text:
Juan de Dios Orozco

Juan de Dios Orozco was a Nicaraguan politician who served as acting Supreme Director of Nicaragua from 1 April to 31 May 1843.

In 1823 Mexican Emperor Agustín de Iturbide began plans to annex the Federal Republic of Central America. Intendant of León, Bishop Nicolás García Jerez, a supporter of the annexation plans, left the city, and Orozco formed a commission with Dionisio Urcuyo y Crespín and Juan Hernández, alcalde of Sutiaba, which appointed Brigadier González Saravia as the new intendant of the city.

In 1843, the previous Supreme Director, Pablo Buitrago y Benavente resigned and the Parliament appointed Orozco as Acting Supreme Director, who held the position until the Parliament elected a new Supreme Director. Originally, public elections were attempted, but failed because no candidate obtained the required majority vote.

title: Juan de Dios Orozco


text:
Manuel Pérez (footballer, born 1980)

Manuel Pérez Flores (born 22 January 1980) is a Mexican retired footballer who played as a midfielder.

Career
He is known as El Tripa to team mates and fans alike. He began playing in the Primera División with Club Atlas in the 2001–02 season until his move in 2007 to Rayados de Monterrey in 2007. Pérez was known for his great passing abilities and his outstanding mid-range shots. On 28 February 2007, under manager Hugo Sánchez, Pérez made his debut for the Mexico national football team in a friendly match against Venezuela in San Diego, California.

International appearances
As of 28 February 2007

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Manuel Pérez (footballer, born 1980)


text:
Fileset

In computing, a fileset is a set of computer files linked by defining property or common characteristic. There are different types of fileset though the context will usually give the defining characteristic. Sometimes it is necessary to explicitly state the fileset type to avoid ambiguity, an example is the emacs editor which explicitly mentions its Version Control (VC) fileset type to distinguish from its "named files" fileset type.

Fileset types
While there is probably no classification of fileset types some common usage cases do emerge:
 * A fileset type where the set of files in the fileset are simply enumerated or selected, as an example in the way named filesets are constructed in emacs.
 * The set of files included in an software installation package is used in both the AIX operating system installation packaging system, and the HP-UX packaging system.
 * For fileset types relating to filesystems there may be a relationship to directories. In terms of  Namespace Database (NSDB) Protocol for Federated File Systems: "A fileset is loosely defined as a set of files and the directory tree that contains them. The fileset abstraction is the basic unit of data management.  Depending on the configuration, a fileset may be anything from an individual directory of an exported file system to an entire exported file system on a fileserver"

 * In coding forms some libraries may define a fileset object type, typically as a case specific name Fileset, or FileSet which is used to hold an object which references a set of files.

Specific examples
Fileset has several meanings and usages, depending on the context. Some examples are:

In the AIX operating system installation packaging system it is the smallest individually installable unit (a collection of files that provides a specific function).

DCE/DFS uses the term fileset to define a tree containing directories, files, and mount points (links to other DFS filesets). A DFS fileset is also a unit of administrative control. Properties such as data location, storage quota, and replication are controlled at this level of granularity. The concept of a fileset in DFS is essentially identical to the concept of a volume in AFS. The glamor filesystem uses the same concept of filesets. Filesets are lightweight components compared to file systems, so management of a file set is easier.

In IBM GPFS represents a set of files within a file system which have an independent inode space.

title: Fileset


text:
Emiliano Madriz

Emiliano Madriz (c. 1800 – 24 January 1845) was a liberal Nicaraguan lawyer and politician who served as acting Supreme Director of Nicaragua from 26 September to 26 December 1844, and as the interim Supreme Director in León until 24 January 1845.

Malespín's War
On 25 October 1844, Salvadoran President Francisco Malespín, handed over the presidency to his vice president, Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, and began leading his troops towards Nicaragua, with support from the Honduras.

The then Supreme Director, Manuel Pérez, avoided military action, and this support given to Malespín provoked parliamentary opposition, so he was removed from office on September 26, and his duties were replaced by Madriz, a member of the Legislative Assembly based in León.

Selva's Government in Masaya
The differences between the Nicaraguans surfaced and the conservatives from Granada abandoned the liberals in León and on 8 December they sought support from the invading leader. Thus, Granada sided with Malespin, followed by Rivas.

The Granadans moved the Legislative Assembly to Masaya, where on December 16, 1844, Silvestre Selva, a senator of the Legislative Assembly, was appointed Supreme Director, without the consent of León under siege.

Death
Some officers believed that Casto Fonseca, the commander of the defenses, though brave, was not competent enough to make a proper defense. José María Valle, "El Chelon", suggested that Fonseca hand over command to José Trinidad Cabañas, but Fonseca considered the suggestion an insult, and consequently Valle withdrew. Faced with Fonseca's ineptitude and intransigence, Madriz commanded the defenses of León, which had to withstand 89 days of siege. The defense of Sutiava was entrusted to Gerardo Barrios, who organized it for the resistance against the siege led by Malespín.

However, a shipment of weapons was seized allowing the advance through Sutiava towards León, and on 24 January 1845 they entered the city, massacring and looting it. And on the same date, Madriz was executed by firing squad under the direct order of Malespín.

title: Emiliano Madriz


text: User talk:69.214.197.238

title: User talk:69.214.197.238


text:
Silvestre Selva

Silvestre Selva Sacasa (31 December 1777 – 1855) was a Nicaraguan politician of Basque origin, who, as a senator in the State Legislative Assembly, was appointed by the invading forces of Francisco Malespín to serve as provisional Supreme Director, served from 16 December 1844 to 20 January 1845 with headquarters in the city of Masaya.

Background
Born on 31 December 1777 in Granada, he was the illegitimate son of Lieutenant General José Roberto Sacasa Marenco and Ubalda Rosalía Selva del Castillo Mayor.

He was a maternal relative of Roberto Sacasa, the 10th President of Nicaragua.

Malespín's War
On 25 October 1844 the so-called Guerra de Malespín began when León was besieged by troops from El Salvador and Honduras under the command of General Francisco Malespín, a Salvadoran military ruler and a conservative convinced that he obtained the support of the Granadan legitimists.

José Francisco del Montenegro and Juan Ruiz were the ambassadors sent by Granada and Rivas to Malespín, with the result of the creation of a provisional government in charge of Senator Selva based in Masaya and without the consent of León, the seat of the government of Emiliano Madriz who as Supreme Director directed the defenses of the city, which was finally occupied with the subsequent looting of its churches.

Overthrow of Malespín
On 2 February 1845 Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, the Vice President of El Salvador, with support from much of San Salvador, declared himself President of El Salvador. Malespín, backed by Honduran forces, returned to El Salvador in an attempt to regain his presidency, thus ending the war in Nicaragua. Selva was able to escape from León, where he was stationed after Blas Antonio Sáenz and José León Sandoval formed a counter-government in Masaya, which on 20 January declared Sáenz as provisional Supreme Director, until Sandoval was elected on 4 April.

title: Silvestre Selva


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State-sponsored bodies of the Republic of Ireland

A State-Sponsored Body is the name given in Ireland to a state-owned enterprise (a government-owned corporation), that is to say, a commercial business which is beneficially owned, either completely or majority, by the Irish Government. Each state-sponsored body has a sponsor Minister who acts as shareholder, either independently, or in conjunction with the Minister for Finance, who may also be a shareholder. State-sponsored bodies are often popularly called semi-state companies, a misnomer, since they are all (mostly) fully owned by the state, in addition not all of them are actually companies.

Statutory corporations
State-sponsored bodies may be organised as statutory corporations, meaning that they are officially non-profit and do not formally have shareholders, but have a board or other authority appointed by the sponsor Minister. Corporations of this type include:

 * Córas Iompair Éireann (Irish Transport Company)
 * Electricity Supply Board
 * Raidió Teilifís Éireann (Radio and Television of Ireland)
 * Voluntary Health Insurance Board (Vhi Healthcare)
 * Horse Racing Ireland
 * Teilifís na Gaeilge
 * Bord Bia (Food Board)
 * IDA Ireland (Industrial Development Authority)

Statutory corporations are governed under the particular statute that they are established under, and are not subject to the provisions of the Companies Acts, though similar requirements are often stated in the statute. The statutory corporation form of governance has fallen out of favour recently, with it being seen as less transparent and less commercially free than the limited company (see below). It is planned that VHI will become a limited company in the near future. On 21 January 2006 The Irish Times reported that the ESB and BGE will also move to plc status, however, both companies remained in government hands and never went to plc status. Under the draft Broadcasting Bill 2006 RTÉ and Telefís na Gaeilge would have become companies limited by guarantee, however the final Broadcasting Act 2009 retained their statutory corporation status.

Companies with the Government as shareholder
Others may be organised as public limited companies or private limited companies. These are incorporated with the Companies Registration Office (Ireland) as companies, but their sole (or sometimes majority) shareholder is their sponsor minister. Some of these are exempt from the requirement to carry limited, teoranta, plc, or cpt as part of their company name. State-sponsored bodies incorporated in this fashion are, unlike their statutory corporation peers, subject to the provisions of the Companies' Acts. They have issued share capital, a board of directors, and all the other features of the type of company they are incorporated as.

