text:
Dead Chest Island, British Virgin Islands

Dead Chest Island is an island located half a mile north east (0.4 miles at 27 degrees true) of Deadman's Bay on Peter Island, British Virgin Islands. It is uninhabited, has no fresh water or trees and only sparse vegetation. It was formerly used as a firing range by the Royal Virgin Islands Police, but the opening of the nearby hotel on Peter Island coincided with the decision to build a proper firing range on the island of Tortola. The island is now an uninhabited National Park, with several popular scuba diving and snorkeling sites.

Blackbeard and Stevenson
According to an apocryphal story, the pirate Blackbeard marooned his crew on Dead Chest Island as punishment, leaving them with nothing but a cutlass and a bottle of rum each. How many pirates, and how many days, varies according to the source retelling the story. By the end of the month, only a few of pirates were left alive. Because the earliest known references to this story are from the 20th century, it is almost certainly fakelore derived from Robert Louis Stevenson's song "Dead Man's Chest", which first appeared in his novel Treasure Island in 1883. The chorus of "Dead Man's Chest" is as follows:

"Fifteen men on the dead man's chest— ...Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum! Drink and the devil had done for the rest— ...Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!"

Stevenson found the name "Dead Man's Chest" among a list of island names in a book by Charles Kingsley and said "Treasure Island came out of Kingsley's At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies (1871); where I got the 'Dead Man's Chest' - that was the seed". Kingsley had written in At Last: "Unfortunately, English buccaneers have since then [1493] have given to most of them [the Virgin Islands] less poetic names.  The Dutchman's Cap, Broken Jerusalem, The Dead Man's Chest, Rum Island, and so forth, mark a time and a race more prosaic, but still more terrible, though not one whit more wicked and brutal, than the Spanish conquistadores." In other words, the song is not based on a former legend, it is entirely new as of 1883 and original with Stevenson. While the two names are not exactly the same ("Dead Man's Chest" vs "Dead Chest"), the similarities are striking, and there are no other islands named like it in the Virgin Islands, suggesting they are one and the same. If on the other hand the island "Dead Man's Chest" referenced by Kingsley in At Last is not the same as the island known today as "Dead Chest Island", then there would be no connection between "Dead Chest Island" and Stevenson's song "Dead Man's Chest", since Stevenson's song is in reference to Kingsley's island.

In 1994, a journalist, Quentin van Marle, spent 31 days alone on the island as a voluntary castaway, beating the supposed record of Blackbeard's pirates and in commemoration of the centenary of Robert Louis Stevenson's death.


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Clackamas High School

Clackamas High School (CHS) is a public high school located in Happy Valley, Oregon, United States. It shares its property with Rock Creek Middle School, sharing amenities like the football field and tennis courts.

History
Clackamas High School itself was established in 1957 at a building in South Milwaukie, Oregon. Though, with its ever-expanding attendance area, CHS outgrew its small building. In 2002, the larger, modernized building was opened and the old building was converted into a middle school. This building was also next to the (now closed) Sunrise Middle School, which was absorbed and became an extra building after its closure in 2011.

Starting in the early-mid 2010s, families began to make gripes about overcrowding at CHS. The inclusion of the east campus building helped, but with Happy Valley's rapid expansion, the school had well over 2,000 students, when the building only reasonably had the capacity for 1,800. In 2016, a bond was passed that provided the money needed for a new high school. In 2019, the construction of this school begun, converting a local middle school to a high school.

In 2021, construction on Adrienne C. Nelson High School completed. Half of Clackamas High School's students were transferred to this school. The two schools became athletic rivals. Following this construction, the east campus building was converted back into a middle school, now being the only feeder school.

Along with the construction of the new high school, renovations were made to Clackamas High School. This redid some life skills classrooms in the building, as well as security additions, some improvements to the football field, and the addition of a brand new health center. The Clackamas High School SBHC provides cost-free checkups, mental healthcare, and services like dentistry and therapy.

On November 2, 2023 at 9:00am, a bomb threat was made to the school through an anonymous confession Instagram page. Both Clackamas High and Rock Creek Middle were evacuated following these threats. These threats were later proven to be jokes and classes resumed at around 10:30am.

Building and campus
Clackamas High School campus lies on 69 acre with a small wetland nearby. The building itself has 269354 sqft of floor space and is much larger than the older school. It has four classroom hallways on two floors, a commons area, an arts wing, and an athletic wing, centered on an administrative ring in the middle of the school.

The classroom hallways are mostly on the north end of the school with 100 and 200 halls on the east side, and 300 and 420 halls on the west. The commons area is on the north side of the administrative offices, at the entrance to 100 and 200 halls, and is primarily used for dining and some multi-purpose use. The arts wing of the school is centered on the schools' auditorium and contains rooms for art classes, choir classes, and band classes, as well as a wood shop, a stage shop, and changing and makeup rooms. The athletic wing contains a large gym, a smaller upper gym, locker rooms, a wrestling room, and a weight training room. The administrative ring, located in the center of the school, contains the main office, the bookkeeper's office, the attendance office, the student management office, the schools' career and vocation center, the athletic office, and the counseling office, all centered on a small courtyard.

This building has served as a model for other high schools and has been designated a green building. Clackamas High School was built in 2002 to a design by Portland's Boora Architects and was the first high school in the country to be certified LEED Silver. Clackamas High became one of the first "solar schools" in Oregon with the installation of 2 kW solar panels on the roof in 2003. The School was also a winner of the DesignShare Recognized Value Award in 2003.

Academics
In 1984, Clackamas High School was honored in the Blue Ribbon Schools Program, the highest honor a school can receive in the United States.

As of 2005, 72.5% of 10th grade students at Clackamas High School met or exceeded overall state standards for learning, compared to 53.5% of the rest of the state. In addition, 80% are ESL students and 90% are Latino.

In 2008, 92% of the school's seniors received a high school diploma. Of 589 students, 502 graduated, 69 dropped out, four received a modified diploma, and 14 were still in high school the following year.

Nate Muñoz is the current principal of Clackamas High School since July 2020.

Awards and honors
In October 2005, Clackamas High was named KATU's "Super School of the Month."

In 1997, Clackamas High biology teacher Ford Morishita won the Oregon Teacher of the Year award, for his approach to teaching biology and the performance of his students.

Notable alumni

 * Debby Applegate – historian and biographer
 * Alexandra Botez – chess player
 * Cazzey Louis Cereghino – actor, singer, and novelist
 * Lisa Fletcher – television news journalist
 * Lynn Snodgrass – politician, former Oregon State Speaker of the House
 * Cheryl Sorensen – basketball coach
 * Ben Wetzler – baseball player
 * Hailey Kilgore – Broadway actress and singer
 * Cole Turner – American football player

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clackamas High School


text:
Talk:The Hit Factory

Untitled

 * The final album to be recorded in The Hit Factory New York was Dream Theater's Octavarium.

I'm curious, when was the last album recorded? Gbeeker 21:49, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It may be almost a year later, but I just added this in (It was Friday, February 25, 2005) --Varco 20:22, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Baddie rawr 173.62.189.147 (talk) 15:13, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

recent edits
hey i just added a ton of info, but forgot to sign in before doing so. cheers, -c —Preceding unsigned comment added by Charlienyc (talk • contribs) 02:18, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Ragovoy's involvement
I remember reading somewhere that Jerry Ragovoy founded The Hit Factory, but no mention is made here of that - only of it being sold. Does anyone have further info.? Thanx. --Technopat (talk) 10:41, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Jerry owned it during my brief time there - 1970-71. My band (Tundra) was signed to a production deal by Joe Finnelli, an engineer who worked for Jerry. We recorded once at the 42nd street facility and then 2 to 3 times a week on off hours at the 48th street studios for more than a year. I met Jerry only once or twice, since we were usually there from very late to very early in the morning.

Joe told me Jerry built (or bought, I don't remember which) the studios with the money he made off of songs he wrote.

They had a modified API console and Altec Lansing soffit speakers, but Joe used little KLH speakers as nearfields to mix.

During those years I met The New York Rock and Roll Ensemble and The Brooklyn Bridge, who recorded there frequently.

Steve Cruz — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.48.80.227 (talk) 18:16, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

 * According to NYTimes.com and LATimes.com, Ragovoy founded this studio in 1969. And according to Sound on Sound, Ragavoy (sic, aka Ragovoy) invited Bill Szymczyk as a regular engineer in 1967 when Ragovoy was preparing for founding this studio.--Ikespirit (talk) 16:55, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

Locations, etc.
I realise that with studios located in different places it's difficult, but the fact is that the article just confuses the issue further. I have just deleted a reference to Stevie Wonder's Songs in the Key of Life (1975-76) having been the first album to have been recorded there (at one of the studios?), whereas the actual article page for that particular album states differently. Of course, recording & mixing & remastering, etc. are often done in diffent places, but this should get sorted. No mention is made of chief engineer Bill Szymczyk, who was there in the late 60s/early-70s during what I would imagine was The Hit Factory's heyday and certainly when it made its name. I wish I could do something to help sort this out but I don't know enough about the matter - and even if I did, it would be original research. As the article stands, it is just an assortment of trivia and unconnected "facts". Hope someone can do something 'bout it. Thanx. --Technopat (talk) 11:05, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

