text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/July 21

 * 1579 - Our Lady of Kazan, a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, was discovered underground in the city of Kazan, Tatarstan.

 * The Our Lady of Kazan article now says July 8, not July 21 anymore. But I guess we can mention the feast day in the Russian Orthodox Church. -- PFHLai 18:06, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

some guy's birthday as an 'on this day' top line?!?!?!?!
How on earth did the "Centennial of the birth of Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan" make it onto the first line of the "On this day" on the english wikipedia main page?!?! Since when are people's birthdays put there at all? But of all the people in history, why such an obscure figure as Marshall McLuhan. Just because some guy (Tvoz) likes him? How did the editors let this one go through?!?! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.98.5.238 (talk) 22:11, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:51, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: 365 Crete earthquake; Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout; Geneva Conference (1954); Neil Armstrong/Buzz Aldrin; Aswan Dam (ineligible—maintenance); Bloody Friday (1972)
 * Included: Temple of Artemis (5th appearance, last in 2010); Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); First Battle of Bull Run (5th appearance, last in 2007); Scopes Trial (4th appearance, last in 2010); Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (first appearance)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:13, 20 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Temple of Artemis; Russo-Turkish War (1768–74); First Battle of Bull Run; Scopes Trial; Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
 * Included: 365 Crete earthquake (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Queue (first appearance); Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Lillehammer affair (first appearance); Libyan–Egyptian War (2nd appearance, last in 2009)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:29, 20 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Neil Armstrong/Buzz Aldrin (Apollo 11 was POTD for 2014)
 * New articles (unused): Erden Eruç
 * Omitted: 365 Crete earthquake; Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout; Lillehammer affair; Libyan–Egyptian War
 * Included: Belgian National Day (first appearance); Pope Pontian (first appearance); Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Battle of Guam (1944) (3rd appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible; 70th anniversary); Aswan Dam (5th appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Queue (hairstyle) (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:59, 19 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Libyan–Egyptian War (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Pope Pontian; Queue (hairstyle) (ineligible—maintenance); Russo-Turkish War (1768–74); Battle of Guam (1944) (ineligible—maintenance); Aswan Dam
 * Included: Temple of Artemis (6th appearance, last in 2012); Leopold I of Belgium (7th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout (3rd appearance, last in 2013; 150th anniversary); Scopes Trial (5th appearance, last in 2012; 90th anniversary); Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (4th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:33, 20 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Temple of Artemis; Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout; Scopes Trial; Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
 * Included: 365 Crete earthquake (3rd appearance, last in 2013); First Battle of Bull Run (6th appearance, last in 2012); Neil Armstrong/Buzz Aldrin (both: 2nd appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible); Erden Eruç (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Leopold I of Belgium (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:19, 21 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Temple of Artemis (maintenance); Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout (maintenance); Geneva Conference (1954) (maintenance); Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Belgian National Day (ineligible—maintenance); Leopold I of Belgium (ineligible—maintenance); First Battle of Bull Run (ineligible—maintenance); Neil Armstrong/Buzz Aldrin; Erden Eruç
 * Included: Pittsburgh railway riots (first appearance); Scopes Trial (6th appearance, last in 2015); Aswan Dam (6th appearance, last in 2014); Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 10th anniversary); Simion Bărnuțiu (first appearance); Hart Crane (first appearance); Hubert Lyautey (first appearance)
 * Repeats: 365 Crete earthquake (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 21:30, 21 July 2018 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Louis Vauxcelles
 * Omitted: 365 Crete earthquake; Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877; Aswan Dam; Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows; Simion Bărnuțiu; Hart Crane; Hubert Lyautey
 * Included: Pope Pontian (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Louis the Blind (first appearance); Lillehammer affair (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Erden Eruç (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon (first appearance); Russell Lee (photographer) (first appearance); Rilwanu Lukman (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Scopes Trial (2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2019 notes
No other changes were made this year. — howcheng  {chat} 16:52, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): 2013 Iranian diplomat kidnapping
 * Included: Buzz Aldrin, as per WikiProject Space 2019/Main Page/July 21

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 20:08, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Neil Armstrong/Buzz Aldrin (Apollo 11 is TFA for 2020-07-20); Aswan Dam (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): Brandi Chastain (maintenance); Rachael Flatt (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Pope Pontian; Louis the Blind; Scopes Trial; Buzz Aldrin (merged back to same blurb with Armstrong); Lillehammer affair; Erden Eruç (ineligible—maintenance); Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon; Russell Lee (photographer); Rilwanu Lukman
 * Included: Belgian National Day (rescued from Ineligible); Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) (3rd appearance, last in 2014; rescued from Ineligible); Leopold I of Belgium (9th appearance, last in 2016; rescued from Ineligible); Attack on Orleans (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Sirimavo Bandaranaike (3rd appearance, last in 2005; 60th anniversary; rescued from Ineligible); Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident (first appearance; 30th anniversary); Henry Percy (Hotspur) (first appearance); Paul Reuter (first appearance); Fiammetta Wilson (first appearance; 100th anniversary)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:51, 23 July 2021 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): 1952 Kern County earthquake
 * Omitted: Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774); Leopold I of Belgium; Attack on Orleans; Sirimavo Bandaranaike; Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident; Henry Percy (Hotspur); Paul Reuter; Fiammetta Wilson
 * Included: 365 Crete earthquake (5th appearance, last in 2017); Ciompi Revolt (first appearance); Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877 (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Egyptian–Libyan War (3rd appearance, last in 2013); 2013 Iranian diplomat kidnapping (first appearance); Simion Bărnuțiu (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Sophie Bledsoe Aberle (first appearance; 125th birthday); Louis Vauxcelles (first appearance)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 22:10, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) (maintenance); Leopold I of Belgium (maintenance); Hubert Lyautey (date not certain)
 * Omitted: 365 Crete earthquake; Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877; 2013 Iranian diplomat kidnapping; Simion Bărnuțiu; Sophie Bledsoe Aberle
 * Included: 1952 Kern County earthquake (first appearance; 70th anniversary); International Mathematical Olympiad (first appearance); Sirimavo Bandaranaike (4th appearance, last in 2020); Fiammetta Wilson (2nd appearance, last in 2020); Rilwanu Lukman (3rd appearance, last in 2019)
 * Repeats: Ciompi Revolt (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Egyptian–Libyan War (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total); Louis Vauxcelles (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 75th anniversary)

2023 notes
 Heart  (talk) 04:44, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Moved to ineligible: Hubert Lyautey (date uncertain); Lillehammer affair (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): 1946 La Paz riots
 * Omitted: Ciompi Revolt; 1952 Kern County earthquake; International Mathematical Olympiad; Sirimavo Bandaranaike; Egyptian–Libyan War; Fiammetta Wilson; Louis Vauxcelles; Rilwanu Lukman
 * Included: 365 Crete earthquake (6th appearance, last in 2021); Louis the Blind (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Attack on Orleans (2nd appearance, last in 2020); 2013 Iranian diplomat kidnapping (2nd appearance, last in 2021, 10th anniversary); 2019 Yuen Long attack (first appearance); Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou (first appearance); Albert Luthuli (first appearance); Ruth St. Denis (first appearance); Anthony Annan (first appearance)


text: Template:Pixies

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Pixies


text:
Talk:Berwyn, Illinois

Where wikipedia fails...
There's no simple way to add in the obnoxiously overprounounced dismissive-tone joke pronounciation of the city name that often comes as a response to naming the city. I.e. "BERRR-wyyyn?!?" See. Can't really do it.

In addition, to document this fact would violate some or another wikipedia policy somewhere, because despite the ubiquity of the joke response thing in the Chicago area, I seriously doubt if anyone has ever written it down officially anywhere that people do this. Therefore it would be uncited, original research, impossible to represent without at least an audio byte, and yet a completely totally real phenomenon.

173.12.172.149 (talk) 19:21, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Demographics
The 2nd paragraph in this section is laden with bad grammar and syntax. Just for example, when you say "were headed by married couples" you don't have to add "living together". Okay if I clean it up a little - won't change any stats or statements, just make the sentences clearer.--Daveler16 (talk) 17:47, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Berwyn, Illinois


text:
User:Apengu

我来自中国哦！

I am from China, PR. !

