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The Pirate Movie

The Pirate Movie is a 1982 Australian musical romantic comedy film directed by Ken Annakin, and starring Christopher Atkins and Kristy McNichol. Loosely based on Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance, the original music score is composed by Mike Brady and Peter Sullivan (no relation to Pirates of Penzance composer Arthur Sullivan).

The film performed far below expectations in initial release and is generally reviewed very poorly, but fared far more positively with audiences. It has developed a cult following following home media release and TV airings.

Plot
Mabel Stanley is an introverted and bookish teenage girl from the United States in a seaside community in Australia as an exchange student. She attends a local pirate festival featuring a swordplay demonstration led by a young curly-haired instructor and fellow American, who then invites her for a ride on his boat. She is duped by her exchange family sisters, Edith, Kate and Isabel, into missing the launch, so she rents a small sailboat to give chase. A sudden storm throws her overboard, and she washes up on a beach.

She subsequently dreams an adventure that takes place a century before. In this fantasy sequence, the swordplay instructor is now named Frederic, a young apprentice of the Pirates of Penzance, celebrating his 21st birthday on a pirate vessel. Frederic refuses an invitation from the Pirate King, his adoptive father, to become a full pirate, as his birth parents were murdered by their contemporaries. Frederic swears to avenge their deaths and is forced off of the ship on a small boat.

Adrift, Frederic spies Mabel and her older sisters on a nearby island and swims to shore to greet them. In a reversal of roles, Mabel is a confident, assertive, and courageous young woman, while her sisters are prim, proper and conservative. Frederic quickly falls for Mabel and proposes marriage, but local custom requires the elder sisters to marry first.

Soon, Frederic's old mates come ashore, also looking for women and kidnap Mabel's sisters. Major-General Stanley, Mabel's father, arrives and convinces the Pirate King to free his daughters and leave in peace. The pirates anchor their ship just outside the harbour instead of actually leaving. Mabel wants Frederic to gain favour with her father so they can marry, so she plots to recover the family treasure stolen years earlier by the pirates. Unfortunately, the treasure was lost at sea, but the location where it lies was tattooed as a map on the Pirate King's back. Mabel successfully tricks the Pirate King into revealing his tattoo while Frederic sketches a copy. After Mabel manages to escape from him, she and Frederic, who has sabotaged the pirate's ship, leap overboard and swim for safety. The pirates open fire on them, but the ship partially sinks, enabling them to escape.

The next day, Mabel and Frederic recover the stolen treasure and present it to her father. The Major-General is underwhelmed as he believes the treasure will simply be stolen again once the pirates realise it is missing. Mabel dispatches Frederic to raise an army for protection, but the Pirate King interferes. The ship nurse, Ruth, convinces them to stop fighting, reminding the Pirate King of Frederic's apprenticeship contract. Frederic's birthday is 29 February, and he is dismayed to see that the contract specifies his twenty-first birthday, rather than his twenty-first year. As his birthday occurs every four years, Frederic has celebrated only five birthdays and is still bound by contract to remain with the pirates.

That night, the pirates raid the Stanley estate, and the Pirate King orders their execution. Mabel demands a "happy ending" – admitting for the first time that she believes this all to be a dream. Everyone – even the pirates – cheers their approval, leaving the Pirate King disappointed and shocked. Mabel then confronts her father, but the Major-General is steadfast that the marriage custom remains in effect. Mabel quickly pairs each of her older sisters with a pirate, and she also pairs the Pirate King to Ruth. With Mabel and Frederic now free to marry, the fantasy sequence ends in song and dance.

Mabel wakes up back on the beach to discover that she is wearing the wedding ring that Frederic had given her in her dream. At that moment, the handsome swordplay instructor arrives and lifts her to her feet. He passionately kisses Mabel, who is still shaken by her dream. She asks if his name is Frederic. He assures her that he isn't who she imagines him to be, but then carries her off to marry her, thus giving Mabel her happy ending in reality as well.

Cast

 * Christopher Atkins as Swordplay Instructor/Frederic
 * Kristy McNichol as Mabel Stanley
 * Ted Hamilton as The Pirate King
 * Bill Kerr as Major-General Stanley
 * Maggie Kirkpatrick as Ruth, the ship nurse
 * Garry McDonald as Sergeant/Inspector
 * Chuck McKinney as Samuel
 * Kate Ferguson as Edith
 * Rhonda Burchmore as Kate
 * Catherine Lynch as Isabel
 * Peter Hosking
 * Martin Copping as McDonalds customer

Development
Joseph Papp's Broadway revival of "The Pirates of Penzance" had piqued the interest of music executive David Joseph, who had recently entered into a production partnership with actor Ted Hamilton (The Pirate King). Together, they hatched the idea for a comedic film adaptation. Initially, Papp was approached to direct, but he declined because he had his own plans for a film adaptation of the musical.

The producers then turned to 20th Century Fox studio, which not only agreed to distribute the film but also provided two lead actors for the project. Kristy McNichol, renowned for her role in the TV drama Family, had transitioned to a film career and was eager for another big-screen opportunity. Christopher Atkins, who had made a splash in The Blue Lagoon, was a notable presence in teen magazines. Both actors were invited to watch a production of "Penzance" in preparation for their roles. McNichol said that she was bored by it, and Atkins believed he was cast primarily due to his resemblance to his Broadway counterpart, Rex Smith. Atkins was under contract to Columbia Pictures, which lent him out to Fox for the movie, and then took half of his profits. Although McNichol had sung professionally and released an album with her brother, she went to a vocal coach to prepare. Meanwhile, Atkins, who had no musical experience, not only had to be taught to sing, but underwent extensive dancing and fencing training.

As the production gathered momentum, Ted Hamilton enlisted Trevor Farrant, a collaborator from previous projects, to craft the screenplay. Farrant received a substantial payment of $55,000 for his work, which, when adjusted for inflation, equates to $174,000. This was reported to be the highest salary ever earned by an Australian screenwriter at the time. Farrant claimed to have completed the screenplay in just four days.

Originally, the production had selected the young director Richard Franklin to helm the film. Rehearsals commenced in August 1981, with plans to begin shooting in September. Excitement was palpable among the cast and crew as they embarked on rehearsals. However, McNichol, who had final script approval, clashed with Franklin over his vision for the film, resulting in Franklin's sudden departure from the production. Ted Hamilton had the unenviable task of informing the cast and crew that "creative differences" had forced Franklin to exit. This unexpected turn of events left production in a state of uncertainty, forcing Atkins (and presumably McNichol) to return to the United States while the Australian team continued rehearsals.

Ultimately, Ken Annakin was hired as Franklin's replacement. Being more than twice the age of his predecessor, there were concerns within the cast about Annakin's suitability for the role, but production soldiered on.

Filming
With the new director in place, principal photography began in November 1981 and stretched into January 1982.

Since McNichol wore a light, natural makeup, none of the "sisters" were allowed to enhance their features with makeup. Two actresses arrived with eyeliner on, were reprimanded and forced to remove it.

Annakin found himself at odds with McNichol over one annoyance: her chewing gum. She continuously had gum in her mouth, and frequently tried to hide it in her cheek. This led to an outtake that's seen right before the credits roll, which seems fairly random out of context.

Primary locations included the Polly Woodside at the South Melbourne wharf, the Farm and Mansion at Werribee Park, and the Loch Ard on the Great Ocean Road, Port Campbell, from November 1981 to January 1982. Secondary locations included various parts of Sydney, namely McDonald's Cremorne (in the beginning sequences, after Fred invites Mabel and her friends on the boat), Rushcutters Bay Marina (where Mabel obtains a small sailboat), and Palm Beach for some of the beach scenes. The Stanley family's library, which required a controlled environment for all of the stunt work, was a set erected in a Sydney studio.

Post-production
The film that was released was a little bit different from the film that was shot. "Pumping and Blowin'" was originally supposed to include a sequence with Mabel's sisters frolicking underwater, but this footage was scrapped and replaced with animation by Yellow Submarine veteran Maggie Geddes.

Despite Hamilton's objections, Fox ended up shaving 20 minutes out of the movie, which he claimed had "emasculated" the film and ruined a lot of the jokes. They were particularly sensitive to racial jokes, but other off-colour humor found its way onto the cutting room floor.

