text:
Government of Estonia

The Government of the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) is the cabinet of Estonia. Under the Constitution, it exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution and laws of Estonia.

The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament (Riigikogu); it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, thus represents the political leadership of the country and makes decisions in the name of the whole executive power.

The following duties are attributed to the cabinet by the Constitution of Estonia:

 * 1) executes the domestic and foreign policies of the state;
 * 2) directs and co-ordinates the activities of government agencies;
 * 3) administers the implementation of laws, resolutions of the Riigikogu (Parliament), and legislation of the President of the Republic of Estonia;
 * 4) introduces bills, and submits international treaties to the Riigikogu for ratification and denunciation;
 * 5) prepares the draft of the state budget and submits it to the Riigikogu, administers the implementation of the state budget and presents a report on the implementation of the state budget to the Riigikogu;
 * 6) issues regulations and orders on the basis of and for the implementation of law;
 * 7) manages relations with other states;
 * 8) performs other duties which the Constitution and the laws vest in the Government of the Republic.

Unlike other cabinets in most other parliamentary regimes, the Government is both the de jure and de facto executive authority in Estonia. In most other parliamentary regimes, the head of state is usually the nominal chief executive, though bound by convention to act on the advice of the cabinet. In Estonia, however, the Constitution explicitly vests executive authority in the Government, not the President.

Current cabinet
The current cabinet was approved by the Riigikogu on 17 April 2023.

The coalition agreed on 12 ministers in addition to the prime minister with six portfolios going to Reform and three for both Estonia 200 and the Social Democrats.

title: Government of Estonia


text:
Category:Entertainment lists

Place any entertainment related list in this Category.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Entertainment lists


text:
User talk:Fishy18234

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Fishy18234


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Totally Resident Evil

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Probable sockpuppet votes have been discounted. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Totally Resident Evil

 * Delete nn forum with Alexa rank 868,000, Google hits all seem to be search engines or link farms or similar. This article at the moment is just 'biographies' of its participants. -Splash 23:11, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not a web directory. Friday 23:32, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Legitimate documentation of historical website and notable participants. Upon further investigation, one would see the fact that Totally Resident Evil is an affiliate of most prominent Resident Evil fan sites, and well known throughout that community.  Obscurity is relative, and thus not a valid justification for the deletion of this section. -Encyclopediac 23:38, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This user's first edit. All others are to the article in question.-Splash 01:45, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non-notable. Kairos 00:07, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Entry has been recently edited by forum members to be more compliant and respectful of Wikipedia's policies. As previously mentioned, the pending TotallyRE website and forum itself are well recognized and affiliated throughout the Resident Evil community.  The "obscure" label is in fact relative, and is also based on someone's arbitrary opinion. -Sunderland
 * This user's 4th and 5th edits. All others are to the article in question.-Splash 01:45, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Totally Resident Evil is a large forum in the Resident evil fan community. Information provided is to show any reader the light hearted side of the forum, as well as give information about the forum, prominent members and website itself. Currently a work in progress among the users of the forum. Biographies are just a part of the overall whole.2,035 registered members, 140 Active Members, and an administration known throughout the Resident Evil community is far from Obscure. -Dek
 * Pseudosigned by User:Dekuyper. User's 2nd edit, other to the article. -Splash 01:45, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep There is no valid reason to delete Totally Resident Evil. Even if it was just a list of members, I don't see how that's a reason to delete it. The members of the forum are what make up the forum itself. Without the members, there is no forum. Beside that, the forum itself has a huge online following and an important part of the Resident Evil online community. - Bio
 * Pseudosigned by User:Ambient-nemesis. User's 3rd and 4th edits, others to the article. -Splash 01:45, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, Wikipedia has to consider the notability of the things it has articles about. It is difficult to claim notability for a website that does not yet exist and which has only a hundred-or-so active members. There are many fora out there with many more than that. Once the site has become properly notable, the article can be recreated. You may also want to read about what what Wikipedia is not — specifically, it's not a webdirectory. I've marked the votes above as a common practise to point out to whoever closes the VfD that these users may have been created specifically to support this vote. See sockpuppets and meatpuppets. -Splash 01:45, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * TRE has made a community effort to preserve its place on the internet for web history, and several members have taken an active part in that effort by making accounts and contributing. Now you seem to have some sort of vendetta against us.  We aren't Meatpuppets.  However, if you are so inclined, I would be more than happy to introduce you to a Meatpuppet of an entirely different sort, Mr. "Splash".  Who names an account after a sucky Tom Hanks movie, anyway?--Encyclopediac 03:28, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * "Wikipedia has to consider the notability of the subjects of its articles"? That sounds like an excuse to keep the scope of the wikiproject as small as possible.  Notability is purely relative.  Within its own sphere, TRE is most definitely notable, and I'm amazed by the fact that any informative, non-biased, well written article would be so widely opposed just because a few of you cling to rules. Wikipedia is a very promising outlet for education, perhaps even better than a library, and to think that you would discriminate against something solely because it's "not-notable"?  What if no one was interested in Quantum Physics either?  Would you stamp an nn on it and give it a delete too?--Encyclopediac 02:25, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * On a side note, I joined yesterday to write in the entry before the deletion flag was even put on this entry. - User:Ambient-nemesis

 * Delete, non-notable forum per Alexa, Google, and membership total. Dcarrano 01:20, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sorry, not encyclopedic. -- BD2412 talk 02:24, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and darn those socks! Radiant_ >|< 08:54, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep TRE is one of the many Resident Evil Forums, but has come a longer way than all of the ones i've been too (Pretty much all you can think of). I see no reason to get rid of such an active thing of beauty.- DavidKing04
 * Delete. Non-notable. JZ 00:02, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. Plus its Spam spam spam spam. Lovely spam! Wonderful spam! -- FunkyChicken! 06:12, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I fail to see how this entry is still spam... - Ambient-nemesis

 * Delete - not notable - advert - Tεx  τ  urε  21:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I reckon. Rich Farmbrough 18:01, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Capi crimm

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

 * Hey thanks, I'll have a look into those when I get a chance, they'll be a big help to rule out some of my uncertainties about posting. :)

WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A STORAGE BIN!!!... wait... or maybe it is? :\

Tracs down, so wiki will do...

_parent = $parent; //load any needed values }	public function __destruct{ print 'END_PAGE'; }	public function cell($cellName){ $cell = $this->_cellArra["$cellName"]; return $cell; }	public function CellPull{ $cellArray = $this->_cellArra; foreach($cellArray as $cellName => $cellImpl){ $this->_loadedArray = $cellImpl->Dump($this->_loadedArray); }	}	public function Dump($dumpArray){ $pageArray = $this->_loadedArray; $this->CellPull; $this->_loadedArray = array_merge($this->_loadedArray,$dumpArray); return $this->_loadedArray; } } abstract class Index extends Page implements Get, Show { public function Get($something){ $load = 'Get_cell'.$something; $value = $this->$load($something); $this->_cellArra[] = $value; }	public function Show($something){ // Whatever value they request we show. return $something; }

public function Alter($cell,$value,$newValue){ $valueName = "_cell{$cell}_{$value}"; $this->$valueName = $newValue;

return NULL; }	}

class BBzIndex extends Index { #Cells protected $_cellAtomAnt_catchPhrase; protected function Get_cellAtomAnt($something){ $str1 = $this->_cellAtomAnt_catchPhrase; $AtomAnt = new AtomAnt($this); $AtomAnt->Show('AtomAnt'); return $AtomAnt; } }

abstract class Cell implements Show {

protected $_loadedArray = array; protected $_parent;

public function __construct($parent){ $this->_parent = $parent; }	public function __destruct{ }	public function Show($something){ $call = 'Show_'.$something; $this->$call; }	public function Dump($dumpArray){ $cellArray = $this->_loadedArray; $dumpedArray = array_merge((array)$cellArray,(array)$dumpArray); return $dumpedArray; }

} class AtomAnt extends Cell { protected $_catchPhrase = "Up, Up, and AWAY!"; public function enter_CatchPhrase($catch){ $this->_catchPhrase = $catch; return $this->_catchPhrase; }

public function Show_AtomAnt{ $this->_loadedArray["_catchPhrase"] = $this->_catchPhrase; }

} class FreddyFlower extends Cell {

public function FreddyFlower{ print 'Freddy Flower Sounds Irish!'; }

} abstract class Site{ protected $_loadedArray = array; protected $_pageArra = array; public function __construct($pageArray){ $this->load_page($pageArray); }	public function __destruct{