als:Benutzer:Apengu am:User:ኣፔንጉ ar:مستخدم:ﺍبنيقو arc:User:ܐܦܹܐܢܓܘܼ az:İstifadəçi:Apengu bn:ব্যবহারকারী:আপেনগু zh-min-nan:User:楓...秋絮 ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Апенгу be:Удзельнік:Апенгу bo:User:枫...秋絮 br:Implijer:Apengu bg:Потребител:Апенгу cv:Хутшăнакан:Апенгу cs:Wikipedista:Apengu za:User:枫...秋絮 cy:Defnyddiwr:Apengu da:Bruger:Apengu de:Benutzer:Apengu dv:User:ޕަނެގު dz:User:ཨཔྣེགུ et:Kasutaja:Apengu el:Χρήστης:Απενγου es:Usuario:Apengu eo:Vikipediisto:Apengu fa:کاربر:ﺍبنيقو fo:Brúkari:Apengu fr:Utilisateur:Apengu ga:Úsáideoir:Apengu gd:User:Apengu gu:User:અપેન્ગુ zh-classical:User:楓...秋絮 ko:사용자:풍...추서 ha:User:Apengu hy:Մասնակից:Ապենգւ hi:सदस्य:अपेंगू hsb:Wužiwar:Apengu hr:Suradnik:Apengu io:Uzanto:Apengu bpy:আতাকুরা:আপেনগু id:Pengguna:Apengu ia:Usator:Apengu ie:User:Apengu is:Notandi:Apengu it:Utente:Apengu he:משתמש:אפינגו jv:Panganggo:Apengu kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:ಅಪೆನ್ಗು ka:მომხმარებელი:აპენგუ kk:Қатысушы:枫...秋絮 kw:User:Apengu ky:User:枫...秋絮 sw:User:Apengu ku:Bikarhêner:Apengu la:Usor:Apengu lv:Lietotājs:Apengu lb:Benotzer:Apengu lt:Naudotojas:Apengu hu:User:Apengu ml:ഉപയോക്താവ്:അപെന്ഗു mr:सदस्य:अपेंगू ms:Pengguna:Apengu cdo:User:枫...秋絮 mn:User:枫...秋絮 my:User:အပေနဂူ nl:Gebruiker:Apengu new:छ्येलेमि:अपेंगू ja:利用者:楓...秋絮 no:Bruker:Apengu oc:Utilizaire:Apengu or:User:ଆପେନ୍ଗୌ ug:User:枫...秋絮 uz:Foydalanuvchi:枫...秋絮 pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:ਅਪੇਨ੍ਗੁ nds:Bruker:Apengu pl:Wikipedysta:Apengu pt:Usuário:Apengu ro:Utilizator:Apengu ru:Участник:Апенгу sa:योजकः:अपेंगू sq:Përdoruesi:Apengu si:පරිශීලක:අපෙන්ගු sk:Redaktor:Apengu sl:Uporabnik:Apengu so:User:Apengu sr:Корисник:Апенгу sh:User:Апенгу fi:Käyttäjä:Apengu sv:Användare:Apengu tl:User:Apengu ta:பயனர்:அபெந்கு te:సభ్యులు:అపెన్గు th:ผู้ใช้:อาปเมกู vi:Thành viên:Phong...thu nhứ ti:User:ኣፔንጉ tg:Корбар:枫...秋絮 tr:Kullanıcı:Apengu uk:Користувач:Апенгу ur:صارف:ﺍبنيقو wa:Uzeu:Apengu wuu:User:枫...秋絮 zh-yue:User:楓...秋絮 zh:用户:枫...秋絮

title: User:Apengu


text:
Talk:Mata Amritanandamayi Math

Deaths at ashrams
Might be worth it to mention the people who have been found dead at the ashrams. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/woman-found-dead-mata-amritanandamayi-ashram-kerala-cops-suspect-suicide-151910

37.33.209.48 (talk) 06:38, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

Ammachi - a trademark!?
The article informs that Ammachi® is a registered trademark of Mata Amritanandamayi Center. Amrithanandamayi's official website www.amma.org also claims the same thing. See the(current list)

This is surprising. Ammachi is a word used by a very large section of Malayalies to address their natural/biological mother. It is not a new term coined by the authorities of Mata_Amritanandamayi_Math. What right this sect has to appropriate this term? Will somebody challange this nonsense in court?MANOJTV 08:41, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Source of Fund for the Math
It is beyond my comprehension why the anonymous user 210.212.244.133 repeatedly delete the information pertaining to the major source of fund for the Amrithanandamayi Math. Do the Math authorities have anything to hide? The information provided in the paragraph is correct. To quote the weekly magazine The Week published from Kerala: ''Her ashram figures at the top of the list of charities receiving donations from abroad. In 1998-99, for instance, the ashram is said to have received more than Rs 50 crore.'' (Issue dated September 21, 2003). See the article at their website: Embracing the world. The same information is also available at the website of British Humanist Association:. It says : ''Home Ministry records of the Government of India show that the Mata Amritanadamayi Mission is the second largest recipient in India of foreign funds – in 1998-99 alone Rs. 51.55 crores were received (about 515 million Indian Rupees or about 11.5 million US Dollars)''.

The anonymous user, who may in all possiblity be a devotee of Amrithanandamayi, may clarify his/her point of view, in case he/she intends to delete the information again. Indianskeptic 07:15, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Attacks: Pavithran, inmate
I see that User:LanceMurdock999 has removed the mention of "ashram inmate" from the article without discussion. This is restored now. The article states that he was living at the ashram for some days. You don't need to reside at a place for a particularly defined period to become an "inmate". Please discuss before making such corrections. -- XrieJetInfo (talk) 16:14, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Mata Amritanandamayi Math


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peter Zetterstrom

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Dmcdevit·t 05:16, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

Peter Zetterstrom
Notability not sufficiently established, probably vanity. Likely a new user; insists on removing VfD tag but has been gently warned against doing so on his/her talk page. --Alan Au 08:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN Vanity? A curate's egg 09:37, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. His home page gives a rather detailed account of his achievements. While he seems like a hard-working young man, so far I don't think they qualify him for encyclopedic status, I'm afraid. / Alarm 11:59, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Can't userfy since no username... delete, not yet notable journalist/academic. Dcarrano 17:10, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. -- Etacar11   00:39, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 04:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:24.5.197.185

title: User talk:24.5.197.185


text:
Soft key

A soft key is a button flexibly programmable to invoke any of a number of functions rather than being associated with a single fixed function or a fixed set of functions. A softkey often takes the form of a screen-labeled function key located alongside a display device, where the button invokes a function described by the text at that moment shown adjacent to the button on the display. Soft keys are also found away from the display device, for example on the sides of cellular phones, where they are typically programmed to invoke functions such as PTT, memo, or volume control. Function keys on keyboards are a form of soft key. In contrast, a hard key is a key with dedicated function such as the keys on a number keypad.

Screen-labeled function keys are today most commonly found in kiosk applications, such as automated teller machines and gas pumps. Screen-label function keys date to aviation applications in the late 1960s. Kiosk applications were particularly common in the 1990s and 2000s. Screen-labeled function keys are found in automotive and aviation applications such as in the primary flight and multi-function displays. An alternative to screen-labeled function keys is buttons (virtual keys) on a touchscreen, where the label is directly pushable. The increased prevalence of touchscreens in the 2000s has led to a decrease in screen-labeled function keys. However, screen-labeled function keys are inexpensive and robust, and provide tactile feedback.

History
Early examples are found in aviation glass cockpits, such as the Mark II avionics of the F-111D in the late 1960s/early 1970s (first ordered 1967, delivered 1970–73). Hewlett-Packard developed them for use in computers/calculators in the 1970s. The HP 9830 desktop computer was the first calculator with two rows of 4 keys, over which a paper overlay would be placed. These were later adapted to terminals. Programmers found that the HP 2640 terminals could lock the top two lines of the screen, so they displayed the key functions there. Starting with HP 2647 terminal, the keys were re-arranged to correspond with 2 pairs of 4 labels at the bottom of the screen. These could be programmed by escape sequence or configuration screen. This would be further developed on the failed HP 300 Amigo, which used keys at the right side of the screen and HP 250 business computers which placed them at the bottom. By arranging functions in hierarchical trees, many functions can be implemented with only 8 keys.

Graphical calculators
, HP calculators use this arrangement to implement hierarchical trees of functions. They are rarely found on PC applications, even though the first IBM PC BASIC labeled function key use at the bottom of the screen, and there were 12 function keys, patterned after use on IBM terminals.

Modern Texas Instruments calculators such as the TI-89 series use function keys to open drop-down menus on their menu bar, the menu title acting like the key label.

Casio calculators use the function keys for a menu at the bottom of the screen.

Mobile phone
A typical mobile phone with soft keys has them located beneath the bottom left and bottom right of the display; some, especially those made by Nokia, have an additional center soft key, activated by pressing on the center of the directional pad. Depending on the modality of the application, various functions can be mapped onto it. It can also bring up multiple functions listed on a pop-up expanded menu. Usually the prompt text on the display for the softkey is not allowed to be truncated or omitted with ellipsis. The softkey itself is usually not printed with a functional icon or text, but is often marked with a dot or short bar.

Soft keys have become increasingly rare as touchscreens take the place of function keys on many modern smartphones.

Point of sale
Screen-labeled function keys have found use in point of sale systems; NCR Corporation claims that their DynaKey system "has been proven to reduce training time and cashier errors".

title: Soft key


text:
User:BIS Suma

Sandbox Of Suma

title: User:BIS Suma


text:
Granny Smith Festival

The Granny Smith Festival is an annual festival held in Eastwood, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. It began in 1985 and is now the largest annual event of its type in Sydney's Northern District, attracting over 80,000 people each year. The festival is held on and around Eastwood Oval on the third Saturday of October to commemorate 19th-century pioneer Maria Ann "Granny" Smith, credited with producing the Granny Smith apple and celebrated for providing the Ryde-Hunters Hill area with prosperity. The festival begins at 9:00 am and concludes at 8:30 pm.

The highlights are the Grand Parade down Rowe Street and the fireworks display. There are also stalls, community events, live entertainment, and rides. It is a festival tradition that the New South Wales Mounted Police lead the Grand Parade.

2007
The Granny Smith Festival in 2007 was of particular significance, in that it became a major campaign venue for the Australian federal election, 2007. For the first time in the Festival's 22-year history, it was officially opened by the (then) local Member of parliament, Prime minister John Howard. There were speculations that his appearance was largely due to the emergence of a serious challenge towards not just his Coalition government, but indeed his very own parliamentary seat of Bennelong, from high-profile ALP candidate Maxine McKew. Apart from Howard and McKew, a number of other local politicians, along with hundreds of volunteers representing numerous political parties and interest groups, attended the Festival, with a large contingent of media crew following their campaign trails.

2008
The 2008 Granny Smith Festival was of important significance with the Ryde by-election being held on the same day, Saturday October 18. This was triggered by the resignation of John Watkins who was the MP for Ryde since 1995. An estimated 280 stores were set up in the 2008 event.

