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Hampton Court Park

Hampton Court Park, also known as Home Park, is a walled royal park managed by the Historic Royal Palaces. The park lies between the gardens of Hampton Court Palace and Kingston upon Thames and Surbiton in south west London, England, mostly within the post town of East Molesey, but with its eastern extremity within the post town of Kingston. In 2014, part of the park was designated a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (with Bushy Park and Hampton Court Golf Course). It takes up most of the final (lowest) meander of the non-tidal reaches of the River Thames and is mainly divided between a golf course, meadows interspersed with trees used for deer, seasonal horse grazing and wildlife. A corner of the park is used annually for the Hampton Court Flower Show and the part nearest to the palace has the Long Water — an early set of hydro-engineered ponds or lakes, fed by water from the distant River Colne, as are the bodies of water in the neighbouring park, Bushy Park.

Plant and animal life
Hampton Court Park is a walled deer park of around 700 acre (1.1 sq mi), with a herd of fallow deer, and has been open to the public since 1894. Verges by the A308 road lightly scattered with deciduous trees line the northern wall. These trees, with few evergreens, continue across much of the park. There are three avenues of lime trees that radiate across the park in a crow's foot pattern from Hampton Court Gardens. One runs north-eastwards towards Kingston; one runs south-eastwards towards Ditton; and the third runs eastwards and includes the Long Water lake.

Cardinal Wolsey enclosed with a wall about 2000 acres to form this park and Bushy Park for the establishment of an exceptionally grand house over the former manor house of Hampton. It formed what became before his death Hampton Court Palace, taken over by Henry VIII. The king was an avid hunter and had the park used for breeding rabbits and/or hares, pheasants and partridges.

The inventory of Cromwell's goods made in 1659 records "about 700 deer", compared to "about 1,700" and "about 30 red deer" in Bushy Park.

Mediaeval Oak

A tree, called the Mediaeval Oak (or Methuselah's Oak), in one of the tees for the golf course in the southern part of the park, is said to be 750 years old.

Drained water meadow since medieval period
The public towpath by the lowest part of the non-tidal Thames above Teddington Lock lies in all other directions apart from the palace (west). An emergency conditions flood meadow but not a lowered "Flood Storage Area" most of it is in planning (policy Flood Zone 2 or 3, and mostly in long term flood risk zones ranging across its four categories (very low to high risk) High risk, affecting a small portion means that each year this area has a chance of flooding of greater than 3.3%.

North of the road and a cluster of houses connected with the parks is a narrow set of Paddocks and Bushy Park; the Royal Mews graze horses on the park in the summer.

The Long Water is a large garden canal constructed by Charles II, and given a curved extension at the palace end by William III. It is now the namesake of a lake of the 1730s in Kensington Gardens (see The Long Water), and indeed other large garden canals at Wrest Park and elsewhere. It flows gently in the park roughly eastward from the back of Hampton Court Palace ending at the Golden Jubilee Fountain and is underground connected to a landscaped channel, the Longford River after the Upper Lodge Water Gardens and the Diana Fountain, Bushy Park.

Flower Show
The annual Hampton Court Flower Show is held in 25 acre of the park. It is organized by the Royal Horticultural Society and began in 1990. Many prefer it to the better known Chelsea Flower Show because there is more space, and plants and equipment can be bought at the show. As it is the world's most popular event of this type extensive traffic jams can build up. The show has sometimes been criticized for risking damage to historic features in the park.

title: Hampton Court Park


text:
British Rail Class 168

The Class 168 Clubman is a British diesel multiple unit (DMU) passenger train used on Chiltern Line services between London Marylebone and the West Midlands. The trains were built by Adtranz at the Derby Litchurch Lane Works in several batches from 1998.

The first batch was classified 168/0 under TOPS and resembled the Class 165 units previously built by BREL York. The Networker-design cab was an interim solution pending the design of a completely new cab for further Turbostar batches. Subsequent builds, subclassed as 168/1 and 168/2, were constructed at the same time as the Class 170 Turbostar and thus are part of the Turbostar family of trains.

The first batch of Clubman 168/0 carriages ordered by Chiltern Railways were the first units ordered by any train operating company since the privatisation of the UK industry in 1996. They were delivered as 3-car sets but later lengthened to 4-car sets.

One unit has been converted to hybrid operation as of 2022, but is to be reverted to normal specifications following failed operations.

In 2023, Chiltern announced the refurbishment of the entire class 168 fleet, costing £10.7 million. The units, over the next few years, will receive new carpets, reupholstered seats, 5G Wi-Fi & charging points, as well as a new revised livery. The first unit to receive the improvements will be 168003.

Seating
A typical Class 168 consists of 2+2 standard-class seating throughout, arranged either around tables or in airline-style seating with pull-down tables. The majority of seats are facing seats. The Class 168 is carpeted throughout with luggage racks, air conditioning, and two or more toilets per set (one for disabled users, with baby changing facilities). Passenger information systems are fitted in every car and on the outside of class 168/2 cars.

Variants
Three different variants of the 168 were produced - 168/0, 168/1 and 168/2. Both Classes 168/1 and 168/2 are actually of the same design as the Class 170 Turbostar DMU trains, mainly due to the redesigned cab ends. The nine Class 170s that Chiltern obtained from First TransPennine Express were converted by Brush Traction to operate with the Class 168 fleet, and redesignated as Class 168/3. 168329 has been converted by Porterbrook into a diesel/battery hybrid. It was tested in 2021 on the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway and entered service as "HybridFlex" in February 2022.

Operations
Network SouthEast (NSE) originally planned the Class 168 for its expansion of service on the Chiltern Main Line to Birmingham Snow Hill or New Street. These units were planned to have a higher top speed of 100 mph and better acceleration than the Class 165 Networker Turbo DMU trains.

In the event, privatisation intervened before NSE acquired any units; Chiltern Railways operates these units, in similar diagrams to those originally planned by NSE.

Named units
The following units been named:
 * 168001 Adrian Shooter
 * 168215 Marylebone Station 125 Years

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: British Rail Class 168


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Urban Renewal Authority

The Urban Renewal Authority (URA) is a quasi-governmental, profit-making statutory body in Hong Kong responsible for accelerating urban redevelopment.

History
The authority's predecessor, the Land Development Corporation (土地發展公司, or 土發 for short), was founded in 1988. The new Urban Renewal Authority was founded in 1999 with the aim of speeding up urban renewal. Difficulties reaching agreement on compensation packages for people affected by planned redevelopments delayed the actual commencement of the URA. The agency was finally established on 1 May 2001 and the LDC was dissolved the same day.

A main difference between the former LDC and the URA is the URA's ability to directly resume land (akin to expropriation in other countries). The LDC was required to undertake lengthy negotiations with owners in order to acquire land, and had to demonstrate that it had taken all steps to acquire land on a fair and reasonable basis before it could apply to the Secretary for Planning, Environment and Lands for compulsory land resumption. The difficulty in overriding dissenting property owners was the main reason the LDC was slow to undertake urban renewal.

Unlike the LDC, the URA is also tax-exempt.

Approach
At present, there are about 16,000 private buildings that are 30 or more years old within the metro area of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, Tsuen Wan District and Kwai Tsing District. By 2030, the number of buildings over 30 years old will increase fourfold, and more than 14,000 will be over 50 years old.

Urban renewal in Hong Kong typically involves relatively large-scale redevelopment of urban areas, rather than piecemeal rebuilding of individual buildings or the provision of specific facilities. Streets are often closed, combining smaller urban blocks into larger superblocks. When urban renewal is announced for a specific area, a "freezing survey" is undertaken to identify the current inhabitants, with an aim to preventing opportunists from moving into urban renewal sites in order to receive compensation. The URA then compensates owners and demolishes the district. URA redevelopments generally comprise luxury shopping centres and luxury residential developments.