In the case of bank shareholdings, these are the results of recapitalisation during the Irish banking crisis, and are all intended to be sold in time

Examples include:

Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine
 * Bord na gCon (Irish Greyhound Board)
 * Coillte (Commercial Irish Forestry Business)
 * Horse Racing Ireland
 * Irish National Stud

Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources
 * An Post (The Post Office)
 * Ervia
 * Bord na Móna plc (The Peat Board)
 * EirGrid plc
 * Electricity Supply Board
 * Raidió Teilifís Éireann
 * TG4

Department of Finance
 * Allied Irish Banks plc - 71% shareholding
 * Bank of Ireland plc - 14% shareholding
 * Permanent TSB - 75% shareholding

Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport
 * Dublin Airport Authority plc
 * Shannon Airport Authority
 * Cork Airport Authority
 * Dublin Port Company
 * Port of Cork
 * Drogheda Port Company
 * Galway Harbour Company
 * New Ross Port Company
 * Shannon Foynes Port Company
 * Port of Waterford Company
 * Wicklow Port Company
 * Córas Iompair Éireann

Prominent subsidiaries of state-sponsored bodies
Companies which are subsidiaries of state-sponsored bodies, but which enjoy a separate identity and legal existence, include:

Subsidiaries of Córas Iompair Éireann:
 * Iarnród Éireann - Irish Rail
 * Bus Éireann - Irish Bus
 * Bus Átha Cliath - Dublin Bus

Subsidiaries of Dublin Airport Authority:
 * Aer Rianta International cpt

Subsidiaries of An Post
 * Prize Bond Company
 * Data Ireland

Subsidiaries of Raidió Teilifís Éireann:
 * 2RN
 * RTÉ Commercial Enterprises

Subsidiary of Horse Racing Ireland
 * Tote Ireland Limited

Privatisations
Like many countries with extensive state owned sectors, the Irish Government has embarked on a programme of privatisations in recent years. Privatisations have always been controversial in Ireland. In 1991 the chief executive of Greencore was forced to resign immediately prior to the company's flotation when it was discovered he was a shareholder in a company which had been purchased by Irish Sugar prior to its flotation. However it was after the drop in the Eircom share price following the company's flotation that many became opposed to future privatisations.

List of privatised state-sponsored bodies

 * Dairy Disposal Company - Dairies returned to private ownership
 * Irish Sugar plc - listed on the Irish Stock Exchange as Greencore Group plc.
 * Irish Life Assurance plc - listed on the ISE, later merged with Irish Permanent to form Irish Life and Permanent plc. After ILP was nationalised, Irish Life was separated by the Minister of Finance and sold to Canada Life.
 * Irish Steel - sold via trade sale to Irish Ispat International. Since closed.
 * British and Irish Steam Packet Company - sold via trade sale to Irish Continental Group plc.
 * Nitrigin Éireann Teoranta- merged with Irish part of Imperial Chemical Industries to become Irish Fertiliser Industries Limited (closed in 2002).
 * Bord Telecom Éireann plc - listed on the ISE as Eircom plc (now Eircom Group plc).
 * ACCBank plc - sold via trade sale to Rabobank Ireland.
 * ICC Bank plc - sold via trade sale to Bank of Scotland (Ireland).
 * Cablelink - owned by Eircom and RTÉ, sold via trade sale to NTL (and later sold on to Liberty Global Europe).
 * Aer Lingus Group plc. (Irish International Airlines) - listed on the ISE. A minority government shareholding was retained, but ultimately sold in July 2015.
 * Great Southern Hotels - privatised via trade sale. Some hotels are now Radisson Blu, others have been rebranded or closed.
 * Bord Gais Energy - customer supply division of old Bord Gáis sold in trade sale to Centrica. Infrastructure division retained as state asset.
 * Permanent TSB - partially re-floated after nationalisation to prevent bank failure.
 * Allied Irish Bank - partially re-floated after nationalisation to prevent bank failure.
 * An Post National Lottery Company - licence sold for 20 years to a private operator, Premier Lotteries Ireland, in 2013.


text:
Category:Lakes of the Czech Republic

This category is for articles pertaining to lakes in the Czech Republic.

title: Category:Lakes of the Czech Republic


text:
José León Sandoval

José León Sandoval de la Cerda (1789 – 1854) was a Nicaraguan politician, member of the short lived centrist Republican Party, who served as 4th Supreme Director of Nicaragua from 4 April 1845 to 12 March 1847.

A mestizo descendant of the conquistador Gonzalo de Sandoval, Sandoval was a justice of the peace at the close of the colonial period in his native Granada, but he also worked in transporting goods on Lake Nicaragua and the Río San Juan.

Resentful of the privileges of Spanish officials and wealthier creoles, Sandoval supported independence from Spain and then opposed Nicaraguan incorporation into Iturbide's Mexican Empire. In 1825 he became political chief of Granada and later served in other government positions while rising in military rank.

A fervent unionist, he also served Francisco Morazán's federal government in San Salvador. He was supreme director of Nicaragua during the violent struggles among the caudillos Francisco Malespín, José María Vallé, José Trinidad Muñoz, and Bernabé Somoza. Although a liberal, Sandoval remained loyal to the elected governments, and under the conservative Fruto Chamorro, he directed Granada's defense against the siege begun in May 1854 by Máximo Jérez, during the beginning stages of the Filibuster War. Brigadier General Sandoval died in this defense and was buried in Granada.

title: José León Sandoval


text:
User talk:Scoi007

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - McCart42 (talk) 22:53, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Scoi007


text:
Toribio Terán

Bernardo Toribio Terán Prado (León, Nicaragua, 1785 – 1850s) was a conservative Nicaraguan politician who served as acting Supreme Director of Nicaragua from January 1 to March 8, 1849.

Terán was born in León in 1785. He married Isabel Balladares and they had a son, Toribio Terán Balladares. He was a member of the Legitimist Party, which then dominated the politics of Nicaragua, and also a member of Parliament. When the previous Supreme Director, José María Guerrero, was forced to resign due to health problems, he appointed Terán in his place. In March, the parliament appointed José Benito Rosales y Sandoval to replace Terán.

title: Toribio Terán


text:
Benito Rosales

José Benito Rosales y Sandoval (1795 Granada – 1850) was a conservative Nicaraguan politician and lawyer who served as acting Supreme Director of Nicaragua between March 8 and April 1, 1849.

Rosales was born in 1795 in Granada. He studied law at the university there and later became the dean of the university. He later became a member of the Legitimist Party.

After Agustín de Iturbide left power, the Assembly of Deputies of the United Provinces of Central America met to discuss the situation and future fate of the region. Rosales was one of the three Nicaraguan ambassadors.

He later published the newspaper El Ojo del Pueblo, Revista Conservadora del Pensamiento Centroamericano, printed in Granada. In it, he emphasised the need to make Managua the administrative center of the region.

When Supreme Director José María Guerrero was forced to resign due to health problems, he appointed Bernardo Toribio Terán Prado in his place. In March, the parliament replaced Terán with Rosales, who served until new elections.

title: Benito Rosales


text:
Norberto Ramírez

Norberto Ramírez Áreas (15 April 1802, León, Nicaragua – 11 July 1856, León, Nicaragua) was a Nicaraguan lawyer and politician who served as acting Supreme Chief of El Salvador (20 September 1840 – 7 January 1841), still technically a part of the Federal Republic of Central America, and as the 6th Supreme Director of independent Nicaragua (1 April 1849 – 1 April 1851).

Background
He was born in León on 15 April 1802 and studied law at the university there.

He was the father of Mercedes Ramírez de Meléndez, whose sons Carlos and Jorge Meléndez were later presidents of the Republic of El Salvador.

In El Salvador
On 20 September 1840 a revolt of the garrison in San Salvador led by General Francisco Malespín forced the resignation of Ramírez's predecessor, Colonel Antonio José Cañas. (Malespín had intended to rule through Cañas, but Cañas was not agreeable.) After José Damián Villacorta rejected the appointment, Ramírez took over the government.

In December 1840 a riot broke out in Santiago Nonualco, led by Petronilo Castro, but was soon suppressed by the government. Despite the fact that Ramírez governed for a few months, he knew how to balance his short period of government, given the difficult political situation of that time.

The Constituent Assembly met on 4 January 1841, and on 7 January admitted the formal resignation of Colonel Cañas from the supreme leadership and appointed Juan Lindo as supreme head of the provisional state in his place. Ramírez handed over command to Lindo the same day, and he proceeded to be deputy chief along with Pedro José Arce and Joaquín Eufracio Guzmán who replaced Villacorta.

In Nicaragua
On 5 March 1849 the Legislative assembly of Nicaragua declared Ramírez the elected Supreme Director, and he took office on 1 April. Ramírez ordered the commander of the army, Fruto Chamorro, to suppress constant revolts led by the liberal General Bernabé Somoza. He was caught and executed in Rivas.

Clayton–Bulwer Treaty
On 9 July he received the Plenipotentiary Minister of the United States of America in Central America, the historian Ephraim George Squier, who would arrive in Nicaragua on 5 September and be greeted by Nicaragua's former Supreme Director, Evaristo Rocha, in El Viejo. Squier brought Ramírez a message of solidarity from the United States with the state in the face of British claims. At the end of 1849, the supreme director sent the lawyer Eduardo Carcache to the city of Washington as extraordinary and plenipotentiary minister of Nicaragua in the United States, Carcache being the first with this position, he was commissioned by the Nicaraguan government to try to obtain the signing of a treaty on an interoceanic canal by Nicaragua and to win the support of the United States in the conflict with England regarding the occupation of the San Juan River and the Mosquito Coast.

The Clayton–Bulwer Treaty signed between the United States and the United Kingdom in 1850 signaled the relinquishment of claims to power and exclusive rights over the projected Nicaraguan canal. On 25 July that same year, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Spain was signed, which definitively recognized the independence of Nicaragua.

title: Norberto Ramírez


text:
Justo Abaunza

Justo Abaunza y Muñoz de Avilés (1778 – 1872) was a Costa Rican-born legitimist Nicaraguan lawyer and politician who served as acting Supreme Director of Nicaragua from 1 April to 5 May 1851, and as provisional Supreme Director appointed by José Trinidad Muñoz from 4 August to 2 November 1851.

Early career
In 1803, Marcelo de los Santos Porras, priest of the town of Masaya, stated that according to the baptismal books and the last census practiced in his parishioners, there were Spanish residents suitable for public service, all between ages 25 and 60, such as Lieutenant Abaunza, who was the sub-delegate of the Party of Nicoya. On 13 July 1804 he was appointed sub-delegate of the Party of Sutiaba against the opinion of the Governor of the Province.

He was a Commissioner, alongside Fulgencio Vega, of the Provisional Government of Silvestre Selva during Malespín's War, named after Francisco Malespín, who with the help of Granadan conservatives occupied and allowed the looting of the churches of León.

