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Overseas Filipinos

An overseas Filipino (Pilipino sa ibayong-dagat) is a person of full or partial Filipino origin who trace their ancestry back to the Philippines but are living and working outside of the country. They get jobs in countries and they move to live in countries that they get jobs in. This term generally applies to both people of Filipino ancestry and citizens abroad. As of 2019, there were over 12 million Filipinos overseas.

Population
In 2013, the Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO) estimated that approximately 10.2 million people of Filipino descent lived or worked abroad. This number constitutes about 11 percent of the total population of the Philippines. It is one of the largest diaspora populations, spanning over 100 countries.

The Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) tend to be young and gender-balanced. Based on a survey conducted in 2011, the demographics indicate how the 24-29 age group constitutes 24 percent of the total and is followed by the 30-34 age group (23 percent) working abroad. Male OFWs account for 52 percent of the total OFW population. The slightly smaller percentage of the female overseas workers tend to be younger than their male counterparts. Production workers and service workers account for more than 80 percent of the labor outflows by 2010 and this number is steadily increasing, along with the trend for professional workers, who are mainly nurses and engineers. Filipino seamen, overseas Filipino workers in the maritime industry, make an oversize impact on the global economy, making up a fifth to a quarter of the merchant marine crews, who are responsible for the movement of the majority of goods in the global economy.

The OFW population is consistently increasing through the years and this is partly attributed to the government's encouragement of the outflow of contractual workers as evidenced in policy pronouncements, media campaigns, and other initiatives. For instance, it describes the OFWs as the heroes of the nation, encouraging citizens to take pride in these workers.

Economic impact
In 2012, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), the central bank of the Philippines, expected official remittances coursed through banks and agents to grow 5% over 2011 to US$21 billion, but official remittances constitute only a fraction of all remittances.

Remittances by unofficial, including illegal, channels are estimated by the Asian Bankers Association to be 30 to 40% higher than the official BSP figure.

In 2011, remittances were US$20.118 billion.

In 2012, approximately 80% of the remittances came from only 7 countries—United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and Japan.

In 2018, remittance had increased to $31 billion, which was nearly 10% of the GDP of the Philippines.

In 2019, Overseas Filipinos sent back $32.2 billion to the Philippines.

Philippine Independence Day Parade
The Philippine Independence Day Parade, or Philippine Day Parade in New York City, the world's largest outside the Philippines, takes place annually in the United States along Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. The parade is held on the first Sunday in June. Its main purpose is to create awareness of Philippine culture and to raise funds for charity projects in the Philippines and the United States. The Philippine Independence Day Parade is increasingly being attended by both American politicians and Filipino celebrities as well as diplomatic officials who are keenly aware of the significant and increasing political and economic power exerted by the Filipino diaspora in the New York metropolitan area.

Employment conditions
Employment conditions overseas are relevant to the individual worker and their families as well as for the sending country and its economic growth and well-being. Poor working conditions for Filipinos hired abroad include long hours, low wages and few chances to visit family. Evidence suggests that these women cope with the emotional stress of familial separation in one of two ways: first, in domestic care situations, they substitute their host-family's children for their own in the love and affection they give, and second, they actively considered the benefit their earnings would have on their children's future. Women often face disadvantages in their employment conditions as they tend to work in the elder/child care and domestic. These occupations are considered low skilled and require little education and training, thereby regularly facing poor working conditions. Women facing just working conditions are more likely to provide their children with adequate nutrition, better education and sufficient health. There is a strong correlation between women's rights and the overall well-being of children. It is therefore a central question to promote women's rights in order to promote children's capabilities.

According to a statement made in 2009 by John Leonard Monterona, the Middle East coordinator of Migrante, a Manila-based OFW organization, every year, an unknown number of Filipinos in Saudi Arabia were then "victims of sexual abuses, maltreatment, unpaid salaries, and other labor malpractices".

Government policy
Philippine Labor Migration Policy has historically focused on removing barriers for migrant workers to increase accessibility for employment abroad. Working conditions among Filipinos employed abroad varies depending on whether the host country acknowledges and enforces International labor standards. The standards are set by the ILO, which is an UN agency that 185 of the 193 UN members are part of. Labor standards vary greatly depending on host country regulations and enforcement. One of the main reasons for the large differences in labor standards is due to the fact that ILO only can register complaints and not impose sanctions on governments. Returning overseas Filipinos are known as "Balikbayans".

Emigration policies tend to differ within countries depending on if the occupation is mainly dominated by men or women. Occupations dominated by men tend to be driven by economic incentives whereas emigration policies aimed at women traditionally tend to be value driven, adhering to traditional family roles that favors men's wage work. As women are regularly seen as symbols of national pride and dignity, governments tend to have more protective policies in sectors dominated by women. These policies risk to increase gender inequality in the Philippines and thereby this public policy work against women joining the workforce. Female OFWs most often occupy domestic positions. However, some researchers argue that the cultural trends of female migrancy have the potential to destabilize the gender inequality of the Filipino culture. Evidence suggests that in intact, heterosexual families wherein the wife-mother works overseas, Filipino fathers have the potential to take on greater roles in care-giving to their children, though seldom few actually do. Other researchers report that these situations lead to abuse, particularly of older daughters, who face increased pressure and responsibility in the mother's absence. Likewise, the "reversal of breadwinning and caregiving roles between migrant wives and left-behind husbands" more often results in tension regarding family finances and the role each spouse should play in decision making.

The Philippine government has recently opened up their public policy to promote women working abroad since the world's demand for domestic workers and healthcare workers has increased. This has led to the government reporting a recent increase in women emigrating from the Philippines. A healthcare problem arises as migrating women from the Philippines and other developing countries often create a nursing shortage in the home country. Nurse to patient ratio is down to 1 nurse to between 40 and 60 patients, in the 1990s the ratio was 1 nurse to between 15 and 20 patients. It seems inevitable that the healthcare sector loses experienced nurses as the emigration is increasing. The Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement is seen as a failure by most since only 7% of applicants or 200 nurses a year has been accepted on average – mainly due to resistance by domestic stakeholders and failed program implementation. The result is a "lose-lose" outcome where Philippine workers fail to leverage their skills and a worldwide shortage persists. Despite the fact that Japan has an aging population and many Filipinos want to work in Japan, a solution has not yet been found. The Japanese Nursing Association supports "equal or better" working conditions and salaries for Filipino nurses. In contrast, Yagi propose more flexible wages to make Filipinos more attractive on the Japanese job market.

Results from a focus group in the Philippines shows that the positive impacts from migration of nurses is attributed to the individual migrant and his/her family, while the negative impacts are attributed to the Filipino healthcare system and society in general. In order to fill the nursing shortage in the Philippines, suggestions have been made by several NGOs that nursing-specializing Filipino workers overseas, locally known as "overseas Filipino workers" (OFWs), return to the country to train local nurses, for which program training would be required in order for the Philippines to make up for all its nurses migrating abroad.

Host country policies
Wealthier households derive a larger share of their income from abroad. This might suggest that government policies in host countries favor capital-intensive activities. Even though work migration is mainly a low and middle class activity, the high-income households are able to derive a larger share of their income from abroad due to favorable investment policies. These favorable investment policies causes an increase in income inequalities and do not promote domestic investments that can lead to increased standard of living. This inequality threatens to halt the economic development as investments are needed in the Philippines and not abroad in order to increase growth and well-being. A correlation between successful contribution to the home country's economy and amounted total savings upon the migrants return has been found, therefore it is important to decrease income inequalities while attracting capital from abroad to the Philippines.

Many host governments of OFWs have protective policies and barriers making it difficult to enter the job market. Japan has been known for rigorous testing of Filipinos in a way that make them look reluctant to hold up their part of the Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement and solely enjoy the benefit of affordable manufacturing in the Philippines, not accepting and educating OFWs.

Return migration
Returning migrant workers are often argued to have a positive effect on the home economy since they are assumed to gain skills and return with a new perspective. Deskilling has caused many Filipino workers to return less skilled after being assigned simple tasks abroad, this behavior creates discouragement for foreign workers to climb the occupational ladder. Deskilling of labor is especially prevalent among women who often have few and low skill employment options, such as domestic work and child or elder care. Other occupations that recently has seen an increase in deskilling are doctors, teachers and assembly line workers.

To underline what a common problem this deskilling is: Returning migrant workers are calling for returnee integration programs, which suggests that they do not feel prepared to be re-integrated in the domestic workforce.

