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Walter Heitler

Walter Heinrich Heitler FRS MRIA ; 2 January 1904 – 15 November 1981) was a German physicist who made contributions to quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory. He brought chemistry under quantum mechanics through his theory of valence bonding.

Education
In 1922, Heitler began his study of physics at the Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule, in 1923 at the Humboldt University of Berlin, and in 1924 at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), where he studied under both Arnold Sommerfeld and Karl Herzfeld. The latter was his thesis advisor when he obtained his doctorate in 1926; Herzfeld taught courses in theoretical physics and one in physical chemistry, and in Sommerfeld's absence often took over his classes. From 1926 to 1927, he was a Rockefeller Foundation Fellow for postgraduate research with Niels Bohr at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen and with Erwin Schrödinger at the University of Zurich. He then became an assistant to Max Born at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen. Heitler completed his Habilitation, under Born, in 1929, and then remained as a Privatdozent until 1933. In that year, he was let go by the university because he was Jewish.

At the time Heitler received his doctorate, three Institutes for Theoretical Physics formed a consortium which worked on the key problems of the day, such as atomic and molecular structure, and exchanged both scientific information and personnel in their scientific quests. These institutes were located at the LMU, under Arnold Sommerfeld, the University of Göttingen, under Max Born, and the University of Copenhagen, under Niels Bohr. Furthermore, Werner Heisenberg and Born had just recently published their trilogy of papers which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. Also, in early 1926, Erwin Schrödinger, at the University of Zurich, began to publish his quintet of papers which launched the wave mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics   and showed that the wave mechanics and matrix mechanics formulations were equivalent. These papers immediately put the personnel at the leading theoretical physics institutes onto applying these new tools to understanding atomic and molecular structure. It was in this environment that Heitler went on his Rockefeller Foundations Fellowship, leaving LMU and within a period of two years going to do research and study with the leading figures of the day in theoretical physics, Bohr's personnel in Copenhagen, Schrödinger in Zurich, and Born in Göttingen.

In Zurich, with Fritz London, Heitler applied the new quantum mechanics to deal with the saturable, nondynamic forces of attraction and repulsion, i.e., exchange forces, of the hydrogen molecule. Their valence bond treatment of this problem, was a landmark in that it brought chemistry under quantum mechanics. Furthermore, their work greatly influenced chemistry through Linus Pauling, who had just received his doctorate and on a Guggenheim Fellowship visited Heitler and London in Zurich. Pauling spent much of his career studying the nature of the chemical bond. The application of quantum mechanics to chemistry would be a prominent theme in Heitler's career.

While Heitler was at Göttingen, Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. With the rising prominence of anti-Semitism under Hitler, Born took it upon himself to take the younger Jewish generation under his wing. In doing so, Born arranged for Heitler to get a position that year as a Research Fellow at the University of Bristol, with Nevill Francis Mott.

Career
At Bristol, Heitler was a Research Fellow of the Academic Assistance Council, in the H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory. At Bristol, among other things, he worked on quantum field theory and quantum electrodynamics on his own, as well as in collaboration with other scientific refugees from Hitler, such as Hans Bethe and Herbert Fröhlich, who also left Germany in 1933.

With Bethe, he published a paper on pair production of gamma rays in the Coulomb field of an atomic nucleus, in which they developed the Bethe-Heitler formula for Bremsstrahlung.

In 1936, Heitler published his major work on quantum electrodynamics, The Quantum Theory of Radiation, which marked the direction for future developments in quantum theory. The book appeared in many editions and printings and has been translated into Russian.

Heitler also contributed to the understanding of cosmic rays, as well as predicted the existence of the electrically neutral pi meson. While developing the theory of cosmic ray showers in 1937, he became aware of the latest experimental work in the field: the observation of cosmic ray interactions in Nuclear emulsion by Austrian physicists Marietta Blau and Hertha Wambacher. He mentioned this to Bristol colleague Cecil Powell, saying that the method appeared so straightforward that 'even a theoretician might be able also to do it'. This intrigued Powell, and he convinced theoretician Heitler to travel to Switzerland with a batch of llford emulsions and expose them on the Jungfraujoch at 3500m. In a letter to 'Nature' in August 1939, Heitler and Powell were able to confirm the observations of Blau and Wambacher. Thus Heitler had some influence in setting Cecil Powell on the first step of his path to the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physics, "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method".

After the fall of France in 1940, Heitler was briefly interned on the Isle of Man for several months.

Heitler remained at Bristol eight years, until 1941, when he became a professor at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, which was arranged there by Erwin Schrödinger, Director of the School for Theoretical Physics. He has been described as the "unsung hero of DIAS in the 1940s".

At Dublin, Heitler's work with H. W. Peng on radiation damping theory and the meson scattering process resulted in the Heitler-Peng integral equation. During his stay in Dublin he lived at 21 Seapark Road, Clontarf, down the road from Erwin Schrödinger.

During the 1942–1943 academic year, Heitler gave a course on elementary wave mechanics, during which W. S. E. Hickson took notes and prepared a finished copy. These notes were the basis for Heitler's book Elementary Wave Mechanics: Introductory Course of Lectures, first published in 1943. A new edition was published as Elementary Wave Mechanics in 1945. This version was revised and republished many times, as well as being translated into French and Italian and published in 1949 and in German in 1961. A further revised version appeared as Elementary Wave Mechanics With Applications to Quantum Chemistry in 1956, as well as in German in 1961.

Schrödinger resigned as Director of the School for Theoretical Physics in 1946, but stayed at Dublin, whereupon Heitler became Director. Heitler stayed at Dublin until 1949, when he accepted a position as Ordinarius Professor for Theoretical Physics and Director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Zurich, where he remained until 1974, when he retired.

In 1958, Heitler held the Lorentz Chair for Theoretical Physics at the University of Leiden.

While in Zurich, after some years, he began writing on the philosophical relationship of science to religion. His books were published in German, English, and French.

Quote

 * Physics eats chemistry with a spoon.

Awards and honors

 * 1943: Elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy
 * 1948: Elected a fellow of the Royal Society.
 * 1954: Awarded an honorary Doctor of Science (DSc) of the National University of Ireland.
 * 1968: Awarded the Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society.
 * 1969: Awarded the Marcel Benoist Prize.
 * 1979: Awarded the Gold Medal of the Humboldt Society.

Physics

 * Walter Heitler Elementary Wave Mechanics: Introductory Course of Lectures Notes taken and prepared by W.S.E. Hickson (Oxford, 1943)
 * Walter Heitler Elementary Wave Mechanics (Oxford, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1950)
 * Walter Heitler The Quantum Theory of Radiation (Clarendon Press, 1936, 1944, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1960, 1966, 1970)
 * Reprinted by Dover Publications in 1984.
 * Walter Heitler 14 Offprints: 1928-1947 (1947)
 * Walter Heitler Eléments de Mécanique Ondulatoire (Presses Universitaires de France, PUF, Paris, 1949, 1964)
 * Walter Heitler Elementi di Meccanica Ondulatoria con presentazione di R.Ciusa (Zuffi, Bologna,1949)
 * Walter Heitler Elementary Wave Mechanics With Applications to Quantum Chemistry (Oxford University, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1969)
 * Walter Heitler The Quantum Theory of Radiation [Russian Translation] (Moscow, 1956)
 * Walter Heitler Lectures on Problems Connected with the Finite Size of Elementary Particles (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. Lectures on mathematics and physics. Physics) (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1961)
 * Walter Heitler and Klaus Müller Elementare Wellenmechanik (Vieweg, 1961)
 * Walter Heitler Elementare Wellenmechanik. Mit Anwendung auf die Quantenchemie (Vieweg Friedr. & Sohn Ver, 1961)
 * Walter Heitler Wahrheit und Richtigkeit in den exakten Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen der mathematisch- naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse. Jahrgang 1972. Nr. 3. (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Mainz, Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1972)
 * Walter Heitler Über die Komplementarität von lebloser und lebender Materie. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Jahrg. 1976, Nr. 1 (Mainz, Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Kommission bei F. Steiner, 1976)

Science and religion

 * Walter Heitler Der Mensch und die naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnis (Vieweg Friedr. & Sohn Ver, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1984)
 * Walter Heitler Man and Science (Oliver and Boyd, 1963)
 * Walter Heitler Die Frage nach dem Sinn der Evolution (Herder, 1969)
 * Walter Heitler Naturphilosophische Streifzüge (Vieweg Friedr. & Sohn Ver, 1970, 1984)
 * Walter Heitler Naturwissenschaft ist Geisteswissenschaft (Zürich : Verl. die Waage, 1972)
 * K. Rahner, H.R. Schlette, B. Welte, R. Affemann, D. Savramis, W. Heitler Gott in dieser Zeit (C. H. Beck, 1972)ISBN 3-406-02484-X
 * Walter Heitler Die Natur und das Göttliche (Klett & Balmer; 1. Aufl edition, 1974)ISBN 978-3-7206-9001-0
 * Walter Heitler Gottesbeweise? Und weitere Vorträge (1977)ISBN 978-3-264-90100-9
 * Walter Heitler La Nature et Le Divin (A la Baconniere, 1977)
 * Walter Heitler Schöpfung, die Öffnung der Naturwissenschaft zum Göttlichen (Verlag der Arche, 1979)ISBN 978-3-7160-1663-3
 * Walter Heitler Schöpfung als Gottesbeweis. Die Öffnung der Naturwissenschaft zum Göttlichen (1979)

title: Walter Heitler


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scientific knowledge in the Quran

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 18:04, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Scientific knowledge in the Quran
Listed for a speedy as "very controversial and lack of reliable references". Well, first of all we're not here to be politically correct, and second of all it refers to three sources. And so, barring any other easy method, I'm Vfding it. Enjoy. :) GarrettTalk 12:45, 22 July 2005 (UTC) At least 2 of the sources are not necessarily reliable (and the Bucaille book is very controversial - even though I found it a great read and agreed with many points in it). In any case, I can live with a vfd. I created this article very recently, but I am doubting that it is worthy of article status (yet); my intention was to create a comprehensive article on Islam and science (does such an article, with a different name of course, already exist?) and possibly include some of the contents in the scientific knowledge in the Quran article in that one. That's really why I want to delete this article. --Mpatel 13:08, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

The legend of Caliph Omar's destruction of the library provides the classical example of a dilemma: Omar is reported to have said that if the books of the library did not contain the teachings of the Qur'an, they were useless and should be destroyed; if the books did contain the teachings of the Qur'an, they were superfluous and should be destroyed. Need more be said ? Delete the entire 'paedia --Simon Cursitor 14:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * May I quote the Wikipaedia itself, anent the Library of Alexandria:
 * Delete — the usual self-justification of religious beliefs through analogy. I've seen similar arguments applied to the Bible. Non-encyclopedic. — RJH 15:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Like all religions, the Faith of the Invisible Pink Unicorn  is based upon both logic and faith. We have faith that she is pink; we logically know that she is invisible because we can't see her.  Dunc | ☺  19:06, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, the topic should be discussed somewhere, but this title is POV, and this isn't an article yet. - Mustafaa 00:39, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV, not encyclopedic. JamesBurns 04:25, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV, unencyclopedic, unreferenced, potential minefield of controversy. Binadot 22:51, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Mouse-eared bat

The mouse-eared bats or myotises are a diverse and widespread genus (Myotis) of bats within the family Vespertilionidae. The noun "myotis" itself is a Neo-Latin construction, from the Greek "muós (meaning "mouse") and "oûs" (meaning ear), literally translating to "mouse-eared".

