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Chiusi

Chiusi (Etruscan: Clevsin; Umbrian: Camars; Ancient Greek: Klysion, Κλύσιον; Latin: Clusium) is a town and comune in the province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy.

History
Clusium (Clevsin or Camars in Etruscan) was one of the more powerful cities in the Etruscan League of twelve peoples. Chiusi came under the influence of Rome in the 3rd century BC and was involved in the Social War. According to a Roman historical tradition Arruns of Clusium invited Gaul mercenaries from the Po Valley into Clusium to seek revenge for a domestic conflict concerning his wife. However the Gauls sacked the city instead and settled in the region.

In 540 AD it was occupied by the Ostrogoths and was later seat of a Lombard duchy. From the 11th century it was under the rule of the local bishop, and was later contended for by Orvieto and, from 1231, Siena, belonging to the latter until 1556, when it was annexed to the Grand duchy of Tuscany.

The region was devastated by malaria in the Middle Ages, and did not recover until the Valdichiana was drained in the 18th century.

Main sights
The lowlands around Chiusi house numerous troves of tombs for this civilization. The Etruscan Museum of Chiusi is one of the most important repositories of Etruscan remains in Italy.

Other sights include:
 * The Romanesque Cathedral (Duomo) of San Secondiano, built around 560 AD over a pre-existing basilica, and renovated in the 13th century. It has a nave and two aisles supported by antique columns made from marble taken from ancient buildings. The Sacrament Chapel houses a Nativity and Saints by Bernardino Fugai. It has a separated bell tower which was turned into a defence tower in 1585. Under the tower is a Roman cistern dating from the 1st century BC.
 * The so-called "Labyrinth of Porsenna", a series of tunnels under the town, built in the 6th-5th century BC and probably utilized in Etruscan-Roman times for drainage of rain waters. According to Pliny the Elder (Naturalis historia, XXXVI, XIX, 91-93), the Labyrinth was part of a monument including the sepulchre of the King Porsenna.
 * National Archaeological Museum of Chiusi

Transportation
Chiusi is served by an interchange of the Autostrada A1. It is also served by Chiusi-Chianciano Terme station on the Florence–Rome railway, which connects Chiusi to major cities in Italy.

Twin towns

 * 🇫🇷 Andrézieux-Bouthéon, France
 * 🇩🇪 Neu Isenburg, Germany

title: Chiusi


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Monty Python's Life of Brian (album)

Monty Python's Life of Brian is the second soundtrack album by Monty Python, released in 1979 alongside the film of the same name. It contains scenes from the film interrupted by linking sections performed by Eric Idle and Graham Chapman, who also acted as producers following an aborted attempt at a soundtrack album by Michael Palin. The album opens with a brief rendition of "Hava Nagila" on Scottish bagpipes, which had earlier been considered for use in a scene later cut from the film.

In common with the controversy surrounding the film, the album was banned in Ireland after Father Brian D'Arcy highlighted how it had worked its way through a loophole in the country's censorship laws, claiming "Anybody who buys the record and finds it funny must have something wrong with their mentality". Nevertheless, the album reached No.63 in the UK Albums Chart.

A 7" single (K17495) Double A-side of "Brian"/"Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" was released in the UK on 16 November 1979 to promote the album.

In 2006 a special edition CD added six bonus tracks comprising outtakes, demos and publicity material to the end of the album.

Part of the studio linking material was later used in the 2012 animated film A Liar's Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python's Graham Chapman.

A limited edition picture disc of the album was released on 13 April 2019, as part of Record Store Day.

Side One

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) Brian Song
 * 3) The Wise Men at the Manger
 * 4) Brian Song (cont.)
 * 5) Sermon on the Mount (Big Nose)
 * 6) Stone Salesman
 * 7) Stoning
 * 8) Ex-Leper
 * 9) You Mean You Were Raped? (Nortius Maximus)
 * 10) Revolutionaries in the Amphitheatre (Loretta)
 * 11) Romans Go Home
 * 12) What Have The Romans Ever Done For Us?
 * Ben
 * 1) Brian Before Pilate (Thwow Him to the Floor)

Side Two

 * 1) Prophets
 * 2) Beard Salesman
 * 3) Brian's Prophecy
 * 4) The Hermit
 * 5) He's Not the Messiah, He's a Very Naughty Boy
 * 6) Pilate Sentences Brian
 * 7) Nisus Wettus
 * 8) Pilate with the Crowd (Welease Wodger)
 * 9) Nisus Wettus with the Gaolers
 * 10) Release Brian
 * 11) Not So Bad Once You're Up
 * 12) Revs Salute Brian
 * 13) Cheeky is Released
 * 14) "Look on the Bright Side of Life (All Things Dull and Ugly)"

2006 Bonus Tracks

 * 1) Otto Sketch
 * 2) Otto Song
 * 3) Otto Song Demo (Python Sings)
 * 4) Brian Song [Alternate Version]
 * 5) Radio Ad - Record Shop
 * 6) Radio Ad - Twice As Good

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Monty Python's Life of Brian (album)


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Submerged (2005 film)

Submerged is a 2005 American action film directed by Anthony Hickox, who also wrote it with Paul de Souza and produced with Michael P. Flannigan, Daphne Lerner and David Varod. The film stars Steven Seagal, William Hope, Vinnie Jones and Christine Adams. The film was released on direct-to-DVD in the United States on May 31, 2005.

Plot
Chris Cody (Steven Seagal) is a top-ranked mercenary who took part in an undercover operation to stop a major terrorist strike on U.S. soil; a strike that the UN refused to believe was about to happen. Cody had to break a number of laws in order to do the job, and he is in a military prison.

At the U.S. Embassy in Montevideo, Uruguay, Secret Service agents are briefing the ambassador on a terrorist base when they suddenly go haywire and kill her and then themselves. Later, in Washington DC, intelligence analyst Dr. Chappell (Christine Adams) concludes that some sort of mind control device must have been used. A Delta Force commando team is sent to Uruguay to investigate, but they are quickly ambushed and captured. Taken to the terrorist base, they are brainwashed by Dr. Adrian Lehder (Nick Brimble), a scientist who heads a secret CIA experiment in mind control, programming soldiers to become virtually unstoppable killing machines when they are given the right commands.

The Navy recruits Cody and his talented crew to take Chappell and special agent Fletcher (William Hope) with them in an effort to destroy the facility and take down Lehder. Cody is promised that in exchange, he and his crew will be freed and cleared of the alleged misconduct that they were accused of and receive $100,000 each. Suspicious, Cody quickly jettisons Fletcher, who turns out to be in league with Lehder. Fletcher tips off Lehder, and they quickly abandon Lehder's facility, leaving behind a few American prisoners as Trojan horses.

One team of Cody's men commandeers a submarine, while the others secure the base and rescue the prisoners. The team fights its way past a tank, destroys the base, and escapes on the sub. But they end up stuck on the sub with some of the mind-controlled soldiers. After fighting off the soldiers and escaping from the sub, Cody and his crew realize that they must race to bring down Lehder before the rest of his soldiers claim them all.

Production
Director Anthony Hickox later said the script was "brilliant... It started life as a full on horror and sci-fi. I just thought wouldn’t it be great if you were stuck at the bottom of the ocean with fucking aliens on your submarine! So that was the original idea, and we story boarded it and we designed the creatures; like these little, mini kind of crab insects that could go down the drains of the submarine so you’d never know when they were coming."

The lead character was supposed to be a bitter old drunken captain. Hickox described his project as "The Thing in a submarine" or "The Thing meets Das Boot".

"It was really interesting," said Hickox. "And then Seagal came on board."

According to Hickox, Seagal said he liked the script but three weeks before shooting was to start Seagal called him and said "I don't think this movie should be on a submarine". He also wanted an opera scene and said "I've decided I don't like aliens and I don't like monsters. I don't want to be in a monster movie".

The director said "that's why it ended up like it did. We had no clue what we were doing: no script, and the whole mind control thing in the final film was made up the last week before shooting! It was really insane. At that point, again, I should have quit, but I needed the cash."

It was made by Emmett/Furla Films, a wholly owned subsidiary of Family Room Entertainment Corporation.

It is set and filmed in Sofia, Bulgaria in 31 days from August 16 to September 16, 2004.

Alison King said of working on the film: "It was filmed in Bulgaria. He’s a member of the American military and I’m Dimita – the best field op in the business. I’m an action girl with a high pony-tail doing lots of stunts. The stunt guy had worked with Angelina Jolie on Tomb Raider and he showed me how to hang upside down from things, how to jump down into dams and how to strangle people with my knees. It was great fun."

At one stage, the Uruguayan government reportedly considered legal action against the makers of the film for the depiction of their country as a corrupt dictatorship, and the use of the national flag, associating it with terrorist action.

Reception
Vern, reviewing the film for Ain't It Cool News, called it "one of the worst and least entertaining" of Seagal's films.

Home media
DVD was released in Region 1 in the United States on May 31, 2005, and also Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 5 September 2005, it was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

title: Submerged (2005 film)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Multi-Con Systems Limited

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 01:42, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Multi-Con Systems Limited
adv/vanity. Not a notable or important company. Article text largely lifted from corporate site. Hamstersanonymous 14:14, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as per new CSD criterion: no assertion of notability. --khaosworks 16:59, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * The new CSD does not apply to companies. It applies specifically to real people. Please read WP:CSD again. -Splash 23:16, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * ... which is why I put it for vfd rather than speedy delete. Still, it's not notable. I think famous companies, big players in their field/region/country, and those that feature greatly in a country's social/cutural conciousness are okay to be featured, but wikipedia is not the yellow pages. Hamstersanonymous 16:56, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. JamesBurns 06:32, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --*drew 15:02, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Highlander: The Series

Co-production
According to the sources, this is a French-Canadian coproduction: It looks to me like the sources are pretty clear about this. Even though some other nations are mentioned as having invested money, the sources label this as a "French-Canadian" series. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 02:57, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * : "Primarily a French/Canadian coproduction"
 * : "Far from being actually unbounded, the cosmopolitanism of Highlander emerged from the input of a number of nationally based participating partners. Thus does the production of Highlander portend to a number of significant innovations in the rise of international co-production in in the television industry.  As a co-production between France's Gaumont Television and Telefilm, the unobstructed series found financial production participation ..." (long list of companies that invested in the series follows)
 * : this source mostly talks about financial issues, but it explicitly mentions "France, Germany, Italy and Japan" as investors amid a long paragraph of how the show was produced under "a Franco-Canadian agreement" in which the show was considered French despite being shot in Canada and Canadian despite being shot in France.

title: Talk:Highlander: The Series


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Pratovecchio Stia

Pratovecchio Stia is a comune in the province of Arezzo, Tuscany. It was formed by the merger of the two former comuni of Pratovecchio and Stia in 2014.