As the Philippines among other countries who train and export labor repeatedly has faced failures in protecting labor rights, the deskilling of labor has increased on a global scale. A strong worldwide demand for healthcare workers causes many Filipinos to emigrate without ever getting hired or become deskilling while possibly raising their salary. The result is a no-win situation for the sending and receiving country. The receiving countries lose as skilled workers are not fully utilizing their skills while the home country simultaneously experience a shortage of workers in emigrating prone sectors.

Countries and territories with Filipino populations

 * 🇦🇱 Albania:, there were about 121 registered Filipinos in Albania.
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina:, there are around 162 Filipinos in Argentina.
 * 🇦🇲 Armenia:, there were 22,007 Filipinos in Armenia.
 * 🇦🇺: In the 2016 Census, there were 232,386 Filipino Australians.
 * 🇦🇹:, the Filipino community in Austria numbered roughly 30,000. See Filipinos in Austria.
 * 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan:, there are around 3,500 Filipinos in Azerbaijan.
 *  The Bahamas:, there were 2,000 Filipinos in The Bahamas.
 * 🇧🇭:, there were 55,790 Filipinos in Bahrain.
 * 🇧🇩 Bangladesh:, there are around 421 Filipinos in Bangladesh.
 * 🇧🇪:, there were 12,224 in Filipinos in Belgium.
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia:, there are around 39 Filipinos in Bolivia.
 *  Bosnia-Herzegovina, there are around 8 Filipinos in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
 * 🇧🇼 Botswana:, there are around 221 Filipinos in Botswana.
 * 🇧🇷:, there were about 29,578 Filipinos in Brazil.
 * :, there were more than 20,000 Filipinos living in Brunei.
 * 🇧🇮 Burundi:, there are around 2 Filipinos in Burundi.
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia:, there are around 5,402 Filipinos in Cambodia.
 * 🇨🇦:, there were 676,775 Filipinos in Canada. See Filipino Canadians.
 * 🇨🇻 Cape Verde:, there are around 25 Filipinos in Cape Verde.
 * 🇰🇾 Cayman Islands:, there were 4,119 Filipinos in Cayman Islands.
 * 🇨🇳:, there were 12,254 Filipinos in China (Mainland).
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia:, there are around 180 Filipinos in Colombia.
 *  Democratic Republic of the Congo:, there are 25 Filipinos in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
 * 🇨🇰 Cook Islands:, there are around 230 Filipinos in Cook Islands.
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica:, there around 276 Filipinos in Costa Rica.
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba:, there were 9 Filipinos in Cuba.
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus:, there are about 18,000 Filipinos in Cyprus.
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic:, there are around 580 Filipinos in the Czech Republic.
 * :, there were at least 8,000 Filipinos in Denmark.
 * 🇩🇯 Djibouti:, there are now about 200 Filipinos in Djibouti.
 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic:, there are around 58 Filipinos in the Dominican Republic.
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador:, there are around 138 Filipinos in Ecuador.
 * 🇪🇬:, there were 5,717 Filipinos in Egypt.
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador:, there are around 45 Filipinos in El Salvador.
 * 🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea:, there are 493 Filipinos in Equatorial Guinea.
 * 🇪🇷 Eritrea:, there are around 2 Filipinos in Eritrea.
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia:, there are around 41 Filipinos in Estonia.
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia:, there are around 800 Filipinos in Ethiopia.
 * 🇫🇴 Faroe Islands:, a total of about 300 Asian women (from the Philippines and Thailand) are living in the Faroe Islands, married to local men (no numbers given of how many women from each of the two Asian countries).
 * 🇫🇯 Fiji:, there are about 400 Filipinos in Fiji.
 * 🇫🇮: As of 2023, there are 12,770 people in Finland born in the Philippines.
 * 🇫🇷:, there were 44,967 Filipinos in France.
 *  The Gambia:, there are 32 Filipinos in The Gambia.
 *  Georgia:, there are around 3,500 Filipinos in Georgia.
 * 🇩🇪:, there were 65,000 Filipinos in Germany.
 * 🇬🇭 Ghana:, there are 1,990 Filipinos in Ghana.
 * 🇬🇷:, there were 61,681 Filipinos in Greece. See Filipinos in Greece
 * 🇬🇺 Guam:, there are around 42,317 Filipinos in Guam.
 * 🇬🇹 Guatemala:, there are around 254 Filipinos in Guatemala.
 * 🇬🇾 Guyana:, there are around 100 Filipinos in Guyana.
 * 🇭🇰: As of 2016 Census, there were 186,869 Filipinos in Hong Kong.
 * :, there were 220 Filipinos in Honduras.
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary:, there are around 210 Filipinos in Hungary.
 * 🇮🇸:, there were 2,000 Filipinos in Iceland.
 * 🇮🇳:, there were about 2,000 Filipinos in India.
 * 🇮🇩:, there 7,400 Filipinos in Indonesia.
 * 🇮🇷:, there were 903 Filipinos in Iran.
 * 🇮🇶:, there were 1,640 Filipinos in Iraq.
 * 🇮🇪:, there were 13,973 Filipinos in Ireland.
 * 🇮🇱:, there were 29,473 Filipinos in Israel.
 * 🇮🇹:, there were 168,238 documented Filipinos living in Italy. See Filipinos in Italy.
 *  Ivory Coast:, there are some 100 Filipinos in the Ivory Coast.
 * 🇯🇵:, the Philippine government confirmed there were 325,000 Filipinos in Japan. See Filipinos in Japan.
 * 🇯🇴:, there were 40,538 Filipinos in Jordan.
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan:, there were 7,000 Filipinos in Kazakhstan.
 * 🇰🇪 Kenya:, there are some 440 Filipinos in Kenya.
 * 🇰🇮 Kiribati:, there are around 20 Filipinos in Kiribati.
 * :, there were 241,999 Filipinos in Kuwait.
 *  Laos:, there were 730 Filipinos in Laos.
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia:, there are around 123 Filipinos in Latvia.
 * 🇱🇧:, there were 33,424 Filipinos in Lebanon.
 * 🇱🇾 Libya:, there were 2,300 Filipinos in Libya.
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania:, there are around 23 Filipinos in Lithuania.
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg:, there are around 427 Filipinos in Luxembourg.
 *  Macau:, there were 30,000 Filipinos in Macau.
 * 🇲🇬 Madagascar:, there are around 475 Filipinos in Madagascar.
 * 🇲🇾:, there were 620,043 Filipinos in Malaysia. See Filipinos in Malaysia
 * 🇲🇻:, there were 3,000 Filipinos in the Maldives.
 * 🇲🇽:, there are 1,200 Filipinos in Mexico.
 * 🇫🇲 Micronesia:, there are around 1,910 Filipinos in Micronesia.
 * 🇲🇨 Monaco:, there are around 261 Filipinos in Monaco.
 * 🇲🇳 Mongolia:, there were 441 Filipinos in Mongolia.
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegro:, there are around 13 Filipinos in Montenegro.
 * 🇲🇦:, there were 3,000 Filipinos in Morocco.
 * 🇲🇿 Mozambique:, there are around 1,005 Filipinos in Mozambique.
 * 🇳🇷 Nauru:, there are 65 Filipinos in Nauru.
 * 🇳🇵: There are approximately 300 Filipinos in Nepal.
 * 🇳🇱:, there were 16,719 Filipinos in the Netherlands.
 * 🇳🇿:, there were 72,612 Filipinos in New Zealand.
 * 🇳🇬: See Filipinos in Nigeria
 *  North Cyprus:, there are around 3,500 Filipinos in North Cyprus.
 * 🇰🇵 North Korea:, there are 6 Filipinos in North Korea.
 * 🇳🇴:, there were about 18,000 Filipinos in Norway, most of them living in the Oslo urban area. In addition to Filipinos who have intermarried with Norwegians, there are at least 900 licensed Filipino nurses, over a hundred oil engineers employed mostly in offshore projects in the western coast of Norway and Filipinos or Norwegians of Filipino descent working in the government sector, diplomatic missions and NGO's and commercial establishments.
 * 🇴🇲:, there were 52,760 Filipinos in Oman. See Filipinos in Oman
 * 🇵🇰: See Filipinos in Pakistan.
 * 🇵🇼 Palau:, there were 4,000–7,000 Filipinos in Palau.
 *  Palestine:, there were 411 Filipinos in Palestine.
 * 🇵🇦 Panama:, there are around 89 Filipinos in Panama.
 * 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea:, there are 25,000 Filipinos in Papua New Guinea.
 * 🇵🇪 Peru:, there are around 118 Filipinos in Peru.
 * 🇵🇱:, there were 525 Filipinos in Poland.
 * :, there were 3,200 to 20,000 Filipinos in Portugal.
 * 🇵🇷 Puerto Rico:, there were 91,620 Filipinos in Puerto Rico.
 * 🇶🇦:, there were 241,109 Filipinos in Qatar.
 *  Republic of the Congo:, there are around 168 Filipinos in the Republic of the Congo.
 * 🇷🇴 Romania, there are only about 1,500 Filipinos in Romania.
 * 🇷🇺: As of 2017, the Philippine Embassy in Moscow counted "around 6,000" Filipinos in Russia. The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA)'s count rose to "close to 10,000" during the 2022 outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War. Given a bilateral labor-agreement in the works (as of 2021), that number is likely to increase, the effects of the war prove affect it enough.
 * 🇼🇸 Samoa:, there are about 300 Filipinos in Samoa.
 * 🇸🇦:, there were 865,121 Filipinos in Saudi Arabia.
 * 🇷🇸:, there are 76 Filipinos living in Serbia.
 * 🇸🇬:, there were 200,000 Filipinos in Singapore.
 * 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands:, there are around 304 Filipinos in the Solomon Islands.
 * 🇰🇷:, there were 52,379 Filipinos in South Korea.
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa:, there are 2,200 Filipinos in South Africa. See Filipinos in South Africa.
 * 🇪🇸: There are about 200,000 Filipino nationals in Spain. In addition, thousands more hold dual citizenship. Being a former colony of Spain, Filipino citizens can apply for dual citizenship within two years residence.
 * 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka:, there were more than 700 Filipinos in Sri Lanka.
 * :, there are around 400 Filipinos in Sudan.
 * 🇸🇪:, there were 24,456 Filipinos in Sweden.
 * : See Filipinos in Switzerland.
 *  Syria:, there are over 5,000 Filipinos in Syria.
 * 🇹🇼:, there were 147,000 Filipinos in Taiwan.
 * 🇹🇯 Tajikistan:, there were 25 Filipinos in Tajikistan.
 * 🇹🇭: See Filipinos in Thailand.
 * 🇹🇬 Togo:, there are 24 Filipinos in Togo.
 *  Timor-Leste:, there are around 1,220 Filipinos in Timor-Leste.
 * 🇹🇷:, there were 5,500 Filipinos in Turkey.
 * 🇺🇬:, there were about 600 Filipinos in Uganda.
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine:, there were 342 Filipinos in Ukraine.
 * :, there were 648,929 Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates.
 * :, there were 200,000 Filipinos in the United Kingdom. Nurses and caregivers have begun migrating to the United Kingdom in recent years. The island nation has welcomed thousands of nurses and various other occupations from the Philippines during the past 5 years. Many Filipino seamen settled in British port cities during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Liverpool even had an area nicknamed 'Little Manila'. See Filipinos in the United Kingdom.
 * 🇺🇸:, there were 3.4 million Filipinos in the United States, including those of partial descent. Despite race relation problems of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the American Northwest, most Filipino Americans today find it easy to integrate into American society. Filipinos are the second-largest Asian American group in the country. The United States hosts the largest population of Filipinos outside the Philippines, with a Historic Filipinotown in Los Angeles designated in August 2002, the first district established outside the Philippines to honor and recognize the area's Filipino community. The largest population of Filipino Americans reside in California; there are other large populations in the New York metropolitan area, Illinois, Nevada, Texas, and Hawaii.
 * 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan:, there are around 3,809 Filipinos in Uzbekistan.
 * 🇻🇪:, there were about 200 Filipinos living in Venezuela.
 *  Vietnam:, there were nearly 20,000 Filipinos in Vietnam.
 * 🇾🇪:, there were 150 Filipinos in Yemen.
 * 🇿🇲 Zambia:, there were approximately 475 Filipinos in Zambia.