Music
The musical numbers, primarily inspired by Gilbert & Sullivan, were written by Terry Britten, Kit Hain, Sue Shifrin and Brian Robertson.

 * 1) "Victory" – The Pirates
 * 2) "I Am a Pirate King" – The Pirates
 * 3) "The Sisters' Song" – The Sisters
 * 4) "First Love" – Frederic and Mabel
 * 5) "The Modern Major General's Song" – Major General Stanley and Cast
 * 6) "Pumpin' and Blowin'" – Mabel
 * 7) "How Can I Live Without Her?" – Frederic
 * 8) "Hold On" – Mabel
 * 9) "Tarantara" – The Policemen
 * 10) "We Are the Pirates" – The Pirates
 * 11) "Come Friends, Who Plough the Sea" – The Pirates
 * 12) "Happy Ending" – Cast

Soundtrack
The Pirate Movie soundtrack album was released by Polydor Records in August 1982, available in both vinyl and cassette formats. The company invested a substantial $800,000 to secure the rights for this release, which would be equivalent to over $2.5 million when adjusted for inflation. However, the album's performance on the American Billboard 200 was modest, reaching only number 166.

Singles were issued for "How Can I Live Without Her?" "First Love" and, exclusively in Australia, The Peter Cupples Band's version of "Happy Ending." "How Can I Live Without Her?" managed to reach number 71 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, while "First Love" failed to chart.

In Australia, the album achieved better success, reaching a position of number 39 on the charts. "How Can I Live Without Her" peaked at #31 on the Australian charts, and was even featured on the K-Tel compilation "Raiders of the Pop Charts" the following year. "Happy Ending" became a signature song for Cupples, who was still performing it decades later.

In most countries, the soundtrack was released as a double album containing the complete versions of all the songs, along with highlights from Peter Sullivan's orchestral score. However, abridged single-album versions were made available in Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, and Argentina, featuring only selected tracks. Despite the variations in track listings, the album's packaging remained virtually identical worldwide, except for Germany, where it showcased alternate poster artwork on the front cover.

 * A1 – "Victory" – The Pirates (2:37)
 * A2 – "First Love" – Kristy McNichol and Christopher Atkins (4:13)
 * A3 – "How Can I Live Without Her" – Christopher Atkins (3:08)
 * A4 – "Hold On" – Kristy McNichol (3:14)
 * A5 – "We Are the Pirates" – Ian Mason (3:36)
 * B1 – "Pumpin' and Blowin'" – Kristy McNichol (3:05)
 * B2 – "Stand Up and Sing" – Kool & the Gang (4:32) (from Something Special)
 * B3 – "Happy Ending" – The Peter Cupples Band (4:58)
 * B4 – "The Chase" – Peter Sullivan and The Orchestra (1:33)
 * B5 – "I Am a Pirate King" – Ted Hamilton and The Pirates (2:03)
 * C1 – "Happy Ending" – The Cast of The Pirate Movie (4:18)
 * C2 – "The Chinese Battle" – Peter Sullivan and The Orchestra (2:36)
 * C3 – "The Modern Major General's Song" – Bill Kerr and The Cast of The Pirate Movie (2:00)
 * C4 – "We Are the Pirates" – The Pirates (2:18)
 * C5 – "Medley" – Peter Sullivan and The Orchestra (4:03)
 * D1 – "Tarantara" – Gary McDonald and The Policemen (1:53)
 * D2 – "The Duel" – Peter Sullivan and The Orchestra (4:04)
 * D3 – "The Sisters' Song" – The Sisters (2:42)
 * D4 – "Pirates, Police and Pizza" – Peter Sullivan and The Orchestra (3:32)
 * D5 – "Come Friends Who Plough the Sea" – Ted Hamilton and The Pirates (2:00)

Promotion
In preparation for the film's August release, 20th Century Fox embarked on an extensive $3 million promotional campaign. It was one of the earliest movies to feature an electronic press kit distributed on videocassette.

Just prior to the film's August debut, Baskin-Robbins released "Pirates' Gold" as their flavour of the month for July. This ice cream flavour was rum-flavoured and included butter brickle candy pieces, accompanied by playful marketing featuring a pirate-themed caricature of Bill Kerr, who is seen selling the ice cream from a Baskin-Robbins cart at the beginning of the movie.

A total of 179 American shopping malls joined in on the promotional extravaganza. The campaign encompassed various engaging activities such as colouring contests featuring poster artwork, costume contests, treasure hunts, fashion shows,  and giveaways. Freebie items included pirate banners, movie posters, chocolate "gold coin" candy, videotapes, and movie tickets. Fox also arranged radio giveaways of sailboards, and Hang Ten gave away exclusive posters.

Christopher Atkins and Kristy McNichol did the obligatory rounds with journalists and tabloid-news reporters. On television, Atkins took the spotlight as he hosted "The Swashbucklers," a syndicated TV special that delved into the history of pirate films. The show included an appearance by McNichol and provided behind-the-scenes glimpses into the making of the movie. Atkins also showcased his newfound musical talents by performing "How Can I Live Without Her?" on popular shows like American Bandstand, Solid Gold, and the Australian series Countdown, which he even guest-hosted. He also appeared at record store signings to promote the soundtrack. Additionally, the cast version of "Happy Ending" closed ABC's Thanksgiving TV special "Dancin' on Air."

The Peter Cupples Band released a music video for their rendition of "Happy Ending" and also appeared on Countdown. Their performance took a dramatic turn as Atkins burst onto the stage, engaging in a mock duel with a pirate.

An additional bit of promotion was ill-timed. The same month that the movie was released, Atkins graced the cover of Playgirl magazine. Although there were no full-frontal images included in that spread, it was an era when male nudity was very taboo, creating a disconnect with the family audience that Fox was targeting for the film's marketing.

Box office
In the USA, the film opened at #5, trailing behind juggernaut E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, Things Are Tough All Over, and An Officer and a Gentleman. In its second week, after the reviews hit and now in direct competition with a successful re-release of Fox's own Star Wars, it plummeted to #13, and dropped off the charts in its third week. Ultimately, the film grossed $7,983,086 in its American theatrical release.

The film earned A$1,013,000 at the Australian box office.

Critical reception
Fox didn't allow the press to pre-screen the film, with executive Vice-President Irv Ivers explaining, "You can look at movies and you can tell if they're going to be killed by critics." He then asked the reporter, "If you were in my place, would you show them?" Just as Ivers foresaw, when the reviews finally surfaced, "The Pirate Movie" was brutally criticised, with numerous headlines invoking pirate-themed puns, including piracy, shipwrecks, walking the plank,     and other stereotypical terminology.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 9% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 2.23/10. On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 19 out of 100, based on reviews from 6 critics, indicating "Overwhelming dislike".

Screenwriter Trevor Farrant issued a press statement after the American reviews surfaced but before the Australian release. Farrant blamed "everybody" else for the film's box-office failure, decrying "phallic and homosexual jokes which I didn't write," and denouncing product placement for McDonald's and Baskin-Robbins, asserting, "This is not a film, this is prostitution. The final film is a travesty of my script." Producer and star Ted Hamilton countered Farrant's claims by suggesting that he was "acting irrationally."

Michelene Keating of The Tucson Citizen was bewildered by the audience's reaction, noting, "Everyone who attended the same matinee showing that I did (a sparse attendance and, to my surprise, mostly adults) did not share my opinion of the movie. A woman who sat in front of me laughed quite a bit between going out three times for popcorn refills." The Sunday Pennsylvanian's Mary Lou Kelsey was surrounded by a young crowd that made her "feel like you need a walker," and complained that the audience was "laughing hysterically at the most infantile jokes you have ever heard. You might need a walker, but their brains need corrective surgery."

Among the few positive reviews, Martha Steimel of The Witchita Falls Records News gushed that it was a "wonderfully funny," "rollicking frolic," remarking that "the fun of the pirate movie is that we know all along it's a dream." The Orlando Sentinel's Sumner Rand called it "a lighthearted, colorful summertime romp," concluding, "Unless you're a Gilbert & Sullivan purist, you should be entertained." Bill Pelletier of The Evansville Press warned that "a trip to the concession stand could rob you of some funny moments," and concluded, "The key to this Australian-made beauties, me hardies, is fun, fun, fun!" The Louisville Courier Journal's Owen Hardy remarked that "despite its problems, 'The Pirate Movie' at times displays an infectious inanity," and that "the cast sings with gusto."

