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Max Joseph von Pettenkofer

Max Joseph Pettenkofer, ennobled in 1883 as Max Joseph von Pettenkofer (3 December 1818 – 10 February 1901) was a Bavarian chemist and hygienist. He is known for his work in practical hygiene, as an apostle of good water, fresh air and proper sewage disposal. He was further known as an anti-contagionist, a school of thought, named later on, that did not believe in the then novel concept that bacteria were the main cause of disease. In particular he argued in favor of a variety of conditions collectively contributing to the incidence of disease including: personal state of health, the fermentation of environmental ground water, and also the germ in question. He was most well known for his establishment of hygiene as an experimental science and also was a strong proponent for the founding of hygiene institutes in Germany. His work served as an example which other institutes around the world emulated.

Early life and education
Pettenkofer was born in Lichtenheim, near Neuburg an der Donau, now part of Weichering. He was a nephew of Franz Xaver (1783–1850), who from 1823 was a surgeon and apothecary to the Bavarian court and was the author of some chemical investigations on the vegetable alkaloids. After a falling out with a relative he was staying with he briefly entered the theater. He returned to his family to marry Helene Pettenkofer. A stipulation of his marriage was that he pursue another career and was advised to pursue medicine. He attended the Wilhelmsgymnasium, in Munich, then studied pharmacy and medicine at the Ludwig Maximilian University, where he graduated M.D. in 1845.

Career as chemist
After working under Liebig at Gießen, Pettenkofer was appointed chemist to the Munich mint in 1845. Two years later he was chosen as an extraordinary professor of chemistry at the medical faculty. In 1853 he was made a full professor and in 1865 he also became a professor of hygiene. In his earlier years he devoted himself to chemistry, both theoretical and applied, publishing papers on a wide range of topics. One of his first projects and subsequent publications was in the separation of gold, silver, and platinum. This work derived from his position at the Munich mint and was centered around minimizing the costs of currency conversion by separating the precious metals from one another. The purer elements could then be utilized in other applications. Later in his career he continued published and spoke about the numerical relations between the atomic masses of analogous elements. His theories were early in the development of the Periodic Table. He rejected the current theory of triads and expanded the connections between the elements to larger groupings. He argued that the weights of different elements in a group were separated by multiples of a certain number that varied based upon the group. His work in this area was later cited by Dmitri Mendeleev in his construction of the Periodic Table of Elements. He continued his publications in a wide variety of other fields as well including: the formation of aventurine glass, the manufacture of illuminating gas from wood, the preservation of oil paintings, and an improved process for cement production among other things. The color-forming reaction known by his name for the detection of bile acids was published in 1844. In his widely used method for the quantitative determination of carbonic acid the gaseous mixture is shaken up with baryta or limewater of known strength and the change in alkalinity ascertained by means of oxalic acid. He further provided the experimental proof that the mysterious haematinum of ancient times was in fact a copper-colored glass.

Career as hygienist
Pettenkofer's name is most familiar in connection with his work in practical hygiene, as an apostle of good water, fresh air and proper sewage disposal. His attention was drawn to this subject by the unhealthy condition in Munich in the 19th century. Specifically he examined the field of hygiene and determined that there was a minimal amount of rigorous research. He was responsible for transitioning the field of hygiene into a research-oriented field. He is further responsible for the acceptance of hygiene as a science to be examined in medical schools and to be taught in specific hygiene departments. In 1865 his petitions to the government were accepted and three departments of hygiene were established in Munich, Würzburg, and Erlangen. By 1882 hygiene was included in examinations for medical students in every major city of Germany. As one of the principal proponents for the field of hygiene in Munich he was responsible for giving presentations to government officials in order to secure funding for public health projects.

One of the prevailing arguments of the day that Pettenkofer focused on was the relationship between sewage and the health of a population. In one of his first major projects in his home city of Munich Pettenkofer advocated for the development of running water throughout the city. He also emphasized the selection of the Mangfall River, not the readily at hand and highly polluted Isar River, as the source of the city's drinking water. Many of his additions and plans for the city's sewage system are reflected today in the current sewage system layout.

During his schooling he studied for a time under Justus von Liebig where he applied his study of chemistry to the study of chemical reactions occurring within the body. This in particular focused on the study of the science of nutrition and the reactions in the body that consumed foods and produced the processes of the body. He further advocated for reform of the food production system used in Munich. He argued that the system for the study of proper cattle feed was more well developed than that for humans and recommended civic funding for studying proper nutrition. He proposed that this study of nutrition was important specifically for the poor and those in strictly controlled environments such as prison because they were most at risk for obtaining sub-par nutrition due to their limited control over their food consumption.

He further advocated for the construction of more spacious living accommodations. He asserted that there was a strong link between proper circulation of "good air" through houses, adequate space for living, and the health of the occupants. His beliefs aligned significantly with the school of thought known as the Miasma theory. He firmly believed that the causes of disease were related to the multitude of environmental factors that the people of Munich were required to live in. Air was of a particular interest to him and he continued to advocate for its relevance to the processes of disease, specifically the spread of cholera. He was also a strong proponent of regular bathing and changing of clothes in its relationship to health through the further regulation of the heat of the body. He advocated that health was the collective responsibility of a city to behave as best they are able to further the health of the general population.

In addition to the wide number of publications and lectures that he gave on the subject of public health Pettenkofer was also involved in the initiative to create an Institute of Public Health in Munich. He continued research into a variety of fields listed above as head of the Institute of Physiology in Munich from 1857 onwards. After numerous successful audiences with two of the kings of Bavaria he had helped found the first three hygiene departments. In 1879 he finally achieved his goal of the creation of a standalone Institute of Hygiene in Munich. This institution was larger than his previous accommodations in the department of Physiology and allowed him to continue to his research and to gather a large cohort of research students under his teachings. The founding of his Institute of Hygiene drew significant international attention and was considered a model for many later institutions including the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in Baltimore.

During his career his position as a strong proponent of public health at times placed him at odds with his contemporaries, most notably Robert Koch. During his career Koch identified and isolated a large number of bacterial strains and was a supporter of the theory that these germs were the main causes of disease. This placed him at odds with Pettenkofer's broader approach to disease that involved many other environmental factors in addition to the activity of the germ of a disease. The two scientists conflicted most notably over the subject of cholera. In one specific case, Pettenkofer obtained bouillon laced with a large dose of Vibrio cholerae bacteria from Robert Koch, the proponent of the theory that the bacterium was the sole cause of the disease. He consumed the bouillon in a self-test in the presence of several witnesses on 7 October 1892. He also took bicarbonate of soda to neutralise his stomach acid to counter a suggestion by Koch that the acid could kill the bacteria. Pettenkofer suffered mild symptoms for nearly a week but claimed these were not associated with cholera. The modern view is that he did indeed have cholera, but was lucky to just have a mild case and he possibly had some immunity from a previous episode.

Publications
Pettenkofer published his views on hygiene and disease in numerous books and papers; he was an editor of the Zeitschrift für Biologie (together with Carl von Voit) from 1865 to 1882, and of the Archiv für Hygiene from 1883 to 1894. In addition to his research publications he also gave a significant number of lectures to government officials in order to persuade them to provide funding for civic works and governmental oversight committees to promote and assess the state public health.

Pettenkofer appeared in Scientific American in 1883 discussing carbon monoxide poisoning resulting from coal gas leaks in public spaces, noting endogenous carbon monoxide is always detectable in the sick and dead as carboxyhemoglobin. In the same magazine, Pettenkofer is recognized to have developed an accurate quantitative analysis method for determining atmospheric carbon dioxide.

The 1899 handwritten manuscript 'On the self purification of rivers' and Pettenkofer's papers can be found at the archives of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.

Death
In 1894 he retired from active work, and on 10 February 1901 he shot himself in a fit of depression. He died at his home in the Residenz in Munich. He is buried in the Alter Südfriedhof in Munich.

Recognition
During his lifetime he received numerous accolades. He was presented with the title of "Honorary Citizen" of Munich and given a gold medal. His work in hygiene precipitated the creation of the "Pettenkofer Foundation for Research in Hygiene" which received funding from the cities of Munich and Leipzig to fund research projects related to Hygiene and Public Health.

In 1883 he was awarded a hereditary title of nobility and was given the title "Excellency."

In 1897 he was awarded the Harlen Medal from the British Institute of Public Health.

Max Joseph von Pettenkofer's name features on the Frieze of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Twenty-three pioneers of public health and tropical medicine were chosen to feature on the School's building when it was constructed in 1929.

title: Max Joseph von Pettenkofer


text:
Talk:Constitution of Syria

Ch1 Part1 Article5
Whatever happened to Article 5?
 * I don't know if its missing an article or a number was skipped... Asabbagh 09:48, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite tag
Article needs a complete rewrite because it's just the text of the law; no encyclopedic content. CanadianCaesar 01:00, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Some news articles about old and new constitution: Syria today on old one; Korea Times has some details; Russia Today says] "The adopted constitution includes 14 new and 47 amended articles." but few details. Also, note that this Telegraph article says it would keep Assad in power til 2028. But I've also heard he could be out within a couple years; don't remember where. Probably RussiaToday TV. CarolMooreDC'' 17:24, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Elections?
What does the constitution say about elections and the way they are held? How many and what kind of parties are allowed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by HilmarHansWerner (talk • contribs) 21:51, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

Work on new constitution
Could we link to the current process, Syrian_Constitutional_Committee? 87.49.44.239 (talk) 15:32, 1 July 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Constitution of Syria


text:
Sallie Foley

Sallie Foley is a social worker and social work academic specialising in sex therapy, sexual health and the consequences of genital surgery on children.