General statistics from Philippine government

 * POEA2004  (overseas Filipinos working and/or living overseas):
 * 3,187,586 stay permanently, 3,599,257 stay for work contracts, and 1,296,972 stay irregularly (without proper documents), which make a sum of 8,083,815.
 * Press release on the 2004 Survey on Overseas Filipinos, Philippine Statistics Authority, on OFWs:
 * 1.06 million Overseas Filipino Workers
 * 33.4% are unskilled workers, 15.4% are Trades and related workers, 15.1% are plant and machine operators and assemblers.
 * 49.3% are males, 50.7% are females.
 * Remittances are 64.7 billion Philippine pesos (equaled US$1.2 billion then)
 * Deployed Landbased Overseas Filipino Workers by Destination (New hires and Rehires) (MS Excel format), Philippine Overseas Employment Administration, 2005, on OFWs:
 * 733,970 are landbased, 247,707 are seabased, which make a sum of 981,677. There is a 5.15% growth since 2004's 933,588.
 * Remittances are US$9,727,138,000. There is a 26.6% growth since 2004.
 * List of Additional Reports from the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration Statistics Page

From other sources

 * AUS -.
 * GWM -.
 * LBN -.
 * NZL -.
 * SAU -.
 * TWN - Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality (JPG and PDF format), 2006 February, CLA, Taiwan.
 * MAL -.
 * USA
 * ARE –
 * AUS –
 * CAN –
 * GWM –
 * IRL –
 * ITA –
 * JPN –
 * LBN –
 * NZL –
 * ROK –
 * SAU –
 * TWN – Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality (JPG and PDF format), 2006 February, CLA, Taiwan.
 * USA
 * Overseas Filipino
 * USA
 * Overseas Filipino
 * Overseas Filipino
 * Overseas Filipino

title: Overseas Filipinos


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User talk:Nishin

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User talk:Misspell

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Dewey Tomko

Duane "Dewey" Tomko (born December 31, 1946, in Glassport, Pennsylvania) is an American former kindergarten teacher turned professional poker player, based in Winter Haven, Florida.

Tomko was the runner-up in the World Series of Poker (WSOP) $10,000 no limit Texas hold'em Main Event in 1982 (to Jack Straus) and 2001 (to Carlos Mortensen). Besides his success in the Main Event, Tomko has won three WSOP bracelets, all in different variations of poker, in addition to various other tournament wins throughout his career.

Early life
Tomko was born and raised in Glassport, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. He began playing poker profitably as a 16-year-old in Pittsburgh pool halls, which allowed him to finance his education.

Tomko worked as a kindergarten teacher for several years, and often played poker through the night. After Tomko realised that playing poker was more profitable than his job, he left his full-time job, played poker full-time and invested a sum of his winnings into businesses.

Poker career
Tomko won his first career WSOP bracelet in 1979, in the $1,000 No Limit Hold'em event. He defeated Duanne Hammrich heads-up to win the title and $48,000 cash prize.

At the 1984 WSOP, Dewey won two bracelets. First, he won the $10,000 Deuce-to-Seven Draw event for $105,000. The next day, he went back-to-back, winning the $5,000 Pot Limit Omaha with re-buys event for his third bracelet and $135,000.

In addition to his WSOP success, Tomko has made two World Poker Tour (WPT) final tables. He finished runner-up in the 2003 Five Diamond World Poker Classic for $552,853 and in fourth place in the Costa Rica Classic for $14,650.

As of 2008, Tomko had played every WSOP Main Event since 1974, the longest streak at the time.

Tomko finished in third place in the 2005 WSOP Deuce-To-Seven lowball event, worth $138,160. He made the final table of the first WSOP $50,000 buy-in H.O.R.S.E. tournament in 2006 ,which featured some of the best tournament and cash game poker players in the world. He finished in seventh place earning $343,200.

As of 2010, Tomko's total live tournament winnings exceeded $4,960,000. Just over half of his tournament winnings, $2,641,573, have come at the WSOP. He is a 2008 inductee into the Poker Hall of Fame. He was inducted alongside Henry Orenstein.

Family
Tomko is married with a son, Derek, who encouraged him to return to playing poker tournaments.

Golf
Tomko is an excellent golfer, spending much of his time on the golf course when he is not playing poker. He has played with many of his fellow high-stakes poker players like Doyle Brunson, Phil Ivey, and many others. One of his most frequent golf partners is fellow poker professional Hilbert Shirey, who also lives in Tomko's hometown of Winter Haven, Florida.