Relationships
Myotis has historically been included in the subfamily Vespertilioninae, but was classified in its own subfamily, Myotinae, by Nancy Simmons in 1998. In her 2005 classification in Mammal Species of the World, Simmons listed the genera Cistugo and Lasionycteris in the Myotinae in addition to Myotis itself. However, molecular data indicate that Cistugo is distantly related to all other Vespertilionidae, so it was reclassified into its own family, the Cistugidae, and that Lasionycteris belongs in the Vespertilioninae. The genus Submyotodon has since been added to the subfamily, making it and Myotis its only members.

Appearance and behavior
Their ears are normally longer than they are wide, with a long and lance-shaped tragus, hence their English and zoological names. The species within this genus vary in size from very large to very small for vesper bats, with a single pair of mammary glands.

Mouse-eared bats are generally insectivores. M. vivesi, and several members of the trawling bat ecomorph Leuconoe, have relatively large feet with long toes, and take small fish from the water surface (they also take insects).

Longevity
Myotis species are remarkably long-lived for their size; in 2018, researchers revealed that a longitudinal study appears to indicate that Myotis telomeres do not shrink with age, and that telomerase does not appear to be present in the Myotis metabolism. 13 species of Myotis bats live longer than 20 years and 4 species live longer than 30 years. The longest-living species of Myotis, and longest-living bat in general, is thought to be the Siberian bat (M. sibiricus); one individual discovered in 2005 was found to be over 41 years old at the time.

Species
Traditionally, Myotis was divided into three large subgenera—Leuconoe, Myotis, and Selysius. However, molecular data indicate that these subgenera are not natural groups, but instead unnatural assemblages of convergently similar species. Instead, Myotis species largely fall in two main clades, one containing Old World and the other New World species. The ITIS presently divides it into three subgenera: Chrysopteron (containing most reddish-colored Old World species), Myotis (containing almost all other Old World species), and Pizonyx (containing all New World species and the Eurasian Myotis brandtii and Myotis sibiricus, which are more closely related to New World species than to other Old World species). The Asian species Myotis latirostris falls outside the clade formed by these main groups, and has since been reclassified into a separate genus, Submyotodon, alongside several others.

Myotis is a highly species-rich genus, and the classification of many species remains unsettled. The taxonomy below is based on that of the ITIS in 2021. Some differences in taxonomy from the 2005 third edition of Mammal Species of the World are indicated in footnotes.

 * Subgenus Chrysopteron:
 * Myotis anjouanensis (Dorst, 1960) - Anjouan myotis
 * Myotis bartelsii (Jentink, 1910) - Bartels's myotis
 * Myotis bocagii (Peters, 1870) - rufous mouse-eared bat
 * Myotis dieteri (Happold, 2005) - Kock's mouse-eared bat
 * Myotis emarginatus (E. Geoffroy, 1806) - Geoffroy's bat
 * Myotis formosus (Hodgson, 1835) - Hodgson's bat, copper-winged bat
 * Myotis goudotii (A. Smith, 1834) - Malagasy mouse-eared bat
 * Myotis hermani Thomas, 1923 - Herman's myotis
 * Myotis morrisi Hill, 1971 - Morris's bat
 * Myotis nimbaensis (Simmons et al., 2021) - Nimba mountain bat
 * Myotis rufoniger (Tomes, 1858) - reddish-black myotis
 * Myotis rufopictus (Waterhouse, 1845) - orange-fingered myotis
 * Myotis scotti Thomas, 1927 - Scott's mouse-eared bat
 * Myotis tricolor (Temminck, 1832) - Cape hairy bat, little brown bat, Temminck's mouse-eared bat, Cape myotis, tricoloured mouse-eared bat, Cape hairy myotis, Temminck's hairy bat, three-coloured bat
 * Myotis weberi (Jentink, 1890) - Weber's myotis
 * Myotis welwitschii (Gray, 1866) - Welwitsch's bat, Welwitsch's mouse-eared bat, Welwitsch's myotis
 * Subgenus Myotis:
 * Myotis adversus (Horsfield, 1824) - large-footed bat, large-footed mouse-eared bat, large-footed myotis
 * Myotis aelleni (Baud, 1979) - southern myotis (disputed species)
 * Myotis alcathoe (von Helversen and Heller, 2001) - Alcathoe bat
 * Myotis altarium (Thomas, 1911) - Szechwan myotis
 * Myotis alticraniatus Osgood, 1932 - Indochinese whiskered myotis
 * Myotis ancricola Kruskop, Borisenko, Dudorova, & Artyushin, 2018 - valley myotis
 * Myotis annamiticus (Kruskop and Tsytsulina, 2001) - Annamit myotis
 * Myotis annatessae Kruskop & Borisenko, 2013 - Anna Tess's myotis
 * Myotis annectans (Dobson, 1871) - hairy-faced bat
 * Myotis ater (Peters, 1866) - Peters's myotis, small black myotis
 * Myotis badius Tiunov, Kruskop, & Feng Jiang, 2011 - chestnut myotis
 * Myotis bechsteinii (Kuhl, 1817) - Bechstein's bat
 * Myotis blythii (Tomes, 1857) - lesser mouse-eared bat
 * Myotis bombinus (Thomas, 1906) - Far Eastern myotis, bombinus bat
 * Myotis borneoensis Hill & Francis, 1984 - Bornean whiskered myotis
 * Myotis browni E. H. Taylor, 1934 - Brown's whiskered myotis
 * Myotis bucharensis (Kuzyakin, 1950) - Bocharic myotis, Bokhara whiskered bat
 * Myotis capaccinii (Bonaparte, 1837) - long-fingered bat
 * Myotis chinensis (Tomes, 1857) - large myotis
 * Myotis crypticus Ruedi, Ibáñez, Salicini, Juste & Puechmaille, 2019 - cryptic myotis
 * Myotis csorbai (Topál, 1997) - Csorba's mouse-eared bat
 * Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825) - pond bat
 * Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817) - Daubenton's bat
 * Myotis davidii (Peters, 1869) - David's myotis
 * Myotis escalerai Cabrera, 1904 - Escalera's bat
 * Myotis federatus Thomas, 1916 - Malaysian whiskered myotis
 * Myotis fimbriatus (Peters, 1871) - fringed long-footed myotis
 * Myotis frater G.M. Allen, 1923 - fraternal myotis
 * Myotis gomantongensis Francis and Hill, 1998 - Gomantong myotis
 * Myotis hajastanicus Argyropulo, 1939 - Armenian whiskered bat, Hajastan myotis, Armenian myotis (disputed species)
 * Myotis hasseltii (Temminck, 1840) - lesser large-footed bat
 * Myotis horsfieldii (Temminck, 1840) - Horsfield's bat
 * Myotis hoveli Harrison, 1964 - Hovel's myotis
 * Myotis hyrcanicus Benda et al., 2012 - Hyrcanian myotis
 * Myotis ikonnikovi Ognev, 1912 - Ikonnikov's bat
 * Myotis indochinensis Son et al., 2013 - Indochinese myotis
 * Myotis insularum (Dobson, 1878) - insular myotis
 * Myotis laniger Peters, 1871 - Chinese water myotis
 * Myotis longicaudatus Ognev, 1927 - long-tailed myotis
 * Myotis longipes (Dobson, 1873) - Kashmir cave bat
 * Myotis macrodactylus (Temminck, 1840) - eastern long-fingered bat, big-footed myotis
 * Myotis macropus (Gould, 1854) - southern myotis, large-footed myotis
 * Myotis macrotarsus (Waterhouse, 1845) - pallid large-footed myotis, Philippine large-footed myotis
 * Myotis melanorhinus Merriam, 1890 - dark-nosed small-footed myotis (disputed species)
 * Myotis moluccarum (Thomas, 1915) - Maluku myotis, Arafura large-footed bat
 * Myotis montivagus (Dobson, 1874) - Burmese whiskered bat
 * Myotis muricola (Gray, 1846) - wall-roosting mouse-eared bat, Nepalese whiskered myotis
 * Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797) - greater mouse-eared bat
 * Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817) - whiskered bat
 * Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 1817) - Natterer's bat
 * Myotis nipalensis Dobson, 1871 - Nepal myotis
 * Myotis pequinius Thomas, 1908 - Beijing mouse-eared bat, Peking myotis
 * Myotis petax Hollister, 1912 - eastern water bat, Sakhalin bat
 * Myotis peytoni Wroughton & Ryley, 1913 - Peyton's myotis
 * Myotis phanluongi Borisenko, Kruskop and Ivanova, 2008 - Phan Luong's myotis
 * Myotis pilosus Peters, 1869 - Rickett's big-footed bat
 * Myotis pruinosus Yoshiyuki, 1971 - frosted myotis
 * Myotis punicus Felten, Spitzenberger and Storch, 1977 - Felten's myotis
 * Myotis ridleyi Thomas, 1898 - Ridley's bat
 * Myotis rosseti (Oey, 1951) - thick-thumbed myotis
 * Myotis schaubi Kormos, 1934 - Schaub's myotis
 * Myotis secundus Ruedi, Csorba, Lin, & Chou, 2015 - long-toed myotis
 * Myotis sicarius Thomas, 1915 - Mandelli's mouse-eared bat
 * Myotis siligorensis (Horsfield, 1855) - Himalayan whiskered bat
 * Myotis soror Ruedi, Csorba, Lin, & Chou, 2015 - reddish myotis
 * Myotis sowerbyi Howell, 1926 - Sowerby's whiskered myotis
 * Myotis stalkeri Thomas, 1910 - Kei myotis
 * Myotis tschuliensis Kuzyakin, 1935 - Tschuli myotis
 * Myotis yanbarensis Maeda and Matsumara, 1998 - Yanbaru whiskered bat
 * Myotis zenatius Ibáñez, Juste, Salicini, Puechmaille & Ruedi, 2019 - Zenati myotis
 * Subgenus Pizonyx:
 * Myotis albescens (E. Geoffroy, 1806) - silver-tipped myotis
 * Myotis armiensis Carrión-Bonilla & Cook, 2020 - Armién's myotis
 * Myotis atacamensis (Lataste, 1892) - Atacama myotis
 * Myotis attenboroughi Moratelli et al., 2017 - Sir David Attenborough's myotis
 * Myotis auriculus (Baker and Stains, 1955) - southwestern myotis
 * Myotis austroriparius (Rhoads, 1897) - southeastern myotis
 * Myotis bakeri Moratelli, Novaes, Bonilla, & D. E. Wilson, 2019 - Baker's myotis
 * Myotis brandtii (Eversmann, 1845) - Brandt's bat
 * Myotis californicus (Audubon and Bachman, 1842) - California myotis
 * Myotis caucensis Allen, 1914 - Colombian black myotis
 * Myotis chiloensis (Waterhouse, 1840) - Chilean myotis
 * Myotis ciliolabrum (Merriam, 1886) - western small-footed bat, western small-footed myotis
 * Myotis clydejonesi Moratelli, D. E. Wilson, A. L. Gardner, Fisher, & Gutierrez, 2016 - Clyde Jones's myotis
 * Myotis cobanensis (Goodwin, 1955) - Guatemalan myotis
 * Myotis diminutus Moratelli & Wilson, 2011 - diminutive myotis
 * Myotis dinellii Thomas, 1902 - Dinelli's myotis
 * Myotis dominicensis Miller, 1902 - Dominican myotis
 * Myotis elegans Hall, 1962 - elegant myotis
 * Myotis evotis (H. Allen, 1864) - long-eared myotis
 * Myotis findleyi Bogan, 1978 - Findley's myotis
 * Myotis fortidens Miller and Allen, 1928 - cinnamon myotis
 * Myotis grisescens A.H. Howell, 1909 - gray bat
 * Myotis handleyi Moratelli, A. L. Gardner, J. A. Oliveira, & D. E. Wilson, 2013 - Handley's myotis
 * Myotis izecksohni Moratelli, Peracchi, Dias & de Oliveira, 2011 - Izecksohn's myotis
 * Myotis keaysi J.A. Allen, 1914 - hairy-legged myotis
 * Myotis keenii (Merriam, 1895) - Keen's myotis
 * Myotis larensis LaVal, 1973 - Lara myotis
 * Myotis lavali Moratelli, Peracchi, Dias, & Oliveira, 2011 - LaVal's Myotis
 * Myotis leibii (Audubon and Bachman, 1842) - eastern small-footed bat
 * Myotis levis (I. Geoffroy, 1824) - yellowish myotis
 * Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte, 1831) - little brown bat, little brown myotis
 * Myotis martiniquensis LaVal, 1973 - Schwartz's myotis
 * Myotis midastactus Moratelli & Wilson, 2014 - golden myotis
 * Myotis nesopolus Miller, 1900 - Curacao myotis
 * Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) - black myotis
 * Myotis nyctor LaVal & Schwartz, 1974 - Barbados myotis
 * Myotis occultus Hollister, 1909 - Arizona myotis
 * Myotis oxyotus (Peters, 1867) - montane myotis
 * Myotis peninsularis Miller, 1898 - peninsular myotis
 * Myotis pilosatibialis LaVal, 1973 - northern hairy-legged myotis
 * Myotis planiceps Baker, 1955 - flat-headed myotis
 * Myotis riparius Handley, 1960 - riparian myotis
 * Myotis ruber (E. Geoffroy, 1806) - red myotis
 * Myotis septentrionalis (Trouessart, 1897) - northern long-eared bat, northern myotis
 * Myotis sibiricus (Kastschenko, 1905) - Siberian bat or Siberian whiskered myotis
 * Myotis simus Thomas, 1901 - velvety myotis
 * Myotis sodalis Miller and Allen, 1928 - Indiana bat
 * Myotis thysanodes Miller, 1897 - fringed myotis
 * Myotis velifer (J.A. Allen, 1890) - cave myotis
 * Myotis vivesi Menegaux, 1901 - fish-eating bat, fish-eating myotis
 * Myotis volans (H. Allen, 1866) - long-legged myotis
 * Myotis yumanensis (H. Allen, 1864) - Yuma myotis
 * Unclassified & dubious species:
 * Myotis australis (Dobson, 1878) - Australian myotis (disputed species)
 * Myotis oreias (Temminck, 1840) - Singapore whiskered bat

