text:
Talk:Julius Evola

Hardliners
Many Communist hardliners have become Eastern Orthodox hardliners after the fall of the Communist regimes. So, this is by no means unusual, and there is no reason to suspect that Dugin would be insincere in respect to his own faith. tgeorgescu (talk) 20:30, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

Rewriting of June-August 2022
A major rewriting of this article since June, particularly the top, appears to have removed references to more than a dozen sources and removed substantial information. WP:PRESERVE says we should respect "a succession of editors' efforts" and provide clear reasoning for deletions of reliably sourced content, but reasons have not been given on the talk page or edit summaries for most of the deletions. I think some of the deleted information should be restored, per WP:PRESERVE and WP:WEIGHT, if it was a faithful representation of third-party WP:BESTSOURCES. Llll5032 (talk) 21:43, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Because the article was not written in a neutral point of view and suffered many issues which were not confined to its prose. Many, many of the sources provided fictitious or outright slanderous statements on Evola's works and philosophy - one of which even stated that he advocated bestiality! The article degraded rapidly in the past couple of years and placed far too much emphasis on his post-mortem influence with quasi-fascist movements. I am being lambasted for not preserving falsehoods and should be restricted from improving the article? It did nothing to summarise Evola's core philosophy, nor recount his genuine contribution to the fields of esotericism or mysticism . I took an extended break from improving the article because I am still yet to research more - I cannot continue without being supplied with the proper knowledge. There is more yet to come from me, and I would hate for my efforts to be needlessly hindered. And contentious according to who? Just one editor who has been deleting this over the weeks. Evola was not an anti-fascist and his links to the movement, witting or otherwise, are not neglected in this article. ♦ jaguar  22:11, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The proper procedure would have been to take each fictitious or outright slanderous source to WP:RSN. tgeorgescu (talk) 22:23, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I think I should have, though I found it much easier to perform a rewrite. My editing style is often performed with a bludgeon, much to people's chagrin. ♦ jaguar  22:25, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Anyway, the gist is that:
 * He was catering at the cultic millieu, dabblers in occultism loved his books. tgeorgescu (talk) 22:45, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Often per WP:DUE we describe a disagreement between reliable sources without deleting them. Jaguar, did the sources you termed fictitious or outright slanderous conflict with the assessments of any other third-party reliable sources? Were there other reasons to decide they were unreliable? Llll5032 (talk) 23:06, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Editors can improve an article based on WP:BESTSOURCES and WP:STEWARDSHIP at any time. I don't think anyone lambasted or needlessly hindered. We are supposed to edit by WP:CONSENSUS and improve the article based on the highest quality WP:INDY sources, for "non-promotional articles that fairly portray the subject, without undue attention to the subject's own views". Llll5032 (talk) 22:47, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * My wishes for this article are: Evola has to be described as a kook and as antisemitic, for the rest I don't care enough about Evola to have a dog in this fight. tgeorgescu (talk) 23:21, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Some of the edits appear to have deleted or downplayed references to antisemitism or connections to Nazis. There may be more that I missed. Llll5032 (talk) 00:04, 31 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I edited the "Views on Jews" section, attempting to match the tone and facts in the cited sources, and re-labeled its sub-heading "Antisemitism". Please look. Llll5032 (talk) 04:00, 2 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I added citation-needed tags to the fourth paragraph because I can't find where several claims in it are cited in the rest of the article. Llll5032 (talk) 03:19, 31 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I added citation-needed tags to the fourth paragraph because I can't find where several claims in it are cited in the rest of the article. Llll5032 (talk) 03:19, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

Here again perfect display of the destroy anything instructional pack attacks this article has to endure since years. Always lead by editors who know very well the wikipedia procedures, not much about Evola, and who's only goal is to openly discredit, disparage and vilify. 2A01:CB01:2002:BF63:2C48:E3AA:E294:E3E1 (talk) 07:28, 31 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Why did you do that? Citations are redundant in the lead per WP:LEADCITE. This is proof that you haven't read the article as it's already mentioned in the body. Evola was a consistent critic of Mussolini and was ostracised in Fascist Italy - that much is made clear even in the most rudimentary academic sources. He was mainly apolitical and his relationship with fascism is complicated. My rewrite is merely a quarter complete - all I ask for is patience. ♦ jaguar  09:52, 31 August 2022 (UTC)
 * WP:LEADCITE: "The lead must conform to verifiability, biographies of living persons, and other policies. The verifiability policy advises that material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, and direct quotations, should be supported by an inline citation." Any claims made clear even in the most rudimentary academic sources should be easy to cite. Also, have you read WP:FOC, WP:3RR, and WP:OWN? Llll5032 (talk) 13:23, 31 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I have not edit warred nor professed ownership. ♦ jaguar  14:52, 31 August 2022 (UTC)
 * This looks like three reverts in 12 hours. The right procedure would be compromise edits (WP:BRB), tags, or discussions instead. Llll5032 (talk) 15:11, 31 August 2022 (UTC)
 * You've just turned the article to shit and have undone most of my rewrite. You've demonstrated that you do not understand Evola nor good writing by re-adding erroneous statements and over-emphasis on post-mortem influence with fringe movements, and by inserting American gossip as credible sources, in the lead section no less. I will not debate, discuss or humour these changes. I suspect that you thought I was whitewashing the article and wished to revert it back to a 'safe narrative' in a typical Wiki drone-like fashion. I'm not going to justify myself, for this discussion is evidence that any reason phases through you. My intention is to bring this article to FA - and it will be achieved through writing this article in a neutral point of view, with credible academic sources. ♦ jaguar  12:04, 3 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The edits to the top (which were made by another editor, not me) were better sourced than what was replaced. Most of your rewriting of the article has not been undone. If we focus on content and follow WP:BESTSOURCES we will be able to bring the article to FA. Llll5032 (talk) 14:38, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

I restored more information and sources that had been deleted recently, and added additional information from high quality sources. Because Evola is a controversial subject, some of the sources may be in disagreement; if so, we can follow the WP:VOICE and WP:PRESERVE guidelines. Llll5032 (talk) 21:58, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

I WP:BOLDly added two summary sentences in the first and third paragraphs. They are are meant to follow MOS:LEADREL ("reflect its relative importance to the subject, according to published reliable sources") and cite WP:BESTSOURCES. I would welcome more editing to improve the emphases and style. Llll5032 (talk) 21:47, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I also WP:BOLDly added some cited third-party interpretation to the third paragraph, per WP:INDY. Llll5032 (talk) 20:23, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

Changed portrait
The portrait had a white line drawn over/around his left eye (stage left, right side of photograph), possibly due to some kind of physical degradation of the photograph. It made me wonder if he had some deformity around that part of his face, until I compared with other photos and looked more closely. It would be good to have a less close-up image than this new one, but not at the cost of that white line over the eye, I don't think. Thiagovscoelho (talk) 17:55, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think the old picture was better, as there Evola's face is visible in its totality. In the one you changed it to, the top of his head is out of the frame. I changed it back. Schenkstroop (talk) 17:22, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

Evola's view on Pornography?
Does not Evola mentions his views on pornographic content on "Eros and the Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex"? He saw as another form of control, to make men "titillate".

From Eros:

" Our research meets with special difficulties in a sphere important for our investigation: the states that develop at the height of erotic-sexual experience. Literature offers little help here. Until recently there were the taboos of puritanism, and now in the most daring modern novels, the banal and vulgar predominate over any useful material. Pornographic literature is also a scanty source. Produced to titillate the reader, it is dreadfully squalid not only in the facts and scenes described, but in its essence. " Infernalevie (talk) 20:34, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

 * [...]
 * " To the modern “devilry of sex” which we mentioned
 * in the Introduction there correspond, in general, forms of a sensuality
 * made primitive, or bordering on neurosis and the most banal depravity.
 * The outcome is the level of the sexological, erotic, or crypto-pornographic
 * literature of our times, and innumerable works intended to vulgarize and
 * give guidance in sexual life. " Infernalevie (talk) 20:41, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

 * You're performing WP:OR upon a WP:PRIMARY source. That's not allowed. tgeorgescu (talk) 23:29, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I didn't make any editions. And many people leave fragments of primary sources on these discussion pages, including on the archives of this article. It would certainly be nice to have a place to leave extracts from primary sources as most secondary sources seem to be found searching keywords on books and articles. Infernalevie (talk) 00:04, 28 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Besides, it's not such a crazy theory. A secondary source (apparently from a reliable book) mentions that: "Evola fought against the banalization of sexuality through its commercialization in the popular media, pornography" and "if nudity and free sex is everywhere, woman loses her power of fascination over man and the erotic tension vanishes; but precisely this tension is the only means by which man can be propelled into transcendency."
 * Hidden Intercourse (2008) p.462
 * Hidden Intercourse: Eros and Sexuality in the History of Western Esotericism ISBN 9789047443582
 * Hidden Intercourse: Eros and Sexuality in the History of Western Esotericism ISBN 9780823233410 Infernalevie (talk) 02:05, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

NPOV lede
@Trakking - I am certain we will have disagreements here, so I am happy to discuss them here.

I take issue with basically all parts of your reversion, I'll start with the edit summary, then go value by value.

 * "long-standing" - not an argument - plenty of articles have long standing consensus that should be changed. there was no notice that this lede was particularly ironclad - I see no need to pay weak consensus deference. standing unedited doesn't mean its good. See WP:CCC
 * "concise" - too much weight is given to what Evola thought of himself. I'd assert that what Evola thought of himself is pretty low on the list of what should be in the lede.
 * "masculine" - this doesn't mean anything, and is a pretty controversial assertion. what constitutes a masculine value is hotly debated - ledes should be non-controversial. I'd accept patriarchal, as I think of that as a neutral descriptor supported by the text, in particular what he thought of his ideal gender roles. That term wouldn't be controversial in his time, but may be now. I could be convinced to re-add this in a different form - but I think masculine is just too hotly contested.
 * "heroic" - plainly NPOV. Additionally, heroism is rarely mentioned in the article. There's a mention of a book, one mention of what he thought heroism was, and that he thought of a Jewish person to be so heroic that he lost his "Jewish soul." That Evola thought himself a hero and had an idea or two about heroism is not a thing so important to include in the lede. I'd need a lot more convincing to re-add this one - like overwhelming academic consensus that it is really important that Evola thought of himself as heroic.
 * "monarchist" - this is not supported by the text. there is one mention of him urging Mussolini to dissolve his party in favor of becoming an advisor to the king. I re-read the source, but couldn't find any mention of being a monarchist. If he was a monarchist - it is not obvious. mores sources and article text would need to be added for me to accept this back in the lede.

