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Royal Society Bakerian Medal

The Bakerian Medal is one of the premier medals of the Royal Society that recognizes exceptional and outstanding science. It comes with a medal award and a prize lecture. The medalist is required to give a lecture on any topic related to physical sciences. It is awarded annually to individuals in the field of physical sciences, including computer science.

History
The prize was started in 1774, when Henry Baker left £100 to establish a spoken lecture given by a Fellow of the Royal Society about natural history or experimental philosophy.

Awardees
Source: Royal Society

21st century

 * 2024 Michele Dougherty, for her scientific leadership of the Cassini magnetic field instrument at Saturn, seminal research findings on potential life support on Enceladus and leadership of forthcoming missions to probe Jupiter’s icy moons
 * 2023 Andrew Zisserman, for research on computational theory and commercial systems for geometrical analysis of images, and for being a pioneer and leading scientist in machine learning for vision, especially image recognition
 * 2022 Michelle Simmons, for seminal contributions to our understanding of nature at the atomic-scale by creating a sequence of world-first quantum electronic devices in which individual atoms control device behaviour
 * 2021 Victoria Kaspi, for her research focused on neutron stars and their utility for constraining basic physics
 * 2020 Sir James Hough, for his world-leading work on suspensions systems for the test masses used in laser interferometry, pivotal to the successful detection of gravitational waves.
 * 2019 Edward Hinds, for his achievements in controlling individual atoms, molecules and photons.
 * 2018 Susan Solomon, her contributions in atmospheric science especially on polar ozone depletion.
 * 2017 Andrew Hopper, for his work in computer networking and sentient computing systems.
 * 2016 Andrea Ghez, The monster at the heart of our galaxy
 * 2015 John Ellis, The Long Road to the Higgs Boson - and Beyond
 * 2014 Lynn Gladden, It’s magnetic resonance – but not as you know it
 * 2013 David Leigh, Making the tiniest machines
 * 2012 Peter Edwards, Metals and the conducting and superconducting states of matter
 * 2011 Herbert Huppert, Carbon storage: caught between a rock and climate change
 * 2010 Donal Bradley, Plastic electronics: their science and applications
 * 2009 James Murray, Mathematics in the real world: From brain tumours to saving marriages.
 * 2008 Robin Clark, Raman microscopy, pigments and the arts/science interface
 * 2007 Joseph Silk, The dark side of the Universe
 * 2006 Athene Donald, The mesoscopic world - from plastic bags to brain disease - structural similarities in physics
 * 2005 John Pendry, Negative refraction, the perfect lens and metamaterials
 * 2004 Michael Pepper, Semiconductor nanostructures and new quantum effects
 * 2003 Christopher Dobson, Protein folding and misfolding: from theory to therapy
 * 2002 Arnold Wolfendale, Cosmic rays: what are they and where do they come from?
 * 2001 David Sherrington, Magnets, microchips, memories and markets: statistical physics of complex systems.

20th century

 * 2000 Steve Sparks, How volcanoes work.
 * 1999 Peter Day, The molecular chemistry of magnets and superconductors.
 * 1998 Richard Ellis, The morphological evolution of the galaxies.
 * 1997 Steven Ley, Sweet dreams: new strategies for oligosaccharide assembly.
 * 1996 A. Ian Scott, Genetically engineered synthesis of natural products.
 * 1995 Anthony Kelly, Composites, towards intelligent materials design.
 * 1994 John Polanyi, Photochemistry in the adsorbed state, using light as a scalpel and a crystal as an operating table.
 * 1993 Hans Bethe, Mechanism of supernovae.
 * 1992 Thomas Benjamin, The mystery of vortex breakdown.
 * 1991 John Houghton, The predictability of weather and climate.
 * 1990 John Meurig Thomas, New microcrystalline catalysts.
 * 1989 Jack Lewis, Cluster compounds, a new aspect of inorganic chemistry.
 * 1988 Walter Eric Spear, Amorphous semiconductors, a new generation of electronic materials.
 * 1987 Michael Victor Berry, The semiclassical chaology of quantum eigenvalues.
 * 1986 Walter Heinrich Munk, Ships from space (paper) and Acoustic monitoring of ocean gyres (talk).
 * 1985 Carlo Rubbia, Unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces.
 * 1984 Alan Rushton Battersby, Biosynthesis of the pigments of life.
 * 1983 Alfred Edward Ringwood, The Earth's core: its composition, formation and bearing upon the origin of the earth.
 * 1982 Martin John Rees, Galaxies and their nuclei.
 * 1981 Robert Joseph Paton Williams, Natural selection of the chemical elements.
 * 1980 Abdus Salam, Gauge unification of fundamental forces.
 * 1979 Michael Ellis Fisher, Multicritical points in magnets and fluids: a review of some novel states of matter.
 * 1978 Robert Lewis Fullarton Boyd, Cosmic exploration by X-rays.
 * 1977 George Porter, In vitro models for photosynthesis.
 * 1976 George Wallace Kenner, Towards synthesis of proteins.
 * 1975 Michael Francis Atiyah, Global geometry.
 * 1974 Desmond George King-Hele, A view of Earth and air.
 * 1973 Frederick Charles Frank, Crystals imperfect.
 * 1972 Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, Insulin.
 * 1971 Basil John Mason, The physics of the thunderstorm.
 * 1970 Derek Harold Richard Barton, Some approaches to the synthesis of tetracycline.
 * 1969 Richard Henry Dalitz, Particles and interactions: the problems of high-energy physics
 * 1968 Fred Hoyle, Review of recent developments in cosmology
 * 1967 Edward Crisp Bullard, Reversals of the Earth's magnetic field
 * 1966 Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, The progress of photochemistry exemplified by reactions of the halogens
 * 1965 Melvin Calvin, Chemical evolution
 * 1964 Frederic Calland Williams, Inventive technology: the search for better electric machines
 * 1963 Alan Howard Cottrell, Fracture
 * 1962 John Desmond Bernal, The structure of liquids
 * 1961 Michael James Lighthill, Sound generated aerodynamically
 * 1960 Gerhard Herzberg, The spectra and structures of free methyl and free methylene.
 * 1959 Edmund Langley Hirst, Molecular structure in the polysaccharide group.
 * 1958 Martin Ryle, The nature of the cosmic radio sources.
 * 1957 Cecil Frank Powell, The elementary particles.
 * 1956 Harry Work Melville, Addition polymerization.
 * 1955 Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant, The acceleration of charged particles to very high energies.
 * 1954 Alexander Robertus Todd, Chemistry of the nucleotides.
 * 1953 Nevill Francis Mott, Dislocations, plastic flow and creep in metals.
 * 1952 Harold Jeffreys, The origin of the solar system.
 * 1951 Eric Keightley Rideal, Reactions in monolayers.
 * 1950 Percy Williams Bridgman, Physics above 20 000 kg/cm2.
 * 1949 Harold Raistrick, A region of biosynthesis.
 * 1948 George Paget Thomson, Nuclear explosions.
 * 1947 Harry Ralph Ricardo, Some problems in connexion with the development of a high-speed diesel engine.
 * 1946 Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, The more recent work on the hydrogen-oxygen reaction.
 * 1945 Gordon Miller Bourne Dobson, Meteorology of the lower stratosphere.
 * 1944 Walter Norman Haworth, The structure, function and synthesis of polysaccharides.
 * 1943 Richard Vynne Southwell, Relaxation methods: a mathematics for engineering sciences.
 * 1942 Albert Charles Chibnall, Amino-acid analysis and the structure of proteins.
 * 1941 Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, The physical interpretation of quantum mechanics.
 * 1940 Nevil Vincent Sidgwick & Herbert Marcus Powell, Stereochemical types and valency groups.
 * 1939 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Penetrating Cosmic Rays.
 * 1938 Christopher Kelk Ingold, The Structure of Benzene.
 * 1937 Edward Victor Appleton, Regularities and Irregularities in the Ionosphere.
 * 1936 Frederic Stanley Kipping, Organic Compounds of Silicon.
 * 1935 Ralph Howard Fowler, The Anomalous Specific Heats of Crystals, with special reference to the Contribution of Molecular Rotations.
 * 1934 William Lawrence Bragg, The Structure of Alloys.
 * 1933 James Chadwick, The Neutron.
 * 1932 William Arthur Bone, The Combustion of Hydrocarbons.
 * 1931 Sydney Chapman, Some Phenomena of the Upper Atmosphere.
 * 1930 Robert Robinson, The Molecular Structure of Strychnine and Brucine.
 * 1929 Edward Arthur Milne, The Structure and Opacity of a Stellar Atmosphere.
 * 1928 John Cunningham McLennan, The Aurora and its Spectrum.
 * 1927 Francis William Aston, A New Mass-Spectrograph and the Whole Number Rule.
 * 1926 Arthur Stanley Eddington, Diffuse Matter in Interstellar Space.
 * 1925 William Bate Hardy & Ida Bircumshaw, Boundary Lubrication - Plane Surfaces and the Limitations of Amontons Law.
 * 1924 Alfred Fowler, The Spectra of Silicon at Successive Stages of Ionization.
 * 1923 Geoffrey Ingram Taylor & Constance F. Elam, The Distortion of an Aluminium Crystal during a Tensile Test.
 * 1922 Thomas Ralph Merton & S. Barratt, On the Spectrum of Hydrogen.
 * 1921 Thomas Martin Lowry & Percy Corlett Austin, Optical Rotatory Dispersion. Part II. Tartaric Acid and the Tartrates.
 * 1920 Ernest Rutherford, Nuclear Constitution of Atoms.
 * 1919 Robert John Strutt, A Study of the Line Spectrum of Sodium as Excited by Fluorescence.
 * 1918 Charles Algernon Parsons, Experiments on the Artificial Production of Diamond.
 * 1917 James Hopwood Jeans, The Configurations of Rotating Compressible Masses.
 * 1916 Charles Glover Barkla, X-rays and the Theory of Radiation.
 * 1915 William Henry Bragg, X-rays and Crystals.
 * 1914 Alfred Fowler, Series Lines in Spark Spectra.
 * 1913 Joseph John Thomson, Rays of Positive Electricity.
 * 1912 Hugh Longbourne Callendar, On the Variation of the Specific Heat of Water, with Experiments by a new Method.
 * 1911 Robert John Strutt, A Chemically-Active Modification of Nitrogen Produced by the Electric Discharge.
 * 1910 John Henry Poynting & Guy Barlow, The Pressure of Light against the Source: the Recoil from Light.
 * 1909 Joseph Larmor, On the Statistical and Thermo-dynamical Relations of Radiant Energy.
 * 1908 Charles Herbert Lees, The Effects of Temperature and Pressure on the Thermal Conductivities of Solids.
 * 1907 Thomas Edward Thorpe, The Atomic Weight of Radium.
 * 1906 John Milne, Recent Advances in Seismology.
 * 1905 Horace Tabberer Brown, The Reception and Utilization of Energy by the Green Leaf.
 * 1904 Ernest Rutherford, The Succession of Changes in Radio-active Bodies.
 * 1903 Charles Thomas Heycock & F. H. Neville, On the Constitution of the Copper-tin Series of Alloys.
 * 1902 Lord Rayleigh, On the Law of the Pressure of Gases between 75 and 150 Millimetres of Mercury.
 * 1901 James Dewar, The Nadir of Temperature and Allied Problems.
 * 1900 William Augustus Tilden, On the Specific Heat of Metals and the Relation of Specific Heat to Atomic Weight.

