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Lutheran Confessional Synod

The Lutheran Confessional Synod (LCS) was a Confessional Lutheran church, characterized by a strict interpretation of the Lutheran Confessions and a historical liturgy. Organized in 1994, when Christ Lutheran Church in Decatur, Illinois, broke away from the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, it initially declared doctrinal agreement with the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod and the Evangelical Lutheran Synod, but broke fellowship with those two synods on June 14, 1997, because of differences in the doctrine of the ministry and the Lord's Supper. The LCS organized the Johann Gerhard Institute (a denominational publishing house) and St. Anselm Theological Seminary in 1996.

The LCS' first bishop was the Rev. Randy L. DeJaynes, consecrated to that position on October 7, 1994. As of 2009, stating a "desire to return to the Apostolic faith," some former LCS clergy were chrismated in the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, while others entered the Roman Catholic Church. At least one is now a pastor in the Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of North America. By 2012, it was reported that the church body had disbanded.

title: Lutheran Confessional Synod


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Edmund Goodman

Edmund Goodman (8 October 1873 – 1960) was an English football manager. He had his playing career at Aston Villa cut short by an injury, sustained playing for the reserves, which meant he had to have his leg amputated. After this, he became assistant secretary at Villa. When Crystal Palace F.C. were formed as a professional outfit in 1905, they asked Villa for help in setting up the club. The West Midlands club offered Goodman to Palace and he helped to appoint their first manager and also chairman. After two seasons he took over as manager and remained so for 18 years, becoming Palace's longest serving manager in the process.

Under Goodman's management Palace were the runners up in the Southern League in 1914, behind Swindon Town, on goal-average, and won the inaugural Football League Third Division title in 1920–21. Palace were relegated from the Second Division in 1925 and in November that year Goodman resigned and reverted to his original position of club secretary. He retired in 1933 and subsequently ran a grocery shop in nearby Anerley, South London.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edmund Goodman


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Oswald Bruce Cooper

Oswald Bruce Cooper (April 13, 1879 – December 17, 1940) was an American type designer, lettering artist, graphic designer, and teacher of these trades. He is best known as the designer and namesake of the Cooper Black typeface.

Early life and education
Cooper was born in Mount Gilead, Ohio but moved to Coffeyville, Kansas when quite young. He left high school at seventeen to become a printer's devil. He studied illustration at Frank Holme's School of Illustration, first as a correspondence student, then moving to Chicago to study in person. While doing poorly at drawing, he did so well in a lettering class taught by Frederic Goudy, that he soon became director of the correspondence department for the school. After Holme died in 1903, the school closed due to financial difficulties, and Cooper took it on himself to provide correspondence education to prepaid students.

Career
In 1904 Cooper and Fred S. Bertsch formed the design firm of Bertsch & Cooper, providing ad campaigns for such accounts as the Packard Motor Car Company and  Anheuser-Busch Breweries, with Cooper providing distinctive hand lettering and sometimes the copywriting as well. In 1914 the firm became a full-service type shop. By the time Fred Bertsch retired in 1924, Bertch & Cooper employed more than fifty people and was the largest art production facility in the Midwest. As he showed considerable talent for writing, many advertising agencies sought his services as a copywriter, but he wrote only for himself and his own firm.

Personal life
Tall, lanky, and homespun, Cooper was a shy man, avoiding social situations and even unnecessary business contacts. Those close to him called him "Oz"; to everyone else, he was "Mister Cooper." In 1920, he married his second cousin, Mary Lou Foster. They had no children. For the last year-and-a-half of his life, Cooper was ill with cancer, dying in Chicago of the disease in 1940. A festschrift anthologizing his work was published in 1949.

Typefaces

 * Cooper series (BB&S later ATF) When Barnhart Brothers & Spindler Type Foundry (BB&S) approached Cooper with a proposal to design a complete type family based on his lettering, Cooper had doubts over the deal, but Fred Bertsch saw it as opportunity to gain exposure for Cooper's work and to further promote the design studio, so the deal was made. Digitised by URW and by Wordshape.
 * Cooper (1918) originally Cooper Old Style; Wordshape's digitisation includes initials.
 * Cooper Italic (1924)
 *  Cooper Black series (1922, BB&S later ATF). Called by designer as a font "for far-sighted printers with near-sighted customers," it was hated by conservative typographers, but was popular among graphic designers, to the point that the foundry had problems making enough fonts. It became one of the most popular typefaces to be released in America at that time and had a great influence on the style of the 1920s and 30s.
 * Cooper Black (1922), this became ATF's second-best-selling type, after Copperplate Gothic.
 * Cooper Black Italic (1922)
 * Cooper Hilite (1922)
 * Cooper Black Condensed (1926)) 20% lighter than the Cooper Black, the designer described it as "condensed but not squeezed."
 * Cooper Fullface series An ultra-bold display Didone. Richard McArther, general manager of the foundry, referred to it as "the hotsy stuff". A specimen sheet was mailed out in 1929 just before BBS was taken over by American Type Founders. They continued to produce the roman face, renaming it Cooper Modern.
 * Cooper Fullface (1929, BB&S)
 * Cooper Fullface Italic (1929) Never released due to the BB&S foundry closure; a lively Bodoni-esque italic. A digital version based on Cooper's original drawings was released by Wordshape in 2010.
 * Boul Mich (1927, BB&S)) In 1927 Cooper was asked by the foundry to take an advertising headline from a newspaper clipping and fill it out into a design for a complete alphabet, which he did, disclaiming any credit for the original design.  The face was named Boul Mich, after Michigan Boulevard, a street in Chicago where many of the city advertising agencies were located. Digital version released by Wordshape, 2010.
 * Pompeian Cursive (1927, BB&S) Digital version released by Wordshape, 2010.
 * Dietz Text (c. 1927, BB&S) Original drawings made by August Dietz were not suitable for making patterns, so Cooper spent two months making them ready for matrix cutting. It was the last of Oswald's fonts released by BB&S before the foundry was closed in 1929.

Other "Cooper Faces"

 * Packard (1913, ATF) Cooper's anonymous hand-lettering for Packard ads formed the basis of the Packard font prepared at the direction of Morris Fuller Benton of American Type Founders.
 * Cooper Tooled Italic (BB&S) was not designed by Oz Cooper, but was actually a knock-off of a "Cooper Italic" by a German foundry.
 * Cooper Tooled (1928, Lanston Monotype) designed by Sol Hess and based upon Cooper Hilite, though with the white line on the opposite side.
 * Cooper and Cooper Black were also copied by Monotype under the same names
 * Rugged Black + Italic were Intertype's copies of Cooper Black + italic
 * Maiandra GD is inspired by Oz Cooper's hand-lettering for an advertisement in 1909, which was based on Greek epigraphy

title: Oswald Bruce Cooper


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Flags of the governors of the Australian states

The governors of the Australian states, who represent their respective head of state (the King of Australia), have a personal flag in that role. With the exception of Queensland's, the current design of these flags originate from the 1970s and 1980s.

History
The governors of British colonies have historically used as their personal flag the Union Flag defaced in the centre with a local badge or coat of arms to represent their status as vice-regal representative in that colony. In the then Australasian colonies, the governors used the colonial badge encircled in a laurel wreath. After federation, when the Australian colonies became states of the Commonwealth of Australia, the governors continued using their earlier flags.

During the 1970s and 80s, the states, with the exception of Queensland, moved away from the British colonial model. This was in line with the constitutional developments of the time, which culminated in the Australia Act 1986, which ended the states' constitutional status as individual colonies of the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Act, the governors of the Australian states have ceased to have any constitutional relationship with the government of the United Kingdom, and represent the monarch in his or her capacity of sovereign of each of the individual states.

