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Fraudulent conveyance

A fraudulent conveyance or fraudulent transfer is the transfer of property to another party to prevent, hinder, or delay the collection of a debt owed by or incumbent on the party making the transfer, sometimes by rendering the transferring party insolvent. It is generally treated as a civil cause of action that arises in debtor/creditor relations, typically brought by creditors or by bankruptcy trustees against insolvent debtors, but in some jurisdictions there is potential for criminal prosecution.

Overview
A transfer will be fraudulent if made with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor. Thus, if a transfer is made with the specific intent to avoid satisfying a specific liability, then actual intent is present. However, when a debtor prefers to pay one creditor instead of another, that is not a fraudulent transfer.

There are two types of fraudulent transfer—actual fraud and constructive fraud. Actual fraud typically involves a debtor who as part of an asset protection scheme donates his assets, usually to an "insider", and leaves himself nothing to pay his creditors. Constructive fraud does not relate to fraudulent intent, but rather to the underlying economics of the transaction, if it took place for less than reasonably equivalent value at a time when the debtor was in a distressed financial condition. It is important to note that the actual distinction between the two different types of fraud is what the intentions of the debtor were. For example, where the debtor has simply been more generous than they should have or, in business transactions, the business should have ceased trading earlier to preserve capital (see generally, wrongful trading). In a successful lawsuit, the plaintiff is entitled to recover the property transferred or its value from the transferee who has received a gift of the debtor's assets. Subsequent transferees may also be targeted, although they generally have stronger defenses than immediate transferees.

Although fraudulent transfer law originally evolved in the context of a relatively simple agrarian economy, it is now widely used to challenge complex modern financial transactions such as leveraged buyouts.

Fraudulent transfer liability will often turn on the financial condition of the debtor at a particular point in the past. This analysis has historically required "dueling" expert testimony from both plaintiffs and defendants, which often led to an expensive process and inconsistent and unpredictable results. Courts and scholars have recently developed market-based approaches to try to make this analysis simpler, more consistent across cases, and more predictable.

Badges of fraud
Evidence of actual intent is rarely available to a creditor for it would require proof of someone’s inner thoughts. Because of that, creditors often have to rely on circumstantial evidence of fraud. To prove actual intent, the courts have developed "badges of fraud", which, while not conclusive, are considered by the courts as circumstantial evidence of fraud:

 * becoming insolvent because of the transfer;
 * lack or inadequacy of consideration;
 * family or insider relationship among parties;
 * the retention of possession, benefits or use of property in question;
 * the existence of the threat of litigation;
 * the financial situation of the debtor at the time of transfer or after transfer;
 * the existence or a cumulative effect of a series of transactions after the onset of debtor’s financial difficulties;
 * the general chronology of events;
 * secrecy of the transaction in question; and
 * deviation from the usual method or course of business.

Australia
Under Australian law, if a transaction is entered into by a company which subsequently goes into liquidation, and the transaction was entered into by the company for the purpose of defeating, delaying or interfering with the rights of creditors during the 10 years prior to the relation back day, the courts may set it aside. The relation-back day is defined as either the day upon which the application for the company's winding-up was filed, or the date of the commencement of liquidation.

Canada
Canadian provinces have jurisdiction over property and civil rights, which includes conveyances of property. Many provinces have statutes prohibiting fraudulent conveyances. They also prohibit the granting of fraudulent preferences, which purport to give certain creditors priority over other creditors in bankruptcy. However, bona fide purchasers for value without notice are generally not liable for the actions of the fraudulent conveyer.

United Kingdom

 * Fraudulent Conveyances Act 1571 (repealed by the Law of Property Act 1925)
 * Insolvency Act 1986 section 423

United States
In Anglo-American law, the doctrine of Fraudulent Conveyance traces its origins back to Twyne's Case, in which an English farmer attempted to defraud his creditors by selling his sheep to a man named Twyne, while remaining in possession of the sheep, marking and shearing them. In the United States, fraudulent conveyances or transfers are governed by two sets of laws that are generally consistent. The first is the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act ("UFTA") that has been adopted by all but a handful of the states. The second is found in the Federal Bankruptcy Code.

The UFTA and the Bankruptcy Code both provide that a transfer made by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor if the debtor made the transfer with the "actual intention to hinder, delay or defraud" any creditor of the debtor.

There are two kinds of fraudulent transfer. The archetypal example is the intentional fraudulent transfer. This is a transfer of property made by a debtor with intent to defraud, hinder, or delay his or her creditors. The second is a constructive fraudulent transfer. Generally, this occurs when a debtor transfers property without receiving "reasonably equivalent value" in exchange for the transfer if the debtor is insolvent at the time of the transfer or becomes insolvent or is left with unreasonably small capital to continue in business as a result of the transfer. Unlike the intentional fraudulent transfer, no intention to defraud is necessary.

The Bankruptcy Code authorizes a bankruptcy trustee to recover the property transferred fraudulently for the benefit of all of the creditors of the debtor if the transfer took place within the relevant time frame. The transfer may also be recovered by a bankruptcy trustee under the UFTA too, if the state in which the transfer took place has adopted it and the transfer took place within its relevant time period. Creditors may also pursue remedies under the UFTA without the necessity of a bankruptcy. Because this second type of transfer does not necessarily involve any actual wrongdoing, it is a common trap into which honest, but unwary debtors fall when filing a bankruptcy petition without an attorney. Particularly devastating and not uncommon is the situation in which an adult child takes title to the parents' home as a self-help probate measure (in order to avoid any confusion about who owns the home when the parents die and to avoid losing the home to a perceived threat from the state). Later, when the parents file a bankruptcy petition without recognizing the problem, they are unable to exempt the home from administration by the trustee. Unless they are able to pay the trustee an amount equal to the greater of the equity in the home or the sum of their debts (either directly to the Chapter 7 trustee or in payments to a Chapter 13 trustee), the trustee will sell their home to pay the creditors. In many cases, the parents would have been able to exempt the home and carry it safely through a bankruptcy if they had retained title or had recovered title before filing.

Even good faith purchasers of property who are the recipients of fraudulent transfers are only partially protected by the law in the U.S. Under the Bankruptcy Code, they get to keep the transfer to the extent of the value they gave for it, which means that they may lose much of the benefit of their bargain, even though they have no knowledge that the transfer to them is fraudulent.

Often fraudulent transfers occur in connection with leveraged buyouts (LBOs), where the management/owners of a failing corporation will cause the corporation to borrow on its assets and use the loan proceeds to purchase the management/owner's stock at highly inflated prices. The creditors of the corporation will then often have little or no unencumbered assets left upon which to collect their debts. LBOs can be either intentional or constructive fraudulent transfers, or both, depending on how obviously the corporation is financially impaired when the transaction is completed.

Although not all LBOs are fraudulent transfers, a red flag is raised when, after an LBO, the company then cannot pay its creditors.

Fraudulent transfer liability will often turn on the financial condition of the debtor at a particular point in the past. This analysis has historically required "dueling" expert testimony from both plaintiffs and defendants, which often led to an expensive process and inconsistent and unpredictable results. U.S. courts and scholars have recently developed market-based approaches to try to streamline the analysis of constructive fraud, and judges are increasingly focusing on these market based measures.

Switzerland
Under Swiss law, creditors who hold a certificate of unpaid debts against the debtor, or creditors in a bankruptcy, may file suit against third parties that have benefited from unfair preferences or fraudulent transfers by the debtor prior to a seizure of assets or a bankruptcy.

