text:
Talk:Preon

Explanation of (partial) cleanup
1) Yershov's research removed: The large amount of text dedicated to Yershov's work was inappropriate.  The works mentioned appear to have only been cited once (not including his citations of himself).  His work is highly speculative (to put it nicely) and should not appear in an encyclopedic setting.

2) Bilson-Thompson models removed: I removed all references to these models for the same reasons as Yershov's models. The Bilson-Thompson models are on a better standing than Yershov's models, but are also very recent and speculative.  The term preon is also used in a very broad sense in their discussion.

3) References to string theory removed: The discussions of string theory as a preon model were bizarre and ill-informed with many strange references to Lubos Motl.  String theory as a fundamental theory of nature is concerned with the UV completion of low energy effective field theories and does not relate directly any specific model of leptons, quarks etc. as composits.  Criticisms of string theory have their place, but not in a discussion of preons.  It is also false to claim that the waxing and waning of string theory's popularity in the physics community has had any effect on the popularity of preon models.  There has been an enormous increase in the interest in model building with the coming turn-on of LHC, but no corresponding increase in the popularity of preons.  Finally, the comparison between the number of articles on spires about preons and the number of articles about strings was childish and has been deleted.

Comments: This article is in serious need of expert attention.  The discussions of the relevant physics are very rough. Composite/preon theories have a sizable literature. They may not be as studied as other approaches, such as grand unification, however, there have been serious papers on the subject and a physicist who has worked in the field is required.

--Iellwood (talk) 18:26, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

 * For reference, this refers to the edit on 29 May 2008. Jimw338 (talk) 18:19, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

Simplify
I think this article has too much stuff about the Standard Model in it. The other article can be consulted for the details. The Background section can/should probably be cut down to a third of its present size, or less. - dcljr (talk) 04:07, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Higgs
Also the standard model section may need to be updated soon to take account of the Higgs discovery. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.246.132.178 (talk) 14:46, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

Ohwilleke 00:39, 30 July 2005 (UTC) I didn't cut that much, but I did do a significant edit to trim it down. Yershov's Preon Theory & Bilson-Thompson & LQG & mass prediction

"Yershov Properties of space can be used for explanation of some patterns of nature. For example, topology of space might be responsible for the enigmatic spectrum of masses of quarks and leptons, which so far has not been explained. Here we consider a topological structure discovered in 1882 by F.C.Klein and show that properties of this structure necessarily lead to formation of a set of secondary topological structures, number of which matches the number of known fundamental particles. Some features of these structures can be related to quantum numbers and masses of the particles"

Ohwilleke would you mind donating your summary of yershov's model on your blog to wiki?

Cleanup and improve grammar
This page has been edited a lot recently. Overall the changes are an improvement, but whoever's doing it can you please try to make the changes cleaner and better-written? There are a lot of instances where the same thing is said repeatedly when once would do. I'm happy to do some cleaning-up, but it'd be good to have some help, and it'd be even better if the need for cleaning up was kept to a minimum in the first place. As a starting point the page can be shortened by combining some of the points on the list of motivations for studying preon models (e.g. 'Some supposedly fundamental particles are unstable' and '2nd and 3rd generation fermions decay' should be one bullet-point in a list, not two. Kickaha 21:24, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Another thing-to-do. Shorten the last paragraph of section 2, below the list of considerations. It should be in an article about problems with string theory. We don't need most of that stuff in this article. Kickaha 23:31, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Fix ambiguity. "The 2003 papers by Yershov [5] [6] are notable for being some of the only papers in the field" - which is it? Are they the only two papers, or are they some of few? "Some of the only" does not express something sensible.

Organization Issues
This article is pretty long, and a large part of it is devoted to explaining the Yershov and Bilson-Thompson models. If we are going to have long descriptions of specific preon models, rishons and some others deserve at least as much space as Yershov's version (which I've never heard of) and Bilson-Thompson's model (which isn't even really a preon theory).

But I don't think we want such long descriptions here. It would be much better to have short (one-paragraph) summaries of each important model (including the rishon and Fredrickson models, which currently don't even get a one-sentence description).

Significant models should be split off into their own articles (as with rishon). An article on Bilson-Thompson theory could discuss its connection to LQG, string net condensation, and M-theory in as much depth as its connection to prion theory. But these sections could be improved even without more information, just by organizing them into sectioned articles rather than trying to explain the whole theory in one long section.

Much of the information in the Bilson-Thompson section does actually belong in this article, but in separate sections. The spin foam, Wilson loop, and string net condensation theories are related to prion models in general, not specifically to Bilson-Thompson's model. (Of course because his is the only model that seems to be getting much theoretical attention, the distinction isn't always obvious from a casual glance.)

Also, it's a bit odd to refer to the same model as "Bilson-Thompson" in some sections and "Sundance" in others. I think I may have seen Lee Smolin referring to "sundance prions," but without any citation for that, given that Bilson-Thompson hasn't given his model a unique name, the normal procedure would be to refer to it by his last name, not his first.

Finally, the article is a bit repetitive in its slamming of string theory (which is pretty funny, considering that it ultimately seems to be very pro Bilson-Thompson, and last I heard he was looking at how to derive his prions from M-theory braneworld topology). It's worth explaining why the failure of string theory has led to interest in alternative foundation approaches, but it's not worth explaining more than once. --76.200.100.179 02:08, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

1948-1930 ≠ 30
In the "Preons in popular culture" section, it is apparently said that there has been thirty years of development between 1930 and 1948. Does anyone know which of the numbers are in error? Drhex 12:25, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

I've corrected "thirty" -> "eighteen" as most references seem to corroborate 1930 and 1948 as correct editions: 1930 by Amazing Stories: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Smith 1948 by Fantasy Press: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Press Alefu 22:07, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Mass paradox
I feel there is a problem in the desciption of the mass paradox : the uncertainty principle, put in that way, tells us about the uncertainty in momentum, but it does not tell about the mass-energy. Momentum and energy are not the same thing, even if the units to describe them both are written "GeV". Usually this issue is described in terms of "compositeness scale" (Lambda), which has energy units. The compositeness scale is the scale of preon binding. There are experiments that indicate that the compositeness scale is larger than 1 TeV (for this number, one may refer to the PDG tables). To my understanding, there is a mass paradox only if we suppose that the second and third generations are excited states of the first one, since the differences in binding energies should be of the same order of magnitude as the compositeness scale, which is not the case for many of the observed masses. Philipum (talk) 08:41, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

OK I think I see : E² = p² + m², thus the energy is always greater than the momentum, and this is implicit in the reasoning. Perhaps it should be written in a more precise manner, though. Philipum (talk) 08:47, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Couldn't the mass paradox be explained away by saying that preons experience a different (lower) value of h (Planck's constant), in much the same way that superbradyons have been proposed as experiencing a different (higher) value for c? If h was much smaller for preons than it is for particles composed of them, than they would have less momentum uncertainty and it would be possible for preons to have much smaller masses than the TeV scale, and therefore the binding interaction wouldn't have to be so high. Just a thought. Stonemason89 (talk) 21:54, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

I'm not going to put this in the main article because it's original thought and personally sourced, but the "mass paradox" assumes that preons are quantum-mechanical, which is to say that quantum mechanics is fundamental at the lowest possible conceptual level, which is a priori buying into a non-realist conception. There's no problem at all if quantum mechanics emerges as a result of interactions among preons (much as it emerges from interactions among particles and their pilot waves in de Broglie / Bohm theory). Heisenberg himself believed in a form of preon theory (source: Q & A after a talk at M.I.T. in 1972).Emvan (talk) 11:00, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

Modern state of the problem is missing
After the section "History" describing the historical backround of about 20-30 years ago it would be logical to describe to modern state of the problem rather than passing directly to the concluding sections.128.40.71.180 (talk) 18:48, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

 * And since the Higgs boson had been discovered, most of these preon theories became falsified. 84.25.143.80 (talk) 19:37, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

The Causal Link of Causal Set Theory as a Preon
Causal Set Theory has only two primitives at the basis of its constructions, "elements" and "causal links." The elements serve as bare individual locations, and the causal links connect these locations together to form causal sets. The primitives of the theory are used to construct space-time. When basic particles of the Standard Model are also constructed from causal links, the causal link is serving as a preon. Complexes built from causal links have inherent relative frequencies, suggesting that such frequency ratios are in fact energy ratios, in accord with Planck's E=hf. This would identify the causal link as the quantum of action. Thus, the preon construction of a particle from causal links yields an arrangement of quanta that can explain the relative mass-energy of that particle. Motivated by Russell and Whitehead's views on space-time as causal/temporal structure, I've carried out the construction of electrons and electron-neutrinos, protons and neutrons, together with a 4-D time lattice to serve as a discrete space-time manifold. Of the eight bullet-points in the Wiki article that list the challenges for a preon theory to meet, five are covered explicitly. These include the reduction of numerous particles to causal links, the definitions of mass, charge and color-charge, the mass values and oscillations of neutrino formations, and the candidate for dark matter. Gravity is also derived. The constructions are posted here:

"Causal Set Theory and the Origin of Mass-ratio" Quantum theory is reconstructed using standalone causal sets. The frequency ratios inherent in causal sets are used to define energy-ratios, implicating the causal link as the quantum of action. Space-time and its particle-like sequences are then constructed from causal links. A 4-D time-lattice pattern is defined and used to model neutrinos and electron clouds, which together constitute our 4-D manifold. A 6-D time-lattice is used to model the nucleons. The integration of the nucleus with its electron cloud allows calculation of the mass-ratio of the proton (or the neutron) with respect to the electron. Arrow diagrams, along with several ball-and-stick models, are used to streamline the presentation. http://vixra.org/pdf/1006.0070v1.pdf

-- Carey R. Carlson 71.210.179.215 (talk) 19:55, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

What do particle physicists actually observe?
The article says, " physicists observed hundreds of different kinds of particles in particle accelerators. " Do they really observe particles? Or do they infer particles as explanations of instrument readings? Should that sentence be corrected?(EnochBethany (talk) 18:03, 25 December 2014 (UTC))

How Can You Prove a Negative?
The article says, "no direct experimental evidence for lepton and quark compositeness has been found." How does the article writer know that passive statement is true? At the very moment of writing someone in Outer Mongolia may have just found direct experimental evidence. How do you know he has not? Why not revise the statement to, "The author of my hopefully reliable secondary source is ignorant of direct evidence, though it cannot be ruled out without being omnipresent in the world and being omniscient as to all experiments ever conducted." (EnochBethany (talk) 18:08, 25 December 2014 (UTC))

 * It would be sensational news. Would travel rapidly round the world, if the experiment was good enough to be plausible.  This happened with the (mistaken) claim that neutrinos were travelling faster than light.--GwydionM (talk) 17:53, 26 December 2014 (UTC)

What preons are particles made of?
I think it doesn't tell us what the types of preons actually do and what preons are in fermions and bosons. NegativelyChargedPositron (talk) 17:31, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

Finite size
Don't we already know the size of leptons and quarks isn't infinite? It's definitely finite, then. 174.103.211.189 (talk) 21:50, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Preon


text:
Moldova national rugby league team

The Moldova national rugby league team represented Moldova in the sport of rugby league football. It first competed into international competition in 1993. Moldova has not competed internationally since the 1995 Emerging Nations World Cup although a French author indicated that rugby league was still played in Moldova in 2011.

Results

 * France def. Moldova 34–14 (1993)
 * BARLA Great Britain Lions def. Moldova 33–14 (May 1994)
 * Ireland def. Moldova 48–26 (16 October 1995)
 * Moldova def. Morocco 24–19 (18 October 1995)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Moldova national rugby league team


text:
Kelly Link

Kelly Link (born July 19, 1969) is an American editor and writer. Mainly known as an author of short stories, she published her first novel The Book of Love in 2024. While some of her fiction falls more clearly within genre categories, many of her stories might be described as slipstream or magic realism: a combination of science fiction, fantasy, horror, mystery, and literary fiction. Among other honors, she has won a Hugo Award, three Nebula Awards, and a World Fantasy Award for her fiction, and she was one of the recipients of the 2018 MacArthur "Genius" Grant.

Biography
Link is a graduate of Columbia University in New York and the MFA program of UNC Greensboro. In 1995, she attended the Clarion East Writing Workshop.

Link and husband Gavin Grant manage Small Beer Press, based in Northampton, Massachusetts. The couple's imprint of Small Beer Press for intermediate readers is called Big Mouth House. They also co-edited St. Martin's Press's The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror anthology series with Ellen Datlow for five years, ending in 2008. (The couple inherited the "fantasy" side from Terri Windling in 2004.) In 2019, Link and Grant opened Book Moon, a new and used bookstore in Easthampton, Massachusetts. Link also co-edits the literary magazine Lady Churchill’s Rosebud Wristlet, and was the slush reader for Sci Fiction, edited by Datlow.

Link taught at Lenoir–Rhyne University in Hickory, North Carolina, with the Visiting Writers Series for spring semester 2006. She has taught or visited at a number of schools and workshops including:

 * Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York;
 * Brookdale Community College of Lincroft, New Jersey;
 * the Imagination Workshop at Cleveland State University;
 * New England Institute of Art & Communications, Brookline, Massachusetts;
 * Clarion East at Michigan State University, Lansing;
 * Clarion West in Seattle, Washington; and
 * Smith College, near her home in Northampton.

She has participated in the Juniper Summer Writing Institute at the University of Massachusetts Amherst's MFA Program for Poets & Writers.

Awards

 * 2017: World Fantasy Award for contributions to the genre (nominee)
 * 2018: MacArthur Fellowship
 * 2023: Honorary degree from Smith College.

Books

 * Stranger Things Happen: 2001 Salon Book of the Year, The Village Voice favorite (available here as a free download, under a Creative Commons license)
 * Magic for Beginners: 2006 Locus Award for Best Short Story Collection
 * Pretty Monsters: 2008 World Fantasy and Locus Award finalist.
 * Get in Trouble: 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction finalist.
 * White Cat, Black Dog: 2023 Kirkus Prize Finalist.
 * The Book of Love: 2024

Selected stories (award winners)

 * "The Game of Smash and Recovery": 2016 Theodore Sturgeon Award
 * "The Summer People": 2011 Shirley Jackson Award for Best Novelette, 2013 The O. Henry Prize Stories
 * "Pretty Monsters": 2009 Locus Award for Best Novella
 * "Magic for Beginners": 2005 Nebula Award for Best Novella
 * "The Faery Handbag": 2005 Hugo and Nebula Award for Best Novelette, Locus Award winner
 * "Stone Animals": 2005 The Best American Short Stories
 * "Louise's Ghost": 2001 Nebula Award for Best Novelette
 * "The Specialist's Hat": 1999 World Fantasy Award
 * "Travels with the Snow Queen": 1997 James Tiptree, Jr. Award

As author

 * 4 Stories (chapbook), Small Beer Press, 2000
 * Stranger Things Happen, Small Beer Press, 2001
 * Magic for Beginners, Small Beer Press, 2005 (reprinted by Harcourt, 2005)
 * Catskin: a swaddled zine, Jelly Ink Press, date unknown
 * Pretty Monsters: Stories, Viking Juvenile, 2008
 * The Wrong Grave, 2009
 * Get in Trouble: Stories, Random House, 2015
 * White Cat, Black Dog: Stories, Random House, 2023
 * The Book of Love, Random House, 2024

As editor

 * Trampoline Small Beer Press, 2003
 * The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror volume 17– (with Ellen Datlow and Gavin J. Grant) St. Martin's Press, 2004–2008

In addition, Link and Grant have edited a semiannual small press fantasy magazine: Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet (or LCRW) since 1997. An anthology, The Best of Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet, was published by Del Rey Books in 2007.

title: Kelly Link


text:
File:Soleil noir.jpg

It's an image that I modified (added a lot of artistic effects on photoshop).

title: File:Soleil noir.jpg


text:
Talk:Frederick Ludlow

Untitled
Changed Mark Currie link to Captain Mark Currie. Mark Currie is a redmond, washington based computer game developer, for whom a page exists. Perhaps a disambig can be created if a page is created for captain mark currie. Hydroksyde 04:09, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 11:41, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frederick Ludlow


text:
Peelian principles

The Peelian principles summarise the ideas that Sir Robert Peel developed to define an ethical police force. The approach expressed in these principles is commonly known as policing by consent in the United Kingdom and other countries such as Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand.

In this model of policing, police officers are regarded as citizens in uniform. They exercise their powers to police their fellow citizens with the implicit consent of those fellow citizens. "Policing by consent" indicates that the legitimacy of policing in the eyes of the public is based upon a consensus of support that follows from transparency about their powers, their integrity in exercising those powers and their accountability for doing so.

Historical background

In early 19th-century Britain, attempts by the government to set up a police force for London were met with opposition. People were suspicious of the idea of a large and possibly armed police force, and feared that it could be used to suppress protest or support unpopular rule. Since 1793 Britain had been at war with France, home of the best-known, best-organised and best-paid police force at the time, as well as a secret and political police force, and many Britons were uncomfortable with any police force's association with France. Most people did not think that it was the job of the national government to set up and control a police force, and thought it should be under local control.

Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1816, several factors drove the country into a severe depression. The increased industrialisation of the country, combined with the demobilisation of the forces, led to mass unemployment. The Corn Laws led to massive increases in the price of bread, while the repeal of income tax meant that the war debt had to be recovered by taxing commodities forcing their prices even higher. In addition, 1817 was unusually wet and cold, producing a very poor harvest. This led to the so-called Pentrich rising, for which three men were hanged and beheaded at Derby Gaol.

The 1819 Peterloo Massacre in St Peter's Field, Manchester occurred when at least eighteen died after 60,000 people who had gathered to stand up for universal suffrage (amongst other ideas) were overrun by multiple cavalry charges. This was followed by the 1820 Yorkshire West Riding Revolt and the 1821 Cinderloo Uprising, the latter of which resulted in two deaths and one man hanged subsequently. It was against this background that Peel said that "though emancipation was a great danger, civil strife was a greater danger" and thus the principles known as Peel's were developed.

Development
London in the early 19th century had a population of nearly a million and a half people but was policed by only 450 constables and 4,500 night watchmen who belonged to many separate organisations. Several parliamentary committees examined the policing of London and made proposals to help evolve the existing state of affairs. The concept of professional policing was taken up by Robert Peel when he became Home Secretary in 1822, emphasising a rigorous and less discretionary approach to law enforcement. Peel's Metropolitan Police Act 1829 established a full-time, professional and centrally-organised police force for the Greater London area, known as the Metropolitan Police.

The Peelian principles describe the philosophy that Sir Robert Peel developed to define an ethical police force. The principles traditionally ascribed to Peel state that: The Metropolitan Police officers were often referred to as 'Bobbies' after Sir Robert (Bobby) Peel, and are regarded as the first modern police force.
 * Whether the police are effective is not measured on the number of arrests, but on the lack of crime.
 * Above all else, an effective authority figure knows trust and accountability are paramount. Hence, Peel's most often quoted principle that "The police are the public and the public are the police."

The nine principles of policing
The nine principles of policing originated from the "General Instructions" issued to every new police officer in the Metropolitan Police from 1829. Although Peel discussed the spirit of some of these principles in his speeches and other communications, the historians Susan Lentz and Robert Chaires found no proof that he compiled a formal list. The Home Office has suggested that the instructions were probably written, not by Peel himself, but by Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, the joint Commissioners of the Metropolitan Police when it was founded.

Those general principles were later distilled into nine points by Charles Reith in his 1948 book A Short History of the British Police and it is in this form they are usually cited:

 * 1) To prevent crime and disorder, as an alternative to their repression by military force and severity of legal punishment.
 * 2) To recognise always that the power of the police to fulfil their functions and duties is dependent on public approval of their existence, actions and behaviour, and on their ability to secure and maintain public respect.
 * 3) To recognise always that to secure and maintain the respect and approval of the public means also the securing of the willing co-operation of the public in the task of securing observance of laws.
 * 4) To recognise always that the extent to which the co-operation of the public can be secured diminishes proportionately the necessity of the use of physical force and compulsion for achieving police objectives.
 * 5) To seek and preserve public favour, not by pandering to public opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolutely impartial service to law, in complete independence of policy, and without regard to the justice or injustice of the substance of individual laws, by ready offering of individual service and friendship to all members of the public without regard to their wealth or social standing, by ready exercise of courtesy and friendly good humour, and by ready offering of individual sacrifice in protecting and preserving life.
 * 6) To use physical force only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient to obtain public co-operation to an extent necessary to secure observance of law or to restore order, and to use only the minimum degree of physical force which is necessary on any particular occasion for achieving a police objective.
 * 7) To maintain at all times a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and that the public are the police, the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence.
 * 8) To recognise always the need for strict adherence to police-executive functions, and to refrain from even seeming to usurp the powers of the judiciary of avenging individuals or the State, and of authoritatively judging guilt and punishing the guilty.
 * 9) To recognise always that the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, and not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with them.

Legitimacy
The presence of police officers on the streets of London, a new symbol of state power, raised questions about police legitimacy from the outset. The government sought to avoid any suggestion that the police was a military force, so they were not armed. Nor was their uniform anything like military uniform.

At the time, local government had a much more significant role in the day-to-day life of citizens. Initially, many sections of society were opposed to the 'new' police. Uncertainty about what they could and could not do was responsible for many of the early complaints about the police.

Officers acted as a unique point of contact between the state and the wider public. The legitimacy of this expanded state power was reflected in public opinion about the police. As the nineteenth century progressed, the police were viewed in a more favourable light by many sections of society. Still, even in the twentieth century, tensions remained.

Public co-operation
The historian Charles Reith explained in his New Study of Police History (1956) that Sir Robert Peel's principles constituted an approach to policing "unique in history and throughout the world, because it derived, not from fear, but almost exclusively from public co-operation with the police, induced by them designedly by behaviour which secures and maintains for them the approval, respect and affection of the public".

The UK government Home Office in 2012 explained policing by consent as "the power of the police coming from the common consent of the public, as opposed to the power of the state. It does not mean the consent of an individual" and added an additional statement outside of the Peelian principles: "No individual can choose to withdraw his or her consent from the police, or from a law." The Home Office defined the legitimacy of policing, in the eyes of the public, as based upon a general consensus of support that follows from transparency about their powers, their integrity in exercising those powers and their accountability for doing so.

A study in 2021 described the notion of policing by consent in three terms: "that the police are 'citizens in uniform'; that the primary duty of the police is to the public, not the state; and that the use of force is a last resort." Another study contrasts policing by consent with 'policing by law' and states: "Even though the basic premise of policing in UK is by consent, the British Police system as it exists now is more a reverse process of investing more power in people by law, than policing by consent. As such, the policing in UK has now become policing by law, but a law which mandates a police which is accountable to public."

International influence
The influence of this philosophy can still be found today in many parts of the Commonwealth of Nations, including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It is also seen in the police forces of the Crown dependencies and British Overseas Territories. The British model of policing influenced policing in the United States; the principles informed the American community policing movement in the 1960s and are still a component of more recent policing doctrine. American law-enforcement reformer William Bratton called them "my bible" in 2014, but others commented in 2020 that the application of the principles in the US appears "increasingly theoretical". The term is sometimes applied to describe policing in the Republic of Ireland, and in Northern Ireland. While Hong Kong was a British colony, and for a time afterwards, the concept of policing by consent was applied, but that approach has since faded out. The concept has been applied to other countries as well, whose police forces are routinely unarmed.

Some countries, such as Finland, Norway and other Nordic countries developed a consensual model of policing independently of the Peelian principles.

Public-order policing

As a result of the tradition of policing by consent, the United Kingdom has a different approach to policing public-order crime, such as riots, as compared to other western countries, such as France. Nonetheless, public order policing presents challenges to the approach of policing by consent. The death of Ian Tomlinson after being struck by a police officer during the 2009 G-20 summit protests sparked a debate in the UK about the relationship between the police, media and public, and the independence of the Independent Police Complaints Commission. In response to the concerns, the Chief Inspector of Constabulary, Denis O'Connor, published a 150-page report in November 2009 that aimed to restore Britain's consent-based model of policing.

Policing by consent remained a central consideration for police in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland while enforcing temporary laws during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Police use of firearms
Calls for the routine arming of police officers with firearms have consistently been resisted in the United Kingdom. With a long history of unarmed policing, police use of firearms in the United Kingdom is much more limited than in many other countries. The UK is one of only 19 nations which have police forces that are routinely unarmed; these countries also have comparatively restrictive rules on civilian gun ownership. The increased use of tasers in the UK was recognised as a fundamental shift in policing, and criticised as damaging policing by consent. One study wrote that the "fact that officers operate largely unarmed is a key tenet and manifestation of [policing by consent]." Terror attacks in the UK and Europe have led to increased deployment of firearms officers; the same study found more negative responses in the UK to police when they are armed. In Finland, police are armed but may not fire without direct permission, that is, they are armed but not by default authorised.

Training of police officers
In Finland and Norway, two countries with an emphasis on a consent-based model of policing, recruits study at national colleges and spend time on an internship with local police, in addition to earning degrees in criminal justice or related fields. In these two countries, there are rigorous rules about what is considered justified use of force.

title: Peelian principles


text:
Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Ottawa

Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ottawa (Arabic: سفارة المملكة العربية السعودية الملكية في أتاوا Sifāra al-Mamlaka al-`Arabīya as-Su`ūdīya al-Malikīya fī Uttāwā) is Saudi Arabia's diplomatic mission to Canada. The building is located at 201 Sussex Drive in Ottawa, overlooking the Ottawa River. Prior to 2005, it was located in an office in the Clarica Centre on Bank Street.

