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Tequisquiapan

Tequisquiapan (Otomi: Ntʼe) is a town and municipality located in the southeast of the state of Querétaro in central Mexico. The center of the town has cobblestone streets, traditional rustic houses with wrought iron fixtures, balconies, and wooden windowsills, which is the legacy of its 300-year heritage as a colonial town populated mostly by indigenous people. This, the climate, and the local natural water springs have made the town a popular weekend getaway for cities such as Querétaro and Mexico City, which has led to the construction of weekend homes in the town.

Another feature of the community is the Instituto Bilingue Victoria School which attracts students from around the world.

Tequisquiapan is part of Querétaro's Ruta de Vino (Wine Route) with La Redonda as the municipality's major producer. Grape production began in the early 1960s, but has become important enough to be featured on the municipality's seal. The town hosts the annual Feria Nacional del Queso y el Vino, (National Cheese and Wine Fair) which showcases southern Querétaro's cheese and wine production.

The town
The town of Tequisquiapan in southwestern Querétaro is a tourist town, which mostly caters to weekend visitors from Mexico City and the city of Querétaro. These visitors come to see the parish church, walk the cobblestone streets filled with traditional houses, and visit recreational attractions such as the area's 18-hole golf course and spas/water parks (called “balneários”) such as El Oasis, Thermas del Rey, Fidel Velásquez and La Vega.

The town is centered on the main square, named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and the Santa María de la Asunción Temple. Hidalgo Square is a large open, paved area, facing which is the town's parish church and a series of arches. On the east side of the plaza, there is a kiosk made of gray sandstone and metal, which often has bands playing live music such as jazz and rock and roll. Along one entire side, there are sandstone arches behind which are a number of business such as galleries, cafés and shops selling sweets, silver, furniture and crafts. It also contains some of the town's better restaurants such as Capricho's, which offers French-Mexican fusion cooking. Another side of the square is taken up by the parish church of Santa María. This church was established in the 16th century, but the current construction is from the 19th century. It is in Neoclassical style with simple lines and made of pink sandstone. The clock in the tower dates from 1897.

Around the main square, much of the construction remains traditional with cobblestone streets and buildings that relatively simple and rustic. This is because this town was dominated by the indigenous for the first three hundred years of its existence. Many of the buildings are two stories tall painted in bright colors such as yellow and green and with balconies. They also have wrought iron fixtures with wooden sills and frames on their doors and windows. Flowerpots are a common sight as well. The narrowness of the roads means that vehicular traffic is commonly jammed, especially on weekends. Efforts at modernization have destroyed many of the town's old trees; however, most of the original junipers along the river remain. Away from the historic center, many of the newer sections of town consist of subdivisions of weekends homes more recently built. However, these mostly follow the architectural styles of the older structures.

The town is home to a number of important legends. As it is a tourist town there is a trolley-replica bus to take visitors around the various landmarks. These landmarks include places where Tequisquiapan's legends are set and on weekends and holidays, actors in period costumes re-enact these stories. Another attraction of the town is shopping, especially for handcrafts and folk art. The two most traditional crafts of the area are baskets and furniture made from wood, wicker, rattan and other materials. However, crafts from many parts of Mexico are available for sale as well. The main markets, which are the municipal market and the handcrafts markets are located on Ezequiel Montes Street near Salvador Carrizal. In addition to these markets there are a number of street vendors who sell from stalls or by walking around the streets. One common type of merchandise, especially in the main square are sweet breads, dried fruit, fruits in syrup and other sweets. One unique sweet of the town is crystallized nopal cactus. Otomi women can be seen in the main plaza and other locations selling their crafts. Most of these vendors are from the neighboring municipality of Amealco. These crafts generally consist of embroidered napkins and other textiles, rag dolls, ceramics and baskets.

The most important park in the municipality is La Pila, which is located just north of the main town square. It contains fresh water springs and large areas of trees and grass for picnicking and other activities. The park was the site of an old water mill. Its namesake, a reservoir to store water built in 1567, can still be seen. It is said that there was an indigenous temazcal at the La Pila site. Before it became a park, it was the site of a commercial water park for children. Today, it is an area filled with Montezuma cypress and ash trees and is the site of the annual Feria Nacional del Queso y el Vino. Other parks include El Portón, La Recámara and El Salitrillo.

The Callejón del Piojo (lit. Louse Alley) is a historic street in the town which was recently renovated to promote fine arts and handcrafts as well as to serve as a venue for cultural and recreational events.

The Centro Cultural or Cultural Center hosts expositions of painting and crafts as well as concerts and workshops. It also has an extensive library.

In the early 20th century, Mexican president Venustiano Carranza passed through Tequisquiapan on his way to the city of Querétaro. He issued a decree announcing that the town was the “geographical center of the country.” However, today that distinction is widely considered to be in Zacatecas. However, there is a monument in the town at Centenario and 5 de Mayo Streets to commemorate the decree.

The two oldest neighborhoods of the town are the Barrio de la Magdalena and San Juan, where many of the chapels built for the indigenous population of the colonial era were built. The main chapel of the Barrio de la Magdalena has a large mesquite tree in its atrium where it is said that the mass celebrated to found the town occurred. This founding is re-enacted here each year in June.

The town contains a bullring which hosts bullfights as well as exhibitions of flamenco dance and concerts. There is a Bullfight Fair in March.

The old Bernal railroad station is located on Avenida Juarez. It was built when the rail line was constructed through the municipality. Today, it served as a viewpoint to see much of the city. It also conserves a locomotive from the beginning of the 20th century.

The Casa de Caballo is located near the river and offers horseback riding in the Barrio de la Magdalena.

Intercity bus service operates out of the town's main terminal, which is served by Flecha azul, Transportes Tequis; Flecha Blanca; Flecha Amarilla; Autotransportes Queretanos and Enlaces Terrestres Nacionales. Two rail lines pass through here connecting Mexico City with Guadalajara and Nuevo Laredo. The town has a number of festivals and traditions which are especially important or unique to it. The festival of the Holy Cross on May 3 is particularly important in the San Juan neighborhood with the dance of Moors and Christians as the highlight. Preparations for this event begin months in advance.

The feast day for the patroness of the town, Our Lady of the Assumption, occurs on August 15. This day is observed by all in the municipality, many of which come to the parish church in the center of town for the festivities. These festivities include traditional dances, which last from early and through the day. This is also a popular day for confirmations, first communions and other similar ceremonies. The day ends with a large frame called a castillo (castle ) filled with fireworks which is set alight.

For Holy Week, the town holds an annual Passion Play. This event begins in the main square in front of the Santa María de la Asunción Temple and passes through the streets of the town to a site called Monte Calvario, named after the place where Jesus was crucified. Here the crucifixion of Christ is re-enacted. Afterwards, an image of the deceased Jesus is carried from the area in a glass coffin. On Holy Saturday, images of Judas are burned along with those of devils and other unliked figures.

The founding of the town is celebrated each year in the Barrio de la Magdalena neighborhood on June 24, where the founding mass took place. This commemoration includes a re-enactment of the founding with actors in 16th century clothing.

The annual pilgrimage to the chapel on the Cerro Grande occurs on September 13. This procession climbs the hill where the chapel is located the day before and spends the night there. The following day, after mass, there is picnicking and spending the day in the countryside. It is not known how or when this tradition started, but it attracts not only those from Tequisquiapan, but those from Santa Rosa Xajay, El Cerrito, Bordo Blanco and San Nicolás.

The feast of Isidore the Laborer on May 15 is important in the town which is centered on a procession from the Santa María de la Asunción church to the El Llano chapel. The purpose of the feast is to ask for good crops for that growing season. The El Llano chapel is located in the agricultural center of the area.

The feast of Mary Magdalene, patroness of the Barrio de la Magdalena is celebrated on September 8. The feast of the Apostle John, patron of the San Juan neighborhood, takes place on December 27. One Christmas tradition in the town is to have a parade through the town on Christmas Eve. This parade features floats with Biblical scenes.

One local tradition is the creation of “cruces de animas” (crosses of encouragement) which can be seen on family altars or in family shrines. These crosses represent loved ones who have died and can be very elaborate although most are simple. These are most common in the former Indian neighborhoods of San Juan and Barrio de la Magdalena where they can be seen in the local chapels.

Feria Nacional del Queso y el Vino
The Feria Nacional del Queso y el Vino began in the 1980s as a means to promote the region's wine and cheese production. The fair promotes the 1,200,000 million bottles of wine and 400,000 kilograms of cheese the state produces each year. Most of the activity occurs at the La Pila Park, in the town center, but there are also cultural events, conferences, contests, charreadas, concerts and more associated with it. The main tent contains wine and cheese producers from the local area as well as the rest of Mexico and international companies. The event crowns a festival queen, who is crowned by the municipal president.

The fair is sponsored with money from the municipality, the state of Querétaro and the federal Secretary of Tourism. Artists who have played at the event include de Paco Rentería, Sonora Dinamita, Playa Limbo, Titanes de Durango, Grupo Mediterráneo, Guitarras de América, Carlos Eduardo Rico, Jorge Falcón, Sandoval, Pambo and singer María José.

The 2011 fair resulted in 100 percent hotel occupancy and an economic impact of forty million pesos for the town. However, the fair has had problems with the uncontrolled sale of alcoholic beverages, which has led to incidents of fighting and other illegal behavior. There have also been cases of alcohol intoxication requiring medical attention.

The Municipality
As municipal seat, the town of Tequisquiapan is the local governing authority for about two hundred other communities, which together cover a territory of 343.6 km. However, over 77% of the population is concentrated in five communities, with about 51% in the town of Tequisquiapan alone. The other major population centers are San Nicolás, La Fuente, Fuentezuelas and El Tejocote. The main economic activity of San Nicolás is the production of cinderblock, followed by agriculture. La Fuente's main economic activity is agriculture with chili peppers, corn, tomatoes and beans as principle crops. La Trinidad is the center of opal mining in the municipality, but it also cultivates corn and beans.