South Korea
Fraudulent conveyance or also known as action revocatoire or Pauline action (채권자취소권) is a right to preserve the debtor's property for all creditors by canceling an action by the debtor which reduces the debtor's property with a knowledge that the action harms the rights of the creditor. To exercise this right, the creditor must have a right against the debtor that is monetary and not unique and personal in nature. For instance, the right to demand to clear of the land of the building or the right to delivery the land involves land and unique and therefore not subject to Pauline action (Supreme Court of South Korea, February 10, 1995, 94da2534).

title: Fraudulent conveyance


text:
United Federation of Teachers

The United Federation of Teachers (UFT) is the labor union that represents most teachers in New York City public schools. , there were about 118,000 in-service teachers and nearly 30,000 paraprofessional educators in the union, as well as about 54,000 retired members. In October 2007, 28,280 home day care providers voted to join the union. It is affiliated with the American Federation of Teachers, the AFL–CIO and the Central Labor Council. It is also the largest member of New York State United Teachers, which is affiliated with the National Educational Association and Education International.

History
Two previous unions of New York schoolteachers, the Teachers Union, founded in 1916, and the Teachers Guild, founded in 1935, failed to gather widespread enrollment or support. Many of the early leaders were pacifists or socialists and so frequently met with clashes against more right-leaning newspapers and organizations of the time, as red-baiting was fairly common. The ethnically and ideologically diverse teachers associations of the city made the creation of a single organized body difficult, with each association continuing to vie for its own priorities irrespective of the others.

The UFT was created on March 16, 1960, and grew rapidly. On November 7, 1960, the union organized a major strike. The strike largely failed in its main objectives but obtained some concessions, as well as bringing much popular attention to the union. After much further negotiation, the UFT was chosen as the collective bargaining organization for all city teachers in December 1961.

Albert Shanker, a controversial but successful organizer was president of the UFT from 1964 until 1984. He held an overlapping tenure as president of the national American Federation of Teachers from 1974 to his death in 1997.

In 1968, the UFT went on strike and shut down the school system in May and then again from September to November to protest the decentralization plan that was being put in place to give more neighborhoods community control. The Ocean Hill-Brownsville strike focused on the Ocean Hill-Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn but, ironically, the schools in that area were among the few that were open in the entire city. The Ocean Hill-Brownsville crisis is often described as a turning point in the history of unionism and of civil rights, as it created a rift between African-Americans and the Jewish communities, two groups that were previously viewed as allied. The two sides threw accusations of racism and anti-Semitism at each other.

Following the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis, some 14,000 teachers were laid off and class size soared. Another strike addressed some of these complaints and gave long-serving teachers longevity benefits.

Caucuses
The Unity Caucus, formed in 1962, predominates in the union, holding nearly every leadership position. New Action formed in the 1980s as an opposition caucus but, since 2003, it has cross-endorsed Unity candidates. The Movement of Rank and File Educators (MORE) is a relatively new caucus, formed in 2012. The MORE Caucus has been accused of engaging in and encouraging antisemitism in the NYC public schools.

In the spring of 2013, UFT election campaign, president Michael Mulgrew (Unity) refused repeated requests to debate his opponent, Julie Cavanagh (MORE).

Composition
According to UFT's Department of Labor records since 2005, when membership classifications were first reported, about 32% of the union's membership are considered retirees, with eligibility to vote in the union. UFT contracts also cover some non-members, known as agency fee payers, which, since 2005, have numbered comparatively about 1% of the size of the union's membership. As of 2013, this accounts for 59,444 retirees and 2,675 non-members paying agency fees, compared to 124,145 "active" members.

Current issues
The previous president of the UFT, Randi Weingarten, resigned in 2009 to lead the American Federation of Teachers. She has clashed repeatedly with the mayors of the city; in particular with former mayor Rudy Giuliani and mayor Michael Bloomberg. Bloomberg made student promotion to third, sixth and eighth grade contingent upon performance on standardized tests, which the UFT and the New York Board of Regents have criticized as being flawed.

The UFT opposes merit pay for teachers, opting for seniority-based pay, but joined in November 2007, with Mayor Bloomberg in agreeing to a voluntary incentive program for high-achieving schools with high-needs populations. The union does not support a proposed reform of the seniority-based LIFO (education) law. In July 2007, Weingarten collaborated with Mayor Bloomberg in supporting a modified merit pay program with bonuses to schools and additional bonuses targeted for specific teachers.

The UFT strongly supports the reduction of class sizes for all subjects and grade levels in New York City public schools.

The UFT, under the leadership of presidents Weingarten and Mulgrew, has collaborated with tenets of the education reform movement, such as support for value-added modeling for teacher evaluation.

In 2023, the UFT sued New York City for school cuts.

In 2023, the UFT negotiated with the City for a plan that would move UFT retirees and other retired New York City workers from traditional Medicare into a new, privately run Medicare Advantage plan. Large numbers of UFT retirees have complained about the proposed plan. Retired UFT members and other New York City retirees have protested that the new plan falls short and organized opposition to the new plan.

In 2024, the UFT sued to block congestion pricing in lower Manhattan. The union argued that congestion pricing would worsen pollution and harm children.

Lawsuit against school co-location
In May 2011, the UFT, along with the NAACP and others, filed a lawsuit against the New York City Department of Education to stop school closings and the co-location of schools. In the lawsuit, the union charged that the Department of Education was improperly closing schools. The lawsuit also asked the court to stop school co-locations. Before a court hearing on the suit in June 2011, parent groups held a news conference to thank the NAACP for fighting on behalf of all kids and to press for fairness and equity.

The New York City Parents Union filed its own lawsuit in June 2011 to stop co-locations and school closings, stating, “Despite inconsistent and uncertain results, the DOE continues to push public school parents into a privately managed school system where many charters perform worse than the public schools while failing to serve their fair share of students with special needs and English Language Learners.”

Preventing layoffs
On Friday, June 24, 2011, UFT President Michael Mulgrew, along with City Council Speaker Christine Quinn and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, announced that an agreement had been reached to prevent the layoff of 4,100 New York City teachers. The agreement came six months after Mayor Bloomberg had warned 21,000 layoffs were possible. The union had opposed all layoffs with a strategy of leafleting, marches and rallies,  including a march on Wall Street on May 12, 2011, with 20,000 participants.

Presidents

 * 1960: Charles Cogen
 * 1964: Albert Shanker
 * 1986: Sandra Feldman
 * 1998: Randi Weingarten
 * 2009: Michael Mulgrew

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: United Federation of Teachers


text: User talk:71.111.4.136

title: User talk:71.111.4.136


text:
Talk:Geographical distribution of German speakers

Kazakhstan
Why are Kazakhstan Germans not discussed at greater length? ~ Dpr 22:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Official language
Two things:
 * in Ukraine, the only official language is Ukrainian.
 * in Romania, German is a language used at the local administration level in communes and cities where German ethnics are at least 30% of the population, not in the whole Transylvania. bogdan | Talk 08:31, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Germany has 4 official languages. But only German is spoken everywhere. However: Danish (near the Danish border), Frisian (near Northern Sea) and Sorbian (Southern Brandenburg and Northern Saxony) have the status of official languages. Only Liechtenstein has German as sole official language. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.76.6.203 (talk) 22:54, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

German dialects
The article talks as if all German minorities spoke Standard German. Only Riograndenser is mentioned. Don't people speak their original dialects or local blends instead of the standard? I guess more so among people with Swiss or Austrian background.

Changed the redirect here from German minorities
German minorities now redirects to Ethnic Germans

--Richard 18:41, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

German in Switzerland
What a poor data base. In Switzerland 62% of the population speak "native" German (talking in Dialects, written language is "High German"). Sun-kid (talk) 21:59, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

German in the United States
Shouldn't there be some sort of reference to the 'Committee on Public Information' (CPI) which persecuted Germans and German-Americans? The article makes it sound asthough the anti-German tendency was somehow justified* and merely a byproduct of the general war effort, but in reality it was more the result of a continous campaign of propaganda and defamation aimed at Germans and even German-Americans by a governmental institution. Considering that at least one German-American was killed (perhaps more) by these whipped up mobs and plenty of others were harassed or otherwise demeaned, I think it definitely deserves mention and an apropriate link.

