text:
Ponteland

Ponteland is a town and civil parish in Northumberland, England. It is 8 mi northwest of Newcastle upon Tyne.

Built on marshland near St Mary's Church and the old bridge, most marshland has now been drained to make way for housing. In the industrial era, the settlement expanded with the development of Darras Hall. Parts of Ponteland have some of North-East England's most expensive houses; being just outside Newcastle, near the airport and on the edge of rural countryside.

The civil parish includes the old village of Ponteland, the Darras Hall estate, and the villages of Kirkley, Medburn, Milbourne and Prestwick.

Etymology
The name Ponteland, first attested in 1256, means "island in the Pont" or "agricultural land by the Pont", after the River Pont which flows from west to east and joins the River Blyth further downstream, before flowing into the North Sea. The river-name Pont itself comes from Brittonic *pant 'valley'.

Kirkley is thought to originate in the Brittonic word whose modern Welsh form is cruc 'hill', compounded with the Old English word hlæw, also meaning 'hill'.

History
There has been nearly a thousand years of Christian worship in Ponteland. This traditionally concentrated around St Mary's the Virgin, the prominent Church of England church near Ponteland's village green. St Mary's traces its first construction to the Norman period in the twelfth century and is still an active church. Ponteland has parish registries dating from 1602 and has been recorded in Bishops transcripts as an important place of religion since 1762.

Christian worship in Ponteland has expanded to other denominations in recent centuries. The Ponteland Methodist Church opened in 1841. An 1848 review appreciated Ponteland also hosted places of worship for Scottish Presbyterians and a Wesleyan chapel.

In 1867, an Anglican sister church to St Mary's opened in Milbourne, one of Ponteland's wards. In 1884, a Catholic church was established at St Matthews, now part of the Hexham and Newcastle Catholic diocese. In the twentieth century, a United Reformed Church opened in Darras Hall.

In the 13th century, Ponteland narrowly escaped conflict when the Treaty of Newcastle (1244) ensured a last minute peace between Scottish and English forces. The treaty bears the name of Ponteland's nearest city but was actually signed in the village.

During the 14th century, Ponteland was less fortunate. Scottish forces destroyed part of Ponteland Castle, as prelude to the Battle of Otterburn in 1388, 20 mi northwest of Ponteland. Taking advantage of English distractions in the Hundred Years War with France, 1337–1453, this battle saw a decisive defeat for English forces and the expansion of Scottish influence in Ponteland's Middle Ages experience.

While Ponteland Castle was never rebuilt as a military stronghold, it transformed into a public house. Known as The Blackbird, this still serves the Ponteland community, nearly seven hundred years after the destruction of its original purpose. Parts of Darras Hall were used as a prisoner-of-war camp in the Second World War. The camp was designated number 69 of several hundred camps across Britain and held Italian and German prisoners of war. Reflecting the post-war growth of the village, Ponteland High School opened in 1972. The affluent housing estate of Darras Hall is a popular choice for many of North East England's wealthy residents and many people associated with Newcastle United Football Club live in the parish including Alan Shearer, Peter Beardsley, Steven Taylor, George Hall, Phil Barton and Terry McDermott.

In 2005, Darras Hall received considerable media attention when a convicted rapist moved to the estate, after purchasing a house with his National Lottery winnings.

In the early 21st century, an expanding Ponteland and the adjoining Darras Hall was home to approximately 11,000 people.

Notable landmarks
Ponteland is notable for a ruined pele tower, its bridge, and its four churches: St Mary's (Church of England), St Matthew's (Roman Catholic), Ponteland Methodist Church and Ponteland United Reformed Church.

St Mary's churchyard includes the Grade II listed 18th-century tombstones of Matthew Forster and William Turnbull.

Ponteland previously boasted a small castle or tower house, which was largely destroyed by the Scottish army under the Earl of Douglas, the day before the 1388 Battle of Otterburn. The remains were incorporated into the building now occupied by the Blackbird Inn, which is rumoured to contain an old tunnel connecting it to St Mary's Church across the road. The tunnel was supposedly bricked up behind the fireplace in The Tunnel Room.

A plaque outside The Blackbird records:

To the north of Ponteland is another public house with links to Scotland. This marks an occasion during the Jacobite rising of 1745, where Scottish armies advanced into England to further claims to the English throne. During this incursion, Charles Edward Stuart, popularly Bonnie Prince Charlie, reputedly bathed at a Ponteland public house. Marking this occasion, the house is still called The Highlander.

One of the oldest houses, or farms at the time, in the Darras Hall area is Little Callerton House. The Old Mill, the house where Alan Shearer used to live, and various other dwellings in the area belonged to Little Callerton House, which is approximately 450 years old. On the edge of the estate at High Callerton, Rebellion House is a 16th-century bastle, altered and extended in the 17th century.

Demography
Ponteland parish is home to 10,921 people or 3% of the Northumberland population of 316,000. Significantly more Ponteland residents live in detached housing versus Northumberland county overall; 65% of Ponteland parish residents are detached home residents versus 25% of Northumbrians. Ponteland also has significantly more ethnic minorities than Northumberland on average.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Ponteland compared 2011 !! Ponteland !! Northumberland
 * White British || 91.7% || 97.2%
 * Asian || 5.0% || 0.8%
 * Black || 0.2% || 0.1%
 * }
 * Black || 0.2% || 0.1%
 * }
 * }

Ponteland has a largely Christian population, with 7,774 Christians (71.2%). This is followed by those of no religion, at 1,920 or 17.6% of the population.
 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

!Religion (2011) !Number !Percentage
 * Christian
 * 7,774
 * 71.2
 * No religion
 * 1,920
 * 17.6
 * Not stated
 * 681
 * 6.2
 * Muslim
 * 189
 * 1.7
 * Sikh
 * 153
 * 1.4
 * Hindu
 * 137
 * 1.3
 * Buddhist
 * 24
 * 0.2
 * Jewish
 * 22
 * 0.2
 * Other
 * 21
 * 0.2
 * }
 * Jewish
 * 22
 * 0.2
 * Other
 * 21
 * 0.2
 * }
 * 0.2
 * }

Economy
Ponteland residents are particularly active in commercial and financial services in northern England, southern Scotland, and the wider European Union. The parish benefits from its proximity to Newcastle Airport, which is the tenth busiest in the United Kingdom and operates frequent flights to London Heathrow, several European capitals, and North America. Ponteland residents are more likely than Northumbrians to be managers, directors and senior officials or in the professions or associate professions. Ponteland has 58% such individuals versus 38% in Northumberland overall.

Education
In September 2017, the three-tier education system in Ponteland changed to a two-tier system, despite the many benefits of three-tier system that parents campaigned to keep. The two existing First Schools converted to Primary Schools, along with Richard Coates Church of England Middle School which retained its older year groups until they had completed their year 8 education. Ponteland Community Middle School remained as a middle school at this time, converting to an academy. Ponteland High School sought planning permission for a new school building in order to house the increased pupil intake at years 7 and 8. This was due to be completed in September 2020. Ponteland Community Middle School then converted to a Primary school in September 2020.

There are now four Primary schools in Ponteland: Ponteland Primary School, Darras Hall Primary School, Richard Coates Church of England Primary School and Ponteland Community Primary School. There is one Secondary school, Ponteland Community High School, which educates pupils aged 11–18.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from the Pontop Pike TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Newcastle, Capital North East, Heart North East, Smooth North East, Metro Radio, Greatest Hits Radio North East and Koast Radio, a community based station. The town is served by these local newspapers, Hexham Courant and Northumberland Gazette.

Amenities
Ponteland's retail and commercial amenities concentrate around the village's main street, the nearby industrial estate, and Broadway, a small commercial zone serving Darras Hall. The former headquarters for Northumbria Police, now the location of a communications and training complex, is just north of Ponteland.

Ponteland railway station was once served by the Ponteland Railway branch line of the North Eastern Railway (later part of the London & North Eastern Railway) from Newcastle, including a short spur to Darras Hall. Plans to electrify the line were abandoned in 1907, however, and the spur line lost passenger services in 1929 when volume fell below expectations. However, a substantial part of Ponteland's railway connections have been resurrected as part of the Tyne & Wear Metro system to serve Newcastle Airport.

Reflecting its rural surroundings, Ponteland has several country walks. These concentrate around Ponteland Park and include a walk from the Diamond Inn to Kirkley and from Medburn to the Highlander Inn.

Ponteland has five public houses: The Seven Stars, The Blackbird, The Badger, The Diamond Inn and The Pont Tap.

Sports

 * Ponteland United football club.
 * Ponteland Cricket Club
 * Ponteland RFC rugby union club

Notable people from Ponteland

 * David Gilford Armstrong FRSE FRIC FIB (1926-2000) animal nutritionist
 * Gibson Kyle (1820–1903) architect, born in Ponteland
 * Michael Gill (1998–) professional cyclist for UCI Continental Team Saint Piran

title: Ponteland


text:
Contraflow lane

In transport engineering nomenclature, a counterflow lane or contraflow lane is a lane in which traffic flows in the opposite direction of the surrounding lanes.

Contraflow lanes are often used for bicycles or bus rapid transit on what are otherwise one-way streets. In a sample configuration for buses, a street might have four lanes: the outermost lanes are reserved for buses in both directions, while the center two lanes are available for general traffic in only one direction. Thus, the street functions as two-way for buses, but one-way for all other vehicles.

In certain situations, reversible lanes will be contraflow for a portion of the day. The Lincoln Tunnel XBL to the Lincoln Tunnel is a contraflow exclusive bus lane for buses during the morning peak period. The XBL lane is fed by the New Jersey Turnpike at Exits 16E and 17, and New Jersey Route 3. The helix, tunnel, and terminal are owned and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the bi-state agency that also operates the 2.5 mi contraflow lane along the left lane of three westbound lanes. The XBL serves over 1,800 buses, which transport more than 65,000 persons, each morning and is a major component of the morning "inbound" commutation crossing the Hudson River.

When lanes on motorways are closed for repair and maintenance, a contraflow lane may be set up on the other side of the central reservation.

Disambiguation
There are similar setups with slightly different usages, although the terms may be commonly used interchangeably.

Contraflow Lane: Typically used to refer to a bus lane running against a one-way street through the opposite direction

Contraflow Lane Reversal: Typically used to refer to a temporary setup of a lane running opposite to normal during special times, such as emergency evacuations, sports tournaments, or road construction/repairs.

Reversible Lane: Typically used to refer to a lane specifically designed to facilitate different directional usage regularly, with changes sometimes as frequent as twice a day.