Since 2009

 * The 2009 Granny Smith Festival was held on Saturday 17 October with the headline act from Eagles tribute act, Desperado - The Eagles Show.
 * The 2010 Granny Smith Festival was held on Saturday 16 October with the headline act from ABBA tribute band, ABBA'S BACK.
 * The 2011 Granny Smith Festival was held on Saturday 15 October with the headline act from MOTOWN, The Show!
 * The 2012 Granny Smith Festival was held on Saturday 20 October with the headline act from Blues Brothers tribute band, the Australian Blues Brothers Show.
 * The 2013 Granny Smith Festival was held on Saturday 19 October with the headline act from Queen tribute band, KillerQueen.
 * The 2014 Granny Smith Festival was held on Saturday 18 October with the headline act Roger Galante.
 * The 2015 Granny Smith Festival was held on Saturday 17 October.
 * The 2016 Granny Smith Festival was held on Saturday 15 October with the headline act "Party Rock People" comprised in part by Jasmine-Jade and Nada-Leigh Nasser.
 * The 2018 Granny Smith Festival was held on Saturday 20 October with the festival ending early and scheduled fireworks being cancelled due to severe raining and thunderstorms.
 * Festivals since 2020 went on hiatus on grounds of COVID-19 pandemic.
 * The 2022 Granny Smith Festival was held on Saturday 15 October with the headline act from Dami Im.

title: Granny Smith Festival


text:
Charlestown Elevated

The Charlestown Elevated was a segment of the MBTA Orange Line rapid transit line that ran from the Canal Street Incline in downtown Boston, Massachusetts through Charlestown to a terminal in Everett, Massachusetts. It opened in June 1901 and was replaced by the Haymarket North Extension in April 1975.

Route
The Charlestown Elevated began at the Canal Street Incline, just north of Haymarket Square in the Bulfinch Triangle section of downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It paralleled the Causeway Street Elevated north to North Station just south of Boston Garden. There it turned east along Causeway Street to Tower C, the split with the Atlantic Avenue Elevated, then north over the Charlestown Bridge.

The Elevated turned slightly with an elevated station at City Square, then followed Main Street through Charlestown with a station at Thompson Square. Sullivan Square, the original terminal, was a grand arched brick building with multiple streetcar loops. The Sullivan Square Shops, one of the line's two maintenance facilities, was located just north of Sullivan Square. From there, the line turned northeast and crossed the Mystic River on a high bridge, then slowly descended to the ground-level Everett station.

Construction
Building of the elevated began in 1899 and it opened for revenue service on June 10, 1901. Stations were located at North Union Station (soon renamed as North Station), City Square, and Sullivan Square, with a major maintenance facility at Sullivan Square. The Atlantic Avenue Elevated opened on August 22, 1901, connecting to the Charlestown Elevated east of North Station. Thompson Square opened as an infill station between City Square and Sullivan Square on May 22, 1902.

When the Causeway Street Elevated was built in 1912, a platform was built at North Station for Atlantic Avenue Elevated shuttle trains so they would not block the main tracks. In 1917, the elevated was slated to be replaced with a more permanent subway line along the same Main Street routing, but this project was canceled by the US's entry into World War I.

Everett extension
In the 1910s and 1920s, the Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) had plans to extend the Charlestown Elevated to Malden, and the southern portion of this extension, including a drawbridge over the Mystic River, was built in the late 1910s. Everett station was opened in an isolated industrial area just north of the river crossing on March 15, 1919. Intended to be temporary and to be used only until full service to Malden was implemented, it was constructed of wood like a house rather than a permanent transit station. The light-duty construction style of this station was unique on the Elevated. Due to opposition from Malden residents who preferred a tunnel due to the noise and vibration of the planned elevated line, the Malden extension was not built and Everett remained the terminus.

The Atlantic Avenue Elevated operated only as a shuttle from South Station to the 1912-built North Station platform after 1928, and closed completely on September 30, 1938. It was demolished in 1942 to provide steel for the war effort, though a short section was left from Tower C for laying over trains from the Charlestown Elevated.

Replacement and closure
Unlike the Washington Street Elevated, which was built at the same time with a similar design, the Charlestown El was located very near Boston Harbor and the Mystic River tidal estuary, and was thus continually exposed to accelerated corrosion caused by salt air. The elevated was also unpopular with many local residents, as it was noisy and blocked out sunlight to Main Street. In 1965, a promised removal of the elevated structure was part of a compromise deal by Edward J. Logue to secure local support of a planned redevelopment project.

A replacement elevated was thus infeasible, while a full-length replacement tunnel would have been too expensive. Instead, the Haymarket North Extension project consisted of a tunnel segment from Haymarket through a new underground stop at Orange, then under the Charles River to a portal near Bunker Hill Community College. From there the extension was built along the Haverhill Line commuter rail right of way, lowering land acquisition difficulties. The Charlestown Elevated was closed at the end of afternoon rush hour service on April 4, 1975, and the Haymarket North Extension opened on April 7.

A $387,000 contract to demolish the elevated was issued in June 1975, and demolition began that August at City Square. By the end of 1975, only North Station and Sullivan Square stations were standing in their original locations; they were demolished in 1976. Thompson Square station was lowered to the ground for restaurant use, but burned in 1976 before conversion could take place. The footings of the Mystic River bridge, just west of the Route 99 (Alford Street) road bridge, were not removed and remain extant. The elevated supports also remained in the center span of the Charlestown Bridge until it was replaced in 2020. Tower C, which was located at the split between the Charlestown Elevated and the Atlantic Avenue Elevated at the southern end of the Charlestown Bridge, was moved to the Seashore Trolley Museum.

title: Charlestown Elevated


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kenn Shiel

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy deleted. GarrettTalk 00:11, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Kenn Shiel
Orphaned article, no notability established, probable vanity -- Ferkelparade π 08:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Kenn Shiel is a well-known individual and a nice man. Leave him alone, Viking-boy. (unsigned comment by User:220.248.121.81)
 * Delete - zero google hits -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 09:16, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no notability established. Thue | talk 10:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. - Mgm|(talk) 10:09, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy if at all possible; otherwise delete. Not notable. -- BD2412 talk 14:04, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dcarrano 17:11, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete WP:CSD A7 DES 18:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A borderline speedy under the new rules, but throwing the word "writer" in there is kind of a claim of notability. -R. fiend 18:58, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Technically all of us Wikipedians are also writer/editors. Can we get articles too? (joke :) Manning 22:27, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete. Manning 22:27, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Stockport Cricket Club

Stockport Cricket Club is a cricket club in Stockport, England, whose first and second teams play in the Cheshire Cricket League.

Ground
Stockport Cricket Club was formed in 1855, and has had 2 previous grounds before moving to Cale Green in 1883. These were on Charles Street, Higher Hillgate and on Greek Street. The Cale Green Ground was donated, along with the adjacent Cale Green Park, by Henry Bell, the former Mayor of Stockport. The cricket ground is one of the largest in the borough at 135 yards wide and 130 yards long, and the site also accommodates a lacrosse pitch, two bowling greens, the pavilion and a war memorial.

History
Stockport Cricket Club was a member of the Manchester Cricket Association until 1937, when the club joined the Central Lancashire League. During this time the club had a number of periods of success, notably the 1960s, when 12 trophies were won by the clubs first and second XI. While in the CLL the club had a number of well known players, with the most recognisable name being Vinoo Mankad, the Indian all-rounder. Future county cricketers including Barry Dudleston also played at the club in this period. Financial difficulties forced the club to resign from the CLL in 1998, and the club merged with Stockport Sunday School and took their place in the Derbyshire and Cheshire Cricket League. The club experienced much success in this league and both the seniors and juniors, with the club winning a league competition every season and individual players collecting numerous personal awards. The junior sides were particularly strong, especially at Under 17 level where the club had a 6 season spell unbeaten in their league division, starting in 2001 and finally ending in 2007. The club resigned from the DCCL at the end of the 2007 season, and entered into the Cheshire pyramid for the start of the 2008 season. The ground was used for shooting many scenes of play for the 2014 film Believe.

Cenotaph
The war memorial at the corner of the cricket field is dedicated to the memory of the 18 members who died in World Wars I and II, and has the following inscriptions:-

AND THESE MEN DIED LEAVING THEIR DEATH FOR AN EXAMPLE OF A NOBLE COURAGE AND A MEMORIAL OF VIRTUE UNTO ALL THE NATION II Macabees 6

SONS OF THIS PLACE LET THIS OF YOU BE SAID

THAT YOU WHO LIVE ARE WORTHY OF YOUR DEAD

THESE GAVE THEIR LIVES THAT YOU WHO LIVE MAY REAP

A RICHER HARVEST ERE YOU FALL ASLEEP Rev T E Royde

THERE'S BUT ONE TASK FOR ALL FOR EACH ONE LIFE TO GIVE WHO STANDS, IF FREEDOM FALL WHO DIES, IF ENGLAND LIVE Rudyard Kipling

title: Stockport Cricket Club


text:
Victor Emmanuel II Monument

The Victor Emmanuel II National Monument (Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II), also known as the Vittoriano or Altare della Patria ("Altar of the Fatherland"), is a large national monument built between 1885 and 1935 to honour Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of a unified Italy, in Rome, Italy. It occupies a site between the Piazza Venezia and the Capitoline Hill. The monument was realized by Giuseppe Sacconi.

From an architectural perspective, it was conceived as a modern forum, an agora on three levels connected by stairways and dominated by a portico characterized by a colonnade. The complex process of national unity and liberation from foreign domination carried out by King Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, to whom the monument is dedicated, has a great symbolic and representative value, being architecturally and artistically centred on the unification of Italy—for this reason the Vittoriano is considered one of the national symbols of Italy.

It also preserves the Altar of the Fatherland (Altare della Patria), first an altar of the goddess Roma, then also a shrine of the Italian Unknown Soldier, thus adopting the function of a secular temple consecrated to Italy. Because of its great representative value, the entire Vittoriano is often called the Altare della Patria, although the latter constitutes only a part of the monument.

It is currently managed by the Polo Museale del Lazio and is owned by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities.

General description

The Vittoriano is on the Capitoline Hill, in the symbolic centre of ancient Rome, and is connected to the modern one thanks to roads that radiate from Piazza Venezia.

