text:
Talk:Freddie Guest

Untitled
Hi, user logging in from IP 142.176.117.220 - could you check up on the syntax for Wikipedia articles please (see help sections from the main page) - You are not getting it quite right (to make a link all you have to do is put square brackets round the linked material, like this: Sir Winston Churchill's government Thanks for your contributions to this article, though.  seglea 23:47, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Frederick Guest. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110829114005/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/frederick-guest-1.html to http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/frederick-guest-1.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:49, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freddie Guest


text:
The Boat of a Million Years

The Boat of a Million Years is a science fiction novel by American writer Poul Anderson, first published in 1989 and nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel that same year. It was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel and the Prometheus Award in 1990.

Plot
The novel follows a group of eleven immortals from the ancient past to the distant future. Most of the novel follows the various immortals throughout their lives as they try to find others like themselves, avoid being killed, and remain quiet about their gift. Gradually, the immortals begin to meet across the world and form a family of sorts. After they share their secret of immortality with the rest of humanity, the ensuing years result in a human culture they no longer relate to or in which they fit. Consequently, they create and crew a starship to explore new civilizations within the galaxy.

Timeline

 * Neolithic, likely 3500–2800 BC — Birth of Nornagest (who is likely a reference to Norna-Gests þáttr).
 * 1000 BC — Birth of Hanno, a Phoenician sailor (who might or might not be the historical Hanno the Navigator).
 * 310 BC — Hanno hears that a philosopher named Pytheas is looking for a sailor to lead an expedition to locate a possible sea-route to the far North to avoid the dangers from the Gauls. Hanno meets him and agrees to head the expedition from Massalia (ancient Marseilles) to the north seas, reaching as far the country which would later be called Norway.
 * 79 BC — Tu Shan is born in the Three Great Rocks district.
 * 27 BC — Patulcius is born to a family of equestrian class in Rome. He takes a job in the Roman Empire's bureaucracy; when it is time for him to retire, he moves far away and simply starts his career anew with a new identity, repeating the process as needed.
 * 1 AD — Hanno lives as a trader in Britannia.
 * 19 AD — Tu Shan wanders from village to village in China preaching Taoist philosophy. He is approached by the Emperor of China's men who want him to serve in the emperor's court. He refuses and begins to travel westward, eventually arriving in Tibet.
 * 279 AD — Hanno and Rufus' estimation of the time of Rufus' birth.
 * 330 AD — Patulcius moves to Byzantium with Constantine I.
 * 359 AD — Hanno (calling himself Flavius Lugo) has moved to Burdigala (Bordeaux) and become a successful merchant. During the decline of the Roman Empire he rescues and befriends Rufus. Rufus and Hanno flee Bordeaux and start to travel around Europe looking for others like themselves.
 * 641 AD — Aliyat, a trader's widow from Palmyra, is forced to flee from her new husband who accuses her of witchcraft because she doesn't age. The only route for survival open to her seems to become a prostitute, a profession she is to continue across centuries and continents.
 * 698 AD — Nornagest tracks down another immortal, Starkadh, a Viking warlord. He attempts to get Starkadh to join him, but Starkadh is more interested in plunder and glory. Starkadh later dies in battle.
 * 998 AD — After getting baptized, Nornagest chooses to die by consciously stopping his heart.
 * 1065 AD — Svoboda, like Aliyat before her, has to flee her people who question her youth. Hanno (now known as Cadoc ap Rhys) has a brief sexual encounter with Svoboda in Kiev, neither realizing the other is an immortal.
 * 1068 AD — Patulcius is in Anatolia when it is conquered by the Great Seljuq Empire.
 * 1072 AD — Hanno (still as Cadoc), tracks down Aliyat (now known as Athenais), who is living as a high-class courtesan in Constantinople. She betrays him as she wants no interference with her life. He is roughly rebuffed and narrowly escapes being killed.
 * 1170 AD — Asagao (later named Okura) is born in Japan.
 * 1237 AD - During the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Svoboda (as Varvara), is living as a nun. Tartars invade Pereyaslavl and burn the monastery and nunnery outside the town. Svoboda is knocked out and raped but survived.
 * 1453 AD — When the Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople, Patulcius returns to join the civil service again.
 * 1540 AD — Hanno leaves a box containing a physical description of himself in a church, with instructions not to open it for a hundred years, to prove his immortality.
 * 1570 AD — Tu Shan and Asagao meet in Tibet, marry and have a child who dies shortly after being born. Two years later they leave the Tibetan village and journey out into the world.
 * 1640 AD — Hanno (as Jacques Lacy of Ireland), meets with Richelieu to discuss the possibility of immortals revealing their existence, a possibility the great Cardinal rejects.
 * 1710 AD — The Native American named "Peregrino" (who would later take the name John Wanderer; here called Deathless) leaves his Lakota tribe.
 * 1855 AD — Corinne Macandal (as Flora) escapes from slavery with the help of some friendly Quakers in Ohio.
 * 1872 AD — Hanno (as Jack Tarrant) pursues John Wanderer, whom Hanno correctly believes to be also an immortal. In the pursuit Rufus is killed trying to save a settler's family from a Native American attack.
 * 1908 AD — Patulcius works as a low-level bureaucrat in Turkey.
 * 1925 AD — John Wanderer locates and identifies Tu Shan and Asagao. He meets with them in Tibet and speaks to them through an interpreter. At the time he is only able to hint at his true identity (as an immortal) and his belief about their identities. He proposes to return in fifty years.
 * 1931 AD — Aliyat (as Clara Rosario) and Corinne (as Laurace Macandal) meet in New York City.
 * 1938 AD — Hanno (as David McCready) meets Patulcius (as Oktay Saygun), having located him by placing an advertisement written by John Wanderer which reads, "Those who have lived so long that our forefathers are like brothers and comrades to them." Patulcius admits to Hanno that he is an immortal and agrees to keep in touch but makes it clear that he likes his life and doesn't want to join up with Hanno.
 * 1942 AD — Svoboda takes part in World War II skirmishes around Stalingrad.
 * 1975 AD — John Wanderer makes good on his promise and returns to Tu Shan and Asagao. Tu Shan and Asagao reveal that their children are all mortal despite the fact that they have two immortal parents. Wanderer convinces them to join him and Hanno in America. Hanno has been placing ads asking other immortals to join him. He has also founded a research team to find out how to grant immortality to everyone.
 * In the future, everyone is immortal, and the Immortals have long ago revealed themselves. There is no civil service, so Patulcius is no longer employable. Tu Shan has tried to return to a primitive life and failed, as there is no longer a market for his handicrafts. They, mostly Hanno, convince the government to build them a ship with which to explore the universe.
 * (some time later) They are on a near light speed ship to find other intelligent life. During the voyage, Hanno goes against the wishes of the crew and turns the ship in another direction. He spends an unspecified amount of time being ostracized by them for this.

Immortal physiology
As their name implies, at a certain point Immortals stop outwardly aging, generally at about twenty-five years, though apparently among East Asians possibly a little later. When the Immortals' teeth are damaged, they regrow. Immortals receive no permanent scars and also never contract contagious illnesses, even during times of plague. They remain fertile for as long as they live and can rapidly heal broken bones or other serious wounds. If the Immortal men are circumcised, their foreskins will regenerate. Speculation on "recurrent intactness" among women is left unanswered, with the possibility of the female hymen likewise restoring itself having been brought up at one point during dialogue in the novel. Immortals can and in the course of the novel do die, as they are not capable of recovering from injuries such as a stab to the heart or decapitation. There is also discussion about whether long-term exposure to tobacco smoke might present the possibility of lung cancer developing, though the researcher who opens the possibility admits he has no data on the matter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Boat of a Million Years


text: Category:WikiProject Tree of Life

title: Category:WikiProject Tree of Life


text: Category:WikiProject Viruses

title: Category:WikiProject Viruses


text:
Illinois Route 185

Illinois Route 185 is an east–west state road in the south-central portion of the U.S. state of Illinois. Its western terminus is in Taylor Springs at Illinois Route 127, and the eastern terminus is at Farina at Illinois Route 37. This is a distance of 49.88 mi.

Route description
Illinois 185 runs geographically northwest–southeast through south-central Illinois. It overlaps both U.S. Route 40 and U.S. Route 51 through the city of Vandalia.

History
SBI Route 185 originally ran from Bluff City to Farina. In 1949, it was extended northwest to Taylor Springs.

title: Illinois Route 185


text:
User talk:GreatLeapForward2

Example of absolute mainland China stupidity: Great Leap Forward

title: User talk:GreatLeapForward2


text:
Talk:Satellite (biology)

Table
The table in your article is a good representation of what a satellite virus is versus a virus. One suggestions I would make is that your units match in the table. If you want to use kbp then you should be consistent and use kbp thought the table. Otherwise, this article is a good summary of what satellite viruses are and the article is easy to read. Karate bb (talk) 17:38, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Peer Review
I made a few grammar corrections to the introduction, but otherwise, I feel that it is a strong introduction to the topic. With this sentence: A satellite virus of mamavirus that inhibits the replication of its host has been termed a virophage do you think it would be mamaviruses? It just didn't sound right to me, but I wasn't sure how else to word it.

With this sentence: A few years later in 1969, did scientists truly discovery another symbiotic relationship with the tobacco ringspot neopvirus (TobRV) and another satellite virus. I think that it also sounds awkward. Could you say something like It wasn't until a few years later in 1969, that scientists truly discovered another symbiotic relationship with the tobacco ringspot neopvirus (TobRV) and another satellite virus. I'm not sure.

