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Line infantry

Line infantry was the type of infantry that formed the bulk of most European land armies from the mid-17th century to the mid-19th century. Maurice of Nassau and Gustavus Adolphus are generally regarded as its pioneers, while Turenne and Montecuccoli are closely associated with the post-1648 development of linear infantry tactics. For both battle and parade drill, it consisted of two to four ranks of foot soldiers drawn up side by side in rigid alignment, and thereby maximizing the effect of their firepower. By extension, the term came to be applied to the regular regiments "of the line" as opposed to light infantry, skirmishers, militia, support personnel, plus some other special categories of infantry not focused on heavy front line combat.

Linear tactics and function
Line infantry mainly used three formations in its battles: the line, the square, and the column.

With the universal adoption of small arms (firearms that could be carried by hand, as opposed to cannon) in infantry units from the mid-17th century, the battlefield was dominated by linear tactics, according to which the infantry was aligned into long thin lines, shoulder to shoulder, and fired volleys. A line consisted of two, three, or four ranks of soldiers.

The soldiers were expected to fire volleys at the command of officers, but in practice this happened only in the first minutes of the battle. After one or two volleys, each soldier charged his musket and fired at his own discretion, without hearing the commands of the officers. This disrupted the system, while the gunsmoke prevented accurate shooting. Such a shootout in clouds of smoke could occur for an extended period of time and the result was unpredictable. In addition, at the time of the “hot” shootout, the soldiers were so engaged and focused on shooting that they were not watching out for an attack of cavalry from the flank. For these reasons, experienced officers tried to avoid such uncertain exchanges and restrained their soldiers from premature firing in order to get as close to the enemy’s line as possible so that they could deliver several devastating volleys at a short distance. In some cases, it was possible to defeat the enemy with just one volley at close range. The line was considered the fundamental battle formation as it allowed for the largest deployment of firepower. Against surrounding enemy cavalry, line infantry could swiftly adopt square formations to provide protection. Such squares were hollow (consisting of four lines), unlike the pikemen's and old-style musketeers' square.

Troops in skirmish formation, though able to take cover and use initiative, were highly vulnerable to cavalry and could not hold ground against advancing infantry columns. Line infantry provided an "anchor" for skirmishers and cavalry to retreat behind if threatened.

Movement in line formation was slow, and unless the battalion was superbly trained, a breakdown in cohesion was assured, especially in uneven or wooded terrain. As a result, the line was mostly used as a firing formation, with troops moving in column formations and then deploying to the line at their destination. Usually, columns would be adopted for movement and melee attacks.

Line infantry was trained in the manual of arms evolutions, the main objectives of which were fast deployment of a line, rapid shooting, and manoeuvre.

Training and recruitment
Line infantry quickly became the most common type of infantry in European countries. Musketeers and grenadiers, formerly elite troops, gradually became part of the line infantry, switching to linear tactics.

Over time the use of line infantry tactics spread outside of Europe, often as a result of European imperialism. In European colonies and settlements with small populations from the home country, line infantry forces were often raised from the local population, with the British East India Company's sepoys perhaps being the most historically significant example.

Line tactics required strict discipline and simple movements practiced to the point where they became second-nature. During training, the drill and corporal punishments were widely used. During 1814, in the War of the Sixth Coalition, the training of regular French line infantry recruits was limited due to the relentless attack of the Coalition Forces. A recruit was trained by firing only two cartridges and four blanks. There was also light training of forming several formations. However, training large quantities of elite line infantry was generally a complicated process.

Arms and equipment
In the middle of the 16th century, the matchlock muskets of some line infantry were equipped with bayonets. Bayonets were attached to the muzzles and were used when line troops entered melee combat. They also helped to defend against cavalry.

At the end of the 17th century, a solution was sought to a flaw within the design of matchlock muskets. Since the matchlock musket used a slow burning piece of twine known as a slow match, the twine sometimes would accidentally set fire to the gunpowder reservoir in the musket prematurely setting off the gunpowder, resulting in serious injury or death to the operator. For this reason and others, matchlock muskets began to be replaced by lighter and cheaper infantry fusils with flintlocks, weighing 5 kg with a caliber of 17.5 mm, first in France and then in other countries. In many countries, the new fusils retained the name "musket". Both muskets and fusils were smoothbore, which lessened their accuracy and range, but made for faster loading, lesser amount of bore fouling and more robust, less complicated firearms.

The accuracy of smooth-bore muskets was in the range of 300-400 yd against a line of infantry or cavalry. Against a single enemy, however, the effective range was no more than 50-100 yd. It should be borne in mind that ordinary linear infantrymen were poorly trained in aimed shooting, due to the expense of gunpowder and lead (modern reenactors achieve much better results by firing smooth-bore muskets). Line infantrymen were trained in rapid reloading. The recruit was expected to load 3 rounds a minute, while an experienced soldier could load 4–6 rounds per minute. In battle conditions, this number was reduced and after the first few minutes of combat, no more than 2 rounds per minute could be expected even from well trained troops.

The bulk of the line infantry had no protective equipment, as armor that could provide protection from musket fire were considered too expensive and heavy. Only the former elite troops could keep by tradition some elements of protection, for example, the copper mitre caps of grenadiers.

Line infantry and other contemporary types of infantry
Initially, soldiers equipped with firearms formed only a small part of the infantry branch of most armies, because of their vulnerability to hostile cavalry. Pikemen formed the majority of infantrymen and were known as heavy infantry. A significant part of infantry consisted of old-style musketeers, who did not use the linear tactics, instead skirmishing in open formation. However, by the middle of the 17th century, musketeers deployed in line formation already provided about half of the foot troops in most Western European armies. Maurice of Nassau was noted as the first large scale user of linear tactic in Europe, introducing the 'counter-march' to enable his formations of musketeers to maintain a continuous fire. After the invention of the bayonet, musketeers could finally defend themselves from the enemy's horsemen, and the percentage of pikemen fell gradually. In 1699, the Austrian army abandoned their pikes. In 1703, the French army did the same, in 1704 the British and 1708 the Dutch. In 1699–1721, Peter I converted almost all Russian foot-regiments to line infantry. The abandonment of the pike, together with the faster firing rate made possible by the introduction of the new flintlock musket and paper cartridge, resulted in the replacement of the deeper formations of troops more suitable for the melee-oriented pikemen with shallower lines that maximized the firepower of an infantry formation.

Besides regular line infantry, there were elite troops (royal guards and other designated elite regiments) and the light infantry. Light infantry operated in extended order (also known as skirmish formation) as opposed to the close order (tight formations) used by line infantry. Since the late 18th century, light infantry in most European countries mostly consisted of riflemen (such as the German Jäger), armed with rifled carbines and trained in aimed shooting and use of defilades.

In Britain, much of the light infantry was armed with smooth-bore muskets, only a few regiments used rifled muskets.

In France, during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the division into the Guard, line infantry and light infantry formally continued to exist, line and "light" regiments had identical weaponry (smooth-bore fusils) and tactics. (Napoleon preferred smooth-bore weaponry for their faster reload speeds.) However, each battalion in both line and "light" regiments included a company of voltigeurs, who were expected to act as skirmishers as well being able to deploy into line.

In the Russian Empire, light infantry was forming at a very fast pace; by the end of the 18th century, regiments of light infantry totaled 40,000 soldiers (Jaeger). The armament of light infantry was very different from the armament of linear infantry. They were armed with high-quality muskets, as well as pistols (for close combat). After the unsuccessful army reforms of Paul I, the number of light infantry in the Russian army was significantly reduced and made up only 8% of the entire field infantry. However, the Russian army soon returned to the trend of increasing the number of light infantry, begun in the 18th century. By 1811, 50 light infantry regiments were formed in the Russian army. In addition, each linear battalion was required to have 100 of the best shooting soldiers fight in loose ranks and cover their battalions from the enemy skirmishers. The total number of light infantry reached 40% of the entire field infantry. The sharp increase in the number of light infantry greatly influenced their quality of training and equipment. The Russian infantry of 1854 comprised 108 regiments, of which 42 were line infantry. The remainder were specialized or elite units such as Guards, Grenadiers and Jägers. Only part of the Russian light infantry were equipped with the M1854 rifle, the remainder retaining smoothbore percussion muskets.

In the second half of the 19th century, the development of mass production and new technologies, such as the Minié ball, allowed European armies to gradually equip all their infantrymen with rifled weapons, and the percentage of line infantry equipped with muskets fell. In the American Civil War, both Union and Confederate armies had only a few line regiments equipped with the old-style smooth-bore muskets. However, France, due to Napoleon III, who admired Napoleon I, had 300 line battalions (comprising an overwhelming majority) even in 1870. Although the French line infantry received Chassepot rifles in 1866, it was still being trained in the use of close formations (line, column and square), which was changed only after the dethronement of Napoleon III. This was common practice in all conventional Western armies until the late 19th century, as infantry tactics and military thinking had yet to catch up with technological developments.

Decline
In the years after the Napoleonic Wars, line infantry continued to be deployed as the main battle force, while light infantry provided fire support and covered the movement of units. In Russia, Great Britain, France, Prussia, and some other states, linear tactics and formation discipline were maintained into the late 19th century.

With the invention of new weaponry, the concept of line infantry began to wane. The Minié ball, an improved rifle ammunition, allowed individual infantrymen to shoot more accurately and over greatly increased range. Men walking in formation line-abreast became easy targets, as evidenced in the American Civil War. The Austro-Prussian War in 1866 showed that breech-loading rifles, which gave the individual shooter a greatly increased rate of fire as well as the capability to reload from a prone position, were greatly superior to muzzle loaded rifles. In the 1860s, most German states and Russia converted their line infantry and riflemen into 'united' infantry, which used rifles and skirmish tactics. After the Franco-Prussian War, both the German Empire and the French Third Republic did the same. However, Great Britain retained the name "line infantry", although it used rifled muskets from 1853 and breech loading rifles from 1867, and switched from closed lines to extended order during the Boer wars.