Biography
Foley is the director of the University of Michigan Sexual Health Certificate Program for the center for sexual health/University of Michigan Health System/Department of Social Work and the Graduate School of Social Work. She is also the former director of the center for sexual health at University of Michigan Health System/Department of Social Work. She is an AASECT certified sex therapist, educator, supervisor and diplomate of sex therapy. She has been on the faculty at the Graduate School of Social Work since 1981. Her clinical work and teaching address issues of psychological development, the treatment of sexual difficulties, and therapies for bereavement and traumatic loss. She is on the editorial board of the American Journal of Sexuality Education. Among other awards, she is the 2004 recipient of the UMHS Beverly Jean Howard award for Excellence in Social Work. Foley is a regular lecturer in the University of Michigan Medical School and Department of Psychiatry. Her current research projects include sexual health concerns and information needs of cancer patients, research providing sex therapy interventions for cancer patients, and the creation of a research database at the center for sexual health.

Foley has a private practice in psychotherapy and consultation in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Foley has written chapters and articles about the treatment of sexual difficulties and co-authored the publicly acclaimed Sex Matters for Women: A complete guide to taking care of your sexual self now in its 2nd edition. She also wrote Modern Love: A no-nonsense guide to a life of passion (AARP/Sterling, 2006) based on her “Modern Love” column in AARP The Magazine. She lectures nationally and internationally in the areas of grief, trauma and human sexuality.

Publications

 * 1984 Going to the edge
 * 1994 Sexual dysfunction : neurologic, urologic, and gynecologic aspects (with Richard Lechtenberg, Dana A Ohl and Carolyn Marie Johnston)
 * 2005 Sex & love for grownups : a no-nonsense guide to a life of passion (published in paperback in 2006 as Modern love : a no-nonsense guide to a life of passion
 * 2012 Sex matters for women : a complete guide to taking care of your sexual self (with Sally A Kope and Dennis P Sugrue) ISBN 9781609184698

title: Sallie Foley


text:
Simon Shaheen

Simon Shaheen (سيمون شاهين, סימון שאהין; born Tarshiha, Upper Galilee, Israel, 1955) is a Palestinian-American oud and violin player and composer.

At the age of 2, Shaheen moved with his family to Haifa, but spent most of the weekends in Tarshiha, an Arab village in Galilee. The Shaheen family is known for its musicality with music instructor and father Hikmat, oud-playing and instrument-making brother Najib, violinist and oud playing William, and singing sisters Laura and Rosette.

Music career
Shaheen began playing the oud at 5, and the violin shortly thereafter. He attended Tel Aviv University, earning degrees in Arabic literature and music performance. He later pursued further studies at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1980 he emigrated to the United States to study music at the Manhattan School of Music and Columbia University, eventually becoming a U.S. citizen.

He founded the Near Eastern Music Ensemble and organizes arts festivals and retreats. Shaheen also heads the Arabic Music Retreat, held annually at Mt. Holyoke College's campus in Massachusetts which brings together a large faculty instructing Arabic music for a week and concludes with a concert.

Shaheen, a Catholic Arab, lives in New York City, where he leads an Arabic ensemble called Qantara which he formed.

In 1994 he received a National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts.

In addition to his work in traditional and classical Arabic music, Shaheen has participated in many cross-cultural musical projects, including performing with producer Bill Laswell, Colombian singer Soraya, Henry Threadgill, Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, and with Jewish klezmer musicians The Klezmatics.

Select discography

 * 1990 – Music of Waheeb, Mango/Island/PolyGram
 * 1990 – The Music of Mohamed Abdel Wahab, Axiom/Island/PolyGram
 * 1992 – Turath (Heritage), CMP
 * 1993 – Taqasim: Art of Improvisation in Arabic Music
 * 1996 – Saltanah (with V. M. Bhatt), Water Lily Acoustics
 * 2001 – Blue Flame, Ark 21/Universal

title: Simon Shaheen


text:
Talk:Derek Bentley

To Encourage the Others
This section like the work of a conspiracy theorist. It states that Craig was "firing from a distance of just under 40 feet". According to D.C. Fairfax in Lord Bingham's judgment of 1998, Craig was only 6 feet away. Whilst there are some discrepancies, 40 feet is highly unlikely and definitely unprovable. On top of this, if the gun shot came from anyone other than Craig, why was his only defence a lack of intent, and not instead the fact that someone else shot Miles?

 * On what basis do you claim, "40 feet is highly unlikely"? Yallop reproduced the police's own architecture plan of the rooftop; the distance between the back of the lifthead, where Craig was, and the stairhead, where Craig says Fairfax was when he fired at him, is 39-45 feet. More to the point, the foresics evidence is entirely consistent with Fairfax being hit by a ricochet from 40 feet away, and not a direct shot at 6 feet, as Fairfax claimed. As to Craig's defence, the fact is that he accepted that he had shot Miles, because that's what everybody told him he had done. It was Yallop, years later, who came up with the theory that Miles had been shot by someone else in the confusion, as it more logically explained the forensic evidence. Nick Cooper 00:33, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It would be pretty nice if the article made it clear that this was what Yallop said rather than either fact or our claims. NicM 00:13, 1 December 2007 (UTC).

I saw both the original BBC transmission of Yallop's play To Encourage The Others and the repeat a year or so later. The repeat left out the most 'telling', but in reality the most bogus, bit of supposed evidence. In the original transmission, the authoritative-sounding narrator told us about forensic evidence that PC Miles was killed by a bullet of .32 to .38 calibre, and said that 'it was impossible even to load such a round into Craig's revolver, let alone fire it.' (We were shown a pair of hands holding a British Army Colt .45 and loading a round that dropped straight through the cylinder and fell out.) The narrator then added that the only other people with guns on that rooftop '...were policemen.' And we were shown photos of actors dressed as policemen holding, erm, Lee-Enfield .303 rifles, as I recall. I don't think any officers were issued Lee-Enfields on that night, and I don't think any armed officers were on the rooftop when PC Miles was killed.

When the show was repeated, that bit was dropped, and instead the narrator told us that according to the forensic expert PC Miles was killed 'by a bullet of large calibre. He did not say what calibre.'

And that's just misdirection. Even Christopher Craig has never denied that he fired the shot that killed PC Miles. He just says he wasn't aiming at him, he was only firing to scare the police. Loaded with home-adapted sub-calibre rounds, and with a sawn-off barrel, Craig's gun was so inaccurate that the police later found it could throw six feet either way at 20 yards. (That isn't necessarily an excuse in law, though. The intent to threaten with a deadly weapon is still malice, so it may still be murder.)

The article is wrong to mention a .32 police round being recovered from the rooftop as if this suggests that a police officer accidentally shot PC Miles. It is in evidence (and it is recounted in the Court of Appeal's ruling) that, after PC Miles was killed, DC Fairfax escorted Bentley downstairs and put him in a police car, and was then issued a firearm and went back up to the rooftop to try and arrest Craig. DC Fairfax fired two rounds at Craig and missed both times. Craig reloaded, but still ran out of ammunition, dived off the roof and hurt himself, and was then arrested. The finding of a spent police round on the rooftop does not mean that a police officer shot PC Miles. It just means DC Fairfax fired at Craig and missed. Craig himself has always admitted that it was he who shot PC Miles, even though he wasn't aiming at him. Khamba Tendal (talk) 18:47, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

 * The reason for the difference between the first and all subsequent repeat broadcasts is clearly explained in the final paragraph of the section. It is you who are wrong is sugegstign that the article should not mention the .32 round found on the roof, because it is done so in the context of the section covering Yallop's book and the Play for Today adaptation of it. Yallop introduces the evidence, teherfore is can be approprately included here.
 * Yallop established that at least six - and potentially many more - police firearms were issued on the night at Croydon police station, and that witnesses neighbouring the scene described armed officers gaining access via their homes to vantage point from which they could fire on the roof of the warehouse. That the dramatisation shows officers with Lee-Enfield rifles is neither here nor there; most if anot all of the police firearms issued will have been the same .32 semi-automatic pistols Fairfax used (which is accurate depicted in the dramatisation). It certainly is Yallop's suggestion that Yallop was hit with a bullet from such a gun, rather than Craig's, and there is no rational reason not to present that theory here.
 * It was also established at the trial that a substantial number of gunshots were heard around the time PC Miles what hit than could not possibly have come from Craig's inaccurate sawn-off revolver. Contrary to your assertion, Craig did not reload (some of the ammunition he used was not rimmed, and so the spent cartridges could only be removed by being pushed out of the cylinder from the other side with a suitable instrument).
 * Craig accepted the accusation that he shot Miles only because nobody else at the time suggested otherwise. He only - many years later - expressed surprise to Yallop that he managed to hit him, even though he (Craig) had been aiming his shots over the garden of an adjacent garden, not directly at the stairhead Miles emerged from, and hit him between the eyes when all logic says the officer would not have been facing in Craig's direction. Nick Cooper (talk) 15:22, 1 August 2016 (UTC)

No.

Try reading what the Court of Appeal which overturned Bentley's conviction actually said.

http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/1998/2516.html

It doesn't matter what a shyster like Yallop says. Only four police officers were present at the scene when PC Miles was killed (PC Harrison and DC Fairfax who arrived in the van, PC MacDonald and PC Miles who arrived in the wireless car), and they were not armed. The initial call to police by a neighbour at 9.15pm did not report any firearm, only a couple of young men acting suspiciously, and it was not until officers confronted Craig and Bentley that the police knew Craig had a gun. There was not enough time, between the arrival of the four police officers around 9.25pm and the call for medical assistance for PC Miles at 9.57pm, for the approval of the issue of firearms by a senior officer and for firearms to be brought to the scene, and no other officers were present when PC Miles was killed.

There were no armed police officers present when PC Miles was killed by Christopher Craig. David Yallop just made that up.

And Christopher Craig has never denied killing PC Miles. David Yallop just made that up too.

The article is quite wrong to claim that the finding of a spent .32 police round on the rooftop means that a police officer could have shot PC Miles. It was some time after the killing of PC Miles that DC Fairfax went back to the rooftop with a .32 automatic (because the issue of police firearms had been authorised by then, and the guns had arrived, but only after, and as a result of, the killing of PC Miles by Christopher Craig some time earlier) and fired a couple of missed shots at Christopher Craig.