Literature cited

 * Borisenko, A.V., Kruskop, S.V. and Ivanova, N.V. 2008. A new mouse-eared bat (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Vietnam. Russian Journal of Theriology 7(2):57–69.
 * Han, N., Zhang, J., Reardon, T., Lin, L., Zhang, J. and Zhang, S. 2010. Revalidation of Myotis taiwanensis Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde 1908 and its molecular relationship with M. adversus (Horsfield 1824) (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) (subscription required). Acta Chiropterologica 12(2):449–456.*Happold, M. 2005. A new species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from central Africa. Acta Chiropterologica 7(1):9–21.
 * Ibáñez, C., García-Mudarra, J.L., Ruedi, M., Stadelmann, B. and Juste, J. 2006. The Iberian contribution to cryptic diversity in European bats. Acta Chiropterologica 8(2):277–297.
 * Jiang, T., Sun, K., Chou, C., Zhang, Z. and Feng, J. 2010. First record of Myotis flavus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from mainland China and a reassessment of its taxonomic status. Zootaxa 2414:41–51.
 * Lack, J.B., Roehrs, Z.P., Stanley, C.E., Ruedi, M. and Van Den Bussche, R.A. 2010. Molecular phylogenetics of Myotis indicate familial-level divergence for the genus Cistugo (Chiroptera) (subscription required). Journal of Mammalogy 91(4):976–992.
 * Matveev, V.A., Kruskop, S.V. and Kramerov, D.A. 2005. Revalidation of Myotis petax Hollister, 1912 and its new status in connection with M. daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817) (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera). Acta Chiropterologica 7(1):23–37.
 * Mayer, F., Dietz, C. and Kiefer, A. 2007. Molecular species identification boosts bat diversity. Frontiers in Zoology 4(1):239–255.
 * Roehrs, Z.P., Lack, J.B. and Van Den Bussche, R.A. 2010. Tribal phylogenetic relationships within Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data (subscription required). Journal of Mammalogy 91(5):1073–1092.
 * Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
 * Stadelmann, B., Lin, L.-K., Kunz, T.H. and Ruedi, M. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of New World Myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA genes (subscription required). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43(1):32–48.
 * Tsytsulina, K. 2004. On the taxonomical status of Myotis abei Yoshikura, 1944 (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). Zoological Science 21:963–966.
 * Simmons, Nancy B.; Flanders, J.; Bakwo Fils, E. M.; Parker, Guy; Suter, Jamison D.; Bamba, Seinan; Keita, Mamady Kobele; Morales, Ariadna E.; Frick, Winifred F. 2021. A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea (American Museum novitates, no. 3963) American Museum Novitates. ISSN 0003-0082.
 * Simmons, Nancy B.; Flanders, J.; Bakwo Fils, E. M.; Parker, Guy; Suter, Jamison D.; Bamba, Seinan; Keita, Mamady Kobele; Morales, Ariadna E.; Frick, Winifred F. 2021. A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea (American Museum novitates, no. 3963) American Museum Novitates. ISSN 0003-0082.

title: Mouse-eared bat


text:
Fernandes

Fernandes is a patronymic surname in the Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking countries. The name is a patronymic form of the Portuguese and Spanish personal name Fernando. Fernandes is the 243rd most common surname in the world, the 3rd one in Angola and in São Tomé and Príncipe, the 10th one in Portugal, and the 18th one in Brazil. The Spanish version of this surname is Fernández.

People with the surname Fernandes include:

Academics

 * Florestan Fernandes, Brazilian sociologist and politician
 * Jane Fernandes, president-designate of Gallaudet University
 * Norma Fernandes, Pakistani Catholic teacher, honored with Tamgha-i-Imtiaz
 * Rosette Batarda Fernandes, Portuguese botanist

Arts, media, and entertainment

 * Ana Rocha Fernandes, Cape Verdian film director, editor and screenwriter
 * Cyprian Fernandes (born 1943), Goan Kenyan and Australian journalist and writer
 * Danny Fernandes (born 1985), Canadian singer-songwriter
 * Erica Fernandes, Indian TV actress and model
 * John Fernandes, American musician
 * Maria Celestina Fernandes (born 1945), Angolan author, mostly of children's books
 * Nomi Fernandes, Swiss glamour model
 * Paula Fernandes, Brazilian singer
 * Shawn Desman, Canadian singer
 * Remo Fernandes, Indian musician
 * Vânia Fernandes, Portuguese singer
 * Vasco Fernandes, known as Grão Vasco, Portuguese painter
 * Vivian Wilson da Silva Fernandes, rapper from Mumbai, India, also known as DIVINE

Business

 * Benjamin Fernandes, Tanzanian entrepreneur
 * Tony Fernandes, Malaysian entrepreneur

Explorers

 * Álvaro Fernandes, Portuguese explorer and navigator
 * António Fernandes, Portuguese explorer
 * Baltasar Fernandes, Portuguese explorer of Brazil
 * Duarte Fernandes, Portuguese explorer and diplomat
 * João Fernandes Lavrador, Portuguese explorer
 * Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, Portuguese explorer

Politics

 * Emanuel Jardim Fernandes (born 1944), Portuguese politician
 * Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga, Portuguese politician, writer and playwright
 * Maria Domingas Fernandes Alves, East Timorese politician
 * Oscar Fernandes, Indian politician
 * George Fernandes, Indian politician, former Minister of Defence
 * Suella Fernandes, British Conservative Party politician, MP for Fareham from 2015

Religion

 * Angelo Innocent Fernandes (1913–2000), Goan Catholic cleric, Archbishop of Delhi from 16 September 1967 - 27 January 1991
 * Anthony Fernandes (1936–2023), Indian Roman Catholic bishop
 * Earl Kenneth Fernandes (born 1972), first Indian American Latin Rite Catholic bishop

