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Edmond Leung

Edmond Leung Hon-man (born 5 November 1971) is a Hong Kong singer-songwriter, record producer, actor and television host.

Background
Born in British Hong Kong on 5 November 1971, he was a youth development footballer and coach until 17. At age 17, Leung became a finalist in the eighth annual New Talent Singing Awards (新秀歌唱大賽) in 1989, which won him a contract with Capital Artists. He made his recording debut in 1990 with the release of Listen to the Edge (細聽鋒芒). He propelled to teen idol stardom in the mid-1990s and was famous for his rather feminine look, in which many of his songs portray the life of timid men dumped by their lovers. He was suspended and barred from performing or appearing on variety shows by TVB for three months after he uttered profanity during a live broadcast of the Tung Wah Charity Show in 1995.

In 2001, Capital Artists failed in the market, and Leung was left contract-less for over a year. During this time, Leung began composing music and was the leader of William So's concert band, while also learning to play the piano. Under the guidance of Paco Wong, he signed to Gold Typhoon in 2003, being marketed as a singer-songwriter. That same year, he released his first album under Gold Typhoon, Number 10, which won Best Album of the Year at the Ultimate Song Chart awards.

Some of his hits include "Thinking Too Much" (自作聰明), "Get Lost/Cheating" (滾, duet with Miriam Yeung), "Hey June", "Battleship Team" (艦隊), "8 Mile Highway" (八里公路), "Blooming Flowers in 3000 Years" (三千年開花), "Female News Presenter" (新聞女郎), "Beatles" (披頭四), "501", "Seven Friends" (七友), "Fresh Start" (重新做人), "Madam! Madam!" (太太！太太！), "Big Excitement" (大激想, with Eason Chan and Miriam Yeung), "Best Friend" (好朋友), "A Man in the Closet" (衣櫃裡的男人), "Three Wounded Hearts" (傷了三個心), "Love and Emotions" (愛與情), "Lingering Game" (纏綿遊戲), and "Don't Want To Be Alone" (不願一個人).

In 2008, he performed at the S.U.C.C.E.S.S. Charity Gala at Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada with many other artists. He was a co-host of the popular variety show, Beautiful Cooking with Ronald Cheng and Alex Fong.

TV series

 * 1997: The Disappearance (隱形怪傑)
 * 1999: Street Fighters (廟街·媽·兄弟) as Wong Man-Dik
 * 2002: The Monkey King: Quest for the Sutra (齊天大聖孫悟空) as Tong Sam-Chong
 * 2003: Hearts of Fencing (當四葉草碰上劍尖時) as Chiu Chui-Shuet (Mr. Sword)
 * 2007: ICAC 2007 (廉政行動2007之沙丘城堡) as Leung Chi-Kit
 * 2008: Dressage to Win (盛裝舞步愛作戰) as himself
 * 2008: Taste of Happiness (幸福的味道) as Ray
 * 2018: Shadow of Justice (蝕日風暴) 裴天成
 * 2023: From Hong Kong to Beijing (香港人在北京）

Variety shows

 * 2006: Beautiful Cooking (美女廚房)
 * 2009: Beautiful Cooking II (美女廚房2)
 * 2021: Call Me By Fire (披荆斩棘的哥哥)

Films

 * 1996: 金枝玉葉II
 * 1996: 正牌香蕉俱樂部
 * 1996: 運財至叻星
 * 1996: 金田一手稿之奇異檔案
 * 1996: Mongkok Story (旺角風雲)
 * 1996: 假男假女
 * 1997: Legend of the Wolf (戰狼傳說)
 * 1997: 蘭桂坊七公主
 * 1997: 我有我瘋狂
 * 1998: 戇豆豆追女仔
 * 1998: 對不起，隊林你
 * 1998: 烈火青春
 * 1999: 有時跳舞
 * 2000: 藍煙火
 * 2002: 飄忽男女
 * 2002: 夏日冬蔭功
 * 2002: 心跳
 * 2002: Troublesome Night 15 (陰陽路十五之客似魂來)
 * 2002: 橫財就手
 * 2003: 新收數王之貴利王
 * 2003: 魅醒時份
 * 2003: 超級特警
 * 2003: 現代古惑仔
 * 2003: I級暗殺令
 * 2003: 午夜出租
 * 2003: 鬼味人間II：鬼屋幻影
 * 2003: 旺角風雲
 * 2003: 我愛一碌葛
 * 2004: 甜絲絲
 * 2004: 噩夢
 * 2006: 春田花花同學會
 * 2012: I Love Hong Kong 2012
 * 2015: Full Strike
 * 2019: The Calling of a Bus Driver

title: Edmond Leung


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Cecil Harcourt

Admiral Sir Cecil Halliday Jepson Harcourt (translated to Chinese as ; 11 April 1892 – 19 December 1959) was a British naval officer. He was the de facto governor of Hong Kong as commander-in-chief and head of the military administration from September 1945 to May 1946. He was called by the Chinese name "Ha Kok", a reference to the fourth-century Chinese nobleman Chung Kok.

Military career
Harcourt was born in Bromley, Kent, England, to Halliday Harcourt and Grace Lilian (née Jepson) on 11 April 1892. He was educated at Fonthill, East Grinstead, and later at the Royal Naval College at Osborne and Dartmouth (1904–1908). He had a distinguished career in the Royal Navy, which he entered on 15 September 1904, at the age of 12. He served in both world wars.

In 1939, Harcourt was appointed Director of the Admiralty's Operations Division. In 1941 he was Flag Captain of the Home Fleet, while commanding HMS Duke of York. In August 1942 until January 1943 he commanded the 10th Cruiser Squadron of the Home Fleet. From 1942 to 1944 he took part in the North Africa campaign, the capture of Tunisia, Pantelleria, Lampedusa, and Sicily, and the landing at Salerno. In 1944, he became Naval Secretary. In 1945, he was Flag Officer Commanding 11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron, with his flag in HMS Colossus.

Harcourt commanded Task Group 111.2 for the reoccupation of Hong Kong with his carriers, three cruisers, four destroyers, a submarine, and mine-sweeping flotillas. He ordered his carriers' planes to destroy a small number of Japanese suicide motor boats near Hong Kong. The pre-war colonial secretary Franklin Gimson took Harcourt to the prisoner of war camps and hospitals. Their first stop was the Stanley Internment Camp, which Harcourt reported:

On arriving we found everyone awaiting us and we had a most unforgettable welcome. The Union Flag had been produced by an ex-Naval rating who had hidden it in his bedding when Hong Kong was captured and had managed to hide it for the whole period so as to be ready for this occasion. The morale ... was extremely high despite the obvious effects of malnutrition which could be seen on every face. The enthusiasm and the cheering really had to be seen and heard to be believed, it was so obviously spontaneous and seemed to express the pent-up feelings of all these years. I shall never forget it.

On 16 September, Harcourt received the surrender of Japan (under Major-General Hisakazu Tanaka and Vice-Admiral Ruitaka Fujitain) in Government House. He was the de facto governor of Hong Kong as commander-in-chief and head of the military administration until May 1946. On 18 December 1945, he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB). In 1946, he was promoted to vice-admiral.

In 1947, Harcourt became Flag Officer (Air) and Second in Command Mediterranean Fleet. In 1948, he became Second Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Personnel as well as a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty, and in 1950 Commander-in-Chief, The Nore. He retired in 1952. He died en route to St Stephen's Hospital, Chelsea, London, on 19 December 1959. A memorial service was held at St Martin-in-the-Fields in January 1960.

Commands
Ships (and station) under Harcourt's command included:
 * HMS Wessex (1931)
 * HMS Stuart (1935; leader of the Australian Destroyer Flotilla)
 * HMS President (1939)
 * HMS Duke of York (1941)
 * HMS Sheffield (C24) (1942)
 * HMS Aurora (1942)
 * HMS Cleopatra (1943)
 * HMS Venerable (R63) (1945)
 * HMS Tamar (1945, as Administrator of Hong Kong from shore station)
 * HMS Newfoundland (1943)
 * HMS Swiftsure (08) (1945, used to hoist flag during restoration of British command in Hong Kong from Japanese control)

Family
On 17 April 1913, he assumed the surname "Harcourt-Morris", but this lasted only a short time.

In 1920 he became the second husband of the English pianist Evelyn Suart, a widow. They had no children of their own. One of her daughters by her first marriage was the noted ballerina Diana Gould, who later became the second wife of the violinist Yehudi Menuhin. Her sister Griselda became the second wife of the pianist Louis Kentner. After Evelyn Suart's death in 1950, Harcourt married Stella, widow of Air Commodore David Waghorn, in 1953.

Honours
Harcourt's honours:
 * Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), 1940
 * Legion of Merit, November 1942
 * Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB), 1943
 * Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB), 18 December 1945
 * Grand Cordon of the Order of the Cloud and Banner, 1946
 * Order of St. Olav, 1951
 * Order of the Dannebrog, 1952
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE), 1953

Namesakes

 * Harcourt Road, Hong Kong
 * Harcourt Garden, Hong Kong

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cecil Harcourt


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User talk:Bjebis

hello

title: User talk:Bjebis


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wikinerds

 * Is this word actually used much? Devanjedi 01:41, 21 July 2005 (UTC)


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Zebra (Yello album)

Zebra is the eighth studio album by the electronica Swiss band Yello. The record was released on 17 October 1994 through 4th & B'way and Mercury labels.

CD edition
All songs by Blank/Meier.
 * 1) "Suite 909" – 6:16
 * 2) "How How" – 2:39
 * 3) "Night Train" – 3:36
 * 4) "Do It" – 3:08
 * 5) "I … I'm in Love" – 3:28
 * 6) "S.A.X." – 3:12
 * 7) "Fat Cry" – 4:11
 * 8) "Tremendous Pain" – 3:58
 * 9) "Move Dance Be Born" – 6:03
 * 10) "The Premix" – 5:54
 * 11) "Poom Shanka" – 3:28

Vinyl edition
All songs by Blank/Meier.