The growing accuracy, range, and rate of fire of rifles, together with the invention of the Maxim machine gun in 1883, meant that close order line infantry would suffer heavy losses before being able to close with the enemy, while the defensive advantages given to line infantry against cavalry became irrelevant with the effective removal of offensive cavalry from the battlefield in the face of the improved weaponry. With the turn of the 20th century, this slowly led to infantry increasingly adopting skirmish style light infantry tactics in battle, while retaining line infantry drill for training.

Retention of "line infantry" title
Although linear battle tactics had become obsolete by the second half of the nineteenth century, regiments in several European armies retained the "line infantry" (or cavalry) title. This designation had come to mean an army's regular or numbered regiments, as opposed to specialist or elite formations. Accordingly, the distinction had become a traditional title or classification without significance regarding armament or tactics. For example, the Belgian Army order of battle in 1914 comprised 14 regiments of Infanterie de Ligne (line infantry), three of Chasseurs a pied (light infantry), one of Grenadiers and one of Carabiniers. Similar differentiations were made in the majority of European armies of the period, although English-speaking authors sometimes use the designation "line infantry" when referring to the ordinary infantry of some other countries where the exact term was not in use.

The term was also used by US units during the Second World War, as shown by this quote from a report of the 782nd Tank Battalion in late April 1945:

"On the 22nd of April, the Battalion moved from Oberkotzau, Germany to Wunsiedel, Germany. Here the attachment of the line companies to the Regimental Combat Teams of the 97th Division was completed. We separated, not coming together again until the war was over. Company 'A' joined the 303rd at Rehau, Germany: Company 'B' joined the 386th at Arzburg, Germany: and Company 'C' the 387th at Waldsassen, Germany."

The British Army retains the traditional distinction between "Guards", "Line Infantry" and "the Rifles" on ceremonial occasions for historical reasons. It is linked to the order of precedence within the British Army and regimental pride, so for example Colonel Patrick Crowley states in the "introduction" in A Brief History of The Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment (2015):

"The examples of valour, adherence to duty, and fortitude, continue to inspire the current officers and soldiers of the modern Regiment, who are proud to belong to the most senior English Regiment of the Line." The Canadian Army's also retained these traditional distinctions, and its infantry regiments were organized, titled, and uniformed in full dress as foot guards, fusiliers, light infantry, line infantry, rifles, and kilted infantry regiments.

The infantry of most 21st-century armies are still trained in formation manoeuvre and drill, as a way of instilling discipline and unit cohesion. Members of the US Army utilize the term "line company" (informally) in light infantry battalions to differentiate those companies (generally A–D) that perform the traditional infantry role from the support companies (generally F and HHC) charged with supporting the "line companies". The Marine Corps does the same for all its infantry units. In this vein, officers assigned to the rifle companies are referred to as "line officers" while billeted to positions such as Platoon Leaders and Commanding and Executive Officers.

title: Line infantry


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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CHUM-FM

CHUM-FM is a Canadian radio station in Toronto, Ontario, broadcasting on 104.5 MHz. Owned by Bell Media, the station airs a hot adult contemporary format. CHUM-FM's studios are located at 250 Richmond Street West in the Entertainment District, while its transmitter is located atop the CN Tower. The station is simulcast on Shaw Direct channel 872, and on Bell Satellite TV channel 990. CHUM-FM is consistently one of Toronto's most popular stations according to Numeris' radio ratings.

History
CHUM-FM started broadcasting on September 1, 1963, with an ERP of 18,000 watts and a transmitter and studio at 1331 Yonge Street. It aired a classical music format, the first station in Canada to do so. On March 21, 1966, their ERP was increased to 54,000 watts. In 1968, CHUM-FM received approval for a change in its transmitter location and increase in power to 100,000 watts. The transmitter was to be moved to the top of the Manufacturer's Life Building at 250 Bloor Street East.

At Midnight on July 1, 1968, CHUM-FM changed formats to progressive rock, a forerunner to the present-day adult album alternative format, by playing a wide range of music ranging from world and jazz to classical and folk. The station also aired public affairs programming, such as In Toronto. The station featured many famous Canadian radio personalities such as Larry Green, Walter Michaels, Steve Harris, Pete and Geets, Larry Wilson, David Marsden, David Pritchard and actor Rick Moranis.

On December 14, 1973, the station was authorized, along with other Toronto FM and TV stations, to move their transmitter to the top of the CN Tower. The new transmitter was turned on on May 31, 1976, with a reduced ERP of 40,000 watts.

In 1978, CHUM-FM created a Top 30 Album Chart to complement sister station CHUM-AM's Singles Chart. A television version of the countdown was later broadcast on Citytv, featuring music videos for most of the songs in the countdown; the TV version was discontinued in January 2008, following Rogers Communications' acquisition of Citytv.

In June 1984, the station started evolving towards adult contemporary, with the shift completed by that September, though the station would retain a rock lean through the remainder of the decade. Longtime morning show host Roger Ashby would join the station from CHUM-AM on September 2, 1985, and would be paired with Rick Hodge (who had been doing sports updates on the FM's morning show since 1974). Marilyn Denis would join the show in July 1986, with "Roger, Rick & Marilyn" becoming an instant success, making them some of the best known broadcasters in Toronto radio. Throughout the next two decades, CHUM-FM would usually be the highest rated station in the Toronto market, though it would occasionally alternate with CHFI, who was usually ranked a very close second, and would occasionally dip to third place behind CFRB.

The station evolved to its current hot adult contemporary format in 1990.

On May 26, 1998, CHUM-FM was granted a license to broadcast in Digital audio broadcasting using the Eureka-147 system. The transmitter was installed on the CN Tower and broadcast at 1456.304 MHz with an ERP of 5,084 watts. At the 25th Anniversary Canadian Music Industry Awards, held March 8, 2007, CHUM-FM was honoured as Station of the Year, Program Director of the year for CHUM-FM PD Rob Farina, and air talent of the year for Roger, Rick & Marilyn. Former CHUM President Jim Waters was inducted into the Music Industry Hall of Fame that same evening.

On June 22, 2007, CTVglobemedia purchased CHUM-FM and most of the other assets of CHUM Limited, the station's owners since their sign-on in 1963, following approval by the CRTC, while the Citytv stations were sold to Rogers Communications.

On June 23, 2008, Rick Hodge resigned from both CHUM-AM and CHUM-FM to pursue other opportunities. Roger Ashby and Marilyn Denis continued to host mornings, which would then be titled Roger, Darren & Marilyn (when Darren B. Lamb joined the show after a stint of afternoon drive host); Lamb left the station on September 23, 2015, with mornings hosted by Ashby and Denis. After a stint at CFRB and CJEZ-FM, Hodge would later move to sister station CHRE-FM in St. Catharines, where he remained until his retirement in 2019; Lamb would join CHFI in February 2016, and remained until his departure in 2021.

Also in 2008, CTVglobemedia announced they had sold 1331 Yonge Street to a condominium developer and had acquired a new property, 250 Richmond Street West, to serve as the new home of CHUM-AM and CHUM-FM. On August 18, 2009, CHUM-FM left 1331 Yonge Street, ending 46 years at its historic home. The site would become home to a condominium complex. The new building is adjacent (and connected) to Bell Media's headquarters at 299 Queen Street West (which also formerly housed the studios of Citytv).

Until late 2009, CHUM-FM continued to be the most listened to and most influential radio station in Canada with over 1,166,000 weekly listeners according to the BBM data released on December 3, 2007. In December 2009, AC rival CHFI-FM became the most-listened-to radio station in Toronto. During the 2005-2009 season, CHFI continued to usually beat CHUM-FM as the top-rated radio station in Toronto, although CHUM-FM had unseated CHFI in some books.

On September 10, 2010, Bell Canada announced plans to re-acquire 100% of CTVglobemedia's broadcasting arm, including CHUM Radio. When the deal was finalized on April 1, 2011, CTVglobemedia became Bell Media, and likewise CHUM Radio became Bell Media Radio, effectively retiring the last remaining piece of the former CHUM Limited company. CHUM Radio had been the only division of the company to retain the CHUM name following the acquisition of CHUM Limited by CTVglobemedia in 2007.

On June 22, 2018, the station underwent a major rebranding as part of an effort to appeal more strongly to women, including a new logo (amending its brand to CHUM 104.5, as opposed to 104.5 CHUM FM), a generally hotter music direction, as well as a stronger emphasis on social media and community interaction.

Programming
CHUM-FM's current host lineup includes Marilyn Denis, Jamar "J. Niice" McNeil, Ashley Greco, Josie Dye, Ruby Carr, Taylor Kaye, Peter Kash, and Aiko Iwashita.

Marilyn Denis and Jamar
CHUM-FM's morning show was hosted by Roger Ashby and Marilyn Denis for 32 years. The show originally featured Rick Hodge as an additional host until he resigned in 2008; after Hodge's resignation, Darren B. Lamb became a co-host, until he too resigned in September 2015. On July 16, 2018, the show returned to three people with the addition of Jamar "J. Niice" McNeil branded as "Roger and Marilyn with Jamar". On October 25, 2018, Ashby announced that he would retire from the morning show effective December 6, after 50 years with CHUM-AM and CHUM-FM. As of January 2019, the show is now branded as "Marilyn Denis and Jamar" (McNeil taking over Ashby's seat as co-host), and Marilyn Denis as host.

HD Radio
On July 4, 2017, CHUM-FM launched HD Radio multi-casting services. The HD1 sub-channel carried the same programming as the standard analog frequency, while the HD2 sub-channel carried a simulcast of sister station CFRB, and the HD3 sub-channel carried a simulcast of CHUM-AM. As of Spring 2018, CHUM-FM is no longer broadcasting in HD, with the sub-channels moving to sister station CKFM-FM.

title: CHUM-FM


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Whapmagoostui

Whapmagoostui (ᐙᐱᒫᑯᔥᑐᐃ/Wâpimâkuštui, "place of the beluga") is the northernmost Cree village in Quebec, Canada, located at the mouth of the Great Whale River (Grande Rivière de la Baleine) on the coast of Hudson Bay in Nunavik. About 906 Cree with about 650 Inuit, living in the neighbouring village of Kuujjuarapik. The community is accessible only by air (Kuujjuarapik Airport) and, in late summer, by boat. Whapmagoostui is about 250 km north of the nearest Cree village, Chisasibi.

