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Buttonwood Park Zoo

The Buttonwood Park Zoo, located in New Bedford, Massachusetts, is a zoo located in the center of Buttonwood Park. Opened in 1894, it is the third-oldest zoo in New England and the 12th-oldest zoo in the United States. Located on a 7 acre campus, the zoo is owned and operated by the City of New Bedford, with the support of the Buttonwood Park Zoological Society. It is located on part of the Buttonwood Park Historic District, and federally designated on the National Register of Historic Places.

The zoo is home to more 250 different animals made up of more than 80 different species of animals, including many that are rare and endangered. The zoo has played a vital role in the conservation of endangered animals and is a participant in the Cape Cod Stranding Network and Species Survival Plan.

Early years
The land that would be used as the site of the Buttonwood Park Zoo was purchased by the city of New Bedford in 1892. In 1894, the Buttonwood Park Zoo was opened as a way to present New Bedford as a powerful and wealthy city. At the time of the zoo's founding, cities were not seen as world-class unless they had a zoo. During the summer of its opening, the zoo consisted primarily of native animals including black bears, foxes and deer. By 1912, the zoo expanded to include monkeys, elk and bison.

From 1935 to 1936, the Public Works Administration, as part of President Frank D. Roosevelt's New Deal, renovated the black bear den at the zoo. The back part of the stonewall, built by the PWA, in the bear den remains to this day. In the early 1960s, the zoo began to acquire exotic animals such as asian elephants, leopards, lions and wallabies.

The Greater New Bedford Zoological Society was founded in 1968. The organization's first project was to raise money to build a heated building.

The zoo haphazardly expanded and grew following the 1960s, but did not have comprehensive plans. New Bedford hired a number of architectural firms to develop the zoo, but the city failed to implement the plans. These challenges were accelerated by an economic recession in the 1990s. As a result, the condition of the zoo deteriorated and the zoo was facing large fines from the federal government. As part of a settlement with the federal government, the zoo agreed to close for renovations in 1995.

The zoo closed for renovations in November 1996 and reopened in 2000. The zoo was re-accredited by the prestigious Association of Zoos and Aquariums in 2003.

Recent years
The City of New Bedford owns and operates the zoo. The City of New Bedford funds staffing, operation, maintenance and capital improvements to facilities. Approximately $7,000,000 in Capital Improvement Program (CIP) bonds have been designated between 2014 and 2019 to update the facilities. Another $4,000,000 was funded by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 2018 for further improvements.

Buttonwood Park Zoo was called "one of the finest small zoos in the United States" by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association in 2003.

Exhibits and attractions

The zoo houses more than 250 animal species from around the world. Exhibits feature both domestic and wild animals.

The zoo has two Asian elephants, Ruth and Emily. Emily arrived to the zoo in 1968. After being abused in a circus and abandoned in a trailer located in Danvers, Ruth arrived to the zoo in 1986. In 2013, the zoo announced that after the elephants die, it will not take in any other elephants to replace them, instead opting to get greater one-horned rhinos as part of its master plan.

The exhibits are categorized into five main areas:
 * North America East (NAE): This section contains black bears, river otters, beavers, turkey vultures, bald eagles, and a coyote.
 * North America West (NAW): This section located beyond the entrance contains bison, wild turkeys, whitetail deer, cougars, Canadian lynx, bobcats, and common crows.
 * Aquatics: This section contains harbor seals, shorebirds, exhibits replicating a salt marsh, a kettlepond, and a mountain stream, amphibians, snakes, and turtles.
 * Rainforests, Rivers & Reefs: This indoor section contains animals from the tropical regions of Earth, like monkeys, birds, and reef fish.
 * Elephants: This section contains the zoo's two elephants, Ruth and Emily. Nerarby exhibits include red pandas and southern pudu.
 * Buttonwood Farm: This section contains 3 horses, 1 cow, and 1 pig.
 * Other animals at the zoo include barred owls.

Education
The Wildlife Education Center is an educational building at the heart of the zoo. It contains two classrooms which host educational programs and business and private meetings.

Events
Annual events at the zoo include "Boo at the Zoo", "Holiday Lights", "Cabin Fever Week", and "Spring Fling Week".

Other features
The North Woods Gift Store and Bear's Den Cafe are open daily.

title: Buttonwood Park Zoo


text:
Ralph Branca

Ralph Theodore Joseph Branca (January 6, 1926 – November 23, 2016), nicknamed "Hawk", was an American professional baseball pitcher who played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1944 through 1956. Branca played for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1944–1953, 1956), Detroit Tigers (1953–1954), and New York Yankees (1954). He was a three-time All-Star. In a 1951 playoff, Branca surrendered a walk-off home run to Bobby Thomson of the New York Giants; the game-winning hit was known as the "Shot Heard 'Round the World".

Early life
Ralph Branca was born in Mount Vernon, New York, as the fifteenth of 17 children. His father, John Branca, was a trolley car conductor from Italy. His mother, Kati (née Berger), who was Jewish, immigrated to the United States in 1901 from Sandorf, Hungary (now Prievaly, Slovakia).

His uncle Jozsef Berger died at the Majdanek concentration camp, and his maternal aunt Irma died in Auschwitz concentration camp in 1942. He was raised Roman Catholic.

Branca graduated from A. B. Davis High School and attended New York University (NYU) for one year, before he entered the big leagues. He played college baseball and college basketball for the NYU Violets.

Career
Branca was exempted from military service during World War II, due to his asthma and a punctured eardrum. After Branca attended a tryout with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1943, the team signed him to a contract. He debuted in the major leagues at age 18 on June 12, 1944, and put up a 3.04 earned run average (ERA) in 109$2/3$ innings pitched in his rookie year.

On Opening Day in 1947—which was also Jackie Robinson's major league debut—Branca lined up on the field beside Robinson, while other players refused. That year, he had a 21–12 win–loss record and a 2.67 earned run average (ERA) in 280 innings pitched. He earned his first All-Star appearance and helped the Dodgers win the National League pennant. He was second in the league in wins, innings pitched, and strikeouts (148), third in ERA, and sixth in won-lost percentage (.636). Branca was also the starting pitcher in Game 1 of the 1947 World Series.

A three-time All-Star, Branca won 80 games for the Dodgers with a career-high 21 wins in 1947. In 1948, he was ninth in the league in wins (14) and won–lost percentage (.609). In 1949, he led the National League (NL) in won-lost percentage (.722). In 1951, he was tenth in the NL in ERA (3.26).

In the final game of the best-of-three 1951 National League tie-breaker series at the Polo Grounds against the crosstown rival New York Giants, Branca entered the game in relief of Don Newcombe in the bottom of the ninth inning with one out and Whitey Lockman on second base and pinch runner Clint Hartung on third base and surrendered a walk-off home run, which became known as the "Shot Heard 'Round the World" to Bobby Thomson, giving the Giants the pennant. Prior to facing Thomson, Branca had been warming up in the bullpen with Carl Erskine. Dodgers coach Clyde Sukeforth noticed that Erskine was bouncing several curveballs in the dirt and instructed manager Charlie Dressen to call on Branca—this despite Thomson having homered off Branca in Game 1.

While it has been confirmed that the Giants executed a sign-stealing system, the lone dissenter is Sal Yvars. The rest of the team, including Brooklyn centerfielder Duke Snider, say there was "no playoff larceny" during the 3-game playoff, as the Commissioners Office was present, along with other dignitaries. Al Corwin, another member of the pennant winning Giants, also reminded others that "not many guys relied on it, because that pitcher isn't standing still, he's in the middle of his windup." As the sign stealing was only possible at the Polo Grounds, it would seem improbable. Thomson hit a game-winning home run in the first game at Ebbets Field off Branca. In the second game at the Polo Grounds, rookie Clem Labine pitched a shutout and the Dodgers won 10–0. As the Giants were losing in the top of the 9th, it would seem improbable that any kind of sign stealing was involved. This was all detailed in the HBO documentary 'Shot Heard Round the World'. Many surviving members of the 1951 Giants and Dodgers are interviewed, and Branca was the only one, other than Yvars, who believes Thomson took the sign.

The pursuit of the homerun ball in the stands and afterward is a major thematic element of Don DeLillo's novel "Underworld."

A back injury suffered during spring training in 1952 limited Branca's effectiveness thereafter. Branca appeared in only 12 games for the Dodgers during the 1952 season. In the eighth inning of Game 7 of the 1952 World Series against the New York Yankees, Branca was ejected from the dugout by home plate umpire Larry Goetz for bench jockeying. Branca was only the second player in MLB history to be ejected from a World Series, and the first who was not actually in the game at the time. He did not make an appearance in the series.

Branca began the 1953 season with Brooklyn, but was claimed off waivers by the Detroit Tigers on July 10, 1953. The Tigers released Branca in July 1954. After he pitched batting practice for the Yankees, the Yankees signed him, and used him in five games later in the season. Branca pitched for the Minneapolis Millers in 1955, but was released due to ineffectiveness caused by an arm injury.

In 1956, Branca appeared at Old Timer's Day for the Yankees, believing his career was over. His pitching velocity returned, and he signed with the Dodgers for the last month of the season, making one appearance.

In a 12-year career, Branca posted an 88–68 record with 829 strikeouts and a 3.79 ERA in 1,484 innings pitched.

