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Shut Your Mouth (song)

"Shut Your Mouth" is a 2001 alternative rock song by Garbage, written and recorded for their third studio album Beautiful Garbage. "Shut Your Mouth" was the album opener; it was also released as its fourth and final single.

Composition and recording
"Shut Your Mouth" was written and recorded at Garbage's own Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin during the year-long sessions that culminated in their third album Beautiful Garbage. "Shut Your Mouth" was one of the first songs Garbage completed; the genesis of the song came from the band setting up their instruments and playing music for three hours, while Manson spontaneously sang. "It came from Garbage attempting to do a funk jam," Butch Vig recalled, "and then Shirley went into the vocal booth and this Patti Smith-style stream-of-consciousness vocal came out". Vig later described "Shut Your Mouth" as "Sly & The Family Stone on quaaludes. Lyrically, Shirley Manson explained, "In a general sense, it's about keeping your own counsel. There are so many opinions out there and misinformation and everybody's got their own agenda".

The band created a wah-wah guitar sound for the intro of "Shut Your Mouth" by recording a 1955 Les Paul Junior through an old DigiTech Whammy pedal into a Matchless Hurricane/Marshall amplifier 4x12 setup. Session musician Daniel Shulman worked on "Shut Your Mouth" during the first of his two visits to Smart Studios to work on the album. He quickly laid down a riff for the chorus which used a lot of common tones throughout the chord progressions of the song. However, Shulman spent a long time working on a "funky and busy" part for the verses. All the bass guitar parts on "Shut Your Mouth" were performed on a Music Man Sabre bass. Butch Vig recorded a funk jam for the middle of the song on a Drum Workshop kit; he then cut and pasted random beats using Pro Tools editing software to create a jarring percussive effect. "It was just sort of a straight pattern, and without even listening to it I started dropping beats in other spots. Then I just ran through that section, and it was pretty messed up. But it had a much more interesting... it's more of a breakdown section," Vig recalled, "I actually tried notating the recorded version, and it was like some insane piece of music." Vig used a thirty-year-old Roger Meyer limiter to saturate the drum sounds on "Shut Your Mouth" ("...to make them sound thrashy").

The majority of the recorded work on Beautiful Garbage was to analog tracked through a Trident A Range mixing console; then fed into Pro Tools for recording overdubs, editing and mixing. The band's engineer, Billy Bush would then print a stereo mix of the Pro Tools tracks to two-inch tape and then add more overdubs to it. As a whole on Beautiful Garbage, Manson's main vocals were generally not treated to the extent that they had on Garbage's first two albums; however her vocal on "Shut Your Mouth" was: the band subjected her takes to a number of Pro Tools plug-ins such as GRM Tools' Band Pass and Wave Mechanics' Soundblender.

On October 10, 2001, "Shut Your Mouth" was debuted live by Garbage in Notre Dame, Indiana, during the band's first support slot on U2's Elevation Tour. The song was performed at almost every show on the Beautiful Garbage tour; at one Osaka, Japan performance in February 2002, Garbage replaced the verse riff with one from AC/DC's "Back in Black".

In 2007, "Shut Your Mouth" was remastered and included on Garbage's greatest hits album Absolute Garbage.

Single release
On April 8, 2002, "Shut Your Mouth" was announced as the fourth single from Beautiful Garbage by Shirley Manson herself, during a Garbage concert broadcast live throughout Europe on MTV. The band had already pre-empted active single promotion by recording both "Shut Your Mouth" and a cover of Rolling Stones' 1971 single "Wild Horses" for Re:Covered, a new BBC Choice music show where contemporary artists performed their new single and an old classic. The show was scheduled to air in June, when Mushroom Records UK had planned to release "Shut Your Mouth" across Europe to coincide with Garbage's booked Glastonbury performance and European tour. After the failure of third album single, "Breaking Up the Girl", and despite promotional discs already having been distributed, Mushroom cancelled the UK's June release date of "Shut Your Mouth".

PIAS Recordings released "Shut Your Mouth" in Germany on June 24 to coincide with the band's German tour dates. The single was released a CD maxi featuring b-side "Happiness Pt.2" and two live tracks: "Wild Horses" and "Only Happy When it Rains". Garbage made their first live appearance on a German television show on June 24, performing "Shut Your Mouth" on TV total, while the animated music video for "Shut Your Mouth" had begun airing on MTV networks from June 18. PIAS then issued the single in other European territories from July 8.

Garbage regrouped at the end of August 2002 to actively promote "Shut Your Mouth" in the UK with two club dates at London's Electric Ballroom (which were filmed for BBC documentary series Roadies); the band performed the single on August 27 at that year's Kerrang! Awards, and completed two pre-records for both Top Of The Pops and Popworld to be broadcast nearer the release date. Manson also appeared on breakfast show RI:SE to discuss the song, while Mushroom ran print ads for the single in Kerrang! and NME music magazines. Rejecting the artwork used for the single in Europe, Mushroom commissioned a new photoshoot so that the single cover would feature Manson's image (this was a first for Garbage, who had never appeared on the covers of their singles or albums before). Mushroom also commissioned new remixes and a live music video for the UK release; the video debuting online and on Kerrang! TV on September 16.

Mushroom Records finally released "Shut Your Mouth" in the UK on September 23; the single was marketed as a three CD single set, each in card sleeves, with a card wallet with the first disc to store the whole set. Each disc was strictly limited to 5,000 copies. Spread across the formats were three new b-sides exclusive to the UK release of "Shut Your Mouth", Garbage having written and recorded them in Montreux, Switzerland while touring Europe, two new remixes of "Shut Your Mouth", and on the third disc, their live recording of "Wild Horses". This last disc was released in conjunction with Blaze Television and BBC Worldwide, due to the licensing arrangements made by the BBC to feature "Wild Horses" on Re:Covered earlier that year. On September 29, "Shut Your Mouth" charted at #20. This position was the highest reached by any of the four Beautiful Garbage singles on the UK Singles Chart. The following week, "Shut Your Mouth" dropped out of the Top 75; this was the first instance in the fifty-year history of the UK Singles Chart where a Top Twenty track did so.

FMR released "Shut Your Mouth" in Australia on September 2 in its original format configuration; a single CD maxi featuring the same b-sides and live tracks as in the European release; pre-empting an Australian Tour Edition re-release of the Beautiful Garbage on September 16. "Shut Your Mouth" peaked at number 74 on the ARIA Singles Chart, spending three weeks within the top 100. Garbage's world tour returned to Australia the following month; on October 8, the band performed "Shut Your Mouth" on talk show Rove.

In October 2002, Garbage returned to perform a co-headlining tour of North America with No Doubt and The Distillers. Although Interscope chose not to service any further singles from Beautiful Garbage in the United States, Universal Music Canada sent promotional discs of "Shut Your Mouth" to alternative rock stations across the country. Vancouver radio station 99.3 The Fox had been playing "Shut Your Mouth" since the release of Beautiful Garbage a year earlier. Interscope, however, licensed "Shut Your Mouth" to the soundtrack of the PlayStation racing game World Rally Championship.

"Shut Your Mouth" was retained in Garbage's live set for 2005's Bleed Like Me tour, 2012-13's Not Your Kind Of People World Tour and 2016's Strange Little Birds tour. Along with "Cherry Lips", it was one of the only two tracks from Beautiful Garbage to be performed on all three tours. In August 2005, Garbage teamed up with Canadian electroclash musician Peaches to perform at AmsterJAM, a mash-up rock festival held at Randall's Island, NY. "Shut Your Mouth" was performed by both artists mixed with Peaches' single "Shake Yer Dix".

Music videos
Two music videos were completed for "Shut Your Mouth". The first was a stiff 2D/3D animated promo, directed by Henry Moore Selder across May/June 2002. Garbage approached Selder to direct the video after being impressed with his videos for The Hives ("Die, Alright!" and "Hate to Say I Told You So"). The video concept is Manson's plea to the press to stop meddling in her private life, interpreted by her featuring as a guest on a Letterman/Springer-style talk show. The square characters are meant to look 'anti-3D'; achieved by removing the smoothness and perfection in the software, to give a jerky and organic look. Hand-drawn images of the band were then mixed in.

Four people, including Selder, from production company RealA worked on the video for a month. After the video was first broadcast online, the video was re-edited to suit the band. Marker, particularly, did not like his animation. The second edit, where Marker was redesigned with a Terminator-style look, was broadcast across Europe from July 5.

Neither Garbage nor Mushroom Records were pleased with the animated video, and commissioned a second video for the singles UK release. With a small £10,000 budget for the video, it was decided a live video would be released, but the label offered a few up and coming directors the chance to remix some footage or give it a different spin. Existing live footage filmed by MTV in London and by WDR in Cologne filmed at two shows in April 2002 was used to create an initial live cut.

The concept behind the Bloomberg-style data screens was to use them as a platform to show the footage in an unusual format and to illustrate ideas within the songs lyrics with animation. The idea came from the production team seeing a large LCD display outside Waterloo station, the image shown became distorted when viewed up close. A number of shots were re-played through a 20-foot video wall in a Portsmouth warehouse and filmed on digibeta for the distorted effect. This footage was combined in the final edit of the video, which was completed in August 2002 and screened a few days after.

Both versions of the "Shut Your Mouth" video were made commercially available in QuickTime format on both the enhanced CD singles of the "Shut Your Mouth" UK release. A remastered version of the Live Version of the "Shut Your Mouth" video was included on Garbage's 2007 greatest hits DVD Absolute Garbage, and made available as a digital download via online music services the same year.

