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Neil Allen

Neil Patrick Allen (born January 24, 1958) is an American professional baseball pitcher. He played for the New York Mets, St. Louis Cardinals, New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox, and Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball from 1979 to 1989.

New York Mets
The New York Mets drafted Allen out of Bishop Ward High School in Kansas City, Kansas, in the eleventh round of the 1976 Major League Baseball draft. He went 10–2 with a 2.79 earned run average and led the Carolina League with 126 strikeouts with the Lynchburg Mets in his second professional season.

Allen came up with the Mets as a starting pitcher in 1979, and he made his major league debut on April 15 against the Philadelphia Phillies and former Met Nino Espinosa, giving up three runs in six innings and taking the loss. Allen was 0-5 as a starter when the Mets moved him to the bullpen. He won his next four decisions in a row as a reliever, and on July 28, he earned his first major league save.

Soon Allen emerged as the club's closer, earning eight saves by the end of the season and 69 total in his Mets career. In May 1981, the Mets reached a deal to acquire Ellis Valentine from the Montreal Expos for Dan Norman and either Allen or Jeff Reardon. Unwilling to part with their closer, the Mets sent Reardon to the Expos.

Allen got off to a rough start to the 1983 season. With Allen's record standing at 0–4 with a 5.68 ERA and a .301 batting average against, the Mets made the unusual decision to converted Allen back into a starter. As unconventional as this move was, it seemed to work. Allen won his first two decisions, including a shutout of the Los Angeles Dodgers. Two weeks later, on June 15, he and Rick Ownbey were traded to the St. Louis Cardinals for Keith Hernandez.

St. Louis Cardinals
Allen's first start as a Cardinal came against the Mets at Shea Stadium. He held the Mets to four hits with six strikeouts (2 of Hernandez) over eight innings, and drove in one of the Cardinals' six runs. His second win for the Cards also came against his former club. This time, he held them to one run over seven innings. He also had an RBI double, and scored a run in the second inning. All told, he went 3–0 with a 0.87 ERA against the Mets in 1983. Against the rest of the National League, he was 9–13 with a 4.76 ERA.

In 1984, he was returned to the bullpen, making only one emergency start. Allen was 1–4 with a 5.59 earned run average, and began incurring the wrath of Cardinals fans. On July 16, he was sold to the New York Yankees. Allen was 1–0 with one save and a 2.76 ERA out of the Yankees' bullpen.

Chicago White Sox
Following the '85 season, Allen was traded to the Chicago White Sox with Scott Bradley and Glenn Braxton for Ron Hassey, Matt Winters, Chris Alvarez and Eric Schmidt. The White Sox converted him back to a starter, and he earned his first win of the season against Ron Guidry at Yankee Stadium on May 15. Allen gave up only one earned run, four hits and two walks in seven innings for the first White Sox victory over Guidry at Yankee Stadium since August 13, 1980.

His next start at Yankee Stadium was even better. On July 20, Allen pitched a complete game two hitter to lead the White Sox to an 8–0 victory over the Yankees. For the season, Allen went 7–2 with a 3.82 ERA.

1987–1990
The White Sox released Allen during the 1987 season after he posted an 0–7 record and 7.07 ERA. He signed with the Yankees for the remainder of the season, and returned again for 1988. He signed a minor league deal with the Cleveland Indians in 1989, making three appearances for the big league club. He pitched for the Cincinnati Reds' AAA affiliate, the Nashville Sounds in 1990 before retiring.

Career stats
Allen was an above average fielding pitcher. He did not commit an error from 1983 to 1986.

Coaching career
Allen began coaching shortly after his retirement. After a brief stint in the independent Texas–Louisiana League as pitching coach with the Mobile BaySharks, Allen joined the Toronto Blue Jays in 1996 as pitching coach of their New York–Penn League affiliate, the St. Catharines Stompers.

After four seasons with the Jays' organization, Allen returned to the Yankees in 2000 as pitching coach of the Staten Island Yankees. He was pitching coach for the Columbus Clippers from 2003 to 2004, and returned to that position again in 2006 after serving as the bullpen pitching coach for the New York Yankees during the 2005 season. Allen, while the Columbus Clippers pitching coach, introduced Chien-Ming Wang's sinker, which became his signature pitch.

In 2007, he joined the Rays' organization, working in their minor league system with his final stop as the pitching coach for the Durham Bulls.

In November 2014, the Minnesota Twins hired him as their major league pitching coach.

On May 26, 2016, Allen was booked into Hennepin County jail on suspicion of driving under the influence and suspended indefinitely by the Twins. After he completed a five-week outpatient treatment program at the Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation that the team had checked him in to, the Twins brought him back in early July.

At the end of the 2017 season, Allen retired from his coaching career, and did not return to the Twins in 2018.

title: Neil Allen


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Musica poetica

Musica poetica was a term commonly applied to the art of composing music in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century German schools and universities. Its first known use was in the Rudimenta Musicae Planae (Wittenberg: 1533) of Nicolaus Listenius. Previously, music had been divided into musica theoretica and musica practica, which were categorised with the quadrivium and trivium, respectively. Since music of the time primarily meant vocal music, it was natural for theorists to make analogies between the composition of music and the composition of oratory or poetry. Hence, the term musica poetica.

Analogies between music and the rhetorical arts were made on several levels. Gallus Dressler (1563) suggested to liken the structure of a musical composition with that of a speech, as outlined in classical sources, dividing it into such sections as exordium, medium, and finis (literally, "beginning", "middle", and "end"). Another kind of analogy was to liken the rules or grammar of composition with those of speech, as illustrated by Joachim Burmeister's use of tautoëpia to label consecutive fifths and octaves (which were generally regarded as illegal except in special circumstances).

Most significantly, though, special melodic, harmonic, or technical devices in music began to be associated with the figures of classical oratory: for example, a rising or falling sequence in music was usually called climax in the literature of musica poetica. However, it must be pointed out that such analogies were not always direct: terms used in musica poetica do not always correspond equivalently to their rhetorical counterparts (for example, in oratory, anaphora means a straightforward repetition of a word, but in music it can denote various kinds of repetitive device, such as the development of a subject through imitation (fugue); also, the presence of a rhetorical figure in the text being set to music did not imply an automatic application of that figure's musical equivalent (that is, it was never mandatory for composers to respond to such verbal ideas as "going up" with rising musical phrases (known as anabasis or ascensus in musica poetica).

A knowledge of both classical rhetoric and musica poetica can greatly enhance the listener's understanding and appreciation of works composed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, especially by such figures as Heinrich Schütz and Giacomo Carissimi. However, it is also important not to seek examples of musical figures on every page; while rhetoric and musical theory were strongly associated, the nature of this association was complex and variable.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Musica poetica


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Polymer City Chronicles

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP PCC, DELETE Chris Morrison. Postdlf 06:14, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Polymer City Chronicles, Chris Morrison
Non-notable web comic, seems like vanity. Lots of POV presentation, and the Chris Morrison article simply seems to be the author of said web comic. I say Delete!. -- Natalinasmpf 13:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete: The art is mediocre and the web comic is non-notable... to me. Will anyone stand up in defense of this article? jglc | t | c 13:42, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: PCC has existed since 1995, meaning it predates other major comics like Sluggy Freelance. On the web, it's been around since 2000, an older presence than Megatokyo. While the article itself may not be very good, I say label it a stub and encourage more refining of it rather than outright deletion. PCC is old enough to warrant a Wiki article. Xuanwu 15:20, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've heavily revised the PCC article. Please read this new version BEFORE finalizing your vote. I think I've given it better formatting and cut out a lot of the "review" elements that plagued the first draft. Still needs some work, though. Xuanwu 15:42, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and I forgot to clarify, I say Keep only the PCC article. The Chris Morrison article should be turned into a redirect to PCC. Xuanwu 15:09, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Definitely delete Chris Morrison, webcomic authors aren't notable outside of their webcomic. Re: Polymer City Chronicles: With an Alexa rating of 763,275, it spectacularly fails WP:COMIC proposal #1; with an archive going back 10 years, it spectacularly passes proposal #2. I think #1 is more important.  I don't think anyone should automatically get their comic into WP solely due to longevity... I think it's more important to determine whether people care about the comic to an exceptional degree.  In between low Alexa ranking and unexceptional rank of #549 at [The Web Comic List], I don't see the evidence.  Thus, delete Polymer City Chronicles as well.  Dcarrano 15:57, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep notable part of web comic history. Are deletionists going to lurk until every comic's Alexa rank declines and then swoop in? Kappa 16:46, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both. Fails the notability criteria. --Carnildo 21:57, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Polymer City Chronicles, but Delete Chris Morrison. Notable part of webcomics history (Used to be big, but it died out briefly, losing most of its readership, myself included). Nifboy 22:50, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep Polymer City Chronicles per Xuanwu, but delete Chris Morrison. Although it is not particularly popular, it once was, and it is pretty widely known ("Polymer City Chronicles" gets about 240 ghits); its longevity is out of the ordinary. However, I wish Kappa wouldn't attempt to inject partisanship into VfD; it serves no purpose other than to annoy.   — Gwalla | Talk 23:00, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep Historically significant strip, although you could drop link to artist. Here is the historical info: "Launched in print starting in 1992, and then featured on the WWW in March of 1995, and bosting over 600 strips, Dr. Otto and Andrah appeared on the web as the first video gaming web comic to be published on the Internet. In it's early days it was a one panel gag strip, published bi-weekly, featuring the odd couple and their even odder assortment of friends poking fun at the gaming industry." I can speak to this as the strips original Publisher. I was planning to add this entry but had not finalized the initial text for my post. bcRIPster 16:19, 12 July 2005 (MST)
 * User's 5th edit.
 * Forget that last comment... I'm have made a full editing pass to clean up the content. bcRIPster 20:00, 12 July 2005 (MST)
 * Keep the first, delete the second and reject the name-calling from Kappa. -Splash 01:52, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep comic; Delete artist, per Gwalla. Xoloz 04:26, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Polymer City Chronicles, Delete Chris Morrison. The PCC is now well written and has some notability. I believe the artist though does not. JamesBurns 04:50, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the comic, redirect the comic artist, long live Jim Morrison. —RaD Man (talk) 02:26, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the comic, redirect the comic artist. The only web comic I follow. Humor in a non-flat universe. Fjanss 23:30, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * User's only edit.
 * Keep it's more than just longevity, Its the FIRST in 2 catagory. First gaming comic and First Webcomic. If it was just a webcomic which been here for a long time then yeah I would delete it but this has Historical importants. The historical importants should be enough to keep form deleting, and weither you like the comic or not should not be a deciding factor.--Arnoldstrife 08:37, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * User's only edit.
 * Keep Polymer City Chronicles. It ranks up there with Argon Zark --STrRedWolf 03:07, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * User's 12th edit, only 7 in article space.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Code page 858