He was accused of causing the death of 54 innocent civilians by Bernabé Somoza moments before his execution.

As Supreme Director
He was appointed acting Supreme Director on 1 April 1851 before his elected successor, Laureano Pineda, took office on 5 May of the same year.

On 4 August 1851 a coup led mainly by José Trinidad Muñoz, with support from other conservative leaders at the time, overthrew Pineda and forced him into exile in Honduras, where he declared himself Supreme Director in dissidence. Muñoz appointed senators Abaunza in León and José Francisco del Montenegro in Granada. Montenegro died suddenly only 6 days into his administration and was replaced by senator José de Jesús Alfaro.

Abaunza and Alfaro would rule jointly under the supervision of Muñoz until 2 November 1851 when militia under Fruto Chamorro supported by the returning Pineda from Honduras with help from Juan Lindo began to siege León. Abaunza surrendered followed by Alfaro in Granada handing over power to Fulgencio Vega and Pineda.

Peace Negotiations
During the negotiations, it was achieved that Abaunza was included in the amnesty decree, but subject to what the Legislative Assembly decided, because he was a senator, and therefore enjoyed immunity.

It is not known what the opinion of the Assembly on Abaunza waws, but it is known that he moved to El Salvador, where he was appointed, along with José María Silva, to draft the Civil Code and make Reforms to the Penal Code of El Salvador, according to It is stated in the Executive Agreement of 4 February 1858.

title: Justo Abaunza


text:
Pontifical Institute of Sacred Liturgy

The Pontifical Liturgical Institute in Rome, located at Sant'Anselmo on the Aventine Hill, promotes the study of the Sacred Liturgy. It is entrusted to the Benedictine Confederation, and has the role of training professors of liturgy and liturgical experts to advance the study and teaching of the Church's liturgy in the various parts of the world.

Italian language programme
Almost all of the courses are taught through the medium of the Italian language. Exceptionally, courses are offered in French, German, Spanish, Portuguese or English.

English language programme
Ever since the 1990s, successive presidi (deans) of the PIL have tried to establish English-language programmes of PIL courses in the US in order to provide access for English and Spanish-speaking students. First Prof. Cassian Folsom O.S.B approached the University of Chicago, and later Prof Juan Javier Flores Arcas O.S.B. approached the St Thomas University, Miami, but these have not yet borne fruit. Similarly, further attempts to initiate an English-language liturgy summer school at Sant’Anselmo in Rome have not yet matured.

At the behest of the Dean of the PIL in 2009, the board of the Institutum Liturgicum in Anglia et Cambria requested the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies of the Catholic University of Leuven to give validation to the Pontifical Institute of Liturgy courses, now taught in Italian in Rome. The request was granted and these courses have been offered in English at the Benedictine Institute, Ealing Abbey in London as a "feeder" programme of studies for the Pontifical Institute of Liturgy since 2011.

Endorsements for the English language programme
The Council of the Preside endorsed the Publishing Project "Documenta Rerum Ecclesiasticarum Instaurata", directors, Fr James Leachman, O.S.B. A monk of St. Benedict's Abbey, Ealing, London; doctor of sacred liturgy, Pontifical Institute of Liturgy, Sant’Anselmo, Rome Principal of Benedictine Study and Arts Centre, Ealing Abbey Co-director of project Appreciating the Liturgy and co-founder of the Institutum liturgicum and Daniel McCarthy OSB in March 2008.

On Thursday 12 November 2009 the Council of the Preside of the Pontifical Institute of Liturgy accepted the proposal of the board of the "Institutum Liturgicum in Anglia et Cambria" to organise the teaching of some PIL courses in the UK, beginning Summer 2011 for a period of five years. The Preside, Fr Ephrem Carr recommended that courses be additionally accredited at a different Pontifical University.

Faculty of the English Language Programme 2020

 * Fr Ephrem Carr O.S.B. SEOL, STD (St Meinrad Archabbey, IN) 2011-
 * Fr James Leachman O.S.B. SLD (St Benedict's Abbey, Ealing, UK) 2011-
 * Fr Daniel McCarthy O.S.B. SLD (St Benedict's Abbey, Atchison, KS) 2011-
 * Prof Joris Geldhof, STD (KU Leuven) 2011-
 * Fr Stefan Geiger O.S.B, STD (Schaftlarn) 2020-
 * associate faculty:
 * Dr Vika Lebzyak (KU Leuven) 2016-2018
 * Fr Geert Leenknegt STL (Diocese of Ghent) 2018-
 * Fr Gregory Carey O.S.B. SLD (St Michael's Abbey, Farnborough, UK) 2019-

Diploma Alumni of Liturgy Institute London

 * Mr Duco Vollebregt, Netherlands (2014)
 * Fr Geert C. Leenknegt, Belgium (2014)
 * Fr Louis Pereira, Bangladesh (2015)
 * Mr Robert Brown, USA (2015)
 * Fr Victor J. Emmanuel, India (2015)

Course Alumni of Liturgy Institute London

 * Mgr Michal Baláž, Slovakia(2014)
 * Sr Dr Maura Behrenfeld, USA (2016)
 * Rev Michael Dyer, Australia (2013)
 * Rev Br. Javed Raza Gill O.P., Pakistan (2011)
 * Mr Domenico Incannova Germany (2018) continuing student Germany
 * Ms Tina Lasquety, USA (2014) continuing student Germany
 * Sr Mary Ann Madhavathu, India (2015) doctorate KU Leuven (2014)
 * Br. Michael-Dominique Magielse O.P., Netherlands (2019) continuing student
 * Mr Anton Milh, Belgium (2015)
 * Rev. Hermano Pablo (2016)
 * Sr Walburga Paget O.S.B., UK (2013)
 * Ms Isobel Parks, UK (2018)
 * Rev Dr Jinu Joseph Puthussery, India (2015)
 * Br Dr. Gianfranco Tinello O.F.M., Italy (2019)
 * Sr Jaya Therese Vasupurathukaran Pavunny, India (2016)
 * Fr Sebeesh Vettiyadan Jacob C.M.I., India (2015) continuing student KULeuven
 * Ms Maria Weatherill, Australia (2013)
 * Fr Eric Bien, Nigeria, continuing student IL and KULeuven
 * Fr Richard Oduor, Kenya, continuing student IL and PIL

resident research student:
 * Fr. Roshan Fernando, Sri Lanka (2014–17)

St Bede annual lectures

 * Fr Stefan Geiger O.S.B, STD (Schaftlarn) 2020
 * Prof Basilius Groen SEOD (Graz) 2019
 * Prof Gergely Bakoš O.S.B, STD (Pannonhalma) 2018
 * Archbishop George Stack (Cardiff) 2017
 * Prof Joris Geldhof (Liturgy Institute, KU Leuven) 2016
 * Bishop Alan Hopes (diocese of East Anglia) 2014
 * Abbot Cuthbert Brogan O.S.B. (St Michael's Abbey, Farnborough) 2013
 * Archbishop Arthur Roche (diocese of Leeds, Congregation of Divine Worship) 2012
 * Prof Ephrem Carr O.S.B., SEOL, STD (St Meinrad Abbey, IN) 2011

Distinguished alumni of Pontificium Institutum Liturgicum

 * Archbishop Wilton D. Gregory
 * Archbishop Leo W. Cushley
 * Bishop Christopher J. Coyne
 * Bishop Hernaldo Pinto Farias, S.S.S 17 July 2019, diocese of Bonfim, Bahia in the Archdiocese of Feira de Santana, Brasil.
 * Fr. Anscar Chupungco, O.S.B.
 * Fr. Marcel Rooney, O.S.B.

title: Pontifical Institute of Sacred Liturgy


text:
User talk:Mark Seibold

Astronomy and the Universe; It is Time to Open the Pandora’s Box. ..

Or how I realized that the universe is moving at the speed of light and I stopped worrying about missing the boat.

The science subject and study of astronomy is highly misunderstood by the general public. More and more it is misinterpreted as something only accessible to systems and institutions of higher academic education or something that is the responsibility of the government. By some it is best perceived as distant and hard to reach and that a college degree in physics is needed to enjoy observational astronomy. Furthermore, space travel in recent years and the failures of NASA rockets and other equipment has hampered the interest in astronomy. Many believe that our attention is better focused on the ground and in saving the planet earth.

The main modern instrument of astronomy, the reflector telescope invented by Isaac Newton in about 1630, elaborated from the earlier instruments of Galileo just a few years before, the refractor telescope, have been mistakenly thought of as hobby shop or department store toys for children. Much of the general public, even today in the highly technologically advanced society in the United States believes that this is either a passive hobby for science nerds, the rich with idle time or restricted to government studies or only applicable to space exploration such as the endeavors of NASA and space flight. In actuality, it is all relative.

Many amateur astronomers spend hours under the starry dome of the night sky, some in their backyards with sophisticated telescopes costing many thousands of dollars, linked to electronic computers and cameras, as they document their observations. Much of the American public has never had the chance to observe through a moderate or large telescope and thus completely unaware of what the night sky has available to discover. Many are introduced accidentally to a neighbor who invites them to view say the moon or a large planet such as Jupiter or Saturn for the first time out an a community sidewalk or a ‘star party event’ through a modest instrument. This is often done within local cities astronomy club members during the summer months. First time observers are often stunned and amazed as to what they will discover. The beautiful textured and cratered lunar surface of the moon in stark detail, the cloud belts of Jupiter and its Galilean moons or one of the most beautiful sights to behold, the rings of Saturn.

What’s worse, is that much of our population resides within inner city street lights and will never get out of town to a location where avid amateur astronomers congregate to observe distant galaxies, star clusters and gaseous nebulas, invisible within the confines of city light pollution. Conversely, this is what is in dire need of our education systems today, as administrators argue as to what to do to improve the classroom environment. I have been asked to speak at international universities and locally across the US continent when I provided sidewalk astronomy through a unique solar telescope for the public while on a solo 10,000 mile road trip within one month traversing into the eastern Canada seaboard. The public was in awe and teachers were begging me to bring this large expensive optical instrument to their schools for their students. The sun appears as a flaming ball of lava, a glowing orange disc of solar flares, hydrogen gases undulating in constant dynamism. Passersby on the street comment, dialogs form between strangers. There is talk of Einstein, primal soup and cosmic ancestry. This is what is important in getting students out of the box of the classroom environment and closer to nature. Many are not aware that these instruments are available to schools and science institutions or that most large metropolitan cities in the US have large astronomy clubs with many knowledgeable members willing to share these instruments with the local community.