The town and municipality are located in the far southeast of the state of Querétaro, just north of the small industrial city of San Juan del Río, and within one hour driving distance from the city of Querétaro and two hours from Mexico City. This is one reason why it is a popular place to visit on weekends and many second homes have been constructed here. The municipality borders the municipalities of Colón, Ezequiel Montes, San Juan del Río and Pedro Escobedo with the state of Hidalgo to the east. The municipal government consists of a municipal president and thirteen officials called “regidors” to represent the various communities of the municipality.

The overwhelming majority of the population is Catholic, with a small but growing number in Evangelical groups and Jehovah's Witnesses.

There is one special education school which serves 160 students with sixteen teachers. There are sixteen preschools serving over two thousand young children between four and six years of age. There are thirty-six primary schools. Middle school education is offered through two modes, distance education called “telesecundaria” and a general middle school system. Most attend the latter which are located in the larger population centers near the municipal seat. The telesecundarias are located in the communities of La Fuente, Los Cerritos, Fuentezuelas, El Tejocote, San José la Laja, Santillán, El Sauz, La Trinidad and San Nicolás. High school and vocational school education is offered on five sites.

Almost all residences in the municipality are occupied by their owners, with an average of 4.9 occupants per household. Basic municipal services such as running water, garbage and other services are available to 90% or more of the population with the exception of street lighting, which is available to only 60%. Residential construction has changed significantly since the mid 20th century with the introduction of concrete and cinderblock, which is now used in almost all new construction. This is common in Mexico but there is a local variation on roofing which is a vault with a ridgeline in two styles. Constructions dating from before the 1950s are now considered to be “rustic.” These are mostly found in the historic center of Tequisquiapan and a number of the oldest communities in the municipality. New constructions tend to imitate this style.

The main highway for the municipal is Federal Highway 120, which connects it south to San Juan del Río and north to the Sierra Gorda region of Querétaro into Xilitla in San Luis Potosí. Other important roads include State Highway 200 which connects it with Galeras, Huichapan and the city of Querétaro, and State Highway 126, connecting it to Tecozautla. Almost all of the municipality's roads are paved with only 2.3% left as dirt or paved with stone. There are also roads that connect the eighteen communities of the municipalities as well as to the state of Hidalgo.

La Trinidad has an archeological site. The site was excavated in 2009 and 2010 and dates from 750 to 900 CE., around the time of the fall of Teotihuacan. It has been proposed to make it an ecotourism site called Dö Mëkuni. In addition to conserving the areas flora and fauna, it proposes to offer activities such as rappelling, zip-lines, rock climbing, fishing and more, along with a museum dedicated to the archeological site.

The municipality sponsors the annual Rally de Tequisquiapan, which is affiliated with the PAC auto championships. The rally begins in the town and winds its way along the highways of Querétaro in the mountain areas of the state.

History
The name comes from Nahuatl and means “place of tequesquite (potassium nitrate)” a type of natural salt used to flavor food since pre Hispanic times. The municipality's seal was adopted in 1989 at a contest held in conjunction with the annual Feria Nacional del Queso y el Vino. This seal contains elements related to the area such as the sun, grapes, the Tequisquiapan River and the parish church of Santa María de la Asunción.

The presence of humans in the modern state of Querétaro is estimated at between 1500 and 2500 BCE, with the oldest human remains found at a cave in the San Nicolás community. This site gives no indication that these early humans had either agriculture or pottery. Much later human remains in the same cave indicate the presence of both and perhaps influence from the Las Ranas site to the north. This would put the area within the sphere of influence of this culture, which was Huastec and part of the early Pre Classic period.

By the Post Classic period, the area was dominated by the Otomi people in the east near the Hidalgo border and by the Chichimeca in the rest. The main Chichimeca settlements were just south and west of the modern municipal seat, where fresh water springs were most abundant and the land was the most fertile. Around this same time, the area had a reputation for its fresh water and thermal springs for medicinal purposes. The area did not have any major cities during the pre Hispanic period but a number of important trade routes ran through it. By the time the Spanish arrived, most of the area was allied with the Otomi at Xilotepec, itself a tributary of the Aztec Empire. The Otomi outnumbered the Chichimecas but both lived in the area peacefully. The area around Tequisquiapan was taken over by the Spanish relatively peacefully, but the Chichimecas did resist. This resistance remained sporadic until the last battle of the Chichimecas in Querétaro against the Spanish called the Battle of Media Luna which occurred to the north in the Sierra Gorda. The official founding date for the city is 1551 by indigenous cacique Nicolás de San Luis Montañez, who was allied with the Spanish. The settlement received its royal seal founded as Santa María de la Asuncón y de las Aguas Calientes. The foundation grouped local Chichimecas and Otomí onto the site and the foundation was celebrated with a Mass. With the pacification of southern Querétaro, lands in the area were redistributed among the Spanish and the evangelized Otomi, leading to three hundred years of intense agricultural development. However, much of this came at the expense of most of the indigenous population. By 1656, it had been definitively named Tequisquiapan.

Despite the exploitation, the population of the town and municipal area remained mostly indigenous. For this reason, the town has kept much of its rustic architecture.

In the decades before the Mexican War of Independence, Tequisquiapan experienced a number of small rebellions on area haciendas, by indigenous people whose socioeconomic status was still serf-like. However, during Independence and other major conflicts of the 19th century, there were no major battles in the area and little information as to how this area was affected. It was officially declared a town in 1861, with the name of Villa de Mateos Tequisquiapan.

During the Mexican Revolution, army loyal to Villa, Carranza and Obregón passed through but no battles were fought in the municipality. However, these armies did sack area haciendas and other locations, mostly for supplies. The Centenario Dam was inaugurated in 1910. Venustiano Carranza visited the thermal springs of the area before heading to the city of Querétaro to sign the 1917 Constitution. This Mexican president also declared the town as the “geographic center of the country.” There is a monument in the town to this effect; however, today the geographic center is considered to be in Zacatecas.

Shortly after the end of the Revolution, there was political instability in the state and Tequisquiapan was designated as the provisional capital in 1920.

Although its first municipal status was gained in 1861, but its current municipal organization was not formalized until 1939.

The growing of grapes in the municipality begin in the early 1960s, with the planting of 120,000 vines for wine grapes in the community of San José Buenavista by the Sofimar enterprise, affiliated with Martelli in France. Initial varieties were ugni blanc (used for brandy), cabernet sauvignon and Grenache, for reds, whites and rosés.

The latter 20th century saw significant population growth, as the town transformed from a small traditional farming village to a popular weekend getaway. This growth has also been spurred by the growth of the nearby industrial city of San Juan del Río. Since 1950, the population of the municipality has grown from 10,877 to 54,929 in 2005. However, the indigenous population has severely decline, from an indigenous majority in the 19th century to only 120 people speaking an indigenous language in the entity as of 2005.

In 2007, the PRD municipal president Noé Zárraga, was shot twice by unknown persons.

Geography
The territory is located in the Mexican Plateau on the southeast side of the Sierra Gorda. The land is relatively flat with rolling hills and small valleys which are mostly farmland. The terrain contains both volcanic and sedimentary rock due to its geological history. The elevations in the area are small with mostly porous rock. In some areas there are quartz and opal deposits. In other areas, there are deposits of rhyolite and pearlite. The highest elevations in the east and are formed by volcanic basalt. This rock varies in color between black and red.

The San Juan/Tequisquiapan River crosses the municipality in the south on which are the Centenario Dam, near the town of Tequisquiapan and the Paso de Tablas Dam near the border with Hidalgo. The latter has an inactive hydroelectric plant. There are subsurface currents of water which feed a number of freshwater springs on either side of the San Juan River. Near the river a number of fruit and nut trees are grown such as walnuts, peaches, pomegranate, avocado, apricots, limes, guavas and fig. There is also vineyards which have not yet reached peak potential.

The main dam for the municipality is the El Centenario Dam, located just south of the town of Tequisquiapan. Although its reservoir is important for water storage, it has had serious problems with pollution from industrial waste. The first major disaster occurred in 1999, when over 2,000 wild ducks died from the contaminated water. A more recent spill, traced to a textile plant in San Juan del Río killed more than 6,000 fish in 2005. This incident also caused health concerns for those living near the water. The area around the dam is subject to flooding during the rainy season, which at times has affected the hotels and restaurants which are nearby. The flooding and contamination problems have had a negative effect on tourism in general.

Climate
The climate is temperate with two well-defined seasons each year. Most rain falls between June and October, with the dry season extending from November to April. Annual precipitation is 511.8mm. Summers are hot and winters are moderately cold leading to an average annual temperature of 17.5C. The coldest months are October to February, and freezes are not uncommon, occurring an average of 18 days per year. Dominant winds flow from the northeast to the southwest.

Flora and fauna
Natural vegetation is suited for temperate and relatively dry climates. In the higher elevations, there are forests of low and medium height. In the hotter, dryer lowlands vegetation such as pirul (Schinus molle), mesquite, palo bobo (Tessaria integrifolia), various types of cactus and arid land scrub.

Population growth since the Conquest, and especially in the 20th century has had a negative impact on wildlife in the municipality and other parts of Querétaro. A number of species have already disappeared, such as the jaguarondi and the puma with others in danger of extinction. Species such as deer, coyotes, owls, eagles and foxes have diminished in part due to the contamination of the waters of the Centenario Dam. The most common species of the area are the rabbit, skunk, squirrel, opossum, doves, other species of birds, rattlesnakes and coral snakes.