19th century

 * 1899 James Alfred Ewing & Walter Rosenhain, The Crystalline Structure of Metals.
 * 1898 William James Russell, Further Experiments on the Action exerted by certain Metals and other Bodies on a Photographic Plate.
 * 1897 Osborne Reynolds & William Henry Moorby, On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat.
 * 1896 William Chandler Roberts-Austen, On the Diffusion of Metals.
 * 1895 Augustus George Vernon Harcourt & William Esson, On the Laws of Connexion between the Conditions of a Chemical Change and its Amount. III. Further Researches on the Reaction of Hydrogen Dioxide and Hydrogen Iodide.
 * 1894 Thomas Edward Thorpe & James Wyllie Rodger, On the Relations between the Viscosity of Liquids and their Chemical Nature.
 * 1893 Harold Baily Dixon, The rate of Explosion in Gases.
 * 1892 James Thomson, On the Grand Currents of Atmospheric Circulation.
 * 1891 George Howard Darwin, On Tidal Prediction.
 * 1890 Arthur Schuster, The Discharge of Electricity through Gases. Preliminary Communication.
 * 1889 Arthur William Rucker & Thomas Edward Thorpe, A magnetic Survey of the British isles for the Epoch January 1, 1886.
 * 1888 J. Norman Lockyer, Suggestions on the Classification of the various Species of Heavenly Bodies. A Report to the Solar Physics Committee.
 * 1887 Joseph John Thomson, On the Dissociation of some Gases by the Electric Discharge.
 * 1886 William de Wiveleslie Abney & Edward Robert Festing, Colour Photometry.
 * 1885 William Huggins, On the Corona of the Sun.
 * 1884 Arthur Schuster, Experiments on the Discharge of Electricity through gases. Sketch of a Theory.
 * 1883 William Crookes, On Radiant Matter Spectroscopy: the Detection and wide Distribution of Yttrium.
 * 1882 Heinrich Debus, On the Chemical Theory of Gunpowder''.
 * 1881 John Tyndall, Action of free Molecules on Radiant Heat, and its conversion thereby into sound.
 * 1880 William de Wiveleslie Abney, On the Photographic Method of Mapping the least refrangible end of the Solar Spectrum.
 * 1879 William Crookes, On the Illumination of Lines of Molecular Pressure and the Trajectory of Molecules.
 * 1878 William Crookes, On Repulsion resulting from Radiation. Part V.
 * 1877 William Crawford Williamson, On the Organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures.
 * 1876 Thomas Andrews, On the Gaseous State of Matter.
 * 1875 William Grylls Adams, On the Forms of Equipotential Curves and Surfaces and on Lines of Flow.
 * 1874 J. Norman Lockyer, Researches in Spectrum Analysis in connexion with the Spectrum of the Sun. Part III.
 * 1873 Earl of Rosse, On the Radiation of Heat from the Moon, the Law of its Absorption by our Atmosphere, and its variation in Amount with her Phases.
 * 1872 William Kitchen Parker, On the Structure and Development of the Skull of the Salmon.
 * 1871 Charles William Siemens, On the Increase of Electrical Resistance in Conductors with Rise of Temperature, and its Application to the Measure of Ordinary and Furnace Temperatures.
 * 1870 John William Dawson, On the Pre-Carboniferous Flora of North-Eastern America, and more especially on that of the Erian (Devonian) Period.
 * 1869 Thomas Andrews, The Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States of Matter.
 * 1868 Henry Enfield Roscoe, Researches on Vanadium.
 * 1867 Frederick Augustus Abel, Researches on Gun-Cotton. (Second Memoir). On the Stability of Gun-Cotton.
 * 1866 James Clerk Maxwell, On the Viscosity or Internal Friction of Air and other Gases.
 * 1865 Henry Enfield Roscoe, On a Method of Meteorological Registration of the Chemical Action of Total Daylight.
 * 1864 John Tyndall, Contributions to Molecular Physics: being the Fifth Memoir of Researches on Radiant Heat.
 * 1863 Henry Clifton Sorby, On the Direct Correlation of Mechanical and Chemical Forces.
 * 1862 Warren De la Rue, On the Total Solar Eclipse of 18 July 1860, observed at Rivabellosa, near Miranda de Ebro in Spain.
 * 1861 John Tyndall, On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connexion of radiation, Absorption and Conduction.
 * 1860 William Fairbairn, Experimental Researches to determine the Law of Superheated Steam.
 * 1859 Edward Frankland, Researches on Organo-metallic Bodies. Fourth Memoir.
 * 1858 John Peter Gassiot, On the Stratifications and dark band in Electrical Discharges as observed in Torricellian Vacua.
 * 1857 Michael Faraday, Experimental Relations of Gold (and other metals) to Light.
 * 1856 William Thomson, On the Electro-dynamic Qualities of Metals.
 * 1855 John Tyndall, On the Nature of the Force by which Bodies are repelled from the Poles of a Magnet; to which is prefixed an account of some experiments on Molecular Influences.
 * 1854 Thomas Graham, On Osmotic Force.
 * 1853 Edward Sabine, On the Influence of the Moon on the Magnetic Declination at Toronto, St Helena, and Hobarton.
 * 1852 Charles Wheatstone, Contributions to the Physiology of Vision. Part II. On some remarkable and hitherto unobserved Phenomena on Binocular Vision (continued).
 * 1851 Michael Faraday, Experimental Researches in Electricity. Twenty-Fourth Series.
 * 1850 Thomas Graham, On the Diffusion of Liquids.
 * 1849 Michael Faraday, Experimental Researches in Electricity. Twenty-Second Series.
 * 1848 Revd William Whewell, Researches on the Tides. Thirteenth Series. On the Tides of the Pacific, and on the Diurnal Inequality.
 * 1847 William Robert Grove, On certain Phenomena of Voltaic Ignition and the Decomposition of Water into its constituent Gases by Heat.
 * 1846 James David Forbes, Illustrations of the Viscous Theory of Glacier Motion.
 * 1845 Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny, Memoir on the Rotation of Crops, and on the Quantity of Inorganic Matters abstracted from the Soil by various Plants under different circumstances.
 * 1844 Richard Owen, A Description of certain Belemnites, preserved, with a great proportion of their soft parts, in the Oxford Clay, at Christian-Malford, Wilts.
 * 1843 Charles Wheatstone, An Account of several new Instruments and Processes for determining the Constants of a Voltaic Circuit.
 * 1842 James David Forbes, On the Transparency of the Atmosphere and the Law of Extinction of the Solar Rays in passing through it.
 * 1841 George Newport, On the Organs of Reproduction and the Development of the Myriapoda.
 * 1840 George Biddell Airy, On the Theoretical Explanation of an apparent new Polarity of Light.
 * 1839 William Snow Harris, Inquiries concerning the Elementary Laws of Electricity.
 * 1838 James Ivory, On the Theory of the Astronomical Refractions.
 * 1837 William Henry Fox Talbot, Further Observations on the Optical Phenomena of Crystals.
 * 1836 John William Lubbock, On the Tides of the Port of London.
 * 1835 Charles Lyell, On the Proofs of a gradual Rising of the Land in certain parts of Sweden.
 * 1834 Not appointed
 * 1833 Samuel Hunter Christie, Experimental Determination of the Laws of Magneto-Electric Induction in different masses of the same metal, and its intensity in different metals.
 * 1832 Michael Faraday, Experimental Researches in Electricity; Second Series.
 * 1831 No record of lecture
 * 1830 No record of lecture
 * 1829 Michael Faraday, On the manufacture of Glass for Optical Purposes.
 * 1828 William Hyde Wollaston, On a Method of rendering Platina malleable.
 * 1827 George Pearson, Researches to discover the Faculties of Pulmonary Absorption with respect to Charcoal.
 * 1826 Humphry Davy, On the Relations of Electrical and Chemical Changes.
 * 1825 No record of lecture
 * 1824 No record of lecture
 * 1823 John F.W. Herschel, On certain Motions produced in Fluid Conductors when transmitting the Electric Current.
 * 1822 No record of lecture
 * 1821 Edward Sabine, An Account of Experiments to determine the Amount of the Dip of the Magnetic Needle in London, in August 1821; with Remarks on the Instruments which are usually employed in such determination.
 * 1820 Henry Kater, On the best kind of Steel, and form, for a Compass Needle.
 * 1819 William Thomas Brande, On the Composition and Analysis of the inflammable Gaseous Compounds resulting from the destructive Distillation of Coal and Oil; with some Remarks on their relative heating and illuminating power.
 * 1818 No record of lecture
 * 1817 No record of lecture
 * 1816 No record of lecture
 * 1815 No record of lecture
 * 1814 No record of lecture
 * 1813 William Thomas Brande, On some new Electro-Chemical Phenomena.
 * 1812 William Hyde Wollaston, On the Elementary Particles of certain Crystals.
 * 1811 Humphry Davy (?)
 * 1810 Humphry Davy, On some of the Combinations of Oxymuriatic Gas and Oxygen, and on the Chemical Relations of these Principles to Inflammable Bodies.
 * 1809 Humphry Davy, On some new Electro-Chemical Researches, on various objects, particularly the Metallic Bodies from the Alkalies and Earths; and on some Combinations of Hydrogen.
 * 1808 Humphry Davy, An Account of some new Analytical Researches on the Nature of certain Bodies, particularly the Alkalies, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Carbonaceous Matters, and the Acids hitherto undecompounded; with some general Observations on Chemical Theory.
 * 1807 Humphry Davy, On some new Phenomena of Chemical Changes produced by Electricity, particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies, and the Exhibition of the new Substances, which constitute their Bases.
 * 1806 Humphry Davy, On some Chemical Agencies of Electricity.
 * 1805 William Hyde Wollaston, On the Force of Percussion.
 * 1804 Samuel Vince, Observations on the Hypotheses which have been assumed to account for the cause of Gravitation from Mechanical Principles.
 * 1803 Thomas Young, Experiments and Calculations relative to Physical Optics.
 * 1802 William Hyde Wollaston, Observations on the Quantity of Horizontal Refraction; with Method of measuring the Dip at Sea.
 * 1801 Thomas Young, On the Theory of Light and Colours.
 * 1800 Thomas Young, On the Mechanism of the Eye.