I like the classification section, but I'm wondering if a small description could be added that would explain why they are classified this way or where the classification system comes from.

Your response to feedback:

Thanks for your feedback I did go back and change the sentence structure and satellites are classified as sub viral agents in that they require the help for co-infects therefore they do not have their own taxanomic classification. There is talk about proposing new genre for the classification of satellites. As far as the comment on mamavirus it is in broad terms considered a satellite because of its requirement of co-infection but ultimately is a Virophage because of the relationship between mamavirus and co-infection virus is parasitic where as satellite viruses are symbiotic relationships with co-infector. Abinkley95 (talk) 18:00, 5 December 2017 (UTC)Clbabcock (talk) 16:47, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

History
The discovery section needs to be expanded and a section on characteristics which compares a satellite virus to other viruses and hosts would be appropriate. S L Seston (talk) 18:23, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

WikiProject

 * WikiProject Viruses

 * wikiproject has been tagged inactive132.205.94.174 23:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

contradiction with another article
Can we create or find a virus that will target and attack carona and overwhelm the virus? then neutralize that virus with a vaccine? 38.142.169.94 (talk) 06:13, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

co ordinate your articles
to people writing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virophage and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_(biology)

you seem to have contradictory ideas about the difference between a virophage and a satellite virus can you two please edit your articles so they are not in conflict ? thanks !!

Requested move 22 July 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: withdrawn (non-admin closure)  --Jules  (Mrjulesd) 17:50, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Satellite (biology) → Satellite (subviral agent) – The use of the term "satellite" occurs more than once in biology, as well as for the subviral agent, most notably in satellite chromosome or satellite DNA. However the title "Satellite (biology)" suggests this is the only biological use of the term. Now the hatnotes and lead section does clarify this somewhat, but I think it would be preferable to use this as a title to clarify it somewhat. --Jules (Mrjulesd) 12:03, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Additionally "satellite DNA" could be confused with "satellite nucleic acids" used on the subviral context! Its a rather confusing mishmash of different terminology altogether. --Jules  (Mrjulesd) 12:20, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Adeno-associated viruses and other dependoviruses are satellites but they are not considered to be sub-viral.Graham Beards (talk) 13:32, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * as far as I'm aware all satellites are considered to be subviral. But the ICTV consider other agents also to be subviral, for example viroids. --Jules  (Mrjulesd) 15:59, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I see what you mean now. Quite often the ICTV tend to categorize particles as being both viral and subviral:
 * At Dependovirus is ranked as a satellite virus: 4. Adenovirus-associated satellite virus (Dependovirus) under ICTV Reports > ICTV 9th Report (2011) > Subviral Agents (2011) > Subviral Agents.
 * At its ranked under Monodnaviria > Shotokuvirae > Cossaviricota >Quintoviricetes > Piccovirales > Parvoviridae > Parvovirinae > Dependoparvovirus
 * As a general rule, satellite viruses are categorized as both satellites (and therefore subviral particles) but also as viruses. While this is hardly optimal, its the way the ICTV choose to do things. --Jules  (Mrjulesd) 16:56, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * As far As I can see they are (rightly) classified as viruses.  . Where does it say that they are sub-viral agents? Graham Beards (talk) 17:05, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * At Satellites and Other Virus-dependent Nucleic Acids. It says Definitions: Satellites are subviral agents which lack genes that could encode functions needed for replication. Then further down under Categories of satellites it lists the following: Adenovirus-associated satellite virus (Dependovirus). --Jules  (Mrjulesd) 17:18, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

 * I am considering withdrawing this as there seems to be opposition, and well grounded due to the confusing terminology employed by sources. --Jules  (Mrjulesd) 17:41, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Satellite (biology)


text:
Talk:Flag of Ulster

Redirect
Perhaps the redirect should go here to prevent another Lapsed Pacifist edit war:

(Flag of Ulster).

It is important that the redirect goes here because:

1. The background the the 9-county flag is described on detail on this page.

2. The Northern Ireland flag is also known as the flag of ulster or ulster flag.

3. the ni flag is derived from the 9 county ulster one, and it is important that both these flags are discussed on the same page for this reason.

Jonto 23:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC) --JW1805 21:38, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I have a suggestions:
 * Create Flag of Ulster as a separate page, which will be about the "Province" of Ulster's flag. Essentially, this will be the 2nd section that is currently on the Flag of Northern Ireland page.  There will also be a disamb note, and link back to that page.
 * Remove "Provencial Flag of Ulster" section from Flag of Northern Ireland page. The link will remain, and it will be noted (as it does now) that the NI flag is based on the Flag of Ulster, and you can click the link if you want further details.
 * Create Ulster Flag as a disamb page. This page will have both meanings: the "Flag of Ulster", and the "Ulster Banner", and will link to both.  There can also be some statement about the controversy.

Any comments? --JW1805 02:03, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

What controversy?

Lapsed Pacifist 21:02, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * See Ulster Flag. I put: "Some Unionists refer to Northern Ireland as "Ulster", but this usage is controversial." I think that's acceptable.  --JW1805 21:38, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

I can live with that. I believe "Ulster Banner" is a very obscure term for the Northern Ireland flag. If this is true it should be mentioned.

Lapsed Pacifist 22:02, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, sweet compromise! Maybe we can avoid getting blocked again.  Well, my thought about "Ulster Banner" is that at least it uniquely defines the NI flag (no one calls the Flag of Ulster by that name).  I thought that was the "official" name of the NI flag also.  I will look for a source on that. --JW1805 22:09, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

I forgot what I had written above. Apologies.

Lapsed Pacifist 03:52, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

hellloooo?

Ui?
Ui Neill is clearly plural, yet the version of the legend given here applies the name to one man. What gives? —Tamfang 04:55, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * An error, and if you fancy fixing it then it's probably worth mentioning that the earler flag, the "king of Ulster's own emblem" as Geoffrey Keating says, was "A yellow lion upon green satin,/ The emblem of the Craobh Ruadh,/ Such as was held by noble Conchubhar/ Conghal now holds." Angus McLellan (Talk) 08:11, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately I cannot find the correct name of the hand's owner. —Tamfang 16:35, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Courcy
I've always seen Or a cross gules attributed to de Burgh; a quick look at Rietstap's Armorial shows no Courcy arms with a cross. —Tamfang 16:41, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Flag
I have changed the image of the Ulster Flag to the correct Ulster Flag. The thumb on the previous one was wrong.Seamus2602 21:36, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Huh??
I know i am not a scholar - but surely you cant just insert words like 'tuatha' without explanation?

--Wideofthemark (talk) 00:55, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

O'Neills and the red hand
The O'Neill dynasts first styled themselves as "King of Ulster" in 1364, after the demise of the Burke earldom (in 1333) that followed the original kings. Before 1364 the O'Neills were Kings of Tír Eógain, and in fact had the largest kingdom in Ulster for centuries. The first documented link between them and the red hand was on the arms of Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone, who died in 1559. So this in the lede needs changing a bit: The Red Hand of Ulster is a symbol derived from the O'Neill dynasty who were historic monarchs of the provincial kingdom, while the gold background featuring a red cross comes from the coat of arms of the Burkes, a Hiberno-Norman noble family.86.42.198.63 (talk) 16:25, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Update for Consideration
Id like to put forth this new version of the ulster flag as it more closely matches the colours of burke arms and the red hand shown is a closer match to the oldest one found in national library of ireland which shows the design according to records Caomhan27 ( talk ) 15:00, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

Inappropriately referenced sentence
This Irish Times article contains no information about what the "flag of Ulster" mentioned in it looks like. There is no description, photo or video of it. It's being used in a loyalist context that makes it clear it's about the UB is an unreferenced assumption, and a false one. I have see the flag of Ulster flown many times, the idea that the "flag of Ulster" in the Irish Times article must refer to the Ulster Banner is an assumption, not a fact. Please provide a reference that clearly and unambiguously says "the Ulster Banner has also been referred to as the flag of Ulster", or I will be removing the sentence again. FDW777 (talk) 11:27, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

Synthesis template added
I have added a template to the "20th century" section. Issues with this section are as follows.
 * 1) During The Troubles, the flag of Ulster was used by Irish nationalists as a direct contrast to unionists using the Ulster Banner is referenced by this reference. What the reference says is The Ulster Flag represents the nine counties of the ancient province of Ulster, and is one of the four provincial flags of Ireland. The flag is based on the crest of the O'Neill Chieftains of Ulster, who were renowned for their strong resistance to English rule, hence the flag is regarded as being Nationalist, so there is nothing about The Troubles or the flag being used as a contrast.
 * 2) As a result, the flag of Ulster is occasionally referred to as the "9 counties flag" to distinguish it from the Ulster Banner is referenced by this reference. What the reference says is ULSTER (Province, 9 Counties) FLAG: red cross on a yellow field. Red Hand of Ulster enclosed in a white shield in the centre "As a result" and "to distinguish it" is where the synthesis is introduced, since there is nothing in the reference about why that name is used.
 * 3) This is because the Ulster Banner has also been referred to as the flag of Ulster is referenced by the following references.
 * Irish Times, dismissed in the section above.
 * 11 Freunde uses the phrase Red Flag of Ulster, without explaining why it's called that
 * Parliamentary Debates - Hansard. 352. HM Stationary Office. p. 87 This is an incomplete citation, please provide full information so it can be verified. My investigation led me to this index page for volume 352 of Hansard. Looking down the page a link to column 24 is provided for "Flags" in the "Northern Ireland" section which would appear to be the right place. The page linked to doesn't contain any information on flags, but clicking "Next section" at the bottom of the page take you to this page which deals the flying of the Union Flag in Northern Ireland, which is presumably the discussion mentioned on the index page. There is no mention of the Ulster Flag, and there seems to be no mention of the Ulster Flag and the number 352 on the website according to google. Providing a full citation may prove my investigation to be in some way faulty.
 * Belfast Telegraph does reference the Ulster Banner being called the Ulster Flag. Hoever, like the other references, it doesn't explain why it's called that.