Later life

Branca became friends with Thomson, a bond that lasted into each man's old age, including joint television and trade show appearances. Branca later learned from Detroit Tiger Ted Gray that the Giants had stolen the signs to the two pitches he threw Thomson. That rumor was confirmed in The Wall Street Journal in 2001, when Giant Sal Yvars admitted that he relayed to Thomson the stolen signs for Branca's fastballs. Joshua Prager detailed the revelations in a book entitled The Echoing Green: The Untold Story of Bobby Thomson, Ralph Branca and The Shot Heard Round the World. Thomson acknowledged to Prager that the Giants had stolen signs in 1951, but denied that he had foreknowledge of the pitch he hit off Branca for the pennant-winning home run. According to Branca, Thomson admitted to accepting the stolen signs during his first three at-bats of that game, but claimed that he did not do so in the final at-bat; Branca indicated that he did not believe Thomson's denials and remained convinced that Thomson was in fact tipped off on the fateful pitch.

Branca ran the Baseball Assistance Team for seventeen years. Branca was a long time member of Westchester Country Club. He was born and raised in Mt. Vernon, New York where he was a member of the Westchester County Hall of Fame for approximately forty years. He was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame.

Branca was a pallbearer at Jackie Robinson's funeral in October 1972.

Branca was a contestant on Concentration starting in 1963, where he won 17 consecutive games. He appeared in Concentration's 1963 Challenge of Champions.

In the 2012 movie, Parental Guidance, Branca made a cameo appearance as a judge during a scene involving an audition for a music school. During the scene, Billy Crystal's grandson takes to the stage and recites the radio broadcast of, "The Shot Heard Round the World." Branca was portrayed by Hamish Linklater in the 2013 film 42, a biographical sports drama about Robinson's career. Branca was the subject of the 2013 documentary "Branca's Pitch," produced by Andrew J. Muscato.

Branca married Ann Mulvey, whose parents were part-owners of the Dodgers, in 1951, shortly after giving up the famous home run. Their daughter, Mary, married baseball player Bobby Valentine. Their other daughter, Patti, lives in Fort Myers, Florida. Branca released a memoir in 2011, titled A Moment in Time.

On the morning of November 23, 2016, Branca died in a nursing home in Rye Brook, New York, at the age of 90. He was the last living member of the 1947 Dodgers baseball team. Branca was interred in Section 26 of Gate of Heaven Cemetery in suburban Westchester County. His grave is adjacent to Section 25, where Babe Ruth and Billy Martin are interred.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ralph Branca


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/George Reyes

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was copyvio. – ABCD✉ 00:38, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

George Reyes
Confused vanity page - no evidence of notability. Jayjg (talk) 02:11, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg (talk) 02:12, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with Jayig. It looks like a C.V. for a computer salesperson. Hamster Sandwich 02:16, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - Is there an established guideline for inclusion of executives? WP:BIO does not specify one way or the other.  Google and Sun Microsystems are obviously notable companies, but does that make their CFO notable? - Thatdog 02:33, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove from VfD and mark as a copyvio, it's from here CanadianCaesar 03:50, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I have now tagged it as a copyvio CanadianCaesar 04:02, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Holy Crap that's a big tag! For what it's worth, if it wasn't a copyvio I'd say it was quite possibly notable. Sirmob 04:24, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as stub. A CFO at extremely-notable Google is probably above the bar of notability set by Vfd precedent (if not by WP:BIO guidelines). Dystopos 22:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. To formalize the comment above, Keep per Dystopos Sirmob 19:35, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Ashworth Hospital

Ashworth Hospital is a high-security psychiatric hospital in Maghull, 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Liverpool. It is a part of Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, catering to patients with psychiatric health needs that require treatment in conditions of high security.

The hospital is one of four psychiatric hospitals in the United Kingdom providing psychiatric care within conditions of high security, and one of three in England (alongside Broadmoor Hospital in Crowthorne and Rampton Secure Hospital near Woodbeck). For Scotland and Northern Ireland, the facility meeting the same high security environment is the State Hospital in Carstairs.

Organisation
Ashworth is one of the three high-security psychiatric hospitals in England and Wales, alongside Rampton and Broadmoor, that exist to work with people who require treatment due to their "dangerous, violent or criminal propensities", with the majority experiencing psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia, comorbid or other personality disorders. Ashworth currently has 14 wards. Five locked wards constitute the personality disorder unit. A wide variety of pharmacological, rehabilitative and psychological treatments are available. Rehabilitative and creative activity is supported with patients frequently entering work for the Koestler awards winning 27 prizes in 2011. In collaboration with The Reader Organisation reading groups have been set up in which staff and patients read literature together, promoting confidence and developing communication and other skills.

Early history
The hospital has its origins in Moss Side House, a convalescent home for children from Liverpool's workhouses, which was established on the site in 1878. For the duration of the First World War, it became Moss Side Military Hospital, the first specialist hospital for the treatment of what is now known as Post-traumatic stress disorder. Moss Side became a special hospital in 1933. In 1974, overcrowding at Broadmoor led to the construction of Park Lane Special Hospital on land at the facility. In 1989, Moss Side and Park Lane hospitals merged to form Ashworth Hospital. The name "Ashworth Hospital" was chosen by a ballot among patients and staff.

Industrial action
In 1987 members of the Prison Officers Association, which then represented almost all the nurses were involved in a dispute during which more than 200 patients were locked in their rooms for 23 hours per day for 10 days.

Blom-Cooper Inquiry
Following a 1988 television documentary which alleged that a patient, Sean Walton, had died after being beaten by staff allegedly with a snooker cue and a series of other serious allegations, a Committee of Inquiry into Complaints about Ashworth Hospital, Merseyside, headed by Sir Louis Blom-Cooper, was set up; it published its findings in 1992. Blom-Cooper was highly critical of the regime, which was felt to be more custodial than therapeutic, describing the regime as a "brutalising, stagnant, closed institution." The inquiry uncovered evidence of physical and psychological abuse of patients. Nurses had used a pig's head to intimidate patients, had placed pictures of brains in the locker of a patient who had undergone brain surgery, and had submerged one patient under water to test his breaking point. Extreme right-wing propaganda had been on prominent display. The inquiry report suggested, only half-jokingly, that international torture monitors should visit the hospital. Seven staff and two managers were relieved of their duties. Prof. Robert Bluglass who was the medical member of the inquiry concluded that all the Special Hospitals should be closed.

In 1993 a patients' advocacy service was set up in the hospital. This was the first mental health advocacy service to be introduced in a high security hospital in the United Kingdom.

Fallon Inquiry
In 1997 a patient absconded from a day rehabilitation trip in protest against his treatment and the management of the Personality Disorder Unit. He made multiple allegations including that pornography, drugs and alcohol were freely available, that patients were running businesses and that a child had been put at risk of abuse at the hands of a number of paedophiles, that security had been compromised and that a number of staff were corrupt. The Fallon Inquiry was set up and reported in 1999. The inquiry found that Child A had visited the hospital on hundreds of occasions and had spent periods dressed only in her underwear with a patient with a history of violent sexual assaults against young girls. The patient had also visited the child at her home whilst escorted by a nurse. The nurse had taken pictures of the child for the patient. One of her on her bed and another of her on the lavatory. Child A's father also took the young son of a friend to visit a second patient found guilty of kidnapping, sexual torture, mutilation, and murder of a 13-year-old boy. The inquiry team reported that Dr John Reed, chairman of the Reed Committee on Mentally Disordered Offenders, described a conversation with Prof Pamela Taylor, then head of medical services of the special hospitals, in which the doctors at Ashworth were described as follows. "Doctor 1: moderately capable but with a serious alcohol problem. Doctor 2: moderately capable but feeble. Doctor 3: appalling. Doctor 4: never there. Doctor 5: weak. Doctor 6: made very poor provision for patients on the ward. Doctor 7: lazy. Doctor 8: unstable and not clinically good. There were three competent doctors." The Fallon inquiry recommended that the hospital should close. As a result of the Fallon Inquiry, a review into security was undertaken by Sir Richard Tilt, who recommended in May 2000, that security be upgraded to that of a Category B prison.

The Swann Report
Another inquiry, The Swann Report, was also conducted in the 1990s in relation to the overuse of drugs, but is unavailable.

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture inspection
As part of the 2016 review of the United Kingdom as a whole the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading treatment or Punishment visited Ashworth Hospital. The conclusions included that living conditions were variable. The CPT expressed serious concerns relating to the necessity and application of the use of Long Term Segregation (LTS) finding that some patients were kept in LTS for years at a time. It found that some patients were unable to access outside areas on a daily basis. The CPT expressed misgiving about the use of overwhelming force deployed at Ashworth including the use of personal protective equipment, helmets and shields. The committee found that night-time confinement was being used. This is a policy in which all patients are locked in their rooms between the hours of 9.15p.m. and 7.15a.m, with the aim to save money. The committee considered that the systematic locking-in of patients, amounting to ten hours of de facto seclusion, was not acceptable in a care establishment provided there was sufficient staff. It also found that the original intention of increasing day-time activities had not been realised. At the time of the CPT inspection there were; 12 consultant psychiatrists, a general practitioner and 3.8 FTE other doctors. There were 10 clinical psychologists, seven approved social workers, two dieticians and a range of other staff including six modern matrons, five nurse managers, 24 charge nurses, 173 registered mental health nurses and 254 healthcare support workers and assistants.