18th century

 * 1799 Samuel Vince (?)
 * 1798 Samuel Vince, Observations upon an unusual Horizontal Refraction of the Air; with Remarks on the Variations to which the lower Parts of the Atmosphere are sometimes subject.
 * 1797 Samuel Vince, Experiments upon the Resistance of Bodies moving in Fluids.
 * 1796 Samuel Vince (?)
 * 1795 Samuel Vince (?)
 * 1794 Samuel Vince, Observations on the Theory of the Motion and Resistance of Fluids; with a Description of the Construction of Experiments, in order to obtain some fundamental Principles.
 * 1793 George Fordyce, An Account of a New Pendulum.
 * 1792 Tiberius Cavallo, An Account of the Discoveries concerning Muscular Motion, which have been lately made, and are commonly known by the name of Animal Electricity.
 * 1791 Tiberius Cavallo, On the Method of Measuring Distances by means of Telescopes furnished with Micrometers.
 * 1790 Tiberius Cavallo, A Description of a new Pyrometer.
 * 1789 Tiberius Cavallo, Magnetical Experiments and Observations.
 * 1788 Tiberius Cavallo, On an Improvement in the Blow Pipe.
 * 1787 Tiberius Cavallo, Of the Methods of manifesting the Presence, and ascertaining the Quality, of small Quantities of Natural or Artificial Electricity.
 * 1786 Tiberius Cavallo, Magnetical Experiments and Observations.
 * 1785 Tiberius Cavallo, Magnetical Experiments and Observations.
 * 1784 Tiberius Cavallo, An Account of some Experiments made with the new improved Air Pump.
 * 1783 Tiberius Cavallo, Description of an improved Air Pump.
 * 1782 Tiberius Cavallo, An Account of some Experiments relating to the Property of Common and Inflammable Airs of pervading the Pores of Paper.
 * 1781 Tiberius Cavallo, An Account of some Thermometrical Experiments.
 * 1780 Tiberius Cavallo, Thermometrical Experiments and Observations.
 * 1779 John Ingen-Housz, Improvements in Electricity.
 * 1778 John Ingen-Housz, Electrical Experiments to explain how far the Phenomena of the Electrophorus may be accounted for by Dr Franklins Theory of Positive and Negative Electricity.
 * 1777 Peter Woulfe
 * 1776 Peter Woulfe
 * 1775 Peter Woulfe, Experiments made in order to ascertain the nature of some Mineral Substances, and in particular to see how far the Acids of Sea-Salt and of Vitriol contribute to Mineralize Metallic and other Substances.

title: Royal Society Bakerian Medal


text:
Angelo Fabroni

Angelo Fabroni (September 25, 1732 – September 22, 1803) was an Italian biographer and historian.

Biography
Angelo Fabroni was born at Marradi in Tuscany to Alessandro and Giacinta Fabroni, of a banking family formerly of great fortune. After studying with tutors and at Faenza, in 1750 he entered the Collegio Bandinelli in Rome, founded for the education of young Tuscans. His father having died that year, Piero Francesco Foggini took an interest in the young man's education. Fabroni became a priest.

On the conclusion of his studies he continued his stay in Rome, and having been introduced to the celebrated Jansenist historian, Giovanni Gaetano Bottari, the librarian of the Corsini, he translated some meditative works of Pasquier Quesnel and received from Bottari a canonry at Santa Maria in Trastevere. With Bottari's aid he presented a polished Latin life of Pope Clement XII Corsini, for which Cardinal Corsini defrayed the printing costs and made a handsome present to its author. Some time after this Fabroni was chosen to preach a Latin discourse in the pontifical chapel before Benedict XIV, with whom he made such a favorable impression that the pontiff settled on him an annuity, in the possession of which Fabroni was able to devote his whole time to study. Fabroni was asked to deliver the funeral oration in 1766 for James Stuart, the "Old Pretender" to the throne of Great Britain. He was intimate with Leopold Peter, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who appointed him prior of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence (1767); two years later, Fabroni took leave to pursue promises of preferment at Rome, made by Pope Clement XIV Ganganelli, in which he was disappointed.

He was at work on the biographical dictionary of Italian men of letters for which he is remembered; the first volume was published in 1766, and was met with criticism, for the Jesuits disliked him on account of his Jansenist views. Besides his other literary labors he began at Pisa in 1771 a literary journal, Giornale de' letterati, which he continued till 1796, by which time 102 fascicles had appeared, many from his own pen. About 1772, funded by the Grand Duke, he made a journey to Paris, where he formed the acquaintance of Condorcet, Diderot, d'Alembert, Rousseau and most of the other Encyclopédistes—whom he found to be leaders of impiety—and other eminent Frenchmen of the day. He also spent four months in London, of which he also disapproved, where Benjamin Franklin fruitlessly urged him to go to America. He returned to Tuscany in 1773. Later he corresponded with Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor. He died in retirement among the Carthusians at Pisa.

His principal works were: ''Vitae Italorum doctrina excellentium qui in saeculis XVII. et XVIII. floruerunt (20 vols., Pisa, 1778-1799, 1804-1805); Laurentii Medicei Magnifici Vita (2 vols., Pisa, 1784), which served as a basis for William Roscoe's Life of Lorenzo de' Medici; Leonis X pontificis maximi Vita (Pisa, 1797); and Elogi di Dante Alighieri, di Angelo Poliziano, di Lodovico Ariosto, e di Torquato Tasso'' (Parma, 1800).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Angelo Fabroni


text:
All the Way

All the Way may refer to:

Film and television

 * All the Way (1998 film), an Australian comedy directed by Marque Owen
 * All the Way (2001 film), a film directed by Shi Runjiu
 * All the Way (2016 film), an adaptation of Robert Schenkkan's play (see below)
 * All the Way (TV series), a 1988 Australian television series
 * All the Way... A Decade of Song (TV program), a 1999 American TV special by Celine Dion
 * "All the Way" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), a 2001 television episode

Literature

 * All the Way (play), a 2012 play about U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson by Robert Schenkkan
 * All the Way, a novel by Andy Behrens, basis for the film Sex Drive

Albums

 * All the Way (Allstar Weekend album) or the title song, 2011
 * All the Way (Brenda Lee album), 1961
 * All the Way (Calloway album) or the title song, 1989
 * All the Way (Diamanda Galás album), 2017
 * All the Way (Etta James album), 2006
 * All the Way (Etta Jones album), 1999
 * All the Way (Frank Sinatra album) or the title song (see below), 1961
 * All the Way (Growing album), 2008
 * All the Way... A Decade of Song, by Céline Dion, 1999
 * All the Way... A Decade of Song & Video, a video release by Céline Dion, 2001
 * All the Way... and Then Some!, by Sammy Davis Jr., 1958
 * All the Way, by Jimmy Scott, 1992

Songs

 * "All the Way" (Craig David song), 2005
 * "All the Way" (Eddie Vedder song), 2008
 * "All the Way" (Frank Sinatra song), 1957, covered by many
 * "All the Way" (Jason McCoy song), 1996
 * "All the Way" (Timeflies song), 2014
 * "All the Way", by !!! from As If, 2015
 * "All the Way", by Blasted Mechanism, 2007
 * "All the Way", by Busted from Busted, 2002
 * "All the Way", by Jacksepticeye and the Gregory Brothers, 2016
 * "All the Way", by Jeremih and Chance the Rapper from Merry Christmas Lil' Mama, 2016
 * "All the Way", by Journey from Arrival, 2000
 * "All the Way", by Kiss from Hotter Than Hell, 1974
 * "All the Way", by Matt Brouwer from Where's Our Revolution, 2009
 * "All the Way", by Mikuni Shimokawa, 2003
 * "All the Way", by Nebula from Charged, 2001
 * "All the Way", by New Order from Technique, 1989
 * "All the Way", by Playa from Cheers 2 U, 1998
 * "All the Way", by the Professionals from The Professionals, 1991
 * "All the Way", by the Ramones from End of the Century, 1980
 * "All the Way", by Ratt from Ratt, 1999
 * "All the Way", by Reykon, the theme song for Univision's coverage of the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup
 * "All the Way...", by Ladytron from Witching Hour, 2005
 * "All the Way (Stay)", by Jimmy Eat World from Surviving, 2019

title: All the Way


text: User talk:69.182.53.176

title: User talk:69.182.53.176


text: User talk:24.170.184.87

title: User talk:24.170.184.87


text: File:James Page Logo.jpg

title: File:James Page Logo.jpg


text: Category:Lamma Island

title: Category:Lamma Island


text:
Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians

The Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe language: Mikinaakwajiw-ininiwag) is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Ojibwe based on the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation in Belcourt, North Dakota. The tribe has 30,000 enrolled members. A population of 5,815 reside on the main reservation and another 2,516 reside on off-reservation trust land (as of the 2000 census).

History
Around the end of the 18th century, prior to the advent of white traders in the area, the Ojibwe, an Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, who had been in what is now Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, moved out onto the Great Plains in pursuit of the bison and beaver for hunting and commercial trade. They successfully adapted their culture to life on the Great Plains. They adopted horses and developed the bison-hide tipi, the Red River cart, hard-soled footwear, and new ceremonies.

By around 1800, these Indians were hunting in the Turtle Mountain area of present-day North Dakota.

For more than a century, as there was no international boundary, the Chippewa moved freely between what would become Manitoba, Canada, and the United States including Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana. There they mingled with Cree and other tribes in the area. Running battles with the Dakota over territorial disputes, were finally settled in 1858 with the signing of the Sweet Corn Treaty which described the 11,000,000 acres of the Chippewa domain and provided for reparations. The agreement was signed by Mattonwakan, Chief of the Yanktons and La Terre Qui Purle, Chief of the Sisseton Oyate, Chief Wilkie (Narbexxa) of the Chippewa and witnessed by many members of both tribes.

By 1863, the Chippewa domain encompassed nearly one-third of the land in what would become North Dakota. White settlers, wanting to take advantage of the Homestead Act petitioned Congress to open up the Red River valley for agriculture and to make treaties with the native peoples. On 2 October 1863, at the Old Crossing of the Red Lake River in Minnesota, Red Lake chiefs Monsomo (Moose Dung), Kaw-was-ke-ne-kay (Broken Arm), May-dwa-gum-on-ind (He That Is Spoken To) and Leading Feather, along with chiefs of the Pembina Band, Ase-anse (Little Shell II) and Miscomukquah (Red Bear) met with Alexander Ramsey and Ashley C. Morrill, commissioners for the Government, to negotiate the Treaty of Old Crossing. The government secured all 11 million acres obtained in the Sweet Corn Treaty to open it up to settlement. The Chippewa signed the treaty under duress.

The 1869–1870 Red River Rebellion was a series of events that started when the Hudson's Bay Company transferred the North-Western Territory trapping franchise to Canada. As a result, Louis Riel and his Métis followers seized Fort Garry on 2 November 1869, and attempted to establish a provisional government for the territory of Manitoba. When Canadian troops arrived, Riel fled to the sanctuary of Montana, married, and became a US Citizen. In 1885, a group of Métis from Prince Albert, Canada asked for his assistance in settling grievances between the Métis and settlers. Riel drafted a petition, but fighting broke out, and he became wanted. Riel surrendered and was tried for treason. He was found guilty and hanged causing his followers to flee and seek refuge with the Turtle Mountain Chippewa.

