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1992 Tour de France

The 1992 Tour de France was the 79th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 4 to 26 July. The total race distance was 21 stages and a prologue over 3978 km. In honor of the Maastricht Treaty, which created the European Union, the Tour visited a record seven countries: France, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and Italy.

Teams
There were 22 teams in the 1992 Tour de France, each composed of 9 cyclists. Sixteen teams qualified because they were the top 16 of the FICP ranking in May 1992; six other teams were given wildcards in June 1992.

The teams entering the race were:

Qualified teams

Invited teams

Pre-race favourites
Miguel Induráin, winner of the 1991 Tour de France, was the clear favourite, having won the 1992 Giro d'Italia with ease. His biggest rivals were expected to be Gianni Bugno (second in the 1991 Tour) and Claudio Chiappucci (second in the 1992 Giro).

Route and stages
The highest point of elevation in the race was 2770 m at the summit of the Col de l'Iseran mountain pass on stage 13.

Race overview
The Tour began in Spain where the prologue was in San Sebastián, close to Indurain's home. Indurain won the prologue, with debutant Alex Zülle in second place. In the first stage, Zülle won a time bonus in an intermediate sprint, and became the new race leader. In the second stage the race moved into France for the first time, finishing in Pau in the south of France. The Pyrenees were going to largely be avoided in this year's edition, as only two major mountain stages were scheduled, both of which were in the Alps. Richard Virenque, another debutant who was a late addition to his team, was part of a two-man escape that stayed away. Javier Murguialday claimed the stage win and Virenque took over the lead.

The yellow jersey, worn by the leader in the general classification, changed owner again after the third stage, when a group of ten cyclists stayed away. Rob Harmeling bested Sammie Moreels and Massimo Ghirotto at the line and Pascal Lino, a teammate of Virenque at, crossed the line in 4th and became the new race leader. In the team time trial of stage four, RMO-Onet lost time to the teams specialized in team time trials, but Lino's lead was large enough to remain leader.

The GC riders were largely content to let the breakaways go during the first two weeks, knowing the race would be decided in the ITT's and mountains of stages thirteen and fourteen. Just the same the favorites were firmly in the top ten with Indurain, Chiappucci and Bugno being the highest placed. Former champs Laurent Fignon and Greg LeMond did not have the same recent results as the defending champ Induráin, Bugno or Chiappucci, but they were the next closest riders who were considered favorites. Former champs Roche and Delgado, who each had teammates placed higher than them in Chiappucci and Induráin, as well as Andy Hampsten, who came into the race targeting a top 5 finish, were beyond Fignon and LeMond. In stage five the race moved to the north of France, beginning in Nogent-sur-Oise which was the first of four straight flat stages. Guido Bontempi crossed the line solo for the win.

Stage six began in Roubaix and the riders had to deal with the cobbles, as well as bad weather as it had been raining steadily by the time they crossed into Belgium. Late in the race a four-man breakaway formed which proved significant as it included Chiappucci and LeMond. They were joined by Brian Holm and Laurent Jalabert and by the time they approached the finish line under the Atomium in Brussels they had built a gap of about ninety seconds. Jalabert took his first career stage win and both Chiappucci and LeMond had jumped ahead of Induráin by over a minute. The press swarmed LeMond after the stage to the point he had to hide under a truck trailer for a few minutes to change before dealing with them, as there were not yet team buses for the riders to utilize. Lino was still the highest placed rider, but his gap back to the GC riders had already been halved.

Stages seven and eight both saw breakaways that went the distance moving several riders not considered contenders into the top 10. Roche was considered a contender and on stage seven, as the race crossed into the Netherlands, he got involved in an escape and finished with the same time as winner Gilles Delion, moving ahead of Induráin in the process. Jan Nevens won the following day as the Tour entered Germany and riders such as Heppner, Skibby, Ledanois and Alberto Leanizbarrutia found themselves in the top 10. In the ITT of stage nine Miguel Induráin made a dominant statement that none of the GC riders could answer. The time trial was ridden in Luxembourg and the closest rider to Induráin was Armand de Las Cuevas who finished three minutes behind. Bugno was the closest GC contender at +3:40 behind followed by LeMond who finished more than four minutes back.

Induráin began the day behind all of the other favorites, but had such a dominant performance that by the end of the stage he was ahead of all of them. This time trial victory is sometimes seen as Indurain's career-defining moment. Lino was still in yellow, but Induráin had reduced the deficit to +1:27, which he was anticipated to easily overcome in the upcoming Alps.

After the time trial there was a flat stage that began in Luxembourg and finished in France for two hilly stages in the Jura Mountains prior to the race entering The Alps. Stage ten was won by Jean-Paul van Poppel who defeated defending green jersey champion Djamolidine Abdoujaparov and Laurent Jalabert in the sprint. In this year's edition Jalabert was in a fierce battle with Johan Museeuw for the green jersey and it would go back and forth between them six times before Jalabert sealed the victory in the third week. In stage eleven Laurent Fignon, who had suffered a disastrous ITT a few days earlier, won the final stage of his illustrious career by defeating a strong group of riders including Jalabert, Pedro Delgado, Dimitri Konyshev and the French National Champion in Luc Leblanc among others. In stage twelve Museeuw wrestled the green jersey back from Jalabert as Swiss rider Rolf Järmann beat Pedro Delgado to the line by three seconds.

Stage thirteen would take the riders to Sestriere in Italy and included three Cat-1 climbs as well as an hors catégorie right in the middle of the stage with the Col de l'Iseran, the highest point of the 1992 Tour. Chiappucci, who was 7th in the general classification, decided to risk everything to try and win the Tour. During the 1990 Tour de France he made a similar choice on the stage to Luz Ardiden which resulted in him eventually being caught and dropped as Induráin and LeMond went on to win the stage and Tour respectively. Chiappucci joined the early breakaway attempts and by the time he reached the Iseran he was alone. Eventually it became clear Chiappucci was going to be able to sustain his attack and the group of favorites were waiting for a reaction from Induráin, which never came. Finally Bugno, who had come into this Tour with intentions of winning it, launched an attack. Induráin did answer this attack; and the only other riders who could respond were Andy Hampsten and Franco Vona. All total the stage was just over 250 km long and by the time he crossed the finish line Chiappucci had ridden nearly half of it on a solo attack and collected an enormous amount of King of the Mountains points, a classification he would win. He won the stage convincingly more than a minute and a half ahead of Vona, but Induráin was able to limit his losses to under two minutes while also dropping the remainder of GC riders and taking the yellow jersey from Lino. Chiappucci was now in 2nd overall, Bugno rose to third and Lino, who had held the jersey for eleven stages, fell to fourth.

Coming entirely unhinged for the first time in his legendary career was Greg LeMond. He finished within a grupetto of sprinters just inside the time limit with teammate Atle Kvålsvoll staying behind to assist him. He dropped nearly forty places in the standings and he was hounded by the press until he reached his hotel elevator. At one point both LeMond and Kvålsvoll said the same thing to the press, "Things are unexplainable." The next day he would abandon the Tour. All drug tests had returned negative and while there were whispers of a new undetectable drug known as EPO being out there, it was not known to be as widespread within the peloton as it would become in just a few years. Stage fourteen was another day of grueling climbing; beginning at Sestriere and moving back into France for the final time finishing at the mountaintop resort of Alpe d'Huez. For the second day in a row Andy Hampsten and Franco Vona were at the front of the race with or ahead of the GC contenders. For the second day in a row Vona finished 2nd as Andy Hampsten became the only American to ever win atop Alpe d'Huez. Hampsten had moved into the top 10 the day before and now had risen to the final podium position as Vona entered the top 10.

As far as the yellow jersey was concerned Bugno lost considerable time and dropped to 5th below Lino, who rode well enough to maintain 4th place. Chiappucci and Induráin crossed the line together; as once Bugno was dropped all Induráin needed to do to firmly consolidate his position was mark Chiappucci. Neither Hampsten, who now occupied 3rd at +8:01, nor Chiappucci who was only +1:42 behind seemed to pose a threat to Induráin. With no big mountain stages remaining, the only stage that was likely to create time differences between the favourites was the time trial in stage nineteen and a few days earlier Induráin had already proven himself to be the most dominant time trialist in the race.

