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Canyon del Oro High School

Canyon del Oro High School (CDO) is a comprehensive public high school in Oro Valley, Arizona, located 6 mi north of Tucson at the base of Pusch Ridge. Established in 1964, CDO is one of three high schools of Amphitheater Public Schools and serves about 1,600 students in grades 9–12. The school name originates from the remote Canyon del Oro (Spanish for Canyon of Gold) in the Santa Catalina Mountains north of Tucson, and the historic name of nearby Steam Pump Ranch on the National Register of Historic Places (named the Canyon del Oro Ranch when purchased by George Pusch in the late-1800s). The school mascot is the Dorado, a mythical Latin American warrior. The school colors are forest green and gold.

CDO is primarily known for its academic program and the notable number of Major League Baseball players the school has produced in recent decades. Additionally, CDO is consistently ranked among the top high schools in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report and Newsweek Magazine. Specifically, in 2007, 2010, and again in 2011–2019, Newsweek Magazine rated CDO in the top 5% of public schools in the U.S. In 2011, Newsweek ranked CDO No. 408 in its list of top public schools in the U.S. (top 1.5 percent nationally). The Arizona Department of Education has consistently awarded CDO the highest rating in its system, most recently designating CDO an "A" grade school in 2023. CDO regularly graduates students recognized by the National Merit Scholarship Program, and between 2000 and 2010, CDO graduated 42 National Merit Scholarship Semifinalists. CDO has the second-highest number of Academic Decathlon State Titles among Arizona high schools, crowned as State Champions in 2006, 2009, 2011, and five consecutive titles from 2014 to 2018. CDO is ranked among the top schools in Arizona for the greatest number of athletic state championships in large school sports (Arizona Interscholastic Association).

Recent notable awards and recognition

 * 2019-2020: U.S. News & World Report recognized CDO on their "Best High Schools" list in 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, and most recently in 2019-2020
 * 2018: CDO won its fifth consecutive Academic Decathlon State Championship, for a total of eight State Titles.
 * 2011: Newsweek ranked CDO 408th on its list of the nation's top public high schools (top 1.5% in the U.S.) CDO Won the state competition in Academic Decathlon and ranked 5th nationally
 * 2010: CDO finished as State Runner-Up in the Academic Decathlon state competition, and ranked 7th nationally
 * 2009: Kenzie Fowler was named the Gatorade National Softball Player of the Year in 2009 for the second consecutive year, and the first softball player to ever win the award twice. Fowler became only the 6th athlete in any sport to win the national honor twice, joining the ranks of basketball player LeBron James, and track star Marion Jones. Fowler ended her pitching career at CDO with a 105–8 record, and a 0.15 ERA in 685$1⁄3$ innings. With the honor, the media noted that the award arguably cemented "Fowler as the best-ever modern high school softball player." Also in 2009, CDO teams finished as the 4A Division I Softball State Champions, 4A Division I Baseball State Champions, Fourth Place in the U.S. Academic Decathlon National Competition, Arizona Academic Decathlon State Champions, 4A Division I Girls' Basketball State Champions, and 4A Division I Boys' Soccer State Champions.
 * 2008: Kenzie Fowler received high school softball's most prestigious award, being named the Gatorade National Softball Player of the Year in 2008. Fowler was the first junior to ever win Gatorade's softball award, and just the second athlete from Arizona to win the national honor in any sport. CDO's Bre Ladd was the other Arizona athlete, named Gatorade's National Volleyball Player of the Year in 2002. Also in 2008, CDO had a first place student finish in the Arizona State Math Contest, with four other students placed in the state's top 50 scorers, First place finish at the Southern Arizona Regional Science Fair, 4A Division I Softball State Champions, Softball team finished the season ranked 5th nationally by USA Today, and Arizona Academic Decathlon State Runner-Up and ranked in the top 20 nationally.
 * 2007: 4A Division I Softball State Champions, 4A Division I Boys' Soccer State Runner-Up, 4A Division I Football State Runner-Up, Newsweek Magazine's list of the top 5% of public schools in the U.S., Arizona Academic Decathlon State Runner-Up, Softball team finished the season ranked 2nd nationally by USA Today.
 * 2006: Arizona Academic Decathlon State Champions, 5th place in the National Academic Decathlon, 4A Division I Girls' Track & Field State Champions, Five students placed in the state's top 50 scorers in the Arizona State Math Contest, with another 10 students scoring in the top 10 percent in the state.
 * Named an Excelling School by the Arizona Department of Education (2005–present).
 * Southern Region Academic Decathlon Champions (2002–2023).

Financing through bonds
The dramatic population growth in the Amphitheater School District during the 1950s placed increasing demands on the district's existing schools. Enrollment reached capacity at the district's sole high school, Amphitheater High School, in the late 1950s. As a result, District Superintendent Marion Donaldson developed a bond proposal in June 1959 that included the purchase of a second high school site in the district. Voters approved the $1.9 million bonds ($12.8 million in 2006) by a 4 to 1 margin. Population growth in the area north of the Rillito River and Tucson was rapidly expanding, and the original 40 acre purchased for the second high school was then determined to initially serve a middle school population as well. Another bond issue was proposed for the construction of Canyon del Oro School in June 1961, with $1.4 million ($9.2 million in 2006) for the first phase of the school, and $2.3 million ($15.3 million in 2006) for expansion of the school. Voters again approved the bonds by a 3 to 1 margin (Amphitheater by Peyton Reavis, 1981).

Canyon del Oro Junior High School
Canyon del Oro School opened as a junior high school in the fall of 1962 with only a seventh grade class. The campus was only a few buildings with a large grass courtyard accessed by Calle Concordia, which was then only a small dirt road. Land values north of Tucson were beginning to appreciate through the 1950s, and many residents of the Amphitheater School District expressed concern that the site of the school in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains was too costly (Amphitheater by Peyton Reavis, 1981).

The school added a new grade level each year, and Canyon del Oro High School was established in the fall of 1964 with a ninth grade class. CDO was formally declared a high school by the Arizona on July 1, 1965, serving grades 9–10, with only a few hundred students. Canyon del Oro Junior High School would continue operation on the same campus as a distinct school, serving grades 7–8 until 1974, when L.W. Cross Junior High School was established on a separate campus to accommodate grades 7–8.

Canyon del Oro High School
Construction continued on the high school campus, and CDO gained recognition as a school of privilege with state-of-the-art facilities, and drew students from the most affluent sections of the Tucson area. The campus was designed in a Modernist style by architects Bernard Friedman and Fred Jobusch (Friedman & Jobusch) to be completed in phases. Friedman & Jobusch also designed the contemporary Main Library at the University of Arizona in 1976.

The Modernist style incorporated into the Canyon del Oro campus design in the early 1960s is a significant example of the Modernist movement that dominated in the U.S. following World War II. The Canyon del Oro campus represents a shift in 20th-century American architecture when Modernism was favored over traditional styles in an effort to project American progress. The gymnasium at the school featured a four-sided score board suspended above the basketball court (Amphitheater by Peyton Reavis, 1981).

The CDO campus expanded with the gradual population increase north of Tucson, and the first graduating class was in the spring of 1968. New construction occurred through the late 1990s, adding technology and laboratory science facilities for chemistry, physics, and biology. A second gymnasium was completed in the 1970s, along with an expanded library, fine arts complex, and bookstore. As of 2007, the campus included 21 buildings on 68 acre.

Among the most notable families whose children attended CDO during the 1960s and 1970s was the Udall family. Mo Udall represented much of southern Arizona in the U.S. House of Representatives at the time, and his brother Stewart Udall served as president of the Amphitheater School Board before later serving as Secretary of the Interior under U.S. Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

From the 1960s through the 1980s, CDO became a dominating presence in golf and tennis, capturing the respective state titles nearly each year. CDO also won back-to-back state championships in both basketball and football in the late 1970s. The CDO girls' basketball team registered an undefeated 28–0 record in 1987, capturing the 5A State title (Arizona Interscholastic Association).

Substantial growth
As the Oro Valley area experienced significant population growth in the 1990s, enrollment at CDO increased as well. At its enrollment peak, CDO served a student population of nearly 3,100 in 2001. CDO had the highest enrollment of any high school in southern Arizona, and was one of the largest schools in the state. The growth and desirability of Oro Valley (the fastest growing municipality in Arizona for several years in the 1990s), was often credited by the media to CDO and the educational reputation the school established (Arizona Daily Star). In 2001, CDO received relief as the Amphitheater School District opened Ironwood Ridge, the district's third high school, in northwestern Oro Valley.

Current state of the school
Canyon del Oro continues to register among the highest standardized test scores in Arizona, and a notable number of National Merit Scholars. CDO is one of the few high schools consistently designated as "Excelling" (the highest academic distinction) by the Arizona Department of Education. Canyon del Oro High School celebrated its 50th anniversary of establishment in the fall of 2014.

Notable Events
On September 21, 1999, 1500 students (roughly half the student population) walked out of classes in protest of low teacher pay. The students walked nearly 8 miles to the Amphitheater District offices at 701 W. Wetmore Rd. In solidarity, many of the teachers chose not to mark students absent from classes.

Academics
Throughout CDO's history, the school has continually ranked among the top high schools in Arizona in standardized test administrations and academic performance evaluations by the Arizona Department of Education. As a comprehensive institution, the course selection at CDO is extensive. The school offers 17 Advanced Placement courses, among the widest variety available. CDO offers:

 * Art History
 * Biology
 * Calculus AB & BC
 * Chemistry
 * Computer Science
 * English Language & Composition
 * English Literature & Composition
 * French
 * German
 * Economics
 * Music Theory
 * Physics C: Mechanics
 * Psychology
 * Spanish Language
 * Statistics
 * Studio Art
 * U.S. History
 * U.S. Government & Politics
 * World History

Over 90% of the school's graduates seek post-secondary education. Half (49.5%) of CDO faculty have attained a master's degree or a PhD. As for faculty recognition, Librarian Beth Malapanes was selected Circle K/UA Athletics/KOLD Teacher of the Year for the Tucson area in 2007. In 2006, family and consumer sciences teacher Patti Schmalzel was also selected Circle K/UA Athletics/KOLD Teacher of the Year for the Tucson area. Canyon del Oro is under accreditation by the North Central Association.

