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Daniel Van Buyten

Daniel Van Buyten (born 7 February 1978) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a centre back. Nicknamed "Big Dan", Van Buyten was known for his uncompromising style of play, exploiting both his physical strength and aerial ability.

Beginning at Charleroi as a striker, Van Buyten's career took off when he converted to a centre back, playing for a series of top flight clubs, including Marseille, Manchester City, Hamburger SV and Bayern Munich. Throughout his career, Van Buyten was also a regular starter for the Belgium national team, amassing 83 caps in an international career that spanned 13 years and which included participation at two FIFA World Cups.

Van Buyten became the first-ever Belgian winner of the UEFA Champions League when Bayern Munich claimed the European crown in 2013.

Early career
Van Buyten joined Olympique de Marseille in the summer of 2001, leaving Belgian side Standard Liège with whom he had been with since 1999. After two-and-a-half productive seasons with the club, on 31 January 2004 Van Buyten agreed to a short-term loan agreement with Manchester City, signing for the Premier League club until the end of the season. He proved to be a success in his half-season loan deal at the club, garnering praise from his manager, specifically in his performance against Chelsea. But former manager Kevin Keegan conceded that, "I don't think we will keep him at the end of the season as I feel he will go to a big club then."

Van Buyten returned to Marseille at the end of his loan agreement and was signed by Bundesliga club Hamburger SV in June 2004 to replace outgoing captain Nico-Jan Hoogma, agreeing to a four-year deal with the German side. For Hamburg he made 61 German top-flight appearances.

Bayern Munich
In June 2006, Bayern Munich announced that they had acquired Van Buyten from Hamburg and had signed him to a contract lasting through the 2009–10 season. Van Buyten had a highly successful first season at the Bavarian club, forming an effective centre-back partnership with Lúcio. Van Buyten scored his first goal for Bayern against Energie Cottbus on 9 December 2006, scoring the game-winning goal of a 2–1 victory for Die Roten. Van Buyten then scored his second goal for the club on 26 January 2007, levelling the sides at 1–1 but Bayern fell to Borussia Dortmund by a score of 3–2.

Arguably Van Buyten's most valuable contribution in his debut season, however, came against Milan on 3 April 2007, in the first-leg of the UEFA Champions League quarter-final. Van Buyten scored two away goals to level the match and give Bayern Munich the advantage in the tie. In the quarter-final encounter against Milan, he scored twice with his left foot, once in the 78th minute to take Bayern to 1–1 and then he scored a stoppage time half-volley.

On 4 February 2010, Bayern Munich announced that Van Buyten had signed a new contract that would keep him at the club until 2012. During the second half of the 2010–11 season, Van Buyten was mostly relegated to bench player status, but recovered his starting spot towards the end of the season. He was part of the squad that blitzed FC St. Pauli on 11 May 2011, netting a goal in an 8–1 victory that condemned the Hamburg-based side to relegation to the 2. Bundesliga.

On 17 December 2011, in the match between Bayern Munich and 1. FC Köln, Van Buyten struck a free-kick so hard that the ball burst. On 30 April 2012, Van Buyten signed a one-year extension with Bayern Munich.

Despite the arrival of centre-back Dante from Borussia Mönchengladbach in the summer of 2012, Van Buyten became an integral member of the back-line for the Bavarians during the 2012–13 campaign, part of a three-man rotation in the centre of defense with Dante and Jérôme Boateng. On 6 April 2013, with a 1–0 defeat of Eintracht Frankfurt thanks to a goal from Bastian Schweinsteiger, Van Buyten celebrated his third Bundesliga championship with Bayern, clinching the club's 23rd national title. Van Buyten played the full 90 minutes in the club's 3–0 second leg semi-final victory over Spanish champions Barcelona on 1 May, clinching a resounding 7–0 aggregate victory and a place in the Champions League final against fellow Bundesliga side Borussia Dortmund. Van Buyten is the first Belgian player in a Champions League final.

After heavily been linked with big spenders Monaco, Van Buyten signed a further contract extension with Bayern Munich on a one-year rolling contract. Having been a part member of the squad under manager Pep Guardiola, and despite scoring against Werder Bremen, Van Buyten was rumored to join 1. FC Köln on a pre-contract agreement, though this was denied by a club official. After the end of the season, the club did not renew his contract, leaving him a free agent to sign with another club. Belgian Pro League club Anderlecht offered him a two-year contract in August 2014, but he rejected it, stating that he had retired from competitive football.

International career
Van Buyten was called up to the national team in 2001 and received his first cap for Belgium on 28 February 2001 against San Marino in a 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying match, starting in a 10–1 thrashing of the nation. His first goal for the national team came in just his second cap, heading home the equalizing goal in a 2–2 draw with Scotland on 24 March 2001, earning a crucial point for ten-man Belgium in World Cup qualifying.

After good performances with Marseille in France, the young defender was included in the 23-man roster for the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan. He played the full game in Belgium's opening match of the tournament, a 2–2 draw with co-hosts Japan on 4 June. In the second group match, Belgium stuttered to a surprising 1–1 draw with Tunisia on 10 June while Van Buyten booked for the Belgians. Van Buyten helped Belgium pick up their first win of the tournament and in doing so progression to the knockout stage, stopping a late flurry from Russia to secure a 3–2 victory. Finishing as runners-up in the group, Belgium were dealt a tough draw with four-time champions Brazil. Despite a valiant effort, Van Buyten and the Belgians bowed out in the round of 16 as the duo of Rivaldo and Ronaldo led Brazil to a 2–0 win. The South Americans would eventually be crowned champions with a defeat of Germany in the final on 30 June by the same scoreline.

Following Belgium's impressive display at the World Cup in Japan and South Korea, much was expected of the small nation in the qualifying phase of the UEFA Euro 2004 tournament and the country was placed in Pot A amongst the best teams in the European federation. Van Buyten played in all eight qualifying games for the national team but Belgium failed to make it to the final tournament, missing out on second spot in the group to Croatia on the head-to-head rule.

On 11 February 2009, he scored a rare double as the Belgians sunk Slovenia 2–0 in a friendly match. Seven months later, on 9 September, Van Buyten notched Belgium's only goal as Belgium slumped to a disappointing 2–1 defeat to lowly Armenia in FIFA World Cup qualifying. The loss meant that Belgium lost any hope of qualifying for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, with head coach Franky Vercauteren resigning minutes after final whistle.

For Euro 2012 qualification, Belgium were placed in Group A with the likes of Germany, Turkey and Austria. The defender netted a brace away to Turkey on 7 September 2010, but despite his best efforts, Belgium fell to a 3–2 loss as captain Vincent Kompany was sent off for two bookable offenses.

Van Buyten was once again an integral member for the Belgians in yet another qualifying campaign, featuring in seven of the ten qualifying matches for the country. Belgium narrowly missed out in qualifying for the playoff-round, finishing two points behind Turkey with a 3–1 loss to Germany in the final qualifying round game on 11 October 2011.

In 2014 World Cup qualifying, the veteran defender made five appearances as Belgium reached its first tournament in 12 years.

On 13 May 2014, Van Buyten was named in Belgium's squad for the 2014 World Cup, in Brazil. He was the only player in the squad who had played at a major tournament before. At the age of 36, him and goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois were the only Belgian players to play every minute of every match until they were defeated by Argentina in the quarter-finals.

Personal life
Van Buyten's father, Franz, was a popular Belgian catcher/wrestler in Europe from 1960 to 1980. His mother, Renate, is German.

Bank theft incident
While he was with Manchester City, he, along with players Djamel Belmadi and Matías Vuoso, were the victims of theft perpetrated by two bankers. In January 2006, the bank workers, Paul Sherwood, a cashier, and Paul Hanley, his supervisor, were jailed for 32 months and 12 months respectively.

International

 * Scores and results list Belgium's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Van Buyten goal.

Club
Hamburger SV
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005

Bayern Munich
 * Bundesliga: 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14
 * DFB-Pokal: 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14
 * DFB-Ligapokal: 2007
 * DFL-Supercup: 2010, 2012
 * UEFA Champions League: 2012–13
 * UEFA Super Cup: 2013
 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2013

Belgium

 * FIFA Fair Play Trophy: 2002 World Cup

Individual

 * UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2002–03
 * ESM Team of the Year: 2002–03
 * Belgian Sports Merit Award: 2014
 * BEL-WAL Merite Wallon - Officer - Ribbon bar.svg Officer in the : 2014

title: Daniel Van Buyten


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Talk:Jack Nicklaus

exemption rules
Nicklaus turned 65 in January 2005, which is the last year that he will be joining a PGA tournament as an exempt player.

