text:
Appointment to the Order of Canada

Appointment to the Order of Canada is the process by which citizens of Canada or certain foreign persons are inducted into the Order of Canada, the second-highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours. Any living Canadian or foreign national may be nominated for appointment; however, the advisory council of the Order of Canada and the Governor General of Canada make the final decision on appointments. Recipients of the order may also be promoted to a higher grade within it if they have continued to provide outstanding service to Canada, or to humanity in general, after their appointment.

Eligibility
Paragraph nine of the Constitution of the Order of Canada lists the criteria for appointment to the order. All living Canadians are eligible for any of the three levels of the order, except federal and provincial politicians and judges while they are holding office. Multiple people who have committed the same honourable act or deed are also eligible for induction; for example, all three members of the band Rush (Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart) have been appointed as Officers of the order, the first time a group, rather than an individual, was appointed to the Order of Canada. All three members of the children's group Sharon, Lois & Bram (Sharon Trostin Hampson, Lois Lilienstein, and Bramwell Morrison) have also been made members of the order – although, since Lilienstein is an American citizen, she was made an honorary member.

A new member whose appointment is approved during their lifetime but who dies prior to either the announcement of that appointment or their investiture, may be invested posthumously. The 2005 appointment of journalist Peter Jennings was announced under these circumstances; his daughter, Elizabeth Jennings, accepted the insignia on her father's behalf in October, 2006. The oldest person ever to be invested into the order was Cornelius Wiebe, who was 106 years old at the time of his investiture in 1999.

Commonly, influential political leaders, such as former prime ministers, are appointed after they retire from politics. John Diefenbaker was the only living former prime minister not to be appointed to the Order of Canada; after losing the prime ministership to Lester B. Pearson in 1963, Diefenbaker remained a sitting member of parliament and died while still in office in 1979, never becoming eligible. Others, such as former New Democratic Party leader Ed Broadbent and former Prime Minister Joe Clark, were appointed after exiting politics, only to later return to elected office. There have also been several senators who were appointed to the order prior to taking office; there were 15 senators who belonged to the order: Tommy Banks, Roméo Dallaire, Trevor Eyton, Irving Gerstein, Nancy Greene, Serge Joyal, Wilbert Keon, Jean Lapointe, Sandra Lovelace Nicholas, Frank Mahovlich, Donald Oliver, Kelvin Ogilvie, Nancy Ruth, Hugh Segal and Pamela Wallin. Further, in the same vein as prime ministers being appointed after leaving office, every chief justice of Canada from Robert Taschereau onward has been made a Companion. People who hold a ceremonial political office (for example sergeant-at-arms) are considered public servants and therefore can be invested while serving in that office. There is no rule that Order of Canada members cannot be inducted to any of the Canadian provincial or territorial orders. For example, Gordon Lightfoot is both a Companion of the Order of Canada and member of the Order of Ontario, and Oscar Peterson, who was born in Montreal but resided in Ontario during his later years, was simultaneously a Companion of the Order of Canada, Knight of the National Order of Quebec, and a member of the Order of Ontario.

Media magnate Conrad Black, Baron Black of Crossharbour, was the only non-honorary member of the Order of Canada who did not hold Canadian citizenship. Black was appointed as an Officer of the order in 1990, and surrendered his Canadian citizenship in 2001 to overcome political hurdles preventing his appointment to the House of Lords. Black was convicted of mail fraud in 2007. On January 31, 2014, he was removed from the Order of Canada by Gov. Gen. David Johnston.

Nomination, review, and appointment
The Chancellery of Honours at Rideau Hall, which administers the Canadian honours system, permits anyone to submit nominations for the Order of Canada any time of the year. A form is completed – including notes on the candidate's life and accomplishments, the nominator's and the candidate's information (such as birth, citizenship, address, and occupation), and three supporters of the nomination – and sent to the Chancellery. Once there, the letter is kept in a file unannounced, due to privacy of the nominee and the person who made the nomination.

Companion
To be considered for appointment for the rank of Companion, one must have made "outstanding achievement and merit of the highest degree, especially in service to Canada or to humanity at large." The order's constitution dictates that two people are automatically made Extraordinary Companions to the order: the Governor General, and his or her spouse.

The Governor General and his or her spouse will each continue to be Companions of the order until they are deceased. If the maximum number of 165 Companions has been reached, no more appointments can be made until a vacancy occurs, which can come due to death, resignation of the Companion, or the removal of the individual from the order. Each year up to 15 people can be either appointed to the grade directly or promoted from the grade of Officer to Companion; however, the four honorary Companions living today do not count towards the 165 total. The ex-officio Companions, which currently comprise Edward Schreyer, Lily Schreyer, Gerda Hnatyshyn, Diana Fowler LeBlanc, Adrienne Clarkson, John Ralston Saul, Michaëlle Jean, Jean-Daniel Lafond, David Johnston, Sharon Johnston, Julie Payette, Mary Simon and Whit Fraser, are not counted toward the maximum number of Companions. From 1997 until his appointment as Governor General in 2011 David Johnston held a substantive appointment as a Companion.

Officer
A person can be appointed to the rank of Officer for "achievement and merit of a high degree, especially service to Canada or to humanity at large." Unlike the rank of Companion, there is no limit on how many Officers can be living at one time, though the Governor General may only appoint up to sixty-four Officers per year, excluding honorary appointments. A person can become an Officer by being promoted from the grade of Member or being appointed directly to the rank.

Member
A person can be appointed to the rank of Member for "distinguished service in or to a particular community, group or field of activity." There is no limit to how many Members can be living at one time, though the Governor General may only appoint up to 136 Members per year.

Honorary
A non-Canadian can be considered for membership in all three grades; however, the Governor General can only make five of these appointments per year. Honorary members are allowed to use post-nominal letters and wear the insignia in public.

Appointment
Once the nomination has been received by the Chancellery of Honours, it will be evaluated by the Advisory Council of the Order of Canada. The members of the Council evaluate and vote on each nomination at their meetings. At the end of each meeting, their recommendations will be sent to the Governor General. The Governor General will follow the recommendations and will sign an Instrument appointing the members to the Order.

The names of inductees into the Order of Canada are announced twice annually, once around New Year's Day (January 1) and again around Canada Day (July 1).

Investiture
Induction ceremonies are generally conducted by the Governor General at Rideau Hall in Ottawa or, on rare occasions, by the Queen herself; Elizabeth II performed her first Order of Canada investiture at Rideau Hall in August, 1973. The 2002 ceremony was held at Halifax's Pier 21 to mark the 50th anniversary of Canadian Governors General, but the most common reason for the insignia not being presented at Rideau Hall is the recipient's inability to travel to Ottawa. An early example of this occurred in 1980 when activist athlete Terry Fox was dying of terminal cancer. A more recent example occurred in 2003 with singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot: in 2002, shortly before a concert, Lightfoot suffered a serious abdominal hemorrhage that resulted in his being in a coma for a time and months in hospital recovering. On the news of his near-death condition, Lightfoot was promoted to the rank of Companion. Since his condition left him unable to travel, Adrienne Clarkson flew to Toronto and presented him with the insignia in a private ceremony performed in his hospital room. Similarly, in 2000 Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, at the age of 100, was invested as an Honorary Companion at Clarence House in London. Rather than place the insignia on the Queen Mother, who was recovering from a hip replacement, Clarkson handed Her Majesty her badge. Her Majesty made a point of wearing it around her neck at a special lunch following the private ceremony. Inductions can also be delegated to another individual, such as a Lieutenant Governor, as was the case when Mervyn Wilkinson was inducted into the order by Iona Campagnolo, the then Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, in 2002. Investitures can also be delayed, such as in the case of Wayne Gretzky, who was appointed to the grade of Officer in 1984 for his outstanding contributions to the game of ice hockey. However, as the ceremonies always conflicted with his hockey schedule, it was not until over 13 years, and two governors general, later that Gretzky could personally be invested into the order. The longest delay between appointment and investiture was the 23-year delay of W. Bruce Hutchison. Hutchison was appointed in July 1967, but did not attend the investiture ceremony until April 1990

Prior to Clarkson becoming Governor General of Canada, Order of Canada inductions were rarely performed outside of Rideau Hall or the Governor General's secondary residence La Citadelle. Under her tenure Clarkson held entire investment ceremonies in cities like St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Vancouver, British Columbia. She was also noted for delegating the duty to other individuals on certain occasions when it would have been difficult for her or the recipient to travel.

