text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Albrecht Prinz von Croy

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus, so kept. Dmcdevit·t 01:02, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

Albrecht Prinz von Croy
This was marked as a speedy, but does not meet any of the speedy criteria. His article seems to have been deleted from the German wikipedia, and the page now contains the text
 * Dieser Artikel ist gesperrt, weil eine anomyme IP, vermutlich auf Grund massiven Eigeninteresses, den Artikel immer wieder einstellt. --Philipendula 10:52, 19. Jul 2005 (CEST)

Or translated
 * This article is protected, because an anonymous IP, probably because of massive own interest, keeps recreating the article.

No vote from me. Thue | talk 15:35, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: The article was proposed deleted on the German WP and a clear majority voted to keep it. It was however unilaterally deleted, and the sysop Philipendula, who seems to have strong personal interest in the article, seems determined to delete a valid article about a well-known journalist and editor of one of the larger German newspapers at any cost. The German Wikipedia clearly has a problem with abusive behaviour from some sysops who delete articles in contradiction with community decision. The only argument for deleting I saw on the German Wikipedia was that he happened to be noble, and obviously some POV pushers with sysop access doesn't like nobles. Here on English Wikipedia we do however not accept such totalitarian behaviour. There is no reason for deleting this article, but Philipendula should be desyopped at the German Wikipedia.
 * For those interested in Google stats: The two used spellings of his name returns 216 Google hits.

 * I found the German vfd debate, and found it strange too as it indicated a keep to me too, but was wondering if my bad German language skills were tricking me. Since nobody has given a good reason for deletion I have removed the vfd template. Thue | talk 21:45, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

(1) clear majority: on de:WP at the time I deleted the article, we got 4 votes belonging to this, two of them to "keep", two of them to "delete" it if there would be no more biographical relevance to see after the 7 days of discussion (meanwhile one of the voters to "keep" changed his opinion!). I decided to delete the article because I didn't see any elemantary progress to this direction. (2) totalitarian behaviour: no comment on this. (3) After the deletion of the article, the author made very strong efforts to get the decision reversed (writing to all involved voters and in an offensive mode to me as the sysop; reinstalling the article many times and under different titles); at last he called for undeletion on the equivalent to Wikipedia:Votes for undeletion, but he got no support. (4) The sysop Philipendula is only one of the about 7 sysops supporting my decision - it is very unkind and incorrect to drop her name here, where no one will be able to understand the background. (5) (and last) Belonging the relevance of this journalist (cause the author named the google stats): You may check th google results here, where I gave the links on three different spellings of the name. In short: The above mentioned 216 hits reduce to about 60 (reduced by google, hiding very similar results) - and all of them are pages either only naming Croy (most of them by the newspaper or affiliated pages) or blogs written by Croy himself, nothing about him. IMHO (and following the deletion in de:WP) the journalist is not notable but this is no vote, because I'm only part-time-visitor here and not familiar with the delition policy on en:WP. Excuse me writing very simple english - cu --Rax 00:01, 20 July 2005 (UTC) vfd reopened in agreement with User:Thue --Rax 00:01, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * my5cents on the "comment" above:

Replies:
 * clear majority: on de:WP at the time I deleted the article, we got 4 votes belonging to this, two of them to "keep", two of them to "delete" it if there would be no more biographical relevance to see after the 7 days of discussion (meanwhile one of the voters to "keep" changed his opinion!). I decided to delete the article because I didn't see any elemantary progress to this direction.
 * The article was significantly expanded after the votes. When the first two people voted to give it more time, it was only a sub-stub. If you hadn't deleted the article history in contradiction with the result of the VfD process, you could have discovered this by yourself.
 * The sysop Philipendula is only one of the about 7 sysops supporting my decision - it is very unkind and incorrect to drop her name here, where no one will be able to understand the background.
 * Benutzer:Philipendula seems to primarily be an aggressive revert warrior, and has herself engaged in nasty slander against me and even against the person the article deals with, which is really childish. I believe such a person should not be sysop.
 * cause the author named the google stats
 * It was the Germans who started citing Google stats, however manipulated/false stats where they claimed to only have 49 hits when the factual number was 216. This is the reason I mentioned this.
 * IMHO (and following the deletion in de:WP) the journalist is not notable
 * The Handelsblatt is a leading German newspaper and is clearly notable. The Wikipedia has articles about quite a lot less notable people than editors of newspapers like Handelsblatt, given that m:Wiki is not paper. The real reason for the illegal deletion on de: was something which looked like hatred against nobles. You have failed to cite a single relevant argument for deleting this page.

I suggest we close this VfD process (again) unless we soon see some actual arguments for why this page should be deleted.
 * I agree; no arguments about the merits of the actual article has been given. When those arguments have been supplied, remember to relist this page in the VFD page so people can find it. Thue | talk 11:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I added it on Votes for deletion/Log/2005 July 19 at the end - hope it's right? --Rax 12:34, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * delete - in using the same arguments as been given earlier by User:Cyrius which had been reverted see this diff "editor of a not terribly big newspaper? Revert warring anonymous supporter? Smells wrong." (see history of this vfd page and (meanwhile deleted) history of the articles talk). IMHO the article has been created to promote a journalist to get him relevant; see 30 google hits (hiding very similar up to 120) with the "von" in the name + 12 google hits (hiding very similar up to 168) without the "von". All of them are pages either only naming Croy (most of them by the newspaper or affiliated pages) or blogs written by Croy himself, nothing about him. IMHO (and following the deletion in de:WP) the journalist is not notable currently - when he ever will be, it's early enough to give him an article here. --Rax 12:34, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * vote should be discounted. Recently created account with less than 50 edits, main activity at the English Wikipedia seems to be the campaign to get this specific article deleted.
 * "All of them are pages either only naming Croy (most of them by the newspaper or affiliated pages) or blogs written by Croy himself, nothing about him." This is obviously untrue, his appointment as managing editor was a news story published various places, e.g. here. .... at 05:12, July 22, 2005 83.109.140.181 wrote this but forgot to hit the ~ key four times
 * The page link above is from dpa - and is nothing but a copy of the announcement of "Verlagsgruppe Handelsblatt" - --Rax 10:26, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - editor of a not terribly big newspaper? No other apparent notability, and only the barest verifiability? Revert warring anonymous supporter who keeps recreating the deleted German article on the English article's talk page? Smells wrong. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Handelsblatt is clearly an important newspaper in Germany (can be compared to The Wall Street Journal). I don't know how much you know about newspapers, but in Europe is a serious (not tabloid) newspaper with a circulation of 148,319 daily copies a fairly big newspaper.
 * Comment. The merits of the nomination are tainted by the mistranslation: The German page does not say that the article keeps being recreated, but disfigured ("entstellt"). That's a huge difference. The German VfD apparently did not result in a consensus. No vote until more information is provided. Martg76 22:51, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I just discovered that I misread the German sentence (entstellt instead of einstellt). The translation is correct, even though the sentence is not normally used idiomatic German. Martg76 22:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and protect, judging by the responses above the German 'pedia had it right. Radiant_ >|< 12:20, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * completely ridiculous argument which has nothing to do with the article. According to the German Wikipedians, arguments is what matters. So why are you not able to produce a single relevant argument? Is it so difficult? We are clearly not going to delete a valid article withouth a single argument cited for deleting it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.109.143.115 (talk • contribs) 14:52, 21 July 2005