Remixes
Mushroom commissioned multiple remixes of "Shut Your Mouth" for the UK single release: an nu-disco rework from Italian producers Francesco de Bellis & Mario Pierro, known as Jolly Music, and a rock-led arrangement by Jagz Kooner, formerly of The Sabres of Paradise were included on the CD single sets. A further remix produced by Ken Reay was included on a white label 12" release distributed for club play. Garbage's tour/session drummer Matt Walker also made his own "Shut Your Mouth" remix, which he uploaded to YouTube in 2013.

The CD format of Beautiful Garbage contained an enhanced element where users could remix four tracks from the album, of which "Shut Your Mouth" was one. Created in conjunction with Sonic Foundry, using a customized version of their drag-and-drop ACID Pro music sequencer software, the remixes utilized samples and loops cut from the track masters. The enhanced section could be accessed when the user was online; a simplified version of the software featuring only "Androgyny" loops was accessible when the user was offline.

Critical reception
"Shut Your Mouth" received a mostly positive reception from music critics upon the release of Beautiful Garbage. In a review for Q, Ian Griffiths wrote "Arch opener "Shut Your Mouth" is a bile-laden winner from the same school as "Stupid Girl" while in her review for Rock Sound, Victoria Durham commented on the tracks "bombastic sass". In Peter Murphy's album preview for Hot Press, he wrote, "In an album of hot colours and dark corners, "Shut Your Mouth" is designer dirty-in-your-ear funk with free-flowing lyrics and what sound like purloined AC/DC riffs."

Track listings

 * Australian CD maxi FMR MUSH106CDS
 * European CD maxi Play It Again, Sam MUSH106CDM

 * 1) "Shut Your Mouth" – 3:25
 * 2) "Happiness Pt. 2" – 5:57
 * 3) "Only Happy When it Rains" (live) – 4:15
 * 4) "Wild Horses" (live) – 4:53

 * UK CD1 Mushroom MUSH106CDS

 * 1) "Shut Your Mouth" – 3:25
 * 2) "Sex Never Goes Out of Fashion" – 3:54
 * 3) "Shut Your Mouth" (Jolly Music scary mix) – 5:22
 * 4) "Shut Your Mouth" (video) – 3:25

 * UK CD2 Mushroom MUSH106CDSX

 * 1) "Shut Your Mouth" – 3:25
 * 2) "April Tenth" – 4:25
 * 3) "Shut Your Mouth" (Jagz Kooner vocal mix) – 4:39
 * 4) "Shut Your Mouth" (live video) – 3:27

 * UK CD3 Mushroom MUSH106CDSXXX

 * 1) "Shut Your Mouth" – 3:25
 * 2) "I'm Really Into Techno" – 1:22
 * 3) "Wild Horses" (live) – 4:53

title: Shut Your Mouth (song)


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Páramo

Páramo may refer to a variety of alpine tundra ecosystems located in the Andes Mountain Range, South America. Some ecologists describe the páramo broadly as "all high, tropical, montane vegetation above the continuous timberline". A narrower term classifies the páramo according to its regional placement in the northern Andes of South America and adjacent southern Central America. The páramo is the ecosystem of the regions above the continuous forest line, yet below the permanent snowline. It is a "Neotropical high mountain biome with a vegetation composed mainly of giant rosette plants, shrubs and grasses". According to scientists, páramos may be "evolutionary hot spots", that meaning that it's among the fastest evolving regions on Earth.

Location
The Northern Andean Páramo global ecoregion includes the Cordillera Central páramo (Ecuador, Peru), Santa Marta páramo (Colombia), Cordillera de Merida páramo (Venezuela) and Northern Andean páramo (Colombia, Ecuador) terrestrial ecoregions. The Costa Rican páramo in Costa Rica and Panama is another páramo ecoregion. In the strictest sense of the term, all páramo ecosystems are in the Neotropics, specifically South and Central America. Scattered throughout the regions between 11°N and 8°S latitudes, these ecosystems are mainly in the northwest corner of South America, in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

In Venezuela, the páramo occurs in the Cordillera de Mérida. Páramo ecosystems are also found in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia, and in the regions of Huehuetenango and El Quiché of Guatemala in the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes. The Cordillera de Talamanca of Costa Rica and the westernmost part of Panama has páramo. In northern Ecuador, the Guandera Biological Station is a fairly undisturbed páramo ecosystem.

The majority of the páramo ecosystems occur in the Colombian Andes. The Sumapaz Páramo, south of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes (about 20 km south of Bogotá), is the largest páramo in the world. This region was declared a National Park of Colombia in 1977 because of its importance as a biodiversity hotspot and main source of water for the most densely populated area of the country, the Bogotá Savannah. The 1405 acre Páramo Wildlife Refuge Park in the San José Province of Costa Rica "protects tropical forest areas in the high elevations of the Talamanca Mountains".

Cotopaxi National Park contains 81524 acre of protected land in the Cotopaxi Province of Ecuador. Much of this park is páramo. Its flora includes gentians, clubmosses, valerians, and asters such as Loricaria and Chuquiraga species.

Climate
Páramo climates differ slightly depending on the specific location. In Colombia and northern Ecuador, air masses from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) have a substantial effect on the climate, and these regions tend to be consistently humid (approx. 70–85%) throughout the year. The Andes also play a key role in the climate of these regions as they cause an orographic uplift in which moist air rises. This creates continuous moisture via rain, clouds, and fog, with many of them receiving over 2000 mm of rain annually.

The páramos of the northernmost Andes of Venezuela, northern Colombia, and Costa Rica experience a different climate due to the dry season, which is caused by northeasterly trade winds. Southern Ecuador and northern Peru experience the most severe dryness as they are influenced by an air mass from the Amazon Basin, which releases its moisture on the eastern slopes, as well as another air mass from the west that is influenced by the Humboldt Current.

Overall, páramo climates are known for their daily fluctuations in temperature and humidity. While they are generally cold and humid ecosystems, they often undergo a sudden and drastic change in weather in which they fluctuate between temperatures from below freezing to 10 C. This oscillation often results in a daily freeze-and-thaw cycle. Mean annual temperatures of páramo ecosystems range from 2 to 10 C, with increasingly colder temperatures at higher latitudes.

Soils
Soils in páramo ecosystems vary, but most are young and partially weathered. The soil has a relatively low pH because of an abundance of moisture and organic content. Organic content, even within disturbed sites averages very high which contributes to water retention in the soil. During cold and wet weather, there are few nutrients available and productivity is very low in páramo soils. Soils in páramo ecosystems have changed because of human activity, especially due to burning vegetation to clear land for grazing.

Soils in the south Ecuadorian páramo are characterized broadly into Andisols, Inceptisols, Histosols, Entisols, and Mollisols. Recently, there has been an increase in Andisol soils, largely due to more volcanic activity. These soils have a very high water retention rate, which contributes to the rise in cultivation and differential land use. This water supply stored in the soil in the higher elevation páramo in the Andes becomes the water supply for Andean settlements in lower altitudes.

Vegetation zones
Páramos are divided into separate zones based on elevation and vegetative structure, with the three main types of páramo vegetation unequally distributed throughout different zones. , more than 3,000 plant species have been discovered in the páramo.

Superpáramo is at the highest elevation and is usually considered to be the transition zone between the higher, permanent snow region and the lower grass páramo zone. The superpáramo zone is generally narrow and exists atop loose stones and sandy soils at about 4500 - 4800 m. It has the lowest air temperature, precipitation level, soil water-holding capacity, and nutrient content of all the zones. Being the highest in elevation, it also has the highest levels of solar radiation and night frost. For this reason, vegetation in the superpáramo must be highly resistant to such severe fluctuations in weather. Air temperatures are low—cold at night and cool during the day—with daily oscillations greater than the oscillations of monthly averages. Due to its localization on high mountains, this area is the least disturbed by humans and contains the most endemic species of all the zones. Flora includes Azorella pedunculata of the family Apiaceae and species from the families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Ericaceae.

The most broadly described zone is the grass páramo. Grass páramos cover large areas of mountain ranges, while others are limited to small areas on slopes and summits of very high mountains. The term páramo is sometimes used to refer to this specific type. It has continuous vegetation and plant cover with a "yellowish to olive–brown" look due to the combination of dead and living grasses. The grass páramo extends from approximately 3500 - 4100 m, and is composed of mostly tussock grasses. Calamagrostis intermedia and other grasses of the genera Calamagrostis and Festuca tend to dominate this zone. Other common vegetation includes large and small shrubs, stunted trees, cushion plants, herbs, and rosette plants. While these are the dominant species, grass páramos can also contain tall- and short-grass communities, including herbaceous and woody vegetation. Due to its easier access and high levels of grass, this zone is more impacted by humans and suffers from both burning and grazing activities.

Subpáramo is the lowest and most diverse zone. At 3000 - 3500 m, it is a shrub-dominated zone that combines aspects of both the grass páramo above and the forest below. Along with shrubs, this zone also contains small, scattered trees which gradually transition into the grasses and herbs of the grass páramo above. Plant communities in this vegetation zone are also known to include thickets that are mainly composed of shrubby or woody vegetation, including species from the genera Ilex, Ageratina, and Baccharis. Fragmented forests can appear in the subpáramo due to microclimatic or edaphic conditions, yet the more abrupt changes are generally due to anthropogenic disruption such as cutting, burning, and grazing activities. Because of these high levels of disruption, it is believed that subpáramos are made up of largely secondary-growth communities. The high levels of disruption also make this zone particularly difficult to define, as humans typically extend and expand the zone for their own purposes, sometimes over hundreds or thousands of years. This has altered forest lines, often lowering them by several hundred meters, which has also affected the altitudinal zonation for many animals.

