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Vienna Convention on Road Traffic

The Convention on Road Traffic, commonly known as the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, is an international treaty designed to facilitate international road traffic and to increase road safety by establishing standard traffic rules among the contracting parties. The convention was agreed upon at the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Conference on Road Traffic (7 October – 8 November 1968) and concluded in Vienna on 8 November 1968. This conference also produced the Convention on Road Signs and Signals. The convention had amendments on 3 September 1993 and 28 March 2006. There is a European Agreement supplementing the Convention on Road Traffic (1968), which was concluded in Geneva on 1 May 1971.

Contracting parties
The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic was concluded at Vienna on 8 November 1968. Since its entry into force on 21 May 1977, in signatory countries ("Contracting Parties") it replaces previous road traffic conventions, notably the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic, in accordance with Article 48 of the convention. As of October 2022, the convention has been ratified by 86 countries, but those who have not ratified the convention may still be parties to the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic. Ireland, Canada, the United States, Cyprus, Iceland, Malta, China and Malaysia are examples of non-signatory countries. Several other countries, such as Spain and Mexico, have signed the convention but have not ratified it.

Cross-border vehicles
One of the main benefits of the convention for motorists is the obligation on signatory countries to recognize the legality of vehicles from other signatory countries. The following requirements must be met when driving outside the country of registration:
 * Cars must display their registration number at the front and rear, even if legislation in the jurisdiction of registration does not require a front vehicle registration plate on cars. Motorcycles need to display their registration number only at the rear. Registration numbers must be composed either of numerals or of numerals and letters. They must be displayed in capital Latin characters and Arabic numerals. In addition to this, the registration number may optionally be displayed in a different alphabet.
 * A distinguishing sign of the country of registration must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle. This sign may either be placed separately from the registration plate or may be incorporated into the vehicle registration plate.
 * The physical requirements for the separate sign are defined in Annex 3 of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which states that the letters shall be in black on a white background having the shape of an ellipse with the major axis horizontal. The distinguishing sign should not be affixed in such a way that it could be confused with the registration number or impair its legibility.
 * When the distinguishing sign is incorporated into the registration plate, it must also appear on the front registration plate of the vehicle, and may be supplemented with the flag or emblem of the national state, or the emblem of the regional economic integration organization to which the country belongs. The distinguishing sign should be displayed on the far left or far right on the registration plate. When a symbol/flag/emblem is also displayed, the distinguishing sign shall obligatorily be placed on the far left on the plate. The distinguishing sign shall be positioned to be easily identifiable and so that it cannot be confused with the registration number or impair its legibility. The distinguishing sign shall therefore be at least a different color from the registration number, or have a different background color to that reserved for the registration number, or be clearly separated from the registration number, preferably with a line.
 * The vehicle must meet all technical requirements to be legal for road use in the country of registration. Any conflicting technical requirements (e.g., right-hand-drive or left-hand-drive) in the signatory country where the vehicle is being driven do not apply.
 * The driver must carry the vehicle's registration certificate, and if the vehicle is not registered in the name of an occupant of the vehicle (e.g., a hire car), proof of the driver's right to be in possession of the vehicle.

The convention also addresses minimum mechanical and safety equipment needed to be on board and defines an identification mark (Annex 4) to identify the origin of the vehicle.

Vienna Convention and autonomous driving
One of the fundamental principles of the convention has been the concept that a driver is always fully in control and responsible for the behavior of a vehicle in traffic. This requirement is challenged by the development of technology for collision avoidance systems and autonomous driving.

Since 2021, an automated driving system definition is proposed — in Article 1 of Convention on Road Traffic — as a vehicle system that uses both hardware and software to exercise dynamic control of a vehicle on a sustained basis where Dynamic control is defined as carrying out all the real-time operational and tactical functions required to move the vehicle. This includes controlling the vehicle's lateral and longitudinal motion, monitoring the road, responding to events in the road traffic, and planning and signalling for manoeuvres.

"The requirement that every moving vehicle or combination of vehicles shall have a driver is deemed to be satisfied while the vehicle is using an automated driving system which complies with:

(a) domestic technical regulations, and any applicable international legal instrument, concerning wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted and/or be used on wheeled vehicles, and

(b) domestic legislation governing operation.

The effect of this Article is limited to the territory of the Contracting Party where the relevant domestic technical regulations and legislation governing operation apply."

According to a British explanatory Memorandum on the Proposal of Amendment to Article 1 and new Article 34 bis of the 1968 Convention on Road Traffic, this amendment should enter into force 18 months following the date of its circulation, on 14 July 2022, unless it is rejected before 13 January 2022.

International Driving Permit
The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic is the newest of three conventions that governs International Driving Permits. The other two are the 1926 Paris International Convention relative to Motor Traffic and the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic. When a state is contracting to more than one convention, the newest one terminates and replaces previous ones in relations between those states.

The main regulations about driving licences are in Annex 6 (domestic driving permit) and Annex 7 (International Driving Permit). The currently active version of those is in force in each contracting party since no later than 29 March 2011 (Article 43). According to the 1968 Vienna Convention, an IDP must have an expiration date of no more than three years from its issue date or until the expiration date of national driving permit, whichever is earlier, and it is valid for a period of one year upon the arrival in the foreign country.

Article 41 of the convention describes requirements for driving licences. Key of those are:
 * every driver of a motor vehicle must hold a driving licence;
 * driving licences can be issued only after passing theoretical and practical exams, which are regulated by each country or jurisdiction;
 * Contracting parties shall recognize as valid for driving in their territories:
 * any domestic driving licence drawn up in their national language or in one of their national languages, or, if not drawn up in such a language, accompanied by a certified translation;
 * domestic driving licence conforms to the provisions of annex 6 to the convention;
 * International Driving Permit conforms to the provisions of annex 7 to the convention, on condition that it is presented with the corresponding domestic driving licence;
 * driving licences issued by a contracting party shall be recognised in the territory of another contracting party until this territory becomes the place of normal residence of their holder;
 * all of the above does not apply to learner-driver licences;
 * the period of validity of an international driving permit shall be either no more than three years after the date of issue or until the date of expiry of the domestic driving licence, whichever is earlier;
 * Contracting parties may refuse to recognise the validity of driving licences for persons under eighteen or, for categories C, D, CE and DE, under twenty-one;
 * an international driving permit shall only be issued by the contracting party in whose territory the holder has their normal residence and that issued the domestic driving licence or that recognised the driving licence issued by another contracting party; it shall not be valid for use in that territory.

Prior to 29 March 2011, annex 6 and annex 7 defined forms of driver's licences that are different from those defined after that date. Driving licences issued before 29 March 2011 that match older edition of the annexes are valid until their expiration dates (article 43).

Before 29 March 2011 the convention demanded contracting parties to recognise as valid for driving in their territories:
 * any domestic driver's licence drawn up in their national language or in one of their national languages, or, if not drawn up in such a language, accompanied by a certified translation;
 * any domestic driver's licence conforming to the provisions of annex 6 to the convention; and
 * any international driver permit conforming to the provisions of annex 7 to the convention.

International conventions on transit transport
The broad objective of these international conventions and agreements, the depositary of which is the Secretary-General of the United Nations, is to facilitate international transport while providing for a high level of safety, security, and environmental protection in transport:
 * Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be used for such Carriage (ATP) (1970)
 * Convention on Customs Treatment of Pool Containers Used in International Transport (1994)
 * Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods By Road (1956) and its protocol (1978)
 * Convention concerning Customs Facilities for Touring (1954)
 * Customs Convention on Containers (1956, 1972)
 * Customs Convention on the Temporary Importation of Commercial Road Vehicles (1956)
 * Customs Convention on the Temporary Importation of Private Road Vehicles (1954)
 * European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) (1957) and its Protocol amending articles 1 and 14 (1993)
 * Geneva Convention on Road Traffic (1949)
 * European Agreement concerning the Work of Crews of Vehicles engaged in International Road Transport (1970)
 * International Convention to Facilitate the Crossing of Frontiers for Passengers and Baggage Carried by Rail (1952)
 * International Convention to Facilitate the Crossing of Frontiers for Goods Carried by Rail (1952)
 * International Convention on the Harmonization of Frontier Controls of Goods (1982)
 * TIR Convention

title: Vienna Convention on Road Traffic


text:
User talk:Wikihoward

Welcome!
Hello, Wikihoward, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  21:52, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Wikihoward


text:
Talk:Ice cube

"Clear ice by boiling" myth
Just going to leave this here that there's a common misconception that boiling water before freezing it gives clear ice by removing dissolved gases; it seems like this only clarifies the ice somewhat but not totally. Edderiofer (talk) 05:42, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ice cube


text:
Centaurea nigrescens

Centaurea nigrescens, the Tyrol knapweed, short-fringed knapweed or Tyrol thistle, is a perennial plant in the genus Centaurea that grows natively in Central and South-eastern Europe (from Southern Germany and Northern Italy to Romania and Bulgaria). It has also been introduced and is now a noxious weed in the Northern United States, Canada, and Southern Australia. It has purple flowers and it flowers in the summer (June to September).

title: Centaurea nigrescens


text:
User talk:Mrtea

Talk archives

 * Great reading (July, 2005—April, 2006)
 * Years gone by (May, 2006—September, 2008)

Back at it
Another project editing and writing an article, hopefully up to featured article status. This time around,. Just letting you know in case you wanted to keep an eye. --Mstmaurice (talk) 19:01, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Halton ontario policecrest.png
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 * Didn't catch this in time unfortunately. Mrtea (talk)

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Disambiguation link notification for April 15
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Talk:Roy_Masters_(commentator)
The review you requested is there. Cheers, --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:44, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

Disputed non-free use rationale for File:ConservationHalton.png
Thank you for uploading File:ConservationHalton.png. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this file on Wikipedia may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the file description page and adding or clarifying the reason why the file qualifies under this policy. Adding and completing one of the templates available from Non-free use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your file is in compliance with Wikipedia policy. Please be aware that a non-free use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for files used under the non-free content policy require both a copyright tag and a non-free use rationale.