does anyone actually use this?
and if so can anyone provide sources. Wasn't dos already on the way out by the time the euro was introduced? Plugwash 13:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

I believe that this is used in later versions of OS/2.

Orphaned references in Code page 858
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Code page 858's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "UNICODE": From Code page 850:  From Code page 862:  From MacGreek encoding:  From Code page 865:  From Code page 852:  From Code page 864:  From Mac OS Central European encoding:  From Code page 860:

From Code page 861:

From Code page 863:

From Code page 855:

From Atari ST character set:

From Code page 857:

From Code page 775:

From Code page 869:

From Code page 737:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 00:39, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

Merge with Code Page 850?
This seems to duplicate a lot of info in Code page 850, perhaps it should be merged into that.Spitzak (talk) 23:05, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Code page 858


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User:Davidley

Me
Name: Dave Ley

Email: david.e.ley at gmail dot com

Location: Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Current Occupation: Usability Consultant

Current Interests
Trying to upload some recent photos, mostly from Eastern Europe, to the Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/DavidLey

I have been working on some Ukrainian pages, particularly Zalischyky, Zalishchytskyi Raion and Kamianets-Podilskyi.

In the past I have edited some articles on Ghana, West Africa, including: Aburi, Accra, Bolgatanga, Cape Coast, Cape Coast Castle, Elmina, Elmina Castle and Kwame Nkrumah.

Wikipedia Commons
Here are some of my contributions to the Wikipedia Commons:

title: User:Davidley


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User talk:LTJ

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -  BanyanTree 13:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:LTJ


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Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force

The Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force provides additional manpower to the Hong Kong Police Force, especially during emergencies and other incidents.

The HKAPF's mandate is governed by the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force Ordinance.

History
The Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force was officially established in 1957 with the merger of the 'Special' and 'Reserve' formations which had been in intermittent existence since the 1880s.

The part-timers were formally established in 1914 as the Police Reserve unit, when numerous full-time officers returned to Europe to fight in the World War I. From 1969 to 1997, the Hong Kong Auxiliary Force was known as the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force.

Today the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force forms an about 4,500 reserves of manpower to assist in times of natural disaster or civil emergency. Officers are involved in reinforcing daily duties and performing crowd control at public events and festivals. The ability to assist during times of emergency is retained. The Commandant reports to the Commissioner of Police.

Rank
The rank structure of the HKAPF:

 * Commandant, HKAPF
 * Deputy Commandant, HKAPF
 * Chief Superintendent (Auxiliary)
 * Senior Superintendent (Auxiliary)
 * Superintendent (Auxiliary)
 * Chief Inspector (Auxiliary)
 * Senior Inspector (Auxiliary)
 * Inspector (Auxiliary)
 * Station Sergeant (Auxiliary)
 * Sergeant (Auxiliary)
 * Senior Constable / Constable (Auxiliary)
 * Recruit Constable (Auxiliary)

Command Organization

 * Operations (Auxiliary)
 * Human Resources (Auxiliary)
 * Training (Auxiliary)
 * Administration and Support (Auxiliary)

List of Commandants

 * Edgar YANG Joe-tsi 2016-
 * James Yeung-Lung Yiu 2010–2016
 * Arthur Kwok Chi-shun 2001-2010

Regional Organization

 * Hong Kong Island (Auxiliary)
 * Kowloon West (Auxiliary)
 * Kowloon East (Auxiliary)
 * New Territories North (Auxiliary)
 * New Territories South (Auxiliary)

Weapons
The members of the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force are trained in the use of, and issued, the same equipment and weapons same as its regular counterpart.

Officers are issued the Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolvers as sidearms with 12 rounds of ammunition along with an ASP expendable baton and a Sabre Red pepper spray for less-than-lethal options when patrolling on the street.

Small quantity of members are trained for missions that involve the guard of consulates and police stations, which they are armed with an addition of the Remington 870 shotgun in 12 Gauge.

Uniform
Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force uniform are the same as those worn by the HKP:

 * Uniform Branch: Dark navy blue jacket with the words Police in English and Chinese in reflective white on the front left breast and back. Light blue shirts and white are worn by officers depending on ranks, dark navy blue cargo pants and black caps for all officers. Most HKAP members are armed like members of the regular HKP.

Ranks from constables to sergeant consists of numbers begin with the letter A. Senior officers have "HKAP" at the bottom of their shoulder mark.

title: Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force


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Finnic languages

The Finnic or Baltic Finnic languages constitute a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by the Baltic Finnic peoples. There are around 7 million speakers, who live mainly in Finland and Estonia.

Traditionally, eight Finnic languages have been recognized. The major modern representatives of the family are Finnish and Estonian, the official languages of their respective nation states. The other Finnic languages in the Baltic Sea region are Ingrian and Votic, spoken in Ingria by the Gulf of Finland, and Livonian, once spoken around the Gulf of Riga. Spoken farther northeast are Karelian, Ludic, and Veps, in the region of Lakes Onega and Ladoga.

In addition, since the 1990s, several Finnic-speaking minority groups have emerged to seek recognition for their languages as distinct from the ones they have been considered dialects of in the past. Some of these groups have established their own orthographies and standardised languages. Võro and Seto, which are spoken in southeastern Estonia and in some parts of Russia, are considered dialects of Estonian by some linguists, while other linguists consider them separate languages. Meänkieli and Kven are spoken in northern Sweden and Norway respectively and have the legal status of independent minority languages separate from Finnish. They were earlier considered dialects of Finnish and are mutually intelligible with it. Additionally, the Karelian language was not officially recognised as its own language in Finland until 2009, despite there being no linguistic confusion about its status.

The smaller languages are endangered. The last native speaker of Livonian died in 2013, and only about a dozen native speakers of Votic remain. Regardless, even for these languages, the shaping of a standard language and education in it continues.

The geographic centre of the maximum divergence between the languages is located east of the Gulf of Finland around Saint Petersburg. A glottochronological study estimates the age of the common ancestor of existing languages to a little more than 1000 years. However, Mikko Heikkilä dates the beginning of the diversification (with South Estonian as the first split) rather precisely to about 150 AD, based on loanword evidence (and previous estimates tend to be even older, like Pekka Sammallahti's of 1000–600 BC). There is now wide agreement that Proto-Finnic was probably spoken at the coasts of the Gulf of Finland.

Classification
The Finnic languages are located at the western end of the Uralic language family. A close affinity to their northern neighbors, the Sámi languages, has long been assumed, though many of the similarities (particularly lexical ones) can be shown to result from common influence from Germanic languages and, to a lesser extent, Baltic languages. Innovations are also shared between Finnic and the Mordvinic languages, and in recent times Finnic, Sámi and Moksha are sometimes grouped together.

General characteristics
There is no grammatical gender in any of the Finnic languages, nor are there articles or definite or indefinite forms.

The morphophonology (the way the grammatical function of a morpheme affects its production) is complex. Morphological elements found in the Finnic languages include grammatical case suffixes, verb tempus, mood and person markers (singular and plural, the Finnic languages do not have dual) as well as participles and several infinitive forms, possessive suffixes, clitics and more. The number of grammatical cases tends to be high while the number of verb infinitive forms varies more by language.

One of the more important processes is the characteristic consonant gradation. Two kinds of gradation occur: radical gradation and suffix gradation. They both affect the plosives, and , and involve the process known as lenition, in which the consonant is changed into a "weaker" form. This occurs in some (but not all) of the oblique case forms. For geminates, the process is simple to describe: they become simple stops, e.g. kuppi + -n → kupin (Finnish: "cup"). For simple consonants, the process complicates immensely and the results vary by the environment. For example, haka + -n → haan, kyky + -n → kyvyn, järki + -n → järjen (Finnish: "pasture", "ability", "intellect"). The specifics of consonants gradation vary by language (see the separate article for more details). Apocope (strongest in Livonian, Võro and Estonian) has, in some cases, left a phonemic status to the phonological variation in the stem (variation caused by the now historical morphological elements), which results in three phonemic lengths in these languages.

Vowel harmony is also characteristic of the Finnic languages, despite having been lost in Livonian, Estonian and Veps.

The original Uralic palatalization was lost in proto-Finnic, but most of the diverging dialects reacquired it. Palatalization is a part of the Estonian literary language and is an essential feature in Võro, as well as Veps, Karelian, and other eastern Finnic languages. It is also found in East Finnish dialects, and is only missing from West Finnish dialects and Standard Finnish.