The synthesis is due to the cause/effect constructions of As a result, to distinguish it and This is because. Neither the references for point 2 nor the references point 3 say why the "9 Counties Flag" was called that. FDW777 (talk) 10:04, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

copyvio?

 * The Red Hand of Ulster (Irish: Lámh Dhearg Uladh), also known as the Red Hand Uí Néill, is a symbol used in heraldry[1] to denote the Irish province of Ulster and the Northern Uí Néill in particular. However, it has also been used by other Irish clans across the island, including the Connachta, the ruling families of western Connacht (e.g. the O'Flahertys and McHughs) and the Southern Uí Néill, chiefs of the Midlands (e.g. Clann Cholmáin etc.).[2]

This paragraph was recently inserted by a Person of No Account, complete with bracketed numbers. Does anyone recognize a source? Should it be paraphrased and kept? —Tamfang (talk) 00:32, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Ulster


text:
User:Arcaynn

Hello, my name is Arcaynn, and here's some info about me. I don't edit much, but I do leech all the time. I also seem to like userboxes.

title: User:Arcaynn


text:
Perry Ellis

Perry Edwin Ellis (March 3, 1940 – May 30, 1986) was an American fashion designer who founded his eponymous sportswear house in the mid-1970s. Ellis' influence on the fashion industry has been called "a huge turning point" because he introduced new patterns and proportions to a market which was dominated by more traditional men's clothing.

Early life
Ellis was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, on March 3, 1940, the only child of Edwin and Winifred Rountree Ellis. His father owned a coal and home heating oil company, which enabled the family to live a comfortable middle-class life. Ellis graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Portsmouth, Virginia, in 1957. He then studied at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, and graduated with a degree in business administration in 1961. To avoid the draft, Ellis enlisted in the United States Coast Guard Reserve with service that included six months of active duty with the Coast Guard. He graduated from New York University with a master's degree in retailing in 1963.

Career
Ellis started out in department store retailing in the Richmond, Virginia, area to gain experience in the fashion industry as a buyer and merchandiser at the department store Miller & Rhoads. While there, he was co-founder of Richmond retail shop A Sunny Day. He later joined the sportswear company John Meyer of Norwich in Manhattan.

In the mid-1970s, he was approached by his then employer, The Vera Companies, famous for their polyester double-knit pantsuits, to design a fashion collection for them. In November 1976, Ellis presented his first women's sportswear line, called Portfolio. Although he was not a skilled sketcher, he knew exactly how the industry worked and proved a master of innovative ideas who created "new classics" that American women longed for at the time. He was initially known for his versions of the oversized, unconstructed, layered, natural-fiber, mid-1970s Big Look or Soft Look   that was the leading fashion trend of the time,    for which he was compared favorably to Kenzo, the 1973 originator of the look. Ellis enhanced this trend by creating substantial, hand-knit-looking sweaters in rough-hewn textures that combined well with the earthtones and loose shapes of the period. He would be known for his sweaters for the rest of his career.

Together with The Vera Companies' parent company, Manhattan Industries, he founded his own fashion house, Perry Ellis International, in 1978, opening his showroom on New York's Seventh Avenue. That same year, he interpreted the new big shoulders of the fall  in a way that proved more popular with the US public than the extreme forties-revival looks emanating from Europe,    adding large but soft shoulder pads to his familiar earthy textures in new, slimmed down, but still casual shapes. He explicitly endorsed the trend for layering one set of shoulder pads on top of another, which would become common in the 1980s, as would the flounced miniskirts, called rah-rah skirts in the UK, that he and Norma Kamali introduced the following year. Also in 1979, he began introducing other means to widen the shoulder besides padding, mainly via adding fullness at the top of the sleeves with gathers and folds. He played with silhouettes by showing knee-length and shorter circle skirts and calf-length culottes (a word he disliked, preferring "cropped pants") with unusually-proportioned tops, while still staying true to the fresh, natural look of earth-toned textiles that he had refined during the Soft Look period. His cropped pants, cropped sweaters, and dimpled sleeves of the end of the seventies were very influential.

As the company's chairman and head designer he later developed Perry Ellis Menswear Collection – marked by Step by step, he added shoes, accessories, furs and perfume that all bear his name. Throughout the 1980s, the Perry Ellis company continued to expand and include various labels, such as Perry Ellis Collection and Perry Ellis Portfolio.

During the first half of the 1980s, Perry Ellis was as prominent a US fashion name as Calvin Klein and Ralph Lauren. He continued to be known for the sweaters, cropped trousers, and silhouette experimentation  that he had begun at the end of the seventies, including the flippy miniskirts that he and Norma Kamali introduced in 1979. He was also known for the very high quality of his fabrics, most of which he imported from Europe.

In 1980, Ellis explored handmade knitwear, enlarged patterns, and enlarged Argyle and launched his first male collection. As an additional alternative to the prominent shoulder-padding he had become known for in 1978, he used capelet collars to add width and continued to incorporate top-of-sleeve tucks and pleats. For spring of 1981, he presented soft corsets and hip-padded versions of the short skirts he had begun showing in 1979,  and he began using a few more substantial fabrics for shaping. This former leader of the mid-seventies Big Look joined Fall 1981's brief return to that style with relish, showing longer lengths, loose layers, and harem pants with Cossack-inspired hats and capes,  though the look this time was more structured, via cummerbunds, extended shoulders, and tulle petticoats.

In 1982, Perry Ellis won the Council of Fashion Designers of America's Designer of the year award, at a time when his company had more than 75 staff. He released his "Chariots of Fire" collection for spring of that year, continuing to show the longer lengths he had favored the previous fall, though never exclusively. For his fall 1982 collection, he tried his hand at some of the highly tailored suit styles that had dominated fashion since 1978, to a cooler-than-usual critical reception. In 1983, he showed high-waisted fit-and-flare skirts and slim trousers with short jackets.

He reduced the rise of the previous year's high waistband somewhat for Spring of 1984, when he presented a collection intended to suggest an idyllic Australia, replete with his well-loved cropped trousers, cropped jackets, and focus on long skirts. In 1984, Perry Ellis America was created in cooperation with Levi Strauss and he revived his lesser-priced Portfolio product line, filling it with the kind of soft, unlined, comfortable clothes he had shown in the mid-seventies, now updated with broader shoulders. His Fall 1984 collection for both men and women was an homage to artist Sonia Delaunay and focused on Ellis's trademark sweaters in Delaunay colors. Prints and slimmer, more minimal shapes were a focus for his Spring 1985 collection, with large florals, revealing cuts, and tunic sweaters prominent. These closer-to-the-body cuts would continue through the end of the year, enlivened by prints and colors inspired by Chinese porcelains.

In the early 1980s, wholesale revenues had figured at about $60 million. By 1986 that number had risen to about $260 million.

Highly praised professionally and personally, Ellis believed that "fashion dies when you take it too seriously." Of Perry Ellis's fashion design, Michael Bastian remarked that "no one did it better...He was able to be modern and yet not come off antiseptic." New York Times fashion columnist Bernadine Morris praised Ellis's tweeds and sweaters as "comfortable and forever-looking," with the "insouciant feeling of a college woman slipping into her boyfriend's jacket that is a size or so too big for her, or putting together a jacket and a pair of pants in patterns that don't quite match, but look quite appealing," while Steven Kolb, CEO of the Council of Fashion Designers of America, described Ellis' fashion as "my way to step forward in fashion, but to still have a comfort level. It helped define my personality."

Ellis served as president of the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) from 1984 to 1986.

Personal life
In 1981, Ellis began a relationship with attorney Laughlin Barker. Later that year, Ellis appointed Barker the President of the licensing division of Perry Ellis International. They remained together until Barker's death in January 1986.

In February 1984, Ellis and his long-time friend, television producer and writer Barbara Gallagher, conceived a child together via artificial insemination. Their daughter, Tyler Alexandra Gallagher Ellis, was born in November 1984. Ellis bought a home for Gallagher and their daughter in Brentwood, Los Angeles, and would visit frequently. In 2011, Tyler released her first line of handbags using the name Tyler Alexandra.

Illness and death
In October 1985, rumors that Ellis had contracted AIDS began to surface when he appeared on the runway at the end of his Fall fashion show. By that time, Ellis had lost a considerable amount of weight and looked much older. Around the same time, Ellis' partner Laughlin Barker was undergoing chemotherapy for Kaposi's sarcoma, an AIDS-related cancer that later metastasized to his lungs. Ellis continued to deny that he was sick, but rumors of his illness persisted after he passed out in the receiving line at a party at the Costume Institute in December 1985. On January 2, 1986, Barker died of lung cancer at the couple's home in Manhattan. After Barker's death, Ellis' health rapidly declined. By May 1986, Ellis had contracted viral encephalitis which caused paralysis on one side of his face. Despite his appearance, he insisted on appearing at his Fall fashion show held in New York City on May 8. At the end of the show, Ellis attempted to walk the runway for his final bow but was so weak, he had to be supported by two assistants. It was his final public appearance. Ellis was hospitalized soon after and slipped into a coma. He died of viral encephalitis on May 30, 1986. A spokesperson for Ellis' company would not comment on whether the designer's death was AIDS-related stating, "Those were Perry's wishes."