CQC inspection 2013
The CQC inspection of 2013 found that the services were good for all domains; the services provided were caring, responsive and well-led.

Patients of note

 * Ian Brady, the principal perpetrator of the "Moors murders", who was at Ashworth for more than 30 years after being transferred from a mainstream prison in November 1985. Brady remained there until his death in May 2017; he had been in custody for more than 50 years.
 * Valdo Calocane, perpetrator of the 2023 Nottingham attacks, in which three people were killed and a further three people were injured. On 25 January 2024, he was sentenced to be detained indefinitely in hospital.
 * Dale Cregan, convicted of murdering four people (including two female police officers) in Greater Manchester during 2012, he was transferred from a mainstream prison shortly after his conviction in 2013.
 * Sandra Riley, serial killer who repeatedly murdered her own children
 * Charles Salvador, armed robber, born as Michael Peterson and formerly known as Charles Bronson.
 * Robert Sartin, responsible for the Monkseaton shootings in April 1989, where one man was killed and 14 other people were injured.
 * Barry Williams, also known as Harry Street, multiple murder and possession of explosives, spent 15 years there after a killing spree in West Bromwich in 1978. He was returned to the hospital in 2014 for firearms offences and making threats against a neighbour in Birmingham, and died from a heart attack shortly after returning to Ashworth.

title: Ashworth Hospital


text:
Motor unit recruitment

Motor unit recruitment is the activation of additional motor units to accomplish an increase in contractile strength in a muscle. A motor unit consists of one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates. All muscles consist of a number of motor units and the fibers belonging to a motor unit are dispersed and intermingle amongst fibers of other units. The muscle fibers belonging to one motor unit can be spread throughout part, or most of the entire muscle, depending on the number of fibers and size of the muscle. When a motor neuron is activated, all of the muscle fibers innervated by the motor neuron are stimulated and contract. The activation of one motor neuron will result in a weak but distributed muscle contraction. The activation of more motor neurons will result in more muscle fibers being activated, and therefore a stronger muscle contraction. Motor unit recruitment is a measure of how many motor neurons are activated in a particular muscle, and therefore is a measure of how many muscle fibers of that muscle are activated. The higher the recruitment the stronger the muscle contraction will be. Motor units are generally recruited in order of smallest to largest (smallest motor neurons to largest motor neurons, and thus slow to fast twitch) as contraction increases. This is known as Henneman's size principle.

Neuronal mechanism of recruitment
Henneman proposed that the mechanism underlying the size principle was that the smaller motor neurons had a smaller surface area and therefore a higher membrane resistance. He predicted that the current generated by an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSPs) would result in a higher voltage change (depolarization) across the neuronal membrane of the smaller motor neurons and therefore larger EPSPs in smaller motoneurons. Burke later demonstrated that there was a graded decrease of both EPSP and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) amplitudes from small to large motoneurons. This seemed to confirm Henneman's idea, but Burke disagreed, pointing out that larger neurons with a larger surface area had space for more synapses. Burke eventually showed (in a very small sample of neurons) that smaller motoneurons have a greater number of synaptic inputs from a single input source. The topic is probably still regarded as controversial.

In their 1982 paper, Burke and colleagues propose that the small cell size and high surface-to-volume ratio of S motor units allows for greater metabolic activity, optimized for the "highest duty cycles" of motoneurons, while other motor unit types may be involved in "lower duty cycles." However, they state that the evidence is not conclusive "to support or deny the intuitively appealing notion that there is a  correlation between metabolic activity, motoneuron size, and motor unit type."

Under some circumstances, the normal order of motor unit recruitment may be altered, such that small motor units cease to fire and larger ones may be recruited. This is thought to be due to the interaction of excitatory and inhibitory motoneuronal inputs.

Recruitment of motor unit types
Another topic of controversy resides in the way in which Burke and colleagues categorized motor unit types. They designated three general groups by which motor units could be categorized: S (slow – slow twitch), FR (fast, resistant – fast twitch, fatigue-resistant), and FF (fast, fatigable – fast twitch, fatigable). These designations have served as the basis for motor unit categorization since their conception, but modern research indicates that human motor units are more complex and possibly do not directly fit this model.

However, it is important to note that Burke himself recognized the risk in classifying motor units:"My friend the late Elwood Henneman told me several times in conversation that he thought classifying motor units into distinct categories was probably a bad idea because, unless used with care, classifications tend to distort reality. I agreed, and still do, that taxonomies can lead to overly rigid thinking (and sometimes even lack of thinking) but they are necessary for communication, which requires that things be named; and scientific communication demands that things be named precisely, according to their attributes."

If a correlation were to be drawn between Henneman's size principle and the motor unit categorization of Burke regarding the order of motor unit recruitment, it would resemble the following order: the smallest units, S (slow), would be recruited first, followed by larger FR (fast, resistant) units, and lastly the largest FF (fast, fatigable) units, reserved for high-energy tasks that require additional motor unit recruitment.

Rate coding of muscle force
The force produced by a single motor unit is determined in part by the number of muscle fibers in the unit. Another important determinant of force is the frequency with which the muscle fibers are stimulated by their innervating axon. The rate at which the nerve impulses arrive is known as the motor unit firing rate and may vary from frequencies low enough to produce a series of single twitch contractions to frequencies high enough to produce a fused tetanic contraction. Generally, this allows a 2 to 4-fold change in force. In general, the motor unit firing rate of each individual motor unit increases with increasing muscular effort until a maximum rate is reached. This smooths out the incremental force changes which would otherwise occur as each additional unit was recruited.

Proportional control of muscle force
The distribution of motor unit size is such that there is an inverse relationship between the number of motor units and the force each generates (i.e., the number of muscle fibers per motor unit). Thus, there are many small motor units and progressively fewer larger motor units. This means that at low levels of recruitment, the force increment due to recruitment is small, whereas in forceful contractions, the force increment becomes much larger. Thus the ratio between the force increment produced by adding another motor unit and the force threshold at which that unit is recruited remains relatively constant.

Electrodiagnostic testing
In medical electrodiagnostic testing for a patient with weakness, careful analysis of the "motor unit action potential" (MUAP) size, shape, and recruitment pattern can help in distinguishing a myopathy from a neuropathy.

title: Motor unit recruitment


text: User talk:Dvirgueza

title: User talk:Dvirgueza


text:
Sarah P. Harkness

Sarah Pillsbury Harkness (July 8, 1914 – May 22, 2013) was an American architect.

Early life and education
Born Sarah Pillsbury in Swampscott, Massachusetts, but called "Sally", she was the daughter of Samuel Hale Pillsbury, a lawyer, and the former Helen Farrington Watters.

She graduated from the Winsor School and then from the Cambridge School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, which was affiliated with Smith College), with a master's degree in 1940. In 1941, she married John "Chip" Cheesman Harkness, also a co-founders of TAC, and they had seven children.

Career
She is the author of Sustainable Design for Two Maine Islands, The Architects Collaborative Encyclopedia of Architecture, and co-edited The Architects Collaborative Inc., 1945 to 1965 with Walter Gropius. Her papers are stored at the International Archive of Women in Architecture.

She lived in Lexington, Massachusetts, at Six Moon Hill, a community dwelling designed by TAC. Harkness received a D.F.A. from Bates College in 1974.

Harkness was elected as fellow to the American Institute of Architects in 1979. Harkness was a registered architect in both Massachusetts and Tennessee. In 1981, she was a mentor of architect Cheryl L. McAfee.

"Still Standing: Conversations With Three Founding Partners of The Architects Collaborative" was a 2006 film documentary about The Architects Collaborative, and featured Harkness.

Work

 * Principal Designer of the Olin Arts Center and Ladd Library at Bates College in Lewiston, ME
 * Anita Tuvin Schlechter Auditorium at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania
 * Art School Addition at the Worcester Art Museum in Worcester, Massachusetts
 * C. Thurston Chase Learning Center of the Eaglebrook School in Deerfield, Massachusetts
 * Co-Partner-in-Charge of Six Moon Hill Lexington, Massachusetts
 * Partner-in-Charge of Independent Study Unit (Carrel) for the Bedford Middle School in Mount Kisco, New York

Awards

 * 1941 Prize, The Boston Society of Architects
 * 1967 The design of the Fox Lane Middle School in Bedford, New York, The American Association of School Administrators Award
 * 1967 Honor Award for the design of the Chase Learning Center of the Eaglebrook School in Deerfield, Massachusetts, The American Institute of Architects
 * 1987 The design of the Olin Arts Center at Bates College, The American School and University of Louis I. Kahn Citation
 * 1991 Award of Honor, The Boston Society of Architects

Independent Study Unit (Carrel)
The goal of the Carrel was to provide each student with a study space and privacy. This space consisted of a study space, dining area and coat storage. The independent Study Units were designed for Bedford Middle School. When introducing the Study Unit to the school, a choice was made that two-thirds of the students would have a Carrel and one-third would not. This decision was made through the assumption that not all students would be ready for the independence that the Carrel provides. The Carrels were placed with the storage units, this allowed students to choose between working with their table-mate or independently. This was accomplished by opening the door on their storage unit. For students to be social for lunch, the tables were moved away from the storage units and combined together. This made enough room for six students to eat at the combined table. The arrangement incorporated the students who did not have a Carrel. The Carrels also had screens that could be used to divide the students into groups. All the students' belongings were in their Carrel, including coats which were hung on pegs at the end of the storage units.