The Court of Appeal also explains that, according to the physical evidence, Craig must have reloaded at some point. Khamba Tendal (talk) 18:27, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

Craig
After he was released, Craig changed his name and worked as a plumber. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.152.174.243 (talk) 16:28, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * When Craig jumped off the roof, he said, "Give my love to Stella" or the like. This implied that he was trying to commit suicide, not to escape. This also probably means he was an Emo, so i would keep him away from any blades. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.11.37.209 (talk) 17:11, 15 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It seems that Craig had a knife, as well as a gun. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.11.37.209 (talk) 17:14, 15 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Is Christopher Craig alive? Werdnawerdna (talk) 02:26, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I've not heard anything to the contrary. Booglamay ( talk ) - 21:45, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Craig was born in 1936. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.79.29.112 (talk) 10:11, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

Pardon
The introduction claims Bentley was granted a partial pardon in 1993, and a full pardon in 1998. This incorrect. There was a pardon in 1993, and a quashing of the conviction in 1998.

The 1993 royal pardon was not "in respect of the sentence of death passed upon him and carried out. However in English law this did not quash his conviction for murder". A pardon is not a quashing of a conviction - only a court can do that. These are two separate things. Accordingly the 1998 Court of Appeal quashing of the conviction for murder was not a pardon.

Incidentally, there was never any question about there having been a murder, and Bentley having been part of the criminal conspiracy that led to it. His trial may not have been fair by modern standards, but I am not sure that the outcome would have been any different at a retrial.124.197.15.138 (talk) 06:29, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

The 'pardon' section is completely uncited and a little misleading. Bentley was pardoned by the Queen in respect of his sentence in 1993. That did not have the effect of quashing his conviction. His conviction was then quashed in 1998. The court's ruling can be read here:--

http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/markup.cgi?doc=/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/1998/2516.html&query=Derek+bentley&method=all

It's R v Derek William Bentley (deceased), in the Court of Appeal, Criminal Division, EWCA Crim 2516, 30 July 1998, No.97/7533/S1

The Court of Appeal found, as it happens, that a jury rightly directed would have been entitled to convict Derek Bentley of the murder of PC Miles. However, the court found that Lord Goddard misdirected the jury, first on the standard of proof, second on the burden of proof, and third by directly inviting the jury to believe the word of police officers simply because they were police officers. The court also found that the summing-up was unbalanced, because Lord Goddard failed to invite the jury to consider points made by the defence, and that Lord Goddard failed to instruct the jury properly on the law of joint enterprise, in particular on the question of whether, at the moment PC Miles was shot by Craig, the joint enterprise was over and finished in Bentley's mind. At that time Bentley, under arrest but not under restraint, was just standing there and waiting for the police to take him down, making no effort to escape. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Khamba Tendal (talk • contribs) 18:17, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

 * So if I understand correctly, if the trial had been done by the book, the result would have been the same (death by hanging) ? With maybe the consequence of the law not changing and the death penalty not being abolished as it was ? Aesma (talk) 13:42, 5 July 2021 (UTC)

 * That is correct. Bentley was guilty, engineering a felony in which somebody died. The concern some had was that he had not been convicted according to form, which could lead to a miscarriage of justice in some other case.

 * The death penalty would likely have been abolished anyway, as public opinion was turning against it. But that can not be considered, only the doing of justice to each individual, as the case comes.

 * So, watch the justice system, and make sure the rights of all are protected. But don’t worry about the felon, Bentley. Let him have it! 2601:647:6680:4450:900B:9DF4:422D:CE99 (talk) 00:57, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

Citation provided referred to refusal of debate in Parliament
As I'm editting anonymously, I'm providing an entry here to notify the community I'm using a contempory news article to substantiate claims made towards the end of the page. This can be found on the Guardian website here — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.102.79.248 (talk) 15:11, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Let him have it
The article says 'The jury at the trial found Bentley guilty based on the prosecution's interpretation of the ambiguous phrase "Let him have it".' Do we know this? The case for regarding the crime as a joint enterprise (the basis of Bentley's conviction) does not turn on what Bentley meant with these words, or whether he said them at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.173.223.40 (talk) 11:06, 19 May 2016 (UTC)

Homicide Act 1957
Surely this article is wrong when it says the 1957 Act introduced discretionary sentencing. The jury could bring in a verdict of either capital or non capital murder, but once they'd done so, the judge had no discretion in whether to pass the death sentence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.173.223.102 (talk) 14:29, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 15 January 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 20:24, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

Derek Bentley case → Derek Bentley – Article is clearly about Derek Bentley and not just the case The Midnite Wolf (talk) 18:35, 15 January 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support per nom. So well-known as to not require the suffix. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:46, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derek Bentley


text:
User:Zhaladshar/sig

—Zhaladshar (Talk)

title: User:Zhaladshar/sig


text:
Penticton Regional Airport

Penticton Regional Airport, also known as Penticton Airport, is a regional airport located 1.8 NM southwest of Penticton, British Columbia, a city in the Okanagan region of Canada. It is owned and operated by Transport Canada, serving the South Okanagan, Similkameen and West Kootenay areas. Initial examination for the airport's construction began in 1937. The proposed locations were owned by the Penticton Indian Band at that time, but expropriated in 1939.

Temporary public use of the Penticton Regional Airport was approved in 1945, and in 1956, it was given a permanent airport license. It has a 6000 by runway aligned 16–34, and served approximately 80,000 passengers in 2011. The airport has a restaurant, car rentals, weather office, Canada Customs, forestry air tanker base, helicopter base, and administrative buildings. It has seen two accidents and incidents throughout its history.

The airport has scheduled flights to Vancouver International Airport and Calgary International Airport, provided by Pacific Coastal Airlines and WestJet Encore. Penticton Regional Airport terminal underwent an expansion in 2016 to add more departure seating and a further upgrade in 2019 — 2021. Car parking is available at the airport.

History
Initial examination for the construction of what would become Penticton Regional Airport began in 1937, at two locations. The proposed areas—west of Penticton's city centre and north of the Skaha Lake—were owned by the Penticton Indian Band. The land for the airport was expropriated from the band in 1939 under the War Measures Act, with the preliminary development of the airfield completed in 1941. Because of wartime military air transportation concerns, the airport acted as an emergency landing strip until its tarmac was completed. Rights for a temporary public use airport were secured in 1945 for an operation of 24 hours a day. In 1946, more land was acquired from the Penticton Indian Band for the airport's use.

In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as RCAF & D of T Aerodrome - Penticton, British Columbia at 49.46667°N, -119.6°W with a variation of 24 degrees E and elevation of 1120 ft. The aerodrome was listed as "Under construction - Serviceable" with one runways as follows:

Trans-Canada Air Lines, now known as Air Canada, and Canadian Pacific Air Lines served Penticton after World War II. In 1956, the airport was granted a permanent license, replacing the temporary permit. The airport's runway was extended in 1959, and a new terminal was built in 1963. In 1968, Canadian Pacific Air Lines extended its services for the airport, scheduling two daily flights, only to be taken over by Pacific Western Airlines the following year. However, in 1988, Canadian Airlines ended this service. That was replaced by Time Air and Air BC airlines; both airlines are no longer active.

An aviation centre was constructed at the airport in 1976, which included a 12-unit motel, flight training school, and aircraft overhaul shop; the latter is no longer maintained. Later, a helicopter flight and training club was established. In September 2007, Pacific Coastal Airlines began offering daily flights from this airfield to the Vancouver International Airport and Calgary International Airport for a period of twelve months. During this time, the airline served 22,000 passengers at the airport. It has been able to support emergency Boeing 747 landings since the 1970s, but this capability has never been tested; the runway has been used by Airbus A320s, Boeing 727-200s, Boeing 737-400s, Boeing 737-700s, and Cessna 150s.

According to statistics, the South Okanagan region is underserved in terms of airports, owing to its population. The Kelowna International Airport provides international flights to 62 commercial destinations daily. South Okanagan is home to 79,475 people, totaling 25 percent of the Okanagan area as a whole. The air travel market of the local area consists of 210,000 passengers yearly. However, in 1990, the Penticton Regional Airport was considered to be the area's primary airport, hence why people questioned the need to expand the Kelowna International Airport at that time, when its runway was in the process of expansion.

Facilities

The airport is located at 3000 Airport Road in Penticton, 1.8 NM southwest of the city centre, situated off of Highway 97. It is located 73 kilometers (45 mi) north of the Canada–United States border, and opposite the Airport Beach attraction, which is a beach situated in the city. Paid parking, taxis and car rentals are available, but there is no bus service. Car rentals are provided by Budget Rent a Car and National Car Rental.

Food and snacks are available at this airport's terminal, as well as a medical facility, accommodation areas and administrative buildings. There is a restaurant provided at the airport's terminal, Sky High Diner, as well as Canada Revenue Agency and Nav Canada offices. The airport's aircraft obtain their fuel from Spencer Aviation, which is located on site; Shell Canada serves as an aviation dealer for the Penticton Regional Airport. The airfield has a 6000 by asphalt runway aligned 16–34. This facility maintains a management plan to keep geese off of their runways and properties.

The Penticton Flying Club operates at the airport, which is a club where children receive a flight in an airplane with the pilot, and learn about the airplanes themselves. In addition, the flight school Southern Skies Aviation is based on site; the school closed in 2011 and was reopened shortly after, when it was bought by Kittyhawk A/C Services. The former is also at the airport, serving as an aircraft maintenance centre. There is a radio navigation aid provided at the Penticton Regional Airport which is used by pilots on aircraft coming from other nearby airports to determine their location. The navigation system is owned by Nav Canada. The local and upcoming weather of Penticton is observed at this airport's weather station. Nav Canada has noted that most of the aircraft winds at the Penticton Regional Airport blow north and south.

The facility has been recognized as a certified airport by the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation. Transport Canada categorizes a certified airport through a process which ensures that it meets the safety criteria and provides flights to other destinations. Penticton Regional Airport is considered to be a port of entry that serves American fishermen coming to Canada. It has been classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada, and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency. The Penticton Regional Airport employs 247 persons, including its manager David Allen and maintenance workers.