Stages fifteen and sixteen were both intermediate stages that went through the Massif Central section of France. Franco Chioccioli won stage fifteen crossing the line solo ahead of Dimitri Konyshev by +0:42, and in stage sixteen Stephen Roche beat Viatcheslav Ekimov by +0:46. In both stages the GC riders were not far behind. In stage seventeen Maassen, Sergeant, Louviot, Nulens and Jean-Claude Colotti were at the front of an escape group that finished more than +15:00 ahead of the peloton. Colotti would eventually attack this group and beat them to the line by more than three minutes. In stage eighteen Thierry Marie bested Museeuw and Nijdam in the sprint finish.

Stage nineteen was the final individual time trial and as was anticipated Induráin dominated the field and all but finalized his 2nd Tour de France victory. Bugno rode strongly finishing 2nd forty seconds behind. Everyone else was beyond +2:00 and the most important changes included Chiappucci now being +4:35 behind locking up 2nd place overall, and being as Bugno had a considerably better ride than Hampsten and Lino, he jumped both of them in the standings and took over the final podium position.

The final two stages were flat stages and in stage twenty Peter De Clercq won the sprint ahead of Vanzella and Laurent. On the final stage, which finished on the Champs-Élysées, the sprint was fought over by Frankie Andreu, Søren Lilholt, Laurent Jalabert, Johan Museeuw, Jean-Paul van Poppel and Olaf Ludwig with Ludwig winning the day and taking his second career Tour de France stage victory.

The final podiums included Laurent Jalabert in the green jersey, Claudio Chiappucci as the king of the mountains winner as well as the Most Combative Rider. His team also won the team competition. Eddy Bouwmans won the white jersey as the best young rider. Miguel Induráin won his second consecutive Tour and joined the elite group of Coppi, Anquetil, Merckx, Hinault and Roche as the only riders to complete the Giro-Tour double.

Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1992 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.

Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.

The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey in 1992. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.

For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.

In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification. Claudio Chiappucci won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award. In 1992, there was a special classification because of the Maastricht Treaty, that created the European Union. In the 1992 Tour de France, a national border was crossed seven times, and every time there was a special sprint, where points could be earned. This classification was won by Viatcheslav Ekimov. The "Association Française pour un Sport sans violence et pour le Fair-play" awarded the Fair Play award in the Tour for the first time. It was given to Stephen Roche. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Galibier on stage 14. This prize was won by Franco Chioccioli.

title: 1992 Tour de France


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Hard to Get (song)

"Hard to Get" is a popular song written by Jack Segal, and published in 1955.

Background
The song was a hit for Gisele MacKenzie in 1955, with the orchestra conducted by Richard Maltby. The biggest hit of MacKenzie's career, it peaked at number five on Billboard's "Best Sellers in Stores" chart during the summer of that year.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hard to Get (song)


text: Wikipedia:POTD/July 24, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/July 24, 2005


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Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase

Nucleoside-diphosphate kinases (NDPKs, also NDP kinase, (poly)nucleotide kinases and nucleoside diphosphokinases) are enzymes that catalyze the exchange of terminal phosphate between different nucleoside diphosphates (NDP) and triphosphates (NTP) in a reversible manner to produce nucleotide triphosphates. Many NDP serve as acceptor while NTP are donors of phosphate group. The general reaction via ping-pong mechanism is as follows: XDP + YTP ←→ XTP + YDP (X and Y each represent different nitrogenous base). NDPK activities maintain an equilibrium between the concentrations of different nucleoside triphosphates such as, for example, when guanosine triphosphate (GTP) produced in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle is converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Other activities include cell proliferation, differentiation and development, signal transduction, G protein-coupled receptor, endocytosis, and gene expression.

Structure
NDPK are homohexameric proteins made up of monomers approximately 152 amino acids long with a theoretical weight of 17.17KDa. The complex is found in mitochondria and in the soluble cytoplasm of cells.

Function
NDPK are found in all cells, displaying not much specificity towards the types of nucleoside bases and are capable of accepting nucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides as substrates or donors. Therefore, NDPK is the source of RNA and DNA precursors, except ATP. NDPK utilize specific enzyme kinetics for multi-substrate reaction, namely ping-pong mechanism. A ping-pong mechanism integrates phosphorylation of a histidine residue by transferring terminal phosphate group (γ-phosphate) from ATP to NDP β-phosphate in order to produce a NTP, and NDPK catalyzes such reversible reactions. NTP phosphorylates a histidine, which in turn phosphorylates NDP. NDPK are involved in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates (NTP), such as guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP), thymidine triphosphate (TTP). Behind this apparently simple reaction is a multistep mechanism. The key steps of transphosphorylation are as follows:
 * NDPK binds to a NTP1
 * A phosphoryl group from NTP1 is transferred to His in active site of NDPK
 * Phosphoenzyme intermediate is formed
 * Initially bound NDP1 is released from NDPK bringing in new NDP2
 * Phosphoryl group is transferred from NDPK-His to NDP2 or dNDP2, creating a bound NTP2
 * NDPK releases the new NTP2

Each step is part of a reversible process, such that the multistep equilibrium is of the following form.

 * NDPK + NTP ↔ NDPK~NTP ↔ NDPK-P~NDP ↔ NDPK-P + NDP

NDPK's roles in these NTPs differ; generally, kinases bring in NTPs for nucleic acid synthesis. CTP is provided for lipid synthesis, UTP for polysaccharide synthesis while GTP is used for protein elongation and signal transduction. During cAMP-mediated signal transduction, NDPK is responsible for phosphorylating GDP released from G proteins activated from receptor binding; once ATP donates a phosphate group via activity of NDPK, GTP is consecutively bound. Increased activity of membrane-associated NDPK yields cAMP synthesis. NDPK controls K+ channels, G proteins, cell secretion, cellular energy production, and UTP synthesis.

Inhibition by AMPK
NDPK usually consumes ATP, the most abundant cellular nucleotide, and stores the nucleotides. However, consumption of ATP would definitely influence the cellular energy balance, which brings upon the regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK acts as the energy sensor and regulates ATP pathways by turning the generating pathways or not. Because of such activity, AMPK could directly inhibit NDPK through phosphorylation. To be more specific, NDPK supports the production of nucleotides in high-energy and low-stress cellular states. However, this can only happen when AMPK is inactivated because low-stress cellular states of ATP triggers the activation of AMPK, which eventually decreases NDPK activity by phosphorylating serine residues.

Prokaryotic systems
In most prokaryotes, the NDPK enzyme is tetrameric. It has been reported in a number of pathogens. NDPK function has been studied in Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Microccocus luteus, and Myxococcus xanthus. Prokaryotic NDPK forms a functional homotetramer. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity involves the transfer of the γ-phosphate of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) to nucleoside diphosphate (NDP), where N1 and N2 can be ribo- or deoxyribonucleosides. This is done via a high energy phosphohistidine intermediate. Besides involvement in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, prokaryotic NDPK is also involved in several metabolism cycles. NDPK has also been discovered to act as a protein histidine kinase, which involves a reversible histidine phosphorylation as a well-known regulatory signal. However, in most prokaryotes, NDPK expression levels are involved in the cell growth, development and differentiation of the organism, especially bacteria.

(p)ppGpp metabolism
In the (p)ppGpp biosynthesis cycle, NDPK serves an important role. When there is an absence of a charged tRNA in the A site of a ribosome, the ribosome will stall and trigger the synthesis of the guanosine pentaphosphate ((p)ppGpp) molecule. (p)ppGpp biosynthesis is a part of the purine metabolism pathway and coordinates a series of cellular activities in response to nutritional abundances. Synthesis of (p)ppGpp is triggered by carbon starvation, or the lack of carbon in the cell's environment, and causes the protein SpoT to activate. SpoT works in conjunction with NDPK and both serve as essential enzymes in the (p)ppGpp biosynthesis cycle. NDPK synthesizes the formation of GDP from GTP via dephosphorylation.

Nm23 gene function
While the biomolecular mechanism by which the Nm23 gene works in cells is currently unknown, like in most prokaryotes, nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) expression levels determine cell growth and differentiation. Normally, the Nm23 gene (NME) is involved in metastasis suppression in humans. In prokaryotes, the Nm23 gene is involved in normal cell development and differentiation. Highly conserved homologues of the Nm23 gene have been found in prokaryotes, more specifically, Myxococcus xanthus, a gram negative soil bacteria. Homologues of Nm23 in M. xanthus have been closed and characterized as a nucleoside diphosphate kinase (ndk gene) and seems to be essential for M. xanthus growth. During M. xanthus development, nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity has also been shown to drastically decrease.

