text:
December 1933

The following events occurred in December 1933:

December 1, 1933 (Friday)

 * Born:
 * Lou Rawls, African-American singer, in Chicago (d. 2006)
 * Hiroshi Fujimoto, Japanese cartoon artist who teamed with Motoo Abiko to write under the pseudonym Fujiko Fujio; in Toyama Prefecture (d. 1996)
 * Died:
 * Harry de Windt, 67, British explorer;
 * Richard B. Mellon, 75, American financier

December 2, 1933 (Saturday)

 * In the close to the 1933 college football season in the U.S., the Army Cadets, the nation's only major unbeaten and untied college team (9–0–0), was upset, 13–12 by a 2–5–1 Notre Dame in a game watched by 80,000 people at Yankee Stadium in New York. On the same day, the Princeton Tigers closed the season unbeaten (with a 9-0-0 record) by defeating Yale, 27 to 2. The Michigan Wolverines, which had finished 7–0–1 the week before, were named as the national champion under the Dickinson System that was used prior to 1936, and are now recognized by the NCAA as the 1933 champions.  Princeton was retroactively declared the national champion by former college coach Parke H. Davis for the 1934 Spalding's Football Guide, a selection also recognized by the NCAA.
 * According to Bruno Hauptmann, it was on this date that his business associate, Isidor Fisch, left a shoebox with him while Fisch went to Germany. Hauptmann would tell FBI investigators that, eight months later, he opened the shoebox and found $15,000 in cash and began spending the money because Fisch (who would die on March 29, 1934) owed him $7,000. Hauptmann's alibi, for being caught with $13,760 of bills that had been paid as ransom in the Lindbergh kidnapping, was not believed by the jury that convicted him of the kidnapping and murder of one-year-old Charles Lindbergh, Jr.; the press would dub the account the "Fisch story".
 * In the last convictions for conspiracy to violate the National Prohibition Act, Frank Cornero and his sister Catherine were found guilty in a federal court in Los Angeles. They were sentenced to two years in prison and fined $500 apiece, but U.S. District Judge Paul J. McCormick suspended the prison sentences.
 * Born: Mike Larrabee, American Olympic track athlete, 1964 gold medalist;, in Hollywood, California (d. 2003)

December 3, 1933 (Sunday)

 * The first concrete was poured for the Grand Coulee Dam in the U.S. state of Washington on the Columbia River.
 * Born: Paul J. Crutzen, Dutch chemist, 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate; in Amsterdam (d. 2021)

December 4, 1933 (Monday)

 * The American radio soap opera Ma Perkins began a 27-season run with 7,065 episodes, starting on the NBC Red Network. It would last until November 25, 1960.
 * Tobacco Road, the most popular Broadway play and musical of the 1930s, premiered at the Theatre Mask in New York City with the first of 3,182 performances. Closing on May 31, 1941, Tobacco Road would hold the record for the longest-running Broadway show until surpassed by Life with Father.
 * Died: Stefan George, 65, German poet

December 5, 1933 (Tuesday)

 * The 21st Amendment to the United States Constitution, repealing the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution that enacted Prohibition across the U.S., was ratified by the 36th of 48 states, bringing the necessary 3/4ths majority necessary to take effect. At 3:32 pm local time, the constitutional convention in Utah, whose 21 delegates had been elected on November 7, voted for repeal. Earlier in the day, Ohio and Pennsylvania had become the 34th and 35th states, respectively, to ratify the amendment.
 * Clarence Norris, the first of the Scottsboro Boys to receive a new trial, was found guilty of rape and sentenced to death for the third time. His attorney, Samuel S. Leibowitz, appealed the verdict of the Decatur, Alabama jury.

December 6, 1933 (Wednesday)

 * U.S. District Judge John M. Woolsey ruled that the James Joyce novel Ulysses was not obscene, ending a 12-year-long ban against importation of the book into the United States, and clearing the way for Random House to sell the controversial work.
 * Born: Henryk Górecki, Polish composer; in Czernica (d. 2010)

December 7, 1933 (Thursday)

 * Good-bye, Mr. Chips, a book by James Hilton about an English schoolmaster, was first published as a 17,000 word novella in the Christmas issue of The British Weekly. Popular in Britain, Mr. Chips was reprinted in the United States in the Atlantic Monthly in 1934, and then as a best-selling book in both nations, a 1939 film and a 1969 musical.
 * The Fleet Marine Force of the United States Marine Corps was established by General Order Number 241 of the Department of the Navy as an amphibious strike force.

December 8, 1933 (Friday)

 * Bernadette Soubirous, who had seen the first vision of the Virgin Mary at Lourdes on February 1, 1858, was canonized as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.
 * Died: Karl Jatho, 60, German airplane pioneer who claimed that he had been the first man to fly an airplane; Jatho briefly took to the air on August 18, 1903, three months before the Wright Brothers.; John Joly, 76, Irish physicist

December 9, 1933 (Saturday)

 * The most publicized romance of its day officially came to an end as Mary Pickford filed for divorce from Douglas Fairbanks.
 * The University of Michigan, at 7–0–1 the only major unbeaten college football team, was awarded the mythical national championship under the "Dickinson System".
 * Born: Orville Moody, American golfer, 1969 U.S. Open winner; in Chickasha, Oklahoma (d. 2008)
 * Died: Chang Apana, 61, Chinese-American detective for the Honolulu Police Department, said to have been the prototype of 'Charlie Chan.

December 10, 1933 (Sunday)

 * The Iron Guard (Garda de fier), Romania's fascist political organization, was ordered dissolved by Prime Minister Ion G. Duca ten days before elections for parliament were to start, and arrests were made of about 18,000 of the organization's members. General Gheorghe-Granicerul Cantacuzino warned Duca that he had "signed his own death sentence", and Duca was assassinated 19 days later by one of the Iron Guard members.
 * Died: János Hadik, 70, Hungarian politician who briefly served as that nation's Prime Minister

December 11, 1933 (Monday)

 * In the Chaco War, the last two of Bolivia's three tanks were captured by Paraguay. Seven years earlier, Bolivia had signed a contract worth 1.25 million British pounds to purchase 3 six-ton Vickers Mk E tanks. One tank had been destroyed on July 4. At Campo Via, the two tanks had been immobilized by Paraguay's 7th Cavalry in thick vegetation, after soldiers cut down quebracho trees in front and behind of the vehicles. The Bolivian crews surrendered after their ammunition ran out and the heat inside the armored vehicles became unbearable.

December 12, 1933 (Tuesday)

 * Ace Bailey of the Toronto Maple Leafs was seriously injured and almost killed by Eddie Shore of the Boston Bruins, in the most brutal fight in the National Hockey League up to that time. Shore knocked Bailey to the ice with such force that Bailey's skull was fractured. Bailey required emergency surgery and would never play again.
 * The entire collection of the Warburg Institute library of renaissance materials, threatened with destruction by Germany's Nazi government because Director Fritz Saxl was Jewish, was moved from Hamburg to London, as its staff of art historians fled on two freighters. The irreplaceable collection now resides at the University of London.
 * All German press services were merged into the DNB (Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro) or German News Bureau, which was supervised by the press department within the Propaganda Ministry.
 * Died: Antonín Švehla, 60, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia from 1922 to 1929.

December 13, 1933 (Wednesday)

 * William H. Woodin, U.S. President Roosevelt's first Secretary of the Treasury, resigned effective December 30, after a decline in health that began shortly after he had taken office in March. He had been battling a staph infection for months, years before penicillin would become generally available, and would die less than five months after leaving office.
 * The Nazi sponsored film Hans Westmar premiered in Berlin after substantial revision on the orders of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. Originally adapted from the life story of Nazi martyr Horst Wessel, the film was re-edited and the name of the title character was changed.
 * Born:
 * Lou Adler, American record producer; in Chicago

December 14, 1933 (Thursday)

 * The German chemical conglomerate IG Farben signed an agreement with the Reich Economic Ministry to produce 2.5 million barrels of synthetic gasoline annually in return for government financing of the process of hydrogenation of German coal.

December 15, 1933 (Friday)

 * The India national cricket team hosted a test cricket match for the first time in its history, after having played in England the year before. Over a period of four days in Bombay (now Mumbai), India lost to England by nine wickets. India had become the sixth national team to be granted test status the year before by the Imperial Cricket Conference, joining the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, the West Indies and New Zealand.
 * The Newspaper Guild, the first labor union for newspaper journalists in the U.S., was founded.
 * Born: Tim Conway, American actor and comedian; as Thomas Daniel Conway in Willoughby, Ohio (d. 2019)

December 16, 1933 (Saturday)

 * Diego Martínez Barrio resigned from his post as Prime Minister of Spain. He was replaced the next day by Alejandro Lerroux.
 * Died:
 * Robert W. Chambers, 58, American novelist, died following surgery.
 * Louis Joseph Vance, 54, American mystery writer, was killed in a fire.