Standards
The state governors’ flags of most states is the same as the state's flag but with a graphical representation of St Edward's crown above the badge. The flags of Victoria and Queensland already contain a crown, and so these states use different models: the governor of Victoria's flag uses a gold ensign with the stars of the Southern Cross in red, whereas the governor of Queensland's flag maintains the old defaced Union Jack.


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Summary justice

Summary justice may refer to:
 * Handling of summary offenses
 * Frontier justice, also called "vigilante justice"
 * Vigilantism or vigilante justice
 * Summary execution, execution of a person upon their being accused of a crime, without a full and fair trial; usually pejorative

title: Summary justice


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Teucrium

Teucrium is a cosmopolitan genus of flowering plants in the mint family Lamiaceae, commonly known as germanders. Plants in this genus are perennial herbs or shrubs, with branches that are more or less square in cross-section, leaves arranged in opposite pairs, and flowers arranged in thyrses, the corolla with mostly white to cream-coloured, lobed petals.

Description
Plants in the genus Teucrium are perennial herbs or shrubs with four-cornered stems, often with simple hairs and sessile glands. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, simple or with three leaflets sometimes with lobed or serrated edges. The flowers are arranged in a thyrse, sometimes in a cyme in leaf axils. The flowers have five more or less similar sepals fused at the base, and the corolla is white or cream-coloured with five lobes forming two lips. The upper lip is usually much reduced in size and the lower lip has three lobes, the central lobe usually larger than the side lobes. There are four stamens attached near the base of the petals and the fruit is a schizocarp with four segments.

Taxonomy
The genus Teucrium was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. The name Teucrium was used by Pedanius Dioscorides for several species in this genus, and is believed to refer to King Teucer of Troy who used the plant in his medicine.

Species
(See List of Teucrium species)

Teucrium is a cosmopolitan genus with about 300 species, the distribution centred on the Mediterranean. There are about thirteen species endemic to Australia.

Fossil record
†Teucrium tatjanae seed fossils are known from the Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene of western Siberia, Miocene and Pliocene of central and southern Russia and Miocene of Lusatia. The fossil seeds are similar to seeds of the extant Teucrium orientale. †Teucrium pripiatense seed fossils have been described from the Pliocene Borsoni Formation in the Rhön Mountains of central Germany.

title: Teucrium


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Spawn

Spawn or spawning may refer to:
 * Spawn (biology), the eggs and sperm of aquatic animals

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Spawn (character), a fictional character in the comic series of the same name and in the associated franchise
 * Spawn: Armageddon, a 2003 video game based on the comic series for sixth generation consoles
 * Spawn: In the Demon's Hand, a 1999 arcade game based on the comic series
 * Spawn (1997 film), a cinema adaptation of the comic series
 * Spawn (1999 video game), a video game for the Game Boy Color
 * Spawn (upcoming film), an upcoming American superhero film
 * Spawn: Godslayer, a spin-off comic series
 * Todd McFarlane's Spawn (also known as Spawn: The Animated Series), an American adult animation television series which aired on HBO from 1997 through 1999
 * Spawn (novel), a 1983 horror novel by Shaun Hutson
 * Spawn, a 1993 album by Rise Robots Rise
 * "Spawn Again", a song on the 1999 album Neon Ballroom by Silverchair
 * Spawn (Again): A Tribute to Silverchair, a 2017 compilation album by various UNFD artists
 * Spawning (video games), the in-game creation or re-creation of an entity

Other uses

 * Spawn (computing), a function that executes a child process
 * SPAWN (Salmon Protection and Watershed Network), a project of the Turtle Island Restoration Network (TIRN), a United States 501(c)(3) nonprofit environmental organization
 * Spawning bed, an installation used in fishery management to increase fish reproduction
 * Spawning networks, a type of computer network

title: Spawn


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Aerosinusitis

Aerosinusitis, also called barosinusitis, sinus squeeze or sinus barotrauma is a painful inflammation and sometimes bleeding of the membrane of the paranasal sinus cavities, normally the frontal sinus. It is caused by a difference in air pressures inside and outside the cavities.

Presentation
Typically, sinus barotrauma is preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection or allergy. The affected person has a sudden sharp facial pain or headache during descent, which increases as the aircraft approaches ground level. The pain can ultimately become disabling unless the ambient pressure is reversed.

The pressure difference causes the mucosal lining of the sinuses to become swollen and submucosal bleeding follows with further difficulties ventilating the sinus, especially if the orifices are involved. Ultimately fluid or blood will fill the space.

In most cases of sinus barotrauma, localized pain to the frontal area is the predominant symptom. This is due to pain originating from the frontal sinus, it being above the brow bones. Less common is pain referred to the temporal, occipital, or retrobulbar region. Epistaxis or serosanguineous secretion from the nose may occur. Neurological symptoms may affect the adjacent fifth cranial nerve and especially the infraorbital nerve.

Pathology
The pathology of sinus barotrauma is directly related to Boyle's law, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on it, when temperature is constant (P1 × V1 = P2 × V2). Two types of acute barotrauma are observed: squeeze and reverse squeeze.

On ascent, the air in the paranasal sinuses will expand according to Boyle's law, contracting during descent. Normally, the sinuses drain into the nasal cavity through small ostia, which permit mucociliary clearance and ventilation that equilibrates pressure. However, when the opening is obstructed due to inflammation, polyps, mucosal thickening, anatomical abnormalities, or other lesions, pressure equilibration is impossible. Squeeze is produced on descent when trapped air in the sinuses contracts and produces negative pressure. The pressure differentials are directed to the center of the sinuses producing mucosal edema, transudation, and mucosal-or submucosal-hematoma, leading to further occlusion of the sinus ostium. The sinus will fill with fluid or blood unless the pressure differential is neutralized.

If the outlet is blocked during ascent, the situation is reversed and "reverse squeeze" appears. Pressure inside the sinus increases, affecting the walls of the sinus and producing pain or epistaxis.

Location
The majority of episodes of sinus barotrauma occur in the frontal sinuses with pain localized over the frontal area. Possible explanations for this might be the relatively long and delicate nasofrontal duct that connects the narrow frontal recess with the frontal sinuses.

Barotrauma located in the maxillary, ethmoidal, or sphenoid sinuses is observed less frequently and appears when the ostia are blocked; the majority of cases are probably caused by an acute upper respiratory tract infection. The magnitude of the pressure difference needed to produce a barotrauma probably shows great individual variation and is related to the size of the sinus ostium and the rate of ambient pressure change. Due to this, even commercial flying may produce severe cases of barotraumas, although most of the cases are observed in high performance aircraft with lower pressurized cabins.

Diagnosis
Most cases occur in scuba divers and fliers, and is easily diagnosed when presented to physicians immediately after exposure. On the other hand, the problem may remain undiagnosed when the history fails to relate the symptoms to exposure to environmental pressure changes or if the focus is on other etiologies.

Grades
Weissman defined three grades of sinus barotraumas according to symptomatology.
 * Grade I includes cases with mild transient sinus discomfort without changes visible on X-ray.
 * Grade II is characterized by severe pain for up to 24 h, with some mucosal thickening on X-ray.
 * Patients with grade III have severe pain lasting for more than 24 h and X-ray shows severe mucosal thickening or opacification of the affected sinus; epistaxis or subsequent sinusitis may be observed.

Treatment
Mild cases of barotrauma are readily treated by topical decongestants and painkillers. In severe cases or cases resistant to local treatment, functional endoscopic sinus surgery is indicated in order to re-establish drainage and ventilation of the sinuses. This treatment has shown good results in aviators who have recurrent sinus barotrauma. Computer-aided surgery has re-established the drainage of affected sinuses, especially with regard to the sphenoid sinuses. When the sphenoids were entered endoscopically, mucosal petechia and hematoma were clearly seen.

