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Talk:Hawks' Club

This would be a better article if it was written from a neutral point of view. State facts about the club only. Eclipsed 21:33, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It would be even better if huge chunks of it weren't word-for-word identical to an article on the Club's own website. I can only get at its Google cache and not the website itself so haven't listed it as a copyvio, but have a look at this. Loganberry (Talk) 14:27, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think the fact that it's only in the Google cache should deter you from listing it as a copyvio. However, it's worth checking whether the author of the website is the same as the author of the Wikipedia article, or has given / would give permission under an appropriate licence. The Wikipedia article is presumably written by an insider, so this is certainly possible. Stephen Turner 15:21, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Question left on Peteyboo's Talk page to that effect. Loganberry (Talk) 16:21, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * A full month has now gone by with no response from Peteyboo, so I'm now listing it on the Copyvio page. Loganberry (Talk) 13:57, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The club website is at www.hawksclub.co.uk and the text referred to is indeed taken verbatim from http://www.hawksclub.co.uk/public/notice.asp?n=4. You will notice that the website does display "Copyright 2003" - I suggest emailing steward@hawksclub.co.uk as he will be in the best position to advise you on how to proceed. Rmbyoung 09:26, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I have reverted this to before the copyrighted material was inserted. It is now verging on a substub, and needs serious work. -Splash talk 17:29, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

I notice the line about the 2004-5 President and Secretary was removed by 86.138.232.225 - not sure whether this was because the information is now out-of-date or whether you don't think this information should be there. I have added the equivalent information for 2005-6. If this isn't a suitable thing to put in the main body of the text I could put together a new section listing past Presidents and Secretaries (probably only the last 5 years or so though) in the style of the Cambridge Union Society. Rmbyoung 00:31, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

I have added a number of notable members, and added post-nominal letters to those who have them, except for members of the royal family where the list of honours/titles is so long as to make the entry look silly. Rmbyoung 19:08, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Rename article
I propose that this article be renamed from Hawks Club to Hawks' Club. That is the form of the name used in the vast majority of cases on the website. I think the intention might be for the apostrophe to be slightly ambiguous - it appears as Hawks Club, Hawk's Club and Hawks' Club in different places in the clubhouse... However, the last version is the most common and appears on any official things associated with the Club. Rmbyoung 01:38, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * This has now been done. Rmbyoung 22:40, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Notable members
Individual members have been removed where they do not have a wikipedia article. This is quite proper as without an article, we do not know that they are notable enough to be included. This removal has been reverted several times. Please leave them out of the article until an individual article on them has been written to demonstrate notability. --Bduke (talk) 00:24, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Continued adding back these links without giving any reason is disruptive. The editor concerned has been warned on his talk page and he is likely to be blocked if he continues. The image of Goldstein is inappropriate as giving undue weight to a not that notable member and in any event its licensing is not clear and it may be deleted. Goldstein now has an article so that link can remain although the article needs renaming and cleaning up at the very least. "THE SPARTAN CLUB" is not equivalent to the Hawks club as it is for a School which is much less notable than the University of Cambridge. That should be deleted. I am not going to edit further so I can act if necessary as an admin in relation to this article. Note I have no conflict of interest. I am not a Cambridge man or a sportsman. --Bduke (talk) 23:56, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I have given that editor a final warning. If the material is removed and he then reinserts it again without explanation or discussion on this talk page, I will block him from editing wikipedia for a period. --Bduke (talk) 23:09, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hawks' Club


text:
Zypora Spaisman

Zypora Spaisman (January 2, 1916 in Lublin, Poland – May 18, 2002 in New York City) was an actress and Yiddish theatre empresaria.

Life in Poland
Spaisman was born Zypora Tannenbaum. She began acting at the age of 10, but for much of her life she worked in her native Poland as a midwife. In 1938, she married Joseph Spaisman. In 1939, when Nazis invaded Poland, she witnessed her sister being shot. After this, the family moved to the Soviet-controlled region of Poland, and then were taken to a labor camp in the Ural Mountains. There, she continued to work as a midwife and to put together Yiddish plays. Upon returning to Poland after World War II, she continued her Yiddish theatre work. However, her entire family had been killed, as had most Jews in Poland. The Spaismans thus emigrated to the United States in 1955.

Career in the United States
Spaisman, during her career as an actress, was long associated with the Folksbiene Yiddish Theatre in New York City. For several years, Spaisman was executive producer for the theatre while continuing to act.

In 1998, Spaisman's position with the company was replaced by Zalmen Mlotek and Eleanor Reissa, who were named co-artistic directors. They invited Spaisman to stay on as a consultant. However, Spaisman's vision for the Folksbiene differed from the new directors' vision: while the new directors wished to modernize, Spaisman wanted the theatre to preserve Yiddish art and culture. As such, Spaisman left the Folksbiene and formed the Yiddish Public Theater.

In the summers, Spaisman worked as a camp nurse at Camp Boiberik, in Rhinebeck, NY (an offshoot of the Sholem Aleichem Folk Institute).

Spaisman also had some film roles. She played the role of Sheva Haddas in Paul Mazursky's film Enemies, a Love Story (1989), an adaptation of Isaac Bashevis Singer's novel of the same name. She also acted alongside Michael J. Fox in The Hard Way.

A documentary by Dan Katzir about Spaisman and the Yiddish Public Theater, Yiddish Theater: A Love Story, was released in 2006.

Death
She was married to Joseph Spaisman until his death; the couple had one son, who survived her following her death from a brain hemorrhage on May 18, 2002, aged 86.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zypora Spaisman


text:
File:WUSL.JPG

Licensing
-

title: File:WUSL.JPG


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Fantasy football (association)

Fantasy football is a game in which participants assemble an imaginary team of real-life football players and score points based on those players' actual statistical performance or their perceived contribution on the field of play. Usually fantasy football games are based on one division in a particular country, although there are variations. Fantasy football is now a significant industry due to websites dedicated to developing the fantasy football community, and betting sites hosting their own fantasy football games.

There are companies with websites dedicated to fantasy football, including Fantasy Football Scout, which was founded in 2009 to cater to a growing online fantasy football audience.

History
Fantasy football was invented in 1990 by American Educator Wayne Finley of Brooklyn Center, MN. Inspired by fantasy baseball (also known as Rotisserie, from the name of the place where the first players met, New York City restaurant La Rotisserie Française), Albini published fantasy football's rules for the first time through Studio Vit publisher, giving it the name Fantacalcio (calcio is the Italian word for football). Other journalists, such as Alberto Rossetti and Diego Antonelli, also contributed to the draft of the final version of the regulation.

A big contribution to the popularity of the game was given by the collaboration with the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport, which starting from the summer in 1994 hosted the game on its pages and provided the rankings necessary to calculate fantasy teams' scores. The initiative was a great editorial success: despite expecting that about 10,000 subscribers would participate, by the end of the year 70,000 subscribers had played the game.

Fantasy football rapidly spread from Italy to other European countries. It is known as fútbol fantasy in Spain, fantasy football in France and Fantasy Fußball or Fantacalcio in Germany. In the following years two fantasy football competitions have been created for the whole European confederation. They are managed by UEFA and linked to the two major continental club competitions, the UEFA Champions League (UEFA Champions League Fantasy Football Game) and the UEFA Europa League (UEFA Europa League Fantasy Football Game). Both competitions follow Albini's regulation, except that the goalkeepers that do not concede receive 2 points instead of 4, and transfers cost 2 points per player after the first game. The version of fantasy football in the United Kingdom is the largest, with over 9 million players. Fantasy Football Scout ranks fantasy football managers on their website based on past performance.

Teams
Most fantasy football leagues, especially those run by national newspapers, ask participants to select 11 to 15 players within a price budget. There is usually a restriction on the number of players per club; a typical selection would be to select 1 goalkeeper, 4 defenders, 4 or 3 midfielders and 2 or 3 forwards. Some games are squad-based, where participants choose not just a first eleven but also a set of substitutes. Normally only 3 players can be used from one team.

In smaller leagues played by a small group of people, players are bought by bidding between the rival managers rather than for a set amount of money. This means a particular player can only play for one team, and thus any points he accrues are credited to that team only. Typically, most leagues offer the chance to transfer players in and out of the team as the season progresses, in case of injury, suspension or loss of form.

Points scoring
Points are then gained or deducted depending on players' performances. Points systems vary between games, but points are typically awarded for some or all of the following achievements:
 * Playing in a match (or part of a match e.g. at least 60 minutes)
 * Scoring a goal
 * Earning an assist (the pass or touch leading to the goal)
 * Keeping a clean sheet (goalkeepers, midfielders, and defenders only)
 * Saving a penalty (goalkeeper only)
 * Goalkeeper saves three shots or more
 * Win for the player's team

As well as the above, points can be deducted for some or all of the following:
 * Conceding a goal (goalkeepers and defenders only)
 * Receiving a yellow or red card
 * Missing a penalty kick
 * Scoring an own goal
 * Getting substituted
 * Loss for the player's team

The number of points each achievement or offence is credited with varies between different games. For example, in the Daily Telegraph league, three points are awarded for an assist, and five for a goal. Due to the emphasis placed on assists and goal-scoring, the value of players can differ greatly from real-life football, both in terms of individuals and position. For example, Claude Makélélé, considered to be one of the best midfielders in real life, was rarely considered a valuable player in fantasy football because he was not an attacking player, as evidenced by three league goals in eight years at Real Madrid and Chelsea, and none in 71 appearances for the France national team.