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Rick Moranis
Cheers to you for changing Rick Moranis' acting history. I just read the Hollywood Reporter story today and logged into Wikipedia to make the edit tonight, but you beat me to it! Good job. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zlove21 (talk • contribs) 01:26, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

I was missing as a Wikipedia editor since 2007.
Hello Mrtea, I saw your message from 2014 about my edit work in 2007 on Roy Masters. Yes, I was gone for a while. First discouraged by the hyenas masquerading as editors. Then I forgot my user name and password. Larry R. Holmgren (talk) 08:18, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

To Mreta from Paul Hale
Mreta:

I am now a 2020 FEC Registered Candidate for President; while this is getting to you late, I would appreciate if you do not "Soapbox" on my "non-worthiness" to appear in Wikipedia. I'll invite you to #HaleAsTheChief and you can make you immediate corrections: My mother remains are rotted sixty-two days by Brian Kemp as Secretary of State and Chief of the Georgia Funeral Board - In 2018 - Documents are posted of him doing so.

As of right now, I have you and Wales, on the hook for Conspiracy an I am not letting go.

You have a lot of 'splanin' to do.

Paul Hale Clayton State University Descendant, Humphridus, King of one of the Twelve Celtic Tribes of Wales, 80 B.C. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.58.139.172 (talk) 09:53, 15 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mrtea


text:
Police Federation of England and Wales

The Police Federation of England and Wales (PFEW) is the statutory staff association for police constables, sergeants, inspectors, chief inspectors and special constables in the 43 territorial police forces in England and Wales. Under UK labour law, the police are prohibited from joining ordinary trade unions to defend pay and working conditions, by the Police Act 1996, because of the view that a police strike would pose an exceptional public safety risk. The PFEW was originally established by the Police Act 1919 as an alternative system, which would serve to represent staff, and where disputes could be resolved through arbitration so long as the government (as employer) continued to bargain in good faith.

PFEW represents more than 130,000 members. Members can elect not to pay subscriptions and thereby not receive the legal representation and other benefits that paying members receive, but they still continue officially to be members of the Federation. Superintendents and chief superintendents are represented by a separate staff association, the Police Superintendents' Association of England and Wales (PSA), while the most senior officers are members of the Chief Police Officers Staff Association (CPOSA).

History
The Police Federation of England and Wales was set up by the Police Act 1919 after two British police strikes in 1918 and 1919. The government of the day were frightened by the prospect of the police going on strike and created the PFEW and withdrew the right of officers in the UK to strike.

Police officers hold office and are not employees. Each officer is an independent legal official and not an "agent of the police force, police authority or government". This allows the police their unique status and notionally provides the citizens of the UK a protection from any government that might wish unlawfully to use the police as an instrument against them. Many observers mistakenly equate the Police Federation with a trade union. This is technically an incorrect assumption, as it was set up specifically by the Government of the day not to be a trade union; however in reality the Federation does function in a similar manner. It negotiates with key decision makers including the Government and chief constables on all matters concerning its membership's pay, allowances, hour of duty, annual leave, pensions and other conditions of service. However, unlike a union, the Federation is controlled entirely by serving police officers, has no political affiliations, and has no powers to call a strike. That is not to say the Federation remains aloof from applying political pressure, as shown by the successful 1976 ballot regarding the right to strike and the 2012/13 "Plebgate" affair.

Organisation
Each of the 43 police forces in England and Wales has its own Federation branch board and council. The 43 forces are grouped into eight regions. Due to its size, the Metropolitan Police Federation branch board is structured differently.

At the end of December 2012, the PFEW announced it would be independently reviewed. The review was conducted by Sir David Normington and the Police Federation accepted all 36 recommendations of the review in May 2014 and started working through making these organisational changes.

As such, an Interim National Board (INB) was set up (formerly the Joint Central Committee) which had responsibility for national pay negotiations on behalf of its members. This has now been superseded by the National Board. It also performs many other functions, such as training, administering legal representation and liaising with government and other national bodies on policy and legislative matters. The present national board chair is Steve Hartshorn.

The PFEW's headquarters is at Leatherhead, Surrey, in a complex which also incorporates the Federation's national training centre and a hotel facility for Federation members.

Past turbulence
The chair and general secretary of PFEW both retired after a "turbulent period" on 7 April 2014. Steve Williams and Ian Rennie announced their plans to retire from the police service at the end of May. Steve White was elected as Chair and Andy Fittes elected as General Secretary at the Police Federation's Annual Conference in May 2014.

At the same conference (on 21 May 2014), the Home Secretary Theresa May announced that public funding of the Police Federation would end in August 2014.

title: Police Federation of England and Wales


text:
User:Randycolby

May God shine His light upon the instruments of darkness that seek to guide and mold the global framework into their own morbid and selfish design.

title: User:Randycolby


text:
Don't Be Happy... Just Worry

Don't Be Happy... Just Worry is the second extended play (EP) by British rock band The Wildhearts. Released on 23 November 1992 by East West and Bronze Records, it consists of remixed versions of all four tracks from the band's first EP Mondo Akimbo a-Go-Go alongside four new tracks recorded at Rockfield Studios in Rockfield, Wales with producer Robert Musso. The EP was the band's first release to chart, reaching number 91 on the UK Albums Chart.

Background
After touring in promotion of their debut EP Mondo Akimbo a-Go-Go, the Wildhearts recorded four new tracks at Rockfield Studios in Rockfield, Monmouthshire, Wales in the summer of 1992. For the sessions, the band worked with American producer Robert Musso and mixing engineer Terry Date. In addition to the new songs, Don't Be Happy... Just Worry also features all four tracks from Mondo Akimbo a-Go-Go, newly remixed by Date and dubbed the "Anti-Dance Mixes". The EP was released on 23 November 1992 by East West and Bronze Records, on double CD and double 12" vinyl. A single-disc mini album version was issued on 25 April 1994.

Commercial
Don't Be Happy... Just Worry was the Wildhearts' first release to chart, registering at number 91 on the UK Albums Chart.

Critical
Don't Be Happy... Just Worry received mixed reviews from critics. In a brief feature for Music Week around the time of its initial release, Andy Martin gave the EP a rating of two out of five. Martin later reviewed the EP for Music Week upon its 1994 reissue, this time awarding it three out of five and hailing it as being "brimful of topping pop rock songs". In a retrospective review for the website AllMusic, Eduardo Rivadavia gave the EP two and a half out of five stars, describing it as a "much-improved second effort" by the band. Rivadavia praised the release for "prov[ing] just how far the Wildhearts had come in those six months", highlighting "Splattermania", "Dreaming in A" and "Something Weird (Going on in My Head)". Music & Media praised "Turning American" and "Crying Over Nothing" as "the right pacemakers for rock radio".

Personnel
The Wildhearts Additional personnel
 * Ginger Wildheart – lead vocals, guitar, production
 * C. J. Wildheart – guitar, backing vocals, production
 * Danny McCormack – bass, production
 * Bam Ross – drums, production
 * Dan Priest – production and engineering on tracks 1–4
 * Doug Cook – engineering on tracks 1–4
 * Robert Musso – production on tracks 5–8
 * Paul Cobbold – engineering on tracks 5–8
 * Terry Date – mixing on tracks 5–8, remix on tracks 1–4

title: Don't Be Happy... Just Worry


text:
Talk:VIA Technologies

VIA
VIA, in its generic sense, stands for the 'Virtual Interface Architecture' being promoted By Microsoft, Intel and Compaq. VI is a clustering technology that operates independently of processors, operating systems (like Windows or OS2), and media.