The Irish Times review called The Pirate Movie a "travesty" of the Gilbert and Sullivan original and said "with a philosophy of shove everything in regardless, it's nothing more than a waste of Miss McNichol's abilities, the audience's time and the incentives offered to make films in Australia." Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide rated the film as a BOMB and stated: "Not only trashes the original, but also fails on its own paltry terms. It should have been called The Rip-off Movie". TV Guide stated "Pop tunes are mixed in with some of the original G&S songs in a pirate period setting that grates on the nerves, as does the inane toilet humor that substitutes for wit. All the performers, especially McNichol, look as if they can't wait until the film is over, and one can hardly blame them." Michael and Harry Medved's book Son of Golden Turkey Awards includes The Pirate Movie's "First Love" on its list of "Worst Rock 'N Roll Lyrics in a Movie". The most creative review came from the Argus Leader's Marshall Fine, who set his poetic opus to the rhythm of "The Major-General's Song," ultimately stating, "In short, 'The Pirate Movie' should crawl back into the sewer. At least that's the opinion of this modern film reviewer."

Australian film critic Michael Adams later included The Pirate Movie on his list of the worst ever Australian films, along with Phantom Gold, The Glenrowan Affair, Houseboat Horror, Welcome to Woop Woop, Les Patterson Saves the World and Pandemonium.

Accolades
The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book The Official Razzie Movie Guide as one of The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.

title: The Pirate Movie


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Tephritidae

The Tephritidae are one of two fly families referred to as fruit flies, the other family being the Drosophilidae. The family Tephritidae does not include the biological model organisms of the genus Drosophila (in the family Drosophilidae), which is often called the "common fruit fly". Nearly 5,000 described species of tephritid fruit fly are categorized in almost 500 genera of the Tephritidae. Description, recategorization, and genetic analyses are constantly changing the taxonomy of this family. To distinguish them from the Drosophilidae, the Tephritidae are sometimes called peacock flies, in reference to their elaborate and colorful markings. The name comes from the Greek τεφρος, tephros, meaning "ash grey". They are found in all the biogeographic realms.

Description
For terms see Morphology of Diptera and Tephritidae glossary

Tephritids are small to medium-sized (2.5–10 mm) flies that are often colourful, and usually with pictured wings, the subcostal vein curving forward at a right angle. The head is hemispherical and usually short. The face is vertical or retreating and the frons is broad. Ocelli and cellar bristles are present. The postvertical bristles are parallel to divergent. Two to eight pairs of frontal bristles are seen (at least one but usually several lower pairs curving inwards and at least one of the upper pairs curving backwards). In some species, the frontal bristles are inserted on a raised tubercle. Interfrontal setulae are usually absent or represented by one or two tiny setulae near the lunula. True vibrissae are absent, but several genera have strong bristles near the vibrissal angle. The wings usually have yellow, brown, or black markings or are dark-coloured with lighter markings. In a few species, the wings are clear. The costa has both a humeral and a subcostal break. The apical part of the subcostal is usually indistinct or even transparent and at about a right angle with respect to the basal part. Crossvein BM-Cu is present; the cell cup (posterior cubital cell or anal cell) is closed and nearly always narrowing to an acute angle. It is closed by a geniculated vein (CuA2). The CuA2 vein is rarely straight or convex. The tibiae lack a dorsal preapical bristle. The female has an oviscape.

The larva is amphipneustic (having only the anterior and posterior pairs of spiracle). The body varies from white to yellowish or brown. The posterior end of pale-coloured species is sometimes black. The body tapers at the anterior. The two mandibles sometimes have teeth along the ventral margin. The antennomaxillary lobes at each side of the mandibles have several transverse oral ridges or short laminae directed posteriorly. The anterior spiracles (prothoracic spiracles) end bluntly and are not elongated. Each has at least three openings or up to 50 arranged transversely in one to three groups or irregularly. Each posterior spiracle (anal spiracle) lacks a clearly defined peritreme and each has three spiracular openings (in mature larvae). These are usually more or less horizontal, parallel and usually bear branched spiracular hairs in four tufts.

Ecology
The larvae of almost all Tephritidae are phytophagous. Females deposit eggs in living, healthy plant tissue using their telescopic ovipositors. Here, the larvae find their food upon emerging. The larvae develop in leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, fruits, and roots of the host plant, depending on the species. Some species are gall-forming. One exception to the phytophagous lifestyle is Euphranta toxoneura (Loew) whose larvae develop in galls formed by sawflies. The adults sometimes have a very short lifespan. Some live for less than a week. Some species are monophagous (feeding on only one plant species) others are polyphagous (feeding on several, usually related plant species).

The behavioral ecology of tephritid fruit flies is of great interest to biologists. Some fruit flies have extensive mating rituals or territorial displays. Many are brightly colored and visually showy. Some fruit flies show Batesian mimicry, bearing the colors and markings of dangerous arthropods such as wasps or jumping spiders because it helps the fruit flies avoid predation, though the flies lack stingers.

Adult tephritid fruit flies are often found on the host plant and feeding on pollen, nectar, rotting plant debris, or honeydew.

Natural enemies include parasitoid wasps of the genera Diapriidae and Braconidae.

Economic importance
Tephritid fruit flies are of major economic importance in agriculture. Some have negative effects, some positive. Various species of fruit flies cause damage to fruit and other plant crops. The genus Bactrocera is of worldwide notoriety for its destructive impact on agriculture. The olive fruit fly (B. oleae), for example, feeds on only one plant: the wild or commercially cultivated olive, Olea europaea. It has the capacity to ruin 100% of an olive crop by damaging the fruit. Bactrocera dorsalis is another highly invasive pest species that damages tropical fruit, vegetable, and nut crops. Euleia heraclei is a pest of celery and parsnips. The genus Anastrepha includes several important pests, notably A. grandis, A. ludens (Mexican fruit fly), A. obliqua, and A. suspensa. Other pests are Strauzia longipennis, a pest of sunflowers and Rhagoletis mendax, a pest of blueberries. Another notorious agricultural pest is the Mediterranean fruit fly or Medfly, Ceratitis capitata, which is responsible for millions of dollars' worth in expenses by countries for control and eradication efforts, in addition to costs of damage to fruit crops. Similarly, the Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) is responsible for more than $28.5 million in damage to Australian fruit crops a year. This species lays eggs in a wide variety of unripe fruit hosts, causing them to rot prior to ripening.

Some fruit flies are used as agents of biological control, thereby reducing the populations of pest species. Several species of the genus Urophora are used as control agents against rangeland-destroying noxious weeds such as starthistles and knapweeds, but their effectiveness is questionable. Urophora sirunaseva produces larvae that pupate within a woody gall within the flower and disrupt seed production. Chaetorellia acrolophi is an effective biocontrol agent against knapweeds Chaetorellia australis and Chaetorellia succinea, deposit eggs into the starthistle seedheads, where their larvae consume the seeds and flower ovaries.

Since economically important tephritid fruit flies exist worldwide, vast networks of researchers, several international symposia, and intensive activities on various subjects extend from ecology to molecular biology (Tephritid Workers Database).

Pest management techniques applied to tephritid include the use of cover sprays with conventional pesticides, however, due to deleterious impact of these pesticides, new, less impactful and more targeted pest control techniques have been used, such as toxic food baits, male annihilation technique using specific male attractant parapheromones in toxic baits or mass trapping, or even sterile insect technique as part of integrated pest management.