Rick Reilly chronicles a day with Dewey on a golf course in his book Who's Your Caddy.

On NBC's Poker After Dark, poker professional and 2004 WSOP Main Event champion Greg Raymer noted that professional golfer Rocco Mediate has said that if he had one person to putt for his life, it would be Tomko.

title: Dewey Tomko


text:
Wikipedia talk:Meetup/LA

General Discussion Area
This talk page is for L.A. meetup discussions that are NOT specific to any given meetup. To discuss, for example, anything specifically relevant to Meetup #2, please see Wikipedia talk:Meetup/LA/2. Thank you. - Eric 03:34, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia talk:Meetup/LA/1
 * Wikipedia talk:Meetup/LA/2
 * Wikipedia talk:Meetup/LA/3
 * Wikipedia talk:Meetup/LA/4
 * Wikipedia talk:Meetup/LA/SDCC1

Guidelines for Meeting Cancellation
If I did my math right, by summing the percentages in the Intent to Attend section of the first meetup, we get a total of 1900% (the approximation that 19 people intended to attend): 100 + 93 + 88 + 67 + 90 + 90 + 90 + 60 + 60 + 60 + 80 + 40 + 80 + 50 + 65 + 70 + 84.3 + 84.2 + 50 + 65 + 70 + 84.3 + 84.2 + 50 + 70 + 75 = 1900.0 Since 6 people showed, this indicates a 32% follow-through rate. (actually high for Los Angeles, in my opinion)

I suggest a de-facto standard that if the sums of the Intent to Attend section for any scheduled meetup do not exceed 1000% (approximation of 10 people intending to show up) by 12:00pm, the day of the meet, then that meet is effectively cancelled, and deferred to the next month's meetup. - Eric 18:07, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Requirements

 * 1) Show up.  Try to get there a few minutes early, and scope out a good table (or tables, as appropriate). Tell the venue's staff why you're there, and advise them to direct anyone that asks for "Wiki" to where you are. (Don't expect the venue's management to handle this on their own.)
 * 2) Try to maintain a neutral point of view. If all goes well, the meetup runs itself and everyone is amiable, but sometimes a little diplomacy can really help ensure everything goes smoothly.
 * 3) Encourage everyone to contribute, but never insist.
 * 4) Cooperate completely with the venue's staff.  Make sure that we'll be welcomed back to use that location again.  Be sure to clean up all signs and other materials, so nothing is left behind.

Recommendations

 * 1) Call the venue's management the day before to confirm that the meetup is welcome there. Post on that meetup's Talk page the results of any such conversations.
 * 2) Bring a camera. If nothing else, a camera phone would do.  Snap a few pictures after most people have showed up; pictures encourage others to attend future gatherings.
 * 3) Bring some paper, and scotch tape.  Make two or three signs that say "WIKI MEETUP" with arrows to the table. After asking permission of the venue's management, post a sign near the entrance, and on/near the meetup spot.  Fill out the first line of an attendance registry with your real name and your Wikipedia handle.
 * 4) Make everyone feel welcome. Introduce yourself to new arrivals, and encourage the others to do the same.
 * 5) Be bold.  Set an example for the others.
 * 6) Communicate with the other hosts. Coordinate all plans on the meetup's Talk page.

Group offering to host LA Meetups
I thought you folks should know about this.

There's a group with a standing offer to host regular wikimeetups in Los Angeles.

They're at 4402 W. Pico (between Crenshaw and Pico, MidCity). You can learn more about their group here and here. I believe these photos are of the offered space. I think the organizer of this has also been involved with the USC Network Culture Project. I suggest that someone make contact with them. Thanks.--Pharos (talk) 11:51, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Edit-a-thons at UC Riverside!
Hi all, FYI: The UCR Libraries are hosting three edit-a-thons focusing on their great special collections (science fiction, water resources and more) on Oct. 12, 2013, Oct. 26, 2013, and Nov. 23, 2013. Please participate if you can, and please help publicize to friends in the area! Details here. All are welcome, new and experienced editors alike! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 22:34, 1 October 2013 (UTC)

Looking for GLAM Contacts
Hi! I'm the Wikipedian in Residence at the Metropolitan New York Library Council. I was contacted by a museum research librarian in L.A. about the GLAM-Wiki projects we're doing in New York and am looking for people or a GLAM-Wiki group in L.A. to refer her to. If you are a GLAM organizer and are interested in the L.A. area please contact me. OR drohowa (talk) 17:20, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

Wiki Loves Pride
Are there any LA residents interested in participating in Wiki Loves Pride 2014, a multi-national effort to improve coverage of LGBT-related content at Wikimedia projects? Perhaps an edit-a-thon or a photography project? Please visit the project page for details or let me know if you have any questions. Thanks! -- Another Believer ( Talk ) 17:34, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

Take the train down to San Diego for a Wikipedia meetup
For those interested in coming down to Old Town San Diego for a meetup on Sunday 12 April 2015, there is an ongoing discussion as to where to have the meetup. Looking forward to getting some input and some out of town attendees.--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 08:57, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Great American Wiknic 2015 - LA
I'd like to invite you good folks to add an LA event for the Great American Wiknic :) This year we're aiming to coalesce nationally around July 5 or 25, but any date that is convenient to your local community works as well.  And don't be shy about putting something preliminary on the national Wiknic page, it all helps!--Pharos (talk) 04:02, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

Offer of scholarship for your group's representative to attend WikiConference
I am writing to invite participants in your user group to WikiConference North America to be held in San Diego Friday to Monday 7-10 October. Here are further details: Discussion about the conference on-wiki could happen at meta:WikiConference North America.
 * We are accepting submissions until 31 August.
 * We are accepting scholarship applications 9 August - 23 August. About 40 scholarships are available only for people in Canada, the US, and Mexico. Last year about 200 people applied for scholarships.
 * More volunteers are needed. In the usual wiki-way, anyone may comment on program submissions. At the conference in person, all conference organizers will be volunteers. All conference attendees are encouraged check in with conference organizers about volunteering for the task queue even for an hour. Anyone interested may contact to offer volunteer support.
 * Major sponsorship for the conference comes from the San Diego Public Library who are providing the venue and a grant from the Wikimedia Foundation.
 * This is the third year of this conference, with WikiConference USA being in New York in 2014 and in Washington DC in 2015. Check the schedules of those for examples of what kinds of programming will be offered this year.

This year, conference organizers have been able to reserve one scholarship to attend for someone in your organization. I encourage participants in your organization to start a conversation among yourselves about who is available and interested to attend the conference as a representative of your collective interests. If you can identify someone among yourselves to accept this travel scholarship, then please tell me of your choice. The person who wishes to receive a scholarship in this scheme should still complete the scholarship application as soon as possible and before 23 August. After the form is completed and you notify me, then I will note your group's decision for that person. Thanks for your consideration. Write me with any questions.--Pharos (talk) 20:57, 16 August 2016 (UTC)

Wiki Culture Crawl at Balboa Park, San Diego, October 7, 2016
See GLAM/Balboa Park/Wiki Culture Crawl for more information about the upcoming Wiki Culture Crawl (October 7) at Balboa Park in San Diego. Note: The event is free, but registration is required to participate. Also, if any locals are interested in volunteering, please note your availability here, on the event page, or by contacting conference organizers. All are invited to collaborate online and showcase the results of your work, too. Hope to see you there! --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 18:43, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

Invitation to San Diego 2018 Bonfire
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia:Meetup/San Diego/April 2018. RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 18:45, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Invitation to attend a meetup in Temecula
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia:Meetup/San Diego/May 2018. RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 23:41, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Meetup/LA


text:
Heist-Goor

Heist-Goor (also: Goor; ) is a village of Heist-op-den-Berg, that is situated in the south of the province of Antwerp (Flanders, Belgium). In the old days there was a swamp on this location (goor is an old Dutch word for swamp).

Buildings in Heist-Goor
Heist-Goor has its own church, the Saint Alfons church. This church is situated in the center of the place, in the Pastoor Mellaertsstraat (which is the most important street of the hamlet). The church has two bells: the lighter Saint Alfons bell and the heavier Saint Franciscus bell. In the tower there is also a gsm-transmitter.