}	/**	 * # loads page implementations into sites pageArra * @ page(mixed): Page's Classes to implement * @ [pageName(string)]: name of Page Implementation */	public function load_page($page,$pageName=NULL){ $pageArra = $this->_pageArra; if(is_array($page)){ foreach($page as $pageName => $pageImpl){ $this->_pageArra[$pageName] = new $pageImpl($this); }		}	      	elseif(is_string($page) && isset($pageName)){ if(!in_array($value,$pageArra)){ $this->_pageArra["$pageName"] = new $page($this); } else { print "NO ${page}"; }		}		return NULL; }		public function unload_page($page=NULL){ $pageArra = $this->_pageArra; if(!$page){ foreach($pageArra as $pageName => $pageImpl){ unset($pageImpl); }		}elseif(is_array($page)){ foreach($page as $pageName => $pageImpl){ if(in_array($pageName,$pageArra)){ unset($pageImpl); } else { print "NO ${page}"; }			}	      	} 	       	elseif(is_string($page) && isset($page)){ if(in_array($page,$pageArra)){ unset($page); } else { print "NO ${page}"; }		}

return NULL; }		public function page($pageName){ $page = $this->_pageArra["$pageName"]; return $page; }	public function PagePull{ $pageArray = $this->_pageArra; foreach($pageArray as $pageName => $pageImpl){ $this->_loadedArray = $pageImpl->Dump($this->_loadedArray); }	}	public function Dump(&$dumpArray){ $this->PagePull; $dumpArray = array_merge($this->_loadedArray,$dumpArray); $this->_loadedArray = $dumpArray; }	public function loadedArray{ return $this->_loadedArray; }	#every day people pass me by, #just like the clouds in the sky, #buzy bumbling with themselves, #Each face unique but to me. #...	#never again will I see... #those buzy bumbling bumble bees, } class BBzSite extends Site { public function load_atom($page,$name,$postfix=''){ $atomName = $this->_pageArra["$page"]->load_atom($name,$postfix); $this->_atomArra["$atomName"] = &$atomName; return $atomName; } }

$arrayPage = array("page1" => "BBzIndex","page2" => "BBzIndex","page3" => "BBzIndex",); $BBz = new BBzSite($arrayPage);

$BBz->page('page1')->Alter('AtomAnt','catchPhrase','Huh?'); $BBz->page('page1')->Get('AtomAnt');

$l = array;

$BBz->Dump($l); print_r($l);

$etimer = explode( ' ', microtime ); $etimer = $etimer[1] + $etimer[0]; echo ''; printf( "Script timer: %f seconds.", ($etimer-$stimer) ); echo ' '; ?>

Pipe (measurement)
Pipe (measurement) already existed at Butt (unit), so I moved your info to Butt and redirected Pipe (measurement) to Butt. Hope that's ok.--Commander Keane 12:28, September 12, 2005 (UTC)

Reminder
Just a friendly reminder to carry out the culling of the Comparison of Internet forum software as per the talk page. I'll let you do it as you said you would, unless you haven't done it by the 20th of October, by which I'll make the required changes for you :)

NeoThermic 19:41, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Your UserPage - red banner..
Hi, why does it say your Userpage was deleted? Odd. Thanks. --Peter aka Vid2vid (talk) 08:32, 4 September 2019 (UTC).

title: User talk:Capi crimm


text:
User talk:Initium79

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Initium79


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Soggy biscuit

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep (no consensus) Dmcdevit·t 05:55, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

Soggy biscuit
It's wholly and vaguely speculative ("reputedly played", "reportedly been played". --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 23:12, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete (of course). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 23:20, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I've heard of this, but we don't need articles on every random bit of folklore. Friday 23:31, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, while this isn't a good reason to make that my choice - even thinking about that game makes me feel extraordinarily unwell. However, I wouldn't delete it on the ground of it being hearsay, as many conspiracy theory pages exist on wikipedia too. I - amazingly - am not playing Tardis Tennis at the moment. 23:39, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverified at this point. Dcarrano 01:23, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, google results indicate this is widely believed to be a real activity. Wikipedia is not censored. Kappa 01:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Mentioning censorship is a red herring; this seems at best to be an urban myth, and doesn't (on the evidence offered — i.e., none) deserve its own article. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:44, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Grosscruft. -- BD2412 talk 02:26, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Radiant_ >|< 08:55, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * MErge into public schools in Britain Proto t c 14:22, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable teen prank, unencyclopedic. JamesBurns 03:58, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Per Kappa. --Edcolins 10:31, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * MErge into Urban Legends
 * Above vote by anon, 212.117.85.241. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 11:01, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, per Kappa. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 11:01, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, even if it is rather disgusting it is a real activity. Sadly. James F. (talk) 15:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What evidence is there for this? What citations can be offered?  --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:02, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ech, Keep per Kappa 66.167.144.200 02:15, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This is the eleventh edit from this IP address; only three have not been to VfDs. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:02, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep I came across a reference to it at http://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/253287, and came here to research it. So I vote keep.
 * MSTCrow 04:10, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * But that reference is just as bad as ours, and offers no grounds for keeping the article. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:55, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per Kappa. And even if it isn't true, it's of interest as folklore. --Yu Ninjie 03:45, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:Glerf

title: User talk:Glerf


text:
User talk:Blindmansmirror

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Blindmansmirror


text:
Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour

Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour (منير فخري عبد النور; born 21 August 1945) is an Egyptian businessman and politician.

Early life and education
Abdel Nour was born into a Coptic Christian family on 21 August 1945. His father, Amin Fakhry Abdel Nour (1912 – 2012), was a Wafdist politician.

He graduated from a French high school in Cairo. He received a bachelor's degree from Cairo University's Faculty of Economics and Political Science. He holds a master's degree from the American University in Cairo (AUC) with a thesis entitled "private foreign investment as a source of economic development."

Career
Abdel Nour is a businessman. He began his career as representative in Egypt and the Middle East for the French bank "Banque de l'Union Européenne" then joined American Express International Banking Corporation as vice president in Egypt. He later founded Egyptian Finance Company. In 1983 he founded the Egyptian French Company for Agro-Industries (Vitrac Company )i He was board member of the Cairo and Alexandria stock exchange, the Federation of Egyptian Industries., the center for economic studies of developing countries at Cairo university.

Abdel Nour then joined politics. He run for office in the 1995 elections, but lost. He won a seat in the 2000 general elections. and was elected Head of the opposition in Parliament. Later he was elected secretary-general of the Wafd Party. After 25 January revolution he was appointed minister of tourism in the cabinet led by then prime minister Ahmed Shafiq in February 2011. Abdel Nour succeeded Zoheir Garranah in the post. He remained in his post in the cabinets headed by Essam Sharaf followed by Kamal Ganzouri until 2 August 2012.

He refused to participate in the government of the Moslem Brothers headed by Hisham Kandil and joined the opposition. He participated in the founding of the "National Salvation Front" on 23 November 2012 and was later chosen as its Secretary General. In this capacity he was among the organizers of the 30 June 2013 uprising that ended the rule of the Moslem Brothers.

In February 2013 he joined the Cabinet headed by Ibrahim Mahlab as Minister of Trade, Industry and Investment and will retain the portfolio of Trade and Industry until 18 September 2015. On 16 July 2013, he was appointed as the minister of Industry and Foreign Trade in the interim cabinet headed by prime minister Hazem Al Beblawi.

title: Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour


text:
Josef Thorak

Josef Thorak (7 February 1889 in Vienna, Austria – 26 February 1952 in Bad Endorf, Bavaria) was an Austrian-German sculptor. He became known for oversize monumental sculptures, particularly of male figures, and was one of the most prominent sculptors of the Third Reich.

Early life and education
Thorak was born out of wedlock in Vienna. His father, also Josef Thorak, was from East Prussia; his mother was from Salzburg, where she returned soon after his birth and the couple married in 1896. That year he was placed in a religious boarding school for neglected children, but his schooling ended after he set fire to his bed in late 1898 and was injured by a nun disciplining him, which led to a dispute in the press and the courts. In 1903 he began an apprenticeship as a potter in Slovakia; after completion of this and of journeyman years in Austria and Germany, he started work at a factory in Vienna and took classes from the sculptor Anton Hanak. From 1911 to 1915 he studied sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts, interrupted by two periods of service in the First World War and a study trip to the Balkans. Julius von Schlosser, Director of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, recommended him and he secured a studio under Ludwig Manzel at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin; he joined the Berlin Secession in 1917. Some expressionist influences can be noticed in his generally neoclassical style.