For this reason, some fantasy football games changed their scoring system to put a greater emphasis on real player performance instead of emphasizing goals and assists. For instance, the game KAISER uses player scores gained by computer analyses based on dozens of different criteria. These scores are supplied by the data provider OPTA.

The game Oulala Fantasy Football used a sophisticated scoring system. With 70 different points scoring criteria, which included a matrix of any action that a player can perform, the criteria of 70 rose to a total of 275 dependent on each player's position on the field. Detailed actions included corners won, shots on/off target, successful dribbles and provoking an offside as well as many more others. These stats are sourced from Opta Sports and update in real time. Oulala ceased to exist in 2018.

Public vs private leagues
Most fantasy football games provide a choice of joining either private or public leagues. Public leagues are open to everybody and mostly there are leagues for each club or leagues for each country. League members then compete against each other and in some cases there is cash prizes for winning those leagues. Private leagues let the manager play with their friends only. Some games combine this with having unique teams in the leagues. This means that every Premier League player exists only once. As a result, there is a lot of activity on the transfer market where players are exchanged in between the community members.

Mini-League starting options
At the start of the season, fantasy football mini-leagues can be set up in various ways.

Open
The open option exists for leagues in which every football can be chosen by every fantasy manager. The fantasy managers usually have a limited budget, and every football player has been assigned a price. Fantasy managers must stay within their allocated budget, but can select any player from the league.

Draft
The draft option exists for leagues in which every football player can only be chosen once. There is a set order for player selection, and the fantasy managers may or may not have a budget to work from. Draft leagues often have trading between fantasy managers.

Auction
The auction option exists for leagues in which every football player can only be chosen once. Fantasy managers are given a budget, with which they can bid on football players. If they win the auction for a player, that player can be selected in their team only.

title: Fantasy football (association)


text:
Metro East

The Metro East is an urban area in Southern Illinois, United States that contains the eastern and northern suburbs and exurbs of St. Louis, Missouri. It encompasses eight counties in the Greater St. Louis area and constitutes the second-most populous urban area in Illinois. The region's most populated city is Belleville, with 42,404 residents.

Geography

The Metro East is a loose collection of small and mid-sized cities sitting along the American Bottom and the bluffs of the Mississippi River. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the eight counties of the region have a total area of 6,974 km2 (2,692 mi2). 6,787 km2 (2,620 mi2) of it is land and 186 km2 (71 mi2) of it (2.74%) is water.

As of the 2020 census, the most populated cities in the region included the following

Demographics
As of the 2010 census, there had been a major shift in population from the older rust belt industrial cities in the Mississippi River bottom, such as East St. Louis and Alton, to the more suburban satellite cities, such as, Belleville, Edwardsville, and O'Fallon sitting on the bluffs. This is mainly due to continued white flight.

As of the census of 2000, there were 599,845 people, 229,888 households, and 160,260 families residing in the eight Metro East counties.

The most common language is English, although various other languages are spoken. German speakers exist in southeastern Madison, and Clinton, and southern and eastern St. Clair Counties. Spanish is spoken in the Fairmont City area, and in parts of Clinton County. The largest concentration of African-Americans is in Madison, Venice, western Granite City, East St. Louis, Washington Park, Belleville, Cahokia, Alorton and Alton.

List of counties

 * Bond
 * Calhoun
 * Clinton
 * Jersey
 * Macoupin
 * Madison
 * Monroe
 * St. Clair

List of cities, towns, and villages
Notes:
 * ^ means part of city in another county/counties
 * Bold indicates county seat

Colleges and universities

 * Kaskaskia College
 * Lewis and Clark Community College
 * Lindenwood University-Belleville
 * McKendree University
 * The Principia
 * Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
 * Southwestern Illinois College

U.S. routes

 * U.S. Route 40
 * U.S. Route 50
 * U.S. Route 51
 * Historic U.S. Route 66
 * U.S. Route 67

Interstate freeways

 * I-55
 * I-64
 * I-70
 * I-255
 * I-270

Public transit
Public transit service in St. Clair County is provided by Metro Transit in partnership with the St. Clair County Transit District. Service includes local bus lines and the MetroLink light rail system. MetroLink has 11 stations in Illinois between the East St. Louis Riverfront and Scott Air Force Base. It links the suburban Metro East to St. Louis Lambert International Airport on the Red Line and Shrewsbury, Missouri on the Blue Line. Intermediate stops include downtown St. Louis, area universities and hospitals, and downtown Clayton.

In 2019, the St. Clair County Transit District was awarded $96 million in Illinois infrastructure funding to build a 5.2 mi extension of the Red Line from Shiloh-Scott to MidAmerica St. Louis Airport in Mascoutah. This extension will include two 2.6 mi segments, a double-track and a single-track segment, along with a station at the airport. Construction on the extension began in 2023 with Metro expecting to begin operations in early 2026.

Additionally, Madison County Transit operates local bus service in that county with routes that serve downtown St. Louis transit centers.

Major employers

 * Anheuser-Busch
 * Boeing
 * Charter Communications
 * Illinois Department of Transportation
 * Monsanto
 * National Steel
 * Norrenberns Trucking
 * Olin Corporation
 * Scott Air Force Base
 * Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
 * U.S. Steel
 * Wood River Refinery

Notable attractions

 * National Shrine of Our Lady of the Snows, Centreville, near Belleville; operated by the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
 * Brooks Catsup Bottle, Collinsville
 * Belle Clair Fairgrounds and Expo Center, Belleville
 * Cahokia Mounds, Collinsville, on Madison-St. Clair County line
 * GCS Ballpark, Sauget
 * Gateway International Raceway, Madison
 * Eads Bridge, historic bridge, among East. Louis, on the East St. Louis, Illinois, and St. Louis, Missouri border, over the Mississippi River
 * Pere Marquette State Park, Grafton
 * St. Clair Square, Fairview Heights
 * Robert Wadlow Statue, Alton
 * Horseshoe Lake, Pontoon Beach, Madison, and Granite City
 * Alton Square Mall, Alton
 * Carlyle Lake, Carlyle
 * National Building Arts Center, Sauget

Residents, historic figures, and contributors

 * Josephine Baker, East St. Louis, performer and activist
 * Jason Boyd, Edwardsville, AAA pitcher
 * Ray Bradbury, Belleville, science fiction author
 * Jimmy Connors, East St. Louis and Belleville, tennis player
 * Neal Cotts, Lebanon, former MLB pitcher
 * Brian Daubach, Belleville, former MLB 1B/DH/outfielder
 * Miles Davis, East St. Louis and Alton, jazz artist
 * Lea DeLaria, Belleville, jazz singer, actress, and comedian (Orange is the New Black)
 * Elizabeth Donald, Edwardsville, horror novelist
 * Dick Durbin, East St. Louis, U.S. senator
 * Buddy Ebsen, Belleville, television actor
 * Jay Farrar, Belleville, musician
 * William Holden, O'Fallon, film actor
 * Louis Jolliet, explorer of the Mississippi River
 * Jackie Joyner-Kersee, East St. Louis, Olympic athlete
 * Ken Kwapis, Belleville, film and television director and producer
 * Père Jacques Marquette, French discoverer
 * T. J. Mathews, Columbia, former MLB pitcher
 * Laurie Metcalf, Edwardsville, film and television actress (Rosanne, Uncle Buck, JFK)
 * Yadier Molina, Caseyville, Cardinals Baseball catcher (resides there only during baseball season, and is originally from Puerto Rico)
 * Jake Odorizzi, Highland, MLB Pitcher
 * Van Allen Plexico, Smithton, author and professor
 * Peter Sarsgaard, Belleville/Scott AFB, actor (Magnificent Seven, Jarhead, Green Lantern)
 * John Shimkus, Collinsville, Congressman from Illinois's 15th congressional district (1997–2021)
 * Michael Stipe, Collinsville, lead singer of the band REM
 * Jeff Tweedy, Belleville, lead singer of the band Wilco
 * Uncle Tupelo, Belleville, alternative country band
 * Craig Virgin, distance runner
 * Robert Pershing Wadlow, Alton, world's tallest man
 * Scott Wolf, Belleville, actor

St. Louis area TV stations

 * Note: This list is for the entire Metro East area; however, the low-powered stations may not reach the entire five-county Metro East area. WSIU, despite not being based from the St. Louis DMA, is available in Clinton, Washington, and most of St. Clair.

Champaign-Urbana/Decatur/Springfield area TV stations

 * Note: This list is for Jersey County; however, the majority of these stations are not available for most Jersey County residents. These stations are more likely to be available in Greene and Macoupin counties, which border Jersey County.

Paducah/Cape Girardeau/Harrisburg area TV stations

 * Note: This list is for St. Clair, and Clinton counties; however, the majority of the stations, with the exception of WSIU and WPXS and possibly KFVS, are not available for a majority of the St. Clair, and/or Clinton County residents. These stations are more likely to be available in Washington County and the Centralia area.

