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How I Learned to Love the Bootboys

How I Learned to Love the Bootboys is the fourth and final album by British rock band the Auteurs. It was released on 5 July 1999 through Hut and Virgin Records. Following their third studio album After Murder Park (1996), Haines started the Baader Meinhof and Black Box Recorder projects. He regrouped with the Auteurs to start work on a concept album under the name ESP Kids, though sessions halted as Black Box Recorder worked on their debut album England Made Me (1998). The Auteurs re-started recording their next album in January 1998 at RAK Studios in London; Hut and Virgin were not happy with the lack of single-sounding songs. After writing "The Rubettes", the band finished recording in April 1998. How I Learned to Love the Bootboys is a glam rock album that takes atmospheric influence from England Made Me.

How I Learned to Love the Bootboys received generally favourable reviews from critics, some of whom praised the quality of the songs, while others commented on the nostalgia aspect. Ahead of the album's release, "The Rubettes" appeared as its lead single in May 1999, which was followed by performances in France and a tour of the United Kingdom in October 1999. That same month, "Some Changes" was released as the second single from the album. The Auteurs broke up shortly afterwards. Some outtakes from the ESP Kids sessions appeared on the compilation Luke Haines Is Dead (2006); How I Learned to Love the Bootboys was reissued in 2014 with B-sides, outtakes and a live show. NME and Select included it on their lists of the best albums of the year.

Background and recording
The Auteurs released their third studio album After Murder Park in March 1996. Despite it being well-received critically, it underperformed commercially. Frontman Luke Haines released an album under the name Baader Meinhof later in the year, which he said was met with "duncery and confusion". He debated breaking up the Auteurs as he was confident that their label Virgin Records was going to drop them from the roster. As Haines struggled for a new direction, he opted to play with his friend Ian Bickerton in the folk act Balloon, where he met John Moore and Sarah Nixey. Haines, Moore and Nixey formed the Black Box Recorder project; to Haines' surprise, Virgin and Hut Records greenlit another Auteurs album, with the stipulation it would contain hit singles. Haines instead entered a studio with the rest of the band with the aiming of making a concept album known as ESP Kids. They recorded four songs – "How I Learned to Love the Bootboys", "Johnny and the Hurricanes", "Future Generation" and "School" – before progress halted with Haines continuing to work on Black Box Recorder. They made the album England Made Me (1998); while waiting for its release, the Auteurs started recording a new album of their own in January 1998 at RAK Studios in London.

After three weeks, they recorded around 15 songs that centred on acoustic and synthesizer-based instrumentation. The following month, Haines showed his labels what he thought would be the finished version of the album, only to be told to write a single. He shifted his main focus to Black Box Recorder; the Auteurs planned to record, but were delayed when Haines broke his wrist after falling down a flight of stairs. Haines came up with "The Rubettes" for Black Box Recorder, but after Nixey was unable to work with the song, it became the single that the Auteurs needed. The final recording sessions for How I Learned to Love the Bootboys took place in April 1998 with only Haines and keyboardist James Banbury in attendance. Haines and Pete Hofmann produced nearly all the songs, save for "Johnny and the Hurricanes", which was produced by Phil Vinall; Hofmann later mixed the recordings. Haines later said that because of his focus on Black Box Recorder, How I Learned to Love the Bootboys "didn't receive my full attention".

Composition and lyrics
How I Learned to Love the Bootboys is a glam rock album; it takes some of its atmospheric influence from England Made Me. Drowned in Sound writer Alexander Tudor wrote that Haines incorporated the sound of glam "in the form of glossy synths, twinkling xylophones, doowop vocals, perfect pop hooks, and saccharine sentiments" with his "elegant guitar lines, and hushed narration". Haines wrote all of the songs bar "The Rubettes", which is credited to Haines, Moore, Wayne Bickerton and Tony Waddington, and "Asti Spumante", which is credited to Haines and Sie Medway-Smith. Haines referred to it as an anti-nostalgia album that focused on the darker aspects of life in the 1970s, though admitted that it turned out darker than he was expecting. He expanded on this, detailing that the decade consisted of "black and white TVs and the power going off every Saturday night ... And closedown and the bloody national anthem at the end of it". It was split into two parts, an experimental side and a pop-sounding one, to which Haines regretted not putting more material on it, such as the B-sides "Get Wrecked at Home" and "Breaking Up", to expand it into a double album. Sunday Herald Neil Cooper wrote that the title was a homage to the "1990s vogue for all things laddish and the laughable re-invention of classroom geeks as lager-swilling football yobs"; Haines said he was "not a team player and I certainly wouldn't get involved with rough boys". Clarence Tsui of South China Morning Post wrote that there was "deadpan tales of incestuous fathers, wily street gangs and the despairing rise of right-wing nationalism are set to 1970s and 80s grooves" amongst the lyrical themes found on the album.

The album's opening track "The Rubettes" is a Brill Building tribute to the band of the same name, incorporating that act's song "Sugar Baby Love" (1974). Haines wrote it on a glockenspiel during the period he injured his wrist, to which Moore wrote the second verse lyrics. It was originally intended to be a Black Box Recorder song until Haines explained that it dealt with the 1970s, which would have been a little too old" for Nixey. Nixey and Moore sing backing vocals on the song; Chris Wyle played drums on it and the following song "1967", which is named after the year Haines was born in. Louder Than War Craig Chaligne wrote that both "The Rubettes" and "1967" detailed "characters with polar opposite attitudes towards pop music but both finishing with a reference to the nineties". "How I Learned to Love the Bootboys" is a quiet track, with hushed vocals from Haines, that is joined by the sound of sirens, a dub bassline and electro noises. Tsui considered it to be a "confession from a bullied youth", while recalling "Atomic" (1980) by Blondie. "Your Gang, Our Gang" sees gangs from movies such as Grease (1978) and West Side Story (1961) fight in London streets. The chorus of "Some Changes" evokes "Heroes" (1977) by David Bowie; "School" sees Haines sing from the viewpoint of a child in the process of being abducted over a start-stop drum pattern. "Jonny and the Hurricanes" is a leftover from the ESP Kids project. "Asti Spumante" and "Sick of Hari Krisna" are two mood pieces. The album concludes with another ESP Kids' holdover, "Future Generation", which sees Haines ponder if the band would be remembered in years to come.

Release
On 6 March 1999, How I Learned to Love the Bootboys was announced for release in a few months' time. Haines and Moore wrapped up a residency with their other band Black Box Recorder the following month. "The Rubettes" was released as the album's lead single on 31 May 1999, with "Breaking Up" and "Get Wrecked at Home". How I Learned to Love the Bootboys was released by Hut Records on 5 July 1999; it was promoted with one-off performance from the Auteurs at the Embassy Rooms in London 11 days later. They appeared at the Reading and Leeds Festivals, prior to some shows in France and a headlining UK tour in October 1999; the band broke up shortly afterwards. "Some Changes" was released as the album's second single on 18 October 1999.

Haines re-recorded "Future Generation" and "The Rubettes" (the latter as part of a pregap medley) in an orchestral style for Das Capital (2003). Songs from the abandoned ESP Kids project were later released on the Luke Haines Is Dead (2005) compilation, which compiled material from Haines, Baader Meinhof and the Auteurs. How I Learned to Love the Bootboys was reissued as a two-CD set in 2014, which included B-sides, acoustic versions and a live set recorded in late 1999 at the LSE Students' Union. That same year, the standard version of the album was re-pressed on vinyl. How I Learned to Love the Bootboys was then included on the career-spanning CD box set People 'Round Here Don't Like to Talk About It – The Complete EMI Recordings (2023) alongside the other Auteurs albums.

Reception
How I Learned to Love the Bootboys was met with generally favourable reviews from music critics. Kellman said the album's "cohesiveness ... is no small feat, given the wide-ranging sounds and moods". He complimented Haines and Hofmann's "best production yet" as the guitars have "never sounded so fittingly sharp while avoiding abrasiveness". Tudor called it a "daring return to form" after the "intriguing diversion" of the Baader Meinhof project, adding that it was a "more successful and accessible collection of songs and stories than its recourse to glam-stylings might suggest". Select writer Gareth Grundy said Haines was "still the master of the pilthy dismissal", adding that "both conceptually and sonically" this is the album that Haines "has been building towards". Eamon Sweeney of Hot Press saw it as an "almost faultless collection of songs", to which The Irish Times writer Kevin Courtney echoed. Author Dave Thompson wrote in his book Alternative Rock (2000) that it was a "very English album, ... but a universal horror haunts its dusty corners."

