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I'm Your Baby Tonight (song)

"I'm Your Baby Tonight" is a song by American singer Whitney Houston from her third studio album, I'm Your Baby Tonight (1990). Written and produced by L.A. Reid and Babyface, in Australia and most European countries it was released as the album's lead single by Arista Records on September 28, 1990; in the United States, the release date was October 2. Following the release of her second studio album Whitney (1987), Houston became the first woman ever to debut atop the Billboard 200; despite this, critics deemed it safe and formulaic. Additionally, she was booed at the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards and accused of being "not black enough"; Houston decided she needed to change her sound if she wanted to recapture black audiences.

For I'm Your Baby Tonight, Houston chose to work with Reid and Babyface, who had previously produced her then-boyfriend Bobby Brown's 1988 album Don't Be Cruel. The title-track was the last song recorded for the album and marked a departure from Houston's previous works; it is a new jack swing song with pop and R&B influences, and lyrics that talk about sexual desire. Upon release, the single was generally well-received by most critics, who applauded its sound and Houston's vocals. "I'm Your Baby Tonight" received a nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 33rd Grammy Awards. In retrospective reviews, it has been considered one of her best singles. The song was also commercially successful, becoming Houston's eighth number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, a feat that tied her with Madonna as the female artist with most number one hits at the time. It performed well internationally, reaching the top five of several countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Italy.

The accompanying music video was directed by Julien Temple and showed Houston sporting a more "rebellious" look, and emulating the style of figures such as Audrey Hepburn, Marlene Dietrich, and the Supremes. Houston performed "I'm Your Baby Tonight" on several occasions through the 1990s, including three of her concert tours, and her HBO special Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston. Brandy sang the song at the 2012 BET Awards in tribute to Houston after her death.

Background
In 1987, with the release of her second studio album, Whitney Houston became the first woman ever to debut atop the US Billboard 200. Despite commercial success, critical reception was lukewarm; critics chastised how Houston "plays everything safe", and deemed the album formulaic. At the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards, where Houston was nominated in the category of Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single – Female, audible jeers were heard after her name was announced alongside the other nominees. She was accused of being "not black enough". Houston had been discovered by music executive Clive Davis, who had worked with artists such as Barry Manilow and, despite having presented her as an R&B artist early on her career, quickly crossed her over to adult contemporary music; according to author Sherman Andrus Sr., at the time, black artists' music was considered to be "race music" and was not played on "non-black" radio stations. Houston herself later told Ebony magazine: "When I first came out, black people felt 'she belongs to us' [...] then all of a sudden the big success came and they felt I wasn't theirs anymore [...] It was felt that I was making myself more accessible to whites, but I wasn't." Her and Davis agreed that a musical change was needed if she wanted to recapture black audiences.

In 1989, Houston became romantically involved with new jack swing singer Bobby Brown, whom she had met at the Soul Train Music Awards; according to author Christine Heppermann, Brown's "unrestrained attitude" inspired the singer. For her third studio album I'm Your Baby Tonight, she decided to work with producers L.A. Reid, and Babyface, who had worked on Brown's breakthrough album Don't Be Cruel; she felt they could give her the "funky, urban groove critics felt she had been lacking". Houston then flew to Atlanta to begin working on the album with the producers, an experience she found to be quite pleasant. The first songs they worked on were "My Name Is Not Susan", "Anymore", and "I'm Your Baby Tonight". The latter was, according to Babyface, "written in pretty much before she came". Reid recalled that, although him and Babyface composed the track with the intention of vocally challenging Houston, she recorded it in less than an hour.

Composition and release
"I'm Your Baby Tonight" was written and produced by both by L.A. Reid and Babyface. Recording took place at Los Angeles' Elumba Recording studios and New York's Axis Studios; personnel working on the song included Kenneth Richardson on programming and keyboard arrangement, alongside Donald Parks; Rodney Ascue and Jim Zumpano worked as recording engineers, Reid overlooked the percussion instruments and Babyface was in charge of the bass and keyboards. Musically, "I'm Your Baby Tonight" has been described as a new jack swing song with pop and R&B influences that "marries the call-and-response of the black church with the percussiveness of dance music". According to Stereogum's Tom Breihan, it was composed to "showcase" Houston's vocals but, unlike her past songs, it doesn't build up toward one "massive howled-out money-note". It is written in the key of A minor (performed in G# minor), with a tempo of 110 beats per minute in compound quadruple meter ( time); it counts with a chord progression of Am 9 – Fmaj 7  – Bm 7♭5  – E 7sus  – E 7, with Houston's vocals spanning from C4 to A5.

Lyrically, "I'm Your Baby Tonight" marked a departure from Houston's previous work, as it talks about sexual desire: Whatever you want from me/I'm giving you everything/I'm your baby tonight, she sings on the refrain. Other lines include I can do anything for you, baby/ I'll be down for you, baby/ Lay all my cards out tonight/ Just call on me, baby, which are sung with "raw" vocals and an "ecstatic sense of need"; Breihan held that it is the word tonight that does "a lot of work [as] it lets us know that this is a temporary arrangement". In Australia and most European countries, "I'm Your Baby Tonight" was released as the album's lead single on September 28, 1990;   in the United States, the release date was October 2.

Critical reception
Upon release, "I'm Your Baby Tonight" was met with generally positive reviews from critics: author Gerrick Kennedy referred to it as a "sassy [...] fiery track with a throbbing kick [...] bursting with the sort of brash hip-hop energy" that would go on to become a staple of Houston's future work. Rolling Stone's James Hunter singled out Houston's vocals; "L.A. and BabyFace have led her into new, less formal territory, where she sheds her gowns, swings and sounds confident, rhythmically challenged and very much at home". Larry Flick from Billboard praised the singer's "relaxed and soulful performance". Another positive review came from the staff of Music & Media, who called the song a "sure hit" and applauded its "moody dance beat" and usage of piano, which "form[s] the basis for La Houston's chilling vocals". Breihan wrote that, despite the hooks not being "as hard" as those of her previous singles "How Will I Know" (1985) and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" (1987), "Whitney herself is spectacular [on 'I'm Your Baby Tonight'] [...] She manages to hit big notes without ever sounding like she's trying to flex [...] [Her] voice brings more and more urgency, and she sounds like she's having more and more fun." In a more critical review, Entertainment Weekly's David Browne opined that the song "tries too hard to follow in the footsteps of Michael Jackson's 'The Way You Make Me Feel', [...] but at least it has a discernible melody". Less favorable was Duncan Holland from Music Week, who said that, "['I'm Your Baby Tonight'] fails to rescue [Houston's] crown from Lisa Stansfield and Mariah Carey. Weak to the point of little return, only safe airplay policies will save this. A belting ballad is what's required." The song received a nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 33rd Grammy Awards.

Retrospective reviews have been positive; Paul Grein from Billboard considered "I'm Your Baby Tonight" Houston's 12th best song, deeming it a "stylish smash". A poll conducted of Rolling Stone readers found the song to be Houston's eight best. Alexis Petridis from The Guardian placed "I'm Your Baby Tonight" at number seven of his ranking of Houston's songs, praising its "catchy as hell" refrain. The staff of Entertainment Weekly concluded that, despite having a "grittier, more street-oriented" sound, Houston's voice "remained a technical marvel"; they named it her 18th best song. Slant Magazine's Andrew Chan deemed it Houston's second best song, saying the track was a "relentless whirligig of rhythm, drenched in synths [...] a vocal tour de force, one that demonstrates how much pleasure Whitney could wring out of doing battle with a sick beat". Also from Slant Magazine, Eric Henderson named it the best Babyface single. For BET, the song is one of Houston's "funkier, harder-edged" as well as her 23rd best. "I'm Your Baby Tonight" was included on Bruce Pollock's Rock Song Index: The 7500 Most Important Songs for the Rock & Roll Era (2014).

Commercial performance
On October 20, 1990, "I'm Your Baby Tonight" debuted at number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100. By November 17, after the single reached the Hot 100's top five, it tied "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" as Houston's fastest-rising top five hit. "I'm Your Baby Tonight" reached the chart's first position on December 1, 1990, and received a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 500,000 copies in the US; it was Houston's eighth number one on the Hot 100, which tied her with Madonna as the female artist with the most number one hits at the time, as well as the first number one pop hit for Babyface and L.A. Reid. "I'm Your Baby Tonight" also reached the top spot of Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it remained for two weeks. The single came in at number 42 and 79 of Billboard's year-end charts for Top Pop Singles and Top R&B Singles, respectively. In January 2023, the single was re-certified platinum for sales of one million. In Canada, "I'm Your Baby Tonight" debuted in the 85th position of RPM's Top Singles chart on the week of October 27; it peaked at the second position the week of December 22.