CDO has graduated among the highest number of National Merit Scholars in Arizona. Scholars have been represented in every graduating class since the school's first class in 1968, with the exception of two years (2000 & 2002). In 2006 alone, the school had seven National Merit Finalists. The school has also promoted several Flinn Scholars of the Flinn Foundation into the state's public universities.

Achievement rates on Advanced Placement exams, particularly in the laboratory sciences and mathematics, have historically far exceeded the national average. The school's journalism department has been recognized by the Interscholastic Press Association for its school newspaper, The Palantir, and the yearbook, Años de Oro. Since the school opened in the 1960s, CDO has also had a notable history in chess, with teams continually ranked nationally.

Career and Technical Education Programs
Canyon del Oro offers twelve different CTE programs for the students to participate in. The CTE courses at CDO are dedicated to providing a hands-on experience for all students and the primary focus of the CTE programs is to prepare students for college and career readiness by using 21st century skills. CTE is preparing students of all ages to help drive America's success and vitality. Further, it is creating an educational environment that integrates core academics with real-world relevance. CTE is leading this change, transforming expectations and making a difference for students, for secondary and postsecondary schools, for businesses and industry—for America. CDO offers:
 * Architectural Drafting
 * Automotive Technology
 * Bioscience
 * Computer Science
 * Construction Technology
 * Culinary
 * Digital Photography
 * Early Childhood Education
 * Engineering
 * Sports Medicine
 * Technical Theater

IB Programme
In the 2012–13 school year, CDO began offering the IB Diploma Programme to its students. CDO is now a full-fledged IB School.

Other Notable Courses
CDO offers Russian and Mandarin Chinese classes, as well as many other courses through JTED programs and Pima Community College.

Extracurricular activities
The extracurricular activities offered at CDO are numerous and varied. There are chapters of national organizations such as the National Honor Society and clubs founded by CDO students such as Science Explorer, in which students promote science through practical activities in the local community. Service organizations such as Key Club coexist alongside recreational clubs.

Athletics
Competing in the 5A Division for 25 years, the school captured several hundred championship titles (region and state). Such championships include 10 state crowns in baseball (most recently a 5A title in 2002, and a 4A-I title in 2023), 9 state titles in softball (most recently a 4A title in 2017, and 4A-I titles in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2012), 11 team state titles in boys' tennis, 6 team state titles in girls' tennis, 9 team state titles in boys' golf (most recently a Division II title in 2011), and 4 team state titles in girls' track and field (most recently a 4A-I title in 2011). Due to recent downsizing from the opening of a new high school, CDO presently competes in the Arizona Interscholastic Association 4A Sonoran Conference, Division I (Arizona Interscholastic Association).

Football
After winning back-to-back state championships in 1976 and 1977, the Canyon del Oro football program experienced difficulty repeating such success. CDO began to revamp its football program in the 2000 season resulting in a 6–4 overall record in 5A play. The following year CDO recorded a 7–3 regular season, falling to perennial powerhouse Mesa Mountain View in the opening round of the 5A state playoffs. After dropping to 4A due to an enrollment decline, CDO's football program has experienced marked recent success, including several berths in the state playoffs. In 2007 CDO finished a 9–1 regular season, the sole loss to Glendale Cactus 36–34. Victories followed over Cienega High School, Prescott High School, and Peoria High School in the opening, quarterfinal, and semifinal rounds of the 4A state playoffs. CDO reached the 4A State Championship, ultimately losing to the defending State Champion, Scottsdale Saguaro High School, 23–21 after a field goal by the Sabercats with two seconds remaining in play.

In 2009, CDO finished 10–0 in the regular season (Division 4A-I), including an impressive win over three-time defending State Champion Saguaro Sabercats 44–0, ending their 37-game winning streak. In the 2009 Division 4A-I playoffs, the top-seeded Dorados went on to beat the McClintock Chargers (49–26), the Apollo Hawks (63–35), and the Cienega Bobcats (48–16) to get them into the state championship game. In that game, held at Arizona Stadium in Tucson, Arizona on December 5, 2009, the Canyon del Oro Dorados defeated the Sabino Sabercats (also of Tucson) 40–0 to win the State Championship for the first time since 1977. Star running back Ka'Deem Carey rushed 26 times for 268 yd and scored 5 touchdowns. He also threw for a touchdown in the third quarter to cap off a perfect 14–0 season for the Dorados. The win secured the 3rd state championship for CDO.

In 2010, CDO finished the season with a 13–1 record, and as State Runner-Up behind Saguaro High School of Scottsdale. The team's only loss in the State Championship snapped the school's 27-game winning streak.

In 2023, CDO won their 4th state championship with an undefeated record.

Baseball
Canyon del Oro baseball is well known for its prominence in Arizona and the U.S. CDO's baseball state titles include 1979, 1984, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2009, 2015, 2022, and 2023. CDO baseball has produced a significant number of players drafted by Major League Baseball. The 2002 State Championship team merits special distinction, as it was ranked 12th, out of more than 1,000 other high schools, nationally by USA Today. This team finished with a record of 27–6, never losing a home game (Arizona Interscholastic Association). The 5A State Championship baseball team finished the 1997 season ranked 25th nationally by USA Today.

In 2009, CDO won the 4A-I State Championship, topping No. 1 seed Glendale Cactus with a score of 15–5, and finishing the season with a 24–7 record. The title marks the 7th baseball state championship at CDO.

Softball
Canyon del Oro softball is a successful program as well, with nine state titles. The softball program has three 5A state titles (1992, 2001 and 2005), and has won the 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2017 4A Division state titles. The 2017 state championship team finished 33-2 and was ranked number one in the state of Arizona in the 4A Division. The 2009 state championship team finished the season with a 34–2 record. The 2008 state championship team finished the season with a 33–4 record, and ranked 5th nationally by USA Today. The 2007 state championship team finished the season with a 33–3 record, ranked 2nd nationally by USA Today. The team also ranked 14th in 2006, 18th in 2005, and 6th in 2001 in the USA Today national rankings. As of 2007, the CDO program had produced 24 Division I softball players, along with a 397–106 record since the program's first state title in 1992.

Volleyball
Recently, boys' volleyball has been recognized nationally. CDO boys' volleyball won the Arizona 5A State title in 1996 and fielded one of the school's most successful teams in 2005. In 2005, the team compiled a record of 40–3, and despite losing the state title game, CDO was widely recognized as one of the premier boys' volleyball teams in the nation (Arizona Interscholastic Association).

Soccer
Boys' soccer has also experienced recent success. The CDO team captured the school's first boys' soccer state championship in 2009, with a 2–1 win over Scottsdale Chaparral. The team finished State Runner-Up in 2007, losing to Rincon 3–2.

Athletic state titles
CDO teams and individuals have won over 90 State Championships, and placed as the State Runner-Up over 40 times. CDO has also had 9 athletes medal in boys' golf, most recently in 2011. In 2011 the boys' cross country team won the Division II state title over runner-up Ironwood Ridge. This was the first state championship for boys' cross country in school history.

In 1993, the school won Arizona's Tony Komadina Award for its girls' athletic program and received the Overall Excellence Award for the highest achieving athletic program in Arizona seven times. CDO has won more 4A and 5A state championships than all other schools in southern Arizona, with the exception of the oldest, Tucson High School (Arizona Interscholastic Association).

Below is a comprehensive table including all athletic state titles won by CDO teams. Canyon del Oro teams competed at the 3A equivalent level from fall 1966 to spring 1968, and the 4A equivalent level from fall 1968 to spring 1980. Between fall 1980 and spring 2005, CDO teams competed at the 5A level, resuming 4A competition from fall 2005 to 2009. The AIA reclassified class 4A-I as Division II in 2010.

Academic Decathlon
Canyon del Oro is home to one of the top performing Academic Decathlon teams in Arizona. The CDO team is a perennial powerhouse in the region, defeating other academically reputable schools in the area nearly every year. As of 2010, the team had captured nine consecutive region titles.

The CDO team placed 4th in the Arizona Academic Decathlon State Competition in 2002, 3rd in the state in 2003, State Runner-Up in 2004, and 3rd in the state in 2005. In 2006 the team became the Arizona Academic Decathlon State Champions, outscoring defending state champs Mesa Mountain View 46,482 points to 46,406 points. CDO represented Arizona in the National competition, placing 5th. In 2007, the team scored 45,667 points, placing second in the state behind Mesa Mountain View with 47,402 points. In 2008, the team scored 46,600 points, placing second in the state for the second consecutive year.

In 2009, CDO once again became the Arizona Academic Decathlon State Champions, outscoring Mesa Red Mountain 47,055.5 points to 44,052.2 points. The CDO team placed 4th in the U.S. Academic Decathlon National Competition, in representing Arizona, with 47,972.3 points. CDO placed behind Moorpark High School of California (51,289.5 points), Waukesha West High School of Wisconsin (50,979.9 points), and Burke High School of Nebraska (48,064.0 points).

In 2010, CDO placed as State Runner-Up behind Mesa Mountain View, with the team scoring 47,892.4 points.

In 2011, CDO was the State Champion in Arizona, and finished 5th in the National Competition with 46,522.7 points.

In 2012, CDO placed as State Runner-Up behind Mesa Mountain View, with the team scoring 44,962 points.

In 2013, CDO placed as State Runner-Up behind Red Mountain. At the National Competition, the team placed 9th overall.

Science Olympiad
CDO has an active Science Olympiad program, which has placed well in the state tournament in years past. This program is run by students and the AP Biology teacher, Dr. Zeiher. Other science teachers are becoming involved in the success of this program, notably Mrs. Christman of the chemistry department. Students create functioning robots and helicopters, as well as utilize high-tech protein modeling programs. In 2009, the team was Rookie of the Year at the state competition. The CDO team placed second in robotics during the state competition of 2011, but students aim to surpass this in years to come.

