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User:Mpagano/Sequent Calculus

In proof theory and mathematical logic, the sequent calculus is a widely known deduction system for first-order logic (and propositional logic as a special case of it). The system is also known under the name LK, distinguishing it from various other systems of similar fashion that have been created later and that are sometimes also called sequent calculi. Another term for such systems in general is Gentzen systems.

Since sequent calculi and the general concepts relating to them are of major importance to the whole field of proof theory and mathematical logic, the system LK will be explained in greater detail below. Some familiarity with the basic notions of predicate logic (especially its syntactic structure) is assumed.

The system LK
A (formal) proof in this calculus is a sequence of sequents, where each of the elements is derivable from a number of sequents, that appear earlier in the sequence, by using one of the below rules. An intuitive explanation of these rules is given thereafter. Please do also refer to sequent and rule of inference if you are not familiar with these concepts.

History
The Sequent calculus LK has been introduced by Gerhard Gentzen as a tool for studying natural deduction (which has been around before, although not quite as formal). It has subsequently turned out to be a much more easy to handle calculus when constructing logical derivations. The name itself is derived from the German term Logischer Kalkül, meaning logical calculus. Sequent calculi are the method of choice for many investigations on the subject.

The inference-rules for LK
The following notation will be used:
 * A and B denote formulae of first-order predicate logic (one may also restrict this to propositional logic),
 * Γ, Δ, Σ, and Π are finite (possibly empty) sequences of formulae, called contexts,
 * t denotes an arbitrary term,
 * A[t] denotes a formula A, in which some occurrences of a term t are of interest
 * A[s/t] denotes the formula that is obtained by substituting the term s for the specified occurrences of t in A[t],
 * x and y denote variables,
 * a variable is said to occur free within a formula if its only occurrences in the formula are not within the scope of quantifiers ∀ or ∃.

Note: In the rules (∀R) and (∃L), the variable y must not be free within Γ, A[x/y], or Δ .

An intuitive explanation
The above rules can be divided into two major groups: logical and structural ones. Each of the logical rules introduces a new logical formula either on the left or on the right of the turnstile |-. In contrast, the structural rules operate on the structure of the sequents, ignoring the exact shape of the formulae. The two exceptions to this general scheme are the axiom of identity (I) and the rule of (Cut).

Although stated in a formal way, the above rules allow for a very intuitive reading in terms of classical logic. Consider, for example, the rule (∧L1). It says that, whenever one can prove that Δ can be concluded from some sequence of formulae that contain A, then one can also conclude Δ from the (stronger) assumption, that A∧B holds. Likewise, the rule (¬R) states that, if Γ and A suffice to conclude Δ, then from Γ alone one can either still conclude Δ or A must be false, i.e. ¬A holds. All the rules can be interpreted in this way.

For an intuition about the quantifier rules, consider the rule (∀R). Of course concluding that ∀x A[x/y] holds just from the fact that A[y] is true is not in general possible. If, however, the variable y is not mentioned elsewhere (i.e. it can still be chosen freely, without influencing the other formulae), then one may assume, that A[y] holds for any value of y. The other rules should then be pretty straightforward.

Instead of viewing the rules as descriptions for legal derivations in predicate logic, one may also consider them as instructions for the construction of a proof for a given statement. In this case the rules can be read bottom-up. For example, (∧R) says that, in order to prove that A∧B follows from the assumptions Γ and Σ, it suffices to prove that A can be concluded from Γ and B can be concluded from Σ, respectively. Note that, given some antecedent, it is not clear how this is to be split into Γ and Σ. However, there are only finitely many possibilities to be checked since the antecedent by assumption is finite. This also illustrates how proof theory can be viewed as operating on proofs in a combinatorial fashion: given proofs for both A and B, one can construct a proof for A∧B.

When looking for some proof, most of the rules offer more or less direct recipes of how to do this. The rule of cut is different: It states that, when a formula A can be concluded and this formula may also serve as a premise for concluding other statements, then the formula A can be "cut out" and the respective derivations are joined. When constructing a proof bottom-up, this creates the problem of guessing A (since it does not appear at all below). This issue is addressed in the theorem of cut-elimination.

The second rule, that is somewhat special, is the axiom of identity (I). The intuitive reading of this is obvious: A proves A.

An example derivation
As for an example, this is the sequential derivation of $$\vdash$$(A$$\lor$$¬A), known as the Law of excluded middle (tertium non datur in Latin).

This derivation also emphasizes the strictly formal structure of a syntactic calculus. For example, the right logical rules as defined above do always act on the first formula of the right sequent, such that the application of (PR) is formally required. This very rigid reasoning may at first be difficult to understand, but it forms the very core of the difference between syntax and semantics in formal logics. Although we know that we mean the same with the formulae $$A \lor \neg A$$ and $$\neg A \lor A$$, a derivation of the latter would not be equivalent to the one that is given above. However, one can make syntactic reasoning more convenient by introducing lemmas, i.e. predefined schemes for achieving certain standard derivations. As an example one could show that the following is a legal transformation:

Once a general sequence of rules is known for establishing this derivation, one can use it as an abbreviation within proofs. However, while proofs become more readable when using good lemmas, it can also make the process of derivation more complicated, since there are more possible choices to be taken into account. This is especially important when using proof theory (as often desired) for automated deduction.

Structural rules
The structural rules deserve some additional discussion. The names of the rules are Weakening (W), Contraction (C), and Permutation (P). Contraction and Permutation assure that neither the order (P) nor the multiplicity of occurrences (C) of elements of the sequences do matter. Thus, one could instead of sequences also consider sets.

The extra effort of using sequences, however, is justified since part or all of the structural rules may be omitted. Doing so, one obtains the so called substructural logics.

Properties of the system LK
This system of rules can be shown to be both sound and complete with respect to first-order logic, i.e. a statement A follows semantically from a set of premisses Γ (Γ |= A) iff the sequent Γ |- A can be derived by the above rules.

In Sequent calculus, the rule of cut is admissible. This result is also referred to as Gentzen's Hauptsatz ("Main Theorem").

Modifications of the system
The above rules can be modified in various ways without changing the essence of the system LK. All of these modifications may still be called LK.

First of all, as mentioned above, the sequents can be viewed to consist of sets or multisets. In this case, the rules for permuting and (when using sets) contracting formulae are obsolete.

The rule of weakening will become admissible, when the axiom (I) is changed, such that any sequent of the form Γ, A |- A, Δ can be concluded. This means that A proves A in any context. Any weakening that appears in a derivation can then be performed right at the start. This may be a convenient change when constructing proofs bottom-up.

Independent of these one may also change the way in which contexts are split within the rules: In the cases (∧R), (∨L), and (→L) the left context is somehow split into Γ and Σ when going upwards. Since contraction allows for the duplication of these, one may assume that the full context is used in both branches of the derivation. By doing this, one assures that no important premisses are lost in the wrong branch. Using weakening, the irrelevant parts of the context can be eliminated later.

All of these changes yield equivalent systems in the sense that every derivation in LK can effectively be transformed in a derivation using the alternative rules and vice versa.

The system LJ
Surprisingly, some small changes in the rules of LK suffice in order to turn it into a proof system for intuitionistic logic. To this end, one has to restrict to intuitionistic sequents (i.e. the right contexts are eliminated) and modify the rule (∨L) as follows:

where C is an arbitrary formula.

The resulting system is called LJ. It is sound and complete with respect to intuitionistic logic and admits a similar cut-elimination proof.

title: User:Mpagano/Sequent Calculus


text: User talk:130.203.161.241

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:130.203.161.241


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Breyton Paulse

Breyton Paulse (born 25 April 1976 in De Keur, Koue Bokkeveld) is a South African former rugby union player who played on the wing for the national team, the Springboks, from 1999 to 2007. He played 64 test matches for South Africa, scoring 26 tries.

Early life
In his youth, in addition to rugby, he participated in cricket, soccer, and athletics, representing Boland in the 200m and 400m sprints. The farmer who employed his parents recognized his talent for rugby, and to nurture it, paid his tuition fees to attend Stellenbosch University, which has produced many Springbok rugby players.

Rugby career
Paulse garnered attention almost from the start of his top-flight rugby career with a hat-trick of tries in his first Currie Cup match in 1996, and made his debut for the Springboks in 1999. In his first appearance for the Springboks against Italy, he scored a hat-trick. After scoring his third try that day, he performed his trademark flick flack, a cartwheel followed by a back flip, which he continued to perform after particularly special tries.

At the end of the 2000 domestic season, he became the first player of color to be named South African Rugby Player of the Year, capping a season in which he scored two tries in Western Province's win over Natal in the Currie Cup final

In the Currie Cup, playing mainly for, he has averaged nearly a try a match.

Paulse moved to France for the 2005–2006 season and played for Clermont Auvergne in the Top 14. He remained eligible for Springboks selection, as SA Rugby abandoned its past policy of requiring that Springbok players play domestic rugby in South Africa. Springboks coach Jake White indeed selected him for the 2005 Tri Nations, and started him in South Africa's first three matches. Paulse scored an important try in South Africa's series-opening 22–16 win over Australia. However, in the Springboks' third match (against Australia), Paulse received a three-week suspension for kicking Australian prop Al Baxter.

In the end of 2006, Paulse was picked by the Stormers franchise to be part of their team for the 2007 Super 14 where he strengthened his chances to once again don the Springboks colors.

He was selected for the squad that was present at the 2003 Rugby World Cup finals, but was only selected to the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals, as a reserve player.

His last appearance in the green and gold was against New Zealand at Christchurch in 2007 at the age of 31.

Test Match Record
P = Games Played, W = Games Won, D = Games Drawn, L = Games Lost, Tri = Tries Scored, Pts = Points Scored

Stance on Quotas
Breyton Paulse has spoken out against the use of racial quotas to diversify South African rugby, saying, "It is a big degradation for the players...[it] nearly broke me", after Springbok rugby coach Nick Mallet described his selection in the 1999 World Cup Squad as "merit with bias". Despite this knock to his confidence, he went on to become one of South Africa's most capped players and leading try scorers by the time he retired.