History
Dono di Paolo, father of the Florentine artist Paolo Uccello, was a barber-surgeon from Pratovecchio. Dono moved to Florence and became a citizen there in 1373.

Main sights

 * Monastery and church of San Giovanni Evangelista (1134). Renovated in the 17th century, it has a Baroque portal and a single nave. Artworks include an Coronation of the Virgin by Giovanni Bizzelli (1600) and an Assumption by the Master of Pratovecchio (mid-15th century).
 * Church of San Biagio, in Ama. Built in the 11th century in Romanesque style, it has a Gothic portal
 * Church of Santi Vito e Modesto, in Lonnano (12th century).
 * Santa Maria a Poppiena, at Poppiena, documented from 1099, in Romanesque style (notable the façade rose window). The apse is introduced by an arch and has three mullioned windows decorated in alabaster stones. It houses a 15th-century Annunciation by Giovanni dal Ponte and fragment of a 14th-century fresco of Madonna Enthroned with Child.
 * Monastery of Santa Maria della Neve, founded in 1567.
 * Pieve di San Pietro a Romena, in Romena. The church was built in the mid-12th century over a pre-existing edifice, perhaps dating to the 8th century. Notable are the capitals decoration of the interiors (1152). The edifice is flanked by the late-Romanesque baptistery. At Romena is also a castle where Dante Alighieri lived for a short time during his exile from Florence. The castle was destroyed in 1440 by Niccolò Piccinino's Milanese troops and later restored under the Grand Duchy of Florence. It was bombed and damaged by the Allies during World War II.
 * Church of San Romolo, at Valiana, founded in 1126. It is in Romanesque style. It houses a noteworthy Pietà by an unknown master, dating from the late 14th-early 15th centuries.

People

 * Roberto Ghelli (born 1942), retired professional football player

title: Pratovecchio Stia


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Ivana

Ivana is a feminine given name of Slavic origin that is also popular in southern Ireland, France, French-speaking Canada, the Mediterranean and Latin America. It is the feminine form of the name Ivan, which are both the Slavic cognates of the names Joanna and John. It may also be spelled as Ivanna.

In Croatia, the name Ivana was the most common feminine given name between 1970 and 1999.

Variants Iva and Ivanka are diminutives derived from Ivana. The name day is celebrated on April 4. In Croatia, the name day is celebrated on December 27. In Slovakia, the name day is celebrated on December 28. In North Macedonia, the name day is celebrated on July 07 - also known as Ivanden.

Ivana

 * Ivana (singer) (born 1969), Bulgarian pop-folk singer
 * Ivana Abramović (born 1983), Croatian professional tennis player
 * Ivana Alawi (born 1996) Filipina actress, model, YouTuber and singer
 * Ivana Bacik (born 1968), Czech-Irish politician
 * Ivana Banfić (born 1969), Croatian dancer and pop singer
 * Ivana Baquero (born 1994), Spanish actress
 * Ivana Bojdová (born 1985), Slovak female footballer
 * Ivana Brkljačić (born 1983), Croatian hammer thrower
 * Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić (1874–1938), Croatian writer
 * Ivana Dežić (born 1994), Croatian handball player
 * Ivana Dlhopolčeková (born 1986), Slovak ice dancer
 * Ivana Dulić-Marković (born 1961), Serbian politician
 * Ivana Đerisilo (born 1983), Serbian volleyball player
 * Ivana Hong (born 1992), American gymnast
 * Ivana Hudziecová (born 1985), Czech figure skater
 * Ivana Isailović (born 1986), Serbian volleyball player
 * Ivana Janečková (born 1984), Czech cross country skier
 * Ivana Jirešová (born 1977), Czech actress
 * Ivana Kapitanović (born 1994), Croatian handball player
 * Ivana Kindl (born 1978), Croatian singer
 * Ivana Kiš (born 1979), Croatian composer
 * Ivana Kobilca (1861–1926), Slovenian realist painter
 * Ivana Kubešová (born 1962), Czech athlete
 * Ivana Lie (b. 1960), Indonesian badminton player
 * Ivana Lisjak (born 1987), Croatian professional tennis player
 * Ivana Lovrić (born 1984), Croatian handball player
 * Ivana Loudová (1941–2017), Czech composer
 * Ivana Luković (born 1992), Serbian volleyball player
 * Ivana Maksimović (born 1990), Serbian sport shooter
 * Ivana Maletić (born 1973), Croatian politician
 * Ivana Matović (born 1983), Serbian basketball player
 * Ivana Miličević (born 1974), Bosnian-American actress
 * Ivana Miloš (born 1986), Croatian volleyball player
 * Ivana Mišura (born 1989), Croatian model
 * Ivana Nešović (born 1988), Serbian volleyball player
 * Ivana Peters (born 1974), Serbian singer
 * Ivana Reitmayerová (born 1992), Slovak figure skater
 * Ivana Santilli, Canadian singer and multi-instrumentalist
 * Ivana Selakov (born 1978), Serbian singer
 * Ivana Spagna (born 1954), Italian singer and songwriter
 * Ivana Tipton, London Tipton's Dog
 * Ivana Tomljenović-Meller (1906–1988), Croatian graphic designer, photographer and art teacher.
 * Ivana Trump (1949–2022), Czech-American socialite, fashion model, and athlete
 * Ivanka Trump, (born 1981 as Ivana Trump), American businesswoman, fashion designer, author, and reality television personality. Daughter of Ivana and Donald Trump.
 * Ivana Večeřová (born 1979), Czech basketball player
 * Ivana Vujic Jenkins, (born 1983), Serbian-Canadian Bassist
 * Ivana Vuleta (born 1990), Serbian long-jumper
 * Ivana Wong (born 1979), Hong Kong cantopop singer

Ivanna

 * Ivanna Borovychenko (born 1990) Ukrainian cyclist
 * Ivanna S. Pankin (born 1989) U.S. roller derby skater
 * Ivanna Israilova (born 1986) Russian-Uzbek tennis player
 * Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze (born 1972) Ukrainian politician
 * Ivanna Madruga (born 1971) Argentine tennis player
 * Ivanna Sakhno (born 1997) Ukrainian actress
 * Ivanna Vale (born 1992) Venezuelan model

Ivanka

 * Ivanka Bonova (born 1949) Bulgarian sprinter
 * Ivanka Khristova (1941–2022) Bulgarian shot-putter
 * Ivanka Koleva (born 1968) Bulgarian Paralympian
 * Ivanka Matić (born 1979) Serbian basketball player
 * Ivanka Moralieva (born 1983) Bulgarian swimmer
 * Ivanka Muerova, Bulgarian sprint canoer
 * Ivanka Ninova, Bulgarian opera singer
 * Ivanka Petrova (1951–2007) Bulgarian shot-putter
 * Ivanka Raspopović (1930–2015), Serbian architect
 * Ivana "Ivanka" Trump (born 1981), daughter of Donald Trump
 * Ivanka Valkova (born 1949) Bulgarian sprinter
 * Ivanka Vancheva (1953–2020) Bulgarian javelin thrower
 * Ivanka Venkova (born 1952) Bulgarian sprinter

Surname

 * Milan Ivana, Slovak footballer
 * Mária Ivánka (born 1950), Hungarian chess player

Other uses

 * Ivanka (horse) (born 1990) racehorse
 * Ivana Baiul, fictional character in the comic books DV8 and Gen13

title: Ivana


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Mansfield and Pinxton Railway

The Mansfield and Pinxton Railway was an early horse-drawn railway in the United Kingdom. It was completed in 1819, to make a transport link between Mansfield and the Cromford Canal at Pinxton. An important traffic was coal inward to Mansfield, as coal deposits near there were too deep to be extracted economically at the time; minerals, malt and other manufactures were exported from Mansfield. Collieries along the line of route were developed as time went on.

From 1847 the Midland Railway developed a railway network in the locality of Mansfield, and purchased the M&PR, converting it to be suitable for locomotive use and incorporating it in its own network.

In the second half of the twentieth century, passenger and ordinary goods business in the Mansfield area declined substantially, leaving only a limited coal traffic via Codnor Park from 1970. The passenger service from Nottingham to Mansfield was revived under the marketing title The Robin Hood Line, opening to Mansfield in 1995, using the section of the original M&PR, as modified by the Midland Railway, from Kirkby to Mansfield. The mineral traffic flow from Codnor Park continues.

Conception
The canal age had resulted in a network that greatly reduced transport costs, but topography, in particular hilly terrain, left some localities deprived of the amenity. Mansfield had no canal; the nearest was the Pinxton basin of a branch of the Cromford canal, about 8 miles away. Mansfield’s industry was malting, and the manufacture of stockings and gloves, there were considerable limestone deposits, and sand particularly suited to moulding in cast iron manufacture. The lack of economical transport left Mansfield at a disadvantage in transporting its products to market. Pinxton was at the eastern edge of coal deposits at practicable depths at the time, so the coal consumed in Mansfield had to be brought in.