Lichens are widely distributed in all types of paramos, however different growth forms may be favoured by environmental conditions. For example, extreme conditions associated with rocky substrates and high elevations favour crustose lichens, while foliose and fruticose lichens are associated with less extreme conditions and mid altitudes. The atmospheric factors such as humidity and temperature positively favour taller lichens, due to an increase in locally available water.

Fauna

The vegetation of the páramo provides shelter and habitat for a variety of mammals, birds, insects, amphibians, and reptiles. Some animals commonly found in páramo ecosystems include the Culpeo (sometimes called the páramo wolf), the white-tailed deer, and the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) which occasionally forages in the high páramo for its favored food, Puya bromeliads. Invertebrates such as grasshoppers, cockroaches, beetles, and flies are found in the subpáramo. Amphibians have been well documented in páramo ecosystems, including salamanders such as Bolitoglossa species and frogs such as Pristimantis and Atelopus species. Reptiles include lizards of the genera Stenocercus, Phenacosaurus, and Proctoporus.

Sixty-nine species of birds are considered to be "total users" of páramo habitats, with "41 species making it their primary habitat and 16 as indicator species". The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), also called "king of the Andes", is known for its wide wingspan, but is no longer frequently seen. The most numerous bird families in the páramo include eagles, hummingbirds, ovenbirds, thraupid "finches", and tyrant flycatchers. Some hummingbirds tolerate the cold climate by going into "a kind of nightly hibernation."

Hummingbirds, bees and flies are all important pollinators in the páramo, while birds and smaller mammals such as rabbits and guinea pigs are important seed dispersers. Many of the larger mammals of the páramo are rare due to hunting.

Human impact and climate change
Humans have inhabited the páramo of the Andes for approximately the past 15,000 years. Deforestation has been extensive and in some cases, like the northern Andes, 90-95% of forests have been cleared. Other sites in Venezuela and Colombia show evidence that humans settled there at least 800 years ago and used the land for agriculture and hunting.

When Europeans came to the Americas they introduced exotic plants and animals that greatly affected the land, especially cattle, which were introduced to the páramos in the early 18th century. By the 20th century the growing population of settlers led to an increased demand for land, and páramo ecosystems suffered accordingly. As more land was needed for cattle, fire was used to clear land, and eventually páramos became excessively burned and overgrazed. Both burning and grazing have damaged vegetation, soils, species diversity, and water storage capacity of the páramos. In burned and disturbed sites that were studied in the Andes the pH and phosphorus concentration in the soil are higher than in non-burned sites.

Climate change is becoming an increasingly pressing issue for páramo ecosystems. Growing populations in Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador have forced settlements in higher elevations covering more páramo. Recent developments such as construction of aqueducts, drainage systems, and roads, mining, and afforestation have been a huge additional páramo disturbance.

Increases in temperature extremes are forcing many fauna and flora species to higher grounds, and eventually they could face extinction. The flora of páramos is adapted to specific conditions and is thus vulnerable to even small climate changes. Climate change in the Andes is causing glaciers in the páramo to disappear and a drop in rainfall, virtually drying up páramo and in turn, drying up the water supply for cities such as Quito, Ecuador and Bogotá, Colombia.

On 8 February 2016, the Constitutional Court of Colombia banned all mining operations in the paramos, prioritising the protection of the environment, and terminating 347 mining licenses that had operational rights in the ecosystem.

Cultural References
The 2023 short documentary, "Sun and Thunder" about La Nasa indigenous activist Nora Taquines, was filmed in the páramo region.

The feature film, "A Vanishing Fog" was filmed in the páramo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Páramo


text:
Air West

Air West is an airline based in Khartoum, Sudan. It operates domestic passenger services and international cargo charters. Its main base is Khartoum International Airport, with a hub at Sharjah International Airport.

This airline has no connection to Hughes Airwest which previously operated in the U.S. as Air West.

The airline is on the List of air carriers banned in the European Union.

History
The airline was established in April 1992 and started operations in October 1992.

Incidents and accidents
On January 24, 2007, Air West Flight 612, a Boeing 737 with 95 passengers and 8 crew on board, was hijacked and diverted to the Chadian capital of N'Djamena. The plane, destined for the town of El Fasher, took off from Khartoum at 8:30 AM. Air traffic control had evidence of only one hijacker aboard the plane. The 24-year-old hijacker, Mahamat Abdelatif Mahamat, was armed with a pistol and several knives. He demanded that the airplane be flown to Britain. When he realized that there was not enough fuel to go to Britain he asked to be flown to Bangui or N'Djamena. The aircraft landed safely in N'Djamena and all passengers were released. The hijacker requested guarantees for his safety from the French embassy and requested political asylum in the United Kingdom. The hijacker's demands were not heeded; he was arrested following twenty minutes of negotiations on the ground.

Destinations
Air West does public services to Sudan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.

Fleet
The Air West fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of 4 April 2018):

Total:7
 * 1 Airbus A300-600 (265)
 * 2 Antonov An-24 (44)
 * 1 Antonov An-28 (18)
 * 1 Boeing 737-300QC (148)
 * 2 Fokker 50 (50)

title: Air West


text:
Assibilation

In linguistics, assibilation is a sound change resulting in a sibilant consonant. It is a form of spirantization and is commonly the final phase of palatalization.

Arabic
A characteristic of Mashreqi varieties of Arabic (particularly Levantine and Egyptian) is to assibilate the interdental consonants of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) in certain contexts (defined more culturally than phonotactically). Thus,, pronounced in MSA, becomes  (as MSA  → Levantine  "culture"); , pronounced  in MSA, becomes  (as MSA  → Levantine  "guilt"); and , pronounced  in MSA, becomes  (as MSA  → Levantine  "lucky").

Diachronically, the phoneme represented by the letter has, in some dialects, experienced assibilation as well. The pronunciation in Classical Arabic is reconstructed to have been or  (or perhaps both dialectically); it is cognate to  in most other Semitic languages, and it is understood to be derived from that sound in Proto-Semitic. It has experienced extensive change in pronunciation over the centuries and is pronounced at least six different ways across the assorted varieties of Arabic. A common one is, the result of a process of palatalization starting with Proto-West Semitic , then or , then  (a pronunciation still current) and finally  (in Levantine and non-Algerian Maghrebi). The last pronunciation is considered acceptable for use in MSA, along with and.

Bantu languages
In the history of several Bantu groups, including the Southern Bantu languages, the Proto-Bantu consonant *k was palatalised before a close or near-close vowel. Thus, the class 7 noun prefix *kɪ̀- appears in e.g. Zulu as isi-, Sotho as se-, Venda as tshi- and Shona as chi-.

Finnic languages
Finnic languages (Finnish, Estonian and their closest relatives) had changed to. The alternation can be seen in dialectal and inflected word forms: Finnish kieltää "to deny" → kielti ~ kielsi "s/he denied"; vesi "water" vs. vete-nä "as water".

An intermediate stage is preserved in South Estonian in certain cases: tsiga "pig", vs. Finnish sika, Standard (North) Estonian siga.

Germanic languages
In the High German consonant shift, voiceless stops spirantized to  at the end of a syllable. The shift of to  (as in English water, German Wasser) is assibilation.

Assibilation occurs without palatalization for some speakers of African American Vernacular English in which is alveolarized to  when it occurs at the end of a syllable and within a word before another consonant, leading to such pronunciations as the following:

The slang in African-American Vernacular English popularized to American English by Ty Dolla Sign's eponymous song may have been formed by analysis of an assibilated /d/ phoneme preceding /æ/ in the first syllable of  by the subject girl in question who "wanna come to Cali / brown skin, from Miami".

Greek
In Proto-Greek, the earlier combinations *ty, *thy and *dy assibilated to become alveolar affricates, *ts and *dz, in what is called the first palatalization. Later, a second round of palatalization occurred and initially produced geminate palatal *ťť and *ďď from various consonants, followed by *y. The former was depalatalised to plain geminate tt in some dialects and was assibilated to ss in others. The latter evolved into an affricate dz in all Greek dialects:

 * -> PG > Homeric  > Attic  "this much" (Latin tot)
 * > PG > Homeric  > Attic  "middle" (Latin medius)

Some Greek dialects later underwent yet another round of assibilation. shifted to finally in Attic and Ionic but not in Doric.
 * Doric – Attic-Ionic  "he/she places"

Romance languages
The word "assibilation" itself contains an example of the phenomenon, as it is pronounced. The Classical Latin -tio was pronounced (for example, assibilatio was pronounced  and attentio ). However, in Vulgar Latin, it assibilated to, which can still be seen in Italian: attenzione.

In French, lenition then gave (like attention modern )., which was further palatalized in the English derived words to  (like attention ).

Most dialects of Quebec French apply a more recent assibilation to all dental plosive consonants immediately before high front vowels and associated semivowels, so that the sequences become pronounced  respectively.

Assibilation can occur in some varieties of Spanish such as in Ecuador and Mexico. It is closely related to the phonetic term sibilation.

Slavic languages
Palatalization effects were widespread in the history of Proto-Slavic. In the first palatalization, various consonants were converted into postalveolar fricatives and affricates, while in the second and third palatalizations, the results were alveolar.

Some Slavic languages underwent yet another round of palatalisation. In Polish, in particular, dental consonants became alveolo-palatal fricatives and affricates when followed by a front vowel.