Eukaryotic systems
There are at least four enzymatically active isoforms of NDPK in humans: NDPK-A, NDPK-B, NDPK-C and NDPK-D. All four isoforms have very similar structures and can combine in any form to become functional NDPK hexamers. NDPK is suggested to participate in transmembrane signaling in eukaryotic cells.

In humans
In Eukaryotic systems, the role of the NDK is to synthesize nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate, and synthesize products such as UTP. NDK possesses nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, geranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate kinase, histidine protein kinase, and 3'-5' exonuclease activities. Its processes are involved with cell proliferation, differentiation and development, and gene expression in human cells. It is also part of the neural development process, which includes neural patterning and cell fate determination. Furthermore, NDPK is involved with the signal transduction processes and G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis as it transfers a phosphate group onto the G β-subunits and convert GDP to GTP. This increase in GTP concentration near G protein α-subunits causes activation of G protein α-subunits for G-protein signaling. In addition to signaling, NDPK is involved in controlling K+ channels, cell secretion, and cellular energy production.

In plants
The biochemical reactions catalyzed by NDP kinase in plants are analogous to activities described in humans as autophosphorylation activity takes place from ATP and GTP. In addition to this, plants have four types of NDPK isoforms. Cytosolic type I NDPK is involved in metabolism, growth, and stress responses in plants. Type II NDPK is concentrated in the chloroplast and it is believed to be involved in the photosynthesis process and the oxidative stress management, but its function is not yet known clearly. Type III NDPK targets both mitochondria and chloroplast, and it is mainly involved in energy metabolism. The localization and exact function of the type IV NDPK is not yet well known and needs further investigations. In addition, NDPK is associated with H2O2-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in plants.

Diseases related to NDPK
Ten paralogous genes code for the proteins NDPKs, which are separated into two groups. The first group encodes proteins with NDPK functions. The other group genes code for other various proteins that display low or no NDPK activities. In the first group, one of the genes named NM23 was identified as the first metastasis suppressor protein and its gene Nm23 was less activated in metastatic cells. In a different experiment, human Nm23 was cultured with cancer cells and showed inhibition of metastasis. The level of NM23 protein was inversely proportional to the metastatic potential for human solid tumors. However, other tumor types such as ovarian cancers, neuroblastoma and hematological malignancies displayed upregulated NM23 levels in patient samples. Therefore, understanding the biological basis of the Nm23 gene family is necessary to have a firm knowledge of its diverse results.

Cardiovascular disease
Nme2, one of the NDPK genes, has been associated with cardiovascular functions. Nme2 gene is known to form a complex with the beta subunit of the heterotrimetric G protein in heart cells and regulates the contractility of heart. There are two functions of Nme2 that allow for such regulation; one is the histidine kinase activity, which is the phosphorylation of the channels to regulate what goes through and the other is a scaffold function of the formation of caveolae. The depletion of Nme2/caveolin interaction exhibited a decreased rate of cardiac contractility. Furthermore, more studies with zebra fish revealed that the NDPK depletion has a detrimental effect on heart functioning.

Nme1 and Nme2 as a suppressor of metastasis
There was a lot of debate on whether NM23 gene is responsible for suppressing or activating metastasis. The two contradicting sides on this subject remained ambiguous and undefined throughout the course of NDPK studies. However, recent experiments began to show evidence for NM23 being a suppressor of metastasis. Nme2 was tagged as an anti-metastasis gene, using the tissue chip technology and immunohistochemistry. When Nme2 gene products were over-produced in gastric cancer cells, there was a decrease in proliferation, migration, and invasion of such cancer cells. The cell cultures revealed that Nme2 impacts gastric cancer cells, but the question still remains about what regulates Nme2 activities among various cancer types. Nme1 was found in great number in poorly metastatic sublines of melanoma cells. Also, the transfection of Nme1 into a highly metastatic melanoma line significantly reduced metastasis. This theory has been tested with mice as well; the Nme1-deficient mice formed greater lung metastases than wild type mice, showing that this gene has suppressing activity. Invasion of cancer occurs due to changes in cell adhesion and it is caused by gene expression changes in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Surprisingly, there are many adhesion molecules, motility factors, signaling pathways, proteolytic events, EMT hallmarks, and other transcriptional programs that have been linked to the Nme1 proteins. These proteins go about interrupting metastasis by binding metastasis-promoting proteins. The Nme1 proteins bind to viral proteins, oncogenes, and other metastasis-promoting factors. The binding may be indirect by using the signaling complex.

title: Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Faux

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:55, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

The Faux
This article is aptly titled. The Faux is not about anything real. Research reveals no such vessel and reading through the article itself points to other clues that it's all in jest (i.e. "Jest'liana" is the owner of the ship.) I did find ONE relevant google hit that seemd to associate some of the terms in the article with a website about "behind the stories" in games. It is possible that this is about the backstory of some video game somewhere. At this point, it appears to be very non-notable and the article in its current state doesn't make sense. I vote delete Tobycat 18:41, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to something that works for vessel names and fictional entities, say "Faux (name of work of fiction or game or whatever)". I'm skeptical about notability and authenticity, but I'd say give it a chance for now. Peter Grey 15:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: I thought VfD was unsportsmanlike, as it started immediately after the page was first created, but there is still no context for the article. Peter Grey 09:19, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Sembrouthes

Sembrouthes was a King of the Kingdom of Aksum who most likely reigned sometime in the 3rd century. He is known only from a single inscription in Ancient Greek that was found at Dekemhare (ደቀምሓረ ድንበዛን), Hamasien in modern-day Eritrea, which is dated to his 24th regnal year. Sembrouthes was the first known ruler in the lands later ruled by the Emperor of Ethiopia to adopt the title "King of Kings". He is a probable candidate for the king who erected the Monumentum Adulitanum.

His inscription reads as:

In his 1978 doctorate thesis, Stuart Munro-Hay notes that Sembrouthes had been identified with a number of other personages: with Ella Samara of the Ethiopian Royal King Lists; with Shammar Yahri'sh, king of Himyar, although this is highly unlikely, and as the author of the Monumentum Adulitanum. The latter is an inscription at Adulis that Cosmas Indicopleustes made a copy of for king Kaleb of Axum.

Discussing the evidence provided in the inscription and the absence of any coins issued with his name of them, Munro-Hay concludes that Sembrouthes "finds better into the earlier part of the Aksumite royal sequence. In his later history of Aksum, Munro-Hay narrowed the date of his reign to a gap between `DBH and DTWNS, or c.250. However, W.R.O. Hahn, in a study published in 1983, assigns Sembrouthes to the 4th century, between Aphilas and Ezana. Hahn further identifies him with Ousanas or the legendary Ella Amida.

title: Sembrouthes


text:
Justin Dart Jr.

Justin Whitlock Dart Jr. (August 29, 1930 – June 22, 2002) was an American activist and advocate for people with disabilities. He helped to pass the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, co-founded the American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD), and is regarded as the "Godfather of the ADA".

Background
Dart came from a wealthy Chicago family. His father, Justin Whitlock Dart Sr., was president of Dart Industries. His mother Ruth Walgreen Dart was the daughter of Walgreens founder Charles R. Walgreen and his wife Myrtle Walgreen. Justin's brother Peter Dart also developed polio.

Dart contracted polio in 1948 before entering the University of Houston, where he earned undergraduate degrees in history and education in 1954; however, the university refused to give him a teaching certificate because of his disability. The university is now home to the Justin Dart Jr. Student Accessibility Center, a facility designed for students who have any type of temporary or permanent health impairment, physical limitation, psychiatric disorder, or learning disability.

Activism
During his time at the University of Houston, which was then segregated, Dart organized the first student group to oppose racism.

After graduating, Dart was a successful entrepreneur who founded three Japanese corporations, but in 1967 he gave up the corporate life to devote himself to the rights of people with disabilities, working in Texas and Washington, D.C., as a member of various state and federal disability commissions. In 1972, Dart switched from identifying as a Democrat to become a Republican.

He opposed the efforts of President Ronald Reagan, a personal friend of the Dart family, to revise the 1973 Rehabilitation Act, and in 1981 accepted an appointment from President Reagan to be the vice-chair of the National Council on Disability.