A special characteristic of the languages is the large number of diphthongs. There are 16 diphthongs in Finnish and 25 in Estonian; at the same time the frequency of diphthong use is greater in Finnish than in Estonian due to certain historical long vowels having diphthongised in Finnish but not in Estonian. On a global scale the Finnic languages have a high number of vowels.

Subgrouping
The Finnic languages form a complex dialect continuum with few clear-cut boundaries. Innovations have often spread through a variety of areas, even after variety-specific changes.

A broad twofold conventional division of the Finnic varieties recognizes the Southern Finnic and Northern Finnic groups (though the position of some varieties within this division is uncertain): = extinct variety; = moribund variety.

A more-or-less genetic subdivision can be also determined, based on the relative chronology of sound changes within varieties, which provides a rather different view. The following grouping follows among others Sammallahti (1977), Viitso (1998), and Kallio (2014):

 * Finnic
 * South Estonian (Inland Finnic)
 * Coastal Finnic
 * Livonian (Gulf of Riga Finnic)
 * Gulf of Finland Finnic
 * Northern Finnic
 * Western Finnish
 * Eastern Finnic
 * Eastern Finnish
 * Ingrian
 * Karelian
 * Ludic
 * Veps
 * Central Finnic
 * (North/Standard) Estonian
 * Votic

The division between South Estonian and the remaining Finnic varieties has isoglosses that must be very old. For the most part, these features have been known for long. Their position as very early in the relative chronology of Finnic, in part representing archaisms in South Estonian, has been shown by Kallio (2007, 2014).

However, due to the strong areal nature of many later innovations, this tree structure has been distorted and sprachbunds have formed. In particular, South Estonian and Livonian show many similarities with the Central Finnic group that must be attributed to later contact, due to the influence of literary North Estonian. Thus, contemporary "Southern Finnic" is a sprachbund that includes these languages, while diachronically they are not closely related.

The genetic classification of the Finnic dialects that can be extracted from Viitso (1998) is:

 * Finnic
 * Livonian (Gulf of Riga Finnic)
 * South Estonian (Inland Finnic)
 * Gulf of Finland Finnic
 * Northern Finnic
 * West Ladoga
 * Western Finnish
 * Eastern Finnic
 * Eastern Finnish
 * Northern Karelian
 * Northeastern coastal Estonian
 * Ingrian
 * Kukkuzi dialect
 * East Ladoga
 * Southern Karelian
 * Livvi–Ludic–Veps
 * Central Finnic
 * (North/Standard) Estonian
 * East Central Finnic
 * Eastern Estonian
 * Votic

Viitso (2000) surveys 59 isoglosses separating the family into 58 dialect areas (finer division is possible), finding that an unambiguous perimeter can be set up only for South Estonian, Livonian, Votic, and Veps. In particular, no isogloss exactly coincides with the geographical division into 'Estonian' south of the Gulf of Finland and 'Finnish' north of it. Despite this, standard Finnish and Estonian are not mutually intelligible.

Southern Finnic
The Southern Finnic languages consist of North and South Estonian (excluding the Coastal Estonian dialect group), Livonian and Votic (except the highly Ingrian-influenced Kukkuzi Votic). These languages are not closely related genetically, as noted above; it is a paraphyletic grouping, consisting of all Finnic languages except the Northern Finnic languages. The languages nevertheless share a number of features, such as the presence of a ninth vowel phoneme õ, usually a close-mid back unrounded (but a close central unrounded  in Livonian), as well as loss of *n before *s with compensatory lengthening.

(North) Estonian-Votic has been suggested to possibly constitute an actual genetic subgroup (called varyingly Maa by Viitso (1998, 2000) or Central Finnic by Kallio (2014) ), though the evidence is weak: almost all innovations shared by Estonian and Votic have also spread to South Estonian and/or Livonian. A possible defining innovation is the loss of *h after sonorants (*n, *l, *r).

Northern Finnic
The Northern Finnic group has more evidence for being an actual historical/genetic subgroup. Phonetical innovations would include two changes in unstressed syllables: *ej > *ij, and *o > ö after front-harmonic vowels. The lack of õ in these languages as an innovation rather than a retention has been proposed, and recently resurrected. Germanic loanwords found throughout Northern Finnic but absent in Southern are also abundant, and even several Baltic examples of this are known.

Northern Finnic in turn divides into two main groups. The most Eastern Finnic group consists of the East Finnish dialects as well as Ingrian, Karelian and Veps; the proto-language of these was likely spoken in the vicinity of Lake Ladoga. The Western Finnic group consists of the West Finnish dialects, originally spoken on the western coast of Finland, and within which the oldest division is that into Southwestern, Tavastian and Southern Ostrobothnian dialects. Among these, at least the Southwestern dialects have later come under Estonian influence.

Numerous new dialects have also arisen through contacts of the old dialects: these include e.g. the more northern Finnish dialects (a mixture of West and East Finnish), and the Livvi and Ludic varieties (probably originally Veps dialects but heavily influenced by Karelian).

Salminen (2003) present the following list of Finnic languages and their respective number of speakers.

List of Finnic innovations
These features distinguish Finnic languages from other Uralic families:

Sound changes
Sound changes shared by the various Finnic languages include the following:
 * Development of long vowels and various diphthongs from loss of word-medial consonants such as *x, *j, *w, *ŋ.
 * Before a consonant, the Uralic "laryngeal" *x posited on some reconstructions yielded long vowels at an early stage (e.g. 'wind' > tuuli), but only the Finnic branch clearly preserves these as such. Later, the same process occurred also between vowels (e.g. *mëxi 'land' > maa).
 * Semivowels *j, *w were usually lost when a root ended in *i and contained a preceding front (in the case of *j, e.g. *täji 'tick' > täi) or rounded vowel (in the case of *w, e.g. *suwi 'mouth' > suu).
 * The velar nasal *ŋ was vocalized everywhere except before *k, leading to its elimination as a phoneme. Depending on the position, the results included semivowels (e.g. *joŋsi 'bow' > jousi, *suŋi 'summer'> suvi) and full vocalization (e.g. *jäŋi 'ice' > jää, *müŋä 'backside' > Estonian möö-, Finnish myö-).
 * The development of an alternation between word-final *i and word-internal *e, from a Proto-Uralic second syllable vowel variously reconstructed as *i (as used in this article), *e or *ə.
 * Elimination of all Proto-Uralic palatalization contrasts: *ć, *δ́, *ń, *ś > *c, *δ, *n, *s.
 * Elimination of the affricate *č, merging with *š or *t, and the spirant *δ, merging with *t (e.g. *muδ́a 'earth' > muta). See above, however, on treatment of *čk.
 * Assibilation of *t (from any source) to *c before *i. This later developed to  widely: hence e.g. *weti 'water' > Estonian and Finnish vesi (cf. retained  in the partitive *wet-tä > Estonian vett, Finnish vettä).
 * Consonant gradation, most often for stops, but also found for some other consonants.
 * A development *š > h, which, however, postdated the separation of South Estonian.

Superstrate influence of the neighboring Indo-European language groups (Baltic and Germanic) has been proposed as an explanation for a majority of these changes, though for most of the phonetical details the case is not particularly strong.

Grammatical changes

 * Agreement of the attributes with the noun, e.g. in Finnish vanho·i·lle mieh·i·lle "to old men" the plural -i- and the case -lle is added also to the adjective.
 * Use of a copula verb like on, e.g. mies on vanha "the man is old".
 * A tense system with present, preterite, perfect and pluperfect tenses.
 * The shift of the proto-Uralic locative *-nA and the ablative *-tA into new, cross-linguistically uncommon functions: the former becoming the essive case, the latter the partitive case.
 * This resulted in the rise of the telicity contrast of the object, which must be in the accusative case or partitive case.
 * The rise of two new series of locative cases, the "inner locative" series marked by an element *-s-, and the "outer locative" marked by an element *-l-.
 * The inessive *-ssA and the adessive *-llA were based on the original Uralic locative *-nA, with the *n assimilated to the preceding consonant.
 * The elative *-stA and the ablative *-ltA similarly continue the original Uralic ablative *-tA.
 * The origin of the illative *-sen and the allative *-len is less clear.
 * The element *-s- in the first series has parallels across the other more western Uralic languages, sometimes resulting in formally identical case endings (e.g. an elative ending *-stē ← *-s-tA is found in the Sámi languages, and *-stə ← *s-tA in the Mordvinic languages), though its original function is unclear.
 * The *-l- in the 2nd series likely originates by way of affixation and grammaticalization of the root *ülä- "above, upper" (cf. the prepositions *üllä ← *ül-nä "above", *ültä "from above").

title: Finnic languages


text:
Klüsserath

Klüsserath is a commune of the Verbandsgemeinde Schweich in the district Trier-Saarburg in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany, on the river Moselle between Bernkastel-Kues and Trier.

Location
Located in a wide, natural amphitheater of the Moselle valley, the wine of the commune of Klüsserather Bruderschaft (confraternatity of Klüsserath) is deemed to be a classical, southward, precipitous vineyard. About 90 hectares of vineyards with up to 83% of acclivity make the site one of the largest contiguous southward slopes at the Moselle. The commune of Klüsserath - as a classical street village - runs from this undercut slope to the river Moselle a distance of 2 kilometres. The long parallel streets are linked through small alleys. The stretching of Klüsserath has proverbial character: "So lang wie Klüsserath" (As long as Klüsserath).

