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Testamentary capacity

In the common law tradition, testamentary capacity is the legal term of art used to describe a person's legal and mental ability to make or alter a valid will. This concept has also been called sound mind and memory or disposing mind and memory.

Presumption of capacity
Adults are presumed to have the ability to make a will. Litigation about testamentary capacity typically revolves around charges that the testator, by virtue of senility, dementia, insanity, or other unsoundness of mind, lacked the mental capacity to make a will. In essence, the doctrine requires those who would challenge a validly executed will to demonstrate that the testator did not know the consequence of their conduct when they executed the will.

Certain people, such as minors, are usually deemed to be conclusively incapable of making a will by the common law; however, minors who serve in the military are conceded the right to make a will by statute in many jurisdictions. In South Africa, however, one acquires testamentary capacity at the age of 16 years.

Requirements
The requirements for testamentary capacity are minimal. Some courts have held that a person who lacked the capacity to make a contract can nevertheless make a valid will. While the wording of statutes or judicial rulings will vary from one jurisdiction to another, the test generally requires that the testator was aware of:
 * 1) The extent and value of their property.
 * 2) The persons who are the natural beneficiaries
 * 3) The disposition they are making
 * 4) How these elements relate to form an orderly plan of distribution of property.

The legal test implies that a typical claimant in a will contest is a disgruntled heir who believes they should have received a larger share than they did under the will. Once the challenging party meets the burden of proof that the testator did not possess the capacity, the burden subsequently shifts to the party propounding the will to show by clear and convincing evidence that the testator did have the requisite capacity.

Proof of testamentary capacity
Those who contest a will for lack of testamentary capacity must typically show that the decedent suffered from mental unsoundness that left them unable to remember family members or caused them to hold insane delusions about them. Dead Man's Statutes sometimes restrict evidence which can be admitted concerning transactions with the decedent.

Lawyers for people whose testamentary capacity might be called into question often arrange for a will execution to be video taped. On video, they ask the testator about his property and about his family, and go over the contents of the testator's will.

The testamentary capacity matter is most frequently raised posthumously, when an aggrieved heir contests the will entered into probate. For this reason, in the absence of the ability to interview the testator directly, a forensic psychiatrist or forensic psychologist may evaluate a testator’s capacity by reviewing videotape of the drafting of the will, emails or letters, medical records, and other records. Along with resolving an examinee's testamentary capacity, a forensic specialist may observe for signs of undue influence, particularly susceptibility to undue influence.

Even when a testator is found to have lacked testamentary capacity due to senility, loss of memory due to the aging process, infirmity or insanity, courts will sometimes rule that the testator had a "temporary period of lucidity" or a "lucid moment" at the time of the execution of the testamentary instrument. Such finding will validate a will that would otherwise be denied probate.

A way to forestall a will contest would be to have a self-proving will, in which an affidavit of the witnesses to the will specifically swear or affirm that the will was prepared under the supervision of an attorney.

Testamentary capacity in England and Wales
Where a will is rational, professionally drawn, seemingly regular in form and is made by a person whose capacity is not in doubt, there is a presumption that the will is valid. This presumption can be rebutted by a challenger to the will showing that there is a real doubt about capacity. At this point the burden of proving capacity moves to the propounder of the will to then show that there was testamentary capacity at the time the will was executed.

The current test comes from the decision in Banks v Goodfellow (1870). This case concerned the validity of the will of John Banks. In modern terms he would most likely be described as a paranoid schizophrenic. He suffered from delusions that he was being persecuted by devils (they were sometimes visible to him) and also by a deceased local grocer. His will was challenged on the basis that he was insane and therefore unable to make a will. The will was found to be valid after trial by jury, before Brett J, at Cumberland Spring Assizes in 1869. On appeal, this judgment was confirmed unanimously by a panel of four appeal judges in Queen's Bench. The will was found to be valid, not influenced by his delusions, and deemed rational, being in favour of his only close relative (who also lived with him). In his judgment, Cockburn CJ set out a test of the capacity to make a valid will, which is still applied in many Anglophone jurisdictions today. It is now considered as being composed of four distinct elements: (1) understanding the nature of the act of making a will and its effect, (2) understanding the extent of the property that is to be disposed of, (3) understanding the claims of family or friendship to which ought to be given effect and as a separate element, (4) that no mental disorder or delusion shall influence his will in way that would not have occurred otherwise. This remains the test today, notwithstanding the Mental Capacity Act 2005.

In addition, in the original wording, [1], [2] and [3] are all approached as not requiring actual understanding, but instead being capable of understanding. As this is a common law test created by judges, it is capable of being modified by judges, as they see fit in the light of modern circumstances. Modern psychiatric knowledge has allowed the test to be developed by having a further element added and that is for the testator to be capable of exercising his decision-making powers.

This test is focussed on the ability of the particular individual and his particular estate. The outcome is always unique to the particular facts. Where the circumstances and assets of a testator are simple or straightforward the level of capacity required will be lower than that for the testator with complex circumstances and assets. Additionally, this test is expressly designed for the capability of a person to make a will. It is not, therefore, a test that has an application to any other transactions, save one – the capacity to make substantial lifetime gifts. The leading English decision in this area is Re Beaney (deceased).

The test in Banks v Goodfellow has proved to be long lasting as it was not a definition in medical terms, but a plain English definition of what a person should be capable of understanding in order to make a will. The test is still applied by a court. A medical opinion, while being potentially valuable evidence, is not determinative of capacity unless accepted as such by the court. The evidence of the will draftsman has considerable value to the court, if he has carried out his work to an acceptable standard. The will draftsman is required to have knowledge of the legal test of capacity and what its implications are, in order to record his relevant observations of the testator and form an opinion of his client's capacity. This, coupled with much greater prominence of negligence claims against will draftsmen, means that a careful understanding of what the draftsman should be doing becomes vital.

Case Law

 * Addington v. Wilson, 5 Blackf. (Ind.) 137, 61 Am.Dec. 81 (Sup. Ct. Ind. 1854)
 * Allman v. Malsbury, 224 Ind. 177, 65 N.E.2d 106 (Sup. Ct. Ind. 1946)
 * Hays v. Harmon, 809 N.E.2d 460 (Ind. Ct. App., 2004)

Testierfähigkeit

title: Testamentary capacity


text:
Belloy

Belloy may refer to:

People

 * Jean-Baptiste de Belloy, Archbishop of Paris from 1802 to 1808
 * Pierre-Laurent Buirette de Belloy, a French dramatist and actor

Places

 * Belloy-en-Santerre, a commune of the Somme département, in France
 * Belloy-Saint-Léonard, a commune of the Somme département, in France
 * Belloy-sur-Somme, a commune of the Somme département, in France
 * Belloy, Oise, a commune of the Oise département, in France
 * Belloy, Alberta, a hamlet in Alberta, Canada

Other

 * Belloy Formation, a stratigraphical unit in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Belloy


text:
Dormont de Belloy

Pierre-Laurent Buirette de Belloy, known as Dormont de Belloy (17 November 1727 – 5 March 1775), was a French dramatist and actor.

Life
De Belloy was born at Saint-Flour, Cantal, and, orphaned at a young age, was educated by his uncle, a distinguished advocate in Paris, for the bar. To escape from a profession he disliked he joined a troupe of comedians playing in the courts of the northern sovereigns. In 1758 the performance of his Titus, which had already been produced in Saint Petersburg, was postponed through his uncle's exertions; and when it did appear, a hostile cabal procured its failure, and it was not until after his guardians death that de Belloy returned to Paris with Zelmire (1762), a fantastic drama which met with great success, latter becoming an opera by Rossini. This was followed in 1765 by the patriotic play, Le Siège de Calais.

The humiliations undergone by France in the Seven Years' War assured a good reception for a play in which the devotion of Frenchmen redeemed disaster. The popular enthusiasm was unaffected by the judgment of calmer critics such as Diderot and Voltaire, who pointed out that the glorification of France was not best effected by a picture of defeat. De Belloy was admitted to the Académie française in 1772 due to his activities as a playwright. He remains the only actor to have ever held a seat on the Academy. His attempt to introduce national subjects into French drama deserves honor, but it must be confessed that his resources proved unequal to the task.

The Le Siège de Calais was followed by Gabrielle de Vergy (1770), Gaston di Bayard (1771), Pedro le cruel (1772). None of these attained the success of the earlier play, and de Belloy's death, which took place on 5 March 1775, is said to have been hastened by disappointment.

title: Dormont de Belloy


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Sin Moo Hapkido

Sin Moo Hapkido (pronounced as Shin Moo Hawpkido) is a martial art that combines "hard" and "soft" techniques. From a purely technical perspective, it is very closely related to its parent art, Traditional Hapkido, though it places more emphasis on meditative, philosophical, and Ki development training. Hapkido is often translated as “the way of coordinating power,” which places emphasis on the physical techniques that Hapkido is often known for. However, the founder of Sin Moo Hapkido, Ji Han-jae, has landed on a different understanding of the term. Hap means bringing together, gathering, or harmonizing. “Ki” is the energy or breath in the body that connects the mind and the body, and "Do" is the process or way this happens. Thus, his definition of Hapkido is, “The way of harmonizing the mind and body through the utilization of ki.” Sin means "higher mind or higher spirit," and "Moo" means "martial art."

When translated in its entirety, Sin Moo Hapkido therefore means, “The way of using martial arts to harmonize the mind and body to reach a higher more enlightened state of existence.”

History
Sin Moo Hapkido was founded in 1983 in Seoul, South Korea by Dojunim Ji Han-jae (b. 1936) with the assistance of Merrill Jung and other members of the Northern California Hapkido Association. The curriculum was based on Ji's earlier Hapkido programs that he developed from his three teachers and own personal study. Ji, Han-jae was an early student (Dan #14) of Choi Yong-sool, a student of Yawara & Daito-Ryu Aikijujutsu, and the founder of Hapkiyusool, a forerunner of Hapkido. DoJuNim Ji, Han-jae also a student of the teacher known only as Master / Wise-Man Lee (Lee Do-sa), who taught "Sam Rang Do", weapons, and more, as well as "Grandma", who he considered to be his spiritual teacher. Though formed in Seoul, the first official school for Sin Moo Hapkido was not opened until 1984 in Daly City (very near San Francisco), California, where Ji began teaching his new art.