Reverse process
In Gorontalo, the reverse of assibilation occurred, when the instances of *s became t (*siku → ti'u "elbow"), however, its sister language Mongondow still retains it (siku).

title: Assibilation


text:
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Hi Cowboycaleb, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 16:31, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Welcome fellow Singaporean! We invite you to come put your name down on the SGPedian's notice board! We need contributors on Singaporean topics! ;-) -- Natalinasmpf 14:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

user ms
Hey! What is up?

Anyway, please user ms-N, ms-1, ms-2 or ms-3 instead of user ms. Thanks __earth 06:08, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

ms is native speaker. And I am a native speaker. - caleb

title: User talk:Cowboycaleb


text:
Motorola A925

Motorola A925 is a 3G mobile phone from Motorola using Symbian OS. Among the most notable features is its built-in A-GPS. The A925 was preceded by the featurewise essentially identical Motorola A920, and was succeeded by the Motorola A1000. The A925 was developed jointly between Motorola and mobile network operator 3, and therefore was only available for purchase through 3. This also leading to it being SIM locked to 3, and the phone's software with branding possibilities related "3" and no official unbranded firmware available.

Features

 * Mobile phone technologies
 * UMTS
 * GSM 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz
 * GPRS
 * Physical attributes
 * 148.5 × 60 × 24 mm
 * 212 g
 * Hardware
 * ARM processor at 168 MHz
 * 32 MB RAM
 * 32 MB ROM
 * 12 MB internal user-accessible storage
 * Secure Digital card slot
 * A-GPS
 * Camera with up to 640 × 480 pixel still image size
 * USB connectivity to computers
 * Bluetooth
 * Infrared port
 * Display
 * TFT LCD, touchscreen, handwriting recognition
 * 40 × 61 mm
 * 208 × 320 pixels
 * 16-bit color depth / 65536 colors
 * Operating system
 * Symbian OS 7.0
 * UIQ 2.0 user interface
 * Java
 * Java ME MIDP 1.0, CLDC 1.0
 * PersonalJava

title: Motorola A925


text:
User talk:Kkarcher

Image copyright problem with Image:Uraeus 2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Uraeus 2.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Dethomas 23:42, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Uraeus 1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Uraeus 1.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Dethomas 23:43, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:O'Donnell Coat of Arms (1).jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:O'Donnell Coat of Arms (1).jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 09:10, 10 March 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Celtus (talk) 09:10, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:O'Donnell Coat of Arms (2).jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:O'Donnell Coat of Arms (2).jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 09:13, 10 March 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Celtus (talk) 09:13, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kkarcher


text:
User:Ilyanep/Tools

These boxes will insert my templates (linked to from my userpage) onto any page. These templates do not include the sig tildes or some info. that needs to be inputted.

Welcome!
Automatically inserts username, Just add sig.

Anon Welcome
Just add sig.

Test1
Insert article name and sig.

Test2
Insert article name and sig.

Test3
Insert article name and sig.

Test4
Insert article name and sig.

Blatant Vandalism
Insert article name and sig.

Blocked
Insert article name, which offense, ban time, and sig. Block IP

Sysop'd
Automatically inserts username, Just add sig. Make Sysop

New Bureaucrat
Automatically inserts username, just add sig. Make Sysop

title: User:Ilyanep/Tools


text:
Kolomenskaya (Moscow Metro)

Kolomenskaya (Коло́менская) is an underground metro station on the Zamoskvoretskaya Line of the Moscow Metro in Moscow, Russia. It was named after the nearby Kolomenskoye museum-park. The station is situated at the intersection of Andropov avenue, Nagatinskaya and Sudostroitelnaya (literally Shipbuilding) streets

History
Kolomenskaya Station was opened on 11 August 1969 as a part of the southern line extension of the Moscow Metro system.

The stations has been closed since 12 November 2022 due to the reconstruction works.

Design
Octagonal pillars of the station hall are lined with grey marble and the floor is riveted with red granite in the centre and grey granite at the sides. The track walls are faced with yellow ceramic tiles with a stripe of grey marble at the base. The station is adorned with copper plaques on the theme How Motherland began (sculptor E.Ladygin).

Exits
The station has two underground vestibules, located on the intersection between the Andropova avenue and the Nagatinskaya/Novinki street. Both vestibules are interlinked with underpasses that offer exits to the surface level which covered glazed pavilions.

Surrounding area
The construction of the station is a typical example of Soviet urban development, as the apartment blocks that were built around it are contemporary with the station. The region that it is located in, Nagatino became part of Moscow only a few years prior to the construction of the station. Part of the track from Avtozavodskaya is above ground, and it passes over the Moskva River on the Nagatinsky Metro Bridge which was opened simultaneously with the new segment. Plans for a new station, Tekhnopark (alternative name, Prospekt Andropova) to be added in the future remains unfulfilled.

title: Kolomenskaya (Moscow Metro)


text: Template:Bob Dylan

title: Template:Bob Dylan


text:
Talk:Ealing, Southall (UK Parliament constituency)

Page Move
This page was copy+pasted from Ealing Southall to Ealing Southall (UK Parliament constituency). Since the former redirects to the latter, disambiguation wasn't the goal. Therefore, I've moved it back to it's original location, and would appreciate anybody who wants to move it back to use WP:RM. -- Joolz 16:31, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Why the comma now? 219.77.98.166 17:21, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The page was moved by Sjorford because 'Ealing, Southall' is the official name. -- Joolz 12:01, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

This page claims that Yaqub Masih stood in the by-election on behalf of Scottish Christian. The by-election article says he stood on behalf of Christian Vote. Since Ealing is in England I pressume that the by-election article is correct.


text:
User talk:Flatmax

Check out Project jumbled Project dynamic. Two of my attempts to get cheap digital pitch cueing on regular computer hardware.

Also check out my new album at flatmax studios

RE : project dynamic
Hi, existence does not equate justification for the article to exist. What Wikipedia is looking out for is notability through verifiability through reliable, secondary third-party sources. In other words, your product will need to be well-covered by the media (e.g. PC World, The New York Times) or some respectable publication to be able to meet standards for inclusion on Wikipedia. If you do have that, please feel free to re-create the article including such sources. Hope that answer your queries. - Best regards, Mailer Diablo 14:50, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Project jumbled
A tag has been placed on Project jumbled, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion debate, such as at articles for deletion. Under the specified criteria, where an article has substantially identical content to that of an article deleted after debate, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Millbrooky (talk) 22:31, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Kiezowa Jolino
A tag has been placed on Kiezowa Jolino requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for musical topics.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Millbrooky (talk) 22:32, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Vector graphic synth

The article Vector graphic synth has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Not notable

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Kkmurray (talk) 21:49, 27 May 2016 (UTC)

Nuclear computation
Hi, thanks for suggesting this topic as a Wikipedia article. However, you have omitted to provide any citations, so the article as it now stands provides no evidence that the topic is notable as understood in Wikipedia policy. If you want the article not to face a deletion discussion, now is your opportunity to add the sources you have been using to demonstrate that it is worth keeping. Please read the policy on verifiability if you have any doubts about why sources are essential: it is not enough to rely on your own knowledge of the topic. All the best, Chiswick Chap (talk) 14:29, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks for adding the first few citations. Every section should be cited, and it's far better to add the references as you go along - trying to backfill them later is error-prone, and passages are liable to be deleted as uncited or "original research". All the best, Chiswick Chap (talk) 08:59, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Flatmax


text:
Makoto Yukimura

Makoto Yukimura (幸村 誠) is a Japanese manga artist best known for his manga Planetes and Vinland Saga.

Early life
Yukimura considered himself a laidback child at school. The first manga he read was Akira Toriyama's Dr. Slump at 5; he was particularly impressed by its cover. He then watched the anime much to his surprise because he did not see the need of a story being repeated. When Yukimura became 16, he had the idea of becoming a manga author. During his early life, Yukimura was nearly killed in two car accidents. This made him reconsider his way of thinking. He believes he had no social life and barely paid attention to classes in his childhood. The only thing he wrote in his notebook was manga. He graduated from Chuo University and Suginami High School. In contrast to other students, Yukimura faced no hardships in graduating and recalls having brief anxiety. Yukimura's crisis with school and lack of interest with his growth and jobs worried his parents. However, Yukimura's school life changed when being taught by a literature teacher who used Michael Ende famous for The Never Ending Story in a class.

Yukimura was first inspired to become a manga artist after reading Fist of the North Star as a boy. He said he had always wanted to produce a series which reflected the same themes of "strength and justice". However, he felt that he would not accomplish his dream due to poor academic skills. Eventually, he started studying manga at 16 and was recruited as an assistant two years later. His parents convinced him of graduating first from high school. He never drew manga on his own until his debut. Once graduating from college at 22, he met Kaiji Kawaguchi who found his potential to become a manga author. He met Dai Morimura who taught him about drawing manga and find his own style rather than imitating others. Yukimura got married during his work as an assistant who supported him. In regards to his family, Yukimura mentioned he has two children with the second one being born in 2006. With the later birth of another child, Yukimura revealed that all were male but was worried about their health.

Career
Yukimura made his debut with the hard science fiction manga Planetes, serialized in Weekly Morning magazine from 1999 to 2004 and adapted into a 26-episode anime series by Sunrise. Before that, he worked as an assistant for Shin Morimura.