Role of politicians in appointment
Prior to the 1970s honorary appointments to the order had to be approved by Cabinet. This bureaucratic hurdle resulted in there being no honorary appointments to the order until the 1980s. In 1972 John Grierson was expected to be authorized as the first honorary companion by Cabinet, and notice of his appointment was prepared in advance of cabinet rubber stamping the nomination. However, Grierson died one day before his appointment could be finalized. This incident was a driving force in devolving this procedure from the entire cabinet, to the minister of foreign affairs.

The appointment process for the Order of Canada is notable for being mostly removed from the active partisan influence normally seen in the British honours system. Unlike in many nations, active federal and provincial politicians cannot be admitted into the order until they exit elected office. Nevertheless, there have been some occasions where the House of Commons has felt it necessary to interfere. The most notable (and perhaps most successful) was Zena Sheardown, the first honorary appointment to the Order. Sheardown sheltered four American diplomats in her house for months during the Canadian Caper. While others involved in the scheme were admitted into the order, Sheardown was not. Her appointment was delayed because she was not a Canadian citizen. Flora MacDonald had to ask for, and receive authorization from the House of Commons that Sheardown deserved membership in the order before her appointment was seriously considered.

It is also notable that occasionally sitting members of the House of Commons rise to offer congratulations to people in their districts who have been admitted into the order. Some speakers of the House have discouraged this practice because it blurs the line between partisan politics and the apolitical nature of the order.

On rare occasions, some sitting politicians have been known to comment on controversial appointments to the Order of Canada. When Dr. Henry Morgentaler was appointed a member of the Order of Canada, Maurice Vellacott, a Conservative member of Parliament known for his pro-life views, told The Globe and Mail, "There are so many deserving Canadians, there was no need to choose somebody like Dr. Morgentaler.".

The New Democratic Party called for the Governor-General to remove Conrad Black from the Order following his conviction for obstruction of justice.

title: Appointment to the Order of Canada


text:
User:WolfDreams

On this page, you'll learn a bit about me as well as a few of my interests. If you'd like to get to know me a bit more sometime, I'm always up for chat on MSN messenger. Also, all questions and comments are more than welcome, and if I've made mistakes, please bear with me. I'm still fairly new (I've been here since July 16th) to Wiki, but I look forward to being an active member in the future.

Who am I?

 * Name: Jason
 * Gender: Male
 * Location: West Virginia, USA
 * Age: 14 years old
 * Religion: Atheist
 * More:I am 14 years old and I've lived my entire life in West Virginia. Music has been a big part of my life for a little over a year now, and I mainly listen to metal as well as a little bit of classic rock from time to time.  I've been playing guitar since Christmas 2004; I own a black B.C. Rich Warlock (Bronze Series).  It's nothing special, and it was actually rather cheap, but I'm loving it and I think it's a pretty decent beginners guitar.  Other than music, another thing I enjoy is Texas Hold 'Em Poker and, of course, the internet.  When I'm not hanging out with friends or playing my guitar, you can almost always find me online.

Bands I Listen To
Below is a list of some of the bands that I listen to. I either have albums and/or mixed CDs from the following bands or I happen to like a lot of the songs that I've heard from them. (In no specific order).

 * Arch Enemy
 * Chimaira
 * Cradle of Filth (the album Dusk And Her Embrace)
 * Danzig
 * Death
 * Dillinger Escape Plan
 * Dimmu Borgir
 * Iced Earth
 * Iron Maiden
 * Jimi Hendrix
 * Lamb of God
 * Led Zeppelin
 * Megadeth
 * Metallica (First four albums only)
 * Opeth
 * Rammstein
 * Slayer
 * System of a Down
 * The Black Dahlia Murder
 * The Mars Volta

Bands I Plan on Listening To
Below is a list of some of the bands that I'm eager to check out in the future. I have a few songs on my computer from each band listed, but I'm yet to buy any albums. As soon as I get the money, however, I'm going to definently check out the following. (In no specific order).

 * Alice In Chains
 * Amon Amarth
 * Carcass
 * Children of Bodom
 * Deicide
 * Emperor
 * Immortal
 * In Flames
 * Judas Priest
 * Kreator
 * Morbid Angel
 * Necrophagist
 * Nightrage
 * Nile
 * Testament
 * Ulver

Movies
Before I got into music about a year ago, I went through a phase in which I was interested in movies and everything that had to do with them. However, since most of my money now goes towards music albums, I rarely watch movies as I once did. Anyways, below are a few of my favorites along with some reasons why you should check them out as well.

 * "Kill Bill" (Style on top of style in this one)
 * "Pulp Fiction" (By far Tarantino's best film; interesting characters and dialouge all around.)
 * "Reservoir Dogs" (Another excellent movie by Tarantino; his second best, in my opinion.)
 * "Donnie Darko" (Ah, what a mind job. Great acting and a plot that keeps you thinking.)
 * "Scarface" (Perhaps a bit overrated, but still a fun gangster film.)
 * "Snatch" (Very underrated British gangster film. Interesting characters and dialouge.)
 * "Collateral" (Excellent thriller; stylish plot and action.)
 * "Shaun of the Dead" (Hilarious film about zombies... and romance?)
 * "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" (One of the best westerns of all time; great acting and style.)
 * "The Matrix" (Great action film with a solid story and interesting philosophy.)
 * "Jackie Brown" (A very underrated Tarantino film with a great cast and script, as always.)
 * "The Shawshank Redemption" (Inspiring and powerful with great dialouge and acting to back it up.)
 * "The School of Rock" (Great tribute to classic rock and rock music in general.)
 * "Office Space" (Hilarious movie about working in a cubicle and it's many downfalls.)
 * "Underworld" (Solid movie about the classic rivalry of werewolves and vampires.)
 * "An American Werewolf in London" (Not great, but the best werewolf transformation scene of all time.)
 * "Braveheart" (It may be long, but every minute is well worth it. Powerful film.)
 * "Fight Club" (Interesting movie with excellent acting, humor, and plot.)

Other
Below are a few links that you may be interested in checking out.

My talk page My contributions My Watchlist My Edit Count

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:WolfDreams


text:
User:Mass147

Masoud Shafaee.

Articles I Have Started: J'Attendrai Le Suivant Ross Copperman Saber-rattling Marc Blanchard Aram Yengoyan Dante Spinotti Selectorate Theory Bridge School Benefit

title: User:Mass147


text:
User talk:Willyman (usurped)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. David | Talk 23:56, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Willyman (usurped)


text:
Talk:Chicago Musical College

Untitled
Was Mendelssohn Conservatory, in existence in Chicago around 1900, absorbed later into Chicago Musical College?

title: Talk:Chicago Musical College


text:
LaRue Parker

Sundra LaRue Martin Parker (1935–2011) was the former Chairperson of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. She served as chairperson as early as 2000, and was re-elected over opposition candidate, Christine Smith Noah, in the July 9, 2005 election. In 2009, Park was succeeded in the position by Brenda Shemayme Edwards.