History
Sinus barotrauma or aerosinusitis has been known since the early development of aviation medicine. However, it was during World War II that the subject first received serious attention and the pathogenesis of the disease was understood to be due to exposure to high altitude flights. Rapid altitude changes with accompanying changes in ambient pressure exposed the aircrews to an increasing number of episodes of sinus barotrauma.

Referred pain from barosinusitis to the maxilla consists about one-fifth of in-flight barodontalgia (i.e., pain in the oral cavity caused by barometric pressure change) cases. Although the environment of fighter pilots produces the most stressful barometric changes, commercial flying has changed the picture of the disease.

title: Aerosinusitis


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Talk:Dolores Kenniebrew

Rename
An anonymous user has requested that this be moved to Dolores Kenniebrew. — J I P | Talk 10:15, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dolores Kenniebrew


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Bohm diffusion

The diffusion of plasma across a magnetic field was conjectured to follow the Bohm diffusion scaling as indicated from the early plasma experiments of very lossy machines. This predicted that the rate of diffusion was linear with temperature and inversely linear with the strength of the confining magnetic field.

The rate predicted by Bohm diffusion is much higher than the rate predicted by classical diffusion, which develops from a random walk within the plasma. The classical model scaled inversely with the square of the magnetic field. If the classical model is correct, small increases in the field lead to much longer confinement times. If the Bohm model is correct, magnetically confined fusion would not be practical.

Early fusion energy machines appeared to behave according to Bohm's model, and by the 1960s there was a significant stagnation within the field. The introduction of the tokamak in 1968 was the first evidence that the Bohm model did not hold for all machines. Bohm predicts rates that are too fast for these machines, and classical too slow; studying these machines has led to the neoclassical diffusion concept.

Description
Bohm diffusion is characterized by a diffusion coefficient equal to
 * $$D_{\rm Bohm} = \frac{1}{16}\,\frac{ k_{\rm B} T}{eB},$$

where B is the magnetic field strength, T is the electron gas temperature, e is the elementary charge, kB is the Boltzmann constant.

History
It was first observed in 1949 by David Bohm, E. H. S. Burhop, and Harrie Massey while studying magnetic arcs for use in isotope separation. It has since been observed that many other plasmas follow this law. Fortunately there are exceptions where the diffusion rate is lower, otherwise there would be no hope of achieving practical fusion energy. In Bohm's original work he notes that the fraction 1/16 is not exact; in particular "the exact value of [the diffusion coefficient] is uncertain within a factor of 2 or 3." Lyman Spitzer considered this fraction as a factor related to plasma instability.

Approximate derivation
Generally diffusion can be modeled as a random walk of steps of length $$\delta$$ and time $$\tau$$. If the diffusion is collisional, then $$\delta$$ is the mean free path and $$\tau$$ is the inverse of the collision frequency. The diffusion coefficient D can be expressed variously as

 * $$D = \frac{\delta^2}{\tau} = v^2 \tau = \delta\,v,$$

where $$v = \delta/\tau$$ is the velocity between collisions.

In a magnetized plasma, the collision frequency is usually small compared to the gyrofrequency, so that the step size is the gyroradius $$\rho$$ and the step time is the collision time, $$\tau$$, which is related to the collision frequency through $$\tau=1/\nu$$, leading to $$D=\rho^2\nu \propto B^{-2}$$ (classical diffusion).

On the other hand, if the collision frequency is larger than the gyrofrequency, then the particles can be considered to move freely with the thermal velocity vth between collisions, and the diffusion coefficient takes the form $$D=v_{\rm th}^2/\nu$$. In this regime, the diffusion is maximum when the collision frequency is equal to the gyrofrequency, in which case $$D = \rho^2\omega_{\rm c} = v_{\rm th}^2 / \omega_{\rm c}$$. Substituting $$\rho = v_{\rm th} / \omega_{\rm c}, \; v_{\rm th} = (k_{\rm B}T/m)^{1/2}$$, and $$\omega_{\rm c} = eB/m$$ (the cyclotron frequency), we arrive at
 * $$D = k_{\rm B}T/ eB ,$$

which is the Bohm scaling. Considering the approximate nature of this derivation, the missing 1/16 in front is no cause for concern.

Bohm diffusion is typically greater than classical diffusion. The fact that classical diffusion and Bohm diffusion scale as different powers of the magnetic field is often used to distinguish between the two.

Further research
In light of the calculation above, it is tempting to think of Bohm diffusion as classical diffusion with an anomalous collision rate that maximizes the transport, but the physical picture is different. Anomalous diffusion is the result of turbulence. Regions of higher or lower electric potential result in eddies because the plasma moves around them with the E-cross-B drift velocity equal to E/B. These eddies play a similar role to the gyro-orbits in classical diffusion, except that the physics of the turbulence can be such that the decorrelation time is approximately equal to the turn-over time, resulting in Bohm scaling. Another way of looking at it is that the turbulent electric field is approximately equal to the potential perturbation divided by the scale length $$\delta$$, and the potential perturbation can be expected to be a sizeable fraction of the kBT/e. The turbulent diffusion constant $$D=v \delta$$ is then independent of the scale length and is approximately equal to the Bohm value.

The theoretical understanding of plasma diffusion especially the Bohm diffusion remained elusive until the 1970s when Taylor and McNamara put forward a 2d guiding center plasma model. The concepts of negative temperature state, and of the convective cells contributed much to the understanding of the diffusion. The underlying physics may be explained as follows. The process can be a transport driven by the thermal fluctuations, corresponding to the lowest possible random electric fields. The low-frequency spectrum will cause the E×B drift. Due to the long range nature of Coulomb interaction, the wave coherence time is long enough to allow virtually free streaming of particles across the field lines. Thus, the transport would be the only mechanism to limit the run of its own course and to result in a self-correction by quenching the coherent transport through the diffusive damping. To quantify these statements, we may write down the diffusive damping time as
 * $$\tau_D = \frac{1}{k_{\perp}^2D},$$

where k⊥ is the wave number perpendicular to the magnetic field. Therefore, the step size is $$c\delta E\tau_D/B$$, and the diffusion coefficient is

 * $$ D=\left\langle \frac {\Delta x^2}{\tau_D}\right\rangle \sim \frac {c^2 \delta E^2}{B^2k_{\perp}^2\,D} \sim \frac {c \delta E}{Bk_{\perp}} . $$

It clearly yields for the diffusion a scaling law of B−1 for the two dimensional plasma. The thermal fluctuation is typically a small portion of the particle thermal energy. It is reduced by the plasma parameter
 * $$\epsilon_{\rm p}=(n_0\lambda_{\rm D}^3)^{-1}\ll 1,$$

and is given by
 * $$|\delta E|^2\approx\epsilon_{\rm p} n_0 k_{\rm B}T/\pi^{1/2}\approx4\pi^{1/2} n_0 q^2\lambda_{\rm D}^{-1},$$

where n0 is the plasma density, λD is the Debye length, and T is the plasma temperature. Taking $$k_{\perp}^{-1}\approx\lambda_{\rm D}$$ and substituting the electric field by the thermal energy, we would have
 * $$D\approx\frac{2cq\pi^{1/4}}{B} (\lambda_{\rm D}n_0)^{1/2}\approx\epsilon_{\rm p}^{1/2}\frac{c k_{\rm B}T}{qB}/2\pi^{3/4}.$$

The 2D plasma model becomes invalid when the parallel decoherence is significant. An effective diffusion mechanism combining effects from the ExB drift and the cyclotron resonance was proposed, predicting a scaling law of B−3/2.