On Capitol Hill, Dart worked closely with both Democratic and Republican members of Congress to advance the rights of disabled people, including U.S. Congressman Major Owens of New York City, who served as chairman of the Subcommittee on Select Education in the U.S. House of Representatives during the late 1980s and early 1990s as well as during the early crafting of the legislative language and the fierce debates on the Americans' With Disability Act (ADA) before its eventual passage in the House of Representatives.

"Road to Freedom" tour (part one)
While serving as the vice chair of the National Council on Disability, Justin and Yoshiko Dart embarked on a nationwide tour, at their own expense, to meet with activists and individuals with disabilities. This tour, which took them to every state in the U.S., was a significant undertaking for both the Darts and the individuals that were visited. At the time of the Darts' tour, accessibility and universal design still were being developed in major cities and in smaller municipalities. To complete their journey, the Darts often had to find transportation and housing that could accommodate Justin Dart and his colleagues' wheelchairs. There weren't facilities that were readily available in every town that the Darts visited. Justin and Yoshiko did not make these trips alone, often partnering with local disability advocates, community members and friends. For many of the people with whom the Darts met, this was the first time that anyone had ever asked them as individuals with disabilities what they wanted from their government and country. Based on these conversations, Dart and others on the council drafted a national policy that called for national civil rights legislation to end the centuries-old discrimination of people with disabilities, what would eventually become the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

In 1986, Justin was appointed to lead the Rehabilitation Services Administration, a federal agency under the United States Department of Education tasked with administering portions of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Dart's tenure at RSA ended when at a congressional hearing he characterized the agency as "a vast, inflexible federal system which, like the society it represents, still contains a significant portion of individuals who have not yet overcome obsolete, paternalistic attitudes about disability." Though he was asked to resign, Dart remained a functioning figure in disability policy even at the federal level, and in 1988, he was appointed co-chair of the Congressional Task Force on the Rights and Empowerment of Americans with Disabilities.

"Road to Freedom" tour (part two)
The Darts undertook another tour of the United States with the purpose of continuing a national dialogue about disability. Again with the support of friends and disability advocates, they visited all 50 states as well as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the District of Columbia to hold public forums that were attended by more than 30,000 people. This consistent advocacy and long-term conversation is what ultimately earned Justin the title of "Godfather of the ADA" as the information, network and diligence became the foundation of the legislative conversation around the ADA.

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 was signed into law on July 26, 1990. The signing ceremony included with President George H. W. Bush, Evan Kemp, Rev. Harold Wilke, Sandra Parrino, and Justin Dart.

After the ADA
In 1993, Dart left his position on the President's Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities. Subsequently, Dart founded Justice for All with other activists to defend against congressional attempts to weaken the ADA, including those pushed for by Clint Eastwood. He also organized numerous ADA anniversary events. After the 1994 Congressional elections, Dart left the Republican party and eventually became a strong supporter of President Clinton.

On July 25, 1995, Justin Dart founded the American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD) with Paul Hearne, Senator Bob Dole, John Kemp, Tony Coelho, Pat Wright, Jim Weisman, Lex Frieden, Sylvia Walker, Paul Marchand, Fred Fay, I. King Jordan, Denise Figueroa, Judi Chamberlin, Bill Demby, Deborah Kaplan, Nancy Bloch, Max Starkloff, Mike Auberger, Neil Jacobson, Ralph Neas, Ron Hartley and others.

Dart had a series of heart attacks in late 1997, which curtailed his ability to travel. He continued, however, to lobby for the rights of people with disabilities, and attended numerous events, rallies, demonstrations and public hearings. Toward the end of his life, Dart was hard at work on a political manifesto that would outline his vision of "the revolution of empowerment." In its conclusion, he urged his "Beloved colleagues in struggle, listen to the heart of this old soldier. Our lives, our children's lives, the quality of the lives of billions in future generations hangs in the balance. I cry out to you from the depths of my being. Humanity needs you! Lead! Lead! Lead the revolution of empowerment!"

Dart received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Bill Clinton in 1998. At the ceremony, Clinton said Dart had "opened the doors of opportunities to millions of our citizens by securing passage of one of the nation's landmark civil rights laws."

Death and legacy
He died in Washington, D.C., on 22 June 2002 at the age of 71 from congestive heart failure related to complications of post-polio syndrome.

For many members of the disability community especially in the Washington, D.C., area, Justin Dart is an icon for the modern disability movement and the ideals of inclusion, advocacy and leadership. In his final statement to the community for his death, Dart wrote:

 * I call for solidarity among all who love justice, all who love life, to create a revolution that will empower every single human being to govern his or her life, to govern the society and to be fully productive of life quality for self and for all.

title: Justin Dart Jr.


text:
Talk:Chomp (Mario)

I keep hearing people referring to these as "bow-wows", what gives?
 * Bow-Wow was the name of the Chain Chomp item Link used to get to level 2 in The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening.

List of Appearances
I think that the long paragraph containing all of the appearances made by Chomps should be made into a list; it's much too lengthy as it is, and would probably look better as a list. -- The Ninth Bright Shine r  talk 19:56, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

List of Appearances 2
I'll try to tidy up the appearances list into a list not one long paragraph. StovetopCookies 4/26/06 11:52 P.M.

Appearances List tidy up
Much better in my opinion. Hopefully you will feel the same. StovetopCookies, 4/27/06, 12:01 A.M. What a great way to take me into the new day! (-:

Appearances photos
I am going to whip out ZSNES and take some thumb nail screenshots for the SNES games that I own. Stovetopcookes 4/27 12:14 AM

Chomp in Super Mario Kart
I'm gonna call shenanigans on Chain Chomp being in Super Mario Kart. I've played that game millions of times but never saw a single Chain Chomp in it. And despite the alledged sprite for it, I demand more evidence of its existance. - Nick15 22:40, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

It only appears in the Vs. Mode, much like the Mini-Bomb Karts of Mario Kart 64.

title: Talk:Chomp (Mario)


text:
NDK

NDK may refer to:

 * Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, an enzyme
 * National Palace of Culture, a congress centre in Sofia, Bulgaria
 * Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co., Ltd., a crystal device manufacturer in Tokyo, Japan
 * Nan Desu Kan, an annual anime convention located in Colorado
 * The Android NDK (native development kit), the C/C++ SDK for Android apps.

title: NDK


text:
User:David Latapie

 * My blog posts in English
 * Mail me
 * /tests
 * /templates
 * talk pages (for keeping track of current conversations, better than nothing)

※

fr:Utilisateur:David Latapie

title: User:David Latapie


text:
Talk:Social movement

Two major sections missing
I was just looking at the article and I realized we are missing two big sections: 1) on what issues social movements are concerned with (gender rights, human rights, environment, etc.) and 2) on geographical distribution of social movements (how many are located in which part of the world). I will try to expand on this in the future; if you have any sources/data do list them here (or add them to the article). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 15:14, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

1. Defining which issues social movements are concerned with

Some examples of classic social movements would be useful (e.g. the Civil Rights movement). But any section written to define social movements should not be too narrowly defined, because the internet has greatly expanded the range of topics available to protest. See, e.g., Earl, J., & Schussman, A. (2008). Contesting cultural control: Youth culture and online petitioning. (In W. L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic life online: Learning how digital media can engage youth (Vol. c, pp. 71–96). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.) and the rise of Change.org and other petition sites that regularly adopt non-state actors as targets. Civicked (talk) 17:47, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

2. Geographic distribution:
 * Note - a very useful source is the research by Jackie Smith:

She focuses on trans(inter)national movements, findings conclude that those are dominated in the developed/core/North/West, goals (human rights (27%), environment (14%), woman’s rights (10%), peace (9%), world-order/multi-issue (9%), development (5%) and self-determination/ethics (5%)) and age (mean is 20-something years). I'll try to add that to the article; if I forget to do it soon ping me or use the above sources. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 15:39, 5 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield, Ron Pagnucco (1997). "Transnational social movements and global politics". Syracuse University Press
 * Jackie Smith (1997). Characteristics of the Modern Transnational Social Movement Sector, pp.42-58 in Transnational Social Movements and World Politics: Solidarity beyond the State (ed. J. Smith, C. Chttfield and R. Pagnucco). Syracuse University Press
 * Jackie Smith, Hank Johnston (2002), Globalization and resistance:transnational dimensions of social movements, Rowman & Littlefield
 * Jackie Smith, Dawn West (2005) The Uneven Geography of Global Civil Society: National and Global Influences on Transnational Association. Social Forces, Volume 84, Issue 2
 * John Lowland offers an interesting estimate on the big picture of social movements with regards to size. "Taking all SMOs as a set and extrapolating from the limited data we have [...] I venture the guess that the vast majority of SMOs in at least the industrialized democracies have well less then 50 members, with many having twenty-five members or less. Only a small percentage have membership of more then ten thousands, although [a small number] have been much larger. [...] Focusing on the end of major periods of mobilization” numbers in the range of hundreds of thousands and even millions have been reported. Again, I'll try to expand on it. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 15:37, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