Anyway, that's my spiel. Carlp941 (talk) 16:53, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

 * lol - thanks for making constructive edits! sorry for this. feel free to ignore it. I am happy with the current lede. :) Carlp941 (talk) 16:54, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for helping to clean up the lede. Although I know for a fact that Evola was a staunch monarchist and the category ”Italian monarchists” is used at the end, the article does not use the term (or similar terms like royalist), so it would feel awkward to include it. Trakking (talk) 17:54, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julius Evola


text:
Rangpur District

Rangpur (রংপুর) is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division.

Geography
Under the Rangpur Division (one of eight divisions) composed of eight districts of northern Bangladesh, the District of Rangpur is bordered on the north by Nilphamari District, on the south by Gaibandha District, on the east by Kurigram, and on the west by Dinajpur district. Rangpur town is the divisional headquarter. The soil composition is mainly alluvial soil (80%) of the Teesta River basin, and the remaining is barind soil. The temperature ranges from 32-11 Celsius, and the annual rainfall averages 2931 mm.

Travel
The main transportation methods here are by air, rail, or road. To travel by air, people have to first travel to Dhaka Domestic Airport and then fly to Saidpur Airport (DAC-SPD route). Seven flights travel this route daily. The US-Bangla Airlines, Novoair, and the Biman offer the flights. The distance by airways from Dhaka to Saidpur is 254.28 km. By rail, the district is accessible from Kamalapur Railway Station which runs a daily-except-Sunday train "Rangpur Express" to Rangpur Railway Station. The total journey by rail is of 453 km. By road, travelers have to travel 307 km using the Savar-Kaliakair route  or 327 km using the Tongi-Mawna route, Shamu.

History
Rangpur was conquered by the army of Raja Man Singh, a commander of the Mughal emperor, and Akbar, in 1575, but it was only until 1686 that it was fully integrated into the Mughal Empire. Place names such as Mughalbasa ('Mughal locality') and Mughalhat ('Mughal market') bear testimony to the Mughal association and past of Rangpur and its hinterland. Later on, Rangpur passed under the control of "Sarker" of Ghoraghat. During the period of the East India Company, the Fakir-Sannyasi rebellion took place. The Greater Rangpur district was divided in five districts in 1984.

The population of the district is 2.9 million according to the 2011 census. There has been a 1.2% annual population growth between 2001 and 2011. The population density of the area is 1,200/km2.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Rangpur District had 834,309 households and a population of 3,169,615, 32.5% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 1,320 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 70.6%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Muslims make up 90.39% of the population, while Hindus are 8.98% of the population. Ethnic minorities were 18,561.

Administrative sub-divisions
The district has 1 city corporation and 3 municipalities, namely, Rangpur city corporation, Badarganj, Haragach and Peerganj, and eight Upazilas, namely:
 * Badarganj
 * Mithapukur
 * Gangachara
 * Kaunia
 * Rangpur Sadar
 * Pirgacha
 * Pirganj
 * Taraganj

Rangpur town, covering an area of around 43 square kilometers, lies on the bank of the Ghaghat river and was turned into a municipality back in 1869. Rangpur City Corporation, which was founded in 1979, has a population of 294,000. The city has an area of 50.7 km2.

Education
Begum Rokeya University is the only university in the Rangpur district. The Rangpur Medical College, is one of the major government medical colleges in Bangladesh. Carmichael College, established in 1916 by some leading zamindars, is a postgraduate college offering courses in 14 subjects in the faculties of arts, social science, science, and commerce. The most renowned educational institution in this region is Rangpur Cadet College. Other renowned institutions include Cantonment Public School & College, Rangpur (CPSCR), Rangpur Government College, Police Lines School and College and Rangpur Zilla School. Zilla School is established in 1832, this higher secondary school is known for the quality of education it offers. Other prominent educational institutions include Rangpur Government College, Begum Rokeya College, and Govt. Commercial Institute. Besides there is one polytechnic institute, one vocational institute, around 282 high schools, 722 government primary schools, 38 junior high schools, 193 NGO (Non-Government Organization) operated schools and almost 370 Madrasahs in Rangpur. Rangpur Model College is now an honors college.

Places of interest

Just south of the city of Rangpur lies the Tajhat Zamindar's palace. After the end of the British Raj, the building was abandoned and decayed rapidly, although it was used for a few years as a courthouse during the 1980s. In the year 2004, it was largely restored and turned into a museum with ancient inscriptions, art, and coins from the area on display. RDRS (Rangpur and Dinajpur Rural Service) Bangladesh, an NGO in northwest Bangladesh, has a large office and guesthouse/convention center in the town of Rangpur.

A museum and women's training center was established in Pairabondh, the birthplace of Begum Rokeya. It is half an hour's drive away from Rangpur city.

There is an ancient auditorium named 'Town Hall' at the center of the city, where different cultural programs are held. In the great Rangpur region, no economic development took place until the 90's, mainly because of the yearly flooding the region used to see before the making of "Teesta Barrage."

"Bhinno Jogot" is a theme park and a picnic spot which is situated 15 kilometers from Rangpur Town.

Jadu Nibash in Radhaballav was the house of former senior minister of Bangladesh, Mashiur Rahman Jadu Mia (1924–1979).

Media
Bangladesh Betar Rangpur (BBR) has a broadcasting station in Rangpur. Bangladesh Television (BTV) has a satellite station in Rangpur. The Rangpur Press Club is situated in Rangpur. Rangpur has almost 19 cinema halls. There are several locally published newspapers in the district.

Development organisations
RDRS Bangladesh – previously Rangpur-Dinajpur Rural Service – has its main operational headquarters in Rangpur town at the RDRS Complex.

Notable people

 * William Beveridge, British economist
 * Roquia Sakhawat Hussain, writer and social worker
 * Mashiur Rahman Jadu Mia, former Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1979)
 * Hussein Muhammad Ershad, former President of Bangladesh
 * M. A. Sattar, (1925-2009), Chairman Sattar Jute Mills Ltd, Minister of Jute and Textiles, 1985-1986, Minister of Labor and Manpower, 1986-1987, MP (Narayanganj-4), 1986-1990 and Chief Whip, 1988-1990
 * Shawfikul Ghaani Shawpan, former Minister of Housing and Public Works
 * Buddhadeb Guha, popular Bengali novels and fictions writer
 * Anisul Huq, poet and writer
 * Dr. Rashid Askari, Bengali-English writer, fictionist, columnist, translator, media personality and the 12th vice-chancellor of Kushtia Islamic University-Bangladesh
 * Rezwana Choudhury Bannya, Bangladeshi Rabindra Sangeet artist
 * M. A. Wazed Miah, nuclear scientist
 * Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem, 6th President of Bangladesh, first chief justice of Bangladesh
 * Sajeeb Wazed Joy, Bangladeshi houng global leader, ICT consultant and political campaigner
 * G M Quader, Bangladeshi politician, the former Minister of Commerce and former Minister of Civil Aviation
 * Nasir Hossain, Bangladeshi all-round cricketer
 * Ahmed Hossain, Chairman Rangpur District Board and Minister for Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries (Undivided Bengal)
 * General Mustafizur Rahman, former Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army
 * Mustafa Kamal, former Chief Justice of Bangladesh and chairman of Law Commission of Bangladesh.
 * Sharif Imam, husband of Shahid Janani Jahanara Imam
 * Jahanara Imam, Bangladeshi writer and political activist
 * Abbasuddin Ahmed, prominent Bhawaiya singer
 * Rathindranath Roy, founder of Bhawaiya academy and singer
 * Ferdausi Rahman, folk singer
 * Hassan Mahmood Khandker, Bangladeshi former Inspector General of Bangladesh Police
 * Mohammad Nurul Islam, former governor of Bangladesh Bank
 * Mishrat Jahan Moushumi, women's footballer, Bangladesh Women's National Team
 * Mosammat Sirat Jahan Shopna, women's footballer, Bangladesh women's national team
 * Akbar Ali, Bangladeshi U-19 captain
 * Shantanu Moitra,Score composer,musician and pianist
 * H. N. Ashequr Rahman, Bangladeshi MP, Awami League Five time selected central Treasurer of Awami League.

Members of tenth Jatiyo Sangsad
The members of the national parliament are:
 * Rangpur-1:Mashiur Rahaman Ranga Bangladeshi MP and Jatiya Party leader
 * Rangpur-2: Abul Kalam Md. Ahasanul Hoque Chowdhury [from Awami League].
 * Rangpur-3: Saad Ershad, [from Jatiya Party].
 * Rangpur-4: Tipu Munshi, Current Minister of Commerce of Bangladesh, former president BGMEA, Awami League politician
 * Rangpur-5: H. N. Ashequr Rahman, Bangladeshi MP, Awami League ,Five time selected central Treasurer of the Bangladesh Awami League. He is the chairman of Meghna Bank Limited and member of Board of Trustees, East West university.
 * Rangpur-6: Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury, [from Awami League].

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rangpur District


text:
Sirajganj District

Sirajganj District (সিরাজগঞ্জ জেলা) is a district in the North Bengal region of Bangladesh, located in the Rajshahi Division. It is the 25th largest district by area and 9th largest district by population in Bangladesh. It is known as the gateway to North Bengal.

Its administrative headquarter is Sirajganj. It is famous for its hand-loom cottage industries. In 1885, Sirajganj emerged as a thana. Formally under Mymensingh District in Dacca Division, it was transferred to Pabna District on 15 February 1866. It was upgraded to become a subdivision of Pabna in 1885. In 1984, it was upgraded to a district.

History
In 1762, a severe earthquake changed the flow of the Jamuna river and created a new river named Baral on the west bank of this Baral river, new land emerged and most of the land of surrounding it belonged to Zamindar Siraj Ali Chowdhury. Gradually this area got its recognition as Sirajganj after his name.