Economy
After tourism, agriculture and livestock is the most important economic activity of the municipality, employing just under fifteen percent of the working population. This is despite the fact that it is not very profitable due to the high operating costs, obsolete technology, insufficient credit and inadequate commercialization. The main crops are corn, beans, sorghum, alfalfa, grapes, chili peppers, tomatoes and tomatillos. Tequisquiapan is the largest producer of pasilla chili peppers in Mexico, but this production is under pressure due to imports of a similar chili pepper from Peru and China, and sold as pasilla. The municipality is asking for a registration to mark authentic pasilla chili peppers from the imported variety. 19,703 hectares of the municipality is ejido or other communally owned property. These are owned by thirteen ejidos and one agricultural and livestock cooperative. 11,078 hectares of the municipality are used for agriculture, with 4,867 irrigated and the rest planted during the rainy season.

Livestock mostly consists of the raising of bulls for bullfights. Some of the better known ranches for this include Xajay, La Gloria, San Martín and Fernando de la Mora. Outside of this, the municipality is not especially dependent on the raising of livestock although cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and horses can be found. The town contains a bullring which hosts bullfights as well as exhibitions of flamenco dance and concerts. There is a Bullfight Fair in March.

The growing of grapes in the municipality began with wine grapes in the early 1960s and has grown to be one of the most important agricultural products, featured on Tequisquiapan's municipal seal. Reds, whites and rosés are produced but most are sparkling wines. The major producer in the municipality is Viñedos La Redonda, about twelve km outside of the town proper. The vineyards are mostly planted with vines of French origin such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec for reds and Chenin blanc and Trebbiano for whites. It has guided tours for visitors, especially at harvest time. One major producer of table grapes is Rancho San Miguel. The ranch extends over forty hectares and primarily produces Red Globe and Ribier Negra grapes. The ranch also raises 1,200 sheep which helps the ranch maintain an ecological balance through the production of fertilizer. The ranch produces 3,200 crates of the fruit daily during harvest.

Just under fifty percent are employed in industry, construction, and the making of handcrafts. The production and sale of rustic furniture and other handcrafts is an important part of the municipality's economy. Furniture is made with wood, rattan, wicker and willow and pine branches, mostly in colonial or “rustic” style. Basketry is the other traditional craft, mostly woven from willow branches and wicker for household use. The commercialization of these baskets began after the railroad was constructed through here in the early 20th century, with baskets going to Mexico City. Later the train was substituted by buses. The space that baskets would normally take on a transport led to a system of semi construction in the town, with final assembly taking place in the place of sale. The most traditional baskets are still made of willow, but other materials have been adapted such as synthetic, rattan, fabric and more. The town's reputation for handcrafts is part of its attraction for tourism. Tourism has impacted the production of crafts with greater quantity and variety. The most common types to the area are basketry and the making of furniture with willow branches, as well as wood. There are also artisans producing wool items, ceramics, opal items and clothing. There are several textile factories Confecciones San Nicolás S.A. de C.V., Confecciones 1910 S.A. de C.V., Piel GI S.A. de C.V. and Maklo S.A. de C.V.

Quesos Vai is the largest cheese producer in the region, with their main ranch on the Querétaro-Tequisquiapan highway and stores in the town itself. The main cheeses are Oaxaca and manchego, with the latter often containing epazote or chipotle.

Mining is focused on non-metallic minerals with opals and kaolin the most important products. The most important opal deposits are located in the southwest of the municipality in small mountain chain near the community of La Trinidad. The most productive mines include El Iris, La Carbonera, La Esperanza and El Rendón producing gems of size, quality and a variety of colors. Most kaolin deposits are found in northeast near the communities of El Sombrerete and Los Charcos. La Carbonera is an opal mine open to the public. Tours include miners telling stories about mining in the area and visitors are encouraged to look for the stones. Just over thirty three percent are employed in commerce and services, including tourism. The tourism and service sector of the town employs about four hundred people directly, along with 200 more during the busy seasons and 450 jobs indirectly depend on it. The municipality has forty one hotels and thirty eight large restaurants. Retail commercial establishment include those catering to tourists and those catering to the local population. The municipality contains one wholesale food market, a crafts market, an open-air market for crafts, three warehouses for grain and over 2100 small retail businesses. The main market for groceries remains the municipal market.

Tequisquiapan is the second most important tourist destination in the state of Querétaro. The major tourist attractions for the town and municipality include the food, the hot springs, the crafts and the climate. It has had a reputation as a place to visit for its thermal and fresh water springs since the pre Hispanic era. However, many of these springs have dried up due to the pumping of groundwater, requiring spas and hotels to pump the spring and thermal water from below ground as well. Today, other attractions of the town include its climate, the layout of its streets, the traditional facades of its houses and the variety of handcrafts and folk art available in its markets. Spas and water parks include Balneario La Vega, Parque Acuático El Oasis, Parque Acuático Termas del Rey, Fantasía Acuática and Balneario San Joaquín. Some of the water parks feature thermal springs and other have water slides and other rides for children. The town is part of the Ruta de Vino (Wine Route), a tourist route dedicated to the state's wine and cheese production as well as the Peña de Bernal.

Hotels range from the inexpensive to five star accommodations. The town contains twenty nine hotels with a total of 792 rooms. Restaurants have increased in number and size as tourism grows, offering national and international cuisine. However, economical eateries including those in the Santa Cecilia tianguis market are still readily available. The cuisine of the area maintains is pre Hispanic base of corn, nopal cactus and chili peppers. Typical dishes in the municipality include barbacoa made from goat, menudo, a type of blood pudding, mole Querétaro style, rice with the viscera of chicken or turkey, quesadillas with squash flowers or huitlacoche, carnitas, tamales and gorditas. Bread is an important staple as well, where bakeries such as La Charamusca sometimes have lines of people waiting to buy sweet bread and cookies. Beverages include atole, pulque and aguardiente (a liquor made from sugar cane from the Sierra Gorda region). Although there is wine production here, it is generally not consumed by the local populace.

There are hot air balloon flights for tourists, conducted by the Club Aerostático Nacional. Balloon rides are offered only in the mornings due to wind speed.

Despite its long history of being a place to visit for its hot springs and proximity to Mexico City, hotel occupancy is only around twenty to twenty five percent during the year. One reason for this is that many of the visitors stay for only a day or weekend. Most visitors to the municipality are from Mexico City and the city of Querétaro, as these are within easy driving distance of the town for weekend visits. The municipality tried to gain a line of credit with the government finance agency Banobras in order to improve the area's tourism infrastructure.

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Kajsa Bergqvist

Kajsa Margareta Bergqvist (born 12 October 1976 in Sollentuna, Stockholm) is a Swedish former high jumper. She won one bronze medal in the Olympic Games, one gold and two bronze medals in the World Championships in Athletics and one gold and one bronze in the European Championships. Her personal outdoor record of 2.06 m, set in Germany in 2003, is also a Swedish record. Her indoor record of 2.08 m, set at the Hochsprung mit Musik meeting in 2006, is the world indoor record.

Career
Bergqvist was born up in Sollentuna Municipality in Stockholm County. Her interest in sport began when she was 6 years old and tried sports such as football, volleyball, badminton, swimming, and cross-country skiing, none of which was able to keep her interest.

When she was 10 years old, she was persuaded by her big brother, Anders, to compete in Rösjöloppet, a long-distance track event. After that event, she began to try out several athletic events. One of her motivational athletes was Carl Lewis.

Bergqvist continued to train in several athletic events until she was 15 years old, when a new coach, Bengt Jönsson, came to her club, Turebergs FK. Soon after his arrival, he and Bergqvist chose to concentrate on the event that was her best, high jump.

She attended Southern Methodist University in Dallas (USA) in 1995–1999, with a degree in Advertising. She was the NCAA champion in 1997 with a clearance of 1.93 in the rain at the Indiana University over Amy Acuff of UCLA ending her streak at two. She won the NCAA meet again in 1999 with a height of 1.90 in Boise. In the season 1999, she tied Acuff's collegiate outdoor record of 1.95 (6-6). That record is sometimes omitted as it was set in international competition after the NCAA meet.

During 2001–2008 she lived in Monaco.

By 2004, lack of progress and long travel distances caused Bergqvist to end the relationship with her coach, Bengt Jönsson. She joined a group of athletes (including Olympic gold medalist Christian Olsson) under Yannick Tregaro.

At a competition in Båstad, on 18 July 2004, Bergqvist tore her Achilles tendon. Due to the injury, she missed the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, but managed to return to form just in time for the 2005 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki. There she made an impressive series of jumps to edge out Chaunté Howard for the gold medal. Her Helsinki victory earned the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal for that year.

In 2006, she had been ranked the number one female high jumper in the world but failed to win in that summer's European Championships in front of her home fans in Gothenburg, having to settle for a bronze medal.

At the Hochsprung mit Musik meeting in Arnstadt, Germany, on 4 February 2006, Bergqvist set her first world record: she made an indoor leap of 2.08 on her first attempt, surpassing Heike Henkel's 2.07 m leap on 8 February 1992. The record was not totally unexpected since she jumped 2.00 m already in the warm up for the competition.

Bergqvist chose not to compete in the 2007 European Indoor Athletics Championships, opting, instead, to concentrate on defending her world outdoor crown. She had not started the indoor season well and was nowhere near the form which had seen her set the world record the year before. It did not pay off as she finished 7th in Osaka.

Bergqvist married director Måns Herngren on New Year's Eve in 2007 and shortly afterwards, on 7 January 2008, announced that she would retire from high jumping. She had found her life entering "a new phase" and that she no longer felt as motivated to keep competing, even after her break in 2007.

Post-athletics
Since her retirement, she has been an ambassador for both UNICEF and the IAAF.

In 2021 Bergqvist became head coach of the Swedish national athletics team.

Personal life
Bergqvist married director Måns Herngren on New Year's Eve in 2007. The couple announced their divorce in early 2011.

