changed to 1560s? which is correct?--FeanorStar7 (talk) 10:01, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Uí Néill or Ó Néill
This article has both. Which is correct? 87.38.42.48 (talk) 08:45, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Requested move (2010)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. Jafeluv (talk) 23:50, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

Hugh Ó Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone → Hugh O'Neill, 2nd earl of Tyrone Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone — It's a pity and a shame that disagreement over the name of this article derailed into a ‘move war’ so soon, especially since it could have been resolved through the regular procedures just as easily. It's never too late for that though, so here's a clean slate.

As he pointed out on his talk page, User:DinDraithou is right that our man is usually called either Hugh O'Neill (English) or Aodh Ó Néill (Irish), and not some combination of those names like Hugh Ó Néill or Aodh O'Neill. I believe that English secondary sources tend to favour the name Hugh O'Neill over Aodh Ó Néill when referring to this particular person. E.g.:

 * two relatively recent articles in encyclopedias of good reputation: ODNB and DIB
 * And this list could easily be supplemented with further examples.
 * two relatively recent articles in encyclopedias of good reputation: ODNB and DIB
 * And this list could easily be supplemented with further examples.

The other issue is about disambiguation. Hugh O'Neill, 2nd earl of Tyrone, clear and simple and in line with the sources above, looks good enough to me (in case anyone wonders, the only reason why we have '2nd' in the title is because there's a later namesake who's styled 6th earl of Tyrone). Cavila (talk) 10:34, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I support the move, with the caveat that it should be Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone (capitalizing "Earl"), as that is our general format for peers. john k (talk) 14:27, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Support the move, per above Finn Rindahl (talk) 16:13, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Support the move, per above Laurel Lodged (talk) 16:36, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Support with capitalization; it is consistency and usage - "Earl of Tyrone" is a proper noun. Septentrionalis PMAnderson

 * Support per John K. --Labattblueboy (talk) 00:59, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Page moved. Consensus: convincing solution to the problem at hand, and a common sense exception to WP:NCROY. -- Hadal (talk) 06:57, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

Hugh O& → Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone –

Sources appear to be about evenly divided between calling him 2nd and 3rd Earl; the problem is whether to count his older brother, Brien O'Neill, who had the same claim to be Earl as Hugh did, but who was not recognized in the three years between the death of the first Earl, their grandfather Conn, and his own assassination. At some point, we should write an article on Brien, and it should be titled Brien O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, for disambiguation from the other men of that name.

The subject is certainly primary usage for the proposed title; long after the subject's attainder, two of his grand-nephews claimed to be Earl of Tyrone, but
 * The title was forfeit
 * Their pedigree is disputable
 * They are infinitely less well known that the Great Earl.
 * Their numbering is at least as arguable.

I would also accept Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Earl of Tyrone, but I see no real reason to not just make both numberings redirects. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:58, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Support as nom. This is a slight tweaking of WP:NCROY, but guidelines have occasional exceptions, and I've discussed it on their talk page. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:58, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. Proposed title is closer to royal. DinDraithou (talk) 07:04, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Our normal custom is to pick one number and explain the disagreement. I see no reason why this can't be done here. I wouldn't object to a move to Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Earl of Tyrone if that reduces confusion with his brother, but I don't think removing the number entirely is the right solution. Proteus (Talk) 13:04, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Support If the ordinal is causing confusion, just drop it (I presume it's anachronistic anyway, though not sure when English earls start using ordinals). Same goes for Conn and Brian. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 13:36, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. Makes sense to avoid confusion. Also wouldn't object to Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Earl of Tyrone if NCROY absolutely has to be followed (but it seems a tad unnecessary). Jenks24 (talk) 19:30, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose "2nd earl" is the overwhelming consensus on Google Books, compare |+%22second+earl+of+Tyrone%22%29&btnG=Search+Books here and here. In fact, I suspect most of the few measely hits for "3rd earl" are typos. Even if Brien really was an earl, the numbers are traditional and it is not Wiki's place to be renumbering earls. "Brien O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone" -wikipedia gets no hits whatsoever, although there is one hit for "Brien O'Neill second Earl of Tyrone" -wikipedia. Please do not create an article of this title. Kauffner (talk) 07:31, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