Mass transit
Contraflow bus lanes, areas in which a dedicated lane of an otherwise one way street is reversed for buses and other mass transit, exist in locations such as:
 * Downtown Los Angeles, CA
 * Pittsburgh, PA
 * Belfast, United Kingdom
 * Through the Lincoln Tunnel between New Jersey and New York City
 * Downtown Minneapolis, MN
 * Leeds, United Kingdom
 * London, United Kingdom
 * Edmonton, AB
 * Calgary, AB
 * Montreal, QC (Champlain Bridge)
 * San Juan, PR
 * Mexico City, Mexico
 * São Paulo, Brazil
 * Houston, TX
 * Downtown Austin, TX
 * Hong Kong Island, SAR Hong Kong (similar lanes are also reserved for trams)
 * Liège, Belgium

From June 1990 to June 2002, a similar line existed in Montreal, along Pie-IX Boulevard; this was indefinitely suspended after two fatalities. Government buses use a bus-only contraflow lane on Macquarie St in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.

Authorised buses, emergency vehicles and taxis use a contraflow lane on Petrie Tce, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Tram lanes are an extension to this system found in cities with curbside streetcar networks. For example, tram lanes in Zagreb can be used only by trams, buses, and taxicabs.

Cycling

Contraflow is a common part of decent cycling infrastructure and is often seen on one-way streets. A standard example is that car and other vehicular traffic might have only one lane while on both sides there are bike lanes; one going in the same direction as the vehicular traffic, the other (the contraflow bike lane) allows cyclists to safely go in the opposite direction to the cars. This is allowed as the road may not be wide enough for two lanes of car traffic but there is enough room to allow for the additional bicycle lane; and without it cyclists may be forced to take a long, and perhaps unsafe, detour.

Another example is the same as the above but there is only one bike lane, the contraflow lane, and bicycles travelling in the same direction as the cars share the cars' lane. This solution would be more suited to very narrow roads or ones with light traffic.

In Belgium since about 2005, and in France since 2010, the default position in towns has been for one-way streets to be available for cycling in either direction, known in French as sens unique limité (SUL) in Belgium and double sens cyclable (DSC) in France. In this case, a contraflow cycle lane is often marked in paint, with dotted white lines and ideograms of a bicycle, either all the way along the street if busy, or more commonly just at junctions.

In the Netherlands, most one-way streets are two way for cyclists, although this is not always marked by a counterflow lane. This is presented as a 'one-way street, except for cyclists'. One-way streets that do not include contraflow for bicycles are rare and are usually only found as pairs of a single street (with very large median) that are too far apart to be presented as a single street. It is not uncommon for cyclists to fail to notice a one-way street that does include contraflow for bicycles, because they are too accustomed to all one-way streets including bicycles.

In the United Kingdom, it is standard since 2020 to encourage highway authorities to allow cycles to take a shorter and perhaps safer routes on narrow one-way residential streets. On streets with less than 1000 vehicles a day and a speed limit of 20mph, contraflow lanes do not require lane markings where, although appear on upright signage. As part of new or improved one-way road layouts, contraflow cycle lanes should be considered.

In the United States, the town of Provincetown, Massachusetts on Cape Cod has long allowed cycling in both directions on its three-mile long main street, Commercial Street. There is no marked cycle lane. This unusual condition required special state legislation in 1977 to give the local government permission to set its own rules for the street.

Contraflow cycling is often assumed to be associated with higher accidents risks, but where it has been properly evaluated, contraflow cycling actually seems to reduce the accidents risk.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Contraflow lane


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List of Asian-American writers

This is a list of Asian American writers, authors, and poets who have Wikipedia pages. Their works are considered part of Asian American literature.

A–D

 * Ai
 * Shaila Abdullah
 * Aria Aber
 * George Abraham
 * Jessica Abughattas
 * Dilruba Ahmed, poet
 * Maya Ajmera
 * Meena Alexander
 * Agha Shahid Ali
 * Kazim Ali
 * Noel Alumit
 * Mia Alvar
 * Hala Alyan
 * Ryka Aoki
 * Fatimah Asghar
 * Aziz Ansari
 * Gina Apostol
 * Gaiutra Bahadur
 * Shauna Singh Baldwin
 * Peter Bacho, American Book Award winner for the novel Cebu
 * Ravi Batra
 * Cathy Bao Bean (包圭漪)
 * Susham Bedi
 * Bette Bao Lord (包柏漪)
 * Rick Barot
 * Mei-mei Berssenbrugge (白萱华), poet
 * Cecilia Manguerra Brainard
 * Sujata Bhatt
 * Jaswinder Bolina
 * Jenny Boully
 * Carlos Bulosan
 * Regie Cabico
 * Lan Cao
 * Celso Al Carunungan
 * Linda Ty Casper
 * Gilbert Luis R. Centina III
 * Steph Cha
 * Theresa Hak Kyung Cha
 * Jeffery Paul Chan (陈耀光)
 * Rajiv Chandrasekaran
 * Jay Chandrasekhar, screenwriter
 * Diana Chang (張粲芳), novelist
 * Eileen Chang (张爱玲)
 * Iris Chang (張純如)
 * Jennifer Chang
 * K-Ming Chang
 * Lan Samantha Chang
 * Leonard Chang
 * Tina Chang
 * Lisa Changadveja
 * Bonnie Chau
 * Maneet Chauhan
 * Daniyal Mueenuddin, author
 * Cathy Linh Che
 * Alexander Chee
 * Anelise Chen
 * Justina Chen
 * Su Hua Ling Chen (凌叔华)
 * Nien Cheng (郑念)
 * Anna Chennault (陈香梅)
 * King-Kok Cheung
 * Cheng Sait Chia
 * Fay Chiang
 * Monlin Chiang (蒋梦麟)
 * Ted Chiang, Hugo and Nebula Award winner
 * Frank Chin (趙健秀)
 * Justin Chin
 * Marilyn Chin (陈美玲)
 * Mei Chin
 * Staceyann Chin
 * Frank Ching
 * Kah Kyung Cho, philosopher
 * Khendum Choden
 * Don Mee Choi
 * Susan Choi
 * Roshani Chokshi
 * Deepak Chopra
 * Louis Chu (雷霆超), author of Eat a Bowl of Tea (1961)
 * Seo-Young Chu (주서영), author of "A Refuge for Jae-in Doe" and "I, Discomfort Woman"
 * Wesley Chu (朱恆昱), science fiction writer
 * Frances Chung
 * Philip W. Chung, playwright
 * Peter Ho Davies
 * Ghalib Shiraz Dhalla
 * Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
 * Dinesh D'Souza, conservative journalist
 * Tony D'Souza
 * Bei Dao
 * Oliver de la Paz
 * Margaret Dilloway, author of How To Be An American Housewife (2010)
 * Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
 * Do Nguyen Mai, poet

E–J

 * Fan Wu (吴帆)
 * Nancy Yi Fan (范禕)
 * Sui Sin Far (水仙花), a.k.a. Edith Maude Eaton
 * Ben Fee (张恨棠/木云)
 * Jamie Ford
 * Eugie Foster, Nebula Award winner
 * Sesshu Foster
 * Francis Fukuyama
 * M. Evelina Galang
 * Sarah Gambito
 * V.V. Ganeshananthan
 * Anu Garg
 * Atul Gawande
 * Tess Gerritsen
 * Alex Gilvarry
 * Anchee Min
 * Zulfikar Ghose
 * Khalil Gibran
 * Eugene Gloria
 * Prince Gomolvilas
 * Philip Kan Gotanda
 * Vince Gotera
 * Amitav Ghosh
 * Kovid Gupta
 * Ganggang Hu Guidice (胡剛剛)
 * Han Suyin (韩素音)
 * Jessica Hagedorn
 * Kimiko Hahn
 * Sarah Haider
 * Usha Haley
 * Mohsin Hamid
 * Jenny Han
 * Asma Gull Hasan
 * Alamgir Hashmi
 * S. I. Hayakawa
 * Le Ly Hayslip
 * Joseph Heco
 * Tess Uriza Holthe
 * Cathy Park Hong
 * Euny Hong, author
 * Garrett Hongo
 * Bill Hosokawa
 * Khaled Hosseini
 * Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston
 * TC Huo
 * Eddie Huang
 * David Henry Hwang (黃哲倫), playwright
 * Lawson Fusao Inada
 * Daniel K. Inouye
 * Pico Iyer
 * Tania James
 * Gish Jen
 * Ha Jin (哈金)

K–L

 * Cynthia Kadohata
 * Michiko Kakutani
 * Mindy Kaling
 * Jay Caspian Kang, journalist, novelist
 * Michael Kang
 * Minsoo Kang, historian and writer
 * Younghill Kang, novelist
 * Bhanu Kapil
 * Sheba Karim
 * Hiroshi Kashiwagi, poet, playwright, novelist
 * Soji Kashiwagi, playwright
 * Siddharth Katragadda
 * Nora Okja Keller, author of Comfort Woman (1997) and Fox Girl (2002)
 * Porochista Khakpour
 * Uzma Aslam Khan
 * Parag Khanna
 * Crystal Hana Kim
 * Elaine H. Kim, author of Asian American Literature: An Introduction to the Writings and Their Social Context
 * Jaegwon Kim, philosopher
 * Myung Mi Kim
 * Patti Kim
 * Richard E. Kim, novelist
 * Suki Kim, novelist
 * Ronyoung Kim
 * Maxine Hong Kingston, novelist
 * Katie Kitamura
 * Bharti Kirchner
 * Alexandra Kleeman
 * Lisa Ko
 * Dorinne K. Kondo
 * Gowri Koneswaran
 * R.F. Kuang
 * Helena Kuo
 * Kevin Kwan, author
 * Jean Kwok, author of Girl in Translation (2010)
 * Dan Kwong
 * Jhumpa Lahiri
 * Him Mark Lai
 * Andrew Lam
 * Le Thi Diem Thuy
 * Ang Lee
 * Chang-Rae Lee
 * Chin Yang Lee (黎錦揚)
 * Don Lee
 * Ed Bok Lee
 * Gus Lee (李健孫)
 * Helie Lee
 * Karen An-hwei Lee
 * Krys Lee
 * Li-Young Lee
 * Stacey Lee
 * Joseph O. Legaspi
 * Russell Leong
 * Yiyun Li
 * Sandra Lim
 * Shirley Geok-lin Lim
 * Adet and Anor Lin
 * Ed Lin
 * Grace Lin
 * Tan Lin
 * Tao Lin
 * Lin Tai-yi
 * R. Zamora Linmark
 * Linh Dinh
 * Eric Liu
 * Ken Liu (刘宇昆), Hugo and Nebula Award winner
 * Marjorie Liu
 * Timothy Liu
 * Malinda Lo
 * Teresa Lo, novelist and screenwriter
 * Vyvyane Loh
 * Mimi Lok
 * Bette Bao Lord
 * Marie Lu
 * David Wong Louie