With the stated aim to address the problem of urban decay and improve the living conditions of residents in dilapidated areas, the Urban Renewal Authority Ordinance (Chapter 563) was enacted in July 2000. The Ordinance provides a new institutional framework for carrying out urban renewal in locations that the private market finds unprofitable. The Hong Kong Government conducted a comprehensive review of "Urban Renewal Strategy" in 2008. After two years' 'community engagement', the new strategy was promulgated on 24 Feb 2011.

Following this review, the stated strategy of the URA is that Hong Kong's urban renewal should follow three major principles: "Putting People first"; "District-Based"; and "Community Participation". Their adherence to these tenets has been questioned by some, including legislator Kenneth Chan, who stated that "the URA always puts its interests first" in reference to the controversy surrounding the Graham Street market eviction, and in reference to the "undemocratic" approach undertaken by the URA in demolishing Lee Tung Street.

Criticism

Redevelopment projects by the Urban Renewal Authority typically involve the wholesale demolition of urban districts and the consolidation of numerous city blocks to accommodate large-scale commercial development. This approach is frequently criticised for destroying cultural heritage, unique local character, and touchstones of collective memory. Community and economic networks are also dismantled as the compensation the URA offers to displaced residents and merchants is rarely sufficient to permit them to return to the affected district. Such grievances are leveled against most URA redevelopment projects, and have escalated to community uprising and hunger strikes by those unwilling to be evicted. The authority has been said to view all older, low-rise districts as merely "vacant airspace with great development potential" rather than functioning communities, thus putting vast older areas of the city under threat of destruction.

In addition to economic exclusivity and disregard for existing local communities, URA redevelopments have also been criticised for poor urban design, such as long stretches of blank wall at ground level which effectively kills the vibrant street life for which older districts are known.

Demolition of Lee Tung Street

Lee Tung Street, better known by its local nickname "Wedding Card Street" , was famous for its printing shops that sell custom-made wedding cards, coloured bright red for good luck. Tens of thousands purchased their wedding cards in the area in the preceding decades, and the district was also the birthplace of the publishing business in Hong Kong. The URA announced in 2003 its intention to redevelop an area of 8,900 square metres centred on Lee Tung and McGregor streets. Fifty-four buildings housing 930 households were planned to be torn down to accommodate four residential towers and four shopping malls.

The redevelopment was subject to a heavy backlash in the community. The decision to demolish was called "undemocratic" and contrary to the stated "people-centred" mandate of the URA. The wedding card printers and publishers were concerned about the loss of invaluable economic and social networks, having to leave the district due to high real estate prices, and the loss of accessibility to suppliers and customers alike. Even though the redevelopment includes a "Wedding City"-themed shopping mall, merchants complained they could not return to the area because most could not afford the increased rents. Under the Land Resumption Ordinance, the URA was able to expropriate tenants and landowners regardless of their will, leading to accusations that URA activities run contrary to public interest and represent an infringement on property rights. The H15 Concern Group was formed to save the wedding card shops and produced an alternative plan called the "dumbbell proposal" which retained the signature tong lau (Chinese walk-up buildings). This plan later received a Silver Award from the Institute of Planners. The URA faced criticism when demolition of the area began three weeks before the Town Planning Board was set to consider the concern group's alternative proposal, with URA chairman Barry Cheung Chun-yuen being driven out of the area by upset locals. One resident, a former shopowner, staged a hunger strike after the bulldozers moved in earlier than anticipated and was hospitalised after four days.

Development chief Carrie Lam defended the project, stating that the buildings of Lee Tung Street were "not worth keeping and had little historic value" and that "stopping the plan would jeopardise the city's future planning". The H15 Concern Group proposal to save the street was rejected by the Planning Department in January 2008 for failing to include a structural assessment, which the concern group said was outside their financial capability. The URA and the government went on to demolish the street as planned, and redevelopment is well underway.

Expropriation of commercial tenants
Commercial tenants sometimes have a different view towards urban renewal as low-cost premises are getting hard to find. Affordable commercial space is not always available in newly developed commercial buildings. Even owner-operators of commercial premises are unable to relocate in the same district because the compensation they get from the Urban Renewal Authority does not always match the purchase price of similar-sized properties in the same district. It was proposed, therefore, that options should be made available to owners or tenants so that they can choose between physical relocation by developers, cash compensation to allow them buy or rent elsewhere, or wind up their businesses altogether.

Suppression of internal dissent
At the end of April 2007, Alan Leong Kah-kit was dropped from the board of directors of the URA after two years of service. Leong said he was not angry or surprised, and expressed doubt on whether the authority works in the public interest: "The government expects those who are appointed to statutory bodies to shut up and not express any opposing view to the public [...] It doesn't really matter that I have not been reappointed to the authority. After all, if I really want to work for the people, then there is no point in staying there." Another Civic Party member and Legislative Councillor Tanya Chan was appointed to the URA board in his place.

On 30 March 2015, URA Managing Director Iris Tam Siu-ying suddenly resigned over what she called (in a letter to staff) "fundamental differences" with chairman Victor So Hing-woh over the body's philosophy and mission. Tam objected to So placing profit ahead of the agency's social mission. So, a former Link REIT chief executive, joined the URA in 2013. Tam, a two-time president of the Hong Kong Institute of Planners, had been with the URA since 2006, and served as managing director since 2013. As of 2015, she remained a member of the Hong Kong Housing Authority.

Tam had objected to various proposals by So, including to outsource URA's acquisition department, and for the organisation to partner with Richfield Realty, a commercial developer. The URA board unanimously asked Tam to stay, but she quit anyway, stating, "I find it totally unacceptable to position URA as a developer or a land assembly agent to supply land for developers." Daniel Lam Chun was appointed interim managing director following Tam's resignation, with Wai Chi-sing taking up the position on a permanent basis from 15 June 2016 for a term of three years.

The authority's managing director serves as both its administrative head and deputy chairman of its board.

Wikipedia editing
In 2012, the URA was criticised for editing Wikipedia pages about itself, its projects, and certain senior staff including former director Barry Cheung. The edits, on both the Chinese and English Wikipedias, suppressed information unfavourable to the URA and the government and referred to controversial URA projects in a positive light. The URA's director of corporate communications also authored a Wikipedia page about himself that was later deleted. Apple Daily compared the editing to Mainland China's 50 cent party internet commenters paid by the Chinese government to sway public opinion. The Hong Kong Wikimedia Chapter stressed that in order to maintain Wikipedia's neutrality, entities with a conflict of interest should avoid editing.

Graham and Peel Street demolitions
In 2007, the URA announced a plan to demolish several city blocks of old tong lau on Graham Street and Peel Street, replacing them with a $3.8 billion scheme comprising four high-rises: two residential blocks, one office tower, and a hotel. Some 360 property owners and 1,120 residents in 37 existing buildings, built from the pre-war years to the 1960s, have been affected. In the process the URA plans to also evict the oldest wet market in the city, founded 1841. The plan was submitted to and approved by the Town Planning Board in early 2007. The market is considered culturally significant by many Hong Kong people for its vibrancy, "unique cultural landscape", and its preservation of "a very traditional Chinese way of life".