But why were they? Not least because of the efforts of the CPI. The fact that German-Americans weren't mistreated or harassed in WW2 proves that those suspicions were largely unfounded and that time round this dubios honour fell to Japanese-Americans.
 * "and German-speaking Americans were regarded suspiciously as possible traitors"

So, I'd definitely add a link and a line in the article, like for instance "in particular (or "not least" if you want less pov) due to the efforts of the 'Committee on Public Information' *link*."

German Language in Colombia
German in Colombia is not widely spoken as in Brazil or Argentina, but there are communities that speak it as well as immigrants who came from Germany. My family is mostly German, Spanish, and Polish and i know many people in Colombia who speak the language.

German in Argentina
1.2 million Volga Germans in Argentina? I can hardly believe that. Can anyone source this claim? Unoffensive text or character 13:59, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

German language in Brazil
I grew up with both the Brazilian national language and with our ancestral German dialect spoken at home, work, community and region in Southern Brazil. After a long period of language decline in the last few decades, we are now finally seeing a slow turnaround, in my opinion in great part made possible due to the advent of the high tech communications' revolution.

Myself I have been advocating for this minority language for years, for example, creating entries here in Wikipedia... also, recently, I created a Facebook group called Riograndenser Hunsrückisch - and anyone is welcome to participate: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Riograndenser-Hunsr%C3%BCckisch/366655020086673. If you do visit that page, you will see a great deal of Portuguese being used... that is so for many reasons, but in great part it is because we are trying to get people to start using a language which is largely unwritten, and that has mostly been used within the privacy of homes, and family and community circles in the last few decades. The target population at this point are people who grew up with the language but have abandoned it permanently during teenage years as they moved to bigger cities to study and build lives away from the predominantly German settled areas; they are the link to the people who do use the language on a daily basis but who are mostly no connected to the internet in any meaningful way.

In the last few year basically two suggested writing systems have emerged and obviously only time will tell which one, if any is going to make it. Basically they are the Wiesemann and the Altenhofen methods, the latter being the one I believe should be adopted; it is somewhat like other German dialect usually are written, in other words, as close as possible to High German - if you read Portuguese you can check it out on my page here http://www.hunsriqueano.riolingo.com/blog/?p=504 ). If you want to check out how the Wiesemann method looks like, you can see it on this humor page on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PlosTumHaide . Paul Beppler (talk) 23:53, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Geographical distribution of German speakers
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Reference named "eurostat": From European Union:  From German language: Eurostat - Foreign language learning statistics

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"Aus der Schuul komme" in section "Brazil"
The last sentence of the Brazil section reads as follows: Aus der Schuul komme, another place where the German language continues alive in some of the more of four thousand Brazilian Lutheran churches, in which some of the cults continue to be in German. Even though three (!) sources are given in support of this statement it doesn't seem to make sense: Aus der Schuul komme looks like a non-standard version of aus der Schule kommen ("to get out of school"), and there is no mention of a place with this name in any of the sources. So I wonder if someone can figure out what was originally intended and change the article accordingly. Love —LiliCharlie (talk) 22:43, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

"Aus der Schuul komme" is indeed a non-standard version of aus der Schule kommen ("to get out of school"), it is actually a term that (amongst the german speakers of Brazil) refers to the time that one finishes primary school and has his/her first Communion (the place that is being referred to is the Church). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 177.18.75.244 (talk) 01:19, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

Brazil
I find this sentence confusing" "Another place where the German language continues alive is in some of the more of four thousand Brazilian Lutheran churches, in which some of the cults continue to be in German". The word "cults" doesn't make sentence – should it be "services"? Rwood128 (talk) 15:13, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

Is German along with French and English the only language used on all 6 continents?
^ if yes, it might be important to note XXE XDXx (talk) 16:24, 16 September 2023 (UTC)


text: User talk:84.9.223.35

title: User talk:84.9.223.35


text:
Gevil

Gevil or gewil (גויל) or (גוויל) is a type of parchment made from full-grain animal hide that has been prepared as a writing material in Jewish scribal documents, in particular a Sefer Torah (Torah scroll).

Etymology
Related to גויל, gewil, a rolling (i.e. unhewn) stone, "to roll." (Jastrow)

Definition and production
Gevil is a form skin for safrut (halakhic writing) that is made of tanned, whole hide. The precise requirements for processing gevil are laid down by the Talmud, Geonim and Rishonim.
 * Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Ami said in the name of Ulla: There are three [untanned] hide [stages before it is tanned into gevil]: matza, ḥifa, and diftera.

According to Jewish law, the preparation of gevil follows a procedure of salting, flouring and tanning with afatzim (lit. "tannin"), which latter is derived from gallnuts, or similar substances having tannic acid.

Maimonides required rubbing down the raw hide with flour (presumably barley flour), although Simeon Kayyara, in his Halachot Gedolot, required flour being placed inside a tub of water, into which the raw hide was inserted and left for a few days. The action of the flour-based liquor served to soften the hide.

These requirements were reconfirmed as a Law given to Moses at Sinai by Maimonides, in his Mishneh Torah. Gallnuts are rich in tannic acid and are the product of a tree's reaction to an invasive parasitic wasp's egg. The pure black tint of the ink used in writing Torah scrolls results from the reaction between the tannic acid and iron sulfate (a powder used to make the ink).

The three types of tanned skin
There are three forms of tanned skin known to Jewish law. The other two forms (klaf and dukhsustus) result from splitting the hide into two layers. The rabbinic scholars are divided upon which is the inner and which is the outer of the two halves. Maimonides is of the opinion that klaf was the inner layer and that duchsustus was the outer layer The Shulchan Aruch rules in the reverse that klaf was the outer layer and that duchsustus was the inner layer. The opinion of the Shulchan Aruch is the accepted ruling in all Jewish communities. Recently a small group has advocated for the return to using the full hide known as gevil for Sifrei Torah as it avoids this issue, but unfortunately this solution does not work for tefillin which must be written on klaf and are not kosher if written on gevil.

Maimonides' rules for use
According to most views of Jewish law, a Sefer Torah (Torah scroll) should be written on gevil parchment, as was done by Moses for the original Torah scroll he transcribed. Further, a reading of the earliest extant manuscripts of the Mishneh Torah indicate that gevil was halakha derived from Moses and thus required for Torah scrolls.

Maimonides wrote that it is a law given to Moses at Sinai that a Torah scroll must be written on either gevil or klaf (in Maimonides' interpretation, contrary to that of the "Shulchan Aruch": the half-skin from the hair side) in order to be valid, and that it is preferable that they be written on gevil. To this end, hides procured from sheep or goats and calves were mostly used. The hide of a fully-grown cow, being so thick that it requires being shaved down to half its thickness on its fleshy side before it can be used (in order to remove the epidermis from the hide to make it thinner), was less common.

Maimonides made further prescriptions for the use of each of the three types of processed skin. Torah scrolls must be written on g'vil only on the side on which the hair had grown, and never on duchsustos (understood as the half-skin from the flesh side). Phylacteries, if written on k'laf, must be written on the flesh side. A mezuzah, when written on duchsustos, must be written on the hair side. It is unacceptable to write on k'laf on the hair side or on the split skin (either g'vil or duchsustos) on the flesh side.

Today's practice
According to the Talmud, Moses used gevil for the Torah scroll he placed into the Ark of the Covenant. Elsewhere in the Talmud, there is testimony that Torah scrolls were written on gevil.

Today, a handful of Jewish scribes and artisans continue to make scroll material in this way. However, the majority of Torah scrolls are written on klaf, in their belief that the Talmud recommends (as opposed to requires) gevil and relates to the optimal beautification of the scrolls rather than an essential halachic requirement. Given the uncertainty about which layer of the hide is in fact the klaf, there is a growing movement for insisting on a return to gevil in Torah scrolls in order to avoid all doubts.

Most of the Dead Sea Scrolls (written around 200 BCE), found in and around the caves of Qumran near the Dead Sea, are written on gevil.