Business interests in Mansfield saw the desirability of a railway connection to the town and promoted a line from the Pinxton basin of the Cromford Canal to Mansfield. The Mansfield and Pinxton Railway was authorised by Act of 16 June 1817. Unlike many tramway extensions to canals, it was authorised independently. Its declared purpose was to convey heavy minerals, chiefly coal, lead and limestone at first, to and from the Pinxton basin of the Cromford canal. Pinxton was at the eastern edge of coal deposits at practicable depths at the time, so the coal was to be brought into Mansfield. The hilly terrain predisposed against extension of the canal. The authorised capital was £22,800. Immediately after authorisation a meeting of the proprietors took place, indicating that businesspeople had already committed to funding the construction, and no general invitation to subscribe was required.

Josias Jessop was the engineer of the project. Construction evidently proceeded rapidly, but there was a cost overrun. At a meeting held on 18 December 1818 it was said that an additional £7,600 was needed to complete the railway.

Opening and early operation
The line was opened on 13 April 1819, when "the first load of coals was brought in to the Company's wharf [at Mansfield]... the coal was unloaded and taken to the market place where it was heaped up and set on fire." This was evidently a major event in the locality: crowds met the incoming train at the five-arch bridge "where they met ten waggons laden with coal from the Pinxton colliery... the assemblage amounted to some thousands... Having arrived at the market-place about three o'clock, which, not withstanding the heavy rain falling at the time was thronged with people, the band struck up "God Save the King"... Nearly three hundred of the workmen who had been employed during the last three months on the road, then returned to partake of a dinner, provided for them by the proprietors, at different public houses in the town."

The Mansfield terminal was Portland Wharf, alongside White Bear Lane. Bullocks were used as the motive power at first, and later horses were substituted. The railway was to be operated as a toll road: tonnage rates were set; owners of land adjacent to the line were to establish wharfs (goods sidings) and the company could step in if they failed to do so.

The line was double track, $8 1/4$ miles long. From Mansfield to the summit level there was a rise of 89 ft; it then fell 181 feet to the Pinxton terminal. The summit was a little under half way from Mansfield. The track consisted of fish-bellied cast iron edge rails; the rails used a form of scarfed joints on stone block sleepers. The selection of edge rails was not without controversy: plate rails (where the wagon wheels are plain and the plate provides the flange for containment) have the advantage that the wagons can leave the track and be manoeuvred on an ordinary flat surface. Losing that advantage was only justified if edge rails enabled heavier loads to be hauled by a horse; there seemed to be a lack of objective evidence on that point.

The track gauge was 4 ft $4 1/2$ in. The Board of Trade Inspecting Officer visited on 25 September 1849, and his report mistakenly refers to a gauge of 4 ft 4 in.

Financial trends
At the first proprietors' meeting in April 1820 it was announced that the cost of building the railway had been £35,000, "which had put the Company and its investors into debt". The amount collected by tolls was £1,350, and a dividend of 3% was declared.

Income figures are available for the year 1833-4: gross income was £1,966 3s 9d; expenses were £485 13s 2d and a dividend of 9% was paid. Coal and coke were by far the dominant commodity carried. Repairing the rails proved more expensive than had been foreseen: the cost of repairs in the 1824/25 statement amounted to £204 18s. In 1834, it was decided that if any new rails were required they should be of wrought iron, not less than 12 feet long. Larger stone blocks were needed for the sleepers for these rails. They were to measure not less than 2 feet by 20 inches and 8 inches thick. The first order for the longer rails was for 200 yards. In 1836 one hundred and sixty rails were ordered.

Although the Mansfield & Pinxton Railway was originally envisaged as an extension of the Cromford Canal, the canal company took little interest in the railway, and repeatedly declined to give discounted rates. Most of the traffic in later years was coal from pits alongside the lower part of the line to the industrial and domestic hearths of Mansfield. The quantity of stone conveyed was less than expected, mainly because of the expense of carrying it forward by canal. Nevertheless, one of Britain's most famous landmarks, the Palace of Westminster (the Houses of Parliament) was rebuilt during the mid-1830s using limestone transported over the Pinxton line. Mansfield dispatched its renowned moulding sand to local ironworks via the railway and received wagons of metal for its foundries. Bricks, lime, timber, slate and assorted agricultural produce made up the remaining traffic. Nevertheless coal outweighed the traffic volumes seven to one.

Passenger operation
William Epperstone provided a passenger service from 1832; his vehicle left "Wheatcroft & Co's. Railway Waggon Warehouse, Portland Wharf" every Thursday at 3 pm, in addition to "two or three waggons, every morning, at 6 or 7 o'clock, on the Railway to Pinxton, whence goods are forwarded to all parts of the Kingdom by land and water."

Takeover
The Midland Railway was formed in May 1844; it acquired the rights to the Erewash Valley Railway; it opened that line from Long Eaton Junction to Codnor Park on 6 September 1847. The Midland Railway saw the importance of connecting to Mansfield, but two new companies were being promoted: the Boston, Newark & Sheffield Railway was to pass through Southwell and Mansfield, while the Nottingham, Mansfield & Midlands Junction Railway would incorporate the Mansfield & Pinxton line. These two organisations were so confident about their prospects that they jointly purchased the Mansfield & Pinxton company the following year. The Midland Railway had decided to build a line from Nottingham to Mansfield, using part of the Pinxton Railway, and Parliament favoured their plans, and an Act for the Nottingham Mansfield railway (initially connecting with the Mansfield & Pinxton north of Kirkby in Ashfield) was passed on 16 July 1846.

The Midland Railway got its Mansfield and Erewash Valley Extension Act on 9 July 1847. This sanctioned the acquisition of the tramway and its incorporation in a line between Codnor Park and Mansfield. Ownership of the Pinxton line remained a problem. The issue was finally resolved on 15 February 1848, when the Railway Commissioners issued a certificate, by the authority of which the Mansfield & Pinxton Railway was amalgamated with the Midland and immediately dissolved. The purchase of the Mansfield and Pinxton Tramway cost £21,066 13s. 4d.; Stretton considered that a comparatively small sum.

Conversion and reopening
This gave the Midland Railway two routes to Mansfield: a new line from near Nottingham, via the Leen Valley, and the Erewash Valley line via Codnor Park. The tramway style of track of the Mansfield and Pinxton Railway needed to be completely renewed. It had been built with no concern for speed, and several sharp curves needed to be eased. The work progressed rapidly, and on 24 August 1849 a contractor's locomotive visited Mansfield, attracting considerable local attention. Midland Railway directors arrived by special train on 17 September, and the Board of Trade inspection took place on 25 September. The route between Kirkby and Mansfield section was found to be in good shape. but the Codnor Park line was missing several crossing gates and even some short lengths of track.

Mineral workings over the Codnor Park line (not requiring Board of Trade approval), and passenger services from Mansfield to Nottingham, commenced on 9 October 1849. There were four passenger journeys a day, taking 55 minutes. Mansfield trains from Nottingham followed the River Leen through Radford and Hucknall. Then there was an arduous four mile climb at 1 in 79 past Linby and Newstead to Kirkby Tunnel, 199 yards. The line continued to Kirkby, and a short distance north of there, the new line joined the route of the Pinxton railway past Sutton-in-Ashfield and across King's Mill viaduct to Mansfield. The distance from Nottingham to Mansfield was about 17 miles. There was a new terminal at Mansfield, attached to the original Mansfield and Pinxton warehouse. The Codnor Park-Mansfield railway climbed gently up the Erewash Valley to join the old tramway formation east of Pinxton basin.

Extended colliery working
The Mansfield line became the springboard for reaching areas north and east of the town, promoted by the expansion of coal working in those areas. Mansfield station was converted for through working in 1872, although actual through operation did not begin until 1875. Numerous other collieries directly on the former Mansfield and Pinxton line opened towards the end of the nineteenth century, as technological improvements enabled the exploitation of the deeper seams. Many branch lines connections to the M&PR route were made, and competing lines were opened too.

The twentieth century
Expansion of colliery activity continued in the twentieth century. The Midland Railway became a constituent of the new London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923, under the "grouping" of the railways, directed by the Railways Act 1921. In turn the LMS, with other companies, was nationalised in 1948, becoming part of British Railways.

By this time local passenger traffic (and the ordinary goods business) had been hard hit by road competition. Ordinary passenger services from Mansfield to Codnor Park and Pye Bridge had been withdrawn on 10 September 1951, although a workmen's service from Kirkby to Nottingham continued until 6 September 1965. On 12 October 1964 the Leen Valley passenger trains between Nottingham and Mansfield were withdrawn. On June 1975 all goods facilities at Mansfield were withdrawn, so that the local rail network was entirely dependent on coal traffic. The Midland Railway Leen Valley route had already been severed between Kirkby in Ashfield and Annesley on 11 October 1970.

Passenger trains reinstated
A body of opinion developed in favour of funding reinstatement of the Leen Valley services to Mansfield, and an authorising Act for the Newstead - Kirkby link was passed on 26 July 1990; the term 'Robin Hood Line' was adopted. A Nottingham - Newstead passenger service began on 17 May 1993. In 1994 work started on reinstating the link at Kirkby tunnel, and passenger services from Nottingham to Mansfield Woodhouse started operation on 20 November 1995; the service was later extended to Worksop.

The trains ran over the alignment of the Mansfield and Pinxton Railway as modified by the Midland Railway, between Kirkby and Mansfield. The line from Codnor Park is in use for mineral traffic, and uses the M&PR route from Pinxton.

Bi-Centennial celebration
In 2019, the town of Mansfield celebrated 200 years since the opening of the railway with a procession into the town centre involving 90 participants, with some in period costume. The celebrations were partially supported by a Heritage Fund grant.

title: Mansfield and Pinxton Railway


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United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians

The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma (ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ or Anigiduwagi Aniyvwiya, abbreviated United Keetoowah Band or UKB) is a federally recognized tribe of Cherokee Native Americans headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. According to the UKB website, its members are mostly descendants of "Old Settlers" or "Western Cherokees," those Cherokees who migrated from the Southeast to present-day Arkansas and Oklahoma around 1817. Some reports estimate that Old Settlers began migrating west by 1800, before the forced relocation of Cherokees by the United States in the late 1830s under the Indian Removal Act.

