text:
Talk:V. S. Achuthanandan

NPOV
The post in question is equivalent to that of a Pro-Vice-Cancellor'' for an institution that controls several state owned Engineering colleges. And hence the post should be filled by a person possessing at least a PhD and Masters in Engineering while the appointed V. A. Arun Kumar possesses only an undergraduate degree and that too in a non-science faculty. '' State statements above are not neutral and factually wrong. VA Arunkumar has post graduate degree. Equivalency with Pro VC is a fuzzy concept. What is meaning of a Pro-VC in an institution that just administrates some colleges ??? These is often used as a means to give high salary. It was devices before VA Arunkumar became the director. Hence no point in arguing this. Most of the allegations are found baseless by committees and courts. Why then continue the propoganda ? It is very easy to make allegations politically. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.90.167.251 (talk) 04:59, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

 * He made a political issue of the recent Tsunami wave which hit the coastal areas of the state, and in one incident was nearly man handled. The second was to openly use foul language the then Chief Minister A.K Antony, and also referring to the Congress party leader Sonia Gandhi as an "old hag/old woman". His statements against the recently started Smart City plans in the city of Kochi, have also created much uproar.

I removed above text because it was of less standard and too harsh on Achuthanandan and triggers edit war (see A.K. Antony). We need to change it in a NPOV.
 * -Bijee 08:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Bijee... u have done a good thing. some people are worried about the materials somebody writen abour a k antony and mr.ommen chandy. such type of materials are to be avoided. but the people who are worried about ommen chandy and a k antony are not woried about v s achuthandan. this is also some sort of bias. so avoid such writing. otherwise editing war will happen ---

I have edited the document in order to to add more information on Comrade VS.I want to add some more things about his recent political and other activities,from a neutral point of view.Will do that sometime later,unless someone else does that by then.

This article is slowly getting distorted. Same contents are getting repeated one below the other. It has lost all meaning and easiness to read. This article can focus on:- 1. Who is Achuthandan 2. What are his political thoughts and positions held by him. 3. What are the political posts which he could have held (eg: CM chair), and what denied him from getting that. 4. The ongoing crisis of Pinarayi v/s V.S for the upcoming elections.--Qmsarge 10:02, 17 March 2006 (UTC) - This article is trying only to glorify VS. But there are a lot of controversial comments and activities from his side. Moreover, nowadays he is not agreeable to some (lost majority in CPI (M)- state council) of his party members too. Considering these facts I really doubt about the neutrality of this article. Remembering some of his good moves as the opposition leader.

Ezhavas are the largest community in Kerala (more than 50% of Hindus)and were engaged in a variety of occupations. They were farmers,weavers and there were many ayurvedic doctors and scholars. There is a small section in the community who are in the toddy and alcohol business. Calling all Ezhavas or the community as "Toddy tappers" is steroetyping.

- This is yet another article that is highly partisanal. The issue is local: two groups of a political party (Communist Party of India (Marxist) are waging a sectarian dogfight through media in the South Indian State of Kerala. Both the groups are not sparing any means -- including Wikipedia pages -- to wage their polemical battle. This article should be thoroughly rewritten. (Weblogan 03:29, 2 March 2007 (UTC)) And also please see Pinarayi Vijayan, the other side of M.N. Vijayan and V. S. Achuthanandan in the proxy war on the net, spoiling a nice project like wikipedia. This is a talk page, at least, please sign articles Weblogan 15:29, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I think Weblogan has strong bias against something. Who is waging war here? Weblogan or others? See M.N.Vijayan's page also to decide.

Verifiability
VS is supposed to have joined the CPI in 1940. In 1940, he was only 17 years old. This is what the CPI Constitution says about membership:"Any Indian citizen, eighteen years of age or above, who accepts the programme and constitution of the party, agrees to work in one of the party organisations, to pay regularly the party membership fee and levy and to cary out decisions of the party shall be eligible for membership"Weblogan 03:24, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think the CPI constitution has remained unchanged since 1940 though. --Soman 14:46, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Though communist parties' constitutions say only above a certain age can be inducted to Party, in the early days, often the age barrier was overlooked. Communist parties, due to ideological reasons, did not have official youth wing till late 1970s at the all india level. (refer Sundarayya- EMS debate, and subsequent depromotion of Sundarayya) (regional outfits were unofficial). Due to this reason, a large number of youth, couldnt take membership in any other organizations, who were newly attracted to the Communist ideology. Besides, Communist parties were either banned or had to undergo police repression, so in the early years, it was not that easy to recruit caders to the Party. Thus age restrictions were often treated liberally and disregarded. These are all known to everyone who knows about communist parties. It is better those who do not know the subject not to speculate and avoid contributing to confusion. This is supposed to be an encyclopedia.

Controversy
There is a distinct attempt on part of Soman etc. to allow a flattering and glorifying depiction by removing most of the really controversial material. Even though the Kerala Chief Minister is currently at the center of a major controversy regards insulting the father of a commando officer slain during 2008 November Mumbai attacks on a television interview, Soman is attempting to censor any inclusion of this information, since it is too unflattering to Achuthanandan. Soman's bias is being made more visible by the fact that he is not even attempting to rephrase the information(in case he was merely having problems in reference to NPOV) but instead attempting to censor any mention of the incident that was shown on television and published in major Indian Newspapers. 218.221.222.182 (talk) 00:59, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
 * A clarification should be made here. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a news blog. I think it very clear that much of the anti-VS edits in the last 24 hours can be classified as vandalism or soapboxing, thus blanket reversions was reasonable. As per the controversy itself, we have to avoid Recentism. Let's see how this plays out over time, and improve the article accordingly. --Soman (talk) 08:07, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I have semiprotected this page. Sourced material on recent controversies should be allowed, but not conclusionary statements such as "he dishonored...". See our policies WP:BLP and WP:OR. --agr (talk) 12:06, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

I hope this can be put, "Currently under controversy for allegedly heaping scorn on Monday, Dec 01 2008, on the family of NSG Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan, who was killed in the Mumbai terror attack during commando operations ".

 * You still need a reliable source, e.g. a ref to a major newspaper, preferably in English. And it would be better to include his comments, rather than characterizing it as "heaping scorn". --agr (talk) 20:40, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * In that light, the multiple edits by CKRaju should be reverted completely. He has provided links to newspapers, but instead put in statements and conclusions that are nowhere presented in those articles. (e.g. his own speculation of the thoughts of the father while throwing Mr. Achuthanandan out). Referencing a reliable source should not mean mere linking to articles but writing statements and conclusions that fly contrary to what is stated in those articles. There is a definite bias here to whitewash the actual incident and the image of the chief minister, by grossly twisting what is actually being reported in media. It would be best to provide the link to the actual TV interview video from the timesofindia.com site.

 * I think events could have been summarized like this : The chief minister was criticized for his delay in condoling the family. The father wished him not to visit. When he still went, father shouted at him on live television and asked him to leave. When questioned later on the incident in a television interview, the minister made the controversial statement of "Had it not been major sandeep's house, not even a dog would have gone there". After this caused a public outrage, the chief minister issued an apology stating that his comments were taken out of context. --Abhisri (talk) 22:23, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

This section is written in a biased manner. Article is not neutral at all — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.90.167.251 (talk) 04:42, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

Vandalism
I have seen that this page has been been vandalized by Ip' s. So Indian editors pl request a semi-protection.User:Yousaf465

I second yousafs request of a semi protection. He is one of the most noted leaders of kerala. we can disagree with him, but some comments in this seems consciously put for defaming him. I don't think he send police checking dogs to sandeep unnikrishnan's house. Even thou I corrected the detection dogs usage, I don't think, pls pitch in with more editors from kerala (Alex.mathews (talk) 04:51, 30 January 2013 (UTC))