I think that's wrong, since "one of the traditions of the Masters is that their past champions can play in the tournament anytime they want." See http://www.golfobserver.com/features/sal_casper.html

I also wonder about the rule this year for the british open. but Nicklaus would have been 66 and past champions are exempt only until the age of 65. is found at http://www.jsonline.com/golfplus/jul05/340591.asp But he was 65 in January of 2005, before he played as an exempt player in the british open.... --NealMcB 01:39, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nicklaus was invited back to the open on compleating his final round. This was perhaps deferance to an all time great and outside the normal rules.Djarra 12:48, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * All Open champs are exempt from qualifying for the tournament through age 65. The article referenced above talked about how Nicklaus' exempt status for the Open would expire in January 2006, as he would turn 66.  Thus for the 2005 Open, the tournament was moved to St. Andrews so that Nicklaus could play there in his last exempt year.  In other words, the organizers wanted Nicklaus to finish his playing career on what they consider the best of all the Open courses and on what Nicklaus considers his personal favorite.  This was a fantastic gesture to honor Nicklaus' amazing career!  As for the above mentioned Masters exemption, there has also been talk among its organizers about their exemption expiring at age 65.  Anyone who remembers Billy Casper's embarrassing 106 in round one last year will understand why.  68.154.148.99 22:50, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Majors information
Question for Tewapack - I am amazed that you found the information to fill in the major championship table. I did extensive research to find the information about the specifics of his major championship victories, but was unable to finish it. Can you tell me where you got the information, so I can use it for other golfers? Thanks in advance. Supertigerman 21:22, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

www.golfstats.com - "The Majors" link for round by round scores. 54-hole info requires some calculation. Tewapack 21:31, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * That site was very good, but I noticed a couple days ago that it stopped working.Is there another comprehensive site like that? Supertigerman 00:56, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Image
Can we at least have an image of him playing golf?--Lucy-marie 16:26, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm all for that, but I don't know the procedure to get an image approved. Supertigerman 16:50, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Good Article candidate
This article is currently nominated for GA status - • The Giant Puffin •  19:44, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that "Summary of major championship performances :" should be ==Summary of major championship performances:== . Real96 00:50, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

GA Hold
I am putting this article on hold mainly for referencing issues. It passes all other criteria at WP:WIAGA. Fix these missing references, and I will pass the article:

 * Many paragraphs of "Record setter" section. Especially sentances or paragraphs that make assertions of fact (the section on orders of his golf clubs is one that is DEFINATELY needed, though it is not the only paragraph in need of refs in this section)
 * "Close of playing career" is entirely unreferenced.
 * "Records in major championships" makes several claims that are unreferenced.
 * "Other records" does as well

Other than all of that, it is a VERY well written article. Congrats, and I hope to see these fixes made so I can pass it. Please get these fixes done within seven days. --Jayron 32 05:27, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

GA Pass
It looks like nearly all of the major referencing issues have been dealt with. I am passing this article. Congrats! --Jayron 32 03:35, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Citations in 1st paragraph
Nicklaus is widely regarded as one of the best by all that play golf, this fact really does not need to be cited. The next statement about being highly competitive does not need to be cited also. The facts below, including 18 major championship wins and 8 senior majors verify this fact. I do agree however on the next two sentences. These need citing, but will be hard to find. They may have to be deleted sometime down the track. Grover 08:52, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

The facts need to be cited or else they could be complete rubbish without a citation. It could be written Nicklaus once dressed up a the green eyed monster in a match against Lesley Neilsen and this is considered the greatest farce in golfing history. That statement would have as much place as the truthful but un-sourced assertion about being the greatest golfer. Citations are essential or both statements have as much right to be (or not be) in the article.--Lucy-marie 19:54, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Is Nicklaus still regarded as the very best? I think it's becoming more and more a matter of debate as Woods pulls closer in terms of Majors won, given that Woods has had a shorter span of time thus far.

I also think that it cannot be asserted as fact that he's the best of all time. Is this a fan page? Mikevegas40 (talk) 00:39, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the wording in the first paragraph is okay, as it does not assert that Jack is the best of all time...it merely asserts that Jack is widely regarded as the best of all time. The Nicklaus vs. Woods debate will probably last forever unless Woods wins 19 major championships (but even then I imagine there will still be debate...lol). Jtroska (talk) 23:26, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

MacGregor ad should be deleted
The following sentence seems like it was inserted by someone associated with MacGregor Golf and should be deleted:

Nicklaus won the 1986 Masters using the Response ZT putter. Its manufacturer, MacGregor Golf, received 5,000 orders the next day; it had planned to sell only 6,000 copies of this model for the entire year.[12] While this may be true, is it 1) at all important, or 2) not a blatant effort by someone connected to the company to drop their own name?

I would delete it right now, but I don't want to have to go back and reformat the rest of the article and footnotes. (The Masters is on today) Would someone else like to do it? 76.118.151.167 (talk) 18:15, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I actually put that in about a year ago, and i'm in no way associated with the MacGregor golf company (i'm a uni student). Grover  mj  02:57, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

So why put it in there? I mean, I'm sure Mr. Nicklaus changed clubs innumerable times during the course of his career. And I'm sure some of those changes were made just prior to a major win. What makes that one change important? 76.118.151.167 (talk) 17:40, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I think it deserves a mention because of those statistics. The same sort of thing happened with Zach Johnson's win last year. They are fairly amazing stats. Grover  mj  01:06, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Playing style - taking measurements
I read somewhere that Jack poineered measuring each shot more accurately. He used more detailed coursae guides and paced each distance down to the yard. I think he was one of the first - if not the first - to do this. Either way I think its a relevant addition to the playing style section. Metallion (talk) 15:19, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Personal Information Textbox
I think we're being very kind by showing Jack's current weight at only 185 lbs, but I guess we can be flexible regarding this minor detail...lol! Jtroska (talk) 23:37, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Needs personal information
The "amateur" section mentions where he grew up, but there's not much else. Even that doesn't mention how that led to his nickname. If I were reading only this article, I'd have hardly any clue about even such basic information as to whether he was married or had children. There is one sentence that mentions "his children and grandchildren". And then, of course, there is the mention of the 2005 Masters, which leads the article to briefly mention son Steve and grandson Jake. But that seems to be pretty much it. 216.10.193.21 (talk) 23:33, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. There is little in this article to describe him as a person. ROxBo (talk) 08:52, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

Off-course Career?
"Nicklaus devotes much of his time to golf course design and operates one of the largest golf design practices in the world."

Golf course design is very much an on-course career. Its not a major issue, but perhaps the title could be less misleading. Either that or make a separate section for course design.

--Potatobreath (talk) 23:25, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Infobox
Jack Nicklaus infobox does not match any other golfer except Tiger Woods, which this means it needs to be put back to the previous version to put consistency in the encyclopedia. It would be easier to rectify this by removing these two inconsistent ones on these two pages rather than change thousands upon thousands of others. Thanks Bluedogtn (talk) 02:17, 8 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The Golf WikiProject talk page is be the best the place to discuss this, rather than creating a discussion in several different places. (see Talk:Tiger Woods). wjemather bigissue 11:21, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

The infobox on this page and the Tiger Woods page are the correct ones, the others are not proper templates, so as stupid as it sounds, eventually the other infoboxes should be changed to the one on this page. Grover mj  11:30, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Golf course list
I think the list of golf courses Nicklaus he designed could be moved to a separate article, such as, List of Jack Nicklaus designed golf courses. This would be similar to List of Tillinghast courses. - Tewapack (talk) 04:31, 23 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed. This is a huge list to have in an article. Grover  mj  14:31, 1 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Another format to use could be like List of Donald Ross designed courses - Tewapack (talk) 20:41, 1 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Please move it. It is far too large. 71.234.215.133 (talk) 17:11, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

yes it should have its own page. very deserving! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikihistoryusa (talk • contribs) 05:36, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Huge article
This article really has gotten too big. More importantly, what is being put into the article is not cited, which is what cost it the good article status. I attempted to shorten the article a few months ago but a few months later it was back over the original size. Just want some discussion here before I try and shorten it again. Please, if you're adding things, reference them. Grover mj  03:24, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

I agree it is fairly large, even now. But it is admittedly for the public (and so what they desire... to a point, of course). The article has a lot of good commentary, and may just need some streamlining. I don't know if certain areas of the article are unduly notable, such as college studies, business interests, etc. ... Mr. Nicklaus is historically important as a Golfer, this should be kept in mind. John G. Lewis (talk) 11:03, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Rivalries with Individual Players
I do not think as much was said on this score as should have been. I was born in the mid-1960's, so I missed out on his early career, but do remember fairly well from 1977 onwards. In particular, though the "Duel in the Sun" was mentioned, Jack had other important competitions with Tom Watson, one I believe occurred at the U. S. Open. (...) Also, and of interest obviously on the rivalry point, was his contests with Arnold Palmer, much earlier on. It is my thinking, that both of these players deserve a sub-heading (their own section) under Jack's wiki article: such as "Early Rivalry with Arnold Palmer", "Late Contention with Tom Watson", and underneath each of these sections, the various tournaments would be so noted and commented on. It was thought, and perhaps rightly so, that Tom Watson was generally besting Jack Nicklaus in the latter 1970's, and that he was the 'Heir Apparent', as Golf's finest player. It did not quite work out like this, of course, but I remember the tension that existed, and the sting Mr. Nicklaus possibly felt from not winning more of his 'duels' with Tom. However, all three of course played as a gentleman and as a sportsman. — Preceding unsigned comment added by John G. Lewis (talk • contribs) 22:20, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

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Substituted at 19:18, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Greatness RfC that may affect this article
Just a note to let editors know that there is an ongoing RfC about the term "greatest of all time" (especially in the lead). The discussion ongoing at Talk:Rod Laver. Either way you bend it could affect this article. Join in if you wish. Fyunck(click) (talk) 23:53, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

Why use an Infobox photograph of Jack Nicklaus that was snapped after he retired?
The Infobox photograph of Jack Nicklaus was taken after he retired from competitive golf. Why show Nicklaus as a senior citizen? The infobox should have a photo of the Golden Bear when he was in his prime. A classic example of this is Jackie Kennedy. When she died in 1994, her portrait was featured on the cover of Newsweek magazine. The photo was taken some time in the late 1950s (about 35 years before her death), when she was very beautiful and in her prime. Newsweek would not have been stupid enough to publish a current (1994) photo of Ms. Onassis. The media in this country is obsessed with youth and beauty. If you watch any of the major TV news networks such as CNN, Fox, CBS and others, all the female reporters and anchors are young and extremely beautiful. A young woman could have a magna cum laude degree in broadcast journalism from Harvard, if she's a "dog" she doesn't have a Chinaman's chance of getting a TV job with the networks.