In the Pastoor-Mellaertsstraat there's also the primary school of Heist-Goor, the Gesubsidieerde Vrije Basisschool Heist-Goor. The hamlet has not got a secondary school. The secondary schools which are the closest bij Heist-Goor, the Heilig-Hartmiddenschool and Atheneum Hof van Riemen, are in the hamlets Heist-Station and Heist-Centrum.

Also the local parish hall is in this Pastoor Mellaertsstraat.

In Heist-Goor there's an old building called 'The Mollehoef', it was built in 1728, and therefore it is the oldest building of the hamlet. The street in which it is built was later called 'Mollehoefweg' (Mollehoef road).

Clubs in Heist-Goor

 * Music school
 * Local library
 * Local marching band: de Goorse Bloesem
 * Amateur theater society: de Goorse Molenwiek

title: Heist-Goor


text:
User talk:Pym98

Welcome!

title: User talk:Pym98


text:
Miss Bangladesh

Miss Bangladesh is a national beauty pageant in Bangladesh that annually selectes representatives to compete in Miss World (1994-2001), one of the Big Four international beauty pageants''. ''

Miss Bangladesh is the registered trademark of Motherland Group.

History
The Miss Bangladesh Contest was first organized in 1994, but the event did not attract national media attention. In 1994, Anika Taher first represented Bangladesh at the beauty pageant Miss World 1994 held in Sun City, South Africa. Shaila Simi was awarded the Miss Ruposhi Dhaka, Bangladesh award in 1998. Sonia Gazi (who was Miss Bangladesh 2000) received media attention. Bangladesh has not sent a representative to Miss World since 2001. The pageant returned briefly for one year in 2007 and was organized by Apurbo.com and sponsored by Motherland Group/Cinevision. However, the winner did not take part in Miss World. After 16 years later Antar Showbiz was created Miss World Bangladesh to give Bangladesh the opportunity to participate in the "Miss World" pageant again. Shirin Akter Shila become the first Miss Universe Bangladesh who represented her country in Miss Universe 2019.

title: Miss Bangladesh


text:
Frederick Erroll, 1st Baron Erroll of Hale

Frederick James Erroll, 1st Baron Erroll of Hale, Baron Erroll of Kilmun, (27 May 1914 – 14 September 2000) was a British Conservative politician.

Background and education
Erroll was the son of George Murison Bergmans, an engineer, and Kathleen, daughter of George Brodrick Edington, a Glasgow ironmaster. The family changed their German surname to Erroll during the First World War. He was educated at Oundle School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with a bachelor's degree in mechanical sciences.

Early life and Second World War
Erroll was an engineer at Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd, Manchester, 1936–38. He was commissioned into 4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters), Territorial Army in 1939, and held technical appointments in connection with tank construction and testing (advising SEAC, 1940–43) and served in India and Burma, 1944–45. He left the forces in 1945 with the rank of colonel.

Political career
Erroll was elected as Member of Parliament for Altrincham and Sale in 1945, holding the seat until 1964. He was Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply, 1955–56; Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, 1956–58; Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1958–59; Minister of State for Trade, 1959–61; President of the Board of Trade, 1961–63; and Minister of Power, 1963–64. In 1964 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Erroll of Hale, of Kilmun in the County of Argyll. In 1972 he was President of the Electric Vehicle Association of Great Britain. In 1999, aged 85, he was awarded a life peerage as Baron Erroll of Kilmun, of Kilmun in Argyll and Bute, to allow him to sit in the House of Lords following the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, which excluded hereditary peers.

He was a Member of the House of Lords Select committee on Science and Technology, 1985–91. He held a large number of business appointments.

Personal life
He married Elizabeth Barrow in 1950. Lord Erroll of Hale died in Kensington and Chelsea aged 86. As they had no children, the hereditary barony became extinct on his death.


text:
Southern mealy amazon

The southern mealy amazon or southern mealy parrot (Amazona farinosa farinosa) is among the largest parrots in the genus Amazona, the amazon parrots. It is a mainly green parrot with a total length of 38 –. It is native to tropical Central and South America. This parrot and the northern mealy amazon (Amazona farinosa guatemalae) are considered conspecific.

Taxonomy
The southern mealy amazon was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux from a specimen collected in Cayenne, French Guiana. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Psittacus farinosus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. The southern mealy amazon is now placed in the large Neotropical genus Amazona  that was introduced by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1830. The species is monotypic. The specific epithet farinosa is from the Latin farinosus meaning "sprinkled with flour".

Description
The southern mealy amazon has a total length of about 38 – and weighs 540 - 700 g. Captives commonly are heavier. It is among the largest parrots in the Americas, mainly being surpassed by the large macaws. It has a relatively short and square shaped tail, as do the other members of the Amazona genus.

The southern mealy amazon is mainly green. The back and nape often have a whitish tinge; almost as if it had been covered in a thin layer of flour ("meal"; hence its name). The distal half of the tail is paler and more yellow than the basal half, thus resulting in a distinctly bi-colored look. In flight it shows a bluish-black trailing edge to the wing and a conspicuous red speculum. Occasionally a few yellow feathers are apparent on the top of the head.

In South America, it is commonly confused with the yellow-crowned amazon, but can be recognized by its larger size, less yellow to the crown (not entirely reliable, as some yellow-crowned may show almost none), the whitish tinge to its plumage, broader white eye-ring, and red of the leading edge of the wing placed near the phalanx (not near the radiale), but this is often difficult to see (especially on perched birds). Their voices are also strikingly different.

The southern mealy amazon was formerly considered conspecific with the northern mealy amazon. The species were split based on the results of a genetic study published in 2012.

Distribution and habitat
The southern mealy amazon occurs in tropical Central America and South America. It frequents humid to semi-humid forest (only rarely in deciduous forest) and plantations. In regions dominated by open/dry habitats it is restricted to gallery forest or completely absent.

Behaviour
The southern mealy amazon is social and can be found in pairs or in large flocks. They are even known to interact with other parrots, such as macaws. They are usually quiet but can be loud at dusk and dawn. In captivity, they are known as one of the gentlest and calmest of all amazons.

Breeding
After southern mealy amazons reach sexual maturity they usually form monogamous relationships with a single partner. Each year courtship usually begins in early spring, and the female will usually lay three or four white eggs in a tree-cavity nest. The female incubates the eggs for about 26 days. The male regurgitates food for the female during the incubation period, and later for the chicks in the nest as well. The chicks leave the nest about 60 days after hatching.

Food and feeding
The diet of the mealy amazon consists mostly of fruits, seeds, berries, nuts, blossoms, and leaf buds.

Status and conservation
It is fairly common in most of its range, but has declined locally due to habitat loss and trapping for the wild parrot trade. Trafficking of the birds (as for exotic pets) is illegal in many nations, but the species are still smuggled into the United States from Mexico. In some areas southern mealy amazons are hunted as food. The southern mealy amazon sometimes feeds on human crops (especially corn) and may be considered a crop pest.

The mealy amazon is bred in captivity with some regularity.

title: Southern mealy amazon


text:
User talk:Anobeak

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Shimgray 09:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Image Tagging Image:Mealy.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Mealy.JPG. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 21:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anobeak


text: User:DuncanCragg

title: User:DuncanCragg


text:
User talk:80.177.206.19

Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikipedia, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
 * The use of a username of your choice
 * The ability to view all your contributions via a "My contributions" link
 * Your own user page
 * Your own talk page which, if you choose, also allows users to send you messages without knowing your e-mail address
 * The use of your own personal watchlist to which you can add articles that interest you
 * The ability to rename pages
 * The ability to upload images
 * The ability to customize the appearance and behavior of the website
 * The eligibility to become an administrator
 * The right to be heard in votes and elections
 * Your IP address will no longer be visible to other users.

We hope that you choose to become a Wikipedian and create an account. Hope you enjoy your time here on Wikipedia as a Wikipedian!

Just a quick note to thanks for your excellent work on juggling. OpenToppedBus - My Talk 10:51, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Juggling notation
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Juggling notation. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Juggling notation. Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate.

Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:16, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Article notability notification
Hello. This message is to inform you that an article that you wrote, Haggis and Charlie, has been recently tagged with a notability notice. This means that it may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines. Please note that articles which do not meet these criteria may be merged, redirected, or deleted. Please consider adding reliable, secondary sources to the article in order to establish the topic's notability. You may find the following links useful when searching for sources:. Thank you for editing Wikipedia! VoxelBot 18:41, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Haggis and Charlie

The article Haggis and Charlie has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Lack of notability and direct references"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Revirvlkodlaku (talk) 17:13, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.177.206.19


text:
User talk:Moley22~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Shimgray 09:56, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Moley22. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Moley22~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:56, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:31, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moley22~enwiki


text:
User talk:Rossjamesparker

November 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Virgin Games has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you.  Flewis (talk) 09:38, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rossjamesparker


text:
User talk:MiroslavB~enwiki

Welcome
Hi Miroslav, welcome to Wikipedia :)

Note that I moved Žeževica to its proper title, we can do that now. Zezevica still exists as a redirect to the right page.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask. Good luck. --Joy [shallot]   09:57, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Biokovo3.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Biokovo3.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. -- Longhair 12:39, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called MiroslavB. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name MiroslavB~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:33, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MiroslavB~enwiki


text:
Microsoft Arcade

Microsoft Arcade is a series of classic arcade game compilations released by Microsoft between 1993 and 2000.

Although the games included in these compilations were very similar to the original arcade games in both appearance and gameplay, they were newly written versions, not ports of the original arcade game code; these versions of the games were programmed specifically for Windows, with each game running in a small window (or in a large window with a border). Each game allowed certain customizations not available in the original arcade game, i.e. the number of lives and bonus levels. The Microsoft Help files included with the games contained history of the development of the original arcade versions of the games.

Microsoft Arcade
The first compilation was released in 1993 on a single 1.44MB floppy for both Microsoft Windows 3.1 and the Apple Macintosh. It contained versions of the following arcade games by Atari:
 * Asteroids
 * Battlezone
 * Centipede
 * Missile Command
 * Tempest

Microsoft Return of Arcade
Two follow up versions were released, including the arcade games from Namco. The first was Microsoft Return of Arcade, released in April 1996. The compilation sold 335,176 copies in 1996 making it the 8th best-selling PC game that year. This compilation contains:
 * Dig Dug
 * Galaxian
 * Pac-Man
 * Pole Position

In 2000, to celebrate Pac-Man's 20th anniversary, Microsoft re-released Return of Arcade and added Ms. Pac-Man (as presented in Revenge of Arcade) to the roster of games. None of the other games from Revenge of Arcade were included. This updated package was called Microsoft Return of Arcade: Anniversary Edition.

Microsoft Revenge of Arcade
The second follow-up, released in 1998, was called Microsoft Revenge of Arcade and contained: Officially, both of these follow-ups required Windows 95 or later, though the demo for Return of Arcade is a 16-bit program that requires only WinG to run in Windows 3.1. This game will not work on 64-bit versions of Windows.
 * Mappy
 * Motos
 * Ms. Pac-Man
 * Rally-X
 * Xevious

Next Generation criticized the PC version of the game, stating that that "(with the exception of Mrs. Pac-Man) all these games are sort of past their sell-by date, and you have an unmitigated disaster, callously cashing in on people's misremembered childhood memories."

Reception
Computer Gaming World in 1993 stated that Microsoft Arcade's adaptation of the five games was "nearly flawless". It favorably cited the many hints and strategies included in WinHelp files for the games, and the boss key. The magazine liked Battlezone the most out of the five games in Microsoft Arcade, but stated that "it's been done better since" by games like Spectre. Despite finding that the games were "made obsolete by technology", it predicted that Arcade would be very successful because of nostalgia, and wished that Microsoft would have updated the games with modern graphics and gameplay. Microsoft Arcade was named the best computer arcade game of 1993 by Computer Games Strategy Plus.

In the United States, Return of Arcade debuted in position 16 on PC Data's computer game sales rankings for April 1996. It rose to 10th place the following month, and continued to chart in the top 10 through August, peaking at #5. The game's streak in the top 20 held through November,  but ended with a fall from the charts in December. According to PC Data, Return of Arcade was the eighth-best-selling computer game in the United States for 1996 overall, after claiming 16th in the rankings for the first half of the year. PC Data reported the game's sales at 335,176 units that year, which earned revenues of $9.5 million.

title: Microsoft Arcade


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Category:Jugglers

This category is intended for notable jugglers or juggling teams. See also: List of jugglers.

title: Category:Jugglers


text: Portal:Writing/Opentask

title: Portal:Writing/Opentask


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Walk Like an Egyptian

"Walk Like an Egyptian" is a song by the American band the Bangles. It was released in September 1986 as the third single from the band's second studio album, Different Light (1986). It was the band's first number-one single, being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and was ranked Billboard's number-one song of 1987.

Composition
Liam Sternberg said he was inspired to create the song while on a ferry crossing the English Channel. When the vessel hit choppy water, passengers stepped carefully and moved their arms awkwardly while struggling to maintain their balance, and that reminded Sternberg of the depiction of human figures in ancient Egyptian tomb paintings. He wrote the words "Walk like an Egyptian" in a notebook. Later, Sternberg looked back in the notebook and, composing the melody with a guitar, he put together an up-tempo song with lyrics about Egyptian hieroglyphs, the Nile River, crocodiles, desert sand, bazaars and hookah pipes and then segued into modern scenes of blonde waitresses, school children and police officers.

Recording
Sternberg finished a demo version by January 1984 with the singer Marti Jones, featuring percussion with kitchen implements. He offered it to Toni Basil, who turned it down. Lene Lovich recorded the first version of the song, but it was unreleased when she decided to take a break from music to raise her family. David Kahne, who like Sternberg was affiliated with Peer International Publishing, was the producer of Different Light. He received a copy of the demo and liked it, especially Jones's "offhand quality", and took the song to the Bangles, who agreed to record it.

Kahne had each member of the group sing the lyrics to determine who would sing each verse; Vicki Peterson, Michael Steele and Susanna Hoffs sang lead vocals in the final version on the first, second and third verses, respectively. Kahne disliked Debbi Peterson's leads, so she was relegated to backing vocals, which angered her and caused tension within the group. The situation was exacerbated by the use of a drum machine in place of her drumming, further diminishing her role in the song. She plays the tambourine during their 1986 performance on BBC's The Old Grey Whistle Test. The whistling in the song was played by a machine.

Critical reception
Di Cross of Record Mirror considered "Walk Like an Egyptian" an example of the Bangles "adopting an eastern flavour amidst the statutory guitars, jangly noises, and quaint vocals, sucking in the candyfloss pop of some predictably inoffensive lyrics", which the reviewer deemed a style regression in the band's career.

Chart performance
"Walk Like an Egyptian" was the third single released from Different Light. It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in September 1986. The song reached a peak of number three on the UK Singles Chart in November 1986 and reached number one in the US on December 20, staying at the top of the Hot 100 for four weeks, carrying it over into January 1987. The success of the song and "Manic Monday" propelled Different Light to number two on the Billboard 200 chart, making it the group's most successful album.

Music video
The music video for "Walk Like an Egyptian" was nominated for Best Group Video at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards. It shows the Bangles performing the song at a concert and scenes of people dancing in poses similar to those depicted in the Ancient Egyptian reliefs that inspired Sternberg. Most of these people were filmed on the streets of New York City, although special effects were used to modify photos of Diana, Princess of Wales and the then Prince Charles, the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, and the Statue of Liberty.

In a popular scene from the video, Hoffs was filmed in a close-up where her eyes moved from side to side, looking left and right. When asked about the scene in an interview, she explained that she was looking at individual audience members during the video shoot, which took place with a live audience. Looking directly at individual audience members was a technique she used to overcome stage fright and she was unaware that the camera had a close-up on her while she was using this technique, switching between one audience member on her left and one on her right.

1990 re-release
In 1990, "Walk Like an Egyptian" was re-issued as a single in the UK to promote the Bangles' Greatest Hits album. It included new remixes for the song called Ozymandias Remix. It charted at number 73 in the UK.

Airplay restrictions
"Walk Like an Egyptian" was one of the songs which were claimed to have been banned by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks. In researching this, Snopes found that the list was simply suggestions regarding songs to be sensitive about when deciding what to play. It was also included in a "list of records to be avoided" drawn up by the BBC during the Gulf War.

Accolades
(*) indicates the list is unordered.