Allegations of misuse Of power
Fullkitten (talk) 12:20, 18 December 2012 (UTC)Allegations were raised against V. A. Arun Kumar, son of V. S. Achuthanandan that he was appointed as Additional Director for the Institute of Human Resources Development (IHRD), a state owned organization controlling a handful of state owned engineering colleges, technical schools and other institutions. This appointment was alleged to be irregular.[29][30][31][32] It was also alleged that Arun Kumar possessed only an undergraduate degree and that too in a non science faculty and that changes were made in the notification for appointing Mr. Arun Kumar and the existing qualifications of additional director were amended to enable V. A. Arun Kumar to apply for the post.[29]     Written complaints regarding these allegations were handed over to the Lok Ayuktha for enquiry. When the Government changed, the case was withdrawn from the Lok Ayuktha by the Oommen Chandy government and a vigilance enquiry was ordered.[33][34] When these allegations were raised in the Legislative Assembly, V.S. Achuthanandan demanded for an enquiry by the Assembly Committee and accordingly an Assembly committee was constituted. The assembly subcommittee probed four allegations raised against V.A. Arun Kumar. The allegations included appointment of Arun as ICT academy director, allotment of money to the academy, appointment of Arun as additional director of IHRD and financial transactions with SPACE, a society for alternative computing and employment. Though five out of the nine members were from the ruling front, most of the allegations were found baseless. (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kerala-assembly-achuthanandan-favouring-son-v-a-arun-kumar/1/176973.html) Though Arun Kumar is alleged to be an under graduate and hence under qualified for the post in question, it was proved to be otherwise. IHRD initiated action against Arun Kumar on the basis of instructions from the Department of Education but has not been implemented. (http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=17234)

Allegations are against Mr V A Arunkumar. There is no investigation on VS Achuthanandan regarding his misuse of power for the benefit of VA Arunkumar. In this case what is the relevance of giving so much space to VA Arunkumar on a page for V S Achuthananda ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.90.167.251 (talk) 04:50, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

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Controversies

 * During 1962 Sino-Indian War he was politburo member of CPI. He suggested to organize blood donation camp for Indian army soldiers. Due to his pro-India sentiment CPI leadership sacked him for his anti-party activity.

.....V S Achutanandan who was a CPM politburo member at that time was sacked for suggesting that....., ...a crime for which he was demoted in the organisation's hierarchy... Sacked/Demoted, we should decide. And the text should be added again. ❯❯❯ Pra veg A=9.8 05:56, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Keeping the discussion in one place, see . Tayi Arajakate  Talk 09:43, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:V. S. Achuthanandan


text:
Chef's Chocolate Salty Balls

"Chef's Chocolate Salty Balls" is the ninth episode of the second season of the American animated television series South Park. The 22nd episode of the series overall, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on August 19, 1998. The episode was written by series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone, along with Nancy M. Pimental, and directed by Parker.

In the episode, the Sundance Film Festival is moved to South Park, but it badly affects Mr. Hankey. Meanwhile, Chef tries his luck to make some money, as many visitors come to the town, by selling his new sweet treats - his titular chocolate salty balls.

Plot
Park City, Utah is in the midst of the Sundance Film Festival. Sundance's founder, Robert Redford, has decided that Park City has become too commercialized by the annual migration of the Hollywood jet set, so he decides to move the festival to South Park, Colorado. The Sundance Festival relocates to South Park, which is immediately deluged by Hollywood tourists. In school, Mr. Garrison gives the students an assignment to see one independent film during the festival and write a report on it. Cartman dismisses independent films as "black-and-white hippie movies...about gay cowboys eating pudding"; Stan, however, sees this as an opportunity to go on a date with Wendy. In the meantime, Chef sets up a sales stand at the festival for his fudge cookie recipes.

At night, as Kyle uses the restroom, he hears Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo calling to him from the toilet. Kyle persuades Stan, Cartman, and Kenny to help him find Mr. Hankey; they enter the sewer system to look for him. They soon find Mr. Hankey, who tells Kyle that the influx of all the Hollywood tourists, with their health-food diets, has disrupted the ecosystem of the sewer, which has made him deathly ill.

Kyle and the others appear before a film's showing, and Kyle pleads with the Hollywood visitors to understand that their presence is causing the death of his friend Mr. Hankey. However, they all think Kyle is trying to pitch a script, and they offer film deals. One agent approaches Cartman to buy the rights to Kyle's story; he readily agrees. A film is produced overnight, starring Tom Hanks as Kyle and a monkey as Mr. Hankey. The South Park locals are beginning to tire of the festival, seeing that it is causing the town to become overrun with commercialism and Hollywood kitsch. However, Redford plans to sue the whole the town if they go through with ending the festival; he then reveals to his wife, Phyllis, that he will make all small towns overrun with Hollywood culture, since he cannot escape it, so he wants to inflict it on everyone else. By this time, Cartman realizes he's been cheated out by the agent and only receives three dollars from the two million dollars the Mr. Hankey movie made and Stan promptly calls Cartman a sell-out; not to be outdone, Cartman then starts selling shirts of Tom Hanks with the monkey-version of Mr. Hankey.

Kyle tries to show Mr. Hankey to the crowd, but Mr. Hankey is pale and near death. Chef feeds Mr. Hankey one of his Chocolate Salty Balls, causing him to return to life. Stan, Kyle, Chef, and Mr. Hankey approach Redford as he is on a podium to announce the return of the film festival the next year and the many years afterward. After he ignores their pleas to relocate the festival, Mr. Hankey makes a passionate speech about film festivals - instead of catering to the glamor of Hollywood, they should focus more on giving new-coming filmmakers a chance and actually enjoy the films. Infuriated, Redford throws Mr. Hankey against a wall, killing him; Chef revitalizes Mr. Hankey once again with his Chocolate Salty Balls. He then causes the sewers to erupt over South Park, causing Redford and Phyllis' car to fill with feces, drowning them, and all the tourists flee the town. With the town saved (albeit covered in excrement), the boys and Wendy reflect on Mr. Hankey's message and admit that while a few independent films are great, "most of them suck ass." As for Cartman, he feels that being a sell-out was positive for him because he wouldn't hang out with "poor-ass losers" like his friends and leaves with the money he earned selling shirts.

Production
A soundtrack album, titled Chef Aid: The South Park Album, was released in 1998, during the broadcast run of the second season. It comprises songs featured in and related to the series, including "Chocolate Salty Balls", performed by Isaac Hayes as Chef, from this episode.

Cultural references
Cartman refers to independent films as being about "gay cowboys eating pudding". This episode aired seven years before the independent film Brokeback Mountain was released in 2005, but one year after the publication of the short story of the same name by Annie Proulx in 1997. In an interview with the Associated Press in October 2005, series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone responded to questions about the prophetic statement by Cartman. Parker quipped, "...if there’s pudding eating in there, we’re going to sue", and Stone claimed, "No [we're not prophets], but Cartman is. [Laughs] We went to Sundance a lot in the mid-to-late ’90s, and you could just tell it was going toward gay cowboydom."

Home media
All 18 episodes of the second season, including "Chef's Chocolate Salty Balls", were released on a DVD box set on June 3, 2003 by Warner Home Video.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chef's Chocolate Salty Balls


text:
Capacitor-input filter

A capacitor-input filter is a filter circuit in which the first element is a capacitor connected in parallel with the output of the rectifier in a linear power supply. The capacitor increases the DC voltage and decreases the ripple voltage components of the output. The capacitor is often referred to as a smoothing capacitor or reservoir capacitor. The capacitor is often followed by other alternating series and parallel filter elements to further reduce ripple voltage, or adjust DC output voltage. It may also be followed by a voltage regulator which virtually eliminates any remaining ripple voltage, and adjusts the DC voltage output very precisely to match the DC voltage required by the circuit.

Operation
While during the time the rectifier is conducting and the potential is higher than the charge across the capacitor, the capacitor will store energy from the transformer; when the output of the rectifier falls below the charge on the capacitor, the capacitor will discharge energy into the circuit. Since the rectifier conducts current only in the forward direction, any energy discharged by the capacitor will flow into the load. This results in output of a DC voltage upon which is superimposed a waveform referred to as a sawtooth wave. The sawtooth wave is a convenient linear approximation to the actual waveform, which is exponential for both charge and discharge. The crests of the sawtooth waves will be more rounded when the DC resistance of the transformer secondary is higher.

Ripple current
A ripple current which is 90 degrees out of phase with the ripple voltage also passes through the capacitor.

title: Capacitor-input filter


text:
Sean Yates

Sean Yates (born 18 May 1960) is an English former professional cyclist and directeur sportif.

Career
Yates competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics, finishing sixth in the 4,000m individual pursuit. As an amateur in 1980, he won the British 25-mile individual time trial championship, and took the national record for 10-mile time trials with 19m 44s.