Most newspapers omitted the AIDS rumors from Ellis' obituary and simply attributed his death to encephalitis. In August 1986, New York magazine writer Patricia Morrisroe wrote a story about Ellis where she concluded that, "...many people believe Ellis had AIDS, and given the evidence, it seems likely." A 1993 article from the Associated Press included Ellis among its list of better known AIDS victims.

Legacy
Steven Kolb defined Perry Ellis legacy with the following words: "In terms of men's fashion, he was the first to bring the idea of dressing up in a casual way to the American man". In 1986, the annual Perry Ellis Award—now known as the Swarovski Emerging Talent Award—was created to honor emerging talents in the world of men's and women's fashion designers. The first designer to receive it was David Cameron.

Though he worked as a designer for less than a decade, over 25 years after his death his work is "still seen as incredibly influential."

In 1999, Miami-based textile company Supreme International purchased the Perry Ellis brand from Salant, a licensee of Perry Ellis that acquired it from Manhattan Industries in 1986. Supreme renamed itself Perry Ellis International and the company became traded on the NASDAQ under PERY. Perry Ellis International also owns and licenses other notable fashion brands, such as Original Penguin by Munsingwear, Cubavera, C&C California, Rafaella, Laundry by Shelli Segal, Ben Hogan, Jantzen, Nike Swim and Callaway, among others.

In the twenty-first century, the Perry Ellis brand has continued to expand. Building upon styles set forth by Ellis, the brand has successfully continued to expand, collaborate with other designers, such as Duckie Brown, and hold critical acclaim.

Awards

 * During the CFDA awards at New York City's Lincoln Center in 1986, Ellis was posthumously awarded a Special Tribute.
 * Ellis won eight Coty Awards between 1979 and 1984, the last year that they were given.
 * He was presented with the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) Fashion Award in 1981.
 * In 2002, Ellis was honored with a commemorative white bronze plaque embedded into the sidewalk on Seventh Avenue in New York in the so-called Fashion Walk of Fame located on the part of Seventh Avenue called "Fashion Avenue."

title: Perry Ellis


text:
Alec Skempton

Sir Alec Westley Skempton (4 June 1914 – 9 August 2001) was an English civil engineer internationally recognised, along with Karl Terzaghi, as one of the founding fathers of the engineering discipline of soil mechanics. He established the soil mechanics course at Imperial College London, where the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department's building was renamed after him in 2004, and was knighted in the 2000 New Year Honours for services to engineering. He was also a notable contributor on the history of British civil engineering.

Career
Skempton was born in Northampton and attended Northampton grammar school. In 1932 Skempton he went to the City and Guilds College in London to study civil engineering. After beginning work on a Goldsmiths' Company bursary-funded PhD, he joined the Building Research Station (BRS) in 1936, initially working on reinforced concrete before moving to soil mechanics in 1937.

The failure of an earth embankment for a reservoir at Chingford in north-east London helped highlight Skempton's insights on clay strata. Other projects included Waterloo Bridge, the Muirhead dam near Largs in Scotland, Gosport Dockyard and the Eau Brink Cut channel of the River Great Ouse near King's Lynn.

In 1945, Skempton was seconded from BRS to establish a soil mechanics course at Imperial College (recruiting Alan W. Bishop as his first member of staff), becoming a full-time lecturer there in 1946, and introducing, in 1950, the first postgraduate course in soil mechanics. In 1955, he was elevated to the chair of soil mechanics, and from 1957 to 1976 was head of department and professor of civil engineering.

He made great contributions in the field of quaternary geology and was widely consulted on problems involving landslips, foundations, retaining walls and embankments. Notable projects included the Mangla Dam in Pakistan and the Carsington Dam failure in Derbyshire in 1984.

Research
Skempton worked on many high-profile projects through his life, notably the back analysis of the Chingford reservoir failure (July 1937) and other embankment dams, including that at Chew Valley Lake, for which he designed an array of sand-drains to accelerate consolidation of the weak alluvial foundations, the first such in the UK.

In situ behaviour of natural clays was of great interest to Skempton, who wrote two papers published by the Geological Society on the geological compaction of natural clays. Among other academic writings, he formulated concepts such as that of A and B pore water pressure coefficient which is still widely used today. Many of his research documents and other writing are available in the Skempton and Bishop Archives at Imperial College.

He was a founding member of the Institution of Civil Engineers' Soil Mechanics and Foundations committee (now the British Geotechnical Association).

Skempton was also an influential contributor to the history of civil engineering. He chaired the civil engineers archive panel at ICE where he edited works on William Jessop (1979), John Smeaton (1981), regarded as the founder of civil engineering, and early fen drainage engineer John Grundy, and started work on the first volume of A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers of the British Isles, eventually published in 2002.

UK
Skempton was a member of the Links Club of the City and Guilds College whilst at Imperial College. He delivered the 4th Rankine Lecture titled Long-term stability of clay slopes in 1964. In recognition of his soil mechanics contributions, in 2004, the department of Civil & Environmental Engineering building at Imperial College was renamed after him: the Skempton Building.

Other accolades included Fellow of the Royal Society (1961) and Founding Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. Skempton also accumulated medals from the ICE (the 1968 James Alfred Ewing Medal), the Geological Society (the 1972 Lyell Medal), Newcomen Society, and a gold medal from the Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE). He was knighted for services to engineering in the 2000 New Year Honours.

International
Skempton was elected as the second President of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, following Terzaghi, in 1957. He also won the Terzaghi award from the American Society of Civil Engineers.

title: Alec Skempton


text:
User talk:Aklink

Templers
Should the Reference to the Knights Templar be on the Templers article? I see absolutely no connection between the two organisations, except the similarity of the names. But 'Templer' in the Temple Society context uses the biblical reference quoted, that sees the body of a person as a temple for the spirit of God.

'Templar' in Knights Templar, seems to imply a custodian of a physical place in Jerusalem: ''Their popular name alludes to their historical headquarters in Qubbat es-Sakhrah (Dome of the Rock), an Islamic shrine on the summit of Mount Moriah in Jerusalem, which they renamed Templum Domini (Temple of the Lord). '' Aklink.

Pilatus
What a pleasant surprise! My thanks to Pilatus for the help with the Jaffa Oranges emblem in TEMPLE SOCIETY. Aklink

Wikipedia needs you
Hi,. You have helped with a number of articles in the past, but you haven't edited any articles in a while. Could you make some new contributions soon to help make Wikipedia better? I hope you decide to become a more active contributor again. Feel free to drop me a line on my talk page. -- ForteTuba 02:51, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Check out the Community Portal to help you find articles that need work.

Image copyright problem with Image:Former Templer Settlements.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Former Templer Settlements.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 10:28, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sarona Garden.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Sarona Garden.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 02:45, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Thanks STBotI, I am not sure if i did the correct thing this time, could you please check the image Sarona Garden again? I have added what I feel is a fair use rationale in plain writing. I could not find a way to insert the Fair Use Template into the Image Edit Page. 144.135.111.168 (talk) 06:01, 1 February 2008 (UTC) 1 February 2008 at 1700hr

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Sarona Garden.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Sarona Garden.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 05:25, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jaffa_Oranges.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Jaffa_Oranges.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Rockfang (talk) 20:08, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Ernest Edgar Kurth (April 14)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. Please read the comments left by the reviewer on your submission. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved. ''' Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia! '''
 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, you can find it at Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Ernest Edgar Kurth.
 * To edit the submission, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new Articles for creation help desk], or on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Numbermaniac&action=edit&section=new reviewer's talk page].
 * Please remember to link to the submission!

-- t  numbermaniac  c  07:31, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
 * You can also get real-time chat help from experienced editors.

File source and copyright licensing problem with File:Professor Ernest Edgar Kurth.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Professor Ernest Edgar Kurth.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status and its source. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously.

If you did not create this work entirely yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. You will also need to state under what licensing terms it was released. Please refer to the image use policy to learn what files you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. The page on copyright tags may help you to find the correct tag to use for your file.

Please add this information by editing the image description page. If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please also check any other files you may have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is [ a list of your uploads]. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Peripitus (Talk) 08:52, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Your submission at AfC E. E. Kurth was accepted
 E. E. Kurth, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. The article has been assessed as Stub-Class, which is recorded on the article's talk page. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. You are more than welcome to continue making quality contributions to Wikipedia. . Thank you for helping improve Wikipedia! Zach Vega ( talk to me ) 02:28, 31 May 2014 (UTC)
 * If you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the help desk.
 * If you would like to help us improve this process, please consider.

Thank you, Zach Vega for helping me to get the E. E. Kurth profile on Wikipedia. Professor Kurth is part of our Australian Cultural Heritage and should be listed as such. I shall try and catch up with the outstanding points mentioned. Aklink (talk) 03:28, 1 July 2014 (UTC) aklink

File copyright problem with File:Professor Ernest Edgar Kurth.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Professor Ernest Edgar Kurth.jpg. However, it is currently missing information on its copyright and licensing status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can verify that it has an acceptable license status and a verifiable source. Please add this information by editing the image description page. You may refer to the image use policy to learn what files you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. The page on copyright tags may help you to find the correct tag to use for your file. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please also check any other files you may have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is [ a list of your uploads].