In 2015, new exact explanation for the original Bohm's experiment is reported, in which the cross-field diffusion measured at Bohm's experiment and Simon's experiment were explained by the combination of the ion gyro-center shift and the short circuit effect. The ion gyro-center shift occurs when an ion collides with a neutral to exchange the momentum; typical example is ion-neutral charge exchange reaction. The one directional shifts of gyro-centers take place when ions are in the perpendicular (to the magnetic field) drift motion such as diamagnetic drift. The electron gyro-center shift is relatively small since the electron gyro-radius is much smaller than ion's so it can be disregarded. Once ions move across the magnetic field by the gyro-center shift, this movement generates spontaneous electric unbalance between in and out of the plasma. However this electric unbalance is immediately compensated by the electron flow through the parallel path and conducting end wall, when the plasma is contained in the cylindrical structure as in Bohm's and Simon's experiments. Simon recognized this electron flow and named it as 'short circuit' effect in 1955. With the help of short circuit effect the ion flow induced by the diamagnetic drift now becomes whole plasma flux which is proportional to the density gradient since the diamagnetic drift includes pressure gradient. The diamagnetic drift can be described as $$(k_{\rm B}T/eB)(\boldsymbol{\nabla} n/n)$$, (here n is density) for approximately constant temperature over the diffusion region. When the particle flux is proportional to $$(k_{\rm B}T/eB)(\boldsymbol{\nabla} n/n)$$, the other part than $$\boldsymbol{\nabla} n/n$$ is the diffusion coefficient. So naturally the diffusion is proportional to $$k_{\rm B}T/eB$$. The other front coefficient of this diffusion is a function of the ratio between the charge exchange reaction rate and the gyro frequency. A careful analysis tells this front coefficient for Bohm's experiment was in the range of 1/13 ~ 1/40. The gyro-center shift analysis also reported the turbulence induced diffusion coefficient which is responsible for the anomalous diffusion in many fusion devices; described as $$(2/\pi)(k_{\rm B}T/eB)(\delta n/n)$$. This means different two diffusion mechanisms (the arc discharge diffusion such as Bohm's experiment and the turbulence induced diffusion such as in the tokamak) have been called by the same name of "Bohm diffusion".

title: Bohm diffusion


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arab hacker

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. Nearly half of the delete votes had to be discarded because their editors looked too new to Wikipedia (my rule is one month and at least 100 edits). This left four deletes against a rag-tag of conflicting merges. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 06:56, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Arab hacker
This is an article about a hacking ring that is supposedly on a cyber-jihad against U.S. websites. Sounds like nothing but a plug for someone's cybergroup. The FBI is mentioned and a link with an article on hacking includes a passing mention of this group, but this doesn't constitute notability and isn't worthy of a Wikipedia page. Harro5 10:19, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Timeline of hacker history -Harmil 13:31, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with cyber-terrorism. Dcarrano 19:55, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with script kiddie. :P --Jack (Cuervo) 03:59, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 03:02, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non notable. Binadot 03:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not notable - Tεx  τ  urε  20:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete- not notable. IINAG 18:34, 23rd July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, slam about spelling seems POV (particularly since 'apparent' is apparently typo'ed by the apparent author). ;-) Xaa 00:00, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete glorification of crime -asx- 03:37, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable, possible insult page, just not encyclopedic. Sorry guys!DavidH 22:54, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Kenkoo1987

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

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Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

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Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Gyorgyligeti.JPG)
Thanks for uploading Image:Gyorgyligeti.JPG. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that the image is unlicensed for use on Wikipedia and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr.) 14:02, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Fair Use in Australia discussion
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title: User talk:Kenkoo1987


text:
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy – Kenya

Forum for the Restoration of Democracy–Kenya (FORD–Kenya) is a Kenyan political party. The party has sat in the government of Kenya once, under the National Rainbow Coalition, from 2003 to 2007, having ended forty years of one party (Kenya African National Union) rule. In April 2022, the party joined the Kenya Kwanza coalition for the August 2022 elections, and is headed by Moses Wetangula, the current speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya. The party tends to be more popular among the Luhya people.

History
The history of FORD–Kenya is essentially the history of multi-party politics in Kenya. Kenya was a one-party state until December 1991, when a special conference of the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) agreed to introduce a multiparty political system. An umbrella political grouping, the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD), had been formed in August 1991 by six opposition leaders to fight for change in the country. The six were Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, Phillip Gachoka, Ahmed Bamahariz, Salim Ndamwe, Masinde Muliro and George Nthenge. But President Daniel arap Moi had outlawed it, its leaders were under constant surveillance by security agents, and their meetings outlawed. Intimidation only eased after sustained pressure from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Scandinavian countries.

In August 1992, due to an internal power struggle over the leadership of FORD, the party split into two factions: FORD–Asili (led by Kenneth Matiba) and FORD–Kenya (led by Oginga Odinga). FORD–Kenya performed poorly in the general elections of 1992, coming a distant third behind KANU and FORD–Asili. The reelection of President Moi and KANU, both deeply unpopular, owed much to the division of the original FORD.

Odinga died in January 1994 and was succeeded as chairman of FORD–Kenya by Michael Wamalwa Kijana. At the time, FORD–Kenya's leadership included some of the top opposition leaders in Kenya, including lawyer James Orengo, economist Professor Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, Raila Odinga (the son of Oginga Odinga), Oburu Odinga (Raila's elder brother), environmentalist, and, later on, Nobel laureate, Wangari Maathai, and many others. But the party was headed for yet another split. Michael Wamalwa and Raila Odinga tussled over the leadership of FORD–Kenya for 2 years. In 1997, Wamalwa beat Odinga in free and fair party elections, precipitating a devastating tribal split that the party has yet to recover from. Raila, with a sizeable number of Luo MP's, left FORD–Kenya to join the National Development Party of Kenya (NDP). In the 1997 general elections, FORD–Kenya finished fourth, behind Raila's NDP.

2002 General elections
Kenya's opposition political parties finally put their differences behind them in the run-up to the 2002 general elections, fielding one candidate, Mwai Kibaki, for the presidency. Kibaki defeated the KANU candidate, Uhuru Kenyatta, and formed a government of national unity. He appointed FORD–Kenya's leader, Michael Wamalwa, to be vice president and gave a number of cabinet positions to FORD–Kenya MPs.

In December 2012 it was one of four parties to enter into Coalition for Reforms and Democracy, alongside Raila Odinga's Orange Democratic Movement and Kalonzo Musyoka's Wiper Democratic Movement – Kenya. In 2013, CORD coalition emerged second in the presidential elections and therefore, formed the opposition. FORD–Kenya party leader Hon. Moses Wetangula, who was one of the CORD co-principals, was elected the Senate Minority Leader. He will hold the position until 20th March 2018 when he was replaced by Siaya Senator Hon. James Orengo.The Bungoma High Court nullified his election on 30 September 2013 and the Speaker of the Senate declared the seat vacant on 16 October 2013. In a by-election held on 19 December 2013, FORD–Kenya candidate Moses Wetangula recaptured his Bungoma senatorial seat with a landslide win after garnering 149,458 votes against his main contender Musikari Kombo, who got about a half of the votes.

In 2017, FORD–Kenya party joined other parties to form the NASA coalition. Musalia Mudavadi, Moses Wetangula, Kalonzo Musyoka, Charity Ngilu, Isaac Ruto and Raila Odinga became principals of the coalition.

The NASA coalition fielded ODM's Raila Odinga as its presidential candidate with Wiper's Kalonzo Musyoka deputising him. FORD–Kenya party leader Moses Wetangula was promised the Deputy Prime Cabinet Secretary slot in the event of the coalition's victory. NASA went on to finish second in the election that was nullified eventually by the Supreme Court of Kenya. It boycotted the subsequent election.