In the United Kingdom, the single debuted at the 16th position of the UK Singles Chart on October 14, 1990, and, 2 weeks later, peaked at number 5; it spent 11 weeks on the chart overall. In Australia, the single entered the ARIA Singles Chart at number 36 on the week of November 4, 1990, eventually reaching the seventh spot, and lasting 13 weeks on the chart. In New Zealand, "I'm Your Baby Tonight" peaked at number 16. The single found success across Europe as well, topping the charts in Portugal, Italy, and Greece. It peaked within the top five of countries such as Austria, Belgium, France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. "I'm Your Baby Tonight" reached the second position of the European Hot 100 Singles chart. Following Houston's death in 2012, the single re-entered the French charts at number 190.

Music video, live performances and cover
The music video for "I'm Your Baby Tonight" was directed by Julien Temple and filmed at a park on the Hudson River on New York's West Side, and at a nightclub called Tatou. Adam Shankman was in charge of choreography. In the video, Houston emulates Audrey Hepburn's dance sequence from Funny Face (1957), and recreates the looks of Marlene Dietrich and the Supremes. Vice's Tshepo Mokoena pointed out how the music video saw an image change in Houston; dressed in ripped high-waisted jeans and an oversized leather jacket, her style was "androgynous, slightly rebellious", a contrast from her previous 1980s videos, which had her in "Barbie heels and candy-colored dresses", and focused on her "onscreen cuteness and clothing-catalogue smile". Mokoena noticed influence from the music video in the work of artist such as Janelle Monáe, Jessie Ware, Christina Aguilera, and M.I.A., among others. "I'm Your Baby Tonight" can be found on the video edition of Houston's 2000 compilation Whitney: The Greatest Hits.

In early 1991, Houston performed "I'm Your Baby Tonight" on The Arsenio Hall Show, and on Saturday Night Live. She also sang it on her I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour, and on some dates of her The Bodyguard (1993–94) and My Love Is Your Love (1999) concert tours. "I'm Your Baby Tonight" was one of the songs performed on Houston's 1991 HBO special Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston; this performance was then included on Whitney Houston Live: Her Greatest Performances (2014). At the 2012 BET Awards, Brandy sang "I'm Your Baby Tonight" and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" as a tribute to Houston.

Formats and track listings

 * Europe CD maxi single
 * 1) "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (album edit) – 4:16
 * 2) "I'm Knockin – 4:04
 * 3) "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (extended remix) – 6:20
 * 4) "Feels So Good" – 4:07

 * Germany CD maxi single – The Remixes
 * 1) "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (L.A. Babyface US mix) – 4:16
 * 2) "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (dub mix) – 5:25
 * 3) "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (Whit-A-Pella) – 4:35

 * US 12-inch vinyl single
 * A. "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (extended remix) – 6:20
 * B1. "I'm Knockin – 4:59
 * B2. "Feels So Good" – 4:55

 * US cassette single
 * A1. "I'm Your Baby Tonight" – 4:15
 * A2. "I'm Knockin – 4:59

 * UK VHS video single
 * 1) "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (music video) – 4:15

 * I'm Your Baby Tonight EP
 * 1) "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (Yvonne Turner remix) – 4:11
 * 2) "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (Yvonne Turner extended remix) – 6:22
 * 3) "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (Yvonne Turner dub mix) – 5:27
 * 4) "Feels So Good" – 4:59
 * 5) "Takin' a Chance" – 4:11
 * 6) "Higher Love" (1990 original mix) – 5:10

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

 * Whitney Houston – vocals, vocal arrangement
 * L.A. Reid – songwriter, producer, percussions, vocal arrangements
 * Babyface – songwriter, producer, keyboard, bass, vocal arrangement
 * Kenneth Richardson – keyboards, programming
 * Donald Parks – keyboards
 * Jim Zumpano – recording engineer
 * Rodney Ascue – recording engineer

title: I'm Your Baby Tonight (song)


text:
Mike Harris (curler)

Michael R. Harris (born June 9, 1967 in Georgetown, Ontario) is a Canadian curler. Harris led his team to win the silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics.

Curling career
Relatively unknown due to the shadows cast out of Ontario in the form of superstars Russ Howard, Ed Werenich and Wayne Middaugh, and having not qualified to a Brier out of Ontario yet, Harris rose to stardom when he skipped his team of Richard Hart, Collin Mitchell and George Karrys to a win at the Canadian Olympic trials in 1997, qualifying the team for the 1998 Winter Olympics. They would defeat the favoured Kevin Martin 6-5 in the trials final, after a 7-2 round robin record had the team sole 1st and a direct bye to the final.

At the Olympics, Harris' team dominated throughout, while other pre-Olympic favourites such as reigning World Champions Sweden (skipped by Peja Lindholm) and reigning World silver medallist and European Champions Germany (skipped by Andy Kapp) struggled and were never in playoff contention. Harris lost only one game in the round-robin (his final game to three-time World Champion and 1988 Olympic Gold medallist Eigil Ramsfjell, skipping Norway). They would win their semi final over the U.S team skipped by Tim Somerville 7-1, in a game conceded after 8 ends, before losing in a major upset in the gold medal final against the surprise finalists, Team Switzerland skipped by Patrick Hürlimann, who they had easily beaten 8-3 in the round robin. Harris was ill during the final game, which many attribute to why they had lost. He shot at only 25% in the final, and even had to take several short breaks on the sideline throughout due to lack of physical energy. However, he was not the only one to struggle in the gold medal game, third Richard Hart shot only 58% and second Collin Mitchell an uncharacteristic 73% (though lead George Karrys was stellar at 98%).

Prior to the Olympics, Harris' only claim to fame on the national curling scene had been a 6-5 record at the 1986 Canadian Junior Men's Curling Championship and a 4-7 record at the 1989 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship. After the 1998 Olympics, Harris skipped a team to the 2004 Nokia Brier where they finished 6-5.

Harris continued to curl competitively into the 2010s. He became curling commentator for the CBC and Rogers Sportsnet and worked as a golf professional.

Harris currently coaches the Tanner Horgan rink.

Personal life
Harris currently lives in Toronto. He is married and has three children. He is employed as the executive director of the Northern Ontario Curling Association, in addition to his commentary work on Rogers Sportsnet.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mike Harris (curler)


text:
Professional Footballers Australia

The Professional Footballers Australia (PFA), formerly the Australian Soccer Players' Association, is an Australian trade union affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions and FIFPRO that represents professional male, female and elite junior soccer players.

History
Before the PFA, eight previous attempts had been made to form a footballers' association in Australia. The PFA was formed in April 1993 as the Australian Soccer Players' Association.

In 1994, the PFA won a standardised contract for footballers, and through the Australian Industrial Relations Commission won the abolition of a transfer system much hated by Australian footballers.

Since the mid-1990s, the PFA has been active in advancing soccer players' pay and conditions, and has also been active in protecting soccer player's from unfair dismissal. It is a member of FIFPro.

Awards
The PFA holds an annual award ceremony, which formally recognises the most outstanding Australian footballers.

title: Professional Footballers Australia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Unstoppable Juggernaut

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted as obvious vandalism and recreated as redirect. - Mgm|(talk) 08:31, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

The Unstoppable Juggernaut
Vandalism Hansonc 04:12, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. with the Juggernaut article... --Madchester 04:43, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. There is no content here to merge. --Malathion 06:59, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've '''speedy deleted the vandalism and created a redirect to Juggernaut. - Mgm|(talk) 08:31, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alexis, Paul, Justin and Cole Cimoch

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mgm|(talk) 23:29, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

Alexis, Paul, Justin and Cole Cimoch
Neither the fact that they're simply quadruplets, nor bit parts as extras on Friends, makes them notable or encyclopedic. Suggest delete. —Cleared as filed. 04:12, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dcarrano 05:55, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, one guest appearance in a tv show doesn't make someone famous enough for an article. - Mgm|(talk) 08:28, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, geez, let the kids grow up first. --Etacar11 22:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 04:25, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Center for Voting and Democracy

Reply to Center for Voting and Democracy's IRV over AV stance
This post from the Election-methods mailing list in October 2004 is a response to the Center for Voting and Democracy's letter in support of instant-runoff voting over approval voting. It contains many good points on the nature of fairness in electoral methods. - McCart42 (talk) 04:13, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Center for Voting and Democracy


text: User:Vanished user 9uijqwk4tmf/Desk

title: User:Vanished user 9uijqwk4tmf/Desk


text:
Talk:Hammered (Motörhead album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hammered (album).jpg
Image:Hammered (album).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:08, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

The game...
...redirects to Triple H. Why? --Greenday21 (talk) 20:46, 29 June 2008 (UTC)Greenday21

title: Talk:Hammered (Motörhead album)


text:
Talk:We Are Motörhead

I notice a change from "punk (rock) anthem" to Sex Pistols classic, which may be more correct but less descriptive, unless anyone feels it is not a punk (rock) anthem, I intend to change it back, as the link on God Save.. is to the Sex Pistols song. Alf 01:42, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:We Are Motörhead


text:
Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park

Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park is a natural park in Canada straddling the Alberta / Saskatchewan boundary and jointly administered by the two provinces. Located south-east of Medicine Hat in the Cypress Hills, it became Canada's first interprovincial park in 1989.