Coincidentally, Arnold Palmer's Infobox photo also shows him as a senior citizen. On the positive side, Joe Namath's photo was taken in 1965, when he was in his prime. Let's get better Inobox pictures of Jack Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer.Anthony22 (talk) 16:12, 24 February 2019 (UTC)
 * If you can find one that is free to use, knock yourself out. PaulCHebert (talk) 17:35, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

I have seen many excellent photos of Jack Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer when they were in their prime, but I can't upload them because they're copyrighted. You need permission from the owner of the photo in order to upload it. Most photos on the Internet have not been released to the public for general use.Anthony22 (talk) 17:53, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

Political support
I think we should add some of Nicklaus's political support: he just expressed support of Donald Trump's reelection, and voted for him, something notable especially as Trump retweeted him, and called it a "great honor". I would suggest adding it to a "personal life" section, though seemingly all it has is "other interests", which somehow also include golf? ɱ (talk) 13:02, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Seems like WP:UNDUE WP:INDISCRIMINATE trivia (amongst other things). We don't generally include the political affiliation or voting intentions of non-politicians/activists. wjematherplease leave a message... 13:27, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * That's actually totally false, we do usually include political affiliations, especially where notable - like presidential support, major news, and numerous reactions, all of which are present here. ɱ  (talk) 13:33, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * See stories like this, I don't have time for an analysis but so far their articles all mention it... ɱ  (talk) 13:38, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Erm, no we don't – we only include such things when shown to be relevant to the subject, not just because it is vaguely relevant to the current news when they've made a single tweet, or remark in an interview. Many of the people mentioned in that newsweek article are political activists or renowned for sharing their political opinions, and even then current voting intentions are generally not mentioned in articles, which (for the most part) only discuss political beliefs/opinions in a general context as an encyclopedia should do. wjematherplease leave a message... 14:24, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Sorry, look at this from that list:
 * Lil Pump, expressed support for Trump in article, not an activist/renowned for political opinions
 * James Woods, expressed support for Trump in article, not an activist/renowned Republican
 * Jon Voight, expressed support for Trump in article, somewhat activist
 * Isaiah Washington, only conservative support mentions
 * Dennis Quaid, expressed support for Trump in article, not an activist/renowned for political opinions
 * Scott Baio, expressed support for Trump in article
 * Kid Rock, outspoken Trumper in article
 * Stacey Dash, expressed support for Trump in article, not an activist/renowned Republican
 * Dean Cain, expressed support for Trump in article, not an activist/renowned Republican
 * Ted Nugent, outspoken Trumper in article
 * Rosanne Barr, outspoken Trumper in article

So, yes, celebrities of all walks of life have mentions of their support of presidents, even if not an outspoken political activist. You trying to counter me here only makes it seem like you want to hide this fact? ɱ (talk) 21:39, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Except for Pump (which has exactly the same issues as we're discussing here) & Cain, those articles generally have extensive discussion of their politics which provides sufficient context for such additions. wjematherplease leave a message... 12:09, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
 * But it's one thing to say their political affiliation and it's another to say they voted for Trump. Do we need to go to everyone in Hollywood and add text that they voted for Biden? Do these articles say they voted for McCain or Obama? Or Bush or Gore? It's iffy to casually mention someone's political persuasion and it's reasonable if someone is a continual outspoken activist that is part of their persona, but to just suddenly pop in that someone voted for Trump or Biden seems ridiculously trivial for an encyclopedia. Fyunck(click) (talk) 18:04, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
 * It would be trivial, sure, if that was the case, which it's not. This is a case of a lengthy political endorsement, an endorsement of the endorsement by the US president, and innumerous subsequent press coverage. ɱ  (talk) 03:28, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The point is, the majority of those articles discuss the subject's political beliefs in general, because they are reported somewhat regularly, which lends context and relevance to statements such as this one. For those that do not provide that context, such additions are problematic. wjematherplease leave a message... 22:12, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Not really, actually many/most of them are just one or two sentences. And your made-up standards here are ridiculous, not part of any policy or guideline. It's true that in practice, this happens all the time. ɱ  (talk) 22:16, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The relevant policies are noted above. Just because bad article content (e.g. random contextless statements of "facts" or trivia) exists doesn't mean it should be everywhere. Perhaps there is historical coverage of Nicklaus' political beliefs with which to build a coherent paragraph to summarize them? wjematherplease leave a message... 22:43, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Again, for a third time, your policies don't specifically state anything like these unbelievable standards that just popped into your head. Anyhow, what can we rely on if we can't rely on policies? How about precedent? Oh, I suppose you don't consider that either? There's well enough precedent here. ɱ  (talk) 23:02, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * As for evidence:
 * 2017 WP article: "“I have known Donald for long time, through the game of golf. He’s been very supportive of a lot of things I have done,” Nicklaus said, again per Deadline. “I think he’s going to be good in the office, going to do a good job."" ...a search of the Federal Election Commission campaign-contribution database shows that Nicklaus has given financial support almost solely to Republican candidates, both for president and Congress."
 * Irish Times, 2020: "Nicklaus was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005, by then-president George W. Bush. Like Trump, Bush is also a member of the Republican party whom Nicklaus has been a longtime financial donor to. Trump and Nicklaus have played golf together several times"
 * 2016 Golf Digest: "In an interview with CBS Sunday Morning, Jack Nicklaus spoke on his relationship with Donald Trump. The 18-time major winner praised the presumed Republican presidential candidate, calling him "terrific." "I've done several things with Donald on golf courses, and he's absolutely treated me great"
 * I'm not asking for evidence – I'm asking for a coherent paragraph (or more) that adequately covers the subject of Nicklaus' politics, which from those sources (and I suspect there may be more & better) seems doable. What I do object to, are one-line soundbites without context that come laden with an array of issues. wjematherplease leave a message... 12:09, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
 * What's notable about Nicklaus is that he waited 80 years to say anything at all political, and then did so in support of one of the most polarizing figures of his lifetime. His lack of political identity up to now is what makes it noteworthy, not a reason to exclude it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.0.159.234 (talk) 20:38, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Agree that the mention should be added and kept, MJ has provided adequate cites. Randy Kryn (talk) 14:35, 31 May 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Ɱ, User:Wjemather, User:Randy Kryn, so, years later can it still not go somewhere? 'Encyclopedic' is supposed to be 'comprehensive'... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.18.125.136 (talk) 05:25, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Greatness
Long standing wording has been "one of the greatest". This has been changed to "the greatest". Some time ago there was an RfC on Rod Laver's article pertaining to exactly this type of wording. The consensus there was clear that, for a variety of reasons (comparisons of different eras, criteria used, etc.), "one of the greatest" is fine and "the greatest" is not. Seems like explicit consensus here for the same is needed. Sources can easily be found to support a variety of candidates for the greatest tag (Nicklaus, Woods, Hogan, Snead, and a few others), considering a wide array of different criteria. There is no definitive answer so only thing they really agree on is "one of the greatest", so that is the wording I propose gets reinstated. wjematherplease leave a message... 19:28, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Tewapack (talk) 20:26, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Fyunck(click) (talk) 03:36, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Do not agree. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.10.140.224 (talk) 20:15, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * (Replying to the point made below) As you no doubt discovered, there is also an abundance of sources with Tiger Woods at the top of the list; not as many as Nicklaus, but enough for us not to say "Nicklaus is the goat". And that's without even considering the many sources with someone other than these two at the top. wjematherplease leave a message... 07:34, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
 * From what is online, it appears roughly ~75% of experts say Jack, ~20% say Tiger, and ~5% say someone else. Of course, 100% of people will never agree on anything, but consensus is what could be called "overwhelming" in support of Jack Nicklaus.  Tom Brady is referred to as the GOAT QB on his wiki, Babe Ruth as the GOAT of baseball on his wiki, Wayne Gretzky as the GOAT of hockey, Michael Jordan as the GOAT of basketball.  I don't see Jack Nicklaus being any less deserving than these athletes.  Even still, "one of, if not the greatest" would be closer to accurate than "one of the greatest golfers of all time".  People don't call MJ one of the best basketball players or TB12 "one of" the best football players.  They have near unanimous approval as *the singular best*.  But look, I've been outvoted.  It's 5-1 against, so I accept and will move on with life.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.10.140.224 (talk) 01:10, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
 * One final comment from me - I just noticed I'm talking to the person who changed things (imo) for the worse. You're comparing Jack Nicklaus to Rod Laver.  This is a wildly inappropriate comparison.  I've quite literally never seen a single human being (other than Roger who was clearly being coy and paying respect)  refer to Rod Laver as the GOAT tennis player.  I'm an avid tennis fan: I watch tennis morning shows, I receive tennis magazines, watch the Majors and the 9 ATP 1000 tourneys, etc.  Respect to Rod Laver, he is a legend and at one point in time was the king, but irrespective of eras, no legitimate tennis fan compares his skills favorably to the Big 3 (Federer, Nadal, Djokovic) and most lists I've seen place Samprass above Rod as well.  This is unlike Jack Nicklaus who is viewed almost invariably by his peers as well as current pros as the GOAT of golf.  On rare occassions someone will call Tiger the greatest, but again, that's quite rare (2 or 3 out of every 10 experts, roughly).  The rest of the time, it is Jack Nicklaus who gets the nod.  So to be clear, it is a disservice to Jack to refer to him as simply "one of the greatest" when the majority of experts, players, and fans see him as *thee* greatest.  Calling any of the following "one of the greatest" - Babe Ruth, Tom Brady, Michael Jordan, Wayne Gretzky, Serena Williams (womens tennis), Michael Phelps, etc. - of their sport is a disservice to their legacy as public opinion, peers, and experts alike are above the threshold (50%) in agreement that these are *the greatest* and not simply "among the greatest".  Okay, got that off my chest.  Now I'll move on.
 * Then you are truly living under a rock because I've seen it many times in magazines, books, and newsprint that Rod Laver is the greatest. And I wouldn't call any one of those you list as the goat, and would challenge many of them myself. Heck I'm not sure Serena Williams is in my top 5. I do agree with Gretzky but that's about all. Fyunck(click) (talk) 03:02, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Interesting fact that might enjoy, Babe Ruth is actually the most underrated baseball player of all time. As for Nicklaus, what caps it for many are his unprecedented 19 second place finishes in majors, when, added to his unprecedented 18 actual wins, we have a bingo. Randy Kryn (talk) 21:11, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Added 'either the greatest or' to the sentence "He is widely considered to be either the greatest or one of the greatest golfers of all time". Expert consensus shows that Nicklaus can easily be called the greatest of all-time, so the added words acknowledge that historical intent. If Woods can come back and win another major he may be worthy of that title, but most experts agree on Nicklaus' status. Randy Kryn (talk) 20:45, 31 May 2021 (UTC)
 * That wording works for me. As hinted at, some "experts" don't look far beyond majors (which is lazy) but (as hinted at) they are far from the only measure; when other achievements are taken into account there isn't only one clear candidate. wjematherplease leave a message... 08:40, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, but if majors and wins and a few other criteria are laid aside, maybe the greatest golfer of all time is Moe Norman. A case can be made. Yet majors are to many the measuring stick, the four long weekends every year that a great golfers' game is attuned towards, mentally and physically. If forced to choose just one it's easy to see how Nicklaus has earned the title. Yet Woods does have his champions, and well deserved. Phrasing Woods' page to say something similar would probably need to drop the word "widely", yet Wikipedia should probably recognize that he is considered the greatest by many experts as well. Randy Kryn (talk) 21:44, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