Once again, FORD–Kenya party leader was given the minority leader slot in the Senate of Kenya, a position he held for just 6 months before he was replaced by Hon. James Orengo.

In 2022, FORD–Kenya, UDA and ANC parties formed a Kenya Kwanza coalition. FORD–Kenya party leader Hon. Moses Wetangula became one of the co-principals of the coalition. Kenya Kwanza coalition went on to win the presidential race, in the victory that was challenged by the opposition unsuccessfully at the Supreme Court of Kenya. The coalition formed government with FORD–Kenya producing the Cabinet Secretary for Health, Dr. Susan Nakhumicha Wafula, in the cabinet.

FORD–Kenya's party leader Hon. Moses Wetangula resigned as the Bungoma senator and was elected the speaker of the National Assembly. Other FORD–Kenya members were appointed in several government positions, notably; PS Dr. Juma Mukhwana, CAS Hon. Vincent Kemosi, CAS Hon. Sudi Wandabusi, CAS Hon. Chris Wamalwa, Director Dr. Joseph Wafula Dabodabo, Director Millicent Abudho, Director Elizabeth Iminza, Director Ruth Wanyonyi and many others.FORD Kenya party fielded a candidate in the Bungoma Senatorial by-election afterwards. The candidate, Hon. Wafula Wakoli, won against the UDA candidate with a landslide, becoming the second senator of Bungoma since the inception of devolution.

On 15 March 2023, FORD–Kenya top management organs, the Management Committee/NEC/PG held a special meeting at Maanzoni Lodge in Machakos to fill in vacant positions that had been left vacant due to numerous government appointments. The Secretary General position was up for grab and several party members showed interests of vying but only two applied, Hon. John Murumba Chikati and Wafula Omar Mutacho.

Following exhausting deliberations at the Management Committee, Hon. Dr. John Murumba Chikati was endorsed, unanimously as the Secretary General of the FORD Kenya party. He took over from Dr. Chris Wamalwa Wakhungu who resigned to join the civil service. Other leaders were elected including the Bungoma Governor H.E Kenneth Makelo Lusaka as the 1st Deputy Party Leader. NEC ratified the decision.

Change of leadership
Michael Wamalwa Kijana died in London on 23 August 2003 after a long illness. After the funeral, FORD–Kenya elected Musikari Kombo to succeed Wamalwa, beating another FORD–Kenya MP, Dr. Mukhisa Kituyi, in the contest. With neither the charisma of Michael Wamalwa nor the crowd-pulling popularity of Raila Odinga, Kombo struggled to establish the party as an influential component of the ruling coalition. The party felt shortchanged after the death of Wamalwa, when the prized position of vice president was handed to the LDP's Moody Awori and a number of other appointments went the way of other parties. Kombo showed his mantle as the FORD–Kenya Chairman when he led his party MPs in rejecting their appointment to the newly reconstituted cabinet after the constitutional referendum of 2005. This forced President Mwai Kibaki to take Kombo and FORD–Kenya seriously and increase the number of FORD–Kenya cabinet ministers to 6 from 3 and acquire other senior civil service appointments for its party members.

In March 2007, a breakaway party known as New Ford Kenya was registered by cabinet minister Soita Shitanda. Kituyi later joined the party. At the Kenyan general election, 2007, FORD–Kenya aligned with the newly created Party of National Unity led by President Kibaki. It ran, however, its own candidates in a number of constituencies and local authorities. The election results were very poor as with a quarter of constituencies not yet decided had FORD–Kenya holding only one seat. Kombo's tenure ended with the party suffering through numerous court cases trying to get a new leader. Eventually, Moses Wetangula became the leader of the party through a national delegates congress election.

In 2020, a faction led by the Secretary General Dr. Eseli Simiyu attempted to change the leadership of the party by calling a special NEC meeting at Radisson Blu Hotel in Nairobi. They installed Wafula Wamunyinyi as the party leader but the Political Party Disputes Resolution Tribunal quashed the changes. The party's Deputy Secretary General Millicent Abudho immediately called for a Management Committee Meeting which suspended Dr. Eseli Simiyu as the SG of the party and installed her in an acting capacity. The matter went to court. In 2021, the party held the NDC and elected new leadership, with Dr. Chris Wamalwa getting elected as the Secretary General. Moses Wetangula was reelected as the party leader unopposed. In April 2023, the party elected Dr. John Chikati as its Secretary General following the appointment of his predecessor as the Chief Administrative Secretary.

Governing body
As gazetted on 30 November 2021, the Registrar of Political Parties in Kenya gave notice that FORD–Kenya made changes to its governing body.


text:
Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar

Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar (16 June 1893 – 29 July 1974), often called the 'Textile King ' or 'Textile Baron ', was an Indian independence activist, industrialist and the founder of Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Thiagarajar school of management and Thiagarajar Polytechnic College, Salem.

Chettiar was born in 1893 to Muthukaruppan Chettiar and Vinaitherthal achi (Sivakami achi) was born in Sivagangai District, Madra Presidency. He was the tenth and last child in his family. He was educated at S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia, Colombo, Sri Lanka. He edited a newspaper championing the cause of the plantation workers. He returned from Sri Lanka and was elected Secretary of the Madras Province Congress Committee of the Indian National Congress. In his lifetime Chettiar established fourteen textile mills - notable among these The Sree Meenakshi Mills which was once adjudged Asia’s most modern spinning mill and Rukmini Mills, purchased the Loyal Textile Mills -currently a BSE Listed Company, P.Orr and Sons - luxury watch makers and retailers popularly known as the ‘Time keepers of Madras’ , the Bank of Madurai, and the Madurai Insurance Company. For a number of years he also published a daily newspaper called Tamil Nadu Daily. Chettiar also established nineteen educational institutions including Thiagarajar Preceptors College, Thiagarajar School of Management, Thiagarajar College of Engineering and Thiagarajar Polytechnic College.

title: Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar


text:
User talk:MissingNo

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

 * I like massages, too!

Replaceable fair use Image:La'_Chat.mn.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:La'_Chat.mn.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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Meetup/Montreal
I see you are a user located in Montréal, you may be interested in: Meetup/Montreal. Please add your name to the "Interested" or to the "Not interested" list. Date is set for May 3rd 2008 and Buffet La Stanza is the proposed location. If you have another idea for the location; propose away! Please pass on to any Montreal Wikis you may be aware of and who are not yet listed as interested, may be interested, or not interested. Pro bug catcher (talk • contribs). 04:40, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

You're invited!
Hello, MissingNo,

You are invited meet with your fellow Wikipedians by attending the Montréal meetup scheduled on Sunday, June 27, 2010; between 1500 - 1700 to be held at the Comité Social Centre Sud (CSCS), located at 1710 Beaudry, in Montréal. You can sign up at the meetup page.

The meetup is happening in concurrence with RoCoCo 2010, a free, bilingual, weekend unconference including many people involved with Wikis both within the Wikipedia/Wikimedia Community and abroad. You do not need to attend the conference to sign up for the Wikimeetup, but you are certainly welcome! Bastique ☎ call me!

(PS: Please share this with those you know who might not be on the delivery list, i.e. Users in Montreal/Quebec) Delivered by SoxBot (talk) 00:47, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Question
Would you please translate the entry "pt:Críticas à Rede Globo" for the wiki-en? Thankfully. 177.182.54.27 (talk) 14:26, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:MissingNo


text:
Black Bastards

Black Bastards (stylized as BL_CK B_ST_RDS) is the second and final studio album by American hip hop group KMD, recorded in 1993 and eventually released on May 15, 2000, through Readyrock Records. Initially, the album was scheduled for release in May 1994, but Elektra Records canceled the album, reportedly due to the controversial cover art, which shows a Sambo figure being lynched. Zev Love X's brother DJ Subroc was killed when he was struck by a car shortly before the album was completed, and subsequent releases of the album have featured dedications to him.

