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Bill Hall (utility player)

William Leonard Hall (born December 28, 1979) is an American former professional baseball utility player. He played in Major League Baseball for the Milwaukee Brewers, Seattle Mariners, Boston Red Sox, Houston Astros, San Francisco Giants, and Baltimore Orioles from 2002 through 2012.

Early life
Hall attended Nettleton High School in Nettleton, Mississippi.

Milwaukee Brewers
In the season, Hall helped the Brewers to their first .500 season since 1992. Splitting time among third base, shortstop, and second base, Hall had a batting average of .291 with 17 home runs and 62 RBIs. The following season, Hall played behind newly acquired third baseman Corey Koskie, shortstop J. J. Hardy, and second baseman Rickie Weeks. On May 17,, Hall became the Brewers' starting shortstop after Hardy injured his ankle.

On Mother's Day 2006, with the Brewers playing the New York Mets, Hall hit a walk-off home run in the 10th inning. He hit the home run using a special Mother's Day pink bat with his mother, Vergie Hall, in attendance. After the game he dedicated the home run to her. When the bat was later auctioned to raise money for breast cancer research, Brewers owner Mark Attanasio purchased the bat and gave it to Hall's mother. The final bid on the bat was over $25,000, the third-highest total ever paid for an auction item on mlb.com.

In November 2006, Hall represented Major League Baseball in the Japan All-Star Series.

Hall became the Brewers' leader offensively with a .553 slugging percentage, 85 RBIs, and 35 home runs. He also led his team in runs scored (101), doubles (39), triples (4), total bases (297), and walks (63). As a result of his play, the Brewers named him the most valuable player of the team. On February 5, 2007, Hall signed a four-year deal for $24 million with the Brewers with a $9.25 million option for a fifth season in 2011.

Hall opened the season as a center fielder, batting fourth. In 2007, he led all major league center fielders in errors with 9, and had the lowest fielding percentage among them, .971, as well as the lowest zone rating, .837.

On June 12, 2007, Hall drew three of the four walks issued by Justin Verlander in his no-hitter against the Brewers.

Hall entered the season as the Brewers' starting third baseman, following the move of Ryan Braun to left field. In May, the Brewers called up left-hander Russell Branyan from Triple-A to platoon at third base with Hall, after Hall struggled to get hits against right-handed pitchers for much of the early part of the season. Still in the lineup, Hall expressed his disappointment on June 3, 2008, by saying that if he was not going consistently to start for the Brewers, he might want to be traded in order to play every day (he had also grown tired of the Brewers changing his field position, which they had done three seasons in a row—usually something teams avoid so that players remain comfortable in their field positions and perform at their highest potential).

Following his statements, many Brewers fans booed him at Miller Park, which he later admitted affected his confidence. In June and early July he began hitting much better, even against right-handed pitchers (including game-winning, back-to-back, go-ahead home runs against right-handed pitchers of division rival St. Louis Cardinals, in the 10th inning of the first game of the series and in the 9th inning of the second), and all but pushed Branyan back out of the starting lineup. When asked what had changed he said that he felt that he had found his swing in early July, and had subsequently regained his confidence. He thanked his teammates for supporting him through it all.

Hall's hitting then worsened, as he hit .235 in August, and .182 in September–October.

Hall ended the 2008 season with a .225 batting average, and a .174 batting average against right-handers.

On May 25 when the Brewers took on St. Louis in Milwaukee, Hall delivered the game-winning hit while matched up against a right-handed arm in Milwaukee. After the game, Hall declared "I wanna get back to when I was good." Hall subsequently recorded just two hits in his next 22 at-bats.

On July 30, following a win against the Washington Nationals, Hall was sent down to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds. Despite not batting over .180 during May, June, or July, Hall has made some great strides with his swing while seeing batting practice action. Hall said this about being sent down: "I'm going to go down and get some at-bats, hopefully get a bunch of hits and come back. My swing is good. I just need some reps. My batting practice the last few weeks has been some of the best of my career," In his second game with the Sounds, Hall went 2-for-4 with a double and a home run while batting third. Hall was subsequently recalled from Triple-A Nashville and started in right field for the Brewers on August 3, replacing an injured Corey Hart. Hall went 0-for-3 with a bases-loaded walk.

On August 12, Hall was designated for assignment, ending his 7-year stint with the Brewers.

Seattle Mariners
On August 19, Hall was traded to the Seattle Mariners for minor league pitcher Ruben Flores.

Hall recorded his first hit as a Mariner on what was his first game with his new club on August 21. Hall finished the game with two hits and his first Mariner RBI.

Boston Red Sox
On January 7, 2010, Hall was traded to the Boston Red Sox for Casey Kotchman and a minor league player to be named and cash. Hall was excited to return to a utility role, saying "I'm up for anything. I've played every position. I feel I'm athletic enough to move over to first base and hopefully make it look like I've played there for some years. Everybody knows I can play some defense and everyone knows I can hit. I've just had some unfortunate incidents in the last couple of years and I feel like I'm pretty close back to where I used to be. [Manager Terry Francona] just promised me plenty of at-bats and opportunities to prove I could be the player I want to be. That revolves around hitting." Much of the Red Sox roster was plagued by injuries during the 2010 season, forcing manager Francona to constantly juggle the lineups, filling the vacancies with whoever was available. Bill Hall became a "super-utility" option, and played all but two positions during the year. On May 28, 2010, Francona, facing a ninth inning with no available pitchers, sent Bill Hall to the mound. Hall's major league pitching debut was impressive: wielding nothing but an 89 mph fastball, he retired all three batters he faced. Hall finished his year in Boston with 18 home runs, leading the American League in home runs per at-bat in the final two months of the season.

Houston Astros
On December 20, 2010, Hall signed a one-year contract with the Houston Astros. He was released on June 4, 2011, after hitting .224 for the Astros.

San Francisco Giants
Hall signed with the San Francisco Giants on June 11, 2011. On July 7, while playing second base, he was spiked in the left leg as Jason Bartlett slid into second base. The resulting cut was so severe, a plastic surgeon had to supervise the stitches administered. Hall was placed on the disabled list after the game. On July 28, 2011, Hall was designated for assignment by the Giants.

New York Yankees
Hall signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees on February 7, 2012, with an invitation to spring training. He did not make the team, and opted out of his contract.

Baltimore Orioles
On April 23, 2012, Hall signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles. On May 12, 2012, Hall was called up to the majors due to an injury to third baseman Mark Reynolds. Hall hit a home run in his Orioles debut against the Tampa Bay Rays. On May 25, Hall was designated for assignment by the Orioles. He hit 2–7 with a home run and 4 walks. On September 26, Hall's contract was purchased from the Triple-A Norfolk Tides after Randy Wolf was placed on the 60-day Disabled List.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
On January 30, 2013, Hall signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim., but on May 19, 2013, was released after batting .164 over 21 games in AAA.

Long Island Ducks
On June 7, 2013, Hall signed with the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League.

Retirement
On September 5, 2019, Bill Hall signed a one-day contract and retired as a Milwaukee Brewer. "I was just a small town country boy with Major League dreams," said Hall in a news release. "The Brewers gave me an opportunity to live those dreams. The organization and fans welcomed me like family, and that is what we became. Retiring as a Brewer could not feel better or happen any other way."

Personal life
Hall, along with former teammates J. J. Hardy, Jeff Suppan, and Chris Capuano, appeared in an episode of CBS' soap opera The Young and the Restless. He served as a special playoff analyst on ESPN's Cold Pizza

Bill Hall has three kids. Sydni Parker Hall, Maya Parker Hall, and Bella Parker Hall.

title: Bill Hall (utility player)


text:
Phosgene oxime

Phosgene oxime, or CX, is an organic compound with the formula Cl2C\dN\sOH. It is a potent chemical weapon, specifically a nettle agent. The compound itself is a colorless solid, but impure samples are often yellowish liquids. It has a strong, disagreeable and irritating odor. It is used as a reagent in organic chemistry.

Preparation and reactions
Phosgene oxime can be prepared by reduction of chloropicrin using a combination of tin metal and hydrochloric acid as the source of the active hydrogen reducing agent:
 * Cl3CNO2 + 4 [H] → Cl2C\dN\sOH + HCl + H2O

The observation of a transient violet color in the reaction suggests intermediate formation of trichloronitrosomethane (Cl3CNO). Early preparations, using stannous chloride as the reductant, also started with chloropicrin.

The compound is electrophilic and thus sensitive to nucleophiles, including bases, which destroy it:
 * Cl2CNOH + 2 NaOH → CO2 + NH2OH + 2 NaCl + H2O

Phosgene oxime has been used to prepare heterocycles that contain N-O bonds, such as isoxazoles.