Some reviewers commented on the older sound and 1970s aspect of the album. musicOMH contributor Michael Hubbard highlighted a variety of influences that "work[ed] bloody brilliantly" meshed together. The staff at Entertainment.ie said Haines "dips into the darker recesses of the decade [1970s] and comes up with one of the albums of the year"; The Guardian critic Dave Simpson similarly wrote that the band returned to "poop the festivities of 1970s nostalgia ... Coal-black humour is matched by marvellous tunes in Haines's 'anti-nostalgic, retarded glam rock'. You may wish to avoid him in the pub". In a review for The Times, journalist Nigel Williamson noted that Haines focused on the "banality of the Seventies", but felt that the tracks "lack[ed] wit and far from being subversive are simply arch". David Sinclair of The Times said that Haines "complains in a querulous half-croak, half falsetto voice that he hates nostalgia, and then indulges in a succession of musty tales from a troubled past ... He should get out more".

NME ranked the album at number 45 on their list of the best albums of 1999, while Select placed it higher at 20.

Track listing
All songs written by Luke Haines, except where noted.

 * 1) "The Rubettes" (Haines, John Moore, Wayne Bickerton, Tony Waddington) – 3:27
 * 2) "1967" – 2:42
 * 3) "How I Learned to Love the Bootboys" – 3:05
 * 4) "Your Gang, Our Gang" – 1:46
 * 5) "Some Changes" – 3:19
 * 6) "School" – 2:58
 * 7) "Johnny and the Hurricanes" – 3:51
 * 8) "The South Will Rise Again" – 2:24
 * 9) "Asti Spumante" (Haines, Sie Medway-Smith) – 3:27
 * 10) "Sick of Hari Krisna" – 2:51
 * 11) "Lights Out" – 2:10
 * 12) "Future Generation" – 3:11

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

The Auteurs
 * Luke Haines – vocal, guitar, keyboards
 * James Banbury – keyboards, programming, strings
 * Alice Readman – bass guitar
 * Barny C. Rockford – drums

Additional musicians
 * Chris Wyles – drums (tracks 1 and 2)
 * Sarah Nixey – backing vocals (track 1)
 * John Moore – backing vocals (track 1)
 * Theresa Whipple – viola
 * Abigail Trundle – cello
 * Bern Davis – cello

Production and design
 * Luke Haines – producer
 * Pete Hofmann – producer (except for "Johnny and the Hurricanes"), mixing
 * Phil Vinall – producer on "Johnny and the Hurricanes"
 * Rip – portrait photograph

title: How I Learned to Love the Bootboys


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Mount Gimie

Mount Gimie is the tallest mountain on the island of Saint Lucia. It is located in the Canaries District on the west side of Saint Lucia. The mountain's peak reaches 950 m. It is covered by lush tropical rainforest and was formed as the result of intense volcanic activity 200,000 to 300,000 years ago. Mount Gimie is still volcanic and so are many other of the Pitons (a couple of volcanic plugs in which Mount Gimie belongs).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mount Gimie


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Template talk:Pipe

About this template
This template is used to insert the character with its easier-to-remember PostScript name  instead of its difficult-to-remember Unicode number. In case the character can be inserted without using the Unicode number or PostScript name, the template is used to insert the character when it conflicts with the mark-up language of the wiki.

This template can be used for inserting an International Phonetic Alphabet symbol, or a non-IPA symbol in an allophonic rule.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 2004-12-29T22:45Z (talk • contribs) 20:41, 25 July 2005

Not working in my browsers
Is there any specific reason why this template is using the  " ", instead of the more compatible   " " ? I tried in all three of my browsers (Firefox 2, IE 5.5 and Opera 9), and none of them can render the. Well, Opera renders a very fat pipe instead, but that is what it renders for any character that it doesn't know how to render. (And yes, I use a fairly old Windows, but there are many users out there with old computers.)

--David Göthberg (talk) 09:52, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I have changed it to use the more compatible.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 06:38, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

and is/was not the same thing
SMcCandlish: You redirected this pipe template to with the edit comment: "Duplicate functionality, and this version has had too many problems reported, also deprecated in the "See also"s of some other templates."

It was not duplicate functionality. pipe supplied a pipe character that did not interfere with MediaWiki template syntax. Thus now that you changed it to redirect to you broke the old usage of pipe. However as you also kind of pointed out the naming is probably confusing and causes mix-ups with, so it might be better to get rid of this template's old functionality. (There are better separators than pipes that people can use.)

So I suggest either you revert yourself so this template gets its old functionality. Or you should fix the remaining cases that used pipe, since they are now broken. (And don't forget to do something about the usage instructions at WikiProject Xbox.) I'll leave it to you to decide which way to fix this.

--David Göthberg (talk) 12:46, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank goodness for WP:BRD! I'm self-rv'ing right now. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont]  ‹(-¿-)› 12:57, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Haha. But as I stated above, we perhaps should fix the remaining cases and then redirect this template to since this template probably mostly causes confusion.
 * And then we can instead add some documentation over at telling how to do when one wants an actual "|" that does not interfere with template code. That is, to use the code " ". Oh, I just checked, we already have that explanation over at . Good.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 13:12, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll defer to you on this; you seem to have a much clearer idea what the exception cases are. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 00:10, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, I have put it on my to-do list. The "what links here" for this template shows that it is only a handful of cases.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 12:20, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I just remembered why there are no redirects at all to . Since the is used in so many places it would cost a lot of server load if people instead started using a redirect to it. Because of that reason all redirects to  was deleted long ago. Thus I strongly advice against redirecting pipe to it. And before anyone says "we should not worry about performance": Well, when a template is used on 3 million pages, then we do need to worry about performance. It is the most transcluded template on Wikipedia.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 07:21, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * This section was moved here from Requested moves.

 * Template:! →  — The name of the template is "Pipe". The exclamation mark that is used in the current template name suggests that it has something do with easily inserting an exclamation mark in a page. The only reason why the template name uses an exclamation mark is due to a software limitation of the wiki as a template using the pipe character in the title (or  | Template:| ) isn't allowed. As such, Template:! should just be a shortcut to Template:Pipe. — Lightsup55 ( T | C ) 19:04, 26 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Comment it could mean pipe... if you think bangpaths. 70.55.203.112 (talk) 04:43, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Lightsup55 and the other editors involved in this have not understood that these are two different templates with very different functionality. They can not be merged straight off, since that will break templates that use them. is used on more than 3 million pages, so please don't damage that template. pipe is only used in a handful of templates, but if/when it should be redirected to  those templates first have to be edited so they don't break. --David Göthberg (talk) 05:49, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose: David is correct (as I learned the hard way when I tried to merge them without investigating the matter first!). —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 09:10, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

End of section that was moved here from Requested moves.

 * See previous section for explanation why pipe should not be redirected to.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 01:00, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 6 December 2016
Please add to the top of this template as it has been nominated for merging  P p p er y 00:07, 6 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Yellow check.svg Partly done: This would potentially have a drastic impact on articles that it is used on. I feel it would be less disruptive to noinclude the notice in this instance — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 11:42, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Pipe


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Chambon

A chambon is a piece of horse tack. It is a strap that runs forward from the bottom of the girth or surcingle, and forks. The forks continue to a ring on either side of the bridle or halter, at the base of the crownpiece. Running through those rings, the forks follow the cheekpieces to the bit. They may attach to the bit or pass through the bit rings and attach to themselves below the horse's neck.

A chambon prevents the horse from raising its head beyond a fixed point. Raising the head causes the length of the chambon along the cheekpieces to shorten and thus puts reciprocal pressure on the horse's mouth and on the horse's poll. Horses generally dislike pressure behind the poll and learn to release the pressure by lowering their head, and when in motion, this encourages the horse to relax its back and bring its hindquarters further under its body, thus encouraging collection. The chambon has the opposite function to an overcheck or bearing rein, which is used to raise the horse's head.

Use in lungeing
The chambon is used mostly in training horses via lungeing. The chambon was originally intended for lungeing and free schooling and rolly polys. It is advanced equipment for use by knowledgeable trainers. A chambon is not a way to quickly fix the head set of a horse; its purpose is to help develop the correct muscles. Chambons help a horse to develop the muscles of their back and topline. It applies pressure to the poll and mouth of the horse when he raises his head, releasing when the horse stretches long and low, down toward the ground. When a horse is lunged correctly, and the chambon is correctly adjusted, the horse stretches down and raises his back.

Before using a chambon, the horse is taught to give correctly while worked in hand. If not, the horse may not understand that it needs to lower its head in response to the pressure, and thus may panic when it feels the upward and ungiving pressure on the bit, and possibly rear. The advantage of the chambon is that it only comes into effect when the horse raises its head, so the horse has some control on its action. It generally works very well on horses in adjusting their head position. However, it has no direct effect on the hindquarters, so the handler must use a lungeing whip or other method to encourage impulsion in the horse.

If a horse is not lunged properly, he may begin to go on his forehand. Chambons can also cause sore neck muscles if overused.

title: Chambon


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Lugaru

Lugaru: The Rabbit's Foot is the first commercial video game created by indie developer Wolfire Games. It is a cross-platform, open-source 3D action game. The player character is an anthropomorphic rabbit utilizing a wide variety of combat techniques to battle wolves and hostile rabbits. The name Lugaru is a phonetic spelling of "loup-garou", which is French for werewolf. It was well reviewed and was fairly well received among the shareware community, especially among Mac users. A sequel, Overgrowth, was released in 2017.