In December 2011, Bergqvist confirmed in an interview that she is in a relationship with a woman and stated: "As lesbian as I feel today, as heterosexual I felt when I was together with Måns. But when I get old and look back on my life, perhaps one can think that I'm bisexual." This announcement came after a period of rumours concerning Bergqvist's personal life.

High jump

 * Olympic Games
 * 2000, Sydney – 1.99 m – Bronze
 * World Championships in Athletics
 * 2005, Helsinki – 2.02 m – Gold
 * 2003, Paris – 2.00 m – Bronze
 * 2001, Edmonton – 1.97 m – Bronze
 * World Indoor Championships in Athletics
 * 2003, Birmingham – 2.01 m – Gold
 * 2001, Lisbon – 2.00 m – Gold
 * European Athletics Championships
 * 2006, Gothenburg – 2.01 m — Bronze
 * 2002, Munich – 1.98 m — Gold
 * European Indoor Athletics Championships
 * 2002, Vienna – 1.95 m – Silver
 * 2000, Ghent – 2.00 m – Gold
 * 1997, Turku – 1.93 m – Silver
 * World Junior Championships in Athletics
 * 1994 Lisbon – 1.88 m – Silver
 * European Athletics Junior Championships
 * 1995, Nyíregyháza – 1.89 m – Silver

High jump

 * 1997: Bloomington, IN NCAA Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championship – 1.93 m
 * 1999: Boise, ID NCAA Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championship – 1.90m
 * 1999: Brussels (Golden League) – 1.97 m
 * 2000: Stockholm (Grand Prix) – 1.96 m
 * 2001: Vaasa (European Cup first league) – 1.92 m; Rome (Golden League) – 1.98 m; Monaco (Golden League) – 1.99 m; Berlin (Golden League) – 1.96 m
 * 2002: Seville (European Cup first league) – 1.98 m; Lausanne (Grand Prix) – 2.04 m; Paris Saint-Denis (Golden League-meet) – 1.97 m; Stockholm (Grand Prix) – 2.00 m; Brussels (Golden League-meet) – 1.99 m
 * 2003: Ostrava (Grand Prix) – 2.01 m; Lappeenranta (European Cup first league) – 1.96 m; Internationales Hochsprung-Meeting Eberstadt – 2.06 m (outdoor personal best)
 * 2005: Gävle (European Cup first league) – 2.01 m; Zagreb (Grand Prix) – 2.00 m; Madrid (Grand Prix) – 1.98 m; Stockholm (Grand Prix) – 1.95 m; Sheffield (Grand Prix) – 2.03 m; Monaco (World Athletics Final) – 2.00 m
 * 2006: Doha (Grand Prix) – 1.97 m; Málaga (European Cup super league) – 1.97 m; Athens (Grand Prix) – 2.00 m; Stockholm (Grand Prix) – 2.02 m; London (Grand Prix) – 2.05 m; Eberstadt (high jump-meet) – 1.98 m; Stuttgart (World Athletics Final) – 1.98 m
 * 2007; Vaasa (European Cup first league) – 1.92 m; Sheffield (Grand Prix) – 1.95 m

title: Kajsa Bergqvist


text:
Surface roughness

Surface roughness can be regarded as the quality of a surface of not being smooth and it is hence linked to human (haptic) perception of the surface texture. From a mathematical perspective it is related to the spatial variability structure of surfaces, and inherently it is a multiscale property. It has different interpretations and definitions depending on the disciplines considered.

In surface metrology
Surface roughness, often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface finish (surface texture). It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth. In surface metrology, roughness is typically considered to be the high-frequency, short-wavelength component of a measured surface. However, in practice it is often necessary to know both the amplitude and frequency to ensure that a surface is fit for a purpose.

Roughness plays an important role in determining how a real object will interact with its environment. In tribology, rough surfaces usually wear more quickly and have higher friction coefficients than smooth surfaces. Roughness is often a good predictor of the performance of a mechanical component, since irregularities on the surface may form nucleation sites for cracks or corrosion. On the other hand, roughness may promote adhesion. Generally speaking, rather than scale specific descriptors, cross-scale descriptors such as surface fractality provide more meaningful predictions of mechanical interactions at surfaces including contact stiffness and static friction.

Although a high roughness value is often undesirable, it can be difficult and expensive to control in manufacturing. For example, it is difficult and expensive to control surface roughness of fused deposition modelling (FDM) manufactured parts. Decreasing the roughness of a surface usually increases its manufacturing cost. This often results in a trade-off between the manufacturing cost of a component and its performance in application.

Roughness can be measured by manual comparison against a "surface roughness comparator" (a sample of known surface roughness), but more generally a surface profile measurement is made with a profilometer. These can be of the contact variety (typically a diamond stylus) or optical (e.g.: a white light interferometer or laser scanning confocal microscope).

However, controlled roughness can often be desirable. For example, a gloss surface can be too shiny to the eye and too slippery to the finger (a touchpad is a good example) so a controlled roughness is required. This is a case where both amplitude and frequency are very important.

Parameters
A roughness value can either be calculated on a profile (line) or on a surface (area). The profile roughness parameter ($$Ra$$, $$Rq$$, ...) are more common. The area roughness parameters ($$Sa$$, $$Sq$$, ...) give more significant values.

==== Profile roughness parameters ==== The profile roughness parameters are included in BS EN ISO 4287:2000 British standard, identical with the ISO 4287:1997 standard. The standard is based on the ″M″ (mean line) system. There are many different roughness parameters in use, but $$Ra$$ is by far the most common, though this is often for historical reasons and not for particular merit, as the early roughness meters could only measure $$Ra$$. Other common parameters include $$Rz$$, $$Rq$$, and $$Rsk$$. Some parameters are used only in certain industries or within certain countries. For example, the $$Rk$$ family of parameters is used mainly for cylinder bore linings, and the Motif parameters are used primarily in the French automotive industry. The MOTIF method provides a graphical evaluation of a surface profile without filtering waviness from roughness. A motif consists of the portion of a profile between two peaks and the final combinations of these motifs eliminate ″insignificant″ peaks and retains ″significant″ ones. Please note that $$Ra$$ is a dimensional unit that can be micrometer or microinch.

Since these parameters reduce all of the information in a profile to a single number, great care must be taken in applying and interpreting them. Small changes in how the raw profile data is filtered, how the mean line is calculated, and the physics of the measurement can greatly affect the calculated parameter. With modern digital equipment, the scan can be evaluated to make sure there are no obvious glitches that skew the values.

Because it may not be obvious to many users what each of the measurements really mean, a simulation tool allows a user to adjust key parameters, visualizing how surfaces which are obviously different to the human eye are differentiated by the measurements. For example, $$Ra$$ fails to distinguish between two surfaces where one is composed of peaks on an otherwise smooth surface and the other is composed of troughs of the same amplitude. Such tools can be found in app format.

By convention every 2D roughness parameter is a capital $$R$$ followed by additional characters in the subscript. The subscript identifies the formula that was used, and the $$R$$ means that the formula was applied to a 2D roughness profile. Different capital letters imply that the formula was applied to a different profile. For example, $$Ra$$ is the arithmetic average of the roughness profile, $$Pa$$ is the arithmetic average of the unfiltered raw profile, and $$Sa$$ is the arithmetic average of the 3D roughness.

Each of the formulas listed in the tables assumes that the roughness profile has been filtered from the raw profile data and the mean line has been calculated. The roughness profile contains $$n$$ ordered, equally spaced points along the trace, and $$y_i$$ is the vertical distance from the mean line to the $$i^\text{th}$$ data point. Height is assumed to be positive in the up direction, away from the bulk material.

Amplitude parameters
Amplitude parameters characterize the surface based on the vertical deviations of the roughness profile from the mean line. Many of them are closely related to the parameters found in statistics for characterizing population samples. For example, $$Ra$$ is the arithmetic average value of filtered roughness profile determined from deviations about the center line within the evaluation length and $$Rt$$ is the range of the collected roughness data points.

The arithmetic average roughness, $$Ra$$, is the most widely used one-dimensional roughness parameter.

Here is a common conversion table with roughness grade numbers:

Slope, spacing and counting parameters
Slope parameters describe characteristics of the slope of the roughness profile. Spacing and counting parameters describe how often the profile crosses certain thresholds. These parameters are often used to describe repetitive roughness profiles, such as those produced by turning on a lathe.

Other "frequency" parameters are Sm, $$\lambda$$a and $$\lambda$$q. Sm is the mean spacing between peaks. Just as with real mountains it is important to define a "peak". For Sm the surface must have dipped below the mean surface before rising again to a new peak. The average wavelength $$\lambda$$a and the root mean square wavelength $$\lambda$$q are derived from $$\Delta$$a. When trying to understand a surface that depends on both amplitude and frequency it is not obvious which pair of metrics optimally describes the balance, so a statistical analysis of pairs of measurements can be performed (e.g.: Rz and $$\lambda$$a or Ra and Sm) to find the strongest correlation.

Common conversions:

Bearing ratio curve parameters
These parameters are based on the bearing ratio curve (also known as the Abbott-Firestone curve.) This includes the Rk family of parameters.

Fractal theory
The mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot has pointed out the connection between surface roughness and fractal dimension. The description provided by a fractal at the microroughness level may allow the control of the material properties and the type of the occurring chip formation. But fractals cannot provide a full-scale representation of a typical machined surface affected by tool feed marks; it ignores the geometry of the cutting edge. (J. Paulo Davim, 2010, op.cit.). Fractal descriptors of surfaces have an important role to play in correlating physical surface properties with surface structure. Across multiple fields, connecting physical, electrical and mechanical behavior with conventional surface descriptors of roughness or slope has been challenging. By employing measures of surface fractality together with measures of roughness or surface shape, certain interfacial phenomena including contact mechanics, friction and electrical contact resistance, can be better interpreted with respect to surface structure.