first time posting to wiki talk - hope I am doing this right. I was looking to see if there were dates associated with the Hit Factory Times Square location - I used to work in various studios back then (still do) and was trying to place something in time... I noticed the information under LOCATIONS was not reading right and that the studios at 353 West 48th street are mentioned as the "Times Square" location... as well as the actual H.F.T.S. location. I'll provide some info here - maybe it will help. 353 West 48 was the first Hit Factory facility that I was aware of in the '70's - it was the only one for years. There were, as I recall, three floors with studios, plus the basement. There may have been another floor with offices and maybe tape duplication but that was a long time ago. I was told once that that 353 was the second "Hit Factory" location - the first being the original Jerry Ragovoy's Hit Factory facility somewhere else but I am not sure about that. When I met Jerry it was after he and Eddie split and he was in his Counterpoint facility on, I guess, Broadway in the W50's. I was there to work and not talk about HIt Factory. The "original" Germano-owned facility at 353 West 48th was almost across the street from the A&R's "R" rooms, where Phil Ramone worked, and where Local 802 (Musician's Union) is today. 353 was just "The Hit Factory" and then I guess it became the "old Hit Factory". The actual Hit Factory Times Square facility was at 130 West 42nd street near the corner of 6th avenue - ninth floor as I recall. The first time I saw that studio was when Mark Freeh, the same person who owned Chelsea Recording (135 W 14th street), took it over and called it Chelsea North in around 1980. That room at 130 w 42 was large - bigger than anything at 353 West 48th. There was only one studio there (control room and studio). The ceilings were really high - it was a great recording room with a crappy sounding control room (not unusual for old studios). Prior to Chelsea North moving in, the studio had been something like American Recording or Don Elliot Sound or something along those lines but I am not certain. I think it was Mark who built out a second control room and studio on that floor before Eddie took over the facility... not certain if it was Mark who did that or if Troy did... but in the mid-late '80's (and this is what I was trying to place in time) it became Hit Factory Times Square with two rooms. I rebuilt a Neve 8068 console for them shortly after they got in there. The H.F.T.S. facility was run day to day by Eddie Germano's son Troy, and Troy's sister (who's name escapes me).(it's Danielle216.27.142.96 (talk) 04:56, 13 May 2013 (UTC)) H.F.T.C. put a mastering room in. I think Herbie Powers was the mastering engineer who moved there from Frankford Wayne Mastering (where he started). Hit Factory - around the same time - mid to late-mid '80's took over an existing facility at 54th and Broadway. I can't remember if H.F.T.S. or "Broadway" came first. Somehow I think it went 353 - Times Square was added - then 54th Broadway and 353 closed - then 421 W 54th and H.F.T.S. closed. The 54th and Broadway facility was originally Bel Sound, then it became Sound Ideas and went through a couple owners with that name and then Eddie took over the facility and moved the contents from the 48th street location up to the "Broadway" facility on 54th. The 48th street facility was then taken over by others... Sear Sound (Walter Sear) moved from the hotel space where he (maybe famously - everyone know this then) did soundtracks for porn movies, to the studios on the upper floors at 353. He also took the basement space for storage. The second floor space at 353 was taken over by Intergalactic Recording. Sear still exists even though Walter died. Intergalactic and that studio space are both long gone. After that Hit Factory obtained another large space further West on 54th at 421. The 421 west 54 space, as far as I know, had not been a recording studio prior to Hit Factory taking it. 421 W 54 became the flagship Hit Factory facility - now condo's... Hit Factory left the Time Square location and the rooms went to other owners - one of the rooms (the smaller one) became "Big House" and the larger one became something that sounded like "Savabone" and then it became Mirror Image - owned by Tommy Uzzo. Hit factory operated both facilities on 54th street with 421 being the flagship and very "high-end". The "Broadway" facility was more work-a-day and relatively utilitarian or "down market". So in NYC as far as I know there were four Germano associated Hit Factory locations... and hope this is useful. JohnKlett — Preceding unsigned comment added by Johnklett (talk • contribs) 14:30, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

Unsourced accusations
Removed the unsourced accusation "Troy Germano (CEO and son of owner Edward Germano) told the New York Post, however, that rumors about the "digital age" or a lack of business were false, and that the studio had closed directly due to the actions of his mother, Janice Germano. Which is true because im in the Germano Family it is true".

I checked the NY Post and found no such article. Emanonguy (talk) 16:37, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

Kelly Rowland
Just out of curiosity, how could she have recorded her album at the NYC location in 2013 given that it closed in 2005?

74.131.28.180 (talk) 23:35, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Hit Factory/Bell Sound
The Broadway location of the Hit Factory had a long history of recording before Ed Germano's purchase.

237 West 54th Street was originally Bell Sound Studio, where such recordings as "Rave On" by Buddy Holly, "Runaway" by Del Shannon, "Lonely Boy" and "Diana" by Paul Anka, "A House Is Not A Home" by Dionne Warwick, "Stagger Lee" by Lloyd Price, and the first album by the band Kiss were made. Many record labels that had access to their own cutting lathes (where the "master" for vinyl record pressing plates originates) would use Bell Studios instead.

Read more here: http://books.google.com/books?id=wQoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=bell+sound+studio+new+york&source=bl&ots=XKUpqektZU&sig=50r06D3YdZ4YUjS_RlAmw0PLHMU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FheAU5m-BNHhsATso4HABQ&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=bell%20sound%20studio%20new%20york&f=false

I believe mentioning this would be historically significant.

2001:558:6016:33:75E8:F4E7:E337:8E69 (talk) 04:17, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Hit Factory


text: Category:Jane Austen

title: Category:Jane Austen


text:
Talk:Alí Rodríguez Araque

Untitled
I just reverted because:

1) It's not at all clear that Rodriguez had the capacity to stop the strike/lockout at PDVSA.

2) We can't use a word like "mishandling". We're here to report what Rodriguez did, not decide whether it was the right or wrong thing to do.

DanKeshet 21:51, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sin ninguna duda, Alí Rodríguez no tenia manera para detener el lockout, esta acotación debería ser borrada.Saludos. --K4zem 12:59, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * "Without a doubt, Alí Rodríguez had no way to stop the lockout, this note should be erased. Peace."  Twin Bird 01:49, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Imagen
Consegui una imagen de Alí Rodríguez aunque solo aparece de lado, peor es nada (I´m not speak english, sorry)--K4zem 12:59, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * "I got an image of Alí Rodríguez although he only appears from the side, better than nothing." Gracias; es mejor que la mayoría de las imágenes en este sitio.  (Este...usted sabe la versión del idioma español, ¿verdad?)  Twin Bird 01:44, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Si yo hice el artículo en español. Saludos. Yes, i am create spanish article. Bye.--K4zem 11:42, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Alí Rodríguez Araque


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Nkosi's Haven

Nkosi's Haven is an NGO in the Johannesburg, South Africa area that offers residential, holistic care and support for mothers and their children whose lives have been impacted by HIV/AIDS. Nkosi's Haven also provides support for orphans, HIV/AIDS affected or not. It aims to improve the productivity of their residents through providing access to medical care, therapy, education and skill building workshops. The goal is to empower residents while providing a safe, dignified home in hopes that all mothers and children are able to become responsible and contributing members of society.

Nkosi's Haven was named after Nkosi Johnson, an AIDS activist who dedicated his life to ensuring that mothers and their children are kept together under the belief that no mother should have to leave her child due to HIV diagnosis. It is a recognized non-governmental organization that is largely funded by international donors and governmental organizations. Funding is allocated to assist accommodations, which include housing, food, water, medication, and hospice care. It also assists with education costs such as school fees, uniforms, and other expenditures. Residents share household tasks among themselves, including tasks such as cooking, cleaning, laundry, and childcare.

At the time of inception, it was the first and only care centre in South Africa that provided residential care for mothers living with HIV/AIDS and their children.

Mission statement
"Through all of the work we do, we ensure that our residents learn how to live with AIDS, not die from it." Nkosi's Haven has built a home in which residents can live free from prejudice and discrimination against HIV/AIDS and children can grow into self-sufficient and responsible members of society.

Nkosi's biography
Nkosi's Haven was named after Nkosi Johnson, a young AIDS activist who died on International Children's Day in 2001. Born Xolani Nkosi, Nkosi was infected with HIV through mother-to-child transmission. Nkosi and his mother were admitted to an AIDS care centre in Johannesburg, where they met Gail Johnson, a volunteer worker.

Due to financial restraints, the care centre that Nkosi and his mother were living in closed down. Nkosi's mother's health was deteriorating rapidly and she was unable to keep Nkosi due to her health conditions and financial dependency. She also feared that the community would find out that both herself and Nkosi were HIV positive and exile them. As a result, Gail Johnson took Nkosi into her care, changing his name to Nkosi Johnson, and became his legal foster mother.

Gail Johnson attempted to enroll Nkosi into school in Johannesburg and was faced with backlash as soon as Nkosi's HIV status was made public. In 1997, Johnson took the case to court, winning her case and forcing the South African educational system to revise their admittance policies discriminating against children with AIDS.

After Nkosi's experience with discrimination due to his health status and the forced separation between him and his mother, Nkosi's dream was to create an HIV/AIDS care centre in which children and their mothers could live freely without prejudice or discrimination because of their health status. With the help of his foster mother, Gail, Nkosi opened Nkosi's Haven in 1999, providing hundreds of mothers and their children with a safe space and communal environment.

Nkosi's journey made him the national figure in the fight against AIDS. In July 2000, Nkosi wrote and presented a speech at the 13th International Aids Conference, held in Durban, which was televised worldwide. At 11 years old, he spoke to delegates about his experience growing up with HIV. His fight with HIV birthed his dream to raise awareness and erase the stigma of HIV/AIDS through communal, supportive environments and care centres. Nkosi is most famously known for his quote, "We are normal. We have hands. We have feet. We can walk, we can talk, we have needs just like everyone else—don't be afraid of us—we are all the same!"

A year before his death, Nkosi suffered through severe brain damage and viral infections due to AIDS. He was bedridden, emaciated, suffering from seizures and unable to eat solid foods. After battling the disease for 12 years, Nkosi Johnson died in his sleep on 1 June 2001.

Nkosi was given a hero's burial memorial service in Johannesburg with thousands of attendees paying their respects to the late activist.

At the time of his death, Nkosi Johnson was South Africa's longest surviving child born with HIV/AIDS. In 2005, he was awarded with the International Children's Peace Prize for his fight against HIV/AIDS and activist efforts. After his death, Nelson Mandela released a statement, recognizing Nkosi as an "icon of the struggle for life" who fought fearlessly against HIV/AIDS. He urged everyone to give their support during this time, acknowledging Nkosi as an ambassador for South Africa and its people, especially those living with HIV.

Nkosi Johnson's legacy lives on through the work of Nkosi's Haven.

HIV/AIDS in South Africa
South Africa has had high rates of HIV/AIDS diagnoses for years, with approximately 6.19 million accounted individuals living with HIV/AIDS in 2015. Within the age group of adults aged 15–49 years old, 16.6% of that cohort is HIV positive. HIV/AIDS related deaths have been declining as of recent years, with 2005 being the year with the highest number of deaths in South Africa. Thereafter, antiretroviral treatment was administered and easily accessible, changing the patterns of HIV/AIDS and extending the lifespan of many South Africans who would have otherwise died at an earlier age.