 * I have an actual vote! (What a concept!) If this person really is the "managing editor" of Handelsblatt (which should be easy to verify from the Handelsblatt web site), keep. Handelsblatt is a major German newspaper (I'd heard of it long before), and being the managing editor of a major newspaper meets the notability threshold (but just). Compare, for instance, Bill Keller. Noel (talk) 16:20, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The New York Times has ten times the circulation of the paper in question, and Bill Keller is a Pulitzer Prize winner. -- Cyrius|✎ 18:38, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Are only people who have received American prizes included in Wikipedia? US centrism? Smells wrong. ...at 04:56, July 22, 2005 83.109.140.181 wrote this but forgot to hit the ~ key four times
 * If you continue to twist my words, this will become quite ugly. I see no German, European, worldwide, or other awards, accolades, or honors listed for this man. The Pulitzer Prize is an example of something that would make a newspaper editor notable, and is one of the reasons Bill Keller has an article. All I see is that he's been working for a newspaper with an unimpressive circulation for a couple of years. Stop making claims of abuse and tell us why he is important. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:01, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The US is a lot bigger than Germany, so of course a major US paper will have a larger circulation than a German equivalent. (Actually, a better comparison might have been the managing editor of the WSJ, but I was too lazy to go look up who that was.) As for the award, I agree that Keller is more significant - which is why he has a much longer article. Anyway, I did say it was "just" over the keep borderline. Noel (talk) 17:11, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ahem...
 * The entire reference to the German VfD is entirely pointless, as the VfD process on de.wikipedia and article relevance criteria are significantly different there.
 * The managing editor information can be verified, e.g. http://www.presseportal.de/story.htx?nr=444420&firmaid=8076
 * Whether that makes Croy significant enough for en.wikipedia I cannot say. I've seen quite a number of biographies here, which I'd consider entirely pointless, so it doesn't seem to be a big problem. Pjacobi 22:02, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Verifiably the managing director of a notable newspaper, and thus obviously worthy of inclusion. Keep. (True, his name is ridiculous, but I've seen few objections to, say, Pokemon on the basis of their silly names. What else is not to like?) -- Hoary 03:07, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - the anon who created this article keeps recreating the deleted German article on its talk page. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:01, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: User:Cyrius is in violation of Wikipedia policy deleting the article's talk page where a previous version is stored for historical reference. ... at 10:45, July 22, 2005 83.109.140.181 wrote this but forgot to hit the ~ key four times
 * Delete: Not notable enough and not enough material. Someone who gathers enough material can write a new page.  (SEWilco 06:15, 22 July 2005 (UTC))
 * I'd be happy to supply more material, but it's really not easy when the article constantly is attempted deleted. I believe the current size is reasonable and common for a stub at Wikipedia. ... at 10:45, July 22, 2005 83.109.140.181 wrote this but forgot to hit the ~ key four times
 * Also, the English Wikipedia has articles about all people who hold a British noble title. A German Prince should automatically be significant enough to be included. .... at 10:57, July 22, 2005 83.109.140.181 wrote this but forgot to hit the ~ key four times
 * Actually, it seems that certain people have made articles here about just everyone who now hold a British peerage. However, such should not be a standard here.Arrigo 23:20, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: (i) Mr/Ms 83.109.140.181, when you comment, please end by adding ~ . This is pretty easy. Thank you. (ii) I find it hard to believe that "the English Wikipedia has articles about all people who hold a British noble title". After all, the latter include a lot of utter nonentities. (iii) I'd agree that German (or Albanian, or Lithuanian, or Bugandan, or whatever) "nobility" is no less noteworthy than British "nobility"; but really, I couldn't give two hoots about Croy's "nobility", though I find his continuing use of this name ludicrous, mildly disturbing, or both. I say he's worth inclusion as managing editor of a notable newspaper: for all I care, he might call himself Ras Albrecht X and wear dreadlocks. -- Hoary 13:00, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * If I understand German law correctly, "Prinz von Croy" is, legally, his surname, and has been from birth. (Former noble titles automatically became surnames when everything went to pieces in 1918, essentially.) So that doesn't indicate any particularly outré pretensions on his part, AIUI. Choess 00:15, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry for my partial ignorance there. But I had thought that people dropped the "Prinz", "Ritter", "Hochrattenfänger" or whatever immediately preceded "von", and that the more progressive types dropped the "von" as well. Anyway, to me his name is an irrelevance. -- Hoary 02:57, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Why should people drop the "von" or their titles? Britons do use their titles, Italians do use their titles, Swedes do use their titles, so why shouldn't Germans? The vast majority of noble Germans use their title if they have any, and those belonging to former royal (souvereign) families do also use styles like "His Highness" etc. I essentially agree that the reason we should have an article about him is his position at the Handelsblatt, which is why I wrote about him, but I also find it mildly disturbing that people say his nobility doesn't matter when it seems to matter for British barons who get an article without being noteworthy in any other way. 83.109.156.172 05:42, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If I were born Josef von Bloggs, I'd be disturbed by the reminders of nitwit nobility as depicted by George Grosz and others, and drop the "von". Brits and others can and do drop their titles. Let's have some examples of articles about unremarkable British barons: perhaps these could be put up for VfD. -- Hoary 05:53, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * But "von" is not a title, but a name-part, just like "van" is in Holland, "di" is in Italy and "de" is in France (examples: Dominique de Villepin, Antonio Di Pietro, Max van der Stoel). Continental European names are different from English in that way. Predicates have historically nothing to do with nobility per se, and there are also un-noble families with "von" in their names, especially in Northern Germany. Would you really change your family name, as used for perhaps centuries, if you were born in Germany (especially when "von" (as generally, but not always, indicating nobility) and titles do have high social prestige), or in France, Holland or Italy? It's true that not all German nobles always use their titles. Richard von Weizsäcker, who is a Baron (Freiherr) and whose official name is "Richard Freiherr von Weizsäcker", did mostly not use his title in daily business, but that is something different from actually changing the family name. 83.109.162.34 09:01, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If my name were X Prinz von Y, I'd introduce myself as X Y, yes. (But why do you ask?) If titles have high social prestige, I hope that this is not among the general public but merely among a minority of ninnies. -- Hoary 09:24, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Titles have high prestige in most of the society. Germany is no different from Britain in that way. I believe it's rather those who are not impressed by titles who constitute the minority. Germans are generelly focused on titles, if they hold a doctoral degree they always call themselves "Dr. [Name]", even in situations where the degree is completely irrelevant. 83.109.165.239 13:57, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I have lived in Britain for quite some time, and can assure you that the huge majority of people I know are uninterested in aristocratic titles. (Granted, few of these acquaintances are readers of Hello or the Daily Mail.) I don't claim to have run any surveys. A doctorate is a different matter from a baronetcy or whatever they're called: you get to be a doctor by hard work (unless of course you use a degree mill). A doctorate may impress me to some extent; being a viscount does not. -- Hoary 14:16, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * And btw: the nobility was abolished in Germany after WW I, so there are no German nobility titles anymore. "von", "Freiherr" etc. are parts of the name, not titles. --Rosenzweig 12:08, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Sufficiently noteworthy person. Arrigo 23:20, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I doubt the article will ever be useful to many, but it does meet the criteria. As Hoary said: Verifiably the managing director of a notable newspaper. The German WP has stricter criteria for keeping articles throughout, no wonder they had it deleted. They don't have Pokemon character articles, either. Rl 15:07, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Managing editor of a mass circulation newspaper.  I consider this to be very close to a frivolous nomination. Utterly inexplicable. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:27, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * mh - the only reference for this 'editor' has been given by Pjacobi above; following this he is responsable for "Budget, Organisation und Technik ... [and] alle redaktionellen Servicebereiche". He is not part of the Masthead or the editorial board - see the "Impressum" of the paper: . --Rax 16:37, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a confusing case, and a perfect time waster for many good editors. His job title certainly has a very executive ring to it. The imprint does indeed mention many people, none of which is this guy. On the other hand the press release did mention a position that makes him borderline notable (e.g. "Chef vom Dienst des Magazins der FAZ" – these guys don't hire just anybody to lead their magazine). Ah well, I don't care what happens to this article. I just hope it won't become a precedent for cases that I do care about. Rl 17:12, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Please, I know what a managing editor is. That he isn't responsible for daily editorial decisions is immaterial.  He holds a very senior post at a mass circulation newspaper.  I continue to find the proposal to delete this article completely beyond understanding. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 18:57, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok - no doubt about that you're knowing what a managing editor is. But is Croy really the "managing editor"? The announcement with the information (managing editor = "Geschäftsführender Redakteur") about this is from 08.05.2003 - and the actual imprint gives other names (managing editor = "Geschäftsführung"?) - for the same post? For the Verlagsgruppe Handelsblatt GmbH there are named Bernd Ziesemer (also named in the WP-article Handelsblatt) as editor-in-chief and the editor Julius Endert as responsible editor; for the Handelsblatt GmbH (the paper) there are named Ziesemer as editor-in-chief again and Andres Arntzen and Harald Müsse as "Geschäftsführung" - is to say, that the information given in the article obviously can hardly be verified - pfhh - but this will be my last piece on this entry - R1 is wright. Best wishes --Rax 22:13, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
El Coahuilón

El Coahuilón is a mountain located in the municipalities of Arteaga; Coahuila and Rayones; Nuevo León, Mexico; to the northeast of the town Mesa de las Tablas. The mountain is part of the Sierra Madre Oriental. Its altitude is 3,575 meters above sea level, it is the third highest mountain in Coahuila, after Cerro de la Viga and Sierra de la Marta.

The ridge is approximately 22 km long with an east–west orientation, similar to others in the area. In May 1975 and in May 1998, wildfires damaged a large portion of the mountain. The reforestation efforts have yielded results, but the forest will take several decades to recover fully.

The northern slope is covered by coniferous forests with pine, fir, oaks and other species of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs; such as Mexican White Pine Pinus ayacahuite, Hartweg's Pine Pinus hartwegii, Mexican Pinyon Pinus cembroides and Potosi Pinyon Pinus culminicola. The southern slope es covered by xeric shrubs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: El Coahuilón


text:
Georg Bernhard Bilfinger

Georg Bernhard Bilfinger (23 January 1693 – 18 February 1750), German philosopher, mathematician and statesman, son of a Lutheran minister.

Life
He was born at Cannstatt in the Duchy of Württemberg.

As a boy he showed great aptitude for study, and at first devoted himself to theology, but under the influence of Christian Wolff's writings he took up mathematics and philosophy on the lines of Wolff and Gottfried Leibniz. Returning to theology, he attempted to connect it with philosophy in a treatise, Dilucidationes philosophicae, de deo, anima humana, mundo (Tübingen, 1725, 1746, 1768). This work contains nothing original but giving a clear representation of Wolff's philosophy. It met with great success, and the author was appointed to the office of preacher at the castle of Tübingen and of reader in the school of theology.

In 1721, after two years study under Wolff, he became professor of philosophy at Halle, and in 1724 professor of mathematics. His friends at Tübingen disapproved of his new views, and in 1725, on Wolff's recommendation, he was invited by Peter I of Russia to lecture in Saint Petersburg, where he was well received. His success in winning the prize of a thousand crowns offered for a dissertation on the cause of gravity by the Académie des Sciences of Paris secured his return to his native land in 1731.

In 1735, largely on account of his knowledge of military engineering, Karl Alexander, Duke of Württemberg (reigned 1733–1737) made him a privy councillor, but his hands were tied owing to the frivolous atmosphere of the court. On the death of the duke, however, he became a member of the Regency Council, and devoted himself with energy and success to the reorganization of the state. In the departments of education, state-religion, agriculture and commerce, his administration was uniformly successful, and he became in a real sense the head of the state. He died at Stuttgart.

After his return from Imperial Russia, he won the highest respect at home and abroad, and Frederick II of Prussia is recorded to have said of him, "He was a great man whom I shall ever remember with admiration."

Beside the Dilucidationes, he wrote De harmonia animi et corporis humani commentatio (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1735; Tübingen, 1741); De origine et permissione mali (1724), an account of the Leibnitzian theodicy.

title: Georg Bernhard Bilfinger


text:
User:Tencentmagician

Who: Jess Heath, 3rd year vet med student in Saskatoon

Interests: Public health, zoonoses, wildlife and wildlife diseases

title: User:Tencentmagician


text:
SEAT Ronda

The SEAT Ronda (codenamed 022A) is a small family car produced by the Spanish automaker SEAT from 1982 to 1986, and styled by Rayton Fissore in collaboration with the Technical Centre in Martorell. The Ronda was also briefly sold in the United Kingdom as the SEAT Málaga hatchback. 177,869 Rondas were built in total. The Ronda was the first SEAT model named after a Spanish city.

Design
The SEAT Ronda was a restyled SEAT Ritmo which in its turn derived from the Fiat Ritmo. However, in 1983 the Arbitration Chamber of Paris (subsequent to the acrimonious split between FIAT and SEAT) judged that the differences between those cars were important enough so as not to consider the Ronda to be a rebadged Ritmo. The most visible external design differences between a Ritmo and a Ronda are rectangular headlights on the Ronda in place of the round ones featured on the Ritmo, different tail lights and panels, and changed door handles. Mechanically, there were also some minor differences, mostly due to the use of Spanish-built engines and other parts.

The interior was more commodious than that of the original Ritmo, with a different dashboard with a more complete instrumentation. The seats were deeper and more comfortable, while the door panels were improved and the sound dampening was increased. The Spanish-made transmission was only available in a five-speed manual.