The park consists of two protected areas, the 345 km2 West Block, that straddles the Alberta / Saskatchewan boundary between Alberta Highway 41, the townsite of Elkwater, Saskatchewan Highway 615, Saskatchewan Highway 271, and Fort Walsh, and the Centre Block, an additional area of 58 km2 in Saskatchewan, west of Saskatchewan Highway 21.

Geography
The Cypress Hills plateau rises up to 200 m above the surrounding prairie, to a maximum elevation of 1468 m at "Head of the Mountain" at the west end in Alberta, making it Canada's highest point between the Canadian Rockies and the Labrador Peninsula. Eastward across the boundary is the highest point in Saskatchewan, at 1392 m. The "West Block" of the Cypress Hills spans the provincial boundary. Battle Creek runs through the central part of the park. Although the hills seem relatively low, in a larger geographic context the plateau does rise gradually from many kilometres away so that the total elevation gain from Medicine Hat is approximately 600 m.

History

 * 1931 — Cypress Hills Provincial Park was established in Saskatchewan.
 * 1951 — Cypress Hills Provincial Park was established in Alberta.
 * 1989 — On August 25, the governments of Alberta and Saskatchewan signed an agreement committing themselves to cooperation on ecosystem management, education, and park promotion.
 * 2000 — Fort Walsh National Historic Site (located on the Saskatchewan side of the West Block) joined the collective. Together, these three partner agencies make up the park. Both Alberta and Saskatchewan provincial governments signed the Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park agreement, establishing the first interprovincial park in Canada.
 * 2001 — On August 18, Vance Petriew discovered a comet from Cypress Hills during the Saskatchewan Summer Star Party. The comet was later named 185P/Petriew.
 * 2004 — On September 28, Saskatchewan Parks, Alberta Community Development, Parks Canada and the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada signed an agreement that declared the park a dark-sky preserve.
 * 2011 — On August 25, the Park opened the Cypress Hills Observatory and Yurt classroom.

Activities
On both sides of the park, all year long, park interpreters present education programs to school and youth groups, adult and seniors groups, and a wide range of park visitors. During the summer months, there's camping, hiking, and swimming. During the winter, there's skiing, winter camping, snowmobiling, and other winter activities. In summertime, kayak, canoe, bicycle, and stand up paddle boards are available for rent. In the winter, kicksleds, snowshoes, skates, and cross-country skis rentals are available.

Alberta
On the Alberta side of West Block, key park features include Head of the Mountain Viewpoint, the highest point between the Rocky Mountains and Labrador, the Elkwater townsite (a cottage community sitting at the same elevation as the Banff townsite), Horseshoe Canyon and Reesor Lake viewpoints (offering 100 km views on a clear day), over 50 km of hiking and mountain biking trails, and Hidden Valley Ski Resort. Three lakes sit on the Alberta side of the park — Elkwater Lake, Spruce Coulee Reservoir, and Reesor Lake.

Saskatchewan
Like in Alberta, there are campgrounds, hiking trails, and lakes. Some of the lakes include Harris, Adams, Coulee Lake, Loch Lomond, and Loch Leven. On the shores of Loch Leven in Centre Block is a marina, the community of Loch Leven, a restaurant, swimming pool, tourist info centre, and The Resort at Cypress Hills.

Winter amenities around the park include a winter picnic shelter, warm-up shacks, a tobogganing hill, a mini-luge slide, and Camp-Easy yurt rentals. There are also snowmobile and winter fat bike trails.

Cypress Hills Ski Area
Cypress Hills Ski Area is a cross-country ski area on the Saskatchewan side of Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park. During the winter, summer campgrounds are transformed into 9 km of Cross-country skiing trails and 3.8 km of snowshoeing trails. A further 27 km of summer hiking trails are designated for cross-country skiing, 15 km of which are groomed.

Nature
Approximately 700 species of plants and animals thrive in the park, including 14 species of orchids.

The park protects the majority of the Cypress Hills landscape, which consists of three separate elevated blocks of lush forest and fescue grassland surrounded by dry mixed-grass prairie. The West and Centre Blocks are protected as provincial parks, and are managed by Alberta Parks and Protected Areas and Saskatchewan Parks, respectively. The "East Block" of the Cypress Hills, situated near Eastend, Saskatchewan, is not a park or protected area. The Fort Walsh National Historic Site is also located adjacent to the West Block.

Mammals
There are five species of large hoofed mammals found in the park: wapiti, moose, mule deer, white-tailed deer, and pronghorn. Other mammals found in Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park include:

Eulipotyphla
 * Masked shrew (Sorex cinereus)
 * American pygmy shrew (Sorex hoyi)
 * Wandering shrew (Sorex vagrans)

Lagomorpha
 * Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus)
 * White-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus townsendii)
 * Nuttall's cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii)

Chiroptera
 * Hoary bat (Aeorestes cinereus)
 * Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)
 * Silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans)
 * Eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis)
 * Small-footed myotis (Myotis ciliolabrum)
 * Long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis)
 * Little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus)

Carnivora
 * Coyote (Canis latrans)
 * North American beaver (Castor canadensis)
 * Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)
 * Thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus)
 * North American river otter (Lontra canadensis)
 * Bobcat (Lynx rufus)
 * Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)
 * Stoat (Mustela erminea)
 * Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes)
 * Least weasel (Mustela nivalis)
 * Long-tailed weasel (Neogale frenata)
 * American mink (Neogale vison)
 * Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
 * Mountain lion (Puma concolor)
 * American badger (Taxidea taxus)
 * Northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides)
 * Swift fox (Vulpes velox)

Rodentia
 * Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii)
 * North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)
 * Sagebrush vole (Lemmiscus curtatus)
 * Western meadow vole (Microtus drummondii)
 * Gapper's red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi)
 * Least chipmunk (Neotamias minimus)
 * Bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea)
 * Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)
 * Northern grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster)
 * White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)
 * Western deer mouse (Peromyscus sonoriensis)
 * American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
 * Richardson's ground squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii)
 * Olive-backed pocket mouse (Perognathus fasciatus)
 * Western jumping mouse (Zapus princeps)

Fish species
Fish species include walleye, yellow perch, northern pike, brook, brown, westslope cutthroat and rainbow trout, burbot, common carp, white sucker, and shorthead redhorse.

title: Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park


text:
Talk:Snake Bite Love

I removed the introductory statement that this was Motörhead's last release in the 20th century. That would be "We Are Motörhead", released in may 2000. Useless comment anyway. 85.28.99.116 02:05, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Snake Bite Love


text:
Talk:Everything Louder than Everyone Else

On the Deep Purple album Made in Japan, at the beginning of the song "The Mule", someone (probably Ian Gillan) is heard talking to a sound technician
 * "Yeah, everything up here, please. And a bit more monitor if you got it. Ah?"
 * "...everything louder than everything else?"
 * "Yeah, can we have everything louder than everything else? Right."

...which may be the origin of the phrase.
 * ..which is the origin of the phrase. Ever since MiJ the phrase has been used to snub off stuck up stage monitor mixers, slower-than-a-tortoise FOH mixers, et cetera, et cetera. --Tirolion 13:41, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

 * So really the quote is from a roadie, not Gillan? --C Hawke 13:07, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

It was Jon Lord, actually, who can just be heard saying it - this is then relayed by Ian Gillan. Alister, UK


text:
Talk:The Best Of (Motörhead album)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Best Of Motorhead.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 02:25, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Best Of (Motörhead album)


text:
Talk:Live at Brixton Academy (Motörhead album)

Edits
Rm brackets that linked to Ace of Spades. Alf 06:32, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Lineups
Any chance of more detail about which guests appear on exactly which tracks? --kingboyk 19:46, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, yes I could get more info on that. Haven't looked here for a while, so I will chase that up. WolfStonerRocker  G'DÄŸ 04:29, 7 February 2024 (UTC)


text: Talk:Lake Peigneur

title: Talk:Lake Peigneur


text:
Phytomyxea

The Phytomyxea are a class of parasites that are cosmopolitan, obligate biotrophic protist parasites of plants, diatoms, oomycetes and brown algae. They are divided into the orders Plasmodiophorida (ICZN, or Plasmodiophoromycota, ICBN) and Phagomyxida. Plasmodiophorids are best known as pathogens or vectors for viruses of arable crops (e.g. club root in Brassicaceae, powdery scab in potatoes, and rhizomania in beets, especially sugar beets and some spinaches).