M–S

 * Ling Ma
 * Adeline Yen Mah (馬嚴君玲)
 * Sezan Mahmud
 * Michelle Malkin, conservative newspaper columnist
 * Sally Wen Mao
 * Maliha Masood
 * Sujata Massey
 * Kristina McMorris
 * Mong-Lan
 * Tulika Mehrotra
 * Hasan Minhaj
 * Mary Anne Mohanraj
 * Toshio Mori
 * Mai Neng Moua
 * Bharati Mukherjee
 * David Mura
 * Milton Murayama
 * Sabina Murray
 * An Na, novelist
 * Ken Narasaki, playwright
 * Sunil Nayar, television writer
 * Aimee Nezhukumatathil
 * Celeste Ng
 * Fae Myenne Ng
 * Bich Minh Nguyen, novelist
 * Kien Nguyen
 * Qui Nguyen
 * Nguyen Qui Duc
 * Viet Thanh Nguyen
 * Thuc Doan Nguyen
 * Yone Noguchi
 * Sigrid Nunez
 * John Okada
 * Gary Okihiro
 * Daniel Okimoto
 * Miné Okubo
 * Matthew Olzmann
 * Ruth Ozeki
 * Pai Hsien-yung, Chinese Muslim writer
 * Gary Pak, author of Children of a Fireland: A Novel (2004) and Language of the Geckos and Other Stories (2005)
 * Greg Pak
 * Ty Pak, author of Guilt Payment (1983) and Moonbay: Short Stories (1999)
 * Linda Sue Park, novelist
 * Therese Park
 * Yongsoo Park, author of Boy Genius (2002), Las Cucarachas (2004), The Art of Eating Bitter: A Hausfrau Dad's Journey With Kids (2018), and Rated R Boy: Growing Up Korean in 1980s Queens (2020)
 * Kamran Pasha
 * Craig Santos Perez
 * Andrew X. Pham
 * Aimee Phan
 * Bao Phi
 * Michelle Naka Pierce
 * Jon Pineda
 * Ramesh Ponnuru
 * Imad Rahman
 * Aneesh Raman
 * A.K. Ramanujan
 * Anantanand Rambachan, religious writer
 * Bino Realuyo
 * Rishi Reddi
 * Srikanth Reddy
 * Paisley Rekdal
 * Nina Revoyr
 * Barbara Jane Reyes
 * Bruce Reyes-Chow
 * Margaret Rhee
 * Lee Ann Roripaugh
 * Patrick Rosal
 * Shawna Yang Ryan
 * Edward Said
 * Albert Saijo
 * Yumi Sakugawa
 * Bienvenido Santos
 * Rahadyan Sastrowardoyo
 * Allen Say
 * Lisa See, novelist
 * Vijay Seshadri
 * Vikram Seth
 * Simran Sethi, journalist and author of Bread, Wine, Chocolate: The Slow Loss of Foods We Love (2015)
 * T. K. Seung, philosopher
 * Purvi Shah, poet
 * Naren Shankar, screenwriter
 * Prageeta Sharma
 * Brenda Shaughnessy
 * Sun Yung Shin, poet
 * Bapsi Sidhwa
 * SJ Sindu, novelist
 * Monica Sone, autobiographer
 * Cathy Song
 * Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto
 * Indu Sundaresan, historical fiction author
 * Sui Sin Far
 * Sokunthary Svay
 * Arthur Sze
 * Mai-Mai Sze

T–Z

 * Eileen Tabios
 * Ronald Takaki, UC Berkeley history professor
 * Grace Talusan
 * Amy Tan, novelist
 * Lucy Tan, novelist
 * Ronald Tanaka
 * Lysley Tenorio
 * Timothy Tau
 * Madeleine Thien
 * Bhagat Singh Thind, author
 * Sherry Thomas, novelist
 * Tim Toyama, playwright
 * Barbara Tran
 * Truong Tran
 * Vu Tran
 * Monique Truong
 * Hsi Tseng Tsiang (a.k.a. H.T. Tsiang)
 * Gail Tsukiyama
 * Yoshiko Uchida
 * Thrity Umrigar
 * Loung Ung
 * Abraham Verghese
 * Jose Garcia Villa
 * Padma Viswanathan
 * Saymoukda Vongsay
 * Ocean Vuong
 * Gemini Wahhaj
 * Raees Warsi
 * Onoto Watanna, a.k.a. Winnifred Eaton
 * Qian Julie Wang
 * Weike Wang
 * Yun Wang
 * Michi Weglyn
 * Jade Snow Wong
 * Jane Wong
 * Nellie Wong
 * Raymond K. Wong
 * Shawn Wong
 * Merle Woo
 * Sung J. Woo
 * Bryan Thao Worra
 * Fan Wu (吴帆)
 * William F. Wu
 * Mitsuye Yamada
 * Hisaye Yamamoto
 * Lois-Ann Yamanaka
 * Karen Tei Yamashita
 * Wakako Yamauchi
 * Gene Luen Yang (楊謹倫)
 * Jeff Yang
 * Kao Kalia Yang
 * Yanyi
 * John Yau
 * Lisa Yee
 * Paul Yoon
 * Monica Youn
 * C. Dale Young
 * Charles Yu, novelist
 * Lizzie Yu Der Ling
 * Laurence Yep
 * Connie Young Yu, writer and historian
 * Judy Yung
 * Fareed Zakaria, political analyst author
 * C. Pam Zhang
 * Jenny Zhang
 * Jenny Tinghui Zhang
 * Kat Zhang
 * Helen Zia (謝漢蘭)

title: List of Asian-American writers


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Racak incident/archive1

Racak incident
Could somebody please have a look at the recent edits by User:129.240.145.93 and check for possible POV changes TigerShark 21:41, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Umm...Requests for comment is really the place for this. Also, I'd suggest contacting the editor and discussing your problems with his/her changes to the article if you haven't done so already. Extraordinary Machine 22:01, 18 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Sneeper

Hello World!

title: User:Sneeper


text:
Bijective numeration

Bijective numeration is any numeral system in which every non-negative integer can be represented in exactly one way using a finite string of digits. The name refers to the bijection (i.e. one-to-one correspondence) that exists in this case between the set of non-negative integers and the set of finite strings using a finite set of symbols (the "digits").

Most ordinary numeral systems, such as the common decimal system, are not bijective because more than one string of digits can represent the same positive integer. In particular, adding leading zeroes does not change the value represented, so "1", "01" and "001" all represent the number one. Even though only the first is usual, the fact that the others are possible means that the decimal system is not bijective. However, the unary numeral system, with only one digit, is bijective.

A bijective base-k numeration is a bijective positional notation. It uses a string of digits from the set {1, 2, ..., k} (where k ≥ 1) to encode each positive integer; a digit's position in the string defines its value as a multiple of a power of k. calls this notation k-adic, but it should not be confused with the p-adic numbers: bijective numerals are a system for representing ordinary integers by finite strings of nonzero digits, whereas the p-adic numbers are a system of mathematical values that contain the integers as a subset and may need infinite sequences of digits in any numerical representation.

Definition
The base-k bijective numeration system uses the digit-set {1, 2, ..., k} (k ≥ 1) to uniquely represent every non-negative integer, as follows:
 * The integer zero is represented by the empty string.
 * The integer represented by the nonempty digit-string

 * is
 * is

 * The digit-string representing the integer m > 0 is

 * where

\begin{align} a_0 & = m  - q_0 k, & q_0 & = f\left(\frac m   k \right) & \\ a_1 & = q_0 - q_1 k, & q_1 & = f\left(\frac {q_0} k \right) & \\ a_2 & = q_1 - q_2 k, & q_2 & = f\left(\frac {q_1} k \right) & \\ & \,\,\,\vdots         &     & \,\,\,\vdots \\ a_n & = q_{n-1} - 0 k, & q_n & = f\left(\frac {q_{n-1}} k \right) = 0 \end{align} $$
 * and

 * $$f(x) = \lceil x \rceil - 1,$$

 * $$\lceil x \rceil$$ being the least integer not less than x (the ceiling function).

In contrast, standard positional notation can be defined with a similar recursive algorithm where
 * $$f(x) = \lfloor x \rfloor, $$

Extension to integers
For base $$k > 1$$, the bijective base-$$k$$ numeration system could be extended to negative integers in the same way as the standard base-$b$ numeral system by use of an infinite number of the digit $$d_{k - 1}$$, where $$f(d_{k - 1}) = k - 1$$, represented as a left-infinite sequence of digits $$\ldots d_{k - 1}d_{k - 1}d_{k - 1} = \overline{d_{k - 1}}$$. This is because the Euler summation
 * $$g(\overline{d_{k - 1}}) = \sum_{i = 0}^\infty f(d_{k - 1}) k^i = -\frac{k - 1}{k - 1} = -1$$

meaning that
 * $$g(\overline{d_{k - 1}}d_{k}) = f(d_{k}) \sum_{i = 1}^\infty f(d_{k - 1}) k^i = 1 + \sum_{i = 0}^\infty f(d_{k - 1}) k^i = 0$$

and for every positive number $$n$$ with bijective numeration digit representation $$d$$ is represented by $$\overline{d_{k - 1}}d_{k}d$$. For base $$k > 2$$, negative numbers $$n < -1$$ are represented by $$\overline{d_{k - 1}}d_{i}d$$ with $$i < k - 1$$, while for base $$k = 2$$, negative numbers $$n < -1$$ are represented by $$\overline{d_{k}}d$$. This is similar to how in signed-digit representations, all integers $$n$$ with digit representations $$d$$ are represented as $$\overline{d_0}d$$ where $$f(d_0) = 0$$. This representation is no longer bijective, as the entire set of left-infinite sequences of digits is used to represent the $k$-adic integers, of which the integers are only a subset.