Side 1 Side 2
 * 1) "Suite 909" – 6:16
 * 2) "How How" – 2:39
 * 3) "Night Train" – 3:36
 * 4) "I … I'm in Love" – 3:28
 * 5) "S.A.X." – 3:12
 * 6) "Fat Cry" – 4:11
 * 1) "Tremendous Pain" – 3:58
 * 2) "Do It" – 3:08
 * 3) "Move Dance Be Born" – 6:03
 * 4) "The Premix" – 5:54
 * 5) "Poom Shanka" – 3:28

Personnel
with:
 * Yello
 * Boris Blank – background vocals, arranger, engineer
 * Dieter Meier – lyricist, vocals
 * Ian Shaw – background vocals
 * Marco Colombo – guitar
 * Rene Chico Hablas – guitar
 * Kevin Metcalfe – mastering
 * LWS – illustrations

title: Zebra (Yello album)


text:
Talk:Zebra (Yello album)

Fair use rationale for Image:YelloZebra.jpg
Image:YelloZebra.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 12:05, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zebra (Yello album)


text:
Talk:Principle of locality

Local realism
The term "local realism" usually redirected to EPR paradox. A while back I changed it to here because it provides a more concise version of it. However, maybe the term should redirect to Local hidden-variable theory as it is a formal article on the topic. Any thoughts are welcome. ReyHahn (talk) 08:56, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I took a stab at (some of) the items on your summary under the field theory topic. I'm replying here because my stab is an attempt to (compactly) introduce the issues of local realism. Please see User:Johnjbarton/sandbox/locality.
 * I would like to find a good reference for why a local hidden-variable theory is a form of local realism. The compact and on-point review by Lambare says that one meaning of "local realism" is "local hidden-variable theory", so the text I wrote about this is ok, but to me this referenced assertion is not adequate for readers. Johnjbarton (talk) 23:42, 5 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It is starting to take shape. I am working on the Nobel prize 2023 articles and went to look back what the scientific comittee wrote about the Nobel in Physics of 2022, as you can see they use local realism and local hidden variables as synonyms. See also the intro of this article when it describes Bell's theorem (caution:the experiment has been criticized for being misinterpreted).
 * I just had an idea, what if we revert the order? Call the section "Bell theorem" or something like that. In that way we start by saying that Bell considered a classical model (local hidden variables) and showed that if experiments were carried one can distinguish between that model and quantum mechanics. Then talk experiments. Then discuss a bit on the implications of these violations: "If the principle of locality is violated by quantum mechanics is a matter of interpretation of quantum mechanics. A term often used is local realism, the intersection between locality and another term 'realism' which...". I think leaving the well understood stuff first and then describing the terminology issues might be better.--ReyHahn (talk) 00:23, 6 October 2023 (UTC)--ReyHahn (talk)
 * Thanks. One of the papers that cite An experimental test of non-local realism is a review Brunner, Nicolas, et al. "Bell nonlocality." Reviews of modern physics 86.2 (2014): 419. Their intro has a similar argument but even clearer. It does involve some math which I generally like to avoid using. However in this case the key issues are factorization vs non-factorization so I think the symbolic "picture" given by a few equations may make the explanation clearer.
 * In addition, this Brunner review touches on the role of the formal definition of "locality", as distinct from the simple intuitive definition I used in the sandbox draft. Thus it gives us a way of addressing your "point of conflict 2, locality". It also helps me sort out something Lambare discusses in his intro: some Bell analysis uses a formal definition of locality that embodies (or is parameterized by) hidden variables, so for this group the combination "local realism" is built into their definition of locality. Lambare essentially concludes that identification is justified when discussing Bell results because other ways of defining "realism" fail even without Bell tests.
 * I'm ok with any kind of reordering but I want to keep focus on "principle of locality" and not get caught up in myriad other Bell issues. For example we may want to cut down the experiments section for this reason.
 * I understand you are working on the attasecond article, so I will work on my draft with these new inputs. Soon however I would like to evaluate if the draft is at least as good as the corresponding part of the current article and move the draft into place to continue work. Johnjbarton (talk) 16:27, 6 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Just be careful, saying that realism fails independently of locality is still debated. The more we can avoid it in this mess the better. Also being too precise on the definition of locality can produce some disagreements. The experiments are just given here to show that it has indeed been tested deeply. I think it is important to say so. I’m not working in the attosecond physics article (I am working in the articles of the laureates) but that article needs to be Wp:TNTed. ReyHahn (talk) 16:41, 6 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Just be careful, saying that realism fails independently of locality is still debated. The more we can avoid it in this mess the better. Also being too precise on the definition of locality can produce some disagreements. The experiments are just given here to show that it has indeed been tested deeply. I think it is important to say so. I’m not working in the attosecond physics article (I am working in the articles of the laureates) but that article needs to be Wp:TNTed. ReyHahn (talk) 16:41, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

New outline?
I have new material for quantum locality issues, but it is hard to work into the current chronological outline. An alternative outline:

Principle of Locality
 * History
 * current pre-quantum
 * EPR,
 * Bell,
 * Modern (one paragraph summaries, no tech)
 * Models of locality
 * Action at a distance
 * Bell screening
 * Quantum wavefunction
 * Bell local hidden variables proof and consequences
 * Field theory
 * Maxwell
 * QFT
 * Local realism definitional issues.

The History section would contain most of the current article; action at a distance could be merged in there. This section would have no discussion of current issues beyond mentioning "ongoing research". A causal reader might drop off here.

The later section would be more technical and mention unsettled aspects of locality and issues of definitions. Johnjbarton (talk) 14:42, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Works for me.--ReyHahn (talk) 22:03, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

New version of QM section in place.
I re-wrote and expanded the QM section. I tried to focus on "locality" and not on eg QM, realism, photons etc.

The new version does not mention "counterfactual definiteness", which is not a difficult concept but is a very challenging pair of words to encounter. I feel if it is included it needs a full (short) paragraph to avoid being confusing jargon.

The new version does not mention non-communications. Worth adding, but the old version had no reference.

The new version cut the experimental section. We could say more, but I'm not keen on a mini-history of loophole-reduction. That info is not about locality but about Bell experiments and details. To say more I think we could outline one modern experiment with some kilometer bits to emphasize the locality test.

The realism bits are smaller; I'm kinda thinking about whether we should have Realism (physics) instead. The QFT section needs work.

Before these kinds of additions I think the best thing is to edit the new text to ensure it does the basic job adequately. And I would like to bring more from action at a distance over for eventual merge.

Please review. Johnjbarton (talk) 18:48, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * On a first read it is a great job! You manage to avoid most of my concerns. I'll be checking on it and editing a thing or two in the next couple days. Some quick answers:
 * It is ok that realism does not appear as such in the article, maybe it is not needed and thus conterfactual definiteness neither. As long as local realism is there I'm good with it. For the moment, I do not think realism deserves its own article is a mess and the article on counterfactual definiteness might be enough.
 * I still think that experiments could have a place here. The point is not to explain them but to provide insight on how well tested this is. Quantum mechanics has been experimentally shown to violate local realism. Pleople reading the article might benefit from this point being clear. Many people referenced this article after the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics.
 * The same thing as the above point with non communication. This is an important point. Many people on the web, after hearing about entanglement, try to figure a way to use entanglement as a way to send information faster than light. This should be clear.
 * I am favorable with a merge with action at a distance.
 * Thanks again.--ReyHahn (talk) 19:14, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment 2: I see that the "Models of locality for quantum mechanics" subsection do not need any quantum mechanics, can they be discussed in a preliminary section (before quantum mechanics sections)? Maybe just called "models of locality".--ReyHahn (talk) 20:59, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * We could try that. This would give the article a bit less of a historical slant. Johnjbarton (talk) 23:21, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Also pinging a user with whom I had had previous discussions on the subtlety of the terms used in related wikipages. you might want to give the new version of the article a read (if you are interested).--ReyHahn (talk) 22:11, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the ping. The new version is a definite improvement over the previous one. I did fix a couple of mistakes. I'm unhappy with the subsections "Action at a distance" and "No future-input dependence". They are making a tempest in a tea pot, and the illustrations are unhelpful. Moreover, they are using jargon that is only really used by Wharton and Argaman.
 * More generally, I'm a bit worried that this article is becoming rather redundant with Bell's theorem and Local hidden-variable theory. Tercer (talk) 09:21, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * There does seem to be a considerable amount of redundancy in this corner of the encyclopedia, but I'm not sure what to do about that. XOR'easter (talk) 22:48, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank for both of your feedback. I realize there is a huge overlap, throw also in quantum nonlocality and EPR paradox (probably there are more). This calls for an global article but the effort would be huge. As for the diagrams and models of locality, I am neutral, I'm fine with keeping them for illustrative purpose but I am fine with removing them per concerns of their lack of notability.--ReyHahn (talk) 23:00, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * In addition to those, we also have Aspect's experiment, Bell test, CHSH inequality, counterfactual definiteness, and probably others. The one that sticks out to me the most is local hidden-variable theory, because the title doesn't match the content. It's supposed to be about local hidden-variable theories, but it's actually a worse version of the Bell's theorem article. It would make more sense to rip out most of the text and replace it with material on LHV models, like the ones in section 3 of Bell's 1964 paper. XOR'easter (talk) 20:58, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * My quick assessment for the articles discussed above:
 * Local hidden-variable theory is missing material and the first 2/3 is off base.
 * quantum nonlocality I don't have patience enough to wade through this one. Seems like it is at least 3 articles pasted together.
 * CHSH inequality 50% too long.
 * Counterfactual definiteness needs a little work but not bloated with Bell.
 * Aspect's experiment too long, a couple of section should be deleted to start.
 * Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox just needs a little work.
 * Bell test Kinda listy but I think it gives the character of the subject. Could be trimmed a bit.
 * I think an article about the principle of locality must discuss Bell; I think don't think this article overly long or detailed for that goal.
 * The only question I have in my mind about the current article is whether it is the correct place for the discussion of "local-realism". We could move that topic to Bell's theorem but that article covers a lot of topics unrelated to locality.
 * In my opinion we should declare victory here and move on to articles with more problems. Johnjbarton (talk) 21:45, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The explanation for Local hidden-variable theory is simple: it was written by Caroline Thompson, a crackpot that was very active in the articles about Bell in the early Wikipedia. That's why it's mostly about loopholes, she was a firm believer that loopholes would allow one to evade Bell's theorem. She died before the loophole-free experiments were performed. Tercer (talk) 07:31, 26 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks.
 * Realism: good let's leave it as now. (The physical concept of "realism" is messy and philosophical, but the only danger is fixing on one definition; I think we could present multiple perspectives. But another time).
 * I agree that the results of experiments need more emphasis. I will take a try.
 * Non-communications is strictly speaking orthogonal to locality. It's really only an issue after you discover that QM gives correlations. I think it can be mentioned in connection with experimental-results-show-correlations additions.
 * Johnjbarton (talk) 23:32, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Would this order work for you? See User:ReyHahn/locality.--ReyHahn (talk) 07:39, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * There is something wrong with the following passage: In the 1935 EPR paper, Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen imagined such an experiment. They observed that quantum mechanics predicts "two spatially separated particles which have both perfectly correlated positions and momenta." Some comparison in missing. In classical physics any two particles that interact are correlated due to conservation of energy, momentum, angular momentum and so on. The problem of the EPR paradox is not that the two are correlated, but that the correlation seem to go against quantum mechanics uncertainty or more specifically against the incompatibility of observables. One could think that if we have two entangled particles with "perfect correlations" if Alice measures first the position of her particle and then Bob (who is far away) measures the momentum of his particle then we have all the information of the system. Thus we know position and momentum of both particles (this is not possible e.g. Heisenberg uncertainty principle). This is what is wrong, and in order for quantum mechanics to solve this, some nonlocal effect has to update what Bob will measure (instantaneously) right after Alice's measurement.--ReyHahn (talk) 07:59, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Maybe we can write They observed that quantum mechanics predicts "two spatially separated particles which have both perfectly correlated positions and momenta." This seemed to be contradiction with the indeterminacy of quantum states. (if not we need more words).--ReyHahn (talk) 08:04, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I hadn't seen that you were already arguing about the problematic part of the EPR section. I hope you're happy with what I wrote. Tercer (talk) 09:22, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks, yes I prefer your new version.--ReyHahn (talk) 09:37, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