Honours

 * Western Province
 * Currie Cup: 1997, 2000, 2001
 * South Africa
 * Tri Nations: 2004

title: Breyton Paulse


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European Juggling Convention

The European Juggling Convention (EJC), is the largest juggling convention in the world, regularly attracting several thousand participants. It is held every year in a different European country. It is organised by changing local organisation committees which are supported by the European Juggling Association (EJA), a non-profit association founded in 1987 in Saintes, France. Like most juggling conventions, it features a mix of workshops for jugglers, a "renegade" performance performed for participants, games, performances and a public show, usually spread out over a period of a week in the European summer. Accommodation is usually in the form of tents provided by participants.

History
The first EJC was inspired by the IJA Festival and organised by jugglers who didn't want to travel to the USA. The IJA helped by giving the organisers a list (known as the roster) of IJA members living in Europe. It was also known as the "first European IJA mini-convention" and had an attendance of 11 jugglers from 5 countries. EJC has now grown much bigger than its inspiration and has much less focus on competitive juggling, but is more about the sharing of juggling.

title: European Juggling Convention


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2005 in birding and ornithology

The year 2005 in birding and ornithology.

New species
See Bird species new to science described in the 2000s.

Rediscoveries
In April, an announcement is made that the ivory-billed woodpecker has been rediscovered in North America; in July, doubt is cast on this claim. The debate remains unresolved.

Extinctions
The thick-billed ground-dove (Gallicolumba salamonis), last seen in 1927, is officially declared extinct.

Taxonomic developments

 * The British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee announce that they have adopted the following species split:
 * Common scoter and black scoter
 * Velvet scoter and white-winged scoter
 * Greater Canada goose and Lesser Canada goose
 * Yellow-legged gull (split from herring gull)

Deaths

 * 3 February - Ernst Mayr (born 1904)
 * 25 February - Tony Norris (born 1917)
 * 23 May – Derek Ratcliffe (born 1929)
 * 9 June - James F. Clements (born 1927)
 * 3 September - R. S. R. Fitter (born 1913)

World listing

 * American Peter Kaestner becomes the fourth person ever to see over 8000 species of bird alive.

Breeding birds

 * A pair of European bee-eaters makes a nesting attempt in Herefordshire - see Bee-eaters in Britain

Migrant and wintering birds

 * The first part of the year sees a large influx of waxwings into southern England.

Rare birds

 * Britain's third belted kingfisher was found on 1 April in Staffordshire, and was later seen briefly in east Yorkshire, then in Northeast Scotland; the last was in 1980.
 * Britain's second Barrow's goldeneye was found in May in Northeast Scotland.
 * Britain's second Audouin's gull was seen briefly at Spurn, east Yorkshire on 1 June.
 * An influx of trumpeter finches in Kent and Suffolk in the spring are the first of this species to be seen in Britain since the early 1990s.
 * A sooty tern visited the Anglesey tern colonies in North Wales in July - the first ever in Britain to be seen by large numbers of birders.
 * Britain's first Swinhoe's storm petrel on a pelagic, 17 km south of the Isles of Scilly on 21 July.
 * A yellow warbler on Unst, Shetland in September is Britain's fifth.
 * A Siberian rubythroat on Fair Isle, Shetland in October is also Britain's fifth.
 * Britain's first magnificent frigatebird is found moribund in Whitchurch, Shropshire following Hurricane Wilma, and dies in care at Chester Zoo
 * Britain's fifth green heron is found on Anglesey in November
 * Hurricane Wilma also brought an unprecedented influx of laughing gulls to Britain during November

Other Events

 * The British Birdwatching Fair has Myanmar as its theme for the year.

Rare birds

 * Ireland's first green heron is found in County Cork in October
 * Ireland's first Barrow's goldeneye is found at Quoile Pondage in County Down in November

title: 2005 in birding and ornithology


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India Office

The India Office was a British government department in London established in 1858 to oversee the administration of the Provinces of India, through the British viceroy and other officials. The administered territories comprised most of the modern-day nations of the Indian Subcontinent as well as Yemen and other territories around the Indian Ocean. The India Office was headed by the Secretary of State for India, a member of the British cabinet, who was formally advised by the Council of India.

Upon the independence of India in 1947 into the new independent dominions of India and Pakistan, the India Office was closed down. Responsibility for the United Kingdom's relations with the new countries was transferred to the Commonwealth Relations Office (formerly the Dominions Office).

Origins of the India Office (1600–1858)
The East India Company was established in 1600 as a joint-stock company of English merchants who received, by a series of charters, exclusive rights to English trade with the "Indies", defined as the lands lying between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Magellan; the term "India" had been derived from the name of the Indus River, long important to commerce and civilisation in the region. The Company soon established a network of "factories" throughout the south and east Indies in Asia. Over a period of 250 years the Company underwent several substantial changes in its basic character and functions.

A period of rivalry between the Old and New Companies after 1698 resulted in the formation in 1709 of the United Company of Merchants Trading to the East Indies. This 'new' East India Company was transformed during the second half of the 18th century from a mainly commercial body with scattered Asian trading interests into a major territorial power in South Asia with its headquarters in Bengal, present day state of West Bengal of India and Bangladesh. The political implications of this development eventually caused the British government in 1784 to institute standing Commissioners (the Board of Control) in London to exercise supervision over the Company's Indian policies.

This change in the Company's status, along with other factors, led to the Acts of Parliament of 1813 and 1833, which opened British trade with the East Indies to all shipping and resulted in the Company's complete withdrawal from its commercial functions. The Company continued to exercise responsibility, under the supervision of the Board, for the government of British India until the re-organisation of 1858.

Throughout most of these changes the basic structure of Company organisation in East India House in the City of London remained largely unaltered, comprising a large body of proprietors or shareholders and an elected Court of Directors, headed by a chairman and deputy chairman who, aided by permanent officials, were responsible for the daily conduct of Company business. The Board of Control maintained its separate office close to the Government buildings in Westminster.

With the Government of India Act 1858, the Company and the Board of Control of the East India Companies were replaced by a single new department of state in London, the India Office, which functioned, under the Secretary of State for India, as an executive office of United Kingdom government alongside the Foreign Office, Colonial Office, Home Office and War Office.

Description and functions
The Secretary of State for India was assisted by a statutory body of advisers, the Council of India, and headed a staff of civil servants organised into a system of departments largely taken over from the East India Company and Board of Control establishments, and housed in a new India Office building in Whitehall. The Secretary of State for India inherited all the executive functions previously carried out by the Company, and all the powers of 'superintendence, direction and control' over the British provincial administrations in South Asia previously exercised by the Board of Control. Improved communications with South Asia – the overland and submarine telegraph cables (1868–70), and the opening of the Suez Canal (1869) – rendered this control, exercised through the Viceroy and provincial Governors covering large areas in the regions of Asia, Africa and the Middle East, more effective in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. It was only with the constitutional reforms initiated during the First World War, and carried forward by the India Acts of 1919 and 1935, that there came about a significant relaxation of India Office supervision over the Government of British India, and with it, in South Asia, a gradual devolution of authority to legislative bodies and local governments. The same administrative reforms also led in 1937 to the separation of Burma from rest of South Asia and the creation in London of the Burma Office, separate from the India Office though sharing the same Secretary of State and located in the same building. With the gradual events and establishments of sovereign independent nations and the final grant of independence to present-day India and Pakistan in 1947, and to present-day Myanmar in 1948, both the India Office and the Burma Office were officially dissolved.

As a result of the widespread involvement in the external relations and defence policy of pre-1947 African, Asian and Middle Eastern countries, the India Office was also responsible for particular neighbouring or connected areas at different times. Among the most significant of these are:

 * Zanzibar, Somalia and Ethiopia (mainly nineteenth century);
 * Red Sea, Arabian Peninsula, Persian Gulf states, Iraq and Iran (1858–1947);
 * Afghanistan, Russian and Chinese Central Asia, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim (1858-1947);
 * Malaya and South-East Asia (1858-1867)

Other groups of involvement have also resulted from India Office interest in the status of Indian emigrants to the West Indies, south and east Africa, and Fiji.

The India Office had its offices in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building in Whitehall.

Timeline

 * 1600 – Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. established in London
 * 1709 – British East India Company emerges as union of England and Scotland is born.
 * 1757 – East India Company begins conquering Indian territory after the Battle of Plassey.
 * 1765 – Mughal Emperor grants the right to collect land revenue to the East India Company.
 * 1773 – Warren Hastings appointed as first Governor of Bengal.
 * 1784 – British Government establishes Board of Control for India in London.
 * 1813 – End of East India Company's monopoly rights over trade with British India with the Charter Act of 1813
 * 1833 – End of East India Company's monopoly rights over trade with China
 * 1857 – Indian Rebellion of 1857 changes local opinion of the British.
 * 1858 – East India Company and Board of Control replaced by India Office and Council of India in the Government of India Act 1858.
 * 1937 – Separation of Burma from British India and establishment of Burma Office.
 * 1947 – Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Dominion status granted to both countries.  India wishes to stay in the commonwealth. Abolition of India Office.
 * 1948 – Independence of Burma and abolition of Burma Office

India Office Records
The India Office Records are the repository of the archives of the East India Company (1600–1858), the Board of Control or Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of British India (1784–1858), the India Office (1858–1947), the Burma Office (1937–1948), and a number of related British agencies overseas which were officially linked with one or other of the four main bodies. The focus of the India Office Records is in the territories mainly that today include Central Asia, the Middle East, regions of Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia and their administration before 1947. The official archives of the India Office Records are complemented by over 300 collections and over 3,000 smaller deposits of Private Papers relating to the British experience in India.

