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Battle of Alberta

The Battle of Alberta is a term applied to the intense rivalry between the Canadian cities of Calgary, the province's most populous city (since 1976), and Edmonton, the capital of the province of Alberta (since 1905). Most often it is used to describe sporting events between the two cities, although this is not exclusive as the rivalry predates organized sports in Alberta.

Origins
Harvey Locke identifies a longstanding cultural divide in Alberta between the centre and north on one hand and the south on the other as a recurring theme in the province's history going back to pre-contact Aboriginal cultures. The peoples of the boreal forest, and to a lesser extent, the aspen parkland, led a subarctic lifestyle which involved trapping fur-bearing animals and travelling by canoe, which made the region a natural fit for the fur trade. By contrast the plains cultures on the prairie to the south relied on the buffalo. The predominant political force on the prairie during the fur trade, the Blackfoot Confederacy, would not allow the Hudson's Bay Company to establish itself within Blackfoot territory, preferring to ride to Edmonton House (established 1795) to trade. Around this time some Cree and allied peoples (the Iron Confederacy) pushed south onto the plains, and became rivals of the Blackfoot. By the 1810s, explorer Peter Fidler identified the Battle River as a disputed frontier between the two groups. Locke asserts that the lack of an HBC presence in the south set the stage for very different patterns of settlement in the different regions. Calgary was founded as a North-West Mounted Police fort and was not much of a settlement at all until the mid-1880s when the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) suddenly shifted its planned route across Western Canada from a northern one (via Edmonton) to a more southerly path (via Calgary). Therefore, the economic and cultural origins of Calgary and its region, were created up by the NWMP and the CPR, not the HBC. Because of the CPR line, Calgary's agricultural hinterland was settled much sooner, mostly by people of British, and particularly Scottish, origins but it also has an American influence because of the ranching culture brought into the region by American cowboys. By contrast, Edmonton's hinterland is marked by a French Canadian and Métis presence, and was predominantly occupied by people of non-British European origins. In particular, the region just to the east of Edmonton, Kalyna Country, is Canada's oldest and largest area of Ukrainian settlement.

Following the debate over the CPR, the next important contest between the two cities was to determine which would become Alberta's capital city when the province was created in 1905. By this time, two new transcontinental railways had been built, both via Edmonton, under the guidance of a federal Liberal government that had replaced the Conservative government which had overseen construction of the CPR. Equally important, the Liberals overhauled Canada's immigration system. Whereas the Conservatives had endeavoured to restrict Western settlement to British immigrants, the Liberals had encouraged immigration from other parts of Europe, such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The result was that Edmonton and northern Alberta became much more ethnically diverse than Calgary and southern Alberta, occurring at a time when prejudice against non-British ethnic groups (in particular, Slavic peoples) was commonplace among those of British extraction, adding yet another layer of ill will between north and south.

Thus by the turn of the century, the differing political leanings of Calgary and Edmonton that persist to this day (that is, Calgary being quite conservative by Canadian standards and Edmonton tending to be more progressive) were already well established. Not surprisingly then, when the federal Liberal government admitted Alberta to Confederation in 1905, they named Edmonton the capital. However, the Calgary elite were even more infuriated when Edmonton's neighbour, the then-separate city of Strathcona, won the right to host the University of Alberta (see below).

The final important rivalry between the cities during Alberta's early years was over economic leadership, especially in the Oil patch. Calgary's nearby Turner Valley deposits were discovered in 1914, decades before Edmonton's Leduc #1 field in 1947. In part this accounts for the much larger concentration of head offices of large corporations in Calgary. Edmonton's business community contains more private corporations working in oil and gas, consulting and smaller operations. Edmonton is also the research and manufacturing centre of the Canadian petroleum industry, and roughly 80% of Canada's oil production is refined and sent to market through Refinery Row, located just east of the city in Strathcona County.

Today, although the rivalry is generally expressed only during sporting events, there remains an 'unspoken' friendly rivalry between residents that remains on a subtle level.

Hosting of events
The rivalry also extends outside of team sports to international events. Both cities have hosted numerous national and international championships and other tournaments, often in a spirit of one-upmanship: there is constant need for local politicians to prove that their city is "world class" or at least better than the other.

The constant one-upmanship of the two cities in this field has receded in recent years, and they cooperated in a successful joint bid to host the 2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships (WJIHC).

Events hosted in Calgary
Calgary hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics, the 1996 International Rotarian Convention, and the 1997 World Police and Fire Games as well as the World Skills competition in 2009. Calgary is also an annual stop for many winter sport organizations, including International Skating Union (speed skating), International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation, International Luge Federation, and some International Ski Federation events. Calgary is also home to the world-famous Calgary Stampede.

Calgary was designated as "Canada's Cultural Capital" in 2012 for the inaugural year of the program. The federal government granted $1.6 million to develop and renovate the city's cultural institutions and promote the arts.

Social entrepreneurs and scholars convened in Calgary during October 2013 for the 6th Social Enterprise World Forum to discuss solutions for global problems.

In the summer of 2015, Calgary hosted the 2015 World Handball Championships. The ten-day tournament hosted athletes from 30 nations.

Calgary was named the host the 2024 Special Olympics Canada Winter Games.

Events hosted in Edmonton
Edmonton hosted the 1978 Commonwealth Games, the 1983 World University Games (Universiade), the 2001 World Championships in Athletics, and the 2005 World Masters Games. The city also had a circuit on the IndyCar Series, the Edmonton Indy, from 2005 to 2012. Edmonton was designated as one of the host cities of the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.

As of 2022, the Archdiocese of Edmonton hosted two papal visits: Peace tours of John Paul II in 1984, and the reconciliation visit of Pope Francis in 2022.

Edmonton annually hosts North America's largest fringe festival, the Edmonton International Fringe Festival, every August; the same month also sees the Edmonton Folk Music Festival. Edmonton also hosted the Canadian Finals Rodeo during the second week of November from 1974 to 2017. The Edmonton International Street Performers Festival takes place every June. The city also plays host to K-Days every July.

Direct competition: Expo 2017
In 2007, Edmonton started assessing the viability of hosting Expo 2017. The Edmonton City Council approved the building of a bid on April 15, 2009. Later in April, Calgary announced its coming bid to host Expo 2017, though it had not expressed any interest beforehand. In July of the same year, a disagreement occurred when Edmonton received provincial funding for its bid, while Calgary did not. Calgary withdrew its bid to host the event.

Cannons vs. Trappers
Alberta's most prominent baseball rivalry existed between the Calgary Cannons and Edmonton Trappers of the Pacific Coast League. The Cannons existed from 1985 to 2002 while the Trappers existed from 1980 to 2004. The rivalry never reached the same level as it did in other sports, however, and ultimately both teams relocated to the United States (the Trappers to Round Rock, Texas, and the Cannons to Albuquerque, New Mexico). The Trappers captured four PCL championships during their existence, while the Cannons won none.

Vipers vs. Capitals
In 2011, the two cities competed in the North American League as the Calgary Vipers and Edmonton Capitals. The two teams met in the Northern Division playoffs in 2011; the Capitals won the series in six games. The Vipers folded after the season, and the Capitals suspended operations in February 2012, leaving the province with no professional baseball.

Football
The rivalry between the cities' professional Canadian football teams is equally intense, and even predates the hockey rivalries, as the first football games in Alberta history took place in the 1890s. A team from Edmonton made history as they played in the first football game in Alberta, playing to a scoreless tie against Clover Bar. The first game played between teams from Edmonton and Calgary took place in 1891 when Edmonton beat Calgary 6–5 in a total point challenge series.

The rivalry had been diminished for a number of years until the Calgary City Rugby Football Club and the Edmonton Rugby Football Club were formed in 1906 and 1907 respectively where the two teams competed in the Alberta Rugby Football Union. In 1908, the teams were re-organized as the Calgary Tigers and Edmonton Esquimaux where the Esquimaux won the ARFU title that year. From then on, the two cities had multiple teams represent them in the Alberta Union, but instability led to a lack of consistent rivalry battle between the two. Teams named the Calgary Canucks, Calgary 50th Battalion, Calgary-Altomah Tigers, Edmonton Elks, Edmonton Eskimos, and Edmonton Boosters all took turns playing in the ARFU. It was not until the creation of the Western Interprovincial Football Union that a truly sustained rivalry could take place between two teams representing the two cities.

Today, the primary football team rivalry consists of the Edmonton Elks and the Calgary Stampeders.

Elks vs. Stampeders
In 1921, a team from Edmonton called the Edmonton Eskimos won the Alberta Rugby Football Union (ARFU) league title. They made it past the winners of the Manitoba Rugby Football Union (MRFU) and Saskatchewan Rugby Football Union (SRFU), becoming the first Alberta team (and the first Western Canadian team) to ever compete for the Grey Cup, losing in the 9th Grey Cup game, then advancing again the next year (as the Edmonton Elks) to a loss in the 10th Grey Cup. The team's name goes back to the dawn of the Battle of Alberta when, at the end of the 19th century, a "rugby football" game between Edmonton and Calgary saw the Calgary media make reference to Edmonton's more northern latitude by calling the city's residents "Esquimeaux" (an archaic spelling of "Eskimos"). This Eskimos team folded in 1924, but the Edmonton Eskimos football name reappeared in the ARFU with a different team in 1929, moving to the Western Interprovincial Football Union (WIFU) in 1938 before folding again in 1940.

A similar Calgary Rugby Football Club formed in 1907, competing in the AFRU under various names until – while operating as the Calgary Bronks – joining the Regina Roughriders (from the SRFU) and Winnipeg Blue Bombers (from the MRFU) to form the higher-level WIFU in 1936. The Bronks folded after the 1941 season, the year after the Eskimos had folded. A subsequent Calgary team, the Calgary Stampeders, was formed and joined the WIFU in 1948. This Stampeders team advanced to that year's 36th Grey Cup, becoming the first Calgary team to compete for the Grey Cup and the first Alberta team to win that championship.

The next season, in 1949, the current incarnation of the Edmonton Eskimos – now known as Edmonton Elks, was founded and immediately joined the WIFU – this time, for good. This Eskimos team's first ever game was on Labour Day against the defending Grey Cup Stampeders, who defeated the Eskimos 20–6 in the restart of the currently ongoing version of the football Battle of Alberta. Since 1949, the Elks and Stampeders have played on Labour Day every year with the exception of eleven seasons, having an unbroken run since the 1982 season. This has been one of the Canadian Football League's marquee match-ups, with the Monday Labour Day Classic in Calgary followed by the Friday night (Saturday, since 2014) rematch in Edmonton, resulting in a very short turnaround for both teams. As of the 2022 CFL season, the all-time record favours Edmonton, as the Elks have a record of 128–108–3 against their provincial rivals.