Porn — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.88.23.33 (talk) 17:00, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

Movement theory section
Hey all. It seems like Social_movement is a little sparse with the citations and maybe leans too heavily on bullet points when paragraphs would be sufficient (see:Manual_of_Style/Lists). Some of the material may be better covered in the existing Social Movement Theory entry, which is shorter in several spots than the social movement theory subsection on this page. If anyone has additional citations please add them. I'll put in cites for the material I can track down, and adding some "citation needed" tags elsewhere.69.138.253.89 (talk) 16:49, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

I agree, we have duplicate content here WP:CFORK in the Social Movement Theories Section with the better presented Social Movement Theory article. Perhaps we should just have an introductory paragraph here and a link to the other article. Carl94965 (talk) 19:04, 18 March 2017 (UTC)

History Section
There is also a problem with the history section. WP:NOTEVERYTHING This is basically a description of the development of social movements in England. The American, French and Russian revolutions surely were driven by social movements and had a significant impact, but these are only mentioned in passing. This section should be cut out to form a separate article, "History of Social Movements in England". Carl94965 (talk) 19:35, 18 March 2017 (UTC)

General Improvements
History - As previously suggested, the current history section here should really be completely revised. It is too Eurocentric and only refers to about 2-3 centuries. The first sentence is almost surely wrong if we take the definition of social movements at the top of the page: Group action oriented towards social and political change, essentially. It is super unlikely, as per common sense, that this kind of action originated in England in the mid-1700s. Social movements occur all over the world. Also, I would think the history of social movements would be the centerpiece of such an article, as they change and define the scope and change-power social movements are understood to possess.Sev-r-eyed (talk) 18:49, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

General Suggestions
For a mediated life class we were required to select an article and evaluate it. After doing so we were asked to make suggestions that would help turn it into an article of good status. Here are our following suggestions. Keep article up to date by removing information that is no longer relevant. There are also a few hyperlinks on the page that no longer go to the page they are supposed to, they should be removed. Secondly, there are many statements that say "citation needed" an appropriate citation should be found and added for those items. Hullihan 24 (talk) 16:05, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

The most recent social movements listed are from 2013. With all of the social movements going on today (Women’s March, Climate Change, etc.), there is plenty of room to add more modern movements

In relation to being more modern, the page only talks briefly about the roles of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Some modern movements have entire Twitter pages dedicated specifically to them, so I think they should elaborate more on the role social media.

“The sociological study of social movements is quite new.” While it is new, maybe throw in what some studies have found about social movements.

Gittisd (talk) 21:03, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Importance of the social movements
Importance of the social movements should be added Abhinav abcde (talk) 08:56, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Potential Improvement
After reading this article I felt that talking more about how social media influences social movements would be a good idea. With social media being a huge influencer on young teens I felt that laying out this connection can bring a more modern spin on the topic. The article seems to be quite balanced but I believe talking about the impact of social media when it comes to bringing social movements together can add an element of relatability. An appropriate spot to put this information may be under the Mass mobilization section because social media allows many people with similar ideas to connect. Brusso7 (talk) 21:33, 10 September 2019 (UTC)Bradley Russo

community movement aka social movement
Should this be called a social movement or a community movement to preserve the word social to refer to having close and personal relationships and social meaning friends in a more general sense? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.63.175.63 (talk) 04:42, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

Potential COI Declaration
Hi again You've added a Connected contributor tag for yourself to this page, Talk:Populism, and Talk:Patriotism now, and I just wanted to ask what you're declaring a COI with? This template, as far as I'm aware, is for declaring a connection with the subject of the article, and I'm not sure how you can have a COI with the topic "social movement"? In the template code you've said This user is an employee of the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, in which case - as this organisation doesn't have a Wikipedia article (which I can find), I would suggest you use the UserboxCOI template on your userpage instead - and then, when you make an edit to a page such as this one, if your edit is related to your employer/organisation or person you know, you note that in your edit summary. Also, if you're being paid by the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, and you haven't done so yet, it is highly advisable that you read WP:PAID. Thanks !  Seagull123  Φ  14:16, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for these tips,

Merge social movements and reform movements
Hey. I get the theoretical difference but both articles cover essentially the same topics now. I would suggest merging reform movements into this? And also merge the categories. Reform movements is essentially a list of social movements by country and time which could go into Category:19th-century social movements and Category:Social movements by country. Hobbyvoll (talk) 20:26, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Social movement


text:
Am730

Am730, is free daily Cantonese newspaper published in Hong Kong, the third with the prior two being Headline Daily and Metropolis Daily. Shih Wing-ching, chairman of Centaline Holdings, a property agency, is the founder of the newspaper. He introduced the new paper due to the unprecedented success of Metropolis Daily, a pioneer in this market. Metropolis Daily was founded in 2002, and was so successful that it broke even in only fourteen months. Realising the profitability of the market, Shih established am730 in late July 2005.

Overview
Owned and operated by AM730 Media Limited, am730 launched its first publication on 30 July 2005. It had been scheduled to be launched in September, but it was rescheduled to 30 July to keep up with one of its competitors, Headline Daily, which was launched on 12 July 2005, and for convenient coincidence that the date of 30 July (730) corresponded with the name of the newspaper. Two hundred thousand copies of am730 were issued at its first publication and its current circulation volume is around three hundred thousand copies daily.

The name of the newspaper is intended to suggest a fresh approach towards the methodology of naming newspapers. It does not incorporate the term "daily" because this word reflects the conventional way of naming a news journal. The name literally states the newspaper's aim to distribute the publication during rush hour, which is approximately 7:30 am.

According to Shih, the newspaper is tailored to young people. 7:30 am is about when the sun rises; it signals vitality, just like the young people who are at the start of a long journey through life. It is a new vision aimed to change the old quality of Hong Kong newspapers. In its first week, am730 sold one hundred thousand copies. Eventually, it aims to increase circulation to three hundred thousand copies, which is similar to the other two free newspapers (Metropolis Daily: 300,000; Headline Daily: 400,000).

In January 2014, Shih revealed that many mainland companies were cancelling advertising with the paper, for its perceived anti-Beijing editorial stance.

Language and style
The journal tends to adopt internet slang and other expressions which are widely used on the Internet and popular among youth. The newspaper official says it is advisable to use internet slang and does not think that colloquial expressions in newspaper articles will affect young people's language proficiency. What is more crucial is using popular language to convey messages. am730 intends to offer a fresh sensation in news to its readers; it aims to widen the horizon of its readers, both internationally and culturally, and to promote an optimistic outlook on life and hopes for the future.

While being consistent with market regulations, am730 is a real newspaper which offers more attention to journalistic principles. Unlike numerous other newspapers, am730 is against the idea of indecent news as the selling point. It wants to provide a newspaper with accurate, simple news reports targeted to youth who have just begun their careers. The fresh, youthful style of am730 is designed to encourage more young people to read newspapers. Shih hopes that through this free newspaper, young people in Hong Kong will cultivate a greater interest in the news and in the future of Hong Kong.

Headline Daily, a newspaper which belongs to Sing Tao, is the primary competition for am730. Shih admits that Headline Daily has more resources than the privately investigated am730 because of its attachment to Sing Tao Daily, but that dependence on Sing Tao would harm the independence of its organisation.

Content
The paper includes local, China, international, financial, entertainment and sports news. Additionally, Shih Wing Ching writes a column called "C Viewpoint" in which he gives his daily commentary on local or international news. "730 Angle" is also a commentary column, but for people from all walks of life. "Snapshot Hong Kong" is a column which cold-contacts youngsters on the street to ask their opinions. Hence, the major target of am730 is the young working class and it defines itself as a youth publication in the newspaper market.

The detailed layout of the newspaper is as follows:

The lead story of the day occupies almost the entire page of the paper, filled in with colourful illustrations. The other stories vary from local top stories to China and international news.
 * Front page

Similar to a traditional newspaper, on the left corner is a column which briefly highlights the news of secondary importance that is available inside the paper. The highlights vary, including local, China, international, entertainment and sport news. At the bottom of the column is a display of the Mark Six results.

