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Khor Fakkan

Khor Fakkan (خَوْر فَكَّان) is a city and an exclave of the Emirate of Sharjah, located on the east coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), facing the Gulf of Oman, and geographically surrounded by the Emirate of Fujairah. The city, the second largest on the east coast after Fujairah City, is set on the bay of Khor Fakkan, which means "Creek of Two Jaws". It is the site of Khor Fakkan Container Terminal, the only natural deep-sea port in the region and one of the major container ports in the UAE. The Port of Khor Fakkan faces the Emirate of Sharjah’s eastern seaboard, extending connections with Asia and the Far East. This port is one of the Emirate’s three ports.

It is also a popular spot among domestic tourists due to its white sand beaches and coral reefs that attract many marine life enthusiasts. Khor Fakkan beach lies to the north of the center of the town. Khor Fakkan is located on the east coast of the UAE, between the Shumayliyah Mountains and the Arabian Sea, with an altitude of 1,023 meters (3,356 ft) at al Hilqah Mountain (Jebel al Hilqah). The bay of Khor Fakkan faces the northeast and is protected from prevailing winds by a jetty serving terminal for container ships. In the mountains of Khor Fakkan and off the Sharjah-Khor Fakkan highway lies the Rifaisa Dam that is considered to have been built over a village, and thus when the water is very quiet, the tops of the old houses are visible. The development of Al Rifaisa Dam spans an area of 10,684 square meters.

History
Khorfakkan has a long history of human settlement. There is evidence of post holes from the wooden uprights of the traditional barasti huts known as areesh, similar to those found at Tell Abraq which dates from the 3rd to 1st millennium BC. Excavations by a team from the Sharjah Archaeological Museum have identified 34 graves and a settlement belonging to the early-mid 2nd millennium BC. These are clustered on rock outcrops overlooking the harbor.

Around 1500, Duarte Barbosa described it as a village “around which are gardens and farms in plenty”. The town was captured by the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century by naval commander General Afonso de Albuquerque and was referred to as Corfacão. It was part of a serial of fortified cities that the Portuguese used to control access to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including Muscat, Sohar and Hormuz. At the dawn of the 16th century, it and its port were defended by a wide walled belt facing the land, closing the gorge that, in the mountain range parallel to the coast, allows communication with the interior. In this monumental structure a single door was torn, defended by a tower. The ensemble was responsible for safeguarding eventual tribal attacks.

In 1580 the Venetian jeweler Gasparo Balbi noted "Chorf" in a list of places on the east coast of the United Arab Emirates, which is considered by historians to indicate Khor Fakkan. The Portuguese built a fort at Khor Fakkan that was a ruin by 1666. The log book of the Dutch vessel the Meerkat mentions this fort and another one, describing "Gorfacan" as a place on a small bay, with about 200 small houses built from date branches, near the beach. It refers to a triangular Portuguese fortress on the northern side, in ruins, and a fortress on a hill on the southern side, also in ruins, without garrison or artillery. As well as date palms, the Meerkat's log also mentions fig trees, melons, watermelons and myrrh. It notes several wells with "good and fresh water" used for irrigation. One reason suggested for the ruinous state of the forts is an invasion in 1623 of the Persian navy under the control of Omani Sheikh Muhammad Suhari. Suhari, facing a Portuguese counterattack, withdrew to the Portuguese forts, including that of Khorfakkan. When the Persians were expelled, the Portuguese commander Rui Freire urged the people of Khorfakkan to remain loyal to the Portuguese crown and established a Portuguese customs office as well.

In 1737, long after the Portuguese had been expelled from Arabia, the Persians again invaded Khor Fakkan, with some 5,000 men and 1,580 horses, with the help of the Dutch, during their intervention in the Omani civil war. In 1765 Khor Fakkan belonged to a sheikh of the Al Qasimi, Sharjah's ruling family, according to the German traveler Carsten Niebuhr. There is a map by the French cartographer Rigobert Bonne dating to about 1770 that shows the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf and includes Khor Fakkan.

At the turn of the 19th century, Lorimer notes that Khor Fakkan had about 5,000 date trees and was home to about 150 houses of Naqbiyin and Arabicised Persians, amounting to some 800 people. The population lived by cultivation and pearling, and the town had seven shops.

The German submarine U-533 sank about 25 mi off the coast on 16 October 1943 during World War II. Divers found the wreck at a depth of 108 m in 2009.

Port
The modern Khor Fakkan Container Terminal was inaugurated in 1979, and is the only natural deep-sea port in the region, and one of the top ports in the Emirates for containers. The Dh 300 million ($81.75 million) project involved reclaiming some 150000 m2 to increase the storage capacity and to facilitate large cranes, and 16 m deep quays to accommodate for major vessels over 400 m in length. As of 2004 it handled 1.6 million TEU's.

The port is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the North Sea.

Geography and climate
Khor Fakkan lies on the east coast of the UAE, between the Indian Ocean and the Shumayliyyah or Western Hajar Mountains. The bay of Khor Fakkan is north-east facing and is protected from prevailing winds by a jetty serving the container terminal. Tourism is well developed thanks to sandy beaches and the coral reefs that attract many divers. Khor Fakkan Beach lies to the north of the center of the town.

From November to April Khor Fakkan is sunny and warm during the day; the evenings are cool and humidity low. Daytime temperatures range from 18 to 30 °C. One may expect rain and tropical storms between January and March. The climate warms from May to September with the high temperature at noon in July and August reaching 40 °C. The nights too are warm, with the temperature reaching 36 °C, with high humidity.

Landmarks

Khor Fakkan has one 4 star holiday beach resort, the Oceanic Hotel. The fish, fruit and vegetable souq is located at the southern end of the corniche and near the main highway. Shees Park, a recreational park is located near the village of Shis. The highest building in the city is the Al Suhub Rest House, which overlooks Khor Fakkan from a height of 580 metres above sea level.

Notable people

 * H.E. Sheikh Saeed bin Saqer bin Sultan Al-Qasimi (born 1962), a Qasimi royal, Deputy Chairman of the Amiri Court in Khorfakkan
 * Mohammed Ahmed Ibrahim (born 1962), visual artist
 * Hussain Al Jassmi (born 1979), Arabic musician
 * Abdullah Al-Naqbi, (born 1993), Emirati footballer
 * Mohammed Khalfan (born 1992), Emirati footballer
 * Abdullah Yousef (born 1996), Emirati goalkeeper
 * Fayez Banihammad (1977–2001), hijacker aboard United Airlines Flight 175 as part of the September 11 attacks.

title: Khor Fakkan


text:
Chrysopelea

Chrysopelea, commonly known as the flying snake or gliding snake, is a genus of snakes that belongs to the family Colubridae. They are found in Southeast Asia, and are known for their ability to glide between trees. Flying snakes are mildly venomous, though the venom is dangerous only to their small prey. There are five species within the genus.

Gliding
Chrysopelea is also known by its common name "flying snake". It climbs using ridge scales along its belly, pushing against the rough bark of tree trunks, allowing it to move vertically up a tree. Upon reaching the end of a branch, the snake continues moving until its tail dangles from the end of the branch. It then makes a J-shape bend, leans forward to select the level of inclination it wishes to use to control its glide path, as well as selecting a desired landing area. Once it decides on a destination, it propels itself by thrusting its body up and away from the tree, sucking in its abdomen and flaring out its ribs to turn its body into a "pseudo concave wing", all the while making a continual serpentine motion of lateral undulation parallel to the ground to stabilise its direction in midair in order to land safely.

The combination of forming a C-shape, flattening its abdomen and making a motion of lateral undulation in the air makes it possible for the snake to glide in the air, where it also manages to save energy compared to travel on the ground and dodge earth-bound predators. The concave wing that the snake creates in flattening itself nearly doubles the width of its body from the back of the head to the anal vent, which is close to the end of the snake's tail, causing the cross section of the snake's body to resemble the cross section of a frisbee or flying disc. When a flying disc spins in the air, the designed cross sectional concavity causes increased air pressure under the centre of the disc, causing lift for the disc to fly, and the snake continuously moves in lateral undulation to create the same effect of increased air pressure underneath its arched body to glide.