Planning and construction
The Saudis bought the prime land in 1978 for $900 000 and top Canadian architect Arthur Erickson was hired to do the design. It was many years before construction began; however, as Saudi cut backs in the 1980s halted the lavish scheme. Plans to build a somewhat smaller structure were announced in 1989. In the meantime, the National Capital Commission had striven to turn Sussex Drive into a ceremonial boulevard and it balked at the Saudi design, threatening to take back the land. The project again came to a halt.

In 1997 a new design was developed, but neighbours complained vigorously about the number of armed guards that would surround it and the loss of green space. The plan was approved by Ottawa City Council, except for the guard houses and access road. The Saudis stated that without them the embassy could not function and shelved the $25 million project. The city and embassy negotiated and the Saudis made compromises on the size of the guardhouses and in other areas and city council, to the displeasure of local residents, approved the plan in May 1998.

The exterior of the building was completed in 2001; however it remained empty for some time, reportedly due to the strained Canadian-Saudi relations over the case of William Sampson. The Saudi embassy reported that its staff were too busy with diplomatic matters in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks to take time off to move to new quarters. Work on the interior resumed in March 2004 and was opened in August 2005.

title: Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Ottawa


text:
Photostimulation

Photostimulation is the use of light to artificially activate biological compounds, cells, tissues, or even whole organisms. Photostimulation can be used to noninvasively probe various relationships between different biological processes, using only light. In the long run, photostimulation has the potential for use in different types of therapy, such as migraine headache. Additionally, photostimulation may be used for the mapping of neuronal connections between different areas of the brain by “uncaging” signaling biomolecules with light. Therapy with photostimulation has been called light therapy, phototherapy, or photobiomodulation.

Photostimulation methods fall into two general categories: one set of methods uses light to uncage a compound that then becomes biochemically active, binding to a downstream effector. For example, uncaging glutamate is useful for finding excitatory connections between neurons, since the uncaged glutamate mimics the natural synaptic activity of one neuron impinging upon another. The other major photostimulation method is the use of light to activate a light-sensitive protein such as rhodopsin, which can then excite the cell expressing the opsin.

Scientists have long postulated the need to control one type of cell while leaving those surrounding it untouched and unstimulated. Well-known scientific advancements such as the use of electrical stimuli and electrodes have succeeded in neural activation but fail to achieve the aforementioned goal because of their imprecision and inability to distinguish between different cell types. The use of optogenetics (artificial cell activation via the use of light stimuli) is unique in its ability to deliver light pulses in a precise and timely fashion. Optogenetics is somewhat bidirectional in its ability to control neurons. Channels can be either depolarized or hyperpolarized depending on the wavelength of light that targets them. For instance, the technique can be applied to channelrhodopsin cation channels to initiate neuronal depolarization and eventually activation upon illumination. Conversely, activity inhibition of a neuron can be triggered via the use of optogenetics as in the case of the chloride pump halorhodopsin which functions to hyperpolarize neurons.

Before optogenetics can be performed, however, the subject at hand must express the targeted channels. Natural and abundant in microbials, rhodopsins—including bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin and channelrhodopsin—each have a different characteristic action spectrum which describes the set of colors and wavelengths that they respond to and are driven to function by.

It has been shown that channelrhodopsin-2, a monolithic protein containing a light sensor and a cation channel, provides electrical stimulation of appropriate speed and magnitude to activate neuronal spike firing. Recently, photoinhibition, the inhibition of neural activity with light, has become feasible with the application of molecules such as the light-activated chloride pump halorhodopsin to neural control. Together, blue-light activated channelrhodopsin-2 and the yellow light-activated chloride pump halorhodopsin enable multiple-color, optical activation and silencing of neural activity. (See also Photobiomodulation)

Methods
A caged protein is a protein that is activated in the presence of a stimulating light source. In most cases, photo-uncaging is the technique revealing the active region of a compound by the process of photolysis of the shielding molecule (‘cage’). However, uncaging the protein requires an appropriate wavelength, intensity, and timing of the light. Achieving this is possible due to the fact that the optical fiber may be modified to deliver specific amounts of light. In addition, short bursts of stimulation allow results similar to the physiological norm. The steps of photostimulation are time independent in that protein delivery and light activation can be done at different times. This is because the two steps are dependent on each other for activation of the protein.

Some proteins are innately photosensitive and function in the presence of light. Proteins known as opsins form the crux of the photosensitive proteins. These proteins are often found in the eye. In addition, many of these proteins function as ion channels and receptors. One example is when a certain wavelength of light is put onto certain channels, the blockage in the pore is relieved and allows ion transduction.

To uncage molecules, a photolysis system is required to cleave the covalent bond. An example system can consist of a light source (generally a laser or a lamp), a controller for the amount of light that enters, a guide for the light, and a delivery system. Often, the design function in such a way that a medium is met between the diffusing light that may cause additional, unwanted photolysis and light attenuation; both being significant problems with a photolysis system.

History
The idea of photostimulation as a method of controlling biomolecule function was developed in the 1970s. Two researchers, Walther Stoeckenius and Dieter Oesterhelt discovered an ion pump known as bacteriorhodopsin which functions in the presence of light in 1971. In 1978, J.F. Hoffman invented the term “caging”. Unfortunately, this term caused some confusion among scientists due to the fact that the term is often used to describe a molecule which is trapped within another molecule. It could also be confused with the “caged effect” in the recombination of radicals. Therefore, some authors decided to use the term “light-activated” instead of “caging”. Both terms are currently in use. The first “caged molecule” synthesized by Hoffman et al. at Yale was the caged precursor to ATP derivative 1.

Applications
Photostimulation is notable for its temporal precision, which may be used to obtain an accurate starting time of activation of caged effectors. In conjunction with caged inhibitors, the role of biomolecules at specific timepoints in an organism's lifecycle may be studied. A caged inhibitor of N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein (NSF), a key mediator of synaptic transmission, has been used to study the time dependency of NSF. Several other studies have effected action potential firing through use of caged neurotransmitters such as glutamate. Caged neurotransmitters, including photolable precursors of glutamate, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA, are commercially available.

Signaling during mitosis has been studied using reporter molecules with a caged fluorophore, which is not phosphorylated if photolysis has not occurred. The advantage of this technique is that it provides a “snapshot” of kinase activity at specific timepoints rather than recording all activity since the reporter's introduction.

Calcium ions play an important signaling role, and controlling their release with caged channels has been extensively studied.

Unfortunately, not all organisms produce or hold sufficient amounts of opsins. Thus, the opsin gene must be introduced to target neurons if they are not already present in the organism of study. The addition and expression of this gene is sufficient for the use of optogenetics. Possible means of achieving this include the construction of transgenic lines containing the gene or acute gene transfer to a specific area or region within an individual. These methods are known as germline transgenesis and somatic gene delivery, respectively.

Optogenetics has shown significant promise in the treatment of a series of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. Optogenetics has the potential to facilitate the manipulation and targeting of specific cell types or neural circuits, characteristics that are lacking in current brain stimulation techniques like DBS. At this point, the use of optogenetics in treating neural diseases has only been practically implemented in the field of neurobiology to reveal more about the mechanisms of specific disorders. Before the technique can be implemented to directly treat these disorders developments in other related fields such as gene therapy, opsin engineering, and optoelectronics must also make certain developments.

title: Photostimulation


text:
Talk:Jane Sullivan Roberts

This clearly is not a candidate for speedy deletion as this person is the wife of a relevant political figure.

Adoption
I don't see any reason why the article should not mention that the Roberts' children are adopted. It's not exactly secret information, it's mentioned in most of the news articles. Let the reader decide what is relevant. Rhobite 04:22, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur. The information is relevant, it is being reported in news articles, and it is being discussed.  On a personal note, people in the circles I run in are delighted to see that the Roberts family has adopted children and hope it will promote adoption.  I suppose somebody might think it's private information and the children deserve to be able to withhold it, but it's out in the news so it's too late for that to be a factor.  If they didn't want anyone to know, we wouldn't know. Jdavidb 13:32, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jane Sullivan Roberts


text: Template:Divisions and districts of Bangladesh


text:
First-e Group

First-e was a European online bank during the Dot-com bubble of 1999–2001. The company was based in Dublin, Ireland and employed 280 people, with 250,000 customers. It operated on a licence from French bank Banque d'Escompte, an innovation that allowed it to get around the usual difficulties faced by European banking startups. It launched with €200m in funding from various institutions including Intel, Morgan Stanley and Apax Partners and initially targeted the British market with a savings interest rate 2% higher than its high-street competitors, and gained 250,000 customers.