Typically, around three to four pages are allocated to the local news section. More important news such as politics and policies are reported in greater length than city news such as accidents and events. To maximise space usage, even the banner at the top of the page is used to cover brief news accounts. Shih's personal column, "C Viewpoint," can also be found in this section.
 * Local

There is also a column for weather forecasts for local, China and international locations. The banner of this section is sky-blue in colour.

News from China and related to China's interests takes up about one to two pages of the paper. The banner colour of this section is khaki.
 * China

The international section covers major news around the world. The banner colour of this section is dark blue.
 * International

When this section appears, it is placed in the middle of the paper and covers two pages, but it is not always printed. At times, the middle pages are occupied by a full-page advertisement. Feature stories, when available, offer in-depth reports and analysis.
 * Features

This is a short, concise one-page section on financial and business news, both locally and on the international arena. The banner colour of this section is dark green.
 * Finance

The Sports section covers both the local and the international sports scene. On average it provides a scoreboard summary of final scores and, on occasion, a brief schedule of live sports coverage on television. The banner colour of this section is light green.
 * Sports

The I.T. section is dedicated to news of technological advancement and electronic products, including mobile phones, computers, television and much more. Not to be missed is news of the Internet and recommended websites. The banner colour of this section is light green.
 * I.T.

The Notes section usually offers articles of interesting, sometimes absurd events happening around the world. The banner colour of this section is purple.
 * Notes

This section is dedicated to young working women, similar to those offered in popular women's magazines. Besides tips and advice on women's health and beauty, there is also a section dedicated to relationship advice for women readers with personal problems. The banner colour of this section is pink.
 * OL (Office Lady) and Health

This section offers entertainment news regarding celebrities, music and movies. There are usually two pages dedicated to this section. One page focuses on local Hong Kong celebrities, while the other covers international celebrities. There are occasional extras in this section such as movie reviews and basic introductions of a foreign language. The banner colour of this section is mustard yellow.
 * Entertainment

"730 Angle" offers letters and readers' opinions on various issues. There is also a small section on events and book reviews. On the right hand corner is a "snapshot" section dedicated to teen fashion and trends, including the mobile phones they use.
 * Readers

This section that relates tips and overviews of leisure activities. Generally this section contains comics, western horoscopes, tarot predictions of the future, and cooking tips and recipes.
 * Leisure

This section provides a selected schedule of programmes offered on both local and cable television. At the bottom section, there is a review of some recommended programs. Last but not least are the credits of the editorial team as well as a list of contacts for the newspaper.
 * Television

The back page of the paper is typically occupied by a full-page advertisement.
 * Back page

Generally, the news accounts presented are brief and limited, due at least in part to space limitations. As am730 is a free newspaper, the operating cost largely depends on the advertisement revenue. A full-page advertisement appears on every other page, mainly placed between the local news section and the finance section. Smaller advertisements are scattered throughout the newspaper.

Editorial team
Currently, the editorial team consists of 50 people. Key staff are :

 * President: Alan Lo
 * Vice-President: Danny Fung and Ricky Lo
 * Sales and Marketing Director: Ray Lee
 * Associate Managing Editor: Dominic Leung
 * Marketing Manager: Agnes Chen
 * Chief Reporter: Kenneth Dai
 * General Chief Reporter: Ray Tsang
 * Photography Director: Edmond Wong
 * Arts Director: Spring Kwok

Operations
The initial launch of the newspaper cost up to HK$100 million. It was Shih's private investment. At the first stage, working capital was just HK$50 million; another HK$50 million will be invested if the operation proves successful. Shih Wing-ching expects that revenue and expenditures will be balanced after a year of publication.

As a free newspaper, the major operational revenue is gained from commercial advertisements. After the first month of publication, the revenue gained from commercial advertisements was HK$100 million while am730 still needed to bear HK$100 million to HK$200 million in losses every day. The advertising rates in am730 are estimated to be HK$24,000 – HK$30,000, 30% to 40% lower than Metropolis Daily's rates of HK$32,000 to HK$40,000. This is a strategic action to attract more advertisements.

From July 2013, under a six-year contract, the paper is printed by the South China Morning Post Group.

Distribution points

am730 is distributed from Mondays to Fridays (except public holidays) at around 287 locations. Distribution locations include railway stations along the East Rail line and West Rail line, the entrances of Mass Transit Railway (MTR) stations, private residential areas, and many points in the Central business district (or CBD).

Due to limited human resources and the specific target group of am730, early distribution points were not as efficient. Its main focus is now in the commercial districts of Hong Kong such as Central, Wan Chai and Tsim Sha Tsui.

Online papers
am730 is also accessible online. Besides viewing the most recent issue, readers can also view archived issues of am730 online. The e-paper is formatted in such a way that it resembles the actual printed paper.

title: Am730


text:
Brucella

Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, named after David Bruce (1855–1931). They are small (0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 μm), non-encapsulated, non-motile, facultatively intracellular coccobacilli.

Brucella spp. are the cause of brucellosis, which is a zoonosis transmitted by ingesting contaminated food (such as unpasteurized milk products), direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols. Transmission from human to human, for example, through sexual intercourse, or from mother to child, is exceedingly rare, but possible. Minimum infectious exposure is between 10 and 100 organisms.

The different species of Brucella are genetically very similar, although each has a slightly different host specificity. Hence, the National Center for Biotechnology Information taxonomy includes most Brucella species under B. melitensis.

The many names of brucellosis include (human disease/animal disease):
 * Malta fever/Bang's disease
 * Undulant fever/enzootic abortion
 * Mediterranean fever/epizootic abortion
 * Rock fever of Gibraltar/slinking of calves
 * Gastric fever/ram epididymitis
 * Contagious abortion/spontaneous abortion

Human brucellosis
Sir David Bruce isolated B. melitensis from British soldiers who died from Malta fever in Malta. After exposure to Brucella, humans generally have a two- to four-week latency period before exhibiting symptoms, which include acute undulating fever (>90% of all cases), headache, arthralgia (>50%), night sweats, fatigue, and anorexia. Later complications may include arthritis or epididymo-orchitis, spondylitis, neurobrucellosis, liver abscess formation, and endocarditis, the latter potentially fatal.

Human brucellosis is usually not transmitted from human to human; people become infected by contact with fluids from infected animals (sheep, cattle, or pigs) or derived food products, such as unpasteurized milk and cheese. Brucellosis is also considered an occupational disease because of a higher incidence in people working with animals (slaughterhouse cases). People may also be infected by inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosols, and as such, the CDC has labeled Brucella species as highly weaponizable. Human and animal brucellosis share the persistence of the bacteria in tissues of the mononuclear phagocyte system, including the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Brucella can also target the male reproductive tract.

Globally, an estimated 500,000 cases of brucellosis occur each year.

Malta fever was a major health problem to British troops in Malta in the 19th and early 20th centuries, resulting in over 6000 cases and 574 deaths. In 1860, J.A. Maraston, assistant surgeon in the British Army in Malta, gave the first accurate description of the disease he called "Mediterranean gastric remittent fever". In 1897, A.E. Wright, a pathologist in British army, developed the agglutination test, diagnostic of the disease.

In 1905, Zammit, a Maltese physician, identified goats as the source of infection. E. Bang, a Danish veterinarian, described the intracellular pathogen causing abortion in cattle in 1897, and named it Bacillus abortus. In 1918, A. Evans, an American microbiologist, made the connection between B. abortus and Micrococcus melitensis, and placed them in the Bacteriaceae.

In 1914, Mohler isolated an organism from the liver and spleen of pigs, B. suis; B. neotome, B. ovis, and B. canis were described in 1957, 1963, and 1966, respectively.

Transmission
Zoonosis affecting domestic animals is caused by contact with milk, urine, and genital organs, which concentrate the causative organisms. Some reservoirs include buffalo and other animals, but mostly cattle. In humans, the disease is acquired from unpasteurised milk and products or undercooked meat (consumers), laboratory inhalation (lab workers), accidental skin penetration or abrasion (farmers, slaughterhouse workers, and veterinarians), and (rarely) conjunctival contact, blood transfusion, transplacental, and person-to-person.