 * At the risk of sounding pedantic, gbooks can't have "consensus". They don't sit around talking to each other until the strongest books agree on something. If an ordinal is really necessary, I think we should concentrate on whether or not Brian O'Neill was earl of Tyrone. If he was, then "2nd Earl" is simply a factual error and it doesn't matter how many or who call Aodh "2nd Earl". Of course, we can circumvent the whole discussion by omitting the ordinal too. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 12:41, 27 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The paragraph on Brien O'Neill as second Earl in Complete Peerage is not a typo; it is the statement of a de jure claim, the chier matter of interest about this long-deceased teenager. I proposed omitting the ordinal precisely to avoid having our article take a position on de jure as opposed to de facto titles. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 22:48, 28 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Conn was earl for life only (Britannica 1911), so I don't follow the de jure argument. Google Books is almost 11 to 1 in favor of "|+%22second+earl+of+Tyrone%22%29&btnG=Search+Books 2nd earl" over "3rd earl." Hugh is by far the most notable earl of Tyrone, so what does he need an ordinal for? But here you using the ordinal issue to attach undue emphasis to a fringe claim. Kauffner (talk) 14:51, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
 * As for the personal attack: I propoased to omit the number precisely to de-emphasize the question of succession, which should not be implicit in the title; I could have proposed 3rd Earl of Tyrone, and cited Complete Peerage, which is not  a fringe source. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:12, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
 * A misreading, I think, of the original DNB, which says "for life, with remainder to his supposed son Matthew";  this is one way of expressing a grant which does not extend to the grantee's heir male. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography explains more fully: All three earls arise from the same patent, of 1542, with the extraordinary special remainder that the Earldom was to be inherited by the first Earl's illegitimate son Ferdoragh or Matthew, and his heirs male; since this Ferdoragh was killed in his father's lifetime, his sons inherited. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 16:58, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
 * If I read what you write and draw reasonable conclusions, it's a "personal attack"? This is the second time in three posts that you have suggested that we put the phrase "third earl" in the article title, but of course only in order "de-emphasize the question of succession." I suggest removing the phrase "2nd or 3rd[1] Earl" from the opening line, where I notice that boldface is currently used to de-emphasize it. This issue can be stuffed into the footnote. The footnote should be moved out of the lede and into to the "Early Life" section, where it can be attached to Brian's name. That is all de-emphasis this issue deserves. Kauffner (talk) 04:36, 30 April 2011 (UTC)
 * No, if you accuse me groundlessly of doing what I have carefully avoided doing; that is a personal attack. Please discount this !vote accordingly. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:03, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Support, sounds a sensible solution; no need to choose between contested points of view in an article title if an equally good title can be constructed that avoids doing so.--Kotniski (talk) 16:31, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. Agree with Kotniski. This is an elegant solution to an otherwise vexing issue. Let's take it and move on. Andrewa (talk) 13:19, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support This is a sensible and honourable exception to NCROY. Laurel Lodged (talk) 16:30, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Portrait is from 1800s, not original
http://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume13/issue5/features/?id=113898 said to be "developed from a ‘true likeness’ of the earl".86.42.193.65 (talk) 10:28, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

O'Neill never claimed the title Ard ri
O'Neill never claimed this title. He wished to see Phillp of Spain, or any other European Catholic monarch, as King of Ireland, rather than an English or Scottish one. Fergananim (talk) 17:25, 20 March 2014 (UTC)
 * But you deleted a referenced paragraph on this point - need to show the ref is bad.Shtove (talk) 11:00, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

Family
I have replaced the family section but someone may wish to mine the old text for more information, so I am placing it here. NB the sources need to be checked against the text as not all of them are accessible.

He had a large number both of legitimate and illegitimate children: four legitimate daughters, including Sarah, Cortine who married Sir Henry Oge O'Neill, grandson of Shane the Proud, and Alice, who married Randal mac Sorley Mac Donnell, the two latter having issue in the O'Neills of the Feevagh, including Captain Conn O'Neill, with whom Bonnie Prince Charlie Stuart escaped from Culloden; two illegitimate sons, Turlogh and Conn; four legitimate sons, Hugh, Henry, Bryan, John. His many descendants include Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington and Queen Elizabeth II.

-- PBS (talk) 17:40, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I see the online link for his descendant Elizabeth II is still working. Easiest to cut them all out, eh? This is why so many people dislike wikipedia.78.16.22.229 (talk) 15:50, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

In-line citation placement
PBS, Please read WP:DUPCITES and WP:REPCITE before reverting again. To try and claim WP:SYN is a false claim: there is no sythesis in having two citations at the end of a sentence. SYN states "Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources": there is no implication or conclusion in the statements in quesion. (see also What SYNTH is not). - The Bounder (talk) 17:50, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

 * There is a synthesis because the ODNB is a more modern rewrite of the DNB and placing its citations against information provided by the DNB implies that the 21st century source backs up the 100 year old source. However that is not so. It does not contradict the DNB but neither does it support it. Placing them next to each other does not allow the reader to discern without looking at the sources which source supports what text. -- PBS (talk) 17:51, 19 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I do not know whether you are deliberately misconstruing SYN or not, but I shall AGF and assume that you are just mistaken. Two sources are providing two pieces of information that can be contained in short sentences. The two citations can both be placed at the end without breaching SYN. We are drawing no conclusions, simply repeating the facts. If you feel that there is a problem because of the sources, then new sources should be found that deal with any problem ares. - The Bounder (talk) 17:55, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

 * WP:REPCITE is from an essay and does not apply, as nothing that is supported with a citation is repeated.
 * The policy WP:V makes it clear that "the Burden" lies with the contribution editor "and is satisfied by providing a citation to a reliable source that directly supports the contribution". You are moving citations away from directly supporting the contribution. --PBS (talk) 17:58, 19 January 2017 (UTC)
 * The end of the sentence is still directly supporting the information. As above, if there is a problem, another source should be located or used. - The Bounder (talk) 18:11, 19 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Putting the citations at the end of the sentence when doing so distorts the support that the citations give as they no longer directly supporting the information. As to date all you have contributed to this article is a rearrangement of some short citation are you going to follow you own advise "As above, if there is a problem, another source should be located or used", or do you expect others to do that for you? Personally I think it would be useful to have other sources, but until they are provided then the citations from the DNB and the ONDB should not be combined implying that the modern source supports information from the older one. -- PBS (talk) 18:24, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