The Ronda featured a boot capacity of 370 litres which could be increased to 1250 litres by folding rear seats. It was introduced with locally built engines from the 124 series or a larger twin cam 1.6, as well as a 1.7-litre diesel unit. Later, a version of Fiat's two-litre engine with a Porsche-developed head (System Porsche) was also installed in the rare Ronda Crono 2000 2.0 model. Only 800 of these were built. After an Autumn-1984 facelift, the Ronda received the "System Porsche" petrol engines which were developed for the Ibiza. The car was now called the Ronda P and carried a stylized "P" on the rear side.

Exports of this, SEAT's first car developed after the split with Fiat, began in April 1983 when the first Rondas were delivered to the Netherlands. In November, sales begun in Italy, the car's second export market.

Powertrain
The engines were:

Ronda (Petrol, 1982-1984)
 * 1.2   1197 cc  64 PS  92 Nm
 * 1.4   1438 cc  75 PS  113 Nm
 * 1.6   1592 cc  95 PS  124 Nm
 * 2.0   1995 cc  120 PS  175 Nm

Ronda P (Petrol, 1984–1986)
 * 1.2   1193 cc  63 PS  88 Nm
 * 1.5   1461 cc  86 PS  116 Nm

Diesel (1982–1986)
 * 1.7 D 1714 cc  55 PS  98 Nm

The dispute with Fiat
1982 saw the end of almost 30 years of co-operation between SEAT and the automaker Fiat. In order to conform with the end of partnership agreement signed by the two automakers, SEAT had to quickly restyle its entire model range to be able to offer its models on sale, distinguishing its cars from those of the Italian firm. This was marked by a change in SEAT's brand logo and the first car launched without Fiat involvement, the SEAT Ronda, appeared that same year.

The launch of that model though sparked a lawsuit from Fiat against SEAT, as the former claimed the car was still too similar to a car in Fiat's own range, the Fiat Ritmo. In defence of SEAT, the then president of the company, Juan Miguel Antoñanzas, showed a Ronda to the press with all the alterations from the Fiat Ritmo painted bright yellow, to highlight the differences. An El País journalist who covered the trial claimed that the result was spectacular.

The case was eventually taken to the ICC International Court of Arbitration in Paris which in 1983 declared that differences between the cars were sufficiently substantial for the Ronda not to be judged as a rebadged Ritmo, ending the dispute in favour of SEAT. This also meant that SEAT was free to export the Ronda (and soon afterwards also the Fura), although the car never sold particularly well outside of Spain. Rumour at the time had it that Fiat was angry because the Ronda restyling was in fact too close to their own planned restyling for the Fiat Ritmo, which they had to scrap. Dutch car magazine Autovisie comparison tested the Ronda and the Ritmo in May 1983; the Ritmo was marginally quicker and lighter, and more modern overall, but the Ronda countered with a five to six per cent lower price.

title: SEAT Ronda


text:
Talk:Amadís de Gaula

Merge request
I'd do it myself if I had the time and expertise — the merge is not entirely trivial, as this stub does have some elements which don't appear in the main article (notably the Lion epithet) and would need to be fact-checked and categorised here. -- Perey 15:38, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

--- I speak Spanish:

The sources used by the articles in Liceus mentioned, are: 1.Amadís de Gaula I & II Edición de Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua Cátedra Letras Hispánicas. 2. Amadís de Gaula Anónimo Losada S.A. Buenos Aires 3. Diario de Leon 17 de Febrero 2008 Entrevista a Margarita Torres Sevilla Biógrafa de Enrique de Castilla. (This is an intervew with the biographer of Henry of Castile, Margarita Torres, professor at the University of Leon.) 4. Peter Herde Die Schlacht bei Tagliacozzo Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. -(This is a most brilliant study of the Battle of Tagliacozzo, with e description of the character of Henry of Castille, and his ability as a writer and warrior.) 5. Le Morte d'Arthur Sir Thomas Malory Signet Classic 6. Encyclopaedia Britanica 7. Libro de Buen Amor Arcipreste de Hita Colección Austral Espasa Calpe. 7. Many other sources in Spanish, English, German and French.

I believe you have done a perfectly fine job. As you can see in Wikipedia, there are two more articles in Liceus mentioned, perhaps you could make them accesible as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.100.46.66 (talk) 13:16, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Author
Shouldn't it say "Anonymous" as the author? (Antonio.sierra 20:40, 29 April 2007 (UTC))

Infante Enrique of Castile as putative author?
Shouldn't be made the following statent without any explanation: "A Portuguese origin is most widely accepted but Amadís has also been claimed by the Spanish, French and Italians" Nowadays that only fact available as far we can investigate, are the Castillian editions as the oldest, so assuring the Protuguese origin when there is no one portuguese old edition or any data is demagogic. It is also to be considered the low difussion of the work in Portugal. Please that statement should be deleted. I.I.A. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.16.151.95 (talk) 12:15, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

An anonymous editor (or possibly more than one, but from very similar IP addresses) has recently made several edits suggesting that Infante Enrique of Castile (link added by me) was the original author of Amadis. The references he added in support of this thesis were not presented in a form that made it easy to find the articles concerned.

I have now converted the references to the two articles I could find into external links - my Spanish is next to non-existent but, so far as I can tell, while the text added does seem to summarise the articles, the articles themselves seem to have no quoted sources. Could someone with more Spanish than I have please evaluate the articles and determine whether the statements made are verifiable? PWilkinson (talk) 19:46, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Dear Sir, you can verify the statements made in the articles by reading Infante Enrique of Castile in Wikipedia.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.100.46.20 (talk) 16:21, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that too much space is given to Santiago Sevilla's theory and articles in the Amadis article at this time. It would be helpful if Mr. Sevilla's institutional affiliation and rank was given, and if the requirements for inclusion/publication on the Liceus El Portal de las Humanidades website were explained here on the talk page (are articles peer-reviewed?).  Until such time as the theory is more fully discussed in academic and peer-reviewed publications by specialists, its inclusion in this article seems premature, and (following Verifiability) it may be necessary to move the passage to the talk page. - NYArtsnWords (talk) 18:11, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Dear Sir, as you have kindly mentioned me, I take the liberty to inform you about my rank: I have studied philosophy, economics, history of art, international law at Zurich University in Switzerlad. I have been professor at SEK University in Quito Ecuador. I was Alternate Executive Director of the International Monetary Fund in Washington. I was Minister of Finance of Ecuador 1975-1978. I was teacher of History at Academis Militar Ecuador. I am simoultaneus translator in three languages English, Spanish and German. After retiring from politics and banking, I have written a number of historical plays, in Spanish: Alejandro Magno; Julio César y Cleopatra, Juliano el Apóstata; El Rey Don Pedro el Cruel; Don Álvaro de Luna; Juana la Beltraneja; Juana la Loca; Cesare Borgia; Tenochtitlan o la Conquista de Mexico; Cajamarca y La Leyenda Negra; Don Manuel de Godoy Príncipe de la Paz.In English: King Peter the Cruel; Dracula and the Bloody Mary. In German: König Peter der Grausame; Julian der Abtrünnige. I have translated twelve Sonnets of William Shakespeare into twelve sonnets in Spanish. I have worked for quite some time into the authorship of Amadis de Gaula, and have published seven articles approaching the attribution of this famous work of the XIII century, supported by a number of medieval experts through Jorge Maiz Chacón. Most recently I have published a documented article in Liceus.com entitled:Redescubriendo al Amadís de Gaula del Siglo XIII where I detail the events that inspired Henry of Castille to write certain chapters of "Amadis". The literary establishment has not opposed my views. Wikipedia is a unique forum for discussing this matter. I have taken my name out of the main article on Amadis de Gaula, but I hope that the issue of its authorship will be kept. Otherwise stagnation of knowledge will perpetuate. Santiago sevilla (talk) 16:25, 10 June 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.100.46.94 (talk) 20:16, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Dear Sirs, Once the authorship of Amadis has been attributed to Henry of Castile, there are some very interesting indications about the Geography and certain characters of the book: It seems plausible that Norgales is in fact North Wales ruled by Llyvelyn up Gruffyd Prince of Wales; Gaul is France under king Louis the Saint, Insula Firme is in fact Naples, Mongaça is Sicily, the Island of the Boiling Lake is Pantelleria where there is an underwater volcano or the isle of Ferdinandea, the princess Madasima is the Daughter of king Manfred of Sicily, Constance, married to King Peter III the Great of Aragon, who would be Galvanes. There are some other clear hints of Brian de Monjaste being Henry of Castille, such as him to say to king Lisuarte, or Edward I, that Brian is, (like Henry of Castile was), a descendant of the Platagenet dynasty, at the end of the Second Book of Amadis, translated by Place and Behm, page 671: ..." I did not leave you, because I never was your man, although I am of your lineage; ...". It also appears that the Castle of the Boiling Lake is in fact the Castle of Sciacca in Sicily attacked by a Spanish fleet in 1267, forces supporting Conradin against Charles d'Anjou, with Henry of Castile among the attackers, with support of Al Mustansir Sultan of Tunis. This event appears on page 966 of the Third Book of Amadis de Gaula edited by Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua. This notable coincidences should strengthen the possible authorship of Amadis by Henry of Castile. Santiago sevilla (talk) 23:02, 1 November 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.100.46.222 (talk) 14:57, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Regarding the Portuguese authorship of Amadis, some caveats should be introduced in the article: The style of the Castilian language in the folios at the University of California Berkeley, which are dated around 1420,is much older, and can be placed by the times of Don Juan Manuel (1282-1349). So the Portuguese authorship by Vasco de Lobeira at around 1385 must be reinterpreted as a translation from Castilian Spanish into Portuguese. This work was preserved in Lisbon in the archives of the Dukes of Aveiro, and this manuscript was finaly destroyed under an earthquake in 1755. It is crucial to establish that this was a translation, and not the first Amadis de Gaula, which was written in Castilian Spanish, most probably by Henry of Castile, who was alife and well until 1304, by the times of is nepew Don Juan Manuel. According to Alonso Lopes Vieira, author of "O romance de Amadis" there was a manuscript of "Amadis" in Portugal by the times of King Diniz. he states: "A suposta radacçao primitiva, do tempo de D.Alfonso III e seu filio D. Dinis, nunca foi stampada, nem se conservou manuscrita." Henry of Castile visited King Dinis in the year 1295 to negociate the peace with Infante Don Juan of Castile and Leon, in name of King Ferdinand IV of Castile. King Diniz was his grand-nephew, and also a famous trouvadour. On this occasion Henry handed over the Castilian manuscript of Amadis to King Diniz. This explains how Portugal got the novel from its author.Santiago sevilla (talk) 12:48, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

