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Dick DeVos

Richard Marvin DeVos Jr. (born October 21, 1955) is an American businessman, author, and former politician. The son of Amway co-founder Richard DeVos, he was CEO of the multi-level marketing company from 1993 to 2002. In 2006, DeVos ran for Governor of Michigan but lost to the then-incumbent Democrat Jennifer Granholm. In 2012, Forbes magazine listed his father as the No. 351 richest person in the world, with a net worth of approximately US$5.4 billion. DeVos is the husband of Betsy DeVos, the former United States Secretary of Education in the Trump administration.

Family and early life
DeVos was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the son of Helen June (Van Wesep) and Richard Marvin DeVos. His grandparents were Dutch immigrants. DeVos is a graduate of the Forest Hills public school system.

He was involved in the family business, Amway, even as a child. "I still remember when it was in the basement of our home when I was growing up," he later said. "I remember the offices being down there and people working down there." As boys, he and his brother Doug were "tapped as mini-hosts", assigned to greet attendees at Amway's annual conventions, and they "helped out with everything from clearing plates during gatherings to ferrying guests to play tennis or waterski. That evolved to speaking in front of groups and even giving product demonstrations." DeVos later said that "It was kind of like a Junior Achievement atmosphere contained inside of Amway. ... We just hung around the company. It was your social activity."

DeVos received a bachelor's degree in business administration from Northwood University. He later paid to attend, but did not complete, the Harvard Business School and the Wharton School's Executive Study Programs. DeVos has received honorary doctorates from Grove City College, Central Michigan University and Northwood University, as well as distinguished alumni recognition from Northwood University.

His wife, Betsy DeVos, is the former chairperson of the Michigan Republican Party and the former Secretary of Education under President Donald Trump. She is the daughter of billionaire industrialist Edgar Prince, and sister of Blackwater USA founder Erik Prince.

Amway
DeVos began working with Amway Corporation in 1974, holding positions in various divisions, including research and development, manufacturing, marketing, sales, and finance. In 1984, he became one of Amway's vice presidents, with overall responsibility for the company's operations in 18 countries. Under his leadership, the company opened numerous new markets and tripled foreign sales to exceed domestic sales for the first time in company history.

According to one source, "When Dick DeVos became vice president of Amway's foreign operation in 1986, sales outside of the U.S. accounted for about 5 percent of overall sales. When he left the position six years later, they had grown to 50 percent of annual sales."

Orlando Magic
When the DeVos family acquired the National Basketball Association's Orlando Magic basketball franchise in 1991, DeVos's father, Richard DeVos became president and CEO of the team. On October 21, 2005, it was announced that DeVos would become part owner as his father split ownership evenly between his children.

Larry Guest of the Orlando Sentinel wrote in a September 1991 column that "civic and business leaders in Grand Rapids" considered DeVos "admirable, amicable, compassionate, honorable, community-conscious, intelligent", but that they wondered whether DeVos, who was about to begin running the Orlando Magic, was "strong enough...to make the tough decisions necessary as the chief operating officer overseeing... an NBA franchise?" Guest answered yes, calling DeVos "a business and political specialist experienced far beyond his 35 years on this globe" and noting that he had "recently attracted more than a million votes, more than any other Republican on a statewide basis, to win a seat on Michigan's Board of Education." Guest quoted DeVos as saying that in making business decisions, he hopes "to be seen as tough, but also fair.... I'm not a control-oriented individual, but I expect results and I expect meticulous, detailed management."

Amway/Alticor
DeVos left his positions as president and CEO of the Orlando Magic in January 1993 to rejoin Amway as its president, succeeding his father, Amway co-founder Rich DeVos. Under Dick Devos, the firm expanded operations to more than 50 countries and territories on six continents.

In 2000, DeVos oversaw a significant corporate restructuring that created Alticor, the new parent company of predecessor Amway, as well as other subsidiary companies. In a 20-month span, Alticor cut over 1,300 jobs (primarily in Michigan) during this restructuring, with 400 of them being buyouts and early retirement. Job cuts were one of several cut backs made during the corporate restructuring of Amway in order to expedite the return to profitability and prevent further downsizing or the possible loss of the company.

DeVos and his brother, Doug DeVos, are "credited with taking the company global, and setting industry standards as they moved into those markets."

DeVos retired as president of Alticor in August 2002. In that fiscal year, Alticor reported sales of $4.5 billion, primarily through its more than 3.5 million part-time sales force and its complementary e-commerce channel. After retiring from Alticor, DeVos returned to become president of The Windquest Group.

The Windquest Group
The Windquest Group is a privately held investment management firm with holdings in technology, manufacturing, and other sectors.

A 2010 article reported on a Windquest venture called The Green Machine, which "converts waste heat that's the byproduct of a manufacturing process – in liquid or gaseous form – into electricity."

DeVos explained that "Some time ago Windquest brought on a specialist in alternative energy. ... We knew this was going to be an important part of our future, but also an opportunity." He explained that sustainability is "not just an environmental concept, it's also an economic one. If a particular business approach is not economically viable it will not be sustainable." Windquest was not interested in "glitzy and glamorous" ideas, he said, but in "technologies that were environmentally sound and economically sustainable" and thus more likely to be widely adopted. He expressed concern "that some of the new products in the marketplace are either too dependent on tax incentives or subsidies" and not genuinely "viable and ...competitive".

The Green Machine is produced by the ElectraTherm Company and distributed by Windquest in collaboration with Pro Services. "It's a three-legged stool", DeVos explained. "ElectraTherm provides the core technology, Pro Services provides the installation ability and the knowledge of the customers' needs and Windquest then provides both financing and high-level business acumen."

Political activities prior to 2006
In 1990, DeVos won election to the Michigan State Board of Education, and resigned two years into his eight-year term, citing his return to Amway as CEO as the reason. In 1996, DeVos was appointed by Governor John Engler to the Grand Valley State University Board of Control.

School vouchers
DeVos and his wife became co-chairs of the Education Freedom Fund in 1993. The Fund provides private scholarships to low-income families in Michigan with wishes to attend schools of their choice. When the Children's Scholarship Fund provided $7.5 million to the Education Freedom Fund, the DeVos matched the grant, and their foundation covers all of the administrative costs of the organization.

In 2000, DeVos was the co-chairman of the "Kids First! Yes!" campaign committee, which sponsored a ballot-initiative that would have amended the Michigan constitution to allow vouchers and tuition tax credits for private K-12 education. The initiative lost, with 69% of voters opposing the measure.

The Dick and Betsy DeVos Foundation has also given money to groups like the American Education Reform Council, Choices for Children, and Children First America, in addition to funding Christian schools in the West Michigan area.

2006 gubernatorial candidacy

On June 2, 2005, at Mackinac Island, DeVos announced his candidacy for governor of Michigan. He is still considered to be the wealthiest man to run for statewide office in Michigan's history. As of October 27, 2006, the DeVos campaign had spent $39 million, of which nearly $35 million was DeVos's own money.

An article published on August 3, 2005, quoted DeVos as saying that the main issue for Michigan voters was the state's economy. "We're fighting with Mississippi for the highest unemployment rate in the country. We have the lowest personal income growth, the lowest business start-ups in the country. We are the only state that has not moved to positive ground when it comes to actual numbers of jobs in the marketplace," he said. He also suggested that tourism "is one of the businesses and industries that has a bright future for Michigan, and is exciting." Criticizing Granholm's economic policies, he said that in her place "I would have sent a very different signal to the entire regulatory infrastructure of the state, and would have taken steps to make this state more business friendly." Granholm, he said, "has talked about wanting business, but all of her actions and the actions of all the regulatory agencies and government agencies in this state have continued to create difficulties for business. I hear it from business people everywhere I go in this state."

In an interview given during the campaign, DeVos said: "It's all about jobs. Jobs are the number one issue in Michigan right now. Our state does not have a climate for job creation. Job-killing taxes like the SBT (Single Business Tax) punish job makers for creating jobs, providing their employees with benefits, and investing in new technology. Taxes like the SBT and Michigan's personal property tax hurt manufacturers more than any other tax. They've got to go if we want to help manufacturing and bring jobs back to Michigan." He also spoke of the need to "work on trade issues to make sure that Detroit's automakers can compete fairly both here in the United States and around the world."