could you chip in on the comments we have made about the locality diagrams. I suggest to split them as in User:ReyHahn/locality. suggested to remove them entirely, concerned that it might no be a very conventional way to describe the issue.--ReyHahn (talk) 15:52, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Bell's local causality can be described using math, words, or diagrams, to varying degrees and effect. For the Wikipedia reader, I think diagrams should be tried when possible. Words are especially ineffective here, judging by the number of papers which seem to consider "locality" definitions as much as physics. Bell used a diagram similar to the last on in the article; it seemed clear and effective to me.
 * For a reader familiar with the topic, the last diagram in the article is all that is needed. But I thought it would help to break the diagram down in stages (Bell has one intro stage diagram similar to "Alice and Bob in spacetime").
 * If this were an article about Bell, then the two intermediate diagrams, action at a distance and no-future, are not needed. But this an article on locality and these two broaden the section, directing the readers attention to "locality models", of which Bell's is one.
 * Your reordering looks fine to me. Johnjbarton (talk) 20:51, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

Glove analogy
On this section Imagine that rather than quantum systems, Alice ad Bob are studying gloves. When Alice sees a right handed glove, she expects Bob will find a left handed glove. This type of explanation for the experimentally-confirmed quantum correlations is not valid': the hidden handedness variable does not exist in quantum mechanics is misleading. As long as Alice and Bob are measuring the same observable (handedness of gloves, or let's say spin component in the z-axis), then the glove analogy is fine. I wonder if we can avoid this analogy altogether as it is the one bringing confusion to the subject. A better analogy would be Mermin's device, but that would be a hassle to introduce.--ReyHahn (talk) 10:26, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's misleading. The point is only to introduce the usual hidden-variable explanation that is valid in classical cases, and claim that it doesn't work in the quantum case. Now you're worrying about *proving* that it doesn't work in the quantum case, but I don't think we need yet another proof of Bell's theorem.
 * Your edit, on the other hand, I find misleading. You replaced "is not valid" with "is not always valid". This implies that it is sometimes valid, but this is false. It's not as if Nature uses hidden variables when you're not violating a Bell inequality, and switches them off as soon as you do a Bell test. No. The correlations of an entangled state are not mere ignorance of an underlying value, even when you're just measuring it in a fixed basis. Tercer (talk) 16:07, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I understand what you mean (hidden variables do not pop into existence at certain angles) but I am not sure that it is what most people get out of the analogies. I decided to drop the analogy. Popular culture and introductory discussions are repeating the fallacy that the glove experiment is different than entanglement because the "state is not defined until measurement" or whatever. That's not true but the real difference is so subtle that the glove analogy cannot provide the right image. That's why I want to avoid associating entanglement to that analogy. It is clear that if we did the experiments with the same  angle for both detectors, we cannot violate Bell's inequalities (and hidden variables could be at work, in principle). In that sense when the angles are the same, the glove box analogy is on the contrary not that bad, but in the opposite sense that we want to use it here. The glove example shows that these correlations are not helpful for communication (when Alice gets her glove out of the box, she knows the handedness of Bob's glove, instantaneously!). --ReyHahn (talk) 18:44, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The difference is not subtle. The handedness of the glove is determined before the measurement. The spin of the particle is not. Tercer (talk) 07:45, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Again that is right but my point is that we have to convince people that just think in terms of classical mechanics that there is something different between entanglement and classical experiments. We can tell them that the difference is that handedness is not determined before measurement. Let me argue along those lines (not my position): Ok, let us think that the handedness of the gloves is undefined through some very complex chaotic chemical reaction (add some quantumness if you like) that finishes when you open the box. So what? How is that different from entanglement experiments? Bell test (with same angle detectors) or chaotic gloves there is nothing unusual about it. There is nothing different in terms of physical predictions. How do we even know that quantumness is just not another chaotic system? Only if we consider more observables (more than just handedness of gloves) then we can notice that something is different, but then the whole glove analogy breaks down. That's why Mermin's device is a better analogy because the detectors can measure more than one thing. Note that EPR authors were clever too, they did not argue in terms of gloves, they had to introduce relations between momentum and position (incompatible observables). The glove analogy is distracting from the issue, we should really consider saying something more about the incompatibility of observables. Sidenote: All this conversation remind me that there is another bad article that we should revise at some point quantum indeterminacy.--ReyHahn (talk) 08:25, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Convincing people that quantum mechanics is different is important, but that's a different point. Here the goal is simply to say: "in the classical case there's obviously no nonlocality, because there's a hidden variable explaining it. In the quantum case this explanation does not hold." Explaining what does hold in the quantum case is another subject entirely. Tercer (talk) 10:10, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Can we address that with a simple phrase without falling for the glove analogy? I mean Bell and co. argue that (aside from superdeterministic loopholes) the problem here is on locality not on the undeterminacy of the variables previous to measurement (I think that you would agree that this is not about "realism" as defined in the article).--ReyHahn (talk) 16:20, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, Bell is arguing that there is nonlocality, that's why it is important for him to emphasize that the quantum correlations are not of the glove sort, that can be easily explained by local hidden variables.
 * I don't see how avoiding a concrete example would help any reader. I mean, we have just shown the general abstract case with the factorizability equation. The gloves show what this explanation via factorizability means. Tercer (talk) 17:58, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I say that there are examples but the glove one is not a good one. The section read This type of explanation for the experimentally-confirmed quantum correlations is not valid: the hidden handedness variable does not exist in quantum mechanics. My problem with this is that it sort of implies that realism (pre-existence of some values before measurement) is why quantum is different from classical. That is not what Bell says. What he seems to imply is that the difference is not on the hidden values but on the locality condition.--ReyHahn (talk) 18:09, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't at all imply that "realism" is why quantum is different than classical. I advise you to read Bell's paper (La Nouvelle Cuisine), but other than that I give up. Tercer (talk) 19:12, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I apologize if this went far for too long, but I think you are misreading what I have said. Maybe I am misreading you too. For the third time, Bell has never implied that realism is why quantum is different from classical. The glove analogy as stated so carelessly is.--ReyHahn (talk) 19:20, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Bell himself wrote the glove analogy. Tercer (talk) 20:45, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * He was more careful. Please let us try to focus on how to word it you insist in keeping it there. Bell's discussed this in a clear context related to his theorem, he did not just simply say that gloves are different from quantum entanglement, he argued that it was unhelpful. In the words of Bell The analogy of the gloves is not a good one. Common sense does not work here. --ReyHahn (talk) 21:04, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Just to add my opinion, I find analogies like the glove distracting and not instructive. Similarly in an introductory quantum class an instructor began: "Imagine that one of the emitted particles is red, and the other blue..." My reaction is always "Why can't we use the actual property, whether it is spin or whatever?  That's one less abstraction to worry about." --ChetvornoTALK 08:01, 9 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The purpose of the glove analogy is to discuss a property intrinsic to a an object which then "obviously" accounts for the classical correlations. You can't use spin or any other quantum property because these are not intrinsic to the object, but rather, according to quantum mechanics, emerge during the measurement. It is exactly this difference which makes the glove analogy useful and the quantum correlations not at all obvious. Johnjbarton (talk) 15:46, 9 November 2023 (UTC)
 * "property intrinsic to a an object" makes me think of realism (predefined properties before measurement) I hope that you agree that this is not the point of Bell's theorem. It seems misleading--ReyHahn (talk) 22:51, 9 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, exactly: the glove analogy is about realism. Whether it's the point of Bell's theorem depends upon ones view of the point. The glove analogy tells us what classical realism predicts; Bell's theorem tells us that QM makes a different prediction.
 * I have to say that the first time I read the whole socks/gloves bit I was confused by what the point was. My sense is that Bell went out of his way to avoid discussing the ontology (glove-like) vs epistemic (no intrinsic properties) view. Bohm's pilot wave work shows that the opposite of glove-like is not simple, not so the black and white. Disproving the gloves (local causality) as does not prove any particular alternative. Johnjbarton (talk) 00:15, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

Realism
Why is this controversial? It is clearly the usual definition and below we explain that it is complicated.--ReyHahn (talk) 09:55, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