Near Klüsserath the river Salm flows into the Moselle.

The federal road "B53", formerly known as "Mittelmoselstraße" (Central Moselle Road), runs between the village and the Moselle River on a flood protection embankment, built from 1927 to 1933.

Neighboring municipalities
Clockwise, beginning in the north; Klüsserath is situated on the eastern border of the district Trier-Saarburg; adjacent is the district Bernkastel-Wittlich:

Rivenich, Klausen (both Verbandsgemeinde Wittlich-Land), Piesport, Neumagen-Dhron, Trittenheim (all Verbandsgemeinde Neumagen-Dhron) (these villages belong to the district Bernkastel-Wittlich); Köwerich, Thörnich, Bekond (Verbandsgemeinde Schweich, district Trier-Saarburg)

title: Klüsserath


text:
Talk:Universal Student Unionism

"Compulsory Student Unionism" vs "Universal Student Unionism"?

Yes, it IS more commonly called Compulsory Student Unionism. Do a google search.

http://www.googlefight.com/index.php?lang=en_GB&word1=%22Compulsory+Student+Unionism%22&word2=%22Universal+Student+Unionism%22

3756 vs 266 Results. USU may be a new PR term introduced by the NUS.

 * "USU" and "VSU" are both "PR" designations, used by their advocates but rejected by their detractors. I don't accept Google as a source that one is more common than the other.  The best approach is to call the movement whatever it calls itself (Hence Voluntary Student Unionism as opposed to "Anti-Studen Organisation").  Slac  speak up!  05:11, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * You don't accept Google? Why not? I mean, if the numbers were remotely close I'd agree. But CSU has _ten_times_ the hits of USU. Anyway see my notes on the VSU page. I've tried to compromise on the naming.

"Opt Out"

This article doesn't seem to mention that people can opt out of their studnet organisation.

NUS's PR and newspapers
A PR exercise

The attempt to change CSU's name to USU was an NUS initiative to provide a more positive spin. The "compulsory" part of the name was felt to sound overbearing. But even the NUS's old documents reference compulsory student unionism, not universal student unionism. (E.g., this PDF .)

Even opponents of VSU use "compulsory", not "universal"

Other opponents of VSU are also strongly in favour of CSU rather than USU. For example, the ALP refers to CSU not VSU.

Media references

Looking to the media, a quick search of Google news found 85 references to compulsory student unionism, and only one for universal student unionism - and that's only in a direct quote from an organiser of a national day of action opposing the legislation.

The ABC has no references to universal, but 60 references to compulsory.

Factiva, a charged subscription news service covering all major Australian newspapers for at least the last few years, and back to the 1980s for some, returns no results for universal, but 330 for compulsory, the oldest being from a Sydney Morning Herald article of 19 October 1989: "States that legislate against compulsory student unionism will have their funding cut, the Federal Minister for Employment, Education and Training, Mr Dawkins, said last night...".

Summarising...

The reality is that USU is a term coined for PR purposes, and it is a term whose currency is only amongst people who support it, not just strongly, but rabidly. It is like refusing to keep a casualty count in war and instead only referring to human collateral damage.

One term is accepted and used by the vast majority of people, including those who do not use it in a perjorative or ideological way; the other is strictly for those who want to go out and bust some Howard ass (to put it bluntly). The broader term, endorsed by the media, general discourse, and often even the proponents themselves is CSU. Wikipedia should not be using "USU" - it is just plain wrong!

Thinking about deletion
I think this article is quite superfluous. The topics it covers are perfectly adequately covered in the article on Voluntary Student Unionism. Also, VSU is the topic of discussion, whereas CSU/USU is just the term created when needing to discuss the status quo; neither can hold a candle to VSU in terms of commonness.

Also, as expressed in the section above, if this topic really requires another article, it should be an article named Compulsory Student Unionism.

As such, what do people think about deleting this article/redirecting it to the VSU page? --El T Talk 01:56, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I am opposed, as I'd image many others' are. In any case, all three names are misnomers. There's no such thing as compulsory unionism. --Cyberjunkie | Talk 09:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * (Sorry, I was the author of this "Thinking about deletion" section; have added my name now.) The names are all problematic. VSU is clearly the most common and cannot be changed at all since it is the term universally used, even if it is not an accurate description.

 * The real question is, is this topic significant enough and more importantly distinct enough from VSU to warrant its own article? Both terms really only exist as a messy way of describing the status quo that VSU might replace. I wonder if the status quo section of the VSU article isn't the best place for this description. In particular, I note that section is more thorough than this page, which isn't very surprising given that CSU/USU are terms used only in relation to VSU.

 * If this material really needs to be separated from the article on VSU (which I'd be a bit suspicious of, given that it's so subsidiary and already covered better in the main article), then I suggest it needs to be turned into an article on the history of student unionism in Australia, otherwise its material will never be more than a duplicate of the VSU article.

 * On that track, reading the Wikipedia deletion policy's section on What to do with a problem page, I wonder if this would be best served by either: (1) Merging with the article on VSU; or (2) turned into an article on student unionism in Australia. The present state of the article is just too similar to the VSU article's subsection, surely?

 * Pragmatically, keeping it to the VSU page (or going to student unionism in Australia) would avoid the issue of whether to use "compulsory" or "universal" student unionism! ;) El T 14:42, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Changes to the VSU page are making this page unncessary
This page is becoming more superfluous, and its inclusion (as compared to other choices of nomenclature) is of itself increasingly POV.

The article on voluntary student unionism is - necessarily - easily the best source of information on the present system. With the introduction - albeit amidst fighting - of a terminology section, it is clear that the issue of PR can be better addressed in the VSU article, too - and no doubt will be once a more reasoned debate gets under way.

That really leaves very little use for this page, especially since (other than a minor spelling edit on 4 September) the page hasn't been modified since early July!

So I raised the question of merging before and only got a short response from Cyberjunkie. But I really do think that this page is not useful, non-NPOV, superceded by the VSU article's material, and not distinct enough to warrant a separate article. I think the time to merge is now...

El T 18:00, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Going to merge if no responses...
It's a month since I wrote my last comment suggesting merging and no one's commented. So unless someone responds in the next few days - even just a sentence to indicate someone has a contrary opinion - I'll do the merge.
 * My opinion still stands.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 02:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I also strongly oppose the merge. Ambi 06:02, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

From cleanup
The following can be found on cleanup

 * Can someone unbiased please take a look at at  Universal Student Unionism. I really think this page should be renamed to 'Compulsory Student Unionism'. Please see the talk page for evidence. Robotic Monkey Head 09:48, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This is not the right place for such a debate, but for info I have merged the final and first paragraphs to make it clear that both terms are used (and there is a redirect from one page to the other so the page name is not very important). Andreww 10:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

To expand on my point above, I never see much point in moving a page if the target is already a redirect to the starting place. I've been working in an Australian University for almost a year and viewing this debate with some amusment - I'm a pom and even Mrs T. failed in her mid '80s attempt make students opt in to the UK's National Union of Students. As far as the "correct" name goes I suspect the name depends strongly on the University you look at (and Google will not be a very useful test of this), at the ANU USU seems to be more common, but the student campain is more "no to VSU" then anything else. All three terms (VSU, CSU and USU) are PR terms but we are stuck with them, so take your pick. Andreww 10:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

The bias is in the title

 * VSU is most certainly not a PR term. As you note, it is used by absolutely everyone. If everyone - proponents AND opponents - uses the term, it's pretty safe to say it has no PR value.

 * As for the CSU/USU debate, the whole point I'd have thought of the 1st half of this discussion page is to say that CSU is used by proponents and opponents alike, but USU is a term that is in use only by ideologues. We might as well have a page on abortion restrictions that says, "the status quo is variously called abortion or baby killing". That's an exaggeration of course, but the point is the same: one is an accepted term used by both sides of the debate, the other is a term which exists by design NOT by popular use or by necessity of clarification. And it's the insistence that USU is the most accepted and valid name that is extremely biased, and that's why it bugs me. Wikipedia should have articles on abortion, not baby killing, and (more relevantly) on VSU, possibly CSU, and certainly not USU.

 * In other words, the existence of this article is demonstrating a failure to provide NPOV on the topic. Having an article on CSU would be better, but by far the best would be simply to redirect to the VSU article. That solves all the problems, not least since the VSU deals better with CSU/USU than this article does, anyway! Grrr!...

 * Takes big deep breath and returns to more normal state! :) El T 15:05, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not opposing the proposed merge and recognise that there is big problems with the POV this page. However, if there is a merge then USU and CSU should also be mentioned (and in bold) in the first paragraph. It is useful to note that we have articles for pro-life and pro-choice which are the terms of the anti- and pro-abortion camps respectivly. Andreww 21:34, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Pro-choice and pro-life are terms that describe someone's attitude towards abortion. The terms VSU, CSU, and USU are about the system itself, not one's beliefs. USU is essentially putting up an article on baby killing and pretending that abortion is also just a term used by PR people, and hence refusing to have an article on abortion and instead relinking everything to baby killing.

 * Easily the best way to eliminate the POV from this debate is to merge this article with the one on VSU. This article is unnecessary, and I'd go so far as to hazard a guess that it was created in an attempt to turn USU into the accepted choice of name. All the stuff of usage statistics is quite telling, I think, at how this article title is a partisan attempt to lend legitimacy and commonness to the term. Wikipedia should reflect human knowledge; it shouldn't attempt to reshape it according to partisan spin.

 * It's just a shame that there's been such an unwillingness on the part of those opposing the merge to nominate any actual reasons, let alone research, to back up why the article should not be merged.

