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List of Houston highways

This is a list of highways in the Houston–The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area.

Future

 * Red Bluff Freeway - planned from State Highway 146 southeast of Houston to Beltway 8. Only frontage roads have been built.
 * - Sections A, B, and C of the Grand Parkway are in various stages of the planning process.
 * - south-southeast of downtown. The mainlanes planned to be built from its present terminus near University Drive (adjacent to the University of Houston) to south of Beltway 8.
 * - The Fort Bend Tollway is planned to eventually be extended from its northern terminus at US 90A to the southwest corner of the 610 Loop.
 * - The Hardy Toll Road has a proposal to be extended from its southern terminus at the North Loop to Downtown Houston.
 * - The Fort Bend section of the Westpark Tollway, known as the Fort Bend Westpark Tollway, will eventually be extended west to the growing suburb of Fulshear. It will then turn north and end at IH-10 around Pederson Road.

Present

 * Allen Parkway - Between I-45 and Shepherd Drive, a distance of 2.3 miles (3.7 km), Allen Parkway is a limited access parkway.
 * Grand Parkway - Parts of section D (south of the Westpark Tollway) are now being brought up to full freeway standards.
 * Memorial Drive - From Houston Street to just west of Shepherd Drive, a distance of 2.3 miles (3.7 km), Memorial Drive is a limited-access parkway with exits at Heights Blvd./Waugh Drive and Shepherd Drive.
 * U.S. Highway 90 Alternate — South Main Street — south-southwest of downtown from I-610 to near the Southwest Freeway.
 * - From the Harris-Fort Bend county line to the Harris-Montgomery county line for a total distance of 75 miles. Interstate 69 will travel from the U.S.–Mexico border in Brownsville, TX to the U.S.–Canada border in Port Huron, MI when completed in the future. US 59 travels from the U.S.–Mexico border in Laredo, TX to the U.S.–Canada border near Lancaster, MN. 35 miles of US 59 have been designated and dual signed as I-69/US 59 northeast of Downtown Houston. 28 miles of US 59 have been designated and dual signed as I-69/US 59 southwest of Downtown Houston. 12 miles of US 59 have been designated and dual signed as I-69/US 59 through Downtown Houston.

title: List of Houston highways


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Steve James (film producer)

Steve James (born March 8, 1955) is an American film producer and director of several documentaries, including Hoop Dreams (1994), Stevie (2002), The Interrupters (2011), Life Itself (2014), and Abacus: Small Enough to Jail (2016).

Early life
James was born in Hampton, Virginia.

Career
James' career began with the release in 1994 of the award-winning documentary, Hoop Dreams. In 1997, James directed the feature film Prefontaine followed by the TV movies Passing Glory and Joe and Max. His next documentary film Stevie was released in 2002. The Interrupters, a portrayal of a year inside the lives of former gang members in Chicago who now intervene in violent conflicts, was released in 2011 after premiering at the Sundance Film Festival. The film was his sixth feature length collaboration with his long-time filmmaking home, the non-profit Chicago production studio Kartemquin Films. To date, James has had nine films or docuseries premiere at the Sundance Film Festival.

In 2016, James directed Abacus: Small Enough to Jail, which premiered at the Toronto Film Festival and went on to be nominated for an Academy Award, James' second nomination.

Much of James' work is centered in the Chicago area. Besides Hoop Dreams, such works include the film Life Itself on the life of film critic Roger Ebert, and the docuseries, The New Americans, America to Me, and City So Real. James has directed several other documentaries focusing on sports, among them ESPN 30 for 30 films No Crossover: The Trial of Allen Iverson and The Luckiest Guy in the World, a biography of legendary basketball player Bill Walton.

Influences
He is a graduate of James Madison University. His work, he tells journalist Robert K. Elder in an interview for The Film That Changed My Life, was strongly influenced by the film Harlan County, USA:

"There've been many documentaries over the years that have powerfully impacted me. I think this one came along at the time when I was more interested in being a feature filmmaker than a documentary filmmaker. So it came along at the beginning of a process of moving from an interest in feature film to documentaries, and that's where my career has taken me. It came along at the right time for me. It helped me see, 'Ah, this is more what I want to do.'"

James pulls influence from the original definition of the term cinéma vérité as it applies to the Rouch/Morin method of filmmaking. As with Rouch and Morin, the "people on camera and we in the audience are continually reminded that a film is being made, that we are watching a film." We are reminded through James' presence on screen as well as his cinematic editing techniques, in order to obtain what he believes is a more accurate depiction of truth.

He also was influenced by Robert Altman's 1975 film Nashville.

Filmography

 * Stop Substance Abuse, 1986
 * Grassroots Chicago, 1991 (with Kartemquin Films)
 * Higher Goals, 1993 (with Kartemquin Films)
 * Hoop Dreams, 1994 (with Kartemquin Films)
 * Prefontaine, 1997
 * Passing Glory, 1999 (TV)
 * Joe and Max, 2002 (TV)
 * Stevie, 2002 (with Kartemquin Films)
 * The New Americans, 2004 (executive producer, Nigerian story director) (with Kartemquin Films)
 * Reel Paradise, 2005
 * The War Tapes, 2006 (producer)
 * At the Death House Door, 2008 (with Kartemquin Films)
 * No Crossover: The Trial of Allen Iverson, 2010 (ESPN 30 for 30 film) (with Kartemquin Films)
 * The Interrupters, 2011 (with Kartemquin Films)
 * Head Games, 2012
 * Life Itself, 2014 (with Kartemquin Films)
 * Lucky, 2014
 * Abacus: Small Enough to Jail, 2016 (with Kartemquin Films)
 * America to Me, 2018 (with Kartemquin Films)
 * City So Real, 2020
 * A Compassionate Spy, 2022 (with Kartemquin Films)
 * The Luckiest Guy in the World, 2023 (ESPN 30 for 30 docuseries)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Steve James (film producer)


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Magenta (film)

Magenta is a 1996 film by Gregory C. Haynes.

Plot
Michael Walsh, a husband and father, falls for a girl named Magenta. The difficulty is that Magenta is his wife's underaged sister. Magenta is persistent in pursuing Michael, though, and this provides the drama in the story.

Cast

 * Julian McMahon as Michael Walsh
 * Alison Storry as Helen Walsh
 * Marklen Kennedy as Craig
 * Crystal Dillan Atkins as Magenta
 * Fields Company as Dr. Fields
 * Gedeon Burkhard as Roy

title: Magenta (film)


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Talk:KPBS (TV)

Time Warner KPBS in Clear QAM
Up until about August 2009, San Diego Time Warner Cable carried KPBS HD in Clear QAM. Was that signal removed from the TWC line-up? Currently, only KPBS Standard Def can be found in Clear QAM at 549 MHz on TWC. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.88.34.63 (talk) 05:17, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Flagship?
I invite those interested in KPBS' apparent status as a "flagship" station for the Public Broadcasting Service to join in the discussion at Talk:WNET on what constitutes a PBS flagship. -- SwissCelt 19:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Weird. I thought New York (home of WNET) was on the East Coast, not West. --Coryma 20:19, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

As far as I know, WNET is a New Jersey station - at least nominally. All of the in-state PBS station licenses in New York are UHF; WPBS-TV is on 16 and it goes up from there as high as Mountain Lake PBS, One Sesame Street on 57. Nonetheless, the "flagship" nonsense is based on the network owning its largest stations - KCBS-TV, WNBC and the like - which isn't the PBS way of doing things. --66.102.80.212 (talk) 21:10, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

Interference from Clear Channel?
"...most likely due to interference from high power Clear Channel radio stations with antennas atop Mount Soledad."

I fail to understand why "Clear Channel" owned stations are singled out, nor do I understand what the relevance is? A majority of stations in San Diego broadcast from there. 94.9, 100.7, 102.9, 96.5 and 103.7 also broadcast from Mt. Soledad, and none of them are owned by Clear Channel.

Fair use rationale for Image:Kpbsnewslogo.gif
Image:Kpbsnewslogo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:23, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

KPBS over-air TV translators
If I'm right, KPBS has a low-power translator for the Imperial Valley on channels 16 and 47 able to reach Yuma, Arizona and KPBS radio is the area's only source for NPR on 89.5 based in Calexico, California. 2605:E000:FDCA:4200:613F:2DF8:D15B:5AA2 (talk) 03:50, 18 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on KPBS (TV). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf to http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf

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January 2019
The Programming section needs a major rewrite, as not to be overly promotional. I put up cleanup templates to make users aware, but Mikus took them down twice, saying he sees nothing wrong. I don't want to get into 3RR territory. Mvcg66b3r (talk) 20:15, 14 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't see them as promotional. I added much of the existing text in there, I am not affiliated with KPBS (can be seen by me mentioning crappy bitrate after 2017 channel overhaul), and I hate advertising. Still, the information in that section reflects actual facts. Putting an ugly note on the top of the page simply because there are some - unknown to everyone but you, Mvcg66b3r - issues with this section will not do the article any good. If you do not like specific wording, BE BOLD and change them instead of "making users aware". Thanks. Mikus (talk) 21:25, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:KPBS (TV)


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Talk:WCP

Hi I'm a long time Wiki user and this is my first attempt at contributing, any advice is appreciated.--Stillborn 19:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Hey how do u add more than one catagory? I think this should be under Warhammer and warhammer fantasy battles as well, also perhaps we should do a write up for Independent Grand tournaments. --Stillborn 21:27, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:WCP


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List of colleges and universities in Houston

The following is a list of colleges and universities in Houston, located within the city limits.