Parker was born on 21 July 1935. Her parents were Michael and Wynema Southerland Martin. Her father, Michael Martin, or Silver Moon, of Verden, Oklahoma was a prolific painter with several pieces in the Caddo Heritage Museum's permanent collection.

LaRue was Caddo tribal princess in 1951. On 29 December 1951, Parker married Leonard Parker, and together they had six children.

Parker died on 20 May 2011 in Anadarko, Oklahoma.

title: LaRue Parker


text:
File:Thewinninghand.jpg

Summary
The Winning Hand, Monument, 1982

Fair use in The Winning Hand
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover. (slightly over 300x300, but still low res)
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Thewinninghand.jpg


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Providencia (bacterium)

Providencia is genus of Gram-negative, motile bacteria of the family Morganellaceae. It was named after Providence, Rhode Island, where C. A. Stuart and colleagues studied these bacteria at Brown University.

Providencia pathogens of humans
Some species are opportunistic pathogens in humans. Providencia stuartii can cause urinary tract infections, particularly in patients with long-term indwelling urinary catheters or extensive severe burns. Alternatively, Providencia rettgeri is a common cause of traveller's diarrhoea.

Providencia pathogens in insects
Many strains have been isolated from the haemolymph of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. These strains display different levels of virulence. For example Providencia sneebia is highly virulent, and infection always results in fly mortality. Alternatively, P. rettgeri displays an intermediate virulence wherein some individuals survive infection, while others perish. The susceptibility to P. rettgeri is strongly tied to an allele of the antimicrobial peptide gene Diptericin. Surprisingly, the fly's defence against P. rettgeri seems to rely almost exclusively on Diptericin, as deletion of Diptericin leads to complete mortality. Meanwhile deletion of multiple other antimicrobial peptides has no effect on P. rettgeri virulence. Yet defence against P. burhodogranariea is determined by multiple antimicrobial peptides beyond just Diptericin. Why Diptericin is so specifically important in defence against one species of Providencia is not clear, but could yield insight into how bacterial species evolve resistance or susceptibility to antimicrobial compounds.

Trivia

 * Providencia burhodogranariea is named after the "big red barn" in which conversations were held around its discovery.
 * Some strains are sensitive to ampicillin.

title: Providencia (bacterium)


text: Talk:Neleh Dennis

title: Talk:Neleh Dennis


text:
Talk:Devadasi

Sexual exploitation
This article is missing info about the prostitution and sexual exploitation many of these girls and women face. You can't just omit this info from wikipedia and hope the problem goes away. Iamextremelygayokay (talk) 01:24, 12 September 2018 (UTC)

Broken Sentence
3rd paragraph, 1st sentence:
 * During British rule in the Indian subcontinent kings who were the patrons of temples, thus the temple artist communities lost their power.

This sentence is broken imho, probably a part is missing. What happened to the kings? Should that read:
 * During British rule in the Indian subcontinent, kings who were the patrons of temples lost their power, thus also the temple artist communities. --79.201.84.43 (talk) 13:42, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

Info on sexual exploitation in lead
I saw that the information was removed with the claim that it was "irrelevant for lead, and cherrypicking". Please discuss this first before removing it - the information was sourced from news reports and had been modified by multiple editors already. Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk) 06:15, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Both are news sources. First is from 2001 and does not mention any "exploitation". 2nd one talks about "Jogini" in Telangana (only) and mentions "Devadasi" only once, and also mentions that "families often turn their daughters over to the ritual without invoking its name. In 2019, she told ThePrint, the organisation rescued a few pregnant teenagers who were “silent victims of this practice". This is far from claim that "there are reports they are sexually exploited by the community in modern times". Srijanx22 (talk) 06:43, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * First report quotes "The devdasi system is a form of open prostitution" and second report "‘jogini’, or the victim of an illegal practice that pushes women into sex slavery under the veil of faith" and "Men of all age groups call us names and say our whole life is about taking care of their sexual needs". Jogini is a regional name for the term Devdasi and it is already mentioned in the current wiki article - "Devadasis were also known as jogini, venkatasani, nailis, muralis, and theradiyan". If the concern is that we don't have non-news sources then please raise it in Talk before removing the otherwise accurate statement outright. Also, please help fill in gaps by adding sources if you have any. Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk) 06:52, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * And that is completely false, because "during the colonial period, the British outlawed their activities. They got beaten up, arrested, locked up and brutalisation continued. This dried up their traditional source of livelihood, and women had no choice. They ended up in prostitution"., per Al-Jazeera. Now see WP:EXCEPTIONAL and WP:IRS. You have still not addressed how your sources support that "there are reports they are sexually exploited by the community in modern times". I am not going to 'fill in gaps' for your problematic edits. Are you claiming that it is WP:DUE to state that a practice has been banned but it continues? This is the same as just any other crime. Srijanx22 (talk)  07:12, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * How does WP:EXCEPTIONAL apply here given that the claims are present in multiple mainstream sources? Of course if you want more sources can be added to support the points. Moreover the claim never was that they have always been exploited like this so I don't see how the history of the practice applies to it - the statement is clearly about "modern times". If you think the positioning of the statement is incorrect then please suggest a more appropriate location. The reason for putting it at the end of the lead is because it is the most "recent" discussion/reporting around the subject. Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk) 07:26, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * It does, because your claims are false and don't match the scholarly view on the subject. Your confusion of "Jogini" with "Devadasi" also tells that you are not aware of the meaning of these terms. Read this:
 * "Here one important point to be noted is that there is much difference between Devadasi system and Jogin / Basavi system. The argument says that Devadasi system is not confined to a particular caste. Unlike Jogins, the Devadasis are not treated as untouchables. The doors of every temple ( both great and little tradition ) are open to them. They have, in fact, been honoured in the public in the past, and even offered seats alongside the figures of royalty."
 * Can you tell now that why do we need your sources when they don't understand this subject? Srijanx22 (talk) 07:35, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Again, current information on the page does not seem to distinguish between the two systems. If you have good sources (like you have shared) then please add those clarifications. In the mainstream however for purposes of the claim both the systems are same and that is reflected in the language used. I have added 2 more citations for the claim - one from a scholarly source and one from another mainstream publication. Both use the term "Devadasi" for the specific instances and statistics of sexual exploitation they are talking about. This is just to reiterate that the statement does not meet the criteria for WP:EXCEPTIONAL. Also the statement added and the sources referenced are not original research - I am merely adding to Wikipedia what is already out there in present discourse (including news and academia). Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk) 07:45, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Human Rights Watch also uses the same terminology. If you are suggesting that the systems are indeed unlinked (enough to make the statement in question inaccurate) - then suggest a fix. Please consider all the counter evidence I have presented - all from the mainstream. Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk) 07:52, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with Srijanx22. Unless you have sources that confirm that there are cases where the girls are working as 'devadasi' and also indulging in prostitution, then only you should come up with them. Instead of relying on sources which say "daughters into prostitution, insisting that it is part of the community`s tradition", and "people dedicate their daughters to the system in the name of appeasing the gods". This is far from a confirmed case of "devadasi" but prostitution where someone is somehow trying to relate to Devadasi without having any clear affiliation. Wareon (talk) 08:41, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I did exactly that. All the reports (4 of them) linked are explicit in the statement that these girls working as Devadasis were also pushed into prostitution and were exploited sexually. The Hindu one also mentions how sexual exploitation is part of the initiation ritual itself - "The practice of “offering” girl children to Goddess Mathamma thrives in the districts of Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh and Tiruvallur in Tamil Nadu, forcing the National Human Rights Commission to seek report from the two States. As part of the ritual, girls are dressed as brides and once the ceremony was over, their dresses are removed by five boys, virtually leaving them naked.". The article from The Print is also explicit in the claim that they are sexually exploited - "According to D’Souza, due to the constant sexual abuse, joginis are three times more prone to getting HIV than other women, and 10 times more likely to die from it." The article from Zee News does the same "She and her three sisters, who were dedicated to the temple, are all now in trade. She, presently, lives with her three sons and a daughter and practices prostitution." Even the research paper cited does the same "The paper focuses on female devadasi temple prostitutes (Child sex workers but popularly understood as temple prostitutes in the name of dedication to deity) children in South India and the provision of support to integrate devadasi girls into the community and improve their psychosocial situation."   — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk • contribs) 09:03, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * The Print as already mentioned is talking about Jogini, not Devadasi. The examples you cited are from South India and they do not represent thousands of Devadasi, thus your broad generalization of devadasis is misleading. Srijanx22 (talk) 12:20, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Firstly - there was no broad generalisation in the statement itself - it talked about reports of Devadasis being sexually exploited. Secondly The Print report also has the following sentence in it - "In the early days, the primary duty of a jogini — also known as ‘devadasi’ and considered property of the temple". Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk) 12:58, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * See WP:NOTACTIVISM. You need to stop citing sources that depend on the accounts of activists. You still haven't provided any justification that how this 'crime' is any different than any other 'crime' which occurs even after being banned. You should also tell that how this profession is different than any other profession where 'sexual exploitation' does not happen. Again, see WP:UNDUE. Srijanx22 (talk)  08:50, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * WP:NOTACTIVISM. You need to stop citing sources that depend on the accounts of activists. - that's not what that rule states from my understanding. The only requirement is that edits be WP:NPOV and that there should be no self-promotion, advertising, etc. The info added met all these rules. The language used was a summary of the articles cited and was not an attempt for advocacy or anything. Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk) 09:07, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * You haven't answered my 2 questions. When more reliable sources disagree with your sub-standard sources then you should give up adding your sources and accept what reliable sources say. Your edits  violate WP:NPOV and WP:UNDUE and have nothing much to do with the subject directly. Devadasis are known mainly for dance, and economic marginalization after British rule. The article is already clear about it. Srijanx22 (talk) 12:20, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * What you claim to be a more reliable source (you only provided one relevant to current discussion) is only stating that the generic term Devadasi should not be confused with the term Jogini because Joginis refers to a particular group that is confined to a particular caste. That however does not counter the 4 separate articles cited in the claim originally as they are each talking about different groups of Devadasis in different states. The research paper itself is talking about all Devadasis. You have not specified how the edit is violating WP:NPOV or even WP:UNDUE - the statement was an apt summary of what all the cited sources were claiming and all the cited sources were from mainstream media + 1 research paper. Since we are basically at an impasse regarding this I am raising an RfC for uninvolved editors to weigh in. Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk) 12:58, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