Sports

 * Fernandes (footballer, born 1926), Joaquim Fernandes da Silva (1926–2009), Portuguese defender
 * Fernandes (footballer, born 1985), Micerlanio Fernandes da Silva, Brazilian midfielder
 * Fernandes (footballer, born 1995), Jonathan da Silveira Fernandes Reis, Brazilian midfielder
 * Aaron Fernandes, Canadian field hockey player
 * Alex Fernandes, Brazilian football striker
 * Alfred Fernandes, Indian football coach
 * Ashley Fernandes, Indian football player
 * Bibiano Fernandes (footballer), Indian football player
 * Brandon Fernandes, Indian football player
 * Bruno Fernandes (footballer, born 1994), Portuguese football player
 * Cajetan Fernandes Indian football player
 * Charles Fernandes, English footballer
 * Cláudio Roberto Siqueira Fernandes, Brazilian footballer
 * Clyde Fernandes, Indian football player
 * Dawson Fernandes Indian football player
 * Emanuel Fernandes (beach volleyball) (born 1967), Angolan beach volleyball player
 * Fabrice Fernandes, French footballer
 * Flávia Fernandes, Brazilian water polo player
 * Francis Fernandes, Indian football player
 * Gabriel Fernandes, Indian football player
 * Gedson Fernandes, Portuguese football player
 * Gelson Fernandes, Swiss footballer
 * Kingsley Fernandes, Indian football player
 * James Fernandes Indian football player
 * Jean-Claude Fernandes, French football player
 * Júlio César Fernandes, Brazilian footballer
 * Junior Fernandes, Brazilian-Chilean football player
 * Manuel Henriques Fernandes, Portuguese football player
 * Mário Fernandes, Russian football player
 * Micky Fernandes, Indian football player
 * Myron Fernandes Indian football player
 * Nicholas Fernandes, Indian football player
 * Nicolette Fernandes (born 1983), Guyanese squash player
 * Raynier Fernandes, Indian football player
 * Rodrigo Fernandes Valete, Brazilian football player
 * Romeo Fernandes, Indian football player
 * Ron Fernandes, American football player
 * Selwyn Fernandes, Indian football player
 * Seriton Fernandes, Indian football player
 * Vanderlei Fernandes Silva, Brazilian football player
 * Vanessa Fernandes, Portuguese triathlete
 * Victorino Fernandes Indian football player

title: Fernandes


text:
Bernhard Egidius Konrad ten Brink

Bernhard Egidius Konrad ten Brink (12 January 1841 in Amsterdam – 29 January 1892 in Strasbourg) was a German philologist.

Life
Born in the Netherlands, he attended school at Düsseldorf and Essen, studied for half a year at the University of Münster, and then moved to the University of Bonn, where his teachers included Friedrich Diez and Nicolaus Delius. After finishing his doctoral dissertation, "Coniectanea in historiam rei metricae Francogallicae," he began to lecture at the University of Münster on the philology of the English and Romance languages, and defended his post-doctoral thesis (Habilitation) on the Roman de Rou. In 1870 he became professor of modern languages at the University of Marburg, and after the reconstitution of Strassburg University as Kaiser-Wilhelm-Universität was appointed the very first Professor of English on the European continent. In 1874 he began to edit, in collaboration with Wilhelm Scherer, Ernst Martin and Erich Schmidt, Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte der germanischen Völker, a book series meant to assist the German government in the Germanizing of Strasbourg and Alsace-Lorraine. While he continued to lecture on French and English literature, he smartly focused his research on the father of English poetry, Geoffrey Chaucer.

In 1877, he published Chaucer: Studien zur Geschichte seiner Entwickelung und zur Chronologie seiner Schriften, a study which analyzed Chaucer's literary models and verse forms to determine the later widely accepted division of the poet's works into three periods: a first period during which he was mostly influenced by French models as well as by Ovid; a second period during which his main inspiration came from Italian models (Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch); and a third period of mature literary production.

In 1884, he published Chaucers Sprache und Verskunst, the first full-fledged investigation of Chaucer's grammar and metrics and an achievement that guaranteed him a place of honor as recently as 1987, in the General Bibliography of the Riverside Chaucer, the most widely used edition of Chaucer in the world. English-language publishing houses, such as Henry Holt & Company, N.Y., and G. Bell & Sons, London, published English translations of his works on Early English Literature during these years.

He also published critical editions of the General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales and the Compleynte unto Pity. Ten Brink's work stimulated a revival of Chaucer study in the United Kingdom as well as in Germany, and to him was indirectly due the foundation of the English Chaucer Society. In addition, he made important contributions to the study of Shakespeare and Beowulf and authored one of the first scholarly histories of English literature. His international scholarly reputation as well as his efforts at Germanizing the University of Strasbourg contributed to his appointment as Rektor (President) of his institution in 1890.

Together with Julius Zupitza, Eugen Kölbing, and Ewald Flügel, ten Brink helped found modern English Studies.

title: Bernhard Egidius Konrad ten Brink


text:
User talk:Jakks

Please do not move your user page into the Wikipedia namespace. It will simply be deleted and may be considered vandalism. Thanks. --Doc (?) 23:42, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Jakkssevarg.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Jakkssevarg.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact Carnildo or ask for help at Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. Thank you.

Image Tagging Image:Melaniegabriel.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Melaniegabriel.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 22:08, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Apollo heights requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.  tomasz.  22:00, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Petergabriel_swl.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Petergabriel_swl.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Rockfang (talk) 08:28, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Image:Petergabriel_up.gif
I have tagged Image:Petergabriel_up.gif as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Rockfang (talk) 08:36, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jakks


text:
User talk:MizuAmina

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

A few things
1. Toei has an English language website. http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/english/catalog/magic_girl.html

2. "And one last question, which I doubt you'll be able to answer: what will you ever do with this article if they never air the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th seasons of Ojamajo Doremi in The U.S.?"

Oh, I'll answer it. I would likely keep everything the way it is (complete with a mix of names) until 4Kids loses the actual license. WhisperToMe 00:37, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Ojamajo Doremi
Thanks for all your efforts on all the Doremi pages. I've only been on wikipedia for a couple of weeks and am concentrating on building up some of my favorite anime pages. Although doremi isn't in my top 5 anime, it is a favorite of mine and it seems that you want the same thing as I do and that is to present it as it is intended to be presented, its original japanese form without any editing. From what I have seen on some websites, the dub cuts out two episodes, though I haven't confirmed this. Otani Ikue is my favorite seiyū and I can't see anyone doing a better job at her with Hana-chan. I also saw that you fixed up my mis-spelling of Hazuki-chan. I've seen it spelled Hadzuki, Hatzuki and Hazuki so I'll have to listen more carefully to how each character pronounces it in the anime. Hazuki is right, I think, although Aiko's accent may be throwing me off. Thanks again for editing the pages, I'll help you when I can. I hope you're watching doremi-subs fansubbing of Ojamajo Doremi and Na~i~sho. (they've stopped concentrating on it T_T). - Squilibob 15:20, 12 December 2005 (UTC) (talk)

On the Topic if Onpu will be on the Show
While I thank your for this information, I think you have the wrong person as I don't remember putting a "note" beisdes that name. All I remember doing is discussing the possibility of adding that it is airing on television and the general times it is in case people want to watch it. So I do thank you for telling me but I think you have the wrong person. Ryokosha 23:27, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Userboxes
I like your userboxes. I could reformat them better for you if you'd like (see my userboxes page for an example. -   nath a nrdotcom (Talk • Contribs) 02:30, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Birthday Committee
"Thanks a bundle" for joining the Wikipedia Birthday Committee. (I hate that expression but whatever.) By the way, I noticed that you ended your message with "Whoot!" Are you a member IGN, where the word "Whoot" is used about a million times a day? JaredW! 11:50, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * XD No. I don't even know what that is, really. I use 'whoot' like 'hooray', but I don't use it a million times a day. Maybe a million times a year. XP Amina 19:36, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Anime and manga
You are listed as a participant of WikiProject Anime and manga. A recent change in how participants are listed — using a category — will result in your inadvertent removal from the project. If you wish to continue your participantion, please check the the project page for details on how to add yourself back to the project. - Squilibob 01:10, 11 March 2006 (UTC)
 * If you just put   onto your userpage, User:MizuAmina then the subst:PAGENAME part will use the name of the page (and that is how your name will appear under the participants category). You don't have to change the subst:PAGENAME part if you don't want to. You could change it to, say, User:Amina instead if that is how you want your name to appear under the participants category. - Squilibob 06:01, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Ojamajo Doremi again
Thanks for your comment on my talk page. I'm still not happy having to call the original series Magical DoReMi but as you know WhisperToMe is an wikipedia administrator and we can't really fight him on it forever, even though Card Captor Sakura and Tokyo Mew Mew still have their Japanese titles. Oh well, at least I got to make the changes on my own terms. --Squilibob 23:58, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Old Skool Esperanzial note
Since this isn't the result of an AC meeting, I have decided to go Old Skool. This note is to remind you that the elections are taking place now and will end at 23:50 UTC on 2006-04-29. Please vote here. Thanks. --Cel es tianpower háblame 20:42, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Attention Birthday Committee Members!
Stev e o2 11:09, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

A short Esperanzial update
As you may have gathered, discussions have been raging for about a week on the Esperanza talk page as to the future direction of Esperanza. Some of these are still ongoing and warrant more input (such as the idea to scrap the members list altogether). However, some decisions have been made and the charter has hence been amended. See what happened. Basically, the whole leadership has had a reshuffle, so please review the new, improved charter.

As a result, we are electing 4 people this month. They will replace JoanneB and Pschemp and form a new tranche A, serving until December. Elections will begin on 2006-07-02 and last until 2006-07-09. If you wish to run for a Council position, add your name to the list before 2006-07-02. For more details, see Esperanza/June 2006 elections.

Thanks and kind, Esperanzial regards, —Cel es tianpower háblame 16:00, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:MizuAmina


text:
User:Sankum

This is nickname of a tall guy who is known for his skills of making friends and learning fast

title: User:Sankum


text:
Cape gannet

The Cape gannet (Morus capensis) is a large seabird of the gannet family, Sulidae.

They are easily identified by their large size, black and white plumage and distinctive yellow crown and hindneck. The pale blue bill is pointed with fine serrations near the tip; perhaps because of the depth and speed of the gannet's dive when fishing (depending on altitude, gannets hit the water at speeds of between 40 and 120 kph ), its beak has no external nostrils into which the water might be forced.

Taxonomy
German naturalist Hinrich Lichtenstein described the Cape gannet in 1823.

The Sulidae, the gannets and boobies, appeared about 30 million years ago. Early Sulidae fossils most resembled the boobies, although they were more aquatic, with the gannets splitting off later, about 16 million years ago. The gannets evolved in the northern hemisphere, later colonising the southern oceans. The most ancient extant species may be the Abbott's booby, possibly the sole survivor of an otherwise extinct separate lineage. A 2011 genetic study of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA suggests that the ancestor of the gannets arose around 2.5 million years ago before splitting into northern and southern lineages. The latter then splitting into the Cape and Australasian gannets around 0.5 million years ago. The three gannets are generally considered to be separate species forming a superspecies, though they have also formerly been classified as subspecies of the northern gannet (Sula bassanus).

Description
When seen in flight the snow-white body with the black tail, primaries and secondaries, and dark bill makes them easy to identify. At closer range the distinctive golden crown and nape, which gradually becomes white on the neck, is noticeable. Juveniles and immatures are dark brown with a pale bill, and can resemble the dark-coloured boobies at first glance.