The art
Sin Moo Hapkido incorporates a philosophy of non-violence, self-improvement, adaptability, and physical, emotional and spiritual balance, with the basic Hapkido training. Additionally, Sin Moo Hapkido formalizes a series of techniques, although at advanced levels students are expected to synthesize their own work. The use of energy flows are also emphasized in Sin Moo Hapkido.

Techniques
Sin Moo Hapkido uses holds, joint locks, throws, re-direction, kicks, punches, blocks, pressure points, weapons, and energy flow techniques.

Holds and Joint Locks
Holds and joint locks are used primarily for control of an aggressor. They are primarily defensive, but at more advanced levels can be interpreted as attacks. At the 4th dan black belt there is also taught 30 special attack techniques using variations and combinations of basic locks.

Throws, Re-Direction and Blocks
Throws and re-direction of an aggressor's energy use an attacker's momentum to continue their own motion using the circular motion principle of Hapkido. These techniques depend on the incoming energy of the attack to determine their outcome; a soft or weak attack will require a small or soft re-direction. A large or powerful attack will result in a re-direction or throw that involves much more energy, translating to a more devastating outcome upon the attacker. The blocks used in Sin Moo Hapkido are usually also re-direction blocks, but some blocks are intended to be used to stop an aggressor's attack and because of this some blocks are hard blocks. Also legs are used for blocking.

Kicks and Punches
Sin Moo Hapkido uses a wide variety of strikes. Sin Moo Hapkido incorporates 25 defensive kicks that are useful in "street style" defensive situations that counter incoming attacks – out of the 25 two are specially only used to block kicks, but some of the other kicks can be used the same way also. Many of the kicks are designed for use in restricted spaces like hallways or crowds. After learning the basic 25 the student then learns 7 spin kicks, followed by many special kicks. Special kicks are harder to master but they need more room to be used, and they include doublekicks, flyingkicks, from the ground done kicks, jumpingkicks and combination kicks. Sin Moo Hapkido has numerous striking techniques.

Pressure Points and Energy Flow
Pressure points are used in Hapkido to control the physical body, and to manipulate the body's Ki to stop, disarm and disable an attacker or heal a patient. Sin Moo Hapkido uses many pressure points out of the body's over 750 pressure points. The pressure points are also referred to as vital points. Sin Moo Hapkido has a special side called Revival Techniques, which specializes on pressure point fighting and eastern medicine.

Weapons
Sin Moo Hapkido weapon training consists of the use of short stick (tan bong), long stick (jang bong), the sword (kum), cane, handkerchief, long-belt/scarf, thrown weapons (knives, rocks, etc...) and adapting everyday objects to use as weapons. Weapon training is learned in the black belt stages, but knife defense techniques are learned at Brown Belt.

Ranks
Sin Moo Hapkido's ranking system is somewhat similar to other ranking systems. Gups (급, called also kups) are beginner student stages and dans (단) are advanced student stages. Though Sin Moo Hapkido has had a number of different revisions as far as rank structure, this is the current organization used by Ji, Han-jae. Lately, Dojunim Ji, Han-jae himself has associated official titles to Dan ranks, adding 10th Dan. He has asked all his top students (8th and 9th Dans) to help the "10th Dans" in their task of expanding and developing Sin Moo Hapkido.

Belt Ranks:
 * White Belt
 * Yellow Belt (not present in all schools)
 * Orange Belt (not present in all schools)
 * Green Belt
 * Blue Belt
 * Red Belt
 * Brown Belt

Black Belts:
 * 1st Dan: Black Belt
 * 2nd Dan: Assistant
 * 3rd Dan: Assistant Instructor
 * 4th Dan: Instructor
 * 5th Dan: Master
 * 6th Dan: Chief Master (Cheul Do In)
 * 7th Dan: Head Master (Joong Cheul Do In)
 * 8th Dan: Grand Master (Sang Cheul Sun Sa)
 * 9th Dan: Senior Grandmaster (Dae Cheul Sun In)
 * 9th Dan: Senior Grandmaster
 * 10th Dan: Supreme Grandmaster (Joong Kwang Sun Sa)
 * Beyond Dan ranks : "Dojunim: Ji, Han-jae (Honorable Founder Of The Way)

Uniform
There are many variations when it comes to uniforms in Sin Moo Hapkido as there was no official uniform for many years. Although a diamond pattern on the dobok top is a Hapkido designation most European schools used white uniforms with black trim, and most American schools used plain white judo uniforms for the first 15 years or so.

The current official uniform is a grey colored dobok often with ties at the bottoms (for leg weights), though many people chose to leave the legs open. There is a World Sin Moo Hapkido logo on the left lapel and an oval shaped Sin Moo Hapkido logo on the back.

The official uniform (dobok) for "Masters" rank and above, 6th Dan and higher, is white with gold trim as seen in Bruce Lee's "Game of Death" movie.

Meditation and Ki Breathing
Sin Moo Hapkido has many meditation techniques. They are a combination of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist exercises and primarily focus on Ki development and opening the "mind's eye." Sin Moo Hapkido's first exercise is known as Danjeon Breathing and is similar to Chinese Qigong practices. Sin Moo Hapkido classes usually start with danjeon breathing and end with meditation.

Nine basic life rules
Sin Moo Hapkido's has 9-Tenets which are categorized into three groups. The first three are associated with Confucianism. The second are related to Buddhism. The last three are related to Zen and Taoism. These Tenets will help the Sin Moo Hapkido practitioner to have a better and healthier life.

Physical:
 * 1st Proper diet
 * 2nd Healthy sexual behavior
 * 3rd Beneficial meditation

Mental:
 * 4th Do not be angry
 * 5th Do not be sad
 * 6th Do not be greedy

Spiritual:
 * 7th Water balance
 * 8th Air balance
 * 9th Sunshine balance

Basic techniques to attain Green Belt
(A) Wrist Defense (B) Attacking (C) Straight punch defense (D) Combination wrist defense
 * Danjun Breathing
 * Warming up exercises
 * 25 Basic Kicks
 * Basic Escapes
 * Push/Pull (No Resistance)
 * Basic 8 Hand Techniques
 * Front Cloth Grab Defenses
 * Concentration meditation

Basic techniques to attain Blue Belt

 * Spin Kicks
 * Punch Defense
 * Cross Hand Wrist Techniques
 * Behind and Body Grab Defense

Basic techniques to attain Red Belt

 * Kicking Styles
 * Kick Defense
 * Cross Hand on Top Wrist Techniques
 * Choke Defense

Basic techniques to attain Brown Belt

 * Kicking Styles
 * Knife Defense
 * Side by Side Wrist Technqiues
 * Sit Down/Lie Down Techniques

Basic techniques to attain Black Belt

 * Special Kicking
 * Throw Defense
 * Basic Yudo Style Throws
 * Advanced 8 Wrist Techniques

Sin Moo Hapkido Grandmasters (8th+ Dan)

 * Ji Han-jae; Do Ju, Founder
 * Jurg Ziegler; 10th dan
 * Kenneth P MacKenzie; 10th Dan
 * Merrill Jung; 10th Dan
 * Massan Ghorbani; 10th Dan
 * Inwan Kim; 10th Dan
 * Frank Croaro; 10th Dan
 * John Beluschak; 10th Dan
 * Larry Dorsey; 10th Dan
 * John Godwin; 10th Dan
 * Ian A. Cyrus; 10th Dan
 * Dr. Egil Fosslien; 10th Dan
 * Kirk Koskella; 10th Dan
 * Herman Mochalin; 10th Dan
 * Yung T. Freda; 9th Dan
 * Walter Hubmann; 9th Dan
 * Perry Zmugg; 9th Dan
 * Nicolas Tacchi; 9th Dan
 * Rafael Balbastre; 9th Dan
 * Stuart Forrest; 9th Dan
 * Rony Dassen; 9th Dan
 * Lee Ka-myung; 9th Dan
 * Scott Yates; 9th Dan
 * Stuart Rosenberg; 9th Dan
 * Farshad Azad; 9th Dan
 * Carl Hettinger; 9th Dan
 * Rami Vainionpää; 9th Dan

Sin Moo Hapkido Kwans
Since 2014, Doju Nim Ji Han-jae has been issuing Kwan certifications : his top students have been given the authorization to develop their own Sin Moo Hapkido styles, by mixing traditional Sin Moo Hapkido with their own martial arts background. This way, Sin Moo Hapkido can grow much richer year after year, thanks to all these top ranking Masters teaching their techniques all over the world. Here is a list of the Kwans that currently exist within the Sin Moo Hapkido family :

 * Shin Yong Do (Frank Croaro)
 * Shin Ki Kwan (Scott Yates)
 * Yu Shin HapGi Mu yae Kwan (Ian Cyrus)
 * Samil Kwan (Sean Bradley)
 * Yu Sool Kwan (John Beluschak)
 * Song Moo Kwan (Geoff Booth)
 * Yu Hwa Kwan (Walter Hubmann)
 * Han Do Kwan (Herman Mochalin)
 * Jeong Hak Kwan (Nicolas Tacchi)
 * Sun Bi Kwan (In Wan Kim)
 * Tang Soo Kwan (John Godwin)
 * Anu Kwan (Stuart Rosenberg)
 * Bi Ho Kwan (Larry Dorsey)
 * SinMoo Jung Shin Kwan (Ramfis Marquez)
 * SinMoo Sung Hwa Do (Kirk Koskella)
 * Sin Ki Kwan Kang Mu do (Min-hee Kang)
 * Sin Moo Baek-Ho Kwan (Eduardo Salazar)

Kwans and regions are independent and they are fully authorized to issue Dan certificates. Although, the caveat is that all kwans and regions work together to preserve the legacy of Sin Moo Hapkido and Sin Moo.

However, many of them continue to work together by attending special events such as World Sin Moo Hapkido Federation's "International Hapkido Summit", hosted by "Joong Kwang Dae Sun Sa" Ken MacKenzie. Many Grandmasters like GM John Godwin (Tang Soo Kwan), GM Inwan Kim (Sun Bi Kwan), GM Larry Dorsey (Bi Ho Kwan) regularly attend this cooperation event.