Re: drmies
Your personal page is locked so I was unable to message you there. Anyway, what is the process for gaining consensus? I can find 20 articles on google all saying Jack Nicklaus is the greatest golfer of all time. Articles written by former pros, experts, and fans alike. I'm not sure why 3 people on Jack's talk page trump the views of pros and experts.

Care to explain? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.10.140.224 (talk • contribs)
 * IP, first of all, new comments go at the bottom. Thank you. Second, "gaining consensus", that's what's happening in the section above, to which you added your opinion. The other two participants can probably 20 other articles for each of the other names mentioned earlier that say that they are the greatest golfer. (And articles are typically found through Google, not on Google.) And I think you are misunderstanding something: "3 people on Jack's talk page" are not going to "trump" what experts say: rather, Wikipedia editors, on article talk page, attempt to reach a consensus that fairly represents what reliable secondary sources (which either give or represent the views of experts etc.). It's not the editors who decide who is the greatest; it's editors who decide, collaboratively, which sources should be represented in which way to construct a specific statement. Thank you, Drmies (talk) 17:04, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * My question remains intact, why do 3 or 4 contributors on wikipedia trump the views of experts? It is a simple question, a legitimate question, and should be an easy one to answer.  You posited a hypothetical without any evidence to support your theory (that someone can find 20 articles wherein Jack Nicklaus is not atop the list of greatest golfers ever...I highly, highly doubt you could find 20, or even 5).  Sidenote: I'm not sure why a *new* question would go at the bottom of a talk page, that literally makes no sense, but okay, I'll accept, even though that is nonsensical.
 * Have added 'either the greatest or' to the sentence in question, which accurately represents expert consensus as well as those experts who chose Woods, Hogan, etc. This addition may best reflect expert opinion, and should adequately align the language of the debate. Randy Kryn (talk) 14:23, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

Name: John or Jack
Hello, most people called 'Jack' are actually 'John'. Does any regular contributor know if this is the case with Nicklaus? I think it might be. This book says so: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qmuCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26&lpg=PT26&dq=%22John+William+nicklaus%22+Google+books&source=bl&ots=Y2McBuzDDd&sig=ACfU3U2ujFCeoT0qRQZlKzn4aKGwWtHDxw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8nNr8v_j4AhVjSUEAHYunDY0Q6AF6BAgCEAE#v=onepage&q=%22John%20William%20nicklaus%22%20Google%20books&f=false

And from this genealogy site: https://www.geni.com/people/Jack-Nicklaus/6000000135725697443

If these (or other) sources are enough, the correct name should appear at the very start as per CMOS. Regards Billsmith60 (talk) 13:39, 14 July 2022 (UTC)

Jack Nicklaus apparel
you forgot to include Jack Nicklaus line of apparel.I bought several of those around 40 years ago.It were very well made and it still last to this days,even I don't don it on the golf course now.I am almost bed-riddened,76 years old in Bangkok,Thailand.I also got one of that "Golf my way" fully illustrated golf teaching book that I still love to this day, even I lost it when I had to move to different places to work.May be I will try to buy a new reissued one to rekindle my love for golf....Thank you Mr.Jack Nicklaus. 184.22.100.150 (talk) 19:35, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jack Nicklaus


text: Template:Oz books

title: Template:Oz books


text:
James McNaughton Hester

James McNaughton Hester (19 April 1924 – 31 December 2014) was an internationally recognized educator.

Hester was born in Chester, Pennsylvania. He spent his boyhood at various stations to which his father, a United States Navy Chaplain, was assigned, including Hawaii and Samoa. In 1942, he was graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Long Beach, California. After joining the United States Marine Corps' officer candidate programme, he was trained to be a Japanese-language officer. He subsequently served in Japan in a civilian capacity as the civil information and education officer on the Fukuoka Military Government Team.

Academic career
Hester began his academic career at Princeton University, where he excelled in the humanities, election to Phi Beta Kappa, and earned an A.B. degree. He won honors in the humanities, election to Phi Beta Kappa, and was awarded an A.B. degree in 1945. As a Rhodes Scholar, he crossed the Atlantic to Pembroke College, Oxford, earning a bachelor's degree Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1947. Hester received a D.Phil. in 1955 from Oxford University.

Upon his return to the United States in 1950, he became assistant to the American Secretary to the Rhodes Trustees.

Military career
Recalled to active duty with the Marines in 1951, Hester served seventeen months as a battalion adjutant and instructor at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Quantico, Virginia. After leaving the services, he spent several months at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., doing research for his doctoral thesis. He received the D. Phil. degree from Oxford University in 1955.

University leadership
After three years of business experience in management consultation and consumer research, Hester returned to academic life. In 1957, he became provost (administrative and academic head) of the Brooklyn Center of Long Island University in New York City and subsequently Vice President of Long Island University. In 1960, he became Dean of both undergraduate and graduate schools of arts and science at New York University. He became 11th President of New York University in 1962, at the age of 37. The University awarded him an honorary degree (L.H.D.) in 1977.

Hester was appointed first Rector of the United Nations University in November 1974 by United Nations Secretary General Kurt Waldheim after a worldwide search. He commenced full-time duty as Rector at the University's headquarters in Tokyo in September 1975.

Hester served as chairman of the President's Task Force on Priorities in Higher Education in the United States (1969). He was also president and a member of the executive committee of the Association of Colleges and Universities of the State of New York, and was president and member of the board of trustees of its Commission on Independent Colleges.

Hester served on the board of the American Council on Education, on the New York State Regents Advisory Council on Higher Education and Regional Co-ordinating Council for Post Secondary Education in New York City. He was the United States member on the Administrative Board of the International Association of Universities and a member of the executive committee of the Association of American Universities.

Retirement
Upon leaving the rectorship, Hester served a term as President of The New York Botanical Garden, and until his death remained President of the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation in New York, an operating foundation charged by its founder to support research on the causes, manifestations and control of violence, aggression, and dominance. This programme is carried out through grants in a wide variety of fields and by conferences and publications.