Although the permanent cohabitation of Inuit and Cree at the mouth of the Great Whale River goes back only 1950, the two nations were rubbing shoulders in the area for a very long time, with the Inuit close to the coast and the Cree more in the interior.

Names
The village was settles on territory originally named Fort Richmond. The settlement's first official name was Poste-de-la-Baleine.

The name "Whapmagoostui" (ᐙᐱᒫᑯᔥᑐᐃ/Wâpimâkuštui) is Cree for "place of the beluga".

Geography
The territory of the Cree reserved land of Whapmagoostui must be distinguished from the territory of the homonymous Cree village municipality. The reserved land is located entirely on the north bank of the Great Whale River for a distance of approximately 43 km. On the other hand, it does not have any coastline on James Bay, separated from it by the northern village (VN) of Kuujjuarapik and the Inuit reserve land of Kuujjuarapik.

To the north and south of the Cree reserved land is the unorganized territory of Baie-d'Hudson, while the Cree village municipality of Whapmagoostui is to the southwest, east and southeast of the Cree reserved land.

The Cree reserved land includes the urbanized core of Whapmagoostui, which is also bordering that of Kuujjuarapik, like two neighbouring neighbourhoods of the same city.

Climate
Predictably, given its northern latitude, Whapmagoostui has a subarctic climate (Dfc) under the Köppen climate classification, but strongly modified by its location on the southeastern (predominantly windward) shore of Hudson Bay, particularly from May/June through November, the primary season when Hudson Bay's surface is unfrozen, i.e. open water. Winters are long and cold; summers are cool, strongly influenced by the chilly open waters of Hudson Bay, with August (the warmest month, on average) mustering an average monthly high temperature of only 16.1 C. Freezing conditions (0 C) have occurred every month of the year, although the moderating effect of Hudson Bay may hold off the first fall freeze as late as the second week of October in an occasional year, as in 2015. Year-round, climatic conditions are influenced strongly by Hudson Bay's freeze-thaw cycle. January is the coldest month on average; August, the warmest.

The average annual precipitation cycle demonstrates a minimum from mid-winter (January) to mid-spring (May), with sharply rising average monthly precipitation amounts beginning in June, reaching a peak in September, but with only slowly falling average monthly precipitation amounts from September to November. As such, compared to most Northern Hemisphere sub-Arctic climates (which usually have strong precipitation maximums between June and August, usually July), Whapmagoostui demonstrates a strong tendency favouring a relatively drier spring and relatively wetter autumn. This pattern is a direct consequence of Whapmagoostui's location on the lee shore of Hudson Bay. Similar to a pattern evident in heavily "lake-influenced" areas around the U.S. Great Lakes (i.e. Holland and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan), in spring and early summer, water temperatures are cooler than those of surrounding land areas, encouraging low clouds and fog, but also stable conditions and less precipitation. In fall and early winter, the pattern is reversed: water temperatures are warmer than those of surrounding land areas, encouraging cumulus cloud formation and unstable conditions, meaning low-pressure systems passing from cooler land to warmer water often intensify.

In Whapmagoostui, this pattern means average monthly precipitation peaks in September – when increasingly cold air masses passing eastward and southeastward across the open waters of Hudson Bay are warmed and destabilized by their over-water passage, producing thick clouds and frequent, often-heavy instability rain (and from October to December, snow) showers. This pattern also results in the heaviest average monthly average snowfall amounts coming from October to January, but concentrated in November and December, with "Hudson-Bay effect" snows most common, and markedly less average monthly snowfall from February to May. From late November into December, Hudson Bay freezes, and by January, its frozen surface provides little modification to Arctic air masses, and less moisture, i.e. snow, to Whapmagoostui. Also, because Hudson Bay in the fall is open water into mid to late November when freezing begins, the speed of temperature fall during the autumn months is relatively slight from August to October, and steepest from November to January (by which time the bay is fully frozen over).

Overall, Whapmagoostui's climate is severe and sub-Arctic, but with a relatively slow temperature fall from summer to November due to water influence and delayed freezing of Hudson Bay (late November into December), and a dry spring and wet and stormy fall. Further evidencing these patterns is monthly sunshine data (as a percentage of daylight hours), which shows a marked maximum most months from February to July, and a marked minimum from September to December, when "Bay-induced" cloud cover is highest; in November, the cloudiest month, average sunshine bottoms out at only 13.5% of available daylight hours. Considering its marine position on the 55th parallel, the climate is extremely cold when compared with cities like Glasgow and Copenhagen in northern Europe and Chinook-affected areas further to the west in Canada's interior.

History
The Cree have hunted and fished along the Hudson Bay coast long before the arrival of Europeans, it was not until 1820 when a trading post was built here by the Hudson's Bay Company, and known variously as Great Whale River House, Great Whale River or just Great Whale. On maps of 1851 and 1854, the post is called Whale River House and Whale House. Protestant and Catholic missions settled there in the 1880s. In 1895, a weather station was set up by the Federal Government. Medical and police services began to be offered in the first half of the 20th century. Yet the Cree would not settle here permanently and only used it as a summer encampment.

In 1940 the Cree were forced to give up their nomadic way of life when the American army opened a military air base here. In 1941, the HBC post closed. After the World War II in 1948, the military base was transferred to the Canadian government. And in 1955, it began operating a Mid-Canada Line radar station. Though the radar station was not operational for long and closed in 1965, it established the village permanently.

In 1961, when the Quebec Government decided to give French names to northern settlements, the name Great Whale River was replaced with Grande-Baleine which itself was replaced a year later with Poste-de-la-Baleine. On June 28, 1978, the Cree Village Municipality of Poste-de-la-Baleine was officially established. The Cree village was then officially renamed Whapmagoostui on May 8, 1996, from then on replacing all other toponyms.

In 2013, seven young men from the community journeyed 1600 km for "Nishiyuu", in support of Idle No More.

Economy
Whapmagoostui was founded around a Hudson's Bay Company post. The community later became the site of a military airport, now abandoned. Hunting is still an important part of the community.

Government
The police services are provided by the Eeyou Eenou Police Force.

Demographics
Population:
 * Population in 2021: 1,022 (2016 to 2021 population change: +0.6%)
 * Population in 2016: 1,016 (2011 to 2016 population change: +12.6%)
 * Population in 2011: 874 (2006 to 2011 population change: +7.6%)
 * Population in 2006: 812 (2001 to 2006 population change: +4.4%)
 * Population in 2001: 778 (1996 to 2001 population change: +24.3%)
 * Population in 1996: 626 (1991 to 1996 population change: +23.2%)
 * Population in 1991: 508

Transportation
The community is only accessible by air via the Kuujjuarapik Airport and, in late summer, by boat.

Education
The Cree School Board operates the Badabin Eeyou School (ᐹᑖᐱᓐ ᐄᔨᔨᐤ ᒋᔅᑯᑎᒫᑑᑭᒥᒄ), which includes the Meeyow Bee Nooquow School. In 1982, the school was built, and in 1989, the first high school class graduated.

title: Whapmagoostui


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Afterhours club

An afterhours club (aka after hours club and afterhour club) is a nightclub that is open past the designated curfew closing time for clubs that serve alcohol (which is often an hour long). Such clubs may cease serving alcohol at the designated time, but have special permission to remain open to customers and to sell non-alcoholic sodas and often highly caffeinated drinks.

In Western Europe—specifically in Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom—24-hour "music and dance" licences, which do not necessarily have alcohol restrictions, are granted.

In North America, afterhours clubs are typically small venues for professional musicians and entertainers to perform after their main gigs and patrons seeking entertainment after their evening's main event.

Selected after hours clubs
Europe
 * Canteret, Cullera Valencia 1981
 * Chocolate, Valencia 1983
 * Spook Factory, Valencia 1984
 * Amnesia, Ibiza 1985
 * Ku, Ibiza 1986
 * Puzzle, Valencia 1987
 * ACTV, Valencia 1988
 * KGB, Barcelona 1988
 * Attica, Madrid 1988
 * Space, Ibiza 1989
 * NOD, Riba-roja_de_Túria Valencia 1989
 * Psicodromo, Barcelona 1989
 * Babalu Club, Munich 1990, first afterhours club in Germany
 * Trade, London 1990

North America
 * Stereo, Montreal

Historic North America
 * Macomba Lounge, Chicago
 * Catacombs, Philadelphia
 * Save the Robots, New York
 * Nest Club (1923–1933), Harlem

title: Afterhours club


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Hurricane Emily 1915z July 14 2005.jpg

Hurricane Emily 1915z July 14 2005.jpg

This is the most beautiful picture of a Hurricane I've ever seen. It appears in the Hurricane Emily article, and is from: http://www.nnvl.noaa.gov/hurseas2005/Emily1915z-050714-1kg12.jpg I've never used a Wikipedia picture for my wallpaper -- but I had to make an exception for this one. It's striking.