In terms of the post-season, the two teams have played each other 27 times, with Edmonton holding a slight edge with 14 victories. The two teams also frequently meet in the West Final. Between 1990 and 2003, the two teams clashed nine times to decide who would represent the West in the Grey Cup, and at least one Alberta team was in the game each year. Calgary has won six out of the last nine playoff match-ups, the most recent one in the 2017 West Final. Calgary has also won the most recent championship by an Albertan team, in 2018 with the 106th Grey Cup game. While the Stampeders may have won the Grey Cup first and the most recent, the Elks have won the most, with 14 titles compared to the Stampeders' eight as of 2021.

Currently, the Calgary and Edmonton franchises play each other two to three times during the regular season and have played each other at least three times in every regular season but 2004 and 2018 between 1996 and 2019. The Stampeders have qualified for the playoffs in every season since 2005, while the Elks have missed the playoffs seven times in that same time frame. Both teams have enjoyed much success in their histories as both franchises have never missed the playoffs at the same time. The Elks have made the playoffs in all but seven years since 1966, including 34 years in a row from 1972 to 2005 – a streak unmatched in North American major league sports. The Stampeders have only missed the playoffs six times since 1978.

Hockey
During the first week of March, 1895 a team of Calgarians mostly from the Calgary Fire Brigade's hockey club, travelled to Edmonton to play against a Mounted Police team from Fort Saskatchewan and the Edmonton Thistles shutting out both. It was the first recorded game between any Calgary and Edmonton teams.

The first professional hockey rivalry between the two cities dates to the founding of the Western Canada Hockey League in 1921. Both cities received teams, Calgary the Tigers, and Edmonton the Eskimos. The Eskimos won the WCHL title in 1923, but lost the Stanley Cup to the rival National Hockey League's Ottawa Senators. Calgary also appeared in a Stanley Cup championship series in 1924, but lost to the Montreal Canadiens of the NHL. After the demise of the WCHL in 1926, Alberta hockey fans turned to junior hockey. Both cities had teams in the Western Hockey League and Alberta Junior Hockey League.

Pro hockey did not return until the World Hockey Association arrived in 1972. Both cities received teams, but Calgary's Broncos folded without playing a game. The new Edmonton Oilers, then were left without an intra-provincial rival until a new WHA team, the Calgary Cowboys arrived in 1975, but they folded in 1977. The short and sporadic nature of the Calgary WHA franchises made building meaningful rivalries more difficult. The WHA itself was unstable and merged with the NHL in 1979.

Flames vs. Oilers
The Battle of Alberta is one of the fiercest and most famous rivalries in Alberta, between the Calgary Flames and Edmonton Oilers. The rivalry peaked during the mid-late 1980s, as from 1983 to 1990 the Western Conference only had two different champions, both being Calgary and Edmonton. They frequently played each other in the playoffs, with three series going seven games. Edmonton won the Stanley Cup in 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990. Calgary won the Stanley Cup in 1989. Calgary leads the all-time series with a 141–129–18–6 record, however, Edmonton leads in postseason victories with a 23–12 record.

Hitmen vs. Oil Kings
Although not nearly as intense, the Western Hockey League intends to develop one for the Calgary Hitmen and Edmonton Oil Kings. The junior clubs are owned by the Flames and Oilers respectively. Both cities have had several franchises throughout the WHL's history. The original Oil Kings franchise faced the Calgary Centennials from the league's founding in 1966 until the Oil Kings relocation to Portland in 1976. The Calgary Hitmen were formed in 1995, followed a year later by the Edmonton Ice. The Ice never gained a foothold in Edmonton, and left for the Kootenays after two years. The Hitmen survived their initial struggles to grow into one of junior hockey's biggest drawing teams. The modern Oil Kings joined the WHL as an expansion franchise in 2007.

There are currently five Alberta-based WHL teams. In addition to Calgary and Edmonton, there are also the Medicine Hat Tigers, Lethbridge Hurricanes, and Red Deer Rebels and they all play together in one division, making for many intense intra-provincial battles.

Roughnecks-Rush rivalry
Box Lacrosse has seen significant growth in Alberta in recent years, with the Calgary Roughnecks joining the National Lacrosse League in 2001, followed by the Edmonton Rush in 2005. The two teams were poised to form another Alberta rivalry as the two cities have in many other sports. The Rush took out ads in Calgary newspapers before their first ever meeting saying the Rush would "open a can" on the Roughnecks. This backfired as the Roughnecks defeated the Rush. The Roughnecks tried this tactic against Edmonton before the April 5, 2008 game by placing an ad in the Edmonton Sun saying that Edmonton was a "City of Losers" instead of a "City of Champions". Just as it had for the Rush, the plan backfired as the Rush won 11–9. Calgary won the Champion's Cup in 2004 and 2009. Edmonton won the Champion's Cup in May 2015, before moving to Saskatoon that July.

Soccer
A rivalry existed between Cavalry FC and FC Edmonton of the Canadian Premier League. It had been nicknamed the Al Classico. As per the fashion in rivalries in Association football around the world, the Wildrose Cup was created and was awarded annually to the team that wins the most points from the Al Classico in league play.

University sports
Another prominent rivalry exists between the major universities in each city, notably the University of Alberta, in Edmonton, and the University of Calgary, dating back to the creation of the province of Alberta in 1905.

Heated wrangling took place between the cities of Calgary and Edmonton over the location of the new provincial capital and of the new provincial university. The neighbouring province of Saskatchewan had been formed on the same day as Alberta, settling a similar dispute between its own two major cities by making Regina the provincial capital and Saskatoon the site of the University of Saskatchewan. Alberta's first Premier, Alexander Rutherford, offered a similar solution by stating that the Alberta capital would be north of the North Saskatchewan River and that the provincial university would be in a city south of the river. The city of Edmonton, on the north bank of the river, became the capital while the city of Strathcona, on the south bank of the river (and the location of Rutherford's home), was granted the university. When the two cities were amalgamated in 1912, Edmonton became both the political and academic capital.

Calgary was not granted a university until 1966.

Sports competitions between the two universities have taken place over who has possession of a painted rock. Meanwhile, the University of Alberta has consistently ranked much higher than the University of Calgary in major national and international rankings of universities.

title: Battle of Alberta


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Organic linking

Organic linking, also known as natural linking, is a marketing strategy that involves creating high-quality content that attracts other websites to link back to it. Unlike paid or manipulative linking, organic links are earned through the value of the content itself. Organic links are more likely to appear in a context relevant to the subject of the target document, which makes them useful for search engines like Google Search that rank pages according to their links. Organic linking can be a powerful tool for improving search engine rankings, increasing brand awareness, and driving organic traffic to a website, because they act as Backlinks, the help prove credibility and reputation. Successful organic linking requires creating unique and informative content, that provides value for others; Estimates vary, but 50-80% of users clicks tend to go through organic links on the first page of a search engine's responses.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Organic linking


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Pentland Hills

The Pentland Hills are a range of hills southwest of Edinburgh, Scotland. The range is around 20 mi in length, and runs southwest from Edinburgh towards Biggar and the upper Clydesdale.

Etymology
The name is first recorded for the farm of Pentland (c. 1050, 1200) and probably derives from Brythonic elements pen and llan, meaning the Llan at the top or head of the hills. In the late 15th to mid-16th centuries, land transfers refer to Pentlandmure and Pentland – documents that also list adjacent parcels of land with such still-recognisable names as Loganehous, Hilend, Boghall and Mortounhall. 'Muir', in Pentlandmure, describes common grazings where the farm's livestock would be pastured in summer; and gradually the name was linked more specifically with the slopes of the nearby hills (perhaps Allermuir, Woodhouselee or Castlelaw). The name is completely unrelated to the name of the Pentland Firth in the north of Scotland.

Timothy Pont mapped the area in the 1590s, and his work appeared in the maps of the Dutch cartographers Hondius (1630s) and Joan Blaeu (1654). Interestingly, Blaeu gives the name in two forms, in two different locations: Pentland Hill (roughly in the area of Castlelaw); and Penth-landt hill (further south and clearly intended as a name for the wider range).

Geology
The southern and western parts of the Pentland Hills are formed from sandstones together with some conglomerates, all of Devonian age and assigned to the Old Red Sandstone. Within the sedimentary sequence are extrusive igneous rocks, principally of basaltic and andesitic composition. The sedimentary rocks are also intruded by dykes of porphyrite.

The oldest rocks are a sequence of Silurian mudstones, siltstones and sandstones collected together as the North Esk Group. From oldest to youngest they comprise the Llandovery age Reservoir Formation (named for North Esk Reservoir where these rocks are to be found), the Deerhope Formation, the Cock Rig Formation and the Wether Law Linn Formation overlain by the Wenlockian age Henshaw Formation. These are in turn unconformably overlain by the late Silurian to early Devonian age sandstones and conglomerates of the Greywacke Conglomerate and Swanshaw Sandstone formations. A further unconformity separates these from the overlying Pentland Hills Volcanic Formation though all three formations are collected together within the Lanark Group. The Volcanic Formation forms such summits as East and West Kip.

The southeastern edge of the range is defined by the Pentland Fault with a substantial downthrow to the southeast. Running NE-SW through the middle of the range is the Cairnmuir Fault which downthrows to the northwest. West Cairn Hill and East Cairn Hill are formed by the sandstones of the Kinnesswood Formation which reach as far north as Hare Hill (though also underlie much of the southeastern part of Edinburgh) and which terminate to the southeast at the Cairnmuir Fault. The Kinnesswood sandstones together with rocks of the Ballaggan Formation, which form the lower ground immediately northwest of the Pentlands, constitute the early Carboniferous age Inverclyde Group.

Black Hill stands out as being an intrusion of microgranite or felsite, as in part is nearby Harbour Hill. South Black Hill on the other hand, together with Scald Hill and Carnethy hill are formed from various lithologies of the Pentland Hills Volcanic Formation, as too are Allermuir, Caerketton and Castlelaw hills. The Volcanic Formation gives rise to generally steeper and craggier hillsides as these rocks are more resistant to erosion than the sedimentary rocks.

Much of the lower ground is covered by glacial till from the last ice age. Glacial meltwater channels are identified in places as at Deer Hope and the deep cleft of Green Cleugh between Hare Hill and Black Hill.

List of peaks
The peaks include:
 * Scald Law (579 m) (579 m)
 * Carnethy Hill (573 m) (573 m)
 * East Cairn Hill (567 m) (567 m)
 * South Black Hill (563 m) (563 m)
 * West Cairn Hill (562 m) (562 m)
 * West Kip (551 m) (551 m)
 * Byrehope Mount (536 m) (536 m)
 * Mount Maw (535 m) (536 m)
 * East Kip (534 m) (534 m)
 * Turnhouse Hill (506 m) (1660 ft)
 * Black Hill (501 m) (501 m)
 * Allermuir Hill (493 m) (493 m)
 * Castlelaw Hill (488 m) (488 m)
 * Caerketton Hill (478 m) (478 m)

The hills span a number of council regions: from the City of Edinburgh council area and Midlothian in the north, south-west through West Lothian to the Scottish Borders and South Lanarkshire.