December 17, 1933 (Sunday)

 * In the first NFL Championship Game, played between the champions of the new Western and Eastern divisions, the Chicago Bears defeated the New York Giants 23–21 at Chicago's Wrigley Field.
 * Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller, the leader of Germany's Protestant Reich Church, ordered that the 700,000 children and teenagers, who had been part of the church's Evangelical Youth Movement, be placed under the control of the Hitler Youth and its leader, Baldur von Schirach.
 * "Seasin's Greetinks!", a Popeye theatrical cartoon short starring voice actors William "Billy" Costello as Popeye, Bonnie Poe as Olive Oyl and Charles Lawrence as Wimpy, was released eight days before Christmas. The "Popeye the Sailor" series of theatrical cartoons would be distributed by Paramount Pictures regularly until 1957.
 * Born: Walter Booker, Irish-born American jazz bassist; in Bracknagh (d. 2006)
 * Died:
 * Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama, 54, after 38 years as supreme leader of the Buddhists of Tibet. According to the beliefs of his followers, he was reincarnated, and would be reborn 18 months later as Lhamo Dhondup, who would become Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama.
 * Oskar Potiorek, 80, last Austro-Hungarian Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, co-passenger in the car carrying the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Archduchess during their assassination in 1914

December 18, 1933 (Monday)

 * The 'Asir Province of Saudi Arabia was invaded by Yemen, which also claimed the area. When Yemen refused to withdraw, the Saudis sent troops to the area on March 22, 1934, commencing a brief war between the two Arab kingdoms.
 * Germany's Defense Ministry announced a program to increase the size of the army contingent of its peacetime defence forces to 300,000 men in 36 divisions, with a goal of 650,000 men by 1935 and 1.2 million by 1936. When Germany began World War II on September 1, 1939, the army would have 102 divisions and 2,758,000 men.
 * Born: Arthur Leigh Allen, the main suspect in the "Zodiac Killer" series of murders; in Honolulu (d. 1992)
 * Died: Mary Parker Follett, 65, American management consultant

December 19, 1933 (Tuesday)

 * Genrikh Yagoda, the deputy chief of the Soviet Union's OGPU secret police, gave Soviet general secretary Joseph Stalin his recommendations for outlawing male homosexuality across the USSR. After warning that in Moscow and Leningrad, "Pederasts have been recruiting and debauching completely healthy young people, Red Army men, navy men and students... I would consider it essential to issue an appropriate law to make pederasty answerable as a crime. In many ways this will clean up society, will rid it of nonconformists." Stalin then decreed the new law.
 * Died:
 * George Jackson Churchward, 76, Chief Mechanical Engineer of Britain's Great Western Railway
 * Friedrich von Ingenohl, 76, commander of the High Seas Fleet of the German Imperial Navy during World War One
 * Herbert Thacker Herr, 57, American mechanical engineer and inventor

December 20, 1933 (Wednesday)

 * Romania held elections for its Chamber of Deputies. The official results had been arranged in advance by Premier Ion Duca of the Partidul Naţional Liberal, "who proceeded to assign himself 50.99 percent of the votes and 300 of the 387 seats".
 * The first American ambassador to the Soviet Union, William C. Bullitt, was welcomed to Moscow with a banquet conducted at the Kremlin and attended by the Soviet leadership. Bullitt would later report that General Secretary Joseph Stalin kissed him on the mouth, and that Bullitt returned with a kiss on the cheek. Years later, Bullitt would be bitter about the experience and the feeling of having been betrayed by the Soviets.
 * Born: Jean Carnahan, U.S. Senator for Missouri 2001–2002 after being elected to succeed her husband, Mel Carnahan; in Washington D.C.

December 21, 1933 (Thursday)

 * Newfoundland, at the time independent of Canada was returned to direct rule from the United Kingdom with the royal assent of the Newfoundland Act 1933, with the dominion's self-governing status being surrendered in return for its debts being assumed by the United Kingdom.
 * Died:
 * Sir Henry Dickens, 85, British barrister and son of author Charles Dickens, was killed when he was struck by a motorcycle.
 * Tod Sloan, 59, American jockey

December 22, 1933 (Friday)

 * Son of Kong, the sequel to the March hit film, was given its premiere across the U.S..
 * The film Alice in Wonderland, based on the famous Alice novels by Lewis Carroll, was released with Charlotte Henry in the title role. Stars featured in the film included W. C. Fields, Edna May Oliver, Cary Grant and Gary Cooper.
 * Born:
 * Abel Pacheco, President of Costa Rica, 2002–2006; in San José
 * Jim Barnes, American Choctaw Indian writer; in Summerfield, Oklahoma;

December 23, 1933 (Saturday)

 * Two hundred people were killed when an express train collided with a slower moving train near Paris, on a rail line between Lagny-sur-Marne and Pomponne. The Paris to Strasbourg express train, moving at 65 miles an hour, crashed into the wooden coaches of a stalled train carrying Christmas shoppers who were returning from Nancy to Château-Thierry. The Strasbourg bound train had been racing through a heavy fog to make up for lost time. After 189 bodies were removed from the scene, another eleven died of their injuries, making the death toll exactly 200.
 * The non-aggression pact between the Soviet Union and Poland went into effect after having been signed in Moscow on July 25, 1932. Although both sides agreed "to refrain from all aggressive acts or attack on one another", the Soviet Union invaded and conquered eastern Poland in 1939.
 * Born:  Akihito of Japan, Emperor of Japan from 1989 to 2019; in Tokyo.

December 24, 1933 (Sunday)

 * The Archbishop Leon Tourian, who presided over the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church, was stabbed to death on Christmas Eve, as he was preparing to being services at the Holy Cross Armenian Church.

December 25, 1933 (Monday)

 * The former Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany changed his will with directions that he was not to be buried in Germany until the monarchy was restored. Upon his death in 1941, he would be interred at Doorn in the Netherlands, where he had lived since his abdication in 1918.
 * Kid Chocolate (Eligio Montalvo) lost his title as the world junior lightweight champion, after being knocked out in the seventh round by Frankie Klick in Philadelphia.
 * Born:
 * Phan Văn Khải, Prime Minister of Vietnam from 1997 to 2006; near Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) (d. 2018)
 * Fred Sasakamoose, Canadian ice hockey player, the first NHL player from the First Peoples (Cree), playing for the Chicago Black Hawks in 1954; at Ahtahkakoop 104, Saskatchewan (d. 2020).
 * Died: Francesc Macià, 74, Spanish Catalan politician who briefly served in 1931 as President of the Catalan Republic, and later led the autonomous government in Catalonia

December 26, 1933 (Tuesday)

 * Edwin H. Armstrong was granted four United States patents (No. 1,941,066 through 1,941,069) for his invention of frequency modulation devices for what would become "FM radio".
 * The Nissan Motor Company was organized by Yoshisuke Aikawa in Tokyo as Jidosha-Seizo Kabushiki-Kaisha, to acquire the existing manufacture of Datsun automobiles from Tobata Casting Company. The Nissan name would be adopted on June 1, 1934.
 * Born:
 * Caroll Spinney, American puppeteer who performed the role of "Big Bird" on TV's Sesame Street, and was the voice for "Oscar the Grouch"; in Waltham, Massachusetts (d. 2019)
 * Ugly Dave Gray (stage name for Graham David Taylor), Australian TV actor and game show host
 * Died: Eduard Vilde, 78, Estonian writer

December 27, 1933 (Wednesday)

 * The Codex Sinaiticus, dating from about 360 AD and containing the oldest complete manuscript of the New Testament, was acquired by the British Museum. The manuscript, which had been owned by the National Library of Russia since 1859, was purchased from the Soviet Union for £100,000, half of which was from private donations.

December 28, 1933 (Thursday)

 * In an address at the annual Woodrow Wilson Foundation dinner in Washington, President Roosevelt announced a change in American foreign policy, declaring that "the definite policy of the United States from now on is one opposed to armed intervention."
 * Born:
 * Charles Portis, American novelist best known for writing True Grit; in El Dorado, Arkansas (d. 2020)
 * John Y. Brown Jr., American entrepreneur who built the Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant chain into an international operation, and served as Governor of Kentucky 1979–1983; in Lexington, Kentucky (d. 2022)

December 29, 1933 (Friday)

 * Ion G. Duca, the Prime Minister of Romania, was assassinated at the railway station in Sinaia by Nicholas Constantinescu, a 26-year-old university student and member of the recently outlawed Iron Guard. At 10:20 pm local time, Constantinescu walked up to the Prime Minister, who was waiting for a train to Bucharest, and shot Duca four times.
 * Flying Down to Rio, a musical film, was released by RKO Pictures. Although the leading lady and leading man were Dolores del Río and Gene Raymond, the film marked the first pairing of dancers Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire.
 * Born: Norman Morrison, American anti-war activist; in Erie, Pennsylvania. On November 2, 1965, Morrison would perform a fatal self-immolation, sitting down in front of the Pentagon, dousing himself with kerosene, setting himself ablaze to protest the Vietnam War.

December 30, 1933 (Saturday)

 * A new world's record for longest flight in an airplane was set by two female pilots, Helen Richey and Frances Marsalis who had been piloting their aircraft, the October Girl (a Curtiss Thrush), since December 20. After 236 hours aloft with mid-air refueling, the two touched down at 10:46 a.m. local time in Miami, Florida.
 * Ten people were killed in the crash of an Imperial Airways airliner that had been on its way from Brussels to London. The pilot had been flying at low altitude in a heavy fog and crashed into a radio tower at the Belgian town of Ruiselede.
 * The lowest temperature ever recorded in the U.S. state of Vermont was recorded at Bloomfield, where it was measured at −50 °F (−46 °C). The record high of 105 °F had been set on July 4, 1911.

December 31, 1933 (Sunday)

 * The Polikarpov I-16 airplane, which was the first fighter aircraft of its kind and would become the most used plane in the Soviet Air Force, was given its first test flight
 * Australia's national rugby team, the Kangaroos, defeated a team of Rugby Football League stars from England, 63–13, in a game at the Stade Pershing in Paris in a match that one historian called "the birth of rugby league in France"; a French league, the LFRT, would be founded in April.

title: December 1933


text:
User:MalathLon

User:MalathLon is a doppleganger for User:Malathion.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:MalathLon


text:
Majiayao culture

The Majiayao culture was a group of neolithic communities who lived primarily in the upper Yellow River region in eastern Gansu, eastern Qinghai and northern Sichuan, China. The culture existed from 3300 to 2000 BC. The Majiayao culture represents the first time that the upper Yellow River region was widely occupied by agricultural communities and it is famous for its painted pottery, which is regarded as a peak of pottery manufacturing at that time.

The Majiayao culture benefited from the warm and humid climatic conditions from the Late Glacial to the Middle Holocene, which led to flourishing agricultural production and rapid population growth. These conditions changed with the aridification of the Late Holocene, provoking material and cultural decline.