Properties of bijective base-k numerals
For a given base $$k \geq 2$$, For a given base $$k \geq 1$$,
 * the number of digits in the bijective base-k numeral representing a nonnegative integer n is
 * $\lfloor \log_k ((n+1)(k - 1))\rfloor$, in contrast to $\lceil \log_k(n+1)\rceil$ for ordinary base-k numerals; if k = 1 (i.e., unary), then the number of digits is just n;
 * the smallest nonnegative integer, representable in a bijective base-k numeral of length $$\ell \geq 0$$, is
 * $$\mathrm{min}(\ell)=\frac{k^{\ell}-1}{k-1}$$;
 * the largest nonnegative integer, representable in a bijective base-k numeral of length $$\ell \geq 0$$, is
 * $$\mathrm{max}(\ell)=\frac{k^{\ell+1}-k}{k-1}$$, equivalent to $$\mathrm{max}(\ell)=k \times \mathrm{min}(\ell)$$, or $$\mathrm{max}(\ell)=\mathrm{min}(\ell+1)-1$$;
 * the bijective base-k and ordinary base-k numerals for a nonnegative integer n are identical if and only if the ordinary numeral does not contain the digit 0 (or, equivalently, the bijective numeral is neither the empty string nor contains the digit k).
 * there are exactly $$k^{\ell}$$ bijective base-k numerals of length $$\ell \geq 0$$;
 * a list of bijective base-k numerals, in natural order of the integers represented, is automatically in shortlex order (shortest first, lexicographical within each length). Thus, using λ to denote the empty string, the base 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 12, and 16 numerals are as follows (where the ordinary representations are listed for comparison):

Examples

 * 34152 (in bijective base-5) = 3×54 + 4×53 + 1×52 + 5×51 + 2×1 = 2427 (in decimal).

 * 119A (in bijective base-10, with "A" representing the digit value ten) = 1×103 + 1×102 + 9×101 + 10×1 = 1200 (in decimal).

 * A typical alphabetic list with more than 26 elements is bijective, using the order of A, B, C...X, Y, Z, AA, AB, AC...ZX, ZY, ZZ, AAA, AAB, AAC...

The bijective base-10 system
The bijective base-10 system is a base ten positional numeral system that does not use a digit to represent zero. It instead has a digit to represent ten, such as A.

As with conventional decimal, each digit position represents a power of ten, so for example 123 is "one hundred, plus two tens, plus three units." All positive integers that are represented solely with non-zero digits in conventional decimal (such as 123) have the same representation in the bijective base-10 system. Those that use a zero must be rewritten, so for example 10 becomes A, conventional 20 becomes 1A, conventional 100 becomes 9A, conventional 101 becomes A1, conventional 302 becomes 2A2, conventional 1000 becomes 99A, conventional 1110 becomes AAA, conventional 2010 becomes 19AA, and so on.

Addition and multiplication in this system are essentially the same as with conventional decimal, except that carries occur when a position exceeds ten, rather than when it exceeds nine. So to calculate 643 + 759, there are twelve units (write 2 at the right and carry 1 to the tens), ten tens (write A with no need to carry to the hundreds), thirteen hundreds (write 3 and carry 1 to the thousands), and one thousand (write 1), to give the result 13A2 rather than the conventional 1402.

The bijective base-26 system
In the bijective base-26 system one may use the Latin alphabet letters "A" to "Z" to represent the 26 digit values one to twenty-six. (A=1, B=2, C=3, ..., Z=26)

With this choice of notation, the number sequence (starting from 1) begins A, B, C, ..., X, Y, Z, AA, AB, AC, ..., AX, AY, AZ, BA, BB, BC, ...

Each digit position represents a power of twenty-six, so for example, the numeral WI represents the value 23 × 261 + 9 × 260 = 607 in base 10.

Many spreadsheets including Microsoft Excel use this system to assign labels to the columns of a spreadsheet, starting A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ..., AZ, BA, ..., ZZ, AAA, etc. For instance, in Excel 2013, there can be up to 16384 columns (214 in binary code), labeled from A to XFD. Malware variants are also named using this system: for example, the first widespread Microsoft Word macro virus, Concept, is formally named WM/Concept.A, its 26th variant WM/Concept.Z, the 27th variant WM/Concept.AA, et seq. A variant of this system is used to name variable stars. It can be applied to any problem where a systematic naming using letters is desired, while using the shortest possible strings.

Historical notes
The fact that every non-negative integer has a unique representation in bijective base-k (k ≥ 1) is a "folk theorem" that has been rediscovered many times. Early instances are for the case k = 10, and  and  for all k ≥ 1. Smullyan uses this system to provide a Gödel numbering of the strings of symbols in a logical system; Böhm uses these representations to perform computations in the programming language P′′. mentions the special case of k = 10, and discusses the cases k ≥ 2. appears to be another rediscovery, and hypothesizes that if ancient numeration systems used bijective base-k, they might not be recognized as such in archaeological documents, due to general unfamiliarity with this system.

title: Bijective numeration


text:
Superbeautifulmonster

Superbeautifulmonster is the fourth studio album by Canadian singer Bif Naked, released in Canada on June 28, 2005, and in the US on September 20, 2005. The album's lead single, "Let Down", was a moderate hit in Canada, peaking at No. 20 on Canada's Rock chart.

Track listing

 * 1) "Abandonment" (Bif Naked, Jimmy Allen, Peter Karroll) – 3:12
 * 2) "Let Down" (Kevin Kadish) – 2:44
 * 3) "Everyday" (Naked, Kadish) – 3:25
 * 4) "Yeah, You" (Naked, Allen) – 3:43
 * 5) "That's Life" (Naked, John Dexter, Karroll) – 2:45
 * 6) "Nothing Else Matters" (James Hetfield, Lars Ulrich) – 4:41
 * 7) "I Want" (Naked, Karroll, Doug Fury) – 2:23
 * 8) "Funeral of a Good Grrl" (Naked, Kadish) – 2:36
 * 9) "Henry" (Naked, Karroll) – 3:54
 * 10) "The World Is Over" (Naked, Karroll) – 2:47
 * 11) "The Question Song" (Naked, Karroll, Fury) – 4:17
 * 12) "Ladybug Waltz" (Naked, Karroll, Fury) – 3:59
 * 13) "After a While" (Naked, Karroll, Fury) – 4:51

Credits

 * Bif Naked - vocals, background vocals
 * Todd Kerns - guitar, bass, background vocals
 * Doug Fury - guitar, bass, programming
 * Scotty Sexx - live drums
 * John Webster - keyboards/strings, programming
 * Mike Norman - programming
 * Kevin Kadish - guitar, programming
 * Jack Daley - bass, Minimoog
 * Dave Baron - keyboards
 * Denny Weston Jr. - drums
 * Aaron Gainer - studio drums
 * Dave Fortman - bass
 * Kevin Dorr - bass
 * David Hodges - keyboards/strings

Production

 * Producer: Peter Karroll, Kevin Kadish, Dave Fortman
 * Mixing: Paul Silveira
 * Engineers: Paul Silveira, Aaron Nordean, Rob Stefanson, Kevin Kadish, Jeremy Parker, Wes Fontenot

title: Superbeautifulmonster


text:
User:Jems

Jemsy
Hey, guys.

My given name is James, but my friends got into the habit of calling me Jems. It happens to work well as a username, so I've stuck with it. I'm a student in Montreal with vague aspirations to make something of my ideas in whichever medium suits them best. In my life, I've dabbled in the realm of cartooning, written a collection of short stories, maintained a blog about the lighter side of things and willingly made a fool of myself for fun and profit.

I have two cats, Chunky Monkey and Puss Puss, whose tummies I have nuzzled more times than they would realistically permit.

Wiki
I joined Wikipedia in July 2005 after nearly two years of making minor edits to grammar and spelling, sometimes going so far as to add educated tidbits to established articles. I've emerged from the shadow of my dynamic IP address with the intention to make greater contributions to the hustle and bustle of the Wiki. Rest assured, stupid user page jokes made with the help of Wiki formatting will come in due time.

title: User:Jems


text:
List of FASB pronouncements

This article is an incomplete list of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) pronouncements, which consist of Statements of Financial Accounting Standards ("SFAS" or simply "FAS"), Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts, Interpretations, Technical Bulletins, and Staff Positions, which together presented rules and guidelines for preparing, presenting, and reporting financial statements within the United States according to generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") in the United States Of America, of which this list made up a substantial part.

The SFAS have been superseded by the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). The codification is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. All existing accounting standards documents are superseded by the ASC. All other accounting literature not included in the Codification is now deemed nonauthoritative.

Statements of Financial Accounting Standards
Statements of Financial Accounting Standards have been superseded by the Accounting Standards Codification, effective for periods ending after September 15, 2009. The below table lists the Statements of Financial Accounting Standards that were issued prior to the Codification.

Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts
Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts are a part of the FASB conceptual framework project. They set fundamental objectives and concepts that FASB will use in developing future U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), however, they are not a part of the US GAAP. To date, 8 Concept Statements have been issued. See Concept Statements at the FASB website for more information.

List of FASB Interpretations
FASB Interpretations extend or explain existing standards (primarily Statements of Financial Accounting Standards), and are considered part of U.S. Generally accepted accounting principles. As of September 2006, 48 interpretations have been published.

title: List of FASB pronouncements


text:
TV Parental Guidelines

The TV Parental Guidelines are a television content rating system in the United States that was first proposed on December 19, 1996, by the United States Congress, the American television industry, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The guidelines went into effect by January 1, 1997, on most major broadcast and cable networks in response to public concerns about increasing amounts of mature content in television programs. It was established as a voluntary-participation system, with ratings to be determined by the individual participating broadcast and cable networks.

The ratings are generally applied to most television series, television films and edited broadcast or basic cable versions of theatrically released films. Premium channels also assign ratings from the TV Parental Guidelines on broadcasts of some films that have been released theatrically or on home video, either if the Motion Picture Association of America did not assign a rating for the film or if the channel airs an unrated version of a film.

The ratings were designed to be used with the V-chip, which was mandated to be built into all television sets manufactured since 2000 (and the vast majority of cable/satellite set-top boxes). They complement more advanced parental control systems that block by channel, program, or content, but the guidelines themselves have no legal force, and are not used on sports or news programs or during commercial advertisements. Many online television services, such as Hulu, Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Peacock and Fandango at Home also use the guidelines system, along with digital video vendors such as the iTunes Store and Google Play, and digital media players, including the Amazon Fire TV, Apple TV, Android TV, and Roku platforms.

Development of the guidelines
In the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the United States Congress called upon the entertainment industry to establish, within one year, a voluntary television rating system to provide parents with advance information on material in television programming that might be unsuitable for their children. This rating system would work in conjunction with the V-chip, a device embedded in television sets that enables parents to block programming they determine to be inappropriate.

On February 29, 1996, all segments of the entertainment industry, led by the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), the National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA), and the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), joined and voluntarily pledged to create such a system. They agreed that the guidelines would be applied by broadcast and cable networks in order to handle the large amount of programming that must be reviewed – some 2,000 hours a day. The guidelines would be applied episodically to all programming based on their content, except for news, sports and advertising.