The historic Salanga Movement in 1922 led to 1200 deaths, most notably in a massacre of independence activists on 27 January 1922, referred to as the Salanga massacre in Bengali history and memorialized with "Salanga Day" annually. In 1924, a conference of All India Congress Party there. The convention of Brahmo Samaj in Sirajganj took place in 1928. In 1932, Kazi Nazrul Islam, currently known as the National Poet of Bangladesh visited Sirajganj. In 1940, the then Prime Minister of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq laid the foundation stone of Sirajganj Government College. In 1942, a conference of All-India Muslim League there was attended by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Geography
Sirajganj District is the gateway to the North Bengal. It is bordered on the north by Bogra District and Natore District; on the west by Natore District and Pabna District; on the south by Pabna District and Manikganj District; on the east Manikganj District, Tangail District and Jamalpur District.

Sirajganj District of Rajshahi division has an area of about 2497.92 km2. The main rivers are Jamuna, Baral, Ichamati, Karatoya, Phuljor and Hurasagor. The annual average temperature reaches a maximum of 34.6 °C, and a minimum of 11.9 °C. The annual rainfall is 1610 mm.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Sirajganj District had 842,314 households and a population of 3,357,708, 20.2% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 1,398 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 69.4%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Religion
Muslims make up 95.19% of the population, while Hindus are 4.57% of the population. The Hindu population has remained relatively constant while the Muslim population has constantly increased. The remaining 0.24% people follow other religions, mainly Christianity and Sarnaism.

Language
Most of the people of this district are Bengalis, nearly 99.16%. They speak a local dialect of Bengali called Sirajganji dialect. The remaining 0.84% people are tribals, mainly Oraon and Mahato. The tribal population is 19,772.

Economy
Sirajganj District is economically one of the most important district of Bangladesh. It is known for its unique economic structure. Sirajganj District has its own identity of clothes. Half of entire Bangladesh's weaving industries are in only Sirajganj District. Sirajganj District's great communication system helps to grow the entire North Bengal and Bangladesh's economy. Almost all kinds of crops are cultivated in this district.

Economy
Sirajganj is home to Sirajganj Economic Zone, the largest private economic zone in Bangladesh as of March 2024 spanning 1,041 acres of land. The government is building a flyover to link the zone with the Dhaka-Bogura Highway. The zone supplies water from Jamuna river after treatment.

As of June 2024, Sirajganj has a growing dairy market worth over BDT 100 core and receiving export orders. There are around 33,000 dairy farms in Sirajganj.

Points of interest

 * Chalan Beel : Chalan Beel is a wetland in Bangladesh. It is a large inland depression, marshy in character, with rich flora and fauna. Forty-seven rivers and other waterways flow into the Chalan Beel. As silt builds up in the beel, its size is being reduced.
 * Homestead of Behula
 * Shiva Temple
 * Maha Prabhu Temple
 * Gopinath Bigraha
 * Kalika Debi Bigraha
 * Pratap Dighi
 * Joysagar Dighi
 * House of Suchitra Sen
 * Sirajganj Road : Sirajganj Road is one of the most important crossroads of entire Bangladesh
 * Sirajganj Economic Zone
 * China Barrages : There are four barrages located near Sirajganj city which are also a part of Sirajganj economic zone.
 * Sirajganj Hard point
 * Jamuna Eco Park
 * Tarash Palace
 * Navaratna Temple
 * Katar Mahal Jamidar bari
 * Rautara Jamidar bari
 * Sannal Jamidar bari
 * Elliott Bridge : A bridge located in the centre of the Sirajganj city.
 * Makka Aoulia Mosque
 * Shahjadpur Dargah Mosque
 * Shahjadpur Kachharibari
 * Tomb of Khaja Yunus Ali Enaetpuri
 * Tomb of Shamsuddin Tabrizi
 * Tomb of Abdul Ali Baki Shah
 * Tomb of Makhdum Shah Doula
 * Jamuna Bridge : Also known as the Bangabandhu Bridge. It is 4.8 kilometers long and it has 50 pillars and 49 spans.
 * House of Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani
 * House of Syed Ismail Hossain Siraji
 * Rasel Park
 * Milkvita
 * Baghabari Riverport
 * Meghai Riverport

Administration
Sirajganj Sub-division was established in 1885 under Pabna district and it was turned into a district in 1984. Of the nine upazilas of the district Ullahpara is the largest (414.43 km2) and Kamarkhanda is the smallest (91.61 km2). Moreover, the district has six municipals, six Parliament seats, 82 unions and 2016 villages.

List of Upazilas
There are nine (9) Upazilas, namely :
 * Sirajganj Sadar Upazila
 * Kazipur Upazila
 * Ullahpara Upazila
 * Shahjadpur Upazila
 * Raiganj Upazila
 * Kamarkhanda Upazila
 * Tarash Upazila
 * Belkuchi Upazila
 * Chauhali Upazila

Transport
Sirajganj District's transportation system is very good. It has the most important highway and railway of Bangladesh which connects the entire North Bengal and a part of South Bengal with the rest of the country. It is very easy to travel through the district because of its great transport system. It has the 2nd largest bridge Jamuna Bridge and the largest railway bridge of Bangladesh. Sirajganj District is also famous for its River-ports.

Like many other districts in Bangladesh, Sirajganj is also a district with many rivers. The main bridges are Bangabandhu Multipurpose Bridge over the River Jamuna, Nalka Bridge Over the River Foljodre, Eliot Bridge etc.

Education
There are 3 medical colleges in the district, the public Shaheed M. Monsur Ali Medical College, established in 2014, the private North Bengal Medical College & Hospital, established in 2000, and the private Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College & Hospital, established in 2005. They are respectively allowed to admit 65, 85, and 95 students annually.

There are 2 universities in the district, the public Rabindra University, established in 2017 and the private Khwaja Yunus Ali University, established in 2012.

There are 6 government colleges under National University in the district. They are Islamia Government College, Government Akbar Ali College, Sirajganj Government College, Government Kazipur Mansur Ali College, Government Rashidazzoha Womens College, Government Shahjadpur College.

There are 3 government high schools in the district. They are B.L. Government Boys High School, Saleha Ishaque Government Girls High School and Kazipur A.M.U. Government Girls High School.

Notable people

 * Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani
 * Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish
 * Captain M. Monsur Ali
 * Jadav Chandra Chakravarti
 * Suchitra Sen
 * Ismail Hossain Siraji
 * Rajanikanta Sen
 * Abdul Matin
 * Abdul Latif Mirza
 * Mahadev Saha
 * Rajendra Lahiri
 * Makhdum Shah
 * Haimanti Sukla
 * Abdullah-Al-Muti
 * Ishan Chandra Roy
 * Bappi Lahiri
 * Mohammad Najibar Rahman
 * K G Mustafa
 * Fateh Lohani
 * Khwaja Yunus Ali
 * Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal
 * Fazle Lohani
 * Shakila Zafar
 * Mokbula Manzoor
 * Hossain Toufique Imam
 * Kamal Lohani
 * Mohammed Nasim
 * Tauquir Ahmed
 * Zahid Hasan
 * M.A.Matin
 * Kanak Chapa
 * Arifur Rahman
 * Mohammad Barkatullah
 * Samudra Gupta
 * Abdul Mannan Talukder
 * Mak Yuree
 * Husna Banu Khanam
 * Abdullah al Mahmood
 * Gazi M M Amjad Hossain
 * Iqbal Hasan Mahmud Tuku
 * Ataur Rahman
 * Mazharul Islam
 * G.A.K. Lohani
 * Syeda Issabela
 * Amanul Haque
 * Motahar Hossain Talukdar
 * Kshitish Mohan Lahiri
 * Sezan Mahmud
 * Abdul Hai Sarker
 * Imtiar Shamim
 * Kabir Bin Anwar
 * Uzzal
 * Ibne Mizan
 * Dewan Nazrul
 * Ali Raj
 * M. Rafiqul Islam
 * Abdul Latif Mirza
 * Malay Bhowmick
 * Talukder Moniruzzaman
 * Rumana Mahmood
 * Abdul Latif Biswas
 * Tanveer Imam
 * Abdul Momin Talukdar
 * Abu Hasan Shahriar
 * Hashibur Rahman Swapon
 * Manzur Quader
 * Abdul Majid Mandal
 * Mozammel Haque
 * Mirza Muraduzzaman
 * Kamruddin Ahia Khan Majlish
 * M Akbar Ali
 * Ishaque Hossain Talukder
 * Ansar Ali Siddiqui
 * Mohammad Selim
 * Shahidullah Khan
 * Md. Habibe Millat
 * Mofiz Uddin Talukder
 * Dabir Uddin Ahmed
 * Rafiqul Islam Bakul
 * Syed Hossain Mansur
 * Choyon Islam
 * Tanvir Shakil Joy
 * Shahidul Islam Khan
 * Amanul Haque
 * Afiea Nusrat Barsha
 * Akhi Khatun

title: Sirajganj District


text:
Category talk:Fair use screenshots

MediaWiki bug?
This category has some subcategories (Category:Screenshots of computer and video games, category:Screenshots of movies and television, category:Screenshots of software, category:Screenshots of web pages) but in the Category:Fair use screenshots page doesn't appear any Subcategories section. --surueña 08:26, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Fair use screenshots


text:
Template:Ref Air Wars and Aircraft

Flintham, V. (1990) Air Wars and Aircraft: A Detailed Record of Air Combat, 1945 to the Present. Facts on File. ISBN 0816023565

title: Template:Ref Air Wars and Aircraft


text:
Thakurgaon District

Thakurgaon (ঠাকুরগাঁও জেলা, Thakurgaon Jela also Thakurgaon Zila) is a district in northwestern Bangladesh. It is part of the Rangpur Division and borders India to the west. It was established as a mahakuma in 1860 consisting of 6 thanas named Thakurgaon sadar, Baliadangi, Pirganj, Ranishankail, Haripur and Ruhia. In 1947, it was re-established as a mahakuma including 3 thanas of Jalpaiguri and a thana of kochbihar of India. In 1981, Atoari was included in the new Panchagarh district and the area was shrunk in just 5 thanas. It was established as a district on 1 February 1984.

Subdistricts
There are 5 upazilas, 6 thanas, 53 unions, 647 mouzas and 1,016 villages in Thakurgaon. The Upazilas in the district are:
 * 1) Thakurgaon Sadar Upazila
 * 2) Baliadangi Upazila
 * 3) Haripur Upazila
 * 4) Ranisankail Upazila
 * 5) Pirganj Upazila

There is also an upazila named Pirganj under Rangpur district.