Although politically the UKB is not associated with the Trail of Tears, many of the members have direct ancestors who completed the journey in 1838-39.

Government

Today the UKB has over 14,300 members, with 13,300 living within the state of Oklahoma. Joe Bunch is the current Chief.

Assistant Chief is Jeff Wacoche. Joyce Fourkiller-Hawk serves as the tribal Secretary and Sonja Ummerteskee Gourd is the tribe's Treasurer. Tribal officers hold four-year terms while tribal council members are elected to two-year terms. The election calendars parallel the United States' national election calendar (Mid-terms and Presidential).

Economic development
The tribe owns and operates Keetoowah Construction in Tahlequah, and the Keetoowah Cherokee Treatment Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma. They have an arts and crafts gallery, showcasing members' work.

They owned and operated the Keetoowah Cherokee Casino in Tahlequah from 1986 to 2013. The UKB issue their own tribal vehicle tags. Their estimated annual economic impact is $267 million. They host an annual homecoming festival over the first weekend of October.

Origins
The word Keetoowah (Kituwa) is the name of an ancient Cherokee mother town and earthwork mound in the eastern homeland of the Cherokees. Kituwah also is considered by Cherokees to be their original name. The UKB's original land claims include all or parts of Alabama, the Carolinas, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Following the western movement of the Cherokees, UKB traditional territories include the above-mentioned states with the addition of Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas.

History
The UKB members are composed primarily of descendants of the "Old Settlers," Cherokees who settled in present-day Arkansas and Oklahoma around 1817. They were well established before most of the Cherokees were forcibly relocated by the United States government from the Southeast to Indian Territory in what became known as the 1838 Trail of Tears.

By the 1880s, all Cherokee people faced increased pressure by the US government for assimilation. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Cherokees and other Native American children were sent to Indian boarding schools away from home for their education: they were expected to speak only English, were generally prohibited from speaking their own languages, and were expected to adopt Christianity rather than practice native spirituality. The US federal government unilaterally closed and seized Cherokee and other Native American governmental and public institutions through the 1898 Curtis Act, the Dawes Act and the 1906 Five Civilized Tribes Act. Under this legislation, they broke up communal tribal holdings and allotted plots of land to individual households, intended to be developed according to the European-American model of subsistence farming.

The Dawes Commission was tasked to extinguish Native American land claims and break up tribal governments by allotting what was considered communal tribal lands. By assigning plots to individual households among the Five Civilized Tribes, they intended to encourage the European-American model of subsistence farming. Afterward the US government appointed certain Cherokee chiefs to administer tribal lands and holdings, rather than allowing the people to continue with their practice of hereditary chiefs.

History of Federal recognition
Under the Curtis Act of 1898, the government of the Cherokee Nation was dissolved in 1906, in spite of the resistance of many of its members. The only remnant left was the office of the Principal Chief, held by William Charles Rogers. He had been deposed in 1905 by the National Council for cooperating in the tribe's dissolution. He was replaced with Frank J. Boudinot (who was also the leader of the Keetoowah Nighthawk Society).

The next year, the US government re-appointed Rogers and directed him to manage land sales. He held office until 1914. After that the US government did not appoint a chief and the position was dormant.

Prior to World War II, the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt worked to strengthen Native American tribes by encouraging them to reconstitute their governments and adopt an electoral process. Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act (1934). The state legislature passed the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act (OIWA, 1936); both were considered part of the Indian New Deal to support tribes' reorganizing their governments. Cherokees began to organize on their own terms. In the meantime, the President of the United States officially appointed Principal Chiefs for the Cherokees; these appointments were made through the Department of Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs. The UKB ratified their constitution and by-laws on October 3, 1950. The tribe was federally recognized in 1950 under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act. Early elected leaders of the UKB were Levi Gritts, followed by John Hitcher, and the Reverend Jim Pickup, who served in the post-World War II era.

Cherokee language
The UKB have struggled to maintain use and education in the Cherokee language. As of 2018, only 101 people in the UKB were counted as being fluent, with most speakers either in the grandparent generation or older. In 2019, the Tri-Council of Cherokee tribes declared a state of emergency for the language due to the threat of it going extinct, and called for the enhancement of revitalization programs.

Conflict with the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
After the federal dissolution of the Old Cherokee Nation under the Dawes Commission and allotments, Native American land claims in Indian Territory were extinguished and Oklahoma was admitted as a state. Indians listed on the Dawes Commission rolls and other rolls were effectively left without political representation.

In the late 1940s, the United Keetoowah Band's claim to recognition as a tribe was probed according to criteria influenced by John Collier, who led the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Felix S. Cohen. Writer D'Arcy McNickle argued that the Cherokee Nation no longer existed in any form except to sign over Indian lands. He suggested that the UKB be granted federal acknowledgment based on its authenticity and connection to the traditional ways, including maintenance of the language and ceremonies.

After 1947, the UKB was the federally recognized organization by which all the Cherokee people received federal assistance and were dealt with on federal programs. The UKB was able to secure federal funds for the Cherokee Nation Complex, which today houses the government of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma (CNO), also federally recognized in the late 20th century. The UKB also started the Cherokee National Holiday, in conjunction with the Principal Chief's office. The Cherokee Nation Housing Authority was begun using UKB's federally recognized status.

Even the casino enterprises, which have for decades given the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma a motive to try to destroy or "de-recognize" the UKB and its membership, emerged from precedent set by the cooperation of the UKB.

The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma received approval of their constitution and federal recognition in 1975. The two nations pursued independent paths; the CNO had many more members and asserted political power in the region. The CNO evicted the UKB from the offices at the tribal complex in Tahlequah, which had originally been acquired through the United Keetoowah Band's government-to-government relationship with the United States.

The CNO administrations of Wilma Mankiller and Chad "Corntassel" Smith have had many conflicts with UKB leadership. Smith was a member of the UKB, but due to these issues, the tribe revoked his membership in 2005.

UKB membership
The United Keetoowah Band maintains a one-quarter-blood requirement for members. It requires all members to have verifiable Cherokee descent either from a person or people on the Dawes Rolls or the UKB Base Roll of 1949.

Beginning in the 1970s, the UKB made some people honorary, adopted and associate members, to recognize their services to the nation. This continued an older practice of Keetoowah adoption or naturalization of captives and friends dating to the 19th century. Former President Bill Clinton is a notable associate member. Given the problems in the 21st century of persons trying to gain benefits by claiming distant Cherokee or UKB ancestry, the tribe no longer practices honorary membership.

Ward Churchill, a former Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Colorado, had long claimed to be of Cherokee descent and made his reputation on promoting Native American issues and an activist Native American view. He was revealed to have no such ancestry. Then he claimed to be an honorary associate member in the UKB, but the tribe has rejected this claim as fraudulent.

Gaming casinos
In the late 20th century, several tribes began to develop gaming facilities on their own sovereign or trust lands, and in consultation with affected states. Such enterprises have raised revenues often used for development and welfare.

The State of Oklahoma has sued the UKB in federal court for operating what it describes as illegal gaming facilities, as they are not on Bureau of Indian Affairs-approved tribal trust lands. According to briefs submitted by the Cherokee Nation, the UKB own no tribal lands in federal trust. The lawsuit is pending in the federal courts in Oklahoma. It has been remanded to the National Indian Gaming Commission for review.

During the State of Oklahoma lawsuit pertaining to the UKB's alleged illegal casino operations for a casino that the tribe has been operating for approximately 19 years, the UKB was accused of attempting to sue the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee Nation said the UKB had sued to demand cession of tribal land allotments to them in order to build casinos. These lawsuits were dismissed.

Land claims
The UKB has sued the United States for a share of the proceeds under HR-3534, a bill that required the United States to compensate the Cherokee Nation and two other Oklahoma tribes for claims to the disclaimed drybed lands of the Arkansas River. The legislation set aside ten percent of each tribe's share of the settlement for other claimant tribes; it afforded other claimant tribes an opportunity to file claims within 180 days of the legislation. The UKB filed suit against the United States in the Court of Claims. The Cherokee Nation moved to intervene and to dismiss the UKB suit. It contended that the Cherokee Nation is an indispensable party and that it cannot be joined in the litigation because of its sovereign immunity. The Court of Claims granted both of the Cherokee Nation's motions.

On April 14, 2006, on appeal, the United States sided with the UKB against the Cherokee Nation's request for dismissal. The Court of Federal Claims heard the appeal on November 8, 2006.

In June 2004, the UKB requested that the BIA take into trust land which the tribe owned on a fee basis, a 76 acres Community Services Parcel. The case has been studied and the request was originally denied, but the UKB appealed. In May 2011, the BIA finally announced its decision to take into trust for the UKB 76 acres of land in Tahlequah. This land includes several of its community centers and the sacred dance ground. The tribe will no longer be landless.

Notable UKB members

 * Robert J. Conley (1940–2014), historian and novelist
 * Mel Cornshucker (born 1952), ceramic artist
 * David Cornsilk (born 1959), legal activist and genealogist
 * Cecil Dick (1915–1992), Flatstyle painter and muralist
 * Franklin Gritts (1914–1996), Flatsyle painter and educator
 * Victoria Holland, attorney and congressional delegate-designate
 * Archie Sam (1914–1986), Natchez/Cherokee/Muscogee Creek traditionalist, stomp dance leader, and cultural historian
 * Virginia Stroud (born 1951), (United Keetoowah Band/Muscogee Creek), artist and former Miss Indian America

Education
In April, 2019, the tribe chartered Bacone College in Muskogee, Oklahoma as its tribal college.


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Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album

Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album is the final studio album by Monty Python, released in 1980. As the title suggests, the album was put together to complete a contract with Charisma Records. Besides newly written songs and sketches, the sessions saw re-recordings of material that dated back to the 1960s pre-Python shows I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again, The Frost Report, At Last The 1948 Show and How To Irritate People. One track, "Bells", dates from the sessions for Monty Python's Previous Record, while further material was adapted from Eric Idle's post-Python series Rutland Weekend Television. The group also reworked material written but discarded from early drafts of Life Of Brian, as well as the initial scripts for what would eventually become The Meaning Of Life.