Work and motherhood
Sarah P. Harkness and Jean B. Fletcher were the only two female founding partners of TAC. They were both mothers, with Harkness having seven children and Fletcher having six. The women worked together to create a schedule that made it possible to work at the firm and to meet the responsibilities as mothers. The women worked half days; Fletcher would work in the morning and Harkness would work in the afternoon. The women also shared the same baby-sitter.

title: Sarah P. Harkness


text: Template:User uk-4

title: Template:User uk-4


text:
Schmidlin

Schmidlin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Frank K. Schmidlin (1861–1939), Australian X-ray pioneer
 * Rick Schmidlin (born 1954), American film preservationist and silent film scholar
 * Walter Schmidlin, Swiss footballer

title: Schmidlin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Margo

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Eugene van der Pijll 23:18, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Margo
Delete, non-notable family member of someone possibly notable. Google hits are only 260, and they don't immediately reveal that she has notability in her own right. I will say in advance that I could be wrong on this one, but that's what VfD is for. -Splash 02:16, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * In light of better research, I'll go for a weak keep because collecting a bunch of non-notable appearances doesn't really make you very notable, IMO. -Splash 04:48, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. IMDB says she appeared in 15 movies and nearly as many television productions. She was probably a minor player. The article is however poorly written and has superfluous content. Maybe cleaned up and somehow merged with either the "Eddie Albert" or "Xavier Cugat" articles. See a recent edit I applied to the article. Hamster Sandwich 02:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep As usual someone jumps the gun at posting articles for deletion. Dwain 02:37, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I made pretty plain in my nomination that I could be wrong. There's really no need for that kind of reaction. -Splash 04:48, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think my reaction was justified in that the article was posted for about 45 seconds before it was nominated for deletion. Where is the need for speed in posting something for deletion? Dwain 16:43, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Doesn't seem to be an article that promotes a high school student not worth mentioning. — Stevey7788 (talk) 05:41, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems notable enough. Cnwb 07:52, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Is this the only "Margo" in the world? I think we need a disambiguation page, or at least a header, especially as the name's another form of Margot. -R. fiend 19:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I would suggest a disambiguity with "Margo Albert", because of the close association of her more famous husband "Eddie Albert". And from there perhaps a link to their actor progeny "Edward Albert" I'm still new and don't know how to do that, yet. Would appreciate some direction and I'd be happy to take a shot at it though. Hamster Sandwich 04:31, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep appears notable. JamesBurns 07:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rename to add a last name (or disambig per Fiend). Radiant_ >|< 10:56, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Since most research would be directed at the actress' career, in my opinion, the heading should relate to her screen name, in the singular. Hamster Sandwich 04:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but maybe it should be moved to Margo (actor). She is a notable actor (great in The Leopard Man) with a following.  Why on earth would you delete this and keep the characters of the Donkey Kong universe?  Keep... Keep... Keep Steve Eifert
 * Move to Margo Albert or Margo (actress), but not simply Margo. Mmmbeer 19:09, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Margo


text: User talk:69.172.15.231

title: User talk:69.172.15.231


text:
Talk:Rick Schmidlin

Untitled
See Votes for deletion/Schmidlin for the archived deletion discussion for this article. -- Francs2000 | Talk 02:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Suggest removal of CV info
It looks like an anonymous user dropped by and inserted a large chunk of this person's CV into the article. Frankly, I think the article would be better off if that edit was surgically removed (retaining valid edits to the original article since then). -Miskaton (talk) 23:48, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Attempt to salvage article
The article has problems. I think it can be fixed as it does appear that Rick Schmidlin is notable but it's going to end up being drastically reduced most likely. One thing, "interview with Rick Schmidlin" is not a proper reference. It needs to be a recorded interview (in some kind of accessible medium) conducted by a notable organization and even then it's problematical. What we really need are 2nd party sources for the claims as done by reliable sources (see Notability and Reliable Sources). It's probably also useful to read Truth vs. Verifiability. Finally, user 199.175.219.1, since you clearly have an interest in this article it would make things much easier if you would get an account on Wikipedia, it's easy, free, respects your privacy, and does not require an email address. This way others could communicate with you more easily. SQGibbon (talk) 20:17, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I removed the footnotes that referred to "RS interview", etc and also tagged the article unrefBLP. Maybe I can find some reliable sources. PDCook (talk) 20:20, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I've set up a sub-page here if you'd like to contribute there. May not be necessary, but it looks the article needs to be rewritten from scratch. SQGibbon (talk) 20:33, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I tried looking back in the history for something to revert to, but I can't really find anything very good. If I get some time maybe I'll work on it. PDCook (talk) 20:39, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

New version
OK, I've created a new version of the article. It's a stub but it does hit the highlights of his career and is pretty well sourced. You can see it here. If anyone has anything to add or change by all means jump on it. Otherwise, and if there are no objections, I'll copy it over here as the new article. There's information in the current article that can be useful in expanding my proposed article so I think it would be helpful to preserve it but I'm not sure where. Should I copy it to this discussion page or maybe just to the sandbox I set up?. SQGibbon (talk) 04:33, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I'd say sandbox. --Tenebrae (talk) 12:39, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Sure, your subpage is fine, but you might consider copying a version before the IP editor went crazy with it. PDCook (talk) 12:56, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Oh, and the new version looks good. Nice and clean! PDCook (talk) 12:57, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

IP editor is back
The article is again being edited by an IP editor who keeps adding improperly referenced (and unreliable) sources. Are you ready to put that new page up? PDCook (talk) 18:42, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Done and done (old copy saved to the sandbox I set up). As I said, there's a good bit of potentially useful information in the old version it just needs to be verified and added into this one. SQGibbon (talk) 19:33, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Looks good! PDCook (talk) 20:00, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Remarkable work, both of you — and so fast! This is now a proper, neutral, non-promotional Wikipedia article, with extensive footnoting. I can see, however, we need to stay vigilant, since Schmidlin, evidently, has resorted to yet another anonymous IP to make uncited claims (with remarkably poor punctuation). -- Tenebrae (talk) 03:25, 28 March 2010 (UTC)
 * SQGibbon deserves most of the credit; I just cleaned up a few things and found a couple sources. The article is on my watchlist, so I keep an eye on it when possible. Thanks for your help as well! PDCook (talk) 03:51, 28 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I was hoping that once Schmidlin saw how articles are supposed to work that he'd add material back in following the same form. For instance according to Turner Classic Movies and AICN he did work on the reconstruction of London After Midnight and the film did win an award for that from Rondo (have never heard of them but they give out awards in the horror genre ).  At the least he could put his additions on the talk page and hopefully a source and the rest of us could add it in.  Like I said in his ANI, I do think he's working in good faith but just doesn't get how Wikipedia works. SQGibbon (talk) 05:19, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not so sure. He's supposed to be an adjunct professor. That means he should already be familiar with scholarly research and footnoting. I'm not sure he wants to do it right, but simply sees this as an opportunity for personal promotion. I hope I'm wrong. -- Tenebrae (talk) 14:30, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rick Schmidlin


text:
Berry and Wollstonecraft

Berry and Wollstonecraft was an Australian business partnership established in 1819 between Alexander Berry and Edward Wollstonecraft.

The main focus of the business was on a land grant of 10,000 acres (40 km2), growing to 40,000 acres (162 km2) in the Shoalhaven River area, where native cedar was felled for export, and other crops such as tobacco were grown both for sale in the colony of New South Wales and for export. Berry and Wollstonecraft's business relied heavily on convict labour.

Berry and Wollstonecraft had a warehouse in George Street, Sydney. Business in the city was administered primarily by Edward Wollstonecraft, while Alexander Berry took charge of the rural estate.

title: Berry and Wollstonecraft


text:
Uncompahgre Wilderness

The Uncompahgre Wilderness (formerly called the Big Blue Wilderness) is a U.S. Wilderness Area in southwest Colorado comprising 102721 acre. Elevation in the Wilderness ranges from 8400 ft to 14309 ft, at the summit of Uncompahgre Peak.

Managed by the Uncompahgre National Forest, it is located approximately 5 mi northwest of the town of Lake City and some 10 mi east of the town of Ouray.

The area is named for Uncompahgre Peak, which at 14309 ft is the highest peak in the San Juan Mountains. The Wilderness includes one other prominent fourteener, Wetterhorn Peak at 14015 ft.

Mining claim
Located within the Uncompahgre Wilderness is the Robin Redbreast Gold Mine, owned by Robert and Marjorie Miller of Montrose, Colorado. Marjorie Miller's father staked the claims in 1938, more than 50 years before the land was designated Wilderness, and was preserved by the General Mining Act of 1872. The Forest Service has established requirements that would lessen mining impacts, such as reducing motorized vehicle use and night lighting. The Millers say workers will use picks and shovels to extract ore, haul it out with mule teams over existing trails, and use helicopters to deliver larger equipment to avoid the impacts of truck use. Environmental groups have expressed concern that Acid Rock Drainage and the human footprint created by mining activities will degrade the Wilderness.

title: Uncompahgre Wilderness


text: File:UnhallowedAlbumCover.jpg

title: File:UnhallowedAlbumCover.jpg


text: Category:Fictional judges

title: Category:Fictional judges


text:
Jean B. Fletcher

Jean Bodman Fletcher (January 20, 1915 – September 13, 1965) was an American architect who was a founding member of the well-respected design firm known as TAC, the Architects' Collaborative in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Early life and education
Fletcher was born Jean Bodman in Boston, the daughter of Fenimore L. Bodman and Maud Rogers Bodman. She graduated from Smith College in 1937, and finished her architectural training at the Cambridge School in 1941, an architecture school for women affiliated with Harvard University and Smith.