HIV/AIDS related illnesses are still high, with an increase of 4.02 million people living with HIV in South Africa from 2002 to 2015. Statistics South Africa approximates that every one out of five South African females in their reproductive ages are living with HIV.

UNAIDS reports that approximately 2.1 million children in South Africa are orphans due to HIV/AIDS related illnesses, with 180,000 deaths occurring in the year of 2015. Women over the age of 15 account for 4 million people living with HIV, and approximately 240,000 children under the age of 14 have been affected by HIV.

Evidence has shown that the HIV/AIDS crisis has had a significant impact on South African family life. Responsibility for children growing up in South African society has been increasingly separate from biological parenthood due to the lack of parental care available. Under many circumstances, children often care for their own families due to the circumstances created by the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Berea
In 1999, Nkosi and Gail opened their first Nkosi's Haven location in Berea, Johannesburg. Despite being close to the city centre, selling properties became increasingly difficult in Berea, with the neighbouring area of Hillbrow beside, as it became an area that was frequented with street children and the unemployed. The 1980s was an era of high crime rates in downtown Johannesburg, which neighboured Hillbrow and Berea. After the apartheid ended in the 1990s, many gangs, along with residents from neighbouring townships, moved into the area making it unsafe. Thus, the property was offered to Gail Johnson, rent free for 5 years.

The house was located on 23 Mitchell street and consisted of four bedrooms, one bathroom upstairs and one downstairs, a lounge, a room used as a dormitory, and a courtyard. Renovations and repairs were needed, in addition to furniture and basic house necessities. To raise funds for the completion of the house, Gail, a former public relations consultant, held a "kitchen tea" in which a wish list was created and publicized in the media and to those who were potential contributors. At the tea, Gail explained the reasons behind the creation of Nkosi's Haven. She explained that Nkosi's Haven was to offer a kibbutz style of living in which residents would take turns at cooking, cleaning, caring for the children, and helping care for each other as needed. Gail also told the guests that they already reached capacity for residence at the house. At the time, the house fit nine mothers and their children with presumed costs starting at R28,000 monthly. The results of the kitchen tea were successful and Gail managed to fundraise R45,000 worth of furniture and equipment, free electrical services, along with appliances valued at R30,000 for the nursery and dormitory.

After three years in operation, Nkosi's Haven saw need for a second home as the Berea residence was rapidly expanding with mothers and children living with HIV/AIDS and orphans. In 2002, a separate plot of land was purchased south of Johannesburg. Upon development, both residences catered to over 160 residents and their children providing meals, medication, education, daily necessities for residents living with or without HIV/AIDS, and care for orphans.

Due to financial restraints, in 2012, the NGO sold its property in Berea and moved all occupants to Nkosi's Haven Village in Alan Manor, South of Johannesburg. Costs for operating the Berea house were as much as R150,000 to R180,000 monthly, and because all occupants could be accommodated at the village, consolidating all residents meant that no one was left without a home or unemployed. Given that Nkosi's Haven village had bigger plans in motion, the shift would focus on different things such as training opportunities for residents at the newly purchased farm and other facilities at the Nkosi's Haven Village. These opportunities were unavailable in Berea due to space and financial constraints. Gail reasoned this by stating, "We are not the Titanic. We are consolidating... it makes sense to consolidate and save money."

Alan Manor
Nkosi's Haven grew so rapidly that in 2002, a second 2.5-acre plot of land was purchased in the Alan Manor neighbourhood, south of Johannesburg to begin the development of Nkosi's Haven Village. This was made possible through a grant from the Gauteng Department of Housing, Social Housing and Special Needs. Although the project received backlash from neighbouring communities, key sponsors made the initiative possible and enabled Nkosi's Haven to host up to 180 residents at a time.

Nkosi's Haven Village in Alan Manor consists of 17 cottages in which residents reside, a sickbay, a library, a baby day care, a therapy block, a kitchen, a bakery, and a leisure block. There are also workshops and classrooms such as a computer room and an arts room for additional education and skill building. Administrative offices are located near the sickbay. All residents share household tasks and duties that help with the functioning of the village, providing a sense of leadership and empowerment to residents through skill-building activities.

Bakery
In 2010, Nkosi's Haven received a bakery donation from the South African Whole Grain Bread Project (SAGWBP). In addition to the onsite bakery container donation, SAGWBP donated enough bread mix for six months. White and brown loaves are still produced for resident consumption and are marketed to other organizations in the community at a competitive price. The residents of Nkosi's Haven Village handle oversight of operations in the bakery. While providing skill-building opportunities, those who assist can also earn a stipend for their labour.

Kitchen
In 2009, Nkosi's Haven opened their new, industrial sized kitchen through generous donations from sponsors. Employed resident mothers cook to feed the large number of residents, serving hundreds of meals daily. Three well-balanced meals are provided to every resident mother, all children and volunteers.

Leisure Block
A leisure room was built at Nkosi's Haven Village to further meet the requirements to become a Child Care Centre in South Africa. Dance lessons take place in the large space on a weekly basis. The room is painted with bright colours, equipped with colourful furniture, bean bag chairs, a television, and foosball tables.

Library
Nkosi's Haven Library provides a space for resident children to do their homework, leisurely reading, art sessions and workshops. Workshops include HIV/AIDS awareness sessions and life skills for women. Through funding, the Haven continues to expand its book collection in hopes to educate and provide relevant resources for residents.

A recent project development was the implementation of bibliotherapy at the library in 2010. The bibliotherapy program used books to assist the children and young teens with coping with social, emotional and physical issues. The program identified the children's needs and used a variety of programs to help eradicate the isolation of people living with HIV/AIDS through education, self-awareness, skill development, and recreation. Some sessions included storytelling, reading aloud, and "The Wall of Happiness Sessions" in which participants openly discussed what made them happy with the facilitator. The program was made available to all residents at Nkosi's Haven, including orphans and those who were free of HIV/AIDS in order to increase overall awareness. Results of the program showed success among residents, with 92% of young participants demonstrating increased knowledge and understanding about HIV/AIDS related issues, 78% demonstrating an increase in comfort and decrease in fear around HIV/AIDS related issues, and 91% of adults demonstrating an improvement in self-esteem and optimistic attitudes.

Music and Arts
A music and arts centre has been built onsite for resident use. This centre includes a keyboard and drums and is also a space that is used by the choir. Due to limited space and resources, Nkosi's Haven relies on the help of volunteers to teach music and arts lessons onsite. Programs are run year-round for mothers and their children.

An ongoing workshop is artsINSIDEOUT's annual two-week art camp that runs at Nkosi's Haven. With the help of ASTEP (Artists Striving to End Poverty), a unique art program featuring successful and competitive professionals from all areas of art including students and graduates from Juilliard, ASTEP volunteer artists use storytelling, singing, acting, dancing and visual arts to inspire the youth at Nkosi's Haven to build community, consciousness and self-awareness. ArtsINSIDEOUT organizes trips to Nkosi's Haven and has provided funding for year-round programming, including workshops and cultural programs. Local artists are invited to join the diverse artsINSIDEOUT team to enhance cultural programs available to Nkosi's Haven.

Sickbay
In 2006, Nkosi's Haven Village completed the Sickbay, consisting of a nine-bed unit, qualified nursing staff, and family physicians to help care for HIV positive residents. Many residents are sick due to AIDS-related illnesses and are being administered quality treatment and ARV's as needed.

Therapy Block
All children at Nkosi's Haven Village receive various forms of therapy, including remedial, play, occupational and speech. The therapy block was completed in December 2009 and employs two full-time therapists onsite to assist residents living with HIV/AIDS. Therapists also assist with helping resident mothers disclose their HIV status to their children.

Workshops and classrooms
Nkosi's Haven Village has one classroom and two workshops that act as a site for homework and afterschool programs. These areas offer skill-building workshops on a regular basis for residents to learn various skills such as knitting, pottery, resume writing, and more.

With the help of BT South Africa, an ICT infrastructure company, Nkosi's Haven opened a communications centre in 2010. The room comes equipped with computer monitors valued at R100,000 which allows the youth at Nkosi's Haven to videoconference and chat with their mentors and friends worldwide. Infinite Family, an American organization that enables children living with HIV/AIDS to connect with mentors worldwide, has provided more than 50 youth at Nkosi's Haven with mentors.

This room is also used to assist resident youth with their homework.

Nkosi's Haven 4life Farm
Nkosi's Haven 4Life Farm, located 50 km south of Johannesburg, has been in operation since 2008. The farm is 12 acres and currently provides crops for meals at Nkosi's Haven Village. Foundation 4Life has helped support Nkosi's Haven for years and made contributions that helped begin the production of the farm.

Within the next 5 years of full operation, Nkosi's Haven 4LIFE farm aims to implement a self-sustaining style of living in which mothers living with HIV/AIDS and their children from a neighbouring township and the surrounding area will assist in growing organic food to serve themselves, Nkosi's Haven's residents, and the local markets and supermarkets. The goal is to produce crops for sale in supermarket chains in South Africa once the farm is sustainable and crops are of good standard. A number of new cottages will be built on the farm to accommodate more mothers and their children in need of Nkosi's Haven's assistance.

Preschool
Nkosi's Haven has begun construction on the premises to begin early interventions of child development, skill transfer and various forms of therapy. Given that children in South Africa are held back from attending school if they are undergoing forms of therapy, an onsite preschool bypasses those restrictions and enables youth to develop their skills while receiving therapy. Nkosi's Haven pays R1000 monthly for each toddler to attend preschool outside of Nkosi's Haven, thus, an onsite preschool will save financial resources and assist Nkosi's Haven in becoming self-sufficient and sustainable. Nkosi's Haven plans to hire certified teachers in addition to training resident mothers to assist at the preschool, also building their skills and capacity.