Career
In Berlin in the 1920s, Thorak lived mainly on commissions to design cemetery monuments for soldiers, also assisting wealthy friends, many of them Jewish, with design work. He was helped by friendships with Hjalmar Schacht, President of the Reichsbank, and above all with the art museum director Wilhelm von Bode, who wrote a monograph on Thorak in 1929, said to have been his only book on a living artist. He won a state prize in 1928. To promote himself, he began calling himself "professor". His commissions were reduced by the German economic crisis of the 1920s and the Great Depression; eventually in 1932 he received a commission to design fittings for a church in Tegel, and he entered work in the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Thorak took advantage of friendships with many prominent members of the Party. Through the film maker Luis Trenker, he was engaged after Hanak's death in 1934 to complete the Emniyet monument (Security Monument; now the Güven (Trust) Monument) in Ankara, Turkey, and he sculpted busts of Joseph Goebbels and Ernst Hanfstaengl in addition to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and Józef Piłsudski. After the death of Paul von Hindenburg in August 1934, Thorak sculpted his death mask; his bust of Mussolini was given as an official gift by Hitler in 1940. For a bust of Hitler, he stayed for several days in 1936 at Hitler's Obersalzberg compound. Alfred Rosenberg arranged a solo exhibition for him in 1935. He became wealthy and in 1937 or 1938 bought Schloss Hartmannsberg near the Chiemsee in Bavaria; in 1943 he also acquired Schloss Prielau, which had been seized from the family of Hugo von Hofmannsthal because of their Jewish ancestry. At Schloss Hartmannsberg he had a collection of medieval carvings and antique furnishings, some of which was obtained from the prominent Nazi art dealers Kajetan and Josef Mühlmann. With Arno Breker, he became one of the two "official sculptors" of the Third Reich. In 1937, he was named professor of sculpture at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts; in 1939, Hitler decreed that a studio should be built for him in Baldham to Albert Speer's design. Although he did not join the Nazi Party until 1941, Hitler ordered his membership backdated to 1933 for appearance's sake. After a visit with Hitler to Thorak's studio in 1937, Goebbels described him in his diary as "our greatest sculptural talent. He needs to be given commissions." In his Spandau Diaries written in prison after the war, Speer referred to Thorak as "more or less my sculptor, who frequently designed statues and reliefs for my buildings". Well known for his "grandiose monuments", Thorak was nicknamed "Professor Thorax" because of his preference for muscular neo-classical nude sculpture, typically "gazing fervently into the distance". In the late 1930s, he became less popular with the Nazi leadership than Breker, because of his less voluptuous female nudes; he returned to favour during the war years after producing female statues expressing pathos.

Later life and death
After the Second World War, Thorak at first produced decorative ceramics, and then focussed on religious sculpture. He was pronounced legally denazified in 1948 and, after two challenges, in July 1950 and finally in 1951, he was permitted to hold a final exhibition at the Mirabell Palace in Salzburg, which was well attended but poorly reviewed. His Austrian citizenship was restored in 1951. In February 1952, he died at Schloss Hartmannsberg in Bavaria, and was buried with his mother in St. Peter's cemetery.

Personal life
Thorak married three times. In 1918, he married Hertha Kroll; they had two sons, the older born before their marriage, in January 1917. The couple divorced in 1926 but continued to live together until her death in 1928. The following year he married Hilda Lubowski, with whom he had a third son, but after the Nazis came to power in 1933, the couple agreed to divorce because of her Jewish ancestry. She emigrated in 1939 to France and subsequently to England. In 1946, Thorak married Erna Hoenig, an American who had been living at Schloss Hartmannsberg since 1944; their son was born in 1949.

Works

 * 1922: Der sterbende Krieger (The Dying Warrior), World War I memorial in Stolpmünde, now Ustka, Poland
 * 1928: Heim (Home) and Arbeit (Work), Charlottenburg
 * 1936: Boxer, modelled on Max Schmeling, one of many sculptures commissioned for the grounds of the Olympic Stadium in Berlin.
 * 1937: Familie (The Family) and Kameradschaft (Comradeship): 23-foot-tall figural groups outside the German pavilion at the Paris World's Fair, the latter consisting of two nude males clasping hands and standing defiantly side by side in a pose of racial camaraderie.
 * 1937–43: Goddess of Victory sculptural group for the Nazi party rally grounds at Nuremberg, unfinished
 * 1940: Der königliche Reiter (The Royal Rider), model for an equestrian monument to Frederick the Great in Linz, exhibited in 1943
 * 1941: Couple
 * 1942: Letzter Flug (Last Flight), wartime sculpture of a woman holding a dead soldier
 * The Judgement of Paris, for a fountain.
 * 1943: Paracelsus, commissioned for Salzburg
 * 1943: Copernicus, also in Salzburg
 * Denkmal der Arbeit (Monument to Work), for the Reichsautobahn: model exhibited in 1938–39, work unfinished. A group of workers (variously described as three, four, or five), 17 m high, straining to move a boulder.
 * 1949: Pietà, St. Peter's Cemetery, Salzburg, now over his grave

Reich Chancellery striding horses
In 1939, Thorak sculpted three oversize horses (3 m high) for the Nuremberg rally grounds. Two of these, which had been placed in 1939 outside the Reich Chancellery built by Albert Speer, were discovered along with other Nazi art in a police raid on a storehouse in Bad Dürkheim, Rhineland-Palatinate, in May 2015. The two horses had been removed in 1989 from a barracks ground in Eberswalde, northeast of Berlin, at the time in East Germany, where they had sat since sometime after the Second World War. The third Thorak horse was displayed in the Haus der Deutschen Kunst in Munich as part of the Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung (Great German Art Exhibition) in 1939, then stood outside Thorak's studio. In August 2015, it was rediscovered on the grounds of a boarding school in Ising, Bavaria, Landschulheim Schloss Ising, having been donated to the school by Thorak's widow in 1961 in lieu of tuition fees for her son.

Honours
Thorak received the grand prize of the Prussian Academy of Arts in 1928 and a golden Papal medal in 1934 for his contribution to the Exhibition for International Christian Art. He was nominated in 1937 for the first German National Prize for Art and Science. A street was named for him in Salzburg in 1963.

title: Josef Thorak


text:
User talk:Raskolnikov The Penguin

ArbCom elections are now open!
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Raskolnikov The Penguin


text:
Transmission electron cryomicroscopy

Transmission electron cryomicroscopy (CryoTEM), commonly known as cryo-EM, is a form of cryogenic electron microscopy, more specifically a type of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where the sample is studied at cryogenic temperatures (generally liquid-nitrogen temperatures). Cryo-EM, specifically 3-dimensional electron microscopy (3DEM), is gaining popularity in structural biology.

The utility of transmission electron cryomicroscopy stems from the fact that it allows the observation of specimens that have not been stained or fixed in any way, showing them in their native environment. This is in contrast to X-ray crystallography, which requires crystallizing the specimen, which can be difficult, and placing them in non-physiological environments, which can occasionally lead to functionally irrelevant conformational changes.

Advances in electron detector technology, particularly DED (Direct Electron Detectors) as well as more powerful software imaging algorithms have allowed for the determination of macromolecular structures at near-atomic resolution. Imaged macromolecules include viruses, ribosomes, mitochondria, ion channels, and enzyme complexes. Starting in 2018, cryo-EM could applied to structures as small as hemoglobin (64 kDa) and with resolutions up to 1.8 Å. In 2019, cryo-EM structures represented 2.5% of structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank, and this number continues to grow. An application of cryo-EM is cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), where a 3D reconstruction of the sample is created from tilted 2D images.

Development
The original rationale for CryoTEM was as a means to fight radiation damage for biological specimens. The amount of radiation required to collect an image of a specimen in the electron microscope is high enough to be a potential source of specimen damage for delicate structures. In addition, the high vacuum required on the column of an electron microscope makes the environment for the sample quite harsh.

The problem of the vacuum was partially solved by the introduction of negative stains but even with negative stains biological samples are prone to structural collapse upon dehydration of the specimen. Embedding the samples in ice below the sublimation temperature was a possibility that was contemplated early on, but water tends to arrange into a crystalline lattice of lower density upon freezing and this can destroy the structure of anything that is embedded in it.

In the early 1980s, several groups studying solid state physics were attempting to produce vitreous ice by different means, such as high pressure freezing or flash freezing. In a seminal paper in 1984, the group led by Jacques Dubochet at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory showed images of adenovirus embedded in a vitrified layer of water. This paper is generally considered to mark the origin of Cryo-EM, and the technique has been developed to the point of becoming routine at numerous laboratories throughout the world.

The energy of the electrons used for imaging (80–300 kV) is high enough that covalent bonds can be broken. When imaging specimens are vulnerable to radiation damage, it is necessary to limit the electron exposure used to acquire the image. These low exposures require that the images of thousands or even millions of identical frozen molecules be selected, aligned, and averaged to obtain high-resolution maps, using specialized software. A significant improvement in structural features was achieved in 2012 by the introduction of direct electron detectors and better computational algorithms.

In 2015, Bridget Carragher and colleagues at the Scripps National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy used techniques she and Clint Potter developed to determine the first cryo-EM structure with a resolution finer than 3 Å, thereby elevating CryoTEM as a tool comparable to and potentially superior to traditional x-ray crystallography techniques. Since then, higher resolutions have been achieved, including a 2.2 Å structure of bacterial enzyme β-galactosidase in 2015 and a 1.8 Å structure of glutamate dehydrogenase in 2016. Cryo-EM has also been used to determine the structure of various viruses, including the Zika virus, and has been applied to large complexes such as the spliceosome. In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson, "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution".

Thin film
The biological material is spread on an electron microscopy grid and is preserved in a frozen-hydrated state by rapid freezing, usually in liquid ethane near liquid nitrogen temperature. By maintaining specimens at liquid nitrogen temperature or colder, they can be introduced into the high-vacuum of the electron microscope column. Most biological specimens are extremely radiosensitive, so they must be imaged with low-dose techniques (usefully, the low temperature of transmission electron cryomicroscopy provides an additional protective factor against radiation damage).

