text:
Turmero

Turmero is a city in the state of Aragua in northern Venezuela. It is the capital of Santiago Mariño Municipality.

The city was officially established on 27 November 1620 with the founding of a church, Iglesia Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, in an existing village.

Landmarks

 * Universidad Bicentenaria de Aragua (established in 1986)
 * La Encrucijada de Turmero

Notable people

 * Bobby Abreu (born 1974), professional baseball player
 * Francisco José Cróquer (1920–1955), sportscaster and racing driver
 * Balbino Blanco Sánchez (1925-1990), journalist, poet
 * William Cuevas (born 1990), professional baseball player
 * Francisco Linares Alcántara (1825–1878), President of Venezuela
 * Yohan Pino (born 1983), professional baseball player
 * Abraham Torres (born 1968), Olympic boxer
 * José Luis Valbuena (born 1971), Pan American Games boxer
 * Stephanie de Zorzi (born 1993), Model and Miss Earth Venezuela 2016

title: Turmero


text:
Talk:Livestock branding

Source on branding history and freeze branding
Cool new article if someone wants to incorporate its content (with footnotes, preferably) into the article. http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=8616

Animal welfare issues
I'm surprised that the article has no section addressing animal welfare concerns surrounding hot iron branding. I know nothing about this subject, but I'm sure such concerns must have been raised, even in the macho ranching cultures of North America and Australia. Can anyone add some info? --Ef80 (talk) 11:48, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

 * It's indirectly mentioned in the freeze branding section. Main trick will be NPOV tone and proper sources.   Montanabw (talk) 15:30, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Seconding this. I assumed that the practice would be banned in most western countries since multiple decades ago (for obvious reasons), and came to Wikipedia to check this. Surely there must be at least an ongoing debate that should be included in the article (similar to the fox hunting article, for example)? 212.85.88.113 (talk) 09:47, 20 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree. That's an exclusive topic that merits a separate section in the article. Will try my best to include it once I find sources. Rasnaboy (talk) 11:59, 20 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Not illegal at all. Still very common.   Montanabw (talk) 09:16, 24 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I did a bit of cleanup on that section. Some good research, but I looked over the articles and made some tweaks to be more in line with what the studies actually said. Want to be careful not to be cherry-picking the data for POV purposes. I would be interested in knowing if there really is much of a debate over branding, it seems like an issue that’s low on the priority list for the animal rights folks. Fox hunting gets more publicity because it’s all wrapped up with issues of social class, as do other issues like fur trapping. But taking on the beef industry is a little different kettle of fish...  Montanabw (talk) 10:01, 24 January 2021 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080410211954/http://www.lis-alberta.com/applying_brands/hot_iron.html to http://www.lis-alberta.com/applying_brands/hot_iron.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080721060204/http://ashs.com.au/downloads/2008%20Rules%20and%20Regs/2008%20Part%205%20-%20Identification%201.pdf to http://www.ashs.com.au/downloads/2008%20Rules%20and%20Regs/2008%20Part%205%20-%20Identification%201.pdf

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Livestock branding


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/The Wikification Backlog

The Wikification Backlog

 * Nominated on 05:43, 24 July 2005 (UTC); needs 5 votes by July 30.

Every so often, people suggest that we should have a concerted fix-up effort of one type or another, but nothing much seems to come of these suggestions. I've heard that other-language Wikipedias do this sort of thing occasionally. Well, the list of articles to be wikified has gotten very long, and WikiProject Wikification has gone inactive. It seems like the perfect subject for a time-limited collaboration - wikification is something that anyone can do, whether or not they know anything about the subject of the article.

So, I'm nominating this for Collaboration of the Week. If people think we should have a separate Wikification Week event on Community portal, that'd be fine by me, too, if people would be interested in participating. -- Beland 05:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Support:
 * 1) Beland 05:43, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Deryck C. 08:41, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * 1) This nomination doesn't belong in this project and should be removed. D AVODD  10:45, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) For the record, we now have Maintenance collaboration of the week. -- Beland 05:31, 1 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Jack Was Every Inch a Sailor

"Jack Was Every Inch A Sailor" is a traditional Newfoundland and Labrador folk song. It is a comical retelling of the Jonah tale, with a Newfoundland whaler as protagonist, but in this instance the whale gets his comeuppance.

It may have been adapted from a New York City music-hall song "Every Inch a Sailor", which itself was a burlesque of "HMS Pinafore".

This song was covered by Canadian children's singing group Sharon, Lois and Bram on The Elephant Show.

Lyrics
Upon the isle of Newfoundland there lived a sailor boy

He was a handsome sailor lad, his father's pride and joy

He was born on board his father's ship on a dark and stormy morn

And he helped the crew harpoon a whale on the day that he was born

Chorus:

 * Jack was every inch a sailor
 * Five and twenty years a whaler
 * Jack was every inch a sailor
 * He was born upon the bright blue sea

When Jack grew up to be a man he sailed from shore to shore

He sailed his ship around the world a dozen times or more

Harpooning whales was play to him for he was very strong

And he was also very tall and his beard was very long

CHO

One night while Jack was standing watch a storm began to blow

It blew so hard that soon the ship was tossing to and fro

A great big wave rolled up to Jack and washed him to the rail

And he was tossed into the sea and swallowed by a whale

CHO

Now when that whale had swallowed Jack it soon began to shake

For this old whale had got himself a mighty stomach ache

Well now, said Jack, this poor old whale don't know what he's about

And he grabbed that whale all by the tail and pulled him inside out

CHO

Another version of the song is this:
 * 'Twas twenty-five or thirty years since Jack first saw the light,
 * He came into this world of woe one dark and stormy night;
 * He was born on board his father's ship as she was lying to,
 * 'Bout twenty-five or thirty miles southeast of Baccalieu.
 * CHORUS:
 * Oh, Jack was every inch a sailor,
 * Five and twenty years a whaler;
 * Jack was every inch a sailor,
 * He was born upon the bright blue sea.
 * When Jack grew up to be a man he went to the Labrador,
 * He fished in Indian Harbour where his father fished before;
 * On his returning in the fog he met a heavy gale,
 * And Jack was swept into the sea and swallowed by a whale.
 * CHORUS
 * Oh, the whale went straight for Baffin Bay, 'bout ninety knots an hour,
 * And every time he'd blow a spray he'd send it in a shower;
 * Oh, now, says Jack unto himself, I must see what he's about,
 * He caught the whale all by the tail and turned him inside out.
 * CHORUS
 * And every time he'd blow a spray he'd send it in a shower;
 * Oh, now, says Jack unto himself, I must see what he's about,
 * He caught the whale all by the tail and turned him inside out.
 * CHORUS
 * CHORUS

title: Jack Was Every Inch a Sailor


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bongacious

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:23, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Bongacious
At best, a dicdef. At worst, completely made up. Bonga doesn't agree with the article's given meaning, either. Delete DNicholls 05:44, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per DNicholls. Hamster Sandwich 06:30, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. DarthVader 11:29, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Joke. -- BD2412 talk 20:20, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 06:57, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Penny Valentine

Penelope Ann Valentine (13 February 1943 – 9 January 2003) was a British music journalist, rock critic, and occasional television personality.

Biography
Penny Valentine was born in London, of Jewish and Italian ancestry. In 1959 she became a trainee reporter, first on the Uxbridge Post, and in the early 1960s on Boyfriend, a weekly magazine for teen girls. In 1964, she joined the staff of Disc, a weekly pop music magazine (later Disc and Music Echo), as a journalist and record reviewer, becoming for a time Britain's most influential reviewer of new pop singles. According to fellow journalist Richard Williams, "She was probably the first woman to write about pop music as though it really mattered." She loved soul music, and supported singers such as Aretha Franklin and Marvin Gaye before they became famous. In 1965 she also recorded the novelty single I Want To Kiss Ringo Goodbye which celebrates The Beatles' drummer Ringo Starr.

As a young woman, Valentine also wrote articles for a variety of publications on the then-current "Swinging London" phenomenon. Chris Welch commented that she "was part of a social whirl of receptions, parties and night-clubbing that made Swinging London such fun...The Beatles and Rolling Stones certainly preferred to be interviewed by the vivacious young lady from Disc magazine than by some spotty chap in a raincoat." She also appeared regularly on Juke Box Jury in the mid-1960s.

In 1970 she left Disc to join a new magazine, Sounds, and in 1973 was hired by her friend Elton John to become the press officer for his record label, The Rocket Record Company. She also wrote for Record Mirror, and Melody Maker, and in the 1970s for the American rock magazine Creem. After a period working in New York City, she returned to London in 1975 to help launch another new magazine, Street Life, later joining Time Out before leaving in 1980 to help found the more politically radical City Limits. She became active in a number of bodies, including Women in Media and the National Union of Journalists. After gaining a BA in film studies and English, she then pursued a freelance career teaching and writing. With Vicki Wickham, she wrote a biography of Dusty Springfield entitled Dancing With Demons (2000).

Valentine died at the age of 59 in 2003 after suffering from cancer for some time.

title: Penny Valentine


text:
Guy Velella

Guy John Velella (September 25, 1944 – January 27, 2011) was an American Republican politician serving as a New York State Senator from the Bronx.