Daily newspapers

 * Note: daily newspaper coverage depends on county.
 * Alton Telegraph (Madison, Jersey counties)
 * Belleville News-Democrat (region-wide)
 * Centralia Sentinel (Clinton and Washington counties)
 * Southern Illinoisan (mainly in Washington County, rarely found elsewhere in the Metro East)
 * St. Louis Post-Dispatch (region-wide)
 * Edwardsville Intelligencer (Madison County)

Radio stations

 * Note: stations listed are licensed and have offices in Metro East counties only.  Stations that can be heard in the Metro East but not listed have offices outside the Metro East counties.

See also: Radio stations in Illinois

The Metro East in film
"Uncredited" means a Metro East location was not credited within the database, but was clearly shot on Metro East soil upon watching the film itself.
 * Note, the following is a partial list of films shot, often partially, sometimes with significant production, within the Metro East. All data can be rechecked via the Internet Movie Database.

 * In the Heat of the Night - feature-length film, shot in Belleville, Illinois (1968 Oscar winner for Best Picture of 1967)
 * Things Are Tough All Over (uncredited) - feature-length film, shot on the East St. Louis riverfront (1982)
 * King of the Hill - feature-length film, shot in Alton, Illinois (1993)
 * A Will of their Own - feature-length TV film, shot in Belleville, Illinois (1998)
 * The Big Brass Ring - feature-length film, shot in Alton, Illinois (1999)
 * Steel City - feature-length film, shot in Alton, East Alton, Godfrey, and Jerseyville, Illinois (2006)
 * The Lucky Ones - feature-length film, Shot in Edwardsville, Illinois (2008)
 * The Coverup - feature-length film, shot in Alton, Illinois (2008)
 * Kingshighway - feature-length film, shot in Fairview Heights, Illinois (2010)
 * Joint Body - feature-length film, shot in various locations throughout the Metro East (2011)

Metro East in fiction
Laurell K. Hamilton has used the Metro East as a setting in several books from the Anita Blake and Merry Gentry series. In the Merry Gentry series, fairies of the Unseelie Court have made their home in Monk's Mound.

Robert J. Randisi set one of his Joe Keough mysteries, East of the Arch (2002), in the Metro East communities of East St. Louis and Fairview Heights.

Awards
The 2010 issue of Family Circle magazine named Edwardsville third in their "Top 10 Best Towns for Families".

Area codes

 * Area code 217: extreme northeast part of Metro East
 * Area code 618: the majority of the Metro East is in this area code.

title: Metro East


text:
Proffer

A proffer is an offer made prior to any formal negotiations.

In a trial, to proffer (sometimes profer) is to offer evidence in support of an argument (for example, as used in U.S. law ), or elements of an affirmative defense or offense. A party with the burden of proof must proffer sufficient evidence to carry that burden. For example, in support of a particular argument, a party may proffer documentary evidence or witnesses.

Where a party is denied the right to introduce evidence because that evidence would be inflammatory, hearsay, or would lack sufficient authentication, that party must make a proffer of what the evidence would have shown in order to preserve the issue for appeal through a formal procedure, such as an offer of proof.

As in business, a proffer can be a sign of "good faith" a first offer or proposal, to show a willingness to "barter".

Etymology
The word proffer is derived from Anglo-French "por-", forth, and "offrir", to offer.

title: Proffer


text: User talk:70.185.163.193

title: User talk:70.185.163.193


text:
Category:Burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery

This page categorizes burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery.


text:
User talk:Malchick

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 21:35, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

Tim Curry
Could you please add license informations to your Tim Curry picture, I would like to use it in the german article. I just saw him a few days ago, but didn't had my camera ready... Thanks --Dbenzhuser 02:14, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Nigthorn.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Nigthorn.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. —  pd_THOR  undefined | 19:48, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

RfD nomination of Your all gay
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. Floaterfluss (talk) (contribs) 16:27, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Malchick


text:
User talk:Revbean

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 21:36, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Revbean


text:
Jean Passerat

Jean Passerat (18 October 1534 – 14 September 1602) was a 16th-century French political satirist and poet.

Life
Passerat was born at Troyes, on 18 October 1534. He studied at the University of Paris, and is said to have had some curious adventures at one time working in a mine. He was, however, a scholar by natural taste, and became eventually a teacher at the Collège de Plessis, and on the death of Ramus was made professor of Latin in 1572 in the Collège de France.

In the meanwhile Passerat had studied law, and had composed much agreeable poetry in the Pléiade style, the best pieces being his short ode Du Premier jour de mai and the villanelle whose first line is J'ay perdu ma tourterelle. The nonce form of the latter poem was eventually imitated by many nineteenth- and twentieth-century poets. Passerat's exact share in the Satire Ménippée (Tours, 1594), the great manifesto of the politique or Moderate Royalist party when it had declared itself for Henry of Navarre, is unknown; but it is agreed that he wrote most of the verse, and the harangue of the guerrilla chief Rieux is sometimes attributed to him. The famous Sur la journée de Senlis, which commends the duc d'Aumale's ability in running away, is one of the most celebrated political songs in French. Towards the end of his life Passerat became blind. He died in Paris on 14 September 1602.

Work
Passerat published "Nihil", a poem in Latin in 1588.

"Villanelle"

 * Villanelle

 * I'ay perdu ma Tourterelle:
 * Eft-ce point celle que i'oy?
 * Ie veus aller aprés elle.

 * Tu regretes ta femelle,
 * Helas! außi fai-ie moy,
 * I'ay perdu ma Tourterelle.

 * Si ton Amour eft fidelle,
 * Außi est ferme ma foy,
 * Ie veus aller aprés elle.

 * Ta plainte fe renouuelle;
 * Toufiours plaindre ie me doy:
 * I'ay perdu ma Tourterelle.

 * En ne voyant plus la belle
 * Plus rien de beau ie ne voy:
 * Ie veus aller aprés elle.

 * Mort, que tant de fois i'appelle,
 * Pren ce qui fe donne à toy:
 * I'ay perdu ma Tourterelle,
 * Ie veus aller aprés ell.

Jean Passerat. Recueil des oeuvres poétiques de Ian Passerat augmenté de plus de la moitié, outre les précédentes impressions. [Ed. Jean de Rougevalet.] Paris: Morel, 1606. 344-5.

title: Jean Passerat


text:
Julemanden

Julemanden (Jólamaður, Juulimaaq) is the Christmas gift-bringer in modern Danish culture, the equivalent of Father Christmas or Santa Claus. Julemanden can be directly translated as "The Yule Man" or "The Christmas Man". Julemanden is often illustrated as a short, bearded man dressed in gray clothes and a red hat. He is said to bring presents on Christmas Eve (December 24), coming to houses either by foot or by sleigh, and often wears fur to keep him warm.

History
The roots of Julemanden reach into Danish folklore and mythology. However, the character is a relatively new phenomenon in Denmark, appearing some time after World War II (1939–1945). Until then, there was nissefar, nissekongen or julenissen – a character with some resemblance to the modern julemand. This tradition can be traced back centuries, when people believed in nisser (elves, leprechauns, spirits or mystical entities rarely or never seen directly). Local folklore dictated the expected actions of the nisser, which could be moody creatures resulting in all kinds of fortunes or even disasters.

The role of the julenisse was to bring good fortune to the family and to achieve this, he would have to be treated well especially around jul (Yule, in December). This was achieved by feeding him, traditionally with some form of porridge (now rice porridge). Traditionally, the porridge was to be placed in the household attic as this was said to be the place where the nisse supposedly lived and if the nisse was satisfied with the meal he would bring good fortune to the household in the coming year.

The julenisse is still, however, "celebrated" and he acts as a stand-in for julemanden in early December, to entertain the childish mind, bring small gifts and sometimes plays tricks on the household, kindergarten etc. where such "creatures" can prosper.

In popular culture
The gift-giving nisse that became nissekongen seems to have drawn influences from the American Santa, when American culture began making an impact in Denmark, but rather than outright copying him, local traditions were tweaked, eventually resulting in a Father Christmas-type character with only traces of the original nisse and in some respects indistinguishable from Santa.

In an attempt to attract more than 800,000 tourists, the Tivoli theme park in Copenhagen replaced their julemanden display to that of its Russian counterpart, Father Frost, in 2011.

Postal address
In Denmark a special postal address is used by Post Danmark for children who want to write to julemanden:
 * Rensdyrvej 1
 * Postboks 2412
 * 1566 København V

Rensdyrvej translates as 'Reindeer Way', while the PO Box number 2412 is a reference to 24 December.

title: Julemanden


text:
User talk:Jonno~enwiki

Fair use rationale for Image:Rocket2032cov.jpg
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:250px-Petey.jpg)
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Nintendo task force membership update
I am currently gauging the active membership of the Nintendo task force. I have split the members list into an "active list" and an "inactive list" and have moved all members (except myself) to the "inactive list". To confirm that you're still an active participant in the task force, please go to the membership list at WP:NIN and simply move your name from the "inactive list" back onto the "active list". If you no longer wish to be a member, simply remove your name from the list. After two weeks (around 23 March 2009), I will remove all names on the inactive list. Thank you, and hope you're still interested, MuZemike 20:33, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Nintendo task force membership update
Hello,

It's that time again to update membership status with the Nintendo task force, which we try to do every 3-4 months (though it's been actually 6 months since the last one) to keep our membership up-to-date.