Etymology
While there was no concrete evidence that Thakurgaon was once named Nishchintapur, assumptions were made based on the similarity between the names. The mausoleum and the name Nukchintapur were considered as potential references to Thakurgaon's earlier name, Nischintinpur. Yet, confirmation came when historical maps from the 17th century depicted two distinct locations: Atitkurgaon and Nishchintpur. Nishchintpur was positioned at the eastern end of Tanganni and partly on the west side of the Tangan river in the north-west. Thakurgaon was situated from the 4th to the 4th, indicating that the name of Thakurgaon's sadar was originally Nishchinpura at the eastern end of the Tangan river. Over time, Nishchinpura evolved into Thakurgaon, encompassing the entire subdivision initially known as Thathakuranga and later adopting the identity of the district.

Historical records reveal that the current district headquarters of Thakurgaon has its roots in a location 8 kilometers north of Akecha Union, where two brothers named Narayan Chakraborty and Satish Chakraborti resided. Known for their wealth and influence, the locals referred to their house as Thakurbari. Chakrabarti house eventually lent its name to the area, transitioning from Thakurbari to Thakurgaon. Recognizing the need for a police station, the Chakrabarti brothers sought approval from the British government, leading to the establishment of a police station in the early 1800s, named Thakurgaon thana. Subsequently, the thana was relocated to the Tangon river due to various reasons, and in 1860, Thakurgaon subdivision was formed with 10 thanas. The district, officially named Thakurgaon with five thanas, was marked on the map of Bangladesh on February 1, 1984. Despite its recent establishment as a district, the region boasts an ancient history and cultural significance.

History
During British rule Thakurgaon was a tehsil (a district subdivision). In 1947 at the time of the Partition of India, Thakurgaon Subdivision became part of the newly established Dinajpur District of East Bengal. In 1984 Thakurgaon subdivision was split off Dinajpur and became a separate district (i.e. Thakurgaon District). Before 1879 Thakurgaon District was ruled by Maithil Brahmin and Thakurs like Bikhash Jha, Barun Thakur and Vidhenesh Roy. Until 1947 Thakurgaon district had a just Hindu majority population of 52%. Most people believe Thakurgaon district has got its name from Barun Thakur.

During the British period in 1800, a Tagore family initiative led to the formation of Thangur, Shuk, Kulik, Patharaj, and Dhapa widows near the present municipality area. This gave rise to the Thakurgaon Thana, named after these entities. In 1860, it was declared as a sub-division with six police stations. In 1947, Thakurgaon became a subdivision, absorbing 10 thanas from Jalpaiguri district and one from Kotwihar. However, in 1981, Thakurgaon's geographical boundaries changed, resulting in five thanas in a separate Panchagarh district.

Ethnography
The ethnographic makeup of the Thakurgaon district population shares similarities with the broader characteristics of Bangladesh. However, due to the diverse composition of this township's population, a multitude of ethno-characteristics are evident. Notably, the district hosts significant numbers of the three main language groups in the Indian subcontinent: Indo-European, Dravidian, and Munda. Additionally, a considerable population belonging to the 'Bodo' language group has established itself in the district.

The demographic landscape of Thakurgaon encompasses Hindu and Muslim majorities, along with communities such as Santal, Munda, Onrao, Koch, Polia, Rajvanshi, Ho, Mahto, Malo, Kukamar, Hari, Bhuiyan, Gangkhu, among others. The ethnographic foundation of Thakurgaon district is shaped by the amalgamation of these diverse groups.

The populations of Bangladesh exhibit varied physical traits, including long mouths, broad noses, and fall into three main categories: Longmund, Long and Middle Nasa, Egypto-Asiatic or Melanid, and specifically Golmund, Advanced Nasa, Alpine or Eastern Brachyd.

Geography
The area of Thakurgaon is 1781.74 km2. Thakurgaon is in the north west corner of Bangladesh, it is about 467 km from Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. It is surrounded by Dinajpur district on its south, Panchagarh district to the east and India on its west and north sides, it is a part of the Himalayan plain land. Highest average temperature of this district is 33.5 °C and lowest average is 10.05 °C.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Thakurgaon District had 382,400 households and a population of 1,533,894, 18.6% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 861 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 74.3%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Muslims make up 76.70% of the population, while Hindus are 22.26% and Christians 0.57% of the population.

Economy
In Bangladesh, agriculture serves as the foundation of the economy, and Thakurgaon has long been striving for economic productivity, with agriculture playing a significant role in the district's economy. Thakurgaon produces a variety of agricultural products, including rice, wheat, sugarcane, seasonal vegetables, and fruits. The sugarcane plantation, known as TSM (Thakurgaon Sugar Mill), is part of the BSFIC, becoming a primary source of livelihood for the locals. Poultry farms are a thriving business in Thakurgaon, and the district is equipped with several cold stores. Various businesses focused on the production and repair of agricultural tools have also emerged in the area.

The contribution of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the rural economy of Thakurgaon has been significant. Notably, organizations like ESDO and RDRS have received widespread acclaim for their efforts in poverty alleviation, particularly in enhancing the income and employment prospects of both men and women in Thakurgaon. RDRS, particularly in the immediate aftermath of independence, garnered praise for its relief and rehabilitation activities, while ESDO's initiatives in micro-credit, child education, literacy, and integrated community development since the 90s have generated substantial employment opportunities for the economically disadvantaged, especially women. Moreover, the proactive measures taken by NGOs in promoting social and health awareness have played a pivotal role in contributing to the overall economy of the region.

However, the community's distance from the capital poses challenges in obtaining adequate technical and logistical support and in transporting local products to the national market. It is not easy for investors to establish businesses far away from the center of national trade and commerce. Despite these challenges, Thakurgaon is experiencing rapid development. Some business groups, such as the Younis Group and Kazi Farm, have initiated investments in Thakurgaon. With these developments, the agriculture-based district is expected to transform into an industrial hub in the near future.

==Places of interest == There are various places of interest in the district, these include:
 * 1) The Tangon River
 * 2) Senua Bridge
 * 3) Old Airport, destroyed during the second world war, situated at Modergonj beside of Arazipaickpara
 * 4) Jomidar Mosjid at Shibganj
 * 5) Balia Mosjid at Balia Union
 * 6) The Fair of Nekmordon
 * 7) Ramrai Dighi, it is a pond having 50 acre of area. A beautiful tourist spot.
 * 8) King's Palace
 * 9) The river of Kulik
 * 10) Khunia Dhighi Memorial
 * 11) Palace of King Tonko Nath
 * 12) Gorkoi Heritage
 * 13) 500 acre shal garden on the bank of the Tangon River
 * 14) Horinmari Amgach (Stand by 3 bigha area )
 * 15) Haripur Rajbari
 * 16) Gorokkhonath temple
 * 17) Ranishankail Jomidar Bari
 * 18) Jagdal Rajbari
 * 19) Sangah Shahi mosque
 * 20) Fatehpur mosque
 * 21) Shalbari mosque
 * 22) Bhulli badh
 * 23) Burir bad
 * 24) Mujabarni Sarkarpara Mouza

==Culture == Religious and cultural diversity in Thakurgaon is evident through a variety of festivals celebrated by the Muslim and Hindu communities. Muslims observe ceremonies such as Eid-al-Fitr, Eid-al- Azha, Miladunnabi, Muharram (Ashura), and Shab-e- Barat. Meanwhile, Hindus partake in numerous pujas, including Durga Puja, Kali Puja, Lakshmi Puja, Bhiphunda, Saraswati Puja, Chadak Puja, Rasajatra, Doljatra, and Janmastami. Additionally, New Year celebrations, Nabanna, and Paush Sankranti are embraced by all communities.

The Milad ceremony among Muslims marks auspicious beginnings and joyful news. Notably, significant occasions like Eid, Durgapuja, Laxmi Puja, Saraswati Puja witness the harmonious interaction between Hindus and Muslims, as both communities visit each other's courtrooms and extend invitations. Moreover, celebrations such as marriages, Akika, Khatna, birthdays, Annaprashan, and more are occasions where people from diverse religious backgrounds come together. Thakurgaon exemplifies a community where religion does not serve as a barrier.

Beyond religious festivals, certain cultural practices have become ingrained in the local folk culture. Enjoying bread or rice in the evening, playing traditional musical instruments or participating in Tazia processions are not confined to specific religious festivals; instead, they have evolved to become integral parts of the region's cultural tapestry. On the occasion of the New Year, engaging in bird and fish hunting, sharing meals with fellow community members, consuming traditional foods like nuts and betel leaves, and partaking in cultural activities are common practices embraced by people of all backgrounds in Thakurgaon.

In bygone eras, Thakurgaon saw the widespread use of traditional utensils crafted from materials such as pottery, including dishes, lids, tawas, gastars, and items like Dixie, karail, bowls, glasses, spoons, iron pans, and bamboo lacaris or clay lahhi, dies, or duars for pulses. These age-old utensils are still in use today. However, the culinary landscape has evolved over time, witnessing the prevalence of tin, subsequently steel, and, in contemporary times, melamine utensils among the general populace. Glass and chinaware adorn the tables of esteemed households, adding to the overall dining experience. Traditional spice grinding tools, such as stone shilpatas or Haman dithas, were once commonplace and are still retained.

In rural settings, rice was traditionally pounded in potholes or chham-gahins. Women in impoverished families not only ground rice for their own consumption but also received remuneration in the form of additional rice or other essentials. This practice enabled them to create items like chira, mudi, khaoi, serving as a vital means of sustenance for many disadvantaged women. However, this once-thriving profession has gradually diminished, with the advent of electricity leading to the establishment of numerous small and large rice mills in villages.

Today, the market serves as a primary source for obtaining rice, chilis, twigs, rice flour, and spices such as green chili, and turmeric powder. Consequently, women who were previously engaged in rice processing have transitioned into roles as agricultural laborers, reflecting the changing dynamics of livelihoods in Thakurgaon.

There is a versatile practice of culture in the district; few festivals and cultural events are regularly arranged there. Alpona Sansad arranges Boishakhi Mela in every Bangla new year. Held "Eid Fair" at the occasion of Eid-Ul-Adha & Eid-Ul-Fitre every year at Thakurgaon Boro Matth also. Several drama clubs (Sapla Natto Gosty-Estd.1974, Nischintopur Theater-1983 etc. ) practice and perform regularly and stage original and famous dramas every month. Dhamer Gaan is a unique traditional cultural invention of Thakurgaon people. The existing 10 tribes in this area enjoy their own heritage and cultural practices.