A political leader, state assemblyman, and state senator for over 30 years, Velella was indicted in 2002 on 25 counts of bribery and conspiracy for allegedly accepting at least $137,000 in exchange for steering public-works contracts to the paying parties. He ultimately pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy in the fourth degree, a class E felony, admitting that he helped clients obtain business from government agencies, and that the clients paid fees in excess of $10,000 to his father's law firm, in exchange for a year in jail. As part of the plea agreement reached with the Manhattan District Attorney, Velella resigned his seat in the State Senate and his position as Chairman of the Bronx County Republican Party. He was also disbarred. He served a total of six months (in two separate stints) of his sentence at Rikers Island.

Biography
Velella was born on September 25, 1944, in East Harlem, then a heavily Italian-American neighborhood, in Manhattan. Velella's father, the late Vincent J. Velella, was a lawyer who became wealthy through real estate deals. The Velella family moved to the Bronx in the late 1950s. In 1967, Velella graduated from St. John's University, Jamaica, New York. He then earned a law degree from the Suffolk School of Law (today the Suffolk University Law School) in Boston, Massachusetts, and joined his father's law practice.

In 1972, aged 28, Velella, a Republican, ran for the New York State Assembly in the East Bronx. The incumbent Democrat withdrew from the race unexpectedly, and Velella won the race. He served in the Assembly from 1973 to 1982, sitting in the 180th, 181st, 182nd, 183rd and 184th New York State Legislatures. After redistricting, Velella found himself running in a new Democratic district in 1982, which then covered Throggs Neck and Parkchester. In a bitter campaign, he ran against popular Assemblyman and head of the Parkchester Tenants Association, John C. Dearie.

After losing that election by a wide margin, Velella told the Bronx News, a local weekly newspaper, that he was done with politics. In January 1983, Velella returned to practicing law full-time. Despite his pledge that his political career was over, Velella was elected to the local school board. Many political observers expected Velella to run for the seat in Congress held by Mario Biaggi, a Democrat, when he retired.

Velella returned to elected office on April 22, 1986, when he was elected to the New York State Senate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John D. Calandra. The three-way race was bitter and costly, as JoAnn Calandra, Calandra's widow, backed by the late senator's partisans and patronage recipients, and hoping to capitalize on the late senator's ties to the Senate Majority establishment, sought to retain family control of the seat. The Democratic candidate, Michael Durso, also generated interest. The 34th Senate District included mostly white neighborhoods in the Bronx and parts of lower Westchester County, areas hand-picked by Calandra during the last redistricting and including portions of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, New Rochelle and all of Pelham. Velella received the endorsements of the Right to Life Party and the Bronx section of the Conservative Party of New York.

In a battle that echoed those for the Republican nomination and the Senate Seat itself, Velella also became chairman of the Bronx Republican Party. He was subsequently re-elected to the State Senate in November 1986 and in every subsequent election until November 2002, sitting in the 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd, 194th and 195th New York State Legislatures. He resigned his seat on May 14, 2004, as part of a plea bargain reached on criminal charges that he took bribes to help businesses win lucrative state contracts. According to the text of the indictment, the bribes were in the form of payments to the Velellas' law firm for little or no work.

Popularity in district
As a state senator, Velella brought millions of state dollars into his district, which funded local projects. Velella also endeared himself to his constituents through his advocacy on their behalf with the federal, state, and city government. Velella's success in securing money for his district and excellent record on constituent service made him very popular in his district, including conservative Democrats (or "Reagan Democrats").

Influence
As one of the handful of Republican State Senators from New York City, Velella exercised considerable influence in the state legislature and in both Westchester County and New York City politics. Over the decades, many Democrats in the Assembly often turned to Velella to introduce their legislation in the New York State Senate, which was controlled by the Republicans from 1966 until 2009.

In 1989, Velella became chairman of the powerful Senate Insurance Committee. In this capacity, Velella secured passage of numerous laws affecting the insurance industry in New York. Velella reached the height of his influence and power during the mid-1990s. He enjoyed access to important elected officials, many of them Republicans, such as U.S. Senator Alfonse D'Amato, Governor George Pataki, Attorney General Dennis Vacco, New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, and NYS Senate Majority Leader Joseph Bruno.

Velella used his many contacts to secure patronage jobs for his supporters. Other key backers such as Bill Newmark, the chairman of the Bronx Conservative Party, joined his legislative payroll.

During Rudy Giuliani's first mayoral bid in 1989, Velella and D'Amato acted together to deny Giuliani the support he needed to beat David Dinkins, the eventual Democratic nominee, even going so far as to engineer a completely spurious candidacy on the part of cosmetics heir Ronald Lauder to challenge Giuliani in the Republican primary. Victor B. Tosi, Velella's executive assistant and a long-time Bronx Republican activist, served as Lauder's campaign manager. Lauder lost the primary, but the nearly $13 million he spent on negative campaign commercials damaged Giuliani's candidacy.

In the general election, Velella endorsed Giuliani, who went on to lose narrowly to Dinkins. Later, when D'Amato and the Governor-Elect Pataki decided to foment a coup against then-Majority Leader Ralph Marino, who had clashed repeatedly with Pataki during the latter's brief tenure in the New York State Senate, Velella acted as Pataki's and D'Amato's agent, drafting Senate Members for a Thanksgiving coup in 1994 against Long Island's Marino and in favor of upstate Rensselaer County's Joe Bruno. This occurred even though Velella had been, upon the retirement of former Majority Leader Warren M. Anderson, one of a small circle who had helped to engineer Marino's ascension to the Leader's post and was one of Marino's most visible and rewarded allies during the ensuing years. While serving in the state legislature, Velella also maintained a thriving law practice, which benefited from his Senate role as Insurance Chairman.

He was a partner, with his father, in Velella, Velella, Basso, and Calandra, a law firm in the Morris Park section of The Bronx. After his conviction, Velella surrendered his law license. In 2004, the law firm changed its name to Velella, Basso, and Cirrincione and then, after the retirement of Vincent Velella, to Basso and Cirrincione. The law firm is now known as Velella & Basso.

Controversies and scandals
In 1987, Velella admitted that he had fathered a child out of wedlock with an Albany woman with whom he had had a longtime affair. The year before, Velella's supporters distributed campaign literature that championed him as an advocate of family values and criticized liberal Democrats for undermining sexual morality. Velella later said he had made financial arrangements with the child's mother to support his newborn daughter, Alexandra Velella.

In 1993, Velella was accused of fixing local school board elections. No criminal charges were filed.

City-wide races
In 1981, then-Assemblyman Velella ran for New York City Council President against the incumbent Democrat Carol Bellamy and lost. In 1985, Velella ran for New York City Comptroller against the three-time Democratic incumbent, Harrison J. Goldin, but lost again, by a wide margin.

As Bronx Republican Chairman
In 1986, Velella became the chairman of the Bronx Republican Party. He resigned that position in 2004. Critics charged that Velella did nothing to build the local GOP and maintained a "non-aggression pact" with the Bronx County Democratic organization. With the exception of himself, no other Republican was ever elected to any office in the Bronx during his 18-year term. In 1994 and 1996, Velella ran with the endorsement of the Bronx Democratic Party.

Although he maintained a cordial and mutually-beneficial relationship with the Bronx Democratic political machine, Velella did work hard to get Republicans elected to prominent offices. In 1992, Velella campaigned for Senator D'Amato, who was facing a tough re-election fight against Democratic challenger, New York Attorney General Robert Abrams. D'Amato was narrowly re-elected. Velella and Giuliani put aside their previous animosity, and the Bronx Republican leader enthusiastically campaigned for him in 1993. On Election Day, Velella oversaw a "ballot security program," which sought to deter voter fraud at the polls. In 1994, Velella devoted his resources to the Pataki and Vacco campaigns, which were both successful.

In 2001, Velella endorsed former Bronx Borough President and Congressman Herman Badillo, who became a Republican in the 1990s, in the race to succeed the term-limited Mayor Giuliani. In the Republican primary, Badillo faced billionaire Michael Bloomberg, who won the endorsement of the city's four other Republican county chairmen in Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. When Velella realized he was the only Republican county chairman in the city supporting Badillo, Velella stopped actively campaigning for Badillo and publicly called on him to withdraw from the race. Velella explained to the New York Post that he didn't like primaries although he enthusiastically backed Lauder in 1989 against Giuliani. Bloomberg won the primary handily. Velella then campaigned for Bloomberg, who went on to narrowly defeat Mark Green in the general election.

StopGuy.com
In late 2002, a number of Morris Park residents expressed their concerns over a (now-defunct) web site with the domain www.morrispark.com. The site reportedly contained pornographic images, racial and ethnic jokes and insults, and criticism of local businesses, community leaders and politicians, including Velella. The site's domain was registered under what was believed to be a false name, and its owner has never been identified. Velella announced that he would draft legislation that would require web site operators to register with the New York State Attorney General. Velella's action sparked the creation of a now-defunct "Stop Guy" Web site.