Plus, many European Sin Moo Grandmasters like GM Walter Hubmann (head of Austrian SinMoo Hapkido), GM Rami Vainionpaa (head of Skandinavian Sin Moo Hapkido), GM Nicolas Tacchi (Jeong Hak Kwan, head of French-speaking Sin Moo Hapkido), GM Rafael Balbastre (head of Hispanic Sin Moo Hapkido) and GM Herman Mochalin (Han Do Kwan) still consider "Joong Kwang Dae Sun Sa" Jürg Ziegler as their Sin Moo teacher and attend his European seminars.

In addition, other Sin Moo Grandmasters such as Frank Croaro (First Generation-Senior Student), Farshad Azad, John Beluschak, Stuart Rosenberg, Sean Bradley, Ian A. Cyrus, and Ramfis Marquez, & Scott Yates continue to preserve the legacy of Sin Moo Hapkido for future generations.

title: Sin Moo Hapkido


text: User talk:83.131.139.13

title: User talk:83.131.139.13


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Porto Grande Bay

Porto Grande Bay (Baía do Porto Grande), also Mindelo Bay, is a bay on the north coast of the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde. The main city of São Vicente, Mindelo, is situated at the bay. The Porto Grande Bay is a natural harbour. It stretches between the headlands Ponta João Ribeiro in the northeast and Ponta do Morro Branco in the west. To the northwest it opens towards the Canal de São Vicente, the channel between the islands São Vicente and Santo Antão. The small rocky islet Ilhéu dos Pássaros lies north of the bay.

Port facilities
The port is owned and operated by ENAPOR, the Cape Verdean port authority. Since the latest modernization in 2014, the port has 4 long quays, 4 shorter quays, a quay for fishing boats with fish processing installations, a container terminal (expanded and modernized in 1997), 2 roll-on/roll-off ramps and 3 passenger terminals. The total length of the quays is 1,560 m, and the maximum depth is 12 m. With 847,602 metric tonnes of cargo and 350,213 passengers handled (2017), it is the busiest port of Cape Verde. There are ferry services to the islands of Santo Antão, São Nicolau, Santiago and Sal.

title: Porto Grande Bay


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Jewell Towne Vineyards

Jewell Towne Vineyards is a winery in the state of New Hampshire. The property is located on the hills overlooking the Powwow River a few miles from the Atlantic Ocean. The property is the oldest currently producing winery in New Hampshire,   and is seen as a leader in establishing northern New England cold hardy cultivars.

History
In 1982 Peter Oldak of South Hampton, New Hampshire, a former emergency room physician, planted six grapevines in his backyard to complement his small garden and orchard. With time he concluded the microclimate of his 13 acre property was very similar to that of the Finger Lakes region of New York and was well suited to growing grapes, despite common misconceptions.

In 1994 Jewell Towne Vineyards became a licensed commercial enterprise, and the first 40 cases were released. Having made the wine in the Oldak home basement until 1996, the construction of a winery was completed in 1999, containing a wine cellar, bottling room, a large tasting room and a balcony used as an art gallery to exhibit work from local artists.

Since 1994 Jewell Towne Vineyards wines have won an array of awards from national competitions and state fairs.

Oldak has also formed the New Hampshire Winery Association, aiming to support local vintners, and works with the University of New Hampshire teaching viticulture and winemaking.

In 2018, it was reported that Peter Oldak and his wife Brenda were going to stop producing wines and sell off their remaining stock so that they could go into retirement.

Production
Initially experimenting with more than sixty grape varieties, the number was eventually reduced to approximately twenty of varieties deemed most promising by 1990. While a varied selection of grape varieties, there is an emphasis on cold hardy varieties, but also Vitis vinifera varieties, such as Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer and Riesling. Among the cultivated hybrids are Aurore, Seyval, Vidal blanc, Vignoles and Marechal Foch. Oldak has declared a mission to bring Landot noir back to respectability. The winery produces between 18 and 20 types of wine. In addition to red and white varietal wines, the winery produces blush and ice wines, and a "port" that is made from the Chancellor grape.

By the early 2000s, Jewell Towne produced 35,000 bottles a year, requiring more fruit than can possibly be cultivated on the 5 acre vineyard, and therefore imported roughly 70% of the grapes from New York and California. However, in 2010 they decreased the amount of wine produced so that they could use only fruit grown on the 5-acre property. As the state line dividing New Hampshire and Massachusetts runs through the property, some of the wines bear "New Hampshire 50% & Massachusetts 50%" on the label.

title: Jewell Towne Vineyards


text:
Talk:Dvaita Vedanta

Untitled
I came across an article in the 'Kalyana Kalpataru' which tried to reconcile dvaita and visishta opinions with advaita by actually terming them dvaitadvaita and visishtadvita respectively. Briefly put, calling them the two-in-one and three-in-one theories respectively. So both the material and the cause is god, but the conditioned or the individual soul is 'smaller' and cannot become the 'larger' (but can merge with it).

Please explain
"In which a response for this would be, that we have not realised the non-duality of our soul and brahman. This realisation comes upon true knowledge, Madhva like any other human may have not realised the non-duality of reality and developed a philsophy or rather a doctrine from his interpretations."

I don't understand this, could someone please reword? Poweroid 18:28, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Re: "Dvaita philosophy has some glaring drawbacks"
To Hnaluru and the anon user who keeps adding the text beginning with: "Dvaita philosophy has some glaring drawbacks" - please see the following Wikipedia guideline page What Wikipedia is Not. This article is not a place to add personal opinions on Dvaita philosophy - it is an encyclopedic entry. What you added where point of view statements, not neutral arguments. Ys, Gouranga(UK) 15:54, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

"The Absolute Truth is both subject and object, and there is no qualitative difference there. Therefore, Brahman, Paramatma and Bhagavan are qualitatively one and the same. The same substance is realized as impersonal Brahman by the students of the Upanishads, as localized Paramatma by the Hiranyagarbhas or the yogis, and as Bhagavan by the devotees. In other words, Bhagavan, or the Personality of Godhead, is the last word of the Absolute Truth. Paramatma is the partial representation of the Personality of Godhead, and impersonal Brahman is the glowing effulgence of the Personality of Godhead, as the sun rays are to the sun-god. Less intelligent students of either of the above schools sometimes argue in favor of their own respective realization, but those who are perfect seers of the Absolute Truth know well that the above three features of the one Absolute Truth are different perspective views seen from different angles of vision."

To GourangaUK and whosoever that are removing the Drawbacks section,
I have added the above Drawbacks section. If you are the person who added up the above italicized substance, pls have a thorough reading of your own quotation. As all the rivers flow into the ocean, the supreme spirit engulfs all the materialistic substances in the universe. The above paragraph inherently implies the same philosophy. "...ONE absolute truth are different perspective...". One absolute truth is what preached by "A"-Dvaita. This also proposes that the hierarchies as propogated by the Dvaita philosophy are redundant. They do ot exist. If it is the one and only Brahman, why there is a lesser part of it subordinating to the greater other.

This is the TRUTH that there are no differences between Gods - NO Tharathamya

I just wanted to debate your idea of Tharathamya and not vandalise this article. If you wish not to acknowledge this fact, that's fine but truth is truth and this is mentioned in the Vedas. - "Aham Brahmasmi - (I am that supreme Brahman) - Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad, Yajur Veda" and this is salvation. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 165.72.200.11 (talk) 04:39, 29 December 2006 (UTC).

 * The quotation given in italics above ("The Absolute Truth is both subject and object...") gives the opinion that both Dvaita and Advaita viewpoints are 'correct' to an extent as they describe different facets of the same Absolute Truth. It is not supporting the Advaita viewpoint in the sense you understood it to be.
 * To argue one point of view as the only 'TRUTH' is a personal opinion, and ultimately Wikipedia is not designed for the purpose of adding personal opinions. I appreciate your desire to add to this article, however please be sure to read please the Wikipedia guideline page What Wikipedia is Not in order to understand why your edits keep being reverted. Regards, ys, Gouranga(UK) 10:47, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

POV?
"Whereas Adviata preaches that Atman and Brahman are one and the same, which is not evident to the atman till he comes out of a so-called illusion, Madhvacharya puts forward the truth as Brahman (Vishnu) and Atman (soul) to be eternally different, with God always the most superior one."

Isn't this POV? Contrast the terms used to describe the Advaita ("so-called illusion") and the Dvaita ("truth") positions. Couldn't this be phrased in a more even fashion?

Cleanup
Still needs some cleanup. -- Shruti14 t c s 02:09, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Quotes in Lead?
Should the lead contain a quote? -- Shruti14 t c s 02:09, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Define terms used for first time? (re: 'jaati')
There was a term in this article that meant nothing to me.. 'jaati'. I searched wikipedia in the hopes that I could link to an existing article but there wasn't one as far as I could tell. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.173.212.221 (talk) 19:59, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Comparison of Dvaita with Christianity
Can somebody please explain the purpose of this sub section? Two points have been given to support this claim 1. Both have Prophets who are worshipped as "Son Of God" 2. Much little has been written about their Lives.

Jesus is claimed to be the "Son of God". Madhwacharya is said to be the son of Vaayu. He is not told to be the son of Brahman/Narayana/Sri Hari. According to Madhwa phylosophy Vaayu is subordinate to Hari. How is this statement justified?

The second argument is too weak to support the above claim. Many founders of religion do not have a well documented history of themselves. What makes it a unique similarity? Requesting permission to delete this section.--Gthorvey (talk) 21:21, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Madhwacharya is said to be the third incornation of Vaayu; 1st one Hanuma in Thretayuga; 2nd one Bheema in Dvapara yuga; Madhva the 3rd in Kaliyuga - so he himself has written in Mahabharath thatparya NirNaya.Bschandrasgr (talk) 17:02, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dvaita Vedanta


text:
Lucumí

Lucumí or Lukumí may refer to:
 * Lucumí language, a lexicon of words and phrases used as the liturgical language of Santería in Cuba
 * Lucumí people, an Afro-Cuban ethnic group of Yoruba ancestry
 * Lucumí religion, another name for the Santería faith
 * Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Hialeah, Florida, United States
 * Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah, a U.S. Supreme Court case

People

 * Brayan Lucumí (b. 1994), Colombian footballer
 * Carlota Lucumí (d. 1844), Afro-Cuban slave and rebel leader
 * Édison Hipólito Chará Lucumí (1980 – 2011), Colombian footballer
 * Janer Guaza Lucumí (b. 1991), Colombian footballer
 * Jeison Lucumí (b. 1995), Colombian footballer
 * Jhon Lucumí (b. 1998), Colombian footballer
 * Luis Sinisterra Lucumí (b. 1999), Colombian footballer
 * Remigio Lucumí (1811/1816 – 1905), Afro-Cuban babalawo (Yoruba priest)
 * Sebastián Rincón Lucumí (b. 1994), Colombian footballer

title: Lucumí


text:
Talk:Renaissance fair

Fairs Mentioned
While this article is a good start, it seems to overly emphasize the California faires. While it gives a few sentences to Bristol and mentions the names of other faires, all of the history and indeed, name-dropping seems to revolve around the Pleasure Faires of California. Now I don't deny that the California faires are an important part of the story, but they are only part of it.