Controversies
Nkosi’s Haven is getting accused to collect illegal rent from their working citizens since starting 2022 because she's not collecting enough donations to keep the NGO running. The citizens were threatened that if they go to the police, they get kicked out of the haven. The Sheriff of Johannesburg South Police is in the board of the Nkosis Haven. The owner, Gail Johnson, was invited in February 2023 to court for further investigations.

title: Nkosi's Haven


text:
Yemtsa (river)

The Yemtsa or Yomtsa (Емца, Ёмца) is a river in Plesetsky and Kholmogorsky Districts and in the town of Mirny of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It is a left tributary of the Northern Dvina. It is 188 km long, and the area of its basin 14100 km2. Its main tributaries are the Mekhrenga (right), the Tyogra (left), the Vaymuga (left), and the Bolshaya Chacha (right).

The river basin of the Yemtsa occupies the east of the Plesetsky District, the south of the Kholmogorsky District, and some areas in the northern parts of the Nyandomsky and Shenkursky Districts. In addition, the territory subordinate to the town of Mirny lies entirely within the limits of the river basin of the Yemtsa. In the low course, the Yemtsa bounds from the south the Siysky Zakaznik, a federal nature protected area.

The source of the Yemtsa is in Plesetsky District, north-west of the settlement of Plesetsk and several kilometers east of the Onega (which does not belong to the Northern Dvina basin). The Yemtsa flows to north-east. The urban-type settlement of Savinsky is located on the right bank of the river. Note that the urban-type settlement and the railway station of Yemtsa is not located on the river. Downstream from Savinsky, the Yemtsa crosses into the territory of the town of Mirny, and from there into Kholmogorsky District, where it accepts from the right its biggest tributary, the Mekhrenga. Close to the mouth, the historical selo of Yemetsk, a former uyezd and district center, is located on the left bank.

The lower 10 km of the river course (downstream from the selo of Yemetsk) are navigable.

title: Yemtsa (river)


text:
Rötger Feldmann

Rötger Werner Friedrich Wilhelm Feldmann (born 17 March 1950 in Travemünde), a.k.a. Brösel, is a German comic book artist.

He is most famous for creating the character Werner.

Life
Feldmann completed a lithographer apprenticeship at Nordrepro in Flensburg, after which he was drafted for basic military service where he fell ill with tuberculosis. In 1971 he started work as lithographer at Geisel in Flensburg. Because he drew cartoons and comics all the time – especially caricatures of his superiors – he was dismissed in 1972. Being out of work throughout the 1970s, Brösel mainly drew comics about the „Bakuninis“, an anarchistic family, satirizing the radical left.

His first cartoons with the character Werner were published in 1978 in the German satire magazine Pardon, as well as in the newspaper Kieler Stadtzeitung. One of the main inspirations for these were his constant battles with the German TÜV and police because of his Horex alterations, as well as his contact to the Chopper community. The comics were licensed by other city newspapers like the Frankfurt-based magazine Pflasterstrand and so quickly became known nationwide.

Book publications started in 1981 with Werner – Oder was?.

The first Werner movie, Werner – Beinhart!, was released in 1990, and was one of the most successful movies in Germany that year with 4.9 million viewers. The second movie, Werner: Eat My Dust!!!, was released in 1996, and was the second most successful movie that year in Germany with 4.95 million viewers. More movies followed in 1999 (Werner – Volles Rooäää!!!), 2003 (Werner – Gekotzt wird später!) and 2011 (Werner – Eiskalt!).

In 2021, Brösel Was a New Comic Book Der Fiese Willi.

Rötger Feldmann lives in Sören.

title: Rötger Feldmann


text:
Talk:Fairfax High School (Los Angeles)

cleanup
I did a fair bit of work on this article using existing information. I think it still requires some cleanup, though. Ingridjames (talk) 06:54, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Archive unreferenced alumni
NOTE: Do not re-add these alumni until you provide reliable sources for their attendance at Fairfax. This is for archival purposes only.

Notable graduates of Fairfax High School include:
 * Steven Adler, musician (Guns N' Roses, Adler's Appetite)
 * Byron Allen, talk show host
 * Herb Alpert, musician, music industry executive
 * David Arquette, actor/professional wrestler
 * Michael "Flea" Balzary, musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
 * Gary Baseman, artist
 * Kevin Bell, Basketball Player Fresno State
 * Mike Burkett, musician (NOFX)
 * Gower Champion, director and choreographer
 * Robbie Crane, musician (RATT)
 * James Ellroy, writer
 * Mike Epstein, major league baseball player
 * Chuck Essegian, outfielder, 1959 World Champion Dodgers
 * Janet Fitch, author
 * Louis Galen, businessman and philanthropist
 * Larry Gelbart, television writer/producer
 * Michele Greene, actress
 * Az-Zahir Hakim, American football player in the NFL
 * Charles Herbert, child actor of the 1950s/1960s.
 * Darla Jean Hood, child actor of the 1930s/1940s.
 * Saul "Slash" Hudson, musician (Guns N' Roses, Velvet Revolver)
 * Timothy Hutton, actor
 * Chanel Iman, model
 * Jack Irons, musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers, Pearl Jam)
 * Jackie Jackson and Tito Jackson, musicians (Jackson Five)
 * David Janssen, motion picture and television actor (The Fugitive)
 * Alain Johannes, musician (Queens of the Stone Age)
 * Jack Kemp, politician and professional football player
 * Anthony Kiedis, musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
 * Lenny Krayzelburg, swimmer, 2000, 2004 Olympic Gold Medalist (USA)
 * Mila Kunis, actress
 * Dave Kushner, musician (Velvet Revolver)
 * Jerry Leiber, composer (Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller)
 * Carole Lombard, actress
 * Quinn Martin, producer
 * Bria Myles, model, actress
 * Eric Melvin, musician (NOFX)
 * Chris Mills, professional basketball player
 * Demi Moore, actress (dropped out at age 16)
 * Dan Morhaim, physician and Maryland state legislator
 * Jaclyn Ngan, actress (Freedom Writers)
 * Stephen Perkins, musician (Jane's Addiction, Porno for Pyros)
 * Henry Samueli, cofounder of Broadcom
 * Erik Sandin, musician (NOFX)
 * Allan Sherman, musician, parodist, satirist, and television producer
 * Larry Sherry, major league baseball pitcher & MVP of the 1959 World Series
 * Norm Sherry, major league baseball catcher
 * Josh Shipp, basketball player UCLA Bruins
 * P.F. Sloan, musician, composer, vocalist
 * Hillel Slovak, musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
 * Craig Smith, professional basketball player
 * Barry Smolin, KPFK DJ, musician, writer, teacher
 * Liza Snyder, actress
 * Phil Spector, record producer
 * Arnold Steinhardt, first violinist of the Guarneri Quartet
 * Stew, composer/dramatist (Passing Strange)
 * Eldad Tarmu, musician
 * Alex Thomas, comedian
 * Martha Tilton, vocalist with Benny Goodman's band
 * Stuart Waldman, president (Valley Industry & Commerce Association)
 * Raymond Washington - founder of the Crips
 * Alex Xydias, noted hot-rodder and founder of So-Cal Speed Shop
 * Zev Yaroslavsky, politician
 * Larry Zerner, actor (Friday the 13th Part III)
 * Warren Zevon, musician

Raymond Washington
While it's entirely possible that Raymond Washington did attend Fairfax, we need a better reference than statesman.com, which is a wiki.

Sports
I don't know what is "routine" in high school sports world, but here are some articles I found: WhisperToMe (talk) 10:07, 4 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Sondheimer, Eric. "Prep basketball playoffs: Fairfax steps up to beat Etiwanda, 58-50." Los Angeles Times. March 17 2015.
 * Sondheimer, Eric. "Fairfax star Lorne Currie's assignment: Connect dots from GPA to NBA." Los Angeles Times. March 5, 2015.

External links modified
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Request
My husband Russ Ray graduated in ‘57. He became the President and CEO of 3 airlines. Pan American, Pacific Southwest and World Airways. Perhaps you might consider him as a “Notable Alumnus”. He loved Fairfax which formed the foundation for years that followed. Thank you for your consideration as his health is deteriorating. P.S. Boys Vice Principle Sam Hammerman in particular was Russ’s special mentor and role model. We would be honored if RUSS could be included as a “Notable Alumnus. Thank you. Audrey Ray, his wife of 65 years. 134.6.128.178 (talk) 00:25, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Please consider including my husband Russ Ray 53’ in your List of notable alumni. After serving in the military Russ became President and CEO of Pan American Airlines, Pacific Southwest and World Aorways.  Thank you, Audrey 134.6.128.178 (talk) 00:41, 30 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but we don't do memorials. We list WP:NOTABLE alumni, usually only those who have an English Wikipedia article showing their notability. As his wife you have a conflict of interest and should not write an article about him yourself. If you believe he is notable you may request an article about him at WP:REQUEST. Meters (talk) 06:33, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fairfax High School (Los Angeles)


text:
Norwegian cuisine

Norwegian cuisine (Norsk mat) in its traditional form is based largely on the raw materials readily available in Norway and its mountains, wilderness, and coast. It differs in many respects from continental cuisine through the stronger focus on game and fish. Many of the traditional dishes are the result of using conserved materials, necessary because of the long winters.

Modern Norwegian cuisine, although still strongly influenced by its traditional background, has been influenced by globalization: pasta, pizza, tacos, and the like are as common as meatballs and cod as staple foods.

Typical main meals
Most Norwegians eat three or four regular meals a day, usually consisting of a cold breakfast with coffee, a cold (usually packed) lunch at work and a hot dinner at home with the family. Depending on the timing of family dinner (and personal habit), some may add a cold meal in the late evening, typically a simple sandwich.

Breakfast (frokost)
The basic Norwegian breakfast consists of bread, cheese, and milk. Traditionally this meal included a porridge such as grøt (flour and groats boiled with milk). Different kinds of grøt exist, including rømmegrøt (Regular grøt but milk is replaced with sour cream) and risgrøt (Regular grøt with rice instead of groats)

Lunch (lunsj)
For most Norwegians, weekday packed lunch usually consists of very simple open-faced sandwiches known as matpakke, with each slice separated with smaller sheets of wax paper called mellomleggspapir. More extensive open-faced sandwiches (with multiple toppings) are considered smørbrød.