I have no idea why you think it appropriate to delve into someone's entire edit history because someone disagrees with you, but if you are prepared to go to those lengths to protect your article, then I am out. I suggest you read WP:AGF, because it is obvious that you have no idea what GF actually is. - The Bounder (talk) 19:15, 19 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I asked you that question on your talk page and I do not think this is the forum to discuss that subject as it is not directly relevant to the content of this page. I have reverted you last edit because of the reasons stated in my last contribution to this talk page which you have not addressed. -- PBS (talk) 09:35, 21 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Stop harassing me on my talk page. Yet again, you need to actually read WP:AGF and take on board what it says. - The Bounder (talk) 10:24, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

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Disputed succession infobox
An infobox was added by in December saying that Hugh was a disputed High King of Ireland, that his immediate predecessor was Edward Bruce, and that his immediate successor was somebody called Diolmhain Críostóir Ua Ruairc Lobley, Duke of Meath. I'm reverting as unsourced, but I'm curious to know how somebody who was born in 1550 could succeed someone who died in 1318. If Tadhg can produce a reliable source, perhaps he could tell us about it here on the talk page. Scolaire (talk) 16:36, 8 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Succession to the Irish High Kingship is not direct and is not always one-after-the-other. The history of Ireland's High Kings is riddled with interregnums and disputed claimants. Not to mention that the last undisputed High King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, died in 1198, then legitimate claimants are often far and few between, and would only be recognised often upon coming to great power and/or influence (usually in Ireland). As such, Edubard a Briuis technically has no successor. There is seldom a direct successor to such a title, and Edward himself could hardly be called a successor, save for Gaelic recognition and support. In any case, on of the many O'Neill Clan Association websites claims that Hugh was a self-proclaimed High King of Ireland. I will search for the exact webpage and post it here when I have found it. Tadhg Dómhnall Ó Ruairc 17:31, 8 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Please read Reliable sources. Family web pages do not count – you need to find a reference in a book published by a reputable publisher or an article in a reputable journal. As for Diolmhain Críostóir Ua Ruairc Lobley, Duke of Meath, he appears to be the same person as Dylan C. Lobley, an otherwise unremarkable person who claims to be the current High King of Ireland. Good luck finding a reliable source for that! Scolaire (talk) 17:51, 8 January 2019 (UTC)

 * http://www.ronsattic.com/oneill.htm Tadhg Dómhnall Ó Ruairc 18:27, 8 January 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by TadhgORuairc (talk • contribs)

 * Did you read what I said? A family web page is not a reliable source. This one is particularly bad; it calls him "Red Hugh O'Neill", which nobody in history ever called him – obviously the author confused him with Red Hugh O'Donnell! And anyway, that web page doesn't say that Hugh claimed the High Kingship of Ireland. Scolaire (talk) 19:31, 8 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Your reversion makes sense to me, thanks. Pinkbeast (talk) 19:20, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone


text:
Luna E-1 No.3

Luna E-1 No.3, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1958C, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1958. It was a 361 kg Luna E-1 spacecraft, the third of four to be launched, all of which were involved in launch failures. It was intended to impact the surface of the Moon, and in doing so become the first man-made object to reach its surface.

The spacecraft was intended to release 1 kg of sodium, in order to create a cloud of the metal which could be observed from Earth, allowing the spacecraft to be tracked. Prior to the release of information about its mission, NASA correctly identified that it had been an attempted Lunar impact mission.

Luna E-1 No.3 was launched on 4 December 1958 atop a Luna 8K72 carrier rocket, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Two hundred and forty five seconds into the flight, a hydrogen peroxide pump seized up due to loss of lubrication, which caused the rocket's core stage engines to fail.

title: Luna E-1 No.3


text:
2006 Formula One World Championship

The 2006 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 60th season of Formula One motor racing. It featured the 57th Formula One World Championship which began on 12 March and ended on 22 October after eighteen races. The Drivers' Championship was won by Fernando Alonso of Renault for the second year in a row, with Alonso becoming the youngest ever double world champion at the time. Then-retiring seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari finished runner-up, 13 points behind. The Constructors' Championship was won by Renault, which defeated Ferrari by five points.

The season was highlighted by the rivalry between Alonso and Schumacher, who each won seven races. Renault and Ferrari drivers dominated the field, victorious in all but one race: the Hungarian Grand Prix was won by Honda's Jenson Button, and the four second-place finishes not achieved by Renault or Ferrari were accomplished by McLaren. For the first time since the season, no British constructor won any race and for the first time since the  season all races were won by cars powered by an engine built by the same constructor that also built chassis. This season marked the beginning of the usage of 2.4L V8 engines in Formula One from the 3.0L V10 engines that were used in the previous seasons, which continued till the end of the season. 2006 was also the first season since and  respectively to feature multiple engine displacements and configurations, as Scuderia Toro Rosso were given special dispensation to continue using V10s.

The season saw several changes occurring in the drivers' market starting already in December 2005 as Alonso sealed a move to McLaren for 2007. In September 2006, Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula One at the end of the season, with and  championship runner-up Kimi Räikkönen being announced as his replacement at Ferrari. Among other notable departures included Juan Pablo Montoya, who left McLaren mid-season to pursue a career in NASCAR and Jacques Villeneuve who left after the German Grand Prix.

As of 2024, this is the last Constructors' Championship for Renault, and the last Drivers' Championship for a Spanish Formula One driver. The 2006 championship also saw the last season of the Bridgestone-Michelin tyre war which had started in 2001 as Michelin withdrew from the sport at the end of this season leaving Bridgestone as the sole tyre supplier for 2007, a position the Japanese company would retain until leaving the sport themselves at the end of 2010 and replaced by Pirelli from 2011 onwards. Also as of 2024, this is the last Formula One season to feature more than one tyre supplier.

Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers competed in the 2006 FIA Formula One World Championship.

Free practice drivers
Seven constructors entered free practice only drivers over the course of the season.

Team changes

 * Three prominent names in the sport disappeared for this season, with Minardi, BAR and Jordan changing names under new ownership, while Sauber changed ownership, and one new team, Super Aguri, entered at the last moment. Minardi were taken over by Red Bull, becoming Toro Rosso, which is Italian for Red Bull. The Sauber name remained, although largely as a sentiment, as BMW had purchased 80% of the team, with Peter Sauber keeping only a 20% share. A year after Alex Shnaider had purchased the team and following a disappointing final season under the Jordan name, Jordan was renamed to MF1 Racing after Shnaider's Midland Group company. Late in the season, the team was bought by Spyker. Honda, who already owned a 45% stake in the BAR team, completed their takeover of the team and changed its name to Honda Racing F1 Team at the start of the season. Super Aguri F1 also entered their first season after having problems entering. They received limited backing from Honda including technology and engines, due to them running Honda factory driver Takuma Sato despite Super Aguri being a Honda customer team. As a result of Honda's expansion of supplying engines to Super Aguri, this marked the first season since 2002 that Honda supplied multiple teams in the sport when Honda supplied both BAR and Jordan respectively.
 * Williams introduced numerous changes for 2006, particularly changing to Cosworth V8 engines after they and BMW split. Red Bull Racing (RBR) had Ferrari engines, replacing the Cosworth power which gained them seventh in the standings in . Williams and Toyota changed tyre suppliers to Bridgestone, due to Michelin's desire to supply fewer teams in the championship. Despite this, Toro Rosso, who under the Minardi name ran Bridgestone tyres, switched to Michelin in line with parent team RBR.

Driver changes

 * Ferrari replaced Michael Schumacher's longtime teammate Rubens Barrichello with fellow Brazilian Felipe Massa, who moved from Sauber. Massa had previously tested with Ferrari in 2003. Massa was replaced at the newly renamed BMW Sauber team by Nick Heidfeld, who had driven for BMW's previous partners Williams for much of 2005. Poland's Robert Kubica took up the third driver's role at BMW Sauber.
 * Barrichello moved to Honda, where he replaced the outgoing Takuma Sato. The Honda-backed Super Aguri team started the season with Sato and Yuji Ide, an all-Japanese driver line up. Franck Montagny moved from his Renault testing role to become Super Aguri's third driver. His position at Renault was taken by the GP2 runner-up Heikki Kovalainen.
 * Williams promoted test driver Nico Rosberg, who had won the inaugural GP2 drivers' title, to their second seat alongside Mark Webber. Alexander Wurz, one of McLaren's test drivers from 2005, joined Williams as a third driver, alongside India's Narain Karthikeyan, who had raced for Jordan the previous season. Gary Paffett was promoted to a permanent testing role at McLaren alongside Pedro de la Rosa.
 * Karthikeyan's seat at Jordan, now renamed as MF1, was taken by the 2005 Minardi driver Christijan Albers. MF1 decided to employ a rotation system for their third driver position. Minardi's other driver, Robert Doornbos, took up a test driving role at Red Bull. Vitantonio Liuzzi, who had shared Red Bull's second seat with Christian Klien in 2005, moved to Red Bull's newly acquired sister team Toro Rosso—previously Minardi—where he partnered his fellow Red Bull-backed driver Scott Speed. The Swiss driver Neel Jani became Toro Rosso's third driver.

Mid-season changes

 * After the San Marino Grand Prix Super Aguri's Yuji Ide had his superlicence revoked by the FIA and could no longer race in Formula One. He was replaced by the team's reserve driver Franck Montagny for the next race. Super Aguri hired Sakon Yamamoto, one of Jordan's test drivers from 2005, to be their third driver from the British Grand Prix onwards, in place of the promoted Montagny. Yamamoto and Montagny switched places from the German Grand Prix onwards.
 * After the United States Grand Prix, Juan Pablo Montoya announced he was moving to NASCAR for the 2007 season and leaving McLaren. The next day, McLaren announced that Montoya would be replaced in their driver line up by test driver Pedro de la Rosa, ending Montoya's five and a half-year F1 career since 2001.
 * Robert Kubica was promoted to a race seat by BMW Sauber at the Hungarian Grand Prix, replacing 1997 World Champion Jacques Villeneuve, possibly due to Villeneuve's injuries after a heavy crash in the German Grand Prix. On the day after the Hungarian GP (7 August 2006), BMW Sauber announced that Villeneuve had left the team with immediate effect, with Kubica replacing him permanently for the remainder of the season. German Formula 3 driver Sebastian Vettel became BMW Sauber's third driver from the Turkish Grand Prix onwards, replacing the promoted Kubica.
 * On 11 September 2006, Red Bull Racing announced that the team's third/test driver, Robert Doornbos would replace the sacked-Christian Klien for the final three races of the season as a result of Klien's string of poor results. For the races in China and Japan, Michael Ammermüller replaced Doornbos as third driver.
 * Spyker MF1 announced a duo of new third drivers for two of the final races of the year. GP2 Series drivers Alexandre Prémat and Ernesto Viso took part in practice in China and Brazil respectively; Adrian Sutil, who had previously tested in Germany and France, again tested for the team in Japan.
 * During the test at the Silverstone Circuit in September, GP2 Series drivers Lewis Hamilton, Nelson Piquet Jr., and Adrián Vallés performed test duties for McLaren, Renault and MF1, respectively. Super Aguri's former race driver Franck Montagny also tested for Toyota.