 * The parallel with the abortion debate is erroneous. "Abortion" is a medical term. "Baby killing" - a baby being something already borne - is known as infanticide, not abortion.
 * El T's proposed merger is far from NPOV. How neutral is it to discuss a competing principal within the article of its competitor? Think about it. It wouldn't be neutral at all, and that's why this article must be maintained.
 * Secondly, we have the question of "USU" and "CSU". USU is the term used by its proponents, as VSU is the term used by its proponents. They are both PR terms. The reason for the commonality of "CSU" is because it is the natural antonym to VSU - a misconceived or deceptive term in itself. Having USU at CSU would be as ridiculous as moving VSU to ASOL.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 03:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Research to demonstrate article's bias
Cyberjunkie, as I will present below, CSU is VASTLY more common than USU, which, as I also present below, is only used by partisan hacks. If you must have an article on what VSU is replacing, it needs to be CSU, not USU.

Superfluity of this article
But do you need the article at all? No! The presumption is that any idea requires a page for those who oppose the idea. There's nothing wrong with discussing an argument all in the one page, provided:

 * 1) Both arguments are presented fairly and with a NPOV; and
 * 2) There is no compelling reason to have an article for the opposing view.

For most major issues the second point will be the deciding factor - conscientious objection and conscription are both significant issues that have their own unique story to tell. However, CSU/USU are really just a term to describe what VSU isn't. The fact that student unionism is compulsory should be discussed, but most probably under either the article on students' unions, or (better yet) student unionism in Australia. Having CSU or USU is silly, as demonstrated by (1) the angst it causes, and (2) the fact that it is so rarely updated.

Having said that, I present some damn thorough research into usage of CSU and USU, which I feel is wholly and totally overwhelming as an argument killer. If you want to have a page explaining the opposite of VSU, it has to be CSU. This is why:

Usage statistics
As people have done above, it seems a good idea to consider which is the term is broad use. As any linguist can tell you, corpus searches are hugely valuable when it comes to sorting out what is the term in popular use:

 * Googlefight: CSU = 10,800 (96.36%), USU = 408 (3.64%)
 * ABC (a left-friendly source, I'm sure we can agree): CSU = 60 (100%), USU = 0 (0%)
 * Sydney Morning Herald archives: CSU = 114 (98.3%), USU = 2 (1.7%; both by union hacks, I note)
 * The Australian: CSU = 10, USU = 0
 * Factiva (a paid subscription source): CSU = 1,028 (98.94%), USU = 11 (1.06%) (see next section)
 * ALP website: CSU = 1, USU = 0

To emphasise the point, let me draw a little graph:

 * {| style="border: solid 1px #000; margin: 5px 0px; width: 100%;" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0

 * colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background: #000; color: #fff; font-weight: bold;" | CSU vs USU - Comparative usage
 * style="width: 96%; background: #fc0; text-align: center;" | CSU
 * style="width: 4%; background: #ccc; text-align: center;" | USU
 * }
 * style="width: 4%; background: #ccc; text-align: center;" | USU
 * }

(That's 96% to CSU, 4% to USU.)

Factiva's articles
Just to further demonstrate that USU is a strictly partisan term, here are the 11 articles Factiva returned:

 * 1) "Athletic supporters" (SMH, 10 August 2005, Samantha Keen): "University sport is under threat from voluntary student unionism, writes Samantha Keen..."
 * 2) "Media Release: National Tertiary Education Union" (9 August 2005)
 * 3) "Members only", SMH, 13 May 2005, Judith Ireland ("Judith Ireland is an honours student in politics at the University of Sydney")
 * 4) "Student unionism is crucial", Mosman & Lower North Shore Daily, 31 March 2005, Emily Sexton ("Committee Secretary, University of Sydney Union")
 * 5) "Labor vows to block HECS rises", The Australian, 6 October 2004, Dorothy Illing; mentioned as a direct lift from the Greens Party platform
 * 6) "PROMISES, PROMISES, KEEPING THE BASTARDS HONEST< - LABOR< - GREENS< - DEMOCRATS", The West Australian, 10 November 2001, author unknown; mentioned as a direct lift from the Greens Party platform
 * 7) "Campaign moves back to home ground - KEEPING THE BASTARDS HONEST", The West Australian, 27 October 2001, Geraldine Capp; mentioned as a direct lift from the Greens Party platform
 * 8) "Plan to cut funds to wealthy schools", SMH, 24 October 2001, Claire O'Rourke, mentioned as a direct lift from the Greens Party platform
 * 9) "Students to fight move on unionism", Adelaide Advertiser, 16 April 1998, Nicole Lloyd; found only in direct quote from then-NUS South Australia president Ms Olivia Nassaris
 * 10) "Student campaigns for voluntary fees", The Evening Post (New Zealand), 20 September 1997, Christine Robertson; found only in paraphrase of then-Victoria Student Association president Alistair Shaw
 * 11) "Two student unions win reprieve", Australian Financial Review, 23 November 1993, Andrew White; found in body of article

So yes, over a decade of articles in its database. Only one article - from 1993, no less - uses the term USU without being inherently POV. The ten other uses are all deeply, deeply partisan. Furthermore, both pro- and anti-VSU people have standardised on the CSU label. They have assiduously avoided USU as a term reserved for union spin doctors.

So, the gauntlet is laid down! This article needs to be switched into CSU. (Perhaps after that it will be merged into VSU, but that's something for the CSU discussion.) I'm interested to see what proof can be offered to counter those very, VERY strong usage statistics contained in the research above. Keyboard ready... El T 14:59, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia naming conflict page further supports move
I was reading the naming conflict page and I'm even surer of my position.

A few quotes:
 * "Bear in mind that Wikipedia is descriptive, not prescriptive. We cannot declare what a name should be, only what it is." In other words, the fact that CSU is used far more than USU, even by proponents of the status quo, indicates that "CSU" is the term in common use (as proven above, and agreed by Cyberjunkie). The fact that CSU can be objected to on what are essentially moral grounds - that it doesn't perfectly encompass the spirit of the status quo as seen by its promoters - is irrelevant.
 * "Do not invent names as a means of compromising between opposing POVs. Wikipedia describes current usage but cannot prescribe a particular usage or invent new names." Whilst USU is not a term invented by the authors of this article, it is a term invented to put a more positive spin on the status quo, as demonstrated by its use being almost solely by ideologists.

Comparison table
Let me make a comparison table (similar to that used by the naming conflict page to resolve disputes over proper nouns):

 * {| border=1

 * Criterion
 * CSU
 * USU
 * 1. Most commonly used name in English
 * Yes
 * No
 * 2. Used by both sides of argument
 * Yes
 * No
 * 3. Current self-identifying name of entity
 * Often
 * Rarely
 * Total:
 * 2.75/3
 * 0.25/3
 * }
 * Total:
 * 2.75/3
 * 0.25/3
 * }
 * }

El T 03:02, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Why not just redirect this to voluntary student unionism? This article is pretty short and somewhat redundant these days. Ambi 04:53, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd support that. El T 07:56, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd not.
 * My stand is that: both VSU and USU are PR terms; VSU, as the term used by government, is the most common; and that CSU is used more often than USU by virtue of it being the natural antonym to the most common term - VSU. I dispute the neutrality of discussing the alternate principal (USU) within the article of its competitor (VSU).
 * However, back to the course of action. I do agree that this article is lacking (title withstanding). As a compromise, it might be good to resurect Robert Monkey Head's proposal (IIRC) to fold the two in a single Student unionism in Australia (or "organisations", "movement", "representation" etc) thus bypassing the title issue altogether. --Cyberjunkie | Talk 08:57, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Student unionism page
I definitely support the creation of a student unionism in Australia page. It could actually be quite exciting to research such a topic - I know, for example, that either Sydney or Melbourne uni's student paper was considered so lewd in the early 20th century that the university only allowed its continuation on the condition that its contents be "monitored" by professors. And there are issues like being under the watch of ASIO during the 1950s, leading the anti-Vietnam rallies, the involvement of people like Peter Costello and Tony Abbott, the controversies over things like PLO funding and refugee activism, etc etc. I wonder if any of the student unions maintain archives??? I know the ANU Student Association has now archived most (all?) the copies of the student newspaper; perhaps there are others scattered about the place.

 * Sounds like a very sensible sugestion. Andreww 00:15, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * As long as it doesn't replace the voluntary student unionism article as well, then this wou7ld be a good idea. Ambi 00:40, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * My guess would be that Voluntary Student Unionism would be discussed on student unionism in Australia but that voluntary student unionism would still exist and would be linked via a "for more information see the main article on voluntary student unionism" statment (or whatever the correct wording should be). Andreww 01:56, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The VSU page is necessary because it's describing an argument to change the status quo. If and when VSU is implemented, then student unionism in Australia should certainly be updated to reflect that. It may also be sensible at such a time to remove the VSU article and redirect it to student unionism in Australia, but that argument is still a fair way off. El T 09:02, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * By "voluntary student unionism would still exist" I mean the article found at voluntary student unionism would not be merged into student unionism in Australia. One hopes that the lead section of voluntary student unionism could be used (with some editing) as a POV free section within student unionism in Australia - would you object to this? Andreww 10:50, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds A-OK to me... El T 03:13, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Move under way
As per the previous discussion, I've started creating the student unionism in Australia page. Dig in if you get some time once exams end! El T 08:01, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Universal Student Unionism


text:
Toropets

Toropets (Торо́пец) is a town and the administrative center of Toropetsky District in Tver Oblast, Russia, located where the Toropa River enters Lake Solomennoye. Population:

History
In 1074, when the town was first mentioned in chronicles, Toropets belonged to the Princes of Smolensk. By 1167, it was large enough to have its own princes. The most famous of its rulers was Mstislav the Bold, whose grandson Alexander Nevsky wed Alexandra of Polotsk in Toropets in 1239.