Areal roughness parameters
Areal roughness parameters are defined in the ISO 25178 series. The resulting values are Sa, Sq, Sz,... Many optical measurement instruments are able to measure the surface roughness over an area. Area measurements are also possible with contact measurement systems. Multiple, closely spaced 2D scans are taken of the target area. These are then digitally stitched together using relevant software, resulting in a 3D image and accompanying areal roughness parameters.

Practical effects
Surface structure plays a key role in governing contact mechanics, that is to say the mechanical behavior exhibited at an interface between two solid objects as they approach each other and transition from conditions of non-contact to full contact. In particular, normal contact stiffness is governed predominantly by asperity structures (roughness, surface slope and fractality) and material properties.

In terms of engineering surfaces, roughness is considered to be detrimental to part performance. As a consequence, most manufacturing prints establish an upper limit on roughness, but not a lower limit. An exception is in cylinder bores where oil is retained in the surface profile and a minimum roughness is required.

Surface structure is often closely related to the friction and wear properties of a surface. A surface with a higher fractal dimension, large $$Ra$$ value, or a positive $$Rsk$$, will usually have somewhat higher friction and wear quickly. The peaks in the roughness profile are not always the points of contact. The form and waviness (i.e. both amplitude and frequency) must also be considered.

In Earth Sciences
In Earth Sciences (e.g., Shepard et al., 2001; Smith, 2014 ) and Ecology (e.g., Riley et al., 1999; Sappington et al., 2007 ) surface roughness has a quite broad meaning (e.g. Smith, 2014), with multiple definitions, and generally it is considered a multi-scale property related to surface spatial variability; it is often referred as surface texture (e.g., Trevisani et al., 2012 ), given the evident analogies to image texture (e.g., Haralick et al. 1973; Lucieer and Stein, 2005 ) when the analysis is performed on digital elevation models. From this perspective there are various interlinks with methodologies related to geostatistics (e.g., Herzfeld and Higginson, 1996 ), fractal analysis (e.g. Bez and Bertrand, 2011 ) and pattern recognition (e.g., Ojala et al. 2002 ), including many interrelations with remote sensing approaches. In the context of geomorphometry (or just morphometry, Pike, 2000 ) the applications cover many research topics in applied and environmental geology, geomorphology, geostructural studies and soil science (e.g., Cavalli and Marchi 2008; Dusséaux and Vannier, 2022; Evans et al., 2022; Frankel and Dolan 2007; Glenn et al. 2006; Grohmann et al., 2011; Guth, 1999; Lindsay, 2019; Misiuk et al., 2021; Pollyea and Fairley, 2011, Trevisani and Rocca, 2015; Trevisani et al. 2023; Woodcock, 1977 ).

Soil-surface roughness
Soil-surface roughness (SSR) refers to the vertical variations present in the micro- and macro-relief of a soil surface, as well as their stochastic distribution. There are four distinct classes of SSR, each one of them representing a characteristic vertical length scale; the first class includes microrelief variations from individual soil grains to aggregates on the order of 0.053–2.0 mm; the second class consists of variations due to soil clods ranging between 2 and 100 mm; the third class of soil surface roughness is systematic elevation differences due to tillage, referred to as oriented roughness (OR), ranging between 100 and 300 mm; the fourth class includes planar curvature, or macro-scale topographic features.

The two first classes account for the so-called microroughness, which has been shown to be largely influenced on an event and seasonal timescale by rainfall and tillage, respectively. Microroughness is most commonly quantified by means of the Random Roughness, which is essentially the standard deviation of bed surface elevation data around the mean elevation, after correction for slope using the best-fit plane and removal of tillage effects in the individual height readings. Rainfall impact can lead to either a decay or increase in microroughnesss, depending upon initial microroughness conditions and soil properties. On rough soil surfaces, the action of rainsplash detachment tends to smoothen the edges of soil surface roughness, leading to an overall decrease in RR. However, a recent study which examined the response of smooth soil surfaces on rainfall showed that RR can considerably increase for low initial microroughness length scales in the order of 0 – 5 mm. It was also shown that the increase or decrease is consistent among various SSR indices.

title: Surface roughness


text:
Dubrow's Cafeteria

Dubrow’s was a family owned chain of cafeteria-style restaurants in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Miami Beach. Dubrow’s was established on the Lower East Side of New York City in 1929 by Benjamin Dubrow (né Mowsoha Bencian Dubrowensky), an immigrant from Minsk, Belarus. Benjamin was married to Rose Solowey from the country now known as Belarus. They had five children: George, Minnie, Lila, Sylvia and Ruth.

George (who married Fannie Feldman and had three children: Irwin, Helene, and Leonard), together with his brothers in law, Max Tobin (who married Minnie and had three children: Sheila, Paul, and Anita), Benjamin Adler (who married Lila and had two sons: Joseph and Robert), Irving Kaplan (who married Sylvia and had three daughters: Beth Wald, Bonnie Lyons, and Laura Levin) and their descendants went on to establish and operate four new cafeterias and bakeries, three restaurants, a take-out shop, and Toby’s, a southern style chain of cafeterias in Florida. Ruth, George’s youngest sister, who married Seymour Gruber, a physician, had three children, Michael, Steven, and Joanne.

When George Dubrow died in an automobile accident in Florida, his eldest son Irwin assumed his responsibilities in managing Dubrow’s. Irwin’s brother Leonard subsequently joined him. In the following years, Paul Tobin took over for his father, and Joseph and Robert Adler worked part-time with their father. Irving Kaplan stayed with Dubrow’s until the last location’s closing.

Dubrow's was a New York City landmark for many decades with restaurants in both Manhattan and Brooklyn and later in Miami Beach.

There were two Dubrow’s Cafeterias in Brooklyn, one on Kings Highway and one on Eastern Parkway. The Dubrow’s Cafeteria in Miami Beach was located on Lincoln Road. The Manhattan Dubrow's was an important part of New York's Garment district in the early- to mid-twentieth century. It was a hub of activity for the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.

Many famous politicians used both the Brooklyn and the Manhattan locations as stumping spots for their political campaigns. These included Presidents John F. Kennedy, and Jimmy Carter when they were running for office, Robert F. Kennedy, and Hugh Carey and W. Averell Harriman, both former governors of New York. According to multiple biographies, baseball player Sandy Koufax announced his decision to sign with the Brooklyn Dodgers in front of Dubrow's Cafeteria on Kings Highway in Brooklyn. The children's author Bruce Coville also wrote about working at Dubrow's for a brief period of time. The Manhattan Dubrow's was the site of the American Playhouse production "The Cafeteria", based on the short story (today online here) by Isaac Bashevis Singer, which was featured on PBS.

The last Dubrow's, located in the Garment District in Manhattan, closed in 1985.

In 2023, Three Hills published a collection of photographs of Dubrow's taken by Marcia Bricker Halperin, along with essays about Dubrow's by several people including Donald Margulies.

Dubrow's Cafeteria in popular culture

 * A photograph by Garry Winogrand entitled "Kennedy-Nixon Presidential Campaign, New York, 1960" features Dubrow's prominently.
 * The novel Subway Music by Reynold Junker features a nostalgic passage about Dubrow's being gone
 * The poem "Waitress" by Jason Shinder claims to be set in Dubrow's, though there were no waitresses in Dubrow's.
 * The poem "You Could Live If They Let You" by Wallace Markfield features the lines "As I might speak of e. e. cummings enormous room or Swann's Madeline you speak of Dubrow's Cafeteria and Mallomars."
 * Ivan Koota did several paintings of Dubrow's in his collection of works depicting his native Brooklyn.
 * Dennis Ziemienski has a painting of Dubrow's Cafeteria.
 * Parts of the 1979 Film "Boardwalk" were filmed on location in the Dubrow's Cafeteria, Kings Highway & E.16, shortly after it closed, pictured above, in this article.
 * The novel Revolutionaries by Joshua Furst references a character who is the wife of Abby Hoffman scrounging for food at Dubrow's in Manhattan.

title: Dubrow's Cafeteria


text:
Come Get It!

Come Get It! is the debut album by Rick James and the Stone City Band. It was released in April 1978 via the Motown sub-label Gordy Records. The singles "You and I" and "Mary Jane" propelled Come Get It! to double platinum status.

Critical reception
Rolling Stone, in a retrospective, praised "You and I", writing that "James unleashed his brash 'punk-funk' movement with this gloriously strutting single, which boasted a colossal synth-bass groove, James' boa-tossing vocal panache and double-entendres directed at his ex-wife."

Track listing
All tracks composed and arranged by Rick James

Side A
 * 1) "Stone City Band, Hi!" – 3:30
 * 2) "You and I" – 8:04
 * 3) "Sexy Lady" – 3:52
 * 4) "Dream Maker" – 5:16

Side B
 * 1) "Be My Lady" – 4:48
 * 2) "Mary Jane" – 4:57
 * 3) "Hollywood" – 7:27
 * 4) "Stone City Band, Bye!" – 1:10

2014 digital remaster bonus track
 * 1) "You and I" (Extended M+M Mix) – 9:55

2014 Complete Motown Albums bonus tracks
 * 1) "You and I" (Extended M+M Mix) – 9:55
 * 2) "You and I" (Extended M+M Instrumental) – 9:13

Personnel

 * Rick James – vocals, guitars, keyboards, synthesizers, bass
 * Levi Ruffin, Jr. - Keyboards
 * Billy Nunn – keyboards
 * Bobby Nunn – keyboards
 * Freddy Rapillo – guitar
 * Andy Rapillo – bass
 * Mike Caputy – drums
 * Randy and Mike Brecker – horns
 * Richard Shaw – bass
 * Lorenzo Shaw – drums
 * Flick, Berry, Steve Williams – horns
 * Levi Ruffin – background vocals
 * Jackie Ruffin – background vocals
 * Bobby Nunn – background vocals
 * Billy Nunn – background vocals
 * Sascha Meeks – background vocals
 * Richard Shaw – background vocals
 * Vanessa Brooks Nunn – background vocals
 * Joey Diggs – background vocals
 * Anthony Caesar – background vocals
 * Roger Brown – background vocals
 * Calvin Moore – background vocals
 * Bennie McCullough – background vocals
 * Chuck Madden, Shelly – engineers

title: Come Get It!


text:
User:JoshuaRodman

Hi, I'm me. Also k8to, if you care. I'm making this document just in case anyone wants to talk about my actions.