As the fur trade and buffalo hunting diminished available resources, the landless Turtle Mountain Chippewas, though recognized by the Government, found it difficult to ward off starvation. In an effort to provide them with a reservation, Congress approved the purchase on 3 March 1873, of lands on the White Earth Reservation in Minnesota and attempted to relocate the tribe. The Chippewa refused to move and insisted on remaining in the Turtle Mountains. In June 1884, an agreement had set aside a reservation 12 miles by 6 miles which was being occupied by the Turtle Mountain Band, but by 1891, again the US wanted a land cession.

In 1891, Agent Waugh of Fort Totten, convened a committee of 16 full bloods and 16 mixed bloods to take a census of the Chippewa and set boundaries for a new reservation. Little Shell III wanted to obtain a 30 square mile tract at Turtle Mountain, but when that proposal was rejected, he and his followers abandoned the meeting. The McCumber Agreement was reached on 22 October 1892, which granted two townships within the traditional area ceding all other lands the Chippewa might possess in North Dakota. The land granted was inadequate to meet the needs of granting allotments to all tribal members, so negotiations continued. Finally in 1904, Article VI was added which provided that "All members of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewas who may be unable to secure land upon the reservation above ceded may take homesteads upon any vacant land belonging to the United States without charge, and shall continue to hold and be entitled to such share in all tribal funds, annuities, or other property, the same as if located on the reservations." With this provision, the Chippewa agreed to the terms and the final agreement was ratified by Congress on 21 April 1904.

In the decades after signing the McCumber agreement and the Great Depression, the Chippewa adopted farming and gardening as a way of survival. They developed a Big Store in 1922 to sell goods and operated a creamery. They sold farm goods, chopped lumber, farm laborm and medicinal herbs. Under the WPA, men gained training in construction jobs and women learned to sew and can goods. Congress approved the first charter of the Turtle Mountain Chippewa in 1932 and because of their successful endeavors and distrust of government programs, the tribe chose not to participate in setting up a new government under the Indian Reorganization Act.

The tribe filed numerous claims for compensation of having been forced to accept a below market value settlement on the lands they ceded to the US in the McCumber Agreement. In 1934, Congress passed a law for the Indian Court of Claims to determine a settlement with the Chippewa, but it was vetoed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in May 1934. A second attempt was also vetoed by the president in June 1934. Finally in 1946, Congress established the Indian Claims Commission. The tribe filed a claims petition in 1948. On 9 June 1964 an Act established their claim and a method of distribution of the judgment award.

In the early 1950s, federal policy changed and the government proposed that some tribes would have their special relationships with the federal government terminated. The intent was to declare these tribes successful in having made progress in assimilation and judged no longer needing special status. On 1 August 1953, the US Congress passed House Concurrent Resolution 108 which called for the immediate termination of the Flathead, Klamath, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Turtle Mountain Chippewa, as well as all tribes in the states of California, New York, Florida, and Texas. Termination of a tribe meant the immediate withdrawal of all federal aid, services, and protection, as well as the end of reservations. Though termination legislation was introduced (Legislation 4. S. 2748, H.R. 7316. 83rd Congress. Termination of Federal Supervision over Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians), the law was not implemented. In 1954, at the Congressional hearings for the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, tribal Chairman Patrick Gourneau and a delegation spoke in Washington, DC. They testified that the group was not financially prepared, had high unemployment and poverty, suffered from low education levels, and said that termination would be devastating to the tribe. Based on their testimony, the Chippewa were dropped from the tribes to be terminated. A fictionalized account of these events is featured in Louise Erdrich’s novel, “The Night Watchman,” which won the Pulitzer Prize in 2021.

Ban on hydraulic fracturing
On November 22, 2011, the Turtle Mountain Chippewa voters were unanimous in banning hydraulic fracturing (fracking) to exploit oil reserves; they were the first tribe to do so out of concern for adverse environmental effects of this practice. They passed a tribal resolution drafted by No Fracking Way Turtle Mountain Tribe, a grassroots group.

The tribal council amended this resolution to direct the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to cancel oil and gas bidding on 45,000 acres of tribal land that was scheduled to begin on December 14, 2011. The BIA cancelled the bids on December 9, 2011.

Bands
As the fur trade dwindled, many of the bands from the Red, Rainy, Leech and Sandy Lakes areas who had settled near the Post, drifted back into Minnesota and North Dakota. One band, the Mikinak-wastsha-anishinabe, established their community in the Turtle Mountains. In an 1849 letter, Canadian Catholic priest, Father Belcourt, described the people of the Pembina Territory in 1849 as being from Red Lake, Reed Lake, Pembina, and Turtle Mountain bands, mixed with biracial Métis, who he said far outnumbered those of majority Chippewa ancestry.

In 2003 a United States court ruled that the Little Shell Band of Chippewa Indians (of Montana) is a separate tribe, in keeping with their documentation: this band had developed independently and created a separate government since the 1890s and relocation to Montana. The courts have recognized three independent units claiming the name Chippewa, and several unassociated members of that band. This case refers to cases of the Indian Claims Commission and United States Court of Claims, which can no longer be found online at their original sources, as the cases are old.

Economy
The tribe has founded the Turtle Mountain Community College, a two-year college that is one of numerous tribal colleges established by tribes in the United States.

The tribe has established online, short-term installment loans as a business to serve underbanked Americans. The business has brought new employment opportunities and has generated financial support for other tribal business ventures and social programs for the reservation. The tribe established BlueChip Financial in 2012, which is based on the reservation in Belcourt, North Dakota. It employs more than two dozen enrolled tribal members. BlueChip Financial is doing business under the Spotloan.com brand. Since launch, the company has made 250,000 loans.

Other tribes that have also set up programs of online short-term lending include the Habematolel Pomo of Upper Lake, the Otoe-Missouria Tribe, the Chippewa Cree Tribe, the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, the Fort Belknap Indian Community in Montana, and the Santee Sioux Nation of Nebraska.

The Native American Financial Services Association (NAFSA) says, “Tribal online lending provides a critical economic lifeline for sovereign tribes in remote areas, whether or not they engage in tribal government gaming. While many out-of-the-way tribal communities have developed gaming facilities as a way to create jobs and generate essential government revenues, remote reservations and gaming properties have been more severely impacted by the economic downturn."

There is high unemployment and poverty rates within the tribes and according to U.S. News & World Report and Pew Research “more than 1 in 4 native people live in poverty and labor force participation rate – which measures the share of adults either working or looking for a job – is 61.6 percent, the lowest for all race and ethnicity groups.”

Delvin Cree, a writer with The Tribal Independent, criticized such tribal lending in an opinion piece published on Indianz.com in February 2012, describing it as predatory lending. On the other hand, The Wall Street Journal and other publications have written about how tribal online lending programs have generated funds for much-needed economic development to tribes without many other economic development opportunities.

Chairperson Sherry Treppa of the Habematolel Pomo of Upper Lake testified before the US House Committee on Financial Services regarding tribal online small dollar lending programs becoming a vital part of many tribes’ economic development strategies, saying that they provided much-needed jobs and revenue. She also argued that attempts to regulate tribes engaging in online lending is an attack on state and tribal sovereignty.

In addressing tribal sovereignty and the relationship with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), Saba Bazzazieh argues that “the bureau has disregarded tribal sovereignty since its creation, the problem has recently reached an all-time high.” Additionally, “the bureau has demonstrated a patent misunderstanding of what tribal sovereignty actually means in practice, including the fundamentally important issue of preemption of state law.”

In 2016, Gavin Clarkson wrote an analysis on the law and economics of tribal online lending programs, finding that the programs were lawful. Its title is "Online Sovereignty: The Law and Economics of Tribal Electronic Commerce.” In this analysis Clarkson also identified ways in which lending has supported the tribal economies to include employment, infrastructure, education, healthcare, tribal services and social services. He notes that “many tribes participating in tribal lending have few other options in the wake of federal funding shortfalls and shrinking tribal budgets.”

Significant locations associated with the tribe

 * Belcourt
 * Dunseith
 * St. Joseph (Walhalla)(Red Bear's Reservation)
 * Pembina
 * St. John
 * Stump Lake (Black Duck's village)
 * Grahams Island (Little Shell's Village)
 * Round Lake village
 * Buffalo Lodge
 * White Earth River region
 * Trenton / Buford region (TISA)
 * Dogden Buttes
 * Strawberry Lake

Notable tribal members

 * Barbara K. Charbonneau-Dahlen, PhD RN, nurse, advocate
 * Heid E. Erdrich, author, poet
 * Louise Erdrich, author
 * Kade Ferris, historian and author
 * William Gardner (1884–1965), one of the Untouchables
 * Hillary Kempenich, painter
 * David T. McCoy, attorney and state politician in North Carolina
 * Jair Peltier, MA, scholar and human rights advocate
 * Leonard Peltier, American Indian Movement member and author
 * Mark Turcotte, poet
 * Waubojeeg ("White Feather", "King Fisher") (c. 1747–1793), chief and warrior
 * Miskwaadesi-Ikwe ("Painted Turtle Woman") National Healthcare Consultant and Owner of Consultants for Long Term Care, Inc.


text:
South County High School

South County High School, opened in September 2005, is a public high school in Lorton, Virginia and is part of the Fairfax County Public Schools system. The school mascot is "Stan" the Stallion and the school colors are forest green, navy blue, and silver. Common nicknames include "SoCo", "SCHS", and "South County".

History
In 2005, South County Secondary School became the first secondary school to open in Fairfax County in 32 years. The school was built on the grounds of the decommissioned District of Columbia Department of Corrections Lorton facility. With the construction of South County Middle School next to it in 2012 its designation was changed to that of a high school.

Current status
South County High School serves grades 9–12. SCHS unofficially has a rivalry with Hayfield, West Springfield, and Lake Braddock, which are other schools in FCPS. South County's main building mirrors that of Westfield High School. In 2015, after extensive fundraising efforts led by the former Director of Student Activities, Leah Conte, the natural grass playing fields were replaced with synthetic turf.

The current high school's Student Government President is Zion Nuby, elected in April of 2021.

Administration
The principal of South County High School is Samuel Khoshaba. Khoshaba was formerly the principal of Western Branch Middle School in Chesapeake City Public Schools. He was also named the 2021 Middle School Principal of the Year by the Virginia Association of Secondary School Principals.

Demographics
In the 2018-2019 school year SCHS's student body was 40.09% White, 19.95% Black, 1.20% Asian, 15.75% Hispanic or Latino, and 5.66% other.

===School safety report card ===

Academics
South County (as of December 2018) has 206 full time staff, of which 142 are teachers. The school also has 2,142 computers to aid in teaching. SCHS is fully accredited with rates of 92 for English, 90 for History, 87 for Math, and 89 for Science in 2017-2018 (based on 2016-2017 testing).