Background
The group had not recorded an all-studio album since Matching Tie and Handkerchief in 1973 and were initially unenthusiastic about returning to the recording studio. Fresh from co-producing the Life Of Brian soundtrack album, Eric Idle oversaw the sessions which resulted in over half the album consisting of songs. Beginning in January 1980, the group recorded reams of unused material during the sessions, much of which found its way on to the unreleased outtakes album Hastily Cobbled Together For A Fast Buck, although some previously unheard material was included on the compilations The Final Rip Off (1987) and Monty Python Sings (1989). In 2006, further unreleased tracks were added to the special edition CDs of Another Monty Python Record, Monty Python's Previous Record, Matching Tie and Handkerchief and the Contractual Obligation album itself. In 2014, three further tracks were added to the expanded Monty Python Sings (Again).

Due to the amount of cut material, the finished album features John Cleese on only three tracks (the reworkings of "String" and "Bookshop", plus a brief appearance at the start of "Medical Love Song") while Terry Gilliam does not feature at all. Gilliam's absence was noted on the album's Basil Pao-designed cover, which featured a plain inner sleeve on which Eric Idle wrote "Can T.G. do a nice-eye catching cover to help it sell?", to which Terry Jones replies "Not really worth it". The record label shown on the cover has a fake track-listing, with titles relating to the legal status of the contractual obligation. As with the Drury Lane album, the cover appears in a scene in Gilliam's 2005 film Tideland, although it is only visible in the 2.35:1 aspect ratio version.

Release
The actual record label of the original UK vinyl release had the standard Charisma design made up to look like parts had been torn off, onto which the first side had "Side one" scribbled on in pen, with "The other side" written on Side 2. The traditional George Peckham runout groove messages read " EXCUSE THE PAUSE BETWEEN SIDES, WE'VE JUST NIPPED OUT TO THE PUB FOR A PINT " on Side 1 and " DEAR MUM PLEASE SEND ANOTHER CUPPA DOWN, STILL CUTTING THE PYTHON L.P. LOVE PORKY X " on Side 2.

A 3 track 7" single (CB 374) comprising "I Like Chinese"/"I Bet You They Won't Play This Song on the Radio"/"Finland" was released in the UK on 3 October 1980 to tie-in with the album.

Michael Palin appeared on the BBC's Top of the Pops to promote the album, helping to give the group their highest chart position, peaking at No. 13 on the UK Albums Chart.

The 2006 special edition contains four bonus tracks consisting of contemporary promotional material and demo versions of two songs.

Controversies
Two tracks on the album caused controversy when first released.

The lead track, "Sit on My Face" was sung to the tune of "Sing as We Go", a song made famous by Gracie Fields, and reportedly its inclusion led to legal threats against the Python team for copyright infringement over the melody. Nonetheless, the song was retained on the album and had already been lip-synched by Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones as the opening of the second half of Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl, shortly before the album's release (the song opens the heavily edited 1982 film version). The concert film also features Terry Jones twice miming to "Never Be Rude to an Arab". In 2014, "Sit on My Face" was featured in the 2014 Monty Python performance reunion concert series, Monty Python Live (Mostly), expanded into a production number.

"Farewell to John Denver", which contained a few bars of The Rutles member Ollie Halsall impersonating John Denver singing a parody of "Annie's Song", followed by the sound of the singer being strangled, was removed from subsequent pressings of the UK version on legal advice (reports differ as to whether it had to do with the licensing of "Annie's Song" or the depiction of the popular singer being murdered), and was replaced by an apology spoken by Terry Jones. Later CD releases of the album reinstated the John Denver track, but after Denver's death in a plane crash, the 2006 reissue reduced the main track listing (not counting the bonus tracks) to 23 from its original 24, therefore omitting both the original track and the apology one (the original "Farewell to John Denver" track can be found on the Arista CD The Monty Python Instant Record Collection). Original advance print advertising by Charisma Records included the tagline, "Now a Major Lawsuit".

Other versions
As noted above, some pressings of Contractual Obligation Album omit the "Farewell to John Denver" track. The original U.K. vinyl pressing also contained an unintentionally out-of-sync mix on the song "I'm So Worried", which was subsequently corrected.

The original cassette version had an additional track due to Side 1 being several minutes shorter than side 2. At the end of Side 1 (about 0:45 after "I'm So Worried"), Michael Palin states that there will be a "tiresome gap" before the tape ends. Several minutes (about 4:52) of silence ensue, followed at the very end by Eric Idle stating that the gap was over and the tape may be turned to Side 2. The amended UK cassette release (with the John Denver section removed and "I'm So Worried" fixed) features an alternative message from Terry Jones at the end in place of the Michael Palin and Eric Idle messages.

Two tracks on the album were later released in expanded versions. "Henry Kissinger" featured an extra verse when it was included on the 1987 The Final Rip Off double compilation album, while the version of "Medical Love Song" on the 1989 Monty Python Sings compilation contains additional verses and a new arrangement by John Du Prez.

Ronnie Barker and Ronnie Corbett performed the original version of "String" on 27 April 1967 in The Frost Report episode "The Frost Report on Advertising". The original version of "Bookshop" from the 1 March 1967 episode of At Last the 1948 Show had John Cleese as the bookseller and Marty Feldman as the customer (the latter played by Graham Chapman on the Contractual Obligation version). Cleese had already resurrected the sketch on 8 May 1977 for the second Amnesty benefit concert An Evening Without Sir Bernard Miles (later re-titled as The Mermaid Frolics for TV broadcast and vinyl release), where Connie Booth played the customer against Cleese's bookseller. When Graham Chapman guested on NBC's variety show The Big Show in 1980, the 18 March edition featured a performance of the sketch, this time with Chapman switching roles as the bookseller playing against Joe Baker as the customer.

Some material had previously been published in written form. The Eric Idle monologue "Rock Notes" originally appeared as part of the "Rutland Stone" section in the 1976 Rutland Weekend Television spin-off book, The Rutland Dirty Weekend Book. "Martyrdom of St. Victor" (originally "St. Brian") and the "All Things Dull and Ugly" lyrics were lifted from 1979's MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK.

Two bands drew their name from "Toad the Wet Sprocket", an imaginary group featured in "Rock Notes". The name had originally been featured in a parody of The Old Grey Whistle Test in episode 4 of the first series of Rutland Weekend Television in 1975. The first Toad the Wet Sprocket was a British heavy metal band of the 1970s, which released a few singles and appeared on the 1980 compilation album Metal for Muthas. The second Toad the Wet Sprocket is a longer-lived American alternative band of the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Side one

 * 1) Sit on My Face
 * 2) Announcement
 * 3) Henry Kissinger
 * 4) String
 * 5) Never Be Rude to an Arab
 * 6) I Like Chinese
 * 7) Bishop
 * 8) Medical Love Song
 * 9) Farewell to John Denver (omitted on some releases and replaced by an Apology by Terry Jones)
 * 10) Finland
 * 11) I'm So Worried
 * 12) End of Side 1 Announcement (cassette version only)

The other side

 * 1) I Bet You They Won't Play This Song on the Radio
 * 2) Martyrdom of St. Victor
 * 3) Here Comes Another One
 * 4) Bookshop
 * 5) Do What John?
 * 6) Rock Notes
 * 7) Muddy Knees
 * 8) Crocodile
 * 9) Decomposing Composers
 * 10) Bells
 * 11) Traffic Lights
 * 12) All Things Dull and Ugly
 * 13) A Scottish Farewell

2006 bonus tracks

 * Contractual Obligation – Terry Jones and Graham Chapman Promotional Interview
 * Radio Ad Obligation Promo
 * Medical Love Song [Alternate Demo Version]
 * I'm So Worried [Demo Version]

Personnel

 * Graham Chapman
 * John Cleese
 * Eric Idle
 * Terry Jones
 * Michael Palin

Additional performers

 * Mike Berry (singing voice on "Here Comes Another One")
 * The Fred Tomlinson Singers
 * Brian Willoughby Guitar on "Finland"
 * Ollie Halsall (John Denver impersonation on "Farewell to John Denver")

Production

 * Eric Idle – producer
 * André Jacquemin – assistant producer and chief engineer
 * Rob Briancourt – assistant engineer
 * John Du Prez [credited under his real name, Trevor Jones] – musical production and arrangements
 * Basil Pao – sleeve design
 * Fred Tomlinson – musical director of backing vocals
 * Kevin Hodge – mastering engineer

Jim Beach is credited as "the lawyer the Pythons wronged"

Music credits
The following is the list of musical works included on the album. They comprise, for the most part, self-penned Python songs plus two pieces of library music from Ready Music Ltd.

 * 1) Sit on My Face (Eric Idle and Harry Parr-Davies)
 * 2) Henry Kissinger (Eric Idle)
 * 3) Never Be Rude to an Arab (Terry Jones)
 * 4) I Like Chinese (Eric Idle)
 * 5) Polygon (Val Podlarsinski)
 * 6) Medical Love Song (Graham Chapman, Eric Idle and John Du Prez)
 * 7) Farewell to John Denver (Graham Chapman, Eric Idle and John Denver)
 * 8) Finland (Michael Palin)
 * 9) I'm So Worried (Terry Jones)
 * 10) I Bet You They Won't Play This Song on the Radio (Eric Idle)
 * 11) Here Comes Another One (Terry Jones)
 * 12) Do What John? (Eric Idle)
 * 13) Muddy Knees (Terry Jones)
 * 14) Sportstrack (John Du Prez)
 * 15) Decomposing Composers (Michael Palin)
 * 16) Traffic Lights (Terry Jones)
 * 17) All Things Dull and Ugly (Eric Idle and William Henry Monk)
 * 18) A Scottish Farewell (Terry Jones)

Accolades
Grammy Awards


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Historical regions of Romania

The historical regions of Romania are located in Central, Southeastern, and Eastern Europe. Romania came into being through the unification of two principalities, Wallachia and Moldavia in 1862. The new unitary state extended over further regions at various times during the late 19th and 20th centuries, including Dobruja in 1878, and Transylvania in 1918.