Notable people

 * Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir Former member of the parliament and Secretary general of Bangladesh Nationalist Party
 * Ramesh Chandra Sen Member of parliament
 * Shishir Bhattacharjee Painter, cartoonist
 * Litu Anam Actor and Television personality
 * Dabirul Islam 7-term Member of parliament of Awami league
 * Shirin Akter Shila Model and beauty pageant

title: Thakurgaon District


text:
Thulsa Doom (band)

Thulsa Doom is a Norwegian heavy metal band. It takes its name from the Robert E. Howard character. This is not to be mistaken for the New York crust punk band with the same name that existed from 1998 to 2000.

History
The band was formed in 1999 by guitarist Ole Petter Andreassen (also a member of the Cumshots and Black Debbath), under the stage name El Doom. He was joined by his Black Debbath colleague, bass player Egil Hegerberg, using the name Angelov Doom, as well as singer Papa Doom, guitarist Doom Perignon and drummer Fast Winston Doom.

The band's music is somewhat similar to stoner rock legends Kyuss and early Black Sabbath. The band's debut release She Fucks Me was released in 2000. The five-track EP has a picture of Bill Clinton on the cover. Thulsa Doom have since released five full-length albums. One of their trademarks is very long and strange album titles. An example of this extended album title length can be found on the 2003 full-length album release ...And Then Take You to a Place Where Jars Are Kept which notably was nominated for a Spellemannprisen award, also known as the Norwegian Grammy in English, in the Rock category. Singer Papa Doom left the band in 2003, and guitarist Doom Perignon is now the band's singer. The band's 2005 album Keyboard, Oh Lord! Why Don't We? is a bit less heavy and more melodic than the previous albums. Their cover version of Beach Boys' "Tears in the Morning" was a minor TV hit in Norway in the summer of 2005 with a video directed by Jarle Medhus.

Members

 * Papa Doom (Jacob Krogvold) – lead vocals (1999–2003 2013–)
 * Doom Perignon (Henning Solvang) – guitar, lead vocals (2003-2013)
 * El Doom (Ole Petter Andreassen) – guitar, vocals
 * Angelov Doom (Egil Hegerberg) – bass, keyboards, vocals
 * Fast Winston Doom (Halvor Winsnes) – drums

Albums

 * The Seats are Soft But the Helmet Is Way Too Tight (2001)
 * ...And Then Take You to a Place Where Jars are Kept (2003)
 * Keyboard, Oh Lord! Why Don't We? (2005)
 * A Keen Eye for the Obvious (2017)
 * Ambition Freedom (2021)

EPs

 * She Fucks Me (EP) (2000)

Singles

 * "City of People" / "Sleep With Celebrity" (2001)

title: Thulsa Doom (band)


text:
Air operations during the Greek Civil War

Air operations during the Greek Civil War involved primarily the air forces of the United Kingdom, South Africa, and the government of Greece against ground elements of the ELAS and other anti-government forces.

Arrival of the Royal Air Force
The arrival of British forces to Greece in September 1944 brought with it the Royal Air Force. The airfield at Araxos became the first foothold, being captured on 23 September 1944 and many airfields around it were secured within a month, including Megara taken by parachute landings of 4 Para. Near Athens, Kalamaki ultimately became the center of RAF activity, renamed Hassani on 1 December 1944, as home for No. 337 Wing RAF, under which operated a number of squadrons:

 * No. 32 Squadron RAF with the Supermarine Spitfire V
 * No. 94 Squadron RAF with the Supermarine Spitfire V
 * No. 108 Squadron RAF with the Bristol Beaufighter VI
 * No. 216 Squadron RAF with the Douglas Dakota IV
 * No. 221 Squadron RAF with the Vickers Wellington XIII

These were bolstered by the arrival in November 1944 of No. 335 Squadron RHAF and No. 336 Squadron RHAF. Both of these were Greek manned units within the RAF and would become the first operational units of the Royal Hellenic Air Force. Both flew the Spitfire Vb fighter.

Sedes was opened with the liberation of northern Greece and became the new home for No. 32 Sqn.

On 2 December 1944, tensions over the role of the EAM and ELAS parties in post-war government resulted in demonstration during which British forces opened fire, killing ten civilians. The response was attacks on police stations and thus RAF units began operations against ELAS and EAM targets, mostly around Athens. No. 73 Sqn, along with the newly arrived No. 94 Squadron RAF, used their Spitfires on strafing runs and light bombing was undertaken by No. 108 Sqn. Additional options were gained when a flight of Beaufighters of No. 39 Squadron RAF were attached to No. 108 Sqn., armed with RP-3 rockets. These were considered very effective and over the span of two weeks 105 targets (55 buildings, 19 command posts, 10 supply dumps, 2 radio stations, 12 transportation, and 7 artillery) were struck by these aircraft. The regular aircraft of No. 108 flew 265 sorties during December. The heavy bombers of No. 221 Sqn were primarily used in supply flights to the Sedes facility as well as various leaflet and illumination missions. Two actual bombing raids were carried out (both at night). The Greek Spitfire squadrons did not participate in the attacks, although the newly formed No. 13 Squadron RHAF did assist in leaflet operations.

The RAF suffered a major blow with the attack by ELAS troops on their facility at Kifisia, which was home to Allied Headquarters Greece, on 19 December 1944. The No. 2933 Squadron RAF Regiment defended strongly but was ultimately overrun with the capture of many British prisoners. No. 221 Sqn. conducted supply drops to these personnel during their march north. By 7 January 1945, Athens was secured, and a ceasefire negotiated on 11 January. While some fighting continued, British fighter squadrons were withdrawn by summer 1945. Hassani continued to be a hub of RAF operations however the arrival of No. 252 Wing RAF with three Douglas Boston V equipped units, No. 13 Squadron RAF, No. 18 Squadron RAF, and No. 55 Squadron RAF.

Formation of the Royal Hellenic Air Force
1946 saw the official transfer of Greek manned RAF squadrons into the Royal Hellenic Air Force. In addition to the aforementioned Nos. 13, 335, and 336 Sqns., these also included the No. 355 Squadron RHAF with a variety of transport types, including the C-47, Avro Anson, and Wellington and the 345, 346, and 347 Flights using the Auster AOP and other utility aircraft for liaison.

Meanwhile, government opposition was on the rise and the formation of the Democratic Army of Greece led to the loss of control of much of rural Greece. The Greek National Army responded with Operation Terminus, but this was a failure. March 1948 saw the RHAF enter the action with attacks on landing strips set up by Communist forces to receive aid from Albania and Yugoslavia. Involvement by the United States led to the launch of Operation Dawn in April 1948, and this was supported by RHAF units with a total of 641 sorties with the loss of one Spitfire plus damage to ten more. Dakotas were utilized for leaflet and supply operations. The operation was successful but the withdrawal to northern border regions limited RHAF effectiveness due to a five-mile stop line to avoid an international incident.

Offensive support by the RHAF
Operation Coronis was launched in July 1948 against enemy forces in the Grammos Mountains with the support of Nos. 335 and 336 Sqns. operating from Yannina and Kozani. Additional aircraft included AT-6 Texan and Auster aircraft. Ultimate results were a draw as anti-government forces withdrew across the border to Albania. No. 337 Squadron RHAF had been formed with Spitfire IX aircraft, giving the RHAF three Spitfire units. For heavier bombing, Dakotas were jury-rigged with racks for bombs up to 500 lb each. RAF deHavilland Mosquito photo reconnaissance aircraft were reportedly used in the affair. RHAF flew 3,474 sorties during the operation, suffering one lost Spitfire plus a further 22 damaged.

Operations in September 1948 centered on the Vitsi Mountains area, and were supported again by the RHAF. They were marked by better cooperation with GNA units and the first use of napalm, although this was not used heavily. These operations lasted through the end of the year, bringing the grand total of sorties for 1948 to 8,907 combat and 9,891 transport, with the loss of twelve airmen. A major attack at Florina by guerrilla forces was defeated with significant air support by the RHAF.

August 1949 marked the final series of operations against the guerrilla forces, and again the RHAF played a large role in supporting government forces. In particular, during the final portion of the month, No. 336 Sqn. began employing its newly acquired Curtiss SB2C Helldiver aircraft, of which 40 had been acquired from the United States Navy. This operation resulted in the final destruction of opposition military resistance and resulted in a final ceasefire being signed. During August 826 sorties had been flown dropping 288 tons of bombs and firing 1935 rockets. Napalm was used again, with 114 such strikes being made.

Aircraft of the Greek Civil War

 * Airspeed Oxford: A small number of these utility aircraft were used by the RHAF for liaison and transport.
 * Auster: A ubiquitous light plane of the period, the RHAF used the Auster as an observation and liaison aircraft and for numerous light duties.  Most were A.O.P. 6 models.
 * Avro Anson: Some of these utility aircraft were employed by the RHAF from the force's formation through the end of the civil war.
 * Bristol Beaufighter: A heavier ground-attack aircraft, the Beaufighter Mark VIF (and some Mark VIII) was used by No. 108 Sqn. during the early RAF involvement in Greece.  These were replaced by later model Mark X Beaufighters of No. 252 Sqn. later, although they were not heavily used by that point.  The Beaufighters armed with rockets were particularly effective as an early support aircraft in operations during 1945.  The Beaufighter ended its role with the withdrawal of No. 252 Sqn. in 1946.
 * Curtiss SB2C Helldiver: Forty eight planes were acquired by the RHAF in spring 1949 from the United States Navy. Forty two dive bombers were used in operations and they proved to be the best strike aircraft of the RHAF and played an important role in the final stages of the civil war.
 * de Havilland Mosquito: Only a few of these aircraft were utilized by RAF units in Greece, with a small number of Mark XXVI aircraft employed by No. 55 Sqn.  After the withdrawal of RAF units, however, it was reported that Mosquitoes of No. 13 Sqn. conducted reconnaissance during 1948 on behalf of the Greek government.
 * Douglas Boston: This light bomber was the backbone of the RAF units which maintained a presence in Greece from the end of active operations in 1945 to the withdrawal of the RAF in 1946.
 * Douglas C-47 Skytrain and Dakota: Primary transport of the Allies in the later half of World War II, the Dakota accompanied the RAF to Greece and was heavily used to supply British forces there.  Dakotas comprised the only South African Air Force aircraft to be operated there.  Many were transferred to the RHAF, as were a number of C-47s from US stocks.  Some were outfitted with crude bomb racks for use on heavier raids.
 * Hawker Hurricane: A single unit of Hurricane Mark IV aircraft, No. 6 Sqn., deployed with the first RAF units, but was withdrawn before taking a role in the conflict.
 * Martin Baltimore: A small number of these light bombers were acquired by the RHAF from the RAF and employed by No. 13 Sqn. in general support duties.
 * Messerschmitt Bf 109: A small number of these German fighters were captured during the German withdrawal and operated with some success in a support role with No. 335 Sqn.
 * North American T-6 Texan and Harvard: Large numbers of these useful aircraft were operated by the RHAF during the civil war.  Most were AT-6 versions from the United States, although a number of the Harvard model from the RAF were acquired as well.  They were useful as liaison, observation, and light strike aircraft and were a critical part of the effectiveness of other Greek strike aircraft during the operations in 1948.
 * Supermarine Spitfire: Backbone of both the RAF and RHAF during their operations in the war, the Spitfire was operated in both Mark V and Mark IX versions for most of the conflict.  The RHAF did begin receiving some Mark XVI models later in the conflict, while the RAF had operated a number of the Mark XI for photo-reconnaissance.  Heavily used for strafing and later for napalm strikes, the Spitfire lacked range and ammunition in the strike role.  Additionally, it proved more vulnerable to ground fire than the other types operated by the RHAF.
 * Supermarine Walrus: A single unit of these amphibian aircraft was deployed for mine-spotting duties in the Adriatic.
 * Vickers Wellington: Past its primary life as a bomber, Wellingtons of the RAF Coastal Command were deployed to Greece to assist RAF forces there.  They carried out a number of support tasks, including leaflet and bombing missions.  Originally the Mark XIII was used, although some Mark XIV also arrived.  A small number found their way into the Greek inventory.

Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force maintained a sizable presence in Greece from the liberation of Greece in September 1944 through the creation of the RHAF in 1946.

 * No. 6 Squadron RAF: Arriving with the first RAF units in October 1944, No. 6 was the only Hurricane squadron in Greece, but was withdrawn during November 1944.
 * No. 13 Squadron RAF: Along with No. 18 Sqn., operated Boston V light bombers from Hassani from September 1945 to April 1946.
 * No. 18 Squadron RAF: Part of the relief forces to replace withdrawn RAF units, No. 18 was in Greece from September 1945 to March 1946 with Boston V light bombers.
 * No. 32 Squadron RAF: Originally at Araxos and Hassani, and later based from Sedes, No. 32 was a primary RAF fighter squadron from its arrival in September 1944 to its departure in February 1945, during which it used the Spitfire VC.
 * No. 38 Squadron RAF: Only deployed for a short period between October and November 1944, No. 38 operated Wellingtons for support duties.
 * No. 39 Squadron RAF: Not deploying in full, No. 39 dispatched a flight of six Beaufighter VIF to assist No. 108 Sqn during December 1944.  They were particularly effective due to their rocket armament.
 * No. 55 Squadron RAF: A third Boston V light bomber squadron deployed to Greece in September 1945, No. 55 remained until November 1946, and also used the Mosquito XXVI.
 * No. 73 Squadron RAF: Deployed in December 1944 and taking a sizeable role in the fighting around Athens, No. 73 used the Spitfire LF.IX and was withdrawn in January 1945.
 * No. 94 Squadron RAF: Arriving in October 1944 and flying mainly from Hassani, No. 94 operated heavily in support of British operations around Athens in 1944, being withdrawn in April 1945.  The unit used the Spitfire VB and VC.
 * No. 108 Squadron RAF: Equipped with the Beaufighter VIF, No. 108 provided the backbone for RAF strike forces during its tenure, lasting from October 1944 through January 1945.
 * No. 216 Squadron RAF: One of the busier units in Greece, the only Dakota equipped RAF unit operated in Greece from October 1944 through March 1946 performing primarily transport duties.
 * No. 221 Squadron RAF: A Coastal Command unit equipped with Wellington XIII aircraft, No. 221 was part of the early RAF contingent in Greece and operated in a variety of support roles through its departure in April 1945.
 * No. 252 Squadron RAF:  No. 252 was equipped with more modern Beaufighter X aircraft,   It arrived in October 1944and was among the last RAF forces withdrawn in December 1946.
 * No. 624 Squadron RAF: An amphibian patrol and transport unit deployed for mine spotting in the Aegean from February to April 1945.
 * No. 680 Squadron RAF: Deployed during January and February 1945, No. 680 employed Spitfire XI aircraft for photographic reconnaissance.

South African Air Force
The South African Air Force had a limited deployment to Greece which was withdrawn shortly before the end of World War II.

 * No. 40 Squadron SAAF: This fighter reconnaissance unit detached four pilots (Lieut. H.H. Davison, Lieut. R.T. Joyner, Lieut. N.K. McCallum, and Lieut. A.C. Villiers) to Balkan Air Force on 9 December 1944, flying Spitfire V's on loan from No. 318 (Polish) Squadron. All four machines were lost making wheels-up landings on Zakynthos whilst crossing to Greece in stormy weather, but the pilots survived. Flying Spitfire V's assigned to a grounded Greek-manned squadron, the detachment operated out of Hassani from 13 December 1945 to 5 February 1945 under the direct control of Balkan Air Force.
 * No. 44 Squadron SAAF: The only full squadron of the SAAF to deploy to Greece, No. 44 was a transport unit with Dakota IV aircraft operating out of Hassani from December 1944 to March 1945.

Royal Hellenic Air Force
The Royal Hellenic Air Force was formed from Greek units of the RAF in 1946 and by the end of that year had assumed sole duties from the RAF for the country.

 * No. 13 Squadron RHAF: Based in Hassani from November 1944 through October 1946, it operated the Baltimore and Wellington on general support and reconnaissance duties.
 * No. 335 Squadron RHAF: Originally an RAF unit with Spitfire VB fighters, it operated from Hassani from November 1944, although it was excluded from combat operations during through 1945.  In May 1945 it replaced the role of the withdrawn No. 94 Sqn. as an operational fighter squadron.  The squadron later acquired redeployed Bf 109 G-6s, Mark IX and XVI aircraft.
 * No. 336 Squadron RHAF: Originally an RAF unit with Spitfire VB fighters and sister unit to No. 335, it served a training role as well until the withdrawal of No. 94 Sqn., which it replaced alongside No. 335.  The squadron became the sole RHAF operator of the Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldiver when acquired in 1948.
 * No. 337 Squadron RHAF: Formed as the third fighter squadron of the RHAF in July 1947, No. 337 was equipped with Spitfire IX (and later XVI) fighters and operated them through the end of the war.
 * No. 355 Squadron RHAF: Originally an RAF unit with Anson and Wellington aircraft, No. 355 was the primary logistical squadron of the RHAF, adding C-47 aircraft as well.  While most missions were support, some bombing missions were undertaken with modified aircraft.


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Habiganj District

Habiganj (হবিগঞ্জ), formerly known as Habibganj (হবিবগঞ্জ), is a district in north-eastern Bangladesh, located in the Sylhet Division. It was established as a district in 1984 as a successor to its subdivision status since 1867. It is named after its headquarters, the town of Habiganj.

Ancient
Prehistoric settlements were said to have been discovered in the Chaklapunji tea garden, near Chandirmazar of Chunarughat. Habiganj has also revealed a significant number of prehistoric tools from the bed of Balu Stream, a small ephemeral stream (water remains here only for a few hours after rainfall). Angularity and freshness of the fossil wood artifacts suggest that they did not come from a great distance and probably came from nearby hillocks. Typologically, technologically, and morphometrically, the artifacts are more or less the same as those found in the Lalmai, Comilla. The fossil wood assemblages of both of these areas are often classified into two groups: pre-neolithic assemblages without polished tools (hand axes, cleavers, scrapers, chopping tools, points etc.) and neolithic assemblages (hand axes, polished Celts, awls etc.).

The Hindu epic known as the Mahabharata mentions the marriage of Duryodhana of the Kauravas into a family that are thought to be inhabitants of present-day Habiganj.

Early medieval

Historically, Habiganj was part of the Srihatta and Shilhatta region — which encompassed the current Greater Sylhet region. Though the borders of the kingdoms changed frequently, the region was ruled by the Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms of Harikela and Kamarupa before passing to the control of the Chandra, Sena and Deva dynasties in the early medieval period. Parts of the current district of Habiganj were part of the Tungachal Kingdom — a vassal state of the Gour Kingdom — with its capital being in present-day Chunarughat upazila. The Kamarupa state, the first historical kingdom of Assam, ruled from 350 to 1140 CE and occasionally took control of what is now modern day Habiganj district. Srichandra, the second King of the Chandra Dynasty, led invasions into Kamarupa. The Paschimbhag copperplate inscription issued in 935 CE describes the land grant of 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) to build the Chandrapur University; though the location of the university is still unknown, Padmanath Bhattacharya Vidya Vinod, historian of the Kamarupa Kingdom and translator of the Nidhanpur copperplate inscription, claimed that Chandrapur was situated somewhere in the Habiganj District.

In medieval times, there were numerous petty kingdoms that were situated in what is now Habiganj District such as Azmardan, Baniachang, and Tungachal. In 1254, the Governor of Bengal Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak invaded the Azmardan Raj. He defeated the local Raja, and plundered his wealth.

The feudal kingdom of Tungachal was given to Epivishnu by Raja Upananda of Brahmachal in the 11th century. It was based in Rajapur in southern Habiganj. Following the murder of Upananda by the Gour Kingdom loyalists, Epivishnu refused to acknowledge Tungachal as a part of Gour. This led to a battle in 1258 on the banks of Ghungi Jurir Haor in Tungachal in which Epivishnu was murdered and Shandul was subsequently appointed as Tungachal's governor by Raja Govardhan of Gour. In response to Epivishnu's murder, the King of Tripura managed to annex Tungachal away from Gour and appointed Bhadra Janardan, Epivishnu's minister, to govern Tungachal. Janardan was deposed during the reign of Govinda of Gour and replaced by Achak Narayan.

Following the Conquest of Sylhet in 1303, Syed Nasiruddin led a contingent of 1000 soldiers along with the help of 12 saints to capture Tungachal in 1304. Nasiruddin was the military commander of Shamsuddin Firuz Shah, the Sultan of Lakhnauti (in western Bengal). After the successful capture and defeat of Achak Narayan, Tungachal was renamed to Taraf and incorporated into Bangalah (Bengal). Taraf was transformed to an esteemed centre of study in the subcontinent.