VI Architecture standardizes the interface for high-performance network technologies known as System Area Networks (SANs). Utilizing a SAN, VI Architecture transforms a collection of independent standards-based servers into a highly scalable cluster that can meet the performance and capacity requirements of the largest and most demanding enterprise applications. Its fast server-to-server communications can enhance an application's scalability and performance in a variety of ways from allowing a single application to run efficiently across dozens of clustered nodes, to speeding up the exchange of data between distributed application modules running on different application servers.

Chris Dodd, a Senior Principal Engineer in the Performance Networking Lab in Intel’s Corporate Technology Group, was the principal architect for the Virtual Interface Architecture for SANs, lead architect of the team that developed the system architecture that was the basis for the teraflops system deployed at Sandia National Laboratory and technical lead and manager of the Next Generation I/O architecture group (the precursor of InfiniBand* Architecture).

One of VIA's key efficiencies is to enable smooth interfacing of general-purpose computers to high-speed switched networks, a long-stnading problem. This is set out in Intel Press's book "The Virtual Interface Architecture" Chapter 1 of Intel's book "The Virtual Interface Architecture"
 * That's fine, but this page is about the chipset maker. Are you sure you meant to put this here? -lee 07:15, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

POV
This articles ending reads like an advertisement it reaks of POV

Until you sign your user name, or state what exactly is POV, I'm removing the tag. Give specifics - just moaning is not enough for me to take you seriously. I've seen this before on the NVIDIA pages, when people insisted we write a corproate history of NVIDA without talking about the GeForce line of products. Stop me while I fall about laughing........Timharwoodx 18:45, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

S3 joint venture partner?
Who is the partner of VIA in the S3 JV? Alinor 12:04, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

No proof VIA is associated with Formosa Plastics Group
I searched everywhere for the connection, and the only source I found was. But the funny thing it is that I cannot be sure that this information is true because I couldnt find it neither at Via site: nor at Formosa Plastics Group site I guess what happened it is that someone looked at the information on that page and just copied elsewhere, on news sites and now on wikipedia. Daniel de França (talk) 12:19, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Here's a hint for german speaking users: http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/VIA-steigt-aus-dem-Geschaeft-mit-AMD-und-Intel-Chipsaetzen-aus-194898.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.123.108.1 (talk) 08:44, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

Market Trends
"suddenly found huge market appeal, and profits soared." This sounds pretty biased to me, unless there is solid evidence for this. 220.255.7.142 (talk) 03:54, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Bet 20 bucks VIA's marketing guys "improved" this article
"VIA VX855 Media System Processor Brings Power-Efficiency to 1080p HD Video Playback"

Which in a parallel (non marketing-biased) Wikipedia universe would translate to:

"VIA made a CPU that can decode 1080p video"

or be absent altoghether, as it's not that much important to go into the history summary —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.73.208.14 (talk) 13:00, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Products
'VIA will need these divisions to remain competitive in the core-logic market.' - Although debateable as a fact, is expressed as a boardroom opinion. Should be left out or quoted from source. And doesn't really add to the info being conveyed. Preroll (talk)

title: Talk:VIA Technologies


text: Category:Languages of Uruguay

title: Category:Languages of Uruguay


text:
File:Fasttracklogobbc.jpg

Summary
This image is from bbcworld.com.

Licence
Fair use is claimed for the purposes of illustrating the article Fast Track (British TV series).

title: File:Fasttracklogobbc.jpg


text:
Talk:Reinhardt Schneider

Needs merging
This article and the Reinhart Schneider article need to be merged (there is duplication). Also needs context as the top of this article states. User:FeanorStar7

Nathan and Maria
I thought the characters is "Circle of the Moon" had no connections to the Belmont family. Nathan isn't a descendant of the Belmonts, is he? And Maria, I don't think she's descendant of the Belmonts or Sypha Belnades. Is there proof?
 * You're right, it is never stated that Nathan is a Belmont, that should be removed. However, Maria Renard is a Belmont descendant. (It says so in the Rondo of Blood manual. See the link in her character page for the translated text at the Castlevania Dungeon website.) Guermantes 05:59, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Second ending
From the alternate game, C64, not Legacy of Darkness, is therenot a diferent bad ending, or is that guy Gilles de Rais?

title: Talk:Reinhardt Schneider


text:
Generative semantics

Generative semantics was a research program in theoretical linguistics which held that syntactic structures are computed on the basis of meanings rather than the other way around. Generative semantics developed out of transformational generative grammar in the mid-1960s, but stood in opposition to it. The period in which the two research programs coexisted was marked by intense and often personal clashes now known as the linguistics wars. Its proponents included Haj Ross, Paul Postal, James McCawley, and George Lakoff, who dubbed themselves "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse".

Generative semantics is no longer practiced under that name, though many of its central ideas have blossomed in the cognitive linguistics tradition. It is also regarded as a key part of the intellectual heritage of head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) and construction grammar, and some of its insights live on in mainstream generative grammar. Pieter Seuren has developed a semantic syntax which is very close in spirit to the original generative semantics framework, which he played a role in developing.

Interpretive or generative?
The controversy surrounding generative semantics stemmed in part from the competition between two fundamentally different approaches to semantics within transformational generative syntax. In the 1960s, work in the generative tradition assumed that semantics was interpretive in the sense that the meaning of a sentence was computed on the basis of its syntactic structure rather than the other way around. In these approaches, syntactic structures were generated by rules stated in terms of syntactic structure alone, with no reference to meaning. Once generated, these structures would serve as the input to a semantic computation which would output a denotation. This approach captured the relationship between syntactic and semantic patterns, while allowing the syntax to work independently of the semantics, as Chomsky and others had argued for on the basis of empirical observations such as the famous "colorless green ideas sleep furiously" sentence.

The generative semantics framework took the opposite view, positing that syntactic structures are computed on the basis of meanings. In this approach, meanings were generated directly by the grammar as deep structures, and were subsequently transformed into recognizable sentences by transformations. This approach necessitated more complex underlying structures than those proposed by Chomsky, and thus more complex transformations. Despite this additional complexity, the approach was appealing in several respects. First, it offered a powerful mechanism for explaining synonymity. In his initial work in generative syntax, Chomsky motivated transformations using active/passive pairs such as "I hit John" and "John was hit by me", which have different surface forms despite their identical truth conditions. Generative semanticists wanted to account for all cases of synonymity in a similar fashion, which proved to be a challenge given the tools available at the time. Second, the theory had a pleasingly intuitive structure: the form of a sentence was quite literally derived from its meaning via transformations. To some, interpretive semantics seemed rather "clunky" and ad hoc in comparison. This was especially so before the development of trace theory.

Despite its opposition to generative grammar, the generative semantics project operated largely in Chomskyan terms. Most importantly, the generative semanticists, following Chomsky, were opposed to behaviorism and accepted his idea that language is acquired and not learned. Chomsky and Lakoff were united by their opposition to the establishment of formal semantics in the 1970s. The notion that meaning generates grammar is itself old and fundamental to the Port-Royal Grammar (1660), Saussure's Course in General Linguistics (1916), and Tesnière's dependency grammar (1957) among others. By contrast, generative semantics was faced with the problem of explaining the emergence of meaning in neuro-biological rather than social and rational terms. This problem was solved in the 1980s by Lakoff in his version of Cognitive Linguistics, according to which language generates through sensory experience. Thus, engaging with the physical world provides the person with visual, tactile and other sensory input, which crystallizes into language in the form of conceptual metaphors, organizing rational thinking. Such a view of the mind has not been fully approved by neuroscientists.

title: Generative semantics


text:
Talk:Butt hook

A bit of googling reveals there is also a snooker butt hook. I haven't added it because I can't work out what it is. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 21:56, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Butt hook