Academic Challenges
The Future Problem Solving Team won first place in the state competition in 2001. It also won second place in the state competition and sixth place in the national competition in 2006.

Academia

 * Andrew E. Masich, Author and President and CEO of an affiliate museum of the Smithsonian Institution
 * Keith A. Nelson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professor of Chemistry
 * Joseph Polchinski, University of California at Santa Barbara (high energy physics, string theory)

Arts and entertainment

 * Kyle Balda (1989), animator and film director, co-director of the animated films The Lorax, Minions, and Despicable Me 3, and director of the animated film Minions: The Rise of Gru
 * Cord Jefferson (2000), film director and winner of the 2024 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for writing and directing American Fiction, a film also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture
 * Brianne Leary (1975), actress and inventor, former host of The Disney Channel's Walt Disney World Inside Out and Animal Planet's Petsburgh USA
 * Tom Zoellner (1987), author of Train: Riding the Rails that Created the Modern World, from the Trans-Siberian to the Southwest Chief

Journalism

 * Masha Hamilton, journalist and novelist (Concern Worldwide, Associated Press)

Politics

 * Jonathan Rothschild (1973), elected Mayor of Tucson, Arizona in 2011
 * Mark Udall (1968), elected U.S. Senator for the Colorado in 2008; former U.S. Representative for District 2 of Colorado (primarily the Boulder area) from 1999 until taking his seat in the U.S. Senate in 2009

Sports

 * Brian Anderson (2000), outfielder for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball
 * Callista Balko (2004), softball player (starting catcher) for the 2006 and 2007 University of Arizona NCAA Women's College World Series National Championship teams
 * Ka'Deem Carey (2011), running back for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League, running back for the University of Arizona (2011-2014); nominee for the Heisman Trophy (2013)
 * Chris Duncan (1999), baseball player for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball
 * Shelley Duncan (1998), outfielder for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball
 * Scott Hairston (1999), outfielder for the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball
 * Ryan Hietala (1992), professional golfer in the PGA, 1995 WAC Player of the Year
 * Ed Hochuli (1969), Super Bowl referee official for the National Football League
 * Ian Kinsler (2000), Israeli-American 4x All Star second baseman in Major League Baseball
 * Blake Martinez (2012), inside linebacker for the New York Giants, of the National Football League
 * Anthony Pedroza (1998), basketball player, member of the Mexico national team
 * Colin Porter (1994), outfielder for the Houston Astros, St. Louis Cardinals, New York Yankees of Major League Baseball
 * George Roop (2000), professional mixed martial artist, former cast member of SpikeTV's The Ultimate Fighter: Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir, former UFC fighter
 * Jason Stanford (1995), pitcher for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball
 * Jaide Stepter Baynes (2012), Track and field athlete
 * Donny Toia (2010), Defender for Real Salt Lake, of Major League Soccer
 * Turner Washington (2017), professional track & field athlete

Attendance boundaries
The attendance boundaries of Canyon del Oro encompass segments of the communities of Oro Valley, Casas Adobes, and Catalina Foothills.

The northern boundary roughly follows the Cañada del Oro and East/West Lambert Lane. The eastern boundary is defined by Catalina State Park and the Coronado National Forest/Pusch Ridge Wilderness Area. The southern boundary is East/West Orange Grove Road from North Shannon Road east to North First Avenue. Between North First Avenue and the North Alvernon Road parallel, East Ina Road is the southern boundary (including the neighborhoods of Pima Canyon Estates and Cobblestone Estates). The western boundary is North Shannon Road.

Feeder schools
Elementary schools in the Canyon del Oro attendance area include Marion Donaldson, Winifred Harelson, Mesa Verde, and Copper Creek. L.W. Cross Middle School and Wilson K-8 Middle School feeding into Canyon del Oro.

Enrollment history
CDO opened in the fall of 1962 with a limited enrollment of only grade 7, and by 1965 the school had a high school enrollment of 283 students (specifically grades 9–10.) In its first year as a four-year high school with grades 9–12, CDO had an enrollment of 560 students. Enrollment gradually increased, exceeding 1,000 students in 1972, 2,000 students in 1987, and 3,000 students in the fall of 2000. The largest enrollment was 3,080 in 2000 (when CDO was the 6th largest high school in Arizona), and declined to 1,700 in 2005 due to the establishment of a new high school (Ironwood Ridge High School) in the fall of 2001. Due to open enrollment, CDO has sustained enrollment above 1,800 in recent years (Arizona Interscholastic Association).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Canyon del Oro High School


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Global dimension

In ring theory and homological algebra, the global dimension (or global homological dimension; sometimes just called homological dimension) of a ring A denoted gl dim A, is a non-negative integer or infinity which is a homological invariant of the ring. It is defined to be the supremum of the set of projective dimensions of all A-modules. Global dimension is an important technical notion in the dimension theory of Noetherian rings. By a theorem of Jean-Pierre Serre, global dimension can be used to characterize within the class of commutative Noetherian local rings those rings which are regular. Their global dimension coincides with the Krull dimension, whose definition is module-theoretic.

When the ring A is noncommutative, one initially has to consider two versions of this notion, right global dimension that arises from consideration of the right A-modules, and left global dimension that arises from consideration of the left A-modules. For an arbitrary ring A the right and left global dimensions may differ. However, if A is a Noetherian ring, both of these dimensions turn out to be equal to weak global dimension, whose definition is left-right symmetric. Therefore, for noncommutative Noetherian rings, these two versions coincide and one is justified in talking about the global dimension.

Examples

 * Let A = K[x1,...,xn] be the ring of polynomials in n variables over a field K. Then the global dimension of A is equal to n. This statement goes back to David Hilbert's foundational work on homological properties of polynomial rings; see Hilbert's syzygy theorem. More generally, if R is a Noetherian ring of finite global dimension k and A = R[x] is a ring of polynomials in one variable over R then the global dimension of A is equal to k + 1.

 * A ring has global dimension zero if and only if it is semisimple.

 * The global dimension of a ring A is less than or equal to one if and only if A is hereditary. In particular, a commutative principal ideal domain which is not a field has global dimension one. For example  $$\mathbb{Z}$$ has global dimension one.

 * The first Weyl algebra A1 is a noncommutative Noetherian domain of global dimension one.

 * If a ring is right Noetherian, then the right global dimension is the same as the weak global dimension, and is at most the left global dimension. In particular if a ring is right and left Noetherian then the left and right global dimensions and the weak global dimension are all the same.
 * The triangular matrix ring $$\begin{bmatrix}\mathbb Z&\mathbb Q \\0&\mathbb Q \end{bmatrix}$$ has right global dimension 1, weak global dimension 1, but left global dimension 2. It is right Noetherian but not left Noetherian.

Alternative characterizations
The right global dimension of a ring A can be alternatively defined as:
 * the supremum of the set of projective dimensions of all cyclic right A-modules;
 * the supremum of the set of projective dimensions of all finite right A-modules;
 * the supremum of the injective dimensions of all right A-modules;
 * when A is a commutative Noetherian local ring with maximal ideal m, the projective dimension of the residue field A/m.

The left global dimension of A has analogous characterizations obtained by replacing "right" with "left" in the above list.

Serre proved that a commutative Noetherian local ring A is regular if and only if it has finite global dimension, in which case the global dimension coincides with the Krull dimension of A. This theorem opened the door to application of homological methods to commutative algebra.

title: Global dimension


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Talk:Near beer (scam)

The expression "clip joint" for a place that swindles customers goes back to at least the 1940s in USA slang. I am unfamiliar with it being a corruption of "strip joint"; source, please? Wondering, -- Infrogmation 05:37, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Near beer (scam)


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Mount Washington, Cincinnati

Mount Washington is one of the 52 neighborhoods of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. It borders the neighborhoods of California and the East End, as well as Anderson Township, Hamilton County, Ohio. The population was 20,540 at the 2020 census.

History
Mount Washington was laid out in 1846 and received its city rights in 1867. The community was annexed by the City of Cincinnati in 1911.

A major local landmark for Mount Washington is the Mount Washington Water Tower, a concrete water tower that went into service in November 1940. It stands near the corner of Beechmont Avenue and Campus Lane. It holds 3,000,000 gallons of water and, according to an article from 1940, stands 171 feet tall. However, a plaque outside the tower gives the dimensions as 151 feet tall and 111 feet in diameter. The tower was built in the Art Deco style typical of the era and other buildings in Greater Cincinnati, such as Cincinnati Union Terminal. It is owned and operated by the Greater Cincinnati Water Works (GCWW), which gives the height at 198 feet.

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 20,540 people living in the neighborhood. There were 9,935 housing units. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 84.1% White, 7.5% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from some other race, and 5.6% from two or more races. 2.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 9,385 households, out of which 59.1% were families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals.

26.3% of the neighborhood's population were under the age of 18, 58.3% were 18 to 64, and 15.4% were 65 years of age or older. 47.2% of the population were male and 52.8% were female.