THE FOURTH BOOK
Why did de Montalvo have to write a fourth book? Is it possible that he was forced to replace a volume that had largely rotted away with the passage of time? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.246.162.137 (talk) 22:54, 13 January 2009 (UTC) This is a very important question. Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo plagiarized the first three books of Amadis. He did not change much in it. The style is brilliant and the facts rather real. The fourth book has a different style, dull, lengthy and moralizing. It appears to be a novel by Garcí, not by the most probable author, Henry of Castile.The next question worth wondering about is: Why Garci Rodriguez de Montalvo made disappear the original book he used for his forgery? Famous Antonio Rodriguez Moñino, the linguist, discovered a few pages of the original Amadis now in possession of the University of California. Perhaps the whole original novel is now hidden somewhere in Spain, Medina del Campo, or Tordesillas. If we accept the authorship by Enrique de Castilla, there is a great potential for discovery of new facts about the Amadis. Just an example: The Battle of Cadfan fought in 1257 between English and Welsh forces, when Henry of Castile was in Bristol with prince Edward Plantagenet, appears in page 310 of the first book of Amadis (Edition of J.M. Cacho Blecua) with an almost equal name of Galfan and the same tactical events of the battle. Who else could have written this part of the novel, if not Henry of Castile? Furthermore, a recent study of El Libro de las Armas by Henry's nephew, Don Juan Manuel, has given us the inspiration for Amadis' crucial event, the hindered marriage with Oriana. In this famous book of Juan Manuel the hindered marriage of Henry of Castile with Infanta Constanza de Aragon is narrated in full detail. This "non-event" happened 1260, when the king of Aragon Don Jaimes agreed to the marriage to Constanza, proposed by Henry, only after Henry had conquered the moorish kingdom of Niebla and was entitled to be crowned king. His brother king Alfonso X of Castile and his consort Violante of Aragon opposed the marriage, invaded Niebla with the Castilian army and demanded the king of Aragon to marry Constanza instead with another brother of Henry and Alfonso, namely Don Manuel de Castilla, and obtained the acceptance of the king of Aragon. So Henry was set aside in anger. Henry of Castille jousted in single combat against the commander of Alfonso's army, Don Nuño González de Lara, wounded him in the face, defeated him, and obtained free passage. He and a small army of knights rode through Extremadura, sacking the country in vengeance for the offence suffered. He went on from Cadiz to Tunis with his warlike companions as soldiers of fortune. (See Memorias de D. Fernando IV de Castilla) This event is reflected in the "Amadis". I published a study on this matter "Inspiración del Amadís: Dolor de un Amor Perdido" in Scribd.Santiago sevilla (talk) 14:20, 25 February 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.100.46.118 (talk) 11:56, 16 February 2009 (UTC) There are a number of references to Scotland and Norway in the Amadis, which should be studied in connection with the assumption that Henry of Castile is the author of the novel. Henry of Castile probably met Alexander III King of Scotland and his wife Margaret of England, and knew about the naval war against Norway, and about their granddaughter the Maid of Norway, when in the court of Henry III between 1254 and 1259, and later, when imprisoned in Naples until 1292. He is the only Spanish nobleman to have this link to the historical facts alluded to in the Amadis, and to be recognized as a writer and poet. Please take account of the brilliant study by Prof. Valeria Bertolucci Pizzorusso Don Enrique/ Don Arrigo: un infante di Castiglia tra storia e letteratura Università di Pisa in Alcanate Revista de Estudios Alfonsíes 2004-2005 El Puerto de Santa María SpainSantiago sevilla (talk) 14:20, 25 February 2009 (UTC) A most coplete source of historical evidence regarding the life and times of Henry of Castile, in my view the author od "Amadis", can be found in The lives of the Popes in the early Middle Ages [] His charismatic personality is well pictured,and also is heroic battling, much in line with his writing in Amadis the Gaula.Santiago sevilla (talk) 13:36, 7 May 2009 (UTC) The concept of plagiarism did not exist at the time. It was praiseworthy to "plagiarize".deisenbe (talk) 21:53, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

English translations
Is there any information about what English translations are available and what, if any, the differences are between them? ARE there any English translations out there?(216.15.62.119 (talk) 03:00, 27 March 2009 (UTC))

Yes Sir,there is an excellent translation entitled Amadis of Gaul Books I and II, translated by Edwin Place and Herbert Behm; John E. Keller is the editor. The University Press of Kentucky. I got it through Amazon. Books 3 and 4 have recently also been published by the same translators.Santiago sevilla (talk) 16:36, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Another source is Amadis of Gaul blogspot, where you can read a chapter newly translated from the original Spanish by Sue Burke each Tuesday, and a commentary on the work or its environment by her or a guest writer each Thursday. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. When finished, Burke plans to leave her translation up and to seek a professional publisher. The latest posted as of this date, with readers' comments and links to all preceding chapters and commentaries, is Chapter 18 (first half). Pawyilee (talk) 14:12, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Allegorical style
How can "the use of the present participle... bring Amadís into line with the allegorical style of the 15th century"? And might the reader have references to scholarship mentioned in passing?--Wetman (talk) 14:21, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

The "Gaula" in "Amadis de Gaula" is Wales, not Gaul.
Contributors to this article do not seem to realize that the "Gaula" in the title of "Amadis de Gaula" is actually meant to signify Wales and not ancient Gaul. Note in Spanish the similarity of the names "Gaula" and "Gales" (Wales) and how distinct they are from Spanish for Gaul namely "Gália". In any case Amadis takes place in (a legendary, pseudo-Celtic version of) the British Isles so there is no doubt about this. Therefore everything in the article that connects the "Gaula" of Amadis to ancient Gaul, i.e. the geographical area today known as France, notably the purported translation of the title and the blue links, is wrong. Contact Basemetal   here  04:44, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Actually, at least in the French and Italian traditions (and, probably, by extension, the English translations), "Gaula" was clearly understood as "Gaul" and not as "Wales". In Bernardo Tasso's poetic translation into Italian (1560), he is referred to as "Amadigi di Francia" (Canto X, Stanza 51, "Amadigi di Francia fu nomato").  In the 1540 French translation by Herberay des Essarts, when King Perion "de Gaule" returns to his own lands (after visiting King Garinter "de la Petite Bretaigne", i.e. Britanny), he consults his men about a dream he's had, and these men include Ungan "le Picard" and Albert "de Campaigne" (Book I, Chapter III; edition by Yves Giraud, Paris: STFM, 1986, p.23.); later, we find his other vassals include Gallin/Galain "duc de Normandie" (p.93, 98); and in a later chapter, when Amadis decides to return from "Gaule" to "la Grand[e] Bretaigne" (i.e. "Great Britain") to seek adventures, he has to take a ship from Gaul to Bristol (Chapter XI; ibid., p. 116.).  (Other nations/realms mentioned in the French text include: Cornwall, Ireland, Denmark, Norway, Scotland...).  John J. O'Connor, in his study of Amadis de Gaule, says "More than any other country France took to the Amadis cycle.  French reaction must have been in large part patriotic.  Amadis, after all, is "of Gaul", and the French naturally assumed that Gaul was France.  Translators were quick to suggest the correspondence of the heroic personages to the heroic royalty of sixteenth-century France." (p.10).  - NYArtsnWords (talk) 16:42, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
 * See Edwin Place, "Amadis of Gaul, Wales, or What?", Hispanic Review, 23, 1955, pp. 99-107. I'm sorry but I do not recall the author's position in this article, which I read 30 years ago. At the time, Place was the leading expert in the world on the book. O'Connor does not know Spanish. deisenbe (talk) 14:15, 17 February 2016 (UTC)
 * According to Place, Gaula is a fictional kingdom in "little Britain" (i.e., Brittany) and is not either France/Gaul or Wales. The dominant opinion when he wrote, however, was that it was Wales. Srnec (talk) 00:48, 24 February 2016 (UTC)

Move request - Amadis de Gaula to Amadís de Gaula
Every single edition of or reference to the book in Spanish since about 1900 uses the accent, which is also used universally by English-language scholars of the Spanish book. There is no evidence for an "Old Spanish" or Portuguese title, since no such text (or reference to it) using "Amadis de Gaula" exists. The unaccented form was used on all 16th-century editions of the Spanish text, since modern accentuation was not established in Spain until the 18th century, but no one writing in Spanish today ever calls it "Amadis de Gaula". Look it up in http://worldcat.org if you don't believe me. "Amadis de Gaule" is found, but that is a reference to the French translation.

I can not do this myself since a redirect page "Amadís de Gaula" exists. If anyone knows the proper way to call this to an administrator's attention please do so. Thank you. deisenbe (talk) 14:29, 17 February 2016

Requested move 22 February 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved per WP:COMMONNAME Mike Cline (talk) 13:53, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

Amadis de Gaula → Amadís de Gaula – See discussion - last item on Talk:Amadis de Gaula deisenbe (talk) 14:42, 22 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. A simple Google search for Amadis de Gaula shows that most reliable sources refer to Amadís de Gaula. Joseph2302 (talk) 17:33, 22 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Support. Srnec (talk) 23:49, 23 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:UE. The question is not what Spanish sources call it, but what English sources do. A simple NGRAM shows us that Amadis de Gaula is considerably more commonly used in English language books than Amadís de Gaula. The same NGRAM also shows that historically "Amadis of Gaul" has been the most common title in English, but the gap has narrowed in the past 50 years, and that's now almost neck and neck with "Amadis de Gaula", with "Amadís de Gaula" considerably behind both. Thanks  — Amakuru (talk) 15:02, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Call me old-fashioned, but "the dominant practice" is not the most important factor. Bear in mind that most of these English-language sources do not use ANY accents on any words. Only if accents were being used on other words, and omitted only on "Amadís de Gaula", would this be significant. deisenbe (talk) 23:54, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Don Bellianis: A Continuation
Of interest perhaps, is in sources such as this, the adventures of Don Bellianis has been noted as a continuation of Amadís.--Lmstearn (talk) 06:35, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amadís de Gaula


text:
GEICO 500

The GEICO 500 is a NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held at the Talladega Superspeedway in Lincoln, Alabama. The race is usually held in April or May. The 1997 event stands as the fastest NASCAR race to date ever run with an average speed of 188.354 mph and was the first race at Talladega Superspeedway that was not interrupted by a caution period.