Thomas Bray of RealClearPolitics reported on June 21, 2006, that incumbent Jennifer Granholm was "in deep trouble," with DeVos surging "to a 48–40 lead...in a Detroit News/WXYZ-TV poll." In other polls, the two candidates were "in a dead heat," and, to some observers' surprise, DeVos was leading "48–40 among union households." Bray's conclusion was that "the DeVos ads are striking home with their message: that the Michigan economy is in a shambles, that Granholm has failed to develop a strategy to resurrect the state and that a hard-nosed businessman who owes nothing to anybody is just the guy to sort things out."

An October 2006 article in Human Events argued that the Michigan governor's race was "shaping up as a classic style vs. substance confrontation," with Granholm, "a charismatic and attractive former aspiring actress who can deliver a speech and charm a crowd with the best of them," representing style, and DeVos representing substance. While lacking Granholm's "flashier qualities," DeVos's "business background...ideally suits him to address the state's most vexing economic issues." The article noted that DeVos was interested in job creation in what was "perhaps the least business-friendly state in the country." While Granholm argued that jobs had been moved to China and India, DeVos pointed out that "Michigan jobs have...gone to Ohio, Indiana, and other states with less punitive tax policies, and this governor fails to recognize that."

A November 3, 2006, article noted that DeVos's plan for turning around Michigan's "economic stagnancy and increasing unemployment" was called the TurnAround Plan. It called for action on four fronts: "creating an attractive job climate, overhauling state government, diversifying the economy, and conquering the international marketplace." DeVos planned to create "a pro-jobs tax structure while supporting small business growth to increase jobs," and described his credentials as follows: "I've made tough decisions, I've turned around a struggling business, and I've helped an entire city turn around."

He also called for an increase in "funding for secondary and higher education," for a streamlined health-care system "that utilizes technology to reduce hospital errors by making medical records more efficient," and for " strong anti-crime measures, specifically against child predators." The article noted that debates between DeVos and Granholm had "done little to help either's cause, though they did have an effect on the polls," with support for both candidates dropping and the number of undecided voters increasing. "Whether it has been Granholm's campaign morphing images of DeVos into President Bush, or DeVos's ads including compromising footage of the governor's speeches, neither candidate has found a way to gain an advantage."

The article also pointed out that "newspapers have divided their support along party lines, with the Detroit Free Press endorsing Granholm and The Grand Rapids Press siding with DeVos." Among DeVos's supporters was Lee Iacocca, who had been actively campaigning for him. He had also received endorsements from the Michigan Chamber of Commerce and the Michigan Farm Bureau.

On November 7, 2006, DeVos was defeated by Democratic incumbent Jennifer Granholm by a 14-point margin. He congratulated the re-elected Granholm via phone after the results were in. Granholm was quoted as saying she "admired his tenacity and his passion for Michigan".

According to a CBS reporter, DeVos's loss was widely attributed to his performance in his first televised debate with Granholm. "Granholm went for the jugular talking about an investment he had in a nursing home," and "DeVos's lackluster response opened the door that led to his eventual loss." Years later, DeVos said: "I learned I needed to be better at expressing my opinions more directly and forcefully....My mother taught me to be respectful and polite, but sometimes I took that advice too far."

Post-2006 political activity
In October 2008, DeVos donated $200,000 to the PAC opposing Michigan State Proposal – 08-2 (2008). He is a major backer of the America First Action PAC.

Right to work
In October 2012, DeVos engaged in a series of public debates with Teamsters president James Hoffa, son of that union's legendary leader Jimmy Hoffa. They argued about the role of unions, with DeVos taking the position that "Workers and job creators, through hard work, ingenuity, sweat and risk-taking, literally made the strongest economy in the world and the greatest standard of living in history...The greatest generation...did not just win a World War, they labored shoulder-to-shoulder with fellow workers to create and sustain value-added enterprises." By contrast, "big union bosses have engaged in cozy deals and political backroom dealings in order to advance their personal agendas, not those of their members," They focused especially on Michigan's Proposition 2, which would protect collective bargaining. "The unintended consequences of Proposal 2 will result in a $1.6-billion annual tax hike," said DeVos. "Since collective bargaining is a federally protected right, Proposal 2 is really about special interests."

In a December 2012 article in The New York Times, Nicholas Confessore and Monica Davey reported that after President Obama's re-election, DeVos "began dialing up state lawmakers in Lansing," telling them that it was time to pass a right-to-work law. "If the lawmakers later found themselves facing recalls or tough re-election fights, Mr. DeVos told them, he would be there to help."

The legislators and Republican governor Rick Snyder "rapidly approved the legislation and delivered a body blow to the labor movement." The Times article noted that the Devos family had given over $1 million to the Michigan GOP in 2012 and at least $2 million to a successful effort to defeat a proposal for a pro-union constitutional amendment. After that defeat, the DeVos family helped form the Michigan Freedom Fund to promote a right-to-work law.

A Reuters article published in December 2012 noted that the Michigan right-to-work campaign had "gathered momentum" thanks to the involvement of DeVos and "Ronald Weiser, former chairman of the Michigan Republican Party and ambassador to Slovakia under President George W. Bush...The wealthy businessman and the political guru both worked to persuade wavering Republican lawmakers by assuring them they would have financial support if they faced recall elections over right-to-work, as happened in Wisconsin."

In a talk given in Washington, D.C., in January 2013, under the auspices of The Heritage Foundation, DeVos discussed the passage of so-called "Right to Work" legislation in Michigan. "Freedom to Work was simply the right thing to do," he said. "By casting off the practice of forced unionization; Michigan now publicly declares to other states and in fact the world, that we embrace freedom for our workers, true equality in the workplace and that we are ready to compete with anyone, anywhere to create economic opportunity for our Michigan families." In his talk, he explained how the legislation was passed, praising Michigan's business community, certain legislators, and Mackinac Center for Public Policy for their role in its passage, and noting that it was important to propose the legislation at the right time, to give it the right name, to be prepared for backlash, and to bring it to a vote quickly.

MSNBC reported in December 2012 that the Mackinac Public Policy Center, which had played a major role in the passage of right-to-work in Michigan, was funded mainly by the Charles G. Koch Foundation and the Dick and Betsy DeVos Foundation. Despite the national fame of the Koch brothers, noted MSNBC, "among Michigan power brokers, DeVos might well be the bigger name." Since losing his 2006 run for governor, he had "worked to exert influence from the outside."

Foundation activity
Dick DeVos is President of the Dick and Betsy DeVos Foundation, a Grand Rapids-area foundation that has donated millions of dollars to civic, artistic, religious, educational, community and free-market economic organizations since 1990. Among its grantees are Kids Hope USA; the Helen DeVos Children's Hospital; the West Michigan Aviation Academy; Mars Hill Bible Church; Potter's House; Grand Rapids Christian Schools; the Thunderbird School of Global Management; ArtPrize Grand Rapids; Rehoboth Christian School; Calvin College; Princeton University; Davenport University; Grove City College; and Hope College.

In the fall of 2010, DeVos opened the West Michigan Aviation Academy, the nation's first aviation public charter high school.

A March 2010 article reported that the idea for the school had been Betsy DeVos's. "DeVos said she was thinking about the couple's interest in education and her husband Dick's love of flying. 'I said, "Why don't you combine both of these passions—a passion for education, for kids and a passion for flying—in a school."'" The academy is located on the grounds of the Gerald R. Ford International Airport. "There are aviators all over this community," Dick DeVos told a reporter. "It's fascinating how many aviators there are who have already expressed a desire to be involved with this program and to bring the aviation component to it. That is going to be a big job to weave aviation throughout the entire basic curriculum. We've made a commitment to do that."