Early release controversy
On June 21, 2004, Velella was sentenced to one year in jail for bribery under a plea deal, but was released from Rikers Island on September 28, 2004, after less than twelve weeks by the Local Conditional Release Commission, an obscure New York City agency. (Ironically, in the State Senate, Velella had voted to abolish the LCRC.) His early release sparked outrage, especially in the media. Both the New York Post and New York Daily News, which both endorsed Velella in past campaigns, published editorials demanding his return to jail. The New York Post pasted Velella's face on a Monopoly "Get Out of Jail Free" card and published it daily in its opinion section.

Mayor Michael Bloomberg called for an investigation into the circumstances of Velella's early release. The city's Department of Investigations, which looked into the matter, found that the Local Conditional Release Commission had violated established procedures when it granted Velella's request. Mayor Bloomberg then forced the resignation of all four commission members in October and reconstituted the panel by appointing five new members, who on November 19, 2004, ordered Velella back to prison. Although Velella appealed the decision, the New York State Appeals Court refused to give him another reprieve. He returned to Rikers Island in late December to resume his sentence, and was released on March 18, 2005, after serving only 182 days of his original one-year sentence.

Additional notoriety
Guy Velella received slot #94 in reporter and conservative commentator Bernard Goldberg's book, 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, citing his change in stance of crime and justice issues before and after his incarceration.

Post-political activities
Velella continued to receive an annual state pension of $75,012. In 2005, he told the New York Daily News that he did some political and business consulting. In 2007, he purchased a new home in Eastchester, a town in Westchester County, New York, but remained a resident of Morris Park.

Death
On January 21, 2011, the New York Daily News disclosed that Velella was suffering from "inoperable lung cancer" and moved to Calvary Hospital for the terminally ill in the Bronx, where he died on January 27, 2011, aged 66.

title: Guy Velella


text:
Warburg (disambiguation)

Warburg is a city in Germany.

Warburg may also refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * M. M. Warburg & Co., German investment bank, founded 1798
 * S. G. Warburg & Co., British investment bank, merged into Warburg Dillon Read
 * UBS Warburg, a Swiss multinational investment bank and financial services company
 * Warburg Institute, founded by Aby Warburg
 * Warburg Pincus, a private equity firm, founded by Eric Warburg

People

 * Warburg family
 * Aby Warburg (1866–1929), German art historian, founder of the Warburg Institute
 * Anna Warburg (1881–1967), Swedish educator
 * Mary Warburg (artist) (1866–1934), German artist, wife of Aby Warburg
 * Gerson Warburg (1765-1826), Hamburg banker
 * Max Warburg (1867–1946), Hamburg banker
 * Moses Marcus Warburg (1763-1830), Hamburg banker, founder of M. M. Warburg & Co., Hamburg
 * Paul Warburg (1868–1932), German-born American investment banker, former Federal Reserve Vice Chairman and one of the fathers of the Federal Reserve System
 * Felix M. Warburg (1871–1937), New York banker
 * Frieda Schiff Warburg (1867–1958), philanthropist
 * James Warburg (1896–1969), American banker, financial adviser to Franklin D. Roosevelt
 * Frederick M. Warburg (1897–1973), New York banker
 * Eric M. Warburg (1900–1990), banker and goodwill ambassador, namesake of the Eric M. Warburg Prize
 * Bettina Warburg (1900–1990), psychiatrist
 * Siegmund George Warburg (1902–1982), founder of S. G. Warburg & Co., London
 * Paul F. Warburg (1904–1965), American banker
 * Edward Warburg (1908–1992), American philanthropist
 * the German Warburg family
 * Emil Warburg (1846–1931), physicist
 * Otto Warburg (botanist) (1859–1938), German-Jewish botanist
 * Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970), physiologist, winner of the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Other people

 * Carl Warburg (c. 1805–1892), German physician and scientist
 * Eugene Warburg (1825—1859), African-American sculptor
 * Agnes Warburg (1872–1953), British photographer
 * Sydney Warburg (1880–1947), the pen name of an anonymous author who published a book about funding of the Nazi Party by American bankers
 * Fredric Warburg (1898–1981), publisher, founder of Secker and Warburg
 * E. F. Warburg (1908–1966), English botanist
 * Mary Warburg (1908–2009), American philanthropist
 * Margit Warburg (born 1952), Danish sociologist of religion
 * Sam Warburg (born 1983), American tennis player
 * Kai von Warburg (born 1968), German lightweight rower
 * Otto Warburg (disambiguation)

Places

 * Warburg, Alberta, village in Canada
 * Kfar Warburg, village in Israel
 * Sde Warburg, village in Israel
 * Warburg Nature Reserve, in Oxfordshire, England

Science and medicine

 * Anderson-Warburg syndrome or Norrie disease, a genetic disorder that primarily affects the eye
 * Warburg coefficient, the diffusion coefficient of ions in solution
 * Warburg effect (oncology), a hypothesis of cancer growth
 * Warburg effect (plant physiology), the decrease in the rate of photosynthesis caused by high oxygen concentrations
 * Warburg element
 * Warburg hypothesis, a hypothesis of cancer growth
 * Warburg Sjo Fledelius Syndrome or Micro syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder
 * Warburg syndrome, a rare form of autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy
 * Warburg's tincture, pharmaceutical drug invented in 1834 by Dr Carl Warburg

Other

 * Battle of Warburg (31 July 1760), during the Seven Years' War

title: Warburg (disambiguation)


text: User talk:130.160.49.41

title: User talk:130.160.49.41


text:
File:16volt bestof.jpg

Summary
Album Cover for The Best of Sixteen Volt by 16 Volt

title: File:16volt bestof.jpg


text:
Talk:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

/Archive 1

Using default font entity code considered potentially ugly
Please see Talk:Voiced bilabial plosive --James S. 19:02, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge with dental stops
I think it's redundant to have pages for both dental and alveolar stops. I understand that there may be languages that contrast dental and alveolar sounds, but considering they use the same symbol, we ought to just combined them. Thoughts? Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 21:07, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the fact that they can be phonemically contrastive is a good enough reason to keep the articles separate. These are articles about the sounds, not the IPA symbols. —Angr 07:49, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I concur with Angr. Distinctly separate articulations.  Separate articles. - Gilgamesh 05:51, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm going to have to agree. They can be different even if there are no minimal pairs. Nlsanand 01:27, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

All right, I'll remove the merge tags then. Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 02:57, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * This is another unpractical split of phonetics articles that is more useful to linguists than any lay readers. You could at least curb your nerdiness until there's a reliable way to display Unicode, because those modifiers are showing up as nothing but white boxes on a lot of computers. If the argument about phoneme status was expanded, we'd also have a separate article for every imaginable modifier of a sound, like palatalization or creaky voice. I also don't see why we need to separate articles that are so meager in content to begin with.
 * Peter Isotalo 01:44, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I honestly could go either way with the separateness or merging of the articles. I don't see either article as particularly more meager than, say, the labiodental nasal or labiodental approximant.  What would you say to these arguments?
 * Palatalization is a secondary articulation so not as relevant a distinction
 * Laryngeal settings other than voiced/voiceless can be considered secondary or tertiary articulations as well and so the distinctions can be dealt with in articles about those specific laryngeal settings.
 * The dental diacritic shows up just fine on my computer and I use IE. Public computers that I've used display them correctly as well so I'm not sure why you say they wouldn't show up right on "most computers." Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 02:20, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

They can be distinct phonemes (as in Australian languages), so they should not be merged. Al-Bargit 15:16, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * What if we had a separate section as is done with close-mid front unrounded vowel to include the mid front unrounded vowel? Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 21:24, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

The original argument here was that these are contrastive, but for the only language that there's claim that they are, Dinka, what's cited is the consonant phoneme table from its IoIPA article. That's not grounds to wave the phonemic contrast flag. What's more is that they're all laminal denti-alveolar, i.e. the primary place of articulation still is the alveolar ridge. In the absence of a phonetic study, I suggest we merge these articles. — Lfdder (talk) 11:24, 19 April 2013 (UTC)
 * There was actually a more recent merge discussion at here back in September. As with that discussion, this thread may not get enough attention for a vibrant discussion.  I recommend that we move it to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Linguistics (and not just point here, I actually did that back in September). — Æµ§œš¹  [ãːɱ ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɪ̃ə̃nlɪ]  15:09, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

Greek
Greek's ντ is a dental plosive, so its place is here: Voiced_dental_plosive

Actually this can be seen quite well in the link to Modern Greek phonology Voiced_alveolar_plosive. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fnugh (talk • contribs) 13:19, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * There's technically no source listed either way. I don't see a problem with moving it from Alveolar to dental.  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  19:26, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I could not care less myself, but where is the 'evidence' it's dental as opposed to alveolar anyway?