Work
With her husband, Norman Collings Fletcher she entered and won many residential architecture competitions. In 1945, the Fletchers joined forces with their mentor, Walter Gropius, and five other young architects, including Sarah and John C. Harkness, to establish TAC. The prize money from their winning entries in the Smith College Dormitory Competition provided the first office funds.

Death
Jean Bodman Fletcher died of breast cancer on September 13, 1965, at age 50.

Further sources

 * Pioneering Women of American Architecture, Jean Bodman Fletcher
 * Gropius, Walter, ed. The Architects Collaborative, 1945-1965. Teufen, AR, Niggli: 1966, p. 12.
 * New Yorkers Win Mention: Homes in Modern Styles Featured in Architects' Awards, New York Times, May 13, 1945, p. R1.
 * "Prize Plans in National Contest Stress 'Livability' of New Homes." New York Times, May 13, 1945, p. R1.

title: Jean B. Fletcher


text:
Objective correlative

In literary criticism, an objective correlative is a group of things or events which systematically represent emotions.

Theory
The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed through the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot, who is associated with the literary group called the New Critics. Helping define the objective correlative, Eliot's essay "Hamlet and His Problems", republished in his book The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism discusses his view of Shakespeare's incomplete development of Hamlet's emotions in the play Hamlet. Eliot uses Lady Macbeth's state of mind as an example of the successful objective correlative: "The artistic 'inevitability' lies in this complete adequacy of the external to the emotion….", as a contrast to Hamlet. According to Eliot, the feelings of Hamlet are not sufficiently supported by the story and the other characters surrounding him. The objective correlative's purpose is to express the character's emotions by showing rather than describing feelings as discussed earlier by Plato and referred to by Peter Barry in his book Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory as "...perhaps little more than the ancient distinction (first made by Plato) between mimesis and diegesis…." (28). According to Formalist critics, this action of creating an emotion through external factors and evidence linked together and thus forming an objective correlative should produce an author's detachment from the depicted character and unite the emotion of the literary work.

The "occasion" of Eugenio Montale is a further form of correlative. The works of Eliot were translated into Italian by Montale, who earned the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Origin of terminology
The term was coined by the American painter and poet Washington Allston (1779-1843), and was introduced by T.S. Eliot, rather casually, into his essay "Hamlet and His Problems" (1919); its subsequent vogue in literary criticism, Eliot said, astonished him. In "Hamlet and His Problems", Eliot used the term exclusively to refer to his claimed artistic mechanism whereby emotion is evoked in the audience:

The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an "objective correlative"; in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion; such that when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked. It seems to be in deference to this principle that Eliot famously described the play Hamlet as "most certainly an artistic failure": Eliot felt that Hamlet's strong emotions "exceeded the facts" of the play, which is to say they were not supported by an "objective correlative". He acknowledged that such a circumstance is "something which every person of sensibility has known," but felt that in trying to represent it dramatically, "Shakespeare tackled a problem which proved too much for him".

Criticisms
One possible criticism of Eliot's theory includes his assumption that an author's intentions concerning expression will be understood in one way only. This point is stated by Balachandra Rajan as quoted in David A. Goldfarb's "New Reference Works in Literary Theory" with these words: "Eliot argues that there is a verbal formula for any given state of emotion which, when found and used, will evoke that state and no other."

Examples
A famous haiku by Yosa Buson entitled, The Piercing Chill I Feel illustrates the use of objective correlative within poetry: "The piercing chill I feel: my dead wife's comb, in our bedroom, under my heel..."

In the Clint Eastwood movie Jersey Boys, songwriter Bob Gaudio of The 4 Seasons is asked who the girl is in his song Cry For Me. He makes reference to T.S. Eliot's topic, "the Objective Correlative", as the subject being every girl, or any girl. In adherence to this reference, the author allows himself the literary license to step outside the scope of his personal experience, and to conjecture about the emotions and responses inherent with the situation, and utilize the third party perspective in the first party presentation.

title: Objective correlative


text:
Inner City Broadcasting Corporation

The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ("ICBC") was an American media company based in New York City. It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans.

History
Inner City was founded in 1970 by a group of prominent African-American New Yorkers active in business and civic affairs. They were led by Percy Sutton, an attorney and a former president of the New York borough of Manhattan; and Clarence Jones, a former publisher of the New York Amsterdam News. Sutton and Jones were joined by over fifty shareholders including legendary disk jockey Hal Jackson; Sutton's fellow "Gang of Four" member David Dinkins, who would later become New York's first African-American mayor; Wilbert (Bill) Tatum, who succeeded Jones as publisher of the Amsterdam News; future New York state senator and comptroller Carl McCall; Betty Shabazz, the widow of Black Muslim minister and civil rights leader Malcolm X; civil rights activist, journalist and congressional aide Marcella P. West; and musicians Billy Taylor and Roberta Flack. Dorothy Brunson, who would later become the first African-American woman to wholly own an American radio station, was an executive at the company during its early years.

WLIB, owned by brothers Harry and Morris S. Novik and programmed to New York's black community, was Inner City's first acquisition, in 1972. The sale included a right of first refusal clause to later acquire sister station WLIB-FM, which was renamed WBLS; Inner City exercised the clause two years later. While WLIB continued largely as a talk radio outlet, WBLS's format transitioned from jazz to a progressive mix of black music, under the slogan "The Total Black Experience in Sound." WBLS would experience a period of tremendous success from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s as it pioneered the urban contemporary format under program director Frankie Crocker, and the profile of Inner City rose with it.

Inner City later purchased radio stations in the Los Angeles area; Detroit; San Antonio, Texas (co-founder Percy Sutton's hometown); the San Francisco Bay Area; Philadelphia; Pittsburgh; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Columbia, South Carolina; and Jackson, Mississippi. Inner City also owned a variety of other media assets, including two cable television joint ventures with Time Warner Cable in New York City and Philadelphia.

The company was also given the task of running and reviving the Apollo Theater in New York's Harlem. In this capacity, Inner City Broadcasting was a co-producer of the syndicated television variety series It's Showtime at the Apollo.

Recent developments
In 1990 Percy Sutton retired as chairman of the board of Inner City Broadcasting, though he remained as chairman emeritus until his death in 2009. He was succeeded by his son Pierre Sutton, who served in that capacity until the firm's closure.

In 1999 Inner City lost control of the Apollo Theatre after an investigation by the New York State Attorney General's office (completed by Eliot Spitzer) found that members of the nonprofit Apollo Theatre Foundation, led by Charles Rangel, retained revenues generated by production of It's Showtime at the Apollo. The final decision resulted in Rangel stepping down as chairman of the foundation; he was replaced by actor Ossie Davis. Time Warner took over operational control of the venue as part of the final decision.

In August 2004, ICBC redeemed nearly $140 million accreted value of redeemable preferred stock in a recapitalization led by GE Capital and Alta Communications, a Boston-based private equity firm. By 2006 Inner City had sold or otherwise disposed of the majority of its investments outside of its core radio stations. The last remaining investment, a 60 percent share in Philadelphia-based Urban Cable Works, was sold in November 2005 to Time Warner Cable.

On August 22, 2011, Inner City's creditors petitioned the United States Bankruptcy Court to force the firm's wholly owned subsidiary, Inner City Media Corporation, to declare Chapter 11 bankruptcy on grounds that the company's executives failed to accept a buyout offer. The filing resulted in majority control of Inner City being taken over by YMF Media LLC, controlled jointly by investor Ronald Burkle and former NBA player Earvin "Magic" Johnson. YMF Media eventually purchased 15 Inner City stations for $180 million on October 19, 2012; the firm then broke up the group in a series of subsequent sales during 2013–2014.

title: Inner City Broadcasting Corporation


text:
The Potts

The Potts was an Australian comic strip.

The strip was created in August 1920 by Stan Cross under the name You & Me. In 1939, it was taken over by Jim Russell, who changed it to its current title. The strip was continued by Russell until his death on August 15, 2001. That made The Potts one of the longest-running comic strips of all time and, with 62 years of syndication, the longest-running cartoon strip drawn by the same single artist, beating the record previously held by Frank Dickens' Bristow, which was in syndication for over 51 years, and Marc Sleen's The Adventures of Nero, which was in syndication for a period of 45 years.

The strip first appeared in The Sun News-Pictorial in Melbourne. From 1957 to 1962, it was syndicated in the United States by LaFave Newspaper Features, renamed Uncle Dick.

Publication history
In August 1920 Stan Cross published the first episode of a comic strip known as You & Me in Smith's Weekly. Cross continued to draw the weekly strip for nineteen years until he left Smith's in late December 1939 to join the Melbourne Herald, taking the character of Whalesteeth with him.

In January 1940 the responsibility for You & Me was given to Cross' staff colleague, Jim Russell, who subsequently lightened the tone of the strip and changed the title to Mr & Mrs Potts. Russell resigned from Smith's Weekly after a dispute with the new editor, and not long after in October 1950 Smith's Weekly ceased publication. In a complex financial arrangement, the Melbourne Herald acquired copyright to Mr & Mrs Potts and Russell resumed drawing the strip as a daily.