Use
The Pentland Hills Regional Park was designated in 1986. It covers an area of 90 km2 (35 sq mi) at the northern end of the hills. The park, together with the rest of the hills, is used for a variety of recreational activities including hillwalking, mountain biking, horse riding, golf, and skiing at the artificial ski slope at the Midlothian Snowsports Centre.

Today most of the land is upland pasture, along with a few forestry plantations. The Ministry of Defence have a rifle range at Castlelaw. A number of rivers rise in the hills, including the Water of Leith and the North Esk, and there are several reservoirs, including Threipmuir, Harlaw, Clubbiedean, Torduff, Glencorse and Loganlea.

In the southern part of the hills is Little Sparta, the garden of the late artist and poet Ian Hamilton Finlay.

Settlements in or near the Pentlands include:
 * Edinburgh suburbs - Balerno (with Malleny Mills), Juniper Green, Colinton, Currie, Oxgangs, Fairmilehead, Swanston
 * Midlothian - Glencorse, Hillend, Nine Mile Burn, Eight Mile Burn, Penicuik, Silverburn
 * West Lothian - Kirknewton. Livingston is also nearby.
 * Scottish Borders (traditional Peeblesshire) - Carlops, West Linton
 * South Lanarkshire - Biggar, Auchengray, Carnwath, Dolphinton, Dunsyre, Garvald, Tarbrax

History
There is evidence of prehistoric settlement in the area, e.g. the hillfort and souterrain at Castle Law, and another at Caerketton. The hills were most likely settled, farmed and defended in the pre-Roman and Roman era by the local Celtic people known to the Romans as the Votadini.

About 20 m (66 ft) into Glencorse Reservoir lie the submerged ruins of the chapel of St Katherine's in the Hope. The founding of the chapel is connected with the story of a mediaeval royal deer hunt. According to the story, King Robert the Bruce staked the Pentland Estate against the life of Sir William St Clair, with the outcome of the hunt of a white deer by the knight and his two hounds, 'Help' and 'Hold', being the deciding factor. The dogs managed to bring down the deer, and in gratitude, and to mark the spot, Sir William had a chapel built in the glen.

The hills were the scene of an incident in 1666 following the Restoration of King Charles II when an outbreak of armed rebellion amongst Covenanters led to a small force of badly armed conventiclers being defeated at the battle of Rullion Green. Afterwards the whole episode was (incorrectly) named the Pentland Rising. The incident is commemorated by the "Covenanter's Grave", a cairn after which one of the drove roads across the hills is known (OS Grid Reference NT078521).

In literature
In Greyfriars Bobby, Bobby comes from (and later revisits) the Pentland Hills, whilst in Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, Frankenstein's friend Henri Clerval is said to have been filled with 'cheerfulness and admiration' when he visited the Pentland Hills while heading further north (Chapter 19).

title: Pentland Hills


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San Bernardo

San Bernardo may refer to:

Mexico

 * San Bernardo, Baja California Sur
 * San Bernardo, Chihuahua
 * San Bernardo, Coahuila
 * San Bernardo, Durango
 * San Bernardo, Guanajuato (3 towns)
 * San Bernardo, Hidalgo (2 towns)
 * San Bernardo Tlamimilolpan, Mexico State
 * San Bernardo, Oaxaca (2 towns)
 * San Bernardo Mixtepec, Oaxaca
 * San Bernardo, Nuevo León
 * San Bernardo, Puebla
 * San Bernardo, Sonora
 * San Bernardo, Tabasco
 * San Bernardo, Yucatán (2 towns)
 * San Bernardo, Zacatecas

Other countries

 * Tarija, Bolivia or San Bernardo de la Frontera de Tarija
 * San Bernardo, Chile
 * San Bernardo del Viento, Colombia
 * San Bernardo, Nariño, Colombia
 * San Bernardo, Cundinamarca, Colombia
 * Archipelago of San Bernardo, a group of islands in the Caribbean belonging to Colombia
 * San Bernardo del Tuyú, a city in Argentina

Other uses

 * San Bernardo (Madrid Metro), a railway station in Madrid, Spain
 * San Bernardo alle Terme, a church in Italy
 * San Bernardo (Ringling, Oklahoma), on the NRHP in Jefferson County, Oklahoma
 * San Bernardo (1966 film), a Filipino film directed by Fernando Poe Jr.

title: San Bernardo


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User talk:Maramotus

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title: User talk:Maramotus


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Eastern Mennonite School

Eastern Mennonite School (EMS) is a K-12 private school in Harrisonburg, Virginia. It is affiliated with the Virginia Mennonite Conference of Mennonite Church USA.

Mission and philosophy
EMS's mission and its educational philosophy conform to Anabaptist-Mennonite thought, teaching and valuing peace-building, with a Christ-centered worldview. The school encourages demonstration of personal faith through service and through the practical application of knowledge, and it emphasizes living responsibly and pursuing peace in one's local and global community. Faculty seek to teach examples of peacemaking in history and in current affairs. Students experience the Christian mission of the school through Bible curricula in each grade, K-12; they attend daily chapels (6-12), have weekly elementary school gatherings, and have weekly Neighbor Group meetings (6-12). Twice a year, the staff invites a Spiritual Renewal Speaker to hold week-long chapel meetings with the students.

Regular student trips to distant cities, states, and countries take place through annual E-terms (week-long Experiential Term), domestic and international Touring Choir trips, and biennial Discovery trips that take students on educational learning experiences to the American west coast and back.

History
Eastern Mennonite School began in 1917 as a high school and Bible school, adding college classes as the institution grew. In 1964, the school built a new building on Parkwood Drive directly below what was then Eastern Mennonite College (now Eastern Mennonite University). In 1968, EMS expanded schooling to grades 7-12 and was renamed Eastern Mennonite High School. In 1982, Eastern Mennonite High School officially become a separate legal entity from Eastern Mennonite College, with its own governing Board of Directors. In 2005 the school created Eastern Mennonite Elementary School. To shape its identity as a K-12 school, the organization was renamed Eastern Mennonite School, encompassing all three divisions - Elementary, Middle, and High schools. In 2006 the school expanded its facility to include a new 650-seat auditorium, fine and performing arts classrooms, expanded and renovated Science wing, and other additional classrooms. In the summer of 2009, the school renovated the gym, adding a new hardwood floor, better lights and new bleachers.

Co-curriculars
Athletics, performing arts, clubs, and other available co-curricular activities encourage student connection to the school community. The percentage of Eastern Mennonite School students that participate in co-curricular activities is generally between 94% and 96%.

Athletics
The elementary division of Eastern Mennonite School is part of the Blue Ridge Area Athletics Association. BRAAA is a group of area Christian elementary schools who have come together to provide team competition in sports. The elementary division has two seasons including fall soccer and winter basketball. All teams are co-ed, and are coached by parents and officiated by either parents or high school students. Practices are generally once a week with games scheduled on Saturdays. The seasons last approximately two months. Students are divided into teams according to their grades. Kindergarten, first, and second graders play on one team and third, fourth, and fifth graders play on another team.

The middle and high school divisions currently have a total of 26 teams: eight teams each fall and winter season and ten teams in the spring. All of the boys’ teams participate in the Virginia Independent Conference (VIC). The girls’ teams participate in the Blue Ridge Conference (BRC). Both conferences are for private schools in the state of Virginia. All varsity teams are eligible for post-season VISAA state competition. The Middle School level emphasis is on cultivating student interest, skill development, proper technique, and learning the rules of the particular sport more than winning. Team membership includes sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. The Junior Varsity team membership includes eighth, freshman, and sophomores (sixth and seventh when no middle school team is offered). At the Varsity level, emphasis is on fielding a team with the best opportunity to win while maintaining high levels of sportsmanship. This may result in unequal playing time. Although winning is important, other factors like developing team unity, significant individual progress and team improvement are vital keys to a successful season. Team Membership includes eighth through twelfth grades.

Performing arts
Each year in the elementary division, all fourth and fifth grade students perform a full-length drama for their parents and peers. Special Days are planned by "committees" of students with representation from each grade, and include themes such as Pajama Reading Day, Storybook Character Day, Crazy Hair Day, and Sports Day.

Each year the middle and high school divisions provide an opportunity for students in each grade level to participate in a drama production. Regularly scheduled stage productions include a middle school play, a high school musical, and a senior play. These stage productions also provide an opportunity for students to participate off-stage as sound and lighting technicians, stage managers, and assistant directors. In addition to dramatic stage productions, other opportunities in performing arts include participation in a full orchestra, jazz band, large choirs, and small vocal and string ensembles.

Clubs
Students sign up for clubs that interest them and many choose to participate in multiple clubs. All clubs have a faculty or parent sponsor to provide leadership and supervision. Each year, an effort is made to offer clubs that meet the interests of all age groups; however, students may also request a specific club be created and sponsored if sufficient interest is expressed by a group of students. Examples of clubs available at the elementary division include Chess Club and FIRST LEGO League. Middle and high school division clubs include the Windsock, Envirothon, Model UN, Poetry Debate, D&D, Art, and WeServe.

title: Eastern Mennonite School


text: User talk:69.199.241.228

title: User talk:69.199.241.228


text:
Madison Park (musical duo)

Madison Park is an American electronica duo composed of husband and wife James and DeAnna Cool.

Band history
Madison Park released some of their first tracks on the first two volumes of New Sound Theory, a pair of chill-out compilations released in 2003 through basicLUX Records, the record label they had founded in 2002. When their track “My Personal Moon,” from Volume 1, hit the Billboard Dance Singles Sales chart, they decided to release a full-length album, titled Boutique. The album was released on March 23, 2004. "Ocean Drive", the album's lead single, entered the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart (since renamed the Dance Club Songs chart) as the Hot Shot Debut on the chart dated October 2, 2004. It eventually peaked at number 12, spending a total of 12 weeks on the chart. The song remains their highest-peaking chart entry. In 2005, their remake of Roxy Music's "More Than This" also peaked within Billboard's Dance Club Songs top 30. In 2006, “I’m Listening”, a single from their sophomore album, In the Stars, also charted on the Dance Club Songs chart, peaking at number 25.