Life cycle
They typically develop within plant cells, causing the infected tissue to grow into a gall or scab. Important diseases caused by phytomyxeans include club root in cabbage and its relatives, and powdery scab in potatoes. These are caused by species of Plasmodiophora and Spongospora, respectively.

The vegetative form is a multinucleate cell, called a plasmodium. This ultimately divides to form new spores, which are released when the host's cells burst. Both resting spores and motile zoospores, which generally have two smooth flagella, are produced at different stages. Within the plasmodium, dividing nuclei have a distinctive cross-like appearance.

Classification
Plasmodiophorids were traditionally considered slime moulds, because of the plasmodial stage and are often wrongly classified as fungi, and given names such as the Plasmodiophoromycota. However, genetic and ultrastructural studies indicate they belong to a diverse group of protists called the Cercozoa, are closely related to them.

 * Class Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl 1897 em. Cavalier-Smith 1993
 * Genus ?Pongomyxa
 * Order Phagomyxida Cavalier-Smith 1993
 * Family Phagomyxidae Cavalier-Smith 1993
 * Genus Phagomyxa Karling 1944
 * Order Plasmodiophorida Cook 1928 em. Cavalier-Smith 1993
 * Family Endemosarcidae Olive & Erdos 1971
 * Genus Endemosarca Olive & Erdos 1971
 * Family Plasmodiophoridae Berl 1888 (plasmodial slime moulds)
 * Genus Cystospora Elliott 1916 nomen dubium [Acrocystis Ellis & Halsted ex Halsted 1890 non Zanardini 1872 ]
 * Genus Maullinia Maier et al. 2000
 * Genus Phytomyxa Schröter 1886
 * Genus Ligniera Maire & Tison 1911 [Anisomyxa Němec 1913 ; Rhizomyxa Borzí 1884 ; Sorolpidium Němec 1911 ]
 * Genus Membranosporus Ostenfeld & Petersen 1930
 * Genus Octomyxa Couch, Leitner & Whiffen 1939
 * Genus Plasmodiophora Woronin 1877 [Frankiella Maire & Tison 1909 non Speschnew 1900 ; Frankia Brunchorst 1886 non ; Ostenfeldiella Ferdinandsen & Winge 1914 ]
 * Genus Polymyxa Ledingham 1933
 * Genus Sorodiscus Lagerheim & Winge 1913 non Allman 1847
 * Genus Sorosphaera Schröter 1886
 * Genus Sorosphaerula Neuh. & Kirchm. 2011
 * Genus Spongospora Brunchorst 1887 [Clathrosorus Ferdinandsen & Winge 1920 ]
 * Genus Sporomyxa Léger 1908
 * Genus Tetramyxa Goebel 1884 [Molliardia Maire & Tison 1911 ]
 * Genus Woronina Cornu 1872

title: Phytomyxea


text:
Ohio State Route 590

State Route 590 (SR 590) is a north–south state highway in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. The southern terminus of SR 590 is at a signalized intersection with SR 12 in the village of Bettsville. Its northern terminus is at a T-intersection with SR 2 just south of Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge, and approximately 5 mi north of Rocky Ridge.

Route description
Along its path, SR 590 travels through portions of Seneca, Sandusky and Ottawa Counties. No portion of the highway is included as a part of the National Highway System.

History
SR 590 was created in 1937. Its original routing consisted of the following: the current SR 53 from its intersection with Seneca County Road 51 southwest of the unincorporated community of Old Fort to its intersection with Seneca CR 61; CR 61 from SR 53 to the current southern terminus of SR 590 at SR 12 in Bettsville; and the entirety of the current routing of SR 590. The portions of current SR 53 and CR 61 noted would only be designated as SR 590 for one year. In 1938, SR 590 was truncated to its current southern terminus at SR 12, and the portion east of Bettsville would become part of re-routing of SR 113.

title: Ohio State Route 590


text: Talk:'92 Tour EP

title: Talk:'92 Tour EP


text:
Talk:Newark High School (Ohio)

External links modified
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External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Newark High School (Ohio)


text:
Political campaign staff

Political campaign staff are the group of people who formulate and implement the strategy of a political campaign. Campaign staffs are generally composed both of unpaid volunteers and paid employees of either the campaign itself or a related political party. The staff may include political consultants who provide advice and assistance to a campaign.

Structure of a campaign
Campaigns are generally run by a campaign manager who coordinates the campaign and assures that efforts are being focused effectively. In small local campaigns, the campaign manager will often be the only paid staff member and will be responsible for every aspect of the campaign that is not covered by the candidate or volunteers. In larger campaigns, such as a United States presidential campaign, hundreds of staff members will cover the required tasks. While campaign managers are often the lead strategists in local campaigns, in the United States larger campaigns hire consultants to serve as strategists and the campaign manager focuses mostly on coordinating the campaign staff. Campaign managers will often have deputies who oversee various aspects of the campaign at a closer level.

Directly below the campaign manager on the organization chart is the deputy campaign manager and directly below them are department directors who coordinate specific aspects of the campaign. These staff members often have deputies as well.

In some campaigns, an executive chairman of the campaign committee will be appointed. The responsibility of an executive chairman will vary widely by campaign, usually an executive chairman is a consultant on internal matters such as campaign staff appointments and major internal policy.

Below the department level, campaigns vary widely in their structure. On larger campaigns, there will be various coordinators for certain functions within each department. For example, within the fundraising department, there might be a staff member who focuses only on direct mail fundraising.

The foundation of the campaign structure are the interns and volunteers. Their tasks can include addressing envelopes, entering data into databases, and canvassing voters on behalf of the campaign.

Operations department

 * Chief Operating Officer or Operations Director
 * Human Resources
 * IT & Cybersecurity
 * Financial Operations
 * Field Operations

Larger statewide and national campaigns will have operations departments, which is responsible for the internal functions that power a campaign as an organization. While structure varies, the operations department will generally take on human resources and people operations responsibilities, including running payroll; IT and cybersecurity operations, which secure the campaign's electronic systems and ensure their availability for use; financial operations which will track the budget against actual spending and raising; and field operations, which handles the logistics of a larger field program. On some campaigns, including smaller campaigns, these functions are sometimes outsourced to outside vendors to keep overhead low.

Field department
The field department focuses on the "on-the-ground" organizing that is required in order to personally contact voters through canvassing, phone calls, and building local events. Voter contact helps construct and clean the campaign's voter file in order to help better target voter persuasion and identify which voters a campaign most wants to bring out on election day. Field is generally also tasked with running local "storefront" campaign offices as well as organizing phone banks and staging locations for canvasses and other campaign events.

On the statewide level, field departments are generally organized by geography with an overall statewide field director who oversees the efforts of several regional field directors who in turn manage several local offices.
 * State Chairperson
 * State Finance Chairperson
 * Congressional District Chairperson
 * County Chairperson
 * State Director
 * State Deputy Director for Volunteer Operations (Grassroots)
 * County Coordinator
 * Precinct Captain
 * Coalitions Coordinator
 * State Deputy Director for Administration
 * Scheduling and Advance Coordinator
 * State Policy Director
 * Legislative Advisor
 * State Communications Director

Other field workers below this level include:

 * Volunteer Coordinator: tasked full-time with recruiting, retaining, and scheduling volunteers
 * Field Organizer: the lowest level of field staff, these paid workers generally do direct voter contact full-time as well as assisting the Deputy Director
 * GOTV ("Get out the vote") coordinator: generally either brought in within the last few months of the campaign or a re-tasked staffer, GOTV coordinators plan the local GOTV efforts.

In addition to voter persuasion and voter identification, field staff will often provide information for the campaign headquarters as to what is going on in the communities they work in. Field staffers are the primary liaison between the campaign and local influentials such as interest group leaders and prominent community activists. Field departments are also often primarily responsible for the local distribution of "swag" i.e. lawn signs, bumper stickers, buttons, and other such materials.

Communications department

The communications department oversees both the press relations and advertising involved in promoting the campaign in the media. They are responsible for the campaign's message and image among the electorate. Press releases, advertisements, phone scripts, and other forms of communication must be approved by this department before they can be released to the public. The staffers within this office vary widely from campaign to campaign. However, they generally include:

 * A communications director who oversees the entirety of the campaign's messaging, message planning, media relations, and the whole communications staff.
 * A press secretary who monitors the media and coordinates the campaign's relations with the press. Press secretaries set up interviews between the candidate and reporters, brief the press at press conferences, and perform other tasks involved in press relations.
 * A rapid response director who makes sure that the campaign responds quickly to the attacks of the other campaigns. They and their staff constantly monitor the media and the moves of their opponents, making sure that attacks are rebutted quickly.
 * Creative team managing all visual communications and ensuring consistency of campaign materials/merchandise (both print and digital) through web design, graphic design, advertising, promotional items. Often these staffers work closely with the IT department.