Controversy has occurred over airport ownership before. When a transfer of ownership to the city of Penticton was planned, effective March 31, 1999, the Penticton Indian Band protested at the airfield on that same day; this forced three scheduled flights to be canceled. Members of the band stated that the land belonged to them, noted they would "never relinquish claim to the airport lands", and expected the airport's ownership to be transferred to them after World War I and World War II. They attempted to conceptualize a different agreement, but Transport Canada suggested the band's claims should be ignored, as it is not a proper government. In response, the Penticton Indian Band blocked road entrance to the airport, and terminal. Transport Canada later announced a six-week break from the ownership situation, and a runway-paving project was placed on hiatus. Based on a suggestion from the Penticton City Council, it was later decided that, if the Penticton Regional Airport be closed, the land may be returned to them, although Transport Canada was against this. , the airport is owned and operated by Transport Canada.

Airlines and destinations
Penticton Regional Airport has historically provided flights to several destinations, including Boeing Field—an international airport located in King County, Washington, that serves the Seattle and Tacoma areas—and the Kelowna International Airport.

As of 2022 Penticton Regional Airport offers direct flights to Vancouver International Airport, provided by Air Canada Express and operated by Jazz Air. These flights were provided three times daily, with the exception of Sunday, when two flights are available. On May 1, 2013, due to feedback from the public, an additional flight to the Vancouver International Airport offered by Air Canada Express was launched. In 2010, the airport garnered 34,946 aircraft movements, while in 2011, it served approximately 80,000 passengers. Air Canada indefinitely suspended their Penticton service on January 11, 2021 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; the Vancouver service was replaced the following day with six weekly flights by Pacific Coastal Airlines.

Over the years, there have been several attempts to increase destinations serviced from Penticton. And in 2012, local residents attracted the attention of WestJet. Efforts to woo WestJet included the airport being renamed "WestJetville" for a day in June 2012 and local residents created a flashmob video. So on October 26, 2014, WestJet operated by WestJet Encore flew its inaugural flight from the Calgary Airport to the Penticton Regional Airport and continues to fly once daily to and from Penticton. Discussion to expand the flight services provided by WestJet Encore from Penticton continue. However, due to insufficient airport safety-related maintenance, as a result of overgrowth disrupting the view of the runway lighting, WestJet cancelled several of their early morning, and late evening flights to and from the airport.

Accidents and incidents
On December 22, 1950, a Douglas C-47 aircraft operated by Canadian Pacific Air Lines from Vancouver crashed into Okanagan Mountain, some 26 km north of Penticton. Later investigation reported that the aircraft was below the minimum altitude permissible through an instrument approach procedure, causing the beyond repairable damage crash. Two crew members of the 18 total occupants were fatally injured; the remainder survived.

On January 4, 1973, a Pacific Western Airlines Convair turboprop airliner preparing to take off from Vancouver, British Columbia, for a flight to Penticton with 18 people on board was hijacked by 26-year-old passenger Christopher Kenneth Nielson, who drew a gun and demanded $2 million in cash and to be flown to North Vietnam, threatening to blow up the airliner if his demands were not met. During negotiations at Vancouver International Airport, Nielson allowed the other 13 passengers and one crew member to disembark, leaving three crew members aboard the plane with him. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) then stormed the plane and arrested Nielson, finding that he was armed only with two toy guns. There were no fatalities in the incident.

title: Penticton Regional Airport


text:
Master of Arts in Theological Studies

The Master of Arts in Theological Studies (MATS) is a graduate-level academic degree designed to provide students with a comprehensive foundation in the field of theology. It is often pursued by individuals interested in academia, ministry, or further theological study. While the requirements can vary between institutions, a MATS typically involves coursework, research projects, and sometimes a thesis or capstone project.

Curriculum
The curriculum for a MATS program is diverse and intended to give students a broad understanding of theological disciplines. Core subjects often include: Some programs also offer elective courses that allow students to specialize in areas such as pastoral counseling, church leadership, or social justice.
 * Biblical Studies
 * Church History
 * Systematic Theology
 * Ethics
 * Comparative Religion
 * Practical Theology

Duration and format
A MATS program usually takes two years of full-time study to complete, although part-time options are increasingly available. The program may culminate in a thesis or a capstone project.

Institutions
The MATS is offered at a handful of institutions in the United States including Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, Evangel University, and Liberty University.

Accreditation
The MATS is recognized by accrediting agencies such as the Association of Theological Schools, Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools, the Association for Biblical Higher Education, and other accrediting bodies.

title: Master of Arts in Theological Studies


text:
Burrus

Burrus is a genus of shield bugs in the tribe Podopini.

title: Burrus


text:
August von Pettenkofen

August von Pettenkofen (10 May 1822 – 21 March 1889) was an Austrian painter.

Biography
Pettenkofen was born in Vienna; his father was a merchant and landowner. He grew up on his father's estate in Galitzia. After his father's death, he grew up with the family of his cousin Ferdinand von Saar in Vienna. In 1834, giving up a military career, he became a student at the Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied with Leopold Kupelwieser and Franz Eybl. At this time, he painted genre works in typical Biedermeier style. During the Revolutions of 1848, he became a military painter in the style of Carl Schindler. While performing his duties, he spent some time in Szolnok, Hungary; an area which left a great impression on him and led to his style becoming more picturesque. In 1852, he went to Paris and came under the influence of the Barbizon school. His paintings are recognized for the sincerity with which the artist depicts the uneventful melancholy life of Hungarian peasants and gypsies, without any theatrical pathos or forced humour.

He was admitted as a member of the Vienna Academy in 1866 and, in 1872, became an honorary member of the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. In 1876, he was knighted. Between 1870 and 1880, he took annual trips to Venice. He died at the "Sanatorium Loew" in Vienna in 1889. That same year, a street in Landstraße was named after him. In 1893, he was buried in a grave of honor (Ehrengrab), designed by Viktor Tilgner, at the Zentralfriedhof.

title: August von Pettenkofen


text:
Le Monde d'Edena

The World of Edena (Le Monde d'Edena in French, also published in English as The Aedena Cycle) is a series of graphic novels by French artist Jean "Mœbius" Giraud. It grew organically out of a promotional album Mœbius made for the French car manufacturer Citroën, called "The Star", in 1983.

Background and publication history
In the initial story, Mœbius introduces two protagonists, Stel and Atan, who crash on a barren planet and must traverse it in an old Citroën. They eventually stumble on a camp of interstellar refugees surrounding a mysterious pyramid, and are transported to an unknown world described as a 'Garden of Eden somewhere in another galaxy'.

The open ending of the Citroën story inspired Mœbius to wonder what would happen next. He plotted out three or four books' worth of stories that were also conceived as the basis of a coherent Mœbius universe, one which crossed over with other major works like The Airtight Garage. In effect, a recurrent character in the series was "Master [Maître in French] Burg", Stel's dream guide who aided him in his quest on Edena, which was a palindrome of "[Major] Grubert", the main protagonist of The Airtight Garage, and by Mœbius intended to be one and the same person.

Mœbius was strongly influenced by the teachings of Jean-Paul Appel-Guéry, whose commune on Tahiti he had joined with his family in the period 1983-1984, and Swiss nutritionist Guy-Claude Burger, as well as his own transient lifestyle ("The Gardens of Edena" was drawn in Tokyo and Los Angeles for example, and "The Goddess" was begun in France and completed in California, whereas "Stel" was begun in California and completed in France). Questions are posed about dreams, nutrition and health, biology and sexuality, the human desire to live in a structured society, and archetypal good and evil. All of these philosophical elements are organically embedded in deceptively 'light' stories. The two protagonists Stel and Atan for example, stemming from a highly industrialized civilization, (re)discover their human sexuality on Edena, brought on by the circumstance that they, cut off from that civilization, are forced to consume natural nutrition, with Atan in the process becoming "Atan a ".

Mœbius started out the series by restricting himself to a 'Clear Line' style (Ligne Claire), with minimal details, though in later outings, especially the short stories "The Still Planet" and "The Repairmen", his signature intricate Mœbius graphic style started to resurface, before returning to his original art style for the last outing in the main narrative, Sra.

While Mœbius has received a multitude of (international) awards for his body of work, this series did receive a specific one, the 1991 Spanish Haxtur Award of the Salón Internacional del Cómic del Principado de Asturias, for La Diosa (The Goddess) in the category "Best Drawings". Concurrently, the short story "The Still Planet", which, coming in at 25 pages, accounted for half the contents of the comic book Concrete Celebrates Earth Day 1990 (52 pages, Dark Horse Comics, April 1990) in which it was first published, was instrumental in winning the 1991 Eisner Award for "Best Single Issue". Noteworthy was, that the story is created as a wordless comic, save for the title, with only the (highly detailed) art intended to tell the story. In this, Moebius repeated the experimental style utilized for the comic that had brought him international renown in the mid-1970s, Arzach. Additionally, the story was under its French title "La planète encore" adapted into a French-produced animation short in 2010. Mœbius Production served as a production company, with wife Isabelle Giraud serving as one of its producers. Mœbius himself was one of the two directors of the short.

Episodes
The series consists of five parts, each published as a separate volume, plus a sixth volume containing shorter stories "Seeing Naples", "Another Planet" (="The Still Planet"), "The Repairmen" and "Dying to See Naples", that are outside of the main narrative:
 * Sur l'Étoile (The Star); Paris: Les Humanoïdes Associés, December 1983, ISBN 2731602929
 * Les Jardins d'Edena (The Gardens of Edena); Tournai: Casterman, September 1988, ISBN 2203345012
 * La Déesse (The Goddess); Tournai: Casterman, September 1990, ISBN 2203345020
 * Stel; Tournai: Casterman, April 1994, ISBN 2203345047
 * Sra; Tournai: Casterman, September 2001, ISBN 2203345241
 * Les Réparateurs (The Repairers); Tournai: Casterman, September 2001, ISBN 2203380381

English editions
In the English language, the series, translated by Jean-Marc and Randy Lofficier, has seen publications between 1988 and 1994 by Marvel Comics (under its Epic imprint), Titan Books, Graphitti Designs, and, at a later point in time, by Dark Horse as well, the latter completing the main narrative in translation in 2016, with the short stories following suit in 2018.