In 2007 Madison Park produced remixes for Sony Legacy's Remixed and Reimagined series. The first album in the Legacy Remixed series was released by Sony BMG. The collection was composed of Nina Simone classics and included remixes by Coldcut, Francios K, Chris Coco and Tony Humphries. Madison Park teamed up with Lenny B to rework “The Look of Love” that ultimately found its way onto the Sex And The City soundtrack in 2008. It also appeared in the Sex And The City film, also 2008. The next remix Madison Park produced for Sony Legacy was Billie Holiday's “I’m Gonna Lock My Heart” also released by Sony BMG. Their trip-hop version of the track was initially placed on“Billie Holidays: Remixed and Reimagined”. The Madison Park remix also appeared in an episode of Nip/Tuck in 2007.

In 2008, Madison Park released a third album, “Another Yesterday”. Two solid dance radio hits came from the album including title track “Another Yesterday” and “Come Out And Play”, a co-production with Swiss producer, Monodeluxe (alias Alessandro Oliviero). Since the release of the album Another Yesterday, Madison Park has released a score of maxi-singles such as “I Stumble Fall”, “Fascinated”, and “Sunrise”. Each title faring well amongst house music DJ's, club play and dance radio.

In late 2011 “Sunrise” a collaboration with Amsterdam-based producer, Beechkraft, appeared in the Top 10 in 18 US-based record pools and various terrestrial, satellite, and internet radio programs. “Sunrise” –Round Two is set for digital release on July 10, 2012.

Additional: Often quoted as saying that the band Roxy Music has served as a major musical influence, this was well-proven when the duo created Roxy Remodeled, a compilation CD of 13 reworked Roxy classics in their signature downtempo, house music vein. Distributed through Tommyboy Records, the CD was a well-liked selection of Elton John's as he reportedly purchased multiple copies from an Atlanta Tower Records on separate occasions. Madison Park's version of “More Than This”, a Billboard charter for the duo, was co-produced with US producer, Lenny B. The couple also reworked Same Old Scene with Soul Rider of Hallucination Recordings.

Upon release of the New Sound Theory series executive-produced by the pair, local DJ's participated in “New Sound Sundays” held weekly at Halo Lounge in Atlanta, hosted by their record label basicLUX Records.

Madison Park participated in several music placement programs to help broaden their fan-base such as Dell Computer and Apple's iPod in 2006 and 2007.

Both vegetarian, as well as co-producer of vegan, travel creamer SoyGo, Madison Park produced the video “Opus One” regarding the plight of animals raised for food in factory farms in 2007. In 2008 a version with French-subtitles was created and can be found on YouTube.

In 2012 Madison Park signed with Toco International on current single “Sunrise” -collaboration with Amsterdam-based producer, Beechkraft.

Currently producing the fifth volume of New Sound Theory, the duo is also working on new Madison Park material for a fourth album.

Boutique (2004)

 * 1) Nu Sensation
 * 2) Ocean Drive
 * 3) Sense & Sensibility
 * 4) You Do Something To Me
 * 5) Boutique
 * 6) My Personal Moon (Lenny B's Disco-house mix)
 * 7) Who's Got the Time
 * 8) Free
 * 9) You Take Me Places
 * 10) Walking Down The Street
 * 11) Give Me Your Love
 * 12) Opus One
 * 13) I Can Change Your Mind (vocal house mix)
 * 14) My Personal Moon (NST mix)

In The Stars (2006)

 * 1) All About The Groove
 * 2) Dancing Away All My Time
 * 3) In The Stars
 * 4) When Alive Is Alive
 * 5) I'm Listening
 * 6) Love Solution
 * 7) Right Around Here
 * 8) Other Way Around
 * 9) More Than This
 * 10) Breathe
 * 11) One Day
 * 12) Ocean Drive (Lenny B's Club Mix)

Another Yesterday (2008)

 * 1) Another Yesterday
 * 2) Just As the Sun
 * 3) Miles Away
 * 4) Numbing Down to Nothing
 * 5) Slowly
 * 6) Come Out And Play
 * 7) Something's Missing
 * 8) More Than This (The Sidewalk Mix)
 * 9) I See Your Face
 * 10) Put Your Problems On Me
 * 11) Wish You Were Here
 * 12) I Don't Want to Know
 * 13) Your Touch
 * 14) Another Yesterday (Slow It Down Mix)

Singles and Extended Plays

 * My Personal Moon
 * Ocean Drive
 * More Than This
 * I'm Listening
 * One Day
 * All About The Groove (round one)
 * All About The Groove (round two)
 * In A Trance
 * Come Out And Play
 * Another Yesterday
 * I Stumble, Fall
 * Fascination
 * Sunrise

title: Madison Park (musical duo)


text:
John FitzRoy, 9th Duke of Grafton

John Charles William Fitzroy, 9th Duke of Grafton (1 August 1914 – 4 August 1936), was a British peer and politician, styled The Honourable John FitzRoy from 1914 to 1918, Viscount Ipswich in 1918, and Earl of Euston from 1918 to 1930.

Biography
FitzRoy was the eldest son of William FitzRoy, Viscount Ipswich (himself the eldest son of the 8th Duke of Grafton and his first wife, Margaret Rose Smith) and his wife Auriol Margaretta Brougham, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. When his father died in a flying accident in April 1918 and when his great-grandfather died in December 1918, John FitzRoy became the heir to his grandfather's titles and succeeded to them in 1930.

In 1929 he gave away his mother on the occasion of her second marriage, to Major Gavin Hume-Gore.

The Duke died aged twenty-two, unmarried and childless, after his Bugatti crashed during the Limerick Grand Prix motor race in Limerick, Ireland. His dukedom was inherited by his cousin, Charles, but his viscountcy of Thetford and earldom and barony of Arlington fell into abeyance between his sisters, Lady Jane and Lady Mary-Rose. The viscountcy and earldom remain abeyant, but the abeyance of his barony was terminated in 1999, in favour of Lady Jane's eldest daughter, Jennifer.

title: John FitzRoy, 9th Duke of Grafton


text:
Nightmare (1956 film)

Nightmare is a 1956 American film noir crime film directed by Maxwell Shane and starring Edward G. Robinson, Kevin McCarthy and Connie Russell.

The story is based on a novel by William Irish (a pseudonym of Cornell Woolrich). The book had been previously adapted as the 1947 film Fear in the Night, originally titled Nightmare, also written and directed by Shane.

Plot
New Orleans big-band clarinetist Stan Grayson experiences a nightmare in which he sees himself killing a man in a mirrored room, while in the background haunting dirge-like music plays. He awakens to find blood on himself, bruises on his neck and a key from the dream in his hand.

Grayson tells his brother-in-law, police detective Rene Bressard, about the problem but is dismissed. Later, the two men take a picnic in the country with Grayson's girlfriend and sister. Grayson leads them to the empty house from his dream, and it begins to rain. After they find a record player and begin dancing, Grayson's girlfriend bumps into the phonograph, changing the speed. The slowed music becomes the song from Grayson's nightmare. They then discover that the house contains a mirrored room as in Grayson's dream. When he finds that a murder did indeed take place, Bressard suspects Grayson.

Grayson, stressed and suicidal, protests his innocence, which makes Bressard dig deeper. They learn that a hypnotist living in Grayson's building may have caused him to commit the murder. Bressard now must prove that although Grayson committed the murder, he was acting against his will.

Cast

 * Edward G. Robinson as Rene Bressard
 * Kevin McCarthy as Stan Grayson
 * Connie Russell as Gina, Stan's Girl
 * Virginia Christine as Mrs. Sue Bressard
 * Rhys Williams as Deputy Torrence
 * Gage Clarke as Harry Britten
 * Marian Carr as Madge Novick
 * Barry Atwater as Capt. Warner
 * Meade Lux Lewis as Meade
 * Billy May and His Orchestra as Themselves

Production
The film was the first production of Pine-Thomas-Shane Productions, a new iteration of Pine-Thomas Productions, which had been based at Paramount from 1940 to 1954. The company signed a contract with United Artists, but William H. Pine died. The company was renamed Pine-Thomas-Shane to reflect the contribution of long-time screenwriter Maxwell Shane, and the titular Pine was Howard Pine, William Pine's son. The film was intended as the first of three films for United Artists, with the others to be Lincoln McEever and The Mountain Has No Shadow, although these were never produced. Filming began on October 31, 1955.

Billy May and His Orchestra perform in the film as themselves. They also provide the theme song, "Nightmare in New Orleans."

Although Edward G. Robinson does not portray the hypnotist in the film, he was promoted as such in the film's promotional materials.

Reception
In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Milton Esterow called the film "... a modest melodrama with some crooked turns but neat performances ..."

The Los Angeles Times called Nightmare "draggy" and wrote: "Its opening scenes are effective, but things go haywire fast."

title: Nightmare (1956 film)


text:
Frederic Hymen Cowen

Sir Frederic Hymen Cowen (29 January 1852 – 6 October 1935), was an English composer, conductor and pianist.

Early years and musical education
Cowen was born Hymen Frederick Cohen at 90 Duke Street, Kingston, Jamaica, the fifth and last child of Frederick Augustus Cohen and Emily Cohen née Davis. His siblings were Elizabeth Rose Cohen (b. 1843); actress, Henrietta Sophia Cohen (b. 1845); painter, Lionel Jonas Cohen (b. 1847), and Emma Magnay Cohen (b. 1849).

At the age of four years Frederic was brought to England, where his father became treasurer to the opera at Her Majesty's Opera, now Her Majesty's Theatre, and private secretary to William Humble Ward, 11th Lord Ward (1817–1885). The family initially lived at 11 Warwick Crescent, London, in the area known as Little Venice. His first teacher was Henry Russell, and his first published composition, Minna-waltz, appeared when he was only six years old. He produced his first published operetta, Garibaldi, at the age of eight. With the help of the Earl of Dudley, he studied the piano with Julius Benedict, and composition with John Goss.

His first public appearance as a pianist was as an accompanist in one of his own early songs sung by Mrs Drayton at a concert in Brighton in the early 1860s. His first genuine public recital was given on 17 December 1863 at the Bijou Theatre of the old Her Majesty's Opera House, and in the following year he performed Mendelssohn's Piano Concerto in D minor at a concert given at Dudley House, Park Lane, the London home of the Earl of Dudley. At the same venue a year later he premiered his Pianoforte Trio in A major with Joseph Joachim playing the violin part.

By Autumn 1865, it was the judgment of his instructors, Julius Benedict and John Goss, that they could do little more to further his musical education and recommended that he study in Germany. By coincidence the second competition for the Mendelssohn Scholarship was due to be held that gave its winner three years of tuition at the Leipzig Conservatorium. Cowen attended the examination and won the prize, but his parents intervened, as they were not prepared to give up control of him, as stipulated by the terms of the prize. Instead, they agreed to send him to the same institution, but as an independent student. Charles Swinnerton Heap was awarded the prize in his place. At Leipzig, overseen by Ernst Friedrich Eduard Richter, Cowen studied under Moritz Hauptmann (harmony and counterpoint), Ignaz Moscheles (piano), Carl Reinecke (composition) and Ferdinand David (ensemble work). He also came into contact with Salomon Jadassohn and Ernst Wenzel, and took some private piano lessons with Louis Plaidy. Cowen's fellow students and companions in Leipzig included Swinnerton Heap, Johan Svendsen, Oscar Beringer and Stephen Adams.

