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Horch

Horch was a German car manufacturer, which traced its roots to several companies founded in the very late 19th and early 20th century by August Horch.

It is one of the predecessors of the present day Audi company, which itself resulted from the merger of Auto Union Aktiengesellschaft (AG) and NSU Motorenwerke in 1969. Auto Union AG in turn was formed in 1932, following the merger of Horch, DKW, Wanderer and the original Audi Automobilwerke GmbH Zwickau, established by August Horch in 1910.

In 2021, Audi reused the Horch name as a flagship trim level for the Audi A8 in China to compete with the Mercedes-Maybach S-Class.

History at a glance

August Horch and his first business partner Salli Herz established the company on November 14, 1899 in the district of Ehrenfeld, Cologne in Cologne. August Horch had previously worked as a production manager for Karl Benz. Three years later, in 1902, he moved the company to Reichenbach im Vogtland. On May 10, 1904 he founded the '''Horch & Cie. Motorwagenwerke AG''', a joint-stock company in Zwickau (Kingdom of Saxony). The city of Zwickau was the capital of the South Western Saxon County and one of Saxony's industrial centres at that time.

After troubles with the Horch chief financial officer, August Horch founded a second company on 16 July 1909, the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH in Zwickau. He had to rename the company because Horch was already a registered brand and he did not hold the rights to the name. On 25 April 1910 the name Audi Automobilwerke was entered in the company's register at the Zwickau registration court. Audi is the Latin translation of horch, from the German verb "horchen", which means "listen!" (compare English "hark"). The Audi name was proposed by a son of one of Horch's business partners from Zwickau.

In 1932 both companies from Zwickau (Horch and Audi) merged with Zschopauer Motorenwerke J. S. Rasmussen (the DKW brand) and the Wanderer car-production facilities to become the Auto Union corporation of Saxony. The Silver Arrow racing cars of the Auto Union racing team in Zwickau—developed by Ferdinand Porsche and Robert Eberan von Eberhorst, and driven by Bernd Rosemeyer, Hans Stuck, Tazio Nuvolari and Ernst von Delius—became known the world over in the 1930s.

Initial cars
The company initially began producing 5 hp and 10 hp twin-cylinder engine automobiles near Cologne in 1901.

The first Horch had a 4.5 hp engine, with an alloy crankcase, a unique achievement in those days. It had an open-body design, with lighting provided by lanterns containing candles. In contrast with the powerful cars of later years, the first Horch could barely reach a top speed of 32 km/h. It was significant at that time because it used a friction clutch, and had a drive shaft providing power to the wheels.

The firm soon encountered financial difficulty, and Horch sought new partners.

In March 1902, August Horch produced a 20 hp four-cylinder car with a shaft drive in Reichenbach in Vogtland. Horch cars were considered more advanced to those being built by Mercedes or Benz (who were then separate manufacturers).

By 1903, Horch built a car with a four-cylinder engine. In March of the following year, he introduced his new car at the Frankfurt Fair.

In 1904, August Horch developed the first six-cylinder engine, which appeared in 1907. In 1906 a Horch automobile driven by Dr. Rudolf Stöss from Zwickau won the Herkomer Competition (equivalent to a 'brand-name' world championship at the time). In the 1920s, Moritz Stauss, a cosmopolitan Berliner, was the principal stockholder of the Horch company. He succeeded in making the Horch brand highly desirable by introducing art into the firm's advertising. He recognized that only a brand emphasising Horch's unique characteristics would be successful.

In 1923, Paul Daimler (a Stauss associate) worked for Horch as the chief engineer for 8-cylinder engines. Horch vehicles were subsequently the first to introduce 8-cylinder engines in series production.

Audi connection
In 1909, the supervisory board (the German equivalent of the Board of Directors) of the corporation forced out Horch. Horch went on to found Audi as Audiwerke GmbH, which became effective on 25 April 1910. The name was a solution to the legal dispute with his old company over use of the Horch brand and a clever play of words ("audi" is the literal Latin translation of the Old German "horch", meaning the imperative "Listen!").

In 1928, the company was acquired by Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen, owner of DKW (from the German Dampfkraftwagen, or steam engine vehicle) who had bought the remains of the US automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker in the same year. The Rickenbacker purchase included their manufacturing equipment for eight-cylinder engines.

Auto Union

Eventually, on 29 June 1932, Horch, Audi, DKW and Wanderer merged to form the Auto Union. The current Audi four-ring logo is the Auto Union logo that represents the merger of these four brands. In the 1930s, Horch introduced a new line of smaller and cheaper, but still presentable, V8 automobiles. In 1936, Horch presented the 25,000th 8-cylinder luxury car in Zwickau.

The Auto Union Grand Prix racing cars types A to D, were developed and built by a specialist racing department of Horch works in Zwickau between 1933 and 1939. Between 1935 and 1937 Auto Union cars won 25 races, driven by Ernst von Delius, Tazio Nuvolari, Bernd Rosemeyer, Hans Stuck and Achille Varzi.

Auto Union became a major supplier of vehicles to the German Wehrmacht, such as Heavy standard passenger car (Horch 108), Medium standard passenger car (Horch 901 and Wanderer 901) and Half-track Sd.Kfz. 11. Civilian production was suspended after March 1940. After the war the Auto Union AG at Chemnitz was dissolved and in Ingolstadt, West Germany the new Auto Union GmbH was founded, where civilian car production continued. Due to widespread poverty in postwar Germany, only small DKW vehicles with two stroke engines were produced. After Auto Union was purchased in 1964 by the Volkswagenwerk AG, the old brand Audi was introduced again, together with the new four stroke vehicle Audi F103. Daimler-Benz retained the trademark rights to the Horch brand until the mid 1980s. Daimler-Benz then transferred the rights to the Horch brand name to Audi which in turn signed a waiver to use the name „Silberpfeil“ (silver-arrow) for any modern Audi racing car. However, the brand has remained dormant.

The Romanian Army purchased 300 Horch 901 4x4 field cars to mechanize some of its anti-tank companies.

Trabant connection
During the Second World War, the factories suffered heavy bomb damage. Later, the advancing Soviet forces captured the area, and it became part of the Soviet sector of divided Germany in 1945, and later became part of East Germany.

From 1955 to 1958, old Horch factories produced the Horch P240, a six-cylinder car that was respected at the time. The former Horch and Audi operations from Zwickau were unified in 1958. A new brand, Sachsenring, within the East German corporation IFA was born. After unification in 1958, the P240 car was renamed as the Sachsenring P240. As the Soviet Administration inexplicably banned the foreign exportation of the P240, the East German economic administration decided to stop production of the vehicle. IFA also produced the initial Trabant "P-50" model from 1957.

The Zwickau site was acquired in 1991 by Volkswagen, effectively restoring its connection with Audi. In 1991, Volkswagen constructed a new factory to the north of Zwickau in nearby Mosel.

Rare collectibles
On June 24, 2006, a rare 1937 Horch 853A Sport Cabriolet in original unrestored, unprepared condition sold at auction in Cortland, NY for US$299,000.

In the late 1930s, Horch supplied a limited number of promotional scarves bearing the Horch logo. Sent only to the wealthiest drivers, it is a major collectible amongst diehard enthusiasts of the pre-war car era. However, there is also a degree of controversy associated with these scarves as they were commonly sought by senior SS members.

title: Horch


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Artigas, Uruguay

Artigas is the capital of the Artigas Department of Uruguay. Its name comes from that of the national hero, José Gervasio Artigas, who fought for the emancipation of the River Plate, and sought to create a federative nation from these colonies. As of the census of 2011, it is the eleventh most populous city in the country.

History
It was founded on 12 September 1852 by Don Carlos Catalá as the town of San Eugenio del Cuareim. On 5 September 1884 it became capital of the department. It was renamed Artigas and its status was elevated from villa (town) to ciudad (city) on 31 August 1915.

Economy
Artigas is a centre for trading grain crops (primarily maize) with Argentina and Brazil. The railroad station and, since 1973, airport are focused on this commerce.

The hills in the area contain significant numbers of precious stones, especially agate and amethyst, which were first found in 1860, since when mining has taken place. Souvenirs and handicrafts made using these gem stones are produced in Artigas and exported widely.

IUGS geological heritage site
In respect of it being 'the site of world-class amethyst deposits, where the largest amethyst-filled giant geodes were ever found', the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) included the 'Deposits of Amethyst of Los Catalanes Gemological District' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'

Population
In 2011 Artigas had a population of 40,658. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Geography
The city is located on the border with Brazil, separated only by a bridge from the town Quaraí of the state Rio Grande do Sul of Brazil. It is the farthest city from Uruguay's capital Montevideo, being 600 km away.

Climate
Artigas has a humid subtropical climate, described by the Köppen climate classification as Cfa. Summers are warm to hot and winters are cool, with the occurrence of frosts and fog. The precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, with an average of roughly 1535 mm, and the annual average temperature is around 19.6 Celsius.

Transportation
The city uses Artigas International Airport.

Consular representation
Brazil has a Vice-consulate in Artigas.

Places of worship

 * San Eugenio del Cuareim, Artigas|St. Eugene of the Cuareim Parish Church (Roman Catholic)

Notable people

 * Adelia Silva (1925-2004), educator and writer who had a significant role in elevating the civil rights of Afro-Uruguayans.
 * Darwin Núñez (born 1999), footballer
 * Pablo Aurrecochea (born 1981), footballer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Artigas, Uruguay


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Talk:Skybridge (TransLink)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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Disambiguation
SkyBridge (British Columbia) or SkyBridge (Metro Vancouver)?