Dehydrohalogenation upon contact with mercuric oxide generates chlorine fulminate, a reactive nitrile oxide:
 * Cl2CNOH → Cl\sC\tN+\sO− + HCl

Toxicity
Phosgene oxime is classified as a vesicant even though it does not produce blisters. It is toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. The effects of the poisoning occur almost immediately. No antidote for phosgene oxime poisoning is known. Generally, any treatment is supportive. Typical physical symptoms of CX exposure are as follows:
 * Skin: Blanching surrounded by an erythematous ring can be observed within 30 seconds of exposure. A wheal develops on exposed skin within 30 minutes. The original blanched area acquires a brown pigmentation by 24 hours. An eschar forms in the pigmented area by 1 week and sloughs after approximately 3 weeks. Initially, the effects of CX can easily be misidentified as mustard gas exposure. However, the onset of skin irritation resulting from CX exposure is a great deal faster than mustard gas, which typically takes several hours or more to cause skin irritation.
 * Eyes: Eye examination typically demonstrates conjunctivitis, lacrimation, lid edema, and blepharospasm after even minute exposures. More severe exposures can result in keratitis, iritis, corneal perforation, and blindness.
 * Respiratory: Irritation of the mucous membranes may be observed on examination of the oropharynx and nose. Evidence of pulmonary edema, including rales and wheezes, may be noted on auscultation. Pulmonary thromboses are prominent features of severe CX exposure.
 * Gastrointestinal: Some animal data suggest that CX may cause hemorrhagic inflammatory changes in the GI tract.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Phosgene oxime


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Talk:Progressivism/to do

 * Write a history of each worldwide movement or cause self-identified as "progressive", possibly adding material to referenced articles.
 * Elaborate on 'Progressivism Worldwide' section.
 * Expand List of progressive advocates section.
 * Cite sources.

title: Talk:Progressivism/to do


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Administrative divisions of Massachusetts

Massachusetts shares with the five other New England states a governmental structure known as the New England town. Only the southeastern third of the state has functioning county governments; in western, central, and northeastern Massachusetts, traditional county-level government was eliminated in the late 1990s. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of public school districts in Massachusetts: local schools, regional schools, vocational/technical schools, and charter schools.

Municipalities

In many other states, a town is a compact incorporated area; between the towns are unincorporated areas, usually quite large, that do not belong to any town. Such states are completely apportioned into counties, and county governments have significant importance, particularly to those living outside towns, and often perform major functions such as providing police and fire services and operating airports.

In contrast, with the possible exception of the Graves Light, all of the land in Massachusetts is divided up among the cities and towns and there are no "unincorporated" areas or population centers, nor townships. (This is generally true of most of the New England states, and is described at length at New England town.) This complicates comparisons with other non-New England states. The U.S. Census Bureau considers Massachusetts cities and towns to be minor civil divisions, equivalent to townships in other states, but townships usually have weaker forms of government. Many Massachusetts residents also identify with neighborhoods, villages, or other districts of their towns and cities.

Services
Many municipalities have their own police departments, as do many Massachusetts colleges and universities. Massachusetts State Police have sole authority under state law for investigating homicides, except for Boston, Worcester, and Springfield. Fire protection is generally also provided by municipal fire departments but may be divided among multiple smaller departments servicing just individual villages and population centers. Examples of multiple departments servicing the same towns include Dartmouth(three districts) and Barnstable(five districts, plus an airport department). Massport has its own fire department, and its Fire Rescue provides protection on agency property. Fire departments have mutual aid agreements, such as the Massachusetts Metro Fire District in Greater Boston, which facilitate emergency response across department boundaries.

Water and sewer districts are generally operated at the municipal level, providing retail service to residential and business customers, and making provisions for sewage treatment and acquiring water from wells, rivers, or wholesaler. Some local water districts have been consolidated across municipal boundaries and some operate at the sub-municipal (village) level. Running water and sewer service is not necessarily available to all buildings, especially in low-density areas; building owners in these areas must obtain their own water and dispose of their own sewage. The Massachusetts Water Resources Authority provides wholesale water and sewer services to many cities and towns, mostly in Greater Boston, in cooperation with DCR watershed land management. Combined sewers in some areas are being separated to reduce water pollution.

State laws delegate limited control over building, alcohol, marijuana, gambling, and taxi licenses to municipal governments. Municipal governments own most roads, and many use police and traffic control officers to enforce their own parking regulations, and set speed limits and various restrictions on local roads within state parameters. Maintenance of state-owned roads (typically major), setting the rules of the road, driver and vehicle licenses, and public transportation are MassDOT responsibilities, though regional transportation agencies such as the MBTA are funded partly by fees paid by municipalities.

Limits to municipal government
Many Massachusetts towns were established during the British colonial period, long before the existence of an independent United States. The Massachusetts Constitution was written before the end of the American Revolution (1780). This constitution re-established the relationship between the state government and the towns which was originally specified by the charter which was granted to the Massachusetts Bay Company by King Charles I in 1629.

As in most of New England, the powers of Massachusetts cities and towns are set forth in the state constitution, state statutes, and municipal charters. However, the laws regulating their authority have historically been very broadly construed, and there is a long-standing tradition of local autonomy.

In 1966, the Home Rule Amendment to the Massachusetts Constitution created a limited home rule mechanism explicitly granting certain powers to cities and towns. According to the Amendment:
 * Municipalities may adopt charters without needing state approval
 * Municipalities may not regulate elections, collect taxes, borrow money, define civil laws or regulations, define felonies or set imprisonment as a punishment for any offense, or dispose of park land; except as provided by the legislature
 * Whether or not it has adopted a charter, a municipality may exercise any power that the legislature has the power to delegate to it, except in cases where the legislature has already acted, explicitly or implicitly. (Given the large number of matters on which the state legislature has acted, this means the actual powers of municipalities are quite limited, and sometimes uncertain until tested in court.)

The legislature is prohibited from passing any special laws that affect fewer than two municipalities, except in any of the following circumstances:
 * Approval of a Home Rule Petition from the municipal government
 * By two-thirds supermajority and the consent of the Governor
 * Establishing metropolitan or regional agencies with borders different from existing municipalities
 * Creation, dissolution, and merger of municipalities, and adjustment of boundaries

Many municipalities seek approval for special legislation giving them desired powers, which may or may not be available to them under the blanket grant of Home Rule, due to potentially conflicting state laws. Even before the 1966 amendment, the laws regulating municipal powers had been very broadly construed, and there is a long-standing tradition of local autonomy.

The Zoning Act grants substantial zoning powers to municipalities. The Massachusetts Subdivision Control Law also concerns land use regulation.

Form of government: city vs. town
As in most of New England, the distinction between a "city" and "town" as defined in Massachusetts law is primarily related to the form of government that the municipality has chosen. A town is governed under a town meeting form of government–either via an open town meeting or representative town meeting, with a board of selectmen handling town affairs between meetings. A city has a council or board of aldermen (and may or may not have a mayor, a city manager, or both).

Prior to 1821, the only recognized form of government in Massachusetts was the town meeting. On April 9, 1821, an amendment to the state constitution was approved that permitted municipalities to choose other forms of government. On February 23, 1822, the Governor approved an act that granted a city form of government to Boston. The new charter for "the City of Boston" was drafted by Lemuel Shaw, later Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. The voters of Boston approved the acceptance of the proposed city charter on March 4, 1822.

The state Constitution stipulates that any municipality that has a population under 12,000 cannot adopt "city" form of government and charter; any "town" with less than 6,000 population cannot adopt a representative town meeting charter and form of government. This applies whether or not the municipality has adopted a home rule charter. Other details of city and town government are left to the legislature.

State law defines six possible options for city governments:
 * Plan A - "Strong mayor" - Mayor and a city council, the councilors being elected at large. Party primaries prohibited.
 * Plan B - "Weak mayor" - Mayor and city council, the councilors being elected partly at large and partly from districts or wards of the city. Party primaries prohibited.
 * Plan C - "Commission" - Mayor and commissioners. Party primaries prohibited.
 * Plan D - "Council-manager"- City council of seven or nine (one of whom is the mayor), and a city manager. Party primaries prohibited.
 * Plan E - "Council-manager"- City council of seven or nine (one of whom is the mayor), a city manager; members of the council and the school committee elected at large by proportional representation.
 * Plan F - "Partisan mayor-council" - Mayor and city council, the councilors being elected partly at large and partly from wards of the city, with political party primaries.

There are also certain operational differences between cities and towns. For instance, changes to town by-laws require approval by the Massachusetts Attorney General, but changes to city ordinances do not.

A 1966 amendment to the Massachusetts Constitution affirmed the right of local municipalities to self-government and to the exercise of powers not inconsistent with state law. It also prohibited the state legislature from abolishing or combining cities and towns without their consent, and made it illegal for the legislature to enact legislation affecting only one municipality without that community's request or consent.

As part of the amendment, Massachusetts for the first time allowed cities and towns to draft and adopt their own home rule charters without receiving permission or approval from the state. The legislature adopted the state Home Rule Procedures Act to establish a process to accomplish the constitutional mandate.

For towns without a home rule charter, changes in the structure of the local government must be approved by petitioning the General Court for special legislation giving it that authority, or through adoption of one of the so-call Acceptance Act Charters, A through F. Communities with home rule charters must also request a Special Act in order to exercise a power the state has reserved to itself, such as increase the number of liquor licenses allowed in a city or town.

As of 2000, 71 municipalities had adopted home-rule charters under the Home Rule Amendment procedure, 13 operated under charters granted by Special Acts of the legislature passed before the Home Rule Amendment, and 19 operated under Special Acts pass after the Home Rule Amendment.

Out of 53 cities in the Commonwealth, there are now eleven that are legally cities and have city councils, but retained "Town of" in their names. This distinction derives from provisions of state law that reference the town meeting form of government and that provide for greater self-governance authority for the class of communities governed by a form of chief executive and council which are referred to as cities in state law.

Communities adopting a city form while retaining "Town of" as their name are: Agawam, Amesbury, Barnstable, Braintree, Franklin, Palmer, Southbridge, Watertown, West Springfield, Weymouth, and Winthrop.