The Majiayao culture may be associated with the expansion of early Sino-Tibetan peoples during the Neolithic.

History
The archaeological site was first found in 1924 near the village of Majiayao in Lintao County, Gansu by Swedish archaeologist Johan Gunnar Andersson, who considered it part of the Yangshao culture. Following the work of Xia Nai, the founder of modern archaeology in the People's Republic of China, it has since been considered a distinct culture, named after the original site, whereas previously it had been referred to as the "Gansu Yangshao" culture. This culture developed from the middle Yangshao (Miaodigou) phase, through an intermediate Shilingxia phase. The culture is often divided into three phases: Majiayao (3300–2500 BC), Banshan (2500–2300 BC) and Machang (2300–2000 BC).

At the end of the 3rd millennium BC, the Qijia culture succeeded the Majiayao culture at sites in three main geographic zones: eastern Gansu, central Gansu, and western Gansu/eastern Qinghai.

Location
Majiayao phase (3300–2500 BC) sites are mostly found on terraces along: the upper Wei River valley; upper Bailong River valley; middle and lower Tao River and Daxia River valleys; upper Yellow River valley; the Huangshui River; and lower Datong River.

Pottery
The most distinctive artifacts of the Majiayao culture are the painted pottery. During the Majiayao phase, potters decorated their wares with designs in black pigment featuring sweeping parallel lines and dots. Pottery of the Banshan phase is distinguished by curvilinear designs using both black and red paints. Machang-phase pottery is similar, but often not as carefully finished. Its development is associated with interaction between hunter-gatherers in the Qinghai region and the westward expansion of agricultural Yangshao people.

In contrast to plain pottery, the Majiayao painted pottery was produced at large, centralised workshops. The largest Neolithic workshop found in China is at Baidaogouping, Gansu. The manufacture of large amounts of painted pottery means there were professional craftspeople to produce it, which is taken to indicate increasing social complexity. Control over the production process and quality declined by the Banshan phase, potentially due to greater demand for pottery to use in funeral rituals, similar to what Hung Ling-yu calls the "modern Wal-Mart syndrome".

Pottery style emerging from the Yangshao culture spread to the Majiayao culture, and then further to Xinjiang and Central Asia.

Symbolism
The Majiayao culture used a wide variety of symbols in its pottery, some of them abstract and geometric, including the well-known Neolithic symbol of the Swastika, some of them figurative, such as frontal and rather realistic anthropomorphic depictions, The Swastika symbol was particularly used during the final Majiayao Machang period (2300-2000 BCE), and became a current symbol in Buddhism representing samsara. The symbols include net patterns, eight-angled star patterns, connected-shell patterns, petal patterns, vortex patterns etc... Many motifs were already known from the preceding Yangshao culture (5000-3000 BCE).

Bronze
Bronze technology was imported to China from the steppes. The oldest bronze object found in China was a knife found at a Majiayao site in Dongxiang, Gansu, and dated to 2900–2740 BC. Further copper and bronze objects have been found at Machang-period sites in Gansu. Metallurgy spread to the middle and lower Yellow River region in the late 3rd millennium BC. Contacts between the Afanasievo culture and the Majiayao culture and the Qijia culture have been considered for the transmission of bronze technology.

Introduction of pastoralism
Domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats first appear in Western Asian circa 8000 BCE. Their introduction in China may have been through the Hexi Corridor during the Majiayao culture period, although an alternative may be a route through the Eurasian grasslands and then through the Mongolian plateau circa 3500-2500 BCE.

Climate changes
Scholars have come to the conclusion that the development of the Majiayao culture was highly related to climate changes. A group of scholars from Lanzhou University have researched climate changes during the Majiayao culture and the results indicate that the climate was wet during 5830 to 4900 BP, which promoted the development of early and middle Majiayao culture in eastern Qinghai province. However, from 4900 to 4700 BP, the climate underwent droughts in this area, which may be responsible for the decline and eastward movement of prehistoric cultures during the period of transition from early-mid to late Majiayao culture.

The transition from Yangshao to Majiayao coincides, climatically, with the Piora Oscillation.

title: Majiayao culture


text:
Paul Deliège

Paul Deliège (21 January 1931 – 7 July 2005) was a Belgian artist and writer of comics. He is most famous for his series Bobo.

Biography
Deliège was born in Olne. He started in the daily Le Soir with Père Bricole et Félicien et les Romanis. In 1959, he got into éditions Dupuis where he launched les aventures de Théophile et Philibert with Vicq. at the start of the 1960s, he was the principal creator of the Mini-récits (mini-stories) in the magazine Spirou, where he created Bobo, his best-known hero. The series Les Krostons, about three green imps and their unsuccessful attempts to take over the world, (with Piroton) and Le trou du souffleur (The souffleur's hole) followed shortly. Deliège was also writer for the series Sam et l'Ours (Sam and the bear, drawn by Lagas) and some stories of Sybilline (drawn by Macherot).

The Krostons is being made into a 3-D film of the same name.

Deliège died of a heart attack in 2005.

Interviews

 * Interview, Auracan

title: Paul Deliège


text:
Adam Hills

Adam Christopher Hills (born 10 July 1970) is an Australian comedian, radio and television presenter. In Australia, he hosted the music quiz show Spicks and Specks from 2005 to 2011, and again in 2021 onwards, and the talk show Adam Hills Tonight from 2011 to 2013. In the United Kingdom, he has hosted the talk show The Last Leg since 2012. He has been nominated for an Edinburgh Comedy Award, the Gold Logie Award and numerous BAFTA TV Awards.

Born in Loftus, Sydney, he began performing as a stand-up comedian in 1989 at the age of 19 and, since 1997, has produced ten solo shows which have toured internationally. He has performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Montreal Just for Laughs festival, earning three consecutive Edinburgh Award nominations for his Edinburgh shows in 2001, 2002 and 2003.

In 2002, he scored a minor hit in Australia with his single "Working Class Anthem", in which he sang the lyrics of the Australian National Anthem to the tune of "Working Class Man", a song by Scottish-born Australian rocker Jimmy Barnes.

Personal life
Hills was born in the southern Sydney suburb of Loftus. Hills was born without a right foot and wears a prosthesis, which has become a frequent source of comedy in his act. He studied for a Bachelor of Arts (Communications) at Macquarie University, graduating in 1991. The university awarded their 2018 Alumni Award to Hills.

In December 2009, Hills married opera soprano Ali McGregor. They have two daughters and lived in London until just prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, when McGregor and their daughters moved back to her hometown of Melbourne, with Hills staying in London during filming periods of The Last Leg.

When researching his ancestry for the SBS television show Who Do You Think You Are?, broadcast on 2 April 2013, Hills found that several generations of his ancestors had been German burghers in what was then Sankt Sebastiansberg in Austrian Bohemia (now Hora Svatého Šebestiána in the Czech Republic), with his great-grandfather naturalising as an Australian citizen shortly after the start of World War I. He also found that another ancestor who died in 1511 had been a notary in Aragonese-Sicilian Malta and had funded corsairs (pirates).

Hills is a supporter of his hometown rugby league club the South Sydney Rabbitohs.

In 2017, Hills helped set up the Warrington Wolves Physical Disability rugby league team. In August 2018, he played in their World Club Challenge vs the South Sydney Rabbitohs, winning 34–12. Hills was also a member of Australia's team for the inaugural PDRL World Cup, as well as a spokesperson for the event.

In February 2020, Hills became Ambassador for The Children's Trust, a British charity for children with brain injury and neurodisability. He first became involved with The Children's Trust when he visited the charity in 2014 to meet Seb, a nine-year-old boy who had a severe brain injury and leg amputation following a road traffic collision. He has also supported five annual comedy shows at The Comedy Store for the charity.

In April 2020, Australia Post released a set of stamps recognising Australian Legends of Comedy, with Hills appearing on one of the stamps.

Hills was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to Paralympic sport and disability awareness. He was granted permanent residency in the UK in 2022.

In 2023, Hills received an honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of Chester, for contributions to comedy and disability advocacy.

Guinness Record Holder for: The fastest time to put on five jumpers by a team is 34.43 seconds, achieved by Alex Brooker (UK), Adam Hills (Australia) and Josh Widdicombe (UK) on the New Year's Eve Special of The Last Leg (Channel 4) at Television Centre, London, UK, on 31 December 2023.

Stand-up career
Hills first appearance in comedy scene was in 1989 at the Sydney Comedy Store. He did breakfast radio on SAFM in Adelaide, as well as stand-up gigs and, by the mid-1990s, he decided to focus on live comedy. His first solo show premiered in 1997 and was called "Stand Up and Deliver", taking its name from an Adam and the Ants song. He has travelled widely, performing at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Montreal Just For Laughs festival. He has been nominated for three consecutive Edinburgh Comedy Awards for his 2001, 2002 and 2003 solo shows at the Edinburgh Fringe.

The title of his 2001 show, "Go You Big Red Fire Engine", was coined during a 1999 performance in Melbourne. Hills asked an audience member to yell his name to the audience and for the audience to yell it back, but instead the man yelled "Go you big red fire engine!" The phrase quickly became an audience chant, and Hills promised he would make it the name of his next show because, he says, "it was such an uplifting and genuinely silly moment." "Go You Big Red Fire Engine" later became the name of a second stand-up show and a comedy album. It also appeared in a Detroit newspaper, on a Swedish website, and was yelled by Senator Natasha Stott Despoja in the Australian Parliament.

Hills' artificial right foot is commonly used as a source of humour in his shows and the comedian has been known to remove it and pass it around. However, he had been performing live comedy for over a decade before he made reference to his prosthesis on stage, and it was only after "Go You Big Red Fire Engine" was nominated for a Perrier Award in 2001 that he began incorporating it into his act. Hills says he felt he could too easily have become a novelty act and that he "didn't want to be known as the one-legged comedian ... I wanted to prove myself as a comic before talking about this".