Consequently, the images are extremely noisy. For some biological systems it is possible to average images to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and retrieve high-resolution information about the specimen using the technique known as single particle analysis. This approach in general requires that the things being averaged are identical, although some limited conformational heterogeneity can now be studied (e.g. ribosome). Three-dimensional reconstructions from CryoTEM images of protein complexes and viruses have been solved to sub-nanometer or near-atomic resolution, allowing new insights into the structure and biology of these large assemblies.

Analysis of ordered arrays of protein, such as 2-D crystals of transmembrane proteins or helical arrays of proteins, also allows a kind of averaging which can provide high-resolution information about the specimen. This technique is called electron crystallography.

Vitreous sections
The thin film method is limited to thin specimens (typically < 500 nm) because the electrons cannot cross thicker samples without multiple scattering events. Thicker specimens can be vitrified by plunge freezing (cryofixation) in ethane (up to tens of μm in thickness) or more commonly by high pressure freezing (up to hundreds of μm). They can then be cut in thin sections (40 to 200 nm thick) with a diamond knife in a cryoultramicrotome at temperatures lower than −135 °C (devitrification temperature). The sections are collected on an electron microscope grid and are imaged in the same manner as specimen vitrified in thin film. This technique is called transmission electron cryomicroscopy of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS) or transmission electron cryomicroscopy of frozen-hydrated sections.

Material specimens
In addition to allowing vitrified biological samples to be imaged, CryoTEM can also be used to image material specimens that are too volatile in vacuum to image using standard, room temperature electron microscopy. For example, vitrified sections of liquid-solid interfaces can be extracted for analysis by CryoTEM, and sulfur, which is prone to sublimation in the vacuum of electron microscopes, can be stabilized and imaged in CryoTEM.

Image processing in cryo-TEM
Even though in the majority of approaches in electron microscopy one tries to get the best resolution image of the material, it is not always the case in cryo-TEM. Besides all the benefits of high resolution images, the signal to noise ratio remains the main hurdle that prevents assigning orientation to each particle. For example, in macromolecule complexes, there are several different structures that are being projected from 3D to 2D during imaging and if they are not distinguished the result of image processing will be a blur. That is why the probabilistic approaches become more powerful in this type of investigation. There are two popular approaches that are widely used nowadays in cryo-EM image processing, the maximum likelihood approach that was discovered in 1998 and relatively recently adapted Bayesian approach.

The maximum likelihood estimation approach comes to this field from the statistics. Here, all the possible orientations of particles are summed up to get the resulting probability distribution. We can compare this to a typical least square estimation where particles get exact orientations per image. This way, the particles in the sample get "fuzzy" orientations after calculations, weighted by corresponding probabilities. The whole process is iterative and with each next iteration the model gets better. The good conditions for making the model that closely represent the real structure is when the data does not have too much noise and the particles do not have any preferential direction. The main downside of maximum likelihood approach is that the result depends on the initial guess and model optimization can sometimes get stuck at local minimum.

The Bayesian approach that is now being used in cryo-TEM is empirical by nature. This means that the distribution of particles is based on the original dataset. Similarly, in the usual Bayesian method there is a fixed prior probability that is changed after the data is observed. The main difference from the maximum likelihood estimation lies in special reconstruction term that helps smoothing the resulting maps while also decreasing the noise during reconstruction. The smoothing of the maps occurs through assuming prior probability to be a Gaussian distribution and analyzing the data in the Fourier space. Since the connection between the prior knowledge and the dataset is established, there is less chance for human factor errors which potentially increases the objectivity of image reconstruction.

With emerging new methods of cryo-TEM imaging and image reconstruction the new software solutions appear that help to automate the process. After the empirical Bayesian approach have been implemented in the open source computer program RELION (REgularized LIkelihood OptimizatioN) for 3D reconstruction, the program became widespread in the cryo-TEM field. It offers a range of corrections that improve the resolution of reconstructed images, allows implementing versatile scripts using python language and executes the usual tasks of 2D/3D model classifications or creating de novo models.

Techniques
A variety of techniques can be used in CryoTEM. Popular techniques include:
 * 1) Electron crystallography
 * 2) Analysis of two-dimensional crystals
 * 3) Analysis of helical filaments or tubes
 * 4) Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED)
 * 5) Single particle analysis (SPA)
 * 6) Time-resolved CryoTEM
 * 7) Electron cryotomography (cryoET)

title: Transmission electron cryomicroscopy


text: User talk:146.53.3.4

title: User talk:146.53.3.4


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michelle galeas

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:34, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Michelle galeas
Delete nn vanity. 2 Google hits, neither apply here. Notable lower case surname, though. -Splash 23:16, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bad grammar vanity piece. – Seancdaug 23:18, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As per above. Gwk 23:57, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 01:19, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn royblumy 03:12, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:192.35.79.70

title: User talk:192.35.79.70


text:
Lunar plaque

Lunar plaques are stainless steel commemorative plaques measuring 9 by attached to the ladders on the descent stages of the United States Apollo Lunar Modules flown on lunar landing missions Apollo 11 through Apollo 17, to be left permanently on the lunar surface. The plaques were originally suggested and designed by NASA's head of technical services Jack Kinzler, who oversaw their production.

All of the plaques bear facsimiles of the participating astronauts' signatures. For this reason, an extra plaque had to be made for Apollo 13 due to the late replacement of one crew member. The first (Apollo 11) and last (Apollo 17) plaques bear a facsimile of the signature of Richard Nixon, President of the United States during the landings, along with references to the start and completion of "man's first explorations of the Moon" and expressions of peace "for all mankind".

All, except the Apollo 12 plaque (which is also textured differently), bear pictures of the two hemispheres of Earth. Apollo 17's plaque bears a depiction of the lunar globe in addition to the Earth. The plaques used on missions 13 through 16 bear the call-sign of each mission's Lunar Module. All of the plaques were left on the Moon, except for those of the aborted Apollo 13 mission.

Plaques

 * Apollo 11 plaque inscription: "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind" in capital letters. The statement "We came in peace for all mankind" is derived from the 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Act's declaration of policy and purpose:
 * "The Congress hereby declares that it is the policy of the United States that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind."

 * (Signatures: Neil A. Armstrong; Michael Collins; Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.; Richard Nixon, President, United States of America)

 * Apollo 12 plaque inscription: Apollo 12 November 1969 (Signatures: Charles Conrad, Jr.; Richard F. Gordon, Jr.; Alan L. Bean)
 * Apollo 13 plaque inscription: Apollo 13 Aquarius April 1970 (Signatures on original plaque, bolted to the LM ladder: James A. Lovell; Thomas K. Mattingly II; Fred W. Haise.  A replacement plaque with John L. Swigert, Jr.'s name replacing Mattingly's was carried in the spacecraft cabin; Lovell was to have placed this over the original as he descended the ladder. After the landing was aborted, Lovell saved the replacement to keep as a souvenir; the first plaque bearing Mattingly's name was destroyed when Aquarius reentered the Earth's atmosphere at the end of the mission.)
 * Apollo 14 plaque inscription: Apollo 14 Antares February 1971 (Signatures: Alan B. Shepard, Jr.; Stuart A. Roosa; Edgar D. Mitchell)
 * Apollo 15 plaque inscription: Apollo 15 Falcon July 1971 (Signatures: David R. Scott; Alfred M. Worden; James B. Irwin)
 * Apollo 16 plaque inscription: Apollo 16 Orion  April 1972 (Signatures: John W. Young; Thomas K. Mattingly II;  Charles M. Duke, Jr.)
 * Apollo 17 plaque inscription: "Here man completed his first explorations of the Moon December 1972, A.D. May the spirit of peace in which we came be reflected in the lives of all mankind" in capital letters. (Signatures: Eugene A. Cernan; Ronald E. Evans; Harrison H. Schmitt; Richard Nixon, President, United States of America).

title: Lunar plaque


text: Talk:Simply Worship 2

title: Talk:Simply Worship 2


text:
Deilephila

The genus Deilephila is part of the family Sphingidae, the hawk-moths or sphinxes. The genus was erected by Jakob Heinrich Laspeyres in 1809. It consists of a small number of Palearctic species most of which have common names involving the phrase "elephant hawk moth". They include the elephant hawk moth, Deilephila elpenor; the small elephant hawk moth (D. porcellus) and the Chitral elephant hawk moth (D. rivularis). The oleander hawk moth is sometimes classified in this genus as D. nerii, but sometimes treated in genus Daphnis.

The adults are quite similar to those of the related and larger genus Hyles. However their eyelashes are much more distinct, and the numerous spines on their abdomens are less strongly chitinized. They lay pale glossy green eggs. The larvae are not typical of hawk moth caterpillars, with the horn on the terminal segment being less pronounced than usual, and absent in some species. The head and thorax segments can be retracted into the first and second segments of the abdomen, which then appear enlarged and display eyespots.