All participants have been placed on an "Inactive participants" list. To confirm that you're still a member of the Nintendo task force, simply go to WikiProject Video games/Nintendo and move your name from the "Inactive participants" list to the bottom of the "Active participants" list. If you are no longer an active member in the task force, you may simply remove your name altogether. After 1 month, on 1 April 2010, all entries under the "Inactive participants" list will be removed. Hopefully you can stay with us and continue to work on Nintendo-related articles. Regards, –MuZemike 17:29, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Template:Music of Castlevania

A tag has been placed on Template:Music of Castlevania requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

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Philippine WikiCon
You are invited to the 3rd Philippine Wiki Conference (WikiCon) on May 26, 2012 9am-1pm at the co.lab.exchange in Pasig City. Please fill this form should you signify interest. --Exec8 (talk) 17:45, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use File:Monkey Majik 2008.jpg
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The WikiProject Video Games Newsletter (4th Quarter 2012)
 The WikiProject Video Games Newsletter

Volume 5, No. 4 — 4th Quarter, 2012

Previous issue | Index | Next issue  Project At a Glance As of Q4 2012, the project has:

 * 150 Featured Articles
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 * 45 A-Class Articles
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Content

 * Changes to Featured and Good content
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 * Feature: "Strengthening and utilizing WP:VGs inter-language links"
 * Interview: Khanassassin

Project Navigation

To receive future editions of this newsletter, click here to sign up on the distribution list. This newsletter was delivered by EdwardsBot (talk) 02:47, 9 January 2013 (UTC)
 * VG Project Main pages
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jonno. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jonno~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:45, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:34, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

2019 US Banknote Contest
Sent by ZLEA at 23:30, 19 October 2019 (UTC) via MediaWiki message delivery (talk)

title: User talk:Jonno~enwiki


text:
Robert Clary

Robert Clary (born Robert Max Widerman; March 1, 1926 – November 16, 2022) was a French actor who was mainly active in the United States. He is best known for his role as Corporal Louis LeBeau on the television sitcom Hogan's Heroes (1965–1971). He also had recurring roles on the soap operas Days of Our Lives (1972–1987), and The Bold and the Beautiful (1990–1992).

Early life and Holocaust survival
Born in 1926 in Paris, France, Clary was the youngest of 14 children, 10 of whom died in the Holocaust. His parents, Baila and Moishe Widerman, were Polish Jewish immigrants. At age 12, he began a career singing professionally on a French radio station and also studied art in Paris. In 1942, because he was Jewish, he was deported to the Nazi concentration camp at Ottmuth, in Upper Silesia (now Otmęt, Poland). He was tattooed with the identification "A5714" on his left forearm. He was later sent to Buchenwald concentration camp.

At Buchenwald, Clary sang to an audience of SS soldiers every other Sunday, accompanied by an accordionist. He said, "Singing, entertaining, and being in kind of good health at my age, that's why I survived. I was very immature and young and not really fully realizing what situation I was involved with ... I don't know if I would have survived if I really knew that."

Writing about his experience, Clary said: We were not even human beings. When we got to Buchenwald, the SS shoved us into a shower room to spend the night. I had heard the rumours about the dummy shower heads that were gas jets. I thought, 'This is it.' But no, it was just a place to sleep. The first eight days there, the Germans kept us without a crumb to eat. We were hanging on to life by pure guts, sleeping on top of each other, every morning waking up to find a new corpse next to you. ... The whole experience was a complete nightmare — the way they treated us, what we had to do to survive. We were less than animals. Sometimes I dream about those days. I wake up in a sweat terrified for fear I'm about to be sent away to a concentration camp, but I don't hold a grudge because that's a great waste of time. Yes, there's something dark in the human soul. For the most part, human beings are not very nice. That's why when you find those who are, you cherish them.

Clary was liberated from Buchenwald on April 11, 1945. Twelve other members of his immediate family had been sent to Auschwitz concentration camp; Clary was the only survivor. When he returned to Paris after World War II, he reunited with six of his thirteen siblings and several nieces and nephews who had avoided being taken away and survived the Nazi occupation of France.

Career
Clary returned to the entertainment business and began singing songs that became popular not only in France, but in the United States as well. Clary made his first recordings in 1948; they were brought to the United States on wire and were issued on disk by Capitol Records. He went to the U.S. in October 1949. One of Clary's first American appearances was a French-language comedy skit on The Ed Wynn Show in 1950. Clary later met Merv Griffin and Eddie Cantor. This eventually led to Clary meeting Cantor's daughter, Natalie Cantor Metzger, whom he married in 1965, after being "the closest of friends" for 15 years. Cantor later got Clary a spot on The Colgate Comedy Hour. In the mid-1950s, Clary appeared on NBC's early sitcom The Martha Raye Show and on CBS's drama anthology series Appointment with Adventure.

Clary's comedic skills were quickly recognized by Broadway, where he appeared in several popular musicals, including Leonard Sillman's revue New Faces of 1952, which was produced as a film in 1954.

In 1952, he appeared in the film Thief of Damascus which also starred Paul Henreid and Lon Chaney Jr. In 1958, he guest-starred on The Gisele MacKenzie Show (NBC). He guest-starred on The Munsters Today (1989) as Louis Schecter, Lily's acting coach, in the episode "Green Eyed Munsters".

In 1959, he was cast in the title role of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec in a British production of an Edward Chodorov play, Monsieur Lautrec. The play ran for two weeks at the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry. Although The Stage panned the play, it praised Clary for portraying Lautrec "with a delicacy and yet moving intenseness."

LeBeau on Hogan's Heroes
In 1965, the diminutive 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) Clary was offered the role of Corporal Louis LeBeau on a new television sitcom called Hogan's Heroes, and he accepted the role when the pilot sold. The series was set in a German prisoner of war (POW) camp during World War II, and Clary played a French POW who was a member of an Allied sabotage unit operating from inside the camp.

Asked about parallels between LeBeau's incarceration and his own, Clary said, "Stalag 13 is not a concentration camp. It's a POW camp, and that's a world of difference. You never heard of a prisoner of war being gassed or hanged. When the show went on the air, people asked me if I had any qualms about doing a comedy series dealing with Nazis and concentration camps. I had to explain that it was about prisoners of war in a Stalag, not a concentration camp, and although I did not want to diminish what soldiers went through during their internments, it was like night and day from what people endured in concentration camps."

Clary was the last surviving original cast member of Hogan's Heroes. Kenneth Washington, who joined the cast in the show's final season as Sergeant Richard Baker, was the only surviving cast member when Clary died.

Later life and career
After Hogan's Heroes was cancelled in 1971, Clary maintained close ties to fellow Hogan's Heroes cast members Werner Klemperer, John Banner, and Leon Askin, whose lives were also affected by the Holocaust. Following the show's cancellation, he appeared in a handful of feature films with World War II themes, including the made-for-television film Remembrance of Love, about the Holocaust. Clary also appeared on the soap operas Days of Our Lives, The Young and the Restless, and The Bold and the Beautiful.

Clary appeared in the 1975 film The Hindenburg, which portrayed a fictional plot to blow up the German airship after it arrived at the Lakehurst Naval Air Station. He played Joseph Späh, a real-life passenger on the airship's final voyage.

Clary spent years touring Canada and the United States, speaking about the Holocaust. He was a painter, painting from photographs he took on his travels.

Clary was among dozens of Holocaust survivors whose portraits and stories were included in 1997 book “The Triumphant Spirit,” by photographer Nick Del Calzo. In the book, Clary said, “I beg the next generation not to do what people have done for centuries — hate others because of their skin, shape of their eyes, or religious preference,”

Clary published a memoir, From the Holocaust to Hogan's Heroes: The Autobiography of Robert Clary, in 2001.

Personal life
Clary married Natalie Cantor, the daughter of Eddie Cantor, in 1965. She died in 1997. The couple had no children.

Clary died at his Los Angeles home on November 16, 2022, at age 96. Clary's niece, Brenda Hancock, confirmed his death to the public, but did not provide a cause.

Films

 * Ten Tall Men (1951) — Mossul
 * Thief of Damascus (1952) — Aladdin
 * New Faces (1954) — various songs and characters in this musical comedy revue, reprising his role from Broadway's New Faces of 1952
 * A New Kind of Love (1963) — Frenchman at restaurant
 * The Hindenburg (1975) — Joseph Späh
 * Remembrance of Love (1982) — played himself as an Auschwitz survivor

Television

 * Hogan's Heroes (1965–1971) — Corporal Louis LeBeau
 * The High Chaparral (1967–1971) — Lucien Chariot
 * Days of Our Lives (1972–1973, 1975–1983, 1986–1987) — Robert LeClair
 * The Young and the Restless (1973–1974) — Pierre Roulland
 * Fantasy Island (1978) — Ipsy Dauphin in "Escape/Cinderella girls"
 * The Bold and the Beautiful (1990–1992) — Pierre Jourdan

title: Robert Clary


text:
Shields and Yarnell

Shields and Yarnell were an American mime team, formed in 1972, consisting of Robert Shields (born March 26, 1951) and Lorene Yarnell (March 21, 1944 – July 29, 2010).

Robert Shields
Shields was born in Los Angeles and graduated from North Hollywood High School. At the age of 18, while working as a street mime and performing at the Hollywood Wax Museum, he was discovered by Marcel Marceau, who offered him a full scholarship to his school of mime in Paris. His apprenticeship was short-lived, however, as he felt the need to develop his own style and pry mime loose from its artsy pedestal. Shields soon returned to California, working in Union Square, San Francisco. Shields is credited with being the originator of "The Robot" moves early in his career. In 1974, Shields appeared in Francis Ford Coppola's film The Conversation. In 1998, Shields was recruited by the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus to serve as their Director of Clowning.