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation.

ATTENTION : This is an automated, bot-generated message. This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 03:00, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aklink


text:
Kramers (bookstore)

Kramers (formerly known as Kramerbooks & Afterwords or Kramer's ) is an independent bookstore and cafe in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Since its founding in 1976 by Bill Kramer, Henry Posner, and David Tenney, Kramer's has become a local institution and meeting place for neighborhood residents, authors, and politicians. It was one of the first bookstores in the country to feature a cafe which influenced similar business models nationwide. Notable people that have visited Kramer's include Barack Obama, Andy Warhol, Maya Angelou, and Monica Lewinsky, whose purchases at the bookstore attracted national attention during the Lewinsky scandal investigation and led to a high-profile legal battle. Kramer's was sold in 2016 to Steve Salis.

Early history
Kramers, located at 1517 Connecticut Avenue NW in Washington, D.C.'s Dupont Circle neighborhood, opened in August 1976 by Bill Kramer, David Tenney, and Henry Posner. Two months later, the business partners opened Afterwords Cafe, with an entrance on 19th Street, in the same building. Constructed in 1920, the building was originally an automobile showroom. Later tenants included Hudson Air Conditioning Corporation and the women's clothing stores Looby and Peck & Peck.

The bookstore was one of four in Washington, D.C., managed by Kramer, who had taken over the business from his parents, Sidney and Miriam Z. Kramer, librarians who opened their first store, Sidney Kramer Books, in 1946. Kramer wanted to open a business that provided customers a place to eat and read, what he described as "two of the three most enjoyable human activities." At the time of its opening, few places in the country provided such a service. The concept became popular, and other businesses, including the Harvard Book Store and Square Books, followed Kramerbooks & Afterwords' lead and opened their own cafes.

In its early history, Kramers was open 24 hours and soon became a popular destination for neighborhood residents, authors, and politicians. It also earned a reputation as a place to meet a potential date. The New York Times described Kramer's as "one part bookstore, one part restaurant and perhaps one part singles bar." According to Posner, Kramers in part "helped establish a street life in Dupont Circle." For many patrons, it was the first place where they had their "first real espresso and cappuccino, their first microbrews, their first taste of Häagen-Dazs, their first decent bagels." The owners would have fresh bagels from New York delivered to Washington, D.C.'s Greyhound station because they could not find any decent ones in the area.

In 1984, Afterwords Cafe expanded by offering sidewalk seating on 19th Street. The business expanded again in 1991 when the adjoining building occupied by Cafe Splendide, 1521 Connecticut Avenue, was purchased. The expanded section included an enlarged bar. In 1993, the first of two branches opened in Arlington, Virginia. The 10000 sqft store was three times the size of the Connecticut Avenue location and also included a restaurant. Both of the Arlington branches were unsuccessful and soon closed.

Lewinsky scandal
Kramers came to national attention in 1998 during the Lewinsky scandal. It successfully fought a subpoena from Kenneth Starr to disclose which books Monica Lewinsky had purchased. When the subpoena was first issued, it was reported that Kramer's management would comply. However, Kramer said that was not the case. Librarians picketed the store, customers were upset, and sales dropped. Management chose to fight the subpoena with the help of several organizations, including the American Booksellers Association (ABA), American Library Association, and American Civil Liberties Union.

In an interview, Kramer defended his actions, citing the First Amendment and said, "They are looking for us to hand over information about a specific customer's specific purchases, and that we will not do." After U.S. District Judge Norma Holloway Johnson ordered Kramer's management to hand over the information to Starr, they declined and said they were ready to take the issue to the U.S. Supreme Court if necessary. Kramer's management and Lewinsky's lawyers reached an agreement whereby the list of books she purchased would be given to Starr by her lawyers and not the bookstore, thereby protecting the store's integrity. The store's six-figure legal bills were paid in part by the ABA.

Later history and sale
Despite the decline in the independent bookstore industry, Kramers has continued to draw in customers looking for an intimate setting, live music, author events, and full bar. Kramers is often called a Washington, D.C. institution and has been described as "iconic" and a "staple of the District's cultural scene." Notable people that have visited Kramers include President Barack Obama and his daughters who shopped at the store in 2011 on Small Business Saturday. Julia Louis-Dreyfus and John Slattery filmed a scene from the television series Veep in Kramers. Other celebrities that have visited include Maya Angelou, Andy Warhol, Toni Morrison, and Margaret Cho.

The shuttering of large chain bookstores, most notably the nearby Books-A-Million, proved to benefit Kramers. However, the increased number of trendy restaurants in the city affected the cafe's business. The cafe and bookstore bring in around the same amount of revenue, whereas before the cafe brought in more money. In 2015, the combined sales for the restaurant and cafe were $10 million. That same year Kramer and Tenney began plans to sell the business. Tenney said, "I knew the business was viable, but I also knew the restaurant was beat up and tired. If we could find some way to resurrect and invigorate the restaurant, there would be a wonderful future ahead." They were introduced to &pizza co-founder Steve Salis and in 2016, it was announced Salis would purchase Kramer's with Tenney remaining as part-owner. In 2017, Salis became sole owner of the store.

Salis oversaw an expansion and renovation of the business that included purchasing the adjoining building previously occupied by Willie T’s Lobster Shack. With the additional 800 sqft of retail space, the bookstore and cafe measure 4500 sqft. In 2017, several longtime employees, including the general manager, events manager, and head buyer, quit after disagreements with Salis and opened a new bookstore on H Street NE later that year.

In April 2020, Salis set up a pop-up take out and delivery of his BBQ sandwich franchise, the Federalist Pig, in the Afterwords Cafe. Salis announced in May 2020 that he intended to relocate Kramers to an undisclosed location. The local community responded with regret and grief. Salis later clarified he would keep the bookstore at its original location for at least three more years. In August 2020, he changed the name of Afterwords Cafe to All Day by Kramers, with a menu designed by Chef Vincent Griffith.

title: Kramers (bookstore)


text:
Talk:Ulster flag (disambiguation)

Untitled
Perhaps the redirect should go here to prevent another Lapsed Pacifist edit war:

(Ulster Flag).

It is important that the redirect goes here because:

1. The background the the 9-county flag is described on detail on this page.

2. The Northern Ireland flag is also known as the flag of ulster or ulster flag.

3. the ni flag is derived from the 9 county ulster one, and it is important that both these flags are discussed on the same page for this reason.

Jonto 23:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ulster flag (disambiguation)


text:
Yokuba

Yokuba is listed in the Nuttall Encyclopaedia as the largest town in Sokoto, in the Lower Soudan, with a large trade in cotton, tobacco, and indigo plant. It states that, at the time of writing, the town had a population of 150,000.

Sokoto is now a province in Nigeria but was at one time a much larger kingdom (see Sokoto for details). In the 19th century both Sokoto and Soudan referred to larger geographic areas than they do today, so it uncertain what, if any, modern town Nuttall was referring to.

Oddly, the eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, published just four years after the Nuttall Encyclopedia (and shortly after the federation of Nigeria), makes no mention of the town and does not show it on its map of the new nation, despite a considerable number of towns being shown in the Sokoto region.

title: Yokuba


text:
Swedish Book Review

The Swedish Book Review is a literary journal, first appearing in 1983. Its founding publisher was St. David's University College in Lampeter. Then it began to be published by Norvik Press, which was formerly based at the University of East Anglia and then at the Department of Scandinavian Studies at University College London.

The journal is published twice yearly. These issues come out in spring and autumn and are prepared for the London Book Fair and the Frankfurt Book Fair, respectively. In addition, a specialised “supplement” edition is produced each year.

The journal aims to bring Swedish-language literature to an English-speaking audience, and does so through reviews, translations, and features dealing with Swedish literary matters.

title: Swedish Book Review


text:
The Ballad of the "Clampherdown"

"The Ballad of the 'Clampherdown'" is a satirical poem written by Rudyard Kipling in 1892.

The poem describes an engagement between the Clampherdown, a fictional Royal Navy battleship, and a light cruiser of indeterminate origin; she is described as "of the ancient foe", and carrying "a dainty Hotchkiss gun", which implies the French Navy. After the Clampherdown's guns fail to sink the cruiser, and she drifts aimlessly being shelled, she collides with the cruiser, and her crew "out cutlasses, and board!" the enemy.

It was inspired by a letter written to the St James's Gazette, whose author "seemed to believe that naval warfare of the future would be conducted on the old Nelsonic battle lines, including boarding, etc.", to quote Kipling's explanation. He wrote the poem as a deliberate humorous play on this idea; however, to his surprise, it was taken quite seriously and published. Whilst boarding did never return as a major part of naval warfare, it did occur occasionally. The last major boarding action by the Royal Navy was the Altmark incident, in 1940.

The Clampherdown is described in some detail in the poem, allowing some comparison to be made to real vessels. Whilst the name is similar to HMS Camperdown (1885), the physical description—"one bow-gun of a hundred ton / and a great stern-gun beside"—is closer to that of her sister ship HMS Benbow (1885), which was built with an experimental armament. Both were Admiral-class battleships, pre-dreadnoughts launched in the 1880s. The 16.25-inch guns of Benbow, the largest and most powerful then fitted to a Royal Navy battleship, were not greatly successful in service; they took four or five minutes to load and fire, the barrels only had a life of 75 rounds, and the muzzles tended to droop. The ships of this class were only partially armoured, with the bow and stern being lightly protected, and had low freeboard; these factors are noted and reflected in the text. In 1892, Benbow had recently been removed from active service and was serving as a guard ship at Greenock; the defects in her design would have been clear by this point.

title: The Ballad of the "Clampherdown"


text:
File:Holmhouse.jpg

Holmes's house in Yarmouth, now the George Hotel

title: File:Holmhouse.jpg


text:
The Kelly Gang

The Kelly Gang is an Australian feature-length film about the Australian bush ranger, Ned Kelly. The film was released in 1920, and is the second film to be based on the life of Ned Kelly, the first being The Story of the Kelly Gang, released in 1906.