RfC: Should article reference reports of sexual exploitation and prostitution in the modern day
Should the article include a statement on the fact that there are several reports on the sexual exploitation of Devadasis and them being forced into prostitution in the modern era. Previously included statement on this that has been reverted - "But there are reports they are sexually exploited by the community in modern times." A discussion was started at Talk:Devadasi but has reached an impasse with me and the other editor disagreeing on whether the statement was supported by the citations provided for it. Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk) 13:09, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Update: Statement proposed to be reverted back to - "There are reports they are sexually exploited by the community in modern times." This statement was previously included on the page. Check version here -. Supporting citations -  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk • contribs) 16:16, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

Discussion

 * , please state the precise content that is being proposed, along with full citations. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 15:41, 13 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks, will do right away! Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk) 16:10, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

 * The proposed line is grammatically poor. I suggest you to read both Davesh Soneji and Lucinda Ramberg, before proceeding. TrangaBellam (talk) 19:37, 22 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the suggestion. I'll take a look at the books Given to the Goddess and Unfinished Gestures - assuming those are the works you are referring to. Ujwal.Xankill3r (talk) 06:36, 23 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah - those 2 books. (I might edit this mess of an article, if I get some time.) TrangaBellam (talk) 10:29, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: India in Global Studies
— Assignment last updated by Swayam6153 (talk) 05:04, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Devadasi


text:
Tunnel (disambiguation)

A tunnel is an underground passage such as: • Bridge-tunnel

• Canal tunnel

• Channel tunnel

• Escape tunnel

• Immersed tunnel

• Ley tunnel

• Pedestrian tunnel (disambiguation)

• Secret tunnel

• Shark tunnel

• Ski tunnel

• Smuggling tunnel

• Submerged floating tunnel

• Toll tunnel

• Undersea tunnel

• Water tunnel (disambiguation)

Tunnel or Tunnels may also refer to:

Film and TV

 * The Tunnel (1915 film), German silent, based on science fiction novel Der Tunnel by Bernhard Kellermann
 * The Tunnel (1933 German-language film), German-French co-production based on Kellermann's novel
 * The Tunnel (1933 French-language film), French-German co-production of above
 * The Tunnel (1935 film), British version of Kellermann's novel
 * "The Tunnel" (Playhouse 90), 1959 episode of American TV series, depicts Civil War tunnel
 * The Tunnel (1962 film), television documentary about construction of escape tunnel from East to West Berlin
 * The Tunnel (2001 film), German docudrama dramatizing events in 1962 documentary
 * The Tunnel (2009 film), South African short by Jenna Bass
 * The Tunnel (2011 film), Australian horror styled as found-footage documentary
 * The Tunnel (TV series), 2013 French-British bilingual crime drama based on 2011 Danish-Swedish series Broen (The Bridge)
 * Tunnel (2014 film), Nigerian drama about young pastor's life and struggles
 * The Tunnel (2014 film), South Korean horror recorded with 3D technology
 * Tunnelen, 2016 Norwegian horror / science fiction short film released in English as The Tunnel
 * Tunnel (2016 film), South Korean survival drama
 * Tunnel (TV series), 2017 South Korean crime / science fiction about police detective in time tunnel
 * The Tunnel (2019 film), Norwegian disaster thriller about tunnel fire
 * "Tunnels", a season 4 episode of Servant (TV series)

Geography

 * Tunnel, former name of Grosmont, North Yorkshire
 * Tunnel, Tasmania, locality in Australia
 * Tunnel City, Wisconsin, United States
 * Tunnel Creek, creek in Tunnel Creek National Park, Kimberley, Australia
 * Tunnel Mountain, mountain in Bow River Valley of Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada

Literature

 * Der Tunnel (novel), 1913 German futuristic tale by Bernhard Kellermann
 * El Túnel (The Tunnel), 1948 Argentine psychological novel by Ernesto Sabato
 * "The Tunnel" (short story), 1952 Swiss surrealistic train tale by Friedrich Dürrenmatt
 * "The Tunnel", naturalistic short story by Ruskin Bond from 1980 collection The Road to the Bazaar
 * The Tunnel (novel), 1995 psychological case study by William H. Gass
 * Tunnels (novel), 2007 subterranean fiction by Roderick Gordon and Brian Williams

Music

 * Tunnel Records, record label
 * Tunnel, 1999 album by Buckethead under his Death Cube K alias
 * "Tunnel" (The Screaming Jets song)
 * "Tunnel", song on the Wherever You Are (Third Day album)
 * "Neighborhood 1 (Tunnels)", song by Arcade Fire

Technology

 * Ground effect tunnels, another name for diffusers used on automobiles
 * Polytunnel, also known as high tunnel, type of greenhouse
 * Shrink tunnel (or heat tunnel), in packaging
 * Tunneling protocols in computing, e.g.:
 * HTTP tunnel
 * ICMP tunnel
 * IP tunnel

Other uses

 * Nutmeg (football) or tunnel, football technique
 * THE Tunnel, or Trans Hudson Express Tunnel, American rail project in New Jersey
 * The Tunnel, popular New York City nightclub from 1986 to 2001
 * The Tunnel (Glasgow nightclub)
 * Tunnels (owarai), Japanese comedy duo

title: Tunnel (disambiguation)


text:
Mick Rogers (wildlife warden)

Mick Rogers was warden of Portland Bird Observatory and Field Centre at Portland Bill, Dorset, England from 1979 to 1995 (not to be confused with Mike Rogers, secretary of the British Birds Rarities Committee).