In the mid-14th century the town passed to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which had to surrender it to Ivan III following the Battle of Vedrosha in 1503. In the early 17th century, Toropets was ransacked by the Polish army. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, Toropets was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate). In 1727, separate Novgorod Governorate was split off. Toropets was included into Velikiye Luki Province. In 1772, as a result of the First Partition of Poland, Inflanty Voivodeship and eastern Belarus were transferred to Russia. In order to accommodate these areas, Pskov Governorate was created, and Toropets was transferred to Pskov Governorate. The town of Opochka was made the administrative center of the governorate. Pskov Governorate has proven to be too big to be administered properly, and in 1776, the decree of the empress, Catherine the Great, was issued. It divided the governorate into Pskov and Polotsk Governorates. Pskov was made the administrative center of Pskov Governorate, and Toropets remained in Pskov Governorate. In 1777, Pskov Governorate was transformed into Pskov Viceroyalty, which was administered from Novgorod by Jacob Sievers. In 1796, the viceroyalty was abolished, and on 31 December 1796 the emperor Paul I issued a decree restoring Pskov Governorate. Toropets was the center of Toropetsky Uyezd of Pskov Governorate.

The Soviet authority in Toropets was established on October 30 (November 12), 1917. On August 1, 1927, Pskov Governorate was abolished, and Leningrad Oblast was established. Toropetsky Uyezd was abolished as well, and Toropetsky District, with the administrative center in Toropets, was established. It belonged to Velikiye Luki Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. On June 17, 1929, the district was transferred to Western Oblast. On August 1, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were subordinated directly to the oblast. On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Toropetsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. The town was occupied by the Wehrmacht during WWII, from August 29, 1941 until January 21, 1942, when it was retaken during the Toropets–Kholm Offensive. On August 22, 1944, the district was transferred to newly established Velikiye Luki Oblast. On October 2, 1957, Velikiye Luki Oblast was abolished, and Toropetssky District was transferred back to Kalinin Oblast. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Toropets serves as the administrative center of Toropetsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Toropetsky District as Toropets Urban Settlement. As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Toropetsky Municipal District.

Industry
There are enterprises of chemical, metallurgical, textile, and food industries in Toropets.

Transportation
The railway connecting Bologoye with Velikiye Luki passes through Toropets. There is infrequent passenger traffic.

The M9 highway connecting Moscow with Riga also crosses the southern part of Toropetsky District. Toropets has access to it via a paved road. The same road continues to the north to Kholm and further to Staraya Russa.

Culture and recreation
Toropets contains 66 cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally 30 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments include plenty of buildings in the historical center of Toropets. The oldest brick churches in the town are dedicated to St. Nicholas (1666–1669), to Our Lady of Kazan (1698–1765), and to John the Baptist (1704).

There are a number of museums in Toropets, which include the Toropets District Museum, the Museum of the History of Photography, the house-museum of Patriarch Tikhon (Tikhon, in the future the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, lived here as a child for ten years).

Notable people
The town is where Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow spent his childhood (between 1869 and 1878) and attended school

Pyotr Ivanovich Ricord was also born here

title: Toropets


text:
Wikipedia:Personal user awards

This page provides a collection of awards created by individual Wikipedians. Some of them originated from here, and some of them are copied and collected from various users' pages.

These awards are in addition to barnstars. While barnstars are generally reserved for a long-standing pattern of excellence, the following awards are more often given to honor specific actions or events - or to spread good cheer!

Each award picture will come with a few lines of explanation about who should get this award.

title: Wikipedia:Personal user awards


text:
Sun TV Network

Sun TV Network Limited is an Indian Media conglomerate company headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is a part of Sun Group and is one of Asia's largest TV networks. Established on 14 April 1993 by Kalanithi Maran, it owns a variety of television channels in multiple languages and radio stations in multiple languages. Its flagship channel is Sun TV.

Owned channels
Sun TV owns 37 television channels across 7 different languages. 34 out of these 37 are in South Indian languages i.e. Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam, as Sun TV network is a South-India based network. It expanded its reached towards other regions by launching GEC channels in Marathi, Bengali and Hindi languages.

Film production
Sun Pictures is a film production and distribution company established in 2000. It is a part of Sun TV Network. It has produced the TV film Siragugal and Rajinikanth starrer Enthiran. It has distributed more than 20 Tamil films starting from Kadhalil Vizhunthen, and now producing many big budget movies.

Television production company
Sun Pictures is a television production company, which produces small budget movies for Sun TV Direct TV Premier, after movie released in TV it will available only on Sun NXT OTT App, also will be co-producing upcoming webseries for the Sun NXT OTT Platform and this dept also co-produced the daily soaps which are to be telecasted in their channels.

OTT Platform
Sun NXT is a global online audio/video streaming (over-the-top) platform owned and operated by Sun TV Network. Has more than 4000 movie titles and more than 450 TV shows. Sun TV network usually takes the movies digital rights of the ones which are telecasted in its TV channels.

title: Sun TV Network


text:
Portal:Trains/Anniversaries/July 14/More

19th century

 * 1831 – The John Bull, the oldest surviving operable steam locomotive, departs Liverpool aboard the steamship Allegheny bound for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
 * 1877 – Workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad walk off their jobs in an act that is seen as the start of the great railroad strike of 1877.
 * 1887 – The second Tay Rail Bridge across the Firth of Tay in Scotland opens.
 * 1891 – Tamashima Station, now known as Shin-Kurashiki Station in Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan, is opened.

20th century

 * 1908 – Shinpei Goto steps down as president of the South Manchuria Railway.
 * 1911 – The Santa Maria Valley Railway is incorporated in Los Angeles, California.
 * 1921 – In an effort to consolidate maintenance and simplify operations, Grand Trunk Railway and Canadian Northern Ontario Railway open a 0.35 mi connection in Lyn, Ontario.
 * 1943 – Canadian National Railway opens Central Station in Montreal.
 * 1959 – Pennsylvania Railroad operates its last steam locomotive hauled train in regular service.
 * 2000 – The United States Surface Transportation Board's temporary moratorium on railroad mergers is upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit; the ruling contributes to the failure of the proposed BNSF/CN merger.

21st century

 * 2004 – Canadian National Railway completes its purchase of BC Rail.
 * 2005 – Russian military civil engineers test a new pontoon bridge for railroad use across the Volga River.
 * 2006 – The New Mexico Rail Runner Express commuter train begins service in the Albuquerque metro area.

Deaths

 * 1986 – Raymond Loewy, industrial designer who worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad designing the shape of equipment such as the GG1 (b. 1893).


text:
User talk:Bertly

Hi there
Thanks for your message on my talk page. Hope we can work together on the human rights article. Peace. BrandonYusufToropov 13:19, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Hi again
Yes. I reserve the right to delete messages that, in my sole and perhaps arbitrary judgment, I perceive as hostile. But when I start a pattern of communicating politely with people, rest assured I stop deleting their messages. That's what I'm trying to do here, by the way.

I do hope you and I can work together productively on articles here. Please do stay in touch. Peace, BrandonYusufToropov 02:21, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Attacks in VfD
I'm sorry you're getting such hateful treatment at Votes for deletion/Human rights in the United States. It is not Wikipedia policy to ban or otherwise discipline new users for overlooking the NPOV policy and the Content disclaimer. You've seen that escalatory remarks from the voters do not help dialogue, and although it is tempting to respond in kind, it's better to let them pass. Gazpacho 02:55, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bertly


text:
Department stores in Japan

Department stores in Japan are referred to as hyakkaten or depāto (デパート), an alteration of the English term.

History
The first "modern-style" department store in Japan was Mitsukoshi, founded in 1904, which has its root as a kimono store called Echigoya from 1673. However, Matsuzakaya has an even longer history, dating from 1611. The kimono store changed to a department store in 1910. In 1924, the Matsuzakaya store in Ginza allowed street shoes to be worn indoors, something innovative at the time. These former kimono-shop-turned-department-stores dominated the market in its early department store history. They sold, or instead displayed, luxurious product which contributed to their sophisticated atmospheres. Some Japanese department stores were developed by railway companies. There have been many private railway operators in the nation and, from the 1920s, they started to build department stores directly linked to their lines' termini. Both Seibu and Hankyu were developed by rail companies.

Since the 1980s, Japanese department stores have been facing fierce competition from supermarkets and convenience stores. Still, depāto are bastions of several aspects of cultural conservatism in the country. Giving gift certificates for prestigious department stores is used as a formal present in Japan.

From 1991 to 2008, sales per square meter dropped significantly: 43% in Osaka and 45% in Tokyo. Despite this, in the early 2010s, in Osaka in particular, there was a 50% increase in total floor space in the two key shopping districts of Umeda (around JR Osaka Station) and Minami (Namba-Shinsaibashi). In Umeda, West Japan Railiway Isetan(ja) opened a new 50000 sqm flagship-style store, triggering major expansion by its neighbors Hankyu (from 61,000 to 84,000 m2) and Daimaru (from 40,000 to 64,000 m2), while Hanshin remained at 54,000 m2. In Minami, Takashimaya expanded from 56,000 to 78,000 m2, and in Abeno, Kintetsu grew from 48,000 to a whopping 100,000 m2, making it the largest department store in Japan. The resulting market saturation led West JR–Isetan to close in 2015, less than 4 years after opening; two-thirds of the space was converted to midsize shops and rechristened "LUCUA 1100"(ja).