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Charles Darwin's illness

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Reading the later comments and observing the history suggests there has been some work during this VfD, and so I've not reverted to an earlier version as some votes suggest. Anybody can of course be WP:BOLD and do so if they should wish. -Splash 04:17, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Charles Darwin's illness
Much of the content is (poorly written) personal research; more importantly, the article is unencyclopædic, concerning a part of Darwin's life that is dealt with in sufficient detail in the Charles Darwin article. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:57, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete (just to make things clear). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:57, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've read the comments by those arguing for keeping the article, and gone back to look at it 9and its earlier forms). I'm not convinced (to put it mildly), but it's clear that I'm in a small minority. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:19, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but revert. Take a look at the page history. I wrote the original, it was then expanded considerably by user:Rsabbatini (a.k.a. Renato M.E. Sabbatini a Brazilian doctor with expertise in this area). The article around 9 July 2005 was pretty good, had references, etc.  It was then furiously edited by  aka  aka 128.205... who through I think newbie overzealousness plus the fact that he's a YECist did the original research (though I think he was doing it in good faith and has remained civil so far, despite the fact that most of his edits elsewhere are being reverted).  I think it might be a good idea to revert to the version around 9 July, but was waiting for someone else to do it.
 * As for the charge that it is unencyclopedic, one has to bear in mind that Darwin was the greatest scientist of all time and the length of the article we have on him can't discuss it in detail, i.e it is of appropriate depth. The references to articles in the peer-reviewed literature shows an interest in this subject and thus importance. Dunc|☺ 22:10, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, first, the claim that Darwin is the geratest scientist of all time is dubious, to put it mildly. Secondly, even if he were, that's not a good enough reason to include articles on matters unrelated to his science (even if his desperate detractors try to insinuate that it's related).  Thirdly, there are articles on ''everything' in the peer-reviewd literature (for various reasons, into which this isn't the place to go). --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:19, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and revert to before Creationist/Kdbuffalo earlier versions of the article make clear why it is notable - - but it does need extensive cleanup, and I am not at all sure that it should be such an extensive article as it is. It would be part of the series on Creationism.      22:19, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Er, no, it's part of the series on Charles Darwin which should all be in category:Charles Darwin. Dunc|☺ 22:22, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The only claim to notability of the article is how the illness is used by creationists to discredit evolution (by ad hominem).     21:28, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but revert per Dunc CanadianCaesar 23:04, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs a little minor formatting but detailed article and consistent with our coverage of Charles Darwin. Capitalistroadster 01:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup / improve formatting ,,,,,dave souza 20:58, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This has gone downhill badly since it was featured on "Did you know?" but that's no reason for deletion. CalJW 21:33, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I found the page interesting and fairly complete. It adds something to the Darwin page.  We shouldn't get rid or it.

MY REPLY
I appreciate duncharris's assistance with me in regards to Wikipedia technical matters. I also appreciate his comment about me acting in good faith and behaving in a civil manner. I would like to say that I enjoy doing historical/medical/psychology research. This is why I found the Darwin illness issue interesting.

Now I don't think there can be an denying that I based my material solely on the medical and history of Darwin (vis a vis quotes of Darwin which I gave in full context). I also used the reported scientific consensus vis a vis Britain's prestigious Academy of science the Royal Society. Personally, I find JAMA, British Medical Journal, Royal Society, American Journal of Medicine, and Dr. Colp to be excellent sources and very informative. I also quoted the saltationist (punctuated equilbrium) Richard Milner. I also gave excellent sources regarding the etiology of panic disorder vis a vis studies. So far, nobody has said why my research exactly was errant.

Below is some of my medical sources categorized by the source they came from:

Darwin's sickness as reported in The American Journal of Medicine

According to the article "The Illness of Charles Darwin" by William B. Bean in the September 1978 publication of the American Journal of Medicine rarely did a day go by where Darwin did not have in "many degrees of severity and many combinations" the following medical symptoms:  nausea, severe vomiting, flatulence, alimentary canal pain, various forms of eruption of the skin, and nervous exhaustion.

Dr. Bean also noted the following symptoms obtained from a Darwin letter:

"My nervous system began to be so affected so that my hands trembled and my head was often swimming".

Dr. Bean quotes from another Darwin letter the following symptoms:

"involuntary twitching of the muscle...fainting feeling - black spots before the eyes."

Dr. Bean wrote in his article that Darwin suffered from '''"psychoneurosis provoked and exaggerated by his evolutionary ideas". ''' Dr. Bean also wrote that his Darwin's wife, Emma, greatly disapproved of his evolutionist ideas and "This, facismile of public reaction, must have kept lively his anxiety and torment."

Lastly, some have claimed that Darwin got Chagas disease in South America. Dr. Bean dismisses the diagnosis of Chagras disease for Darwin's illness which has been attributed for Darwin's illness and due to the following reasons: no other member of the Beagle crew had symptoms of Chagras disease,  "infection with T cruzi occurs not from a bite but contamination of a bite with excreta" and Darwin had "numerous partial exacerbations and remissions that would be unusual in the case of Chagras disease".

Psychic Causation And a Royal Society Article

The Royal Society is the independent scientific academy of the UK. It should be noted that in the abstract for the January 1997 article, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, D. A. B. Young, "Darwin's illness and systemic lupus erythematosus" (for the full article see: Notes Rec R Soc Lond. 1997 Jan;51(1):77-86) it states that today the psychogenic view of Darwin's sickness "holds the field". Also, the abstract stated that D. A. B. Young noted subsequent to AW Woodruff's work showing that Darwin did not likely have chagas disease, the chagas view finds little support. Even the leading proponent of Chagas disease, Dr. Saul Adler, stated that Darwin may have suffered both from chagas diseas and from "an innate or acquired neurosis" (see subsequent discussion of Chagas disease).

Darwin's sickness as reported in Journal of the American Medical Association

In the article "Charles Darwin and Panic Disorder" by Thomas J. Barloon, MD and Russel Noyes, Jr. MD published in the January 8, 1997 Journal of the American Medical Association the following maladies of Darwin which by in large were not mentioned above were given and they occured as sudden and discrete attacks: "palpitations, shortness of breathe ("air fatigues" ), light headedness ("head swimming" ), trembling, crying, dying sensations, abdominal distress, and depersonalization ("treading on air and vision").   These attacks were many and Darwin in a letter wrote that "Constant attacks....makes life and intolerable bother and stops all work".  Dr. Barloon and Dr. Noye conclude that Darwin's medical symptoms point to panic disorder and agoraphobia.  One of the reasons given for a psychiatric diagnosis was that "variable intensity of symptoms and chronic, prolonged course without physical deterioration also indicate that his illness was psychiatric."

However, Ralph Colp Jr. MD, a physician and psychiatrist, who studied the matter Darwin's sickness for 18 years and authored the book "To Be an Invalid: The Illness of Charles Darwin" and is definitely one of leading experts of Darwin's sickness, if not the leading expert, due to his medical and psychological training and exhaustive research doesn't believe in the above diagnosis of agoraphobia (Dr. Bean cited above describes Dr. Colp's book in the following manner, "His painstaking work in seeking out every possible source comes close to yielding the complete biography of an invalid's illnness").

In a letter to the editor published in the April 23/30 1997 edition of JAMA entitled Ralph Colp Jr. MD, noted that "It has been observed that when Darwin "was a member of the Council of the Royal Society in 1855-1856, he attended meetings on 16 occassions," and that he away from home about 2000 days" between 1842 and his death in 1882."  Dr. Colp stated that the above behavior shows that Darwin was merely balancing work and leisure and the diagnosis of agoraphobia does not fit diagnosis of agoraphobia for Darwin. Dr. Colp also noted that "it is possible" that Darwin gastrointestinal symptoms were caused contracting Chagras disease.  Dr.  Colp states regarding the possible Chagas disease, "The disorder was first active and then became inactive, permanently injuring the parasympathetic nerves of his stomach and making it more sensitive to sympathetic stimulation and hence more sensitive to the "psychosomatic impact of his anxieties." An organic impairment best explains the lifelong chronicity of many of his abdominal complaints"

Dr. Colp concludes his letter by saying:

"'''In summary, I believe that Darwin's illness consisted of panic disorder (without agoraphobia), psychosomatic skin disorder, and possibly Chagras disease of the stomach." It should be noted earlier Dr. Colp noted that Darwin had facial eczema that often was caused by controversies over his evolutionist ideas. Dr. Colp also wrote that as far as he can determine "skin afflictions are not among the many somatic complaints that comprise panic disorder".'''

Darwin's sickness and the British Medical Journal

Dr. A. W. Woodruff, a British expert on tropical tropical diseases dismissed the chagas hypothesis for Darwin's illness.