He was born in 1943, and died at Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge on 27 April 2003 as a result of a brain haemorrhage. From 1975 to 1978 he was barman on Lundy Island "so that he could act as the Lundy Field Society's unofficial representative and warden in his free time."

Rogers' reputation among the British birding community was of someone who took the scientific study of birds extremely seriously, and believed that "serious" ornithology should take precedence over "popular" approaches at all times. As an illustration, following the publication in British Birds magazine of an account by Robin Chittenden of the finding of a northern parula on the Isles of Scilly in October 1983 (Chittenden 1986), in which Chittenden wrote effusively about his excitement at this find, which was then only the fourth record for Britain, Rogers wrote to the British Birds letters page criticising both Chittenden for an article consisting of "60 lines full of irrelevances", and the journal's editors for "letting editorial standards slip ... perhaps in an attempt to widen [the journal's] circulation" (Rogers 1987). Providing information and encouragement to casual birding visitors to Portland Bill was low on Rogers' list of priorities compared with the day-to-day running of the observatory; as a result, many birders visiting Portland for the first time felt that they were not welcome there.

His predecessor as warden was Iain Robertson, and his successor was Martin Cade, who had previously been the observatory's assistant warden.

title: Mick Rogers (wildlife warden)


text:
Dennehof

Dennehof may refer to:

 * Dennehof, Gauteng, a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa
 * Dennehof, Western Cape, a settlement in Overberg District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

title: Dennehof


text:
Diepkloof

Diepkloof is a large zone of Soweto township in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It is also sometimes referred to as Diepmeadow, if considered as a single township with the nearby Meadowlands (although there is Orlando in between). Diepkloof was established in 1959 to accommodate people being removed from Alexandra.

title: Diepkloof


text:
User:Deities

I am a male teenager. I am of German heritage, and I have an interest in languages.

title: User:Deities


text:
Talk:YoUDee

Pronunciation
The title of this article begs the question, how the heck do you pronounce that? Roy 00:03, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's "yu" "dee", as in "U.D.", University of Delaware. Most people put more emphasis on the "YoU" syllable, though so it sounds more like "Yudie". -Indigo 13:05, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You Dee (best aproximation i can guess...) --68.83.87.75 03:48, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Image
I have written to UD PR requesting permission to show http://www.udel.edu/PR/YoUDee/images/waving.jpg on the WP article. -- ʀ6ʍ ɑ  ʏ89  03:31, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Gender
Article refers to YoUDee as "she", while official university information states he is male. Source: http://www.udel.edu/youdee/ (section:Height)

Also, he's got a comb. Rooster's have combs, hens do not. Source: I know me some chickens.

I know this is confusing, because he is a BlueHen, but that is just the name of the breed. There are Blue Hen Roosters and Blue Hen Hens. Just the way Delaware rolls.

I will fix the references. 73.49.178.54 (talk) 15:10, 17 July 2014 (UTC)
 * UD has changed their mind: Their style guide (p.14) states "YoUDee and Baby Blue are neither male nor female and should be referred to by name, not as 'he' or 'she.'" GoingBatty (talk) 17:41, 8 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Oldest source I can find on YoUDee's androgyny goes back to 2001. It's understandable that this is confusing since YoUDee has rooster-like comb on top of its head, but I'd argue on the semantics of only using its pronouns since that's important to UD. --Jvillemare (talk) 06:11, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

Archiving UDSpace?
A lot of the citations I found are from UDSpace, the University of Delaware's Public Archive of their school newspaper (The Review), yearbook, etc. I'm trying to keep up the standard and archiving every citation, but UDSpace is setup in a way that doesn't allow its PDFs to be archived. What's the best solution for this? Wholesale reupload of the referenced PDFs to Archive.org? UD's collections are all public, and I can't find any policy or copyright on the website. --Jvillemare (talk) 06:17, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:YoUDee


text:
Hartney

Hartney is an unincorporated urban community in the Municipality of Grassland within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held town status prior to January 1, 2015. It lies along the banks of the Souris River. Originally established in 1882, the community is named after James Harvey Hartney, an early postmaster in the district.

The Hollywood film The Lookout featuring Jeff Daniels and Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and the film The Stone Angel featuring Ellen Burstyn, were filmed in Hartney in 2006; taking advantage of such buildings as the community's grain elevator and museum.

Hartney's local Member of Legislative Assembly is Doyle Piwniuk and the Member of Parliament for the area is Brandon—Souris MP Larry Maguire.

Six kilometres west of Hartney are the Lauder Sand Hills.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Hartney had a population of 499 living in 210 of its 231 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 462. With a land area of 2.68 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Notable people

 * Lew Morrison – NHL hockey player
 * Corey Peloquin – professional wrestler best known as Chi Chi Cruz
 * Reg Atkinson – former mayor of Hartney and Brandon
 * Henry Champ - Canadian broadcaster with CTV, CBC and NBC News

title: Hartney


text:
Douglasdale

Douglasdale refers to:

 * The valley of the Douglas Water in Lanarkshire, Scotland
 * Douglasdale, Gauteng, a residential suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa
 * Douglasdale/Douglasglen, Calgary, a neighbourhood of Calgary, Alberta, Canada

title: Douglasdale


text:
Gold Stick and Silver Stick

The Gold Stick and the Silver Stick are formal bodyguard positions in the British Royal Household, serving as personal attendants to the Sovereign on ceremonial occasions.

Gold Stick
Although now only in evidence on ceremonial and state occasions, the office of Gold Stick dates from Tudor times, when two officers were placed close to the Sovereign's person to protect him or her from danger. The office is held jointly by the Colonels of the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals, the two regiments of the Household Cavalry. The Gold Sticks, of whom one at any time is on duty as Gold Stick-in-Waiting, were originally entrusted with the personal safety of the Sovereign. Since the reign of Queen Victoria these officers' duties have been mainly ceremonial; they attend all state occasions and take part in the processions for the Coronation and the State Opening of Parliament. On these occasions, Gold Stick conveys the Sovereign's orders to the Household Cavalry. The name derives from the staff of office, which has a gold head.

Anne, Princess Royal, the daughter of the late Queen Elizabeth II and younger sister of King Charles III, became Colonel of the Blues and Royals in 1998. Lieutenant General Sir Edward Smyth-Osbourne became Colonel of the Life Guards in 2019.

Silver Stick
The Silver Stick is the Commander of the Household Cavalry and holds the rank of colonel. Silver Stick-in-Waiting is the deputy (assistant) to Gold Stick-in-Waiting, but there are occasions when Silver Stick only is summoned for duty—for example, on the arrival of a head of state on a state visit.