These regions are part of Romania today:

Wallachia (united with Moldavia in 1859 to create modern Romania):

 * Muntenia (Greater Wallachia);
 * Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia): the territory between the rivers Danube and Olt and the Southern Carpathians became part of the Principality of Wallachia in the early 14th century.

Moldavia (united with Wallachia in 1859 to create modern Romania):

 * Western Moldavia: in today's form part of Romania since 1944;
 * Southern Bukovina: following the union with Romania in 1918 (initially, the entire region of Bukovina was part of Romania, until World War II).

Dobruja:

 * Northern Dobruja: in Romania since 1878 (with the exception of some Danubian islands and Snake Island, which were incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1948, and became part of Ukraine in 1991).

Wallachia, western Moldavia, and Dobruja are sometimes referred collectively as the Regat (The Kingdom), as they formed the Romanian "Old" Kingdom before World War I.

Transylvania (the term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also part of the historical regions of Crișana, Maramureș, and Banat. The new borders were set by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 between the respective states):

 * Transylvania proper: following the declaration of the union with Romania in 1918;
 * Banat: since 1918 claimed and eventually divided between Romania, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (today Serbia) and Hungary;
 * Crișana: the region bordered by the rivers Mureș and Someș and the Apuseni Mountains, following the declaration of the union in 1918, eventually divided between Hungary and Romania;
 * Maramureș: part of the mountainous northwestern region, following the declaration of the union in 1918, eventually divided between Czechoslovakia and Romania (today, Northern Maramureș is part of Ukraine).

Between 1918 and 1920, during the Revolutions and interventions in Hungary, the Hungarian–Romanian War affected also part of these territories until the final resolution of state affairs by the Paris Peace Conference.

These regions and territories were part of Romania in the past:

 * Bessarabia: this territory was part (as the eastern half) of Moldavia until 1812, when it was incorporated into the Russian Empire. The entire region became part of Romania from 1918 to 1940 when it was occupied by the Soviets. Romania managed to annex it again in 1941, but lost it back in 1944, during World War II.
 * Southern Bessarabia (including a part of Budjak): in 1856, the southern part of Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which united with Wallachia in 1859 to create modern Romania. In 1878, Romania was pressured into exchanging this territory for the Dobruja, and Russian rule was restored over it.
 * Northern Bukovina: the region was part of Romania from 1918 to 1940 when it was occupied by the Soviets; Romania managed to annex it again in 1941, but lost it in 1944. Today it is part of the Chernivtsi Oblast in Ukraine.
 * Hertsa region: a territory of Moldavia, it was part of Romania from 1859 to 1940, when it was occupied by the Soviets; Romania managed to annex it again in 1941, but lost it in 1944. Today it is part of the Chernivtsi Oblast in Ukraine.
 * Southern Dobruja: was annexed from Bulgaria in 1913, after the Second Balkan War. It became Bulgarian again after 1940.
 * Snake Island: an island located in the Black Sea, that was part of Romania between 1878 and 1948.

Others:

 * Transnistria: controlled by Romania from 1941 to 1944 as the Transnistria Governorate (Romania did not formally incorporate Transnistria into its administrative framework).
 * Pokuttia: controlled for around a century and a half with interruptions by the Romanian principality of Moldavia. The region was occupied by Romania for several months in 1919.

title: Historical regions of Romania


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Ashoknagar (Madhya Pradesh)

Ashoknagar (also Ashok Nagar) is a city and a Municipality Council in Ashoknagar District in Madhya Pradesh state of central India. It is the administrative headquarters of Ashoknagar District. Earlier it was part of Guna district. Ashoknagar is well known for its Grain Mandi and "Sharbati Gaihu", a type of wheat. The nearest city Guna 45 km from the city. Ashoknagar was formerly known as Pachar. The railway line passes from the middle of the city. Ashoknagar has a railway station and Two Bus stations. Ashoknagar is connected to the main cities of Madhya Pradesh by road and railway.

Ashoknagar is located in the northern part of Madhya Pradesh, between the rivers Sindh and the Betwa. It comes under the northern part of Malwa plateau, though main part of its district lies in the Bundelkhand Plateau. The eastern and western boundaries of the district are well defined by the rivers. The Betwa flows along the eastern boundary separating it from Sagar District and Lalitpur District, India of Uttar Pradesh. The Sindh is the main river flowing along the western boundary. Chanderi, a part of Ashoknagar, is famous for its brocades and muslins, especially for its handwoven Chanderi sarees. Ashoknagar is situated on the Kota-Bina railway section of Western Central Railway. Ashoknagar district has boundary to the border of UP in the east, about 87 km from Lalitpur in Uttar Pradesh. Ashoknagar is approximately 190 km away from the capital of the state Bhopal, 360 km from Indore, 153 km from Jhansi and about 250 km from Gwalior.

Etymology
It is believed that Great Emperor Asoka, while on his trip to conquer Ujjain, had spent a night in Ashoknagar and hence the name.

History
History of the town goes back around the ancient Indian Mahabharat, according to many early historians, Ashoknagar town was a part of Chedi Kingdom along with Chanderi.

Rather than this, In the 19th and early 20th century, the town being a part of Ishagarh District of Scindhiyas of Gwalior. In the late 20th century, Ashoknagar was known as PACHHAR. Later on it was renamed by MP government as Ashoknagar. Ashokanagar used to be a town of guna district. it became district in 2003.

Demographics
The female-to-male ratio in Ashoknagar stands at 900 females per 1000 males compared to the 2001 census figure of 879 per 1000. The average national female-to-male ratio in India is 940 per 1000 as per latest reports of Census 2011 Directorate.

Culture
The city lies in the Bundelkhand region and follows traditional Indian culture. Ashoknagar is famous for the Jain temple called Trikaal Choubeese, where the idols of past, present, and future Thirthankars, as described in the Jain religion, have been kept. The district is also famous for a small town called 'Chanderi', which is about 60 km from Ashoknagar. Chanderi was earlier, at the time of Mahabharata, known as "Chendi". Chendi Naresh Shishupal was its ruler, who was then killed by Lord Krishna In Chanderi, ancient sculptures have been discovered in large numbers. Thubonji Sidhdha Kshetra is another one of the pilgrim center for Jains. It is about 32 km from Ashoknagar. In the south, about 35 km from Ashoknagar, is the famous Karila Mata Mandir, which is known to be the birthplace of Luv and Kush, sons of Lord Rama and Sita Mata. A huge fair is organized every year on Rangpanchmi in which the Rai Dance is performed by the Bedni women. Tumen is also a famous historical pilgrim center situated at Triveni known for Mata Vindhyavasini temple. There are many more places of religious importance in the district of Ashoknagar.

Chanderi is a tehsil of the Ashoknagar district and is a famous historical & tourist palace. The main occupation of the people of Chanderi is handicraft. Chanderi sarees are famous all over the world. These are made by cotton and silk by hand through Khatka. Khatka is a self made machine for preparing sarees. Another famous place in Ashoknagar district is Sri Anandpur, the world headquarters of the Sri Advaith Paramhansa Sect. Disciples from across the globe visit Anandpur twice a year during Baisakhi and Guru Purnima to seek blessings from the gurus. Kadwaya, a small village in the district is also famous for the ancient Shiv Mandir, Garhi and Mata Mandir.

Geography
Ashoknagar is situated at the average elevation of 507 metres(1640 ft) above sea level. It is in the plateau region and has an agricultural topography. The plateau is an extension of the Deccan Traps, formed between 60 and 68 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. In this region, the main classes of soil are black, brown and bhatori (stony) soil. The volcanic, clay-like soil of the region owes its black colour to the high iron content of the basalt from which it is formed. The soil requires less irrigation because of its high capacity for moisture retention. The other two soil types are lighter and have a higher proportion of sand. The year is popularly divided into three seasons: summer, the rains, and winter. Summer extends over the months of Chaitra to Jyestha (mid-March to mid-May). The average daily temperature during the summer months is 35 °C, which typically rises to around 46 °C on a few days. The rainy season starts with the first showers of Aashaadha (mid-June) and extends to the middle of Ashvin (September). Most of the rain falls during the southwest monsoon spell, and ranges from about 100 cm in the west to about 165 cm in the east. Ashoknagar and surrounding areas receive an average of 140 cm of rainfall a year. The growing period lasts from 90 to 150 days, during which the average daily temperature is below 30 °C, but seldom falls below 20 °C. Winter is the longest of the three seasons, extending for about five months (mid-Ashvin to Phalgun, i.e., October to mid-March). The average daily temperature ranges from 15 °C to 20 °C, though on some nights it can fall as low as 5 °C. Some cultivators believe that an occasional winter shower during the months of Pausha and Maagha—known as Mawta—is helpful to the early summer wheat and germ crops.[5]

Climate
The climate of Ashoknagar is sub-tropical. In summers, the temperature reaches 47 °C, while dropping to 4 °C in the winter. Rainfall is adequate and sometimes less.