State universities
Four separate and distinct state universities are located in Houston.

The University of Houston is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. The University of Houston–Clear Lake and the University of Houston–Downtown are stand-alone universities; they are not branch campuses of the University of Houston. Admission into each institution is separate, and each institution has distinct admission criteria and requirements.

Texas Southern University is the only independent state university in Houston and is one of the largest historically black universities in the U.S.

Community colleges
Colleges in or nearby Houston Other Community Colleges around Houston
 * Houston Community College System
 * Lone Star College System
 * San Jacinto College
 * Alvin Community College
 * Blinn College
 * Brazosport College
 * College of the Mainland
 * Lee College
 * Wharton County Junior College

Private universities
Nonsectarian
 * Rice University, established in 1912, is a private Tier One research university located at 6100 Main, Houston, Texas.  Rice enrolled 3,001 undergraduate, 897 post-graduate, and 1,247 doctoral students and awarded 1,448 degrees in 2007. The university is organized into eight schools offering 40 undergraduate degree programs, 51 masters programs, and 29 doctoral programs.
 * Strayer University, established in 1892, is a private college offering associate's, bachelor's and master's degree programs. There are 3 campuses in the Houston area offering both on campus and online class options.
 * Houston Graduate School of Theology
 * North American University, established in 2007, is a private college offering bachelor's degree programs in three disciplines: computer science, business administration and education.
 * American InterContinental University, 9999 Richmond Avenue, Houston, Texas, offers 2 associate degree programs, 24 bachelor programs, and 11 masters programs in 5 disciplines: business administration, accounting, criminal justice, healthcare management and information technology.

Sectarian

 * The College of Biblical Studies, 7000 Regency Square Blvd., Houston, Texas, is a Bible college that is non-denominational. It is dual-accredited by SACS-COC and ABHE and was founded in 1976 by Rev. Ernest L. Mays. The school continues to strive to equip African American and other ethnic minority pastors to serve the church and the world through both English- and Spanish-language undergraduate degree offerings.
 * Houston Christian University, 7502 Fondren Road, Houston, Texas, offers more than 50 undergraduate majors. Pre-professional programs range from Biblical languages to nursing.
 * University of St. Thomas, located at 3800 Montrose, Houston, Texas, is a comprehensive Catholic university, grounded in the liberal arts. Founded by 1947 by Basilian Fathers, it serves as the only Catholic university in the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston.

Law schools
Public
 * Texas Southern University, Thurgood Marshall School of Law
 * University of Houston Law Center

Private
 * South Texas College of Law

Independent schools

 * Center for Advanced Legal Studies

Health institutions
Public

 * Institute of Biosciences and Technology
 * Prairie View A&M University College of Nursing
 * Texas Southern University School of Pharmacy and Health Science
 * Texas Woman's University Health Science Center Houston
 * University of Houston College of Medicine
 * University of Houston College of Optometry
 * University of Houston College of Pharmacy
 * The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
 * MD Anderson Cancer Center

Private

 * Baylor College of Medicine
 * Memorial Hermann Clinical Innovation and Research Institute (CIRI)
 * The Methodist Hospital Research Institute
 * Texas Children's Hospital

Former institutions

 * Christian College of America
 * Gulf Coast Bible College (moved to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1985)
 * South Texas Junior College


text:
Talk:Mr. Bananagrabber

Untitled
Isn't the Bananagrabber mentioned or featured in a later episode?

title: Talk:Mr. Bananagrabber


text:
Talk:Plant pathology

Wiki Education assignment: Plant Ecology Winter 2023
— Assignment last updated by IAMPLANTMAN (talk) 05:50, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

Human element to epidemiology
Various sources suggest humans play a part in the spread of invasive plant pathogens around the world; some examples:
 * Tracing the role of human civilization in the globalization of plant pathogens (The ISME Journal)
 * Impacts of climate change on plant diseases—opinions and trends (European Journal of Plant Pathology)
 * Geographic distribution of plant pathogens in response to climate change (Plant Pathology)

But the epidemiology section is mostly about a "disease triangle" and has no obvious place to insert a couple sentences. I kinda want to just start the process of replacing it with properly sourced stuff, but that would leave an even more unbalanced section and trying to write a full section from scratch is beyond me. It seems to me this should ideally be mentioned in the article, though. 92.30.149.54 (talk) 20:42, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes. We actually have two subjects conflated here: Plant pathology, which is the study of plant disease, and Plant disease, which is the thing studied. Compare Biology and Life, or Zoology and Animal: we have a pair of articles in each case. You want to add a bit to the Epidemics section of Plant diseases, not to Epidemiology in Plant Pathology. Only problem is, they don't exist. We need to create them. Chiswick Chap (talk) 21:13, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I was looking at some of the redirects here earlier; plant disease, plant pathogen, and a host of others have redirected here for years which struck me as messy. 92.30.149.54 (talk) 21:54, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * OK, I've done the split. Undoubtedly much to do but things should now be a lot less of a muddle. Chiswick Chap (talk) 13:57, 27 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Great! I'm a little under the weather but will try and add something to the plant disease article about human elements tonight or tomorrow. For now, I'm going to try and figure out which redirects should go to which one. Oh, it also occurs to me that currently we have nothing about abiotic plant disease... Will look for that sometime too. Thanks. I did take a look at your contribs/userpage and admit to being in awe of all you do here. 92.30.149.54 (talk) 17:24, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

"Slime mould diseases" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slime_mould_diseases&redirect=no Slime mould diseases] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 19:02, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plant pathology


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Robert Harvey

Robert Harvey or Rob Harvey may refer to:

Sports

 * Robert Harvey (cricketer) (1911–2000), South African cricketer
 * Robert Harvey (footballer) (born 1971), Australian rules football coach and former player

Politicians

 * Robert Harvey (Australian politician) (1897–1968), member of the Tasmanian Parliament
 * Robert Harvey (Clwyd politician) (born 1953), British historian and Conservative politician, former MP for Clwyd South West (1983–1987)
 * Sir Robert Harvey, 1st Baronet, of Crown Point (1817–1870), MP Thetford 1865–1868
 * Sir Robert Harvey, 1st Baronet of Langley Park (1825–1887), MP Buckinghamshire 1863–1868, 1874–1885

Others

 * R. C. Harvey (Robert C. Harvey, born 1937), author, critic and cartoonist
 * Rob Harvey (special effects artist), Academy Award-winning special effects artist
 * Sir Robert Harvey (businessman) (1847–1930), British saltpetre producer in Bolivia, Peru and Chile
 * Robert Harvey (literary theorist) (born 1951), literary scholar and academic
 * Robert Harvey (musician) (born 1983), British musician
 * Robert B. Harvey, co-founder of Harvey Comics

title: Robert Harvey


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ñor

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 21:58, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Ñor
Been transwikied, now needs deletion. humblefool® 19:21, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef already in wiktionary. JamesBurns 04:41, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ñor


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Talk:Vagn

Untitled
This should be moved to Vagn Åkesson I think Fornadan (t) 19:21, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not opposed to a move --Briangotts (talk) 19:56, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vagn


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Dunning–Kruger effect

The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. It was first described by Justin Kruger and David Dunning in 1999. Some researchers also include the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate their skills. In popular culture, the Dunning–Kruger effect is often misunderstood as a claim about general overconfidence of people with low intelligence instead of specific overconfidence of people unskilled at a particular task.

Numerous similar studies have been done. The Dunning–Kruger effect is usually measured by comparing self-assessment with objective performance. For example, participants may take a quiz and estimate their performance afterward, which is then compared to their actual results. The original study focused on logical reasoning, grammar, and social skills. Other studies have been conducted across a wide range of tasks. They include skills from fields such as business, politics, medicine, driving, aviation, spatial memory, examinations in school, and literacy.

There is disagreement about the causes of the Dunning–Kruger effect. According to the metacognitive explanation, poor performers misjudge their abilities because they fail to recognize the qualitative difference between their performances and the performances of others. The statistical model explains the empirical findings as a statistical effect in combination with the general tendency to think that one is better than average. Some proponents of this view hold that the Dunning–Kruger effect is mostly a statistical artifact. The rational model holds that overly positive prior beliefs about one's skills are the source of false self-assessment. Another explanation claims that self-assessment is more difficult and error-prone for low performers because many of them have very similar skill levels.

There is also disagreement about where the effect applies and about how strong it is, as well as about its practical consequences. Inaccurate self-assessment could potentially lead people to making bad decisions, such as choosing a career for which they are unfit, or engaging in dangerous behavior. It may also inhibit people from addressing their shortcomings to improve themselves. Critics argue that such an effect would have much more dire consequences than what is observed.

