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Transformers (comics)

There have been four main publishers of the comic book series bearing the name Transformers based on the toy lines of the same name. The first series was produced by Marvel Comics from 1984 to 1991, which ran for 80 issues and produced four spin-off miniseries. This was followed by a second volume titled Transformers: Generation 2, which ran for 12 issues starting in 1993. The second major series was produced by Dreamwave Productions from 2002 to 2004 with multiple limited series as well, and within multiple story continuities, until the company became bankrupt in 2005. The third and fourth series have been published by IDW Publishing with the third series starting with an issue #0 in October 2005 and a regular series starting in January 2006 to November 2018. The fourth series started in March 2019 with issue #1 and concluded in June 2022. There are also several limited series being produced by IDW as well. Skybound Entertainment began publishing Transformers comics starting in June 2023, kicking off the Energon Universe. In addition to these four main publishers, there have also been several other smaller publishers with varying degrees of success.

The Transformers (Generation 1), Marvel, U.S.

The Transformers comic by Marvel was the first and arguably the best known Transformers comic. Although it was originally intended to be a 4-issue limited series, it expanded into an ongoing series, which ran for 80 issues before being cancelled. The final cover read "80 in a 4 issue limited series". Issues #5–15, 17–32, 35–42 and 44–56 were written by Bob Budiansky, with Marvel UK writer Simon Furman taking over for the remainder of the comic. The comic did not attempt to follow the show and some elements and characters were completely absent, including Ultra Magnus, Springer, Arcee, and Metroplex. The comic started much the same as the show; a crew crash landing the Ark on Earth in the distant past. They are befriended by Buster Witwicky. His brother Spike eventually joins the cause as Autobot leader when he became the head of commander Fortress Maximus. There occurs a considerable amount of fractioning and in-fighting in both the Autobots and Decepticons. However, the series climax occurs when both sides, Autobots and Decepticons, form an uneasy peace to defend Cybertron from Unicron.

A few of the early issues were reprinted by Marvel in a digest sized magazine called The Transformers Comics Magazine that ran 10 issues from 1987 to 1988. Marvel had also reprinted some of these early issues in 1985, as the Transformers Collected Comics which ran 2 issues.

In latter years, when various other companies were able to obtain the license for the Transformers, they were able to gain access to the Marvel series and reprinted a lot of the issues. From 2001 to 2003, Titan Books reprinted numerous Marvel issues in a series of 14 trade paperbacks. Years later they were able to do more reprints but only in the U.K. market.

IDW Publishing (the current rights holders to the Transformers comic property) reprinted numerous Marvel issues as well, as part of the Transformers: Generations series that ran 12 issues and a collected trade paperback from 2006 to 2007. Issues were also reprinted in The Transformers Magazine, that ran four issues in 2007, while other collections were published in 2008 and 2009. IDW began publishing another new series of reprints called Transformers Classics. This six volume series started getting published in June 2011. Meanwhile, a 100 Penny Press: Transformers Classics #1 mini edition was also published in June 2011. Some issues were also reprinted in the hardcover book Transformers: The Best Of Simon Furman in July 2007. In March 2014, the first issue of the series was reprinted as 100 Penny Press: Transformers #1

In July 2012, to prepare the new series Transformers: Regeneration One (which continued the Marvel series after 21 years), IDW Publishing released Transformers: Regeneration One 100-Page Spectacular. This one-shot reprinted issues 76–80 of the Marvel series.

In August 2013, IDW published the hardcover Transformers: 30th Anniversary Collection. This deluxe book celebrated the 30th anniversary of The Transformers franchise, and as such, many of the original Marvel books were reprinted.

Marvel UK

The sister title in the UK, this series ran for 332 issues, as well as spawning 7 annuals and 28 specials. It was a weekly publication that spliced original stories into the continuity of the reprinted US issues, and was mostly written by Simon Furman. At the start, it had a more serious science fiction approach. Because of the weekly approach, the UK comic was able to flesh out characters and ideas more; in the US comic, the Aerialbots and Stunticons are first shown having just been built and being given life by the Creation Matrix program, whereas the UK comic fleshed it out more and showed the two teams as being created out of new technology created by Shockwave after scanning Buster Witwicky while he had the Matrix downloaded into his brain. Furman also tried to maintain continuity with The Transformers: The Movie, and wrote several stories set in the future after the movie's ending, as well as bringing characters from the future (i.e. Galvatron) into the present day. Due to his epic and mythological approach, he was highly praised and succeeded Bob Budiansky on the US title at issue 56. The mythic tone continued to influence Furman's work on the Dreamwave and IDW comics.

Numerous issues and stories from this series would eventually be reprinted. Marvel UK themselves would reprint some stories in Transformers-The Complete Works Part 1 and Part 2,  Plague of the Insecticons and The Transformers Universe Vol. One.

In latter years reprints were done courtesy of Titan Books who published reprints in 14 volumes.

When IDW Publishing acquired the licence to the property, they published various reprints in the hardcover book The Best Of Simon Furman and in the Best of UK Omnibus. Other reprints were featured in mini-series collections such as Target 2006 (#1–5), Dinobots (#1–6), Space Pirates (#1–5), Time Wars (#1–5), City of Fear (#1–5), and Prey (#1–5). A new 8 volume reprint collection called Transformers Classics: UK started getting released in October 2011.

The Transformers: The Movie, Marvel, U.S., 1986
A three-issue mini-series adaptation of the feature film, with no continuity ties to the regular comic series. Differences to the animated feature include the original designs for the Autobot Matrix of Leadership and Ultra Magnus' original death at the hand of Scourge and his Sweeps.

Transformers Universe, Marvel, U.S., 1986
A four-issue limited series in the style of Marvel Universe and G.I. Joe: Order of Battle, featuring lengthy bios of nearly all of the Transformers of the period. Most of the text was the same as the tech specs found on the toy boxes, only much more expanded. The first three issues (as well as the first portion of the fourth) contained all of the first, second and third year Transformers. The latter half of the fourth issue dealt with characters new to The Transformers: The Movie (1986), including characters that were not made as toys at the time.

The series was collected as a trade paperback in July 1987.

G.I. Joe and The Transformers, Marvel, U.S., 1987
A four-issue limited series written by Michael Higgins, G.I. Joe and the Transformers teamed-up the Transformers with the other popular Hasbro property of the 1980s, G.I. Joe. The Joes, the Autobots, and Cobra (after being betrayed by the Decepticons) must join forces to stop the Decepticons from activating an energy drill device to suck up energy from the Earth's core, which would destroy the planet in the process.

The story was hampered by continuity issues (though the storyline was only referred to in the pages of the Transformers comics, as G.I. Joe writer Larry Hama opted to ignore the mini-series), and the absence of several key characters from both franchises, including Cobra Commander, Optimus Prime, and Megatron, as the three characters were presumed dead at the time of the mini-series' publication. The story featured Bumblebee being destroyed by G.I. Joe forces and rebuilt as Goldbug. This plot point was ignored in the UK comic, where the story was not reprinted until much later in the comic's run, and resulted in an alternate story being conceived to change the character into his "Goldbug" persona.

Marvel UK also featured a crossover between these two properties. 'Ancient Relics' began in Issue 125 of the UK comic and continued within issues #24-#27 of Action Force, (the name given to the G.I. Joe comic series in the UK).

The Transformers: Headmasters, Marvel, U.S., 1987–1988

A four-issue mini-series introducing new characters that were incorporated into the ongoing series (issue #38) at the conclusion of the mini-series. The series introduces the Headmasters, Targetmasters, some of the movie Transformers, Monsterbots, Horrorcons, Technobots and Terrorcons.

The plot of this series focuses on Cybertronian Autobot Fortress Maximus, who despite his success as a military commander, longs to find peace by leaving Cybertron's civil war altogether. To that end, he gathers a large crew of followers, and they rocket off to the planet Nebulos, which has not seen war in over 10,000 years. Unfortunately, the Autobots' first encounters with the Nebulans are misinterpreted. Intimidated by the robots' size, the Nebulans initiate aggressions against the Autobots. To end hostilities and show his willingness to protect the planet's fragile peace, Fortress Maximus and a few of his followers discard their weapons in front of the Nebulan capital. When that failed to dissuade them, he made the ultimate sacrifice by offering them his head. Four more Autobots did the same, while the remainder returned to their camp unarmed. Intending to use the situation to his advantage, corrupt Nebulan politician Lord Zarak learned more about the Autobots and the war they left behind and used this information to contact Cybertron. Zarak's message was received by Fortress Maximus's Decepticon equal, Scorponok. After lying to Zarak about the intentions of the Autobots, Scorponok led an invasion force to the planet. Armed only with weapons that had not seen use in millennia, the Nebulan defense were no match for the intentionally aggressive Decepticons. With little options left, Galen, leader of the Nebulan world council, made arrangements for himself and others to become Autobot Headmasters. Although the Headmaster process made them able to drive off the Decepticons, all Galen had succeeded in doing was re-igniting the Transformers' war on Nebulos. After Scorponok and now-captive Lord Zarak developed a way to duplicate the process (as well as a later Targetmaster Process), the Nebulos theatre of the Transformers' war escalated. After casualties and collateral damage mounted, Galen eventually convinced Zarak to take their conflict off-world, with nearly all Transformers from both factions following a distress beacon sent by Goldbug from Earth.

Because the series was bi-monthly, very little time passed after its end before a smaller group returned to Nebulos, using resources there and the Powermaster Process to rebuild and empower Optimus Prime.

The entire miniseries was reprinted by Titan Books as part of their series of trade paperback collections based on the Marvel series. This reprint occurred in Vol.7 (Trial by Fire) which was published in 2005.

Transformers Generation 2, Marvel, U.S., 1993

A 12-issue series, the series expanded the original G1 mythos from the small war on Earth and Cybertron to enclose the whole of the Galaxy that was fast being altered into a likeness of Cybertron itself by the Cybertronian Empire, a race of later generation Transformers that evolved while the earthbound Autobots and Decepticons were deactivated. The events of this series were actually set in motion with a crossover from the G.I. Joe comic books #138–142, in 1993. Megatron returns in his new tank body to reclaim his leadership from Bludgeon and by the end of the series joins with Optimus Prime to fight against the G2 Decepticons and their genetic offshoot, the Swarm. The series ended with an epic battle between the "Generation 1" Transformers, the Cybertronians and the Swarm. It also introduces the Liege Maximo. However, the series was cancelled with issue #12 due to low sales, forcing a quick conclusion to the series' various plot threads. Outside of the 12 issue series, Marvel published a free 8 page comic that was given away at various stores selling the G2 toyline called The Transformers Generation 2: Halloween Special Edition in 1993.