Season calendar
The Australian Grand Prix was held later than usual, to avoid a clash with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. For the first time, Bahrain hosted the first Grand Prix. Brazil hosted the last race, while Japan and China swapped their original dates.

In 2006, the FIA announced the Belgian Grand Prix would not be part of the 2006 Formula One season, since the local authorities had started major repair work in Spa-Francorchamps. The Belgian Grand Prix returned in 2007.

Technical regulations

 * In an attempt to curb the increasing engine power levels of recent years, the maximum engine displacement was reduced from 3.0 to 2.4 litres and the number of cylinders from 10 to 8. At similar engine speeds, the change was expected to cut peak power by around 200 bhp, which would equate to around three to five seconds on lap times at most circuits. (Scuderia Toro Rosso continued to use 3.0-litre 10-cylinder engines with both rev and air-intake limiters to avoid the costs of re-engineering their cars in a short period). Initial testing indicated the new engines were six seconds slower than their V10 counterparts, but early in the season, it became obvious that despite the decrease in power, lap times were not far from 2005 figures; on some circuits, the fastest laps set this year were actually faster than the ones recorded last year, with the V10 engines.
 * Some engine suppliers indicated early that their smaller V8s can rev higher than the 19,000 rpms normal for 2005-spec V10s. Northampton-based engine builder Cosworth had an enviable record of success with V8 engines. It made further history by becoming the first manufacturer to have broken the 20,000 rpm limit on track in December 2005.
 * Tyre changes returned to Formula One in 2006. Each driver is limited to 14 sets of tyres per race weekend. This consists of seven sets of dry-weather tyres, four sets of wet-weather tyres and three sets of extreme-weather tyres. The thinking behind this is that the reduced engine size will offset any performance gain. The number of constructors who were supplied tyres by Michelin was down from seven to six while Bridgestone increased from three to five - Toyota and Williams both switched to Bridgestone, and newcomers Super Aguri also ran on Bridgestone, whilst Scuderia Toro Rosso switched to Michelin having run on Bridgestone in their former guise as Minardi. Michelin announced they would withdraw from the championship after the 2006 season.
 * All Formula One cars and entrants began to utilise mandatory 7-speed + 1 reverse semi-automatic gearbox configuration from 2006 to.
 * To keep costs down, the fuel tank capacity of all Formula One cars were mandatorily standardized to 150 L.

Sporting regulations

 * A new qualifying system consisting of three sessions of varying length was introduced. A 15-minute session was held first, in which the six slowest cars from that session were eliminated and thus set in grid positions 17–22. After a five-minute break, another 15-minute session was held with the remaining cars, and again the six slowest cars were eliminated and set in positions 11–16. These twelve eliminated drivers were placed in parc fermé, but allowed to modify fuel loads as they see fit.
 * During a further five-minute break, the remaining 10 cars declared their fuel loads to the FIA. A final 20 minute session then decided the top 10 grid positions. Teams were allowed to run their fuel load low by making as many laps as possible, and thus improve their times as the weight falls. This was considered an improvement for TV audiences because teams needed to run as many laps as possible to lower their fuel loads. Following this session, the top ten cars were placed in parc ferme and required to refill their fuel load to the level of that at the beginning of the final 20 minutes. Starting with the 2006 French Grand Prix, qualifying for final session was cut short to just 15 minutes, making all of the sessions the same length, and the ability for drivers to complete a flying lap after the chequered flag drop now applied in the first two sessions as well.
 * A loophole was detected by the FIA, in that teams could declare a large fuel load but on the out lap "leak", or use a large quantity of fuel to lighten a car and permit a faster lap. The FIA decided to only count laps that are within 110% of the driver's fastest time, and allow teams to top up with the amount of fuel used for those laps.
 * Only one free practice session was held on Saturdays, for one hour, and it ended no less than two hours before qualifying begins, usually between 11.00 and 12.00, replacing the old system of two 45-minute sessions. Friday remained unchanged, with two one-hour sessions, starting three hours apart.
 * The tuned mass damper system was used by several teams, notably Renault, during the latter part of 2005 and the 2006 seasons. The devices were located in the nosecone, and were particularly effective in corners and over kerbs to keep the tyres in closer contact to the track surface than they would otherwise be. After the French Grand Prix, the FIA announced that the system would be outlawed. This had a particularly significant effect on Renault, as the team had effectively built their cars around the devices, and had introduced them as long ago as the 2005 Brazilian Grand Prix. At the German Grand Prix the Renault team submitted one of their cars for scrutineering by the race stewards, who ruled that the devices were acceptable. The FIA launched an appeal against this decision, and on 23 August 2006 the FIA International Court of Appeal issued a statement upholding this appeal and rejecting the stewards' decision. The Court of Appeal stated that the system infringed part of the bodywork section (Article 3.15) of the Formula One Technical Regulations, which stated that any specific part of the car influencing its aerodynamic performance had to: comply with the rules relating to bodywork, be rigidly secured to the entirely sprung part of the car (rigidly secured means not having any degree of freedom), and remain immobile in relation to the sprung part of the car. The central argument was whether the mass dampers function as aerodynamic devices or as a part of the suspension system. The FIA reasoned that because the devices did not "remain immobile in relation to the sprung part of the car", they were illegal. But the FIA failed to explain how the damper, which was entirely enclosed with the car can be counted as bodywork when article 1.4 of the regulations defined bodywork as:
 * All entirely sprung parts of the car in contact with the external air stream, except cameras and the parts definitely associated with the mechanical functioning of the engine, transmission and running gear. Airboxes, radiators and engine exhausts are considered to be part of the bodywork.
 * Following the ruling by the Court of Appeal, the system was officially banned before the 2006 Turkish Grand Prix. In a later interview, Renault's Flavio Briatore named McLaren as the team who complained to the FIA.