He is currently working on Vinland Saga which was first serialized in Weekly Shōnen Magazine then moved to the monthly Afternoon magazine due to releases pacing issues. He was inspired by the anime series Vicky the Viking he watched as a child, and since then he has been fascinated with Vikings. For this work he received the 2009 Japan Media Arts Festival Grand Prize in the manga category. In 2010, he was a guest of the Angoulême International Comics Festival. As of July 2021, the manga had over 5.5 million copies in circulation. While the series is notable for its amount of violence normally caused by Vikings, Yukimura claimed he hates the concept of violence. As a result, a key element in writing this story was relaxing his modern sense of morality.

It was also adapted into an anime series by Wit Studio. MAPPA will animate its second season starting in January 2023. Yukimura praised the Vinland Saga anime for solving the manga's pacing issues and adding new content.

In August 2022, Yukimura did a crossover manga with the video game Assassin's Creed Valhalla where 'Vinland Saga protagonist Thorfinn meets Valhalla lead Eivor.

In July 2023, Yukimura made his first U.S. convention appearance at San Diego Comic-Con.

Commentary
Yukimura's sensation during the Cold War and the September 11 attacks were projected on Thorfinn's character who is traumatized by his actions as a viking and thus decides to find Vinland in order to make a land where people from different races are able to live together peacefully.

Yukimura pays attention to drawing hands as he claims they are more expressive than faces and give a brief explanation of the person's personality. This was influenced by manga author Katsuhiro Otomo. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Yukimura started drawing the chapters of Vinland Saga digitally.

When he first started drawing, Yukimura expected it to take 10 years, but it will still take 14 years to finish. He had calculated that there would be 20 volumes, with each part consisting of 4 volumes, with 5 volumes each, but then the amount increased to over 22 volumes. From the beginning of the serialization, he was at a loss, wondering when he could write the actual arc of Vinland. Because he often had problems with handling the story, Yukimura looks after Hajime Isayama for his work on Attack on Titan due to how he was able to handle the entire plot until the end especially since its 20th volume. In response, Isayama said he admires Yukimura for his detailed art and foreshadowing, remarking that the breaks are necessary to create such a consistently high-quality work. Another series Yukimura became a fan while writing is My Dress-Up Darling. Among other preferred works, Yukimura enjoys horror stories, most notably Junji Ito's, Nokuto Koike's, and Motosuke Takaminato. Anji Matono's recent work from 2022 also attracts him.

Works

 * Planetes (1999–2004, serialized in Weekly Morning, Kodansha)
 * For Our Farewell is Near (さようならが近いので) (2004, one-shot published in Evening, Kodansha)
 * Vinland Saga (2005–ongoing, serialized in Weekly Shōnen Magazine from April to October 2005 then in Afternoon from December 2005, Kodansha)

title: Makoto Yukimura


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tomorrow.sg:The 14th Editor

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 23:19, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Tomorrow.sg:The 14th Editor
Possible hoax. Website has no mention of any such 14th editior. Even then, it should be merged with Tomorrow.sg and doesn't justify its own article. - Mailer Diablo 16:37, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * WTF? Even if blog is notable, editor is not.  Delete.  Dcarrano 19:03, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An article on the "rumor" of an "unknown" contibutor to an obscure blog?  How very NN.  --A D Monroe III 00:58, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable blog. JamesBurns 09:01, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak weak delete. SHINE was sanctioned by the government. Tomorrow.sg was sanctioned by SHINE. An editor of Tomorrow.sg might be pushing it...a little. -- Natalinasmpf 12:48, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a PI agency. Mandel 12:07, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wang Film Productions

Wang Film Productions Co., Ltd. (also known as Hong Guang Animation (宏廣) and Cuckoos' Nest Studio) is one of the oldest and most prolific Taiwanese-American animation studios since 1978. The company, based in Xindian, Taipei and Los Angeles, California, has done traditional hand-drawn 2D animation/ink and paint for various TV shows and films for studios across North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific.

History
Wang Film/Cuckoo's Nest, the studio's original name, was founded by James C.Y. Wang (王中元)/Wang Zhongyuan, Hsu Chih-wei and Lu Kuang-chi started the studio in 1978 as a Taiwanese subcontractor for various Japanese animation studios and also an overseas facility for the American animation studio Hanna–Barbera. Hanna-Barbera sent Jerry Smith to help set up the company and eventually owned half the company. Many employees from Chunghwa Cartoon came to work at Cuckoo's Nest Studio along with employees from Ying Ren Cartoon and Shang Shang. Don Patterson was brought on board as a trainer. The company started with about 50 employees but soon had 300.

In the company's first year, 17 episodes were produced for Hanna-Barbera. Quickly, they had contracts with Disney, Warner Bros., and Universal.

With increased wages and foreign exchange rates, Cuckoo's was being priced out of the outsourcing market. Thus the CNS began restructuring. A Mainland Chinese subsidiary was opened in 1990 in Zhuhai, southern Guangdong province. In 1991, Cuckoo's Nest had to lay off 200 employees in Taipei. The company began computerization to reduced cost, while training some that would have been laid off to operate the computers. By 1993, the company had capacity to produce 200 half hour episodes each year. In 1993, a Shanghai unit, possibly a joint venture, was under consideration with Bangkok as an alternative. Also, internal developed and produced material was expected to start hitting the market in mid-1994.

In early 1991, Hanna-Barbera sold its Digital ink-and-paint software to the company which was developed by Marc Levoy.

The company is also notable for their work on the overseas production for Nelvana's Care Bears franchise, Film Roman's Garfield and Friends and Bobby's World, Klasky Csupo's Rugrats pilot and first season, Disney's DuckTales and Stretch Films' Courage the Cowardly Dog. They also helped produce effects for the 1982 film Tron and some Peanuts television specials, production ink & paint matting, and animation assistance.

TV series
Outsourced from Hanna-Barbera

Outsourced from Disney Television Animation

Outsourced from Warner Bros. Animation

Outsourced from DIC Entertainment

Outsourced from Nelvana

Outsourced from other studios

Television films and specials

 * The Betty Boop Movie Mystery (1989) (co-produced by King Features)
 * The Bug Hunt (1996, Disney Television Animation)
 * Care Bears Nutcracker Suite (1988, Nelvana and Telefilm Canada)
 * Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (co-produced by Southern Star Productions)
 * Christmas in Tattertown (1988, Nickelodeon)
 * Dieter: Der Film (2000, TFC Trickompany)
 * The Flintstone Kids' "Just Say No" Special (1988, Hanna-Barbera Productions)
 * Garfield's Feline Fantasies and Garfield Gets a Life (1990, 1991, Film Roman, United Media and PAWS, Inc.)
 * Hägar the Horrible: Hägar Knows Best (1989, Hanna-Barbera Productions)
 * Hanna-Barbera Superstars 10 TV movies (1987–1988, Hanna-Barbera Productions)
 * Peanuts (three specials, Snoopy's Reunion, It's Christmastime Again, Charlie Brown & You're in the Super Bowl, Charlie Brown, 1991, 1992, 1994)
 * Scooby-Doo in Arabian Nights (1994, Hanna-Barbera Productions)
 * Tiny Toon Spring Break (1994, Warner Bros. Animation and Amblin Entertainment)
 * The Town Santa Forgot (1993, Hanna-Barbera Productions)
 * The Wind in the Willows (1987, Rankin/Bass Productions)
 * Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper (1982, Hanna-Barbera Productions)

Feature films
Original productions
 * Uncle Niou's Great Adventure (1982)
 * Doraemon Robot Wars (1983)
 * Funky Space Monkey
 * Fire Ball (2005)
 * Lin Wang (2018) (currently in production)