Grading scale
South County uses the FCPS grading scale.

Academic programs
SCHS offers the following programs:

Advanced Placement (AP)
South County offers Advanced Placement programs in the following subject areas:

Athletics
South County athletic teams are as follows:

Fall sports

 * Cheerleading
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Field Hockey
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Football
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Freshman
 * Girls Volleyball
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Freshman
 * Cross Country
 * Varsity
 * Golf
 * Varsity
 * Dance
 * Varsity

Varsity football
South County's Varsity Football team is highly skilled and has gone to the playoffs many times including a state championship appearance in 2011 where they lost 20-10. In their 2015 season, the Stallions made it to state semi-finals losing to Westfield 40-8. In 2019, the Stallions defeated Westfield 28-21 in the state semi-finals to advance to their second state title game in school history. They defeated the Oscar Smith Tigers 14-13 to capture their first football state title in school history. In 2021, the Stallions made their third state championship appearance.

Winter sports

 * Girls Basketball
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Freshman
 * Boys Basketball
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Freshman
 * Girls Gymnastics
 * Varsity
 * Indoor Track
 * Varsity
 * Swim and Dive
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Freshman
 * Wrestling
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Freshman

Varsity boys basketball
The boys varsity basketball team won the 2018 VHSL 6A State Championship with a 63-47 victory over Western Branch High School. Having another remarkable season, the boys varsity basketball team went 27-3 and made it to the state finals. Due to COVID-19, the game was never played and the team was announced as 2020 VHSL 6A State co-champions with Centreville High School.

Spring sports

 * Girls Soccer
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Boys Soccer
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Girls Lacrosse
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Boys Lacrosse
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Outdoor Track
 * Varsity
 * Baseball
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Crew
 * Varsity
 * Softball
 * Varsity
 * Junior Varsity
 * Boys Tennis
 * Varsity
 * Girls Tennis
 * Varsity

After-school programs
SCHS offers many different clubs and after school programs.

Notable alumni

 * Andi Sullivan, NWSL Player, Midfielder for the Washington Spirit, Former U.S. Women's National Soccer Team Player
 * Oren Burks, Linebacker for the Philadelphia Eagles
 * Trevor Stewart, American track athlete, 2020 Olympic Gold and Bronze Medalist
 * Gabrielle Robinson, NWSL Player, Defender for the Kansas City Current
 * Ellis Wheeler, NWSL Player, Defender for the Kansas City Current

title: South County High School


text: Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Canada


text:
Prokeimenon

In the liturgical practice of the Orthodox Church and Byzantine Rite, a prokeimenon (Greek Προκείμενον, plural '; sometimes '/; lit. 'that which precedes') is a psalm or canticle refrain sung responsorially at certain specified points of the Divine Liturgy or the Divine Office, usually to introduce a scripture reading. It corresponds to the Gradual of the Roman Mass.

Prokeimena are not selected based on the personal preference of the priest, reader, or choir director. Rather, the Sunday and weekday prokeimena are taken from the Octoechos, using the particular tone of the day. Many feasts also have their own prokeimena.

The basic pattern of a prokeimenon is for the reader to chant a single verse of the psalm or canticle (often announcing the tone as well). This is repeated as a refrain by the choir, as the Reader chants additional verses (exactly how many depends on local practice), followed by the choir singing the first verse in response. The Reader concludes the prokeimenon by chanting the first half of the first verse, and the choir then sings the second half.

Use
Prokeimena are not selected based on the personal preference of the priest, reader, or choir director. Rather, the Sunday and weekday prokeimena are taken from the Octoechos, using the particular tone of the day. Many feasts also have their own prokeimena.

The basic pattern of a prokeimenon is for the reader to chant a single verse of the psalm or canticle (often announcing the tone as well). This is repeated as a refrain by the choir, as the Reader chants additional verses (exactly how many depends on local practice), followed by the choir singing the first verse in response. The Reader concludes the prokeimenon by chanting the first half of the first verse, and the choir then sings the second half. Alternately, if a feast is being celebrated together with a Sunday liturgy, a verse of that feast's prokeimenon will often replace the final verse of the Sunday prokeimenon.

In some traditions where a plain chant format is used, the prokeimenon may be chanted by a cantor. In this practice, the cantor will sing the refrained verse in the prescribed tone for the Sunday or Feastday along with the accompanying additional verses. This is usually done in alternation (refrain – verse – refrain – verse – refrain).

Example
''The example given is the Sunday prokeimenon in Tone 8, assuming no additional feast. The verses are taken from Psalm 75 (Septuagint numbering).''

 * Reader: "The prokeimenon is in the eighth tone: Pray and make your vows before the Lord our God!"
 * Choir:"Pray and make your vows before the Lord our God!"
 * Reader: "In Judah, God is known; His name is great in Israel!"
 * Choir:"Pray and make your vows before the Lord our God!"
 * Reader: "Pray and make your vows!"
 * Choir:"Before the Lord our God!"

Liturgical structure
In the Divine Liturgy, the prokeimenon always precedes the Epistle reading, after the singing of the Trisagion.

At Vespers, the prokeimenon always follows the Entrance, whether or not there is an Old Testament reading to follow. Whenever there is a Gospel reading, whether at Matins or during a Moleben, it will be preceded by a prokeimenon. (The exception to this being at Matins during Holy Week, when the Gospel reading immediately follows the Psalter readings, or the troparion on Holy Thursday.) In Lent and Holy Week, at the Sixth Hour, a prokeimenon is also sung both before and after a reading from the books of Isaiah or Ezekiel.

title: Prokeimenon


text:
Template:Biohead

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title: Template:Biohead


text:
Mmabatho People's Party

The Mmabatho People's Party (MPP) was a political party in South West Africa, today's Namibia. It was formed in 1986 after a split in the Tshwana communal party, Seoposengwe Party. The MPP was led by Michael Simana.

title: Mmabatho People's Party


text:
Al-As ibn Wa'il

Al-As ibn Wa'il (العاص بن وائل) was the father of the a major Companion of Muhammad, 'Amr ibn al-'As, who conquered Egypt thrice and was involved in the Islamic conquest of the Levant, and Hisham ibn al-A'as.

He robbed a Yemeni of his good in a trade. The Hilf al-Fudul was set in place at this occasion, in order to bring back justice to the Yemeni merchant and those without protection in Makkan society.

He was rumored to have had a relationship with Layla bint Harmalah.

Surat al-Kawthar is the 108th surah of the Qur'an, and the shortest. According to Ibn Ishaq, it was revealed in Makka, some time before the Isra and Miraj, when A'as ibn Wa'il as-Sahmi said of Muhammad that he was "a man who is cut off (from having a male progenitor) is of no consequence, and if he were killed, he would be forgotten."

He never became a Muslim and left a will to his two sons.

title: Al-As ibn Wa'il


text:
List of pornographic film studios

The following is a list of pornographic film studios.

A

 * Abbywinters.com (Australia)
 * Active Duty (includes gay content)
 * Adam & Eve (US)
 * Alice Japan (Japan)
 * Anabolic Video (US) (defunct)
 * Athletic Model Guild (includes gay content)
 * Atlas21 (Japan)
 * Attackers (Japan)

B

 * Bang Bros
 * Beate Uhse AG (Germany)
 * BelAmi (includes gay content)
 * Black Spark Productions (includes gay content)
 * Brasileirinhas (Brazil)
 * Brazzers (Canada)

C

 * Caballero Home Video (US)
 * Cazzo Film (includes gay content)
 * CineMagic (Japan)
 * ClubJenna (US)
 * Coat Corporation (includes gay content)
 * Cobra Video (includes gay content)
 * CockyBoys (includes gay content)
 * Color Climax Corporation (Denmark)
 * Colt Studio Group (includes gay content)
 * Corbin Fisher (includes gay content)
 * Cross (Japan) (defunct)
 * Crystal-Eizou (Japan)

D

 * Devil's Film (includes gay content)
 * Diabolic Video (US)
 * Digital Playground (US)
 * Diva Futura (Italy) (defunct)
 * Dogma (Japan)

E

 * Elegant Angel (US)
 * Eurocreme (includes gay content)
 * Evil Angel (US, includes gay content)
 * Extreme Associates (US)

F

 * Falcon Studios (includes gay content)
 * Flava Works (includes gay content)
 * French Twinks (includes gay content)

G

 * Glory Quest (Japan)
 * Grooby Productions (Trans content)

H

 * h.m.p. (Japan)
 * Hokuto Corporation (Japan)
 * Homegrown Video (US)
 * Hot Entertainment (Japan)
 * HotMale (includes gay content)
 * Hustler Video (US)

I

 * IdeaPocket (Japan)
 * Innocent Pictures (Denmark)

J

 * Jean Daniel Cadinot (includes gay content) (defunct)
 * Jill Kelly Productions (US)
 * JM Productions (US)
 * John Thompson Productions (Germany)
 * Jules Jordan Video (US)

K

 * Kink.com (US, includes gay content)
 * KM Produce (Japan)
 * Kuki Inc. (Japan)

L

 * Larry Flynt Publications (US)
 * Lucas Entertainment (includes gay content)

M

 * Mantra Films (US)
 * Marc Dorcel (France)
 * Max-A (Japan)
 * Million Film (Japan) (defunct)
 * Moodyz (Japan)
 * Mofos
 * Model Media (C)
 * Muteki (Japan)

N

 * Naughty America (US)
 * New Sensations (US)
 * Ninn Worx (US)
 * Nova Studios (includes gay content) (defunct)

P

 * Pink and white productions (includes gay content)
 * Pink Visual (US)
 * Playboy (US)
 * Private Media Group (Sweden)
 * Puzzy Power (Denmark)

R

 * Raging Stallion Studios (includes gay content)
 * Reality Kings (US)
 * Red Hot (UK) (defunct)
 * Red Light District Video (US)

S

 * S1 No. 1 Style (Japan)
 * The Score Group (US)
 * Sean Cody (includes gay content)
 * Shane's World Studios (includes gay content)
 * Shintōhō Eiga (Japan)
 * Sin City (US) (defunct)
 * Smash Pictures (US)
 * Soft on Demand (Japan)
 * Sssh.com (US) (Porn for Women)

T

 * Ten Broadcasting (Canada)
 * Third Degree Films (US)
 * Third World Media (US)
 * Titan Media (includes gay content)
 * Total Media Agency (Japan)
 * Treasure Island Media (includes gay content)
 * Triga Films (includes gay content)
 * Try-Heart Corporation (Japan)

V

 * VCA Pictures (US)
 * Vivid Entertainment (US)
 * Vixen (US)
 * Vouyer Media (US)

W

 * Wanz Factory (Japan)
 * Wicked Pictures (US)
 * William Higgins (includes gay content) (defunct)

Z

 * Zero Tolerance Entertainment (US)

title: List of pornographic film studios


text:
Futtock shrouds

Futtock shrouds are rope, wire or chain links in the rigging of a traditional square rigged ship. They run from the outer edges of a top downwards and inwards to a point on the mast or lower shrouds, and carry the load of the shrouds that rise from the edge of the top. This prevents any tendency of the top itself to tilt relative to the mast.