Late medieval
Between the thirteenth and early seventeenth centuries, parts of Habiganj were a part of the state of Nasirabad, based in Mymensingh.

Syed Musa became the zamindar of Taraf in the 16th century. During his office, the King of Tripura Amar Manikya called upon the Baro-Bhuiyans to contribute labourers to aid in the digging of a reservoir tank. Musa refused to accept such subordination to the Twipra Kingdom. As a result, the Battle of Jilkua emerged in 1581 leading to the imprisonment of Musa and his son Syed Adam Bairam.

By the middle of the 15th century, when all the divisions of Laur were united under the headship of Baniachang House (now of Muslim faith), it seems the Muslim area of Taraf passed under the control of Baniachung, which now became very powerful to include in its territory, the whole of present Sunamganj and Habiganj subdivisions. A town by the name of Habibganj was founded by Syed Habib Ullah who belonged to the Syed zamindar dynasty of Taraf. The name Habibganj eventually turned into Habiganj.

In Baniachang a battle occurred between the Baro-Bhuiyan zamindars of Baniachang (Anwar Khan and Husayn Khan) with the Mughal army in the 17th century, which can be found in the Bahrastan-i-Gayebi. Khwaja Usman fled Bukai Nagar Fort and established a shelter at Putijuri on the foot of the Giripal. He also established a fort at Putijuri, which was extremely important for defense. The Mughal army took the advantage when Khwaja Osman's brother was absent from the fort, leading to the successful annexation of Baniachang and Taraf into Mughal Bengal.

Taraf was incorporated into the Sarkar of Sylhet. The Mughals made use of the fort at Taraf, often camping whilst on expeditions to defeat other rebellious chieftains such as Pahlawan of Matang and Bayazid Karrani II of Sylhet. With the establishment of the East India Company and later the British Raj, Taraf continued to exist as a pargana or fiscal division within Sylhet. Its area was 79.65 square miles, consisted of 1601 estates and had a land revenue of £4400 as of 1875.

Modern
During the British Raj, Habiganj was established as a Thana (police precinct) in 1790, under Dhaka district (1779–1793).

In the second session of the Congress held in Calcutta in 1886, the Indian National Congress was able to attract representatives from Habiganj District. Until 1896, Habiganj's administrative centre was in Court Andar, Laskarpur. On 12 September 1874 it came under Sylhet district (part of Assam). Habiganj was declared as subdivision in 1867. On 7 April 1893, according to Notification #273 of Assam Provincial Government, Habiganj Thana (Administrative unit) was established. Habiganj was rejoined with East-Bengal (now Bangladesh) in 1911. Then the Office of the Circle Officer (Development) was established in 1960.

Habiganj is the historical place where the Mukti Bahini started their first guerrilla movement against oppression of Pakistani Army. On 4 April 1971, during Bangladesh Liberation War the senior army officers assembled at the headquarters of 2nd East Bengal at Teliapara, a semi hilly area covered by tea gardens where General MAG Osmani, Lieutenant Colonel Abdur Rob, Lieutenant Colonel Salahuddin Mohammad Reja, Major Kazi Nuruzzaman, Major Khaled Mosharraf, Major Nurul Islam, Major Shafat Jamil, Major Mainul Hossain Chowdhury, and others were present.

At this meeting four senior commanders were entrusted with the responsibility of operational areas. Sylhet-Brahmanbaria area was placed under the command of Major Shafiullah, Comilla-Noakhali area was given to Major Khaled Mosharraf while Chittagong-Chittagong Hill Tracts was given to Major Ziaur Rahman and Kushtia-Jessore area was placed under command of Major Abu Osman Chowdhury. In the meeting the organization concept of the freedom fighter forces and the command structure were chalked out under the command of General MAG Osmani.

During the War of Liberation in 1971 an 18 hours direct encounter between the freedom-fighters and the Pakistani-army was held on 16 November 1971, in which freedom-fighter Jagatyoti and 11 villagers were killed by the Pakistani-army.

On 1 March 1984 Habiganj was established as a District. Md. Kamrul Hasan is the Deputy Commissioner.

Geography
Habiganj is located at 24.375°N, 91.4167°W. Its area is 2,636.58 km2 and bounded by Sunamganj District to the north, Tripura of India and Maulvibazar District to the east, Balaganj Upazila of Sylhet to the north-east, Brahmanbaria and Kishoreganj districts to the west.

This part of Bangladesh is characterized by alluvial plains which are dissected by various connecting rivers as well as streams, lakes; and it is vulnerable to both flood and drought. The land is devoted mainly to agriculture due to its fertile alluvial soils.

Land
Cultivated agricultural land: 1,54,953 hectare (60.22% of the total agricultural land). Forestland 95 11,644 hectare (4.53% of the total land). For crops 51.6% single-crop, 38.7% double-crop and 9.7% triple-crop; fallow 521 hectares. Its rivers include Barak, Bheramahana, Gopala, Kalni, Kalishiri, Khowai, Korangi, Kushiara, Meghna River(lower), Ratna, Shwasanali, shutki, sonai, Korangi, Shutang, Tentulia, Jhingri, Bizna, Yojnal, and Lohor.

Demography
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Habiganj District had 491,886 households and a population of 2,358,886, 15.0% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 895 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 69.3%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Muslims make up 82.87% of the population, while Hindus are 16.87% of the population.

About 97% of the population are Bengalis. The ethnic population is 65,802 (3.15%), and is composed of Khasis, Meiteis and Tripuris, as well as the Tea Tribes such as Munda and Oraon. The Tripuris are the original inhabitants of the Tripura Hills, now state of Tripura. During the reign of Maharaj Gharib Nawaz (1709–1748), Meiteis arrived here from their homeland Manipur. The Khasi people migrated to Habiganj from Meghalaya where they arrived some 500 years ago.

Economy

 * Tea Gardens: 24 covering total area 15,703.24 hectare.
 * Rubber gardens: 3 Rupaichhara-Bahubal (1981). Half of this garden is situated in Habiganj and the rests are in Shreemangal, total area 2000 acre. Shahjibazar-Chunarughat(1978) area 2004 acre, Shatgaon Rubber garden (1971) area 200 acre.

Rashidpur gas field (1960), Bibiana gas field (1998) and Habiganj gas field (1963). The approximate stock of these gas fields is 5.5 Trillion Cubic Feet. Habiganj gas field lies in Madhabpur Upazila. This field was also discovered by Pakistan Shell Oil Company in 1963. The structure measures 12x5 square km with a vertical closure of 300 m which has a roughly sub-meridian axis tilted slightly eastward at the northern end. Total recoverable gas reserve of this field re-estimated by Hydrocarbon Unit is 3852.30 Gcuft. Commercial gas production from this field was commenced in 1968 and till 31 August 2006 total 1364.474 Gcuft or 35.42 percent of reserves has been recovered.

Literature and culture
Habigang is famous for folk Literature: Mahuya Sundari and Dhupar Path.

Local newspapers: Daily Habiganj Express, Daily Pravakar, Pratidener Bani, weekly Swadhikar, Swadeshbarta, Drishtikon, Daily Khowai, Habiganj Samachar, Janatar Dalil, Parikrama, fortnightly Prayas, The Daily Habiganjer Ayna and Mritika.

Defunct local newspapers: monthly Moitri (1909), weekly Projapati (1909), Sree Sree Sonar Gauranga (1329 BS), Palli Bani (1940), weekly Shahid (1948), weekly Jagaran (1955), monthly Avijatrik (1966).

Habiganj Sadar

 * Habiganj Chief Judicial Magistrate District Court, Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Bar Association (Traditional), Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Municipal Building (Foundation & Established on 16 December 1940), Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Bazar–Shaistaganj–Balla line (Established 1928-1929)
 * Habiganj Bazar Railway station, Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Court Railway station, Habiganj Sadar
 * Duliakhal Railway station, Habiganj Sadar
 * Paikpara Railway station, Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Govt.Technical School and College, Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Police Line, Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Govt. Polytechnical Institute, Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Agriculture University (Public), Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Medical University (Public), Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Govt. High School, Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj High School & College, Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Brindaban Government College, Habiganj Sadar (Established 1931)
 * Habiganj Mahila College, Habiganj Sadar
 * Habiganj Law College, Habiganj Sadar
 * Mashulia Akhra, Habiganj Sadar
 * Christian Church Missionary, Habiganj Sadar
 * Ramakrishna Ashram, Habiganj Sadar
 * Uchail Mosque, Habiganj Sadar
 * Bagala Matar Mandir, Habiganj
 * Kalibari, Habiganj Sadar

Shaistaganj

 * Shaistaganj Junction Railway station (Established 1903), Shaistaganj Upazila

Chunarughat

 * Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary, Chunarughat Upazila
 * Shankarpasha Shahi Masjid, Chunarughat Upazila
 * Murarband Dargah Sharif, Chunarughat
 * Hujra Khana of Syed Nasir Uddin, Murarbandar Dargah Sharif, Chunarughat.
 * Shajeerbazar, Chunarughat Upazila
 * Barkota Railway Station, Chunarughat Upazila
 * Sakir Muhammad Railway Station, Chunarughat Upazila
 * Sutang Bazar Railway Station, Chunarughat Upazila
 * Chunarughat Railway Station, Chunarughat Upazila
 * Ancient limestone quarries, Chunarughat
 * Tea Gardens of Chunarughat
 * Amu Road Railway Station, Chunarughat Upazila
 * Assampara Railway Station, Chunarughat Upazila
 * Balla Railway Station, Chunarughat Upazila
 * Balla Land Port (Bangladesh's no. 23 border land port) Balla, Chunarughat
 * Balla Border Check Post Custom & Immigration Authority, Chunarughat Upazila

Bahubal

 * The Place (Putijuri Resort), Bahubal
 * Jami Mosque, Bahubal
 * Putijuri Jami Mosque, Bahubal
 * Rashidpur Tea Garden, Bahubal Upazila
 * Satisjuri Railway Station

Nabiganj

 * Dorga-tila, Mira-tila and Tangee-tila, Nabiganj
 * Foltoli-tila and water fountain, Nabiganj
 * Kuri-tila, Black-stone and an Ancient Rajbari, Dinarpur, Nabiganj
 * War of Liberation Mass Grave, Nabiganj
 * War of Liberation Memorial Monument, Nabiganj

Baniachanj

 * Ancient Rajbari (1737–38) at Puranbagh, Baniachang
 * Baniachong village (the biggest village in Asia)
 * Bibir Dargah Mosque, Baniachang
 * Bithangal Akhra, Baniachang
 * Shagor(Komola) Dighi, Baniachong
 * Sham-baoul Akhra and Doulotpur Akhra, Baniachang
 * Kalarduba Tourist Center, Baniachong

Ajmiriganj

 * Chouki court
 * River Port

Madhabpur

 * Teliapara war monument
 * Teliapara Railway Station
 * Industrial park area

Lakhai

 * Krishnapur slaughtered land grave (Bangladesh Liberation war 1971), Lakhai Upazila

Sports
The Habiganj Adhunik Stadium is the largest stadium in Habiganj District. The 25,000-capacity venue is used for cricket and football.