Story
The story takes place on the island of Lugaru, an unknown number of years after the fall of the human race; all of the characters are anthropomorphic animals. The story focuses on Turner, a mildly famous retired warrior rabbit who lives in a small village with his family and friends.

Unbeknownst to Turner, a pack of wolves from a nearby island had killed and eaten all of the prey that lived there, and came to Lugaru to find more food. Not wanting to make the same mistakes as before, they plan to conserve their food supply by enslaving and farming the citizens of the local rabbit kingdom rather than hunting their new food supply to extinction. Afraid for his life, the rabbit king Hickory agreed to this takeover, provided that the wolves do not harm him. To secure the deal, he sent Jack, one of his most loyal servants, to kill the local raiders, since they would be the only real resistance the wolves would encounter. To do this, Jack decides to trick Turner into killing the raiders. Jack manipulates Skipper, a close friend of Turner's, convincing him to leave Turner's village undefended as part of a ploy to spur him into killing the raiders. Jack tells him nothing about the wolves, and assures him that no one will actually be harmed during the attack. He then pays the raiders to kill everyone in the village, including Skipper.

Jack's plan is largely successful. The raiders lure Turner away from the village and attack while he is absent, murdering his entire family and nearly all of his friends. Jack stages his own death during the attack. Turner makes it his mission to avenge the deaths of his loved ones, and begins to systematically kill all of the raiders, unwittingly opening the way for the wolves to conquer Lugaru. However, everything did not go exactly to plan: the raiders decided to keep Skipper alive for a ransom. Once most of the raiders have been killed, Turner encounters Skipper in one of the raiders' camps. Skipper tells Turner how Jack manipulated him, which prompts Turner to return to his village and confirm the location of Jack's corpse. After seeing that Jack's body is missing, Turner correctly surmises that Jack had gone to the Rocky Hall (the location of the Rabbit Kingdom's monarchy) after betraying him, and decides to pursue him there.

After Turner reaches the Rocky Hall, one of the guards there informs Turner that Jack has set a bounty on him. However, most of the guards see Turner as a hero and refuse to attack him, instead pretending that they haven't seen him. Grateful, Turner leaves the Hall and goes north to continue pursuing Jack. On the way, Turner encounters and is forced to fight a desperate guard in need of money who had tracked him after he left the hall, a wolf, and five rabbit soldiers Jack had sent to kill him. Despite this, Turner finally tracks Jack down, finding him not far from where the soldiers were defeated. Seeing no reason to continue the charade, Jack explains the entire situation to Turner before being killed by him in single combat.

Having learned the terrible truth, Turner confronts king Hickory about the wolves. Hickory orders his guards to kill Turner, but in light of Hickory's dealings with the wolves, they refuse. With the full support of the king's guard, Turner proceeds to take power in a bloodless coup. He then vows to the other rabbits that he will meet with the Alpha wolf, and if need be, kill him. Hickory, determined to kill Turner and reclaim the throne, uses his connections with the wolf pack to send three wolf assassins to try and kill him before he reaches the Alpha. However, Turner manages to defeat the assassins and later finds Hickory hiding in the mountains with two of his most loyal guards. Not knowing the fate of the assassins, Hickory threatens Turner with them, and is shocked when Turner reveals he was able to kill them. Turner confronts Hickory over his cowardice in not even trying to fight against the wolf conquest, angering him, and prompting him to attack. Turner kills Hickory in the ensuing battle and takes his sword.

Bolstered by his recent victories, and growing misanthropic due to his recent struggles, Turner finally reaches the wolves' den and kills every wolf there, including the mothers and children. Ash, the Alpha wolf, arrives later. Ash warns that if Turner defeats him it would mean ruin for the rabbits as they would overpopulate, causing famine and civil war without the wolves enforcing the natural order. Turner counters this by stating that if he does not kill the wolves, they would just lose control and kill all the rabbits again, starving themselves out, and that a death by his hand would be more honorable. In the ensuing battle, Turner manages to successfully overpower Ash and defeat him. After this he returns to the Rocky Hall, where he is offered the chance to become king, since no one would dare challenge the power of a rabbit who killed an entire wolf pack. Turner declines, feeling that he is not up to governing, and decides to wander the island trying to find a new purpose for his life.

Gameplay
Most of Lugaru's gameplay consists of Hand-to-hand combat with a heavy emphasis on Martial arts, and in many cases the combat incorporates knives, swords, and bo staves. The player can perform disarms, reversals, and counter-reversals. Despite the focus on melee combat, the player is not limited to outright attacking their enemies, since Lugaru has pronounced elements of stealth gameplay, and actively rewards players for defeating foes while remaining undetected.

Lugaru's combat controls are entirely original. There are only three context-sensitive action buttons: one attack button, a jump button, and a more general crouch-reverse button. This setup puts special emphasis on the timing and positioning of attacks to maximize their effectiveness, rather than memorizing complicated key combinations to do more damage.

There is no HUD, so the player must rely entirely on visual cues to determine Turner's current state of health; most notably the character's posture, visible injuries on his body, darkness and blurred vision. The player must also keep note of various environmental factors such as sounds, the direction of the wind and the presence of blood on their weapons; since wolf enemies have a strong sense of smell, are less approachable from downwind, and can also smell blood from both open wounds and soiled weaponry. Similarly, rabbits have great hearing and are sensitive to noises generated by rustled bushes.

The game can be played in campaign mode, which includes mission-specific objectives and the storyline, as well as a "challenge" mode, which involves the player progressing through a series of fourteen maps with the goal of clearing them of all hostile creatures. There is also an interactive tutorial.

Development
Lugaru was made almost solely by David Rosen, including the game engine, models, animations and story. It was one of the first independently produced video games to employ ragdoll physics. It uses a unique combat system that bases attacks and counters on timing and context rather than different key combinations. Originally released January 28, 2005 for Mac OS X, Windows and Linux followed that year as target platforms.

Open sourcing with Humble Indie bundle
In 2010, after the success the first Humble Indie Bundle Lugaru was part of, Wolfire released the source code of Ryan C. Gordon's code branch of Lugaru under the GNU General Public License on May 11, 2010.

The source code availability allowed the game to be ported to additional platforms such as AmigaOS 4 or OpenPandora. In November 2016 David Rosen relicensed all assets under the open content CC BY-SA 3.0 Creative Commons license which makes Lugaru a fully free video game. In the beginning of 2017 the HD version followed. Development continues on a GitLab repository by the community.

Lugaru HD
Tim Soret would later improve the game's graphical textures, and Wolfire currently sells this updated version as Lugaru HD.

Sequel
David Rosen has announced that Overgrowth would be the sequel to Lugaru. A remake of Lugaru was included in Overgrowth.

Modding
Lugaru also has a number of mods made by the many fans of the game. Players can choose to download the "Lugaru Downloader" (discontinued, seeks a new developer) which gives them a list of all the fan-made mods so far. Lugaru Downloader also extracts and backs up the files and installs the mod automatically, rather than forcing users to back up files themselves and risk errors and glitches. The Wolfire forums contain a link and information, and the website comes with the download link and info. Advanced modding, namely modifying skeletons to work custom animated characters into the game, 3D model customization, animation editing and map editing have been made possible by reverse-engineering the file formats and writing Python plugins for Blender. An overview of all modification resources, done modifications and how-to documentation can be found in this thread on the Wolfire forums.

Reception
Game designer Jacob Driscoll reviewed Lugaru in his web series, Game Design by Jacob Driscoll.

""

Ian Beck of InsideMacGames gave Lugaru an 8.25 out of 10 after an in-depth, three-page review. He criticized the game's linear story as a minor drawback and the ragdoll physics as being "mildly ridiculous". However, he praised the game's graphics as being "very good" (with consideration given to the game's low budget), and he also praised the motion blur, slow motion effects, and the attention the developer gave to environmental details like the blood effects on both the terrain and the character models. He especially praised the context-based combat system.

Stephen Kelly of Blue Mage Reviews praised Lugaru's "advanced, innovative combat system" and noted that the game's "strategic depth prolongs replay value", while mentioning that the game can be frustratingly difficult at times, and has poor visuals. He also said, "It's a testament to the core gameplay that it continues to entertain well after the story mode is completed, and its blend of unusual ideas should be remembered and learned from in the future."

As of June 2013, GameRankings lists only a single review for the game: David Vizcaino of Gamers Daily News, who gave Lugaru an 8.3, stated the game is "well worth trying out if you're looking for something fun/challenging to play".

GamingOnLinux reviewer Hamish Paul Wilson gave the game 8/10, stating that it is "an impressive feat, if anything over ambitious and yet still executed with a fair amount of competence and skill. Though it has some rough edges, it offers an experience unparalleled by any other title, be it the console fighting games that established the genre or its counterparts on the desktop computer."

title: Lugaru


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Falls International Airport

Falls International Airport is a city-owned public-use airport located in International Falls, a city in Koochiching County, Minnesota, United States. It is mostly used for general aviation but is also served by one commercial airline with scheduled passenger service subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.