The Central and Western Concern Group, a coalition of ten community groups, pointed out that the destruction of the market, a tourist attraction, would "bring its rich and dynamic history to an end" and that many of the vendors did not want to be evicted. The shop owners lamented the high rent levels elsewhere, the cost of relocation, the emotional attachment they held to the longstanding marketplace and the loss of their customer base. In opposition to the redevelopment, a Graham Street Market Festival was organised in November 2007 to showcase the "cultural treasures and unique features" of the market with the aim of encouraging the government to "rethink its town planning policy". Support was lent by TVB celebrity chef Chow Chung, who offered cooking classes with ingredients purchased from the market. A second such festival was held in November 2008.

The URA responded to this backlash through several proposals. They promised the redevelopment would incorporate an "old shops street" which would, according to managing director Billy Lam Chung-lun, "bring back the old charm and streetscapes". The Central and Western Concern Group called the plan "artificial" given that such an environment already exists, and that the so-called "decorated stage" would take too long to build. Secondly, the URA also promised to build a two-storey wet market complex on a lot labelled "site B" to house the displaced vendors. This plan was criticised as the proposed building would accommodate fewer than half the vendors currently operating in the area. By 2013, though vendors had been served eviction notices, no wet market had been constructed.

Kwun Tong Town Centre redevelopment project
The major criticism of the Kwun Tong Town Centre redevelopment project, was the scandal that the URA altered the original redevelopment plan repetitively without underwent any formal public consultation procedures. It was initially proposed to create a unique "goose egg" shaped office and retail complex at the center of the redevelopment project with a consensus within the Kwun Tong community dating back in 2007.

In 2007, URA initially proposed to create a unique "goose-egg" shaped multipurpose complex at Hong Ming Road, which is the center of the development project. The "goose-egg" proposal was applauded when seen in plans laid on general public. However, later in June 2017, the authority has submitted a revised planning layout regarding the Development Area 4&5 to the Town Planning Board, which revised layout differ greatly from the original planning, the "goose-egg" shaped landmark architecture was taken out, and the terrace-garden design with water features was absent. The change of plan was kept opaque from the Town Planning Board to the non-executive directors in the URA and Kwun Tong District Council, not to mention local residents in Kwun Tong. In response to public criticisms, URA explained the change was caused by management and practicability issue. Major URA stakeholder Miss Judy Chan Ka-pui, non-executive director of the authority, also member of the New People's Party and Southern District Council for South Horizons West, whose role is one more of monitoring the authority, however claimed she had been "kept in the dark" about the changes laid out in a plan submitted to the Town Planning Board, and she stressed that the revised design had not been finalized and could still be discussed, that the authority would attend the next meetings of the working group, plus to collect views of the district councilors. Lawmaker and Kwun Tong district councilor Jonathan Ho Kai-ming criticized that the authority made this move only after it was put under pressure.

On 7 November 2017, URA announced in a meeting in the Kwun Tong District Council that the 'goose-egg' shaped office and retail complex will be retained in the redevelopment plan. Similarly, the revised plan was not subjected to any public consultation process. The arbitrary revision of plans clearly indicates a lack of transparency, public understanding and accountability in the URA's decision-making process. In regard to this, the public prompts the organization to hold a formal and open public consultation and no to keep the public in the dark, local councilors suggested that Kwun Tong residents should be well consulted over the design of this multi-billion dollar project. Pan-democrat lawmaker Jeremy Tam Man-ho further criticized the URA for resuming the design of the "goose egg" because of worries over practicality, he cited the authority's reply to the district council stating that the "goose egg" design was taken out to make it more practical and easier to manage for sake of profitable outcomes.

Apart from being criticized for the vanished "goose-egg" major design, URA has been criticized aiming to reap profits with private developers by constructing luxurious flats rather than providing affordable housing to residents. Albert Cheng criticized that URA used market prices to buy up old buildings, however sets compensation benchmark at the price of seven-year-old buildings in the area. While the redevelopment project involves one of the poorest districts in Hong Kong, the act of URA has been blasted for going against the fundamental principle of gentrification of old districts.

After encountering numerous criticism and receiving different stakeholders' views during the Town Planning Board's consultation, the "goose-egg" shaped landmark architecture and the terrace-garden design with water features are retained in the latest design released in Nov 2017. However, iconic features are still different from the original generally-welcomed design. The "goose egg" shaped architecture now is only a "half-egg" design and the terrace-garden is smaller than the original one. A large commercial development has raised the original height restrictions by 20 meters, thereby creating more areas for retail shopping, offices and hotel business. The footfall design apparently tended to lead the car-free, pedestrian-friendly zone to walk through a big shopping mall to get to public transport or car park, thereby highly increased shopper volume. The revised design has been further criticized as shifting in favor of commercial operators and developers.

List of projects
''This list is not exhaustive. It also includes projects by the former Land Development Corporation.''

Completed projects

 * The Center, Central (1998)
 * Grand Millennium Plaza and Cosco Tower, Sheung Wan (1998)
 * Langham Place, Mong Kok (2004)
 * The Merton, Kennedy Town (2005)
 * Waterloo Road/Yunnan Lane Project (8 Waterloo Road), Yau Ma Tei
 * The Masterpiece, Tsim Sha Tsui (2007)
 * Tsuen Wan Town Centre redevelopment (Vision City and Citywalk) (2007)
 * Sheung Wan Fong (the public square adjacent to Western Market)
 * Florient Rise, Tai Kok Tsui (2009)
 * Island Crest, Sai Ying Pun (2010)
 * Lee Tung Street (2016)

Current projects

 * Kwun Tong Town Centre demolition and redevelopment
 * Tai Kok Tsui (numerous projects)
 * Kowloon City (numerous projects)
 * Sham Shui Po (numerous projects)
 * Graham/Peel Street redevelopment
 * Nga Tsin Wai Village redevelopment
 * Nos. 600–626 Shanghai Street, Mong Kok

Proposed projects

 * Revitalization/Preservation Project of 72-74A Stone Nullah Lane, 2–8 Hing Wan Street and 8 King Sing Street.
 * Mallory Street/Burrows Street Project

Land Development Corporation

 * Hu Fa-kuang (1988–1992)
 * Steven Poon (1992–1994)
 * Andrew Li (1994–1996)
 * Lau Wah-sum (1996–2001)

Urban Renewal Authority

 * Lau Wah-sum (2001–2004)
 * Edward Cheng (2004–2007)
 * Barry Cheung (2007–2013)
 * Victor So Hing-woh (2013–2019)
 * Chow Chung-kong (2019–present)

title: Urban Renewal Authority


text:
Get It Done

"Get It Done" is the 15th episode of the seventh and final season of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The episode aired on February 18, 2003 on UPN.

Buffy and the Scooby Gang, now (sort of) including Andrew Wells, and the Potential Slayers learn the origin of the Vampire Slayer line.

Plot
The First Slayer tells Buffy in a dream, "It is not enough," referring to their preparations to fight the First Evil.

Anya and Spike are walking to a bar when a demon appears, sent by D'Hoffryn to kill Anya. Spike defeats the demon but does not kill it.

Principal Wood tells Buffy to stop working at her job as high school counselor and concentrate on her "real" job, killing monsters and getting ready to battle the First. Buffy takes him to the house and introduces him to the rest of the crew, including Spike. The tension between Spike and Wood is tangible. Wood gives Buffy a satchel that he got from his mother and should have been passed on to Buffy anyway.

Potential slayer Chloe kills herself after the First talks to her all night. Buffy delivers a strong lecture, angering many of the others. She accuses Spike of holding back in fights and rebukes him that he used to be a better fighter before he got his soul back. She calls an emergency and opens the Slayer's bag. Inside is a set of shadow figures that trigger a portal. Dawn, suddenly able to read Sumerian, translates the text that accompanies the shadow-casting.