A 2.4 billion euro merger with the Spanish online bank Uno-e was proposed 2000, but after the dotcom bubble burst in late 2000, parent company of Uno-e, BBVA called off the merger was in April 2001 and instead paid some €350m in compensation. First-e then sold its business to Direkt Anlage Bank of Germany in October 2001.

First-e was owned by the Enba group of companies, created by Gerhard Huber, Peter Phillips, Christian Kaiser, Nicholas Malcomson and Xavier Azalbert. Its Board included Sean Donlon, a former Irish ambassador to the US and the late Sir Nicholas Redmayne who was also its chairman.

title: First-e Group


text:
Blue Like Jazz

Blue Like Jazz is the second book by Donald Miller. This semi-autobiographical work, subtitled "Non-Religious Thoughts on Christian Spirituality," is a collection of essays and personal reflections chronicling the author's growing understanding of the nature of God and Jesus, and the need and responsibility for an authentic personal response to that understanding. Much of the work centers on Miller's experiences with friends and fellow students while auditing courses at Reed College, a liberal arts college in Portland, Oregon. The book deals with inward spiritual dealings as Don, his friends Penny, Laura and others struggle with finding meaning in life and the ultimate battle with God ending with choosing him or choosing one's self.

The book's popularity is due to its personable style and content which most appeals to twentysomething and thirtysomething, post-modern Christians in the emerging church movement. His writings have often been compared to fellow Christian memoirist, Anne Lamott. It was named one of the 20 Best Books of the Decade by Paste Magazine.

The book has been made into a movie by director Steve Taylor. On his blog on September 16, 2010, Donald Miller stated that despite a strong screenplay, a stellar cast, and rave reviews, the project was put on hold indefinitely due to lack of funding. Two fans created a site called "Save Blue Like Jazz" where they urged fans to help raise money to fund the movie through Kickstarter. This campaign raised over $340,000, more than doubling the original goal of $125,000 by October 25, 2010.

Film adaptation
The film adaptation of Blue Like Jazz, was released on April 13, 2012. The film is roughly based upon the book, but has more of a contemporary vibe. The crew started filming in Portland, Oregon and spent some time in Nashville, Tennessee to get a few scenes. The cast consists of actors, such as Justin Welborn, as seen in The Crazies, Marshall Allman, who more recently joined the cast of True Blood and Claire Holt. While filming, the crew opened up some scenes to the public. They used mainly college students and people who were available as extras.

Quotations

 * "I was watching BET one night, and they were interviewing a man about jazz music. He said jazz music was invented by the first generation out of slavery. I thought that was beautiful because, while it is music, it is very hard to put on paper; it is so much more a language of the soul ... The first generation out of slavery invented jazz music. It is a music birthed out of freedom. And that is the closest thing I know to Christian spirituality. A music birthed out of freedom. Everybody sings their song the way they feel it, everybody closes their eyes and lifts up their hands."
 * "The most difficult lie I ever contended with is this: Life is a story about me."
 * "I think every conscious person, every person that is awake to the functioning principles within his reality, has a moment where he stops blaming the problems in the world on group think, on humanity and authority, and starts to face himself. I hate this more than anything. This is the hardest principle within Christian spirituality for me to deal with. The problem is not out there; the problem is the needy beast of a thing that lives in my chest."
 * "My most recent faith struggle is not one of intellect. I don't really do that anymore. Sooner or later you just figure out there are some guys who don't believe in God and they can prove He doesn't exist, and some other guys who do believe in God and they can prove He does exist, and the argument stopped being about God a long time ago and now it's about who is smarter, and honestly I don't care."

title: Blue Like Jazz


text:
Talk:French New Wave

Left Bank vs. Right Bank
In 50 years of reading film criticism I have never heard this term or distinction. What does it come out of, a single film textbook from 2010? This smacks of something that is just made up out of whole cloth. Montju (talk) 21:59, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

Inconsistency and misjudgement
There's an inconsistency and surely a misjudgement in the treatment of Louis Malle. There is a paragraph which says he was not a New wave director, which seems to be tendentious. Then he is listed as a Minor Director of the list of New wave filmekers. He shouldn't be listed if he is not a member of the group. And I doon't see how anyone can claim he is a minor director.

 * Agreed. This is complete conjecture on the part of the original writer and not a commonly held one.  As there are no cited sources to his/her opinion (and that includes the opinion on Franju), I am taking it out.  I did find a source supporting that these directors WERE considered a part of the new wave and included it.  If people disagree, this might be better under a "Divided Opinions" section as sources can probably be found to support both pro- and anti- stances.  Although in my experience there are far more sources on the "pro" side. I'll try to dig out some of my books to further back up the cited reference. Echoflame (talk) 00:35, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

His status as a major or minor filmmaker aside, it is a mistake to classify Louis Malle as a New Wave filmmaker, let alone (as he is in the links at the bottom of the page) a Left Bank one. I don't think there's anything tendentious about this judgment: Malle was not a modernist or avant-garde in any respect, he had no particular allegiances to Hollywood genre cinema, and he had no background in criticism or film theory. If you want to insist on a label, a more accurate one would be a "New Wave-era filmmaker."

Melville has no business being listed as a Left Bank filmmaker (as he is in the pulldown list at the bottom of the page); he made a distinct rightward turn politically later in his career, and while his films anticipated, influenced, and helped to catalyze the films of the New Wave, Melville himself is part of an older generation of filmmakers altogether. Eventually he rejected the New Wave's artistic rebellions as going too far and his later films were derided by Cahiers critics as easy entertainments (Le Samourai, Le Cercle Rouge) or politically suspect (Army of Shadows). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.193.52.125 (talk) 22:06, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Page Name Move
I've moved this page from "French new wave" to "French New Wave," as a proper name almost invariably capitalized in sources (e.g. the top four google hits for "French New Wave": 1, 2, 3, 4). I'll also be fixing it in corresponding articles. --Dvyost 04:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

list of filmmakers/artists
This article could obviously benefit from a list of major (and minor) directors of the nouvelle vague, including but hardly limited to: Godard, Truffaut, Rivette, Chabrol, Rohmer, Malle, Resnais, Varda, Demy, Marker, Aubier, etc., etc.

I also see benefit from another list of frequent collaborators and influences, especially actors, like Anna Karina, Jean-Paul Belmondo, Eddie Constantine, Jean-Pierre Leaud, etc.

And where is mention of Andre Bazin in this article?  Jean pierre jeunet came off the back of the 80's new wave crowd didn't he?132.185.144.123 (talk) 12:48, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

I'd do it myself but I can't remember enough film history to get it right. --Andymussell 03:17, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Marker, Resnais, and Varda were part of the Left Bank group, which consisted generally of older filmmakers and was not considered part of the nouvelle vague at the time. A list of actors would by a good idea, though, as many of them were as symbolic as any director. Deleuze 05:21, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Just made assorted additions to the entry including an exploration of the film techniques of nouvelle vague, and origins of the movement. I hope people will add more significant figures to the tiny list of filmmakers/artists; it's a start!Jmodel 05:28, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

I tried to clean up the "controversial" section on the influence the new wave had on modern cinema. In so doing, I also added some actor names. Please feel free to flag it again if I didn't clean up the previous line properly. Also, I had to erase the entire paragraph on the avant-garde because it was just too much of a mess. LonesomeCowboyBill 22:00, 13 September 2006.