At his festival shows, Hills regularly performs alongside Leanne Beer, an Auslan sign interpreter, a move sparked by a performance he did in Adelaide at a disability art conference. An interpreter had been provided at the show, and Hills found that it not only allowed the deaf audience members to enjoy his material but was also an entertaining and fascinating experience for the hearing audience members. "Now I have hearing people who will only book [for sign interpreted shows]", he says.

Some of his influences include Chris Addison, Greg Fleet, Rich Hall, Daniel Kitson, Ross Noble and David O'Doherty.

Television career
Hills hosted the music trivia show Spicks and Specks from its premiere in 2005. In late-2007, he joined the show on a national live tour dubbed the "Spicks and Speck-tacular", with appearances in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Newcastle and Perth. In late 2011 and early 2012, the show hit the road again for Spicks and Speck-tacular – The Finale, appearing in Sydney, Newcastle, Brisbane, Gold Coast, Wollongong, Canberra, Adelaide, Perth and Melbourne. He has also made appearances on Australian shows: Rove Live, The Glass House and The Fat, as well as the UK shows: Never Mind the Buzzcocks, Mock the Week, QI and Ask Rhod Gilbert. Additionally, he appeared on the first TV edition of BBC Northern Ireland's Great Unanswered Questions. He conducted backstage interviews at Australia's 2005 and 2006 Logie Awards and was one of three presenters at the 2007 awards.

In September 2008, Hills co-hosted the ABC coverage of the 2008 Summer Paralympics.

In July 2009, Hills appeared in Thank God You're Here; he also appeared on Good News Week.

Hills presented his own weekly talk show, Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight, on the ABC from early-2011. In 2012 it was renamed Adam Hills Tonight and ended with its third-season finale on 31 July 2013.

In 2012, he was part of the UK Channel 4 TV commentary team for the London 2012 Summer Paralympics, and hosted a daily alternative review of each day's events, The Last Leg with Adam Hills, with Alex Brooker and comedian Josh Widdicombe. The show was renamed The Last Leg, and was adapted for a weekly schedule to cover a comedic wrap-up of the week's events. The Last Leg has since been renewed for multiple series each year, with the 300th episode airing in March 2023.

In 2013, Hills hosted the panel game Monumental for BBC Northern Ireland. In August 2013, it was announced that Hills would present a special one-off revival episode of Channel 4's quiz show, Fifteen to One. This was broadcast on 20 September 2013, as part of the channel's 1980s-themed Back to the Future weekend of programmes. He was credited under the name "Adam C. Hills" in a tribute to the original presenter, William G. Stewart. In 2014, Hills returned to present four more celebrity specials; a full daytime series was hosted by Danish-born comedian Sandi Toksvig.

In 2014, Hills co-starred in Die on Your Feet, an Australian TV series starring several real-life comedians as fictional comics at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival.

In 2016, Hills voiced Buddy Pendergast in Thunderbirds Are Go.

In February 2022 he began hosting the Super League coverage on Channel 4.

Other work
In 2002, Hills released a single titled "Working Class Anthem", in which he sang the lyrics of the Australian National Anthem, "Advance Australia Fair", to the tune of "Working Class Man", a famous song by iconic Australian rocker Jimmy Barnes. Around 40 comedians contributed to the song, which made the independent top 10 in Australia. All proceeds went to the Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council, an organisation supported by Barnes and Jon Bon Jovi that supports firefighters. Hills has performed the song several times on television, including a performance honouring Barnes' guest appearance on Spicks and Specks.

Between 2003 and 2005, Hills wrote as a columnist for the BBC's disability website Ouch!.

Hills published a memoir, Best Foot Forward, in 2018. His first book for children, "Rock Star Detectives", was published in February 2022. A second book in the series, titled "Murder at the Movies", was released in February 2023, and a third book is currently in the works.

In 2019, Adam Hills: Take His Legs was released, a sports documentary that follows the birth of the Warrington Wolves physical disability rugby league team from its creation, to the first PDRL World Club Challenge. In August 2023, a sequel documentary about the inaugural PDRL World Cup was released, titled Adam Hills: Grow Another Foot.

Also in 2023, Hills narrated and executive produced Amputating Alice, a documentary about the journey of British Paralympic swimmer Alice Tai, who competed in the 2022 Commonwealth Games less than a year after having her right leg amputated.

In March 2023, Hills partnered with Scott Hallsworth to open a permanent Freak Scene restaurant in Parsons Green in London.

Solo shows

 * Stand Up and Deliver (1997)
 * Life Is Good (1998)
 * My Own Little World (1999)
 * Goody Two Shoes (2000)
 * Go You Big Red Fire Engine (2001) – Perrier nominee
 * Happy Feet (2002) – Perrier nominee
 * Cut Loose (2003) – Perrier nominee
 * Go You Big Red Fire Engine 2: Judgement Day (2004)
 * Characterful (2006)
 * Joymonger (2007)
 * Inflatable (2009)
 * Mess Around (2010)
 * Adam Hills Stands Up Live (2012)
 * Happyism (2013)
 * Clown Heart (2015)
 * Shoes Half Full (2021)

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards are a set of annual ceremonies presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * 2011
 * Inflatable
 * Best Comedy Release
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: Adam Hills


text:
Industrial Party Trial

The Industrial Party Trial (November 25 – December 7, 1930) (Процесс Промпартии, Trial of the Prompartiya) was a show trial in which several Soviet scientists and economists were accused and convicted of plotting a coup against the government of the Soviet Union.

Nikolai Krylenko, deputy People's Commissar (minister) of Justice, assistant Prosecutor General of the RSFSR and a prominent Bolshevik, prosecuted the case. The presiding judge was Andrey Vyshinsky, later Krylenko's opponent who became notorious as the prosecutor at the Moscow Trials in 1936–1938.

The defendants were a group of notable Soviet economists and engineers, including Leonid Ramzin, Peter Osadchy, Nikolai Charnovsky, Alexander Fedotov, Victor Larichev, Vladimir Ochkin, Ksenofont Sitnin, Ivan Kalinnikov, and Sergei Kupriyanov. They stood accused of having formed an anti-Soviet "Union of Engineers' Organisations" or Prompartiya ("Industrial Party") and of having tried to wreck the Soviet industry and transport in 1926–1930.

In a related development, a number of prominent members of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (Yevgeny Tarle, Sergei Platonov, Nikolay Likhachov, Sergei Bakhrushin, etc.) were arrested in 1930. They were mentioned during the "Industrial Party" trial as co-conspirators. However, no subsequent trial took place and they were quietly exiled to remote areas of the country for a few years.

Accusations against the "wreckers"
The Industrial Party Trial was the first post-NEP trial in which the defendants were accused of plotting a coup against the Soviet regime. The plot was supposedly hatched by emigre Russian industrialists in Paris, and allegedly involved the governments of France, England and some smaller countries like Latvia and Estonia. For participating in the coup France would supposedly be rewarded with parts of Ukraine while the English would get a share in the Caucasus oil. Upon the arrival of the invasion forces the defendants would sabotage Soviet industry and create chaos in the transportation networks (charges of this kind were to become standard in later show trials of the 1930s). The trial was also notable in that it was the first Soviet show trial at which the defendants "confessed" their supposed crimes, including co-operating with the prime minister of France Raymond Poincaré. The latter had to issue a public refutation, published in Pravda, which was presented at the trial as an additional "proof" by the prosecution.

The prosecution stated that "the Industrial Party consisted of the top old engineering-technical intelligentsia, of major specialists and professors, who held privileged positions during the capitalist regime". According to the prosecution, all of the organization's members had been raised in the bourgeois environment and hence were alien to the Soviet system, which served to reinforce an important point of contemporary Soviet propaganda.

It was also alleged that Indparty wreckers had deviously moved beyond direct, crude, easily recognizable sabotage to wrecking in the areas of planning and resource distribution. Virtually any conceivable course of action could be construed as wrecking: for example the engineers' decision to invest in a particular area could be construed as wrecking by withholding resources from other vital areas, while by the same token their decision to not invest could also be construed as wrecking: the opportunity cost of any decision could be used to indicate guilt. In other words, the engineers were made scapegoats for well known economic problems in various areas of Soviet industry.

The trial was a refinement of the Shakhty Trial in 1928 and an important precursor to the Moscow Trials of the late 1930s. In one of those minor glitches that would plague later trials, Ramzin was accused of having plotted with Russian emigre industrialist Pavel Ryabushinsky in 1928, even though Ryabushinsky had died in 1924.

Verdict and follow-up

On December 7, five defendants were given the death sentence, which was commuted to long prison terms, while other defendants were sentenced to different terms in prison.

During his imprisonment, Ramzin was allowed to continue working. He was amnestied in 1932 and eventually showered with Soviet awards (the 1943 Stalin Prize, the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour ) for his scientific work, especially the Ramzin straight-flow boiler. In February 1936 some other defendants were also pardoned. Two years later, in January 1938, the prosecutor, Nikolai Krylenko, was arrested and shot during the Great Purge.

title: Industrial Party Trial


text:
Weston, DuPage County, Illinois

Weston was a community in DuPage County, Illinois, United States, near Batavia and Warrenville. It was voted out of existence by its village board in order to provide a site for the National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), which was selected by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission on December 16, 1966.

History
Weston was predated by a 100 home subdivision named West Field, which was on the verge of growing in size due to a proposed development for 50,000 people. However, DuPage County sued developer William Riley in order to prevent the town from incorporating, basing their challenge upon a technicality, and further stated that as it had not properly incorporated that the town had no legal right to annex land for development. In April 1964, four months after the town's initial unveiling, the project had collapsed and the developer had filed for bankruptcy, blaming the county's lawsuit. Had construction proceeded as planned, the town would have contained the largest mall in North America, with some 2,000 stores within it. The town also was to have an airport, more than 11,000 homes, an athletics fields, a town center, and even large man-made lakes.