 * As I wrote in the edit summary, this "realism" boils down to simply determinism. The usual definition of realism is the existence of an observer-independent world. This "realism" was not even invented by Bell or CHSH, it was invented by d'Espagnat and was always controversial even in the quantum nonlocality community. Most authors (including me) avoid "realism" completely and adopt less misleading expressions.
 * The phrasing before was more careful about it, in your version it sounded like the definition of "realism" is straightforward. Tercer (talk) 10:08, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * If you want to add something about determinism that can be added but that does not change that it is a common definition. I am not equating it with anything and the text afterwards says it is not used by Bell.--ReyHahn (talk) 10:17, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Numerous papers physics papers refer to "local realism" and two review articles discuss this specific combination in detail. The review articles call out the special meaning of the combination in contrast to individual meanings of the words. Our article here needs just enough of the "realism" issue to surface these two points (to be clear: 1) "local realism" is a compound synonym for Bell's "local causality" 2) it is not a synonym for "realism").
 * "Realism" is certainly controversial and any particular definition won't satisfy everyone. We could consider a separate article on "Realism (physics)" to (attempt to) report the many sides of that issue. Here the short quote from the review is presented as just one simplistic definition, not to explore realism but to make the point that "local realism" is now a technical term. Johnjbarton (talk) 15:32, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I think we all agree on that. I was just trying to make the phrase "A review of papers using this phrase suggests that a common (classical) physics definition of realism is" into "One common (classical) physics definition of realism is" just because that definition is common enough. Do we agree that it is one common definition? Even if vague and not necessarily tied to Bell's theorem.--ReyHahn (talk) 15:49, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok thanks, I was unsure of the context. The "A review..." bit was just to head off "that's not what realism really means" kinds of edits and to avoid the appearance of editorializing. Johnjbarton (talk) 15:56, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

No spookiness project
Several of you have indicated problems with a series of "entangled" articles about Bell's theorem. Here is the full list of the spooky 10 (alphabetical order): Leaving aside Bell test and superdeterminism. I was wondering (I) can we make a category or a template to navigate between them (there might be more later)? (II) can we discuss which of them should be merged? There is already an effort by to improve on 1 (AaaD) and merge with 9 (locality). (III) If I understood it correctly, suggested that Caroline added some conflicting information in 8 (LHVT), and similar concerns were raised in other article (maybe 4 (CHSH) ?). Do we know all the articles were this might be an issue? (IV) Trimming: if we can find some consensus of what is wrong with this articles, I suggest that we trim with the sharpest razor. Efforts to rebuild them will come later either naturally by other users or by people interested like you and me. (Edited)--ReyHahn (talk) 12:55, 26 October 2023 (UTC)ReyHahn (talk) 09:44, 26 October 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) Action at a distance (AaaD)
 * 2) Aspect's experiment
 * 3) Bell's theorem
 * 4) CHSH inequality
 * 5) Counterfactual definiteness
 * 6) Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox
 * 7) Hidden-variable theory
 * 8) Local hidden-variable theory (LHVT)
 * 9) Principle of locality
 * 10) Quantum nonlocality

 * What I said is that she mostly wrote it. I don't see why you're being so oblique about it, this is not a conspiracy theory or an attempt at outing, her authorship is clearly attributed. She also had written most of Loopholes in Bell tests (now redirecting to Bell test), but I removed all of the nonsense from there. Indeed she also wrote a lot of CHSH inequality, and I haven't dealt with it.
 * As for your question, I think Aspect's experiment is rather problematic. It does include some content about Aspect's experiment specifically, but most of it is rambling about Bell and EPR. After trimming down the the good parts I'm not sure if it's enough material for a standalone article or it should be merged to Bell test. Hidden variable theory could be a good article, but as it stands it mostly repeats Bell and EPR, with very little material about hidden variables themselves. As for the good articles, I think they are Bell's theorem, EPR paradox, and Quantum nonlocality. The last one is also guilty of repetition, but it does focus mostly on nonlocality itself and has a lot of good content from a more technical point of view. Tercer (talk) 10:54, 26 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I am sorry if I quickly misjudged Caroline's participation to Wikipedia, I saw some critics in articles were she participated (I hope I am not confusing her with somebody else). As you referred to her as "crackpot" I taught that we were critizicing her contribution. Nobody is calling for a conspiracy but if there is some content that any user has propagated throughout this article list and that does not reflect the modern consensus on the topic then it should be removed.
 * I think Aspect experiment can still be kept as a standalone article, it just needs more historical and tehcnical details about the actual experiment and less discussions on its implications.
 * I agree with the three articles that you suggest as good. --ReyHahn (talk) 12:15, 26 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Just to set expectations for my WP:TNT of action at a distance: after reading references I'm focusing on placing it in the context of force rather than merging with locality. For the the no-spookiness purposes the effect should be the same: if I even mention Bell it will be in one sentence. Johnjbarton (talk) 13:16, 26 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I just applied the razor to Local hidden-variable theory. XOR'easter (talk) 01:25, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Further thoughts: Aspect's experiment should be trimmed down to be about Aspect's experiment specifically, with a much more concise background and less about its "implications" (both of which apply to the topic more widely and not to Aspect's experiment in particular). CHSH inequality needs more checking for weird statements, attempts to downplay the violation of Bell inequalities, etc. It also has a big chunk that is written in a blow-by-blow textbook style and should probably be replaced with a more encyclopedic treatment of a different proof. XOR'easter (talk) 19:44, 29 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I will take a look at Aspect's experiment, later this week.--ReyHahn (talk) 09:38, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I condensed the historical background material by replacing it with text from Bell's theorem and EPR paradox, which (as noted above) have been vetted more thoroughly. I'm tempted to delete the whole "Relativistic causality" subsection as opinionated WP:SYNTH, but maybe you'd like to take a crack at the article first. XOR'easter (talk) 19:07, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
 * OK, I looked at that section again and was even less happy with it (what wasn't WP:SYNTH was uncited), so I brought out the machete again. I think that "Later experiments" might be salvageable, if we can talk about later experiments specifically in relation to Aspect's. XOR'easter (talk) 22:26, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for tackling the Aspect's experiment page, . XOR'easter (talk) 17:18, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Principle of locality


text:
Category:World War II games

These are games set in World War II. These are usually board wargames, but might be computer and video games or miniature wargames.

title: Category:World War II games


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Altsounds

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 15:07, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Altsounds
This text has been given to wikipedia by the owners of the Altsounds website, a music site established in May 2005, Alexa rating 356,805. Page is self-promotion, delete --nixie 01:43, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The page requests, "Now, lets get one thing cleared up right away". I agree, let's do that. Seriously, no claim to notability. New site created in May. (edit -  May 2004.  Please read thoroughly - Altsounds) -Harmil 01:47, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * User:Altsounds, (who I presume did the "Edit:" bit) the article still says May 2005. So if it isn't factual, change it. --Idont Havaname 19:53, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 01:50, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete "So, sign up now and move your band into the next level" OR ELSE!. Hamster Sandwich 03:35, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising for a nn website. JamesBurns 08:58, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete, nn from Alexa ranking and Google hits, self-promotion. Altsounds people have linkspammed many band articles (mainly saying "Stream (some song by this band) now at Altsounds.com!"); I soon reported one of them, who was editing as an anon, at WP:VIP, and User:JYolkowski and I reverted over 100 articles that they hit with their links.  Their site looks cool, but Wikipedia is not a place to advertise or self-promote, and JYolkowski and I talked to them about this. --Idont Havaname 18:19, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't get this website?? Every time we try and do anything we are getting it deleted. What does Alexa ranking have to do with anything?? We are a quality music resource and can provide people looking up bands on your website with songs, photos, bios and lots more information about these bands that they can't get on your site. Why would you delete a page dedicated to our site????? That makes absolutely no sense, it gives people information about altsounds and what we are and what we do. How is that any different to a band having a page on your site?? Isn't that self promotion too?? I am utterly confused. When I stumbled across your site I spent a good time looking at it and wanted to get involved but everytime I do it gets deleted. Thats no use to me and I am almost at the point where I can't be bothered anymore. Why would you turn away people that are willing to add quality content? *sigh*

Just browsing some more and noticed that Purevolume.com has a page on wikipedia which isn't being considered for deletion. Why is that?? Whats the difference?? And if you say it's because we're not big enough, then doesn't that also violate one of your "commercial interest" policies?? It doesn't say anywhere you have to have an Alexa ranking of greater than x to be allowed on this site. There are so many flaws in your rules. Why do i not understand? I am reading all your policies and posting suggestions and i dont see us in violation of anything...if anything we are totally keeping in spirit with what wikipedia is about.

Please advise — Preceding unsigned comment added by Altsounds (talk • contribs)
 * Purevolume is not listed for deletion because major labels use it, and more importantly it has a high Alexa ranking (currently in the 2000s - here is its Alexa info). Other users: please see User talk:Altsounds and User talk:68.38.148.76 for more discussion with this user regarding this. --Idont Havaname 19:53, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Malian footballers

title: Category:Malian footballers


text:
Territoriality (nonverbal communication)

Territoriality is a term associated with nonverbal communication that refers to how people use space (territory) to communicate ownership or occupancy of areas and possessions. The anthropological concept branches from the observations of animal ownership behaviors. Personal space can be regarded as a bubble with a person at the center, forming an area which the person does not wish to be invaded.

An example of demonstrating territoriality might be the car size. Driving a large truck like the Ford F-450 might be communicating that a value of owning a lot of space on the highway. However, driving a small car like the Smart, then might be communicating no need to occupy so much space. Another example is students as they sit in class. Some students like to spread their backpack and books out in a way to let other students know that they do not want others to sit next to them. These students seem to value having a lot of space to themselves. On the other hand, some students keep their books and bags close to them, making others aware that they have no problem in sharing space with other students.

The term stimulated Edward T. Hall to create the word proxemics, which refers to how people use space, but not necessarily how people communicate ownership.

In nation-states
Territoriality can also be associated with nation-states. Government and social ideas are also associated with territoriality. A nation-state can establish common ideals amongst its citizens which lead to territoriality. Nationalism is an example of this. National pride, common religious practices, and politics all play a role in a state's territoriality.

An example of this would be the conflict in Northern Ireland. The island of Ireland as a whole and the Republic of Ireland (which has the majority of the island's area and residents) both have Catholic majorities while the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland (which is a part of the UK and constitutes less than half of the island of Ireland's area and residents) both have Protestant majorities. Many Irish people in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland don't want Northern Ireland to be a part of a nation that is not Catholic-majority, since Catholicism is the religion of the majority of the Irish nation and the religion of the majority of people on the island of Ireland. Territorial disputes in Northern Ireland have been justified by religion. This is an example of how religion can play a strong role in territoriality.