Track listings
7-inch single 12-inch single
 * 1) "Walk Like an Egyptian" (3:21)
 * 2) "Not Like You" (3:05)
 * 1) "Walk Like an Egyptian" (extended dance mix) (5:48)
 * 2) "Walk Like an Egyptian" (dub mix) (5:17)
 * 3) "Walk Like an Egyptian" (a cappella mix) (2:47)
 * 4) "Angels Don't Fall in Love" (3:21)

Personnel
Personnel are sourced from Sound on Sound.
 * Susanna Hoffs – lead and backing vocals, electric rhythm guitar
 * Vicki Peterson – lead and backing vocals, electric lead guitar
 * Michael Steele – lead and backing vocals, bass guitar
 * Debbi Peterson – backing vocals
 * David Kahne – E-mu Emulator II, LinnDrum programming, "dog head" shaker

In popular culture
The song was used as the ending credits theme for the first 24 episodes of the season 2 of the Japanese animated series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders (based on the third part of the manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, which is set on a travel from Japan to Egypt).

The song was also used in Totally Spies! The Movie, in season 3 of Eastbound & Down and during the closing credits of Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra by Alain Chabat, one of the biggest successes in French cinema box-office history.

In Family Guy, Carter Pewterschmidt is shown listening to the song while singing different lyrics that relate to his life.

title: Walk Like an Egyptian


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Huajian Gao

Huajian Gao (, born December 7, 1963) is a Chinese-American mechanician who is widely known for his contributions to the field of solid mechanics, particularly on the micro- and nanomechanics of thin films, hierarchically structured materials, and cell-nanomaterial interactions. He is a Distinguished University Professor at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and Walter H. Annenberg Professor Emeritus of Engineering at Brown University. He is the editor-in-chief of Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids.

Gao was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2012 for contributions to micromechanics of thin films and hierarchically structured materials. In 2021 he received the Timoshenko Medal for "pioneering contributions to nanomechanics of engineering and biological systems."

Education and career
Huajian Gao was born in Chengdu, Sichuan on December 7, 1963.

He received his B.S. in Engineering Mechanics from Xi'an Jiaotong University of China in 1982, and his M.S. and Ph.D. in Engineering Science from Harvard University in 1984 and 1988, respectively. He taught at Stanford University between 1988 and 2002, where he was promoted to Associate Professor with tenure in 1994 and to full Professor in 2000. He joined the Max Planck Society in 2001 as a Director at the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart, Germany. In 2006 he moved to Brown University as the Walter H. Annenberg Professor of Engineering. In 2019, he joined Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Technological University as 2019 Distinguished University Professors, also jointly affiliated as scientific director of Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore. Gao is the editor of the Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. In January of 2024 it was announced that Huajian Gao would be joining Tsinghua University in a full time chair professor position.

Research
Gao has a background in applied mechanics and engineering science. His research interests span over Solid Mechanics, Nanomechanics and Biomechanics. He works on mechanics of thin films and hierarchically structured materials, mechanics of biological and bio-inspired materials, mechanics of nanostructured and nanotwinned materials, mechanics of cell adhesion, mechanics of cell-nanomaterials interactions, mechanics of energy storage systems, and mechanics of metallic glasses.

Awards
Gao received academic honors including a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship in 1995 and the Humboldt Prize from Germany and Rodney Hill Prize in Solid Mechanics from the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) in 2012. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2012, to the Chinese Academy of Sciences (as a foreign academician) in 2015, the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 2017, the National Academy of Sciences in 2018 and American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2019.

In 2021 he received the Timoshenko Medal for "pioneering contributions to nanomechanics of engineering and biological systems."

In 2023, he was elected a Fellow of The Royal Society.

title: Huajian Gao


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Talk:Kirk Fell

Untitled
Should the article warn about the danges of a large black arrow falling on your head whilst at the summit? ;-) Grinner 10:00, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kirk Fell


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David Bruce (microbiologist)

Major-General Sir David Bruce (29 May 1855 – 27 November 1931) was a Scottish pathologist and microbiologist who made some of the key contributions in tropical medicine. In 1887, he discovered a bacterium, now called Brucella, that caused what was known as Malta fever. In 1894, he discovered a protozoan parasite, named Trypanosoma brucei, as the causative pathogen of nagana (animal trypanosomiasis).

Working in the Army Medical Services and the Royal Army Medical Corps, Bruce's major scientific collaborator was his microbiologist wife Mary Elizabeth Bruce (née Steele), with whom he published around thirty technical papers out of his 172 papers. In 1886, he was chairman of the Malta Fever Commission that investigated the deadly disease, by which he identified a specific bacterium as the cause. Later, with his wife, he investigated an outbreak of animal disease called nagana in Zululand and discovered the protozoan parasite responsible for it. He led the second and third Sleeping Sickness Commission organised by the Royal Society that investigated an epidemic of human sleeping sickness in Uganda, where he established that tsetse fly was the carrier (vector) of these human and animal diseases.

The bacterium, Brucella, and the disease it caused, brucellosis, along with the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, are named in his honour.

Early life and education
Bruce was born in Melbourne, Colony of Victoria, to Scottish parents, engineer David Bruce (from Airth) and his wife Jane Russell Hamilton (from Stirling), who had emigrated to Australia in the gold rush of 1850. He returned with his family to Scotland at the age of five. They lived at 1 Victoria Square in Stirling. He was educated at Stirling High School and in 1869 began an apprenticeship in Manchester. However, a bout of pneumonia forced him to abandon this and re-assess his career. He then decided to study zoology but later changed to medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1876. He graduated in 1881.

Medical career
After a brief period as a general practitioner in Reigate, Surrey (1881–83), where he met and married his wife Mary, he entered the Army Medical School in Hampshire at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley. He passed the military examination in 1883 and joined the Army Medical Services (in which he served until 1919). For his first post he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1884 and was stationed in Valletta, Malta.

Bruce was appointed assistant professor of pathology at the Army Medical School in Netley in 1889, and served there for five years. He returned to military field service in 1894 and was posted to Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa. He was assigned to investigate the case of cattle and horse sickness (called nagana) in Zululand. On 27 October 1894, he and his wife (Mary Elizabeth) moved to Ubombo Hill, where the disease was most prevalent. When the Second Boer War broke out in 1899, accompanied by his wife, he ran the field hospital during the Siege of Ladysmith (2 November 1899 until 28 February 1900). For his service during the war, he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1899, Bruce was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. In 1900, he joined the army commission investigating dysentery in military camps, at the same time working for the Royal Society's Sleeping Sickness Commission.

Bruce served as a member of the Army Medical Service Advisory Board from 1902 to 1911. In 1914 he became Commander of the Royal Army Medical College at Millbank, London, the position he held until his retirement as a Major-General in 1919. He was immediately appointed chairman of the governing body of the Lister Institute. During his career, he published more than ninety-seven technical articles, of which about thirty were co-authored by his wife.

Death
He died four days after his wife in 1931, during her memorial service. Both were cremated in London and their ashes are buried together in Valley Cemetery in Stirling, close to Stirling Castle, beneath a simple stone cross on the east side of the main north-south path, near the southern roundel. They had no children.

Malta fever
At the time of Bruce's service in Malta, British soldiers suffered an outbreak of what was called the Malta fever. The disease caused undulant fever in men and abortion in goats. It is transmitted by goat milk. In 1886, Bruce led the Malta Fever Commission that investigated the epidemic. Between 1886 and 1887, he studied five patients having Malta fever who died of the disease. From the spleen of corpses, he recovered a bacterium which he referred to as Micrococcus, which he described:"When a minute portion taken from one of these [culture] colonies is placed in a drop of sterilized water and examined under a high power [of microscope], innumerable small micrococci are seen. They are very active and dance about—as a rule singly, sometimes in pairs, rarely in short chains."Bruce's assistant, Surgeon Captain Matthew Louis Hughes named the disease "undulant fever" and the bacterium, Micrococcus melitensis. The source of the infection was not clear, Hughes believing it to come from the soil and the bacterium inhaled from the air. Bruce reported the discovery in The Practitioner in 1887 with the conclusion:"I think it will appear to be sufficiently proved: (a) that there exists in the spleen of cases of Malta fever a definite micro-organism; and (b) that this micro-organism can be cultivated outside the human body. On the latter point, I may remark that I have already cultivated four successive generations. It now remains to be seen what effect, if any, this micro-organism has on healthy animals; what are the conditions of temperature, &c., under which it flourishes; where it is to be found; how it gains entrance to its human host; and many other points. All of these will take a long time to investigate. I have therefore published this preliminary note in order to draw the attention of other workers to what seems to me to be an attractive field."He was correct in his prediction that it was only in 1905 that goat milk was established as the source of the infection. The discovery that the disease was transmitted from goat milk was generally attributed to Bruce himself. But an analysis of the historical record in 2005 revealed that Themistocles Zammit, one of the members of the commission, was the one who experimentally demonstrated the origin of the bacterium from goat milk.