Lorene Yarnell and Robert Shields met when they worked on Fol-de-Rol, a 1972 Sid and Marty Krofft TV special that was Shields' first TV appearance.

Lorene Yarnell
Lorene Yarnell (also a native Angeleno) had been a dancer and actress in movies and television shows, including Bye Bye Birdie, Shindig!,  and The Carol Burnett Show, as well as off-Broadway musicals, before she met Shields, in San Francisco.

She later had speaking guest appearances on The Muppet Show and Wonder Woman, which both also featured Shields.

Yarnell later appeared as Claudine in a 1983 outdoor production of Can-Can at The Muny in St. Louis, starring Broadway's Judy Kaye, John Reardon, John Schuck, Beth Leavel and Lawrence Leritz, her dance partner, to excellent reviews. On film, Yarnell played Dot Matrix (body acting, with Joan Rivers performing the voice) in the 1987 Mel Brooks movie Spaceballs.

As a duo
Shields and Yarnell's specialty was a series of skits called The Clinkers, in which they assumed the personae of robots, with many individual, deliberate motions (as opposed to normal smooth motion) stereotypical of robots and early animatronics, enhanced by their ability to refrain from blinking their eyes for long stretches of time.

Their dance and mime performances were featured in 1977 and 1978 on their own CBS television comedy-variety program, The Shields and Yarnell Show. They appeared on 400 national television shows in the United States, including The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, The Red Skelton Show, The Muppet Show (1979), and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. The pair played the "Six-Hundred-Dollar People" created by Dr. Loveless Jr., in the 1979 TV movie The Wild Wild West Revisited. They performed in the unsuccessful Broadway musical production Broadway Follies in New York City, which closed after only one performance, following bad reviews that night. Career highlights included shows for two American Presidents, a command performance for Queen Elizabeth II, and a tour of China with comedian Bob Hope.

Their television special Toys on the Town, written by Shields, earned an Emmy Award.

They won an award as Las Vegas "Entertainer of the Year," dual Georgies for "Rising Stars of the Year" and "Special Attraction of the Year" from the American Guild of Variety Artists.

Post-divorce
Shields and Yarnell married in 1972 and divorced in 1986. Shields opened a jewelry and art business in Sedona, Arizona, while Yarnell remarried and moved to Norway. They reunited periodically to tour with their act.

In 2002, Shields met Laurie Burke, a singer-songwriter in Sedona, and the two were married on September 25, 2006. Burke was diagnosed with a brain tumor the next spring and died on April 25, 2007. Shields married Jennifer Griffiths in December 2009. The couple divorced in 2014. Shields currently resides in Verde Valley, Arizona, where he creates paintings, sculptures, and jewelry design.

Death of Lorene Yarnell
Yarnell moved to Sandefjord, Norway, in 1998 with her third husband Bjørn Jansson. She died of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm on July 29, 2010, at the age of 66.

title: Shields and Yarnell


text:
Secretary for the Civil Service

The Secretary for the Civil Service is the head of the Civil Service Bureau in Hong Kong. Unlike other secretaries for bureaux, the Secretary for the Civil Service is filled by an administrative officer from the civil service, who may choose to return to the civil service when his term expires. Before Principal Officials Accountability System was introduced in 2002, it was a civil service position.

After handover, 1997–present
Political party:

title: Secretary for the Civil Service


text:
User talk:MrTibblesLikesCheese

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Redwolf24 21:37, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:MrTibblesLikesCheese


text:
Marjorie Hope Nicolson

Marjorie Hope Nicolson (February 18, 1894 – March 9, 1981) was an American literary scholar. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1941 and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1955.

Early life and education
Nicolson was the daughter of Charles Butler Nicolson, editor-in-chief of the Detroit Free Press during World War I and later that paper's correspondent in Washington, DC, and Lissie Hope Morris.

Nicolson graduated from the University of Michigan with a B.A. degree in 1914, followed by her M.A. in 1918. Afterwards, she attended Yale, where she received a Ph.D. in 1920, where she was the first woman to receive the distinguished John Addison Porter Prize for her dissertation.

She taught first at the University of Michigan and was granted an assistant professorship before continuing her graduate study at Johns Hopkins College from 1923–1926. While at Johns Hopkins, Nicolson continued to teach at Goucher College. In 1926, she left for England to study as one of the early Guggenheim fellows.

Career
After her studies in Europe, Nicolson returned to the United States to continue her research and to teach at Smith College. She was first an associate professor from 1926–1929, before becoming a professor of English literature and Dean from 1929 until 1941. During her time at Smith College, Nicolson was a strong ally of President Neilson and defender of women's right to have a real academic education.

She left Smith College for Columbia, in order to become the first woman to hold a full professorship at a prestigious graduate school. She became the chair of the English and Comparative literature department. Nicolson, or Miss Nicky, as she was intimately known by a few special students, became a much admired professor and scholar, who inspired many doctoral candidates while at Columbia. She was awarded the Columbia Bicentennial Silver Medallion in 1954. She left Columbia in 1962 as the Peter Field Trent Professor Emeritus, but still did not retire from the academic arena.

In 1963, she spent one year as the Francis Bacon chair at Claremont Graduate school. Following this year, she traveled to Princeton where she became the visiting scholar at the National Institute for Advanced Study. Throughout her busy career in academia, Nicolson found time to publish many short essays and books. She wrote throughout her life, and was awarded the British Academy Crawshay prize in 1947, for one of her early works, Newton Demands the Muse.

In 1940, she became the first woman president of Phi Beta Kappa; in 1943 she took over for a year as the interim editor of that organization's literary journal, The American Scholar, after its first editor, William Allison Shimer, resigned. She was also president of the Modern Language Association in 1963.

An authority on 17th-century literature and thought, she was the author of numerous books. She was awarded the Pilgrim Award from the Science Fiction Research Association in 1971 for her pioneering work in the relationship between science and literature.

Nicolson was awarded honorary degrees from over 17 colleges. She was the first woman to receive the Wilbur Cross Medal, an award for distinguished alumni of the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.

Death
She died on March 9, 1981, in White Plains, NY.

Books

 * The Art of Description (F. S. Crofts, 1925)
 * Newton Demands the Muse: Newton's Opticks and the Eighteenth Century Poets (Princeton University Press, 1946)
 * Voyages to the Moon (Macmillan, 1948)
 * The Breaking of the Circle: Studies in the Effect of the New Science on Seventeenth-Century Poetry (Northwestern University Press, 1950)
 * Science and Imagination (Columbia University Press, 1956)
 * Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory: The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite (Cornell University Press, 1959)
 * John Milton: A Reader's Guide to His Poetry (Farrar, Straus, 1963)
 * Pepys' Diary and the New Science (University Press of Virginia, 1965)
 * Books Are Not Dead Things (College of William and Mary, 1966)
 * With G. S. Rousseau, "This Long Disease, My Life": Alexander Pope and the Sciences (Princeton University Press, 1968)

As editor

 * The Conway Letters: The Correspondence of Anne, Viscountess Conway, Henry More and Their Friends, 1642–1684 (Yale University Press, 1930)
 * With David Stuart Rodes, The Virtuoso by Thomas Shadwell (University of Nebraska Press, 1966)

title: Marjorie Hope Nicolson


text:
Talk:John Louis Evans

Neutrality
The neutrality (WP:POV) of the following sentence has been questioned:

 * The tortuous manner of his execution is frequently cited by opponents of capital punishment in the United States.

Feel free to discuss here:
 * I wrote the sentence. I believe it is a matter of fact rather than opinion and that it explains why Evans' case is more notable than the typical executed murderer. Dystopos 21:37, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The sentence is fine as it is; when I first read it, it was taken out of context and the article was not cited. However, I think the description at John Louis Evans justifies the use of "tortuous". Sango  123  01:27, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Possibly, but I think "torturous" is more apt. "Tortuous" means "winding" and is often used metaphorically for "convoluted". Just to round out the set, "tortious" means "wrongful, comprising a tort". --Trovatore 20:06, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the vocabulary correction. My previous argument applies to the corrected term. --Dystopos 01:49, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Time paradox

 * If the television program was aired prior to the execution, it follows that it would not include details of the execution, so the reference to those details being omitted is unnecessary. 71.103.10.69 (talk) 19:03, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * You beat me to it. PurpleChez (talk) 13:00, 11 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Louis Evans


text:
Marianne Gravatte

Marianne Gravatte (born December 13, 1959, in Hollywood, California) is an American model and actress. She was chosen as Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for the October 1982 issue, then as the 1983 Playmate of the Year. Her original pictorial was photographed by Richard Fegley.

Career
After being noticed in Playboy magazine by Ratt band member Stephen Pearcy, Gravatte appeared in the video as Stephen Pearcy's girlfriend for the band's song "Lay It Down". She was also featured on the front cover of the song's parent album, Invasion of Your Privacy, Ratt's second record, which was released in 1985.

She posed for Playboy again for the April 1994 Playmate Revisited feature.

Personal life
From 1988 to 1990 Gravatte worked at the bar at the Out of Bounds Sports Bar in Huntington Beach, California with her husband, Mark E. Larsen. She is the mother of three sons.