In 1887, shortly after conducting his Scandinavian Symphony, he was taken ill with Scarlet fever and recovered at the specialist convalescent home of Mary Wardell in Stanmore.

Career
Returning home on the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War, he appeared as a composer for the orchestra in an Overture in D minor played at Alfred Mellon's Promenade Concerts at Covent Garden on 8 September 1866. In the following autumn he went to Berlin, where he studied composition under Friedrich Kiel and Carl Taubert, and took piano lessons from Carl Tausig, enrolling at the academy created by Julius Stern, known as the Stern'sches Konservatorium. A symphony (his first in C minor) and a piano concerto (in A minor) were given in St. James's Hall on 9 December 1869, and from that moment Cowen began to be recognised as primarily a composer, his talents as a pianist being subordinate, although his public appearances were numerous for some time afterwards.

His cantata, The Rose Maiden, was given at London in 1870, his Second Symphony in F major by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society in 1872, and his first festival work, The Corsair, in 1876 at Birmingham. In that year his opera, Pauline, was given by the Carl Rosa Opera Company with moderate success. His most important work, his Symphony No. 3 in C minor, Scandinavian, which was first performed at St. James's Hall in 1880 and went on to establish itself for a decade as one of the most popular symphonic works in the repertoire, brought him some international recognition. Appearing in 1880, it proved to be the most regularly and widely performed British symphony until the arrival of Elgar's First. In 1884 he conducted five concerts of the Philharmonic Society of London, and in 1888, on the resignation of Arthur Sullivan, became the regular conductor of that society. His employment there came to an abrupt termination in 1892 when he apologised for any shortcomings in the orchestra's performance of Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony before they had rendered it, due to the lack of rehearsal time that he felt he had been given. The directors took umbrage at his remarks and did not renew his contract. In the year of his appointment to the Philharmonic Society, 1888, he went to Melbourne as the conductor of the daily concerts given in connection with the Exhibition there for the unprecedented sum of £5,000. In 1896, Cowen was appointed conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic Society and of the Hallé Orchestra, succeeding Sir Charles Hallé. He was ousted from the Hallé after three years in favour of Hans Richter. In 1899, he was reappointed conductor of the Philharmonic Society of London. He also conducted the Bradford Festival Choral Society, the Bradford Permanent Orchestra, the Scottish Orchestra (now known as the Royal Scottish National Orchestra) and the Handel Festivals at The Crystal Palace for some years, as well as being a regular attendee at many British music festivals, both as conductor and composer.

Cowen's career, both as composer and conductor, is now unjustly forgotten. He was one of the first British-born professional conductors to have the respect of critics, orchestral musicians, and the public, and he held lengthy tenures with every major British orchestra active before 1900. In addition, his six-month engagement with the Melbourne Exposition made him the most highly-paid conductor in history up to that time. Although he regarded himself primarily as a symphonist, he was most successful in lighter orchestral pieces when treating fantastic or fairy subjects, where his gifts for graceful melody and colourful orchestration are shown to best advantage. Whether in his cantatas for female voices, his charming Sleeping Beauty, his Water Lily or his pretty overture, The Butterfly's Ball (1901), he succeeds in finding graceful expression for the poetical idea. His dance music, such as is to be found in various orchestral suites, is refined, original and admirably instrumented. Much of his more serious music is commendable rather than inspired and seldom successful in portraying the graver aspects of emotion. Indeed, his choral works, written for the numerous musical festivals around Victorian and Edwardian Britain, typify the public taste of his time. Of his 300 or so songs, they encompass everything from the popular ballad to the high art song, the latter of which led him to be described as the 'English Schubert' in 1898. Indeed, the vogue of his semi-sacred songs has been widespread.

Cowen received honorary doctorates from Cambridge and Edinburgh in 1900 and 1910 respectively, and was knighted at St. James's Palace on 6 July 1911. Cowen married Frederica Gwendoline Richardson at St. Marylebone Registry Office, London, 23 June 1908. She was 30 years his junior and they had no issue. He died on 6 October 1935 and was buried at the Jewish Cemetery, Golders Green. His wife died at Hove, Sussex, in 1971.

Autobiography
Cowen, Sir Frederic H. My Art and My Friends. London: Edward Arnold, 1913.

Cowen's autobiography details his conducting and compositional career, and experiences with musical colleagues and ensembles. 314 pages, with frontispiece photographic portrait, and an index.

Opera and operetta

 * 1860 - Garibaldi, operetta (Maida Hill, London, 4 February 1860)
 * 1874 - One Too Many, comedietta (St George's Hall, London, 24 June 1874)
 * 1876 - Pauline, opera (Lyceum Theatre, London, 22 November 1876)
 * 1890 - Thorgrim, opera (Drury Lane Theatre, London, 22 April 1890)
 * 1893 - Signa, opera (in 3 Acts, Teatro dal Verme, Milan, 12 November 1893 and later reduced to 2 Acts, Covent Garden Theatre, London, 30 June 1894)
 * 1895 - Harold or the Norman Conquest, opera (Covent Garden Theatre, London, 8 June 1895)
 * 1918 - The Spirit of Carnival, operetta (unfinished)
 * 1921 - Comedy-Opera, comedy opera (unperformed)

Incidental music

 * 1871 - The Maid of Orleans (Brighton Festival, February 1871)
 * 1922 - The Enchanted Cottage (Duke of York's Theatre, London, 1922)

Other stage works

 * 1917 - Monica's Blue Boy, pantomime (New Theatre, London, 1918)
 * 1917 - Cupid's Conspiracy, comedy ballet (Coliseum Theatre, London, 31 December 1917)

Orchestral

 * 1866 - Overture in D minor (Covent Garden Theatre, London, 8 September 1866)
 * 1869 - Symphony No. 1 in C minor (St James's Hall, London, 9 December 1869)
 * 1872 - Festival Overture (Norwich Festival, 17 September 1872)
 * 1872 - Symphony No. 2 in F (Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool, 8 October 1872)
 * 1880 - The Language of Flowers, [first] suite de ballet (St James's Hall, London, 27 November 1880)
 * 1880 - Symphony No. 3 in C minor, Scandinavian (St James's Hall, London, 18 December 1880)
 * 1881 - Sinfonietta in A major (St James's Hall, London, 12 May 1881)
 * 1881 - Niagara, characteristic overture in C major (Crystal Palace, London, 22 October 1881)
 * 1883 - In the Olden Time, suite in D for strings (Crystal Palace, London, 17 March 1883)
 * 1883 - Barbaric March (Albert Hall, London, 1883)
 * 1883 - Deux Morceaux: Melodie and A l'espagne (Crystal Palace, London, 10 November 1883)
 * 1884 - Symphony No. 4 in B flat minor, The Welsh (St James's Hall, London, 28 May 1884)
 * 1886 - March (Folkestone Exhibition, Folkestone, May 1886)
 * 1886 - Overture in D (Liverpool Exhibition, Liverpool, 11 May 1886)
 * 1887 - Symphony No. 5 in F (Guildhall, Cambridge, 9 June 1887)
 * 1896 - In Fairyland, suite de ballet (St James's Hall, London, 6 May 1896)
 * 1896 - Four English Dances in the Olden Style (St James's Hall, London, 11 May 1896)
 * 1897 - Symphony No. 6 in E, Idyllic (St James's Hall, London, 31 May 1897)
 * 1901 - The Butterfly's Ball, concert overture (Queen's Hall, London, 2 March 1901)
 * 1901 - A Phantasy of Life and Love, orchestral poem (Three Choirs Festival, Gloucester, 11 September 1901)
 * 1902 - Coronation March (Queen's Hall, London, 29 March 1902)
 * 1903 - Indian Rhapsody (Three Choirs Festival, Hereford, 9 September 1903)
 * 1903 - Two Pieces: Childhood and Girlhood for small orchestra
 * 1903 - Reverie (Edinburgh, December 1903)
 * 1905 - A Suite of Old English Dances (City Hall, Candleriggs, Glasgow, 27 January 1906)
 * 1912 - The Months, twelve sketches
 * 1914 - The Language of Flowers, second suite de ballet (Queen's Hall, London, 19 September 1914)
 * 1934 - The Magic Goblet – The Luck of Edenhall (BBC Studio, London, 9 June 1934)
 * 1934 - Miniature Variations (Humoresque) (BBC Studio, London, 20 April 1935)

Instrumental soloist and orchestra

 * 1869 - Piano Concerto in A minor (St James's Hall, London, 9 December 1869)
 * 1897 - Concertstück, for piano and orchestra (Queen's Hall, London, 28 June 1900)

Oratorio and cantata

 * 1870 - The Rose Maiden, cantata (St James's Hall, London, November 1870)
 * 1876 - The Corsair, dramatic cantata (Birmingham Festival, 29 August 1876)
 * 1878 - The Deluge, oratorio (Brighton Festival, 28 February 1878)
 * 1881 - St. Ursula, sacred cantata (Norwich Festival, 13 October 1881)
 * 1885 - Sleeping Beauty, cantata (Birmingham Festival, 25 August 1885)
 * 1887 - Ruth, dramatic oratorio (Three Choirs Festival, Worcester, 8 September 1887)
 * 1889 - St John's Eve, cantata (Crystal Palace, London, 14 December 1889)
 * 1893 - The Water-Lily, cantata (Norwich Festival, 6 October 1893)
 * 1895 - The Transfiguration, church cantata (Three Choirs Festival, Gloucester, 15 September 1895)
 * 1898 - Ode to the Passions, cantata (Leeds Festival, 8 October 1898)
 * 1900 - Jephthah, oratorio (unfinished)
 * 1904 - John Gilpin, cantata (Cardiff Festival, 23 September 1904)
 * 1910 - The Veil, ethical cantata (Cardiff Festival, 20 September 1910)