Properly, klaf should be used for tefillin and duchsustus for mezuzot. However, this rule is only a preference, not an obligation and klaf is used for mezuzot today but there is a minority which seeks to return to the law.

title: Gevil


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Monkey hanger

N.b. My signature appears against 2 votes. The second one was forged by someone (who is not me) editing from an IP address. 22:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:French geographers

title: Category:French geographers


text:
Nightmares (1983 film)

Nightmares is a 1983 American horror anthology film directed by Joseph Sargent and starring Emilio Estevez, Lance Henriksen, Cristina Raines, Veronica Cartwright, and Richard Masur. The film is made up of four short films based on urban legends; the first concerns a woman who encounters a killer in the backseat of her car; the second concerns a video game-addicted teenager who is consumed by his game; the third focuses on a fallen priest who is stalked by a pickup truck from hell; and the last follows a suburban family battling a giant rat in their home.

Nightmares was originally filmed as a two-hour pilot of a proposed television series to be broadcast by the NBC network during the 1983–1984 TV season.

Terror in Topanga
During a routine traffic stop, a highway patrolman is viciously stabbed multiple times by an unseen assailant; though he survives and is taken to the hospital. The perpetrator is identified by various TV and radio reporters as William Henry Glazier, a serial killer who escaped a mental institution and is currently terrorizing the Topanga area.

Meanwhile, Lisa, a housewife and chain smoker, puts her children to bed as a bulletin warning about Glazier appears on her television. Lisa discovers that she is out of cigarettes, prompting her to rush to the store to buy some more. Her husband Phillip forbids her from leaving the house at such a late hour with a killer on the loose, and advises her to kick her habit instead. Despite this, she writes Phillip a note, then sneaks to her car and drives to the store.

During her drive, Lisa listens to a radio bulletin warning residents about Glazier, before she is startled by a hitchhiker. Lisa reaches the store and buys groceries and cigarettes. She warns the cashier about Glazier, but he claims to be prepared by unveiling a pistol. On the drive home, Lisa discovers that she is nearly out of gas, and with all the local gas stations already closed for the night, she stops at an out-of-the-way station. The attendant who approaches her happens to perfectly match Glazier's physical appearance. Lisa also grows increasingly alarmed as the attendant seems to be studying her car and herself intently. Suddenly, the attendant lunges at the car with a gas nozzle, breaking the window. He drags Lisa out of the car, then draws a pistol and shoots the actual Glazier, who was revealed to be hiding in Lisa's back seat the entire time. The attendant calms Lisa and offers to call the police.

The police drive the frightened Lisa back home. Phillip asks if Lisa got her cigarettes, and Lisa responds by showing the pack and throwing it away in a trash can, indicating that the experience apparently scared her into quitting.

The Bishop of Battle
J.J. Cooney is an immensely talented video game player who, accompanied by his friend Zock Maxwell, heads into an inner-city arcade to challenge a gang of Hispanic players to a few rounds of Pleiades, offering the winner a dollar per game with a five game minimum. After a few games, one of the gang members recognizes J.J., and tells the others that they are getting hustled, prompting J.J. and Zock to escape.

J.J. and Zock then head to the arcade at their local shopping mall, where J.J. is hoping to use the money he got from hustling to try to beat The Bishop of Battle, a notoriously difficult video game where players fight off enemies and escape from a 3-D maze that features thirteen different levels. Zock mentions how no one they know has ever made it to the thirteenth level, to the point that he and many others believe it is just a myth. J.J., however, is thoroughly convinced that the thirteenth level is real, as he heard about a player in New Jersey who reached it twice. After an argument about J.J.'s obsession with video games, particularly The Bishop of Battle, J.J. gives Zock his cut of the profits as Zock leaves. J.J. spends the next several hours repeatedly trying and failing to make it to the thirteenth level, but he only manages to make it to level 12. Determined not to give up, even after closing time, J.J. tries to play one more game, only for the owner of the arcade to throw him out.

At J.J.'s apartment, his parents also voice their concern with his obsession with gaming, primarily about how it is affecting his performance in school, leading his father to ground him until his grades improve. That night, J.J. sneaks out when his parents are asleep and breaks into the arcade to attempt to finish the game. J.J.'s parents are awoken by a call from Zock, who had a nightmare about J.J. and is worried whether or not he made it home, leading them to discover J.J. is gone. Back at the arcade, J.J finally manages to reach the thirteenth level. Suddenly, the arcade cabinet's screen begins flickering and the cabinet begins shaking violently until it collapses. The Bishop of Battle's voice rings out, commending J.J. for his skills and welcoming him to level 13, before the cabinet releases a wave of energy. Once the wave passes, the game's 3-D enemies fly out of the cabinet's wreckage and into the real world. The enemies fire lasers at J.J. that manage to do serious damage to the surrounding arcade machines, but J.J. manages to defend himself with the gun from the game's controls, which now fires real laser blasts. He flees to the parking lot, but drops the gun in the process. The Bishop of Battle eventually appears, drawing closer and closer to a terrified J.J.

The next morning, Zock and J.J.'s parents head to the arcade. They discover the damage the arcade sustained during the previous night, as well as the Bishop of Battle cabinet, which has been mysteriously reconstructed. Zock hears J.J.'s voice emanating from the cabinet, reciting the Bishop of Battle's lines. Zock and J.J.'s parents then discover J.J. on the screen, watching as he turns into the sprite of the game's player character.

The Benediction
Catholic priest Frank MacLeod is tending a field near the small parish where he serves. A doe tentatively approaches him, but it is quickly bitten and killed by a rattlesnake. MacLeod attempts to kill the snake, but instead manages to throw it away, watching as it disappears into thin air before discovering that it managed to bite his hand. This is revealed to be a nightmare as he wakes up in bed, screaming and clutching his hand.

Later that day, Frank officiates the funeral of a young boy, but is unable to provide the mourners with words of comfort. Visiting his bishop, Frank explains how he witnessed the boy's death first-hand, and how the experience has given him a crisis of faith. Ignoring the advice of a fellow priest, Frank resigns and leaves the rectory with some holy water, intending to search for a new purpose in life.

He soon encounters a black Chevrolet C-20 Fleetside with tinted windows on the road shortly after he leaves, and signals for it to pass, but it goes at the same time he does, nearly causing an accident. A while later, Frank experiences a flashback to the death of the young boy mentioned earlier; the child had been pointlessly and critically injured during a robbery of the local store, and while the parents wanted him to administer last rites, Frank wanted to call an ambulance in an attempt to save the child's life. The same truck from earlier appears out of nowhere behind Frank and rams into his car, detaching his rear bumper and forcing him off the road. Frank then has a flashback to his talk with the Bishop, where he reveals that he has been plagued with visions of anarchy, his lost faith convincing him that there is no God who would allow such suffering.

As Frank attempts to fix the bumper, the truck appears again, nearly running him over. Frank attempts to escape, but the truck manages to catch up with him, prompting him to desperately asks its unseen driver what they want before once again being forced off the road. Frank gets back on the road again, keeping an eye out for the truck. He soon hears an ominous rumbling sound and discovers a large bulge appearing in the ground. The truck explodes out of the ground and once again turns to Frank, prompting him to drive away. It is then revealed that the truck is driven by Satan himself, who remains unseen. The Devil destroys Frank's car in a collision that does no damage to his truck. Injured from the crash and left with nowhere to run, Frank climbs out of his ruined car as Satan's truck goes in for the kill. In desperation, Frank tosses the container of holy water he had been carrying at the truck, vaporizing it, before he falls unconscious. Emergency responders arrive at the scene, but they do not find evidence that the truck was ever there. Frank has one final flashback of a talk with his bishop, who mentions that only a very select few have been given signs that higher powers exist. He requests that the paramedics take him to the hospital located in his parish, having regained his faith from the experience.