TV appearances

 * Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer ... Brenda - in the episode "Dead Man's Run" (1984) .... Brenda
 * Matt Houston - in the episode "The Bikini Murders" (1984)

Other appearances

 * A cameo appearance in the music video "Something to Grab For" by Ric Ocasek (1983)
 * A cameo appearance in the music video "No Tellin' Lies" by Zebra (1984)
 * Appeared in Jocks Movie Poster (1987) Not in the movie.
 * The June 1983 issue of Playboy featuring Gravatte as Playmate of the Year appears in episode 20 ("Everybody Hates Playboy") of the first season of Everybody Hates Chris.

Playboy appearances

 * August 1982 "California Girls" - page 149
 * October 1982 PMOM - page 108-119
 * January 1983 "Dear Playboy" -page 18
 * January 1983 "Playmate Review" - page 180
 * January 1983 "Playmates' Progress" - page 189
 * June 1983 "Playmate of the Year" - page 136–153, 162 (text)
 * September 1983 "Dear Playboy" - page 15
 * November 1983 Subscription Ad - page 24-25
 * December 1983 "Giant Calendar Ad" - page 101
 * May 1984 "World of Playboy" - page 13
 * October 1984 "Stuck On Memphis" - page 125-127
 * February 1985 "Next Month" - page 194
 * March 1985 "Understudies" - page 120, 122, 124-125
 * January 1986 "Potpourri" - page 246
 * January 1994 "40 Memorable Years" - page 92
 * April 1994 "Playmate Revisited" - page 74-77
 * October 1996 Ad - page 165
 * January 1997 "Video Ad" - page 38
 * March 1997 "Glamourcon" - page 119
 * January 2000 "Centerfolds of the Century" - page 120

NSS, books, and supplements

 * 2nd 15 Years - page 103
 * Girls of Summer 1983 - page 7, 29
 * Girls of Summer 1984 - page 5–7, 56–57, 108-109
 * Girls of Summer 1988 - page 107
 * Girls of Summer 1989 - page 45
 * Girls of Summer 1990 - page 53
 * Girls of Winter 1984 - page 36–37, 66-67
 * Girls of Winter 1988 - page 77, 91
 * Women of Television 1984 - page 99
 * Book of Lingerie #1 - page 1, 108, 109
 * Book of Lingerie #2 - page 62–65, 96
 * Book of Lingerie #3 - page 18–19, 48, 49
 * Book of Lingerie #4 - page 102-103
 * Book of Lingerie #5 - page 24, 91
 * Book of Lingerie #6 - page 44, 45
 * Book of Lingerie #8 - page 11, 29
 * Book of Lingerie #10 - page 6
 * Book of Lingerie #11 - page 43
 * Book of Lingerie #74 - page 51
 * Book of Lingerie #78 - page 82
 * Blondes, Brunettes, & Redheads 1985 - page 44-47
 * Blondes, Brunettes, & Redheads 1990 - page 27
 * Bathing Beauties 1989 - page 68
 * Sporting Women - page 30, 31
 * Holiday Girls - page 14, 104-105
 * Women On the Move - page 77
 * Fantasies II - page 16-25
 * Calendar Playmates - page 18, 27, 32
 * Celebrating Centerfolds #1 - page 69
 * Centerfolds Of The Century - page 61
 * Facts & Figures - page 8, 47
 * Midnight Playmates supplement - page 4, 14
 * Nudes 1990 - page 54, 108
 * Nudes 1991 - page 61
 * Playmates in Paradise - page 58-61
 * Playmates of the Year 1986 - page 94-99
 * Playmates of the Year 2000 - page 48, 49
 * Playmates of the Year 2013 - page 50, 51
 * Photography - page 4-13 and cover
 * Pocket Playmates #3 - page 5
 * 21 Playmates II - page 78-81 and cover
 * Wet & Wild Women 1987 - page 26, 27
 * Wet & Wild Playmates 1994 - page 70
 * Sexy, Sassy & Sophisticated - page 20, 78-79
 * Playmate Book 50 - page 242–243, 262, 263
 * Playboy Book 50 - page 263

Foreign Playboy

 * Japan September 1982 "California Girls" - page 193
 * Spain October 1982 PMOM - page 52-63
 * France October 1982 PMOM - page 56-67
 * Netherlands October 1982 PMOM - page 69-79
 * Japan November 1982 PMOM - page 129-141
 * Australia December 1982 PMOM - page 7, 76-87
 * Italy January 1983 PMOM - page 58-69
 * Italy June 1983 "La Playmate Dell Anno" - page 100-111
 * France June 1983 "La Victoire de Marianne" - page 28-37
 * Mexico June 1983 "Playmate del Ano" - page 62-71
 * Japan July 1983 "Playboy People" - page 9
 * Japan July 1983 "Playmate of the Year" - page 78-85
 * Netherlands July 1983 "Playmate of the Year" - page 99-101
 * Spain July 1983
 * Australia August 1983 "US Playmate of the Year" - page 84-91
 * Spain October 1983 "La Playmates Del Ano" - page 70-77
 * Australia April 1985 "Undercover" 134-137
 * Japan May 1985 "Understudies" - page 167, 169, 170-171
 * Argentina October 1985 PMOM - page 152-163
 * Australia October 1985 "Subscription Ad"
 * Greece April 1986 "Playmate Review" - page 96, 98
 * Turkey April 1986 PMOM - page 59-71
 * Turkey July 1986 "Subscription Ad" - page 26-27
 * Turkey March 1987 "Subscription Ad" - page 114-115
 * Hong Kong April 1988 PMOM - page 88-102
 * Turkey January 1989 - page 75
 * Italy July 1994
 * Turkey September 1994 "Playmate Revisited" - page 112-115
 * Australia January 1995 "Playmate Revisited"
 * Japan May 1999 "Best of Playmates 1960-1998" - page 67
 * Croatia February 2001
 * Italy June 2002 "Le Grandi Playmates Del Passato - page 100-104
 * Netherlands May 2011 "Retro Bloot" - page 32
 * Croatia October 2016 "Flashback" - page 136

title: Marianne Gravatte


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Independent Newspaper

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. --Tony Sidaway Talk 11:38, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

The Independent Newspaper
Clearly a vanity page written by the newspaper's editor or at least someone very closely related to the newspaper. Not necessary or should at least be cleaned up so it is less partial and only includes necessary facts. 69.72.29.86 21:37, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect without merge to The Independent, which is an actual notable newspaper. CDC   (talk)  21:50, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect (as per CDC ) --Doc (?) 09:28, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to The Independent, agreed james gibbon  21:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to The Independent. Capitalistroadster 23:51, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This page used to be quite biased, but it seems that certain objective editors have made the content more relevant. It no longer is so partial, and is quite fact-oriented. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.188.116.134 (talk • contribs) 2005-07-26 01:46:39 UTC
 * Hello. I am the editor of the paper. None of the members of my staff put the page up. It was done by a member of the school community. It is not a national paper, but is important, and has a regional audience. It is neither fair nor right to delete it. It is informative and adds to the value of wikipedia. This page should not be redirected or deleted. The editors of The Independent simply want the title to themselves, which is selfish and antithetical to the goals of wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.188.116.134 (talk • contribs) 2005-07-26 02:10:10 UTC
 * Delete first, then redirect to The Independent. — Trilobite (Talk) 12:22, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Whilst looking for verification, I have found all of these. However, the only thing that I can find about this Independent is this, which is a cached version of the St Albans School News apologizing for "the damages inflicted upon all readers by the last issue of the Independent".  That's the entire content, and not even that much remains on the actual site. Uncle G 15:34:31, 2005-07-26 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Marshrutka

Marshrutnoye taksi (Маршрутное такси; Маршрутне таксі), commonly known by the colloquialism Marshrutka (Russian and Ukrainian: маршру́тка,, , plural marshrutki), are share taxis found in Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union. Usually vans, they drive along set routes, depart only when all seats are filled, and may have higher fares than buses. Passengers can board a marshrutka anywhere along its route if there are seats available.

Fares are usually paid before the marshrutka leaves; riders near the driver are responsible for handing up the other passengers' fares and passing back change.

Etymology
The Russian word маршрутка is the colloquial form for маршрутное такси, which literally means "routed taxi" (маршрут referring to a planned route that something follows, and такси meaning "taxi"). The word маршрут is from the German word Marschroute, which is composed of the words Marsch ("a walk, march") and Route ("route").

Early days (pre-1992)
"Route taxicabs" were introduced in Moscow for the first time in the USSR in 1938, operated with ZiS-101 limousines. They offered ordinary people a chance to ride in luxurious ZiS cars, otherwise reserved for high officials. At first, they were used mainly for tourists and serviced mostly stations and airports.

Unlike ordinary taxicabs using taximeters, routed taxicab rides are charged by zones, like trams, buses, and trolley buses. The fares were cheaper than those of ordinary taxis but higher than those of large-scale public transport. Unlike ordinary taxis, where a passenger could enjoy a private ride, the routed taxicab would pick up and drop passengers along its route. During communist rule, state-owned taxicab parks operated all marshrutkas.

Outside of Moscow, other large Soviet cities organized routed taxis. For example, Gorky had a routed taxi line between Sormovo and the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. , the full fare was Rbls 3.50; a similar service cost 1 rouble by bus or 50 kopecks by tram.