Its design is a neoclassical interpretation of the Roman Forum. It features stairways, Corinthian columns, fountains, an equestrian sculpture of Victor Emmanuel II, and two statues of the goddess Victoria riding on quadrigas. On its summit there would have been a majestic portico characterized by a long colonnade and two imposing propylaea, one dedicated to the "unity of the homeland", and the other to the "freedom of the citizens", concepts metaphorically linked to the figure of Victor Emmanuel II.

The base houses the museum of Italian unification, and in 2007 a lift was added to the structure, allowing visitors to access the roof for 360-degree views of Rome. This terrace, which is the highest of the monument, can also be reached via 196 steps that start from the portico.

The structure is 135 m wide, 130 m deep, and 70 m high. If the quadrigae and Winged Victorys are included, the height reaches 81 m. It has a total area of 17550 m2 and possesses, due to the conspicuous development of the interior spaces, a floor area of 717000 m2.

One of the architecturally predominant elements of the Vittoriano are the external staircases, which constitute in the complex 243 steps, and the portico on the top of the monument, which is inserted between two lateral propylaea. The entrance stairway is 41 m wide and 34 m long, the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland is 66 m wide. The maximum depth of the Vittoriano underground reaches 17 m below street level. The colonnade is formed by columns 15 m high and the length of the porch is 72 m.

The allegories of the monument mostly represent the virtues and feelings, very often rendered as personifications, also according to the canons of the neoclassical style, which animate the Italians during the Italian unification, or from the revolutions of 1820 to the capture of Rome (1870), through which national unity was achieved. Due to the complex process of unification undertaken by Victor Emmanuel II throughout the second half of the 19th century, the Italians gave him the epithet of Father of the Fatherland (Padre della Patria). The only non-allegorical work is the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II, which is the architectural centre of the Vittoriano.

The monument, as a whole, appears as a sort of marble covering on the northern slope of the Capitoline Hill: it was therefore thought of as a place where it is possible to make an uninterrupted patriotic walk (the path does not in fact have an architectural end, given that the entrances to the highest part are two, one for each propylaeum) among the works present, which almost all have allegorical meanings linked to the history of Italy. Different are the vegetal symbols present, among which the palm, which recalls the "victory", the oak (the "strength"), the laurel (the "victorious peace"), the myrtle (the "sacrifice") and the Olive tree (the "concord").

From a stylistic perspective, the architecture and works of art that embellish the Vittoriano have been conceived with the aim of creating a "national style" to be replicated in other areas. It was designed to communicate the imperial splendours of ancient Rome. Above all, for the realization of the Vittoriano, Giuseppe Sacconi took inspiration from the Neoclassical architecture—the reborn heir of the classical Greek and Roman architecture, on which Italic elements were grafted and eclectic influences added.

The Vittoriano is regarded as a national symbol of Italy and every year it hosts important national celebrations. The largest annual celebrations are Liberation Day (25 April), Republic Day (2 June), and Armed Forces Day (4 November). During these celebrations, the President of the Italian Republic and the highest government officials pay tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier and those who died in the line of duty by laying a laurel wreath.

History
After the death of Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy on 9 January 1878, many initiatives were destined to raise a permanent monument that celebrated the first king of a united Italy, creator of the process of unification and liberation from foreign domination, which is indicated by historiography as "Father of the Fatherland" also due to the political work of the President of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and to the military contribution of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The goal was therefore to commemorate the entire Italian unification season ("Risorgimento") through one of its protagonists.

For this purpose, the Italian government approved the construction of a monumental complex on the Northern side of Rome's Capitoline Hill. The monument would celebrate the legacy of the first king of a united Italy and would become a symbol of national patriotism. The project was realized by Giuseppe Sacconi in 1885, in an eclectic style.

Sacconi was inspired by the Hellenistic sanctuaries, such as the Pergamon Altar and the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia in Palestrina. The Vittoriano was conceived as a vast and modern forum open to citizens, on a sort of elevated square in the historic centre of Rome organized as an agora on three levels connected by tiers, with conspicuous spaces reserved for strolling visitors.

To erect the Vittoriano it was necessary, between the last months of 1884 and 1899, to proceed with numerous expropriations and extensive demolitions of the buildings that were on the site. The place chosen was in the heart of the historic centre of Rome and was therefore occupied by ancient buildings arranged according to urban planning that dated back to the Middle Ages. This was considered necessary because the Vittoriano should have been built in the heart of the historic centre of Rome, in a modern urban context, in front of a new large square (the future Piazza Venezia), which at the time was just a narrow open space in front of Palazzo Venezia.

The general objective was also to make Rome a modern European capital that rivaled Berlin, Vienna, London and Paris overcoming the centuries-old pontifical town planning. In this context, the Vittoriano would have been the equivalent of the Brandenburg Gate of Berlin, the Admiralty Arch of London and the Opéra Garnier of Paris; these buildings are all united by a monumental and classical aspect that metaphorically communicates pride and the power of the nation that erected them.

It would then become one of the symbols of the new Italy, joining the monuments of ancient Rome and those of the popes' Rome. Having then been conceived as a large public square, the Vittoriano, in addition to representing a memorial dedicated to Victor Emmanuel II, was invested with another role—a modern forum dedicated to the new free and united Italy.

Established Italian sculptors, such as Leonardo Bistolfi, Manfredo Manfredi, Giulio Monteverde, Francesco Jerace, Augusto Rivalta, Lodovico Pogliaghi, Pietro Canonica, Ettore Ximenes, Adolfo Apolloni, Mario Rutelli and Angelo Zanelli, made its sculptures nationwide. The partly completed monument was inaugurated on 4 June 1911, on the occasion of the Turin International world's fair and the 50th anniversary of Italian unification. Construction continued throughout the first half of the 20th century; in 1921 the body of the Italian Unknown Soldier was placed in the crypt under the statue of the goddess Roma, and in 1935 the monument was fully completed amidst the inauguration of the Museo Centrale del Risorgimento Italiano.

The decision to include an altar dedicated to the homeland in the Vittoriano was taken by Giuseppe Sacconi only after the planning phase, during the construction of the monument. The place and the dominant subject were immediately chosen, being a large statue of the goddess Roma that would have been placed on the first terrace after the entrance to the monument, just below the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II. Thus, the Altar of the Fatherland, at least initially and before the burial of the body of the Unknown Soldier, was thought of as a chapel of the deity. In this way, the greatness and majesty of Rome was celebrated, elected to the role of legitimate capital of Italy. Within the Vittoriano are numerous artistic works that recall the history of ancient Rome.

After the First World War the Vittoriano was chosen to house the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, or the burial of an Italian soldier who died during the First World War whose identity remains unknown due to the serious injuries that made the body unrecognizable, which represents all the Italian soldiers who died during the wars. The reason for his strong symbolism lies in the metaphorical transition from the figure of the soldier to that of the people and finally to that of the nation. This transition between increasingly broader and generic concepts is due to the indistinct traits of the non-identification of the soldier.

The Vittoriano was thus consecrated to a wide symbolic value representing a lay temple metaphorically dedicated to a free and united Italy—celebrating by virtue the burial of the Unknown Soldier (the sacrifice for the homeland and for the connected ideals).

With the rise of Fascism in 1922, the Vittoriano became the setting for the military parades of the authoritarian regime of Benito Mussolini. After World War II, with the institution of the Italian Republic in 1946, the monument was stripped of all its Fascist symbols and reassumed its original function as a secular temple dedicated to the Italian nation and its people. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, however, its significance as a symbol of national identity started to decline as the public opinion started to perceive it as a cumbersome relic. At the turn of the 21st century, Italy's President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi pushed for a revaluation of national symbols of Italy, including the Vittoriano.

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

The monument holds the Tomb of the Italian Unknown Soldier with an eternal flame, built under the statue of goddess Roma after World War I following an idea of General Giulio Douhet. The body of the unknown soldier was chosen on 28 October 1921 from among 11 unknown remains by Maria Bergamas, a woman from Gradisca d'Isonzo whose only child was killed during World War I. Her son's body was never recovered. The selected unknown was transferred from Aquileia, where the ceremony with Bergamas had taken place, to Rome and buried in a state funeral on 4 November 1921.

His tomb is a symbolic shrine that represents all the fallen and missing of the war. The side of the tomb of the Unknown Soldier that gives outward at the Altar of the Fatherland is always guarded by a guard of honour and two flames that burn perpetually in braziers. The guard is provided with military personnel of the various weapons of the Italian Armed Forces, which alternate every ten years.

The allegorical meaning of the perpetually burning flames is linked to their symbolism, which is centuries old, since it has its origins in classical antiquity, especially in the cult of the dead. A fire that burns eternally symbolizes the memory, in this case of the sacrifice of the Unknown Soldier moved by patriotic love, and his everlasting memory of the Italians, even in those who are far from their country. The two perennial braziers next to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is placed a plaque whose text reads "Italians Abroad to the Motherland" in memory of donations made by Italian emigrants between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century for the construction of the Vittoriano.

Names

The Victor Emmanuel II National Monument is also known as "Mole del Vittoriano" or simply the "Vittoriano", and "Altare della Patria", which are now the most commonly used names for it. From 1921, when the Unknown Soldier was buried under the statue of the goddess Roma in the part of the Vittoriano that is called "Altare della Patria", the expression began to indicate not only the place of burial of the soldier, or the personification of all the fallen and lost in war, but the whole structure due to the strong popular sentiment for the symbolic Unknown Soldier.

Colloquially, the monument is also known as "The Wedding Cake" or "The Typewriter".

Fountains of the two seas

Set against the external base of the Vittoriano, on the sides of the entrance to Piazza Venezia, are the "fountains of the two seas" which are dedicated to the Adriatic Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea. Both are inserted in a flower bed and possess, from the beginning, a hydraulic system that recycles the water avoiding waste. Historically, a 500000 L water cistern was also active, then abandoned, in the basement of the monument. The two fountains therefore represent the two major Italian seas and, therefore, in this perspective the Vittoriano is assimilated to the Italian Peninsula. This way the whole country is represented, even geographically.