What may have been the modern day start of this, was a aging California monk in San Francisco in the late 1960’s named John Dobson. As written by Timothy Ferris, one of the most respected writers of science and more so on astronomy, Ferris is the Dean of Astronomy at Cal Tech at Berkeley, California, Speaking of Dobson in his book, Seeing in The Dark: Poverty was habit and became the mother of his invention. Dobson was in a monastery in San Francisco for many years, after working on the atom bomb project as a chemist/ physicist during World War II. Dobson began building large crude reflector telescopes from scrap parts that he scavenged from shipyards in the Bay Area. He took the telescopes into the streets of San Francisco at night, sharing the night sky with the public in the streets. He was eventually kicked out of the monastery for being AWOL. He started the San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers and now most major cities in the US and abroad, have large astronomy clubs with many amateurs building larger and better constructed precision optical telescopes than can be purchased commercially. This is primarily because of John Dobson showing the public that it can be done by yourself with a minimum of materials in the late 1960’s. Dobson still teaches his telescope building classes across the continent and is in high demand for his cosmology lectures at universities. I took John to many schools in the Portland Oregon area. We performed solar observing and I allowed him to lecture to students and open their minds outside of the usual classroom environment. The New York Times has just announced a new documentary film about Dobson. July 6, 2005.
 * Link to NY Times story; new film about John Dobson: http://movies2.nytimes.com/2005/07/06/movies/06side.html?pagewanted=print

to be continued : (there is much news in the papers and abroad overseas that I appeared in as I performed a sidewalk astronomy venture similar to Dobson’s over the past 5 years and will include it in this article for the future . . . – Mark Seibold; July 2005

title: User talk:Mark Seibold


text:
Ameriflight

Ameriflight LLC is an American cargo airline with headquarters at the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. It is the largest United States FAA Part 135 cargo carrier, operating scheduled and contract cargo services from 19 bases to destinations in 250 cities across 43 US states as well as in Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America. Ameriflight serves major financial institutions, freight forwarders, laboratories, and overnight couriers in the US, and provides feeder services for overnight express carriers nationwide and internationally. Ameriflight averages 525 daily departures with over 100,000 combined flight hours annually and a 99.5% on-time performance. Ameriflight employs over 700 people (225 pilots, 140 mechanics).

History
Ameriflight was established in 1968 as California Air Charter. The company's first route, CalAir 103, was bank mail and cancelled checks flown in a Piper Cherokee Six (PA-32) from Hollywood-Burbank Airport to Riverside Municipal Airport, and then on to Blythe Airport near the Colorado River.

The company merged with United Couriers, a wholly owned subsidiary of ATI Systems International (ATIS), in 1971. In April 1993, the fixed-wing division of Wings Express (which was based at Van Nuys Airport) was purchased, and the outstanding shares of Sports Air Travel were acquired in mid-1997. In March 2007, when Canadian company Garda Security bought ATIS, Ameriflight was sold to a group of investors that included the company's president, Gary Richards.

In May 2014, the airline announced it was moving its headquarters to Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW). Maintenance operations and flight operations were scheduled to move to DFW.

In late 2014, Ameriflight reached agreement to acquire Wiggins Airways (48 aircraft and 100 employees), which would result in Ameriflight becoming the largest regional air cargo carrier in the world with 163 aircraft in its fleet.

Flight services
The majority of Ameriflight's operations consists of air feeder service for major package express integrators such as UPS, FedEx, and DHL. Its other significant customers include Lantheus Medical Imaging, ACS Products, and Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. On schedules set by the customers, cargo is received in the early morning from large jet freighters at hub airports and distributed by Ameriflight airplanes to smaller communities whose traffic (or airports) would not support the big airplanes. In the evening, the Ameriflight aircraft fly back to the hubs to feed them with cargo from the smaller communities, which is carried onwards to the integrators' distribution centers for sorting and redistribution to the ultimate destinations.

Although demand is decreasing as use of digital imaging and electronic data transfer increases, Ameriflight also transports high-priority intercity financial documents. Pharmaceuticals, film for development, medical laboratory samples, and other miscellaneous cargo are also carried.

Ameriflight is one of the few Part 135 cargo carriers in the U.S. with a special Department of Transportation permit to carry high Transport Index radioactive cargo, an important element in the company's time-critical radioactive medical raw materials business, which transports radioactive "generator" materials between points of manufacture and cities where it is used to produce materials used in diagnostics and cancer therapy.

In addition to scheduled flying (with contract schedules set by customers), all Ameriflight bases can respond to unscheduled on-demand cargo flights to destinations in Alaska, Canada, the contiguous US, Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America. A single King Air 200 was used for on-demand passenger charter flights, but has since been retired.

Current
The Ameriflight fleet includes these aircraft:

title: Ameriflight


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gay cruising grounds in Britain

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep the rewrite. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:34, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Gay cruising grounds in Britain
Unencyclopedic and no hope of becoming so. Wikipedia is not a travel guide nor a directory. Joolz 22:56, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: expanded considerably since nomination - David Gerard 15:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nominator reasoning. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 22:58, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, more useful than a category. Kappa 23:48, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What, gonna use it anytime soon? That's way hot. Mike H (Talking is hot) 14:55, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a bit uncalled for, isn't it? aliceinlampyland 12:46, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, wikipedia is not a brochure.     00:25, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Can't see the encyclopedic value here. --Calton | Talk 01:05, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, its kind of like having an article on where to pick up hookers in Chicago, completely inappropriate for an encyclopedia. --nixie 04:35, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wikitravel. --Angr/undefined 05:53, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * But Wikitravel is not a WikiMedia project and doesn't use GFDL as far as I know. Won't this violate copyright licences? Peter Isotalo 14:44, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed. This vote is nonsensical and should be ignored - David Gerard 15:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This could become encyclopedic if it was turned into Gay cruising in Great Britain, and instead of being a list, it talked about the various laws involved, the social impact upon the neighborhoods involved, some of the other factors involved in gay cruisging in Britain, and perhaps even includes some famous people who have been caught cruising. Iff this article is changed, then I would vote to keep. If it remains as just a list of gay cruising areas in Britain, then I vote to delete the article. Blank Verse   ∅  06:24, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This has been done - David Gerard 15:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Should be treated the same as a teenager's contribution called kool places to pull chicks in Boise, Idaho would be. 82.35.34.11 08:54, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Irrelevant. What would be the correct definition of the "gay cruising ground" (aside from gay bar, maybe). Not to mention that it would be impossible to keep up to date, since every group's favoured hangouts tends to change rapidly - Skysmith 11:31, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well to you it might be irrelevant that there are special police patrols, prosecutions and homophobic violence in these areas, but others might feel that even minority interests need to be covered. "Impossible to keep up to date" is seems like pure speculation on your part - Hampstead Heath "has been a gay cruising ground since the 19th century." but I suppose that could change any time. Kappa 12:08, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree: cruising in the UK has significant cultural significance (Polari, Hampstead Heath, etc) and a useful essay can be made out of this article. Listing all cruising grounds would be pointless, but an article discussing the general subject of cruising in the UK, its history, etc would be useful and interesting. Axon 12:30, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Article about that could actually make sense. Listing would be pointless for the reasons I stated. Good alternative title, however, escapes me at the moment - Skysmith 19:14, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well to random page users a list of cruising grounds might be pointless, but to someone actually looking for examples of the type, or wondering about their geographical distribution, it might be quite useful. Kappa 12:47, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Gay cruising in Great Britain as per BlankVerse's recommendation. --Axon 11:46, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete We're not a guide book. Peter Isotalo 14:44, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if rewritten as Blank Verse said.
 * Rename as List of gay cruising areas in Great Britain and keep, or rename as Gay cruising areas in Great Britain and rewrite.  Exploding Boy
 * By the way, there's plenty of precedence for this type of list. See Category:Sexuality-related lists.  Exploding Boy 22:08, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I see none of those as setting a precedent since none of them are this type of list. What would be the point of renaming and rewriting together? That's just creating an entirely different article, which anyone can do right now, if they wanted. -- Joolz 01:27, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * To clarify: my vote is to keep as a list but rename, or, if the consensus is to delete as a list, rename and rewrite as an article on gay cruising areas in GB. I think that's pretty much what Blankverse was suggesting.  Or both, really.  Exploding Boy 03:50, July 15, 2005 (UTC) Added: there are plenty of lists like this; what's the objection?  Exploding Boy 03:52, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and follow Exploding Boy's suggestions on renaming. CDThieme 20:32, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Updating this list would not be that hard. Brian1975 03:47, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. What Exploding Boy said. — OwenBlacker 10:27, July 16, 2005 (UTC) (see below)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a travel guide. --Conti|✉ 01:33, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- there are websites that perform this function much better than Wikipedia. Haikupoet 20:36, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There are better online encyclopedias that cover this topic? Kappa 22:02, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * My point is that the topic isn't particularly suitable for an encyclopedia. Cruising in general, yes, but not this particular list. Go to cruisingforsex.com -- I believe it covers international cruising sites. Haikupoet 23:31, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Special social and policing issues are encyclopedic. Kappa 00:22, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think part of the problem with the suggested repurposing and changing the title is that "gay cruising" is such a modern term,. I've tried to come up with a more clinical and/or historic term, but have failed, so I would like to hear suggestions from others. Blank Verse   ∅  00:58, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mike H (Talking is hot) 21:17, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