I don't know if the dab for this article necessarily needs to match that of TransLink (British Columbia) given that it's about transit infrastructure and transit service. Given that Template:Bridges of Metro Vancouver is embedded at the bottom of the page, I don't think too many readers would be confused to where "Metro Vancouver" is and "Vancouver" alone has huge name recognition. Previous discussion —Northwest (talk) 04:58, 5 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Was there a request to move the article? I don't think it's necessary. Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:07, 5 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I think it stems from the notion that "(TransLink)" is not a super-recognizable terms outside transit circles or Lower Mainland locals.
 * well unsurprisingly I haven't changed my mind re: "Metro Vancouver". I would rather move the template to "Bridges of Greater Vancouver", honestly, and go with "SkyBridge (Greater Vancouver)". But of the two, I think "SkyBridge (British Columbia)" is best... yes, both New West and Surrey are in Metro/Greater Vancouver but again, if we're going by something similar to CANSTATION, province makes the most sense if city doesn't work. —Joeyconnick (talk) 05:43, 5 June 2019 (UTC)
 * The thought of a reader having an issue differentiate between "Metro Vancouver" and "Greater Vancouver" hadn't crossed my mind earlier. On second thought, yeah, "British Columbia" is the better dab. When following WP:CANSTATION; shouldn't SkyTrain (Vancouver) instead be SkyTrain (British Columbia) or could the dab be dropped altogether if there's a case for it? —Northwest (talk) 17:50, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skybridge (TransLink)


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ITV Nightscreen

ITV Nightscreen was a scheduled programme on the ITV television network, consisting of a sequence of animated pages of information about ITV's upcoming programmes, features and special events, with easy listening music in the background. The programme was used to fill the station's overnight downtime, where a closedown would have once been used at the end of programmes. The programme was generally shown seven days a week with the typical weekday show airing from 4:05am to 5:05am daily. However, on ITV's digital channels, the amount of Teleshopping affects how much Nightscreen is broadcast. The programme was also broadcast on all of ITV's +1 channels.

At Christmas and weekends, an additional 55minutes was broadcast from 5:00am – 6:00am as no other programmes were shown. Very occasionally was is not broadcast due to live events and other programming filling its hour.

It was first broadcast on 14 January 1998, and consisted of teletext pages taken from the ITV regional teletext services, with interstitial teletext-based animations in a similar style to the former 4-Tel On View. Since 2003 the screens have been produced using Scala InfoChannel3. In early 2009, updated systems were installed with the latest version of Scala5, with a dual redundant system to counter any issues of service. In April 2012, the system was upgraded again to a newer version of Scala5. This, amongst other minor presentational changes, allowed compatibility of the service to be transmitted in 16:9 widescreen for the first time, as opposed to 4:3.

As well as providing focus on upcoming programmes, films and TV listings, it also used to offers some news from the world of entertainment. In the past it also offered sports news and even on some occasions cooking tips, recipes and also fact files of characters from famous ITV shows such as Emmerdale and Coronation Street.

The Scala system was provided by Beaver Group, and the programme was produced by Gower Creative Communications with soundtracks provided by KPM Music and BMG Production Music.

In October 2021, the programme was replaced by Unwind with ITV (branded as Unwind with STV on STV in Central Scotland and North of Scotland).

Origins
Teletext screens had been employed by the BBC since 1980 and by Channel 4 since 1983 to fill airtime cheaply. In-vision teletext was only ever occasionally used on the ITV network. From April 1986, certain regions, firstly Central Independent Television, followed in January 1987 by Yorkshire Television, started showing overnight teletext sequences containing details of local job vacancies under the title Jobfinder. Initially the pages were broadcast for an hour after the end of regular programming but from April 1987 Central broadcast Jobfinder throughout their overnight downtime. When 24-hour television began in 1988, the majority of ITV regions broadcast a Jobfinder programme in the hour preceding the ITV Morning News. Also, for a short while in 1987, an Oracle-provided service preceding TV-am broadcasts, known as Daybreak, was broadcast before the start of TV-am's programming.

Broadcasts
ITV Nightscreen was broadcast on ITV1, STV and UTV starting 3:50am and ending at 5:05am most weekdays and at 6:00am at weekends and holidays.

ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 & ITVBe also broadcast Nightscreen. Availability depended on how much unused time was left, and could sometimes last for as little as five minutes as teleshopping is shown on these channels. There was a different music tracklist for each channel, however, upcoming programmes on only the ITV network were shown. CITV did not use the service since the channel closes down at 9:00pm. Although not an ITV-branded channel, ITV's defunct Men & Motors channel would in its later years carry the filler from the close of programming until 6:00am.

In its early years, Nightscreen would often begin at around 4am and finish before the ITV News at 5:30. The length of the programme varied depending on the overnight schedules. Some ITV regions didn't broadcast Nightscreen initially, including STV, who opted to continue with their own service entitled Scottish Night Time, Meridian, who opted to continue with their own Freescreen service, and Central, who opted to broadcast their own local programming within that slot. In the Yorkshire and Tyne Tees regions, Nightscreen ended at 5:00am to allow both networks to opt-out for their regional Jobfinder programme.

In February 1999, STV started carrying Nightscreen as a programming filler during its overnight programming strand 'Night Time TV' (run by SMG and jointly aired between the Scottish and Grampian regions at the time), whilst sister station Grampian had already carried Nightscreen as a filler in their programming schedules by this time too.

In December 2005, three months before the now defunct ITV Play began transmitting, a quiz show entitled Quizmania began broadcasting in the early hours on ITV. Subsequent programmes that followed were The Mint, Make Your Play and Glitterball. This resulted in Nightscreen being pushed back to just a half-hour service between 5am and 5:30am

In 2008, largely as a result of widespread scandal surrounding phone-ins, ITV Play was permanently axed, meaning that Nightscreen began broadcasting from around 4:30am.

ITV Channel Television previously ran its own version of the service entitled Channel Nightscreen consisting of local news headlines and programming information. Channel Nightscreen was axed towards the end of 2011 shortly after ITV plc brought Channel Television.

In 2010, ITV started airing The Zone for two hours, a gaming and shopping programme block, usually airing from 12:30am to 2:30am, leaving Nightscreen often cut back to as little as an hour and sometimes removed from ITV's schedule altogether.

In April 2010, STV launched its own Scottish night-time service, The Nightshift, broadcast in the STV Central region and consisting of programming highlights, news, competitions and viewers texts and emails read out by a live out-of-vision presenter. STV North continued to broadcast ITV Nightscreen until July 2010, when The Nightshift was extended to the North region. The programme included regional news opt-outs for the four STV sub-regions: Aberdeen & the North, Dundee & Tayside, Edinburgh & the East and Glasgow & the West. STV dropped The Nightshift from its schedules in June 2015, meaning Nightscreen was extended on the station.

From 2013 to 2017, ITV aired Night screen from 3:45am to 5:05am on weekdays and 3:45am to 6am on weekends. And from 2017 to 2021, Night screen was from 3:50am to 5:05am in weekdays and 3:50am to 6am on weekends. 15 Minutes less Night screen would air when FYI Extra was on ITV

From 1 August 2019, home shopping channel Ideal World began simulcasting during part of the overnight period on ITV. Consequently, the two bursts of Nightscreen on UTV and Channel have now ceased as these regions now follow network scheduling due to there being no restrictions about them showing Ideal World, unlike the previous gaming programmes. STV began simulcasting Ideal World from September 2021, meaning Nightscreen was only shown once per night on the channel, instead of twice.

From January 2021, ITV started airing FYI Extra at 3:00am for 15minutes daily. This meant that Nightscreen was reduced from 75minutes to 60minutes.

On 10 April 2021, due to the death of Prince Philip, Nightscreen was broadcast continually from 12:15am to 6:00am without a break, in all ITV regions.

On 1 October 2021, the final episode of Nightscreen aired and was replaced by Unwind with ITV the following day. The final episode was no different to any other ordinary broadcast, and did not feature a goodbye message like other services did.

On 4 October 2013, ITV attempted to join Jackpot 24/7 at 12:40am but it didn't make it to air. Viewers Instead saw Nightscreen and it aired from 12:40am to 3am.

On 4 May 2018, ITV Nightscreen was scheduled to air from 3:50am to 5:05am. They so did join at the scheduled time And then at 4:03am had technical issues. The issue was fixed at 4:34am

Closure
On 2 October 2021, Nightscreen was replaced by Unwind with ITV (Unwind with STV on STV in Central Scotland and North of Scotland). This features time-lapse footage of various peaceful environments with ambient, relaxing music in the background, also provided by BMG Production Music. Its introduction was, partially, a part of ITV's Britain Get Talking campaign, and is produced by Rock Oyster Media. Ofcom's 2019 Review of Regional TV Production and Programming Guidance stated that these promotional text-based shows could no longer be part of ITV's regional production quotas anymore (from 2021) and so ITV had to replace the Nightscreen slots with a new type of programme. This also meant that the contract between ITV plc and Gower Creative Communications regarding production of ITV Nightscreen was definitely terminated, and Scala servers on which Nightscreen ran were shut down permanently. The final episode of Nightscreen aired on 1 October 2021.

RTÉ Aertel
A similar filler to ITV Nightscreen was also provided by RTÉ, who currently uses this to fill airtime cheaply on RTÉ Two. It is very similar in fashion to Nightscreen as it provides rolling teletext pages while RTÉ Two is not broadcasting. It has been criticised by many FAI League of Ireland fans who have dubbed the service "Errortel" due to the constant inaccuracies, delays & incorrect information with live scoring and reporting of games.

Pages from Ceefax
Ceefax was the BBC's teletext information service transmitted via the analogue signal, started in 1974 and continued to run until the UK analogue switch off in October 2012. In-vision Ceefax broadcasts started in 1980, initially as a daytime filler, but as programme hours expanded Ceefax was shown before the start of programming. From 1995 until October 2012, they were seen on BBC Two late at night, most commonly at the weekend but occasionally during the week. The final broadcast was in the early hours of Monday 22 October 2012, two days before Ceefax was switched off when digital switchover was completed. Broadcasts on BBC One had ceased in November 1997 when BBC News was launched as BBC One carries BBC News overnight although occasional Ceefax broadcasts were seen on BBC One Scotland.

4-Tel On View
Originally broadcast on weekdays, it alternated with showings of the IBA ETP-1 testcard and Oracle On View. From 1983 until the start of Channel 4's breakfast television service in April 1989, the 4-Tel magazine ran for 15minutes and was repeated several times each day with transmissions airing at increasingly earlier times of the day as Channel 4 expanded its broadcast hours. In April 1989 Channel 4 began broadcasting programming at breakfast and 4-Tel On View was reduced to a 40-minute slot between 5:20am and 6:00am, although from 1993 4-Tel was broadcast throughout Channel 4's closedown period. It ended in January 1997 when Channel 4 began broadcasting a 24-hour television service.