Flying snakes are able to glide better than flying squirrels and other gliding animals, despite the lack of limbs, wings, or any other wing-like projections, gliding as far as 100 meters through the forests and jungles they inhabit. Their destination is mostly predicted by ballistics; however, they can exercise some in-flight attitude control by "slithering" in the air.

Their ability to glide has been an object of interest for physicists and the United States Department of Defense in recent years, and studies continue to be made on what other, more subtle, factors contribute to their gliding. According to recent research conducted by the University of Chicago, scientists discovered a negative correlation between size and gliding ability, in which smaller flying snakes were able to glide longer distances horizontally.

According to research performed by Professor Jake Socha at Virginia Tech, these snakes can change the shape of their body in order to produce aerodynamic forces so they can glide in the air. Scientists are hopeful that this research will lead to the design of robots that can glide in the air from one place to another.

Distribution
Their range is in Southeast Asia (the mainland (Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos), Indonesia, and the Philippines), southernmost China, India, and Sri Lanka.

Diet
Chrysopelea are diurnal, which means they hunt during the day. Their diets are variable depending on their range, but they are known to eat lizards, rodents, frogs, birds, and bats. They are mildly venomous snakes, but their tiny, fixed rear fangs make them dangerous only to their small prey.

Venom
The genus is considered mildly venomous, with a few confirmed cases of medically significant envenomation. Chrysopelea species are not included in lists of snakes considered venomous to people.

Taxonomy
Chrysopelea is one of five genera belonging to the vine snake subfamily Ahaetuliinae, of which Chrysopelea is most closely related to Dendrelaphis, as shown in the cladogram below:

Species
There are five recognized species of flying snake, found from western India to the Indonesian archipelago. Knowledge of their behavior in the wild is limited, but they are thought to be highly arboreal, rarely descending from the canopy. The smallest species reach about 2 ft in length and the largest grow to 4 feet.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chrysopelea


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Sam Farrar

Sam John Farrar (born June 29, 1978) is an American musician. He is best known as a member of the pop band Maroon 5, in which he plays several instruments, primarily bass guitar. A frequent collaborator with the band since the 1990s, he joined as a touring member in 2012 and was promoted to an official member in 2016. He has also been the bassist for the rock band Phantom Planet since their formation in 1994.

1994–2012: Phantom Planet and other side projects
Farrar is the bass guitar player for the American rock band Phantom Planet. He also joined the band Operation Aloha with members of Gomez and Maroon 5. He and his wife, Stephanie, have started their own music project, called Bubble and Strife.

2012–present: Maroon 5
In 2012, Farrar became a touring member of Maroon 5, playing various instruments, including guitars, occasional bass guitar, percussion and additional keyboards, singing backing vocals and providing samples and other special effects (using the MPC).

A longtime collaborator of the band, he co-wrote and co-produced a few of the band's songs on almost all of their studio albums and also remixed one of their songs, which is called "Woman", on Call and Response: The Remix Album, released in 2008. On August 31, 2012 – during a show in Argentina on the Overexposed Tour – Farrar filled-in for Mickey Madden on the bass guitar for the first time since 2001. He subsequently filled-in for Madden on the next few shows of the tour.

After touring with the band as a touring member for the next couple of years, Farrar appeared in an official, promotional photo of Maroon 5 for the first time, in late 2016. He is also featured on the cover of the band's sixth studio album, Red Pill Blues (2017) – all of this can be seen as confirmation, that Farrar became an official member of Maroon 5, making them a seven-piece band. He replaced Madden as bassist in 2020 following the former's departure from the band.

Personal life
Farrar was born in Los Angeles, California, to Australian parents. His father, John Farrar, was a member of The Shadows and also carved a successful songwriting career, penning many of Olivia Newton-John's big hits as well as producing nearly every one of her albums during her most successful years. His mother, Pat Carroll, was a successful Australian pop singer in the 1960s. He attended The Buckley School.

Sam is married to Stephanie Eitel, formerly a member of the band Agent Sparks. Their daughter Vesper Pearl Farrar was born on August 6, 2009, and their son Flynn Roscoe Farrar was born on January 14, 2014.

Discography
With Hanson
 * Underneath (2004)

With Operation Aloha
 * Operation Aloha (2009)

With Sara Bareilles
 * Kaleidoscope Heart (2010)
 * Once Upon Another Time (EP) (2012)

With Bubble and Strife
 * My Lifetime for Blondes (EP) (2011)

With Jasmine Ash
 * Beneath the Noise (2012)

With John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John
 * This Christmas (2012)

With Oh Land
 * Wish Bone (2013)

With Tony Lucca
 * With the Whole World Watching (2013)

With Rozzi Crane
 * Rozzi Crane (EP) (2013)
 * Space (EP) (2015)
 * Time (EP) (2015)

With Shoffy
 * Lenses (2018)
 * Cool Again (2020)

With Andy Grammer
 * Naive (2019)

With Yuna
 * Rogue (2019)

With SuperM
 * Super One (2020)

With Duncan Laurence
 * Small Town Boy (2020)

With Band of Horses
 * Things Are Great (2022)

With Mandy Moore
 * In Real Life (2022)

Maroon 5

 * As an outside collaborator
 * Songs About Jane (2002) – programming ("She Will Be Loved")
 * It Won't Be Soon Before Long (2007) – production
 * Call and Response: The Remix Album (2008) – remix of a song ("Woman")
 * Hands All Over (2010) – songwriting ("Misery", "Stutter", "Don't Know Nothing", "Hands All Over" and "How")
 * Songs About Jane: 10th Anniversary Edition (2012) – producing
 * As a touring member
 * Overexposed (2012) – production and songwriting ("Ladykiller", "Fortune Teller" and "Tickets"), backing vocals, programming
 * V (2014) – backing vocals ("Unkiss Me" and "This Summer" – the latter song is from the 2015 re-release of V), programming
 * As an official member
 * Red Pill Blues (2017) – producing, keyboards, bass guitar, synthesizer, samples, lead and rhythm guitar, programming, backing vocals
 * Jordi (2021) – producing, keyboards, bass guitar, synthesizer, samples, lead and rhythm guitar, programming, backing vocals

Phantom Planet

 * Phantom Planet Is Missing (1998)
 * The Guest (2002)
 * Phantom Planet (2004)
 * Raise the Dead (2008)
 * Devastator (2020)

Remixes
2008
 * "Woman" – Maroon 5 (Sam Farrar Remix)

2010
 * "Unspoken" – Weezer (Sam Farrar Remix)

title: Sam Farrar


text:
User talk:Aliasworkshop

Whine whine whine... (lol)

title: User talk:Aliasworkshop


text:
Toronto Fire Services

Toronto Fire Services (TFS), commonly called Toronto Fire, provides fire protection, technical rescue services, hazardous materials response, and first responder emergency medical assistance in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Toronto Fire Services is currently the largest municipal fire department in Canada.

History
Fire services in Toronto began in 1874 in the former City of Toronto, and still consisted of volunteer fire companies. Prior to 1874, fire services were composed of poorly trained volunteer companies in the city. The first company was created in 1826 and hook and ladder in 1831. Most were able bodied men who were trained to operate pumps to draw water from the lake. A wooden pumper truck presented to Toronto by British America Assurance Company c.1837 is now found at Black Creek Pioneer Village.

The city's poor fire fighting services were highlighted by the Great Toronto Fire in 1849 and again in the Great Fire of Toronto in 1904. After the latter fire, which destroyed much of Bay Street from The Esplanade West to Melinda Street, the Fire Department in Toronto became a critical city service and has evolved into the full-time service that exists today.

The Toronto Fire Services was created in 1998 from the merger of the former fire departments of the original City of Toronto, East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough and York. It is the largest fire department in Canada and the 5th largest municipal fire department in North America. As part of the city's 2013 Budget plans, the City of Toronto demanded a 10% cut by all city departments. TFS, under then Fire Chief James Sales, recommended vehicle reductions at several stations (Stations 213, 215, 324 and 413) and one station to close (Station 424) to meet the 10% reduction target. As well the cuts will lead to fewer firefighters on staff.

In 2014, four pumpers (P213, P215, P413, P424) were taken out of service and Station 424 was shut down.