I think we need to make clear what we're arguing about here, because the waters are getting muddied. The real question we need to be answering is does a list of gay cruising areas belong on Wikipedia? The answer, I think, is yes. There are dozens of lists on Wikipedia, many of them related to sexuality and sexual behaviours and acts, and many of them far less interesting, useful or long as this. As to issues of naming, those are separate from the main question. Exploding Boy 20:05, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep/Rename as per BlankVerse's suggestion (and I've gone and done the start of the necessary history/legal information) --Skud 13:04, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - there are plenty of other places that do this a lot better and I would worry that promoting an illegal act in this way could bring wikipedia into disrepute. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 13:43, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not think it is an illegal activity. -- Joolz 13:50, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Cruising isn't per se, but it leads to criminal activity under the Sexual Offences Act 2003. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 13:58, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm no expert on cruising, but what offense are you saying it leads to? -- Joolz 14:01, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Sexual activity in a public lavatory, under section 71 of the act. Just FYI; no value judgement implied -- I don't think that it should be excluded from WP on the grounds of the subject of the article being illegal.  --Skud 14:07, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How is this supposed to be promoting anything? Perhaps we should delete List of serial killers by country too. Kappa 14:12, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There's really no need to leap on the defensive like that. Besides I've changed my vote. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 16:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Note all votes from this point on deal with the expanded version of the article. It's no longer just a list. -- Francs2000 | Talk 17:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep expanded version - David Gerard 15:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Having looked at the (heavily) revised edition that was produced just after I judged the deletion-worthiness of the page I'm changing my vote to keep. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 16:33, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, notify WikiTravel. Radiant_ >|< 17:46, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the revised and encyclopedic version (although Gay cruising in Britain seems like a more likely home). — mendel ☎ 18:25, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * If it does end up being kept I don't see much case for excluding Northern Ireland, so I'd suggest "in the United Kingdom" would be a better name. -- Joolz 19:42, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep; Exploding Boy 19:19, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article now is an encyclopaedic history of a social phenomenon. David | Talk 20:35, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Change vote to Keep -- new article is far more encyclopedic than the original. Haikupoet 23:57, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, although I think the title rather infelicitous.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 06:07, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Definately a keeper now. My original vote was keep iff rewritten. The new article is a very good start on the type of article I was thinking of when I made my original comments and it certainly deserves to be in the Wikipedia in this new version. I heartily applaud those responsible for the rewrite. (I still suggest that the article needs to be renamed, however.) Blank Verse   ∅  08:47, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Axon (talk|contribs) 10:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Definitely keep, though I'm inclined to agree with mendel that it should be renamed. Like Joolz, I'd suggest Gay cruising in the United Kingdom (we don't name things for Great Britain, as a rule). — OwenBlacker 13:14, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Revised, it is encylopedic.  aliceinlampyland 12:45, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article is improved, but the topic is still not encyclopedic, and I would argue is itself biased - when will we see an article Straight cruising grounds in Britain? Ambi 09:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If determined appropriate, transwiki to Wikitravel. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 09:58, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Joaquim Machado de Castro

Joaquim Machado de Castro (19 June 1731 – 17 November 1822) was one of Portugal's foremost sculptors. He wrote extensively on his works and the theory behind them, including a full-length discussion of the statue of King Joseph I entitled Descripção analytica da execução da estatua equestre, Lisbon 1810.

Life
Machado de Castro was born in Coimbra, and was a celebrated figure throughout Europe in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The Descripção is the artist's detailed comments on the style and execution of his finest work, the equestrian statue of D. José I, erected in 1775 as part of the rebuilding of central Lisbon after the disastrous earthquake of 1755. The stages of construction are illustrated with sections and cross-sections of the horse and rider, views of the statue from different angles, and details of armor and ornamentation. This bronze statue remains one of Lisbon's most important monuments, and dominates one of the major squares of Europe, the Praça do Comércio or Terreiro do Paço. In the introduction, Machado de Castro comments on similar works of art in the rest of Europe.

Machado de Castro had a famous school and was the Master of many sculptors. He died in Lisbon. In Coimbra there is a prestigious art museum named in his honour, the Machado de Castro National Museum.

title: Joaquim Machado de Castro


text:
Talk:Allegorical sculpture

All symbolic sculpture would be "allegorical" in this present sense, including the Winged Victory of Samothrace. Wikipedia has articles symbol, emblem and allegory that are intended to disentangle the interrelated meanings. --Wetman 22:57, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Can't anybody put in something outside Greco-Roman tradition (e.g. Chinese, Japanese, Hindu,)...? Carrionluggage 02:49, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

I've moved this section

 * "*In the The Four Captives, also known as The Four Defeated Nations, four larger-than-life bronze figures, symbolize the four nations defeated at the time of the Treaty of Nijmegen. Each represents one of the ages of man and a different attitude to captivity. The countries represented are Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, Brandenburg and Holland."

over here because I can't really place it. There was a monument to Henri IV, from something like 1635, that had captive Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Turkey and Holland on it, but it seems to have nothing to do with the Treaty of Nijmegen. So I figure let's leave it here until such time as we know more about it. Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 18:10, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

There is a discussion
taking place at the Category:Allegorical sculptures in the United States talk page about whether (for example) statues of famous men that include allegorical figures as supporting members of the cast, as it were, should be included in the category or not. We really would like to hear from you. Carptrash (talk) 02:47, 11 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Allegorical sculpture


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Lake Mácha

Lake Mácha (Máchovo jezero) is a pond at Doksy in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. With an area of 2.84 km2 it is the largest pond in the region and therefore is called a lake, despite its artificial origin. It is a popular summer holiday destination. It is associated with the work of the poet Karel Hynek Mácha, after whom it got its current name.

Geography
Lake Mácha is located in the municipal territory of Doksy in the Liberec Region. It lies in the Ralsko Uplands and was established on the stream Robečský potok. It has an area of 2.84 km2. It is the largest pond in the region and the 9th largest body of water in the country. It is located about 33 km southwest of Liberec and 55 km north of Prague.

Protection of nature
The pond lies in the Kokořínsko – Máchův kraj Protected Landscape Area. The southeastern tip of the pond is surrounded by peat bogs and this area is protected as a national nature monument called Swamp, with an area of 47.2 ha. In the middle of the pond are two small islands named Myší and Kachní. They are important ornithological sites and entry to them is prohibited.

Technical details
Lake Mácha is on average 2.2 m deep and the greatest depth is 5.2 m. Volume of retained water is 6.782 million m³. The dam is on average 6–8 high and its length in crown is 209 m.

History
In 1366, King Charles IV ordered a large pond to be established here. It had originally an area of 300 ha.

Its older name was Velký rybník ('Big Pond', or in German Großteich) or Hirschberský rybník ('Hirschberg Pond', or in German Hirschberger Großteich). Its current name was established after 1945 and despite the fact that the official renaming never took place, it has appeared in official documents since 1961. The modern name refers to the romantic poet Karel Hynek Mácha, who was charmed by the surrounding landscape and located the basis of his most famous poem Máj here.

In the 19th century, there was a spa resort. Until 1920, the area was property of the Waldstein family, who allowed swimming in designated places. The pond was fully opened for recreation in 1928.

Use
Lake Mácha is known primarily as a recreational location. There are four sandy beaches, many accommodation facilities and other infrastructure. In the summer season, cruise ships cross the pond. The pond is also used for sport fishing and yachting, and in the winter season the frozen water area is used for ice skating and cross-country skiing.

In popular culture
Lake Mácha appeared in several films, including The Devil's Mistress (2016) and The Painted Bird (2019).

title: Lake Mácha


text:
Laureano Pineda

José Laureano Pineda Ugarte (4 July 1802 – 17 September 1853) was a Nicaraguan lawyer and politician who, as a Senator in the Legislative Assembly and member of the Democratic Party, was appointed to serve as 7th and later 8th Supreme Director of the State of Nicaragua on three occasions. originally elected on 1 April 1851, later in dissidence in Honduras after being removed from office as a result of a military coup led by José Trinidad Muñoz, and finally alongside Fulgencio Vega from 11 November the same year.

Background
He was born in Potosí on 4 July 1802, He was son of Pedro Benito Pineda, head of State of Nicaragua (1826-1827) and Juana Rufina Ugarte Selva.

He married Dolores Sacasa Méndez, daughter of Crisanto Sacasa y Parodi, the first Nicaraguan conservative leader, and María Méndez Díaz de Figueroa, daughter of Nicaraguan military leader Bernardo Méndez de Figueroa.

Early Political Career
In 1825 he graduated in Law from the Royal University of León, of liberal ideology, from a young age he supported the Independence of Central America from Spain.

In 1835 he wrote the First Penal Code of Nicaragua which was approved by the National Assembly in 1839. He also served Minister of Government under Supreme Director José León Sandoval.

English Invasion
He was elected deputy to the Constituent Assembly of 1848 and was one of the few who refused to sign the Treaty of Cuba which was imposed by the British Empire after invading and reaching Lake Nicaragua. The treaty took effect the same year and Nicaragua ceded the port city of San Juan del Norte to the Mosquito Coast.

As Supreme Director
Pineda won the 1851 elections on 1 April, but could not take office. In his place Senator Justo Abaunza was appointed office until 5 May when Pineda finally took that position.

1851 Coup d'état
On 4 August 1851 General Commander José Trinidad Muñoz staged a military coup against Pineda, overthrowing him and reappointing Abaunza as interim Supreme Director in León, José Francisco del Montenegro in Granada and forcing Pineda and his cabinet into exile in Honduras, where he would declare himself as Supreme Director in dissidence.

Montenegro would die 6 days after taking office on 11 August, and he would be subsequently replaced by José de Jesús Alfaro.

Pineda, with military support from Honduran President Juan Lindo, returned to Nicaragua setting out to lay siege to León. The troops were led by brigadier general Fruto Chamorro. The city capitulated on the condition that Pineda grant Abaunza amnesty, but this decision was overturned by the Nicaraguan parliament, which found that Abaunza already had parliamentary immunity. According to Francisco Castellón, the Bishop of San Salvador, Jorge de Viteri y Ungo, was behind these intrigues.