In answer to the question of why it was a charter school, DeVos explained that "Charter schools are available to everyone.... A charter school is a public school and therefore there's no tuition. So every student would have the possibility of going to this school at no cost and we think that's very, very important—to reach across the entire West Michigan community to be sure that every child has an opportunity to attend this school." He added that "This is the kind of school that I would have loved to have had if I was a kid." He told a reporter for the Grand Rapids Press: "If you're the kind of person who can't help but look up when you hear a plane overhead, then you're exactly the kind of person who will love this school....I have just a joy of flying....The world is such a different place when you can see it from 5,000 feet. I want young people to experience something that might broaden their world."

Arts funding
The Dick and Betsy DeVos Foundation has supported ArtPrize, an art competition in Grand Rapids, since 2009.

In 2010 Betsy and Dick DeVos committed $22.5 million to the Kennedy Center Institute of Arts Management, which was thereupon renamed the DeVos Institute of Arts Management at the Kennedy Center. It offers "practical training to arts managers and board members on stages of professional development in the United States and around the world"; its centerpiece is the "Capacity Building programs, which offer technical assistance to arts managers and their boards through seminars, web chats, and on-site consultations." The gift was the largest private donation in the Kennedy Center's history and part was to be spent on arts groups in Michigan hit hard by the recession.

Free-market economics
The foundation has also given money to organizations that promote free-market economics, such as the Grand Rapids-based Acton Institute, The Heritage Foundation, and the Hudson Institute. The DeVos family also has contributed to Northwood University in Midland, Michigan, including donations for scholarships, buildings, and other financial donations.

Scholarships
The Dick & Betsy DeVos Scholarship was established in 2008 by DeVos and his wife to support entering MA, MS, or MBA students at the Thunderbird School of Global Management, particularly those from developing nations.

The DeVoses have also established an annual scholarship, called the Betsy and Dick DeVos Scholars for Free Enterprise and Entrepreneurship Scholarship, which is awarded to students who wish to earn a BBA or combined BBA/MBA at Northwood University.

Grand action
An account of the Grand Action project explains that while authorities in Detroit kept initiating "one master project after another" that was supposed to solve that city's problems, and that never did, Grand Rapids was different, because its "business leaders painstakingly set goals, aligned with government officials, generated support, and empowered key players." DeVos was at the center of this effort. In 1991, he "convened a group of more than 50 community and civic leaders to begin the process of revitalizing downtown" under the name of Grand Vision, later Grand Action.

Plans were made "for an entertainment and sports arena and the expansion of local convention facilities." After conducting "a feasibility and economic-impact analysis," DeVos worked with two local bankers to set the plan in motion. Among the fruits of this effort were a new sports arena, a new convention center, a new J.W. Marriott Hotel, the renovation of the Civic Theater (renamed the Meijer Majestic Theater), a new art museum, and a new civic gardens and sculpture park, two new satellite campuses for Grand Valley State University, and a new institute for biomedical research. "It's this kind of planning, a continual reinvention with clear goals," wrote a CNN journalist, "that has been lacking in Detroit."

Pollution study
DeVos and his wife contributed money to help fund a $500,000, 18-month private study of Lake Macatawa pollution sources, according to a June 2011 article. The study would "use DNA fingerprinting technology pioneered recently at Michigan State University to identify specific sources of E. coli in different areas of the lake. A second part of the study will look at sources of sediment and the contaminants it carries." "We are fortunate to have skilled scientists, committed conservationists and highly qualified academicians in West Michigan addressing this problem," DeVos told the Sentinel. "Threats to water quality are threats to public health and safety, and the people of Holland cannot afford to wait until 2017 for action."

Rediscovering American Values
DeVos is the author of the 1998 book Rediscovering American Values. Published by E.P. Dutton, it contains a foreword by former President Gerald R. Ford. Publishers Weekly described it as follows: "Drawing on inspirational anecdotes taken from a cross section of the population, he describes how people have bettered themselves both morally and in their careers by practicing such values as honesty, compassion, self-discipline, initiative, hard work, charity and forgiveness. An unrelenting optimist, DeVos is convinced that people can solve most of their problems by taking personal responsibility." The book was a New York Times best seller.

Honors and awards
In September 2010, the Spectrum Health Foundation presented DeVos with its Art of Giving Award at its annual celebration of philanthropy.

Current posts and board memberships

 * President, the Windquest Group
 * Chairman, Board of Directors, Spectrum Health System, 2010 – present
 * Member, Board of Trustees, Health Care Foundation; 1990–2010 (Chairman, 1994–2010)
 * Member, Board of Directors, Michigan State Chamber of Commerce, 2010 – present
 * Member, Board of Directors, The Stow Company of Michigan
 * Founder and Chairman, West Michigan Aviation Academy (a charter high school), 2010 – present
 * Chairman, Board of Directors, RDV Corporation
 * Governing Board, Orlando Magic, 1994–present
 * Member, Board of Trustees, Thunderbird School of Global Management, 2003–present
 * Member, Board of Directors, Willow Creek Association, 1997–present
 * Co-Chairman, Grand Action Committee, 1992–present (Chairman, Grand Vision Committee, 1991–1992)
 * Founder and Chairman, Regional Air Alliance of West Michigan, 2010–present
 * Member, FAA Management Advisory Council, September 2017–present.

Personal life

DeVos and his wife have four children: Richard Marvin (Rick) III, Elisabeth (Elissa), Andrea, and Ryan, and eight grandchildren. Their son, Rick, is the founder and chairman of ArtPrize, a world-renowned art competition in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

DeVos and his wife have homes in Grand Rapids and Ada, Michigan. They also own three houses in Windsor, Florida, a development at the northern end of Vero Beach, 80 miles north of Palm Beach. They bought a lot there in 1997 and bought another one later. They now have a compound consisting of two houses, plus another house elsewhere in Windsor, where they spend several weeks a year. In addition, they have a vacation home in Holland, Michigan, on the shore of Lake Macatawa. DeVos bought the property from his father in 2009.

title: Dick DeVos


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User talk:Frankie Dunn

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Leanord Digges
Hi,

I'm currently trying to add Leanord Digges to the telescope article, btu I have no references adnI can't find much on the internet. Could you be so helpful as too provide yours? InternetHero (talk) 19:52, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

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Published works
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Schorndorf

Schorndorf is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, located approximately 26 km east of Stuttgart. Its train station is the terminus of the S2 line of the Stuttgart S-Bahn.

The town is also sometimes referred to as Die Daimlerstadt (The Daimler Town in English), as it is the town in which Gottlieb Daimler (1834–1900) was born.

Demographics
The numbers of inhabitants are estimates, census results (1871–1970 and 1987) or data from statistical office  Before 1871 the results are only from the core town.

Mayors

 * 1819–1821: Christian Rapp (politician) (1771–1853)
 * 1821–1828: Gottlieb Friedrich von Stum (1791–1849)
 * 1828–1845: Philipp Friedrich Palm (1759–1845)
 * 1845–1866:
 * 1866–1872: Johannes Frasch
 * 1879–1903: Jakob Friz
 * 1903–1905: Heinrich Beisswanger
 * 1905–1933: Jakob Raible (1870–1949)
 * 1933–1945: Richard Beeg (1888–1945)
 * 1945: Walter Arnold (entrepreneur) (1891–1973)
 * 1945–1948: Gottlob Kamm (SPD) (1897–1973)
 * 1948–1954: Emil Hayer (1887–1977)
 * 1954–1962: Franz Illenberger (1902–1974)
 * 1962–1982: Rudolf Bayler (1917–2007)
 * 1982–1990: Reinhard Hanke (SPD) (born 1940)
 * 1990–2006: Winfried Kübler (CDU) (born 1939)
 * since 2006: Matthias Klopfer (SPD) (born 1968)

Places of interest

 * Ostlandkreuz

Twin towns – sister cities
Schorndorf is twinned with:

 * Bury, United Kingdom (1994)
 * 🇮🇹 Dueville, Italy (1998)
 * 🇪🇸 Errenteria, Spain (2012)
 * 🇩🇪 Kahla, Germany (1991)
 * 🇦🇹 Radenthein, Austria (1966)
 * 🇫🇷 Tulle, France (1969)
 * 🇺🇸 Tuscaloosa, United States (1996)
 * 🇺🇦 Svitlovodsk, Ukraine (2023)

Notable people

 * Jakob Schegk (1511–1587), a polymath Aristotelian philosopher and academic physician.
 * Johann Schmidlap (16th-century) a Bavarian fireworks maker and rocket pioneer.
 * Josias Weitbrecht (1702–1747), an important professor of medicine and anatomy
 * Ludovike Simanowiz (1759–1827), a portrait painter in the Classical style.
 * Charles-Frédéric Reinhard (1761–1837), French statesman, writer, diplomat and politician
 * Johann Philipp Palm (1766–1806), bookseller and strong anti-French agitator.
 * Gottlieb Daimler (1834–1900), engineer, designer and industrialist
 * Julius Schmid (1865–1955), inventor and entrepreneur, pioneer of condom manufacturing.
 * Reinhold Maier (1889–1971), politician (FDP), 1st Minister President of the new Baden-Württemberg until 1953.
 * Gerhard Graf-Martinez (born 1952), flamenco guitarist, author and composer

Sport

 * Edmond Haan (1924–2018), French footballer
 * Kostas Konstantinidis (born 1972), Greek footballer, played 358 games and 38 for Greece
 * Ricarda Lisk (born 1981), triathlete
 * Timo Lienemann (born 1985), racing driver
 * Sven Ulreich (born 1988), footballer, played over 330 games
 * Davie Selke (born 1995), footballer, played over 260 games

title: Schorndorf


text:
Sikh gurus

The Sikh gurus (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ ਗੁਰੂ; Hindi: सिख गुरु) are the spiritual masters of Sikhism, who established the religion over the course of about two and a half centuries, beginning in 1469. The year 1469 marks the birth of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. He was succeeded by nine other human gurus until, in 1708, the Guruship was finally passed on by the tenth guru to the holy Sikh scripture, Guru Granth Sahib, which is now considered the living Guru by the followers of the Sikh faith. ..

Etymology and definition
Guru (, UK also ; गुरु, Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ, IAST: guru) is a Sanskrit term for a "teacher, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field. Bhai Vir Singh, in his dictionary of Guru Granth Sahib describes the term Guru as a combination of two separate units: "Gu;(ਗੁ)" meaning darkness and "Rū;(ਰੂ)" which means light. Hence, Guru is who brings light into darkness or in other words, the one who enlightens. Bhai Vir Singh's definition provides further insight about Sikhi itself and explains why Guru Granth Sahib is considered the living Guru. The word Sikh is derived from the Sanskrit term shishya (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ) which means a disciple or a student. Thus, Sikhs have a student–teacher relationship with their Gurus since their teachings, written in Guru Granth Sahib, serve as a guide for the Sikhs.

According to Sikh beliefs, all the Gurus contained the same light or soul and their physical body was a vessel for containing the same essence. When one Guru passed, the successor inherited this light and that is why the Gurus are also referred to as mahalla (house).

title: Sikh gurus


text:
User talk:Shp518

Welcome
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Other links for reference: Wikiquette, image copyright tags, Merge Hope to see you around the Wiki! Remember to be Bold! with your edits, and if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! Although you registed quite some time ago, I figured I would give you some helpful links and welcome you. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 07:32, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Authorscottcunningham.jpg
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Non-free rationale for File:Wiccabookcover.jpg
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title: User talk:Shp518


text: Category:Music venues in Canada

title: Category:Music venues in Canada


text:
User talk:Phil-hong

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. You may also want to check out Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

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President's Choice
In the end, it doesn't really change anything. -- Spinboy 03:30, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

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President's Choice Financial
I find it amusing that first they were serviced by CIBC, then spun off (I think to make it easy) to Amicus Bank, and now back to CIBC, LMAO. -- Spinboy 03:26, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

User Categorisation
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Ontario page as living in or being associated with Brampton, Ontario. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Brampton for instructions.--Rmky87 01:51, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Spoken version: This is Wonderland
Thanks for your contribution of a spoken version of This is Wonderland! I just listened to it and it sounds great! However, could you please add the following to the beginning and end of it so people know where it came from?
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(this is detailed at WikiProject_Spoken_Wikipedia/Recording_guidelines) Thanks! - SCEhard T 19:47, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for taking care of that! - SCEhard T 21:15, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Also, when you record a spoken article, please add it to the list at Spoken articles so others can find it. Thanks! - SCEhard T 23:07, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Wikimedia Canada
Hi there! I'd like to invite you to explore Wikimedia Canada, and create a list of people interested in forming a local chapter for our nation. A local chapter will help promote and improve the organization, within our great nation. We'd also like to encourage everyone to suggest projects for our national chapter to participate in. Hope to see you there!--DarkEvil 17:11, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Westonroad.jpg
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dai pai dong caption
thanks for your correction! i don;t know why i made such a silly mistake...+_+ --K.C. Tang 02:29, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * u mean u are in HK?--K.C. Tang 14:05, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * o, yes, it's more crammed than one can imagine during the peak hours. but it's a wonderful system anyway.^__^ --K.C. Tang 01:58, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * yes, Food and Transportation always seem to me the two most wonderful things in HK. :) --K.C. Tang 01:33, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Hk is an odd place... u never know whether u like it or loathe it... i still don't know that after living here for 25 years... :) --K.C. Tang 09:05, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Jaaaaaaay Waaaaaaave
(Sound of a noxious radio jingle.) Well done with J-Wave. Clearly you have more stamina than I do. One little point: J-Wave doesn't have the reputation of playing the best music on the planet. (In my perhaps atypical opinion, the best music on the planet is carefully avoided by most radio stations: they wouldn't want anything to upset their commercial sponsors.) No, J-Wave likes to tell the world that it plays the best music on the planet -- rather as North Korea tells the world that it's a people's democratic republic. -- Hoary 09:11, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Japanese culture, eh? Well, here is -- or anyway the links from the foot of it are -- more my idea of Japanese culture. (It's a pretty perfunctory article, but better than the one in WP-ja.) Yes, come to think of it, Japanese photographers are a seriously underrepresented area in WP-en: there aren't articles on even Domon or Kimura; or, for that matter, the hugely commercial Shinoyama. And if the Japanese are underrepresented in this anglocentric enterprise, they're way better off than, say, the Lithuanians. All the best with your editing. -- Hoary 10:39, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging
Greetings. From the description and use of Dethomas 00:33, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Oasishongkong.png)
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In Remembrance...
--nat Alo! Salut! Sunt eu, un haiduc?!?! 23:57, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Wikimania 2011
I'm not sure if you are on the mailing list for Wikimedia Canada, so that's why I left you this message. You're previously involved in bid process for hosting Wikimania in Toronto. Right now we're forming a bid team for Wikimania in 2011. Would you be interested? OhanaUnitedTalk page 17:12, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your interest. Send me an email via the email feature so that I can add your email to the email discussion group. OhanaUnitedTalk page 20:22, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

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File:DSC02743.JPG listed for deletion
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April - National Contribution Month
Good day Phil-hong,

During the month of April, Wikimedia Canada is preparing the National Contribution Month, and we are looking for experienced contributors to organize a contribution day (or half-day) in their region.

Contribution days are activities where Wikipedia's contributors, students, or anybody interested in contributing to Wikipedia meets together to collectively improve a predetermined theme. This meetings generally take place in library where references are easy of access, but can be organized in any communal room. Beside improving articles, a goal of this participatory workshops is to initiate neophyte in the cooperative contribution of Wikipedia.

If you are interested in organizing or participating in a contribution day in your region, communicate witht he national team on the project's talk page. The exact agenda of each local event is left to the discretion of the organizer. Help is available for the organization from contributors who already organized these type of days, so don't be worried. If you have any questions or want more information, don't hesitate to contact us.