The office was created in 1678, and until 1950 was held by the lieutenant-colonels in command of the Household Cavalry regiments, serving by monthly rotation. Originally, only the 1st and 2nd Life Guards were included, but in 1820 the Royal Horse Guards were added (the 1st and 2nd Life Guards were amalgamated together in 1922 and the Royal Horse Guards were amalgamated with the Royal Dragoons to form the Blues and Royals in 1969).

Now the (Colonel) Commander Household Cavalry holds the office alone. Through the authority of the Gold Stick he has the detail of regiments and individuals to carry out royal duties. In general, the Silver Stick has charge of all ceremonial duties for the Sovereign.

Silver Stick's principal aide when on duty is termed Silver Stick Adjutant.

Scotland
There are separate Gold and Silver Sticks in Scotland, who are the senior officers of the Sovereign's Bodyguard of the Royal Company of Archers.

title: Gold Stick and Silver Stick


text:
Alcúdia

Alcúdia is a municipality and township of the Spanish autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. It is the main tourist centre in the North of Majorca on the eastern coast. It is a large resort popular with tourists. Most of the hotels are located in Port d'Alcúdia and Platja d'Alcúdia, along the 14 km beach that stretches all the way to Ca'n Picafort. In Alcúdia, the old town is well preserved with houses dating back to the 13th century. The old town is surrounded by a medieval wall.

History
The area where Alcúdia is located has been inhabited since the Bronze Age, but it is with the arrival of the Romans that the city makes its entry into the history books. The Romans used the beaches of Alcúdia bay when they captured the island in 123 B.C. Shortly after this, the capital Palma was founded and then the city of Pollentia. From Pollentia, it was possible to view both the bay of Pollença and the bay of Alcúdia. Pollentia served as a guard against other invaders.

After Rome lost its position as the dominant power in the western Mediterranean, Pollentia was attacked by pirates and several times by the Vandals. Finally, the city was abandoned, and the remaining population left to create a new town at a more protected location. This town became Pollença and the area where Pollentia stood was left to ruins.

Alcúdia's name derives from al-kudja, Arabic for "on the hill"; referring to a Moorish farmstead created very close to where the ancient village of Pollentia had been. In 1229, the Moors were attacked by the King James I of Aragon, who occupied the area. In 1298, King James II of Aragon bought the farmstead Alcúdia and founded the new town. A church, a graveyard, a house for priests, and a square were created in the same year. The construction of the walls was also initiated at the same time and finished in 1362. The city plan that was made at the time remains the same for Alcúdia today. During the Renaissance, walls were reconstructed, and a second wall was constructed outside the first one. This wall has since been torn down and only details show where it once was.

During the 16th century, pirates attacked the city several times. The population shrank, and there was from time to time a risk that the city would be abandoned totally. In 1779, a decision was taken to support the city by constructing a harbour. This really improved the economy of Alcúdia and the village was saved. But it remained a rather small and poor village.

Alcúdia today
In the 1920s, the first tourists began to visit Mallorca and also Alcúdia. This was in a very limited scale and the economy of the village stayed weak. In the early 1970s, it started to be clear that the future of Alcúdia would rely upon tourism. 15 years later, the old harbour of Puerto de Alcúdia had developed into a major resort for European tourism. In the 1990s, the construction boom calmed down and several regulations were put in place to secure the quality of the resort. The old town has been preserved and pedestrianised. It has now become one of the most visited villages in Majorca.

The Port of Alcudia is a small port facility for handling primarily passenger ferries, but it also caters for bulk and breakbulk cargo and a dolphin berth for LPG carriers.

Main sights
The old town has a 14th-century wall and it is possible to step up on the wall and follow it almost all around the village. There are remains of a Roman town just outside the medieval town walls, in front of the Church of St. Jaume, belonging to the ancient city of Pollentia (see also the Italian Pollentia). There is also a small Roman theatre. North of the town is a bullring dating back to the 19th century.

The old town also hosts a market both on Sundays and Tuesdays all year round. Inside the walls, there are several restaurants and bistros. In Port d'Alcúdia, most of the restaurants are located around the marina. Most of these restaurants are only open in the tourist season. Further north and west are some coves and beaches ideal for sunbathing, swimming or snorkeling, like the one facing the islet of S'Illot. The beach at Alcúdia is c. 14 km long and stretches as far as Ca'n Picafort. Alcúdia joins onto Playa de Muro, which is home to S'Albufera; a natural park that is very popular with birders.

Alcúdia celebrates the festival of St. Jaume every summer. It goes on for nine days at the beginning of July. Before the festival starts, the town is decorated and each street picks out a theme for that year's look. During the festival, several traditional evening festivities are arranged in the old town, such as the Night of the Romans where the streets are full of locals dressed in traditional ancient Roman dresses. There are also outdoor theatres, sport tournaments, exhibitions and the traditional bullfight. The fiesta is finished with La Noche de Sant Jaume, a fireworks display and a philharmonic concert by the old walls.

Alcúdia also hosts many other fairs and festivals throughout the year. During the summer, there are al fresco events, with dramatised tours of the old town, and theatre productions in the old Roman amphitheatre. The Alcúdia Jazz Festival starts at the end of August and runs for a month. International sporting events are held down the road at the port, with an Ironman Triathlon twice a year, beach volleyball and beach rugby. There is an agricultural fair in the Autumn at the beginning of October and a nautical fair in April, which features the cuttlefish.

Taking place every three years is the Triennial of Sant Crist, a religious procession where the population walks barefoot through the town in silence, for several hours. The origin of this procession dates back to 1507. According to tradition, the image of Sant Crist sweated blood and water, thus putting an end to a drought.

Alcúdia is home to football club UD Alcúdia, which plays at Estadi Municipal Els Arcs, which has a capacity of 1,750.

title: Alcúdia


text:
Talk:List of districts of Bangladesh

Common Structures for District articles
Here is a proposed common structure for each District article. Let me know what you think. mamun
 * Intro para
 * Subdivision
 * History
 * Economy
 * Important places

I want to have some section on education/other issues, but can't think up of a section name. The infobox or template should link to other districts and divisions. --Ragib 00:09, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This could be the basic skeleton and we could add in extra bit depending on the district. Some districts obviously have more to write about. For example, for a district like Chittagong, we'll need separate Demographics and Education sections, but for Meherpur, for example, demographics might be a little superfluous. -- Urnonav 11:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, for the district articles in stub state, I'm adding the skeletons with an expansion-tag. As for the question about uniformity in naming, I think X_District should be followed ... so lowercase "districts"s should be moved to Districts. For big cities like Dhaka, we can have redirect to the city article, with a disambig notice at the top pointing to the district/division article. --Ragib 17:21, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

I have created at least half of the district stub-pages using the structure above. I also added a to help navigation of the districts. Please create the remaining district articles using the same template. Just copy it off any of the current stub state district pages (e.g. Satkhira District). Thanks --Ragib 08:35, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

incorrect order of using vowel symbols in Bengali
Please be noted that in Bengali not all vowel symbols are used after a letter. Probably you have written in Bengali assuming that the vowel symbols are used always after a letter. Actually the symbols are used sometimes after the letter and sometimes before the letter. The way you have written the page is not readable. This is earnest request to the authority to correct those errors and make the resources useful to us.

Notes: In Bengali the vowel symbols are called as "Kar Fola" (কার ফলা). There are nine such symbols in Bengali. A list of some of them is given below with their use with the consonant ক (English: Ka)

Others could not be included for technical problem. you can mail (mh_lenin1980bd@yahoo.com)me to get the details of usual writting rules in Bengali.