Night of the Rat
On a stormy night, housewife Claire Houston hears something scurrying in the attic of her house. While she believes it to be rats, her husband Steven believes it to just be the wind, advising her to go to sleep. The next morning, Steven discovers that Claire has been browsing the phone book to look for an exterminator, as she believes that there is an infestation. Having plans for a swimming pool to be put in, Steven does not want to spend any extra money and simply suggests that Claire set up a few mousetraps. After Steven leaves for work, Claire hears noises coming from the cabinets in her kitchen. When she goes to investigate, she watches as drinking glasses and cans of food are knocked off the shelves.

Later that night, Steven sets up additional mousetraps in the attic. A rat is soon caught in one of the traps, and Steven throws the dead rat in the garbage. Meanwhile, the family's cat Rosie investigates the house's crawlspace, where she is mauled to death by an unseen creature. The next day, Claire's daughter Brooke discovers that Rosie is missing and becomes worried. At the same time, the kitchen sink is revealed to be clogged with a large amount of grey fur. Claire enters the crawlspace to look for Rosie, but finds the cat's corpse and begins hearing ominous noises. She glimpses the silhouette of a large creature with glowing red eyes peering out at her in the darkness, prompting her to escape. Later that day, Brooke discovers that her room and her toys have been torn to shreds. Entering the room, Claire discovers that the only toy left untouched is a stuffed rat, just as the lights begin flickering on and off.

Eventually, Claire calls an exterminator, Mel Keefer, who discovers that the creature, which he has identified as a rat, has managed to gnaw through the pipes and get to the power cables inside, causing the flickering lights. Keefer also discovers a large, saliva-covered hole behind a cabinet in the kitchen, just as Steven comes home. Unhappy that Claire has hired Keefer, Steven asks him to leave.

That night, Brooke sleeps in the guest room as she wishes for Rosie to come back. Claire then receives a phone call from Mel, who has made a breakthrough: he has looked in an old book he owns for information about a creature known as "The Devil Rodent". According to legend, the Devil Rodent is a large, malevolent rat with large amounts of strength and intellect that used to terrorize individuals in 17th century Europe. As Mel also mentions that the Devil Rodent cannot be destroyed, Steven grabs the phone and tells Keefer not to call again. Suddenly, the family hear the piano downstairs playing jumbled notes, discovering that the keys have been gnawed on as Brooke comes downstairs. Steven manages to save her after a china cabinet nearly falls on her. Discovering more saliva-covered holes in the wall and hearing the radio suddenly turn on and off, Steven loads a shotgun and goes in search of the creature as Claire and Brooke hide upstairs. The power turns on and off repeatedly as Steven searches the kitchen. Brooke hears the creature in the ceiling, prompting Steven to go up to the attic.

The door to the guest room suddenly slams shut as Brooke begins screaming. Kicking the door open, Steven and Claire come face to face with the Devil Rodent itself. The giant rat proceeds to demonstrate psychokinetic abilities, moving furniture, opening and closing doors and windows, and damaging the room repeatedly with a loud wail. The Devil Rodent manages to telepathically communicate with Brooke, who tells her parents that the creature is a mother looking for her baby. Steven rushes into the kitchen, roots through the garbage can, and pulls out the dead rat he originally threw away. He places it in a shoebox and puts the box near the window. As the Devil Rodent moves towards the box and reclaims her baby, Steven points his gun at her, but is unable to shoot. The giant rat unleashes one last roar and disappears out the window. The frightened family reunite, shedding tears of relief as Brooke ponders where the Devil Rodent is going next.

Cast
Terror in Topanga
 * Cristina Raines as Lisa
 * Anthony James as The Store Clerk
 * William Sanderson as The Gas Station Attendant
 * Lee Ving as William Henry Glazier
 * Clare Torao as Mori, The Newswoman (credited as Clare Nono)

The Bishop of Battle
 * Emilio Estevez as J.J. Cooney
 * Louis Giambalvo as Jerry Cooney
 * Mariclare Costello as Adele Cooney
 * Moon Unit Zappa as Pamela
 * Billy Jayne as Zock Maxwell
 * James Tolkan as Voice of the Bishop of Battle

The Benediction
 * Lance Henriksen as MacLeod
 * Tony Plana as Father Luis Del Amo
 * Timothy Scott as Sheriff
 * Robin Gammell as Bishop
 * Rose Mary Campos as Mother

Night of the Rat
 * Richard Masur as Steven Houston
 * Veronica Cartwright as Clair Houston
 * Bridgette Andersen as Brooke Houston
 * Albert Hague as Mel Keefer

Production
Nightmares was initially filmed in late 1982 as a two-hour pilot for a proposed series to be aired by NBC during its 1983-84 television season, but Universal Pictures executives decided to put it out as a theatrical film instead. It has been a long-held belief that the four segments of the film were initially conceived and shot for ABC's thriller anthology series Darkroom, but were deemed too intense for television. However, on the audio commentary on the 2015 Blu-ray release, executive producer Andrew Mirisch clarifies that the film actually began life as a pilot for an unnamed anthology series for NBC before becoming a theatrical feature for Universal Pictures.

Reception
The film was not well received on release. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 29% based on seven reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10.

In her review for the New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "Nothing spoils a horror story faster than a stupid victim. And Nightmares, an anthology of four supposedly scary episodes, has plenty of those."

Time Out praised The Bishop of Battle, but stated, "In general, though, the scripting is unimaginative, derivative, and desperately predictable as the film limps through its jokily cautionary tales."

Home media
The film was released on VHS by Universal Pictures in the 1980s, and on Betamax in 1983. It was later released on VHS and DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment in 1999 in "Full Frame (1.33:1) Presentation" and has since gone out of print.

On December 22, 2015, Scream Factory released Nightmares on Blu-ray.

title: Nightmares (1983 film)


text:
List of Yemenis

Famous or important Yemenis include:

Yemeni early diaspora

 * Ghassanids, tribes consisting of more than 50 families that migrated north to the Levant
 * Lakhmids
 * Banu Judham
 * Kindah
 * Sakasic, were a Himyarite tribe that settled Northern Egypt around 3rd century AD. They settled the ancient town of Bubastis in Egypt giving it its modern name Zaqaziq after the name of their Yemeni Tribe Sakasic. Also its one of Egypt provinces.
 * Banu Quda'a, were a Himyarite tribe that was exiled from Yemen following the trials of the Lakhmids and they settled The Southern part of the Lakhmid Kingdom in the Samawaregion.
 * Banu Amela, were the first South Arabian tribe to settle The Southern part of Mt Lebanon later known as Jabal Amil, possibly as early as the 1st millennium BC.
 * Banu Muayiya ruled much of northern Arabia and Bahrain. They were mostly affiliated with Himyar and declined after its fall.
 * Banu al-Harith, settled in Najran

Academics and scholars

 * Amat Al Alim Alsoswa, first female journalist Yemen Arab Republic, first female deputy minister, first female ambassador and minister in the Republic of Yemen
 * Abdullah Al-Baradouni (1929–1999)
 * Muhammad al-Gharsi
 * Abu Muhammad Al-hasan Ibn Ahmad Al-hamdani (893–945), geographer, poet, grammarian, historian, and astronomer
 * Al Kindi, from Al Kindah tribe of Qaht
 * Raufa Hassan al-Sharki, professor, journalist and founder of women's studies program at Sana'a University
 * Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i, Yemeni Muslim cleric, founder of the Dammaj madrasa
 * Abd Al Wasi Al Wasii, Yemeni scholar and historian
 * Muhammad ash-Shawkani, Yemeni Sunni Salafi scholar
 * Umar bin Hafiz, Yemeni Islamic scholar, founder of Dar al-Mustafa in Tarim, Yemen
 * Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), sociologist, philosopher and historian
 * Abdul Aziz bin Hars bin Asad Yemeni Tamimi (816–944), famous Sufi of Junaidia order
 * Abu Al Fazal Abdul Wahid Yemeni Tamimi (842–1034), famous Sufi of Junaidia order