As an amateur Yates rode for Athletic Club Boulogne-Billancourt in Paris, Europe's most successful sports club with fellow British riders Kevin Reilly from Southport, John Herety and Jeff Williams. Yates first race for the ACBB was the Grand Prix de Saint-Tropez which he won by riding off the front of the peloton. Yates won fifteen races in total for the ACBB and also finished third in the prestigious individual time trial Grand Prix des Nations which was won by Martial Gayant. Yates had developed a reputation as a strong time trialist and for an incredible turn of speed and power. He turned professional in 1982 for Peugeot riding alongside Graham Jones, Phil Anderson, Robert Millar and Stephen Roche. He stayed with Peugeot for six seasons and became British professional individual pursuit champion in 1982 and 1983.

In 1988 riding for Fagor, he won the sixth stage of the Tour de France, a 52 km time-trial, beating Roberto Visentini by 14 seconds and Tony Rominger by 23 seconds. That year he also won a stage at the Vuelta a España, Paris–Nice, Midi-Libre and finished fourth overall in the Tour of Britain.

In 1989 he joined the American team, 7-Eleven and took two stages and overall victory in the Tour of Belgium, won the Grand Prix Eddy Merckx and finished second in Gent–Wevelgem. In 1991 Yates then moved to Motorola, where he rode with Lance Armstrong. During stage six of the 1994 Tour de France Yates got into a breakaway and took the overall lead by one second over Gianluca Bortolami. He became only the third Briton to wear the yellow jersey. He wore it for one day and after Bradley Wiggins won the 2012 Tour de France he sold it to him; this has become Wiggins' most prized possession in his collection.

Yates retired in 1996 having competed in 12 Tours, completing nine; 45th was his best placing overall.

Yates spent much of his 15-year career as a domestique. He was powerful on flat stages and noted as a descender of mountains. For a rouleur Yates climbed very well for his weight.

Doping
In 1989, Yates tested positive for anabolic steroids in a doping test in the first stage of Torhout-Werchter. However, his 'B' sample did not confirm the 'A' sample and Yates was subsequently cleared because it was accepted that a labelling error must have occurred and the tested sample was not his.

Following the report in October 2012 from the US Anti-Doping Agency that detailed organised doping in the US Postal/Discovery Channel teams, Yates insisted on BBC Radio 5 Live that he saw nothing suspicious during his six years working alongside Lance Armstrong.

Management career
After retiring in 1996, Yates became manager of the Linda McCartney Racing Team, which competed at the Giro d'Italia. After the team's collapse in 2001, Yates helped set up the Australian iteamNova but left after funds ran out. After six months out of cycling, he joined Team CSC-Tiscali before moving to Discovery, in 2005, at the invitation of Lance Armstrong. In June 2007, Yates was manager of Team Discovery a USA team and, in 2008, went on to manage riders on the Astana cycling team.

In 2009, he was signed up as director of the newly formed Team Sky, a British-based team intent on providing Britain's first Tour de France winner. Yates spent three years as the team's lead Director Sportif and, in 2012, presided over Bradley Wiggins' victories in Paris–Nice, Tour de Romandie, Critérium du Dauphiné, Tour de France and the Olympic Time Trial. However, his race support during the 2012 Tour de France was heavily criticised by Mark Cavendish who described Yates as "cold, uninspiring and miserly in praise."

In October 2012, he left Team Sky and retired from cycling, with the Daily Telegraph reporting that Yates had been forced to quit after admitting involvement in doping, meaning he did not meet the team's zero tolerance stance on doping. Both Sky and Yates denied that his exit was linked to the team's new requirement that all employees sign a declaration pledging no previous involvement in doping.

After a year away from the sport, Yates took the position of directeur sportif for the NFTO team from the 2014 season. Subsequently, Yates clarified that this role would be limited to the first three rounds of the Premier Calendar and the Tour Series. He was also involved in coaching the Catford CC-Equipe Banks under-23 team, which includes his son Liam on its roster. He was one of their sports directors for Team Tinkoff–Saxo in the 2015 and 2016 seasons.

Since relocating to Spain, he has worked part time as a coaching consultant.

Post-professional racing
In 1997, he won the British 50-mile time-trial championship, and he finished third in the same event in 2005. In May 2007, he said he would not compete as a veteran because of heart irregularities.

In 2009, he was inducted into the British Cycling Hall of Fame.

In late 2016, Yates had an accident in the course of doing part-time gardening work, and was hospitalised for several weeks. This delayed his plan to move to a small farm near Useras in Spain, where he was living as of June 2020.

In 2022 he was given Cycling Weekly's Lifetime Achievement award, recognising not only his multiple achievements but also a lifetime involvement in the sport.

Major results

 * 1979
 * 6th GP de France

 * 1980
 * 1st Prologue Sealink International
 * 1st Overall Girvan
 * Olympic Games
 * 6th Individual pursuit
 * 7th Team pursuit (with M.Elliot, T.Doyle and G.Mitchell)
 * 2nd GP de France

 * 1981
 * 1st Grand Prix de Saint-Tropez
 * 1st GP de France
 * 1st Issoire
 * 2nd Flèche d'Or
 * 3rd Grand Prix des Nations Amateurs

 * 1982
 * 1st Stage 3 Tour d'Indre-et-Loire
 * 1st Stage 4 Circuit de la Sarthe
 * 1st Airedale
 * 1st Classic New Southsea
 * 1st Great Yorkshire
 * 1st Southsea

 * 1983
 * 1st London
 * 5th Overall Milk Race

 * 1984
 * 1st Bristol
 * 1st Prologue Four Days of Dunkirk
 * 3rd Overall Tour of Sweden

 * 1985
 * 2nd Nice–Alassio

 * 1986
 * 1st Stage 2 Milk Race

 * 1987
 * 1st Grand Prix de Cannes
 * 1st Stage 3 Nissan Classic
 * 8th Grand Prix des Nations

 * 1988
 * 1st Stage 6 Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 12 Vuelta a España
 * 1st Stage 1 Paris–Nice
 * 1st Stage 5 Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 * 4th Overall Tour of Britain

 * 1989
 * 1st Jersey red.svg Overall Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Stages 1a & 1b
 * 1st Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
 * 1st Prologue Ronde van Nederland
 * 2nd Gent–Wevelgem

 * 1990
 * 3rd Overall Nissan Classic
 * 3rd Trofeo Baracchi

 * 1991
 * 1st Stage 5 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 * 2nd Overall Nissan Classic
 * 1st Stage 4

 * 1992
 * 1st MaillotReinoUnido.PNG Road race, National Road Championships

 * 1993
 * 1st Stage 3 Tour DuPont
 * 8th Paris–Roubaix

 * 1994
 * 1st USPRO Championship
 * 2nd Thrift Drug Classic
 * 2nd Grand Prix d'Isbergues
 * 3rd Paris–Brussels
 * 5th Paris–Roubaix
 * Tour de France
 * Held Jersey yellow.svg after Stage 6

title: Sean Yates


text: File:Pasman and Ugljan.jpg

title: File:Pasman and Ugljan.jpg


text:
Sullana

Sullana is a city in Peru and the capital of the Sullana Province, Piura, in the north-western coastal plains of Peru on the Chira valley. The city is home to 162,500 people and is one of the most important cities in the Department of Piura.

Geography
Sullana is located at 04°53' south latitude and 80°41' west longitude, 38 km north of Piura, the capital of the region.

Climate
The province has a tropical savanna climate and an average temperature of 27 °C degrees. The minimum temperature is 16 °C and the maximum temperature is 38 °C (can go over 42 °C mark if the El Niño phenomenon is present).

The city is irrigated by the Chira River, the area around the capital city of Sullana is very fertile and there is much lush, tropical vegetation: Coconut palm trees, banana trees, paddy fields, etc. Sullana is an important commercial centre in one of Peru's major cotton-growing areas, along with the San Martín Region and the smaller Tumbes Region. A new sugar cane plantation has been planted nearby to produce maple ethanol for ethanol production.

Population
Migration to Sullana has been intensive, but "pueblos jóvenes" (shanty towns) are neither widespread nor conspicuous, as they are in Piura for example. The population in Sullana was 112,770 in 1981, 147,361 in 1993 and c. 162,500 in 2005.

History
The Chira valley has always been an important farming area. Before the Spanish Invasion, ethnic groups like the Tallanes, the Mochicas, the Chimú, and finally the Incas had settled here. This region was chosen by the Spaniards to found their first city in this part of the Americas, San Miguel de Tangarara, on July 15, 1532. The Spaniards changed the native farming system and created Repartimientos and Encomiendas.