Systematics
Tephritidae is divided into several subfamilies: The genera Oxyphora, Pseudorellia, and Stylia comprise 32 species, and are not included in any subfamily (incertae sedis).
 * Blepharoneurinae (5 genera, 34 species)
 * Dacinae (41 genera, 1066 species)
 * Phytalmiinae (95 genera, 331 species)
 * Tachiniscinae (8 genera, 18 species)
 * Tephritinae (211 genera, 1859 species)
 * Trypetinae (118 genera, 1012 species)

Identification

 * Richard H. Foote, P. L. Blanc, Allen L. Norrbom, 1993 Handbook of the Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America North of Mexico Cornell University Press (Comstock Publishing).
 * Merz, B. 1994. Diptera Tephritidae. Insecta Helvetica Fauna 10: 1-198.
 * White, I.M. 1988. Tephritid flies. Diptera: Tephritidae.
 * White I.M. & Elson-Harris M.M. 1994 Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: their Identification and Bionomics. 2nd ed. International Institute of Entomology, London.
 * R.A.I. Drew and Meredith C Romig Tropical Fruit Flies of South-East Asia (Tephritidae: Dacinae) CABI ISBN 9781780640358
 * Hendel1914. Die Gattungen der Bohrfliegen. Wein. Entomol. Ztg. 33: 73–98. Keys to World genera Out of date but still the only world monograph.
 * Hendel, F., 1927. Trypetidae.In: Lindner, E. (Ed.). Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region 5, 49, 1-221. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision (in German).
 * Séguy, E. (1934) Diptères: Brachycères. II. Muscidae acalypterae, Scatophagidae. Paris: Éditions Faune de France 28. virtuelle numérique
 * Rikhter, V.A. Family Conopidae in Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision.

Species lists

 * West Palaearctic including Russia
 * Australasian/Oceanian
 * Nearctic
 * Japan
 * World list

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tephritidae


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Walking like an Egyptian

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Eugene van der Pijll 23:22, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Walking like an Egyptian
looks a lot like original research Borisblue 02:35, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment I went to school with several Egyptians and they all walked in a normal and acceptable fashion. see Ministry of Silly Walks for contrast Hamster Sandwich 02:45, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move and redirect to Walk like an Egyptian (i.e., the song by the Bangles), and add content about the song itself. On a personal note, I had a massive crush on Vicki Peterson when I was a kid. Microtonal 02:58, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree completely (the redirect, that is not the crush)Borisblue 04:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Microtonal. I'm onto writing the "Walk Like an Egyptian" article when I get back from work. Apparently, the songwriter Liam Sternberg wrote it after being on a ferry and watching the passengers struggling to keep their balance. The song was their biggest ever reaching #1 in the US and Australia, #3 in the UK see . Capitalistroadster 03:47, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to promised Walk Like an Egyptian article. Dcarrano 04:48, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It is not entirely unreasonable to have an article on the way the conventional way of depicting people on Egyptian reliefs and paintings has been parodied in popular culture. As for "original research", many of the pop culture-related articles on Wikipedia are in fact original research, in the sense that they do not cite reputable academic publications (or even irreputable non-academic publications) on the topic. Is that even possible to avoid, while still covering such areas? Uppland 05:24, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. This, of course, isn't much of an article. Perhaps a more general article on Ancient Egypt in popular culture would be more appropriate. For that references could easily be found. But until that is actually written, this one can be moved or redirected, I suppose. Uppland 06:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Maybe we can list this as an unusual article. — Stevey7788 (talk) 05:43, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment There is no reason we can't do that. The Walk Like an Egyptian article will stand on its own. In response to Uppland's point, I will cite sources which help confirms verifiability - it is my concern that many of our articles do not outline their sources. My understanding of original research is that it puts forward a new interpretation of events rather than facts or points of view from people with some relevance to the issue. Capitalistroadster 05:56, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That makes sense. Uppland 06:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Internally sourced and verifiable, it identitifies a real cultural phenomenon. -Willmcw 06:11, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * When the song "Walk Like an Egyptian" came out, it prompted fresh discussion of the very point that this article is discussing. This isn't original research, inasmuch as there is a particular manner of locomotion here that has been enacted by the world of entertainment for at least a century.  Wilson, Keppel and Betty, an old vaudeville act who performed the Egyptian Sand Dance featuring exactly this method of walking, formed in 1910.  This particular mode of walking is not connected with solely the song by The Bangles or a 2004 fashion show (Note the date that the article was written.), and did not even originate with them either.  A rename or a merge specifically to that song would be inappropriate.  The article is somewhat misleading, and could do with some cleanup.  No people have seriously held the belief that Egyptians walked this way. Wilson, Keppel and Betty was a comedy act. Uncle G 09:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Walk Like an Egyptian. JamesBurns 10:09, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup per Uncle G. I have created an article for Walk like an Egyptian as well. I would like to thank Uncle G for the info about the "Egyptian Sand Dance" which I will add to the song article as the lyrics refer to the old sand dance. Capitalistroadster 10:18, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * We've divided up the labour. Whilst you've been writing that article, I've actually cleaned this one up somewhat. Uncle G 10:45, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks Uncle G. Article is now called Walk Like an Egyptian with Walk like an Egyptian as a redirect. Capitalistroadster 10:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Uncle G. Hiding talk 13:42, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Great save. -- Visviva 15:46, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. •Zhatt•  18:07, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Dwstein 18:45, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There is no original research on this topic, simply easily documented or commonly known facts. It provides no interpretation or synthesis, but is an interesting topic. I rather think that 'Walk like an Egyptian" should be merged with this more general article on the topic, as that song is obviously derivative on the core idea. Cyferx 19:29, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: good cleanup, guys. Another example of the VfD process used for good rather than evil. Micro tonal  (Put your head on my shoulder) 19:36, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW, the caption under the left-hand picture makes me giggle every time. Micro tonal  (Put your head on my shoulder) 19:39, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Briangotts 19:40, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Great cleanup. royblumy 03:14, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I never knew what this phrase meant. I had spent some time looking for it on the web and gave up. And now I found it by accident via the link in The_Ministry_of_Silly_Walks. Please, please keep this information. Heiko Evermann 20:30, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Nevada Cancer Institute

Nevada Cancer Institute (NVCI), founded in 2002, was the official cancer institute for the state of Nevada from 2003 to 2013, located in Summerlin, Nevada. The Institute became part of UC San Diego Health in February, 2012.

A non-profit organization, NVCI served patients throughout the greater Las Vegas area, offering full-service clinics in Summerlin, Nevada, and at University Medical Center, in the downtown medical district. The Institute provided inpatient treatment services such as chemotherapy, radiation and diagnostic imaging services, as well as an array of clinical trials. The Institute’s mobile screening unit, the Hope Coach, has provided mammography services throughout the state.

NVCI has served more than 17,000 patients since opening in 2005. The Institute was dedicated to providing innovative and collaborative cancer care, clinical trials and community education.

The Institute became part of UC San Diego Health in February, 2012. In November 2013, Roseman University completed a merger with the former Nevada Cancer Institute Foundation that expedited Roseman's planning for a premier community-based medical school, the first allopathic medical school in Nevada. NVCI’s Ralph and Betty Engelstad Research Building provided the home for Roseman’s College of Medicine in Summerlin, which then continued to house NVCI researchers.

Background
As part of UC San Diego Health, Nevada Cancer Institute offered current and advanced cancer treatment options, with patient and family support services, to residents of Nevada. The Institute provided inpatient treatment services such as chemotherapy, radiation and diagnostic imaging services, as well as an array of clinical trials, many of which would not otherwise have been available in the state of Nevada. The Institute also provided assistance to help patients find the information and non-medical resources they needed to support themselves during treatment - including support groups, an on-site meditation room, yoga and other activities.

Facilities
The Institute’s four-story treatment facility occupied 142000 sqft. The lobby had a blown-glass chandelier designed by Dale Chihuly.