Legal opinions provided to charter commissions in some of first of the 11 communities adopting a style of government that the General Laws referred to as a city form suggested that for clarity the community be referenced as "the City Known as the Town of X" as its legal name. The term "town" was retained in many cases because a suburban community did not desire to be known as a "city" with the urban issues the name implies, but wished to adopt the city form of government.

How a municipality refers to itself has been said to be a decision that is up to the community. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court has ruled that what a municipality calls itself doesn't matter: "It is the substance of the thing done, and not the name given to it, which controls". Opinion of the Justices to the Senate, 229 Mass. 600 (Mass. 1918). The "City known as the Town of" reference was intended in communities adopting it to assert its right to exercise the authority of a city in governance, municipal finance and procurement. In the early days of the spread of the council-based municipal government to towns, it served to eliminate confusion as to a town's ability to do a particular thing.

Prior to the adoption of the Home Rule Amendment, no town had become a city in Massachusetts for 45 years, while four made the change in the first 10 years following the adoption of home rule.

Revenues

 * Local property tax. The Legislature has authorized local governments to administer the property tax under state supervision, and to set property tax rates locally. A 1980 law, passed by popular ballot and known as "Proposition 2½," sets limits on property tax and automotive excise tax rates.  There are three parts to the property tax limit calculation.
 * Levy Ceiling: A community may not, in any one year, collect more than 2.5% of the total full and fair cash value of all taxable real and personal property in the community.
 * Levy (Increase) Limit. The annual increase of the amount collected cannot exceed 2.5% over the previous year, plus the amount corresponding to increased property values.
 * New Growth. Each year, the state Department of Revenue calculates a "new growth" figure for each municipality, allowing that community to increase its levy a certain amount beyond the 2.5% limit to account for value-adding improvements in the local property stock, such as the subdivision of farms to high-priced homes.
 * A municipality is permitted but not required to tax up to the levy limit. If a city or town wants to raise more money than it is allowed under either the ceiling or the increase limit, it must get voter approval for a "Proposition 2½ override" or a "Proposition 2½ debt exclusion." An exception is granted for water and sewer debt. Tax increases voted through a debt exclusion must be tied to a certain cost and expire on a future date; an override increase sets a new benchmark for all future 2.5 percent rises.
 * Some municipalities have a state-authorized property tax exemption for low-price owner-occupied residences of up to 30%. Other exemptions include hospitals, schools, churches, seniors, veterans, surviving spouses, and blind people

 * Local income tax. The Massachusetts Constitution was modified in 1915 to permit a state income tax. However, the constitution requires that "such tax ... shall be levied at a uniform rate."  This means that local municipalities may not impose a local income tax.
 * Local sales tax. The Massachusetts Constitution requires tax rate uniformity, which means that municipal governments may not institute local sales taxes. However, some exceptions have been granted. In 1985, the Legislature granted cities and towns the right to impose sales tax on aviation fuel and hotel/motel occupancy, as a local option.
 * Local aid. A significant portion of the income of cities and towns comes from the state government's general fund, and is known as "local aid".
 * Fees. Some municipal fees, such as parking fines and towing fees, are limited by state law.
 * Unfunded mandates. State laws which place requirements on cities and towns without increasing financial support to cover increased costs are often criticized as "unfunded mandates" and are a controversial issue in local relations. In theory, Proposition 2½ disallowed unfunded mandates after 1981, and in some cases this has been successfully enforced in court.  However, the courts have ruled that the legislature may condition other aid on acceptance of the mandates, partially circumventing the law.

School districts
Primary and secondary school attendance is compulsory and free for Massachusetts residents aged 6–16. Massachusetts has a school choice law which allows students to attend a school in a district outside their municipality if the other district has space and approves. K-12 students may also attend private schools. Private schools are not state-funded and generally charge tuition. Many are parochial schools operated by subdivisions of the Roman Catholic Church.

Generally speaking, there are four kinds of public school districts in Massachusetts: local schools, regional schools, vocational/technical schools, and charter schools.

Organization
Local schools are funded by one municipality. 50% of the municipalities in Massachusetts use local schools for grades Kindergarten through 12. Local schools are administered by the municipality through an elected or appointed school committee, and are considered a department of the city or town government. In some cities, such as Cambridge and Malden, the city charter specifies that the mayor has a permanent seat on the school committee. The capital city of Boston is subject to a special state law which allows the mayor to appoint a school committee of seven. The final budget control for local schools is held by the municipality (Mayor or Town Meeting, respectively), although the school committee receives an annual lump sum appropriation from the municipality, and "town-side" or "city-side" officials have no control over the allocation of School Department funds within the annual appropriation, which is controlled by the school committee.

Any two or more municipalities may combine their public schools into one district and form regional schools. 27% of the municipalities in Massachusetts have K-12 regional schools, while many other communities are served by local primary Schools and regional secondary schools. Regional schools are administered by a school committee that consists of representatives of the municipalities in the region. Final budget control for a regional district is still held by the voters of its member municipalities, however. Participating mayors and Town Meetings still vote on the bottom line of their share of the regional budget. If municipalities within a school district disagree (e.g., if one town funds 100% of the regional school committee's request, and another funds only 75%), a second round of decisions is taken. If the disagreement persists, registered voters within the regional district's boundaries assemble for a "district meeting," similar to a town meeting, at which a majority vote of attendees prevails. Each member city or town must then adjust its own budget to accommodate the voted assessments.

Several regional school districts overlay the "academic" school district system and provide vocational and technical high schools for students from several communities. Vocational/technical schools are administered by a regional school committee. The structure of this committee is established in the regional agreement. Like any regional school committee, vocational committees have final budget control for school spending decisions, but still depend on local authorities for funding.

Charter schools are publicly funded schools that are subject to different administrative structures from traditional public schools. There are two types of charter schools in Massachusetts. Massachusetts law specifies governance and entities eligible to apply for a charter, or operate a charter school as follows:

Commonwealth Charter Schools were created as part of Education Reform in 1993. Commonwealth Charter Schools are formed by the approval of a charter that defines its administrative structure. Charter Schools are not subject to the collective bargaining agreements that are negotiated for other public schools. There are 51 Commonwealth Charter Schools in Massachusetts. Commonwealth Charter Schools are administered by a board of trustees of the private entity that received the charter authority to operate the school.

Horace Mann Charter Schools were defined in 1997. The charter for these schools must be approved by the local school committee and the local union. There are 8 Horace Mann Charter Schools in Massachusetts. A Horace Mann Chater school is run operated and managed by a board of trustees independent of the school committees which approve said schools. The board of trustees may include a member of the school committee. The board of trustees may include a municipal school committee member.

All school districts in Massachusetts must employ a superintendent and business (or finance) manager. Many districts also have assistant or associate superintendents, pupil services directors, special education directors, and other administrators, although these are not required by state law. State law is developed into regulations by the Massachusetts Board of Education to govern local, regional, vocational, and charter schools.

School funding and construction
The cost of operating public schools comes from two sources: local government, funded primarily by the property tax, and payments from the state Legislature (out of the state general fund), calculated to provide more aid to economically weaker school districts and thereby equalize educational opportunity across the state. These "Chapter 70" payments are in addition to separate local aid payments to town and city governments' general funds.

Cities and towns are required by state law to spend a minimum amount on education. This required amount is referred to as "Net School Spending" and is calculated as part of the Chapter 70 funding formula.

Each school district is allocated a certain amount of funding through a foundational budget, which is based on the number of students that community is required to educate according to enrollment figures as of October 1 of the previous year, as well as the calculated wealth of a community. However, when a student transfers out of district to another public district, to a charter school, a public vocational school, etc., a certain amount of funding is transferred along with them.

School construction and renovation projects fall under the budgetary and land use powers of the municipalities rather than the school boards.

Counties
District attorneys and sheriffs are elected by constituencies that mostly, but not entirely, follow county boundaries; they are funded by the state budget. Though most county governments have been abolished, each county still has a Sheriff's Department which operates jails and correctional facilities and service of process within the county.

By the 1990s, most functions of county governments (including operation of courts and road maintenance) had been taken over by the state, and most county governments were seen as inefficient and outmoded. The government of Suffolk County was substantially integrated with the city government of Boston more than one hundred years ago, to the extent that the members of the Boston city council are ex officio the Suffolk County Commissioners, and Boston's treasurer and auditor fulfill the same offices for the county. Thus, residents of the other three Suffolk County communities do not have a voice on the county commission, but all the county expenses are paid by the city of Boston.

The government of Nantucket County, which is geographically coterminous with the Town of Nantucket, is operated as a consolidated town and county government — the town selectmen (executive branch) act as the county commissioners. This is the only such example of a true consolidated city-county in New England.

Mismanagement of Middlesex County's public hospital in the mid-1990s left that county on the brink of insolvency, and in 1997 the Massachusetts legislature stepped in by assuming all assets and obligations of the county. The government of Middlesex County was officially abolished on July 11, 1997. Later that year, the Franklin County Commission voted itself out of existence. The law abolishing Middlesex County also provided for the elimination of Hampden County and Worcester County on July 1, 1998. This law was later amended to abolish Hampshire County on January 1, 1999; Essex County and Suffolk County on July 1 of that same year; and Berkshire County on July 1, 2000. Chapter 34B of the Massachusetts General Laws allows other counties either to abolish themselves, or to reorganize as a "regional council of governments", as Hampshire and Franklin Counties have done. The governments of Bristol, Plymouth, and Norfolk Counties remain substantially unchanged. Barnstable and Dukes Counties have adopted modern county charters, enabling them to act as efficient regional governments. Dukes County in particular has a strong regional planning agency known as the Martha's Vineyard Commission.