The caterpillars feed mainly on plants of the Onagraceae and Rubiaceae families.

 * Deilephila askoldensis (Oberthür, 1879)
 * Deilephila elpenor (Linnaeus, 1758)
 * Deilephila porcellus (Linnaeus, 1758)
 * Deilephila rivularis (Boisduval, 1875)

title: Deilephila


text:
Sexo, pudor y lágrimas

Sexo, pudor y lágrimas (Sex, Shame, and Tears) is a Mexican film, the second of the so-called New Era of the Cinema of Mexico (after Like Water for Chocolate) and the directorial debut of Antonio Serrano. The film won five Ariel Awards.

The film is based on Serrano's stage play of the same name, which ran for two years. The film broke box-office records in Mexico, grossing MX$118 million (roughly US$11 million). It played for six months, and was seen by more than eight million people in Mexico alone.

Plot
Tomás returns to Mexico after a seven-year trip around the world, to visit his friends Carlos and Ana, a couple going through relationship problems. Ana is seduced by Tomás, who is also her ex-boyfriend, which causes Carlos to kick Tomás out of their home. Although instead of Tomás leaving, Ana leaves and moves across the street to the apartment of their friends Miguel and Andrea, another couple going through problems. The situation becomes a battle of the sexes when Miguel is kicked-out for cheating on Andrea and sent to live with the "guys" across the street and María, their friend, joins the "girls" in a boycott against all men. Tomas then has a fling with Andrea and gets caught in the act. After seeing the emptiness of his life, punctuated with him making a scene at a local nightclub, Tomas declares his love for Ana before apparently committing suicide by walking into an elevator shaft.

Alternate endings
In the Region 4 DVD version, several alternate final scenes are explored, including Tomas surviving the fall and emerging in a full body cast.

Cast

 * Demián Bichir as Tomás
 * Susana Zabaleta as Ana
 * Jorge Salinas as Miguel
 * Cecilia Suárez as Andrea
 * Víctor Huggo Martin as Carlos
 * Mónica Dionne as María

Sequel
The sequel, Sexo, pudor y lágrimas 2 was released on February 4, 2022 on HBO Max. All the cast from the first film reprise their roles except for Demián Bichir, who appears in photographs and flashbacks.

Awards

 * 42nd Ariel Awards from the Mexican Academy of Film Arts and Sciences:
 * Best actress: Susana Zabaleta
 * Art direction: Brigitte Broch
 * Best original score
 * Best original script
 * Best setting
 * XIV Guadalajara Film Festival
 * Audience Award

title: Sexo, pudor y lágrimas


text:
North Pacific Current

The North Pacific Current (sometimes referred to as the North Pacific Drift) is an ocean current that flows west-to-east between 30 and 50 degrees north in the Pacific Ocean. The current forms the southern part of the North Pacific Subpolar Gyre and the northern part of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. The North Pacific Current is formed by the collision of the Kuroshio Current, running northward off the coast of Japan, and the Oyashio Current, which is a cold subarctic current that flows south and circulates counterclockwise along the western North Pacific Ocean. In the eastern North Pacific off southern British Columbia, it splits into the southward flowing cold water California Current and the northward flowing Alaska Current.

Flows and temperature
Originating from the eastward directed flow occurring east of the island of Honshu, Japan, the North Pacific Current extends over 40° of longitude. According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the NPC may be considered to be a part or an extension of the Kuroshio current. The current covers a large area and brings warmer water from the subtropics to the sub-polar latitudes. Average sea surface temperature along the NPC can range in the winter from 45 to 61 °F (7.2-16.1 °C) and in the summer months 64 °F-74 °F (17.8-23.3 °C).

As it flows from west to east, the latitudinal extent of the NPC increases so much that it spans some 20 degrees of latitude east of the dateline. This is associated with a decrease in the speed of current; eastward directed speeds at the surface are typically less than 0.05 m/s (5 cm/s) in the central Pacific. As the NPC approaches the west coast of North America, it divides into two broad currents: the northward flowing Alaska Current and the southward flowing California Current. The splitting of flow is referred to as the bifurcation of the NPC.

The Gulf of Alaska and the California Current receive different volumes and flows of warm water from the North Pacific Current. The Gulf of Alaska receives about 60% of the flow of the NPC while the California Current receives the remaining 40%. These values may fluctuate, resulting in changes in the volume and the speed of the NPC water entering into the Alaska and California Currents.

Gyre contribution
The NPC forms the northward portion of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. As the eastward flow of the Kuroshio, the flow of the NPC can lead to the transport of material from the western Pacific to the coast of North America. For example, some of the marine debris from the Japanese earthquake and tsunami of 2011 was transported by the NPC across the Pacific, leading to deposition of tsunami debris along the shores of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington and Oregon.

title: North Pacific Current


text:
User talk:BoW Bank Employee14

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:BoW Bank Employee14


text:
Joseph Bernier

Joseph Bernier (August 16, 1874 —June 8, 1951 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba on four occasions between 1900 and 1932. Bernier was a member of the Conservative Party, and served as a cabinet minister in the government of Rodmond Roblin. His father, Thomas A. Bernier, was a member of the Senate of Canada.

Bernier was born in St. Jean d'Iberville, Québec, and educated at St. Boniface College and the Manitoba University. He received a Master of Arts degree. Bernier was called to the Manitoba bar in 1896 and began practising as a barrister-at-law in Winnipeg in 1897. He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in a by-election held on November 24, 1900, defeating Victor Mager by 154 votes in the St. Boniface constituency. He lost his seat in the 1903 provincial election, losing to Liberal Horace Chevrier by a single vote.

Bernier was re-elected to the legislature in the 1907 election, defeating Chevrier by 71 votes. Returned without difficulty in the 1910 campaign, he was appointed to cabinet on May 22, 1913 as Provincial Secretary.

Bernier was again re-elected in the 1914 provincial election. Early in 1915, the entire Roblin administration was forced to resign after the Lieutenant Governor issued a report which found the government had been guilty of corrupt practices in the tendering of contracts for new legislative buildings. Bernier did not seek re-election in the 1915 campaign, and the St. Boniface constituency was won by Liberal Joseph Dumas.

Bernier returned to the legislature for a third time in the 1920 provincial election, defeating Dumas and three other candidates. He identified himself as an independent during this period, but was still widely regarded as being in sympathy with the Conservative Party. He was again returned in the 1922 campaign, once again identifying himself as an independent.

Bernier resigned from the legislature on September 1, 1926 to campaign for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1926 federal election. He ran as a candidate of the Conservative Party of Canada in the federal riding of St. Boniface, and lost to Liberal John Power Howden by 2,668 votes.

Bernier ran again for the provincial constituency of St. Boniface in the 1927 provincial election, this time as an official candidate of the Manitoba Conservative Party. This campaign ended in controversy, with a ballot-counting process marred by confusion and error. Liberal candidate L.P. Gagnon was initially declared the winner by one vote, but a recount saw Bernier confirmed as the victor. He returned to the legislature, and rejoined the Conservative caucus on the opposition benches. He was expelled from the legislature for a month in 1928, after being named by the Speaker.

Bernier lost his seat for the final time in the 1932 campaign, falling to Labour candidate Harold Lawrence by 504 votes. He actually won a plurality of votes on the first count, but fell behind on transfers, Lawrence proving to be the more popular overall choice of voters. (Manitoba used Instant-runoff voting for elections in St. Boniface during this period).

From 1900 to 1917, Bernier was editor for the francophone newspaper Le Manitoba. In 1910, he married Rose Marie Bernier. Bernier was an honorary colonel with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I and helped with recruiting.

After leaving politics, he served as a county court judge from 1933 to 1949.

Bernier died in hospital in Montreal at the age of 76.

title: Joseph Bernier


text:
Template talk:Portland Trail Blazers roster

This is the first of 30 uniform team roster templates. Please provide feedback now before lots of effort is put into the other 29. Thanks. KSchutte 23:19, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Skinner, Lenard uniform numbers
Brian Skinner will wear #54 for the Blazers, Lenard will wear #0. This has been announced by the team.

England vs UK
In sports, the home nations of the UK (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) each field separate teams for international competition; it is customary to list UK athletes by their home nation, rather than from the UK as a whole. As Freeland is an Englishman (not a Scot, Welshman, or Ulsterite) his name should be adorned with St. Andrew's Cross St. George's Cross (the flag of England) and not the Union Jack. --EngineerScotty 15:30, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Whoops, St. Andrew's Cross is the Scottish flag. :) The article, nonetheless, has the correct flag.--EngineerScotty 19:15, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

recent trade
zach randolph dan dickau fred jones to new york for steve francis and channing frye

Error
Put this back on the List of NBA current rosters page.-DANO- (talk) 19:03, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 December 2019
Change

to

Source: https://www.rotowire.com/basketball/player.php?id=3591 Trusty route (talk) 15:17, 9 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done  JTP (talk • contribs) 15:54, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 December 2019
Change to  Trusty route (talk) 19:58, 10 December 2019 (UTC)


text:
Agenesis of the corpus callosum

Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is a rare birth defect in which there is a complete or partial absence of the corpus callosum. It occurs when the development of the corpus callosum, the band of white matter connecting the two hemispheres in the brain, in the embryo is disrupted. The result of this is that the fibers that would otherwise form the corpus callosum are instead longitudinally oriented along the ipsilateral ventricular wall and form structures called Probst bundles.