The same year on December 19, the industry announced the creation of the TV Parental Guidelines, a voluntary system of guidelines providing parents with information to help them make more informed choices about the television programs their children watch. The guidelines were modeled after the movie ratings system created by the Motion Picture Association of America in 1968. The television industry agreed to insert a ratings icon on-screen at the beginning of all rated programs, and to encode the guidelines for use with the V-chip. The industry also created a Monitoring Board, composed of TV industry experts, to ensure accuracy, uniformity and consistency of the guidelines and to consider any public questions about the guideline applied to a particular program. The TV Parental Guidelines went into use on January 1, 1997.

In response to calls to provide additional content information in the ratings system, on August 1, 1997, the television industry, in conjunction with representatives of children's and medical advocacy groups, announced revisions to the rating system. Under this revised system, television programming would continue to fall into one of the six ratings categories (TV-Y, TV-Y7, TV-G, TV-PG, TV-14 or TV-MA), but content descriptors would be added to the ratings where appropriate, based on the type(s) of objectionable content included in the individual program or episode: D (suggestive dialogue), L (coarse language), S (sexual content), V (violence) and FV (fantasy violence – a descriptor exclusively for use in the TV-Y7 category).

Further, the proposal stated that the icons and associated content symbols would appear for 15 seconds at the beginning of all rated programming, and that the size of the icons would be increased. The revised guidelines were supported by leading family and child advocacy groups, as well as television broadcasters, cable systems and networks, and television production companies. Finally, the revised proposal called for five representatives of the advocacy community to be added to the TV Parental Guidelines Monitoring Board. On March 12, 1998, the Federal Communications Commission found that the Industry Video Programming Rating System was acceptable, and adopted technical requirements for the V-chip.

In June 2021, creators, writers, and directors of TV animation in a report for the website Insider said that one of the forms of pressure to have less overt depiction of LGBTQ+ characters or culture was the TV Parental Guidelines system, resulting in domestic and international content being cut out of episodes. One of the criticisms was that the rarely updated guidelines offer no guidance on LGBTQ+ representation and the ratings are only changed "in the face of complaints".

Ratings
The direct description of each rating from the TV Parental Guidelines Monitoring Board is listed above the extended ratings description in italics.

TV-Y
This program is designed to be appropriate for all children. Designed to be appropriate for children of all ages. The thematic elements portrayed in programs with this rating are specifically designed for a very young audience, including children from ages 2 to 6.

TV-Y7

This program is designed for children age 7 and above. Designed for children age 7 and older. The FCC states that it "may be more appropriate for children who have acquired the developmental skills needed to distinguish between make-believe and reality". The thematic elements portrayed in programs with this rating contain mild fantasy and comedic violence.

Programs where fantasy violence may be more intense or more combative. Programs given the "FV" content descriptor exhibit more 'fantasy violence' and are generally more intense or combative than other programs rated TV-Y7.

TV-G
Most parents will find this program suitable for all ages. Programs are generally suitable for all audiences, though they may not necessarily contain content of interest to children. The FCC states that "this rating does not signify a program designed specifically for children, [and] most parents may let younger children watch this program unattended". The thematic elements portrayed in programs with this rating contain little or no violence, mild language, and little or no sexual dialogue or situations.

TV-PG
This program contains material that parents may find unsuitable for younger children. Programs may contain some material that parents or guardians may find inappropriate for younger children. Programs assigned a TV-PG rating may include infrequent coarse language, some sexual content, some suggestive dialogue, or moderate violence.

TV-14
This program contains material that many parents would find unsuitable for children under 14 years of age. Programs contain material that parents or adult guardians may find unsuitable for children under the age of 14. The FCC warns that "parents are cautioned to exercise some care in monitoring this program and are cautioned against letting children under the age of 14 watch unattended". Programs with this rating contain intensely suggestive dialogue, strong coarse language, intense sexual situations or intense violence.

TV-MA
This program is specifically designed to be viewed by adults and therefore may be unsuitable for children under 17. Contains content that may be unsuitable for children. This rating was originally TV-M prior to the announced revisions to the rating system in August 1997 but was changed due to a trademark dispute and in order to remove confusion with the Entertainment Software Rating Board's (ESRB) "M for Mature" rating for video games. This rating is rarely used by broadcast networks or local television stations due to FCC restrictions on program content, although it is commonly applied to television programs featured on certain cable channels (basic and premium networks) and streaming networks for both mainstream and softcore programs. Programs with this rating may include crude indecent language, explicit sexual activity and graphic violence.

Content descriptors
Some thematic elements, according to the FCC, "may call for parental guidance and/or the program may contain one or more of the following" sub-ratings, designated with an alphabetic letter:
 * D – Sexual or suggestive dialogue (not used with the TV-MA rating)
 * L – Coarse or crude language
 * S – Sexual situations
 * V – Violence
 * FV – Fantasy violence (exclusive to the TV-Y7 rating)

Up to four content descriptors can be applied alongside an assigned rating, depending on the kind of suggestive content featured in a program; the FV descriptor is an exception due to its sole use for the TV-Y7 rating, which can have no descriptor other than FV. As the rating increases pertaining to the age, the content matters generally get more intensive. These descriptors allow for 44 possible combinations for all the ratings total. The "suggestive dialogue" descriptor is used for TV-PG and TV-14 rated programs only, but rarely TV-MA. The violence descriptor was used for TV-Y7 programs from August 1997 until the creation of the 'FV' descriptor later that year.

Unofficially, broadcast television networks and syndicators have sparingly applied "E/I" (separately used as a specific identifier for children's programs) as an informal content descriptor for select TV-Y, TV-Y7, and TV-G programs that are designed to meet the educational and informative needs of children. A minimum of three hours of E/I-compliant programming must be broadcast per week by each television network, with exemptions and looser regulations applying to digital subchannels; all E/I programs must air between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m.

While the descriptors were specifically developed for the Parental Guidelines system, Apple TV (except for some subscription add-ons sold through its Apple TV Channels marketplace) applies the system's descriptors to theatrically released films rated under the Motion Picture Association's proprietary ratings system, in lieu of other content advisory descriptions (such as the more specific advisory system used by premium cable services, including those sold through the Apple TV platform); Hulu typically restricts on-screen ratings and content descriptors to its original programming and licensed films. On-screen ratings for original and licensed television series are featured on premium channel add-ons sold through Hulu to its VOD-only and VOD/live TV subscribers, though not on series licensed from its network and distribution partners.

Rather than use the default content descriptors, other streaming services like Disney+, Max, Amazon Prime Video and Netflix (the latter basing ratings and content information for original and some licensed series on the program's overall maturity level, rather than on an episode-to-episode basis ) may provide more concise detail of the thematic material in a particular title alongside the title’s rating.

Design
For the first 15 seconds of every rated program lasting a half-hour or less, a large rating icon appears in the upper-left hand corner of the screen; previously this had a common design using a universal icon, but now often goes with a network's branding and design language or, for some streaming services like Netflix, Max and Disney+, merely denotes the rating and details of mature material in a program in a straight line of text. The icon was much smaller until June 2005 and only appeared on-screen for 7.5 seconds. For every rated program running an hour or longer, a rating appears in the upper-left hand corner of the television screen at the beginning of each half-hour. Starting in June 2005, many networks now display the ratings after every commercial break, in addition to the beginning of the program. Ratings icons formerly appeared in the 4:3 safe area, even with a 16:9 HD-designed presentation, but have since gravitated to the corner of the 16:9 picture.

Viewer discretion advisories
Some programs may voluntarily display a disclaimer regarding the show's objectionable content with the TV rating prior to the program starting, along with audibly repeating the same, with the reason for the rating (e.g. suggestive dialogue, drug and alcohol abuse, language, sexual situations, violence, nudity) and strongly cautioning parents to decide whether the program is suitable for their children. Several channels (including USA Network and AMC) insert special caution boards for horror programs at the end of commercial breaks, almost always occurring before a series uses the word "fuck" in uncensored dialogue.

Viewer discretion advisories are mostly used for programs rated TV-MA or series where most episodes are TV-14-rated with lighter content. They are also commonly used for television broadcasts of theatrical films; this, however, depends highly on the content and rating (alternatively, said content might also be edited out).

title: TV Parental Guidelines


text: Category:Monkey Island characters

title: Category:Monkey Island characters


text:
Shear strength

In engineering, shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural failure when the material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the force. When a paper is cut with scissors, the paper fails in shear.

In structural and mechanical engineering, the shear strength of a component is important for designing the dimensions and materials to be used for the manufacture or construction of the component (e.g. beams, plates, or bolts). In a reinforced concrete beam, the main purpose of reinforcing bar (rebar) stirrups is to increase the shear strength.

Equations
For shear stress $$\tau$$ applies

 * $$\tau = \frac {\sigma_1 - \sigma_3}{2} ,$$

where
 * $$\sigma_1$$ is major principal stress and
 * $$\sigma_3$$ is minor principal stress.

In general: ductile materials (e.g. aluminum) fail in shear, whereas brittle materials (e.g. cast iron) fail in tension. See tensile strength.

To calculate:

Given total force at failure (F) and the force-resisting area (e.g. the cross-section of a bolt loaded in shear), ultimate shear strength ($$\tau$$) is:
 * $$\tau = \frac {F}{A} = \frac {F}{\pi r_\text{bolt}^2} = \frac {4F}{\pi d_\text{bolt}^2}$$

For average shear stress

$$\tau_\text{avg} = \frac{V}{A}$$

where

 * $$\tau_\text{avg}$$ is the average shear stress,
 * $$V$$ is the shear force applied to each section of the part, and
 * $$A$$ is the area of the section.

Average shear stress can also be defined as the total force of $$V$$ as

 * $$V=\int \tau d A $$

This is only the average stress, actual stress distribution is not uniform. In real world applications, this equation only gives an approximation and the maximum shear stress would be higher. Stress is not often equally distributed across a part so the shear strength would need to be higher to account for the estimate.

Comparison
As a very rough guide relating tensile, yield, and shear strengths: USS: Ultimate Shear Strength, UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength, SYS: Shear Yield Stress, TYS: Tensile Yield Stress

There are no published standard values for shear strength like with tensile and yield strength. Instead, it is common for it to be estimated as 60% of the ultimate tensile strength. Shear strength can be measured by a torsion test where it is equal to their torsional strength.