French
In French the D, as the T is, it's clearly dental, also showed on the french article of the D sound, and on the French phonology article —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.2.72.57 (talk) 09:29, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Slovak
I think that Slovaks are using dental d. If you compare "normal" d in Czech, it sounds much different and is placed on alveolar ridge, same as in German for example. Slovaks definitely touch the teeth with the blade of the tongue. It is clearly heard when they speak English. I have no idea whether I can change it, but this table needs improving in my opinion. 89.176.169.153 (talk) 16:38, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Done. Peter238 (talk) 17:27, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

Postalveolar IPA notation
It mentioned in the introductory paragraph that a voiced dental stop is distinguished through the dental diacritic, but that the voiced postalveolar stop is distinguished through the "postalveolar" diacritic. But that diacritic is actually the apical diacritic. Should this be changed in the article? --Joseph Yanchar (User page/Talk page) 04:12, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
 * It's the 'retracted' diacritic, not the 'apical' diacritic. You might have problems with your browser. Peter238 (talk) 09:13, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

Why is this article called 'alveolar stop'?
This article is called 'voiced alveolar stop' but the contents of the article concern dental and denti-alveolar stops. Shouldn't the title of the article be 'voiced alveolar and dental stops'? Monibeva (talk) 09:55, 15 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, especially because $⟨⟩$ does not represent an alveolar stop in the IPA, but rather a voiced coronal stop that can be dental, denti-alveolar, alveolar or postalveolar, depending on the language. Peter238 (talk) 10:00, 15 September 2015 (UTC)
 * So... should someone rename the article 'Voiced coronal stop'? That seems to be most logical, though there is another existing article called Coronal consonants. Monibeva (talk) 01:15, 21 October 2015 (UTC)
 * The problem is that the voiced retroflex stop is also coronal. We'd have to merge those articles before renaming this one. Peter238 (talk) 01:21, 21 October 2015 (UTC)
 * True, but for now the article could still be renamed to something like "Voiced alveolar and dental stop" or "Voiced alveolar/dental stop" because that is what the article is actually about which is everything that is represented by  in IPA, I believe retroflex uses a different symbol <ɖ>. Unfortunately "voiced alveolar and dental" sounds somewhat awkward as an article title. I suppose the other alternative is to split dental and alveolar into two articles but that would be messy (especially for denti-alveolar). Monibeva (talk) 04:08, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Moved per WP:BOLD. Peter238 (talk) 19:22, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

Persian
I noticed that Persian does not seem to be on the list of languages that use one of these sounds. Should it be added? Also, the article for Persian language claims that the /t/, /d/ stops are alveolar, but I found a source that says they are dental (pdf page 34, page 24 by numbers in upper-right corner), though the source also lists a bunch of allophones for the /d/ and /t/ phonemes. I can't quite make sense of the symbols though, it seems to be some sort of pseudo-IPA. Also I'm new to contributing to Wikipedia so I'm not sure how to know whether a source is considered 'reliable' or not (besides in obvious cases; but since this is an academic paper it isn't as obvious). Monibeva (talk) 21:07, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
 * e-mail me the article and I'll see what I can do. Peter238 (talk) 23:15, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
 * the link was in my post (the word 'source' should be a hyperlink) - unless you also want me to e-mail it as well? Monibeva (talk) 23:21, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I can see the link, the thing is that I can't access that article. Peter238 (talk) 23:22, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
 * ah, just realized I can see it because of my university login... I will email it to you. What is your email, I can't seem to find it. Monibeva (talk) 23:26, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
 * wait, also is it legal to send papers like that? because technically it's 'restricted' or whatever?Monibeva (talk) 23:29, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
 * If you want to e-mail it to me, go to my user page (User:Peter238) and find the "Tools" section (it's on the left) and click "Email this user". About it being legal... I've always thought it was legal, but I'm not a lawyer. Peter238 (talk) 23:33, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Well silly me, turns out I don't have to worry about that article and I should've looked at the sources already used on the Persian language article. One of them is which on pdf page 20 (page 9), the consonant chart shows t,d under 'dental'. Also the wikipedia article says that /t/ /d/ varies between alveolar and denti-alveolar. well I'm not sure what to make of all that - perhaps Persian should be added to this article under the Variable section? Monibeva (talk) 00:36, 2 November 2015 (UTC)
 * No, we need a source that explicitly states they're variable. The handbook of the IPA calls all of the front coronals "dental", whereas Hosseini says that only are dental, whereas the rest is alveolar. Also, bear in mind that Wikipedia is not a reliable source - the fact that Persian phonology says something that's not even sourced is a bad reason to base anything on such a statement. Peter238 (talk) 00:46, 2 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I found the source where the article gets it from. Luckily (very very luckily) google books preview just so happens to have the page with that information: it is on page 287-288. Relevant quote is as follows: "There is some variation in the description, and presumably the pronunciation, of voiceless /t/, being either an apico-alveolar or apico-dental stop. It is aspirated word-initially .... Voiced /d/, like /t/, is either apico-alvelar or apico-dental" (Mahootian 287,288). I'm guessing the spelling "apico-alvelar" is a spelling error and is meant to be "apico-alveolar." Also, is apico dental considered the same as laminal denti alveolar? (the wikipedia article says laminal denti-alveolar isntead of apico dental) Monibeva (talk) 01:04, 2 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Done, thanks for the source. "Apico-dental" may be (and in this case is - see page 289) a rather bad description of a laminal denti-alveolar consonant, yes. Peter238 (talk) 05:12, 2 November 2015 (UTC)

Confusion
What is the difference between the voiced alveolar stop and the voice dental stop? Any help would be appreciated. Thank you.LakeKayak (talk) 15:50, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

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Alveolar Stop Voice Sample?
I don't know if I'm the only one who thinks this, but the audio sample for the alveolar stop/plosive in the top of this article (and even the alveolar sample in Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives) sounds too similar to the dental stop in my opinion (I haven't heard any English speaker pronounce the alveolar stop like that). I feel this because if you compare that with the voice sample further below in the alveolar table in the English "dash", they sound quite different to one another, with the audio sample for "dash" sounding closer to an alveolar stop to my ears and the one at the top sounding very much like a dental stop. Does anyone else feel that way? Broman178 (talk) 06:49, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

 * It's a little hard for me to compare them as the consonant in the recording of dash sounds voiceless to me ([tæʃ] is what I hear in the audio). Stockhausenfan (talk) 20:08, 26 April 2024 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Nguyễn Khánh Duy

Nguyễn Khánh Duy, from Việt Nam (Vietnam) Contact me at nguyenkhanhduy@gmail.com

title: User talk:Nguyễn Khánh Duy


text:
Kittatinny Mountain

Kittatinny Mountain (Lenape: Kitahtëne ) is a long ridge traversing primarily across Sussex County in northwestern New Jersey, running in a northeast-southwest axis, a continuation across the Delaware Water Gap of Pennsylvania's Blue Mountain (also known as Kittatinny Ridge). It is the first major ridge in the far northeastern extension of the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains, and reaches its highest elevation (the state's highest), 1,803 feet, at High Point in Montague Township. Kittatinny Mountain forms the eastern side of Wallpack Valley; the western side comprises the Wallpack Ridge (highest elevation: 928 ft above sea level.

Protected areas
Most of the range is publicly owned and protected. In the far northeast, High Point State Park protects the area around High Point itself. Further southwest, Stokes State Forest encompasses much of the range from the southern boundary of High Point State Park to the eastern boundary of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. The recreation area encompasses the entire southern half of the range, and also contains the smaller Worthington State Forest, which also protects the southwestern end of the range near the Delaware Water Gap itself.

Geology
The name Kittatinny comes from a Lenape Native American word meaning "endless hill" or "great mountain". The highest peak in the range is High Point at 1803 ft, which is also the highest point in the state of New Jersey. This peak is located in High Point state park and has a road leading to the top. The second highest mountain is Sunrise Mountain, located within Stokes State Forest. The elevation here is 1653 ft and has a road leading almost to the top. At the top there is a shelter with a roof but no sides.

The Kittatinny Mountain is of the Silurian Shawangunk Conglomerate which is mainly composed of quartz. Due to the hardness of the quartz, the mountain is extremely resistant to weathering.

Around four hundred fifty million years ago, a chain of volcanic islands shaped like an arch collided with proto North America. The North American plate went under the chain of islands. The islands went on top of the edge of North America creating the Highlands and the Kittatinny Valley which is the Ordovician Martinsburg Shale. Quartz and other sedimentary conglomerate was transported to the inland sea, which was over part of the Martinsburg Shale. A small continent then collided with North America around four hundred million years ago. Geologic pressure resulted, which caused compression and then folding and faulting resulted. The folding ran perpendicular to the directional forces. During folding, intense heat melted silica which cemented the quartz and other stones together. Also the intense heat allowed the rock layers to bend, thus the Kittatinny Mountain was born.

Near the base of the west side of the mountain is the Silurian High Falls Formation, which is red and green shale and sandstone. The east side of the mountain near the base is of the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation which contains slate, shale and sandstone. The top of the mountain has a fairly even elevation ranging between 1400 ft and 1600 ft. There are two exceptions. One is Culver's Gap, which was created by an ancient stream which was diverted and is now a wind gap. The base of Culver's Gap is at least 400 ft below the top of the mountain. Culver's Gap is located near Culver's Lake, just west of Branchville. The second is a small gap in the mountain, south of Catfish Pond, which is north of the gap. This gap is about 350 ft deep.