After retiring from full-time involvement in the academic world, Hester continued a second career as highly regarded artist, whose oil paintings and portraits were commissioned by a wide array of individuals and institutions.

Personal life
Hester was married in 1953 to the former Janet Rodes. They had three children, Janet, Margaret and Martha. He died 31 December 2014 in Princeton, New Jersey.

Honors
Hester held honorary degrees from many leading universities and colleges, and was a Chevalier of the French Legion of Honour. In 1981, H.M. Emperor Showa of Japan conferred upon Hester the Order of the Sacred Treasure, First Class.

title: James McNaughton Hester


text:
Good Vibrations – Best of the Beach Boys

Good Vibrations – Best of The Beach Boys is the sixth official compilation album by the Beach Boys, and the first on their Brother Records imprint. In June 1974, The Beach Boys' old label, Capitol Records, released a double-album compilation of the band's 1962–1965 hits titled Endless Summer, to capitalize on their popularity as a regular touring act. After the unofficial release became an unexpected commercial success, a follow-up, Spirit of America, was rushed out by Capitol in the spring of 1975 and was almost as successful. Wishing to capitalize on this commercial resurgence with an official release, on Brother Records, The Beach Boys opportunistically issued Good Vibrations – Best of The Beach Boys.

The band had temporarily received the licensing rights to all their Capitol albums from Pet Sounds onwards, and was exclusively able to use post-1965 material, including their contemporary works, to create a more diverse collection. Released in June 1975, Good Vibrations – Best of The Beach Boys peaked at number 25 in the US. The two Capitol compilations proved more attractive to shoppers, however, and far outsold this collection.


text:
John C. Sawhill

John Crittenden Sawhill (June 12, 1936 – May 18, 2000) was president and CEO of The Nature Conservancy and the 12th President of New York University (NYU).

Born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1936, Sawhill graduated from Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs in 1958. He earned a PhD in economics in 1963 from New York University, where he served as professor of economics. He was named president of New York University in 1975, serving until 1979. At a trying time in NYU's history, he received widespread acclaim for bringing about an academic and financial turnaround at the country's largest private university.

His research focused on the nonprofit sector, and he joined the Harvard Business School faculty in 1997 as part of the School's Initiative on Social Enterprise. His seminar Effective Leadership of Social Enterprises prepared students for leadership roles in nonprofit management.

Earlier he held several government positions during the Nixon, Ford and Carter administrations. Those included being Deputy Secretary of Energy; Chairman of the U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation; Administrator of the Federal Energy Administration (appointed by President Nixon, he resigned that position in October, 1974), and Associate Director for Natural Resources, Energy, Science and Environment in the Office of Management and Budget. In 1977, he was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board.

During his ten-year tenure, The Nature Conservancy became the world's largest private conservation group and protected more than 7 million acres (28,000 km2) in the United States alone.

Sawhill, a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School and president and CEO of The Nature Conservancy, died of complications from diabetes May 18, 2000 at the age of 63. His wife was Isabel Sawhill and his son was James W. Sawhill.

title: John C. Sawhill


text:
Campbellfield railway station

Campbellfield was a former railway station on the Upfield railway line between Upfield and Gowrie, located in the suburb of Campbellfield, Victoria, just to the north of the level crossing at Camp Road. The station opened in 1889, and closed when passenger service ceased in 1956. The primitive Mallee Shed, which provided the only passenger accommodation, was removed, and no trace of the station remained.

In 2006, it was suggested that that the station might be rebuilt in the not-too-distant future, due to the existence of the Campbellfield Plaza shopping centre nearby, but nothing concrete came of that. However, in April 2017, the Victorian Planning Authority released its draft plan for the area, including the construction of a station at Campbellfield.

Between October and December 2017, the Camp Road level crossing, protected by boom gates, was replaced. The rail line was lowered to pass under the road, and provision was made for both the installation of a second track and the construction of a possible future railway station.

title: Campbellfield railway station


text:
John Brademas

Stephen John Brademas Jr. (March 2, 1927 – July 11, 2016) was an American politician and educator originally from Indiana. He served as Majority Whip of the United States House of Representatives for the Democratic Party from 1977 to 1981 at the conclusion of a twenty-year career as a member of the United States House of Representatives. In addition to his major legislative accomplishments, including much federal legislation pertaining to schools, arts, and the humanities, he served as the 13th president of New York University from 1981 to 1992, and was a member of and subsequently the chairman of the board of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. In addition he was a board member of the New York Stock Exchange and the Rockefeller Foundation.

Early life and career
The oldest of four children, Brademas was born in 1927 to Stephen John Brademas, a Greek immigrant father, and the former Beatrice Goble, an American mother, in Mishawaka, Indiana. His father ran a restaurant and his mother was an elementary school teacher. He spent summers with his maternal grandfather, who was the state superintendent of schools in Canada, and possessed a large library.

Brademas graduated as valedictorian from Central High School in South Bend, Indiana. He served two years in the U.S. Navy, stationed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He attended Harvard University, from which he graduated with an A.B. magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa and where he was affiliated with Adams House. His Harvard thesis, The Sinarquista Movement in Mexico: Its Implications for the United States, was published in April 1949. He won a Rhodes Scholarship and attended Brasenose College, Oxford, from which he received his D.Phil. in Social Studies.

Congressional service
Brademas served as United States Representative in Congress from Indiana's 3rd congressional district for 22 years (1959–81), the last four as House majority whip. While in Congress he was a member of the Committee on Education and Labor, where he played a leading role in writing most of the federal legislation enacted during that time concerning schools, colleges and universities; services for the elderly and the handicapped; libraries and museums; and the arts and humanities.

Brademas holds the distinction of being the first Greek-American member of Congress, preceding, among others, Olympia Snowe, Paul Tsongas and Paul Sarbanes.

Cosponsor of the 1965 legislation creating the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), Brademas for ten years chaired the congressional subcommittee with jurisdiction over them. He was chief House sponsor of the Arts, Humanities and Cultural Affairs Act; Arts and Artifacts Indemnity Act; Museum Services Act; Library Services and Construction Act; National Commission on Libraries and Information Services Act; Education for All Handicapped Children Act; Alcohol and Drug Abuse Education Act; and International Education Act. He was also a major co-author of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965; the Higher Education Acts of 1972 and 1976, which focused on student aid; and the measure creating the National Institute of Education.

In December 1963, the Studebaker Corporation closed its South Bend, Indiana, automobile manufacturing plants, putting more than 5,000 people out of work. Brademas was instrumental in helping the South Bend area recover from the Studebaker closing through his contacts in Washington. In 1964, after receiving an $81 million contract from the government, Kaiser Jeep Corporation purchased the Chippewa Avenue truck plant from Studebaker, and put a sizable number of people back to work building military and postal vehicles. Today, although the Chippewa plant is no longer in use, AM General, successor to Kaiser Jeep and American Motors Corporation, produces the military Humvee and the Hummer H1 and H2 in Mishawaka, Indiana, just east of South Bend. This would have been nearly impossible without the work of John Brademas in the mid-1960s. Brademas was defeated for reelection on November 4, 1980, by Republican John Hiler in an outcome that was driven largely by the national political climate and the Ronald Reagan vs. Jimmy Carter presidential election campaign.

Career in education
After leaving Congress, Brademas moved to New York and served as president of New York University from 1981 to 1992. In 1990, he co-chaired the bipartisan independent commission mandated by Congress to review the grant-making procedures of the NEA. He was appointed by President Bill Clinton as chairman of the President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, and was also chairman of the National Endowment for Democracy, as well as a member of the Consultants' Panel to the Comptroller General of the United States.

Film actress Paulette Goddard left her multimillion-dollar estate to New York University in large part due to her friendship with Brademas.

Foundations and boards
Brademas served on a number of boards and national commissions on subjects ranging from the arts to higher education, foreign policy, jobs and small business, historic documents and records, and science, technology and government.

He was the chairman of the American Ditchley Foundation and co-chaired the Center for Science, Technology and Congress at the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington, D.C.

Brademas served as chairman of the board of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, as well as on the boards of Overseers of Harvard, New York Stock Exchange, Rockefeller Foundation and the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Academy of Athens. He served on several corporate board as well as boards of the Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation, American Council for the Arts, Center for National Policy and the Spanish Institute.

Brademas was awarded honorary degrees by 47 colleges and universities. He also received the annual Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The Middle Common Room of Brasenose College, Oxford, is located in the Brademas Room, which is named in honor of Brademas.

Later life
On October 3, 2011, the King of Spain bestowed on John Brademas the Order of Isabella the Catholic, a Spanish civil order granted in recognition of services that benefit the country.

Brademas died on July 11, 2016, at the age of 89. He is interred at the Congressional Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Mary, a physician.

Legacy
South Bend’s main post office was officially named the “John Brademas Post Office” in his honor.

title: John Brademas


text:
Tiến lên

Tiến lên (Vietnamese: tiến lên, tiến: advance; lên: to go up, up; literally: "go forward"; also Romanized Tien Len) is a shedding-type card game originating in Vietnam. It may be considered Vietnam's national card game, and is also played in the United States, sometimes under the names Viet Cong, VC, Thirteen, Killer, or 2’s.

Core rules
The game has many local variants. The core rules are relatively simple and are taken from the main 4-player rule sets provided by John McLeod and David Parlett.