Human disease
Brucellosis can affect any organ or organ system, and 90% of patients have a cyclical (undulant) fever. Though variable, symptoms can also include these clinical signs: headache, weakness, arthralgia, depression, weight loss, fatigue, and liver dysfunction. Foul-smelling perspiration is considered a classical sign. Between 20 and 60% of cases have osteoarticular complications: arthritis, spondylitis, or osteomyelitis. Hepatomegaly may occur, as can gastrointestinal complications.

Up to 20% of cases can have genitourinary involvement; orchitis and epididymitis are most common. Neurological symptoms include depression and mental fatigue. Cardiovascular involvement can include endocarditis resulting in death.

Chronic brucellosis is hard to define; length, type, and response to treatment are variable. Localized infection can occur. Blood donations of infected persons should not be accepted.

The general agreement is that brucellosis in pregnant women is not linked to congenital malformations. The newborn can be either uninfected, which is more common, or infected with congenital or neonatal brucellosis. The majority of uninfected neonates delivered at term have a favorable outcome, whereas preterm births and cases with congenital brucellosis have an increased risk of neonatal death. Congenital brucellosis can be transmitted transplacentally, whereas neonatal brucellosis can be acquired through contact with body fluids secreted during birth or through postpartum breastfeeding. Congenital brucellosis, on the other hand, is a rare condition; most cases are associated with premature birth, and it affects about 2% of infants exposed to brucellosis in utero. Congenitally infected infants can exhibit low birth weight, failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, respiratory difficulty, and general signs of sepsis (fever, vomiting). Some cases are asymptomatic.

Characteristics
Brucella species are small, Gram-negative, facultative coccobacilli, most lacking a capsule, endospores, or native plasmids. They are intracellular within the host organism, and show environmental persistence outside the host. The intracellular trafficking includes two or three main steps, starting with endosomal vacuoles, then endoplasmic reticulum-derived compartments and finally vacuoles having several markers of atypical autophagy. They survive extremes in temperature, pH, and humidity, and in frozen and aborted materials. They infect many species, but with some specificity.

The Brucella species belongs to the Rhizobiales group, in the Alphaproteobacteria class. They are growing by unipolar growth, like Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Sinorhizobium meliloti, and Ochrobactrum anthropi. They usually have two chromosomes and their replication and segregation are temporally organized.

Clinical manifestations
The gastrointestinal tract is affected in about 70% of cases, including anorexia, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. The liver is involved in most cases, but function tests are normal or mildly abnormal. Granulomas (B. abortus), hepatitis (B. melitensis), and abscesses (B. suis) are seen.

The skeletal system is affected in 20–60% of cases, including arthritis (hip, knee, and ankle), spondylitis, osteomyelitis, and sacroiliitis (most common). Lumbar vertebrae can be affected showing the classical radiological sign of vertebral erosion. Neurological symptoms include meningitis, encephalitis, radiculopathy, peripheral neuropathy, intracerebral abscesses, and acute or chronic neck rigidity (<50%), and the cerebrospinal fluid can show lymphocytic pleocytosis, low sugar, increased protein, positive bacterial culture (<50%), and agglutination (positive in >95%).

Cardiovascular involvement is low (endocarditis at 2%), but is the major cause of mortality. Often, valve replacement and antibiotics are needed. Pericarditis and myocarditis are seen, too.

Pulmonary infection can be from inhalation or hematogenous sources, and can cause any chest syndrome. Rarely is Brucella isolated from sputum. Genitourinary infection can include epidydemoorchitis or pyonephrosis (rare). Cutaneous involvement is not specific. Hematological signs include anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.

Diagnosis
Brucella is isolated from a blood culture on Castaneda medium or from bone marrow. Prolonged incubation (up to six weeks) may be required, as they are slow-growing, but on modern automated machines, the cultures often show positive results within 7 days. On Gram stain, they appear as dense clumps of Gram-negative coccobacilli and are exceedingly difficult to see. In recent years, molecular diagnostic techniques based on the genetic component of the pathogen have become more popular.

Differentiating Brucella from Salmonella is crucial, as the latter could also be isolated from blood cultures and is Gram-negative. Testing for urease would successfully accomplish the task; it is positive for Brucella and negative for Salmonella. Brucella can also be seen in bone marrow biopsies.

Laboratory-acquired brucellosis is common. This most often happens when the disease is not thought of until cultures become positive, by which time the specimens have already been handled by a number of laboratory staff. The idea of preventive treatment is to stop people who have been exposed to Brucella from becoming ill with the disease.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) shows promise for rapid diagnosis of Brucella species in human blood specimens. Positive PCR at the completion of treatment is not predictive of subsequent relapse. PCR testing for fluid and tissue samples other than blood has also been described. A history of animal contact is pivotal; in endemic area, it should be in the diagnosis of any nonspecific febrile illness.

In the laboratory, biochemical tests can be diagnostic. Oxidase and catalase tests are positive for most members of the genus Brucella.

Serum agglutination with a titer > 1:160 in the presence of a compatible illness supports the diagnosis of brucellosis. Demonstration of a four-fold or greater increase or decrease in agglutinating antibodies over four to 12 weeks provides even stronger evidence for the diagnosis.

ELISA is probably the second-most common serologic method. The sensitivity of the ELISA was 100% when compared with blood culture, but only 44% compared with serologic tests other than ELISA. The specificity was >99%. In a study including 75 patients with brucellosis, five patients with positive ELISA had a negative tube agglutination test. In several Brucella-endemic regions, the Febrile Antigen Brucella Agglutination Test (FBAT) is primarily used for diagnostics. Recent investigations on the use of FBAT have however illustrated its high inaccuracy in proper diagnosis, highlighting the difficulty of brucellosis control in low-income settings.

In the setting of Brucella arthritis, the synovial-fluid white blood cell count does not generally exceed 15,000 cells/μl. In brucellosis, lymphocytes frequently predominate (in contrast to septic arthritis due to other bacteria, in which polymorphonuclear leukocytes frequently predominate.

The prognosis for brucellosis before the use of antibiotics had a mortality of 2%, mainly due to endocarditis, and morbidity was high, especially with B. melitensis. Permanent nerve deafness and spinal cord damage often occurred.

Prevention now includes: As regions endemic with Brucella primarily are low-income environments, approaching proper control of brucellosis remains a challenge. A recent case-based investigation in north-eastern Kenya illustrated how community engagement with veterinarians and medical professionals might contribute in preventive strategies, but that additional political engagement is called for to ensure proper diagnostic and treatment standards.
 * Control of disease in domestic animals by immunization using B. abortus strain 19 and B. melitensis strain Rev 1: Vaccination in young cattle helps in protection, but does not offer  full effectiveness.
 * Routine pasteurization of milk
 * In labs, strict biosafety precautions

Treatment
No clinical trials exist to be relied on as a guide for optimal treatment, but an at least six-week course of rifampicin or gentamicin and doxycycline twice daily is the combination most often used, and appears to be efficacious; the advantage of this regimen is that it is oral medication with no injections; however, a high rate of side effects (nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite) has also been reported. The relatedness in treatment and endemic overlap of tuberculosis remains an issue however, as treatment of one might cause resistance in the second. Local dispensaries dealing first-hand with brucellosis are occasionally also not aware on how to treat properly, highlighting the need for reevaluation on implementation of international treatment regimes.

As of August 2013, Allison Rice-Ficht, Ph.D. at Texas A&M University and her team claim to be close to creating a human vaccine. It would primarily be used to immunize members of the military in case of exposure to weaponized Brucella on the battlefield.

Host specificity and animal brucellosis
Brucella species have been found primarily in mammals:

Pathogenic Brucella species can cause abortion in female animals by colonization of placental trophoblasts, and sterility in male animals. Drugs with effects against Brucella include tetracyclines, aminoglycosides (streptomycin, [since 1947], gentamicin, netilmicin), rifampicin, quinolones (ciprofloxacin), and third-generation cephalosporins. Treatment for uncomplicated brucellosis includes:
 * Streptomycin + doxycycline for 6 weeks
 * TMP/SMX + doxycycline for 6 weeks
 * Rifampicin + doxycycline for 6 weeks

Treatment of complicated brucellosis (endocarditis, meningitis) has no uniform agreement, but usually uses three anti-Brucella drugs for three months.

The plague of Thebes
Brucellosis caused by B. abortus best fits the characteristics of the plague described in Oedipus Rex. Although the disease progression of brucellosis in modern times may make it seem unlikely, it was at least one agent in what may have been a multicomponent plague, along with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi or another pathogen, or possibly the ancestral versions of Brucella were more lethal.