In 2017, under Fire Chief Matthew Pegg, the TFS Transformation Plan was developed and introduced, which included a comprehensive Inclusion Plan. An update on the status of the numerous initiatives that are included in this plan was provided as part of the 2018 budget process.

In 2018, 10 additional staff were added to support the creation of a permanent Toronto Community Housing Fire Safety Task Force. Also in 2018, one additional crew of 21 Operations Firefighters was approved to support the opening of the new Downsview fire station.

Fire companies

 * 1st Engine 1826 at Church Street and Newgate Street (Adelaide Street East), renumbered as Station 5 in 1861 and closed in 1874
 * Independent Fire Company Engine House No. 2
 * York Fire Company 1826 at Fireman's Hall (Church Street and Newgate Street)
 * Hook and Ladder Fire Company 1831
 * Fireman's Hall 1839 at Bay Street 1839; closed 1841
 * Station No. 1 1841; closed 1924
 * 4th Engine House at St. Patrick Market on Queen Street West 1842, closed 1861
 * Hose Company No. 2 at Berkeley Street 1849; closed 1859
 * 7th Engine Company at Elizabeth Street 1857; closed 1859
 * Station No 2 at 163 Portland 1871; closed 1968
 * Station No 3 at 488 Yonge Street 1871; closed 1926
 * Station No 5 at Court Street 1874; closed 1886
 * Station No 6 at 315 Queen Street West 1876; closed 1936

Fire departments

 * Scarborough Fire Department 1925 – replaced 5 volunteer bucket brigades, 1850s
 * North York Fire Department 1923 – merged seven separate volunteer brigades
 * New Toronto Fire Department 1930 – merged with Etobicoke FD 1967
 * Township of Etobicoke Fire Department 1955

Organization
The fire chief (C1), as well as the 4 commanding deputy chiefs,(C2, C3, C4, C5), are all based at 4330 Dufferin Street – the central headquarters for both Toronto Fire and Toronto Paramedic Services. There are four division commanders (C6, C7, C8, C9). Each division commander is based in their respective commands – north, east, south and west.

Alan F. Speed became the first fire chief of the amalgamated Toronto Fire Services in November 1997. He served in that post until his retirement in April 2003.

Following Speed's retirement, William (Bill) Stewart was appointed fire chief on May 1, 2003, and served until his retirement on April 30, 2012.

Jim Sales worked as a political bureaucrat in the Town of Markham and as general manager with the City of Barrie prior to his appointment as Toronto fire chief in 2012. Sales was fire chief in Markham from 2000 to 2001 and in Edmonton from 1988 to 2000.

Matthew Pegg was appointed as interim fire chief in May 2016, following Sales' departure. Pegg became permanent chief in April 2017. Pegg served as deputy fire chief of Administration prior to being appointed fire chief.

Previous chiefs
With the exception of Sales, Toronto Fire Services and Toronto Fire Department chiefs have been promoted within the department's ranks. Peter Ferguson was deputy chief of the North York Fire Department before becoming fire chief of the Toronto Fire Department

 * Bernard (Ben) Bonser: 1977–1988, Toronto Fire Department
 * Walter Shanahan: 1988–1995, Toronto Fire Department
 * Peter L Ferguson: 1995–1997,Toronto Fire Department
 * Alan F. Speed: 1997–2003
 * William A. Stewart: 2003–2012
 * Jim W. Sales: 2012–2016

Equipment

 * Innotex – current bunker gear
 * Cairns 660C Metro composite fire helmet – current fire helmet (as of June 2018)
 * Drager UCF 7000 thermal imaging camera
 * Globe Supreme 14 fire boot
 * MSA G1 self-contained breathing aparatus

Fire apparatus
Toronto Fire Department began using motorized vehicles after 1911. The first motorized pumper was placed in the College St station on October 18, 1911. Before that, the TFD and previous fire companies used horse drawn engines and ladders. Prior to the 1970s, the TFD had open air vehicles (driver cab not enclosed and mostly aerial trucks), but since then both the TFD and TFS use fully enclosed cab vehicles. Prior to the 1950s, TFD used tiller-ladder trucks and since have reverted to smaller aerial units that can operate in narrow streets in Toronto.

The TFS inherited all the vehicles of the fire departments prior to amalgamation. The current strength of TFS consists of 179 vehicles. Since amalgamation, apparatus assignments consist of an alpha-numeric callsign. The alphabetic prefix identifies the type of apparatus. The following three numerical digits identify the station the apparatus is located in. The first digit identifies the division (Command) that the station is in (1-north, 2-East, 3-South, 4-West). The second digit identifies the District within the Command that the station is in. The last digit identifies the station within the District within the Command that the apparatus is assigned to.

A list of types of vehicles used by the TFS: (prefix letter in brackets with "xxx" as the station placeholders) is listed below:

 * Frontline apparatus (staffed)
 * Pumper companies (Pxxx) – Pumper companies operate standard pumper truck. Pumper trucks are equipped with firefighting gear as well as basic rescue tools and other equipment
 * Rescue (Rxxx) – Rescue pumper truck. Rescue units are equipped with firefighting gear as well as a variety of rescue tools and equipment. This includes the jaws of life hydraulic rescue tool systems (spreaders, cutters, combi tools, rams, etc),numerous rescue saws, air, electric and battery operated power tools, cribbing and other specialized tools and equipment.
 * Aerial (Axxx) – aerials operate straight aerial ladder (stick); lengths range from 75 to 105 ft. This unit is configured as a quint (pump/tank). This unit carries specialized firefighting and rescue tools.
 * Ladder (Lxxx) – Ladder companies operate straight aerial ladder (stick); lengths range from 100 to 105 ft. It is configured as a truck (no pump/no tank). It carries specialized tools and equipment for all kinds of situations.
 * Tower (Txxx) – Tower companies operate aerial platforms with articulating boom ladder. Two units only, with 1 found in South Command and 1 in North Command; length 114 ft
 * Platform (PLxxx) – This unit operates an aerial ladder with attached platform. One unit only, found in West Command; length 100 ft
 * Squad (Sxxx) – Squad companies operate heavy rescue units. These units are equipped with various types of specialized technical rescue equipment and tools. This includes the jaws of life hydraulic rescue tool systems (spreaders, cutters, combi tools, rams, etc),specialized rescue saws, air bags, air, electric and battery powered demolition drills, rotary hammers, reciprocating and circular saws, rope rescue equipment, hazardous materials response equipment, emergency medical services equipment and other types of specialized tools and equipment. Five units total, with two located in South Command and one each in of North, East, and West Commands.
 * Haz-mat unit (HZxxx) – Hazardous materials trucks operate specialized trucks containing equipment that deals with hazardous materials/dangerous goods incidents. Hazardous materials personal protective equipment, non sparking tools, generators and other specialized tools and equipment are carried on the hazardous materials units. Two units only, one in each of North and South Commands.
 * High rise unit (HRxxx) – Specialized rescue trucks containing equipment for high-rise incidents. Two units only, one in each of North and South Commands.
 * Air/light unit (LAxxx) – These units carry electric items and resources for replenishing the self contained breathing apparatus that the firefighters use on fire incidents. 1 in each command (LA111, LA231, LA325, LA421)
 * Chief units and command vehicles
 * Fire chief / deputy chief (Cx) – These personnel are senior exempt rank members of the department
 * Division commander (Cx) – There are four geographical divisions in the toronto fire services. 1 division commander unit is found in each command (C6, C7, C8, C9)
 * Division chief (DVC) – There is 1 for communications, mechanical, investigations, prevention, finance and data analytics, etc.
 * Platoon chief (PCX0) – Platoon chiefs are in charge of commanding each platoon of firefighters. There is 1 platoon chief unit in each command (C10, C20, C30, C40)
 * District chief (DCxx) district chiefs are in charge of each district
 * Command unit (CMDxx) – These vehicles are used as mobile command and control centres for fire personnel but they can also be used by police and emergency medical services personnel or other members as needed. Two units only, one in each of North and South Commands.
 * Support apparatus (cross-staffed)
 * Hazmat support unit (HSxxx) – Unmanned equipment vehicle
 * Decontamination unit (DExxx)
 * Water tanker (WTxxx) – 1 only, in East Command
 * Rapid attack vehicle – 1 only, on Toronto Islands
 * All-terrain vehicle (ATVx) – Used at special events, such as the Canadian National Exhibition
 * Mini pumper (MPxxx)
 * Multi-purpose vehicle (MPVxxx)
 * Fireboat (FBxxx) – 2 units, both stationed in toronto harbour
 * Trench rescue support truck (TRSxxx) – 1 only, in East Command
 * High capacity foam pumper (FPxxx) 1 only, in North Command
 * Mechanical response unit (MRUxxx)
 * Miscellaneous apparatus
 * Training pumper (TRPx) – Used by professional development and training
 * Spare vehicles (X5xxx) – Backup apparatus used to temporarily replace frontline apparatus
 * Fire investigator (FIx)