The series was reprinted as 2 trade paperbacks courtesy of Titan Books in 2003. As well some stories were reprinted in the hardcover book Transformers: The Best Of Simon Furman in July 2007.

As they had done with the Generation 1 series, Marvel published a series based on Generation 2 in England. Because their Marvel UK imprint had folded at this point, Marvel struck a deal with the British comic company Fleetway to handle the series in the English market for them. The series only lasted 5 issues as well as one annual in 1995.

New Avengers/Transformers, U.S., 2007
A crossover with the original holders of the Transformers license, Marvel Comics, this series takes place in both Marvel's ongoing continuity, (pre-Civil War), and IDW's G1 continuity, set in between Infiltration and Escalation. The 4-issue series is written by Stuart Moore and drawn by Tyler Kirkman. Captain America, Iron Man, Wolverine, and Spider-Man all appear, as well as many of the Transformers cast of Escalation.

The series was collected as a trade paperback in January 2008.

Note
The Marvel Comics character Death's Head, a character created by Simon Furman, appeared in certain Marvel UK Transformers stories. In the third issue of the All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A–Z (released on March 22, 2006), the entry for Death's Head's describes his encounters with the Transformers to have taken place in an alternate reality, referred to as Earth-120185, thus separating these stories from existence in standard Marvel Universe continuity. This raises the question of whether or not any of the Marvel Comics Transformers stories take place in the Marvel Universe "proper" (Earth-616), despite such tie-ins as Spider-Man's guest-starring appearance in the original Marvel limited series and Circuit Breaker, a character that originated in the Transformers comics, having a cameo appearance in Marvel's Secret Wars II limited series, which featured nearly every character then existing in the continuity of Earth-616. A case can be made that only the stories that featured Death's Head are separate from standard Marvel continuity, since the character's adventures often involved travel across time and dimensions, not to mention genres; Death's Head also encountered the British science fiction icon the Doctor from Doctor Who once.

Dreamwave Productions
In early 2002, Dreamwave Productions acquired the Transformers comics license and went on to produce a highly successful return of Transformers to the comic world. They started with a limited series focusing on the Generation 1 characters and a monthly series dedicated to Transformers: Armada. The G1 stories were not bound by the previous Marvel stories nor the animated series. Dreamwave produced a large amount of material, but would go bankrupt and lose the Transformers license in early 2005.

Transformers: Generation 1 (2002)
When they acquired the Transformers licence from Hasbro, Dreamwave Productions initially produced a six-issue mini-series, written by Chris Sarracini and drawn by company President Pat Lee, titled Prime Directive. Despite mixed critical reaction and the late shipping of several issues, the series was a huge sales success. Encouraged by this, Dreamwave produced a second series, this time written by Brad Mick, called War and Peace. When the second series emulated the sales of the first, Dreamwave decided to upgrade the Generation One to an ongoing series focusing on the Earthbound Autobots and Decepticons, written by Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk, and drawn by Don Figueroa (although Lee and Joe Ng helped draw the preview issue, and issue #4 featured a back-up story drawn by James Raiz). However, Dreamwave's eventual bankruptcy meant that the series would never be concluded past issue #10. This was the first piece of Transformers fiction to use the term Generation One in the title. After Dreamwave's bankruptcy, the first two miniseries were redistributed in trade paperback form through IDW Publishing.

Of note: there is a magazine that published a 10-page preview in b/w of what was to have been the 11th issue of the series had Dreamwave not gone into bankruptcy, but was of a very low print run.

Transformers: The War Within
After the success of their Generation One series, Dreamwave decided to do a series focusing on the war on Cybertron before the Transformers came to Earth, and recruited Marvel Transformers writer Simon Furman and former fan artist Don Figueroa for a six-issue series focusing on the rise of Optimus Prime. Later, a second volume appeared titled The Dark Ages, again written by Furman and drawn by regular Marvel Transformers artist Andrew Wildman. The second volume introduced The Fallen, an outcast member of the original thirteen Transformers. A third volume, called The Age of Wrath, written by Furman and drawn by Joe Ng, was released up through issue #3, but due to Dreamwave's bankruptcy it was never completed. The first two series were re-released in trade paperback form by IDW Publishing in March and May 2007.

Transformers: Micromasters
Micromasters was a four-issue mini-series written by Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk and drawn by Rob Ruffolo. Set on Cybertron after the disappearance of the Ark, the series focused on the history of the titular Micromasters and the discovery of a mysterious Golden Disk with links to the origins of the Transformers. Despite some vocal readers' complaints regarding the series and its art, it also received its share of praise and sold well to the direct market.

Transformers: More Than Meets the Eye
An eight-issue limited series from 2003 written by Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk (the shapers of Dreamwave's G1 title and its overall Transformers continuity) with art by most of the Dreamwave artists, it featured bios of all the Transformers released as toys in the United States (with the exception of several of the Action Masters). The character entries were done in the same style as the 1986 Marvel limited series, Transformers Universe, with page long bios and art of the characters in both their robot and alternate forms. The character bios included expanded information from the original toys' tech specs, as well as new character development from the Dreamwave Transformers continuity. Issues one through seven contain the character bios, while issue number eight contains entries for key Transformer locations, ideas and technology. The first pages of issue one and the last pages of issue eight feature a mini-comic about where all the information presented in the limited series is coming from, and who is accessing it, which was a prequel story to the Beast Wars television series. The series proved to be popular, and a subsequent More Than Meets The Eye miniseries debuted the next year, this time covering Transformers: Armada.

Transformers: Armada (2002–2003)
This comic series was based on the new Transformers toyline of that year, Transformers: Armada. The continuity, while following elements from the cartoon series of the same name, was wholly its own continuity. Differences included the Mini-Cons' ability to talk in a normal way rather than the beeps and boops from the cartoon series. Also, the resolution to the Armada saga was quite different and involved cross-dimensional travel and several Generation 1 characters. The series ended at issue #18 and was retitled as Transformers: Energon with the following issue. Originally written by Sarracini, Simon Furman came on board to do a 2-part filler story and ended up as the ongoing writer as a result.

Issues 1–5, written by Chris Saccarini and drawn by James Raiz, would give some background to the original war on Cybertron, detailing how Megatron's campaign started on Cybertron and how the Mini-Cons originally came to Earth, escaping Megatron's grasp. One million years later the arc would introduce the three main human characters (Rad, Alexis and Carlos) and see both sides battle and gain Mini-Cons for the first time.

Issues 6–7 would see Furman take over the scripting, with Pat Lee on art, detailing the discovery of several more Mini-Con teams on Earth. Issues 8–11, with Guido Guidi taking over on art, would see the discovery of a mysterious Mini-Con monolith that would assemble all the Mini-Cons on a base on the moon, leading the Decepticons to attempt a full-scale assault to capture them all. Issues 12–13 would see Megatron construct a superweapon, a powerful laser focusing satellite, in an attempt to destroy the Autobots, as well as capturing enough Mini-Cons to overload Cyclonus's power.

With the series coming to a close and Energon due to take over as the active franchise comic, issues 14–18 were dedicated to the coming of Unicron, with cameo appearances by several G1 characters. With Don Figueroa on art, it detailed the coming of the Heralds of Unicron into the Armada dimension to secure the Mini-Con Matrix and kill all of Unicron's enemies. The arc introduced Jetfire and the concept of Powerlinking, as well as having a battle between Armada Megatron and G1 Galvatron, Unicron's chief Herald. The final issue, again drawn by Guidi, served as a bridge between the Armada and Energon series, detailing Unicron's defeat and Megatron's disappearance.

Transformers: Energon (2003–2004)
The story to Transformers: Energon picks up ten years after events in Armada. The Energon title was written by Simon Furman and drawn by Guido Guidi and Joe Ng. The first issue was #19 since Armada was not cancelled but rather retitled. The series was discontinued at issue #30 due to Dreamwave's bankruptcy.

Launched in December 2003 Energon would retain the numbering system from Armada, as well as the creative team of Furman and Guidi. Issue 19 would pick up where Armada left off, reintroducing the main cast – as well as Unicron and the new threat of the Terrorcons. Issues 20–23 (drawn by Guidi and Joe Ng) saw the introduction of Unicron's Four Horsemen and most of the relevant cast (Prime, Hot Shot, etc.) receiving their Energon Powerlinking bodies, as well as establishing that Megatron's Spark was trapped within Unicron. It also saw the Terrorcons journey to Earth and saw the return of the principal human cast, as well as the introduction of Kicker. Issue #24, drawn by James Raiz, focused on the past relationship between Ironhide and Tidal Wave. Issue #25, again drawn by Ng, introduced the Omnicons and Snow Cat. Issues 26–29, drawn by Alex Milne, saw a full-scale Terrorcon attack on Earth, Prime aiding Megatron's rebirth and Starscream's return in his Energon form. Issue 30 saw a confrontation between Megatron and Scorponok—but the bankruptcy of Dreamwave prevented this story from being finished.

Transformers Armada: More Than Meets the Eye
In 2004 Dreamwave released a three-issue version of the More Than Meets The Eye series featuring all the Transformers: Armada characters released as toys in the United States. Written by Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk with art by many Dreamwave artists (including the interlocking covers by Joe Ng), the layout was similar to the Transformers: More Than Meets the Eye mini-series released in 2003, and included separate character bios for the Minicons as well as for the other Transformers.

The first pages of issue one and the last pages of issue three feature a mini-comic of the human character Alexis studying the history of the Transformers. The comic was set sometime between the events of the Transformers: Armada and Transformers: Energon Dreamwave comics.

Before Dreamwave's bankruptcy, an Energon edition of More Than Meets The Eye was also planned but not released.

Transformers/G.I. Joe
Dreamwave Productions and Devil's Due, owner of the G.I. Joe license, each produced their own six-issue mini-series and with separate continuities. Dreamwave's approach, rather than follow the previous efforts of Marvel Comics, had the story set in an alternate continuity, and was written by John Ney Rieber and drawn by Jae Lee. Here, Cobra had discovered and awakened the Decepticons, reformatting their vehicle modes into 1940s era war vehicles and weapons. The two evil forces conquered much of Europe in an alternative version of World War II. G.I. Joe, here a group of American infantry men, find the Autobots who aid them in stopping both Cobra and the Decepticons. Since Dreamwave's demise, the mini-series has been reprinted in trade paperback form by IDW Publishing.