Elektra released promotional copies of Black Bastards and a single of "What a Nigga Know?" prior to the album's cancellation. After KMD's disbandment, rarities and demo tracks recorded during the making of Black Bastards were released on a vinyl-only EP titled Black Bastards Ruffs + Rares in 1998. The album was re-released in 2001 by Sub Verse Music and again in 2008 by MF Doom's own Metalface Records.

Critical reception
The album received generally positive reviews from music critics. Douglas Siwek of AllMusic said, "The sound of the record is very raw and sounds unfinished due to Elektra shelving the project, but it doesn't take away from the magic that would have made this a suitable follow-up [to KMD's debut album, Mr. Hood]." Steven Juon of RapReviews praised the album's lyrics but mentioned he "wish[ed] they would have taken a little more care in mastering and recording".

Personnel
Credits adapted from album's liner notes.

Personnel
 * Dingilizwe Dumile – production
 * Daniel Dumile – production
 * KMD – production

Additional Personnel
 * The CMOB – additional vocals
 * Earth Quake – additional vocals
 * – additional vocals
 * J.Alvarez – additional vocals
 * Lord Sear – additional vocals
 * B.Thompson – bass guitar (11)
 * – co-production (11)
 * Sub – executive production
 * Doom – executive production
 * Cas – executive production
 * Jay-G – executive production
 * Yuri – executive production

Artwork
 * The EMEF – cover illustration
 * Scotch 79th – visuals

title: Black Bastards


text: Category:Jamaican record producers

title: Category:Jamaican record producers


text:
User talk:The Loco

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:The Loco


text:
User:Kenkoo1987

Hi! I am an Asian Australian and a medical student at the University of Melbourne (Melbourne, Australia). I am also an amateur horn player and am passionate about linguistics, particularly sociolinguistics and linguistical evolution (but you can only choose one career, sad ain't it!).

title: User:Kenkoo1987


text:
User talk:Fs

 * User_talk:Fs/Archive1
 * User_talk:Fs/Archive2
 * User_talk:Fs/Archive3

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Select Survey Invite
I'm working on a study of political motivations and how they affect editing. I'd like to ask you to take a survey. The survey should take no more than 1-2 minutes. Your survey responses will be kept private. Our project is documented at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_%2B_Politics.

Your survey Link: https://uchicago.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9S3JByWf57fXEkR?Q_DL=56np5HpEZWkMlr7_9S3JByWf57fXEkR_MLRP_3xxynSgdhUUWlIV&Q_CHL=gl

I am asking you to participate in this study because you are a frequent editor of pages on Wikipedia that are of political interest. We would like to learn about your experiences in dealing with editors of different political orientations.

Sincere thanks for your help! Porteclefs (talk) 12:37, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Custom signature fix needed
Hi there! You have a custom signature set in your account preferences. Changes to Wikipedia's software have made your current custom signature invalid.

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title: User talk:Fs


title: User:Skillz187


text:
User talk:Jdhowens90

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Spiral Scratch
Hi, I hope you don't mind, but I moved the information about the Sixth Doctor's regen to the footnote, as not everyone thinks the events of the novels are canon. ( I am openmind, but it's best to distinguish :) ). --TimPope 11:21, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Welcome to the European Union Project
Hi, Jdhowens90, and (a slightly belated) welcome to the European Union Project! I also am somewhat new to the project myself, so, unfortunately, I don't have much additional information to give you at this time. But, are there any specific tasks that you are currently interested in working on related to the European Union? Cheers, LiniShu 11:37, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

The charter is here. (Relating to Esperanza)
Hello Jdhowens90, the Charter for Esperanza is up. Take a looksie :) R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:50, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Esperanza made less bureaucratic
Hello again, I have (unilaterally) taken away the 'assembly' idea, as per my reasons at that edit summary and per Wikipedia talk:Esperanza/Charter. I have left the admin general, as some leadership is good. Now, all you have to do is be a member to establish consensus, the whole assembly idea is gone. Also, I have added an advisory committee, of four members, with limited power besides watching over the admin general and making sure he doesn't do anything stupid. Please look at the ammended charter, and I would love a comment. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:16, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

The last time I'm spamming you all with Esperanza stuff
Hello Jdhowens90. As you may or may not know, there have been some troubles with Esperanza. So now, as a last ditch to save the community, please vote at Esperanza/Reform on all neccisary polls. P.S. I'm very sorry for spamming you all with these messages, and this will be the last time. I recommend putting ESP on your watchlist. Cheers and please look at that, let's stop the civil war then. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:46, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Your edit to Redwolf24's page
I saw that you edited Redwolf's page to update the number of edits he has made, and I'm not sure what he thinks about it, but I just wanted to let you know that it is usually not considered good form to edit another user's page without their consent. The proper thing to do would be to post a comment on his talk page, and then he can choose to update it. Don't get me wrong, I'd love it if someone maintained my page, but usually, we do not edit one anothers pages without their permission. Just some friendly advice, User:Mys e kurity|Mysekurity ]] additions | e-mail ]]01:13, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Oi, I see this over a month later... Anyways permission is granted to you to edit my page. Cheers, R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 22:38, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

WP:CCW
Let me be the first to welcome you to the great Catholic Church of Wikipedia. Let us know if you ever need any 'spiritual guidance'. Cheers. --Lord Bishop Voldemort  ±  (Talk)  16:35, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Hello Spamlist!
Ah, my first ever spam mass produced and mailed to the spamlist. Well first of all let me re-state that we have an irc channel, #wp-esperanza, and its been rather empty, so I'd appreciate it if you come, even if you just idle about. Now, the evil polls have closed, and I left a justification note for running the evil polls. Nothing has really changed, but at least I have somewhat of a consensus. I hope to figure out a way to overturn my power to JCarriker somehow, I'll figure out a way :-) Meanwhile, I've been busy reforming the mediation system where I am the chairman now, er, acting chairman. Enjoy your spam, with extra vikings. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:37, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Resignation
Hello spam list, look at this. Essjay is the new leader of Esperanza, and I'm interested in seeing how he runs it. I'm busy doing other work... Please comment at that talk page there. I will still probably run the spamlist though. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 22:58, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Advisory Committee election deadline set
Our new admin general, Essjay, has set the date for the advisory committee elections, that date being October 7th. By UTC it is October 5th right now. So see WP:ESP/E for voting in two days, and add yourself to the list if you're interested in running. On a personal note, I'm considering running, as I only resigned as admin general because of time. I'm sure I could help out on the advisory committee... Anywho, watchlist that page, and be sure to read the voting method too. Regards, R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:09, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for that
Yup, I've checked out your contributions, and I am most impressed. You have certainly earned my vote. Cheers  Ban e  s  05:48, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Esperanza Election
Thank you very much for your vote of confidence in the first ever Esperanza elections. It will soon be over, and then we will know for sure who will lead us. I appreciate the support you have placed in me, and rest assured that I will continue working with you and the other Esperanzians in making Wikipedia a nicer place to work, regardless of election outcome. Cheers, Bratsche talk 03:02, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

New European Union collaboration
Hi Jdhowens90, this is just a note telling you that I have created the European Union collaboration (the first collaboration is Eurobarometer). I'm looking forward to your contributions! Talrias (t | e | c) 12:10, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support
Hello there, I just wanted to thank you for your vote of confidence. Even though I didn't make, it's not the end of the world and I really appreciate the trust you have given to me. Thanks again and I wish you all the best... Gryffindor 21:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Hey, JDH, thanks for your vote in Esperanza's Advisory Committee Elections. While I didn't get enough votes to be part of it, I know that the four who are can do the job much better than I could have. But I don't take your show of trust in me lightly, I really appreciate it, and tell me whenever you think I can be useful for something. Titoxd (?!?) 23:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

A pleasure
It was a pleasure voting for you, you are a fine Esperanzian. Keep up the good work!  Ban e  s  10:21, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Esperanza Spam
Hello Esperanzians! A few announcements.