History

 * In 2002 The Howard Hughes Corporation donated 6 acre of land for the Institute's first building. The land was part of a 61 acre site in the Summerlin area of Las Vegas.
 * In 2003, ground was broken for NVCI's first 142000 sqft state-of-the art treatment center. The building was designed by Marnell Corrao Associates who are best known for designing many of the megaresorts on the Las Vegas Strip. Construction cost was $53 million.
 * The facility opened in August 2005. The grand opening was on September 23, 2005.
 * In October 2005, the Institute acquired an additional site of 10 acre adjacent to its current site for future expansion.
 * In January 2006, the city of Las Vegas announced plans to work with the Institute, the Bureau of Land Management and other entities to acquire about 20 acre of land in the city for future use.
 * Clinical research was initiated in 2005 with the opening of Phase I and Phase II clinical trials, including 4 first in human Phase I of investigational drugs. Clinical research and Translational research conducted at NVCI produced a body of work that resulted in 100 publications from NVCI investigators in peer reviewed medical publications (1-100).
 * House Resolution 234, a bill to expand the Institute, was sponsored by Shelley Berkley and co-sponsored by Nevada's two other congressional representatives. It was introduced to the House on January 7, 2009.
 * On December 2, 2011, the institute announced that it entered into an agreement to sell the facility to the UC San Diego Health System as part of a prearranged Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing.
 * On February 1, 2012, the UC San Diego Health System assumed operations of Nevada Cancer Institute's clinical practice.
 * In November 2013, Roseman University completed a merger with the former Nevada Cancer Institute Foundation. UCSD closed its clinic, the UCSD NVCI clinic and flagship building that it had purchased approximately a year previous, and Roseman bought the building and is occupying it while continuing the original mission of NVCI.

title: Nevada Cancer Institute


text:
Letov

Letov can refer to:

 * Letov Kbely, a Czech (and Czechoslovak) aircraft company
 * Yegor Letov (1964–2008), Russian punk rock musician, leader of the band Grazhdanskaya Oborona
 * Sergey Letov (born 1956), Russian saxophonist, brother of Yegor Letov

title: Letov


text:
Damien Wilkins

Damien Lamont Wilkins (born January 11, 1980) is an American former professional basketball player and basketball executive who played in the National Basketball Association for ten seasons. He is the General Manager and Head of Basketball at Overtime Elite. He is the son of retired 13-year NBA veteran Gerald Wilkins and nephew of nine-time NBA All-Star, Hall of famer Dominique Wilkins.

College career
After graduating from Dr. Phillips High School in Orlando, Florida, Wilkins enrolled at North Carolina State University. Two years into a quick and promising start to his NCAA career at North Carolina State, Wilkins entered the 2001 NBA draft but decided to withdraw and transfer to University of Georgia. There, he had two solid but unspectacular seasons and went undrafted in 2004.

Professional career
Diligence in the weight room helped Wilkins have a big summer league and shine in preseason action for the Sonics, allowing him to make the team. After working after practice, Wilkins got his shot towards the end of his rookie season and scored 21 points at Portland on March 24, 2005. Wilkins would start seven games the rest of the way as the Sonics battled injuries. He proved himself in the 2005 Playoffs when injuries struck again, finishing with 15 points, six rebounds and five steals in the Sonics' Game 4 win over San Antonio. A restricted free agent in the summer of 2005, Wilkins received an offer from the Minnesota Timberwolves in August 2005, which the Sonics matched within 7 days.

In the 2007 season, the departure of Rashard Lewis and Ray Allen made Wilkins a starter. On November 16, 2007 he scored a career-high 41 points and grabbed 9 rebounds in a game against the Atlanta Hawks.

On July 27, 2009, Wilkins was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves along with Chucky Atkins for center Etan Thomas and two future second-round draft picks.

On September 28, 2010, he was signed by the Memphis Grizzlies, but he was waived at the end of training camp on October 21.

On December 3, 2010, he signed a contract with the Atlanta Hawks after Joe Johnson's injury. The Hawks released him after one month.

On January 8, 2011, the Atlanta Hawks signed Wilkins to a 10-day contract. On January 28, 2011, the Hawks signed him for the remainder of the season.

During the 2011–12 season, Wilkins played for the Detroit Pistons. In September 2012, he signed with the Philadelphia 76ers.

On September 30, 2013, he rejoined the Atlanta Hawks. On October 14, 2013, he was waived by the Hawks.

In December 2013, he signed with the Beijing Ducks of China. In his first game for the Ducks, he recorded 10 points, 2 rebounds, and 1 assist in a 106-99 victory over Liaoning.

On May 1, 2014, he signed with Indios de Mayagüez for the rest of the 2014 BSN season.

On November 1, 2014, he was selected by the Iowa Energy with the 16th overall pick in the 2014 NBA Development League draft. On February 4, 2015, he was named to the Futures All-Star team for the 2015 NBA D-League All-Star Game. On April 20, he returned to Indios de Mayagüez.

After initially signing with a Venezuelan team for the 2015–16 season, Wilkins was swayed into re-entering the NBA following the injury to Michael Kidd-Gilchrist of the Charlotte Hornets. He and his agent contacted the Hornets and the two parties came to an agreement on a non-guaranteed training camp contract on October 5, 2015. On October 16, he officially signed with the Hornets. However, he was waived by the Hornets a week later after appearing in three preseason games. Two days later, he signed with Guaros de Lara of the Venezuelan League.

On October 31, 2016, Wilkins was acquired by the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA Development League.

In April 2017, Wilkins joined Brujos de Guayama of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional.

On August 15, 2017, Wilkins signed with the Indiana Pacers, returning to the NBA for the first time since 2013. On January 7, 2018, Wilkins was waived by the Pacers. On February 1, 2018, Wilkins returned to Greensboro Swarm.

National team career
Wilkins represented the United States national team at the 2015 Pan American Games, where he won a bronze medal.

Personal life
Wilkins is the son of retired 13-year NBA veteran Gerald Wilkins and nephew of nine-time NBA All-Star Dominique Wilkins. Isaiah Wilkins, the stepson of Dominique, also played basketball professionally.

Wilkins has been the General Manager and Head of Basketball of Overtime Elite since September 2022.

title: Damien Wilkins


text:
User:Ron Stoppable

Yo. I'm the Ron Man. Ain't much to say here, but I'll add stuff if I feel like it. And by that, I mean to here. Perhaps I'll put up a picture if I ever get around to designing one.

title: User:Ron Stoppable


text:
User:Butsushin

Butsushin became an active Wikipedia editor on February 17, 2005.

title: User:Butsushin


text:
User talk:David Richard Bell

Welcome!
Hello, David Richard Bell, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  02:41, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Kent students and alumni
Would you like to join Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: University of Kent? Timrollpickering 20:52, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:David Richard Bell


text:
Faizon Love

Faizon Andre Love (born Langston Faizon Santisima; June 14, 1968 ) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his roles in the comedy films The Meteor Man, Don't Be a Menace, Friday, B*A*P*S, Elf, The Replacements, Made, Mr Bones, and Couples Retreat, as well as the voice of Sean "Sweet" Johnson in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and his role as Wendell Wilcox on The Parent 'Hood.

Early life
Love was born Faizon Andre Love in Santiago de Cuba on June 14, 1968. He has described himself as a military brat who was raised in Southeast San Diego, California and Newark, New Jersey because of his father's career in the U.S. Navy. He graduated from Morse High School in Southeast San Diego.

Career
Love got his start as a stand-up comedian at age 15 and made his acting debut in an off-Broadway at the age of 19. His film debut, Bebe's Kids, saw him provide the voice of comedian Robin Harris, who died before production began on the film; Love offered a close vocal impression of Harris. He then had a role in The Meteor Man, starring Robert Townsend. Townsend then cast Love in a co-starring role on his sitcom The Parent 'Hood.

He followed up this role with a breakout performance as the drug supplier Big Worm in the 1995 film Friday. Follow-up films have included 3 Strikes, Elf, Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood, Money Talks, Wonderland, The Fighting Temptations, and Idlewild. In 2001, Love guest-starred in the Ludacris single "Freaky Thangs" from the album Word of Mouf. The same year, he made a cameo appearance as a bus driver, in the music video for Lil Jon & The East Side Boys' single "Put Yo Hood Up".

Love lent his voice to the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004), portraying Sean "Sweet" Johnson, the leader of the Grove Street Families and the older brother of the game's protagonist. He co-starred in Couples Retreat (2009), a comedy film chronicling four couples who partake in therapy sessions at a tropical island resort.

In 2012, he played Stringer Bell in a satirical trailer for The Wire: The Musical. In June of that year, he started to appear in a series of commercials for Boost Mobile, promoting its new 4G phones.