The India Office Records, previously housed in the India Office Library, became the responsibility of the British Library Board in 1982, and are now administered as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections of the British Library, London, as part of the Public Records of the United Kingdom. They are open for public consultation, except for recent personal files, and a very small number of subject files. They comprise 14 kilometres of shelves of volumes, files and boxes of papers, together with 70,000 volumes of official publications and 105,000 manuscript and printed maps.

title: India Office


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Inuyasha: The Secret of the Cursed Mask

Inuyasha: The Secret of the Cursed Mask, known in Japan as Inuyasha: The Cursed Mask (犬夜叉 呪詛の仮面), is a role-playing video game for the PlayStation 2 based on the manga and anime series Inuyasha. The player is able to choose to play as a female named Kaname Kururugi or as a male named Michiru Kururugi. Regardless of the chosen gender, the character is referred to using the last name Kururugi. However, in the North American release, the character is referred to using his/her first name (any sentences containing the player's name have no voiceover).

Plot
The game begins when Kururugi enters the family storage shed in modern-day Japan to retrieve an item for father. After falling through a mysteriously etched pentagram on the floorboards, the player is transported to Feudal Japan. On his unfortune, the villagers mistake the time traveler as a demon and attack. After several close calls, Kururugi comes face to face with InuYasha, who notices the stranger's clothes "look like Kagome's".

After introductions with the rest of the cast, the player begins to search for answers as to why Kururugi has been brought back to the feudal era and how to get home. The game progresses as any normal InuYasha storyline, with the InuYasha group travelling from village to village in pursuit of Naraku (and Kururugi's answers), sometimes helping out with a local problem or two. Occasionally traces to Naraku himself are revealed, as well as leads to Kururugi's mystery and the title's "cursed mask", which holds secrets to returning the character to the present. Along the way, Kururugi learns to harness the power of shikigami from a mysterious old villager called Kakuju, a force needed in order to help InuYasha and the others overcome the dangerous obstacles ahead while unraveling the plot of the mystic Utsugi.

Several characters from the anime appear to help, or hinder, the group's progress, including Kikyo, Kagura, Koga and Sesshomaru.

In the end, Utsugi is revealed to be a Hitogata in the image of Kakuju's deceased spouse; Utsugi summoned Kururugi to the past to steal his/her descendant's soul in order to become human and live with Kakuju again. However, Naraku ends up possessing Utsugi for the power of Shikigami. After a long battle, Naraku is sent to Hell and Utsugi dies happy, having unknowingly taken Kakuju's soul and became human. With Utsugi's magic gone, Kururugi is sent back to the present, where it is revealed the festival at the shrine is based on Kururugi's adventure. Kururugi thinks of the member of Inuyasha's group the player spent the most time with.

Characters
Voiced by: Takashi Kondō (Japanese), Sean Broadhurst (English)
 * Michiru Kururugi (枢木 みちる)
 * The male version of the main character in the game. He has the mysterious and powerful powers of the Shikigami, which come down to the four elements: fire, water, wind, and light. Animal symbols for his elemental attacks also exist. All co-operative attacks involve his Shikigami enhancing the normal attacks of his friends. Compared to Kaname, Michiru hardly raises his voice when shocked.

Voiced by: Ryōko Nagata (Japanese), Carol-Anne Day (English) Voiced by Katsuyuki Konishi (Male; Japanese), Atsuko Tanaka (Female; Japanese), TBA (Male; English), TBA (Female; English)
 * Kaname Kururugi (枢木 かなめ)
 * The female version of the main character in the game. She has the mysterious and powerful powers of the Shikigami, which come down to the four elements: fire, water, wind, and light. Animal symbols for her elemental attacks also exist. All co-operative attacks involved her Shikigami enhancing the normal attacks of her friends. Kaname tends to shriek when surprised or scared.
 * Utsugi (ウツギ)
 * Utsugi (ウツギ)
 * Utsugi is a Hitogata, an enchanted clay doll that was granted life by the priest/priestess Kakuju and the power of Shikigami after Kakuju's original lover, Utsugi, died. Many attempts were made to breathe life into a doll before the final version of Utsugi succeeded, and the imperfect Utsugi-hitogata were discarded in the valley below Kakuju's village. Kakuju mystically sealed the valley and isolated the village to prevent these wandering, imperfect dolls to escape and harm anyone. Eager to become truly human and please Kakuju, Utsugi joined up with Naraku and his incarnations in order to summon Kururugi to the past. Because Kururugi was a descendant on the original Utsugi and gifted with the power of shikigami, Utsugi planned to absorb his/her soul and become human.

Voiced by Shirō Saitō (Male; Japanese), Aoi Tamagawa (Female; Japanese), TBA (Male; English) TBA (Female; English)
 * Kakuju
 * An old man or woman who assists the main character by teaching him/her about Shikigami and more, including his/her past connection with Utsugi. Kakuju traveled to find Utsugi to make amends for his/her past mistakes, and to start over.

 * Mahoro (まほろ)
 * A demon with the ability to transform into a person's loved one or closest friend. He appears in Minomo Village when using this ability to "spirit away" villagers and on Asagiri Island as a merchant the player can buy items from.

 * Ogre
 * Known as "Skeletal demon", Ogre is an incarnation of Naraku that a demon puppet of Naraku releases on InuYasha and the others in Naraku's castle. Its attacks are limited to a full-group blast of miasma and a single swipe at one character.

Character selection
The chosen gender of the main character has several subtle but interesting changes on the overall flow of the game. While the core plot remains the same regardless of Kururugi being a boy or girl, the later character responses, interval events, and battle abilities can change dramatically depending upon whether Kururgi is male or female. For example, when the female Kururugi first encounters Miroku in the game, the lecherous monk greets her with his typical, "Would you bear my child?" The male Kururugi gets no such offer.

What choices are made on the part of the player to interact with the InuYasha universe will also influence the strength of partnerships in battle and result in different character-centric anime sequences at the end of the game.

Interval events
Every so often, players will receive an opportunity to "rest up" the InuYasha gang before setting off for a new location. If the player opts to take these breaks, short interval scenes will occur in which the main character can interact one-on-one with a member of the group. Choosing between InuYasha, Kagome, Miroku, Sango or Shippo will result in several different scenes, which vary in tone; the episodes begin as playful incidents and develop into deep and dramatic scenes later in the game. The more often a specific character is chosen, the stronger the player's friendship will become with that character, thus increasing the effectiveness of pairing with that character in Co-Op Technique battle; if the player opts to skip these interval events, the only penalty is a slower acquisition of Co-Op techniques.

An interesting fan service aspect of this relationship-building is that Kururugi will become "strong friends" with whichever of the InuYasha group he or she has spent the most time with. When paired with the opposite sex, love triangles begin to form between the canon pairings and the player character. For example, if the male Kururugi spends a majority of his interval events bonding with Kagome, InuYasha will grow increasingly jealous (or vice versa), or if the female Kururugi spends a majority of her interval events bonding with Miroku, Sango will get jealous. Also, there is a chance for the female Kururugi to be paired with Sesshomaru. This is achieved when the player gets the female character in some of the areas where Sesshomaru is. No negative impacts occur to the canon pairings if Shippo is the one the player becomes closest to, given that both Michiru and Kaname consider him a little brother.

Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of one seven, one six, one five, and one six, for a total of 24 out of 40.

title: Inuyasha: The Secret of the Cursed Mask


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Kingsley Dunham

Sir Kingsley Charles Dunham (2 January 1910 – 5 April 2001) was one of the leading British geologists and mineralogists of the 20th century. He was a Professor of Geology at the University of Durham from 1950–71. He was later Professor Emeritus from 1967–2001. He was director of the British Geological Survey from 1967–75.

Early life
Dunham was born in Sturminster Newton, Dorset and moved at an early age with his family to Durham. He attended the Durham Johnston School (then a Grammar School) and then won a Foundation Scholarship to Hatfield College, Durham, graduating with a first-class degree in Geology in 1930 at a time when Arthur Holmes was professor.

A gifted musician, Dunham was Organ Scholar during his undergraduate days. Following graduation, he pursued research into the Pennine Orefield of the North of England, under the supervision of Arthur Holmes. He graduated with a PhD in 1932 on the subject of Ore deposits of the north Pennines.

Career
Dunham studied at Harvard University under a Commonwealth Fund Fellowship, which led to a master's degree. He returned to the UK as a geologist for the British Geological Survey, working on the iron ores of Cumbria. This came in useful during the Second World War where he was involved in the investigation of the mineral resources of the North of England. This work was later published in the classic volume, The Geology of the North Pennine Orefield.

Dunham returned to Durham University in 1950 as Professor of Geology. During his tenure he supervised the drilling of the Rookhope borehole discovering, as predicted by his colleague Martin Bott, the presence of a concealed granite underlying the Pennines. He was created a Fellow of St John's College, Durham.

In 1967, his career culminated in accepting the directorship of the British Geological Survey, and like his time at Durham, he successfully guided that institution through a period of rapid growth into areas such as geophysics, oceanography and geochemistry. He was knighted in 1972.

Following retirement in 1975, Dunham again returned to Durham as Emeritus Professor, publishing further work on the mineralogy of the North of England.

Honours
Kingsley Dunham received many honours. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1955 (and also served on its council) and received its Royal Medal in 1970. He was President of the Yorkshire Geological Society between 1958–59, and was awarded the Sorby Medal of that Society in 1963.

In 1973, he gave the presidential address to the British Association meeting in Canterbury. Dunham also received honorary doctorates from more than ten universities, both at home and abroad. He was awarded the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1976.

Between 1990 and 2012, the British Geological Survey's headquarters complex, in Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, was named the Kingsley Dunham Centre in his honour. (It is now the Environmental Science Centre.) The relocation and consolidation of the BGS's various, disparate branches to the Keyworth site was one of the lasting legacies of Dunham's time as Director. The Centre opened in 1976, shortly after Dunham's retirement.

Later life
In his later years his eyesight failed him until he was totally blind. However, he still attended the weekly Durham meetings (aided by his friend and colleague Dr Tony Johnson), held by the Arthur Holmes society.

Dunham's son, Ansel, who predeceased him, was Professor of Geology at the University of Hull and the University of Leicester.

title: Kingsley Dunham


text:
Turkcell

Turkcell İletişim Hizmetleri A.Ş. (lit. Turkcell Communication Services) (, nyse: TKC) is the leading mobile phone operator of Turkey, based in Istanbul. The company has 39.3 million subscribers as of September 2021. In 2015, the company's number of subscribers climbed to 68.9 million, in nine countries. The largest shareholder is Turkey Wealth Fund with 26.2% ownership. It is one of the world's biggest companies (Fortune 2000) list published by Fortune. Turkcell has also developed Yaani, a browser for mobile and desktop. Turkcell's general manager is Ali Taha Koç.