Culver's Gap was a route used by Paleo Indians and the Lenape Native Americans to go through the mountain to trade and hunt. The second is a groove or depression in the mountain ridge near Catfish Pond. This is about 373 ft deep as the base of the depression is 1100 ft and the top of the mountain at that place is 1473 ft. The top of the mountain ranges from 50 meters wide to nearly 4 mi wide.

West of the Kittatinny Mountain, at the northwestern end is the Port Jervis trough, also called the Minisink Valley. Next to the mountain on the western side is the Flatbrook Valley or Walpack Valley which runs from Steam Mill to Flatbrookville. From the Delaware Water Gap to the New York line is 40 mi but the ridges continues into New York State where it is known as the Shawangunk Mountains. The ridge continues to nearly Kingston, New York.

The Wisconsin glacier covered the entire mountain about 21,000 BC, and melted about 13,000 BC. The terminal moraine is located near Belvidere. The glacier has left end moraines, periglacial rock fields, and kettles, at the northern end of the mountain in Stokes State Forest.

The area was a Tundra biome after the glacier melted and then became a Taiga biome as the climate warmed. At that time coniferous trees such as spruce and pine inhabited the area. The area warmed more around 8000 BC so oak, maple, birch, willow, and other deciduous trees began to grow.

Paleo Indians
Paleo Indians inhabited the Delaware River Valley around 10,500 BC. after the Wisconsin Glacier melted. They hunted, fished and gathered plants to eat in the Delaware Valley and on Kittatinny Mountain. They had no permanent camps and traveled often in search of food. As the glacier melted, grasslands developed which eventually turned into coniferous and later deciduous forests after thousands of years. Big game roamed the grassland which allowed Paleo Indians to survive. Around 8000 B.C. deciduous trees began to grow, in which nut trees began to grow to allow the collection of nuts. This allowed Paleo Indian populations to increase slowly. The Marshall Creek Mastodon found just north of the Gap was dated at 10,210BC ±180 years. Other big game existed at the time such as caribou and muskox.

Native Americans
The Lenape Native Americans that came to the area two thousand years ago from the Mississippi River valley traveled on the mountain in search of plant foods and game. They collected acorns, walnuts, hickory nuts, beech nuts, chestnuts, and butternuts from the deciduous forest and collected water from fresh streams. The Lenapes also hunted deer, elk, and bear on the mountain.

Waterfalls, cliffs and lakes
There is one waterfall on the western side of the mountain known as Buttermilk Falls. This is about 4 mi south of US Route 206, in which a dirt road leads to the base of it. A wooden staircase has been built near it, so people can climb to the top. A second falls is seasonable during heavy rains next to Interstate 80 near the Big Cliffs. Water slides over the rocks and drops over a small ledge before going under Interstate 80.

There are several cliffs on the mountain. The largest is located at the Delaware Water Gap. The cliff is up to 300 ft high and starts at Interstate 80 and extends about 400 meters along the mountain The second largest cliff is located 6 mi north of the Gap, on the eastern side. Small rock faces exist on the western face and eastern face along the mountain. The southeastern face of the mountain has a steeper pitch than the northwestern face.

The top of the mountain has 14 lakes and ponds. Sunfish Pond, Catfish Pond, Mountain Ridge Lake, Blue Mountain Lake, Long Pine Pond, Lake Success, Crater Lake, Hemlock Lake, Kittatinny Lake, Steeny Kill Lake and Lake Marcia are some of them. Lake Marcia is the lake with the highest elevation on the mountain, 1574 ft above sea level. This lake is located in High Point State Park which is at the northern end of Kittatinny Mountain.

Flora and fauna
The mountain is a northern deciduous forest of various oaks, hickories, maples, birches, walnut, elm, ash, birch, sycamore, cherry, beech, chestnut, and sweet gum. Wild blueberries and rhodendrum also grow on the mountain. Animals such as whitetailed deer, gray squirrels, red squirrels, chipmunks, gray fox, bobcats, beaver, black bears as well as a large variety of birds inhabit the mountain. Turkey Vultures and Red Tail Hawks are also common. Fish such as trout, pickerel, and bass are also in the lakes.

Mining
Copper mining began in the 1750s at the Pahaquarry Copper Mine, which is 8 mi north of the Gap, off Old Mine Road. This mine is located in the Silurian High Falls Formation on the west side of the mountain. This sandstone is very hard and made mining very difficult. The copper was between 2 and 3 percent in the ore which made mining unprofitable. Mining was done in the 1800s, by various companies which went bankrupt. The mine sold several times.

Silver mining began in the 1880s with John Snook digging a mine at the northern end and western face of the Kittatinny mountain in an area now known as Stokes State Forest. He extracted silver ore for a short time and the silver ore was depleted. The mine is now flooded with water.

Kittatinny and Flatbrook Valleys
To the east of the Kittatinny Mountain, is the Kittatinny Valley. This is drained by the Paulinskill river in the south and the Wallkill River in the north. The Big Flatbrook drains the mountain on the northwestern end beginning at Steam mill swamp and flows in a southwesterly direction which drains into the Delaware River near Flatbrookville. This area is known as the Flatbrook Valley. The Port Jervis trough is at the northwestern end of the mountain. The Delaware River flows near the mountain at the south end, finally cutting across the ridge at the Delaware Water Gap just south of Mount Tammany.

The Kittatinnies are a far northeastern extension of the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains. In Pennsylvania, the ridge forming the Kittatinnies becomes known as Blue Mountain and runs southwest for 150 mi, nearly to Maryland. In Franklin County, Pennsylvania, however, a parallel ridge to Blue Mountain is named "Kittatinny Mountain"; the Pennsylvania Turnpike tunnels through both ridges (a very short distance apart) with the western tunnel named "Kittatinny Mountain" and the eastern one "Blue Mountain." To the north in New York, the ridge is known as the Shawangunk Mountains which goes to Kingston, New York.

title: Kittatinny Mountain


text: User talk:68.95.142.174

title: User talk:68.95.142.174


text:
Piano Concerto No. 24 (Mozart)

The Piano Concerto No. 24 in C minor, K. 491, is a concerto composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart for keyboard (usually a piano or fortepiano) and orchestra. Mozart composed the concerto in the winter of 1785–1786, finishing it on 24 March 1786, three weeks after completing his Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major. As he intended to perform the work himself, Mozart did not write out the soloist's part in full. The premiere was in early April 1786 at the Burgtheater in Vienna. Chronologically, the work is the twentieth of Mozart's 23 original piano concertos.

The work is one of only two minor-key piano concertos that Mozart composed, the other being the No. 20 in D minor. None of Mozart's other piano concertos features a larger array of instruments: the work is scored for strings, woodwinds, horns, trumpets and timpani. The first of its three movements, Allegro, is in sonata form and is longer than any opening movement of Mozart's earlier concertos. The second movement, Larghetto, in E♭ major—the relative major of C minor—features a strikingly simple principal theme. The final movement, Allegretto, is a theme and eight variations in C minor.

The work is one of Mozart's most advanced compositions in the concerto genre. Its early admirers included Ludwig van Beethoven and Johannes Brahms. Musicologist Arthur Hutchings declared it to be, taken as a whole, Mozart's greatest piano concerto.

Background
Mozart composed the concerto in the winter of 1785–86, during his fourth season in Vienna. It was the third in a set of three concertos composed in quick succession, the others being No. 22 in E♭ major and No. 23 in A major. Mozart finished composing the No. 24 shortly before the premiere of his comic opera The Marriage of Figaro; the two works are assigned adjacent numbers of 491 and 492 in the Köchel catalogue. Although composed at the same time, the two works contrast greatly: the opera is almost entirely in major keys while the concerto is one of Mozart's few minor-key works. The pianist and musicologist Robert D. Levin suggests that the concerto, along with the two concertos that precede it, may have served as an outlet for a darker aspect of Mozart's creativity at the time he was composing the comic opera.

The premiere of the concerto was on either 3 or 7 April 1786 at the Burgtheater in Vienna; Mozart featured as the soloist and conducted the orchestra from the keyboard.

In 1800, Mozart's widow Constanze sold the original score of the work to the publisher Johann Anton André of Offenbach am Main. It passed through several private hands during the nineteenth century before Sir George Donaldson, a Scottish philanthropist, donated it to the Royal College of Music in 1894. The College still houses the manuscript today. The original score contains no tempo markings; the tempo for each movement is known only from the entries Mozart made into his catalogue. The orchestral parts in the original score are written in a clear manner. The solo part, on the other hand, is often incomplete: on many occasions in the score Mozart notated only the outer parts of passages of scales or broken chords. This suggests that Mozart improvised much of the solo part when performing the work. The score also contains late additions, including that of the second subject of the first movement's orchestral exposition. There is the occasional notation error in the score, which musicologist Friedrich Blume attributed to Mozart having "obviously written in great haste and under internal strain".

Overview
The concerto is divided into the following three movements:

1. Allegro in C minor,

2. Larghetto in E♭ major,

3. Allegretto (Variations) in C minor,, with the eighth variation and coda in

The concerto is scored for one flute, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings. This is the largest array of instruments for which Mozart composed any of his concertos.