Fire boats
The Toronto Fire Department and successor Toronto Fire Services has operated fire boats since 1923. Fireboat Charles A. Reed was the first fireboat operated by the service; it was a wood-hull boat that entered service in 1923 and remained in use until 1964. The service presently has two fireboats in service. Fireboat William Lyon Mackenzie entered service in 1964, replacing Charles A. Reed. Fireboat William Lyon Mackenzie serves as the department's main fireboat and icebreaker. In 2006, the Toronto Fire Services acquired Fireboat Sora, a light utility boat built in 1982 for the Canadian Coast Guard. The Sora was retired from TFS on October 31, 2015, replaced by Fireboat William Thornton. Fireboat William Thornton is a type 400 cutter, built in 1982 for the Canadian Coast Guard, and was acquired by the Toronto Fire Service in 2015.

Miscellaneous units
While not part of the fleet, Box 12 (Box 12 Association) and Support 7 (Greater Toronto Multiple Alarm Association) are canteen trucks run by volunteers and are present at large emergencies to provide food and beverages for Toronto firefighters.

Formed in 1949, the Box 12 Association is Toronto's oldest fire canteen unit and serves firefighters in the west end and the downtown core. The unit is named after alarm box #12, which was pulled to trigger the response to the Great Toronto Fire of 1904. This canteen has served in a number of high-profile multiple alarm fires in recent history, including the Badminton and Racquet Club of Toronto six-alarm fire in 2017. The Box 12 Association celebrated 70 years of continuous volunteer service in 2018, with Mayor John Tory in attendance. Each year, an award named after this canteen is presented by the Toronto Professional Fire Fighters Association to a fire service member for voluntarism.

Formed in 1975, the GTMAA vehicle is painted with TFD scheme, but not the logo (using the GTMAA patch instead).

In addition, there are various hazardous materials support trucks and a trench rescue support truck that respond to specialized calls. These trucks are unmanned and are only used by trained personnel when a specialized call is dispatched. TFS also has a fleet of various mechanical support trucks. Smaller compact cars bearing the TFS colours and logo are driven by fire prevention officers and other commanding officers.

Toronto Fire will also acquire use of a long-range acoustic device. It was one of three purchased by the Toronto Police Service for use during the G20 summit in 2010 (1 for marine unit, 2 for public safety unit).

Toronto Fire Services operates and manages both the heavy urban search and rescue (HUSAR) team and the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives (CBRNE) response team on behalf of the City of Toronto and under contract with the Province of Ontario for provincial deployment as required as CAN-TF3.

Prior to amalgamation, the Scarborough Fire Department had their fleet painted yellow. In the years following amalgamation, the markings on the fire trucks were a patchwork of the various schemes used by the former boroughs. All had "Toronto" decaled or painted where the former borough's name used to be and the new Toronto Fire crest was added with the new numbering scheme. Over the past 19 years since amalgamation, the majority of the older vehicles have either been retired or repainted to match the new scheme: fire engine red with yellow reflective trim and markings.

Fire stations
The Toronto Fire Services currently operates out of 83 fire stations throughout the city, organized into 15 districts. A 16th district (District 12) was disbanded in 2013. Its 4 stations were absorbed into the surrounding districts. Each district is part of one of four geographical divisions of command. There are 4 command areas: north, east, south and west. With the exception of North Division, the other geographic divisions are divided into four districts. Several companies have been disbanded or reassigned over the years.

North Command
The North Command's office (Command 1) is located at Fire Station 114. There are 21 stations in the North Command

East Command
The East Command's office (Command 2) is located at Fire Station 221. There are 22 stations in the East Command.

South Command
The South Command's office (Command 3) is located at Fire Station 332. There are 22 stations in South Command.

West Command
The West Command's office (Command 4) is located at Fire Station 442. Fire Station 424 at 462 Runnymede Road closed permanently in 2014. There are 19 stations in West Command.

title: Toronto Fire Services


text:
John Kellogg

John Kellogg may refer to:

 * John Kellogg (actor) (1916–2000), American actor in film, stage and television
 * John Kellogg (Ohio politician), former member of the Ohio House of Representatives
 * John Azor Kellogg (1828–1883), American military leader and politician from Wisconsin
 * John Harvey Kellogg (1852–1943), American physician who ran a sanitarium using holistic methods in Battle Creek, Michigan
 * J. A. Kellogg (1871–1962), Washington politician
 * John P. Kellogg (1860–1925), American judge

title: John Kellogg


text:
User talk:Tails105

ddfdfdfdfdfd

WolfWing's Werepyre Apprentice's Introduction
He is my aq char which can be seen here: http://www.battleon.com/aq-chardetailnew.asp?temp=1478026 WWA, let's call WolfWing's Werepyre Appreantice "WWA" for short, is level 70. He is level 77 and is the class Knight.

Stats
WWA's stats are: Strength - 80 Dexterity - 65 Intellect - 70 Charisma - 0 Endurance - 100 Luck - 40

My strength are normal for my level, while the dexterity isn't because it's not too important and it wastes my Stats points.

title: User talk:Tails105


text:
User:Girlyboy

So hello, I'm Girlyboy, I guess.

I like a website: combatto.com

title: User:Girlyboy


text:
Talk:Wonder Man

Untitled
Thank you, Wonder Man!--Theloniouszen 07:32, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Wonder Woman/Wonder Man Lawsuit
Just wondering if anyone has heard anything about this from a source other than Stan Lee. I just find it odd that DC would sue Marvel over a character who debuted and died in the same issue and can't find anything about it other than that quote. Stan can be a bit of a showman and I wonder about the validity of what he said. He makes it sound like DC made him kill off Wonder Man but he was already dead.

Demolicious (talk) 09:10, 17 October 2013 (UTC)

Strength
As the Marvel Handbooks are unreliable, it is best not to cite them here. A good example is the Thing (from the Fantastic Four), who is listed as being capable of lifting 70 tons but actually hefts structures weighing far more (eg. buildings, spaceships). The best way to quantify a character's strength is to cite feats or compare them to an established powerhouse (eg. the Hulk). Wikipedia also considers citations from comic handbooks as plagiarism, although the above mentioned examples can help get around that.

Asgardian 06:41, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

The article states:

Zemo's treatments surpassed his expectations and endowed Wonder Man with strength comparable to Thor.

However in one issue of the Avengers Wonder Man is trying to show off in front of Ms Marvel and attempts to lift one of Thor's weights. He fails and needs to be saved by Iron Man who turns off the weight with his repulsor ray. In that scene Wonder Man actually says that he is not as strong as Thor. I will go through my collection and find the exact issue if need be but it was during the Korvac saga.

Also in an early issue of the Thing's own title the Puppet Master posseses Wonder Man and sends him to kill the Thing. Because the Puppet Master is unused to the body and physical violence the Thing rather quickly defeats him. However during the fight the Thing's thought bubbles read "I know that Wondy aint as tough as me but he shouldn't be folding this early on" or words to that effect. I'd have to go through my boxes to find the exact issue and wording.I admit that this is the Thing's own personal opinion as it is his thoughts that we are reading but that must count for something.