Climbing a ship's rigging
In the most traditional ships, the futtock shrouds can be used to gain access to the tops. Sailors ascend ratlines on the ordinary shrouds until nearly at the top, then transfer to the futtock shrouds which will be reaching upwards and outwards above them. Using the futtock shrouds involves climbing the underside of an overhanging rope at about 45 degrees. Futtock shrouds may or may not have ratlines.

As well as climbing the futtock shrouds, most ships also allowed access to the top through the "lubber's hole" at the tip of the ordinary ratlines. However, this was generally scorned by experienced sailors, and reserved for those on their first few trips aloft.

Any traditionally-rigged ship will have futtock shrouds, but on some modern ones they are strictly for structural purposes, with climbing forbidden. These ships may also dispense with lubbers' holes, and instead opt for a "Jacob's ladder" that descends from the edge of the top to the ratlines vertically, rather than overhanging like the futtock shrouds.

Futtock band
In the mid-nineteenth century the futtock band was introduced, being a metal collar fitted to the mast below the top, to which the lower point of the futtock shrouds is attached. Before this the futtock shrouds were attached to the lower shrouds that rose directly to the top. In this arrangement lower shrouds must support a greater load, requiring the use of catharpins to provide bracing between port and starboard shrouds.

title: Futtock shrouds


text:
Louise Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco

Louise Hippolyte (10 November 1697 – 29 December 1731) was Princess of Monaco from 20 February 1731 until her death in December that same year. She was one of only two women to rule Monaco (along with Lady Claudine).

Biography
Born at the Prince's Palace in Monaco, Louise Hippolyte Grimaldi was the second daughter of Antonio I of Monaco and Marie de Lorraine-Armagnac. The second of six children born to her parents, she was the first of their children to survive infancy. She had an elder sister, Caterina Charlotte (1691–1696), and four younger sisters, Elisabetta Charlotte (1698–1702), Margherita Camilla (1700–1758), Maria Devota (1702–1703) and Maria Paolina Theresa Devota (1708–1726).

Because she had no brothers, Louise Hippolyte became the heiress to the throne of Monaco. Her father decided, with the permission of Louis XIV, that her future husband should assume the surname of Grimaldi and rule Monaco jointly with her.

Marriage
On 20 October 1715, at the age of eighteen, she married Jacques François Goyon, Count de Matignon, after his family had proposed him as a candidate. His candidacy was supported by King Louis XIV, who wanted to consolidate French influence in Monaco. Prior to this, Louise Hippolyte's father was eager to wed his daughter to a Grimaldi cousin. This marriage did not materialise due to the poor finances of the Grimaldis at the time.

Her parents came to be in conflict when the marriage of Louise Hippolyte was to be arranged in 1712. Antonio preferred Louise Hippolyte to marry the count de Roye, while Marie preferred the count de Chatillon and, supported by her family, refused to consent to Antonio's candidate. This resulted in a conflict which lasted for two years and caused the anger of Louis XIV. Marie successfully convinced Louise Hippolyte to refuse her father's choice, which resulted in Antonio having Louise Hippolyte imprisoned in a convent. Marie left Monaco and travelled to Paris, where Antonio soon discovered that his plans for Louise Hippolyte were disliked at the French court, and he was forced to release her from prison and give up his plans to marry her to Roye. Marie managed to get Antonio to agree to marry Louise Hippolyte to count de Matignon by suggesting Matignon through the Duchess de Lude. After the marriage of Louise and Matignon, Marie returned to Monaco. When Antonio found out that it was in fact Marie who had suggested Matignon, the relationship between Marie and Antonio further worsened.

The conflict filled marriage of her parents was worsened because of their disagreement around Louise Hippolyte's marriage. Louise Hippolyte and Jacques, who was troubled by this state of affairs, left Monaco after their marriage to reside in France, dividing their time between the royal court of Versailles, Paris and their estate in Normandy. The marriage was not happy; Louise Hippolyte was described as a shy and submissive personality, while Jacques openly flaunted his mistresses in the royal court at Versailles. Louise Hippolyte and Jacques had nine children. After the death of her mother in 1724, Louise Hippolyte inherited a substantial fortune.

Reign
After the death of her father on 20 February 1731, Louise Hippolyte traveled without her family from Paris to Monaco and received an enthusiastic reception from the populace upon her arrival on 4 April 1731. As was customary in the case of female monarchs, it had originally been the plan to proclaim Jacques as her joint co-regent. However, it became clear that the people of Monaco did not welcome a Frenchman as co-ruler of Monaco and would prefer Louise Hippolyte as their sole ruler. Louise Hippolyte took advantage of this and took the oath as ruler of Monaco herself before Jacques had arrived, proclaiming herself as the sole ruler, and declared that no order or law issued would be legal without her signature. It is believed that she did this to protect the rights of herself and her son against her husband's ambitions. When Jacques joined her a little while later, the reception was much colder. Finding himself without power, he soon returned to France. Princess Louise-Hippolyte ruled Monaco for seven months. She is described as a popular ruler during her short reign.

At the end of 1731, Louise Hippolyte died of smallpox. Following her death, her husband took power in Monaco, her son being a minor. Jacques neglected the affairs of Monaco and had to leave the country in May 1732. His ambition was to be declared regent until his son reached the age of 25, after which his son should abdicate his throne to him, but this was not accepted in Monaco.

Jacques abdicated in favor of his son Honoré on November 7, 1733.

Issue

 * Antoine Charles Marie (16 December 1717 – 4 February 1718), Marquis des Baux and Count de Matignon.
 * Charlotte Thérèse Nathalie (19 March 1719 – 1790), nun at the Convent of Visitation at Paris.
 * Honoré III Camille Léonor (10 November 1720 – 21 March 1795), successor of his parents.
 * Charles Marie Auguste (1 January 1722 – 24 August 1749), Count de Carladés and de Matignon.
 * Jacques (9 June 1723 – June 1723).
 * Louise Françoise (15 July 1724 – 15 September 1729), Mademoiselle des Baux.
 * François Charles (4 February 1726 – 9 December 1743), Count of Thorigny.
 * Charles Maurice (14 May 1727 – 18 January 1798), Count de Valentinois; married on 10 November 1749 to Marie Christine Chrétienne de Rouvrois; no issue.
 * Marie Françoise Thérése (20 July 1728 – 20 June 1743), Mademoiselle d'Estouteville.

title: Louise Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco


text:
Operation Artemis

Operation Artemis, formally European Union Force Democratic Republic of the Congo (EUFOR), was a short-term European Union-led UN-authorised military mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2003, during the Ituri conflict. ARTEMIS is considered the first military operation led by the EU, the first autonomous EU operation, the first rapid response mission of the EU, first operation outside Europe, first operation applying the principle of the framework nation and first example of "relay operation", conducted in cooperation between the EU and the United Nations. The deployment of EUFOR troops quickly decreased the conflict's intensity. It marked the first autonomous EU military mission outside Europe and an important milestone in development of the European Security and Defence Policy.

Background
During the Second Congo War, the Ituri conflict occurred in the Ituri Region alongside Lake Albert and the Ugandan border. The Ituri conflict was fought between two non-governmental informally organised ethnic groups, the Lendu and Hema, that had caused the deaths of thousands of people by 2003.

2003 Ituri conflict fighting
In 2003, Lendu and Hema militias were battling for control of the town after Ugandan troops withdrew after the signing of a peace agreement, and Congolese police fled. During discussions regarding the deployment of an international force, UN Security Council diplomats were mindful of a repetition of the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Following a series of massacres, including the Bogoro attack of February 2003, and reports by the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) of serious human rights abuses, the Security Council adopted the Resolution 1484 on 30 May 2003 and authorised the deployment of a French led Interim Multinational Emergency Force (IMEF) to the regional capital of Bunia.

UN observer mission and withdrawal of Ugandan troops
In the beginning of 2003, the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) observer teams present in that country since 1999, monitored serious combats and human rights violations in Ituri province where the Ituri conflict had been unfolding for the previous four years.

The withdrawal of 7,000 Ugandan troops in April 2003 led to a deteriorating security situation in the Ituri region, endangering the peace process in DRC. In April 2003, 800 Ugandan soldiers were deployed in Bunia and one observer died in a mine explosion. In May 2003, two military observers were killed by a militia.

Intervention
The UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan called for establishing and deploying a temporary multi-national force to the area until the weakened MONUC mission could be reinforced. On 30 May 2003, the Security Council adopted the Resolution 1484 authorising the deployment of an Interim Multinational Emergency Force (IMEF) to Bunia with a task to secure the airport, protect internally displaced persons in camps and the civilians in the town.

The French Government had already shown interest in leading the operation. It soon broadened to an EU-led mission with France as the "Lead nation" providing the bulk of the personnel (900 of the 1400 troops) and complemented by contributions from both EU and non-EU nations. The force was supported by French aircraft based at N'Djamena and Entebbe airfields. A small Swedish Special Forces group (SSG and FJS IK, the latter being an elite specially trained company from the Swedish Parachute Ranger School) was also added.

 * Military forces: Belgium, Brazil, Canada, France, Greece, South Africa, Sweden, United Kingdom,
 * Headquarters staff: Austria, Cyprus, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Germany

Operation Artemis was launched on 12 June and the IMEF completed its deployment in the following three weeks. The force was successful in stabilising the situation in Bunia and enforcing the UN presence in the DRC. On 1 September 2003, responsibility for the security of the region was handed over to the MONUC mission. The number of authorised personnel in the MONUC mission was previously extended in Resolution 1493.

Following the rapid deployment of about 1800 troops to the region in June 2003, Bunia was secured but massacres continued in the countryside. On 1 September 2003, responsibility for the security of the region was handed over to the MONUC mission.

Milestone
By December 2003, one of major warring parties in the region, the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) had split and fighting in the region decreased significantly. Artemis was the first autonomous EU military mission outside Europe - an important milestone in development of the European Security and Defence Policy.

title: Operation Artemis


text:
Talk:Word usage

== Word usage is the way a word, phrase, or concept is used in a language or language variety. Lexicographers gather samples of written instances where a word is used and analyze them to determine patterns of regional or social usage as well as meaning. A word, for example the English word "donny" (a round rock about the size of a man's head), may be only a rare regional usage, or a word may be used worldwide by standard English speakers and have one or several evolving definitions. Word usage may also involve grammar. See also	Edit ==

Word usage is the way a word, phrase, or concept is used in a language or language variety. Lexicographers gather samples of written instances where a word is used and analyze them to determine patterns of regional or social usage as well as meaning. A word, for example the English word "donny" (a round rock about the size of a man's head), may be only a rare regional usage, or a word may be used worldwide by standard English speakers and have one or several evolving definitions.