External staircases and terraces

The exterior staircases of the Vittoriano follow the ascending sides of the northern slope of the Capitoline Hill and lead, starting from the entrance of Piazza Venezia, to the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland, then to the terrace of the redeemed cities (the one immediately below the colonnade of the portico), and finally to the terraces of the two propylaea flanked by the portico constituting the two entrances.

At the entrance is a staircase leading to the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland and of the Italian Unknown Soldier, which represent the first raised platform of the Vittoriano, as well as its symbolic centre. The path along the staircase continues beyond the tomb of the Unknown Soldier to symbolically represent a continuous and uninterrupted procession of Italians, continuing up to the highest point of the construction, the portico and the propylaea.

The artistic gate of access to the Vittoriano, which is the work of Manfredo Manfredi, is able to slide vertically underground on tracks. The plant that allows the lowering of the railing, originally hydraulic, was considered at the time of its construction among the most technologically advanced in the world. The entrance gate has a length of 40 m and a weight of 10,500 tons.

On both sides of the entrance stairway are a series of sculptures that accompany the visitor towards the Altar of the Fatherland. The first sculptures are two groups in gilded bronze, with subjects inspired by the thought of Giuseppe Mazzini, The Thought and The Action (respectively, to the left and right of the staircase for those coming from Piazza Venezia), followed by two sculptural groups (also in this case one on each side) depicting as many Winged lions and finally, on the top of the staircase, before the beginning of the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland, two Winged Victorys. The Action has a triangular and angular profile, while The Thought has a circular shape. The Winged Victories, in addition to recalling the military and cultural successes of the Roman era, symbolize allegorically the good luck of national unity.

At the end of the entrance stairway, immediately after the statues of the Winged Victories, opens the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland, the first raised platform of the Vittoriano, which is dominated centrally by the statue of the goddess Roma and the shrine of the Unknown Soldier. On the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland are also the Botticino marble sculptural groups that symbolize the moral values of the Italians, or the ideal principles that make the nation firm. The four groups have a height of 6 m and are to the right and left of the entrance to the terrace of the Altar of the Fatherland (two on each side), sideways to the statues of The Thought and of The Action and in correspondence of the fountains of two seas, along the parapets that overlook Piazza Venezia. The concepts expressed by these four sculptural groups, The Force, The Concord, The Sacrifice and The Right, are the tangible emanation of The Thought and The Action.

At the sides of the Altar of the Fatherland, the staircase resumes dividing into two symmetrical ramps parallel to the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Both reach a pronaos where two large doors open (one on each side, both positioned symmetrically and laterally to the Unknown Soldier, and each in correspondence with one of the two propylaea) that lead to the interior spaces of the Vittoriano. Above each door are two statues; on the left door are The Politics and The Philosophy, while on the right door are two statues depicting The War and The Revolution.

From the two shelves where the doors open to give access to the interior spaces, two further flights of stairs start that converge, directly behind the Altar of the Fatherland, towards the base of the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II – the latter is on the second large elevated platform, in order of height, of the Vittoriano. Behind it, the stairway resumes its ascent in the direction of the portico, reaching a small shelf, from which two staircases start laterally leading to the entrance of a propylaeum. Before reaching the entrances of the propylaea, each of the two staircases is interrupted, creating a small intermediate shelf, which allows access to the terrace of the redeemed cities—the third large and last elevated platform of the Vittoriano—directly behind the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II and immediately below the colonnade of the portico.

The redeemed cities are those united to Italy following the Treaty of Rapallo (1920) and the Treaty of Rome (1924), peace agreements at the end of the First World War. These municipalities are Trieste, Trento, Gorizia, Pola, Fiume and Zara. Following the Paris treaties of 1947, Pola, Fiume and Zara moved on to Yugoslavia and, after the dissolution of the latter, to Croatia. After the conflict, Gorizia was divided into two parts—one part remained in Italy while the other, which was renamed "Nova Gorica", passed first to Yugoslavia and then to Slovenia. Each redeemed city is represented by an altar against the back wall, which bears the corresponding municipal coat of arms. The six altars were placed on the terrace between 1929 and 1930.

At the centre of the row of altars of the redeemed cities, engraved on the stylobate, is a monumental inscription carved on the occasion of the solemn ceremony of the Unknown Soldier (4 November 1921) which contains the text of the Victory Bulletin, an official document written after the Armistice of Villa Giusti with which the general Armando Diaz, supreme commander of the Royal Army, announced, on 4 November 1918, the surrender of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the victory of Italy in the First World War.

At the base of the text of the Victory Bulletin are two other altars similar to those of the redeemed cities but which have, instead of the municipal coat of arms of the municipalities, a helmet—these two altars bear the inscription "" on the left alter and "" on the right alter. They echo the Latin phrase et facere et pati fortia Romanum est ("It is the attribute of a Roman to perform as well as to suffer mighty things") written by Livy in the ''History of Rome, book 11; in the work the phrase is pronounced by Scaevola towards Lars Porsena.

Altar of the Fatherland

The Altar of the Fatherland is the most famous part of the Vittoriano and is the one with which it is often identified. On the top of the entrance stairway, it was designed by the Brescian sculptor Angelo Zanelli, who won a competition specially held in 1906. It is formed from the side of the Tomb of Italian Unknown Soldier that faces the outside of the building (the other side, which faces inside the Vittoriano, is in a crypt), from the sacellum of the statue of the goddess Roma (which is exactly above the tomb of the Unknown Soldier) and two vertical marble reliefs that descend from the edges of the aedicula containing the statue of the goddess Roma and which run downwards laterally to the tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

The statue of the goddess Roma present at the Vittoriano interrupted a custom in vogue until the 19th century, by which the representation of this subject was with exclusively warlike traits. Angelo Zanelli, in his work, decided to further characterize the statue by also providing the reference to Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom and the arts, as well as of war. The great statue of the deity emerges from a golden background. The presence of the goddess Roma in the Vittoriano underlines the irremissible will of the Unification of Italy patriots to have the Rome as the capital of Italy, an essential concept, according to the common feeling, from the history of the peninsula and the islands of Italian culture.

The general conception of the bas-reliefs, beside the statue of the goddess Roma, one to her left and the other to her right, recalls Virgil's Bucolics and Georgics, which complete the triptych of the Altar of the Fatherland with the statue of the Roman divinity.

The allegorical meaning of the bas-reliefs that are inspired by the works of Virgil is linked to the desire to conceptually render the Italian soul. In the Georgics, the reference to the Aeneid is in fact present, and in both the works the industriousness in the work of the Italians is recalled.

The bas-relief on the left of the Altar of the Fatherland represents the Triumph of Labour and the one on the right symbolizes the Triumph of the Patriotic Love where both converge scenically towards the statue of the goddess Roma.

Equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II

After the Altar of the Fatherland is the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II, a bronze work by Enrico Chiaradia and architectural centre of the Vittoriano. The personifications of the noble Italian cities are carved on the marble base of the statue. The statue is bronze, 12 m high, 10 m long, and weighs 50 tons. Including the marble base, the entire sculptural group is 24.80 m high.

The equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II is the only non-symbolic representation of the Vittoriano, given that it is the representation of the homonymous monarch. In classical antiquity the equestrian statues were aimed at the exaltation of the portrayed subject, whose warlike virtues were emphasized. Furthermore, riding and controlling a steed, the character's ability to control primordial instincts was communicated—in this way, the subject was also recognized as civic virtues.

The statue being at the architectural centre of the Vittoriano, above the Altar of the Fatherland and in front of the colonnade of the portico, is not fortuitous – in classical antiquity such equestrian statues were often in front of colonnades, public squares, temples or along the triumphal streets; in places, therefore, stressing centrality. The presence of the basement on which the personifications of the noble cities are carved is linked to the same archaic traditions.

Statues of noble cities
On the base of the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II are sculptural depictions of 14 Italian noble cities, or rather the capitals of Italian states founded before the Savoy monarchy.

They are not the statues of the most important cities in Italy, but of those that were once capitals of ancient Italian pre-unification monarchies, all of which are precedent and therefore historically converging towards the Savoy monarchy—for this reason they are considered "mothers noble"s of Unification of Italy.

The 14 sculptural representations of the noble cities are deliberately placed at the base of the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II, which metaphorically symbolizes the nature of historical foundations of Italy. In a broader sense, they also represent the concept that the unity of the homeland, as a whole, rests on a basis constituted by the municipalities. Unlike those dedicated to the regions of Italy, the statues depicting the 14 cities are all the work of the same sculptor, Eugenio Maccagnani.

Portico and propylaea

Continuing to climb the stairway beyond the equestrian statue of Victor Emmnauel II, is the most imposing and striking architectonic element—the large portico with Corinthian-style columns, slightly curved, on the top of the monument, and inserted between two temple propylaea called "sommoportico" due to its elevated position. The propylaea are the two small porticos projecting from the portico, at its lateral (side) ends, that constitute the entrances.

The portico is 72 m long and is centrally supported by 16 15 m tall columns surmounted by Corinthian capitals, embellished by the face of the Italia turrita (at centre) and acanthus leaves. The cornice above the colonnade is instead decorated with statues representing the 16 allegorical personifications of the Italian regions where each statue corresponds to a column. Giuseppe Sacconi was inspired by the Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum nearby.

Each propylaeum has a bronze statue depicting quadrigae, each one hosting a Winged Victory. The architectural and expressive synergies of the triumphal arches are thus re-proposed—the allegorical meaning of the "quadriga", since ancient times, is in fact that of success. This concept is reinforced by the presence of the Winged Victories, messengers descended from heaven by the divinities who flank the winner of a military battle as their favourite.