The Prime Source 11:43, 2 August 2007 (UTC)Dale

The two cited issues above from Avengers #175 and Thing #5 are extremely old and belong to the stage fright insecurity period that Wonder Man went thru during the late 70's. In a Marvel Two in One Simon shows marked strength superiority to The Thing when even under Xemnu the Titan spell he lifts a gigantic barbell with just one hand and throws it like a paper plane that Thing had just struggled to lift off the ground with both arms. Once Wonder Man started to gain confidence he started to show his real strength. From then on he was implied and shown as the equal of Hercules (Avengers 211), Thor (WCA Annual) & Hulk (Wonder Man's own series). Those showings elevated the character to the strength standards he shows today. Particularly important is the way Arkon the Barbarian, a character who has fought Thor testifies in Avengers West Coast that Wonder Man hits harder than Thor and the beating Wonder Man gives to the Abomination.

SimonWM 01:06, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

I remember the fight with the Abomination in the West Coast Avengers. Abomination has the strength of a calm Hulk and cannot approach the strength levels of a angry Hulk. Yet I remember that Wonder-Man took a heavy beating in that fight and was covered in bruises at the comic's end when he visits Hawkeye and Mockingbird in the hot tub. Compare that to Hercules' own mini-series, where Hercules hits the Abomination once and the Abomination is knocked halfway across the city, his face becomes a bloody pulp and he looses teeth and falls unconcious. So Wonder-Man is not anywhere near as strong as Hercules. And I think that we can safely assume that Hercules and Thor are comparable in strentgh after all the long fist fights these two gods have had with each other. I agree that Wonder-Man is stronger than the Thing but I've not seen any evidence to say that he is as strong as Thor.

Thor might not of been punching Arkon with his full strength. A god with his strength level must pull his punches for most of the opponants that he punhes or they would end up as nothing more that smears on the wall. Just like Spider-Man does when he punches some ordinary man without powers. Thor probably only ever cuts loose with his full strength when he's hitting someone like Hercules, the Hulk or the Destroyer.

Thor has lifted part of the Midgard serpent which is big enough to wrap itself around the entire planet. I have not seen any evidence that Wonder-Man coupld duplicate such a feat. He is not anywhere near as strong as Thor.

81.131.50.133 13:55, 2 October 2007 (UTC)Dale

Abomination doesn't has the strength of a calm Hulk. He is the Hulk enemy that has KO Hulk most often; not Banner Hulk or the professor but Hulk in his greenest meanest. The abomination cameo you are refering to where Hercules KO the abomination in a cameo of a couple of panels cannot even be counted as a proper fight. This Hercules mini series like all Hercules mini series is filled with humor. In a proper continuity series it would have been Hercules the one knocked halfway across the city by the abomination. Hercules has never been nowhere near Hulk power levels. In the Thor series Roy Thomas always wrote Hercules as inferior in strength to Thor. Only during the old Lee/Kyrby ,because Odin took half of Thor's strength, could Hercules dominate Thor. Wonder Man has gone naked fists against both Thor's fists and Mjolnir and Thor had to summon his thunder mystic powers thru Mjolnir in order to dominate Wonder Man because in a pure hand to hand combat Thor was missing. Thor doesn't needs to pull his punches with Arkon or any oponents at that power levels. Hulk also nods to Wonder Man being a match to him in Wonder Man #27 after Wonder Man takes on the Hulk while at the same time being hit by military cannon gunfire. You can see panels of Wonder Man stopping Hulk fists in mid air and sending him flying to the ground.

SimonWM 00:03, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

In one issue of Thor's own title he arm wrestled with Hercules to establish who the stronger of the two was and during the contes they destroyed an entire mountain plateu between them and the contest went undecided. Hercules is definately within Thor's strentgh class, though it would be difficult to say who is the stronger of the two.

It dose not matter how much humour is in Hercules's own series it still happened and it is still canon. The Abomination can lift around 100 tons which is about what a calm Hulk can lift but Hercules can lift thousands if not millions of tons. It would be very easy for him to take out the Abomination with one punch. It would be next to impossible for the Abomination to do the same thing to the Lion of Olympus.

Hercules has dragged and lifted the entire city of Manhatten. He's lifted an entire space battle cruiser. He's thrown giant trees from earth into space.Also remember the Greek myths are canon within the Marvel universe. Hercules has supported the entire world on his shoulders.

Wonder-Man is just not in the same league as Thor, Hercules or an enraged Hulk. The articles statement that he is as strong as Thor is somebody's opinion that has never been established in comics and should be removed.

Wonder-Man has always been able to lift around 95 tons but with training and his power's development he can lift around 100 tons which would put him in the same league as the Abomination or a calm Hulk. Which is why he really struggled to beat the Abomination in a fight.

Remeber that he is composed of energy therefore he can take a lot of punishment. So obviously Hulk's fists or Thor's hammer are not going to cause him as much damage as they would a more flesh and blood enemy. ut the ability to take damage does not equal strength. Look at the Juggernaut, he can take blows from Thor's hammer and the Hulk without moving, but he is nowhere near as physically strong as either Thor or the Hulk.

Wonder-Man is just not as strong as Thor, the article is wrong.

81.131.56.27 17:19, 16 October 2007 (UTC)Dale

Actually in one of Wonder Man's first Appearances he battles Thor n Thor proclaims Wonder Man's Blow was as powerful as a blow from Mighty Mjolner. Since its established that when Thor wants to hit harder he uses his Hammer this clearly makes Wonder Man stronger.

Further in the West Coast Avengers Wonder Man attempts to crush Ultron's Adamantium head. He fails, but creates so much pressure that the circuitry inside is destroyed.

I would suggest that since wonder Man is made up of Ionic Energy, his weaker moments must be caused by Solar Flares, Electromagnetic Fields, EMP's etc. But it seems Clear that Wonder Man's top strength is Greater than Thor or even a calm Hulk. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.125.18.110 (talk) 06:00, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

Flight
In Might Avengers #3, it appears Wonder can still (even in human form), despite being carried in #1. I'm altering the powers section accordingly. -AS

First appearance
From the article, "and first appeared in Avengers Vol. 1, #9 " Later it states, "records Wonder Man's brain patterns in the hope that one day he can be revived. [1]" "1. ^ Avengers Vol. 1, #3" He couldn't have been recorded before his first appearance. Unfortunately I have no idea what issue he first appeared or which episode he was recorded.

Rauglothgor 00:16, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Infobox image.
I've place the full promotional art back as the one recently uploaded to replace it is the same image and adds nothing to the article. Swapping out for the more recently uploaded image is a waste of time and effort, so can we just leave this as is?

Thanks for listening.... — J Greb 17:08, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

The George Perez ionic look created for the Kurt Busiek tenure as Avengers writer is not the current look. Wonder Man is back to his human look. A much more prevalent look since he has been human looking most of his published life. I have replaced this image with a human looking one very much in context with his WCA & regular series look, which is his longest and most active period as a Marvel character

SimonWM 01:29, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

"Avenging Days" section
This section is in big-time need of a cleanup. For one thing, big chunks of information are repeated and restated (as if someone had written them, then someone else added their take on the events without getting rid of the original text), and the grammar is atrocious in parts. 204.153.84.10 20:58, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Question
(Removed unsourced claims and "tell the story" component.) ---

Tell the story? What?

I can understand the first part, though I don't agree with it. The best thing to do would be to ask for the relevant issue numbers, not go deleting things.

Lots42 22:26, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Human??
Is Wonder Man still considered human? I thought when dealing w/ Mephisto, it was reveal that Wonder Man is not the original Simon Williams, but rather an ionic duplicate. 66.109.248.114

In the 2000 mini series Avengers Two, that was retconned as Mephisto messing up with Simon's head. The Beast, Wonder Man parents and most of the characters that thru the story reveal this to Wonder Man are Mephisto's constructs. The powers he exhibits during that story "Hidden Depth" are also revealed as Mephisto's illusions.