Political department

 * Activists, Grassroots, and Volunteers
 * Outreach
 * Education

Researching and developing a set of policies requires a large team to research and write each plank. Researchers also provide information to the campaign on issues and the backgrounds of candidates (including the candidate they work for) in order to be aware of skeletons in the various candidates' closets. The latter practice is known as opposition research. On smaller campaigns this is often folded into the communications department.

Fundraising (Finance) department
The finance department coordinates the campaign's fundraising operation and ensures that the campaign always has the money it needs to operate effectively. The techniques employed by this campaign vary based on the campaign's needs and size. Small campaigns often involve casual fundraising events and phone calls from the candidate to donors asking for money. Larger campaigns will include everything from high-priced sit-down dinners to e-mail messages to donors asking for money.

Legal department
The legal department makes sure that the campaign is in compliance with the law and files the appropriate forms with government authorities. In Britain and other Commonwealth countries, such as Canada and India, each campaign must have an official agent, who is legally responsible for the campaign and is obligated to make sure the campaign follows all rules and regulations.

This department will also be responsible for tracking all financial transactions, including bank reconciliations, loans and backup for in-kind donations. They are generally required to keep both paper and electronic files. Small campaigns will often have one person responsible for financial disclosure while larger campaigns will have dozens of lawyers and treasurers making sure that the campaign's activities are legal. After the election, the compliance and legal department must still respond to audit requests and, when required, debt retirement.

Technology department

 * Chief Information Technology Officer
 * Office of New Media
 * Office of Applications and Networks
 * Office of Data and Strategy

The technology department designs and maintains campaign technology such as voter file, websites, and social media. While local (county, city, town, or village) campaigns might have volunteers who know how to use computers, state and national campaigns will have information technology professionals across the state or country handling everything from websites to blogs to databases.

Scheduling and advance department
The scheduling and advance department makes sure that the candidate and campaign surrogates are effectively scheduled so as to maximize their influence on voters. This department also oversees the advance people who arrive at events before the candidate to make sure everything is in order. Often, this department will be a part of the field department.

On small campaigns the scheduling coordinator may be responsible for developing and executing events. The scheduling coordinator typically manages the candidate's personal and campaign schedule, field and advance team schedules, and gathers important information about all events the campaign and candidate will attend.

title: Political campaign staff


text: User talk:207.112.13.161

title: User talk:207.112.13.161


text:
User talk:Dvvkrao

Welcome to All Desi's of San Antonio

title: User talk:Dvvkrao


text:
Talk:Infinity-Borel set

(Formerly) Disputed
Um, so actually I wrote this article, and no one else has touched it, so really I'm arguing with myself here. But I thought about it and I'm not sure my definition is right. On the other hand, if it is right, it's (I think) easier to follow than any alternative I can think of, so I don't want to jump the gun. But I also don't want to mislead anyone.

Here's the issue; maybe someone can help me out: The ∞-Borel sets are the ones that have ∞-Borel codes. An ∞-Borel code is something that codes up the way you build an ∞-Borel set by starting with open sets (each basic open set gets a code), and then iterating the operations of complementation and wellordered union (there's a code for the complement of a coded set, and a code for the union of a sequence of coded sets).

Problem is--is the class of thus-coded sets in fact closed under wellordered union? To prove it, you'd seem to need ACα, if your sequence of sets to be unioned up has length α, in order to choose a Borel code for each of the sets in the sequence, so you can form the new Borel code.

Any help appreciated. --Trovatore 04:21, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Fixed
So the definition now in place is harder to follow, and it's got a lot of LaTeX that simply cannot be displayed if anyone is expected to read the thing. But it does have the advantage of being correct. --Trovatore 02:20, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Alternative definition
So I thought of another approach: Dispense with the codes, and perform the transfinite iteration directly on the sets. Something like this:

 * For each ordinal α define by transfinite recursion Bα as follows:
 * B0 is the collection of all open subsets of $$X$$.
 * For a given even ordinal α, Bα+1 is the union of Bα with the set of all complements of sets in Bα.
 * For a given even ordinal α, Bα+2 is the set of all wellordered unions of sets in Bα+1.
 * For a given limit ordinal λ, Bλ is the union of all Bα for α<λ

 * It follows from the Burali-Forti paradox that there must be some ordinal α such that Bβ equals Bα for every β>α. For this value of α, Bα is the collection of ∞-Borel sets.

Whaddaya think? Is it clearer than the definition with codes? I did leave more out in this alternative version (e.g. I didn't really say what a wellordered union is, and it takes a little argument to see that clause 3. above gives you a set at all, rather than a proper class). Also the code notion is important. --Trovatore 02:49, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Whoops. It is clearer, but it's wrong. Can't prove without AC that every set as defined above has an ∞-Borel code; same error as before. --Trovatore 03:06, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Why Polish?
A beginners question: Why is "Polish" = "Separable + Completely Metrizable + Topological" used in the definition? Only the property "Countable Base" = "Second Countable" is used directly. What I mean is that the definition might make sense in any second countable space though it might not be "interesting" for all of them. (Historical reasons I guess)

Another thing I don't understand is the following: If c is a key then <0,c> is a key. Ok, but this leads to an "immediate explosion" of the keys c -> <0,c> -> <0,<0,c>> -> <0,<0,<0,c>>> -> <0,<0,<0,<0,c>>>> ... Are the ordered "nested triples", "nested quadruples", etc really necessary? Their respective interpretations doesn't add any new interpretations that aren't there already.

Maybe it should be pointed out that the recursion is set off rolling by the sequence denumerating the base and all it's subsequences of any length. Or do I get something wrong here?

I suppose the Axiom of Choice can be disposed of just because we could create an explicit rule for comparing two interpretations in terms of the sets of codes that have the interpretations in question. Now, being a programmer, I'd sure like for each interpretation to have a "pointer" to "it's" set of codes, as well as the rules for how to compare a set of codes with another set of codes (assuming all I can compare is natural numbers). I believe one could have intermediate steps in the definition with ordered pairs  and only in the end project the interpretations out of those pairs. (The second element of the ordered par is the "pointer" I am talking about). If ease of comprehension is an issue this might help. It might help describing the prevention of the (unintentional?) explosion of codes described above as well. Mathematically, of course, it would add nothing and it would make the definition a little longer.217.208.31.144 (talk) 08:31, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Haven't digested the last paragraph. As for whether the definition makes sense in any second countable space, maybe it does; the question is whether anyone has bothered to use it in that context. I don't know of an example.
 * To be honest I wrote this article when I was still relatively new to WP and hadn't really internalized the importance of following the treatment in the references; the definition given is my own version. I'm almost certain that it's equivalent to the ones in the literature modulo irrelevant detail, but it really ought to be replaced with one that actually comes from the literature. Maybe I'll get to it this weekend, though I'm not making any firm promises.
 * The sad thing is that the section about the incorrect definition will probably have to be removed. It's too bad because it really is such an easy mistake to make and not notice that you've made it. But there are good reasons for the larger WP standards and I can't really argue that this is a special enough case to override them. --Trovatore 20:09, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Oh leave that incorrect part in, It helpet me undersstand why the correct one is correct, and it's easier to se how we can live without AC. YohanN7 04:37, 1 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I'd like to leave it, but I don't think I can without a source. Not sure what you mean by "how we can live without AC", though.
 * I'm afraid I'm not entirely sure what you're getting at in some of the above, so let me just make a few points that may or may not be relevant.
 * There is no canonical way of getting from an ∞-Borel set to an ∞-Borel code for that set, if that's what you mean by a "pointer". There are lots of different codes that code the same set. In fact literally speaking there's a proper class of codes for the same set, so there's not even a "set of codes", though I suppose we could restrict our ordinals to be below Θ without really losing anything.
 * So no, we can't build up ∞-Borel sets together with their "sets of codes".
 * A possibly useful analogy: For any particular output from a computer, there are many different programs that might have computed it (and by Rice's theorem there's no effective way to decide whether a given program does produce that output). So ∞-Borel sets are analogous to the outputs, whereas ∞-Borel codes are analogous to the programs. Roughly speaking.
 * But only roughly speakng, in part because in this context you can't limit yourself to natural numbers. An ∞-Borel code is more or less a set of ordinals, not of naturals. This is subject is really far outside the realm of computability -- no computer can deal with arbitrary ordinals. --Trovatore 08:23, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

You caught my idea of "pointer" precisely as I meant it. That is a (pointer to) a code, set of codes or - worse - proper class of codes that have the interpretaion in question. My whole point woul'd be that there then is a canonical well ordering of the interpretations at any stage sinse we can complare what their pointers point to. If you say it can't be done this saw I believe you. It was just an idea.