The two quadrigae, as the Latin inscriptions placed on the pediments of the underlying propylaea expressly declare, symbolize the freedom of the citizens ("", right) and the unity of the homeland ("", left), the two concepts pivots that inform the entire monument and are attributed to the sovereign Victor Emmanuel II. The implicit message is that Italy, once again a single political group and gained independence, leaving behind the glories of Rome and the pomp of the papal court, is ready to spread a new Italian Renaissance articulated on the moral virtues represented allegorically in the Vittoriano.

The concepts "freedom of citizens" and "unity of the homeland" also summarize the fundamental themes that characterized the beginning and the end of the contribution given by Victor Emmanuel II to the Unification of Italy. Having ascended the throne for a few months, he published the proclamation of Moncalieri (20 November 1849) which confirmed the survival of the liberal regime even in the repressive period following the wave of revolutions of 1848. His political work had ended with the capture of Rome (20 September 1870), which became the capital, although the unification of Trentino-Alto Adige and Julian March (annexed only in 1919 after the First World War) were still missing. The quadrigas, already planned in the original project, were built and positioned in 1927. Inside the pediments of the two propylaea are sculptural groups that have the same theme as the respective quadrigas above.

The interiors of the portico and the propylaea can be accessed through two triumphal entrance stairways of each propylaeum. These are on a small shelf that can be reached via a short staircase that joins the terrace of the redeemed cities. At the base of the entrance stairway of the propylaea are four statues of Winged Victories on triumphal columns, made in 1911 – two are at the entrance to the right propylea, and two at the entrance to the left propylea.

Each entrance leads to a large quadrangular vestibule, in dialogue with the outside due to a colonnade, and from the vestibules one enters the interior spaces of the portico. These rooms are decorated with mosaics, important works of floral Liberty and pictorial symbolism, which cover the lunettes and the two domes of the propylaea. Even the mosaics have as their subject the metaphorical representation of virtues and feelings, very often rendered as allegorical personifications, which animated Italians during the unification of Italy. The interiors of the portico are decorated with the allegories of the sciences, while the doors that connect the propylaea and the portico are embellished with depictions on the arts.

The decoration of the ceiling of the left propylaeum was entrusted to Giulio Bargellini; in these mosaics he adopted innovative technical devices, such as the use of materials of various kinds and tiles of different sizes and inclined so as to create studied reflections of light, and where the lines of the mosaic representations continue towards those of the columns below. The mosaics of Bargellini, along the highest part of the walls, represent figuratively The Faith, The Force, The Work and The Wisdom. The decoration of the ceiling of the right propylaeum was instead entrusted to Antonio Rizzi. Rizzi dedicated himself, along the highest part of the vertical walls, to The Law, The Value, The Peace, The Union and The Poetry.

The internal doors leading from the two propylaea to the portico are decorated with allegorical sculptures representing The Architecture and The Music, which are found in the vestibule on the left and which are the work of Antonio Garella, and The Painting and The Sculpture, in the vestibule on the right and which were made by Lio Gangeri. The interior of the portico has a polychrome marble floor and a Coffered ceiling—the latter of which was designed by Gaetano Koch, is called the "ceiling of the sciences".

The ceiling owes its name to the bronze sculptures of Giuseppe Tonnini placed inside the portico, collectively known as The Allegories of The Sciences. They are all made up of female personifications: The Geometry, The Chemistry, The Physics, The Mineralogy, The Mechanics, The Astronomy and The Geography. The vertical wall opposite the columns is decorated at the top with mosaics at gilded backgrounds, after 1925. Other sculptures present inside the portico are the trophy of arms—a vast set of shields, cuirasses, halberds, spears, flags, arrows and quivers in a trophy the crown of Italy is shown, along with the eagle with the crusader shield and the collar of the Annunciation (emblems of the House of Savoy).

Statues of the regions
The staircase leading to the terrace of the redeemed cities is the best point of observation of the statues of the Italian regions, since the latter are found on the cornice of the portico, each in correspondence of a column. The presence of metaphorically depicting statues of the Italian regions is inspired by the allegorical personifications of the Roman provinces, often placed on commemorative monuments during the imperial era. The number of statues placed on the top of the portico is equal to 16, given that at the time of the drafting of the construction project, 16 Italian regions were identified. Each statue is 5 m high and was entrusted to a different sculptor who were almost always native to the region of which he would have carved the image. The cornice is also embellished with friezes consisting of eagles and lion heads.

Internal crypt of the Unknown Soldier

The crypt of the Italian Unknown Soldier is under the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II which can be accessed from the Shrine of the Flags museum, from where it is possible to see the side of the shrine of the Soldier that faces inwards. It is thus by the Altar of the Fatherland, from where the outward side of the tomb is seen.

The crypt of the Unknown Soldier is the work of the architect Armando Brasini. It is a room in the shape of a Greek cross with a domed vault which is accessed via two flights of stairs. A short tunnel starts from the crypt and reaches the niche of the chapel of the Unknown Soldier. The niche is inserted in an arcosolium inspired by the style of early Christian buildings, especially the catacombs. The ceiling of the crypt instead recalls the Roman architecture, alternating cross vaults and barrel vaults. The room, built using bricks, is characterized by the presence of round arches and niches. There is also a small altar for religious services.

The walls of the crypt are decorated with a mosaic of Byzantine style, by Giulio Bargellini, of a religious nature. The crucifixion of Jesus is above the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, where, on the walls, stand the patron saints of the Italian Armed Forces: Saint Martin patron of the infantry, Saint George of the cavalry, Saint Sebastian of the local police and Saint Barbara of the Italian Navy, artillery and military engineers. Finally, in the dome, is the Madonna of Loreto, patron saint of the Italian Air Force.

Parts of the crypt and sepulcher were made with stone materials from the mountains that were the scene of battles of the First World War, with the floor made of Karst marble, and the small altar made from a single block of stone from Monte Grappa.

Museums
Inside the Vittoriano are some museums dedicated to the history of Italy, especially the Unification of Italy ("Risorgimento"): the Central Museum of the Risorgimento (Museo Centrale del Risorgimento) with an adjoining study institute, the Flag of Italy Memorial (Sacrario delle bandiere) and an area that hosts temporary exhibitions of artistic interest, historical, sociological and cultural called "ala Brasini".

Access to the Central Museum of the Risorgimento is on the left side of the monument, at the back of the Santa Maria in Ara Coeli along via di San Pietro in Carcere. The period of Italian history between the end of the 18th century and the First World War is displayed by memorabilia, paintings, sculptures, documents (letters, diaries and manuscripts), drawings, engravings, weapons and prints.

On the entrance stairway of the Central Museum of the Risorgimento are visible engravings related to some significant episodes for the birth of the Risorgimento movement, from the seed thrown by the French Revolution to the Napoleonic Wars, to better frame and remember the national history included between the reform of the ancient Italian states and the end of the First World War. Along the walls, other marble engravings show some pieces of texts enunciated by prominent personalities, which better testify and describe this part of Italian history.

The Central Museum of the Risorgimento also includes the Shrine of the Flags, a museum where the war flags of dissolved military units and decommissioned ships from the Italian Army, Italian Air Force, Italian Navy, Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato, Penitentiary Police and Guardia di Finanza are collected and temporarily stored. In case a unit is reformed, the flags are retrieved by the unit. Access to the shrine is along Via dei Fori Imperiali, where memorabilia, relating mainly to the Risorgimento wars, in which the Italian Armed Forces took part, are also kept.

The "ala Brasini", reserved for temporary exhibitions, is dedicated to Armando Brasini, the main promoter of the Central Museum. The wing has three exhibition rooms: the "large exhibition hall", with a surface area of 700 m2, generally hosts art exhibitions, and those that require more space, the "central hall" of 400 m2 and the "jubilee hall" of 150 m2, are used.

title: Victor Emmanuel II Monument


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User talk:Xyzzy694208132

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --MONGO 08:52, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xyzzy694208132


text:
Apache Velocity

Apache Velocity first released in April 2001, is a Java-based template engine that provides a template language to reference objects defined in Java code. It aims to ensure clean separation between the presentation tier and business tiers in a Web application (the model–view–controller design pattern).

Velocity is an open source software project hosted by the Apache Software Foundation. It is released under the Apache License. Jon Scott Stevens derived the name from the AltiVec Velocity Engine in the PowerPC G4 chip.

Uses
Some common types of applications that use Velocity are:
 * Aws-api-gateway--body-mapping-template.png applications: Web developers render HTML page structures. The content is populated with dynamic information. The page is processed with VelocityViewServlet or any of a number of frameworks that support Velocity.
 * Source code generation: Velocity can be used to generate Java, SQL, or PostScript source code, based on templates. A number of open source and commercial development software packages use Velocity in this manner.
 * Automatic emails: Many applications generate automatic emails for account signup, password reminders, or automatically sent reports. Using Velocity, the email template can be stored in a text file, rather than directly embedded in Java code.
 * XML transformation: Velocity provides an Ant task, called Anakia, which reads an XML file and makes it available to a Velocity template. A common application is to convert software documentation stored in a generic "xdoc" format into a styled HTML document.
 * AWS API Gateway uses Apache Velocity engine for body mapping templates - JSON is output.

Code examples
The following template:

processed by Velocity produces the following HTML:

Another example using conditions: AWS API Gateway body mapping template, for DynamoDB HTTP: Another example with optional array; without condition will fail because of invalid resulting JSON: The syntax and overall concept of the Apache Velocity templates is similar to the syntax of the older WebMacro template engine, which is now also an open source project.

title: Apache Velocity


text:
Joseph Marie, baron de Gérando

Joseph Marie, baron de Gérando, born Joseph Marie Degérando (29 February 1772 in Lyon, France – 10 November 1842 in Paris), was a French jurist, philanthropist and philosopher of Italian descent.