As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 16,590 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 15,861 enplanements in 2009, and 14,051 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, which categorized it as a primary commercial service airport (more than 10,000 enplanements per year).

Facilities and aircraft
Falls International Airport covers an area of 681 acres (276 ha) at an elevation of 1,185 feet (361 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 13/31 is 7,400 by 150 feet (2,256 x 46 m) and 4/22 is 2,999 by 75 feet (914 x 23 m).

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2015, the airport had 39,900 aircraft operations, an average of 109 per day: 88% general aviation, 6% scheduled commercial, 6% air taxi and <1% military. In March 2017, there were 20 aircraft based at this airport: all 20 single-engine.

History
In 2020 the airport received a $1,070,873 CARES Act award.

Other sources

 * Essential Air Service documents (Docket DOT-OST-2009-0160) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 * Ninety-day notice (July 14, 2009): from Mesaba Aviation, Inc. of its intent to discontinue unsubsidized scheduled air service at the following communities, effective October 12, 2009: Paducah, KY; Alpena, MI; Muskegon, MI; Hancock, MI; Sault Ste. Marie, MI; International Falls, MN; Tupelo, MS and Eau Claire, WI.
 * Essential Air Service documents (Docket OST-2009-0304) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 * Memorandum (November 19, 2009): closing out docket DOT-2009-0160 and opening up eight new dockets for the various communities (Alpena, MI; Eau Claire, WI; Hancock/Houghton, MI; International Falls, MN; Muskegon, MI; Paducah, KY; Sault Ste. Marie, MI; Tupelo, MS).
 * Order 2010-5-18 (May 13, 2010): setting final past-period subsidy rates for Mesaba Airlines, Inc., d/b/a Delta Connection, for its forced service at Alpena and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, International Falls, Minnesota, and Tupelo, Mississippi. Also selecting Mesaba to provide essential air service (EAS) at three of these four communities on a prospective basis. At the fourth community, Tupelo, we are tentatively selecting Mesaba to provide service based on a pro-rata application of the rate Mesaba agreed to which the staff applied to a reduced service level.
 * Ninety Day Notice (July 15, 2011): from MESABA AVIATION, INC. and PINNACLE AIRLINES, INC. of termination of service at International Falls, MN.
 * Order 2011-9-5 (September 13, 2011): prohibiting suspension of service and requesting proposals
 * Order 2012-4-8 (April 5, 2012): selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd., to provide Essential Air Service (EAS) at International Falls, Minnesota, for $993,247 annual subsidy. The service is to consist of 18 nonstop round trips per week to Minneapolis (MSP) year round with 19-seat Beech 1900 aircraft.
 * Order 2012-6-3 (June 6, 2012): extending the Essential Air Service obligation of the two wholly owned subsidiaries of Pinnacle Airlines Corporation – Mesaba Aviation, Inc. and Pinnacle Airlines, d/b/a Delta Connection at the eight communities listed below (Muscle Shoals, AL; Alpena, MI; Iron Mountain/Kingsford, MI; Brainerd, MN; International Falls, MN; Greenville, MS; Laurel/Hattiesburg, MS; Tupelo, MS) for 30 days, through, July 9, 2012.

title: Falls International Airport


text:
Lions Gate (disambiguation)

Lions' Gate, Lion Gate or similar terms may refer to:

Gates

 * Lion Gate at Mycenae in Greece
 * Lion Gate, one of the entrances to the ancient Hittite city of Hattusa, now in Turkey
 * Lion Gate, one of the entrances to the gardens of Hampton Court Palace in London
 * Lion Gate, one of the entrances to Kew Gardens in London
 * Lions Gate (Porta Leoni), Roman gate in Verona
 * Lions' Gate, also called St. Stephen's Gate, Old City of Jerusalem
 * Porte des Lions, monumental passageway in the Louvre Palace

Places (real or fictional)

 * Lions Gate Bridge in British Columbia
 * Lionsgate City, a fictional setting in Kenneth Oppel's 2004 novel Airborn

Other uses

 * Lion's Gate Project, professional wrestling developmental branch
 * Liongate Capital Management
 * Lionsgate, US-based entertainment company
 * Lionsgate Studios, spin-off company of Lionsgate consisting of film and TV assets
 * Lionsgate Films, the original namesake film studio; formally known as Cinépix Film Properties
 * Lionsgate Canada, Canadian subsidiary; formally known as Entertainment One (eOne)
 * Lionsgate Academy, a public charter school in Minnesota, United States
 * Lions at the Gate, an American heavy metal band

title: Lions Gate (disambiguation)


text:
William Randolph Lovelace II

William Randolph Lovelace II (December 30, 1907 – December 12, 1965) was an American physician who made contributions to aerospace medicine.

Biography
He studied medicine at the Harvard Medical School and graduated in 1934. His residences were served at New York's Bellevue Hospital and the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. He then went to Europe for further study.

Having an interest in aviation, he became Flight Surgeon with the rank of First Lieutenant in Army Medical Corps Reserve. He began studying the problems of high-altitude flight, and in 1938 the Aeromedical Field Laboratory located at Wright Field requested him to develop an oxygen-mask for use in high-altitude aircraft.

It was in 1940 that he first met Jacqueline Cochran, a female pilot who held three women's speed records. The two would form a lifelong friendship. With Cochran's influence, Lovelace developed a research program focusing on women's capabilities for spaceflight. Lovelace believed women could be highly suitable for space because they were smaller and lighter for small space vehicles. Lovelace used his privately owned clinic to invite twenty-five women to take the testing regimen developed for NASA's Project Mercury astronauts. The women who were chosen all had to fulfill Lovelace's requirements: be under the age of 35, in good health, hold a second class medical certificate, have a bachelor's degree, hold an FAA commercial pilot rating or better, and have over 2,000 hours of flying time. Prior to beginning testing, Lovelace's women had to undergo thorough examinations which included numerous x-rays and four hour eye exams. The women's bodies were physically tested by using special stationary bikes to test their respiration and ice water was shot into their ears to induce vertigo to see how quickly the women could recover. Nineteen women traveled to Albuquerque for the examinations. Jerrie Cobb successfully completed all of the same medical testing as the Mercury Seven men. Twelve more of Lovelace's women were chosen, but their testing ended suddenly due to the United States Navy no longer granting access to the final testing facility in Pensacola.

During World War II, Lovelace served in the United States Army Air Forces. He personally performed experiments in escape and the use of the parachute at high-altitude. On 24 June 1943 he bailed out of an aircraft flying at 40,200 ft. After the parachute opened he was knocked unconscious, and he suffered frostbite when one of his gloves was ripped off. For this test he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.

His wife Mary had two sons, but both died of poliomyelitis in 1946. The couple also had three daughters. In 1947 they moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, and he joined his uncle at Lovelace Clinic, with whom he established the Lovelace Medical Foundation, currently known as the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, in Albuquerque. He became the chairman of the Board of Governors. His first hire was Clayton Sam White for director of research. Lovelace used this clinic to promote the development of medical aerospace technology.

Work for the U.S. government
From 1951 to 1952, Lovelace served as chair of the Armed Forces Medical Policy Council.

In 1951, Lovelace's clinic was awarded a contract by the United States Atomic Energy Commission to conduct field and laboratory experiments on the injuries caused by nuclear detonation on more than a dozen different kinds of animals. The clinic monitored how fast various species of animals died and the number of scars on the lungs of the various animals caused by nuclear shock waves.

Lovelace's clinic tested pilots assigned to fly the Lockheed U-2 spy plane of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Experiments on the effects of high-altitude flight on the pilots were conducted by former Operation Paperclip recruit Ulrich Cameron Luft, who had conducted tests for the Nazi Luftwaffe on the physiological effects of high-altitude activities before and during World War II.

In 1958 he was appointed the chairman of the NASA Special Advisory Committee on Life Sciences. As head of NASA's Life Sciences, he would then play a key role in the selection of the astronauts chosen for Project Mercury. In 1959 he also began examinations to determine the physical suitability of women candidates for the astronaut training program. In 1964 he was appointed NASA’s Director of Space Medicine.