Although I don't have the knowledge to fix it, it would be great if the article could incorporate numbers to give a better idea of just how many faires there are and give an idea of the different types of fairs there are (i.e. those that run a weekend, those that run all summer, hard-structure vs. soft, etc.). Numbers around attendance would also give a good idea of the varying sizes of the faires.

Purity test external link
Anyone know why my link was removed in this edit? edit history And again in this edit? edit history 2 And yet again what is going on and why is this being done? [68.83.125.151]

 * Well for one it's non-encyclopedic, Wikipedia is not a link farm. See External links for guidance on what types of external links are appropriate in an encyclopedia project. Perhaps you should try Unencyclopedia for joke/humour sites. -- Stbalbach 02:41, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

The links that I was referring to were not the purity test links but the links to the MDRF Friends of Faire group which does fit in with the kink of links that are appropriate especially considering we have the MDRF Wiki on the site. —This unsigned comment was added by Toren (talk • contribs).

 * yeah I don't know why someone was deleting that. --Stbalbach 15:57, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

"Commercialism" section (Sept 2005)
The title of the section "Commentaries on Current Faires, Internal Politics, and Commercialism" has been changed to just "Commericalism" by Aaron... but this just draws further attention to the fact that this section is problematic. I created the earlier title to point out that this content was really "Commentary"... As the opening paragraph is editorializing (i.e. non-encyclopedic), I am moving it here to the Discussion page until someone can edit it to remove bias/personal opinion (also needs some rewriting if it is to be used in main article). Commercialism The California festival has largely changed since the seventies and eighties when it rivaled Oktoberfest in Beer Sales and incorporated a vision of the emerging renaissance of the sixties into its colorful street scene. Face painters and cookiejesters, Flamenco performers and Pinwheels all portrayed both a historical and present renaissance. Many of the workers also attended shows of the Grateful Dead, and the crafts were unrivaled in the state. Largely declining in the quality of crafts and intensity of theatrical experience the crew and cast have moved on to other ventures and the emphasis is no longer on interactive ensemble theatre. After famed longform improvisation performer and Faire employee Hal Taylor passed, the final link with a history steeped in performers from Second City and the Groundlings was eroded. The festival still includes music, dance and stage performances, scattered lightly through the open air facilities.

It may be that this just belongs here in discussion, and should not be edited and moved back. Regards, Liberty Miller September 20, 2005 (22:22 UTC)

 * This is a hot topic faced by any area of fandom. Newbies may accept the corporate presence, Budweiser beer and T-shirt stands and those events will be the ones they grow up with and always cherish, while oldtimers won't take to it. Same thing at Disney theme parks (or pretty much anywhere else). But, talk of differences through the years would be fitting. "Fairs in the 60s / 70s / 80s" talking about the birth of R.E.C. and Mid America festivals and such.  Actually, a timeline of events would be a very cool thing (and a massive undertaking, considering how many events only lasted a year or so). --Allen Huffman 22:09, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

"Notable fairs"
To avoid opinion, simple research could determine: Longest continually running fair, longest running (total time, if defunct), largest fair (property/size), highest attended fair, and maybe longest fair operational season (event open the most weekends). The jaded patron in me wants to add "most expensive event" like media always does when talking about Orlando theme parks... --Allen Huffman 22:18, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Ye Olde vs. Ye New
The booths selling stuff with signs that say "Ye Olde " always seemed very unrennaisance to me. Sure, it's a nostalgia-fest, but if it were a real Rennasiance Fair, everything would be "Ye New". I think it would be clever marketing, for example, for a stand selling french fries to market them as "Ye New" discovery from the new world...--RLent 19:06, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Not to be too picky, but I have been to or worked at 31 of the 200+ faires, and have yet to find any booth with a sign saying "Ye Olde". I have seen a couple "Shoppes", but they are rare. I would argue that using these terms is not typical of faires, and should probably be deleted from the article. (population size ca 200; sample size 31 = ca. 15%). These terms do appear regularly in printed advertising, such as programs) JSweetland (on the road)

Entertainer Links
Perhaps, as a guideline, we could use some psuedo standard for entertainer listings. As much as I'd like to add my group to the list, the reality is that the listing contains alot of relatively new acts known only in a small regional area, and misses alot of the national touring acts (jousting troupes, Smee and Blogg, Puke and Snot, endless others) that have been performing nationwide for decades. Perhaps we can work on a better list, listing acts and when they started, as a frame of reference. A group performing for 25 years is probably a better example of a seasoned renfest act than, say, my show which is only in its fourth season. (Of course, *personally* I love having "new" acts listed; gives the next generation some help!) Allen Huffman 16:16, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

More to the point, Wikipedia is not supposed to be used for personal and business promotion (a fact that is stated quite clearly). The audacity of certain performers posting their own links (not to mention creating their own Wikipedia pages) is ridiculous. If the article is supposed to be about Renaissance Festivals, then let it be about Renaissance Festivals and leave out the personal plugs. Bretblackshear 04:29, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

More Historical Timeline Ideas
Is anyone interested in tracing the idea of the Renaissance Fair as far back as they can? I believe the idea really gelled with the Eglinton Tournament in 1839, but there must be other examples too. Yes, it would be tricky, but it is an interesting sociological development. Artemis-Arethusa 00:17, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair or Faire?
Are they the same? If they are, which should the article use? If they are different, what is the difference? --Guinnog 07:10, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I did a copyedit; I really like this article, it captures well the experience of attending a fair as I did today. But a few references would really help it. --Guinnog 07:35, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The difference appears to just be marketing, as events across America use both Fair and Faire, which is unfortunate from an advertising standpoint since the average Joe (ie, patrons) doesn't know to add an 'e' to a website domain. This causes events I do radio ads for to have to say "that's fair with an 'e' on the end." --Allen Huffman 21:33, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

They're not the same. "Faire" is probably marketing. Sticking with the idea of having these things set in the middle ages (but with later Renaissance elements pegged in for entertainment value), I implore someone to find me some solid proof that the word "faire" isn't supposed to stem from "feyre" or "feria." In other words, the "e" is appended as an added effect. "Faire" is a lot easier to remember than "feyre," and just like your average joe probably can't spell "Renaissance" they probably couldn't remember "feyre..." But then again, does it even make sense to use "feyre?" It's a Middle English word, is it justifiable to say it fits entirely within the Renaissance? Sure, there was the 12th century Renaissance, which fits entirely in the middle ages, but don't "ren faires" typically celebrate the latter one, the one that was widespread throughout Europe? This is a really confusing point... seeing as the article is listed as dealing with the middle ages, but don't fairs typically espouse the later European Renaissance? Shouldn't they be called "Dark Age Fairs" or "Middle Age Fairs" instead?

Don't take this as an attack, it just doesn't seem correct. However, just because it's not correct doesn't mean people will change it. From everything I've ever seen, the preferred spelling is "faire." Doesn't matter if it's wrong, it's just how it is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.0.235.67 (talk • contribs) 06:56, 19 October 2007
 * Understood, but I think you could have integrated it better into the article. "Somewhat-incorrect" is awkward, and is your own interpretation. The etymology just seems to have come out of nowhere. I'm going to think about this one and see if I can make it work better. Someone else care to chime in? —  Hello Annyong  [ t · c ] 13:15, 19 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The English language lacked a "correct" spelling system for most of its life. Fair was spelled in 100 different ways before dictionaries started pinning down what was deemed correct and incorrect - the Oxford English Dictionary cites the use of "fayre" and "faire" in 1489 and 1383, respectively.Terinthanas 05:45, 20 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Cheers on your edit/cleanup. That's much better. —  Hello Annyong  [ t · c ] 06:44, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Thank you for cleaning up the article. My original "somewhat incorrect" was awkward. I think the wording "likely originated from" is a much better way to explain it. It's a way of saying it seems like it came from that, but doesn't irrefutably prove that it did. Also, integrating it into the other things these fairs are called was also pretty sharp. Good edit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.48.40.133 (talk • contribs) 00:59, November 19, 2007

Fair links
Restored the external links to the fairs. It is not clear this is spam. It seems the appropriate article to link to fairs. -- Stbalbach 16:11, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree that external links to fairs is not spam. Cynrin 16:41, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Links to fairs is not spam, but is outside the scope of the article and should not be allowed as it is promoting private businesses. The original festivals are listed. Other festivals can be, too, as examples of the widespread popularity of Renaissance Festivals, but that should be it. If a completel list of festivals isn't posted, then none should be. Bretblackshear 04:28, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

History
I added a picture from the Renaissance Pleasure Faire in Agoura c. 1986, but it's not the highest quality I can imagine. I'll see if I have any other 20-year-old photos that will survive digitizing, but if anyone has something more iconic, please replace this. I have a program from the 1970s somewhere... PKM 19:05, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Myths

 * There are several common myths and stereotypes about Renaissance Faires...

Oh, come on. Is this section nessesary? You would have to be a small child or a moron to think that people are actually being "harmed" at these commercial fairs via "real combat". 70.20.136.170 00:48, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

As an avid faire-goer, I have seen both small children and morons at Faires, including one lady that screamed in horror as a man in the stocks was "flogged" at a faire in Visalia, CA. This is just like any other warning; it's only there because someone was stupid enough to do it/try it/believe it. Highlander3751 01:46, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

The Myth section is completely uneccessary and puts forth the wrong idea and it is just not done. Bretblackshear 04:31, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, and since nobody has touched it in the last three months, I have rewritten the section. It was overwritten and overly alarming.  I think the new streamlined version cuts to the chase without losing anything vital.  Artemis-Arethusa 17:58, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Images and Photos
I do not think that the image of a belly dancer inserted on May 22 adds to the article, so I removed it. First, there is already a picture of a belly dancer in the article. Second, the picture was not even of a belly dancer performing; it is just a woman in a costume walking down a street--there is no way of telling whether this is a performer or just a patron who showed up in costume.