Company background
In February 1994, Turkcell started Turkey's first GSM network. In Q3 2012, it had a market share of 52.4%. Its competitors were Vodafone with a market share of 27.9% and Avea with a market share of 19.7%.

Turkcell is the first Turkish company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange, where its shares have been traded since 11 July 2000 along with trading on the Istanbul Stock Exchange.

Turkcell also provides GSM services internationally. It has 9.6 million subscribers via Fintur Holdings and its affiliates in partnership with TeliaSonera in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Moldova, as of 30 September 2007. In 2009 they were the first company to get 3G services for their customers in Turkey. In 2015, Turkcell completed the acquisition of a 44.96% stake in Ukrainian mobile phone operator Life :) It had 13.6 million subscribers at that time.

Turkcell also provides IPTV service in Turkey.

In October 2020, TVF Bilgi Teknolojileri Iletisim Hizmetleri Yatirim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. a subsidiary of Turkey Wealth Fund, the wealth fund of the Republic of Turkey, acquired control of 26.2% of Turkcell. 19.8% of Turkcell’s shares are controlled by the second largest shareholder IMTIS Holdings S.a r.l., an entity in which Letterone Investment Holdings S.A. has an indirect economic interest.

Coverage area
Turkcell provides coverage of an area that, as of 31 March 2007, includes 100% of the population living in cities of 3,000 or more people, 97.21% of the total population, and 80.44% of Turkey's land area. The company has a few blind spots, especially in mountainous areas in the Eastern region.

Northern Cyprus
Turkcell also operates overseas. Its Northern Cyprus brand is known as Kuzey Kıbrıs Turkcell (North Cyprus Turkcell) which operates in the Northern Cyprus only. KKTcell runs completely separately from Turkey's Turkcell, although the ownership of the network is the same. KKTcell is also the North's largest Network Provider at the moment, in terms of registered users and network coverage. KKTcell numbers can be distinguished from Mainland Turkey Turkcell numbers easily, as KKTcell numbers begin with 90 (533) 8XX-XXXX.

Roaming
Turkcell has international roaming agreements with 605 operators in 201 countries as of September 2008. It claims to have more international GPRS roaming agreements than any other operator (356 operators in 143 countries as of 31 August 2008). It also applies discounted roaming costs when calling from a Turkcell mobile to a KKTurkcell number.

Sponsorship
Turkcell has been the "Official Communication Sponsor" of the national football and basketball teams since 2002. Turkcell was the main and name sponsor of the first Turkish football league, the Turkish Super League, from 2005 to 2010. It also sponsors 14 of the 18 football teams in the Süper Lig. The "Turkcell Football Awards" project was initiated in 2003 to encourage "fair play" by awarding athletes who show fairness, impartiality, and solidarity.

Turkcell also sponsors the International Istanbul Film Festival and co-sponsors the Istanbul International Jazz Festival. Since 1999, Turkcell has supported the restoration of the ancient city walls in Bodrum. The last phase of the project, the restoration of an ancient theater, was completed in June 2003.

Turkcell has also continued to sponsor the CeBIT Bilişim Eurasia event, one of the major information technology fairs in Europe, for the tenth time in 2007.

Turkcell's main educational project, "Modern Girls of Modern Turkey", which started in 2000, grants scholarships to 5,000 young women in less developed parts of the country. The project received international recognition in June 2001, when it won the UK "Institute of Public Relations Excellence Award" and the "Crystal Obelisk Award" from the Foundation of Women Executives in Public Relations in New York City in 2002.

Advertisement injection
Turkcell Superonline, one of Turkcell's subsidiaries and a major ISP in Turkey, has been criticized for injecting advertisements. The company has not responded to the questions about the injections. This event was described as the first evidence of traffic monitoring and manipulation in Turkey with deep packet inspection.

MTN Group court case
In May 2013, Turkcell dropped its multibillion-dollar US lawsuit against MTN Group, citing a US Supreme Court ruling that hurt its case. The operator filed a $4.2 billion lawsuit in Washington in 2012 alleging the company used bribery to win a mobile license in Iran that was first awarded to Turkcell. The court delayed the case in October 2012 pending a US Supreme Court decision on the Alien Tort Statute, the U.S. human rights law on which Turkcell's suit is based.

title: Turkcell


text:
Talk:Robert Jones (VC)

Untitled
Moved from article (non-enc'ic & belongs here, not there): ==Further information== He was awarded his V.C by Sir Garnett Wolsey in Utrecht Transvaal south Africa. His daughter Edith Emily had the Surname East and not West she was my great grandmother

==The medal==

please update if you know where his medal is publicly displayed belived to be in the ownership of Michael Ashcroft

==Reference==

==See also==

External links modified
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title: Talk:Robert Jones (VC)


text:
Category:NASCAR stubs

See also: Category:NASCAR

title: Category:NASCAR stubs


text:
Category:Norwegian literature

See also Norwegian literature

title: Category:Norwegian literature


text:
Gwilym Puw

Captain Gwilym Puw (sometimes anglicised as William Pugh) (c. 1618 – c. 1689) was a Welsh Catholic and Cavalier poet and Royalist officer from a prominent Recusant family from the Creuddyn Peninsula in north Wales.

He was a prolific author of Welsh language poems, mainly in defence of the Catholic faith. He also translated Catholic liturgical works from Ecclesiastical Latin into his native Welsh.

In 1648 he composed a Welsh poem in which loyalty to King Charles I is combined with devotion to the Roman Catholic Church. He begins by saying that the political evils afflicting Britain are God's punishment for the abandonment of the "true religion". People were far happier, he proceeds, when the 'Old Faith' prevailed. But a better time is coming. The English Roundheads will be made square by a crushing defeat, and the king will return "under a golden veil"; the Tridentine Mass shall be sung once more, and a bishop shall elevate the host. Here we have evidently a mystical allusion to the King of Kings on His throne in the tabernacle, and the Real Presence is the theme underlying the whole poem.

 * This article incorporates text from The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV Copyright © 1912, which is in the public domain.

title: Gwilym Puw


text:
Panorama in Interlingua

Panorama in Interlingua is the primary periodical for the language Interlingua, published bimonthly. It was first issued in January 1988. The magazine is based in Odense, Denmark, and is written completely in Interlingua and the activities of the Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI) appear in each issue, but the content is not necessarily about the language itself. Thomas Breinstrup, the editor in chief, is considered a leader of Interlingua style.

The stated aim of the publication is to carry:
 * news of Interlingua
 * journalism
 * news reports
 * book reviews
 * travel news and articles
 * chronicles

title: Panorama in Interlingua


text:
User talk:JIP/Archive 1

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Copyvios
After you have found a copyvio and tagged the suspected article, don't forget to list it on WP:CP as well. Good job finding them! :) - Mailer Diablo 18:40, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the tip!   — J I P | Talk 18:41, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Dear Sir,

I am new to the WIKIPAEDIA website so please bear with me IF I commit any usage mistakes.

I have found the message posted on the COPYRIGHT VIOLATION section to say the following : Thanikaimoni from [375] (http://www.scirpus.ca/cap/people/person19.htm) and [376] (http://www.palynology.org/history/thanikaimoni.html). The article first contains a copy of part of the first page, then a copy of the second page, and then some text I couldn't find on Google. It fairly cites the sources but I don't think that justifies verbatim copies. — JIP | Talk 10:57, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Please note that I am a bit surprised because :

1. I have clearly stated that this article is 'compiled' from existing articles 2. I have in good faith provided not only the SOURCES but also the URLs 3. I have mentioned that the original 3 authors for certain parts of the texts 4. The article does not aim to promote myself 5. The person on whom the article is written is an internationally reknowned scientist in the field of Palynology (winner of the 'Fyson Prize')

IF you still think that there is a reason for 'black balling' this content, then atleast tell me what I can do (recommendations, advise, commments, etc.,) so that the content can be 'okayed'.

Thanks ... and hope that you will review your position in a favourable light.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Thanikaimoni"

Hope that you will give me some feedback. My e-mail address is NO-SPAM_lockhimupasap@yahoo.com

 * I am somewhat new to Wikipedia myself, so I might have made mistakes in the copyvio nomination. I did not know you were the original copyright holder at the time of the nomination.   — J I P | Talk 12:37, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"fnarr, fnarr!"
Where was it from? I do not even remember. --Woohookitty 19:01, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The Viz comic. Finbarr Saunders is a boy, who lives with a man and a woman. These man and woman always include sexual innuendos when they talk, causing Finbarr to throw a fit - shouting "Fnarr, fnarr!". The comic always ends with the man and woman having sex (although hidden from the readers).   — J I P | Talk 20:02, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

GRider
Regarding GRider's 'Socratic' VfD nominations and the ensuing reactions by voters, please read and comment on Requests for comment/GRider2. Thanks. Radiant_* 12:23, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

Millionth topic pool
I'm not sure about your guesses here. What I had in mind was that you actually picked the topic, such as Anatomy of John Cusack's left knee. :) BRIAN 0918   14:15, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that. As I was the first person to vote in the pool, and there were no example votes, I didn't properly understand what it was about. I've changed my guesses.   — J I P | Talk 14:26, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Where do you get your exponential growth model from? I'm interested in the reference points you use... Alphax τεχ 09:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * It's linear, not exponential. It's a very rough approximation of 500 articles per day.   — J I P | Talk 09:24, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Recreation of deleted content
You recently added an entry to WP:RFC about an anon user re-creating Talk:List of internet service providers who offer connection to the mbone and Talk:List of internet service providers who offer native IPv6. The normal procedure in such a case is to stick the deleteagain tag on the article and put a note on the user's talk page. If they persist in re-creating the articles, list it on Vandalism in progress. --Carnildo 18:37, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the tip!   — J I P | Talk 19:44, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Newb here, curious, how you got on the Dixie_kong page so fast?
 * There's a link to "Recent changes" on the left side. From time to time, I just go through the list of recent changes, particularly looking for new articles (signified with a capital N in front of them).   — J I P | Talk 06:37, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Even better, under Did you know on the main page, lower right, is From Wikipedia's newest articles. The newest articles link takes you to a list of only new articles, newest first. -- Mwanner 14:32, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