Sullana was founded late in the 18th century, on July 8, 1783, by Bishop Baltazar Jaime Martínez de Compañon y Bufanda and given the name of "El Principe" (The Prince).

Transportation
Sullana has good bus connections to the north, to Piura in the south, as well as inland to Ayabaca and to La Tina on the Ecuadorian border. The Canal Vía runs across the city.

The Tren de la Costa is planned.

Tourism
In the first week of January the Feria Internacional de los Reyes is celebrated. The Poechos Reservoir, 27 km from the city, offers water sports like water skiing, motor-boating, fishing and swimming.

title: Sullana


text:
Halang

Halang may refer to:

 * Halang, Calamba, a barangay in Laguna, Philippines
 * Halang, Ukhrul, a village in Manipur, India
 * Halang Island, in Rokan Hilir, Riau, Indonesia
 * Halang language, a language spoken in Vietnam and Laos
 * Halang, a barangay in the municipality of Taal, Batangas, Philippines
 * Halang, a subtribe and linguistic variety of the Tangsa language spoken in North East India

title: Halang


text:
International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science

The International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (IAQMS) is an international scientific learned society covering all applications of quantum theory to chemistry and chemical physics. It was created in Menton in 1967. The founding members were Raymond Daudel, Per-Olov Löwdin, Robert G. Parr, John Pople and Bernard Pullman. Its foundation was supported by Louis de Broglie.

Originally, the academy had 25 regular members under 65 years of age. This was later raised to 30, and then to 35. There is no limit on the number of members over 65 years of age. The members are "chosen among the scientists of all countries who have distinguished themselves by the value of their scientific work, their role of pioneer or leader of a school in the broad field of quantum chemistry, i.e. the application of quantum mechanics to the study of molecules and macromolecules". As of 2006, the academy consisted of 90 members. The academy organizes the International Congress of Quantum Chemistry every three years.

The academy awards a medal to a young member of the scientific community who has distinguished themselves by a pioneering and important contribution. The award has been made every year since 1967.

Presidents
Presidents and vice-presidents of the academy since its inception:

Members

 * Ali Alavi
 * Millard H. Alexander
 * Jean-Marie André
 * Evert-Jan Baerends
 * Vincenzo Barone
 * Rodney J. Bartlett
 * Mikhail V. Basilevsky
 * Axel D. Becke
 * Joel M. Bowman
 * Jean-Luc Brédas
 * Ria Broer-Braam
 * A. David Buckingham
 * Kieron Burke
 * Petr Cársky
 * Emily A. Carter
 * Lorenz S. Cederbaum
 * David M. Ceperley
 * Garnet Kin-Lic Chan
 * Jiří Čížek
 * David Clary
 * Enrico Clementi
 * Ernest R. Davidson
 * Wolfgang Domcke
 * Thom Dunning
 * Michel Dupuis
 * Odile Eisenstein
 * Jiali Gao
 * Jürgen Gauß
 * Peter Gill
 * William A. Goddard, III
 * Leticia González
 * Mark S. Gordon
 * Stefan Grimme
 * George G. Hall
 * Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
 * Martin Head-Gordon
 * Trygve Helgaker
 * Eric J. Heller
 * Kimihiko Hirao
 * So Hirata
 * Roald Hoffmann
 * Kendall N. Houk

 * Bogumil Jeziorski
 * Poul Jørgensen
 * William L. Jorgensen
 * Joshua Jortner
 * Martin Karplus
 * Kwang S. Kim
 * Wim Klopper
 * Peter Knowles
 * Ronnie Kosloff
 * Georg Kresse
 * Anna Krylov
 * Werner Kutzelnigg
 * Roland Lefebvre
 * William A. Lester
 * Raphael D. Levine
 * Mel Levy
 * Shuhua Li
 * Jan Erik Linderberg
 * Wenjian Liu
 * Jean-Claude Lorquet
 * Nancy Makri
 * Jean-Paul Malrieu
 * David E. Manolopoulos
 * Rudolph A. Marcus
 * Todd J. Martinez
 * Roy McWeeny
 * Benedetta Mennucci
 * Wilfried E. Meyer
 * Josef Michl
 * William H. Miller
 * Debashis Mukherjee
 * Saburo Nagakura
 * Shigeru Nagase
 * Hiroshi Nakatsuji
 * Frank Neese
 * Willem C. Nieuwpoort
 * Evgueni E. Nikitin
 * Jozef Noga
 * Marcel Nooijen
 * Christian Ochsenfeld
 * Jeppe Olsen
 * Josef Paldus

 * Michele Parrinello
 * Ruben Pauncz
 * John P. Perdew
 * Sigrid D. Peyerimhoff
 * Piotr Piecuch
 * Peter Pulay
 * Pekka Pyykkö
 * Leo Radom
 * Krishnan Raghavachari
 * Mark A. Ratner
 * Julia Rice
 * Michael A. Robb
 * Clemens C. J. Roothaan
 * Ursula Röthlisberger
 * Klaus Ruedenberg
 * Lionel Salem
 * Trond Saue
 * Andreas Savin
 * Henry F. Schaefer, III
 * George C. Schatz
 * H. Bernhard Schlegel
 * Peter Schwerdtfeger
 * Gustavo E. Scuseria
 * Sason Shaik
 * Zhigang Shuai
 * Per E. M. Siegbahn
 * John F. Stanton
 * Krzysztof Szalewicz
 * Seiichiro Ten-no
 * Walter Thiel
 * Jacopo Tomasi
 * Donald G. Truhlar
 * John Tully
 * Miroslav Urban
 * Ad van der Avoird
 * Alain Veillard
 * Luuk Visscher
 * Gregory Voth
 * Arieh Warshel
 * Hans-Joachim Werner
 * Weitao Yang
 * Rudolf Zahradnik

Deceased members

 * Reinhart Ahlrichs
 * David R. Bates
 * S. Francis Boys
 * Louis de Broglie
 * Charles A. Coulson
 * David P. Craig
 * Alexander Dalgarno
 * Raymond Daudel
 * Alexander S. Davydov
 * Michael J. S. Dewar
 * Henry Eyring
 * Inga Fischer-Hjalmars
 * Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock
 * Kenichi Fukui
 * Rezsö Gaspar
 * Nicholas C. Handy
 * Hermann Hartmann
 * Edgar Heilbronner

 * Walter Heitler
 * Gerhard Herzberg
 * Joseph O. Hirschfelder
 * Erich Hückel
 * Friedrich Hund
 * Michael Kasha
 * Shigeki Kato
 * Walter Kohn
 * Wlodzimierz Kolos
 * Masao Kotani
 * Jaroslav Koutecky
 * John C. Light
 * William N. Lipscomb
 * H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins
 * Per-Olov Löwdin
 * Frederick A. Matsen
 * Harden M. McConnell
 * Keiji Morokuma

 * Robert S. Mulliken
 * Robert G. Parr
 * Linus Pauling
 * John Pople
 * Alberte Pullman
 * Bernard Pullman
 * Björn Olof Roos
 * Camille Sandorfy
 * Paul von Rague Schleyer
 * Eolo Scrocco
 * Isaiah Shavitt
 * Massimo Simonetta
 * John C. Slater
 * Au-chin Tang
 * Edward Teller
 * John H. Van Vleck
 * E. Bright Wilson
 * Tom Ziegler


text:
Talk:Surrogate key

The assertion that "the addition of a surrogate key will slow down access to the table, particularly if it is indexed" should be removed. It's not substantiated, incomplete, and misleading. It has no place in theoretical performance computations and in practice is almost always incorrect anyway. Finally, it's not a part of the definition.

Agreed
I agree. An index on a surrogate key will be smaller (and therefore could be faster) than an index on a natural key. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.204.133.208 (talk) 14:14, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Hrmph!
Some Anonymous Hero's decided that it's better to throw out everybody else's work and dump in some essay they wrote themselves. I'm marking this for wikification, and I'm going to wikify and merge in some of the old content if it's relevant when I've more time. --Kgaughan 19:35, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Needs Attention
This article needs attention. The current posting is correct, though quite poorly written. It's certainly relational-centric.

The old article seems to confuse system-assigned keys with surrogate keys, particularly in this paragraph: ""Surrogate key" may also be known as "System-generated key", "Database Sequence number", "Synthetic key", "Technical key" or an "Arbitrary, unique identifier"."

I don't think either version thinks of "surrogate keys" from the point of view of data warehousing, though.