Definition
The Dunning–Kruger effect is defined as the tendency of people with low ability in a specific area to give overly positive assessments of this ability. This is often seen as a cognitive bias, i.e. as a systematic tendency to engage in erroneous forms of thinking and judging. In the case of the Dunning–Kruger effect, this applies mainly to people with low skill in a specific area trying to evaluate their competence within this area. The systematic error concerns their tendency to greatly overestimate their competence, i.e. to see themselves as more skilled than they are.

The Dunning–Kruger effect is usually defined specifically for the self-assessments of people with a low level of competence. But some theorists do not restrict it to the bias of people with low skill, also discussing the reverse effect, i.e., the tendency of highly skilled people to underestimate their abilities relative to the abilities of others. In this case, the source of the error may not be the self-assessment of one's skills, but an overly positive assessment of the skills of others. This phenomenon can be understood as a form of the false-consensus effect, i.e., the tendency to "overestimate the extent to which other people share one's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours".

Some researchers include a metacognitive component in their definition. In this view, the Dunning–Kruger effect is the thesis that those who are incompetent in a given area tend to be ignorant of their incompetence, i.e., they lack the metacognitive ability to become aware of their incompetence. This definition lends itself to a simple explanation of the effect: incompetence often includes being unable to tell the difference between competence and incompetence. For this reason, it is difficult for the incompetent to recognize their incompetence. This is sometimes termed the "dual-burden" account, since low performers are affected by two burdens: they lack a skill and they are unaware of this deficiency. Other definitions focus on the tendency to overestimate one's ability and see the relation to metacognition as a possible explanation that is not part of the definition. This contrast is relevant since the metacognitive explanation is controversial. Many criticisms of the Dunning–Kruger effect target this explanation but accept the empirical findings that low performers tend to overestimate their skills.

Among laypeople, the Dunning–Kruger effect is often misunderstood as the claim that people with low intelligence are more confident in their knowledge and skills than people with high intelligence. According to psychologist Robert D. McIntosh and his colleagues, it is sometimes understood in popular culture as the claim that "stupid people are too stupid to know they are stupid". But the Dunning–Kruger effect applies not to intelligence in general but to skills in specific tasks. Nor does it claim that people lacking a given skill are as confident as high performers. Rather, low performers overestimate themselves but their confidence level is still below that of high performers.

Measurement, analysis, and investigated tasks
The most common approach to measuring the Dunning–Kruger effect is to compare self-assessment with objective performance. The self-assessment is sometimes called subjective ability in contrast to the objective ability corresponding to the actual performance. The self-assessment may be done before or after the performance. If done afterward, the participants receive no independent clues during the performance as to how well they did. Thus, if the activity involves answering quiz questions, no feedback is given as to whether a given answer was correct. The measurement of the subjective and the objective abilities can be in absolute or relative terms. When done in absolute terms, self-assessment and performance are measured according to objective standards, e.g. concerning how many quiz questions were answered correctly. When done in relative terms, the results are compared with a peer group. In this case, participants are asked to assess their performances in relation to the other participants, for example in the form of estimating the percentage of peers they outperformed. The Dunning–Kruger effect is present in both cases, but tends to be significantly more pronounced when done in relative terms. This means that people are usually more accurate when predicting their raw score than when assessing how well they did relative to their peer group.

The main point of interest for researchers is usually the correlation between subjective and objective ability. To provide a simplified form of analysis of the measurements, objective performances are often divided into four groups. They start from the bottom quartile of low performers and proceed to the top quartile of high performers. The strongest effect is seen for the participants in the bottom quartile, who tend to see themselves as being part of the top two quartiles when measured in relative terms.

The initial study by David Dunning and Justin Kruger examined the performance and self-assessment of undergraduate students in inductive, deductive, and abductive logical reasoning; English grammar; and appreciation of humor. Across four studies, the research indicates that the participants who scored in the bottom quartile overestimated their test performance and their abilities. Their test scores placed them in the 12th percentile, but they ranked themselves in the 62nd percentile. Other studies focus on how a person's self-view causes inaccurate self-assessments. Some studies indicate that the extent of the inaccuracy depends on the type of task and can be improved by becoming a better performer.

Overall, the Dunning–Kruger effect has been studied across a wide range of tasks, in aviation, business, debating, chess, driving, literacy, medicine, politics, spatial memory, and other fields. Many studies focus on students—for example, how they assess their performance after an exam. In some cases, these studies gather and compare data from different countries. Studies are often done in laboratories; the effect has also been examined in other settings. Examples include assessing hunters' knowledge of firearms and large Internet surveys.

Explanations
Various theorists have tried to provide models to explain the Dunning–Kruger effect's underlying causes. The original explanation by Dunning and Kruger holds that a lack of metacognitive abilities is responsible. This interpretation is not universally accepted, and many alternative explanations are discussed in the academic literature. Some of them focus only on one specific factor, while others see a combination of various factors as the cause.

Metacognitive
The metacognitive explanation rests on the idea that part of acquiring a skill consists in learning to distinguish between good and bad performances of the skill. It assumes that people of low skill level are unable to properly assess their performance because they have not yet acquired the discriminatory ability to do so. This leads them to believe that they are better than they actually are because they do not see the qualitative difference between their performance and that of others. In this regard, they lack the metacognitive ability to recognize their incompetence. This model has also been called the "dual-burden account" or the "double-burden of incompetence", since the burden of regular incompetence is paired with the burden of metacognitive incompetence. The metacognitive lack may hinder some people from becoming better by hiding their flaws from them. This can then be used to explain how self-confidence is sometimes higher for unskilled people than for people with an average skill: only the latter are aware of their flaws.

Some attempts have been made to measure metacognitive abilities directly to examine this hypothesis. Some findings suggest that poor performers have reduced metacognitive sensitivity, but it is not clear that its extent is sufficient to explain the Dunning–Kruger effect. Another study concluded that unskilled people lack information but that their metacognitive processes have the same quality as those of skilled people. An indirect argument for the metacognitive model is based on the observation that training people in logical reasoning helps them make more accurate self-assessments. Many criticisms of the metacognitive model hold that it has insufficient empirical evidence and that alternative models offer a better explanation.

Statistical and better-than-average effect
A different interpretation is further removed from the psychological level and sees the Dunning–Kruger effect as mainly a statistical artifact. It is based on the idea that the statistical effect known as regression toward the mean explains the empirical findings. This effect happens when two variables are not perfectly correlated: if one picks a sample that has an extreme value for one variable, it tends to show a less extreme value for the other variable. For the Dunning–Kruger effect, the two variables are actual performance and self-assessed performance. If a person with low actual performance is selected, their self-assessed performance tends to be higher.

Most researchers acknowledge that regression toward the mean is a relevant statistical effect that must be taken into account when interpreting the empirical findings. This can be achieved by various methods. Some theorists, like Gilles Gignac and Marcin Zajenkowski, go further and argue that regression toward the mean in combination with other cognitive biases, like the better-than-average effect, can explain most of the empirical findings. This type of explanation is sometimes called "noise plus bias".

According to the better-than-average effect, people generally tend to rate their abilities, attributes, and personality traits as better than average. For example, the average IQ is 100, but people on average think their IQ is 115. The better-than-average effect differs from the Dunning–Kruger effect since it does not track how the overly positive outlook relates to skill. The Dunning–Kruger effect, on the other hand, focuses on how this type of misjudgment happens for poor performers. When the better-than-average effect is paired with regression toward the mean, it shows a similar tendency. This way, it can explain both that unskilled people greatly overestimate their competence and that the reverse effect for highly skilled people is much less pronounced. This can be shown using simulated experiments that have almost the same correlation between objective and self-assessed ability as actual experiments.

Some critics of this model have argued that it can explain the Dunning–Kruger effect only when assessing one's ability relative to one's peer group. But it may not be able to explain self-assessment relative to an objective standard. A further objection claims that seeing the Dunning–Kruger effect as a regression toward the mean is only a form of relabeling the problem and does not explain what mechanism causes the regression.

Based on statistical considerations, Nuhfer et al. arrive at the conclusion that there is no strong tendency to overly positive self-assessment and that the label "unskilled and unaware of it" applies only to few people. Science communicator Jonathan Jarry makes the case that this effect is the only one shown in the original and subsequent papers. Dunning has defended his findings, writing that purely statistical explanations often fail to consider key scholarly findings while adding that self-misjudgements are real regardless of their underlying cause.

Rational
The rational model of the Dunning–Kruger effect explains the observed regression toward the mean not as a statistical artifact but as the result of prior beliefs. If low performers expect to perform well, this can cause them to give an overly positive self-assessment. This model uses a psychological interpretation that differs from the metacognitive explanation. It holds that the error is caused by overly positive prior beliefs and not by the inability to correctly assess oneself. For example, after answering a ten-question quiz, a low performer with only four correct answers may believe they got two questions right and five questions wrong, while they are unsure about the remaining three. Because of their positive prior beliefs, they will automatically assume that they got these three remaining questions right and thereby overestimate their performance.