It is one of only two of Mozart's piano concertos that are scored for both oboes and clarinets (the other, his concerto for two pianos, has clarinets only in the revised version). The clarinet was not at the time a conventional orchestral instrument. Robert D. Levin writes: "The richness of wind sonority, due to the inclusion of oboes and clarinets, is the central timbral characteristic of [the concerto]: time and again in all three movements the winds push the strings completely to the side."

The solo instrument for the concerto is scored as a "cembalo". This term often denotes a harpsichord, but in this concerto, Mozart used it as a generic term that encompassed the fortepiano, an eighteenth-century predecessor of the modern piano that among other things was more dynamically capable than the harpsichord.

I. Allegro
The first movement is longer and more complex than any that Mozart had previously composed in the concerto genre. It is in 3/4 time; among Mozart's 27 piano concertos, No. 4 in G Major, No. 11 in F major and No. 14 in E♭ major are the only others to commence in triple metre.

The first movement follows the standard outline of a sonata form concerto movement of the Classical period. It begins with an orchestral exposition, which is followed by a solo exposition, a development section, a recapitulation, a cadenza and a coda. Within this conventional outline, Mozart engages in extensive structural innovation.

Exposition
The orchestral exposition, 99 measures long, presents two groups of thematic material, one primary and one secondary, both in the tonic of C minor. The orchestra opens the principal theme in unison, but not powerfully: the dynamic marking is piano. The theme is tonally ambiguous, not asserting the home key of C minor until its final cadence in the thirteenth measure. It is also highly chromatic: in its 13 measures, it utilises all 12 notes of the chromatic scale.

The solo exposition follows its orchestral counterpart, and it is here that convention is discarded from the outset: the piano does not enter with the principal theme. Instead, it has an 18-measure solo passage. It is only after this passage that the principal theme appears, carried by the orchestra. The piano then picks up the theme from its seventh measure. Another departure from convention is that the solo exposition does not re-state the secondary theme from the orchestral exposition. Instead, a succession of new secondary thematic material appears. Musicologist Donald Tovey considered this introduction of new material to be "utterly subversive of the doctrine that the function of the opening tutti [the orchestral exposition] was to predict what the solo had to say."

One hundred measures into the solo exposition, which is now in the relative major of E♭, the piano plays a cadential trill, leading the orchestra from the dominant seventh to the tonic. This suggests to the listener that the solo exposition has reached an end, but Mozart instead gives the woodwinds a new theme. The exposition continues for another 60 or so measures, before another cadential trill brings about the real conclusion, prompting a ritornello that connects the exposition with the development. The pianist and musicologist Charles Rosen argues that Mozart thus created a "double exposition". Rosen also suggests that this explains why Mozart made substantial elongations to the orchestral exposition during the composition process; he needed a longer orchestral exposition to balance its "double" solo counterpart.

Development
The development begins with the piano repeating its entry to the solo exposition, this time in the relative major of E♭. The Concerto No. 20 is the only other of Mozart's concertos in which the solo exposition and the development commence with the same material. In the Concerto No. 24, the material unfolds in the development in a manner different from the solo exposition: the opening solo motif, with its half cadence, is repeated four times, with one intervention from the woodwinds, as if asking question after question. The final question is asked in C minor and is answered by a descending scale from the piano that leads to an orchestral statement, in F minor, of the movement's principal theme.

The orchestral theme is then developed: the motif of the theme's fourth and fifth measures descends through the circle of fifths, accompanied by an elaborate piano figuration. After this, the development proceeds to a stormy exchange between the piano and the orchestra, which the twentieth-century Mozart scholar Cuthbert Girdlestone describes as "one of the few [occasions] in Mozart where passion seems really unchained", and which Tovey describes as a passage of "fine, severe massiveness". The exchange resolves to a passage in which the piano plays a treble line of sixteenth notes, over which the winds add echoes of the main theme. This transitional passage ultimately modulates to the home key of C minor, bringing about the start of the recapitulation with the conventional re-statement, by the orchestra, of the movement's principal theme.

Recapitulation, cadenza and coda
The wide range of thematic material presented in the orchestral and solo expositions poses a challenge for the recapitulation. Mozart manages to recapitulate all of the themes in the home key of C minor. The necessarily compressed themes are presented in a different order, and in their restated form contain few virtuosic moments for the soloist. The last theme to be recapitulated is the secondary theme of the orchestral exposition, which has not been heard for some 400 measures and is now adorned by a passage of triplets from the piano. The recapitulation concludes with the piano playing arpeggiated sixteenths before a cadential trill leads into a ritornello. The ritornello in turn leads into a fermata that prompts the soloist's cadenza.

Mozart did not write down a cadenza for the movement, or at least there is no evidence of him having done so. Many later composers and performers, including Johannes Brahms, Ferruccio Busoni, Alfred Schnittke and Gabriel Fauré, have composed their own. Uniquely among Mozart's concertos, the score does not direct the soloist to end the cadenza with a cadential trill. The omission of the customary trill is likely to have been deliberate, with Mozart choosing to have the cadenza connect directly to the coda without one.

The conventional Mozartian coda concludes with an orchestral tutti and no written-out part for the soloist. In this movement, Mozart breaks with convention: the soloist interrupts the tutti with a virtuosic passage of sixteenth notes and accompanies the orchestra through to the final pianissimo C-minor chords.

II. Larghetto
Alfred Einstein said of the concerto's second movement that it "moves in regions of the purest and most moving tranquility, and has a transcendent simplicity of expression". Marked Larghetto, the movement is in E♭ major and cut common time. The trumpets and timpani play no part; they return for the third movement.

The movement opens with the soloist playing the four-measure principal theme alone; it is then repeated by the orchestra.

This theme is, in the words of Michael Steinberg, one of "extreme simplicity". Donald Tovey refers to the fourth bar, extremely bare and lacking any ornamentation, as "naive", but considers that Mozart intended for it to be so. Mozart's first sketch of the movement was much more complex. He likely simplified the theme to provide a greater contrast with the dark intensity of the first movement. After the orchestra repeats the principal theme, there is a very simple bridge or transitional passage that Girdlestone calls "but a sketch" to be ornamented by the soloist, arguing that "to play it as printed is to betray the memory of Mozart".

Following the bridge passage, the soloist plays the initial four-measure theme for a second time, before the orchestra commences a new section of the movement, in C minor. A brief return of the principal theme, its rhythm altered, separates the C minor section from a section in A♭ major. After this new section, the principal theme returns to mark the end of the movement, its rhythm altered yet again. Now, the theme is played twice by the soloist, the two appearances being connected by the same simple bridge passage from the beginning of the movement. Girdlestone argues that here "the soloist will have to draw on his imagination to adorn [the simple bridge passage] a second time". The overall structure of the movement is thus ABACA, making the movement in rondo form.

In the middle statement of the principal theme (between the C minor and A♭ major sections), there is a notational error which, in a literal performance of the score, causes a harmonic clash between the piano and the winds. Mozart probably wrote the piano and wind parts at different times, resulting in an oversight by the composer. Alfred Brendel, who has recorded the concerto on multiple occasions, argues that performers should not follow the score literally but correct Mozart's error. Brendel further argues that the time signature for the whole movement is another notational error: played in cut common time, which calls for two beats per bar rather than four, the movement is, in his view, too fast.

The form of the movement is nearly identical to that of the second movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata in B♭ major, K. 570.

III. Allegretto
The third movement features a theme in C minor followed by eight variations upon it. Hutchings considered it "both Mozart's finest essay in variation form and also his best concerto finale."

The tempo marking for the movement is Allegretto. Rosen opines that this calls for a march-like speed and argues that the movement is "generally taken too fast under the delusion that a quick tempo will give it a power commensurate with that of the opening movement." Pianist Angela Hewitt sees in the movement not a march but a "sinister dance".

The movement opens with the first violins stating the theme over a string and wind accompaniment. This theme consists of two eight-measure phrases, each repeated: the first phrase modulates from C minor to the dominant, G minor; the second phrase modulates back to C minor. The soloist does not play any part in the statement of the theme, entering only in Variation I. Here, the piano ornaments the theme over an austere string accompaniment.

Variations II to VI are what Girdlestone and Hutchings independently describe as "double" variations. Within each variation, each of the eight-measure phrases from the theme is further varied upon its repeat (AXAYBXBY). Variations IV and VI are in major keys. Tovey refers to the former (in A♭) as "cheerful" and the latter (in C) as "graceful". Between the two major-key variations, Variation V returns to C minor; Girdlestone describes this variation as "one of the most moving". Variation VII is half the length of the preceding variations, as it omits the repeat of each eight-measure phrase. This variation concludes with an extra three-measure passage that culminates in a dominant chord, announcing the arrival of a cadenza.

After the cadenza, the soloist opens the eighth and final variation alone, with the orchestra joining after 19 measures. The arrival of the final variation also brings a change in metre: from cut common time to compound duple time. Both the final variation and the coda which follows contain numerous neapolitan-sixth chords. Girdlestone referred to the "haunting" effect of these chords and stated that the coda ultimately "proclaims with desperation the triumph of the minor mode".