SimonWM 01:14, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Kirby1 wonderman.jpg
Image:Kirby1 wonderman.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:35, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

I have added Fair use rationale. SimonWM —Preceding unsigned comment added by SimonWM (talk • contribs) 15:20, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Wonder Man
How come his name is remotely to a female DC character? And how come one Captain Marvel is also on a Marvel Universe? Looks Like Stan and Jack don't know their rivals' superhero names. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.60.241.27 (talk) 03:07, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Power Level
I'm wondering how this character's recent statements that he's "as strong as that Sentry guy" can be reconciled. He was quite soundly beaten during World War Hulk while the Sentry was at least a match for the Hulk one on one. As Simon doesn't seem to know the Sentry very well, can we put it down to that ? He is simply unfamiliar with just how powerful the Sentry is ? Hermiod (talk) 19:08, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

 * To continue the dicussion from my Talk Page, the original claim is valid as it is backed by Zemo - who gave WM his powers - and then WM himself, with a humorous example of how he's not quite Thor in Avengers #176. User:Pairadox just put the most recent claim back, but it is invalid because:

- being stronger than Ms. Marvel is no big deal as he was always far stronger than her!

- yes, he's almost as strong as the top tier, but not quite. Not Thor or the Hulk. Sentry? Aside from the fact that the character shouldn't even exist (another story), it is hearsay, and superfluous as there's already a mention against the top tier Marvel character.

- it creates a second power claim and now smacks of a fan-oriented Offical Handbook of the Marvel Universe. The Powers and Abilities section is not a justification for a character's powers or an assertation that they can match X, Y or Z but should just be a simple statement of what is possible. User:DavidA also falls into this trap with his reworkings of the P & A. I've noticed the less experienced editors always seem to get carried away here. Revert back as you like.

Asgardian (talk) 18:33, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Please be civil. In other words, don't call other editors "less-experienced" or say that they are getting "carried away". Your argument is essentially correct, but it is stronger when you refrain from name-calling. --GentlemanGhost (talk) 22:03, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. It is not a personal observation, folks. I injected POV and hearsay when I first started.

Asgardian (talk) 07:52, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The problem is that any statements made by Zemo are no longer relevant because of the change in the nature of his powers, the ever changing nature of Ms. Marvel's and the vastly inconsistent way The Sentry is written. One minute he's struggling against Ultron or the Collective, the next he's going toe to toe with the Hulk when he's the strongest and most dangerous that he's ever been. Hermiod (talk) 19:23, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Welcome to comics. Pairadox (talk) 21:42, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

And therein lies the problem with writing encyclopedic articles about comic books, often written by people with less education than a plumber (odd but true). If there is a variance in power levels, we avoid making specific comparisons and aim for the middle ground, noting that his power level fluctuates. Am I missing how this article will collapse without providing a specificity that Marvel itself doesn't feel beholden to supply? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  06:58, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Wonder Man's ass kicked by Korg?
In World War Hulk, Wonder Man appears to be easily defeated by Korg the Kronan.

Wonder man had always been portrayed as a powerhouse yet Korge takes him out in a couple of panels. Did this fight go on longer than the comic portrayed or is Korg a mega powerhouse? or was Wonder Man having an off day? If Korg is that tough why did a whole spacehip full of them run away rom Thor when they were trying to conquer the Earth?

213.122.64.74 (talk) 20:32, 15 June 2008 (UTC)Dale

Secret Invasion
Why was the Secret Invasion section removed? It is the most drastic revision of that edit and yet it isn't covered by the edit summary. (Emperor (talk) 23:30, 26 September 2008 (UTC))
 * Well, I didn't remove it but it is veeery poorly written. I own all the SI issues and it still makes little sense. Lots42 (talk) 05:49, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

 * That's perhaps a tad harsh, but yes, it needs a lot of work. That aside, the simple fact that Wonder Man appears in the storyline isn't enough. Dozens of characters appear in crossovers all the time. If Wonder Man performed some feat - such as being the one to defeat the Skrull invasion - then that would be noteworthy. Because these are meant to be encyclopedia standard articles, we only go with what is truly significant and then only the necessary elaboration as there is a great deal of information to be managed.

Asgardian (talk) 09:31, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

 * That is an argument for not including it on the Secret Invasion article - that is, after all, his fictional character biography and he is depicted having a role in the storyline. I agree with Lots42 that it needed editing and looks like it could be trimmed down but it seems worthy of inclusion. (Emperor (talk) 16:06, 29 September 2008 (UTC))

Using a redirect?
Really, what's this mean? I don't understand anything in this edit. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 15:50, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Recents edits
These changes don't quite make sense. The lead was fine as it was in accordance with WP:CMC/X, and I don't agree with the undiscussed removal of the categories. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 23:34, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, the WP:CMC/X states either way is acceptable got a lead. That said, keep it the way it is. In a sense it isn't going to matter as the rest of the article has to be rewritten per the correct direction for articles. AS for links, we need to pair these down to just the core connections, not dubious ones that may have suited for a time. In fact, I'm going to suggest many of these links are culled as they are unnecessary and confuse the issue. Asgardian (talk) 13:08, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

 * But you still haven't explained why your lead is any better than the one I put up. Yours doesn't even mention that he is a superhero (there's no real reason to avoid that). Inclusively, WP:OCAT doesn't seem to be a problem here. Unless of course, there are categories placed here that are unsupported by the article's context. If so, which ones? Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 19:19, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Hi Wikipedia crew there's a vandal/spite edit currently present Jasper Vee (talk) 18:13, 1 November 2022 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(arts)
a character is always fictional so can you remove the "fictional" word ??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.248.170.125 (talk) 09:34, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

 * See WP:WAF. We're supposed to make fiction clear to viewers, it is actually better off as it is. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 01:25, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:06, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * WonderManSimonWilliamsSA.jpg

title: Talk:Wonder Man


text:
User talk:Girlyboy

Gb: Hi !

title: User talk:Girlyboy


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xhavok

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:54, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Xhavok
Vanity Page Atratus 04:02, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. DarthVader 04:08, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete irc-cruft vanity. -Splash 04:51, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delte: vanity.— Seeaxid 05:06, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete in agreement with Splash. -mysekurity 05:50, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 09:19, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 23:58, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Deletevanity, only 29 Google hits MLSfreak777
 * At present, vanity is not a criterion for speedy deletion. See WP:CSD and note additionally that out-of-process changes have recently been made to these (though they still don't include vanity) -Splash 15:15, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xhavok


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Renée Richards

Renée Richards (born August 19, 1934) is an American ophthalmologist and former professional tennis player who competed in the 1970s, and became widely known following male-to-female sex reassignment surgery, when she fought to compete as a woman in the 1976 US Open. The United States Tennis Association began requiring genetic screening for female players that year. Richards challenged that policy, and the New York Supreme Court ruled in her favor, a landmark case in transgender rights. Among the first professional athletes to transition, she became a spokesperson for transgender people in sports. After retiring from play, she coached Martina Navratilova to two Wimbledon titles.

Early life
Richards was born Richard Raskin on August 19, 1934, in New York City and raised, as she put it, as "a nice Jewish boy" in Forest Hills, Queens. Her father David Raskind was an orthopedic surgeon, and her mother was one of the first female psychiatrists in the United States, in addition to being a professor at Columbia University.

Richards attended Horace Mann School and excelled as the wide receiver for the football team, the pitcher for the baseball team, and on the tennis and swim teams. Her baseball skills even led to an invitation to join the New York Yankees, but she decided to focus on tennis. After high school Richards attended Yale University and was captain of the men's tennis team, and was considered by some to be one of the best college tennis players in the country. After graduating from Yale, she went to the University of Rochester Medical Center and specialized in ophthalmology, graduating in 1959 and serving a two-year internship at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. After an internship, she served two years of residency at the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital in New York. She played competitive tennis for a while and was ranked sixth out of the top 20 males over 35. After an internship and residency, she joined the United States Navy to continue medical training and played tennis in the Navy. While serving in the Navy, she won both the singles and doubles at the All Navy Championship, with a very effective left-hand serve. During this time she was ranked as high as fourth in the region.

Transition
During college Richards began dressing as a woman, which at the time was considered to be a perversion, with transsexualism classified as a form of insanity. Richards named her female persona "Renée", which is French for "reborn". Her struggle with gender identity created sexual confusion, depression, and suicidal tendencies. She began seeing Dr. Charles Ihlenfeld, a disciple of Harry Benjamin who specialized in endocrinology, transsexualism, and sexual reassignment. Upon seeing Ihlenfeld she began getting hormone injections with the long-term hope for a life change. In the mid-1960s she traveled in Europe dressed as a woman, intending to go to North Africa to see Georges Burou, a famous gynecological surgeon at Clinique Parc in Casablanca, Morocco, regarding sex reassignment surgery; however, she ultimately decided against it and returned to New York. Richards married model Barbara Mole in June 1970, and together they had a son Nicholas in 1972. They were divorced in 1975.