When values measured from physical samples are desired, a number of testing standards are available, covering different material categories and testing conditions. In the US, ASTM standards for measuring shear strength include ASTM B769, B831, D732, D4255, D5379, and D7078. Internationally, ISO testing standards for shear strength include ISO 3597, 12579, and 14130.

title: Shear strength


text:
User talk:Aliah

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Shimgray 21:43, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Image:Islam dates mshodgson.xls listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Islam dates mshodgson.xls, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr.) 02:29, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aliah


text:
User talk:Domestic Goddess

Welcome!
Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to Layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village Pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language
 * Full details on Wikipedia style can be found in the Manual of Style.

There's also a regular group introduction to Wikipedia for new users on IRC.

Happy editing! --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:43, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Domestic Goddess


text:
P. H. Newby

Percy Howard Newby CBE (25 June 1918 – 6 September 1997) was an English novelist and broadcasting administrator. He was the first winner of the Booker Prize, his novel Something to Answer For having received the inaugural award in 1969.

Early life
Newby was born in Crowborough, Sussex, England, on 25 June 1918 and was educated at Hanley Castle Grammar School in Worcestershire, and St Paul's College of Education in Cheltenham. In October 1939 he was sent to France to serve in World War II as a private in the Royal Army Medical Corps. His unit was one of the last to be evacuated. Afterwards he was sent to the Middle East and served in the Egyptian desert.

Career
Newby was released from military service in December 1942, and then taught English Literature at King Fouad University in Cairo until 1946. One of his students was the Egyptian editor Mursi Saad El-Din.

From 1949 to 1978, Newby was employed by the BBC, beginning as a radio producer and going on to become successively Controller of the Third Programme and Radio Three, Director of Programmes (Radio), and finally managing director, BBC Radio. While at Radio 3, Newby is credited with increasing the amount of Classical music on the station without the need for controversial changes to schedules.

His first novel, A Journey into the Interior, was published in 1946. He then returned to England to write. In the same year he was given an Atlantic Award in literature, and two years thence he received the Somerset Maugham Prize. In 1947, John Lehmann published Newby's boys' adventure story "The Spirit of Jem" with 41 line drawings and a colour dust wrap by Keith Vaughan.

In 1972, Newby was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for his work as managing director of BBC Radio.

In his obituary author, friend and colleague Anthony Thwaite states: "P. H. Newby was one of the best English novelists of the second half of the century."

Novels

 * A Journey to the Interior (1945)
 * The Spirit of Jem (1947)
 * Agents and Witnesses (1947)
 * Mariner Dances (1948)
 * The Loot Runners (1949)
 * The Snow Pasture (1949)
 * The Young May Moon (1950)
 * A Season in England (1951)
 * A Step to Silence (1952)
 * The Retreat (1953)
 * Picnic at Sakkara (1955)
 * Revolution and Roses (1957)
 * Ten Miles From Anywhere (1958)
 * A Guest and His Going (1960)
 * The Barbary Light (1962)
 * One of the Founders (1965)
 * Something to Answer For (1968)
 * A Lot to Ask (1973)
 * Kith (1977)
 * Feelings Have Changed (1981)
 * Leaning in the Wind (1986)
 * Coming in with the Tide (1991)
 * Something About Women (1995)

Nonfiction

 * Maria Edgeworth (1950)
 * The Novel, 1945-1950 (1951)
 * The Uses of Broadcasting (1978)
 * The Egypt Story (1979)
 * Warrior Pharaohs (1980)
 * Saladin in His Time (1983)

title: P. H. Newby


title: File:Bloodshot40.jpg


text:
Talk:Ahmed Zaki Yamani

Writing something
hello- signed up today and felt like jumping in and writing something, so my very first contribution. Feel free to edit or give advice. Looking forward to expanding this and other articles with other users. Cheers. Sjjb 21:45, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Strange time designation
Are the times below really decimal hours (from Hostage_incident)? Or should it instead be 3:40 a.m., 6:40 a.m., 9:00 a.m., respectively?

 * 3.40 a.m., 6.40 a.m., 9.00 a.m.

--Mortense (talk) 00:00, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

 * They're no longer in the article. —Patrug (talk) 06:53, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

The very famous quote
Why isn't Yamani's very famous quote "The stone age didn't end because we ran out of stones." listed in this article?

--Mortense (talk) 00:07, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Added, thanks! —Patrug (talk) 06:53, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ahmed Zaki Yamani


text:
Talk:Dimethyl ether

second link needs to be fixed

some refs

--Stone 17:01, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Major revision planned
I sometimes rewrite articles in one big edit, retaining much of the content but also changing emphases. The goal of these edits is to increase the correlation of content to applications. For example, I plan to emphasize dimethyl sulfate production (thousands of tons), deemphasizing wart removal. Another goal is to replace some .com references by citing book series that might be more objective and more long-lasting. If readers have any suggestions or worries, drop me a line. And of course you can always revert my work!--Smokefoot (talk) 14:35, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Liquid fuel?
How much pressure is needed to raise the boiling point of DME to room temperature? —WWoods (talk) 23:06, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Missing link
I can't find the 3D model of DME (see External references). Has it been moved elsewhere or discontinued?

--Andersneld (talk) 13:41, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

contradictory statements
"When combusted, DME produces minimal soot and CO, though HC and NOx formation is significant" VS "The simplicity of this short carbon chain compound leads during combustion to very low emissions of particulate matter, NOx, CO. "

Significant or low NOx? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.206.189.189 (talk) 19:25, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Someone else noted the same contradiction I noted.

It contains an oxygen, so theoretically it would require less air for combustion. Given the approximation of 1 mole O2 to 3.76 mole N2 in air, neglecting the other constituents of air, it is not unreasonable to say this would very likely have lower NOx emissions than a compound not containing oxygen.

What constitutes significant or low is beyond my scope of knowledge. I do not consider myself an authority on this subject so if someone out there has better information please make the necessary corrections to this post. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.82.42.174 (talk) 16:06, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

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Literature summary
from Chemical Abstracts: "substances (1)>get references (21426)>refine "2010-" (10333)>refine "Book Review" (191)>"

Translation: 21,426 sources have mentioned DME, 10,333 since the year 2010 (about 3 per day). Of those 10,333, 191 are reviews and books, i.e. satisfying Wikipedia's standard of WP:SECONDARY and WP:TERIARY.--Smokefoot (talk) 17:45, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dimethyl ether


text:
Doiby Dickles

Charles "Doiby" Dickles is a fictional character from DC Comics. He was the original sidekick for Alan Scott (the first Green Lantern), appearing in comic book stories starring that hero from 1941 to 1949. He has a New York accent.

Publication history
The character was created by writer Bill Finger and artist Irwin Hasen. In an interview, Hasen said:

"I got it from the actor, Edward Brophy, who was an Irish detective before the World War in the 1930s Warner Bros. movies. He was an overweight little taxicab driver with a little derby and a cigar, and what an unlikely assistant for a guy like the Green Lantern! It was ridiculous."

Kurt Mitchell and Roy Thomas wrote that Doiby was "the first of the comic relief sidekicks that came to define the [All-American] approach to super-heroics in the early '40s".

Earlier stories
Charles "Doiby" Dickles is a taxi driver. His first adventure with Green Lantern occurs when Doiby follows Green Lantern while he was trailing a group of thugs. After Green Lantern was supposedly killed by the thugs, Doiby confronts them in a Green Lantern costume in an attempt to stop them. Soon after, the actual Green Lantern appears and, with the help of Doiby, saves the day. After that adventure, Green Lantern sent Doiby a quaint letter: "Doiby, I could use a good man like you to help me in my fight against all evil — How about it? -The Green Lantern". After that, Doiby began working with Alan Scott on a regular basis eventually learning that the Green Lantern and Alan Scott were one and the same.

Doiby and Alan later try to assist the creature known as Solomon Grundy during his first appearance. It does not go well as Grundy goes on a murderous rampage and must be destroyed. He seemingly meets his end under the wheels of a train. This adventure also has a backup Hop Harrigan story, as did many of Doiby's 'All American Comics' adventures. This adventure is re-told in 2002, with a focus on another close friend of Alan Scott, newswoman Irene Miller.

Doiby and the Green Lantern had many adventures together, including taking on the Nazis in the WWII era. With his thick Brooklyn accent, Doiby invariably addresses Green Lantern as "Lan'trin". As a cab driver, Doiby's slogan is "Soivice that don't make youse noivice". He refers to his cab as 'Goitrude'. Doiby often assists in battle with a skilled swing of a pipe wrench. Alan Scott later becomes the head of Gotham Broadcasting, a radio station based out of Gotham City. He brings in Doiby as his personal assistant. Doiby becomes involved with Princess Raima of Myrg, an alien who flees to Earth to escape a forced marriage to an evil man named Prince Peril. He gets his friends involved, who help rescue her but not before Doiby serves time as a court jester.

Later stories
As the Golden Age began to fade, Doiby was sent into space to marry Princess Ramia, the aliens enjoying his vast wisdom, and Alan Scott went on with his solo career. Myrg comes to resemble Doiby's beloved Brooklyn.

He briefly returns to Earth to assist the Green Lanterns in a new problem: Sinestro has possessed his taxi. He had left it behind in Hal Jordan's garage when he went to Myrg. The threat is eventually neutralized but Goitrude is destroyed. Doiby had traveled to Earth with a 'dimension-change' but this device is lost in the confrontation. Later, Goitrude is repaired.

Doiby continues to live as king until his position was usurped by the evil Prince Marieb.

Sometime later, Doiby joins a group called "Old Justice". It is made up of the 'sidekicks' of many Golden Age heroes. There is Dan the Dyna-Mite, Merry Pemberton, Neptune Perkins, Second Sweep of Hourman's Minute Men of America, and Ma Hunkel's children Dinky and Sisty Jibbet who operated as the Cyclone Kids. They are convinced that the younger superheroes are not responsible enough to be involved in 'the game'.

During the Sins of Youth storyline, one of Doiby's alien devices combines with the magic from Klarion the Witch Boy. This serves to alter the ages of dozens of superheroes and supervillains. Older characters become much younger and the teens become adults. Doiby and other members of Old Justice find themselves having to herd and baby-sit adults-turned-kids, many of whom have become vastly irresponsible. They are assisted by some of the now-adult super-beings. Basing themselves out of the old JLA headquarters in Happy Harbor, the adults and kids eventually find a way to blackmail Klarion into working with Doiby to reverse the changes. This incident convinces Old Justice that Young Justice can take care of themselves.

Back to Myrg
Doiby reunites with the team because of the coincidence of Young Justice using the older hero's meeting spots. He convinces them to take him back to the planet Myrg. Impulse had recently received a spaceship in return for helping a rich sultan. While traveling through space, a younger version of Lobo talks his way into joining the mission. As is usual for Lobo, he is in it for the violence.