Critical reception
Ludwig van Beethoven admired the concerto and it may have influenced his Piano Concerto No. 3, also in C minor. After hearing the work in a rehearsal, Beethoven reportedly remarked to a colleague that "[w]e shall never be able to do anything like that." Johannes Brahms also admired the concerto, encouraging Clara Schumann to play it, and wrote his own cadenza for the first movement. Brahms referred to the work as a "masterpiece of art and full of inspired ideas."

Among modern and twentieth-century scholars, Cuthbert Girdlestone states that the concerto "is in all respects one of [Mozart's] greatest; we would fain say: the greatest, were it not impossible to choose between four or five of them." Referring to the "dark, tragic and passionate" nature of the concerto, Alfred Einstein states that "it is hard to imagine the expression on the faces of the Viennese public" when Mozart premiered the work. The musicologist Simon P. Keefe, in an exegesis of all of Mozart's piano concertos, writes that the No. 24 is "a climactic and culminating work in Mozart's piano concerto oeuvre, firmly linked to its predecessors, yet decisively transcending them at the same time." The verdict of the Mozart scholar Alexander Hyatt King is that the concerto is "not only the most sublime of the whole series but also one of the greatest pianoforte concertos ever composed". Arthur Hutchings's view is that "whatever value we put upon any single movement from the Mozart concertos, we shall find no work greater as a concerto than this K. 491, for Mozart never wrote a work whose parts were so surely those of 'one stupendous whole'."

title: Piano Concerto No. 24 (Mozart)


text:
Talk:Zebra murders

Errors
This is a sentence that is poorly written and has terrible grammatical errors which makes the sentence opaque, i don't know what the author was trying to say, here's the sentence in the Killing resume sentence in the last paragraph, "They went back to the friend's house in Vernon St., and while Shields was working at the back of the station wagon they boorowed for the rug he was shot repeatedly." Is that boorowed word supposed to be borrowed or burrowed?

Error
The article omits the fact that one of the Zebra killers, J.L.Cooks, was arrested immediately after the murder of the third victim, Frances Rose. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:30A:C0B3:9060:71D9:7BB6:5CE3:B76A (talk) 23:12, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I updated the 1973 events and added the detail about his arrest (with source). TrueCrimeData (talk) 06:56, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

Editorializing in last section
As abhorrant and gruesome as the murders may be, the last paragraph goes too far to say that there is a "continuing climate of anti-white setiment [sic] in the United States." so i changed this sentence. The author states that reverse racism is the reason there has been no media attention after the fact: this is only speculation. I also altered two other sentences I felt were dramatic hyperbole. It was my goal to exercise restraint. Perhaps others will want to look at this last paragraph/section and further revise it.

More generally I think this article lacks a style that is completely formalized. There are a few spelling/grammar errors, and much of the article is somewhat vague and speculative. I admit that I am ignorant to the facts of the cases.

 * Thanks for the feedback. I have to admit my mistakes on this article. The last paragraph was nicely done. I have heard of this case long time ago and I have to delve a lot on this. I have to admit that I editorialized on this; I should have exercised restraint on that. RashBold 18:06, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it is NOT going to far. I don't care if you call me a "racist", or for that matter anything else you may want to call me, for saying so. The same applies to everyone else on here. Gringo300 01:53, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Editorializing throughout
"The zebra killings were the work of an extremist sect of the black nationalist group, the Nation of Islam. According to their beliefs, the white race was created by a black mad scientist named Yakub, who, some say, wanted a race of inferiors to rule over. Furthermore, the Death Angels believed that they could earn "points" towards Paradise when they died if they killed as many whites as possible. In their racist teachings, they saw the whites not as human beings, but as "blue-eyed devils" or "grafted snakes"."

I recommend clarifying in this passage that it is a fundamental tenant of NOI belief, and not just that of this subgroup of murderers, that whites are devils, created by a mad scientist etc and so on. Before he got a clue, Malcolm X believed this and I assume Louis Farrakhan still does as this was taught to the black muslims by the dishonorable Elijah Mohammed.

Although reasonably well written, this article appears to have a more sinister sub-text.

Throughout the article's history, repeated mention has been made of a California organization that at its least extreme would be considered a white advocacy group and at worst a racist front organization. Clearly the references are intended to pique readers' interest in this group.

Similarly, the one book on the topic referred to is a popular tract for white power groups. Finally, the last paragraphs made repeated references to the perceived guilt of multiple defendants who, like it or not, were acquited in court.

In deference to the efforts of the main contributors, I've deleted only these three elements. I will, however, flag the entire article for POV, as a wider range of source material should be considered. Ferg2k 06:04, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Tagging as 'controversial' rather than npov. I'm hoping for wider discussion on this.

 * Although speculative, the first removed section contains the beliefs of the investigating officers. They had reason to believe 71 murders were committed by the death angels which (given the membership requirements) would suggest more than the work of just four men. Since the task force confirmed 15 members by late 1973 would entail that as many as half of the bodies have not been found. Yes, the task force could be wrong, and the killings could be the work of the convicted only; but this would not be supported by Harris giving their details to the police, or how the police found evidence to suggest they were part of the group. I believe that there should be a mention of what the ZTF thought and why they belive it. Whether or not you agree with the statement "White Americans are more often cast and more easily seen as the perpetrators, not the victims, of hate crimes." is a matter for the individual and to be put to vote. I would Keep it based on what I see in the media and even here (until today the only race-related articles under the hate crimes category saw whites as the perpetrators). Ud terrorist 13:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I propose the first deleted section be replaced with the following

 * "While the Zebra killings were officially solved, the task force were not satisfied that all of the killers were caught. They had confirmed seventy-one initiation killings by the Death Angels in San Francisco and had reason to suspect recent murders in Berkley, Long Beach, Oakland, Pacifica, Palo Alto, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Los Angeles were also the work of the group. This number would denote the involvement of more than the four convicted Death Angels; as many as 15 men were known to be members of the group, leaving open the possibility that death toll could pass one hundred. The end result would be that the Death Angels, whatever thier strength, were the most prolific american serial killer ring.
 * Ud terrorist 16:36, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * "Although speculative" is my key concern here. Wikipedia's principles of verifiability and NPOV require that any unproven statements be worded carefully.  You might want to consider wording such as "some members of the task force" in place of attributing the view to the entire task force.  You would also need to cite your sources for this.

 * Note that the offending deletions had wording the totally violated these principals in stating that persons who were acquitted in court were guilty after all. Whatever one's own views, the opinion of a court of law has to be given substantial weight.  Ferg2k 16:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

This is typical banter for black apologists. Saying the evidence is only “speculative” is OUTRAGEOUS! Seven victims survived attacks at CLOSE RANGE and described the perpetrators as black. On top of that there were 108 witnesses to the crimes. And lastly Jessie Lee Cooks admitted to the crimes.

A more accurate and thorough article needs to be written on this case. (Anonymous User)

"Note that the offending deletions had wording the totally violated these principals in stating that persons who were acquitted in court were guilty after all. Whatever one's own views, the opinion of a court of law has to be given substantial weight. Ferg2k 16:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)"

No Zebra suspect was ever acquitted in a court of law. The persons who have repeatedly made this claim are either ignorant regarding the case or mendacious; in either event, they have zero credibility.

As for the beliefs of the Zebra Task Force, no one ever claimed that there were 71 Zebra murders in San Francisco. Gus Coreris did not believe that the NOI killings went beyond San Francisco. Whatever John Fotinos believed, he apparently took to the grave with him. The number 71 comes from Richard Walley of the California State Department of Justice, who was not a member of the ZTF. But Walley, who died in 1974, was talking about NOI death squads across the state. And there was no lack of corpses; the issue was whether all of the murders in question were NOI killings.

The feds were convinced that at the time, the NOI death squads operated on the East Coast, as well.

Clark Howard (1979) believed that the NOI murdered "just under 270" white Californians during the early 1970s, but he has never substantiated his figure, and he's since clammed up. 70.23.177.216 05:15, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

The number of people murdered and the extent of NOI's involvement are aggravated issues. Clark Howard's book appears to be the only serious study of the murders, and though he appears to have done considerable research, his work is vitiated by its New Journalism approach, in which he hides his sources and dramatizes instead. He makes a pretty convincing case that the four convicted were just part of a larger movement, but Just citing his book appears to me to be insufficient, since usually we don't know where he got his information. cb —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.118.23.156 (talk) 22:01, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Why is there no commentary at all about the racist / Nation of Islam motives of the killers? Surely total omission is just as serious an editorial error66.194.73.5 (talk) 15:50, 24 February 2017 (UTC)

Saleem Erkat
I removed the aside "(Saleem Erkat, although an Arab, was apparently mistaken for white)" because it is unscientific nonsense. There is no biological distinction between a "white" European and a "white-looking" Middle Easterner. There is no "whiteness gene" that is possessed by people living on one side of Istanbul and not the other. If a person appears white, then they will be treated as white, and that is the sole criterium for being "white". Just for good measure, I feel it's necessary to mention also that the terms "white" and "caucasian" are not coterminous, and that it's impossible for someone to "look Hispanic".