The subdivision was taken over by DuPage County, allowing the few existing residents to remain. The residents then worked again to incorporate as a town in an attempt to free themselves from DuPage County control, eventually seeking help from the Federal Government through the US Atomic Energy Commission. The National Academy of Sciences also made a visit to the site of the community, and in 1966, after much controversy from within both the community and the surrounding county, the community was chosen as the site for the new National Accelerator Laboratory. Shortly after, it was revealed that the town would be contained within the laboratory's boundaries, meaning that the community's residents had to sell their homes to the State of Illinois, and the community of Weston ceased to exist.

Current use
The former residences are currently being used as offices and residences for the international collaborators with Fermilab who are based with an academic institution. Most of the houses are still an "academic village", and are still in use to this day.

title: Weston, DuPage County, Illinois


text: User:MaIathion

title: User:MaIathion


text:
Eugen Hönig

Eugen Hönig (9 March 1873, Kaiserslautern, Kingdom of Bavaria – 24 June 1945) was an architect in Nazi Germany. He was the inaugural president of the Reich Chamber of Culture.

In 1931 Hönig, along with other German architects such as Alexander von Senger, Konrad Nonn, German Bestelmeyer and especially Paul Schultze-Naumburg were deputized in the Nazi campaign against modern architecture, in a para-governmental propaganda unit called the Kampfbund deutscher Architekten und Ingenieure (KDAI). Through the pages of Völkischer Beobachter these architects actively attacked the modern style in openly racist and political tones, placing much of the blame on members of the architectural group The Ring, calling Walter Gropius an "elegant salon-bolshevist", and calling the Bauhaus "the cathedral of Marxism".

title: Eugen Hönig


text:
Talk:Enyimba F.C.

VFD debate
This article was formerely listed at Votes for deletion/. The ensuing debate resulted in a consensus to keep. Bratsche talk 5 pillars 02:26, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Enyimba International F.C.. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081119035241/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/sports/article03 to http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/sports/article03/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:29, 29 November 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 3 January 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Consensus to move (non-admin closure) BegbertBiggs (talk) 21:01, 10 January 2021 (UTC)

Enyimba International F.C. → Enyimba F.C. – Enyimba F.C. appears to be the official name as per their website Gjs238 (talk) 17:55, 3 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related page moves. GiantSnowman 17:43, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Support per nom, see also their Twitter. GiantSnowman 17:46, 4 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Even their team logo shows this RedPatchBoy (talk) 22:26, 4 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Ben5218 (talk) 21:41, 7 January 2021 (UTC)

Sponsorship
Year  kit manufacturer. Shirts sponsor 2003                                         Gulder 2004.                                          2005 2006.                                          Conil 2007 2008 2009 2010      Joma 2011.                                         Dubic 2012 2013 2014 2015.                                             - 2016.                                              - 2017.                                              - 2018.                                              - 2019.                                              - 2020.                                              - 2021.                                          10bet 2022 Chukwzor ebube (talk) 12:03, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enyimba F.C.


text:
Blood type personality theory

The blood type personality theory is a pseudoscientific belief prevalent in Japan which states that a person's blood group system is predictive of a person's personality, temperament, and compatibility with others. The theory is generally considered a superstition by the scientific community.

One of the reasons Japan developed the blood type personality indicator theory was in reaction to a claim from German scientist Emil von Dungern, that Blood type B people were inferior. The popular belief originates with publications by Masahiko Nomi in the 1970s.

Although some medical hypotheses have been proposed in support of blood type personality theory, the scientific community generally dismisses blood type personality theories as superstition or pseudoscience because of lack of evidence or testable criteria. Although research into the causal link between blood type and personality is limited, the majority of modern studies do not demonstrate any statistically significant association between the two. Some studies suggest that there is a statistically significant relationship between blood type and personality, although it is unclear if this is simply due to a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Overview
According to popular belief, people with type A blood are friendly and kind, people with type B are spontaneous and creative, and people with type O are confident and aggressive. In a logical extension of this system, those with type AB are a mix of stereotypical A and B traits.

History
The idea that personality traits were inherited through the blood dates as far back as Aristotle. Hippocrates also sought to link personality biologically, linking traits with the four bodily humors – sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic.

In 1926, Rin Hirano and Tomita Yashima published the article "Blood Type Biological Related" in the Army Medical Journal.

Takeji Furukawa
In 1927, Takeji Furukawa, a professor at Tokyo Women's Teacher's School, published his paper "The Study of Temperament Through Blood Type" in the scholarly journal Psychological Research. The idea quickly took off with the Japanese public despite Furukawa's lack of credentials, and the militarist government of the time commissioned a study aimed at breeding ideal soldiers. The study used ten to twenty people for the investigation, thereby failing to meet the statistical requirements for generalizing the results to the wider population.

On the other hand, in 1934, Fisher announced the chi-squared test, which is very popular at present, for the first time. Several scholars said that they found statistically significant differences in analyzing Japanese work conducted at that time.

In another study, Furukawa compared the distribution of blood types among two ethnic groups: the Formosans in Taiwan and the Ainu of Hokkaidō. His motivation for the study appears to have come from a political incident: After the Japanese occupation of Taiwan following Japan's invasion of China in 1895, the inhabitants tenaciously resisted their occupiers. Insurgencies in 1930 and 1931 resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Japanese settlers.

The purpose of Furukawa's studies was to "penetrate the essence of the racial traits of the Taiwanese, who recently revolted and behaved so cruelly." Based on a finding that 41.2% of Taiwanese samples had type O blood, Furukawa assumed that the Taiwanese rebelliousness was genetic. His reasoning was supported by the fact that among the Ainu, whose temperament was characterized as submissive, only 23.8% is type O. In conclusion, Furukawa suggested that the Japanese should increase intermarriage with the Taiwanese to reduce the number of Taiwanese with type O blood.

Masahiko Nomi
Interest in the theory was revived in the 1970s with a book by Masahiko Nomi, a journalist with no medical background (he graduated from the engineering department of the University of Tokyo). Few Japanese psychologists criticized him at that time, so he continued to demonstrate statistically significant data in various fields and published several books with these results. Later after his death in 1981, Masahiko Nomi's work was said to be largely uncontrolled and anecdotal, and the methodology of his conclusions was unclear. Because of this, he was heavily criticized by the Japanese psychological community, although his books remain popular. His son, Toshitaka Nomi, continued to promote the theory with a series of books and by running the Institute of Blood Type Humanics. He later established the Human Science ABO Center for further research and publication in 2004.

Criticism
Kengo Nawata, a social psychologist, studied blood type correlations in a survey of 68 personality traits given to over 10,000 people from Japan and the US. His statistical analysis found that less than 0.3% of the total variance in personality was explained by blood type.

Controversial statistically significant data
However, some academic researchers have shown several statistically significant data in Japan and Korea. Akira Sakamoto and Kenji Yamazaki, Japanese social psychologists, analyzed 32,347 samples of annual opinion polls from 1978 through 1988. These results indicated that Japanese blood-typical stereotypes influenced their self-reported personalities – like a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Cosy Muto and Masahiro Nagashima et al. (Nagasaki University) conducted a supplementary survey of Yamazaki and Sakamoto in 2011. They demonstrated that significant and the same difference in personalities between blood-types by using the same database as Samamoto and Yamazaki used. In the 1990s, the difference due to blood types was stabilized and variances became smaller. Then in the 2000s, the difference was statistically significant, too. However, the effect magnitude was extremely small, despite 'significance' in the statistical sense.

Another Japanese social psychologist, Shigeyuki Yamaoka (Shotoku University), announced results of his questionnaires, which were conducted in 1999 (1,300 subjects) and 2006 (1,362 subjects), In both cases, the subjects were university students, and only subjects with enough knowledge of and belief in the "blood-type diagnosis" showed meaningful differences. He concluded that these differences must be the influence of mass media, especially TV programs. Yamaoka later examined 6,660 samples from 1999 through 2009 in total and found the same result.

On the other hand, some believe that the statistically meaningful differences according to the blood types are not explained only by beliefs, nor that they are a self-fulfilling prophecy. In Japan, the penetration rate of blood-typical personality traits was investigated. Yoriko Watanabe, a psychologist at Hokkaido University, chose "well-known" traits and found most traits were known to no more than half of Japanese people (subjects were university students). A Japanese writer, Masayuki Kanazawa, analyzed these blood-typical traits in combination with data from Yamaoka (1999) that used the same items from Watanabe's penetration survey. If blood-typical differences are caused by penetration (or their self-recognition), the rate of differences of a trait is proportional to the rate of its penetration. However, Kanazawa was not able to discover any association with blood-type differences and penetration rates. This result raises doubt about the role of beliefs and self-fulfilling prophecy.

Most reports that demonstrated statistical correlation attribute differences to a self-fulfilling prophecy. However, no study directly proved the existence of "self-fulfillment". Therefore, the opinions of researchers are varied at present:
 * 1) Whether there is a statistical correlation or not;
 * 2) Whether any statistical correlations are superficial, being caused by subjects' self-fulfilling prophecy, or if they are truly caused by the blood type.

In a 2021 Japanese study, ANOVA results of a 6,000-population large-scale survey showed that respondents displayed the personality traits corresponding to their own blood type more strongly than respondents who had different blood types did. This finding was consistent across all traits, and all differences were statistically significant. The same differences in scores were found in the groups who reported no blood type personality knowledge, although the values were smaller.

Blood-type personality and the five-factor model
The five-factor model tests were carried out in several countries, including Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, after the year 2000. These tests were intended to digitize self-ratings of the "big five" personality traits. It was expected that differences in self-reported personalities (a self-fulfilling prophecy) would be detected from the subject who believed in blood-typical stereotypes. As a result, researchers found no meaningful statistical difference.