According to the U.S. Census American Community Survey, for the period 2016-2020 the estimated median annual income for a household in the neighborhood was $75,785. About 5.9% of family households were living below the poverty line. About 51.8% of adults had a bachelor's degree or higher.

title: Mount Washington, Cincinnati


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Let Down

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus to delete -- Francs2000 | Talk 11:35, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Let Down
Non-notable Radiohead song from OK Computer. Also contain copyrighted lyrics. Madchester 05:39, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Changed vote after the re-write. Very informative one, at that! Thanks! Hamster Sandwich 05:44, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. Keep Tothebarricades rewrite. OK Computer is generally reagrded by critical polls as one of the best albums of the 1990's and this was considered as a single. Capitalistroadster 07:30, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, although a non-notable song from OK Computer is certainly a contradiction in terms, this is a poor article james gibbon  10:38, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and/or redirect to lactation. Wile E. Heresiarch 18:01, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep - I expanded the article to the best of my ability and removed copyright violations. It's definitely notable, as OK Computer is one of the most well-known albums of the last decade. --Tothebarricades 20:32, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. While OK Computer is undoubtedly a critical sucess of the past decade, should all the tracks merit an article?  Like "Exit Music (For a Film)" wasn't a single, but it was composed for the popular Romeo+Juliet film and soundtrack, and has been covered by other artists.  I just don't see "Let Down" meriting any notability on its own, besides association on OK Computer. --Madchester 01:22, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, we have articles on all sorts of Beatles songs, for instance. I wouldn't object to merging this into the OK Computer article but I think any song off a major album by a major band is notable if we have some information on it. --Tothebarricades 19:49, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep There is no real reason to get rid of it; it just needs to be edited.
 * Radiohead is my favorite band, and this is my favorite song off of the album, but I'm gonna have to say Merge into OK Computer. Let Down was not released as a single and received no mainstream radio play (in my area, at least). I wouldn't call it a non-notable song, but it doesn't have the same sort of significance or popularity that most other songs with their own articles have. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  01:17, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Just needs improvement --Cruci 01:35, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Lactation. A song with at best only marginal notability. JamesBurns 02:28, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Observation.
 * Google search: "let down" AND "lactation" -> about 15,500 results
 * Google search: "let down" AND "radiohead" -> about 42,400 results
 * So at least "let down" is more notable as a radiohead song than as a whatever it has to do with lactation. --Tothebarricades 08:41, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * The term "let down" has been historically around a lot longer than radiohead. JamesBurns 06:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Wikipedia is not paper, and that's good. And I don't even like Radiohead at all. Punkmorten 23:08, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:PaleAle~enwiki

I'm a native of Aurora, Colorado, and lived there the majority of my life. This on top of a stop in Gunnison, Colorado, I currently reside in Denver. Despite that I'm very well travelled within the United States.

I have only started with Wikipedia recently, and my goal is to go through with a fine toothed comb adding bits where it's necessary, and leaving it alone when it's fine.

My Various Travels

In these United States:

Elsewhere in the World

title: User:PaleAle~enwiki


text:
User talk:PaleAle~enwiki

Hi, y'all!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called PaleAle. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name PaleAle~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:02, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:23, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:PaleAle~enwiki


text: User:Filfal

title: User:Filfal


text:
Tuen Mun Government Secondary School

Tuen Mun Government Secondary School (TMGSS/TMS, ) is a secondary school in Tuen Mun, Hong Kong founded by the Hong Kong Government. Located at Castle Peak Road near Castle Peak Bay, the school offers classes and uses English as the medium of instruction. It was founded in 1982 and was the first government school in Tuen Mun. Tuen Mun Government Primary School is a feeder school to TMGSS. Hong Kong Christian Service Pui Oi School and Shenzhen Futian Middle School are partner schools of TMGSS.

Class structure
Tuen Mun Government Secondary School has 31 classes in total, with 5 classes each in S.1 to S.5 and 3 classes in S.6. Due to participation in the voluntary class reduction scheme, the number of classes in each level is reduced to 4 starting from year 2011/12. During the transition period of the implementation of the new senior secondary curriculum, the school will have altogether 32 classes(4 in S.1, 5 in S.1 to S.6, 3 in S.7) in year 11/12, which is the highest since its foundation.

New senior secondary curriculum
The School provides 11 elective subjects in New Senior Secondary Curriculum(NSS) and forms school cluster with 3 secondary schools in Tuen Mun District to provide 3 more subjects. There are altogether 14 subjects available.

The school offers places for students from cluster schools in the following subjects: Health Management & Social Care, Tourism & Hospitality Studies, Chinese History. Students can select 2 to 3 subjects. Those taking 3 electives (i.e.3X) should choose one subject from each group without repetition. Those taking 2 electives (i.e.2X) should choose one subject from group 2 and another one from group 1 or 3, and they must have English, Chinese and Mathematics(ECM) enrichment classes.

Students can also take Applied Learning (ApL) courses as one of the elective in S.5 and S.6. The school streams classes according to the choice of the subjects in group 2. The arrangements of elective subjects for the first two NSS school year are not the same. The school also provides mathematics extended module 2 (Algebra & Calculus) for students starting from S.5. The module 2 lessons occupy part of the normal mathematics lessons and a period of time after school.

*Subjects provided by cluster schools

title: Tuen Mun Government Secondary School


text:
Talk:City Building (series)

CivCity: Rome
Should this article include CivCity: Rome? It seems like it might be a similar style game. I've never played it but I'm just wondering. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.231.48.33 (talk) 20:44, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Excess information
I have removed the below chunk of text from the article. It contains information which should be distributed to the individual game articles, not kept here. Run! 19:06, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

History
Released for both DOS and Amiga, Caesar picked up on the popularity of "sim" games, most notably SimCity. Starting as a lowly bureaucrat of the Roman empire, the player would be given increasingly difficult regions until he achieves the ranking of emperor. For better tactical control during battles, Impressions developed Cohort II with interaction with Caesar in mind. Three years later, Caesar II started to shape the series into the later editions — isometric look, walkers, good graphics and gameplay turned what was at best a "silent hit" into one of the most popular games of the years to come. Further shaping was done by the third title in the Caesar lineage in 1998.

After three games exploring the possibilities of the Roman Empire, Impressions announced in 1998 a fourth game, but instead of Caesar IV, Pharaoh would explore the monument building and Nile farming of same era Egypt. Presumably in order to promote Pharaoh, Impressions offered the original Caesar for free download in their website, shortly after the release of Pharaoh. While mostly similar in graphics and mechanics, the farming model and the possibility of building massive monuments (such as the pyramids) allowed another well received game in the series, enough to warrant an expansion by BreakAway Games named Queen of the Nile: Cleopatra, which added new monuments, units and dynasties to be played.

As the engine was starting to show its age, Master of Olympus - Zeus, released in 2000 introduced several new features, such as  deeper mythological factors, splitting between common and luxury housing blocks (all games before only had one kind of housing blocks, which made them quite difficult to manage), objective oriented "chapters" (part of one "Adventure") intead of percentage objectives and also a more humourous approach, with walking guards named Dirty Harricles and sportsman Gretzykles, for instance. Like Pharaoh, an expansion named Master of Atlantis — Poseidon was released one year later, but featured little less than a "cosmetic makeover" to Atlantean facilities. An "Adventure Editor" released between the game and the expansion allowed to create freely distributable adventures.

After Poseidon, a popularity poll (which also included Aztec, Mayan and a return to the Caesar line) pointed out that Ancient China could prove to be successful among fans, and in 2002 BreakAway Games released Emperor: Rise of the Middle Kingdom to the market, featuring several new features, such as a flexible crop farming system, which allowed several plantations to be done within a single farm, Ancestor worship and Zodiac benefits and also an on-line mode.

There were four major compilations: Pharaoh Gold included Pharaoh and Queen of the Nile in one package, Zeus and Poseidon were packed together in Acropolis and two releases titled The Great Empires Collection, the first including Caesar III and Pharaoh, the second with all but the first two versions of Caesar and Emperor.

In 2004 Immortal Cities: Children of the Nile was released by Tilted Mill, reinvigorating the city building game genre by using a three dimensional game engine and more detailed modeling of individual character behaviors. Tilted Mill's President and Director of Development, Chris Beatrice, was lead designer for the Caesar and Pharaoh series games. Tilted Mill has announced Caesar IV to be released Fall 2006.

Article only contains Sierra published games
Should the actual article be renamed since it doesn't include an actual full listing of city building games, but just those that have been published by Sierra?

For example Anno2070 and it's precursor are both of a similar style with the same kinds of mechanics, but aren't listed. If you broaden the scope to include other city building series with different mechanics, like Sim City, then it would be even better. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.5.137.70 (talk) 08:12, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:City Building (series)


text:
Talk:Lists of NBA players

How About Every Player, Ever?
If no one has any objections, I'd like to extend this list to include every player who has ever appeared in an NBA game. The information is readily available, and I'd be willing to type it all up. It's going to take me a while, though, and I'm going to have to break the page into several smaller pages, so if anyone has any comments or suggestions, leave 'em here (or on my talk page). Thanks. Zagalejo (I started to fill the gaps under "A" and "B," but I'm going to do the rest of the work offline.)

 * You're pretty awesome. You should go join the team at the NBA project page. Welcome to wiki. KSchutte 02:39, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Just checking in. :) -- I'm still working on it; I've just been very busy with other things lately. In the worst-case scenario, it'll be complete by the end of the year.  However, I'll try to have it up sooner than that if I can. Zagalejo 00:00, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * New plan: since the list would look kinda tacky with hundreds of red names, I think I'll limit myself to all the players who have scored 5,000 points or played for 10 seasons. People can add any other players they wish. Zagalejo 19:56, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your hard work. Here's a couple of suggestions: I'd recommend going with 10 seasons instead of 5000 points. That way it will be easier to maintain (players become eligible for the list only once a season, instead of continuously). Also, you might want to consider excluding people on List of Current NBA Team Rosters. That way we only have to check the list of players who retire each season after spending ten years or more in the NBA, which should be a much more sustainable task. --Arcadian 17:12, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the suggestions. It might be a good idea to have two separate lists for active and inactive NBA players.  What do other people think? Zagalejo 16:14, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, by the way, I was just using 5,000 points/ten seasons a jumping-off point to list a bunch of notable players who (I think) should have Wikipedia articles. My original intention was that any NBA player could be listed here.  Eventually, however, this list will need to be split up somehow; it's just getting too long. Zagalejo 03:48, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You should be able to list every single player. Remember, it's a list of NBA players, not a list of NBA players who currently have a wikipedia article. Even if adding obscure players with no attached article has to be done, do it, but don't necessarily link them. Downwards 00:48, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of NBA players


text:
Berrima, New South Wales

Berrima is a historic village in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia, in Wingecarribee Shire. The village, once a major town, is located on the Old Hume Highway between Sydney and Canberra. It was previously known officially as the Town of Berrima. It is close to the three major towns of the Southern Highlands: Mittagong, Bowral and Moss Vale.

Etymology
The name Berrima is believed to derive from an Aboriginal word meaning either "southward" or "black swan".