THIS USER WILL TOTALLY HELP YOU WITH SOCCER PRACTICE

title: User:JoshuaRodman


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/OldRight/Workshop

This is a page for working on arbitration decisions. It provides for work by Arbitrators and comment by the parties and others. After the analysis of evidence here and development of proposed principles, findings of fact and remedies please place proposed items you have confidence in on Requests for arbitration/OldRight/Proposed decision

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Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.

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Joe Scarborough

 * 20:36, Jun 7, 2005: Old Right removes the same paragraph. He marks the edit as minor and does not give an edit summary.

 * Comment by Arbitrators:
 * The paragraph removed is a report of something which did not happen. I see no problem with removing slanderous material, however safe it may be legaly to republish it. See extended discussion at Talk:Joe Scarborough. Fred Bauder 01:22, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * However marking such an edit as minor and not adding an edit summary is misleading. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 18:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

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 * 18:58, Jun 1, 2005: Old Right removes the same paragraph. He gives the edit summary "case if irrelevent (sic) & including it is POV propaganda!."

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 * Removal of slanderous material is appropriate as is comment. See extended discussion at Talk:Joe Scarborough. Fred Bauder 01:22, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

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 * 22:48, May 25, 2005: Old Right repeats his edit below (which was removed soon after he first edited it) and also removes an entire paragraph with the edit summary "removed irrelevent info."
 * 01:25, May 18, 2005: Old Right adds "a political moderate" to Joe Scarborough, which is nonsensical.

 * Comment by Arbitrators:
 * Again removal of slanderous material which consists of media reports that the subject was not involved with is appropriate, as is the comment that he removed irrelevant material. See extended discussion at Talk:Joe Scarborough. The characterization of Scarborough as "moderate is unsourced, but not obviously "nonsensical." Fred Bauder 01:22, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

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The Passion of the Christ

 * 21:29, Jun 5, 2005: Old Right edits The Passion of the Christ, removing from the "Controversy and Anti-Semitism" section "the film has also been criticized by several fundamentalist Protestant groups for its Catholic and Ecumenist overtones" and leaving the edit summary "rv nonsense propaganda." Later the text is restored.

 * Comment by Arbitrators:
 * Edit involves removal of sourced information along with its source which was properly reverted. Fred Bauder 01:46, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note however that Old Right didn't edit war over this. He accepted the reverting of his deletion of material. I think this is an example of an editor being bold Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 18:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

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Rock Against Bush

 * 11:40, Jun 11, 2005: Old Right reverts. He is soon reverted.

 * Comment by Arbitrators:
 * The material Old Right restored seems unobjectionable . Radicalsubversiv's comment seems discourteous . Fred Bauder 02:09, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree that the material isn't objectional in terms of POV. That doesn't mean it should necessarily be in the article though. RS was talking about the material, not an editor. Doesn't seem particulaly discoutreus to me. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 18:40, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

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 * 07:57, Jun 6, 2005: More than two days later, Old Right returns to the article to pursue trivial disputes, changing "the election" to "re-election." He is later reverted.

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 * Why would anyone bother to revert this trivial, but accurate edit? Fred Bauder 02:09, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know but note that Old Right reverts them with the edit summary revert vandalism so daft behaviour on both sides. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 18:47, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

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 * 10:04, Jun 4, 2005: Radicalsubversiv, leaving the edit summary "Rhobite's correct, this is completely silly," restores Rhobite's version.

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 * Again this removal of information seems to be without any basis with Radicalsubversiv repeating his discourtesy. Fred Bauder 02:09, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

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 * 16:26, Jun 4, 2005: Old Right, leaving the edit summary "Yes it is needed; to show the level of RAB's failure!" reverts Rhobite's simple, neutral version and restores his own.

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 * Yes, in accord with Wikipedia's NPOV policy there is expression of an alternative viewpoint. Fred Bauder 02:09, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

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 * 14:28, Jun 4, 2005: Rhobite, leaving the edit summary "no need for this," edits the paragraph to "The project was not successful, as President George W. Bush went on to win the election."

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 * The link is to a different edit, but again Old Right's information is appropriate under Wikipedia's NPOV policy which provides for inclusion of significant alternative viewpoints. Again there is discourtesy, this time by Rhobite, if the quote is accurate. Fred Bauder 02:09, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

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 * 20:58, Jun 3, 2005: Old Right edits Rock Against Bush, changing "the project was not successful, though the President George W. Bush only won by a slim majority in an extremely close election" to " The project was not successful, as President George W. Bush went on to win the election by a majority and received the most votes for any candidate in American history." He marks the edit as minor and does not leave an edit summary.

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 * This edit is somewhat inaccurate as we all know. As this is the language Old Right uses in the examples above this sheds a new light on the repeated restorations of this somewhat inaccurate characterization of the out come of the election. Fred Bauder 02:09, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

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Stephen Baldwin

 * 21:04, Jun 3, 2005: Old Right repeats the edit, again leaving no edit summary.

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * This edit, unsourced, characterizing brother Alec as "ultraliberal" contrasts sharply with Alec Baldwin which characterizes Alec as a "Liberal Democrat." The reversion and comment seem appropriate if somewhat discourteous Fred Bauder 02:25, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

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 * 04:06, May 14, 2005: Old Right edits Stephen Baldwin, adding "in contrast to his ultraliberal brother Alec," again leaving no edit summary. Soon afterward someone NPOVs the text.

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * A repetition of the same error. The succeeding edit does not NPOV the text, after all the brothers do seem in sharp contrast, just removes the inaccurate information . Fred Bauder 02:25, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

Katherine Harris

 * 19:00, May 26, 2005: Old Right edits Katherine Harris, removing an entire section on Harris's views of embryonic stem cell research with the edit summary "irrelevent" (sic).

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * Although not sourced explicitly Old Right here removes relevant information (the voting record of a congresswoman regarding significant public issues is by definition relevant) and characterizes it as "irrelevant." Fred Bauder 02:32, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

Bill Maher

 * 23:51, May 25, 2005: Old Right adds Category:Socialism to Bill Maher. Maher has never identified himself as a socialist and is generally identified as libertarian. No edit summary is given.

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * Consulting Bill Maher gives no basis for insertion of this category, Old Right cites no other source. Fred Bauder 02:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

 * 02:11, May 5, 2005: Old Right makes assorted POV additions and removals from Bill Maher.

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * Yes, and engages in inappropriate argumentation. Fred Bauder 02:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

 * 16:47, Feb 23, 2005: Old Right changes "he also publically supports PETA, an organization that works for animal rights" into "He also publically supports PETA, an extremist animal rights organization that is often accused of terrorist methods."

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * An inappropriate edit in the context of this article which is about Bill Maher, not PETA. Fred Bauder 02:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

 * 00:00, Feb 13, 2005: Old Right reverts.

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * Some problems here, For example he changes from language which attributes a point of view to some critics to baldly stating it as fact, "his liberal views." Fred Bauder 02:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

 * 04:55, Feb 9, 2005: Old Right makes assorted POV edits to Bill Maher. He does not leave an edit summary and is soon reverted.

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * Yes, continuation of above problems, argumentation in the body of the article and bald characterizations. Fred Bauder 02:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

 * 20:55, Feb 5, 2005: Old Right edits the sentence "He supported Bob Dole in the 1996 U.S. presidential election and is close friends with conservative pundit Ann Coulter," removing the second part and leaving the edit summary "who his friends are is irrelevent to his politics!"
 * 20:53, Feb 5, 2005: Old Right makes assorted POV edits to Bill Maher. He does not leave an edit summary and is soon reverted.

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * Removes significant information and characterizes it as "irrelevant." Fred Bauder 02:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

 * 21:57, Oct 4, 2004: In a paragraph on Maher's views, Old Right changes "aggressive gun control" to "near-absolute gun control."

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * Unsourced POV edit. Fred Bauder 02:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

 * 13:15, Sep 8, 2004: Old Right removes, without explanation, the sentence "Maher has been an outspoken advocate of several political positions, but no notable overall ideology." He leaves no edit summary.

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * Although unsourced, the removed information seems appropriate. Fred Bauder 02:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

 * 13:15, Sep 8, 2004: Old Right makes an obviously POV edit to Bill Maher.

Comment by Arbitrators:
 * Incorporates argumentation and is unsourced. Fred Bauder 02:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

General discussion

 * Comment by Arbitrators:

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:


text:
Damián 666

Leonardo Carrera Gómez (born July 9, 1961) is a Mexican professional wrestler best known under the name Damián 666. He has worked for World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), World Wrestling Association (WWA) and various promotions on the Mexican independent circuit, including Perros del Mal Producciones (PdM). Carrera also worked under the ring name Galaxy in WCW, a masked Luchador. Carrera often teams with Halloween, leading to the formation of the team "Mexico's Most Wanted", which has worked extensively in North America for such promotions as Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW) and Revolution Pro Wrestling (RPW). Carrera's son currently wrestles on the international independent circuit as Bestia 666.