Quasi-public state agencies
Historically Massachusetts has had numerous specially chartered quasi-public state agencies that operated outside of the executive branch of the state government. These organizations provide either statewide or regional services. They are created to provide a measure of flexibility for administration, avoiding many of the regulations that other public agencies are subject to. Independent organizations such as the Pioneer Institute and private media entities have sought to report or research these agencies in the interest of the taxpaying public.

Such agencies are organized under such legislation such as MGL § 7 (14). Examples include the Commonwealth Health Insurance Connector Authority, which provides a platform for maintaining Massachusetts' statewide healthcare insurance platform.

List of some Massachusetts quasi-public agencies:

 * the Massachusetts Industrial Finance Agency, established by 496 (3) -- 1978.
 * the Community Development Finance Corporation, established by 866 (2) -- 1975.
 * the Massachusetts Technology Development Corporation, established by 497 (1) -- 1978.
 * the Government Land Bank, established by 212 -- 1975.
 * the Massachusetts Product Development Corporation, established by 40 (K).


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User:UtherSRG/birds

These are birds I've seen in my travels. Originally, this did not include birds I've seen in zoos or other captives, only wild specimens. Now, I've marked zoo specimens with §.

Order Struthioniformes

 * Family Struthionidae
 * Common Ostrich, Struthio camelus§

Order Rheiformes

 * Family Rheidae
 * Greater Rhea, Rhea americana§

Order Anseriformes

 * Family Anatidae
 * Subfamily Dendrocygninae
 * White-faced Whistling Duck, Dendrocygna viduata§
 * Subfamily Anserinae
 * Tribe Cygnini
 * Tundra Swan, Cygnus columbianus
 * Tribe Anserini
 * Greylag Goose, Anser anser
 * Swan Goose, Anser cygnoides§
 * Canada Goose, Branta canadensis
 * Subfamily Tadorninae
 * Egyptian Goose, Alopochen aegyptiaca§
 * Common Shelduck, Tadorna tadorna§
 * Orinoco Goose, Neochen jubata§
 * Subfamily Anatinae
 * Tribe Anatini
 * Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
 * Laysan Duck, Anas laysanensis
 * Tribe Mergini
 * Common Eider, Somateria mollissima
 * American White-winged Scoter, Melanitta (Melanitta) deglandi deglandi
 * Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola
 * Hooded Merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus
 * Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator
 * Tribe Aythyini
 * Canvasback, Aythya valisineria§
 * Tribe Oxyurini
 * Ruddy Duck, Oxyura jamaicensis
 * Unresolved
 * Muscovy Duck, Cairina moschata
 * Wood Duck, Aix sponsa

Order Galliformes

 * Family Odontophoridae
 * Gambel's Quail, Callipepla gambelii
 * Stone partridge, Ptilopachus petrosus§
 * Family Phasianidae
 * Subfamily Meleagridinae
 * Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo
 * Subfamily Phasianinae
 * Tribe Gallini
 * Red Junglefowl, Gallus gallus
 * Tribe Phasianini
 * Kalij Pheasant, Lophura leucomelanos
 * Tribe Pavonini
 * Indian Peafowl, Pavo cristatus§
 * Great Argus, Argusianus argus§
 * Congo Peafowl, Afropavo congensis§
 * Subfamily Rollulinae
 * Crested Partridge, Rollulus rouloul§
 * Family Cracidae
 * Blue-billed Curassow, Crax alberti§

Order Podicipediformes

 * Family Podicipedidae
 * Western Grebe, Aechmophorus occidentalis
 * Pied-billed Grebe, Podilymbus podiceps

Order Phoenicopteriformes

 * Family Phoenicopteridae
 * American Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber
 * Chilean Flamingo, Phoenicopterus chilensis§
 * Lesser Flamingo, Phoeniconaias minor§

Order Columbiformes

 * Family Columbidae
 * Subfamily Columbinae
 * Tribe Columbini
 * Rock Dove, Columba livia
 * Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto
 * Spotted Dove, Spilopelia chinensis
 * Laughing Dove, Spilopelia senegalensis§
 * Tribe Zenaidini
 * Mourning Dove, Zenaida macroura
 * White-winged Dove, Zenaida asiatica
 * Subfamily Raphinae
 * Tribe Turturini
 * Blue-headed Wood-dove, Turtur brehmeri§
 * Tambourine Dove, Turtur tympanistria§
 * Tribe Phabini
 * Zebra Dove, Geopelia striata
 * Tribe Ptilinopini
 * Black-naped Fruit-dove, Ptilinopus melanospilus§
 * Tribe Raphini
 * Nicobar Pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica§

 * Tribe Treronini
 * Bruce's Green Pigeon, Treron waalia§

Order Charadriiformes

 * Suborder Scolopaci
 * Family Jacanidae
 * Wattled Jacana, Jacana jacana§
 * Family Scolopacidae
 * Eurasian Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
 * Ruddy Turnstone, Arenaria interpres
 * Suborder Lari
 * Family Laridae

 * Black Noddy, Anous minutus
 * White Tern, Gygis alba
 * Sooty Tern, Onychoprion fuscatus
 * Least Tern, Sternula antillarum
 * American Herring Gull, Larus smithsonianus
 * Great Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus
 * Western Gull, Larus occidentalis
 * Heermann's Gull, Larus heermanni
 * Family Alcidae
 * Black Guillemot, Cepphus grylle
 * Suborder Charadrii
 * Family Recurvirostridae
 * Black-necked Stilt, Himantopus mexicanus
 * Family Charadriidae
 * Subfamily Charadriinae
 * Pacific Golden Plover, Pluvialis fulva
 * Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus
 * Piping Plover, Charadrius melodus
 * Subfamily Vanellinae
 * Spur-winged Lapwing, Vanellus spinosus§

Order Gruiformes

 * Suborder Grui
 * Family Aramidae
 * Limpkin, Aramus guarauna
 * Family Gruidae
 * West African Black Crowned Crane, Balearica pavonina pavonina§
 * Grey Crowned Crane, Balearica regulorum§
 * Family Psophiidae
 * Grey-winged Trumpeter, Psophia crepitans§
 * Suborder Ralli
 * Family Rallidae
 * Common Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus
 * American Coot, Fulica americana
 * American Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio martinica

Order Caprimulgiformes

 * Family Caprimulgidae
 * Lesser Nighthawk, Chordeiles acutipennis

Order Podargiformes

 * Family Podargidae
 * Tawny Frogmouth, Podargus strigoides§

Order Apodiformes

 * Family Trochilidae
 * Subfamily Trochilinae
 * Tribe Mellisugini
 * Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Archilochus colubris
 * Anna's Hummingbird, Calypte anna
 * Rufous Hummingbird, Selasphorus rufus

Order Musophagiformes

 * Family Musophagidae
 * Subfamily Musophaginae
 * Red-crested Turaco, Tauraco erythrolophus§
 * Subfamily Corythaeolinae
 * Great Blue Turaco, Corythaeola cristata§

Order Cuculiformes

 * Family Cuculidae
 * Greater Roadrunner, Geococcyx californianus
 * Chestnut-breasted Malkoha, Phaenicophaeus curvirostris§
 * Guira Cuckoo, Guira guira§
 * Crested Coua, Coua cristata§

Order Eurypygiformes

 * Family Eurypygidae
 * Sunbittern, Eurypyga helias§

Order Phaethontiformes

 * Family Phaethontidae
 * Red-tailed Tropicbird, Phaethon rubricauda

Order Gaviiformes

 * Family Gaviidae
 * Common Loon, Gavia immer

Order Procellariiformes

 * Family Procellariidae
 * Wedge-tailed Shearwater, Puffinus pacificus
 * Family Hydrobatidae
 * Leach's Storm-petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa
 * Family Oceanitidae
 * Wilson's Storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus

Order Sphenisciformes

 * Family Spheniscidae
 * African Penguin, Spheniscus demersus§

Order Ciconiiformes

 * Family Ciconiidae
 * Abdim's Stork, Ciconia abdimii§

Order Suliformes

 * Family Fregatidae
 * Great Frigatebird, Fregata minor
 * Family Sulidae
 * Red-footed Booby, Sula sula
 * Family Phalacrocoracidae
 * White-breasted Cormorant, Phalacrocorax lucidus§
 * Double-crested Cormorant, Nannopterum auritum
 * Family Anhingidae
 * Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga

Order Pelecaniformes

 * Suborder Ardei
 * Family Threskiornithidae
 * African Sacred Ibis, Threskiornis aethiopicus§
 * American White Ibis, Eudocimus albus
 * Glossy Ibis, Plegadis falcinellus
 * White-faced Ibis, Plegadis chihi§
 * Family Ardeidae
 * Black-crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
 * Yellow-crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax violaceus
 * Green Heron, Butorides virescens
 * Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis
 * Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias
 * Great Egret, Ardea alba
 * Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea
 * Snowy Egret, Egretta thula
 * Tricolored Heron, Egretta tricolor
 * Suborder Pelecani
 * Family Balaenicipitidae
 * Shoebill, Balaeniceps rex§
 * Family Pelecanidae
 * Pink-backed Pelican, Pelecanus rufescens§
 * Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis

Order Cathartiformes

 * Family Cathartidae
 * Black Vulture, Coragyps atratus
 * Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura
 * California Condor, Gymnogyps californianus§
 * Andean Condor, Vultur gryphus§

Order Accipitriformes

 * Family Sagittariidae
 * Secretarybird, Sagittarius serpentarius§
 * Family Pandionidae
 * Osprey, Pandion haliaetus
 * Family Accipitridae
 * Subfamily Gypaetinae
 * Palm-nut Vulture, Gypohierax angolensis§
 * Subfamily Perninae
 * Swallow-tailed Kite, Elanoides forficatus
 * Subfamily Aquilinae
 * Crowned Eagle, Stephanoaetus coronatus§
 * Subfamily Buteoninae
 * Tribe Milvini
 * Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
 * Tribe Buteonini
 * Common Black Hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus
 * Harris's Hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus
 * Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo jamaicensis
 * Rough-legged Hawk, Buteo lagopus
 * Red-shouldered Hawk, Buteo lineatus
 * Subfamily Accipitrinae
 * Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii
 * Northern Harrier, Circus hudsonius

Order Strigiformes

 * Family Strigidae
 * Subfamily Striginae
 * Northern Saw-whet Owl, Aegolius acadicus
 * Snowy Owl, Bubo scandiacus§
 * Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus
 * Eastern Screech Owl, Megascops asio§

Order Trogoniformes

 * Family Trogonidae
 * Golden-headed Quetzal, Pharomachrus auriceps§
 * Green-backed Trogon, Trogon viridis§

Order Bucerotiformes

 * Family Bucerotidae
 * Malabar Pied Hornbill, Anthracoceros coronatus§
 * Family Bucorvidae
 * Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill, Bucorvus abyssinicus§

Order Coraciiformes

 * Basal group
 * Family Meropidae
 * White-throated Bee-eater Merops albicollis§
 * White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides§

 * Suborder Alcedines
 * Family Alcedinidae
 * Subfamily Halcyoninae
 * Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae§
 * Subfamily Cerylinae
 * Belted Kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon

Order Piciformes

 * Suborder Pici
 * Infraorder Ramphastides
 * Family Ramphastidae
 * Toco Toucan, Ramphastos toco§
 * Infraorder Picides
 * Family Picidae
 * Subfamily Picinae
 * Tribe Picini
 * Pileated Woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus
 * Northern Flicker, Colaptes auratus
 * Tribe Melanerpini
 * Red-bellied Woodpecker, Melanerpes carolinus
 * Gila Woodpecker, Melanerpes uropygialis
 * Downy Woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens
 * Hairy Woodpecker, Leuconotopicus villosus

Order Falconiformes

 * Family Falconidae
 * Subfamily Falconinae
 * American Kestral, Falco sparverius

Order Psittaciformes

 * Family Psittacidae
 * Subfamily Psittacinae
 * Grey Parrot, Psittacus erithacus§
 * Subfamily Arinae
 * Monk Parakeet, Myiopsitta monachus
 * Sun Conure, Aratinga solstitialis§
 * Family Psittaculidae
 * Subfamily Loriinae
 * Tribe Melopsittacini
 * Budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus§

Order Passeriformes

 * Suborder Tyranni
 * Infraorder Tyrannides
 * Parvorder Tyrannida
 * Family Cotingidae
 * Screaming Piha, Lipaugus vociferans§
 * Family Tyrannidae
 * Black Phoebe, Sayornis nigricans
 * Eastern Phoebe, Sayornis phoebe
 * Eastern Kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus

 * Suborder Passeri
 * Infraorder Corvides
 * Superfamily Corvoidea
 * Family Corvidae
 * Subfamily Cyanocoracinae
 * Plush-crested Jay, Cyanocorax chrysops§
 * Blue Jay, Cyanocitta cristata
 * Subfamily Corvinae
 * American Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos
 * Common Raven, Corvus corax
 * Fish Crow, Corvus ossifragus
 * Family Paradisaeidae
 * Red Bird-of-paradise, Paradisaea rubra§
 * Lesser Bird-of-paradise, Paradisaea minor§
 * Infraorder Passerides
 * Parvorder Sylviida
 * Family Paridae
 * Black-capped Chickadee, Poecile atricapillus
 * Tufted Titmouse, Baeolophus bicolor
 * Superfamily Locustelloidea
 * Family Hirundinidae
 * Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica
 * Superfamily Sylvioidea
 * Family Pycnonotidae
 * Red-vented Bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer
 * Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus
 * Family Zosteropidae
 * Japanese White-eye, Zosterops japonicus
 * Parvorder Muscicapida
 * Superfamily Bombycilloidea
 * Family Ptilogonatidae
 * Phainopepla, Phainopepla nitens
 * Superfamily Muscicapoidea
 * Family Muscicapidae
 * Snowy-crowned Robin-chat Cossypha niveicapilla§
 * Family Turdidae
 * Subfamily Myadestinae
 * Eastern Bluebird, Sialia sialis
 * Subfamily Turdinae
 * Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus
 * American Robin, Turdus migratorius
 * Family Sturnidae
 * European Starling, Sturnus vulgaris
 * Common Myna, Acridotheres tristis
 * Grosbeak Starling, Scissirostrum dubium§
 * Superb Starling, Lamprotornis superbus§
 * Family Mimidae
 * Gray Catbird, Dumetella carolinensis
 * Northern Mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos
 * Superfamily Certhioidea
 * Family Sittidae
 * Red-breasted Nuthatch, Sitta canadensis
 * White-breasted Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis
 * Family Troglodytidae
 * Cactus Wren, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
 * Parvorder Passerida
 * Superfamily Passeroidea
 * Family Passeridae
 * House Sparrow, Passer domesticus
 * Family Estrildidae
 * Common Waxbill, Estrilda astrild
 * Blue-faced Parrotfinch, Erythrura trichroa§
 * Sunda Zebra Finch, Taeniopygia guttata§
 * Family Ploceidae
 * Taveta Golden-Weaver, Ploceus castaneiceps§
 * Reichenow's Weaver, Ploceus baglafecht reichenowi§
 * Family Fringillidae
 * Subfamily Carduelinae
 * ʻApapane, Himatione sanguinea
 * House Finch, Haemorhous mexicanus
 * Atlantic Canary, Serinus canaria
 * American Goldfinch, Spinus tristis
 * Lesser Goldfinch, Spinus psaltria
 * Superfamily Emberizoidea
 * Family Icteridae
 * Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus
 * Brewer's Blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus
 * Common Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula
 * Boat-tailed Grackle, Quiscalus major
 * Great-tailed Grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus
 * Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater
 * Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula
 * Family Thraupidae
 * Red-crested Cardinal, Paroaria coronata
 * Family Cardinalidae
 * Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis
 * Dickcissel, Spiza americana
 * Family Passerellidae
 * Chipping Sparrow, Spizella passerina
 * Black-throated Sparrow, Amphispiza bilineata
 * Dark-eyed Junco, Junco hyemalis
 * [Oregon junco subspecies group] unk ssp (Oxnard)
 * [Slate-colored subspecies group] J. h. carolinensis (Huntsville)
 * [Slate-colored subspecies group] J. h. hymalis (Bar Harbor)
 * Golden-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia atricapilla
 * Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia

title: User:UtherSRG/birds


text:
Talk:Stormcrow

Untitled
Well, so anxious was I to get another Wikipedia article, preferably a Tolkien one, that I've picked up on a little red link to write up. It's not terribly exciting. I did think about quoting from The Two Towers on this one, but don't really know the rules on quoting, and so I thought it best to leave it. Kris Hansen 02:17, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stormcrow


text:
Talk:Ball's Falls, Ontario

Untitled
I have rewritten the article to avoid the copyvio it is at Ball's Falls, Ontario/Temp.

title: Talk:Ball's Falls, Ontario


text:
Rougui tea

Rougui tea (pronounced ) is a variety of the tea plant, commonly grown in the Wuyi Mountains and processed into oolong tea. The name literally means "cassia". The tea can be difficult to prepare, but its distinctive sweet aroma can be brought out up to 7 steepings. It was first developed during the Qing dynasty.

This tea may be traditionally processed producing a dark dry leaf and a rich smell or processed according to new consumer standards, giving it a leaf of mixed color and a more fruity aroma.

title: Rougui tea


text:
List of secular humanists

This is a partial list of notable secular humanists.

A

 * Clark Adams (1969–2007): Former president of the Humanist Association of Las Vegas and Southern Nevada, and a life member of the American Humanist Association.
 * Steve Allen: Humanist Laureate in The International Academy of Humanism, and Chairman of the Council for Secular Humanism, and received the Distinguished Service Award from the American Humanist Association.
 * Ralph Alpher: American cosmologist. He is famous for the seminal paper on Big Bang nucleosynthesis called the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper.
 * Nayef Al-Rodhan: Philosopher, neuroscientist and geostrategist. Author of Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man; Emotional Amoral Egoism and Symbiotic Realism.
 * Philip Warren Anderson: American physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics. Was one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * James J. Andrews: American mathematician, a professor of mathematics at Florida State University who specialized in knot theory, topology, and group theory. He was a member for the organization, "African Americans For Humanism" (AAH) Advisory Board.
 * John Ankwyll: Considered the first English humanist schoolmaster.
 * Isaac Asimov: American Humanist Association's "Humanist of the Year" for 1984, Asimov also served as the organization's president from 1985 until his death in 1992, and was further a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism. Taking great personal pride from the association, he became a strong public advocate for the movement.
 * Michael Atiyah: British mathematician.
 * Margaret Atwood: Canadian author. Named Humanist of the Year in 1987 by the American Humanist Association, and is a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * A. J. Ayer: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.