History

The area around Berrima was once occupied by the Dharawal Aborigines.

The region and Wingecarribee River was first visited by Europeans during the late 1790s, including a 1798 expedition led by an ex-convict, John Wilson. However, John and Hamilton Hume rediscovered the area in 1814. The area was explored by Charles Throsby in 1818. Runs were taken up soon after, including by one by Charles Throsby. Harper's Mansion, which is on a hill overlooking the town, was built from 1829 to 1830. Bong Bong had been planned as a major town for the county but, as it was flood prone, the New South Wales surveyor-general Thomas Mitchell chose Berrima townsite on the road running south from Sydney to Goulburn with the intention that the town be the chief centre for southern New South Wales. The survey was conducted in 1830 and the town plan was approved in 1831. As well as its being an administrative centre, there were ambitions that the town might become a commercial and manufacturing centre, "where the wool of Argyle and Camden might be made into cloth and the hide into leather".

The courthouse (see below) was built between 1833 and 1838. The gaol (see below) was built from 1835 by convict labour and opened in 1839. The Surveyor General Inn was built in 1834. It has been continuously licensed since 1839 and its claim to being the earliest hotel rests on its continual licence and being in the original building. Berrima prospered as being at a point on the Old Hume Highway, and there were fourteen hotels in or near the town in the 1840s. However, because the construction of the railway bypassed the town, the population decreased – no new houses were built for a hundred years. In 1896, Premier of New South Wales Henry Parkes, planted an oak tree near the post office.

There are many historic buildings in the town and the village as a whole is listed on the Register of the National Estate. Other notable buildings include the Holy Trinity Anglican Church designed by Edmund Blacket and built in 1849; and the St Francis Xavier Catholic Church built 1849–51 designed by Augustus Pugin, a notable British architect of Gothic-revival buildings. The Berrima Village Trust was established in 1963 to preserve historic buildings.

Berrima was bypassed by a new section of the Hume Highway in March 1989.

Heritage listings
Berrima has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Argyle Street: Berrima Correctional Centre
 * Argyle Street: Berrima Internment Camp Huts Area
 * Argyle Street: Berrima Post Office
 * Argyle Street: Holy Trinity Anglican Church
 * Hume Highway: St Francis Xavier's Roman Catholic Church
 * Jellore Street: Berrima Inn
 * Jellore Street: Victoria Inn
 * 12 Jellore Street: CBC Bank Building
 * 16 Jellore Street: Jellore Cottage
 * 19 Jellore Street: Berrima House
 * 24 Jellore Street: Mail Coach Inn
 * 5–7 Market Place: Magistrate's House
 * Market Street: White Horse Inn
 * 5 Market Street: Nurses Cottage
 * Stockade Street: Makin Cottage
 * Wilkinson Street: Harper's Mansion

Berrima Court House
Berrima Court House was built between 1836 and 1838. It was designed by the colonial architect Mortimer Lewis in a Roman style. Four Doric columns support a classical pediment. The building is now stylistically classified as Georgian. It is built of sandstone. A number of problems arose during construction, the first architect having resigned and a succession of three builders being contracted.

The first quarter-sessions were held at the court house in 1841, and the first trial by jury in the colony of New South Wales was held here. The assize courts were continued for only seven years. In 1850 the district court moved to Goulburn, south of Berrima. Minor courts continued at Berrima until 1873. Notable trials were of John Lynch, who was hanged for the murder of at least nine people, and of Lucretia Dunkley and her lover Martin Beech who were both hanged in 1843 for the murder of Dunkley's husband. Their trial is simulated in the present-day museum courtroom with realistic manikins and an audio commentary. Dunkley was the only woman to be hanged at Berrima gaol.

Old Berrima Gaol
Berrima Gaol was built over five years with much work done by convicts in irons. Conditions at the gaol were harsh, prisoners spent most of their days in cells and the only light was through a small grate set in the door. In 1866 the gaol was renovated to the standards described by the prison reform movement for a "model prison". However, Berrima gaol had solitary confinement cells which measured 8 feet by 5 feet, some smaller, where it was intended that all prisoners spent one year. In 1877 a royal commission was held to investigate allegations of cruelty by the prison authorities but the complaints were not upheld.

During World War I the army used Berrima Gaol as a German-prisoner internment camp. Most of the 329 internees were enemy aliens from shipping companies. There were German officers from Rabaul, German New Guinea (what is now Papua New Guinea) and also officers from the light cruiser SMS Emden.

The correctional centre was used most recently as an all-female low-to-medium security prison. In the 2011 NSW State Budget, the Government announced that the centre would be closed, which took effect on 4 November 2011. The Centre is scheduled to re-open in September 2016.

Population
At the 2021 census, 813 people were living in Berrima.

In the, there were 666 people in Berrima. 73.8% of people were born in Australia and 85.1% of people only spoke English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 29.8%, Anglican 25.9% and Catholic 17.1%.

Notable residents

 * Estelle Asmodelle (born 1964), model, music composer and scientist, grew up in Berrima and left at age 16
 * Louisa Atkinson (1834–1872), naturalist and writer
 * Jimmy Barnes (born 1956), lead singer of Cold Chisel
 * David Grundie, (1883-1937), rugby league player
 * Geoff Harvey (1935–2019), former musical director for the Nine Network
 * Charles Metz, (1870-1945) politician
 * Jerry Powell (1852–1913) cricketer
 * Leo Sayer (born 1948), singer
 * Keith Steele (1951–2009), cricketer and lawyer
 * Lesley Wylie (1887–1959), rugby league player

title: Berrima, New South Wales


text:
Buff-throated woodcreeper

The buff-throated woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus guttatus) is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

Taxonomy and systematics
What is now the cocoa woodcreeper (X. susurrans) of Central America and northwestern South America was long considered conspecific with the buff-throated woodcreeper, but since the 1990s has been treated as a distinct species. The two form a superspecies.

The buff-throated woodcreeper's remaining taxonomy is unsettled. The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), and the Clements taxonomy assign it these eight subspecies. Clements subdivides them into three groups.

"Buff-throated" group "Lafresnaye's" group "Dusky-billed" group, also called the "eytoni" group
 * X. g. polystictus (Salvin & Goodman, 1883)
 * X. g. connectens Todd, 1948
 * X. g. guttatus (Lichtenstein, MHC, 1820)
 * X. g. guttatoides (Lafresnaye, 1850)
 * X. g. dorbignyanus Lafresnaye, 1850)
 * X. g. eytoni Sclater, PL, 1854
 * X. g. vicinalis Todd, 1948
 * X. g. gracilirostris Pinto & Camargo, 1957

Birdlife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) assigns the five subspecies of the "Lafresnaye's" and "dusky-billed" groups to "Lafresnaye's woodcreeper" (X. guttatoides), retaining only the three "buff-throated" subspecies within X. guttatus.

Other authors treat the "Lafresnaye's" and "dusky-billed" groups as separate species, and they appear to be more closely related to each other than to the superspecies formed by the "buff-throated" group and the cocoa woodcreeper. Subspecies X. g. gracilirostris is almost indistinguishable from eytoni and some authors do not accept it. Biogeography and molecular data suggest that the relationships among all eight subspecies and the taxa now included in X. susurrans deserve further study.

Depending on the outcome of these studies, the name buff-throated woodcreeper could be restricted to X. g. guttatus alone, which is endangered by habitat fragmentation, making a change in conservation status necessary.

The most likely evolutionary scenario is that from lower Amazonia, the ancestors of Lafresnaye's woodcreeper spread west- and southwestwards to the Andes, and those of the buff-throated and cocoa woodcreeper downriver and then along the coast of northern South America, where X. susurrans then branched off as the northern lineage. Indeed, it may be that the trans-Andean forms of the latter may constitute yet another good species, Lawrence's woodcreeper.

This article follows the eight-subspecies model.

Description
The buff-throated woodcreeper is 22.5 to 29.5 cm long and weighs 45 to 74 g. It is the largest member of genus Xiphorhynchus, with a heavy body and a long, heavy, decurved bill. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies X. g. guttatus have a dark brown face with narrow whitish buff streaks. Their crown and nape are dark brown with buff teardrop spots that are streakier and blackish-edged on the nape. Their back and wing coverts are reddish olive-brown, with buff streaks with blackish edges on the back. Their lower back and rump are cinnamon-rufous, their flight feathers darker rufous with dusky brownish tips on the primaries, and their tail rufous-chestnut. Their throat is deep buff with a dusky lower edge. Their breast, sides, and belly are reddish brown that becomes redder on the undertail coverts. Their breast and sides have black-edged deep buff streaks that narrow on the belly. Their undertail coverts are mostly unstreaked. Their underwing coverts are cinnamon-rufous to ochraceous buff. Their iris is dark brown, their bill dark brownish black with a paler culmen and an even paler mandible, and their legs and feet blue, greenish gray, or dark gray. Juveniles have a shorter and blacker bill than adults, a more rufous belly, and wider streaks with blacker edges above and below.