Cafeterias commonly feature salad bars, warm meals, and dairy products like yogurt, skyr and kvarg.

Dinner (middag)
Norwegians usually eat dinner starting around 4–7 PM. This is the most important meal of the day and typically includes carbohydrate-rich foods such as potatoes and protein-rich foods such as meat or fish.

Evening meal (kveldsmat)
Norwegians usually eat a very small meal later in the evening before bed. This may consist of foods similar to what is prepared for breakfast.

Meat

Preserved meat and sausages come in a variety of regional variations, and are sometimes accompanied by sour cream dishes and flatbread or wheat/potato wraps. Fenalår is a slow-cured lamb's leg. Morr is usually a smoked cured sausage, though the exact definition may vary regionally.

Lamb and mutton are popular in autumn, often used in fårikål (mutton stew with cabbage). Pinnekjøtt—steamed cured and sometimes smoked mutton ribs, traditionally on a bed of birch sticks, hence the name, meaning "stick meat" —is traditionally served as Christmas dinner in the western parts of Norway. An oddity is smalahove, a salted, or salted and smoked, lamb's head.

Other meat dishes include:

Kjøttkaker: meat patties or burgers about the size of a child's fist, made of ground beef, onion, salt, and pepper and generally served with sauce espagnole (Kjøttkakesaus or Brunsaus in Norwegian). Potatoes, stewed peas or cabbage and carrots are served on the side. Lingonberry jam is a common relish.

Kjøttboller – Meatballs: Similar to Swedish meatballs. Served with mashed potatoes and cream sauce or sauce espagnole depending on the locality.

Svinekoteletter – Pork chops: simply braised and served with potatoes and fried onions or whatever vegetables are available.

Svinestek – Roasted pork: a typical Sunday dinner, served with pickled cabbage (a sweeter variety of German sauerkraut), gravy, vegetables, and potatoes.

All good cuts of meat are roasted, as in any cuisine. Side dishes vary with season and what goes with the meat. Roast leg of lamb is an Easter classic, roast beef is not very common and game is often roasted for festive occasions.

Lapskaus – stew: A stew consisting of cooked meat and various vegetables like potatoes, carrots, swede and onion. Lobscouse is often served with flatbrød.

Fårikål – mutton stew: the national dish of Norway. Cabbage and mutton are layered in a pot along with black peppercorns and salt (and, in some recipes, wheat flour to thicken the sauce), covered with water and simmered until the meat is very tender. The dish is served with potatoes.

Stekte pølser – fried sausages: fresh sausages are fried and served with vegetables, potatoes, peas and perhaps some gravy.

Syltelabb is usually eaten around and before Christmas time, made from boiled, salt-cured pig's trotter. They are traditionally eaten using one's fingers, and served as a snack and sometimes served with beetroot, mustard, and fresh bread or with lefse or flatbread. Historically syltelabb is served with the traditional Norwegian juleøl (English: Christmas ale), beer and liquor (like aquavit). This is because Syltelabb is very salty food.

Pinnekjøtt is a main course dinner dish of lamb or mutton ribs, and this dish is largely associated with the celebration of Christmas in Western Norway and is rapidly gaining popularity in other regions as well. 31% of Norwegians say they eat pinnekjøtt for their family Christmas dinner. Pinnekjøtt is often served with puréed swede (rutabaga) and potatoes, beer and akevitt.

Smalahove is a traditional dish, but really more of a local oddity, usually eaten around Christmas time and made from a sheep's head. The skin and fleece of the head are torched, the brain removed, and the head is salted, sometimes smoked, and dried. The head is boiled for about 3 hours and served with mashed swede and potatoes.

Sodd is a traditional Norwegian soup-like meal with mutton and meatballs. Usually, vegetables such as potatoes or carrots are also included.

Gryterett (a.k.a. gryte, lit. saucepan meal) are stews with ground meat from cow or lamb, rice (sometimes replaced with pasta), tomato, mild spices, and small amounts of other vegetables like paprika, onion, kidney beans or champignon. The meal was popularised in the 1970s by Toro powderbag meals with often inaccurate geographical monickers (e.g. Mexican, American), but is now also found in homemade varieties.

Game

High cuisine is very reliant on game, such as moose, reindeer (strictly speaking not game, as nearly all Norwegian reindeer are semi-domesticated), mountain hare, duck, rock ptarmigan and fowl. These meats are often hunted and sold or passed around as gifts, but are also available at shops across Norway to be served at social occasions. Because these meats have a distinct, strong taste, they will often be served with rich sauces spiced with crushed juniper berries, and a sour-sweet jam of lingonberries on the side.

 * Joika – Meatballs made from a mixture of meat from cow, reindeer, lamb, and pork rind, served with mashed potatoes in very thick gravy. The gravy includes brunost or goat milk. The term most commonly refers to a commercial brand with airsealed (prev. canned) packaging, with homemade varieties being uncommon.

Offal
Offal is eaten extensively, leverpostei (liver pâté) being one of the most common spreads for sandwiches, along with cold cuts such as sylte (brawn) and tunge (beef tongue).

Seafood
The one traditional Norse dish with a claim to international popularity is smoked salmon. It is now a major export, and could be considered the most important Scandinavian contribution to modern international cuisine. Smoked salmon exists traditionally in many varieties, and is often served with scrambled eggs, dill, sandwiches and mustard sauce. Another traditional salmon product is gravlaks, (literally "buried salmon"). Traditionally, gravlaks would be cured for 24 hours in a mix of sugar and salt and herbs (dill). The salmon may then be frozen or kept in a chilled area. Since grav means "buried" it is a common misunderstanding that the salmon is buried in the ground, (similar to how rakfisk is still prepared). This was the case in the medieval ages because the fermenting process was important, however, this is not the case today. Gravlaks is often sold under more sales-friendly names internationally. A more peculiar Norwegian fish dish is rakfisk, which consists of fermented trout, similar to Swedish surströmming.

Until the 20th century, shellfish were not eaten to any extent. This was partly due to the abundance of fish and the time involved in catching shellfish as compared to its nutritional value, as well as the fact that such food spoils rather quickly, even in a northern climate. However, prawns, crabs, and mussels have become quite popular, especially during summer. Lobster is, of course, popular, but restrictions on the catch (size and season) limit consumption. Lobster has become rather rare and expensive.

People gather for krabbefest, which translates to "crab party" feasts, either eating readily cooked crabs from a fishmonger or cooking live crabs in a large pan. This is typically done outdoors, the style being rather rustic with only bread, mayonnaise, and wedges of lemon to go with the crab. Crabs are caught in pots by both professionals and amateurs, prawns are caught by small trawlers and sold ready cooked at the quays. It is popular to buy half a kilogram of pie prawns and to eat it on the quay, feeding the waste to seagulls. Beer or white wine is the normal accompaniment.

The largest Norwegian food export (in fact the main Norwegian export of any kind for most of the country's history) in the past has been stockfish (tørrfisk in Norwegian). The Atlantic cod variety known as skrei because of its migrating habits, has been a source of wealth for millennia, fished annually in what is known as the Lofotfiske named for the island chain of Lofoten. Stockfish has been a staple food internationally for centuries, in particular on the Iberian peninsula and the African coast. Both during the age of sail and in the industrial age, stockfish played a part in world history as an enabling food for cross-Atlantic trade and the slave trade triangle.

A large number of fish dishes are popular today, based on such species as salmon, cod, herring, sardine, and mackerel. Seafood is used fresh, smoked, salted or pickled. Variations on creamed seafood soups are common along the coastline.

Due to seafood's availability, seafood dishes along the coast are usually based on fresh produce, typically poached (fish) and very lightly spiced with herbs, pepper, and salt. While coastal Norwegians may consider the head, roe, and liver an inseparable part of a seafood meal, most inland restaurants do not include these in the meal. In Northern Norway, a dish called mølje, consisting of poached fish, roe, and liver, is often considered a "national dish" of the region, and it is common for friends and family to get together at least once during winter for a møljekalas (loosely translated, "mølje feast"). A number of the fish species available have traditionally been avoided (especially those perceived as scavengers, due to a fear of indirectly eating friends or family members who had died at sea) or reserved for bait, but most common seafood is part of the modern menu.

Because of industrial whaling, whale meat was commonly used as a cheap substitute for beef early in the 20th century. Consumption has been declining over time, but it is still widely available in all parts of the country and most Norwegians eat it occasionally. It is not considered controversial in Norway.

Other fish dishes include:

Rakfisk – Norwegian fish dish made from trout or sometimes char, salted and fermented for two to three months, or even up to a year, then eaten without further cooking. Rakfisk must be prepared and stored very hygienically, due to the risk of developing Clostridium botulinum (which causes botulism) if the fish contain certain bacteria during the fermentation process.

Torsk – Cod: poached, simply served with boiled potatoes and melted butter. Carrots, fried bacon, roe and cod liver may also accompany the fish. A delicacy which is somewhat popular in Norway is torsketunger, cod's tongue.

Lutefisk – lyed fish: a modern preparation made of stockfish (dried cod or ling) or klippfisk (dried and salted cod) that has been steeped in lye. It was prepared this way as a way to preserve the fish for longer periods prior to refrigeration. It is somewhat popular in the United States as a heritage food. It retains a place in Norwegian cuisine (especially on the coast) as a traditional food around Christmas time.

Preparation and accompaniment is as for fresh cod, although beer and aquavit is served on the side.

Stekt fisk – braised fish: almost all fish are braised, but as a rule, the larger specimens tend to be poached and the smaller braised. The fish is filleted, dusted with flour, salt and pepper and braised in butter. Potatoes are served on the side, and the butter from the pan used as a sauce or food cream is added to the butter to make a creamy sauce.

Fatty fish like herring and brisling are given the same treatment. Popular accompaniments are sliced and fresh-pickled cucumbers and sour cream.

Fiskesuppe – fish soup: A white, milk-based soup with vegetables, usually carrots, onions, potato and various kinds of fish.

Spekesild – salt cured herring which for centuries was used to fight hunger, along with boiled potatoes, beets, raw onions, dill, butter and flatbrød.