Background
The calendar was initially announced as the same as for 2005, with the Belgian Grand Prix scheduled for 17 September. However, on 8 February, the FIA announced that the Belgian National Sporting Authority (RACB) were withdrawing Spa-Francorchamps from the 2006 Formula One calendar due to a lack of time to complete improvements to the track. The race has traditionally received strong support from drivers and FIA President Max Mosley and the Grand Prix was back on the Grand Prix calendar for the season.

2006 was the last season with two tyre manufacturers: The two manufacturers at the time were Japanese manufacturer Bridgestone and French company Michelin. In December 2005, the FIA announced that from the 2008 season, there would be only one tyre supplier. Five days later, Michelin announced it would quit Formula One at the end of the 2006 season as it did not want to be in Formula One as the sole tyre supplier.

At the end of 2005, three well-known teams were bought out: Minardi, Sauber and Jordan. The former were bought by Red Bull to be run as a junior team to house their growing list of young talent looking for an F1 drive. Despite campaigns by Minardi fans the team were renamed Scuderia Toro Rosso (Toro Rosso), Italian for Team Red Bull. The Sauber team was purchased by BMW. BMW opted to keep the Sauber name in F1 renaming the team BMW Sauber. Jordan, who had been bought by the Midland Group in 2004, changed their name to MF1 Racing after a transition year in 2005.

2006 also saw the introduction of a new Japanese team, Super Aguri F1, founded by former F1 driver Aguri Suzuki, who entered at the last moment. Super Aguri notified the FIA on 1 November 2005 (ahead of the governing body's 15 November deadline) of their intention to enter, but the FIA's initial entry list stated they had not approved Aguri's entry. However, the team received the consent of the ten existing teams to compete and paid the US$48 million bond required as a deposit. The team was confirmed by the FIA on 26 January 2006.

Between the 2005 and 2006 season the ownership of Formula One changed significantly. Until November 2005 the Formula One group was owned by an Ecclestone family trust and Speed Investments (a grouping of Bayerische Landesbank, JP Morgan Chase and Lehman Brothers). On 25 November, CVC Capital Partners announced it was to purchase both the Ecclestone shares (25% of SLEC) and Bayerische Landesbank's 48% share, held through Speed Investments. By 30 March, CVC had acquired all remaining shares and later that month the European Commission announced approval of this deal, conditional upon CVC relinquishing control of Dorna Sports, promoter of MotoGP. On 28 March CVC announced the completion of the Formula One transaction. Ecclestone reinvested proceeds of his stake into the new Formula One parent company Alpha Prema.

Another Ecclestone victory involved the Grand Prix Manufacturers' Association's proposal for an alternative world championship. On 27 March, the five car manufacturers involved lodged applications for the season, reducing the likelihood of a breakaway series. On 14 May, Grand Prix Manufacturers' Association (GPMA) members confirmed they had signed a Memorandum of Understanding, a move toward signing a new Concorde Agreement. Five days later, Bernie Ecclestone and CVC Capital Partners signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the GPMA which should see the five "rebels" continue racing in Formula One at least until the 2012 season.

Pre-season
The pre-season test was originally scheduled to be held at the Circuit de Catalunya in Barcelona, Spain from 24–26 February, but following the rescheduling of the Australian Grand Prix to avoid a clash with the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Port Phillip, it was instead held at the Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir from 3–5 March, just before the first race of the season at the same venue.

Report
After a disastrous season and slow start to the 2006 season Michael Schumacher won consecutive races at Imola and the Nürburgring. During the final lap of his qualifying session for the Monaco Grand Prix, Schumacher came to a stop at the La Rascasse hairpin, resulting in yellow flags, meaning that other drivers could not go at maximum speed. After the session there were immediate complaints from the other teams claiming that this was a deliberate move by Schumacher to ensure he started in pole position – Alonso's flying lap that was affected by the yellow flags had been likely to beat Schumacher's fastest time – at the end of the second sector, Alonso was more than two-tenths of a second ahead of Schumacher's time, and his final time was just 0.064 seconds slower than Schumacher. Although Schumacher insisted that he had simply locked up his brakes at the corner, a stewards' inquiry stated, "We are left with no alternative but to conclude that the driver deliberately stopped his car on the circuit." The penalty was that Schumacher's qualifying times were all deleted, demoting him to 22nd position on the grid. He opted to start from the pitlane, and finished fifth, after an incident in the race that required the safety car to be deployed. The Safety Car failed to aid Schumacher however, but in fact hampered him; because he was the last car to be lapped by leader Alonso, and under 2006 FIA rules; he was not allowed to un-lap himself under Safety Car conditions. This meant he was almost a full lap down on third placed Coulthard, and fourth placed Barrichello on the resumption of the race. But by the end, he was threatening to pass them for position; finishing less than two seconds off a podium spot.