Word usage may also involve grammar.

See also	Edit 103.51.133.183 (talk) 06:17, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Word usage


text:
Wimbledon College of Arts

The Wimbledon College of Arts, formerly Wimbledon School of Art, is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London, a public art university in London, England. The college specialises in theatre, screen and performance art. It is located in Wimbledon and Merton Park, South West London.

History
The foundation of Wimbledon College of Arts goes back to 1890, when an art class for the Rutlish School for Boys was started. Between 1904 and 1920 this was housed in the Wimbledon Technical Institute in Gladstone Road. It became independent in 1930 and moved to Merton Hall Road in 1940. Theatre design was taught from 1932, and became a department in 1948. BA courses were introduced from 1974, and MA courses from 1984. In 1993 the school, which previously had been controlled by the London Borough of Merton, was incorporated as an independent higher education institution, and from 1995 awarded degrees accredited by the University of Surrey.

Wimbledon School of Art became part of the University of the Arts London in 2006 and was renamed Wimbledon College of Art. In 2013 it was renamed Wimbledon College of Arts.

Wimbledon delivers specialist art, design and theatre courses ranging from undergraduate to postgraduate, as well as providing research supervision for students undertaking a research programme of study.

Affiliations
Wimbledon is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London, with Camberwell College of Arts, Central Saint Martins, Chelsea College of Arts, London College of Communication and London College of Fashion.

Notable alumni

 * James Acheson (costume designer)
 * David Alesworth (artist)
 * Hurvin Anderson (artist, Turner Prize nominee 2017)
 * Sophie Aston (artist)
 * Ilan Averbuch (sculptor)
 * Jeff Beck (musician)
 * Joyce Bidder (sculptor)
 * Nik Borrow (artist)
 * Pauline Boty (a founder of the Pop Art movement)
 * Raymond Briggs (author, famous for 'The Snowman')
 * Georgina Chapman (fashion designer and actress)
 * Malvina Cheek (artist)
 * Prunella Clough (artist)
 * Alan Collins (sculptor)
 * Hilda Cowham (illustrator)
 * Tony Cragg (1988 Turner Prize winner)
 * Sebastian Dacey (artist)
 * Jill Daniels (film director)
 * Peter Doig (1994 Turner Prize nominee)
 * Henrietta Dubrey (artist)
 * Mildred Eldridge (artist)
 * Angelo Evelyn (artist)
 * Eamon Everall (artist)
 * Robert Fuest (film director)
 * Jill Gibbon (artist)
 * Soutra Gilmour (set designer, Laurence Olivier Award nominee)
 * Patricia Gonzalez (artist)
 * Jonathan Gray (editor)
 * Sarah Greenwood (production designer, known for Beauty and the Beast, Atonement (film), Anna Karenina)
 * Henry Haig (stained glass artist)
 * John Haldane (philosopher)
 * Anthea Hamilton (Turner Prize nominee)
 * Corin Hardy (film director)
 * James Hawkins (artist)
 * Robin Hill (Australian artist)
 * Russell Hill (artist)
 * Lubaina Himid (Turner Prize winner 2017)
 * Kenny Ho (stylist)
 * Carole Hodgson (artist)
 * Richard Hollis (graphic designer)
 * Richard Hudson (production designer, famous for Walt Disney's The Lion King/Tony Award winner)
 * Dennis Huntley (artist)
 * Charles Knode (costume designer)
 * Maria Marshall (artist)
 * Tom McGuinness (musician)
 * Robert Micklewright (1923–2013), artist and illustrator
 * Bill Mitchell, founder of site-specific theatre company Wildworks.
 * Aries Moross (graphic designer)
 * Alice Normington (production designer, British Academy of Film and Television Arts winner)
 * Christopher Oram (theatre designer and Laurence Olivier Award winner)
 * Nick Ormerod (theatre designer)
 * Mabel Pakenham-Walsh (artist)
 * Eugene Palmer (artist)
 * Maria Petschnig (artist and filmmaker)
 * Phoebe Philo (fashion designer, former director of Céline and Chloé)
 * William Pye (sculptor)
 * Beth Rogan (actor)
 * Jo Self (artist)
 * Unity Spencer (1930–2017), artist
 * Tony Stallard (artist)
 * Rajesh Touchriver (film director)
 * Anthony Ward (theatre designer, Tony Award winner for best costume)
 * Gillian Wise (artist)
 * Carol Wyatt (artist)

Notable staff

 * Robert Buhler (1916–1989)
 * Prunella Clough (1999 Jerwood Painting Prize winner)
 * Maggi Hambling (sculptor, Jerwood Painting Prize winner 1995)
 * Freda Skinner (1911–1993), sculptor and woodcarver
 * Yolanda Sonnabend, theatre and ballet designer and painter
 * Anthony Wood, FSHA, FSSI, (heraldic artist, calligrapher and illuminator; lecturer and art teacher (1965–1986) at the Wimbledon School of Art )

title: Wimbledon College of Arts


text:
James Page Brewing Company

James Page Brewing Company is a microbrewery that packages its beer in cans. The brand is produced at the Stevens Point Brewery in Stevens Point, Wisconsin.

History
The brewery was founded by Minneapolis attorney James Page in 1986. It was located on Quincy Street in Northeast Minneapolis, in an aging industrial warehouse building. The brewery's infrastructure was cobbled together from secondhand equipment. Page never exceeded more than about 1500 barrels per year of production until it was sold to new owners in the mid 1990s.

In addition to operating a brewery, James Page was also a home brewing retailer. It operated a retail store out of the company's tap room and had a mail order shipping/catalog operation.

In October 1995, James Page sold the brewery to a group of investors with a background in food marketing. Page continued to operate a home brew supply company until 1998 under the name "James Page Brewing", although there was no longer any tie to the brewery.

The new owners of the brewery, led by President David Anderson, thoroughly re-invented the brand. They created a fictional character to personify "James Page", who bore little resemblance to the founder of the company; he was a rugged American frontiersman. They also stopped the practice of trucking the beer to distant bottling lines. Instead, they produced the bottled product as a contract brew at regional breweries (Minnesota Brewing Company in St. Paul, and then Stroh's in St. Paul). The draught product continued to be brewed at the Quincy Street brewery.

In 1998, Page became one of the first American craft breweries to package its beer in cans. The canned product was brewed and packaged under contract at the August Schell Brewing Company in New Ulm, Minnesota. It won a contract with Northwest Airlines to feature the canned beer on certain domestic flights.

Despite a more aggressive marketing push, the brewery's new management was not able to turn a profit. The James Page Brewing Company suffered from an identity crisis: although the Quincy Street brewery produced beer for its draught accounts, the bottled product was a contract brew. The beer in the bottles was not the same product as the beer in the kegs, and this did not help its reputation among beer aficionados. As a result, Page management made the acquisition of a bottling line a top priority during the late 1990s and early 2000s.

In 2000, James Page had a stock offering, and the first $400,000 was specifically earmarked for the bottling line. It advertised the stock offering on six-packs, soliciting investments as small as $285. The company announced that it had successfully raised the maximum $855,000 from over 1,000 investors in January, 2000. But the money was never used to fund expansion; instead it was used to lower the company's debt burdens, and the bottling line was never built. In 2002, the brewery was shut down. The company continued to contract-brew beer at other regional breweries.

In 2005, the company's final asset was liquidated when the Page brand name was purchased by the Stevens Point Brewery in Stevens Point, Wisconsin.

Products
James Page's most popular beers in the early period included Private Stock (an amber lager), Boundary Waters Lager (possibly the first commercially-produced beer made with wild rice), Boundary Waters Bock, Burly Brown Ale, and Mill City Wheat. James Page Private Stock and Boundary Waters Lager were available in six-packs year-round.

title: James Page Brewing Company


text:
Shipwreck Coast

The Shipwreck Coast of Victoria, Australia stretches from Cape Otway to Port Fairy, a distance of approximately 130 km. This coastline is accessible via the Great Ocean Road, and is home to the limestone formations called The Twelve Apostles.

Explorer Matthew Flinders said of the Shipwreck Coast, "I have seldom seen a more fearful section of coastline."

There are approximately 638 known shipwrecks along Victoria’s coast, although only around 240 of them have been discovered. The Historic Shipwreck Trail along the Shipwreck Coast and the Discovery Coast shows some of the sites where gales, human error and, in some cases, foul play caused these vessels to be wrecked.

Ships wrecked on the Shipwreck Coast include:

 * Thistle (1837)
 * Children (1839)
 * Unknown French whaler (1841)
 * Lydia (1843)
 * Socrates (1843)
 * Cataraqui (1845)
 * Enterprise (1850)
 * Essington (1852)
 * Freedom (1853)
 * SS Schomberg (built Liverpool, named after Charles Frederick Schomberg, sunk 1855)
 * John Scott (1858)
 * Golden Spring (1863)
 * Marie Gabrielle (1869)
 * Young Australian (1877)
 * Loch Ard (1878)
 * Napier (1878)
 * Alexandra (1882)
 * Yarra (1882)
 * Edinburgh Castle (1888)
 * Fiji (1891)
 * Joseph H. Scammell (1891)
 * Newfield (1892)
 * Freetrader (1894)
 * La Bella (1905)
 * Falls of Halladale (1908)
 * The Speculant (1911)
 * Antares  (1914)
 * Casino (1932)
 * City of Rayville (1940)

Over 50 shipwrecks are commemorated in a Historic Shipwreck Trail beginning at Port Fairy.

title: Shipwreck Coast


text:
Talk:Ascites

Historical Correlate
I particularly enjoy the statement "Comparable is also Numeri 5:11ff, where a confirmed adulteress is punished with swelling of the abdomen."

Might they be referring to pregnancy?

12.210.82.110 22:14, 21 March 2007 (UTC) bwhitehurst81

that was my interpretation as well... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.49.6.225 (talk) 10:39, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Methods
Is it worth mentioning that, in the past, one of the methods of propagating tissue culture cells was to propagate them in the peritoneum of syngeneic mice, and that this caused ascites formation? They even used to generate antibodies by injecting mice with monoclonal B-cells.... user:Fhayashi

 * I'm not sure... it sounds like a footnote in the annals of science, IMHO. JFW | T@lk  20:43, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The tissue culture method might be, but as a method of making antibodies from hybridomas, it's definitely not - it's still very widely used. In fact, i believe it's the standard way of making monoclonal antibodies, as it's easy, cheap, gives very high concentrations, and doesn't need much purification afterwards, none of which are true of growing hybridomas in culture. Certainly, plenty of the antibodies in my lab's freezer are ascites fluid. I think this method is now banned in the EU on animal welfare grounds, but it's still done in the US. -- Tom Anderson 3/1/2008 2159 +0000  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.40.81.216 (talk) 21:59, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

BSG guidelines
Prof Moore and Dr Aithal have written a guideline for the management of cirrhotic ascites. May be worth using for the paragraphs on management. JFW | T@lk  15:28, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a very comprehensive guideline. I'll see if I can work it into this article. JFW | T@lk  22:53, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

B-cells
It's correct, even B-cells could be cultured in this ascitic areas to accomplish monoclonal antibody production. Ascites also exist in human cancers, like pancreatic cancer.