Sursild – pickled herring: a variety of pickle-sauces are used, ranging from simple vinegar- sugar-based sauces with tomato, mustard, and sherry-based sauces. Pickled herring is served as an hors-d'oeuvre or on rye bread as a lunch buffet. This dish is a popular Christmas and New Year's Eve/holiday lunch in Norway.

Curing
The basic methods of curing are used: drying, salting, smoking and fermenting. Stockfish is fish (mainly cod) dried on racks, meats are dried, salt curing is common for both meats and fish. Fermenting (as in the preparation of sauerkraut) is used for trout. Smoking is mainly used on the west coast as an addition to drying and salting, perhaps due to the wet climate.

 * Spekemat (lit. cured food) is Norwegian flatbread with scrambled eggs, cured ham, margarine and sour cream; usually served alongside rømmegrøt (Sourcream porridge) for dinner.

Sauces and marinades
Along with the rest of Scandinavia, Norway is one of the few places outside Asia where sweet and sour flavoring is used extensively. The sweet and sour flavor goes best with fish. There is also a treatment called "graving", literally burying, a curing method where salt and sugar are used as curing agents. Although salmon or trout are the most common, other fish and meat also get a treatment similar to gravlaks.

Sandefjordsmør – a traditional butter and cream sauce typically served with fish dishes such as salmon, garnished with fresh dill and peppercorn. This sauce was reputedly first concocted in Sandefjord, a coastal city in Vestfold, in 1959.

Gravlaks – sweet and salty cured salmon: a filleted side of salmon or trout that has been frozen for at least 24 hours to kill off parasites, is cured with the fillet and is covered with a half-salt, half-sugar mixture, spiced with black pepper, dill and akevitt, covered with clingfilm, and cured in the refrigerator for three days, turned once a day.

Gravet elg – sweet and salt-cured moose: this treatment may be used for all red meat, but works best with game and beef. It is the same procedure as for gravlaks, but aquavit is often substituted for brandy, and juniper berries for dill.

Pickled herring: a pickle is made with vinegar, sugar, herbs and spices like dill, mustard seed, black peppercorns, onion. The pickle must be acidic enough to prevent bacterial growth. Rinsed, salt-cured herring is added and allowed to stand for at least 24 hours.

Fruit and desserts

Fruits and berries mature slowly in the cold climate. As a result, they are smaller with a more intense taste. Strawberries, bilberries, lingonberries, raspberries and apples are popular and are part of a variety of desserts, as are cherries in the parts of the country where they are grown. Wild cloudberry is regarded as a delicacy. A typical Norwegian dessert on special occasions is cloudberries with whipped or plain cream. Strawberry-apple pie is also popular because of its rich flavour. Rhubarb pie (rabarbrapai in Norwegian) is another favoured dish in Norway.

German and Nordic-style cakes and pastries, such as sponge cakes and Danish pastry (known as wienerbrød, literal translation: "Viennese bread") share the table with a variety of homemade cakes, waffles and biscuits. Cardamom is a common flavoring. Another Norwegian cake is Krumkake, a paper-thin rolled cake filled with whipped cream. (Krumkake means 'Curved Cake' or 'Crooked Cake'). Baked meringues are known as pikekyss, literally translated as "girl's kiss".

During Christmas (jul), the traditional Norwegian holiday season, many different dessert dishes are served including Julekake, a heavily spiced leavened loaf often coated with sugar and cinnamon, and Multekrem (whipped cream with cloudberries).

Breads

Bread is an important staple of the Norwegian diet and bakeries and supermarkets. Accommodations such as hotels in Norway offer a rich selection of breads. Breads containing a large proportion of whole grain flour (grovbrød, or "coarse bread") are popular, likely because bread makes up such a substantial part of the Norwegian diet and are therefore expected to be nutritious. 80% of Norwegians regularly eat bread, in the form of open-top sandwiches with butter for breakfast and lunch. A soft flat bread called lefse made out of potato, milk or cream (or sometimes lard) and flour is also very popular.

The variety of bread available in a common supermarket is rather large: wittenberger (crisp-crusted wheat bread), grovbrød (whole-wheat bread, often with syrup), loff (soft wheat bread), sourdough bread, Polarbrød and other German-style breads. Baguettes, ciabatta, bagels and so on are also popular. During the Hanseatic era, cereals were imported in exchange for fish by the Hanseatic League. Both the German Hanseatic League and the Danish colonizers influenced Norwegian cuisine, bringing continental habits, taste and produce. Norwegians are particularly fond of a crisp crust, regarding a soft crust as a sign of the bread being stale. Oats are used in addition to wheat and rye and constitute perhaps the most unusual cereal employed in bread-making, as compared to continental Europe and the UK. Nuts and seeds (such as sunflower seeds and walnuts) are rather common ingredients, along with olives and sun-dried pickles, used to improve the texture of the bread.

Cheese
Cheese is still extremely popular in Norway, though the variety of traditional products available and commonly in use is severely reduced. Norvegia is a common yellow cheese (produced since the 1890s) as is Jarlsberg cheese which is also known as a Norwegian export (produced since the 1850s). The sweet brunost (lit. brown cheese; not a true cheese, but rather caramelized lactose from goat milk or a mix of goat and/or cow milk) is very popular in cooking and with bread. More sophisticated, traditional, or strong cheeses include gammalost (lit. "old cheese"), an over-matured, highly pungent cheese made from sour milk, Pultost, made from sour milk and caraway seeds, and Nøkkelost, flavored with cumin and cloves.

Coffee
Norway has a particularly strong affinity for coffee, with the average Norwegian drinking 142 L, or 9.5 kg of coffee in 2011. In 2018, Norway had the fourth highest per capita coffee consumption in the world, and it plays a large role in Norwegian culture. It is common to invite people over for coffee and cakes and to drink coffee with dessert after the main courses in get-togethers. Coffee is traditionally served black, usually in a mug, rather than a cup. As in the rest of the West, Italian-style coffee bars have become popular. Coffee is included in one of the most traditional alcoholic beverages in Norway, commonly known as karsk, from Trøndelag.

Alcohol
Both industrial and small-scale brewing have long traditions in Norway. In recent years, microbreweries and craft beer have become increasingly popular. Despite restrictive alcohol policies, there is a large community of brewers, and a colorful variety of beverages, some legal, some less so. The most popular industrial beers are usually pilsners and red beers (bayer), while traditional beer is much richer, with a high alcohol and malt content. The ancient practice of brewing Juleøl (Christmas beer) persists even today, and imitations of these are available before Christmas, in shops and, for the more potent versions, at state monopoly outlets. Many Norwegians brew their own beer, and there are also a large number of breweries and microbreweries. Cider brewing has faced tough barriers to commercial production due to alcohol regulations. The famous honey wine, mjød (mead), is mostly a drink for connoisseurs, Norse and medieval historical re-enactors, and practitioners of åsatru and other Norse neopagan religions. The climate has not been hospitable to grapes for millennia, and wines and more potent drinks are available only from the wine monopolies.

Distilled beverages include akevitt, a yellow-tinged liquor spiced with caraway seeds, also known as akvavit or other variations on the Latin aqua vitae – water of life. The Norwegian linie style is distinctive for its maturing process, crossing the equator in sherry casks stored in the hull of a ship, giving it more taste and character than the rawer styles of other Scandinavian akevittar. Norway also produces some vodkas, bottled water and fruit juices.

In rural Norway, it is still common to find hjemmebrent (moonshine, literally "home burnt"). Even for personal consumption, it is illegal by Norwegian law to produce distilled alcohol. If the product has more than 60% alcohol by volume, it is defined as a narcotic by the law and the punishments are even harsher than for other drugs. The traditional home distiller is mostly left alone by the law enforcers, but those who produce on a larger scale and sell the product are not.

In Norway, beer is available in stores from 09:00 to 20:00 on weekdays and from 09:00 to 18:00 on Saturdays. Wine and spirits can be bought until 18:00 on weekdays and until 16:00 on Saturdays in government-owned and run liquor shops (Vinmonopolet). Only "true" grocery stores are allowed to sell beer; gas stations and so-called "Fruit & Tobacco" marts (Frukt og Tobakk or kiosk in Norwegian) are not.

Soda water
The largest local soda brand is Solo, which was the first soda brand in Norway, introduced in 1934. Other sodas from Norway that are popular include, Urge, E. C. Dahls Brewery's ginger beer, which was created as a drink for sodd, and sodas from Oskar Sylte Mineral Water Company, such as «Brus med ananassmak» (soda with pineapple taste) and «Brus med pæresmak» (soda with pear taste). During Christmas season, it's normal to find Julebrus (Norwegian for "Christmas soda").

People
Ingrid Espelid Hovig was a high-profile public figure within Norwegian cuisine, hosting TV cooking programs and authoring dozens of cookbooks. She was knighted in Norway for her work with cuisine.

title: Norwegian cuisine


text:
Pierre Barthès

Pierre Barthès (born 13 September 1941) is a retired French tennis player.

Career
Born in Béziers, Barthès was one of the Handsome Eight, a group of players signed by Lamar Hunt in 1968 for the newly formed professional World Championship Tennis (WCT) group. In 1974, he reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 54, though this is not a true indication, as he was one of the top 20 players in 1971 before the creation of the ATP ranking system, making the year-end Masters the same year. He was also a US Open doubles champion in 1970, partnering Nikola Pilić.

title: Pierre Barthès


text:
Talk:Sonic the Hedgehog (OVA)

Untitled
Since this page was empty, I thought my three gripes with the article should deserve their own sections.--Cyberdude93 20:36, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

3 Different Sonic Anime
I want to point out that there are in fact 3 different "sonic anime". There may be more, but here are the ones *I* know about:

* another one i saw clips of 10 years ago that i have no idea what it was, but it was a sonic anime, not an american animaton, and not video game sprite/3d animation. Dous anyone know what it was? Perhaps it WAS a preview for Sonic X, I'm not totally sure, but it was a long time ago. (This was a preview of the Sonic Movie)
 * Sonic the Hedgehog: The Movie
 * The Cutscenes from the Sega video game Sonic CD ("Sonic Boom" song)
 * Sonic X

--Radical Mallard Sun May 21 14:20:13 EDT 2006

 * Could you expand on what you think the fourth one is? I can probably tell you what it is if only you can give more information. On another note, I prefer to call it "Sonic OVA". -- RattleMan 18:41, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, my friend let me know it was just a preview of the Sonic OVA. I was mistaken about that. There's just 3 Sonic anime. -- Radical Mallard Wed May 24 01:53:30 EDT 2006

No you are incorrect there are four sonic anime the fourth one is the intro anime of the video game sonic riders solidsonic

"Sonic Anime was also edited for age-appropriate issues as the anime was originally aimed at teenagers."