Against the advice of her friends, Buffy jumps in, sending back an enormous demon that beats everybody up and flees. After Spike recovers, he gets his leather coat out of a trunk and tracks down the demon. Fighting with his old swagger, from before he regained his soul, Spike kills the demon after a long, brutal battle. He then drags it back to Buffy's house.

On the other side of the portal, Buffy is back in the desert where she once met the First Slayer. There, three African shamans, speaking Swahili, tell her she is the last Slayer to guard the Hellmouth and try to infuse her with additional essence of the demon that give all the slayers their strength. Buffy refuses the power, telling the men that they were wrong to have created the Slayer line in the first place. As a parting gift, one of them touches Buffy's head and gives her a vision (though the viewer does not immediately see what it is).

After struggling with the incantation, Willow manages to reopen the portal by sucking energy from Anya and Kennedy. Spike throws the dead demon into the vortex, and Buffy returns. Later, she tells Willow about the vision and admits that the First Slayer was right saying that what they have is not enough. Willow asks Buffy about what she saw, and the vision is shown to the viewer: Inside the Hellmouth, the First has an army made up of thousands of Turok-Han vampires.

Themes
Laurel Hostak of the website Screen Rant says, "When Chloe dies by suicide following the First's intrusion, Buffy uses it to scare and motivate the remaining Potentials. In the episode "Get It Done," she uses cruel language about Chloe in front of grieving, traumatized young women. ... Especially given Buffy's struggles with depression, this speech feels almost inhuman. Buffy's transformation into a ruthless general is in stark opposition to her character; even if she's hoping to toughen the Potentials up, she has lost the empathy that always made her strong."

Elizabeth Rambo writes, "Buffy is a show that from at least its second season has increasingly rewarded the attentive viewer with intertextual and metatextual references, and often baffled the casual channel-surfer, and perhaps never more than in season seven, which continually alluded to past seasons and episodes and gave false clues about where it was going. In 'Get It Done'... the importance of watching carefully will be spelled out as 'You can't just watch, you have to see'," which is a line that Dawn narrates during the shadow play.

Mark Oshiro targets the show's continual, if unintentional, racism: "Sunnydale is really white for a city in Southern California.... Then there's the First Slayer, who evokes some terrifying colonial images of the 'savage' black woman that many black people have spent centuries trying to escape. ... It is rather upsetting to see that the Watchers Council likely got their idea for the Cruciamentum from African men. Who speak Swahili. In a time when Swahili wasn't even a goddamn language. So we have a rather unfortunate scene where Buffy, a very white woman, confronts a group of African men, insults their cultural practices, and acts as if she knows better than they do. There is obviously a different context for this scene, but there’s also an unfortunate implication that is undeniable for me. The source of that heinous rite of passage that the Watchers Council makes a Slayer go through has nothing to do with stuffy white men sitting around the table. Africans invented it."

Critical reception
Vox, ranking it at #126 of all 144 episodes on their "Worst to Best" list, writes, "It's an interesting wrinkle to the Slayer mythology that will pay off beautifully in 'Chosen,' but a) this episode suffers from the dread season seven sameness, and b) it’s kind of weird that the origin story for the Slayer power that the show treats as empowering and beautiful comes with so much rape imagery, no?"

Paste Magazine, in a similar list, ranked it at #86 and wrote, "This one packs a wallop, and as Slayer lore goes, it's pretty loaded, complete with the origin story of the Slayer line (which, of course, involved a group of men abusing a scared girl and forcing the essence of a demon upon her). It also marks the beginning of the painful mutiny of the Scooby Gang that culminates in 'Empty Places,' although here it seems almost justified, as Buffy, one by one, insults almost everyone. All the goodwill and energy gained at the end of 'Bring on the Night' is seemingly torn away by Buffy’s lecture, while the vision she received from the Shadow Men strips her of much of the confidence that she'd been building. The last shot is one of the more arresting ones of the series."

Noel Murray of The A.V. Club writes, "The real, fascinating question that 'Get It Done' raises is: What is the line between destroying a person and lighting a fire under them?" Billie Doux enthuses, "I was thrilled to see the old Spike again... Willow is back, too, with the spells and the black eyes and everything. I just loved her chucking the Latin and doing it in English ("Screw it, mighty forces, I suck at Latin, okay?")."

Entertainment Weekly calls it "one of the season's worst episodes," faulting the writers who "are busy putting another nail in the coffin of the show by demystifying the Slayer mythology... [T]hey’re offering her the power that she needs to defeat The First, and she rejects it — not on the grounds that the offer is a trick, but because the sacrifice is too much to ask. Wait a minute. ... After the many times we've been subjected to variations on her 'It's all about Power' speech, this sudden reversal of priorities seems like poorly thought out back-pedaling."

title: Get It Done


text: Category:Urban planning in Hong Kong

title: Category:Urban planning in Hong Kong


text: User talk:210.86.84.17

title: User talk:210.86.84.17


text:
User talk:Parson12

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  11:04, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Communes of Romania

A commune (comună in Romanian) is the lowest level of administrative subdivision in Romania. There are 2,686 communes in Romania. The commune is the rural subdivision of a county. Urban areas, such as towns and cities within a county, are given the status of city or municipality.

In principle, a commune can contain any size population, but in practice, when a commune becomes relatively urbanised and exceeds approximately 10,000 residents, it is usually granted city status. Although cities are on the same administrative level as communes, their local governments are structured in a way that gives them more power. Some urban or semi-urban areas of fewer than 10,000 inhabitants have also been given city status.

Each commune is administered by a mayor (primar in Romanian). A commune is made up of one or more villages which do not themselves have an administrative function. Communes, like cities, correspond to the European Union's level 2 local administrative unit (LAU).

Florești, in Cluj County, is the largest commune in Romania by population, with over 22,000 inhabitants. Bistra, in Alba County, is the largest commune in Romania by surface area, covering an area of 138 km2. Other sources list Nucșoara, in Argeș County as the largest commune in Romania; this commune covers an area of 437.09 km2.

title: Communes of Romania


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Ogden Codman Jr.

Ogden Codman Jr. (January 19, 1863 – January 8, 1951) was an American architect and interior decorator in the Beaux-Arts styles, and co-author with Edith Wharton of The Decoration of Houses (1897), which became a standard in American interior design.

Early life

Codman was born on January 19, 1863, in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the eldest of six children born to Boston native Ogden Codman Sr. (1839–1904) and the former Sarah Fletcher Bradlee.

His paternal grandparents were Charles Russell Codman and Sarah (née Ogden) Codman. His paternal aunt, Frances Anne Codman, was married to noted architect and builder John Hubbard Sturgis, who designed Codman House, his parents' home in Lincoln, Massachusetts, and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, along with Charles Brigham. His maternal grandparents were James Bowdoin Bradlee and Mary (née May) Bradlee. His maternal aunt, Katherine May Bradlee, was married to Benjamin W. Crowninshield and was the mother of Bowdoin Bradlee Crowninshield, Codman's first cousin.

Codman spent much of his youth from 1875 to 1884 at Dinard, an American resort colony in France, and on returning to America in 1884, studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Career
He was influenced in his career by two uncles, John Hubbard Sturgis, an architect, and Richard Ogden, a decorator. He greatly admired Italian and French architecture of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, as well as English Georgian architecture and the colonial architecture of Boston.