I cite the following paper from Carolyn Douglas at Purdue University entitled "Changing Theories of Darwin's Illness":

"Dr. A. W. Woodruff, a British expert on tropical diseases, questioned Adler's diagnosis. He pointed out that many of Darwin's symptoms (heart palpitations, undue fatigue, and trembling fingers) appeared before Darwin sailed on the Beagle, and that when they recurred after his return, they were associated not with physical strain (as would have been expected with Chagas's disease) but with "mental stress." He also pointed out that no other member of the Beagle crew suffered from Chagas's symptoms, and he questioned the accuracy of Professor Adler's statistics about the high rate of infection with Chagas's disease in the province of Mendoza, where Darwin was attacked by the "black bug" (745- 50). Woodruff's diagnosis of Darwin's illness was "an anxiety state with obsessive features and psychosomatic manifestations" (749). After reading Woodruff's article, Professor Adler continued to believe in the theory of Chagas's disease, but he pointed out the possibility that Darwin suffered both from it and from "an innate or acquired neurosis" (Journal 1250). The "black bug" theory therefore lies in limbo, and even its chief proponent did not argue that it excluded psychological causation of some of Darwin's symptoms." For those who are interested in further investigation here are some a journal articles: Woodruff AW, Darwin's illness, Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 1990 Mar;26(3):163-4 and Woodruff, A.W. 'Darwin's health in relation to his voyage to South America', British 'Medical Journal, 1, 747-8, 1965

Darwin and the diagnosis of panic disorder and agoraphobia

'''According to Barloon and Noyes as a young man, Darwin had "episodes of abdominal distress, especially in stressful situations". In addition, Barloon and Noyes stated that like many people with panic disorder, he had a "premorbid vulnerability" which in his youth was referred to as "sensitivity to stress of criticism in his youth." ''' According to the American Psychology Association, panic disorder usually appears in the teens or in early adulthoood and there does seem to be association with potentially stressful life transitions. It should be also noted that panic disorder has been noticed in clinical setting that the histories of panic disorder patients often include some type of separation from a person who is emotionally important to them. This may be significant as Darwin's mother died at the age of eight and he then boarded at Shrewsbury Grammar School. On the other hand, it has been said that Darwin had a happy childhood overall and was encouraged by his siblings. Bowlby noted that separation anxiety may help cause the develpment panic disorder in adulthood. Psychoanalyst Dr. Rankine Good and Edward J. Rempf described Darwin's father as tyrannical and it will be subsequently discussed as to why this description of Darwin's father was given. This may be important because Bowlby suggested, due to clinical observation, that agoraphobic patients frequently describe parents as dominant, controlling, critical, frightening, rejecting, or overprotective (However, not every element of his observations were subsequently confirmed in studies). Several authors found that parents of agoraphobic and panic patients often provided less emotional warmth and tend to be more rejecting.

Also, in regards to the cause of panic disorder it is currently thought to be psychobiological in origin. For example, historically panic disorder was often triggered in war time. It is well known that Darwin was not the aggressive/assertive type and that Huxley was "Darwin's bulldog". This may related to a study by Chambless and Mason saying that regardless of gender, the less masculine in trait a person afflicted with panic disorder is, the more likely they are to use avoidance (social withdrawal) as a coping mechanism. Individuals who have a more masculine traits often turn to external coping strategies (for example, alcohol). Dr. Bean wrote that while Darwin had great confidence, at the same time he was: neurotic, became nervous when his routine was altered, and was upset by a holiday, trip, or unexpected visitor. Barloon and Noyes cite Darwin remarking "we [Darwin and his Emma] have up all parties, for they agree with neither of us".

It is important to note that one of the reasons given by authors Barloon and Noye for their diagnosis panic disorder and agoraphobia was that "variable intensity of symptoms and chronic, prolonged course without physical deterioration also indicate that his illness was psychiatric." However, Ralph Colp Jr., an American physician and psychiatrist, who studied the matter of Darwin's sickness for 18 years and authored the book To Be an Invalid: The Illness of Charles Darwin doesn't believe in a diagnosis of agoraphobia, because, despite that fact that Darwin loathed meetings, when Darwin was a member of the Council of the Royal Society from 1855-1856, he dutifuly attended meetings on 16 occasions, and was away from home about 2,000 days between 1842 and his death in 1882. At the same time, Barloon and Noyes state that only infrequently did Darwin leave home and usually accompanied by his wife. Barloon and Noyes then cite a letter declining a invitation and Darwin saying "I have long found it impossible to visit anywhere; the novelty and excitement would annhilate me". Perhaps, the best solution to Colp and Barloon and Noyes differing analysis is that Darwin merely became less socially active. However, perhaps Darwin's possible social withdrawal was due to his sickness being physically debilitating.

7/25/05 kdbuffalo

=
TO: The people who voted to keep.

Thank you for your keep votes. I did a lot of hard work in regards to researching the historical biographical information and in regards to the medical/psychological journals.

TO: ALL

What is "Did you know?" Where is it? I am interested in knowing more about "Did you know?" I am guessing it was put in "Did you know?" because someone found the material I found in the historical arena and medical journals interesting.

Sincerely,

Kdbuffalo

 * The thanks and hard work are to be welcomed. I appreciate that a lot has gone into pulling together sources for interesting aspects of Darwin's illness, however a lot of hard work is needed to strip this down to a concise and clear encyclopaedic article. The Psychic causation section needs to be drastically pruned, and given that the chagas disease diagnosis was an earlier theory, could perhaps be moved further back. Also, while references are good they break the flow of the argument and reduce clarity, so linking to footnote references would be a good change. I've made a couple of miner corrections for starters, but someone's going to have to sort this out sometime.....dave souza 22:48, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Revamp
The conciseness and clarity of this article was suffering from repeated and surplus text, and excessive POV. The consensus appears to be keep, but improve. I've revamped it and recommend removal of the VfD notice...dave souza 18:12, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Negro Leagues Baseball Museum

The Negro Leagues Baseball Museum (NLBM) is a privately funded museum dedicated to preserving the history of Negro league baseball in America. It was founded in 1990 in Kansas City, Missouri, in the historic 18th & Vine District, the hub of African-American cultural activity in Kansas City during the first half of the 20th century. The NLBM shares its building with the American Jazz Museum.

History
The Negro Leagues Baseball Museum was founded in 1990 by a group of former Negro league baseball players, including Kansas City Monarchs outfielder Alfred Surratt, Buck O'Neil, Larry Lester, Phil S. Dixon and Horace Peterson.

It moved from its original small, single-room office inside the Lincoln Building at historic 18th & Vine Streets in Kansas City to a 2000 sqft space in 1994. Three years later, in 1997, the museum relocated again, to a 10,000 sqft, purpose-built structure five times the previous size.

An advance screening of the movie 42, a biographical film about the life of Jackie Robinson, who played for the Kansas City Monarchs prior to breaking baseball's color barrier, was held in Kansas City on April 11, 2013, a day before its nationwide release, as a benefit for the NLBM. Actor Harrison Ford, one of the stars of the film, participated in the fundraiser.

The museum was on the verge of financial collapse in 2008 before rebounding with stronger leadership and greater engagement with the community. Bob Kendrick took over as President in 2011. By 2012, the museum experienced a profit of $300,000, its most successful year since 2007.

In June 2019, the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum was awarded the Gold American Award for Nonprofit Organization of the Year from the American Business Awards.

Exhibits
The museum chronologically charts the progress of the Negro leagues with informative placards and interactive exhibits. Its walls are lined with pictures of players, owners, and officials of Negro league baseball from the Negro National League of 1920 through the Negro American League which lasted until 1962. As visitors progress through the exhibit, they move forward in time through the history of Black baseball. In one area of the museum, there are lockers set up for some of the legends of the Negro leagues. One can see game-worn uniforms, cleats, gloves, and other artifacts from stars such as Josh Gibson, the "Black Babe Ruth."

An impressive aspect of the museum is the Field of Legends. Separated from the visitor at the entrance by chicken wire, it is accessible only at the end of the tour. One can walk onto a field adorned by nearly life-sized bronze statues of twelve figures from Negro league history. Crouching behind the plate is Gibson, one of the most prolific hitters in baseball history, a man who allegedly hit over 80 home runs in one season. At first base is another Baseball Hall of Famer, Buck Leonard, a teammate of Gibson's with the Homestead Grays. At second base is John Henry Lloyd, Judy Johnson monitors shortstop, while Ray Dandridge holds down third base. In the outfield are Cool Papa Bell, Oscar Charleston, and Leon Day. On the mound is perhaps the most famous Negro leaguer of all time, Satchel Paige, who became a rookie in the major leagues at age 42 in 1948. At the plate is Martín Dihigo, the only man to be inducted into the Halls of Fame in three countries: Mexico, Cuba, and the United States. Other statues commemorate Rube Foster, the founder of the first Negro National League, and Buck O'Neil, a former Kansas City Monarch and a member of the board of the museum until his October 6, 2006, death.

On November 13, 2012, the family of Buck O'Neil donated two items to the museum in honor of what would have been his 101st birthday. O'Neil's Presidential Medal of Freedom—awarded posthumously by President George W. Bush—was donated. Also given to the museum was a miniature replica of the Buck O' Neil statue which is displayed at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The items are showcased in a special area of the NLBM dedicated to O'Neil.

The Geddy Lee Collection
On June 5, 2008, Geddy Lee (of the Canadian band Rush), himself an avid baseball fan, donated nearly 200 autographed baseballs to the NLBM. The signatures on these baseballs include names such as Hank Aaron, Cool Papa Bell, and Lionel Hampton. At the time, Geddy Lee's gift was one of the largest single donations the NLBM had ever received.