The Advisory Committee election results are in. In tranch A are Acetic Acid and Flcelloguy. In tranch B are Ryan Norton and Bratsche.

My other annoouncement is that our founder, JCarriker, has founded Esperanza's sister project, Wikipediology. I have written two essays here (my name is Matt Binder). My essays are under Teenage Wikipedians and Anon Editors.

On behalf of myself and Jay Carriker and the other wikipediologists, I would appreciate it if you were to join.

Cheers Esperanza! R e  dwolf24  (talk—How's my driving?) 23:34, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Eurobarometer
Hi, Josh, it was nice to see your contribution to the Flash Eurobarometer section of the Eurobarometer EU COTW article. Thanks! --Cheers, LiniShu 10:56, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Ancient Rome Vote
A while ago you voted for Ancient Rome to get worked on by the Article improvement drive. Well, the article has been nominated by me again. If possible can you go vote for it at the improvement drive?-- ZeWrestler  Talk 14:51, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Esperanza elections
Hi : This is a quick note just to let you know that there's an election under way at Esperanza. If you'd like to become a candidate for Administrator General or the Advisory Council, just add your name here by 15 December 2005. Voting begins at 12:00UTC on 16 December.

You've received this spam because you signed up for it here. To stop the spam, pop over and remove yourself and you'll never hear from Esperanza again!

➨ ❝ R E  DVERS ❞ 19:49, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Esperanza Election
That's all Esperanza is, JD! Hopefully we can work together to build a better encyclopedia and community, one step at a time. This election looks to be another fun one.karmafist 20:25, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You will have my vote, good luck.  Ban e  s  06:35, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

News from Esperanza
Hello, fellow Esperanzians! This is just a friendly reminder that elections for Administrator General and two advisory council positions have just begun. Voting will last until Friday, December 30, so make sure you exercise your right to vote! Also, I'm pleased to announce the creation of the Esperanza mailing list. I urge all members to join; see Esperanza/Contact for more information. All you need to do is email me and I will activate your account. This will be a great way to relax, stay in touch, and hear important announcements. Thanks! Flcelloguy (A note? )

This message was delivered to all Esperanza members by our acting messenger, Redvers. If you do not wish to receive further messages, please list yourself at WP:ESP/S. Thanks.

Esperanza elections
Thanks for voting for me in the Esperanza elections. I've been appointed to the Advisory Committee, thanks to your show of confidence in me. I'll do my best to make you proud, but please feel free to ask me for help at any time or to give me tips as to what you would like to do. Thanks for being an active member of Esperanza! I'll see you around. Tito xd (?!? - help us) 00:53, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Rome nominated on WP:EUC
Some time ago, you voted for Rome on Article Improvement Drive. I have now renominated it on the new European Union collaboration. Consider voting for it if you are still interested.--Fenice 12:38, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

You're Welcome!
You're most welcome! Many thanks for the cookie! All the best  Ban  e  s  07:01, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

An Esperanzial note
As I remember, the last spam that was handed out was on the 20th of December last year, so I think it's time for another update. First and foremost, the new Advisory Council and Administrator General have been elected. They consist of myself as Admin General and FireFox, Titoxd, Flcelloguy and Karmafist as the Advisory Council. We as a group met formally for the first time on the 31st of Decembe. The minutes of this meeting can be found at WP:ESP/ACM. The next one is planned for tonight (Sunday 29 January) at 20:30 UTC and the agenda can be found at WP:ESP/ACM2.

In other news, Karmafist has set up a discussion about a new personal attack policy, which it can be found here. Other new pages include an introductory page on what to do when you sign up, So you've joined Esperanza... and a welcome template: EA-welcome (courtesy of Bratsche). Some of our old hands may like to make sure they do everything on the list as well ;) Additionally, the userpage award program proposal has become official is operational: see Esperanza/User Page Award to nominate a userpage or volunteer as a judge. Also see the proposed programs page for many new proposals and old ones that need more discussion ;)

Other than that, I hope you all had a lovely Christmas and wish you an Esperanzially good new WikiYear :D Thank you! --Cel e stianpower háblame 16:57, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Message delivered by Rune.welsh using AWB. If you wish to recieve no further messages of this ilk, please sign your name here.

Image Tagging Image:Annie Glenn clear.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Annie Glenn clear.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 23:11, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Another Esperanzial note...
Hi again Esperanzians! Well, since our last frolic in the realms of news, the Advisory Council has met twice more (see WP:ESP/ACM2 and WP:ESP/ACM3). As a result, the charter has been ammended twice (see here for details) and all of the shortcuts have been standardised (see the summary for more details). Also of note is the Valentines ball that will take place in the Esperanza IRC channel on the 14th of February (tomorrow). It will start at 6pm UTC and go on until everyone's had enough! I hope to see you all there! Also, the spamlist has been dissolved - all Esperanzians will now recieve this update "newsletter".

The other major notice I need to tell you about is the upcoming Esperanza Advisory Council Elections. These will take place from 12:00 UTC on February 20th to 11:59 UTC on February 27th. The official handing-over will take place the following day. Candidates are able to volunteer any time before the 20th, so long as they are already listed on the members list. Anyone currently listed on the memberlist can vote. In a change since last time, if you have already been a member of the leadership, you may run again. Due to the neutrality precident, I will not vote for anyone.

Yours, as ever, Esperanzially,

--Cel es tianpower háblame 09:00, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

(message delivered by FireFox using AWB on Celestianpower's behalf)

Old Skool Esperanzial note
Since this isn't the result of an AC meeting, I have decided to go Old Skool. This note is to remind you that the elections are taking place now and will end at 23:50 UTC on 2006-04-29. Please vote here. Thanks. --Cel es tianpower háblame 20:42, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Happy Edit Day
Happy Edit Day hope you have an enjoyable day!!! Tarret 00:40, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Happy
Primat e #101 02:37, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

And yet another message on the subject: Happy First Edit Day! (And many more...) Jared W 11:05, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Woo! Happy first edit day! :) --F a ng Aili 說嗎? 21:47, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

A short Esperanzial update
As you may have gathered, discussions have been raging for about a week on the Esperanza talk page as to the future direction of Esperanza. Some of these are still ongoing and warrant more input (such as the idea to scrap the members list altogether). However, some decisions have been made and the charter has hence been amended. See what happened. Basically, the whole leadership has had a reshuffle, so please review the new, improved charter.

As a result, we are electing 4 people this month. They will replace JoanneB and Pschemp and form a new tranche A, serving until December. Elections will begin on 2006-07-02 and last until 2006-07-09. If you wish to run for a Council position, add your name to the list before 2006-07-02. For more details, see Esperanza/June 2006 elections.

Thanks and kind, Esperanzial regards, —Cel es tianpower háblame 16:00, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Happy Birthday!

Many happy returns! Thisthema n  05:22, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Hope you have a great day! -- Underneath-it-All 14:42, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

-- Cute 1 4 u  21:34, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Treaties
This is to inform you that the above referenced project, of which you are the only listed active member, is being considered for deletion at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion. Please feel free to take part in the discussion. Thank you. Badbilltucker 17:51, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Greater Manchester WikiProject
Hi Jdhowens90! You have identified yourself as a user from Greater Manchester as indicated by your userpage. We are looking for dedicated and quality members of the editing community, who would be willing to join a Greater Manchester WikiProject - a kind of community action group interested in improving articles that relate to Greater Manchester.