So Ho Cho, a Korean psychologist (Yonsei University), and the others carried out a questionnaire about blood-typical items to subjects and discovered statistical differences as expected. However, the difference was not found when the five-factor model for big five personality traits was administered to the same subjects. Another Korean researcher Sohn (Yonsei University) re-analyzed Cho's data. He found that several independent items of the big five personality test detected differences according to each blood-typical stereotype. However, these differences became extinct in the process of plural items being gathered to five factors (big five). If these results are correct, the five-factor model test cannot detect differences between the blood types – if such a causal link did indeed exist.

In 2014, a Korean matchmaking company 듀오 Duo conducted a research survey examined 3,000 couples and found that blood type had no significant impact on the possibility of a couple getting married.

In 2017, a meta-analysis of studies, using the Big Five personality test, involving 260,861 subjects found that six genes affected human personality. However, the coefficient of determination was as low as 0.04%. This is usually considered to be an error.

Studies of blood distribution in various fields
In order to avoid the influence of "contamination by knowledge", a Japanese psychologist group published a series of studies, but no significant differences were found except for Japanese prime ministers. Later, it was reported that significant differences were found not only for prime ministers, but also for foreign ministers, education ministers, professional baseball hitters, and soccer players in Japan.

Brain waves and light topography
Kim and Yi (Seoul University of Venture & Information) measured the brain waves of 4,636 adults. They reported that type O people were most stress-resistant.

Popularity
In Japan, discussion of blood types is widely popular in women's magazines as a way of gauging relationship compatibility with a potential or current partner. Morning television shows feature blood type horoscopes, and similar horoscopes are published daily in newspapers. The blood types of celebrities are listed in their infoboxes on Japanese Wikipedia. A series of four books that describe people's character by blood type ranked third, fourth, fifth, and ninth on a list of best-selling books in Japan in 2008 compiled by Tohan Corporation.

No less than two-thirds of the respondents, hailing from Chinese speaking East Asian countries and areas, believe in the association between blood types and personality.

Furthermore, according to one Japanese survey, more than half of the Japanese respondents are fond of talking about blood type and personality. The research also says that people in Japan like blood-typical personality diagnosis and 1. talk about it with proper knowledge, 2. believe some relationships exist between blood type and personality, 3. feel its traits apply to themselves to a certain degree. The results of the two other surveys are the same.

Although there is no proven correlation between blood type and personality, it remains popular with the many matchmaking services that cater to blood type. In this way, it is similar to the use of astrological signs, which are also popular in Japan. Asking one's blood type is common in Japan, and people are often surprised when a non-Japanese does not know their blood type.

It is common among anime and manga authors to mention their characters' blood types and to give their characters blood types to match their personalities. Some video game characters have known blood types. Also, it is common for video game series to allow for blood type as an option in their creation modes.

After then-Reconstruction Minister Ryu Matsumoto's abrasive comments towards the governors of Iwate and Miyagi forced him to step down from his post, he partially blamed his behavior on his blood type, saying "My blood is type B, which means I can be irritable and impetuous, and my intentions don't always come across."

Blood types are important in South Korea as well. The Korean webcomic A Simple Thinking About Blood Type depicts the stereotypes of each blood type and has been adapted as a short anime series in Japan as Ketsuekigata-kun! in 2013 and 2015.

Discrimination
Blood type harassment, called bura-hara (wasei-eigo: a portmanteau of blood and  harassment), has been blamed for bullying of children in playgrounds, loss of job opportunities, and ending of happy relationships.

Many people in Japan and Korea have been discriminated against because of their blood type. Employers ask blood types during interviews despite the warnings they have been given. Children at schools have been split up according to their blood type. The national softball team has customized training to fit each player's blood type. Companies have given work assignments according to their employee's blood type.

However, these episodes are thought to be more or less exaggerated – as well as horoscope addiction in Europe or the US, which is sometimes reported in Japan. No blood-type harassment trials have been reported, so far. In reality, most Japanese people do not think blood types determine their personalities, but rather affect them to some degree.

title: Blood type personality theory


text:
Khaw Boon Wan

Khaw Boon Wan (born 8 December 1952) is a Malaysian-born Singaporean former politician who served as Minister for Transport between 2015 and 2020, Minister for National Development between 2011 and 2015, and Minister for Health between 2003 and 2011. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Moulmein division of Tanjong Pagar GRC between 2001 and 2006, and the Sembawang division of Sembawang GRC between 2006 and 2020.

Following his retirement from politics in 2020, Khaw has been serving the chairman of SPH Media Trust, a not-for-profit media entity set up by Singapore Press Holdings (SPH) after it underwent a restructuring of its media operations in 2021.

During his political career, Khaw was noted for being appointed to ministerial portfolios which deal with wedge issues such as housing and transport, thus earning himself the moniker "Mr. Fix-it".

Early life and career
Born in Penang to a Malaysian Chinese family, Khaw was the seventh of eight children. He moved to Singapore in 1977 and began his career in the Singapore Civil Service, working at the Ministry of Health.

From 1985 to 1987, Khaw served as the first chief executive officer of the National University Hospital (NUH). He also worked in the KK Women's and Children's Hospital, and the Singapore General Hospital (SGH).

From 1992 to 1995, Khaw served as the Principal Private Secretary to Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong.

From 1995 to 2001, he served as the permanent secretary at the Ministry of Trade and Industry.

Khaw was an elected Member of Parliament for 19 years, from 2001 to 2020.

From February to June 2003, Khaw played a key role in combating the SARS pandemic that happened while he was Senior Minister of State for Health, which put a strain on and tested Singapore's public health resources. Then, Khaw took over as acting Health Minister from 1 August 2003 before being promoted to a full Minister on 12 August 2004 in the new Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's cabinet.

He had served the Tanjong Pagar Group Representation Constituency (2001–2006) and subsequently the Sembawang GRC (2006–2020), where he succeeded outgoing minister and MP Tony Tan, who later served as Singapore's 7th President from 2011 to 2017.

Khaw is well known for having tackled thorny issues across various ministries over his nearly two-decade-long political career. In a valedictory letter to Khaw, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong noted that the veteran politician has helped Singapore overcome challenges spanning healthcare, housing and transport.

In 2011, Khaw took over outgoing minister Lim Boon Heng as the party's chairman, and in 2018 his role was taken over by Health Minister Gan Kim Yong.

In 2015, Khaw was also appointed as the Co-ordinating Minister for Infrastructure by the prime minister.

Minister for Health (2004–2011)
Khaw was noted for his role in handling the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) scandal, and made Gerard Ee the new Chairman of the NKF following the resignation of T. T. Durai. Responding to a report by international auditing firm KPMG in Parliament in December 2005, Khaw vowed to punish all wrongdoers in the saga and heavily criticised NKF's "bizarre HR policies".

In a parliamentary speech on 9 February 2009, in the context of tackling the rising healthcare costs, Khaw suggested that Singaporeans can consider sending their elderly parents to nursing homes in Johor Bahru in Malaysia, which is a developing country located close to Singapore. This was quoted by news reports and a public outcry ensued. Khaw subsequently clarified that his statement was quoted out of context by the media and his suggestion was only one of the many choices available to Singaporeans.

In 2010, Khaw wrote on his blog explaining that his heart bypass surgery had only cost him a mere $8 (SGD) in cash in a class A ward, as the rest of the cost was offset by payments combined from his universal Medishield account and private insurance. This sparked off a debate in the public sphere, with many questioning if an ordinary Singaporean had the means to pay for such high insurance premiums as he did in the first place. Members of the pro-PAP group, Silent No More, defended Khaw's claim and encouraged one another to rebut Internet users who had made jibes at Khaw.

Minister for National Development (2011–2015)
Following the 2011 general election where the ruling PAP garnered its lowest vote share of 60.1% since independence, Khaw was appointed the Minister for National Development. At a press conference, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong revealed that Khaw had volunteered for this new role as the public was extremely unhappy with the Government's housing policy, and Khaw felt that he had the ability to solve the problem. In his new appointment, Khaw assured the public that he will make housing affordable and accessible to all Singaporeans. In his 2013 budget debate, he said:

"“We can now pause and see what else we can do to bring Build-to-Order (BTO) prices in non-mature estates to, say, around four years of salary as it was before the current property cycle started.”"

Though the relative prices of Build To Order (BTO) flats have fallen since Khaw's speech, most of the flats still cost more than four years of an applicant's salary. The prices of new flats remain high despite six rounds of cooling measures. In January 2013, a seventh round of property cooling measures was introduced to moderate the increase in residential and industrial prices. In July 2012, National Parks Board's (NParks) purchase of 26 Brompton bikes costing $2,200 each sparked a nationwide uproar after it was revealed by a whistleblower on online forum HardwareZone of possible corruption due numerous red flags in the way the procurement was done. Khaw, who initially defended NPark's purchase of the high-end foldable bikes, was criticised for handling the saga poorly. Subsequent investigation by the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau resulted in National Parks Board assistant director Bernard Lim Yong Soon being fined $5,000 for lying to auditors about his relationship with the bicycle firm which was awarded the tender.

He also led the initiative to encourage cycling in the city state, such as through transforming the Park Connector Network for use by people on bikes as well as walking.

During a parliamentary session on 12 February 2015, Khaw spoke on the Auditor-General's findings on the opposition-run Aljunied–Hougang-Punggol East Town Council's alleged financial irregularities. "If an auditor makes such a finding on a listed company, it will immediately cause consternation among the shareholders, and a call for the removal of the CEO and the Board of Directors. In Japan, the Chairman and CEO would hold a press conference and take a deep bow. And in the good old days, they may even commit harakiri." The quote on committing seppuku (harakiri) when top leaders make mistakes became part of Singapore's political lexicon as various irregularities and lapses of other government agencies started surfacing,  along with the persistent train breakdowns under Khaw's Transportation portfolio in later years.