MH Lenin (Bangladesh)
 * Unicode way of writing Bengali is the way we've been writing here. If your browser and computer is not properly set up, you may have problem with rendering. Otherwise, ক+ি should appear কি, and i-fola will be rendered before ko. --»  nafSadh did say 05:38, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:List of districts of Bangladesh


text:
Unrestricted line officer

An unrestricted line officer (shortened to URL officer) is a designator given to a commissioned officer of the line in the United States Navy, who is eligible for command at sea of the navy's warfighting combatant units such as warships, submarines, aviation squadrons and SEAL teams. They are also eligible to command the higher echelons of those units, such as destroyer and submarine squadrons, air wings and air groups, and special warfare groups.

At the flag officer level, URL officers may also command carrier strike groups, expeditionary strike groups, patrol and reconnaissance groups, task forces, and fleet and force commands. URL officers are also eligible to command shore installations, facilities and activities directly supporting the navy's warfare mission.

Specialities
URL officers include officers from the Surface Warfare, Submarine Warfare, Naval Aviation, and Special Warfare communities, i.e., the Navy's combat communities. In this sense, all URL officers are considered warfare specialists and are designated as either Surface Warfare Officers, Submarine Warfare Officers, Naval Aviators, Naval Flight Officers, SEAL/Special Warfare Officers, or Special Operations Officers (primarily Diver or Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Officer/Diver).

A URL community previously known as General Unrestricted Line has been phased out and no longer accepting new entrants. Officers in this category were not warfare qualified, nor on track to be warfare qualified, and were typically assigned to administrative and support tasks ashore. General URL officers have been replaced by the expansion of the Restricted Line Officer (RL) community into their former skillsets, with most incumbents laterally transferring into the Restricted Line.

Restricted line
Differentiated from URL officers are those naval officers whose functions are considered combat support in nature and are designated as either restricted line (RL) officers or staff corps officers.

Examples of RL officers include Engineering Duty Officer, Aeronautical Engineering Duty Officer, Aircraft Maintenance Officer, Intelligence Officer, Cryptologic Warfare (formerly Information Warfare) Officer, Meteorology/Oceanography Officer, Public Affairs Officer, Human Resources Officer, and Foreign Area Officer among others.

Examples of Staff Corps officers include Supply Corps, Medical Corps, Dental Corps, Medical Service Corps, Nurse Corps, Civil Engineer Corps, Judge Advocate General's Corps and Chaplain Corps.

Some RL officers begin their careers as URL officers and transition to RL, the most common examples being Surface Warfare Officers and Submarine Warfare Officers who become Engineering Duty Officers and Naval Aviators and Naval Flight Officers who become Aeronautical Engineering Duty Officers. Still, other URL officers will transition into Staff Corps communities, most often the Medical Corps or the Judge Advocate General's Corps following completion of Navy-funded medical school or law school, while others move into other RL or Staff Corps fields. The remaining officers are directly commissioned as RL or Staff Corps. RL and Staff Corps officers are authorized to command ashore within their particular speciality, but are not eligible for combatant command at sea, which remains strictly within the purview of URL officers.

Limited duty officers and chief warrant officers
In contrast to the U.S. Navy's limited duty officers (LDO) and chief warrant officers (CWO), who are directly accessed from the senior enlisted grades (E-6 to E-9 and W-2 to W-5 for LDO; E-7 to E-9 for CWO), traditional unrestricted line officers are required to possess at least a bachelor's degree and complete some type of formal pre-commissioning accession program, such as:
 * United States Naval Academy (USNA)
 * Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC), which also includes the Seaman to Admiral-21 Program
 * Officer Candidate School (OCS).

Some senior URL officers in current service as naval aviators or naval flight officers were also commissioned via the since disestablished Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS), either under traditional AOCS or via its former subset Aviation Reserve Officer Candidate (AVROC) or Naval Aviation Cadet (NAVCAD) programs. AOCS was merged into the current Officer Candidate School in the late 1990s.

History
The United States Navy takes most of its traditions, customs and organizational structure from that of the Royal Navy of Great Britain. Based on the Royal Navy model, there were originally two kinds of officers on a naval ship of the line: the commanding officers and their lieutenants, who were gentlemen and commanded the ship; and the warrant officers, who were technical specialists who ran important tasks. In the nineteenth century, with the introduction of steam power, a third group of officers emerged, engineers, who ran the steam plant. As technology developed, the engineers were requesting more rights, including command. This system evolved in similar fashion in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War and in the successor United States Navy into the nineteenth century. Eventually, this dispute led the Department of the Navy to abolish the differences between the groups, amalgamating them into Unrestricted Line Officers in 1899. This fact can lead to confusion with non-American naval personnel, lacking the division between the two groups. The Russian Navy is an example of one with a difference between Deck and Engineer officers.

title: Unrestricted line officer


text:
Mormon blogosphere

The Mormon blogosphere (often referred to as the Bloggernacle) is a segment of the blogosphere focused on issues related to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

The term "Bloggernacle" was coined by individuals within the Latter-day Saint blogging community as a play on the name of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir; however, not all Latter-day Saint-themed bloggers like or use the name Bloggernacle, or even consider their blog to be part of it. Furthermore, not all bloggers within the Mormon blogosphere are Latter-day Saints themselves.

History
On November 23, 2002, the Mormon blogging community became a distinct entity with the founding of the blog Metaphysical Elders. Some component blogs from the Mormon blogosphere's first two years were short lived, however one of its first bloggers, Dave Banack, began his longstanding Mormon Inquiry blog on August 19, 2003. On January 1, 2003, a multi-author blog Mormon Momma launched – a spin-off from the original "Circle of Sisters" column from Meridian Magazine. By the next two years, many multi-author blogs were launched, including Times and Seasons, By Common Consent, Feminist Mormon Housewives, and Millennial Star. On March 23, 2004, due to an article in The Revealer, the writer Kaimi Wenger at the LDS blog Times and Seasons noticed that the Jewish and Catholic blogging communities had adopted names for themselves. In a blog post titled "The Nameless Mormon Blogosphere", Wenger sought to remedy this situation and asked for suggestions for a name. Christopher Bradford posting under the name "Grasshopper" suggested "Bloggernacle Choir", the shortened version of which gained wide approval. "Bloggernacle" is a term that has been used commonly by LDS bloggers.

The Latter-day Saint apologetic organization FairMormon features a website and blog; Jeff Lindsay began a Latter-day Saint apologetic blog entitled Mormanity in 2004. A Mormon "litblog" named A Motley Vision was founded in 2004 by William Morris. During 2005, several LDS-themed podcasts entered the Bloggernacle to augment Latter-day Saint blogging with audio programming; these included podcasts produced by church affiliated sources and an independent series, Mormon Stories Podcast, produced by John Dehlin (who also founded the blog Stay LDS and the group blog Mormon Matters).

Stay-at-home mothers who are LDS and who blog are known to comment occasionally upon their religion; two such writers whose blogs have become popular with non-Mormon audiences are Stephanie Nielson, of the blog the NieNie Dialogues, C. Jane Kendrick of CJane Enjoy It, and Jana Mathews who blogs at Momlogic as "The Meanest Mom". (A spoof on this genre of blog is the blog "Seriously, so Blessed!", written by an anonymous Utah woman. ) In 2009, the religious news site Religion Dispatches ran a story about the phenomenon of Mormon mommy blogging, which its author believed arose in part in response to Elder M. Russell Ballard's 2007 commencement address at Brigham Young University–Hawaii, which had lauded efforts by Mormon faithful to share their beliefs through such means as blogging, citing an online post by "Bookslinger" (pseudonymous author of the blog Flooding the Earth with the Book of Mormon).