Yes, there's supposed Whites who have brown eyes, dark skin and black hair (the black Irish), they aren't White by the truest definition, a blonde- haired, blue eyed, Nordic person from Sweden is about as White as you can get, a Spanish- Turk isn't stricltly speaking White. Pdreco (talk) 04:08, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

One more thing...
There is another reason why the Zebra murders were largely forgotten nationally: it was overtaken by events of a larger significance to the nation, the Watergate scandal which was reaching its climax at around that time. RashBold Talk to me 19:36, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The Zebra murders weren't forgotten; they were suppressed. In 2005, Marxist history professors at Southern Illinois University Carbondale took out an ad in the school newspaper, publicly condemning, and sought to destroy the career of a libertarian colleague, for merely giving his students an optional reading on the Zebra murders. Two years earlier, when two San Francisco Examiner reporters mentioned the murders in an article, they dishonestly reduced the number of dead to seven, and refused to mention the racial character of the killings. The Zebra murders were never "overtaken by events."

 * If I claimed "Jim Crow was overtaken by events," you'd stroke out.

 * Too many brainwashed Americans see racism in a loaf of white bread. Of course, as has been muttered by too many, only white people can be racist, right? RIGHT???!!!! 68.13.191.153 14:03, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Even white racists try to use the case for their own goals, a black hate crime is no less than a white hate crime. If anyone provides good references, I will solve WP:POV issues with the article. Kasaalan (talk) 07:45, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

Arrests
"Almost at once, local black leaders denounced the arrests because of its apparent racist undertones". Wouldn't it be more correct to say that "local black leaders denounced the arrests on the grounds of their apparent racist undertones"? Unless, that is, it is always apparently racist to arrest someone because they are black. Or should I say "looks black"?

 * What am dis mess of a comment mean? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.171.176.139 (talk) 23:03, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

Wheelchair users
Are not confined to their wheelchairs. Having a wheelchair means you aren't trapped in bed, as in the days before they were invented. It sucks to be paralyzed, but it's even worse to feel confined by a mobility aid.Berkeleysappho 11:08, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

This article is a mess
Congratulations, many people have contributed to making this article such a mess of apologist/race baiting tripe that it can't even be edited properly. For example there is a neutrality tag, which ISN'T ADEQUATELY DISCUSSED ANYWHERE. Then there are the misused and misplaced source requests, and the obvious attempts to turn an article with a race related subject into yet more new-school apologism. If your goal is to turn this article into something that in no way references that the perpetrators were black, leave because your input is useless and unwelcome, and probably vandalism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.204.29.215 (talk) 14:06, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

It's a complete mess. So much information like only one temple was involved and the scope was limited to and so forth and so on. Every attempt has been made to exclude facts to narrow the scope as much as possible. It should be deleted and rewritten by someone with understanding. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.4.78.119 (talk) 07:20, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

Shockingly bad article. The problem is that these appalling hate crimes have become somewhat 'totemic' for the far right. They are frequently referenced on forums like Stormfront.org and even by groups such as the BNP in England as an attempt to prove that "Whites, not Blacks, are the real victims of racism". Another, related issue is that the liberal intelligentsia probably have conspired not to discuss or publicize them for the reasons of PC. We need a fair and balanced article by people without an ax to grind Irisismykid (talk) 21:56, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

The problem is that this case is used persuasively by the far right because it is exhibit A in their argument that the media is biased and agenda-driven in all matters concerning race. J Smith — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.191.215.192 (talk) 00:48, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Key word being “persuasively” because it’s true. Compare coverage of this to the never-ending saga of Emmet Till. 2600:4040:5463:3D00:4D5B:8985:AB5:BCB (talk) 23:34, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

Sourcing
This article is mostly unsourced, and most of the sources are not in the mainstream. If there was a massive murder spree by blacks against whites, I think the mainstream press would have covered it somewhat. I am removing much of the statements without mainstream citations. Ruy Lopez (talk) 04:38, 23 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Readded, and I re-removed them tonight. Those sections have been unsourced for almost ten months, they need reliable sourcing before they appear on Wikipedia. Dayewalker (talk) 06:01, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

They did. Remember the Rodney King riots? The San Francisco press is a little more "culturally sympathetic" and it's easily believable that it wouldn't have received massive coverage. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.171.176.139 (talk) 23:01, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Ruy Lopez: “If there was a massive murder spree by blacks against whites, I think the mainstream press would have covered it somewhat.”
 * Mainstream newspapers all over California covered it! 2604:2000:9046:800:2044:482A:98E4:A948 (talk) 01:11, 24 February 2018 (UTC)

270 murders?
Two IPs have been adding the following information to the lede. "They were part of a larger racially-motivated murder spree committed by black Muslims in which approximately 270 whites were killed in Northern California."

I've deleted this twice as unsourced, the most recent addition was sourced to a |blog called "The Zebra Project," which isn't a reliable source. This number seems way off to me, but I'm certainly not going to edit war over it. Does anyone have a better source for the total? It seems that if 270 people were killed, there would be far more reliable sources in this article. Dayewalker (talk) 21:24, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

The figure of 270 killings is highly suspect for a number of reasons. There is little or no documentation for this claim, and no specific evidence showing whites being randomly shot. If the those convicted of the crime are indicative of other death angels it is highly doubtful that they would have planning ability to kill 270 people without anyone discovering the bodies. I've spoke to retired SF Deputy Police Chief Kevin Mullen about this case and he never mentioned this as a possibility. Pdreco (talk) 04:08, 19 September 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dougweller (talk • contribs)
 * According to [Salon]-founder and author David Talbot, the blog The Zebra Project is a reliable source. In the chapter devoted to the Zebra Murders in Talbot’s 2012 book, Season of the Witch: Enchantment, Terror, and Deliverance in the City of Love, his section for “Documents” on the Zebra Murders consists solely of “http://thezebraproject.blogspot.com/,” The Zebra Project.

 * However, The Zebra Project is not the source of the claim that the Nation of Islam murdered 270 whites in the state of California during the 1970s, and does not claim to be its source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:2000:1580:415A:1920:48F:A553:49A1 (talk) 09:35, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

Nation of Islam and Death Angels
There are a number of sources but I don't have time. Doug Weller talk 15:23, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zebra murders


text: User talk:205.196.210.6

title: User talk:205.196.210.6


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Ansellia africana

Ansellia africana

List of Orchidaceae genera is packed with excellent illustrations of orchids, such as this striking Ansellia africana. Many of them come from Larsen Twins Orchids. In this case, the picture could be larger, but isotherwise very good. It also illustrates Ansellia. -- Solipsist 05:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC) Coffee 05:50, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - Solipsist 05:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC
 * I won't be supporting this one because the focus is very slightly off on the entire flower. That's a shame because otherwise it's a lovely pic - Adrian Pingstone 08:20, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * A little grainy, perhaps a blur? Enochlau 11:23, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Enochlau 12:25, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Just looks a little grainy. Doesn't really stand out to me. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞  20:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support I think its pretty, although I will (reluctantly) concede a point that the picture looks a little blurred. Perhaps someone could touch it up? TomStar81 20:34, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - I've re-uploaded a larger and slightly sharpened version. I'm glad that someone discovered the photographic treasures in the List of Orchidaceae genera. It took me a lot of work to compile this list of genera in the largest family of the plant kingdom. But it gave me great pleasure to upload all this magnificent images (thanks to the kindness of the Larsen twins orchid page, who graciously gave all their images in the public domain). JoJan 14:45, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * ( − ) Oppose Agree with ScottyBoy900Q, the sharpening brings out white lines and doesn't really work. --Fir0002 09:27, August 3, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Mwallner

I am Martin Wallner and I am fascinated with Wikipedia. So far the information that I found on Wikipedia is just fabulous, in particular history and geography. Thanks to everybody who has contributed so far. I hope I have some time to contribute to Wikipedia in the future and to make science more understandable and accessible.

I got my training as a chemist/biochemist/molecular biologist at the Technical University in Graz (Austria). Now I work as a research scientist in Los Angeles at the University of Califonia (UCLA) on ion channels. The research we do draws on technical advances in Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Electrophysiolgy and Bioinformatics. I have published work on voltage gated sodium channels, potassium channels (in particular the BK channels) and, more recently, also on GABA receptors, the main inhbitory neurotransmitter receptor system in the brain. I think I have the most fascinating job in the world being part of a scientific community that (I think) is on verge to understand in molecular detail how our brain works.

In the moment our particular interest is how alcohol (the stuff that we drink as alcoholic beverages), at relevant concentrations that cause mild to moderate intoxication in humans, increases the activity of unique subtypes of GABA receptors. Our current focus is the relationship between ethanol and other drugs that act on these receptors i.e. benzodiazepines, barbiturates and other general anaesthetics (i.e. propofol and etomidate) that all appear to have their primary action by enhancing these inhibitory GABA(A) receptors. However, many details on how exactly this happens, in particular concerning the GABA receptor subtype specificity, are unkown.

If you like get in contact with me please write me an e-mail either at my private mail: Wallner_Martin@hotmail.com or at my work address: mwallner@mednet.ucla.edu. --Mwallner 06:34, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Below I am going to add a list of selected publications:

title: User:Mwallner