-- 03:01, 31 December 2005 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mikeblas (talk • contribs) 03:00, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Huh? Surrogate Keys are, AFAIK, a relational database concept.  How does the term even apply to other kinds of databases? Jberkus 19:05, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Similarities
Surely a surrogate key and a primary key are identical? Is there really any difference? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.198.250.9 (talk) 07:13, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure there is. A primary key can be surrogate, or it can be natural. A surrogate key is always a candidate key, but may or may not be designated primary key (as any other candidate key, really). Of course, in practice surrogate keys are pretty much always primary keys (but not vice versa, though surrogate primary keys seem to be more popular at the moment). -- int19h 08:12, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Added Advantages/Disadvantages
I've added a summary of the main advantages and disadvantages of Surrogate Keys. I've also linked my own blog article; I realize that linking one's on blog is in poor taste, so if someone else has an article which extensively catalogs the disadvantages of surrogate keys, then please link it instead. Jberkus 19:07, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Surrogate Keys in Data Warehouse
Isn't surrogate keys more applied in the data warehousing for relating fact and dimension tables. Surrogate keys are also one of the solution for the "Slowly Changing Dimension" problem. I strongly feel this has to be included along with the following external link. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.123.182.27 (talk) 05:19, 2 February 2007 (UTC).

Compatibility
"several database application development systems, drivers, and object-relational mapping systems, such as Ruby on Rails or Hibernate, depend on the use of integer or GUID surrogate keys in order to support database-system-agnostic operation and object-to-row mapping."

Hibernate works fine with non-surrogate key, even with composite keys, see. I know little about Ruby on Rails, but I very much doubt that they require surrogate keys.
 * —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.158.137.195 (talk) 11:16, 20 April 2007 . (sig added by --FvdP (talk) 16:07, 9 May 2008 (UTC))

Random keys
"However, a randomly generated primary key must be queried before assigned to prevent duplication and cause an insert rejection." Really ? Isn't the point of some random generation schemes (random 128-bit UUIDs) to make the test redundant by making the collision probability definitely negligible ? Also can't the collision, if need be, be checked after rejection by the uniqueness constraint ? --FvdP (talk) 16:12, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

New disadvantage: "Performance"
The following subsection was added to the Disadvantages section: "For some queries, the existence of a surrogate key may result in the need for more |joins in order to retrieve the needed information. E.g., if a table of telephone numbers uses a surrogate key (some counter) instead of the natural key (the telephone number), referencing tables need to be joined with the telephone number table, in order to retrieve actual telephone numbers." I moved it here because it needs some more thought. This disadvantage is not a surrogate/natural key choice; instead, it is an over-normalization. See Database normalization. Timhowardriley (talk) 22:05, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The telephone number table doesn't have to have only one column (I assume that this is what you were thinking when you wrote "over-normalization"?) The example could certainly be better. But when using surrogate keys, child tables don't include data from referred parent tables, meaning that a join is needed when you need data from the natural key based on rows on the child table; because of this, there are cases where you save a join when using natural keys. TroelsArvin (talk) 22:49, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Regarding "The example could certainly be better.": I agree. However, I disagree that performance in this context is significantly effected; it's only marginally effected. Performance would only be marginally effected by joins of natural keys because of the increased size of the natural key over that of a surrogate key. Timhowardriley (talk) 17:20, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
 * So let's agree on the fact that extra joins may result from using surrogate keys, right? That can - all else being equal - only be a drawback of surrogate keys. Is it significant? - In the hot new column store databases, it may not be so significant. In traditional row-store databases, an extra join can certainly be significant. I assert that it's rather uncontroversial to try to eliminate extra joins.TroelsArvin (talk) 21:47, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Disadvantage: Query Optimization
The Query Optimization disadvantage was changed to read:
 * "Relational databases assume a unique index is applied to a table's primary key. The unique index serves two purposes: 1) to enforce entity integrity—primary key data must be unique across rows—and 2) to quickly search for rows queried. Since surrogate keys replace a table's identifying attributes—the natural key—and since the identifying attributes are likely to be those queried, then the query optimizer is forced to perform a full table scan when fulfilling likely queries. The remedy to the full table scan is to apply an additional index on the columns containing the surrogate key. However, the additional index will take up disk space, slow down data-modifying operations, and possibly increase lock contention and decrease cache efficiency."

However, it originally read:
 * "Relational databases assume a unique index is applied to a table's primary key. The unique index serves two purposes: 1) to enforce entity integrity—primary key data must be unique across rows—and 2) to quickly search for rows queried. Since surrogate keys replace a table's identifying attributes—the natural key—and since the identifying attributes are likely to be those queried, then the query optimizer is forced to perform a full table scan when fulfilling likely queries. The remedy to the full table scan is to apply a (non-unique) index on each of the identifying attributes. However, these additional indexes will take up disk space, slow down inserts, and slow down deletes."

I don't see the added clarity. Actually, "slow down insert, and slow down deletes" is more clear than "slow down data-modifying operations." Also, why would you put an additional index on the surrogate key? It already has a unique index on it. Timhowardriley (talk) 22:14, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The surrogate key is generally of no end-user interest. End-use will normally operate on the natural key data, meaning that the natual key will also need to be indexed, at least (and often also be governed by a unique constraint, supplementing the primary key, for data quality purposes). Thus, you end up with more indexes. And while indexes are certainly a nice invention, it's well known that they slow down inserts, updates and deletes. About "data-modifying" vs. inserts/deletes: Indexes slow down any modification, not only insert and delete (but someone can probably come up with a better general term; mutating operation?) TroelsArvin (talk) 22:31, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Regarding "but someone can probably come up with a better general term; mutating operation?": this would be original research. See wp:or. Regarding everything else: these statements don't address my objection. My objection is why should the paragraph be changed to something illogical. The paragraph is being changed to say, "The remedy to the full table scan is to apply an additional index on the columns containing the surrogate key." Why would you put an additional index on the surrogate key? It already has a unique index on it. Timhowardriley (talk) 17:12, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
 * About the choice of words: I'm honestly trying to keep a conversation here, in order to improve the article. There is a difference between "insert or delete" and "insert or update or delete", right. So I'm asking for suggestions to better express this. TroelsArvin
 * "Database Design Fundamentals", by Naphtali Rishe, says that one restriction for the primary key is that it must be "time-invariant". I've also heard this restriction called the "immutability constraint." What this means is the primary key cannot change. However, it might be the case that relation DBMSs now allow for changing the primary key. So, depending upon the scope you're talking about, either "inserts or deletes" will be slower or "inserts, updates, and deletes" will be slower. However, rather than going into this nuance in the article, I think it's safer to regard the historical perception that primary keys are immutable. Timhowardriley (talk) 21:10, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I do not argue that an extra index be defined for the surrogate key (I didn't write that; someone else did). But there will have to be a uniqueness constraint on the natural candidate key to protect against redundant data (if there is only a primary key on the surrogate key, the table is open for _any_ insert); at least, this is the standard recommendation from surrogate key advocates (unless they subscribe to the view that integrity should solely be enforced by the applications - a rather radical view, going against many a good advice and many a good textbook on relational databases). This means that you end up with an index on the surrogate key, AND an index on the column(s) which would have made up the natural key.TroelsArvin (talk) 21:47, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see. You're saying that there's two solutions to the full table scan problem: 1) an additional index on each of the identifying attributes or 2) an additional unique index on the natural key. Timhowardriley (talk) 21:10, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I very rarely see a table with a single index, unless it's a child table way down the ER graph. When we're doing any software development we keep an eye on the queries, feed them through Explain Plan or similar, add in indexes as necessary to remove bottlenecks, then run the whole thing again to make sure the new indexes aren't slowing other operations down.  By which I mean to say; it is true that using surrogate keys will usually force you to have at least two indexes per table - one for the surrogate key, and one for the natural key - but most tables will have more than one index anyway, so that they can be used efficiently in many queries.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.186.240.40 (talk) 03:20, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Altered a few of the sections
I ought to have read the discussion page before making edits, but I didn't. I also out to have logged on first - the edits are under ip address 124.178.225.104. I have made a few changes where I thought the wording was a trifle clumsy, although I have tries to keep what I think the intended meaning was ("dissassociated" isn't a very good word, but I now what you mean).

I've also added a bit here and there.