Transformers/G.I. Joe: Divided Front
A second volume, Divided Front, was produced. It was written by the writing team of James McDonough and Adam Patyk (who also worked to develop the story treatment for the first volume) and drawn by Pat Lee. Despite strong initial sales of over 44 thousand copies and positive reviews stating the series "exceeded expectations," Dreamwave released only one issue before their financial troubles put a halt to their operations. The story followed Transformers/G.I. Joe, but took place 40 years later in 1985, and was intended to have explained the connection to the first volume's story.

Transformers Summer Special
The Transformers Summer Special was a one-shot produced in the summer of 2004 that featured stories from Generation 1, Energon, Robots in Disguise, and Beast Wars. The latter two were put to a vote by fans, and the winner (Beast Wars) was to be the next Transformers comic series (see Beast Wars (Unreleased) and Beast Wars (IDW Publishing) Background for more information). The Summer Special was to be an annual mini-series, but due to Dreamwave's bankruptcy only one issue was published.

The Generation 1 segment, written by the main G1 creative team of Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk and drawn by Pat Lee and Joe Ng, focused on Megatron and the Predacons. The Predacons were once warlords on Cybertron who were cast into exile in space. Settling on Planet Beest, (a homage to the Battle Beasts toy line), the Predacons sank into a feral state, and lived as inhabitants of that world for untold years, until Megatron arrived. Having been jettisoned into space by Starscream and restored from the brink of death by Wreck-Gar, Megatron now had his sights set on reclaiming the Decepticon leadership, and required the Predacons to bolster his army. Abandoning his personal weaponry, Megatron pursued Razorclaw through the jungle and soundly defeated him in hand-to-hand combat. Subsequently, he re-engineered the Predacons to give them the ability to combine into Predaking. This would later impact the ongoing Generation 1 comic when Megatron brought them to Cybertron to help defeat Shockwave and later to Earth.

There were three other stories, including a Transformers: Energon tale written by Simon Furman and drawn by James Raiz. The tale focused on Slugslinger, Sharkticon and Snow Cat, who had been defeated in an assault by Omega Supreme, telling lies to Megatron in order to excuse their failure. Megatron eventually appoints Slugslinger as his lieutenant, as his lie was the most impressive.

The other two, both written by Brad Mick aka James McDonough and Adam Patyk, focused around Beast Wars and Transformers: Robots in Disguise. The RiD tale, drawn by Rob Ruffolo, focused on Scourge and Sky-Byte stealing a nuclear reactor, while Optimus Prime and Ultra Magnus learn the value of teamwork to stop them. The Beast Wars tale, drawn by Don Figueroa, focused on Rattrap reminiscing on a time when he was attacked by Dinobot 2, only to be saved by a trio of mysterious Maximals.

The Beast Within
The comic shows us a what if there is a Dinobot combiner and the comic can only obtained in Transformers G1 DVDs set split into two comics

Beast Wars (unreleased)
In the Summer Special, a competition was run to choose whether the next Dreamwave Transformers series would be Beast Wars or Transformers: Robots in Disguise. Beast Wars won, and the Generation One team of writers James McDonough and Adam Patyk and artist Don Figueroa were slated as the creative team. However, Dreamwave's bankruptcy would mean that no issues were ever published, although images and issue synopses have appeared on the Internet. After McDonough and Patyk left Dreamwave due to the company's non-payment, writer Simon Furman was added to the series with Figueroa. They would eventually become the creative team on IDW Publishing's Beast Wars series.

IDW Publishing
After Dreamwave's collapse in the winter of 2004, Hasbro awarded the Transformers comic license to IDW Publishing the following spring with plans to relaunch the property. Two miniseries were initially planned: one featuring the Generation One characters and the other focusing on the Beast Wars. The success of these has led to several other projects as listed below. Long-time Transformers writer Simon Furman was brought aboard and given the creative reigns over both series, as well as their spin-offs. He took the opportunity to reboot the Generation One universe, going in a new direction from any previous incarnation, though retaining key elements such as character personalities and paint schemes. By the end of 2022, IDW lost the publishing rights to Transformers.

The Transformers: Infiltration
The Transformers: Infiltration premiered in October 2005 with issue #0 and properly launched with issue #1 in January 2006. Simon Furman wrote and E. J. Su penciled a new six-issue re-imagining of the Transformers arriving on Earth. The story concluded in July to be continued by The Transformers: Escalation (see below). A trade paperback of Infiltration has since been released, as well as a pocket sized Manga edition.

A recent press release indicated that The Transformers: Infiltration #0 set a record in the five-year history of IDW Publishing, surpassing over 100,000 copies in initial pre-orders.

The Transformers: Stormbringer
Stormbringer debuted in July 2006 and is set during the same time frame as Infiltration as in the first issue, Optimus Prime receives Ironhide's message from Infiltration. The setting is far from Earth, and the Transformers are scattered across the universe since Cybertron had been made uninhabitable by war. The series' main villain is Thunderwing, and key protagonists include Jetfire and the Technobots. The mini-series was promoted with the tagline "No Humans on Cybertron!", referring to many fans' discontent over the human cast of Infiltration. The four-issue series was written by Simon Furman and drawn by Don Figueroa. The two had previously collaborated on several projects for Dreamwave, as well as IDW's own Beast Wars: The Gathering.

The first issue of Stormbringer contains the number 7 on the UPC, continuing from Infiltration' numbering, meaning that despite being sold as mini-series, the G1 comics by Furman are essentially being considered by IDW as a single comic series. This also is continued in Escalation which starts at #10 on the UPC.

The Transformers: Spotlight
The Spotlight series is also set in IDW's new Generation One universe and consists of one-shots focusing on characters who have not yet appeared in IDW's main series. However, their tales will have repercussions on the main story, setting up future events or explaining the history behind events already seen. All issues have so far been written by Simon Furman, except for the issue for Kup which was written by artist Nick Roche. Released Spotlights have included Shockwave, Nightbeat, Hot Rod, Sixshot, Ultra Magnus, Soundwave, Kup, Galvatron, Optimus Prime, Ramjet, Blaster, Arcee, Mirage, Grimlock, and Wheelie; four more Spotlight issues are part of the Revelation mini-series and include Cyclonus, Hardhead, Doubledealer, and Sideswipe.

The Transformers: Escalation
The sequel series to Infiltration. Escalation (again written by Furman and drawn by Su) focuses on the Machination, an organization dedicated to capturing Transformer technology, and on Optimus Prime attempting to stop Megatron's attempts to bring about a war which will decimate humanity. The story began in November 2006 and concluded in April 2007, with Megatron's plans stalled and Sunstreaker captured by the Machination. The story will be followed by The Transformers: Devastation (see below).

The Transformers: Megatron Origin
This 4-issue mini-series, written by Eric Holmes and drawn by Alex Milne, was published in the gap between Escalation and Devastation. Serving as a prequel story to the current IDW Generation One universe Megatron Origin detail the rise of Megatron to power, the origin of the Decepticons and the beginning of the civil war on Cybertron. The series was due to begin in May, with alternative covers by Milne and Marcelo Matere, but began in June due to artist Alex Milne's illness.

The Transformers: Devastation
Devastation picked up where Escalation left off. It is another six-issue miniseries. Issue 1 of Devastation was released on October 3, 2007, and was published monthly through March 2008. A follow-up titled The Transformers: Revelation was also released as part of the Spotlight series (see above).

Other series
In addition to their main Generation 1 continuity, IDW has also created a variety of material based on the various Transformers universes, both the original animated series as well as original material and the 2007 live-action movie.

Beast Wars
Beast Wars: The Gathering was released in 2006 as a four-issue series written by the Stormbringer team of Furman and Figueroa. The series takes place after season 2 of the Beast Wars animated series and features characters that had toys produced but were not featured in the cartoon. The trade paperback was released in August 2006. A second series called The Ascending was released in August 2007, with a 3-issue bi-monthly series of More Than Meets The Eye-style profile books titled Beast Wars: Sourcebook released in August. The continuity is separate from the new IDW Generation One universe, and is set in-continuity with the original show.

The Transformers: Generations
Generations is a series that reprints key or best-of issues from the Marvel series but with new cover art. Issues containing Marvel characters (such as the original issue #3, which featured Spider-Man) could not be reprinted for this series. Also, using any Dreamwave material is not possible at this time due to legal ramifications from their bankruptcy. After issue #12 was released in March 2007, the series began to reprint the Marvel UK arc Target: 2006 in condensed form, beginning in April, although the Target: 2006 reprints do not feature the Generations title on the cover. Following this there will be a Best of UK series focusing on the Dinobots.

The Transformers: Evolutions
Evolutions is a title that features stand-alone, out-of-continuity tales from rotating creative teams. Chuck Dixon wrote the first four-part series Hearts of Steel, revolving around steam-powered Transformers on Earth in the 19th century, with art by former Dreamwave artist Guido Guidi. It premiered in July 2006. At its conclusion, the publishers warned that they needed to be conservative with alternate-reality stories, because both they and Hasbro did not want to make things too confusing before the 2007 movie was released. For this reason, the series is on hold until after the movie premieres, but a trade paperback has been released.

Transformers: The Animated Movie
Transformers: The Animated Movie is a four-issue comic book adaptation of the classic 1986 Transformers movie in correspondence with the 20th anniversary of the film's release. The first issue was released in October 2006 and the run coincided with the release of the Sony/BMG 20th Anniversary The Transformers: The Movie Special Edition DVD, released on November 7, 2006. The adaptation was written by former Marvel Transformers writer Bob Budiansky and illustrated by Don Figueroa. The series included scenes and characters in the comic that did not make it into the movie.

Live-action film series
Transformers is a comic book series by IDW Publishing, based upon the live-action film series.

Transformers: Cybertron – Balancing Act
Balancing Act, released by IDW in April 2007, is a collection of stories from the Hasbro Collector's Club Magazine that were published from 2005 to 2006. The stories were written by Forrest Lee and illustrated by Dan Khanna.

The Transformers Magazine
IDW also published a bimonthly Transformers Magazine. It features strips from the original Marvel US The Transformers series, Dreamwave's Transformers: Armada comic and IDW's own The Transformers: Stormbringer series. Spotlight artist Robby Musso provides original covers. The first issue came due out in June 2007.

Transformers: Regeneration One
From July 2012 to March 2014, IDW published the series Transformers: Regeneration One. It continued the Marvel Comics canceled Transformers series picking up after the final issue (#80) which was published in July 1991. 21 years later, the series (now under IDW) resumed, and featured the same artists and writer from the final issues of the original Marvel series: Simon Furman, Andrew Wildman, and Stephen Baskerville. The series was revived for the sole purpose of tying up loose ends and ended with #100 where the cover read "#100 in a four issue limited series". In January 2013, IDW began reprinting the series as a 4 volume trade paperback series.