At the British Grand Prix, Alonso became the first Spanish driver and the youngest driver (24 years and 317 days) to win a race from pole and get fastest lap, leading every lap of the race except one. Schumacher won the United States Grand Prix, his fourth consecutive victory at Indianapolis and fifth career victory there, and the French Grand Prix. Indianapolis also marked the final F1 race for 7 time race winner Juan Pablo Montoya as he moved to the NASCAR Cup Series for 2007 after he decided that he'd, had enough with F1 resulting in his contract with McLaren being terminated early. He was replaced by Pedro De La Rosa for the rest of the season.

The FIA decided that the 'Mass Damper' system used by Renault up to this point of the season did not meet the technical regulations, and it was banned – a polemical decision, since the FIA itself was consulted about the system during its development, and authorised its use. The effect of the ban was clear at the next race where the Renaults struggled to even get points. Schumacher also won the German Grand Prix at Hockenheim, with Alonso finishing 5th. Hockenheim also marked the last race for 1997 world champion Jacques Villeneuve as he left BMW Sauber due to a heavy crash during the race and falling out with the team over a shootout with new talent Robert Kubica for the second BMW seat in 2007.

Jenson Button achieved his first Formula One career victory in the Hungarian Grand Prix. Alonso had a mechanical failure whilst leading in the latter stages of the race whilst Michael Schumacher retired after a collision with Nick Heidfeld. However Schumacher was promoted to eighth place in the standings (having been classified ninth following a retirement three laps from the end) because Robert Kubica's debut ended in disqualification. The Polish driver had finished seventh in the BMW.

Felipe Massa won the next Grand Prix in Turkey, so for the second race in a row, Formula One had a maiden victor. Fernando Alonso extended his lead over Michael Schumacher by two points after he managed to finish a tenth of a second ahead of the German in second place.

At the Italian Grand Prix, Alonso was given a penalty for 'holding up' Massa during the final qualification session. Many in the Formula One 'paddock' were reported to disagree with the penalty and Max Mosley has since said that he would not have issued the same penalty as the race stewards. Schumacher reduced Alonso's lead to only two points after winning the race while Alonso suffered an engine failure in the late stages of the race. Despite a fourth-place finish for Alonso's teammate, Giancarlo Fisichella, and a flat-spotted tyre causing Felipe Massa to score no points, the race also saw Ferrari pull ahead of Renault for the first time in 2006. Polish driver Robert Kubica took his BMW Sauber to his first podium finish, in only his third race, but the race results were largely overshadowed by Schumacher announcing, during the post-race press conference, that he would retire at the end of the season. Afterwards he did say that he would hold a position in the Ferrari F1 team for 2007, though he did not disclose what.

Three weeks later, with his victory at Shanghai right ahead of Alonso, Schumacher drew level on points with him at the head of the championship. Schumacher led the World Championship for the first time in 2006 after the race, as he had won seven races compared to Alonso's six. Massa did not finish the race, and Renault gained again the lead in the Constructors' Championship thanks to Fisichella's third place. As Shanghai would prove to be the German's last victory of the season as well as the 91st and last victory of his career before retiring at the end of the season. A week later at the Japanese Grand Prix, Felipe Massa took pole ahead of Michael Schumacher in second and Fernando Alonso in fifth. Schumacher quickly took the lead and set about gaining a five-second lead, which continued until after the second round of pit stops. However, Schumacher's engine failed with 17 laps to go, forcing him to retire and handing Alonso the win ahead of Massa.

At the final round, the Brazilian Grand Prix, Massa again took pole. Drama in qualifying saw Michael Schumacher have a mysterious failure, meaning that he started down in tenth, while Alonso began in fifth. In the race, Schumacher had yet more bad luck, suffering a puncture just a few laps in. He recovered to finish fourth, while teammate Massa became the first Brazilian to win his home Grand Prix since Ayrton Senna in 1993. Alonso finished second to secure his second successive championship, adding the record of the youngest man to secure back-to-back titles to his ever-increasing list of records. Fisichella finished sixth for Renault, meaning that the French outfit secured their second successive Constructors' title. McLaren failed to secure a single win in the season for the first time since and it was the first season since  that a British constructor failed to win a race.

Scoring system
Points were awarded to the top eight classified finishers using the following structure:

In the event of a tie, a count-back system was used as a tie-breaker, with a driver's best result used to decide the standings.

World Drivers' Championship standings
Notes:
 * † – Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.

World Constructors' Championship standings
Notes:
 * † – Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.
 * Official FIA results listed the constructors as Mild Seven Renault F1 Team, Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro, Team McLaren Mercedes, etc.

title: 2006 Formula One World Championship


text:
Talk:Mundare

Untitled
I just deleted a paragraph written in Spanish saying Albert Bandura was born here. Can't say if it's relevant enough or not, perhaps for a town of 700 it is, however I doubt if it deserves an entire paragraph in the section about the settlements history, fairly stubby at that. --Vohon 12:35, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Kielbasa
The entire article was Mundare, Alberta is home of the largest Kielbasa. Which I thought was a joke until I checked google. That really is its claim to fame... RJFJR 02:32, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

It should really be Kovbasa, as the area is Ukrainian. And the article could include something about the meat processors there. Their products are famous for this area, and it is unusual for such a small town to have that kind of succesful industry. Kevlar67 18:33, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mundare


text:
Jay Bilas

Jay Scot Bilas (born December 24, 1963) is an American college basketball analyst who currently works for ESPN. Bilas is a former professional basketball player and coach who played for and served as an assistant under Mike Krzyzewski at Duke University, as well as a practicing attorney in North Carolina. In February 2024, Bilas signed an exclusive partnership agreement with Washington Speakers Bureau (WSB).