During World War II as the Red Army requisitioned cars, routed taxi services ceased. They resumed in Moscow in 1945. Only by the 1950s did they re-appear in most cities where they had operated before the war. ZiS-110 and GAZ-12 ZIM cars were widely used in this role until the mid-1960s.

Routed taxicabs also offered interurban services. From Moscow, they drove to distant cities, such as Simferopol, Kharkiv, Vladimir, Tula, and Riazan. For example, the Moscow-Yalta route operated in the summer, taking two days, with a night stop in Belgorod (near Kursk).

In the 1960s, RAF-977 minibusses became the most common routed-taxi vehicles, replacing passenger cars. Municipal authorities operated the routes. The quality and concept varied greatly between regions. The fare gap between buses and routed taxicabs lessened. In Moscow, for example, the standard bus fare was 5 kopecks, and the minibus fare was 15 kopecks on most routes; in Gorky a regular bus-ride was 6 kopecks, and a routed-taxi ride was 10 kopecks.

Later, the new model RAF-2203 Latvija (introduced in 1976) replaced the RAF-977 minibusses. Eventually, practically all marshrutka services used RAF-2203 Latvijas; many people referred to marshrutkas as "Latvias" or "RAFicks".

Marshrutka boom (1992–2000)
The introduction of market economies greatly changed the supply of transportation to the urban population in the CIS. The demand for faster and more versatile public transit came to be fulfilled dramatically, while the demand for the underfunded municipal transportation system dropped; people were willing to pay a premium for better service. Although buses (like Ikarus, LAZ, PAZ, RAF, and KAvZ, as well as irregularly imported used minibusses), obtained on a secondary market, had been used by entrepreneurs as a backup on the busiest routes since the early 1990s, it was not until the auto manufacturer GAZ rolled out in 1996 the first mass-produced Russian minibus, GAZelle, that the modern system took shape.

GAZelle was an instant hit as it was a cheap (around US$8,000), easy-to-repair, and lease-friendly passenger minibus with a capacity of twelve seated passengers. A lot of individual entrepreneurs entered the market, as well as some larger companies. At this time, licensing for public transportation in particular was not required. The vehicle only had to pass annual safety check-ups, which were relatively easy, since local authorities trusted GAZ cars. Moreover, the GAZelle could be easily equipped to run on natural gas.

During this period, most marshrutkas followed well-established public transit routes.

Modern days (2000–present)
Witnessing the success of privately owned public transportation led to some reaction from the society. Local authorities responded by toughening safety and licensing requirements—like mandatory free transportation of a certain number of disabled passengers upon request and "package deals" in route licensing—tying the privilege to drive on a lucrative route to the chore of driving several not-so-profitable ones. The market became dominated either by large companies or by unions of owner-operators of individual minibuses. Some of municipal public transportation companies entered the business, and prices dropped due to increased competition.

Another consequence was a massive response from car and bus manufacturers. Old manufacturers introduced smaller, more maneuverable models (like PAZ or KAZ) and started licensed assembly of minibuses (KrAZ started assembling Iveco minibuses). Diesel models in the form of the new Isuzu Bogdan, Tata Etalon and others have seen immense popularity. The capacity grew from fifteen sitting passengers to jam-packed small buses of fifty. The busiest routes in major cities now use full-size privately owned buses operating at the same price with municipal companies. The original GAZelle saw a few official modifications to its body, length and passenger capacity to better serve buyer demands, including models featuring diesel engines.

Russia

In Russia, GAZelle, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, Peugeot Boxer, Fiat Ducato, Renault Master, Volkswagen Crafter, Iveco Daily and Ford Transit vans are usually used as route taxis, although in eastern parts the Japanese minibuses like Toyota Hiace are more popular. Often they (except GAZelle and Japanese vans) are refurbished from vans by special enterprises (such as ST Nizhegorodets, PKF Luidor, Promteh-NN and others) by cutting windows, inserting the glass, installing seats, automatic sliding doors, trim and handrails (are licensed manufacturers of vans for a given activity and are sold through the official dealer network). Route taxis congregate at train stations, metro stations, and transfer points at the end of tram and trolley bus routes. Minibuses are also used, such as PAZ-3205 (in small towns), PAZ-3204, Bogdan, Hyundai County, as well as small buses from China.

In St. Petersburg, the route is identified as "Kxxx", with "xxx" being the number of the bus, tram and trolley bus routes being followed and "K" - standing for the Russian word for "commercial" (коммерческий, kommerchesky). There are routes traveled solely by route taxis — cross-city routes connecting termini of the metro. Usually, the route taxi will not depart the start point of a route until all seats are occupied.

In the Gazelle, there are no standing places due to a lack of height and if the cabin is filled, they do not stop at the request of people standing at the bus stops, only stopping when one or more seats become vacant (the driver monitors the filling and turns away extra passengers at the entrance). In other shuttles passengers can board standing places, regardless of occupancy of the seats. The taxi will skip stops if they are not requested and, if operated with a GAZelle or similar, bypass hailing riders until it has empty seats. The fare is commonly one and a half or twice the fare of a regular bus.

The appeal for the route taxi is that it is considered to be a faster ride in less-crowded conditions than regular transport; the taxi routes that follow cross-city routes are most often the fastest means of mass transport. Also, collapse of municipal transport services in many cities made it absolutely impractical to commute without the help of marshrutkas at all.

In St. Petersburg, the average marshrutka fare is 35 roubles (€0.70) per person, with intercity bus fares reaching Rbls 70 (€1.40). In other cities (e.g., Novosibirsk) it can be as low as Rbls 20 (€0.40) per person. Passengers either pay with cash or transportation cards (e-wallet).

In 2016, Moscow has banned marshrutkas and integrated private buses into the city transport network. Private buses now operate on set routes and accept regular tickets. However, marshrutkas with routes leading to or originating from Moscow Oblast are allowed to operate in the city and in 2019 are still common in the districts bordering Moscow Oblast such as Vykhino-Zhulebino, Novokosino or Levoberezhny.

It is relatively cheap and fast to ride a marshrutka. The only drawback, sometimes noted by foreigners, is the poor noise insulation, which means you have to practically scream at the driver to request a stop. Mini marshrutkas were built in Russia in 2019.

Ukraine

In Ukraine, the Bogdan A091 and A092 buses are the most common route taxi which can be found operating in towns and cities. Generally the fare is higher than city owned public buses. Alighting the bus is possible regardless of the designated bus stop, but generally this is up to driver's discretion. State Automobile inspection (ДАІ) forbids picking up passengers outside of the bus stops. Marshrutkas do not require tickets, although a passenger can ask for a ticket when paying the fare as a receipt for expense claim purposes.

Etalons and Bogdans usually have a conductor on board selling the tickets. In the GAZelle or converted van, the fare is paid directly to the driver, either upon pickup or departure of the passenger. It is common etiquette for passengers to relay the fare of fellow passengers to the driver, and the change back on crowded buses.

"Everybody pays" fast buses

In Kyiv, Ukraine and other cities, marshrutkas evolved into "everybody pays" fast buses. The public route microbuses can be small, medium-size, and sometimes big buses, with a higher fare than on ordinary municipally funded buses. They also do not take month subscription tickets. Marshrutkas do not carry pensioners. Depending on the city, persons with disabilities, students, law enforcement workers, and civil servants (pass holders) ride for free. Marshrutkas will not take more free passengers (e.g. disabled) than the strictly limited quantity of one per vehicle, while in ordinary buses, trolleybuses and trams the number is not limited and more categories of people (pensioners, etc.) have the right to ride for free. This is why there are many times more marshrutkas in the city than ordinary buses, trolleybuses and trams altogether.

Since municipally funded buses must transport pass holders for free, pass holders prefer using municipal buses to private buses. The lack of marshrutkas' free-ride obligations is because they are classed as "taxis." Ordinary municipal buses, which are usually "full of free riders", are as a result unprofitable and cause economic loss. If a marshrutka charges the same fare as a municipal bus, the marshrutka will profit more, since there is an effective doubling of the profit due to there being one or no free pass riders on board.

Marshrutka usually operate faster and with greater frequency than ordinary buses. Stopping marshrutka in the city, at established stops, comes out of practice, being difficult because of the large number of passengers and the high frequency of the stops.

In the 1990s when local authorities temporarily lost their ability to finance city bus work, the bus drivers installed tablets with the inscription "Taxomotor" in their bus windows. That meant that every passenger had to pay the fare.

Belarus
In Minsk, Belarus, the fleet of vehicles is the same as Russia, consisting of Mercedes-Benz Sprinter and Ford Transit.

Moldova
In Moldova, rutierele run all over the capital and to most large cities in the country. Most rutierele are white and have only the roof vent and front windows for airflow. Rutierele will usually seat around 16 people with space for another 15 to 20 to stand while holding railing.

Armenia
In Yerevan, Armenia, marshrutkas (մարշրուտկա maršrutka or երթուղային տաքսի ert’uġayin tak'si) cost the same as larger buses (100 AMD in 2018), with the fare being paid when the passenger exits. There are no tickets issued. Marshrutkas can be hailed anywhere along their route, though they do have specific stops and riders can exit at any point if the driver is willing to pull over. While the law requires that marshrutkas stop only at designated stops while on major streets, compliance with this law depends on the driver and the degree of police enforcement at any given time.