After brief apprenticeships with Boston architectural firms, Codman started his own practice in Boston, where he kept offices from 1891 to 1893, after which time he relocated his main practice from Boston to New York City. Codman also opened offices in Newport, Rhode Island as early as 1891, and it was in Newport that he first met novelist Edith Wharton. She became one of his first Newport clients for her home there, Land's End. In her autobiography, A Backward Glance, Wharton wrote:

"We asked him to alter and decorate the house—a somewhat new departure, since the architects of that day looked down on house-decoration as a branch of dress-making, and left the field up to the upholsterers, who crammed every room with curtains, lambrequins, jardinières of artificial plants, wobbly velvet-covered tables littered with silver gew-gaws, and festoons of lace on mantelpieces and dressing tables."

Codman viewed interior design as "a branch of architecture".

Architectural works

Wharton subsequently introduced Codman to Cornelius Vanderbilt II, who hired Codman in 1894 to design the second and third floor rooms of his Newport summer home, The Breakers, which he did in a clean eighteenth-century French and Italian classical style. Codman was not a draftsman, and it is said that in Paris he hired a talented group of students from the École des Beaux-Arts to draw up the sketches for Vanderbilt.

In 1907, Codman built what was later to be known at the Codman–Davis House in Washington, D.C. for his cousin Martha Codman Karolik. It is currently the official residence of the Ambassador of Thailand, and one of the few intact homes that he designed. He also designed the Codman Carriage House and Stable, located a few blocks south.

Codman's New York clients included John D. Rockefeller Jr., for whom he designed the interiors of the Rockefeller family mansion of Kykuit in 1913, and Frederick William Vanderbilt, for whom he designed the interiors for his mansion in Hyde Park, New York, and his house on Fifth Avenue. He also collaborated with Wharton on the redesign of her townhouse at 882–884 Park Avenue as well as on the design of The Mount, her house in Lenox, Massachusetts. His suave and idiomatic suite of Régence and Georgian parade rooms for entertaining are preserved in the townhouse at 991 Fifth Avenue, now occupied by the American Irish Historical Society. His French townhouse in the manner of Gabriel at 18 East 79th Street, for J. Woodward Haven (1908–09) is now occupied by Acquavella Galleries.

All told, Codman designed 22 houses to completion, as well as the East Wing of the Metropolitan Club in New York. He also began the trend of lowering the townhouse entrance door from elevated stairways to the basement level. He designed a series of three houses in Louis XIV style at 7 (his own residence), 12, and 15 East 96th Street from 1912 to 1916. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission later described the facade of number 7 as being "full of gaiety and frivolous vitality" and further, "on approaching the house, Paris and the Champs-Élysées immediately come to mind." ......

In 1920, Codman left New York to return to France, where he spent the last thirty-one years of his life at the Château de Grégy, wintering at Villa Leopolda in Villefranche-sur-Mer, which he created by assembling a number of vernacular structures and their sites: it is his masterpiece, the fullest surviving expression of his esthetic.

Personal life
Codman was homosexual and pursued attractive young men throughout his life, but on October 8, 1904, he married Leila Griswold Webb (1856-1910), who was six years older and was the widow of railroad magnate H. Walter Webb and the mother of New York State Senator J. Griswold Webb. Leila was the sister-in-law of Dr. William Seward Webb, who was married to the former Eliza Vanderbilt, and Alexander S. Webb, the longstanding President of City College of New York. His wife died in 1910, leaving him a fortune. After her death, he sold their house on 15 East 51st Street (which he had designed for Leila while she was still married to her first husband) and built himself another home at 7 East 96th Street in 1912.

In 1918, Codman leased the former Newport cottage of society leader James Vanderburgh Parker, known as "Sans Souci" and located on Merton Road, for the summer.

Codman died at age 87 in 1951 at the Château de Grégy in Évry-Grégy-sur-Yerre, France. His architectural drawings and papers are collected at the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University; the Codman Family papers are also held by Historic New England and the Boston Athenaeum.

title: Ogden Codman Jr.


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User talk:Viktor~enwiki

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

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Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  11:07, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Iberian naming customs
I believe the anonymous comment on Picasso's name(s) was accurate. I don't know the whole litany, but it's long -- Jmabel | Talk 05:38, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

DeBruijn-Newman constant
"So Λ is greater than 0 (because it is not said Newman was wrong)". Actually "conjecture" just means "guess", as opposed to something you know to be true. When a mathematician states a conjecture, they go out on a limb. Whether the conjecture is true or not is anybody's guess until someone settles it, that is, either proves it or disproves it. We don't know yet whether Newman's conjecture is true. We may never know.

Further, "B is a lower bound for Λ" just means "Λ ≥ B". So since -2.7·10-9 has been shown to be a lower bound, we know that Λ ≥ -2.7·10-9. This seems to actually support the guess that Λ ≥ 0; if Newman is wrong, then only by a very small amount. But of course, in mathematics just a tiny wee little bit wrong is still WRONG.

Lambiam 11:09, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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title: User talk:Viktor~enwiki


text:
Albrecht von Croÿ

Albrecht von Croÿ (born 1959 in Mülheim an der Ruhr, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German and journalist. He is managing editor of the Handelsblatt since 1 August 2003.

He worked for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung from 1989 until he became one of the founders of the TELEBÖRSE in 1999. In 2002 he was appointed to a position at the DMEuro in Frankfurt, a newspaper owned by the Verlagsgruppe Handelsblatt.

title: Albrecht von Croÿ


text:
User:Asbestos/NewTest

Hi!

I noticed you edited the article just now. As you probably realized, edits immediately change the article, and test edits usually get quickly changed back by another editor. If you're interested in doing further testing, could I recommend you use the sandbox?

Also, if you're interested in contributing to this project of ours, registering and getting yourself a username is the easiest thing in the world. With a username, you'd have a user page and, more importantly, a talk page, where people could discuss the article's you've been editing with you. Also, your edits are probably more likely to be taken as good faith if you contribute as registered user than under an anonymous IP.

Other benefits? See '''here. To instantaneously create an account, click here.

title: User:Asbestos/NewTest


text:
User talk:Cao cao~enwiki

Bold textwell i am cao cao and i am new to this so it cound be boring i am fasanited by the ciness history if u wound like to get in contact with me my email adrss is ddoole@tesco.net

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cao cao. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cao cao~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Cao cao~enwiki


text:
Nirupama Sanjeev

Nirupama Sanjeev (née Vaidyanathan; born 8 December 1976) is an Indian former professional tennis player. In the 1998 Australian Open, Sanjeev became the second Indian woman (after Nirupama Mankad) in the Open era to feature in a major main draw, the first one in singles, and the first to win a major match, defeating Gloria Pizzichini. She also won the bronze medal at the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games in mixed doubles, partnering Mahesh Bhupathi. Sanjeev was the first Indian woman to enter the top 200 of the rankings in singles.

Early life and tennis career
Nirupama was born in the Southern Indian town of Coimbatore. She started playing tennis at the age of 5 and was influenced very much by her brother. Her father K.S. Vaidyanathan was a cricketer who had played for Tamil Nadu in Ranji Cricket tournament; he coached her at the start of her career. Her first tennis tournament foray was the National Under 12 tournament, where she reached the semi-final and went on to win her 1st National title in Under 14 age group at the age of 13. One year later in 1991, she won the National Women's title at age 14. She won the National Women's title in 1992–1996.

In 1996, she moved to Luxembourg and she turned professional at the age of 18. She player her first WTA-level tournament in late October 1996, at the SEAT Open. She won two matches in the qualifying stages, before losing to Jana Kandarr. On 17 November 1996, Sanjeev won her first ITF Women's Circuit title, defeating Raluca Sandu in the finals of the $25,000 tournament in Bad Gögging, Germany. Sanjeev played her first Grand Slam tournament at the 1997 Australian Open, where she lost in the second qualifying round to Yuka Yoshida, having overcome Petra Mandula in the previous round.