Preliminaries
Deal 4 players 13 cards each from a standard 52-card deck. Deal and play is clockwise. For the first hand, the dealer is picked randomly; for subsequent hands, the loser of the previous hand deals.

Cards rank (from high to low): 2 A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3. Within the numerical ranking, suits rank (from high to low): Hearts – Diamonds  – Clubs  – Spades. So for example (from higher to lower):. Thus is the highest card and  the lowest.

Players in turn discard single cards, or card combinations, to a central face-up pile. The object is to avoid being the last player to hold any cards.

Leading
For the first hand, the player holding the lowest card begins by playing it singly, starting a face-up discard pile in the center. (When 4 people play, this will always be the .) In subsequent hands, the winner of the previous hand begins, and may play any card or combination.

Valid cards or combinations that may be led are:
 * A single card
 * A pair of the same rank, as
 * A triplet of the same rank, as
 * A quartet of the same rank, as
 * A sequence of 3 or more cards, regardless of suit, as
 * A double sequence of 3 or more pairs, regardless of suit, as

Sequences may not "go around the corner". Thus, while   is a valid sequence because the cards follow each other in rank, it is not possible to extend this sequence by adding any 3 to the end, since this jumps from the highest to the lowest rank.

Following
Each player, in turn, may either play or pass. To play, they must contribute a card or combination to the pile that matches the type (single, pair, etc.) of the one previously played, but beats it in rank. The highest-ranking card of each combination determines which beats which. Thus, if   is led, it can be beaten by  , because the highest card of the second sequence  outranks the highest card of the first sequence. Naturally, it would also be beaten by any 10 J Q or higher sequence.

Passing and playing continues around until there is a card or combination that no one can beat. Once a player has passed, they may not play again to this pile, but players may contribute more than 1 card or combination to the pile as long as they have not yet passed. When the winning card or combination has been determined, its player gathers the pile, sets it to the side, and leads any card or combination to a fresh pile.

Bombs
The exceptions to the strict rule of matching type and beating rank are called bombs and they may be played only against presently-winning 2s as follows:

 * A single 2 may be beaten by any double sequence of 3+ pairs, as      or a quartet, as
 * A pair of 2s may be beaten by any double sequence of 4+ pairs, as        or a quartet, as
 * A triplet of 2s may be beaten by any double sequence of 5+ pairs, as

A bomb is not unbeatable but, once played, its type becomes the type that the other players must match and beat, rather than that of the card or combination originally led to the current pile.

Ending the game
As players play their last cards, they drop out of play. If the leader to a new pile has no cards remaining, the lead passes to the next active player to the left. The game ends when only one player is left with any cards. That player is the loser. In a gambling game, the loser pays each other player a fixed stake; in a drinking game, they buy the next round; in a friendly game, they shuffle the deck for the next match.

Number of players
2-4 may play, being dealt 13 cards each; alternatively 3 players may be dealt 17 cards each.

5 to 8 may play using a doubled deck of 104 cards. Either deal out 13 cards to each player, or deal out as many cards to each player as may be done equally.

In all cases, any excess cards have no further role in the hand, and may be set aside face-down.

Using a double deck raises the possibility of a card or combination that ties the previous one (an impossibility with a single deck). Published sources do not address this, but the logical resolutions are:
 * Such a play is not allowed, since it fails to beat the previous card or combination.
 * A later nominal tie is considered to beat the earlier card or combination.
 * Ties of the highest cards in combinations are broken by their highest distinct cards, and if on this basis the later combination beats the earlier, it may be played (this option cannot function for single cards or combinations that are exactly identical).

Viet Cong (VC)
Viet Cong (or VC) is an American form, played as above but with these variant rules:
 * A player dealt four 2s wins automatically, with no outplay.
 * The holder of the must include it in the leading combination.
 * 2s may not be included in a single sequence (although they may occur in double sequences).
 * The 2-beating combinations (referred to above as "bombs") are called slams, and their rules are:
 * A single 2 is beaten by any quartet or a double sequence of 3+ pairs (same as above)
 * A pair of 2s is beaten by 2 consecutive quartets or a double sequence of 5+ pairs
 * A triplet of 2s is beaten by 3 consecutive quartets or a double sequence of 7+ pairs
 * Optionally, the game may be played with trading: after the deal and before the initial lead, any 2 players may exchange any equal number of cards with each other. The specific cards of the trade must be mutually agreed to; if not, there is no trade. When playing with trading, four 2s do not win automatically.

title: Tiến lên


text:
File:Within Our Gates.jpg

Still taken from the 1919 Oscar Micheaux film "Within Our Gates". Pre 1923. No copyright.

title: File:Within Our Gates.jpg


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Doss High School

Doss High School is a high school located in southwestern Louisville, Kentucky, United States. As of the 2017–2018 school year, there were 1,040 students at the school.

Initial naming
The school was originally proposed as Wisertown High School, in honor of the area of the county in which the school is/was located, but was, instead, named for a former member of the Jefferson County Board of Education. At the time Doss was built, Jefferson County population was growing. The City of Louisville had a separate Board of Education, and the city's population was declining. The two school systems were merged in the mid-1970s.

Start up
The school was built to relieve overcrowding from Butler, Fairdale, Western, Pleasure Ridge Park and Valley High Schools. The building opened in the Fall of 1967 at 7601 Saint Andrews Church Road. It began with the 7th, 8th, and 9th grades. The first graduating class was in 1971. The first class to complete grades 7 through 12 was in 1973.

Magnet programs
During the 1990s as the Jefferson County (KY) Public Schools moved their Career and Technical Education Programs into the local high schools Doss became the recipient of three magnet programs: Cosmetology, Early Childhood Education, and Pre-Engineering. Currently, Doss is a Business and Information Technology (BIT) themed school. Through its partnership with Class Act Federal Credit Union, the school has the first student-run credit union branch in the county. Students train at Class Act's Main Branch over the summer. During the school year Students handle all operations in the Credit Union under the supervision of a team composed of a Qualified Faculty Coordinator and a Branch Coordinator employed by Class Act. Students can major in accounting, banking and financial services, entrepreneurship, and management in the "Class Act Academy of Business and Finance."

On October 28, 2016, Doss High School announced a new Manufacturing Engineering Technology magnet program.

Athletics
The school athletic complex has three gymnasiums with the main gymnasium, the Leon Mudd Athletic Center, which seats a maximum of 1,800 people. Also, the Hayward Shartzer Stadium, the football stadium with a running track, which seats a maximum of 2,500 people. Also within the athletic complex are baseball and softball fields and tennis courts.

Notable alumni

 * Derek Anderson, former NBA basketball player
 * Larry Birkhead, photojournalist, best known as the father of Anna Nicole Smith's baby, Dannielynn
 * LaVell Boyd, NFL, football player
 * Jeff Brooks, basketball player
 * Steve Pence, Lt. Governor of Kentucky, Class of 1971
 * Isaac Sowells, NFL, football player
 * Tony Williams, former professional basketball player, former head coach of Doss

title: Doss High School


text:
Silvering

Silvering is the chemical process of coating a non-conductive substrate such as glass with a reflective substance, to produce a mirror. While the metal is often silver, the term is used for the application of any reflective metal.

Process
Most common household mirrors are "back-silvered" or "second-surface", meaning that the light reaches the reflective layer after passing through the glass. A protective layer of paint is usually applied to protect the back side of the reflective surface. This arrangement protects the fragile reflective layer from corrosion, scratches, and other damage. However, the glass layer may absorb some of the light and cause distortions and optical aberrations due to refraction at the front surface, and multiple additional reflections on it, giving rise to "ghost images" (although  some optical mirrors such as Mangins, take advantage of it).

Therefore, precision optical mirrors normally are "front-silvered" or "first-surface", meaning that the reflective layer is on the surface towards the incoming light. The substrate normally provides only physical support, and need not be transparent. A hard, protective, transparent overcoat may be applied to prevent oxidation of the reflective layer and scratching of the metal. Front-coated mirrors achieve reflectivities of 90–95% when new.

History

Ptolemaic Egypt had manufactured small glass mirrors backed by lead, tin, or antimony. In the early 10th century, the Persian scientist al-Razi described ways of silvering and gilding in a book on alchemy, but this was not done for the purpose of making mirrors.

Tin-coated mirrors were first made in Europe in the 15th century. The thin tinfoil used to silver mirrors was known as "tain". When glass mirrors first gained widespread usage in Europe during the 16th century, most were silvered with an amalgam of tin and mercury,

In 1835 German chemist Justus von Liebig developed a process for depositing silver on the rear surface of a piece of glass; this technique gained wide acceptance after Liebig improved it in 1856. The process was further refined and made easier by the chemist Tony Petitjean (1856). This reaction is a variation of the Tollens' reagent for aldehydes. A diamminesilver(I) solution is mixed with a sugar and sprayed onto the glass surface. The sugar is oxidized by silver(I), which is itself reduced to silver(0), i.e. elemental silver, and deposited onto the glass.

In 1856-1857 Karl August von Steinheil and Léon Foucault introduced the process of depositing an ultra-thin layer of silver on the front surface of a piece of glass, making the first optical-quality first surface glass mirrors, replacing the use of speculum metal mirrors in reflecting telescopes. These techniques soon became standard for technical equipment.