 * Nominate and support. - The Peacemaker 06:13, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Computer drawn surely (just look at the 1920px version). If this is so then I would not support it since plenty of genuine photos of hurricanes are available - Adrian Pingstone 07:57, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Most definitely. I think there is already a featured picture of a hurricane, and it's real. Phoenix2 23:04, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * If I remember correctly the land on most weather sat photos are computer compiled. PPGMD 02:07, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You've missed the point. I'm saying that the clouds themselves are computer drawn. Have another look at the peripheral clouds on the 1920px version. I'm not talking about the green land surface - Adrian Pingstone 10:12, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The clouds are photographic from GOES-12's visible camera. The photographic clouds are textured on a 3d cloud height surface, generated by computer from other data. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The clouds are photographic from GOES-12's visible camera. The photographic clouds are textured on a 3d cloud height surface, generated by computer from other data. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * ( + ) Support It was hard deciding on this one, because the clouds around the hurricane look crummy, but the actual hurrican (in particular the eye) looks great in the 3D. --Fir0002 10:04, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - a strange mixture of computer-generated height data on the pics edges and normal photography in the central areas - Adrian Pingstone 12:40, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's computer-generated height data with photographs overlaid throughout the entire image. It's just that the heights are noticably discontinuous outside the hurricane (individual thunderstorms), and relatively flat inside (central dense overcast). -- Cyrius|✎ 18:17, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I understand your explanation but I still hate the look of the pics outer edges - Adrian Pingstone 22:08, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't like them either, I'm just trying to keep the facts straight. -- Cyrius|✎ 22:33, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: If you're looking for a "real" picture, I believe this one of Dennis is real and is quite beautiful: Image:Hurricane Dennis on July 7 2005 1550 UTC.jpg. -- tomf688 (talk) 21:53, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Based on the computer generated height data on the pics edges and the fact there are other alternatives in wikipedia already. David D. 17:00, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 20:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support PPGMD 22:42, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose for above reasons. Enochlau 06:30, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This link is Broken 13:34, 6 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Slackwater darter

The slackwater darter (Etheostoma boschungi) is a small species of the freshwater ray-finned fish and a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. Some authors consider it to be a member of the stippled darter group. The slackwater darter has a conspicuous dark subocular bar and three prominent saddles. It is rather drab in color, with the dorsum being dusky, olivaceous, or brownish. The lateral blotches are dark brown to blue-black. The venter is slightly dusky and may have some orange and yellow pigments, which are more intense in males than in females. Maximum size is about 55 mm standard length.

Reproduction
The reproductive behavior of the slackwater darter varies with the temperature of the breeding habitat and the amount of rainfall. Spawning has not been recorded in water less than 14 C. In addition, heavy rainfall must cause enough flooding to lift the darters into the breeding area. Usually, adult darters begin their migration to the breeding area in mid-January. They reach the breeding habitat in February and begin spawning in March. By April, the darter progeny is developing and ready to leave the breeding area in May. Young darters double in size between April and June. Evidence suggests the slackwater darter is a short-lived species with a lifespan of only three years.

Range and population
The geographic range of the slackwater darter is five tributaries to the southern bend of the Tennessee River in northern Alabama and southwestern Tennessee. The species is known from one locality in the headwaters of the Buffalo River in Lawrence County, Tennessee, nineteen localities in the Cypress Creek drainage in Wayne County, Tennessee and Lauderdale County, Alabama, three localities in Swan Creek, Limestone County, Alabama, and three localities in the Flint River drainage in Madison County, Alabama. Moreover, one specimen was found in Shoal Creek, Lawrence County, Tennessee. Nothing is known of this darter's past distribution and abundance.

Periodic sampling in the headwaters of the Buffalo River in Lawrence County has indicated its population of slackwater darters is extremely small and limited. In this area, the species is confined to a short segment of a very small stream, and the number of individuals is apparently quite low. The population in the Flint River drainage in Madison County, Alabama, is similarly small and limited. The largest population and the stronghold of the species is in the Cypress Creek drainage system, Wayne County, Tennessee, and Lauderdale County, Alabama.

Habitat
The slackwater darter uses two different, but adjacent, breeding and nonbreeding habitats. Its nonbreeding habitat is small to moderately large streams with moderate to slow currents. The species seems to prefer bottom conditions characterized by an accumulation of leaves and detritus, but in some areas, it has been found in association with clean silt, sand, and small gravel substrates. Breeding habitat is seepage water in open fields or woods. The water in the breeding area, about 4 to 8 cm deep, flows slowly into an adjacent stream (the nonbreeding habitat). Since the breeding habitat is usually 30 to 45 cm above the stream, the stream water must periodically rise (as it does during heavy rains) to give darters access to the breeding grounds.

Threatened species
The restricted range of this species increases its vulnerability to the detrimental effects of human activity. Urbanization, ditching to drain areas with shallow groundwater, and degradation of ground and surface water from pesticides and waste are all serious threats. For example, the population in the Flint River drainage in Madison County, Alabama, is threatened by changing land use patterns associated with the growth of the city of Huntsville.

This species' existence is dependent upon adjacent and suitable breeding and nonbreeding habitats. If either of these habitats becomes unsuitable, darters will be extirpated from that location. A declining groundwater table has eliminated darter breeding sites in some areas. Slackwater darter breeding areas are also potential sites for farm fish ponds, which would inundate the habitat.

Management and protection
The future well-being of the slackwater darter will depend on the wise use of land and the general adoption of policies that will assure preservation of essential habitat needs. This species' recovery plan, approved in 1984, provides the following guidelines for its recovery: (1) establishment and protection of one or more specific habitat areas in at least three different tributaries to the Tennessee River System, with spawning areas protected by purchase or cooperative agreement; (2) data to show that populations are stable or increasing; and, (3) water quality and ecological data to indicate that the environment is suitable and stable or improving.

The above goals will be achieved by researching and providing this fish's survival needs. Some strategies, listed in the recovery plan, include: three- to five-year censuses near and in selected breeding habitats to determine and monitor populations; analyses of water quality and other characteristics in breeding and nonbreeding habitats; and research on the darter's reproductive and life cycles. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is also continuing to coordinate with the Soil Conservation Service to protect the slackwater darter's habitat in the Cypress Creek drainage, Tennessee.

title: Slackwater darter


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Xtabay

La Xtabay is a Yucatec Maya folklore tale about a demonic femme fatale who preys upon men in the Yucatán Peninsula. She is said to dwell in the forest to lure men to their deaths with her incomparable beauty. She is described as having beautiful, shining black hair that falls down to her ankles and wearing a white dress. One of the most accepted versions of the myth comes from a book, Diez Leyendas Mayas (1998), written by Jesus Azcorra Alejos.

Etymology
The term "Xtab" was used to refer to an ancient Maya goddess Ixtab, the goddess of suicide by hanging or the gallows. According to Perez' Lexicon of the Maya Language, "Ix" is the feminine prefix, and "tab", "taab", and "tabil" translate to "rope intended for some exclusive use." Ixtab was seen as a benevolent goddess who acted as a psychopomp to whoever hung themselves, leading them to paradise, as suicide was considered an honorable way of dying.

Background
Two equally beautiful women, Xkeban and Utz-colel, lived in a village or pueblo in the Yucatán Peninsula. Sometimes the women are said to be sisters. Xkeban was treated poorly by her community for her promiscuous behavior while Utz-colel was considered virtuous for remaining celibate. The people of the village planned to exile Xkeban, but they decided to allow her to remain in order to further humiliate her. Despite her ill treatment, Xkeban tended to the poor, sick, and animals in need. In contrast to Xkeban, Utz-colel was cold-hearted and believed she was superior to those around her, especially those socially below her. The townspeople adored Utz-colel because of her celibacy and overlooked her cruelty. Several days after Xkeban's death, the townspeople discovered her body guarded by animals and surrounded by fragrant flowers. The homeless and poor, whom Xkeban had helped during her life, held a funeral for her and, soon afterward, a mysterious, sweet-smelling flower grew around her grave, for Xkeban had metamorphosed into the species of morning glory called, in the Maya language, xtabentún, (Ipomoea corymbosa (Convolvulaceae)). Xtabentún is a lax, clambering vine that sprawls through hedges, scenting the air with its festoons of delicate white trumpets, and it is said that the reason that it seeks such shelter is that it is defenseless (it has no thorns)—just as Xkeban had felt defenseless when she was human. This flower is used for a liqueur of the same name. Ipomoea corymbosa was also one of the most celebrated entheogens of the Aztecs, who knew the plant under the Nahuatl name coaxihuitl and its psychoactive seeds as ololiúqui ("round things") and, to this day, the seeds are still used to induce healing trances in curing rituals performed by the Zapotecs.

Utz-colel haughtily believed that her dead body would smell better than Xkeban's because of her purity, however, her dead body had an unbearable smell. The entire pueblo gathered for her funeral, and they put flowers around her grave that disappeared the next day. Utz-colel became the foul-smelling flower of the Tzacam cactus (Mammillaria columbiana ssp. yucatanensis or Mammillaria heyderi ssp. gaumeri). Utz-colel prayed to evil spirits who fulfilled her desire to become a woman again so that she too might become a beautiful flower in death, but, incapable of love and motivated only by jealousy and rage, she became instead the demon Xtabay, outwardly a beautiful woman but inwardly cruel and predatory of heart.

Modern legend
Xtabay is said to wear a white dress and to have large black eyes and long black hair down to her ankles which she uses to attract men who are out late at night. She waits behind a ceiba tree (a sacred tree in Maya culture) and is said to comb her hair with the spines of the Tzacam cactus. She lures men deep into the forest, making them lost and disoriented before having sex with them. Once they have had sex, Xtabay transforms into a poisonous serpent and devours them. In other versions of the myth, the Xtabay can appear in any form or sex she chooses in order to lure a person to their doom. Xtabay will lie in wait under a tree to seduce her victim before throwing them over a cliff and finally ripping out their heart.

An alternative version of the legend, particularly in Quintana Roo, states that Xtabay is the punisher of drunks, thieves, and violent criminals.

Moral of the legend
Despite her promiscuous nature and the resulting ill-treatment by her community, Xkeban helped those around her, which ultimately made her worthy of being transformed into the xtabentún flower. In contrast, Utz-colel believed she was virtuous because of her sexual purity and her community’s resulting kind treatment, but was also haughty and unkind to the downtrodden. The moral of the legend is that celibacy and outward virtue can lead the unwary into the sin of pride and count for little unless governed by a kind heart (inner beauty) capable of compassion for those less fortunate than oneself.

Death
The theme of death is continuous with all of the different versions of the myth of the Xtabay. The fear of death in the myth relies on the capability of the dead to cause harm to the living and the belief that the dead have hostile intentions.

The heart and love
In La Xtabay, the symbolism of the human heart is often repeated throughout the myth, as both Xkeban's and Utz-colel's personalities are described based on the type of "heart" they possessed. Xkeban had a warm heart whereas Utz-colel had a cold heart. Even in death, when Utz-colel wanted to experience life again, she was unable to overcome her envy and loveless heart.