Early career (1985–1991)
Carrera made his debut in 1985 after being trained by Luis Canales, he would later receive additional training by Rey Misterio. Carrera's first ring persona was a masked persona called "Caballero 2000" (Spanish for "Knight 2000"). After working as Caballero 2000 for a couple of years, Carrera's ring persona was recast in the fall of 1987. He became Ultraman II, patterned after the Japanese Tokusatsu TV show Ultraman, and worked as a successor for the now unmasked Ultraman (Milo Ventura). "Lucha Libre" Magazine renamed him Ultraman 2000 in 1988. Carrera began working for the Mexican wrestling promotion World Wrestling Association (WWA), where he teamed up with Aguila del América and Kiss to win the WWA World Trios Championship from Bill Anderson, Louie Spicolli and Tim Paterson (masked as Los Mercenarios Americanos) on December 12, 1991; this was Carrera's first title victory.

Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (1991–1996)
During 1991 Carrera began working in Japan for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) where he was billed as "Amigo Ultra", to avoid any legal problems over the "Ultraman" trademark. While working in FMW Carrera's wrestling style was influenced by the Hardcore style of wrestling that FMW promoted. Atsushi Onita gave Garrera a new character: Demian, inspired in the movie The Omen. On July 16, 1993, Demian debuted in the Korakuen Hall. He and Zombi beat Battle Ranger and Eiji Ezaki. His ring persona was diabolical, so he wore facepaint and dark clothes instead of the mask and bright colors of Amigo Ultra. On December 7, 1993, Demian begins a society with The Sheik and Sabu wrestling against Onita, Sambo Asako and Mr. Gannosuke in Chiba's Choshishi Gym. Demian and Sabu participate in a Barbed Wire Tag Tournament in January, 1994. In March, 13, the trio was defeated by Mr. Pogo, Goro Tsurumi and Hideki Hosaka in the Heiwajima TV Theater in Tokyo. The Sheik blamed Demian for the losing and a feud started. The feud culminated on May 5, 1995, at the 6th Anniversary Show at the Kawasaki Stadium, where he wrestled two matches. In the first match, Carrera competed as Amigo Ultra and teamed with Ultra Taro to defeat Battle Ranger Z and Mach Hayato and then he competed as Damian against Sheik, in a match which he lost. Later on his name was modified to "Damián 666", with the addition of 666 stemming from the fact that he had taken to painting those numbers on his forehead. Damién 666's ring persona earned him the nickname La Bestia del Apocalipsis (Spanish for "The Beast of the Apocalypse"). By 1995 Carrera returned to North America working as Ultraman 2000 on some shows in Mexico and as Damién 666 in the US and some shows in Mexico. He teamed up with Aguila de American and Kiss once again to capture the WWA World Trios Championship. He also captured the WWA Middleweight Championship, working as Ultraman 2000 and also won the Mexican National Welterweight Championship from Psicosis in a "title vs. title" match on an Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) show. On March 16, 1996, Carrera lost the Ultraman 2000 gimmick in a Luchas de Apuestas mask vs. mask match against Psicosis. After being unmasked, Carrera abandoned the Ultraman 2000 ring persona completely and started working exclusively as Damién 666. This change meant that he had to vacate the Mexican Welterweight title.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1996)
Carrera had a short stint in the United States with the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-based promotion Extreme Championship Wrestling in mid-1996. At Massacre on Queens Boulevard in April 1996 he unsuccessfully challenged ECW World Heavyweight Champion Raven. The following month, at A Matter of Respect, he faced El Puerto Riqueño, with the bout ending in a no contest after Sabu attacked both men.

World Championship Wrestling (1996–1999)
In the fall of 1996 Carrera was one of the many Mexican Luchadors brought in to work for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) to bolster their Cruiserweight division. Carrera worked both as "Damian", his regular ring persona and as "Galaxy", a masked "Space Cadet" type of character, without any public acknowledgement that it was the same man working as both characters. He was a part of the 60 man Battle Royal at the World War 3 1996, 1997 and 1998. Beyond the three appearances, Carrera worked mainly as a low-card wrestler without much in-ring success. When Eddie Guerrero formed the Latino World Order (lWo) Carrera was one of the Luchadors that joined, but never made much headway in the group.

Mexico's Most Wanted (2000–2005)
During Carrera's stint in WCW he began teaming with Halloween (who also worked as "Ciclope"), something which they decided to continue to do after both wrestlers left WCW. The two of them began working for South Californian promotions such as Revolution Pro and Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW) under the moniker "Mexico's Most Wanted". In 2000 and 2001 Damián 666 and Halloween toured with All Japan Pro Wrestling, working tag team and some times six man tag team matches with other Luchadors. On July 20, 2002, Mexico's Most Wanted defeated the teams of American Wild Child and Shady, Juantastico and Pogo The Clown and the New Panthers (K-Malik Shabazz and Raphael Muhammed) to become the first ever XPW World Tag Team Champions. On December 21, 2002, they lost the title to Youthanazia (Josh Prohibition and M-Dogg 20), but regained then just a month later. A week after winning the titles for the second time Mexico's Most Wanted lost them back to Youthanasia before leaving XPW. Later in 2003 Mexico's Most Wanted defeated The Aerial Express (Quicksilver and Scorpio Sky) to win the vacant Revolution Pro Tag Team championship, which they held for nine months.

In 2002 Damián 666 and Halloween began working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Mexico's largest and the world's oldest wrestling promotion. They were joined by Nicho el Millonario to form a group called La Familia de Tijuana, playing off the fact that all three wrestlers got their start in Tijuana and knew each other from back then. La Familia banded together to defeat Los Nuevos Infernales, the team of El Satánico, Averno and Mephisto, to win the Mexican National Trios Championship on September 27, 2002. La Familia defended the title well into 2003 until Nicho left the company in June 2003. By the end of June the team was stripped of the championship, as they could not defend the title.

Perros del Mal (2005–2012)
After Nicho left CMLL the "La Famila" group was disbanded and instead Damián 666 and Halloween was made part of a new super group that was forming, Los Perros del Mal, led by Perro Aguayo, Jr. In December, 2005 Halloween injured his neck and knee, forcing him out of the ring while he recovered. During Halloween's injury Damián 666 began teaming regularly with fellow Perros del Mal member Mr. Águila. When Halloween returned the trio of Damián 666, Halloween and Mr. Águila defeated Máximo, El Sagrado and El Texano, Jr. for the Mexican National Trios Championship. The trio lost the championship to El Sagrado, La Sombra and Volador Jr. in August 2007 after which Halloween left CMLL. Damián 666 remained in CMLL and remained with Los Perros del Mal ending the 8-year run as Mexico's Most Wanted. In June 2008, Damián 666 was backstage at the World Wrestling Entertainment PPV One Night Stand and worked a tryout match later on. It was reported that the WWE considered offering Damián 666 a contract but nothing came of it.

In November 2008, Perro Aguayo, Jr. left CMLL over creative differences. Damián 666 and Mr. Águila followed Aguayo out of CMLL and helped launch their own promotion, Perros del Mal Producciones. Besides working in Producciones Perros del Mal as the matchmaker, Damián 666 has also worked for Alianza Universal De Lucha Libre (AULL) and International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG). In 2009 Halloween joined the Perros del Mal promotion, reuniting with Damián 666. In June 2010, Damián 666 became a major part of a storyline, where Los Perros del Mal invaded AAA. On August 14, 2010, at Verano de Escandalo, in the first major match between Los Perros del Mal and AAA, El Hijo del Perro Aguayo, Damián 666 and L.A. Park defeated El Mesías, Cibernético and La Parka in a six-man tag team match. On June 18, 2011, at Triplemanía XIX, Halloween, Damián 666 and X-Fly defeated Los Psycho Circus in a tournament final to become the first ever AAA World Trios Champions. On July 31 at Verano de Escándalo, Los Perros del Mal faced Los Psycho Circus in a steel cage match, where the last person left in the cage would lose either his hair or mask. The match ended with Psycho Clown escaping the cage, leaving X-Fly inside and forcing him to have his hair shaved off. After a Perros del Mal Producciones event on August 20, Carrera announced his retirement from professional wrestling as soon as he had fulfilled the rest of his commitments for AAA and various independent promotions. On August 28, Damián 666, his son Bestia 666 and X-Fly defeated Los Psycho Circus, Los Temerarios (Black Terry, Durok and Machin) and Los Villanos (Kortiz, Ray Mendoza, Jr. and Villano IV) in a steel cage match to win the IWRG Intercontinental Trios Championship during IWRG's La Jaula de la Muerte ("The Cage of Death") show. On October 9 at Héroes Inmortales, Los Perros del Mal and Los Psycho Circus ended their year-long rivalry, when Damián 666, Halloween and Nicho el Millonario were defeated in a Masks vs. Hairs steel cage match and were all shaved bald. After a five-month break from the rivalry, Los Perros del Mal lost the AAA World Trios Championship to Los Psycho Circus on March 11, 2012. The following day, Damián 666, Halloween and X-Fly announced that they had quit Los Perros del Mal.