This sentence sounds like it was written by a fansub watcher. Japan have different standards from the States and the UK. If One Piece is suitable for a family audience in Japan, this definitely is.--Cyberdude93 20:32, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Don't forget the Sonic Jam animation.74.163.16.27~-Tailsman67 of Sonic News Network and others ~ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.163.16.27 (talk) 20:34, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

Middle finger?
"but in the scene where Sonic is supposed to show his middle-finger at Black Eggman, ADV changed the scene so that it seemed that Sonic was holding up his index-finger to Metal Robotnik."

I'd like proof for this. I've heard from people who have watched the original Japanese release and report only one difference between the two - some Japanese text being changed to English. Also, ADV aren't really ones to cut things.--Cyberdude93 20:35, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you the same Cyberdude that I know...? Anyway, I have the Sonic Anime DVD, and it looks like he holds up his middle, though you might have meant when it was aired on TV... -- RattleMan 20:43, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, assuming you're the same Rattleman I know ;P. Anyway, you're saying that you think you see it in the ADV DVD version and the person who mentioned the cut meant it was made for TV?  Any chance you could give me a point-in-time on the DVD that it happens? (NTSC time, not PAL)

Why not PAL time? It runs the same length as the NA version, right?77.97.230.248 06:25, 14 April 2007 (UTC)DanZieBoy

 * SCARZ, yes? Anyway, I found it at 18 minutes in exactly. I took some pictures from the DVDs and put them in the article a few days ago. You can see the middle finger picture there. -- RattleMan 17:09, 30 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Right, so the article is misleading, seeing how the picture looks exactly like my R1 DVD. I've tacked on a sentence for clarity, albeit not a very good one ;P.  I'm wondering if it's edited in the British R2 DVD, as I doubt the BBFC would allow a middle finger for a PG rating.

 * The middle finger is still there in the British version. The BBFC doesn't seem to have a problem with middle fingers in PG material (That crap Mr Bean movie is a good example of this).

I was just wondering...shouldn't you remove the pic of the middle finger? We must always think of the children, and we don't want to offend anyone...--Superbub

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 12:47, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

The Name Of The Article
I propose to move this article (currently at Sonic Anime) to Sonic The Hedgehog: The Movie. I also propose to correct all references of the term "Sonic Anime" to be changed to "Sonic The Hedgehog: The Movie". Sonic The Hedgehog: The Movie is the correct title of the (dubbed) OVA, and the title "Sonic Anime" could invariably refer to Sonic X, causing confusion. Besides, it's always best to use the proper titles for articles. Ppk01 21:56, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Support

 * I concur. It should either be that or "Sonic OVA" (I'm sure very few would want that and neither do I, but it's an option nevertheless), but in anycase definitely not "Sonic Anime".  And on another note, anime isn't a proper noun or a title, so it shouldn't be capitalised.--Cyberdude93 23:38, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree as well. Robot Chicken 04:05, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support a move └ UkPaolo/talk┐ 16:52, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support, but not to Sonic The Hedgehog: The Movie. Have that redirect to Sonic OVA. -- RattleMan 00:28, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

All the innuendo
Holy crap!!! Why do so many animes like this have so much innuendo?! (Plainnym 18:49, 14 June 2006 (UTC))

 * There actually isn't much to complain about. It sounds bad on paper, but if you actually watch it, it's practically G-rated. — Phantasy Phanatik | talk | contribs 09:19, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

The sticky glue
Someone forgot to mention the sticky, yellow grilled cheese-looking glue that Metal Robotnik emitted. --User:Angie Y.

(throws up)

Content
Shouldn't it be changed to "Content"? The only thing that was censored was the whole middle finger thing.

 * Actually, there is some censorship present. Though, it varies. (Some region VHS releases are censored. Some are not.) Also, the picture posted is actually the uncensored image. It's on my Japanese VHS copy that I have. The way it was censored on some of the VHS releases is different. I think they removed the finger, but it's been some time since I've seen the edited scene. - Mendinso —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.72.43.245 (talk) 11:20, 28 February 2007 (UTC).

Question: is that blasted censorship section completely needed? I have a copy of the VHS from America and the 4 scenes described in that section are there. Where exactly WAS this movie censored? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.188.128.104 (talk) 20:01, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The thing about Knuckles saying "shit" in the Japanese version is misleading. I'll admit I haven't actually seen this movie, but any actual Japanese expletive would certainly not be present in a children's movie. What he probably said was "Kuso" or something similar. While words like "Kuso" are often translated as "dammit" or "shit", it is really more similar to saying something like "dang it" or "darn it" (It's not translated this way, I assume, because it would sound rather cheesy.) The point being, whatever it was Knuckles said was probably not cursing. It was probably changed for the dub for 1. To better match the lip flap or 2. The director/scriptwriter didn't understand the nature of the word used. I suggest that someone who is familiar with the Japanese version explain it using the actual Japanese word. 24.255.172.40 (talk) 01:55, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * "Kuso" literally means shit. Thus it should be translated as either "shit" or "crap" when it's used as an expletive, and I think "shit" is most accurate because it's harsher than a word like "yabai." Japanese people aren't as strict when it comes to cussing and such. Sonic has always been mature enough to have (what's considered not really bad) cussing and such in Japan. Watch episode 2 of Sonic X and you'll see Sonic say "Shit!" in English even. Anyway, in the scene where Black Eggman is attacking them, Sonic yells "Shimatta!" ("Damn it!") when he first gets stuck to the ground. When the ground cracks and water starts coming in, he yells "Kuso!" ("Shit!"). When Knuckles gets stuck, he actually yells "Shimatta!" ("Damn it!"). The English subtitles however sub them in a "kid friendly" way. (The subs kinda suck. Among other mistranslations, they didn't realise Tornado is the name of the plane and subbed them as talking about a tornado.) All that said, I don't see it being hugely necessary to list this particular example, because the difference in maturity of the dialogue exists in every Sonic thing.
 * And here's dictionary entries for anyone who wants them as proof:
 * 糞 【くそ; ふん】 (くそ) (int,n) (col) feces; excrement; shit; bullshit; (ふん) (n) excrement; droppings; SP
 * しまった (exp,int) Damn it!; also abbreviation of しまいました; KD
 * Akashiya (talk) 05:49, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Is Sara Completley Human?
Throughout the movie, Sara is seen wearing something on her head, be it a bow or a hat, in the shape of cat ears, and has a tail. Is she actually human? The bow that she wears for a while could actually be a hat, and she has a tail. Is it ever stated wether she's completley human or not? Takuthehedgehog 17:21, 6 February 2007 (UTC) She's a catgirl. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.247.244.131 (talk) 04:44, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Sonic Lands On His Groin..
"Sonic hurts his groin when he falls on Robotnik's ship near the time Metal looks up Sara's skirt." It's true he DOES land on his groin, but I don't think really hurts himself. What's really going on is Sonic is synced up with Metal and can see what he's seeing (up Sara's skirt). Even Robotnik makes note of this in the same scene. Also notice that he's blushing. Do YOU blush when you land on your groin? ;P Shaflugi 19:45 16 May 2007

 * You shouldn't delete it outright, explain it. I've modified the wording. -- RattleMan 02:52, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

What no Review
Needs a Review. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.178.177.94 (talk) 20:45, 5 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Feel free to put it. -12:43, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Other Sonic Series
There are three Western Sonic cartoons:

The Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog Sonic the Hedgehog: The Animated Series And Sonic Underground

There are two Japanese Sonic Anime:

The O.V.A. And Sonic_X

I don't think they are all equally represented: the Western cartoons are wildly different from one another, and from the games, while the Japanese Anime are closer to the videogame style. All were influential in shaping the Sonic franchise, but they are only loosely related and the Western cartoons, although they shaped more of Sonic (all the way up to Sonic and the Black Knight) They are declared unfit for reference material, other Sonic "reference" sites refuse to reference them appropriately. Sonic Underground and The Adventures of Sonic need some TLC, Sonic: the Animated Series needs more recognition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.85.210.203 (talk) 13:13, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Ending song: Look a Like
Why isn't it mentioned in the article, and or who sings it, plz? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.167.233.9 (talk) 12:16, 10 December 2012 (UTC)
 * There are plenty of things wrong/missing with the article, this is just one of many. As far as who sings it, I don't personally know. Google is your friend though. Sergecross73   msg me   14:48, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * It is performed by Riyu Konaka and composed by Mitsuhiro Tada. Also, the full version of the song was recently discovered.195.178.177.170 (talk) 08:33, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

Article starts redundant
In the beginning of the article, it is stated: "as a single direct-to-video film [...] Regardless of the title, this was not released theatrically" Since direct-to-video films are not released theatrically, might it be possible to omit the second statement? Bladeavuari (talk) 04:11, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

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"Sonic1996" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Sonic1996. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. The SandDoctor Talk 16:15, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

Page renaming
This page does not follow WP:NCTV and therefore needs to be moved, but should it be considered a film, or an short animated series? The international version was a direct-to-video film titled Sonic the Hedgehog: The Movie, but the original Japanese version is a two-part animation released over the span of three months. Both episodes also had different producers (Kōichirō Sugie for episode 1, and Akinori Ōno for episode 2). Shadowboxer2005 (talk) 10:22, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sonic the Hedgehog (OVA)


text:
User:Maaya

ズルズルズルズル.

Links
German-English translation requests Portal:Germany WP:GSWN

Projects
/Fettes Brot translation /Lilienthal translation

de:Benutzer:Maaya ja:利用者:Maaya ru:Участник:Maaya

title: User:Maaya


text:
Huaca Rajada

Huaca Rajada, also known as Sipán, is a Moche archaeological site in northern Peru in the Lambayeque Valley, that is famous for the tomb of Lord of Sipán (El Señor de Sipán), excavated by Walter Alva and his wife Susana Meneses beginning in 1987. The city of Sipán is dated from 50–700 AD, the same time as the Moche Period.