Other editions
All novels have been (re-)released or licensed to foreign publishers in whole or in part by Casterman, in many languages other than English, including French (the originating language), Danish, Dutch, Finnish, German, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish and Ukrainian. Some (short) stories have seen serialized prepublication in Casterman's monthly magazine "(À suivre)", as well as in by Casterman licensed foreign comic magazines, but after the magazine went defunct in 1997, new additions were invariably directly released as comic albums.
 * De Ster (The Star, Dutch edition), ISBN 90-303-8566-9.
 * Stel (Dutch edition), ISBN 90-303-8576-6

title: Le Monde d'Edena


text:
Talk:List of Major League Baseball rivalries

 * why are some rivalries that are still being played considered "defunct"? Phildm (talk) 22:42, 18 May 2008 (UTC)PhilDM
 * This page needs major clean up. Most of the "rivalries" listed are nothing more then one team playing another. They don't qualify as a "rivalry". Gateman1997 21:11, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How about everybody vs. the Yankees. DiceDiceBaby 15:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * People can't seem to agree on the rivalries, not even in team articles. This is the kind of POV I'm trying to show about this article. Win777 16:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Try looking most of these up by using the name as an exact phrase search, and you won't find them. Example: Search "Citrus Derby" (WITH quotes) on Google, and you won't find it. What you'll find is where this so-called "rivalry" was created on Wikipedia. The rivalries that are "real," like the "Yankees-Red Sox Rivalry," will be found on Google. Win777 17:04, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed. One of the earlier "rivalries" listed was A's-White Sox... Last time I checked they are not rivals. Unless Chicago suddenly pissed off Oakland when I wasn't looking. Most of these need to be deleted, especially the reds, they're not true rivalries.Gateman1997 17:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There's even a "Disco Demolition Rivalry". Wow... Ridiculous. Win777 18:10, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Other than their creations in Wikipedia, the following "rivalries" were not found on Google (or found too few times to constitute an actual "rivalry" or what I believe is not a rivalry at all): Citrus Derby, Baltimore-Washington Derby, East Meets West, Bill Buckner Rivalry, Blue Jays-Nationals Rivalry, SoCal Series, Keystone State Cup, Braves-Cardinals Showdown, Giants-Pirates Rivalry, Ohio River Showdown, Pine Tar Incident, I-35 Series and Red Sox-White Sox Rivalry. Win777 02:02, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe the following are not rivalries. I see them as names for a set of games when the teams play each other. (Example: Yankees-Rockies Series would not be a rivalry. It's just a name for the series when the two come together. May also apply to some in the above list. The fact that they play together does not make a rivalry.): Brewers-Cubs Series, Rockies-Diamondbacks Series, Cardinals-Dodgers Series, Braves-Dodgers Series, Angels-Rangers Series, Red Sox-Blue Jays, White Sox-Twins Series, Indians-Tigers Series, Twins-Indians Series, Royals-White Sox Series, Yankees-O's Series, and Mariners-A's Series. I'd like some verification/opinion. Win777 02:02, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Brewers-Cubs is most definitely a rivalry. Take a look at attendance figures for Milwaukee when the Cubs are in town - they sell out every time. Do a search for "I-94 Series", and you'll see mentions of the rivalry as well. -- GreenLocust 23:43, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Attendance generally goes up wherever the Cubs go. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.118.71.32 (talk) 10:11, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I disagree, attendance spikes because it's easier for Cubs fans to get tickets at Millar Park than Wrigley Field. The onyl rival of the Cubs is the Cardinals. The Brewers are just an annoyance. 204.58.233.6 (talk) 18:27, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * A few you list I would classify as rivalries. Mariners-A's is a pretty well known rivalry. Most years both teams are locked in battle for the AL West, much like the A's-Angels Series, and until recently it was much more heated (The Mariner's current state has dulled it recently). Braves-Dodgers may also qualify. Until the expansion of the league Atlanta and LA were often locked in battle over the old NL West. Some of the old resentments among fans still exist in that one as well, however they've dulled with the expansion of the league. Yankees-O's may also be valid, but then Yankees-ANYONE is a rivalry to the fans of the opponent.Gateman1997 09:51, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

VfD debate link
This article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:04, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Tougher qualifications to be defined as a "rival"
I'm probably going to take quite a bit of flack, but I removed a few rivalries that seem to dilute the integrity of this topic. Milwaukee fans may flip, but I removed the Brewers-Cubs rivalry mainly because I have never heard of a Cubbie fan speak of such rivalry. A one-sided passion does not a rival make. If any Cubbie fans wish to justify the validity of such a rival, speak up. Bears-Packers it is not. I put a loose definition (that I'm sure will be tweaked) in the intro just to introduce some guidelines. I'm not sure that Atlanta-LA is really a heated rivally; again, if any Dodger fans wish to validate it, then so be it. Let's hear from both sides of the country. I am a little hesitant on some of the NL/AL rivalries because 1) they are so new, 2) some of these teams have never been to a WS much less met up in a WS, and 3) who knows how long interleague is going to last. I almost removed the Beltway Series, but then I changed my mind.  Since I have no idea who plays in that rivalry, I can't judge if it is not a rivalry.  Please nobody fire bomb me, for baseball 'tis but a game.  The floor is open for debate.--CrazyTalk 03:15, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * PS - I know GreenLocust will dispute the Brewers-Cubs, but I've seen his contributions, I think he's President of Wisconsin or something ;) . I just want a Cubs fan's input, that's all.--CrazyTalk 03:30, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't have a problem with those qualifications, if that's what people generally agree on. However, it's nonsensical to include Twins-Chisox under those criteria. "All games nearly sell out"? Please. Here, I'll help you: Minnesota game logs from 2004. Notice how only one game cracks 30K (barely), and the rest vary from the high teens to mid-20s? Lots of passion there. Hm, maybe that was a fluke, even though the two teams finished 1st and 2nd that year. How about 2003? One well-attended series (down the stretch, as the two fought for the division title), but the others in the familiar low-to-mid 20s (plus one with a whopping 13K - it must have been raining in the Dome that day). Ok, surely things were much more heated a generation ago. Let's try 1985. I was right, things were different. 8K apiece in the late season, with barely 10K for games in Chicago. This is definitely a rivalry that will be talked about generations from now, as current Twins fans will sit their grandchildren on their knee, and regale them with tales of how they could grab nearly any seat in the house when the hated rival Hose came to town, or get an entire section all to themselves. Those were the days, Jimmy, those were the days.
 * For the sake of comparison, let's see Milwaukee's 2004. Wow, those Cubs games sure pack 'em in. And yes, I know that a lot of that is Cubs fans coming up from Chicago, but so what? That's what rivalries induce. It's not Bears-Packers, but more like Vikings-Packers, where yes, one side takes it a bit more seriously than the other (which always happens when there is a large disparity in recent performance), but I don't think that precludes it from being a rivalry worth mention. In short, if Twins-Chisox qualifies (for which no Twins or Sox fan has even bothered to take a few minutes to put together an article, the passion is so strong), which no one seems to even question, then so should Brewers-Cubs. -- GreenLocust 18:49, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Nobody cares about the Twins-White Sox rivalry because the Twins aren't the focal point of attention in the Twin Cities. People here only think about Purple all year long.

But for those that are Twins fans, the White Sox are loathed. Twins fans have booed White Sox fans on the train ride home from the game, even when they weren't playing eachother.

It's a true rivalry.

And if you think the Packers-Vikings rivalry is one sided, go to Madison wearing a Vikings jersey drunk and saying "We're not the Packers main rivals" in the middle of a typical Wisconsin bar.

Chances are, you'll be in the hospital long before the alcohol poisoning sets in.

ColdRedRain 07:09, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't see how the Beltway Series could be a rivalry, under the qualifications used in the article. From 1971 until 2005, there was only one team near the Washington, DC beltway:  The Orioles.  Prior to 1971, it doesn't seem like the Senators (the team now known as the Texas Rangers) were competitive enough to be much of a challenge for the O's.  Maybe before the older Senators moved to Minnesota... but then, neither team was very strong then, and technically there was no "beltway" before 1961 (coincidentally, both the year the first section of the Capital Beltway was opened, and the year the Minnesota Twins started playing in the Twin Cities).  And no, I'm not an O's fan:  My teams are the Cleveland Indians, followed by the Atlanta Braves... a decent rivalry in its own right, but also which does not meet the qualifications set forth in this article. -- SwissCelt 00:48, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Suggestions for (true) rivalries
Now that we've ridded this article of non-notable rivalries, we're left with precious few rivalries to show for all the fanaticism we baseball fans give for the game. Unfortunately, most of the intraleague rivalries aren't given catchy names as the interleague rivalries are. Here are a few that come to my mind which might be included if someone can come up with compelling research for their inclusion (as, after all, Wikipedia is no place for original research):

 * Marlins-Phillies: just look at the fight that almost broke down this year between both teams. they've hated each other for years now user:racerboyGTR
 * Rangers - Angels: These two teams have been playing since 1971, and command high ratings for Spanish-language broadcasts.
 * Mets - Braves: The NL version of the storied Yankees - Red Sox rivalry.  I seem to recall recent series' being accompanied by banter (and maybe even a side bet) between the morning news programs on Fox's New York and Atlanta affiliates.
 * Reds - Pirates: I think this one was actually included before, as the "Ohio River Showdown".  This is unfortunate, as having lived in both markets, I've never heard it referred to as that.  Even so, it's still a strong rivalry for both teams, and featured pennant implications (and actual playoff matchups) during the 1970's and again in the 1990's.  It's also a very long rivalry, dating back to 1900.