The ceiba tree
The ceiba tree is a sacred tree of the Mayan people since the belief was that a virtuous person could become a ceiba tree after death. The ceiba tree is considered to be an embodiment of the Axis mundi, connecting heaven, earth and underworld. Xtabay subverts the traditional meaning of the ceiba tree since she hides behind it to lure her victims to their doom. It said in the legend that the ceiba roots are where all the men the Xtabay has taken from earth go and that not a single one has ever returned from them. It has been suggested that Christian colonialists corrupted the original legend by altering the meaning of the ceiba tree from a sacred tree into a place of danger.

Long black hair
The Xtabay is known for her long black hair falling past her shoulders that she combs with the spines of the tzacam cactus. Mayan culture places great importance on keeping hair long and healthy, however, humid weather and long work days make this difficult, so the hair of working women is usually kept drawn back from the face. Xtabay's hair contrasts the typical hairstyle of Mayan women but represents the culture's ideal of beauty.

Sexuality
Utz-colel was known for her purity because she abstained from sexual relations. In Mayan culture, women are encouraged to be modest and abstain from sexual intercourse until marriage. Women symbolize purity and are taught not to talk to men by themselves. If a Mayan woman does not follow these cultural expectations, she can be condemned for her actions. Xkeban was shamed and humiliated by her community because she did not follow the traditional expectation for woman's behaviour. Xtabay lures men with seduction, which is against the traditional Mayan culture.

Legacy
The legend of Xtabay is part of contemporary Maya culture, as myths influence current beliefs. In the Yucatán peninsula, the word Xtabay illustrates undesirable behavior in women and men, and the legend is used by mothers and grandmothers to inculcate good behaviour in children. The myth also serves as a warning against the dangers of marital infidelity in the modern world, Xtabay's victims being generally husbands who have ventured from their homes at night to drink alcohol and seek the attention of other women. The myth is used by both parents and grandparents to impress early upon the young the need to resist the temptations they will face in adulthood to go out drinking at night and cheat on their partners.

The legend of the Xtabay has influenced music. Les Baxter's album Voice of the Xtabay by Peruvian soprano Yma Sumac depicts the lure of the xtabay in her music.

Similarity to other folktales
Xtabay has been compared to the Churel of Indian folklore.

There are many similarities to the legend of La Llorona, a ghost who is said to wander Mexico searching for her children and luring away any living children she comes across. Variants of the Llorona legend are told throughout Mexico and because of the Llorona figure can be pitied and feared at the same time. Throughout all of the versions, the Llorona figure is known as "the white lady" because she wears white. Legends similar to La Llorona include La Malinche and La Xtabay. La Malinche was said to have three sons by three different men, and she drowned her three lovers, but now is cursed to look for them along the rivers and called to them endlessly. People who look at La Malinche have their necks stuck in the position in which they looked at her and must be cured by a curandero (healer).

title: Xtabay


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User talk:Adisaji

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , EvilPhoenix talk 18:30, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
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Adisaji Talk
Please add your comments (brief) here and don't post or edit my submission pages. Thank you.

Ecologics
''Your comments are well taken, but as a "new member" I need some HELP not immediate rejection. I believe the intent of my submission WAS NOT TO PROMOTE MYSELF, ORIGINAL RESEARCH, or any other ulterior motive. The main focus was to help define the use of the term "Ecologics" which is being randomly used over the years. Everything on wikipedia at some point had a point of origin (original research) -- things that are older have more verifiability and more recent historical phenomenon/processes may not. For example, would we exclude "HIP HOP" music words just because they were "originated" without a clear verifiable process chain? Major corporations pick up on terms like "Whaz Up Yo" but if we found who originated the phrase or the historical material conditions,wouldn't that be of interest to wikipedia audiences? I just need some help and guidance (TIME) to make this submission correct. I hope I get that support.''

 * Alright, Adisaji, I appreciate your being willing to ask for help, and I will help you as much as I can. There is a lot of stuff that comes through the new pages on Wikipedia. Sometimes it is user contributing meaningfully, sometimes it is vandals maliciously attacking Wikipedia, and sometimes it is something that falls somewhere in the middle. When I saw your article, I wasn't sure that it was bad, but I wasn't sure that it was good, so I went ahead and nominated it, mainly hoping that others could give their opinion on the topic...If it was found to be accurate, and could be revised as a stronger article, I would have had no objections to the article staying, and I still don't if these conditions can be met.

 * That being said, allow me to offer some advice. First, please recognise that Ecologics as it now stands is not at the standard that Wikipedia strives for. This can be addressed, and we will help you understand what needs to be done to the article. If editors see a good-faith attempt to write an article on a reasonably notable topic, they will be much less likely to wish to delete it. Your very act of asking for help is a huge step in the right direction.
 * Secondly, please do continue to work to improve Ecologics. However, allow me to caution you. You are a new contributor to Wikipedia, and while your contribution is highly valued, you might benefit from taking time to learn a little bit more about what Wikipedia strives for in its articles, and get a better feel for the culture and conventions that are present here. Understanding these will allow you to contribute in a more meaningful way, and I look forward to seeing your work. So, I advise you to work to improve Ecologics, but to not add any more articles just yet...Get to know the wiki a little better first. We will be here to help you with this. Please continue to not be afraid to ask, most people here will be glad to work with someone who is willing to have an open mind and learn.

 * Lastly, specific to the article. Wikipedia looks to avoid articles that are original research. I believe you understand this, but to attempt to better explain, just to be sure, you need to assert your claims within the article from other sources: books, articles, other websites. If you say "X this is true", you should not merely state that claim, but say "X is true because this person says so" or simply "X is true", with an immediate citation to support your claim. We are looking to find out what sources you are drawing your information from, to ensure the accuracy and thoroughness of the information in the encyclopedia. This is especially true for articles on subjects we are inherently unfamiliar with. I would encourage you to seek out example articles to get a sense of how this is done. I suggest tooth_enamel, it's one that I personally am working on in an attempt to get that article to be a Featured Article. Also check out the Featured Article on the Mainpage, or other featured articles, to get a better sense of what citation on Wikipedia should look like. You need not even worry about formatting it absolutely correctly, just getting it in the article would be a help. I'm going to get off my soapbox now, but I do hope this helps. Do stay in touch, I'll be watching the article closely, and will help you where I can. EvilPhoenix talk 18:55, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

THANK YOU! THANK YOU! THANK YOU! Your comments were heartfelt and I am feeling MUCH BETTER NOW. Honestly, I think I did "jump the gun" in posting the article and I need more time to understand the wikipedia culture and structure. Would you suggest I delete/withdrawl the article (myself) entirely and then really work on this "offline" and then at a latter date submit the article for review if I think it meets the guidelines? I'm beginning to wonder myself whether "Ecologics" might be considered "original research." But, I want to think about this some more. I guess I was really feeling PRESSURE when I saw the "delete" comments posted just one day after I uploaded the submission. I guess my "defensive --ego mode" kicked in. I need some time to read all the wikipedia material much more carefully. I still think wikipedia is an EXCELLENT IDEA AND FORUM,and I want to be a part of the community. talk--Adisaji 02:20, 18 July 2005 (UTC) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Evilphoenix"

 * We're glad to have you. Glad you're feeling better. As far as the article goes, try adding in some citations to the article text. Just get some stuff in it....information about the sources you used, etc. You can also archive the article text...just go to the edit window of the article, copy out the text, and archive it to something like User:Adisaji/Ecologics. This is a normal and accepted practice for a page up for deletion that a user wants to salvage, it allows you to keep a copy that you can work on and re-submit, should the article end up being deleted. However, I think (but can't guarantee) that the article will be alright. Just go on, add some information about your sources...demonstrating effort to improve the article in face of a VfD goes a long way towards convincing editors not to delete it. Good luck!EvilPhoenix talk 02:33, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * And if it makes you feel any better, just after I got done writing the above I checked my watchlist to find out a template I created has come up for deletion, after someone found it after I randomly listed it on the stub templates list, so I've been merrily trying to defend my poor little stub template! :-) EvilPhoenix talk 03:10, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Adisaji, I do not want to discourage you from future work here. I would rescind my vote to delete Ecologics if the following simple improvements are made.  (1) References An early academic citation of "Ecologics" is provided, and one subsequent critical article is cited, (2) Place in history its relation to current literature is explained, (3) Definition the article's definition is clarified (it currently states  a system of reasoning or logical study(logics)of life processes (eco) which is essentially an ambiguous definition of modern biology or ecology, note "eco" and "logia" in "ecology" as well).  These would provide me with enough information to agree that "ecologics" is its own branch of anthropology, biology, philosophy, religion, etc.  Amicuspublilius 04:01, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Ecologics, contd.
I'm glad you've started making some changes to the article, that was something I had been waiting on, and was about to ask for, but you're already got that going. But yes, please do what you can to improve the article in the meantime. Cheers, EvilPhoenix talk 03:05, July 20, 2005 (UTC) ''I've gotten no further comments about all the changes I made to the article. Does the lack of additional comments mean the article is voted for deletion or will it be kept. I don't understand why there was a furor of votes/comments and then dead silence when I tried to rewrite/adjust the submission as requested.--Adisaji 14:27, 31 July 2005 (UTC)''
 * The article survived the VfD. There should be a link about that on the article Talk page. Most people may not have come back to the discussion after participating in voting. EvilPhoenix talk 04:07, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adisaji


text:
Yie Ar Kung-Fu

Yie Ar Kung-Fu (イー・アル・カンフー) is an arcade fighting game developed and published by Konami. It first had a limited Japanese release in October 1984, before having a wide release nationwide in January 1985 and then internationally in March. Along with Karate Champ (1984), which influenced Yie-Ar Kung Fu, it is one of the games that established the basis for modern fighting games.