The other subspecies of the buff-throated woodcreeper differ from the nominate thus:

 * X. g. polystictus, much darker crown than back; back has wide buff streaks with wide black edges
 * X. g. connectens, similar to polystictus with deeper buff underparts and heavier, deeper buff, streaking on crown, nape, and underparts
 * X. g. guttatoides, pale horn bill, overall more rufescent, crown darker than back, throat richer buff, richer buff with weaker dark edges streaking above and below
 * X. g. dorbignyanus, paler bill than guttatoides, paler and more olive overall than nominate, crown and back nearly the same color, narrow streaks with little or no dark edges above and below
 * X. g. eytoni, slimmer mostly blackish bill, more olive upperparts, richer rufous rump, grayer underparts, whiter throat, whiter streaking with sharp black margins above and below
 * X. g. vicinalis, blackish bill, whitish throat, strongly rufescent underparts, buffier and heavier streaks than eytoni
 * X. g. gracilirostris, similar to eytoni with longer, slimmer, and more decurved bill

Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of the buff-throated woodcreeper are found thus:

 * X. g. polystictus, Rio Orinoco drainage in eastern Colombia, southern and eastern Venezuela, and extreme northern Brazil; east to the Guyanas.
 * X. g. connectens, north of the Amazon River from about Manaus east to Amapá.
 * X. g. guttatus, coastal eastern Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte south to Espírito Santo and slightly into Rio de Janeiro state
 * X. g. guttatoides, the western Amazon Basin on both sides of the Amazon from southern Venezuela, southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern and southeastern Peru, and northwestern Brazil east to the Rio Negro and Rio Madeira and south into Mato Grosso
 * X. g. dorbignyanus, the southern Amazon Basin from northern and eastern Bolivia east into Brazil as far as central Goiás
 * X. g. eytoni, Brazil south of the Amazon from Rio Tapajós east to western Maranhão.
 * X. g. vicinalis, Brazil south of the Amazon from Rio Madeira east to Rio Tapajós
 * X. g. gracilirostris, Serra do Baturité in northeastern Brazil's Ceará state

The buff-throated woodcreeper generally inhabits humid evergreen forest, but varies in details across its very large range. Within the "buff-throated" group, the nominate X. g. guttatus is restricted to the humid tropical Atlantic forest. The other two subspecies of the group inhabit semi-deciduous and gallery forest, palm swamps, treed areas of savanna, cerrado woodlands, and mangroves. The subspecies of the "Lafresnaye's" group, like the northern "buff-throated" subspecies, occur in semi-deciduous and gallery forest, palm swamps, treed areas of savanna, and cerrado woodlands. Populations in the Amazon Basin inhabit terra firme, floodplain forest, and both várzea and igapó types of seasonally flooded forest. Those of the "dusky-billed" group favor terra firme while the others favor the other three forest types and also extend into evergreen montane forest along the Andes. All of the subspecies favor the edges of the forest, gaps within it, and older secondary forest, but they regularly occur in the interior of primary forest as well. In elevation most individuals occur between sea level and 800 m. X. g. polystictus reaches 1200 m in Colombia and 1250 m in the tepui region where Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil meet. X. g. dorbignyanus reaches 1100 m in Bolivia.

Movement
All subspecies of the buff-throated woodcreeper are believed to be year-round residents of their respective ranges.

Feeding
The buff-throated woodcreeper's diet is mostly arthropods but also occasionally includes small vertebrates. It usually forages singly and occasionally in pairs; three have been observed together at army ant swarms. It regularly joins mixed-species feeding flocks, usually foraging from the forest's mid-level to the subcanopy but sometimes lower and higher. It also regularly follows army ant swarms. It hitches up and along trunks and branches, gleaning and pecking for prey on those substrates, on palm fronds, and in dead leaf clusters, epiphytes, dead wood, and arboreal termite nests. It also sometimes flakes bark, and when following ants makes sallies from a perch to glean from the ground and foliage or make mid-air captures.

Breeding
The buff-throated woodcreeper's breeding season varies widely across its large range. Northern populations breed during the first half of the year while those further south tend to breed later. The species nests in cavities in dead trees, either natural or made by woodpeckers. Their clutch is one to three eggs (usually two). The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.

Vocalization
All of the buff-throated woodcreeper subspecies are quite vocal; during their breeding seasons they sing for long periods at dawn and dusk and occasionally throughout the day. The subspecies, however, differ in their songs. The nominate subspecies sings "te-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e, quirt-quirt-quirt-quirt", while X. g. polystictus and X. g. connectens singe a "loud...descending whinny of 20–25 notes, 'dui-dui-kui’kui’kui’kui’kui’kui’ku’u’u’ut, ut'." Populations in western Amazonia sing "a series 3–4 seconds long of melancholy whistles that ascends, levels, then descends and decreases in both volume and speed, 'tep, tep, tep teep-twee-tweep-tweep-tweep-teep-teep-tee-tee-toe-toe-toe' ". Those in southeastern Amazonia sing "a long, rapid trill that descends, then trails off, 'whe-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-ew-ew-ew-ew-ew-ew whoit whoit whoit whoit'." The species' calls do not appear to differ much among the subspecies, and include "a descending series of 3–6 loud whistles, e.g. 'wheeyer, wheep-wheep-wheep-wheep-whip', sometimes doubled as 'fee-a-wip, fee-a-wip, wip-wip'; also [a] piercing whistle described as 'feeyou' or 'pyeeeu'."

Status
The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and therefore separately assesses the "buff-throated" and "Lefresnaye's" woodcreepers. However, both are assessed as being of Least Concern. They have large to very large ranges. Their population sizes are not known and both are believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats to either have been identified. The nominate subspecies is "largely restricted to scattered fragments of lowland Atlantic Forest, and likely to be moderately to highly sensitive to continued loss of forest." The other two subspecies of the "buff-throated" group are considered fairly common to common, and "probably only moderately sensitive to disturbance". The five subspecies of the "Lefresnaye's" group are also considered fairly common to common across most of their range. They are mostly "dependent on intact but not necessarily undisturbed forest, with most populations inhabiting a region with much forest remaining and probably only moderately sensitive to disturbance."

title: Buff-throated woodcreeper


text:
Airlift (dredging device)

An airlift is device based on a pipe, used in nautical archaeology to suck small objects, sand and mud from the sea bed and to transport the resulting debris upwards and away from its source. It is a type of suction dredge. A water dredge or water eductor may be used for the same purpose.

Typically, the airlift is constructed from a 3-metre to 10 metre long, 10 cm diameter pipe. A controllable compressed air supply vents into the inside, lower end of the pipe (The input end always being the lower end). Compressed air is injected into the pipe in one to three second bursts with an interval long enough to let the resulting bubble to rise to the higher, output end of the pipe. The bubble moves water through the pipe sucking debris from the lower end and depositing it from the upper end of the pipe. Ejected debris can be either cast off (as in simply removing overburden) or collected in a mesh cage for inspection (as more often is the case in nautical archaeology). It is often designed to be hand-operated by a diver.

Airlift pumps are used by water utilities, farmers and others to extract water from deep wells. In such cases the pipes can be 30, 60 or more meters deep underground. Airlift pumps are governed by the physics of two-phase flow.

title: Airlift (dredging device)


text:
Talk:Watchtower Bible and Tract Society

About the name
"Watchtower Bible and Tract Society" seems much more used than "Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania", even if the later is the official name. In doubt, I preferred the most familiar and most linked version.

Maybe a similar page ought to be made for the New York branch ? Flammifer 05:45, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

this page, and others, put the headquarters in Brooklyn, New York, and describe the "Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York" as a "publisher".

this could take some clarification :-P Flammifer 05:48, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

... I think maybe the best would be for this page to be a kind of "disambiguation" page, stating that there are two entities that are referred to as the WBTS, that of Penns. and that of NY. The two are so close it's hard to disassociate them (I mean, it looks like the WBTS of Pennsylvania has it's headquarters in New York anyway). At least, I don't think it's worth making a seperate article for each of them.

That would also help making the Legal instruments of Jehovah's Witnesses article a bit clearer. Flammifer 06:26, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yep. It's so confusing! According to both The Watchtower and Awake! magazines, the copyright for said magazines rests with Penn., but are published by NY.

 * I agree with the disambiguation. There should be a Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania article to match the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. (though currently redirected) and International Bible Students Association ones. --K. 07:04, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * About the disambiguation, I meant something more like keeping both meanings, both corporations, on the same page - having this page being about *both* organizations. "Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society generally refers to ..., though ...". Flammifer 09:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I see what you mean, but it's not really accurate to say that WTBTS refers to both. Terms like The Society and The Watchtower Society do refer to all the legal instruments as a whole (including IBSA), but WTBTS refers specifically to the Penn. corporation. That's why I think they should be separate. --K. 12:25, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Redirect target
Onlookers have often been confused about two separate notable corporations. A person typing in this entry here, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, would likely intend one of the following: I submit the researcher is more likely searching for the New York corporation. In any event, the target for the redirect from here should be Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses, largely because it has sections on BOTH those corporations (plus one other domestic corporation). It seems obvious to me that a person researching
 * Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York
 * Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

A certain editor apparently disagrees. Please discuss. --AuthorityTam (talk) 16:07, 7 May 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York  might search for
 * 2) Watchtower Bible and Tract Society without realizing "of New York" is even part of the corporate name.

title: Talk:Watchtower Bible and Tract Society


text:
Succubus (South Park)

"Succubus" is the third episode of the third season of the American animated television series South Park, and the 34th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 21, 1999.

Plot
Eric Cartman must go to the local eye doctor, whom he hates because the doctor always makes fun of his obesity by referring to him as "Piggy". Cartman is told that he has bad vision and has his eyes dilated; he is later given a pair of thick-rimmed glasses which are then stapled to his head so that he cannot take them off. Later, he and the other boys discover that Chef has quit his job at South Park Elementary and has been replaced by Mr. Derp, a cliché cartoon character who tries (and fails) to win them over with his poor slapstick comedy gags.

They then find out that Chef has a new girlfriend, Veronica, (voiced by Michael Ann Young) who has caused his life to change from that of a free-spirited, soul-singing cafeteria chef to that of a mediocre office worker. She is also extremely fond of singing the love theme from The Poseidon Adventure, "The Morning After" at inappropriate times. The boys believe that she is trying to steal Chef away from them and are dismayed when they discover that the two are planning to get married.

Not wanting Chef to go too, the boys seek advice from Mr. Garrison, who suggests that Veronica is a succubus: a demoness sent from hell to prey on and suck the life out of men.

Meanwhile, a botched attempt at laser eye surgery leaves Cartman temporarily blinded. While the others mock him, Veronica comes to visit them. She manages to convince them that she is not a monster but, just as she is about to leave, suddenly takes on a demonic face, laughing maniacally and declaring that they cannot stop her from marrying Chef. The boys try to tell Chef of this at the rehearsal dinner, but he angrily shuts them out. They go back to Cartman's place to formulate a plan to stop the wedding.