How are we deciding who is major and who is minor? If they must be divided, Left and Right Bank would make more sense. Pianoshootist 15:43, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

I've moved Louis Malle to the minor figures section, as very few modern critics would refer to him as a member of the New Wave. He was also neither a member of the Cahiers group nor Left Bank group nor a figure the New Wave admired (Melville) who became successful during the movement. --Granddukesfinances (talk) 11:35, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I've cleaned up, categorized, and alphabetized these sections, with references. ADDENDA: This Louis Malle opinion isn't supported, although it is true that he was neither a part of the Cahiers or Left Bank Group, the Cahiers du Cinema published a list of all New Wave Directors in 1962 that included over 160 different directors associated with the movement. Therefore, instead of grouping these directors as "major" and "minor", which is a value judgement, I have grouped them as "Cahiers", "Left Bank" and "Other" and have cited a source. Although it may be useful to include a section on "Divided Opinions" about which directors should and should not have the "new wave" label applied.  However, it is clear that since Louis Malle is often included that he should at least be mentioned. Echoflame (talk) 00:35, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

B-film directors
The article states that Charles Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, and Orson Welles were B directors that the Cahiers admired, but I highly doubt that Hitchcock and Chaplin would be considered B directors. Maybe Orson Welles during the latter part of his career could be considered one, but Hitchcock and Chaplin were considerably popular with a mainstream audience and Hitchcock would often use such stars as Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman, and Jimmy Stewart, so I would hardly consider him a B director. And Charlie Chaplin is one of the most recognizable, if not the most recognizable, stars of all time, and was highly popular in his day...and still is, for that matter. So I would hardly consider him and Hitch B filmmakers. I think a revision's required here. 4.155.102.1 02:09, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Origins
Shouldn't the Origins section include some reference to where the term Nouvelle Vague actully came from? On the French page of this article it says it originated in L'Express in an article by Françoise Giroud on 3 October 1957. But can wikipedia in other languages be used as a source? Em Mitchell 08:00, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

I think, after watching Stanley Kubrick's film "Killer's Kiss", which recieved international distribution, we need to consider it as the origin of the New Wave. Kubrick's external nighttime shots, his use of hand-held cameras, after-dubbing of sound, surrealist shadows and camera angles, street scenes, disregard for cinemtic conventions and low-budget feel, all predate the New Wave and, I'm sure, were a major influence on it. You can also see its influence on Fellini's films. Killer's Kiss is a hidden masterpiece. 71.2.169.101 (talk) 18:36, 15 December 2007 (UTC)Tim Lewis]

 * That's intriguing, but it's considered original research by Wikipedia. If you can find a source, you should add it to this article; if not, you should write such an article and publish it somewhere! Aryder779 (talk) 02:43, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Overuse of "citation needed" and "peacock term"
This article does not benefit from the heavy-handed overuse of the citation needed and peacock term tags. They break up the text of the article so badly that it's practically unreadable, without actually doing anything useful. For example, the "Film techniques" section already uses the unreferenced section template; the eight uses of "citation needed" in that section are superfluous. Some of the specific individual uses of those tags are also inappropriate. For example, the use of "citation needed" in the second paragraph is completely unnecessary, since the footnote at the end of that paragraph clearly says that Breathless used jump cuts because it was felt that the film was over-long. And could someone please explain to me how the word "tight" in the sentence "Many of the French New Wave films were produced on tight budgets" is a peacock term?

Obviously, some work needs to be done to cite or re-phrase some of the more grandiose claims in the article. But it's equally obvious that "citation needed" and "peacock term" are being overused here because someone has an axe to grind, not in a good-faith effort to improve the article. Jd4v15 (talk) 02:47, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Amen! I'm no expert in wiki protocol (I'd never even encountered the phrase "peacock term" until I saw it plastered all over this article), but it seems clear that nobody but the self-important editor behind it benefits from this unreadable mess of an article. 71.70.187.94 (talk) 16:24, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

"traditional narrative flow"
"Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Orson Welles, Howard Hawks, John Ford, and many other forward-thinking film directors were held up in admiration while standard Hollywood films bound by traditional narrative flow were strongly criticized."

 * It seems odd to say that Howard Hawks and John Ford, in particular, were not making standard Hollywood films bound by traditional narrative flow. Stagecoach, His Girl Friday, and what have you are excellent movies, but it's hard to say they are not "standard Hollywood films" without using some very idiosyncratic definitions. And Hitchcock was a director of thrillers, which are surely a genre deeply bound up with "traditional narrative flow."  Which is to say, I'm not sure what this sentence is supposed to mean. john k (talk) 20:31, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree, it is ridiculous and it was listed here for over 6 years since You pointed it out. And "forward-thinking" seems like a very PoV statement. Even one of the sources states that the so-called French New Wave directors were influenced by Ford and others, and it states nothing about "traditional narrative flow" or "forward-thinking directors". StjepanHR (talk) 09:16, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on French New Wave. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080511201931/http://www.brynmawrfilm.org/08_French_Cinema_NEW.html to http://www.brynmawrfilm.org/08_French_Cinema_NEW.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:38, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

Archetypal works of the movement
I came here as a reader hoping for at least a short list of 'the archetypal Nouvel Vague films'. I see Directors, performers and contributors, but little on the films themselvces. Is this an omission? I wish I could contribute one, but I don't know jack about the subject. Which is why, etc... Blether (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:13, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

1958-1962
The New Wave peak period is from 1958 to 1962 (not 1964.) That's how it was defined in two major works on French cinema (Roy Armes, French Cinema, Oxford University Press, 1985; Jean-Pierre Jeancolas, Le Cinéma des Français, la Vème République. 1958-1978, Paris, Stock, 1979.) Also in Jean-Loup Passek, Dictionnaire du cinéma. Paris: Larousse, 1986. Philburmc (talk) 01:35, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

Actors and actresses
Alain Delon was not associated with the New Wave in any way. Catherine Deneuve also doesn't belong to this list. Philburmc (talk) 01:41, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Added Alain Delon to the list, because Alain Delon starred in Jean-Pierre Melville’s Le Samouraï in the 60s. Melville, the spiritual father of the French New Wave. Alain Delon was perhaps not a leading figure of French New Wave cinema, but he was influential, and he was part of it. Pdb100 (talk) 13:33, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

Claude Lelouch
I deleted his name from the list for several reasons (many of them listed here: https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-11-ca-lelouch-story.html ):
 * he rejected FNW label: "Truffaut proclaimed “A Man and a Woman” an example of New Wave cinema because Lelouch was the “auteur” of the film. I said it is not a New Wave film"
 * he called the emperor naked and refered to the so-called FNW as: "The New Wave showed me what I was not supposed to do. The New Wave was not a very important film movement."
 * he was disliked by the critics because of what he had said

Some other sources:
 * 1: "Yet Lelouch has had to fight harder for recognition than his contemporaries whose names are synonymous with the French New Wave."
 * book "Claude Lelouch, Film Director" (page 134): "Lelouch himself has no desire to be grouped with the New Wave or any movement" StjepanHR (talk) 08:31, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:French New Wave


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Rodgers and Hamemrstein

Rodgers and Hammerstein

 * Nominated on 04:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC); needs 10 votes by August 5.

They were one of the top contributors to art in the 20th century. Their amazing plays are classics,and all they get is five sentences and a list of works?

Support:
 * 1) kralahome 04:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Deb 21:57, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Juppiter 15:38, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Someonesmask 22:39, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Dmn / Դմն 20:06, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Fenice 08:38, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Arcticsno 10:43, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Great idea! Who doesn't love Rodgers and Hammerstein? This should be a featured article, not a stub. Juppiter 15:38, 21 July 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:Protest songs

title: Category:Protest songs


text:
User talk:Brandoj

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Rhobite 04:19, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Gamaliel 04:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

-- Ok guys, the only reason I added that picture is b/c i feel it is far more expressive of his home and personal interests than is a flavorless image of him giving a crowd a thumbs up with his wife. Would you rather me go for a picture of him on a bike or windsurfing? If you are up this guy's anus keep it to yourself, this is a community area after all.

 * It was disruptive of you to upload it on top of an existing image, and put in a silly caption. If you really think the football image should go in the article, please bring it up on the talk page. Please keep in mind that we're attempting to write a serious encyclopedia. This isn't a message board for laughing at funny pictures. If you replace the image again you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Lest you accuse the community of partisanship, we came down strongly against including the picture with George W. Bush making a "chimp" face. Rhobite 04:48, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Ok, I'll simply add it to the page without overwriting the existing image - I did not pay close enough attention to that picture's dependancies. I think the corrected caption is sufficient, "John Kerry plays football on the campaign trail in 2004." As to the humor value, again, I'm unsure what you mean. The article already clearly discusses other personal hobbies and sports interests, and indeed this was one sport in particular that he made multiple attempts at photo-oping during his campaign. Whether a serious reader would find it so funny as to detract from its inherent informative nature, i seriously doubt - and again, i believe it is far more expressive of his personal interests than him and his wife thumbing a crowd. George Bush "chimp" faces are just gratuitous (unless they were under a section entitled presidential humor) - and i doubt seriously if the community cracked down on a picture of George Bush playing football or some other sport when displayed in reference to personal interests.

 * You've been blocked for editing for vandalizing the article with that silly picture. You're welcome to come back after the block expires if you edit productively. Rhobite 05:03, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

I have blocked you from being an ass. You may no longer vandalize this page with your edits. Come back when you can be less dismissive of relevant pictures as "silly"

When Blocking Should NOT Be Used

The list above is widely considered to be an exhaustive list of the situations that warrant blocking. Blocking should not be used in any other circumstances, unless there is exceptional widespread community support.