Nirupama shifted her base to Sarasota, Florida in 1997 where she trained with David O Meara who was the former coach of Leander Paes for two years. At the 1997 Lipton Championships in March, her third WTA-level event, she failed to win her first match, losing it to Elena Brioukhovets. A month later, she competed in the main draw of a WTA-level event for the first time (at the 1997 Japan Open), with qualifying wins over Yi Jing-qian, Keiko Nagatomi, and Akiko Morigami. However, she fell in the first round to Jolene Watanabe. The following week, at the Danamon Open in Jakarta, she played her second WTA-level main draw match, losing it also (to Yuka Yoshida). During the clay court season, she would fall in the first qualifying matches of both the Internationaux de Strasbourg (to Kristina Brandi), as well as Roland Garros (to Park Sung-hee). Although she still didn't qualify, Sanjeev performed a little better at the grass court tournaments, winning her first qualifying matches at both the DFS Classic (against Haruka Inoue) and Wimbledon (against Kate Warne-Holland). She also failed to qualify for the US Open, winning only one match. During the course of the 1996–97, Sanjeev also won four ITF titles in doubles with different partners.

At the 1998 Australian Open, Sanjeev was awarded a wildcard into the main draw (her first and ultimately the only appearance in a singles Grand Slam main draw). She became the first Indian female in the modern era to feature and win a round at a main draw Grand Slam, beating Italy's Gloria Pizzichini.

Later that year, in April, she couldn't qualify for the Makarska Championships, being defeated by Virág Csurgó. Although she lost in the final qualifying round of the Bol Open, she received entry into the main draw as a lucky loser; however, she lost the encounter against Amélie Mauresmo. She also went on to lose in the qualifying stages of both the Páginas Amarillas Open and the French Open, as well as Wimbledon, the Bank of the West Classic, the Boston Cup, and the US Open. She then won the Bronze Medal at the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games in Mixed Doubles, partnering Mahesh Bhupathi.

The 1999 season saw her losing her qualifying matches at the Thalgo Open and the Australian Open (falling to Brie Rippner and Sandra Kleinová, respectively). She further failed to qualify for the clay court WTA events she played in April–May, losing to Eva Bes Ostariz, Rosa Maria Andres-Rodriguez, Janet Lee, and Surina De Beer, at the Portugal Open, the Belgian Open, the Internationaux de Strasbourg, and the French Open, respectively. She also had a disappointing result at Wimbledon. However, at the US Open, she did have two good wins in qualifying against Tathiana Garbin and Katalin Marosi, followed by two further qualifying wins against Mireille Dittmann and Magdalena Maleeva at the Malaysian Open, and another at the Thailand Open against Tatiana Kovaltchouk.

After promising wins against Jaslyn Hewitt and Kimberly Po at the 2000 Australian Open qualifying, she fell to Kerry-Anne Guse. At Roland Garros, she lost to Desislava Topalova; and at Wimbledon, she lost to Vanessa Webb. She did manage to win a match at the US Open, though, against Sybille Bammer in the qualifying. Sanjeev then went on to represent India at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, playing in the women's doubles event with Manisha Malhotra. The team suffered a defeat at the hands of Australians Jelena Dokic and Rennae Stubbs in round one. Earlier in the 2000, she won her second (and ultimately the last) ITF title in April, winning against Sai Jayalakshmy Jayaram in the $10,000 tournament held on carpet courts in New Delhi. Nirupama won a total of four ITF doubles titles in 2000, and reached a further two finals, making it a career-best season in doubles.

At the 2001 Australian Open qualifying, as well, she lost to Alexandra Fusai in the final round. During the Middle East swing at the Qatar Ladies Open and the Dubai Tennis Championships, she lost to Lenka Němečková in the first qualifying round in the former; but, managed to make it to the final qualifying hurdle of the latter with wins over Martina Suchá and Liezel Huber. She couldn't perform well at the other Grand Slams of the season. However, she won her first (and eventually, the only) main draw doubles match of a Grand Slam at the 2001 Wimbledon Championships, partnering Rika Hiraki; the pair had defeated Silvia Farina Elia and Iroda Tulyaganova. She won the last two ITF doubles titles of her career in April 2001; one in Ho Chi Minh City (with Manisha Malhotra) and one in Sarasota, Florida (with Melissa Middleton). The latter of these, being a $75,000 event, is the biggest title of her career.

2002 saw Sanjeev play only a single tournament due to injury, losing in the US Open qualifying. In 2003, she played exclusively in ITF Women's Circuit tournaments. She went into her first retirement from the sport, losing in the second qualifying round of the ITF $50,000 tournament in Louisville, Kentucky to Petra Rampre, in late-July 2003.

Sanjeev briefly came back to professional tennis in 2009. Playing in her first match in six years, she beat Tamara Curović before losing to Tamarine Tanasugarn in the second round of the ITF $50,000 NECC–ITF Women's Tennis Championships in November, at Pune. Between November 2009 and September 2010, she played in a total of seven ITF tournaments with mixed results. The ITF $25,000 tournament held in Redding, California, would be her last professional tournament in both the disciplines. Her last singles win was against Brianna Morgan in the final qualifying round, and her final match was a loss in round one against Amanda McDowell. In doubles, playing with Ellen Tsay, she won her first round match against Yawna Allen and Brittany Augustine. Her final doubles match would be a loss in the following round, to Megan Falcon and Macall Harkins.

She represented India at the 2010 Commonwealth Games (in October) in Delhi. After defeating Sarah Borwell and Anna Smith (England) in the quarterfinals alongside Poojashree Venkatesha, they lost to Australia's Olivia Rogowska and Jessica Moore in the semifinals, thereby sending them into the bronze-medal playoff. Playing against compatriots Sania Mirza and Rushmi Chakravarthi, they lost in straight sets. In the mixed doubles event, she partnered Rohan Bopanna but was defeated in the pre-quarterfinals by Anastasia Rodionova and Paul Hanley (Australia).

Later that same month, Sanjeev went over to Guangzhou to take part in the 2010 Asian Games, playing for India. Partnering Tara Iyer in women's doubles, she lost in round two to the Chinese team of Sun Shengnan and Zhang Shuai.

She finally retired during the later 2000s.

For the past five years, Nirupama has been on the expert commentary team along with Indian tennis legend Vijay Amritraj for ESPN-STAR sports. Nirupama ran a tennis coaching camp in the Bay Area, California until 2024. She launched her autobiography "The Moonballer" in October 2013. Now, She is coaching young players in Florida such as her daughter.

Personal life
On 23 May 2002, she married Sanjeev Balakrishnan, a software engineer from Bay Area, California; the brother of the Indian sprinter Rajeev Balakrishnan.

title: Nirupama Sanjeev


text:
Talk:Richview Collegiate Institute

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Lesser Alumni - Wikipedia Contributors
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title: Talk:Richview Collegiate Institute


text:
Gopalswamy Doraiswamy Naidu

G. D. Naidu (Gopalaswamy Doraiswamy Naidu) (23 March 1893 – 4 January 1974) was an Indian inventor and engineer who is referred to as the "Edison of India" and "the wealth creator of Coimbatore". He is credited with the manufacture of the first electric motor in India. His contributions were primarily industrial but also spanned the fields of electrical, mechanical, agricultural (hybrid cultivation) and automobile engineering. Naidu developed an independently internal combustion four stroke engine. He had only primary education but excelled as a versatile genius. He is also known as "Miracle Man".