B

 * Ronnie Barker (1929–2005): British comedian.
 * Ryan J. Bell (born 1971): Humanist Chaplain at the University of Southern California.
 * Jeremy Bentham: English author, jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law, and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism and animal rights, and the idea of the panopticon.
 * John Bercow: British politician.
 * Maria Berenice Dias: Progressive Brazilian judge and the first woman to take the bench in her home Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.
 * Marshall Berman: American political scientist and Marxist humanist.
 * Leonard Bernstein: American composer, conductor, author, music lecturer, and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the United States of America to receive worldwide acclaim.
 * Nye Bevan: Welsh MP and Labour Minister of Health who created the National Health Service in the UK.
 * Niels Bohr: Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.
 * Hermann Bondi: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Paul D. Boyer: American biochemist, analytical chemist, and a professor of chemistry at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on the "enzymatic mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" (ATP synthase) with John E. Walker; the remainder of the Prize in that year was awarded to Danish chemist Jens Christian Skou for his discovery of the Na+/K+-ATPase. Was one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * Johannes Brahms (1833–1897): German composer and pianist.
 * Jacob Bronowski: Polish-British polymath and author of The Ascent of Man.
 * Lester R. Brown: American environmental analyst, founder of the Worldwatch Institute, and founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute, a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C. Named Humanist of the Year in 1991 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Roy W. Brown: British-born engineer, humanist and human rights activist; president of the International Humanist and Ethical Union 2003–2006 and its main representative at the United Nations.
 * Mario Bunge: Argentine philosopher, philosopher of science and physicist mainly active in Canada.

C

 * Mary Calderone: American physician and a public health advocate for sexual education. She served as president and co-founder of the Sex Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) from 1954 to 1982. Selected as one of the Humanists of the Year in 1974 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Helen Caldicott: Australian physician, author, and anti-nuclear advocate who founded several associations dedicated to opposing the use of nuclear power, depleted uranium munitions, nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons proliferation, war and military action in general. Named Humanist of the Year in 1982 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Anton J. Carlson: A signer of the original Humanist Manifesto, and named Humanist of the Year in 1953 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Owen Chamberlain: American physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics; one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * Charlie Chaplin: Stated in his autobiography that he was a humanist and used this as his argument in his defence of J. Edgar Hoover's insistence that Chaplin was a communist.
 * Noam Chomsky: American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, and activist.
 * Arthur C. Clarke: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Auguste Comte: French philosopher; a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism.
 * Aaron Copland: American composer
 * Andrew Copson: Chief Executive of Humanists UK and President of the International Humanist and Ethical Union.
 * Brian Cox: British particle physicist, Royal Society University Research Fellow and television personality.
 * Francis Crick: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism, and received the Distinguished Service Award from the American Humanist Association in 1986.
 * Paul J. Crutzen: Dutch Nobel Prize–winning atmospheric chemist; one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.

D

 * Richard Dawkins: Named Humanist of the Year in 1996 by the American Humanist Association and by Humanists UK in 2012, and is a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Daniel Dennett: Named Humanist of the Year in 2004 by the American Humanist Association, and is a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Johann Deisenhofer: German biochemist who, along with Hartmut Michel and Robert Huber, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1988 for their determination of the first crystal structure of an integral membrane protein, a membrane-bound complex of proteins and co-factors that is essential to photosynthesis. Was one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * John Dewey: Signer of the original Humanist Manifesto. In 1954, the American Humanist Association named Dewey a Humanist Pioneer.
 * John H. Dietrich: Signer of the original Humanist Manifesto, and was named a Humanist Pioneer by the American Humanist Association in 1976.
 * Paul Dirac: English theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1933, with Erwin Schrödinger, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."
 * Matt Dillahunty: Regularly engages in debates with theists, former president of the Atheist Community of Austin, and host of The Atheist Experience.
 * Alf Dubs, Baron Dubs: Czech-born British peer and former MP, awarded Humanist of the Year by the British Humanist Association in 2016.
 * Ann Dunham (1942–1995): Mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States.

E

 * Roger Ebert: American journalist, film critic, and screenwriter.
 * Umberto Eco: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Sanal Edamaruku: Indian author and rationalist.
 * Sonja Eggerickx: Belgian secular Humanist, president of the International Humanist and Ethical Union 2006-2015; awarded the Distinguished Services to Humanism Award 2016 for her work in secular education and ethics.
 * Albert Einstein: Served on the advisory board of the First Humanist Society of New York
 * Barbara Ehrenreich: American feminist, democratic socialist, and political activist; named Humanist of the Year in 1998 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Albert Ellis: American psychologist who in 1955 developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT); named Humanist of the Year in 1971 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Brian Ellis: Australian philosopher, author of Social Humanism, 2012
 * Friedrich Engels: German-English industrialist, social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx.
 * Greg M. Epstein: Secular humanist chaplain at Harvard University, and a published author on the subject of secular humanism.

F

 * Richard Feynman: American physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics (he proposed the parton model). For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965.
 * Joseph Fletcher: American professor who founded the theory of situational ethics in the 1960s, and was a pioneer in the field of bioethics. Fletcher was a leading academic involved in the topics of abortion, infanticide, euthanasia, eugenics, and cloning; named Humanist of the Year in 1974 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Tom Flynn: Senior Editor of Free Inquiry magazine.
 * Joseph Fourier: French mathematician and physicist best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations. The Fourier transform and Fourier's Law are also named in his honour. Fourier is also generally credited with the discovery of the greenhouse effect.
 * Levi Fragell: Norwegian humanist, chairman and secretary of the Norwegian Humanist Association, President of the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) between 1987–1990 (as one member of a troika) and, in his own right, between 1998–2003.
 * Sigmund Freud: Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis.
 * Betty Friedan: American writer, activist, and feminist. A leading figure in the Women's Movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the "second wave" of American feminism in the 20th century. Named Humanist of the Year in 1975 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Jerome Isaac Friedman: American physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics; was one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * Stephen Fry: British Humanist Association welcomed the author, comedian, presenter, and director Stephen Fry to its membership and as a Distinguished Supporter of Humanism.
 * R. Buckminster Fuller: American systems theorist, architect, engineer, author, designer, inventor, and futurist; named Humanist of the Year in 1969 by the American Humanist Association.

G

 * John Kenneth Galbraith: Canadian-American economist. He was a Keynesian and an institutionalist, a leading proponent of 20th-century American liberalism. Named Humanist of the Year in 1985 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Murray Gell-Mann: Humanist of the Year in 2005 by the American Humanist Association, and is a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism,
 * Pierre-Gilles de Gennes: French physicist and the Nobel Prize laureate in Physics in 1991; notable signer of the Humanist Manifesto III.
 * Sheldon Glashow: Nobel Prize-winning American theoretical physicist. He is the Metcalf Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Boston University and Higgins Professor of Physics, Emeritus, at Harvard University. Notable Signer of the Humanist Manifesto III.
 * Rebecca Goldstein: American novelist and professor of philosophy; named Humanist of the Year in 2011 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Stephen Jay Gould: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism. He was awarded the Distinguished Service honor in 1984 and was named Humanist of the Year in 2001, both by the American Humanist Association.
 * A.C. Grayling: Prominent British philosopher, author of The Good Book: A Humanist Bible
 * David Gross: American particle physicist and string theorist. Along with Frank Wilczek and David Politzer, he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of asymptotic freedom; one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * Greg Graffin: Professor at UCLA, author and singer in American punk rock band Bad Religion. In 2008, the American Humanist Association presented him with the Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism.
 * Goparaju Ramachandra Rao: Proposed positive atheism; atheist thinker and social reformer from India.

H

 * Daniel Handler (born 1970): American author better known under the pen name of Lemony Snicket. Handler calls himself an atheist and a secular humanist.
 * Sam Harris (born 1967): American author, philosopher, and neuroscientist.
 * Hubert Harrison: West Indian-American writer, orator, educator, critic, and radical socialist political activist based in Harlem, New York. He was described by activist A. Philip Randolph as “the father of Harlem radicalism” and by the historian Joel Augustus Rogers as “the foremost Afro-American intellect of his time.” John G. Jackson of American Atheists described him as "The Black Socrates".
 * Herbert A. Hauptman: American mathematician and Nobel laureate in Chemistry. Was one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto. In 2006, the American Humanist Association presented Hauptman with the Isaac Asimov Science Award.
 * Stephen Hawking: Theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge 1979-2009, and director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge.
 * Bill Hayden (born 1933): Governor-General of Australia (1989–1996).
 * Sam Heads: British entomologist, palaeontologist and secular humanist.
 * Katharine Hepburn: Presented the Humanist Arts Award in 1985 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Dudley R. Herschbach: American chemist and Nobel laureate in Chemistry. Was one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * Bill Hicks (1961–1994): American stand-up comedian and musician.
 * Christopher Hitchens (1949–2011): English American author and journalist.
 * Pervez Hoodbhoy: Pakistani nuclear physicist, essayist and defence analyst. Notable Signer of the Humanist Manifesto III.
 * Julian Huxley: Self-described "scientific humanist," and presided over the founding congress of the International Humanist and Ethical Union. He was named Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association in 1962.
 * Martin Hägglund: Swedish philosopher and scholar of modernist literature. Articulates his theory of existential, secular humanism based on his readings of Jacques Derrida, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Martin Heidegger and more in his book This Life: Secular Faith and Spiritual Freedom.