Product and service range
Department stores in Japan generally offer a wide range of services and can include foreign exchange, travel reservations, ticket sales for local concerts and other events.

Due to their roots, many Japanese department stores have sections devoted to kimono and traditional Japanese crafts, including pottery and lacquerware. The basement level usually has a grocery and food court, and on the roof may be garden and aquatic supplies, pets, and a children's play area.

Operating hours are usually from 10 am to 8 pm. Some close one day a week, often a weekday.

Famous department stores in Japan
Some stores also have branches outside Japan.

Nationwide

 * ÆON (イオン株式会社)
 * Daimaru Matsuzakaya Department Stores (株式会社大丸松坂屋百貨店)
 * Daimaru (大丸)
 * Matsuzakaya (松坂屋)
 * Hands (ハンズ)
 * Hankyu Department Stores (阪急百貨店)
 * Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings (株式会社三越伊勢丹ホールディングス)
 * Isetan (伊勢丹)
 * Mitsukoshi (三越)
 * Parco (パルコ) (fashion oriented, nationwide)
 * Sogo & Seibu (そごう・西武)
 * Loft (ロフト) (hobby oriented, nationwide)
 * Seibu Department Stores (西武百貨店)
 * Seiyu Group (西友グループ)
 * Sogo (そごう)
 * Takashimaya (高島屋)

Hokkaido

 * Marui Imai (丸井今井) - part of Istean Mitsukoshi Holdings

Kantō region

 * Keio Department Store (京王百貨店)
 * Marui (丸井) (fashion oriented)
 * Lumine (ルミネ) (fashion oriented)
 * Matsuya (松屋)
 * Odakyu Department Store (小田急百貨店)
 * Tobu Department Store (東武百貨店)
 * Tokyu Department Store (東急百貨店)
 * 109 (Ichi-maru-kyū) (fashion oriented, Kantō region)
 * Tokyu Hands (東急ハンズ) (hobby oriented, nationwide)

Chūbu region

 * Daiwa (大和)
 * Entetsu Department Store (遠鉄百貨店)
 * Meitetsu Department Store (名鉄百貨店)

Kansai region

 * Keihan Department Store (京阪百貨店)
 * Kintetsu Department Store (近鉄百貨店)
 * Sanyo Department Store (山陽百貨店)
 * Hanshin Department Store (阪神百貨店)
 * yamatoyashiki (ヤマトヤシキ)
 * Fujii Daimaru (藤井大丸)

Chūgoku, Shikoku region

 * Tenmaya (天満屋)
 * Fukuya (福屋)
 * Chimakiya (ちまきや)
 * Ichibata Department Store (一畑百貨店)

Kyūshū region

 * Iwataya (岩田屋) - part of Istean Mitsukoshi Holdings
 * Izutsuya (井筒屋)
 * Tokiwa (トキハ)
 * Tamaya Department Store (玉屋)
 * Hamaya (浜屋)
 * Tsuruya Department Store (鶴屋百貨店)
 * Yamakataya (山形屋)
 * Ryubo (リウボウ)

Defunct in Japan

 * Shirokiya (白木屋)
 * Printemps Ginza (プランタン銀座) (from Yomiuri Group and Isetan Mitsukoshi)
 * Robinson Department Store (ロビンソン百貨店) (from Sogo & Seibu)
 * Yaohan Co., Ltd. (株式会社ヤオハン)

title: Department stores in Japan


text:
Category talk:Bisexual musicians

Musicians' alleged bisexuality should be subject to the same verification criteria as any other information. For a lot of the people listed here, there is no evidence presented whatsoever that they're bisexual. Lyrics don't count: musicians often write in character.

Any chance of CRITERIA?
The truth is that I dislike categories like this, because they almost always violate WP:POV, [WP:NOR]] and WP:V. This one, like some similar ones, is terribly subjective, but is made even worse by absence of any description of who should be included.

For example, I added some quotations on the Talk:David Bowie page where Bowie describes himself as formerly being a "closet heterosexual." If we take his most recent statement, he should be excluded from this category. Unless he made an even more recent statement I don't know about... Of course, if we take other earlier statements by Bowie, he should be included. So what counts? The one that is more "believable"? Any statement at any point? The most recent statement? In the absence of a statement by the musician her/himself, what might count? Any gossip column anywhere? A "reliable" source? The corresponding WP article? Etc?

At the least, the page ought to provide some guidelines for editors to know whether or not to add a given musician, not just leave it to every editor's guess about "what might this category mean". Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 19:28, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Is Wikipedia out to 'out' every celebrity whether they are straight or gay? Is this a gay community? For istance there is nothing in Joan Baez' article to prove she is bisexual yet she is listed in the group of bisexual musicians. MRMAGOO3

Self-Aggrandizement?
Who the hell is User:MickWithoutGlasses/Matt? Does Wikipedia exist to give (some of) its members some kind of spurious fame and/or recognition? Unless anyone tells me otherwise, I'm going to regard this as vandalism. Nuttyskin (talk) 16:25, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

frank ocean should be on this list
he's bisexual — Preceding unsigned comment added by Born2booze09 (talk • contribs) 13:27, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

Yes Safestart (talk) 17:55, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

Put frank ocean
Do it Safestart (talk) 17:55, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

Can we add Yungblud?
Yungblud is pansexual/bisexual. 2601:155:4200:DED0:2D7D:488:BCF8:BE67 (talk) 09:55, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Bisexual musicians


text:
Oryx Quest

Oryx Quest was the name of the first round-the-world yacht race to start and finish in the Middle East and was held in February 2005 in Qatar.

The race, organised by British sailor Tracy Edwards, was regarded as a follow-up to The Race of 2000 and was designed to complement existing Multihull races. It was hoped that the size of the prize and the potential speed of the participating boats would make it the most-exciting round-the-world race to date. Record prize money of $1 million was offered by Qatar Sports International which was headed by Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, the Heir Apparent of Qatar, which hoped to gain publicity as a tourism destination. The prize money however, along with the £6 million sponsorship was never paid by Qatar Sports International.

On 5 February four multihulled yachts began the route, off Doha.

Entries
The participants were:

 * Doha 2006, catamaran, formerly Club Med (winner of The Race), skippered by Brian Thompson.
 * Daedalus, catamaran, formerly Enza (winner of the 1995 Jules Verne Trophy), skippered by Tony Bullimore.
 * Geronimo, trimaran, (winner of the 2004 Jules Verne Trophy), skippered by Olivier de Kersauson.
 * Cheyenne, catamaran, formerly PlayStation, (holder of the world record for circumnavigations at the time of the start of Oryx Quest), skippered by David Scully.

Race
Geronimo was the first elimination on 2 March, as a result of hull damage following a collision with flotsam. de Kersauson returned to Australia to have the boat repaired, and to break the record for the circumnavigation of the continent in July. A week later the mast of Cheyenne broke just after the boat had rounded Cape Horn. With two remaining boats, Doha 2006 won the race, finishing with an overall time of 62 days, 21 hours and 1 minute. The more-than-20-year-old Daedalus crossed the finishing line some 13 days later.

Media coverage
Media coverage in the Middle East, Far East and Asia (Qatar's key target markets) was valued at $46 million and the weekly race programmes by APP were seen in 600 million homes, making it the most widely watched race in yachting history. The website made by Sycamore including the children's 'Ali the Albatross' education pages received over 20 million hits. Tracy and her team also put together Qatar's first Sports Education Programme to which over 10,000 Qatari school children signed up.

Financial fiasco
HSBC paid £3 million towards the event and Edwards personally borrowed £8 million to pay suppliers, her team and each of the competitors was paid between $1 million and $2 million each to enter (the first time a yacht race has managed to do this). However, Qatar Sports International reneged on the £6 million sponsorship deal and $1 million prize money and Edwards was consequently forced into bankruptcy and lost her home. She was discharged in September 2005. Edwards' legal team in Qatar won the first stage of her legal action in Qatar on 31 January 2006. Legal action to recover monies owed to Quest, its suppliers and Edwards herself is still ongoing.

Criticism
Organiser Edwards was criticised by Bruno Peyron for splitting the field of potential participants by insisting on her own event, so that as a result Peyron was not able to recruit enough participants for his own event: a second edition of The Race. He won the 2005 Jules Verne Trophy instead, improving the record for circumnavigation which had previously been held by Cheyenne.

title: Oryx Quest


text:
Veritas Volume Manager

The Veritas Volume Manager (VVM or VxVM) is a proprietary logical volume manager from Veritas (which was part of Symantec until January 2016).

Details
It is available for Windows, AIX, Solaris, Linux, and HP-UX. A modified version is bundled with HP-UX as its built-in volume manager. It offers volume management and Multipath I/O functionalities (when used with Veritas Dynamic Multi-Pathing feature). The Veritas Volume Manager Storage Administrator (VMSA) is a GUI manager.