Any others? -- SwissCelt 01:29, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I have to agree about Mets/Braves. After what are usually considered the three historic rivalries in baseball (Yankees/Red Sox, Giants/Dodgers, and Cubs/Cardinals), Mets/Braves is certainly a viable consideration for the 'fourth spot'. Hey, if you can garner a Top 10 of memorable moments between two teams, then you probably have a rivalry worth mention, and these two teams could easily bring discussion of 20+ such moments, such as Mike Piazza's go-ahead homer in the first sporting event in New York after the 9/11 Attacks. 24.186.215.182 01:03, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Real Rivalries
Look, only a few rivalries matter in baseball: Red Sox-Yankees, Cubs-Cardinals, Giants-Dodgers, and a few of the crosstown interleague series' (Cubs-White Sox, Yankees-Mets, etc.). The rest listed in the article are just filler; I mean, Twins-Athletics?!?! Let's just list every possible series imaginable and comment with glee on how full Tropicana Field is when the Devil Rays play the Pirates. At the very least, the real rivalries listed at the top should be mentioned first in the article and set aside in a place of honor. Then you can list interleague rivalries and then put another section in of "Recent Rivalries"; this is where the Juice-Beer Series and the like can go if you really need to list them. Roofi's Publicist 00:51, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * There are too many redlinks, especially in the AL section. Tigers-Blue Jays? Not even close. Yankees-Blue Jays? I wouldn't consider some of them rivalries. Just because some teams are in the same division doesn't exactly define them as rivals. All 30 teams want to win one thing - the World Series. That doesn't mean we're going to list all possible combinations of 15 matchups. I changed the tag to "not verified." -- Win777 21:02, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually here in Oakland we hate the twins for some reason. But what about Athletics-Yankees?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.132.200.17 (talk) 04:05, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Items removed from List as deleted articles

 * Devil Rays-Red Sox rivalry: Deleted 4 December 2006; see Articles for deletion/Devil Rays-Red Sox rivalry --User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 02:44, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Red Sox vs. Angels
Red Sox/Angels isn't a true rivalry until the "other" team wins, so this one will be on the backburner pending the result from this year's American League Division Series matchup between the two teams, a rematch of last year's Division Series. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DaDoc540 (talk • contribs) 01:47, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Update: Whoops, I guess the Sawx sent the Halos fishing again.

DaDoc540 (talk) 03:58, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Red Sox-Rays rivalry
Here is a nice article that illustrates the bad blood behind this budding rivalry:

| Rays-Red Sox Bad Blood

It might be too early to start a page for this rivalry, but in the near future, we could see this.

DaDoc540 (talk) 04:02, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Update: The recently started article about the Red Sox-Rays Rivalry is up now, though I think it might be too soon. In the meantime, the article needs some major organization. History between the franchises throughout their coexistance should be included. Perhaps a mention how the Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame is located at the Trop could be added.

DaDoc540 (talk) 01:01, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Purging of non-notable rivalries
I've taken the liberty of cleansing the article of all the redlinks and any rivalry that didn't already have an article. Most of the "rivalries" listed were simply division or league foes, and there didn't seem to be any sort of significance or notability Yankees-Red Sox or Dodges-Giants rivalries do. And while credit goes to the creative nomenclature (well, basically calling any matchup "Battle of ____"), but they were almost all original research or just making stuff up. I've also PRODed a couple of the dubious ones, Red Sox-Rays rivalry and the Battle For Pennsylvania (!--Mosmof (talk) 02:19, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

A Red Sox-Rays rivalry? Le's get serious. A rivalry is built up over years. The Rays beat the Red Sox in ALCS competition one year and they are considered rivals? Only a Rays fan would consider that a rivalry, and that only because it makes them feel warm and fuzzy inside.

Merge discussion
I will be merging this list to the List of sports rivalries list considering nothing have been done to clean up this list, plus that list is less of a mess compared to this one. Also for the fact neither of these wto entries are any different to each other other than that the proposed merged list has a table. I am looking to carrying out this out within next week. Donnie Park (talk) 13:23, 17 April 2010 (UTC)


text: User talk:81.199.144.179

title: User talk:81.199.144.179


text:
Barry Sinclair

Barry Whitley Sinclair (23 October 1936 – 10 July 2022) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played 21 Test matches for New Zealand national team as a specialist batsman from 1962–63 to 1967–68, and captained the team from 1966 to 1968.

Early life
Sinclair was born in Wellington on 23 October 1936. He attended Rongotai College in his hometown. He was first selected to play for Wellington when he was eighteen.

Domestic career
Sinclair played for Wellington from 1955–56 to 1970–71. His first century came against Northern Districts in 1963–64, when he made 102 not out, out of a team total of 138 for 5, to take Wellington to a five-wicket victory almost single-handedly. His highest first-class score was 148, captaining Wellington against the Australians in 1966–67, out of a total of 365 for 7 on the first day.

International career
Sinclair scored three of his six first-class centuries in Tests, though never played in a winning Test side. He captained New Zealand in three Tests (the Second and Third Tests against England in 1965–66, and the First Test against India in 1967–68) and also in the four-match series against the visiting Australian team in 1966–67 and on the brief tour to Australia in 1967–68. He retired from international cricket in 1968 to concentrate on work.

Sinclair's highest Test score was 138 against South Africa in Auckland in 1963–64, made in 345 minutes out of a team total of only 263. It was the only century by either side in the three-Test series; at the time, it was the highest Test score ever attained by a New Zealander in New Zealand. He took two Test wickets in ten overs, both against Pakistan in Lahore in 1964–65, after scoring 130 in the first innings.

Sinclair's short stature was sometimes exploited by pace bowlers. However, he learned how to handle short-pitched deliveries. He was a neat, tidy batsman notable for his cutting and on-drives. Christopher Martin-Jenkins described him thus: "Fair-haired and one of the smallest cricketers ever to appear [for] New Zealand, Barry Sinclair was a sound and often fluent right-handed batsman with an indomitable spirit and an excellent field at cover."

Later life
Sinclair was made the inaugural patron of the New Zealand Cricket Players’ Association in 2010. Five years later, he was voted a Legend of Wellington Sport. In the 2016 Queen's Birthday Honours, Sinclair was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to cricket.

Sinclair died on 10 July 2022 aged 85.

title: Barry Sinclair


text: File:Scream (1996 film) poster.jpg

title: File:Scream (1996 film) poster.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cooleeney

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. --Tony Sidaway Talk 08:39, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Cooleeney
It's the name of a company--the article makes it sound like a specific kind of cheese--that gets 583 google hits. Single sentence stubs like this that possibly border on vanity/promotion should be removed until someone is willing to come along and write an encyclopedic article. func (talk) 21:14, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as very short article with little or no context. --Angr/undefined 05:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it has enough by way of context to escape that fate, barely. It tells us it's a type of cheese, and cow cheese at that as well as what it tastes like. Context is not the same as content. -Splash 18:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. The term only gets 501 Googles, but their summaries, even to several pages in do seem to indicate that this is a type of cheese, even if a minority one. -Splash 18:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Subject appear legit, and the article has been expanded into a short stub. --Allen3 talk 13:13, August 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User:Removethis

title: User:Removethis


text:
Qasr Ibrim

Qasr Ibrim (قصر ابريم; Meroitic: Pedeme; Old Nubian: Silimi; Coptic: ⲡⲣⲓⲙ Prim; Latin: Primis) is an archaeological site in Lower Nubia, located in the modern country of Egypt. The site has a long history of occupation, ranging from as early as the eighth century BC to AD 1813, and was an economic, political, and religious center. Originally it was a major city perched on a cliff above the Nile, but the flooding of Lake Nasser after the construction of the Aswan High Dam – with the related International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia – transformed it into an island and flooded its outskirts. Qasr Ibrim is the only major archaeological site in Lower Nubia to have survived the Aswan Dam floods. Both prior to and after the floods, it has remained a major site for archaeological investigations.

Pre-history and ancient era
Human habitation at the site dates from the Late Period of ancient Egypt, but it reached its greatest prominence in the Middle Ages, when the area was the home of the Eparch of Nobatia. Qasr Ibrim is the source of the largest collection of Old Nubian documents ever found, including the records of the Eparch. The site was occupied until 1813, when the last occupants were driven out by artillery fire. Today the island is closed to all but archaeologists. Egypt's influence in Nubia began around 2,000 BC, when Egyptian invaded and claimed sovereignty over the area. Many Egyptian artifacts and evidence of Egyptian architecture have been found at Qasr Ibrim. The earliest inscription at the site is a stela, a stone or wooden slab, from the reign of Amenhotep I. The stela was found in a now-ruined Christian Byzantine cathedral at Qasr Ibrim where it had been reused in one of the church's crypts. The stela is now located in the British Museum.

The site was partly rebuilt "under the prefecture of Gaius Petronius during Augustus' reign." Qasr Ibrim played a key role in Rome's defense of the Aswan region, and was likely held until AD 100 or later. The fortress, constructed by Roman military engineers, was the strongest in the Nile Valley at this time.

Early Christian age
During Roman times the town was one of the last bastions of paganism, its six temples converting to Christianity two centuries later than the rest of Egypt. It then became one of the main Christian centers in Lower Nubia. Christianity first came to Qasr Ibrim in the 6th century, but had little effect. It wasn't until the city became part of the kingdom of Makuria, in the early 8th century, that Qasr Ibrim became a center for Christianity. This continued even through the fifteenth century when the Makurian kingdom became Islamic. The city held out against Islam until the 16th century, when a unit of Bosnian soldiers, part of the Ottoman army, occupied the site. The Bosnian soldiers stayed on and eventually married into the local Nubian community, using part of the cathedral as a mosque.

Two churches remain on the site. The Taharqa Church was most likely built between 542 and 580, which would make it one of Nubia's earliest churches. Like many of the earliest churches in Nubia, it would have been constructed within the walls of the already present temples. Qasr Ibrim's cathedral was built later, though the date of construction in unclear. Archaeologists currently believe it was constructed in the first half of the eighth century.