The race was known as the second leg of the sport's Grand Slam from 1970 until the result of Ferko lawsuit in 2004. Still considered to be the fifth “Crown Jewel” race, along with the Brickyard 400 and the three originals, the race has consistently been the second Crown Jewel event of the season, with the exceptions being 2014, when the Southern 500 was scheduled in April, and 2020, when the GEICO 500 was postponed until June, after the Coca-Cola 600. The GEICO 500, as the Winston 500, was also previously part of the Winston Million. Tyler Reddick is the defending winner of the race, having won it in 2024.

Notable races

 * 1971: The first Talladega race under Winston sponsorship. Donnie Allison edged Bobby Allison and Buddy Baker for the win; this was Bobby's first race with Holman-Moody since 1967.
 * 1972: David Pearson escaped a crash between Bobby Isaac and Jimmy Crawford coming to the white flag; he grabbed his first Talladega win and second career win in a Wood Brothers Mercury.
 * 1973: A massive accident eliminated some 20 cars, leaving David Pearson to ride home almost uncontested. Jim Vandiver made up three laps to finish eighth.
 * 1974: Pearson grabbed his third straight Winston 500 (and fourth straight for Wood Brothers Racing), while a crash on pit road leads to grave injury to Don Miller of the Penske Racing team. The lead changed 53 times.
 * 1975: The race was filled with several accidents, featured the first win for Buddy Baker since 1973 and the first Winston Cup Grand National win for team owner Bud Moore since 1971. Tragedy struck on Lap 149 when race leader Richard Petty pitted with a burning wheel bearing; his brother-in-law Randy Owens was killed when he fitted a hose to a pressurized water tank and the tank exploded. The lead changed 51 times, Five-time F1 Champion Juan Manuel Fangio was the honorary starter.
 * 1976: Baker became the first driver to win a 500-mile race in under three hours. He drove Bud Moore's Ford to the win in 2 hours 56 minutes.
 * 1977: The race produced 63 official lead changes and a four-car scramble on the final lap. Darrell Waltrip had the lead and on the last lap swung low to break the draft; Cale Yarborough blew past Donnie Allison and swung high on Waltrip; Waltrip sideswiped Cale and Benny Parsons dove low and raced Cale all the way to the stripe.
 * 1978: Rain postponed the race to Mothers Day Sunday. Cale Yarborough drafted past Buddy Baker for the win.
 * 1980: Baker stormed past sophomore Dale Earnhardt coming to the white flag for his final Talladega win.
 * 1981: Bobby Allison fought off a late challenge from Baker, Darrell Waltrip, and Ricky Rudd; the race lead changed six times in the final six laps.
 * 1982: Benny Parsons posted the first 200 MPH qualifying lap in NASCAR history. The race lead changed 51 times as Darrell Waltrip and Terry Labonte drafted past Parsons on the final lap. This race was also notable for the only race for a con artist using the name L.W. Wright; who finished poorly in a Music City Racing effort, then after several checks for a NASCAR license and car bounced (and a failure to qualify for the next race at Nashville Speedway), disappeared.
 * 1984: The race has exceeded 40 official lead changes 18 times. In 1984 a motorsports record of 75 lead changes was set, but this record was broken in 2010 as the lead changed 88 times; this record was tied in 2011. The race was won by Cale Yarborough on a last-lap pass of Harry Gant.
 * 1985: Bill Elliott came from nearly two laps down and ran down the field under green to take the win from Kyle Petty.
 * 1987: On lap 22, Bobby Allison (driving the Stavola Brothers No. 22 Buick) cut a tire and his car went airborne into the catch fencing in front of the main grandstand. Some 100 feet of the fence was sheared off and Allison's car rebounded back to the track. The race was red-flagged, and track crews spent some two hours repairing the safety fence. Despite the wreckage, no drivers or spectators were seriously injured. As a direct result, the next superspeedway race (the 1987 Firecracker 400 at Daytona), saw the cars using smaller carburetors in an effort to curtail speeds. Starting in 1988, all races at Daytona and Talladega saw mandated carburetor restrictor plates, which were used until the introduction of a new aerodynamics package following the 2019 Daytona 500. Overshadowed by the frightening scene was that this race would be the first victory for Bobby Allison's son Davey.
 * 1988: Phil Parsons' single Cup series victory which was shadowed by an incident involving A. J. Foyt and Alan Kulwicki that left Foyt suspended from NASCAR for six months. He was also fined $5,000. NASCAR's vice president of competition Les Richter reviewed the incident and lifted the suspension. However, Foyt's fine was increased to $7,500.
 * 1990: Dale Earnhardt grabbed his first Talladega win since 1984, holding off a wildcard bid by Greg Sacks.
 * 1991: The race was delayed until Monday due to Sunday rains.  A massive battle for the lead erupted into a 20-car crash near halfway when pole-sitter Ernie Irvan got into Kyle Petty and Mark Martin; Petty suffered a shattered leg when he was hit in the door by Chad Little.   The race was red-flagged for nearly an hour.  Harry Gant won the race on a controversial drafting push by teammate Rick Mast who was a lap down.
 * 1993: The last lap saw a ferocious scramble where Ernie Irvan stormed past Dale Earnhardt on the final lap. Rusty Wallace roared to third then came down on Earnhardt making contact in the tri-oval sending Wallace flipping violently several times across the finish line similar to his Daytona crash in the same year.  The win was Irvan's final win for Morgan-McClure Motorsports.
 * 1994: Dale Earnhardt won this race, and dedicated it to Three-time Formula One World Champion Ayrton Senna, who died earlier that day in a crash at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix in Imola, Italy. There were two consecutive Big Ones just past the midway point: the first one happened on lap 103 in a race for third place when Todd Bodine came down on Greg Sacks and spun into Jeff Gordon. The three cars spun, with Sacks escaping, and collected eight other cars. Mark Martin had taken the worst hit, as his car was collected, shot across the infield, struck the inside wall, and plowed through a guardrail, a chain-link fence, and lastly caught by another guardrail protecting the infield road course, coming to a rest feet from a spectator area. After the field bunched up for the restart, another crash occurred in the tri-oval, when Terry Labonte, running 14th, was tapped from behind, starting a chain-reaction crash collecting at least 14 other cars in turn 1.
 * 1996: Sterling Marlin rallied from the back of the pack three separate times to take the win. The race saw two airborne crashes; Bill Elliott flew down the backstretch in the air and suffered a leg injury that sidelined him for several races.  Later Mark Martin was turned into the wall by Jeff Gordon and bounced into traffic; Ricky Craven tumbled up the Turn One banking and hit the fencing before bouncing down to the ground.
 * 1997: Mark Martin won the fastest NASCAR race ever run at Talladega Superspeedway, and the fastest NASCAR race in history when he averaged 188.354 mph in 2 and half hours.
 * 2000: Jeff Gordon scored his 50th career win after starting the race from 36th place, the farthest starting spot ever at Talladega.
 * 2001: Bobby Hamilton won the race after passing Tony Stewart coming to the white flag. It would be Hamilton's final victory before his death in 2007. It was the second caution-free Talladega race ever, and the first restrictor-plate race since Dale Earnhardt's death.
 * 2002: Dale Earnhardt Jr. dominated the race, leading for 133 laps, and took home his second consecutive Talladega win, and teammate Michael Waltrip finished second, the third time the DEI Chevrolets had finished 1-2 after the Daytona races of the previous year. The race was marred by a 24 car crash on the back straightaway on lap 164, in the same location where a large crash had occurred the day before in the Busch race that had involved 30 cars. It was the largest crash ever recorded in NASCAR Cup Series competition until the following year. This was also the first Talladega spring Cup race under the "Aaron's 499" name.
 * 2003: On lap 4, the largest crash ever recorded in the NASCAR Cup Series happened when Ryan Newman (who had suffered a very violent blow over crash at Daytona that February) blew a tire and hit the turn 1 wall, causing a cloud of smoke that collected 27 cars in all. These included Mike and Rusty Wallace, Steve Park, Mike Skinner, Bobby Labonte, Johnny Benson, eventual race winner Dale Earnhardt Jr., Tony Stewart, Ricky Rudd, Jeff Burton, points leader Matt Kenseth and more. After multiple trips down pit road to repair damage to his car, Earnhardt Jr. made several rallies to the front, overtaking Kenseth with three laps to go to win his fourth consecutive Talladega race.
 * The finish was not without controversy: after the 2001 spring race (thanks in part to protestations from Jimmy Spencer over Mike McLaughlin's blocking in the Busch Series race in 2001), NASCAR ruled that the yellow lines on the bottom of the track at Talladega and Daytona were an out-of-bounds line (with any car that drops below to gain a position to be immediately black-flagged unless they gave the position back or were forced below it). As the cars reached the backstretch, Kenseth made a lane change, going to the outside to block Jimmie Johnson. Earnhardt Jr. was on the inside and was drafting with Elliott Sadler when Kenseth started making a move low to attempt to block Earnhardt; Earnhardt's left wheels went well below the line entering the apron of turn three as he passed Kenseth. NASCAR ruled that Earnhardt was forced below the line as the nose of his car had already passed the nose of Kenseth's car by the time Kenseth made the block, making it a clean pass, this even though Earnhardt was nowhere close to clearing Kenseth when he hit the turn 3 apron – what the rule was ostensibly intended to prevent.  Some sanctioning bodies, such as the Indy Racing League, would have called Kenseth out for violating the blocking rule – a driver may not make two-lane changes on a straight, which is a penalty; the ethic against blocking, however, holds no weight in NASCAR given the gendered nature of the cars. The yellow line rule remained a controversial rule in the sport, with subsequent controversies in the 2008 and 2020 autumn races.
 * Following Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s 2003 win, Hendrick Motorsports won four straight – three by Jeff Gordon and one by Jimmie Johnson.
 * 2004: Jeff Gordon's win was marked by a spinout by Brian Vickers with 4⅓ laps to go. In the wake of a dangerous incident between Casey Mears and Dale Jarrett the previous September at New Hampshire, the beneficiary rule was adopted, prohibiting racing back to the caution.  One ruling of the beneficiary rule was that if a race went past a specified point (Lap 183 in this case; five laps remaining) and had a caution, they would not throw out the red flag and stop the cars to ensure a green-flag finish. Dale Earnhardt Jr. was side by side with Gordon and attempted a pass on Gordon for the lead at the time of caution.  Television replays (which override previous scoring loops when less than five laps remain) declared Gordon was still ahead. The race finished under yellow and while Gordon did his victory burnout, enraged fans littered the track with garbage to protest the finish (it was believed that Vickers' crash and the subsequent cleanup would not have taken very long to clean up). This reaction, following a similar fan bombardment of the track at Daytona International Speedway after the 2002 Pepsi 400 ended under yellow, would result in the green-white-checkered rule being instituted in the NASCAR Cup Series and Nationwide Series less than two months later.
 * 2008: Kyle Busch won at Talladega over Juan Pablo Montoya. Until 2023, this was his most recent win at Talladega in the Cup Series.
 * 2009: A final battle to the finish between Brad Keselowski and Carl Edwards ended in near-disaster when Edwards' car made contact with Keselowski while approaching the finish line and was hooked onto the trioval apron. The car spun into the air and was hammered by Ryan Newman, sending Edwards flipping into the catch fence as Keselowski and Dale Earnhardt Jr. crossed the finish line. The debris from the wreck injured eight spectators, all non-life-threatening. Immediately after the car came to rest, Edwards walked away unharmed after jogging past the finish line as an absurd homage to the finale of the 2006 racing comedy Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby. Keselowski went on to win the race in only his fifth NASCAR Cup Series starts, undoubtedly one of the biggest upsets of the decade. There were two Big Ones during the race: one in turn 3 on lap 7 involving 14 cars, and one on the back straightaway on Lap 180 involving eleven cars.  There were 56 lead changes among 25 drivers.
 * 2010: The race was called "the Greatest Talladega Race Ever" by Darrell Waltrip. Throughout the race, there was a record 88 lead changes, breaking the previous record of 75 in the 1984 Winston 500, with 87 of those in regulation. A record 29 different drivers held the lead at one point or another during the race, breaking the record set in the 2008 AMP Energy 500. Among the strongest cars throughout the day were Dale Earnhardt Jr., Denny Hamlin, David Reutimann, Jeff Burton (who led the most laps), Kyle Busch, A. J. Allmendinger, and Michael Waltrip.  The new green-white-checkered finish rule was implemented for the first time to the maximum of three attempts (the first attempt because Jeff Gordon, Jeff Burton, and Scott Speed wrecked in the tri-oval on lap 182; the second attempt began when Joey Logano turned Ryan Newman loose in turn 3 and Newman ran into the wall, collecting Bobby Labonte, Elliott Sadler, Brian Vickers, Kasey Kahne, Marcos Ambrose, Sam Hornish Jr., and Brad Keselowski; the third attempt happened when Jimmie Johnson was clipped by Greg Biffle and collided with the inside wall on the back straightaway). Jamie McMurray was the leader at each GWC restart and on the final lap, McMurray and Kevin Harvick pulled away. Coming through the tri-oval, Harvick pushed McMurray up the track and moved low; unlike Carl Edwards the previous year, McMurray gave Harvick room, which allowed Harvick to overtake him and win the race by a wheel, with an official margin of victory set at .012 seconds. This marked Harvick's first win since the 2007 Daytona 500 amid contract talks for the 2010 season. Harvick's contract was renewed shortly afterward.
 * 2011: The race saw a Hendrick Motorsports sweep of the top four starting positions, with Jeff Gordon winning the inside pole and Jimmie Johnson taking the outside pole. During the race, Gordon and Johnson drafted respectively with Mark Martin and Dale Earnhardt Jr., who filled out the second row on the grid.
 * The race set the record for most lead changes in regulation (tying the all-time record for most lead changes overall, but the 88th lead change took place on lap 188, the last lap of regulation, unlike the previous year, when Harvick's last-lap pass on McMurray took place on Lap 200, the final lap of the third green-white-checkered finish), and also tied the 2003 Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 for the closest NASCAR Cup Series finish in the electronic timing era (1993–present) at 0.002 seconds. Coming into the tri-oval, Gordon was being pushed by Martin and dueling with Clint Bowyer, who was being pushed by Kevin Harvick. Entering the tri-oval, Johnson, pushed by Earnhardt Jr., squeezed low to Gordon's inside. A brush between Earnhardt Jr., and Martin killed Martin's momentum, and Johnson was able to edge ahead of Bowyer and Gordon to win.
 * 2012: This was the first Talladega race after NASCAR mandated a smaller spoiler and also radiator changes to induce a greater risk of overheating. The changes were made to break up tandem drafting; the lead changed only 34 times and drivers such as Jeff Gordon protested after the race that the rules package made them race "too conservative." The race saw two crashes in the last 60 laps: one on lap 142 involving five cars in turn 3 caused by some cars running out of gas, and another in turn 1 during a late restart on lap 186 (after Kurt Busch's spin in the tri-oval).  In the final laps, a tandem draft of Brad Keselowski and Kyle Busch stormed into the lead; Keselowski shook off Busch's bumper and blasted away to win by two car lengths, the first time in several years that the race win had not been decided by the last-lap.
 * 2013: A green-white-checkered finish set up a frantic final lap as Front Row Motorsports drivers David Ragan and David Gilliland stormed from midpack to a 1-2 finish, Ragan's second Cup Series win and his first with FRM.  Teammate David Gilliland finished second, giving FRM a 1-2 finish and its first NASCAR win.  Matt Kenseth led 142 of 192 laps, the most laps led at a Talladega race since Jeff Gordon led 139 laps in 2005, but was shuffled back on the final lap. The race was interrupted by a 3-hour-36-minute-long red flag for a rainstorm around lap 126, which pushed the end of the race into basically complete darkness. There were two Big Ones during the race: the first one, in turn one on lap 43 involving 16 cars, instigated by Kyle Busch touching Kasey Kahne from behind, and another one at the end of the back straightaway on lap 182 involving 13 cars which saw Kurt Busch flip over and land on top of Ryan Newman. It was David Ragan's second win in the NASCAR Cup Series (after winning the 2011 Coke Zero 400 at Daytona driving for Roush Fenway Racing). This race is sometimes referred to as "The 7 hours of Talladega", as the field first received the green flag at 1:07 pm EST/12:07 CDT and finished at around 8:15 pm EST/7:15 CDT, causing NASCAR to do just a single attempt at a green-white-checkered finish due to darkness. It was also NASCAR's first major test/workout for their new Air Titan track-drying technique, which did double duty, also working the Nationwide race the day before. Nationwide race winner Regan Smith was in contention toward the end but was shuffled back and finished sixth.
 * 2014: Denny Hamlin clawed to his first win of the season and the first points-paying restrictor-plate race win. The race ended under yellow when Justin Allgaier, who'd rallied to challenge for the win in the final 30 laps, crashed with Alex Bowman coming to the white flag.  Dale Earnhardt Jr. led 26 laps but lost the lead draft in the final 20 laps and finished 26th.  Danica Patrick led six laps early but faded to 22nd.  The story of the race was Brad Keselowski; after spinning in the first turn following a shunt with Patrick, he lost six laps early in the race with radiator problems; in the second half of the race he was fighting to get a lap back; he spun out with 50 to go and the crash involved some eleven other cars; Jeff Gordon and Matt Kenseth were very critical of Keselowski's actions.  A crash with twelve to go eliminated Keselowski's teammate Joey Logano. This was also the final Talladega spring Cup race under the "Aaron's 499" name.
 * 2015: The race started at 1:20 p.m., The lead changed 27 times between 15 drivers, A multi-car wreck happened on lap 47, as 15 cars were involved, that brought out an 11-minute 15-second red flag, Dale Earnhardt Jr. won his first race of the season. This was also the first Talladega spring race under the "GEICO 500" name.
 * 2016: The race was started 20 minutes early due to the threat of rain in the area. After a 50 lap opening green-flag run, the race itself was marred by eight crashes, including four Big Ones. Of the 40 cars in the field, only seven cars finished without damage. These included a wreck on lap 96 that saw Chris Buescher flip over three times on the back straightaway, a 17 car wreck in turn 1 on lap 162, and a 12 car wreck on lap 180 saw Matt Kenseth flip over on the back straightaway and strike the inside wall, before turning back upright. Brad Keselowski won his second race of the year as an eight-car wreck unfolded in the tri-oval. The lead changed 37 times between 17 drivers.
 * 2017: The race was also notable because of the big one striking late and A. J. Allmendinger going over on his roof with Chase Elliott almost going over, and Danica Patrick hitting hard on the backstretch as she did in the spring 2016 race. The race was won by Ricky Stenhouse Jr, which was his first NASCAR Cup Series win.
 * 2019: This race was the first at Talladega without restrictor plates since 1987, as NASCAR used a tapered spacer to restrict the engines instead. Chase Elliott won the race after a final lap crash resulted in Kyle Larson going airborne on the backstretch and flipping several times.
 * 2020: Ryan Blaney won in a photo finish in the most competitive running (57 official lead changes) since 2011. The race had been delayed to Monday by rain and interrupted 60 laps in by more rain. A more serious metaphorical cloud came over the Speedway when a garage door rope tied into a noose was found in the stall of Bubba Wallace the night previous. Support for Wallace came rapidly from the entire racing community. An FBI investigation was performed, declaring Wallace was not the target of a hate crime.    Wallace in the Richard Petty Motorsports 43 led one lap and was running fourth with three to go but had to pit for fuel and finished 14th.
 * 2021: Joey Logano got airborne and flipped over in Turn 3 on the last lap of Stage 1. Despite also being involved in the wreck, Brad Keselowski continued on and would end up winning the race. This would be his last win until 2024 at Darlington Raceway.
 * 2023: Kyle Busch got his 1st win at Talladega in 15 years when Bubba Wallace and Ryan Blaney triggered The Big One headed into Turn 1 on the final lap.