Distribution of high and low performers
Another model sees the way high and low performers are distributed as the source of erroneous self-assessment. It is based on the assumption that many low performers' skill levels are very similar, i.e., that "many people [are] piled up at the bottom rungs of skill level". This would make it much more difficult for them to accurately assess their skills in relation to their peers. According to this model, the reason for the increased tendency to give false self-assessments is not a lack of metacognitive ability but a more challenging situation in which this ability is applied. One criticism of this interpretation is directed against the assumption that this type of distribution of skill levels can always be used as an explanation. While it can be found in various fields where the Dunning–Kruger effect has been researched, it is not present in all of them. Another criticism holds that this model can explain the Dunning–Kruger effect only when the self-assessment is measured relative to one's peer group. But it may fail when it is measured relative to absolute standards.

Lack of incentive
A further explanation, sometimes given by theorists with an economic background, focuses on the fact that participants in the corresponding studies lack incentive to give accurate self-assessments. In such cases, intellectual laziness or a desire to look good to the experimenter may motivate participants to give overly positive self-assessments. For this reason, some studies were conducted with additional incentives to be accurate. One study gave participants a monetary reward based on how accurate their self-assessments were. These studies failed to show any significant increase in accuracy for the incentive group in contrast to the control group.

Practical significance
There are disagreements about the Dunning–Kruger effect's magnitude and practical consequences as compared to other psychological effects. Claims about its significance often focus on how it causes affected people to make decisions that have bad outcomes for them or others. For example, according to Gilles E. Gignac and Marcin Zajenkowski, it can have long-term consequences by leading poor performers into careers for which they are unfit. High performers underestimating their skills, though, may forgo viable career opportunities matching their skills in favor of less promising ones that are below their skill level. In other cases, the wrong decisions can also have short-term effects. For example, Pavel et al. hold that overconfidence can lead pilots to operate a new aircraft for which they lack adequate training or to engage in flight maneuvers that exceed their proficiency.

Emergency medicine is another area where the correct assessment of one's skills and the risks of treatment matters. According to Lisa TenEyck, the tendencies of physicians in training to be overconfident must be considered to ensure the appropriate degree of supervision and feedback. Schlösser et al. hold that the Dunning–Kruger effect can also negatively affect economic activities. This is the case, for example, when the price of a good, such as a used car, is lowered by the buyers' uncertainty about its quality. An overconfident buyer unaware of their lack of knowledge may be willing to pay a much higher price because they do not take into account all the potential flaws and risks relevant to the price.

Another implication concerns fields in which researchers rely on people's self-assessments to evaluate their skills. This is common, for example, in vocational counseling or to estimate students' and professionals' information literacy skills. According to Khalid Mahmood, the Dunning–Kruger effect indicates that such self-assessments often do not correspond to the underlying skills. It implies that they are unreliable as a method for gathering this type of data. Regardless of the field in question, the metacognitive ignorance often linked to the Dunning–Kruger effect may inhibit low performers from improving themselves. Since they are unaware of many of their flaws, they may have little motivation to address and overcome them.

Not all accounts of the Dunning–Kruger effect focus on its negative sides. Some also concentrate on its positive sides, e.g. that ignorance is sometimes bliss. In this sense, optimism can lead people to experience their situation more positively, and overconfidence may help them achieve even unrealistic goals. To distinguish the negative from the positive sides, two important phases have been suggested to be relevant for realizing a goal: preparatory planning and the execution of the plan. According to Dunning, overconfidence may be beneficial in the execution phase by increasing motivation and energy. However it can be detrimental in the planning phase since the agent may ignore bad odds, take unnecessary risks, or fail to prepare for contingencies. For example, being overconfident may be advantageous for a general on the day of battle because of the additional inspiration passed on to his troops. But it can be disadvantageous in the weeks before by ignoring the need for reserve troops or additional protective gear.

In 2000, Kruger and Dunning were awarded the satirical Ig Nobel Prize in recognition of the scientific work recorded in "their modest report".

title: Dunning–Kruger effect


text:
Marie-Thérèse Walter

Marie-Thérèse Walter (13 July 1909 – 20 October 1977) was a French model and lover of Pablo Picasso from 1927 to about 1935 and the mother of their daughter Maya Widmaier-Picasso. Their relationship began when she was seventeen years old. He was 45 and married to his first wife, Olga Khokhlova. It ended after Picasso moved on to his next relationship, with artist Dora Maar. Walter is known as Picasso's "golden muse" and inspired numerous artworks and sculptures that he created of her during their relationship.

Biography
Marie-Thérèse Walter was born on 13 July 1909 in Le Perreux, France. She was the illegitimate child of a French woman and a Swedish businessman.

Early years with Picasso
On 8 January 1927, Walter first met Picasso in front of the Galeries Lafayette in Paris. At the time, she was living with her mother and sisters at Maisons-Alfort, a suburb southeast of Paris. Picasso approached her and said, "You have an interesting face. I would like to do a portrait of you. I am Picasso". Walter was unfamiliar with his name but was flattered by the attention. The relationship began after Picasso invited Walter to visit his studio on 11 January 1927, which was situated on the floor above his apartment on Rue La Boétie. He studied her face and body and invited her to return the next day. The visits continued daily causing Walter to tell her mother that she had a job. She said, "He told me that I had saved his life, but I had no idea what he meant". A week after they first met, they were in a sexual relationship. At the time, Picasso was married to Olga Khokhlova, a Ukrainian ballerina, with whom he had a five-year-old son. He and Walter, then seventeen years old, began a relationship which was kept secret from his wife until 1935. Walter reinvigorated Picasso's artwork. He began to draw her portrait repeatedly, inspired by her fresh, athletic appearance, curves, and oval face. Walter was very active and involved in rowing, gymnastics, and cycling. Walter commented, "My life with him was always secret, calm, and peaceful. We said nothing to anyone. We were happy like that, and we did not ask anything more".

In the summer of 1928, the Picasso family stayed at Dinard, where Picasso also installed Walter at a summer camp for girls and arranged to see her in secret at his rented beach cabana. In July 1930, he bought a château at Boisgeloup close to Gisors, which he used as a studio for sculpture. His wife frequented the estate on weekends before returning to Paris, while his mistress spent the week with him. Walter was the unseen shadow of the family and became his model and muse for both paintings and sculptures.

In September 1932, Walter nearly drowned after falling out of her kayak on the river Marne. This event caused her to contract a viral infection that resulted in hospitalisation and the loss of her hair. In response, Picasso painted Rescue on 20 November, an image of a woman being saved from drowning.

In October 1932, Picasso's first major retrospective took place at the Galeries Georges Petit, which displayed numerous artworks depicting nude portraits of Walter, revealing the nature of his relationship with her. These portraits included The Dream and Nude, Green Leaves and Bust.

Final years with Picasso
In 1934, Walter became pregnant. She informed Picasso on Christmas Eve 1934. Khokhlova had already left the family apartment on Rue La Boétie that year, but rather than moving in with Walter, Picasso rented a neighbouring house for her. When Khokhlova was informed by a friend that her husband had a longtime relationship with a woman who was expecting a child, she immediately left Picasso and moved to the South of France with their son, Paulo. Picasso and Khokhlova never divorced, and although Picasso was intent on it and explored the legal possibilities, Khokhlova was "bitterly opposed to the whole thing". Instead, she impounded his work until he came to terms eventually paying her a large allowance. They lived separately until her death in 1955.

On 5 September 1935, Picasso and Walter's daughter, María de la Concepción, called "Maya", was born in Boulogne-Billancourt. Walter and Maya stayed with Picasso at Juan-les-Pins in the South of France from 25 March to 14 May 1936, and then moved to Le Tremblay-sur-Mauldre, 25 km from Versailles, in autumn 1937. Picasso visited on the weekends and some weekdays to play with his daughter. Maya also modeled for some of his paintings, including Maya with Doll (1938).

By the time of Maya's birth, Picasso had already been seeing several other women including Alice Paalen and Valentine Hugo. Several months after the birth of Maya, he began a relationship with Dora Maar, a surrealist photographer and model for Picasso, in 1936. He maintained relationships with both women and combined their portraits in the 1937 artwork Girl with a Red Beret and Pompom. Picasso installed Walter, her sister and mother at Villa Gerbier de Jonc in Royan, where he spent time with her on weekends away from Maar.

Once, Walter and Maar met accidentally in Picasso's studio when he was painting Guernica. Asked about this in later life, Picasso allegedly remarked that he had been quite happy with the situation and that when they demanded that he choose between them, he told them that they would have to fight it out themselves, at which point the two women began to wrestle. The art historian and friend of Picasso, John Richardson, said this story was not true and both Maar and Picasso told him it never happened. He said it is more likely that the event is imagined from the pictorial representation of Walter and Maar who appear as if in battle at opposite ends of the composition of Guernica. His daughter Maya later recalled unexpectedly encountering Maar on a visit to the studio with her mother: “One day we turned up and she was there, standing next to Guernica. I started crying and said to my father, ‘I don’t want to see the dribbly lady.’ I was talking about Dora Maar, who licked her lips a lot. I never saw her again.”