After arriving, the team realizes Marieb had caused Doiby to be exiled from Mryg. Ramia had married the villain for the guarantee Doiby would be left alive. Marieb is defeated but the threat of the alien Slag arrives.

The Slag race enjoys the game of baseball and agrees that they would face down Young Justice and Doiby for the sake of the planet. The Young Justice team wins by blatant cheating. Doiby and his Queen are able to go back to ruling Myrg.

Doiby appears one more time to see Young Justice off in friendly terms. They use another form of transport, accidentally leaving Impulse's ship on Myrg.

Doiby made a brief appearance in DC 1st with Alan Scott.

A three-parter in Detective Comics features a flashback of Alan Scott and Doiby investigating murders in 1948.

DC Universe
In the pages of "The New Golden Age", Doiby was with Alan on the streets when they read a newspaper article that states that Red Lantern burned a Navy ship that left a dozen people dead.

Skills and abilities
Doiby Dickles has no superpowers, but he is a skilled driver, pilot, and unarmed combatant. He utilized his taxi to drive Green Lantern in any location and/or during car chases.

title: Doiby Dickles


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Henke

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. Gamaliel 21:49, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Henke
Vanity page Hansonc 21:47, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Henke


text:
Vy express

Vy express, formerly Nettbuss express, is a long distance intercity coach service owned and operated by Vy Buss in Norway and its Swedish subsidiary Vy Travel in Sweden with regular services between the countries' major cities.

Other bus services that run similar routes include NOR-WAY Bussekspress in Norway and Swebus Express in Sweden.

Säfflebussen was acquired by the Norwegian bus company Nettbuss in March 2006. In January 2009 the name was changed to GoByBus, and in spring of 2013 to Nettbuss express. On 1 May 2013, several routes in Norway that were formerly operated as NOR-WAY Bussekspress were included into the Nettbuss express network. On 24 April 2019, it was rebranded as Vy express. In 2023, the service was expanded to include departures in Åsane, Bergen, Haugesund, Stavanger, Kristiansand and Oslo.

title: Vy express


text:
Renata Beger

Renata Lidia Beger (born 18 July 1958, in Silno, Pomeranian Voivodeship) is a Polish politician, a prominent member of the populist political party Samoobrona and a member of the Sejm (lower chamber of the Polish parliament) between 2001 and 2007.

Political career
Beger became a vice-chairman of the local Wielkopolska voivodship Samoobrona board in 1992, and served in that function until 2001, when she was elected to the Sejm as a representative for the Piła district. She gained some media attention, as well as became an object of ridicule, mostly due to her relatively low education for a member of Parliament (see below) and lack of experience with affairs of state, as well as devout support for her party's leader, Andrzej Lepper.

Rywin affair
Beger's gained more notoriety when she was delegated by her party to serve in a special committee set up to investigate a major corruption scandal that marred the fourth term of the Polish parliament, the Rywin affair. The committee's sittings, which included hearings of witnesses, were televised live and became some of the most publicized and discussed events in Poland at their time. Beger became notorious for her unique style of conducting those and very unusual questions, and her alleged lack of knowledge or experience in many areas the committee was dealing with.

Counterfeit accusation and conviction
During her first term in parliament, Beger was accused of counterfeiting signatures on the lists of citizens supporting her parliamentary candidacy (required to register as a candidate in Poland). In November 2003, as the issue became pursued by a prosecutor, Beger renounced her legal immunity as a member of the Sejm, as well as was expelled from the special committee in October. Formal proceedings began only in November 2004, and extended well into Beger's second term. She was formally convicted of counterfeit on 30 June 2006 and sentence of 2 years of incarceration suspended for 5 years.

Second term - Secret Footage
Despite the legal proceedings against her, Beger got reelected to Sejm riding on her acquired popularity. During the term, as a Samoobrona representative, she found herself a member of the parliamentary coalition supporting the Law and Justice party (PiS)-led governments of first Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz and then Prawo i Sprawiedliwość chairman, Jarosław Kaczyński.

The coalition was marred by tensions between its members, and finally collapsed when Andrzej Lepper, the leader of Samoobrona, repeatedly vowed that he and his party would not support the budget proposition approved by the Council of Ministers. This led to Kaczyński deposing Lepper of his post of deputy prime minister, but at the same time in need of parliamentary majority to support the government. As none of the remaining parties present in the Sejm would, or could, replace the Samoobrona in supporting Kaczyński's cabinet, PiS had to resort to convince individual Samoobrona representatives to defect from the party in order to vote in favor of the government, which led to accusations of unethical dealing on their side.

On 26 September 2006 the TVN television channel broadcast, as a part of the "Teraz My" (Now We) show, footage recorded by Beger using a hidden camera, of her in an informal conversation with government minister Adam Lipiński, discussing possible nomination Beger could receive for defecting from Samoobrona to support and remain in the government coalition. The talks, initiated by Beger, involved the possibility of acquiring a government post. Support with current legal proceedings against her, as shown on tape, were rejected by government minister Adam Lipiński.

In an opinion poll conducted immediately after the footage was revealed, 66% of the respondents defined PiS politicians' actions as "political corruption" and the same percentage demanded the Kaczyński government to resign. Beger filed a motion for prosecution against PiS. Another poll showed that 58% of Poles see the actions as a provocation of political opponents, rather than explicit "corruption".

In the 2007 early parliamentary elections, called after the final collapse of the coalition government, Samoobrona failed to pass the 5% electoral threshold, required to be represented in the Sejm. Therefore, along with her party colleagues, Renata Beger is no longer a member of the Polish parliament.

Media personality
Renata Beger is one of the most known, as well as controversial, politicians in Poland, not only for her political activity, but also for her personality traits. She is often very frank in her opinions. In her first term in parliament, in an interview for the Super Express tabloid, she expanded on her sexual life with her husband, and declared she loved sex "like horse liked oats". Her attempts at formal speeches were often failed due to gaffes such as calling United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan Annan Kofan on TV. Beger was frequently ridiculed by satirists and some artists, including singers and bands such as Paweł Kukiz or Big Cyc recording songs devoted to her.

Beger famously skipped a sitting of her special parliamentary committee in order to attend a recording of a popular talk show as a celebrity guest. Over time, Beger became a popular celebrity, appearing in TV programmes and displaying a more cultivated image, including her participation in a charity fashion show as a model or in a TV dance show.

Education
Beger formally has only basic secondary education, and did not even have the matura upon being elected for the first time. Her matura exam in 2004 was widely publicized in the media - she got a 2 (lowest passing grade) in Polish and 4 in geography. She then went on to become an extramural student of the faculty of political science at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.

title: Renata Beger


text:
MP 34

The MP34 (Maschinenpistole 34, literally "Machine Pistol 34") is a submachine gun (SMG) that was manufactured by Waffenfabrik Steyr as Steyr-Solothurn S1-100 and used by the Austrian Army and Austrian Gendarmerie and subsequently by units of the German Army and the Waffen SS, in World War II. An exceptionally well-made weapon, it was used by some forces well into the 1970s.

History
The MP 34 was based on a design for the MP 19 by the Rheinmetall company based in Düsseldorf. The weapon is similar in design to the MP 18 Bergmann, which itself saw service towards the end of World War I.

To circumvent the conditions of Treaty of Versailles, precluding Germany from exporting weapons and munitions, Rheinmetall acquired the Swiss company Waffenfabrik Solothurn in 1929 and began secret production of a prototype. What was to become the MP 34 was originally designated ‘S1-100’ using the company's standard naming convention.

Due to the Solothurn company being unsuited for mass production, Rheinmetall took a controlling interest in Waffenfabrik Steyr, an established arms manufacturer in Austria. Weapons manufactured by Steyr were sold via the Zürich-based trade company Steyr-Solothurn Waffen AG to both the commercial and military markets.

The MP 34 was manufactured from the very best materials available and finished to the highest possible standard. It was so well manufactured that it has often been nicknamed the "Rolls-Royce of submachine guns". However, its production costs were extremely high as a consequence.

Operation
The MP34 was a selective-fire weapon (single shot or full auto), firing in blowback mode with an open bolt. The return spring was located in the wooden stock and was linked to the bolt via a long push rod, attached via a pivot to the rear of the bolt. Easy access to the bolt and trigger assembly was via a hinged top cover which opened up and forward by depressing two release catches. This makes cleaning procedures very easy to perform.

On the left-hand side of the stock was a sliding fire selector switch (marked by letters T and S). Initial production runs of the gun had a Schmeisser-style bolt-locking safety (similar to the MP40) in the form of hook-shaped cut which was used to engage the bolt handle when the bolt was cocked (which was notoriously unsafe). Later models included a manual safety on the top cover, just in front of the rear sight. This safety could lock the weapon in both a cocked or closed position.

Box magazines of 32- or 20-round capacity were fed in from the left side and the magazine housing was angled slightly forward to improve cartridge feeding to prevent jams. Additionally, the same magazine housing incorporated a magazine refilling feature. An empty magazine could be inserted from underneath and locked in place. From above stripper clips (of eight rounds each) could be fed into the magazines.

All MP34s were equipped with a wooden stock with a semi-pistol grip. The barrel was enclosed into a perforated cooling jacket, and had a bayonet-fixing lug on the right-hand side. Front (hooded) and rear rifle-type sights were fitted – the latter marked from 100 to 500 meters.

Some versions of the weapon could be fitted with a detachable tripod for use as a machine gun.

Service
In 1930, the Austrian police accepted the S1-100 as the Steyr MP30, chambered for then standard Austrian 9×23mm Steyr pistol rounds. The guns sold to South America, China and Japan were in 7.63x25 Mauser calibre.

The Austrian Army adopted the Steyr-Solothurn S1-100 as the Steyr MP34, chambered for the powerful 9×25mm Mauser ammunition.

With the 1938 Anschluss between Germany and Austria, the German Army acquired most of the available MP30s and MP34s. A number were then re-barrelled to chamber 9×19 ammunition and issued to German troops as the MP34(ö) – Maschinenpistole 34 österreichisch (literally "Machine-pistol 34, Austrian"). Production of the MP34 ceased in mid-1940, and manufacturing lines at Steyr moved over to the production of the MP40 – a much simpler designed weapon and far less expensive to produce than the MP34. As a substitute standard small arm, it had a relatively short combat service once quantities of the MP38 became available, though some MP34s were used by Waffen SS units in the early stages of the war in Poland and France. It was then allocated to security and reserve units, including military police and Feldgendarmerie detachments.