The game was inspired by Bruce Lee's Hong Kong martial arts films, with the main player character Oolong modelled after Lee (like Bruceploitation films). In contrast to the grounded realism of Karate Champ, Yie Ar Kung-Fu moved the genre towards more fantastical, fast-paced action, with various different characters having a variety of special moves and high jumps, establishing the template for subsequent fighting games. It also introduced the health meter system to the genre, in contrast to the point-scoring system of Karate Champ.

The game was a commercial success in arcades, becoming the highest-grossing arcade conversion kit of 1985 in the United States while also being successful in Japan and Europe. It was ported to various home systems, including home computer conversions which were critically and commercially successful, becoming the best-selling home video game of 1986 in the United Kingdom.

Gameplay

Oolong (or Lee in the MSX and Famicom versions) must fight all the martial arts masters given by the game (eleven in the arcade version; five to thirteen in the home ports).

The player faces a variety of opponents, each with a unique appearance and fighting style. The player can perform up to 16 different moves, using a combination of buttons and joystick movements while standing, crouching or jumping. Moves are thrown at high, middle, and low levels. Regardless of the move that defeated them, male characters (save Feedle) always fall unconscious lying on their backs with their legs apart (Oolong flails his legs), and female characters always fall lying on their sides. Feedle disappears. When a player gains an extra life, the word "xiè xiè" (Mandarin for "thank you") is heard.

Instead of a point-scoring system like Karate Champ (1984), Yie Ar Kung-Fu instead introduces a health meter system. Each fighter has a health meter, which depletes as they take hits. Once a fighter's health meter is fully depleted, it leads to a knockout.

On the arcade version, players can play on until all their lives are gone. No bonus lives are given thereafter once 9,999,900 is scored.

Characters

 * Oolong (, Japanese: ウーロン Ūron; see oolong).
 * Controlled by the player, this Bruce Lee based kung fu shih fu's story focuses on him entering the "Kung-Fu History" tournament in order to fulfill his father's last wish, Oolong participated in the two fighting arenas with the goal of winning the throne cup and win the title of "Grand Master" in honor of the loving memory of his deceased father. On Oolong's side is a variety of punch and kick blows reachable by combining the joystick with one of the buttons (punch or kick). He also has the greatest jumping ability of all the game's fighters, with the exception of "Blues".

"Hot Fighting History":
 * Buchu
 * He uses a leaping motion to fly over Oolong, and as a middle level attack against him. Buchu may be big and powerful, but he is also slow. Much like Oolong, Buchu does not use weapons to fight. He is the first opponent in the first gauntlet and when he gets hit in the crotch, his eyes bug out and the game says "nǐ hǎo" (which is Mandarin for "hi" or "hello").
 * Star
 * The first female opponent Oolong faces. Star is a young girl in a pink outfit who throws shuriken (that can be punched or kicked for extra points) at all levels, and uses fast punches and kicks. Star bears resemblance to Taiwanese martial arts actress Angela Mao.
 * Nuncha
 * He is a man in a yellow gi-swinging nunchaku at Oolong at high and middle levels. His appearance is a homage to John Saxon's role as Mr. Roper in the film Enter the Dragon, and his nunchaku skills were modeled after Bruce Lee's.
 * Pole
 * A short man who carries a large bo and uses it against Oolong. Pole also uses it to pole vault to gain extra momentum for his moves.
 * Feedle
 * He is basically an endurance test for Oolong. Numerous enemies (or the same enemy who can replicate himself) attack from both sides of Oolong, punching high and low. In some ports, like the Commodore 64 one, he/they are absent.

"Masterhand History":
 * Chain
 * He awaits Oolong at the start of the second gauntlet (at the end of the first one in the Commodore 64 version). He is a large man who swings a giant chain with a claw-like attachment at the end (that can be punched or kicked at the extended end for extra points).
 * Club
 * Another large man who attacks Oolong. Club swings a giant spiked club (chúi) and bears a shield on his right arm to block Oolong's attacks at middle level.
 * Fan
 * Another female warrior who wears a cheongsam and is more feminine than Star. Fan throws steel fans at Oolong like shuriken (that can be punched or kicked for extra points but only for a limited time before three at a time are thrown) and kicks very swiftly. The fans fall in a feather-like pattern.
 * Sword
 * A dangerous warrior who comes ready to pounce on Oolong with a Dao and impressive aerial moves. He is also capable of warping around to the other side of the screen.
 * Tonfun
 * The final opponent Oolong must face before meeting his ultimate challenger, Blues. Tonfun attacks with two tonfa and fast-paced martial arts kicks.
 * Blues
 * Almost being a mirror image of Oolong without a shirt on and can match him move-for-move. Oolong has to find some weakness on Blues to win (Blues can often defeat Oolong with a series of speed kicks to the body if trapped). Since none of his clothes are blue, Blues is modeled after Bruce Lee with his name being another reference to the martial arts actor, based on his first name's pronunciation when said by a Japanese speaker. When Blues is defeated, Oolong is the winner and the game begins again with Buchu (in the BBC Micro version, Blues is replaced by a second round with Feedle). Characters start to move more frequently and have more difficult attacks (e.g., Buchu flies more frequently, Star often throws three stars at a time, Nuncha starts jumping in response to Oolong's low kicks, Pole makes multiple hit attempts with the pole and not just one per charge motion at Oolong).

The MSX and Famicom ports have many differences compared to their arcade counterpart.

Instead of Oolong, the hero is Lee and faces only 5 opponents:
 * Wang: Armed with a pole. Unlike Pole, he does not use his pole to gain momentum.
 * Tao: His special attack is breathing fireballs at the hero.
 * Chen: This port's version of Chain. After Chen's defeat, there is a bonus round where the hero must hit objects thrown the 3 Shots at him to score points.
 * Lang: This port's version of Star, but with quicker shots and moves.
 * Wu/Mu: Called Wu in the MSX version, and Mu in the Famicom version. He is similar to Buchu, as he also uses a leaping motion. When he is defeated, Lee kicks the gong and the game loops with a higher difficulty and different background colors.

There are two hidden characters in Konami Collector's Series: Arcade Advanced for the Game Boy Advance. To have access to them, the player must input the famous Konami Code at the title screen. The characters are available in the special two-player mode found on this collection. The fighters are Bishoo (a woman dressed in white who attacks with daggers) and Clayman (a living statue who attacks with a sword bigger than Sword's). A hidden character in the mobile phone version is Katana, a samurai who attacks with a katana.

Ports and related releases
Yie Ar Kung-Fu was subsequently widely ported to platforms including the MSX, Family Computer, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and BBC Micro.

In 2002 it was included in the Konami Collector's Series: Arcade Advanced for Game Boy Advance.

An emulated version of the game was released in 2005 for PlayStation 2 in Japan as part of the Oretachi Geasen Zoku Sono-series.

The game was released on Xbox Live Arcade for the Xbox 360 on July 18, 2007, with updated graphics and for the Nintendo DS in Konami Classics Series: Arcade Hits.

In recent years, this game was re-released on some TV game products. In 1987, the game was included on the compilation Konami Coin-op Hits with Hyper Sports, Green Beret and Mikie.

The Famicom version was relaunched for the Game Boy Color (as a part of Konami GB Collection Vol. 4), Sega Saturn and PlayStation.

The arcade version of Yie Ar Kung-Fu was made available on Microsoft's Game Room service for its Xbox 360 console and for Windows-based PCs in July 2010.

The MSX version of Yie Ar Kung-Fu was released for D4 Enterprise's Project EGG service in October 2014 in Japan.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Yie Ar Kung-Fu on their March 1, 1985 issue as being the second most-successful table arcade unit of the month. In North America, it was number seven on the RePlay arcade chart for software conversion kits in December 1985. It ended the year as America's highest-grossing arcade conversion kit of 1985, and one of the year's top five highest-grossing games in route/street locations. The arcade game was also a commercial success in Europe.

The home computer conversions were also commercially successful. In Europe, it entered the UK software sales charts at number two, below Capcom's Commando. Yie Ar Kung-Fu then topped the charts in January 1986 and again in February, and was then number two in March. It went on to become the overall best-selling game of 1986 in the United Kingdom. Its budget re-release later topped the UK budget sales chart in August 1989.

Sequels
A sequel, Yie Ar Kung-Fu II, was released a year later. The sequel was released only for home computers and was never ported to the arcades. Another fighting game by Konami, Martial Champion, was originally planned to be released as Yie Ar Kung-Fu 2. In fact, Jin, the protagonist of Martial Champion, was modeled after Lee, the protagonist of the Famicom and MSX versions, and after Ryu from the 1987 Street Fighter arcade game.

Shao-lin's Road (1985) was also marketed as a follow-up to Yie Ar Kung-Fu.

title: Yie Ar Kung-Fu


text:
Talk:InuYasha (character)

who are you

Use of the word demon
I don't know who is always typing in the word "demon" in the article that was probably the third time I had to scratch that nonsense. The term "yōkai" is NOT equal to "demon". The term describes a far broader category of supernatural creatures that in fact do not have to have supernatural origin, but just became supernatural during their existence. The word may involve demons but to translate "yōkai" with "demon", is a very rough translation and in many cases far more than just incorrect. And if the word is used in the English translation of the manga or anime so keep in mind, that its incorrect. So please everybody who is working on this site: stop this, it really doesn't help and it's not adequate for wikipedia or any other kind of dictionary.--Inugami-bargho (talk) 14:02, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * InuYasha and other yokai are called "demons" in the official translations of these works. And "yokai" is not an English word, that is, most English speakers would have no idea what it means. Even if "demon" does not quite catch the exact meaning intended, it is still better than a meaningless string of five letters. This is the policy which has been accepted by almost all editors of articles about InuYasha. JRSpriggs (talk) 20:52, 15 February 2008 (UTC) P.S. Wikipedia is not a dictionary; is it an encyclopedia.
 * Then I'd rather add a link to Yōkai rather than fix it to demon... I'm from a country right next to Japan and I know how different they are. BrianGo28 (talk) 04:21, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't really mind if demon is used instead of yokai for most of the text, but it would be very appropriate to mention yokai with a link at least once, say in the intro, because of the cultural distinction between the Japanese yokai and the modern western definition of demon.--Boffob (talk) 04:38, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