Benoit Rochon (talk) 00:02, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

File:Inside of a Canadian Passport.jpg listed for deletion
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File source problem with File:Inside of a Canadian Passport.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

New mailing list for Wikimedia Canada
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title: User talk:Phil-hong


text:
Talk:Thief in law

Editors
Podatev convictions are different on this page and the page about him.

 * Here are some comments on the Bitch War topic. Here is a quote: "by agreeing to join the Soviet army and fight against Nazi Germany during World War 2 (in exchange for being freed from prison)."

Comment: From what I read in more than one source, Bitches were not just offered freedom in exchange for fighting in the war, but the only alternative they were given was death. It was a war time with "законы военного времени"-zakony voyennogo vremeni-war time laws. Basically, if they said "no" they would have been shot without any due process. 97.116.34.140 (talk) 07:42, 7 November 2010 (UTC)Roman Durbin: roman_durbin2001@yahoo.com

Thiefs in law

 * Hi there! I wanna say there are some mistakes. The word MIR in 'Vorovskoy Mir in Russian (i.e. воровской мир) or "Thieves World"' means community, not world. Community is obschina for russian, and this word is correlated with obschak (shared treasure of criminals) http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BA

 * For example community of peasants was named 'mir', and visitors of the Veche was 'mir'. Also FYI - 'vor' was the insurgent in the pre-imperial time, who fought against Tsar or renegade.

Vori v zakanoi translates to thiefs within the law, not thiefs in law. First, the word "v" is only literarly "in." In the context of the phrase, the word means "within." Second, these guys don't have their relatives married. I propose a change of the title of the article. --RossF18 04:34, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * This should be included somewhere, yes, but I'm pretty sure it does literally translate to "thieves in law," due to the differences between English and Russian. Russian is much more straight-forward: for example, you would, I believe, say something along the lines of "pass salt please" as opposed to "please pass me the salt," which explains the translation more accurately in my opinion. 64.253.217.50 (talk) 08:36, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Given that I'm a Russian speaker, you'd be well served trusting me on this. Even if you're a fan of literal translations, which is often incorrect, vori means thiefs, not thief. Vor singular in Russian means Thief. And Russian is not Tarzan speak and is more akin to Spanish in its alliterations. Thus, while vori v zakoni literally translates into thiefs in law if you were to translate it word for word, if you were a Russian speaker, you'd realize that it really means thieves within the law, especially considering that translating the Russian phrase as thiefs in law seems to be more akin to sister-in-law or brother-in-law in its meaning. The point here is that these thiefs opperate within the law, as opposed to theifs that are brothers-in-law. --RossF18 (talk) 22:41, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
 * We should be saying what things actually mean, not just translating them word-for-word - see here for basis. I don't speak Russian, but if someone who does reads this and agrees with it, I think it should be changed. be bold, Russian speakers! SetaLyas (talk) 15:04, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
 * A quick note. Translating the phrase as thiefs within the law does not mean that these thiefs are working withing the reputable system of laws of common society (quite the opposite). The law is the thief's law or code. It seems that many newspapers even translate the phrase as in law but that just doesn't make sense, at least to me. Now, if the phrase is meant to underly the fact that the thiefs are forming a brotherhood and are in fact becoming like brothers-in-law, that's fine. But that has not been made clear. If the phrase is meant to underline the almost family bond between the thiefs, then thiefs in law might fit, but if the phrase is meant to highlight the special code or law that these thiefs are agreeing to live by, than thiefs within the law seems more appropriate. --RossF18 (talk) 16:26, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, exactly. A slightly different translation can be a "thief with a code". But this is not just a "thief with a code" because it became a formal status.My very best wishes (talk) 01:23, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

There is the word thief that is a very inaccurate translation. The Russian word «вор»(vor) had a primary meaning outlaw or criminal. It's true that in modern common Russian language «вор» usually has a narrow sense (a thief). But вор в законе(vor v zakone) means not only thieves, and primarily not thieves, and «вор» remains a sense very close to one in Russian of XVII century etc. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 17:54, 11 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't have an issue with translating vor as thief, since that's a common translation and common meaning of the word now, regardless of its origins. To make a crude comparison, and not to offend anyone, but just because the word gay predominanetly mean happy as recently as 50 years ago, doesn't mean that that is the word's primary meaning now. And the criminal organization that is being referred to in this article is rather recent, comparatively, to the 17'th century meaning of the word that Incnis cites. So, as far as current times is concerned, I doubt that "vor" was ever meant as an outlaw. Also, I'd like to point out that a thief is a type of criminal and you can even argue a type of outlaw, since a thief lives out of legal bounds. If you mean outlaw as in Wild West type of outlaw, then the phraze thief in law is even more poorly translated, but my main issue is the translation of the "in" as part of the phraze. Last point, last time I checked, thief translates directly into "vor" in most modern dictionaries.--RossF18 (talk) 23:22, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

I could argue that the expression "Воры в законе" (Vory v zakone) is an idiom (probably part of "phenya" - the crypted criminal slang) which is hard to understand even by Russian natives (and I'm one). In the common Russian language the word combination "в законе" means rather "in the paper making the law"; when wishing to say "according to the law" one says "по закону" (using another preposition!). I remember that when I first heard this expression, I thought of criminals working at the militsiya ("в милиции", at the police) but was a little surprised at such an indirect metaphor ("милиция" - "закон") ;). Further, the natural means to express the idea of submission or constraint is the preposition "под" and not "в" (*"под законом"; "все мы под Богом ходим" - we are all in God's hands). So the translation of this idiom may also be idiomatic; and I see that Google reports about 25 millions results for the query "Thieves in law", so there is no need for renaming.

You can verify the use of prepositions with the word "закон" using dictionaries (e.g. at slovari.yandex.ru); by digging further you probably will even find out that the word "воры" in the expression in question has unusual stress ("ворЫ instead of "вОры"; but I'm not so sure as I did not hear this expression recently). 92.100.225.117 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 17:35, 9 August 2011 (UTC).

File:Mafiya tattoos.jpg Nominated for speedy Deletion
"A lozenge with an Orthodox cross inside (as finger ring) indicates a thief-in-law" -- elaborate "t-i-l". Also, like with "МИР", explain other meanings.

Notable thieves in law - someone keeps messing it up
Who the hell keeps making Kalashov a Russian and deleting Kolbayev?? 87.113.77.83 (talk) 01:20, 9 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Kalashov, Usoyan and Mirzoyev are not Russians. They are Georgian-Yezid Kurds. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.49.41.29 (talk) 23:01, 1 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I think there's a misunderstanding between ethnicity and nationality. While all of those guys are ethnic Kurds, they're Russians by nationality. I guess it could be added as another column to avoid further confusion. 24.16.197.44 (talk) 22:20, 21 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Good point, gentlemen. Are Thiefs an ethnic criminal network from Caucasus? Judging by the current news, very much so. Not in the sense of this article though) Ukrained2012 (talk) 00:39, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

Scope and definiton
Ladies and gentlemen, this article would benefit tremendously from our decision on the main article(s) describing and structuring the Organized crime in Russia and Organized crime in Soviet Union. I realize that those articles are MUCH harder to maintain than this term-based one, but nonetheless) Wishes, Ukrained2012 (talk) 00:35, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

"Petukhi" ("the roosters")
These are the lowest layer of inmates, something like the pariahs. They are the subject of constant humiliating acts (including anal rape) from other inmates.

They are not allowed to touch the "normal" inmates or to share any items with them, and occupy the worst places in the prison cell. Contacting a "petukh" is "zapadlo" and can sometimes even lead the other person to be declared a "petuh" - usually by beating and knocking under the bed ("pod shkonku").

Sometimes, a person can become a "petukh" due to the offense for which he is imprisoned. Sexual offenses, especially against minors or women completely unknown to the offender (street rapes), are an example (rape of women after being her guest and drinking with her is not considered a humiliating deed). Homosexual acts were illegal from 1933 to 1993, and all those jailed for this were automatically considered petukhi.