Outsourced productions
 * The Adventures of Brer Rabbit (2006, Universal Animation Studios)
 * Aladdin (1992, Walt Disney Animation Studios)
 * An All Dogs Christmas Carol (1998, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation)
 * All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 (1996, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation)
 * Annabelle's Wish (1997, Ralph Edwards Productions)
 * Babes in Toyland (1997, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation)
 * Balto II: Wolf Quest (2002, Universal Animation Studios)
 * Balto III: Wings of Change (2004, Universal Animation Studios)
 * Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997, Disneytoon Studios and Disney Television Animation)
 * Bebe's Kids (1992, Hyperion Pictures)
 * Bionicle: Mask of Light (2003, Lego, Miramax Films, Buena Vista, Create TV & Film, and Creative Capers Entertainment)
 * Bionicle 2: Legends of Metru Nui (2004, Lego, Miramax Films, Buena Vista, Create TV & Film, and Creative Capers Entertainment)
 * Bionicle 3: Web of Shadows (2005, Lego, Miramax Films, Buena Vista, Create TV & Film, and Creative Capers Entertainment)
 * The Brave Little Toaster (1987, Hyperion Animation and Atlantic/Kushner-Locke)
 * Candy Land: The Great Lollipop Adventure (2005, Hasbro Entertainment and SD Entertainment)
 * The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland (1987, Nelvana)
 * The Care Bears Movie (1985, Nelvana)
 * Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation (1986, Nelvana)
 * Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure (2003, Paramount Pictures, Universal Animation Studios and Nickelodeon)
 * Curious George (2006, Universal Animation Studios)
 * The Emperor's New Groove (2000, Walt Disney Animation Studios)
 * Felidae (1994, TFC Trickompany, Animationstudio Ludewig, Uli Meyer Animation and Natterjack Animation)
 * FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992, Kroyer Films, Youngheart Productions and FAI Films)
 * FernGully 2: The Magical Rescue (1998, WildBrain)
 * GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords (1986, Hanna-Barbera Productions and Tonka)
 * Hercules: Zero to Hero (1999, Disneytoon Studios and Disney Television Animation)
 * Holly Hobbie and Friends: Surprise Party (2005, Nickelodeon Animation Studio)
 * Holly Hobbie and Friends: Christmas Wishes (2006, Nickelodeon Animation Studio)
 * Holly Hobbie and Friends: Best Friends Forever (2007, Nickelodeon Animation Studio)
 * How to Hook Up Your Home Theater (2007, Walt Disney Animation Studios)
 * Jetsons: The Movie (1990, Hanna-Barbera Productions)
 * Joseph: King of Dreams (2000, DreamWorks Animation LLC)
 * Kleines Arschloch (film) (1997, TFC Trickompany Filmproduktion GmbH)
 * The Land Before Time (films VII–XIII) (2000–2007, Universal Animation Studios)
 * The Lion King (1994, Walt Disney Animation Studios)
 * Leroy & Stitch (2006, Disney Television Animation)
 * Lilo & Stitch (2002, Walt Disney Animation Studios)
 * The Little Mermaid (1989, Walt Disney Animation Studios)
 * The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000, Disneytoon Studios and Disney Television Animation)
 * Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Mickey's Monster Musical (2015, Disney Television Animation)
 * Mulan (1998, Walt Disney Animation Studios)
 * Mulan II (2005, Disneytoon Studios)
 * My Little Pony: A Charming Birthday (2003, SD Entertainment)
 * My Little Pony: Dancing in the Clouds (2004, SD Entertainment)
 * My Little Pony: Friends are Never Far Away (2005, SD Entertainment)
 * My Little Pony: A Very Minty Christmas (2005, Hasbro Entertainment and SD Entertainment)
 * My Little Pony Crystal Princess: The Runaway Rainbow (2006, SD Entertainment)
 * My Little Pony: A Very Pony Place (2007, SD Entertainment)
 * My Little Pony: Twinkle Wish Adventure (2009, SD Entertainment)
 * My Scene Goes Hollywood (2005, Miramax Family)
 * Once Upon a Forest (1993, Hanna-Barbera Productions and Harlech Television Cymru/Wales)
 * The Pagemaster (1994, Turner Feature Animation)
 * Phineas and Ferb (2009–2015) (with Synergy Animation)
 * Phineas and Ferb's Musical Cliptastic Countdown (2009, Disney Television Animation)
 * Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation (2009, Disney Television Animation)
 * Phineas and Ferb's Musical Cliptastic Countdown Hosted by Kelly Osbourne (2013, Disney Television Animation)
 * Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel (2013, Disney Television Animation)
 * Phineas and Ferb Save Summer (2014, Disney Television Animation)
 * Phineas and Ferb: Star Wars (2014, Disney Television Animation)
 * Phineas and Ferb: Night of the Living Pharmacists (2014, Disney Television Animation)
 * Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension (2014, Disney Television Animation)
 * Phineas and Ferb: Last Day of Summer (2014, Disney Television Animation)
 * Phineas and Ferb: The O.W.C.A. Files (2015, Disney Television Animation)
 * Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension (2011, Disney Television Animation) (A Disney Channel Original Movie)
 * Pippi Longstocking (1997, Nelvana)
 * Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw (1988, Carolco Pictures, Atlantic/Kushler-Locke and The Maltese)
 * The Prince and the Pauper (1990, Walt Disney Animation Studios)
 * The Pumpkin of Nyefar (2004)
 * Rover Dangerfield (1991, Hyperion Pictures)
 * The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue (1998, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation)
 * Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (2003, Warner Bros. Animation)
 * Tarzan & Jane (2002, Disney Television Animation)
 * Tarzan (1999, Walt Disney Animation Studios)
 * The Thief and the Cobbler (1995, Richard Williams Productions, Fred Calvert Productions and Allied Filmmakers)
 * Tom and Jerry: The Movie (1992, Turner Entertainment, Film Roman, and WMG)
 * Tom Sawyer (2000, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation)
 * Tron (1982, Walt Disney Productions and Lisberger Studios)
 * Winnie the Pooh: A Very Merry Pooh Year (2002, Disneytoon Studios)
 * Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving (1999, Disneytoon Studios)
 * Yu Yu Hakusho: Fight for the Netherworld (1994, Pierrot)
 * Yu Yu Hakusho: The Movie (1993, Pierrot)
 * Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain (1983, Paragon Films)

Others

 * MGM Sing Alongs (1997)

CGCG
CGCG, Inc. is a leading CGI computer animation studio based in Taiwan since 1988.

Productions
CGCG (Taiwan)

CGCG (China)

CGCG Studio (Japan)

Continuations
CGCG (Taiwan)

Thai Wang Film Productions
Thai Wang Film Productions Co., Ltd. is a division of Wang Film Productions located in Bangkok, Thailand.

Productions

 * Goof Troop (1992) - ink & paint for 6 episodes
 * The Thief and the Cobbler (1993, Richard Williams Productions, Fred Calvert Productions and Allied Filmmakers)
 * Gargoyles (1994) - "Awakening, Part 2"
 * Gargoyles the Movie: The Heroes Awaken (1995) (as Thai Wang Production)
 * Timon & Pumbaa (1995–1996)
 * Road Rovers (1996)
 * Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh (1996, Disney Television Animation) (as Thai Wang Film Production Co., Ltd.)
 * All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series (1996–1998)
 * Quack Pack (1996) - 2 episodes
 * Jungle Cubs (1996)
 * Kleines Arschloch (film) (1997, TFC Trickompany Filmproduktion GmbH)
 * 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998) - 13 episodes
 * Babes in Toyland (1997, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation)
 * The Adventures of Paddington Bear (1997, CINAR Animation)
 * Belle's Magical World (1998, DisneyToon Studios) (as Thai Wang Film Production Co., Ltd.)
 * Hercules: The Animated Series (1998) - 5 episodes
 * An All Dogs Christmas Carol (1998, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation)
 * Max und Moritz (1999)
 * Hercules: Zero to Hero (1999, Disney Television Animation) (as Thai Wang Film Production)
 * Detention (1999)
 * Dragon Tales (1999) (Season 1)
 * Courage the Cowardly Dog (1999)
 * Poochini's Yard (2000)
 * Heavy Metal 2000 (2000)
 * Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000)
 * What's New, Scooby-Doo? (2002)
 * Franklin's Magic Christmas (2001, Nelvana)
 * Back to School with Franklin (2003, Nelvana)
 * Stuart Little: The Animated Series (2003, Sony Pictures Television and Adelaide Productions)
 * The Pumpkin of Nyefar (2004)
 * Leroy & Stitch (2006, Disney Television Animation; Digital Production)

Hong Guang Animation (Suzhou)
Hong Guang Animation (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. is a division of Wang Film Productions located in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.

Productions

 * Benjamin Blümchen
 * Bibi Blocksberg
 * Kangoo (Season 2)
 * The Adventures of Paddington Bear (1997–2001)
 * Loggerheads (1997)
 * Princess Sissi (1997–1998)
 * Dumb Bunnies (1998–1999)
 * Mythic Warriors (1998–2000)
 * The Lionhearts (1998)
 * George and Martha (1999–2000)
 * Rescue Heroes (1999–2000) (Season 1)
 * Little Bear (1999–2001) (Season 5)
 * Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse (2000–2002)
 * Nick & Perry (2000–2001)
 * Timothy Tweedle: The First Christmas Elf (2000, Evening Sky)
 * Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat (2001–2002, as Cuckoo's Nest)
 * Gadget and the Gadgetinis (2002–2003)
 * Fillmore! (2002)
 * My Little Pony: A Charming Birthday (2003, SD Entertainment)
 * Winx Club (2004) (Season 1)
 * Altair in Starland (2004)
 * Zeroman (2004)
 * My Little Pony: Dancing in the Clouds (2004, SD Entertainment)
 * Candy Land: The Great Lollipop Adventure (2005, SD Entertainment)
 * My Little Pony: Friends are Never Far Away (2005, SD Entertainment)
 * My Little Pony: A Very Minty Christmas (2005, Hasbro and SD Entertainment)
 * Asterix and the Vikings (2006)
 * Forest Friends (2006–2007)
 * My Little Pony Crystal Princess: The Runaway Rainbow (2006, SD Entertainment)
 * My Little Pony: A Very Pony Place (2007, SD Entertainment)
 * Care Bears: Adventures in Care-a-lot (2007–2008)
 * Ni Hao, Kai-Lan (2007–2008) (Season 1)
 * Tutenstein: Clash of the Pharaohs (2008)
 * My Little Pony: Twinkle Wish Adventure (2009, SD Entertainment)

title: Wang Film Productions


text:
Pschent

The pschent (Greek ψχέντ) was the double crown worn by rulers in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians generally referred to it as sekhemty (sḫm.ty), the Two Powerful Ones. It combined the White Hedjet Crown of Upper Egypt and the Red Deshret Crown of Lower Egypt.

The Pschent represented the pharaoh's power over all of unified Egypt. It bore two animal emblems: an Egyptian cobra, known as the uraeus, ready to strike, which symbolized the Lower Egyptian goddess Wadjet; and a vulture representing the Upper Egyptian tutelary goddess Nekhbet. These were fastened to the front of the Pschent and referred to as the Two Ladies.

History
The invention of the Pschent is generally attributed to the First Dynasty pharaoh Menes, but the first one known to wear a Double Crown was the First Dynasty pharaoh Djet: a rock inscription shows his Horus wearing it.