He is older than her!
InuYasha is older than Kagome because if he loved Kikyo and Kikyo seem's to be bigger than Kagome than well shouldn't Inuyasha be kikyo's age?!? or older Plus the first article It say's InuYasha is 15 so then didn't it say in the series she was 15! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Micsam77 (talk • contribs) 21:18, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

---Kikyou was older than InuYasha [in apperance at least] to begin with anyway. She was 18, he was 15. (My-Only-Love)  You are both wrong, InuYasha's age, is not known, but we do know he's over 50 years old at least, that's how long he ws planted in that tree by the arrow, so we know he's at least 50 years old, and since he's half demon, there no way to tell what his age is, but his appearence I believe is the age of a 16 year old, not a 15, but 16 year old, and Kagome was 15 when she first came over but during the series, she celebrates her 16th birthday so we know she's got a least a year older during the anime series, for the Manga, I can't speak for, but to be honest, i put her at 17 during the Mountain series with the Band of 7. And I put Inuyasha still at 16 years old in appearence.The Cleveland Browns are awesome! (talk) 20:01, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

---Nope, definately 15 (mind and body), the 50 year don't count as he was frozen in the aging process whilst sleeping, pinned to the tree. That came from the InuYasha character profile book. And as for their ages; they don't even age until the 3 year seperation. Almost the entire story takes place under a year. Here is the series timeline, adding up all the events: http://freelance-manga.com/forum/index.php?topic=43.0 .... the major giveaway that Kagome did not reach her 16th birthday in the series is the fact at the beginning she mentions that her entrance exams are coming up soon (exams to get into highschool). She stays in the last year of junior high for the series and she ends up taking exams plus before the final battle with Naraku, she graduates from junior high. This of course is all referencing from the manga as the anime does stray from canon from time to time. And as for Kagome's 16th in the anime, I don't ever recall seeing an episode that mentions that, can you reference what one? (My-Only-Love)

---In the official character guide, Rumiko Takashashi states that Inuyasha is technically 200 but due to his frozen state, when he was pinned to the tree for fifty years, he didn't age and therefore appears to be 150 years old, meaning that he ages one year for every ten years. So while he should look like he is already twenty, he actually appears 15.

Tetsusaiga merged
I've finally merged the article into this one; I'll admit it's a little messy, but so much information was in-universe. Personally, merging this page might even be considerable. I linked all the redirects to this page, so that should be fine. WhiteArcticWolf (talk) 00:40, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
 * So why does the Hiraikotsu have it's own article and isn't merged with Sango? Same with the other weapons?Moocowsrule (talk) 19:33, 31 August 2008 (UTC)Moocowsrule

Edits
I made a few edits to this page, which I think made it a bit better. I changed the Tessaiga part, from "Often Incorrectly written as Tetsusaiga" or something like that to "Written as Tetsusaiga in the English dub" because it isn't necessarily incorrect. And also changed Youki, Youketsu and Youkai to Yōki, Yōketsu and Yōkai.Moocowsrule (talk) 00:06, 19 August 2008 (UTC)Moocowsrule
 * And it is Tetsusaiga in the English manga too. WhisperToMe (talk) 01:31, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Edited a bunch of the weapon section.Moocowsrule (talk) 19:47, 31 August 2008 (UTC)Moocowsrule

At the end of the manga Kagome returns to the Sengoku Era and marries Inuyasha, so why was this taken out? She's his wife, so she should be (and was, but someone removed it) included in the list of relatives. 75.157.122.154 (talk) 06:43, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Kenatsu (Sword Pressure)
I have the Kanji for Kenatsu, traditional and simplified, but I'm not sure which to use... 剣圧 Simplified and 劍壓 Traditional. Moocowsrule (talk) 19:41, 31 August 2008 (UTC)Moocowsrule

Edits on Soul Scattering Iron Claw/Soul Shattering Claw.
Which was arbitrarily referred to by only its english dub name by the way. I added the fact that Iron Reaver is only the english dub name, and the fact that the Japanese name is Sankontessou. Any objections? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Battoubro (talk • contribs) 05:23, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I removed it; it's POV (that it's a poor translation). If you want, just put Iron Reaver Soul Stealer (*kanji here*). Most of InuYasha's attacks are not a direct translation of the Japanese, making it easiest to use that method instead of explaining every one. WhiteArcticWolf (talk) 12:56, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:InuYasha (character)


text:
User:Rudykog

Best viewed in 1024x768 with Firefox.

title: User:Rudykog


text: User talk:69.157.98.200

title: User talk:69.157.98.200


text:
Westside, California

Westside, California may refer to:

 * Westside (Los Angeles County)
 * Westside, Fresno County, California
 * Westside, Long Beach, California, a neighborhood

title: Westside, California


text:
London Underground A60 and A62 Stock

The London Underground A60 and A62 Stock, commonly referred to as A Stock, was a type of sub-surface rolling stock which operated on the Metropolitan line of the London Underground from 12 June 1961  to 26 September 2012, and on the East London line from 1977 until 22 December 2007, when it closed to be converted into London Overground (except in 1986, when one-man operation conversion of the fleet took place).

The stock was built in two batches (A60 and A62) by Cravens of Sheffield in the early 1960s, and replaced all other trains on the line.

At the time of its withdrawal in September 2012, the stock was the oldest on the Underground, having been in service for over 50 years. It was the only stock to have luggage racks, umbrella hooks and separate power and braking controls, and the last stock not to feature any automated announcements.

Development and introduction
The design was formulated by W S Graff-Baker of the London Passenger Transport Board, as part of the electrification of the Metropolitan line from to Amersham and  under the 1935–1940 New Works Programme, and owes much to the smaller London Underground 1938 Stock. The project was delayed by World War II and lack of funds during the austerity period after the war. In 1946 two experimental trailers similar in exterior appearance to the production trains were built using underframes from T Stock, but they were scrapped when the trials concluded. Graff-Baker died in 1952, before the trains were finally built.

When electrification commenced in 1959, London Transport placed an order for 31 A60 Stock trains to replace both T Stock on services to and Rickmansworth, and locomotive-hauled services to destinations north of Rickmansworth. The first units, 5004 and 5008, entered service to Watford in June 1961. The Amersham/Chesham services began later that year. London Transport later ordered 27 A62 Stock trains; these were introduced between 1961 and 1963 to replace F and P Stocks on the service. By December 1963, the roll-out was complete.

The trains were designated as A Stock to mark the electrification of the Metropolitan line to Amersham. Four-car units were used on the East London line (then a branch of the Metropolitan line) from June 1977 to April 1985, May 1987 to 24 March 1995 and 25 March 1998 to 22 December 2007, when the line closed to become part of the London Overground network.

Design
The stock was a compromise between the needs of longer-distance "outer suburban" passengers on the outer reaches of the line and short-distance "urban" passengers over the heavily used Circle and Hammersmith & City lines. For this reason, the trailer cars have three sets of doors per car.

A distinctive feature was the use of transverse seating only, uncommon on the Underground. This is because it was designed for journeys which might last over an hour. Most of the seating was of the high-capacity transverse 3 + 2 arrangement. Four tip-up seats were provided at the rear of the driving motor. Despite each 8-car train seating 448 passengers, the stock provided fewer seats than the locomotive-hauled and T stock trains that they replaced, but more seats than the S Stock which started to replace them on 31 July 2010.

The stock had luggage racks and umbrella hooks, the only Underground stock to have these features, despite their presence on most contemporary British Rail stock. The A stock were the last subsurface trains built with headlights positioned on the left side of the cab giving them an asymmetrical appearance. They also had three tail lights positioned underneath the cab, although one was removed during refurbishment.

A60 and A62 stocks were nearly identical in appearance. The most significant differences were the border around the destination window on A62 motor cars and the make of compressor under the trailer cars: A60 stock used the Westinghouse DHC 5A, A62 cars the Reavell TBC 38Z.

At 9 ft, they were the Underground's widest trains. The stock was refurbished between 1994 and 1997 by Adtranz at Derby Litchurch Lane Works. Car end windows were installed, the seating was reupholstered, and the livery was updated. At the time of refurbishment, the Metropolitan line had a low priority for receiving new trains.

Operation
Each unit consisted of four cars: two powered driving motors at each end and two non-powered trailers in between. Each unit was further divided into two semi-permanently-coupled sets, a driving motor and trailer. In service, trains consisted of one or two four-car units coupled together.

To avoid hauling under-utilised carriages, eight-car trains were divided into their component four-car units at the end of the peak hours, with one unit often stabled. At the start of the peak hours, this unit would be coupled to another single unit to create a longer train. Although this practice was discontinued across the Underground network at the introduction of the A60 and A62 Stocks, their capabilities of carrying shorter units continued the operation. In June 1962, four-car trains began to run on the Metropolitan line. Decouplings were normally scheduled at Uxbridge or Watford in the platforms, and at Amersham in the sidings.

The practice was discontinued after the 1980 summer season; with exception for the Chalfont & Latimer–Chesham shuttle, which was always operated by a single four-car unit; as it had become an operational nuisance. Uncoupling was usually cancelled during each winter as it was hazardous in leaf-fall and icy conditions. This also greatly simplified subsequent rolling stock modifications.

When built it had a top speed of 70 mph (world's fastest fourth-rail train), but from the late 1990s/early 2000s it was restricted to 50 mph to improve reliability.