Oracle on View
Was aired from 1983 until 1989 on Channel 4. The 15-minute bursts were originally broadcast at :30 to :45 minutes past the hour but changed to :15 to :30 minutes past in October 1984. Initially the pages were used to showcase various aspects of the Oracle service, alternating subject matter every so often, but from September 1987 Oracle On View featured a newsreel and a weather forecast. Oracle On View ended when Channel 4 launched breakfast programming.

S4C Closedown Screen
A programme which ran for ten minutes after closedown and for ten minutes before startup. It was phased out in the late 2000s.

STV Night Vision
A programme which showcases the latest STV programme synopses, Scottish news and weather.

title: ITV Nightscreen


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Artigas Department

Artigas Department (Departamento de Artigas, ) is the northernmost department of Uruguay, located in its northwestern region. Its capital is the city of Artigas, which borders on the Brazilian city of Quaraí. Artigas Department has an area of 11928 km2, making it the fifth largest in the country. The population is 73,378 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census.

It is bordered on the north and east by Brazil, from which it is separated by the Cuareim River. To the south, Artigas Department borders on Salto Department, and to the west is Argentina, from which it is separated by the Uruguay River. Artigas is the only Uruguayan department that borders two other countries.

The department and its capital city are named after José Gervasio Artigas (1764–1850), leader of the Orientales (inhabitants of the Banda Oriental, the Eastern bank of the Uruguay River) during Uruguay's wars of independence.

History
Owner region of a prehistoric past which later became "no man's land" between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. The initial indigenous predominance (chanás-charrúas-Guarani) was displaced by the native settlement and subsequent colonies of immigrants.

Artigas department was created by law on 1 October 1884, on territory previously belonged to the department of Salto; from that date it is designated to Villa de San Eugenio as capital, which in 1915 passed to the category of city with the name of Artigas, capital of the department with the same name in tribute to the national hero of Uruguay José Gervasio Artigas. He was linked to the fact Colonel Carlos Lecueder, first politician and police chief Artigas. Its capital Artigas comes at the end of the "Guerra Grande" in order to consolidate the borders with Brazil, with the name of San Eugenio del Cuareim. It was founded on September 12, 1852 by Don Carlos Catala, choosing as the best site located on the banks of the Cuareim River opposite the Villa San Juan Bautista on the other side of the river, which was a military settlement that was then transformed into what is today the city of Quaraí.

A city named Santa Rosa del Cuareim, now known as Bella Unión, was founded by Fructuoso Rivera and Guarani refugees after the Eastern Missions campaign against Brazil in 1829 (see: Thirty-Three Orientals). After winning the allies Colorados Brazil national in 1852, territory north of Cuareim was yielded to Brazil which prompted an evacuation of the population. It was re-founded in 1853 under the name of Santa Rosa de la Bella Unión Quareim. In 1929, the national government to mark the centenary of the campaign of Missions, sent a bill to the Senate, which established the name Bella Unión, which for that time was a villa.

Geography
Two portions of the department's border with Brazil are disputed (Isla Brasilera or Brazilian Island near Bella Unión, and an area called Rincón de Artigas near Masoller), but unlike many border disputes between Latin American countries, this issue has not strained Uruguay's relations with Brazil, which remain friendly.

Two main geostructural regions can be found inside Artigas' limits:
 * The central and eastern area, which includes a basaltic cuesta, and some sedimentary plains near the Cuareim River. Also found in the region are some hill ranges, such as Cuchilla de Belén.
 * The western area, which consists of a narrow alluvial plain.

Artigas Department's average temperature is the highest in the whole country (over 19 °C or 66 °F, and may go as high as 47 °C or 116 °F during the summer months). So are its precipitation levels (up to an annual average of 1400 mm).

Economy
The unique climatic conditions of Artigas has made possible the development of an important agro-industrial centre around the city of Bella Unión. Several crops are planted, namely fruits and vegetables, sugar cane, and rice. In the rest of the department, the main economic activity is livestock raising. Semi-precious gemstones, such as agates and amethysts, are also found in the department, and an entire industry has risen up around their extraction and manufacturing, especially near the capital city of Artigas.

The largest amethyst geode worldwide was discovered in Artigas in 2007, called the Empress of Uruguay. It stands at a height of 3.27 meters and weighs 2.5 tons. It is currently on display at The Crystal Caves museum in Atherton, Queensland, Australia.

The proximity of the department to Brazil has made it possible for an important flow of trade to be established here, but unfortunately this is generally unfavorable to Uruguayan economic interests. Nevertheless, this partially compensates for the fact that the per capita income is the lowest of the country, and the percentage of households in poverty is the highest in the country (13.19% of the inhabitants).

Demographics
As of the census of 2011, the Artigas Department had a population of 73,378 (36,079 male and 37,299 female) and 26,231 households.

Demographic data for Artigas Department in 2010: 2010 Data Source:
 * Population growth rate: -0,006%
 * Birth Rate: 15.48 births/1,000 people
 * Death Rate: 7.05 deaths/1,000 people
 * Average age: 28.2 (27.2 male, 29.2 female)
 * Life Expectancy at Birth:
 * Total population: 75.43 years
 * Male; 72.03 years
 * Female: 79.35 years
 * Average per household income: 19,273 pesos/month
 * Urban per capita income: 6,994 pesos/month

 * Rural population

According to the 2011 census, Artigas department has a rural population of 3,524.

title: Artigas Department


text:
BBC Learning Zone

The BBC Learning Zone (previously The Learning Zone) was an educational strand run by the BBC as an overnight service on BBC Two. It broadcast programming aimed at students in Primary, Secondary and Higher Education as well as to adult learners. Viewers are encouraged to watch programmes after the original broadcast via the use of, originally VHS, then later DVD. In 2015, the BBC confirmed that due to budget cuts, the service would no longer be running.

History
The BBC Learning Zone was launched as The Learning Zone on 9 October 1995, as an extension service of BBC2, to free up more of their schedule. Previously, these educational programmes had been based on the channel in mornings and often until the early afternoon on weekdays. However, following the channel's rebranding to the "2" idents and the increased viewer perception that resulted from it, the channel was anxious to use more of their daytime for different programming. The Learning Zone was the solution to this problem.

The idea had been around for a while: by 1995, ITV was operating as a 24-hour channel, freeing up their prime time and daytime schedules. The BBC attempted producing specialist television overnight by launching BBC Select. This service played out encrypted programming for professions such as medicine and law overnight between 1992 and 1995. Also, from the start of 1993, some BBC Schools programmes were shown (as subject blocks or a series block) overnight as part of a new experiment called Nightschool TV.

When BBC Two's regular programmes concluded for the night, the channel would transfer to Pages from Ceefax, until the service began at 12.30am (2am on Monday mornings). It would continue through the night, ending at 7am. Programming was also broadcast at the weekend, but only for two hours, between 3am and 5am for DynaMo, were shown on Fridays and Saturdays. In 2004, the service started at 2am every day and continuing until 6am when programming on BBC Two would begin, however this was not always the case. The service then ran between 4am and 6am, and usually did not operate when schools were not open (Summer, Easter Holidays etc.).

In 1997, when the BBC rebranded, The Learning Zone was renamed BBC Learning Zone, became a separate strand of programming in its own right and became independent of BBC Two.

In 2015, the BBC confirmed that 'due to budget cuts', the service would be no longer be running on BBC Two. Instead, it was said to be moving online on the BBC Education and BBC Teach websites. The final BBC Learning Zone aired in the early hours of 24 July 2015.

Programming
The service, upon launch, was used for the transfer of programming, including the bulk of Open University programming, secondary school programming previously from the BBC Schools strand as well as other programming.

Programming was divided up into segments, as seen below:
 * Open University and General Interest - Programming from the open university for Degree students and other programmes that may be of interest to the public. This later category came about by the Open University's use of education programming in the style of prime time documentaries, pioneered by Coast. Also included in the category was the programme WorkSkills, that helped with applying for jobs, however this programme ceased after some time. This segment ceased when the Open University stopped programming.

 * Languages and Travel - Programming focusing of teaching new languages and the differing cultures. Programming in French, German, Spanish, Italian, Chinese, Portuguese, Greek and Japanese. This service ceased in Summer 2012.
 * Schools - Programming from BBC Schools for students at GCSE and A-Level and for those in Secondary and Primary education. Includes repeats of old schools programmes.

These segments ran on alternate days and for only certain times of the year. The segments and programming may be changed during exam seasons, so programming is revision orientated, with the programme BBC Bitesize being a staple of the schedule.

On 15 December 2006, the last Open University programme was broadcast on the service, following which the strand was removed from the service. Schools programmes ended when BBC Learning Zone finished in 2015. Languages programmes (shown during the summer months) were dropped after Summer 2012. BBC Two instead now shows rolling programme previews under the name 'This is BBC Two'. In 2010, the remaining primary schools programmes, previously shown at 11am for one hour during weekdays (except Wednesday), were transferred to the Learning Zone from BBC Two.

Unusual among BBC services, few to no programme shown on the BBC Learning Zone is available to be watched again on the BBC iPlayer, due to rights restrictions on the programmes. As compensation, the BBC launched a section called Learning Zone Broadband, or more simply Class Clips which includes segments from Learning Zone as well as clips taken from other relevant BBC programmes. These clips were available to watch on demand over the internet for free. This service provided teachers and students with a range of resources, including case studies and experiments, to use in class or elsewhere. The service is no longer in use. Clips are now available on the BBC Teach website.

Presentation
Upon launch on 9 October 1995, the strand was introduced with a variation of the "2" idents and had a logo featuring an orange stylised Learning Zone logo.

On 6 October 1997, when the strand became separate, the station's current identification was created, showing an oak tree and an acorn. The acorn falls from a tree, while a number of identification processes take place, including a thermal image, a database match on computer, measurements taken, newspaper archives, aerodynamic investigation, cross section, 3D image and the name in different languages before the acorn finally falls to the ground and seeds to become an oak sapling. The ident is accompanied by an updated logo featuring the BBC logo and 'Learning Zone' written after in capital letters. The identification was generally only used at the beginning of the strand. Links between programmes were made using programme menus and continuity voice overs. Programme menus and static information slides were made using the logo at the bottom, and an image related to the identification featuring in the background. Very few programme slides and promotions were used.