The stuff on the caveats relating to randomly generated keys needs to be moved out, as it is duplicated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paul Murray (talk • contribs) 11:13, 26 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Your additions are surely productive. The duplication should remain to keep each paragraph independent. Timhowardriley (talk) 05:27, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Inadvertent Assumptions demistified
The inadvertant assumption - that surrogate keys have meaning - can be solved by repeating "surrogate keys have _no_ meaning" in meetings. Also by peer reviewing for code that uses surrogate key values in anything other than joins. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.186.240.40 (talk) 03:26, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Removed Disadvantages/Normalization paragraph
I removed this text. "Although applications accessing the database should be free of bugs and never attempt to create rows with duplicate natural keys, nevertheless properly maintained unique keys are a vital "last line of defense" against this type of data corruption. This is particularly the case where data is sometimes mutated by user-entered SQL. Of course, due to the very fact that a well-tested and bedded down application will not attempt to introduce duplicate keys, the absence of database constraints is often not immediately apparent as a problem. Modern databases, however, can apply database triggers to enforce unique constraints." It's meaning should be more clear. I'm not sure if it refutes or supports the previous sentence that says, "Without a unique index on the natural key, duplicate rows can appear and once present can be difficult to identify." Timhowardriley (talk) 19:16, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

Requirements changes
The example given in the Requirements changes section is not an argument for Oracle sequences or similar approaches, because those sequences would have been independent in the two separate companies as well (unless they used a shared database such as a clouid-hosted seevice). However, it seems like a good example for why to use UUIDs. Any objections to noting this?--greenrd (talk) 09:36, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Caveat
"For example, table Staff may contain two rows for "John Smith", one row when he was employed between 1990 and 1999, another row when he was employed between 2001 and 2006.[] The surrogate key is identical (non-unique) in both rows however the primary key will be unique."

Above explanation from the article is the exact opposite of how Kimballl & Ross explain surrogate keys:

"We need two different product surrogate keys for the same SKU or physical barcode. Each of the separate surrogate keys identifies a unique product attribute profile that was true for a span of time."(Kimball & Ross 2002, The Data Warehouse Toolkit, p. 97)

Also how can a single surrogate key exist twice within one table if implemented via IDENTITY, AUTOINCREMENT, etc. as described? — Preceding unsigned comment added by At710 (talk • contribs) 10:23, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surrogate key


text:
Talk:Reversal film

Cleaning slides?
Does anyone have an information about cleaning slides?
 * Google is your friend. Baffle gab1978 (talk) 20:57, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

black & white
why has this section gone in its entirety? If it's not gone somewhere useful I shall revert. Bob aka Linuxlad 07:13, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Later, OK I've now reverted to last version by Linuxlad, to reinstate the B&W bit. This bit IS a 'pig's ear' I agree, but there should be some discussion of black and white film and B&W reversal - if not here, then on a link to another article.Linuxlad

I just agree : this black and white transparencies section is really important to the article. Ok, transparency is "easy" to understand : it is nothing more than a film sensible to different colors (magenta, cyan,yellow instead of red, green,blue). I have a question,though : is the film sensible to pure white (I mean, what do you get when you expose it, for instance, to sunlight) ? And how comes it is not sensible to darkness in a camera, since black is a combination of magenta+cyan+yellow ?

Thanks, King mike 21:43, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * 'Pig's Ear' is right - I've removed the spam links and waffle text from this section and hope to introduce refs eventually. Please add some text and refs yourself as long as they're not spammy or waffly. Thanks Baffle gab1978 (talk) 04:36, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Introduction of term 'slide'
I have wikified this article slightly, but notice a strange introduction of the term 'slide' two thirds of the way through the article. This would be better up higher but my lack of subject knowledge prevents me really restructuring it. --Stevage 16:26, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move — Mets501 (talk) 01:17, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Transparency (photography) → Reversal film — Standard and neutral laboratory term also used by film manufacturers (Kodak), (Fuji); is inclusive of both stills and motion picture film (which both use the same E-6 process). Also avoids the need for disambiguation. Girolamo Savonarola 21:45, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Add  * Support   or   * Oppose   on a new line followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~.
 * Support, using the technical name is appropriate here and avoids disambiguation. Recury 17:44, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

dr5.com - Commercial link to be included?
We (wife and I) don't understand why the last edit was deleted! We have been using dr5 for many years and this lab is THE only resource of it's kind in the traditional photo market. Agfaphoto is out of business and the labs left are running remaining scala with non-agfa chemistry. It is only fair to list this labs unique constitution to photography, if not list them as something unique. If you list the one lab you should allow the other. If not, delete all listed labs! Main has not hold on processing this film. There are several in Europe still running scala. Reversal film 19:02, 13 December 2006 (UTC) Rob

Regarding this edit; I treated this as linkspam (given the evidence, particularly as the entry for a Colorado-based company was posted via a Colorado-based IP.)

Following this discussion at my talk page, I decided to put the material back (minus the "improved" POV comment) and let others give their opinion as to whether it should remain. Fourohfour 19:54, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, it is a process approaching obsolescence, so it is somewhat relevant given the few places that can handle it. That being said, it would be ideally placed in an article solely about the Scala process, although such an article does not yet exist. I'd say keep for now - I doubt there are many other places which will be able to claim the same and thus follow suit. Girolamo Savonarola 20:06, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I find the link to be a purely commercial link in violation of wiki policy and removed it. SteveHopson 04:41, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

I disagree strongly to Hopsons action! dr5 is a completely unique photographic process. Hopson shows little photographic credibility. photographically speaking the work is at best Amateur. The link should be re-enstated. If this is the case 'NO' photographic lab should be listed, period!

 * I suggest re-submitting all commercial links via the talk page to determine if they should be included or not. This is normally a good idea anyway. Fourohfour 13:04, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

On another note: I Have used the service called dr5 [http:www.dr5.com dr5chrome]. This is a Process, like Kodachrome or E6 or C41. An article should be created about this process. The results are not less than spectacular. No other process produces images like this one. The process has been published by several national photographic magazines and has world-wide recognition. I am not associated with this lab other than having my own film processed in this very unique process. I have no other goal other than providing correct information. Rob, Colorado

 * If DR5 is a unique photographic process that varies significantly from existing ones, then I recommend you provide some references, which would strengthen the inclusion of dr5.com, and possibly provide a basis for a separate article describing this process. Fourohfour 13:04, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The following are industry links or dr5 highlights;

http://www.rangefindermag.com/magazine/archives/Jan05/labpro.tml http://photo.net/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=009lRJ&tag= http://www.jandcphoto.com/ (industry link) http://www.rangefinderforum.com/forums/showthread.php?t=32927 http://www.shutterbug.net/techniques/film_processing/0205dr5/ http://www.freestylephoto.biz/e_main.php (industry link) http://dr5.com/what.html http://photography.about.com/od/choosingfilm/a/newfilms_4.htm There are many more examples, rob.

 * Reviewing those links, it appears that the DR5 process is a method of developing b/w negative film to render a positive image (thus mimicing reversal). As it is a development process, it does merit an article. What I would say is that the article should briefly mention it, with a link to an article (existent or not), and perhaps a see also to that same article. The lab should not be mentioned within the reversal film article, because it is not relevant to this topic. The DR5 itself shouldn't be mentioned much except as a reversal-like process, since it really isn't reversal film. Basically, make a quick mention and keep the company out of it (in this article). Thanks! Girolamo Savonarola 02:39, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Girolamo; Just because you dont understand something doesnt mean something isnt valid! explain to us what photographic experience you have? Have you seen or processed film through the dr5 process? dr5 is a process unique to all reversal B&W processes. E6 is a reversal color process that processes many like films. Does this make E6 not worthy of an article? What about other photographic processes of old? I have been told by the creator of dr5 to drop the issue, that I can not convince the ignorant. ..are we all ignorant here?
 * If the posted articles, along with an internet search is not enough information,, maybe everyone at Wiki is photographically ignorant. This would include the 'so called' experts. Regards;  rob, CO

 * Girolamo; if the process is proprietary, and if worthy of its own article, then the company/lab which developed it certainly is worthy of mention, as they are both notable and relevant on that basis alone.

 * Yes; I'm the person who originally removed the "commercial" link, but it seems now that DR5 really have done something genuinely notable, and are thus worthy of inclusion; albeit as part of an article on the DR5 process. Fourohfour 14:16, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Fourohfour; Dr-5 is a unique proprietary B&W reversal process designed & formulated by David Wood, who will not license it to other labs (I tried several times). Yes, some of his customers are in the Denver metro area, since he moved his lab there from Los Angeles, so it makes sense that one of his local customers would mention it.