There are million of pictures taken at Ren Fests over the course of a year and almost all of them should not be added to this article. I thought about inserting a picture of my husband in his new "Fool" costume (GA Ren Fest) but realized that there is already a picture of someone in a jester's costume so it would be too similar and not add to the article, only to my ego. Ergo, I decided not to include it. Cynrin 01:35, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

The posting of generic photos of typical goings on at a Renaissance festival is what is appropriate, NOT promotional or fan photos of groups with the specific group name listed below. The Lost Boys picture should be removed or the text changed to read "example of a Renaissance festival music group". My vote is for it to be removed lest passersby mistake The Lost Boys (a fun act, yes) to be a "typical" Renaissance festival music group. Bretblackshear 04:48, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I removed a cluttered and confusing photo from the top of the article because it didn't seem as distinctive and clearly an example of the Renaissance Faire as the one below it, a great pic of an actress playing Mary, Queen of Scots in full tudor costume. That, I feel, is a better illustration to start the article with.  Some paring down of the photos is probably in order, and as I note it's three months since anybody else said so, I'll do a bit.  Artemis-Arethusa 18:05, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I know this discussion is several years old, so I don't necessarily expect a response, but I notice that there is still a picture of the Lost Boys marked as such. Is there some reason it needs to be removed or replaced? cmadler (talk) 12:51, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Notable Fairs Section Reads Like An Advertisement
If these fairs are individually Wiki-worthy, then they should have separate entries where their individual charms are discussed. Likewise, comments about the delights of your fair belong on your own websites, not in Wikipedia. I have edited the list to names of the fairs and brief descriptions. Artemis-Arethusa 17:49, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Overhaul
First off, cheers to Artemis-Arethusa for working so diligently on this page. As a whole, the page seems like a good attempt, but perhaps does not convey just what a Ren fair is as well as it could. In an attempt to bring up the quality of the page, I'm going to try to search around for citations and/or footnotes. As to the notable fairs, that part is a mess in itself. If they're so notable, shouldn't there be separate pages for each one?

Other than that, what else can/should be done? Ideas? —  Hello Annyong  [ t · c ] 18:02, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Edit to my post - be careful of making claims on this next! Wiki articles need to be verifiable. I'm going to go through and either tag things with a fact template, or just rewrite/delete them altogether. —  Hello Annyong  [ t · c ] 18:19, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Gosh, thanks. I've rewritten several sections, but the article overall still needs work.  I sort of agree about the notable fairs section.  Yet ... any number of Wikipedia articles also include lists of examples.  Just a list, without any description, seems a bit austere, but maybe not.  Anyway, if you think my edits do not go far enough, chop away.  This article needs a lot of underbrush cleared out.

 * As for suggestions, I think the entire section currently labelled "Environment" would do well at the top of the article as a description of what a Renaissance fair is and is like. But it needs a good rewrite and some citation (And a renaming, maybe to "Characteristics" or some such).  Then the history and derivation can be placed afterwards.  Grousing about various aspects (authenticity, etc.) can be placed in a separate "Controversy" section at the end, rather than dampening the mood throughout the article.  The overall tone sounds rather more like a description from an enthusiast trying to convince friends to visit (or from employees chatting to each other) rather than an encyclopedia article.

 * I have tried to tie in some of the more interesting historical and social developments that led to the modern Renaissance fair, as far as I can document them. As for references, I'm not familiar with one of the books cited (Peter Thomas and Richard J. Sneed, The Faire: Photographs and History of the Renaissance Pleasure Faire from 1963 onwards, The Good Book Press, 1987), but I note with some frustration that there doesn't seem to be much source material to cite.  If ever there was a phenomenon screaming for a good sociological study, the American Renaissance fair is it. Artemis-Arethusa 20:04, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh the heck with it. I just removed everything from that list of fairs except their names.  If they're notable, let them have their own Wiki pages where they can say what they like about their individual shows. Artemis-Arethusa 20:24, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Haha. I think the removal was the right thing to do. As for references, yeah, that's going to be a hard one to fill. I've been trying to look for articles on individual fairs, and see if they provide any sort of history as to fairs in general. I'll keep the search rolling... —  Hello Annyong  [ t · c ] 22:14, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I've done a search, and it appears there are no professional books on Renaissance fairs. I've found a few sites googling "renaissance fair history", but they seem unverifiable, bordering on gossip.  Most of the articles I've found are of the "huzzah turkey legs" variety -- more advertising and good press than concrete information. Artemis-Arethusa 15:43, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Grr, so frustrating. None of the faires' websites list any sort of history beyond "Now in it's Xth year!" You'd think that, at the very least, the original faire's site would list something about them starting the trend. —  Hello Annyong  [ t · c ] 16:00, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

I did find a dissertation! at the Digital Repository at Texas A&M (a real mouthful of a précis!), but somehow I don't think it will help. As for overhaul, I removed a long paragraph which was basically a list of some of the types of entertainer found at Ren fairs, with links to just about every type. However, I have placed some of those links in the "See also" section. I also removed some of the history of the (California) Renaissance Pleasure Faire. It really belongs in its own entry, not this general one. Artemis-Arethusa 00:16, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Photo/Image Wish List
I removed a picture of Robin Hood's Merry Men which was kind of so-so ... They were running off to the side of the picture, and it looked like the right half was missing. We could use some clear, iconic images for this article. There apparently was a nice jester pic for a while, but the reason it was so nice was that it was a copyrighted commercial image. Oops. We need copyright-free images, like people's own snapshots, if they're nice. One of the craftspersons at work, like a glassblower or smith, would be good. Also some of the mock-tudor architecture. And maybe a little more of the fancy costumes. What I'm thinking about is images which clearly convey what are seen as important parts of a Renaissance fair. Artemis-Arethusa 20:37, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Seconded. Good call removing that picture; it was sort of useless. Perhaps a better shot of that - from a different angle or something. Alas, we'd need more contributors to get some pictures up. —  Hello Annyong  [ t · c ] 20:43, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

I just added one of my own photos from last year. Artemis-Arethusa 01:01, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

I have some photos that I'd be willing to release under a CC license, including a glassblower and some other "iconic" material. Coming soon. 168.9.120.8 (talk) 18:11, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

I Would Love Some References for The History of the Development of the Ren Fair
I've been trying to find my original reference for this, but no luck: I am pretty sure that the Renaissance fair as we understand it was actually originated in the time of Elizabeth I (and, to a lesser extent, of her father, Henry VIII) as a sort of pro-good-old-days propaganda. The legitimacy of the Tudor line was shaky despite Henry VII's usurpation and ruthless extermination of every twig of the Plantagenet tree, and religious wars had caused a lot of anxiety. Numerous tournaments and fairs were organised under Elizabeth to jolly up patriotism and good feeling -- Think about this: In Elizabeth's time, knights in armor jousting were almost two hundred years out of date. It was a deliberate nostalgia trip, even back then!

Regrettably, I can't find where I first ran across this, and lacking any good reference material, I must leave it out of the main article. I'll keep my eyes open.

Also, I'm pretty sure the Metropolitan Museum of Art was hosting jousts and Renaissance festivals in New York City in the 1950s, but I don't have any documentation on hand. Something about the Cloisters and early music records, and maybe John Langstaff too. Artemis-Arethusa 00:16, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Some notes on the situation in Europe
This article is very US-centric, and the few mentions of similar European events present them in a fabourable light most do not deserve. It is true, there are some rare historically accurate reenactments in Europe, often held in historical places. The more typical equivalent of a ren fair in Germany (at least) is called a Mittelaltermarkt here. Despite its name, it has only few things in common with a market held in the middle ages. Perhaps the name »Fantasy Fair« would be more accurate. This sort of events is sometimes ridiculed by the historians and reenactors, but usually defended as a fun thing by participants and regular visitors. It is quite usual for members of the LARP scene to show up there, dressed in fantasy clothes like Gondor military garb (as seen in the movies). I think US »ren fairs« are so much similar to this that I dare to set a link. --62.143.121.135 17:58, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The phenomeneon of Live Roleplaying Events ("livers"), while not quite the same, should be touched on too. Hundreds or thousands of people getting together, in costumes, and -playing out spontaneous events. The setting and style will often be an celectic mix of middle age periods, sometimes mixed with Tolkien-style fantasy worlds.Strausszek (talk) 09:26, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

List of notable fairs
I think we need to come to a consensus on what determines a notable fair, as people keep adding to the list. I propose that a fair is notable if one of the following is true: To informally check attendance, I use Renaissance Festival, though I sometimes question its reliability. What do you guys think? —  Hello Annyong  [ t · c ] 05:06, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Its attendance is over 100,000
 * An article about it has been written and published in a notable media source

Additionally, what about festivals that have permanent, dedicated fairgrounds? Would this qualify as notable? 168.9.120.8 (talk) 18:11, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

biggest fair
which is the bigest, or most popular renaisance fair in america? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.105.134.113 (talk) 05:17, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Images available
MOST of the photographs in the gallery located at my old gallery were made by my; I will happily upload them and release them to the public domain UPON REQUEST. Photos depict festival scenery, employees, and demonstrations at the Georgia Renaissance Festival. If you would like to use these images on the article, please leave me a message at my talk page.

I would go ahead and upload them for posting, but I'm not sure where they should go; I wish neither to overcrowd the article page nor to vainly replace another user's photos with my own. Please remember to ask permission to use specific photos! Aylad (talk) 01:02, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Che4u's edits
Che4u added in the NHRF and an image from the NHRF. Aside from being an single purpose account, I've removed both of the edits. The first one is gone because the NHRF isn't a particularly notable fair; its average population is around 500 people. I removed the image because it doesn't add to the article at all; it's just an image of people standing around. Furthermore, the image has an NHRF watermark in the corner, so that seems a little dubious too. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 18:20, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I also just removed another redlink to the NHRF article. It doesn't exist, and the article wouldn't last anyway since the faire isn't particularly notable. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 18:23, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I am not sure if this is where I am supposed to put this note or not...? I am new to this system but looked at the "rules" and was following them.  No where was it mentioned that I couldn't watermark my image or that only "action" images were needed.