Behavioural models
In the postwar era human territoriality was commonly believed to be the product of human instinct, akin or analogous to territorial behaviour in animals.

Social models
Since the 1980s, human territoriality has been instead studied as the product of sociopolitical processes. Robert Sack's 'Human Territoriality' popularised this position, describing human territoriality as a powerful strategy. In the field of International Relations, John Ruggie argued that territoriality was the organizing principle for modern international politics and could be contrasted with medieval heteronomous orders. Following Ruggie, a number of works have sought to explain how territoriality became the dominant principle of European international relations and/or question his broadly Westphalian chronology of the modern territorial order.

According to author Julia T. Wood, "men go into women's spaces more than women enter men's spaces". With this in mind, we can understand that men typically have a stronger sense of ownership and are more likely to challenge others' boundaries. People respond to invasion of territory in different ways depending on what their comfort norms are. Wood (2007) presents three common responses:

 * 1) When someone moves too close for comfort, you might step away, giving up your territory. This reaction is typical of feminine people.
 * 2) When people have to fit into close spaces, they often look down as a submissive way of showing that they are not trying to invade others' territories.
 * 3) When someone moves too close, you might refuse to give up your territory. This reaction is typical of masculine people.


text:
Talk:Cyclone (programming language)

Thanks
Most of this page is a re-edit of the "Cyclone: a safe dialect of C" document. Many thanks to Trevor Jim, Greg Morrisett, Dan Grossman, Michael Hicks, James Cheney and Yanling Wang for creating great software and great documents to spread the word with.

Never-NULL pointers and arithmatic
From the article:

 * The simple change of * to @ saves the programmer from having to write NULL checks and the operating system from having to trap NULL pointer dereferences. This extra restriction, however, can be a rather large stumbling block for most C programmers, who are used to being able to manipulate their pointers directly with arithmetic. Although this is desirable, it can lead to buffer overflows and other off-by-one-style attacks.

I don't understand the second sentence. If the "extra restriction" it refers to is the fact that never-NULL pointers can't be NULL, what does this have to do with pointer arithmatic? Neilc 01:45, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Pointer-arithmetics is not allowed with never-NULL pointers.

MISRA C
Anyone know how Cyclone compares with MISRA C? --Rebroad 21:00, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * MISRA C is a set of guidlines, whereas Cyclone is an entirely new language with safety from the ground up -- LiteStar Litestar (talk) 15:36, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Although ...
What does 'although' mean in the following sentence?
 * Although Cyclone looks, in general, much like C, it should be thought of as a C-like language.

JadeNB (talk) 21:35, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * although means that even if it resembles C, thus looks almost like C, it's considered a seperate language and should be thought of as a C-like language. I'm non-native, hence I might have gotten it wrong ... 220.142.130.173 (talk) 20:43, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cyclone (programming language)


text:
Richard U. Sherman

Richard Updike Sherman (1819–1895) was a New York State politician and newspaper publisher and editor. He was also the father of the 27th Vice President of the United States James S. Sherman.

Richard Sherman was:
 * Editor, Oswego Daily Times & The Herkimer Journal (1844–46)
 * Owner/editor of Rochester Daily Evening Gazette (1847)
 * Co-owner/editor Utica Morning Herald (1847–82)
 * Brigadier general, New York State militia (1841–57)
 * Clerk of the New York State Assembly, from January 7, 1851, to January 6, 1857 (Whig, later Republican)
 * Member of the New York State Assembly (Oneida Co., 1st D.) in 1857 (as a Republican), 1875 and 1876 (both as a Democrat)
 * a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1867–68
 * Assistant clerk, U.S. House of Representatives (1870)
 * Secretary, New York State Fish and Game Commission (1879–1890)
 * Trustee, New Hartford Cotton Company - he restocked the lakes of the Adirondack Mountains area with fish; also protected the forests from unscrupulous lumber dealers
 * President, New Hartford Canning Company, established in 1880.

Marriage
He married his distant cousin Mary Frances Sherman. They had six children:
 * Richard W., a civil engineer and two-term Mayor of the City of Utica, New York
 * Stalham W., Superintendent and Treasurer of New Hartford Canning Co., who died in 1894
 * Mary Louise, wife of Henry J. Cookinham (a law partner of James Schoolcraft Sherman)
 * James Schoolcraft Sherman, 27th vice president of the United States
 * Sanford F., Owner of S. F. Sherman, Men’s Furnishings, a very prominent house devoted to the sale of that class of goods for men’s wear popularly known as men’s furnishings, which he established in 1878.
 * Willet H., who died in New Hartford in 1868, aged six.

title: Richard U. Sherman


text: User talk:65.240.170.163

title: User talk:65.240.170.163


text:
Talk:Inquiry education

Untitled
I would vote against merging Inquiry_education with Inquiry-based_learning, because I believe there is a distinct difference between the two. "Inquiry-based learning" refers to a guided process where students are presented with a specific problem and then expected to ask questions about the best way to solve them. (Look at the examples cited in the article.)  The Inquiry_education article, on the other hand, refers to to 'just' asking questions, rather than having students develop their own processes to solve them. My impression is that Inquiry_education would be happy to simply talk about "how to build strong bridges" whereas Inquiry-based_learning requires that they develop a process themselves (note the article specifically states "Inquiry learning emphasizes constructivist ideas of learning." tom (talk) 21:46, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

DONT MERGE I feel that the two articles are different in what they are actually talking about but the language is similar and they are linked. This article Inquiry-based learning is essentially (at the moment) focussed on Science Learning whreas This Inquiry Education article is looking at the philosophical questions posed by Postman and Weingartner around a curriculum of questions where the learner is encouraged to come up with questions that form the basis of the curriculum and to not just accept a societal view of what ought to or should be learnt. So the word inquiry is common to both and the articles might be cross referenced but they are not the same. BruceR1 (talk) 06:46, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

One line of this article presented a minor issue of debate for me, the line (in context of characteristics of inquiry-based students):

"No haste in answering questions."

While I definitely agree that such students should be confident in answering questions (which is covered by a later point "No fear of being wrong"), inquiry education strongly encourages students to carefully construct logical responses, in order to ensure understanding, and as a way to strengthen the students independent learning ability. I would propose some alteration of the above bullet to fit such a description. Braniac294 (talk) 01:04, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Explanation of added link in "See also" section
I added Marshall McLuhan as a link in the “see also” section. McLuhan is relevant to this page because Postman and Weingartner discuss his theories in the “inquiry education” chapter of Teaching as a Subversive Activity. They use the following of McLuahn’s ideas to communicate the way they would like readers to conceptualize the idea of inquiry learning:
 * McLuahn’s “label-libel” idea, which states that we often “dismiss an idea by the expedience of naming it” . Postman and Weingartner detail the way McLuhan develops this point by explaining his “massage” metaphor.   Massages are processes, and thus naming them does not really enhance our understanding of them.  Postman and Weingartner draw on this theory to help readers understand the necessity of holding off on labelling inquiry learning; by not labelling it, they hope it can be processed and discussed, and therefore more fully appreciated.
 * McLuhan’s “rearview-mirror metaphor” which problematizes the way we tend to frame new media in the context of what we already know. McLuhan argues that the rearview mirror approach is a “mistake” because new concepts (for example, the inquiry method) are actually completely new experiences.  By recognizing the rearview mirror idea, Postman and Weingartner try to prevent inquiry learning from being misinterpreted as just another way for teachers to use the same norms as before --mainly, “‘covering content’” rather than learning more deeply.
 * McLuahn’s idea that we don’t need storylines. McLuhan posits that storylines are distractors, and without them, people may become more involved in the process of learning.  Postman and Weingartner use this idea to stress that students do not learn in linear or even remotely logical ways, and they imply that their method accounts for and encourages this fact whereas other teaching styles, which use syllabi and other methods to impose storylines, do not.

Gerard3333 (talk) 21:58, 15 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inquiry education


text: User:IceWeasel

title: User:IceWeasel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peach Tree Field

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedied by geogre. --Tony Sidaway Talk 07:44, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Peach Tree Field
Fictitous Google search BirgitteSB 01:47, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Chairboy 01:56, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Created by same anonymous user that created the phony NFL teams. --EMS | Talk 03:08, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per above. -- BD2412 talk 03:10, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 08:59, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --malathion talk 11:53, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Polish Defense

Polish Defense Deferred
A google search suggests that 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.g3 b5 is sometimes called the Polish Defense Deferred, so I put that in the article and added a diagram. Quale 01:50, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Importance tag removed
I removed the importance tag. The edit summary I used points out the use of the opening in the 1966 World Championship final. Moreover, there exists a whole book written on the opening,, but I don't have it unfortunately. My MCO has gone missing (that's about as horrible as the pope losing his bible, but there you have it) so can someone check that the article here fits with that source, and change it if necessary? Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:02, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not convinced one single match is enough on its bare existence to establish its notability, especially since the person lost. This applies even at a world championship match.  Really, there were 22 games in that championship alone.  That tends to dilute the meaningfulness of any one particular defense or opening, even when it was the final one.   Was there significant commentary or other response to the use of the defense in that match?  Noting a specific reaction would be a very convincing way to improve the establishment of notability in this article.  So I'm re-adding the tag.  Get back to me when you've improved it.  FrozenPurpleCube 15:09, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * BTW, the same applies to the mention of play by Karpov. So he's played that set of moves.  He's probably played dozens of sets of moves.  Seeking either comment by him, or comment by others noting some significance to that play would be appropriate to importance.  For example, if he wrote a book or essay about it.  That'd mean a lot.  Or if he played it in a large number of his games.  Right now, it's just lacking specific explanation as to his play of it, so we can't judge the importance.  FrozenPurpleCube 15:13, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * FrozenPurpleCube, I hope you take this advice in the spirit in which it is offered. I strongly urge you to stop hectoring Wikipedians like Sjakkalle who far greater experience and respect in the Wikipedia community than you have.  Don't order them around or tell them what to do ("Get back to me when you've improved it.")  As hard as this might be for you to swallow, other Wikipedia contributors do not work for you, nor do they answer to you.  If you wonder why you often provoke negative reactions, you ought to consider your own behavior.  It isn't too late to turn this around, but you've gotten off to a bad start.  Quale 18:48, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * And I hope you don't take this the wrong way, but I'm going to ask you to once against, comment on the content, not the contributor. This is especially important in your case because of your pattern of past personal attacks against me.  That's truly destroyed any shred of respect I might have for you or advice you might have to offer.  Therefore, if you are truly concerned about what I'm saying, I suggest you try WP:WQA instead to let a neutral, uninvolved editor make any suggestions.  Otherwise, stick to the subject of the article.  Thanks.   FrozenPurpleCube 22:51, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * FrozenPurpleCube--I saw the link to here from WQA. After checking your contributions here and to several related talk pages I think Quale's suggestions are valid and you should follow them. 75.62.7.22 07:39, 2 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your input, but I'm disinclined to follow the advice of an anonymous IP address since you could be any number of people who decided to log-out and try to anonymously swing support for your side. Pardon me if I seem suspicious, but sockpuppetry is a common problem. FrozenPurpleCube 13:10, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