An aluminum vacuum-deposition process invented in 1930 by Caltech physicist and astronomer John Strong, led to most reflecting telescopes shifting to aluminum. Nevertheless, some modern telescopes use silver, such as the Kepler Space Telescope. The Kepler mirror's silver was deposited using ion assisted evaporation.

General processes
Silvering aims to produce a non-crystalline coating of amorphous metal (metallic glass), with no visible artifacts from grain boundaries. The most common methods in current use are electroplating, chemical "wet process" deposition, and vacuum deposition.

Electroplating of a substrate of glass or other non-conductive material requires the deposition of a thin layer of conductive but transparent material, such as carbon. This layer tends to reduce the adhesion between the metal and the substrate. Chemical deposition can result in better adhesion, directly or by pre-treatment of the surface.

Vacuum deposition can produce very uniform coating with very precisely controlled thickness.

Silver
The reflective layer on a second surface mirror such as a household mirror is often actual silver. A modern "wet" process for silver coating treats the glass with tin(II) chloride to improve the bonding between silver and glass. An activator is applied after the silver has been deposited to harden the tin and silver coatings. A layer of copper may be added for long-term durability.

Silver would be ideal for telescope mirrors and other demanding optical applications, since it has the best initial front-surface reflectivity in the visible spectrum. However, it quickly oxidizes and absorbs atmospheric sulfur to create a dark, low-reflectivity tarnish.

Aluminum
The "silvering" on precision optical instruments such as telescopes is usually aluminum. Although aluminum also oxidizes quickly, the thin aluminum oxide (sapphire) layer is transparent, and so the high-reflectivity underlying aluminum stays visible.

In modern aluminum silvering, a sheet of glass is placed in a vacuum chamber with electrically heated nichrome coils that can evaporate aluminum. In a vacuum, the hot aluminum atoms travel in straight lines. When they hit the surface of the mirror, they cool and stick.

Some mirror makers evaporate a layer of quartz or beryllia on the mirror; others expose it to pure oxygen or air in an oven so that it will form a tough, clear layer of aluminum oxide.

Tin
The first tin-coated glass mirrors were produced by applying a tin-mercury amalgam to the glass and heating the piece to evaporate the mercury.

Gold
The "silvering" on infrared instruments is usually gold. It has the best reflectivity in the infrared spectrum, and has high resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Conversely, a thin gold coating is used to create optical filters which block infrared (by mirroring it back towards the source) while passing visible light.

title: Silvering


text: Category:Gay politicians

title: Category:Gay politicians


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User:Mustafaa/Notes on Palestinian history

Notes on "The Palestinian People", Baruch Kimmerling & Joel Migdal, CUP: London 2003. Palestinian delegates to ottoman parliament warn against Judaification of the country
 * 635-7: Arab conquest
 * 661: Muawiya proclaims self caliph in Jerusalem
 * 685-705 Abd al-Malik builds Dome of the Rock
 * 705-715 al-Walid builds al-Aqsa
 * 715-717 Suleiman builds Ramleh as residence
 * 1095 al-Ghazali resides in Jerusalem, begins Ihya ulum ad-din
 * 1799 Ahmad al-Jazzar, gov.; of Acre, turns back French, gains control of most of Palestine
 * 1830 Ibrahim Pasha, Ottoman gov., gains considerable control and autonomy over area
 * 1831-40 Egyptian conquest
 * 1834 Palestine-focused revolt against Egypt
 * 1863 Ottoman municipality of Jerusalem created
 * 1892 Establishment of branches of Credit Lyonnais in Jaffa, J'lem
 * 1908 - 1st Palestinina newspaper in Jaffa, al-Karmil, w/ obj. of fighting Arab>Jewish land transfers
 * 1911 - Filastin, large arabic newspaper, launched in Jaffa
 * 1919 - Arab Literary Club, Arab Club; Kamal al-Husseini appointed Grand Mufti by British
 * 1919-20 Muslim-Christian Associations countrywide formed, protest Balfour Dec'n., claim to be part of Syria
 * 1925 Palestinian Workers' Society (PAWS) established, led by Sami Taha
 * 1930 Arab Bank est'd by Abd-al-Hamid Shuman family, competes w. Barclays
 * 1931 Pan-Islamic congress in Jerusalem
 * 1932 Nat'l Congress of Arab Youth in Jaffa; Istiqlal (pro-Syrian), Palestine Arab (Husseinis), National Defense (Nashashibis), Reform (Khalidis) parties established
 * 1933 - arab agricultural bank (later > Bank of the Arab Nation)
 * 1947 - Arab Higher Committee calls on Palestinians not to leave

By Feb.-Mar. 1948, the number of displaced Palestinians had reached between 30,000 and 75,000, 2-6% of the Arab population.

Battle of Karamah (refugee camp on the East Bank) - Mar. 21, 1968. Israel sends military force into Jordan to destroy local Fatah headquarters, Palestinians (aided by Jordanian artillery) ambush Israelis, kill up to 25 soldiers in day-long fight; Israelis withdraw without having achieved their objective. Pal's lost 5 times as many fighters, but great psychological victory: 1st open Palestinian-Israeli battle since 1948.

"But the Muft failed to rally the Arabs of Palestine to support the Nazis - no organized pro-Nazi movement developed inside the country, as occurred in several other Arab lands." "Leaders such as Fakhri al-Nashashibi encouraged enlistment for British army service. About 9000 signed up directly, and another 14000 joined the Transjordanian Arab Legion, a fighting force linked to the Allied deployment." (p. 142)

In 1921, during the struggle for the mayoralty, "wall posters appeared in Jerusalem warning that the Jews sought to promote someone, presumably the Nashashibi candidate, who would accept Zionism, squelch the Palestinian movement, sell Waqf property near the Wailing Wall (al-Buraq), and cede the Haram al Sharif so that they could rebuild their Temple." (p. 89)

1919 - MCAs cluster around Faysal, who disowns his agreement with the Zionists at the 2nd General Syrian Congress (Mar. 1920). Slogan "Filastin bladna, al-Yahud klabna" emerges.

p. 78: "leading J'lem Muslims and perhaps some Christians made their 1st protest on Jun 24, 1891, sending a telegram to the Porte asking that Russian Jews be prohibited from entering or buying land in Palestine."

1887: J'lem becomes sanjak capital. "By the time the city was made ready for the visit of the German Kaiser in 1898, it had been transformed into the largest and most politically important urban region in Palestine - a far cry from the town Napoleon had bypassed, in favor of more strategic regions such as Acre, only a century before".

1834: Peasant Revolt in Syria against Muhammad Ali (or rather his son, Ibrahim Pasha, the governor) Revolt centered in Nablus, to lesser degree J'lem. Nablus - 10,000 inhabitants; J'lem, 15-20,000, dominated by Husseinis, Khalidis, villages outside it by Abu Ghush. Began May 19, 1834, when number of important families said they couldn't supply conscript quotas. Troops sent to enforce Fellaheen from sair kill 25 soldiers Hebronites overcome the town's garrison In Nablus region, Abd al-Hadis support Egypt, their Qassam rivals declare general revolt, mount attempt to capture Nablus Peasant besiege J'lem, Abu Ghush join them Nablus joins revolt May 31, Muslims open gates of J'lem. peasants attack city's non-Muslims, looting and raping, as well as city's richer Muslims June - Ibrahim Pasha retakes J'lem; Haifa besieged; Tiberias, Safad dall to rebels. In Tiberias, rebels attack non-Muslims. Broke coalition by bribing Abu Ghush July 4 - directs expedition against the Qasim-led forces of the Nablus region Burns down 16 villages July 15 -take Nablus Aug 4 - take Hebron - level city, rape women, mass killing & conscription of men, 120 adolescents furnished to soldiers 10,000 fellaheen shipped to Egypt Muslim quarter of Bethlehem (among other towns) destroyed. Pop'n disarmed.


text:
Talk:Skywave

Do it!

(Another response): The Earth's ionosphere is a physical "object" layer of the earth's atmosphere, quite apart from skywaves, which are electromagnetic radiation trajectories. Certainly the state of the ionosphere is critical to the propagation of skywaves, just as the opaqueness of glass is critical to the transmission of light. But skywave is an important and separate phenomenon which has played and still play a critical role in radio transmission. While the current "skywave" article is minimalist, a complete study of the phenomenon from many angles (scientific, technical, historical and political for starters) could easily consume a very large volume. It's a complex and fascinating technical subject. For these reasons I suggest that it be kept separate.