Use of blocks to gain advantage in a content dispute, and self-blocking to enforce a Wikiholiday or departure are specifically prohibited, although the latter was somewhat common earlier in our history. Likewise, users should not block those with whom they are currently engaged in conflict.

Sysops should not block themselves (to enforce a "vacation" on themselves, for instance) because the resultant "autoblock" may affect other users (see Effects of being blocked, below), unless they know what they're doing (i.e., they have a static IP).

I guess I lost this content dispute by getting blocked

 * You vandalized the article after you were warned. What did you expect would happen, ice cream and puppies? Rhobite 05:21, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

You think that adding a more expressive picture of the guy's home and personal interests is "vandalism." Now obviously if someone is blinded by administrative power, they might not see how anybody can disagree with their viewpoint -- but in any event i think the reasons for adding the picture were appropriate and well reasoned, and certainly constituted a content dispute as explicitly forbidden as a reason for blocking.

I have also noticed that the current picture under the home life & interests section is an unobjectionable picture of him on a hunting trip -- would this have been disallowed if I had done it?

vs.

I guess the real problem is that the page wasn't really a community edited item, but rather a conduit for censure by admin. The only way I can get something changed is trial and error?

title: User talk:Brandoj


text:
Fancy

Fancy may refer to:

Albums

 * Fancy (Bobbie Gentry album), 1970
 * Fancy (Idiot Flesh album), 1997
 * Fancy (video), a 2007 video album by Les Claypool

Songs

 * "Fancy" (Bobbie Gentry song), 1969, covered by Reba McEntire in 1990
 * "Fancy" (Destiny's Child song), 2001
 * "Fancy" (Drake song), 2010
 * "Fancy" (Iggy Azalea song), 2014
 * "Fancy" (Doja Cat song), 2018
 * "Fancy" (Twice song), 2019
 * "Fancy" a song by Fitz and the Tantrums on the deluxe edition of Let Yourself Free

Other music

 * Fantasia (music), also known as fancy, a type of musical composition
 * Fancy (band), an early-mid 1970s pop group

People

 * Fancy (given name)
 * Fancy (surname)
 * Fancy Ray McCloney, American stand-up comedian and advertising pitchman
 * Fancy (singer), German Eurodance and Euro Disco artist Manfred Alois Segieth (born 1946)

Fictional characters

 * Arthur Fancy, on the TV series NYPD Blue
 * Fancy Crane, on the soap opera Passions
 * Fancy-Fancy, in the animated sitcom series Top Cat
 * Fancy Lala, the main character of the Japanese anime series of the same name
 * 'Fancy' Smith on UK TV's Z Cars

Places

 * Fancy, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, a settlement
 * Fancy River, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Ships

 * HMS Fancy, three Royal Navy vessels
 * USS Fancy (AM-234), a World War II minesweeper
 * Fancy (ship), a frigate commanded by pirate Henry Every from 1694 to 1695

Other uses

 * Fancy.com, a social photo sharing website and app

title: Fancy


text:
User:Medicaljournalist

Professional qualifications: Master's degree: Journalism, University of Missouri, Columbia http://journalism.missouri.edu/graduate/masters/

Professional affiliations: Medical Writer's Association of America The American Medical Writers Association (AMWA), founded in 1940, is the leading professional organization for biomedical communicators. http://www.amwa.org/default.asp?ID=1 Investigative Reporters and Editors http://www.ire.org/

As a medical editor I follow Wikipedia's stated SVOP guidelines. I have been doing deep background research, in a professional capacity, on this organic brain disease and others for three years. As a professional journalist specializing in the field of medicine, all changes I make are fully and factually documented for verification as per the Society of Professional Journalists(SPJ) Code of Ethics, as well as Wikipedia policy.

For whatever technical reason I have been unable to open a connection to the discussion page despite assiduously studying and following the directions. Like many others I'm sure, between my professional obligations and my family obligations there isn't much time to squeeze this in. If someone in this "welcoming" community would like to cheerfully help out, I cheerfully accept.

Until that happens or the summary section is expanded beyond 200 words, I will join those parts of the discussion that are civil via this page.

For the record: The repeated deletion of my good faith, factual, legitimately and specifically sourced edits specifically violates stated Wikipedia policy. Should this violation continue, Wikipedia has a policy for contacting them in such an event and I will follow that policy also. The same goes for the libel. This part is not up for discussion.

My (repeated) edits followed both SVOP as well as, NVOP policies as they apply to the SVOP category, to the letter. If you disagree with SVOP policy I don't know as I'm the one to complain to as edits to policy do not appear to be possible.

From what I gather, there appears to be some confusion regarding the difference between factual accuracy, theory, POV and opinion.

(If the information in new to you personally that is why verifiable sources are required. According to stated Wikipedia protocol, edits can only be held until the source is verified. Was anyone unable to verify the extremely specific sources I cited? The discussion area doesn't mention any.

If you need further clarification beyond the physical citations, I can provided contact information for Mr. Andre l'Hours at WHO headquarters in Geneva who oversees the ICD system or Dr.D.B. Sareno who oversees the F48 classification of mental disorders. However, you will have to make the contact. I don't mean to be rude, but professional journalists do not make the contents of their interviews available prior to publication or broadcast. Sorry. After publication it requires a court order.

Fact: Legal classifications issued by legitimate regulatory bodies are not "opinions" any more than the legal speed limit is an "opinion or theory." Nor does stating the law make in a personal opinion or point of view.

While it may be "popular" to disagree with posted speed limits, that in and of it's self does not change the law no matter who is doing the disagreeing nor does it make it a theory. It is also popular among some groups when pulled over to argue about whether the legal limit is justified, why they personally are exceptions yada yada. Nor does ignorance of the law change the law.

I assume the following comment is some sort of wikipedia inside joke so I'll pass although I appreciated the laugh. Thank you. "Using definitions from medical dictionaries is suspect, and so is the bombardment with "the WHO says, the CDC says" etc."

Quotations from testimony given before the United States Senate are also a matter of public record. Quotations from published news articles can be found at the link provided. I have made every effort to use articles available at no charge, however I have no control over business decisions as to how long articles are available or whether or not there is a fee. Those are the pervue of the publisher. These quotes do not meet any definition of anecdotal I could find. Every single quote, per Wikipedia, contained the name of the specific person who made the statement, what their qualifications are relevant to the subject as well as the usual source information. I'm afraid I don't see the relevance of speculative personal opinions as to why the quotes were made although such remarks can be legally construed as libel. Particularly when they are repeated.

Other interesting remarks: Doctor bashing, what on earth is being referred to? Which doctors? Red-haired doctors? Doctors who don't brush their teeth? Doctors who cheat on their income taxes? Doctors who testify before the Senate? Doctors at Harvard University? Podiatrists? Pediatricians? Given that all quotes or paraphrases I made refer to specific doctors and are only quoting those doctors or their publically stated positions, I'm even less sure as to how the conclusion that doctors are bashing themselves or anyone else were reached? Can anyone help me out with specifics? Since a rant is lengthy and repetitive among other things I would be grateful if those lengthy, repetitive passages were specifically quoted so everyone knows what is being referred to.

According to Wikipedia NVOP protocol the more specific the better. I know some people edit more than one area, perhaps that is the source of this confusion? Oh well.

The National Health Institute (NIH) has a publically accessible index of all published research studies through Pubmed.If you are not familiar with how to use Pubmed and the directions are confusing I would be glad to assist. Just ask. :D Once again, the availability of full studies is a decision made by the publisher of the study. Some are available at no charge and others may require payment.

As a general rule of thumb - abstracts are supposed to factually summarize the research however, it is very common for scientists of all stripes to use it as a form of advertising known as bait and switch. In other words, they leave out the negative findings. Ethics regarding this and other forms of scientific misconduct are beyond the scope of these comments.

Key points: Abstracts rarely note who funded the study, however, studies funded by large pharmaceutical companies (4 out of 5 dentists agree types) are being investigated both by the NIH and other regulatory agencies. The same would be true of chemical companies and in health research disability insurance companies also fund research. All the national papers and general news magazines have numerous articles available.

Some examples: drug companys who fund psychiatric studies may do so in order to increase sales of antidepressants. Chemical companies often face major legitimate lawsuits so it is to their advantage to publish favorable studies in an effort to hide studies that can be used as evidence in lawsuits. Sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn't. Disability insurance companies are prone to funding only studies that allow them to limit or cancel policies and claims.