The status of "petukh" is lifelong and cannot be cancelled. A "petukh" is obliged to warn everybody on his status (the standard formula - "I have problems in this life") in any new prison/camp he is relocated to, and even in his possible next imprisonment after serving the current punishment and being released. Otherwise, it is considered that he polluted ("zashkvaril") the normal people who had any contact with him while being unaware of his "petukh" status. This can lead to a severe beating or even murder.

citation for bitches war
Applebaum's Gulag has a full chapter dedicated to the Bitches war. Her d escription is a bit different than what is described here. She protrays the Bitches as part of an attempt by the Soviet authorities to re-establish control over the prisons.

Other languages
No need names from every post soviet languages, we can see statistics by nationality on primecrime.ru: Georgians 252 (58%) Russians 51 (12%) Armenians 32 (8%) Yezidi Kurds 26 (6%) Azerbaijanis 15 (4%) Abkhazs 11 (3%) Chechens 8 (2%) Jews 7 (2%) Ukrainians 6 (2%) Greeks 5 (2%)

They are mostly from Georgia, majorly ethnic Georgians, and also ethnically minorities of Georgia: Yezidi Kurds, Greeks, Abkhazs, Osetians, Jews, Armenians, Azeri, Russian and Ukrainians. about 75 percent is from Georgia. enough will name to Georgian and Russian.--Gaga.vaa (talk) 12:45, 27 April 2019 (UTC)

The whole article is generally untrue
…but it couldn't be improved by Wikipedia standards, I'm afraid. The thief-in-law community is very closed, similar to Yakudza. A very little information is leaked and published. Such words like 'crowned' (see the third paragraph) are never used but by journalists. The 'thief-in-law' word itself is never used by the street crime! It's a journalist fake too. (They say just 'thief' or, rarely, 'lawyer'). But how could one prove it by references, if all sources are unreliable due to the closed nature of the community? BloodViolenceGore (talk) 06:16, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thief in law


text:
Talk:Acropolis Now

}

edit - Effie is Jim's cousin, not girlfriend

what

 * This term became popular with "wogs", and to a lesser extent Anglo-Celtic people, especially in Melbourne.

Ok.. what the hell is that doing here? --Irishpunktom\talk 16:16, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

I'll tell you why it was there, and quite justified in quotes - because "skip" is the equivalent counterpart to "wog"; a reply, if you will. It would probably have been more consistent for it to say, This term became popular with "wogs", and to a lesser extent "skips" themselves, especially in Melbourne.

In fact, these "wogs" in question really helped the (polysyllabilically-termed) Mediterranean-Australian community claim the term with their Wogs Out Of Work show, and the word's pretty much lost most of its nastiness since... when I was a kid, the single word alone might have done for an insult, but now it requires a preceding adjective to have any bite, if you catch my drift... plenty of "wogs" classify themselves as such without a blip. It's just a convenient monosyllable to denote an Aussie of southern European extraction, in my mind.

And I reckon these fellers this article's on deserve another pat on the back for popularising the term "skip"... plenty of times I've been asked by a "wog" (in my mind, just a kind of Aussie) if I'm an Aussie - in a specific sense which "skip" replaces. I've often said something like, "You're an Aussie too, dammit. Ask me if I'm a skip." - Kimmo, Melbourne —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.165.35.108 (talk) 00:30, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Partial episode guide
Based on clippings I had kept from 1991/1992. Original work so not "proper" content for the main page

Final Season Dream Baby

Aired: 12 August 1992

Jim has a bad dream he is married to Suzanna. Memo is horrified by the return of an old girlfriend. Effie sets up her hair salon.

Love

Aired: 19 August 1992

Jim panics when Suzanna's parents want to meet their future son-in-law. Effie invents a potent new shampoo.

Hair Razors

Aired: 26 August 1992

A Swedish expert, Lars Larson, falls in love with Effie and Despina sends Memo provocative cards.

The Other Man

Aired: 2 September 1992

Memo has had enough of Despina's flirting with sports stars and decides to show her who's boss.

The Lars Supper

Aired: 9 September 1992

Wrestlemania 17 fever grips Jim and Memo and nothing is going to stop them watching the show on TV.

Mum's the Word

Aired: 16 September 1992

Jim denies Suzanna's existence when his mother unexpectedly returns.

Coward's End

Aired: 23 September 1992

There's a new girl in Jim's life, maybe even a wife! Meanwhile Suzanna leaves for a job in Cairo and Memo almost forgets Despina's birthday.

The Battle of the Sexists

Aired: 30 September 1992

Memo refuses to accompany Despina to Greece and she decline his marriage proposal.

Torn Between Two Lovers

Aired: 7 October 1992

Both Suzanna and Julia accept Jim's marriage proposal and he panics. Despina agrees to accompany Memo to the Greek waiters picnic.

Stupidstition

Aired: 14 October 1992

Memo panics when a fortune teller reveals a looming tragedy in Despina's life and Jim can't find a best man for his wedding.

Confessions of a Hair Gel Goddess

Aired: 21 October 1992

Effie confesses her love for Lars. Julia and Suzanna nearly meet.

Here Come the Brides (Part 1)

Aired: 28 October 1992

Jim reveals he doesn't love Suzanna or Julia. Memo throws a disatrous buck's party.

Here Come the Brides (Part 2)

Aired: 4 November 1992

Jim fails to show up at the weddings. Despina announces her love for Memo. Final episode

Other Episodes

Cappuccino Catastrophe

Repeated: 11 November 1992

Rick returns from holidays to find the Acropolis Cafe a disaster area.

A Fistful of Cabana

Aired: 21 February 1991

Jim's father loses the cafe in a card game in Greece and the new owner, an Italian godfather, puts his nephew in Charge.

Acropolis Law

Aired: 28 February 1991

Effie and Sophie experiment with a new hair product. When things go wrong Effie takes legal action.

Snow Job (Part 1)

Aired: 16 May 1991

Jim is excited because he's off to the snow with Memo and Alfredo.

Snow Job (Part 2)

Aired: 23 May 1991

At the snow, accommodation leaves a little to be desired.

Job's for the Girls

Repeated: 9 January 1992

Effie and Sophie are looking for jobs.

Throw Memo from the Plane

Memo's mother sends a Greek uncle to encourage Memo to marry. In desperation, he chooses Effie.

Teenage Mutant Ninja Greeks

Memo, desperate to marry his sister off, organises a blind date. [Russell Crowe guest stars]

Ring of Confidence

Liz is unsure whether Jim's gift of a ring is a marriage proposal or not.

Four Eyes

Jim has to wear glasses or give up driving his Monaro.

External links modified
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Wrong address?
The page says that the building at 251 Brunswick Street was used as the exterior of the café. I'm pretty certain that's not correct, I recently went there and it doesn't look anything like it. Unfortunately I found at least one other source (twistedhistory.net.au) that also mentions that address. Can this be checked and corrected? Logicman1966 (talk) 11:08, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Actually, I was wrong (at least partially). That building was indeed used as the exterior, but only in Seasons 2 - 5. A different one was used in Season 1. Logicman1966 (talk) 11:58, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acropolis Now


text:
Battle of Aquae Sextiae

The Battle of Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence) took place in 102 BC. After a string of Roman defeats (see: the Battle of Noreia, the Battle of Burdigala, and the Battle of Arausio), the Romans under Gaius Marius finally defeated the Teutones and Ambrones as they attempted to advance through the Alps into Italy. Some of the surviving captives are reported to have been among the rebelling gladiators in the Third Servile War. Local lore associates the name of the mountain, Mont St. Victoire, with the Roman victory at the battle of Aquae Sextiae, but Frédéric Mistral and other scholars have debunked this theory.

Background
According to ancient sources, sometime around 120–115 BC, the Germanic tribe of the Cimbri left their homeland around the North Sea due to climate changes. They supposedly journeyed to the south-east and were soon joined by their neighbours the Teutones. On their way south they defeated several other Germanic tribes, but also Celtic and Germano-Celtic tribes. A number of these defeated tribes joined their migration. In 113 BC the Cimbri-Teutones confederation, led by Boiorix the Cimbric king and Teutobod of the Teutones, defeated the Scordisci. The invaders then moved on to the Danube, arriving in Noricum, home to the Roman-allied Taurisci people. Unable to hold back these new, powerful invaders on their own, the Taurisci appealed to Rome for help.