La Familia de Tijuana (2012–present)
On March 13, 2012, Damián 666, Bestia 666, Halloween, Super Nova and X-Fly announced that they were forming La Familia de Tijuana, a group of independent wrestlers, much like Los Perros del Mal, with the exception that they were not looking to form their own promotion. It was also revealed that originally only Damián and his son were looking to get out of Los Perros del Mal, but the others joined them after learning of their intentions. On March 29, IWRG was officially announced as La Familia de Tijuana's new home promotion. On April 19, Damián 666's longtime partner Halloween severed his ties with La Familia de Tijuana and returned to Los Perros del Mal.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
 * AAA World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Halloween and X-Fly
 * Mexican National Welterweight Championship (1 time)
 * Cauliflower Alley Club
 * Lucha Libre Award (2023)
 * Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
 * Mexican National Trios Championship (2 times) – with Halloween and Nicho el Millonario (1), Halloween and Mr. Águila (1)
 * Federacion Internacional de Lucha Libre
 * FILL Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Halloween
 * International Wrestling All Stars
 * IWAS World Light Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * International Wrestling Revolution Group
 * IWRG Intercontinental Trios Championship (2 times) – with Bestia 666 and X-Fly (1), and Headhunter I and X-Fly (1)
 * Copa Higher Power (2011) – with El Hijo de Lizmark
 * North American Wrestling Association
 * NAWA Middleweight Championship (1 time)
 * Nueva Generacion Xtrema
 * NGX World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Halloween
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him #93 of the top 500 wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2006
 * Revolution Pro
 * Revolution Pro World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Halloween
 * World Wrestling Association
 * WWA Middleweight Championship (1 time)
 * WWA Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Bestia 666
 * WWA World Trios Championship (2 times) – with Aguila de Americano and Kiss
 * World Wrestling Organization
 * WWO Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Halloween
 * Xtreme Latin American Wrestling
 * XLAW Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Halloween (2), Estrella Dorada Jr. (1)
 * Xtreme Pro Wrestling
 * XPW World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Halloween

title: Damián 666


text:
Talk:Damián 666

Requested move
Leonardo Carrera → Damián 666 — He is currently listed under his real name but is always billed as Damián 666 in wrestling, interviews and any other media apperances. So per WP:COMMONNAME I request he is moved to the name he's actually known as  MPJ  -DK 13:45, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ Feed  back  ☎ 20:37, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Damián 666


text:
Julian II

Julian II may refer to:

 * Julian (emperor), Roman emperor 361–363
 * Julian II the Roman, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch 688–708

title: Julian II


text:
Bustin' Out of L Seven

Bustin' Out of L Seven is the second album by the American musician Rick James, released in 1979 through Gordy Records. Included on the album is the top ten R&B hit, "Bustin' Out (On Funk)". L7 is slang for "square", as in the opening lyrics of "Bustin' Out (On Funk)", "Well, alright, you squares, it's time you smoked, Fire up this funk and let's have a toke". The letter L and the number 7 form a square.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Rick James.

Side A
 * 1) "Bustin' Out" - 5:24
 * 2) "High on Your Love Suite/One Mo Hit (Of Your Love)" - 7:24
 * 3) "Love Interlude" - 1:57
 * 4) "Spacey Love" - 5:50

Side B
 * 1) "Cop N Blow" - 5:04
 * 2) "Jefferson Ball" - 7:21
 * 3) "Fool on the Street" - 7:20

2014 digital remaster bonus track
 * 1) "Bustin' Out (12" Extended Mix) - 7:21

2014 Complete Motown Albums bonus tracks
 * 1) "Bustin' Out (12" Extended Mix) - 7:21
 * 2) "Bustin' Out (12" Instrumental) - 5:24

Personnel

 * Rick James - vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, percussion
 * Oscar Alston - bass
 * Levi Ruffin - synthesizer, percussion
 * Wally Ali - guitar on "Cop 'N' Blow"
 * Ernie Fields Jr. - saxophone
 * Michael Brecker - saxophone
 * Randy Brecker - trumpet
 * Fred Jackson Jr. - alto saxophone, alto flute
 * Al Szymanski - guitar
 * Lanise Hughes - drums, percussion
 * Lorenzo Shaw - drums, percussion
 * Shondra Akiem - percussion
 * Maxine Willard Waters - background vocals
 * Clydene Jackson - background vocals
 * Fernando Harkness - tenor saxophone on "High on Your Love Suite" and "Fool on the Street"
 * Garnett Brown - trombone
 * Dorothy Ashby - harp on "Spacey Love" and "Jefferson Ball"
 * Clarence Sims - keyboards, percussion
 * Wayne Jackson - trumpet on "Spacey Love" and "Fool on the Street"
 * Jackie Ruffin - percussion
 * Oscar Brashear - trombone
 * George Bohanon - trombone
 * Teena Marie - background vocals
 * Billy Nunn, Bobby Nunn - keyboards, Freddie Rappilo - guitar, Richard Shaw - bass, Lorenzo Shaw - drums on "High on Your Love Suite"
 * Julia Tillman Waters - background vocals
 * Bobby Nunn, Billy Nunn, Sascha Meeks, Richard Shaw, Jackie Ruffin - background vocals on "High on Your Love Suite"

title: Bustin' Out of L Seven


text:
Captative verb

Captative verbs indicate catching and hunting of a specific animal or other target, e.g. English to fish.

Usually captatives are not separately marked, but some Uralic languages do this. Nenets, Sami languages and Finnish have a captative marker for marking captative verbs; in Nenets, the marker is exclusively used for this purpose. For example, Northern Sami murjet "to pick berries" is derived from muorji "berry". Also, Finnish has captative verbs marked by -sta-, e.g. marja/sta/a "to pick berries", kala/sta/a "to fish", metsä/stä/ä "to hunt".

title: Captative verb


text:
User:Barneygumble

Personal interests
I have interests in photography, especially film, Chess, triathlon, and traveling. I've been to 27 countries across 6 continents (S. America is missing).

title: User:Barneygumble


text:
User:Marcello

Webmaster at Project Gutenberg
I'm the webmaster of Project Gutenberg. Contact me freely at: webmaster@gutenberg.org

title: User:Marcello


text:
Lance C. Wade

Wing Commander Lance Cleo "Wildcat" Wade DSO, DFC & Two Bars (18 November 1916 – 12 January 1944) was an American pilot who joined the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War and became a flying ace. He remained with RAF until his death in a flying accident in 1944 in Italy. He was described as a "distinguished American fighter ace who epitomized perhaps more than any other American airman the wartime accords between Britain and the United States".

Early life
Wade was born in the small farming community of Broaddus, Texas, in 1915. He was the second son of Bill and Susan Wade, who named him L.C. (only after the RAF demanded a forename did he call himself Lance Cleo Wade). After the family moved to a farm near Reklaw, Texas, in 1922 he worked on the family farm and attended the local school. He was unable to join the US Army Aviation Cadet Program due to a lack of a college education. He began flying at age 17, at Tucson, Arizona. In 1934, at age 19, Wade joined the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in Arizona.

Military career
He joined the RAF in Canada in December 1940 and trained with No. 52 Operational Training Unit (OTU). Wade was then sent to the British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal and flew off her deck in a Hawker Hurricane to reinforce the depleted ranks of aircraft on the island of Malta. He was then sent to Egypt as a Hurricane Mk I pilot in September 1941, and was posted to 33 Squadron. The squadron's mission was to provide close air support for Operation Crusader, the British assault launched on 18 November 1941, against the German Afrika Korps. His first kills were two Fiat CR.42 Falcos on 18 November. He attained the rank of "ace" on 24 November 1941. On 2 December, his Hurricane was damaged by debris from a bomber that he had just shot down. Wade was forced to land 25 miles behind enemy lines, but evaded capture and returned to British lines on foot. He began flying Hurricane Mk IIs in April 1942, and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). He had 15 aerial victories in September 1942.

He spent the next several months back in the US on various RAF projects including evaluating some American fighters at Wright Field. He also sold war bonds, which he disliked. Upon his return to operational duty in the Middle East, Wade reportedly said that this duty was more exhausting than air combat.

He returned to combat as a flight commander in 145 Squadron with a bar to his DFC, flying Supermarine Spitfire Mk Vs. Promoted to squadron leader, he had a busy 60 days, as by the end of April his score was 21, by then flying Spitfire Mk IXs. His squadron moved to Italy, and as a Spitfire VIII pilot he claimed two Focke-Wulf Fw 190s of Schlachtgeschwader 4 on 2 October 1943. His last claims were three Fw 190s (again of SG 4) damaged on 3 November. Wade was promoted to wing commander and joined the staff of the Desert Air Force but was there only briefly, as he was killed in a flying accident on 12 January 1944 at Foggia, Italy.

Wade was credited with 25 aerial victories and was the leading American fighter ace to serve exclusively in any foreign air force. Since he never transferred to the USAAF, or any other American air service, Wade didn't enjoy all of the publicity that some other American aces received and is often overlooked when discussing Historical American Aces.

Honours and awards

 * Citation for the award of the Distinguished Flying Cross to Pilot Officer Lance Wade (68717), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 33 Squadron.
 * Citation for the award of Bar to the Distinguished Flying Cross to Acting Flight Lieutenant Lance Wade (68717), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 33 Squadron.

 * Citation for the award of a second Bar to the Distinguished Flying Cross to Acting Squadron Leader Lance Wade (68717), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 145 Squadron.

 * Citation for the award of the Distinguished Service Order to Wing Commander Lance Wade DFC (68717), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 33 Squadron.

title: Lance C. Wade


text:
Ana Cláudia Michels

Ana Cláudia Michels (born July 31, 1981) is a Brazilian model and physician.

Biography
Michels was born in Joinville, Brazil. At the age of 14 she began to take a model course with the encouragement of her father. She was discovered by an agency in Florianópolis and immediately invited to a parade in Itajaí, Santa Catarina. At age 15, Ana Claudia started to parade for Ellus, Beneducci and Zoomp. At age 16, she left Brazil and went to New York City. On the same occasion, Ana Claudia was chosen to integrate the Chanel Tour and to cross Japan.

Modeling career
Ana Claudia started modeling in 1997 with the Mega Agency, when she was introduced to the owners by a friend. She has appeared in catalogs for Victoria's Secret and Le Lis Blanc, a noted Brazilian clothing company, as well as Calvin Klein advertisements. She has also appeared in ads for companies like Burberry, Giorgio Armani, Louis Vuitton, Macy's, Nike, and Tommy Hilfiger, and has graced the covers of multiple international editions of Vogue.

Medical doctor
In 2012, Ana Claudia was accepted by São Camilo Medical School in São Paulo, Brazil, from which she earned a medical degree in 2019. She joined the efforts against COVID-19 as a general practitioner.

title: Ana Cláudia Michels