Other publishers
There have been some promotional comics by various small publishers, often lacking a cohesive fictional universe.

3H Enterprises
The previous official Transformers convention had comics printed as merchandise. The comics included Tales from the Beast Wars (2 issues), Transformers: The Wreckers (3 issues) and Transformers: Universe (3 issues).

Benchpress Comics
In spring 1999, new publisher Benchpress Comics announced they acquired the rights to produce new G.I. Joe and Transformers comics. The plan was to release two Transformers monthly series, one would feature the Generation 1 cast of characters and a second title would focus on Beast Wars. Benchpress went bankrupt before a single issue was published.

Blackthorne Publishing
In 1987, Blackthorne Publishing released The Transformers in 3-D, a comic book series that ran separately from the Marvel Transformers comic book series. The series had three issues, with 28 pages per issue. The comic was not widely distributed, affording the collection to be a rare item. The series is set in the post-The Transformers: The Movie era, featuring characters like Galvatron and Ultra Magnus. Other characters include Optimus Prime, Ironhide, Cosmos, Cyclonus, Razorclaw, Ratbat, Scorponok, Octane and the Quintessons. It also introduced a faction known as the Destructons, who later reappeared in BotCon fiction. Another Blackthorne Publishing Transformers product was a four issue "How to Draw Transformers" series which gave tips and methods to illustrating the characters.

Devil's Due Publishing
Devil's Due Publishing experienced success with their revived G.I Joe series under license by Hasbro. Both companies produced their own six-issue mini-series detailing a crossover between the two with permission from Hasbro, but Dreamwave had the exclusive license to produce Transformers comics, while Devil's Due had the exclusive license to G.I. Joe; hence the two different miniseries from both companies with two different ideas behind each company's respective franchise. A second series followed in late 2004, followed by a third in 2005, and a fourth in 2006.

G.I. Joe vs. the Transformers
The Devil's Due story, written by company president Josh Blaylock and illustrated by Mike S. Miller, takes place in an alternate present day where Cobra has uncovered the Ark. Cobra removes the deactivated Transformers found inside, adapting them into Cobra assault vehicles. G.I. Joe is formed to stop Cobra and receives unexpected help from Wheeljack and Bumblebee. When the Transformers eventually break free, G.I Joe are forced to battle the Autobots, Decepticons and Cobra in order to stop a malfunctioning satellite weapons system and prevent the detonation of a nuclear device reacting with Energon.

G.I. Joe vs. the Transformers 2
The second four-issue mini-series was written by Dan Jolley and drawn by Tim Seeley and E. J. Su. Cobra was shattered in the first series, but Cobra Commander survived and recruited Destro to help steal Teletran-3. An accident occurs, causing several Joes and Cobra members to be transported to Cybertron. The accident pulls several Transformers to Earth, as well as scattering the characters throughout time. The Joes and Cobra travel into the past and future to retrieve the missing Autobots and Decepticons before the Earth is destroyed.

G.I. Joe vs. the Transformers 3: The Art of War
A five-issue series written by Seeley and drawn by Joe Ng (with help from James Raiz and Alex Milne). Parts from Megatron have been used to create a re-imagined version of the classic G.I Joe villain Serpentor. Freed by a Cobra raid, Serpentor travels to Cybertron and gathers a massive Decepticon army to seize the Autobot Matrix of Leadership. Cybertron hangs in the balance, causing a disparate group of Joes and Autobots to unite to stop Serpentor.

G.I. Joe vs the Transformers 4: Black Horizon
A two-part series (written by Seeley and drawn by Andrew Wildman) connecting from the end of "The Art of War". Hawk, now resigned from G.I. Joe, has teamed up with a group of Autobots under Prowl to stop the spread of Cybertronian technology on Earth. They are unaware that a bigger threat looms, an alliance of Cobra-La and Unicron. The series consists of two double-sized issues.

According to writer Seeley, the plot of Black Horizon is the one he initially wanted to use for The Art of War, but was turned down by Hasbro, leading to the use of a re-imagined Serpentor instead. The series' format was also changed from four regular issues to two double-sized issues, as Hasbro wanted to avoid competition with the 2007 Movie tie-in comics.

See also Devil's Due's G.I. Joe vs. Transformers section in G.I. Joe (comics).

Panini Comics
Panini Comics published a Transformers: Armada comic in the United Kingdom in 2003, aiming at younger readers. The series lasted nine issues. It was written by Simon Furman. The comics included backing stories called "Tales of the Mini-Cons" which spotlighted those particular characters.

Titan Magazines
To coincide with the release of the 2007 movie, Titan Magazines produced a new UK monthly title called Transformers. The first issue went on sale on July 27, 2007. The book contains a ten-page original lead strip, and reprints six or seven pages per issue of IDW's movie prequels and Beast Wars: The Gathering. It is edited by Steve White, who also worked for Marvel UK's Transformers title; the UK strips are written by Simon Furman. Artists have included Geoff Senior and Nick Roche, and are to include Andrew Wildman, Don Figueroa and Nick Roche, with Guido Guidi and Marcelo Matere confirmed on issues 5 and 6.

The UK original strips open each issue and tie into the continuity of the IDW prequel comic. Each one focuses on one character. The first two stories – Optimus Prime and Megatron – focused on Optimus sending the Allspark into space to keep it out of Megatron's hands. Megatron heads after it, following his interrogation of Bumblebee in the movie prequel, and Jazz, Ratchet and Ironhide attempt to stop him. He sends Devastator after them with a foldspace warhead, causing all four to be "lost in space".

Each issue comes with a free gift. #1 had dog tags with Autobot or Decepticon logos on them, #2 had removable tattoos, #3 had a keyring, which would be either the Autobots or Decepticons logo, and #4 had 4 badges.

Hasbro mini-comics
A mini-comic that was packaged with various series of toys, and printed in various languages. The comics told small side stories relating to the premise of the associated toyline and exist in their own continuities.

Optimus Primal/Megatron – "Beast Wars"
An eight-page mini-comic that was sold with the Optimus Primal/bat and Megatron/crocodile Beast Wars toys. The mini-comic establishes the Maximals and Predacons on present-day Earth, which contradicts the time-travel story later set by the Beast Wars television series and toy descriptions.

The mini-comic features appearances by Optimus Primal, Megatron, Cheetor, Razorbeast, Waspinator, and Tarantulas, but only Optimus and Megatron have speaking parts.

Transformers: Armada
A four-part series released throughout the Armada toy line. The series was produced by the same team that started on Dreamwave's Transformers: Armada comic, story by Chris Saccarini and illustrated by James Raiz. The first 2 volumes were printed in English, Spanish, and French.

Volume 1 features Optimus Prime, Megatron, Hot Shot, Jolt, Cyclonus and Crumplezone. Volume 2 introduces Scavenger and Rollbar vs. the Mini-Con Destruction Team and Starscream. The third volume features the Mini-Con Air Defense Team captured by Galvatron before being rescued by Optimus Prime and Jetfire. In the final volume, Optimus Prime, Overload and Roll Out face off against Galvatron who combines with Tidal Wave.

title: Transformers (comics)


text:
Budaniv

Budaniv (Буданів, Budzanów) is a village in Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, in western Ukraine, near Terebovlya. It belongs to Bilobozhnytsia rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The population of Budaniv is 1,634 (2005). Before World War II, the village and its surroundings were part of the Second Polish Republic.

History
The settlement was founded in 1549 on the banks of the Seret River by Polish nobleman Jakub Bodzanowski, wojski of Halicz and was granted town rights by Polish King Sigismund II Augustus. The town was named Budzanów after its founder. Mountainous terrain of the region always attracted new settlers and about 1550 a wooden castle was built up on the peak of one of the hills. The castle was rebuilt in the beginning of 17th century. The castle was ruined by the Turks in 1675 during the Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676. In 1765 Maria Potocka, a Polish countess, founded a Catholic church on the castle's ruins. In the First Partition of Poland, in 1772, the town was annexed by Austria. The Jews made up around 40% of the total population.

In the interbellum, Budzanów formed part of restored independent Poland. Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the settlement was occupied by the Soviet Union until 1941, and afterwards by Germany. In November 1942, under German occupation, the Jews of Budzanów were deported to the Belzec extermination camp. In 1944, the settlement was re-occupied by the Soviets, and eventually annexed from Poland.

Until 18 July 2020, Budaniv belonged to Terebovlia Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three. The area of Terebovlia Raion was merged into Ternopil Raion, however, Budaniv was transferred to Chortkiv Raion.

Notable people

 * Soma Morgenstern (1890–1976), writer and journalist
 * Lee Strasberg (1901–1982), theatre director, actor and acting teacher

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

authors: Максим Огородник

title: Budaniv


text:
Paul Kretschmer

Paul Kretschmer (2 May 1866 – 9 March 1956) was a German linguist who studied the earliest history and interrelations of the Indo-European languages and showed how they were influenced by non-Indo-European languages, such as Etruscan.

Biography
Kretschmer was born in Berlin, where he studied classic and Indo-European philology under Hermann Diels.

His epochal study of pre-Greek elements in ancient Greek was his 1896 Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache (Introduction to the History of the Greek Language). Comparing Greek place names with their foreign counterparts in ancient Anatolia, he concluded that a non-Greek, Mediterranean culture had preceded the Greeks there, leaving extensive linguistic traces. The discoveries of the archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans at Knossos, Crete, around 1900 tended to confirm Kretschmer's views.

Following a professorship at the University of Marburg in Germany (1897–99), Kretschmer occupied the chair in comparative linguistics at the University of Vienna, where he remained until 1936. An adherent of the Neogrammarian school of linguistics, which stressed rigorous comparative methodology, he also contributed to Modern Greek dialectology and furthered the study of German linguistic geography.

He died in Vienna in 1956.

title: Paul Kretschmer


text:
User:Kander

Remind me to put up something about me in a few weeks.. right now I prefer to do useful stuff instead of writing propaganda.

If anyone else wants to be my Minister of Propaganda, you're hired. Start working on this page and we'll see about payment later, ok?

Kander

title: User:Kander


text: Category:Rugby union teams in Japan

title: Category:Rugby union teams in Japan


text: Category:Florina

title: Category:Florina


text:
User:Thatoneguy

Few people are capable of expressing with equanimity opinions which differ from the prejudices of their social environment. Most people are even incapable of forming such opinions. -Albert Einstein

title: User:Thatoneguy


text:
Sprut anti-tank gun

2A45 and 2A45M are the respective GRAU designations of the Sprut-A  and Sprut-B (Russian for octopus or kraken ) Soviet smoothbore 125 mm anti-tank guns.