 * I have to agree with this logic and say not to merge the two pages. KeoniPhoenix 12:29, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Correction
The wavelength of a signal in meters is 300,000/frequency in KHz. Thus the wavelength of a 30KHz signal is 10,000 m or 10 Km. The ionosphere is at about 100 Km, so I corrected what an earlier editor wrote changing 30Khz to 3Khz. Although I'm not certain what bearing a wavelength greater than the distance to the i-sphere has on skywave prop. Twang 20:56, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * NB. You mean kHz and km. KHz and Km are both incorrect. There is no SI prefix "K". K is for Kelvins.--Srleffler 22:29, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh my god, a typo on the Talk page. (Tell the people who use MB for megabytes)Twang 22:54, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * LOL! Pedantic pontification like that is why you guy geeks never have any sex but the illiterate dumb guys do!  Helvitica Bold  00:54, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

Note on Sporadic-E (E-skip)
possible correlation with lightning, which is associated with whistlers sprites et. al., which may be the result of draining iono. charge to earth's surface ... which may "light up" the iono-surface somewhat. Might be a thought should someone decide to go all tech on the subject later.) -- Twang 09:17, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
This article needs to be broken into sections, and the See also and External links lists are really long - can they be incorporated into the text somehow?--Kharker 18:44, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Kharker: I've done some of what you suggested. In the event that the article doesn't attract other editors, I could try to incorporate more links into the article. Some of them are peripherally related, but I think their presence is hypertextual for people trying to traverse the subject of radio; short of consolidating all articles on propagation (which would certainly overload article length and discourage more depth later on) I think it's a good mix. Twang 01:55, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

History
I'm not expert enough here to do the edits, but perhaps another amateur radio historian is--the section describes first amateur transatlantic tests as being in 1931, I believe it was December, 1921. Also, 200 meters wasn't the shortest wavelength amateurs were permitted to use, it was the longest (hence the ARRL history book title "200 meters on down"). The great discovery of the day was that shorter wavelengths than 200 meters were useful for "skip" communication. Dkazdan (talk) 15:57, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091130112737/http://www.arrl.org:80/news/features/1998/1102/2/?nc=1 to http://www.arrl.org/news/features/1998/1102/2/?nc=1

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External links modified (January 2018)
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Difference between sky and space wave propagation
Please the question Pratik salekar (talk) 18:53, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Radio Act of 1912
A citation to the Radio Act of 1912 that I added to the article was removed. Here is that ref.

Here is an image of that page from that source:

 Sparkie82 ( t • c ) 10:55, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

That is a useful reference. Put it back in, but try to make the link so it can be accessed. As it was I repeatedly got error 503 when I tried to read it, which was one reason for the deletion. Also be very careful about the wording. It is wavelengths 200 meters and SHORTER that the private stations (amateurs) were allowed to use as they were deemed useless. I made the change I did because your change at 03:20, 16 October 2021 it was wrongly stated as LONGER. The Longer waves were well used and considered the better ones. I am sure you know what the facts were and simply got the wording wrong which is so very easy with the wavelength/frequency confusion.

I found conflicting sources as to the "technical" legal status of operation on shorter waves than 200 meters. Were amateurs assigned "all wavelengths shorter than 200 meters", or were they assigned 200 meters, period? I accept that without an authoritative reference, taking a side on that issue was unwarranted.

During 1921, the Amateurs crowded together on 200 meters and only gradually learned to use the shorter waves which were technically more difficult. A 1921 Jan QST editorial insisted that the law allowed that, but I think it was a "grey area". Many of the services, including broadcasting, at first were permitted only on a specific wavelength for all stations, not a range of wavelengths. And like the article once said, the authorities overlooked amateurs on the shorter waves it as they a thought those frequencies useless and not worthy of regulation. JNRSTANLEY (talk) 21:31, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Plagiarism
Most of the "Marconi" section is copied verbatim from this article: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-man-who-made-waves-9147309.html

(and it really doesn't read like an encyclopedia entry either)

I'm not a WP editor, just a reader, but I wanted to flag. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.105.158.54 (talk) 18:30, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skywave


text:
User talk:Anonymous596

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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To respond to your specific question, we used to do that when people posted requests to Changing_attribution_for_an_edit, but for some reason that service has been suspended. Gamaliel 01:51, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anonymous596


text:
User talk:Ryank808

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Bankoh.gif
FYI, I've uploaded a color version of the Bank of Hawaii logo to replaced the black and white one you added last year, and tagged the black and white version for deletion as an orphaned free use image. -- Hawaiian717 06:21, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mc3-logo.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Mc3-logo.png. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI 01:57, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Montgomery County Community College (logo).png
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title: User talk:Ryank808


text:
L. Jay Oliva

Lawrence Jay Oliva (September 23, 1933 – April 17, 2014), known as L. Jay Oliva, was the 14th president of New York University.

Life and career
Born in Walden, New York he earned a B.A. from Manhattan College (1955) and a M.A. (1957)/Ph.D. (1960) from Syracuse University. He was a University Fellow at Syracuse, a Fribourg Fellow at the University of Paris and a member of Phi Gamma Delta. His father was Italian and his mother was an Irish-speaker from County Galway, Ireland; he lent NYU to Irish-themed celebrations and exhibitions under the aegis of his presidency of New York University. He also supported the formal establishment of the university's Irish and Irish-American Studies program within Glucksman Ireland House NYU in 1993.

Oliva authored and edited numerous works on Russian and European history, including, "Misalliance: A Study of French Policy in Russia During the Seven Years' War" (New York University Press, 1964) and  "Russia in the Era of Peter the Great" (Prentice-Hall, 1969). His fields of academic specialization are 18th-century Russia, Russian diplomatic history and 18th-century Europe.

Oliva was given honorary degrees by Tel Aviv University (Doctor of Philosophy, 1994); University College Dublin (Doctor of Literature, 1993); Hebrew Union College (Doctor of Humane Letters, 1992); Saint Thomas Aquinas College (Doctor of Laws, 1989); and Manhattan College (Doctor of Humane Letters, 1987). He was decorated a chevalier of the French Legion of Honor (1997) and received the Premio Guido Dorso of Italy (1998).

Through Oliva's initiative, NYU was the founding member of the League of World Universities, established in 1991, whose membership now represents nearly fifty of the world's great urban universities. La Pietra, a cluster of five villas in Tuscany bequeathed to NYU by the late Sir Harold Acton, and the Lillian Vernon Center for International Affairs at Washington Square, serve as hubs for international activities that draw scholars and students from around the world. Oliva also created the "NYU Speaking Freely" program to provide students with opportunities for language learning outside the classroom. In recognition of this work, he received the Foreign Language Advocacy Award in 2001 from the Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. He served as president of New York University from 1991 until May 16, 2002. Under his leadership the school's fund-raising efforts soared, increasing from approximately $100 million annually in 1991 to more the $350 million in 2001. In 1995 Oliva oversaw the completion of what was at that time the first billion-dollar campaign undertaken by an American university. Launched in 1985 under Oliva's predecessor, John Brademas, the campaign was successfully completed five years ahead of schedule. He signed the first contract between a private university and a graduate assistant labor union, the Graduate Student Organizing Committee of Local 2110/United Auto Workers.

Oliva died on April 17, 2014, aged 80, of pancreatic cancer.

title: L. Jay Oliva


text: User talk:69.109.243.227

title: User talk:69.109.243.227


text:
Talk:Single crystal

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 12 January 2021 and 10 March 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Bookrabbitwitch.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:23, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

.
Er...is a single wafer (electronics) $100k, or did you mean a boule (crystal)? Do you have a source for that one?--Joel 01:54, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh, you caught me. I was referring to each wafer, which can produce dozens of chips each; but the cost number is 3rd-hand hearsay.  I'll look for a source. :)  - Bantman 02:37, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * No worries. I actually think the price of the boule is more important for this article, since a lot of the cost of a wafer is cutting and polishing it so precisely and in such a clean environment.  The information you gave would go well on the wafer article, however.  This is a good start for an article all around; kudos.  Some day I'll mention gemstones and turbine blades, if you don't beat me to it.--Joel 16:12, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the kudos! It's always nice to have one's work recognized. I've scratched the cost estimate; I think you're right that it's most likely in the cutting and polishing, and not growing the boule.  A cursory internet search seems to confirm that prices for raw single-crystal silicon isn't all that much.  - Bantman 19:40, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Delisted GA
There are no references or images. slambo 16:53, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

crystalline copper
Why is the link treated like an external one? --Shanedidona 16:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC) The topic of crystalline metals is not explained at all or well incorporated, also missing many other types of metals Bookrabbitwitch (talk) 21:26, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Tone and Tidiness
Article reformatted - uses now not a bulleted list - removed references to "monocrystalline copper" - It requires a better reference than some marketting material to prove this. (also Crystalline copper has issues too)

Should the manufacturing be covered in the individual uses sections - as the different making methods differ a lot?FengRail (talk) 20:04, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

“But there were surprises in store” Very casual writing in the electrical conductors second to last paragraph. Bookrabbitwitch (talk) 21:27, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

merge crystalline copper
Suggest merging what parts of crystalline copper can be shown to be true into this article.FengRail (talk) 20:20, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Sub-heading and Heading Reorganization
Proposing to move Materials Engineering under "Uses" to "Manufacture" heading for cohesiveness. Bookrabbitwitch (talk) 07:05, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

Turbines
Thinking of making the single crystalline turbines a separate section since it is a significant application. Bookrabbitwitch (talk) 21:33, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Single Molecule Magnets
Thinking of including SMM's as a use towards the end as a new field being studied. Will include specifications on molecule vs single crystal. Bookrabbitwitch (talk) 21:34, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Electrical Conductors
This section has specific information on the metals in the third and fourth paragraphs that I did not put in. I could not find the referenced materials to cite, but did not want to delete. If someone could either refute or agree about deleting some of the information, this section should discuss it. Bookrabbitwitch (talk) 03:38, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Single crystal