Alas, due to declining volumes of B&W negative and positive films, I believe that the dr-5 reversal process should remain in this Reversal film article. Discpad 11:19, 22 February 2007 (UTC) Dan Schwartz, Cherry Hill, NJ. Expresso@Snip.Net

Am I mistaken, or isn't it a bit unusual that external links be accessed by clicking on text that is part of the body of the article? They already are filed under external links at the end. And the part about 'many say more pleasing results', sounds a bit too unsubstantiated to be left as it is. I'llcorrect these too, because it looks too much like we are promoting these labs, but I'll leave the links at the end. Cleversnail 19:46, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I've taken the liberty of removing the Dr5 references. This isn't an advertising website. If you wish to replace it, please ensure it's properly referenced. Thanks Baffle gab1978 (talk) 04:40, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Illustration
The camera in the picture appears to be a digital camera (Nikon D200) - is this really appropriate for an article on reversal film? mmj (talk) 01:50, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I noticed that too. Feel free to replace it with something more suitable. Thanks 'Edit: Did it myself, wasn't too difficult.Baffle gab1978 (talk) 18:13, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Glass Slides for Projection
In writing a page about the illustrated song, I found that there was no good page describing the kind of slides that were used to make these early "music videos." Does anyone know anything about how glass slides for projection were made?Peter (talk) 12:17, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello,

Just in case you still need to know:

First, the lettering (and graphics, if any) was created on art board or paper with ink and/or paint, then photographed, producing a black-and-white negative. Usually, this negative was the same size as the final slide -- 3 1/4" x 3 1/4" in the UK, but 3 1/4" x 4" most everywhere else -- and was on glass, still widely used in larger-format cameras instead of film until circa 1920, even though flexible film had been introduced decades earlier (film was more expensive than glass during that era, notwithstanding what some Wikipedia articles say). As many positives as needed were made by exposing similar emulsion-coated thin glass plates through the negative and developing them in the same way. Frequently, in the case of slides made for public use, they were colored by individually hand-painting them with transparent colors. Unless made "on the cheap," a protective plain cover glass was placed against the image-bearing side to protect it, usually with a thin black paper "mat" between the two to provide a frame or special-shaped vignette around the image or simply to slightly separate the two. The sandwich was then bound up around the edges with gummed paper tape, also usually black, and the slide was complete.

If white-on-black lettering was wanted, as it usually was, the lettering could be done in black ink and negative images of this used for the finished slides.

If an actual photographic image was to be incorporated with lettering or art, most usually a good-sized paper print was made of the image, the lettering or ornamental art was applied to the print or created around it, then it was rephotographed to produce the negative. For pure photographic images, the final positive slides could simply be printed directly from the negative unless enlargement or reduction or some other modification was needed.

The slide was properly called a "lantern slide" because the projector was a "lantern", short for "Magic lantern" (they existed long before photography), but it was essentially the same as a simple 35mm slide projector of 1940s or 1950s vintage except for the larger format and, usually, the light source (carbon arcs, acetylene, or other such high-maintenance or highly-explosive-gas-fueled light sources were needed to provide enough light, as even high-wattage incandescent light bulbs were inadequate for projecting images of sufficient size). The "lantern" part of "lantern slide" slowly disappeared from use. It seems to have already nearly died by the time the smaller (2" x 2" after mounting) Kodachrome color slides and suitably scaled-down projectors became popular in mid-century.

Glass lantern slides of the same size and type used for illustrated songs still saw some use as late as the 1950s for advertising coming attractions during intermissions, etc., as attested by surviving late examples. The late ones that I have seen were on somewhat smaller glass plates mounted in cheap stapled-together cardboard frames and had no cover glasses, but were still (sloppily) hand-colored -- much cheaper than using real photographic color transparencies of that size, even in the 1950s. Glass could stand the heat of prolonged projection onto a large screen, a plastic film base could not.

Too much information?

AVarchaeologist (talk) 01:09, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

=== Thank you, AV, that's perfect. I'll work it into the illustrated song and magic lantern pages some day, but just too busy right now.Peter (talk) 14:46, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

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Why?
Until about 1995, color transparency was preferred for publication because of the films' higher contrast and resolution,   It is well known that National Geographic used reversal film, and others too, but is this really the reason? Negative films have lower contrast (gamma) by design, but that is undone in the printing. I don't know of a big advantage in resolution compared to negative films. Also, Basic Photography doesn't sound like the most authoritative reference. Is there another reference? Gah4 (talk) 14:59, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

 * The reason is quite simple: slide film can be easily checked on a light table or with a projector (are the colours right etc...), checking a negative is nearly impossible, even for professional photographers. Fashion photographers also preferred slide film for that reason. Also, slide film is the original (today's 'RAW'). Prints of a negative film are already the 2nd generation (~'JPG'). Time constraints were also a good reason to use slide film. An experienced lab with a good an stable process could develop a slide film in 25-40 minutes. Developing a negative film takes the same amount of time, but doing additional prints afterwards is very time consuming. The following is just an assumption, because nobody would do that for a critical image: Imagine being in a remote area with no real lab, you could even develop slide film in your hotel room and check your photos before sending them back home (all you need is a thermometer, clean water, a watch, some chemicals, a changing bag and perhaps tape for creating a 'dark room' from a toilet or bathroom). For prints of negative film you'd need a lot more equipment! Thus, slide film was the way to go for nearly all fashion and many magazine photographers. 178.165.131.71 (talk) 19:03, 4 July 2017 (UTC)

 * So it isn't the contrast and resolution then? Should we change that statement? Gah4 (talk) 22:52, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

lavender = blueprint
This kind of reversal film is talked about more often nowadays due to restorations of classics, f.ex. La Dolce Vita, whose negative was so moldy and in such bad shape that some frames were unusable. Here's a good source. --Espoo (talk) 13:46, 23 October 2016 (UTC)

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More accurate color translation when digitizing. There is no need for color inversion processes.
The article gives ''More accurate color translation when digitizing. There is no need for color inversion processes.'' as pros for reversal film. The orange mask in negative film is specifically to give more accurate colors. The imperfections (absorptions where they shouldn't) of the dyes are cancelled by the absorptions of the mask. This isn't possible in slides for projection, for obvious reasons. Lots of compromises go into a color reversal film that don't go into a negative film. I suppose the colors from the film to scan might be more accurate, but still less accurate a representation of the original scene. Gah4 (talk) 22:59, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

 * The orange mask doesn't have anything to do with "making the colors better". In fact, the orange mask makes it even more diffcult to scan or telecine with accurate colors. The reason for the orange mask has nothing to do with colors. Instead, its purpose lies solely in preventing scratching of the emulsion. The fact that negative films have a much wider latency and contrast range is due to the different emulsion, not due to the orange mask. --2003:EF:1704:7205:843C:C673:6D28:ED99 (talk) 02:48, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

History section entirely inaccurate and irrelevant for this article
This history section is entirely inaccurate and irrelevant for this article. All that it's about is nothing but the invention of color photography and not in the slightest about slides or the reversal process. I've seen academic research papers that have been so mislead by this inaccurate Wikipedia article that they state that Kodachrome would've been the very first reversal or slide film in history! Which is just patently false; reversal b/w film was introduced into 16mm moving images no later than in 1923 by Kodak at the very latest, as can be seen already in the preview to this scholarly journal article, published by Indiana University Press in 2003, here:.