The last known Nubian bishop of Faras, Timothy, actually resided at Qasr Ibrim. He was buried in the cathedral there (c. 1375) and two scrolls were discovered in his tomb.

Archaeology
The site was first excavated by David Randall-MacIver and C. Leonard Woolley for the Eckley B. Coxe Expedition for the University of Pennsylvania in 1911. In 1963, excavations were started by the Egyptian Exploration Society and have continued periodically to the present day. Cemeteries found east and west of the main settlement were excavated in 1932 and 1961. There are still areas around the complex that have yet to be excavated, although some sites, including those near the river, were destroyed in floods caused by the Aswan Dam.

Evidence for plant and animal use
The almost rainless conditions of the area have created excellent preservation of organic materials. Pottery dated to the post-Meroitic period (AD 350–600) shows evidence of both date palm and doum palm residues. Various samples of sorghum dating from between 800 BC to AD 1800 have also been found at Qasr Ibrim. There are four forms of sorghum that are found on the site. From when the site was settled until around AD 100 only wild sorghum can be found. From AD 100 until around 1500 an early form of cultivated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, ssp. bicolor, race Bicolor) is found. Around 1200 an advanced form of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, ssp. bicolor, race Durra) appears. Between the 5th and 7th centuries a transitional race is also present.

There are believed to be three phases of agricultural history, the Napatan occupation, the Roman occupation, and the Meroitic periods. Listed below are the main crops that have been identified in each phase:

Napatan (mid 8th - mid 7th century BC):
 * emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)
 * hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
 * broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)
 * flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Roman (25 BC - mid 1st century AD):
 * emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)
 * hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
 * broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)
 * flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)
 * cotton (Gossypium sp.)

Meroitic (AD 100–300):
 * sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
 * hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
 * durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turgidum)
 * bread wheat (Triticum aestivum)

The site has also revealed many archaeozoological remains, though they have not been as heavily studied as the botanical remains. Evidence of a heavily sheep and goat based economy has been found, along with large numbers of juvenile cattle. These cattle remains suggest a meat- and milk-based economy. The cattle could also have been used for religious ceremonies at the Meroitic Temple. The ritually-deposited remains of a domesticated chicken were also found below a house floor, and date to the post-Meroitic period (late 5th to early 6th centuries AD).

Artifacts
Qasr Ibrim is known not only for its organic remains but also for the textiles that have also been found at the site. During the Roman occupation of the site, sandals, textiles, and leather fragments were left behind. Woolen fabrics are believed to have been brought to Qasr Ibrim in 23 BC by the Romans. Cotton fabrics were not introduced until the first century AD by the Meroitic peoples. The un-dyed Meroitic fabrics differ from the wool of the Romans, which has been found in blues and other bright colors.

The conditions at Qasr Ibrim have also preserved a large number of documents in nine different languages or scripts. This includes hieroglyphics, Demotic, Meroitic, Greek, Latin, Coptic, Old Nubian, Arabic, and Turkish. Earlier documents were written on papyrus, though parchment was the preferred material for sacred texts. Paper was not common writing material in Nubia until the twelfth century. A variety of texts were found, including personal letters and religious documents. These documents show the significance of Qasr Ibrim as a frontier society, and the center of a vast trade network.

title: Qasr Ibrim


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pre-Fab

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Dmcdevit·t 23:18, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

Pre-Fab
Band vanity. DS 21:21, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable band vanity page. Gblaz 21:48, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. -- Etacar11   01:04, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 21:14, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

I vote to delete it. It wasn't made by us. I swear. We've got our own site that we work on. We're sorry! - Nork of P.R.E.F.A.B. (vote by )
 * Delete nn band vanity. Fails WP:MUSIC guidelines. JamesBurns 03:26, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pre-Fab


text:
Oreshek Fortress

The Shlisselburg Fortress or Oreshek Fortress (Крепость Орешек) is one of a series of fortifications built in Oreshek (now known as Shlisselburg) on Orekhovy Island in Lake Ladoga, near the modern city of Saint Petersburg in Russia. The first fortress was built in 1323. It was the scene of many conflicts between Russia and Sweden and changed hands between the two empires. During World War II, it was heavily damaged. Today it is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments.

Origins
A wooden fortress named Oreshek (Орешек) or Orekhov (Орехов) was built by Grand Prince Yury of Moscow (in his capacity as Prince of Novgorod) on behalf of the Novgorod Republic in 1323. It guarded the northern approaches to Novgorod and access to the Baltic Sea. The fortress is situated on Orekhovy Island whose name refers to nuts in Swedish (Nötö) as well as in Finnish (Pähkinäsaari, "Nut Island") and Russian.

After a series of conflicts, a peace treaty was signed at Oreshek on August 12, 1323 between Sweden and Grand Prince Yury and the Novgorod Republic. This was the first agreement on the border between Eastern and Western Christianity running through present-day Finland. A modern stone monument to the north of the Church of St. John in the fortress commemorates the treaty. In 1333, the Novgorodians invited Lithuanian prince Narimantas to govern their north-western domain. Narimantas appointed his son, Alexander Narimuntovich to rule the autonomous principality of Oreshek.

In 1348, Magnus IV of Sweden attacked and briefly took the fortress during his crusade in the region in 1348–1352. It was largely ruined by the time the Novgorodians retook the fortress in 1351. The fortress was rebuilt in stone in 1352, by Archbishop Vasily Kalika of Novgorod (1330–1352), who, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle, was sent by the Novgorodians after several Russian and Lithuanian princes ignored the city's pleas to help them rebuild and defend the fort. The remnants of the walls of 1352 were excavated in 1969, and can be seen just north of the Church of St. John in the center of the present fortress.

Expansion
In 1478, the Novgorod Republic was absorbed by the Muscovy who immediately started to strengthen their border with Sweden. The existing small citadel was demolished and a new stone fortress with seven towers was constructed, which occupied almost the complete island. The old Novgorodian basement was used to construct a new citadel with three towers inside the outer walls. The total length of the walls was about 740 meters. Their height up to 12 meters, and the width at the basement 4.5 meters; The towers were 14–16 meters high and 16 meters in diameter at the basement. This made it the strongest Russian fortress of that period. The residents were forced to resettle on the mainland and most preferred the Southern bank of Neva for safety reasons.

In 1554–1555, during the Russo-Swedish War, the Swedes laid siege to the fortress, with no success. In response, the Russians besieged Vyborg, with no success either.

During the Livonian War in 1582, Swedish troops led by Pontus De La Gardie almost captured the fortress. After a row of artillery fire they managed to break into one of the towers, but were later repelled by the Russians.

The fort was captured by Sweden in 1611 during the Ingrian War after nine months of siege, when the defenders lost every 9 men of 10. As part of the Swedish Empire, the fortress was known as Nöteborg ("Nut-fortress") in Swedish or Pähkinälinna in Finnish, and became the center of the north-Ingrian Nöteborg county (slottslän). During that time very little was done to maintain the fortress in good order, and the experts coming to Nöteborg to do inspections warned the crown of its deterioration.

During the Ingrian campaign of tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in June 1656, the fortress came under a siege by voevoda Pyotr Potemkin, known as the Battle of Nöteborg, which lasted until November 1656 with no success.

Great Northern War
In 1702, during the Great Northern War, the fortress was taken by the Russians under Peter the Great in an amphibious assault: 440 Swedish soldiers defended the fort for ten days before surrendering. After heavy artillery fire and 13 hours of fighting inside the fortress, the Swedish commandant finally agreed to capitulate on honorable conditions. The Swedes left the fortress with their flags, rifles and four cannons. The Russian forces numbered 12,500 men and sustained a total of 1,500 casualties, compared to 360 for the Swedes.

Peter renamed the fortress to Shlisselburg, a transliteration into the Cyrillic alphabet of Schlüsselburg. The name, meaning "Key-fortress" in German, which refers to Peter's perception of the fortress as the "key to Ingria".

Political prison
During Imperial times the fortress lost its military role and was used as a notorious political prison. The first two prisoners were Peter the Great's sister, Maria Alexeyevna Romanova, and his first wife Yevdokiya Lopukhina.

The best known prisoner in the Shlisselburg Fortress was Ivan VI, who had inherited the throne as an infant, was interned there until he was murdered by his guards in 1764. After his murder, no more prisoners were sent to the fortress until 1775. In 1800-1870, the fortress held a probable total of 52 political prisoners, including Wilhelm Küchelbecker, and Mikhail Bakunin, most for short periods, though the Polish rebel, Walerian Łukasiński was in solitary confinement there for 38 years.

Late Russian Empire
After the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, the authorities decided to invest in a new purpose-built prison in Shlisselburg, containing 40 cells, with ten more cells from the old fortress retained as a punishment block. In 1884, 36 political prisoners were transferred to Shlisselburg from the Peter and Paul Fortress. Most were members of Narodnaya Volya, who had been sentenced to death for conspiring to kill the Tsar, but had had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment. They included two women, Vera Figner and Lyudmila Volkenstein. All were to be denied any kind of contact with the outside world, including visits from or correspondence with relatives.

There were others not linked to Narodnaya Volya, but had been in protests or escape attempts in Siberia. After a riot and a hunger strike in Kara prison in 1882, eight particularly unruly prisoners were transported to the Peter and Paul Fortress, and thence to Shlisselburg.

Lenin's brother, Aleksandr Ulyanov, and four others involved in a plot to kill Alexander III were hanged in the fortress in 1887. So were Nikolai Rogachev and Alexander Shtromberg, whose death sentences, passed at the Trial of the Fourteen, for their involvement in Narodnaya Volya, were not commuted. They were held in the old cells, away from the prisoners.