Thank you :)
Thank you for fixing up some of my mess up in the List of false friends. I thought the swedish word jag was written jäg, hehe... :) I also had some extra parentheses lying around. havarhen 17:20, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC)
 * You're welcome.   — J I P | Talk 17:27, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Kana

 * thanks for helping in fixing the examples table on Fr. Ben talk contr 02:28, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * You're welcome.   — J I P | Talk 04:10, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Category:Beardy weirdies
I guess I asked for it, didn't I? That makes it kinda hard for me to scold you, but I trust someone else will, eventually. Of course you forgot many important articles that would perfectly fit the category, but I don't want to create more work for whoever cleans this up. Rl 16:13, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Alesia

 * I'm glad to know that was a mis-understanding. I thought you wanted to cite Goscinny and Uderzo as a reference for the history of the battle and i was starting to fear for your sanity. Like it is now is fine by me, cheers, muriel@pt 08:03, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm glad you like it. Thanks.   — J I P | Talk 08:04, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rinkipedia
Hi there. I noticed you listed Rinkipedia in the Wikipedia. Although I'm flattered that you felt it worthy of inclusion, it's really only meant for regulars to RinkWorks - and even if it wasn't, probably has no place in an encyclopedia anyway (see What Wikipedia is not). I'm recommending that it be voted for deletion. Thanks! --Ciaran H 21:10, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)

I'm confused, please help me.
Um, I was looking at the Ceation (Dragonlance) page earlier and thought to myself, "Gosh, I can't read this! I'll fix the formatting so people can read it.  While I'm at it, I'll fix the spelling errors and put in some new referenced information." Well, first thing I noticed was that the existing reference link was wonky. After spending a few hours fixing up some of the entries, I got a copyright vio notice. Thing is, I didn't write this article! It was already here. The material I added was referenced, I made sure of that, and I followed the instuctions Wiki gave me. So, now what? (by User: 192.149.109.218)
 * You did not create the article, User:Alex Nisnevich did. I checked the edit history. But, Alex Nisnevich originally created the article as a word-for-word copy of the page cited in my copyvio notice, and thus I think it was a copyvio. You have made significant improvements on Alex Nisnevich's work, but because the original material was not removed, I still think the article - not your work, but the article itself - is a copyvio.   — J I P | Talk 10:52, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, so now that that's cleared up, do you have any recommendations on how to fix it? (by User: 192.149.109.218)

ATC and John Lennon
Would you mind explaining why you felt it was prudent to link to John Lennon in the first two words Air traffic control? It looked a lot like vandalism to me... -Lommer | talk 23:59, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It was a joke. Check what the Finnish word for Air traffic control is...   — J I P | Talk 05:04, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

West End Girls
The lyrics are by Bobby Orlando, not by The Pet Shop Boys, as far as I know him personally he wouldn't mind seeing them up on wikipedia. You could email him and ask. ;-) JuliusThyssen
 * There's only the tiny little problem that I don't know his email address, you haven't told it to me, and it doesn't appear in the article about him.   — J I P | Talk 11:15, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Asterix and the Black Gold

 * They're probably refering to the book of the film The twelve tasks of Asterix, which was translated in 1978, before Asterix and the Black Gold came out. Bluap 10:40, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Amiga Power 65
I have heard your request for AP65, and I can guide you to the internet version here: http://deadwoodinc.net/thumbnails.php?album=3&page=1&sort=ta

It's a big gallery that should be sorted in ascending order so you can shuffle through it as if it were on your lap. I hope that goes some way to eleviate the pain and suffering of not having the original between your palms.

Adios.

Purple vs. violet
Someone has rewritten Purple vs. violet which is up on VFD. You may wish to reconsider your vote. Mgm|(talk) 10:09, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Autobot Clones
I added the word "two" to the description, and indented the names. I hope this adds more clarity. CobaltBlueTony 19:42, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

Kasassoglou
Ah. I didn't realize that. I just saw all the text on one page and thought it was more complete than the other. I didn't take the time at the other site to click any buttons, so I didn't realize the entire text was there as well. I'll modify the listing to give your find preference, since that would give the copyvio issue a stronger case. Thank you for the heads up. SWAdair | Talk 10:16, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Good catch, BTW. SWAdair | Talk  10:20, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Edit summary
Hello. Please remember to always provide an edit summary. Thanks and happy edits. Alphax τεχ 07:22, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I will try to remember to do it.   — J I P | Talk 07:33, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Check your contributions - it was probably X (disambiguation), but there are probably others too. Alphax τεχ 07:38, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Linux keyboard
Yes, I thought it would be the same as Windows too, (apart from the obvious "It's Linux, so what would you like it to be?" response) but I felt that there might be a War of Religion if I just merged them! --Red King 15:59, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * So could we copy the Windows section over to the Linux section and add a note that if anyone spots a wrong entry, they can correct it?   — J I P | Talk 16:03, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

22040
Howdy. Does this number mean anything to you? We could use your help at Votes for deletion/22040. Thanks, A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  21:16, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * It certainly doesn't mean anything to me. I don't live in Turku, but I think that even if I did, it would be of minor importance at best. It hasn't been the news anywhere I've seen.   — J I P | Talk 04:41, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, JIP. I thought you would say as much, but just wanted to make sure. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  12:46, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Tea Sucking
JIP, I noticed your name among those who had voted to delete Tea Sucking. I voted to delete it myself. Uncle G subsequently did a very radical rewrite; I'm happy to change my vote from delete to keep and even if you don't want to join me in this I think you'll find the new article worth a look. -- Hoary July 2, 2005 07:26 (UTC)

elasticos selectos and other VfD spats
WP:CSD does not give "advertising" as a reason for speedy deletion. I'm therefore removing the speedy notice, and replacing it with the VfD notice. -- Hoary July 3, 2005 07:55 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I will replace the VfD notice if the anon IP removes it again.   — J I P | Talk 3 July 2005 07:57 (UTC)

Sorry about the confusion here, JIP, but you might like to take a second look at VfD/This is a sophomoric logical conundrum. -- Hoary July 6, 2005 06:41 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that. I guess I was too hasty in creating the VfD page.   — J I P | Talk 6 July 2005 06:43 (UTC)
 * No reason to apologize: I've done the same thing many times. Well, I'm a slow writer, at least when it comes to phrasing VfD nominations. What I really ought to do is to write this in an editor, then stick the VfD template on the article, and then create the VfD page, pasting in the text I've already prepared. -- Hoary July 6, 2005 06:52 (UTC)

Hi
Nope, I didn't mind you fixing my mistake -- & thank you for doing it. However, Talk pages always send up a flag whenever they are changed, & I was puzzled at first when I saw the flag but didn't see a new comment. Maybe in the future, should you fidn that you need to help someone manage their Talk page again, you could also leave a note explaining what you did. :) -- llywrch 6 July 2005 19:41 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I doubt I'll ever find someone else's user talk page to fix, but I'll keep that in mind anyway.   — J I P | Talk 6 July 2005 23:24 (UTC)

Tiga
No problem. I had just added my info to the other person's work and relinked it to the beast wars page. Just as I was adding a speedy deletion notice it had told me somebody else had edited it at the same time. I was like, woah, that was fast. I'm impressed you picked up on it so quickly! Icemet

verses
Hiya,

you recently voted to merge Matthew 2:16

however, a proposal by User:Uncle G covers a much larger group of verses.

would you be prepared to make a vote at Votes for deletion/Individual Bible verses, which covers the full list of verses in Uncle G's suggestion?

 * Thanks for the comment! I've voted for merging them into larger articles as per Uncle G.   — J I P | Talk 9 July 2005 17:17 (UTC)

Toys r us
What does the "R" Us part mean, anyway? — J I P | Talk 4 July 2005 05:00 (UTC)
 * It's pronounced as "Toys are Us", in other words "We are toys". --  user:Zanimum
 * Thanks! That's what I've always thought it was, but not being a native speaker, or having any Toys R Us'es in my entire home country, I couldn't be sure.   — J I P | Talk 18:31, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

thanks!
i overlooked that error Gabrielsimon 09:52, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

3RR report
Your report is fine, particularly as they have already been blocked. You don't need to clean it up. Cheers! Jayjg (talk) 16:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. The only thing I didn't quite figure out the first time was how to link to the versions of the article.   — J I P | Talk 16:38, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Categorising articles about Sweden
''Hello. When categorising articles about Sweden, do not replace "ä" and "ö" with "a" and "o". Swedish considers them different letters. Thanks. — J I P | Talk 10:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)''

 * This is a matter of opinion and policy, not of knowledge. For the time being, at least, I disagree with you on category sorting, as different languages use different ways of sorting the same letters. The English Wikipedia won't sort according to Swedish alphabetical order, but will now presumably place non-English letters according to some kind of unicode order. I may change my view on this after the matter has been thoroughly discussed, but for the time being I see no reason to do so. -- Uppland 14:44, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JIP/Archive 1


text:
User:Viktoria~enwiki

What is important in relationships? What are we looking for? I hit that question couple days ago when I was puzzled if I am marrying a right guy... Is it enough that man is your friend or should there be more... Funny but I am still deep in my heart waiting for that right one.

title: User:Viktoria~enwiki


text:
Mitsunari Kanai

Mitsunari Kanai (1939 – March 28, 2004) was an aikido and iaido teacher born in Japan, who spent most of his teaching career in the United States. He was an 8th dan teacher with the title shihan in the organisation Aikikai.