In my first note I mentioned the "explosion" of codes when taking complement. Is it supposed to be that way?YohanN7 21:48, 1 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I suppose you could just disallow codes that take two complements in a row, but what would be the point? Yes, you get rid of one way in which two codes very obviously code the same set, but there are all sorts of more complicated ways for them to do so, and you'll never find them all working piecemeal like that. As far as I can see all it does is complicate the exposition, and you don't gain anything at all. --Trovatore 01:10, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

You are really good at explaining things to a layman Trovatore. I understand now that the "explosion of codes" is there, and that there is no point in trying to remove them - and that an explicit removal (of a few of them) would only complicate the definition. Thanks for your effort Trovatore! (YohanN7) 217.208.31.144 (talk) 07:36, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with that definitions should be taken from an "acknowledged source" and thereby be "verifiable", but I also feel that explanatory remarks should be put in as much as possible. The rationale is that even a direct quoute or rewording of a definition taken from a book can be misinterpreted because it is removed from it's context (i.e. the book). In short, a definition can be unambiguous in the reference itself, but ambiguous when removed from the reference.
 * I hold a masters degree in EE (and Engineering Physics too) which naturally means I know some math, but certainly not enough rigorous math to immediately grasp every math article in Wikipedia, especially those as complicated (or deep if you will) as the current article. I suppose people with even less background in math than me try to understand definitions they run across and they will run into the same kind of questions as me (or even worse ones) due to misinterpretation, so the more explanatory remarks the better, including the "incorrect definition" - with or without a reference. I can't see how that could break Wikipedia rules as long as it's explained clearly that it is an explanatory remark. (I can see, however, that it would potentially ruin a lot of your spare time;)
 * About that "how we can live without AC"-thing: I was referring to the article saying that Infinity-Borel is only interesting in contexts when AC is not assumed or can not be assumed together with the "incorrect definition" which I now understand, after your explanation, must assume AC. That might explain why, in the first place, I brought up the question of wether "the whole set of codes" somehow could be reverse-engineered from an Infinity-Borel set via that "pointer" and in that way one could guarantee closedness under wellordered union without AC. Given any set of codes, just pick the least code so to speak. I understand now the impossibility of this idea because we can not be given a set of codes. I am just trying to close the circle in my reasoning here and I hope that my earlier questions (all answered now) at least were "reasonable as questions about math" even if they weren't "reasonable as mathematical questions".

Borel Code
Would it be okay to make 'borel code' redirect to this? There is no article for it, and this one with with a few changes should suffice to explain the notion. Chimpionspeak (talk) 14:48, 20 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Hmm, as a stopgap I suppose that would be OK, but it's not really an ideal solution. This article is too specialized to serve the burden of explaining Borel codes in general.  It might be better to put a section on it into Borel hierarchy (or even Borel set) and then target the redirect to that section. --Trovatore (talk) 00:44, 22 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh okay. Thanks. Chimpionspeak (talk) 07:55, 26 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I have done some preliminary writing of it here. I am a little hesitant about what more to add/say for fear of getting it wrong though! If you think this is okay, maybe we can shift it. Also, if you think something needs to be added, feel free.Chimpionspeak (talk) 16:47, 14 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Honestly what we should do is use something from a published source. It was a mistake on my part to roll my own in this article; that's not supposed to be how we do things here.  (I'm not going to actively remove it until I actually get around to finding one in a source, but if someone else did I couldn't really complain.) --Trovatore (talk) 18:27, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Infinity-Borel set


text:
Order of Adolphe of Nassau

The Order of Civil and Military Merit of Adolph of Nassau (Ordre de Mérite civil et militaire d’Adolphe de Nassau) is an order of merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg for meritorious service to the Grand Duke, the Grand-Ducal House and Luxembourg. It was founded in 1858 as a chivalric order of the Duchy of Nassau by Adolphe of Nassau in honor of his namesake and ancestor, Adolf, Count of Nassau, the only member of the House of Nassau to have been Roman King of Germany. After the Duchy of Nassau was annexed by Prussia in 1866 and Adolphe became Grand Duke of Luxembourg in 1890, he revived the order as an order of merit.

Grades
The order consists of eight grades, with two crosses and three medals attached to the order:

Members of the order belong to either the Civil or the Military Division. The Grand Duke of Luxembourg is the Grand Master of the order.
 * 1) Grand Cross - wears the badge with a crown on a sash on the right shoulder, and the plaque on the left chest (unlike the civil version, the military version of the Grand Cross bears two swords on its badge and plaque);
 * 2) Grand Officer - wears the badge with a crown on a necklet, and the plaque on the left chest;
 * 3) Commander of the Crown - wears the badge with a crown on a necklet;
 * 4) Commander (male) / Cross of Honour for Ladies (female) - men wear the badge on a necklet; women wear the badge with a crown on a ribbon tied as a bow at the left chest (the crown of the Cross of Honour for Ladies is slightly smaller and the sash slightly different from that of the Commander of the Crown, and the badge bears four letters on the outside);
 * 5) Officer of the Crown - wears the badge with a crown on a chest ribbon with rosette on the left chest;
 * 6) Officer - wears the badge on a chest ribbon with rosette on the left chest;
 * 7) Knight of the Crown - wears the badge with a crown on a chest ribbon on the left chest;
 * 8) Knight - wears the badge on a chest ribbon on the left chest;

Attached to the order are the following crosses and medals of merit: The medals and crosses do not confer membership in the order upon the recipient.
 * Crosses in Gold and Silver - wears the cross on a ribbon on the left chest;
 * Medals in Gold, Silver and Bronze - wears the medal on a ribbon on the left chest.

Foreigners may also be made members of the order, and it is common as a diplomatic award. The order was used as well in World War II to reward a handful of Allied officers who had helped liberate Luxembourg from the rule of Nazi Germany. Because of the small size of Luxembourg, and its minor role as a campaign theater, membership of the order was not awarded as frequently as other major World War II honours, such as the Croix de Guerre.

Insignia

 * The badge of the order is a gold cross, enamelled in white and featuring eight points, each of which ends in a gold pearl. The central disc of the front side bears the gold letter "A" in Gothic script then crowned by an imperial crown. The whole is encircled by a laurel crown on a blue-enamelled background on which the motto "Virtute" is inscribed in gold letters. The other side has the inscriptions "1292" (in that year that Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg was crowned as King of the Romans) and "1858" (this was the year of creation of the order by Adolphe, Duke of Nassau), in gold letters on a white-enamelled background. The military division shows two additional crossed swords under the central medallion. The classes of the crown have a gold crown attached above the badge.
 * The plaque (breast star) of the civil division of the order is (for Grand Cross) an eight-pointed faceted silver star, or (for Grand Officer) a faceted silver Maltese Cross with silver rays between the arms. The central disc is the same to that of the badge. The plaque of the military division shows two additional crossed swords under the central medallion, with gold hilts and silver blades, and the corresponding badge shows two crossed swords in gold.
 * The cross is shaped in the same form as the batch, but non-enamelled, and made of plain gold or silver.
 * The medal is roundly shaped, made of gold, silver or bronze, and with the portrait of Adolph, Duke of Nassau depicted on it.
 * The ribbon of the order is blue moiré with a small orange stripe at each edge. "The ribbon is blue moiré edged in orange. The badge of the Grand Cross is suspended from a 100 mm wide ribbon. The Grand Officer and Commander wear the badge suspended from a 43 mm wide ribbon, while the Officer and Knight wear it suspended from a 38 mm wide ribbon. The ribbon of the Officer features a rosette in identical colours."

Award criteria
"Honorary distinctions of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg" :
 * "The Order of Civil and Military Merit of Adolph of Nassau recognises, in addition to foreign heads of state, individuals for their meritorious service to the Grand Duke, the Grand-Ducal House and Luxembourg, as well as for their outstanding loyalty to the Grand Duke or his House. The order also rewards those who have excelled in the arts and sciences, as it does residents of Luxembourg or foreign nationals as a sign of benevolence.

 * "All the grades of the Order of Civil and Military Merit of Adolph of Nassau are bestowed by a decree signed by the Grand Duke and countersigned by the chancellor of the order. When the order is conferred on foreign nationals, the consent of the foreign government must be sought."