Death
On December 12, 1965, Lovelace and his wife were being flown in a private plane near Aspen, Colorado when the plane crashed into a canyon. Dr. and Mrs. Lovelace, along with their pilot, Milton Brown (27), died at the crash site. Their bodies were found by a search party days later after their efforts were delayed due to a severe snow storm. The pilot had arranged Dr. and Mrs. Lovelace next to each other and covered them with a coat before he died of his injuries and exposure.

title: William Randolph Lovelace II


text:
User talk:Mrmcgibby

Good Day.. I am new to this whole WIKI thing but am interested in contributing. I am wondering what exactly the problem is with the recent MFL paper submitted. I thought that it was general enough not be be classified as bias or advertising. Please advise asap.. RRempel 21:12, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

I saw your note at Talk:Pigging. While I cannot answer your question, I would like to suggest you sign your comments on talk pages with ~

Oh, and while I'm here:

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Rl 20:42, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Re: indigenous Australians
You changed History of immigration to Australia to not use Australian Aborignes. What is your justification? (preceding unsigned comment by )

 * The page Australian Aborigines was recently moved to the parent article Indigenous Australians, creating a number of double-redirects, and creating many instances of inconsistent and inappropriate use of terminology. --bainer (talk) 23:56, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

re: Cortosis
Uh...I never said it was.--Kross | Talk 17:24, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Nephite NPOV
I've added my take on this issue to the Talk:Nephite page. I really think you bring up a good point. However, I think perhaps we can ameliorate the situation in a different way. I'd be glad to hear more on this from you. Matatigre36 04:23, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mrmcgibby


text:
USS Gendreau

USS Gendreau (DE-639) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort in the United States Navy. She was commissioned on 17 March 1944 and decommissioned on 13 March 1948. She served throughout the Pacific during World War II.

Namesake
Elphege Alfred Mailliot Gendreau was born on 29 June 1888 in Canada. He was commissioned Assistant Surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, with the rank of Lieutenant (junior grade) on 20 August 1915. He served on USS Glacier (AF-4) in Mexican waters during political unrest in that country and on USS Charleston (C-22) during World War I.

After service in a number of assignments afloat and ashore, he was commissioned Captain on 20 September 1939. During the years 1940 and 1941, he served as Force Surgeon of Battle Force and subsequently on the staff of Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet. In the summer of 1943, he was on temporary duty in the South Pacific inspecting medical facilities to improve treatment and care of battle casualties. He voluntarily embarked in USS LST-343 to assist in the evacuation of the sick and wounded from Rendova. He was killed in a dive-bombing attack on the LST-343 on 21 July 1943. His dedicated service prompted Admiral Nimitz to recommend that a destroyer be named for him.

Construction and commissioning
Gendreau was laid down on 1 August 1943 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Co., San Francisco; launched on 12 December 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Josephine Gendreau, widow of Captain E. A. M. Gendreau, with Mrs. Chester W. Nimitz, wife of the Commander in Chief of Pacific Fleet, as matron of honor. Gendreau was commissioned on 17 March 1944.

Convoy escort
After shakedown off the California coast, Gendreau departed San Francisco, California, on 23 May 1944 escorting a convoy to Pearl Harbor, arriving six days later. She trained in Hawaiian waters and got underway on 18 June 1944 on the first of two voyages, escorting convoys between Hawaii and the Marshalls. Convoy duty brought her to Eniwetok again and on 26 July 1944. Gendreau returned to Oahu from the second voyage in time to help welcome President Franklin D. Roosevelt to Hawaii. During an ensuing anti-submarine patrol out of Pearl Harbor, the destroyer escort rescued the pilot and crew of an aircraft which had ditched at sea on 31 July 1944; and nine days later in heavy seas saved a downed fighter pilot.

Gendreau departed Pearl Harbor on 8 September 1944, with a convoy for Emirau. On 13 September 1944, she collided with escort carrier USS Breton (CVE-23) while fueling from her in heavy seas; but efficient emergency repairs allowed Gendreau to proceed with the convoy to Emirau before steaming into Manus on 19 September 1944 for repairs. She sailed from the Admiralties on 1 October 1944 and arrived at Port Purvis on Florida Island, in the Solomons, on 4 October 1944. Following intensive training with PT boats at Tulagi, she sailed on 27 October 1944 for the Russell Islands and rendezvoused with a convoy of landing craft bound for New Georgia Island. Departing on 29 October 1944, the group proceeded to Cape Torokina, Bougainville, where the landing craft debarked troops. Gendreau escorted the landing craft back to the Russells on 1 November 1944, and returned to Port Purvis the next day.

From 17 February through 20 February 1945, Gendreau was in dry dock, being repaired by its seamen and members of the repair ship USS Tutuila (ARG-4). Lieutenant Martin Victor became captain of Gendreau at this time.

In March 1945, following three months of escort and ASW duty shuttling between islands of the South Pacific, Gendreau rehearsed for the coming Okinawa invasion after which she escorted landing craft to the Russell Islands and Port Purvis, arriving at Port Purvis on 7 March 1945, and returning to the Russells four days later. Underway from the Russells on 12 March 1945, she called at Ulithi on 21 March 1945 for final staging and sortied four days later with a task force for the Ryukyus.

Invasion of Okinawa
On L-Day, 1 April 1945, Gendreau was off the southeast coast of Okinawa protecting amphibious ships. Before dawn a Japanese plane attacked the DE but was shot down and crashed a few yards to starboard. A few hours later she closed the invasion beaches and delivered the landing craft to their assigned positions well in advance of the final bombardment and initial landings. The next day she was in the destroyer screen when another enemy plane attacked her at dawn, but with the aid of other ships she managed to shoot it down. On 3 April 1945, a plane strafed her and then, on its second pass, tried to crash her, but Gendreau's gunfire blew it out of the air and the plane crashed 25 yards (23 m) away. On 5 April 1945 she joined a hunter-killer group.

On 6 April 1945, a torpedo bomber aimed a torpedo at the DE, but it exploded upon hitting the water. Gendreau shot down the bomber 500 yd astern. The following day she destroyed another attacking plane. On 12 April 1945, without warning, a torpedo bomber roared in and released a torpedo which passed just under the bow and exploded some distance beyond. On 16 April 1945, two enemy planes homed in on her, but two American fighters swooped in from behind and shot down the attackers.

Gendreau departed Okinawa on 22 April 1945 with a convoy, touching at Saipan five days later and returning to Okinawa on 2 May 1945. She departed the next day for Ulithi, arriving there on 7 May 1945. Underway again on 23 May 1945 with a mixed convoy, she called at Okinawa on 29 May 1945 and escorted convoys in these waters. On 10 June 1945, while supporting the American troops who were wresting the island from Japan, Gendreau was hit by shellfire from a hidden 150 mm (5.9 in) gun. She lost power and began taking water, but outstanding damage control had her under control in 15 minutes and nearly restored her to normal within two hours. Two men were killed and two others wounded.

East China Sea
After repairs at Kerama Retto and later at Buckner Bay, Okinawa, she joined Vice Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf's Task Force on 13 July 1945, for training and minesweeping in the East China Sea. On 26 July 1945 she rescued a friendly fighter pilot who had ditched at sea, picking him up only 32 minutes after the crash. At the end of the month a bad typhoon caused her to roll nearly 60° and buckled steel plating. On 31 July 1945 she escorted damaged battleship USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) to Guam and returned to Okinawa on 12 September 1945, where four days later, another typhoon parted her port anchor chain. She departed on 22 September 1945 to act as courier ship during the Allied occupation of the Japanese homeland.

Thus, after a short but distinguished war career, Gendreau stood out of Tokyo Bay on 4 November 1945 bound home via Pearl Harbor, arriving at Portland, Oregon on 22 November 1945. Around this time, the departing captain of Gendreau, Lieutenant Commander Martin Victor, gave the following farewell address to the crew:

 * For the men of Gendreau, returning to peaceful ways of life, the past years will fade into memory, but this story will recall valued shipmates and a life strange and uncongenial to many of us, that of the seafaring man. In regarding it in future years, let us consider the cost of failure to live in peace with the world and, in that light, judge the politicians of the day.  We may take pride that we were among those who, with our own hands, defended the country in battle, but let us not for that reason ask privileges as civilians.  We shall remember the sometimes irksome but always vital role of military leadership, discipline and planning, all directed toward the objective of defeating the enemy.

 * Now, as citizens, remember the obligation to question, consider and examine both ideas and men, realizing that the objective itself is not always clear. Beware of popular leaders of the moment, being careful not to follow blindly, but to think and act in the interest of the country.  Your recent life in the Pacific with its boredom, dangers and absences from the United States will drive home what it means to be an American.

Post-war activities
In February 1946 she proceeded to San Diego for training exercises and then departed the following month on a Far Eastern cruise. Gendreau arrived at Shanghai, China, on 14 April 1946, and sailed to Huludao, Manchuria, and then to Qingdao and Qinghuangdao, China. Further patrols brought her to Okinawa and Shanghai again May to June, and on 1 July 1946 she headed for California, arriving at San Diego on 19 July 1946. After training and repairs, she cast off on her last Far Eastern cruise, calling at Pearl Harbor and Guam en route to Japan.

Gendreau arrived in Japan on 19 March 1947. In the spring and summer of 1947, Gendreau stood patrol duty off the Korean coast, calling at Yokosuka, Japan on 21 May 1947, and thence returning to station. On 1 September 1947, she sailed from Japan for Pearl Harbor and San Diego, putting in at the latter port 19 September 1947.