Controversy and arrest
In 2014, Love posted a series of controversial tweets in the wake of the sexual assault allegations against Bill Cosby. Defending Cosby against the charges, he used profanity and racial slurs against Cosby's accusers as well as comedian Hannibal Buress, who had been credited with bringing wider attention to the allegations in a stand-up routine. In 2015, Love once again posted tweets in defense of Cosby, dismissing his fellow African-Americans who believed the allegations as "spineless monkeys".

On March 7, 2017, Love was arrested on a charge of misdemeanor assault in Columbus, Ohio. An altercation with a valet had occurred at John Glenn Columbus International Airport, with video evidence showing Love grabbing the valet behind the neck in the baggage claim area and throwing him onto the ground and into a desk. Love pled not guilty, but later pled no contest and received a $500 fine and a 180-day suspended jail sentence.

title: Faizon Love


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of vehicles from Grand Theft Auto

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus to delete -- Francs2000 | Talk 12:09, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

List of vehicles from Grand Theft Auto
Preambulatory note: to understand why this is listed much later than 18 July, keep reading. -- Hoary 08:56, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

This page seems seriously unneccessary. — Cuahl 02:43, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. You haven't followed the "How to list pages for deletion" steps from WP:VFD, so no-one is aware of this page. I don't think it's a valid deletion proposal either, if the steps aren't followed. --TheParanoidOne 05:51, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I have therefore followed that procedure and plonked everything where I think it belongs -- while deliberately postdating it, to give people a chance to think and vote. (Meanwhile, I am not yet voting.) -- Hoary 08:56, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. Some people want to know about vehicles from GTA games. --SuperDude 17:06, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Expand. There is need for a better list of all vehicles from at least the Playstation 2-era games. Plus there has been this Mafia Sentinel article up and well-exposed on Wikipedia's Grand Theft Auto section for months; I don't see why this gang car gets better treatment with its own article. ╫ 25  chatter 07:33, 23 July 2005 (UTC) ╫
 * Weak keep. Little can be explained about most of the vehicles, and it might take a lot of effort to complete the explanations and details (Note the length of the complete list that was recently added). Unless there is additional help here, I'm afraid this article may not be worth the keep. ╫ 25  chatter 11:55, 23 July 2005 (UTC) ╫
 * Delete Maybe merge it with the Grand Theft Auto article? UncleFloyd 14:09, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep as per 25. - ulayiti 15:03, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Grand Theft Auto (series). Interesting in the scope of game players, but not as an individual article. Merge to the series because the article has entries on cars from different editions of the game.-Poli (talk • contribs) 16:35, 2005 July 23 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. I really, really don't like most lists, and I'm not crazy about this one. But it makes more sense to keep it than to merge it, because it cross-references the appearances of a vehicle in more than one GTA game. It would be difficult to convey the same information on each individual GTA game page. Fernando Rizo 19:14, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Note that some of these cars have their own articles.  Almafeta 01:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Grand Theft Auto (series). .... added at 02:30, July 24, 2005 by Nandesuka
 * Merge to Grand Theft Auto (series), since that's the only place on Wikipedia where this article belongs. That is to say, it does not belong in its current location.  The Literate Engineer 05:49, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep If we have yugioh cards, we might as well have this.  Grue   16:57, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep, too long to merge. Should be annotated to point out which vehicles are analogous to which real-world vehicles.  -Sean Curtin 03:29, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Grand Theft Auto (series), as per User:Poli. JamesBurns 03:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. If it is intended that the list be as complete as possible, it may be more preferable to Keep the page over merging it onto Grand Theft Auto (series), since the length of the list would overshadow the article it merges to. If the decision to Merge is made, consider summarizing the types of vehicles available, and cite a few notable examples of vehicles based off its real-life counterparts. ╫ 25 ring-a-ding  05:32, 26 July 2005 (UTC) ╫
 * Keep. List which is of interest to the fans of an unfortunately popular game. Too big to merge. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:08, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge the barest minimum into Grand Theft Auto (series). Despite being a big huge fan of the "unfortunately"(?) popular game, I can't see keeping a list of names. But it could eventually turn into a fully-illustrated guide. What I'd rather see is a "noteworthy cars" thing at the bottom of the series (or even individual games) page(s), and then if it grows it can be split out again. Something like that. GarrettTalk 15:03, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and clean up -- The Time Killer
 * Delete. I have a test I like to apply for potential gamecruft: Is it at least as notable as the individual Pokemon? GTA is certainly as important as Pokemon, but the likelihood of any but the most anal-retentive fan to take note of the vehicle names and stylings is very low. Take it to GameFAQs. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 03:43, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Teen Queens

The Teen Queens were an Australian pop music girl group, formed in 1991 by three model-singer-actresses: Roxanne Clarke, Kellie Crawford and Liza Witt. In 1992 and 1993, they scored four hit singles on the ARIA Charts with cover versions of "Be My Baby" (No. 6, May 1992), "I Can't Help Myself" (No. 28, July 1992), "Love How You Love Me" (No. 14, September 1992) and "Baby It's You" (No. 91, April 1993). The group's debut album, Get Happy!, was released in November 1992, which peaked at No. 36. The group disbanded in 1993. Their singles "I Can't Help Myself" and "Love How You Love Me" were nominated for Engineer of the Year at the 1993 ARIA Awards.

Background
The Teen Queens were formed in Sydney in 1991 by three model-singer-actresses: Roxanne Clarke, Kellie Crawford (née Hoggart) and Liza Witt. A pilot episode was developed by the creators of E Street, a teen TV soap opera, for a self-titled half-hour TV program about a girl group set in 1960s. According to The Canberra Times correspondent the show "follows three girls from the country who head to the city to make it big in the music world. Naturally all doesn't go according to plan."

By the time that the pilot was turned down, the trio had made the group a reality as a dance-pop act. In May 1992 their cover version of the Ronettes' "Be My Baby" became a No. 6 hit on the ARIA Singles Chart. Their debut album, Get Happy!, was released on Westside Records/Phonogram in November 1992 and reached No. 36 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It included "some classic songs from the '60s." Bevan Hannan of The Canberra Times rated the album at 3 out of 10, he felt that it was "Manufactured pop... for aspiring musicians (?) like the Teen Queens, who supposedly have the world at their feet, why would you choose to play the type of material that clapped out rockers use on the RSL club circuit? Get Happy! is a bit like that... it would probably be better to tune in to 2CA, or better still purchase one of the '60s rock box collections. The originals blow away this regurgitated stuff."

The group also provided the vocals for a Coca-Cola TV ad. In July 1992, the Teen Queens appeared on E Street as contestants on a fictitious, in-show dating game, Dream Date. They had further top 40 singles including The Four Tops' "I Can't Help Myself" (No. 28) in July 1992 and The Paris Sisters' "Love How You Love Me" (No. 14) in September 1992. The latter track featured on an episode of E Street for the wedding theme for the characters of Toni and CJ. A final single, a cover version of The Shirelles' "Baby It's You" was released in April 1993, which peaked at No. 91. In June that year they performed the track on TV's Midday show, with backing by the station's Geoff Harvey band. A second album, ''Get Happy! II'', was released in July 1993 before the group disbanded.

After Teen Queens
After the Teen Queens split in 1993, each member pursued solo projects.

Crawford became a founding member of the children's music group, Hi-5, from September 1998 to December 2008: she appeared on the TV series of the same name.

Witt appeared on TV shows, Good Morning Australia and Mornings with Kerrie-Anne and, as from 2006, she hosted a TV online-shopping site.

Clarke and her brother PJ Clarke devised the performing arts agency 'Detour' out of Brent Street Studios in Sydney from 1998 to 2003. As agents they launched many performers and creatives into successful careers within the industry and produced entertainment at events. Clarke currently works with her brother PJ at Jeep Management Pty Ltd in Sydney, Australia.

Members

 * Roxanne Clarke
 * Kellie Crawford
 * Liza Witt

title: Teen Queens


text:
John C. Black

John Charles Black (January 27, 1839 – August 17, 1915) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from Illinois. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions as a Union Army lieutenant colonel and regimental commander at the Battle of Prairie Grove during the American Civil War.

Early life
John Charles Black was born in Lexington, Mississippi, on January 27, 1839, and moved to Danville, Illinois, in 1847. His father was a minister of the Presbyterian Church. Black attended Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, and became a lawyer.