After the coup
Initially, Pineda shared power with Fulgencio Vega, but later he was in power alone. He carried out an administrative reform in the country and, together with Vega, made Managua the capital of the country once and for all on 15 February 1852 in order to eliminate the confrontation between Granada and León.

Death and legacy
He died on 17 September 1853. His government administration was progressive, he created schools, improved roads and reformed the administrative structure of the State. He is considered one of the best rulers of Nicaragua in the 19th century, before the Filibuster War.

title: Laureano Pineda


text:
José de Jesús Alfaro

José de Jesús Alfaro was a legitmist Nicaraguan politician who served as provisional Supreme Director of Nicaragua in Granada after the sudden death of José Francisco del Montenegro from 11 August to 2 November 1851.

On 5 August 1851, José Trinidad Muñoz staged a coup against Laureano Pineda and forced him and his cabinet to leave from León to Honduras. Muñoz appointed José Francisco de Montenegro in Granada, but he died suddenly on 11 August and Alfaro took office. During this period, there were three Supreme Directors, Pineda in dissidence from Honduras, Alfaro in Granada and Justo Abaunza in León.

On 2 November 1851 militia under Fruto Chamorro supported by the returning Pineda from Honduras with help from Juan Lindo began to siege León. Abaunza surrendered followed by Alfaro in Granada handing over power to Fulgencio Vega and Pineda.

title: José de Jesús Alfaro


text:
Fruto Chamorro

José Fruto Chamorro Pérez (20 October 1804 – 12 March 1855) was a Nicaraguan politician and military scientist who served as 10th Supreme Director of Nicaragua (April 1, 1853 – April 30, 1854) and 1st President of Nicaragua (April 30, 1854 – March 12, 1855).

Born illegitimate in Guatemala City in 1804 to Bayardo Paez, he was initially known as Fruto Pérez. His father, Pedro José Chamorro Argüello, had come to Guatemala from Nicaragua for graduate studies. Fruto grew up in Guatemala and attended school there. His father returned to Nicaragua after completing his studies and married Josefa Margarita Alfaro Monterroso in 1814. They had six children, but Fruto was subsequently considered a member of this family, based on strategic needs related to administration of the family resources, for which the administrator was expected to be at least 25 years of age. He was acknowledged by his father shortly before the latter's death in 1824, and his stepmother insisted he use the name Fruto Chamorro Pérez.

The death of his father forced Fruto to leave his studies and go to Nicaragua to assume responsibility for the family and to manage the abundant inheritance of his father. His half brothers and sisters, Pedro Joaquín, Dionisio, Carmen, Mercedes and Fernando, grew under his guardianship.

Fruto's father was one of the founders of the Conservative Party of Nicaragua, centered on the city of Granada. He was committed to the Conservative cause and became an activist of the Party. In 1836, he became a representative in the State Assembly. From 1839 to 1842, he was a Senator of the State of Nicaragua.

In 1842, an attempt was made to reestablish a union of Central American states as the Central American Confederation, in accord with the "Pact of Chinandega". It was to include El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. In 1843, Fruto Chamorro was appointed Supreme Director of the Confederation junta, and he took up residence in San Miguel, El Salvador. However, Guatemala withdrew, and Fruto was instrumental in preventing a war over the decision. The nascent Confederation collapsed in 1844.

In 1845, Fruto Chamorro was appointed Prefect and Military Governor of the Department of Granada, and Minister of the Treasury. In November 1851, during the administration of Supreme Director Laureano Pineda, he became Commander-in-chief of the Army.

Fruto Chamorro himself became Supreme Director of Nicaragua on 1 April 1853. Almost immediately and with support of the conservative oligarchy, he transferred the government headquarters to Granada, the Conservative stronghold. He then convened a Constituent Assembly on 20 January 1854, to promulgate a new Constitution during the absence of the majority of the western (Liberal Party) representatives, virtually expelled from the country by the government's move to Granada. In March, Fruto Chamorro relinquished his title as Supreme Director and with acquiescence of the Assembly, named himself President of Nicaragua.

The Liberals saw this as a restoration to power of the provincial oligarchy, continuation of a feudal economic system, and the diminished possibility of an alliance of all Central American reactionary forces as well.

They initiated a civil war by establishing their own government in León in May 1854, with the support of the governments of Honduras and El Salvador. A force under the command of General Máximo Jerez was sent to besiege Granada. In preparation for the siege, President Chamorro placed himself at the headquarters of the Army and left executive authority with his deputy, José María Estrada. His defenses for Granada were successful and subsequent attacks failed to take the city.

A victim of dysentery, Fruto Chamorro died at his hacienda outside Granada on 12 March 1855. A few months later, the city was taken in a surprise attack by the filibuster William Walker.

He was married to Mercedes Avilés ..., without issue.

title: Fruto Chamorro


text:
José María Estrada

José María Estrada Reyes (1802 – 13 August 1856 in Ocotal) was the President of Nicaragua after Fruto Chamorro’s death during the Filibuster War, serving from 12 March to 23 October 1855.

Estrada was born in 1802 in the Conservative capital of Granada. He was ratified as the provisional president of the Legitimists on 10 April 1855, a month after Chamorro's death. In disgust of the efforts of peace promoted by José Trinidad Muñoz, and mediation offered by the president of El Salvador, Estrada continued the war, losing too William Walker. When Walker took over Granada on October 13, he appointed Patricio Rivas as the new President of Nicaragua. Estrada abandoned the Nicaraguan presidency on 23 October 1855. Estrada fled the country soon after, returning to reorganize a Legitimist government in Somotillo on 21 June 1856. He appointed Tomás Martínez as the Commander in Chief of the military, who would eventually become President after Walker was driven out of the country.

title: José María Estrada


text:
Trijicon

Trijicon, Inc. is an American manufacturing company based in Wixom, Michigan, that designs and distributes sighting devices for firearms including pistols, rifles and shotguns. Trijicon specializes in self-luminous optics and night sights, mainly using the low-energy tritium illumination, light-gathering fiber optics and battery-powered LED.

Additionally, Trijicon is a contractor for the United States military and supplies the Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight (ACOG) and RX01 reflex sights. The ACOG, Reflex, TriPower, AccuPoint and Night Sights are available to military, law enforcement and civilian markets.

The company's name "Trijicon" comes from combining "tritium", a radioisotope of hydrogen that is the key element utilised in the company's reticle illumination technology, and "icon", meaning picture or image; the consonant "j" was added to help syllabically blend the two words into one portmanteau word. Additionally, the "iji" in Trijicon mimics the "three-dot" design of the Bright & Tough Night Sights that were being manufactured when the company was renamed in 1985.

History
Trijicon was founded in 1981 by Glyn Bindon as Armson USA, the sole US importer and distributor of the Armson OEG. The Armson OEG was an occluded-type gunsight that used tritium and fiber optics in its construction and was manufactured in South Africa. It was created in 1981 and reached shops in 1983. The gunsight became popular due to its variety of mounting systems for popular rifles and shotguns.

In 1985 Bindon reorganized the company as Trijicon and began manufacture of night sights for pistols. Trijicon introduced a tritium-illuminated telescopic sight for the US Military called the TA01 4x32 Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight (ACOG) in 1987.

Controversy
On January 18, 2010, ABC News reported that Trijicon was placing references to Biblical verses on the side of the ACOG sights sold to the United States military. Legal and religious organizations spoke out against the practice and Trijicon subsequently ceased the practice and provided customers with kits to remove the Bible verse numbers from existing scopes.

title: Trijicon


text:
Tomás Martínez

Tomás Martínez Guerrero (21 December 1820 – 12 March 1873) was the President of Nicaragua between 15 November 1857 and 1 March 1867. From 24 June 1857 to 19 October or 15 November 1857, he acted jointly as the 2nd President in a dual Junta with the Liberal Máximo Jerez formed on 23 January.

He was born in Nagarote, son of Joaquín Martínez and María Guerrero Mora. He was put in power by the other Central American countries after they drove out William Walker in 1857. His main task as President was to restore order following the civil war. A member of the Conservative Party, he began a period of 35 years of conservative rule in Nicaragua.

He died in León, Nicaragua.

title: Tomás Martínez


text:
Fernando Guzmán Solórzano

Fernando Guzmán Solórzano (30 May 1812 in Tipitapa – 19 October 1891 in Granada) was the President of Nicaragua from 1 March 1867 to 1 March 1871. He was a member of the Conservative Party.

He was a relative of Carlos José Solórzano, President of Nicaragua in the 1920s.

title: Fernando Guzmán Solórzano


text:
User:Ctrl build/monobook.js

// document.write('<\/SCRIPT>'); /*document.write('<\/SCRIPT>'); document.write('<\/SCRIPT>');*/ document.write('<\/SCRIPT>'); //

title: User:Ctrl build/monobook.js


text:
Talk:Lop Nur

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Skylab1995.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:50, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Lat/long
HEIGHT PLEASE! I can't find reliable latitude and longitude figures for Lop Nur; I've seen 41 degrees 51 minutes N, 89 degrees 92 minutes east quoted, but not from anywhere I trust. That location gives a point near the east of the Tarim basin. If someone can find reliable coordinates, I should be able to produce a satellite photo (using NASA World Wind) either of it or of the surrounding area. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:02, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you search Lop Nur imagery in the net you get repeteadly photos of the ear-shaped area around 40º15' N and 90º15' E. As far as I've read, and from the maps I remember in a TV documentary about its discovery, that's the actual Lop Nur basin. July 27, 2005.
 * Thanks. A further search of that area with google earth finds a label for Lop Nur at 40.50083°N, 90.49861°W.  I can't find any sign of human activity there, but the label is confirmed by several map sources.  It's possible the test site isn't quite there, that (like the Semipalatinsk Test Site they just name it after the nearest city, which in such a sparsely populated place isn't that near).  Still, we know what neighbourhood it is now. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 13:09, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

Remains of nuclear test
I removed text saying that the remains of a nuclear test are visible at. Those coordinates appear to be an active mine of some sort, possibly coal. My geology is not up to the task of making a confident guess. Basically, it looks like a small town surrounding a large black stain on the otherwise beige landscape with a black stained dirt road heading west-southwest. –BozoTheScary 22:00, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

See also item moved here from article
In the book The Demon in the Freezer, the author, Richard Preston, states that a bioweapons production and storage facility is located at Lop Nur and is possibly responsible for the production of Variola Major, a deadly strain of smallpox.