Princes of Luxembourg
By statute of the order, princes and princesses of the Grand-Ducal House of Luxembourg are Grand Crosses of the order by birth, but they don't wear the order's decoration until they are 18 years old.

title: Order of Adolphe of Nassau


text:
Talk:Busman's Honeymoon

Comment
My understanding was that a "Busman's Holiday" was when a horse drawn cab driver (called a bus) spent his holiday riding in his bus to verify the horse wasn't being mistreated in his absence. Kd5mdk 04:20, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Busman's Honeymoon
Sorry, I don't find it fair to tell the solution. Maybe not everyone has read the novel yet, and it spoils all pleasure if you know beforehand who's done it. --Muschelkatze (talk) 19:52, 14 May 2010 (UTC)
 * As per the policy found at WP:SPOILER, Wikipedia prefers to give complete information to people who come here looking for it. If you'd like less-informative material about fiction to guide your reading, there are other ways of accessing that information.  Accounting4Taste: talk 20:33, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Stub
I removed the "stub". It has a plot summary, characters, a review, etc. I think it's a full article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.92.217.194 (talk) 18:44, 19 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Start class, only one reference. Jezhotwells (talk) 20:04, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Busman's Honeymoon


text:
Template:Mssb

- This template links to microsoft.

title: Template:Mssb


text:
Feral (subculture)

The feral subculture is a counter-cultural social movement originating in the latter part of the 20th century, mainly centred in Australia. The movement reached its heyday in the mid 1990s, in parallel with other similar movements in Europe, North America, and elsewhere, such as gutter punks, crusties, and ”travellers”. In common with those movements, the feral phenomenon can be seen as part of the wider counterculture. In Australia, the ferals are often seen as an amalgam of the punk and hippie subcultures, with a radical environmental philosophy and many similarities to the gutter punk subculture. The movement, during the 1990s, was the subject of national attention, and as a phenomenon has been the subject of anthropological attention as a characteristically Australian "alternative lifestyle".

Going Tribal, a documentary by Light Source Films, examined the subculture in 1995.

The feral movement is strongly associated with radical environmentalism and a communal lifestyle, with many members residing on multiple occupancy properties. In common with the hippies before them, many members of the feral movement rely on a system of crash pads, squats, and extended networks of "friends of friends" throughout Australia to travel with a minimum of financial outlay. Although the itinerant lifestyle and environmental beliefs most associated with the feral movement are akin to those of the earlier hippie movement, the ferals adopted a confrontational, politically charged style of dress, music, and philosophy more often associated with the punk movement.

title: Feral (subculture)


text: File:Scurvebellcurve.jpg

title: File:Scurvebellcurve.jpg


text:
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council, 1999–2003

Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council who served in the 54th Parliament were elected at the 1995 and 1999 elections. As members serve eight-year terms, half of the Council was elected in 1995 and did not face re-election in 1999, and the members elected in 1999 did not face re-election until 2007. The President was Meredith Burgmann.


text:
Ohio State Route 635

State Route 635 (SR 635) is a north–south state highway in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. The southern terminus of SR 635 is at SR 18 in Bascom. Its northern terminus is approximately 1 mi east of Helena at a T-intersection with US 6.

Route description
SR 635 travels through northwestern Seneca County and southwestern Sandusky County along its way. The highway is not included as a part of the National Highway System, a network of highways deemed to be most important for the nation's economy, mobility and defense.

History
The designation of SR 635 took place in 1937. Its original routing between SR 18 in Bascom and US 6 near Helena is the same one that it utilizes to this day. No significant changes have taken place to the alignment of SR 635 since it was established.

title: Ohio State Route 635


text: User talk:82.114.68.24

title: User talk:82.114.68.24


text:
Breakfast on Pluto

Breakfast on Pluto is a 1998 novel by Patrick McCabe. The book was shortlisted for the 1998 Booker Prize, and was adapted for the screen by McCabe and Neil Jordan; Jordan directed the 2005 film. The author derived the novel's title from the 1969 hit record Breakfast On Pluto by Don Partridge.

Plot summary
Set in 1960s to 1970s, the novel tells of Patrick "Pussy" Braden's escape from the fictional Irish town of Tyreelin and a drunk foster mother, to find herself and the biological mother who gave her away. Bad luck surrounds her until she finds temporary contentment with a married politician who acts as a sugar daddy. The latter is killed by either the IRA or the Ulster Defence Volunteers, leaving Braden alone once again. She moves to London, becomes a prostitute in Piccadilly Circus, and later is arrested on suspicion of an IRA bombing, only to be released a few days later. She later embarks on a search to find her mother.

Film adaptation
Director Neil Jordan's 2005 film adaptation of the same name starred Cillian Murphy in the central role. In the film, the main character is called "Kitten", not "Pussy", and there are other significant differences between the two versions of the characters, a central one being that the hypersexual Pussy is depicted explicitly as having sex with many male and female characters throughout the novel, while on screen Kitten is not shown even kissing another character on the lips.

Pussy's politician lover in the novel becomes a glam rock musician played by Gavin Friday with whom Kitten may or may not have had a sexual relationship, and Pussy's lover Bertie Wooster becomes magician Bertie Vaughan (Stephen Rea), with whom Kitten has an unrequited flirtation. Liam Neeson plays the priest that Braden believes is her biological father, a character renamed Father Liam, although a number of reviews erroneously call him Father Bernard, as in the book.

Cillian Murphy won an IFTA Award (2007) for Best Actor and was nominated for Golden Globe (2006) as Best Actor in Musical or Comedy for his performance. Patrick McCabe and Neil Jordan won the IFTA for Best Script, and Jordan also won Best Director.

title: Breakfast on Pluto


text:
Alan Robinson (Canadian politician)

Alan M. Robinson (October 21, 1948 – December 6, 2013) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1981 to 1985, and was a cabinet minister in the government of Frank Miller. Robinson was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party.

Background
Robinson was born in Toronto, Ontario, and educated at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute. He worked as a broadcaster and newspaperman.

Politics
He was an alderman in Scarborough from 1978 to 1981.

He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1981 election, defeating New Democratic Party incumbent David Warner by 1,888 votes in Scarborough—Ellesmere. He served as a backbench supporter of Bill Davis's government for four years. Robinson supported Dennis Timbrell's unsuccessful bid to succeed Davis at the Progressive Conservative Party's January 1985 leadership convention, and was named a minister without portfolio and Chief Government Whip when Frank Miller became Premier of Ontario on February 8, 1985.

The Progressive Conservatives under Miller's leadership were reduced to a minority government in the 1985 election. Robinson lost to David Warner in Scarborough—Ellesmere by 1,119 votes.

Later life
After leaving politics, Robinson became the president and CEO of PACex International, which describes itself as "Canada's National Packaging, Food Process, Material Handling & Logistics Exhibition". He retired in 2006. PACex purchased the Canadian Materials Handling & Logistics Show in 2003.

Robinson died after a long illness, on December 6, 2013.

title: Alan Robinson (Canadian politician)


text:
Talk:Paul Deliège

Translation
This is an almost word for word translation of the French Wikipedia article. There is one judgement call I wish to point out. Myocardial infarction, the cause of death, is my translation of crise cardiaque based solely on the fact that when you type 'crise cardiaque' into the search bar in the French version, you link to the Myocardial infarction page. Vidocq is someone whose work I remember. This is a link in the original, however it is a link to a disambiguation page where Vidocq is listed but there is no link to any stub. Finally, fetish heroes is a phrase I've seen before but I definitely don't like it. My French is nothing to boast about despite having read Pilote, Tintin and Spirou extensively during my teen years. Corrections will be gratefully appreciated.Jplatt39 04:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC) Revised Jplatt39 10:16, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Paul Deliège


text:
Talk:Normal subgroup

Truly terrible writing
It is beyond idiotic to write, as in the Definition section:

"''A subgroup $N$ of a group $G$ is called a normal subgroup if it is invariant under conjugation; that is, the conjugation of an element of $N$ by an element of $G$ is always in $N$:
 * $$N \triangleleft G\, \Leftrightarrow\; \forall\; n\in N,\; \forall\ g\in G\colon\; gng^{-1}\in N.$$''"

where the "normal subgroup symbol" (the horizontal triangle) is used to mean "is a normal subgroup of" in the article Normal subgroup ... despite the fact that this notation has not been introduced in this article (at least not before it is used here).