On 4 December 1937, Picasso painted Femme au béret et à la robe quadrillée (Marie-Thérèse Walter), which depicts the fused portraits of Walter and Maar using the angular lines of Cubism and expresses his shifting affection from Walter to his new love, Maar. Walter's relationship with Picasso ended in 1940.

Later years and death
In September 1939, when World War II was declared, Walter and Maya were in Royan and stayed there until the spring of 1941. They then moved back to Paris to live in an apartment on Île Saint-Louis. Walter was now aware of Picasso's relationship with Maar. Françoise Gilot later said that Maya lived with "the fiction that her father worked a long way away".

Picasso continued to visit Walter and Maya on Thursdays and Sundays for the next ten years. After the end of World War II, he moved to the South of France with Françoise Gilot. Walter only saw him on occasion but continued to write letters to him for a while. In 1955, when Khokhlova died, Picasso called Walter by phone and asked her to marry him, but she refused. Picasso did not see her again and Walter moved to the South of France. Upon the death of Picasso in 1973, Picasso's grandson Pablito was prevented from attending his funeral and consequently swallowed a bottle of bleach. Walter contacted the Minister of Health to arrange for a helicopter to transport him to the American Hospital in Paris. His brother-in-law, who was an art dealer, took the call and Walter sold him two of Picasso's paintings to pay for his medical bills. However, Pablito did not survive. After Picasso's death, Walter found her continued life without him difficult. On 20 October 1977, four years after Picasso's death, she died by suicide at Juan-les-Pins, South of France.

Legacy
Walter has been described by art critics as Picasso's "golden muse". Picasso created numerous portraits of her, combining elements of Classicism and Surrealism. The sensuality of these portraits reflects the intensity of their love affair. The surrealist photographer, Brassaï stated, "He loved the blondeness of her hair, her luminous complexion, her sculptural body. At no other moment in his life did his paintings become so undulant, all sinuous curves, arms enveloping, hair in curls…"

Walter was the model for at least three of the figures depicted in Picasso's 1937 painting Guernica, which was his response to the Luftwaffe bombing of the Basque town. According to Diana Widmaier Picasso, Walter was, "forever an emblem of hope and peace for Picasso".

Woman with Vase, a bronze copy of a plaster sculpture of a fertility goddess that Picasso based on Walter in 1933 was placed on the artist's tomb at the Château de Vauvenargues.

Incomplete list of portraits

 * 5.10.30. (1930)
 * The Red Armchair (1931)
 * Bust of a Woman (Marie-Thérèse) (1931)
 * Woman with Yellow Hair (1931)
 * Femme endormie (1931)
 * La Lecture (1932)
 * Le Repos (1932)
 * Girl before a Mirror (1932)
 * The Dream (1932)
 * Femme assise près d'une fenêtre (Woman sitting by a window) (1932)
 * Nude, Green Leaves and Bust (1932)
 * Nude in a Black Armchair (1932)
 * Nude Woman Reclining (Femme nue couchée) (1932)
 * Two Girls Reading (1934)
 * Portrait of Marie-Thérèse Walter with Garland (1937)
 * Seated Woman, Portrait of Marie-Thérèse Walter (1937)
 * Girl with a Red Beret and Pompom (1937)
 * Woman in Hat and Fur Collar (1937)
 * Femme au béret et à la robe quadrillée (Marie-Thérèse Walter) (1937)
 * Marie-Thérèse Leaning on One Elbow (1939)
 * Walter is extensively portrayed in Picasso's Vollard Suite.

In literature and the arts
Walter is played by Susannah Harker in the 1996 film Surviving Picasso. She is played by Poppy Delevingne in the 2018 television series Genius, which focuses on the life and art of Pablo Picasso.

title: Marie-Thérèse Walter


text:
Intinction

Intinction is the Eucharistic practice of partly dipping the consecrated bread, or host, into the consecrated wine before consumption by the communicant.

Western Christianity
Intinction is a method of administering Holy Communion in many Western Christian denominations. Its etymology is from the Latin word intinctiō, meaning a dipping in.

It is one of the four ways approved in the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church for administering Holy Communion under the form of wine as well as of bread: "The norms of the Roman Missal admit the principle that in cases where Communion is administered under both kinds, 'the Blood of the Lord may be received either by drinking from the chalice directly, or by intinction, or by means of a tube or a spoon' (General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 245). [...]" In the Catholic Church, "The communicant must not be permitted to intinct the host himself in the chalice, nor to receive the intincted host in the hand. As for the host to be used for the intinction, it should be made of valid matter, also consecrated; it is altogether forbidden to use non-consecrated bread or other matter."

Intinction occurs in some Old Catholic Churches and Lutheran Churches, and intinction is common in some Anglican Churches, which often give the communicant the choice of drinking from the chalice or receiving by intinction. In many Lutheran, Episcopal, Congregational, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist churches, intinction is done in the manner of the communicant, not the pastor, dipping the host in the chalice.

During the 2009 swine flu pandemic, one diocese of the Anglican Church of Canada temporarily discontinued intinction with concerns regarding the spread of contagion.

Eastern Christianity
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, leavened bread is employed for the Eucharist. Traditionally, the consecrated bread is placed in the chalice and is given together with the consecrated wine directly into the communicant's mouth with a small spoon. Some of the Byzantine-rite Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with the Church of Rome adopted intinction during the early 20th century, dividing the bread into pieces long enough to be partially dipped in the consecrated wine and placed on the communicant's tongue. This is the practice at least of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church and the Greek Byzantine Catholic Church.

Some Eastern Catholic Churches (for instance, the Ethiopic Rite Catholics of Ethiopia and Eritrea) have adopted the use of unleavened bread, justifying it by reference to the ancient Jewish practice of using only unleavened bread at Passover meals, and give Communion by intinction.

The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts
Eastern Orthodox practice with regard to the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts has varied historically and geographically. At this Liturgy, which is customarily used only on weekdays of Great Lent, no prayers of consecration take place but communion is distributed with bread with wine poured into it that were consecrated and reserved at the Divine Liturgy the Sunday before. Wine is placed in the chalice at the Presanctified Liturgy, and the presanctified Eucharist is placed into the wine. In the Greek and ancient Russian practice, this is understood as a "second consecration" in which the wine then becomes consecrated by contact with the consecrated bread that has had the consecrated wine poured into it on the previous Sunday

In modern Russian practice, however, it is not considered consecrated. It is said to remain ordinary wine and is used only to facilitate swallowing the bread and so that the people can receive Communion in their customary way. This view is a subject of some controversy.

The already consecrated bread used in this Liturgy has been united, at the time it is reserved, with the consecrated wine by placing some of the consecrated wine on the bread with the spoon. In the Russian tradition the wine is placed so that it traces out a cross. Also in the Russian tradition, whichever of the ministers is to consume the remaining elements at the end of the Presanctified Liturgy partakes of the bread alone when he receives Communion at that service and does not drink from the chalice so that he does not break his pre-Communion fast.

The Greek (and ancient Russian) tradition is that the wine in the cup is sanctified, once a portion of the bread, on which consecrated wine has previously been poured, is placed in it at the "union" after the Fraction. All celebrants therefore receive the cup as well as the bread.

Even when it happens that, at the time of reservation, a priest partially dips the unbroken consecrated bread into the consecrated wine instead of pouring some of the wine on it with the spoon, this does not constitute intinction in the sense here understood of performing the action at the time of administering Communion.

title: Intinction


text:
Dinkoro Coulibaly

Dinkoro Coulibaly was the ruler of the Bambara Empire from 1755 to 1757. Successor and relative of empire founder Bitòn Coulibaly, Dinkoro soon lost control of the empire in a succession of military coups. Dinkoro was assassinated in 1757, and succeeded by his brother, Ali Coulibaly. The empire fell briefly into civil war before Ngolo Diarra seized control in 1766 and reasserted stability.

title: Dinkoro Coulibaly


text: User talk:170.91.5.4

title: User talk:170.91.5.4


text:
Talk:Ferroequinologist

Should still be a redirect to railfan
It seems to me that the information added here by a new editor could easily be integrated into railfan, the target of the redirect where this used to point. I've invited the new editor to join the discussion at Talk:Railfan before I add the mergeto/mergefrom tags here (which I plan to do later today if I don't see any further activity from the new editor). My only doubt is on the validity of the origin of the term; I've asked the new editor for a reference citing it as correct. slambo 19:23, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

This reads more like an etymology of the word, which should be at Witktionary not Wikipedia I believe. Thryduulf 22:09, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ferroequinologist


text:
Andal

Andal (ஆண்டாள்; ISO 15919: Āṇḍāḷ), also known as Kothai, Nachiyar, and Godadevi, was the only female Alvar among the twelve Hindu poet-saints of South India. She was posthumously considered an avatar of the goddess Bhudevi. As with the Alvar saints, she was affiliated with the Sri Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism. Scholars believe her to have been active in the 8th-century CE, with some suggesting 7th century CE.

Andal is credited with two great Tamil works, Tiruppavai and Nachiyar Tirumoḻi, which are still recited by devotees during the winter festival season of Margaḻi. Andal is a prominent figure for women in South India and has inspired several women's groups, such as Goda Mandali.