Adults are about 84 – long and have a 171 – wingspan and weigh ca. 2.6 kg.

The Cape gannet is identified from the Australasian gannet by the all-black tail, a longer black stripe down the throat (from underneath the beak) and more extensive black on the face, but all of these features are difficult to identify unless at close proximity. The Cape gannet is also very similar to the northern gannet, but the latter differs from its entirely white tail and its wings, which are only black at the tip. It also is similar to the blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii).

Breeding
Gannet pairs may remain together over several seasons. They perform elaborate greeting rituals at the nest, stretching their bills and necks skywards and gently tapping bills together.

Cape gannets begin breeding in August or September. Typically the clutch is a single bluish egg, which soon becomes soiled. Both parents are actively involved in the incubation process which lasts for 42 to 46 days until hatching. Gannets use their foot webs to incubate the egg. The foot webs, which are richly irrigated with blood vessels are wrapped around the egg.

The hatchling is black, naked and blind, it weighs only about 70 g, but within three weeks its body mass is one third of that of an adult. At eight weeks the chick outweighs the adult, and this remains so until it becomes a fledgling at 95–105 days of age.

Feeding
Cape gannets are powerful fliers, using mainly a flap-gliding technique, which is more energy consuming than the dynamic-soaring favoured by albatrosses. As all Sulids, they are fish-eating birds that plunge-dive from considerable height.

Breeding and non-breeding range
The breeding range of the Cape gannet is restricted to southern Africa in three islands off Namibia and three islands off South Africa. They normally nest in large and dense colonies on flat islands or on flat ledges of the steeply sloping Mercury Island off Namibia. The world population was estimated in 1996 to number about 340,000 birds, with 12% in Namibia and 88% in South Africa. The largest colony of this bird, with over 140,000 birds, is found on Malgas Island, South Africa. Several birds have occasionally been found breeding on offshore Australian islands, together with Australasian gannets, although the Cape species is never represented by more than a few pairs.

The non-breeding range of the Cape gannet extends from the coastal waters off the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast of Africa, to Mozambique on the east coast. They seldom occur farther offshore than 100 km, though records of birds more than 200 km offshore exist for both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

Population trends
Numbers of Cape gannets at the Namibian islands have declined considerably between 1956 and 2000 from 114,600 to 18,200 breeding pairs respectively, an 84% decrease in less than fifty years. This contrasts with the trends at the South African islands where numbers have increased about 4.3 times during the same period, from 34,400 to 148,000 breeding pairs.

Vagrancy
Vagrancy to the northern Atlantic Ocean has been reported for the Cape gannet on several occasions, but until 2016 was believed to be unproven. Crochet and Haas examined the status of the species in the western Palearctic realm. They list a number of historical claims which had not been accepted by national bird records committees, and analyse the single record which had hitherto been widely accepted, a juvenile recovered offshore from Western Sahara in 1966. In relation to the latter bird, they conclude that a mistake had occurred; the original data placed the bird inland, in Chad, with the offshore Western Saharan location being the result of an attempt to correct this to a more plausible location. A retransposition of the original latitude and longitude gives a location off the Namibian coast, well within the regular wintering range of the species. As a result, they recommended that the Cape gannet be deleted from the Western Palearctic list. However, on 14 April 2016, a Cape gannet was photographed at sea off Flores in the Azores. The species has been discussed as a possible vagrant to Britain and Ireland, and there have been a number of claimed sightings, including one in December 2020 off the Isle of Wight, but there is yet to be an accepted record in the Western Palearctic apart from the Azores record. One Spanish record from 1985 has been accepted as either a Cape gannet or an Australasian gannet.

Individuals have also been photographed in other locations far from the species' usual range, including off Peru in 1999 and Oman in 2004.

title: Cape gannet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Talk means trouble

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 18:05, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Talk means trouble
Apparent band vanity; 37 google hits from even fewer different websites. Joel7687 12:52, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fails WP:MUSIC. Dcarrano 17:22, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. JamesBurns 04:25, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Angat

Angat may refer to:

 * Angat, Bulacan, a first class partially urban municipality in the province of Bulacan, Philippines
 * Angat River, a river in the province of Bulacan, Philippines, flowing from the Sierra Madre mountain range to Manila Bay

title: Angat


text:
Sariska Tiger Reserve

Sariska Tiger Reserve is a tiger reserve in Alwar district, Rajasthan, India. It stretches over an area of 881 km2 comprising scrub-thorn arid forests, dry deciduous forests, grasslands, and rocky hills. This area was preserved for hunting, for the Alwar state and was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1958. It was given the status of a tiger reserve making it a part of India's Project Tiger in 1978. The wildlife sanctuary was declared a national park in 1982, with a total area of about 273.8 km2. It is the first reserve in the world with successfully relocated tigers. It is an important biodiversity area in the Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor.

The park is a part of the Aravalli Range and the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion. It is rich in mineral resources, such as copper. In spite of the Supreme Court's 1991 ban on mining in the area, marble mining continues to threaten the environment.

General information

 * Area: 881 km2
 * Elevation: between 300 and 722 m
 * Rainfall: average 700 mm per year
 * Forest types: tropical, dry, deciduous, and tropical thorn

Flora
The dominant tree in the forests is dhok (Anogeissus pendula). Other trees include the salar (Boswellia serrata), kadaya (Sterculia urens), dhak (Butea monosperma), gol (Lannea coromandelica), ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) and khair (Acacia catechu). Bargad (Ficus benghalensis), arjun (Terminalia arjuna), gugal (Commiphora wightii) or bamboo. Shrubs are numerous, such as kair (Capparis decidua), adusta (Adhatoda vesica) and jhar ber (Ziziphus nummularia).

Fauna
Apart from the Bengal tiger, the reserve harbours many wildlife species including sloth bear, Indian leopard, jungle cat, caracal, striped hyena, golden jackal, chital, sambar deer, nilgai, wild boar, small Indian civet, Javan mongoose, ruddy mongoose, honey badger, Rhesus macaque and Northern plains gray langur and Indian hare. Bird species present include grey francolin, white-throated kingfisher, Indian peafowl, bush quail, sandgrouse, treepie, golden-backed woodpecker, crested serpent eagle and the Indian eagle-owl.

In 2003, 16 tigers lived in the reserve. In 2004, it was reported that no tigers were sighted in the reserve, and that no indirect evidence of tiger presence was found such as pug marks, scratch marks on trees, scats. The Rajasthan Forest Department explained that "the tigers had temporarily migrated outside the reserve and would be back after monsoon season". Project Tiger staff backed this assumption. In January 2005, it was reported that there were no tigers left in Sariska.

In July 2008, two tigers from Ranthambhore National Park were relocated to Sariska Tiger Reserve. Another female tiger was relocated in February 2009.

In 2012, two tiger cubs and their mother were spotted in the reserve bringing the total number of tigers to seven with five adults. In July 2014, two more cubs were spotted, so that there were 11 tigers in total.

As of October 2018, there were 18 tigers including five cubs. By 2020, the tiger population in the reserve has risen to 20.

Relocation efforts
In 2005, the Government of Rajasthan, in cooperation with the Government of India and Wildlife Institute of India, planned the re-introduction of tigers to Sariska and also the relocation of villages. Plans to construct a bypass were also discussed. It was decided to import one male and two females from Ranthambore National Park. The Wildlife Institute of India along with the Government of Rajasthan started tracking the relocated tigers with the help of ISRO's reconnaissance satellites. The first aerial translocation of the male tiger from Ranthambhore to Sariska was carried out on 28 June 2008 by helicopter.

Only two of the four villages' experts were actually moved, though the second, Kankwari, was shifted long after the tigers were re-introduced. However, Kankwari fort has been renovated by the state tourism department, which can possibly violate wildlife protection norms. The first relocated village was Bhagani. The diversion of roads crossing the reserve, an issue critical to the survival of its wildlife, continues to be a problem.

One more tigress was shifted to Sariska from Ranthambhore in February 2009. On 28 July 2010, another tigress was brought from Ranthambhore National Park. Totaling five tigers—two males and three females—were living in the reserve until November 2010 when the first relocated tiger died due to poisoning. The first three of the relocated tigers came from one father, and the first two tigresses have the same mother.

Places of interest

 * Kankwadi Fort - A 16th-century fort, originally built by Jai Singh II, located near the centre of the park.
 * Temple of Neelkanth
 * Pandupol Hanumanji Temple - Located in the hills in the centre of the reserve is believed to be one of the retreats of the Pandava. This pilgrimage site causes problems for wildlife, due to heavy traffic.
 * Sariska Palace - Was used as a royal hunting lodge of Maharaja, was associated with the kings of Alwar.
 * Viratnagar - Some ruins of a Buddhist monastery on a hillock called Bijak ki Pahadi that dates back to 3rd century BC.

title: Sariska Tiger Reserve


text:
Love Camp 7

Love Camp 7 is a 1969 American women-in-prison Nazisploitation B-movie directed by Lee Frost (credited as R.L. Frost) and written by Wes Bishop and Bob Cresse, the latter of whom also portrays a sadistic camp commandant.

Plot
Two American Women's Army Corps officers volunteer to enter a Nazi concentration camp undercover to gain information from, and possibly rescue, Martha Grossman, a Jewish scientist. The female inmates serve as sex slaves for German officers and are subjected to humiliating treatment, torture and rape.

When the two female agents learn that their target is being held in solitary detention, one of them arranges to be punished so that she can make contact. This leads to Lt. Harman being stripped and strung up by her wrists. The target uses her body to free Harman, and they attempt their escape. The escape plan ends in a climactic battle.

Cast

 * Maria Lease as WAC Lt. Linda Harman
 * Kathy Williams as WAC Lt. Grace Freeman
 * Bob Cresse as Commandant
 * Phil Poth
 * John Aiderman as Capt. Robert Calais
 * Carolyn Appleby as Blonde prisoner
 * Dave Friedman as Col. Max Kemp
 * Bruce Kimball as Sgt. Klaus Müller
 * Rod Wilmouth as Col. Karl Müller
 * Rodger Steel as Gen. Erich von Hamer
 * Natasha Steel
 * Patricia Roddy
 * Lee Frost (uncredited) as Taxi driver

Reception
Love Camp 7 is regarded as a cult classic because it represents the beginning of a fashion for exploitation films about women in prison in the 1970s, such as Women in Cages (1971) and The Big Bird Cage (1972), both of which made Pam Grier a recognizable name in the genre. It is also the first in the Nazi exploitation (or Nazisploitation) genre of concentration camp movies, including Ilsa: She-Wolf of the SS (1974)–which was produced by David F. Friedman and led to several sequels with Dyanne Thorne as the titular character–and the Italian Nazi Love Camp 27 (1977) and Last Orgy of the Third Reich (1977), the latter of which helped launch Daniela Poggi's showbusiness career.