In 2004, four supplementary idents were introduced to link into the programmes themselves. They still featured the 1997 presentational style and were based around the theme of the seasons, with one used each season. They featured the oak tree in the background and people at rest and play around it. The 1997 ident was still used to open the strand. Also introduced in 2004, were opening films to introduce the programme menu. These featured clips showing on screen of the programmes in the Learning Zone and of the acorn falling, before a version of the logo with back-lighting moving from left to right, accompanied by the music 'Wired' by Atmosphere Music Ltd. The programme menu was also redesigned with falling acorns as the background. Both new devices were colour-coded to the strand: blue for Open University, green for languages and red for schools.

Unusually for a terrestrial BBC channel, the strand is accompanied by a BBC Two DOG in the top left corner of the screen. Other DOGs accompany the programmes, while some lengthy educational programmes include a timer in the top right corner to make it easier to scan and find the section the viewer wants.

The acorn ident is the longest BBC ident ever used, having beaten the BBC Two "2" idents in 2008.

Similar strands

 * Schools programming had previously been broadcast in a designated BBC Schools strand shown in the morning and early afternoon on BBC1 and from September 1983 on BBC2. These broadcasts have since lost their special strand, and the final programmes moved from BBC Two to the Learning Zone in 2010.
 * Open University programming became common viewing during daytime and weekend hours for many years since 1971, before having the hours reduced in the 1990s. These programmes have since ceased.
 * The digital channel BBC Knowledge was launched in 1999 following the launch of the Learning Zone, featuring educational and cultural programming. The channel ceased broadcasting in 2002 to make way for CBeebies (6am-7pm) and BBC Four (7pm-4am).
 * A programming strand called BBC Learning on the subscription international channel BBC Prime broadcast similar programming. The service was axed in August 2006.
 * During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-21, CBBC operated a similar strand called the "Bitesize Learning Zone" between 9am and 12pm.

title: BBC Learning Zone


text:
Pays (France)

In France, a pays is an area whose inhabitants share common geographical, economic, cultural, or social interests, who have a right to enter into communal planning contracts under a law known as the Loi Pasqua or LOADT (Loi d'Orientation pour l'Aménagement et le Développement du Territoire; Directive law concerning territorial planning and development), which took effect on February 4, 1995.

It was augmented on June 25, 1999, by the Loi Voynet or LOADDT (Loi d'Orientation de l'Aménagement Durable du Territoire). The LOADDT enables the citizens of a community to form a legally recognized pays after deciding to do so by mutual consent; its aim is to help bring the inhabitants of urban and neighboring rural districts into dialogue and agreement.

The Council of Development in each pays assembles together the elected officials and the economic, social, and cultural actors, and their associates, into a deliberative forum to discuss the development policies which should be followed by the community. While the Council can give advice, submit proposals, and monitor development projects, it does not have the authority to make official decisions.

The Charter of the Pays makes it possible to fix the stakes and the objectives of the community. Few structures are recognized as pays Voynet, meaning nationwide, because the recognition criteria are sometimes far from what the pays are. Then again, several pays are recognized by the Commission Régionale d'aménagement et de développement du Territoire.

Sense of the word
In France, the contract of the Pays can be signed among the members of the pays, or between the pays and its surrounding area, the department, the region, or with the national state when the stakes are well-identified.

In this context, the French term pays is not used in the modern sense of "country" but preserves the original meaning of the Latin word from which it was derived, pagus, which designated the territory controlled by a medieval count. The majority of pays are roughly coextensive with the old counties (e.g., county of Comminges, county of Ponthieu, etc). Today Pays de France still refers to a tiny area in northwest Ile-de-France, hence city names such as Roissy-en-France or Tremblay-en-France.

Although this word is frequently translated into English as country, its usage can mean a region or territory of a nation (bounded by borders and constituting a geographical entity) considered from the point of view of a certain identity or community of interest of its inhabitants. However, this usage is also sometimes found in English word country, for example for the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. It is held to be the geographical basis of the state. The word is also used less precisely as an alternative for état (state).

Pays of Brittany
Brittany, consisting administratively of four departments, is also subdivided into 21 pays.

 * pays de Brest
 * pays de Cornouaille
 * pays du Centre-Ouest de Bretagne
 * pays de Morlaix
 * Pays de Trégor-Goélo
 * pays de Guingamp
 * pays de Saint-Brieuc
 * pays de Centre-Bretagne
 * pays de Pontivy
 * pays de Lorient
 * pays d'Auray
 * pays de Vannes
 * pays de Ploërmel-Coeur de Bretagne
 * pays de Brocéliande
 * pays de Dinan
 * pays de Saint-Malo
 * pays de Fougères
 * pays de Rennes
 * Pays de Vitré-Porte de Bretagne
 * pays es Vallons de Vilaine
 * pays de Redon et Vilaine, note this pays straddles 3 departments, including one located outside the current Brittany administrative region, the Loire Atlantique department.

Pays of Franche-Comté
La Franche-Comté, consisting of four departments, is also subdivided into 16 pays :
 * pays de l'Aire Urbaine (Belfort-Montbéliard-Héricourt-Delle )
 * pays du Doubs Central
 * pays du Haut-Doubs
 * pays Horloger
 * pays de Loue Lison
 * pays de Pierrefontaine Les Varans
 * pays des Vosges Saônoises
 * pays Dolois
 * pays du Haut Revermont
 * pays de la Haute Vallée de l'Ain
 * pays des Lacs et de Petite Montagne
 * pays Lédonien
 * pays du Haut Jura
 * pays Graylois
 * pays des Sept Rivières
 * pays de Vesoul et du Val de Saône

title: Pays (France)


text:
Rudolf von Delbrück

Martin Friedrich Rudolf von Delbrück (16 April 1817 – 1 February 1903) was a Prussian statesman at the time of Otto von Bismarck.

Early life
Delbrück was born at Berlin, Province of Brandenburg. He came of a distinguished family, his father, Johann Friedrich Gottlieb Delbrück (d. 1830), having been preceptor of the two Prussian princes afterwards known as King Frederick William IV and Emperor William I. Rudolf von Delbrück studied in Halle, Bonn, and Berlin. On completing his legal studies, he entered the service of the state in 1837; and after holding a series of minor posts was transferred in 1848 to the ministry of commerce, which was to be the sphere of his real life's work.

Career
The states of the German Confederation, including Prussia and the Austrian Empire, had realized the influence of commercial upon political union. Delbrück in 1851 induced Hanover, Oldenburg, and Schaumburg-Lippe, who formed the Steuerverein, to join the Zollverein; and the southern states, which had agreed to admit Austria to the union, found themselves forced in 1853 to renew the old union, from which Austria was excluded. Delbrück now began, with the support of Otto von Bismarck, to apply the principles of free trade to Prussian fiscal policy.

In 1862 Delbrück concluded an important commercial treaty with France. In 1867 he became the first president of the chancery of the North German Confederation, and represented Bismarck on the federal tariff council (Zollbundesrath), a position of political as well as fiscal importance owing to the presence in the council of representatives of the southern states. In. 1868 he became a Prussian minister without portfolio. In October 1870, when the union of Germany under Prussian headship became a practical question, Delbrück was chosen to go on a mission to the South German states, and contributed greatly to the agreements concluded at Versailles in November.

Later life
In 1871 Delbrück became president of the newly constituted Reichskanzleramt. Delbrück, however, began to feel himself uneasy under Bismarck's leanings towards protection and state control. On the introduction of Bismarck's plan for the acquisition of the railways by the state, Delbrück resigned office, nominally on the ground of ill-health (June 1, 1876). In 1879 he opposed in the Reichstag the new protectionist tariff, and on the failure of his efforts retired definitely from public life in 1881. In 1897 he received from William II the Order of the Black Eagle. He died at Berlin.

Awards
• Prussia:
 * German honours

• * Iron Cross (1870), 2nd Class with White Band and Black Edge

• * Knight of the Royal Crown Order, 1st Class with Enamel Band of the Red Eagle and Oak Leaves, 22 March 1875

• * Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, with Oak Leaves, 31 May 1876

• * Knight of the Black Eagle, with Collar, 18 January 1897

•  Anhalt: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear, 1869

•  Baden: Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1867; with Golden Collar, 1871

•  undefined:

• * Commander of Merit of St. Michael, 1853

• * Grand Cross of Merit of the Bavarian Crown, 1871

•  Brunswick: Grand Cross of the Order of Henry the Lion, 2nd Class, 1853

•    Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1873

•  undefined: Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order, 2nd Class

•  Hesse and by Rhine:

• * Commander of the Ludwig Order, 1st Class, 10 August 1860

• * Grand Cross of the Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous, 6 May 1871

•  Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown

•  Oldenburg: Grand Cross of Honour of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig

•  Nassau: Commander of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau, 1st Class

•  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1871

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Albert Order, with Silver Star, 1865

• Austrian Empire:
 * Foreign honours

• * Knight of the Iron Crown, 2nd Class, 1853

• * Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1872

• 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold

•  Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Rose

•  French Empire: Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour

•  Kingdom of Italy: Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

• 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Oak Crown

•  Persian Empire: Order of the Lion and the Sun, 1st Class

•  Russian Empire: Knight of the White Eagle

• 🇹🇭 Siam: Grand Cross of the White Elephant

• 🇸🇪 🇳🇴 Sweden-Norway: Grand Cross of St. Olav, 1 June 1875

title: Rudolf von Delbrück


text:
Elizabethtown, California

Elizabethtown, California was a California Gold Rush town that began in 1852 in Plumas County, California. It was named after a woman in the miners camp called Elizabeth Stark Blakesley.

It is said that the value of gold taken from the Elizabethtown area ran into the millions of dollars. It was started from other gold mining camps all around American Valley (where Quincy, CA is now located). In 1852, a 10 to 15 family wagon train came up Beckwourth Pass (which was created by James Beckwourth, the first pioneer to this area). They brought a large supply of horses, oxen, cows, and other needed supplies and were the first settlers of American Valley. When they got there, they found a population of hundreds of Maidu Indians, who were peaceful and friendly.

In 1852 Alexander and Frank Tate discovered gold in what is known as Tate ravine. After that, Lewis Stark, Peter Day, and George Ferrier one morning went up Elizabeth ravine and by noon they panned out an ounce of gold. After dinner they found several ounces using a rocker. After digging a small ditch, they discovered one 28 ounce gold piece. After that many miners came to search for gold which developed into a village. Later on Elizabethtown was also known as Betysburg after a rivalry started with Quincy. The winter of 1852 and 1853 were very harsh with low provisions. So the spring of 1853 the Stark family went to Sacramento Valley and hauled up many cattle for beef for the starving families.