Life
Kanai Sensei was one of the last group of students of the founder of aikido, Morihei Ueshiba, entering the Hombu Dojo in 1958 as an uchi-deshi. He moved to the United States in 1966 as a 4th dan and subsequently founded the New England Aikikai, currently located off Porter Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Kanai was instrumental in the early development of aikido in the United States and Canada, and taught seminars widely throughout the United States, Canada and Europe. He was one of the founders and a Technical Director of both the United States Aikido Federation (USAF) and the CAF.

Kanai Sensei was also skilled in iaido and subsequently taught this art to his senior students, many of whom hold dan rank in both iaido and aikido. He was also highly respected for his metalworking skills and deep historical knowledge of the Japanese sword, the katana, serving at times as a specialist advisor to the East Asian Collection at the nearby Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Legacy
In the Boston area, senior students of Kanai Sensei continue to operate New England Aikikai, as well as Framingham Aikikai, Boston Aikikai, and Aikido Tekkojuku of Boston. His students also run university aikido clubs at Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Tufts University. Beyond Boston, his students lead dojos in many cities across the US and Canada, including Framingham, Massachusetts;Providence, Rhode Island; Portland, Maine; Portland, Oregon; Toronto, North Vancouver; Raleigh, North Carolina; and Montreal.

title: Mitsunari Kanai


text:
Türk Telekom

Türk Telekom is a state-owned Turkish telecommunications company. Türk Telekom was separated from Turkish Post (PTT) in 1995.

Türk Telekom Group provides integrated telecommunication services for PSTN, GSM, and wide-band Internet. The Türk Telekom Group companies had 16.8 million PSTN customers, 6 million ADSL customers and 12.1 million GSM customers in September 2009. With its network substructure covering the whole country, the group's companies offer a wide range of services to personal and corporate customers. Türk Telekom, which owns 99.9% of the shares of the companies TTNET, Argela, Innova, Sebit A.Ş. and AssisTT, is also the owner of 81% of the shares of Avea, which is one of the three GSM operators in Turkey. Türk Telekom also supports Albania's Albtelecom. 61.5% of the shares of Turk Telekom belongs to Turkey Wealth Fund, while 30% of the shares belongs to the Ministry of Treasury and Finance (Turkey). The remaining 15% of shares have been offered to the public in Borsa Istanbul.

In July 2018, in the course of the Turkish currency and debt crisis, Turkish and international banks took control of Türk Telekom due to billions of dollars in unpaid debt. Creditors set up a special purpose vehicle to acquire the company as they try to resolve Turkey's biggest-ever debt default.

Between 2011 and 2021, the company was holding the naming rights to Ali Sami Yen Complex, home to the Galatasaray S.K.

History

 * 1994, February 23, Turkey met with GSM technology. GSM was put into service firstly for its subscribers in Ankara, Istanbul, and İzmir.
 * 1995, April 24, By separating the telecommunication and postal services in PTT from each other, Türk Telekomünikasyon A.Ş. was founded.
 * 1998, April 27, GSM network was transferred to the firms Turkcell and Telsim for 25 years by giving license.
 * 1999, June, asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) was put into service in order to provide high-speed voice and image communication on
 * 2000, Cable Internet applications were started on cable TV.
 * 2001
 * January 8, Aycell Haberlesme ve Pazarlama Hizmetleri A.S. was founded.
 * March 21, Iş-TIM Telekomünikasyon Services Inc. started to operate with the commercial name of ARIA
 * 2004
 * February 19, TT&TIM Communication Services Inc., established by the merger of Türk Telekom's GSM Operator Aycell and İŞ-TİM, was officially founded.
 * October 15, The commercial name of “TT&TIM Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S.” was changed as “Avea Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S.”
 * July 22, Türksat A.Ş. was established and started operating separately from Türk Telekom.
 * 2005, November 14, Türk Telekom's privatization was complete and 55% shares of Türk Telekom was sold to Oger Telecom's Joint Venture Group.
 * 2006, September 15, Türk Telekom acquired İŞ-TİM's 40.56% share in Avea for $500 million and Türk Telekom's share in Avea increased to 81.12%.
 * 2008, May 15, The initial public offering for 15% of Türk Telekom shares was completed and the shares started trading on the Istanbul Stock Exchange.
 * 2009, July, Avea launches 3G services.
 * 2018, December 22, Oger Telekom's creditors take control of Türk Telekom due to billions of dollars in unpaid debt.
 * 2022 Turkish Wealth Fund bought %55 of the company, taken back from Oger Telekom.

TTNET
TTNET is Turkey's leading Internet service provider and the only company to offer so-called "quadruple play" services (i.e., Internet, TV, voice, and 3G in one). The 2013 Annual Report states that TTNET has 6.3 million subscribers, 620,000 fiber subscribers, and 1.8 million TV subscribers.

It provides ADSL, dial-up, Wi-Fi, G.SHDSL, ATM, Frame Relay, and Metro Ethernet Internet access services to corporate and personal customers in 81 cities in Turkey. TTNET became the first Turkish company to be accepted into the United Nations' "Business Call to Action (BCtA)" program, which seeks to encourage companies to "develop inclusive business models that offer the potential for both commercial success and development impact", for its "Internet 4All initiative".

Innova IT Solutions
Innova Bilişim Çözümleri A.Ş. delivers "solutions" to the institutions in every area, including distribution, finance, and telecommunications. With its services independent from the product and the brand, iNNOVA includes the entire consultancy-design-application development-integration-maintenance value chain.

AssisTT
AssisTT is a customer services and call center company that also provides sales and marketing data. Türk Telekom holds a 100% interest in AssisTT, which was established in November 2007. According to the 2013 Annual Report, as of the end of 2013, there were 115 million incoming calls (an 11% annual increase), which generated 360 million minutes of service time (a 13% annual increase).

AssisTT is Turkey's largest call center and provides its services to other corporations and institutions in addition to its parent company Türk Telekom.

Argela
Argela Software and Information Technologies sells technologies and services for the telecom operators. The 100% of the shares of the company, which had started its activities in 2004, belong to Turk Telekomunikasyon A.S., one of the most important operators in the world. Today, Argela products still are being used by many important operators in six countries. Argela's headquarters are in Istanbul, and has branch offices in Ankara as well as Sunnyvale, California, in the United States.

In 2013, Argela for the first time entered into an industry other than telecommunications by being selected to carry out 4G/LTE Communication System Development (ULAK) Project of Undersecretariat of Defense Industry. In the context of this project, Argela cooperated with ASELSAN and Netaş to domestically develop all hardware and software components of base stations with 4G technology.

AVEA
AVEA, the sole GSM-1800 mobile operator of Turkey, was founded in 2004. Avea, the youngest operator of Turkey, has a nationwide customer base of more than 12.5 million. Offering services to 95.4% of Turkey's population through its next-generation network, the company is growing fast both in the corporate and individual services with the brand "Avea" and constantly investing in technology and infrastructure as well as in its management and 1,981 employees. Having roaming agreements with 516 operators in 189 countries, the company continues to expand its roaming partnerships. The AVEA brand merged Turk Telekom in 2016

Sebit
The activities of SEBIT Eğitim ve Bilgi Teknolojileri A.Ş. had started in 1988, in a multimedia laboratory founded within Turkey's Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK). The lab was privatized in 1996 and the production of computer supported education contents towards K-12 level. After the product “Akademedia” produced in 1998, Educational software with the brand “Vitamin” had been introduced. In the following years, “KidsPlus” products had joined the series. The company has a place in Chinese, Malaysian, American, and British markets by its unique products in K-12 level.

Plus, it has been conducting the only integrated R&D project in the education area of the European Union’s 6th Framework Program. Active in corporate education, it has developed e-learning solutions for the institutions such as IES, Union of Banks of Turkey, Secretariat of Defense Industries, Public Procurement Agency, Coca-Cola, Migros, Siemens, and TTNET.

CETEL was incorporated by Çalık Enerji and Türk Telekom having 80% and 20% shares, respectively, on 1 June 2007. CETEL purchased the 76% shares of Albtelecom on 1 October 2007. Albtelecom is the incumbent fixed-line operator in Albania which also has a GSM license. Cetel was incorporated as a special-purpose entity in order to acquire the 76% shares of Albtecom Sh.A, which is located Albania and operates in telecommunication industry.

Spyware injection
Citizen Lab has found out that a series of middleboxes on Türk Telekom’s network were being used to redirect hundreds of users attempting to download certain legitimate programs to versions of those programs bundled with spyware. The spyware Citizen Lab found bundled by operators was similar to that used in the StrongPity APT attacks. Before switching to the StrongPity spyware, the operators of the Turkey injection used the FinFisher “lawful intercept” spyware, which FinFisher asserts is sold only to government entities.

Board of directors

 * Ümit Önal, Chairman
 * Fuat Oktay, independent board member / vice chairman of board of directors
 * Abdullah Tivnikli, member of board of directors
 * Suat Hayri Aka, member of board of directors
 * Cenk Serdar, member of board of directors
 * Hakam Kanafani, member of board of directors
 * Mazen Abou Chakra, member of board of directors
 * Nasser Sulaiman A Al Nasser, member of board of directors
 * Rami Aslan, member of board of directors
 * Fahri Kasırga, independent board member
 * İbrahim Eren, independent board member
 * Yiğit Bulut, independent board member

Senior management

 * Dr. Paul (Boulos H.B.) Doany - chief executive officer
 * Şükrü Kutlu, human resources, regulation and support assistant general manager
 * Kaan Aktan, finance assistant general manager
 * Cengiz Doğan, technology assistant general manager
 * Hakan Dursun, marketing assistant general manager
 * Fırat Yaman Er, strategy, planning and business development assistant general manager
 * Ümit Önal, sales and customer care assistant general manager
 * Yakup Öztunç, legal assistant general manager
 * Yavuz Türkmen, head of internal audit
 * Yavuz Yıldırım, wholesale assistant general manager

title: Türk Telekom


text:
File:JohnnyCashBloodSweatAndTears.jpg

Fair use in Blood, Sweat and Tears (album)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:JohnnyCashBloodSweatAndTears.jpg


text:
Charles Tilstone Beke

Charles Tilstone Beke (10 October 1800 – 31 July 1874) was an English traveller, geographer and Biblical critic.