It was declined a video certificate by the British Board of Film Classification in 2002 and by the New Zealand Office of Film & Literature Classification. The film was then one of the 72 video nasties banned in the UK. The BBFC upheld their rejection of the film when it was submitted for a certificate for streaming in 2020. It was originally banned in Australia, before passing several times in a modified version with an R18+ rating. It was finally passed uncut in 2005.

title: Love Camp 7


text:
Talk:Hashem

I strongly recommend that this article not be moved to Wiktionary. As it is now it is little more than a definition, but it can bear a great deal of elaboration and fleshing out (like the Allah article). Babajobu 12:54, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

"... particularly as an epithet for the Tetragrammaton, when avoiding God's more formal title, Adonai ('my master')." I'm not sure if I'm misreading this. Jews do not use HaShem to avoid using the title Adonai. HaShem or Adonai are used to avoid saying the personal name of God, JHWH (the Tetragrammaton). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Agbneill (talk • contribs) 05:34, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

What I am trying to say above is better explained in the article "Jehovah"  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Agbneill (talk • contribs) 06:07, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

And even better under "Hashem" in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Hashem — Preceding unsigned comment added by Agbneill (talk • contribs) 09:01, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hashem


text:
Southern District

The Southern District or South District may refer to:

Africa

 * Southern District (Botswana)
 * Southern District Municipality, South Africa
 * South District (Zanzibar)

Asia

 * Southern District, Hong Kong
 * Southern District (Israel)
 * South District, Taichung, Taiwan
 * South District, Tainan, Taiwan
 * For Southern Districts (ku) in Japanese cites see Minami-ku
 * For Southern Districts (gu) in Korean cites see Nam-gu

Australia

 * Southern District (South Australian Legislative Council), an electoral district 1882–1975

Religion

 * Southern District (LCMS) in the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod

title: Southern District


text:
Scotia Prince Cruises

Scotia Prince Cruises was a cruise ferry operator based in Maine which owned and operated the M/S Scotia Prince. This ferry operated across the Gulf of Maine between Portland, Maine, and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, until the end of the 2004 sailing season.

Lion Ferry
The Portland-Yarmouth seasonal (summer only) ferry service was established in 1970 by European ferry operator Lion Ferry. The first vessel was the M/S Prince of Fundy which operated from 1970 to 1976. She was assisted on the route between 1973 and 1976 by the M/S Bolero. Between 1976 and 1981 the only vessel in use was the M/S Caribe.

Lion Ferry leased the International Marine Terminal from the City of Portland. At the City's request the original lease included a clause for bilateral "route protection" which prevented Lion from operating a route from any other New England port to Nova Scotia, and prevented the City from allowing another operator to sail to Nova Scotia during Lion's operating season. The City's facilities were used by other operators including cruise ships. Lion also used the Yarmouth Ferry Terminal in Nova Scotia which was owned by the federal Department of Transport, although Lion had to share its Yarmouth facility with Canadian National Railways which operated the MV Bluenose service to Bar Harbor, Maine.

From 1978 to 1982, CN Marine also operated the MV Marine Evangeline (ex-MS Duke of Yorkshire) between Yarmouth and another terminal owned by Canadian National Railways on the Portland waterfront.

Prince of Fundy Cruises
The service was sold by Lion Ferry in 1982 to Baron Stig Leuhusen who established Prince of Fundy Cruises as a subsidiary of Panamanian-based Transworld Steamship Company. The vessel M/S Scotia Prince (ex-M/S Stena Olympica) was acquired and began service that season. In 1983, the other Yarmouth ferry operator, CN Marine, began using a sistership M/V Bluenose II (ex-M/S Stena Jutlandica) on its Bar Harbor crossing. Prince of Fundy Cruises had the Scotia Prince lengthened in 1987 for increased capacity, changing the visual similarities between both ships. Leuhusen died in 1996 and his estate listed the company for sale in 1999.

In August 2000 the company's shares were purchased by a group led by Matthew Hudson of Virginia. The company was renamed Scotia Prince Cruises. The Scotia Prince was re-flagged (Bahamas). The company upgraded the ship and onboard services in addition to other improvements made at the company. The service was repositioned from a transport provider to a transport and package vacation company. The service was marketed as a cruiseferry and destination in its own right.

In 1997, CN Marine's successor (government-owned and subsidized) Marine Atlantic Yarmouth-Bar Harbor service was privatized by the government and taken over, along with the M/V Bluenose, by Northumberland Ferries Limited which established a subsidiary service named Bay Ferries Limited. At the same time, the federal Department of Transport transferred operational responsibility of the Yarmouth ferry terminal to Bay Ferries. The Bluenose II was sold at the end of the 1997 season by Bay Ferries and the proceeds were used to purchase the high-speed catamaran ferry HSC INCAT 046, named The Cat. Service began the following summer in 1998 dropping the crossing time from 6 hours to 2.5 hours. A few years later, HSC INCAT 046 was replaced by a slightly larger ship, HSC The Cat, still referred to as The Cat.

During the winter of 2002–2003, Scotia Prince Cruises Ltd. inaugurated a service called the "Yucatan Express", using the M/S Scotia Prince on a route between Tampa, Florida, in the United States and Cancun, Quintana Roo, and Merida, Yucatán, in Mexico.

In 2004, the company discovered dangerous levels of mold in the City of Portland's terminal. The CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health evaluated the terminal in March 2005. Based on toxicological and remediation reports and NIOSH's comments on the then current state of the IMT and the likelihood that the building could not be made safe, SPC cancelled its 2005 season. NIOSH's final report reiterates their on-site evaluation stating "a health hazard did exist at the IMT building" and "Additional work has been done at the remaining north (east) building of the IMT since the NIOSH site visit. However, the underlying structural defects of the building have not been addressed, resulting in a high likelihood of continued microbial growth". Within hours of SPC notifying the City that it was cancelling the 2005 season for safety reasons, the City of Portland held a press conference announcing they had terminated SPC's lease. The City immediately evicted Scotia Prince Cruises.

The company will not resume services from Portland. The ship was laid-up in Charleston, South Carolina, in December 2004 and was placed on the market for charter or sale. Following Hurricane Katrina, the Federal Emergency Management Agency chartered the vessel in mid-September 2005 for 6 months as a floating hotel for victims made homeless from that natural disaster. The ship was eventually sold in early 2007. In late September 2005 it was announced that Bay Ferries Limited would begin offering high-speed service from Yarmouth-Portland in 2006 using HSC INCAT 059.

Current status
Yucatán Express offered on-again, off-again pedestrian and vehicle ferry service on the Canadian ferry ship Scotia Prince. For a short time, it ran in the winter from Tampa, Florida, to Mérida, Mexico, and to Puerto Moreles near Cancún. However, this service was discontinued.

In March 2011, the vessel was acquired by Flemingo Liners, a UAE-registered company with roots in India, to revive the ferry route between India and Sri Lanka, which had been suspended in 1983 due to the Sri Lankan civil war. The vessel's first overnight sea crossing was on 11 June 2011, from Thoothukudi to Colombo harbour, which will be its standard route, taking 14 hours. The most expensive tickets are generally half-price compared to air tickets between Colombo and the nearest airports in south India, namely Chennai and Bengaluru.

The vessel was earlier idled in a Gibraltar dock between June 2010 and March 2011, after being briefly operated by Marmara Lines company between Ancona and Çeşme earlier in 2010.

On March 20, 2012, the media reports that the vessel was sold for scrap metal in India.

title: Scotia Prince Cruises


text:
Talk:Héctor Germán Oesterheld

Misterix
Is Misterix really a French magazine ? From what I read, it is a magazine from Argentin. Is there somebody here to confirm that ? Lvr 12:57, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Seams you are right. Though it was also edited in Spain, Italy and france during the 1970s. -Mariano 13:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Héctor Germán Oesterheld


text:
Bustos

Bustos may refer to:

People

 * Bustos (surname)

Places

 * Bustos, Bulacan, Philippines
 * Corral de Bustos, Córdoba, Argentina
 * Bustos, Oliveira do Bairro, Aveiro, Portugal

Other uses

 * Bustos Media, a media corporation from Sacramento, California
 * 21418 Bustos, a main-belt asteroid discovered in 1998

title: Bustos


text:
More Than a New Discovery

More Than a New Discovery is the debut album by Bronx-born singer, songwriter, and pianist Laura Nyro. It was recorded during 1966 and released early in the following year on the Verve Folkways imprint of the Verve Records label.

The name of the label was later changed to Verve Forecast, and the album was re-issued on that label as The First Songs in 1969. This re-issue has a different track order and revised cover design. It peaked at #97 on the Billboard 200, then known as the Pop Albums chart. Starting with this release, the song "Hands Off the Man" was retitled "Flim Flam Man (Hands Off the Man)".

Columbia Records re-issued The First Songs with all-new cover art (featuring a rose illustration) in 1973.

In 1999, the album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2008, Rev-Ola Records released a remastered version of the original album on Compact Disc with the original song order and the original cover art.

Production
Nyro signed a contract with Verve Folkways after she gained recognition when Peter Paul and Mary recorded her song "And When I Die" in 1966.

The album was recorded in the fall of 1966 with Herb Bernstein as arranger and Milton Okun producing. There was some uncertainty about Nyro's ability to lead the musicians by playing piano. As a result, pianist Stan Free was hired, and Nyro was encouraged to play the guitar instead, which she rejected.

Songs
"Wedding Bell Blues" was released as a single in September 1966 and remained on the "Bubbling Under" segment of the Billboard Hot 100 (then "Pop Singles") for 12 weeks, peaking at #103.

For the single version of "Stoney End", Nyro was forced to rework some of the lyrics that referred to the Bible, because Verve felt it would cause too much controversy.

The album included several songs that would become hits for other artists. Blood, Sweat & Tears scored with "And When I Die" (US #2), the 5th Dimension with "Wedding Bell Blues" (US #1) and "Blowin' Away" (US #21), and Barbra Streisand with "Stoney End" (US #6) and "Flim Flam Man" (US #82).