The modified Mr & Mrs Potts was sold to The Herald and Weekly Times group, first as a daily, then as a Sunday. The new version, The Potts, first appeared in The Sun News-Pictorial on 23 January 1951, and in most other Australian states shortly afterwards. In October 1953, with the merger in Sydney of the Sunday Sun and the Sunday Herald, the strip moved to the newly-created Sun-Herald. By 1958, it had become an international strip, with an estimated daily circulation of 15 million, appearing in New Zealand, Turkey, Canada, Finland, Sri Lanka, and 35 United States newspapers.

In 1976, Russell retired from the Melbourne Herald as a writer and cartoonist, but continued to produce The Potts under a special arrangement which saw the copyright to the strip transferred to him.

Characters and story
Initially the strip only featured two characters, Pott and Whalesteeth, and was designed as a means of offering political comment. The name of the first was derived from rhyming slang in which "the old pot and pan" stood for "the old man"; the name of the second referred to the character's prominently-displayed teeth, which, when he grinned or grimaced, took possession of the entire lower portion of his face. The political nature of the comic was short-lived and Cross was asked to continue it as a domestic humour strip.

Mrs. Potts was introduced in November 1920, and with her came the marital disputes and slanging matches which were to characterise the strip under Cross. In terms of drinking, arguing, swearing and displays of bad temper, You & Me remains unique in Australian comic book history and pre-dated Andy Capp by almost 40 years.

Under Russell, the editors insisted that the strip become "more genteel", so he introduced new characters. By 1951 the characters were: John and Maggie Potts; their neighbour Whalesteeth; their daughter Ann and son-in-law Herb; grandchildren Bunty and Mike; Maggie's Uncle Dick; and Rodger Codger. Later Ann, Herb and Rodger disappeared, and Mike's friend Muggsy was added.

Using Uncle Dick, who was a good-natured scrounger, Russell felt he could "sneak" into the strip the less attractive elements that had been excised from the main characters. Russell once said, "Uncle Dick is the eternal bum in the family... never wants to work. Borrows money... doesn't want to pay it back; boasts to the kids. A real ol' bullshit artist, a WC. Fields type." Often seen as semi-autobiographical, Uncle Dick was apparently initially based on the character Sheridan Whiteside in the 1941 film, The Man Who Came to Dinner, although Russell later wryly admitted: "I’ve grown more like Uncle Dick and Uncle Dick has grown more like me. My wife says he is me".

title: The Potts


text:
Mount Sneffels Wilderness

The Mount Sneffels Wilderness is a wilderness area in southwest Colorado managed by the Uncompahgre National Forest. It is about 5 mi west of the town of Ouray. The area is named for Mt. Sneffels, which at 14150 ft is a prominent fourteener in the San Juan Mountains. The word "Sneffels" is likely an Americanization of the Old Norse word for Snæfell "snow mountain," which is also the namesake of the Snæfellsnes peninsula and Snæfellsjökull volcano in Iceland.

title: Mount Sneffels Wilderness


text: User talk:69.199.178.96

title: User talk:69.199.178.96


text:
Harold Lockwood

Harold A. Lockwood (April 12, 1887 – October 19, 1918) was an American silent film actor, director, and producer. He was one of the most popular matinee idols of the early film period during the 1910s.

Early life and career
Born in Brooklyn, Lockwood was raised and educated in Newark, New Jersey. Upon graduating, he began working in exporting. Lockwood quickly discovered that he did not enjoy exporting and quit to become an actor. He initially began his acting career in vaudeville.

In 1908, Lockwood joined the Selig Company. In 1910, Lockwood signed on with a stock company for David Horsley and appeared in Western shorts. He later worked for the New York Motion Picture Company, Selig Polyscope Company and Famous Players Film Company.

While at Famous Players, Lockwood was cast opposite actress May Allison in Allan Dwan's 1915 romantic film David Harum. The two would appear in over twenty-three films together during the World War I era, and became one of the first celebrated on-screen romantic duos. However, the two were never romantically involved off-screen.

Personal life
On January 8, 1906, Lockwood married Alma Jones. The couple had a son, Harold Lockwood Jr., who later appeared in silent and sound films. Among his earliest credits is the 1928 World War I film Lilac Time, starring Colleen Moore and Gary Cooper.

Death
On October 19, 1918, Lockwood died at the age of 31 of Spanish influenza at the Hotel Woodward in New York City. He had contracted the illness during production of Shadows of Suspicion (1919), which had some scenes completed using a double shot from behind. Lockwood's funeral was held on October 22 at Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel, after which he was buried in the Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

Selected filmography

 * The Best Man Wins (1911)
 * Harbor Island (1912)
 * Hearts Adrift (1914)
 * Tess of the Storm Country (1914)
 * The Scales of Justice (1914)
 * The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch (1914)
 * Such a Little Queen (1914)
 * Wildflower (1914)
 * The Man from Mexico (1914)
 * The Crucible (1914)
 * David Harum (1915)
 * The Great Question (1915)
 * The Buzzard's Shadow (1915)
 * Are You a Mason? (1915)
 * Jim the Penman (1915)
 * Pidgin Island (1916)
 * Big Tremaine (1916)
 * Mister 44 (1916)
 * Intolerance (1916)
 * The Gamble (1916)
 * The Man in the Sombrero (1916)
 * The Other Side of the Door (1916)
 * The Broken Cross (1916)
 * Lillo of the Sulu Seas (1916)
 * The Secret Wire (1916)
 * The Masked Rider (1916)
 * Paradise Garden (1917)
 * The Hidden Children (1917)
 * The Haunted Pajamas (1917)
 * The Promise (1917)
 * The Square Deceiver (1917)
 * The Hidden Spring (1917)
 * The Avenging Trail (1917)
 * Broadway Bill (1918)
 * The Landloper (1918)
 * The Great Romance (1919)
 * Shadows of Suspicion (1919)

title: Harold Lockwood


text: User talk:203.109.147.44

title: User talk:203.109.147.44


text:
Ohio State Route 696

State Route 696 (SR 696, OH 696) is a north–south state route in the western part of the U.S. state of Ohio. State Route 696's southern terminus is at an interchange with the U.S. Route 30 expressway about 1 mi east of Beaverdam.

Established in the late 1930s, State Route 696 is a two-lane highway that runs through parts of Allen and Putnam Counties. While the northern terminus of State Route 696 has remained static through the years, its southern terminus has been in three different locations throughout the Beaverdam area.

Route description
State Route 696 travels through northeastern Allen County and southeastern Putnam County. No part of State Route 696 is included within the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the country.

History

1939 marked the year of inception for State Route 696. Its original routing consisted of the majority of the current alignment of the highway, running between the downtown Beaverdam intersection of Main Street (then a part of U.S. Route 30 and West Street {at the time a part of U.S. Route 25 and its current northern terminus at State Route 12 just west of Pandora.  In 1955, a new by-pass that would later become a part of the Interstate 75 freeway was opened around the south and east sides of Beaverdam.  U.S. Route 25 was re-routed onto this new stretch of highway.  Consequently, State Route 696 was extended a short distance south along the former routing of U.S. Route 25 and a small portion of county-maintained Napoleon Road to end at the U.S. Route 25 by-pass.

Then, in 1999, State Route 696's southern terminus was moved one more time. With the completion of the new U.S. Route 30 expressway heading east from the Beaverdam vicinity to State Route 235, State Route 696 was re-routed east from the intersection of West Street and Main Street in downtown Beaverdam, along the old two-lane alignment of U.S. Route 30, crossing Interstate 75 at its Exit 135, and then going on to a signalized intersection with a connector roadway that links with the newly aligned U.S. Route 30 expressway at a new trumpet interchange. State Route 696 was routed south onto this connector, and then arrived at what is now its southern terminus at that interchange with U.S. Route 30.

title: Ohio State Route 696


text:
Unhallowed

Unhallowed is the debut studio album by American melodic death metal band the Black Dahlia Murder. It was released through Metal Blade Records on June 17, 2003. An enhanced version of the album was released that included photos and info about the band. Metal Blade released a limited edition vinyl version of Unhallowed on August 20, 2013 in honor of the album's tenth anniversary. The band performed the album in its entirety on their spring 2016 tour with Fallujah and Disentomb.

The intro and outro to this record come from the guide Butchering the Human Carcass for Human Consumption by the Church of Euthanasia. The intro is a narration of the section "Gutting" and the outro is from the section titled "Beheading".

The songs "The Blackest Incarnation" and "Closed Casket Requiem" originally appeared on the EP A Cold-Blooded Epitaph and were re-recorded for this album.

Personnel

 * The Black Dahlia Murder
 * Trevor Strnad – lead vocals
 * Brian Eschbach – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * John Kempainen – lead guitar
 * David Lock – bass
 * Cory Grady – drums

 * Additional
 * The Black Dahlia Murder – production
 * Mike Hasty – production, engineer
 * Ryan "Bart" Williams – engineer
 * Jason Clifton – mastering
 * Brian Ebert – photography
 * Adam Wentworth – artwork (graphic design)
 * Jon Zig – artwork (logo)

title: Unhallowed


text:
Hopalong Cassidy (film series)

From 1935 to 1948, 66 American Western films were produced featuring the character Hopalong Cassidy, played in all the films by actor William Boyd. The films were at the time collectively known as "Hoppies". In the films, Hopalong, or "Hoppy", and his white horse, Topper, travel through the Old West while dispensing justice, usually with two companions: one young and trouble-prone with a weakness for damsels in distress, the other older, comically awkward and outspoken.