Personal life
G.D. Naidu was born at Kalangal, Coimbatore on 23 March 1893 in Madras Presidency, British India. He was the son of a farmer. His childhood years were spent getting in trouble at school. He disliked attending All classes.

Early life
Naidu obtained work as a server in a hotel in Coimbatore with the intention of saving money to buy a motorcycle. After getting the vehicle he spent time dismantling and re-assembling it, and later became a mechanic. He began his transport business in 1920, with the purchase of an automobile coach. He drove it between Pollachi and Palani. In a few years, his Universal Motor Service (UMS) owned the most efficient fleet of public transport vehicles in the country. In 1937, the first motor to be produced in India was brought out from G. D. Naidu's factory – NEW (National Electric Works) at Peelamedu, Coimbatore.

Inventions and later life
G.D. Naidu developed India's first indigenous motor in 1937 along with D. Balasundaram Naidu. The motor's success resulted in the founding of Textool by D. Balasundaram Naidu (Popularly known as Textool Balasundaram) and, later, Lakshmi Machine Works (LMW).

Naidu's 'Rasant' razor incorporated a small motor operated by dry cells, called Heilbronn. Among his other inventions were super-thin shaving blades, a distance adjuster for film cameras, a fruit juice extractor, a tamper-proof vote-recording machine and a kerosene-run fan. In 1941, he announced that he had the ability to manufacture five-valve radio sets in India a mere ₹70/- a set. In 1952, the two-seater petrol engine car (costing ₹2000/-) rolled out. Production was stopped subsequently, because of the government's refusal to grant the necessary license. His inventiveness was not confined to machinery alone. He researched and identified new varieties in cotton, maize and papaya. His farm was visited by Sir C. V. Raman and Sir M. Visvesvaraya. From laying foundation to completion he built a house in just 11 hours, from 6am to 5pm.

In 1935, he personally filmed the funeral of King George V in London. He met Adolf Hitler in Germany. He invited K. Kamaraj to many functions. Among the Indian stalwarts that Naidu's camera captured were Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Jawarharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose. Naidu remained an outsider to politics, despite having contested and lost in the 1936 provincial general elections. He was gifted a Rolls-Royce car and he was the only one who had this luxury car in those times.

In 1944, Naidu retired from active involvement with his automobile combine and announced several philanthropic measures including grants for research scholarships and welfare schemes for his employees and the depressed sections of society. In 1967, the G D Naidu Industrial Exhibition was established.

G.D. Naidu, Rathnasabapathy Mudaliar and India's first finance minister R. K. Shanmukham Chetty conducted survey, for bringing Siruvani water to the Coimbatore city.

Through Naidu's efforts and donations India's first polytechnic college, the Arthur Hope Polytechnic and the Arthur Hope College of Engineering were set up. Later the college moved to its present location and is now known as Government College of Technology (GCT). The college was named after the then Madras governor Arthur Hope. In 1945, GD Naidu was the principal of the college. Naidu was not satisfied with the four-year programs and said that it was a waste of time for students. He suggested that two years was more than enough to teach the same courses, even with different concentrations. However, the British government did not accept his idea and Naidu resigned from his post. The name Hope College for the original site of the college remains in Coimbatore even now.

Naidu died on 4 January 1974. Sir C V Raman said of Naidu: "A great educator, an entrepreneur in many fields of engineering and industry, a warm-hearted man filled with love for his fellows and a desire to help them in their troubles, Mr Naidu is truly a man in a million – perhaps this is an understatement!" He is survived by his son G.D. Gopal and grandchildren G.D. Rajkumar and Shantini. A permanent Industrial Exhibition in his memory is in Coimbatore. He provided employment in the engineering and manufacturing sectors to many individuals in the 1950s and 1960s.

Legacy
G. D. Matriculation Higher Secondary School and G. D. Public School in Coimbatore are named after him. It is managed by his daughter-in-law Chandra Gopal. His grandson G. D. Rajkumar now runs the Geedee Industries. His granddaughter Shanthini Choudhry runs The Grand Regent hotel in Coimbatore.

His biography Appa was written by the popular Tamil writer Sivasankari.

In popular culture
GD Naidu – The Edison of India is a documentary film, directed by K. Ranjit Kumar and produced by the Films Division of India, covering his life, times and contributions. It won the Best Science & Technology Film Award at the 66th National Film Awards.

title: Gopalswamy Doraiswamy Naidu


text:
User talk:Akesavan

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | T@lk  11:13, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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Govindappa Venkataswamy
I am afraid your re-write doesn't work; the two remaining paragraphs have been taken from two different newspaper articles. I would recommend you to follow the instructions and use the temporary subpage to write a new article from the scratch (i.e. not copying it from any website, unless the copyright holder permits the text to be submitted on Wikipedia under the terms compatible with the GFDL license). In addition, a part of the text has read like a promotional; see Neutral point of view on why this is a problem. Regards, Mike Rosoft 18:10, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Vijaykanth2.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Vijaykanth2.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Akesavan! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:52, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Nirupama Vaidyanathan -
 * 2) Sivakumar -

title: User talk:Akesavan


text:
User talk:Jaap Berk~enwiki

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  11:13, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jaap Berk. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jaap Berk~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:45, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:10, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jaap Berk~enwiki


text:
User talk:Tocophonic

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | T@lk  11:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
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 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Tocophonic


text:
User talk:Richard Slater

Archives
I have archived everything on this page as of 30th May 2007, much of it was old and redundant, you can find archives (why would you want to?) to the right. I also messed up creating the page somehow... really not sure how, I think I have fixed it, if anyone can explain what I did wrong please let me know. -- Richard Slater ( Talk to me! ) 14:01, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

EVE Online
Thank you for your extensive work on the EVE Online article. Many great <ref> cleanups!

I wanted to let you know, however, that one of your edits appears to have accidentally deleted some information from the article. I have no doubt that this was unintentional, but it did result in some confusion on the article's Talk page. In the future, please be careful with <ref> and other tags that remove visibility from content; it's a lot easier to spot a mistake than a lack thereof! Again, thanks for your cleanup, it was sorely needed, and if all we have to do in return is fix a <ref> tag, we've gotten a hell of a deal! :D Jouster  (  whisper  ) 08:58, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Hello Jouster, thank you for your comment, I have been looking over it and I can't see where I went wrong. Could you be more specific as to what I did and where? Thanks again for sorting it out. -- Richard Slater ( Talk to me! ) 19:04, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * This line:
 * ":CCP did not investigate this issue. Instead, posting an excerpt from the supposedly-damning document, they maintained that they only rarely influence the larger in-game fiction's results and never influence which players benefit."
 * Not closing the <ref> tag has the effect of deleting the bullet point immediately after it; compare this and this. Jouster  (  whisper  ) 21:53, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah Ha, thank you, will be more careful in the future. -- Richard Slater ( Talk to me! ) 09:05, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

There's a broken link on the Eve article in the Cost section near the bottom, the link is to "Official Eve Online Store", since the article is locked, I can't change it, thanks -J —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.60.183.149 (talk) 16:12, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Reference Test
This reference dosn't work (why?):

This reference has been re-written:

Board Candidacy
Hi! I'm leaving you this note because we've had extensive and/or productive interaction over the course of my time on this Wiki. I (yep, little ol' Jouster!) am running for election to the Wikimedia Board of Trustees. I would greatly appreciate it if you would please take a look at my submission of candidacy, and consider endorsing me, as that is a requirement for me to stand for election.

If you have any questions or concerns about this notice, please don't hesitate to poke me on my Talk page. If you object to this solicitation for endorsement, please do not hesitate to remove it from your Talk page with my apologies; it will not appear again.