Biography
Born in Stepney, London, the son of a merchant in the City of London, for a few years Beke engaged in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and for a time practised at the Bar, but finally devoted himself to the study of historical, geographical and ethnographical subjects.

The first fruits of Beke's researches appeared in his work Origines Biblicae or Researches in Primeval History, published in 1834. An attempt to reconstruct the early history of the human race from geological data, it raised a storm of opposition on the part of defenders of the traditional readings of the Book of Genesis, but in recognition of the value of the work, the University of Tübingen conferred upon him the degree of PhD.

Between 1837 and 1838, Beke held the post of acting British consul in Saxony. From that time until his death, his attention was largely given to geographical studies, chiefly of the Nile valley. Aided by private friends, he visited Ethiopia in connection with the mission to Shewa sent by the Indian government under the leadership of Major (afterwards Sir) William Cornwallis Harris, and explored Gojjam and more southern regions up to that time unknown to Europeans. Among other achievements, Beke was the first to determine, with any approach to scientific accuracy, the course of the Abay River (Blue Nile). The valuable results of this journey, which occupied him from 1840 to 1843, he gave to the world in a number of papers in scientific publications, chiefly in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.

On his return to London, Beke re-engaged in commerce, but devoted all his leisure to geographical and kindred studies. In 1848 he planned an expedition from the mainland opposite Zanzibar to discover the sources of the Nile. A start was made, but the expedition accomplished little. Beke's belief that the White Nile was the main stream was, however, shown to be accurate by subsequent exploration.

In 1856, he endeavoured, unsuccessfully, to establish commercial relations with Ethiopia through Massawa. In 1861-1862 he and his wife travelled in Syria and Palestine, and went to Egypt with the object of promoting trade with Central Africa and the growth of cotton in the Sudan. In 1865, he attempted to visit Ethiopia to negotiate from Emperor Tewodros the release of the British captives. On learning that the captives had been released, Beke turned back, but Tewodros afterwards re-arrested the party. To the military expedition sent to effect their release, Beke furnished much valuable information, and his various services to the government and to geographical research were acknowledged by the award of £500 in 1868 by the secretary for India, and by the grant of a civil list pension of £100 in 1870. In his 74th year he undertook a journey to Egypt for the purpose of determining the real position of Mount Sinai. He conceived that it was on the eastern side of the Gulf of Aqaba, and his journey convinced him that his view was right. It has not, however, commended itself to general acceptance. Beke died in Bromley, in Kent.

Works
Beke's writings are very numerous. Among the more important, besides those already named, are An Essay on the Nile and its Tributaries (1847), The Sources of the Nile (1860), and The British Captives in Abyssinia (1865). He was a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and for his contributions to the knowledge of Ethiopia received its gold medal, and also that of the French Société de Géographie. But as a result of a controversy over the statements of a rival Ethiopian explorer, Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, Beke returned the French medal.

title: Charles Tilstone Beke


text:
KXGN-TV

KXGN-TV (channel 5) is a television station in Glendive, Montana, United States, affiliated with CBS and NBC. It is owned by The Marks Group alongside radio stations KXGN (1400 AM) and KDZN (96.5 FM). The three stations share studios on South Douglas Street in downtown Glendive; KXGN-TV's transmitter is located at Makoshika State Park. The station also airs news and other programs from the Montana Television Network, a network of CBS affiliates in Montana.

KXGN-TV is the only television station in Glendive, reckoned as the smallest television market in the United States. Nielsen Media Research ranks it last of the 210 designated market areas for television in the United States, with just 3,900 households. Its status as the smallest station in the United States has earned it notoriety in the broadcasting industry; over its history, publications including the Los Angeles Times and Sports Illustrated have profiled KXGN-TV. The station's lone local program is a public affairs program covering issues in eastern Montana, though in the past it has produced limited local newscasts, and it does provide regional newscasts from the CBS and NBC affiliates in Billings.

Moore ownership
The founder of KXGN-TV was Lewis W. Moore, who had moved from Havre to Glendive in 1945 and owned the Rose Theater. In 1948, he started KXGN radio as a hedge against the possible decline of the movie theater business and to reach rural consumers with advertisements for his picture house in Glendive. Because of the radio station, Moore was well positioned to start a television station. On December 21, 1956, his Glendive Broadcasting Corporation filed with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to build a new TV station on channel 5 in Glendive, having previously asked for the channel to be authorized in addition to UHF channel 18. The FCC approved on March 13, 1957, and KXGN-TV began broadcasting on November 1.

From the beginning, it was clear that KXGN-TV would be a small station. In a 1959 United States Senate hearing in Helena which focused on the issue of cable television putting some small stations in the Mountain West out of business, Moore noted that KXGN's population served was the smallest "of any TV station in America, perhaps in the world". It initially had no network affiliation at all, struggling to produce five hours of live and filmed programming a day with a staff of nine. In 1962, salvation came when a receiving facility and microwave hookup were built east of Glendive at Wibaux to receive and send on programs from CBS affiliate KDIX-TV in Dickinson, North Dakota. The hookup allowed Moore to raise enough money to relocate the station to its present studio facilities, a former implement dealership, and a higher tower site in 1963.

Moore was also able to get ahead of the cable problem by purchasing a 50 percent stake in the cable system built to serve Glendive with television in 1968, and even after local viewers could subscribe to a choice in programming, KXGN remained popular because of its extensive community service orientation and unduplicated coverage of eastern Montana. By that time, ABC programs were off the schedule; the station had settled into its pattern for the next 40 years of being a primary CBS affiliate with selected NBC programs. CBS would later grant the station permission to air CBS programming from 6 to 9 p.m., as it does today, to improve ratings; this also allowed it to air NBC or other programming in the 9 p.m. hour. Local programming included live bingo five days a week during the winter months and local news specials as needed.

Sale to Marks
In 1988, Moore put KXGN radio and television on the market in order to complete his retirement. The move came at a tough time for the stations and the market they served. The Burlington Northern railroad had stopped operating through Glendive years prior; low oil prices depressed the region's energy sector; the worst drought since the 1930s negatively impacted the livestock and feed industries; and after Black Monday in 1987, national spot advertising sales dropped precipitously. To cut costs, KXGN dropped the Associated Press newswire, laid off staff, and canceled its public affairs show, the weekly Let's Talk About It. General manager "Dapper Dan" Frenzel, who had worked at the station since 1964, attempted to build a coalition of local buyers to take over the station, but they could not meet Moore's $1 million asking price. Instead, a Michigan man with a penchant for small-town TV struck a deal to purchase the KXGN stations in 1989. Stephen Marks owned WBKB-TV in Alpena, Michigan, also a single-station market, and said he liked one-station areas because they could command all of the available TV revenue in the area.

The sale took longer than Moore had expected because the FCC at the time had a rule that normally barred cross-ownership of radio and television stations. It was not until May 1990 that the FCC granted a waiver, noting the economic conditions inherent in the small-market stations, their extensively integrated operation, and the fact they had been co-owned for the television station's entire history. The commission also cited the availability of other electronic media through two Glendive-licensed radio stations, six other signals, and the cable system (which Moore sold off in 1986), as well as a daily newspaper. Marks added KDZN in 1995; the FCC approved of the purchase of the FM station because of the substantial losses that KXGN AM, then supported entirely by the TV station, and KDZN had incurred in the region's continuing poor economy. KXGN also aired some Fox programming, primarily the NFL on Fox, when Fox gained football rights from CBS in 1994.

Frenzel died of a heart condition in 2003 and was replaced by Paul Sturlaugson as general manager.

Digital television transition
Sturlaugson's most pressing challenge in the 2000s was leading the station through its costly upgrade to digital television. If not for the DTV Delay Act pushing the final cutoff date back by four months from February to June 2009, KXGN-TV would not have converted in a timely manner, as the equipment had not arrived by February. While many stations had a May 1, 2002, deadline to start a digital signal, KXGN-TV requested and received multiple extensions due to financial hardship. In 2008, the FCC had permitted it to convert to digital on VHF channel 5 instead of the originally allocated channel 10, a process that saved money but delayed installation of the facility. After the successful digital conversion, in September 2009, KXGN added a dedicated NBC subchannel, an idea Sturlaugson had discussed prior to the transition; Marks had previously signed KXGN up to carry the never-launched .2 Network in 2008. The station's various translators were converted to digital service by their operators in the years that followed; for instance, the retransmitters at Plevna were converted at the end of 2011, also expanding the reach of the NBC subchannel.

Marks died on May 11, 2022; his company The Marks Group had 14 radio stations and five TV stations (including KXGN-TV) at the time of his death.

CBS
KXGN-TV's CBS subchannel (5.1) clears the entire CBS schedule. Some CBS programs—particularly CBS Mornings, The Price Is Right, and Let's Make a Deal—are aired one hour ahead of their usual Mountain Time Zone airings. The CBS Evening News is aired at 5:00 p.m. instead of 5:30 p.m. to accommodate the KTVQ 5:30 p.m. newscast. Even after dropping NBC from its primary subchannel, KXGN has retained the 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. CBS prime time block intact, opting to show syndicated programming at 9:00 p.m.

Since 1990, KXGN-TV has been a formal member of the Montana Television Network (MTN), airing the noon and evening newscasts of KTVQ in Billings and contributing Eastern Montana news to MTN.

NBC
The NBC subchannel (5.2) airs NBC programming generally in pattern for the Mountain Time Zone. Regional newscasts from KULR-TV in Billings, with the exception of the first hour of its morning newscast, Wake Up Montana, are also shown live.

Local news
KXGN aired a daily evening local newscast under various titles, including Action 5 News and Montana East News, until 2015. (The title Action 5 News was used in the 1980s when Terry Kegley anchored the newscast; he also chose the name.) The newsgathering and production was often a one-person operation in which the anchor conducted interviews for the newscast and then produced the program with one studio camera. Former longtime personality Ed Agre, who joined KXGN in 1993, was once profiled by Sports Illustrated for his duties in this capacity, including traveling to produce high school sports shows.