Awards
Each year, the museum presents the following awards:
 * Oscar Charleston Legacy Award – "Most Valuable Players" in the National (NL) and American (AL) leagues
 * Pitcher of the Year – "Pitchers of the Year" in the NL and AL:
 * Leroy "Satchel" Paige Legacy Award (2000–2005)
 * Wilbur "Bullet" Rogan Legacy Award (2006–present)
 * Larry Doby Legacy Award – "Rookies of the Year" in the NL and AL
 * Hilton Smith Legacy Award – "Relievers of the Year" in the NL and AL
 * Walter "Buck" Leonard Legacy Award – batting champions in the NL and AL
 * Josh Gibson Legacy Award – "Home Run" leaders in the NL and AL
 * James "Cool Papa" Bell Legacy Award – "Stolen Base" leaders in the NL and AL
 * Charles Isham "C. I." Taylor Legacy Award – "Managers of the Year" in the NL and AL
 * Andrew "Rube" Foster Legacy Award – "Executives of the Year" in the NL and AL
 * John Henry "Pop" Lloyd Legacy Award – in recognition of "Baseball and Community Leadership"
 * Sam Lacy Legacy Award – "Baseball Writer of the Year"
 * Jackie Robinson Lifetime Achievement Award – for "Career Excellence in the Face of Adversity"
 * John "Buck" O'Neil Legacy Award – to a local or national corporate/private philanthropist for "Outstanding Support of the NLBM"
 * Hall of Game Award – Former Major League Baseball stars

title: Negro Leagues Baseball Museum


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Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics

Basketball contests at the 1996 Olympic Games was the fourteenth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event. It held from July 20 to August 4, 1996. Games took place in the Morehouse College Gymnasium and in the Georgia Dome.

Medalists
With the U.S. men's team winning the gold medal, Scottie Pippen would become the first person to win an NBA championship and Olympic gold medal in the same year twice, after having played for the Chicago Bulls in the NBA Finals. He had previously played with the Bulls in the and later that year, for the "Dream Team" at the Barcelona Olympics.

Qualification
An NOC may enter up to one men's team with 12 players and up to one women's team with 12 players. The reigning world champions and the host country qualify automatically, as do the winners of the five continental championships, plus the runner-up and third place from the Americas, the runner-up from Asia and the second through fourth places from the Europe tournament. For the women's tournament, the extra teams consisted of the runner-up from the Americas, in addition to the second and third places from Asia and Europe.

Format

 * Twelve teams are split into two preliminary round groups of six teams each.
 * The top four teams from both groups qualify for the knockout stage.
 * Fifth and sixth places from each group form an additional bracket to decide 9th–12th places in the final ranking.
 * In the quarterfinals, the matchups are as follows: A1 vs. B4, A2 vs. B3, A3 vs. B2 and A4 vs. B1.
 * The four eliminated from the quarterfinals form an additional bracket to decide 5th–8th places in the final ranking.
 * The winning teams from the quarterfinals meet in the semifinals as follows: A1/B4 vs. A3/B2 and A2/B3 vs. A4/B1.
 * The winning teams from the semifinals contest the gold medal. The losing teams contest the bronze.

Tie-breaking criteria:
 * 1) Head to head results
 * 2) Goal average (not the goal difference) between the tied teams
 * 3) Goal average of the tied teams for all teams in its group

Preliminary round
The four best teams from each group advanced to the quarterfinal round.

Preliminary round
The four best teams from each group advanced to the quarterfinal round.

title: Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics


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1994–95 NHL lockout

The 1994–95 NHL lockout was a lockout that came after a year of National Hockey League (NHL) hockey that was played without a collective bargaining agreement. The lockout was a subject of dispute as the players sought collective bargaining and owners sought to help franchises that had a weaker market as well as make sure they could cap the rising salaries of players. The lockout caused the 1994–95 season to be delayed and shortened to 48 games instead of 84 or 82, the shortest season in 53 years.

Background
Much like the 2004–05 NHL lockout a decade later, the big issue was the implementation of a salary cap. The NHL owners were strongly in favor of the cap while the players were opposed to it. The NHL wanted to levy a luxury tax, a financial penalty that is assigned by the league, on salaries that were higher than the average. However, the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) viewed that as a variation on a salary cap and refused to accept it. This came right off the heels of the 1992 walkout by players, which interrupted the race for the Stanley Cup.

This 3 month, 1 week, and 3 day lockout stretched from October 1, 1994, to January 11, 1995. A total of 468 games were lost due to the lockout, along with the All-Star Game. Unlike the league's future lockouts, the players went to training camp as if to start the season. However, as these camps came to a close it was obvious that there was to be labor talks in the near future.

The issues at hand
As previously noted, the NHL wanted to levy a luxury tax on salaries that were higher than the average and the NHLPA viewed that as a variation on a salary cap and refused to accept it. Unlike in the 1992 strike, it was the owners who wanted to make sure that they got the right deal, setting the opening position for new commissioner Gary Bettman. There were a few issues that the owners wanted to work out, most of which revolved around salary caps, free agency and hoping to limit escalating salaries. Bettman's "NHL mandate was: aggressive expansion, a new American TV deal, a focus on growth (especially in the southern U.S.), and lasting labor peace … under the owners' terms, of course.". It was widely assumed that to reach this peace a salary cap would have to be in place. Bettman's insisted the owners' plan was merely a tax plan, but would result the same as a salary cap.

Under the leadership of executive director Bob Goodenow, the NHLPA position was that it would be open to a small tax, however the bulk of the financial goals could be achieved through revenue sharing. Going into the negotiations both the players and the owners agreed on one big issue, the small market franchises. The NHL wanted to tie salaries to revenue in order to subsidize the operation of weaker teams, while the NHLPA sought revenue sharing to help the smaller market teams.

The lockout attracted the attention of worldwide negotiation experts. An op-ed article in The New York Times by James K. Sebenius and his colleague Prof. Michael A. Wheeler brought to prominence a suggestion from fellow professors Howard Raiffa and David Lax: Revenue should flow into a separate escrow account touched by neither players nor owners until the dispute was resolved. This suggestion was not adopted.

After the lockout had dragged on, the talk of salary cap faded and new items entered the debate. Talk of rookie salary cap, changes to the arbitration system, and loosened free agency. However, large market teams such as Toronto, Detroit, the New York Rangers, Dallas, and Philadelphia eventually broke with the league, as they feared that an extended lockout would outweigh the benefits from getting a salary cap and didn't want to be the first league in North America to forfeit an entire season just to help out their small-market colleagues.

The 4-on-4 Challenge
While some NHL players decided to play in various European leagues, others decided to remain in North America. Around that time, the "4-on-4 Challenge" (i.e. four players and a goalie on the ice) was initiated. This NHLPA organized tournament was played over the course of three days (10–12 November 1994) during the owners' lockout of 1994–95; all the games were played in Hamilton, Ontario's Copps Coliseum. In the end, Team Ontario defeated Team USA, Team Western Canada and Team Quebec to win the tournament, which raised more than half a million dollars to support the Ronald McDonald Children's Charities of Canada and minor hockey associations throughout North America. Many NHL superstars, notably Patrick Roy, Luc Robitaille, Brett Hull, Joe Sakic, Doug Gilmour, Rob Blake and Mike Richter, took part in this competition.

Also in the meantime, Wayne Gretzky and some friends formed the Ninety Nine All Stars Tour and played some exhibition games in various countries.

The end of the lockout
The lockout ended on January 11, 1995. As a result, the league shortened the season length from 84 games, the length of the previous two seasons, to 48. Furthermore, the season would last from January 20 to May 3; this was the first time in NHL history that the regular season extended into May. Regular-season games would be limited to intra-conference play (Eastern Conference teams did not play Western Conference teams). During the lockout, the NHL and NHLPA agreed to shorten future seasons to 82 games. San Jose, which was to host the All-Star game that year, was awarded the 1997 game instead.

The lockout would eventually contribute in part to two Canadian teams moving to the United States—the Quebec Nordiques moved to Denver in the summer of 1995 and became the Colorado Avalanche, and the original Winnipeg Jets moved to Phoenix and became the Phoenix Coyotes in the summer of 1996. The Hartford Whalers became the Carolina Hurricanes in 1997. The Avalanche and Hurricanes would win the Stanley Cup within the next decade.

Eventually there was another lockout in 2004–05, which resulted in that season being canceled altogether. On September 16, 2012 another lockout started, but it ended on January 6, 2013. The 1994–95 lockout had created resentment between the players and owners. When the next lockout happened in 2004 the owners attempted to come down hard on the players. In the end a salary cap for rookies was instituted, and all players signing a rookie contract needed to sign two-way contracts which allowed teams to send them down to minor league teams at minor league-level pay rather than the pay rate they received while playing for the parent NHL club. The league had expanded by four teams and began to participate in the Olympics. The league was to extend the CBA twice to ensure labor peace during that time. However salaries continued to rise, eventually hitting an average of $1.8 million and this was key in setting up the issues in the 2004–05 lockout.

title: 1994–95 NHL lockout


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Category:Trans-Canada Highway

see also Media in Wikicommons category Highways in Canada and Road signs in Saskatchewan

title: Category:Trans-Canada Highway


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Bonnet Creek Resort

Bonnet Creek Resort is a development in the southeast corner of Walt Disney World. The land, which is not owned by Disney, is bordered on three sides by Disney-owned land and on the fourth side by Interstate 4. It is surrounded by the Bonnet Creek nature preserve and is named after Bonnet Creek, which runs through the property. The entrance is located on Buena Vista Drive, just east of the entrance to Disney's Riviera Resort.