Marshrutkas are the primary form of vehicular intercity transit in Armenia (outside of the Ararat Valley, where some full-sized bus lines operate). For example, as of January 2016, there is an hourly route between Yerevan and Ijevan — an approximately two-hour trip — costing 1500 AMD. From most bus stations in Armenia, it is possible to find marshrutka routes connecting to several nearby small or mid-size cities.

Georgia

In Tbilisi, Georgia, marshrutkas ("მარშრუტკა" marshrutka; officially, "სამარშრუტო ტაქსი", samarshruto taksi, "route taxi") cost 1 Lari. Up until 2011, all marshrutkas in Tbilisi had a common fare of 50 tetri. However, after introducing new Ford Transit minibus vehicles, the price went up and is now at 1 lari. Marshrutkas stop upon passengers' request at designated bus stops. In Marshrutkas, just as in buses, all cabs accept only digital payments either from Tbilisi Metroman card (pre-loaded city transportation card), newly introduced Travel Card as well as any credit or debit card that support nfc transactions.

Latvia
Historically, marshrutkas ("mikroautobuss" in Latvian) were a common means of transport in larger cities of the Latvian SSR, the RAF-2203 was the only minibus used for this purpose.

In today's Latvia, marshrutkas are no longer in service in most cities, including Riga. Minibuses with a fixed schedule and fixed bus stops have taken over as the prevailing means of transport in places where marshrutkas once dominated.

Lithuania
In Lithuania, marshrutkas ("maršrutiniai taksi", informally "mikriukai" - lit. "minibuses") had been in service in a variety of cities since the end of the 1980s, with the largest networks in Vilnius and Kaunas, though also present in Klaipėda, Šiauliai and elsewhere, mostly operating on routes in the city limits with some exceptions. They operated in usual hail-and-ride model, with fixed bus stops only at the start and end of the route, marked with a signpost. In order for the service to be the most profitable, some routes identical to existing bus and trolleybus ones were operated, with the drivers sometimes driving erratically, weaving in and out of traffic, stopping in forbidden locations in order to gain a speed advantage that made them attractive to the passengers. Other kinds of routes were operated on narrow streets in the outskirts of the cities, especially in allotments, where the larger city buses simply wouldn't fit or weren't convenient to operate. In Vilnius, various marshrutka companies (all with similarly old stock) used to operate, which saw a gradual decline in growth since the late 2000s, and completely fell out of favour in 2013, when the city municipality reorganised public transport in the city. The duplicate routes were closed, spiritually replaced by express buses, while some unique routes were added to the city bus system, and operated with smaller buses. In Kaunas, where marshrutka routes were less duplicative, there were attempts to regulare the network, which included a tender to select a single operator, however, the service became unprofitable and was stopped in 2019. The only major city in Lithuania that still operates marshrutkas is Klaipėda, where, since 2018, they are regulated with strict standards, consist of new low-floor stock, and are officially integrated into the public transport system, though only a separate, more expensive ticket is valid.

Estonia
In Estonia, marshrutkas ("Marsruuttakso" in Estonian) are used in Tallinn. They are mostly used on routes connecting the city to small towns nearby, such as Saku, Saue and Kose where most people have cars and demand for public transport is lower but the many departure times are still useful. Late evening departures may have higher fares because local trains and other alternative means of transportation are not running. In late evening marshrutkas are also a good choice for suburbs where bus services end around midnight, but some marshrutkas continue to run.

Central Asia

In Central Asia (at least in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan), standing room is allowed on marshrutkas. Indeed, drivers will often encourage passengers to board the marshrutka and cram together until there is not enough space for another passenger to board. In such a case, once a passenger exits the marshrutka, the driver will stop for others and allow them on until it is full again. Marshrutkas may be boarded at bus stops, but will usually stop at other places if hailed, and often won't stop at bus stops unless a passenger requests an exit or a prospective passenger hails the marshrutka.

Passengers may request to exit at any point but may have to wait until the driver deems that it is convenient to stop.

The typical Central Asian marshrutka is usually a white minibus branded "Mercedes", though may come in any number of colours, sometimes used to distinguish a specific route. The models most commonly used have a vent in the roof that may be opened by passengers if the atmosphere inside becomes too stuffy. Though not the norm, other vehicles are used as well.

The normal price per fare in Bishkek is 15 som and there are no transfers. From Manas International Airport to Osh bazaar in Bishkek is 40 som. In Almaty, on 3 January 2008, bus fare was increased from 40 tenges to 60 tenges (about 40 cents). Prices range throughout Central Asia, dependent on whether it is a city or village, the local cost of living, the distance covered by route, and government policy.

Finland
There is no domestic marshrutka tradition in Finland as the country was never a part of the Soviet Union. Public transport has been tightly controlled using licensing for taxis and hereditary route concessions or a complete takeover by city transport authorities for bus traffic since the 1930s leaving no possibilities for marshrutka-type services.

As the regulation applies only to domestic transportation, there are marshrutkas operating in Finland. In international transportation, Russian marshrutkas have been operating since the breakup of the Soviet Union between Helsinki and St Petersburg. They can be boarded only for trips crossing the Finnish-Russian border. Marshrutkas are the cheapest way of traveling between Helsinki and St Petersburg.

Norway
While there are not many marshrutka services in Norway, there are some. One example is between Kirkenes and Murmansk (Russia). Also in rural Norway there are some bus routes operated by minibuses with stops that also take up passengers along the route.

Israel
In שירות Sherut, pl. moniyot sherut is a word meaning "service". Referring to vans or minibuses that serve as share taxis in Israel, these can be picked up from anywhere on their route. They follow fixed routes (sometimes the same routes as public transport buses ) and usually leave from the initial station only when full. Moniyot sherut operate both inter and intra-city. Payment is often done by passing money to the driver in a "human chain" formed by the passengers seated before. The change (and the receipt, when requested) are returned to the person who paid by the same means. In intra-city routes, where they compete with official buses, the drivers usually coordinate their travel by radio so that they can arrive at the bus station just before public transport buses and take the most passengers. Unlike most of the Israeli public transport network, the sherut services also operate on Shabbat.

Bulgaria

Bulgarian marshrutkas are customized passenger vans. They have been modified to include large windows in the back, rails and handles. In some cases, seating has been modified — popular routes carrying more passengers typically have more standing space.

Sofia's marshrutka system was considerably developed and existed since the late 1980s, offering many routes crossing through the city centre, connecting with outer suburbs and nearby villages. The Sofia fleet included models such as the Peugeot Boxer, Citroën Jumper, Ford Transit, Iveco Daily and Renault Master. Other cities had adopted a similar system and models available varied from city to city.

Similar to public transport, they operated along numbered routes around the city and had a fixed fare (1.50 leva in Sofia, equivalent to €0.75 as of 2014); the fare is paid upon boarding. Marshrutkas were not obliged to stop anywhere on the route, although they did slow down around popular spots. Marshrutka drivers were asked to stop and pick one up in a taxi-like manner; the getting-off was arranged with the driver, often by just standing up and approaching the door. Sometimes the driver would ask for consent to veer off the route to avoid a traffic jam or roadworks.

Marshrutkas were commonly white, although their colour varied, and they were often partially covered in advertising. There were around 50 marshrutka lines in Sofia alone; the lines being operated by separate private companies. During the 2010s their popularity gradually decreased with the expansion of the Sofia Metro. As of 2021 only a single route remained in operation. About 10 lines operated in Plovdiv.

Romania
In Romania, microbuze or maxi-taxi supplied the need of affordable public transportation in smaller towns when some local administrations abolished the expensive community-owned systems of buses. In Bucharest, this form of transportation appeared in the early 1980s, when the ITB began using them as a peak-hour service, beginning to use Irannational-made Mercedes-Benz T2 vans, being supplemented in the late 1980s by Rocar-TV vans. In 1990, the newly founded RATB sold off its operations to private operators, who began using them in competition to the RATB. They enjoyed wide popularity, especially from 2003 to 2007, and from 2011 onwards, when the RATB lost the rights to operate suburban routes. On the Black Sea shore, it is very common to travel from Constanţa or Mangalia to the resorts on minibuses (microbuze), especially in those resorts where the competing train service is far from the beach and/or lodging facilities. These minibuses have been criticised for their shady operations, lack of safety and primitive transportation conditions.

Asia-Pacific
Similar systems can be found in South East Asia, like the Philippines with minibuses called jeepneys and Thailand with minibuses called songthaew.

In India, several cities have minibuses apart from the presence of three-wheeler taxi-cabs called rickshaws. Minibuses are especially popular in the city of Kolkata for intra-city travel but are also present elsewhere. It is also a crucial mode of public transport in the Himalayan region and in the hilly tracts of Northeast India, as other modes of transport are infrequent or absent altogether.

Similar systems also operate in Hong Kong, with 16 or 19 seater minibuses. Public Light Bus are differentiated from usual minibuses with their red coloured roof, and with very few exceptions, lack of route numbers. With no timetable, drivers can depart when they deem the passenger count on board is financially equitable. Special features include its high speeds (up to 110 km/h on some routes; which is illegal when exceeding the 80km/h limit) and permission for the driver to end the journey pre-maturely, even with passengers on board. Although within their right to charge the full fare, drivers usually lower or omit the fare if they are unable to deliver the passenger to the promised destination.

Africa
Some African countries have a similar system, with minibuses called matatu (Kenya), dala dala (Tanzania) or tro tro (Ghana).

title: Marshrutka