J

 * Albert Jacquard: French geneticist and essayist.
 * Penn Jillette: American illusionist, comedian, musician, and best-selling author known for his work with fellow magician Teller in the team Penn & Teller, and advocacy of atheism, scientific skepticism, libertarianism and free market capitalism.
 * Jerry Coyne: American evolutionary biologist and author.

K

 * Jack Kevorkian: Presented with the Humanist Hero Award in 1994 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Harry Kroto: English chemist who shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Robert Curl and Richard Smalley. Kroto is the Francis Eppes Professor of Chemistry at the Florida State University, which he joined in 2004. Was one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * Margaret E. Kuhn: American activist known for founding the Gray Panthers movement in August 1970. Named Humanist of the Year in 1978 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Paul Kurtz: Co-wrote the Humanist Manifesto, Version II. Named a Humanist Fellow in 1974 and given the Humanist Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007, both by the American Humanist Association.

L
Mann, Nicholas. The Origins Of Humanism. In Renaissance Humanism, 1-20. Jill Kraye, 11th ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
 * Corliss Lamont: Named a Humanist Fellow by the American Humanist Association in 1970.
 * Stieg Larsson: Swedish leftist journalist, feminist, novelist and atheist, author of Millenium series of novels.
 * Norman Lear: Presented the Humanist Arts Award 1977 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Simon Le Bon (born 1958): English rock singer/songwriter and lead singer of Duran Duran. Patron of Humanists UK.
 * Dave Leduc (born 1991): Canadian professional fighter and philanthropist. Calls himself an atheist and skeptic, also doesn't believe in an afterlife.
 * Geddy Lee (born 1953): Canadian progressive rock musician and lead singer/bassist of Rush.
 * Stewart Lee (born 1968): British stand-up comedian, writer and director. Supporter of Humanists UK.
 * Yuan T. Lee: American chemist and Nobel laureate in Chemistry. Was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed Humanist Manifesto III.
 * Robert Lees: Hollywood screenwriter, blacklisted in the 1950s.
 * John Lennon: British singer-songwriter, producer, and peace activist
 * André Michel Lwoff: French microbiologist who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1965 along with François Jacob and Jacques Monod.
 * Lovato Lovati: Italian scholar, poet, notary, judge. His works include: Latin verse epistles, and his short commentary of Seneca's tragedies. Witt, Ronald. G. (1994). Latini, Lovato and the Revival of Antiquity. Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society. No. 112. pp. 53–61. P. 58. "Renaissance Grammar." In Renaissance Humanism: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy, edited by Albert Rabil, by W. Keith Percival, 67–85. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988).

M

 * Kirsty MacColl: English singer-songwriter.
 * Paul MacCready: American aeronautical engineer. He was the founder of AeroVironment and the designer of the human-powered aircraft that won the Kremer prize.
 * Seth MacFarlane: Creator of Family Guy and American Dad! and actor, comedian and singer. Harvard Humanist of the Year for 2011.
 * Bill Maher: American stand-up comedian, television host, political commentator, author, and actor.
 * Eddie Marsan: English actor.
 * Ewan McGregor: British actor.
 * Ashley Montagu: British-American anthropologist and humanist, of Jewish ancestry, who popularized topics such as race and gender and their relation to politics and development. Named Humanist of the Year in 1995 by the American Humanist Association.

 * Marvin Minsky: American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI).

 * Abraham Maslow: American professor of psychology at Brandeis University, Brooklyn College, New School for Social Research and Columbia University who created Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Named Humanist of the Year in 1967 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Jonathan Meades: Writer, broadcaster and prominent Humanists UK member.
 * Tim Minchin: Comedian, pianist, composer, actor whose work often focuses around the subjects of religion, naturalism and reason.
 * Mario J. Molina: Mexican chemist and Nobel laureate in Chemistry; one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * R. Lester Mondale: Signer of the original Humanist Manifesto.
 * Henry Morgentaler: Canadian physician and prominent pro-choice advocate who has fought numerous legal battles for that cause. Given the title, "Humanist of the Year" in 1975 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Hermann Joseph Muller: American geneticist, educator, and Nobel laureate best known for his work on the physiological and genetic effects of radiation (X-ray mutagenesis) as well as his outspoken political beliefs. Named Humanist of the Year in 1963 by the American Humanist Association.
 * PZ Myers: American scientist and biology professor at the University of Minnesota Morris (UMM) and the author of the Pharyngula science blog; named Humanist of the Year in 2009 by the American Humanist Association.

N

 * Jawaharlal Nehru: India's first Prime Minister.
 * Erwin Neher: German biophysicist and Nobel Laureate in Medicine. Was one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * Huey P. Newton: African-American political and urban activist who, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black Panther Party.
 * Kathleen Nott: British poet, novelist, critic, philosopher and editor.
 * Gary Numan: English singer, composer, and musician.
 * Bill Nye: American science educator, comedian, television host, actor, mechanical engineer, and scientist. Named Humanist of the Year in 2010 by the American Humanist Association.

O

 * Joyce Carol Oates: American author. Named Humanist of the Year in 2007 by the American Humanist Association.
 * J. Robert Oppenheimer: American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. Along with Enrico Fermi: often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project.

P

 * Elliot Page: Canadian actor.
 * Linus Pauling: American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator; named Humanist of the Year in 1961 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Neil Peart: Canadian musician and author. He was the drummer and lyricist for the rock band Rush; has received numerous awards for his musical performances, and was known for his technical proficiency and stamina.
 * Jean-Claude Pecker: French astronomer, astrophysicist, author, member of the French Academy of Sciences, director of the Nice Observatory, president of the Association française pour l'information scientifique (AFIS), vice-president of the French UNESCO committee in 1990 and afterwards French permanent representative to UNESCO on behalf of the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU), received IHEU Award for services to Humanism in 2005.
 * Steven Pinker: Humanist of the Year in 2006 by the American Humanist Association, and is a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Charles Francis Potter: Signer of the original Humanist Manifesto.
 * Karl Popper: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Sir Terry Pratchett: British novelist and satirist.
 * Ilya Prigogine: Belgian physical chemist and Nobel laureate in Chemistry; one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * Philip Pullman: English writer. Presented the International Humanist Award by the American Humanist Association in 2008.

R

 * James Randi: Canadian-American stage magician and scientific skeptic best known as a challenger of paranormal claims and pseudoscience.
 * A. Philip Randolph: Leader in the civil rights movement and the American labor movement. He organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly Negro labor union. Named Humanist of the Year in 1970 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Curtis W. Reese: Signer of the original Humanist Manifesto.

 * Anne Rice: American author of gothic fiction, Christian literature, and erotica.
 * Oscar Riddle: American biologist. Known for his research into the pituitary gland and for isolating the hormone prolactin. Named Humanist of the Year in 1958 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Alice May Roberts (born 19 May 1973): English biological anthropologist, biologist, television presenter and author. Since 2012 she has been Professor of the Public Engagement in Science at the University of Birmingham. Since 2019, she has been President of the charity Humanists UK.
 * Richard J. Roberts: British biochemist, molecular biologist and Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine. Was one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * Gene Roddenberry (1921–1991): American screenwriter, producer, de facto populistic philosopher, and satirist; creator of Star Trek. Roddenberry was a member of the American Humanist Association, and he has been called "one of the most influential yet unheralded humanists of the twentieth century." Presented the Humanist Arts Award in 1991 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Carl Rogers: American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. Towards the end of his life, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with national intergroup conflict in South Africa and Northern Ireland. Named Humanist of the Year in 1964 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Richard Rorty: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Joseph Rotblat: Polish-born, British-naturalized physicist. A signatory of the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, he was secretary general of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs from its founding until 1973. In conjunction with the Pugwash Conferences, he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995 for their efforts towards nuclear disarmament.
 * M. N. Roy: Indian political philosopher and activist, author of Reason, Romanticism and Revolution (1952, 1955) and other works, espoused a "New Humanism" as an alternative to individualism and Marxism.
 * Arnold Ruge
 * Salman Rushdie: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism, and he received the Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism from the American Humanist Association in 2007.
 * Bertrand Russell: British philosopher, mathematician and academic. While refusing to label himself as a humanist (preferring to be called a rationalist or skeptic), he was a member and director of the British Humanist Association.