 * I find it unfair to only list the largest faires in the country. Many faires have something good to offer but are for charity, like ours, or smaller and more quaint, (even the article dicusses how people often miss smaller faires and yet only the largest are listed...?)  We have catered our faire to that kind of quaint feeling that one gets from a smaller faire.  We are looking at about 1,500 patrons this year.  Our max goal is about 2,000.  Being that we are the only outdoor faire in NH I, personally, think that should earn our inclusion, (even if that means a sub-section).

 * Just my thoughts, it's very discouraging that everything I have tried to add has been wiped, repeatedly. I thought I wasn't signing properly, or something, not that my info. was being blocked.

 * I didn't realize this site was just for the biggest businesses and I, personally, don't believe that getting 500+ people together to raise money for a cause to be "non-notable".

 * I really liked this site until now.

 * Che4u (talk) 19:08, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I've moved your comment down into the proper section. I've already responded on your talk page, but I'll give a respond here too in a minute. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 19:11, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * First, we don't list all faires because Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. If we listed all the faires around the country/world on here, this page would be huge. Next: your use of "we," combined with the article you created at New Hampshire Renaissance Faire, shows that you're involved with the faire, and are unfortunately a conflict of interest. Wikipedia is not meant to be a place for advertising, so you have to be careful with your edits. I admit I've been a little heavy handed with my edits and I apologize for that, but people have repeatedly added faires to this page that don't belong. Right now, I'd stay start with the NHRF article and try to improve that. It currently reads like an advertisement and would therefore be eligible for deletion under the criteria for speedy deletion. Once you can establish notability there, then we can discuss potential inclusion on this page. I'd also recommend you read the Wiki guidelines. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 19:22, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Not unique to the Anglophone world
I would like to point out that a Mittelaltermarkt as can be found at various places in Germany closely resembles the description of a Renaissance fair found here. The biggest difference seems to be that Mittelaltermärkte have even less pretence to historical authenticity than Renaissance fairs; they are exclusively entertainment and present a fantasy world inspired by an eclectic mix of different time periods. In fact, the two articles even link to each other, so I fail to see why the German phenomenon is ignored here. In the Netherlands, there are similar events, such as Elf Fantasy Fair, this one obviously being on the less serious side. Mittelalterszene gives an overview of the spectrum from events with educational purposes to mere entertainment. Florian Blaschke (talk) 02:26, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I've put in a brief reference. You make some very good points.  I'm afraid I have no German at all and must rely on Google's translation service, but the phenomenon seems similar, and maybe skewed to be more like the freewheeling fantasy US versions than the more historical ones.  If you can manage German references better, do you suppose you could better back up your argument? Artemis-Arethusa (talk) 21:05, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh dang, I can't get the link to work right. Gnarh.  Okay, I've just left it in quotes. Artemis-Arethusa (talk) 21:09, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I've fixed it. You needed a colon before the "de" to make it an inline link. Omitting the leading colon puts the link in the sidebar -- the normal location for interlanguage links. See Help:Interlanguage_links for the full explanation on formatting the link. Thanks, cmadler (talk) 12:40, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what exactly I can do for you. But for starters, I'll quickly translate the lead of Mittelaltermarkt:
 * A Mittelaltermarkt or medieval market nowadays denotes a market event with the character of a fun fair in an ambience inspired by the Middle Ages. Ever since the 1980s, these markets have enjoyed increasing popularity. Both impersonators and participants and part of the visitors dress in fanciful or medieval appearing (pseudo-medieval? - translator's note), a smaller part even in faithfully reconstructed, costumes (so-called Gewandungen; this is the usual - consciously archaising - German term in this context nowadays and the word used in the original text - translator's note). Despite the term "medieval" in their name, and although many organisers like to advertise with this term, what is presented at Mittelaltermärkte is a fanciful dream world; in general, these events are not concerned with an authentic, that is historically exact, reconstruction of a market of the Middle Ages (reenactment or living history), rare exceptions, however, do occur.
 * As an aside, the uppermost photo has the caption "Mittelaltermarkt in Turku" (it's not even necessary to translate this); another indication that the phenomenon is not limited to Germany (although it is conceivable that it arose there, originally, and spread to places such as the Netherlands and Finland that have been influenced by German culture for a long time).
 * Hope this helps. Please notify me if there is anything else I can do for you. Florian Blaschke (talk) 01:42, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Looking for a specific RenFaire related news article
I wish to add a new section to this article but I cannot seem to find a news article that I know exists. I am hoping some old faire goers might have seen the article and maybe even kept it so they can tell me where I can look for a copy. I seriously doubt this would be an online text. What I remember is an article that described Phyllis Patterson as the "Mother of the Renaissance Faire" but also refered to her as the "Mother of the Fifth Form of Theater" which I think was also called "Theater-in-the-Live" (but I am not sure of that). The article was either in a newspaper or a magazine circa 2000-2005 approximately and probably was a local publication in southern California but might have been in a larger publication. Any help is appreciated. 66.102.205.233 (talk) 08:21, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Try a Google News Archive search. You'd be surprised at what they've indexed. The whole article may not be online, or may be behind a paywall, but you'll be able to get bibliographic info to find it. cmadler (talk) 11:44, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I have done an exaustive search of the online sources with no luck. I am hoping someone who was a "Rennie" in that area/time might have a personal copy of the article that they could point me to so I could access it from the publisher's archives. Just need a title, date, and publication name. 66.102.204.109 (talk) 08:18, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

Small Renaissance Faire
I'm thinking about starting an article about a relatively small Ren Faire. It's been going for I believe four years, and attracts several hundred people on a typical weekend. But I wanted to post a note here first in case anyone has a good reason why I shouldn't start it (I've had enough battles on wikis to last a lifetime, so want to prevent them). By the way, I am not the owner or related to the owner, but have been there a few times and have shot several photos. If no one has a good reason why I shouldn't start the article, I will. Thanks! Alden Loveshade (talk) 00:49, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The real question is, can you meet WP:GNG. If you don't have enough reliable sources to build the article, then I wouldn't. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 01:52, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the advice. I've found several online sources, and am currently in the process of finding a copy of an article about the fair that appeared in a large-circulation newspaper. Alden Loveshade (talk) 19:53, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify, make sure that your online sources are indeed reliable. That means that they have to be secondary sources published by an actual publisher, be it news, book or magazine. Self-published sites such as blogs and personal sites don't count. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 21:04, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * An article from a reputable large-circulation paper probably meets WP:RS, but remember that proving notability usually requires multiple reliable sources. One article will probably not be enough. cmadler (talk) 20:10, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for all the advice above. I started the article on Middlefaire which right now has five sources including two from The Dallas Morning News which Wikipedia identifies as one of the 20th largest paid circulation newspapers in America. HelloAnnyong said it looked notable and the sources were cool, so thanks again! Alden Loveshade (talk) 18:53, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

Section "Myths and Lore"
I removed the section "myths and lore", because it seemed to contain doubtful uncited information, possibly original research. If the information is actually correct, please re-add it, making appropriate citations to reliable sources. Thanks, Vectro (talk) 14:25, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

Change of Article Name or New Article
This article is very US centric. It either needs to have its title changed or all non US based historical fair information removed and place in another article under a title such as 'Historical Fairs'. The term 'Renaissance fair' (or festival) is as far as I know only used in the US (and then rather strangely because the renaissance was a specific period in history and US fairs cover a much wider historical period). There is a wide range of historical fairs and festivals in Britain, Europe as well as in Australia and other countries. Many historical fairs in Europe emphasise the history with battle reenactments and living history demonstrations along with historically themed entertainment. Mixing US renaissance fairs in with those fairs that aim to be more about history than a history theme park confuses the focus of the article. Either a clear demarcation of the differences between all these fairs needs to be done within one article or a separate article about historical fairs is required. Please comment. If no-one gives feedback within a month I will just go ahead and make a decision Robynthehode (talk) 20:07, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Since the term "Renaissance fair" is a US-centric term, and the lede sentence states that they are "usually held in the United States", it makes sense that this WP article about renaissance fairs in the US should have the particular name of Renaissance fair. However, it would also make sense to include this region-specific article inside a broader category of fairs world-wide (perhaps a subcat of category:Historical reenactment events?). This broader category could also have its own article (e.g., your suggested Historical fairs article). It would seem, though, that the non-regional article would contain only what's in the "A largely American phenomenon" section of this article (at least at first). — Loadmaster (talk) 20:34, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

 * No, this article's title shouldn't change. WP:COMMONNAME applies here, I think. The events that this article describes - Renaissance fairs and festivals - should match the title. There's certainly enough content here to warrant a US-specific version of this article. There might be space for a historical fair article that serves as an umbrella of this article and touches on the non-US ones, provided that article could be filled with enough non-US-specific content to justify its existence. Indeed, if the argument is that this article is blurring the lines between the two, then I think the other article could exist. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 23:54, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Controversy section
Okay. There are a number of reasons why this text does not belong on this page. One, this is a page about all fairs, and singling out one fair doesn't make sense - especially when that fair has its own article, and the text is already there. Second, Wikipedia is not a soapbox and is not the place to grind an axe, and adding this text to a number of pages is wholly unacceptable behavior. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 00:14, 18 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Okay, there are a number of reasons why your changes do not belong. One, this issue relates to all fairs - if you read the relevant text you'll see that it applies to all fairs (e.g., if the Maryland thing went away but other fairs do it, the issue would still apply to those groups). It is clear that it's a general point and not just about this particular small part of the U.S. Second, it has been picked up by the media and is reported in a factual way - just because you don't like it, doesn't mean you can grind your own axe by deleting it. P.S. "a number of pages" = two. Don't make it seem bigger than it is. Freeranging intellect (talk) 00:18, 18 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't appreciate you throwing attitude at me by mocking my comment; a little civility would be nice. First, the phrasing in "in some fairs" is a weasel word. If it truly was "some fairs", then you should add evidence that shows more than one fair. It's unencyclopedic to generalize something happening in one fair as multiple. Merely being reported elsewhere doesn't mean that it's worthy of inclusion. There are other rules, like weighting. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 00:22, 18 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I simply used your own argument structure. - If that made my comment have "attitude", it's because that was built into your own style, which yes - I do think has attitude. But anyway, on this topic - that's good advice, thanks - I will add sources that mention other fairs now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Freeranging intellect (talk • contribs) 00:29, 18 October 2014 (UTC)
 * It might be appropriate in Maryland Renaissance Festival, but this really doesn't belong in this article. Its inclusion is WP:UNDUE. Blackguard  00:34, 18 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I think the section needs to be rewritten a bit to match the weight, but adding other fairs does at least balance it out a bit. Though really, per WP:CRITS, there shouldn't be an individual Controversies section; the text should be folded into other sections - History, for example. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 00:41, 18 October 2014 (UTC)
 * That seems reasonable - I could move it into 'Characteristics'. Perhaps starting with a sentence simply noting that some fairs include animal rides. Thoughts? Freeranging intellect (talk) 00:56, 18 October 2014 (UTC)
 * So done. The AZRF article was just an opinion piece and did not say anything about actual protests at the fair, so that doesn't strike me as significant enough for inclusion. The Joan Jett thing is only significant inasmuch as her celebrity status, so I've omitted that. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 14:02, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