Cast

 * Godfrey Cass as Ned Kelly
 * Victor Upton-Brown as Dan Kelly
 * Horace Crawford as Joe Byrne
 * Jack McGowan as Steve Hart
 * Robert Inman as Aaron Sherritt
 * Thomas Sinclair as Sergeant Kennedy
 * Harry Southwell as Sergeant Steele
 * Cyril Mackay as Constable McIntyre
 * Adele Inman as Kate Kelly
 * Maud Appleton as Mrs Kelly
 * Frank Tomlin as Constable Scanlon

Adele and Maud were daughters of actor F. C. Appleton. Robert Inman was married to Adele.

Production
Filming took place in late 1919 in a temporary studio in the Melbourne suburb of Coburg with additional scenes shot on the outskirts of Melbourne at Croydon and Warburton. Cameron's store in Kilsyth was used for the bank in Euroa.

Release
At the time the New South Wales government had banned films on bushranging but this movie escaped it, most likely due to its opening warning against breaking the law. The movie was reasonably successful.

Other Ned Kelly films

 * The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906)
 * When the Kellys Were Out (1923)
 * When the Kellys Rode (1934)
 * A Message to Kelly (1947)
 * The Glenrowan Affair (1951)
 * Stringybark Massacre (1967)
 * Ned Kelly (1970)
 * Reckless Kelly (1993)
 * Ned Kelly (2003)
 * Ned (2003)
 * True History of the Kelly Gang (2019)

title: The Kelly Gang


text:
Raelynn Hillhouse

Raelynn J. Hillhouse is an American national security and Intelligence community analyst, former smuggler during the Cold War, spy novelist and health care executive.

Personal history
Hillhouse taught at the University of Michigan and was an assistant professor of political science at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. She is a founding member of the International Thriller Writers.

Hillhouse is also a health care executive who has developed behavioral health programs for children with autism. She was CEO and President of Hawaii Behavioral Health. She also founded Thrive Autism Solutions, one of the largest providers of autism behavioral health services in the Midwest.

Hillhouse studied in Central and Eastern Europe for over six years at various institutions including Moscow State University, Moscow Finance Institute, Humboldt University of Berlin, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen (both in Germany), and Babes-Bolyai University (Cluj, Romania). She earned her undergraduate degree from Washington University in St. Louis and her MA in Russian and East European Studies as well as her Ph.D. in political science from the University of Michigan.

When living as a student in Europe, she claims to have engaged in the black market between East and West, running Cuban rum, smuggling jewels from the Soviet Union and laundering East Bloc currencies. She claims to have been recruited by the East German secret police, the Stasi, and by the Libyan Intelligence Service. Some sources assert that she was an American intelligence officer, but Hillhouse denies this.

Hillhouse was born in the Ozarks and currently lives in Hawaii.

Blog
Hillhouse writes a national security blog which has broken multiple national security stories. Her work has been extensively cited in global media, books and academic journals and law reviews.

In 2007, the New York Times Week in Review republished excerpts from an exclusive interview from Hillhouse's blog with the head of the private military corporation Blackwater USA.

In June 2007, Hillhouse discovered the US national Intelligence Community budget metadata in a declassified PowerPoint presentation released by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. She broke international news stories on national security risks caused by the explosion in outsourcing governmental intelligence functions. Her controversial articles have twice elicited a response from the Office of the Director of National Intelligence—the only times the office of the nation's chief spy has ever publicly responded to the writings of a private citizen.

Death of Bin Laden Report
On August 7, 2011, Hillhouse published an account of Osama bin Laden's death on her blog that suggested Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) had been sheltering bin Laden in return for Saudi cash and that he was betrayed by a Pakistani intelligence officer.

Hillhouse's sources claimed that the narrative given by the White House of the courier revealing the location of bin Laden was a cover story, created to hide involvement of US allies in sheltering bin Laden. According to The Telegraph, Hillhouse's account might explain why U.S. forces encountered no resistance on their way to and in Abbottabad, and why some residents in Abbottabad were warned to stay in their houses the day before the raid. Her 2011 story received widespread international attention and was picked up by The Daily Telegraph, The Daily Mail, The National Post, The Vancouver Sun, The Sydney Morning Herald, The New Zealand Herald, and others, but had little coverage in the US.

Controversy over report of bin Laden's death
In May 2015, Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist Seymour Hersh published a report in the London Review of Books in which he claimed to break the story of bin Laden's death. His claims mirrored the ones which Hillhouse raised four years earlier.

The New York Times, The Washington Post and other global media acknowledged that Hillhouse wrote about the events years before Hersh, although Hersh denied ever having seen her account.

NBC News independently reported that a Pakistani intelligence officer was the source of the original bin Laden location report, and not the courier. NBC News and Agence France-Presse both reported that their sources indicated that a walk-in was a highly valuable asset in the discovery of bin Laden. Pakistan-based journalist Amir Mir in the News International reported the walk-in's identity to be Usman Khalid, though that allegation was denied by Khalid's family.

Articles
She has also published stories on national security in the Washington Post and The Nation. In the controversial Washington Post article, Hillhouse wrote that "the private spy industry has succeeded where no foreign government has: It has penetrated the CIA and is running the show." In the Nation article, Hillhouse revealed that private companies are heavily involved in the nation’s most important and most sensitive national security document — the President’s Daily Brief. Hillhouse was also a regular contributor to Wired's national security blog, "The Danger Room".

 * "Don't Blame Blackwater", The Christian Science Monitor, November 2, 2007.
 * "The Government Can Find You." The New York Times, August 7, 2007.
 * “Outsourcing Intelligence”, The Nation, July 31, 2007.
 * "Who Runs the CIA?" Washington Post, July 8, 2007.
 * “A Security Contractor Defends His Team, Which, He Says, Is Not a Private Army”, The New York Times, April 29, 2007.
 * "Communist Politics and Sexual Dissidents. Social Movements in Eastern Europe." Sexual Minorities and Society: The Changing Attitudes toward Sexuality in 20th Century Europe. Tallinn: Estonian Academy of Sciences, 1991.
 * "Out of the Closet behind the Wall: Sexual Politics and Social Change in the GDR." Slavic Review, 49:4 (Winter 1990), pages 585-96.

Books
Hillhouse's debut novel, Rift Zone (2004), is a spy thriller about a female smuggler who becomes entangled in an East German plot to stop the fall of the Berlin Wall. The American Booksellers Association Book Sense program selected it as one of the best books of 2004 and Library Journal named it one of the year's most promising debuts. Her second novel, Outsourced (2007) is a political thriller about the outsourcing of the CIA and Pentagon and the turf wars between the two agencies. Publishers Weekly named the audio version one of the best books of the year.

 * Outsourced. New York: Forge Books, 2007.
 * (Audio). Blackstone Audiobooks, 2007.
 * (Italian). Mondadori, 2008.
 * (Dutch). Uitgeverij Luitingh, 2008.
 * "Diplomatic Constraints." Thriller. Ed. by James Patterson. New York: Mira Books, 2006.
 * "I knew Julius No. Julius No was a friend of mine. Osama, you are no Dr. No.—An open letter to bin Laden from James Bond’s Greatest Villains." James Bond in the 21st Century: Why We Still Need 007. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2006.
 * "Secret Agent Chick." This is Chick-Lit. Ed. by Lauren Baratz-Logsted. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2006.
 * Rift Zone. Forge Books: New York, 2004.
 * (Mass market paperback) Forge Books: New York, 2005.
 * (Russian translation, Шпионка по случаю), St. Petersburg: Alpharet, 2006.
 * "East Germany--Lothar DeMaizière," Leaders of Nations. Lansdale [Pennsylvania]: Current Leaders Publishing Co., 1990.
 * "A Reevaluation of Soviet Policy in Central Europe: The Soviet Union and the Occupation of Austria." Eastern European Politics and Societies, 3:1 (1989), pages 83-104.

title: Raelynn Hillhouse


text:
Norba

Norba, an ancient town of Latium (Adjectum), Italy. It is situated 1 mile northwest of the modern town of Norma, on the western edge of the Volscian Mountains or Monti Lepini. The town is perched above a precipitous cliff with a splendid view over the Pomptine Marshes below; the highest point stands to ca. 460 meters (over 1500 feet) above sea level.

History
Norba was a member of the Latin League of 499 BC. It became a Roman colony in 492 BC, initially to protect the border with the Volsci, and later serving as an important fortress guarding the Pomptine Marshes. It served in 199 BC as a place of detention for the Carthaginian hostages, and was captured and destroyed by Sulla's troops during the civil wars at the end of 82 BC. By the first century AD Norba is included by Pliny the Elder on his list of extinct cities in Latium.