Other choral

 * 1888 - A Song of Thanksgiving, commemoration ode for chorus and orchestra (Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia, 1 August 1888)
 * 1890 - In Memoriam Carl Rosa, ode for triple-quartet, chorus and orchestra (Liverpool, November 1890)
 * 1891 - The Fairies' Spring, for female voices and piano
 * 1893 - Village Scenes, for female voices and piano
 * 1893 - Summer on the River, for female voices and piano
 * 1893 - The Promise of Life, arrangement of song for tenor soloist, male chorus and piano
 * 1894 - Christmas Scenes, for female voices and piano
 * 1895 - The Rose of Life, for female voices and piano
 * 1896 - A Daughter of the Sea, for female voices and piano
 * 1897 - All Hail the Glorious Reign, commemoration ode for chorus and orchestra (Earl's Court, London, 24 May 1897)
 * 1902 - Coronation Ode, ode for soprano, chorus and orchestra (Norwich Festival, 22 October 1902)
 * 1907 - He Giveth His Belovèd Sleep for contralto, chorus and orchestra (Cardiff Festival, 27 September 1907)
 * 1914 - What shall we dance?, arrangement of part-song for chorus and orchestra

Vocal soloist and orchestra

 * 1897 - The Dream of Endymion, scena for tenor and orchestra (Queen's Hall, London, 17 June 1897)

Chamber music

 * 1865 - Piano Trio No. 1 in A major (Dudley House, Park Lane, London, 22 June 1865)
 * 1868 - Piano Trio No. 2 in A minor
 * 1866 - String Quartet in C minor (Conservatorium, Leipzig, 14 January 1866)

Works for solo piano

 * 1863 - Lied ohne worte (Her Majesty's Theatre, London, 17 December 1863)
 * 1864 - Sonata
 * 1912 - The Months, Twelve Sketches

Songs
The following are among over 300 songs written by Cowen: At least two songs, It was a Dream and Almost, had lyrics by R. E. Francillon.
 * Border Ballad
 * I will give you Rest
 * Buttercups and Daisies
 * When the Worlds is Fair
 * The Voice of the Father
 * The Swallows
 * Promise of Life
 * The Chimney Corner
 * The Reaper and the Flowers
 * The Better Land
 * Spinning
 * It was a Dream

Scores and manuscripts
Most of Cowen's works were published in one form or another although several have been lost.

The following major scores were published:
 * Novello, Ewer & Co., London, issued full orchestral scores of Symphony No.4, Sleeping Beauty, Ruth, Symphony No.5, Four English Dances in the Olden Style, The Butterfly's Ball, the Coronation March,  the Two Pieces, Reverie, John Gilpin and A Suite of Old English Dances together with vocal scores of Sleeping Beauty, Ruth, A Song of Thanksgiving, St John's Eve, Thorgrim, The Water-Lily, Village Scenes, Summer on the River, Christmas Scenes, The Rose of Life, A Daughter of the Sea, All Hail the Glorious Reign, The Dream of Endymion, Ode to the Passions, the Coronation Ode, John Gilpin, He Giveth His Beloved Sleep, The Veil and What shall we dance?, together with several piano arrangements including The Months and a piano duet arrangement of Symphony No.4.
 * Metzler & Co., London, issued full orchestral scores of the first The Language of Flowers suite, In Fairyland and the second The Language of Flowers suite together with the vocal score of Saint Ursula and a piano selection from Monica's Blue Boy; Boosey & Co., London, issued the full orchestral score of the Indian Rhapsody, together with vocal scores of Garibaldi, The Rose Maiden, The Corsair, Pauline, The Promise of Life and The Transfiguration.
 * Breitkopf and Härtel, Leipzig, issued the full orchestral score of Symphony No.6.
 * Joseph Williams, London, issued full orchestral scores of A Phantasy of Life and Love and the Concertstück together with the vocal score of Harold, a selection from  One Too Many and a piano suite from Cupid's Conspiracy.
 * E. Ascherberg & Co., London, issued the vocal score of Signa.
 * Albert J. Gutmann, Vienna, issued the full scores of Symphony No.3 and Deux Morceaux together with a piano duet arrangement of Symphony No.3.
 * Robert Cocks & Co., London, issued the vocal score of ''The Fairies' Spring.

Many of Cowen's unpublished orchestral manuscripts, together with the relevant orchestral performing material, are presumed lost including the Piano Concerto, the first two symphonies, the 1866 Overture, the Festival Overture,  The Maid of Orleans, One Too Many, The Corsair, The Deluge, Saint Ursula, Pauline, the Sinfonietta, Niagara, In the Olden Time, the Barbaric March, the 1886 March, the 1886 Overture, A Song of Thanksgiving, St John's Eve, Thorgrim, the ode In Memoriam Carl Rosa, Signa, Harold, The Transfiguration, Jephthah and the complete version of The Magic Goblet - The Luck of Edenhall.

Several significant manuscripts have, however, survived:
 * The full orchestral score of The Water-Lily is held by The British Library, London (Add.Ms 50767) together with the Comedy-Opera (Add.Ms 52426).
 * The full orchestral scores of Four English Dances in the Olden Style, The Dream of Endymion, All hail the glorious reign, Ode to the Passions, The Butterfly’s Ball, the Coronation Ode, the Coronation March, John Gilpin, A Suite of Old English Dances, He Giveth His Beloved Sleep, The Veil, The Months and What shall we dance? are held by the Library of the Royal College of Music, London (Add.Mss 5058a-p) together with the full orchestral score of the Miniature Variations (Humoreque) (Add.Ms 9015) and the vocal score of the ode In Memoriam Carl Rosa (Add.Ms 7425).
 * The full orchestral scores of The Enchanted Cottage (incomplete) and The Magic Goblet - The Luck of Edenhall (incomplete), together with thirteen numbers either in vocal or piano score from The Spirit of Carnival and a short score, drafts and sketches for the Miniature Variations (Humoresque) (all Mss Mus.b.45) are held by the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
 * The full orchestral score of The Rose Maiden is held by the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Music Mss 0028).

title: Frederic Hymen Cowen


text:
Sordello

Sordello da Goito or Sordel de Goit (sometimes Sordell) was a 13th-century Italian troubadour. His life and work have inspired several authors including Dante Alighieri, Robert Browning, and Samuel Beckett.

Life
Sordello was born in the municipality of Goito in the province of Mantua. About 1220 he was in a tavern brawl in Florence; and in 1226, while at the court of Richard of Bonifazio in Verona, he abducted his master's wife, Cunizza, at the instigation of her brother, Ezzelino III da Romano. The scandal resulted in his flight (1229) to Provence, where he seems to have remained for some time. He entered the service of Charles of Anjou, and probably accompanied him (1265) on his Naples expedition; in 1266 he was a prisoner in Naples. The last documentary mention of him is in 1269, and he is supposed to have died in Provence. His appearance in Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy among the spirits of those who, though redeemed, were prevented from making a final confession and reconciliation by sudden death, suggests that he was murdered, although this may be Dante's own conjecture.

Works
So far as we have authentic facts about his life, Sordello was the most famous of the Italian troubadours. His didactic poem L’ensenhamen d’onor, and his love songs and satirical pieces have little in common with Dante's presentation, but the invective against negligent princes which Dante puts into his mouth in the 7th canto of the Purgatorio is more adequately paralleled in his sirventes-planh (1237) on the death of his patron Blacatz, where he invites the princes of Christendom to feed on the heart of the hero.

Medieval literature
Sordello was praised by Dante around 1305 in his treatise De vulgari eloquentia. He also appears as a character in the Divine Comedy, composed between 1308 and 1321, where he is featured in cantos 6, 7, and 8 of Purgatorio. The pilgrim meets Sordello among the souls who repented late in life or were violently murdered in Ante-Purgatory, which suggests that Dante thought that Sordello was murdered. When first approached by Dante and Virgil in Purgatorio 6, Sordello is clearly distinguished from other souls and stays silent. Sordello's first appearance is comparable to a lion eyeing the approaching travelers attentively. It is only when Virgil begs him for the best upward path that Sordello engages with the two poets and asks them about their city and life. Once Virgil mentions his city, Mantua, Sordello embraces him and expresses his excitement at hearing the sound of his city. Sordello thus shows that he regards himself as Virgil's neighbor and friend due to their common birthplace, and the love they both share for Mantua is enough to prompt their warm reaction to one another. Sordello continues to walk with the pair for three cantos. Dante uses Sordello's patriotism as a starting point for an aside that presents a breakdown of Italian politics to denounce Italy and its corrupted morals, violence, and lack of effective leadership (Purgatorio 6.76-151). In the narrative, Sordello also serves to teach Dante and Virgil about the workings of Ante-Purgatory, and he leads them out of it, until they all reach of the Valley of Rulers. Upon reaching the Valley of Rulers, Sordello points out the notable kings and princes surrounding the trio. Those mentioned are Rudolph of Hapsburg, Ottokar II of Bohemia, Philip III the Bold of France, Peter III of Aragon, among others.

Modern and contemporary literature
Sordello is also the hero of the well-known poem Sordello by Robert Browning, published in 1840. He is praised for his passion in Oscar Wilde's 1881 poem "Amor Intellectualis". Ezra Pound also references him in the Cantos.

Furthermore, Sordello is briefly referred to in Samuel Beckett's 1951 novels Molloy and Malone Dies. Numerous references to Sordello occur in Roberto Bolaño's 2000 novella By Night in Chile, and he is a principal character in Robert Shea's two-volume historical novel The Saracen, published in 1989.

title: Sordello


text:
User:Arie ten Cate

I live in The Netherlands.

My professional interests are statistics, econometric modelling, and the common ground between econometrics and engineering math.

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File:Nightmaremovie.jpg

Summary
Nightmare (1956 movie)

Fair use in Nightmare (1956 film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
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Timeline of Portuguese history (Lusitania and Gallaecia)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

3rd century BC

 * 237 BC - The Carthaginian General Hamilcar Barca enters Iberia with his armies through Gadir.
 * 228 BC - Hamilcar Barca dies in battle. He is succeeded in command of the Carthaginian armies in Iberia by his son-in-law Hasdrubal, who extends the newly acquired empire by skillful diplomacy, and consolidates it by the foundation of Carthago Nova (Cartagena) as the capital of the new province.
 * 226 BC - Treaty of the Ebro between Carthage and Rome, by which Carthage grants the Greek colonies in eastern Iberia all the lands north of the Ebro river.
 * 221 BC - Hasdrubal is killed by a Celtic assassin. Hannibal Barca, Hamilcar Barca's older son, is acclaimed commander-in-chief by the army and confirmed in his appointment by the Carthaginian Senate.
 * 221 BC-219 BC - Hannibal Barca expands Carthaginian conquests in Iberia. He goes as far as to penetrate in the territory of the Vacceos (north of central Iberia) and captures the cities of Salmantica (Salamanca) and Arbucela (region of Zamora). He is also credited as having founded the Port of Hannibal (possibly Portimão in the Algarve).
 * 219 BC - Hannibal Barca attacks the city of Saguntum (eastern Iberia). The Roman Senate sends envoys to declare the city under Roman protection, which is disregarded by Hannibal.