Khaw came under fire in 2015 when it was revealed that a site in Sengkang designated for religious use was awarded to a commercial company to develop a columbarium instead. Residents of an upcoming BTO public housing project in the vicinity demanded a refund as they did not know they would have to live next to a columbarium. Responding to opposition MP Lee Li Lian's questions in Parliament, Khaw acknowledged the oversight and used the Butterfly Lovers analogy to explain how "tender procedures have not caught up with time ... the (HDB) officers assessing the tender just assumed that it must be a company affiliated to some religious organisation". The columbarium plan was eventually aborted.

Minister for Transport (2015–2020)
On 28 September 2015, it was announced that Khaw will be the Co-ordinating Minister for Infrastructure as well as the Minister for Transport from 1 October 2015, taking over a portfolio that has been under heavy public scrutiny. Khaw wrote on his blog that he did not volunteer for the "thankless" job, but accepted it nevertheless as he put the nation's interest above his own. A key tenet of Khaw's transport policy is his vision of transforming Singapore into a car-lite city by 2030, which includes building a "smarter, greener and more inclusive transport system". He has stated publicly that 75% of trips should be made by public transport by 2030. Khaw has also advocated for the use of driverless buses to tackle the manpower crunch. Three towns in Singapore will introduce these new vehicles by 2022.

Khaw has had several run-ins with both the state and independent media. In one notable incident on 27 July 2017 at a forum on infrastructure management, Khaw stated that train reliability has improved three times since he took over. He was subsequently criticised online by commuters who had experienced persistent breakdowns in the same period. Khaw had derived his statistics based on preliminary data excluding all delays caused by re-signalling works. Khaw further berated the Singapore press for reporting extensively on the MRT breakdowns, criticizing them for "turning tabloid", "publishing frightening figures", and magnifying the problem to which he has no solution. He added that if solving the problem was as simple as "holding a pen and writing a few articles", members of the media should run the transport system instead and Singapore does not need any engineers.

As Minister of Transport, Khaw had indicated in March 2017 that public transportation fares were set to increase and a fare review will be conducted by the Public Transport Council (PTC). Rationalizing the move, Khaw said that operating costs have been increasing, rendering the current fare structure "unsustainable" despite subsidies from the government. He further stressed the need to strike a "fair balance" in the proportion of transport costs between commuters, the government and the transport operators. His comments were subsequently met with discontent among the public, with many questioning if transport fare increases have been tied to service improvements, and whether there is a need for a fare hike when the transport operators have been generating profitable growth. On 7 March 2018, Khaw pushed for a review of the current fare formula and transfers. However, fares will be reviewed depending on the economic and market conditions. Currently, the "bus service must not be the same as the preceding bus service" is abolished and became a transfer.

FactWire exposé on defective trains
On 5 July 2016, Hong Kong based investigative news agency, FactWire broke news about 35 SMRT trains being secretively shipped back to China for repair by manufacturer CSR Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Company Ltd. It was reported that cracks were found in the structure connecting the car body and the bogie. After remaining silent for a week, Khaw came out to explain that the cracks were not safety issues and that the news could result in “undue panic” during a briefing at the Bishan Depot. He criticised the news agency for mischief and even suggested that Singapore is a victim caught in the rivalry between political factions in Hong Kong and China.

FactWire noted that instead of taking responsibility for an incident which has damaged the Singaporean public's trust in the authorities, Khaw chose to blame the news agency for exposing the cover up. FactWire defended its reporting and denied allegations of political interference. In an open letter to Khaw on 14 July, the agency maintained that it is funded by the Hong Kong public and that its reporting is independent of commercial or political considerations.

Bishan MRT tunnel flooding
On the evening of 7 October 2017, the tunnels along the North–South MRT line (NSL) were flooded as a result of a malfunctioned pump, causing a 20 hours disruption. Khaw addressed the media 9 days later, holding the SMRT maintenance team responsible for failing Singaporeans. On 19 October 2017, the Singapore Democratic Party issued a strongly worded statement calling for Khaw to step down as Minister of Transport. In the letter, the party charged that Khaw has failed to stop the recurring breakdowns and other serious lapses all these years, signalling his incompetence and lack of leadership. It said, rather than shifting the blame to everyone else, as the Minister for Transport, he must take responsibility for the ongoing fiasco and resign.

Responding to mounting public pressure, Khaw delivered a 47-minute Ministerial Statement in Parliament on 7 November 2017. The parliamentary sitting was attended by SMRT's senior management, which included CEO Desmond Kuek and Chairman Seah Moon Ming. In his speech, Khaw revealed that anti-flooding pumps at Lavender and Kembangan stations were also found to be in non-serviceable condition, and maintenance records might have been falsified since 2016. Khaw disagreed with opposition chief Low Thia Khiang's charge that SMRT's main aim is to "make money for the government" at the expense of commuters, saying that "there are many other simpler ways to make money".

Khaw declined any shortcomings or lapses in regulatory oversight by LTA or MOT staff and dismissed proposals to form a committee of inquiry. A poll conducted by market research company Blackbox, however, showed that 69% of Singaporeans felt a public inquiry into the incident should have been held. In the same poll, more than half of Singaporeans felt SMRT CEO Desmond Kuek should resign. Defending Kuek's performance, Khaw said, "he wasn’t parachuted in or being asked to go and fix this, he volunteered for this job. As the former Chief of Defence Force, I know his heart is in the right place". However, members of the public questioned Khaw's choice of the word "volunteer" given that Kuek is paid $1.87 million per annum, and whether there is a proper selection process at SMRT given that Kuek, a former Singapore Armed Forces Lieutenant-General and civil servant, had no experience running a company in engineering or rail operations before joining SMRT.

Speaking at the inaugural Public Transport Workers Appreciation Day on 14 November 2017, Khaw further criticised SMRT's maintenance team responsible for the tunnel flooding, saying that they had "tarnished the reputation of Singapore and Singaporeans", and "brought disrepute" to other transport workers. The saga led to the sacking of 8 SMRT employees and legal action is expected to commence.

Joo Koon rail accident
An MRT train collided with another at Joo Koon station at approximately 0818 hours (SST) on 15 November 2017. It was initially reported that the accident caused 28 people to sustain injuries and they were taken to Ng Teng Fong General Hospital and the National University Hospital. Of the 28 injured, 2 were SMRT staff (including the driver) and 3 had to remain warded in hospital for observation. The collision caused massive delays on the East–West MRT line. More commuters sought treatment thereafter, which saw the number of injured rising to 38.

Speaking to the media hours after the accident occurred, Khaw said he was "deeply sorry" and it was "an awful day". It was revealed at a press conference that the collision occurred due to an "inadvertent removal" of a signalling software protection feature. Train services between Joo Koon and Tuas Link station had to be suspended for four days to allow signaling contractor Thales to conduct further assurance checks. The last train collision occurred over 2 decades ago in 1993 which resulted in 156 injured.

According to a statement from SMRT and LTA, the protective "bubble" around the first train was "unexpectedly disabled" when it passed a trackside device, which was not compatible with the new signalling system. The second train failed to keep safe distances from the first train as it moved forward automatically. Speaking to reporters at a press conference on 21 November, Khaw said that Thales, the provider of the new signalling system, "could have done better" to avoid the Joo Koon collision. Khaw asserts that if one disregards the collision and the flooding incident, SMRT was "actually making good progress" with regards to train operation.

Education
Prior moving to Singapore, Khaw attended and graduated from Chung Ling High School.

In 1973, he was awarded the Colombo Plan scholarship from the Ministry of Education to study a combined degree programme in engineering and commerce at the University of Newcastle in Australia. He graduated in 1977 with a Bachelor of Engineering (Honours Class I) degree and Bachelor of Commerce degree.

He later went on to complete a Master of Science degree in industrial engineering from the National University of Singapore in 1982.

He was awarded Doctor of Engineering honoris causa from the University of Newcastle in 2002.

Personal life
Khaw is of Malaysian Chinese descent. He is a Buddhist and a self-professed "religious man". He met his wife in pre-university. They got married in Australia in his final year and settled in Singapore.

In 2010, Khaw underwent a heart bypass operation and after his recovery, it was reported that he had switched to a vegan diet, avoiding all meat, fish and dairy products. In March 2019, Khaw underwent an arm operation for a fracture that took place a month earlier. During this period, Dr Vivian Balakrishnan took over the role as Acting Transport Minister. On 23 July 2020, Khaw Boon Wan was diagnosed with dengue fever after a sudden rise in temperature, his third time and was subsequently discharged two days later.

Khaw is also known to the public for his strikingly similar looks to Singaporean actor Henry Thia, a fact Thia often acknowledges by jokingly referring to Khaw as his twin.

Honours
2019: Medal of Honour, National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), Singapore.

2022: Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Merit, Republic of Poland.

2022: Key to the City of Newcastle, Australia.

title: Khaw Boon Wan


text:
Konrad Nonn

Konrad Nonn (26 November 1877 – 13 November 1945) was a German engineer and editor, member of the Nazi Party, and a prominent critic of modernist architecture in Germany between World War I and World War II.