Facilities
The resort development includes a cluster of luxury and mid-priced hotels, including:
 * Club Wyndham Bonnet Creek, a timeshare resort
 * JW Marriott Orlando Bonnet Creek Resort and Spa
 * Signia by Hilton Orlando Bonnet Creek
 * Waldorf Astoria Orlando
 * Wyndam Grand Orlando Resort Bonnet Creek

There is a 223,000 sqft convention center between the Hilton and Waldorf Astoria. Also located in the area is the Waldorf Astoria Golf Club, an 18-hole golf course. The public course was designed by Rees Jones and opened in 2009.

One site in the resort is undeveloped.

History
Bonnet Creek Resort sprawls across 482 acres (195 hectares) of land purchased in 1962 by an unidentified buyer. The property was registered under World Union Industrial Corp., a Hong Kong-based company with a mailing address at a Cayman Islands bank. The Walt Disney Company, during its land acquisition for the nearby resort, attempted to buy the land but was unsuccessful.

The land remained untouched until 2000, when plans for a massive development surfaced. This included 3,000 hotel rooms, 1,600 timeshare units, a 250,000 sqft conference center, and a golf course. Developers secured access through Disney property to connect the resort to Lake Buena Vista Drive.

In 2000 Ling Kai Kung, who had died in 1992, was revealed as the true owner. Representatives said he bought the land for its potential in shipping and space industries and denied any financial ties between Kung and his relative, former Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek.

The first project on the property, a timeshare resort by Fairfield, was announced in 2002 and opened in 2004. This 1,149-unit complex, now known as Club Wyndham Bonnet Creek, is one of the largest timeshare developments in the area. In 2006, Hilton Hotels unveiled plans for a massive project comprising a 1,000-room Hilton hotel, a luxurious 497-room Waldorf Astoria, and a shared conference center. This development also included the Waldorf Astoria Golf Club, the first golf course carrying the hotel brand's name. The entire project opened its doors in 2009. Wyndham followed suit in June 2006, announcing a 400-room hotel with a spa adjacent to the timeshare development. This project opened in 2011.

Recognizing the ecological value of the land, developers set aside 75 acres on either side of Bonnet Creek as a nature preserve in 2008. This area boasts protected wetlands, a native forest, and serves as a habitat for over 100 migratory bird species. With this designation, all land west of Bonnet Creek was allocated. Development continued eastward in 2017 with the announcement of a luxurious 516-room JW Marriott hotel near the Epcot Center Drive and Interstate 4 interchange. The JW Marriott Orlando Bonnet Creek Resort & Spa opened in 2020. As of 2024, there is one undeveloped site north of the JW Marriott.

title: Bonnet Creek Resort


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Pete Sanstol

Pete Sanstol (March 28, 1905 – March 13, 1982) was a Norwegian professional boxer who took the Canadian version of the World Bantamweight Championship in Montreal in 1931 against Archie Bell. He contended twice unsuccessfully for the NBA World Bantamweight Title, and was a class of 2000 World Boxing Hall of Fame inductee.

Lew Burston, Raoul Godbout, George Blake, and Bobby Diamond were his managers. His trainers were Jake Kravitz and Manny Seeman.

Early life and amateur career
Peder Olai Sanstøl was the youngest of five children born to Jonas Jonasen Sanstøl (1864–1942) and Elen Dortea Nilsdatter Lindland (1860–1946) in Moi, Lunde municipality, in Rogaland county in Norway. He moved to Stavanger with his parents as a child. Sanstol learned to box in the club Kristiana AK, after his family moved to Oslo. Boxing as an amateur, he came in fourth in the flyweight class championship in 1923 and won gold in the bantam class championship in 1925.

Early professional boxing career
Pete Sanstol embarked on a professional career in 1926. After winning his professional debut against the British boxing veteran Bert Gallard in Oslo, Sanstol was invited by Max Schmeling's manager to train in Berlin. After Sanstol left Norway in the mid-1920s, he only occasionally returned.

On July 13, 1926 Sanstol defeated Harry Stein, than the Flyweight Champion of Germany, in Berlin at Luna Park in a four-round newspaper decision. The source, BOX-SPORT reported that Sanstol won the decision decisively.

Bout with Andre Dedieu in Paris, January 1927
Winning all his bouts in Germany, Sanstol moved on to Paris where he fought at least through February 1927. On January 24, 1927, he met the well known Andre Dedieu at the Central Sporting Club in Paris, winning in a third-round technical knockout. Some observers in Paris compared him to French boxing champion, Georges Carpentier. Discovered in Paris by American manager Lew Burston (1896–1969), Sanstol was brought to New York around mid-1927, where he graduated from the club preliminaries to become the most sought after bantam in the eastern United States and Canada.

Bouts with Joey Scalfano, August, October 1930
On October 22, 1930, Sanstol fought a tough ten-round draw against Joey Scalfano at Madison Square Garden that was "nip and tuck for the entire ten rounds", and a great crowd pleaser. Sanstol later described it as one of his toughest fights. There were no knockdowns in the bout and the fighting was fast-paced and frenzied. Scalfaro's left eye was completed closed for the last two rounds and his blows often missed their mark. Sanstol had previously lost to Scalfaro on August 6, 1930 at Madison Square Garden in a ten-round points decision. Scalfaro was known as the only boxer to score a knock down of the Black Cuban champion Kid Chocolate in North America.

Taking the Canadian version of the World Bantamweight Championship
By late 1930, Sanstol had moved his headquarters from the Norwegian-American community of Bay Ridge, in Brooklyn, NY, to Montreal, Canada where he came under the management of Raoul Godbout (1894–1975).

On May 20, 1931, in his most important bout, Sanstol won the World Bantamweight Title in a ten-round unanimous decision against the great New York Jewish contender Archie Bell in Montreal. The title was recognized by the Montreal Athletic Commission and the Canadian Boxing Federation, so it had some limits in its scope. The fast bout had no knockdowns. For a championship bout, it received very limited coverage in American newspapers. Sanstol weighted 115 1/2, giving up only two pounds to Bell. Bell would later contend for but not take the British version of the World Bantamweight Title and contend twice for the California version of the World Featherweight Title.

First defense of the Canadian World Bantamweight Title, June 1931
Sanstol twice successfully defended his bantamweight title. On June 17, 1931, Sanstol defeated Art Giroux, also of Montreal, in the Canadian version of a World Bantamweight Title. Leading in the betting odds by 7 to 5, Sanstol won the fifteen round bout at the Forum in Montreal in a fifteen-round Unanimous Decision. Giroux was the Canadian Bantamweight Champion at the time. After the win, Sanstol was rated second in the world in the bantamweight division, behind only Panama Al Brown, according to the quarterly standings of the National Boxing Association (NBA).

Second defense of the Canadian World Bantamweight Title, July 1931
On July 29, 1931, again at the Forum in Montreal, Sanstol defeated Eugène Huat in a ten-round Unanimous Decision in his second defense of the Canadian version of the World Bantamweight Title. Huat was the French Bantamweight Champion at the time. In a fairly close bout, Huat knocked Sanstol off his feet in the eighth round. In the eighth round, Huat scored often with lightning fast jabs that went through Sanstol's defense, though Huat appeared to have lost the first few rounds, with Sanstol not clearly taking the lead til the seventh. In the ninth the boxing seemed close, but in the tenth, perhaps with greater stamina, Sanstol took the offensive and battered Huat with telling blows. Sanstol's performance in the final round may have strongly influenced the judge's decisions. The final decision for Sanstol was not entirely popular with the crowd.

Attempt at the NBA World Bantamweight Championship, Al Brown, August 1931
On August 25, 1931, Sanstol met Panama Al Brown for the widely recognized NBA and NYSAC World Bantamweight Title before a crowd of 23,000 at the Forum in Montreal. The bout was considered the largest gross take on a bout in the history of boxing in Montreal according to the New York Times, and was easily one of the largest audiences for any of Sanstol's fights. Sanstol lost the bout in a close fifteen round split decision. In the close bout, the Canadian Press gave Brown seven rounds, Stanstol five, with three rounds even.

Sanstol fought much of the bout in a crouch, to compensate for a six-inch disadvantage in height and reach. Aiming down on Sanstol, Brown scored frequently with blows to the head, opening a cut over one of Sanstol's eyes, which eventually reduced his vision. Sanstol fought on doggedly despite his. Fighting during the depression, Sanstol took about $3,427 for his loss, not a great amount for a world championship bout, considering Jack Dempsey had received over $150,000 for some of his World Heavyweight Championship wins.