The king list on the Palermo Stone, which begins with the names of Lower Egyptian pharaohs (nowadays thought to have been mythological demigods), shown wearing the Red Crown, marks the unification of the country by giving the Pschent to all First Dynasty and later pharaohs. The Cairo fragment, on the other hand, shows these prehistoric rulers wearing the Pschent.

Archaeology
As is the case with the Deshret and the Hedjet Crowns, no Pschent is currently known to have survived. It is known only from statuary, depictions, inscriptions, and ancient tales.

Mythology
Among the deities sometimes depicted wearing the Double Crown are Horus and Atum or Ra both representing the pharaoh or having a special relationship to the pharaoh.

title: Pschent


text:
File:Master & Commander cover.jpg

Cover image of the novel Master and Commander.

Fair use rationale
It is believed in good faith that the use of a low-resolution image of this book cover, to identify the book in question, in the article about that book (Master and Commander) and the Aubrey-Maturin series, constitutes fair use on the English Wikipedia. It is being provided for educational use only, at a resolution too low to allow accurate reproduction of the book cover, and is believed not to diminish the value of the copyright in the material. Source=http://pictures.abebooks.com/MICHAELJTOTH/2932035800.jpg

title: File:Master & Commander cover.jpg


text:
Talk:TT earthing system

I propose to merge these individual earthing system pages with the new single earthing systems page. It is far easier to explain the systematics and the various trade-offs if all variants are defined in the same text. Markus Kuhn 16:39, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * good idea --Ali@gwc.org.uk 18:41, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:TT earthing system


text: User talk:71.10.115.244

title: User talk:71.10.115.244


text:
Treaty of Detroit

The Treaty of Detroit was a treaty between the United States and the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot and Potawatomi Native American nations. The treaty was signed in Detroit, Michigan on November 17, 1807, with William Hull, governor of the Michigan Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, the sole representative of the U.S.

With this treaty, these Native American tribes ceded claim to a large portion of land in what is now Southeast Michigan and northwest Ohio. The boundary definition in the treaty began with the "mouth of the Miami river of the lakes," or what is now known as the Maumee River at Toledo, Ohio. From there the boundary ran up the middle of the river to the mouth of its tributary Auglaize River at what is now Defiance, Ohio, then due north until it intersected a parallel of latitude at the outlet of Lake Huron into the St. Clair River.

This north-south line would become the Michigan Meridian used in the surveying of Michigan lands. The intersecting parallel of latitude crossed the meridian at the northwest corner of what is now Sciota Township in Shiawassee County in the middle of the border with Clinton County. From this point the treaty boundary ran northeast to White Rock in Lake Huron, then due east to the international boundary with what was then Upper Canada, and then along the international boundary through the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River and then into Lake Erie to a point due east of the mouth of the Maumee River, and finally west back to the point of beginning.

==Signatories ==

Ottawas
Au-ban-way / Aubauway; Ka-wach-e-wan / Kawachewan; Saw-ga-maw / Sawgamaw; Ogouse / Ogouse; Was-a-ga-shick / Wasagashick

Pottawattamies
To-quish / Toquish; No-na-me / Noname; Naw-me / Nawme; Nin-ne-wa / Ninnewa; Skush / Skush

Wyandots
Ska ho mat / Skahome; Miere / Miere, or Walk in the Water; I-yo-na-yo-to-ha / Iyonayotha

Chippewas
Pee-wan-she-me-nogh / Peewanshemenogh; Ma-mau-she-gau-ta / Mamaushegauta, or Bad Legs; Poo-qui-gau-boa-wie / Pooquigauboawie; Kiosk; Po-qua-quet / Poquaquet, or the Ball; Se-gan-ge-wan / Segangewan; Quit-chon-e-quit / Quitchonequit, or Big Cloud; Qu-con-quish / Quiconquish; Puck-e-nese / Puckenese, or the Spark of Fire; Ne-gig / Negig, or the Otter; Mee-a-si-ta / Measita; Maequattaquch / Macquettequet, or Little Bear; Ne-me-kas / Nemekas, or Little Thunder; Sawanabenase; Or pe, che, ga, bu, a / Sawanabenase, or Pechegabua, or Grand Blanc; Tonquish / Tonquish; Miott / Miott; Mea-e-tee-ge-sheck / Meuetugesheck, or the Little Cedar

Americans
William Hull

In presence of
George McDougall, chief judge court D. H. and D.; C. Rush, attorney general.; Jacob Visger, associate judge of the D. court.; Jos. Watson, secretary to the legislature of Michigan.; Abijah Hull, surveyor for Michigan Territory.; Harris H. Hickman, counsellor at law.; Abraham Fuller Hull, counsellor at law and secretary to the Commission.; Whitmore Knaggs,; William Walker, Sworn Interpreters.

title: Treaty of Detroit


text:
User talk:Terryclarke69

Greetings from Dublin,

Hello,

I suffered with a paralysing speech impediment for years.

A fellow stutterer recommended me a site on the internet with a self-help anti-stutter manual. To cut a long story short, this book has had a major impact on my life. I just wanted to share some useful information to my fellow stutter friends around the world.

www.iconqueredmystutter.com

I hope this helps.

Terry Clarke

title: User talk:Terryclarke69


text:
Talk:Nilotic peoples

Improvement Drive
The article on Acholi language is currently nominated to be improved on This week's improvement drive. If you can contribute or want it to be improved, you can vote for this article there.--Fenice 16:42, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Hamitic / Semitic roots
Keep out the crap about "the semitic roots" nonsense. We don't need to resurrect 19th century Imperialist theories, please, thank you. Peace. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Teth22 (talk • contribs)

 * I agree, and disagree. Precisely because this keeps coming back it's good to keep something about it in the article, with the modifier "traditional ethnographic literature". Rather than just omitting information that is widespread although it's falsified, it would be advisable to specifically debunk this information. — mark ✎ 20:42, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Unless the author can give sources on this "tradtional ethnographic literature," I say delete the modifier, debunked or not. Kemet 13 March 2006
 * I'n not sure if I understand what you're saying. Deleting the modifier amounts to saying that members of these groups descended from 'Hamitic' or 'Semitic' roots. That theory has been discredited, as outlined for example in Hamitic. I agree that it needs sources eventually (WP:V), but it makes no sense at all to delete the modifier for the time being. I'll look around for sources, but don't expect me to fix this very soon. Others are invited to help of course. Meanwhile, I will not agree with deleting the modifier; then, the whole sentence has to go (but as I said above, it will keep coming back). — mark ✎ 08:25, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Genetic research indicates that Nilotes may in fact be descendants of a very archaic African population distantly related to Khoisan. Only recently they mixed, to a limited extent, with Arabs and surrounding black Africans (or Neo-Negrids, if you want). Cartouche, 16.September 2006

"The terms Nilotic and Nilote were previously used as racial classifications, based on now widely discarded perceptions." LOL Discarded by Marxists in Western science. Now you can look at the position of Nilotic people in the global context in Tishkoff et al. 2009 - as a group equal to non-African races of Homo sapiens. 89.235.19.212 (talk) 16:56, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

South Sudan
I'm terrible with graphics, but given the large numbers of Nilotic peoples in the now-independent South Sudan, could someone please fix the map? Thanks :) Interlaker (talk) 00:30, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Lienhardt
The article mentions and quotes a source Lienhardt, but the source as such is not given. Can anyone provide it? Landroving Linguist (talk) 19:50, 15 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The passage was taken from the Dinka religion page. The Lienhardt in question is Godfrey Lienhardt, author of Divinity and Experience: The Religion of the Dinka (1988). Middayexpress (talk) 20:13, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Genetics for ethnic groups RfC
For editors interested, there's an RfC currently being held: Should sections on genetics be removed from pages on ethnic groups?. As this will almost certainly result in the removal of the "genetics" section from this article, I'd encourage any contributors to voice their opinions there. -- Katan gais (talk) 20:04, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Nilotic Expansion (misleading)

 * The way the section is written, it makes it appear that the Nilotic speakers came from a far away land (invaders), when the same paragraph says the Nilotes expanded from the Sudd Marsh (center of South Sudan).

 * The article fails to mention that the South Sudanese Y-DNA points to a lineal Paleolithic native origin of the Nilotes

Haplogroup A & Haplogroup B (Paleolithic natives) was observed amongst 85% of Dinka, 83.3% of Nuer & 80% of Shilluk Tiwahi (talk) 19:24, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

Nilotic People vs Linguistic grouping
There should be a clear division between the two, the Nilotic people in their ethnic grouping originate from the Suddish tribal stock, best represented by the "people known to out of Asia people as" Dinka. The Dinka & closely related tribes are up to 85% of lineal Paleolithic African stock, their lineal origin separated from the majority humans at least 50 KYA, focusing on some recent linguistic grouping that the so called "Nilotic people" don't acknowledge (opposed to national-linguistic identities that we have to acknowledge due to self-identification). The Sudd Nilotes identity is deeper than any existing bronze-age or iron-age modern identity & it has actual genetic basis, so please consider this & elaborate further on Nilotes. The lack of genetic identity in other humans, doesn't give us the right to impose psuedo-identities on populations that don't accept our cultural terms.