The genus Micrococcus was changed to Brucella in honour of Bruce and is accepted as a valid name. Accordingly, the disease has been renamed brucellosis.

The fly disease and sleeping sickness
When Bruce was transferred to South Africa, he was sent to Zululand to investigate the outbreak of animal disease which the natives called nagana, and the Europeans, the fly disease. In 1894, he and his wife found that the disease was prevalent among cattle, donkeys, horses, and dogs. They collected blood samples from such infected animals and found parasites which Bruce identified correctly as a type of "Haematozoon" (attributed to protozoans that are blood parasites), as he described in his report in 1895: At this point, I think it will be convenient to give a definite description of the parasite discovered by me in the blood of animals affected by this disease and to bring forward my reasons for considering it to be the proximate exciting cause of the disease. For the present I shall call it the Haematozoon or Blood Parasite of Fly disease, although in all probability on further knowledge, it will be found to be identical with the haematozoon of Surra, which is called Trypanosoma Evansi or at least a species belonging to that genus... He also made accurate identification characters of the parasite as unique organisms: [Under a microscope] can be seen transparent elongated bodies in active movement, wriggling about like tiny snakes and swimming from corpuscle to corpuscle, which they seem to seize upon and worry. They appear to be about a quarter of the diameter of a Red Blood Corpuscle in thickness, and 2 or 3 times the diameter of a corpuscle in length. They are pointed or somewhat blunt at one end, and the other extremity is seen to be prolonged into a very fine lash, which is in constant whip-like motion. Running along the cylindrical body between the two extremities can be seen a transparent delicate longitudinal membrane or fin [later named undulating membrane] which is also constantly in wave-like motion... These parasites evidently belong to a very low form of animal life, namely the infusoria, and simply consist of a small mass of protoplasm surrounded by a limiting membrane, and without any differentiation of structure, except in so far as the membrane is prolonged to form the longitudinal fin and flagellum. He performed several experiments on different animals as to how the parasite was transmitted. He found that the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans), which was common in the region, could carry the live parasites from feeding on the blood of the animals. He established that "the Tsetse Fly plays a most important part in the propagation of the disease", but was unable to show that the flies could actually transmit the disease. He explained:"I have not been able exactly to prove the part which the Tsetse Fly plays in the causation or production of the Fly Disease, I think it well to begin with a consideration of the Fly itself, not only on account of its historical value, but also because I am at present of opinion that the Tsetse Fly does play some part, and perhaps no inconsiderable part, in the propagation of the disease. Be it at once stated that I have not the slightest belief in the notion popularly prevalent up to the present that the Fly causes the disease by the injection of a poison elaborated by itself, after the manner of the leech, which injects a fluid to prevent the coagulation of the blood, or the snake for the purpose of procuring its prey or for defence, but that at most the Tsetse acts as a carrier of a living virus, an infinitely small parasite, from one animal to another, which entering into the bloodstream of the animal bitten or pricked, there propagates and so gives rise to the disease."Henry George Plimmer and John Rose Bradford gave the full description of the new parasite in 1899 as Trypanosoma brucei, the name after the discoverer.

The Sleeping Sickness Commission
There was an outbreak of sleeping sickness in Uganda from 1900. By 1901, it became severe with death toll estimated to about 20,000. More than 250,000 people died in the epidemic that lasted for two decades. The disease commonly popularised as "negro lethargy" was not known to be related to the fly disease. At the time, the human disease was believed to be either a bacterial infection or helminth infection.

The Royal Society constituted a three-member Sleeping Sickness Commission in 1902 to investigate the epidemic. Led by George Carmichael Low from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the team included his colleague Aldo Castellani and Cuthbert Christy, a medical officer on duty in Bombay, India. The expedition was a failure as they found that bacteria or helminths were not involved in the disease.

The second Commission in 1902 was entrusted to Bruce, assisted by David Nunes Nabarro from the University College Hospital. By August 1903, Bruce and his team established that the disease was transmitted by the tsetse fly, Glossina palpalis. The relationship with the fly disease in animals became obvious. In the third Commission (1908–1912) Bruce and his colleagues established the complete developmental stages of the trypanosome in tsetse fly.

Honours and awards

Bruce was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1899. He served as editor of the Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps between 1904 and 1908. He was the recipient of the Cameron Prize from Edinburgh University in 1901. He received the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1904, the Mary Kingsley Medal in 1905, and the Stewart Prize of the British Medical Association. He was Croonian lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians in 1915. He was awarded the Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915, created a Companion of the Bath (CB) in the 1905 Birthday Honours, knighted in 1908 and upgraded to a Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB) in 1918. He was president of the British Science Association during 1924–1925.

Bruce's name features on the frieze of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Twenty-three names of public health and tropical medicine pioneers were chosen to feature on the School building on Keppel Street when it was constructed in 1926.

Bruce was nominated 31 times for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine between 1904 and 1932 for his discoveries in trypanosomiasis but was never selected.

title: David Bruce (microbiologist)


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Central Coast & Newcastle Line

The Central Coast & Newcastle Line (CCN) is a NSW TrainLink passenger train service that runs along the Main North railway line in New South Wales, connecting the state's two largest cities, Sydney and Newcastle. The service runs from s through to Broadmeadow on the Main North railway line to Newcastle Interchange on the Newcastle railway line, and services the Hawkesbury River region, the Central Coast and the city of Newcastle.

Description of route

The route traverses the Main West route until Strathfield, where it diverts north and follows the route of the Main North line until Broadmeadow, before diverting east along the route of the Newcastle branch line. The line is electrified at 1500 V DC throughout, and is primarily double track, although there are refuge loops at Hawkesbury River, Gosford, Wyong, Awaba, and Sulphide Junction (between Cockle Creek and Cardiff). Some services terminate at Gosford and Wyong.

Services primarily operate to and from Central (Sydney Terminal) via Strathfield. During morning and afternoon peak periods on weekdays, some services will operate in the peak direction from either Wyong or Gosford to Central via the North Shore Line, then continuing on as a T1 service from the Central suburban platforms to Blacktown.

Sometimes, when there is trackwork between Strathfield and Hornsby, trains will operate via the North Shore line between Central and Hornsby, then follow the Main North railway line as normal.

History
Prior to electrification of the route, steam hauled passenger trains were varied. From November 1929 until April 1988, the Newcastle Flyer operated on the route. From the time the line was electrified, services to Gosford were hauled by 46 class locomotives, their sphere of operation increasing as the wires were extended. After electrification to Newcastle, services were taken over by U and V sets. Later, the U sets were replaced by K and G sets which, in turn, were replaced by H sets.

The last electric locomotives were withdrawn in March 1998 with all services operated by electric multiple unit stock.

The section of the Newcastle railway line between Hamilton and Newcastle was closed on 25 December 2014. Until the opening of Newcastle Interchange in 2017, Hamilton served as the temporary northern terminus. The closed section between Wickham and Newcastle was replaced with the Newcastle Light Rail that opened on 17 February 2019.

Services
Most all-stations trains have four carriages, with the first and last car being quiet carriages. Peak-hour and most express services usually have eight cars, with quiet carriages on the first, last, and the two middle carriages.

Services via Strathfield depart from Central (Sydney Terminal) and are operated by 4- or 8-car H sets (OSCARs) and 8-car V sets.

From 2024, all services are to be taken over by 4- and 6-car D sets. That will allow H sets to be transferred to the suburban Sydney Trains network.

Completed
The line was electrified to Gosford in January 1960, Wyong in April 1982 and Newcastle in June 1984.

As part of the Northern Sydney Freight Corridor project the following projects were completed: The projects were:

Glendale station
A railway station is proposed to be constructed in Glendale as part of the Lake Macquarie Transport Interchange project. The station will be located between Cockle Creek and Cardiff railway station and will have connections to buses. An extension of Glendale Drive leading to the proposed station has been built and completed in June 2017. However, construction of the station has not commenced.

New Warnervale station
A new station is proposed for Warnervale. The draft Central Coast Transportation Strategy stated that construction of the new railway station was to be completed by 2016. In October 2014 there were some differences between Wyong Council and the State Government over how a strategic piece of land should be developed at Warnervale.

Stations
This table does not include the services which run via the North Shore line and extend to Gosford and Wyong via Gordon.

title: Central Coast & Newcastle Line