Past winners

 * 1974: Race shortened due to the energy crisis.
 * 1987: Race shortened due to darkness – caused by a red flag that lasted for two and a half hours to repair the catch fence after Bobby Allison's lap 22 crash.
 * 1991 & 2006: Race moved from Sunday to Monday due to rain.
 * 1997: Race was scheduled for Sunday, April 27, but was moved back two weeks due to rain. Qualifying was held as scheduled, but rain washed out any chance to hold the race on Sunday or Monday. To complicate matters, the series was racing at Sonoma the following weekend, and the travel burden for the teams would be too much to overcome if the race were to be held Tuesday as would be the normal policy (next available day). Series officials decided to have the teams pack up and depart for Sonoma, and rescheduled the Winston 500 for the weekend after that (Saturday, May 10). It was Mother's Day weekend, a date traditionally left open by NASCAR at the time. The teams arrived in sunny skies, and Mark Martin won the first-ever caution-free Talladega plate race.
 * 2001: The first restrictor-plate race after Dale Earnhardt's death was the second-ever caution-free race in Talladega history. It was Bobby Hamilton's last win in Cup before his death in 2007 to cancer.
 * 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2020, 2021, & 2023: Race extended due to a NASCAR Overtime finish. 2010 took three attempts for the first time. 2013 was restricted to a single attempt due to impending darkness after a weather delay of 3 hours and 36 minutes.
 * 2010: Set record for most lead changes in regulation (87) and overall lead changes (88).
 * 2011: Set record for most lead changes in regulation (88), and tied for closest margin of victory in the Sprint Cup Series (0.002 sec.)
 * 2020: Race postponed from April 26 to June 21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and then postponed from June 21 to June 22 due to rain.

title: GEICO 500


text:
Cookie Jar Group

DHX Cookie Jar Inc. (also known as Cookie Jar Group, originally known as CINAR, formerly known as Cookie Jar Entertainment Inc., or simply just Cookie Jar) was a Canadian media, production, animation studio, and distribution company owned by DHX Media. The company was first established in 1976 as CINAR Films Inc., a Montreal-based studio that was heavily involved in children's entertainment. The company's business model, which included the licensing of its properties into educational markets, had a significant impact on its success; by 1999, CINAR held CDN$1.5 billion of the overall children's television market.