Archaeology
From excavations begun in 1901 it seems clear that the remains now visible on the site are entirely Roman. The well-preserved walls are in the polygonal style, over 2.5 km in circuit, and are entirely embankment walls, not standing free above the internal ground level. The walls enclose an area of approximately 38 hectares. Remains of two towers, and of several gateways (notably the Porta Maggiore, defended by a tower), exist. The bastion at the Porta Maggiore still stands to 13 m. A square tower, referred to as "La Loggia" is also to be found along the curtain. The main gate is enormous, with jambs over 8 m in height, 4.30 m in width, and internal width of 12.8 m. Within, the remains of several buildings, including the foundations (podia) of two temples, one dedicated to Juno Lucina, have been examined. At the foot of the cliff are the picturesque ruins of the medieval town of Ninfa, (12th-13th centuries) abandoned on account of malaria. The remains of a primitive settlement, on the other hand, have been discovered on the mountainside to the southeast, above the 13th-century abbey of Valvisciolo, where there is a succession of terraces supported by walls of rough polygonal masonry, and approached by a road similarly supported. Here a quantity of primitive pottery has been found. The necropolis of this settlement was probably the extensive one situated at Caracupa (8th-7th century BC), near the railway station of Sermoneta, which belongs also to the 8th-6th century BC, terminating thus at the precise date at which the Roman city of Norba is believed to have been established.

Additional ancient remains are to be found in the hinterland of Norba, including the polygonal masonry structure at Poggio Serrone di Bove.

title: Norba


text:
Category:Cutting tools

Cutting tools are tools designed to cut material or objects.

title: Category:Cutting tools


text:
Yun Range

The Yun Range are a mountain range running north–south in northwestern Yunnan province, China. They were formerly romanized as the Yun Ling and tautologically as the Yun-ling Mountains. The Yun Range runs between the Lancang River (Mekong) to the west and Jinsha River (Yangtze) to the east. The range is a major component of the greater Hengduan Mountains.

In historic times, the Yun Ling referred more broadly to all mountains south and west of the Sichuan Basin. At times, the name was applied to the Min Mountains, Qionglai Mountains, Daxue Mountains and other ranges in the Hengduan Mountains. In this context the province of Yunnan, meaning "south of cloud [mountains]", was named after the Yun Range.

The Yunling Mountains Nature Reserve in Lanping County in Nujiang Prefecture is part of the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas and a habitat for the endangered black snub-nosed monkey.

title: Yun Range


text: Category:Swedish painters

title: Category:Swedish painters


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Britany rears

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep -- Francs2000 | Talk 02:45, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Britney Rears, and redirect Britany rears
Delete nn porn'star' collecting a grand total of 6 Google hits. Notable for having a lower case surname, though. -Splash 23:57, 24 July 2005 (UTC) Redirect in light of Pburka's comment. -Splash 00:27, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete No content. --malathion talk 00:01, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy for no content and for a possible attack against Britney Spears. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 00:20, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Expanded article on a notable person. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 07:07, 25 July 2005 (UTC) Speedy Delete as above. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 00:22, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I suspect that this is a misspelling of Britney Rears, who gets a more believable 68,900 google hits. Apparently she used to be known as Jessica Sweet, which garners another 19,800 google hits. Pburka 00:25, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * You're better at thinking of alternative names for these than me...I've changed my vote to a redirect. Normally, I'd be bold but we're in a VfD so I won't. -Splash 00:27, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added a bit more info the article. I now vote keep and move to Britney Rears, with an extra redirect from Jessica Sweet. Pburka 02:51, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Now that the article has been expanded, I change my vote to Keep. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 07:07, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * CommentI've taken the liberty of moving the article to Britney Rears, as that is clearly the proper title. I left the VFD link to this page, though, worry not. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 09:29, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Notable pr0n actress. JamesBurns 07:33, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep There's info. This article just needs to be expanded--Dysepsion 23:16, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Illinois Route 140

Illinois Route 140 (IL 140) is a 52.05 mi east–west highway with its western terminus at Illinois Route 143 in Alton and its eastern terminus at U.S. Route 40 (US 40) near Mulberry Grove. It also overlaps IL 111 in Alton and IL 127 in Greenville.

Although this route may appear to be a derivative of US 40, it does not follow any of the old US 40 alignment except for a portion of the Historic National Road in Fayette County from US 40 to Vandalia. IDOT has since truncated the eastern end of Route 140 to the town of Mulberry Grove with the intersection of US 40.

In 2007, IDOT decommissioned the portion of Route 140 from near the Bond and Fayette County line at Mulberry Grove, east to Vandalia. While that section of highway is no longer marked for Route 140, the state still maintains its Historic National Road signage.

Route description
Route 140 begins at a junction with Route 143 in Alton. The route heads northeast through Alton to a junction with Illinois Route 3 and Illinois Route 111. From this junction, Route 140 heads east concurrently with Route 111. The highways run along the northern border of East Alton before entering Bethalto, where they meet Illinois Route 255. Shortly past the junction, Route 111 turns south, while Route 140 continues east, passing to the north of St. Louis Regional Airport. The highway runs through a rural area of Madison County, where it passes through the community of Meadowbrook and then intersects Illinois Route 159. The road then enters the village of Hamel, where it intersects Illinois Route 157 and Interstate 55. Past Hamel, the route crosses Illinois Route 4 before passing through Alhambra. The highway then intersects Illinois Route 160 before entering Bond County.

In Bond County, the route passes through farmland and runs south of Old Ripley. Past Old Ripley, the highway meets Illinois Route 127; the two highways overlap until Route 127 turns south at the western edge of Greenville. Route 140 continues east through northern Greenville, passing Greenville Regional Hospital. After leaving Greenville, the route heads east until turning north at an intersection north of Smithboro. The highway then heads east-northeast toward Mulberry Grove, parallel to and north of U.S. Route 40. In Mulberry Grove, the route enters along Wall Street before turning north along Maple Street. The highway then turns east along Main Street before leaving the village and entering Fayette County. The highway terminates east of Mulberry Grove at a junction with US 40.

title: Illinois Route 140


text:
Zadig

Zadig; or, The Book of Fate (Zadig ou la Destinée; 1747) is a novella and work of philosophical fiction by the Enlightenment writer Voltaire. It tells the story of Zadig, a Zoroastrian philosopher in ancient Babylonia. The story of Zadig is a fictional story. Voltaire does not attempt any historical accuracy. The singular narrative and unique journey of Zadig still stands as a philosophical reference to “nothing is either good or bad without the comparison of one with the other.”

It was originally published as Memnon in Amsterdam (with a false imprint of London given) and first issued under its more familiar title in 1748.

The book makes use of the Persian tale The Three Princes of Serendip. It is philosophical in nature, and presents human life as in the hands of a destiny beyond human control. Voltaire challenges religious and metaphysical orthodoxy with his presentation of the moral revolution taking place in Zadig himself. Zadig is one of Voltaire's most celebrated works after Candide. Many literary critics have praised Voltaire's use of contradiction and juxtaposition.

The protagonist's name is derived from the Hebrew term tzadik, a title bestowed in Judaism on a particularly righteous person – though Voltaire's character is not presented as a Jew and does not exactly fit the criteria set in Jewish tradition for use of the term.

Characters

 * Zadig – The protagonist, a Babylonian philosopher.
 * Sémire – Zadig's original love interest.
 * Orcan – Zadig's rival for Sémire and nephew of a certain Minister of State.
 * Azora – Zadig's second love interest.
 * Cador – Zadig's confident and faithful friend.
 * Moabdar – The King of Babylon.
 * Astarté – Queen of Babylon, Zadig's final love interest.
 * Sétoc – An Egyptian merchant and Zadig's master while he is enslaved.
 * Almona – A widow.
 * Arbogad – A brigand.
 * Jesrad – An angel who disguises himself as a retired philosopher and hermit

Plot summary
Zadig, a good-hearted, handsome young man from Babylonia, is in love with Sémire and they are to marry. Sémire, however, has another suitor: Orcan, who wants her for himself. Zadig tries to defend his love from Orcan's threat, but his eye is injured in the process. Sémire abhors this injury, causing her to depart with his enemy. Shortly after, Zadig makes a full recovery and falls into the arms of another woman, Azora, whom he marries, but who promptly betrays him.

Disillusioned with women, Zadig turns to science, but his knowledge lands him in prison, the first of several injustices to befall him. Indeed, the conte derives its pace and rhythm from the protagonist's ever-changing fortunes which see him rise to great heights and fall to great lows. Upon his release from prison, Zadig rises in favour with the king and queen of Babylonia and is eventually appointed prime minister; in this role, he proves himself to be a very honest man, looked upon favourably by the king, as he passes fair judgements on his citizens unlike the other ministers who base their judgements on the people's wealth. He is forced to flee the kingdom, though, when his relationship with King Moabdar is compromised: Zadig's reciprocated love for queen Astarté is discovered and he worries that the king's desire for revenge might drive him to kill the queen.

Having reached Egypt, Zadig kills an Egyptian man while valiantly saving a woman from his attack on her. Under the law of the land, this crime means that he must become a slave. His new master, Sétoc, is soon impressed by Zadig's wisdom and they become friends. In one incident, Zadig manages to reverse an ancient custom of certain tribes in which women felt obliged to burn themselves alive with their husbands on the death of the latter. After attempting to resolve other religious disputes, Zadig enrages local clerics who attempt to have him killed. Fortunately for him, though, a woman that he saved (Almona) from being burned intervenes so that he avoids death. Almona marries Sétoc, who in turn gives Zadig his freedom and then he begins his journey back to Babylonia in order to discover what has become of Astarté. (In some versions there is a further episode in which he visits Serendib and advises the king on the choice of a treasurer and a wife.)