The boys discover that a succubus controls the minds of men with a melody and that playing it backwards will vanquish it. They remember that Veronica always sings "The Morning After" and proceed to learn how to sing the song backwards. At the wedding, they play a tape of the song backwards while Stan and Kyle sing the words in reverse order. Veronica begins to lose her hold on her human form. When the tape gets jammed, she peels off her human disguise and reverts to her true shape—a bizarre, red-eyed, bat-winged, witch/hag-like monster—flying around and wrecking the church (and killing Kenny in the process). When the boys finish singing the song, Veronica is sucked back into Hell. Chef, no longer under her evil spell, apologizes to the boys for ignoring them and eventually returns to their school as the chef and as his old self.

Cartman returns to his optometrist, who tells him that, with eyes as bad as his, he will always have to wear glasses. He solves this problem by convincing the doctor to give him an eye transplant, using Kenny's frozen head as a donor. The optometrist then asks for $3.50, suggesting that Chef's parents' tales were not entirely fabricated.

Production
Parker and Stone say in the DVD commentary that the sketch involving the Loch Ness Monster was the inspiration for the character Chef. Originally Comedy Central wouldn't let the creators voice African-American characters on the show. The episode also popularized the word derp. A television promo of the episode showed that the character Ms. Crabtree was originally Chef's replacement in the episode.

title: Succubus (South Park)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Video games/Peer review/City Building Series

City Building Series
It was one of my earliest articles, and remained mostly untouched since then. Any ideas on how to expand the article without having the need to create individual articles (which will eventually happen) ? wS;✉ 05:45, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd write some more information for each of the individual games, moving away from having everything in bullet-points. Just use normal prose. Besides that, what is the reason you don't want to split off the individual articles yet? Jacoplane 10:25, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd develop more of a history involving the series. Also, add some developer information to the article.  Like Jacoplane, I'm curious why you don't want individual articles? -- ZeWrestler   Talk 17:37, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Simple: Few series have so much in common with each other, while being different enough to justify different articles for each game. IMHO, instead of duplicating the description of common game concepts (such as how houses evolve, water distribution, etc), having a strong and well developed section in the base article would allow better information management since the backbones would be presented in only one article, instead of many. If we hold the creation of individual articles until the key parts are here, it would be so much easier to write the articles, since instead of writting in order to improve housing, first water must be brought, then goods X and finally goods Y and frequent visits by walker from building Z. That's just my opinion, of course it won't do no harm creating individual articles now, but I feel work on them would be faster if done this way. wS;✉ 12:50, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've expanded the article with a concepts section, I'd appreciate some reviewing/copyediting. wS;✉ 08:33, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Did some copyedits on the article. -- ZeWrestler  Talk 15:00, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Second expansion, "textified" the games section. Also, Zeus now has an article. wS;✉ 02:34, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * IMHO it's a good idea to move the 'games in the series' section above the concepts and mechanics. Jacoplane 02:42, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Good call, I was almost asleep while finishing the article, and even forgot to add a pre-compiled list of links I've searched. wS;✉ 10:26, 9 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Desiderius (given name)

Desiderius is a Latin given name, related to desiderium - which can be translated as "ardent desire" or "the longed-for". Various other forms include Desiderio in Italian, Desiderio or Desi in Spanish, Desidério in Portuguese, Didier in French and Dezső in Hungarian.

Desiderius may refer to:

 * Desiderius (died c. 786), the last king of the Lombard Kingdom of northern Italy
 * Desiderius, Abbot of Monte Cassino (c. 1026–1087), successor of Pope Gregory VII
 * Desiderius Erasmus (c. 1466–1536), Dutch humanist and theologian
 * Desiderius Hampel (1895-1981), Waffen-SS general
 * Desiderius of Aquitaine (died 587), Gallo-Roman dux in the Kingdom of the Franks
 * Desiderius Wein (1873-1944), Hungarian doctor and gymnast

Saints

 * Desiderius (lector), (died c. 303)
 * Desiderius of Auxerre, (died 621), bishop of Auxerre
 * Desiderius of Cahors (c. 580–655), Merovingian royal official
 * Desiderius of Fontenelle (died c. 700), Frankish saint
 * Desiderius of Vienne (died 607), archbishop of Vienne and chronicler
 * Desiderius of Pistoia, (died 725); See Barontius and Desiderius

title: Desiderius (given name)


text:
R. J. Reynolds

Richard Joshua Reynolds (July 20, 1850 – July 29, 1918) was an American businessman and founder of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.

The son of a tobacco farmer, he worked for his father and attended Emory & Henry College from 1868 to 1870, eventually graduating from Bryant & Stratton Business College in Baltimore. He sold his share of the family business in 1874 and moved south to Winston (now Winston-Salem), North Carolina, to start his own tobacco company. Reynolds was a savvy businessman and a hard worker, and he quickly became one of the wealthiest citizens of Winston-Salem; eventually, he was the wealthiest person in the state of North Carolina. He died in 1918 of pancreatic cancer.

Early life
Reynolds was born on July 20, 1850, at Rock Spring Plantation near Critz, Patrick County, Virginia. He was the son of Nancy Jane Cox Reynolds and Hardin Reynolds, a tobacco farmer. He grew fond of the tobacco business by helping his father.

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
In 1874, Reynolds sold his interest in the family tobacco business to his father and left Patrick County to start his own tobacco company. He needed a railroad hub for his business, and since there was not one in Patrick County, he went to the nearest one, Winston, North Carolina. Winston and Salem were separate towns at that time. By 1875, Reynolds had established his tobacco manufacturing operation, and in the first year, it produced 150,000 pounds of tobacco. Although Winston-Salem alone had 15 other tobacco companies, Reynolds was able to distinguish himself through his business acumen and innovative techniques, including adding saccharin to chewing tobacco. By the 1890s, production had increased to millions of pounds annually.

Reynolds' younger brother, William Neal, was attending Trinity College (now Duke University) and worked part-time for him. Mr. Will, as he was known, began as a leaf-hanger and quickly mastered all facets of the operation. After leaving Trinity College, he managed tobacco purchasing. In 1888, Reynolds formed a formal partnership with Mr. Will and the company bookkeeper, Henry Roan. Reynolds served as President with 75% ownership, and Mr. Will and Henry Roan divided the remainder. The R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company was chartered as a corporation by the state of North Carolina on February 11, 1890. In 1892, Reynolds' net worth had grown to $200,000.

In 1913, Reynolds developed a great innovation: the packaged cigarette. Most tobacco users who smoked cigarettes preferred to roll their own, and there was thought to be no national market for pre-packaged cigarettes. Reynolds worked to develop a flavor he thought would be more appealing than past products, creating the Camel cigarette, so named because it used Turkish tobacco. Reynolds undercut competitors on the cost of the cigarettes, and within a year, he had sold 425 million packs of Camels.

By the time of his death, Reynolds had become the wealthiest man in North Carolina by far; his $66,000 paid annually in taxes was double the next-highest taxpayer. R. J. Reynolds had grown to encompass 121 buildings in Winston-Salem. After his death in 1918, his brother assumed control of the company; board members would wait 41 years before hanging another portrait beside Reynolds' in the R. J. Reynolds board room.

Family and personal life
Reynolds was the most eligible bachelor for many years in Winston-Salem and married Katharine Smith (November 17, 1880 – May 23, 1923), who was 30 years his junior, on February 27, 1905, in Mount Airy, North Carolina. She was the daughter of Zachary Taylor Smith (February 19, 1847 – June 13, 1938) and Mary Susan Jackson (January 21, 1855 – April 17, 1926). She was born in Stokes County, North Carolina and died in New York City.

Reynolds and Katharine's father Zachary were cousins, and Reynolds had known Katharine since she was a young girl. She earned a degree in English literature and went to work as a Reynolds secretary, at one point winning $1,000 in a company-sponsored contest. Reynolds joked that he married Katharine to get his money back. Their marriage was very happy, and Reynolds wrote to Katharine saying he was very glad he waited so long to marry. Katharine Reynolds urged her husband to shorten employees' work hours and provide a lunchroom, schools and nursery services for them.

The Reynolds' children were:
 * Richard Joshua Reynolds, Jr. (April 4, 1906 – December 14, 1964) who married Elizabeth McCaw "Blitz" Dillard (1909 – Dec. 1961), Marianne O'Brien (d. 1985), Muriel Maud Marston Laurence Greenough (December 28, 1915 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada – 1980), and Annemarie Schmitt (b. 1932 – ) RJ Jr and Blitz had four sons, Richard Joshua "Josh" Reynolds III, John Dillard Reynolds, Zachary Taylor Reynolds, and William Neal Reynolds II. RJ Jr. and Marianne had two sons, Michael Randolph Reynolds (July 13, 1947 – November 3, 2004) and Patrick Reynolds, who publicly took a stand as a tobaccofree advocate (b. December 2, 1948 – ). RJ Jr and Annemarie had one daughter two days after RJ Jr died, Irene Sabine Reynolds (b. December 16, 1964 – )
 * Mary Katharine Reynolds (August 8, 1908 – July 17, 1953) who married Charles Henry Babcock (September 22, 1899 – December 13, 1967)
 * Nancy Susan Reynolds (February 5, 1910 – January 1985) who married Henry Walker Bagley (August 6, 1900 in Atlanta, Georgia – April 19, 1983) and Gilbert Verney. Nancy and Henry had three daughters, Jane Bagley Lehman (married to Orin Lehman), Susan Bagley Bloom, and Anne Bagley Grant, and one son, Smith Bagley, cell phone business executive and social activist.
 * Zachary Smith Reynolds (November 5, 1911 – July 6, 1932) who married Anne Ludlow Cannon (August 31, 1901 – June 21, 1961) in York, South Carolina November 16, 1929 and Libby Holman in Monroe, Michigan on Sunday November 29, 1931.

Reynolds lived above the factory floor for many years. When he married, he lived with his family alongside other R. J. Reynolds executives on Fifth Street in Winston-Salem until 1917, when they moved to Reynolda House, a 1000 acre estate on the outskirts of town that also housed a village where Reynolds workers could live. The grounds featured a post office, schools, a chapel, a blacksmith shop and a greenhouse. At Reynolda House, Katharine brought farmers together to learn the latest scientific advances in farming. Katharine offered evening literacy classes to workers. She also commissioned construction of a nine-hole golf course.