The largest private disability insurance company in the United States UnumProvident has been indicted and is currently being sued by some six or more states for refusing to pay legitimate claims related to just that sort of illegal activity. I've heard people joke that the only time insurance is your friend is when you pay them and they don't pay you. Maybe they were talking about these guys. I know Blue Shield/Blue Cross which is a health insurerer lists CFS specifically under Neurological disorders along with other diseases that have a 12 month waiting period such as fibromyalgia listed under rheumatism.

Reading the entire study also allows journalists and other readers to note badly done studies, studies that make claims that the research doesn't support, studies that are based on a false or unsupported claims or dated research. As an exaggeration studies that claim their research are based on "evil spirits" cause organic disease theories from the middle ages would be suspect. Wikipedia refers to this in their SVOP section under fringe claims. NVOP requires that such theories or studies be mentioned but not given equal billing.

Okay real quickly:

Just so everyone is on the same page: To save time you may wish to peruse http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation

1. Wikipedia: See the "edit this page" tab at the top of each article? On Wikipedia, you can edit pages whenever you want, logged in or not.You're welcome to edit anonymously

2.Make the context clear in the first few words.

* In quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle...

In quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Avoid links in the title (sorry fixed that) and circular definitions.

I believe the overview edit I contributed meets this requirement. It is strictly factual using both legal sources and established credible sources. It does not refer to controversy as requested by Wikipedia in I think the scientific and SPOV sections, it gives a quick overview for any reader unfamiliar with this brain disease and its overall impact, yet leaving detail for appropriate inclusion under subheadings.

(Wikipedia also says that if an editor has trouble with the formatting the important thing is that the edit be well sourced and helpful and kindly folks would take care of the formatting for the editor. Thanks for all your help in this regard.)

"Are all the references that were recently added actually sources from which information in this article was derived? If not, I propose they be deleted. They may be good sources of information (I don't know either way, as I haven't read them), but I'm under the impression that the "References" section of any article is for the specific purpose of corroborating claims made in the article itself. Icarus 06:04, 12 July 2005 (UTC)"

Icarus - just following Wikipedia protocol in the NPOV section which said that if an edit might be considered controversial multiple citations were required. As for the studies, I've read all of them and have not included any irrelevant studies. Some of them actually address more than one area which should shorten up the reference section in other areas. (My profession was stated purely as a courtesy since my edits are simply based on my factual familiarity with the subject-but in my field anything else would result in dismissal and I like my house. :D )

Sandy - Glad to hear you are better. If you were properly diagnosed (unfortunately many CFS patients aren't) you won the lottery as the latest medical research shows only four percent of patients experience 100 percent remission. Lucky you. The most recent epidemiological studies I cite in the overview (Jason et al, Annals of Medicine) also showed the average length of this brain disease was seven years followed varying degrees of partial remission. Unfortunatly, the study also showed that as many as 50 percent of patients never go into remission.

I'm unaware of a valid scientific connection between hormones and virally induced brain diseases, but you never know.

Gulf War Neurological Disease is triggered by exposure to the chemical toxin sarin in genetically suseptible patients. Dr. Haley's research was published world wide in November 2004 (The Scientist ran an excellent article about the discovery on the 8th I think.)

If you are interested I might still have the article, otherwise the Scientist is online. It's a high quality general interest science weekly magazine read by both scientists and the public alike. Anyway, long story short the United States government now officially classifies Gulf War Disease as an organic neurological disorder.

And yes, there is strong evidence that the trigger in CFS G93.3 is viral instead of a toxic chemical, but the results are the same. Excellent connection. Post polio also has those connections that you picked up on, but a different viral suspect than CFS. Science is amazing. twenty years ago only four types of viruses were known in the world and now it's up to seven. HHV-4 (EBV) wasn't discovered until 1959.

The vast majority of the expanding evidence on CFS G93.3 over the past two decades has a big old flashing red arrow over active and cyclically reactivated HHV-6 and its kissing cousin HHV-4 also known as Epstein-Barr disease. Most everyone has them in their blood but in healthy people they remain inactive (dormant).

If you want to read up on them I posted some of them in the reference section. There are relatively small number of studies that were not able to duplicate the original scientific research, but scientists have narrowed the problem down to not using the exact procedures or researching people who had something else. Not all viruses have reliable, inexpensive tests and none of them start out with one. :D Unfortunately, a valid test developed for other viruses known as the PRC doesn't work for the more newly discovered HHV-6 viruses. It gives too many false negatives. You think false positives are bad in pregnancy tests, imagine how bad they are in neurotropic viruses such as HHV-6 and that little sneak EBV that attack the brain and the heart with permanent damage if they aren't caught early enough, say in the first month or so. (The test for EBV is reliable for reactivation.)

The other scientific problem is when researchers check only once. If the virus is inactive at the time, that also produces inaccurate information. What twenty years of biomedical research shows is that in CFS G93.3 patients, only 50 percent of patients show active viral infection on the first test, but the rate goes up to 85 percent upon repeated testing. That's considered statistically significant in science not to mention highly abnormal.

But then the difference between people with organic diseases and healthy people isn't what they have in common, but abnormal differences.

The link biomedical researchers are exploring in many neurological and immune disease as well as cancer and other biggies. Other causes being explored are bacteria and toxic chemicals (like in Gulf War Disease) such as mercury and organophosphates etc.

The coxsackie virus that is suspected in Post-Polio Syndrome, a similar but different disease just like Gulf War Neurological Disease, is the one that is related to chicken pox. Most people who get chicken pox have it once and it's done, but when the virus stays active it causes severe neuropathic pain known as shingles. Nobody wants that one either for some strange reason. :D

What EBV, HHV-6 and Coxsackie B do have in common besides being viruses is that they are nearly always a mild childhood disease that remains dormant. What they also have in common along with mumps among other things, is that adults who are infected for the first time with any of these are far more seriously ill and severe organic damage has been documented. At least I assume men consider becoming sterile severe can't say what their wives think. Probably depends on how many children they already have. :D

Only comment on guiafsen (found in cough syrup) is that is a somewhat experimental protocol developed for a rhuematological disorder (ICD-10 M79.0) known as fibromyalgia (in which viral infection is also being found.) I've heard it helps some people. Since it was designed to rid the body of toxic chemicals and metals (mercury is one) and as discussed above more and more studies are connecting viruses, chemical exposure, as well as bacteria there may be a connection there. A friend of mine who is a neurologist always tells me doctors know a great deal more than they did 100 years ago (partly due to technology), but like knowledge about technolgy (can you believe how small cell phones have gotten) medical knowledge is still limited but increasing.

Sorry if I forgot anyone.

title: User:Medicaljournalist


text:
Victoria College (Texas)

Victoria College (VC) is a public community college in Victoria, Texas. The college first began classes in the Patti Welder High School on February 4, 1925. After World War II, because of the growth of the surrounding area and the college population from returning GIs, the college built its own campus and changed its name from the Victoria Junior College to Victoria College. The college shares some facilities with the University of Houston–Victoria.

Victoria College now serves approximately 6,200 students each year through education and training. It is designated by the US Department of Education as a Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI).

Service area
As defined by the Texas Legislature, the official service area of Victoria College includes:
 * Calhoun, DeWitt, Gonzales, Lavaca, and Victoria Counties
 * Jackson County, except the territory within the Ganado Independent School District
 * Refugio County, except the territory within the Woodsboro Independent School District

Student life
Victoria College offers more than 20 student clubs and organizations.

The VC Pirates men's basketball and women's volleyball teams compete at the NJCAA Division I level.

History
Victoria College was established as a part of the Victoria Independent School District in 1925, making it one of the oldest community colleges in Texas. Classes were initially held on the third floor of the Patti Welder High School with 51 students enrolling that first semester.

In Sept. 1949, Victoria College moved to its present-day Main Campus on Red River Street and constructed four buildings that year. Nearly a century later, VC has expanded to include 16 buildings on its 60-acre Main Campus, the Zelda L. Allen School of Nursing in Hallettsville (1984), the Museum of the Coastal Bend located on the Main Campus (2003); the Gonzales Center in Gonzales (2006), the Leo J. Welder Center for the Performing Arts in downtown Victoria (2012), and the Emerging Technology Complex on Lone Tree Road (2015).

Over the years, Victoria College has opened new locations; underwent several name changes; expanded its workforce training, adult education, and dual enrollment offerings; and evolved into a community college that now serves approximately 6,200 students each year through education and training.

Notable alumni

 * Joseph L. Galloway, newspaper correspondent and columnist
 * Jim Lehrer, journalist
 * Geanie Morrison, member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 30 since 1999; includes Victoria County

title: Victoria College (Texas)


text:
Harnam Singh Wala

Harnam Singh Wala is a village located in the district of Bathinda, in the Indian state of Punjab.

title: Harnam Singh Wala