Genomics
The Brucella genome includes two chromosomes; the first chromosome codes mostly for genes related to metabolism, while the second (smaller one) includes several genes related to pathogenicity. The genomes of most Brucella species have been sequenced, and typically encode 3,200 to 3,500 open reading frames (ORFs). Examples include:
 * 1) Brucella abortus A13334, 3,401 ORFs
 * 2) Brucella canis ATCC 23365, 3,408 ORFs
 * 3) Brucella melitensis 16M, 3,279 ORFs
 * 4) Brucella microti CCM 4915, 3,346 ORFs
 * 5) Brucella ovis ATCC 25840, 3,193 ORFs
 * 6) Brucella pinnipedialis B2/94, 3,505 ORFs
 * 7) Brucella suis 1330, 3,408 ORFs

Genome data for these and other Brucella strains are available in the GOLD and PATRIC databases. Also, a public and editable spreadsheet of B. abortus 2308W genome annotation has been created, to be updated based on new discoveries. Also, the genome annotation is available in a user friendly table at the web page http://hdl.handle.net/11056/23125.

Bacterial small RNAs (sRNA) are an important class of regulatory molecules. Many Brucella sRNAs have been identified.

Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). The phylogeny is based on whole-genome analysis.

Effect of blue light
Infection of macrophages by B. abortus is stimulated by blue light in the wild type, but is limited in photochemically inactive and null mutants, indicating a flavin-containing histidine kinase functions as a photoreceptor regulating B. abortus virulence. Conversely, depriving Brucella of the blue wavelengths dropped its reproductive rate by 90%.

title: Brucella


text:
Court-bouillon

Court-bouillon or court bouillon (in Louisiana, pronounced coo-bee-yon) is a quickly-cooked broth used for poaching other foods, most commonly fish or seafood. It is also sometimes used for poaching vegetables, eggs, sweetbreads, cockscombs, and delicate meats. It includes seasonings and salt but lacks animal gelatin.

Description
Court bouillon loosely translates from French as "short broth" because the cooking time is brief in comparison with a rich and complex stock, and generally is not served as part of the finished dish. Because delicate foods do not cook for very long, it is prepared before the foods are added. Typically, cooking times do not exceed 60 minutes.

Although a court bouillon may become the base for a stock or fumet, in traditional terms it is differentiated by the inclusion of acidulating ingredients such as wine, vinegar, or lemon juice. In addition to contributing their own flavor, acids help to draw flavors from the vegetable aromatics during the short preparation time prior to use. Court bouillon also includes salt and lacks animal gelatin.

Types
Traditionally, court bouillon is made from water, salt, white wine, vegetable aromatics (mirepoix of carrot, onion, and celery), and flavored with bouquet garni and black pepper.

Court-bouillon need not be elaborate. Court bouillon used to prepare lobster may be as simple as water, salt, lemon juice, and perhaps thyme and bay leaf; that for poached eggs may be salt, water, and vinegar.

In Louisiana Creole and Cajun cuisines, court-bouillon — often spelled "courtbouillon" — refers to a thick, rich fish stew most often prepared with redfish and thickened with roux.

title: Court-bouillon


text:
Rock Me Amadeus

"Rock Me Amadeus" is a song recorded by Austrian musician Falco, for his third studio album, Falco 3 (1985). The single was made available for physical sale in 1985 in German-speaking Europe, through A&M. "Rock Me Amadeus" was written by Falco along with Dutch music producers Bolland & Bolland. To date, the single is the only German language song to peak at number one of the Billboard Hot 100, which it did on 29 March 1986.

It topped the singles charts on both sides of the Atlantic. It was Falco's only number one hit in both the United States and the United Kingdom, despite the artist's popularity in his native Austria and much of Europe.

Background and production
Originally recorded in German, the song is about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, his popularity and his debts. A longer version (eight minutes), named the "Salieri Mix", appeared on the initial US release of the album Falco 3. The song was inspired by the movie Amadeus. The US release did not include an English translation, instead remixing the song with an English background voice-over performed by Wie is de Mol? producer Rick McCullough, and presenting the following facts:
 * 1756: Salzburg, January 27th, Wolfgang Amadeus is born.
 * 1761: At the age of five Amadeus begins composing.
 * 1773: He writes his first piano concerto.
 * 1782: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart marries Constanze Weber.
 * 1784: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart becomes a Freemason.
 * 1791: Mozart composes The Magic Flute.
 * On December 5th of that same year, Mozart dies. (Requiem)
 * 1985: Austrian rock singer Falco records... "Rock Me Amadeus"!

Official versions and remixes
The song was released in Europe in 1985 in its original, German-language version. For the international markets (United States, UK, Japan, etc.), several different single and extended mixes were produced by Rob Bolland; none of them were solely an English-language version, but the international single versions reduced the German lyrics. However, the video, which featured the original European version, was used worldwide.

 * 1) Original Version (a.k.a. The Gold Mix) (3:21)
 * 2) Extended Version (7:07)
 * 3) Salieri Version (8:21) (on the international versions of Falco 3 this mix is denoted wrongly as "Solieri Version")
 * 4) Short Salieri Version (4:50)
 * 5) Special Salieri Version (3:59)
 * 6) American Edit (3:10)
 * 7) Canadian Edit (4:02)
 * 8) Canadian/American Edit (3:59)
 * 9) Extended American Edit (5:50)
 * 10) Club Mix 1991 (6:47)
 * 11) Radio Remix 1991 (4:30)
 * 12) Instrumental Remix 1991 (1:29)
 * 13) Live Version 1985 (from the album Opus & Friends) (4:20)
 * 14) Live Version 1986 (from the album Live Forever) (6:04)
 * 15) Symphonic Remix 2008 (from the album Symphonic) (4:52)
 * 16) Live Symphonic Version 1994 (from the DVD Symphonic) (4:12)
 * 17) Falco Biography Mix 2010 (from the 25th Anniversary Edition of Falco 3) (download only) (8:48)
 * 18) Ogris Debris Wiener Mischung 2017 (from the Falco remix series JNG RMR) (4:50)
 * 19) Motsa's Dub Revibe 2017 (from the Falco remix series JNG RMR) (3:10)
 * 20) Wolfram Mix 2019 (from the album "Amadeus" by Wolfram) (4:36)
 * 21) Extended Canadian/American 2022 Re-Edit (from the best of album "The Sound Of Musik") (5:25)

Music video
The song's music video mixes elements of Mozart's time with 1980s contemporary society. Falco is shown in a 20th-century-style dinner jacket, walking past people in eighteenth-century formal wear. Later, he is shown dressed as Mozart, with wild colored hair, being held on the shoulders of men dressed in modern motorcycle-riding attire. At the end, the two crowds mix.

The video for the 1991 remix is a much more sexualized version, starting with the refrain 'sugar sweet', with extra footage spliced throughout, including a similar black carriage riding at night with the driver covered in lights, escorted by police motorcycles, scantily clad girls; in black leather riding outside it, and bright neon fashions inside, resembling earlier-century formal wear. A different crowd in a more Mozart-era formal attire was excessively fraternizing at a party. This version also contains red line art of Falco, guitar riff clips, and a long car scene driving away at the end, to a saxophone solo over the added refrain.

Commercial performance
With "Rock Me Amadeus", Falco became the first German-speaking artist to be credited with a number-one single on both mainstream US pop singles chart, the Billboard Hot 100 and Cash Box Top 100 Singles. Prior to Falco, "99 Luftballons" by Nena got to number one on Cash Box, but peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. The single hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on 29 March 1986.

In the United Kingdom, where his "Der Kommissar" failed to make the charts, the song hit number one on 10 May 1986, becoming the first single by an Austrian act to achieve this distinction. "Vienna Calling" hit number 10 and three subsequent singles briefly charted.

In Canada, the song reached number one on 1 February 1986. (There, "Der Kommissar" had reached number 11 in January 1983, and "Vienna Calling" would hit number 8 in April 1986.)

"Rock Me Amadeus" would later be ranked number 87 in VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s and number 44 in VH1's 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders.

Parody on The Simpsons
In the seventh season episode entitled "A Fish Called Selma", Troy McClure (and other cast members) stars in a Planet of the Apes musical theatre adaptation Stop the Planet of the Apes, I Want to Get Off!, featuring a musical-style parody of "Rock Me Amadeus", "Dr. Zaius".

title: Rock Me Amadeus