We are hoping to have a diverse team, and would be grateful if you would be willing to register your interest at this proposal page.

Any questions, please feel free to contact me! Hope to hear from you. Jhamez84 03:02, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The WikiProject Greater Manchester is now up and running! Feel free to visit and join us! Jhamez84 20:21, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Anniversary
I noticed that today, well actually tomorrow depending on where you are, is the anniversary of the first day you made an edit. You don't know me, but I'm The Random Editor. To commemorate this special day, I would like to sing you a little song.

''Happy edit anniversary, to you.  Happy edit anniversary, to you.  Happy edit anniversary, dear Jdhowens90.  Happy edit anniversary, to you. ''

That was increbibly lame, but nonetheless I wanted to congratulate you. Cheers. --Random    Say it here! 02:37, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Snap, I welcomed you a day early. Well anyway, happy early first edit day! --Random    Say it here! 18:42, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

'Allo!
I s'pose you deserve some kind of kudos for being the first person to welcome me to Wikipedia. I have since become very active in patrolling RC for vandalism and have made a few contributions of my own. I don't have any particular questions, but thanks anyway for being ready with answers!

Image:City of Manchester Coat of Arms.jpg
Hello Jdhowens90, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:City of Manchester Coat of Arms.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Jdhowens90/Sandbox. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not re-add the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Please note that it is possible that the image on your page is included vie a template or usebox. In that case, please find a free image for the template or userbox. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 11:09, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Project European Union
Hello, you are member of the project European Union. I try to create a new project page for the project. You can see it at here Because this should be the project page for all it´s members, please tell me, what you think about it. Please leave your comments on the talkpage of the project.--Thw1309 11:05, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Happy Birthday
 ThinkBlue  (Hit BLUE) 22:55, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
 * FROM YOUR FRIEND:

Replaceable fair use Image:Hugo_Swire.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Hugo_Swire.jpg. I noticed the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the image description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use image by finding a freely licensed image of its subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or a similar) image under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that fair use images which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if not used in an article), per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Rettetast 18:54, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Portcullis parliament.JPG)
Thanks for uploading Image:Portcullis parliament.JPG. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 15:09, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Greater Manchester County Council Arms.png
Image:Greater Manchester County Council Arms.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:45, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Greater Manchester County Council Arms.png
Image:Greater Manchester County Council Arms.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:24, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Join us?

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Splink.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Splink.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 05:25, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Space missions WikiProject
Hi, I noticed that you are a member of the Space missions WikiProject. A couple of weeks ago, I proposed that the Space missions and Space travellers projects, which both appear to be inactive be merged into the Human Spaceflight project. Whilst this is being done, the capitalisation of the Human spaceflight project's title would also be corrected (ie. Human Spaceflight → Human spaceflight). The projects are all doing the same/very similar things, and in my opinion, a single, larger, project would be more effective than three smaller, and somewhat inactive projects.. In light of very little response to messages on the project talk pages, I am now sending this message to all members of all three projects, inviting them to discuss the proposal on the Human Spaceflight project's talk page. I would appreciate your opinion on this. Thanks. --<font color="#115566">GW_Simulations<font color="#000000">User Page 22:00, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

shortcut
The shortcut template that you use on your user page is being updated and the way in which you implemented the template will break the new sntax. I commented out your implementation and replaced it with one that will work but is less creative. See CAT:SHORTFIX where your page appeared for more information. --DRoll (talk) 06:18, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Happy First Edit Day
Idontknow 610 TM 10:38, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

==== Hi! You might be interested in the discussion at. Thank you. Colds7ream (talk) 22:30, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

Spaceflight portals
Hello! As an member editor of one or more of the Spaceflight, Human spaceflight, Unmanned spaceflight, Timeline of spaceflight or Space colonisation WikiProjects, I'd like to draw to your attention a proposal I have made with regards to the future of the spaceflight-related portals, which can be found at Portal talk:Spaceflight. I'd very much appreciate any suggestions or feedback you'd be able to offer! Many thanks,

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Human spaceflight at 08:45, 9 November 2010 (UTC).

WikiProject Human spaceflight activity
Hello there! As part of an effort to determine how many active editors are present in the spaceflight-related WikiProjects, I have made some changes to the list of members of WikiProject Human spaceflight. If you still consider yourself to be an active editor in this project, I would be grateful if you would please edit the list so that your name is not struck out - thus a clearer idea of the critical mass of editors can be determined. Many thanks in advance!

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Human spaceflight at 19:08, 17 November 2010 (UTC).

WikiProject Spaceflight reboot
Hello there! As you may or may not be aware, a recent discussion on the future of the Space-related WikiProjects has concluded, leading to the abolition of WP:SPACE and leading to a major reorganisation of WP:SPACEFLIGHT. It would be much appreciated if you would like to participate in the various ongoing discussions at the reorganisation page and the WikiProject Spaceflight talk page. If you are a member of one of WP:SPACEFLIGHT's child projects but not WP:SPACEFLIGHT itself, it would also be very useful if you could please add your name to the member list here. Many thanks!

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Spaceflight at 00:10, 6 December 2010 (UTC).

The Downlink: Issue 0

 * You have recieved this newsletter because you are currently listed as a member of WikiProject Spaceflight, or because you are not a member but have requested it. If you do not wish to receive future issues, please add your name to the opt-out list.

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Spaceflight at 16:14, 16 December 2010 (UTC).

The Downlink: Issue 1

 * You have recieved this newsletter because you are currently listed as a member of WikiProject Spaceflight, or because you are not a member but have requested it. If you do not wish to receive future issues, please add your name to the opt-out list.

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Spaceflight at 15:00, 1 January 2011 (UTC).

Nomination for deletion of Template:CommonsSpeaker21stC
Template:CommonsSpeaker21stC has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. Mhiji 16:00, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:CommonsSpeaker20thC
Template:CommonsSpeaker20thC has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. Mhiji 16:00, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

The Downlink: Issue 2

 * You have recieved this newsletter because you are currently listed as a member of WikiProject Spaceflight, or because you are not a member but have requested it. If you do not wish to receive future issues, please add your name to the opt-out list.

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Spaceflight at 00:34, 2 February 2011 (UTC).

The Downlink: Issue 3

 * You have recieved this newsletter because you are currently listed as a member of WikiProject Spaceflight, or because you are not a member but have requested it. If you do not wish to receive future issues, please add your name to the opt-out list.

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of Spaceflight at 09:24, 3 March 2011 (UTC).

Ichthus: January 2012
<div style="font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> In this issue...

- Ichthus is the newsletter of Christianity on Wikipedia • It is published by WikiProject Christianity For submissions contact the Newsroom • To unsubscribe add yourself to the list here
 * From the Editor
 * What are You doing For Lent?
 * Fun and Exciting Contest Launched
 * Spotlight on WikiProject Catholicism

File:Cabinet war rooms.jpg
You overwrote this with a different file. Unfortunately, you didn't specify a licence for your file. Would you be so kind and go and specify a licence? For example, you could add GFDL or cc-by-sa-3.0 for common licences. --Stefan2 (talk) 18:29, 13 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I see that you added a licence. Thanks a lot! --Stefan2 (talk) 22:28, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Şehzade Ahmet
Hi Jdhowens90, you seem to have changed the section head Brothers to Siblings in the article Şehzade Ahmet on 6 Dec.2011. Being a native speaker of English can you be kind enough to explain why you have changed the section head which was entirely about the brothers (and no sisters) ? Thanks. Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 17:51, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:03, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Possible EUC
Template:Possible EUC has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 18:17, 1 October 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jdhowens90