I look forward to serving you all on the Board! Jouster (  whisper  ) 18:50, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Good work Sir
on the EVE online article, I ran away screaming from the keyboard trying to add references for the latest patch, looks nice and tidy now. Been playing long?--The internet is serious business 19:03, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I have kind of unofficially adopted EVE Online as my pet article, much of the work was done by other editors and I have tried to refine it and keep it in check over time, I am a bit of a stickler for references particularly on a topic that is so well document by Dev Blogs, Feature Pages and News Items. I have been playing EVE for approaching 3 and a half years, no sign of stopping yet! Yourself? -- Richard Slater ( Talk to me! ) 19:17, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

EVE Article
I have heard of and seen articles in the past, but sadly I can't remember where. It might have been Newsweek or something, but if I could find it, id post it and cite it. Piuro 21:41, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Source for EVE
You asked a while back for the publication that ran something on EVE, well, here you go! http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0c3c18fe-fc03-11db-93a4-000b5df10621.html Piuro 03:07, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Eve-Wiki
Has 5 editors and has been in operation for over 2 years. Has over 50 contributors and more showing up every week. It meets the criteria of eligibility. Alatari 08:15, 19 August 2007 (UTC) What criterion will it need to meet before you remove your objection? Alatari 08:42, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Please
Make sure you admonish User:2005 who has been the one doing edits without making any attempt to come to an agreement on the talk page Alatari 16:41, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Alatari, I have posted a Request for Comments on the EVE Online Talk Page as per Wikipedia Policy. Also please note that removing warnings from your talk page is a banable offence, 2005 has not broken any rules reverting your changes, please read up on the 3 Revert Rule if you still feel that 2005 has broken the rule, instructions are included on acting on this changes. -- Richard Slater  (About) / (Talk) 16:48, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Just from an outside perspective, your assertion that "removing warnings... is a banable offence" is incorrect. You are well advised to discuss your editing objections on the relevant talk pages without threatening other editors with being banned.  Thanks.  The Rambling Man 17:00, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * You are correct, I was in error to say that it was a banable offence, as since the last time I have seen an editor revert a warning on their page a consensus has been reached on the topic. Therefore I retract my above statement. Apologies to Alatari. -- Richard Slater  (About) / (Talk) 17:10, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

RFCbot
The RFCpolicy list will be populating shortly. MessedRocker (talk) 16:13, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

EVE Online Article
It's getting pretty lengthy and with a new content section going to continue to steadily grow every new major patch; maybe we could get a EVE Online Expansions article to be accepted as notable and acceptable. WoW has an article for each new expansion so it doesn't seem unreasonable to me. The races articles were deleted for being to game specific but new content as a sign of CCP's evolution and any effects it has on the rest of the MMO world are encyclopedic. On a side point, I'm puzzled WoW keeps it's races pages. Maybe it's because those mythical races have roots in other human cultures but the Amarr and others don't? It makes me wonder if the EVE race articles had focused more on the worldly arch types of Slaver, Capitalist, etc. if they would then have been considered more notable. Alatari 10:33, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a good idea, although I would name it Expansions of EVE Online to fit with the Races of EVE Online (deleted), Spaceships of EVE Online and Weapons of EVE Online (deleted) pattern. I would expect that WoW gets to keep more of its "un-encyclopedic" articles because of the subscriber numbers, 6m accounts is always going to trump 250k accounts even if you argue that WoW has a higher account to person ratio, which I don't even know if you can argue. As you have mentioned in our previous conversations Wikipedias policys are not applied consistantly, my personal choice is to pick an area of Wikipedia that I am willing to devote time to (i.e. one I have an interest in) and stick to that section applying policys to the best of your ability. -- Richard Slater  (About) / (Talk) 13:24, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

External fan links
Another article I watch has an ever growing list of fansites in the EL section and I wanted to clean it up. How did you all handle routing the EL on EVE Online page to the Open Directory project? I mean did you submit them all yourself, post comment on the ELinkers talk pages or delete them and post a comment on the article talk page about how to submit them to Open Directory? Alatari (talk) 22:01, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It was a while ago, but I looked at Wikipedia's policies and what other people were doing on other articles and just deleted the links. Possibly a bit bull in the china shop, but it wasn't too bad. Most of the content was already on DMOZ - what wasn't possibly wouldn't get accepted anyway or was blatant spam. -- Richard Slater  (About) / (Talk) 22:39, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * See what I did on the TRS-80 article and the Talk:TRS-80 and see if it is a reasonable course. Thanks for your input. Alatari (talk) 23:39, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Looks good, I think I probably interpreted the WP:EL more ruthlessly than you. I would also include a template, pointing to a relevant part of DMOZ. -- Richard Slater  (About) / (Talk) 08:40, 6 December 2007 (UTC)
 * You mean allowing the Collection of old analog and digital computers at www.oldcomputermuseum.com link? Every old computer I've looked for; his site has a picture.  It seems allowable under WP:EL to me and I haven't found a professional museum of the same quality yet. Alatari (talk) 17:13, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It is easy to quantify that Old Computer Museum contains more information than else where on the web, however the article TRS-80 is about a specific model not a collection of computers, and the information included on the TRS-80 page is limited compared to the article itself. I can't see a value in the link that couldn't be incorporated into the article and referenced. -- Richard Slater  (About) / (Talk) 14:31, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I understand your point. It's a decent link to keep on the Personal Computer article but linking it to every individual computer at the collection seems against Wiki policy.  Thanks for your input.   Policing every computing devices EL section is a full time job. Alatari (talk) 05:53, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Edit summaries
Hi,

You might want to watch your edit summaries. Lines like "adding unreferenced content into wikipedia is vandalism" are really best avoided; Wikipedia has a clear distinction between vandalism and content disputes, and editors who confuse the two often come off worse when admins get involved to resolve disputes. You're obviously in the right on the actual comment though, and your work on the EVE Online article is great. Chris Cunningham (talk) 10:51, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the heads up, it is certainly clear in my mind that when the content of the edit is in opposition to references and the references are not updated it is vandalism as per Vandalism. I do concede though that to an editor that has not been privy to past conversations my edit summary would be contentious. -- Richard Slater  (About) / (Talk) 10:57, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Mmm. Thing is, there really is quite a broad line between "an edit I strongly disagree with" and "vandalism", and even trolling isn't really vandalism in that sense. As I say, it's something to watch in your summaries. Chris Cunningham (talk) 11:21, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Understood, I will approach edit summaries more thoughtfully in the future. -- Richard Slater  (About) / (Talk) 11:22, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:EVEOnlineLogo.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:EVEOnlineLogo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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AfD nomination of Loose Connection
I have nominated Loose Connection, an article you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Loose Connection. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. A bit iffy (talk) 14:28, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Smart Gaming

The article Smart Gaming has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unremarkable video gaming jargon with only references being to EVE while used inside quotation marks. Highly unlikely to gather more references or establishing notability past passing mentions (judging by previous gaming jargon AfDs).

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. — HELL KNOWZ  ▎TALK 18:33, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Richard Slater/EVE Online/Rewrite
User:Richard Slater/EVE Online/Rewrite, a page which created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Richard Slater/EVE Online/Rewrite and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Richard Slater/EVE Online/Rewrite during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 05:00, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Richard Slater


text:
User talk:Weathercontrol@gmx.de~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | T@lk  11:16, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Weathercontrol@gmx.de. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Weathercontrol@gmx.de~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:36, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Weathercontrol@gmx.de~enwiki


text:
User talk:BigRedBall

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title: User talk:BigRedBall


text:
User talk:Sesshy

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | T@lk  11:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Sesshy