In addition to agenesis, other degrees of callosal defects exist, including hypoplasia (underdevelopment or thinness), hypogenesis (partial agenesis) or dysgenesis (malformation).

ACC is found in many syndromes and can often present alongside hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis. When this is the case, there can also be an enlarged fourth ventricle or hydrocephalus; this is called Dandy–Walker malformation.

Signs and symptoms
Laboratory research has demonstrated that individuals with ACC have difficulty transferring more complex information from one hemisphere to the other. They also have been shown to have some cognitive disabilities (difficulty in complex problem solving) and social difficulties (missing subtle social cues), even when their intelligence quotient is normal. Recent research suggests that specific social difficulties may be a result of impaired face processing.

Other characteristics sometimes associated with callosal disorders include seizures, spasticity, early feeding difficulties and/or gastric reflux, hearing impairments, abnormal head and facial features, and intellectual disability.

Associated brain anomalies
Brain anomalies that can sometimes occur in syndromes that cause callosal disorders include:
 * Aplasia of the cerebellar vermis
 * Chiari malformation
 * Colpocephaly
 * Dandy–Walker syndrome
 * Holoprosencephaly
 * Hydrocephalus
 * Neuronal migration disorders such as grey matter heterotopia
 * Schizencephaly

Causes
Agenesis of the corpus callosum is caused by disruption to development of the fetal brain between the 3rd and 12th weeks of pregnancy. In most cases, it is not possible to know what caused an individual to have ACC or another callosal disorder. However, research suggests that some possible causes may include chromosome errors, inherited genetic factors, prenatal infections or injuries, prenatal toxic exposures, structural blockage by cysts or other brain abnormalities and metabolic disorders.

Ciliopathies: rare genetic disorders
Until recently, the medical literature did not indicate a connection among many genetic disorders, both genetic syndromes and genetic diseases, that are now being found to be related. As a result of new genetic research, some of these are, in fact, highly related in their root cause despite the widely varying symptoms apparent on clinical examination. Agenesis of the corpus callosum is one such disease, part of an emerging class of diseases called ciliopathies. The underlying cause may be a dysfunctional molecular mechanism in the primary cilia structures of the cell organelles that are present in many cellular types throughout the human body. The cilia defects adversely affect "numerous critical developmental signaling pathways" essential to cellular development and thus offer a plausible hypothesis for the often multi-symptom nature of a large set of syndromes and diseases. Known ciliopathies include primary ciliary dyskinesia, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, polycystic kidney and liver disease, nephronophthisis, Alström syndrome, Meckel–Gruber syndrome and some forms of retinal degeneration.

Drug exposure
In utero exposure to cocaine, heroin, amphetamines and phenylpropanolamine can lead to agenesis of corpus callosum.

Diagnosis
Callosal disorders can be diagnosed through brain imaging studies or during autopsy. They may be diagnosed through an MRI, CT scan, Sonography, prenatal ultrasound, or prenatal MRI.

Treatment
There are currently no specific medical treatments for callosal disorders, but individuals with ACC and other callosal disorders may benefit from a range of developmental therapies, educational support, and services. It is important to consult with a variety of medical, health, educational, and social work professionals. Such professionals include neurologists, neuropsychologists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, speech and language pathologists, pediatricians, recreation therapists, music therapists, geneticists, social workers, special educators, early childhood intervention specialists, and caregivers for adults.

Prognosis
Prognosis varies depending on the type of callosal abnormality and associated conditions or syndromes. It is not possible for the corpus callosum to regenerate.

Culture
Kim Peek, inspiration for the film Rain Man and renowned for his savant abilities, was born with agenesis of the corpus callosum, along with macrocephaly and damage to the cerebellum.

title: Agenesis of the corpus callosum


text:
Corn chip

Corn chips are a snack food made from cornmeal fried in oil or baked, usually in the shape of a small noodle or scoop. Corn chips are thick, rigid, very crunchy, have the strong aroma and flavor of roasted corn, and are often heavily seasoned with salt.

Overview
In the United States, Fritos is one of the oldest and most widely recognized brands of corn chips.

While corn chips and tortilla chips are both made from corn, the corn in tortilla chips is subjected to the nixtamalization process, resulting in a milder flavor and aroma, and a less rigid texture. Tortilla chips also tend to be larger, thinner, less fatty, and less salty than corn chips.

Corn chips are usually eaten alone or with a chip dip. They are a common ingredient in homemade and commercial party mixes. In the Southwestern US, a popular dish, Frito pie, is made with corn chips and chili. In some areas, it is popular to pour the chili into a bag of corn chips and eat the mixture directly from the bag.

title: Corn chip


text:
Talk:Corn chip

Untitled
Rescued from being a redirect to Talk:Tortilla chip. VermillionBird 22:01, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Corn chips/tortilla chips in Australia and Oceania
I removed this statement as I could not find support for it. To the contrary, there were many websites in the .au domain referring to tortilla chips.Geoff (talk) 00:00, 3 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "In Australia and Oceania, tortilla chips are referred to as corn chips."

Cultural references
I removed this cultural reference as I am not sure it contributes to the article. But I'm putting it here for other editors to consider whether this (and other) cultural references might enhance the article.Geoff (talk) 00:13, 3 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "An amusing cultural reference occurs in the animated film Mulan, where Mushu refers to male body odor as 'that corn chip smell.'"

title: Talk:Corn chip


text:
Forbidden dance

Forbidden dance may refer to:
 * Forbidden Dance, a manga series about a high school ballet student
 * Lambada, a dance from Pará, Brazil, of African origin, also known as the "forbidden dance"
 * Two rival films released in 1990 about the dance
 * Lambada (film)
 * The Forbidden Dance

title: Forbidden dance


text:
User talk:Afelton

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

FRB criticisms
I replied to your message on my talk page (I prefer to keep UserTalk conversations to a single page... usually where the first topical post was made). In brief, I support the move. Feel free to post any comments/replies to my talk page if you'd like. Feco 17:22, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Brady Bonds and the other article whose name I forget
I just read your draft of the merge! Your article is way better than either of the current ones so I encourage you to replace one of the articles. Banana04131 01:30, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

orphaned articles
Why write completely orphaned articles on statistcs? I've just added two of your creations to the list of statistical topics. Was there in each case no other article you could find that could link to it? If so, you can still add it to the list. Michael Hardy 23:18, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Stanley_fischer.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Stanley_fischer.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

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JEL codes
I've been thinking about categories for economics and it struck me that the JEL codes would be as obvious way to go. As you created the article, I thought I'd get in touch and see what you thought.

Kakutani's theorem
Hello, I changed the statement of the Kakutani fixed point theorem a bit, could you please double check that I didn't screw up? Thanks and cheers, AxelBoldt 04:01, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Image:Robert d. mcteer.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Robert d. mcteer.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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More replaceable fair-use images

 * Image:Timothy f. geithner.jpg

— Chowbok  ☠  20:19, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Copyright problems with Image:Nyfrb.jpg
An image that you uploaded, Image:Nyfrb.jpg, has been listed at Copyright problems because it is a suspected copyright violation. Please look there if you know that the image is legally usable on Wikipedia (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), and then provide the necessary information there and on its page, if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Kjetil r 15:51, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

This needs to be solved
I have taken the "List of Companies" problem (what to do with an entire class of articles that get repeatedly submitted for deletion en mass?) for debate to two different places. This really needs to be solved once and for all (we can't keep debating the same stuff for eternity). Would you take a look at either the discussion on the Village Pump or the relevant wikiproject? Aditya Kabir 15:39, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Center for Global Development
A tag has been placed on Center for Global Development, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia per CSD g12.

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Better source request for Image:Janet_yellen.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Janet_yellen.jpg. You provided a source, but it is difficult for other users to examine the copyright status of the image because the source is incomplete. Please consider clarifying the exact source so that the copyright status may be checked more easily. It is best to specify the exact web page where you found the image, rather than only giving the source domain or the URL of the image file itself. Please update the image description with a URL that will be more helpful to other users in determining the copyright status.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source in a complete manner. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page or me at my talkpage. Thank you. MECU ≈ talk 17:15, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:Janet yellen.jpg
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If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 22:03, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of George Osborne (composer)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Afelton


text:
Talk:Judeo-Christian-Islamic

On 5 July 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Judeo-Christian-Islamic for a record of the discussion.

title: Talk:Judeo-Christian-Islamic


text:
Alaska Current

The Alaska Current is a southwestern shallow warm-water current alongside the west coast of the North American continent beginning at about 48-50°N. The Alaska Current produces large clockwise eddies at two sites: west of the Haida Gwaii ("Haida Eddies") and west of Sitka, Alaska ("Sitka Eddy").