Athletes

 * Isra Girgrah, female five-time world champion
 * Nashwan Al-Harazi, Golden gymnast
 * Ali Raymi, boxer and colonel in the Yemeni Armed Forces

Filmmakers

 * Boushra Almutawakel, photographer
 * Bader Ben Hirsi, Award-winning British Yemeni director and writer, made Yemen's first full-length feature film, A New Day in Old Sana'a
 * Khadija al-Salami

Musicians

 * Mohammed Abdu (born 1949), Saudi singer and oud musician, who performs Yemeni traditional music
 * Ayoob Tarish (born 1942), singer and musician
 * Arwa (born 1979), Yemeni–Egyptian singer and television host.
 * Shoshana Damari (1923–2006), Israeli singer
 * Dana International (born 1972), Israeli singer
 * Inbar Bakal Israeli singer and songwriter, half Yemeni
 * Ahmed Fathi (born 1957), musician, composer, and singer
 * Balqees Fathi (born 1988), singer and actress
 * Zion Golan (born 1955), Israeli singer of Yemenite Jewish origin
 * Ofra Haza (1957–2000), Israeli singer of Yemenite Jewish origin
 * Boaz Ma'uda (born 1987), Israeli singer and songwriter of Yemenite Jewish origin
 * Achinoam Nini (born 1969; better known as Noa), Israeli singer-songwriter, percussionist, poet, composer, and human rights activist of Yemenite Jewish origin
 * Harel Skaat (born 1981), Israeli singer, half Yemeni
 * Jade Thirlwall (born 1992), English singer, quarter Yemeni
 * Fouad Abdulwahid (born 1990), singer

Writers and journalists

 * Saba Hamzah, poet and scholar
 * Ramziya al-Iryani, novelist, diplomat and women's rights activist.
 * Amal al-Shami (1956–2001), writer
 * Sumaya Ali Raja, journalist and first woman presidential candidate for post-revolution Yemen.
 * Zahra Rahmat Allah, short story writer and journalist.
 * Hind Aleryani, journalist and social activist.
 * Azizah Abd Allah Abu Lahum, novelist and women's rights activist.

Entrepreneurs

 * Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, founder of the construction conglomerate Saudi Binladin Group and the father of Osama bin Laden
 * Salem bin Mahfouz, founder of the National Commercial Bank of Saudi Arabia and the father of Khalid bin Mahfouz
 * Zahra Al-Harazi, founder of Foundry Communications in Calgary, Canada
 * Abdulla Al-Omeri, businessman, founder of an egg farm and local and national businesses

Social workers and activists

 * Amal Basha, considered "Yemen's most famous feminist."
 * Jamala al-Baidhani, activist for human and civil rights for women and the disabled.
 * Nujood Ali, activist against child brides and forced marriage.
 * Fatima al-Aqel, activist for women with blindness.
 * Shada Nasser, attorney for Nujood Ali

Historical figures

 * Sharifa Fatima, Zaydi chief in 15th-century Yemen
 * Al-Khayzuran (died 789), wife of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mahdi and mother of both Caliphs Al-Hadi and the most famous Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid
 * Rabiah ibn Mudhar, Jewish king of Himyar
 * Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, played a significant role in the Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula; he was the son of Musa ibn Nusayr
 * Musa bin Nusair (640–716), Yemeni Muslim governor and general under the Umayyads
 * Dhu Nuwas (515–525), last king of the Himyarite kingdom of Yemen
 * Arwa al-Sulayhi (1048–1138), Sulayhid Queen of Yemen

Contemporary figures

 * Amat al-Razzak Hammed, former Minister for Social Affairs
 * Mohammed Lutf al-Iryani, former Water and Environment Minister
 * Abdulwahab Alamrani, diplomat and writer

Award winners

 * Reem Al Numery, recipient of the International Women of Courage Award.
 * Hind Al-Eryani, Arab women of the year award 2017.
 * Tawakkol Karman, Nobel Peace Prize award 2011.

title: List of Yemenis


text:
Helsingborgs Dagblad

Helsingborgs Dagblad (HD, lit. "Helsingborg's Daily Paper"), published in Helsingborg in Skåne is the largest (circ. 84.000) newspaper in Swedish outside the metropolitan districts of Malmö, Göteborg and Stockholm.

History and profile
The newspaper was founded with the name of Helsingborgs Tidning on 1 October 1867. It began to use its current name, Helsingborgs Dagblad, in 1884. The paper has its headquarters in Helsingborg.

During its initial period Helsingborgs Tidning was a moderate publication. However, during World War II the paper had a pro-German, anti-communist and nationalistic political stance, but it did not adopt a pro-Nazi approach.

In January 2001, the newspaper merged with Nordvästra Skånes Tidningar and is today published in three different local editions with separate names. In 2006, the paper changed its format from traditional broadsheet to tabloid following a general trend among daily newspapers.

In 2000 Helsingborgs Dagblad was, as the first Swedish newspaper ever, named The World’s Best-Designed Newspaper by the international organization Society of News Design. In 2012 it was named as Sweden's best newspaper. In 2013 the paper and the Danish local paper Helsingør Dagblad initiated a cooperation to share their sources, but the project was ended soon due to the financial problems.

On 23 April 2014, Sydsvenskan acknowledged that they wanted to buy HD. A strong reason was reported to be that both newspapers had seen their ad revenue decrease heavily. They reached a deal in the end of May and the Swedish Competition Authority approved it around two weeks after. While Sydsvenskan has a soft paywall, it is not yet decided if HD will also have one.

title: Helsingborgs Dagblad


text: Category:Danish geographers

title: Category:Danish geographers


text:
User:Lifer21

Hello!

My name is Andrej and I am a chemistry student from Slovenia. When I am not studying (like most of the time :), I do sports or computer-related work. I am also very fond of animals, especially dogs.

I came across Wikipedia a few months ago and was immediately attracted to it. I am very fond of idea of free knowledge and a centralized database with internal links to provide it. Here, I work mostly on chemistry and Slovenia-related articles. Since my country is still not very well known in the world (14 years after separation from former Yugoslavia we are still thought of as Yugoslavs!) it needs all the help it can get when it comes to any kind of presentation.

Well, that's about it...don't wish to steal disk space writing my CV :)

Cheers & see you soon

My contributions
Created articles: Robert Pesut Magnifico, Pyrogallol, Rajmond Debevec, Jure Kosir, Sensitiser, Lucigenin, New Idria, California, Mežakla, Branko Stanovnik

Significant contributions to articles: IR spectroscopy, Chemical shift, Chemiluminescence, Jesenice, Elan (company), Cyclic voltammetry, Bellamy Brothers

Minor contributions to articles: Sestre, Siddharta (band), Christopher Walken, Michael Wincott, Chevy Chase, Sora, Oksana Akinshina

(I only keep this list for my personal reasons)

title: User:Lifer21


text:
Justin Allgaier

Justin Myrl Allgaier (born June 6, 1986) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 7 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports, and a substitute driver in the NASCAR Cup Series, for Hendrick Motorsports.

He is the 2008 ARCA Re/Max Series champion and the 2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series Rookie of the Year.

Early career and ARCA
Allgaier was born in Spaulding, Illinois and raised in Riverton, Illinois, and began his racing career at the age of five in quarter midgets, winning over one hundred races and five championships. He began stock car racing at thirteen in the UMP Late Model Series, where he competed for three seasons. At the age of sixteen, he made his debut in the ARCA Re/Max Series at the Illinois State Fairgrounds Racetrack, driving the No. 99 Hoosier Tire Midwest/Law Automotive Chevrolet for Ken Schrader; he qualified twenty-ninth and finished seventeenth. He ran two additional races for Kerry Scherer and Bob Schacht, with a best finish of eleventh.