In 1854 a Masonic Lodge was built there. Also in 1854 Elizabethtown got postal service with Lewis Stark as Postmaster. W.A. Blakesley was the Deputy and used his house as the office. In January 1855 the postal service was moved to Quincy. The rich mining claims of 1853 and 1854 were: The Wahoo, by Joseph Kelley & Co.; Fowler, by Fowler & Co.; Varner, by Varner & Co.; Plumas, by L.F. Cate & Co.; O'Neill, by Captain O'Neill; Gloyd, by D.J. Gloyd; and Betsy Guilch, by Stark & Co.

The Population of Elizabethtown got up around 2000 and 2500 people between 1853 and 1856. The first year over 30 county licenses were issued for business in the area. The Main Street extended across the entire town. There were many stores, two-story buildings, saloons, gambling houses, shops, gilded palaces, lodging houses, and eating houses. They also had a lodge for the Sons Of Temperance (see Temperance movement) which had over 200 members. In 1857 and 1858 there was some demoralization within the town with the Comstock mines in Virginia City, Nevada (see Comstock Lode). Many residents ended up living in Indian and Honey Lake valleys. Many buildings were moved to Quincy and rebuilt there and slowly the town dissolved into history.

After the "New Year's Flood" in January, 1997, a local resident discovered the cobblestone corner of a foundation had been exposed by the high water flow through the creek bed. The former excavations of the brick foundation has been covered over and no longer are visible.

There is a stone and metal monument to the town by the Native Sons and Daughters of Quincy on September 9, 1927.

title: Elizabethtown, California


text: User talk:82.44.170.38

title: User talk:82.44.170.38


text:
State Bank of Victoria

The State Bank of Victoria was an Australian bank that existed from 1842 until 1990 when it was taken over by the Commonwealth Bank. It was owned by the State of Victoria.

History
A government-controlled savings bank had been founded on 1 January 1842 as the Savings Bank of Port Philip. Other independent savings banks merged over time and this development was recognised by legislation in 1912, which reconstituted the bank as the State Savings Bank of Victoria. In 1980 its name was changed to the State Bank of Victoria, the name it had until its sale to the Commonwealth Bank in 1990 and subsequent dissolution.

The State Bank collapsed due to the weight of the grossly irresponsible lending made in the 1980s, in particular by its merchant bank subsidiary Tricontinental, after the Reserve Bank of Australia decision to increase interest rates in 1989 brought about the deep recession that put pressure on those financial institutions that were heavily exposed to the property market.

Another contributor to the State Bank’s decline was its acquisition of the already troubled Australian Bank in January 1989.

Tricontinental eventually collapsed with losses of A$1.5 billion, which threatened the existence of the State Bank and led to its sale to the Commonwealth Bank. The overall sale price was A$2.0 billion.

The collapse of the State Bank was a key factor in the defeat of the State Labor government led by Joan Kirner and the election of the Liberal Party led by Jeff Kennett, at the 1992 Victorian state election.

title: State Bank of Victoria


text:
Canelones, Uruguay

Canelones is the capital of the department of Canelones in Uruguay. Its name is derived from a species of cinnamon, which is called "canelón", growing along the banks of the homonymous river. Since 2010, the city is also the seat of the municipality of Canelones.

Geography
The city is located on Route 5 about 50 km North of Montevideo and on its intersection with Route 64. It lies on the west bank of the river Arroyo Canelón Chico.

History
It was founded on 24 April 1783 under the name "Villa Guadalupe". It became capital of one of the nine earlier Departments of the Republic. The railroad arrived here in 1874, while in 1908 National Route 5 from Montevideo was inaugurated. On 23 March 1916, it was renamed to "Canelones" and its status was elevated to "Ciudad" (city) by the Act of Ley Nº 5.400.

Population
According to the 2011 census, Canelones had a population of 19,865. In 2010, the Intendencia de Canelones had recorded a population of 25,961 for the municipality during the elections. While Canelones is the capital of the department of the same name, it has a considerably smaller population compared with two other cities in the department, Ciudad de la Costa and Las Piedras. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Economic activity
The city and the department have numerous small to large vineyards and wineries. In 1987 the cold-storage facility "Frigorífico Canelones" was founded, which ever since became the principal industry of the city.

Government and infrastructure
The civil aviation agency of the country, National Civil Aviation and Aviation Infrastructure Direction (DINACIA), has its headquarters in Canelones.

Places of worship

 * Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Roman Catholic)

Noted local people

 * Diego Lugano, captain of the Uruguay national football team
 * Pablo Gabriel García, football player for PAOK F.C.
 * Matías Vecino, footballer
 * Facundo Peraza (born July 27, 1992), footballer
 * Robert Siboldi, Former football player and former manager of Santos Laguna
 * Sebastián Rodríguez (born 1992), footballer
 * Andrea Trujillo, Director of Nursing, Perfect Survey Champion

Sister Cities

 * Asunción, Paraguay
 * 🇺🇸 Loudoun County, United States

title: Canelones, Uruguay


text:
User:Jeff Marks

Hello, my name is Jeff Marks. I am a scientist / Process Excellence "Black Belt" in the San Francisco Bay Area. Politically, I am interested in the Clean Elections movement and Alternative Electoral Systems

title: User:Jeff Marks


text:
Mustansar Hussain Tarar

Mustansar Hussain Tarar (Mustanṣar Ḥusẹ̄n Tāraṙ) S.I. (born 1 March 1939) is a Pakistani author, travel enthusiast, mountaineer, writer, novelist, columnist, TV host and former actor.

Early life
Mustansar Hussain Tarar was born in Gujrat District on 1 March 1939 at his maternal grandparents' house, according to the preface of his book, Lahore Awargi. But he was raised in Lahore with his family that hailed from Mandi Bahauddin. His father, Rehmat Tarar, operated a small agricultural seed store by the name of "Kisan & Company" that later flourished to become a major business in that field.

Tarar was educated at Rang Mahal Mission High School and Muslim Model High School, both in Lahore, Pakistan. He pursued higher studies at Government College, Lahore and in London. While abroad he spent much of his time watching movies, hanging out with friends and reading books. In 1958, he attended the World Youth Festival in Moscow and wrote a book named Fakhta (Dove) based on his experience.

Career
He has written more than 50 books including novels and a collection of short stories in his career. His first book was a travelogue of Europe published in 1971 by the title of Nikley Teri Talaash Main (1970), dedicated to his youngest brother, Mobashir Hussain Tarar. This followed a period during which he travelled in seventeen European countries, and spearheaded a new trend of travelogues in Urdu literature. So far he has over forty travelogues ('Safar Nama' in Urdu) to his credit.

He also became a television actor and was, for many years, a host of Pakistan Television Corporation's (PTV) live morning show Subah Bakhair (1988) (Good Morning). His unconventional and down-to-earth style of hosting earned him great popularity among people from all circles of life. He is one of the most recognised personality among children as he spent a big part of transmission time addressing children exclusively. He called himself chacha jee (paternal uncle) of all Pakistani children and soon became known by this title.

Shadi Online was a matrimonial show conceived by a private TV channel (Geo TV). It ran for more than 350 episodes and later was turned into an online matrimonial website. Tarar was selected as the host due to the trust of people, especially parents, had in him.

Tarar has been an active mountaineer for many years and has been to the base camp of the K2, the world's second highest mountain, and the Chitti Buoi Glacier.

Columns as a journalist and books
During his long career, he has been a newspaper columnist and a contributor to Pakistani newspapers including Dawn and Daily Aaj, and used to write a weekly column for Akhbar-e-Jahan.