You might as well be writing in Aramaic. Do you not care whether what you write is understood? Maybe it would be better if you left editing Wikipedia mathematics to people who comprehend how to communicate.2600:1700:E1C0:F340:1D3D:4D5C:F18F:F5CA (talk) 07:01, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

 * WP:SOFIXIT. --JBL (talk) 22:22, 2 December 2018 (UTC)

It would really be great to start these math articles off with intuition rather than definition. The definition, while accurate is only useful to someone who already knows what the heck this is and us trying to remember the definition! Bengom (talk) 15:46, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

More intuitive intro?
The current intro is not useful unless you are already familiar with the topic.... Bengom (talk) 15:48, 27 August 2019 (UTC)
 * No, I found it useful for learning the definition of a normal subgroup when I had just learned the basic definition of a group. If you have specific suggestions on how to make it more intuitive, then feel free to place them here. However, one cannot really talk about normal subgroups without knowing what a group is in the first place. More intuitive notions such as "the left and right cosets coincide" and "the parent group acts on the normal subgroup by conjugation" require more definitions than the basic definition of a group.--Jasper Deng (talk) 16:14, 27 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The definition that is most informative to me is that normal subgroups are preserved under inner automorphisms. Essentially that requires understanding that groups are symmetries, and that these symmetries act on the group itself, and so in a sense the normal subgroups are symmetric inside the group. Although typically people learn about normal subgroups before learning about group actions and automorphisms, so I don't know if it makes sense to explain that in the introduction. Woscafrench (talk) 16:29, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

Routine proofs of basic facts?
Recently, added (diff) some routine proofs of basic properties, namely, that the product in the quotient G/N is well defined when N is normal. This strikes me as extremely textbooky (in the sense of WP:NOT) -- using this level of detail for this fact is consistent with writing a textbook chapter on normal subgroups, and not consistent with writing an encyclopedia article (where essential facts can be highlighted without the burden of being carefully proved, thus making it easy for a reader to find the key information quickly). I reverted, but LI re-reverted; rather than start an edit war, I'd like to request input from other editors here. --JBL (talk) 11:38, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Indeed, I don't mean to start an edit war, so let's wait for someone else to give their opinion. I just want to say here that many other pages include elementary proofs of basic facts. The first related examples that come to mind are in the Group page. See e.g. here where the arguably elementary and "textbooky" proof of the uniqueness of inverses is given. There are countless other examples of this kind. The page on normal subgroups, on the other hand, is rather devoid of any detail and proofs. I appreciate the usefulness of having a nice and tidy list of results, but one can have it both ways: tidy list of results with proofs attached. For example by having the proofs in collapsible headings (as done e.g. in this page). Luca (talk) 12:02, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

Normal subgroup example
I think the example subgroup has a small error.

It says that in S_3, (123)H = {(123),(13)} and H(123) = {(123),(23)}. I think the left and right multiplication have been reversed here: (123)H = {(123)(1), (123)(12)}, (123)(12) is equal to (23), not (13). It's been a long time since I took my group theory class and I was mostly using this article to brush up, but I just wanted to confirm whether or not this was a mistake. Sorry if I'm the one who's made the error. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:6011:A546:C100:C4DC:69FF:D634:8130 (talk) 22:18, 11 May 2021 (UTC)
 * There are two opposite conventions for how to multiply permutations. Under the convention being used in the article, (123) is the function that sends 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 1, (12) is the function that sends 1 to 2 and 2 to 1 and 3 to 3, and multiplication is composition of functions from right to left.  With this convention, (123)(12) first applies (12), then applies (123), so it sends 1 to 3 (first (12) sends 1 to 2, then (123) sends that to 3), 2 to 2, and 3 to 1, or in other words (123)(12) = (13).  This convention is totally fine, and has the virtue that it agrees with the usual order in which functional composition is written.  The reverse convention (where we apply the permutations in a product starting with the leftmost first) is also totally fine, and has the virtue that it agrees with the usual order in which one reads the English language.  It is only when two people using different conventions (as, for example, you and the person who wrote the example) try to communicate with each other that there is an issue. --JBL (talk) 22:58, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Normal subgroup


text:
User talk:Tlotz

Welcome! For future reference, articles consisting of nothing more than external links are speedy deletion candidates. Please read the Tutorial to learn more. Also, feel free to ask questions on my talk page. - Lucky 6.9 04:32, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Jtkiefer 06:42, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
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Republican Party (United States)
A discussion section has been made on the article's Talk page concerning your edits and deletions. Shem(talk) 01:16, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Personal remarks
Tlotz, I think you should consider Avoid personal remarks. I would like to discuss the Republican Party article without having to read irritating personal comments which have no bearing on the article. I'm assuming that JamesMLane feels the same way I do. Writing that someone "obviously [does] not believe in free speech" is not a valid debate tactic. Comments like this one will quickly result in people ignoring everything you say, including the valid points. If you continue to twist the discussion to attack James and me, I will simply ignore what you have to say. My patience for ad hominem attacks is limited. Please stay on the topic of the article. If you are unable to have a simple discussion without complaining about "liberal elitests", you will probably feel better on a discussion board such as Free Republic. Rhobite 18:48, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Request for comments
I have started a request for comments on your personal attacks. Please see Requests for comment/Tlotz. I encourage you to respond to this RfC. Thank you. Rhobite 20:36, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tlotz


text:
Talk:Electoral wipeout

Untitled
I disagree strongly with the current text of the last section, "Voting systems to reduce wipe-out results", which currently contains this line: "The first change is to convert FPTP into some other system, IRV is best, but you can try LimV, AppV. With voting machines, one might even allow the voter to choose which system to use, because you can convert LimV and AppV to IRV." It is laughable to say that "IRV is best" so easily, with no explanation. - McCart42 (talk) 04:33, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * For the record, that stuff had sat there basically untouched for nearly 2 years: 68.39.174.238 03:52, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Mongolia
Wasn't sure how and whether this needed citing, but to be safe: here's a link (2000) and here's another (1996)

Requested move 27 June 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) BilledMammal (talk) 18:45, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

Wipeout (elections) → Electoral wipeout – per WP:NATURAL HadesTTW (he/him • talk) 16:04, 27 June 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Rename per nom. * Pppery * it has begun... 19:45, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Support Sensible proposal. Number   5  7  02:16, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Support Better to link to.--Aréat (talk) 17:36, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electoral wipeout


text:
Talk:Yucca schidigera

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2020 and 31 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Iabarno.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:23, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Is this the tree...
Is the the kind of tree that one sees while driving through the Angeles National Forest, Lancaster, Palmdale, and Mojave. If so, it's like a cousin of the joshua tree then... Thanks. fpo 04:34, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * No. That tree of Lancaster and Palmdale is the Joshua tree.  This one typically does not have branches, and has much larger leaves. PPdd (talk) 20:56, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

Area denial weapons
The issue isn't so much "Spanish bayonet" (I added H. whipplei to the dab page), but rather that you don't source your addition. It seems unlikely to me, since Mojave yucca doesn't grow in any areas that anyone would want to defend. I suspect it was a different yucca species. But if you can provide a reference, go ahead and add it back.--Curtis Clark (talk) 22:10, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Not to mention that in the purported time frame, there was no ability to transport large numbers of large live plants across the continent, and if carried as seeds, they probably would have rotted instead of germinating in the humid Caribbean climate. If it really is commonly seen today, then it shouldn't be too hard to find a photo (perhaps even in commons!) and id the likely species. Stan (talk) 22:54, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, having wondered why this claim has been so persistent, I poked around a bit. It seems that at one point early in the 18th century the Castillo de San Marcos guarding St. Augustine, Florida had "Spanish bayonet" planted around the bases of its walls; several books make mention of this, for instance and . A floristic survey in 2005  lists the species as Y. aloifolia. Stan (talk) 20:52, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

 * And this is mentioned at Area denial weapons.--Curtis Clark (talk) 14:09, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * 'cos I fixed that article right after commenting here. :-) Now let's see many months it takes for the old bad info to disappear from mirrors and Google caches. :-) Stan (talk) 18:37, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Help. I am hoping that I am putting this in the correct location. HOW IS SCHIDIGERA PRONOUNCED?? Is 'SCH' pronounced hard as in 'school'? And if so, is 'igera' pronounced soft? (like gggera) or hard as in 'iggg') Thank you for your patience. I have searched everywhere including merriam-webster's dictionary (www.m-w.com) I review ingredients with customers at my workplace and NO ONE knows how to correctly pronounce it (making me feel extremely un-educated). Help and Thank you. Jim — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.44.8.100 (talk) 06:02, 12 June 2012 (UTC)
 * It depends. A couple answers I found googling "schidigera pronunciation" are "shi-DIJ-er-a" "skih-DIDGE-ur-uh" and "ski-DEE-ger-ruh". There's really no consensus. Generally, scientific names are pronounced roughly (sometimes very roughly) following the rules of classical Latin pronunciation. There's really no way to pronounce "sch" in Latin, though, with a nod to classical Greek, you could go with pronouncing it "sk". However, a substantial number of botanists advocate pronouncing scientific names derived from a person's name as that person would have to pronounced it (which could be quite different from the Latin rules of pronunciation); the drawback to this approach is that one would have to know how to properly pronounce names in German, French, Italian, Polish, Chinese, and many other languages. However, if you can find out how to pronounce the surname "Schidiger" in German, I'd suggest going this route (I'm not sure, but "shi-DIJ-er-a" is probably reasonably close to proper German pronunciation). Plantdrew (talk) 03:36, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: California Natural History
— Assignment last updated by Graesong (talk) 20:36, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yucca schidigera