NOT uniquely American
This article states several times that this is an American thing, despite a discussion on this page from 2009 (!!!) providing context for Germany. When I lived in Germany for 10 years it was hard to swing a dead cat and not hit a Mittelaltermarkt or Ritterfest. This needs a serious rewrite to include our European brethren. CsikosLo (talk) 17:08, 6 September 2016 (UTC)

Blacksmiths
In the first paragraph defining Renaissance Fairs I noticed it excluding any mention of blacksmiths. I'll admit I haven't read the remaining article, but it seems as though they should be included because they offer not only products for sale, but also are handmaking those items all day in that heat and sharing their talent and knowledge in addition to selling products. PudgeandNugget (talk) 22:54, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Renaissance fair


text:
Talk:Pachuco

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Femme18. Peer reviewers: Rebeccaf1995.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:00, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Caló
The link to caló is either incorrect, or there are two meanings for this word, which should be discussed/clarified. linas 14:33, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

The link now appears to be correct, but the body text says "cálo" (which is orthographically impossible in Spanish, since the penultimate syllable cannot take an accent mark, being accented by default) instead of caló. Please consider fixing this typo. AviJacobson (talk) 21:03, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

caló typo in the link at end of first paragraph fixed.--70.112.187.237 (talk) 03:26, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

Pachuca
I moved the Pachuca section where the gangsters are from, the article about the city with the same name. However, this section seems to be copied directly from the 'Crimes of Fashion' book. Does the author want to deny this?

Bkatcher 17:24, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Not copied
The Pachuca section of the article is not copied directly from the 'Crimes of Fashion' essay. It is a lengthy, informative essay that contains information about a very obscure subject. The term 'pachuca' needs to be recognized as a history role. The article is also returned to the Pachuca area.

Pachuca issue
I don't know if it's plagiarized, copied, etc., and I don't have the source doc to confirm or deny, but I do think that the subject should be under Pachuco, perhaps with a disambiguation from Pachuca, but certainly under Pachuco rather than under the city. My dos centavos. Murcielago 20:41, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Merged from Talk:Pachuca fashion
I'm of the opinion that this article should be merged with the Pachuco page, with a separate disamibuation page for the term "Pachuca" directing readers to either Pachuca (city) or Parchuca (female zoot suiter) @ Pachuco. That way, we could avoid redundancy on the encyclopedia, and we could have one comprehensive page if, for instance, someone elaborated on the Zoot Suit riots, they wouldn't have to go to two pages. Murcielago 20:32, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. Since pachuquismo was as much about an aesthetic as anything else, the Pachuco article should cover all aspects of the people, the style, and the culture (including women, of course). Then we'll just need to add a link at the top of the Pachuca article that says something like, "Pachuca is also the feminine form of Pachuco."--Rockero 20:50, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I will say that pachuquismo style was not just an aesthetic choice, but it was also a social choice. Pachucos and Pachucas were looking to climb a social class due to their expensive fabric of their suits and were trying to change the perceptions of society.Femme18 (talk) 21:39, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

Hispanic/Latino
Would your heads explode if you wrote "Chicano/a"? In your attempts to be politically (Anglo) correct, you have re-emphasized European colonization. Kind of contradicts the whole juxtaposition with "European/American" flappers when you use a European/American term for indigenous people.

169.231.35.176 (talk) 17:57, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

Q) Where are you going? Hispanic A) Pa Chuco (To Chuco) ; that is where Pachuco came from...So why is El Paso Called Chuco? Is the real question.
I am 47 and my father, Family, and people from El Paso can't tell me why they call El Paso Chuco Town. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.56.52.146 (talk) 22:30, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

Contemporary use
In contemporary street gang culture, the term Pachuco refers to a respected O.G. (Original Gangster). Someone of influence. An elder, A guide, almost like a counselor. Most Pachuco I have met are typically older, and retired from gang life and more often then not deeply involved in community outreach programs and various 12 step programs. They are there not only to help the younger generations with problems that they may face while growing up, they are also there to keep troublemakers in line. 108.192.103.47 (talk) 08:22, 1 August 2015 (UTC) Frank Monahan

title: Talk:Pachuco


text:
Barren River Lake

Barren River Lake is a 10100 acre, reservoir in Kentucky created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1964 by impounding the Barren River. The lake occupies parts of Allen, Barren, and Monroe counties.

The Barren River Lake Dam is an earthen dam, 146 feet high and 3970 feet long at its crest. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for operation and maintenance of the project, and responsible for protection of the resource. A small segment of the property owned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is leased to Barren River Lake State Resort Park and lies along a section of shoreline in Barren County.

Islands
The lake has three large islands.

In the widest part of the lake, there are two large islands, each about 1 sqmi in size. And another smaller island near the main boat ramp and camp-site.

There is also another, which is sometimes partly connected to the surrounding land, but sometimes surrounded by lake water, depending on water levels.

title: Barren River Lake


text:
Category talk:Subatomic particles

Intended use of this category
I modified this category so that it contains information on observed particles, and deliberately kept out theories (even simple classificatory theories such as the quark model) and conjectured particles like the superpartners of elementary particles or diquarks (even the Higgs has been kept out). However, true to the name, I have included particles like the proton or deuteron: not just elementary particles. The distinction I'm trying to draw is between experimentally observed objects and theories (however well tested) or conjectured objects.

I wonder whether this category should also be a sub-category of nuclear physics. --Bambaiah 14:33, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Subatomic particles


text:
Manuel Aeschlimann

Manuel Aeschlimann (born 22 October 1964 in Asnières-sur-Seine in the Ile de France area, near Paris, France) is a French politician.

He began his political career at the early age of 25, as a city councillor in Asnières-sur-Seine. He was appointed first deputy major and went on to be elected mayor of Asnières in 1999. He was defeated when he sought re-election in 2008.

He was elected deputy to the French National Assembly in June 2002 as a member of the ruling right-wing party UMP. On 17 June 2007, he was re-elected deputy with 56.2% of the vote.

He is a close friend of the French President Nicolas Sarkozy, of whom he was the political adviser in his successful race for president. Mr. Sarkozy is also the godfather of his first son.

Education
A student of Notre Dame de Sainte-Croix de Neuilly, he graduated from law at Panthéon-Assas University, and obtained a Master of Law and a diplôme d'études approfondies (DEA) of political science and public sector law.

Lecturer at Assas, he then became a lecturer at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques (IEP or Sciences Po) for several years, specialising in electoral strategy. His contract with IEP was terminated in 2007.

Mayor of Asnières-sur-Seine
As activist in RPR from 1987, he joined the City Council of Asnières-sur-Seine at the age of 25, and was appointed first deputy mayor. But in 1992, he left the municipal staff, resulting in his exclusion from the RPR. In the same year, he stood in the cantonal elections under the 'Ecology Generation' banner, but was also excluded from this movement. From 1994 to 1999, he was 1st Deputy Mayor of Asnières-sur-Seine from the ruling right coalition. Member of conseil général des Hauts-de-Seine, he chaired the Committee on Culture, Youth and Sports in 1994, and became chairman of the National Coalition of local elected officials for security. He was elected UDF mayor of Asnières-sur-Seine in 1999. He joined the UMP when it was created in 2002.

Since 2006, an investigation is in progress at the brigade suppression of economic crime (OERD) on the electoral roles concerning about 30,000 voters who were sorted by ethnicity for the mayor of Asnières. Manuel Aeschlimann, termination three weeks of the elections would not be surprising. He further asserts that all files of the City Council have been declared to the CNIL and that it reserves the right to sue for slander.

In September 2006, he called the national police to stop the unrest caused in the city council by the city councillorJean-Jacques Semoun, and two other city councillors using a megaphone in order to be heard. The site Rue89 speaks of the "Judicial guerrilla that Aeschlimann lead against his opposition.

Beginning in December 2007, the press leaked a report by the regional chamber of accounts Île-de-France. The City Council indicated that the documents were not those given to the regional chamber of accounts. This document calls into question several aspects of the management of the town hall of Asnières-sur-Seine, in particular fiscal weaknesses and heavy indebtedness, excessive consumption of fuel for vehicles in city hall, a vehicle assigned to the wife of the Mayor, generous legal fee, claims" the "irregular appointment of a technical executive, managing the construction of a parking lot, and a "conflict of interest" of his deputy in real estate transactions. The report, delivered by the CRC in September 2007, did not get published before the 1 December deadline, making possible its publication until after the municipal elections of March 2008. The opposition accused the town hall of covering up the findings of this report.

In the second round of the 2008 municipal elections, the socialists, MoDem (Mouvement Démocrate), and assorted right merged their tickets against him. This coalition was initiated by the joint petition against the non-publication of the report by the regional chamber of accounts. The coalition, led by Sébastien Pietrasanta, Josiane Fischer and Christian Leblond finally won the elections in March 2008, with 51.86% of the vote.

The first municipal council of the newly elected team revealed that the report of the CRC which circulated during the campaign without being officially published was indeed the same as the one received by Manuel Aeschlimann in September 2007.