In the early 1970s, Richards resolved to undergo sex reassignment and was referred to surgeon Roberto C. Granato Sr. by Harry Benjamin, successfully transitioning in 1975. After surgery, Richards went to Newport Beach, California, and started working as an ophthalmologist in practice with another doctor.

Court case
In 1976, Richards's gender reassignment was outed by local TV anchor Richard Carlson, the father of Tucker Carlson. Subsequently, the United States Tennis Association (USTA), the Women's Tennis Association (WTA), and the United States Open Committee (USOC) required all female competitors to verify their sex with a Barr body test of their chromosomes. Richards applied to play in the US Open in 1976 as a woman, but refused to take the test, and thus was not allowed to compete in the Open, Wimbledon, or the Italian Open in the summer of 1976.

Richards then sued the United States Tennis Association (USTA), which runs the US Open, in New York state court, alleging discrimination by gender in violation of the New York Human Rights Law. She asserted that participating in the tournament would constitute "an acceptance of her right to be a woman." Some USTA members felt that others would undergo sex change to enter women's tennis. Sports Illustrated called Richards an "extraordinary spectacle", and characterized reactions to her as "varying from astonishment to suspicion, sympathy, resentment, and more often than not, utter confusion." The USOC stated "there is competitive advantage for a male who has undergone a sex change surgery as a result of physical training and development as a male." Richards finally agreed to take the Barr body test. The test results were ambiguous. She refused to take it again and was barred from play.

On August 16, 1977, Judge Alfred M. Ascione found in Richards's favor. He ruled: "This person is now a female" and that requiring Richards to pass the Barr body test was "grossly unfair, discriminatory and inequitable, and a violation of her rights." He further ruled that the USTA intentionally discriminated against Richards, and granted Richards an injunction against the USTA and the USOC, allowing her to play in the US Open. Richards lost to Virginia Wade in the first round of the singles competition, but made it to the finals in doubles.

Tennis career after transitioning
After moving to California, Richards played in regional competitions for her local club, the John Wayne Tennis Club, under the name Renée Clark. In the summer of 1976 she entered the La Jolla Tennis Tournament Championships, where she crushed the competition, and her unique left hand serve was recognized by Bob Perry, a tour player from UCLA. Her long-time friend Gene Scott then invited her to play in his professional tennis tournament, the Tennis Week Open in South Orange, New Jersey. The USTA and the WTA then withdrew their sanction for the Tennis Week Open, and organized another tournament; 25 of the 32 participants withdrew from the Tennis Week Open. This was just the beginning of the issues Richards would encounter in trying to play professional women's tennis, which eventually led to her suing the USTA and winning.

Richards played professionally from 1977 to 1981 when she retired at age 47. She was ranked as high as 20th overall (in February 1979), and her highest ranking at the end of a year was 22nd (in 1977). Her first professional event as a female was the 1977 U.S. Open. Her greatest successes on court were reaching the doubles final at her first U.S. Open in 1977, with Betty Ann Grubb Stuart – the pair lost a close match to Martina Navratilova and Betty Stöve – and winning the 35-and-over women's singles. Richards was twice a semifinalist in mixed doubles, with Ilie Năstase, at the U.S. Open. In 1979, she defeated Nancy Richey for the 35-and-over singles title at the Open. Richards posted wins over Hana Mandlíková, Sylvia Hanika, Virginia Ruzici, and Pam Shriver. She later coached Navratilova to two Wimbledon wins.

Richards was inducted into the USTA Eastern Tennis Hall of Fame in 2000. On August 2, 2013, Richards was among the first class of inductees into the National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame.

Richards has since expressed ambivalence about her legacy, and came to believe her past as a man provided her with advantages over her competitors, saying "Having lived for the past 30 years, I know if I'd had surgery at the age of 22, and then at 24 went on the tour, no genetic woman in the world would have been able to come close to me. And so I've reconsidered my opinion."

Retirement
After four years of playing tennis, she decided to return to her medical practice, which she moved to Park Avenue in New York. She then became the surgeon director of ophthalmology and head of the eye-muscle clinic at the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital. In addition she served on the editorial board of the Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. She now lives in a small town north of New York City with her platonic companion and assistant, Arleen Larzelere.

In 2014 a wooden racket used by her was donated to the National Museum of American History, which is part of the Smithsonian.

Movies and books
In 1983, Richards published an autobiography, Second Serve, and in 2007, a second, No Way Renée: The Second Half of My Notorious Life, in which she expresses regret over the type of fame that came with her transgenderism, although she said in 2007 that she did not regret undergoing the sex reassignment process in itself. In 2021, Richards continued her autobiography with Diary 1999: An Eye-Opening Medical Memoir. Richards's first autobiography served as the basis for the film Second Serve. Renée is a 2011 documentary film about Richards directed by Eric Drath. The film was one of the anchor films of the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival and the documentary premiered on ESPN on October 4, 2011.

In 2017, Richards was interviewed by Katie Couric near the end of the documentary Gender Revolution.

Grand Slam performance timelines
Note: The Australian Open was held twice in 1977, in January and December.

title: Renée Richards


text: User talk:70.26.253.82

title: User talk:70.26.253.82


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KTRW

KTRW (630 kHz) is a locally owned AM radio station licensed to Opportunity, Washington, and serving the Spokane metropolitan area. It airs a Christian talk and teaching radio format for part of its day, with adult standards heard in several time slots by day and most of the night. Though it uses the KTW call sign in its marketing, KTRW is not related to the original Seattle radio station KTW which was at 1250 kHz and is now called KKDZ.

KTRW's license is held by the Mutual Broadcasting System, LLC, owned by Thomas Read, along with KFIO and KSPO. This Mutual Broadcasting System is unrelated to the defunct nationwide radio network of the same name; as part of the station's promotion, KTRW uses the name of another defunct network, the Liberty Broadcasting System.

Technical data
By day, KTRW transmits with 530 watts, with a non-directional signal. It reduces power at night to 53 watts to avoid interfering with other stations on 630 AM. With its low power, KTRW's signal is confined to Spokane and adjacent communities. KTRW is simulcast on 250–watt FM translator K243CG at 96.5 MHz.

History
KTRW originally broadcast on 970 kHz and was the home of KREM-TV's AM sister station until it was sold off to different owners in the 1980s. The current KTRW began as KZUN in 1955. KZUN became KKPL on April 3, 1985. On January 11, 1989, the station changed its call sign to KHDL. On November 5, 1999, the station became KXLI and on October 24, 2005, the current KTRW.

On September 25, 2005, the station changed frequency to KXLI's 630 signal and changed its format. KTRW's schedule includes Christian talk and teaching programs, with adult standards heard several hours each day and most of the night. In 2016, KTRW launched an FM translator station on the 96.5 MHz frequency.

title: KTRW


text:
Nacala

Nacala, also known as Cidade de Nacala or Nacala-Porto is a city on the northern coast of Mozambique. Located in the southwestern indentation of inner Fernao Veloso Bay, it is the deepest natural port on the east coast of Africa. Nacala serves as the terminal for the Nacala railway, a rail line to the landlocked Malawi. South of Nacala is Mozambique Island, at one time the capital of Mozambique and now a World Heritage Site.

History
Nacala was founded as a little town and developed as a deep waters port and an industrial, agricultural and exporting centre during the last period of the Portuguese rule of the territory which ended in the mid-1970s. Among its major industries were cement, sisal and cashew. Other important employers were the seaport, its small modern hospital, and services (banking, insurance and administration).

Industry
Nacala is site of one of three cement works in Mozambique.

Transport
Nacala is the terminal of the Nacala railway that connects to the Central East African Railway (CEAR) of Malawi. The railway system was managed by the Railroad Development Corporation until September 2008 when it was sold to a group of Mozambican investors.

It is the location of the deep water port of Port of Nacala. A coal terminal, operated by the Port of Nacala, is located in the town of Nacala-a-Velha on the opposite side of the bay from Nacala.