En route, he is taken captive by a group of Arabs, from whom he learns that king Moabdar has been killed, but he does not learn anything of what has become of Astarté. Arbogad, the leader of the group of Arabs, sets him free and he heads for Babylonia once more, equipped with the knowledge that a rebellion has taken place to oust the king. On this journey he meets an unhappy fisherman who is about to commit suicide as he has no money, but Zadig gives him some money to ease his woes, telling us that source of his own unhappiness is in his heart, whereas the fisherman's are only financial concerns. Zadig prevents him from committing suicide and he continues on his way.

Zadig then stumbles upon a meadow in which women are searching for a basilisk for their lord who is ill, ordered by his doctor to find one of these rare animals to cure his sickness. The lord has promised to marry the woman who finds the basilisk. While there, Zadig sees a woman writing "ZADIG" in the ground, and he identifies her as Astarté. His former lover recounts what happened to her since Zadig fled Babylonia: she lived inside a statue when he left, but one day, she spoke while her husband was praying before the statue. The king's country was invaded and both Astarté and his new wife, Missouf, were taken prisoners by the same group. The king's wife agrees to formulate a plan along with Astarté to help her escape so that she would not have a rival for the king. Astarté ends up with Arbogad, the very same robber that Zadig encountered, who then sold her to Lord Ogul, her current master. In order to secure Astarté's release from Ogul, Zadig pretends to be a physician. He offers Lord Ogul to bring him a basilisk if he grants Astarté her freedom; instead of providing the basilisk, the lord is tricked into taking some exercise, which is what he really needs to cure him from his illness.

Astarté returns to Babylonia where she is pronounced queen before a competition begins to find her a new king. Zadig is secretly given white armor and a fine horse to compete with by Astarté. Zadig in his white armor triumphs in the contest which takes place between four anonymous knights, but one of the losing competitors, the lord Itobad, steals Zadig's armour and replaces it with his own before the winner is revealed, and dressed in Zadig's armor falsely claims victory. Zadig is forced to wear Itobad's armor and is recognized as the losing knight by the people. Zadig is ridiculed and bemoans his fate, thinking that he will never be happy.

While wandering on the banks of the Euphrates, Zadig encounters a hermit reading "the book of destinies". Zadig makes a vow to accompany the hermit for the next few days on the condition that he won't abandon the hermit no matter what he does. The hermit claims that he will teach Zadig lessons in life; in one such incident, the pair go to an opulent castle and are treated generously. The lord of the castle gives each of them a gold piece before sending them off. After leaving, Zadig finds that the hermit has stolen the gold basin that the lord allowed them to wash in. Afterwards, they visit the house of a miser and are treated somewhat rudely by the servant and are pushed to leave, but the hermit gives the servant the two gold pieces from the lord and gives the miser the gold basin he stole. The aim, he tells Zadig, is that the hospitable man at the castle will learn not to be as ostentatious and vain, and the miser will learn how to treat guests. They then arrive at the simple home of a retired philosopher who welcomes the travelers in. The philosopher talks of the fight for the crown in Babylonia, revealing that he wished Zadig had fought for the crown not knowing that Zadig is one of his two guests. In the morning, at dawn, the hermit wakes Zadig to leave. To Zadig's horror, the hermit sets fire to the philosopher's home.

In the last encounter, Zadig and the hermit stay with a widow and her young nephew. After their stay the boy accompanies the travelers to the bridge by the widow's orders. At the bridge, the hermit asks the boy to come to him. He then throws the fourteen-year-old into the river drowning him, as he claims that Providence tells that he would have killed his aunt within a year, and Zadig within two. The hermit then reveals his true identity as the angel Jesrad, and opines that Zadig, out of all men, deserves to be best informed about Fate. Jesrad states that wickedness is necessary to maintain the order of the world and to ensure that good survives. Nothing happens by chance, according to the angel: Zadig happened upon the fisherman to save his life, for example. Zadig should be submissive to Fate, he continues, and should return to Babylonia, advice which he follows. (This passage is based on one of the suras of the Quran (Sura 18 (Al-Kahf), v. 65–82), when Moses follows a mysterious character, endowed with great knowledge, through his journey.)

On his return, the final part of the challenge to be king is taking place: the Enigmas. Zadig solves the Enigmas with consummate ease and proves that it was he that won the first contest by challenging Itobad once again to a duel. Zadig offers to fight wearing only his robes and armed with a sword against Itobad clad in the stolen white armor. Itobad accepts this challenge. Zadig manages to defeat Itobad, and takes back the stolen armor. Zadig marries Astarté, is crowned king, and rules over a prosperous kingdom.

Influence
The detective work portrayed in Zadig was influential. Marquis de Sade refers directly to Voltaire's work in the first pages of Justine ou les Malheurs de la vertu, 1791. Georges Cuvier wrote, in 1834, in the context of the new science of paleontology: ""Today, anyone who sees only the print of a cloven hoof might conclude that the animal that had left it behind was a ruminator, and this conclusion is as certain as any in physics and in ethics. This footprint alone, then, provides the observer with information about the teeth, the jawbone, the vertebrae, each leg bone, the thighs, shoulders and pelvis of the animal which had just passed: it is a more certain proof than all Zadig's tracks.""

T. H. Huxley, the proponent of Darwin's theories of evolution, also found Zadig's approach instructive, and wrote in his 1880 article "On the Method of Zadig": ""What, in fact, lay at the foundation of all Zadig's arguments, but the coarse, commonplace assumption, upon which every act of our daily lives is based, that we may conclude from an effect to the pre-existence of a cause competent to produce that effect?""

Edgar Allan Poe may have been inspired by Zadig when he created C. Auguste Dupin in "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", which Poe called a "tale of ratiocination" and which established the modern detective fiction genre. Émile Gaboriau and Arthur Conan Doyle were perhaps also influenced by Zadig. As Barzun and Taylor put it in A Catalogue of Crime: "However implausible and 'agrarian' his method, he is the first systematic detective in modern literature, and that priority itself adds to his troubles in the story until his royal vindication."

The text also influenced the Icelandic romance-saga Fimmbræðra saga, whose author, Jón Oddsson Hjaltalín, also adapted Zadig itself into Icelandic.

title: Zadig


text: User:IrishAmerican

title: User:IrishAmerican


text:
Charles Street Meeting House

The Charles Street Meeting House is an early-nineteenth-century historic church in Beacon Hill at 70 Charles Street, Boston, Massachusetts.

The church has been used over its history by several Christian denominations, including Baptists, the First African Methodist Episcopal Church, and Unitarian Universalist. In the 1980s, it was renovated and adapted for use as office space, with the exterior restored and preserved. This project received awards from the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the American Institute of Architects.

The meeting house is a site on the National Park Service's Black Heritage Trail and is part of the Beacon Hill Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Third Baptist Church
The church was built between 1804 and 1807 to the designs by noted American architect Asher Benjamin for the Third Baptist Church, which used the nearby Charles River for its baptisms. In the years before the American Civil War, it was a stronghold of the anti-slavery movement, and was the site of notable speeches from such anti-slavery activists as Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth. Pastors of the Third Baptist Church included Caleb Blood (1807–1810), Daniel Sharp (1812-ca.1853)  and J.C. Stockbridge (1853-ca.1861). The congregation was eventually "absorbed by the First Baptist Church."

First African Methodist Episcopal Church
The Baptist congregation sold the structure to the First African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1876. The AME congregation was part of the first black independent denomination in the United States, established in Philadelphia in the early 19th century. Pastors included William H. Hunter and J.T. Juniper.

20th century
The AME Church sold the building in 1939 to the Charles Street Meeting House Society. It was briefly used as an Albanian Orthodox church before the Society granted the building in 1947 to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities. This was conditioned on the society conveying the building to the Massachusetts Universalist Convention and keeping restrictions to preserve the building’s exterior. It served as a Universalist Church of America church from 1949 to 1961, and as Unitarian Universalist after consolidation, from 1961 to 1978/1979. This was a Universalist experimental church.

The historic LGBT newsletter Gay Community News was founded in the building in 1973.

In 1979, the building was sold to a private owner. At that time, the Society negotiated a specific preservation easement with the owner.

The Meeting House is a recognized site on the Boston Black Heritage Trail and located in the Beacon Hill Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The nineteenth-century altered sanctuary was relatively intact, but much of the rest of the interior held little architectural significance in comparison with the exterior. The National Park Service permitted extensive vertical and horizontal internal subdivision, provided that the developer incorporate some existing ornamental features.

In 1980 the Meeting House was purchased by the Charles Street Meeting House Associates. This group intended to restore the exterior and find viable, compatible uses for the interior spaces. Exterior restoration and interior renovation for office, retail, and residential uses commenced in the fall of 1981. Construction and occupancy were completed in the summer of 1982. The meeting house was converted in the early 1980s by the architectural firm of John Sharrat Associates into four floors of offices, with retail on the ground floor. The exterior was completely preserved.

On May 6, 1983 The National Trust for Historic Preservation presented the Preservation Honor Award to the Charles Street Meeting House for its successful restoration and reuse. On September 22, 1984 The American Institute of Architects presented the Award for Excellence in Architecture to the Charles Street Meeting House for the same project.

In literature
In Pauline Hopkins' novel Contending Forces (1900), the principal character, sitting in a pew, recalls some of the building's history, including the exclusion of Blacks from the main seating area in the years before the Civil War. She relishes the irony of the building's purchase by a Black congregation in 1876.

title: Charles Street Meeting House