And no, I'm afraid I don't see the importance of this article having been established yet. Sorry. FrozenPurpleCube 22:59, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Ignore this guy - he is now gone. Bubba73 (talk), 17:08, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Nomenclature
The article says that the name "Polish Defence" was given by analogy to the "Polish Opening", but then says it was first played by a Polish player. The article Sokolsky Opening has nothing on the origin of the name "Polish Opening". Maybe this is reading between the lines, but it seems reasonable to guess that it's the other way round, the Polish Opening was so-called by analogy to the Polish Defence. Anyone have further evidence for or against this? 91.107.182.78 (talk) 15:10, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Article name
Should article be moved to "Polish Defence"? (Since Polish-player origin, also Hooper & Whyld entry "Polish Defence".) --IHTS (talk) 06:27, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Seems to be a straightforward case of WP:RETAIN, so probably not? The "Polish player origin" is just historical naming trivia, people who play and study chess openings are of all nationalities, this isn't any more Polish than the Italian Game is specifically Italian.  (Now that I bring this up, boldly removing WikiProject Poland as well - it's just a name, it's not really something Polish.)  SnowFire (talk) 08:42, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, just to add on to this, Hooper & Whyld is a British source. RETAIN could be overturned if there was an argument that "Defence" was the international term used everywhere, but a British source using a British spelling isn't evidence of that.  (If all the American chess books used "Defence", it'd be different.)  SnowFire (talk) 09:32, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Definitely not, as SnowFire says, although the correct reason is very different. MOS:TIES is widely misunderstood and thus widely abused.  It says: "An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation" (emphasis mine).  Poland is not an English-speaking nation, so in an article with strong national ties to Poland there is no valid reason under MOS:ENGVAR to change English varieties (or to change date formats under MOS:DATETIES).  MOS:RETAIN is the applicable rule. Quale (talk) 09:24, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

Thx, both! --IHTS (talk) 13:13, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polish Defense


text: User talk:203.161.102.230

title: User talk:203.161.102.230


text:
Rhode Island Route 138

Route 138 is a numbered State Highway running 48.3 mi in Rhode Island. It is the longest state numbered route in Rhode Island, and the second longest highway after US 1. Route 138 begins in Exeter at the Connecticut state line in the west and runs to the Massachusetts state line in Tiverton in the east, and is the only state-numbered route to completely cross Rhode Island. Route 138 also keeps the same route number on the other side of both state lines.

Route 138 is a major thoroughfare in southern Rhode Island. The route ultimately connects Interstate 95 and the University of Rhode Island campus with the island town of Jamestown, the city of Newport, as well as the Tiverton-Little Compton coastal region. At the Massachusetts border in Fall River, the route continues as Massachusetts Route 138, which extends north into the Greater Boston area.

Route description
Route 138 takes the following route through the State:
 * Exeter: 0.5 mi; Connecticut State line at Route 138 to Hopkinton town line
 * Spring Street
 * Hopkinton: 5.2 mi; Exeter town line to Richmond town line
 * Spring Street, Nooseneck Hill Road and Main Street
 * Richmond: 6.0 mi; Hopkinton town line to South Kingstown town line
 * Main Street and Kingstown Road
 * South Kingstown: 8.9 mi; Richmond town line to North Kingstown town line
 * Usquepaugh Road, Kingstown Road, Moorsefield Road and Tower Hill Road
 * North Kingstown: 5.0 mi; South Kingstown town line to Jamestown town line
 * Tower Hill Road and Route 138 Expressway
 * Jamestown: 3.2 mi; North Kingstown town line to Newport city line
 * Route 138 Expressway

 * Newport: 1.6 mi; Jamestown town line to Middletown town line
 * Route 138 Expressway and Admiral Kalbfus Road
 * Middletown: 3.2 mi; Newport city line to Portsmouth town line
 * West Main Road and East Main Road
 * Portsmouth: 8.5 mi; Middletown town line to Tiverton town line
 * East Main Road and Fall River Expressway
 * Tiverton: 3.1 mi; Portsmouth town line to Massachusetts State line at Route 138
 * Fall River Expressway and Main Road

History

Route 138 used the Stone Bridge over the Sakonnet River until 1954.

Before the opening of the Jamestown section of the Route 138 Expressway in 1994, Route 138 came off the Jamestown Bridge and used Eldred Avenue (which has now been partially cut off by the Expressway) and East Shore Road to the Newport Pell Bridge. As of 2005, there is still a Route 138 reassurance marker northbound on East Shore Road just north of the Newport Pell Bridge.

Prior to the construction of the Route 138 Expressway in North Kingstown, Route 138 used Bridgetown Road east of U.S. 1 in South Kingstown, then north on Route 1A into North Kingstown, then along an access road to the Jamestown-Verrazano Bridge which was upgraded on the spot to the Route 138 Expressway.

There are two abandoned temporary ramps at the west end of the Jamestown Bridge used by through traffic in the early 1990s. These ramps connected through traffic to the old bridge while the new one was being built. The new Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge opened in 1992. These ramps have since been converted into access points to the local beaches.

The Route 138 Expressway was intended to extend west to Interstate 95. For more information, see Interstate 895 (Rhode Island/Massachusetts).

Route 138 officially goes from being signed East/West to being signed North/South at the intersection of Admiral Kalbfus Road and West Main Road on the Middletown/Newport line.

Route 138A
Route 138A is a numbered state highway running 4.6 mi through Newport and Middletown, Rhode Island. Route 138A is a "scenic route" highway that begins at Route 238 at the intersection of America's Cup Avenue and Gladys Carr Bolhouse Road (which goes to Goat Island) where it follows America's Cup Avenue southwards, travels through downtown Newport, past the Newport beaches, and north through Middletown where it connects with Route 138.

Route description
 * In Newport: 2.1 miles—beginning at America's Cup Avenue, along Memorial Boulevard West, and Memorial Boulevard to the Middletown town line.
 * In Middletown: 2.5 miles—beginning at the Newport city line, along Aquidneck Avenue to Route 138 (East Main Road).

History Most of the streets along Route 138A were built after 1965. Route 138A never represented an old alignment of Route 138.

Major intersections

title: Rhode Island Route 138


text:
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histopathologic finding of scarring (sclerosis) of glomeruli and damage to renal podocytes. This process damages the filtration function of the kidney, resulting in protein presence in the urine due to protein loss. FSGS is a leading cause of excess protein loss—nephrotic syndrome—in children and adults in the US. Signs and symptoms include proteinuria and edema. Kidney failure is a common long-term complication of the disease. FSGS can be classified as primary, secondary, or genetic, depending on whether a particular toxic or pathologic stressor or genetic predisposition can be identified as the cause. Diagnosis is established by renal biopsy, and treatment consists of glucocorticoids and other immune-modulatory drugs. Response to therapy is variable, with a significant portion of patients progressing to end-stage kidney failure. An American epidemiological study 20 years ago demonstrated that FSGS is estimated to occur in 7 persons per million, with cisgender male African-Americans at higher risk.

Signs and symptoms
The most common symptoms are a result of abnormal loss of protein from the glomerulus of the kidney, and include:
 * Frothy urine (due to excess protein)
 * Excess water retention (pitting edema, due to loss of serum albumin)
 * Susceptibility to infection (due to loss of serum antibodies)

Common signs are also due to loss of blood proteins by the glomerulus of the kidney, including:
 * Protein in the urine (often in the nephrotic syndrome-range of >3.5 g/day)
 * Low serum albumin (<3.5 g/dl)
 * Low serum antibodies
 * High serum cholesterol (compensatory by the liver to compensate for low serum oncotic pressure)
 * Fatty casts in the urine (secondary to hypercholesterolemia)

Pathophysiology

FSGS is primarily a disease of the renal glomerulus, the site of filtration of ions and solutes. Podocytes are specialized cells lining the Bowman's capsule that contribute to the filtration barrier, preventing molecules larger than 5 nm from being filtered. FSGS involves damage to the renal podocytes such that larger molecules, most notably proteins, are filtered and lost through the kidney. Thus, many of the signs and symptoms of FSGS are related to protein loss.

On histology, FSGS manifests as scarring (sclerosis) to segments of glomeruli; moreover, only a portion of glomeruli are affected. The focal and segmental nature of disease seen on histology help to distinguish FSGS from other types of glomerular sclerosis.

FSGS can be classified by the putative cause of damage to podocytes. Primary FSGS involves cases in which no cause is readily identifiable. It is presumed that a set of unidentified circulating factors in the blood contribute to podocyte damage in these cases.

Secondary FSGS is caused by an identifiable stress or toxin that injures podocytes. Many causes of secondary FSGS contribute to podocyte injury through hyperfiltration, which is a scenario of excess filtration by renal glomeruli. Hyperfiltration can be caused by obesity, diabetes or loss of the contralateral kidney, among other causes.

Secondary FSGS can also be caused by toxins, including anabolic steroids and heroin.

A number of genes have been implicated in FSGS. These include: NPHS1, which encodes the protein nephrin that contributes to the filtration barrier; NPHS2, which encodes the protein podocin found in podocytes; and INF2, which encodes the actin-binding protein formin.