Allgaier ran additional ARCA races in 2003, making six starts in the No. 86 owned by his father Mike. He had a sixth-place finish in his second start at Toledo Speedway, and later the best finish of third at Salem Speedway. The next season, he made only five starts but had a second place at Toledo. In addition, he was a representative of the United States in the South Pacific Saloon Car Championship, where he had two top-fives. In 2005, Allgaier ran seven races in ARCA, splitting time between cars owned by Hixson Motorsports and Bobby Gerhart Racing. He won his first career pole at Springfield, setting a new track record, and had four top-five finishes. He also made his NASCAR debut in the Craftsman Truck Series, making four starts in the No. 63 MB Motorsports/Dave Porter Ford. He failed to make five races and did not finish higher than 26th. That year, he appeared on the Discovery Channel program, Driver X: The Race For The Ride. The show's premise was Jack Roush searching for new talent to drive Roush Racing-prepared vehicles in NASCAR's top 3 series.

In 2006, Allgaier made his first full-time run in ARCA, ending 10th. He got his first career win at the Illinois State Fairgrounds Racetrack, becoming the first Springfield area resident to win in the 72-year history of championship auto racing at the fairgrounds. He made three more Truck races for MB and had a twenty-first-place finish at Kansas Speedway. In 2007, he won his second career ARCA race at Salem and finished fourth in points. He also won two features in a midget car at Angell Park Speedway and placed 3rd in the Chili Bowl behind Tony Stewart and J. J. Yeley.

Allgaier returned for another full season in ARCA in 2008, driving for his family team once again. He won six races, including the final three, and won the series championship by a slim margin. He broke Frank Kimmel's eight-year streak of winning the championship in that series. He also returned to NASCAR, finishing 21st in a Truck race at Kentucky Speedway.

2008–2013: Nationwide Series
In May 2008, Allgaier signed a contract with Penske Racing to drive four races in their No. 12 Dodge in the NASCAR Nationwide Series in the final part of the year. His best finish in the Penske Truck Rental Dodge was eleventh at Phoenix.

Allgaier was then signed to drive the car full-time in 2009. Because of the acquisition of Penske Racing sponsor Alltel by Cellco Partners, a joint venture of Verizon and Vodafone, their Sprint Cup sponsorship was legislated out of the sport by NASCAR's agreement with Sprint in that series to prohibit sponsorship by other wireless telephone companies. This allowed Verizon to move their sponsorship to the Nationwide Series, where it is not prohibited, and Allgaier raced a full season with Verizon sponsorship for what became known as Penske Championship Racing. (The name change was made when Bill Davis became a minority owner of the team.) Allgaier won his first career pole in NASCAR at Memphis Motorsports Park.

During the 2009 NAPA 200 in Montreal, Allgaier had the fastest car early in the race and while running sixth, tried to make a pass on Canadian road ace Ron Fellows and Kyle Busch. Instead, he caused a wreck that took both him and Fellows out of the race and damaged Busch's hopes of winning. After this incident, Allgaier took some lessons at Fellows' road racing driving school to better his road course skills, which turned out to come in handy in the following years when he won several Nationwide/Xfinity Series road course races.

In 2010, Allgaier had a similar season, but would win his first Nationwide Series race at Bristol Motor Speedway on March 20 and improve to fourth in the standings at the end of the year. He was the highest-finishing series regular in the series standings that year, as the top three finishers in points were all full-time Cup Series drivers.

Allgaier was rumored to be moving up to the Sprint Cup Series in 2011 with Penske to drive the No. 12 Cup car, replacing Brad Keselowski, who was moving to the team's No. 2 car. However, Penske had to shut down the No. 12 due to lack of sponsorship, and Allgaier would remain in the Nationwide Series, moving to Turner Motorsports where he would drive the team's new No. 31 Chevrolet Impala. In the inaugural STP 300 at Chicagoland Speedway after passing Carl Edwards who ran out of fuel on the last lap, Allgaier won the race. Even though Allgaier ran out of fuel himself after, he was able to cross the finish line before third-place Trevor Bayne to finish first. He almost won at Road America but ran out of fuel on the caution on the final lap and finished 19th.

In 2012, Allgaier returned to the renamed Turner Scott Motorsports; he passed Jacques Villeneuve on the final lap to win the NAPA Auto Parts 200 at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal, Quebec.

In August 2013, it was announced that Allgaier would make his NASCAR Sprint Cup Series debut the following month at Chicagoland Speedway, driving there and in two other races in Phoenix Racing's No. 51 Chevrolet, which had just been purchased by Turner Scott co-owner Harry Scott Jr. Allgaier finished 27th in his debut, and ran races for the team later in the year at Kansas Speedway, Talladega Superspeedway and Phoenix International Raceway.

2014: First Cup season
In January 2014, it was announced that Allgaier would compete full-time for Rookie of the Year in the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, driving for the now-renamed HScott Motorsports in the No. 51 Chevrolet SS.

Allgaier led 4 laps in the 2014 Daytona 500 and crashed with 7 laps to go. He finished 27th. After consecutive top 20 finishes, Allgaier had a great finish in the Food City 500 avoiding several wrecks to finish 17th. At Talladega, Allgaier nearly won his first Cup series victory in the Aaron's 499, running in the top five and contending victory with 9 laps to go. He lost drafting help from Kurt Busch and as a result, lost multiple spots, finishing 27th.

Allgaier led 15 laps during the first Pocono race in early June. Taking the lead with less than 35 laps to go, Allgaier led until a yellow came out with 19 laps to go; forcing Allgaier to make a pit stop.

At Daytona in the Coke Zero 400, Allgaier ran in the top ten early in the race. He, unfortunately, was caught up in "The Big One" that took out over 27 cars. Allgaier, while trying to avoid wrecking, tapped Kyle Busch, who was already wrecking. Allgaier's contact caused Busch to come back onto the apron and be t-boned by Cole Whitt.

Allgaier missed the field for the 2014 GEICO 500, failing to qualify for the first time in his Cup career. The new restrictor-plate qualifying process became controversial amongst drivers and fans because many drivers complained that they barely managed to make the show because of the system. However, in the following race at Martinsville, Allgaier would take the lead late in the race, leading four laps and finishing 17th. Allgaier finished 29th in the Cup Series standings for 2014 and 3rd in the Rookie of the Year standings behind Austin Dillon and Kyle Larson.

2015
Allgaier began his season with a crash in the Daytona 500. He rebounded at Phoenix three weeks later, running in the top ten late. After contact with Tony Stewart, Allgaier faded in the waning laps finishing 18th. The next week at Auto Club Speedway, Allgaier ran as high as 8th and finished 12th-his career-best finish at the time. He scored his first top ten at Bristol in the No. 51, finishing 8th. He then finished 18th at Richmond after spending most of the race running as high as second, and while suffering from a stomach cramp. Allgaier had some good runs at short tracks such as the second Bristol race, and both Martinsville races but failed to record another top ten.

On October 2, 2015, it was announced that Allgaier parted ways with HScott Motorsports, and was replaced in 2016 by Clint Bowyer. On October 28, 2015, it was announced that Allgaier would take his sponsor Brandt to drive the No. 7 for JR Motorsports full-time in the Xfinity Series season in 2016, replacing Regan Smith.

Allgaier finished 30th in the Cup Series standings, one spot short of matching his career-best season result.

2016: Return to Xfinity Series and sports car debut
After talking to Dale Earnhardt Jr. during driver intros at Darlington Raceway in the same pickup truck, Allgaier formed a connection with Earnhardt and eventually signed to drive with JR Motorsports for the 2016 season. Allgaier started his season on a good note. While his teammate Chase Elliott won the season-opening PowerShares QQQ 300 at Daytona, Allgaier finished 12th. Allgaier picked up 2 top tens in the next 2 races at Atlanta and Las Vegas. He led 15 laps in Atlanta and finished 9th in Las Vegas. Allgaier had his best finish of the spring at Talladega during the Sparks Energy 300 in which he led 1 lap and took advantage of Joey Logano's final lap wreck to finish second behind his teammate Elliott Sadler, giving JRM a 1–2 finish.