Development
The 2A45M was created in the late 1980s by the Petrov Design Bureau at Artillery Plant Number 9 (OKB-9), which was also responsible for the 122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30).

Description (Sprut-B)
A feature of the Sprut-B is its integrated engine, which can propel the gun on relatively flat surfaces (up to 15 degrees of slope) and at 14 km/h on roads. This gives the gun a measure of mobility on the battlefield. Changing gun position from travelling to firing takes 90 seconds; the reverse takes two minutes. Such guns are known in Russian as "self-moving" (самодвижущиеся) in contrast to self-propelled (самоходные), and outside of battle it is towed by an MT-LB.

The gun has a crew of seven. An OP4M-48A direct fire sight is used in daylight, and a 1PN53-1 night-vision sight is used at night. For indirect fire, 2Ts33 iron sights are used, with a PG-1m panoramic sight. The gun can reliably engage targets two metres high at a distance of 2,000 metres.

The barrel features a thermal sleeve to prevent temperature changes affecting the accuracy. The gun uses the same semi-fixed ammunition as the T-64, T-72, T-80, and T-90 tanks.

With the addition of the 9S53 laser fire-control system, the gun can fire laser guided projectiles such as the 9M119 Svir or 9K120 Refleks.

Ammunition
The gun uses the same ammunition as the D-81 series of guns used on the T-64, T-72, T-80 and T-90 tanks.

Models
Stationary towed gun variant. Self-propelled towed gun variant that can move under its own power with the addition of wheels and a power unit.
 * 2A45 Sprut-A
 * 2A45M Sprut-B

Current operators

 * 🇺🇦: made under license, by KMDB, in the city of Kharkiv.
 * 🇺🇦: made under license, by KMDB, in the city of Kharkiv.
 * 🇺🇦: made under license, by KMDB, in the city of Kharkiv.

Former operators

 * passed construction license to successor states

title: Sprut anti-tank gun


text:
Resource holding potential

In biology, resource holding potential (RHP) is the ability of an animal to win an all-out fight if one were to take place. The term was coined by Geoff Parker to disambiguate physical fighting ability from the motivation to persevere in a fight (Parker, 1974 ). Originally the term used was 'resource holding power', but 'resource holding potential' has come to be preferred. The latter emphasis on 'potential' serves as a reminder that the individual with greater RHP does not always prevail.

An individual with more RHP may lose a fight if, for example, it is less motivated (has less to gain by winning) than its opponent. Mathematical models of RHP and motivation (a.k.a. resource value or V) have traditionally been based on the hawk-dove game (e.g. Hammerstein, 1981) in which subjective resource value is represented by the variable 'V'. In addition to RHP and V, George Barlow (Barlow et al., 1986 ) proposed that a third variable, which he termed 'daring', played a role in determining fight outcome. Daring (a.k.a. aggressiveness) represents an individual's tendency to initiate or escalate a contest independent of the effects of RHP and V.

It is instinctive for all animals to live a life according to fitness (Parker 1974). Animals will do what they can to improve their fitness and therefore survive long enough to produce offspring. However, when resources are not in abundance, this can be challenging; eventually, animals will begin to compete for resources. The competition for resources can be dangerous and for some animals, deadly. Some animals have developed adaptive traits that increase their chances of survival when competing for resources. This trait is Resource Holding Potential (RHP) (Parker 1974). Resource Holding Potential, or Resource Holding Power, is the term defining the motivation an individual has to continue to fight, work, or endure through situations that others may give up during. Animals that use RHP often evaluate the conditions of the danger they face. These animals have the ability to assess the RHP of their opponent in relation to their own (Francesca Gherardi 2006). Generally, the animal with the higher RHP survives and wins the disputes they encounter (Lindström and Pampoulie 2005). The determinations of who has the higher RHP can vary. In some cases, the robust size of the animal will establish one’s dominance. However, RHP can also be measured by prior residency and knowledge of resource quality (Lindström and Pampoulie 2005). In this case, RHP is not about the direct dangers that come with standing one’s ground; sometimes, an animal will use RHP to determine if their current living status is worth protecting. With that being said, RHP does not take does not so much focus on the physical ability of the individual to fight, but instead focuses on the motivation of the individual. RHP does not always determine if the individual will prevail (Hurd 2006). RHP along with other variables including the value of the resource and the aggressiveness (or daring) of the individual all help to determine how likely it is that an individual will initiate and prevail in a fight.

Recent studies
Male sand gobies (a ray-finned fish) must build large nests in order to attract a mate, and to be able to house numerous eggs. If the male is small and not very attractive but has a large nest, he is at risk of a larger more attractive male coming by and attempting to “steal” the nest. On the other hand, if the male is larger in size but lives in a smaller nest, he has a lesser chance of finding a mate and less space to house his offspring. In either case, the male sand goby must use RHP to determine whether it is more fit for him to stay or move on (Lindström and Pampoulie 2005).

In Aegus chelifer chelifer, a small tropical beetle species, head width is considered a resource holding potential. Researchers discovered that body size, rather than mandible size, had a bigger effect on the outcome of fights between the beetles, making it their resource holding potential (Songvorawit et al. 2018). In the sea anemone, Actinia equina, morphological traits appear to determine their resource holding potential. A. equina does a “self-assessment” of their RHP when fighting nearby anemones. Body size appears to be the main RHP unless a peel occurs due to contact with another anemone where toxin is released. If a peel occurs then nematocyst length is the main factor to their RHP (Rudin and Briffa 2012).

The topic of resource holding power has some similar characteristics to the behavior of conditional migration. The thought process of “What benefit do I receive from this action,” is a similarity between the two. If an all out fight only has two outcomes, death, or winning the competition for resources, than the individuals will be less likely to interact with one another and instigate a fight because the outcomes would be so severe. Similar concepts can be applied to the conditional migration behavior. Subordinate males will be less likely to migrate because of the severe outcomes that come from the migration. If subordinates migrate with dominant males to a place where resources will be limited their likelihood of surviving is greatly reduced. What benefit could they receive knowing that most likely they are going to lose resources.

Conditional strategy - socially dominant individuals will be in a position to select the best option relative to their fitness.

Examples of the term in use

 * "... RHP is a measure of the absolute fighting ability of the individual" (Parker, 1974).
 * "Assuming the RHP of the combatants to be equal, there are many instances of fitness pay-off imbalances between holder and attacker which should weight the dispute outcome in favour of one or other opponent by allowing it a greater expendable fitness budget. Usually the weighting favours the holder; the attacker therefore needs a correspondingly higher RHP before it may be expected to win." (Parker, 1974).
 * "Each combatant assesses relative RHP; this correlates with an absolute probability of winning the next bout ($$C_{abs}$$)." (Parker, 1974).
 * "The essential point is to distinguish two cases (i) information about 'motivation' or 'intentions' [...] (ii) information about 'Resource Holding Power', or RHP (Parker, 1974b); RHP is a measure of the size, strength, weapons, etc. which would enable an animal to win an escalated contest" (Maynard Smith 1982 ).
 * "In practice, however, the two opponents are rarely equal in fighting ability, or resource holding potential" (Bradbury & Vehrencamp, 1998 ).
 * "Motivational and physical components are assumed to be separable. ... The motivation depends upon V, the value of the resource, and the perceived prowess and motivation of the opponent. ... but there is an additional component. It is the readiness of the individual to risk an encounter, to dare to escalate, measured when the contest is otherwise symmetrical. It differs from V in that daring appears to be an inherent property of the individual rather than a variable motivational state that is tuned to the value of the resource" (Barlow et al. 1986).

title: Resource holding potential


text:
Paul do Mar

Paul do Mar is a civil parish in the municipality of Calheta, in the Portuguese archipelago of Madeira. The population in 2011 was 871, in an area of 1.40 km2.

History
The origin of the toponymy paul do mar is linked to its geographic position, since paul refers to an elongated zone, which is justified by the parish's location along the southwest coast of Madeira. Its exposure to the ocean, and historical periods when the sea bathed the area with seawater, once characterised the area as the Sitio da Lagoa or Alagoa (site of the lake or the lake). Historically, the area experienced flooding from the sea when the Atlantic submerged and inundated fields to a depth of one metre. As a result, a salt factory was established. But, this was closed long ago. Since the construction of a new higher sea wall and ocean front with road and parking the sea flooding has stopped.

Paul do Mar's Catholic Church is dedicated to the patron saint of the village Santo Amaro.

Geography

Paul do Mar is accessible by two roads: one connecting the parish with Porto Moniz, Santana, Calheta and Funchal to the east, and another which connects the village to Fajã da Ovelha and Jardim do Mar, along the Atlantic Ocean. It is located about 3 km from the urbanized area of Calheta and about 1 km from Fajã da Ovelha. Calheta has an important art centre (Casa das Mudas) and many of the typical facilities that you would expect in a small village. The historic municipal pedestrian way Caminho Real connects Paúl do Mar with Prazeres. During low tide and when the sea is not too rough, it is possible to walk along the rocky beach to Jardim do Mar.

The parish is divided into five localities:
 * Igreja - the most elevated part of the parish, and the smallest, it is primarily important for being the location of the parochial church and cemetery, which substituted the older chapel that was destroyed to make way for the new building. This event created some consternation in the community, which regarded the older church with pride. It had a large collection of imagery that was routinely exchanged with other parishes. Among other noteworthy buildings are the vestiges of the historical salting industry (mainly the chimneys from the factory) and an older fountain (built in 1889);
 * Lagoa - receiving its name from the fact that the area is fairly flat and suspectible to ocean swells, the area of Lagoa was regularly flooded by ocean waves during winter storms until the new sea coastal defence system was built. The largest of the localities within Paul do Mar is Espanha. It is located in the centre of the parish, occupying an important centre of activities, including the locations of the health centre and main primary school, in addition to the municipal football field;
 * Quebrada - The most easterly portion of the parish, the toponymic name originates from a landslide long ago. Another area is the harbour (Porto) which remains an important part of the region's fishing industry (a Lota - fish registration centre, slipway and located in this area). Also, the Caminho Real that links Paul do Mar with Prazeres starts at the harbour and was once the parish's few land accesses to the rest of the island. Quebrada is the location of the parish seat, the Junta de Freguesia;
 * Serrado da Cruz - This is a densely concentrated area of residential buildings along the main roadway, as well as being an area (along with Ribeira das Galinhas) noted for the cultivation of bananas. Historically, the area of Cruz was the site of the upper level primary school, which taught grades five to six (at times from fourth grade), but was abandoned due to lack of funding (as was the older seat of the Banda Municipal Paulense, the local philharmonic band). Similarly, a statue in memorial to Dr. João Maurício Abreudos Santos (who was a local personality), erected by dos amigos Pauleiros (from Paulense friends), and a local ceramic/handicraft business Cerâmica Artesanal are also important sites in this area;
 * Ribeira das Galinhas - the name of most westerly part of the parish is derived from the ravine where many chickens were penned by local farmers who lived in the area. The area has the lowest populational density in the parish reflecting its use as agricultural land for planting/cultivation of bananas. It is linked to Fajã da Ovelha by a winding roadway that scales the western cliffs, referred to as the Caminho das 25 Voltas (road of the 25 turns), that at one time began at a partly ruined bridge. Historically, this area was also the transit point for goods that were transferred from the cliff-tops to the seaside community.