In 1931 Konrad Nonn, along with German architects such as Alexander von Senger, Eugen Hönig, German Bestelmeyer and especially Paul Schultze-Naumburg, were deputized in the National Socialist fight against modern architecture, in a para-governmental propaganda unit called the Kampfbund deutscher Architekten und Ingenieure (KDAI). Through the pages of Völkischer Beobachter and other journals, these architects actively attacked the modern style in openly racist and political tones, placing much of the blame on members of the architectural group The Ring, calling Walter Gropius an "elegant salon-bolshevist", and calling the Bauhaus "the cathedral of Marxism".

title: Konrad Nonn


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Getaway

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. The article now describes a nationally broadcast TV show from Australia. - Mgm|(talk) 23:05, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

Getaway
This disambiguation page seems to serve no purpose. of the four entries, the last two are simple dicdefs and clearly should be deleted; and Google research implies that the Australian program is not particularly notable. Delete carmeld1 02:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, nationaly broadcast TV programs are notable, and there is also The Getaway and The Getaway (video game). Kappa 04:05, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Getaway is a highly popular travel program on Australian television rating in the top 10 programs in Melbourne last week and third most popular program nationwide according to this Nine Network media release.  Capitalistroadster 04:12, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a very long-running and very high-rating television program - perhaps you should do a little more Google research next time. Ambi 04:58, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep I have just written an article on the TV show and removed the disambiguation message. There should be no drama now. -- Ianblair23 05:04, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Article has improved since nomination. References to the other possible meanings for Getaway might warrant re-inclusion. - Longhair | Talk 06:20, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewrite. - Mgm|(talk) 08:18, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep up the fight to smash cultural imperialism! Fifelfoo 00:40, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. --- Chuq 11:37, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I nominated the disambiguation page for deletion, but if anything, you guys have convinced me of the need for one, given the apparent notablity of the Australian show (sorry, Ambi, I should have done more Google research on that one) plus the notability, as Kappa pointed out, of the movie The Getaway. Ironically, Ianblair23 removed the disamb page but I now think it should be restored. carmeld1 21:58, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - notable Australian show. Comment - it would be really appreciated if people who are nominating articles for deletion which relate to a country or theme other than one they are familiar with, referred the issue to the noticeboard for that country or theme.  I myself have done that for an Irish article that appeared to be nonsense (it was confirmed to be nonsense by Irish wikipedians) and for an Islamic article (was not nonsense).  Google hits, Amazon ratings, ... are often not adequate to establish whether or not an article is worth keeping.--AYArktos 22:13, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per above. Long-running and high-rating show. --bainer (talk) 02:23, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Cyberjunkie | Talk 07:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Getaway


text: User talk:211.138.91.21

title: User talk:211.138.91.21


text: User talk:211.90.248.101

title: User talk:211.90.248.101


text: User talk:69.177.176.47

title: User talk:69.177.176.47


text: User talk:200.30.141.195

title: User talk:200.30.141.195


text: User talk:211.30.50.142

title: User talk:211.30.50.142


text: User talk:196.203.64.2

title: User talk:196.203.64.2


text:
User:Doge120

{| style="float: margin-left: 40em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px;"
 * Userboxes

title: User:Doge120


text: User talk:129.35.45.12

title: User talk:129.35.45.12


text:
Talk:Richard Williamson (bishop)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Richard Williamson (bishop). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110817115514/http://www.sspx.org/1988%20Consecration%20articles/1988_consecrations_theological_I.htm to http://www.sspx.org/1988%20Consecration%20articles/1988_consecrations_theological_I.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090722172622/http://timesonline.typepad.com:80/faith/2009/02/index.html to http://timesonline.typepad.com/faith/2009/02/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:17, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Richard Williamson (bishop). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20141103033257/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=6733486 to http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=6733486
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20141103054516/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=6740933 to http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=6740933

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:57, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

Court of Arms/Crest
The Court of Arms of Williamson is not registered with any Heraldic authority in the United Kingdom or the United States. Is there some way to verify of this his indeed his COA and if it registered under another country's heraldic authority? I doubt it was registered with any ecclesiastical heraldic authority. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.73.84.166 (talk) 21:13, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

Reason given in first paragraph for SSPX expulsion is not accurate.
"...expelled from the SSPX in 2012, due to criticising what he saw to be as straying from the design of the Society's founder."

To a casual reader this implies that the poor fellow dared express a piously dissenting opinion, in words, and was kicked out for that without discussion. In reality his way of "criticizing" was through flagrantly contrary actions over an extended period of time. The last paragraph in the lead contradicts this sentence's misleading impression (and even it doesn't include the most egregious disobediences) as does the "Expulsion from SSPX" section. (Also, "as straying" = "a straying"? "what he saw as straying"?) Fishlandia (talk) 19:20, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 one external links on Richard Williamson (bishop). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150129194411/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei_en.html to http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei_en.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090206120508/http://sspx.ca:80/Documents/Bishop-Williamson/February1-1991.htm to http://www.sspx.ca/Documents/Bishop-Williamson/February1-1991.htm
 * Added tag to http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0900355.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090131150355/http://www.svt.se:80/svt/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=102271&a=1402152&lid=is_search527895&lpos=1&queryArt527895=sspx&sortOrder527895=0&doneSearch=true&sd=47225&from=siteSearch&pageArt527895=0 to http://www.svt.se/svt/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=102271&a=1402152&lid=is_search527895&lpos=1&queryArt527895=sspx&sortOrder527895=0&doneSearch=true&sd=47225&from=siteSearch&pageArt527895=0
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090303070254/http://www.zenit.org:80/article-25207?l=english to http://www.zenit.org/article-25207?l=english
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141103011828/http://eleisonkommentar.blogspot.ie/2013/02/ec-291-vierter-proze.html to http://eleisonkommentar.blogspot.ie/2013/02/ec-291-vierter-proze.html
 * Added tag to http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1204487.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130912145910/http://eleisonkommentar.blogspot.com/ to http://eleisonkommentar.blogspot.com/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:45, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Richard Williamson (bishop). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110412031202/http://www.sspx.org/SSPX_FAQs/q11_abexcommunicated.htm to http://www.sspx.org/SSPX_FAQs/q11_abexcommunicated.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110807125504/http://www.sspx.org/1988%20Consecration%20articles/1988_consecrations_theological_I.htm to http://www.sspx.org/1988%20Consecration%20articles/1988_consecrations_theological_I.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110807125532/http://www.sspx.org/1988%20Consecration%20articles/1988_consecrations_canonical_I.htm to http://www.sspx.org/1988%20Consecration%20articles/1988_consecrations_canonical_I.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.sspx.ca/Documents/Bishop-Williamson/September1-2001.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090209002548/http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/23319.php?index=23319&lang=en to http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/23319.php?index=23319&lang=en
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130116185834/http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/Society_Saint_Pius_X.htm to http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/Society_Saint_Pius_X.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:19, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Richard Williamson (bishop). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120124055705/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/VaticanJewish_96/5450_96.htm to http://www.adl.org/PresRele/VaticanJewish_96/5450_96.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:00, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Started seminary before he converted?
Footnote number 14 is cited to say that he converted to Catholicism in 1971. However, he was ordained in 1976, and he apparently also spent some time as a postulant at the Brompton oratory. These dates seem unlikely for two reasons: that's too fast for a person to enter seminary and be ordained a priest, and it's WAY to fast for a convert to be ordained. (The Church has policies about how long a convert must wait before being accepted into seminary.)

Footnote number 11 also contradicts this timeline, because it says that "he left to become a priest in 1970." This would make more sense for the time required to study for the priesthood, but it makes the claim that he converted in 1971 impossible.

[I do not support Bishop Williamson's views on conspiracy theories, nor the Econe consecrations, nor the irregular status of the SSPX.]

Independent Catholicism
Bishop Williamson has been consecrating priests and bishops for the SSPX Resistance, a movement that does not seek reconciliation with Rome and has been contracting independent bishops as well. Gi22account (talk) 20:39, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

Actually it would be better to use SSPX Resistance... It's an actual group specifically unaffiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. Gi22account (talk) 20:41, 27 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes; we should have no trouble finding WP:RS describing him as an "Independent Catholic". Elizium23 (talk) 20:41, 27 January 2021 (UTC)
 * "SSPX Resistance" is not a religious affiliation, it is an organization. Elizium23 (talk) 20:42, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

Alright. Gi22account (talk) 20:45, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

I was just reading over other pages and they list other bishops and priests as the religion of SSPX Resistance in their infoboxes. Gi22account (talk) 20:45, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

I found this: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/sspx-respice-stellam-resistance-splinter-catholic-group-kent-priests-child-abuse-accuse-roman-broadstairs-kent-richard-williamson-a7670591.html but it only has a small segement of where it lists them as independent. Or this https://www.arlingtondiocese.org/press-releases/2017/statement-from-most-reverend-michael-f--burbidge-on-the-consecration-of-father-gerardo-zendejas,-member-of-an-independent-church/. The latter seems better. Gi22account (talk) 20:49, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

Anglican vicar
The guardian article referenced in footnote 13 states the Williamson's father was an Anglican vicar, which sounds a bit different from the version presented here. Which version is true, are there sources for the version presented in the article? --Oudeís talk 17:35, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

edits by User:solidarityandfreedom
I have reverted again BLP violating false quotes, using a very poor source. After the first addition, I explained my reasoning on their talkpage. For the record I am copying it here.

''For starters, The Daily Beast is a dubious source for especially for facts about living people.

''Next, your edits  claimed that the "apology" happened in 2017, when the Daily Beast source was published in 2009. .

''Finally, you quote Williamson as saying "The Holocaust did happen". Those words are not his. They are not in quotes in the article. They are the Daily Beast's (highly inaccurate) summary. Other sources (one actually cited in the article) make clear that he did not specifically retract his Holocaust Denial.''' --Slp1 (talk) 19:33, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

Oh sorry I didn’t know it was fake news. I won’t use it again, Solidarityandfreedom (talk) 21:36, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

Another controversy?
Leaving it here if someone finds it noteworthy to add:

https://romania.postsen.com/world/13260/VIDEO-A-controversial-Catholic-bishop-defends-Vladimir-Putin-He-is-the-only-one-who-fights-against-the-forces-of-evil.html

https://fakehunter.pap.pl/raport/aaa19231-9718-453e-8faf-4e7d8696dde5 (says that news is credible)

https://newsnadzis.pl/russia-is-the-last-obstacle-on-the-way-to-a-new-world-order/amp/

The video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPOrcAcYOhI&feature=youtu.be Nakonana (talk) 18:57, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Williamson (bishop)


text: User talk:217.219.18.10

title: User talk:217.219.18.10