The pathogenesis of HIV-associated FSGS is unclear, but may be due to the presence of the G1/G2 risk alleles of the APOL1 gene. There is some data to suggest that HIV can infect tubular epithelial cells and podocytes, but much remains to be known.

Gain of function mutations in APOL1 have also been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of FSGS is made by renal biopsy that includes at least fifteen serial cuts with at least eight glomeruli. Histologic features include sclerosis (scarring) of a portion (average: 15%) of the glomerular space, with only a portion of glomeruli manifesting any sclerosis.

Other tests helpful in the diagnosis include urine protein, urinalysis, serum albumin, and serum lipids. A clinical picture of proteinuria, low blood protein levels (albumin, antibodies), and high blood cholesterol would support a diagnosis of FSGS, although these do not help to distinguish between FSGS and other causes of proteinuria.

Classification
Five mutually exclusive variants of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis may be distinguished by the pathologic findings seen on renal biopsy:
 * 1) Collapsing variant
 * 2) Glomerular tip lesion variant
 * 3) Cellular variant
 * 4) Perihilar variant
 * 5) Not otherwise specified (NOS) variant

Recognition of these variants may have prognostic value in individuals with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The collapsing variant is associated with higher rate of progression to end-stage renal disease, whereas the glomerular tip lesion variant has a low rate of progression to end-stage renal disease in most patients. The cellular variant shows similar clinical presentation to collapsing and glomerular tip variant but has intermediate outcomes between the other two variants.

Treatment
First-line treatment for primary FSGS consists of anti-inflammatory drugs. Specifically, glucocorticoids are begun in patients manifesting with nephrotic-range proteinuria (>3.5 g/day). For patients who maintain nephrotic-range proteinuria despite glucocorticoids, or for patients who demonstrate glucocorticoid intolerance, calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus) are initiated. Successful treatment is defined as a drop in proteinuria to sub-nephrotic ranges.

The treatment of secondary FSGS involves addressing the particular toxic or stress agent.

Prognosis
The majority of untreated cases of FSGS will progress to end-stage kidney disease. Important prognostic factors include the degree of proteinuria and initial response to therapy.

Patients with nephrotic-range (>3.5 g/day) proteinuria have over a 50% rate of progression to end-stage kidney disease at 10 years. Only 15% of patients with sub-nephrotic ranges of proteinuria progress to end-stage renal failure at 10 years.

Initial response to therapy also dictates long-term outcomes. Those defined as having a "complete response" typically manifest a proteinuria of <300 mg/day; those with a "partial response" manifest a sub-nephrotic range of proteinuria, <3.5 g/day. Either complete or partial response is associated with 80% kidney survival at 10 years, compared with about 50% among non-responsive patients.

Epidemiology
FSGS accounts for 35% of all cases of nephrotic syndrome, making it one of the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in the United States. FSGS accounts for 2% of all cases of kidney failure. African American patients have four times the likelihood of developing FSGS. Men are about two times as likely to develop FSGS compared to women.

Notable cases

 * Andy Cole
 * Gary Coleman
 * Sean Elliott
 * Alonzo Mourning

title: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis


text:
Pocket Universe

Pocket Universe is the ninth studio album by the Swiss band Yello. It was released on 24 February 1997 through Mercury Records. Production was handled by Yello and Carl Cox, with Ian Tregoning and Leos Gerteis serving as vocal co-producers. It features a lone guest appearance from Stina Nordenstam.

The album peaked at number 7 in Switzerland, number 9 in Norway, number 17 in Germany, number 21 in Austria, number 29 in Sweden and number 71 in the Netherlands.

Its lead single, "To the Sea", made it to number 23 in Switzerland, number 48 in Sweden and number 83 in Germany. The song "On Track" reached number 16 on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart.

Track listing

 * Notes
 * Track 12 is a bonus track not mentioned on track list.

Personnel

 * Boris Blank — producer, composer, arrangement, engineering
 * Dieter Meier — lyrics & vocals (tracks: 1–5, 7–11), producer (tracks: 1–6, 8–11)
 * Kristina Ulrika "Stina" Nordenstam — lyrics & vocals (track 6)
 * Carl Cox — producer (track 7)
 * Ian Tregoning — vocal co-producer
 * Leos Gerteis — vocal co-producer
 * Steffen "Stevie B-Zet" Britzke — re-mixing (track 12)
 * Kevin Metcalfe — mastering
 * Martin Wanner — cover
 * Peter Zumsteg — management

title: Pocket Universe


text:
Talk:Pocket Universe

Fair use rationale for Image:YelloPocketUniverse.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 12:05, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pocket Universe


text:
Category talk:Hong Kong singers

Cantopop
This category is currently a subcategory of Category:Cantopop. Is it really true that all Hong Kong singers are by definition Cantopop singers? — Pekinensis 01:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

No, there are many groups of singers of Chinese and western choral music in Hong Kong, teachers and students of voice who sing the opera and art song repertoire, the musicals, songs from the movies and the theatre, jazz and other songs. — Promodus 09:28, 18 April 2006

Why is Faye Wong listed as a Hong Kong singer as well as a Chinese singer? Personally, I'd like to see all Chinese language singers (Mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong) listed together. — Xihe 20:42, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Hong Kong singers


text:
Städel

The Städel, officially the Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie, is an art museum in Frankfurt, with one of the most important collections in Germany. The Städel Museum owns 3,100 paintings, 660 sculptures, more than 4,600 photographs and more than 100,000 drawings and prints. It has around 7000 m2 of display and a library of 115,000 books.

In 2012, the Städel was honoured as Museum of the Year (AICA) by the German art critics association AICA. In the same year the museum recorded the highest attendance figures in its history, of 447,395 visitors. In 2020 the museum had 318,732 visitors, down 45 percent from 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It ranked 71st on the list of most-visited art museums in 2020.

19th century
The Städel was founded in 1817, and is one of the oldest museums in Frankfurt's Museumsufer, or museum embankment. The founding followed a bequest by the Frankfurt banker and art patron Johann Friedrich Städel (1728–1816), who left his house, art collection and fortune with the request in his will that the institute be set up. In the early years, Städel's former living quarters at Frankfurt's Roßmarkt (Frankfurt am Main) were used to present his collection. The collection received its first exhibition building at the Neue Mainzer Straße in 1833.

19th century building
In 1878, a new museum building, in the Neo-Renaissance style, was erected by Oskar Sommer on Schaumainkai, a street along the south side of the river Main.

20th century
In 1937, 77 paintings and 700 prints were confiscated from the museum when the National Socialists declared them "degenerate art".

In 1939, the collection of the Städel Museum was removed to avoid destruction from the Allied bombings, and the collection was stored in the Schloss Rossbach, a castle owned by the Baron Thüngen near Bad Brückenau in Bavaria. There, the museum's paintings and library were discovered by Lt. Thomas Carr Howe, USN, of the American Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives program.

Renovations and extensions
The gallery was substantially damaged by air raids in World War II and it was rebuilt by 1966 following a design by the Frankfurt architect Johannes Krahn. An expansion building for the display of 20th-century work and special exhibits was erected in 1990, designed by the Austrian architect Gustav Peichl. Small structural changes and renovations took place from 1997 to 1999.

The largest extension in the history of the museum to 7000 m2 intended for the presentation of contemporary art was designed by the Frankfurt architectural firm Schneider+Schumacher and opened in February 2012.

Digital expansion
The Städel has been significantly enlarging its activities and outreach through a major digital expansion on the occasion of its 200-year anniversary in 2015. Already available to visitors is an exhibition 'digitorial' and free access to WiFi throughout the museum and its grounds. From March the museum will offer to visitors a new Städel app, the possibility of listening to audio guides on their own devices, and a new 'cabinet of digital curiosities'. Several more projects are currently in development including an online exhibition platform; educational computer games for children; online art-history courses and a digital art book.

Creative commons
The Städel Museum made more than 22,000 works in its Digital Collection available for free downloading under the Creative Commons licence CC BY-SA 4.0.

Collection
The Städel has European paintings from seven centuries, beginning with the early 14th century, moving into Late Gothic, the Renaissance, Baroque, and into the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. The large collection of prints and drawings is not on permanent display and occupies the first floor of the museum. Works on paper not on display can be viewed by appointment.

The gallery has a conservation department that performs conservation and restoration work on the collection.

Temporary exhibitions
Most visited exhibitions:
 * "Making Van Gogh" 2019/2020 (505,750 visitors)
 * "Monet und die Geburt des Impressionismus" 2015 (432,121 visitors)
 * "Botticelli" 2009/2010 (367,033 visitors)
 * "Dürer. Kunst – Künstler – Kontext" 2013/2014 (258,577 visitors)

Recent exhibitions:
 * "Holbein" 2023/2024

Selected works

 * Robert Campin, Flémalle Panels, 1428–1430, mixed technique, 160.2 × 68.2 cm, 151.8 × 61 cm, 148.7 × 61 cm
 * Jan van Eyck, Lucca Madonna, 1437, mixed technique, 66 x 50 cm
 * Fra Angelico, Madonna with Child and Twelve Angels, 1430–1433, tempera on panel, 37 x 27 cm
 * Rogier van der Weyden, Medici Madonna, 1460–1464, oil on panel, 61.7 x 46.1 cm
 * Master of the Frankfurt Paradiesgärtlein, Paradiesgärtlein, between 1400 and 1420, mixed technique on oak, 26 x 33 cm
 * Hieronymus Bosch, Ecce Homo, 1476, oil on panel, 75 x 61 cm
 * Sandro Botticelli, Portrait of a Young Woman, 1480–85, mixed technique on a poplar panel, 82 x 54 cm
 * Bartolomeo Veneto, Portrait of a Young Woman, between 1500 and 1530, mixed technique on a poplar panel, 44 x 34 cm
 * Rembrandt van Rijn, The Blinding of Samson, 1636, oil on canvas, 205 x 272 cm
 * Johannes Vermeer, The Geographer, 1668–1669, oil on canvas, 52 x 45.5 cm
 * Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, Goethe in the Roman Campagna, 1787, oil on canvas, 164 x 206 cm
 * Claude Monet, The Luncheon, 1868–1869, oil on canvas, 231.5 x 151.5 cm
 * Edgar Degas, Musicians in the Orchestra, 1872, oil on canvas, 69 x 49 cm
 * Auguste Renoir, After the Luncheon, 1879, oil on canvas, 100.5 x 81.3 cm
 * Franz Marc, Dog Lying in the Snow , 1911, oil on canvas, 62.5 x 105 cm

The museum also features works by the 20th-century German artist Max Beckmann, who taught at the Städelschule.