Ivan Yuvachov, who was also sentenced to death at the Trial of the Fourteen, but whose sentence was commuted, wrote a description of his time in the fortress:

"On entering the prison one is struck by the peculiar construction of its interior. Both stories of the building contain about forty cells, the doors of which all lead into one common space in the middle of the building, as into one high hall, reaching from ground to roof, with windows at both ends. So wherever the jailer stands he can at once overlook all the forty cells. Along the upper story runs a narrow balcony, accessible by a winding iron staircase. In order to prevent any attempt on the part of the prisoners to throw themselves over, a closely woven net is stretched along the upper part of the railing."

Lyudmila Volkenstein, who was the first to write a memoir of life in Shlisselburg, was struck on arrival by how clean and new it was:

"Our first impression of Shlissel’burg Fortress was even pleasant: clean, dry cells – true, with opaque glass, but quite bright all the same. Fine, clean bed linen; a sink for washing and plumbed water closets.35 The cell was small – seven paces long and five wide – and of the type common to Houses of Preliminary Detention and therefore, perhaps even more pleasant on account of the memory of the last days of ‘freedom’ – of course, relative freedom… The bunks were locked shut, and apart from a bench, there was nothing in the cell."

The prisoners, including both women, were strip-searched on arrival, and then locked in solitary confinement in a small, sparsely furnished cell, where at first they had nothing to read, except a printed declaration on the wall warning that insulting the jailers would be punishable by death. They were told the rules obliged the staff to address prisoners in the second person single, like an adult speaking to a child. Some prisoners communicated by knocking on the pipes, using a simple code, though they risked severe consequences if they were caught. Yuvachov was in solitary confinement for three years before he was allowed to speak to speak a fellow prisoner.

Under these conditions, several either went mad, or became suicidal, or both. Of the eight who were transported from Kara prison, Yegor Minakov was executed after a few months in Shlisselburg, in September 1884, after attacking a prison doctor whom he thought was trying to poison him. Another prisoner, named Klimenko, hanged himself around the time that Minakov was executed. Ippolit Myshkin was executed for a similar offence two months later.

After Myshkin's execution, there was a minor loosenign of the prison regime when the six prisoners who appeared in the worst health were permitted to talk walks in pairs, and therefore to talk to each other. According to Vera Figner, who survived two decades in Shlisselberg, "these walks in pairs were the first breach in our stony grave."

One of the first six granted this privilege was Mikhail Grachevsky, a member of Narodnaya Volya, despite which, he constantly complained about prison conditions. In 1887, he attacked a prison doctor, apparently expecting to be executed, but the prison authorities decided that he was mad and did not punish him, so he used a kerosene lamp to set fire to himself.

Soon after Grachevsky's suicide, Matvei Sokolov, the much hated superintendent of the gendarmes who guarded the prison, whom the inmates nicknamed 'Herod' was replaced, and prisoners were allowed books. Later, they were allowed to tend a garden. This reduced the very high death toll. Thirteen of the 39 prisoners sent to the fortress in 1884-86 died within six years, most from illnesses aggravated by the stress of total confinement.

On 7 January 1891, 28 year old Sofia Ginzburg, who had tried to revive Narodnaya Volya with the intention of assassinating the Tsar, was sent to Shlisselburg after her death sentence had been commuted to life imprisonment. As a new prisoner, she was placed in solitary confinement in the punishment cell in the old fortress, next to Nikolai Schedrin, who had gone insane, and had been moved to a punishment cell where he was raging, making animal noises, and banging on his cell door. After less than six weeks in the fortress, she asked for scissors to cut her nails and used them to slit her throat.

The last political prisoner to be sent to Shlisselburg was Pyotr Karpovich, who shot and killed the Minister of National Enlightenment, Nikolay Bogolepov in 1901.

During the 1905 Revolution, all the political prisoners held in Shlisselburg were freed or removed to other prisons or exile, including several who had been confined there for more than 20 years, such as Vera Figner, Mikhail Frolenko, German Lopatin, Pyotr Antonov and Nikolai Morozov, all once leading members of Narodnaya Volya. According to Yuvachov, the last five prisoners left the fortress on 6 January 1906.

20th century
In 1928, the fortress was turned into a branch of the Museum of the October Revolution, but in 1939, shortly before the war, it was closed and the exhibits were moved to Leningrad.

Shortly before Shlisselburg was occupied by the German troops (8 September 1941), a garrison of 350 Red Army soldiers was sent to the fortress on Orekhovets island to bring supplies and munition to the frontline. The garrison held the abandoned castle for 500 days preventing the Germans from landing there and cutting the last transit route from Leningrad to the mainland. Food and supplies were brought from the northern bank of the Neva which remained under Soviet control. Heavy artillery fire by the Germans destroyed all the buildings inside the fortress and part of the outer towers and walls, but despite numerous attempts the fortress was not captured. During Operation Iskra (18 January 1943) the siege of the fortress was lifted.

The war completely devastated the fortress. Out of the original ten towers, the fortress retains only six (five Russian and one Swedish). The remains of a church inside the fortress were transformed into a memorial to the fortress's defenders. An archaeological site was established in the fortress during 1968-1975 that excavated what remained from the ancient Novgorodian stone fort dated 1352 and other artifacts. The fortress has been the site of an annual rock concert since 2003. There is also a museum of political prisoners of the Russian Empire and a small collection of World War II artillery. Renovation of the walls and towers is slow, although still underway. A stone monument in memory of the first Russo-Swedish peace treaty (1323) was placed inside the fortress.

Tourists can reach the island from May to October via Shlisselburg or from the Northern bank of Neva, via Petrokrepost' railway station with regular ferries that run every 10–15 minutes.

title: Oreshek Fortress


text:
Archie Campbell (comedian)

Archie Campbell (November 7, 1914 – August 29, 1987) was an American comedian, writer, and star of Hee Haw, a country-flavored network television variety show. He was also a recording artist with several hits for RCA Victor in the 1960s.

Early career
Born in Bulls Gap, Tennessee, Campbell studied art at Mars Hill College in Mars Hill, North Carolina, after which he began a radio career at WNOX in Knoxville. After a year alongside Roy Acuff on their Mid-Day Merry-Go-Round, he relocated to WDOD in Chattanooga, where he stayed until joining the U.S. Navy in 1941. At the end of World War II, Campbell returned to WNOX. He left that station for rival WROL, where he helped start Knoxville's first country-music television show (on WROL-TV), Country Playhouse, that premiered in 1952 and ran until 1958.

At the close of that show, he moved to Nashville to replace Rod Brasfield on the nationally-syndicated Prince Albert segment of the Grand Ole Opry. Shortly after, he signed a contract with RCA Victor and one of his early singles, "Trouble in the Amen Corner" reached the 1960 country music Top 25. After an unsuccessful stint with the Starday label, Campbell returned to RCA Victor in 1966 and had three Top 30 singles: "The Men in My Little Girl's Life" (1966), "The Dark End of the Street" (1968), and "Tell It Like It Is" (1968). He was named "Comedian of the Year" in 1969 by the Country Music Association.

Routines
One of Campbell's "signature" routines was to tell stories in "spoonerism" form, with the first letters of words in some phrases intentionally switched for comic effect. The best-known of these stories was "RinderCella", his re-telling of the fairy tale "Cinderella", about the girl who "slopped her dripper" (dropped her slipper). Campbell once told the "RinderCella" story on an episode of the game show Juvenile Jury. At the conclusion of the story, host Jack Barry said "That's one of the funniest stories Carchie Ampbell tells." All of Campbell's spoonerism routines borrowed heavily from comedy routines performed by Colonel Stoopnagle on the radio show Stoopnagle and Budd in the 1930s. ("Colonel Stoopnagle" was the stage name of F. Chase Taylor, 1897–1950.)

Campbell also performed a routine with various partners generally known as "That's Bad/That's Good." Campbell would state a troublesome occurrence; when the partner would sympathize by saying, "Oh, that's bad," Campbell would quickly counter, "No, that's good!", and then state a good result from the previous occurrence. When the partner would say, "Oh, that's good!", Campbell would immediately counter with "No, that's bad!" and tell the new result, and so on.

Hee Haw
Campbell was a charter member of the cast of Hee Haw on CBS-TV from its beginning in 1969, though he also served as a head writer. His regular characterizations included:
 * "Archie's Barber Shop", in which he performed his spoonerism stories and his "That's Bad/That's Good" routine
 * "Doc Campbell", with Gunilla Hutton as "Nurse Goodbody"; though Campbell portrayed a M.D., a certification hanging on the wall clearly showed him being a veterinarian (D.V.M.).
 * "Justus O'Peace", his version of the classic "Judge" routine of Pigmeat Markham.

 * Campbell was also a lead character in the group bit “Gloom, Despair, and Agony on Me!”

 * One of his most well-known segments was the song "PFFT! You Was Gone", in which he would perform a short verse of original comedy, followed by the standard chorus of "Where Oh Where Are You Tonight", which would conclude with him and a singing partner, often Gordie Tapp, blowing a raspberry at each other or at the camera. In later years, Tapp was replaced by the episode's guest star, who was mentioned in Campbell's lyrics right before they revealed themselves.

Campbell also recorded several comedy-music albums, which he continued doing during his Hee Haw years, such as Bull Session at Bull's Creek with Junior Samples, released the year before Hee Haw premiered. He frequently performed musical duets with singer Lorene Mann.

Later life and death
In 1984, Campbell hosted TNN's Yesteryear interview show. Campbell was an accomplished amateur golfer and built one of the earliest lighted golf courses in the United States. An avid painter (he painted the mural backstage at the Grand Ole Opry), he also owned an art gallery and served on the school board in Knoxville, where he lived until he suffered a fatal heart attack in 1987. He is buried near the town of Powell, Tennessee.

Legacy
Campbell's childhood home on Main Street in Bulls Gap, Tennessee has been preserved as a memorial, and has been expanded into a "tourism complex and museum" which hosts annual "Archie Campbell Days" each September.

Following Campbell's death, U.S. Highway 11E through Bulls Gap was renamed "Archie Campbell Highway" in his memory.

title: Archie Campbell (comedian)