Decommissioning and sale
Gendreau decommissioned on 13 March 1948 and entered the Pacific Reserve Fleet at San Diego. Gendreau was stricken on 1 December 1972. Gendreau was sold on 11 September 1973 and broken up for scrap.

title: USS Gendreau


text:
VBH

VBH may refer to:

 * Vicki Butler-Henderson, a British motorsport driver and television presenter
 * Virginal breast hypertrophy, a medical condition causing excessive growth of the breasts during puberty.
 * VBH Luxury, Italian Luxury Accessories House

title: VBH


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/EScare

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:10, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

EScare
Marked for speedy but isn't a candidate. Reason given was "not noteable, no uses of term by others, better to add to McCarthyism page". Neologism, POV original research.  — Gwalla | Talk 20:42, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, sounds an awful lot like original research/neologism to me. --Alan Au 20:52, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, neology... Spearhead 21:10, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not a personal essay, a personal paragraph... humblefool® 21:12, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no references presented. The link takes to a CMS site. Possibly POV, advertisement or original research.-Poli (talk • contribs) 22:36, 2005 July 25 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/EScare


text:
Talk:Brightlingsea

In the Cinque Ports entry, Brightlingsea is not listed as a cinque port, but this article says it is. (And the signs to B say it is too.). user:jeremymiles

- That is because it is not one of the main 5 (later 7) Cinque Ports, but a so-called "Limb" and as such attached to one of the main Cinque Ports, in this case Sandwich. user:gtappend

Link to business website
Why does the wireless broadband provider continue to try and link to their business website via Wikipedia, which isn't allowed?

"Due to the rising profile of Wikipedia and the amount of extra traffic it can bring a site, there is a great temptation to use Wikipedia to advertise or promote links. This includes both commercial and non-commercial sites. You should avoid linking to a website that you own, maintain or represent"

Pretty straightforward!

SWGF 08:53, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

I don't live in B'sea but I've used the broadband during a visit. There might be a case for some content about the service, since it was a local initiative because the monopoly provider BT would not lay on a service to the slightly isolated town.

The link to Eastern Yachts has been on the site since for ever. For consistency, either both or neither should be present.

Campingcar 10:07, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

"Giant Turds"- ???
Sorry, English is not my native language. Can anyone let me know what is meant by "Giant Turds" here? Why are they close to extinction and only appear in the winter? I suppose, someone who knows should start an article on Giant Turds to clarify the concept. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.99.238.10 (talk) 13:27, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 8 external links on Brightlingsea. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.tendringdc.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E1255E6B-3423-479A-9A92-63BC86365D5D/1858/Brightlingsea.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121001013341/http://www.colneyachtclub.org.uk/bateman%27s_tower.htm to http://colneyachtclub.org.uk/bateman%27s_tower.htm
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071019172911/http://www.sustransconnect2.org.uk/schemes/project_detail.php?id=108 to http://www.sustransconnect2.org.uk/schemes/project_detail.php?id=108
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110827213901/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/os/john-osborn-1.html to http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/os/john-osborn-1.html
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090817115936/http://www.brightlingseamuseum.co.uk/ to http://www.brightlingseamuseum.co.uk/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080308055512/http://www.damesstudio.freeserve.co.uk/bale.htm to http://www.damesstudio.freeserve.co.uk/bale.htm/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090221073721/http://www.tendringdc.gov.uk/TendringDC/Environment/WindFarm.htm to http://www.tendringdc.gov.uk/TendringDC/Environment/WindFarm.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:35, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brightlingsea


text:
Comprehensive examination

In higher education, a comprehensive examination (or comprehensive exam or exams), often abbreviated as "comps", is a specific type of examination that must be completed by graduate students in some disciplines and courses of study, and also by undergraduate students in some institutions and departments. Unlike final examinations, comprehensive examinations are not linked to any particular course, but rather test knowledge across one or more general fields of study.

Graduate-level comprehensive examinations are sometimes also known as preliminary examinations ("prelims"), general examinations ("generals"), qualifying examinations ("quals"), or as major field examinations. If these examinations are held orally, they may be known colloquially as "orals". The comps most commonly come after the student has completed required coursework and before starting on the dissertation; successful passage of the comps is sometimes required for a student to be considered a "Ph.D. candidate".

The form and general requirements for the comprehensive exam vary according to the faculty or department, degree sought, university, and country, but typically tests knowledge of the student's subject area and two or more related areas, and may be used to determine a candidate's eligibility to continue his or her course of study. At the graduate level, the purpose of the comprehensive exam is to ensure the student is familiar enough with her area of research to make original contributions.

There is no standard definition for what such exams entail, with some universities having almost no exam, whilst at other universities the process is quite rigorous. The exams thus take a number of forms, including an informal meeting of just a few hours, a critical review of one's academic portfolio, the submission of an academic paper which may take several hours or months to write, or a series of proctored exams taking anywhere from a few hours to a week.

The comprehensive examination system is used primarily in US and Canadian higher education, but it has also been adopted by some programs in other countries such as Pakistan and India. Other countries use alternative forms of evaluating Ph.D. candidates: in the United Kingdom, for example, students typically must first enroll in an M.Phil. program and are then admitted to doctoral study only upon successfully defending their research proposal.

Undergraduate
Some colleges or universities in the United States require undergraduate students to pass comprehensive examinations in order to receive their degree. These include Wabash College, Kenyon College, Bethany College, The Catholic University of America, The University of Iowa, Maryville College, Occidental College, Reed College, The University of the South, Eckerd College, Millsaps College, Earlham College, Hanover College, Rosemont College, St. Anselm College, Shimer College, Whitman College, and University of Dallas. Students at Reed College must also "qual" in order to start their thesis process.

Many degree programs require students to pass comprehensive examinations within colleges or universities that don't otherwise require them. The same is true for many schools and colleges within larger universities. These include Texas A&M-Commerce Honors College, The University of Virginia's Politics Honors Program, and the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Mass Communications program.

Master's
In some terminal non-thesis Master's programs, successful completion of a comprehensive examination, conducted online or through the university's testing center, is a requirement for graduation during a student's last semester of coursework. A prominent example of such is the Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration (MFT-MBA) which has been used in the MBA programs of over 300 U.S. universities.

A comprehensive exam may also be required for a master's degree earned on the way to the completion of a doctoral program. In such cases, students might take an oral exam and/or field exam in order to both earn a Master's in their field and advance to the status of doctoral or PhD candidate. Typically, one exam will question the student on theory while the other will show competency or expertise in their chosen subfield (or major field) within their program. This also allows students enrolled in the program who do not wish to continue to the completion of a doctoral degree to leave early and in good standing with a Master's.

Doctoral
In most doctoral programs, students must take a series of written cumulative examinations on the subject of their study in the first year or two of the PhD program. These cumulative exams are often given on a pass/fail basis and a graduate student who seeks to continue in the PhD program must pass a minimum number of these cumulative exams. After this minimum number of cumulative exams is passed, this degree requirement is considered to be met, and the PhD student no longer takes these exams but continues work on other PhD requirements. In some fields, such as history, the student must pass the comprehensive examinations before submitting a dissertation proposal.

Typically, comprehensive exams consist of either a written or an oral exam, but some programs require both. In others, a written exam is taken, and depending on the grade, the student may or may not have to continue with an oral exam. In some fields, the level of detailed knowledge required is relatively limited, while in others such as economics the level of detail is similar to a final exam.

Comprehensive examinations are often based on a reading list agreed upon by the student and his or her committee, which is staffed by the primary supervisor and several advisors, normally professors at the university, but not necessarily in the same faculty. They also frequently have a standardized component for all students in the discipline, or may be entirely standardized. This reading list may comprise dozens or hundreds of books and other works.

For some social science and many humanities disciplines, graduate students might not have studied the discipline at the undergraduate level. These examinations will be the first set of comprehensive exams, and be based either on graduate coursework or on specific preparatory reading (sometimes up to a year's work in reading).

Preparing for comprehensive exams is normally both stressful and time consuming. Passing them allows the student to stay, begin doctoral research, and rise to the status of a doctoral candidate. Failing usually results in the student leaving the program or re-taking the test after some time has passed. A second failure normally guarantees dismissal from the graduate program, though progress on previous attempts may convince the student's program to grant a third, final attempt. Some schools have an intermediate category, passing at the master's level, which does not permit the student to continue doctoral study, but does allow the student to leave with a master's degree despite not having completed a thesis.

In some U.S. graduate programs, particularly in the natural sciences, the majority of students do not have master's degrees when they begin doctoral work, and the successful students will earn doctorates without getting master's degrees on the way. In these programs, a student who does not pass "comps" or "prelims" on the second attempt will generally be allowed to earn a terminal master's degree but is not permitted to become a candidate for a doctoral degree. At some institutions, students who pass the exam and are formally accepted as PhD candidates are technically entitled to a Master of Arts or Master of Sciences degree, but submitting an application is required, so no master's degree will be awarded unless the student specifically requests it. Other institutions issue an All But Dissertation certificate after a student has passed the comprehensive exams.