In the 2000s, CINAR became the subject of multiple business scandals, including accusations that the company had used offshore accounts to transfer money out of the company, had plagiarized the concept of one of its series, and had obfuscated the involvement of U.S. screenwriters in its productions in order to continue receiving Canadian tax credits for domestic productions. Over a decade later, these scandals would result in criminal charges, convictions, and fines for four suspects, which included two executives at the company, co-founder Ronald A. Weinberg and chief financial officer Hasanain Panju.

CINAR was sold in 2004 for $190 million to a group led by Michael Hirsh, the founder of Nelvana, and changed its name to Cookie Jar Group. In 2008, they agreed to acquire DIC Entertainment, expanding its library. On August 20, 2012, DHX Media announced its intent to acquire Cookie Jar, in a deal that would make DHX the largest independent owner of children's television programming, and by December 25, 2014, Cookie Jar was folded into DHX Media.

As CINAR
After their meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1976, Micheline Charest and Ronald A. Weinberg organized an event for a women's film festival and worked at distributing foreign films to U.S. theatres. The couple moved to New York City and formed CINAR, a film and television distribution company.

In 1984, CINAR changed their focus from media distribution to production and moved operations to Montreal, Quebec, where they concentrated on family-oriented television programming, including The Little Lulu Show, Animal Crackers, Emily of New Moon, Mona the Vampire, and The Wombles, as well as the English and French dubs of the anime series Adventures of the Little Koala, Ronin Warriors, The Adventures of Albert and Sidney, and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Spanish television series The World of David the Gnome, and the English dub of Ultraseven. As a production company, CINAR was also involved in the work of Are You Afraid of the Dark?, A Bunch of Munsch, The Busy World of Richard Scarry, Madeline (specials 2 to 6), The Real Story of Happy Birthday to You, The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures, Space Cases, and its most well-known works, Arthur, Zoboomafoo, and Caillou.

The firm became a public company in September 1993.

On November 1, 1996, CINAR announced that they would purchase the programming library and animation unit of the London-based FilmFair from the Caspian Group for $10.5 million. After the deal closed, CINAR reopened FilmFair and utilized its acquired catalogue to launch a dedicated London-based European production and distribution studio - CINAR Europe in March 1997. The aim of the new subsidiary was to produce, with FilmFair; revival series based on existing properties including The Wombles and The Adventures of Paddington Bear, and bring the existing FilmFair catalogue to the world. Following CINAR's financial issues and the scandal, CINAR Europe was put up for sale in September 2001 but was closed in February 2002. The closure led to CINAR's European partners, like Alphanim, to find other studios to co-produce shows with.

By 1999, CINAR boasted annual revenues of $150 million (CAD) and owned about $1.5 billion (CAD) of the children's television market. In February 1999, CINAR acquired the film library of Leucadia Film Corporation, with the company's acquisition of 55 titles in the WonderWorks library following at the end of the year. CINAR's rights to the Leucadia library and WonderWorks specials were purchased by Feature Films for Families in 2003.

CINAR also owned the dubbing studio Fandango Studios in Mexico City.

Scandal
CINAR received over $50 million in tax benefits from the Canadian government. However, in 1999, the company was accused of falsely crediting Canadians for work done by Americans. Hélène Charest, the sister of Quebec Liberal Party leader Jean Charest, was listed on over 100 episodes that she did not write.

The success of Charest, Weinberg, and CINAR ended in March 2000, when an internal audit revealed that about $167 million (CAD) was invested into Bahamian bank accounts without the board members' approval. CINAR had also paid U.S. screenwriters for work while continuing to accept federal grants and tax credits for the production of Canadian content. The names of Canadian citizens (generally non-writers connected to CINAR, including Charest's sister Helene) were credited for the works. While the province of Quebec did not file criminal charges, CINAR denied any wrongdoing, choosing instead to pay a settlement to Canadian and Quebec tax authorities of $17.8 million (CAD) and another $2.6 million (CAD) to Telefilm Canada, a Canadian federal funding agency. The value of CINAR's stock plummeted, and the company was soon delisted.

There was some speculation that Hasanain Panju, CFO was the mastermind behind the investment scheme along with John Xanthoudakis of Norshield Investment Group and Lino Matteo of Mount Real Corporation. It was claimed that Charest and Weinberg (and later Panju) used CINAR as a 'piggy bank' and schemed to transfer funds out from the company through a series of complicated transactions to their own offshore holding companies.

In 2001, as part of a settlement agreement with the Commission des Valeurs Mobilières du Québec (Quebec Securities Commission), Charest and Weinberg agreed to pay $1 million each and were banned from serving in the capacity of directors or officers at any publicly traded Canadian company for five years. There was no admission of guilt and none of the allegations has been proven in court. Charest never lived to see a possible outcome, as she died on April 14, 2004.

On March 10, 2011, Weinberg was arrested for securities fraud after a warrant was issued for him to be taken into custody earlier that month. On June 22, 2016, Weinberg was sentenced to 8 years and 11 months in prison, and the other two received sentences of 7 years and 11 months each. On May 3, 2019, he was fully paroled.

As Cookie Jar Group
On March 15, 2004, CINAR was purchased for more than CA$190 million by a group led by Nelvana founder Michael Hirsh, and former Nelvana president Toper Taylor. Two weeks later on March 29, the company was subsequently renamed Cookie Jar.

On June 20, 2008, Cookie Jar Group announced a deal to acquire DIC Entertainment. On July 23, 2008, the acquisition was completed, and eventually DIC was folded into Cookie Jar's entertainment division. When Cookie Jar acquired DIC Entertainment, Cookie Jar also acquired Copyright Promotions Licensing Group and a one-third interest in the international children's television channel, KidsCo. Cookie Jar now had more than 6,000 half-hours of programming as well as rights to several children's brands. Also, DIC's headquarters were taken over by Cookie Jar for Burbank offices, and it was announced that Cookie Jar was in negotiation with American Greetings to buy the Care Bears, Strawberry Shortcake, and Sushi Pack franchises. The deal was not finalized yet in late 2008 and with the current scenario, the transaction did not progress. On March 30, 2009, Cookie Jar made a $76 million counter bid for Care Bears and Strawberry Shortcake. Cookie Jar had until April 30, 2009, to complete a deal with American Greetings. In May 2009, American Greetings filed a $100 million lawsuit against Cookie Jar and the company filed a $25 million lawsuit against American Greetings over the Care Bears and Strawberry Shortcake deal.

In April 2009, the company hired Tom Mazza, formerly of TriStar Television and Paramount Television, as its executive vice president of worldwide television. Mazza planned to broaden Cookie Jar's slate by pursuing Canadian co-productions intended for global saley. In February 2011, Cookie Jar announced a new imprint known as The Jar, which it intended to use on series targeting U.S. primetime television; its development slate included Lori Kirkland Baker's All Over You for Lifetime, Blah Girls for MTV, Andrew Orenstein's Lords of the Playground for CBS, and Steven E. de Souza's Spyburbia for Fox and Global.

Acquisition by DHX Media
On August 20, 2012, DHX Media announced that they would acquire Cookie Jar Group for $111 million; the purchase made DHX the world's largest independent owner of children's television programming. The acquisition was completed on October 22, 2012.

Cookie Jar TV
At the time of Cookie Jar's acquisition of the company, DIC had been programming a weekend morning block for CBS known as KEWLopolis. On February 24, 2009, it was announced that CBS had renewed its contract with Cookie Jar for the block through 2012. For the 2009–10 television season, the block was rebranded as Cookie Jar TV. Beginning with the 2011–12 television season, Cookie Jar TV was branded as Team Toon in television promos outside the block. Cookie Jar TV was succeeded in 2013–14 by CBS Dream Team, which is programmed by Litton Entertainment.

Cookie Jar Toons
On November 1, 2008, This TV launched airing Cookie Jar's daily children's programming block Cookie Jar Toons which provided children's and E/I-oriented programming.

Cookie Jar Kids Network
Cookie Jar Kids Network (formerly DIC Kids Network) was a children's programming block that aired selected Cookie Jar programs on local Fox, MyNetworkTV, and independent stations to provide them with a source of educational and informational (E/I) programming required by American broadcast standards. Syndicated by Ascent Media, it ceased broadcasting on September 18, 2011.

title: Cookie Jar Group


text:
Talk:GEICO 500

1987 Event
"1977 Davey Allison - (178 laps / 473.48 miles, darkness- caused by long delay caused by repairs to repair damaged catchfencing in a Lap 22 crash)"

Wasn't this the race when Bobby Allison had that spectacular crash?

AppleMacReporter 13:43, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:GEICO 500


text:
Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 60 metres

The men's 60 metres was the shortest of the track races at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, which was the first time the event was held. It was held on 15 July 1900. 10 athletes from 6 nations competed. Five preliminary heats were scheduled, though only two were actually held. The top two athletes from each of the heats advanced to the final, resulting in a final race that featured three United States runners and an Australian. Hurdle specialist Alvin Kraenzlein of the United States won the event, with his countryman Walter Tewksbury in second and Australian Stan Rowley earning bronze.