The linguistic influence by Nilotes on Sudanic or vice versa, doesn't make them one group that shares a recent common origin! African Americans don't share a common origin with Slavs despite a much more recent linguistic common origin Tiwahi (talk) 17:00, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Nilotic settlement in East Africa
Nilotic settlement in East Africa, which primarily has content about Southern Nilotic oral traditions, doesn't seem to have enough content to stand on its own right now, and its content may be better presented as part of Nilotic peoples. signed,Rosguill talk 23:57, 14 December 2018 (UTC) signed,Rosguill talk 23:57, 14 December 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 14:01, 9 April 2020 (UTC)

Messed Up Template
^ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:6001:E103:3F00:9DFE:F9D3:7C71:9F81 (talk) 00:26, 1 January 2020 (UTC)

"Nilotic peoples, origins and scholarly anthropology of" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Nilotic peoples, origins and scholarly anthropology of. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 19:10, 1 January 2020 (UTC)

Afroasiatic DNA
"Unlike the paternal DNA of Nilotes, the maternal lineages of Nilotes in general show low-to-negligible amounts of Afro-Asiatic and other extraneous influences." The problem is that Afroasiatic is a language super family, not an ethnicity or dna. Today people mainly distinguish Nilotic, Somali, Yoruba/YRI and more dna. In this article, the Masai are like the Luhya, and with some ingression of Somali dna. See Fig. 2 (PLOS GENETICS) Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations. 2001:1C00:1E31:5F00:1C67:F5F:CCD1:8378 (talk) 17:44, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

Height
Are the height statistics given in the article the average for men only, for women only, or is it for both averaged together in roughly equal numbers? This should be clarified. Comparing it to the USA, the height given as the average for the Sudanese Shilluk (about 6ft) would be only slightly taller than the average man over here, but quite exceptionally tall for a woman. If it were the average of both sexes, it might correspond to men being 6’4” and women 5’8” on average, which would still be noticeably taller than the US average in both cases. This seems the most likely possibility, but the article should really make it clear if that was what was meant. 2604:2D80:6984:3800:0:0:0:4EFD (talk) 03:29, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

 * They are truly tall 41.210.159.89 (talk) 13:45, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

History
The plain nilotes 129.205.3.6 (talk) 15:44, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nilotic peoples


text:
Talk:Eastern Sudanic languages

Controversy about Nilo-Saharan
I note that Azalea Pomp has raised questions about Nilo-Saharan. This should be backed up with some reference to support the controversy claim. Pete unseth (talk) 23:12, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's hypothetical, but no more than many other proposals. But I think her point is that all such proposals should be made explicit.

 * BTW, any idea where the Ethnologue 16 classification comes from? kwami (talk) 09:27, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I have removed the wording indicating any controversy about Nilo-Saharan. So far Azalea has failed to provide any sources showing that such a controversy really exists, apart from the usual doubts which arise with any statement in historical linguistics. On the source of Ethnologue 16: I don't know where it comes from, but the classification sort of matches with one I got as a student from Bernd Heine 15 years ago. Landroving Linguist (talk) 11:43, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Classification #3
George Starostin has posted a third classification of Eastern Sudanic, recognizing the following groups as clearly valid and potentially connected to each other: He also rejects the affinity of Kuliak.
 * Surmic
 * Nilotic
 * Astaboran
 * Nyima (as a possible sister group to Astaboran)
 * Jebel
 * Temein
 * Daju

The paper is a "draft", though; is it worth citing here yet? -- Trɔpʏliʊm • blah 23:38, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
 * We could, since so little work is done on this topic, though I'd place it after Bender because it hasn't been reviewed. Need to clarify what Astaboran includes, note that only significant change is that he breaks up Bender's Southern group.  We should probably also remove Ehret, since his scholarship is so poor, and is now 30 years old with no-one supporting it.  Do you want to do it?  — kwami (talk) 02:44, 22 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I went ahead. — kwami (talk) 19:39, 22 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me. I suppose we could still keep around Ehret for a reference for the term "Astaboran", which we currently list as a descendant. (Or we could rename the page to something more neutral.)
 * Similarly, if "n-Sudanic" is disputed, do we need a separate article for Kir-Abbaian languages at all? -- Trɔpʏliʊm • blah 22:35, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eastern Sudanic languages


text:
Talk:Luo peoples

Improvement Drive
The article on Acholi language is currently nominated to be improved on This week's improvement drive. If you can contribute or want it to be improved, you can vote for this article there.--Fenice 16:42, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Luo people are related
Luo are more than merely linguistically related. They have a common ancestry as verified by their oral history and anthropologists. --Ezeu 09:11, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

ORIGINS OF THE LUO
Being a Luo born of both Luo parents, and having had gone to school to read on various issues concerning life as a whole, I was amazed when a friend back in high school days (1989 - 1992)asked me about something that was likely to connect the luo to the original inhabitants of Egypt of the pharaonic era. Not so suprising since the Luo being nilotes (from the river nile) which has its long end at the exact place in Africa, i had no doubt about this. What amazed me was when he asked me what 'cairo' could mean in Luo. I told him it meant a place of smoke. He was surprised. It is known that this was a place that was ahead in civilization in those ancient times. Thus with all the much that goes with civilization including the construction of the pyramids and the artefacts that were all kingly and queenly, it very much was a place full of smoke. So i do strongly believe that Cairo has it's name from the Luo who originally called it "ka iro" (the place of smoke). Along the river nile, which the luo had to follow on their course downwards, trying to find the source of the river that provided life in their long time habitat. I wont talk much about the awe that was with the origin of the nile as most knew that it could be the dwelling place of the unknown or known god. they must have left a whole lot of marks. The only other significant place and mark that i know of is khartoum. Khartoum in luo language means a place of collision from the words "kar tuom". Is it not in khartoum that the white nile meets the blue nile, colliding to form the nile that goes to Cairo?. Its all about the nile, the most important article in the life of former Egyptians and the Luo as such. A concrete reason you will find the Luo within the nile's path to the origin of it which is Lake Victoria. A part of the luo might have followed it's branch to the Ethiopian highlands but were not satisfied as it had another branch that came from East Africa (the Lake Victoria) which is the home ground to most if not all the luo. Having had reached the source of the nile with nothing to fuss about and no god in sight, it just became another habitat fit for human settlement with lots of fish from the lake and cultivable land for sorghum, millet and cassava. Life goes on.

I am planning to do a thorough research on this.

Abdulrazzaq Adam Otieno (Formely: Rodgers Edward Otieno) Email: zaqotibaba@gmail.com Tel: +254 712 203 122 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.201.211.97 (talk) 14:57, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Kisumu
If anyone is interested, I was wondering whether we could work together to update the Kisumu page (before cleaning up the Nyanza province one epicenter of the Luo Community) which currently reads like a travel brochure, which is very undeserving for a leading town in East Africa. If possible could you constructively help me make it better, I am hoping to get together a work group of contributers to help out so that it is something close to the Nairobi page. I will be working on this for the next week or two, if you have some spare time I will be glad if you could help me open up Kisumu to the world. Thanks!--Krator1 (talk) 23:01, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Migration route
According to the book "The Obamas: The Untold Story of an African Family" by Peter Firstbrook, the main migration route to Kenya went from the Sudd marshes to Pakwach-Pubungu and Tororo in Uganda, entering the territory of current-day Kenya near Got Ramogi. The migration as it can be traced today took place from the 15th through 18th centuries, so I'm not sure how the Arab conquest is relevant (if the original Arabic conquest of 640 A.D. is meant). AnonMoos (talk) 04:45, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Confusion
Are the luo Eastern Sudanic (a previous version of this article says they are Western Sudanic) or Western Nilotic, or both or one but not the other? Ezeu (talk) 21:40, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Needs sources
Anonymous editors are adding lots of unsourced content. Anything that is not sourced can be deleted. Please do the work and add sources for your additions - whether facts from a census or content related to history. There are plenty of newspaper, and other accounts on the Internet and in books. Also, please register to establish a Talk page and join the Wikipedia community so you can be easier to communicate with.Parkwells (talk) 15:08, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

Oral History
According to the oral history of the Luo tribe, tribesmen can be impeached for miscegenation (ie; dirty breeding), the use of Agent Orange, and Crimes Against Humanity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.114.70.70 (talk) 19:25, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Luo peoples


text:
Art. Lebedev Studio

'''Art. Lebedev Studio''' is a design firm in Russia, founded in 1995 by Artemy Lebedev.

The studio creates industrial and graphic design for commercial entities and does not accept projects from private citizens and political or religious organizations. Its motto is "Design will save the world." As of November 2011, it has five principal art directors and over 300 employees. The studio has its headquarters in Moscow, as well as other offices in Kyiv, London and New York City.

Art. Lebedev Studio is owned by the holding company Art. Lebedev Group (ALG), which owns several other design and advertising companies.

History and work
The studio began with graphic design, then expanded to include interfaces, web design, and most recently industrial design. It has an educational center, a publishing house, a media department, and several software teams. In 2011, Russian advertising research company AdMe called them the leading web studio in Russia.

Website
The studio's official website is available in Russian and English. The Russian version of the site has technical advice in HTML, XML, XSLT, JavaScript, CSS and other web technologies. The site is typeset as if it were a printed book; for example, punctuation marks and characters which extend to the left (Ф, О, Т, V, т and several others) are rendered several pixels to the left when they are at the beginning of a line.

Design work
Art. Lebedev Studio produced the design for Russian search engine Yandex, financial group Alfa-Bank, the news sites Lenta.Ru and Gazeta.Ru and Russian promotional websites for Microsoft and Intel.

They designed the Optimus Maximus keyboard, with customizable Organic light-emitting diode displays on every key, and the Just5 Brick mobile phone. They also won a public vote for the best redesign of the Moscow Metro map, in 2013.

title: Art. Lebedev Studio