Sport is popular, and football clubs include the Paulense (representing the locality of Ribeira das Galinhas, Serrado da Cruz and Lagoa) and the Santo Amaro club (which represented the localities of Igreja and Quebrada).

Economy
The main activity in Paul do Mar and its area is fishing and agriculture, particularly the cultivation of banana and tourism including eco-tourism activities such as dolphin and whalewatching.

Paul do Mar has significant commercial businesses for a village, including shops, a small supermarket, bars, cafes, restaurants, a patisserie/bakery, a main primary school, Catholic church, a health centre, a bank, a football ground, a four-star hotel, and a number of self-catering holiday houses and apartments.

Architecture

 * Forte de Santo António do Paul do Mar (Fort of Saint Anthony) - Constructed in 1754, a provision of the 1761 Counsel of War (Conselho de Guerra), that also raised the annual income of the King's representative by including a barrel of wine.

Culture
There are many festas in the village throughout the year particularly in the summer months including the festa celebrating the Patron Saint of the village Santo Amaro from 14–15 January and The Festa da Lapa (the festival of the shellfish/limpets) which lasts from a Friday to a Sunday night in the month of July.

Sport
The waves break large and surfing is enjoyed here by experienced surfers. In 2001 Paul do Mar was one of the venues for the World Surfing Championships.

Notable citizens

 * Dr. João Maurício Abreu dos Santos (17 September 1905 - 11 May 1969), medical doctor/practitioner; he completed his medical course at the University of Coimbra in 1935, and provided local health care and treatment to the Paulense residents, at a time where he was courted by many in the city of Funchal. He was memorialized for his local contribution to the local community with a statue in his honour in Serrado da Cruz.
 * Dr. João Maurício Batista Abreu dos Santos (9 April 1947 – 25 July 2002), medical doctor/surgeon; son of Dr. João Maurício Abreu dos Santos, he also followed his father into medicine, and likewise earned respect regionally for his contributions to the local population. His practice provided weekly consultation to the population, in addition to the communities in Calheta, including specifically Prazeres;
 * António Coito, merchant; proprietor of one of the largest stores in Paul do Mar, who was also a dedicated musician, master of the Banda Municipal Paulense for many years and member of Paul do Mar choral;
 * João Correiro - an influential businessman, who had a store, responsible for mail delivery and a boat that made regularly shipments of people and goods to Funchal;
 * Vasco da Gama Rodrigues (27 January 1909 – 3 May 1991), poet; studied at the Funchal lyceum, until moving to Mozambique, before returning to Portugal, where he worked for the public administration, as tourist inspector at the age of 25, at the same time authoring several works of poetry, including: Os Atlantes (1961), As Três Taças(1972) and O Cristo das Nações (1995).

title: Paul do Mar


text:
Berthold Delbrück

Berthold Gustav Gottlieb Delbrück (26 July 1842 – 3 January 1922) was a German linguist who devoted himself to the study of the comparative syntax of the Indo-European languages.

Early life
Delbrück was born in Putbus. He studied at the universities of Halle and Berlin, receiving his doctorate at Halle in 1863. In 1870 he succeeded August Leskien as an associate professor at the University of Jena, where in 1873 he was named a full professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics.

Career
In 1871 he published a study of the subjunctive and optative moods in Sanskrit and Greek, which was the first thoroughly methodical and complete treatment of a problem in comparative syntax. His great achievement, however, was preparing volumes iii, iv, and v on syntax entitled Vergleichende Syntax der indogermanischen Sprachen in Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen ("Outline of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages"), published in Strassburg between 1893 and 1900 by Delbrück and Karl Brugmann. He died in Jena, aged 79.

Works
Besides the works mentioned, he wrote:
 * Grundfragen der Sprachforschung (1901).
 * Einleitung in das Sprachstudium (3rd edition, 1893; English translation: Introduction to the study of language (1882).
 * Syntaktische Forschungen, vols. i.–v. (1871–88); with Ernst Windisch.

title: Berthold Delbrück


text:
Warm Braw

Warm Braw is a foehn wind in the Schouten Islands north of New Guinea.

title: Warm Braw


text:
SEAT Inca

The SEAT Inca (Typ 9K) was a van and panel van produced by the Spanish manufacturer SEAT between 1996 and 2004. It was designed and assembled in Spain, based on the SEAT Ibiza Mark 2. It was first shown at the Barcelona Motor Show of 1995.

Design
The SEAT Inca had two rear wing doors which, because they were non symmetrical, were supposed to facilitate loading and unloading. Capable of carrying a payload of 550 kg and towing a 1000 kg braked trailer the Inca proved to be a strong work horse in many markets. The Inca was awarded the Comercial do Ano ("Commercial vehicle of the Year") award in Portugal in 1997.

Performance
The Inca came with 1.4 60 PS and 1.6 75 PS petrol engines, and was also available with the tried and tested 64 PS 1.9-liter (1896cc) indirect injection diesel engine from the Volkswagen Golf and Volkswagen Polo, or a 90 PS Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel in certain countries.

A 64 PS 1.9-liter Suction Diesel Injection (SDI) direct injection diesel with electronic control and improved economy over the indirect injection engine was also available from 1999 onwards.

Sales
From its launch in 1997 until end of production in 2004, more than 115,000 SEAT Inca cars were produced and sold. The annual production of SEAT Inca delivery/panel van (without side windows) and Kombi (with side windows and removable seats that could be used for cargo or passengers) manufactured at SEAT Martorell are shown below. SEAT facilities only; corrected 7/11/2018 from cited Volkswagen and SEAT annual reports of 1997:

Rebadges
The SEAT Inca was rebadged by SEAT's parent company Volkswagen and sold under the name Volkswagen Caddy (Typ 9K). Its badge-engineered Volkswagen stablemate was identical in every respect apart from some (easily interchangeable) branding logos, and the front grille.

In the beginning of the 2000s, the Volkswagen Group had decided to shift the marketing focus of the SEAT brand to target the younger driver with an emphasis on more sporty models. Despite this move, the Caddy and the Inca continued to be produced at the same manufacturing facilities, until the Inca was discontinued in June 2004.

The Inca name was then dropped from the line up of SEAT, but the Caddy was replaced with a new variant based on the platform of the Volkswagen Golf V.

title: SEAT Inca


text:
Echinopedinidae

Echinopedinidae is a family of echinoderms.

title: Echinopedinidae


text:
27th Daytime Emmy Awards

The 27th Daytime Emmy Awards were held in 2000 to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from the previous year (1999).

Winners in each category are in bold.

Outstanding Drama Series

 * All My Children
 * General Hospital
 * One Life to Live
 * The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Lead Actor

 * Peter Bergman (Jack Abbott, The Young and the Restless)
 * Eric Braeden (Victor Newman, The Young and the Restless)
 * David Canary (Adam Chandler/Stuart Chandler, All My Children)
 * Anthony Geary (Luke Spencer, General Hospital)
 * Robert S. Woods (Bo Buchanan, One Life to Live)

Outstanding Lead Actress

 * Jeanne Cooper (Katherine Chancellor, The Young and the Restless)
 * Susan Flannery (Stephanie Forrester, The Bold and the Beautiful)
 * Finola Hughes (Alex Devane, All My Children)
 * Hillary B. Smith (Nora Buchanan, One Life to Live)
 * Jess Walton (Jill Abbott, The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Supporting Actor

 * Steve Burton (Jason Morgan, General Hospital)
 * Timothy Gibbs (Kevin Buchanan, One Life to Live)
 * Christian LeBlanc (Michael Baldwin, The Young and the Restless)
 * Shemar Moore (Malcolm Winters, The Young and the Restless)
 * Kristoff St. John (Neil Winters, The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Supporting Actress

 * Sarah Brown (Carly Quartermaine, General Hospital)
 * Sharon Case (Sharon Newman, The Young and the Restless)
 * Patrika Darbo (Nancy Wesley, Days of Our Lives)
 * Nancy Lee Grahn (Alexis Davis, General Hospital)
 * Tonya Lee Williams (Olivia Winters, The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Younger Actor

 * Jensen Ackles (Eric Brady, Days of Our Lives)
 * Jonathan Jackson (Lucky Spencer, General Hospital)
 * Bryant Jones (Nate Hastings, The Young and the Restless)
 * David Lago (Raul Guittierez, The Young and the Restless)
 * Joshua Morrow (Nicholas Newman, The Young and the Restless)
 * David Tom (Billy Abbott, The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Younger Actress

 * Adrienne Frantz (Amber Moore, The Bold and the Beautiful)
 * Camryn Grimes (Cassie Newman, The Young and the Restless)
 * Ashley Jones (Megan Dennison, The Young and the Restless)
 * Heather Tom (Victoria Newman, The Young and the Restless)
 * Erin Torpey (Jessica Buchanan, One Life to Live)

Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team

 * As the World Turns
 * The Bold and the Beautiful
 * General Hospital
 * The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team

 * All My Children
 * The Bold and the Beautiful
 * General Hospital
 * Sunset Beach
 * The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show

 * Hollywood Squares
 * Jeopardy!
 * The Price is Right
 * Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
 * Win Ben Stein's Money

Outstanding Game Show Host

 * Bob Barker, The Price is Right
 * Tom Bergeron, Hollywood Squares
 * Regis Philbin, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
 * Pat Sajak, Wheel of Fortune
 * Alex Trebek, Jeopardy!