Mormon videographer Seth Adam Smith began blogging in 2004. Some of the Bloggernacle's more prominent blogs are named after defunct Latter-day Saint publications. For example, Messenger and Advocate, a blog written by Guy Murray, was named after the LDS publication of the same name published 1834–1837 in Kirtland, Ohio. Keepapitchinin, a Mormon history blog written by Salt Lake Tribune columnist and independent historian Ardis Parshall that she founded in 2008, was named after a sporadically published humorous newspaper published 1867–1871 and pseudonymously written by three sons of LDS apostles, George J. Taylor, Joseph C. Rich, and Heber John Richards. The blog Millennial Star was named after The Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star, published in England 1840–1970; and the LDS history blog The Juvenile Instructor' is the namesake of a publication intended as a catechism of Mormonism printed in Salt Lake City, Utah 1866–1930.

Salt Lake City, Utah's The Deseret News began producing a separate, LDS-themed newspaper insert on January 10, 2008 named Mormon Times. The website version of this insert features readers' feedback. The Mormon Times reporter covering the Bloggernacle is Emily W. Jensen. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' own internet presence is substantial, and former Church spokesman Michael Otterson's blogging contributions featured prominently in the LDS blogosphere as well. Linescratchers, an LDS contemporary music scene blog, also debuted in 2008.

Neylan McBaine founded The Mormon Women Project in 2010.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints established a blog at their Newsroom website in 2009. The Mormon Channel (now Latter-day Saints Channel) established a blog in 2014.

Banner of Heaven hoax
From May 30, 2005 until just before Halloween of the same year, six bloggers carried out an elaborate and, ultimately very controversial prank through a fake blog called Banner of Heaven, a name derived from part of the name of a book of non-fiction by Jon Krakauer. Those involved in the prank were eventually exposed through a Bloggernacle-wide contest hosted at 9 Moons, another group blog. Although many people found the content on Banner of Heaven to be humorous, others found the deception to be very off-putting, and the Mormon blogging community engaged in multiple bouts of debate and protest over the ramifications of such a hoax. After seeing the extreme negative reaction, the perpetrators posted public apologies,    although some of these were not well received by the community. , the Banner of Heaven hoax continued to elicit strong debate whenever the subject was broached, and the hoax constituted one of the most important or defining events in the history of Mormon blogging.

Because of the controversy, the Banner of Heaven weblog was taken down and made not accessible until Scott B. of By Common Consent initiated a resurrection of the blog in order to conduct a five-year retrospective on the scandal. The blog was hosted for a time by MormonMentality.org, a group blog founded by David K. Landrith, one of the perpetrators behind the hoax.

Blog portals
Numerous blog aggregators, or portals, have been constructed by participants in the Bloggernacle. The most prominent and widely recognized portal is the Mormon Archipelago (or MA), which was created in 2005 "to be a useful central place to see what's going on at all of the best blogs in the Bloggernacle." The MA displays Latter-day Saint-themed blogs, grouped together in various boxes or "islands", with the newest content in each blog on top, with sidebars displaying links to recent comments around the Bloggernacle. Over time, the location with the MA, removal of blogs, or addition of blogs has resulted in disputes over the role the MA plays in Mormon blogging.

In addition to the MA, other LDS Blog Aggregators include:
 * MormonBlogs.org, an aggregator affiliated with the Mormon group weblog Mormon Matters.
 * Mormon Blogosphere, an aggregator accepting any Mormon-related blog.
 * LDS Blogs, a list of both LDS-themed blogs, as well as non-LDS-themed blogs by LDS bloggers.
 * Nothing Wavering, a list of both LDS-themed blogs, as well as non-LDS-themed blogs by LDS bloggers.
 * MOHO Directory, a list of blogs related to gay or lesbian or bisexual blogs of past, or present Mormons in any variety.

For many, these online networks focusing on religion and sexual orientation function as a family of choice—a committed relationship network bound by friendship rather than blood. Sociocultural psychologists Chana Etengoff and Colette Daiute suggest that online family of choice structures are characterized by members' access to and awareness of other individual members, dialogues about positive and negative experiences, empathy and relatedness, as well as unconditional group membership. Establishing supportive and validating systems of nonbiological relations is often imperative for LGBTQ persons as this can help facilitate relational resilience (i.e., providing and receiving social support), thereby buffering the impact of minority stress (i.e., tensions between majority and minority culture) and family of origin (birth) rejection. It is important to note that such online mental health benefits seem to be LGBTQ specific; indeed, in contrast, many media scholars report that online engagement is generally associated with increases in anxiety, loneliness, and social isolation. It is possible that LGBTQ persons are more likely to benefit from online communications than heterosexual persons, as LGBTQ social networking is more focused on redefining cultural narratives and identity development. However, further research is still needed to determine if these online communication goals generalize to all members of the LGBTQ community or across online communication systems (e.g., Twitter, LinkedIn).

Wheaties / Niblets
In 2005, the Mormon blogging community began giving out "Niblet Awards" (or just "Niblets") to recognize outstanding contributions to the bloggernacle. These awards were awarded on the basis of open nominations and voting, while the location of the awards and voting initially varied from year to year. The term "Niblet" was an homage to Hugh Nibley, one of the most distinguished and beloved Mormon scholars. Categories for the awards included "Best Big Blog", "Best Individual/Solo Blog", "Best Post", "Best Humorous Post", "Best Blog Design", "Best Overall Blogger", and numerous others. The Niblets often caused arguments and disputes within the bloggernacle, as there were frequently disagreements over which blogs should properly be considered members of the "bloggernacle community" and which blogs were simply Mormon-themed. Consequently, in 2011 there were no awards. In 2013 Wheat and Tares created the Wheaties and Tareific awards, picking up where the Niblets left off. Wheat and Tares discontinued the Wheaties and Tareific awards in 2018.

Wheaties / Niblet winners
The host site for the 2009 Niblet awards, Mormon Matters, compiled records of past winners as part of the awards. Among the winners were:

 * Best big blog
 * 2005: Times and Seasons and By Common Consent (tie)
 * 2006: By Common Consent
 * 2007: By Common Consent
 * 2008: By Common Consent
 * 2009: By Common Consent
 * 2010: By Common Consent
 * 2012: Feminist Mormon Housewives
 * 2013: Feminist Mormon Housewives
 * 2014: By Common Consent
 * 2015: By Common Consent
 * 2016: By Common Consent
 * 2017: By Common Consent

 * Best group blog
 * 2005: Nine Moons
 * 2006: Zelophehad's Daughters
 * 2007: Zelophehad's Daughters
 * 2008: Segullah
 * 2009: Segullah
 * 2012: Doves and Serpents
 * 2013: Rational Faiths
 * 2014: Wheat and Tares
 * 2015: Wheat and Tares
 * 2016: Wheat and Tares
 * 2017: Wheat and Tares

 * Best solo blog
 * 2005: Dave's Mormon Inquiry
 * 2006: Dave's Mormon Inquiry
 * 2007: (N/A)
 * 2008: Keepapitchinin
 * 2009: Keepapitchinin
 * 2012: Keepapitchinin
 * 2013: Keepapitchinin
 * 2014: Flunking Sainthood
 * 2015: Flunking Sainthood
 * 2016: (N/A)
 * 2017: (N/A)

 * Best overall blogger
 * 2005: Wilfried Decoo
 * 2006: Wilfried Decoo
 * 2007: Kevin Barney
 * 2008: Ardis Parshall
 * 2009: Tracy M
 * 2010: Ardis Parshall
 * 2012: Hawkgrrrl
 * 2013: Winterbuzz
 * 2014: Julie Smith
 * 2015: Hawkgrrrl
 * 2016: Hawkgrrrl
 * 2017: Angela C

title: Mormon blogosphere