American Civil War service
On April 14, 1861, Black (along with his brother, William P. Black) entered the Union Army as a private in the 11th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment on April 14, 1861. He became sergeant major on April 25, 1861.

After three months of service, the brothers were mustered out of the volunteers and organized Company "K" of the 37th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment. John Black became major of the regiment on September 5, 1861. He was wounded in the right arm at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, on March 7, 1862. On July 12, 1862, John Black was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and became commander of the 37th Illinois Infantry. Black led his regiment against a fortified Confederate position during the Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, on December 7, 1862. The unit suffered heavy casualties and was eventually forced to retreat. Black himself was seriously wounded. An 1896 review of numerous actions during the war resulted in John Black being awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Prairie Grove. Black's brother William also received the medal, making them the first of five pairs of brothers to both receive the Medal of Honor as of 2005.

On December 31, 1862, Black was promoted to colonel of the 37th Illinois Infantry Regiment. He was given temporary command of Brigade 1, Division 2, XIII Corps, Department of the Gulf, between November 11, 1863, and February 11, 1864, of Brigade 3, Division 2, Reserve Corps of the Department of the Gulf between February 3, 1865, and February 18, 1865, and of Brigade 3 Division 2, XIII Corps, Department of the Gulf, between February 18, 1865, and March 5, 1865.

Black resigned his commission in the volunteer service on August 15, 1865. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Black for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from April 9, 1865, for gallant services in the assault on Fort Blakeley, Alabama on that date, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Lieutenant Colonel, 37th Illinois Infantry. Place and date: At Prairie Grove, Ark., December 7, 1862. Entered service at: Danville, Ill. Born: January 27, 1839, Lexington, Holmes County, Miss. Date of issue: October 31, 1893.

Citation:

Gallantly charged the position of the enemy at the head of his regiment, after 2 other regiments had been repulsed and driven down the hill, and captured a battery; was severely wounded.

Postbellum career
Black was a member of the Illinois Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

Black practiced law and became the United States District Attorney at Chicago. Black was U.S. Commissioner of Pensions between 1885 and 1889. Running as a Democrat, he was elected to the Fifty-third United States Congress, and served from 1893 to 1895. Black declared himself a candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination in the 1893 Chicago mayoral special election. He established a campaign headquarters at the Palmer House Hotel in mid-November 1893. However, at the time, the Chicago Tribune opined that, "the Black candidacy is likely to languish."

In 1903, Black was honored with the office of commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, the veterans organization for Civil War veterans of the Union Army, for 1903–1904. Black served as president of the United States Civil Service Commission from January 17, 1904, until resigning on June 10, 1913.

Death
John C. Black died August 17, 1915, at Chicago, Illinois. He is buried in Spring Hill Cemetery and Mausoleum, Danville Illinois.

title: John C. Black


text:
Daniel Russell

Daniel, Dan, or Danny Russell may refer to:

 * Daniel Lindsay Russell (1845–1908), governor of North Carolina
 * Dan Russell (cartoonist) (1906–1999), Australian cartoonist
 * Dan Monroe Russell Jr. (1913–2011), United States federal judge
 * Daniel J. Russell (born 1932), American judge in New Jersey
 * Daniel R. Russel (born 1953), U.S. diplomat and Assistant Secretary of State
 * Dan Russell, American voice actor in Legend of the Dragon and The Amazing World of Gumball
 * Danny Russell (rugby league, born 1969), (born 1969), rugby league footballer of the 1990s and 2000s
 * Danny Russell (rugby league, born 1983) (born 1983), rugby league footballer of the 2000s for Penrith Panthers
 * Daniel Russell (rugby league) (born 1995), Australian rugby league footballer of the 2010s
 * Dan Russell (artist manager), American artist manager, musician and record producer
 * Daniel M. Russell, American computer scientist
 * Dan Russell, Canadian radio presenter on the station AM 650
 * Daniel Patrick Russell, Australian actor

title: Daniel Russell


text:
User talk:Sneech

Welcome!
Hello, Sneech, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  02:44, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Sneech


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject help desk/20050709 Dmcdevit.pl

Generates a list of all the articles from the rendered VfD page
 * 1) !/usr/bin/perl -w

use strict;

while (<>) { next unless /^\*?\[\[(.+?)\]\]/;

print $2, "\n"; }

Checks to see if a VfD page exists for a list of articles
 * 1) !/usr/bin/perl -w

use strict; use LWP::UserAgent; use URI::Escape;

my $pause = 1; #seconds between http fetches

$| = 1;

my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new; $ua->timeout(10); $ua->env_proxy;

while(<>) { chomp;

if (check('Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/'. uri_escape($_))) { print $_, "\n"; }

sleep($pause); }

sub check { my $name = shift;
 * 1) returns 1 if a wikipedia article exists at that name, 0 otherwise

my $uri = 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/'. $name; my $text;

while(1) { my $resp = $ua->get($uri);

if ($resp->is_success) { $text = $resp->content; last; } else { print STDERR "WARNING: $uri failed: "; print STDERR $resp->status_line, "\n"; }

sleep($pause); }

return 1 if index($text, 'Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name.') == -1; return 0; }

Adds the links to the wikitext of VfD if it is in the list specified
 * 1) !/usr/bin/perl -w

use strict;

my %has_vfd;

my $file = shift(@ARGV) or die "must specify file name";

open(FILE, $file) or die "could not open $file: $!";

while() { chomp;

$has_vfd{$_} = 1; }

close(FILE);

while(<>) { chomp;

if (/^\*?\[\[(.+?)\]\]/ && defined($has_vfd{$2})) { print $_, " (VfD)"; } else { print; }

print "\n"; }


text:
File:MiasmaAlbumCover.jpg

Summary
Album cover for "Miasma" by the band The Black Dahlia Murder.

title: File:MiasmaAlbumCover.jpg


text:
User talk:Mattmacf

Welcome!
Hello, Mattmacf, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  02:48, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Mattmacf


text:
Category:Reading Company

Articles and categories related to the Reading Company

title: Category:Reading Company


text:
User talk:Yasudaward

Welcome!
Hello, Yasudaward, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  02:48, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Yasudaward


text:
Talk:Hougoumont

2005
From the second paragraph: ... second battalion of the regiment of foot guards, part of General Byng's Brigade of Guards ...

An earlier version capitalized foot ("Foot guards") in the first portion, and then guards ("brigade of Guards") in the second portion.

The phrase "foot guards" seemed to refer to a type of regiment, not a particular regiment, so I decapitalized the word foot in my recent edit.

Brigade of Guards may be a proper name; I capitalized brigade in my recent edit, but that may also be incorrect.

Someone more familiar with the forces that participated in the battle would be better-equipped to determine which of these should be capitalized, if any. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Warpflyght (talk • contribs) 02:49, 18 July 2005  (UTC)

 * The edits seem fine to me and as the original author I am glad that at least one other person has read it :-) --Philip Baird Shearer 08:31, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The Foot Guards and the Brigade of Guards are proper nouns referring collectively to the guard infantry portions of the British Army. the Household Cavalry is the proper name for the mounted portion of the guards contingent. Winterbadger (talk) 11:44, 4 September 2009 (UTC) Having looked further at the use of "Brigade of Guards, I changed and the other instance of Anglo-Allied infantry brigade titles to reflect what seems to be common practice in histories of the campaign--to refer to "Xth (nationality) Brigade", since each contingent (British, KGL, Netherlands, Hanoverian) used the same numbers. I also took the liberty of consolidating the references to which units were garrisoning the farm. The sources I had disagreed as to who was posted three where. Nofi suggests that the Nassauers were posted there the night before the battle and the Guards added in the morning, but Hofschroer says the Nassauers were sent over in the morning and were the first troops to actually be situated in the house and grounds, thought he Guards were nearby. He quotes the Nassauers' commanding officer, who also indicates the buildings had already been loopholed and ammunition stockpiled (presumably by the Guards).Winterbadger (talk) 12:53, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

The farm is called Hougoumont. Thundercloud 14:54, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

I am rereading Victor Hugo's 'Les Misearables' In his description of Waterloo he indicates that the origins of Hougumont were by an old saxon lord Hugo. Thoughts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.187.10.31 (talk) 04:25, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Where Kellerman's III Cavalry Corps pulled into the Hougomont attacks? I'm not sure - I thought they were a reserve unit that was ordered to join the massed cavalry charges on the Allied centre late in the day. Kellerman's Cavalry may have been positioned close to Hougoumont but what would they be doing attacking a farm via an orchard?. Sherbethead —Preceding undated comment was added at 20:24, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

etymology

 * The name "Hougoumont" is derived from "Gomme Mont" which means "Gum hill".