Outstanding Talk Show

 * Donny & Marie
 * Live with Regis and Kathie Lee
 * The Martin Short Show
 * The Rosie O'Donnell Show
 * The View

Outstanding Talk Show Host

 * Rosie O'Donnell, The Rosie O'Donnell Show
 * Regis Philbin and Kathie Lee Gifford, Live with Regis and Kathie Lee
 * Barbara Walters, Meredith Vieira, Star Jones, Joy Behar and Lisa Ling, The View
 * Donny Osmond and Marie Osmond, Donny & Marie
 * Martin Short, The Martin Short Show

Outstanding Performer In An Animated Program

 * James Woods (Hades, Hercules: The Animated Series)
 * Nathan Lane (George, George and Martha)
 * Pam Grier (The Nightingale, Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child: The Empress' Nightingale)
 * Robert Guillaume (Narrator, Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child: The Empress' Nightingale)
 * French Stewart (Icarus, Hercules: The Animated Series)

Outstanding Performer in a Children's Special

 * James Earl Jones (Dr. William 'Bill' Blakely, Summer's End)
 * Debbie Reynolds (Shirlee Allison, A Gift of Love: The Daniel Huffman Story)
 * Marc Donato (Stephen Locked, Locked in Silence)
 * Bonnie Bedelia (Lydia, Locked in Silence)
 * Hume Cronyn (Mr. John McRae, Sea People)

Outstanding Sound Editing

 * Dave Howe, Michael McAuliffe, and Thomas McGurk (Bill Nye, the Science Guy)
 * Michael Ruschak, and Philippe Desloovere (30 by 30: Kid Flicks)
 * William H. Angarola, Mike Marchain, Anna MacKenzie, Robert Guastini, Cindy Rabideau, Ray Spiess, Rick Hinson, and Warren Smith (The Devil's Arithmetic)
 * Jeffrey Boydstun, Jim Perry, and Rita Egleston (The Phantom Eye)

Outstanding Sound Mixing

 * Peter Hefter, and John Alberts (Bear in the Big Blue House)
 * Dave Howe, Michael McAuliffe, Thomas McGurk, Myron Partman, and Resti Bagcal (Bill Nye, the Science Guy)
 *  Bill Thiederman, Dean Okrand, Mike Brooks, and Clancy Livingston (Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show)
 * Robert Montrone, and Bill Baggett (Martha Stewart Living)
 * Richard Bock, Dan Lesiw, and Jeff Scornavacca (Zoom)

Outstanding Sound Mixing - Special Class

 * Benoît Coaillier (Arthur)
 * Fil Brown and Melissa Ellis (Men in Black: The Series)
 * Tom Maydeck, Robert Hargreaves and John Hegedes (Batman Beyond)
 * Dick Maitland and Blake Norton (Sesame Street)

Outstanding Children's Series

 * James McKenna, Erren Gottlieb, Elizabeth Brock, Jamie Hammond, and Bill Nye (Bill Nye, the Science Guy)
 * Carol Tomko Recka, John Stainton, and Judy Bailey (The Crocodile Hunter)
 * Linda Ellerbee, Rolfe Tessem, Mark Lyons, and Wally Berger (Nick News with Linda Ellerbee)
 * Peter Engel, Bennett Tramer, Tony Soltis, Chris Conte, Paul Dell, and Steven Weiss (Saved by the Bell: The New Class)
 * Kate Taylor, Jonathan G. Meath, Marisa Wolsky, Jim Johnston (Zoom)

Outstanding Writing in a Children's Series

 * Bill Nye, Michael Gross, Darrell Suto, Ian G. Saunders, Michael Palleschi, Lynn Brunelle, and Mike Greene (Bill Nye, the Science Guy)
 * Angela Santomero, Adam Peltzman, Michael Smith, Alice Wilder, Jessica Lissy (Blue's Clues)
 * Fred Rogers (Mister Rogers' Neighborhood)
 * Linda Ellerbee, Walt McGraw (Nick News with Linda Ellerbee)
 * Lou Berger, Molly Boylan, Sara Compton, Annie Evans, Chrissy Ferraro, Judy Freudberg, Tony Geiss, Ian Ellis James, Emily Perl Kingsley, David Korr, Sonia Manzano, Joey Mazzarino, Jeff Moss, Cathi Turow, Adam Rudman, Nancy Sans, Luis Santeiro, Josh Selig, Belinda Ward, John Weidman, and Mo Willems (Sesame Street)

Outstanding Directing in a Children's Series

 * Nancy Keegan, Alan Zdinak, and Mitchell Kriegman (Blue's Clues)
 * Michael Gross, Darrell Suto, and Mitchell Kriegman (Bill Nye, the Science Guy)
 * Ted May, Emily Squires, Reggie Life, Steve Feldman, Victor DiNapoli, Mitchell Kriegman (Sesame Street)
 * Jesse Collins, Mitchell Kriegman (Zoboomafoo)

Lifetime achievement award

 * Barbara Walters

title: 27th Daytime Emmy Awards


text:
Justin Melvey

Justin Melvey (born 7 May 1969) is an Australian actor who has appeared in a number of television series in Australia and the US.

Career
Melvey is best known to Australian audiences for his role as Harry Reynolds in the evening soap opera Home and Away from 1999 to 2001. This earned him a Logie Award for Most Popular New Talent on Australian television.

Melvey is best known to United States television audiences for his work on the soap opera Days of Our Lives. He played Dr. Colin Murphy from October 2001 to January 2003. Australian viewers did not get to see this stint, as the Nine Network decided in late 2004 to skip 864 episodes of Days to catch up with the US (instead airing a special, "A New Day", to show highlights of the four years of storyline thus skipped). However, Melvey returned to Days for a short stint in late 2004, which Australian viewers were able to see. He also appeared for a brief stint as Andrew Olsen on General Hospital in 2005.

In 2005, Melvey appeared on the Australian version of Dancing with the Stars. In 2006, he was a contestant on Australia's Celebrity Survivor, coming second.

In 2009, he portrayed the Clue Master on the Australian version of The Phone.

Melvey attended Waverley College and graduated in 1986.

Television filmography

 * Chasing Comets (2018)
 * Prescriptions TV Series as Judd (2006)
 * Life on Mars (V) as Dustin/John Ronson/Doctor Cloud (2006)
 * Death of a Saleswoman as Geyer O'Brian (2005)
 * General Hospital as Andrew Olsen (2005)
 * Faultline (TV) as Frank Martell (2004)
 * Days of Our Lives as Dr. Colin Murphy (#2) (2001–2003, 2004)
 * Home and Away as Harry Keller Reynolds (1999–2001)

title: Justin Melvey


text:
Williwaw

In meteorology, a williwaw (archaic spelling williwau ) is a sudden blast of wind descending from a mountainous coast to the sea. The word is of unknown origin, but was earliest used by British seamen in the 19th century. The usage appears for winds found in the Strait of Magellan, the Aleutian Islands and the coastal fjords of the Alaskan Panhandle, where the terms outflow wind and squamish wind are also used for the same phenomenon. On Greenland the word piteraq is used.

The williwaw results from the descent of cold, dense air from coastal mountains in high latitudes. Thus the williwaw is considered a type of katabatic wind.

In popular culture

 * Gore Vidal's first novel, Williwaw (1946), based on a ship in the Aleutian Islands, features the williwaw.
 * In the Deadliest Catch episode "Finish Line", the ship Aleutian Ballad crabbed within a williwaw, when a rogue wave damaged the ship and knocked her on her side.
 * The novel Williwaw! by Tom Bodett is about two children who almost die in a williwaw.
 * W. Douglas Burden mentions a williwaw in his Look to the Wilderness.
 * Alan Dean Foster mentions a williwaw in his book Mad Amos
 * Television show Sergeant Preston of the Yukon, original air date December 12, 1956, “The Williwaw” - Sergeant Preston's sled gets destroyed in a terrible blizzard near a fishing lake so he seeks refuge in a nearby cabin not knowing the man inside is a killer.
 * Episode of The Scooby-Doo Show entitled "Watch Out! The Willawaw!"
 * Glasgow based sound artist Williwaw performs a regular set at The Old Hairdressers bar in Glasgow.
 * Sir Ernest Shackleton uses the term in "South", his account of the Trans-Antarctic traverse attempt in the Discovery, from 1914-17.

title: Williwaw


text:
Once Upon a Time (The Prisoner)

"Once Upon a Time" is the penultimate episode of the allegorical British science fiction TV series, The Prisoner. It was written and directed by Patrick McGoohan and sixth to be produced. It was first broadcast in the UK on ITV (Scottish Television) on Thursday 25 January 1968 (it appeared on ATV Midlands and Grampian the day after) and first aired in the United States on CBS on Saturday 14 September 1968.

The episode starred Patrick McGoohan as Number Six and re-introduced Leo McKern as Number Two. McKern's Number Two had previously appeared in "The Chimes of Big Ben" and would also appear in the last episode "Fall Out". The main theme of the episode is the use of regressive therapy to break Number Six's will.

Plot summary
The Number Two from the earlier episode "The Chimes of Big Ben" (Leo McKern) returns to the Village. He calls his superiors and obtains permission to undertake a dangerous technique called "Degree Absolute" in a final attempt to break Number Six and learn why he resigned from his position as an intelligence agent. Number Six is put into a trance state, causing his mind to regress back to his childhood. He is taken to the "Embryo Room", deep below the Green Dome, filled with various props, as well as a caged room that contains living space and a kitchen. He, Number Two, and the Butler (Angelo Muscat) are subsequently locked into the room via a timer that will unlock the room after one week.

Number Two begins to use regressive therapy following Shakespeare's Seven Ages of Man, using the various props to enact a series of psychodramas, with Number Two playing the authority figure (e.g., father, headmaster, employer) and Number Six the subject (child, student, employee). Each drama is aimed at trying to make Number Six explain why he resigned. During the first six of these, Number Two finds Number Six has developed an aversion to saying the word "six". Number Two also comes to like and respect Number Six as he learns more about him.

On the final day, Number Two enacts the role of military jailer, harshly interrogating Number Six as a prisoner of war. Number Two's efforts seem to have effect as Number Six starts to blather on reasons for resigning, but he becomes concerned when Number Six says he knew too much, including about Number Two. Number Two becomes agitated, and Number Six continues to call him a fool and an idiot. Suddenly, Number Six starts counting down from "six", and by the time he has reached zero, has regained full control of his mind. Already exhausted from his efforts, Number Two is shocked. Now in control, Number Six explains that Degree Absolute, a well-known psychiatric technique, has its risks to the one performing the therapy if they have their own psychological problems. Number Six shows this understanding in a brief role reversal (by asking Number Two "Why don't you resign?"), much to Number Two's delighted amusement.