He is most remembered for his 1804 book Histoire comparée des systèmes de philosophie, considérés relativement aux principes des connaissances humaines (Comparative History of Philosophical Systems, Considered in Relation to the Principles of Human Knowledge) as well as his 1820 study of benevolent activity, Le visiteur du pauvre (The visitor to the poor). He influenced Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and especially Ralph Waldo Emerson who used his philosophical framework extensively in support of his own first book Nature.

Main writings

 * Des Signes et de l'Art de penser considérés dans leurs rapports mutuels, 4 vol., 1799-1800 Texte en ligne 1 2 3 4
 * De la Génération des connaissances humaines, mémoire qui a partagé le prix de l'Académie de Berlin sur la question suivante : Démontrer d'une manière incontestable l'origine de toutes nos connaissances..., 1802. New edition in Corpus des œuvres de philosophie en langue française, Paris, Fayard, 1990
 * Considération sur les diverses méthodes à suivre dans l'observation des peuples sauvages, 1800, engl. The observation of savage peoples, translated from the French by F. C. T. Moore, with a preface by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. London, Routledge & K. Paul, 1969.
 * Le Visiteur du pauvre, 1824. New Edition : Jean-Michel Place, Paris, 1989. Texte en ligne, engl. visitor of the poor translated from the French of the baron Degerando ; by a Lady of Boston ; with and introduction by Joseph Tuckerman. Boston : Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, 1832.
 * Histoire comparée des systèmes de philosophie, relativement aux principes des connaissances humaines, 4 vol., 1822 Texte en ligne 1 2 3 4
 * Du Perfectionnement moral, ou de l'Éducation de soi-même, 2 vol., 1824, engl. Self-education ; or, The means and art of moral progress, translated from the French of M. le Baron Degerando by Elizabeth Palmer Peabody. Boston, Carter and Hendee, 1830.
 * De l'Éducation des sourds-muets de naissance, 2 vol., 1827 Texte en ligne 1 2
 * Institutes du droit administratif français, ou Éléments du code administratif, réunis et mis en ordre, 6 vol., 1829-1836 Texte en ligne : Supplément
 * De la Bienfaisance publique, 2 vol., 1839 Texte en ligne 1 2
 * Des Progrès de l'industrie, considérés dans leurs rapports avec la moralité de la classe ouvrière, 1841
 * Histoire de la philosophie moderne, à partir de la renaissance des lettres jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, 4 vol., 1847 Texte en ligne
 * Les Bons Exemples, nouvelle morale en action, avec Benjamin Delessert, 1858 Texte en ligne

title: Joseph Marie, baron de Gérando


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Talk:Alexandra Palace railway station

Palace Gates's proximity?
I don't understand the assertion that Palace Gates was closer to Ally Pally than this station. If Palace Gates was on the Seven Sisters spur, then it's on the FAR side of the current AP station. If it's closer, where was it? Nowhere, because it wasn't, I fear. Comments, please? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.37.199.166 (talk) 08:54, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Having looked a bit more I am changing this assertion as it is patently false. AT http://www.loveplums.co.uk/Tube/PalaceGates/PalaceGatesMap2.gif someone has pasted together an old map and you can clearly see that Palace Gates is further from AP. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.37.199.166 (talk) 09:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Route query
Would be happy to see detail added as to why trains only run to Moorgate/KX at certain times. It seems very strange that the AP to KX route is only accessible late at night. 188.220.58.177 (talk) 13:34, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Number of Platforms
I have never seen a train stop at platform two, however I've heard that they do but not regually. Does anyone know if any trains timetabled to stop here? Jt spratt 17:50, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Nor have I ever seen platform 2 used. User:Simply south's comment in the edit summary "I've been on trains out of London and they've used the inside platform" can't be about platform 2, as a train out of London would be using either platform 3 (to Welwyn Garden City) or platform 4 (to Herford North.) The track and platform layout is: =================>  =================>      platform 1 N   platform 2       S O ==================> O R <================== U T <================== T H    platform 3       H      platform 4 <==================

The tracks, from top to bottom, are the line out of the GNER depot, southbound slow line (stopping at platform 1,) southbound fast line (passing platform 2,) northbound fast line, northbound slow to Welwyn Garden City (platform 3), and northbound to Herford North (platform 4). From the track layout south of Ally Pally, a train stopping at platform 2 cannot then stop at Hornsey or Harringay (the tracks can be easily seen on Google's arial photos) which limits possible timetabled use of platform 2 to three rush hour trains - the 0807, 0833, and 0836 (0837 after 10 Dec.)  I know that the first of these stops at platform 1, as I have caught it quite often. -- AJR | Talk 19:23, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexandra Palace railway station


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User talk:The cat ncl uk

yo

I am a bellend —Preceding unsigned comment added by B0sh (talk • contribs) 00:33, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:The cat ncl uk


text:
User:Leo1

I'm a journalist from Karnataka, India. I was born in 1960. My current interest is Philosophy (specifically enlightenment or awakening). I have done the google tour of the whole genre. yet to get somewhere, though.

At various times in the past I have been interested in screenplays, drawing strip cartoons and illustrations; self-improvement books; tai-chi; yoga; meditation; reiki and so on.

title: User:Leo1


text:
Nie Haisheng

Nie Haisheng (born 13 October 1964 ) is a major general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force (PLASSF) in active service as an taikonaut and the third commander (unit chief) of the PLA Astronaut Corps (PLAAC). He was a PLA Air Force fighter pilot and director of navigation.

Nie flew on Shenzhou 6 and served as commander on both the Shenzhou 10 and Shenzhou 12 missions, the latter of which became the first crew to visit the Tiangong space station. In 2021, with a combined 111 days in space, he set a new record for longest stay in space by a Chinese astronaut, becoming the first to exceed 100 days and is one of only two Chinese astronauts to have flown three times.

Early life
Nie was born on 08 September 1964 in a rural village in Yangdang Town of Zaoyang County, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province to a family of farmers.

After graduating from high school he joined the People's Liberation Army Air Force in June 1983, and became a fighter pilot. He trained at the PLAAF's No. 7 Flying School and graduated in 1987.

Air Force career

On 12 June 1989 while flying at 13,000 feet (4000 m) his plane suffered an explosion and he lost his engine. The plane began to spin to the ground and the cabin began to heat up. Trying to regain control, he waited until the plane was 1300 to 1700 feet (400 to 500 meters) before choosing to eject. For his handling of the situation he was honored with third-class merit.

Prior to Shenzhou 10, Nie had attained the rank of Major General.

Astronaut Corps career
In January 1998, he was selected for the Chinese spaceflight program and was one of three candidates who were part of the final group to train for the Shenzhou 5 flight, China's first crewed spaceflight. Yang Liwei was picked for the flight, with Zhai Zhigang ranked second ahead of Nie.

Nie went into orbit, along with Fei Junlong (commander), as flight engineer of the Shenzhou 6 flight on 12 October 2005. The mission lasted just under five days.

He was selected to be the commander of the backup crew for the Shenzhou 9 mission. In 2013, Nie was selected to command the Shenzhou 10 second crewed space mission to the Chinese prototype space station Tiangong 1. He became the first officer to hold general rank at the time of their launch in the Chinese space program with the Shenzhou 10 mission.

Nie was chosen in December 2019 for his third spaceflight, Shenzhou 12, which lifted off on 17 June 2021 on the first crewed mission to the Tiangong space station. Nie conducted his first spacewalk outside the station on 20 August 2021.

Personal life
He is married to Nie Jielin (聂捷琳) and they have a daughter named Nie Tianxiang (聂天翔). During the Shenzhou 6 mission he celebrated his 41st birthday in space.

The Asteroid 9517 Niehaisheng was named after him.

title: Nie Haisheng


text:
User talk:Leo1

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Alan Au 09:01, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Leo1


text:
Talk:Humus

Untitled
Should "humic matter" be directed here? Kjkolb 09:03, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * It does now. DavidHallett 23:30, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Humus is not just a desirable element of fertile soil. It is an indispensable link in the life cycle of all life on earth. As the "composition" phase of the life cycle concludes upon the event of excretion of waste or death the "decomposition" phase begins. This is when the complex organisms formed from the elemental substances in plant matter are broken down into their original elemental form and then moved to the soil by gravity so as to be available as nutrient for future plant growth. It is a circle with two halves --  one half in construction the other in deconstruction.

Etymology
Does anyone know where the word Humus comes from, is it related to the dip? Trcunning 08:25, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It is Latin for soil. --Lambiam 12:18, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Words are travellers. The Word Humus is latin. But it has its origin in Greek. The greek word for humus in both ancient and modern Greek is "χώμα" (it sounds homa) and means top soil. It comes from the ancient greek verb "χώννυμι" which means accumulate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.70.1.0 (talk) 18:56, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Proposed merge
I propose we merge soil organic matter into humus, as they cover similar ground. This is part of a large discussion, please feel free to join in here. Anxietycello (talk) 14:44, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose From the WP:SOIL perspective, humus dominates, but is only one component of soil organic matter, the subdominant components being live roots (10%) live critters (5%), and pre-humus organic matter: recognizable dead stuff .  Narrower perspectives exclude the living, but none narrowly exclude decaying plant matter (pre-humus) with soil organic matter.  Example: lab reported soil organic matter: the procedure is intended to quantify every molecule of non-mineral C (thus no carbonates) sent in by the soil sampler. Not all humus is a component of soil: leaf mold, compost. Humus and soil organic matter should be two separate articles.--Paleorthid (talk) 16:29, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Paleorthid above. Humus is a huge topic and may need splitting not merging. Plumpurple (talk) 16:33, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Image
The image caption doesn't state the one thing it should: Which of the layers is humus. Kafziel Complaint Department: Please take a number 23:02, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

Proposal for a modification of humus definition.
The definition of humus as "any organic matter that has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might, if conditions do not change, remain as it is for centuries, if not millennia" may be improved to gain clarity and precision. In Principe "any organic matter" gives little information. Then, it is not true that humus does not mineralize, because it does, at an anual rate of approximately 1,5 to 2%, depending on conditions.