Nacala Airport is a former airbase that has been converted into an international airport.

Miscellaneous
The town is also known for its beaches and scuba diving.

Namesake
There is another town in Mozambique that contains the name Nacala, it is called Nacala-a-Velha ("The Old Nacala"), just across the bay (c. 30km by road).

title: Nacala


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Black toad

The black toad (Anaxyrus exsul), also known as the Inyo toad or Deep Springs toad, is a true toad that lives only in scattered oases in the Deep Springs Valley of Inyo County, California. In fact, its original scientific name, Bufo exsul, means "exiled toad", which refers to its species' isolation in a tiny spot in the high desert wilderness of the Californian Great Basin.

Description
The toad's black skin is covered in white and tan speckles and it sports a white midline down its spine from head to rump. Adults are approximately 5 cm in length. They are active during the warmer months and overwinter underground near their native springs. This species walks rather than hops, and never strays far from water. Male black toads do not have vocal sacs and do not make a real advertisement call, but rather a small chirping noise as a territorial call around other males; much like its close relative the western toad (Anaxyrus boreas).

Conservation status
The habitat of the black toad is relatively intact, however it is still considered a vulnerable species because although it is abundant within its habitat, the black toad has a very limited range. Deep Springs College continues a program to care for the wild population of this species, and owns much of the land where its habitat is found. Livestock grazing has occurred in much of the toad habitat for more than one hundred years, and grazing, vegetation management, and irrigation have been suggested as possibly increasing the suitable habitat for the species, which breeds in otherwise comparatively rare open water. As noted in the IUCN Red List, the population of this species was reported to be more or less stable in the early 1970s, and no significant change was reported in 1990 or 1999. The population at Antelope Springs was once reported to have died out, but was found by researchers in 2003, and is now apparently thriving where vegetation has been maintained in a suitable state. In 1977 it was estimated that there were more than 80,000 individuals in the population.

The toad's primary habitat is watercourses, irrigation ditches, and marshes (grass, sedge, dwarf bulrush, and watercress) formed by waterflow from springs, surrounded by cold desert steppe. Adults are more aquatic than other toad species in California, and breed in shallow marsh and pond waters. The toads retreat to rodent burrows or other refuges in winter. At present, there do not appear to be any major threats to this species. However, potential future threats might include habitat destruction from changes in irrigation schemes or other factors resulting in water table alteration, well-intentioned but non-scientifically based conservation efforts, changes in water availability, recreational vehicle use, collection by humans, changes in grazing regimes and predation by introduced fish. Other desert toads in nearby areas have done well, and even thrived, with more active management. Black toad adults prefer habitats with short plant cover and unobstructed access to still or slowly flowing water. In recent years, fencing some springs to exclude cattle has resulted in an overgrowth of vegetation requiring hand cutting to keep the habitat accessible for toads. The toads have been able to maintain a fairly stable population regardless of changes in agriculture and grazing practices over the past 20 years.

The black toad was federally listed as a species "threatened with extinction" in 1967 by the authority of the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966. Following the passage of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA), the species was proposed for a threatened status under the replacement legislation and critical habitat was outlined. However, with the passage of amendments to the ESA in 1978, these materials were invalidated and the window of time for the ESA listing proposal to be finalized lapsed in 1980. At present the black toad is designated as a "Fully Protected" and "Threatened" species of California at the state level only.

title: Black toad


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T. Ramaswamy Choudary

Tripuraneni Ramaswamy (1887–1943), also known as Tripuraneni Ramaswamy, was a lawyer, poet, playwright and reformer active among the Telugu-speaking people. He was popularly known as Kaviraju (the "king of poets"), a title given to him by the Andhra Mahasabha in 1929.

Ramaswamy was part of a growing movement in India to reassess the culture of India. This movement included such people as Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Ranade, Dayananda Saraswati, Kandukuri Veeresalingam and Gurazada Apparao.

Childhood and early years
Ramaswamy was born in the village of Angaluru in the Krishna District (present-day Andhra Pradesh) into a family of farmers. At the age of 23, he passed his Matriculation Examination. In the same year Ramaswamy wrote two plays: Karempudi Kadanam, based on the Palanadu battle, and Kurukshetra Sangramam, based on the Mahabharata war. In 1911, Ramaswamy joined the Noble College at Bandar to study for the Intermediate Course. In those years he displayed his literary skills and prodigious memory in his Avadhanam.

In 1914, Ramaswamy went to Britain and studied law as well as English Literature and modern European culture in Dublin. During this time, Ramaswamy wrote to Krishna Patrika, a Telugu weekly appealing to Indians to support the Home Rule movement started by Annie Besant. He pleaded for India's independence. Ramaswamy wrote many patriotic songs during the independence movement.

After returning to India, Ramaswamy practiced law for some years, mostly in Tenali town. However, his main activity was directed towards social reforms. He launched a full-scale attack on casteism and the social injustices resulting from it. Also his in law's were the zamindar of angaluru Duggirala venkatratnam their grandson is Naga krishna vamshi Duggirala who is TDP party member and budding president of angaluru also the great grandson of duggirala balaramkrishnyya, who was not only a freedom fighter but also a MP from gudivada. By taking inspiration from both sides of his great grandfather's naga krishna vamshi duggirala also want to contribute to the angaluru and the society.

Literary career and public life
Ramaswamy chose literary writing as the vehicle for expressing his rationalist thoughts, and he worked with his close friend Unnava Lakshminarayana, who was a renowned Telugu Brahmin Brahmo leader.

His poetic work Kuppuswamy Satakam reveals the theme of social revolution and talks about social evils, blind faith and indignity to man. In his other works such as Sambhukavadha, Suthapuranam, Dhoortha maanava, Khooni, Bhagavadgita, Rana Pratap and Kondaveeti pathanam, Ramaswamy made a rational analysis of dogmas prescribed by ancient classics and the injustice these dogmas did to people belonging to the lower social orders. Moreover, Ramaswamy attacked discriminatory practices and fought against the idea of untouchability.

Ramaswamy was against the traditional Hindu marriage ceremony which resulted in burdensome expenditure, especially among the poor. He prepared a simple procedure in Telugu called Vivaha Vidhi. He officiated at many marriages.

Ramaswamy was a patriot even when he was a student. He wrote a patriotic play Rana Pratap, which was proscribed by the British government. He was an ardent lover of the Telugu language and culture and was proud of their history. He was an educationist and was a member of the senate of the Andhra University for three terms. Ramaswamy was awarded many honors and was popularly known as 'Kaviraju', a title conferred on him.

The Indian government issued a commemorative postage stamp with his picture in 1987, his centenary year.

Children
Among his children were Tripuraneni Gopichand, who left his own mark on the Telugu literature. Ramaswamy's grandson and Gopichand's son, Sai Chand is an actor in Telugu film industry.

title: T. Ramaswamy Choudary


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nightly.net

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:55, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Nightly.net
Article doesn't establish notability, it just has a lot of message board politics and such. Alexa traffic rank 104,302. Wikipedia is not a web directory. TheCoffee 04:00, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dcarrano 04:32, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. -Splash 04:52, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. -mysekurity 05:51, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup, too much politics but nightly IS one of the oldest online SW communities. -Klestrob44 05:59, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 09:20, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

Nightly.net
Forumcruft AND Star Wars cruft. It's a twofer! FCYTravis 09:09, 23 December 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Sail On, Sailor

Anybody with with a source for the Van Dyke Parks section? Anyone? Bueller? Roygbiv666 04:01, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I was just wondering the same thing... more than three years later. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 17:31, 5 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure where this quote was taken from--could the page have been edited by Van Dyke Parks himself?--but this seems to match the story behind the song detailed in Peter Ames Carlin's Brian Wilson biography, Catch a Wave. I'll insert the quotes from that back tome into this discussion page in a day or two.98.96.228.134 (talk) 00:15, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

I have deleted the Van Dyke Parks quote until the source of the quote is provided, and balancing information is included regarding the lawsuit that established the co-writer as Ray Kennedy. Ajax-and-Achilles (talk) 06:49, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Beach Boys - Sail On, Sailor.jpg
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title: Talk:Sail On, Sailor