The juvenile lead was successively played by James Ellison, Russell Hayden, Jay Kirby, George Reeves, Rand Brooks, and Jimmy Rogers. George Hayes (later to become known as "Gabby" Hayes) originally played Cassidy's grizzled sidekick, Windy Halliday. After Hayes left the series because of a salary dispute with producer Harry Sherman, he was replaced by the comedian Britt Wood as Speedy McGinnis and finally by the veteran film comedian Andy Clyde as California Carlson. Clyde, the most durable of the sidekicks, remained with the series until it ended. A few actors of future prominence appeared in Cassidy films, notably Robert Mitchum, who appeared in seven films at the beginning of his career.

Produced by Harry Sherman for Paramount Pictures
• Hop-Along Cassidy (1935) (reissued as "Hopalong Cassidy Enters")

• The Eagle's Brood (1935)

• Bar 20 Rides Again (1935)

• Call of the Prairie (1936)

• Three on the Trail (1936)

• Heart of the West (1936)

• Hopalong Cassidy Returns (1936)

• Trail Dust (1936)

• Borderland (1937)

• Hills of Old Wyoming (1937)

• North of the Rio Grande (1937)

• Rustlers' Valley (1937)

• Hopalong Rides Again (1937)

• Texas Trail (1937)

• Partners of the Plains (1938)

• Cassidy of Bar 20 (1938)

• Heart of Arizona (1938)

• Bar 20 Justice (1938)

• Pride of the West (1938)

• In Old Mexico (1938)

• The Frontiersmen (1938) (sometimes mistakenly listed as "The Frontiersman")

• Sunset Trail (1939)

• Silver on the Sage (1939)

• Renegade Trail (1939)

• Range War (1939)

• Law of the Pampas (1939)

• Santa Fe Marshal (1940)

• The Showdown (1940)

• Hidden Gold (1940)

• Stagecoach War (1940)

• Three Men from Texas (1940)

• Doomed Caravan (1941)

• In Old Colorado (1941)

• Border Vigilantes (1941)

• Pirates on Horseback (1941)

• Wide Open Town (1941)

• Riders of the Timberline (1941)

• Stick to Your Guns (1941)

• Twilight on the Trail (1941)

• Outlaws of the Desert (1941)

• Secrets of the Wasteland (1941)

Produced by Harry Sherman for United Artists
• Lost Canyon (1942)

• Undercover Man (1942)

• Hoppy Serves a Writ (1943)

• Border Patrol (1943)

• Leather Burners (1943)

• Colt Comrades (1943)

• Bar 20 (1943)

• False Colors (1943)

• Riders of the Deadline (1943)

• Texas Masquerade (1944)

• Lumberjack (1944)

• Mystery Man (1944)

• Forty Thieves (1944)

Produced by William Boyd for United Artists
• The Devil's Playground (1946)

• Fool's Gold (1947)

• Unexpected Guest (1947)

• Dangerous Venture (1947)

• The Marauders (1947)

• Hoppy's Holiday (1947)

• Silent Conflict (1948)

• The Dead Don't Dream (1948)

• Sinister Journey (1948)

• Borrowed Trouble (1948)

• False Paradise (1948)

• Strange Gamble (1948)

Home media
After Boyd's death, his company devoted to Hopalong Cassidy, U.S. Television Office, retained control of Cassidy films but, by the mid-1960s, had withdrawn them from television and sales in home movie markets. This remained the situation until the mid-1990s, after many Cassidy fans had died, when the company made available to The Western Channel a package series of restored and cleaned negative-based prints of the films to cable TV. These remained available on that channel until 2000, when they were again withdrawn.

On June 16, 2009, Echo Bridge Home Entertainment released the Hopalong Cassidy Ultimate Collector's Edition, which included all 66 theatrical films on 14 DVDs, packed into a facsimile Hopalong Cassidy tin lunchbox.

As of the present, FilmRise distributes the Cassidy films for YouTube under license from U.S. Television Office, which remains the copyright holder for the franchise.

title: Hopalong Cassidy (film series)


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Mary Azarian

Mary Azarian (born 1940) is an American woodcut artist and children's book illustrator. She won the 1999 Caldecott Medal for U.S. picture book illustration, recognizing Snowflake Bentley by Jacqueline Briggs Martin. It tells about the life of Wilson Bentley. She lives in Calais, Vermont. She produces original prints and has illustrated over 50 books.

Early life
Azarian grew up on her grandfather's farm on the outskirts of Washington, DC. Her grandfather’s farm had thousands of chicken along with geese that would bother the customers that came to buy his eggs. Azarian’s uncle grew vegetables. Being around her family gardens sparked her lifelong interest in nature. When she was young, she would spend her time exploring the woods and fields with her pony named Pasty.

She began drawing and painting at an early age. In 4th grade, she did her first relief print of woodcuts. This piece of art was a 3 x lino block of an angel with the name NOEL at the bottom. She ran into a problem and learned a valuable lesson from this project; words must be reversed when doing a woodcut. Her finished product read LEON.

Education
Azarian continued to lino cuts until she later attended Smith College, where she studied printmaking and painting with one of the great 20th century printmakers, Leonard Baskin.

Career
After she graduated from Smith College, she moved to farm in Vermont. Azarian and her husband raised horses, oxen, chickens, a jersey milk cow, a sheep, and a goat with the help of their three sons.

Before beginning her career as a full-time artist, Azarian taught in a one-room schoolhouse for three years. After she finished her three years of teaching, she decided she wanted to make a living selling woodcut prints. She began producing her prints by hand and in black and white. Eventually, she began adding color to her prints by hand. Finally, she found an old Vandercook proof press and began using it to produce the prints.

In the 1970s, Azarian began illustrating children’s books. In 1999, the American Library Association awarded Azarian the Caldecott Medal for her illustrations in the children's book, Snowflake Bentley.

Family
Mary Azarian is married to her husband Tom and together they have three sons. She also has four grandchildren.

Selected works

 * Snowflake Bentley, written by Jacqueline Briggs Martin
 * A Farmer's Alphabet
 * Barn Cat
 * The Four Seasons of Mary Azarian
 * When the Moon is Full

title: Mary Azarian


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Olde Stone Brewing Company

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:38, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

The Olde Stone Brewing Company
Delete nn pub. No particular claim to fame, and there are only Google hits because there are a few pubs around the place with the same name. -Splash 02:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Gwk 02:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete', non-notable local business. Dcarrano 04:47, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not very famous, not a big attraction. I'll give a weak delete. — Stevey7788 (talk) 05:42, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This page seems like an ad. Little info and mainly just a product list. I compared it to some other brewery articles and found it lacks any real information. Definately not encyclopedic. Hamster Sandwich 07:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Cnwb 07:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 10:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 05:40, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. "Only brewing company in Peterborough" attempts to establish notability (since Peterborough, Ontario is notable enough as a city), but I don't think it establishes enough. I'd consider changing my vote if the article states more reasons that this brewery is notable. --Deathphoenix 17:49, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. Doesn't do much to establish notability.  I would suppport merging this to some article on the Breweries of Ontario if anyone's up to that.--Pharos 06:23, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Only brewery in Peterborough, with distribution, would be notable, but the bar for notability (ha! bar!) of a brew pub is much higher. — mendel ☎ 00:26, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Wikipedia:Organised Watchlists

I'm not sure if this counts as one of the three (guidelines, policy, or process) but I definitely think this is a useful feature that should be considered for future wiki-code.

Note: I am not a programmer, but I understand computers enough to know that this is possible. I do not know how relevant this is to the wikimedia foundation, but it would streamline things immensely for me.

I propose Organised Watchlists.

Explanation and Ideas
What do I mean by this? Well, right now the watch list is kind of a jumbled mess. A useful jumbled mess, and I use it every day, but I believe it would be much simpler and user-friendly if there were a way for the user to organise these lists into categories.

I, as a Wikipedian, tend to watch an absurd amount of articles and topics, ranging from ones that interest me to ones that are part of my lifestyle. I believe if I were able to customise my watchlist so I could separate each list of topics by category, I, and all Wikipedians would be much more efficient with their watchlist-editing.

For example, I would be able to designate a template (table, section, what have you) solely for Egypt-related articles. I could do this for articles relating to Anarchism, Final Fantasy, or anything else I feel like. I *could* technically just make a sub-userpage right now, however, this is not automated. What I propose is integrated watchlist organisation.

There could also be, perhaps, auto-categorisation. From the [[Category:]] links at the bottom of articles, when a Wikipedian wants to watch an article, it would propose categorisations based on what it has already been designated. The user could change these or add more as he or she wished, and articles could overlap into multiple categories.

I also think it would be ideal for these to be coded on your watchlist page in such a way that each template could be collapsable if you did not want to view it at that particular time, a la Bloglines, perhaps.

I believe this is a very solid concept, and I hope other Wikipedians consider it. I realise it would perhaps require an update in the code, and while I don't expect any sort of immediate gratification, whenever the next update is, I strongly suggest this feature be included.

I also realise this proposal is very informal, un-wiki like, and in the first person...I assume since it is a proposal I am allowed to speak from this view.