Tumen Temple
TUMEN

There are a number of tourist spots in Ashoknagar Town, including: vindyvashni temple and many other temple here tumen

Jain Temples
Ashoknagar district is one of the largest district on the basis of Jain population in India after Sagar, Tikamgarh, and Lalitpur. The Seven Super designed Jain Temples lie in the center of the Town. These are:

 * Trikal Chaubisi – "Shanti Nagar"
 * Gaon Ka mandir – Purana Bazar
 * Shri Chandra prabhu Jain Mandir
 * Subhash gunj Jain Mandir
 * Swaadhyay Jain Mandir – Mahavir Colony
 * Shri Parasnath Jain Temple- Soni Colony
 * Shri Adinath Jain Mandir
 * Shri Swetambar Jain Mandir, Bajariya Mohalla

Other interesting places
There are four Temples of lord Hanumana lies at all four Outskirts of the main city. Along with the above-mentioned locations, there are many other tourist spots in the outskirts of Ashoknagar.
 * Tulsi Sarovar – Huge natural water lake. Boating at evening.
 * Amai Dam
 * Sankat Mochan
 * Shri Taare Waale Balaji Temple in Aajad Mohalla
 * Nehru Bal Udhyan
 * Tulsi Sarovar Park

Chanderi
The Chanderi Fort is situated on a hill 71 meters above the town. The fortified walls were constructed mainly by the Muslim rulers of Chanderi. The main entrance to the fort is through a series of three gates, the uppermost of which is known as Hawa Paur and the lowermost is called the Khuni Darwaja, or the gate of blood. The peculiar name is derived from the fact that criminals were executed at this point by hurling them from the battlements above, breaking their bodies into pieces to the ground. Within the fort there are only two ruined buildings: the Hawa and Nau-Khanda Mahals built by Bundela Chiefs. A rest house on the northern ridge provides a view of the town below by the countryside.

Chanderi Fort
To the southwest of Fort there is a curious gateway called katti-ghatti built through the hillside. It is 59 meters long, 12 meters broad and 24.6 meters high. In its center, the rock has been sculpted into the shape of a gate, with a pointed arch, and flanked by sloping towers.

Kaushak Mahal
The Kaushak Mahal of Chanderi is also known as Tawarikh-i-Ferishta. According to history, in 1445 AD Mehmood Shah Khilji of Malwa was passing through Chanderi, when he ordered a seven-storied palace to be built there, which came to be Kaushak Mahal. It is an imposing building of some grandeur, though standing in a half-ruined condition. To the south, east and north of the Kaushak Mahal, well maintained palaces of Ramnagar, Panchamnagar and Singhpur are situated respectively. All were built by Bundela chiefs of Chanderi in the 18th century.

Shri Anandpur
Shri Anandpur is a religious place, which is the part of Issagarh Tehsil, about 30 km from the district center of Ashoknagar. The institution is influenced by "Advait Mat". The founder of this institution was Shri Advait Anand Ji. He is also known as Maharaj Shri Paramhans Dayal Ji. The place is surrounded with greenery. The Ashram is situated near Vindhyachal Mountain range and is the center of attraction for its glorious architecture and pollution free environment. The development of Anandpur started away back in 1939 and continued till 1964. The institution was established as " Shri Anandpur Trust" on 22 April 1954 and this trust is running a charity hospital which is a main attraction point for the locals where they can get good medical facility free. Most of its development took place during Shri Padshahi Ji Maharaj IV & Shri Padshahi Ji Maharaj V. Shri Anand Shanti Bhavan is the main part of the sacred place, is constructed with pure white marble. The pillar can be seen from a long distance away from the building. The Satsang Bhavan is a huge place of Shri Anandpur. It is the centre of attraction for the devotees. In Shri Anandpur the facilities of Hospital, School, Post Office etc. are present too.

Kadwaya
Kadwaya a small village of ISAGARH tehsil of district ashoknagar having number of temples. One of these temples has been constructed in the 10th century in Kachhapaghata style of architecture. It has garbha-griha (sanctum), antaral and mandapa. Another old temple of Kadwaya is known as Chandal math. As per history, it was built to house Matta Mourya, members of Shaiva sect. During Akbar's reign Kadwaya was the headquarters of Gwalior's sarkar. Kadwaya is alSo the birthplace of pandit late ramvali sharma who served till death for the socio, political and economic development of the village. Besides this KADWAYA GADI(buried fort) is the site of world heritage. it is also famous for mata BIJASEN TEMPLE. it is said that one cures there defected eyes, by her blessings. total population of kadwaya is approx. 3000.

Thubonji Sidhdha Kshetra
In Thubonji Sidhdha Kshetra, there are a group of 26 temples imparting the message of peace, nonviolence & non-affection ness to pilgrims. This sacred place Thuvonji came to knowledge during the period of famous businessman Padashah. It is believed that when Padashah put his metal Tin here, it got converted into Silver. Temple No. 15 is the main among them known as big temple, with 28 feet high miraculous colossus of Lord Adinath in standing posture, installed by Vikram Samvat in 1672.

Atishay – It is said that sound of various musical instruments is heard at the night as the gods from heaven come here for prayers & worships. It is also said that after the completion of this high colossus, initially devotees were unable to install it in the standing posture. At that night, Head of the Construction saw a dream that worshipping the colossus will only allow it to be installed in the standing posture, accordingly in the next morning colossus was worshipped and then Head of the Construction alone was able to place the high colossus in standing posture. The public present at that time saw this miracle with wonder.

There are number of Jain temples are also present in the Kshetra :

 * Lord parsvanath Jain Temple – There is a magnificent 15 feet high colossus of Lord Parsvanath (23rd Teerthankar) installed in V.S. 1864. The colossus have a very artistic serpent hood over the head as well as in both the sides of the colossus.
 * Lord Shantinath Jain temple – 18 feet high standing posture of Lord Shantinath (16th Teerthankar) is the principal deity in the temple.
 * Ajitnath Jain Temple – Principal deity is the Lord Ajitnath(2nd Teerthankar).
 * Adinath Jain Temple – It is also a magnificent and vast temple having 16 feet high colossus of Lord Adinath. This was installed by Savasingh of Chanderi in V.S. 1873. He also completed the famous Choubeesee Mandir of Chanderi
 * Chandraprabhu Jain Temple – Lord Chandraprabhu (8th Teerthankar) is the principal deity in the temple, 1.5 feet sitting(Padmasana) statue of the Lord is the idol in the temple.

Other temples are also worth being seen.

Museum – Some ancient idols are kept there, among them a standing 12 feet high idol.

Employment
In Ashoknagar, the occupation of the people is mostly agricultural. People are associated with grain merchandising. Textiles business is also very active. In recent times, Commodity Exchange Market has also grown along with logistic business. Ashok Nagar is famous for its market which includes textiles, Automobiles, Utensils, Cement works, Groceries, Gold and Ornaments and almost all other things. It is a business hub, people from all around the division come over here for the trade.

Transport
Ashoknagar has road and rail connections to the main cities of the state and nation. Ashoknagar railway station is the part of Kota-Bina railway section of West Central Railway. The nearest airports to Ashoknagar are Bhopal Airport and Gwalior Airport.

The roads inside the city are however quite wide, but are not in good paved condition. Thus, during rainy seasons there is a chance of lot of accidents occurring. A major issue is of the dust on the city's roads, it is such that there is a great chance of spreading diseases like severe cough and a lot more dust causing diseases.

Ashoknagar is situated on the state highway 20 (SH 20) with local connections to Guna, SH 10 to Vidisha and Shivpuri and connections on to Indore, Bhopal and Gwalior. SH 20 as GUNA-ISHAGARH road towards north, is about 3 km inside the city, while SH 19 is about a single km at thobon/Chanderii road. Rather than this, There are some shorter city roads are also has links to nearer villages and towns, such as Pachaadi Kheda Road, Mohri road, Aron road, Kolua road, Pawargarh road, Kabira road etc.

Ashoknagar is 44 km from the NH-3 Agra Bombay highway and one hour drive away from the NH-76.

title: Ashoknagar (Madhya Pradesh)


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Ercüment Olgundeniz

Ercüment Olgundeniz (born July 7, 1976) is a Turkish track and field athlete competing in the discus and occasionally shot put. The 198 cm tall athlete at 146 kg is a member of Enkaspor, where he is coached by Teodoru Agachi.

He took part at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. With his throw of 58.17 m, Olgundeniz ranked 28th and could not qualify for the finals. In 2005, he participated at the Mediterranean Games in Almería, and won the bronze medal with his performance of 59.16 m. He was ranked 44th in the world's best list in 2004 with his personal record of 63.49 metres (Turkish record) set on July 4, 2004, in Istanbul.

In March 2007 in Yalta he improved the record to 64.34 metres. He competed at the 2007 World Championships, but finished last and did not reach the final.

Ercüment Olgundeniz won the silver medal at the 2009 Mediterranean Games held in Pescara, Italy.

On May 27, 2012, he improved his national record from 66.89 m set in 2011 to 67.50 m at the European Champion Clubs Cup held in Vila Real de Santo António, Portugal winning the silver medal.

He qualified for participation in the discus throw event at the 2012 Summer Olympics, but did not reach the final.

At the 2013 Mediterranean Games held in Mersin, Turkey, he became silver medalist in the discus event.

title: Ercüment Olgundeniz


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Lipa

Lipa or LIPA (Cyrillic: Липа) may refer to:

Acronym

 * Liquid Isopropyl alcohol
 * League for Independent Political Action, a former American progressive political organization
 * Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, a performing arts school in Liverpool, England
 * Long Island Power Authority, a municipal subdivision of the State of New York
 * Aviano Air Base (ICAO:LIPA), a NATO base in Italy

Asia

 * Lipa, Iran, Gilan Province, Iran
 * Lipa, Batangas, a city in the Philippines
 * Archdiocese of Lipa

Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * Lipa, Kreševo, a settlement in Kreševo
 * Lipa, Livno, a village
 * Lipa, Tomislavgrad, a village

Czech Republic

 * Lípa (Havlíčkův Brod District), a municipality and village in the Vysočina Region
 * Lípa (Zlín District), a municipality and village in the Zlín Region
 * Lípa nad Orlicí, a municipality and village in the Hradec Králové Region
 * Česká Lípa, a town in the Liberec Region
 * Krásná Lípa, a town in the Ústí nad Labem Region
 * Lípa, a village and part of Merklín (Karlovy Vary District) in the Karlovy Vary Region
 * Lipá, a village and part of Třebenice (Litoměřice District) in the Ústí nad Labem Region
 * Lípa, a village and part of Úněšov in the Plzeň Region
 * Lípa, a village and part of Všestary (Hradec Králové District) in the Hradec Králové Region