S

 * Carl Sagan: Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association in 1981, Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Edward Said: Palestinian-American literary theorist and advocate for Palestinian rights. He was an influential cultural critic and author, known best for his book, Orientalism. One of his last books was called, Humanism and Democratic Criticism.
 * Jonas Salk: American medical researcher and virologist, best known for his discovery and development of the first safe and effective polio vaccine. Named Humanist of the Year in 1976 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Andrei Sakharov: Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist; named Humanist of the Year in 1980 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Margaret Sanger: American sex educator, nurse, and birth control activist. Sanger coined the term birth control, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established Planned Parenthood. Named Humanist of the Year in 1957 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Jean-Paul Sartre: French existentialist and Marxist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, biographer, activist, and critic; author of Existentialism is a Humanism.
 * John Ralston Saul: Canadian essayist and novelist who supported humanism over corporatism in Voltaire's Bastards – The Dictatorship of Reason in the West and The Unconscious Civilization.
 * F. C. S. Schiller (1864–1937): German-British philosopher, early coiner of the term "humanism."
 * Michael Schmidt-Salomon: German philosopher, author of Manifesto of Evolutionary Humanism and chairman of the Giordano Bruno Foundation.
 * Erwin Schrödinger: Austrian physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in the field of quantum theory, which formed the basis of wave mechanics: he formulated the non-relativistic quantum wave equation (stationary and time-dependent Schrödinger equation) and proved its equivalence to Heisenberg et al.'s matrix mechanics.
 * William F. Schulz: Executive Director of Amnesty International USA, the U.S. division of Amnesty International, from March 1994 to 2006. He is an ordained Unitarian Universalist minister, and served as president of the Unitarian Universalist Association from 1985 to 1993. Named Humanist of the Year in 2000 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Charles M. Schulz: American cartoonist who created the comic strip, Peanuts. From the late 1980s, he described himself in interviews as a "Secular Humanist".
 * Rod Serling: Creator and narrator of The Twilight Zone.
 * Michael Shermer: American science writer, historian of science, founder of The Skeptics Society, and Editor in Chief of its magazine Skeptic.
 * John Henry Silva: Signer of the Neo-Humanist Statement of Secular Principles and Values.
 * Marc Sinden: English theatre producer and actor. Supporter of Humanists UK and the National Secular Society.
 * Peter Singer: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Paul Sinha: Professional quizzer and stand-up comedian, Patron of Humanists UK.
 * Stellan Skarsgård: Swedish actor.
 * B.F. Skinner: American behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet; named Humanist of the Year in 1972 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Linda Smith: Former president of British Humanist Association
 * Kate Smurthwaite: British comedian
 * Wole Soyinka: Nigerian author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature
 * Benjamin Spock: American pediatrician, writer of the 1946 book Baby and Child Care. In addition to his pediatric work, Spock was an activist in the New Left and anti Vietnam War movements during the 1960s and early 1970s; named Humanist of the Year in 1968 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Pete Stark: former U.S. Representative from California's 13th congressional district. He is a member of the Democratic Party; named Humanist of the Year in 2008 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Gloria Steinem: American feminist and political activist; named a Humanist Pioneer in 1978 and Humanist of the Year in 2012, both by the American Humanist Association.

 * Patrick Stewart: British actor. Patron of Humanists UK.
 * John Sulston: British biologist. He is a joint winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Sydney Brenner and H. Robert Horvitz; one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * Christer Sturmark: Chairman of the Swedish Humanist Organisation.
 * Thomas Szasz: Hungarian-American psychiatrist and academic. Since 1990, he has been Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the State University of New York Health Science Center in Syracuse, New York. He is a well-known social critic of the moral and scientific foundations of psychiatry, and of the social control aims of medicine in modern society, as well as of scientism. Named Humanist of the Year in 1973 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Leó Szilárd: Austro-Hungarian physicist and inventor; named Humanist of the Year in 1960 by the American Humanist Association.

T

 * George Takei: American actor and activist; presented with the LGBT Humanist Pride Award by the American Humanist Association in 2012.
 * Henry Taube: Canadian-born American chemist and Nobel laureate in Chemistry; one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * E. Donnall Thomas: American physician and Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine; one of 21 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.
 * Sandi Toksvig: British-Danish writer, broadcaster, actor and producer on British radio, stage, and television. She is also a political activist, having co-founded the Women's Equality Party in 2015.
 * Carolyn Tomei: State representative from Oregon, formerly the Mayor of Milwaukie, Oregon.
 * Valentin Turchin: Soviet and American cybernetician and computer scientist. He developed the Refal programming language, the theory of metasystem transitions and the notion of supercompilation. As such he can be seen as a pioneer in Artificial Intelligence and one of the visionaries at the basis of the Global brain idea. One of the signers of "A Secular Humanist Declaration".
 * Ted Turner: American entrepreneur. Named Humanist of the Year in 1990 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Mark Twain: American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
 * Neil DeGrasse Tyson: American astrophysicist and science communicator. Presented with the Isaac Asimov Science Award in 2009 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Nikola Tesla: Serbian-American electrical and mechanical engineer / inventor best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system.

U

 * Björn Ulvaeus: Member of the band ABBA
 * Peter Ustinov: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Cenk Uygur: Host of the popular YouTube and radio show The Young Turks. Presented with the Humanist Media Award in 2012 by the American Humanist Association.

V

 * Gore Vidal: American author, playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and political activist. Vidal was Honorary President of the American Humanist Association from April 2009 until his death in 2012, and was presented with the organization's Humanist Arts Award in 1984.
 * Kurt Vonnegut: American author and satirist. Vonnegut was Honorary President of the American Humanist Association from 1992 until his death in 2007, and was named Humanist of the Year in 1992. He was a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Ramswaroop Verma (1923–1998): Founded the humanist organisation Arjak Sangh.

W

 * Alice Walker: American author, poet, and activist. She is best known for the critically acclaimed novel The Color Purple. Named Humanist of the Year in 1997 by the American Humanist Association.
 * James Peter Warbasse: American surgeon and advocate for cooperatives. He founded the Cooperative League of the United States of America (which later became the National Cooperative Business Association) and was its president from 1916 to 1941. Named Humanist of the Year in 1955 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Ibn Warraq: Author of Why I am Not a Muslim, and chair of the Council for Secular Humanism's Committee for the Study of Koranic Literature.
 * James D. Watson: Co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, is a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Faye Wattleton: First African-American and youngest President ever elected to Planned Parenthood (1978–1992). Named Humanist of the Year in 1986 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Steven Weinberg: American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles. Named Humanist of the Year in 2002 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Joss Whedon: Television writer and director.
 * Walt Whitman: American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse.
 * E. O. Wilson: Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.
 * Edwin H. Wilson: Signer of the original Humanist Manifesto. He also co-authored Humanist Manifesto II. The American Humanist Association presented Wilson with the Humanist Merit in 1955, named him and Humanist Fellow in 1969 and a Humanist Pioneer in 1973, and Humanist of the Year in 1979.
 * Sherwin T. Wine: Rabbi and founder of Society for Humanistic Judaism. Named Humanist of the Year in 2003 by the American Humanist Association.
 * Steve Wozniak: American inventor. Received the Isaac Asimov Science Award in 2011 from the American Humanist Association.

Y

 * Thom Yorke: English musician and singer-songwriter who is the lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the rock band Radiohead.

Z

 * Frank Zappa: American composer, singer-songwriter, electric guitarist, record producer and film director. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Zappa wrote rock, jazz, orchestral and musique concrète works.
 * Howard Zinn: American historian, academic, author, playwright, and social activist.

title: List of secular humanists


text:
Kropotkinskaya

Kropotkinskaya (Кропо́ткинская) is a station on the Sokolnicheskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. One of the oldest Metro stations, it was designed by Alexey Dushkin and Yakov Lichtenberg and opened in 1935 as part of the original Metro line, named after Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin.

The station was originally planned to serve the enormous Palace of the Soviets (Dvorets Sovetov), which was to rise nearby on the former site of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. Kropotkinskaya was therefore designed to be the largest and grandest station on the first line. However, the Palace project was cancelled by Nikita Khrushchev in 1953, leaving the Metro station as the only part of the complex that was actually built.

Kropotkinskaya was constructed in a massive open trench measuring 176 m long by 25 m wide. The tunnels from Biblioteka Imeni Lenina were constructed using the cut and cover technique. The combination of unrestricted space and dry soil made for ideal conditions, and construction of the station took only 180 days from start to finish. Kropotkinskaya was completed in January 1935 and opened five months later, on 15 May 1935. The station was named Dvorets Sovetov until 1957, when it was renamed in honour of Peter Kropotkin, a geographer, philosopher, and anarchist theoretician born in the vicinity.

Since it was to serve as the gateway to the Palace of Soviets, great care was taken to make Kropotkinskaya suitably elegant and impressive. The station has flared columns faced with white marble which are said to have been inspired by the Temple of Amun at Karnak. Contrary to popular opinion, the marble used in the station did not come from the demolished Cathedral. The spacious platform is covered with squares of gray and red granite and the walls, originally tiled, are now faced with white Koyelga marble. The station is illuminated by concealed lamps set into the tops of the columns.

A model of the station won two Grand Prix awards at expositions in Paris (1937) and Brussels (1958). In March 1941 the designers and engineers were also awarded the Stalin prize of the USSR of the second order for architecture and construction.

Kropotkinskaya opened with only one entrance vestibule, located at the end of Gogolevskiy Boulevard. This U-shaped structure was designed by S.M. Kravets and features two separate pavilions joined by a central arch. In late 1950s the station was given a slight reconstruction replacing the original cast of the upper pillars was replaced by marble and the floor was relayed with granite. The reconstruction finished with a new entrance which faces the Cathedral and Moskva River which was opened on 16 July 1960.

Because of the demise of the Palace of Soviets project, much of Kropotkinskaya's planned ridership never materialized. the station serves about 42,050 passengers daily, many of them tourists visiting the newly rebuilt Cathedral or the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts.

In a long-term future, a transfer to the Kalininskaya Line is planned to open. The future station will be called Volkhonka.

title: Kropotkinskaya


title: File:OMAC6.jpg