Number Two recovers and joyfully offers Number Six a tour of the Embryo Room. They end at the door timer, finding only five minutes remain before the room unlocks. Number Two becomes scared and pleads with Number Six to tell him why he resigned. Number Six remains quiet as Number Two goes to the kitchen area and pours them both a glass of wine. Number Six suddenly closes the door to the caged area, locking a panicked Number Two inside. The Butler takes the key from Number Two. Number Two paces the caged area while a voice screams "Die, Six, die!", until the timer runs out. Number Two falls over, apparently dead. The door to the Embryo room opens where the Supervisor (Peter Swanwick) waits. He tells Number Six they will need the body and then asks Number Six what he wants. Number Six only replies "Number One", and the Supervisor offers to take him there. He, Number Six, and the Butler depart the room.

Cast

 * Patrick McGoohan as Number Six
 * Leo McKern as Number Two
 * Peter Swanwick as the Supervisor
 * Angelo Muscat as the Butler
 * John Cazabon as the umbrella man

Production
A working title of this episode was "Degree Absolute". It was originally reported to be the final episode of the first of two series of thirteen episodes, but when ITC and McGoohan renegotiated to make just seventeen episodes, the closing was refilmed and it was held back to become the first half of a two-part series finale. However, the original script has been published, containing that ending.

According to the 2007 documentary Don't Knock Yourself Out, during filming of the episode both McGoohan and McKern became totally engrossed in their roles and almost achieved a near-psychotic state (cited by various people, including Leo McKern). According to The Prisoner: The Official Companion to the Classic TV Series by Robert Fairclough, the strain of filming this episode caused McKern to suffer either a nervous breakdown or a heart attack (accounts differ), forcing production to stop for a time.

Angelo Muscat (the Butler) received "Guest Star" billing for this episode. John Maxim's brief scene as Number Eighty-Six was cut from the episode, however he is still listed in the credits.

Broadcast
The broadcast date of the episode varied in different ITV regions of the UK. The episode was first shown on Scottish Television Thursday 25 January 1968, on Friday 26 January on ATV Midlands and Grampian Television, on Sunday 28 January on ATV London, whose broadcasts were also taken up by Southern Television, Westward Television and Tyne-Tees; on Friday 2 February on Border Television, on Saturday 3 February on Anglia Television and on Friday 23 February on Granada Television in the North West. The aggregate viewing figures for the ITV regions that debuted the season in 1967 have been estimated at 9.2 million. In Northern Ireland, the episode did not debut until Saturday 6 April 1968, and in Wales, the episode was not broadcast until Wednesday 8 April 1970.

In popular culture
This episode is referred to by Number Two in the 1988 comic book sequel Shattered Visage, when asked by Alice Drake whom Six killed.

title: Once Upon a Time (The Prisoner)


text:
Talk:Bottle Fairy

Header 1
I've noticed that somebody recently removed the line where it pointed out it is occasionally hinted that Hororo is a lesbian- which has been there since I set this page up. I put it in again, and would like to ask that people don't remove it- it is DEFINATELY in there and one of the few things you can actually write about Hororo as a character! And if anybody would teach me how to put in a signature thing with my IP address and date, that'd be great ;)
 * It's been a long time since I watched the series but I don't recall any strong implication, and I don't see how it can be DEFINITE unless it is explicitely stated. Even ignoring the fact that they are not even human, given their apparent age I'm not sure the term is appropriate; you won't find it's use even wrt Kaorin, who is both old enough to be sexually active and blatantly infatuated with another girl, on the Azumanga Daioh page. When editing a talk page the instruction for placing a signature is given below the edit box: "On discussion pages, please sign your comment by typing four tildes" Shiroi Hane 16:10, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

I've discovered through new figure releases that the "Human Bottle Fairy" has a name. She's Kusachiho, a combination of all four fairy's names. Kururu, Sarara, Chiriri, and Hororo. 69.171.110.96 23:42, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

I am interpreting it as being the animation which confines a little girl and enjoys a reaction. In a male living alone, the little girl shut up by the bottle, and the neighbor, it is a schoolchild.. A criminal atmosphere is felt. Is my head unusual? Howdoesthiswo 15:07, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Uh, what...?--68.227.68.36 02:34, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

He's saying he thinks it's weird that the guy lives by himself with four captive miniature girls and has only an 8-year old as a neighbor. - 24.23.37.62 (talk) 22:36, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

...credited as...
This seems weird enough to be notable. Is there any reason why all of the female VO actors in the English version aren't credited under their own names? 71.232.26.8 (talk) 02:28, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bottle Fairy


text:
Charles Albert Tanner

Charles Albert Tanner (January 29, 1887—February 12, 1970) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1927, as a member of the Labour Party.

Tanner was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the provincial election of 1920, defeating Liberal and Farmer candidates in the Winnipeg-area constituency of Kildonan and St. Andrews. He was re-elected in the 1922 election by a greater margin. Tanner served on the opposition benches throughout his time in the legislature.

He appears to have sought re-election in the 1927 campaign as a supporter of the Progressive government of John Bracken, though still identifying himself as a "Labour" candidate. He was defeated, finishing third against Conservative James McLenaghen.

Tanner ran for the House of Commons of Canada in the federal election of 1930, as a candidate of the Independent Labour Party in Winnipeg South. He finished a distant third against Conservative Ronald Rogers. At the time, he listed his occupation as "editor".

title: Charles Albert Tanner


text:
User talk:Harksaw

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Mike Garcia | talk 23:03, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

No Problrem!
No problem with the ptompt vandalism clean up. I will add your user page to my watch list and keep an eye out for vandals. Keep up the good wikipediaing. Chris Kreider 02:52, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Your edit to Bill O'Reilly (commentator)
Though in the linked source, O'Reilly claims the Geneva Conventions only cover those wearing uniforms, this is not explicitly stated anywhere in the Geneva Conventions. Harksaw

Actually, uniforms are included in the Geneva Conventions, as a key to determining the legality of combatants. However, they are not the sole criteria. This, however, is irrelevant. Even if uniforms were not included in the Geneva Conventions, the article is describing Bill O'Reilly's purported reasons. In the source (which is not a good source per WP:RS), his reasons are given as "uniforms". --Blue Tie 16:13, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Your edit to Waco siege
Thank you for your interest in this article. I have reverted your edit - the inclusion of a "Military Conflict" infobox - and if you check you will see this has been discussed previously on the article's talk page when it was removed last year. Devious Viper 19:26, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Charles Rust-Tierney
That one did give me pause. He's been accused of pedophilia, which *doesn't* qualify him for being within the LGBT Project's scope. However, he is in the category of "LGBT rights activists", which does qualify him. I'll add a note to the banner about that. Thanks for bringing it to my attention! -- SatyrTN (talk | contribs) 15:03, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

You are incorrect about the Volt
See the talk page. Chevy has backtracked from what they said last year. I altered the sections that said the gasoline engine's generator would recharge the battery. GM now says it won't (and I noticed that even the reference referred to in the second did not say what was in the wiki page.)Red Harvest (talk)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Harksaw


text:
Karl Brugmann

Karl Brugmann (16 March 1849 – 29 June 1919) was a German linguist. He is noted for his work in Indo-European linguistics.

Biography
He was educated at the universities of Halle and Leipzig. He taught at the gymnasium at Wiesbaden and at Leipzig, and in 1872-77 was assistant at the Russian Institute of Classical Philology at the latter. In 1877 he was lecturer at the University of Leipzig, and in 1882 became professor of comparative philology there. In 1884 he took the same position at the University of Freiburg, but returned to Leipzig in 1887 as successor to Georg Curtius; for the rest of his professional life (until 1919), Brugmann was professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics there.

As a young man, Brugmann sided with the emerging Neogrammarian school, which asserted the inviolability of phonetic laws (Brugmann's law) and adhered to a strict research methodology. As well as in laying stress on the observation of phonetic laws and their operation, it emphasized the working of analogy as an important linguistic factor in modern languages.

As joint editor with Curtius of The Studies in Greek and Latin Grammar, he wrote an article for this work on "Nasalis Sonans," in which he defended theories so radical that Curtius afterward disclaimed them. Brugmann's fame rests on the two volumes on phonology, morphology, and word formation which he contributed to the five-volume Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen ("Outline of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages"), published from 1886 to 1893. The other three volumes were written by Berthold Delbrück and provided a still-unsurpassed account of Proto-Indo-European syntax. Brugmann's work overflowed the bounds assigned to it, so the first volume was split into two parts. With the indexes split off into a separate volume, the two volumes turned into four.

Realizing the importance of Brugmann's work, three British linguists began publishing an English translation of Brugmann's volumes almost simultaneously with the German edition, under the title Elements of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages. This divided Brugmann's second volume into two parts, making a total of five volumes including the indices.

Beginning in 1897, Brugmann began publishing a revision and expansion of his portion of the Grundriss. The final volume of the resulting second edition was published in 1916.

Brugmann's method in presenting his data was radical and can still raise eyebrows today. On most topics, instead of presenting discursive arguments, he simply listed the data which he felt were relevant. The reader was obliged to make up his own mind as to their interpretation. This totally empirical presentation multiplies the time necessary to follow Brugmann's argument, but makes the effort all the more fruitful.

Brugmann's great work did not come out of the blue. It was based on the previous Indo-Germanic grammar by August Schleicher, and that in turn on the previous effort of Franz Bopp. In addition, Brugmann stayed in touch closely with the scholars who were revolutionizing Indo-European linguistics for the daughter languages, in particular Bartholomae for Old Iranian, Hübschmann for Armenian, and Rudolf Thurneysen for Old Irish.

In 1902–1904, Brugmann published an abridged and slightly modified version of his Grammar, which is still considered a useful reference work by some but does not contain the wealth of data of the longer versions. A French translation of this abridged version exists.

The total list of Brugmann's works is much longer than this. Some of them were important in their time and some are still of continuing interest, but it is on the two editions of the Grundriss that his reputation rests. They remain indispensable to every Indo-Europeanist and of great interest to anybody interested in language.

Brugmann was knighted by the King of Saxony, and in 1896 he was invited to attend the jubilee of Princeton University, where he received the degree of doctor of laws.

Works

 * Morphologische Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen, with Hermann Osthoff ("Morphological Researches in the Indo-European Languages"; 6 vols.)
 * "A Problem of Homeric Textual Criticism" (1870)
 * "Lithuanian Folk Songs and Tales" (with August Leskien; 1882)
 * Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen (1886) ("Elements of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages", 5 vols.)
 * "The Present Position of Philology"
 * "Greek Grammar
 * "Short Comparative Grammar" (1902)
 * "Die Syntax des einfachen Satzes im Indogermanischen" (1925)

With Wilhelm Streitberg, he founded the journal Indogermanische Forschungen ("Indo-European Research")

title: Karl Brugmann