Background
This was the first time the event was held; it would be held again only in 1904 before being discontinued. 110 metres hurdles champion Alvin Kraenzlein, 200 metres and 400 metres hurdles champion Walter Tewksbury, and 100 metres and 200 metres bronze medalist Stan Rowley were among the entrants.

Australia, France, Hungary, India, Sweden, and the United States competed in the debut of the event.

Records
World bests were not recognized until 1966.

As this was a new event, there was no standing Olympic record: Alvin Kraenzlein set the initial record with 7.0 seconds in the first semifinal, then equalled it in the final.

Competition format
The competition consisted of two rounds: semifinals and a final. The top two runners in each of the two semifinals advanced to the final.

Semifinal 1
Minahan was about half a yard behind Kraenzlein, with Pritchard a yard behind him.

Semifinal 2
Tewksbury beat Rowley by a foot.

Final
The 60 metres final was a close race, with the two top Americans being separated by four inches and Rowley half a yard behind. It was each of the runners' second time running the 60 in less than an hour, as the final was held almost immediately after the preliminary heats.


text:
Midnight Madness (1980 film)

Midnight Madness is a 1980 American comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and starring David Naughton, Stephen Furst, Eddie Deezen, and Maggie Roswell.

The city of Los Angeles is the game board as five teams of college students attempt to win "The Great All-Nighter", a dusk-to-dawn competition dreamed up by an eccentric graduate student. David Naughton and Stephen Furst are paired with a grab-bag group of fellow students including Michael J. Fox in his first film appearance. The film was directed and written by Michael Nankin and David Wechter.

Plot
Graduate student Leon (Alan Solomon) summons five college students to his apartment and challenges them to participate in his latest game creation, The Great All-Nighter. He tells them about his game and instructs them to form teams. At first, the leaders refuse to play, but rivalries between them lead all five to change their minds by the game's start time – a scenario Leon has already predicted based on his extensive planning.

Leon, as game master, keeps track of the teams' locations with a giant map, and various radio equipment. The teams are supposed to call and check in at each clue (though many of the teams end up skipping at least one location).

The adventures of the other three teams are subplots, as well as the situation at Leon's apartment ("Game Control"). Here, along with his female assistants Candy and Sunshine (Debi Richter and Kirsten Baker), Leon monitors the progress of the game. Already unpopular with his landlady, Mrs. Grimhaus (Irene Tedrow), for the amount of noise he makes, Leon faces eviction if any of the other tenants complain. Several of them do show up to complain, but as Leon explains the mechanics of the game to them, they become fascinated with it and help run it, much to the annoyance of Grimhaus.

The game culminates in a race-to-the-finish at the Westin Bonaventure Hotel where the yellow team ultimately prevails and wins the game. A huge party consisting of all contestants and game control follows.

Teams
Teams are made up of characters who are broad stereotypes. They wear matching sweatshirts, and ride in vehicles that also match their team color.

 * The members of the Yellow Team are all friendly and kind; they play fair and are the main heroes of the film. The yellow team are led by the protagonist Adam (Naughton). Partway through the game, they add an additional member, Adam's troubled younger brother Scott (Michael J. Fox, in his first movie), who acts out to get Adam's attention. They also force the shy Flynch (Joel Kenney), whom Adam has been counseling, to play the game rather than allow him to go on a date with an unattractive girl. Also on the team are Laura (Debra Clinger), Adam's love interest, and Marvin (David Damas), another friend of Adam's. The team vehicle, owned by Marvin, is often referred to as a Jeep but it is actually a Toyota Land Cruiser.
 * The members of the Blue Team are all selfish and rude individuals who cheat at every opportunity and are the main antagonists. They are led by overweight snob and main antagonist Harold (Stephen Furst), who is intensely jealous of the popular Adam. Melio (played by future Hollywood director Andy Tennant) purposely instigates fights between Harold and his girlfriend Lucille (Patricia Alice Albrecht), who puts Harold on a diet just before the game starts. "Blade" (Sal Lopez), a Mexican-American who is constantly brandishing his switchblade knife, never speaks. An additional member, Barf (Brian Frishman), is apparently mentally challenged. The team vehicle is a Chevy van equipped with a computer that can solve clues, but this device is destroyed early on when Harold hides a stash of marshmallows in the circuitry.
 * The Green Team, also known as the Meat Machine, is made up of jocks from the school's football team. They are led by Lavitas (Brad Wilkin); the others are nicknamed "Blaylak" (Dirk Blocker), "Armpit" (Curt Ayers), "Cudzo" (Trevor Henley) and "Gerber" (Keny Long). Their antagonism drives both the Red and White teams into playing. The team vehicle is a Volkswagen Beetle named the "Meat Wagon".
 * The Red Team is made up of four members of an unpopular sorority, led by Donna (Maggie Roswell) and Berle (Robyn Petty) who are feminists. The other two members are a set of frequently giggling, overweight twins (Betsy Lynn and Carol Gwynn Thompson), and many of the jokes involving the red team come at their expense. The Red team's vehicle is a Datsun pickup truck, which is eventually destroyed by the Green team.
 * The White Team is made up of debate team nerds, led by Wesley (Eddie Deezen). The White Team rides matching Puch mopeds, which they eventually share with the Red team after their vehicle is destroyed.

Main

 * Yellow Team
 * David Naughton as Adam Larson – Yellow Team Leader
 * Debra Clinger as Laura – Yellow Team
 * David Damas as Marvin – Yellow Team
 * Joel Kenney as Flynch – Yellow Team (credited as Joel P. Kenney)
 * Michael J. Fox as Scott Larson (credited as Michael Fox)

 * Blue Team
 * Stephen Furst as Harold – Blue Team Leader
 * Patricia Alice Albrecht as Lucille – Blue Team
 * Andy Tennant as Melio – Blue Team
 * Brian Frishman as Barf – Blue Team
 * Sal Lopez as Blade – Blue Team

 * Red Team
 * Maggie Roswell as Donna – Red Team Leader
 * Robyn Petty as Berle – Red Team
 * Betsy Lynn Thompson as Peggy – Red Team
 * Carol Gwynn Thompson as Lulu – Red Team

 * White Team
 * Eddie Deezen as Wesley – White Team Leader
 * Marvin Katzoff as Debater #1 – White Team
 * Christofer Sands as Debater #2 – White Team
 * Michael Gitomer as Debater #3 – White Team

 * Green Team
 * Brad Wilkin as Lavitas – Green Team Leader
 * Dirk Blocker as Blaylak – Green Team
 * Curt Ayers as Armpit – Green Team
 * Trevor Henley as Cudzo – Green Team
 * Keny Long as Gerber – Green Team

Supporting

 * Irene Tedrow as Mrs. Grimhaus
 * Alan Solomon as Leon
 * Deborah Richter as Candy (credited as Debi Richter)
 * Kirsten Baker as Sunshine
 * John Fiedler as Wally Thorpe
 * Ceil Gabot as Mrs. Thorpe
 * Charlie Brill as Jerry – Tenant #1
 * Loretta Clemens Tupper as Mr. Thorpe's Mother
 * Eddie Bloom as Game Control Bookie
 * Dave Shelley as Harold's Father
 * Marvin Kaplan as Bonaventure Desk Clerk
 * Bert Williams as Security Captain
 * Arthur Adams as Police Sergeant
 * Thomas Wright as Cop #1 (credited as Tom Wright)
 * Elven Havard as Cop #2
 * Ernie Fuentes as Miniature Golf Dad
 * Pilar Del Rey as Miniature Golf Mom (credited as Pillar Del Rey)
 * Georgia Schmidt as Old Lady in Car
 * J. Brennan Smith as Bratty Kid
 * Don Maxwell as Bratty Kid's Dad
 * Paul Reubens as Pinball City Proprietor
 * John Voldstad as Bellboy
 * Jack Griffin as Tow Truck Driver
 * Dick Winslow as Tourist
 * Emily Greer as Teenage Girl #1
 * Paula Victor as Cashier
 * Tony Salome as Irving
 * Donna Garrett as Busty Waitress

Production
Paul Reubens (known for playing Pee-wee Herman) has a small part as the Pinball City Proprietor. Other cameos include John Fiedler as Wally Thorpe, one of the other tenants, and Marvin Kaplan as the Bonaventure desk clerk. Future film director Andy Tennant plays a member of the Blue team. This is Michael J. Fox's first film, credited as Michael Fox.

Johnie's Fat Boy was Johnie's Coffee Shop, closed in 2000, and still used for filming. Pinball City was Castle Park (later Malibu Castle) Miniature Golf in North Hollywood, closed in 1998.

Music
The film features three original songs written by David Wechter and Julius Wechter. All songs were performed by Donna Fein:

 * "Midnight Madness"
 * "Don't Know Why I Came"
 * "Someone New"

Home media
It was released in 1985 on VHS by Buena Vista Home Video, in 1999 on VHS and in 2001 on DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment, and was re-released in 2004 by Disney DVD with the "Walt Disney Pictures Presents" logo. This is the first time that Disney has openly associated with the film.

Reception
Midnight Madness was rated PG, only the second film from Disney, after The Black Hole, to receive anything other than a G. The film was produced by Walt Disney Productions but was not released under the Disney name, due to its more adult themes.

It had a limited release and bad reviews. Roger Ebert expressed disappointment at the film, as he was a fan of the early work of Nankin and Wechter.

It grossed $2.9 million in the North American box office, and Disney lost a reported $1.6 million.

Legacy
The film was novelized in a 1980 paperback, Midnight Madness, by Tom Wright (Ace, 1980) ISBN 0-441-52985-2.

Midnight Madness has inspired many spin-offs and other Alternate Reality Games (ARG). Live recreations include these:

 * The Game is a non-stop 24- to 48-hour puzzle solving race in the San Francisco Bay area and the Seattle area.
 * Minnie's Moonlit Madness (Anaheim, California) – each year hundreds of Disney cast members raise money for charity by participating in a trivia Q&A and scavenger hunt in Disneyland or Disney's California Adventure after park operating hours.
 * Midnight Madness Events (New Jersey) runs Midnight Madness events in the New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut area for towns, private paries, and fundraisers. Interactive game in cars with teams of 4 to 6 players on a 15 clue route.

In 2024, Garch the Great released a rock cover of the theme song. It includes two new verses and was approved by David Wechter, the original composer. An alternate mix quickly found its way to YouTube.

title: Midnight Madness (1980 film)