I'm skeptical of this; is there a source? The words gomme and mont are French but combining them in that order is very un-French, and the first syllable is unexplained. —Tamfang (talk) 02:50, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

Well done for snubbing the 'gomme Mont' etymology, the name Waterloo should be a wakeup call to even housewives has it belies any French etymologies to Southern Brabant now known as by its imperial designition 'Walloon Brabant. Imperialistic little Francophoners love spiking English language wikis. Belgium is sadly and lazily misseen through Francophone eyes. They are oft bold about spiking English language wikis coz they are used to their twisting and spinning blighting history and and truth without hinder. They didn't even bother trying to defend what they said - coz they don't normally ever have to. Well done again. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.223.127.247 (talk) 19:50, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

 * See below. Moonraker12 (talk) 15:08, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

Closing of the gates at Hougoumont
It would be nice to display an image of the painting Closing of the gates at Hougoumont by Robert Gibb -- PBS (talk) 18:18, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, but there are several paintings of the topic. There was a very well known Victorian picture, widely reproduced as an engraving, and there is Robert Gibb's picture, both are out of copyright. Paul B (talk) 18:08, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

Gum hill
removed from the article:

The two sentences have been in the article for years and a "citation needed" has been there for over five years. So I have moved it here so that it is not in article space but anyone interested can still be informed that it exists and needs a source before it is put back into the lead. -- PBS (talk) 22:46, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Well said and well done. You would be shocked at the amount of spiking of English language wikis by Francophones. I'm one of the only people I know on the whole wide internet whom as called out Francophone imperialism anent Belgium etymologies and even etymologies of placenames now stuck inside France. I have written about the etymology of so-called 'Walloon Brabant' having its most famous placename (Waterloo) Dutch, and also how comes there are lots of Dutch placenames to the south of 'Lille' (Rijsel) when the Francophone imperialists claim its always been Romance speaking - they have even done a 'Walloon Brabant' and call those abodes something like 'Walloon Flanders' or somesuch? I get the feeling folk are waking up. All the best. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.223.127.247 (talk) 20:00, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

 * See below. Moonraker12 (talk) 15:07, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

Is Hougoumont to be permanently open?
I think that some clarification would be a good idea in two places in this article.

The introduction states: “Hougoumont[,] which had become dilapidated[,] was fully restored in time for the 200[th] anniversary of the battle and open to the public on 18 June 2015.[1]”

“Open to the public” implies that it was open just for that day. Perhaps the writer of the sentence meant “opened to the public”. This would bring the introduction into greater agreement with the sentence quoted below from the Decay and Restoration section:

“The next day (18 June 2015) Hougoumont was opened to the public on the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo.[1][16]”

If the site was open to the public for just one day, the second sentence above should read “… opened to the public FOR the 200th anniversary of the Battle…”

Neither sentence properly conveys what I think is the true situation, namely that the site is to be permanently opened to the public (otherwise, why spend £3m on restoration?)

The difficulty is that neither of the sources cited clearly states the duration of the opening.

Note 1 Casert’s article does not say anything about the site being open to the public but, in a side panel, this appears:

“The fully restored farm opens to the public on June 18th, 2015, which is the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo.”

“From June 18th” might have been better.

Note 16 Davies, from the Guardian newspaper, merely states: “Up to 200,000 spectators are expected at the site over four days of commemorations…”  She says nothing about whether the site will be permanently open to the public. (Perhaps this note should be moved further up the paragraph so it doesn’t look as though it refers to the opening).

Does anyone have more information (with a firm citation) to clear this up? Freeman501 (talk) 00:12, 20 June 2015 (UTC)

 * There was no need to tag the article, questions such as this are better discussed on talk page. You could have used Google to answer your own question. See this Daily Mail piece Wellington's heroes finally win Waterloo memorial on Belgian battlefield - 100 years after the French got one (dated 20 December 2014) "raised the funds necessary to restore the farmhouse that was at the centre of the Hougoumont fighting and turn it into a state-of-the-art visitor centre. ... Both the farmhouse and the memorial will open to visitors from June."
 * -- PBS (talk) 13:35, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

Etymology, again
I've deleted a chunk of the text in this section, as it is original research, unsupported by the sources given. It was added in June 2015, just after the gum tree story (above) was removed, and claims, without evidence, that the original name was Hogeberg, and cites a work by M Gysseling that mentions neither Hougoumont, nor Goumont, nor Hogeberg, and gives a page number for a different place entirely (Hooglede) which is nowhere near Waterloo. The Fr WP page (which has the same fanciful bollocks, added on the same day by the same editor), also examines the gum tree story, which it attributes to a journalist called La Mayeur, but says it was dismissed by Logie as incorrect; and a claim by Victor Hugo in Les Miserables (p277) that it derives from a nobleman (also called Hugo). I’ve added some detail from there which does seem to have some support, that the name is a late corruption of Goumont, and which can be attested. I trust everyone is OK with that, Moonraker12 (talk) 15:03, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

 * You very well know the fieldname ‘Hougoumont’ is (without shadow) an Frenchified overname onto an original Dutch/Flemish name. The aforesaid should be byworded. 2A00:23C7:2B13:9001:45A1:F89B:B551:B329 (talk) 22:18, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hougoumont


text:
User talk:Jejune~enwiki

Welcome!
Hello, Jejune, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  02:49, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jejune. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jejune~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:40, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:21, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jejune~enwiki


text:
First German Bundestag

The First German Bundestag was the first German parliament after the Second World War. It existed between September 7, 1949 and September 7, 1953. The senior president was Paul Löbe from the SPD. On September 15, 1949, the first Bundestag elected Konrad Adenauer ( CDU ) Chancellor with 202 yes votes, 142 no votes, 44 abstentions and one invalid vote in the first ballot. The first bundestag held a total of 282 sessions, with the last session taking place on July 29, 1953. It was succeeded by the Second German Bundestag.

Dates of Session
1949-1953
 * Election for the first Bundestag occurred on 14 August 1949.
 * The Bundestag convened for the first time in Bonn on 7 September 1949.
 * The session ended on September 7, 1953.

Coalitions

 * CDU/CSU, FDP and DP form coalition (208 seats, 51.7%) to elect Konrad Adenauer as the first Chancellor of Germany

Major political events

 * Bundestag meets with quorum of members to elect Erich Köhler first President of the Bundestag, 7 September 1949.
 * Federal Convention elects Theodor Heuss first President of Germany. The President takes the oath of office before a joint session of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat on the same date, Friday, 12 September 1949.
 * Bundestag elects Konrad Adenauer first Chancellor of Germany, Monday 15 September 1949.
 * Köhler loses support within his own party, Hermann Ehlers elected second President of the Bundestag.
 * Kurt Schumacher is temporarily removed from the Bundestag after calling Adenauer "the Allied Forces' Chancellor"
 * Bundestag passes laws concerning restitution and recovery of damages due to World War II (Lastenausgleichsgesetz), corporate governance, and antitrust regulation
 * Bundestag ratifies treaty for the European Coal and Steel Community

Officers

 * President of the Bundestag - Erich Köhler, Hermann Ehlers

title: First German Bundestag


text:
User:David Richard Bell

Hi, I'm David Bell, a Sun Microsystems Intern working in Broomfield, Colorado. I'm from the United Kingdom and I'm studying Computer Science at the University of Kent.

I'm interested in writing/modifying Computer-related articles (especially Sun Microsystems related) and Naval related articles.

I work with the .Sun group at Sun Microsystems, managing aspects of www.sun.com.

Feel free to contact me at D.Bell at Sun.com.

title: User:David Richard Bell