Legends
According to literary and religious tradition, Periyalvar (பெரியாழ்வார்), originally called Vishnuchithan, was an ardent devotee of Perumal (Vishnu) and he used to string garlands to the deity every day. He was childless and he prayed to God to save him from the longing for a child. One day, he found a girl under a Tulasi plant in a garden inside the temple. The child was considered to be the goddess Bhudevi herself. He named the child as Kothai, who grew up as a devotee of Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu. She is believed to have worn the garland before dedicating it to the presiding deity of the temple. Periyalvar, who later found it, was highly upset and remonstrated her. Vishnu appeared in his dream and asked him to dedicate only the garland worn by Andal to him because when the new garland was put on Vishnu's idol, it fell down but when the garland was worn by Andal, Vishnu turned into gold. The girl Kothai was thus named Andal and was referred to as "Chudikodutha Sudarkodi" (சூடிகொடுத்த சுடர்க்கொடி), meaning the lady who wore and gave her garland to Vishnu. Periyalvar took Andal to the Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam and Andal was reunited with Vishnu as his bride. The practice is followed during modern times when the garland of Andal from Srivilliputhur Andal Temple is sent to Tirumala Venkateswara Temple on Garudotsavam during the Tamil month of Purattaasi (September – October) and Azhagar Koyil during Chitra Pournami. Andal is also called as Nachiyar or Andalnachiar.

Kodhai was brought up by Vishnuchitta (Periyalvar) in an atmosphere of love and devotion. As Kodhai grew into a beautiful maiden, her fervor for God grew to the extent that she decided to marry only God himself. As time passed, her resolve strengthened and she thought constantly about marrying Ranganathar of Thiruvarangam (the reclining form of Vishnu). Andal is referred to as Nachiyar. She wrote Tiruppavai and Nachiyar Thirumoḻi.

In Tamil Nadu, Andal is remembered for her pure love and devotion. In the Tiruppavai, Andal, as a Gopi in Ayarpadi (Vrindavan), emphasizes that the ultimate goal of life is to seek surrender and refuge at the Lord's feet. It is believed that Ranganatha of Ranganathaswamy temple married Andal, who later merged with the idol. Since Andal married Ranganatha, the presiding deity is called Rangamannar.

Iconography
Andal's hairstyle and ornamentation are unique to ancient Tamil culture. The tuft of the hair is bunned to the side and adorned with jasmine flowers and elaborate jewellery.

Srivilliputhur Andal's hand-crafted parrot is made with fresh green leaves each and every day. This parrot is kept in the left hand of Andal. A pomegranate flower for beak and mouth, bamboo sticks for legs, banana plant, petals of pink oleander and nandiyavattai are used to prepare this parrot.

Literary works
Andal composed two literary works, both of which are in the rich Tamil verse form and express literary, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic content.

Tiruppavai
Her first work is the Tiruppavai, a collection of 30 verses in which Andal imagines herself to be a gopi, one of the cowherd girls known for their unconditional devotion to Krishna. In Tiruppavai, Andal idolized Radha as the ideal gopi and also invoked the gopis of Braj. Nappinai is identified as a form of Lakshmi, who is accorded the status of the supreme consort of Vishnu in Sri Vaishnavism. In these verses, she describes the yearning to serve Vishnu and achieve happiness not just in one lifetime, but for all eternity. She also describes the religious vows (pavai) that she and her fellow cowherd girls will observe for this purpose. It is said that Tiruppavai is the nectar of Vedas and teaches philosophical values, moral values, ethical values, pure love, devotion, dedication, single-minded aim, virtues, and the ultimate goal of life.

Andal extols Krishna thus in this text:

"மரயனைமன்னு வடமதுரைலமந்தனை தூயபெருநீர் யமுனைத்துறைவனை ஆயர்குலத்தினில் தோன்றும் ௮அணிவிளக்மை தாயைக்குடல் விளக்கம் செய்த தாமோதரனை தூயோமாய்வந்துநாம் தூமலர் தூவித்தொழுது வாயினால்பாடி மனத்தினால் சித்திக்க ோயபிழையும் புகுதருவான் நின்றனவும் தியினில்தூசாகும் செப்பேலோரெம்பாவாய்

My dear girls! you all know the Mayan, (Sri Krishna the Mysterious, whose greatness is beyond description and whose actions are beyond common understanding), who was born in North Matra and who sports in the large waters of the Pure Jumna, who shines like a Ratna Deepa (Emerald lamp) among the cowherd folk, the Damodara who brought name and fame to His mother Yasoda! We shall approach Him in all purity, We shall strew pure and choice flowers at His feet and worship Him. We shall sing about Him and we shall (unceasingly) think of Him: and thereby shall our sins, those already committed and those we are likely to commit in the future, all of them disappear like cotton in fire."

Nachiyar Tirumoḻi
The second work by Andal is the Nachiyar Tirumoḻi, a poem of 143 verses. "Tirumoḻi" literally means "Sacred Sayings" in a Tamil poetic style and "Nachiyar" means Goddess. Therefore, the title means "Sacred Sayings of the Goddess." This poem fully reveals Andal's intense longing for Vishnu, the Divine Beloved. Utilising classical Tamil poetic conventions and interspersing stories from the Vedas and Puranas, Andal creates imagery that is possibly unparalleled in the whole gamut of Indian religious literature.

In Nachiyar Tirumoḻi, Andal craves for God and says she would offer God 1000 pots of "akkaravadisal" if he marries her, which was later fulfilled by Saint Ramanuja in the 11th century.

Nevertheless, conservative Vaishnava institutions do not encourage the propagation of Nachiyar Tirumoḻi as much as they encourage Tiruppavai because Nachiyar Tirumoḻi belongs to an erotic genre of spirituality that is similar to Jayadeva's Gita Govinda.

Significance in Southern India
Andal is one of the reputed poet-saints of the Tamils. Pious tradition holds her to be the incarnation of Bhūmi Devi (Sri Lakshmi as Mother Earth) to show humanity the way to Vishnu's lotus feet. In Southern India, representations of her next to Vishnu are present in Vaishnava temples, many temples also have a separate shrine for Andal. During the month of Margaḻi, discourses on the Tiruppavai in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Hindi take place all over India. The Srivilliputhur Divya Desam at Srivilliputhur consists of twin temples, one of which is dedicated to Andal. There are a number of festivals dedicated to Andal, among the most notable being the Pavai Nonbu in the Tamil month of Margaḻi (December – January), Andal Thirukalyanam in Panguni, Pagalpathu, Rapathu, Adi Thiruviḻa, when Andal is depicted seated in the lap of Ranganathar. Andal is known for her unwavering devotion to Vishnu, the preserver deity. Adopted by her father, Periyalvar, Andal avoided earthly marriage, the normal and expected path for women of her culture, to marry Vishnu, both spiritually and physically. In many places in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, Andal is treated more than a saint and as a form of god herself and a shrine for Andal is dedicated in several Vishnu temples.

Thousands of people from the state of Tamil Nadu participate in the "Aadi Pooram" festival celebrated in the Andal Temple. After early morning special pujaas, the presiding deities, Shri Rengamannar and Goddess Andal are taken in decorated palanquins to the car. The festival marks the adoption of presiding deity, Andal, by Periyalvar after he found her near a Tulsi plant in the garden of Vatapatrasayi Temple at Srivilliputhur on the eighth day of the Tamil month of Aadi. For Tirupati Brahmotsavam, garlands worn to Andal in Srivilliputhur temple are sent to Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh. These traditional garlands are made of tulasi, sevanthi and sampangi flowers. These garlands are worn by Venkateswara during the Garuda seva procession. Every year, Tirupati Venkateswara's garland is sent to Srivilliputtur Andal for marriage festival of Andal. Andal garland is also sent to Madurai Kallaḻagar temple for the Chithirai Festival.

In poetry, 9th-century Andal became a well-known Bhakti movement poet, states Pintchman, and historical records suggest that by 12th-century she was a major inspiration to Hindu women in south India and elsewhere. Andal continues to inspire hundreds of classical dancers in modern times choreographing and dancing Andal's songs. Andal is also called Goda, and her contributions to the arts have created Goda Mandali (circle of Andal) in the Vaishnava tradition.

Through poetry of saints (such as Andal) women are thought to be able to connect with God directly and those words are thought to encapsulate their personal emotions.

Goda Mandali (circle) which was named after Andal was formed in 1970 and reorganized in 1982 spreads Andal songs widely through TV and radio programs. The group would gather weekly to learn songs and would sing at events such as festivals where they would raise money for shrines.

Bhakti poetry
In contemporary commentaries on Tamil bhakti poetry, A.K. Ramanujan's work remarks on how many other religious traditions would keep and treat passionate love and devotion to God as separate, while in the bhakti tradition, they can be in resonance with one another:

"All devotional poetry plays on the tension between saguna and nirguna, God as person and God as principle. If he were entirely a person, he would not be divine, and if he were entirely a principle, a godhead, one could not make poems about him. The Vaishnavas, too, say that God is characterized by both 'paratva, 'otherness' and soulabhaya, 'ease of access'; he is both here and beyond, both tangible as a person and intangible as a principle-such is the nature of the ground of all being. It is not either/or, but both and; myth, bhakti and poetry would be impossible without the presence of both attitudes".