In the later years of the newscast's operation, Emilie Boyles served as the station's sole reporter and editor. By that time, the five-minute newscast aired at 9:55 p.m. and 7:25 a.m., the following day, on KXGN's CBS subchannel and 4:55 p.m. on KXGN's NBC subchannel. The local newscast was cancelled in 2015; since then, the only local production on KXGN has been Let's Talk About It, a half-hour public affairs program that airs on Sundays on both of KXGN's subchannels. It also airs on KXGN and KDZN radio as well as Marks-owned KGCX in Sidney.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Translators
Like many other Montana stations, KXGN relies heavily on a mix of broadcast translators and cable TV systems to extend its reach to more viewers, many of them outside of the defined Glendive market, from Ekalaka in the south to Scobey and Plentywood in the north.

 * Baker: K27LT-D
 * Circle: K16GP-D
 * Culbertson: K34GY-D
 * Ekalaka: K13LN-D
 * Plentywood: K28OB-D
 * Plevna: K03HD-D
 * Poplar: K05KK-D, K17MS-D
 * Scobey: K13MA-D
 * Sidney–Fairview: K13IG-D

title: KXGN-TV


text:
Blood, Sweat and Tears (album)

Blood, Sweat and Tears is the fifteenth album by singer Johnny Cash, released on January 7, 1963. It is a collection of songs about the American working man. This includes "The Legend of John Henry's Hammer" and "Busted", the latter of which would become a single. Both would also be performed by Cash during his famous 1968 concerts at Folsom Prison and be included in the 1999 extended reissue of the album, At Folsom Prison. The album was included on the Bear Family Records box set Come Along and Ride This Train.

Personnel
Additional personnel
 * Johnny Cash - vocals, rhythm guitar
 * The Carter Family - backing vocals
 * Luther Perkins - lead guitar
 * Bob Johnson - guitar, banjo
 * Marshall Grant - bass
 * W.S. Holland - drums
 * Maybelle Carter - autoharp
 * Bill Pursell - piano
 * Frank Jones - Producer
 * Don Law - Producer
 * Vic Anesini - Mastering (CD Reissue)
 * Frank Bez - Photography

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)

Singles - Billboard (United States)

title: Blood, Sweat and Tears (album)


text:
Wisconsin Avenue

Wisconsin Avenue is a major thoroughfare in Washington, D.C., and its Maryland suburbs. The southern terminus begins in Georgetown just north of the Potomac River, at an intersection with K Street under the elevated Whitehurst Freeway. Wisconsin Avenue ends just north of Bethesda, Maryland—though the road designated as Maryland Route 355 continues north for miles under the name of Rockville Pike.

Route
From the Georgetown riverfront on the Potomac River, Wisconsin Avenue climbs steeply north through Northwest Washington, D.C. along two travel lanes, with parked vehicles generally filling both curb lanes. The road passes through the neighborhoods of Glover Park, Cathedral Heights next to the Washington National Cathedral, Cleveland Park, Tenleytown, and Friendship Heights with its several broadcasting towers.

In Friendship Heights, Wisconsin Avenue intersects with Western Avenue, which forms much of the northwest border of Washington, D.C., and then crosses into Montgomery County, Maryland. In Maryland, the road is also known as Maryland Route 355. As Wisconsin Avenue passes through Bethesda, it forms one of the main streets of downtown Bethesda.

Just north of downtown Bethesda, at the intersection with Glenbrook Parkway, the avenue's name changes to Rockville Pike and continues north.

Transportation
From the Tenleytown-AU station north, Wisconsin Avenue runs approximately parallel to the Red Line of the Washington Metro.

Metrorail
Metrorail stations on or near Wisconsin Avenue are all served by the Red Line. They include:
 * Tenleytown-AU
 * Friendship Heights
 * Bethesda

Metrobus
The following Metrobus routes travel along the street (listed from south to north):
 * 31, 33 (Friendship Heights Station to M St. NW)
 * 37 (Limited stop service from Friendship Heights Station to Massachusetts Ave.)
 * 96 (Woodley Rd. NW to Tenleytown-AU Station)
 * H3, H4 (Porter St. NW to Tentleytown-AU Station)
 * H2 (Van Ness St. NW to Tenleytown-AU Station)
 * N2 (Friendship Heights Station to Nebraska Ave. NW)
 * L2 (Friendship Heights Station to Bethesda Station (late night Friday & Saturday only))

DC Circulator
The D.C. Circulator's Georgetown-Union Station route travels along the street:
 * West from K St. to 35th St.
 * East from 35th St. to M St.

Ride On
The following Ride On routes travel along the street (listed from south to north):
 * 34 (Cedar Lane to Woodmont Ave., and later Bethesda station to Friendship Heights station)

Place in the National Highway System
Once designated U.S. Highway 240, Wisconsin Avenue remains part of the National Highway System as an arterial route from M Street to the Capital Beltway.

History
Wisconsin Avenue follows the route of an ancient Native American trail. It was used by Europeans since the 1690s. Between 1805 and 1820, it was turned into a toll road by the Georgetown and Rockville Turnpike Company to carry tobacco and other products between Georgetown and Frederick.

The section of Wisconsin Avenue in Georgetown was called High Street before the street names in Georgetown were changed in 1895 to conform to those of the L'Enfant Plan for the federal city (although Georgetown predates the planned capital by half a century).

In 1864, General Jubal A. Early marched down this road from Monocacy Junction in an attempt to take Washington, D.C. that ended in the Battle of Fort Stevens.

For more than half a century, Wisconsin was host to various streetcar lines, starting in the late 18th century near the Georgetown waterfront and reaching the intersection with Old Georgetown Road in Bethesda in the early 20th century. A route from M Street to a loop at Friendship Heights was still running when the District's streetcar system shut down in 1962.

Starting around 1920, various sections of the road have been paved and widened to two, four, and six lanes.

title: Wisconsin Avenue


text:
Talk:Knuckle Down

Fair use rationale for Image:Knuckledown.jpg
Image:Knuckledown.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 10:42, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Abundantly Produced?
I don't understand what 'abundantly produced' means. The reference to Allmusic doesn't provide any further explanation of what is meant by 'abundant production'. I'd correct this, but maybe I'm just being dense? Jeff d kirby (talk) 17:08, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Knuckle Down


text:
R v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School, ex p Begum

R (Begum) v Governors of Denbigh High School [2006] is a House of Lords case on the legal regulation of religious symbols and dress under the Human Rights Act 1998.

The case involved Shabina Begum, a Muslim pupil at Denbigh High School in Luton, UK, who sued her school. Begum opposed the schools requirement that she wear the shalwar kameez-style Denbigh school uniform instead of a longer, looser Muslim gown (a jilbāb), on the grounds that the uniform was not compliant with Sharia law. Begum lost her case in the High Court, won on appeal to the Court of Appeal, but then lost in March 2006 when the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords unanimously overturned the first appeal.

The case
Shabina Begum (শবিনা বেগম; born in the UK, aged 16 at the time and of Bangladeshi origin), was a pupil at Denbigh High School in Luton, Bedfordshire. Four out of the six parent governors were Muslims, the Chair of the Luton Council of Mosques was a community governor and three of the LEA governors were also Muslims. However the school also contained a significant number of pupils of other faiths and the school wished to be inclusive in serving the needs of this diverse community and regarded the school uniform as promoting a sense of communal identity. In addition to uniforms incorporating trousers or skirts, female pupils are also offered a uniform based on the Pakistani or Punjabi shalwar kameez with optional khimar. The school uniform was decided upon in consultation with local mosques, religious organisations and parents. The School considered the shalwar kameez ideal as it was worn by several faith groups and, accordingly, helped to minimise the differences between them.

For two years, Ms. Begum attended the school without complaint, wearing the shalwar kameez, but in September 2002, Ms. Begum, accompanied by her brother and another young male, went to the school and asked that she be allowed to wear the long coat-like garment known as the jilbāb. In the opinion of Begum and her supporters, the particular form of shalwar kameez offered by the school was relatively close-fitting with short sleeves, and was therefore not compliant with the requirements of Islamic dress as they are stated in Sharia law. Shabina refused to attend for three years unless she was allowed to wear the jilbab to school. She said she believed that this was required by her Muslim faith, but also in contravention of the school uniform policy. In addition, the jilbab was, in the opinion of Begum and her supporters, a more culturally-neutral form of Islamic attire.

The school's supporters claimed that after Begum's parents had died, she had come under the undue influence of her brother Shuweb Rahman, a supporter of the pan-Islamist movement Hizb ut-Tahrir. They also argued that if Begum was allowed to attend classes wearing jilbab, other pupils would feel under pressure to adopt stricter forms of Islamic dress.

Begum, with her brother, issued a claim for judicial review of the school's decision not to allow her to wear the jilbab at school. The claim was made on the grounds that the school had interfered with her right to manifest her religion (Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights) and her right to education (Article 2(1) of the first protocol).

Appeals
Begum lost the case in the High Court, but later won on appeal to the Court of Appeal. The school appealed against this decision, and the case was heard by the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords. The Department for Education and Skills was allowed to make submissions in the hearing in the House of Lords. The House of Lords ruled in favour of the school. Begum was represented in the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords by the former Prime Minister's wife Cherie Blair QC.

House of Lords
Lord Bingham of Cornhill stressed at the outset of his judgment that,

this case concerns a particular pupil and a particular school in a particular place at a particular time. It must be resolved on facts which are now, for purposes of the appeal, agreed. The House is not, and could not be, invited to rule on whether Islamic dress, or any feature of Islamic dress, should or should not be permitted in the schools of this country.

The Law Lords took the view that a person's right to hold a particular religious belief was absolute (i.e. could not be interfered with), but that a person's right to manifest a particular religious belief was qualified (i.e. it could be interfered with if there was a justification).

Three of the five Law Lords held that Begum's rights had not been interfered with (Lord Bingham, Lord Scott of Foscote and Lord Hoffmann), and two held that they had (Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead and Baroness Hale of Richmond).

All five agreed, however, that in this particular case there were justifiable grounds for interference, one of the grounds being to protect the rights of other female students at the school who would not wish to be pressured into adopting a more extreme form of dress.