In January 2009, he is condemned to 18 months in prison (suspended), an ineligibility of four years and a 20,000 euros fine for favoritism in a 1998 public procurement affair. In January 2011, the sentence is confirmed in appeal, the ineligibility being reduced to one year.

Member of the Hauts-de-Seine
Aeschlimann was elected Deputy for the 2nd constituency of Hauts-de-Seine in the 12th Legislature (2002-2007) on 16 June 2002, by obtaining 63.63% of votes in second round against Dominique Riera. He served on the committee on constitutional laws, legislation and general administration of the Republic, and was reappointed Rapporteur for opinion on the budget of local authorities under the annual finance laws. He is a member of the parliamentary groups of studies on asbestos, cancer and the modernisation of French policy. He has put forward legislative proposals on matters including security, and to encourage rehabilitation of property damaged by graffiti, or to strengthen the measures taken against persons guilty of ill – treatment of elderly.

On 17 June 2007, Aeschlimann was reelected with 56.2% of the votes for the 13th legislature. On 13 March 2009, he was found guilty of favoritism in the awarding of a public contract in 1998 whilst in Asnieres, and sentenced in first instance to 18 months in prison, 4 years of ineligibility for political office and 20 000 euro fine.

Action to the UMP and with Nicolas Sarkozy
Manuel Aeschlimann becomes adviser to Nicolas Sarkozy in July 2005 after having established and chaired the committee for monitoring public opinion on the UMP. As such he warned the UMP, through surveys focused on a possible failure to win the referendum on the European constitution.

Within the 13th legislature term, he analyses and publishes studies of public opinion and members of the UMP majority in the National Assembly.

title: Manuel Aeschlimann


text:
Green Door

"The Green Door" (or "Green Door") is a 1956 popular song, with music composed by Bob "Hutch" Davie and lyrics by Marvin J. Moore. It was first recorded by Jim Lowe, which reached number one on the US chart in 1956. The song has been covered by a number of artists, including a version by Shakin' Stevens in 1981.

Jim Lowe version
The song was first recorded by Jim Lowe, whose version reached number one on the US pop chart. The lyrics describe the allure of a mysterious private club with a green door, behind which "a happy crowd" play piano, smoke and "laugh a lot", and inside which the singer is not allowed. "Green Door" was backed by the orchestra of songwriter Davie, with Davie also playing piano, and by the vocal group the High Fives. The track was arranged by Davie, who added thumbtacks to the hammers of his piano and sped up the tape to give a honky-tonk sound. Released by Dot Records, the single reached #1 on the Billboard charts for one week on November 17, 1956, replacing "Love Me Tender" by Elvis Presley. Outside the US, Lowe's version reached #8 on the charts in the United Kingdom.

Lyrics
The singer cannot get any sleep each evening, due to the sound of the music coming from a private club, or possibly the singer is a G-man attempting to infiltrate the club. He tries to gain entry by knocking once on the green door, telling the person behind the door that he has been there before, only to have the door slammed immediately ("hospitality's thin there"). Then, through the keyhole, he says the possible secret password, "Joe sent me" (the password for Hernando's Hideaway), which only results in laughter as he is again denied admission to the club.

Possible inspirations
After the Great Chicago Fire, the Green Door Tavern opened in the city. During the Prohibition era in the United States, it was a popular place to get illicit libations. Because the door of the tavern was green, the color became a symbol for a speakeasy. During Prohibition, many restaurants painted their doors green to indicate the presence of a speakeasy.

Another suggestion about the song's origins is that it was inspired by an afterhours club in Dallas, Texas, to which lyricist Moore had been refused entry because he did not know the correct password.

At the time of the song's initial popularity in the 1950s, many believed it was inspired by a green-doored restaurant and bar called The Shack in Columbia, Missouri, where singer Jim Lowe had attended university. However long-time Shack owner Joe Franke doubts that theory.

An oft-repeated urban legend has developed, claiming that the song refers to London's first lesbian club, Gateways (1930–1985), which was in Bramerton Street, Chelsea. It had a green door and was featured in the film The Killing of Sister George. But aside from that there is no substantive connection between the 1950s American song and the British club.

Shakin' Stevens version
Welsh singer Shakin' Stevens covered the song in 1981 for his album Shaky. It became his second UK number 1, topping the charts for four weeks in August 1981.

Other recordings

 * In the UK, a version by Frankie Vaughan was more popular than the original, reaching No. 2 in December 1956. Vaughan donated his share of the record's proceeds to charity.
 * Another UK recording, by Glen Mason, reached No. 24 on the UK chart in November 1956.
 * Gene McDaniels released a version of it as a single in 1960, but it failed to chart.
 * Esquerita, as Eskew Reeder, released a mostly wordless organ-led cover version in 1962 (Minit Records #648).
 * In 1964, Bill Haley & His Comets recorded a version for a single release on Decca Records during an unsuccessful attempt to make a comeback with the label that had made them famous with "Rock Around the Clock" (this version was produced by Milt Gabler); Haley and the Comets also recorded an instrumental version in 1962 for the Mexican Orfeon Records label.
 * Country humorist Mayf Nutter re-charted the song in 1973.
 * Crystal Gayle recorded the song in 1977.
 * Psychobilly band the Cramps covered the song on their 1981 album, Psychedelic Jungle.
 * The Spanish pop-punk group Los Nikis made a Spanish version in 1986.
 * Other versions have been recorded by Roland Alphonso, Wynder K. Frog, Houston and Dorsey, Ray Hamilton, The Promenade Orchestra and Chorus featuring vocals by Joe Seneca, Danny Colfax Mallon, Country Dick Montana, Jumpin' Gene Simmons, Skip & Flip (1961), The Jerms, The Go-Katz and Skitzo.

Cultural impact
"The Green Door" is the name of a letter written by David Berg, the former leader of the cult once called the Children of God, later renamed The Family. He used it as a metaphorical door to hell.

Behind the Green Door is a 1972 pornographic film starring Marilyn Chambers. In 1986, Behind the Green Door: the Sequel was released, and in 2012, New Behind the Green Door was released.

There are bars, taverns and saloons named The Green Door in many American locations, including Cheyenne, Wyoming, New York City, Park Hall, Maryland, Chicago, Illinois and Lansing, Michigan.

Within the American intelligence community, "green door" is a slang verb and adjective, relating to the restriction of an individual's or organization's access to information and/or locations: "We green doored them," or "The situation has been highlighted by the 'Green Door' compartmentation and exclusion". This meaning was alluded to in episode 4 of Ashes to Ashes, set in 1981, when Shakin' Stevens' cover played whilst the protagonist police detectives sneaked out of a top-secret MOD research centre.

The song was featured in Quentin Tarantino's 2019 film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, sung by Leonardo DiCaprio (playing the character of fictional actor Rick Dalton), during a segment on Hullabaloo.

The lyrics "Green door, what's that secret you're keepin get a full-page quote (with a smaller attribution text: "Marvin Moore - Lyrics to 'The Green Door) in the first internal page of The Immortal Hulk #10, a comic book published by Marvel Comics. In that issue (and other issues of the same comic), a particular green door is an integral part of the story.

title: Green Door


text: User talk:82.153.107.78

title: User talk:82.153.107.78


text:
Otto von Below

Otto Ernst Vinzent Leo von Below (18 January 1857 – 9 March 1944) served as a Prussian general officer in the Imperial German Army during the First World War (1914–1918). He arguably became most notable for his command, along with the Austro-Hungarian commander Svetozar Borojević, during the victorious Battle of Caporetto in October–November 1917.

Pre-war
Von Below was born in Danzig (now Gdańsk). Before the war broke out, he was promoted Generalmajor in 1909 and Generalleutnant in 1912. He was commanding the 2nd Infantry Division immediately prior to the outbreak of war.

Eastern Front
On 1 August 1914, at the outbreak of the First World War, Below was given command of I Reserve Corps as part of 8th Army on the Eastern Front. He led his Corps in the Battles of Gumbinnen, Tannenberg, and the Masurian Lakes. As a result of his successes, he was promoted to General der Infanterie at the end of August 1914 and to command of 8th Army at the beginning of November.

Below commanded the 8th Army in the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes (February 1915) and the Army of the Niemen (later renamed 8th Army) in the Courland Offensive (May 1915). His forces advanced into Courland and Lithuania as far as the southern reaches of the Western Dvina River.

Macedonia
In October 1916, Below was appointed to the command of Heeresgruppe Below on the Macedonian Front, consisting of the German 11th Army and the First & Second Bulgarian Armies. In April 1917, he was briefly sent to the Western Front to command 6th Army around Lille.

Italy
Below next served on the Italian Front from September 1917. Commanding the Austro-German 14th Army (seven German and ten Austro-Hungarian divisions) in the Battle of Caporetto, his units were able to break into the Italian front line and rout the Italian army, which had practically no mobile reserves. The battle was a demonstration of the effectiveness of the use of stormtroopers and the infiltration tactics developed in part by Oskar von Hutier. The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army. A breakdown in German logistics brought the battle to a close on the line of the Piave River and the front soon froze again in trench warfare.

Western Front
In February 1918, Below was brought back to the Western Front to command the new 17th Army for the Kaiserschlacht Offensive. Below was expected to overrun Arras during March 1918 in a repeat of Caporetto; his inability to do so led to the failure of the German campaign to capture the Somme that same month. Attacking the stronger, better prepared British Third Army, he had less success than forces further south facing the British Fifth Army.

In January 1918, he made the following revolutionary proposal to Ludendorff: "Forget about the offensive and shorten the front lines as much as necessary; build Panzers throughout all of 1918 and, with your Panzer squadrons, break through all the way to the Channel coast in the Spring of 1919". Below briefly commanded the 1st Army. Shortly before the war's end, Below was involved in preparations for a possible final battle on German territory (Home Defense Forces West).

Awards
Below was awarded the Pour le Mérite on 16 February 1915 "for outstanding leadership and distinguished military planning and successful operations", and the Oakleaves (signifying a second award) on 27 April 1917. Below was also awarded the Order of the Black Eagle on 1 November 1917 and the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd class.

Post-war
Below retired in 1919. A post-war attempt by the Allies to try him as a war criminal failed. Otto von Below died on 9 March 1944 in Besenhausen near Göttingen.

Family
Below was the cousin of Fritz von Below, another German commander during the war. The two Generals are often confused.

title: Otto von Below