Significance
Sipán is an archaeological site where royal tombs were discovered and excavated between 1987–1990, a fairly recent find in the last 30 years, and is considered to be a very important archaeological discovery. Many of the tombs were looted, yet the artifacts that remained and were discovered by archaeologists play an important role in understanding the Moche rulers and tradition. Tombs have been found also in Sipán's Huaca Rajada, an area near Chiclayo. The tombs in the area are of adobe construction, of pyramidal shape, and have now shown erosion which could have been exacerbated over time by successive El Niño events. There is very little research on the commoners of Sipán, yet it is well known that the commoners often paid a tax through labor which allowed for the creation of the burial platforms for the Lords of Sipán. These platforms and other adobe structures are often made with marked adobe bricks which tracked this labor in order to pay off taxes. Other than providing labor for the Lord there is very little known specifically about Moche commoners from Sipán.

The tombs of Sipán allowed for archaeologists and anthropologists to get a better understanding of the Sacrifice Ceremony of the Sipán rulers that had been illustrated on murals, ceramics, and other decorative goods. The Sacrifice Ceremonies were often depicted with prisoners among gods or royalty. The tombs at Sipán showed that rulers actually took part in such Sacrifice Ceremonies when looking at the artifacts uncovered including: adornments and a headdress that matched the illustrations of the ceremony along with large knives and tools that would have been used for bloodletting and decapitation.

Looting
In February 1987, a man by the name of Ernil Bernal led a band of huaqueros (tomb looters) who tunneled into one of the pyramids located at Huaca Rajada. Over the next few nights, they took a large number of valuable metal objects, destroying hundreds of ceramics and human remains in the process. Untold numbers of artifacts were lost, sold for profit to private collections on the black market. Alva arrived with the police a day or more later, after an exceedingly ornate mask had been confiscated from the huaqueros stash house and presented to the researcher. There are a number of accounts from the events taking place upon the arrival of Alva and the police, however it is clear that they were able to drive the huaqueros away from the site, erect fences around the tombs, and begin excavation. Thereafter Alva and his team excavated 12 more tombs while villagers and huaqueros threw rocks and taunted them in an attempt to get the researchers out of the site and allow the looting to continue. The villagers were unsuccessful, however, as Alva completed his work which became the foundation of the "Royal Tombs of Sipán" discussed below.

Metalwork
During the excavations in 1987–1990, a spectacular treasure of gold and silver ornamental and ceremonial artifacts was recovered, dating to AD 50–300. These objects demonstrate the outstanding craftsmanship of the Moche metalsmiths through their use of elaborate and advanced metalworking techniques. Moche smiths made these artifacts out of thin sheets of copper alloys, using electrochemical processes to purify an extremely thin (0.5–2.0 μm) layers of gold or silver coating.

To make the artifacts, copper ingots were hammered into sheet metal and formed into the desired shape (e.g. a mask). While the exact method for adding the gold film to the outside is not known, one well-accepted theory is that gold was likely dissolved in aqueous solutions of corrosive compounds recovered from the Northern Peruvian deserts and brought to a low boil, after which the copper sheet was dipped in resulting in the reaction:

 * 2Au3+ + 3Cu ⇌ 2Au0 + 3Cu2+

thereby dissolving copper and depositing gold on the surface of the metal. The sheet is then heated to between 500 and 800oC, allowing the gold film to permanently bond to the surface. These gold films were not pure gold, but have been found to be of gold-copper-silver solutions (ex. Cu28Au2Ag).

Some of the silver artifacts (namely individually made head-shaped beads, about 4.0 cm by 5.1 cm) were formed by alternating between hammering and annealing copper-silver alloy (Cu18Ag1Au) resulting in copper-oxide forming along the surface which can be removed using an acid (plant juices) or base (stale urine that has turned to ammonia). After many repetitions, the copper will be depleted resulting in the appearance of pure silver (in actuality silver only makes up 18% of the surface). Other silver artifacts are believed to have been made in roughly the same manner, but contain as much as 90% silver on the surface

Examples of metalwork found in Sipán include the above-mentioned head-shaped beads, peanut-shaped beads, coffin straps, fan handles, spearheads, a copper-plated banner, ceremonial knives, golden headdresses, silver and gold nose and ear ornaments, scepters, a gold necklace made of 10 spiderweb beads (spider bodies with human faces sitting on golden wires), a gilded copper animal (possibly fox or dog), among others. The vast majority of these works were placed in richly decorated tombs, indicating both their high value toward the Sipán leadership and the frequent need for artisans to continue to make new artifacts as old ones were buried.

Museo Tumbas Reales de Sipán

 * The Museo Tumbas Reales de Sipán, Royal Tombs of Sipán Museum, is located in Lambayeque, Peru and was opened in 2002. This museum specifically focuses on the tomb of the Lord of Sipán found in Sipán in 1987.
 * The museum's focus is based on the Lord of Sipán as well as the 8 people sacrificed with him, the Old Lord of Sipán and priest accompanying the Lord.
 * The setup of the museum is specific to the way in which the archaeology was conducted with the museum starting on the third floor and moving into lower levels which correlate to the excavation of the tomb.
 * The tomb replication is complete with the exact structures from the Lord of Sipán tomb as well as full body adornment of precious metals, jewels, ceramics, wood carvings, and other grave goods.
 * See External Links for more information on the Museo Tumbas Reales de Sipán.

Royal Tombs of Sipán Exhibit by the Fowler Museum of Cultural History

 * The Royal Tombs of Sipán was a traveling exhibit across the United States from 1993–1995.
 * The exhibit has rooms separated by their specific location. There are three main rooms that are for tomb 1 (Lord of Sipán as well as the wealthiest tomb), tomb 2 (with very few artifacts), and tomb 3 (the oldest tomb).
 * The exhibit has a separate room that contains artifacts that have been recovered from looters. These artifacts are separate from the labeled tomb rooms, because it is not possible to know the exact tomb the artifact was originally taken from.
 * Artifacts on Display:
 * Tomb 1 was the richest tomb that included the possessions of the Lord of Sipán. Some of the artifacts on display were: multiple earspools, very large peanut shaped beaded necklaces, 12 feather fans, intricate designs of animals in metalworking, and a mannequin that is wearing all of the Lord of Sipán's burial regalia.
 * Tomb 2 is a much smaller display with only three cases of artifacts. These artifacts include: an owl headdress (created from copper and feathers), and a double stranded necklace where one strand was of human faces smiling and the other was of human faces grimacing.
 * Tomb 3 is the oldest tomb that was a pit burial. This burial was still very elaborate based on its artifacts that include gold jewelry that incorporated human faces and spider webs. Many of the artifacts were poorly preserved and were not on display in the exhibit, but were displayed in catalogs. The poorly preserved artifacts include: gilded animals that had movable body parts, wooden artifacts, and pieces of textiles.

Reconstruction of Tomb
A reconstruction of one of the tombs of Sipán is on display the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.

Nearby Moche locations

 * Pampa Grande is located about 10 km to the east from Sipán along the Chancay River valley.
 * Chiclayo is located about 29 km to the west of Sipán.
 * Lambayeque is located about 40 km to the west-northwest of Sipán.
 * Pacatnamu is located about 58 km to the south of Sipán.

title: Huaca Rajada


text:
Nikola Pilić

Nikola "Niki" Pilić (born 27 August 1939) is a Croatian former professional tennis player who competed for SFR Yugoslavia.

He was one of the Handsome Eight. Pilić was ranked world No. 6 in January 1968 and world No. 7 for 1967 by Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph.

Early life
Pilić was born in Split, Banovina of Croatia, Kingdom of Yugoslavia to Krsto Pilić and Danica Tomić-Ferić five days before the outbreak of World War II that began on 1 September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland.

The youngster took up tennis during the summer of 1952. Thirteen years of age at this point, he began practicing on the Firule tennis club clay courts in parallel to studying shipbuilding at the streamlined high school in Split. Upon graduating he attempted to enrol at a community college (viša škola) in Zagreb, but due to not meeting the entrance criteria ended up in Novi Sad where he studied government administration (viša upravna škola).

Tennis career
In 1964 he won the Moscow International Championships against countryman Boro Jovanović in five sets. Pilic reached the semifinals of Wimbledon in 1967, beating Roy Emerson. Then open tennis arrived and Pilić was one of the Handsome Eight, a group of players signed by Lamar Hunt in 1968 for the newly formed professional World Championship Tennis (WCT) group.

In 1970, Pilić won the men's doubles title at the US Open with his French partner Pierre Barthès by defeating the Australians John Newcombe and Rod Laver in four sets. His best singles performance at a Grand Slam tournament came in 1973 when he reached the final of the French Open, losing to Ilie Năstase in straight sets.

Pilić was the catalyst to the 1973 Wimbledon boycott. In May 1973, the Yugoslav tennis federation alleged that Pilić had refused to represent them in a Davis Cup tie against New Zealand earlier that month. Pilić denied the charge, but was suspended by the federation, and the suspension was upheld by the ILTF, albeit decreased from nine months to one month, meaning that he could not enter the Wimbledon Championships. In protest at the suspension, 81 of Pilić's fellow professionals, organized into the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), and including 13 of the 16 seeds, withdrew from the 1973 Wimbledon Championships.

Grand Slam singles performance timeline
Note: The Australian Open was held twice in 1977, in January and December.

Post-playing
After retiring from playing tennis professionally, Pilić began coaching and became the first captain to win the Davis Cup trophy for three nations: Germany in 1988, 1989 and 1993, Croatia in 2005 and Serbia in 2010. He's been working with Serbia Davis Cup team in the adviser role since 2007, and won the Davis Cup title in 2010.

He runs a tennis academy in Oberschleißheim near Munich where he resides. Players such as Michael Stich, Novak Djokovic, Ernests Gulbis and Anastasija Sevastova developed and came through the Pilic academy.

Personal
In 1970, Pilić married Serbian actress Mija Adamović. The couple has children together.

In 2020 he was awarded the Golden Medal of Merits of Republic of Serbia.

title: Nikola Pilić