The Senate commissioned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, one of the consuls, to lead a substantial Roman army to Noricum to force the barbarians out. An engagement, later called the Battle of Noreia, took place, in which the invaders, to everyone's surprise, completely overwhelmed the Legions and inflicted a devastating loss on Carbo and his men.

After the Noreia victory, the Cimbri and Teutones moved westward towards Gaul. A few years later, in 109 BC, they moved along the River Rhodanus (now called the Rhône) towards the Roman province in Transalpine Gaul. Another consul, Marcus Junius Silanus, was sent to take care of the renewed Germanic threat. Silanus marched his army north along the Rhodanus River in order to confront the migrating Germanic tribes. He met the Cimbri approximately 100 miles north of Arausio, a battle was fought and the Romans suffered another humiliating defeat. The Germanic tribes then moved to the lands north and east of Tolosa in south-western Gaul.

To the Romans, the presence of the Germanic tribes in Gaul posed a serious threat to the stability in the area and to their prestige. Lucius Cassius Longinus, one of the consuls of 107, was sent to Gaul at the head of another large army. He first fought the Cimbri and their Gallic allies the Volcae Tectosages just outside Tolosa, and despite the huge number of tribesmen, the Romans routed them. Unfortunately for the Romans, a few days later they were ambushed while marching on Burdigala. The Battle of Burdigala destroyed the Romans hope of finishing off the Cimbri and the Germanic threat continued to exist.

In 106 the Romans sent their largest army yet; the senior consul of 106, Quintus Servilius Caepio, was authorized to use eight legions in an effort to end the Germanic threat once and for all. While the Romans were busy getting their army together the Volcae Tectosages had quarrelled with their Germanic guests, and had asked them to leave the area. When Caepio arrived he only found the local tribes and they sensibly decided not to fight the newly arrived legions. Caepio's command was prorogued in 105 and a further six legions were raised in Rome by Gnaeus Mallius Maximus, one of the consuls of 105, he led them to reinforce Caepio who was near Arausio. Unfortunately for the Romans, Caepio who was a patrician and Mallius Maximus who was a 'new man' did not get along. Caepio refused to take orders from Mallius Maximus who as consul outranked him. All this led to a divided Roman force with the two armies so far apart they could not support each other when the fighting started. Meanwhile, the Germanic tribes had combined their forces. The Cimbri, at the Battle of Arausio, overwhelmed and overran Caepio's legions with massively overwhelming numbers. Caepio's routed men crashed into Mallius's troops, which led to both armies being pinned against the River Rhône and annihilated by the numerically dominant Cimbrian warriors. The battle was considered the greatest Roman defeat since the slaughter suffered at the battle of Cannae during the Punic Wars.

In 104 BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones seemed to be heading for Italy. The Romans sent the senior consul of 104, Gaius Marius, a proven and capable general just returned in victory from the Jugurthine war, at the head of another large army. The Germanic tribes never materialized, having marched west into Hispania, so Marius subdued the Volcae Tectosages capturing their king Copillus. Marius was tasked with rebuilding, effectively from scratch, the Gallic legions. Basing his army around a core of trained legionaries from the last year, Marius again secured exemption from the property requirements and with his newly-minted reputation for glorious and profitable victory, raised an army of some thirty thousand Romans and forty thousand Italian allies and auxiliaries. He established a base around the town of Aquae Sextiae and trained his men.

In 103, Sulla, one of Marius's lieutenants, succeeded in persuading the Germanic Marsi tribe to become friends and allies of Rome; they detached themselves from the Germanic confederation and went back to Germania. In 102 BC the Teutones and Ambrones moved into Gallia Transalpina (the Roman province in the south of Gaul) while the Cimbri moved into Italy. Marius, as senior consul (consul prior), ordered his junior partner Quintus Lutatius Catulus (the consul posterior) to keep the Cimbri out of Italy, which Marius may have expected to have been little more than garrison duty – while he marched against the Teutones and Ambrones.

Prelude
The Teutones and Ambrones, led by King Teutobod, had crossed the Durance river, east of where it entered the Rhône. The Teutones made up the bulk of the invading force, with the Ambrones the second most numerous tribe in the coalition under Teutobod. Gaius Marius and his army had arrived some time earlier. Marius had used his time wisely; he had constructed a heavily fortified camp on a hill close to the river and stocked it with enough supplies to withstand a lengthy siege. The tribesmen tried to get the Romans to come out of their fort and fight; they shouted insults and challenges, which Marius ignored. He was unwilling to give up a strongly defended position for a battle with an uncertain outcome. Marius let it be known throughout his camp that he intended to fight the barbarians, but on his terms, not theirs. The catcalls and challenges continued.

A Teuton warrior even issued a challenge directly to Marius. The barbarian invited the general to join him in single combat. Marius mocked him by advising him that if the warrior desired death he should find a rope, fashion a noose and hang himself. The Teuton did not give up so Marius produced a veteran gladiator and explained to the barbarian that if he still lusted for blood he could try and slay the trained fighter for it was beneath Marius's station as a consul to reduce himself to a common brawler.

After they failed to lure the Romans, they tried to wait them out, but Marius had anticipated this and his fortress was well stocked. Frustrated the tribesmen attacked the fort for three days. Assault after assault was launched at the Roman defense works, but the fortifications held and from these the Romans released a barrage of missiles, killing many barbarians and repulsing the rest. Still the Romans did not come out and the tribal coalition decided to move on south toward Massilia, which they intended to plunder. It took several days for their entire wagon train to clear the area but, once they were out of sight, Gaius Marius followed, dogging them and waiting for an opportune moment to strike.

As the Romans trailed the tribal coalition, after each day's march Marius ordered his men to build a fortified camp with impressive defense works. After all the losses they suffered trying to take Marius's fortress on the Rhone, the Teutones and Ambrones never tried to storm Marius's camp again. Marius was biding his time waiting for the barbarians to make a mistake. He was presented with a chance to take on part of the tribal horde when they entered the area of Aquae Sextiae.

Battle
Several days after crossing the Rhone, Marius's army camped near the Ambrones, who for some reason had decided to camp separately from their Teutonic allies, when a couple of army servants, fetching water from the river, ran into an unknown number of Ambrones bathing in the river. The bathing Ambrones, caught by surprise, called for their fellow tribesmen who were eating dinner and drinking in their camp on their side of the river. The Romans, working on their camp, heard the commotion and quickly grasped the situation. Marius's Ligurian auxiliaries, without orders from Marius, dropped their tools, took up their weapons and sprinted to their servants' aid. The Ambrones now formed a battle line and awaited the Ligurians. Many tribesmen were weighed down by food, half-naked from bathing or intoxicated.

After forming their battle lines, the Ambrones started beating their swords and spears against their shields and chanting their battle cry: 'Ambrones!'. The Ligurians who were charging towards them had once been called Ambrones as well and also started to shout 'Ambrones!'. After reaching the Ambrones, the Ligurians also formed battle lines. They continued their shouting match for a while and then the battle finally ensued. While these events were taking place, Marius had formed up his legions and marched to reinforce his Ligurian auxiliaries. When the legionaries arrived at the battle, they cast their pila (the Roman throwing spear) into the Ambrones, killing several warriors or rendering their shields useless, unsheathed their gladius (the Roman short sword) and waded in. After the legions' arrival, the battle quickly turned into a rout. Marius's heavily armed, expertly trained soldiers easily overpowered the Ambrones and pushed them toward the river. The Ambrones suffered terrible losses while on the Roman side losses were very low.

Marius did not allow a victory celebration, because he knew the Teutones were still in the field and feared a counter-attack. By the time the fighting ended, it was too late in the day to finish their fortified camp, leaving the Romans vulnerable. Marius sent a detachment of troops into the woods to create a great noise to disorientate the barbarians and keep them from sleeping. This would also cause his enemies to be sluggish because of lack of sleep the next day. However, the night and the succeeding few days passed without incident, much to Marius' relief.