 * 218 BC
 * Hannibal Barca takes Saguntum and departs for the Italian peninsula in order to attack the Romans in their own territory. His younger brother Hasdrubal Barca is left in the command of the Carthaginian armies in Iberia.
 * Rome sends its armies to Iberia led by Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. Beginning of the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome.
 * 217 BC - Publius Cornelius Scipio joins his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus in the war against Carthage in Iberia.
 * 215 BC-213 BC - The Romans retake Saguntum and go deeper into Iberia, winning victories against the Carthaginians.
 * 212 BC - Large Carthaginian counter-offensive led by Hasdrubal Barca, his brother Mago Barca and Gisgo.
 * 211 BC
 * Publius Cornelius Scipio is killed in the Battle of Upper Baetis. Carthaginian victory.
 * Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus is killed in the Battle of Ilorci near Carthago Nova. Carthaginian victory.
 * 210 BC
 * The Carthaginian armies spend the winter in an area populated by the Conii.
 * Hasdrubal son of Gisco goes into Lusitania and camps near the Tagus mouth.
 * Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major arrives in Iberia and takes Carthago Nova.
 * 209 BC - Scipio Africanus drives back Hasdrubal Barca from his position at Baecula, on the upper Guadalquivir, but is unable to hinder the Carthaginian's march to Italy.
 * 206 BC
 * Battle of Ilipa (near Seville) between Roman legions, commanded by Scipio Africanus, and Carthaginian armies, commanded by Hasdrubal Gisco and Mago Barca. Roman victory that results in the evacuation of Iberia by the Punic commanders.
 * Gadir surrenders without a fight to the Romans.
 * 202 BC - End of the Second Punic War with the defeat of Hannibal Barca in the Battle of Zama in North Africa.
 * 200 BC - The Latin poet Quintus Ennius records, for the first time, the use of the word Hispania to designate the Iberian peninsula (from the Carthaginian name). By this time, the Romans control most of eastern and southern Hispania, along the Mediterranean coast.

2nd century BC

 * 197 BC- The Romans created the Roman provinces of Hispania Citerior (nearer Spain, on the east coast) and Hispania Ulterior (further Spain, in the south). The praetors Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus and Marcus Helvius are appointed as their first Governors with a mandate of one year.
 * 194 BC- First mention of the Lusitanians as enemies of Rome by Livy. They entered Hispania Ulterior and sack several cities in the valley of the River Baetis (modern Guadalquivir). they were defeated by the praetor Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica near Ilipa while returning to Lusitania loaded with booty.
 * 191/190 BC - The Lusitanians penetrated into Bastetania and defeated a Roman Garrison. Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus defeated them. He founded a Roman colony of Turris Lascutana thanks of local support against the Lusitanians.
 * 188/186 BC - Lusitanian and Celtiberian raids into Hispania Ulterior. The praetors of Hispania Ulterior and Citerior, Gaius Atinius and Lucius Manlius Acidinus, asked Rome for reinforcements, but this was ignored.
 * 186 BC - The Lusitanians crossed the River Baetis and took Hasta, near Gades (modern Cadiz). Atinius defeated them, but he is killed in battle.
 * 181 BC - Several small pitched battles between the Lusitanians and the praetors Pulbius Manlius are recorded without details.
 * 180 BC - Lucius Postimius Albinus and Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus consolidated a defensive line along the River Tagus and extended Hispania Ulterior further north. Albinus pacified the Lusitanians by force. Central Hispania was (for now) under Roman control.
 * 163 BC - Lusitanian rebellion. No details recorded.
 * 155 BC - The Lusitanians and Vettones raided Hispania Ulterior under Punicus, a Lusitanian chieftain. They crossed the plain of the River Baetis and reached the Mediterranean coast. Punicus was killed in battle by a stone to his head.
 * 154 BC
 * Caesarus succeeded Punicus. He defeated the praetor Lucius Mummius. According to legend Caesarus was killed in an ambush near Braganca.
 * The new Lusitanian leader, Caucenus marched south, attacked the Conii (in modern Algarve and Lower Alentejo) because they were allied with Rome. He took their main city, Conistorgis. He crossed into modern Morocco and besieged Ocile.
 * 152 BC The praetor, Marcus Atilius penetrated into Lusitania and seized its largest city, Oxthacae.
 * 150 BC
 * The praetor of Hispania Ulterior, Servius Sulpicius Galba, was defeated and lost 7000 men.
 * Galba and the consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus (commander in Hispania Citerior) conducted a pincer operation into Lusitania. The Lusitanians sued for peace.
 * Galba butchered by treachery Lusitanians who had gone to him to ask for peace; 9000 people were killed and 20,000 were sold into slavery.
 * 147 BC
 * The Lusitanians suffer severe losses at the hands of the Roman army led by Caius Vetilius, appointed governor of Hispania Ulterior.
 * Caius Vetilius promises the Lusitanians lands in the south if they abide by Roman rule. Viriathus, a survivor of Servius Sulpicius Galba's massacre, urges the tribes not to trust the Romans and fight back.
 * Viriathus is acclaimed leader of the Lusitanians.
 * The Lusitanians successfully resist Roman offensive.
 * Caius Vetilius, appointed governor of Hispania Ulterior, is killed in an ambush led by Viriathus.
 * 146 BC
 * Viriathus' Lusitanians defeat the Roman forces of Caius Plancius, taking the city of Segobriga.
 * Viriathus' Lusitanians defeat the Roman forces of Claudius Unimanus, governor of Hispania Citerior.
 * 145 BC
 * Viriathus' Lusitanians defeat the Roman forces of Caius Nigidius.
 * Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus is appointed governor of Hispania Citerior and given the specific task of helping Caius Lelius defeat Viriathus and the Lusitanians. The Romans achieve some military victories.
 * 143 BC
 * The Roman forces of Fabius Maximus Aemilianus are defeated in Ossuma (near modern Córdoba).
 * The Roman forces of Fabius Maximus Aemilianus are totally defeated near what is today the city of Beja in Alentejo.
 * 142 BC - The governor Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus attacks the territory of the Vettones, but is not able to take the cities of Numancia and Termancia.
 * 142 BC
 * Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus, new Consul of Hispania Ulterior, after having sacked several cities loyal to Viriathus in Baetica and southern Lusitania, is defeated by the Lusitanians in Erisane (in Baetica).
 * 141 BC - Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus, after the defeat, concluded a peace treaty. Viriatus is declared a friend of the Roman people and his followers are granted land.
 * 140 BC * The new consul who was assigned the command of Hisania Ulterior, Quintus Sevilius Caepio pressured the senate to declare the peace unworthy of the dignity of the Roman people.
 * In Hispania Ulterior, Servilius Cipianus, with the aid of Marcus Pompilius Lenas' armies, severely defeat the Lusitanians and oblige Viriathus to take refuge north of the Tagus river and surrender hostages, such as his son father-in-law, Astolpas.
 * Servilius Caepio armies also attack the Vettones and the Gallaecians.
 * Servilius Caepio founds the Roman cities of Castra Servilia and Caepiana (in the territory of the Celtici).
 * Viriathus send emissaries to negotiate the peace with Servilius Caepio.
 * Viriathus is betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (that had been sent as emissaries to Servilius Caepio), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus, bribed by Marcus Pompilius Lenas.
 * When Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus return to receive their reward by the Romans, the Consul Servilius Cipianus orders their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors".
 * Viriathus' Lusitanian armies, now led by Tautalus, still tries a southern incursion against the Romans, but are defeated. End of the Lusitanian War.
 * The Romans grant the Lusitanians lands in the south of Lusitania (in modern Alentejo).
 * 138 BC
 * First big Roman campaign deep inside present Portuguese territory led by Consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus. Decimus Junius Brutus, having in his back a pacified southern Lusitania (modern Alentejo and Algarve), established headquarters in the Valley of the Tagus (probably in the site of the Castle of Almourol) and had the allied city of Olisipo (modern Lisbon) fortified before advancing north, destroying settlements as he went. His defeat of a combined army of 60,000 Lusitanians, Gauls, and Callaici earned Decimus a "triumph" and the cognomen Callaicus.
 * The city of Olisipo (modern Lisbon) sends men to fight alongside the Roman legions against the Celtic tribes of the Northwest.
 * 137 BC
 * Proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus advances further north, mainly along the coastline, and establishes a fortified position in the area of modern Viseu.
 * The Roman legions cross the Douro river and enter the territory of the Gallaecians.
 * The Roman legions reluctantly cross the Lima river (Lethe, the river of forgetfulness), only after Decimus Junius Brutus crossed alone and called for them, thus proving he had not lost his memory.
 * 136 BC
 * Roman legions under Proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus reach the Minho river, but do not cross it for fear of losing their memories, again fearing they had reached the Lethe, the river of forgetfulness.
 * Decimus Junius Brutus lays siege and conquers the city of Talabriga, thus defeating the Gallaecians. After the military campaigns, the Roman legions departed south and left no garrisons.
 * The Roman Senate grants Praetor Decimus Junius Brutus the title Callaicus for his campaigns in Gallaecia.
 * 133 BC
 * The Celtiberians are defeated ending the Numantian War
 * 132 BC
 * A delegation of Roman Senators visits the new conquered territories in Iberian Peninsula so as to see what needs to be accomplished so Hispania could be incorporated into the growing empire.
 * 114 BC
 * Praetor Gaius Marius is sent to govern Lusitania and has to deal with minor Lusitanian unruliness.
 * 113 BC
 * Romans score victories against Lusitanian attacks with Praetor Gaius Marius and Proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus (who replaced Marius), but still the Lusitanians resist with a long guerrilla war. Eventually they are defeated.
 * Beginning of the progressive consolidation of Roman administration and control.
 * 105 BC-102 BC - After the Battle of Arausio, the Germanic Teutons and Cimbri plunder through all north Iberia as far as Gallaecia, before moving out and being defeated in the battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae.