Reynolds died in 1918, and his wife, although 30 years younger, died six years later. They are buried in the Salem Cemetery in Winston-Salem. Their children were then raised by their uncle, Reynolds' brother William Neal Reynolds, and his wife Kate Bitting Reynolds. Dick Reynolds became a Democratic politician, mayor of Winston-Salem, and treasurer of the Democratic National Committee.

Reynolds's grandson Patrick Reynolds became an anti-smoking activist following several family deaths from smoking and began the Foundation for a Smoke-Free America.

Political views
In 1884, Reynolds served as a city commissioner in Winston-Salem. Reynolds established progressive working conditions in his factory, with shorter hours and higher pay. He also signed a petition for a property tax to pay for public schools and voted to approve an income tax.

Lasting influence of Reynolds and his family
Reynolds was generous with his workers, building schools and houses for them on his property. He also granted endowments to Guilford College, the Oxford Orphan Asylum, and the Baptist Orphanage, in addition to many other charities and churches in the Winston-Salem community. He became the first Southern man to establish a hospital serving African Americans in the South, the Slater Hospital. He started a savings and loan, served on the town board of Winston-Salem, and began a YMCA and an opera house.

Reynolds donated money to the establishment of the Slater Industrial School, which would later become Winston-Salem State University.

In 1923, the newly formed Reynolds Foundation fully financed the construction of Nancy Reynolds Memorial School built at the birthplace of his and Will Reynolds' mother, Nancy Jane Cox Reynolds, in the Brown Mountain community of Stokes County. In 1930, the Reynolds Foundation paid for the construction of two wings adjoining the original building. During the Depression, Will Reynolds covered the costs for an additional month of school in order for Nancy Reynolds to become accredited. In the 1950s, the foundation financed and built the school's freestanding gymnasium and built and equipped its large agricultural building. A memorial gift that still provides for the school today is a $25,000 endowment set up after the death of Kate Bitting Reynolds, Will's wife, with the yearly dividends to be used solely for the upkeep of grounds, exterior beautification projects and playground equipment. The endowment's total value is now more than three-quarters of a million dollars and easily supports its intended use.

When Reynolds died, North Carolina's governor Thomas Walter Bickett said: "Therefore, the greatest eulogy that can be offered would be to refer to his life of rugged honesty, his wide usefulness and his kindly dealings with his fellowmen, which he himself deemed his first duty."

Katharine Reynolds' philanthropy
R. J. Reynolds and his family played a large part in the public life and history of the city of Winston-Salem. After his death, his widow Katharine Smith Reynolds continued his philanthropic activities. She contributed land and funds to establish The Richard J. Reynolds High School and the R. J. Reynolds Memorial Auditorium (both listed in the National Register of Historic Places). Construction of the school and auditorium began in 1919 under the direction of architect Charles Barton Keen, and finished in 1924. Another memorial to Reynolds, an equine statue, sits on Winston-Salem City Hall Grounds in downtown Winston-Salem. A memorial to Katharine Reynolds, a 20-foot-tall obelisk, now sits on the grounds of the Richard J. Reynolds High School and R.J. Reynolds Memorial Auditorium (it was originally placed on a site in Reynolda Village, around Reynolda Church, but was rescued from demolition and moved to the site on the school grounds).

Children's philanthropy
The Reynolds' estate, Reynolda House, was completed just prior to Reynolds' death in 1918 and was later donated by his daughter, Mary Reynolds Babcock, for use as an art museum. At the age of 28, Mary inherited $30 million and became one of the world's richest women. She contributed to the William Neal Reynolds Coliseum in Raleigh, North Carolina, in honor of her uncle. Her will gave $525,000 for a dormitory at Salem College in Winston-Salem.

The Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation was formed by Mary Reynolds Babcock and her siblings to honor their brother, Reynolds' son Zachary, whose mysterious death at the age of 20 at Reynolda is still disputed to this day as murder or suicide. The Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation to this day gives away millions annually in the Piedmont Triad region. Babcock and her husband Charles also donated land and funds to start a country club from the grounds of Reynolda in 1939, allowing members to sign up for $1 a year while she was alive.

An area of 350 acre of the grounds of the Reynolda estate was donated to Wake Forest University, which then relocated from Wake Forest, North Carolina, to Winston-Salem in 1956 and was given $350,000 annually from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation in exchange for the move. The Reynolds family is honored through many names on the Wake Forest campus, including Reynolda Hall, the university's library, the Z. Smith Reynolds Library, William Neal Reynolds Gymnasium, along with a dormitory named for Mary Reynolds Babcock. Her husband, Charles Babcock, is honored by Wake Forest through the Charles Babcock School of Business Administration. The school was begun through $500,000 each in gifts from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation and Nancy Susan Reynolds. Winston-Salem's airport, the Smith Reynolds Airport, is named for Zachary Smith Reynolds.

Reynolds' older son Dick also donated acres of land and funds to the county for the establishment of a golf course and public park in 1939, called Reynolds Park. Its opening in 1940 marked the first time that the Winston-Salem public had access to swimming pools, tennis courts, and a golf course—previously, one had to be a member of a private club to use these types of facilities.

Almost a century after her father founded the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Nancy Susan Reynolds Bagley Verney, his youngest daughter and last surviving child, decided to give back to the region of her father's boyhood. In 1969, she deeded Virginia Tech 710 acre of Rock Spring Plantation. In 1980, she deeded them another 7 acre, where Reynolds' childhood home and a continuing education center stand. She created an endowment of $1.7 million to provide cultural programming to the surrounding community, to run a forestry research center on the site, and to fund a scholarship program for Patrick County high school students. She financed this in part by selling her Quarry Farm, designed by architect Frank Forster, in Greenwich, Connecticut, to actor Frank Gorshin in 1977 for $650,000 He would later sell it in 1980 to Diana Ross formerly of the Supremes. She also headed the effort to turn the Virginia farmstead where her father was raised into a historic site. Now called the Reynolds Homestead, it is a State and National Historic Landmark listed in the National Register of Historic Places. As a Continuing Education Center of Virginia Tech, it offers a variety of programs and classes for all ages, all open to the public and many for free. It is open for tours, April through October, Monday through Saturday.

Family's companies
Descendants of Hardin William Reynolds have influenced the economic and cultural growth of the U.S., particularly in the South, through their business successes and philanthropy.

In 1919, his nephew, Richard S. Reynolds Sr., founded the U.S. Foil Company in Louisville, Kentucky, supplying tin-lead wrappers to cigarette and candy companies. In 1924, he bought the maker of Eskimo Pies (which were foil-wrapped) and four years later he purchased Robertshaw Thermostat, Fulton Sylphon, and part of Beechnut Foil, adding the companies to U.S. Foil to form Reynolds Metals. After realizing the limitations of the tin and lead used in his company's products, in 1926 he added aluminum to the line. The company began using aluminum foil as a packaging material in 1926, and in 1947 they introduced Reynolds Wrap. Sold worldwide, it transformed food storage. Reynolds Metals was the second-largest aluminum company in the United States and the third-largest in the world. The Richmond, Virginia-based company was acquired by Alcoa in 2000.

title: R. J. Reynolds


text:
User:HorsePunchKid/Les Noces

Les Noces (Russian: Свадебка, "The Wedding") is a short ballet by Igor Stravinsky.

Important points

 * Plot and general structure
 * Sequence of four tableaux depicting peasant wedding
 * Summary of each tableau
 * History and orchestration
 * 1917 version versus 1923 version
 * Details of final version
 * First performance, ballet setting
 * Influences on others (George Antheil, etc.)
 * Recordings
 * Péter Eötvös
 * What and where are my other recordings?
 * References
 * Dover score
 * Stravinsky: A Critical Survey, Eric Walter White
 * Fair use cover photo?

title: User:HorsePunchKid/Les Noces


text:
James Gunn (astronomer)

James Edward Gunn (born October 21, 1938) is the Eugene Higgins Professor of Astronomy at Princeton University. Gunn's early theoretical work in astronomy has helped establish the current understanding of how galaxies form, and the properties of the space between galaxies. He also suggested important observational tests to confirm the presence of dark matter in galaxies, and predicted the existence of a Gunn–Peterson trough in the spectra of distant quasars.

Much of Gunn's later work has involved leadership in major observational projects. He developed plans for one of the first uses of digital camera technology for space observation, a project that led to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the most extensive three-dimensional mapping of the universe ever undertaken. He also played a major role with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera on the Hubble Space Telescope.

Gunn graduated from A.C. Jones High School in Beeville, Texas in 1957. He earned his bachelor's degree at Rice University in Houston, Texas, in 1961, and his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1965. He joined the faculty of Princeton University two years later. Subsequently, he worked at the University of California at Berkeley and Caltech before returning to Princeton. He is married to the astronomer Gillian Knapp and they have two children, Humberto and Marleny Gunn.

Honors

 * 1977 – Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1977 – Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences
 * 1983 – MacArthur Fellow
 * 1987 – Distinguished Alumnus Award, Rice University
 * 1987 – Elected member of the American Philosophical Society
 * 1988 – Heineman Prize
 * 1994 – Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
 * 2001 – Petrie Prize, Canadian Astronomical Society
 * 2002 – Joseph Weber Award for Astronomical Instrumentation
 * 2002 – Distinguished Alumnus Award, California Institute of Technology
 * 2005 – Crafoord Prize with James Peebles and Martin Rees
 * 2005 – Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society
 * 2005 – Gruber Cosmology Prize
 * 2006 – Honorary Degree from the University of Portsmouth
 * 2008 – National Medal of Science
 * 2013 – Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
 * 2019 – Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences (Earth and Planetary Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics)

title: James Gunn (astronomer)


text:
Suction dredge

A suction dredge can be:
 * A type of ship or boat called a suction dredger
 * An airlift (dredging device) for use underwater by divers

title: Suction dredge