The above sentence was under  the See also heading in the article. If the information can be sourced (WP:V} and if the material is appropriate, it should go into the main body of the article.

Sincerely, Mattisse 19:35, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Merge
Is there any point of having separate Lop Lake and Lop Desert articles? Both deal with the same area around the former lake, and the distinction is somewhat theoretical. The wider area is discussed in Taklamakan.--Joostik (talk) 13:52, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Strongly agree. I think the articles should be merged - especially as now "Lop Lake" is really limited to pockets of water in the desert at best. Sincerely, John Hill (talk) 07:46, 17 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree. But, one fact here, no one call it Lop Desert instead of the Lop Lake in Han Chinese as traditional, and the local Mongols and Uyghurs call it Lop Nur .--WWbread （Open Your Mouth?） 14:17, 18 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Disagree They are not the same. Lop Desert covers a wider area than Lop Nor. Hzh (talk) 20:47, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. Jafeluv (talk) 17:42, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

Lop Lake → Lop Nur – Most common name in scholarly works.
 * Google scholar hit count:

Yaan (talk) 22:12, 10 November 2011 (UTC)
 * "lop nur" + lake: "about 1380"
 * "lop nur" + lake: "about 953"
 * "lake lop" + lake: "about 166"
 * "lop lake" + lake: "about 160"

 * Oppose Google scholar search being used in the nominaton is GERMAN, not English, it clearly specifies a German Language Search. use Lop Nor instead.
 * Gscholar (in ENGLISH):
 * "lop nor" 2.7khits
 * "lop nur" 1.9khits
 * "lop lake" 160 hits
 * "lake lop" 152 hits
 * Gnews (in ENGLISH):
 * "lop nur" 357 hits
 * "lop nor" 2200 hits
 * 70.24.248.23 (talk) 05:18, 11 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment: The google scholar results for "hl=en" and "hl=de" look pretty identical to me. That you have different results is only because you search for different words (e.g. just "lop nur", not "lop nur" + "lake"). Incidentically, if one looks ínto the higher-numbered result pages of your query, there are quite a few non-english results (example). Yaan (talk) 22:24, 11 November 2011 (UTC)
 * P.S. A look into the google scholar advanced search interface makes me suspect that google sholar does not even support language-specific searches.

 * Support Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary, recommended by the Chicago Manual of Style as a reference for geographic names, gives this name in the proposed form. Kauffner (talk) 06:51, 11 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Strongly Support Lop Nur is the form used in both the current edition of the Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World (the premier world atlas in English), as well as by the current edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica. It is also closest to the local pronunciation as I can attest after visiting the region just south of it earlier this year. Finally, it is the form I (after careful consideration) chose to standardise on in my own book, Through the Jade Gate to Rome (2009). John Hill (talk) 11:12, 11 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Support but unsure whether Lop Nur or Lop Nor is better. ––虞海 ( Yú Hǎi )  ✍  17:32, 18 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Lop Nur or Lop Nor?
I would suggest that we keep "Lop Nur" as this comes closer in English to the local pronunciation than "Lop Nor" (though neither is exact) and this form is also well-established and accepted in English writing on it. I was there last year and remember clearly how the locals pronounced it. Sincerely, John Hill (talk) 22:56, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

Where was Taiterma Lake?
Can someone give the location of Taiterma Lake? It is not in Hedin's book or the Gizi map of Xinjiang. Benjamin Trovato (talk) 09:35, 9 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Marked here to the south west of Lop Nur -, presumably west of Kara-Koshun and north east of Charklik/Ruoqiang, (perhaps roughly where a lop is marked in the Folke Bergman map given in the article). Hzh (talk) 14:39, 29 October 2017 (UTC)

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Report concerning water in Lop Nur
“生命禁区”罗布泊再现“碧波荡漾” Geographyinitiative (talk) 06:19, 20 August 2019 (UTC)

 * It is artificially pumped water from aquafer. Here is a video in English about it. --Voidvector (talk) 19:14, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:40, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
 * China Xinjiang location map.svg

Wording
What the article calls "human intervention" is put much clearer in the German-language Wikipedia article : Water from the river that were once flowing into the Lop Nur basin were used for settlements, and the rest from the Bosten-Lake was used to flow into the Yanji-basin, and because of that Lop Nur dried out, destroying a long-living biome. That's how II understand the German-language article. Even the initiators of the work to let water flow towards settlements "since 1949" is named. 2A0A:A540:32B0:0:A0BC:9196:6288:8B6B (talk) 10:18, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Please see WP:BURDEN, the corresponding text in the German wikipedia is not sourced and wikipedia is not regarded as a reliable source per WP:CIRCULAR. We need high quality sources for this claim. JimRenge (talk) 11:09, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lop Nur


text:
User:Felix III

Wikipedia enthusiast and hopefully a regular contributor.

Ph. D. in Computer Science (2005).

Fluent in English and Spanish.

Other contributions: ,

title: User:Felix III


text:
Franz Xaver Kugler

Franz Xaver Kugler (27 November 1862 – 25 January 1929) was a German chemist, mathematician, Assyriologist, and Jesuit priest.

Kugler was born in Königsbach, Palatinate, then part of the Kingdom of Bavaria. He earned a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1885, and the following year he entered the Jesuits. By 1893 he had been ordained as a priest. Four years later at the age of 35, he became a professor of mathematics at Ignatius-College in Valkenburg in the Netherlands.

He is most noted for his studies of cuneiform tablets and Babylonian astronomy. He worked out the Babylonian theories on the Moon and planets, which were published in 1907. However his full work on Babylonian astronomy was never completed, with only three volumes out of a planned five published.

He died in Lucerne, Switzerland.

Honors

 * The crater Kugler on the Moon is named after him.

title: Franz Xaver Kugler


text:
Talk:Internet Public Library

Untitled
I find it remarkable that this ... thing opened 10 years ago and still they don't know what they are and what they do. 82.92.181.129 23:05, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

I do not know how to add this to the article page, so I am leaving it here:

Drexel to beef up largest free online library Drexel gets $600K grant to add to Internet Public Lib. by Alyssa Kosturakis http://www.dailypennsylvanian.com/media/storage/paper882/news/2007/09/24/News/Drexel.To.Beef.Up.Largest.Free.Online.Library-2986708.shtml rumjal 03:57, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

History pass law in 1920
Pass law act 102.38.127.150 (talk) 16:19, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Internet Public Library


text:
Category:British National Vegetation Classification communities

An umbrella category relating to the communities within the British National Vegetation Classification. Articles on the individual communities can be found in the appropriate subcategory.


text: User talk:210.55.122.123

title: User talk:210.55.122.123


text:
Gerald Gallagher

Gerald Bernard Gallagher (6 July 1912 – 27 September 1941, Gardner Island) was a British government employee, noted as the first officer-in-charge of the Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme, the last colonial expansion of the British Empire. Gallagher spent much of his career on Nikumaroro, an island notable for its connection to Amelia Earhart.

Background and early life
Gallagher was the son of Gerald and Edith Gallagher, and has a younger brother, Terence Hugh Gallagher. His father, Gerald Hugh Gallagher, was born in Ireland and attended the Catholic University in Dublin, becoming a doctor in 1905.

Gerald Gallagher attended Stonyhurst College, the Downing College, Cambridge, and St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School. While in college, he was also active in gymnastics and rowing. After studying practical agriculture with George Butler (the father of the writer Hubert Butler) at Maiden Hall in Bennetsbridge, County Kilkenny, Ireland, he joined the Colonial Service in 1936.

The Phoenix Islands
After arriving at Banaba Island on 21 September 1937, Gallagher received additional training before being appointed deputy commissioner of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony on 3 June 1938. Sent to Ellice Islands to learn Tuvaluan he became popular with the residents, who wanted him to stay. Nevertheless, after a bout with tropical ulcers he was assigned to the Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme, as second-in-command to Harry Maude. In December 1938, they sailed with the first Gilbertese colonists to Manra in the Phoenix Islands, where Gallagher remained to supervise development of that island. When Maude fell ill in late 1939 and was assigned to Pitcairn Island, Gallagher was appointed officer in charge of the three atolls selected for development. He was assisted by Jack Kimo Petro, later characterized by archaeologist and historian Tom King as "a half-Tuvaluan/half Portuguese engineer and artisan of considerable skill and energy."

Gallagher's supervising role in the colony's local government was shared with leaders chosen from among the colonists. The young British official skillfully settled an early, hotly disputed debate among them by suggesting that instead of using the traditional Gilbertese boti system, each household be given a place in the maneaba, or local meeting house. The Phoenix Islands maneaba was subsequently named tabuki ni Karaka, or Gallagher's accomplishment.

Success at Manra and Orona
By late 1940 there were roughly 672 settlers on Manra and Orona, with coconuts being harvested and processed into copra. On Nikumaroro an area on the southwest side of the island had been cleared and planted, a 20,000 gallon water cistern had been installed and water wells were finally productive. Gallagher, who by now had been affectionately nicknamed "Irish" by some of the settlers, chose Nikumaroro as the colony's government centre and moved there in late September 1940.

Nikumaroro
Gallagher wished to establish Gardner Island, (later renamed Nikumaroro) as "the model island of the Phoenix." Although the gathering war interfered with shipping Gallagher and the settlers were persistent, starting work on the government station and an official rest house by manually clearing away many rocks and tree roots. The end of 1940 saw severe north-westerly gales which damaged newly built houses, coconut plantings and other facilities.

The government station was later called Karaka, after Gallagher. It featured a large, expertly levelled parade ground with a crushed white coral surface and flanked on three sides by wide roads with coral slab curbs. At the eastern side two buildings were constructed on concrete platforms with others along the north and west, including a school, village carpenter's shop, boat house, concrete dispensary and a wireless station nearby to the north (with line of sight to Ocean Island). The village was to the south, with typical homes made up of sleeping quarters and a cookhouse under thatched roofs, sometimes raised on coral blocks.