PhD students at some Canadian universities must complete their comprehensive exams by the end of their second year; those who fail to pass with a sufficiently high mark may retake the examination usually only once. Failure to pass a second time will normally result in expulsion from the program. Students who pass are distinguished with the title "PhD candidate."

title: Comprehensive examination


text:
Talk:H-B Woodlawn

I am removing the below mentioned bit of trivia. There are a few others that seem doubtful but I will leave them be for now. NilThree 04:30, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

I don't recall ever hearing the origin of the name 'hoffman boston'; it seems odd that his name wound up hyphenated. And espically considering the first black landowner in the US was actually named Anthony Johnson. I found this document from the dedication to H-B elementary; but it suggests that the important person was named just "hoffman"; and hyphenated with someone else (probably?) named boston. Could somebody provide a source for the assertion?

The Hoffman-Boston school was *not* named for one person. The reason it's hyphenated is because it's the last names of two people. I believe Ella Boston was one of the people, I don't remember who the Hoffman was. If he's still alive and around, George Richardson, who lived across the street from the old H-B building, was the principal of the all-black Hoffman-Boston High school at the time it closed in 1964 and he would probably be a good source on this.

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Desegregation and other Stratford building specific information
I propose that all information about the desgregation and anything else that doesn't relate directly to the H-B Woodlawn program be moved to Stratford Junior High School, especially now that H-B is moving to the Wilson building. Totallyuneekname (talk) 03:43, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:H-B Woodlawn


text:
QVCS

QVCS (Quma Version Control System) is a family of version control system products historically published by Quma Software, Inc.

History
QVCS was first published in 1991 as a set of command line utilities for the Amiga.

Quma ported that original Amiga product to the Microsoft Windows platform in 1996. In 2000, QVCS-Pro was introduced with additional features, including support for MSSCCI compliant Source Control Plug-in API integrated development environments. In 2004, the cross-platform QVCS-Enterprise product was introduced. QVCS and QVCS-Pro are written in C++. QVCS-Enterprise is written in Java.

On January 1, 2012, QVCS-Pro and QVCS were made freeware. QVCS-Enterprise followed suit on June 16, 2012, and then was open sourced under the Apache 2.0 License on March 2, 2014.

At some time after June 23, 2013, the domain name qumasoft.com was abandoned. It is now (June 2015) owned by a weight loss company. The contents of the Web site when it was operated by the author of QVCS is available on the Wayback Machine.

Market
QVCS and QVCS-Pro target smaller Windows only development teams. QVCS-Enterprise is a client–server application, is cross-platform, and is designed for use by distributed development teams.

title: QVCS


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/History of South Carolina/archive1

History of South Carolina
This was a featured article candidate, but it lost out, though it has met many, maybe all, of the objections on that list since it was first put on there. It's much too soon to resubmit it, so before I do, I'd like to know what can still be done to improve this article. Toothpaste 20:44, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The civil war is not covered properly. The "US" Navy, do we mean the Norths or Soulths navy? Aside form this no problem to prevent a FAC IMHO. --Cool Cat My Talk 18:44, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought that was obvious, since the South had seceded from the U.S., causing the U.S. navy to be practically synonymous with the North's navy. Nevertheless, I'm changing "U.S. Navy" to "North's Navy" but piping the text to U.S. Navy. Toothpaste 18:53, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * North's Navy' sounds clumsy to me. Rob Church Talk 23:08, 26 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:George Square

[Untitled]
Any ideas which George the square was named for? 20:44, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This page says it's George III. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 20:47, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

There is also a George Square in Edinburgh, where University of Edinburgh buildings scattered around. George Square, Edinburgh -- Bact 14:29, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:Qinghai

Tourism
This section is terrible English. It looks like somebody dumped Chinese into Google Translator and dumped it into this section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.151.31.56 (talk) 16:42, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

Language box
Should the language box not also include the Tibetan pinyin transliteration? Skinsmoke (talk) 23:25, 14 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Absolutely not. Tibetan has no official status in Qinghai on provincial level. --2001:16B8:310F:500:4878:C9EA:CD9A:51FB (talk) 18:22, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Presence in Infobox Chinese and Infobox Province of China (PRC) is a separate matter. For the former, inclusion is justified as all six autonomous prefectures are designated Tibetan. For the latter, you have a point. Caradhras Aiguo ( leave language ) 19:06, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

Die Eroberung von Qinghai unter Berücksichtigung von Tibet und Khams, 1717-1727: Anhand der Throneingaben des Grossfeldherrn Nian Gengyao By Shuhui Wu
http://books.google.com/books?id=zqVug_wN4hEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

07:34, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

Governors of province
were there any Governors and Secretaries of the CPC from national minority in this province?--Kaiyr (talk) 19:34, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Qinghai


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/July 27, 2005


text: Category:Summer baseball leagues

title: Category:Summer baseball leagues


text: Wikipedia:POTD/July 27, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/July 27, 2005


text:
Baton sinister

The baton sinister (alternatively baston) is a charge used in heraldry.

Heraldic charge
It is a diminutive of the bend sinister and constitutes a narrow strip that runs from the upper right to the lower left of a coat of arms. Sinister (meaning left in Latin) is merely a directional indicator, and does not carry the negative connotations of the word in modern English.

It is commonly believed to be an indicator of an illegitimate birth in the family line, and is used in this way in literary contexts. However, in medieval England, there was no single mark of difference for bastardy. Until the late fourteenth century, the same marks of cadency were used for both illegitimate and legitimate children, but thereafter the arms of some bastards took the form of a plain or party field with their fathers' arms on a figure such as a bend, fess, chief, chevron or quarter.

The baton sinister can be seen in the arms of the Duke of Grafton, descended from an illegitimate son of King Charles II of England. Today, the College of Arms in England uses a bordure wavy to mark an armiger as illegitimate. The Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland uses a bordure compony to denote the same.

title: Baton sinister


text:
User talk:Rajmandalia

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title: User talk:Rajmandalia


text:
Rethymno (regional unit)

Rethymno (Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ρεθύμνου) is one of the four regional units of Crete, Greece. Its capital is the city of Rethymno. Today its main income is tourism. The countryside is also based economically on agriculture and herding.

Administration
The regional unit Rethymno is subdivided into five municipalities. These are (number as in the map in the infobox):

 * Agios Vasileios (2)
 * Amari (3)
 * Anogeia (4)
 * Mylopotamos (5)
 * Rethymno (1)

Prefecture
The Rethymno prefecture (Νομός Ρεθύμνου or Ρεθύμνης) was created while Crete was still an autonomous state, and was preserved after the island joined Greece in 1913. As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the Rethymno regional unit was created out of the former prefecture. The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below.

Provinces
Note: Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece.
 * Rethymno Province - Rethymno
 * Agios Vasileios Province - Spili
 * Amari Province - Amari
 * Mylopotamos Province - Perama

Main towns
The main towns of the regional unit Rethymno are (ranked by 2021 census population):
 * Rethymno 34,085
 * Violi Charaki 3,185
 * Anogeia 2,201

Notable people

 * Kostas Moundakis
 * Nikos Xilouris
 * Thanassis Skordalos
 * Nick the Greek

title: Rethymno (regional unit)


text:
Gil Cedillo

Gilbert Anthony Cedillo (born March 25, 1954) is an American politician, who served as a member of the Los Angeles City Council for the 1st district from 2013 to 2022. A member of the Democratic Party, Cedillo was previously a member of both the California State Assembly and the California State Senate.

When Hilda Solis joined the Obama administration, Cedillo became a candidate to replace her for California's 32nd congressional district seat, but lost to Judy Chu in the 2009 special election. Cedillo lost his Los Angeles City Council seat in the 2022 election to left-wing challenger Eunisses Hernandez. Since October 2022, Cedillo faced widespread calls for his resignation after an audio recording of him and other council members making racist remarks was released. He was formally censured by the City Council in a unanimous 12-0 vote on October 26.

Early life and education
Cedillo was born in Barstow, California and grew up in the Boyle Heights area of Los Angeles. His father worked as a mechanic at American Can in Vernon and was a member of the United Steelworkers of America. His mother was a garment worker at Sears and Times-Mirror Press.

Cedillo attended Lorena Street and Euclid Avenue Elementary, Stevenson Junior High and Roosevelt High.

In 1977, Cedillo earned a Bachelor's degree in Sociology from UCLA. In 1983, Cedillo earned a J.D. degree from the People's College of Law, in Los Angeles.

Cedillo participated in Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlan (MEChA).

Organized labor
Cedillo worked for the Service Employees International Union (SEIU Local 660), Los Angeles County's largest union, where he served as general manager from 1990 to 1996. In his years as general manager, he protected youth programs and played a critical role in securing $364 million in federal assistance to ensure that the Los Angeles County Health Care system remained afloat. President Bill Clinton stated that his decision to provide funding "was reached after critical consultations with SEIU". Cedillo was fired from the union after losing a power struggle with Local 660's board of directors.

California State Assembly and State Senate
Cedillo won a special election on January 13, 1998, to the California State Assembly's 46th district, and served there until 2002.