Versions

 * Veritas Volume Manager 7.4.1
 * Release date (Windows): February 2019
 * Veritas Volume Manager 6.0
 * Release date (Windows): December 2011
 * Release date (UNIX): December 2011
 * Veritas Volume Manager 5.1
 * Release date (Windows): August 2008
 * Release date (UNIX): December 2009
 * Veritas Volume Manager 5.0
 * Release date (UNIX): August 2006
 * Release date (Windows): January 2007
 * Veritas Volume Manager 4.1
 * Release date (UNIX): April 2005
 * Release date (Windows): June 2004
 * Veritas Volume Manager 4.0
 * Release date: February 2004
 * Veritas Volume Manager 3.5
 * Release date: September 2002
 * Veritas Volume Manager 3.2
 * Veritas Volume Manager 3.1
 * Release date: August 2000
 * Veritas Volume Manager 3.0

Microsoft once licensed a version of Veritas Volume Manager for Windows 2000, allowing operating systems to store and modify large amounts of data. Symantec acquired Veritas on July 2, 2005, and claimed Microsoft misused their intellectual property to develop functionalities in Windows Server 2003, later Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, which competed with Veritas' Storage Foundation, according to Michael Schallop, the director of legal affairs at Symantec. A representative claims Microsoft bought all "intellectual property rights for all relevant technologies from Veritas in 2004". The lawsuit was dropped in 2008; terms were not disclosed.

title: Veritas Volume Manager


text:
Talk:Toropets

Toropa Estonians
According to Eesti Entsyklopeedia 1938 there lived a total of 3.800 Estonians in Toropa (Town) and seven ethnically inhabited villages in Toropets Raijon in 1914. What happened to them? They were originated from so called Valdai Estonians (Balts).

JN

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Whippany, New Jersey

Whippany is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Hanover Township in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Whippany's name is derived from the Whippanong Native Americans, a tribe that once inhabited the area. Whippanong meant "place of the willows", named for the trees growing along the banks of the Whippany River.

History
Whippany's Whippany River is an important part of the Munsee, colonial, and industrial history of the town.

The river is protected by the Whippany River Watershed Action Committee.

Munsee Lenape
Circa 1000, Whippany, along with most of northern New Jersey, was inhabited by the Munsee Lenape. Circa 1500, all of New Jersey was part of the Lenapehoking.

The Munsee harvested mussels from the Whippany River. Arrowheads found in Munsee encampments throughout the nearby Washington Valley suggest that they hunted wolf, elk, and wild turkey for game.

Colonial settlement
The earliest European settlers to live along the Whippany River can be traced back to 1685. The Whippany River was an integral part of life in the area; it provided water power for the various mills which operated in the town.

Modern history
The Seeing Eye, the first guide dog school for the blind in the United States, was located in Whippany between 1931 and 1966, before moving to its current campus in nearby Morris Township, adjacent to Fosterfields living historical farm.

Sports
The New York Red Bulls U23, a development team for the New York Red Bulls, play at the team's 15 acres development facility in the township.

Education
Public schools in the area include Bee Meadow School, Mountview Road School, Salem Drive School, Memorial Junior School and Whippany Park High School.

Arrow Academy is a Christian school for grades PreK-8.

Notable organizations

 * Barclays has relocated part of their Manhattan operations to Whippany
 * J. E. Ashworth & Sons operated a woolen blanket mill
 * The Whippany Railway Museum, located in the central area
 * Bayer HealthCare
 * Communication Techniques, Inc. (CTI), a wholly owned subsidiarity of Herley Industries
 * The New Jersey Jewish News, a weekly newspaper published by United Jewish Communities of MetroWest New Jersey
 * CAE Inc. provides flight simulation and crew training services to the Business Aviation community
 * Ukrainian American Cultural Center of New Jersey
 * Physicians' Desk Reference

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Whippany include:
 * Adlan Amagov (born 1986), Strikeforce fighter
 * Sal Canzonieri, guitarist and founding member of the band Electric Frankenstein
 * Damon Daunno (born 1984), actor who starred in the 2019 Broadway revival of Oklahoma!
 * Dan Frischman (born 1959), character actor, noted for his many roles of playing "geek" and "nerd" characters
 * Dan Miller (born 1981), UFC fighter
 * Brian Saxton (born 1972), tight end who played for the New York Giants
 * Linda Tripp (1949-2020), former U.S. civil servant who figured in the Monica Lewinsky scandal involving former U.S. President Bill Clinton

title: Whippany, New Jersey


text:
Auteuil

Auteuil may refer to:

Places

 * Auteuil, Oise, a commune in France
 * Auteuil, Paris, a neighborhood of Paris
 * Auteuil, Seine, the former commune which was on the outskirts of Paris
 * Auteuil, Quebec, a former city that is now a district within Laval, Quebec, Canada
 * Auteuil, Yvelines, a commune in France

People

 * Aurore Auteuil (born 1981), French actress
 * Daniel Auteuil (born 1950), French actor

Paris Métro stations

 * Église d'Auteuil (Paris Métro)
 * Michel-Ange – Auteuil (Paris Métro)
 * Porte d'Auteuil (Paris Métro)

title: Auteuil


text:
Growth capital

Growth capital (also called expansion capital and growth equity) is a type of private equity investment, usually a minority interest, in relatively mature companies that are looking for capital to expand or restructure operations, enter new markets or finance a significant acquisition without a change of control of the business.

Companies that seek growth capital will often do so to finance a transformational event in their lifecycle. These companies are likely to be more mature than venture capital funded companies, able to generate revenue and profit but unable to generate sufficient cash to fund major expansions, acquisitions or other investments. Because of this lack of scale, these companies generally can find few alternative conduits to secure capital for growth, so access to growth equity can be critical to pursue necessary facility expansion, sales and marketing initiatives, equipment purchases, and new product development.

Growth capital can also be used to effect a restructuring of a company's balance sheet, particularly to reduce the amount of leverage (or debt) the company has on its balance sheet.

Growth capital is often structured as preferred equity, although certain investors will use various hybrid securities that include a contractual return (i.e., interest payments) in addition to an ownership interest in the company. Often, companies that seek growth capital investments are not good candidates to borrow additional debt, either because of the stability of the company's earnings or because of its existing debt levels.

Providers
Growth capital resides at the intersection of private equity and venture capital and as such growth capital is provided by a variety of sources. The types of investors that provide growth capital to companies span a variety of both equity and debt sources, including private equity and late-stage venture capital funds, family offices, sovereign wealth funds, hedge funds, Business Development Companies (BDC), and mezzanine funds. Growth capital investments are also made by more traditional buyout firms. Particularly in markets where debt is less available to finance leveraged buyouts or where competition to fund startup businesses is intense, growth capital becomes an attractive alternative.

Investing approach
Growth equity investments, as defined by the National Venture Capital Association, feature the following:

 * Company's revenues are growing rapidly.
 * Company is cash flow positive, profitable or approaching profitability.
 * Company may be founder-owned and often has no prior institutional investment.
 * Investor is agnostic about control and purchases minority ownership positions more often than not.
 * Industry investment mix is similar to that of venture capital investors.
 * Capital is used for company needs or shareholder liquidity and additional financing rounds are not usually expected until exit.
 * Investments are unlevered or use light leverage at purchase.
 * Investment returns are primarily a function of growth, not leverage.

title: Growth capital


text:
Talk:Diablo Valley College

According to records in 2006, DVC is no longer ranked number one in transfers to 4-year colleges. In articles published by the Orange County Register November 24, 2006, DVC was ranked #7 in transfers. Number 1 was Orange Coast College. See "Orange Coast College tops in 4-year transfers", Orange County Register, November 24, 2006 at http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/homepage/abox/article_1364054.php

According to this article, the 25 top-ranked transfer colleges are shown in the following table, which shows transfers to California State University campuses from community colleges last year by rank, college and number of students who transferred:
 * 1) Orange Coast College 1,313
 * 2) De Anza Community College 1,280
 * 3) Santa Monica College 1,266
 * 4) Fullerton College 1,214
 * 5) Mt. San Antonio College 1,194
 * 6) Pasadena City College 1,154
 * 7) Diablo Valley College 1,142
 * 8) Fresno City College 1,101
 * 9) American River College 1,099
 * 10) San Diego Mesa College 1,089
 * 11) El Camino College 1,068
 * 12) City College of San Francisco 1,063
 * 13) Grossmont College 1,042
 * 14) Riverside Community College 1,008
 * 15) Palomar College 971
 * 16) Sierra College 951
 * 17) Santa Rosa Junior College 884
 * 18) Moorpark College 872
 * 19) Southwestern College 869
 * 20) Cerritos Community College 813
 * 21) Los Angeles Pierce College 808
 * 22) Glendale College 799
 * 23) East Los Angeles College 792
 * 24) San Joaquin Delta College 791
 * 25) Long Beach City College 787

63.207.173.11 20:33, 12 January 2007 (UTC)Mike O.

What does "a minimum is good mean"? The DVC clubs are NOT spam links as they are officially recognized DVC Subsidiary. Please refrain from removing any DVC affiliated links from the DVC Wikipage.

 * Clubs
 * DVC Competitive Programing club.
 * Diablo Valley College Republican Club.
 * please add more (wikipedia is about information not "a minimum")

One of the links is spam, and the other merely vanity: neither represents DVC as a whole or uniquely, nor provides any kind of detailed information that enhances reader knowledge of the place. See Santa Monica College, De Anza College, College of the Redwoods, and Diné College for examples of such. The links go. --Calton | Talk 13:35, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S.: I signed my name -- how about you? --Calton | Talk 13:35, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

= Notable Alumni = Is there any evidence of any of these people's attendance to DVC. Most have nothing on their wiki pages about it, some of have never even lived near the area of the college and one is a fictional character from King of the Hill

 * Lianne Lin, model
 * Tom Delonge,Guitarist of Blink-182
 * Rusty Shackleford, Renowned advocate for school integration.
 * Tomy Romo, Quarterback of the Dallas Cowboys
 * John Kropf, model and Left-wing Radical
 * Mark Hoppus, Member of Blink-182
 * Noam Chomsky, Political Activist

--Braintoad 04:37, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

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