Playing career
Bilas was a consensus Top 50 recruit at Rolling Hills High School, in Rolling Hills Estates, California, where he averaged 23.5 points and 13.5 rebounds per game in 1982. That season, Bilas was named First Team All-CIF, First Team All-South Bay, MVP of the Bay League, and Best in the West by the Long Beach Press-Telegram.

Bilas was a four-year starter for Mike Krzyzewski at Duke University, on the men's basketball team, from 1982 to 1986, and helped lead Duke to the Final Four and National Championship game in 1986. Krzyzewski's 1982 recruiting class of Bilas, Johnny Dawkins, Mark Alarie and David Henderson still ranks as the highest scoring single class in college basketball history. In his college career, Bilas scored 1,062 points and grabbed 692 rebounds, while shooting over 55% from the field.

In 1985, Bilas represented USA Basketball, on the U.S. National Select Team, in the Jones Cup in Taipei, Taiwan.

Bilas graduated in 1986, with a degree in political science, and was selected in the fifth round of the 1986 NBA draft, by the Dallas Mavericks. He played professionally overseas in Italy's 2nd Division and in Spain's 1st Division.

Coaching career
Bilas served as an assistant coach under Mike Krzyzewski at Duke for three seasons from 1990 to 1992. While serving as an assistant coach, Bilas attended Duke University School of Law, receiving his J.D. degree in 1992. During his three-year tenure as an assistant coach, Duke advanced to three Final Fours and won two National Championships. Bilas still teaches and speaks at clinics, and has been an instructor at the Nike Skills Academy in Beaverton, Oregon, the Nike/Amar'e Stoudemire Skills Academy in Phoenix, Arizona, and the Nike/LeBron James Skills Academy in Akron, Ohio, which annually tutor some of the nation's finest high school and college players. In 2005 and 2006, Bilas was one of 12 coaches taking part in Operation Hardwood I and II that coached United States Service teams in tournament competition in the Middle East. Among the other coaches of Operation Hardwood I and II were Mark Gottfried, Tom Izzo, Kelvin Sampson, Tubby Smith, Rick Barnes, Gary Williams, Dave Odom, Bobby Lutz, Bobby Cremins, Mike Jarvis, Billy Lange, Jim Crews, and Reggie Minton.

Broadcasting career
Bilas has been a color commentator and studio analyst for ESPN since 1995. Bilas began his broadcast career delivering color commentary alongside play-by-play man Bob Harris for the Duke Radio Network in 1993. Bilas joined ESPN in 1995 as a college basketball analyst on games and in the studio. He has served as co-host of ESPN's studio broadcasts since 2000, including College GameNight and College GameDay with Rece Davis, Hubert Davis, Digger Phelps, and Bob Knight. Bilas makes frequent appearances on SportsCenter, ESPNEWS and ESPN Radio, and is a featured basketball writer on ESPN.com. He is also featured as "The Bilastrator" during halftime segments of some ESPN college basketball games. From 2003 through 2010, Bilas joined CBS as a game analyst for the network's coverage of the NCAA men's basketball tournament, and was paired with Dick Enberg as his color analyst from 2005 through 2010. In both 2007 and 2008, Bilas was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Performance by a Studio Analyst. He has gained notoriety in the studio for his ability to draw up unique inbound plays after time outs during close games, as well as his stance regarding student athlete payment and his thoughts on the NCAA as a whole. Since 2014, he has been paired with Dan Shulman on ESPN's top college basketball broadcast crew.

Legal career
Bilas received his J.D. degree from Duke University School of Law in 1992. He is currently of counsel to the Charlotte office of Moore & Van Allen, where he maintains a litigation practice.

Bilas most notably worked on the case Lyons Partnership v. Morris Costumes, Inc., where he successfully defended the costume business against trademark and copyright claims brought by owners of the popular children's television character Barney the Dinosaur.

Comments on Duke lacrosse scandal
Writing a letter to the editor in the September 2007 edition of Duke Magazine, Bilas sharply criticized the Duke administration for its lack of support for the falsely indicted players during the 2006 Duke lacrosse case. Describing Richard H. Brodhead's actions, "President Brodhead chose the path of political expediency. He failed to effectively counter factually inaccurate and inappropriate statements about Duke and its students, failed to forcefully speak out against procedural irregularities, and failed to take appropriate action in response to repeated attacks upon the due process rights of Duke's students."

Personal life
Bilas resides in Charlotte, North Carolina, with his wife whom he married in 1993, Wendy, and their son and daughter. Bilas is on the Advisory Board of the Duke Brain Tumor Center and the PinStripes/ALS Foundation, as well as serving on the Board of Directors of Coaches vs. Cancer.

Bilas joined the Screen Actors Guild in 1987. He appeared in national television commercials and the feature-length movie I Come in Peace (also known as Dark Angel). He wrote a book, Toughness.

title: Jay Bilas