Lockeownzj00 02:29, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * (this already possible - see talk page)

title: Wikipedia:Organised Watchlists


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Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum

'Argyroxiphium sandwicense'' subsp. macrocephalum, the east Maui silversword or Haleakala silversword''', is a rare plant, part of the family Asteraceae. The silversword in general is referred to as āhinahina in Hawaiian (literally, "very gray").

Distribution
The Haleakala silversword is found on the island of Maui at elevations above 2100 m on the dormant Haleakalā volcanoon the summit depression, the rim summits, and surrounding slopesin Haleakalā National Park. The Haleakala silversword has been a threatened species as defined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, since May 15, 1992. Prior to that time, excessive grazing by cattle and goats, and vandalism inflicted by people in the 1920s, had caused its near extinction. Since strict monitoring and governmental protection took effect, the species' recovery is considered a successful conservation story, although threats remain.

Description
The Haleakala silversword, Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum, has numerous sword-like succulent leaves covered with silver hairs. Silversword plants in general grow on volcanic cinder, a dry, rocky substrate that is subject to freezing temperatures and high winds. The skin and hairs are strong enough to resist the wind and freezing temperature of this altitude and protect the plant from dehydration and the sun.

The plant's base of leaves, arranged in a spherical formation at ground level of the plant, dominates for the majority of the plant's lifewhich may be greater than 50 years. The leaves are arranged so that they and the hairs of the leaves can raise the temperature of the shoot-tip leaves up to 20 °C (68 °F), having adapted to the extreme high-altitude temperatures by focusing the sunlight to converge at this point and warm the plant.

The other subspecies, Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. sandwicense (Mauna Kea silversword), is found on Mauna Kea. They differ primarily in the inflorescence shapebroader in the Haleakalā plants (less than 4 times as long as wide) and narrower on Mauna Kea (4.3–8.6 times as long as wide). The Haleakala subspecies also generally has more ray florets, 11–42 versus 5–20 for Mauna Kea.

Lifecycle
At senescence, which often occurs when the plant reaches a diameter of approximately 0.5 m, the plant produces a tall stalk in just a few weeks of maroon ray flowers which resemble the sunflower. Flowering usually occurs from July through October. The leaves become limp and dry as the monocarpic plant then goes to seed and dies.

The flowering stalk may have up to 600 heads of up to 40 outlying ray flowers and 600 disk flowers and is pollinated by flying insects like Hylaeus (Nesoprosopis) volcanicus. The flower stalk can reach up to 2 m in height and has numerous tiny sticky hairs to prevent crawling insects from damaging the plant. Seeding is a critical time because damage to the flowers or stalk by insects before the seeds can mature can jeopardize the plant's entire reproductive output.

History and conservation
Before the National Park Service was granted control of Haleakalā volcano, visitors to the volcano's summit often participated in the common practice of uprooting a silversword plant and then rolling it on the jagged lava rock terrain, drying the flowers for arrangements, or using the plant as kindling. Because the delicate, shallow root structure can be crushed by walking in the rocks around the plant, they are very sensitive to foreign elements. Feeding by goats also severely damaged many plants and prevented reproduction. Ungulates are now fenced out of the crater area and the species is legally protected from damage by humans.

Reference links

 * Ka’ahele Hawai’i Native Plants
 * Federal recovery plan
 * Hawaiian Silversword Alliance, UH Botany


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McAuslan Brewing

McAuslan Brewing is a Canadian brewery opened in January 1989, and its headquarters located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. After Moosehead Breweries Limited became a major (but not majority) shareholder, the brewery expanded into a new facility in 2002. McAuslan is still located on St-Ambroise street in the St-Henri borough and currently produces approximately 70,000 HL of beer annually.

In June 2008, Les Brasseurs RJ and La Brasserie McAuslan announced a business partnership specifically for sales, marketing and distribution of their respective brands both within Quebec and beyond. In April 2013, Les Brasseurs RJ purchased full control of McAuslan, and McAuslan's founders left the company.

The brewery hosts regular tours (every Wednesday) of its facility, as well as Centre St-Ambroise, a venue hosting concerts of local independent bands. During the summer months, Terrasse St-Ambroise is open behind the brewery on the Lachine Canal bike path near the Cote-St-Paul locks.

title: McAuslan Brewing


text:
User talk:TheJadedGamer

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Please provide sources
Please WP:CITE sources for your additions and/or changes to Wikipedia articles. Can't sleep, clown will eat me 09:31, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:TheJadedGamer


text:
Jim Russell (cartoonist)

James Newton Russell AM MBE (26 March 1909 – 15 August 2001) was an Australian cartoonist who drew The Potts for 62 years.

Russell has entered the Guinness Book of Records for drawing the same comic strip singlehandedly without any assistance for a period of over 62 years, beating the record previously held by Frank Dickens' Bristow, which was in syndication for over 51 years, and Marc Sleen's The Adventures of Nero, which was in syndication for a period of 45 years.

Jim's brother Dan Russell was also a cartoonist.

Biography
Russell was born in Campsie, New South Wales, the son of William John "Billy" Russell, a foreman plumber with the Sydney City Council, the president of the New South Wales Plumbers' Union, the national secretary of the Australian Plumbers and Gasfitters Employees Union, and unsuccessful labour candidate for the seats of Parkes and Canterbury, who was killed in a workplace accident in 1915. His mother Catherine Elizabeth (née Diggs), remarried in 1926 and was one of the first two-woman members of an Australian Upper House of Parliament. Russell was educated at Tempe Technical School and Christian Brothers' High School, Lewisham In 1924 at age 14 he began work as a copy boy on the Daily Guardian before transferring later that year to Smith's Weekly, working as an art room messenger boy to Stan Cross. Russell also studied at the Julian Ashton Art School in Sydney, for six years, while working at various jobs, including a box office attendant at the Sydney Stadium. This led to a brief boxing career, which included winning all five bouts as a welterweight at the Sydney Stadium. During this time he improved his drawing, with sketches he made of notable boxers being published in various Sydney papers. In 1926 the head artist of Fox Films offered to tutor Russell in the basics of art, for which he paid £100 and worked unpaid there for two years.

Russell became Australia's youngest political cartoonist, when in 1928 (at the age of nineteen) he got a job as cartoonist on the Sydney Sunday News until the paper folded in 1931. Russell briefly went to the Referee as sports caricaturist until he rejoined Smith's Weekly and by 1933 was Australia's youngest daily cartoonist, In 1939 he temporarily abandoned cartooning and accompanied the Australian Davis Cup team to the United States as a tennis writer. The team won the cup just as World War II broke out. Russell tried to enlist in the Royal Australian Air Force, unsuccessfully.

When Stan Cross left Smith's in 1940 Russell succeeded him as art editor and also took over drawing Cross's comic strips, including You and Me, which he renamed Mr and Mrs Pott, and from 1950, The Potts. Through the war years Russell was responsible for two satirical strips, Adolf, Herman and Musso (which made fun of Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring and Benito Mussolini) and Schmit der Sphy. He won 1st prize in the Voluntary Services section in the National Gallery of Victoria's 1945 "Australia at War" exhibition.

Russell branched out into comic books during the 1940s when import restrictions gave Australian comics a lion's share of the market. At the beginning of 1947, Jim and his older brother, Dan, began their own publishing company, All-Australian Comics. The lead title of the company was Tex Morton's Wild West Comics, starring the popular country music singer. Like many Australian comics of the time, it was a copy of American material, in this case, featuring cowboy actors such as Roy Rogers and Gene Autry. Tex Morton was always featured in a lead-off story along with his mates Jacky, Shorty and Slim, drawn by Dan Russell. For the first two years companion features were Keith Chatto's Bunny Allen, Les Dixon's Alfie the Jackaroo and a series of bush yarns by Jack Hemming. Early in 1949 they added another title, Kanga's K.O. Comics, with the lead strip drawn by Russell, who used the pseudonym 'Mick Newton'. Russell also used the pseudonym on a revised version of Wanda Dare in Tex Morton Comics (the earlier version of Wanda Dare, a lady reporter, having previously been drawn by Dan).

In the middle of 1950 All-Australian Comics ran into financial difficulties due to rising production costs and the company folded by the end of the year. Russell resigned from Smith's Weekly after a dispute with the new editor, and not long after, in October 1950, Smith's Weekly folded. By a complex financial arrangement, the Melbourne Herald had acquired copyright to The Potts, and he resumed drawing the strip in its new role as a daily

Russell also wrote film reviews and other articles, was a radio and television personality, a publisher of dancing and music magazines and ran two travel agencies.

In 1924, Russell was one of the founders of the Black and White Artists' Club. He succeeded Cross as president in 1955–57, then again in 1965–73. He won the Club's first Silver Stanley in 1985 for his contribution to black and white art, was appointed its patron in 1984 and a life member in 1991. In 1993 he was elected a member of the United States National Cartoonists Society, the only Australian ever to receive this honour.

Personal
Russell married Lillian "Billie" Brann (d. 1995) in 1931; they had a daughter Judith Aileen. He died 15 August 2001.

Recognition
In 1978 he was awarded the MBE, then later the AM.

The Australian Cartoonist's Association Silver Stanley Award is now known as the Jim Russell Award and is awarded to a cartoonist for services to the cartooning industry. Russell was their longtime secretary (then known as the Black and White Artists' Club).

title: Jim Russell (cartoonist)


text:
User talk:Nostephe

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Nostephe