Upazila
At present Habiganj consists of 9 upazilas, 6 municipalities, 54 wards, 78 union parishads, 124 mahallas, 1241 mouzas and 2076 villages. The upazilas are:
 * Ajmiriganj
 * Baniachang
 * Bahubal
 * Chunarughat
 * Habiganj Sadar
 * Lakhai
 * Madhabpur
 * Nabiganj
 * Shaistaganj

Railroad

 * Habiganj Bazar–Shaistaganj–Balla line

Shaistaganj-Habiganj railroad section's four railway station established by Assam Bengal railway 1928
 * Habiganj Bazar
 * Habiganj Court
 * Dhuliakhal
 * Paikpara

Shaistaganj Junction

N.B.: Shaistaganj railway station established by Assam Bengal railway 1903. In 1928-29 when the Habiganj Bazar-Shaistaganj-Balla railway link was opened, it became a junction railway station.

Shaistaganj-Chunarughat railroad section's seven railway station established by Assam Bengal railway 1929
 * Barkota
 * Sakir Muhammed
 * Sutang Bazar
 * Chunarughat
 * Amu Road
 * Assampara
 * Balla

Habiganj Bazar–Shaistaganj–Balla line During the colonial British rule, train services were started by rail at Habiganj Mahukuma in Sylhet district of the then (Undivided British-India) Assam province. In 1928, the British government built the Habiganj Bazar-Shaistaganj-Balla line as railway line and built infrastructure.

The railway line was opened by the Assam Bengal Railway by the then British government from Habiganj district headquarters town to Balla border via Shaistaganj junction, about 45 or 52 kilometers long railway line.

Of these, the Shaistaganj-Habiganj (15 or 16 km) railway line was inaugurated in 1928 and the Shaistaganj-Balla (30 or 36 km) railway line was inaugurated in 1929.

Coal-engined trains used to run between eight stations at Habiganj Bazar, Habiganj Court, Shaistaganj Junction, Shakir Mohammad, Chunarughat, Amuroad, Assampara and Balla bordering Tripura.

Of these, Chunarughat, Amur road and Assampara stations were of great importance. Tea produced in 22 tea gardens from those three stations was transported by rail.

At that time, this railway was the only means of exporting tea leaves of 13 gardens of Chunarughat upazila of Habiganj at a low cost and importing related items including garden rations.

There are a total of 4 stations on the Shaistaganj-Habiganj railway line (excluding Shaistaganj Junction), namely: Habiganj Bazar, Habiganj Court, Dhuliakhal and Paikpara. The Shaistaganj-Balla railway line has a total of 7 stations (excluding Shaistaganj Junction), namely: Barkula, Shakir Muhammed, Sutang Bazar, Chunarughat, Amu Road, Assampara and Balla.

After the independence of Bangladesh, the importance of the Balla train increased further. For this reason, the railway authorities built two more stations named Sutang Bazar and Barkula, known as remote areas.

At that time, the role of the train in bringing back refugees from India was commendable. At that time, a diesel engine was added to the ballar train. The train used to travel twice a day from Habiganj to the border station Balla.

After the end of the refugee transportation phase, the smugglers took over the train in Balla. Later, the train of Balla became a train of smugglers. At first, the passengers protested about this, but later the passengers got the opportunity to travel without a ticket.

In such a situation, the running train suffered losses. The railway authorities suspended the renovation work of the railway line. The train continues at great risk. The speed comes down to 15 kilometers.

During the tenure of the military ruler Ershad government, the train movement on this route was stopped unannounced for the first time. In the face of the movement of passengers, the train started running again within a week. A few days after the BNP came to power in 1991, the movement of the ballar train was again stopped unannounced.

Various social organizations started a movement demanding the movement of trains. For this reason, the government decided to run the train under private management. After running under private management for some time, the train was stopped again.

After the Awami League government came to power in 1996, the then Finance Minister late Shah AMS Kibria, (Member of parliament) elected from Habiganj Sadar-Lakhai Upazila (Habiganj-3) constituency, under the sincere political efforts of the late Shah AMS Kibria, the railway line was upgraded in 2000. Although the train service was started, the last train movement on this line was stopped in 2003.

Ever since the undeclared closure of the BNP-Jamaat coalition government, an influential quarter has been looking at the huge resources of the railways. Around 2005, about 15 kilometers of railway line from Habiganj Bazar to Shaistaganj railway junction was removed on the pretext of making a road. Later, the railway line from Shaistaganj to Habiganj was lifted and a bypass road was constructed.

The Habiganj-Balla train could not be restarted even after a long time. Railway land worth crores of rupees has been occupied by breaking the name of politics. Railway employees who used to stay at different stations are also living by occupying railway land and constructing buildings. Some employees are pocketing money by constructing buildings on railway land and installing tenants.

In 2003, the railway line was abandoned after the train service on this route was stopped. Since then, railway property worth crores of rupees has been looted. In the meantime, valuable equipment of the road and furniture of the station house have been looted.

Now the railway land is being occupied. A section of people are occupying these lands and building buildings. They are cultivating various crops. The name of Shaistaganj Junction is associated with the abandoned railway line. The locals demanded that the train be restarted on this railway line soon to protect the tradition of the junction.

After the Awami League government came to power in 2008, railway minister late Suranjit Sengupta was accorded a reception by the people of Shaistaganj. At that time, he assured that the Balla train would be started within a few days. When Suranjit Sen became a political victim, the train from Habiganj Sadar to Balla could not be started again.

The train from Habiganj Sadar to Balla is still closed. Locals said four of the habiganj-Shaistaganj-Balla railway stations are located in Habiganj Sadar upazila and seven in Chunarughat upazila. Shaistaganj Junction in Shaistaganj Upazila. That is why on the eve of the 11th parliamentary election, various demands were raised from the common people, including the introduction of the Ballar train from Habiganj Sadar, the recovery of the land of the train.

During the election campaign, Awami League leaders also assured to start the Ballar train from Habiganj Sadar, but even after the past years, no word has been uttered from the leaders about the introduction of the train. The expectations of the people of Chunarughat-Madhabpur upazila (Habiganj-4) have increased a lot after Mahbub Ali, (Member of parliament), became the state minister for civil aviation and tourism.

The common people think that Minister Mahbub Ali can restart the Balla train from Habiganj Bazar i.e. Habiganj Sadar to Chunarughat Balla Land Port, the tradition of the area and Habiganj district. And ordinary people are looking for the way in that hope.

Railway History

The Habiganj Bazar–Shaistaganj–Balla line is a railway line connecting Akhaura and Chhatak, via Kulaura in Bangladesh. This line is under the jurisdiction of Bangladesh Railway. Shaistaganj Junction railway station is a junction station situated in Shayestaganj Upazila of Habiganj District in Bangladesh. It was opened in 1903 on Akhaura–Kulaura–Chhatak line. Then it became a junction station when Habiganj Bazar–Shaistaganj–Balla line railway was opened in 1928–29. But later in 2003, that line was abandoned as is closed in an unannounced manner and in 2005, the Habiganj Bazar–Shaistaganj line was taken off.

In response to the demands of the Assam tea planters for a railway link to Chittagong port, Assam Bengal Railway started construction of a railway track on the eastern side of Bengal in 1891. A 150 km track between Chittagong and Comilla was opened to traffic in 1895. The Comilla–Akhaura–Kulaura–Badarpur section was opened in 1896–98 and extended to Lumding by 1903.

The Kulaura-Sylhet section was opened 1912–15, the Shaistaganj-Habiganj branch line in 1928, the Shaistaganj–Balla branch line in 1929 and the Sylhet–Chhatak Bazar line in 1954.

A metre gauge link exists between Shahbajpur in Bangladesh and Mahisasan in India.

Education
There are 20 colleges (3 of which are government-run), 3 technical schools and colleges, 1 polytechnic institute, 95 high schools (6 of which are government-run), and hundreds of primary schools in the district.

Notable people

 * Nurul Islam Olipuri (born 1955), Islamic scholar
 * Syed Pir Badshah, medieval Persian-language author
 * Syed Rayhan ad-Din, medieval Persian-language author
 * Tafazzul Haque Habiganji, former vice-president of Hefazat-e-Islam and Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam
 * Sirajul Hossain Khan, former minister (1985-1990), MP, journalist and former general secretary, east Pakistan journalist union, leftist politician.
 * Major General Mohammad Abdur Rab (Bir Uttam), Chief of Staff of Liberation Forces
 * Shah Kibria, former Finance Minister of Bangladesh, d. 2005
 * Dewan Farid Gazi, veteran politician (Awami League) and freedom fighter/activist, former minister of Bangladesh
 * Dewan Mahbubur Rob Sadi Chaudhuri (Bir Protik), Sub-Sector Commander (1971), Former MP
 * Major General Chitta Ranjan Dutta- Bir Uttam
 * Jagat Joity Das - Bir Bikrom
 * Enamul Haque Mostafa Shahid, veteran politician (Awami League) and freedom fighter/activist, former Social Welfare Minister of Bangladesh, d. 2016
 * Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury, former advisor to the President of Bangladesh and minister
 * Hemango Biswas, nationalist leader, poet and singer
 * Shegufta Bakht Chaudhuri, fourth Governor of Bangladesh Bank, former advisor, Caretaker Govt of Bangladesh
 * Syed A. B. Mahmud Hossain, Chief Justice of Bangladesh
 * Justice Syed Husain, Chief Justice (since 27 January 2004)
 * Bipin Chandra Pal, one of the main architects of the Swadeshi movement and part of the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate
 * Niranjan Pal, playwright and screenwriter

title: Habiganj District