Feminist interpretations
Several contemporary interpretations view her act of marrying Vishnu as feminist. Divine marriages and virginity allowed women's subjectivity, as she is able to choose her husband, and given an "aristocratic freedom". It is said that by devoting herself to God and rejecting marrying a human, she avoided the regular duties involved with being a wife that would inhibit her freedom. In one of her poems, Andal says that her voluptuous heart will swell for God alone, and scorns the idea of making love to mortal beings, comparing that with the sacrificial offering made by Brahmins being violated by jackals in the forest, and in another verse she dedicates her swelling breasts to God who carries a conch.

Feminist interpretations look at some of Andal's verses as her open acknowledgement of her love for Vishnu, written with bold sensuality and startlingly savage longing, hunger and inquiry as widely found in Tamil Sangam literature that express women's longings and their separation from their men; even today, her most erotic poems are rarely rendered publicly. In one such verse Andal dispenses with metaphor and imagines herself lying in the arms of Krishna, making love to him:

My life will be spared Only if he will come To stay for me for one night If he will enter me, So as to leave the imprint of his saffron paste upon my breasts Mixing, churning, maddening me inside, Gathering my swollen ripeness Spilling nectar, As my body and blood Bursts into flower. William Dalrymple- In search of Tamil Nadu's poet-preachers

Quoted from Feminism and world religions by Arvind Sharma, Katherine K. Young: "What Andal and other women poets did by living the way they did was to negotiate a space within a marriage-dominated society and made at least some sections of society make room for them".

Andal fulfilled the expectation of becoming a wife by marrying God, but since her husband was divine, she gained her autonomy. This act is referred to as virginal feminism by numerous scholars in patristic theology. Virginity is viewed as giving women the option to avoid childbearing, "male domination" and live a new life of devotion to God.

Amuktamalyada
Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagar Dynasty composed the epic poem Amuktamalyada in Telugu, which is considered as a masterpiece. Amuktamalyada translates to one who wears and gives away garlands, and describes the story of Andal or Goda Devi, the daughter of Periyalvar.

Amuktamalyada describes pain of separation (viraha) experienced by Andal, who is described as the incarnate of Lakshmi the consort of Vishnu. Further, the poem describes Andal's beauty in 30 verses written in the keśādi-pādam style, starting from her hair, going down her body till her feet.

Mangalasasanam
Mangalasasanam by Divyadesam: Andal has sung in praise of eleven holy sites:

title: Andal


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User talk:JavaJive

Wikipedia has policies against sock puppets. Djegan 19:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JavaJive


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Talk:Doping

I need to know where I can find rules for doping crystals to change their optical properties for example, such as what would happen to refractive index or nonlinear coefficient if I dope a crystal with a certain molar of zircon. Can someone recommend a reference about such doping rules? I can't find them anywhere.

title: Talk:Doping


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dan ellis

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 21:57, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Dan ellis
Non-notable web cartoonist, probably self-promotion. The article itself sums it up pretty well: "He is not very well known on the internet, only gathering a few fans, but he hopes to be one day." Niteowlneils 19:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, establishes non-notability. Gazpacho 19:35, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn cartoonist. JamesBurns 04:41, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Galleria at Erieview

The Galleria at Erieview is a two-floor shopping mall, located in Cleveland, Ohio in The United States. The Galleria was opened in 1987, notable for its position on the east side of the city's downtown.

History
The Galleria was conceptualised in 1985 by businessman and real estate developer Richard E. Jacobs, who famously purchased the Cleveland Indians baseball team and the existing Tower at Erieview. Jacobs' planned to convert the Tower's surround plaza into a shopping centre which would serve the Cleveland area.

The resulting Galleria, a glass-enclosed 207600 sqft mall, opened in late 1987. It was the first major retail venture in Downtown Cleveland since the 1920s. The Galleria was noted for the business "Gardens Under Glass", an urban farm beneath the mall's atrium,.

In 2003, The Galleria and Tower at Erieview were purchased by Werner Minshall, who proposed closing the mall and converting it into a convention centre. When this development project did not eventuate, Minshall continued to lease tenant spaces to local retailers and vendors.

Although The Galleria represented a significant revitalisation of Cleveland's downtown district during the early 1990s, it suffered a decline in consumer popularity throughout the early 2000s. The Galleria failed to secure an anchoring department store, reliant on small business to support tenancy. By 2005, there were 36 active tenants out of a possible 66. In 2013, The Galleria's famed "Gardens Under Glass" closed.

In 2019, James Kassouf and a supporting group of investors purchased the property for $17.7 million. Currently, The Parker Hannifin Downtown YMCA occupies a considerable portion of the Galleria.

title: Galleria at Erieview


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Embedding effect

The embedding effect is an issue in environmental economics and other branches of economics where researchers wish to identify the value of a specific public good using a contingent valuation or willingness-to-pay (WTP) approach. The problem arises because public goods belong to society as a whole, and are generally not traded in the market. Because market prices cannot be used to value them, researchers ask a sample of people how much they are willing to pay for the public good, wildlife preservation for example. The results can be misleading because of the difficulty, for individual society members, of identifying the particular value that they attach to one particular thing which is embedded in a collection of similar things (e.g. The Tower of London within the set of all globally important historic monuments or Caernarvon Castle within the set of all Welsh Scheduled Monuments). A similar problem occurs with a wider selection of public goods (for example whether spending on preserving a specific wetland is more important than preserving a specific persons life for the next two years using taxpayers' money). The embedding effect suggests the contingent valuation method is not an unbiased approach to measuring policy impacts for cost-benefit analysis of environmental, and other government policies.

Policy implications
Few government policies are independent of any other governmental policy. Most policies involve either substitute or complementary relationships with others at either the same or different intergovernmental level. For example, in the USA, the protection of coastal water quality is a goal of both state and multiple federal agencies. The Clean Water Act, wetlands protection programs, and fisheries management plans all address coastal water quality. These policies may be substitutes or complements for each other. These relationships complicate the application of the contingent valuation method. The resulting problems that may be encountered have been called the part-whole bias and sequencing and nesting (see below).

One method of overcoming some aspects of this problem is to ask two questions (1) How much would you be willing to contribute to a specific tax fund for the whole set of items to be preserved? (e.g. all Coral Sea areas west of Australia) followed by (2) How much of this would you like to give to the preservation of the specific named item? (e.g. the Great Barrier Reef). These questions may also be supplemented by questions which ask about the respective importance of alternatives e.g. whether the preservation of the Great Barrier Reef is more/the same/less important than other public goods such as poor relief, health care, education etc.

Part-Whole Bias
If the contingent valuation method is used to elicit willingness to pay for two government policies independently (the parts) the sum of the independently estimated willingness to pay amounts may be different from the willingness to pay elicited for both projects (the whole). This result is troubling if the projects are geographically related, for example, different wilderness areas (McFadden, 1994). This result does not violate the nonsatiation axiom of consumer theory if projects are perfect substitutes (Carson and Mitchell, 1995). Several applications of the contingent valuation method have found an absence of part-whole bias (e.g., Whitehead, Haab, and Huang, 1998).

Sequencing and Nesting
A related issue occurs with the sequential valuation of projects. Consider a two-part policy valued in two different sequences. The willingness to pay for a project when valued first will be larger than when the question is placed second. Independent valuation, in effect valuing each project at the beginning of a sequence, will always lead to the largest of the possible willingness to pay estimates. This result is expected for the value of public goods estimated with the contingent valuation method due to substitution and income effects (Hoehn and Randall, 1989; Carson, Flores, and Hanemann, 1998).

title: Embedding effect


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Portal:Malaysia/Did you know

This is a selection of Did you know on Wikipedia that's related to Malaysia, and were presented on the Portal:Malaysia page. Some, but not all of them, were featured on the Main Page as part of Did you know?

title: Portal:Malaysia/Did you know


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Dmitri Lipskerov

Dmitri Mikhailovich Lipskerov (Дми́трий Миха́йлович Ли́пскеров) (born February 19, 1964, in Moscow, Russia) is a Russian writer and dramatist.

Biography
Dmitri Lipskerov was born on February 19th 1964 in Moscow, Soviet Union into the family of a well-known dramatist and cartoon animator («Ограбление по…», «Волк и телёнок») Mikhail Lipskerov, and Inna Lipskerova, a music editor in the State House of Radio and Audio Recording. In 1981-1985 he studied in the prestigious Boris Shchukin Theater Institute. A year before graduating, in 1984 he played a part in the film Osoboe Podrazdelenie (Special Unit) made by Georgi Shchukin.

Dmitri began his writing career as a dramatist. In 1989 under the supervision Oleg Tabakov the author staged his first play, Reka Na Asfalte (River on Asphalt), which later put on in more than 1,500 theatres and theatre studios. The play Schkola Dlya Immigrantov (School for Immigrants), first written in 1988 under the name of Schkola S Teatral’nym Uklonom (Theatre School), was staged in Lenkom in 1990, starring famous actors, such as Oleg Yankovsky, Aleksandr Zbruyev, Aleksandr Abdulov and Nikolai Karachentsov.