Other areas of operation
In addition to the Metropolitan line, A Stock was permitted to traverse the following sections, subject to the following restrictions:

Roster
Cars had a four-digit number. The first digit identified the type of car (driver or trailer), the last three digits the set (000 to 231). In further detail: ^ operational DM

† Renumbered

+ Replaced/formed with a renumbered car

Renumberings:

a. 5034 and 5008 swapped numbers in July 1985; new 5008 and 6008 became set 5234-6234 in September 1994, 5034 preserved at the London Transport Museum, Acton.

b. set 5009-6009 renumbered 5235-6235 in September 1994.

c. set 5028-6028 renumbered 5232-6232 in June 1985.

d. 5036 renumbered 5116 in April 1993 (original 5116 scrapped in 1987 – collision at Kilburn, December 1984)

e. set 5117-6117 renumbered 5233-6233 in August 1985; set 5037-6037 renumbered 5117-6117 in April 1993.

f. 5208 renumbered 5218 in August 1992 (original 5218 scrapped in 1994 – experimental suspension)

g. 5209 renumbered 5121 in March 1993 (original 5121 scrapped in 1994 – collision at Neasden depot, October 1986)

Converted works vehicles:

s. Sandite dispenser car.

Withdrawals:

1.

2.

Withdrawal
A60 Stock reached 50 years of service on 12 June 2011. The age of the stock made spare parts more difficult to obtain and vehicles had to be cannibalised to keep the rest of the stock in operation.

S8 Stock replaced the stock, with the first unit introduced on 31 July 2010. This is similar to the S7 Stock for the District, Circle and Hammersmith & City lines; the main differences are the layout and number of seats and the provision of two sand hoppers for each rail due to the different conditions at the country end of the line. On 9 October 2010, the first eight cars of A Stock were sent for scrap, units 5197 and 5173. Both units had been out of service for several months after suffering from technical faults. Main withdrawal began on 20 January 2011, with units 5006+5179 being sent to the CF Booths of Rotherham for scrapping.

In February 2012, the London Transport Museum began offering luggage racks from withdrawn A Stock for sale.

The last train ran in passenger service on 26 September 2012, formed of 5034 + 5062. The same train was used on 29 September 2012 for the final ticket-only railtour, organised by the London Transport Museum. It ran from Moorgate along the entire Metropolitan line, including Watford, Amersham, Aldgate, Uxbridge, Chesham and the Watford North curve. The tour ended at Wembley Park: on the final stretch from Finchley Road, the train was unofficially recorded at 74 mph. One of the driving motor cars, 5034, was part of the first (as 5008) and also the last A Stock train, giving it a life of over 51 years. It was sent to Northwood sidings on 8 October 2012 and loaded onto lorries for disposal. The historical age and significance of No.5034 saw it taken to the Acton Museum Depot for preservation but vehicle 5062 was scrapped.

The stock survived in engineering use as a Rail Adhesion Train until March 2018, when it too was scrapped, giving the stock a total life of 57 years. It had been last used in December 2017, when it had developed a fault and repairs were deemed unnecessary, as it was planned to be scrapped after the end of the year anyway, being replaced by a D78 stock unit.

The night of 24 May 2018 was the final time an A stock unit ran under its own power on the London Underground network. Set 5234/6234/6235/5235 worked train 710 from Neasden Depot to Ealing Common Depot. The set was subsequently removed from the adjacent London Transport Museum depot at Acton Town by road for disposal on 17 and 18 July 2018.

The stock outlasted many former British Rail EMUs: the Scottish Class 303 managed 43 years, the Class 309 Clacton Express units 38 years and British Rail Class 312 only 28 years. The former Southern Region 4CIG and 4CEP managed 46 and 49 years respectively. The stock was one of Britain's longest-serving types of train, although falling short of the service length of the ex-1938 Stock, which were still in use on the Isle of Wight 81 years after construction at the time of their withdrawal in 2021, the Class 487 units which pushed through to just under 53 years, or the 81 years of the first-generation Glasgow Subway rolling stock between 1896 and 1977.

title: London Underground A60 and A62 Stock


text: User:Adisaji

title: User:Adisaji


text:
Talk:Jerry Rushing

Cleanup
This article despiratly needs a cleanup. It doesn't read like and encyclopedia article and it doesn't have a NPOV. Ted BJ 06:19, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The text is lifted directly from the website referenced in the article. It's a piece of PR for the movie "Traveler." —Rodii 02:30, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Temp article
In hopes of saving this article, I've created a decent NPOV rendition of the facts at Jerry Rushing/Temp. --Dhartung | Talk 06:25, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:JerryRushing.jpg
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:34, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jerry Rushing


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Mulawin

Mulawin is a Philippine television drama fantasy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Don Michael Perez and Dode Cruz, it stars Richard Gutierrez, Angel Locsin and Dennis Trillo. It premiered on August 2, 2004 on the network's Telebabad line up. The series concluded on March 18, 2005 with a total of 166 episodes. It was replaced by Darna in its timeslot.

The success of the series led to television spin-offs: Encantadia in 2005 and Iglot in 2011. While continuations of the series, the film Mulawin: The Movie was released in 2005 and the television series Mulawin vs. Ravena was broadcast in 2017.

The series is streaming online on YouTube.

Premise
The story centers around the species called "Mulawin" who once helped the humans save mother nature, then withdrew themselves and hid in the mountains due to humanity's greed. In the meantime, a rebel band of Mulawins called "Ravena" sought revenge against the humans. The peace between the humans and Mulawins depends on Aguiluz, the protector and Alwina, the envoy.

Cast and characters

 * Lead cast
 * Richard Gutierrez as Aguiluz / Aguilar
 * Angel Locsin as Alwina
 * Dennis Trillo as Gabriel

 * Supporting cast
 * Ara Mina as Vultra / Violeta / Veronica
 * Gary Estrada as Rasmus
 * Amy Austria as Lourdes
 * Zoren Legaspi as Bagwis
 * Romnick Sarmenta as Habagat
 * Lloyd Samartino as Lucio Montenegro
 * Karen delos Reyes as Savannah Montenegro
 * Bearwin Meily as Kuwak / Makisig
 * Bryan Revilla as Lino
 * Pia Pilapil as Lucila Montenegro
 * Marissa Sanchez as Tuka
 * Alicia Alonzo as Rosing
 * Kiel Rodriguez as Terong
 * Bianca King as Aviona
 * Jaja Bolivar as Biba
 * Happy Lynn Sy as Yolly
 * Eddie Gutierrez as Dakila

 * Recurring cast
 * Miguel Tanfelix as Pagaspas / Gas
 * Sam Bumatay as Lawiswis / Wis
 * Tricia Roman as Pamela
 * Michael de Mesa as Ravenum

 * Guest cast
 * Kurt Perez as younger Aguiluz
 * Kristel Fulgar as younger Alwina
 * Paul Salas as younger Gabriel
 * Shamel Leask as younger Aviona
 * Eunice Lagusad as younger Biba
 * Carmina Villaroel as Ina / Salimbay
 * Tanya Garcia as Paloma
 * Isabella de Leon as Mayi
 * Rainier Castillo as older Pagaspas
 * Denise Laurel as older Lawiswis
 * Eagle Riggs as Dak-dak
 * Bidz dela Cruz as Ngas-ngas
 * Sasi Casas as Gad-gad
 * Ang-ang - Portrayed by
 * Michael Roy Jornales as Kuskos
 * Musmos - Portrayed by
 * Sakmal - Portrayed by
 * Jeff Carpio as Laab
 * Hampas - Portrayed by
 * Procopio - Portrayed by
 * Bianca- Portrayed by
 * Princess Punzalan as Maningning
 * Cristine Reyes as Estrea
 * Shermaine Santiago as Oyayi
 * Ehra Madrigal as Dalaginding
 * Giselle Toengi as Ynang Reyna
 * Sheryl Cruz as Linang
 * Nancy Castiglione as Muyak
 * James Blanco as Aramis
 * Ian Veneracion as Panabon
 * Bettina Carlos as Florona
 * Katarina Perez as Banayad
 * Mayumi - Portrayed by
 * Daluyong - Portrayed by
 * Jay Aquitania as Mulagat
 * Edwin Zarate as Lumbas
 * Roi Vinzon as Daragit
 * Balasik - Portrayed by
 * Geneva Cruz as Haraya
 * Botchok - Portrayed by
 * Ching ching - Portrayed by
 * Caloy / Laki / Hidalgo

Production
Actress Maxene Magalona was approached to play the role of Alwina, which she declined. The role was later given to Angel Locsin.

Music
In October 2004, GMA Records released an album entitled Songs Inspired By Mulawin which serves as the series' original soundtrack. The album was made in response to several requests to play the show's theme song in various Philippine radio stations. The album includes the series' theme song "Ikaw Nga" by South Border.

Sequels
A direct sequel to the series, the film Mulawin: The Movie was produced by Regal Entertainment and GMA Films and was released in theaters on December 25, 2005 as an entry to the 2005 Metro Manila Film Festival. A continuation of the film, the television series Mulawin vs. Ravena premiered on GMA Network on May 22, 2017.

title: Mulawin


text:
L(R)

In set theory, L(R) (pronounced L of R) is the smallest transitive inner model of ZF containing all the ordinals and all the reals.

Construction
It can be constructed in a manner analogous to the construction of L (that is, Gödel's constructible universe), by adding in all the reals at the start, and then iterating the definable powerset operation through all the ordinals.

Assumptions
In general, the study of L(R) assumes a wide array of large cardinal axioms, since without these axioms one cannot show even that L(R) is distinct from L. But given that sufficient large cardinals exist, L(R) does not satisfy the axiom of choice, but rather the axiom of determinacy. However, L(R) will still satisfy the axiom of dependent choice, given only that the von Neumann universe, V, also satisfies that axiom.

Results
Given the assumptions above, some additional results of the theory are:

 * Every projective set of reals – and therefore every analytic set and every Borel set of reals – is an element of L(R).
 * Every set of reals in L(R) is Lebesgue measurable (in fact, universally measurable) and has the property of Baire and the perfect set property.
 * L(R) does not satisfy the axiom of uniformization or the axiom of real determinacy.
 * R#, the sharp of the set of all reals, has the smallest Wadge degree of any set of reals not contained in L(R).
 * While not every relation on the reals in L(R) has a uniformization in L(R), every such relation does have a uniformization in L(R#).
 * Given any (set-size) generic extension V[G] of V, L(R) is an elementary submodel of L(R) as calculated in V[G]. Thus the theory of L(R) cannot be changed by forcing.
 * L(R) satisfies AD+.

title: L(R)