1st century BC

 * 97 BC - The General Quintus Sertorius serves in Iberia for the first time.
 * 96 BC-94 BC - Publius Licinius Crassus (father of Marcus Licinius Crassus) Governor of Hispania Ulterior, leads a military expedition to the Northwest and finds the source mines of Tin.
 * 83 BC - Quintus Sertorius goes to Iberia for a second time, where he represented the Marian party (of Gaius Marius) against Lucius Cornelius Sulla in the Roman Republican civil wars.
 * 83 BC-72 BC - Quintus Sertorius Hispanic revolt, where he is joined by the Lusitanians.
 * 81 BC - Generalized Roman Republican war in all of Iberia.
 * 80 BC
 * Battle of the Baetis River, where rebel forces under Quintus Sertorius defeat the legal Roman forces of Lucius Fufidius, governor of Hispania Ulterior.
 * Quintus Sertorius' second in command, Hirtuleius, defeats the governor of Hispania Citerior.
 * 79 BC
 * Quintus Sertorius' armies control most of Hispania Ulterior and parts of Hispania Citerior.
 * The appointed governor of Hispania Ulterior, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, attacks the positions of Quintus Sertorius' armies, namely the city of Lacobriga (probably Lagos in the Algarve), but is unable to take it.
 * 77 BC
 * Quintus Sertorius is joined by the General Marcus Perperna Vento from Rome, with a following of Roman nobles.
 * Quintus Sertorius defeats the generals Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius at the Battle of Saguntum.
 * In this period Quintus Sertorius, through pacts of hospitability and clientele, establishes strong solidarity with local indigenous populations.
 * Quintus Sertorius founds a Roman school for the children of its local allies in Lusitania.
 * 76 BC
 * Quintus Sertorius defeats Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus near the Pyrenees.
 * In Baetica, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius defeats Hirtuleius, who is obliged to flee.
 * 75 BC
 * Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius again defeats Hirtuleius and is able to join his armies with those of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.
 * Battle of the Sucro where Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Lucius Afranius defeat Quintus Sertorius.
 * 74 BC - Probable expedition to Cale (in Gallaecia, near the modern city of Porto?) promoted by Marcus Perperna Vento.
 * 73 BC - Quintus Sertorius loses all the region of Celtiberia (north central Iberia).
 * 72 BC
 * Quintus Sertorius is assassinated at a banquet, Marcus Perperna Vento, it seems, being the chief instigator of the deed due to his grudge against the privileges of non-Roman military commanders.
 * Marcus Perperna Vento assumes the command of Quintus Sertorius' armies, but is swiftly defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. This marks the end of the Sertorian War.
 * Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius pacifies and submits Hispania Ulterior. The regions north of the Tagus river are still not effectively occupied by the Roman Republic.
 * 69 BC - Julius Caesar was elected Quaestor by the Assembly of the Roman People, at the age of 30, as stipulated in the Roman Cursus honorum, having been assigned with a quaestorship in Lusitania (part of Hispania Ulterior, whose governor was then Antistius Vetus).
 * 61 BC
 * Julius Caesar is assigned to serve as the Propraetor governor of Hispania Ulterior.
 * Julius Caesar attacks the Lusitanian areas between the Tagus and the Douro rivers, from his headquarters in Scallabis (modern Santarém).
 * Julius Caesar personally conducts an important naval expedition to the shores of Gallaecia.
 * 60 BC - Julius Caesar wins considerable victories over the Gallaecians and Lusitanians. During one of his victories, his men hailed him as Imperator in the field, which was a vital consideration in being eligible for a triumph back in Rome.
 * 59 BC - Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus make an agreement by which they establish the First Triumvirate.
 * 56 BC - The agreement establishing the First Triumvirate is renewed.
 * 53 BC
 * Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives dies in Parthia.
 * Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus is granted Hispania as a Proconsulular Province.
 * Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus delivers the rule of the two Roman provinces of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior to his lieutenants Marcus Terentius Varro and Marcus Petreius, respectively.
 * Marcus Petreius commands two Roman legions in Lusitania, between the frontier areas of the Lusitanians and the Vettones (at the edge of Roman effective control).
 * 50 BC
 * Open hostility between Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, the first favouring the Populares and the second the Optimates in their struggle for power.
 * Julius Caesar is asked by the Roman Senate to give up his troops, but he refuses.
 * 49 BC
 * January 1, The Roman Senate receives a proposal from Julius Caesar that he and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus should lay down their commands simultaneously. The Senate rejects Julius Caesar's final peace proposal and declares him a Public Enemy.
 * January 10, Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, pronouncing the famous phrase Alea iacta est ("The die has been cast"). Beginning of the Roman Civil War.
 * Julius Caesar goes into Hispania and defeats the legions of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus' legates, Marcus Terentius Varro, Marcus Petreius and Lucius Afranius, leaving Gaius Cassius Longinus as legate and facing growing difficulties in maintaining local populations obedient to Rome.
 * 48 BC
 * Julius Caesar is elected Dictator, but only serves the office for 11 days.
 * Julius Caesar is named Consul for a period of five years.
 * September 29, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus is assassinated.
 * Gaius Cassius Longinus, Caesar's legate in Hispania, leads a campaign against the city of Medobrega and other regions of northern Lusitania, where he installs military garrisons that face a lot of local resistance.
 * 46 BC
 * Julius Caesar proceeds to North Africa where he defeats the remnants of Pompey's Senatorial supporters (the Optimates) under Marcus Porcius Cato Uticencis.
 * Julius Caesar is again elected Dictator and introduces the Julian Calendar.
 * Pompey's sons Gnaeus Pompeius and Sextus Pompeius, together with Titus Labienus, Caesar's former propraetorian legate (legatus propraetore) and second in command in the Gallic War, escaped to Hispania, where they continued to resist Caesar's dominance of the Roman world.
 * November, Julius Caesar arrives in Hispania with eight legions and 8,000 cavalry of his own. Caesar's arrival was completely unexpected by the enemy, and the surprise gave him an early advantage.
 * Gaius Octavianus and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa join Julius Caesar in Hispania, where the Civil War continues.
 * 45 BC
 * Battle of Munda, in southern Hispania, where, in his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompeius.
 * Sextus Pompeius, departing from his garrison at Corduba (in Baetica), roams Hispania Ulterior fighting against its governor (appointed by Julius Caesar), before fleeing for Sicily. End of the Roman Civil War.
 * Julius Caesar, before going back to Rome, leaves his legate governors with the mission of pacifying Hispania and punish the local tribes for their disloyalty. Once again resistance grows and the Romans will have to deal with small local uprising in the years to come.
 * Julius Caesar adopts Gaius Octavianus who becomes Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus.
 * Julius Caesar returns to Rome victorious and is Named Pater Patriae and Dictator (3rd time) by the Roman Senate.
 * Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus is deified by the Roman Senate through the request of Julius Caesar.
 * 44 BC
 * Julius Caesar is appointed dictator in perpetuity (dictator perpetuo).
 * February, Julius Caesar refuses the diadem offered by Marcus Antonius, thus demonstrating that he did not intend to assume the throne as King of Rome.
 * Ides March: Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of Roman senators. Beginning of the end of Roman Republic period and establishment of Roman Empire.
 * 42 BC - Julius Caesar is formally deified as "the Divine Julius" (Divus Julius).
 * 39 BC-29 BC - Several Roman governor of Hispania Ulterior celebrate Roman triumphs in Rome for their victories in submitting the rebellious local tribes and nations.
 * 27 BC
 * January 16 - Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus becomes Roman Emperor as Caesar Augustus. Definitive end of the Roman Republic and establishment of the Roman Empire.
 * The Roman general and politician Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divides all Hispania into 3 parts, Lusitania, Baetica and Tarraconensis.
 * The emperor Augustus returns to Hispania and makes a new administrative division, creating the province of Hispania Ulterior Lusitania, whose capital was to be Emerita Augusta (currently Mérida). Originally Lusitania included the territories of Asturias and Gallaecia, but these were later ceded to the jurisdiction of Provincia Tarraconensis and the former remained as Provincia Lusitania et Vettones.
 * 28-24 BC
 * Augustus' military campaigns pacificate all Hispania under Roman rule.
 * Foundation of the Roman cities of Asturica Augusta (Astorga) and Bracara Augusta (Braga), to the north, and, to the south, Emerita Augusta (Mérida) (settled with the emeriti of the 5th and 10th legions).
 * 23 BC - The emperor Augustus establishes the Principate and the Pax Romana.

1st century

 * 14 - Tiberius becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 37 - Caligula becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 41 - Claudius becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 54 - Nero becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 65 - Emperor Nero orders his former tutor and advisor Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger and his nephew Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, both born in Hispania Baetica, to commit suicide.
 * 68 - Galba becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 69
 * January - Otho and Vitellius become Co-Emperors.
 * July 1 - Vespasian is proclaimed Roman Emperor against the surviving Co-Emperor Vitellius.
 * December 22 - Co-Emperor Vitellius dies. Vespasian becomes sole Emperor.
 * 79 - Titus becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 81 - Domitian becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 96 - Nerva becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 98 - Trajan, born in Hispania Baetica, becomes Roman Emperor.

2nd century

 * 103 - Probable date of death of the poet Martial, born in Hispania Tarraconensis.
 * 117 - Hadrian, born in Hispania Baetica, becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 138 - Antoninus Pius becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 161 - Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus become Co-Emperors.
 * 169 - Marcus Aurelius becomes sole Emperor.
 * 177 - Commodus becomes Co-Emperor with Marcus Aurelius.
 * 180 - Commodus becomes sole Emperor.
 * 193
 * January 1 - Pertinax becomes Roman Emperor.
 * March 28 - Didius Julianus becomes Roman Emperor.
 * April 9 - Septimius Severus becomes Roman Emperor.

3rd century

 * Braga becomes an Episcopal Diocese.
 * 211
 * February 4 - The brothers Caracalla and Geta become Co-Emperors.
 * December - Caracalla kills his brother Geta and becomes sole Emperor.
 * after 211- The Emperor Caracalla makes a new administrative division which lasts only a short time. He splits Hispania Citerior again into two parts, creating the new provinces Hispania Nova Citerior and Asturiae-Calleciae (the later under governor Cerealis).
 * 217 - Macrinus and Diadumenian become Co-Emperors.
 * 218 - Elagabalus becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 222 - Alexander Severus becomes Roman Emperor.
 * 235 - Roman Imperial Crisis of the Third Century, from 235 until 284 great confusion in the Imperial seat.
 * 238 - The unified province Tarraconensis or Hispania Citerior is reestablished. Asturias and Gallaecia are again part of it.
 * 284 - Diocletian becomes Roman Emperor. Beginning of the Dominate period. Under Emperor Diocletian, Lusitania kept its borders and was ruled by a Praeses, later by a Consularis; finally, it was united with the other provinces to form the Diocesis Hispaniarum ("Diocese of Hispania").
 * 286 - Maximian becomes Co-Emperor with Diocletian.

4th century

 * 303 – Emperor Diocletian orders the persecution of Christians.
 * 305 – Diocletian and Maximian abdicated. Constantius and Galerius becomes Augusti. Maximinus is appointed Caesar in the east and Severus in the west. Partition of the Roman Empire. Multiplication of Emperors.
 * 318 – Excommunication of Arius.
 * 325 – The Ecumenical Council of Nicaea.
 * 366-383 - Damasus, son of Antonius and Laurentia, born in the Conventus Bracarensis of Gallaecia (near the modern city of Guimarães), is the reigning Pope under the name Damasus I.
 * 385 - Paulus Orosius, historian, theologian and disciple of St. Augustine, is probably born in Braga.
 * 388 - Paternus becomes bishop of the Episcopal see of Braga.