Track
The Alaska current results from the northward diversion of a portion of the North Pacific Current. The North Pacific Current provides energy for the California Current and the Alaska Current. It forms a part of the Alaska Current and continues into the Alaskan Stream, which begins near Kodiak Island and flows southwestward along the Alaska Peninsula. A part of the Alaskan Stream turns southward and becomes part of the recirculation of the North Pacific Ocean Current, thus completing the loop of the Alaska Gyre.

Physical properties
The Gulf of Alaska coastal area includes the offshore Alaska Current, Alaskan Stream, Alaska Coastal Current and some eddies. In the eastern part of the Gulf of Alaska, the Alaska Current flows counterclockwise, and it is relatively wide (> 100 km) meandering and slow (3–6 m/min). The water of Alaska Current is characterized by temperatures above 39 °F (4 °C). Usually, the Alaska Current contains large mesoscale vortices, which help to transfer energy and water from the ocean boundary into the interior of ocean. It turns into the Alaska Stream west of Kodiak Island where it becomes narrows (< 60 km) and its speed increases (1 m/s). The Alaska Coastal Current is located in the inner third of the continental shelf and it is driven by along-shore winds. It has a typical width of about 30 km, the depth is 100–200 m, and the velocity is > 1 m/s. The mean transport is about 0.6 Sv and its seasonal variation is about 0.2 Sv.

Winds and precipitation can both affect the Alaska Current. Winds are downwelling along the coastal area most of the year, which helps to keep the density contrast between central Gulf of Alaska water and fresher, lower density water on the shelf. The coastal current in the Gulf of Alaska is strongly baroclinic. Precipitation and coastal runoff reduce the water density on the shelf. Due to the baroclinic density field, the Alaska current is highly sheared vertically, and the cross-current density gradient is reflected by the offshore salinity gradient. The surface salinities are less than 30 PSU (Practical Salinity Unit) at the coastal areas, more than 31 PSU on the shelf, and more than 32.5 PSU in the central Gulf of Alaska. The mean transport of the baroclinic current near Kodiak Island in the western gulf of Alaska is approximately 10 Sv in the upper 1500 m.

The Alaska Current, together with the Gulf of Alaska, has an impact on the climate system of the southwestern United States, including seasonal rainfall and snow. It has been shown that El Niño affects the west coast through atmospheric as well as oceanic route. During an El Niño, surface transport in the Alaska Gyre strengthens. In the Alaska Current system, 7– 8 months after El Niño occurred on the equator, an anomaly of subsurface temperature larger than 1.5 °C was found along the coast.

Productivity
Despite the dominance of downwelling-favorable winds, the water overlying the northern coast of the Gulf of Alaska has achieved high biological productivity. Several physical processes enhance its nutrient supply and primary productivity. Nutrients can be transported to the northern part of the Gulf of Alaska through advection, river discharge, estuarine circulation, tidal mixing, mesoscale eddy formation and transport, sediment resuspension, the relaxation of summer downwelling winds, Ekman transport of surface water from the central Gulf of Alaska basin onto the shelf during winter. This is important for marine mammals, fish and birds. The productivity in the Alaska Current System supports some of the nation's largest fisheries and large numbers of birds and mammals.

Effects of climate change
Current climate models predict that the climate in the Gulf of Alaska will change drastically in the coming decades. The northern Gulf of Alaska maintains an efficient ecosystem, but the distribution and abundance of living marine resources are expected to be significantly affected by changes in water temperature, changes in sea ice coverage, and ocean acidification.

The mean sea surface temperature is expected to increase. Model projections indicate that most of the North Pacific will have warmed by an average of 1.2-1.8 °C by 2050. Precipitation is likely to increase, and the amount of rainfall will exceed the amount of snowfall. Glaciers near the northern coast of the Gulf of Alaska are melting at an unprecedented rate. Climate models predict that by 2050, glacial river runoff from Alaska rivers will increase by 40%. More precipitation and glacial melting will add more fresh water to coastal areas, which will strengthen the baroclinic structure on the continental shelf. Coastal regions around Alaska are experiencing the most rapid and extensive ocean acidification. Higher ocean acidity can damage shellfish and certain types of plankton, and fewer plankton means less food available to support for fish and some other species.

title: Alaska Current


text:
The Bard's Song (In the Forest)

"The Bard's Song (In the Forest)" is a single by German power metal band Blind Guardian, released in 2003. It contains five different versions of this track, one of their most popular songs, which originally appeared on the album Somewhere Far Beyond. The song is a folk rock ballad, in contrast to the band's usual power metal sound.

The single's cover art was painted by Leo Hao.

At concerts, it is not unusual for Hansi Kürsch to only sing the first and third lines of the song, then possibly the final verse or chorus, and leave the audience to sing the rest.

The song has been covered by German a cappella metal band van Canto on their album Hero.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Bard's Song (In the Forest)" (New Studio Version) – 3:30
 * 2) "The Bard's Song (In the Forest)" (Live, Milano, October 10, 2002) – 4:32
 * 3) "The Bard's Song (In the Forest)" (Live, Munich, May 5, 2002) – 4:29
 * 4) "The Bard's Song (In the Forest)" (Live, Madrid, June 4, 2002) – 4:30
 * 5) "The Bard's Song (In the Forest)" (multimedia track: Live, Stuttgart, May 6, 2002) – 4:18

Charts
#40 Germany #31 Italy

Personnel

 * Hansi Kürsch – vocals and strings arrangement
 * André Olbrich – acoustic lead guitar and backing vocals
 * Marcus Siepen – acoustic rhythm guitar and backing vocals

title: The Bard's Song (In the Forest)


text:
Echo & the Bunnymen (album)

Echo & the Bunnymen is the fifth studio album by the English rock band Echo & the Bunnymen, their last with drummer Pete de Freitas, who died in 1989 in a motorcycle accident, aged 27. The album was produced by Laurie Latham; the sessions took place in Germany, Belgium, London and Liverpool, following an aborted attempt at recording the tracks without de Freitas and with producer Gil Norton. With Latham being an exacting producer, and lead vocalist Ian McCulloch receiving star treatment and drinking heavily, the recording was more difficult than the band had initially hoped. The album made more use of keyboards than their previous studio albums, which had been string-heavy. Three singles were issued: "The Game", "Lips Like Sugar" and "Bedbugs and Ballyhoo".

Although Echo & the Bunnymen was successful in the United Kingdom and, to a lesser degree, the United States, it received mixed reviews from the music press following its release in July 1987. The album reached number four on the UK Albums Chart and has been certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In North America, it reached number 51 on the United States Billboard 200 and number 51 on the Canadian RPM 100 Albums. In Europe, it stayed in the European Top 100 Albums for eight weeks, peaking at number 36 on its fourth week.

Background
Echo & the Bunnymen took time off from touring, writing and recording after the release of the critically acclaimed Ocean Rain in 1984, because the band's manager, the fabled prankster Bill Drummond, felt that a year off would help the band write different kinds of songs in preparation for the next album. During the time off, drummer Pete de Freitas travelled through Spain and France on his motorcycle, bassist Les Pattinson worked on his new boat, and lead vocalist Ian McCulloch released a solo single "September Song", leaving guitarist Will Sergeant as the only band member to spend the time doing nothing. Even though the band enjoyed an excellent and creative working relationship with Drummond, by the end of 1984 they had mutually parted company as the band were not making enough money.

Under the new management of Mick Hancock, Duran Duran's tour manager, the band returned to work in May 1985 with a tour of Scandinavia. They also made a headline appearance at the Glastonbury Festival on 21 June 1985, when they played live for the first time two new songs that would later be included on the album—"Satellite" and "All in Your Mind". Now ready to start recording, they entered the studio with Clive Langer and their former producer Ian Broudie to record the songs they had played at Glastonbury, as well as "Like a Rollercoaster" and "Jimmy Brown". Not liking the results of this session, the band considered Eddy Grant and ABBA's production team before settling on Laurie Latham as their producer. McCulloch had been impressed by the sharp quality of Latham's production on the Stranglers' single "Skin Deep". The band met with Latham in Brussels, Belgium and recorded "All in Your Mind", "Like a Rollercoaster" and "Jimmy Brown", which was renamed "Bring On the Dancing Horses". "Bring On the Dancing Horses" appeared on the compilation album Songs to Learn & Sing in November 1985, and was released as a single in the same month. An early version of "Bedbugs and Ballyhoo", a song that would appear on the album, appeared on the B-side to the 12" version.