Allgaier appeared to have won the July race in Daytona. After passing Aric Almirola on the final lap, Allgaier led to the yellow-and-checkered flags to finish first. NASCAR determined that the yellow had flown with Almirola leading, dropping Allgaier to a second-runner up of the season while giving the win to Almirola. Allgaier later finished second yet again at the Food City 300 after passing Kyle Larson on the final lap to place second to Austin Dillon, his third runner-up finish of the season.

On August 20, Allgaier returned to the Cup Series to drive the No. 46 Chevrolet at the Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race, replacing former HScott teammate Michael Annett after he suffered from flu-like systems. Allgaier got into a crash with Kyle Busch when Allgaier wrecked at the same time as Busch. "

Allgaier made his Porsche GT3 Cup Brasil debut in 2016 as a co-driver for a team that is sponsored by his NASCAR Xfinity Series sponsor, Brandt Agriculture. He made two starts in the Brandt-sponsored No. 7 Porsche with Miguel Paludo as the driver, both of which were in endurance races, the Goionia and Interlagos races.

Even though he went winless throughout the whole season, he ended up finishing 3rd in the final standings behind Elliott Sadler and eventual champion Daniel Suárez.

2017
Allgaier continued with JR Motorsports for the 2017 NASCAR Xfinity Series. He led late in the DC Solar 200 at Phoenix and took the lead from Austin Dillon with less than 30 laps to go and held off Ryan Blaney on a final restart to win his first race in five years. With the win, Allgaier made the NASCAR playoffs and also picked up a bonus of $100,000 in the Dash 4 Cash program. His second win of the season came at Chicagoland Speedway in September; it was the first time in his career he won more than once in a season. For the second year, Allgaier made the playoffs with his teammates Elliott Sadler, William Byron and Michael Annett and despite a 33rd-place finish at Charlotte in the playoffs, he finished 3rd in the final standings again while giving JR Motorsports a 1-2-3 finish in the standings for the first time with Allgaier finishing 3rd, Sadler finishing 2nd and Byron winning the championship.

Allgaier finished seventh in his sole Porsche GT3 Cup Brasil start, at the season-ending Autodromo Jose Carlos Pace Interlagos 500 km round as a co-driver for Paludo.

2018
Allgaier returned in the No. 7 for the 2018 NASCAR Xfinity Series season. After three 2nd-place finishes at Phoenix, California, and Bristol, he picked up his first win of the season at Dover after holding off teammate Elliott Sadler; However, he failed post-race inspection, leading to a 25-point penalty and losing 6 playoff points as well as the win not counting towards the playoffs. Later in the season, after two dismal finishes of 32nd and 37th at Charlotte and Pocono, he finished 9th in a rain-shortened race at Michigan, followed by a dominating performance at Iowa where he led the most laps and won both stages en route to his second win of the season. He then went on to earn his third win of the season at Mid-Ohio and at Road America two weeks later, he earned his fourth win of the season as well as inherited the points lead after Christopher Bell had issues near the end and two weeks later at Indianapolis Motor Speedway after the race was delayed two days due to rain, he led a race-high 41 laps en route to his 5th win of the season. A week later, Allgaier would win the 2018 Regular Season Championship. However, he was eliminated in the Round of 8 after the season's penultimate race at ISM Raceway and finished with a 7th-place points finish.

Allgaier finished fifth in his sole Porsche GT3 Cup Brasil start, again at Interlagos, again teaming with Paludo.

2019
At Watkins Glen International in August, Ross Chastain sent Allgaier spinning off track in the bus stop section of the circuit. Allgaier, believing that the move was intentional, sent Chastain into the guardrail in that same portion of the track later in the race, forcing Chastain out of the event. Chastain said that his end of the incident was a mistake on his part while Allgaier cited instances at Daytona earlier in 2019 and Las Vegas in 2019 as proof that Chastain was a dirty driver.

Again, Allgaier made starts in the Porsche GT3 Cup Brasil Endurance rounds as Paludo's co-driver when dates do not conflict. In the 2019 season, the dates were the Goiânia and Interlagos rounds. At Goiânia, Allgaier led during his stint midway through the 300 km race, but after handing the car back to Paludo for the final stint, Confederação Brasileira de Automobilismo officials black-flagged the team for Allgaier violating track limits when only two tires were below the pit entrance line; series rules require all four tires below it.

Allgaier won the final race of the Round of 8 at Phoenix to advance to the Championship 4, his 3rd appearance in the last four years and 1st victory of the season after five 2nd-place finishes throughout the year. He finished the 2019 season fourth in points after finishing 14th at Homestead.

2020
The 2020 Xfinity season began at Daytona with a crash involving Allgaier and Jeremy Clements on lap 47. Although he recorded stage wins at Las Vegas, Phoenix, Bristol, and Pocono, he struggled with poor luck throughout the first half of the season.

On July 3, Hendrick Motorsports announced Allgaier would take over Jimmie Johnson's No. 48 Cup Series car at Indianapolis after Johnson tested positive for the coronavirus. He finished 37th after being involved in a multi-car accident on pit road on lap 12. Johnson was cleared to return for the following week's Kentucky race.

Allgaier swept the Richmond Raceway doubleheader. He finished out the season 6th in points, but due to good runs in the final races and misfortunes of his competitors, he made the Championship 4 for the sixth time in his career. He finished 2nd of the Championship 4 drivers in the finale at Phoenix Raceway, with 3 wins on the season.

2021
Allgaier had only one top 20 finish, a 14th-place finish at Las Vegas, in the first four races of the 2021 Xfinity season. However, after an 8th-place finish at Phoenix, he picked up his first win at Atlanta Motor Speedway beating out Cup champion Martin Truex Jr. He then won three races later for the first time at Darlington Raceway.

In June, Allgaier joined the Stadium Super Trucks' practice and qualifying at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course (where they were supporting the Xfinity Series). He set the sixth-best time of eight drivers.

On June 27, Allgaier was called on again as a substitute replacement in a Cup Series race, this time for Justin Haley in the Spire Motorsports No. 77 in the second race of the Cup Series doubleheader at Pocono after Haley had to recover from a hard crash in the Xfinity race earlier in the same day.

2022
Allgaier ended a 34-race winless streak at Darlington. Allgaier would also win at Nashville and New Hampshire. At Martinsville, Allgaier finished 5th and was able to advance to the Championship 4 Race at Phoenix after Ty Gibbs wrecked Joe Gibbs Racing teammate Brandon Jones on the final overtime-lap for the race win. Allgaier would finish 3rd at Phoenix, thereby finishing third in the points standings.

2023
Allgaier started the 2023 season with a third place finish at Daytona. He scored his first win of the season at Charlotte. Allgaier beat Sheldon Creed by 0.005 seconds in double overtime at the Daytona night race. During the playoffs, he won at Bristol and Martinsville to make the Championship 4. Allgaier finished third at Phoenix and second in the points standings.

2024
Allgaier started the 2024 season with an eighth-place finish at Daytona. On May 11, he dominated at Darlington, winning Stages 1 and 2 before taking the checkered flag.

On May 26, Allgaier was called on as a relief driver in the Cup Series again, starting the Coca-Cola 600 in place of Kyle Larson in the Hendrick Motorsports No. 5 after weather delayed the Indianapolis 500, which Larson had driven in earlier that day. Allgaier would remain in the car for the entirety of the rain-shortened event, finishing 13th.

Personal life
Allgaier went to Lincoln Land Community College where he majored in engineering from 2004 to 2006. He is married, to Ashley, and they have two daughters Harper and Willow.

Allgaier is nicknamed "Little Gator" as a play on his last name and his father being dubbed "Gator".

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

Craftsman Truck Series
$$ Season still in progress $1$ Ineligible for series points

ARCA Menards Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

title: Justin Allgaier


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