In 2002, he was elected to the State Senate. Cedillo attempted to have driver's licenses to undocumented immigrants reinstated, and was the author of the California DREAM Act. He also worked on increasing and expanding access to health care, developing regional solutions to combat homelessness, and encouraging economic development in his Downtown Los Angeles district. Gil Cedillo is a member of the Council of La Raza.

Cedillo was re-elected in 2006, defeating South Pasadena City Councilman Mike Ten, a Republican. Cedillo received 71,199 votes, Ten received 18,581 votes, and Murray Levy, a Libertarian candidate, received 3,469 votes. He was Chair of the Senate Select Committee on Immigration and the Economy and was a member of the Senate standing committees on Appropriations, Health, Public Safety, Rules, and Transportation and Housing.

On September 28, 2006, Cedillo was arrested along with approximately 200 others for blocking Century Blvd. in front of LAX, during a protest supporting the right for employees to unionize at the LAX hotels.

Congressional candidate
On January 8, 2009, Cedillo announced his candidacy for the 32nd Congressional District seat, which was vacated by Congresswoman Hilda Solis. Congresswoman Solis accepted an appointment from President-elect Barack Obama as United States Labor Secretary. In the blanket primary (now superseded by Proposition 14's "top two" primary system), Cedillo competed against Judy Chu, a former Monterey Park assemblywoman and vice-chairman of the State Board of Equalization; the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, AFL-CIO, voted to endorse Chu. Cedillo received a majority of other major endorsements, including eight members of California's Congressional Delegation, LA Sheriff Lee Baca, Los Angeles Police Chief Bill Bratton, and more than 100 current and former public officials, including Senator Gloria Romero, Senator Ron Calderon, and Assemblymember Ed Chavez, who all dropped out of the race and endorsed Cedillo. Chu defeated Cedillo with 15,338 votes (31.9%) to Cedillo's 11,244 votes (23.4%).

Following his failed bid for U.S. Congress, Cedillo was elected to the California State Assembly's 45th District seat in 2010. The seat had been vacated by Kevin de León, who won the 22nd State Senate seat. Cedillo served as chairman of California's Latino Congressional Caucus. In 2010, Cedillo authored California's SRC 113, a resolution for a statewide boycott of the State of Arizona, following Arizona's passage of SB 1070, an undocumented immigration enforcement bill.

Driver's licenses for undocumented immigrants
Cedillo tried nine times, since 1998, to get bills passed in the California State Legislature that would allow undocumented immigrants in California to obtain driver's licenses. In 2001 and 2002 Governor Gray Davis vetoed two of Cedillo's bills that would have permitted this. In the midst of the 2003 recall election, Davis backed and signed SB 60 (2003), Cedillo's driver's license bill. After Davis was recalled and Arnold Schwarzenegger became governor, the state legislature, with Schwarzenegger's support, repealed the new law before it went into effect. Senator Cedillo agreed to repeal the law he wrote under the agreement with the Governor to work on a bipartisan bill. In 2004, Schwarzenegger vetoed AB 2895, an identical bill to Senator Cedillo's SB 1160 that stalled in the legislature, saying that it did not meet his security concerns. The governor wanted a "marked license" that was identifiable. AB 2895 was introduced to the legislature by one of Cedillo's closest allies, Speaker of the Assembly Fabian Núñez.

In 2005, Cedillo authored SB 60, another driver's license bill. He made new modifications to the proposal, specifying that undocumented immigrants would not be able to use the driver's license for purposes of identification for boarding airplanes, opening bank accounts, registering to vote, or other rights of U.S. citizens. Again, Schwarzenegger refused to sign the bill, on the grounds that it did not satisfy his security concerns. After Schwarzenegger vetoed the bill, Cedillo threatened to file a lawsuit against the Governor because of his belief that the Department of Motor Vehicles misinterpreted SB 976 (1993), which first prohibited the issuance of driver's licenses to undocumented immigrants. Undocumented immigrants in the process of becoming legal residents, and citizens considered to have authorized presence but not legal permanent residency status, are known as people residing under the color of the law.

In 2006 and 2009 Cedillo again brought the proposal before the California legislature, failing both times. On October 3, 2013, California Governor Brown signed AB 60, allowing undocumented immigrants to obtain driver's licenses. Cedillo remarked, ″It took a long time, but now it’s here. Today signifies much more than just another bill being signed by our governor. Today is history in the making because it is the day we return justice back to the people.″

California Dream Act
In 2011, Cedillo authored a pair of assembly bills to allow undocumented immigrants to obtain financial aid for universities through both private and public sources. The assembly bills, known as AB 130 and AB 131 for private and public financial aid respectively, became law. The measures have drawn both praise and criticism from various organizations. Proponents state that the bill would finally narrow the large gap in education for a US citizen and an undocumented immigrant, thus providing equality and greater opportunity. Critics claim that the measure is a waste of taxpayer money for an already cash-strapped California with tuition costs increasing and many students unable to continue their education.

AB 353
In August 2011, at nearly the same time AB 131 was passed by the Senate, AB 353 also passed. The bill allows drivers without a license who are stopped at checkpoints to have a licensed driver retrieve the vehicle and thereby avoid having the vehicle impounded for 30 days.

Filed for backpay during recession
In 2010, Cedillo attempted to reverse a pay cut approved by voters in 2009 for all 120 lawmakers (Prop. 25). Cedillo filed a claim in December 2010 with the California Victim Compensation and Government Claims Board seeking back pay for what he maintains were illegal pay and benefit cuts. His complaint stemmed from the 2009 decision by the California Citizens Compensation Commission to slash legislators' pay and benefits by 18 percent. The cut reduced their remuneration from US$116,208 to $95,291.

2013
Because of term limits, Cedillo could not run for reelection to the California State Legislature in 2012. He ran for a seat on the Los Angeles City Council representing Council District 1 and was elected in 2013.

2017
Gil Cedillo ran for reelection in Council District 1 in Los Angeles. As a 2016 Bernie Sanders delegate, he was backed by Our Revolution. His opponents were Jesse Rosas, Giovany Hernandez, and Joe Bray-Ali. In the primary election Cedillo won 49.4 percent, missing the threshold to avoid a runoff election. Challenger Joe Bray-Ali drew 38 percent, more than any other challenger, and was able to face Cedillo in the runoff. Cedillo defeated Bray-Ali in the runoff with over 70% of the voters in Council District 1 on May 16, 2017.

2022
Cedillo secured an endorsement from Bernie Sanders for his 2022 reelection race. However, he lost to political newcomer, Eunisses Hernandez.

Tenure
In December 2013, Cedillo authored a Los Angeles City Council resolution urging President Obama to halt most deportations and to expand the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program to "all immigrant families who are not engaged in criminal activity."

In May 2017 Cedillo authored a motion requiring companies to disclose whether they were involved with the construction of the U.S.-Mexico border wall promised by President Donald Trump before being able to work with the City of Los Angeles.

2022 audio recording scandal
In October 2022, Cedillo faced calls to resign after attending a secretly recorded meeting where fellow Council member Kevin de León, Council president Nury Martinez, and Los Angeles County Federation of Labor President Ron Herrera had made racist remarks was released anonymously on Reddit.

title: Gil Cedillo


text:
User talk:Dhertog

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Speedy deletion nomination of New Enterprise Associates

A tag has been placed on New Enterprise Associates, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Business for more information.

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Orphaned non-free image File:Druid MasterLogo Full Color Small.png
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text:
Snook (band)

Snook is a Swedish rap group from Stockholm. The group consists of Oskar "Kihlen" Linnros and Daniel "Danne" Adams-Ray. The group often makes fun of traditional rap and tries to reinvent it. They have released two full-length albums and several singles.

In the 2006 MTV Europe Music Awards in Copenhagen, they won the award for Best Swedish Act.

Linnros and Adams-Ray met in high school, Viktor Rydberg Gymnasium Odenplan. They formed Snook (snok is a Swedish slang term for "nose") in 2000. The group's first single 1990 nånting (Eng: "1990 something"), featuring Afasi & Filthy, became a big hit in Sweden. They were critically acclaimed because of their different sound as compared to the general Swedish hip-hop. Their debut album Vi vet inte vart vi ska, men vi ska komma dit (Eng: "We don't know where we're going, but we will get there") was released in May 2004, and was one of the most praised records in Sweden that year. Snook received a P3 Guld award for their hit "Mister Cool" (Mr. Cool).

The group Snook is currently not active. Linnros has made a solo album called Vilja Bli (Want to Become); a move away from hip-hop, the album consists of ten soul-pop songs. It was released on 9 June 2010. Six months later, Adams-Ray released an album called Svart, Vitt och allt därimellan (Black, White and Everything in Between).

Singles

 * Charting

 * Others
 * 2004: "Lejonhjärta" feat. Organism 12
 * 2003: "1990 Nånting" feat. Afasi & Filthy
 * 2004: "Såpbubblor"
 * 2006: "Längst fram i taxin"
 * 2006: "Kommer ifrån"
 * 2007: "Inga problem"
 * 2007: "Inga problem (Remix)" feat. Veronica Maggio & Petter

title: Snook (band)