His books include:
 * Mantiqul Tair, Jadeed (منطق الطیر، جدید) (Conference of Birds, Modern) (ISBN 9693531574, Publisher: SMP, Language: Urdu, Category: Novel Year: 2018)
 * Andulus Mayn Ajnabi (اندلس میں اجنبی) (Stranger in Spain) (ISBN No:9693515471, Publisher:SMP, Language:URDU, Category:	SAFAR NAMA Year: 2009) First published in 1972
 * Bahhao (بہاؤ) (Flow)
 * Bay Izti Kharab (بے عزتی خراب) (Insulting dishonor) – This phrase is deliberately wrong and commonly used this way in local communities, thus the book name
 * Berfeeli Bulandiyan (برفیلی بلندیاں) (Snowy Heights)
 * Carvan Sarai (کارواں سرائے) (Caravan Motel)
 * Chikh Chuk (چِک چُک) (Remove the curtain)
 * Chitral Daastan (چترال داستان) (Tale of Chitral)
 * Dais Huwaa Perdais (دیس ہوا پردیس) (Homeland becomes foreign land)
 * Deosai (دیوسائی) - First published in 2003
 * Dakia aur Jolaha (ڈاکیا اور جولاھا) (Postman and cloth-maker)
 * Gadhay Hamaray Bhai Hain (گدھے ہمارے بھائی ہیں) (Donkeys are our brothers)
 * Ghar-e-Hira Mein Ek Raat (غارِ حراء میں ایک رات) (A night in the cave 'Hira' near Mecca)
 * Guzara Naheen Hota (گزارا نہیں ہوتا) (Hard to get by)
 * Gypsy (جِپسی)
 * Hazaron Hain Shikway (ہزاروں ھیں شکوے) (Have thousands of complaints)
 * Hazaron Raastay (ہزاروں راستے) (Thousands of paths)
 * Hunza Dastaan (ہنزہ داستان) (Tale of Hunza)
 * K-2 Ki Kahani (کے ٹو کی کہانی) (K2 Story)- First published in 1993
 * Kaalaash ( کالاش ) (Kafiristan)
 * Khana Badosh ( خانہ بدوش ) (Gypsi)- First published in 1983
 * Moorat (مورت) (Idol)
 * Moscow Ki Sufaid Raatein. (ماسکو کی سفید راتیں) ( White Nights of Moscow)
 * Munh Wal Kabbey Shariff Dey (منہ ول کعبے شریف دے) (Face towards Qibla) [Experience of performing HAJJ]- First published in 2006
 * Nanga Parbat (نانگاپربت) (book named after the mountain of the same name)
 * Nepal Nagri (نیپال نگری) (Land of Nepal)- First published in 1999
 * Niklay Teri Talash Main (نکلے تیری تلاش میں) (Out searching for you)- First published in 1970
 * Pakhairoo (پکھیرو) (Birds)- A book in the Punjabi language
 * Parinday (پرندے) (Birds)
 * Parwaz (پرواز) (Flight)
 * Payar Ka Pehla Shehr (پیار کا پہلا شہر) (Love's first city)- First published in 1974
 * Putli Peking Ki (پُتلی پیکنگ کی) (Monument from Peking)- First published in 2009 * Qilaa Jangi (قلعہ جنگی) (Fortified war)
 * Qurbat-e-Marg Main Mohabbat (قربتِ مرگ میں محبت) (Love near death)
 * Raakh (راکھ) (Ashes)
 * Ratti Gali- First published in 2005
 * Safar Shumal Kay (سفر شمال کے) (Journeys of the north)- First published in 1991
 * Shamshaal Baimesaal (شمشال بیمثال) (Peerless Shamshaal) First published in 2000
 * Shehpar (شہپر) (Wings)
 * Shuter Murgh Riasat (شتر مرغ ریاست) (Ostrich State)
 * Snow Lake (سنو لیک) First published in 2000
 * Sunehri Ullo Ka Shaher (سُنہری اُلو کا شہر) (The city of golden owl)
 * Yaak Saraey (یاک سرائے) (Yaak Inn)- First published in 1997
 * Khas-o-Khashak Zamane (خس و خاشاک زمانے) (Novel)
 * Alaska Highway (آلاسکا ہائے وے) (Travelogue)
 * Australia Awargi (آسٹریلیا آوارگی) (Travelogue, 2015)
 * 15-Kahaniyan (15 کہانیاں) (Short Stories, 2015)
 * Rakaposhi Nagar (راکاپوشی نگر) (Travelogue, 2015)
 * America Key Sou Rang (امریکا کے سو رنگ) (Travelogue of America, 2015)
 * Aur Sindh Behta Raha (اور سندھ بہتا رہا) (Travelogue of Sindh, 2016)
 * Haramosh Naqabil e Faramosh (Travelogue of Haramosh peak, 2017)
 * Karvaan Siraye (کاروان سرائے) (2001 )
 * Ullu Hamare Bhai Hain (الو ہمارے بھائی ہیں)
 * Lahore Awargi (لاہور آوارگی)
 * Pyar ka Pehla Punjab (پیار کا پہلا پنجاب)
 * Siyah Aankh Mein Tasveer (سیاہ آنکھ میں تصویر)
 * Tarar Nama (تارڑ نامہ)

Drama
He is also the author of many famous drama series for Pakistan Television Corporation or PTV.
 * Hazaron Raaste (Thousands of Paths)
 * Parinda (Bird)
 * Shahpar (Wings)
 * Sooraj Ke Sath Sath (staying along with the Sun)
 * Keilash (Name of a tribe in northern areas of Pakistan)
 * Fareb (illusion)

Travelogue writer
As a mountaineer and a travelogue writer himself, Tarar has long promoted the cause of tourism projects in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

Awards and recognition

 * Sitara-i-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) - Awarded in Literature by the President of Pakistan in 2017
 * Pride of Performance Award - Awarded in Literature in 1992
 * Anjuman Farogh-i-Urdu (Qatar) Award
 * Pakistan Academy of Letters PAL nominated him in 2022 for Kamal-e-Fun Award (Lifetime Achievement Award) shared with Ashu Lal Faqeer but he refused to take the 'half award'.

title: Mustansar Hussain Tarar


text:
Canelones Department

The Departamento de Canelones  (Departamento de Canelones; ) is one of the 19 Uruguayan departments. With an area of 4,536 km2 and 518,154 inhabitants, it is located in the south of Uruguay. Its capital is Canelones. Ciudad de la Costa is the largest city by total population and Las Piedras is the largest city with an official census.

Geography
Neighbouring departments are Maldonado and Lavalleja to the East, Florida to the North, San José to the West, and Montevideo to the South. Part of the southern border is formed by the Río de la Plata. It is the second smallest department of the country after that of Montevideo, but the second largest in population.

Located in the humid templated region, the average temperature is low compared to that of the rest of the country (around 15 °C), as are the levels of precipitation (up to 2,000 mm yearly, on average).

By area Canelones Department is the second smallest of Uruguay's 19 departments.

Topography and hydrography
Canelones Department, is characterized by flat lands and absence of relief (like most parts of Uruguay), with small coastal sand dunes at the south, and with meadows and woods in the center, north and west.

The department is rich in waterways, with many rivers and streams. However, there are two rivers that stand out for their importance: the Santa Lucía River and the Río de la Plata, which is actually a sea of salt water. On the coastline formed by the Río de la Plata, there are many spa towns and their respective beaches.

Santa Lucia River, meanwhile, forms the northern boundary with Florida, which is separated by a bridge known as the Paso Pache.

Regions
Despite being a small department, Canelones has a population of over 500,000 inhabitants and one of the highest population densities in the country with 114 inhabitants per square kilometer.

The department is divided into approximately 20 sections. Within these, there are significant populations centers, some of which have the status of municipality, while others are part of cities formed recently by decree, and then there are also those that do not have enough inhabitants and are therefore often considered simple population entities with no mayor or government, remaining under the direct jurisdiction of the Municipality of Canelones (in Spanish, Intendencia Municipal Canelones or Comuna Canaria), which is based in the departmental capital, Canelones.

History
Canelones was one of the nine original departments created in 1830. Over the years its boundaries have changed little.

Economy
Agriculture is one of the principal contributors to the economy of Canelones. The cultivation of grapevines is widespread, and the area is a major contributor to Uruguay's burgeoning wine industry. In addition, cereal crops – principally maize – are produced, as are a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. Tourism, in the eastern coastal area, is also a major source of income for the department, and has enabled the development of important urban centres, such as Atlántida.

Demographics
At the 2011 census, Canelones Department had a population of 520,187 (253,124 male and 267,063 female) and 222,193 (+44.25% than in 2004 (153,931)) households. The average household size was 2.3 persons.

Demographic data for Canelones Department in 2010: 2010 Data Source:
 * Population growth rate: 1,095%
 * Birth rate: 14.83 births/1,000 people
 * Death rate: 8.45 deaths/1,000 people
 * Average age: 32.9 (31.4 males, 34.3 females)
 * Life expectancy at birth
 * Total population: 76.37 years
 * Male: 72.95 years
 * Female: 80.00 years
 * Average per household income: 25,087 pesos/month
 * Urban per capita income: 10,015 pesos/month

(* Resorts of the Costa de Oro – ** Sum result. See main article for all censal areas included.)
 * Rural population

According to the 2011 census, Canelones department had a rural population of 48,219 (9.3%).

Government
The executive power is exercised by the Intendencia Departamental de Canelones. The Intendant is elected every five years with the possibility of reelection. The legislative power is exercised by the Junta Departamental.

On 15 March 2010, by the Act of Ley Nº 18.653, the following Municipalities were formed in the Canelones Department:

Source: Intendencia Municipal de Canelones

 * Stated as 2004 estimates.

 * Source: El Observador (2010)

title: Canelones Department


text:
Catoptrics

Catoptrics (from κατοπτρικός katoptrikós, "specular", from κάτοπτρον katoptron "mirror" ) deals with the phenomena of reflected light and image-forming optical systems using mirrors. A catoptric system is also called a catopter (catoptre).

Ancient texts
Catoptrics is the title of two texts from ancient Greece:
 * The Pseudo-Euclidean Catoptrics. This book is attributed to Euclid, although the contents are a mixture of work dating from Euclid's time together with work which dates to the Roman period. It has been argued that the book may have been compiled by the 4th century mathematician Theon of Alexandria. The book covers the mathematical theory of mirrors, particularly the images formed by plane and spherical concave mirrors.
 * Hero's Catoptrics. Written by Hero of Alexandria, this work concerns the practical application of mirrors for visual effects. In the Middle Ages, this work was falsely ascribed to Ptolemy. It only survives in a Latin translation.

The Latin translation of Alhazen's (Ibn al-Haytham) main work, Book of Optics (Kitab al-Manazir), exerted a great influence on Western science: for example, on the work of Roger Bacon, who cites him by name. His research in catoptrics (the study of optical systems using mirrors) centred on spherical and parabolic mirrors and spherical aberration. He made the observation that the ratio between the angle of incidence and refraction does not remain constant, and investigated the magnifying power of a lens. His work on catoptrics also contains the problem known as "Alhazen's problem". Alhazen's work influenced Averroes' writings on optics, and his legacy was further advanced through the 'reforming' of his Optics by Persian scientist Kamal al-Din al-Farisi (d. ca. 1320) in the latter's Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir (The Revision of [Ibn al-Haytham's] Optics).

Catoptric telescopes
The first practical catoptric telescope (the "Newtonian reflector") was built by Isaac Newton as a solution to the problem of chromatic aberration exhibited in telescopes using lenses as objectives (dioptric telescopes).

title: Catoptrics


text:
Talk:Jimmy Kimmel Live!

Fucking vs F***ing
I think in an encyclopedia there should be no censorship of dirty words. On the page for Jimmy Kimmel it isn't censored either.

--217.85.215.163 (talk) 14:40, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

 * It is the third time that I had to remove censorship. I would really appreciate it if you'd at least participate in this discussion instead of just censoring it again. Untill that I will just remove the censorship again as soon as I see it. --217.85.178.231 (talk) 14:44, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

5TH
Under the Jimmy Kimmel Live! Fifth Anniversary episode section it says Jimmy was "surprised" Which seems to imply that he knew about the video. He admitted (I think on the night he did the ben affleck video, and again on the actual 5th anniversar show) that he knew sarah had done a video, but he had no idea what it was about. So should it be mentioned, or at least take those "" out?? Tydamann (talk) 22:10, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Matt Damon
I edited out the section that belonged in the talk page. Originally it said this:
 * "On September 13, 2006 on a primetime special, Matt Damon appeared after a very long introduction. However, the show was about to end and was asked for next week with a foul-mouthed response. During the credits, Damon pretended to be very furious and was calling Kimmel names. It has since been stated that Damon was actually furious and told Kimmel he would not appear on any show from that point. Is there a source? The above information may or may not be true, since there are conflicting stories from "actual audience" members."