Personnel

 * Laura Nyro – guitar, keyboards, vocals, songwriter
 * Jay Berliner – guitar
 * Stan Free – piano
 * Bill LaVorgna – drums
 * Buddy Lucas – harmonica
 * Lou Mauro – double bass
 * James Sedlar – French horn
 * Herb Bernstein – arranger, conductor, flugelhorn
 * Technical
 * Milton Okun – producer
 * Jean Goldhirsch – assistant producer
 * Jerry Schoenbaum – production supervision
 * Val Valentin – director of engineering
 * Harry Yarmark – engineer
 * Murray Laden – photography

title: More Than a New Discovery


text:
Salt bridge

In electrochemistry, a salt bridge or ion bridge is an essential laboratory device discovered over 100 years ago. It contains an electrolyte solution, typically an inert solution, used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (voltaic cell), a type of electrochemical cell. In short, it functions as a link connecting the anode and cathode half-cells within an electrochemical cell. It also maintains electrical neutrality within the internal circuit and stabilizes the junction potential between the solutions in the half-cells. Additionally, it serves to minimize cross-contamination between the two half cells and helps concentrate our focus on unfolding the function of working electrodes of the half-cells.

A salt bridge typically consists of tubes filled with an electrolyte solution. These tubes often have diaphragms such as glass frits at their ends to help contain the solution within the tubes and prevent excessive mixing with the surrounding environment. When setting up a salt bridge between different solvents of half-cells, it is crucial to ensure that the electrolyte used in the bridge is soluble in both solutions and does not interact with any species present in either solutions.

There are several types of salt bridges: glass tube bridges (traditional KCl-type salt bridge and ionic liquid salt bridge), filter paper bridges, porous frit salt bridges, fumed-silica, and agar gel salt bridges.

The following sections will explore in greater detail the characteristics and applications of glass tube bridges, filter paper bridges, fumed silica salt bridges, and charcoal salt bridges.

Glass tube bridges (KCl-type and ionic liquid salt bridge)
Glass tube salt bridges commonly consist of U-shaped Vycor tubes filled with a relatively inert electrolyte. The electrolyte solution usually comprises a combination of cations, such as ammonium and potassium, and anions, including chloride and nitrate, which have similar mobility. The combination is chosen which does not react with any of the chemicals used in the cell.

KCl-type Salt Bridges
Traditionally, concentrated aqueous potassium chloride (KCl) solution has been used for decades to neutralize the liquid-junction potential. When comparing other salt solutions such as potassium bromide and potassium iodide to potassium chloride, potassium chloride is the most efficient in nullifying the junction potential. Yet, the effectiveness of this salt bridge decreases as the ionic strength of the sample solution increases.

Ionic Liquid Salt Bridges
Due to the numerous drawbacks of KCl-type salt bridges, ionic liquid salt bridges (ILSB) have been utilized to address the potentiometry issues arising from KCl-type salt bridges in electrochemical cells. ILSBs demonstrate efficient performance in aqueous solutions of hydrophilic electrolytes. This is because 'ionic liquids do not mix with water - What??? as written, this statement makes no sense - contact author for explanation of immiscibility' (they are immiscible), rendering them suitable as salt bridges for aqueous solutions. Additionally, they are chemically inert and highly stable in water.

To set up a glass tube salt bridge, a U-shaped Vycor tube is fashioned to contain a suitable electrolyte solution. Normally, glass frits, a porous material, cover the ends of the tube or the electrolyte is often gelified with agar-agar to help prevent the intermixing of fluids that might otherwise occur.

The conductivity of a glass tube bridge primarily depends on the concentration of the electrolyte solution. At concentrations below saturation, an increase in concentration enhances conductivity. However, beyond-saturation electrolyte content and a narrow tube diameter may both reduce conductivity.

Filter paper bridges
Porous paper such as filter paper may be used as a salt bridge if soaked in an appropriate electrolyte such as the electrolytes used in glass tube bridges. No gelification agent is required as the filter paper provides a solid medium for conduction.

The conductivity of this kind of salt bridge depends on a number of factors: the concentration of the electrolyte solution, the texture of the paper, and the absorbing ability of the paper. Generally, smoother texture and higher absorbency equate to higher conductivity.

To set up this type of salt bridge, laboratory filter paper can be used and rolled to form a shape that connects the two half-cells, typically rolled into a cylindrical shape. The rolled filter paper is then soaked in an appropriate inert salt solution. A straw can be used to shape the rolled filter paper into a U-shaped tube, providing mechanical strength to the soaked filter paper. This filter paper can now be used to act as a salt bridge and connect the two half-cells.

While filter paper salt bridges are inexpensive and easily accessible, one disadvantage of not using a straw to provide mechanical strength is that a new rolled and soaked filter paper must be used for each experiment. Additionally, filter paper has limited longevity and poses a high risk of contamination.

Charcoal salt bridges
A recent development is the charcoal salt bridge. It is considered an excellent option for a porous junction for the reference electrode in an alkaline solution. A porous junction serves as a salt bridge between the two half-cells of reference and electrolyte solutions. Other materials used for porous junctions, such as glass, Teflon, and agar gel, have their own benefits but also some significant drawbacks such as high cost and high risk of contamination.

Therefore, the advantages of using charcoal as frits include its low cost and easy accessibility, as charcoal can be sourced from porous carbon materials. Despite being fragile, charcoal facilitates efficient ion transfer due to its highly porous structure.

title: Salt bridge


text:
Obando

Obando may refer to:

People

 * Ángel Obando, retired Honduran footballer
 * César Obando (1969-), retired Honduran footballer
 * José María Obando (1795-1861), Neogranadine General and politician who twice served as President of Colombia
 * Marvin Obando (1960-), retired Costa Rican footballer
 * Miguel Aguilar Obando (1953-), Salvadoran football coach
 * Miguel Obando y Bravo (1926-), Nicaraguan prelate of the Roman Catholic Church
 * Sherman Obando (1970-), former Major League Baseball player
 * Trotzky Augusto Yepez Obando, (1940-2010), Ecuadorian chess player

Other uses

 * Obando, Bulacan, a second class partially urban municipality in the province of Bulacan, Philippines
 * Obando Church, one of the oldest and most historic churches in the Philippines in the municipality above
 * Obando Fertility Rites, a Filipino dance ritual held at the church above
 * Obando, Valle del Cauca, a municipality located in the Department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia
 * Obando Airport, an airport in Puerto Inírida, Colombia
 * Puebla de Obando, a municipality located in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain

title: Obando


text:
Talk:Kazimierz Skorupka

Problems with the Article
1. In my opinon it is doubtful whether this guy deserves an article. One on hand he was part of the resistance movement, but then again so where tens of thousands of other Poles, many of whom where also killed by the Nazis. The question here is whether his contribution was important enough to warrent an article. Based purely on the information here, I would say probably not. Although him being awarded a medal for his actions is probably the strongest case for inclusion. It would be better to try to find some other sources. In any case, if included the article probably should be alot shorter.

2. The original text most likely comes form a book of important figures in the Polish Boy Scouts. Firstly this might lead to copyright problems (I don't really know much about licensing matters). Secondly we dont have the actually source and as the text was posted by an anon, we probably won't find it. Thirdly, I have a strong suspicion that the original text may be heavily bias, which leads to my third point.

3. Assuming this is from Boy Scout literature, which to me seems to be of a Communist vintage it is highly likely that there are exaggerations and omissions, to bring the text in line with official State and Boy Scout propaganda. Again, this is impossible to verify. A lot of the time the text reads like a eulogy. I've left some of the more blatant stuff untranslated (things like "he was a cuorteous and upstanding man, loved by all who followed the Scout code to the letter, ect.)

Overall, does not lend itself to become a strong enclycopeadic article, but perhaps with some work from critically minded wikipedians, it might be turned into something decent. --BadSeed 13:26, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Notes to the Translation
As I am unfamiliar with Boy Scout terminology, having never been part of that dubious organisation myself. Hence I'm uncertain of may of the term used in the text. In most cases I have left the Polish in parenthesis. If this article is accepted and gets wikified, it would be a good idea to get someone, preferably a bilingual former scout to proofread the translation. --BadSeed 13:26, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Original Polish Text
Urodził się 18 lutego 1901 roku w Warszawie w skromnej rodzinie urzędniczej. We wczesnym dzieciństwie stracił matkę, którą bardzo kochał. Jego ojciec ożenił się powtórnie, lecz Kazik nie potrafił znaleźć sobie miejsca, odczuwając dotkliwy brak matczynego ciepła. Przeżycia te wycisnęły na Kaziku trwałe piętno i spowodowały później przenoszenie jego uczuć rodzinnych na środowisko harcerskie, w którym pracował.

Po ukończeniu szkoły powszechnej Kazik rozpoczyna naukę w szkole gimnazjalnej Chrzanowskiego, gdzie 2 lutego 1914 roku wstępuje do tajnej drużyny skautowej im. Tadeusza Reytana (późniejsza 2 WDH). W tym samym roku wyjeżdża na swój pierwszy skautowy obóz - dwutygodniowy kurs zastępowych w Płudach k/ Jabłonnej.

Latem 1915 roku, podczas ewakuacji ludności polskiej z Warszawy, wyjeżdża wraz z rodziną w głąb Rosji do miasteczka Klińce k/Homla. Na miejscu wstępuje do drużyny skautowej, zorganizowanej konspiracyjnie w koloni i ludności ewakuowanej z Polski. W latach 1916 i 1917 bierze udział w dwóch obozach skautowych, na których pełni funkcje przybocznego. W 1918 roku Kazik Skorupka składa Przyrzeczenie Harcerskie i otrzymuje stopień młodzika. Latem 1918 roku Kazik samodzielnie wraca do Polski.

* * * * * * Po powrocie do kraju, Kazimierz Skorupka rozpoczyna naukę w szkole rzemieślniczej im. Konarskiego, gdzie wstępuje do 10 WDH. Prawdopodobnie tam zdobywa kolejny stopień harcerski - wywiadowcę.

W sierpniu 1920 roku Kazimierz Skorupka zostaje zmobilizowany do wojska. Po powrocie z frontu zamieszkuje na ulicy Zamoyskiego. Około 15 grudnia zakłada na Grochowie I Kamionkowską Drużynę Harcerzy, do której przyłącza się pluton z 32 WDH pod wodzą Janka Makowskiego. 6 maja 1921 roku całość otrzymuje liczbę 22 (jest to tradycyjna liczba pierwszej drużyny harcerskiej na Grochowie, założonej w roku 1915 przez Stefana Mikołajewskiego) oraz patrona Władysława Łokietka. Z 22 WDH Kazimierz Skorupka związał się na całe życie. Był jej wieloletnim drużynowym, a w okresach kiedy tej funkcji nie pełnił, nadal dużo czasu i serca poświęcał drużynie. Na zawsze związał się też ze środowiskiem robotniczej Pragi, a w szczególności Grochowa. W pracy harcerskiej dał się poznać jako wybitny instruktor i wspaniały organizator.

Potrafił skupić wokół siebie wielu ludzi oddanych sprawie harcerstwa. Imponował otoczeniu siłą woli i stanowczością. Był zawsze pogodny i skory do żartów.