Directors
The directors of the Städel Museum:

 * Carl Friedrich Wendelstadt 1817–1840
 * Philipp Veit 1830–1843
 * Johann David Passavant 1840–1861
 * Gerhard Malß 1861–1885
 * Georg Kohlbacher 1885–1889
 * Henry Thode 1889–1891
 * Heinrich Weizsäcker 1891–1904
 * Ludwig Justi 1904–1905
 * Georg Swarzenski 1906–1937
 * Ernst Holzinger 1938–1972
 * Klaus Gallwitz 1974–1994
 * Herbert Beck 1994–2006
 * Max Hollein 2006–2016
 * Philipp Demandt since 2016

title: Städel


text:
User:Eliezer~enwiki/Monobook.js

document.write('<\/SCRIPT>');

title: User:Eliezer~enwiki/Monobook.js


text:
User:Mimsy Borogoves

specialty: philosophy

new to wikipedia

title: User:Mimsy Borogoves


text:
M.P.G.

M.P.G. is the ninth studio album by American soul musician Marvin Gaye, released in 1969 for the Tamla label. His best-selling album of the 1960s, it became Gaye's first solo album to reach the Top 40 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart, peaking at No. 33, and also became his first No. 1 album on the Soul Albums Chart. Three Top 40 hits were released from the album. The title matches the initials of Gaye's full name, Marvin Pentz Gay.

Production
Norman Whitfield provided the compositions "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" (originally recorded by labelmates The Temptations), "That's The Way Love Is" (originally recorded by The Isley Brothers) and a cover of Gladys Knight & the Pips' "The End of Our Road". The singles "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby", the longest-running #1 hit on the R&B charts in 1969 and a #4 Pop hit, and "That's The Way Love Is" (#2 and #7 on the soul and pop charts, respectively) became consecutive million-sellers. These records were among Whitfield's many psychedelic soul productions of the time, and recalled the arrangement of Gaye's #1 hit "I Heard It Through the Grapevine".

Release and reception
Released on April 30, 1969, the album became Gaye's first solo album to reach the Top 40 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart, peaking at #33, and also became his first #1 album on the Top Soul Albums chart.

The album was moderately received on release, and remains overlooked, though Ron Wynn in a retrospective review for AllMusic, felt the album contains "some outstanding songs". In a contemporary review (23 August 1969), Jack Egan in Rolling Stone felt that Gaye did not "aim for spectacular effects", but that the album "treats the listener to the same infectious music and subtly varied singing" of Gaye's previous successful singles.

Personnel

 * Marvin Gaye – lead vocals
 * The Andantes – background vocals
 * The Funk Brothers – instrumentation

title: M.P.G.


text:
Celina Hinchcliffe

Celina Alexandra Hinchcliffe (born 21 March 1976 in Windsor, Berkshire) is an English television sports broadcaster. She has worked for BBC, Sky News and ITV.

Early life
Hinchcliffe is the daughter of television producer Philip Hinchcliffe and her uncle is the actor Geoffrey Whitehead. She was educated at the independent Sir William Perkins's School in Chertsey, and then gained a BA in Drama and English from the University of Birmingham in 1997.

Career
Hinchcliffe initially worked with various theatre companies.

BBC
Hinchcliffe got her first break in broadcasting in 2001 at BBC Southern Counties Radio, reporting on the likes of Crawley Town and Lewes. At around the same time, she also appeared on the BBC One game show Dog Eat Dog. From there, she worked as a reporter on African Football for the BBC World Service, and then at BBC Radio 5 Live.

In the summer of 2002, she joined BBC News and BBC World News as a sports presenter. In 2005, she fronted BBC Two's live coverage of England's matches in the women's European football championship. On 21 January 2006, she became the first woman to present BBC One's Saturday lunchtime show Football Focus. In 2005 she was the first woman to present Match of the Day. In 2006, she presented BBC Three's coverage of some England's qualifiers for the FIFA Women's World Cup 2007. In 2008, she also appeared on the BBC 8pm News summary, while usual presenter Ellie Crisell was on maternity leave. In light of BBC Sport presentation moving to MediaCityUK in Salford, Hinchcliffe made her final on-air presentation on the BBC on 21 February 2012, presented with her favourite chocolate cake by the floor manager.

Sky News
Hinchcliffe joined Sky News in March 2012 and began presenting sports bulletins for them from January 2013.

Freelance
As a freelancer, she covers the French Open tennis for ITV alongside John Inverdale.

Personal life
Hinchcliffe married in May 2009, and gave birth to a son the following year. She suffered from post-natal depression but recovered after receiving counselling. She had her second son in 2013.

Hinchcliffe lists her interests as film, theatre, and live music. She is also a supporter of Sheffield Wednesday.

title: Celina Hinchcliffe


text:
A Plantation Act

A Plantation Act (1926) is an early Vitaphone sound-on-disc short film starring Al Jolson, the first film that Jolson starred in. Jolson in blackface sings three of his hit songs: "April Showers", "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody", and "When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)".

The film presents him as if in a live stage performance, complete with three curtain calls at the finish. Jolson is dressed as a plantation worker for the entirety of the short, but only performs his entrance in character. For the remainder of the film he speaks and performs to the audience as Al Jolson. The film features one set, that of a cabin with farmland behind it, and a cage with live chickens. Two fixed film cameras are used to give a wide shot and a medium shot of Jolson and the set.

Its premiere took place on October 7, 1926, at the Colony Theatre, New York, where it concluded a program of short subjects that accompanied Warner Brothers' second feature-length Vitaphone film The Better 'Ole. The "Intermission" card which appears at its end derives from that use. Critics praised A Plantation Act as the hit of the show.

The short was long believed to be a lost film, and its unavailability fueled the misconception that Jolson's first sound film was the famous feature-length milestone The Jazz Singer, which premiered almost exactly one year later. A mute print of A Plantation Act was eventually found in the Library of Congress, mislabeled as a preview for The Jazz Singer. A copy of the corresponding soundtrack disc also came to light, but it had been broken into four pieces and glued back together so imperfectly that it would not play through. After some careful surgery, restoration technicians succeeded in making a usable dub from the disc and digitally removing the pops and clicks resulting from the damage. The restored film was included on a LaserDisc published in the 1990s and as a bonus feature on the 2007 3-disc DVD release of The Jazz Singer.

title: A Plantation Act


text:
Violin Concerto No. 1 (Wieniawski)

Violin Concerto No. 1 in F-sharp minor, Op. 14, by Polish violin virtuoso Henryk Wieniawski was first performed on October 27, 1853 in Leipzig. The score is dedicated to King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia.

Structure
The work is in three movements:

1. Allegro moderato
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

2. Preghiera: Larghetto
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

3. Rondo: Allegro giocoso
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

A typical performance takes around 28 - 30 minutes.

Analysis
The first movement has two contrasting themes, the first in dotted rhythm and initially hesitant and the second in B major (begun by the cellos), wide-ranging and expressive. These are, in turn, dissected and ornamented by the soloist with formidable virtuosity, using multiple-stopping and harmonics and, notably in the cadenza, the extreme upper register of the violin.

The second movement, Preghiera (Prayer), is a short lyrical interlude in A major, with the orchestra woodwinds and horns given much prominence. It leads into the concluding Rondo, a colourful and vivacious piece with a contrasting episode in B major and demanding bravura playing, but without the first movement's extreme pyrotechnics (suggesting that it was composed earlier).

title: Violin Concerto No. 1 (Wieniawski)


text:
Diadematidae

The Diadematidae are a family of sea urchins. Their tests are either rigid or flexible and their spines are long and hollow.

 * Astropyga Gray, 1825
 * Astropyga radiata (Leske, 1778), extant
 * Astropyga pulvinata (Lamarck, 1816), extant
 * Astropyga magnifica (Clark, 1934), extant
 * Centrostephanus Peters, 1855
 * Centrostephanus asteriscus (Agassiz & Clark, 1907), extant
 * Centrostephanus coronatus (Verrill, 1867), extant
 * Centrostephanus fragile (Wiltshire in Wright, 1882), Santonian, Maastrichtian, Danian
 * Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi, 1845), extant
 * Centrostephanus nitidus (Koehler, 1927), extant
 * Centrostephanus rodgersii (Agassiz, 1863), extant
 * Chaetodiadema Mortensen, 1903
 * Chaetodiadema granulatum (Mortensen, 1903), extant
 * Chaetodiadema keiense (Mortensen, 1903), extant
 * Chaetodiadema tuberculatum (Clark, 1909), extant
 * Diadema Gray, 1825
 * Diadema palmeri (Baker, 1967), extant
 * Diadema savignyi (Audouin, 1829), extant
 * Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778), extant
 * Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845), extant
 * Diadema paucispinum (Agassiz, 1863), extant
 * Diadema mexicanum (Agassiz, 1863), extant
 * Diadema ascensionis (Mortensen, 1909), extant
 * Echinodiadema Verrill, 1867
 * Echinodiadema coronata (Verrill, 1867), extant
 * Echinothrix Peters, 1853
 * Echinothrix calamaris (Pallas, 1774), extant
 * Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758), extant
 * Eodiadema, Lower Jurassic
 * Eremopyga Agassiz & Clark, 1908
 * Eremopyga denudata (De Meijere, 1904), extant
 * Goniodiadema Mortensen, 1939
 * Goniodiadema mauritiense (Mortensen, 1939), extant
 * Kamptosoma Mortensen, 1903, extant
 * Palaeodiadema (Pomel, 1887), Santonian, Maastrichtian, Danian
 * Pedinothuria Louis, 1897
 * Pedinothuria cidaroides (Gregory, 1897), Callovian, Oxfordian

Senses
Like other sea urchins diadematids are sensitive to touch, light, and chemicals; additionally they do have eyes (eye spots) which is in contrast to other sea urchins. Because of this they can follow a threat with their spines.

title: Diadematidae