On 31 December 1985, de Freitas went to New Orleans with the road crew on a drug binge and there announced his resignation from the band. Hence, the band faced 1986 with a commitment to record an album, but without their drummer—a musician who was considered fundamental to the band's creative success. They hired former Haircut One Hundred drummer Blair Cunningham for the spring 1986 tour of the United States; however, he did not fit in, and, after the tour, left to join the Pretenders. The band then hired former ABC drummer David Palmer, and recorded a few sessions with producer Gil Norton for the new album. However, Palmer decided by July 1986 that he did not want to remain with the band. As he left the band, de Freitas returned to the United Kingdom and expressed a wish to rejoin. Uncertain of de Freitas's commitment to the band, and his fragile mental state, they took him back as a session musician rather than a full member. Now with the line-up that would record Echo & the Bunnymen, the band gave a live television appearance for the BBC in September 1986 when they played two new songs, "The Game" and "Lips Like Sugar". According to Will Sergeant, the band were under pressure from Warner Music chairman Rob Dickins to produce an album that would replicate the success of Peter Gabriel's recent number one album So (1986): "I couldn't believe it when Rob Dickins brought us into his office and played us Peter Gabriel's album: 'I want you to sound like this!' I think he escaped with his life that day."

Recording, production and music
Recording of the tracks that were to appear on Echo & the Bunnymen began at Conny Plank's studio in Cologne, Germany. Both Echo & the Bunnymen and their label, Warner Bros. Records, were unhappy with the results of the Norton sessions with Palmer playing drums. Keen to record again with de Freitas, the band decided to scrap the Norton sessions and to start recording a new album with Latham who had previously worked with the band on their 1985 single "Bring On the Dancing Horses". The sessions moved from Cologne to ICP Studios in Brussels, Belgium before returning to Cologne and finishing off at The Workhouse in London and Amazon Studios in Liverpool. The band hoped that the album would be a collection of simple songs; however, Latham was very specific and exacting, and he would work on one song for as long as a month. Recording was also complicated by the star treatment received by McCulloch. This, along with his heavy drinking, alienated him from the rest of the band. In a 1995 interview, band guitarist Will Sergeant said of McCulloch's treatment, "We just found it all ridiculous. He had people running around behind him, basically wiping his arse." McCulloch later said in a 1997 interview: "I knew I was losing it. I was on another planet but then I didn't want to be on the one [the other Bunnymen] were on."

While making the album, the band recorded a cover version of the Doors' 1967 single "People Are Strange" for the soundtrack of the 1987 film The Lost Boys. Ray Manzarek, former keyboardist with the Doors, was brought in to provide keyboards on the song. While in the studio, he also contributed keyboards to a re-recording of "Bedbugs and Ballyhoo", which had previously been the B-side of the 12" single version of "Bring On the Dancing Horses". Once Echo & the Bunnymen had been recorded the band's management company, Direct Management, decided to have it mixed by Bruce Lampcov in the United States. While the album was mixed, the band was on tour in Brazil and listened to the finished tracks over the phone.

Latham moved the band away from the use of strings, which featured heavily on Ocean Rain and to a lesser extent on Porcupine (1983), and introduced keyboards to the melody of the tracks. De Freitas's drumming was contained and discreet and McCulloch's vocals were more restrained. Although the album contained hook-heavy tracks such as "Lips Like Sugar", the guitars on tracks such as "Lost and Found" are more representative of the album as a whole.

The resulting album was disliked by the entire band. Describing in 1987 what he thought of as the over-production of the album, Sergeant described it as "an overcooked fish"; bassist Les Pattinson said "I like the songs, just hated the mixes"; and in 1995, McCulloch said "It still sounds crap."

Release
After previewing the album with a short concert on top of the HMV shop on Oxford Street in London, Echo & the Bunnymen was first released on 6 July 1987 as an LP and CD, by Warner Bros. Records in the United Kingdom and elsewhere and by Sire Records in the United States. The album reached a peak of number four on the UK Albums Chart. The album became the band's most successful in the United States where it reached number fifty-one on the Billboard 200. The album also reached number fifty-one on the Canadian RPM 100 Albums chart and number twenty-two on the Swedish Albums Chart. It also entered into the top 30 albums chart in the Netherlands and New Zealand. The album has also been certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for having shipped more than 60,000 copies.

Three tracks from the album were released as singles. The first of these was "The Game", which was released on 1 June 1987. This was followed by "Lips Like Sugar", which was released in August 1987. The final single to be released from the album was "Bedbugs and Ballyhoo", which was also released before the year's end in the United States and Germany. "The Game" and "Lips Like Sugar" reached numbers 28 and 36 respectively on the UK Singles Chart.

Along with the other four of the band's first five studio albums, Echo & the Bunnymen was remastered and reissued on CD in 2003 – these were released for the band's twenty-fifth anniversary. Seven bonus tracks were added to the album and included early versions of "Bring On the Dancing Horses" (title "Jimmy Brown"), "The Game" and "Bedbugs and Ballyhoo". Also included was a cover version of the Doors' "Soul Kitchen", an extended version of "Bring on the Dancing Horses" and the previously unreleased track "Hole in the Holy". The reissued album was produced by Andy Zax and Bill Inglot and released by Rhino Entertainment.

Critical reception
In his 1987 review of the album for Rolling Stone magazine, music journalist J. D. Considine described Latham's production of the album as "ineffectual" and "well mannered". He went on say that there was no "anxious energy or knife-edged irony that made the group's earlier albums so compelling". He finishes his review by saying the album is "as vacant as it is pretty". Reviewing the 2003 remastered album, Andrew Harrison for Blender magazine's website said, "Egomania and off-message electronics experiments sank their eponymous 1987 comedown..." Taking a more positive stance in a retrospective review, David Cleary for AllMusic describes the album as "the hookiest and most memorable the band would ever write". Having described de Freitas's drumming as solid and veering toward the danceable, and McCulloch's singing as "restrained and tasteful", Cleary added that "The production values were excellent, with many subtle touches that do not detract from the album's overall directness." Although he stated that the production "watered the band's sound down", Joe Tangari for Pitchfork said, "The band's attempt to reach a wider audience worked out."

Track listing

 * Additional tracks

Personnel

 * Echo & the Bunnymen
 * Ian McCulloch – lead vocals, guitar, piano
 * Will Sergeant – guitar
 * Les Pattinson – bass guitar
 * Pete de Freitas – drums
 * Additional musicians
 * Henry Priestman – keyboards
 * Jake Brockman – keyboards
 * Ray Manzarek – keyboards ("Bedbugs and Ballyhoo")
 * Stephen Morris – drums ("Soul Kitchen")
 * Technical
 * Laurie Latham – producer
 * Bruce Lampcov – mixing

 * Alex Haas – mixing assistant
 * Don Rodenbach – mixing assistant
 * Paul Gomersall – engineering
 * Stuart Barry – engineering
 * Brian Gardner – mastering
 * Anton Corbijn – photography
 * Gil Norton – producer ("All My Life" and "Soul Kitchen")
 * Echo & the Bunnymen – producer ("All My Life" and "Soul Kitchen")
 * Andy Zax – producer (reissue)
 * Bill Inglot – producer (reissue)
 * Rachel Gutek – cover design (reissue)

title: Echo & the Bunnymen (album)


text:
Anton Martin Schweigaard

Anton Martin Schweigaard (11 April 1808 – 1 February 1870) was a Norwegian educator, jurist, economist and member of the Norwegian Parliament.

Background
Schweigaard was born at Kragerø in Telemark, Norway. He was one of three children of Jørgen Fredrik Schweigaard (1771–1818) and Johanne Marie Dahll (1785–1818). Both parents died when he was 10 years old and the children were raised by their grandmother. He studied law at the University of Christiania, where he received his degree in 1832. The following year, the Norwegian Parliament gave him a scholarship to study abroad in Germany and France.

Career
When he returned to Norway, he got a position as a lecturer at the University of Christiania. He was a professor of both jurisprudence and economics during the 1830s and 1840s. In economic theory, he was an extremely influential publicist for economic liberalism, although not a supporter of Laissez-faire economic ideology. He advocated that the state had an important and necessary role to play in economic life. He is widely credited in helping bring about Norway's change to a capitalist economy. In legal theory, Schweigaard was opposed to the German jurisprudence and legal philosophy that had dominated Northern Europe since the Age of Enlightenment, including natural law. He believed that the stark dichotomies of conceptualism were misleading. Schweigaard figures prominently the theory of Nordic legal pragmatism advanced by Sverre Blandhol, along with Anders Sandøe Ørsted and Friedrich Carl von Savigny.

From 1842 to 1869, he was a member of the Norwegian Parliament. His strong belief in the country's economic capabilities made him the leading spokesman in Parliament for construction of railways and development of mail and telegraph services. In 1865, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Selected works

 * Betragtninger over Retsvidenskabens nærværende Tilstand i Tydskland (1834)
 * De la philosophie allemande (1835)
 * Den norske Handelsret (1841)
 * Den norske administrative Ret (1842)

Personal life
He was married during 1835 to Caroline Magnine Homann (1814-1870). Their son, Christian Homann Schweigaard, became Prime Minister of Norway in 1884. Schweigaard and his wife both died during 1870. Both were buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund in Christiania (now Oslo).

title: Anton Martin Schweigaard