The word pretended is POV, so I changed it to appear. Now it says this:
 * On September 13, 2006 on a primetime special, Matt Damon appeared after a very long introduction. However, the show was about to end and was asked for next week with a foul-mouthed response. During the credits, Damon appeared to be very furious and was calling Kimmel names. There have been conflicting reviews regarding this event, although most agree that this was staged.

--aishel 16:38, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

The set-up with Matt was very obviously a spoof/gag and it is being incorrectly reported. There are no published reports by anyone involved confirming that it was a spoof, so incorrect information continues to flood the Internet. It was definitely a set up and pre-planned, from the extraordinarily lengthy introduction to the cut to Ben Stiller in the audience looking at his watch.

Whoever wrote what is currently in the space needs to change it as its completely unneutral POV. A link to to video on youtube IS NOT A SOURCE ROFL. Until we have a proper source to confirm or deny it this section needs to be objective and consider all angles.

Hmmm yeah, we better consider all the angles on this issue. Are you serious? I've heard that there is a site documenting the stupidest arguments on Wikipedia, maybe we can get this one up. Regardless, someone has actually found a source that this was a joke. I've reworded the paragraph. 138.25.72.146 09:19, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

I just read through this and the Wikipedia article claims the Damon incident was a confirmed gag and cites a reference. However, when you read through that interview, Bill Simmons says:

"I can't believe nobody made a bigger deal about it. Everyone thought it was a setup but it actually happened, Jimmy was pretty shaken afterwards."

Not sure how this is can be mistaken for a confirmation that it was a gag. 24.207.139.36 14:28, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

For God's sake, read the entire Bill Simmons chat. He later says that:

"I was kidding about the Matt Damon thing before, that was really a joke."

Can we just put it to rest? I mean, if this was not an act, wouldn't there be numerous stories about it all over the news, a la Madonna cursing on Letterman or Farrah Fawcett acting trippy on the same show? 71.12.178.85 12:45, 13 October 2006.

Wow, I though my earlier edit was also too long (138.25.72.146 was me at uni not logged in). But now we have a big chunk of text to explain one joke that wasn't all that notable. Hmmm... I guess if that's what has to be done to stop people claiming that it was a real event then it's necessary. Joaq99 15:46, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Detroit remark
It says that the result was that the show was now longer live, but taped for review, but then how was WXYZ able to decide not to broadcast the offending episode? I believe that the offending show was taped to prevent overruns from the NBA Finals game from affecting production of the show. MMetro (talk) 19:54, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Tom Cruise giving car
In one episode that i watched (i don't have any references thats why i didn't add it my self) there is some sort of charity thing or likewise where celebertis is supposed to give each other presents. Tom Cruise gives a way a car that he had heard that Kimmel wants, kimmel gets surprised and a bit embarrassed, case he had not taken the gift thing so seriously, he had actually only bought a jar of popcorn to tom.

at first jimmy don't want to give the gift away case he wants to buy something nicer presumably. But tom convinces him to show the gift so kimmel shows it. Tom then looks very... Well lets say unsatisfied when he understands what the gift is first he thinks there is something else in the jar so he opens it but there is just 3 sorts of popcorn in it(not shore about the "opening the jar thing" but everything else is exactly as i remember).

This event would probably fit in to "Notable guests and events" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.100.152.146 (talk) 22:29, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Halloween
No mention of of The Half and Half cosrume parade which in 2009 had its 7th airing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cooly123 (talk • contribs) 13:12, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Jimmy Kimmel, Carson Daly and Jay Leno
The Jay Leno mess seems to have spilled onto Jimmy Kimmel. See http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/01/carson_daly_shows_up_on_jimmy.html

76.66.197.17 (talk) 12:56, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Rewrite entire article?
I kinda think that this article is a train wreck. Locations/Special episodes should be narrowed down to 2-3 episodes or (preferably) scrapped completely, as should notable guests and events. However, some of the content should be kept as prose in a "history" section that discusses the beginnings of the show, notable episodes, the WGA strike and response, and the show's interaction with Super Bowls, Oscars and NBA Finals, and probably the sets section. Basically everything in the article after the talent section - except the Matt Damon section and the international airings - can be consolidated as such. As this is a massive undertaking, I'd like to build some sort of consensus among editors: Whose with me?--CastAStone//₵₳$↑₳₴₮ʘ№€ 05:45, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Rammstein
Does every single musical appearance by a band make it noteable? Rammstein's performance of their song Du Hast isn't any more notable than any other performance, unless you're the obviously huge Rammestein fan who made that addition to the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.244.18.100 (talk) 02:47, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

"I'm Fucking" Doesn't ring true/reality conflict
The article is about a television show that's aired exclusively on the US broadcast network ABC. Is there a reliable source supporting citation for the numerous times we report that ABC has purportedly broadcast the term "fucking" on this show? As near as I can tell no American network has yet to broadcast this, or related terms, on taped shows. Indeed, we had, and may still have, articles on the related live incidents which have occurred.99.151.172.170 (talk) 19:41, 3 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Added ref for correct term used.99.151.172.170 (talk) 21:53, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

update
The number of shows needs to be changes, Shaq will also appear to challenge Jimmy on his upcoming show Shaq vs on Aug 31st.--Cooly123 20:56, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Great Job Guys!
This article was long overdue a makeover, to everyone else who contributed, we did a hell of a job. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.172.202.176 (talk) 05:11, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

Live
There is an allusion in the introductory paragraph that the show is no longer aired "live" (except on special occasions). I seem to remember that it was originally a live show. At what time did the show cease to be a regularly aired, live show? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.199.179.200 (talk) 04:16, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

Mean Tweets
The Mean Tweets segments have garnered enough media attention that there should probably be something added about them. 68.146.70.124 (talk) 01:45, 21 February 2014 (UTC)

Ratings
“Jimmy Kimmel Live – After The Oscars” (12:50am-1:39 a.m.) pulled in its 2nd-largest-ever overall audience (5.810 million)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.19.253.39 (talk) 23:28, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Distributor
So i changed the distributor because its name changed after disney’s acquisition of 21st Century Fox, so please don’t change it back to Disney—ABC Domestic television again, the current name of the distributor is Walt Disney Television Joey Donnie06 (talk) 00:50, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

Covid 19 Pandemic
Does anyone think there should be something added about the show currently being produced from Kimmel’s home due to the Pandemic? I think it has to do with production and would be a good addition to the article. Wjrz nj forecast (talk) 21:50, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Vaccination Controversy
Added section on COVID Vaccination Controversy Seki1949 (talk) 15:58, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

Smoke detectors
It’s time for you to have the smoke detectors in you home hard wired Jimmy Kimmel. You’ll never need batteries again. 2603:7080:B100:8E1:D4B0:5965:F4A4:65D3 (talk) 05:56, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

"YouTube Gaming" controversy
Anyone feel like this section should be deleted? Seems quite out-of-place, with not much sourcing, and comes off like a made-up controversy. StewdioMACK (talk) 13:30, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

May 25, Late Night episode.
Would like to voice my opinion of your show last night on May 25th. I am so glad to know that some of the late night host do have a conscious and can shed some tears at times it was a moving episode. My concern is our problems today in our country. My mother died in 1993 but she always said that the more you talk about anyting the more children were curious and wanted to try it. All we hear about on TV now is crime and violence and badgering someone else. The government has taken prayer out of schools, God and Jesus have been the backbone of the United States of America for eons and until we put him back in a prominent place we will forever be doomed. And my friend that is the answer to our problems. 2600:100D:B10B:8335:11F4:6407:75C0:A34 (talk) 16:41, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

Liberal political satire vs. Political satire introduction
I have repeatedly tried to insert liberal political satire in the article's introductory sentence since it is understood that his show's topics of political satire fall under the category of liberal ideals. People keep reverting my edit. I am willing to cite many sources of political topics displayed by the show that verify my claim. Vataxevader (talk) 15:06, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

Episode list
Why is Kimmel the only big currently airing late night show that doesnt have episode list articles? (see Category:Lists of variety television series episodes) jonas (talk) 22:43, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

 * That's been bugging me for years. It's not even listed in the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Television_articles_that_need_an_episode_list. I was going to create the page (similar to the way Late Show with Colbert is set up). Then later I was going to create the separate pages per year. I don't want to duplicate work if someone else is starting one though. Ivansevil (talk) 19:24, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I noticed the same for David Letterman, even though Johnny Carson & Jay Leno have an episode list too. Cahlin29 (talk) 03:26, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jimmy Kimmel Live!


text:
JRockit

JRockit was a proprietary Java virtual machine (JVM) originally developed by Appeal Virtual Machines, acquired by BEA Systems in 2002, and became part of Oracle Fusion Middleware as part of acquisition of BEA Systems in 2008.

The JRockit code base was discontinued by Oracle, with some features being integrated into the HotSpot virtual machine as part of the mainline development of the Java platform. JRockit only ever supported Java 6, which is now considered an obsolete release.

History
Following the finalization of the acquisition of Sun Microsystems, Oracle announced in JavaOne 2010 that the best features of JRockit would be implemented in OpenJDK.

In May 2011, Oracle announced that JRockit has become free, and confirmed the plan to port JRockit features on OpenJDK.

title: JRockit


text:
Melo, Uruguay

Melo is the capital city of the Cerro Largo Department of north-eastern Uruguay. As of the census of 2011, it is the ninth most populated city of the country.

Location
It is located at the center of the department, on the intersection of Route 7 with Route 8, 60 km south of Aceguá and the border with Brazil. Other primary roads to the city are Route 26 and Route 44.

The stream Arroyo Conventos (a tributary of Tacuarí River) flows by the west limits of the city.

Climate
Melo has a humid subtropical climate, described by the Köppen climate classification as Cfa. Summers are warm (with hot days and cool nights) and winters are cool, with frequent frosts and fog. The precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, with an average of 1,241 mm (48.85 in), and the annual average temperature is 17 °C (63 °F).

This city has the lowest recorded temperature in Uruguay, of -11 °C (12.2 °F), on June 14, 1967.