Draw with NBA Flyweight Champion Spider Pladner, July 1932
On July 20, 1932 Sanstol fought a ten-round draw with 1929 NBA World Flyweight Champion Emille "Spider" Pladner, a French born boxer, at the Forum in Montreal, Canada. An important bout between contenders, the January 1932 ratings, listed Sanstol as the third best bantamweight in the world, with Pladner listed as fourth. Pladner had also held the 1931 Canadian World Bantamweight Title.

Short retirement and bout with Midget Wolgast, August 1933
After losing the bout with Brown, Sanstol took a year off between August 1931 and June 1932, before resuming another campaign for the championship. On August 15, 1933, Sanstol fought an important bout against Midget Wolgast, NYSAC World Flyweight Champion at the time, losing in a ten-round non-title points decision in a bout where the brows of his face and his eyes were battered. According to one source, Wolgast won every round.

Victory over Young Perez, former World Flyweight Champion, September 1934
On September 1, 1934, Sanstol defeated World Champion Victor "Young" Perez at Bislet Stadium in Oslo in a ten-round points decision. In October 1931, Perez had taken the NBA World Flyweight Championship in a second-round knockout at the Palais de Sports in Paris, France, making him one of the youngest world boxing champions in history. In 1929, Perez had also taken the French Flyweight Title. A Tunisian Jew, Perez would die tragically in 1945 on a march from Auschwitz, where he had been interned, after being denounced to the Nazis in Paris in 1943.

Wins in Sweden and Germany March–May 1935
He retired from boxing in late 1933, fighting only one bout in 1934, and then resumed his boxing in Sweden in 1935. He won a ten-round points decision in Berlin against Hans Schiller, former German Featherweight Champion, on May 10, 1935. In Sweden he met Werner Reithdorf on April 26, 1935, winning in an eighth-round TKO in Gothenburg, and Joey Carr on March 1, 1935, also in Gothenburg, where he won in a first-round knockout.

Last NBA World Bantamweight Title bout, Sixto Escobar, August 1935
With both boxers very near 118, Sanstol had his last NBA World Bantamweight Championship match with Sixto Escobar, on August 7, 1935 at the Forum in Montreal. Sanstol lost the bout in a twelve-round unanimous decision, that was not particularly close, though quite satisfying to the crowd. In the seventh, Escobar closed Sanstol's left eye, in effect winning the bout, or reducing his need to show the same level of aggression. Ringside observers gave Escobar eight rounds, with four rounds even.

Win over Panama Al Brown, September 1935
Sanstol had one more career bout of consequence, on September 13, 1935, defeating Al Brown in Oslo in a ten-round non-title decision a month after the Escobar fight, not long before his retirement.

Joining the US Army Air Corp in April 1942, and gaining US Citizenship, 1943
Sanstol joined the US Army Air Corp on April 3, 1942. He served a total of three years and two months. During his service, he fought two army benefit fights on May 1, and July 16, 1942 in Miami, Florida, winning both in a four-round and then ten-round decision. While in the Air Corp, he also refereed a bout on May 8, 1943 in Montreal.

He completed his service on June 12, 1945. He became a U.S. citizen, a privilege he had long awaited, in 1943 during his service with the Army.

Fighting style
Sanstol was known for his aggression, energy, speed, amazing stamina and uncanny defense. He was also known for his ability to give the crowd a thrilling show. About the only attribute he lacked was the so-called "power punch", although a quarter of his 98 victories were by way of knockout. Throughout his early career, Sanstol used these skills to build an impressive record. In time, his fighting style gradually evolved from that of a careless youth, to that of a wizened veteran. After his first bout with Panama Al Brown, Sanstol learned to pace himself better and to use every punch sparingly, not wasting a single drop of energy. Part of this evolution may have resulted from a chronically bad foot or ankle he first sustained during one of these title bouts. It would haunt and hobble him for the remainder of his professional career.

Long-time Montreal Herald Sports Editor Elmer W. Ferguson (1885–1972) once described Sanstol's evolved fighting style as follows:

"Sanstol first flashed on the Montreal fistic horizon half a dozen years ago. This writer recollects him knocking out Aleck Burlie in April 1928, over seven years ago at the Forum. In those days Sanstol was a bewildering bundle of speed and energy. His slim, tireless legs carried him around the ring at bounding, blinding speed. He threw his endless energy to the winds with complete abandon. He was a profligate spendthrift of energy and strength, of nerve force. He had all the carelessness of youth about vitality as expended in the ring. He had a seemingly endless supply. For ten or twelve rounds he could dance, bounce, leap and dash about the ring on those steel legs, and meanwhile his speeding fists could keep on throwing stinging punches at bewildering speed, punches from all angles. For not only did Sanstol bound about the ring. He ducked like lightning, weaved, bobbed, always going at top speed, a master-boxer in his own fashion, a fashion founded on speed and stamina. The fighting heart that blazes from his ice-cold eyes still sends him on. But fistic age has tempered the pace, has developed a new ring cunning, and a tendency to accomplish by polished skill what he once achieved by youthful energy that disdained to save itself, that was gladly thrown to the winds.

Sanstol doesn't bound so much as he did. He moves now in a more shuffling fashion, as did great fighters before him, and as did such peerless runners as Schrubb and Nurmi, the greatest of all conservation stylists. Today Sanstol is inclined to save his legs, to some degree, and to employ instead the ring-craft he has acquired in nearly ten years of campaigning up and down the fistic lanes of two continents. Today he is more the Dempsey in his style, less the old Sanstol. His hands still carry their speed, his arms and shoulders the energy to hurl an endless barrage of punches. But he will be found doing much more of the weaving and bending to evade blows or get himself into hitting position. He will not be leaping five or six feet when an evasive swing of a few inches will suffice. He will be doing more of the bobbing and ducking and swinging from the hips, with which he used to delight crowds and bewilder his opponents."

Career highlights and honors

 * Amateur Flyweight class championship of Norway in 1923
 * Amateur recipient of Gold in the Norwegian and Scandinavian Bantam class championship in 1925
 * Canadian World Bantamweight Champion (1931)
 * Ranked by long-time Madison Square Garden Matchmaker Tom McArdle with legendary bantams Terry McGovern, Kid Williams, and Pete Herman (1931 Everlast Boxing Record)
 * Featured solo on the cover of the August 1931 The Ring magazine and in its accompanying article
 * Described in the article "The Golden Bantams" (The Ring, December 1953 issue, page 13) as "one of the hottest local favorites the big town New York ever had. Pete, flashy, colorful and capable fought in the Ridgewood Grove Sporting Club in the Queens section of New York no less than 26 times in one year, packing the place every time."
 * Proclaimed the Ridgewood Grove's "Greatest Ring Attraction" by The Ring magazine's Ted Carroll
 * Ranked with Leo "Kid" Roy as Montreal's favorite boxer of the late 1920s/early 1930s
 * Inducted into the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 2000

Life after boxing
After his boxing career ended, Sanstol worked various jobs in Norway, New York City, Chicago, Seattle, and Alaska, including restaurant owner, newspaper writer, recreation center director, hotel clerk, and translator. In 1957, he completed his autobiography entitled Gjennom Ringen.

He married Bessie Andrews Marshal in Seattle on August 24, 1956. Shortly after the wedding, Sanstol and his wife moved to live in Norway, where he was still remembered for his boxing. He was in demand, often telling stories of his boxing days, and speaking to groups. In 1960, Pete moved back to the West Coast of the United States with his wife, taking a job in Long Beach, California, as a translator for a shipping company. In 1962, Sanstol and his wife moved to nearby San Pedro. By October 15, 1981, Sanstol was living in a Convalescent Home in Torrance, California suffering from a diagnosed form of dementia.

He died in 1982 in Whittier, California after a series of strokes. On June 7, 2005, Lund municipality raised a monolith in a park in Moi to his memory, listing him as Norway's most famous boxer.

title: Pete Sanstol


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Anthem (The Wildhearts song)

Anthem is a single released in August 1997 by The Wildhearts, on the Mushroom Records Label. It was the first Wildhearts single to be released on multiple formats (Formats: CD1 (MUSH6CD), CD2 (MUSH6CDX), 7" Vinyl (MUSH6S)) with different b-sides on each format, which caused some uproar at the time from longtime fans of the band. It reached number 21 on the UK chart.

The single was the first from the controversial album Endless, Nameless and the first officially released Wildhearts song to feature someone other than Ginger on lead vocals, in this case bassist Danny McCormack.

CD1

 * 1) Anthem
 * 2) So Good To Be Back Home
 * 3) Time To Let You Go

CD2

 * 1) Anthem
 * 2) White Lies
 * 3) The Song Formally Known As?

7"

 * 1) Anthem
 * 2) He's A Whore

title: Anthem (The Wildhearts song)