Poland

 * Lipa, Jawor County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Łódź Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Przemyśl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Stalowa Wola County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Ciechanów County, Masovian Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Gostynin County, Masovian Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Przasnysz County, Masovian Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Pułtusk County, Masovian Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Chodzież County, Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Oborniki County, Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Lipa, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Slovenia

 * Lipa, Beltinci, Municipality of Beltinci
 * Lipa, Dobrepolje, Municipality of Dobrepolje
 * Lipa, Lukovica, Municipality of Lukovica
 * Lipa, Miren-Kostanjevica, Municipality of Miren-Kostanjevica
 * Lipa, Zreče, Municipality of Zreče
 * Lipa pri Frankolovem, Municipality of Vojnik

Other places in Europe

 * Lipa, Estonia, a village in Rapla Parish
 * Lipa, Karlovac County, a village near Generalski Stol, Croatia
 * Lipa, Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, a village near Matulji, Croatia
 * , a village in Negotino Municipality, North Macedonia

Other uses

 * Lipa (name)
 * Lepa (ship) (also known as lipa), traditional houseboats of the Sama-Bajau people
 * Dua Lipa, English singer and songwriter
 * Dua Lipa (album), 2017
 * Lipa (political party), a political party in Slovenia
 * The one-hundredth part of the Croatian kuna
 * Lipa, a diminutive form of Lipman
 * Lipa, a Slavic word for the European linden tree (Tilia spp.)
 * League for Independent Political Action
 * Lipa Schmeltzer, American Hasidic singer

title: Lipa


text:
Agoncillo

Agoncillo may refer to:

Places

 * Agoncillo, La Rioja, a municipality in La Rioja, Spain
 * CD Agoncillo, Spanish football team based in Agoncillo
 * Logroño-Agoncillo Airport
 * Agoncillo, Batangas, a municipality in the Province of Batangas, Philippines

Other uses

 * Agoncillo (surname)

title: Agoncillo


text: Template:ITCDistributions-stub

title: Template:ITCDistributions-stub


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International Pharmaceutical Federation

The  International Pharmaceutical Federation or  Fédération Internationale Pharmaceutique, abbreviated as  FIP, is a non-governmental organization (NGO) with official relations with the World Health Organization. It is the global body representing over four million pharmacists, pharmaceutical scientists and pharmaceutical educators through 153 national organisations, academic institutional members and individual members.

Vision and Mission
FIP's vision is a world where everyone benefits from access to safe, effective, quality and affordable medicines and health technologies, as well as from pharmaceutical care services provided by pharmacists, in collaboration with other healthcare professionals.

Its mission is to support global health by enabling the advancement of pharmaceutical practice, sciences and education.

History
The Federation was founded on 25 September 1912 in The Hague, the Netherlands. It was the outcome of the series of international pharmaceutical congresses held in the nineteenth century, more specifically the congress held in Brussels in 1885. Following an initiative of the Royal Dutch Pharmaceutical Society in 1909, the 10th international pharmaceutical congress in 1910 in Brussels resolved to establish an international pharmaceutical federation in The Hague. The first president was Prof. Dr, Léopold of Italy, a professor at Leiden University. The first secretary-general was Dr. J.J. Hofman, pharmacist in The Hague.

Structure
FIP’s activities can be divided into three main areas — science, practice and education — led by its Board of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Board of Pharmaceutical Practice, and FIP Education, respectively. These work collaboratively towards FIP’s vision and mission.

Sciences
Work to advance the pharmaceutical sciences globally is primarily done through six special interest groups (SIGs). There are SIGs for:
 * Drug delivery and manufacturing
 * New generation of pharmaceutical scientists
 * New medicines
 * Personalised and precision medicine
 * Pharmacy practice research
 * Regulatory sciences and quality

Practice

 * A priority for FIP is to advance pharmacy practice in all settings, and this is led through the projects and initiatives of eight pharmacy practice sections. There are sections for:
 * Academic pharmacy
 * Clinical biology
 * Community pharmacy
 * Health and medicines information
 * Hospital pharmacy
 * Industrial pharmacy
 * Military and emergency pharmacy
 * Social and administrative pharmacy

Education
The reform of pharmacy education (including pharmaceutical workforce development) is a third objective, and this is the purpose of FIP Education (FIPEd), which includes:

 * Academic Pharmacy Section members (faculty members and educators);
 * Academic institutional members (deans of schools of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences);
 * A Workforce Development Hub of experts focused on academic capacity, early career training strategy, quality assurance, advances and specialist development, competency development, leadership development, advancing integrated services, working with others, continuing professional development strategies, equity and equality, impact and outcomes, pharmacy intelligence and policy development;
 * A Pharmacy Technicians and Support Workforce Strategic Platform and its advisory committee; and
 * The FIP-UNESCO UNITWIN programme (regional university networks to advance pharmaceutical education), which is a global partnership between FIP and UNESCO.

FIP also directs effort towards supporting early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists through its Early Career Pharmaceutical Group.

title: International Pharmaceutical Federation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of professional wrestlers who are also musicians

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 20:02, August 5, 2005 (UTC)

List of professional wrestlers who are also musicians
Someone said this article couldn't be put up for speedy deletion and that if we wanted it gone we would have to do it like this.. so here we all are... its a pointless page, lets just delete it and get on with our lives --- Paulley 14:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * My vote: Delete, if anyone likes the idea of listing wrestlers in bands, lets just make a category for it instead --- Paulley 14:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, and just add a mention to the relevant person articles if not there already (which one supposes it would be if they are famous musicians too). I don't like the categorify option because it's just a random overlap of things: three or four articles do not make a category you could write a few paragraphs about, per the recommendations for categories. -Splash 23:42, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Fair point, stick to original plan just to delete it -- Paulley

 * Delete, too esoteric. McPhail 22:17, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete trivial, not encyclopedic. JamesBurns 05:05, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (album)

Monty Python's The Meaning of Life is the third and final soundtrack album by Monty Python, released in 1983 alongside their last film. Billed as "The only soundtrack album to be introduced by live fish! (apart from some copies of 'Shane')", it consists of sketches and songs from the film, with a few links performed by Michael Palin and a brief appearance from Terry Gilliam.

The album features dialogue which didn't make it into the final cut of the film as well as additional sound effects to help with the audio medium. "The Adventures of Martin Luther" sequence is introduced but does not appear. The sketch itself was excised from the final cut of the film but was eventually reinstated 20 years later for the DVD "Director's Cut", although it did feature in the illustrated script book which accompanied the film's release. The film's songs are included in full, with "Christmas In Heaven" having a longer fade-out than appears in the film.

The original UK vinyl release had the traditional George Peckham messages etched on the runout grooves. The first side read: " GADZOOKS!!! NO TIME LEFT. TURN OVER FOR "THE MEANING OF LIFE" NOW. ALL WILL BE REVEALED ", with the second reading " NO FISH ADDITIVES USED WHATSOEVER, SEE COVER FOR FURTHER DETAILS OF PHILOSOPHY LPS ". The back cover did indeed contain a short list of spoof philosophy LPs, alongside a similarly comic profile of the Python team members.

In the UK the album was accompanied by a 7" single (A 3495) on 27 June 1983 comprising Galaxy Song/Every Sperm Is Sacred, the latter song containing an extra instrumental section not featured in the film or album version. This was also available as a fish bowl-shaped picture disc.

The 2006 Special Edition includes bonus tracks which included demos, unused song ideas and radio promos.

Side one

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) Fish Introduction
 * 3) The Meaning of Life
 * 4) The Miracle of Birth
 * 5) Link (Frying Eggs)
 * 6) The Third World (Yorkshire)
 * 7) Every Sperm Is Sacred
 * 8) Protestant Couple
 * 9) Link (Martin Luther)
 * 10) Growth and Learning
 * 11) Fighting Each Other
 * 12) Link (The Great Tea of 1914–18)
 * 13) Fish Link

Side two

 * 1) Terry Gilliam Intro
 * 2) Accountancy Shanty
 * 3) Zulu Wars
 * 4) Middle Age
 * 5) Live Organ Transplants
 * 6) Galaxy Song
 * 7) Penis Song (Not the Noël Coward Song)
 * 8) The Autumn Years
 * 9) Death
 * 10) Christmas in Heaven
 * 11) Dedication to Fish

Bonus tracks on 2006 reissue

 * 1) Intro Title Song Demo Meaning of Life (Piano Version)
 * 2) Alternate Intro Title Song Meaning of Life (Band Version)
 * 3) Fat Song (Deleted Intro to Mr Creosote Sketch)
 * 4) Alternate Christmas In Heaven Song
 * 5) Radio Ad - Philosophers Corner
 * 6) Radio Ad - Officer
 * 7) Radio Ad - German Translation
 * 8) Greasy Hair
 * 9) Dino Viccotti
 * 10) Stretch The Script
 * 11) Grand Prix
 * 12) Hard Of Thinking

Critical reception
Al Campbell of AllMusic gave the album three and a half out of five stars and wrote that "Unlike most comedy releases, the soundtrack of Monty Python's The Meaning of Life is an appealing audio souvenir that doesn't get stale after listening to it a few times." noting that "[this is] because of the incredibly catchy and satirical songs from the film, which are all included".


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Automatic curb sender

The automatic curb sender was a kind of telegraph key, invented by William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin for sending messages on a submarine communications cable, as the well-known Wheatstone transmitter sends them on a land line.

In both instruments, the signals are sent by means of a perforated ribbon of paper but the cable sender was the more complicated, because the cable signals are formed by both positive and negative currents, and not merely by a single current, whether positive or negative. Moreover, to curb the prolongation of the signals due to electromagnetic induction, each signal was made by two opposite currents in succession: a positive followed by a negative, or a negative followed by a positive. The aftercurrent had the effect of "curbing" its precursor.

For some time, it was the only instrument delicate enough to receive the signals transmitted through a long cable.

This self-acting cable key was brought out in 1876, and tried on the lines of the Eastern Telegraph Company.

title: Automatic curb sender