Dmitri Lipskerov is a winner of the Moscow Komsomol Prize and also the youngest member of the Soviet Writers Union, which he joined in 1989. In 1991 he had left the Soviet Union to go to the US, where he lived until 1993.

Following the above-mentioned events, Dmitri had turned away from writing plays. The journal Noviy Mir published the writer's first novel Sorok let Chanchzhoe (The Forty Years of Chanchzhoeh) appeared in Novyi Mir in 1996, and the following year was published by Vagrius. The novel quickly gained fame and was included in the shortlist of the Russian Booker Award. In 1997-1998 he was the author of the television game Zolotaya Likhoradka (Gold Rush), which appeared on ORT.

In 1998 Lipskerov together with a state deputy Andrey Skoch became a co-founder of the Debut prize for works of fiction by young Russian writers. During the first year, he was head of the jury as well as the Chairman of the Board of Trustees.

In 2000-2001 Vagrius published the author's three-volume of works and later in 2002 – a five-volume collection of works in the publishing house Exmo-Press. In 2004 the publishing house Olma-Press releases another three-volume of works. AST joined in by publishing an eight-volume collection in 2007 and a five-volume collection later in the years. Altogether, Dmitri Lipskerov is an author of 11 novels, dozens of tales and stories, adding to more than 20 plays.

In 2006-2010 Dmitri was a member of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation in the position of a Deputy Chairman of the Commission on Culture.

In 2008 he established a literature prize Neformat. The president thanked Dmitri Lipskerov for his contribution to the development of domestic literature and active social activity.

The author rarely gives interviews, preferring a concealed lifestyle.

A little-known fact about Dmitri is that his book Vsyakiy Kapitan Primadonna (Any Captain is a Primadonna) was published after Dmitri himself sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, from the Caribbean to Europe, having never before had any experience sailing. The book includes comical snippets that are excerpts from his real-life experience of crossing the Atlantic with only two other people on board.

Lipskerov lives in Moscow, and in addition to his literary work, is known as a successful restaurant owner. Dmitri's most prominent restaurant, cleverly named, Ris i Riba (Rice and Fish) was one of the largest and oldest, and widely regarded as one of the best sushi establishments in Moscow and all of Russia.

Married to Ekaterina Lipskerova. He has three children: Konstantin, Sofia and Aleksandr.

Controversy
On June 3, 2005, Lipskerov (together with radio personality A.Gordon) has circulated an "Open letter to journalists of radio station Echo of Moscow" expressing support for state-run campaign against Mikhail Khodorkovsky directed on takeover of his oil company Yukos which culminated in Khodorkovski's conviction and imprisonment. In subsequent discussions there followed allegations of revival of Soviet tradition of KGB-orchestrated participation of intelligentsia in 'public campaign of protest' along with staged show trials.

title: Dmitri Lipskerov


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of subatomic particles

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECT. There is no consensus to retain the content, so I have not merged it. It is available from the history if anyone wants it. -Splash 02:52, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

List of subatomic particles
Duplicates the existing list of particles and is a much less mature version of it. The creator has been given ample time to move what worthwile text is there. (See the talk page.) It is time to Merge/Redirect this page to list of particles --EMS | Talk 19:30, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Gazpacho 19:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, Pavel Vozenilek 23:44, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Cpfc till i die

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Angr/undefined 19:30, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
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Image copyright problem with Image:Jim_Cannon_Testimonial_Programme_1980.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Jim_Cannon_Testimonial_Programme_1980.gif. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. -- Carnildo 22:59, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cpfc till i die


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University of Rochester College of Arts Sciences and Engineering

The College of Arts, Sciences, and Engineering is one of the primary units of the University of Rochester, encompassing the majority of the undergraduate and graduate enrollment. The College is divided in the units of Arts and Sciences and the Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. The College is located on the River Campus of the University of Rochester, though some departments maintain facilities on other campuses. The College was established in 1955 upon the merger of the separate colleges for men and women at the university.

Undergraduate academics
Undergraduate education at the College has no required subjects or core curriculum common to all students. The only class that resembles a requirement is WRT 105 or Reasoning and Writing in the College, which serves as the primary writing requirement, though it is not required with certain test scores. It is also not a single class, but rather a set of courses with different subjects to allow for diversity of interest.

All undergraduates are required to pursue study in three areas of knowledge: humanities, social sciences and natural sciences. Aside from a concentration, which falls into one of the areas of study, undergraduate students must complete at least one "cluster" of related courses (usually 3-4 courses) within each of the remaining areas. For example, a student with a concentration in mathematics, a natural science field, must complete at least one cluster in the humanities and one in social sciences. A second concentration or a minor also satisfies this requirement. The only exceptions are students concentrating in an accredited engineering field (biomedical engineering, chemical engineering, electrical and computer engineering or mechanical engineering), who are only required to have one cluster in either humanities or social sciences.

Tuition and financial aid
2013-14 River Campus undergraduate tuition is estimated at $45,372. Total charges (including room and board, fees, books, and personal expenses) is approximately $61,340. More than $40 million is given in financial aid (does not include federal and state grants and loans). Most Rochester undergraduates receive some form of financial assistance, including academic merit scholarships. More than 95 percent of Ph.D. students receive financial aid, usually enough to cover tuition and living expenses.

Departments and concentrations
Students may take courses from any of the many departments within the College. Each department may offer concentrations, minors, clusters or other degree programs. There are also many interdepartmental programs and students have the option of creating their own courses of study with a special application. The College also offers graduate programs of study in addition to undergraduate.

Departments in Arts and Sciences
• American Sign Language

• Anthropology

• Art & Art History

• Biology

• Brain & Cognitive Sciences

• Center for Visual Science

• Cognitive Science

• Chemistry

• Dance

• Earth & Environmental Science

• Economics

• English

• Film and Media Studies

• Frederick Douglass Institute for African & African American Studies

• Health & Society

• History

• Humanities Center

• Linguistics

• Materials Science

• Mathematics

• Modern Languages & Cultures

• The Arthur Satz Department of Music

• Naval Science

• Neuroscience

• Philosophy

• Physics & Astronomy

• Political Science

• Clinical/Social Psychology

• Religion and Classics

• Russian Studies

• Skalny Center for Polish and Central European Studies

• Statistics

• Susan B. Anthony Institute for Gender and Women's Studies

• Theatre Program

• Wallis Institute of Political Economy

Departments in the Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences

 * Audio and Music Engineering
 * Biomedical Engineering
 * Chemical Engineering
 * Computer Science (Moved from Arts and Sciences in Fall 09)
 * Electrical and Computer Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * The Institute of Optics


text: User talk:68.75.43.75

title: User talk:68.75.43.75


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Imraguen people

The Imraguen, or Imeraguen (Berber: Imragen), are an ethnic group or tribe of Mauritania and Western Sahara. They were estimated at around 5,000 individuals in the 1970s. Most members of the group live in fishing villages in the Banc d'Arguin National Park, located on the Atlantic coast of Mauritania.

History
The name Imraguen (Berber orthography: imragen) is a Berber word meaning "fishermen", or «people who fish while walking on the sea», or «those who harvest life».

The Imraguen are believed to descend from the Bafour people. According to the Documentation of the human population of the territory, the Imraguen people lived on the Banc d'Arguin National Park for thousands of years, and its population had probably been larger.

Militarily powerless, the Imraguen were traditionally reduced to the degrading lower-caste status of Znaga, forcibly ruled and taxed (horma) by more powerful Berber, Hassane and Zawia tribes, such as the Oulad Delim and Ouled Bou Sbaa.

In 2008, the Imraguen people occupied 9 small villages along the coastline. Some Imraguen populate the abandoned La Güera fort, which is also the south point of the Western Sahara zone claimed by Morocco.

Fishing
A few generations ago, the Imraguen people used to whistle the dolphins to bring them near the shore and catch all the mullets that always followed the dolphins.

The Imraguen people are the only ones authorized to fish in the Banc d'Arguin area, as long as they use their traditional fishing techniques. The number of fishes caught for each species is limited and strongly reinforced by the Mauritanian authorities. In 2004, the Imraguen people agreed to preserve the shark and ray species in the Banc d'Arguin National Park (which became a UNESCO world heritage site in 1989) and traded their nets for money.

The Imraguen people blame the new oil and gas explorations around the Banc d'Arguin area, along with a new road adjacent to the area, as the main factors for the reduction of fish reproduction in the area.

At the Arkeiss village, it is possible for tourists to practice "sports fishing" in the Banc d'Arguin and gather up to 5 kilos of fish.

Language
The Imraguen speak Hassaniya Arabic with some Berber vocabulary related to fishing; their dialect is referred to as the Imraguen language.

Religion
The Imraguen are Muslims of the Sunni Maliki rite.

title: Imraguen people


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Lord of the Pens

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 22:00, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

The Lord of the Pens
Web comic with 14 google hits. Gazpacho 19:32, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Pavel Vozenilek 23:45, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn comic. JamesBurns 04:42, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Napthene

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 19:32, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Napthene