Kazimierz Skorupka dał proletariackiej młodzieży przedmieścia Warszawy radość z przeżycia harcerskiej przygody, możliwość poznania Polski, okazję do pożytecznego działania w gromadzie. Wyciągnął ją z miejskich ulic i podwórek na wycieczki, biwaki i obozy. Wychował wiele pokoleń harcerzy i instruktorów.

Całe życie postępował zgodnie z Prawem i Przyrzeczeniem Harcerskim. Był wrażliwy na ludzką krzywdę i wszelką niesprawiedliwość, zawsze gotowy do poświęceń. Gdy zdarzyło się, że na jednym z obozów zabrakło pieniędzy, Kazimierz Skorupka posłał na obóz całą miesięczną pensje, mówiąc: "sam dam sobie jakoś radę, ale chłopcy nie mogą być głodni".

* * * * * * Jesienią 1921 roku 22 WDH dzieli się na 22 i 47 WDH. Kazimierz Skorupka w bursie, przy ulicy Targowej 14 obejmuje 47 WDH. 1 kwietnia 1924 roku przejmuje ponownie 22-gą. 8 maja na zbiórce Chorągwi Warszawskiej na ulicy Bagatela, Skorupka, jako drużynowy jednej z dobrze prezentujących się drużyn ze środowiska robotniczego, składa raport Prezydentowi R.P. - Stanisławowi Wojciechowskiemu - protektorowi ZHP.

Wiosną 1925 roku, podczas powodzi spowodowanej wylewami Wisły, Skorupka bierze udział w akcji przeciwpowodziowej i pomocy powodzianom, kierując grupom praskich harcerzy. We wrześniu 1924 roku Skorupka przekazuje drużynę młodszym, a 1 października 1928 roku obejmuje ją po raz trzeci. W 1928 roku 22 WDH otrzymuje od Naczelnictwa ZHP dyplom uznający ją za drużynę harcerską kategorii "A". Skorupka za swą pracę wychowawczą z młodzieżą otrzymuje od Naczelnictwa stopień działacza harcerskiego. W lipcu 1929 roku w Kaletach nad jeziorem Szalmy, na pograniczu z Litwą, odbywa się kolejny udany obóz drużyny. Jego komendantem jest Kazimierz Skorupka. Harcerze mieszkają w szałasach z żerdzi, zadaszonych impregnowanym płótnem. W 1933 roku powstaje na Pradze terytorialny hufiec harcerski a Kazimierz Skorupka zostaje członkiem Komendy Hufca i wizytatorem. W czerwcu na Bródnie odbywa się rewia hufca Praga. Komendantem placu i prowadzącym defiladę jest Kazimierz Skorupka. Latem Skorupka prowadzi kolonię zuchową w Gołębiu k/ Dęblina, którą opiekuje się 36 pułk piechoty Legii Akademickiej, przebywający w pobliżu na ćwiczeniach. Jesienią 1933 roku Kazimierz Skorupka przekazuje 22 WDH swoim wychowanką. Zaczyna nosić dużą, ciemną brodę, dodającą mu powagi i dostojeństwa. Może właśnie dlatego harcerze zaczęli go nazywać "DZIADEM".

* * * * * * Po wielu latach dorywczej pracy Skorupka otrzymuje wreszcie stałą posadę. Zostaje konduktorem tramwajowym w zajezdni "Praga". Praca ta daje mu okazję do licznych kontaktów z "dziećmi ulicy". Ściąga do harcerstwa przygodnie spotkanych gazeciarzy i czepiających się tramwajów czy jeżdżących na gapę chłopców. 10 maja 1937 roku rozkazem Naczelnictwa ZHP Kazimierz Skorupka otrzymuje stopień harcmistrza. Jest jednym z nie licznych harcmistrzów - robotników. Jego działalność społeczna zostaje też doceniona przez władze państwowe. W roku 1938 hm. Kazimierz Skorupka otrzymuje Srebrny Krzyż Zasługi, co w tamtym czasie było poważnym wyróżnieniem.

* * * * * * Gdy we wrześniu 1939 roku wybucha wojna, hm. Kazimierz Skorupka organizuje praskie harcerstwo do służby w Pogotowiu Wojennym Harcerzy. Kieruje harcerską służbą łączności w Starostwie Pragi. Za udział w obronie Warszawy zostaje odznaczony Krzyżem Walecznych. Od początku okupacji Skorupka jest przywódcą duchowym i głównym organizatorem konspiracyjnego harcerstwa (Szarych Szeregów) na Pradze. Zgodnie z przedwojennym przezwiskiem przyjmuje konspiracyjny pseudonim "Dziad".

W pracę konspiracyjną Skorupka wkłada wszystkie swoje siły, jest żądny czynu natychmiast, drażnią go długie przygotowania do walki. Szereg działań organizacyjnych ułatwia mu praca konduktora tramwajowego, którą nadal wykonuje. Jest łącznikiem komendanta A.K. obwodu "Praga". Skorupkę cechuje wiara w ludzi, jest przekonany o sile konspiracyjnego harcerstwa Pragi. Gdy po aresztowaniu Naczelnika Szarych Szeregów - Floriana Marciniaka - jego następca Stanisław Broniewski "Orsza" próbuje ustalić liczebność harcerstwa Pragi - Skorupka przekazuje swoim przełożonym liczbę 3.000. Zapytany na jakiej podstawie to twierdzi, odpowiedział : "Wystarczy abym gwizdnął tu, na rogu Targowej i Zamoyskiego, a stawi się 3.000 chłopa. 1 września 1939 Hufiec Praga liczył właśnie tylu, tu się nic nie zmieniło ! W rzeczywistości liczba ta była dużo mniejsza. 17 sierpnia 1942 roku na praskie Szare Szeregi jak grom spada informacja o aresztowaniu Skorupki przez gestapo. W grypsie wysłanym z Pawiaka, Skorupka informuje najbliższych, że Niemcy wiedzą o jego konspiracyjnej działalności. Wytrzymuje jednak gestapowskie śledztwo i nie wydaje nikogo.

Na początku roku 1943 w styczniu lub marcu Skorupka zostaje wywieziony do obozu koncentracyjnego na Majdanku. Jednym z ostatnich śladów życia są dokumenty potwierdzające przybycie Kazimierza Skorupki do obozu, znajdujące się w archiwum muzeum Obozu Koncentracyjnego na Majdanku. Oraz alfabetyczny wykaz więźniów Majdanka, ustalony przez obozową komórkę ruchu oporu. Na tej liście pod numerem 273 znajduje się adnotacja: Kazimierz Skorupka, urodzony 18 lutego 1908 roku syn Adama i Eleonory. Drugim śladem ostatnich dni życia są wspomnienia więźniów obozu opisujących postać zgadzającą się z rysopisem Kazimierza Skorupki, przybyłą zgodnie z poprzednimi ustaleniami, zakwalifikowany jako polityczny. Jest on często brany na przesłuchania. Zabierany był rano a wieczorem powracał pobity. Każdego dnia w coraz cięższym stanie. Któregoś wieczora nie wrócił na noc do więziennych baraków.

* * * * * * 15. sierpnia 1943 roku na uroczystości poświęcenia sztandaru konspiracyjnej 22 WDH pierwszy gwóźdź w drzewce wbity został z nazwiskiem hm. Kazimierz Skorupka "Dziad" W sierpniu 1944 roku hm. Kazimierz Skorupka otrzymuje pośmiertnie Krzyż Walecznych po raz drugi i awans do stopnia podporucznika.

title: Talk:Kazimierz Skorupka


text:
Pandi

Pandi may refer to:

 * Pandi, Bulacan, Philippines
 * Pandi, Cundinamarca, Colombia
 * Pandi (film), a 2008 Indian Tamil-language film
 * Pandi (legendary creature), a creature of medieval bestiary
 * Pandi (mascot), a symbol of the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics
 * Pandi Melam, an Indian classical percussion concert or ensemble
 * PANDI, sponsor for the Indonesian internet country code .id

People

 * Pandi (actor), Indian actor
 * Pandi Geço (1913–1994), Albanian geographer
 * Pandi Gëllçi, Albanian volleyball coach
 * Pandi Laço (born 1964), Albanian journalist, songwriter, presenter and scenarist
 * Pandi Raidhi (1931–1999), Albanian actor

title: Pandi


text:
Honorary trust

An honorary trust, under the law of trusts, is a device by which a person establishes a trust for which there is neither a charitable purpose, nor a private beneficiary to enforce the trust. While such a trust would normally be void for lack of a beneficiary, many jurisdictions have carved out two specific exceptions to this rule: trusts for the care of that person's pets; and trusts to provide for the maintenance of cemetery plots.

Generally, rules require these elements or factors: "they cannot exist beyond the period of the rule against perpetuities, and their amounts cannot be unreasonably large for the purpose to be accomplished .. [and the] purpose must also be that of a reasonably normal testator and cannot be capricious." In some jurisdictions, a trust for the saying of masses may be allowed.

The name of the device derives from the lack of any beneficiary legally capable of enforcing an honorary trust: the trustee is bound by honor, but not by law, to carry out the wishes of the creator of the trust.

Like many states, Colorado (2020) and New York has only recently allowed such trusts by statute.

title: Honorary trust


text: Category:Language acquisition

title: Category:Language acquisition


text:
River Marden

The River Marden is a small tributary of the River Avon in England. It flows from the hills surrounding Calne and meets the Avon about a mile upstream of Chippenham. The river has a mean flow of 43 cuft/s.

Course
The Marden rises just north of the valley of Ranscombe Bottom near Calstone Wellington in Wiltshire. It then flows in a north-west direction through the Blackland area, where it forms a small ornamental lake at Blackland House, and on to Quemerford, where it is joined on the right bank by the Rivers Brook. In Calne, the Abberd Brook joins on the right. The river turns in a westerly direction and is joined by the overspill from Bowood Lake, part of the Bowood House estate, on the left at Studleybrook Farm. The river is then joined by the combined Fisher's and Cowage brooks before turning to the north-west, past the village of Stanley. 1.5 mi later it joins the Bristol Avon to the north-east of Chippenham.

History
The Domesday survey of England in 1086 records four watermills on the Marden at Calne. In the 18th century four fulling mills are recorded and one of these, Upper Mill, became a paper mill in 1768 and continued in operation until 1860. Hassell's Mill at Studley remained in operation until 1960.

A branch of the Wilts & Berks Canal, opened in 1810, paralleled the course of the Marden west of Calne. The canal was closed in 1914 following the collapse into the river of the Stanley aqueduct in 1901. Traces of the canal and its towpath survive.

Hydrology
The Environment Agency gauging station at Stanley has measured the mean flow of the river as 43 cuft/s, with a maximum recorded flow of 1529 cuft/s on 30 October 2000 and a minimum of 3.9 cuft/s on 21 August 1976.

title: River Marden