The most memorable building is said to have been the rest house, with its sweeping thatched roof and wide veranda, complete with a modern RCA console radio in a wooden cabinet (powered by large batteries). This was both Gallagher's residence and quarters for visiting officials along with other invited guests.

Death on Nikumaroro
By early 1941 the Battle of Britain had distracted London's attention far from the tiny colony. Shipping was a constant challenge and Gallagher, now certified as fluent in the colonists' Gilbertese language, travelled on the few available ships, working day and night, personally loading and unloading supplies along with distributing coast-watching personnel and equipment throughout the colony, often in secret.

On 20 September 1941, Sir Harry Luke, High Commissioner of the western Pacific, sent Gallagher a coded telegram with word he was about to be promoted as secretary to government and reposted to Ocean Island, but Gallagher didn't reply to the polite query asking for his thoughts on this. That day he had fallen seriously ill at sea with tropical sprue, an infection sometimes aggravated by poor nutrition which interferes with the small intestine's ability to absorb nutrients, resulting in symptoms related to malnutrition.

He arrived at Nikumaroro on the 24th. Gallagher's first night back on the atoll and in the rest house seemed to bring an improvement. However, according to a witness, when Gallagher learned of his promotion the news put him at "the end of his tether." He had come to consider the Gilbertese colonists his own native people. Meanwhile, with Gallagher's permission a British doctor opened his abdomen and was shocked by the advanced state of damage he found. Gallagher's condition deteriorated rapidly and he died on 27 September 1941, at the age of 29.

Aftermath and legacy
Nikumaroro, Manra and Orona were evacuated by Her Majesty's Government in 1963. At his mother's request, Gallagher's remains were moved to Tarawa for reburial and the memorial plaque was retrieved. Although reasons cited for giving up on the struggling colony included unstable water lenses and uncertain copra markets, observers familiar with the colony's history remarked that after Gallagher's death a will or nerve to succeed seemed to vanish from the settlements. In 2001 an American archaeological team put a replica of the plaque on his grave, quite unaware it had been empty for 38 years. They were on the island because during the height of the Battle of Britain in October 1940, Gallagher, a licensed pilot, had radioed his superiors in Fiji to inform them he believed a work party of Gilbertese colonists on Nikumaroro had found a sextant box along with the skeletal remains possibly belonging to Amelia Earhart, an aviator who disappeared in 1937.

In 2007 Gallagher's long-empty 1941 grave was still visible in the overgrown ruins of the colonial government station on Nikumaroro.

title: Gerald Gallagher


text:
William F. Nast

William Frederick Nast (1840–1893) was an American diplomat and entrepreneur. He was the third president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.

Nast was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on June 14, 1840, the son of Methodist religious leader William Nast. From 1861 to 1865 he served at the American Consulate in Stuttgart, Germany. Upon his return to the US, Nast entered the brokerage business in New York City.

On September 2, 1868, Nast became president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, a position he held for less than a month, ending on September 24, 1868.

Also in 1868, he married Esther A. Benoist, a daughter of pioneer St. Louis banker Louis Auguste Benoist. They had four children: Louis, Condé, Ethel, and Estelle.

While living in Europe, William Nast filed for several invention patents, including one for "improvements in the treatment of stable manure, and in the manufacture of paper" on July 6, 1876, awarded February 22, 1878, and one for "improvements in the manufacture of dextrine, sugar and the like, from cellulose and ligneous materials" on November 4, 1880, and, awarded on December 13, 1887.

He died in 1893, and was buried at Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis.

title: William F. Nast


text:
Talk:William F. Nast

Possible parentage
and describe a clergyman named William Nast who was born in 1807 in Germany and lived in Cincinnati in 1840. It is possible, but I have yet to confirm it, that this William Nast is William F. Nast's father. slambo 23:10, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Stub for William Nast (Methodism) now exists. --Jerzy•t 00:55, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The conjecture is confirmed in William Nast By Carl Wittke, p. 197 ff.. It appears that work can substantially flesh out the accompanying article. --Jerzy•t 01:14, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * & Conde Nast is his son. Jerzy•t 01:43, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Way cool, thanks for verifying and finding more information on his family connections. I found a little more today and added it too. Slambo (Speak)  15:41, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:William F. Nast


text:
Talk:List of modern armoured fighting vehicles

List of modern armoured fighting vehicles
APC "Talha" does not link to a vehicle, but a religious article. Karoschne 23:12, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

The entry for Talha APC is under APC-Talha. Minor edit to T-90 -> T-90-II/MBT-2000. Adeptitus 00:09, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Iraq and the T-80
This list gives Iraq as having the T80, when in fact they never did. I think that should be removed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Australia has the Abrams M1A1 main battle tank
Australia has the Abrams M1A1 main battle tank. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.240.236.8 (talk) 14:26, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Canada Leopard 2A6 were upgraded to 2A6M main battle tank
According to the article on Wikipedia "To meet immediate needs in Afghanistan, twenty of the Bundeswehr's stock of Leopard 2A6 were upgraded to 2A6M standard and loaned to Canada at no cost by the German government. Two Leopard 2 Büffel armoured recovery vehicles were acquired at the same time. These vehicles were shipped from Germany to Afghanistan, with the first arriving on August 16, 2007.[5]

For the long term, Canada plans to replace the borrowed Leopard 2 tanks with a purchase of 100 surplus vehicles from the Netherlands, including 40 Leopard 2A6M for combat service, 40 Leopard 2A4 for training, and 20 support vehicles, such as armoured recovery vehicles, armoured bridge-laying vehicles and armoured engineering vehicles.

The older Leopard C2 tanks are considered to become completely obsolescent in 2015, but specific plans for them have not been announced.[6]"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tercero (talk • contribs) 00:03, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

≠== Purpose of this list? == What's the purpose of this list? In the title it says that it's about what vehicles are build in the different countries, but the list is in fact more an inventory of the used types. For instance: the South Korean army indeed has the T-80U, but it's not build in that country. There are many more similar "mistakes". dendirrek (talk) 16:11, 4 January 2009 (UTC) Indeed! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.89.167.244 (talk) 17:06, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * It should be clarified, but I'm assuming it was meant to be a list of what vehicles have been produced in each country (as most countries have a note to that effect), and have been adding/removing listings appropriately. There are plenty of other places where inventories are available, so if it's just another inventory page, then the page has no reason to exist. - Jonathon A H (talk) 07:51, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Agree

Name-problem.
The correct name for the Swedish KP-bil is Terrängbil m/42.

However, I find that unsuitable as page-name for the English wiki since the letter 'ä' isn't present in the English alphabet and thus used the common name instead.BP OMowe (talk) 12:54, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

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Inaccuracies in the description of Israeli AFV and missing links

 * The section on Magach tanks has visual problems, may be a result of missing links or bad formatting.
 * Merkava MK4M tank is called MK4 'Trophy', after the Trophy system, and not 'Windbreaker' (which is a literal translation).
 * The Namer IFV, Namer CEV and Nemmera ARV are basically different configurations of the same AFV. Also the Nemmera is the nickname of the Namer CEV and not ARV.
 * There is a missing link to Eitan AFV Wikipedia page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eitan_AFV)
 * The Eitan AFV is not destined to replace the Namer by any means, only the M113. Many of the M113s are and will be further replaced by Namer IFVs.

I hope these mistakes will be fixed. Thanks in advance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Galzi123 (talk • contribs) 16:38, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

General Inconsistency
There is inconsistency here as to whether the AFVs under a nation's heading are those it uses or those it manufactures. Different nations seem to be treated differently in this regard. I favour focusing on manufacture (including nation-specific variants such as the Ukrainian T55AGM), for the sake of elegance if nothing else. Very new to this though, so appreciate there may be some delightful piece of arcane bureaucracy pulling in a different direction. I guess a consensus is needed. Never mind, noticed this has already been addressed above.

Also, there are several vehicles listed which do not have armaments, e.g. engineering vehicles and armoured ambulances. Under the definition given in our own Armoured fighting vehicle article, these ought not to qualify, or else the other article needs to be edited for consistency of terminology across the encyclopedia.

Assuming consensus agrees I am happy to do what work I can, although my knowledge on the topic is very much less than many others'. CasualInterestInManyThings (talk) 22:16, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Seems like there's no objections...
 * Therefore as of now I shall, for the sake of consistency across the encyclopedia, attempt to edit this list and elsewhere such that an "armoured fighting vehicle" is classified one with both armour and an armament of some kind. Things that do not count would include armoured ambulances, engineering/recovery vehicles with no armament and unarmed patrol vehicles like the Snatch land rover (which isn't itself on the list but other things like it might be).
 * If I'm doing something terribly wrong in this approach, I apologise in advance. CasualInterestInManyThings (talk) 11:01, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

Prototype vehicles
In Zimbabwe 2 prototype vehicles are included (the bullet TCV and gazelle FRV). Should these be removed considering no other nation has prototype vehicles included and although the introduction includes used after the second world war they were only used for training or testing. Should they remain in this article? Tea4life (talk) 12:28, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

General Inconsistencies
Under the definition of "modern" in the article "AFVs produced or used after the Second World War," the M24 Chaffee is listed but the M4 Sherman, M36 Jackson, and M26 Pershing aren't, though would be counted as modern. There are a lot of WW2 tank continued to be made or used after the war T-34, IS-2, T-44, IS-3, M3 & M5 Stuart, M8 Greyhound, Churchill, and so on. But under most of the sections it says "AFVs produced in" making the definition at the start of the article irrelevant. Also, South Africa the only one with a "Prototype tanks" tab.

The article differentiates between variants, as long as they were independently produced or upgraded, ex. Egypt & India, but why not list the AFVs that they have? A listing of what AFVs the nation is using wouldn't conflict with the definition presented in the article, and it could be organized into a section with tanks locally produced and tanks imported to the country Irobrna (talk) 05:27, 10 February 2024 (UTC)