 * B cells? You mean beta cells? Or do you suggest cytology is sent? The article already mentions cancer. JFW | T@lk  22:53, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

no, he's referring to B lymphocytes. They sorta act as the body's memory of infectious threats (antigens). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cells — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.49.6.225 (talk) 10:42, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Not mineralocorticoid
- the role of the RAS system may be overvalued. JFW | T@lk  16:39, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

negative SAAG
If SAAG = ascites albumin - serum albumin, what happens when the ascites have lower albumin than the serum? Is that still exudative?

71.234.109.192 (talk) 02:19, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

this article is quite out of date. as a practicing hepatologist, we have not characterized ascites as exudative vs transudative in over a decade. It is characterized by a high vs low SAAG. SAAG is defined by (serum albumin - ascites albumin). It is a simple mathematical calculation that correlates very well with whether or not the ascites is due to portal hypertension or not. If not, (a low SAAG) then the cause is peritoneal (=abdominal infection or bowel perforation or malignancy, etc) and has nothing to do with the liver or the heart. This does not respond to diuretics

As to your question: ascites always has a lower albumin than serum. The question is how much lower. >1.1 is significant (a high SAAG) and less is a low SAAG (i.e a peritoneal cause of ascites).

In summary, ascites is generally caused by above the liver (high lung or heart pressures), the liver (cirrhosis, or hepatic vein thrombosis) or peritoneal. Only peritoneal has a low SAAG.

If it would helpful I can email you an article I published as a summary on the workup of ascites.

dfdies@yahoo.com

david f. dies, md, mba03:15, 9 January 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dfdies (talk • contribs)

Pronunciation
With all the mispronunciations heard in House, MD and other medical shows, it may be a good idea to add a pronuciation key to either this article or the Wiktionary entry for ascites. --NetRolller 3D  19:09, 13 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Indeed. I can think of about 12 different possible ways to pronounce this, from "ass-ites" to "az-kuh-teez" to "ah-shee-tess". — SMcCandlish  Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 05:33, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Ascites


text: Template:Bioxref

title: Template:Bioxref


text:
Sissi (Finnish light infantry)

Sissi is a Finnish term for light infantry which conducts reconnaissance, sabotage and guerrilla warfare operations behind enemy lines. The word sissi, first attested in the modern meaning "patrolman, partisan, spy" in 1787, comes to Finnish from Slavic and refers either to a forest bandit or his yew bow.

The Finnish Army trained Sissi units to conduct long range reconnaissance patrols, gather intelligence from concealed observation posts, raid enemy installations (especially supply depots), conduct road side ambushes and pursue and destroy enemy special forces units. In wartime, an unspecified number of reservists were to be assigned to Sissi battalions and would deploy and operate as small groups up to company size. They were meant to either infiltrate through enemy lines to their rear, or stay behind and covertly operate against enemy forces in their area of responsibility even after regular friendly troops had been forced to retreat. Sissi battalions were part of Finnish Army "local troops", unlike the jäger and armored brigades meant for operational use.

In official Finnish military parlance, the word "sissi" has been largely phased out. For example, the Sissi company of the Lappi Border Guard of the Finnish Border Guard was renamed to "Border Jaeger Company" in 1994. The conscripts serving in the unit were concurrently renamed to Border Jaegers. Similarly, Finnish Army sissi units are now called "reconnaissance" units, and the personnel serving in them called "tiedustelija", "reconnaissance man". A notable exception are the sissiradisti or Sissi signalists.

History
Wars between Russia and Finland have a long tradition of Finnish sissi warfare. Famous sissi leaders have included Pekka Vesainen (c. 1540–1627), Tapani Löfving (1689–1777, fought during the Greater Wrath), and Olli Tiainen (1770–1833, fought during the Finnish War).

Before the hostilities of Winter War, the Finnish Borderguard formed 25 Independent Battalions (Erillinen Pataljoona) from local reservists along the border area. After the outbreak of hostilities, a further five Sissi Battalions (Sissipataljoona) were formed from "auxiliary personnel". These battalions, especially those of the latter type, were below their nominal strength in both men and weaponry. These units proved to be effective in using motti tactics in their native area with light infantry weapons and skis.

In the Continuation War the ad hoc Sissi Battalions were replaced by Independent Battalions. For example, the 4th Independent Battalion was directly under the command of Supreme Headquarters doing LRRP and raiding missions deep inside Soviet area. In the Battle of Ilomantsi, soldiers of the 4th disrupted the supply lines of the Soviet artillery, preventing effective fire support. In the Ladoga Karelia area of operations the length of the front, the absence of roads and a lack of troops prevented continuous front lines during the trench warfare period. Both armies used a chain of fortified field bases separated by the wilderness, monitoring and controlling the gaps with patrols. Both Finns and Soviets launched raids and recon patrols into enemy territory. Battles were short clashes of lightly armed infantry groups from squadron to battalion in size, with little chance of support or reinforcements.

After the Second World War, Sissi units were decommissioned and Sissi training was officially discontinued, although many units gave Sissi training for their reconnaissance units. In the beginning of the 1960s, the Paratrooper School was established at Utti, and both infantry and border guard units established Sissi training companies thereafter.

Famous sissi troops

 * Ilmari Honkanen, officer in 4th Independent Battalion (ErP 4). Known especially from the destruction of the Soviet military depot in Petrovski Jam.
 * Lauri Törni a.k.a. Larry Thorne, a commander of "Detachment Törni", the reconnaissance company of the 12th Infantry Regiment during the Continuation War, had a bounty on his head by the Soviets, joined Waffen-SS in 1940 and was sent back home before the Continuation war. After the Finno-Soviet ceasefire he returned to Waffen-SS because he did not believe that Soviets would actually follow the ceasefire agreement. After the war Törni joined US Army and volunteered for the US Army Special forces.
 * Mauno Koivisto, member of "Detachment Törni" during Continuation War, later the President of Finland.
 * Mikko Pöllä, most decorated member of the ErP 4.
 * Onni Määttänen.
 * Paavo Suoranta (Peltonen).
 * Viljo Suokas.

Term and use
The Finnish terms "sissi" translates to English as "'guerrilla.'" This use of the terms is, however, misleading when referring to Finnish Defence Force Sissi troops. Sissi forces were not irregular guerrilla or militia forces. They were part of the regular FDF troops trained for operations behind enemy lines. Like most of the Finnish Defence Forces, Sissi battalions are composed of reservists. Their closest foreign equivalents are the Swedish Armed Forces Jägare troops.

Despite the phasing out of the term in official use, "sissi" continues to be used in both in Finnish military slang and in everyday speech. The word "sissi" can also be used as a description is a person of extraordinary stamina (or Sisu) or as an adjective. It is also used as an umbrella term for all unconventional or "in-the-field" military applications. For example, MREs are known as "Sissi rations"; improvised and/or temporary repair to any equipment are called "sissiviritys" (literally "sissi fix" or "sissi patch") and improvised booby-traps, such as firearms rigged to fire at doorway of a building once someone opens the door, may be called "sissijäynä", literally "sissi prank". "Sissi weather" (Sissin sää) refers to the worst possible weather conditions, for sissi soldiers prefer these for their operations, since bad weather tends to distract enemy soldiers (any normal soldier tends to think about getting to shelter as soon as possible when bad weather strikes) and hide any noise caused by sissis.

Training
The training of the Sissi troops was not centralized, but they were historically trained in several Finnish Defence Force brigades as well as in the Sissi companies of the Finnish Border Guard. Reserve officers for all Sissi troops were trained at Reserviupseerikoulu. The Sissi conscripts were given training in survival, signals and demolitions, extended small arms training as well as training in advanced escape & evasion techniques and ambush tactics. Those unable to cope for either physical or psychological reasons were either given deferments or transferred to a regular infantry training.

Weapons and equipment
While the Sissi troops were not motorized or equipped with heavy weapons or equipment, they were primarily issued the same uniforms and weaponry as the regular infantry. Distinctive personal equipment used by Sissi were Savotta "Para Jäger" backpacks used because of extended hikes, camouflage paints and personal camouflage nets. Sissi units had fewer crew-served weapons and more sniper rifles than regular infantry.

Mines were an important part of the Sissi tactic of ambushing enemy convoys. They were also used to discourage pursuit after raids and served as defences of bivouac. Sissi training included construction of improvised explosive devices, as well as boobytraps. Sissi units had at their disposal a wide variety of land mines and other explosive devices, such as:
 * Track Mine TM 65 77 (AT mine)
 * Pipe Explosion Device 68 95 (AP Explosion Device) sometimes called "ovikello", "doorbell."
 * Anti-personnel mine 65 98 (AP mine)
 * Side Explosion Device 87 (AT Mine)
 * Side Explosion Device 81 (AT Mine)
 * VP 88 Claymore (AP Explosion Device )
 * VP 84 Claymore (AP Explosion Device )
 * Mortar 81mm 81 KRH 71 Y (mortar) both firing and producing guided-launched antipersonnel improvised charges

Modern successors of the Sissi troops
Following a doctrine developmental decline that began in the 1990s, sissi activities began to disappear from FDF doctrine in the early 2000s, with the last sissi company was first renamed to a reconnaissance company in 2015 and disbanded completely in 2016. At the same time, the FDF's reformed land warfare doctrine is a distributed fighting doctrine which requires every soldier in the army to understand basic principles of asymmetric tactics. The FDF continues to provide reconnaissance (formerly sissi) training in many major training formations, where they emphasize reconnaissance, forward observation and fire control but this training no longer leans towards special tactics, weapons, sabotage and woodland area fighting skills. However, the FDF paratroopers of the Utti Jaeger Regiment are trained in woodland area fighting, survival skills, unconventional methods and asymmetric tactics though the major role is geared more towards long range reconnaissance and special operations. The Finnish Border Guard, under the ministry of interior, has renamed its Sissi companies to Border Jaeger companies and has adopted the term (Special) Border Jaeger as a replacement for the term Sissi. These units are trained to operate behind the enemy lines with asymmetric tactics and unconventional weapons and methods as well as to conduct long term operational reconnaissance and aggressive short term reconnaissance and sabotage. Aside from classical Sissi training, the training also includes peacetime operational methods and the responsibilities of the Border Guard i.e. border control, patrol, and tracking and catching illegal intruders.

title: Sissi (Finnish light infantry)


text: Talk:Matrix inversion

title: Talk:Matrix inversion


text:
Spy Story

Spy Story may refer to:

 * Spy Story (novel), a 1974 spy novel by Len Deighton
 * Spy Story (film), a 1976 British espionage film, based on the novel

title: Spy Story