Furthermore, the German Wikipedia article on the history of photography mentions that a patent for a working color reversal photographic process, based on silver bromide collodion wet plates, was granted to Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron as early as in 1868; although du Hauron produced practical proofs of his reversal process, this process was too difficult, expensive, and cumbersome to become a mass product. --2003:EF:1704:7205:843C:C673:6D28:ED99 (talk) 02:48, 12 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't know about entirely inaccurate or irrelevant, but there are questions about it. The non-substantive color process, that is Kodachrome, only works because it is a reversal process. It seems that the history section give the (accurate enough) history of color reversal films. It does ignore black and white films. Even more, the Kodachrome method only works because there are not more than three color layers. (Lucky us!) Black and white reversal is only complicated by the need to bleach the developed image without damaging the undeveloped silver halide.  A subsection on the history of black and white reversal processing would be nice, though. Gah4 (talk) 08:53, 12 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't know about entirely inaccurate or irrelevant, but there are questions about it. The non-substantive color process, that is Kodachrome, only works because it is a reversal process. It seems that the history section give the (accurate enough) history of color reversal films. It does ignore black and white films. Even more, the Kodachrome method only works because there are not more than three color layers. (Lucky us!) Black and white reversal is only complicated by the need to bleach the developed image without damaging the undeveloped silver halide.  A subsection on the history of black and white reversal processing would be nice, though. Gah4 (talk) 08:53, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reversal film


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/LaGrotta

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was: I have speedily deleted this article. —Stormie 09:24, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

LaGrotta
Some of the most blatant vanity I've ever seen. Google shows no notable programmer with this name. Delete. --Dmcdevit·t 09:09, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:210.84.25.215

title: User talk:210.84.25.215


text:
User:Jussi Hirvi

Contact me at jussi.hirvi at greenspot.fi

title: User:Jussi Hirvi


text:
Retortamonad

The retortamonads are a small group of flagellates, most commonly found in the intestines of animals as commensals, although a free-living species called the Chilomastix cuspidata exists. They are grouped under the taxon, Archezoa. They are usually around 5-20 μm in length, and all of their small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences are very similar to each other. There are two genera: Retortamonas with two flagella, and Chilomastix with four. In both cases there are four basal bodies anterior to a prominent feeding groove, and one flagellum is directed back through the cell, emerging from the groove.

The retortamonads lack mitochondria, golgi apparatus, dictyosomes, and peroxisomes. They are close relatives of the diplomonads, and are placed among the metamonads along with them. Due to the abundant phylogenetic similarities between the two flagellates, since diplomonads do not ancestrally lack mitochondrion, this suggests that retortamonads are also secondarily amitochondriate.

title: Retortamonad


text:
David Samuel

David Samuel may refer to:

 * David Samuel, 3rd Viscount Samuel (1922-2014), Israeli member of the British House of Lords
 * David Samuel (bishop) (born 1930), Continuing Anglican bishop in England
 * David Samuel (rugby union) (1869–1943), Welsh international rugby union forward

title: David Samuel


text:
Hațeg

Hațeg (Wallenthal; Hátszeg) is a town in Hunedoara County, Romania with a population of 8,793 as of 2021. Three villages are administered by the town: Nălațvad (Nalácvád), Silvașu de Jos (Alsószilvás), and Silvașu de Sus (Felsőszilvás). It is situated in the southwestern reaches of the historical region of Transylvania.

The town is the center of the ethnocultural and historical region of Țara Hațegului. It lies at an altitude of 315 m, on the banks of the Râul Galben. Hațeg is located in the south-central part of Hunedoara County, 37 km south of the county seat, Deva.

History
In 1765, while part of the Habsburg controlled Principality of Transylvania, the settlement was completely militarised and integrated into the Second Border Company of the First Border Regiment from Orlat, until 1851, when that unit was disbanded.

Geology
Țara Hațegului (the Hațeg Country) is the region around the town of Hațeg. The fossils found in the Hațeg area span over 300 million years of Earth's geologic history, showing tropical coral reefs and volcanic island in the Tethys Sea, dinosaurs, primitive mammals, birds, and Pterosaurs (such as Hatzegopteryx, which was named for the region).

Hațeg Island was an island during the Cretaceous Period where a dwarf species of sauropod dinosaur, Magyarosaurus dacus, lived until their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. Baron Franz Nopcsa published articles about these Mesozoic-era archosaurs on Hațeg Island. His studies led to his theory of insular dwarfism, the notion that "limited resources" on small islands can lead to a downsizing of the indigenous vertebrate animals.

Since 2015 the area has been an UNESCO Global Geopark.

Demographics
According to the first ethnic census of 1850, the town had 1,194 inhabitants, 915 of them being Romanian, 92 Roma, 77 Hungarian, 62 German (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons), and 48 of other ethnicities. According to the 2011 census, Hațeg had 9,685 inhabitants, of which 93.15% were Romanians, 1.6% Hungarians, 1,1% of other ethnicities, and unknown for 4,14% of the population. At the 2021 census, the town had a population of 8,793.

Natives

 * Nicholas Deak (1905—1985), American banker and a secret service operative with the OSS and the CIA
 * Elena Lasconi (born 1972), TV personality and politician
 * Chike Onyejekwe (born 1986), handballer
 * Nneka Onyejekwe (born 1989), volleyball player

title: Hațeg


text:
Sigrid D. Peyerimhoff

Sigrid Doris Peyerimhoff (born 12 January 1937, in Rottweil) is a theoretical chemist and Emeritus Professor at the Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany.

Education
After completing her abitur, Peyerimhoff studied physics at the University of Gießen, completing her degree in 1961 and receiving her doctorate under supervision of Bernhard Kockel in 1963. After researching at the University of Chicago, the University of Washington, and Princeton University, she returned to Germany and gained her habilitation at the University of Gießen in 1967. She became professor for theoretical chemistry at the University of Mainz in 1970, and at the University of Bonn in 1972.

Quantum chemistry
Her contributions have been to the development of ab initio quantum chemical methods, in particular, multireference configuration interaction, and to their application in many fields of physics and chemistry. Particular emphasis has been given to electronically excited states, molecular spectra and photochemistry. Many studies are on atmospheric molecules and ions, their lifetimes in excited states and decomposition due to radiative and non-radiative processes, and on stability and spectra of clusters.

Some of her students became well known for their contribution to quantum chemistry, including Bernd Engels, Stefan Grimme, Bernd A. Hess, Christel Marian, Matthias Ernzerhoff and Bernd M. Nestmann.

Awards and honors
During her career, she received several awards and memberships:

 * 1977 Medal of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
 * 1988 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz-Prize
 * 1994 Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 * 2007 Cothenius Medal of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
 * 2008 Grand Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 * 2011 Honorary doctor of the University of Ulm

She is also a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science

Publications
She is the author of over 400 original articles in various international journals and coauthor of Umweltstandards: Fakten und Bewertungsprobleme am Beispiel des Strahlenrisikos. Her history of computational chemistry in Germany is of particular note. She edited Interactions in Molecules.

Partial bibliography

 * Peyerimhoff, Sigrid D. Interactions in Molecules: Electronic and Steric Effects. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2003. ISBN 3-527-27732-3

title: Sigrid D. Peyerimhoff


text:
User talk:Alan3baker

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User talk:Reton

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Shimgray 09:16, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Reton


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Talk:Passing of Shoghi Effendi

Article name
Any thoughts on maybe changing the name to something a little more specific? As a Baha'i I get what you mean, but its a little vague, let alone a little airy-fairy for someone else? -- Tomhab 09:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I'm the one who named it, and I ran into this problem. This was the wording that best described a situation which focused on his death, and not just some information of his death. I don't know. Whatever. Cunado19 10:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * "Successorship of ...". It largely concentrates on his successorship... -- Tomhab 14:18, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Passing of Shoghi Effendi


text:
The Lyrics Board

The Lyrics Board was an Irish game show hosted by Aonghus McAnally and then by Eurovision Song Contest 1992 winner Linda Martin. In each episode there are two teams. Each team consists of a piano player/team captain who is joined by two celebrities/singers, at either side. A team would choose a number from "the board", which had 4 to 6 numbers to choose from, revealing a word. The team would then have to sing, and play on the piano, a song with that related word to remain in charge of 'the board'. However, up to two numbers would reveal a "skip", a very common word such as "a" or "the", which if revealed would result in loss of control of the board. If the team sing the secret song whose lyrics is on the board, then this team would win a point, with the team with the most points declared as the winners.

Team captains on the show included former Eurovision winner Paul Harrington, Kyron & The Strangels frontman Kyron Bourke, You're A Star Musical Director Ronan Johnston and Jim Sheridan, keyboard player with the Camembert Quartet. 26 different versions have been produced worldwide.

The format was revamped for the 2011–2012 season by RTÉ for its TRTÉ strand. The new version of the format was called Sing! and was presented by former Pop Idol contestant Brian Ormond with former Six member Emma O'Driscoll and Royseven frontman Paul Walsh acting as team captains.

All programmes of it online were made available on RTE Player Christmas 2021 to celebrate 60 years of television.

By 2024, Norway is the only country that still produces their version of the show. The station NRK has bought the rights to the show, and does now own the concept.

title: The Lyrics Board