While waiting, Marius sent one of his legates, Claudius Marcellus, with 3,000 troops some distance away and ordered him to remain undetected until a determined time when he would appear at the enemy rear.

Since the Teutones were waiting for him on the plain near Aquae Sextiae, Marius had the opportunity to reconnoiter the area and select a suitable site for the upcoming battle. Four days after slaughtering the Ambrones, Marius marched his army onto the plain and took position on the high ground. He instructed his legionaries to stand their ground on the hill, launch javelins, draw their swords, guard themselves with their shields and thrust the enemy back. He assured his men that, since the barbarians would be charging uphill, their footing would be unsure and they would be vulnerable.

Marius ordered his camp servants and all other non-combatants to march with the army. He also ordered his beasts of burden to be fashioned as cavalry horses. All of this was to create the illusion his forces were larger than they really were. He wanted the barbarians to hold back more of their warriors in reserve so his real forces would not be overwhelmed by the tribesmen's numbers.

The surviving Ambrones and the Teutones, bent on revenge, eagerly awaited the upcoming confrontation and, when the Romans finally showed themselves on the Aquae Sextiae plain, charged uphill. The Romans unleashed a barrage of javelins, killing or maiming many tribesmen, then stood in close order, drew their swords and awaited the enemy at the top of the hill. Roman strategy, discipline and training asserted itself and the tribesmen were unable to dislodge the legions from their superior position. The battle continued for much of the morning, with neither side gaining the upper hand. However, the well-conditioned and disciplined legionaries slowly and systematically forced the tribal horde down the hill until both the Romans and barbarians were on level ground.

This was when Claudius Marcellus and his 3,000 men loudly and viciously attacked the enemy rear. The Ambrones and Teutones were now being attacked on two fronts and confusion set in. They broke ranks and started to flee, but most failed to escape. Modern research suggests that "one important explanation for the one-sidedness of the slaughter was the sheer crowding together of the encircled troops, making them an easy target and preventing them from fighting [effectively]". Those who did escape were pursued relentlessly. By the end of the afternoon, most of the barbarian warriors were dead or captured. Teutobod, the Teutonic king, and his warriors escaped the battle only to be caught by the Sequani, who handed them over to Marius.

Marius sent Manius Aquillius with a report to Rome. It said that 37,000 superbly trained Romans had succeeded in defeating Teutons in two engagements.

Aftermath
There were surviving warriors, women and children who were to be sold into slavery. Roman historians recorded that 300 of the captured women committed mass suicide, which passed into Roman legends of Germanic heroism:

"By the conditions of the surrender three hundred of their married women were to be handed over to the Romans. When the Teuton matrons heard of this stipulation they first begged the consul that they might be set apart to minister in the temples of Ceres and Venus; and then when they failed to obtain their request and were removed by the lictors, they slew their little children and next morning were all found dead in each other's arms having strangled themselves in the night."

The proceeds from the sale of slaves usually went to the commanding General, but in this case, Marius decided to donate the profits from the sale to his soldiers and officers. This, of course, made him even more popular than he already was with his men.

Upon hearing the news, Rome went wild with relief. Finally one of their generals had defeated the Germans. Gaius Marius, as an act of gratitude, was again elected consul in absentia, with his legate Manius Aquillius as his colleague. The Senate also voted for a three-day thanksgiving; the people voted him two days more.

The following year, in July 101 BC, Marius and the proconsul Quintus Lutatius Catulus defeated the Cimbri at the battle of Vercellae, ending the German threat.

The inhabitants of Massalia, some 23 Roman miles, 30 kilometres, distant, used the bones of the fallen tribesmen to erect fences to protect their crops. The decaying corpses left the soil enriched, and for years thereafter the region experienced extraordinary harvests largely thanks to thousands of rotting bodies fertilizing the farmers' lands.

In fiction

 * Colleen McCullough describes the battle in her novel The First Man in Rome, the first book in her Masters of Rome series.

title: Battle of Aquae Sextiae


text:
Steve Bisciotti

Stephen J. Bisciotti (born April 10, 1960) is an American business executive and the current majority owner of the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He founded Aerotek, the largest privately owned staffing and recruiting company in the U.S. based in Hanover, Maryland, and cofounded Allegis Group, an international talent management firm headquartered in Hanover, Maryland, that owns Aerotek; TEKsystems; Actalent; MarketSource; Major, Lindsey & Africa; Aston Carter; and Allegis Global Solutions.

Background
Bisciotti was born on April 10, 1960, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the youngest of three children in a middle class Italian-American family. In 1961, his parents, Bernard and Patricia Bisciotti, moved the family to Severna Park, Maryland, a suburb of Baltimore, for his father's job as a construction sales executive.

As a child, Bisciotti often went with his family to Baltimore Orioles and Colts games. When he was 8 years old, his father died of leukemia. After his father's death, his maternal grandfather, C. Gordon Johnston, a retired regional district salesman for Ford Motor Co., supported the family.

Bisciotti attended the Severn School but left after two years and transferred to Severna Park High School. In his senior year, he played on the football team, though he has said "I wasn’t much of a high school athlete, but played football, baseball, and basketball all the time when I was growing up".

In 1982, Bisciotti graduated from Salisbury State University in Maryland with a degree in liberal arts. A year later, at 23, he and his cousin Jim Davis started Aerotek, a staffing company in the aerospace and technology sectors. Running the company out of a basement office with secondhand equipment, Bisciotti and Davis produced $1.5 million in sales in the first year. Aerotek grew into the Allegis Group, which is now the largest privately held staffing firm in the world. Bisciotti's involvement in the sports business has brought more attention to his once low-profile company.

Sports ownership
On March 27, 2000, NFL owners approved the sale of 49% of the Ravens to Bisciotti. In the deal, he had an option to purchase the remaining 51% for $325 million in 2004 from Art Modell. The Ravens won Super Bowl XXXV on January 28, 2001. On April 9, 2004, the NFL approved his purchase of the majority stake in the club.

One of the first projects Bisciotti directed as owner of the Ravens was to build the team's state-of-the-art training and practice facility, dubbed "The Castle," which opened in October 2004.

Bisciotti fired Brian Billick after the 2007 season, although Billick's eight years as the Ravens' head coach included the team's win in Super Bowl XXXV. He then surprised many observers by selecting John Harbaugh as his new coach, despite Harbaugh's peak of previous experience being a single year as a defensive backs coach after several successful years as the special teams coach for the Philadelphia Eagles.

In 2012, the Baltimore Ravens capitalized off a 10–6 season to go on to win Super Bowl XLVII against the San Francisco 49ers on February 3, 2013.

In 2005, Bisciotti ranked 378 among the Forbes 400, a list of the richest Americans.

Aerotek lawsuit
In 2009, Aerotek, the company Bisciotti co-founded, reached a $1.2 million settlement in a class-action lawsuit filed on behalf of more than 1,000 Aerotek workers who worked at a Verizon Internet Services call center in Martinsburg, West Virginia, which was closed in December 2006. The company then was sued to settle claims that the workers were not paid in a timely fashion for accrued personal time and were not paid all of the wages that were due in accordance with the West Virginia Wage Payment and Collection Act and Fair Labor Standards Act, according to Berkeley County Circuit Court records.

Personal life
Bisciotti is Catholic and a board member for the Associated Catholic Charities and Mother Seton Academy. He and his wife Renee (Foote) Bisciotti have two sons. The family lives on the Point Field Landing of the Severn River in Maryland.

In addition to owning the Ravens, valued at $2.7 billion as of 2009; Bisciotti also owns a $20 million yacht named “Winning Drive” and 2 Dassault Falcon private jets.

title: Steve Bisciotti


text:
Talk:Science and Consciousness Review

No consensus on vfd vote per Votes_for_deletion/Science_and_Consciousness_Review. --Woohookitty 07:35, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Science and Consciousness Review