In Greece, various police forces under the Ministry of Security, notably the mechanized police, were equipped with the S1-100 in 9×25mm Mauser caliber. In Yugoslavia, both the Partisans and the Chetniks used captured Solothurn MP34s carried by German and Croatian troops.

Portugal bought in small quantities the .45 ACP version and was adopted as Pistola-metralhadora 11,43mm m/935. Portugal also purchased small quantities of the S1-100 in 7.65x21mm Luger calibre in 1938, and the weapon was adopted as the Pistola-metralhadora 7,65 mm m/938 Steyer submachine gun. In 1941 and 1942, larger numbers of 9mm MP34 guns were delivered to Portugal by Germany. In Portuguese service, the 9mm MP34 was known as the Pistola-metralhadora 9 mm m/942 Steyer. Many m/942 guns carry a Portuguese crest just forward of the safety mechanism in combination with Waffenamt (WaA) markings. The m/942 remained in service with Portuguese Army into the 1950s, and was used until the 1970s by paramilitary and security forces in Portugal's overseas African colonies during the Portuguese Colonial Wars.

During the late 1930s, Japan imported a small number of MP 34s for testing and limited issue.

Users

 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria- A small number was acquired for police units in the 1930s; used in larger numbers during WWII
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * Republic of China
 * Kingdom of Greece - Used by police and gendarmerie forces
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador
 * Ethiopian Empire
 * Nazi Germany
 * undefined
 * Italian Partisans - Used examples captured from German soldiers
 * Empire of Japan
 * 🇵🇪 Peru
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * 🇺🇾 Uruguay
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela
 * undefined
 * Yugoslav Partisans and Chetniks
 * Vietnam

title: MP 34


text:
Der Hitlerjunge Quex

Der Hitlerjunge Quex is a 1932 Nazi propaganda novel by Karl Aloys Schenzinger based on the life of Herbert “Quex” Norkus. The 1933 film Hitlerjunge Quex: Ein Film vom Opfergeist der deutschen Jugend was based on it and was described by Joseph Goebbels as the "first large-scale" transmission of Nazi ideology using the medium of cinema. Both the book and the film, like S.A.-Mann Brand and Hans Westmar, which were released the same year, fictionalised and glorified death in the service of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler.

Background
Both the novel and film are based on the real story of Herbert Norkus' life. Norkus, a Hitler Youth member, had died from injuries suffered while being chased and confronted by Communist youths in the night of 23/24 January 1932 in the Beusselkietz neighbourhood of Moabit, Berlin. Already on the next morning, Joseph Goebbels began to use Norkus' death for propaganda purposes during a rally in Berlin's Sportpalast. The funeral on 29 January at Plötzensee, Berlin, was turned into a major ceremony of several Nazi party organizations, under the aegis of Goebbels. While the murder was condemned also by non-Nazi press, the Communists started a counter-propaganda offensive, describing the incident as an accidental result of Communist self-defence during a Nazi attack. In the subsequent trial, several people were sentenced by the Landgericht I court in Moabit, yet the most prominent accomplices Willi Simon, Bernhard Klingbeil and Harry Tack had been able to escape to the Soviet Union.

After the Nazis assumed power, the grave of Norkus was turned into a Nazi shrine which was visited annually on New Year's Day by Nazi youth leader Baldur von Schirach for a speech that was broadcast nationwide. To the site of Norkus' death at Zwinglistraße 4, a plaque was attached reading "He Gave His Life For Germany's Freedom", the first of several such memorial plaques subsequently placed throughout Germany. 24 January was made remembrance day for all killed Hitler Youths, and the flag of Norkus' unit became the Hitler Youth's "blood flag". Two weeks after the Enabling Act of 1933, a provocative Hitler Youth march to Norkus' grave took the route through Berlin's communist districts of Wedding and Moabit. Throughout Germany, the Nazis organized demonstrations and speeches commemorating their newly created martyr. Novels, plays, poems and songs were written about him.

The novel
The novel Der Hitlerjunge Quex was written by Karl Aloys Schenzinger between May and September 1932. It was first published in the Nazi Party newspaper Völkischer Beobachter and as a book in December 1932. A required reading for Hitler Youth members, it had more than 190,000 copies sold within two years and more than 500,000 copies by 1945.

In Schenzinger's novel, Herbert Norkus is named Heini Völker. With a völkisch undertone, the opening chapters describe the hardships of Norkus' youth in a working-class district of Berlin, characterised by the Great Depression, the unemployment of his father and the suicide of his mother. The contemporary communist youth (Rote Jungfront, "Red Young Front") is portrayed as a disorderly gang devoted primarily to alcohol, tobacco and sex. In contrast, the Nazi youth (Hitlerjugend, "Hitler Youth") is portrayed as an orderly organisation, superior in morals. Schenzinger lets Heini Völker's father force his son to attend a camping weekend organised by a communist youth group, North Star Moabit. Heini is disgusted and flees the camp, only to encounter a Hitler Youth group in the woods. Deeply impressed and in an atmosphere of nationalistic pathos, Heini learns of the Nazi movement, Führerprinzip ("leader principle"), comradeship and Volksgemeinschaft ("the people's community"). On "the happiest day of his life", Heini joins the Hitler Youth, and Schenzinger has the Bannführer (group leader) symbolise Nazi ideology when he hands over Heini's uniform to him: "[The uniform] is the clothing of the community, of comradeship, of our ideology, of our unified organisation! [...] It makes us all equal, and gives the same to all and demands the same from all. He who wears such a uniform does not have desires of his own anymore, he has only to obey."

The following chapters deal with Heini's life as a Hitler Youth. Obedience and equality, as understood by the Nazis, are portrayed in a very positive light. They turn out to be beneficial not only for Heini but also for his comrades such as his friend Fritz Dörries, the son of a lawyer. Emphasis is put on the vision of self-sacrifice, the abolition of social barriers and racial purity, and Heini learns from Fritz that "with us Hitler Youth, there are no classes. There are only those who get the job done and parasites, and those we'll throw out." The haven that Heini found in the Hitler Youth is symbolised by his group's hang-out, "Castle Beusselkietz"; Norkus' group was Schar 2, Hitlerjugend Beusselkietz-Hansa. His comrades nicknamed him Quex because "he carried out orders faster than quicksilver" (Quecksilber).

The last part of the novel is devoted to the circumstances of Heini Volker's (or Norkus's) death. According to Baird (1992), Schenzinger's version is a "thinly veiled parallel to Resurrection": When his comrades were gathered around his deathbed and wonder whether he is still alive, there "suddenly [...] is a scream. Heini is sitting up in bed, his eyes wide open. He is singing. They don't recognise the words, but they know the melody. It's the song they sing every day, every evening together, on every march. Everyone knows what it means - death is singing here."

Film
Hitler Youth Quex (Ufa film)

The novel provided the basis for a subsequent film version, produced in the Universum Film AG (Ufa) studios. The plot was written by Bobby E. Lüthge and Karl Aloys Schenzinger, the author of the novel. Produced by Karl Ritter, the film was supported by the Nazi leadership and produced for under the aegis of Baldur von Schirach. The latter also wrote the lyrics for the Hitler Youth song "Unsere Fahne flattert uns voran", based on an existing melody by Hans-Otto Borgmann, who was also responsible for the music. The director was Hans Steinhoff. For the film, the novel's title was amended with the subtitle Ein Film vom Opfergeist der deutschen Jugend ("A film about the sacrificial spirit of German youth"). The film has a length of 95 minutes (2,605 metres) and was premiered on 11 September 1933 at the Ufa-Phoebus Palace, Munich, and on 19 September at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo, Berlin. It was one of three films about Nazi martyrs in 1933, the other two being SA-Mann Brand and Hans Westmar, and by January 1934, it had been viewed by a million people.

The film's message is characterised by its final words' "The flag means more than death".

title: Der Hitlerjunge Quex


text:
Pat Bruders

Patrick Bruders is an American musician who is the current bassist for heavy metal supergroup Down, former bassist of extreme metal band Goatwhore from 1997 to 2004, and former bassist for sludge metal band Crowbar from 2005 until 2013.

In 2008, Bruders joined Eyehategod's side project Outlaw Order and began live bass duties for the band, but has since parted ways with the group. He began touring as live bassist with Down in early 2011, replacing former bassist Rex Brown, before being added as a permanent member, performing live and in studio. Bruders is also a member of the New Orleans-based crust punk band Gasmiasma, Austin-based country band Pure Luck, and joined the doom metal band Saint Vitus in 2016.

Personal life
Bruders is married to Stephanie Bruders (née Lecompte).

title: Pat Bruders


text:
Talk:Esio Trot

Untitled
I'm pretty sure the article is mistaken about the turtle being also-known-as Esio Trot. The phrase was used in the book solely as a magical incantation Poppy suggested to Silver to get her turtle to grow.

ESIO TROT is TORT OISE spelled backwards. Saxophobia 16:53, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 13:36, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Original story?
This may have been based upon a story from R.W. Wood, who reportedly pulled a tortoise-swapping trick on his neighbor. It's mentioned at http://redteamjournal.com/2012/08/see-it-like-jones-would-acclimatization-by-slow-change/, cited as "Jones, Most Secret War, p. 234". --Bobbozzo (talk) 23:12, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

I have another citation for the same story: search for tortoise in https://archive.org/stream/EricMendozaEd.ARandomWalkInScience_201406/Eric%20Mendoza%20%5BEd.%5D%20-%20A%20Random%20Walk%20in%20Science_djvu.txt. I have a copy of that book from the 1970s so it definitely predates Dahl's story, but that doesn't mean that Dahl's story is based on R W Wood's antics. I'm not sure of the best way to phrase this in the article. Anyone else want to give it a go? Alsuren (talk) 21:35, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

Professor R V Jones 'Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945'. Hamish Hamilton, London, 1978. ISBN 0-241-89746-7. Actually I think there are other earlier instances - it is an Urban Myth 86.187.171.160 (talk) 23:23, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Esio Trot


text:
Gorst, Washington

Gorst is a census-designated place (CDP) at the head of Sinclair Inlet in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. The population was 605 at the 2020 census. Gorst, located on the shores of Puget Sound, is primarily a town consisting of stores, auto dealerships and espresso stands. A residential area, located west of the water along State Route 3, also exists.

Gorst is named for the Gorst family who settled there in the 1890s. Famous residents of Gorst include Vern C. Gorst, "grandfather" of United Airlines, and Edward S. Curtis and Asahel Curtis, well-known photographers. The town has also been linked to the infamous Tree Octopus Hoax, which began on the internet in 1998.

title: Gorst, Washington


text: Category:History of film

title: Category:History of film