History
It was founded on 27 June 1795 by Agustín de la Rosa, an officer to the Spanish Empire. It was named after Pedro Melo de Portugal, a Spanish colonial official of Portuguese royal ancestry.

Given its proximity to some Portuguese colonies in Brazil, the "Melo Village" (in Spanish, "Villa de Melo"), as it was once named, was invaded by Portuguese forces in 1801, 1811, and 1816. With Uruguayan independence, Melo was officially declared capital of the department of Cerro Largo.

In 1845, the city square was renamed in honor of Manuel Oribe, a former President of Uruguay and a political leader of the White Party (Partido Blanco), which brought to light the relations of this corner of the country with that National Movement (the vast majority of its inhabitants have belonged to that same political community).

Melo had acquired the status of "Villa" (town) before the Independence of Uruguay. Its status was elevated to "Ciudad" (city) on 22 May 1895 by the Act of Ley Nº 2.3279. It was capital of one of the nine original departments of the Republic.

The historian J.C. Chasteen has discussed the place of Melo in the history of Uruguay in his book Heroes on Horseback: A Life and Times of the Last Gaucho Caudillos.

Population
In 2011 Melo had a population of 51,830 inhabitants. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Features
There are two museums:
 * Juana de Ibarbourou's birthplace
 * Regional History Museum

Near Melo is situated the old Posta del Chuy, a stone inn near an ancient bridge over the Chuy del Tacuarí creek.

Melo was visited by Pope John Paul II in 1988. This formed the background to the 2006 film El Baño del Papa (The Pope's Toilet) about an enterprising citizen with the ill-fated idea of making money by building a toilet and charging the hordes of Brazilians expected to visit Melo to see the Pope.

Places of worship

 * Cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar and St. Raphael (Roman Catholic)
 * Parish Church of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel (Roman Catholic)
 * Parish Church of St. Joseph the Worker (Roman Catholic)
 * Parish Church of St. Dominic Savio and St. Charles Borromeo (Roman Catholic, Salesians of Don Bosco)
 * Jesus Good Shepherd Parish Church (Roman Catholic, Sisters of Santa Dorotea di Cemmo)

Notable people

 * Saviniano Pérez (1907–1985), politician

title: Melo, Uruguay


text:
Cerro Largo Department

Cerro Largo Department is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Melo. It is located in the east of the country, bordering Brazil to its northeast with Yaguaron River as the natural border, Treinta y Tres Department to its south, Durazno Department to its west and the departments of Tacuarembó and Rivera to its northwest with Negro River as its natural border with them.

History
At the end of the 18th century, apart from the indigenous people, the area was populated by the Spanish and the Portuguese alike. In 1795, the Captain of the Spanish Infantry Agustín de la Rosa founded the town of Melo, a fortress to repel attacks of the Portuguese and the Indios. The territory was invaded by the Portuguese in 1801, 1811, and 1816. The history of this place is marked by battles before, during and after the Independence of the Republic.

The old Posta del Chuy, 15 km from the town, was the historic Inn where travellers from Melo to Villa Artigas (the actual Río Branco) could rest and pay the fares for using the first public work of the Republic, the stone bridge over the stream Chuy del Tacuarí, today a Heritage Monument, built in 1855 by the French Basque brothers Etcheverry.

In 1830, when Uruguay was divided in nine departments, Cerro Largo was one of them, including the biggest part of what was later separated as the Treinta y Tres Department.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, when intermittent periods of civil war occurred in Uruguay, the department was a stronghold of the Blanco party. This was the precursor of the Partido Nacional.

Local people are usually known as "arachanes", in memory of an extinct local ethnicity, the Arachán people.

Demographics
As of the census of 2011, Cerro Largo Department had a population of 84,698 (41,050 male and 43,648 female) and 35,841 households.

Demographic data for Florida Department in 2010: 2010 Data Source:
 * Population growth rate: 0.571%
 * Birth Rate: 15.95 births/1,000 people
 * Death Rate: 8.64 deaths/1,000 people
 * Average age: 32.1 (31.0 male, 33.0 female)
 * Life Expectancy at Birth:
 * Total population: 75.86 years
 * Male: 72.58 years
 * Female: 79.04 years
 * Average per household income: 18,880 pesos/month
 * Urban per capita income: 7,801 pesos/month

 * Rural population

According to the 2011 census, Cerro Largo department has a rural population of 5,936.

Notable people

 * Aparicio Saravia was a prominent National (Blanco) Party leader, who died following the Battle of Masoller in 1904.
 * Villanueva Saravia was a regional National (Blanco) Party leader.
 * Rodolfo Nin Novoa has been Vice President of Uruguay (2005-2010).

title: Cerro Largo Department


text:
Subtribe

Subtribe is a taxonomic category ranking which is below the rank of tribe and above genus. The standard suffix for a subtribe is -ina (in animals) or -inae (in plants). The early use of this word is from 19th century. An example of a subtribe is Hyptidinae, a group of flowering plants that contains approximately 400 accepted species distributed in 19 genera.

title: Subtribe


text:
Durazno

Durazno is the capital city of the department of Durazno in Uruguay.

Geography
The city is located at the intersection of Routes 5 and 41, in the south of the department, close to the borders with the departments of Flores to the southwest and Florida to the southeast. It is only 40 km northeast of the city of Trinidad, capital of Flores department.

Durazno is situated on the south banks of the Yi River, a tributary to the Río Negro River.

Transportation
The Santa Bernardina International Airport is located just across the Río Negro river. While a commercial airport, as of 2021 it lacked passenger or cargo airline services.

History
The town was founded on 12 October 1821, under the name of San Pedro del Durazno, as a homage to Brazilian Emperor Pedro I, at a time when the territory of present-day Uruguay had been annexed to Brazil as the Cisplatine Province. It had acquired the status of villa (town) before the independence of Uruguay. On 13 July 1906, its status was elevated to ciudad (city) by Act No. 3041. In May 2015, Diego Traibel was elected Mayor for the period 2015–2020.

Population
According to the 2011 census, Durazno had a population of 34,368. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Culture
The church of San Pedro de Durazno is a landmark in the city. After a fire it was redesigned by engineer Eladio Dieste using reinforced brick.

Notable people

 * Antonio Alzamendi, footballer
 * Bernabé Michelena, sculptor
 * Margarita Martirena, sprinter

title: Durazno


text:
Durazno Department

Durazno is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Durazno. Its name means "peach" in Spanish, referring to the department's peaches and its status as an agricultural breadbasket. It is located in the centre of the country, and is bounded to the north by the Río Negro and the Río Yi to the South. To its north are the departments of Río Negro and Tacuarembó, to it southeast the departments of Treinta y Tres, to its south the departments of Flores and Florida, while on its east is the department of Cerro Largo.

History
In 1827, while the territory was under Portuguese dominion, the Portuguese asked their ally, General Fructuoso Rivera to establish a military body of cavalry and artillery in the area of Paso del Durazno on the banks of Río Yi. For this, the town of San Pedro del Durazno was founded, named after the regent of Brazil. In 1828 the department named "Entre Ríos Yí y Negro" was formed, which was soon after renamed to Durazno. When the First Constitution of Uruguay was signed in 1830, Durazno was one of the nine original departments of the Republic.

Demographics
As of the census of 2011, Durazno Department had a population of 57,088 (28,216 male and 28,872 female) and 23,023 households.

Demographic data for Florida Department in 2010: 2010 Data Source:
 * Population growth rate: 0.696%
 * Birth Rate: 15.62 births/1,000 people
 * Death Rate: 8.08 deaths/1,000 people
 * Average age: 31.3 (30.6 male, 32.1 female)
 * Life Expectancy at Birth:
 * Total population: 78.24 years
 * Male: 74.34 years
 * Female: 82.12 years
 * Average per household income: 21,515 pesos/month
 * Urban per capita income: 7,934 pesos/month

 * Rural population

According to the 2011 census, Durazno department has a rural population of 4,951.

Economy
The economy of Durazno largely depends on agriculture and agrotourism. The raising of sheep, and of cattle, both dairy and for beef are of great importance. The Rural Society of Durazno groups together many of the landowning businesses in the department.

In the 1930s the Government of Gabriel Terra undertook considerable hydroelectric development in the department.

Notable people

 * Juan José de Amézaga served as a deputy for the department in the early years of the 20th century and later served as President of Uruguay from 1943 to 1947.
 * Santiago Bordaberry, himself from a prominent political family, is a noted rural affairs activist in Durazno.
 * Francisco Davant was a prominent local arboriculturist, active in local government. (see: Villa del Carmen)

title: Durazno Department


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AANYL PANE (Anal Pain)

AANYL PANE (Anal Pain)
Looks like garbage to me... --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 20:21, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as pure garbage. Let's not feed the trolls. - Lucky 6.9 20:30, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unfortunately, it probably doesn't qualify for speedy, but if an admin wants to speedy it I sure as hell won't complain. The author of this crap has been inserting his band into a bunch of other pages, now reverted. -R. fiend 21:21, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, what the heck - I speedied it. An alternative version, without the fuck lead-in or the parenthetic addition to the name, is still up on VFD - DavidWBrooks


text:
Talk:Pays (France)

Untitled
Please help with this page... it needs either a better translation or some major cleanup. I don't really know what to do. If there is a native speaker of French, that would really help us out. --Lord Voldemort 20:21, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I did some changes/addtions to the Charter and Contract of the Pays chart and I expanded the list.--DominicC13 18:24, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * "...pagus, which designated the territory controlled by a medieval count." Or does this confuse pays with comté? --Wetman 11:50, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

note...
This meaning of "pays" is recent and administrative. These "pays" are sometimes new creations and, when they cover existing traditionals ones, they often don't have the same limits (ex. "pays de Bray" <> "pays de Bray" defined by amenagement laws). Be careful cause it could be rapidly confusing. It will be better, perhaps, to notice that from the title. 195.146.239.21 00:04, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

c meme pas vrai vous tes tous de téteux xD — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.200.33.23 (talk) 00:20, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

French
Mon pays — Preceding unsigned comment added by 102.91.5.199 (talk) 20:37, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

Natural region or Pays?
Both articles refer to the same set of regions, should they be merged or should one be deleted? (Check out Draft:List of natural regions of France). Excellenc1 (talk) 11:33, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pays (France)