This is my proposal: "Humus is the fraction of soil organic matter of chemical polymeric nature and physical colloidal properties that has been formed by the activity of soil microorganisms using vegetal decomposition matter, and minerals, and has reached a high degree of stability."Auró (talk) 16:00, 30 April 2011 (UTC)
 * this language is too academic... V.B. (talk) 15:46, 9 May 2012 (UTC)
 * The Gunning Fog Index on your proposed text is 28.5 years of education to understand the text on the first read. The Flesch Reading Ease is -1.26, which is very poor. To keep it at the 14 year level would require an index of about 40. The intro paragraph should be understandable by the vast majority and any greater exactness should be added in the text that follows. I propose the following intro para: "Humus (coined 1790–1800; < Latin: earth, ground[1]) refers to any organic matter that has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might remain so for centuries, if not millennia.[2]" That requires about 18 years of education to understand on the first read where the original requires 22 years. It drops to 16 years if the parenthetical insertion is left out. Personally I feel that all these article should aim for a reading level of 12 years of education which is a Flesch Reading Ease of 30 or greater. There are obviously exceptions to that in the case of highly technical articles.Zedshort

 * I think your proposal is equivalent to leave it as it is.--Auró (talk) 15:04, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

What destroys stable humus?
There ought to be a section on this. I am guessing: high nitrogen fertilizers, compaction, regular plowing... (?) V.B. (talk) 15:44, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I believe there is a type of fungus that can destroy humus. Humus itself is essentially an inert material with respect to plants and soil microbes as the usable nutrients nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, etc. have been stripped out of the original material and the end product, humus, is essential a waste product with little food value. Soil nutrient ions can attach to the humus and afford plants those nutrients but humus by itself has little food value. It acts as a means of storing nutrients as absorbed and adsorbed ions. The fungi apparently use some of the material for food and building its body. Humus is stabilized by its attachment to clay, making it further resistant to breakdown by soil bacteria. In the very wet, high temperatures of Amazonia, humus is destroyed by fungi, and clay is washed from the soil leaving no colloids to hold on to the nutrient ions unless charcoal is incorporated. Charcoal is very, very stable to decomposition. Zedshort (talk) 19:48, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Difference with compost
What's the difference between humus and compost ? Reading both articles, this is not clear to me. There is a documentary where a Mennonite "soil fertility expert" attempts to define both, explaining that humus is compost further degraded. --Jerome Potts (talk) 23:42, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

 * You are right in calling attention to this subject. I think that both articles are not properly explained, in order to see the distinction, that no doubt exists. I take note to do something about it, in case nobody is willing to act more quickly than me. --Auró (talk) 21:38, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Humus is naturally produced in the decomposition of soil organic matter. There is an article about soil organic matter, so this is the first place to act, and where I will begin.--Auró (talk) 13:46, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

Criticism
I propose a new section, Criticism...: With an explanation build around these excerpts from :

 *  [ biogeochemical ] processes convert dead plant material into organic products that are able to form intimate associations with soil minerals, making it difficult to study the nature of soil organic matter. Early research based on an extraction method assumed that a 'humification' process creates recalcitrant (resistant to decomposition) and large 'humic substances' to make up the majority of soil 'humus'. However, these 'humic substances' have not been observed by modern analytical techniques. This lack of evidence means that 'humification' is increasingly questioned, yet the underlying theory persists in the contemporary literature, including current textbooks.

 * The conceptual problem with defining 'humic substances' by an extraction process is threefold: 1) ... extraction is always incomplete... 2) ...the harsh alkaline treatment ... giving the resulting 'humic' and 'fulvic' fractions ... an exaggerated chemical reactivity... 3) The development of this extraction preceded theory, tempting scientists to develop explanations ... rather than develop an understanding of the nature of all organic matter in soil. Over time, this attempt to mechanistically explain the formation of operationally defined 'humic substances' also led to their definition as synthesis products without the link to the alkaline extraction.

 * Greater aromaticity compared to whole soil
 * Historic interpretation = ‘Humification’ creates polyaromatic molecules.
 * Evidence-based interpretation = Not all alkaline extracts are enriched in aromatics; pyrogenic carbon and microbial metabolites (not waste products) create aromatic-rich alkaline extracts

 * More nitrogen heterocycles compared to whole soil
 * Historic interpretation = Heterocyclic nitrogen is a product of proposed ‘humification’ reactions
 * Evidence-based interpretation = Analytical artefacts during quantification; pyrogenic nitrogen is heterocyclic and alkali extractable

 * Glass transition behaviour (a phase change requiring some level of molecular order)
 * Historic interpretation = Formation of large polymers
 * Evidence-based interpretation = Common for some known biomolecules and pyrogenic carbon

This criticism of humification theory affects several articles including humic acid, and humin. The criticism related to this article is that humus, as defined, does not exist in soil. -- Paleorthid (talk) 23:55, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

 * This article is rated as "start class", and therefore it is lacking a lot of information. To add the proposed criticism section to such an article has no much meaning, as it criticizes something that is in great part absent from the article.--Auró (talk) 23:02, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

 * If that opinion is supported by others, I can certainly userfy the criticism section until the article is sufficiently improved. However, please consider that 1) humification redirects to this page, and 2) The humification section is half the article. I added the criticism section to maintain WP:NPOV which "means representing fairly, proportionately, and, as far as possible, without editorial bias, all of the significant views that have been published by reliable sources on a topic." Proportionality seems to fit with what you are asking. I will pare back the wordiness accordingly. -- Paleorthid (talk) 05:38, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Paleorthid I agree with your argument, and accept that more opinions are needed to support or otherwise my petition. If these opinions are lacking, I leave it to your judgment. Any way, this has reminded me, and hope others, that this article needs some work for expansion.--Auró (talk) 22:07, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I am looking for an opportunity to convert the section to a much less intrusive parenthetical mention, much the way User:Richard Keatinge accomplished with this edit at dark earth. -- Paleorthid (talk) 23:45, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I would encourage you to go ahead and do that; the Criticism section in its current form doesn't make sense (and nor does the material you have quoted here in Talk). Is it being claimed that humus doesn't exist? Or that there is no sound evidence for its existence? If it does exist, and if it is not present in 'unprocessed' organic matter, then presumably there must be some process going on that 'humifies' unprocessed organic matter. What else could 'humification' refer to, than that process? MrDemeanour (talk) 15:45, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

There is a newer article published in Quanta, with quotes from not only Lehmann. https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-soil-science-revolution-upends-plans-to-fight-climate-change-20210727/ However I have not kept up with wikipedia's reference syntax and am not going to attempt to add this reference. It's fun reading though, and yes the Lehmann cohort are indeed saying that humus does not exist. 2001:981:8EBE:1:464:F3BC:F187:9E60 (talk) 09:19, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Humus. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121128125005/http://www4.uwsp.edu:80/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/soil_systems/soil_development_soil_properties.html to http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/soil_systems/soil_development_soil_properties.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:38, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:28, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

mull moder mor
THESE TERms seem to be missing from wikipedia and yet they appear fundanetal for soil development understanding re humus. Also the article contains a statement saying humus is an unproven theory akin to pseudoscience. Perhaps this could be better written to explain that long processess cannot just be observed but must be evidenced? here is a suitable short and understandable link for a source on this http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/maps/Biodiversity_Atlas/download/14.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.162.68.29 (talk) 14:28, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

These terms can be seen in the German wikipedia article on humus, where they are explained and also that they originate from Swedish. So I put a template translate from the German article, which also has better pictures etc. on humus. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.162.68.29 (talk) 14:38, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Blue Carbon
I just fixed a link in the Humification/Stability subsection; the link pointed to 'Soil Carbon', not to 'Blue Carbon'. But it then becomes clear that 'blue carbon' is not a type of soil carbon at all; it is carbon fixed in oceans (I didn't think there were any kinds of carbon that were actually blue!). So I am now going to change the text to read (and link to) 'Soil Carbon'.

The passage is cited to an academic article on 'Amazonian Dark Earths', which I do not have access to; but I suspect it does not support the claim that blue carbon is involved in soil carbon (or in amazonian dark earths). Revert unhesitatingly if I am in error! MrDemeanour (talk) 10:41, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Mycorrhizae?
The section 'Transformation of Organic Matter Into Humus' erroneously states: "The process of humification can occur naturally in soil, or in the production of compost. Organic matter is degraded into humus by a combination of mycorrhizal fungi,[11]", misquoting the source, which actually explains that mycorrhizae simply provide increased access to mineral P through the extra-radical network it provides. In fact, organic matter is degraded by saprotrophic fungi.218.185.237.154 (talk) 23:14, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

 * So fix it? MrDemeanour (talk) 16:37, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Is that a question? Seems like a good idea to explain a suggested change before removing it, in case authors of the change have some thoughts. Basic decency, but whatever.218.185.237.154 (talk) 13:56, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I don't agree; if something is plainly wrong or misleading, then I think it is best to fix it promptly. If the person who posted the incorrect material has thoughts, they can bring them to Talk if they see fit. I'm all in favour of decency, but it shouldn't result in incorrect information staying in WP a second longer than necessary.

 * Also, ISTM that quite a lot of people come to Talk, and comment that the article is wrong, but never try to fix it. Perhaps they think you aren't allowed to edit Wikipedia until you have somehow been 'appointed' an editor. MrDemeanour (talk) 14:49, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Humus


text:
NGV

NGV or ngv may refer to:

 * Natural gas vehicle, an alternative fuel vehicle that uses compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas
 * National Gallery of Victoria, an art museum in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
 * ngv, the ISO 639-3 code for Nagumi language, Cameroon

title: NGV